bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal anti lymphocyte antibodies as immunosuppressive reagents for clinical practice
Authors: Fabre John W. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisBy the late 1970s it had become clear that the immunosuppressive effects of conventional anti lymphocyte serum (ALS) were mediated by only a small component of the anti lymphocyte antibodies present. This fact meant that attempts to improve the safety, potency and standardisation of conventional ALS by raising xenosera to single, purified lymphocyte antigens were faced with considerable technical and theoretical problems. Coincidentally and very fortunately, it was at this time that the potential of monoclonal antibodies in the field of ALS were becoming obvious. Their advent has dramatically transformed the situation, from a bleak one with few prospects to one where the early promise of ALS is likely to be realised in the clinic within the next few years. This review looks at why it is that monoclonal antibodies have so changed the situation, and then discusses in detail the optimal properties, in terms of specificity and other characteristics, of immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies, and finally looks at precisely how they should be used in the clinic.
Taxonomy of infraspecific variation inBetula pubescensEhrh., with particular reference to the Scottish Highlands
Authors: Gardiner A. S. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe variability of the pubescent birch and the probable existence of hybrids between it and two other birches make it a difficult species to classify at an infraspecific level. To some extent, the variation is geographical and to cover its distribution, three subspecies are proposed by the authors ofFlora Europaea, sspp.pubescens, carpatica and tortuosa. Two subspecies are recognized in Britain, namely ssp.pubescensand ssp.odorata, but some confusion has arisen through the undetermined relationships between sspp.odorata, carpaticaandtortuosa. The rejection of ssp.odoratais proposed as its application, in this case, differs from that intended by J. M. Bechstein, the original authority. An examination of the literature indicates that ssp.tortuosaand ssp.carpaticaare probably indistinguishable (a conclusion supported by multivariate analysis) and that the epithettortuosacan be applied to both taxa. The pubescent birch in the Scottish Highlands may be referred to ssp.tortuosaand, in addition, the high frequency of small-leafed individuals in some populations in the northwest and at higher altitudes, justifies the further distinction of var.microphyllaHartman.
Birch regeneration in heath vegetation
Authors: Khoon Gong Wooi , Gimingham C. H. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe relationship between stand structure of Calluna vulgaris and the ability of Betula spp. to establish was examined at Dinnet Moor, Aberdeenshire. As a result of management by burning, a series of even-aged stands of Calluna is available including recently-burnt examples and stands with Calluna in the pioneer, building, mature and degenerate phases. Uneven-aged stands were included for comparison. The density of birch was found to be high very shortly after burning, much less in pioneer phase stands and minimal in the building and mature phases, indicating high mortality as the stand ages. Some indication of slightly higher densities in degenerate stands was obtained, suggesting some recruitment at this stage. Comparisons of the age of individual birches (seedlings or saplings) with that of the adjacent Calluna showed that, in general, birch is established very shortly after Calluna begins to regenerate, the surviving birch individuals being consistently one or two years younger than the Calluna. Again, results indicated little or no recruitment after the Calluna stands enter the building phase. Experimental introduction of birch seedlings to stands of various age since burning showed that survival and performance was best in the pioneer stands, and poorest in building stands.It is concluded that birch is virtually excluded by dense Calluna stands in the building and mature phases, and that carefully controlled management involving regular burning may therefore prevent the entry of birch. However, occasional fires followed by slow or patchy Calluna regeneration may provide ideal conditions for birch establishment.
Viruses and virus-like diseases affecting Betula spp
Authors: Cooper J. I. , Massalski P. R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisSeven virus-like agents have been recognized naturally infecting birches in Europe or North America. Of these, only two have been studied in detail. Apple mosaic virus (AMV) infects Betula papyrifera and B. alleghaniensis in North America, and is associated with golden-white ring/line patterns in leaves. There is no evidence that AMV spreads between birches and no natural means of dissemination is known. In Europe, B. verrucosa and B. pubescens are naturally infected with cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) which causes foliar mottle, pale yellow spots and bright green vein banding. In the United Kingdom, the prevalence of CLRV in unmanaged birch populations is less than in street trees. The virus is spread via birch seed and pollen which it infects and also contaminates. Sparse data suggest that the following viruses infect birch but their effects are unknown: yellow birch latent, tobacco rattle, tobacco necrosis, prunus necrotic ringspot and prune dwarf. There is a similar paucity of information concerning the cause of wood abnormalities that enhance the veneer value of affected timber: agents transmitted in soil or by grafting have been associated.
