bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the lifespan and the blowup mechanism of smooth solutions to a class of 2-D nonlinear wave equations with small initial data
Authors: Bingbing Ding , Witt Ingo , Huicheng Yin 
Published: September 2015

This paper is concerned with the lifespan of and the blowup mechanism for smooth solutions to the 2-D nonlinear wave equation

∂
t
2

u
−

∑

i
=
1

2

∂
i

(

c
i
2

(
u
)

∂
i

u
)

\partial _t^2u-\sum _{i=1}^2\partial _i(c_i^2(u)\partial _iu)

=
0

=0

, where

c
i

(
u
)
∈

C

∞

(

R

n

)

c_i(u)\in C^{\infty }(\mathbb {R}^n)

,

c
i

(
0
)
≠
0

c_i(0)\neq 0

, and

(

c
1
′

(
0
)

)
2

+
(

c
2
′

(
0
)

)
2

≠
0

(c_1’(0))^2+(c_2’(0))^2\neq 0

. This equation has an interesting physical background as it arises from the pressure-gradient model in compressible fluid dynamics and also in nonlinear variational wave equations. Under the initial condition

(
u
(
0
,
x
)
,

∂
t

u
(
0
,
x
)
)
=
(
ε

u
0

(
x
)
,
ε

u
1

(
x
)
)

(u(0,x), \partial _tu(0,x))=(\varepsilon u_0(x), \varepsilon u_1(x))

with

u
0

(
x
)
,

u
1

(
x
)
∈

C
0

∞

(

R

2

)

u_0(x), u_1(x)\in C_0^{\infty }(\mathbb {R}^2)

, and

ε
>
0

\varepsilon >0

is small, we will show that the classical solution

u
(
t
,
x
)

u(t,x)

stops to be smooth at some finite time

T

ε

T_{\varepsilon }

. Moreover, blowup occurs due to the formation of a singularity of the first-order derivatives

∇

t
,
x

u
(
t
,
x
)

\nabla _{t,x}u(t,x)

, while

u
(
t
,
x
)

u(t,x)

itself is continuous up to the blowup time

T

ε

T_{\varepsilon }

.
Neuroeconomics
Authors: Aimone Jason A. , Houser Daniel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis chapter describes the major tools, methods, and areas of study in neuroeconomics, a young but flourishing multidisciplinary field of economics that investigates the genetic, structural, and functional mechanisms underlying behavioral differences that lead to heterogeneity in economic choices. The main objective of neuroeconomics is to better understand how neural activity results in an emergent cognitive capacity for economic behavior and to identify the biological foundation of human social and economic decision making. The chapter first considers the methods used in the field to study how the human brain functions to influence economic choices, followed by a discussion of neuroeconomics tools such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and chemical manipulations. It then turns to the application of neuroeconomics in the study of social exchange in environments involving trust and betrayal.
The Double Burden of Malnutrition
Authors: Averett Susan L. , Wang Yang 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors explore the double burden of malnutrition. Although undernutrition remains a pressing issue in developing countries, for many developing nations obesity rates are rising, and obesity is emerging as a significant driver of adverse health outcomes displacing more traditional concerns of malnutrition and infectious disease. For the first time in human history, the number of overweight people rivals the number of underweight people. The chapter begins by defining and documenting the problem, then examines factors leading to its rise. The authors conclude the chapter with a discussion of potential policy responses, along with an economic rationale for such intervention.
Inequality and Heights
Authors: Blum Matthias 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses opportunities and limitations of height inequality, especially the role of social status and income distribution in determining height inequality. The more unequal the income distribution in a society, the more unequal the corresponding height distribution. At one time, the height gap between rich and poor teenagers in industrializing England was as high as 22 cm (8.7 inches); today, height inequality tends to be much lower (on the order of a few centimeters) because the gap between rich and poor in developed countries tends to be smaller. Results presented here suggest that height inequality is driven by differences in purchasing power, education, physical workload, and epidemiological environment. In a modern setting, social safety and redistribution of income is also relevant. An introduction into the literature helps illustrate opportunities this methodology has to offer to understand better the dynamics of the way populations experience economic development.
Beyond neoliberal economics: the postulates of social justice in polish social economics
Authors: Bińczyk Ewa 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The paper surveys selected standpoints in the Polish humanities that are visibly critical toward neoliberal assumptions and claims of economics. The resources used in the text are: Andrzej Szahaj’s philosophical postulates and assertions; Tadeusz Kowalik’s view; criticism and postulates of social economics articulated by the quarterly magazine Nowy Obywatel (The New Citizen). The purpose of this paper is to construct a possibly cohesive picture of this type of criticism by indicating important similarities between the approaches mentioned above, its strongest arguments, philosophical premises and political inclinations.

