bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology Development in Amorphous Polymer:Fullerene Photovoltaic Blend Films During Solution Casting
Authors: Pearson Andrew J. , Wang Tao , Dunbar Alan D. F. , Yi Hunan , Watters Darren C. , Coles David M. , Staniec Paul A. , Iraqi Ahmed , Jones Richard A. L. , Lidzey David G. 
Published: October 2013

The evolution of film structure is reported during solution casting of PCDTBT:PC70BM 1:4 wt%, a polymer:fullerene blend system that finds application in an organic photovoltaic device. Using the complimentary techniques of grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and spectroscopic ellipsometry, a number of distinct processes that occur during film formation are identified. This includes the growth of fullerene molecules into nanoscale aggregates, the onset of which coincides with the solubility limit of the material in the casting solvent being reached. An apparent delay in Bragg scatter from the PCDTBT‐rich phase of the film suggests that, for the film composition studied here, the aggregation of PC70BM precedes weak self‐organisation of the conjugated polymer. This behaviour is compared with the drying dynamics of a number of different polymer:fullerene blends that each contain a high weight fraction of fullerene molecules, and a range of comparable solid concentrations are identified beyond which the precipitation of fullerene aggregates from solution occurs. These observations provide an insight into the development of structure in relatively amorphous polymer:fullerene blends for organic photovoltaic applications and potentially assists the future optimisation of this category of materials.
Targeting hunter distribution based on host resource selection and kill sites to manage disease risk
Authors: Dugal Cherie J. , van Beest Floris M. , Vander Wal Eric , Brook Ryan K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEndemic and emerging diseases are rarely uniform in their spatial distribution or prevalence among cohorts of wildlife. Spatial models that quantify risk‐driven differences in resource selection and hunter mortality of animals at fine spatial scales can assist disease management by identifying high‐risk areas and individuals. We used resource selection functions (RSFs) and selection ratios (SRs) to quantify sex‐ and age‐specific resource selection patterns of collared (n = 67) and hunter‐killed (n = 796) nonmigratory elk (Cervus canadensis manitobensis) during the hunting season between 2002 and 2012, in southwesternManitoba,Canada. Distance to protected area was the most important covariate influencing resource selection and hunter‐kill sites of elk (AICw = 1.00). Collared adult males (which are most likely to be infected with bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) and chronic wasting disease) rarely selected for sites outside of parks during the hunting season in contrast to adult females and juvenile males. TheRSFs showed selection by adult females and juvenile males to be negatively associated with landscape‐level forest cover, high road density, and water cover, whereas hunter‐kill sites of these cohorts were positively associated with landscape‐level forest cover and increasing distance to streams and negatively associated with high road density. Local‐level forest was positively associated with collared animal locations and hunter‐kill sites; however, selection was stronger for collared juvenile males and hunter‐killed adult females. In instances where disease infects a metapopulation and eradication is infeasible, a principle goal of management is to limit the spread of disease among infected animals. We map high‐risk areas that are regularly used by potentially infectious hosts but currently underrepresented in the distribution of kill sites. We present a novel application of widely available data to target hunter distribution based on host resource selection and kill sites as a promising tool for applying selective hunting to the management of transmissible diseases in a game species.
Concurrence of Anorexia Nervosa and Noonan Syndrome
Authors: Arvaniti Aikaterini , Samakouri Maria , Keskeridou Flora , Veletza Stavroula 
Published: October 2013

SummaryNoonan syndrome (NS) is a genetic disease inherited in an autosomal dominant mode; it presents significant genetic heterogeneity and varying penetrance. Mutations have been identified in several genes, and they account for 75% of all known cases. The majority of reported mutations are localized on PTPN11 gene, which encodes the non‐receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐2. Diagnosis, however, is mainly established after clinical examination. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by fear of gaining weight, refusal to maintain normal body weight and distorted perceptions of body image or body shape. AN is independently predicted by female sex and feeding problems in childhood, whereas NS symptoms include feeding difficulties. No comorbidity between NS and AN has been reported to date.The authors reported the case of a 38‐year‐old female patient with AN who met the van der Burgt criteria for NS with confirmed (a) comorbidity of AN and NS and (b) the absence of the most common mutation in PTPN11 and presence of a novel T > A transversion within intron 8–9. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Early‐stage oxidation behavior of Co‐rich high‐temperature alloys
Authors: Deodeshmukh V. P. , Srivastava S. K. , Bai J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe long‐term oxidation performance of an alloy is critically linked to the early‐stage oxidation behavior of high‐temperature alloys. This study investigates early‐stage oxidation behavior in terms of oxidation kinetics, scale evolution, and residual stresses developed within a scale of the commercially available cobalt‐rich alloys: HAYNES® 188, 6B, 25, and HR‐160® and a newly developed nitride‐dispersion strengthened NS‐163® alloy (HAYNES®, HR‐160®, NS‐163® are registered trademarks of Haynes International, Inc). Short‐term isothermal oxidation exposures were conducted in flowing air at 982 °C for durations of 1–50 h. Oxidation kinetics was assessed by weight‐change behavior, which showed that 188 alloy exhibited the lowest weight‐gain, while for similar times HR‐160 alloy underwent weight‐loss. SEM/EDS analysis was performed to characterize oxides formed in these alloys, while stresses developed in the oxides of different alloys were measured using synchrotron X‐ray radiation. The results in this paper clearly demonstrated the effects of alloy composition on the scale evolution and the amount of stresses developed in oxides.
