bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMMUNICATION ACROSS THE BLACK SEA VIA INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Thompson Kay , Lapsa Melissa 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of International Affairs has been joined by an interagency task force to undertake a program in the Black Sea region called the “Black Sea Environmental Initiative.” The objectives of the task force are to support the countries of the region to address significant Black Sea environmental issues, including oil spill response and prevention.
Working with delegates from Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine, DOE and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) coordinated a workshop on a regional oil spill emergency response system for the Black Sea on September 14–17, 1999 in Odessa, Ukraine; DOE and the National Academy of Science, Ukraine cosponsored the workshop.
The “Black Sea Environmental Information Center” Web site was unveiled at the Odessa workshop. Created by ORNL, the Web site ( http://pims.ed.ornl.gov/blacksea) facilitates information flow and dialog between the countries of the region. The Web site is intended to provide a comprehensive source for information on: Oil spill cleanup, monitoring, and related commercial technologies Scientists' requests for research partner Various countries' laws, regulations, and standards relating to the environmental condition of the Black Sea Publication of scientific papers and on-line discussions of these issue Individuals and companies working on Black Sea environmental issues
The Web site also provides a real time chat capability where meetings are organized. Several meetings among regional officials have been conducted and planning is underway for the first real-time training session, which will be held in the next few months. The Web site also is host to a growing database of historical pollution testing data from research institutes around the Black Sea.
BENEFITS AND USE OF AN OIL SPILL RESPONSE WEB SITE
Authors: Coakley Louis , Jones Mark A. , Scott Kathy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Providing accurate and timely information to the public following an oil spill event can be a challenging exercise for oil spill responders. In an event that generates a great deal of media and public interest, it is important to use a variety of communications tools to ensure the best and most credible response is given to interested parties including the general public, regulators, politicians, news media, local officials, and company shareholders and employees. In addition to timely and accurate company news releases, one of the most effective new tools that can be used to facilitate effective and efficient communication in any emergency including an oil spill event is the use of an event-specific Web site.
Florida Power & Light Company (FPL) has demonstrated the use of an oil spill Web site as part of its annual corporate oil spill drills and has received positive feedback from response partners at the state and federal level. In its demonstrations, FPL has been able to post near real-time communications that would contribute to the public's understanding of a spill event and response.
The way that FPL uses its Web site is as part of a joint news center, operated in support of FPL's Incident Command System (ICS). The news center develops and disseminates oil spill response and recovery information using a variety of tools, of which the Web-based news center is the most recent addition. Using a joint news center—including an event-specific Web site—also minimizes the likelihood of potentially conflicting information by providing a common location for all the parties to prepare, review, and issue news related to an event. This paper identifies what the authors believe are the key elements necessary to set up and maintain an oil spill response Web site, including a description of ICS benefits, content, and design requirements and resources. Specific Web site ingredients also are noted including the posting of news releases, maps, photos, media advisories and fact sheets, environmental reports, and links to other relevant Web sites.
IMO-INDUSTRY GLOBAL INITIATIVE: AN UPDATE
Authors: Taylor Peter Mark , Seddon-Brown Stephanie , Thiam Malamine 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Global Initiative (GI) is a joint program between the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the oil industry, represented by the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA). The program's primary purpose is to initiate and catalyze national governments to ratify the relevant international Conventions relating to oil pollution and work together with local oil industry in their oil spill contingency planning efforts.
The GI has been formally running since 1996. So far, the achievements are encouraging; countries that had not conceived national plans or developed a national response system and strategy have made significant progress. GI also assists the efficient targeting of donor agency funds and can help leverage such funds. The experience gained and results attained are good examples that can be replicated elsewhere at both the national and regional levels. However, it is important to recognize that the GI is a long-term process and that one should not concentrate on its short-term achievements.
THE INTRUSION OF CRIMINAL LAW ON THE NRDA PROCESS
Authors: Kane Don A. , Gonynor Francis J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A primary goal of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) is to make the environment and public whole for injuries to natural resources that result from the discharge of oil. OPA 90 authorizes state and federal natural resource agencies to serve as trustees for natural resources and provides them with the responsibility, through a natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) process, to ensure that injured natural resources are restored.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) promulgated damage assessment regulations, and in an attempt to correct deficiencies and meet OPA 90 mandates, developed a framework intended to promote expeditious restoration. To lessen the common litigious nature of the NRDA process, the regulations encourage active participation by a responsible party in a cooperative assessment of damages. Natural resource trustee agencies also have authority to enforce criminal aspects of other statutes for impacts resulting from an oil spill. However, when agencies initiate a criminal investigation under these statutes for an oil spill, the goals mandated in OPA 90 and set forth in the NOAA regulations can be substantially undermined.
There are potential solutions that could, at least partially, resolve this dilemma for the responsible party to a point where participation in the NRDA process would not unduly prejudice its position in a criminal investigation. Such solutions might include written agreements as to communications and transactional use of immunity agreements, stay of proceedings, and protective orders, which singly, or in combination, could prove invaluable in preserving a progressive NRDA process, fully inclusive of the responsible party.
