bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decorative Materials from Rice Straw and Cornstarch Adhesives
Authors: Liu Junjun , He Chunxia , Yu Min , Zhang Huan , Hou Renluan 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The main goal of this work was to use rice straw fiber as a filler in the production of environmentally sound decorative materials using cornstarch adhesives as matrix. Treatments of rice straw with NaOH, oxalic acid, and hot water were undertaken to evaluate the effect of such treatments on the characteristics of rice straw and the performance of produced materials. The influence of temperature and shear rate on apparent viscosity of cornstarch adhesives was also investigated. Results showed that all treatments were efficient in partially modifying rice straw surface properties, as evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and improving wettability of rice straw. Scanning electron microscopy suggested that NaOH and hot-water treatments resulted in a more significantly changed rice straw substrate than oxalic acid treatments. Apparent viscosity of the cornstarch adhesive decreased with increasing shear rate and increased and then decreased with increasing temperature, reaching a peak value at 10°C. The dependence of physical–mechanical properties of obtained materials on treatments performed on rice straw was also studied. Hot-water–treated straw materials displayed the best set of final mechanical properties. The materials exhibited poor waterproof performance but considerable moisture resistance and environmental friendliness, and such materials could be used for indoor decorative materials.
Determining Stocks and Flows of Structural Wood Products in Single Family Homes in the United States between 1950 and 2010
Authors: Sianchuk Robert A. , Ackom Emmanuel K. , McFarlane Paul N. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The stocks and flows of six major structural wood products (SWPs)—lumber, plywood, oriented strand board [OSB], glue laminated timber, I-joists, and laminated veneer lumber (LVL)—in US single family homes were modeled from 1950 to 2010. The consumption of these products in US single family homes and their emissions as construction and demolition wastes were estimated. The net consumption of SWPs decreased from 119 kg/m2 constructed in 1986 to 82 kg/m2 in 2010. Softwood lumber was consistently the predominant SWP, but its usage intensity decreased from 95 kg/m2 in 1986 to 52 kg/m2 in 2010. Since the 1980s, modern SWPs, such as I-joists, LVL, and OSB, have replaced lumber and plywood products. The needs of the US single family housing industry have been met by a smaller mass of SWPs per unit area constructed.
The mass of SWP present in construction wastes was influenced strongly by building cycles. Production of construction waste peaked in 2005, when 3.31 million tonnes of SWPs were produced by 1.72 million single family housing starts. It diminished to 0.874 million tonnes of SWPs as the housing starts fell to 445,000 in 2009. In contrast, the mass of demolition wastes produced was affected substantially by the number of houses in the stock and their half-lives. Approximately 4.5 million tonnes of SWP demolition waste were produced in 2010, and in the same year, the stock of SWPs in US single family homes reached 1,220 million tonnes.
Effect of Moisture Sorption State on Vibrational Properties of Wood
Authors: Lu Jianxiong , Jiang Jiali , Wu Yiqiang , Li Xianjun , Cai Zhiyong 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the vibrational properties and corresponding anisotropicity in wood during different states of moisture sorption. Samples of maple (Acer spp.) and red oak (Quercus rubra Michx.f.) were moisture conditioned by the adsorption process from an ovendried state and by the desorption process from a water-saturated state. The dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMOE) and logarithmic decrement (δ) were examined as a function of grain orientation during moisture change processes and under constant moisture contents (MC). It was observed that regardless of species and grain direction, the DMOE and δ were lower and higher, respectively, during the moisture change process compared with those measured without a change in MC. The increase in δ value during adsorption was greater than that during desorption. These results suggest that wood in an unstable state shows lower elasticity and strength and higher damping properties than wood in an equilibrium state. Furthermore, results of this study demonstrate that a greater adsorption rate leads to greater destabilization during an adsorption process. The anisotropy in vibrational properties was found to vary between two species.
Examination of the Specimen Configuration and Analysis Method in the Flexural and Longitudinal Vibration Tests of Solid Wood and Wood-Based Materials
Authors: Yoshihara Hiroshi 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The Young's modulus and shear modulus of solid wood (Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis), medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and Lauan wood (Shorea sp.) with five-ply construction were determined by conducting flexural and longitudinal vibration tests with various specimen depth/length ratios and performing a subsequent finite element analysis (FEA). The values of Young's modulus and shear modulus were calculated by three analysis methods: (1) the method based on the rigorous solution of Timoshenko's differential equation (Phil. Mag. 41:744–746, 1921), (2) the iteration procedure proposed by Hearmon (Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 9:381–388, 1958), and (3) the method in which Young's modulus measured by the longitudinal vibration test is substituted into an approximated equation proposed by Goens (Ann. Physik. Ser. 7 11:649–678, 1931). The results obtained from the FEA suggested that the analysis method does not influence the values of Young's modulus or shear modulus. However, the results obtained indicated that the analysis method influenced the measured values of these moduli. Although Method 3 is simpler than Methods 1 and 2, the influence of depth/span ratio was more pronounced when using resonance frequencies lower than the second flexural vibration mode. When using the resonance frequency for flexural vibrations higher than the third mode, however, it is promising that the shear modulus can be measured while reducing the influence of the depth/length ratio.