An insight into the influence of morphological and compositional heterogeneity of an individual intermetallic particle on aluminium alloy corrosion initiation
Authors: Davoodi A. , Pan J. , Leygraf C. , Parvizi R. , Norgren S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this work, a multi‐analytical in situ and ex situ approach was used to provide information needed to identify the role of an individual heterogeneous intermetallic particle (IMP) in localized corrosion initiation of aluminium alloys. The heterogeneity of the IMP was studied by combining atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). A complex Al–Mn–Fe–Si IMP phase with different chemical composition in its inner and outer parts was characterized by SEM–EDS analysis. AFM results uniquely revealed a brain‐like feature of an IMP with 20 nm height variations. Submicron sized galvanic cell induced by morphological and compositional heterogeneity resulted in a localized corrosion attack inside the individual IMP. Various collected current levels measured by SECM were associated to the morphological and compositional heterogeneity of IMPs.
Comparison between corrosion behaviour of implant alloys Ti6Al7Nb and Ti6Al4Zr in artificial saliva
Authors: Dilea M. , Mazare A. , Ionita D. , Demetrescu I. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe present paper investigates two different titanium alloys: Ti6Al7Nb – a well‐established implant biomaterial and Ti6Al4Zr – a relatively new titanium alloy. Roughness is evaluated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance by contact angle measurements. Furthermore, an extensive characterization was done in order to evaluate and compare the electrochemical behaviour for both titanium alloys in artificial Fusayama and Afnor saliva, at different immersion times, and consisted of Tafel plots, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Also, metals ions release was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). In both studied artificial saliva, Ti6Al4Zr alloy presents a better electrochemical behaviour according to corrosion rates from both electrochemical techniques and ICP‐MS.
A zinc dipping technique for Mg–16Li–5Al–0.5RE alloy at room temperature
Authors: Zhang C.‐H. , Huang X.‐M. , Sheng N. , Gao L.‐L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn order to obtain a high quality protective plating coating on Mg–16Li–5Al–0.5RE alloy, a zinc dipping technique at room temperature was investigated. The zinc dipping technique included two immersion processes, the primary immersion process and the secondary immersion process. Primary zinc transition layers (PZTLs) and secondary zinc transition layers (SZTLs) were obtained after the primary and secondary immersion processes, respectively. The polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize PZTLs and SZTLs. The results indicated that immersion time had obvious effects on PZTLs and SZTLs, the optimum primary immersion time and secondary immersion time were 5 min and 30 s, respectively. Then nickel‐plating coating deposited on the SZTL of Mg–16Li–5Al–0.5RE alloy was investigated via EDS, SEM, polarization curves, and EIS. The results demonstrated that the nickel‐plating coating obviously improved corrosion resistance of Mg–16Li–5Al–0.5RE alloy and had good adherence property with the alloy because of the presence of zinc transition layer on the alloy.
Corrosion behavior of mechanical clad pipe welded joints in CO2‐saturated seawater under high temperature and high pressure
Authors: Xue F. , Xu L. Y. , Jing H. Y. , Han Y. D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn the present study, a new welding procedure was developed according to the welding difficulties of mechanical clad pipe. The effect of temperature on the corrosion product layer of stainless steel welded joints exposed to a CO2‐containing solution was investigated. The measurement techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, were used to systematically characterize the morphology and composition of the corrosion product layer. The corrosion rates were calculated by weight loss method. The corrosion mechanisms are studied and discussed. The results showed that temperature is an important factor in the corrosion rate of mechanical clad pipe welded joints.
