bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ATP‐binding cassette transporters protect sea urchin gametes and embryonic cells against the harmful effects of ultraviolet light
Authors: de Araujo Leite Jocelmo Cássio , de Vasconcelos Raianna Boni , da Silva Suélenn Guedes , de Siqueira‐Junior José Pinto , Marques‐Santos Luis Fernando 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYEmbryos of marine organisms whose development occurs externally are particularly sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light (bands A and B, respectively, UVA and UVB). ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters are the first line of cellular defense against chemical or physical stress. The present work investigated the involvement of ABC transporters on UVA or UVB effects on eggs, spermatozoa, and embryonic cells of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter. Gametes or embryos were exposed to UVA (3.6–14.4 kJ m−2) or UVB (0.112–14.4 kJ m−2), and embryonic development was monitored by optical microscopy at different developmental stages in the presence or absence of the ABC‐transporter blockers reversin205 (ABCB1 blocker) or MK571 (ABCC1 blocker). E. lucunter eggs, spermatozoa and embryos were resistant to UVA exposure. Resistance to the harmful effects of UVB was strongly associated to ABC transporter activity (embryos > eggs > spermatozoa). ABCB1 or ABCC1 blockage promoted the injurious effects of UVA on spermatozoa. ABCC1 transporter blockage increased UVB‐dependent damage in eggs while ABCB1 transporter inhibition increased harmful effects of UVB in embryonic cells. ABC‐transporter activity was not, however, affected by UVB exposure. In conclusion, the present study is the first report on the protective role of ABC transporters against harmful effects of UVA and UVB on sea urchin eggs and embryonic cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 66–83, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Brief: The (molecular) pathogenesis of Barrett's oesophagus
Authors: Aichler Michaela , Walch Axel 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBarrett's oesophagus is a metaplastic change, such that the normal squamous epithelial lining of the oesophagus is replaced by specialized columnar‐lined epithelium. Barrett's oesophagus is clinically significant and has a high health economic impact as it is associated with heightened risk of progression to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. This review discusses the pathogenesis of Barrett's oesophagus with an emphasis on the underlying molecular events. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co‐firing of biomass with coal in thermal power plants: technology schemes, impacts, and future perspectives
Authors: Karampinis Emmanouil , Grammelis Panagiotis , Agraniotis Michalis , Violidakis Ioannis , Kakaras Emmanuel 
Published: November 2013

Biomass co‐firing is widely considered as the most cost‐efficient and easily deployed way for mitigating the CO2 emissions from the coal power sector. Apart from policy and market benefits and bottlenecks, the implementation of co‐firing in a coal‐fired power plant is affected by several technical and environmental concerns. A number of technical solutions have been developed and demonstrated for co‐firing schemes, from the most common, direct co‐firing scheme to the more sophisticated parallel and indirect co‐firing systems. The impacts of co‐firing relate mostly to the biomass fuel and ash properties and affect the fuel handling system, fuel conversion, slagging/fouling and corrosion, emissions, and ash utilization. Current operating experience and available solutions indicate that most technical concerns do not materialize or can be easily solved when co‐firing woody biomass at relatively low thermal shares. As the biomass thermal share increases and more problematic fuels are utilized, further research and demonstration activities will be needed to evaluate potential impacts of co‐firing. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:384–399. doi: 10.1002/wene.100This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials
Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure
Deciphering molecular mechanisms of mRNA metabolism in the deep‐branching eukaryote Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: López‐Camarillo César , López‐Rosas Itzel , Ospina‐Villa Juan David , Marchat Laurence A. 
Published: November 2013

