bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What about reader privacy?
Authors: Loveday‐Chesley Brandi 
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARYAmericans have long valued their freedom of speech and expression, but specific protection of reader privacy is a relatively new concept. Legal threats to reader privacy date to the 1950s with a resurgence of privacy invasion by the IRS and FBI in the 1970s, prompting 48 states to pass legislation extending confidentiality to readers. The PATRIOT Act of 2001 authorized the FBI to gain broad access to bookstore and library records for alleged terrorism investigations. Such information seeking threatens every reader's choice of reading materials where any trace, whether physical or digital, remains. Widespread use of computers to access data reflecting searches, downloads, cookies and other signs of reader habits and interests compounds the threat to personal privacy. Detailed records on electronic reader use stored in the cloud are accessible by authorities. It is crucial to recognize how invasions in the name of security threaten readers' personal privacy.
Addressing eHealth literacy and the digital divide: Access, affordability and awareness
Authors: Begany Grace 
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARYThe Internet is beyond the reach of about six percent of Americans, limiting their access to general information and communications and to health information in particular. Eight of 10 Internet users look online for a range of health‐related information to understand medical conditions and treatments, access care providers and learn about insurance. Consumers, the federal government, the business community and access providers all have a stake in eHealth information access. The government has promoted awareness and understanding of health issues and provided funding for broadband and wireless telecommunications infrastructure. Businesses rely on consumers to make use of health information, and several major telecom firms have provided hardware and training to enable eHealth endeavors. Efforts must address basic Internet connectivity and user costs and awareness, obstacles that undermine availability of important health information to consumers.
In the context of big data and cloud computing: A multi‐dimensional LIS: A report from the 12th conference on library and information science across the Taiwan straits
Authors: Li Yuelin , Sonnenwald Diane H. 
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARYBig data and cloud computing were the focal points of the 12th biennial Library and Information Science (LIS) Across the Taiwan Straits, held in Tianjin, China. The conference was hosted by Nankai University's Department of Information Resources Management and organized by academic heads of Nankai University and the National Taiwan Normal University. About 270 attendees from universities, libraries and scholarly journal publishing houses from the region participated. ASIS&T funded keynote speaker Diane H. Sonnenwald's discussion of visioning to explore the impact of future technologies. The Association also sponsored a lunch and presented information on the benefits of membership. Key speakers addressed challenges facing LIS and core competencies of information professionals, the value and management of technical reports and research experiences in the United States in the context of challenges to academia across the Taiwan straits. Conference sessions covered papers, doctoral research and a panel discussion by LIS program deans, chairs and faculty. The 2016 conference is planned for Central China Normal University in Wuhan and will offer further opportunity for interchange and mutual support between straits regions, LIS scholars and ASIS&T.
The design and implementation of ORBIS: The Stanford geospatial network model of the Roman world
Authors: Meeks Elijah 
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARYORBIS is a geospatial model of the Roman world representing the network of cities and travel routes that enabled movement across the Roman Empire. It is an example of neogeography, use of geographic information systems and mapmaking techniques by non‐experts. ORBIS was created using data from both primary sources and computational geography simulations about travel, wind and sea patterns, seasonal access, costs and other considerations to plot realistic transport networks. Through the development process, server infrastructure and user interface upgrades supported the volume of data, user needs and extended functionalities, such as revealing the most efficient routes between points. The result provides scholarly information on life and travel in the Roman era. ORBIS illustrates how network and hierarchical data can be used to visualize complex, multilayered geospatial information.
Exploring the relationships between a map of altruism and a map of science
Authors: Klavans Richard , Boyack Kevin W. 
