bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photonic modes prediction via multi-modal diffusion model
Authors: Sun Jinyang , Chen Xi , Wang Xiumei , Zhu Dandan , Zhou Xingping 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The concept of photonic modes is the cornerstone in optics and photonics, which can describe the propagation of the light. The Maxwell’s equations play the role in calculating the mode field based on the structure information, while this process needs a great deal of computations, especially in the handle with a three-dimensional model. To overcome this obstacle, we introduce the multi-modal diffusion model to predict the photonic modes in one certain structure. The Contrastive Language–Image Pre-training (CLIP) model is used to build the connections between photonic structures and the corresponding modes. Then we exemplify Stable Diffusion (SD) model to realize the function of optical fields generation from structure information. Our work introduces multi-modal deep learning to construct complex mapping between structural information and optical field as high-dimensional vectors, and generates optical field images based on this mapping.
Assessing priorities for food systems transformation among UK alternative actors
Authors: Gibson Matthew , Gibson Anna 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Food systems actors are key enablers or barriers to transformation toward social and ecological sustainability. We mapped 1422 UK food system actors across different sub-sectors, scales, organisational levels, and specialisms. We then surveyed the priorities for transformation (n = 1190 text responses) among a cross-section of this group (n = 372) and conducted quantitative and qualitative thematic analysis. Of the 58 identified priorities, most frequent were those regarding agroecological, organic and regenerative production, the localisation of food systems, reducing animal sourced foods and dietary change, and addressing power relations. Less frequent were those related to technology and innovation. We highlight potential positive and negative outcomes of these priorities and compare results with England’s Food Strategy White Paper and recommendations from global food systems reports. We close by offering a concrete set of 15 priorities for food systems transformation to be taken forward by policy and practice.
Legal Positivism
Authors: Battista Ratti Giovanni , Natella María Cristina Redondo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to examine some of the most important aspects that characterise legal positivism in the civil law tradition. First, it examines the seminal insights developed independently by Norberto Bobbio and Alf Ross into the ambiguity of the term ‘legal positivism’, which prior to their contributions was used loosely to refer to legalistic ideology, formalistic legal theory, and empirical legal methodology. Second, it explores the connections between ethical noncognitivism and positivism itself, which positivist theorists in the civil law tradition have found difficult to avoid. Next, three of the most important results of civil law legal positivism are examined: the analysis of the systematic properties of norms (such as validity, applicability, efficacy, and defeasibility), the theory of normative systems, and the theory of legal interpretation.
Rules and Principles Revisited
Authors: Alexander Lawrence 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In ‘Rules and Principles’, Andrzej Grabowski and Isabel Lifante Vidal elaborate and critique the accounts of legal principles given by Robert Alexy and by Manuel Atienza and Juan Ruiz Manero, particularly how legal principles operate in adjudications. Grabowski and Lifante Vidal’s discussion is highly abstract and complex, and I am pretty certain I did not understand it fully. Instead of rehashing what Grabowski and Lifante Vidal have said in this comment, I will give my own account of legal rules and principles. I argue (1) that legal principles, as such, do not exist and (2) that it is undesirable to treat constitutions or other legal norms as incorporating moral principles, which amounts to incorporating someone’s view of them. I conclude that legal rules and legal standards, which both lack the dimension of weight, are the only types of legal norms that exist and that can exist.
Recognition and the Concept of a Legal System
Authors: Roughan Nicole 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter responds to Riccardo Guastini’s critique of the ‘received view’ of law as a system of rules. In sympathy with Guastini, it argues that the idea of a legal system requires integrating rather than demarcating the significance of rules, agents, and values. It then defends a foundational normative connection between Hart’s ‘internal point of view’ and what Guastini terms the ‘recognition statements’ of officials. Contra Guastini, the chapter finds that connection in a reading of Hart that emphasises the distinction between officials and subjects, and a central notion of officiality. The chapter then examines the normative significance of this foundational systemic distinction between officials and subjects, arguing that officials’ practices of recognition have a distinctive normative impact due to the role that they bear. Such recognition manifests the internal point of view of officials, or what I have elsewhere called the ‘official point of view’. The recognition of officiality entails normative social practices that relate officials and subjects in roles that institutionalise the claiming, exercise and receipt of public power. In this sense, recognition (rather than rules of recognition) does normative work at the foundations of a legal system.
