bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global analysis of approaches for deriving total water storage changes from GRACE satellites
Authors: Long Di , Longuevergne Laurent , Scanlon Bridget R. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIncreasing interest in use of GRACE satellites and a variety of new products to monitor changes in total water storage (TWS) underscores the need to assess the reliability of output from different products. The objective of this study was to assess skills and uncertainties of different approaches for processing GRACE data to restore signal losses caused by spatial filtering based on analysis of 1° × 1° grid‐scale data and in 60 river basins globally. Results indicate that scaling factors from six LSMs, including GLDAS‐1 four models (Noah2.7, Mosaic, VIC, and CLM 2.0), CLM 4.0, and WGHM, are similar over most of humid, subhumid, and high‐latitude regions but can differ by up to 100% over arid and semiarid basins and areas with intensive irrigation. Temporal variability in scaling factors is generally minor at the basin scale except in arid and semiarid regions, but can be appreciable at the 1° × 1° grid scale. Large differences in TWS anomalies from three processing approaches (scaling factor, additive, and multiplicative corrections) were found in arid and semiarid regions, areas with intensive irrigation, and relatively small basins (e.g., ≤200,000 km2). Furthermore, TWS anomaly products from gridded data with CLM4.0 scaling factors and the additive correction approach more closely agree with WGHM output than the multiplicative correction approach. This comprehensive evaluation of GRACE processing approaches should provide valuable guidance on applicability of different processing approaches with different climate settings and varying levels of irrigation.
Natural variations in calcite dissolution rates in streams: Controls, implications, and open questions
Authors: Covington M. D. , Gulley J. D. , Gabrovšek F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractModels of bedrock channel evolution typically assume that chemical erosion is negligible in comparison to mechanical erosion. While this assumption is reasonable for channels in silicate rocks, it is questionable within highly soluble strata such as carbonates. The magnitude and variability of calcite dissolution rates in streams has remained as a critical unknown for models of bedrock incision and karst conduit formation. Here we use U.S. Geological Survey data to estimate calcite dissolution rates from 77 different streams located in a wide range of settings. The calculated rates are commonly on the order of ∼1 mmyr−1, which is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude larger than previous estimates. We also find that is the strongest control on at‐a‐site variability, though some sites also display dilution‐controlled variability. Typically, dissolution rates vary within a relatively narrow range, which has important implications for the relative importance of chemical and mechanical erosion.
Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide sources from anthropogenic activity: Implications for carbon cycle constraints
Authors: Campbell J. E. , Whelan M. E. , Seibt U. , Smith S. J. , Berry J. A. , Hilton T. W. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCarbonyl sulfide (COS) has recently emerged as an atmospheric tracer of gross primary production. All modeling studies of COS air‐monitoring data rely on a climatological anthropogenic inventory that does not reflect present conditions or support interpretation of ice core and firn trends. Here we develop a global anthropogenic inventory for the years 1850 to 2013 based on new emission measurements and material‐specific data. By applying methods from a recent regional inventory to global data, we find that the anthropogenic source is similar in magnitude to the plant sink, confounding carbon cycle applications. However, a material‐specific approach results in a current anthropogenic source that is only one third of plant uptake and is concentrated in Asia, supporting carbon cycle applications of global air‐monitoring data. Furthermore, changes in the anthropogenic source alone cannot explain the century‐scale mixing ratio growth, which suggests that ice and firn data may provide the first global history of gross primary production.
The impact of geomagnetic spikes on the production rates of cosmogenic 14C and 10Be in the Earth's atmosphere
Authors: Fournier Alexandre , Gallet Yves , Usoskin Ilya , Livermore Philip W. , Kovaltsov Gennady A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe seek corroborative evidence of the geomagnetic spikes detected in the Near East ca. 980 BC and 890 BC in the records of the past production rates of the cosmogenic nuclides 14C and 10Be. Our forward modeling strategy rests on global, time‐dependent, geomagnetic spike field models feeding state‐of‐the‐art models of cosmogenic nuclide production. We find that spike models with an energy budget in line with presently inferred large‐scale flow at Earth's core surface fail to produce a visible imprint in the nuclide record. Spike models able to reproduce the intensity changes reported in the Near East require an unaccountably high‐magnitude core flow, yet their computed impact on cosmogenic isotope production rates remains ambiguous. No simple and unequivocal agreement is obtained between the observed and modeled nuclide records at the epochs of interest. This indicates that cosmogenic nuclides cannot immediately be used to confirm the occurrence of these two geomagnetic spikes.