Although extraordinary rapid advance has been made in the knowledge of mechanisms regulating messenger RNA (mRNA) metabolism in mammals and yeast, little information is known in deep‐branching eukaryotes. The complete genome sequence of Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite responsible for human amoebiasis, provided a lot of information for the identification and comparison of regulatory sequences and proteins potentially involved in mRNA synthesis, processing, and degradation. Here, we review the current knowledge of mRNA metabolism in this human pathogen. Several DNA motifs in promoter and nuclear factors involved in transcription, as well as conserved polyadenylation sequences in mRNA 3′‐untranslated region and possible cleavage and polyadenylation factors, are described. In addition, we present recent data about proteins involved in mRNA decay with a special focus on the recently reported P‐bodies in amoeba. Models for mechanisms of decapping and deadenylation‐dependent pathways are discussed. We also review RNA‐based gene silencing mechanisms and describe the DEAD/DExH box RNA helicases that are molecular players in all mRNA metabolism reactions. The functional characterization of selected proteins allows us to define a general framework to describe how mRNA synthesis, processing, and decay may occur in E. histolytica. Taken altogether, studies of mRNA metabolism in this single‐celled eukaryotic model suggest the conservation of specific gene expression regulatory events through evolution. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:247–262. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1205This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
RNA Processing > 3' End Processing
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
RNA Evolution and Genomics > RNA and Ribonucleoprotein Evolution
EMPEROR OTTO III AND THE END OF TIME
Authors: Roach Levi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThere has been much controversy over the role of apocalyptic thought at the court of Otto III of Germany (983–1002). This is in no small part a product of modern scholarship discussing the subject almost exclusively with reference to the so-called ‘terrors of the year 1000’, the result being highly polarised ‘all or nothing’ arguments, which run the risk of underestimating both the complexity and dynamism of eschatological expectation in this period. In contrast, the following paper argues that apocalyptic thought played an important part in politics under Otto III, but one which cannot be explained by the proximity of the first millennium alone.
OF LIVING LEGENDS AND AUTHENTIC TALES: HOW TO GET REMEMBERED IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE
Authors: Pollmann Judith 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTFolklore experts have shown that for a legend to be remembered it is important that it is historicised. Focusing on three case-studies from early modern Germany and the Netherlands, this article explores how the historicisation of mythical narratives operated in early modern Europe, and argues that memory practices played a crucial role in the interplay between myth and history. The application of new criteria for historical evidence did not result in the decline of myths. By declaring such stories mythical, and by using the existence of memory practices as evidence for this, scholars could continue to take them seriously.
WHAT IS PAIN? A HISTORYTHE PROTHERO LECTURE
Authors: Bourke Joanna 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWhat is pain? This article argues that it is useful to think of pain as a ‘kind of event’ or a way of being-in-the-world. Pain-events are unstable; they are historically constituted and reconstituted in relation to language systems, social and environmental interactions and bodily comportment. The historical question becomes: how has pain beendoneand what ideological work do acts of being-in-pain seek to achieve? By what mechanisms do these types of events change? Who decides the content of any particular, historically specific and geographically situated ontology?
Understanding the patchy distribution of four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis in a tropical dry deciduous forest in Central India
Authors: Sharma Koustubh , Chundawat Raghunandan Singh , Van Gruisen Joanna , Rahmani Asad Rafi 
Published: November 2013

Abstract:At the landscape level, the four-horned antelope is confined to tropical dry deciduous forests and within these, their distribution is patchy. Various factors have been proposed as determinants for their patchy distribution within landscapes, but none provided an adequate explanation. We hypothesized that availability of a constant supply of forage influenced the species distribution. We found that the four-horned antelope mainly fed on fruits and flowers, and that a total of 60% of the tree species in Panna Tiger Reserve bore fruits at different times of the year. High tree species richness in habitat patches was considered a surrogate for constant supply of forage for the four-horned antelope. Data from 547 sighting locations between 2002 and 2006 and six spatial layers were analysed using maximum entropy to produce a probability distribution model for the four-horned antelope in Panna Tiger Reserve. Our model predicted that habitat patches summing up to only 9.5% of the 543 km2 of Panna Tiger Reserve had high probability of distribution (>0.5) of four-horned antelope. Although all variables contributed to the distribution model of the four-horned antelope, explanatory power was highest for tree species richness within habitat patches. The distribution of four-horned antelope within tropical dry deciduous forests can be treated as an indicator of high tree diversity and hence habitat quality.
A Grassroots Association on the Sino-Tibetan Border: The Role, Agendas and Beyond
Authors: Tenzin Jinba 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article investigates the role of the Moluo Tourism Association in Suopo township, Danba county, Sichuan. It examines its organization, internal structure and objectives, and explores the concerns of Tibetan elites and villagers and their strategies for advancing their political and other goals in an officially sanctioned framework. The research shows that the association resembles a “state-led civil society” as its membership and agendas exhibit the strong will of the local state; nevertheless, it still manages to carve a space for expressing negative opinions towards the local authorities, pursuing the “Eastern Queendom” cause and following its own agendas. The dynamic and nuanced interactions between the association and township show that state–society relations in China are situated in a complex and convoluted landscape which has not yet been fully explored in the China field. Furthermore, the article brings to light the divergent interests and positions of the association members as well as the heterogeneity of Suopo society proper. It concludes with a brief discussion of the prospects for an enhanced engagement of ethnic research with broader China studies.
Religion and Culture in Late Antique Greece
Authors: Sweetman Rebecca 
Published: November 2013