Design/methodology/approach
– A conceptual synthesis and interpretation of theoretical standpoints and its philosophical premises, a comparative analysis of the text/content of the magazine (The New Citizen).

Findings
– Each of the three standpoints discussed in the paper proves to be an interesting example of social economics. It is also symptomatic that they share a similar, critical attitude toward the way in which the transformation of the Polish economy from a socialist to a capitalist system had been carried out. The transformation is thereby interpreted as a process that is not accomplished at all from the point of view of the ideals of social justice and integrity.

Practical implications
– The popularization of Polish normative views of economics taking into account the problem of social justice, and the possible transformation of the way in which economic problems are publicly understood in Poland.

Originality/value
– The discussion of non-standard interpretations of Polish transformation and its effects that undermine and challenge neoliberal ideology in economics.
Occupational therapy practice in acute physical hospital settings: Evidence from a scoping review
Authors: Britton Lauren , Rosenwax Lorna , McNamara Beverley 
Published: September 2015

Background/AimIncreased accountability and growing fiscal limitations in global health care continue to challenge how occupational therapy practices are undertaken. Little is known about how these changes affect current practice in acute hospital settings. This article reviews the relevant literature to further understanding of occupational therapy practice in acute physical hospital settings.MethodA scoping review of five electronic databases was completed using the keywords Occupational therapy, acute hospital settings/acute physical hospital settings, acute care setting/acute care hospital setting, general medicine/general medical wards, occupational therapy service provision/teaching hospitals/tertiary care hospitals. Criteria were applied to determine suitability for inclusion and the articles were analysed to uncover key themes.ResultsIn total 34 publications were included in the review. Analysis of the publications revealed four themes: (1) Comparisons between the practice of novice and experienced occupational therapists in acute care (2) Occupational therapists and the discharge planning process (3) Role of occupation in the acute care setting and (4) Personal skills needed and organisation factors affecting acute care practice.ConclusionThe current literature has highlighted the challenges occupational therapists face in practicing within an acute setting. Findings from this review enhance understanding of how occupational therapy department managers and educators can best support staff that practise in acute hospital settings.
Speech pathology and occupational therapy students participating in placements where their supervisor works in a dual role
Authors: Thomasz Tennille , Young Denise 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the facilitating factors and barriers to students participating in placements where their supervisor works in a dual role.DesignA combination of semi structured interviews and focus groups were used. Data was analysed using thematic analysis.SettingRegional brain injury rehabilitation programs and university programs.ParticipantsEleven Speech Pathologists or Occupational Therapists who worked in regional brain injury rehabilitation programs as both a case manager and within their discipline. Five Speech Pathology or Occupational Therapy university academics who were employed in a role central to facilitating student clinical placements.Results6 themes emerged. These included the supervisor's experience of a non‐traditional model, communication, perceptions of a clinical placement, supervision, student cohort and assessment criteria.ConclusionsIt appears that students are able to participate in placements where their supervisor works within a specific discipline, as well as a case manager. There are particular factors that are likely to make this experience successful. It is