bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The decomposition of fine and coarse roots: their global patterns and controlling factors
Authors: Zhang Xinyue , Wang Wei 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFine root decomposition represents a large carbon (C) cost to plants and serves as a potential soil C source, as well as a substantial proportion of net primary productivity. Coarse roots differ markedly from fine roots in morphology, nutrient concentrations, functions and decomposition mechanisms. Still poorly understood is whether a consistent global pattern exists between the decomposition of fine (<2 mm root diameter) and coarse (≥2 mm) roots. A comprehensive terrestrial root decomposition dataset, including 530 observations from 71 sampling sites, was thus used to compare global patterns of decomposition of fine and coarse roots. Fine roots decomposed significantly faster than coarse roots in middle latitude areas, but their decomposition in low latitude regions was not significantly different from that of coarse roots. Coarse root decomposition showed more dependence on climate, especially mean annual temperature (MAT), than did fine roots. Initial litter lignin content was the most important predictor of fine root decomposition, while lignin to nitrogen ratios, MAT and mean annual precipitation were the most important predictors of coarse root decomposition. Our study emphasizes the necessity of separating fine roots and coarse roots when predicting the response of belowground C release to future climate changes.
The Tomato yellow leaf curl virus V2 protein forms aggregates depending on the cytoskeleton integrity and binds viral genomic DNA
Authors: Moshe Adi , Belausov Eduard , Niehl Annette , Heinlein Manfred , Czosnek Henryk , Gorovits Rena 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe spread of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was accompanied by the formation of coat protein (CP) aggregates of increasing size in the cytoplasm and nucleus of infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cells. In order to better understand the TYLCV-host interaction, we investigated the properties and the subcellular accumulation pattern of the non-structural viral protein V2. CP and V2 are the only sense-oriented genes on the virus circular single-stranded DNA genome. Similar to CP, V2 localized to cytoplasmic aggregates of increasing size and as infection progressed was also found in nuclei, where it co-localized with CP. V2 was associated with viral genomic DNA molecules, suggesting that V2 functions as a DNA shuttling protein. The formation and the 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of V2 aggregates were dependent on the integrity of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. We propose that the cytoskeleton-dependent formation and growth of V2 aggregates play an important role during TYLCV infection and that microtubules and actin filaments are important for the delivery of V2 to the 26S proteasome.
Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ) and Spatial Hearing Questionnaire (SHQ) Changes Over Time in Adults With Simultaneous Cochlear Implants
Authors: Zhang Juan , Tyler Richard , Ji Haihong , Dunn Camille , Wang Ningyu , Hansen Marlan , Gantz Bruce 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the changes over time of the Spatial Hearing Questionnaire (SHQ; Tyler, Perreau, & Ji, 2009) and the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ; Gatehouse & Noble, 2004) in adults with simultaneous bilateral cochlear implants by collecting data for 2 years after implantation.

Method
Nineteen postlingual subjects participated in this study. Average age at implant was 63 years. The subjects' data were included in this retrospective analysis only if they completed both questionnaires. We compared subjects' SSQ and SHQ scores to word recognition and sound localization performances.

Results

The study showed SHQ and SSQ scores continuously improved up to 1 year postimplantation, with the most improvement occurring within the first 6 months of implantation. After 1 year, the scores reached a plateau. This is consistent with laboratory tests from the same 19 subjects, and they showed high correlations (
p
< .05). The present study also showed a high degree of correlation between SHQ and SSQ scores.