Published: April 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARYThe science mapping community offers insights and points to trends in scientific inquiry by revealing connections among publications, authors, terminology and citation patterns. The authors applied the process of creating science maps to topics compiled by GuideStar to reveal altruistic motives driving nonprofit organizations (NPOs). From data mined from nearly four million web pages from 125,000 NPO websites, they created a map of the altruistic motive space. Topic modeling from words on the web pages generated 1,000 topics that were manually screened to yield 357 topics related to altruistic motives and their interrelationships. Nearly 100,000 NPOs were positioned by topic on an overlay map, and map labels capturing altruistic motives were created by human analysis. The product was compared with a map of science based on Elsevier's Scopus database. The maps of altruism and science show the strongest link between the altruistic trait of caring and scientific research in medicine, health and neuroscience. Links are also demonstrated between other scientific areas and altruistic beliefs underlying environment, innovation and policy.
Differential Scanning Fluorimetry for Monitoring RNA Stability
Authors: Silvers Robert , Keller Heiko , Schwalbe Harald , Hengesbach Martin 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCellular RNA function is closely linked to RNA structure. It is therefore imperative to develop methods that report on structural stability of RNA and how it is modulated by binding of ions, other osmolytes, and RNA‐binding ligands. Here, we present a novel method to analyze the stability of virtually any structured RNA in a highly parallel fashion. This method can easily determine the influence of various additives on RNA stability, and even characterize ligand‐induced stabilization of riboswitch RNA. Current approaches to assess RNA stability include thermal melting profiles (absorption or circular dichroism) and differential scanning calorimetry. These techniques, however, require a substantial amount of material and cannot be significantly parallelized. Current fluorescence spectroscopic methods rely on intercalating dyes, which alter the stability of RNA. We employ the commercial fluorescent dye RiboGreen, which discriminates between single‐stranded (or unstructured regions) and double‐stranded RNA. Binding leads to an increase in fluorescence quantum yield, and thus reports structural changes by a change in fluorescence intensity.
Nonfunctionalized Gold Nanoparticles: Synthetic Routes and Synthesis Condition Dependence
Authors: Jimenez‐Ruiz Aila , Perez‐Tejeda Pilar , Grueso Elia , Castillo Paula M. , Prado‐Gotor Rafael 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSince Faraday first described gold sol synthesis, synthetic routes to nanoparticles, as well as their applications, have experienced a huge growth. Variations in synthesis conditions such as pH, temperature, reduction, and the stabilizing agent used will determine the morphology, size, monodispersity, and stability of nanoparticles obtained, allowing for modulation of their physical and chemical properties. Although many studies have been made about the synthesis and characterization of individual nanosystems of interest, to our knowledge the common, general traits that all those synthesis share have not been previously compiled. In this review, we aim to offer a global vision of some of the most relevant synthetic procedures reported up to date, with a special focus on nonfunctionalized gold nanoparticle synthetic routes in aqueous media, and to display a broad overview of the influence that synthesis conditions have on the shape, stability, and reactivity of nanoparticle systems.
σ‐Insertive Mechanism versus Concerted Non‐insertive Mechanism in the Intramolecular Hydroamination of Aminoalkenes Catalyzed by Phenoxyamine Magnesium Complexes: A Synthetic and Computational Study
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming , Tobisch Sven , Hultzsch Kai C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe phenoxyamine magnesium complexes [{ONN}MgCH2Ph] (4 a: {ONN}=2,4‐tBu2‐6‐(CH2NMeCH2CH2NMe2)C6H2O−; 4 b: {ONN}=4‐tBu‐2‐(CH2NMeCH2CH2NMe2)‐6‐(SiPh3)C6H2O−) have been prepared and investigated with respect to their catalytic activity in the intramolecular hydroamination of aminoalkenes. The sterically more shielded triphenylsilyl‐substituted complex 4 b exhibits better thermal stability and higher catalytic activity. Kinetic investigations using complex 4 b in the cyclisation of 1‐allylcyclohexyl)methylamine (5 b), respectively, 2,2‐dimethylpent‐4‐en‐1‐amine (5 c), reveal a first‐order rate dependence on substrate and catalyst concentration. A significant primary kinetic isotope effect of 3.9±0.2 in the cyclisation of 5 b suggests significant NH bond disruption in the rate‐determining transition state. The stoichiometric reaction of 4 b with 5 c revealed that at least two substrate molecules are required per magnesium centre to facilitate cyclisation. The reaction mechanism was further scrutinized computationally by examination of two rivalling mechanistic pathways. One scenario involves a coordinated amine molecule assisting in a concerted non‐insertive NC ring closure with concurrent amino proton transfer from the amine onto the olefin, effectively combining the insertion and protonolysis step to a single step. The alternative mechanistic scenario involves a reversible olefin insertion step followed by rate‐determining protonolysis. DFT reveals that a proton‐assisted concerted NC/CH bond‐forming pathway is energetically prohibitive in comparison to the kinetically less demanding σ‐insertive pathway (ΔΔG≠=5.6 kcal mol−1). Thus, the σ‐insertive pathway is likely traversed exclusively. The DFT predicted total barrier of 23.1 kcal mol−1 (relative to the {ONN}Mg pyrrolide catalyst resting state) for magnesiumalkyl bond aminolysis matches the experimentally determined Eyring parameter (ΔG≠=24.1(±0.6) kcal mol−1 (298 K)) gratifyingly well.