For much of the 20th century, the focus of Late Antique studies in Greece was on the excavation of churches. This resulted in a vast body of essential material contributing to an understanding of the period. The exceptional excavation work of archaeologists such as Anastasios Orlandos, Dimitrios Pallas, Georgios Soteriou and Ioannis Stampoltzis among others has provided scholars with a huge body of church data. However, data for analysing Late Antique settlements, industries and trade has not been as extensive. This has resulted in a near total reliance on the churches and historical sources such as Libanius, Zosimus, Procopius, Eusebius and Theophanes for an understanding of Late Antique Greece. There is some useful textual material, such as references to territory and diocese, as discussed in Hierokles' Sixth Synekdemos and the Acts of the Ecumenical Councils, as well as, of course, the Theodosian Code. The increasing amount of secular data resulting from rescue and research excavations and survey has made a significant contribution to redressing the outdated view of the Late Antique period as one of decline. In some respects this view was perpetuated by the fact that it is caught between the high points of the Roman Imperial and Byzantine periods. The underlying context was, therefore, seen rather in terms of decline (particularly urban) and less in terms of the birth of significant artistic and social endeavours.The Late Antique period for the purposes of this chapter will be taken to run from the mid fourth century AD (the foundation of Constantinople) to the creation of the thema of the Helladikon between AD 687 and 695.
Legislation.gov.uk – Essential for the Law Business
Authors: Tullo Carol 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLegislation on the Web gives rise to a unique set of challenges. The content has strict rules governing its structure and typographic layout. One piece of legislation can change others, often in complex ways. The text may or may not be in force and may or may not extend to a particular jurisdiction. This unique linked data service and its value proposition is discussed by Carol Tullo. This is a data source that underpins and drives the UK legislation publishing processes and the validation of secondary legislation, providing a streamlined end to end set of online legal tools for all to use.
Time-reversed wave mixing in nonlinear optics
Authors: Zheng Yuanlin , Ren Huaijin , Wan Wenjie , Chen Xianfeng 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTime-reversal symmetry is important to optics. Optical processes can run in a forward or backward direction through time when such symmetry is preserved. In linear optics, a time-reversed process of laser emission can enable total absorption of coherent light fields inside an optical cavity of loss by time-reversing the original gain medium. Nonlinearity, however, can often destroy such symmetry in nonlinear optics, making it difficult to study time-reversal symmetry with nonlinear optical wave mixings. Here we demonstrate time-reversed wave mixings for optical second harmonic generation (SHG) and optical parametric amplification (OPA) by exploring this well-known but underappreciated symmetry in nonlinear optics. This allows us to observe the annihilation of coherent beams. Our study offers new avenues for flexible control in nonlinear optics and has potential applications in efficient wavelength conversion, all-optical computing.
In vivo pH monitoring using boron doped diamond microelectrode and silver needles: Application to stomach disorder diagnosis
Authors: Fierro Stéphane , Seishima Ryo , Nagano Osamu , Saya Hideyuki , Einaga Yasuaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis study presents the in vivo electrochemical monitoring of pH using boron doped diamond (BDD) microelectrode and silver needles for potential application in medical diagnosis. Accurate calibration curve for pH determination were obtained through in vitro electrochemical measurements. The increase induced in stomach pH by treatment with pantoprazole was used to demonstrate that it is possible to monitor the pH in vivo using the simple and noninvasive system proposed herein. Using the results of the in vivo and in vitro experiments, a quantitative analysis of the increase in stomach pH is also presented. It is proposed that the catheter-free pH monitoring system presented in this study could be potentially employed in any biological environment.
Suppression of photovoltaic effect by magnetic field in Pr0.65(Ca0.75Sr0.25)0.35MnO3/Nb:SrTiO3 heterostructure
Authors: Luo C. , Jin K. X. , Chen C. L. , Wu T. 
Published: November 2013

The heterostructure composed of Pr0.65(Ca0.75Sr0.25)0.35MnO3 and 0.7 wt. % Nb-doped SrTiO3 was fabricated. The heterostructure exhibits an asymmetric current-voltage relation similar to that of p-n junctions and an obvious photovoltaic effect with its maximum value of about 25.1 mV at T = 140 K. It is interesting that the magnetic field has a strong suppression effect on photovoltaic effect, and the maximum relative change of photovoltage under the magnetic field of 1 T is about 63% with the illumination of 15 mW/mm2 light (532 nm) at T ∼ 140 K. The physical mechanism is explained by the electronic phase separation mechanism.
Saposins modulate human invariant Natural Killer T cells self-reactivity and facilitate lipid exchange with CD1d molecules during antigen presentation
Authors: Salio Mariolina , Ghadbane Hemza , Dushek Omer , Shepherd Dawn , Cypen Jeremy , Gileadi Uzi , Aichinger Michael C. , Napolitani Giorgio , Qi Xiaoyang , van der Merwe P. Anton , Wojno Justyna , Veerapen Natacha , Cox Liam R. , Besra Gurdyal S. , Yuan Weiming , Cresswell Peter , Cerundolo Vincenzo 
Published: November 2013