Full surface inspection methods regarding reinforcement corrosion of concrete structures
Authors: Reichling K. , Raupach M. , Broomfield J. , Gulikers J. , L'Hostis V. , Kessler S. , Osterminski K. , Pepenar I. , Schneck U. , Sergi G. , Taché G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFor reinforced concrete structures a localisation of all significant critical areas can only be done by a full surface inspection. The economic advantages are obvious: uncritical areas have not to be repaired expensively 1. The first step of the assessment should always be a visual inspection 2. The range of deterioration causes can be limited and the degree of deterioration may be estimated roughly. The inspection program can be adjusted to the requirements. By means of a full surface potential mapping areas with a high risk for chloride induced reinforcement corrosion can be localised, although no deteriorations are visually detectable at the concrete surface. In combination with concrete cover depth and resistivity measurements areas with corrosion promoting exposure conditions can be localised even if the reinforcement is not yet depassivated. The following publication gives an overview about the essential full surface investigation methods to localise critical areas regarding corrosion of steel in concrete. The selection of methods is based on the inspection procedure given in 2.
Local detailed inspection methods regarding reinforcement corrosion of concrete structures
Authors: Reichling K. , Raupach M. , Broomfield J. , Gulikers J. , Nygaard P. V. , Schneck U. , Sergi G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFull surface surveys which are likely to include e.g. a deterioration and potential mapping as well as a cover depth survey, should be the base to identify critical areas which are suspect to be suffering from reinforcement corrosion 1. Localised assessment in these areas should give further information about the type and extent of deterioration. It should include the determination of the chloride profile beyond the cover depth, the depth of carbonation and a direct visual assessment of the steel reinforcement by breaking away the cover concrete at selected locations. Further valuable information may be collected by determining the water content of the concrete or performing corrosion rate measurements. Within this publication the essential methods for local detailed inspections are discussed regarding the application and interpretation of the results. An overview of the survey procedure is given in ref. 2.
Inspection strategies for reinforcement corrosion surveys
Authors: Raupach M. , Reichling K. , Broomfield J. , Gulikers J. , Schneck U. , Serdar M. , Pepenar I. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper describes the procedure of the assessment of the condition of concrete structures regarding reinforcement corrosion and selection criteria for the methods to be used for inspection. It is based on the European Standard EN 1504 on Repair of Concrete Structures and the experience of the members of the task group.
Condition survey with embedded sensors regarding reinforcement corrosion
Authors: Raupach M. , Gulikers J. , Reichling K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBesides visual inspections, taking cores or samples and measurements at the concrete surface, the use of embedded sensors can be an effective tool for the assessment of the condition of concrete structures. For new structures sensors can be placed in positions without the possibility of access during use and for existing structures sensors can be used to follow the condition of the structure at relevant selected points. Actually different types of sensor systems are available based on different electrochemical or other methods.
Case Studies
Authors: Broomfield J. , Fischer J. , Mietz J. , Schneck U. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn this paper, some quite different survey tasks are described, and it can be seen that corrosion surveys will follow a certain scheme of data acquisition (first NDT measurements, than detailed testing on suspect areas), but the individual scope of on‐site measurements may have a vast variety according to the local circumstances, and the interpretation always has to refer to a wider set of information than the data readings only.
Economic effects of full corrosion surveys for aging concrete structures
Authors: Polder R. B. , Peelen W. H. A. , Raupach M. , Reichling K. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper investigates the economic effects of full corrosion surveys of concrete structures. The background is that the existing concrete infrastructure is aging, while being exposed to aggressive influences, which increases the occurrence of corrosion and related concrete damage over time. The central proposition is that solely relying on visual inspection for interventions (repair) may result in unnecessarily high costs and associated risks. The reason is that visual inspection can only signal deterioration that is in a relatively advanced stage of development. Consequently, heavy and costly repairs are needed, while undetected degradations still go on developing, presenting future risks. On the other hand, carrying out full surface corrosion surveys may be considerably more economic. This is because using detailed survey information, degradation can be detected at an early stage. Prevention of corrosion is generally less costly than correction. Consequently, an optimal mix of preventive and corrective measures can be applied at the right time and at the right places. These alternative approaches to inspection may be considered elements in so‐called reactive and proactive strategies for maintenance of infrastructure, respectively.