meso‐Free Corroles: Syntheses, Structures, Properties, and Chemical Reactivities
Authors: Ooi Shota , Yoneda Tomoki , Tanaka Takayuki , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: April 2015

Abstract5,10‐Bis(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (5) and 5,15‐bis(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (9) have been synthesized as meso‐free corroles by rational synthetic routes. Both the structures of these corroles have been unambiguously revealed by X‐ray diffraction analysis and their optical and electrochemical properties have been studied. Chlorination and oxidative dimerization of 5 and 9 have been explored, which revealed a marked different reactivity of the free meso‐positions in 5 and 9. 10‐Chlorinated corrole 11 was effectively prepared by the reaction of 9 with Palau‘chlor in the presence of 1 % pyridine whereas 5‐chlorinated corrole 12 was obtained in a trace amount from similar chlorination of 5. 5,5′‐Linked corrole dimer 13 was produced by reaction of 5 with AgNO2 in a good yield, whereas 10,10′‐linked corrole dimer 14 was formed in a moderate yield by the reaction of 9 with [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene. Observed large electronic interaction between the two corroles in 13 as compared with that in 14 has been ascribed mainly to conformational flexibility of the former, which allows more coplanar conformation.
Cholesterol, Statins, and Dementia: What the Cardiologist Should Know
Authors: Wanamaker Brett L. , Swiger Kristopher J. , Blumenthal Roger S. , Martin Seth S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAlzheimer dementia (AD) is an important clinical problem that appears to be closely tied to comorbid cardiovascular disease, making it a relevant topic for the clinical cardiologist. Determinants of cardiovascular health, especially midlife dyslipidemia, are associated with an increased risk of dementia based on molecular and epidemiologic data. Given the potential role of dyslipidemia in the development of dementia, statins have been investigated as potential therapeutic options to slow or prevent disease. This review discusses the role of dyslipidemia and other cardiovascular risk factors in the pathogenesis of AD, with a focus on the existing evidence for the use of statin medications in the treatment and prevention of AD from observational studies and randomized clinical trials. Clinical questions for the practicing cardiologist are addressed.
