bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XLI.—On Nitric Acid as a Source of the Nitrogen found in Plants
Authors: Wilson George 
Published: January 2013

The source from which plants obtain nitrogen, which is now recognised as one of their most important elements, has, from the first recognition of its importance, been matter of dispute. Latterly, however, chemists and physiologists have pretty unanimously come to the conclusion, that a large (perhaps the largest) part of the nitrogen of vegetables is derived from ammonia; whilst much discussion has been carried on as to the question, Is any part of their nitrogen yielded by nitric acid?The most able advocate in this country of the claims of ammonia is Dr Gregory. The most able advocate of the claims of nitric acid is Professor Johnston of Durham, and the opposite conclusions to which accomplished chemists like these have come in reference to the point in dispute, have perplexed botanists, who know not which view to prefer. The extent to which they are pressed by this dilemma, has been so strongly represented to me by Dr Balfour, that I have engaged to bring the subject, as I now do, before this Society. I shall sedulously avoid discussing the question in a polemical spirit; and, as the shortest and most satisfactory way of doing justice to the rival views, I shall select Dr Gregory's clear and concise statement, as representing the opinions of those who deny that nitric acid is part of the food of plants; and then proceed to state what appear to me conclusive proofs that nitric acid does supply plants with nitrogen.
XIV.—On Torsional Oscillations of Wires
Authors: Peddie W. 
Published: January 2013

This paper is in continuation of two others, on the same subject, previously communicated to the Society. In the First Paper (Philosophical Magazine, July 1894) it was shown that the formulawhere n, a, and b are constants in any one experiment, represents with accuracy the relation between y, the range of oscillation, and x, the number of oscillations which have taken place since torsion was first applied and the wire was left to itself, so that the oscillations gradually diminished. The apparatus employed, and the method of observation used, were identical with those described in the Second Paper above referred to. The wire which was experimented upon was the same as that used on the previous occasions. Its length, as given in the First and Second Papers, was 89·1 cm. A measurement made on the date 19.10.1897, in the course of the last series of experiments described in the present paper, showed that the length had become 89*3 cm. This increase was doubtless due to the fact that the heavy lead oscillator had been left attached to the wire during the whole of the intervening period. On the date given, it was also found that, with the same oscillator as was used in the experiments first described, ten oscillations were performed in 81 seconds, when the range was large, while 79 seconds were occupied when the range was small. This observation verified the result stated in the First Paper, that the period slightly increases as the range increases. It also showed that the wire was practically in the same condition as it was at first, in so far as elastic qualities are concerned; for the corresponding periods were only slightly less in earlier experiments, the difference being largely accounted for by the slight increase of length of the wire.
V.—A Development of a Pfaffian having a Vacant Minor
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: January 2013

(1) The simplest possible case of the development referred to in the title is one which is seen to follow instantly from the determinant definition of a Pfaffian. Thus, by the said definition,and thereforethe result reached being that a Pfaffian with certain zero elements is expressible as a determinant. It should be noted that, as in many instances where this form of definition is used, there is an ambiguity as to sign : it is of less importance to note that here the appropriate sign is –.
VI.—Contributions to the Craniology of the People of the Empire of India. Part II. The Aborigines of Chúta Nágpúr and of the Central Provinces, the People of Orissa, the Veddahs and Negritos
Authors: Turner Wm. 
Published: January 2013

It is my intention in this, the second part of my memoir on the Craniology of the Races of India, to give the results of my examination of skulls obtained from the districts occupied by the aboriginal tribes in Chúta Nágpúr, the Central Provinces, the people in the province of Orissa, and to compare them with the skulls of some other aboriginal people.The majority of the specimens described belong to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and through the courtesy of the Trustees I was permitted to have them on loan for purposes of study. Many of these crania had been those of persons who had died in jail. The names, tribes, and castes, and not unfrequently the age, stature, and other physical characters, had been recorded in the prison books, and were embodied in the lists which were sent to me along with the skulls by the authorities of the museum. Several of these skulls were especially interesting, as having been presented to the museum by Colonel Dalton, the author of the valuable treatise on the Ethnology of Bengal, Other specimens in the museum had been obtained from the Medical College, Calcutta, and several were presented by Professor D. B. Smith; in all probability they were from bodies which had been used for anatomical purposes. Mr W. H. P. Driver also had presented a series of crania from Ranchi.
XX.—On a New Species of Cephalaspis, discovered by the Geological Survey of Scotland, in the Old Red Sandstone of Oban
Authors: Traquair Ramsay H. 
Published: January 2013

