bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the utility of the Pentax Airway Scope (AWS) with that of the conventional Macintosh laryngoscope during chest compression: is the AWS an easy‐to‐use device for a novice?
Authors: Kotera Atsushi , Irie Hiroki , Iwashita Shinsuke , Taniguchi Junichi , Kasaoka Shunji , Kinoshita Yoshihiro 
Published: April 2014

AimThe Pentax Airway Scope occasionally contacts the arm of the chest compressor at insertion because of its large body. Here, we test the Airway Scope's ease of use compared to that of the conventional Macintosh laryngoscope during chest compression, when operated by a novice.MethodsWe recruited 73 participants into this simulation study. Each participant carried out tracheal intubation using the two devices without and with chest compression. We recorded the time to intubation and the success rate. All of the participants completed a brief questionnaire after finishing the attempts.ResultsData are medians and ranges. The time to intubation (seconds) without and with chest compression were 11 (7–57) and 13 (7–90) by the Macintosh laryngoscope, respectively, and 14 (6–46) and 15 (6–69) by the Airway Scope, respectively. The difference in the time to intubation between the groups without and with chest compression was significant for the Macintosh laryngoscope (P = 0.0434) but not significant for the Airway Scope. The time to intubation in the Airway Scope attempts were slightly longer than those in the Macintosh laryngoscope attempts (not significant). The success rate using the Macintosh laryngoscope with chest compression was significantly lower than that without chest compression (92% versus 100%, P = 0.0124). The success rate using the Airway Scope was 100%, but an accident occurred in four attempts. The questionnaire revealed that 54 participants preferred the Airway Scope and 19 preferred the Macintosh laryngoscope.ConclusionThe Pentax Airway Scope appears to be better than the Macintosh laryngoscope during chest compression if the operator is a novice. However, using the Airway Scope does not always reduce the time to intubation.
Organocatalytic Atroposelective Aldol Condensation: Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryls by Arene Formation
Authors: Link Achim , Sparr Christof 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAxially chiral compounds are of significant importance in modern synthetic chemistry and particularly valuable in drug discovery and development. Nonetheless, current approaches for the preparation of pure atropisomers often prove tedious. We demonstrate here a synthetic method that efficiently transfers the stereochemical information of a secondary amine organocatalyst into the axial chirality of tri‐ortho‐substituted biaryls. An aromatic ring is formed during the dehydration step of the described aldol condensation cascade, leading to highly enantioenriched binaphthyl derivatives. The fundamental course of the reaction is related to the biosynthesis of aromatic polyketides.
Nonlinear rheological behavior of a novel oil displacing agent
Authors: Wu Shuyun , Han Peihui , Chen Guangyu , Yang Tingxu , Li Changqing , Xu Liping , Wang Nannan 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work, the shear and elongational rheologies have been investigated for a newly developed oil displacing agent, polymeric surfactant‐PSf. It was found that the PSf solutions exhibited Newtonian, shear‐thinning, and shear‐thickening behavior, respectively, depending on the polymer concentration and shear rate, and Cox–Merz rule was not applicable to these systems. The first normal stress difference (N1) versus shear rate plots for PSf were complicated, which varied with the composition of the solutions. The uniaxial elongation in capillary breakup experimental results indicated that Exponential model could be used to fit the experimental data of the PSf solutions at lower polymer concentrations. In addition, it was found that PSf was more effective in improving shear viscosity than partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, but not in the case of elongational viscosity. The experimental results indicated that the microstructural mechanisms are responsible for the rheological behavior of the polymers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40813.
Genetic diversity of the pan‐European freshwater mussel Anodonta anatina (Bivalvia: Unionoida) based on CO1: new phylogenetic insights and implications for conservation
Authors: Froufe Elsa , Sobral Carina , Teixeira Amílcar , Sousa Ronaldo , Varandas Simone , C. Aldridge David , Lopes‐Lima Manuel 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

The duck mussel, Anodonta anatina, has been described as abundant and widespread in Europe. However, it is listed as near threatened or threatened in several countries owing to severe declines in abundance and/or spatial distribution.
Despite its potential ecological importance and conservation status almost nothing is known regarding its genetic diversity.