Conclusions
Both the SSQ and SHQ scores improved up to 12 months postimplantation, with the most improvement during the first 6 months of implantation. Both were consistent with laboratory tests. There was a high degree of correlation between SHQ and SSQ scores.
Tempo and mode of antibat ultrasound production and sonar jamming in the diverse hawkmoth radiation
Authors: Kawahara Akito Y. , Barber Jesse R. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Ultrasound production is one of the most sophisticated antibat strategies in nocturnal insects, yet it has never been thoroughly studied in a phylogenetic framework. We conducted high-throughput field assays using playback of echolocation attack sequences, laboratory bat–moth interaction experiments, and fossil-calibrated phylogenetic analyses to provide the first evidence that multiple unrelated hawkmoth species produce ultrasound and jam bat echolocation. Our robust tree demonstrates that sonar jamming evolved twice during the Miocene after the radiation of insectivorous bats. We provide an example of the power behind collaborative science for revealing the function and historic pattern of behavior, and predict that ultrasound production is a widespread antibat strategy in the extraordinary diversity of nocturnal insects.
G-protein βγ subunits are positive regulators of Kv7.4 and native vascular Kv7 channel activity
Authors: Stott Jennifer B. , Povstyan Oleksandr V. , Carr Georgina , Barrese Vincenzo , Greenwood Iain A. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
The Kv7.4 potassium channel is a critical regulator of vascular contractility both at rest and as a functional endpoint for a number of endogenous vasodilators. Despite its key role, nothing is known about the processes that determine Kv7.4 channel activity. We reveal an interaction between G-protein βγ subunits and Kv7.4 that is crucial for channel responses to membrane voltage. Blocking this interaction ablates channel activity, prevents β-adrenoceptor–mediated relaxation, and constricts renal arteries. Conversely, Gβγ subunits enhance Kv7.4 channels and produce arterial relaxation in a Kv7-dependent manner. This reveals a fundamental reliance of an ion channel on Gβγ subunits for basal activity, a previously unidentified finding, which has profound implications for vascular physiology and disease pathogenesis.
The membrane remodeling protein Pex11p activates the GTPase Dnm1p during peroxisomal fission
Authors: Williams Chris , Opalinski Lukasz , Landgraf Christiane , Costello Joseph , Schrader Michael , Krikken Arjen M. , Knoops Kèvin , Kram Anita M. , Volkmer Rudolf , van der Klei Ida J. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Peroxisomal fission is crucial for cell viability because peroxisome fission defects cause severe disease. The initial step in peroxisomal fission, membrane elongation, requires the membrane remodeling protein Peroxin 11 (Pex11p). Here, we identify an additional function for Pex11p, demonstrating that Pex11p also plays a crucial role in the final step of peroxisomal fission: membrane separation. We show that Pex11p functions as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Dynamin-related 1 (Dnm1p) and that this GAP activity is conserved from yeast to mammalians. This work identifies a previously unknown requirement for a GAP in dynamin-like protein function.
Signature properties of water: Their molecular electronic origins
Authors: Sokhan Vlad P. , Jones Andrew P. , Cipcigan Flaviu S. , Crain Jason , Martyna Glenn J. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Water is one of the most common substances yet it exhibits anomalous properties important for sustaining life. It has been an enduring challenge to understand how a molecule of such apparent simplicity can encode for complex and unusual behavior across a wide range of pressures and temperatures. We reveal that embedding a complete hierarchy of electronic responses within the molecule allows water’s phase behavior and signature properties to emerge naturally even within a simple model. The key result is a simple and accurate, prediction of liquid–gas phase equilibria from freezing to the critical point thus establishing a direct link between molecular and condensed phase properties and a sound physical basis for a conceptually simple but broadly transferable model for water.
Metabolic dependencies drive species co-occurrence in diverse microbial communities
Authors: Zelezniak Aleksej , Andrejev Sergej , Ponomarova Olga , Mende Daniel R. , Bork Peer , Patil Kiran Raosaheb 
Published: May 2015

SignificanceAlthough metabolic interactions have long been implicated in the assembly of microbial communities, their general prevalence has remained largely unknown. In this study, we systematically survey, by using a metabolic modeling approach, the extent of resource competition and metabolic cross-feeding in over 800 microbial communities from diverse habitats. We show that interspecies metabolic exchanges are widespread in natural communities, and that such exchanges can provide group advantage under nutrient-poor conditions. Our results highlight metabolic dependencies as a major driver of species co-occurrence. The presented methodology and mechanistic insights have broad implications for understanding compositional variation in natural communities as well as for facilitating the design of synthetic microbial communities.
Persistent ecological shifts in marine molluscan assemblages across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction
Authors: Aberhan Martin , Kiessling Wolfgang 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Global change and regime shifts of ecosystems are a major concern today. It has been suggested that the end-Cretaceous impact of an asteroid not only caused mass extinction but also involved the transgression of a global tipping point. We demonstrate that the ecological structure of pre- and postextinction assemblages of marine bivalves and gastropods differ far more than expected from usual background fluctuations. In-depth ecological analyses suggest site-specific rather than globally uniform shifts to different dynamic regimes. At more inclusive ecological levels, parallel increases emerge in mobility levels, in species burrowing into the sediment, and in deposit feeders and carnivores.
Place recognition and heading retrieval are mediated by dissociable cognitive systems in mice
Authors: Julian Joshua B. , Keinath Alexander T. , Muzzio Isabel A. , Epstein Russell A. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
The ability to recover one’s bearings when lost is critical for successful navigation. To accomplish this feat, a navigator must identify its current location (place recognition), and it must also recover its facing direction (heading retrieval). Using a novel behavioral paradigm, we demonstrate that mice use one set of cues to determine their location and then ignore these same cues when determining their heading, although the cues are informative in both cases. These results suggest that place recognition and heading retrieval are mediated by different processing systems that operate in partial independence of each other. This finding has important implications for understanding the cognitive architecture underlying spatial navigation.
Discovery of a glowing millipede in California and the gradual evolution of bioluminescence in Diplopoda
Authors: Marek Paul E. , Moore Wendy 
Published: May 2015