Significance
Understanding how to optimize lipid-loading onto CD1d molecules is important to better harness invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells’ central role at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. We report that the lipid transfer proteins saposins play an essential role in modulating human iNKT cell autoreactivity to antigen-presenting cells activated by inflammatory stimuli. Lipid-loading occurs in an endo-lysosomal compartment, where saposins work as “lipid editors,” capable of fine-tuning loading and unloading of CD1d molecules and increasing the off-rate of CD1d-bound lipids.
Phosphorylation of the Rab exchange factor Sec2p directs a switch in regulatory binding partners
Authors: Stalder Danièle , Mizuno-Yamasaki Emi , Ghassemian Majid , Novick Peter J. 
Published: November 2013

Significance
Rab proteins control and coordinate the various biochemical reactions involved in membrane traffic. We investigate the role of phosphorylation in the regulation of Sec2p, an exchange protein that activates the Rab controlling the final stage of the secretory pathway. We show that phosphorylation directs a switch in the regulatory circuitry involving Sec2p that leads to maturation of the vesicles in preparation for fusion with the plasma membrane. This complex regulatory mechanism has been conserved from yeast to animal cells where it is used to direct the assembly of the cilium, a structure on the cell surface needed for cell signaling and the loss of which underlies a number of human diseases.
Nursery systems for Patagonian grenadier off Western Patagonia: large inner sea or narrow continental shelf?
Authors: Niklitschek Edwin J. , Secor David H. , Toledo Pamela , Valenzuela Ximena , Cubillos Luis A. , Zuleta Alejandro 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Niklitschek, E. J., Secor, D., Toledo, P., Valenzuela, X., Cubillos, L., and Zuleta, A. 2014. Nursery systems for Patagonian grenadier off Western Patagonia: large inner sea or narrow continental shelf? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 374–390. Adjacent to Chile's long and narrow continental shelf, the Patagonian Inner Sea (PES) is among the largest and most complex estuarine systems in the world. The PES harbours high concentrations of juveniles and adults of important groundfishes, which spawn within or in near proximity to it. A dominant view is that recruitment primarily originates here rather than in adjacent coastal regions. We used otolith stable isotopes to evaluate the relative contribution of several PES and continental shelf regions to recruitment of Patagonian grenadier, one of the most abundant groundfishes in the area. Seawater chemistry confirmed that δ13C and δ18O differentiated these nursery and feeding regions. Estimated recruitments from PES nurseries to adult feeding regions were important (10–35%), but lower than dominant contributions from shelf nurseries (64–85%). Stable isotope differences within otoliths indicated, however, that most adults had previously used PES habitats as subadults. Adults exhibited stronger homing to feeding habitats in the PES than to shelf regions, suggestive of seasonal site fidelity or partial migration behaviours. The proximity of principal spawning areas to the bifurcation of the West Wind Drift Current may cause large interannual and decadal variations in larvae transport and the relative contribution of different shelf and PES nurseries to recruitment.
Monitoring of Urinary Calcium and Phosphorus Excretion in Preterm Infants
Authors: Staub Eveline , Wiedmer Nicolas , Staub Lukas P. , Nelle Mathias , von Vigier Rodo O. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:Premature babies require supplementation with calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) to prevent metabolic bone disease of prematurity. To guide mineral supplementation, 2 methods of monitoring urinary excretion of Ca and P are used: urinary Ca or P concentration and Ca/creatinine (Crea) or P/Crea ratios. We compare these 2 methods in regards to their agreement on the need for mineral supplementation.Methods:Retrospective chart review of 230 premature babies with birth weight <1500 g, undergoing screening of urinary spot samples from day 21 of life and fortnightly thereafter. Hypothetical cutoff values for urine Ca or P concentration (1 mmol/L) and urine Ca/Crea ratio (0.5 mol/mol) or P/Crea ratio (4 mol/mol) were applied to the sample results. The agreement on whether to supplement the respective minerals based on the results with the 2 methods was compared. Multivariate general linear models sought to identify patient characteristics to predict discordant results.Results:A total of 24.8% of cases did not agree on the indication for Ca supplementation, and 8.8% for P. Total daily Ca intake was the only patient characteristic associated with discordant results.Conclusions:With the intention to supplement the respective mineral, comparison of urinary mineral concentration with mineral/Crea ratio is moderate for Ca and good for P. The results do not allow identifying superiority of either method on the decision as to which babies require Ca and/or P supplements.
Admissibility of weak solutions for the compressible Euler equations,
n
≥ 2
Authors: Slemrod Marshall 
Published: November 2013

This paper compares three popular notions of admissibility for weak solutions of the compressible isentropic Euler equations of gas dynamics: (i) the viscosity criterion, (ii) the entropy inequality (the thermodynamically admissible isentropic solutions), and (iii) the viscosity–capillarity criterion. An exact summation of the Chapman–Enskog expansion for Grad’s moment system suggests that it is the third criterion that is representing the kinetic theory of gases. This, in turn, may shed some light on the ability to recover weak solutions of the Euler equations via a hydrodynamic limit.