Effects of Melamine on the Properties of Medium-Density Fiberboard Fabricated with Urea-Based Resins
Authors: Lee Sang-Min , Park Jong-Young , Park Sang-Bum , Hwang Won-Joung 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Urea-melamine-formaldehyde (UMF) resins were synthesized and used for manufacturing medium-density fiberboard (MDF). As melamine content was increased at the same formaldehyde/urea (F/U) molar ratio, the solids content of the resin increased. Physical properties and storage stability of the resins tended to improve slightly when the final pH of resin was 8.5 compared with 7.5 and 9.5. At the same F/U molar ratio, free formaldehyde content and gel time of the resins decreased as melamine content increased. Chemical structures of the resins were proposed from the results of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared analyses. Formaldehyde emissions of MDF prepared with UMF resins with the same F/U molar ratio decreased as melamine content of resin was increased. MDF fabricated with UMF resin showed slightly better resistance against decay fungi and termites compared with MDF fabricated with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. Other physical properties of MDF fabricated with UMF resin were comparable to those of MDF fabricated with a commercial UF resin. An optimum F/U molar ratio of 1.2 with melamine content of 15 percent, equivalent to an F/(U+M) molar ratio of 0.98, was found from the results.
A Productivity and Cost Comparison of Two Systems for Producing Biomass Fuel from Roadside Forest Treatment Residues
Authors: Anderson Nathaniel , Chung Woodam , Loeffler Dan , Jones John Greg 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Forest operations generate large quantities of forest biomass residues that can be used for production of bioenergy and bioproducts. However, a significant portion of recoverable residues are inaccessible to large chip vans, making use financially infeasible. New production systems must be developed to increase productivity and reduce costs to facilitate use of these materials. We present a comparison of two alternative systems to produce biomass fuel (i.e., “hog fuel”) from forest residues that are inaccessible to chip vans: (1) forwarding residues in fifth-wheel end-dump trailers to a concentration yard, where they can be stored and then ground directly into chip vans, and (2) grinding residues on the treatment unit and forwarding the hog fuel in high-sided dump trucks to a concentration yard, where it can be stored and then reloaded into chip vans using a front-end loader. To quantify the productivity and costs of these systems, work study data were collected for both systems on the same treatment unit in northern Idaho in July 2009. With standard machine rate calculations, the observed costs from roadside to loaded chip van were $23.62 per bone dry ton (BDT) for slash forwarding and $24.52 BDT−1 for in-woods grinding. Results indicate that for harvest units with conditions similar to the test area, slash forwarding is most appropriate for sites with dispersed residues and long-distance in-woods grinder mobilization. For sites with densely piled roadside residues, in-wood grinding is likely to be a more productive and less costly option for residue recovery.
Documenting the Full Climate Benefits of Harvested Wood Products in Northern California: Linking Harvests to the Us Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Authors: Stewart William C. , Nakamura Gary M. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Using a representative sample of partial cut and clear-cut harvests from Northern California, we estimated the financial and climate benefits of the harvested products. Ton for ton, sawlogs generate far more climate benefits than wood chips initially used for energy. The presence of wood-fired energy plants provided forest managers with the opportunity to economically utilize residues that otherwise would have decomposed in the forest. The energy captured at harvest sites, sawmills, and waste-to-energy plants in urban areas are additional climate benefits not included in the forestry chapter of national greenhouse gas inventories. When current utilization practices throughout the full wood products use cycle are considered, the total estimated climate benefits per unit of harvest volume are two times larger than estimates based on historical wood utilization coefficients. A full accounting of the climate benefits across all sectors is necessary to develop accurate estimates of the climate benefits associated with harvested products under different forest management regimes.
Assessment of Woody Biomass Availability from Surface Mining Operations in West Virginia
Authors: Grushecky Shawn T. , Lin Wenshu , Wang Jingxin 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Gross biomass stocks were estimated during 2010 and 2011 on three areas to be surface mined in central West Virginia. Approximately 835 acres of forest lands had been harvested for merchantable timber on the study sites during 2009 and 2010, leaving wood fiber that was to be disposed of before mining. A total of 133 one-fifth-acre forest inventory plots were established to develop standing resource and logging residue estimates. The sampled plots were dominated by cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminatae), followed by red maple (Acer rubrum), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). The average diameter of all standing trees was 7.9 inches, and the average merchantable height of all trees was 32.5 feet. Biomass availability per acre before grubbing operations was estimated to be 31.3 green tons/acre, including 17.0 green tons/acre standing trees and 14.4 green tons/acre logging residues. When the estimated availability of 31.4 green tons/acre is extrapolated to the entire surface mine permit area, the total amount of gross biomass resources available is 26,160.6 tons and, when expanded statewide, represents 352,619 tons. The results indicate that a significant amount of woody biomass is available during surface mining operations in West Virginia.