As a preliminary analysis, variation within the cytochrome oxidase 1 mitochondrial gene was determined from European specimens from Portugal in the south west, to Ukraine in the east, and Sweden in the north.
Three major mtDNA clades were retrieved: clade 1 includes all the individuals from Iberia, except those from the Ebro basin; clade 2 includes all the European non‐Iberian and non‐Italian samples; and clade 3 includes all the individuals from Italy and from the Ebro basin. AMOVA analysis revealed significant genetic differences among the three clades. Within each of the major clades, several geographically related haplogroups were also retrieved, especially in Iberia, where four genetically distinct groups (North‐West, South‐Central, South‐West and Ebro) were revealed.
Given the evidence of regional declines of A. anatina in Europe, the confirmation of geographically distinct genotypes indicates a need for the development of management strategies directed towards the conservation of localized populations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The demise of Darwin's fishes: evidence of fishing down and illegal shark finning in the Galápagos Islands
Authors: Schiller Laurenne , Alava Juan José , Grove Jack , Reck Günther , Pauly Daniel 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The fauna of the Galápagos Island chain is characterized by high biodiversity and endemism. Thus, the conservation of its terrestrial and marine wildlife, including the sustainable management of local fisheries, is of paramount importance.
Although the commercial exploitation of fish in the Galápagos did not intensify until the mid‐1900s, issues of overexploitation and mismanagement are already of serious concern. However, to date, research on Galápagos fisheries has been largely species or island specific, and no long‐term cumulative catch statistics exist.
In this study, total landings associated with the industrial and artisanal fisheries of the Galápagos Islands were compiled and analysed in an effort to assess accurately the amount of seafood that has been extracted from this region over the last six decades.
The total catch for all sectors from 1950–2010 was 797 000 t, of which industrially caught tuna made up 80%.
The results also show a high degree of fishing down within the in‐shore ecosystem catch, whereby planktivorous mullets have replaced high trophic level groupers within the past three decades. This shift has coincided with the spatial expansion of the Galápagos fishing fleet to areas further off‐shore, where predatory species are not yet depleted.
In addition to legally caught and exported seafood, Galápagos waters are also prone to illegal fishing. Of primary concern are shark finning practices that have escalated in intensity since the 1980s. Despite attempts at mitigation, this ecologically destructive and wasteful practice continues to occur in the Galápagos Marine Reserve. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a comprehensive model of the cognitive process and mechanisms of individual sensemaking
Authors: Zhang Pengyi , Soergel Dagobert 
Published: April 2014

This review introduces a comprehensive model of the cognitive process and mechanisms of individual sensemaking to provide a theoretical basis for:
empirical studies that improve our understanding of the cognitive process and mechanisms of sensemaking and integration of results of such studies;
education in critical thinking and sensemaking skills;
the design of sensemaking assistant tools that support and guide users.
The paper reviews and extends existing sensemaking models with ideas from learning and cognition. It reviews literature on sensemaking models in human‐computer interaction (HCI), cognitive system engineering, organizational communication, and library and information sciences (LIS), learning theories, cognitive psychology, and task‐based information seeking. The model resulting from this synthesis moves to a stronger basis for explaining sensemaking behaviors and conceptual changes. The model illustrates the iterative processes of sensemaking, extends existing models that focus on activities by integrating cognitive mechanisms and the creation of instantiated structure elements of knowledge, and different types of conceptual change to show a complete picture of the cognitive processes of sensemaking. The processes and cognitive mechanisms identified provide better foundations for knowledge creation, organization, and sharing practices and a stronger basis for design of sensemaking assistant systems and tools.