important for all stakeholders to communicate about the placement and their expectations, which may assist with managing perceptions of what an appropriate placement is. Utilising different supervisory models is also necessary. There are factors that do not appear to have a significant effect on the success of such a placement. There is no consensus about the particular level of experience that a student should have to manage this type of placement. The assessment criteria that supervisors are required to complete does not appear to be a barrier to students participating. While there are challenges, benefits for all stakeholders are identified.
Fine‐scale Beta‐diversity Patterns Across Multiple Arthropod Taxa Over a Neotropical Latitudinal Gradient
Authors: Gonçalves‐Souza Thiago , Araújo Marcel S. , Barbosa Eduardo P. , Lopes Sonia M. , Kaminski Lucas A. , Shimizu Gustavo H. , Santos Adalberto J. , Romero Gustavo Q. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDocumenting how diversity patterns vary at fine‐ and broad scales may help answer many questions in theoretical and applied ecology. However, studies tend to compare diversity patterns at the same scale and within the same taxonomic group, which limits the applicability and generality of the results. Here, we have investigated whether vegetation‐dwelling arthropods from different trophic ranks and with distinct life histories (i.e., ants, caterpillars, cockroaches, and spiders) have different beta‐diversity patterns at multiple scales. Specifically, we compared their beta diversity across architecturally distinct plant species (fine‐scale process) and a latitudinal gradient of sites (broad‐scale process) along 2040 km of coastal restinga vegetation in the Neotropics. Over 50 percent of the compositional changes (β‐diversity) in ants, caterpillars, and spiders and 41 percent of those in cockroaches were explained by plant identity within each site. Even groups that do not feed on plant tissues, such as omnivores and predators, were strongly affected by plant identity. Fine‐scale variation was more important than large‐scale processes for all studied groups. Performing a cross‐scale comparison of diversity patterns of groups with distinct life histories helps elucidate how processes that act at regional scales, such as dispersal, interact with local processes to assemble arthropod communities.
Sofosbuvir plus simeprevir treatment of recurrent genotype 1 hepatitis C after liver transplant
Authors: Punzalan Carmi Santos , Barry Curtis , Zacharias Isabel , Rodrigues Julie , Mehta Savant , Bozorgzadeh Adel , Barnard Graham F. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundPatients with recurrent hepatitis C (HCV) infection post‐liver transplant can be difficult to treat safely and effectively. A prior (COSMOS) study in patients with non‐transplant HCV, using sofosbuvir plus simeprevir, had high efficacy and tolerability in treating patients with HCV genotype 1, even prior non‐responders to interferon therapy and those with cirrhosis. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of sofosbuvir and simeprevir in patients with genotype 1 HCV post‐liver transplant.MethodsIn this prospective, observational study, patients received sofosbuvir 400 mg plus simeprevir 150 mg daily for 12 wk without ribavirin. The primary end point was a sustained virologic response 12 wk after the end of therapy.ResultsForty‐two patients completed the treatment. Twenty‐six percent started the treatment ≤6 months post‐liver transplant. Nineteen percent of the included patients had cirrhosis, 14% with decompensation. At week 4 on the treatment, 21% of patients had detectable virus but at the end of the treatment, 100% were undetectable. Twelve weeks after the end of the treatment, 95% of the patients had undetectable hepatitis C. The regimen was generally well tolerated.ConclusionThe oral regimen of sofosbuvir plus simeprevir without ribavirin is efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C post‐liver transplant.
Prevalence of soft tissue injuries in pediatric patients and its relationship with the quest for treatment