Bed load transport monitoring using seismic observations in a low‐gradient rural gravel bed stream
Authors: Barrière Julien , Oth Adrien , Hostache Renaud , Krein Andreas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe characterization of bed load transport in rivers is critical for the fundamental understanding and management of fluvial systems. Bed load monitoring based on seismological observations has recently emerged as a viable noninvasive measurement technique. However, applications of this new approach have been hitherto restricted to the case of sediment transport in steep mountain rivers. Here we further develop and evaluate the approach for a lower gradient gravel bed stream in a rural catchment using seismic observations, in situ hydroacoustic measurements of bed load motion (impact‐plate‐type device), and 3‐D hydromorphodynamic modeling. The results of this joint analysis of seismic measurements, hydroacoustic records, and sediment transport simulations show that the seismic monitoring technique for bed load transport characterization is applicable for a broader range of river systems than previously investigated.
Quantifying the sensitivity of maximum, limiting, and potential tropical cyclone intensity to SST: Observations versus the FSU/COAPS global climate model
Authors: Strazzo S. E. , Elsner J. B. , LaRow T. E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPrevious research quantified the sensitivity of limiting intensity to SST for observed tropical cyclones (TCs) and for TCs generated by two global climate models (GCMs). On average, a 1° C increase in sea surface temperature (SST) is associated with a 7.9 m s−1 increase in the statistical upper limit of observed intensity. Conversely, a 1°C increase in SST does not significantly affect the limiting intensity of GCM‐generated TCs. The study presented here builds on previous research in two ways: (1) A comparison is made between the statistically defined limiting intensity and the physically defined potential intensity, and (2) a test is performed on the ability of a ∼0.94° resolution GCM to reproduce the observed statistical relationship between potential intensity and SST. Data from NASA's Modern Era Reanalysis are used to approximate the observed sensitivity of potential intensity to SST for the 1982–2008 time period. Results indicate that the sensitivity of potential intensity to SST is not statistically different from the sensitivity of observed maximum or limiting intensity to SST. This result links the statistically defined sensitivity to the physically based theory of hurricanes. Potential intensity is also estimated from the FSU/COAPS GCM. Although the FSU/COAPS model does not capture the observed sensitivity of TC maximum or limiting intensity to SST, the model reproduces the observed sensitivity of potential intensity to SST. The model generates suitable atmospheric conditions for the development of strong TCs, however strong TCs do not develop, possibly as a result of insufficient resolution.
Commodity Racism
Authors: Chin Elizabeth 
Published: March 2015

Abstract“Commodity racism” is a term that refers to the way in which race and commodities mutually inform one another. The concept was first proposed byMcClintock, who argued that, from the late nineteenth century, racism encoded into commodities and their advertising campaigns was a key tool in the British project of colonization and empire. More broadly, commodity racism encompasses racist modes of the commodification of people – most importantly, slavery – as well as commodities in which racism is embedded. Evidenced in realms as diverse as advertising, toys, sex tourism, and sports, racism is essential to the world of commodities across the globe.
Consumption in Postcommunist Countries
Authors: Fehérváry Krisztina 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis entry focuses on those countries that were once characterized by centrallyplanned economic systems whose twin goals were modernization and the equitable distribution of national wealth across the population. Thus, “postcommunist” refers to places where communist rule collapsed (as in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in 1989–91). It also refers to places where the communist party continues to hold political power but has embraced market reforms and opened up the nation's economy to global forms of commerce (as in China, Cuba, and Vietnam). Since the bulk of scholarship on postcommunist consumption has focused on the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, this entry relies heavily on that research; at the same time, it draws on the rapidly growing scholarship on consumer culture in China, as well as some from smaller non‐European countries.
Consumption and Sport
Authors: Andrews David L. , Clift Bryan C. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Since the end of World War
II
broader enmeshed economic, social, cultural, and technological transformations have drastically reshaped the sporting landscape according to the dictates of a seemingly unrelenting, corporate‐led culture of consumption. The incorporation of sport into the consumerist order, which is defined and dominated by corporate and media interests, has transformed it into a multifaceted and intertextual amalgam that can experienced, and thereby consumed, in myriad forms. This entry examines the expressions and contradictions of contemporary sport consumption.