ROMI 4.0: Updated Rough Mill Simulator
Authors: Grueneberg Timo , Thomas R. Edward , Buehlmann Urs 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In the secondary hardwood industry, rough mills convert hardwood lumber into dimension parts for furniture, cabinets, and other wood products. ROMI 4.0, the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service's ROugh-MIll simulator, is a software package designed to simulate the cut-up of hardwood lumber in rough mills in such a way that a maximum possible component yield is achieved. ROMI 4.0 simulates the cut-up of lumber using two common processing modes: rip first and chop first. Additionally, this latest version of ROMI includes a novel feature that allows users to analyze each board's yield when processed in either rip-first or chop-first mode. This permits yield gains to be achieved, resulting in lower material costs for industry participants. The software also allows a user to model, simulate, and examine the complex relationship among cutting bills; part dimensions, quantities, and qualities; processing options; and lumber grade mix. ROMI 4.0 includes many improvements over the previous version, including the combined rip-and-chop option and various improvements to the user interface. We subjected the software to a complete review to assure functionality and user-friendliness. This article discusses these improvements and demonstrates the usefulness of ROMI 4.0 for hardwood dimension mills for researching yield and process improvement opportunities.
Framing Lumber from Building Removal: How Do We best Utilize this Untapped Structural Resource?
Authors: Falk Robert H. , Cramer Steven , Evans James 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
Compared with other construction materials, wood products are environmentally attractive because they sequester carbon, are renewable, and are low in embodied energy. Lumber salvaged from building removal possesses these same qualities but with additional environmental attributes. In spite of the environmental attractiveness of reclaimed lumber, its widespread acceptance is hampered because it is not formally recognized in our grading or engineering design standards. This causes confusion for consumers, builders, and building officials, both in the marketplace as well as at the jobsite. In this article, possible alternatives for recognizing and accommodating reclaimed lumber in lumber grading and wood engineering design standards are provided.
Surface Preparation of Wood for Application of Waterborne Coatings
Authors: Landry Véronic , Blanchet Pierre 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Year after year, water-based coatings gain market share due to new regulations on volatile organic compound emissions and voluntary certification programs. Work still has to be done on wood surface preparation, however, for water-based finishes to become truly reliable. In this research, water-based and solvent-based coatings were applied to edge-glued panels of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Brit.). Sandpaper grits from 150 to 280 were used to prepare wood surfaces prior to coating application. A first series of specimens was prepared with a wiping stain and a second series with a spray stain. Contact angle measurements showed that surface preparation—more precisely the sandpaper grit—strongly affects water wettability and hence coating adhesion. Adhesion was found to change with the contact angle of the water. It was found that using a 150-grit sandpaper leads to unfilled wood cavities, high contact angles, and poor coating adhesion. At the opposite end of the range, using a 180-grit sandpaper leads to good wetting and good adhesion. In our tests, surface preparation had no significant effect on the color of systems using a spray stain. With a wiping stain, however, the grit of the sandpaper was found to affect the color of the specimens.
Effects of Moulding Temperature on the Physical Properties of Wood-Based Moulding Bonded with Citric Acid
Authors: Umemura Kenji , Ueda Tomohide , Kawai Shuichi 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Development of natural adhesives that do not depend on fossil resources is very important for the future of wood-based materials. We recently found that citric acid can be used as a natural adhesive for wood-based moulding. In this study, we investigated the effects of moulding temperature on the characterization of wood-based moulding bonded with citric acid. Wood powder obtained from Acacia mangium was mixed with 20 percent (by weight) citric acid, and the powder mixture was moulded at a temperature ranging from 140°C to 220°C. The press pressure and heating time were set at 4 MPa and 10 minutes, respectively. The bending properties were affected by the moulding temperature, and the moulding fabricated at 180°C showed excellent values. The average impact strength of the moulding at 180°C was 1.1 kJ/m2. Water resistance increased with moulding temperature, and good resistance against boiling water was achieved. Thermal properties were also clearly increased with moulding temperature. However, few significant differences were found in the mouldings after a repeated boiling treatment. Based on the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ester linkages between wood and citric acid were confirmed, especially at high moulding temperatures.