SignificanceThe enigmatic millipedeXystocheir bistipitahas been rediscovered after a half-century. The rediscovery unexpectedly reveals that the species is bioluminescent. By reconstructing its evolutionary history, we show thatX. bistipitais the evolutionary sister ofMotyxia, the only bioluminescent millipede genus in the order Polydesmida. We demonstrate that bioluminescence originated in the group’s common ancestor and incrementally grew brighter through evolutionary time. Luminescence inMotyxiamay have initially evolved to cope with metabolic stress triggered by a hot, dry environment and was repurposed as a warning signal by species colonizing high-elevation habitats with greater predation risk. The discovery of bioluminescence inX. bistipitaand its pivotal evolutionary location provides insight into repeated evolution of bioluminescence across the tree of life.
High-performance parallel image reconstruction for the New Vacuum Solar Telescope
Authors: Li Xue-Bao , Liu Zhong , Wang Feng , Jin Zhen-Yu , Xiang Yong-Yuan , Zheng Yan-Fang 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Many technologies have been developed to help improve spatial resolution of observational images for ground-based solar telescopes, such as adaptive optics (AO) systems and post-processing reconstruction. As any AO system correction is only partial, it is indispensable to use post-processing reconstruction techniques. In the New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST), a speckle-masking method is used to achieve the diffraction-limited resolution of the telescope. Although the method is very promising, the computation is quite intensive, and the amount of data is tremendous, requiring several months to reconstruct observational data of one day on a high-end computer. To accelerate image reconstruction, we parallelize the program package on a high-performance cluster. We describe parallel implementation details for several reconstruction procedures. The code is written in the C language using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and is optimized for parallel processing in a multiprocessor environment. We show the excellent performance of parallel implementation, and the whole data processing speed is about 71 times faster than before. Finally, we analyze the scalability of the code to find possible bottlenecks, and propose several ways to further improve the parallel performance. We conclude that the presented program is capable of executing reconstruction applications in real-time at NVST.
The ν2GC simulations: Quantifying the dark side of the universe in the Planck cosmology
Authors: Ishiyama Tomoaki , Enoki Motohiro , Kobayashi Masakazu A. R. , Makiya Ryu , Nagashima Masahiro , Oogi Taira 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
We present the evolution of dark matter halos in six large cosmological N-body simulations, called the ν2GC (New Numerical Galaxy Catalog) simulations on the basis of the ΛCDM cosmology consistent with observational results obtained with the Planck satellite. The largest simulation consists of 81923 (550 billion) dark matter particles in a box of 1.12 h−1 Gpc (a mass resolution of 2.20 × 108 h−1 M⊙). Among simulations utilizing boxes larger than 1 h−1 Gpc, our simulation yields the highest resolution simulation that has ever been achieved. A ν2GC simulation with the smallest box consists of eight billion particles in a box of 70 h−1 Mpc (a mass resolution of 3.44 × 106 h−1 M⊙). These simulations can follow the evolution of halos over masses of eight orders of magnitude, from small dwarf galaxies to massive clusters. Using the unprecedentedly high resolution and powerful statistics of the ν2GC simulations, we provide statistical results of the halo mass function, mass accretion rate, formation redshift, and merger statistics, and present accurate-fitting functions for the Planck cosmology. By combining the ν2GC simulations with our new semianalytic galaxy formation model, we are able to prepare mock catalogs of galaxies and active galactic nuclei, which will be publicly available in the near future.
Genetic Polymorphisms in Autophagy‐Associated Genes in Korean Children With Early‐Onset Crohn Disease
Authors: Na So Young , Park Sung Sup , Seo Jeong Kee 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic polymorphisms of the autophagy‐associated genes autophagy‐related 16‐like 1 (ATG16L1), immunity‐related GTPase M (IRGM), Unc‐51‐like kinase 1 (ULK1), and NOD2 with respect to early‐onset Crohn disease (CD) among Korean children.Methods:A total of 65 patients with CD from the Seoul National University Children's Hospital, from January 2000 to May 2012, and 72 unaffected controls were selected. Twelve different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed (TaqMan assay: ATG16L1 rs2241880, IRGM SNPs [rs13361189, rs4958847, rs1000113, rs10065172, and rs72553867], ULK1 SNPs [rs12303764, rs10902469, and rs7488085], NOD2 SNPs [Arg702Trp and Gly908Arg]; direct sequencing: NOD2 leu1007fsinsC). The onset age of patients was 8.6 ± 4.7 years. Twelve patients (18.5%) had an onset age of <1 year.Results:Two of the 12 SNPs showed significant results. IRGM rs1000113 exhibited an association with CD with respect to its minor allele frequency (odds ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–2.79, P = 0.03) and genotype distribution (dominant model: OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.07–4.39, P = 0.03). IRGM rs72553867 exhibited association with CD with respect to its minor allele frequency (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.27–0.91, P = 0.02) and genotype distribution (dominant model: OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.23–0.94, P = 0.03). The 3 SNPs of NOD2 existed only as wild types for both groups. In the genotype‐phenotype analysis, the onset age, disease location, and disease behavior exhibited no association.Conclusions:IRGM rs1000113 and IRGM rs72553867 exhibited associations with early‐onset CD as risk loci and defense loci, respectively. This suggests that the autophagy pathway plays an important role in early‐onset CD.