Authors: Soares Thais Rodrigues Campos , Barbosa Ana Carolina Uchôa , de Oliveira Symone Nisa Serafim , Oliveira Evelyn Mendes , Risso Patricia de Andrade , Maia Lucianne Cople 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackground/aimSoft tissue injuries (STI) are common in children and adolescents. This retrospective study evaluated the frequency of STI, gender, type of injury, and its location in pediatric patients, comparing the different age groups and how the presence of these lesions influences the pursuit for immediate care.Material and methodsMedical records of patients 0–15 years old who had been treated between 2005 and 2013 at the Dental Trauma Surveillance Center, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro were included in this study. Records with incomplete data and those in which the patient took more than 2 weeks to seek attendance were excluded. The data collected included the age and gender of the patient, the frequency, type and location of the injury, and immediate treatment (<24 h). Data were analyzed descriptively and with the chi‐square test (P ≤ 0.05).ResultsOf the 543 patients who met the eligibility criteria, 56.2% had STI, and males (65.6%), and the age group of 0–3 years (39.7%) were the most affected. The concomitant presence of lesions in the intra‐ and extra‐oral region was the most frequent in all age groups. In the extra‐oral region, contusion (20.7%) and abrasion (19.3%) were more common to the upper lip and laceration to the lower lip (18.4%). In the intra‐oral region, the injury was more frequent to the gums (41%), while the lips were the most affected by abrasion (12.2%) and laceration (24.9%). Regardless of the age groups, the pursuit for immediate care was statistically influenced by the presence of soft tissue lesions (P < 0.05).ConclusionWe conclude that there is a high prevalence of STI in the study sample; the lesions were more common in boys and in patients aged 0–3 years. The presence of STI proved to be a determining factor for the pursuit for immediate care.
European Fissure Sealant Guidelines: assessment using AGREE II
Authors: San Martin‐Galindo L , Rodríguez‐Lozano FJ , Abalos‐Labruzzi C , Niederman R 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundPit and fissure sealants are effective in reducing the incidence of occlusal caries, and multiple clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been developed for recommending their proper use. The usefulness of CPGs depends on their quality and on the rigour of the guideline development process.ObjectiveA study was made to assess the quality of current European CPGs based on the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) instrument, which uses 23 key items rated on a 7‐point scale to assess practice guideline development and the quality of reporting.MethodsA search was conducted for fissure sealant guidelines for preventing caries in children and adults at high and low risk published in the last 10 years. Calibration was carried out before scoring to assess agreement between the appraisers using the AGREE II instrument.ResultsThe searches identified 19 relevant guidelines, and following application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria, three guidelines were retained for evaluation. The proportion of observed agreement was calculated, expressed by the agreement separately for positive and negative ratings (PA = 0.89, NA = 0–91). The results of the guideline assessments revealed the highest score for the Irish guideline, a moderate score for the French guideline and the lowest score for the European guideline.ConclusionsBased on the AGREE II instrument, the results obtained show significant variation in the quality assessment of the three European Fissure Sealant Guidelines. Future studies should be carried out both to develop quality dental CPGs and to investigate effective ways of adopting them.
Coping with work‐related stressors and building resilience in mental health workers: A comparative focus group study using interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Lamb Danielle , Cogan Nicola 
Published: September 2015