In the autumn of last year Sir Archibald Geikie, F.R.S., Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, Kindly placed in my hands for determination a number of specimens of Cephalaspis, collected by his officers in the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the neighbourhood of Oban. On examining them, I found that they all belonged to one species, which was, however, new to science.Accordingly I drew up a brief diagnosis of this new form, which was included by Sir Archibald in his Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1897, and it is now my privilege, with his sanction, to offer to this Society a more detailed description of the species, accompanied with figures.
XXI.—On Thelodus Pagei, Powrie, sp. from the Old Red Sandstone of Forfarshire
Authors: Traquair Ramsay H. 
Published: January 2013

The remarkable fossil fish which forms the subject of the present communication belonged originally to the late Mr Powrie of Reswallie, and was acquired, along with the rest of his collection, by the Edinburgh Museum in 1892.The specimen was obtained by Mr Powrie in a quarry of the Lower Old Red Sandstone at Turin Hill, near Forfar.In his monograph on the Fossil Cephalaspidœ of Great Britain, published in 1870, (p. 41), Professor E. Ray Lankester refers in the following terms to the specimen in question:—“A very remarkable specimen of shagreen-like structure has been discovered by Mr Powrie in Forfarshire, in beds which have furnished Cephalaspis. As I have not been able to assign it to Cephalaspidian fishes, though it may possibly, be connected with them, I only allude to it here. It consists of a surface covered with minute spinous tubercles, the whole having the appearance of a fossilised piece of shagreen, and its shape is more or less that of a Cephalaspid, with head and body.
XXVI.—On the Eliminant of a Set of General Ternary Quadrics
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: January 2013

(1) The process of dialytic elimination was first applied to a set of general ternary quadrics by Sylvester in 1841, his method being to form from the three quadrics u1u2u3 ten cubics, viz.:—and then eliminate dialytically the ten quantitiesThe actual work of obtaining the eliminant as a determinant of the 10th order he did not perform; and, indeed, with the notation which he used the labour would have been very irksome.
XVII.—The Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere and the Prevailing Winds over the Globe, for the Months and for the Year. Part II
Authors: Buchan Alexander 
Published: January 2013

Charts, showing by Isobaric Lines the mean pressure of the atmosphere over the globe during the months of the year, may be justly regarded as furnishing the key to all questions of meteorological inquiry; for without the information conveyed by such charts it is impossible to discuss satisfactorily those questions which relate to prevailing winds, the varying temperature, and the rainfall throughout the year in the different countries of the world. It is to meet this desideratum that the Charts of Mean Atmospheric Pressure of the globe which are given with this paper are offered as the first approximate solution of this great physical problem.Since Part I. was read in March 1868, valuable additional information has been obtained from Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Africa, South America, the west coast of North America, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, and from several isolated stations in different parts of Europe and Asia. The period for the British Islands and a large portion of Europe has been extended so as to include the eleven years from 1857 to 1867.
XVIII.—On the Development of the Flower of Pinguicula vulgaris, L.; with Remarks on the Embryos of P. vulgaris, P. grandiflora, P. lusitanica, P. caudata, and Utricularia minor
Authors: Dickson Alexander 
Published: January 2013

The order Lentibulariaceæ is usually described in systematic works as exhibiting affinities, on the one hand with Scrophulariaceæ, which it resembles in the bilabiate corolla, partial suppression of the andrœcium, bilabiate stigma, and two-valved capsule; and, on the other, with Primulaceæ and its allies, with which it agrees in having a truly free central placenta.Lindley places the order in his alliance of Bignoniales, along with Scrophulariaceæ, apparently following Mr Bentham, whom he quotes in support of the supposed affinity between the families. Others, again, more impressed with the importance of the placental character, place the family near Primulaceæ, as has been done by Payer.
XIX.—On the Boulder-Clay of Europe
Authors: Home David Milne 
Published: January 2013