Sources of Law
Authors: Carpentier Mathieu , Spaak Torben 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the uses of the notion of ‘sources of law’ in continental analytical jurisprudence. It aims to illuminate the way legal theorists in the civil law world have grappled with the various aspects and meanings of this notion. In the first section, it shows that four different concepts of sources of law can be found in the literature: sources (1) as law-creating (f)acts, (2) as norms, (3) as authoritative texts or materials, and (4) as causal factors; it then goes on to show that the first concept is more fundamental than the three others and should have priority over them. In the second section, the chapter reviews the classical controversies regarding the various types of sources of law, such as the respective status of legislation, precedent, custom, legal doctrine, etc. It raises the puzzle of how various (f)acts (such as precedent) can be law-creating without being recognised as ‘formal’ sources of law and aims to explain how legal theorists can cope with it.
Interpretation and Determinacy
Authors: Goldsworthy Jeffrey 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Pierre Brunet and Francesca Poggi advocate radical scepticism about the ability of lawyers and judges in civil law jurisdictions, when they interpret statutes, to discover objective meanings capable of resolving legal disagreements. Radical sceptics deny that there are any easy cases in which such objective meanings exist and can be discovered; legal disagreements can only be resolved by creative acts of judicial will. While I agree with their rejection of formalism and literalism, I am sceptical about their scepticism, and defend the orthodox view that there are easy cases in which objective meanings exist and are discoverable. I defend a theory of statutory interpretation as it is actually practiced in the common law world, which I argue is based mainly on the constitutional principle of legislative supremacy. This theory gives prominence to legislative intentions and purposes. I then compare this with Brunet’s and Poggi’s account of statutory interpretation as it is practised in the civil law world. I acknowledge that there may be substantial differences between the two worlds, with respect to the judicial interpretation of statutes. In particular, neo-constitutionalism—as described by Brunet and Poggi—seems to be less viable in common law jurisdictions. Nevertheless, I conclude that radical scepticism remains implausible in both worlds.
Legal Science
Authors: Duarte David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In the European continental tradition, the knowledge of the law, mainly in academia, has been often designated as scientific and such label has been used to promote various conceptions of the legal phenomenon. Such way of presenting the knowledge of law and, particularly, the knowledge of specific legal systems has to be contrasted with what is contemporarily understood as scientific knowledge. Besides analysing what is nowadays covered under such umbrella, the chapter tries to show that propositions about the law are not qualitatively different from the content of any other statements commonly enacted about other objects widely accepted as apt to scientific knowledge. Even when law just allows for hypothetical propositions (those that face legal indeterminacies), a rational justification can be presented and its scientific value, as in any other science, has to be assessed on the basis of the explanatory power the proposition at hand carries with it. And as sustained in the chapter, the awareness of law as a possible object of science seems to have valuable outcomes: it promotes rigour and accuracy and it confines the practices of legal scholars within correct epistemic values.
Coda
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The objective of this project has been to consider the differences in the ways that theorists from Civil Law countries and Common Law countries view some basic theoretical issues relating to law. The result has been a collection of wonderfully fruitful and provocative exchanges, careful arguments and observations written by many of the best contemporary legal theorists. And this more than justifies the exercise. However, as to the particular motivating query, the extent to which individual difference in perspective could be said to derive from or be otherwise related to differences in the structures of the theorists’ home legal systems, as will be discussed, this clearly varies greatly from topic to topic; whether differences can be ascribed to the type of legal system is not always easy to discern. Section 2 will consider, based on the volume’s contributions, some initial reflections on why and how the differences between Civil Law and Common Law legal systems may sometimes affect our theoretical work, and section 3 will offer some comments on the differences displayed in the volume’s works that are less attributable to the type of legal system, followed by some concluding remarks.
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties between the Wars, 1920–1940
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the civil rights and civil liberties between the wars. For almost a century and a half, the US Supreme Court resolved cases involving African Americans without directly interrogating the idea of race itself. Before 1938, American democracy excluded African Americans from its ambit, with the exemption of the Reconstruction and its rapidly dimming afterglow. The Taft Court was consistently sympathetic to business interests while remaining willing to expand the reach of the Constitution’s protections for civil liberties and civil rights. The chapter details how law created racial categories and the social construction of race. The chapter then discusses the United States v. Carolene Products Co. case, which forecast the Court’s postwar role in protecting civil liberties.