New process for sustainable fuels and chemicals from bio‐based alcohols and acetone
Authors: Breitkreuz Klaas , Menne Andreas , Kraft Axel 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSynthesizing complex and large molecules out of small molecules derived by fermentation processes is a key factor for future processes based on renewable resources. Promising steps are the self‐condensation of alcohols and the cross‐condensation of alcohols with acetone. The presented continuous heterogeneous‑catalytic gas‐phase process makes it possible to condense small alcohols and ketones to larger hydrocarbon molecules containing only one atom of oxygen per molecule. After an optional oxygen‐removing step such as hydrotreatment, fuel‐identical hydrocarbons including jet fuel can be obtained. A tailor‐made carbon chain distribution and additionally carbon‐chain branching can be achieved. The choice of raw materials, the process conditions and the recycling of intermediate products are tuning factors. The crude or partially distilled product can be used neat as drop‐in fuel for diesel. The intermediates – longer ketones, primary and secondary alcohols – also serve as value‐added raw materials and intermediates for many chemical applications, i.e. plasticizers, surfactants, alkenes, solvents, fatty alcohols, and lubricants. The presented process offers an attractive alternative to other competing processes producing long‐chain hydrocarbons, like Fischer‐Tropsch or hydrotreatment of fats and oils. Being based on inexpensive, long‐term stable and commercially available catalysts and designed for a wide range of possible raw materials optionally stemming from residues, the suggested route is ready for scale‐up. Future process development can be performed on data already gathered on a bench‐scale process allowing the production of 10 liters of purified product per week.
A novel dual‐flow bioreactor simulates increased fluorescein permeability in epithelial tissue barriers
Authors: Giusti Serena , Sbrana Tommaso , La Marca Margherita , Di Patria Valentina , Martinucci Valentina , Tirella Annalisa , Domenici Claudio , Ahluwalia Arti 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPermeability studies across epithelial barriers are of primary importance in drug delivery as well as in toxicology. However, traditional in vitro models do not adequately mimic the dynamic environment of physiological barriers. Here, we describe a novel two‐chamber modular bioreactor for dynamic in vitro studies of epithelial cells. The fluid dynamic environment of the bioreactor was characterized using computational fluid dynamic models and measurements of pressure gradients for different combinations of flow rates in the apical and basal chambers. Cell culture experiments were then performed with fully differentiated Caco‐2 cells as a model of the intestinal epithelium, comparing the effect of media flow applied in the bioreactor with traditional static transwells. The flow increases barrier integrity and tight junction expression of Caco‐2 cells with respect to the static controls. Fluorescein permeability increased threefold in the dynamic system, indicating that the stimulus induced by flow increases transport across the barrier, closely mimicking the in vivo situation. The results are of interest for studying the influence of mechanical stimuli on cells, and underline the importance of developing more physiologically relevant in vitro tissue models. The bioreactor can be used to study drug delivery, chemical, or nanomaterial toxicity and to engineer barrier tissues.
Breivik – The Norwegian Terrorist Case
Authors: Syse Aslak 
Published: April 2014

On July 22, 2011, there were two murderous attacks in Norway. Both assaults – the bombing of governmental buildings in Oslo City center and the lethal shooting down of young members of the Labour Party on an island – were planned and accomplished by a lone perpetrator. These episodes give rise to several interesting questions. What happened really, and how could it happen? Was the perpetrator sane or insane? What was the ideological background for the attacks?It is unnecessary to discuss in any detail whether or not these acts should be categorized as terrorism. However, there is good reason to consider what these terror attacks imply for Norwegian society at large. What significance did the attacks have for Norwegian democracy, and did they have any impact on the 2013 parliamentary elections? What will be the future for the offender, both in the short term and in years to come? What will happen to the Norwegian insanity defense? These questions are addressed in this article. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement program development: Recommendations for best practice