A cost‐effectiveness analysis of human papillomavirus vaccination of boys for the prevention of oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Graham Donna M. , Isaranuwatchai Wanrudee , Habbous Steven , de Oliveira Claire , Liu Geoffrey , Siu Lillian L. , Hoch Jeffrey S. 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUNDMany western countries have established female human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs for the prevention of cervical cancer. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV4) has proven efficacy against additional HPV‐related disease in both sexes, but the cost effectiveness of male HPV vaccination remains controversial. To assess the cost effectiveness of male HPV vaccination in Canada with respect to oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), the authors performed a preliminary cost‐effectiveness analysis.METHODSAfter an extensive literature review regarding HPV‐related OPC in Canadian males, health care costs and clinical effectiveness estimates were obtained. A Markov model was used to compare the potential costs and effectiveness of HPV4 versus no vaccination among boys aged 12 years. A theoretical cohort based on a Canadian population of 192,940 boys aged 12 years in 2012 was assumed to apply the model. A 3‐month cycle length was used with a “lifetime” time horizon. The outcome of the analysis was the incremental cost per quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY). Sensitivity analyses were conducted on variables, including the vaccine uptake rate and vaccine efficacy.RESULTSAssuming 99% vaccine efficacy and 70% uptake, HPV4 produced 0.05 more QALYs and saved $145 Canadian dollars (CAD) per individual compared with no vaccine (QALYs and costs were discounted at 5% per year). Assuming 50% vaccine efficacy and 50% uptake, HPV4 produced 0.023 more QALYs and saved $42 CAD. The results indicated that HPV4 in males may potentially save between $8 and $28 million CAD for the theoretical cohort of 192,940 over its lifetime.CONCLUSIONSOn the basis of this model, HPV vaccination for boys aged 12 years may be a cost‐effective strategy for the prevention of OPC in Canada. Cancer 2015;121:1785–1792. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in diabetes: patient populations, safety, efficacy, and pharmacoeconomics
Authors: Pozzilli Paolo , Battelino Tadej , Danne Thomas , Hovorka Roman , Jarosz‐Chobot Przemyslawa , Renard Eric 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe level of glycaemic control necessary to achieve optimal short‐term and long‐term outcomes in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) typically requires intensified insulin therapy using multiple daily injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. For continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, the insulins of choice are the rapid‐acting insulin analogues, insulin aspart, insulin lispro and insulin glulisine. The advantages of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion over multiple daily injections in adult and paediatric populations with T1DM include superior glycaemic control, lower insulin requirements and better health‐related quality of life/patient satisfaction. An association between continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and reduced hypoglycaemic risk is more consistent in children/adolescents than in adults. The use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion is widely recommended in both adult and paediatric T1DM populations but is limited in pregnant patients and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. All available rapid‐acting insulin analogues are approved for use in adult, paediatric and pregnant populations. However, minimum patient age varies (insulin lispro: no minimum; insulin aspart: ≥2 years; insulin glulisine: ≥6 years) and experience in pregnancy ranges from extensive (insulin aspart, insulin lispro) to limited (insulin glulisine). Although more expensive than multiple daily injections, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion is cost‐effective in selected patient groups. This comprehensive review focuses on the European situation and summarises evidence for the efficacy and safety of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, particularly when used with rapid‐acting insulin analogues, in adult, paediatric and pregnant populations. The review also discusses relevant European guidelines; reviews issues that surround use of this technology; summarises the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on patients' health‐related quality of life; reviews relevant pharmacoeconomic data; and discusses recent advances in pump technology, including the development of closed‐loop ‘artificial pancreas’ systems. © 2015 The Authors. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Synthesis and Performance of Polyvinylpyrrolidone‐Protected Pd Nanoparticles Supported on TiO2MWCNTs under Protection of PVP for in Alcohols Oxidation in Alkaline Media
Authors: An Hao , Pan Linna , Cui Hao , Wang Bing , Zhai Jianping , Li Qin , Pan Yang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis paper describes the synthesis and performance of Pd/p‐TiO2‐MWCNTs for alcohol electrooxidation. Regulation of the steric repulsive forces of polyvinylpyrrolidone was used to achieve even dispersion of Pd nanoparticles over the TiO2 surfaces. The order of the electroactivities of the Pd/p‐TiO2MWCNTs in alcohol oxidation was ethanol>ethylene glycol>methanol. The order of the stabilities of alcohol oxidation by Pd/p‐TiO2MWCNTs was ethylene glycol>ethanol>methanol. Electroimpedance spectroscopy showed that at a potential of −0.1 V, the Pd/p‐TiO2MWCNTs had good tolerance of adsorbed CO in ethylene glycol oxidation, and at −0.2 V, the Pd/p‐TiO2MWCNTs had good adsorbed CO tolerance in methanol oxidation.