A novel SOD1-dependent mechanism for the iron-induced production of toxic SOD1 and oxidative stress that initiates ALS
Authors: Lim Liangzhong , Song Jianxing 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFree iron is highly toxic and the blood-derived iron initiates early motor-neuron degeneration upon breakdown of blood-spinal cord barrier. Iron is currently known to trigger oxidative stress by Fenton chemistry but no report implies that iron manifests its toxicity through CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), the central antioxidant enzyme in all human tissues that carries >180 ALS-causing mutations. Here, by NMR we show that Zn2+play an irreplaceable role in the maturation of the nascent hSOD1, and further decipher for the first time that out of 11 other cations only Fe2+has the Zn2+-like capacity to induce folding to form the Fe2+-bound hSOD1. This acts to reduce or even block the maturation of wild-type and ALS-causing mutant hSOD1, consequently trapping SOD1 in toxic forms and provoking oxidative stress. Our study establishes a novel SOD1-dependent mechanism for iron to manifest cellular toxicity that contributes to pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, aging and even more.One Sentence SummaryOur study establishes a novel SOD1-dependent mechanism for iron to manifest toxicity contributing to neurodegenerative diseases, aging and even more.
Using the Phenoscape Knowledgebase to relate genetic perturbations to phenotypic evolution
Authors: Manda Prashanti , Balhoff James P. , Lapp Hilmar , Mabee Paula , Vision Todd J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe abundance of phenotypic diversity among species can enrich our knowledge of development and genetics beyond the limits of variation that can be observed in model organisms. The Phenoscape Knowledgebase (KB) is designed to enable exploration and discovery of phenotypic variation among species. Because phenotypes in the KB are annotated using standard ontologies, evolutionary phenotypes can be compared with phenotypes from genetic perturbations in model organisms. To illustrate the power of this approach, we review the use of the KB to find taxa showing evolutionary variation similar to that of a query gene. Matches are made between the full set of phenotypes described for a gene and an evolutionary profile, the latter of which is defined as the set of phenotypes that are variable among the daughters of any node on the taxonomic tree. Phenoscape’s semantic similarity interface allows the user to assess the statistical significance of each match and flags matches that may only result from differences in annotation coverage between genetic and evolutionary studies. Tools such as this will help meet the challenge of relating the growing volume of genetic knowledge in model organisms to the diversity of phenotypes in nature. The Phenoscape KB is available athttp://kb.phenoscape.org.
Boundary conditions to the effect of fluency and comprehension on AAD when targeting Hispanics vs Whites with single meaning vs polysemous slogans
Authors: Zúñiga Miguel Angel , Torres Ivonne M. , Niculescu Mihai 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to show that high ethnic identifying Hispanics and Whites pursue different routes discussed in the Elaboration Likelihood Model when processing single meaning versus polysemous slogan ads. The authors found that high ethnic identifying Hispanics used the peripheral route (processing fluency) to a higher extent compared to Whites who used the central route (comprehension) to process ads.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this study, 310 undergraduate students of a Southwestern university were randomly assigned to one of two conditions (slogan: single meaning vs polysemous) in a between-subjects experimental design. Subsequently, participants responded to statements measuring constructs of interest and demographics. Participants were debriefed at the end of the survey.

Findings
– It was found that high ethnic identifying Hispanics used the peripheral route (processing fluency) to a higher extent compared to Whites who used the central route (comprehension) to process advertisements. Results suggest that while polysemous slogans are similarly interpreted by subject independent of their ethnic identification score, for single-meaning slogans, the impact of comprehension on attitudes toward the advertisement (AAD) is significantly different for low (vs high) ethnic identification individuals.

Research limitations/implications
– A future study needs to study brand attitudes and purchase intentions. Additionally, strategies in developing advertisements that influence comprehension or processing fluency need to be studied.

Practical implications
– This paper
'
s contribution to the processing fluency literature is to propose that ethnic identification and slogan meaning are variables that have great potential in influencing consumers’ perceptions about advertisements. Advertisers will have these variables to control to maximize the persuasiveness of advertisements.

Originality/value
– Minimal research focusing on polysemy in marketing exists. In advertising, comprehension is commonly studied, leaving processing fluency out. This research addresses the issue by focusing on how single-meaning and polysemous slogans are processed (via comprehension or processing fluency) by consumers and how their ethnic identification affects their AAD.