Housing/Housing Markets
Authors: Clarke Hannah , Zavisca Jane 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Housing is among the most durable and costly of consumer possessions. A consumer commodity in itself, housing is also the staging ground for many types of consumption – of things such as furniture and appliances, and of activities such as meal preparation and entertaining. These consumption practices transform a dwelling into the cultural embodiment of a home, which embodies an extension of the self, signals social status, and provides a sense of ontological security. Home ownership intensifies the significance of housing for consumers, but also increases indebtedness and risk. Historically, home mortgages have been justified as a productive investment rather than a consumer expenditure, as mortgages were thought to enforce savings for a financially secure future. However, real estate has not consistently retained its value, and flexible mortgages allow housing wealth to be spent instead of saved. Recent changes in housing finance contribute to the financialization of daily life and further blur the boundaries between investment and consumption of the home.
Shopping
Authors: Zukin Sharon 
Published: March 2015

AbstractShopping, at a minimum, is the activity of pursuing specific goods and services for either individual or collective use, which is expected to result in an economic transaction between buyers and sellers. The objects of shopping range from the everyday – a loaf of bread or cell phone service plan – to multimillion‐dollar houses and works of art. But making a purchase is not the only consequence of shopping. Instead, purchase is the necessary condition which enables, and indeed encourages, a wide array of activities and mediations. Because it historically began with a face‐to‐face meeting between buyers and sellers where buyers evaluate the quality of the goods on offer and negotiate the price, shopping became a major public face of consumption. Today, it both embodies a frequent form of social interaction in public spaces and represents a principle of selection which is emblematic of affluent societies.
Occupy Movement
Authors: van Stekelenburg Jacquelien 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn the fall of 2011, the occupy movement occupied the headlines for weeks. Photos showed activists, or Occupiers, and their tents on squares in major cities like New York, London, and Amsterdam. What makes this movement so newsworthy? This entry explains what the occupy movement stands for, who the Occupiers are, and what strategies and tactics they use.
Waldenström macroglobulinemia: 2015 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management
Authors: Gertz Morie A. 
Published: March 2015

Disease Overview: Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal protein. Clinical features include anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and rarely hyperviscosity.Diagnosis: Presence of IgM monoclonal protein associated with ≥10% clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells in bone marrow confirms the diagnosis. The L265P mutation in MYD88 is detectable in more than 90% of patients.Risk Stratification: Age, hemoglobin level, platelet count, β2 microglobulin, and monoclonal IgM concentrations are characteristics required for prognosis.Risk‐Adapted Therapy: Not all patients who fulfill WM criteria require therapy; these patients can be observed until symptoms develop. Rituximab‐based therapy is used in virtually all US patients with WM and can be combined with alkylating agent or purine nucleoside analog (or both). The preferred Mayo Clinic nonstudy therapeutic induction is rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone. Future stem cell transplantation should be considered in induction therapy selection.Management of Refractory Disease: Bortezomib, thalidomide, everolimus, ibrutinib, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and bendamustine have all been shown to have activity in WM. Given WM's natural history, reduction of complications will be a priority for future treatment trials. Am. J. Hematol. 90:347–354, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
X‐ray and neutron scattering on disordered nanosize clusters: a case study of lead‐zirconate‐titanate solid solutions
Authors: Frantti Johannes , Fujioka Yukari 
Published: March 2015

Defects and frequently used defect models of solids are reviewed. Signatures for identifying the disorder from x‐ray and neutron scattering data are given. To give illustrative examples how technologically important defects contribute to x‐ray and neutron scattering numerical method able to treat non‐periodical solids possessing several simultaneous defect types is given for simulating scattering in nanosize disordered clusters. The approach takes particle size, shape, and defects into account and isolates element specific signals. As a case study a statistical approximation model for lead‐zirconate titanate [Pb(ZrxTi)O3, PZT] is introduced. PZT is a material possessing several defect types, including substitutional, displacement and surface defects. Spatial composition variation is taken into account by introducing a model in which the edge lengths of each cell depend on the distribution of Zr and Ti ions in the cluster. Spatially varying edge lengths and angles is referred to as microstrain. The model is applied to compute the scattering from ellipsoid shaped PZT clusters and to simulate the structural changes as a function of average composition. Two‐phase co‐existence range, the so called morphotropic phase boundary composition is given correctly. The composition at which the rhombohedral and tetragonal cells are equally abundant was. Selected x‐ray and neutron Bragg reflection intensities and line shapes were simulated. Examples of the effect of size and shape of the scattering clusters on diffraction patterns are given and the particle dimensions, computed through Scherrer equation, are compared with the exact cluster dimensions. Scattering from two types of 180° domains in spherical particles, one type assigned to Ti‐rich PZT and the second to the MPB and Zr‐rich PZT, is computed. We show how the method can be used for modelling polarization reversal.image
A Signal‐Passing DNA‐Strand‐Exchange Mechanism for Active Self‐Assembly of DNA Nanostructures
Authors: Padilla Jennifer E. , Sha Ruojie , Kristiansen Martin , Chen Junghuei , Jonoska Natasha , Seeman Nadrian C. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDNA nanostructured tiles play an active role in their own self‐assembly in the system described herein whereby they initiate a binding event that produces a cascading assembly process. We present DNA tiles that have a simple but powerful property: they respond to a binding event at one end of the tile by passing a signal across the tile to activate a binding site at the other end. This action allows sequential, virtually irreversible self‐assembly of tiles and enables local communication during the self‐assembly process. This localized signal‐passing mechanism provides a new element of control for autonomous self‐assembly of DNA nanostructures.