EFFECTS OF OIL AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Boyd John N. , Scholz Debra , Walker Ann Hayward 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the last phase of a project sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute (API). Using risk communication methodologies, this project was designed to produce three dispersant issue papers as unbiased reference sources that present technical information and study results in non-scientific language for the layman. The third issue paper, currently in press, was designed to provide the decision maker and layman with an understanding of how spilled oil and chemically dispersed oil affect resources in the environment. Synopses of key sections of this paper are presented here.
Understanding exposure and effects is a complex task. Exposure to oil alone can cause a variety of adverse effects, including slowed growth, reduced reproduction, and death. Adding dispersants to spilled oil will change the way resources are affected. Today's dispersants are mixtures of solvents and surfactants and, although they can be toxic, are less dangerous than the dispersant products used in the 1960s and 1970s. How the addition of chemical dispersants to spilled oil will change the way resources are impacted has been a difficult question to answer.
Decision makers need to understand several concepts to evaluate how different resources will be affected by oil and chemically dispersed oil during a spill. These include understanding toxicity, what the different routes of exposure are for an organism, how resources from different areas (e.g., water column, water surface, bottom dwelling, or intertidal areas) typically are affected by oil exposure, and how the addition of dispersants changes their exposure to oil. These topics are addressed in this paper.
AERIAL DISPERSANT SPRAYING: A DAYLIGHT-ONLY TOOL1
Authors: Salt David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Aerial dispersant is a major response tool that is used throughout the world and continues to gain acceptance even in those countries that previously were completely opposed to it. Pressure is mounting in certain areas of the world to extend the window of opportunity of dispersant use to 24-hour operations.
The paper reviews the practical problems of night use of aerial dispersant delivery systems, and identifies systems and assesses potential performance. It addresses the issues of the safety of low-level operation of spray aircraft at night, the reduction of efficiency of night spraying, and how to overcome some of the problems. It examines the protocols and procedures that must be developed as a safety check on any such operations to reduce the risks. Considering the overall risks and rewards, the final question is posed: Is the nighttime use of aerial spraying aircraft a realistic, safe, and effective response to an oil spill, or should the aerial application of dispersants be considered a daytime-only activity?
ELIMINATING THE PROBLEM IN PROBLEM OIL PITS1
Authors: Nakad Jane 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Problem Oil Pit (POP) multiagency effort in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VIII and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region VI has resulted in success at remediating and cleaning up hundreds of oil covered pits in oil production fields in six western states. The installation of exclusionary devises at many of these pits will ensure the safety of birds and wildlife for years to come. A heightened awareness of environmental protection standards and regulations by the oil and gas exploration and production industry will increase compliance and enhance management of facilities in an environmentally protective manner toward public health and resources for future generations. In this effort, the federal, state, and tribal partners used their own regulatory tools on the problems and compliance issues encountered. This poster presentation will highlight the achievements of the POP effort by showing photographically and statistically the results of the POP effort: sites cleaned up, abatement of threats to birds and wildlife by exclusionary devices installed, and achievement of compliance with federal, state, and tribal environmental regulations.
SALVAGING OIL IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC1
Authors: Tatner Richard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) was contracted by the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) government to conduct an investigation into the stability and potential oil pollution problem of three ex-whale/seal catcher vessels. The three vessels sunken/semisubmerged at their moorings are located in Grytviken Harbour on the Island of South Georgia located over 900 miles south east of the Falkland Islands.
The purpose of the survey was threefold: (1) to corroborate previous surveys and quantify the amount of oil remaining in the three vessels; (2) to recommend a remedial solution whilst simultaneously looking into putting together the logistic to tangibly rectify the problem long term; and (3) finally and most importantly, to complete all of this without upsetting this fragile environment and ecology of the harbor and more over the Island of South Georgia.
The ex-whale catch Petrel was the primary interest. A report was required on the vessels structural condition and content of her fuel oil tanks in respect to there being an imminent risk of more oil escaping from a damaged fuel oil tank into the marine environment and having an environmental impact. Recommendations were required on the feasibility of removing the oil and stabilizing the vessel. This brief applied equally to the ex-whale/seal catchers Albatross and Dias.
The investigation revealed the quantity of fuel oil contained within the Petrel to be less than expected. In addition, the oil had not deteriorated as might have been expected considering the number of years in the tanks. A sample of fuel oil was taken and sent for analysis on return. The potential risk of a large spill from the damaged tank and the threat to the local environment were found to be negligible. Removal of the fuel oil from the tanks is considered to be fairly straightforward given the correct equipment and weather conditions.
The investigation of the Albatross and Dias found these two vessels to be in worse structural condition by comparison with the Petrel. The two vessels were found to be more difficult to examine due to the greater percentage of their structure being below water. Examination of their fuel tanks to determine contents was not possible because of the fuel tank hatches being permanently submerged. Investigation and removal of any oil found within the tanks of the two vessels is possible, but, unlike the Petrel, specialized equipment would be required (Figure I).