The Resegregation of America’s Schools
Authors: Wiecek William M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into the resegregation of America’s schools. It provides an overview of the impact of the outcomes of the Brown v. Board of Education case. Structural racism plays into the process of white advantage through the foundation of residential segregation and the latent ambiguity of Chief Justice Warren’s opinion in the Brown I case. Moreover, old-time Jim Crow and de jure segregation in American public schools gave way to the more modern structural inequality of de facto resegregation. It explains that the Court shunted the Brown I case into irrelevance in favor of the paradigms present in the Milliken v. Bradley case and the San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez case.
The Quest for Sustained, Desired Change
Authors: Boyatzis Richard E 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides an overview of the quest for sustained, desired change. Human change is mostly discontinuous and nonlinear, often a power curve. The Ideal Self or personal vision is a dream and sense of purpose for the future. It is the driver of sustained, desired change. Emotional attractors are tipping points move a person or our collectives along the process of change. The Real Self is how a person is experienced by others, or norms in collectives, but is elusive due to the Faux Self resulting from ego defense mechanisms and believing one’s reviews. A learning agenda is a joyful exploration of possibilities, not specific goals that inhibit openness to change. The next phase is experimentation and practice with appropriate rhythm and dosage. Visualizing, stealth learning, and multitasking can make this phase more positive. The last phase, resonant relationships, are characterized by shared vision (hope), shared compassion (caring and gratitude), and shared energy. Intentional Change Theory is a multilevel fractal theory that proposes that resonant leadership relationships and social identity groups move information and emotions across levels.
Cooling the flames: Navigating menopausal vasomotor symptoms with nonhormone medications
Authors: Carson Erin , Vernon Veronica , Cunningham Lauren , Mathew Sheryl 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPurposeWhile the gold standard for vasomotor symptoms remains hormone therapy, prescription menopause therapies are significantly underutilized. Nonhormone therapies represent an alternative treatment modality that may improve access to care for patients who cannot or choose not to take hormones. This review aims to update pharmacists on the evidence behind new-to-market fezolinetant and all other nonhormone prescription treatment options for menopausal vasomotor symptoms.SummaryPrescription nonhormone therapy options for vasomotor symptoms include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including Food and Drug Administration–approved low-dose paroxetine, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, gabapentin, pregabalin, oxybutynin, and fezolinetant. Evidence supporting the use of these options is summarized in this review. All have an important place in treatment for those unable to take the gold standard of hormone therapy; however, most offer only mild to moderate improvement in symptoms. Fezolinetant has been shown to result in a significant reduction in vasomotor symptom frequency when compared to other nonhormone therapies and was not different when compared to hormone therapies. However, additional studies and efforts to address the affordability of fezolinetant and head-to-head comparisons with other agents are needed.ConclusionVasomotor symptoms of menopause can severely impact the health and well-being of individuals. However, treatment of these symptoms is underutilized due to real and perceived drawbacks of therapy. Pharmacists are ideally suited to bridge this gap, but first it is important for pharmacists to be knowledgeable about and comfortable with the evidence supporting all treatment options.
ginmappeR: an unified approach for integrating gene and protein identifiers across biological sequence databases
Authors: Sola Fernando , Ayala Daniel , Pulido Marina , Ayala Rafael , López-Cerero Lorena , Hernández Inma , Ruiz David 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Summary
The proliferation of biological sequence data, due to developments in molecular biology techniques, has led to the creation of numerous open access databases on gene and protein sequencing. However, the lack of direct equivalence between identifiers across these databases difficults data integration. To address this challenge, we introduce ginmappeR, an integrated R package facilitating the translation of gene and protein identifiers between databases. By providing a unified interface, ginmappeR streamlines the integration of diverse data sources into biological workflows, so it enhances efficiency and user experience.