Lateral and radial corrosion propagation behavior of 9–21% Cr and 18% Cr + 2.8% Mo stainless steel reinforcing materials in simulated concrete environments
Authors: Hurley M. F. , Scully J. R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe life of a concrete structure exposed to deicing compounds or seawater is often been limited by chloride induced corrosion of the steel reinforcement. A complete assessment of the potential benefits afforded by new candidate rebar alloys must address both the lateral and radial corrosion propagation behavior in comparison to conventional steel as well as other factors that might affect the risk of corrosion‐induced concrete cracking. The radial (depth) and lateral (length) corrosion propagation behavior of 18% Cr + 2.8% Mo (S31653) stainless steel, 21% Cr (S32101) duplex stainless steel, and 9% Cr steel compared to plain ASTM A615 carbon steel were characterized in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution. Radial pit growth was found to be Ohmically controlled for all materials but repassivation occurred more readily at high applied potentials for 18% Cr + 2.8% Mo and 21% Cr stainless steels. Conversely, pit growth on plain steel propagated at all applied anodic potentials and did not repassivate until deactivation by cathodic polarization. Stainless steel also showed the highest resistance to lateral corrosion propagation from an active site during microelectrode array testing. 21% Cr duplex stainless and 9% Cr steel showed similar radial propagation behavior and corrosion morphology, which was intermediate to that of plain steel and S31653 stainless steel. Based on an existing concrete cracking model, it is expected that 9–21% Cr and 18% Cr + 2.8% Mo corrosion resistant rebar materials would require a greater depth of corrosion attack than carbon steel before damaging concrete via corrosion product formation.
Cerium chemical conversion coatings for corrosion protection of stainless steels in hot seawater environments
Authors: Xu J. , Xin S. S. , Han P. H. , Ma R. Y. , Li M. C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn order to replace the hazardous chromate‐based surface treatment, a new cerium chemical conversion coating was developed on 316L stainless steel through a mixed solution of hydrated cerium nitrate, citric acid, and hydrogen peroxide. The chemical composition was characterized by energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. The dense conversion coating is composed of CeO2 with a small amount of Ce2O3 and has small grain size lower than 50 nm. Its thickness is about 47.4 nm as determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis. Potentiodynamic polarization was used to study the corrosion behavior of the coatings in the concentrated artificial seawater at 72 °C. In comparison with the conventional nitric acid‐chromate passivated specimens, the cerium conversion coatings show much higher pitting potentials. It is suggested that the cerium conversion treatment is more effective than the nitric acid‐chromate passivation to improve the pitting resistance of 316L stainless steel used in the hot seawater environments.
Generation of nanostructured CuO by electrochemical method and its Zn–Ni–CuO composite thin films for corrosion protection
Authors: Chandrappa K. G. , Venkatesha T. V. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractNanocrystalline copper oxide (CuO) powder of varying sizes (22, 25, 28 and 36 nm) have been successfully synthesized by hybrid electrochemical method using aqueous sodium nitrate electrolyte with Cu electrodes under galvanostatic mode at room temperature. The as‐synthesized CuO sample was calcined for an hour at temperatures ranging from 60 to 900 °C. The crystallite size, morphology, and chemical state of the synthesized powders were characterized by powder XRD, XPS, SEM/EDAX, TEM, and UV–Vis spectral methods. The effect of calcination temperature on crystallite size and morphology was studied. The TEM result revealed that, the particles are hexagonal and the sizes are in 30–50 nm in diameter and 120–200 nm in length. The band gap values are 5.60 and 5.54 eV. The crystallite size increased with increase of calcination temperature. The CuO nanopowder is used to fabricate Zn–Ni–CuO composite thin films and its corrosion behaviour was analysed by Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that the Zn–Ni–CuO composite thin films provided good corrosion protection.
Quantum chemical and electrochemical studies on the corrosion inhibition of aluminium in 1 N HNO3 using 1,2,4‐triazine
Authors: John S. , Joseph A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe present study describes the inhibition of aluminium in 1 N HNO3 with different concentrations of 1, 2, 4‐triazine precursors 4‐amino‐6‐methyl‐3‐thioxo‐3,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(2H)‐one (AMTDT) and 4‐amino‐6‐benzyl‐3‐thioxo‐3,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(2H)‐one (ABTDT) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy adsorption studies and quantum chemical calculations at 298 K. As the electron density around the inhibitor molecule increases due to substitution, the inhibition efficiency also increases correspondingly. Quantum chemical approach was used to calculate some electronic properties of the molecule to ascertain the correlation between inhibitive effect and molecular structure of the inhibitor. The corrosion inhibition efficiencies of these molecules and the global chemical reactivity relate to some parameters, such as EHOMO, ELUMO, gap energy (ΔE), electronegativity (χ), global hardness (η), and the fraction of electrons transferred from the inhibitor molecule to the metallic atom (ΔN). In addition, the local reactivity has been analyzed through the Fukui function and condensed softness indices.
Development of residual cutting tool life prediction algorithm by processing on CNC machine tool
Authors: Grigoriev S. N. , Gurin V. D. , Volosova M. A. , Cherkasova N. Y. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe paper is dedicated to the decision of a problem of cutting tool diagnostics and working out of a remaining cutting tool life prediction algorithm. The example for practical realization of such algorithm on the CNC machine tool by machining under specified conditions is given. The question of working error compensation by means of corrective adjustment is considered.