Birch in cultivation
Authors: Schilling A. D. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe authenticity of birch collections is always in doubt unless one has wild source material; even the collections of Forrest, Wilson, Rock et at. may be suspect in that labels and records have been lost or confused. Collections are best maintained from vegetative sources and clonal selection is discussed. Site tolerances, planting problems and after-care are given detailed coverage. Species, hybrids and cultivars in general cultivation are listed and a summary of representation in British arboreta is included.
Frankiasymbiosis as a source of nitrogen in forestry: a case study of symbiotic nitrogen-fixation in a mixed Alnus-Picea plantation in Scotland
Authors: Malcolm D. C. , Hooker J. E. , Wheeler C. T. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAlnus rubragrowing in the field in Scotland is nodulated effectively by local strains ofFrankia. Strains which have been isolated fromAlnus rubraat Lennox Forest show different growth medium requirements and colony morphology compared with isolates fromAlnus glutinosaand several different strains have been isolated from the same locality. Preliminary evidence suggests that some spore negative, northwest AmericanFrankiastrains may be more effective than local spore positive crushed nodule inoculum for nitrogen-fixation inAlnus rubra.On the moderately fertile clay soil of Lennox Forest, a mixed plantation of alternatePicea silchensisandAlnus rubrashowed no improvement in growth of spruce compared with pure spruce plots. However, the presence of alder increased upper soil nitrogen status by 585 kg ha ' which approximates the standard 150 kg N ha 'of fertiliser nitrogen applied in practice to nitrogen deficient stands at about 5-year intervals. Although the alder had penetrated the subsoil, there was no apparent effect on spruce rooting depth in the mixed stands in this high clay soil. In addition to nitrogen content, the total phosphorus of the upper soil horizons was improved in the mixed plots by an estimated 3–6 kg ha-1y1and it is suggested that this phosphorus may be brought from the subsoil by the deeper rooting alder and deposited on the surface in its litter.Although improved growth of spruce in mixture withAlnus rubrais only likely where pure spruce stands are stressed for nutrients, the potential benefits of symbiotic nitrogen-fixation in silvicultural practice make it desirable to investigate other species and provenances ofAlnussuited to British conditions, to achieve maximum symbiotic fixation of nitrogen by selection and inoculation with superior strains ofFrankiaand to include such plants in trials of mixtures on sites where nitrogen-availability may be critical.
Some nutritional aspects of the biology of ericaceous mycorrhizas
Authors: Read D. J. , Bajwa R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisSome aspects of the role of the ericoid mycorrhizal symbiosis in the ecology and physiology of ericaceous plants are described. Mycorrhizal infection leads to enhancement of plant nitrogen content and an experimental analysis of the basis of this effect is reported. In addition to improving the efficiency of ammonium absorption at low concentrations, the mycorrhizal endophyte utilises amino acids, peptides and proteins as nitrogen substrates for growth. These are the predominant nitrogen sources in organic heathland soil. It is suggested that the success of ericaceous plants in such soils may arise through the capacity of the mycorrhizal fungus to provide its host with access to this nutrient resource. A model is described in which absorption of ammonium and amino nitrogen leads to soil acidification, increased acid protease activity and improved vigour of the ericaceous plants.
A study of long-term changes in some rocky shore communities in Orkney
Authors: Baxter J. M. , Jones A. M. , Simpson J. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe distribution and relative abundance of various types of coastline are reviewed briefly. The results of a 9 year investigation of selected rocky shore communities are presented. Climatic parameters showed a marked variation during the study but were not correlated with the observed variations in flora and fauna. The main study was based on annual sampling of 8 bedrock shore transects using percentage cover or density for sessile and mobile species respectively. Seasonal fluctuations were studied in fixed areas at 2 sites over a 5 year period. Patterns of seasonal variation in various algal and faunal categories are described and discussed, canopy algae showed summer maxima while understorey species showed winter maxima. Annual studies showed species stability to be site specific: in species which showed marked, apparently cyclic, patterns of change, the changes were often asynchronous both between sites and, to a lesser degree, between stations at a site. The value of obtaining a measure of ‘patchiness’ is discussed.
The resource base—agriculture
Authors: Cunningham J. M. M. , Groves C. R. , Clark J. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe extent of resource use—land, capital, labour and management—in Scottish agriculture in the early 1980s is estimated, using available published data. The main developments that have occurred to create this resource base are outlined, with the likely changes that will influence its nature by the mid 1990s. Each of 3 agricultural sectors—dairying, arable and livestock—is considered in turn. The paper concludes by outlining broadly the nature of the base as it might appear by the mid 1990s from the effects of economic and market forces. The pressures on land and labour use, from limitations on production of milk and arable crops but expanded lowland stock enterprises, are highlighted. The serious consequences for agricultural land and labour use in the more remote disadvantaged areas of Scotland are recognised, as is the need to consider the social/amenity value of the retention of a sufficient agricultural base in these areas. Finally, some of the issues and questions associated with the maintenance of agriculture in the hills in the future are indicated.