Authors: Hawkey Marian C. , Lauck Sandra B. , Perpetua Elizabeth M. , Fowler Jill , Schnell Susan , Speight Martina , Lisby Karen Holst , Webb John G. , Leon Martin B. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundTranscatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an increasingly available therapy for the management of aortic stenosis in higher risk populations. Beyond addressing the procedural challenges, centers must attend to the unique requirements of developing TAVR programs from referral to follow‐up.AimThe aim of this article is to outline the recommendations for best practice for program development from centers with early and extensive experience.RecommendationsThe guideline‐recommended Heart Team approach requires interdisciplinary agreements, delineation of roles and responsibilities, and the development of the role of the TAVR Coordinator. To support appropriate case selection, the screening and evaluation must be organized in a comprehensive clinic visit. In addition to the multimodality imaging tests, the assessment of functional status and frailty is pivotal to the eligibility decision. Throughout the TAVR trajectory, careful attention must be afforded to the integration of geriatric best practices. Pre‐procedure care requires patient and family education to manage expectations and facilitate early discharge planning. Peri‐procedural care planning, including equipment requirements, monitoring protocols, and emergency intervention agreements, contributes to procedural success. The aims of post‐procedure care are to monitor the recovery, facilitate the rapid return to baseline status, and optimize length of stay. TAVR programs require data management strategies to facilitate and monitor program growth, support program evaluation, and meet the requirements for submission to national registries.ConclusionTAVR represents a paradigm shift in the management of structural heart disease. Programmatic success and patient outcomes depend on the development of a comprehensive and collaborative program tailored to TAVR. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Composition and Pretreatment Parameters on Activity and Stability of Cu–Al Catalysts for Water–Gas Shift Reaction
Authors: Mane Rasika B. , Jeong Dae‐Woon , Malawadkar Atul V. , Roh Hyun‐Seog , Rode Chandrashekhar V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe investigated various Cu species responsible for highly efficient Cu–Al oxide catalyst for the water–gas shift reaction (WGSR). The formation of various Cu species was achieved by systematically varying the Cu–Al composition in the coprecipitated mixed Cu–Al oxides. The Cu–Al composition of 70:30 (Cu–Al‐7) was the best for WGSR using the reformate gas composition. In addition, the Cu–Al‐7 catalyst reduced under 100 % H2, was relatively stable with time on stream of 100 h, at higher gas hourly space velocity of 36 201 h−1.The structural investigation of our coprecipitated catalysts with varying Cu–Al compositions revealed the formation of nonzero oxidation state copper and metallic Cu to be essential for the observed WGSR activity. In addition, the highest activity and stability of Cu–Al‐7 catalysts reduced under 100 % H2 at lower temperature was attributed to particle‐size stabilization and a lower extent of Cu aggregation by Cu2O and boehmite phases, respectively, along with the formation of various Cu species during the activation protocol for 12 h. Complete CO2 selectivity without methanation was observed for all the Cu–Al compositions irrespective of their pretreatment conditions.
Bifunctional Ag‐based catalyst for NOx reduction with E‐diesel fuel
Authors: Kim Pyung Soon , Cho Byong K. , Nam In‐Sik , Choung Jin Woo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe excellent low‐temperature deNOx performance of Ag/AlF3/Al2O3 by simulated E‐diesel fuel has been achieved, mainly due to the multiple roles of AlF3 impregnated onto Al2O3. It increases the formation of the highly dispersed Ag ions and the catalyst surface acidity as well as the formation of the reaction intermediates such as cyanides and isocyanates. A plausible process for the formation of the surface composition of Ag/AlF3/Al2O3 has been proposed by using the results from XPS and FTIR.
Fast Pirouetting Motion in a Pyridine Bisamine‐Containing Copper‐Complexed Rotaxane
Authors: Coronado Eugenio , Gaviña Pablo , Ponce Julia , Tatay Sergio 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe present work reports the introduction of pyridine bisamine terdentate ligands in the structure of a pirouetting copper rotaxane. Rotaxane 2[PF6] constitutes the first example of the incorporation of imine‐based dynamic covalent chemistry in the synthesis of switchable copper‐complexed interlocked systems. In this rotaxane, the substitution of the classical terpyridine terdentate unit by a pyridine bisamine moiety has led to a significant stabilization of the pentacoordinated site. That fact has been evidenced by EPR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Regarding the tetracoordinated site, the congestion around the coordination sphere has been reduced to accelerate the typically slow reorganization of the CuII. Ethynyl‐3,8‐substitution on the axis phenanthroline along with the 2,9‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (dpp) present in the macrocycle afforded a very stable coordination environment for CuI, which is at the same time labile upon oxidation. In summary, the incorporation of a pyridine bisamine unit as a terdentate ligand and the optimization of the bidentate ligand of the axle not only has led to a simplification of the synthetic procedures, but it has also given rise to a bistable systems with an enhanced energetic separation between states and an acceleration of the reorganization processes. Thus far, rotaxane 2[PF6] presents the fastest switching cycle reported to date in copper‐interlocked dynamic systems.