Availability and implementation
from Bioconductor: https://bioconductor.org/packages/ginmappeR
Hybrid firefly algorithm–neural network for battery remaining useful life estimation
Authors: Mustaffa Zuriani , Sulaiman Mohd Herwan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Accurately estimating the remaining useful life (RUL) of batteries is crucial for optimizing maintenance, preventing failures, and enhancing reliability, thereby saving costs and resources. This study introduces a hybrid approach for estimating the RUL of a battery based on the firefly algorithm–neural network (FA–NN) model, in which the FA is employed as an optimizer to fine-tune the network weights and hidden layer biases in the NN. The performance of the FA–NN is comprehensively compared against two hybrid models, namely the harmony search algorithm (HSA)–NN and cultural algorithm (CA)–NN, as well as a single model, namely the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). The comparative analysis is based mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE). Findings reveal that the FA–NN outperforms the HSA–NN, CA–NN, and ARIMA in both employed metrics, demonstrating superior predictive capabilities for estimating the RUL of a battery. Specifically, the FA–NN achieved a MAE of 2.5371 and a RMSE of 2.9488 compared with the HSA–NN with a MAE of 22.0583 and RMSE of 34.5154, the CA–NN with a MAE of 9.1189 and RMSE of 22.4646, and the ARIMA with a MAE of 494.6275 and RMSE of 584.3098. Additionally, the FA–NN exhibits significantly smaller maximum errors at 34.3737 compared with the HSA–NN at 490.3125, the CA–NN at 827.0163, and the ARIMA at 1.16e + 03, further emphasizing its robust performance in minimizing prediction inaccuracies. This study offers important insights into battery health management, showing that the proposed method is a promising solution for precise RUL predictions.
Indole–thiazolidinedione–triazole hybrids: synthesis, molecular docking, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) profiling, and biological evaluation as α-amylase inhibitors
Authors: Dholariya Monil P , Patel Anilkumar S 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A novel series of hybrid indole–thiazolidinedione–triazole derivatives (6a-l) were synthesized and assessed for their in vitro inhibitory activity against porcine pancreatic α-amylase. The synthetic procedure consists of 3 steps. A crucial step in this process involves the generation of novel target molecules using a Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The α-amylase inhibition IC50 value of the targeted compounds ranged from 0.51 ± 0.02 to 7.99 ± 0.28 μM as compared with 0.68 ± 0.02 μM with acarbose as the standard drug. Using the Autodock technique, all the derivatives 6a-l were subjected to molecular docking investigations against porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PDB ID: 1OSE). Moreover, it was discovered that the docked compounds had excellent binding affinities that ranged from −10.1 to −10.8 kcal/mol as compared with the standard −7.9 kcal/mol. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties associated with absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) was conducted for all the synthesized compounds.
Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein and Computer-Aided Analysis of Chest X-rays as Tuberculosis Triage Tests at Health Facilities in Lesotho and South Africa
Authors: Bosman Shannon , Ayakaka Irene , Muhairwe Josephine , Kamele Mashaete , van Heerden Alastair , Madonsela Thandanani , Labhardt Niklaus D , Sommer Gregor , Bremerich Jens , Zoller Thomas , Murphy Keelin , van Ginneken Bram , Keter Alfred K , Jacobs Bart K M , Bresser Moniek , Signorell Aita , Glass Tracy R , Lynen Lutgarde , Reither Klaus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background
To improve tuberculosis case-finding, rapid, non-sputum triage tests need to be developed according to the World Health Organization target product profile (TPP) (&gt;90% sensitivity, &gt;70% specificity). We prospectively evaluated and compared artificial intelligence–based, computer-aided detection software, CAD4TBv7, and C-reactive protein assay (CRP) as triage tests at health facilities in Lesotho and South Africa.

Methods
Adults (≥18 years) presenting with ≥1 of the 4 cardinal tuberculosis symptoms were consecutively recruited between February 2021 and April 2022. After informed consent, each participant underwent a digital chest X-ray for CAD4TBv7 and a CRP test. Participants provided 1 sputum sample for Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF and 1 for liquid culture. Additionally, an expert radiologist read the chest X-rays via teleradiology. For primary analysis, a composite microbiological reference standard (ie, positive culture or Xpert Ultra) was used.

Results
We enrolled 1392 participants, 48% were people with HIV and 24% had previously tuberculosis. The receiver operating characteristic curve for CAD4TBv7 and CRP showed an area under the curve of .87 (95% CI: .84–.91) and .80 (95% CI: .76–.84), respectively. At thresholds corresponding to 90% sensitivity, specificity was 68.2% (95% CI: 65.4–71.0%) and 38.2% (95% CI: 35.3–41.1%) for CAD4TBv7 and CRP, respectively. CAD4TBv7 detected tuberculosis as well as an expert radiologist. CAD4TBv7 almost met the TPP criteria for tuberculosis triage.

Conclusions
CAD4TBv7 is accurate as a triage test for patients with tuberculosis symptoms from areas with a high tuberculosis and HIV burden. The role of CRP in tuberculosis triage requires further research.

Clinical Trials Registration
Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04666311.