The dairy industries
Authors: Banks W. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisIn 1983–84, the final year before the introduction of quotas under EEC Regulation 857/84, milk production in Scotland was some 1406 × 106 litres. The disposal of that milk can be considered under two headings, namely (i) the liquid market and (ii) manufactured products. The former category encompasses all the milk—whole, semi-skimmed and skimmed—sold directly to the public via the doorstep delivery or retail outlets. It accounts for approximately 43% of the milk produced in Scotland, but commands the highest monetary return to the producer. The remaining milk goes to manufactured products, principally butter (and anhydrous milk fat), cheese, evaporated milk and cream. The price charged for milk for each of these outlets varies, but is always less than the amount received for milk destined for the liquid market.In all but a small area of Scotland, one of 3 Milk Marketing Boards is, by statute, the first-hand buyer of milk from the farmer. The Boards, as organisations responsible to the farmers, have a common aim, which is to maximise the price they receive for milk. Each is heavily dependent on the liquid market, but they adopt different strategies in terms of manufactured products. However, the imposition of quotas with effect from 1 April 1984, and the consequent reduction in the total volume of milk produced in Scotland, has focussed attention on the need to manufacture milk products to the most exacting standards, in order that they command a premium in the market.
Milling and baking in Scotland
Authors: Mann David L. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThis paper is limited to the milling and baking of wheat products and, to a smaller extent, oats products. Initial analyses of the marketplace and the major manufacturers in both the United Kingdom and Scotland include references to changing consumer demands, changing market sizes, major grocery retailer power, and industrial over-capacity in both milling and baking.The sources of wheat for baking are described, in particular the remarkable increase in the use of homegrown wheat for breadmaking. Detailed descriptions are given of the technology of flour milling, breadmaking and biscuit making, covering some of the scientific principles as well as the equipment used. Future developments are also predicted.Scottish millers and bakers must be at the forefront of investment and new technology if they are to survive competition in declining markets and in industries that still have over-capacity.
Canning and freezing
Authors: Baxter W. G. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThis paper gives ‘an insider's view’ of the Scottish processed food manufacturing industry, through the eyes of the Managing Director and Chairman of a distinctive family company sited midway between Aberdeen and Inverness on the banks of the River Spey.In 1946 the company employed a mere 11 people, and manufactured only preserves and beetroot products, having an annual sales value of £40,000. Today a wide range of products is sold in over 60 countries with an annual turnover approaching £20 million and a profit of £1–5 million.Forty years ago there were more than 20 jam making companies in Scotland; and in the United Kingdom more than 30 manufacturers of canned soups. Today there are only 5 of the former category and 5 of the latter making and selling their own brands. What has happened in these 40 years? Some answers are given to that question and an outline of the way ahead is presented.
Food service industries
Authors: Hawthorn John 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThis paper deals with a miscellaneous group of food-related industries not directly covered by the principal papers of the Symposium. Some of these serve the needs of larger processing companies for intermediates. Others produce a variety of products for retail sale. Few are large employers of labour or capital but cumulatively they make a significant contribution to the Scottish economy. The paper lists the type of manufacture in some detail, and the product range—from tripe dressing to confectionery—is too wide to permit easy classification.These industries serve a virtually non-expanding total market, and are thus for the most part highly competitive, quality and service as much as price being the chief weapon of survival. In general, production is concentrated in small units of modest capital investment. Thus they have the advantage of flexibility and can quickly change product emphasis as circumstances demand, in contrast to the giants of the food industry, limited as they are by the inertia of their size. But these ‘service’ industries have the double disadvantage of limited access to technical and scientific resources, and the burden of complex legislation which falls proportionately more heavily on them than on their larger brethren.The paper examines aspects of these limitations and outlines suggestions for the practical resolution of some of these disadvantages.