Influence of Sawing Patterns on Lumber Quality and Yield in Large Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) Logs
Authors: Matsumura Yukari , Murata Kohji , Ikami Yuji , Matsumura Junji 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Appropriate log sorting and optimal sawing patterns are indispensable for efficient lumber production. It is also important to clarify the relationship between the quality of logs and that of sawn lumber to determine effective sorting and optimal sawing patterns. Although some information on lumber quality has been obtained for medium sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) logs, little is known about lumber quality in large logs, the supply of which is expected to increase imminently. We investigated the influence of the sawing patterns of large sugi logs on lumber quality. Large sugi logs (30 to 40 cm in diameter) were converted into sawn lumber using different sawing patterns. Sawing yields varied for each sawing pattern. Sorting logs by Young's modulus (Efr) would be useful for the efficient production of reliable sawn lumber from large logs, especially when the dimensions of the main products are large. Conversely, it is important to note the variation of Efr in logs when several main products were sawn. Lumber warp was affected by sawing pattern rather than the log sweep. There is potential to produce reliable lumber by considering sawing patterns based on the variation of Efr within a log and the difference of lumber warp.
Characteristics of Forest-Derived Woody Biomass Collected and Processed in Oregon
Authors: Smith David , Sessions John , Tuers Kevin , Way Daniel , Traver Jeff 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT
We present a summary of the characteristics of 55 samples of processed forest biomass residues randomly collected from 34 sites in Oregon. Our purpose is to illustrate the wide diversity of field-processed grindings and chips that are currently being produced to inform managers of the potential variability in existing biomass sources. The samples vary widely with respect to moisture content, particle size distribution, species mix, and ash content. We discuss the value of residue classification for downstream processing. The primary use of forest residues is currently for combustion, but stratification of forest residues provides opportunities to create value-added products, provide rural employment, and increase transportation efficiency.
Life-Cycle Assessment of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil Production*
Authors: Steele Philip , Puettmann Maureen E. , Penmetsa Venkata Kanthi , Cooper Jerome E. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
As part of the Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials' Phase I life-cycle assessments of biofuels, life-cycle inventory burdens from the production of bio-oil were developed and compared with measures for residual fuel oil. Bio-oil feedstock was produced using whole southern pine (Pinus taeda) trees, chipped, and converted into bio-oil by fast pyrolysis. Input parameters and mass and energy balances were derived with Aspen. Mass and energy balances were input to SimaPro to determine the environmental performance of bio-oil compared with residual fuel oil as a heating fuel. Equivalent functional units of 1 MJ were used for demonstrating environmental preference in impact categories, such as fossil fuel use and global warming potential. Results showed near carbon neutrality of the bio-oil. Substituting bio-oil for residual fuel oil, based on the relative carbon emissions of the two fuels, estimated a reduction in CO2 emissions by 0.075 kg CO2 per MJ of fuel combustion or a 70 percent reduction in emission over residual fuel oil. The bio-oil production life-cycle stage consumed 92 percent of the total cradle-to-grave energy requirements, while feedstock collection, preparation, and transportation consumed 4 percent each. This model provides a framework to better understand the major factors affecting greenhouse gas emissions related to bio-oil production and conversion to boiler fuel during fast pyrolysis.
Comparing Life-Cycle Carbon and Energy Impacts for Biofuel, Wood Product, and Forest Management Alternatives*
Authors: Lippke Bruce , Gustafson Richard , Venditti Richard , Steele Philip , Volk Timothy A. , Oneil Elaine , Johnson Leonard , Puettmann Maureen E. , Skog Kenneth 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The different uses of wood result in a hierarchy of carbon and energy impacts that can be characterized by their efficiency in displacing carbon emissions and/or in displacing fossil energy imports, both being current national objectives. When waste wood is used for biofuels (forest or mill residuals and thinnings) fossil fuels and their emissions are reduced without significant land use changes. Short rotation woody crops can increase yields and management efficiencies by using currently underused land. Wood products and biofuels are coproducts of sustainable forest management, along with the other values forests provide, such as clean air, water, and habitat. Producing multiple coproducts with different uses that result in different values complicates carbon mitigation accounting. It is important to understand how the life-cycle implications of managing our forests and using the wood coming from our forests impacts national energy and carbon emission objectives and other forest values. A series of articles published in this issue of the Forest Products Journal reports on the life-cycle implications of producing ethanol by gasification or fermentation and producing bio-oil by pyrolysis and feedstock collection from forest residuals, thinnings, and short rotation woody crops. These are evaluated and compared with other forest product uses. Background information is provided on existing life-cycle data and methods to evaluate prospective new processes and wood uses. Alternative management, processing, and collection methods are evaluated for their different efficiencies in contributing to national objectives.