“Boulder-clay” or “till,” abundant in Scotland, and occurring also in England, Ireland, and in some other parts of North-Western Europe, has long been, and still is, a puzzle to geologists.Sir James Hall, about fifty years ago, in this Society, was the first to draw attention to the deposit, by describing its composition, and endeavouring to explain its origin. He saw that it could not be included in either of the two great classes into which rocks were then divided. It was a deposit sui generis, bearing no resemblance to anything known, except a heap of rubbish, there being in the arrangement of its ingredients no regard to specific gravity or size.
X.—The Aborigines of Tasmania. Part III. The Hair of the Head compared with that of other Ulotrichi and with Australians and Polynesians
Authors: Turner William 
Published: January 2013

A number of years ago I began to form and arrange in the Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh a collection of the hair of the head to illustrate the varieties in colour and character which exist in the Races of Men. In a classification of the races based on the colour and characters of the hair, anthropologists have usually adopted the suggestion made by Bory de St Vincent, and have divided them into two groups: Leiotrichi, with straight, smooth hair; and Ulotrichi, with woolly or frizzly hair. Each of these again is capable of subdivision.In this memoir I intend especially to examine the Ulotrichi, which comprise two well-marked subdivisions. In one the hair is very short, and is arranged in small spiral tufts, the individual hairs in which are twisted on each other, a mat-like arrangement of compact spiral locks closely set together being the result. In the other the hair is moderately long, the locks are slender, curled or spirally twisted in a part of their length and terminate at the free end in a frizzly bush-like arrangement. Ulotrichous hair is found in various African races, in the aborigines of Tasmania, New Guinea, the Melanesian Islands in the Pacific, in the Negritos of the Malay Peninsula and of some of the islands of the Asiatic Archipelago. The Leiotrichi are Australians, Polynesians, Mongols, Malays, Indians, Arabs, Esquimaux and Europeans.
XVII.—Studies on the Pharmacological Action of Tetra-Alkyl-Ammonium Compounds: III. The Action of Methyl-Ethyl-Ammonium Chlorides
Authors: Marshall C. R. 
Published: January 2013

In view of the differences observed in the pharmacological action of tetra-methyl- and tetra-ethyl-ammonium chlorides, it seemed of interest to investigate the actions of the methyl-ethyl-ammonium compounds. The chlorides of these compounds—namely, tri-methyl-ethyl-ammonium chloride, di-methyl-di-ethyl-ammonium chloride, methyl-tri-ethyl-ammonium chloride—were kindly prepared for me by Dr J. E. Mackenzie, who has published the mode of preparation and the analysis of them.The only references I have found to the pharmacological action of the members of this series are brief statements by Tappeiner and Boehm. Tappeiner says that tri-ethyl-methyl-ammonium chloride, unlike tetra-methyl-ammonium chloride, does not produce temporary paralysis of the respiration; Boehm that tri-methyl-ethyl-ammonium chloride, like tetra-methyl-ammonium chloride, causes contracture of an isolated frog's muscle when a solution is applied to it.
IX.—Alternate ± Knots of Order Eleven
Authors: Little C. N. 
Published: January 2013

1. A year ago last April, Prof. Tait proposed that I should undertake to derive from Mr Kirkman's polyhedral drawings the alternate ± knots of eleven crossings, thus doing for order 11 what had been done so admirably by himself in orders 8, 9, and 10.2. The work has been a very protracted one, because of the great number of forms involved—more than three times as many as in all preceding orders combined. Mr Kirkman's manuscript contains 1581 forms, of which 22 are bifilar and 16 duplicates. I find from the remainder 357 knots with 1595 forms as shown in the following table:—As this is an odd order, perversion doubles these numbers, making 714 elevenfold knots, with crossings alternately over and under.3. It has been thought unnecessary to show upon the Plates more than one form of each knot; all, however, have been drawn. Knots of each class having the same number of forms are grouped together to make more simple the identification of a particular elevenfold. A small figure following the series number upon the plates indicates how many distinct forms each knot can assume. Knots 84, 357, and 2386 are misplaced.
XXIII.—The Clyde Sea Area
Authors: Mill Hugh Robert 
Published: January 2013