Techno‐economic analysis of hybrid PV–diesel–battery and PV–wind–diesel–battery power systems for mobile BTS: the way forward for rural development
Authors: Olatomiwa Lanre , Mekhilef Saad , Huda A. S. N. , Sanusi Kamilu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn recent times, hybrid renewable energy systems are increasingly being utilized to provide electricity in remote areas especially where the grid extension is considered too expensive. This study presents the results of techno‐economic analysis of hybrid system comprising of solar and wind energy for powering a specific remote mobile base transceiver station (BTS) in Nigeria. All the necessary modeling, simulation, and techno‐economic evaluation are carried out using the assessment software package HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable). Two best optimal system configurations namely PV–diesel–battery and PV–wind–diesel–battery systems are compared with the conventional stand‐alone diesel generator (DG) system. Findings indicated that PV array (10 kW) – DG (5.5 kW) – battery (64 units Trojan L16P) is the most economically viable option with the total net present cost of $69,811 and per unit cost of electricity of $0.409. The sensitivity analysis is also carried out to find the effects of probable variation in solar radiation, wind speed, and diesel price in the optimal system configurations. Finally, the environmental benefit of hybrid systems over the conventional stand‐alone diesel system is described. The obtained results show that the hybrid PV–diesel–battery system provides a reduction in CO2 emissions of about 16.4 tons per year as compared to the stand‐alone DG system.
Natural organic matter–induced alleviation of the phytotoxicity to rice (Oryza sativa L.) caused by copper oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Peng Cheng , Zhang Hai , Fang Huaxiang , Xu Chen , Huang Haomin , Wang Yi , Sun Lijuan , Yuan Xiaofeng , Chen Yingxu , Shi Jiyan 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Natural organic matter (NOM) can interact with engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment and modify their behavior and toxicity to organisms. In the present study, the phytotoxicity of copper oxide (CuO) NPs to rice seedlings in the presence of humic acid as a model NOM was investigated. The results showed that CuO NPs induced the inhibition of root elongation, aberrations in root morphology and ultrastructure, and losses of cell viability and membrane integrity. The adverse effects partly resulted from the generation of reactive oxygen species caused by CuO NPs, which led to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and programmed cell death in rice seedlings. However, all the phytotoxicity was alleviated with the addition of humic acid because humic acid coatings on nanoparticle surfaces enhanced electrostatic and steric repulsion between the CuO NPs and the plant cell wall/membrane, reducing contact between NPs and plant and CuO NP-induced oxidative damage to plant cells. The present study's results shed light on the mechanism underlying NP phytotoxicity and highlight the influence of NOM on the bioavailability and toxicity of NPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1996–2003. © 2015 SETAC
Short-term fish reproduction assays with methyl tertiary butyl ether with zebrafish and fathead minnow: Implications for evaluation of potential for endocrine activity
Authors: Mihaich Ellen , Erler Steffen , Le Blanc Gerald , Gallagher Sean 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

The authors report on short-term fish reproduction assays in zebrafish and fathead minnow conducted to examine the potential for methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) to cause effects on the endocrine system. Both studies were performed under good laboratory practice and in accordance with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and US Environmental Protection Agency test guidelines. The results of the first study demonstrated that exposure to a high test concentration (147 mg/L) of MTBE impaired reproductive output of female zebrafish, evident by a reduction in fecundity. Based on the endpoints evaluated in the present study however, there was no supporting evidence to indicate that this effect was caused by disruption of or interaction with the endocrine system. In the second study, fathead minnows exposed to a wider but lower range of test concentrations showed no effects on any reproductive parameter of male or female fish, at the maximum recommended testing concentration of 100 mg/L (62 mg/L measured). The results of these 2 guideline studies indicate that MTBE does not interact with the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis of zebrafish or fathead minnow. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2013–2022. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.