CH Oxygenation and N‐Trifluoroacylation of Arylamines Under Metal‐Free Conditions: A Convenient Approach to 2‐Aminophenols and N‐Trifluoroacyl‐ortho‐aminophenols
Authors: Venkateswarlu Vunnam , Kumar K. A. Aravinda , Balgotra Shilpi , Reddy G. Lakshma , Srinivas M. , Vishwakarma Ram A. , Sawant Sanghapal D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDirect ortho‐hydroxylation through CH oxygenation and N‐trifluoroacylation of anilines was achieved in a single step under metal‐free conditions by using a combination of TFA and oxone. The method allowed the formation of functionalised amino phenolic compounds such as ortho‐hydroxy‐N‐trifluoroacetanilides in good yields with broad substrate scope.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of REFe0.5Cr0.5O3 (RE: La, Tb, Ho, Er, Yb, Lu and Y) Perovskite.
Authors: Yuan Long , Huang Keke , Hou Changmin , Feng Wenchun , Wang Shan , Zhou Cuiping , Feng Shouhua 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe title compounds are hydrothermally synthesized from solutions of Fe(NO3)3, CrCl3, Ln(NO3)3 (Ln: La, Tb, Ho, Er, Yb, Lu and Y), and KOH as a mineralizer (autoclave, 240 °C, 5 d) and characterized by powder XRD, SEM, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Barium Borate Fluorides ABa12(BO3)7F4 (A: Li and Na).
Authors: Zhao Jing , Li R. K. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCrystals of LiBa12(BO3)7F4 (I) and NaBa12(BO3)7F4 (II) are grown by spontaneous crystallization from a high‐temperature flux containing BaCO3:BaF2:H3BO3:Li2 CO3 (or NaF) in a ratio of 3:3:3:1 (Pt crucible, 970 °C, 12 h; controlled cooling).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Type of Orthoborates: ASr4La3(BO3)6 (A: Li, Na).
Authors: Zeng Q. D. , Li R. K. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSingle crystals of LiSr4La3(BO3)6 (I) and NaSr4La3(BO3)6 (II) are obtained by spontaneous nucleation from Li2O (Na2O) /SrO/La2O3/B2O3/LiF(NaF) high‐temperature melts (Pt crucible, 900 °C; slow cooling).
ChemInform Abstract: Triniobium, Wells—Dawson‐Type Polyoxoanion, [(n‐C4H9)4N] 9P2W15Nb3O62: Improvements in the Synthesis, Its Reliability, the Purity of the Product, and the Detailed Synthetic Procedure.
Authors: Laxson William W. , Oezkar Saim , Finke Richard G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA detailed reproducible synthesis procedure of high‐purity [Bu4N] 9P2W15Nb3O62 from Na12 [α‐P2W15O56]·56H2O is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral‐Zn(NTf2)2‐Complex‐Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Direct Conjugate Addition of Arylacetonitriles to Alkylidene Malonates.
Authors: Yao Jingjing , Liu Xiaohua , He Peng , Zhu Yin , Lian Xiangjin , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: April 2014

AbstractChiral N,N′‐dioxide/Zn(NTf2)2 complexes are demonstrated to be highly effective in the direct asymmetric conjugate addition of arylacetonitriles to alkylidene malonates under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt Precursors for High‐Throughput Discovery of Base Metal Asymmetric Alkene Hydrogenation Catalysts.
Authors: Friedfeld Max R. , Shevlin Michael , Hoyt Jordan M. , Krska Shane W. , Tudge Matthew T. , Chirik Paul J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe rapid evaluation of libraries of chiral phosphine ligands with a set of simple cobalt precursors is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Deoxycholic Acid‐Derived Biaryl Phosphites as Versatile and Enantioselective Ligands in the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Jumde Varsha R. , Iuliano Anna 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA highly enantioselective conjugate addition of arylboronic acids to nitroalkenes is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Hydroxamic Esters.
Authors: Song Xiaoxiao , Ni Qijian , Grossmann Andre , Enders Dieter 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe NHC‐catalyzed reaction between aromatic/aliphatic aldehydes, nitrosobenzenes, and enals proceeds through an aza‐benzoin‐type transformation and an internal redox esterification to afford hydroxamic esters.