The fjord-like inlets or sea-lochs which form so conspicuous a feature in the scenery of the west of Scotland stand in marked contrast to the shallow, low-shored firths of the east coast. When Dr John Murray decided to extend the physical and biological work of the Scottish Marine Station to the west coast he foresaw that many interesting conclusions were likely to be derived from the study of these isolated sea-basins. Various papers, published by him and other workers, contain preliminary discussions of many of the phenomena observed, fully justifying the anticipations which had been formed.For one year my work, as described in this paper, was carried out under the provisions of an Elective Fellowship in Experimental Physics of the University of Edinburgh, to which I had been elected in 1886; and subsequently by a personal grant from the Government Grant Committee for Scientific Research. The Committee also devoted several sums of money in payment of expenses in compiling this discussion. The Scottish Marine Station throughout gave the use of the steam-yacht “Medusa,” and the necessary apparatus.
Section II.—The Principle and Construction of the Closed Hydrometer
Authors: Buchanan J. Y. 
Published: January 2013

The instrument being closed, its true weight is constant.Let it be assumed that our experiments are actually made in vacuo, at the sea-level in lat. 45°. In these conditions the standard gram exerts a vertical pressure of 1 gram (true).We weigh the hydrometer and find its weight to be W grams. We now float it in distilled water contained in a suitable cylinder. In the construction of the hydrometer the internal load has been so adjusted that, when immersed in distilled water of the standard temperature T, which is to remain unaltered during the whole of the experiments, the surface of the water shall cut the stem in some line C, near its junction with the body of the instrument. Then the weight of the water displaced by the hydrometer is exactly W grams.
Section X.—Experimental Observations on the Displacement of Solutions of Sodium Chloride
Authors: Buchanan J. Y. 
Published: January 2013

Although chloride of sodium is not a member of either of the enneads which form the principal material of this research, its importance in nature justifies its inclusion in it.The observations made at 15·0° C. and recorded in Table No. 26, Class A, were not sufficient. A complete series of observations of specific gravity in which the values of m formed a geometric series, descending from 1 to 1/512, was made at 19·50° C.
X.—Some Specimens of Lyginorachis papilio Kidston Associated with Stems of Pitys
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisLyginorachis papilioKidston is shown to possess separate vascular bundles at its base like the leaf-trace inPitys dayiGordon. Vascular traces arise higher up indicating that the petiole bore one or two pairs of sub-opposite pinnæ (or pinnules). Above these the primary rachis dichotomizes into secondary rachides with traces to alternate pinnæ. One specimen is known showing the origin of an axis ofTristichia ovensiin the dichotomy.L. papiliois considered to be a petiole ofPitysandT. ovensithe fertile region of the frond bearingStamnostomacupules.
VI. Description of a Fossil Tree found in a Quarry at Niteshill, the Property of Colonel Dunlop of Househill
Authors: Brewster Patrick 
Published: January 2013

The quarry of Niteshill, from which this very interesting petrifaction was taken, lies about three miles south-east of Paisley, and is part of a coal formation. It consists of white sandstone, which in many parts is deeply stained by an impregnation of iron. Two very thin seams of excellent coal occur immediately under the sandstone, with the intervention of a few feet of till or blaize. The strata dip to the south, and crop out about a hundred yards north of the spot from whence the tree was taken. At this spot the face of rock is about sixteen feet; fourteen feet above the tree, and one under; another foot being occupied by the stem itself.The part which has been detached from the rock consists of stem and roots, five feet of stem, and two of roots, different views of which I have endeavoured to represent in figures 1, 2, & 3.
XII. Notice respecting a Remarkable Shower of Hail which fell in Orkney on the 24th of July 1818
Authors: Neill Patrick 
Published: January 2013