Experiencing excessive stress in the workplace can lead to mental ill health, which has costs both personally for individuals and for the wider economy in terms of lost working days. This study used two in‐depth focus groups, one with NHS mental health workers (n = 9) and one with Samaritans’ volunteers (n = 8), to investigate how they cope with work‐based stressors, and build and maintain resilience. The qualitative data derived from the focus groups were compared and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis to gain an in‐depth understanding of the lived experiences of those working in both statutory and voluntary adult mental health settings. Four superordinate themes emerged: (1) Perceived lack of control as a stressor; (2) Ways of building resilience; (3) The dual impact of values; and (4) The effect of environment. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of recommendations for training to help foster resilience within mental health care systems, along with possible areas of future investigation.Practitioner points

Resilience has been shown to be an important element in allowing those working and volunteering in mental health settings to cope with the stressors inherent in their chosen field.

Allowing staff reasonable control over their work, and providing an adequate environment in which to carry out their work, is conducive to building and maintaining resilience.

Consideration should be given to the dual nature of some elements of working in a mental health context, in terms of both the positive and negative impact they can have (e.g., values and environment).

Training programmes using aspects of developments such as mindfulness and acceptance and commitment training may also be able to contribute to building and maintaining resilience in mental health workers.
Comparison of inherently essential genes of Porphyromonas gingivalis identified in two transposon‐sequencing libraries
Authors: Hutcherson J.A. , Gogeneni H. , Yoder‐Himes D. , Hendrickson E.L. , Hackett M. , Whiteley M. , Lamont R.J. , Scott D.A. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryPorphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram‐negative anaerobe and keystone periodontal pathogen. A mariner transposon insertion mutant library has recently been used to define 463 genes as putatively essential for the in vitro growth of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 in planktonic culture (Library 1). We have independently generated a transposon insertion mutant library (Library 2) for the same P. gingivalis strain and herein compare genes that are putatively essential for in vitro growth in complex media, as defined by both libraries. In all, 281 genes (61%) identified by Library 1 were common to Library 2. Many of these common genes are involved in fundamentally important metabolic pathways, notably pyrimidine cycling as well as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Also in common are genes encoding heat‐shock protein homologues, sigma factors, enzymes with proteolytic activity, and the majority of sec‐related protein export genes. In addition to facilitating a better understanding of critical physiological processes, transposon‐sequencing technology has the potential to identify novel strategies for the control of P. gingivalis infections. Those genes defined as essential by two independently generated TnSeq mutant libraries are likely to represent particularly attractive therapeutic targets.
ArabidopsisTAF1 is anMRE11‐interacting protein required for resistance to genotoxic stress and viability of the male gametophyte
Authors: Waterworth Wanda M. , Drury Georgina E. , Blundell‐Hunter George , West Christopher E. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryRepair ofDNAdouble‐strand breaks (DSBs) by recombination pathways is essential for plant growth and fertility. The recombination endonucleaseMRE11 plays important roles in sensing and repair ofDNA DSBs. Here we demonstrate protein interaction between ArabidopsisMRE11 and the histone acetyltransferaseTAF1, aTATA‐binding protein Associated Factor (TAF) of theRNApolymeraseIItranscription initiation factor complexTFIID. Arabidopsis has twoTAF1 homologues termedTAF1 andTAF1b and mutanttaf1blines are viable and fertile. In contrast,taf1null mutations are lethal, demonstrating thatTAF1is an essential gene. Heterozygoustaf1+/−plants display abnormal segregation of the mutant allele resulting from defects in pollen tube development, indicating thatTAF1 is important for gamete viability. Characterization of an allelic series oftaf1lines revealed that hypomorphic mutants are viable but display developmental defects and reduced plant fertility. Hypersensitivity oftaf1mutants lacking the C‐terminal bromodomain to X‐rays and mitomycin C, but not to other forms of abiotic stress, established a specific role forTAF1 in plantDNArepair processes. Collectively these studies reveal a function forTAF1 in plant resistance to genotoxic stress, providing further insight into the molecular mechanisms of theDNAdamage response in plants.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 30 Isolate from a Pediatric Patient with a Lung Infection in Brazil
Authors: Stephens Craig , Cho Paul Jang-Yeon , Afonso de Araujo Veronica , Gomes Ivete Martins , de Azevedo Sias Selma Maria , Araújo Cardoso Claudete A. , Riley Lee W. , Aguiar-Alves Fábio 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

The sequence of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
strain B6 (sequence type 30 [ST30],
spa
type t433, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette
mec
element [SCC
mec
] type IVc, Panton-Valentine leukocidin [PVL] positive), isolated from a pediatric patient with a lung infection in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is described here. The draft genome sequence includes a 2.8-Mb chromosome, accompanied by a 20-kb plasmid containing
blaZ
and two small cryptic plasmids.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Phenol-Degrading Bacterium Pseudomonas putida H
Authors: Vizoso Paula , Pacheco Nicolas , Bastias-Molina Macarena , Meneses Claudio , Poblete-Castro Ignacio 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

In this study, we report the draft genome of
Pseudomonas putida
H, a well-known bacterium capable of degrading various aromatic compounds. Its genome size is 6,065 Mbp with a GC content of 61.6%. This work will aid future studies on this versatile bacterium.