Palladium(II)/Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Oxidative Carbocyclization–Borylation of Enallenes
Authors: Jiang Tuo , Bartholomeyzik Teresa , Mazuela Javier , Willersinn Jochen , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAn enantioselective oxidative carbocyclization–borylation of enallenes that is catalyzed by palladium(II) and a Brønsted acid was developed. Biphenol‐type chiral phosphoric acids were superior co‐catalysts for inducing the enantioselective cyclization. A number of chiral borylated carbocycles were synthesized in high enantiomeric excess.
Origin of Extraordinary Stability of Square‐Planar Carbon Atoms in Surface Carbides of Cobalt and Nickel
Authors: Nandula Anjan , Trinh Quang Thang , Saeys Mark , Alexandrova Anastassia N. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSurface carbides of cobalt and nickel are exceptionally stable, having stabilities competitive with those of graphitic C on these surfaces. The unusual structure of these carbides has attracted much attention: C assumes a tetracoordinate square‐planar arrangement, in‐plane with the metal surface, and its binding favors a spontaneous p4g clock surface reconstruction. A chemical bonding model for these systems is presented and explains the unusual structure, special stability, and the reconstruction. C promotes local two‐dimensional aromaticity on the surface and the aromatic arrangement is so powerful that the required number of electrons is taken from the void M4 squares, thus leading to Peierls instability. Moreover, this model predicts a series of new transition‐metal and main‐group‐element surface alloys: carbides, borides, and nitrides, which feature high stability, square‐planar coordination, aromaticity, and a predictable degree of surface reconstruction.
Protein‐imprinted polyurethane‐grafted calcium alginate hydrogel microspheres
Authors: Li Lingxie , Ying Xiaoguang , Liu Jiangquan , Li Xiao , Zhang Weiying 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTProtein‐imprinted polyurethane‐grafted calcium alginate hydrogel microspheres were prepared and characterized. The samples were investigated with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, 13C‐NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We proved that polyurethane side chains were successfully grafted, and this led to a relatively rough and dense surface. The samples exhibited better swelling durability when applied in specific adsorption tests. The adsorption kinetic and recognition properties indicated that the imprinted modified microspheres had excellent rebinding affinity toward the target proteins. Moreover, the influence of the preassembly pH, rebinding pH, and grafting ratio on the adsorption capacity and imprinting efficiency (IE) were systematically investigated. The study results suggest that the modified samples possessed a higher IE toward the target protein under the optimum pH and grafting ratio. Upon polyurethane grafting modification, the alginate hydrogel microspheres showed improved mechanical stability and recognition specificity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42140.
Joining of carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates by a novel partial cross‐linking process
Authors: Moosburger‐Will Judith , Sause Markus G. R. , Horny Robert , Horn Siegfried , Scholler Jochen , Llopard Prieto Llorenç 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTDirect joining of partially cross‐linked and freshly infiltrated carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin plates made from HTA/RTM6 is investigated as function of the partial curing degree. Partial cross‐linking maintains a certain chemical reactivity of the thermosetting resin which can be used for bonding to a second, freshly infiltrated resin part. A final curing cycle guarantees complete cross‐linking of the joined component. The bonding behavior and the interface morphology of the joined plates are analyzed by mechanical testing, acoustic emission analysis and microscopy. A significant dependence of the bonding and interfacial properties on the partial curing degree is found. Very low and very high partial curing degrees (below 70% and above 80%) result in low fracture toughness and discontinuous crack propagation. Intermediate curing degrees between 70% and 80% mainly show high fracture toughness, stable crack propagation and a ripple like interface morphology. The latter is created by the surface morphology of the partially cross‐linked plate with the typical peel‐ply imprint and results in a high contact surface and mechanical interlocking. The combination of chemical reactivity and high contact surface seems to be advantageous for the enhanced fracture toughness and the improved failure mode of samples with intermediate partial curing degree. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42159.