The notice which, at the suggestion of Dr Brewster, is now to be laid before the Society, respecting a remarkable shower of hail which lately fell in Orkney, has been drawn up partly from conversations with Richard Caithness, a plain but intelligent country man, who possesses a small farm at Hunday in the island of Stronsa, and whose property suffered severely from the shower; and partly from subsequent correspondence with the Reverend William Taylor of Stronsa, whose house lay in the track of the cloud, and with Mr Robert Lindsay, Student of Divinity, who had an opportunity of witnessing the effects of the hail at Lopness, on the neighbouring island of Sanda, when the shower was nearly exhausted. They agree in all important particulars; but even at the risk of some repetition, their own words shall, as often as possible, be employed.The morning of the 24th of July 1818, was, in Orkney, clear and warm, with a slight air of wind at due south.
XVI. Account of the Native Hydrate of Magnesia, discovered by Dr Hibbert in Shetland
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: January 2013

The Native Hydrate of Magnesia was first discovered, and ranked as a separate Mineral, by the late Dr Bruce of New York. It was found only at Hoboken in New Jersey, traversing serpentine in every direction, in veins from a few lines to two inches in thickness. Its specific gravity was 2.13, and it yielded upon analysis 70 parts of pure magnesia, and 30 of water.In the year 1813, I received some fragments of this rare mineral from our late eminent countryman Dr John Murray, and though it exhibited no traces of a crystalline structure, I found it to be a regularly crystallised mineral, with one axis of double refraction perpendicular to the laminæ. The connection between the primitive form of minerals and their number of axes of double refraction, which I observed at a subsequent period, enabled me to determine that the Native Hydrate of Magnesia belonged either to the Rhomboidal or the Pyramidal system of Mohs.
XVIII. Account of the Establishment of a Scientific Prize by the late Alexander Keith, Esq. of Dunottar
Authors: Scott Walter 
Published: January 2013

It is no doubt already known to you, that the late Alexander Keith, Esq. of Dunottar, bequeathed the sum of L. 1000 for the purpose of promoting the interests of Science in Scotland. Having been appointed Trustees for the Management of this Fund, wa have endeavoured to appropriate it in the most advantageous manner for the advancement of Science; and we have the satisfaction of stating, that the plan which has been adopted met with the special approbation of Mr Keith himself, to whom it was communicated previous to his death.As the Royal Society of Edinburgh is the principal Scientific Establishment in Scotland, we hereby offer to its President and Council the sum of L 600; the principal of which shall on no account be encroached upon, while the interest shall form a Biennial Prize for the most important discoveries in Science, made in any part of the World, but communicated by their Author to the Royal Society, and published for the first time in their Transactions.
Calibrating Hydrogen-Rich Core-Collapse Supernovae for their Use as Distance Indicators Independent of Type Ia Supernovae
Authors: Pumo M. L. , Zampieri L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUsing our new general-relativistic, radiation hydrodynamics, Lagrangian code, we computed a rather extended grid of hydrogen-rich core-collapse supernovae (CC-SNe) models and explored the potentials of their “standardization” as distance indicators. We discuss the properties of some calibrations previously reported in the literature, and present new correlations based on the behavior of the light curve that can be employed for calibrating hydrogen-rich CC-SNe using only photometric data.
The Progenitor of a Type Ia Supernova with a Short Delay Time?
Authors: Mereghetti S. , La Palombara N. , Tiengo A. , Esposito P. , Stella L. , Israel G.L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHD 49798/RX J0648.0-4418 is the only known X-ray binary composed of a hot subdwarf and a massive white dwarf (M=1.28 ± 0.05 M⊙). This system, with an orbital period of 1.55 days, is the outcome of a common envelope evolution, most likely of a pair of stars with initial masses of ~8–10M⊙. When the hot subdwarf, currently in a He-burning phase, will expand again and fill its Roche-lobe, the enhanced mass transfer can rapidly bring the already massive white dwarf above the Chandrasekhar limit. The possible final fate, either a Type Ia supernova explosion or an accretion induced collapse, is particularly interesting in view of the high rotational velocity of this star, which has the shortest spin period (13s) observed in a white dwarf.