The geology, crustal structure and evolution of the Rockall Trough and the Faeroe-Shetland Channel
Authors: Scrutton Roger A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisFrom direct sampling, the deeper Rockall Trough and Faeroe-Shetland Channel are known to have a Tertiary-Quaternary sedimentary sequence up to 3000 m thick, which is in places, particularly in the north, underlain by early Tertiary basaltic volcanic rocks. The seamounts in the Rockall Trough are of basic volcanics of probable Upper Cretaceous age. The eastern shelf areas have a rifted basement of Precambrian-Devonian (-?Carboniferous) age, overlain by Permian + Mesozoic sedimentary rocks that reach 5000 m in thickness in rift basins. Tertiary sediments thicken rapidly from the shelf into deep water. The western shelf areas have extensive early Tertiary basalts from the Faeroe Islands to the southern part of Rockall Bank. A thin Tertiary—Quaternary cover exists and Precambrian basement lies beneath.The pre-Tertiary geology of the deep water areas and the overall crustal structure have been inferred from geophysical investigations. In the Rockall Trough the crust is of oceanic thickness, about 6 km, but it is probably slightly thicker beneath the Faeroe-Shetland Channel. This fact, coupled with the size of the channel compared with other small ocean basins and the knowledge that fully developed oceanic crust exists just outside the mouth of the Rockall Trough, strongly suggests that at least parts of the deep water areas are floored by oceanic crust. However, seismic reflection and magnetic anomaly profiles do not yield observations characteristic of normal oceanic crust.The age of any oceanic crust in the Rockall Trough and Faeroe-Shetland Channel is equivocal. Between 54° and 59° N a succession of largely sedimentary rocks up to 3000 m in thickness occurs between the Tertiary and the acoustic basement. To the north this succession is masked on seismic profiles by early Tertiary basalts but it is probably present; to the south it is interrupted by a series of acoustically opaque basement ridges. With slow sedimentation rates, this succession could extend back to the late Palaeozoic, but with rapid rates, only to the mid-Upper Cretaceous. An age of mid-Lower to mid-Upper Cretaceous for oceanic crust, equal to that of the ocean crust outside the mouth of the Rockall Trough, is accepted here. Although rapid subsidence and infill in Upper Cretaceous time is not characteristic of major shelf basins around Britain, it may be acceptable for the Rockall Trough and Faeroe-Shetland Channel if they are underlain by oceanic crust rather than continental crust.A likely model for the formation of the Rockall Trough and Faeroe-Shetland Channel is of continental rifting and subsidence from late Palaeozoic or earliest Mesozoic to mid-Cretaceous time, then sea-floor spreading in Albian (c.105My)–Santonian (c.85 My) time, accompanied and immediately followed by rapid subsidence and deposition. The Tertiary was heralded by widespread basaltic igneous activity which briefly arrested subsidence, but was largely a period of subsidence without sedimentation keeping pace.
Seasonality in currents of the Rockall Channel
Authors: Dickson R. R. , Gould W. J. , Griffiths C. , Medler K. J. , Gmitrowicz E. M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThough our knowledge of the circulation in this complex region is still incomplete, recent direct current measurements have identified four separate elements of the circulation which appear to undergo a seasonal variation of some sort. These are: (i) a summer-autumn maximum in the deep overflow of Norwegian Sea Deep Water across the Wyville-Thomson Ridge; (ii) an autumn minimum in the upper-ocean circulation around Rockall Bank, ascribed to Taylor Column processes; (iii) an autumn-winter maximum in the strength and breadth of the slope current along the European continental margin; (iv) a winter-spring maximum in eddy kinetic energy in the open waters of the Rockall Channel, and over the full depth range, as a function of windstress and stratification. The first three of these elements are of localised occurrence along the northern, western and eastern margins of the Channel and are described only briefly. The fourth process, encountered at a range of sites in the northeast Atlantic, is described in detail using a total data set of 68 instrument-years of direct current measurements recovered from the Rockall Channel in 1977–84. In the seasonally-varying 3–27 day (d) band of periods, eddy kinetic energies (kE) are shown to be depth-dependent in amplitude, but with little evidence of any significant phase-lag with either depth or location between the individual timeseries of kE estimates. These time-series demonstrate clearly and for the first time that the winterspring peaks in eddy kinetic energy lag the winter peaks in windstress by between 1 and 3 months. This phase-lag is explained as the cumulative result of wind forcing and eddy dissipation.
The benthic fauna of the Rockall Trough: regional distribution and bathymetric zonation
Authors: Gage J. D. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisMore than 300 bottom samples taken in the Rockall Trough and neighbouring areas (Northeast Atlantic) since 1973 provide an opportunity to study the distributions of the commoner megafaunal species. These include 131 species of echinoderms, for the most abundant of which the bathymetric and regional distributions are defined. Analysis of samples by means of the coincidence-of-range method along a bathymetric transect shows peaks-in the first and last occurrences of species at the 800–1200m and 1800 m levels. Cumulative curves of the recruitment of all echinoderm species with increasing depth show step-like increases in the rate of species recruitment with depth. These maxima in rate of faunal change are related to water–mass structure, particularly the depth of the seasonal and permanent thermoclines. A considerably broader bathymetric range is shown by post-larvae and juvenile stages compared to adults.