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES' VISCOUS OIL-PUMPING AND LIGHTERING CAPABILITY
Authors: Loesch Robert M. , Drieu Michael D. , Moffatt Craig , Rich Leonard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
From 1994 to present, the U.S. Coast Guard National Strike Force (NSF) responded to three major oil spills involving foreign freight vessels grounding that required the removal of highly viscous oil using various lightering equipment and systems. In the fall of 1999, an informal workgroup sponsored by Commandant (G-SEC-2C) and consisting of U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Navy Supervisor of Salvage (NAVSUPSALV), and industry oil spill response and salvage representatives from around the world was formed. This group came together to resolve viscous oil-pumping problems that occurred during the tank barge Morris J. Berman (1994), freight vessel Kuroshima (1998), and freight vessel New Carissa (1998) groundings. This paper documents the workgroups results from September 1999 to June 2000 and provides an actual response case study where recent response improvements resulting from this effort were applied successfully to a train derailment in Shawmut, Maine.
THE SUCCESSFUL OIL REMOVAL OPERATION FROM THE SUNKEN VESSEL JUPITER IN GREECE
Authors: Mamaloukas-Frangoulis Vassilios , Helen Polychronopoulos , Kostas Ploumitsakos , Stelios Volakis 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A significant oil leakage from the wreck of the passenger vessel Jupiter occurred in the proximity of Piraeus Port Entrance in Greece on September 9, 1999, caused probably by a major earthquake. Eleven years earlier, the vessel had sunk after a severe collision, with a considerable quantity of fuels and lubricants onboard. Underwater research revealed that the wreck was lying on the seabed at a depth of 75 meters and a distance of 1.2 nautical miles from the port entrance, within the traffic lines of ships while the oil was found to leak from several portholes and a watertight cargo door. After the responsible state authorities decided to remove oil from the wreck, preparatory work was initiated including the detection and marking of the exact position of fuel tanks and all leaking points, while a series of precautionary measures were implemented to ensure safety of navigation and the recovery of any accidental oil escape from the wreck. Using hot tapping technique, the oil remaining in fuel tanks was pumped out. Furthermore, oil entrapped in accommodations and other spaces was pumped out and released with use of compressed air. The whole operation lasted 43 days and resulted in the pumping out of approximately 1,225 barrels of oil and oily residues, and the subsequent effective protection of the wider marine area.
SPILL RESPONSE CAPABILITIES IN REMOTE WESTERN ALASKA
Authors: Taylor Elliott , Egland Lee , Wilson Stephen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Alaska Petroleum Distributors and Transporters (APD&T) group formulated a proposal to the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) for a realistic and reasonable marine response capability throughout Alaska's waters. USCG requested the proposal in an effort to reach a mutually satisfactory alternate compliance solution to the planning standards enacted as part of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). A final agreement for oil spill prevention and discharge planning compliance was reached in June 1999, initiating a 5-year preparedness development implementation program.
Economically and operationally realistic planning standards are at issue in coastal Alaska, where more than 30,000 miles of coastline have practically no road access. The APD&T proposal first assessed the exposure or perceived risk of oil transport operations in each of the nine coastal ADEC planning regions (subareas) in Alaska by studying the oil volumes transported along specific routes, frequency and locations of oil transfers, and environmental conditions. The assessed risk and level of response capability were then used as a basis by oversight agencies to identify the areas in which additional resources and logistical infrastructure were required. The key components of the Agreement for Final Compliance in Alaska, are as follows: oil barge operators will maintain a strict tow-wire maintenance program and utilize only twin-screw tugs; spill response equipment for response to average and maximum most probable discharges will be maintained onboard each barge; emergency lightering pumps, independent of oil offloading pumps, will pre-located to ensure their availability within 24 hours; a minimum shoreside response capacity, including boom, sweeps, vessels, personnel, and wildlife and beach kits, will be emplaced in each subarea to supplement the onboard equipment; a logistical infrastructure will be developed at a hub within each of seven subareas to support the planned response capabilities; and a training and exercise program, following National Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (NPREP guidelines, will be conducted in each subarea to ensure in-region readiness by personnel and equipment.
This poster presentation discusses the risk study, strategies, and committed approach to implement a response capability throughout Western Alaska.
EAST RIVER BATTLE FOR SHEEN: SKIMMING AN OIL SHEEN IN A 3- TO 5-KNOT CURRENT
Authors: Connelly Dennis E. , McCarthy Dennis J. , Westerlind John E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper explores the challenges involved with the recovery of oil from a discharge canal with limited access and high relative currents. In March 1999, a sheen was observed in the cooling water discharge canal of Consolidated Edison's 2.5-million kilowatt generating station in Queens (New York City), New York At the time the sheen was discovered, the entire station had been shut down for several months for a maintenance outage. As the tide rose and fell in the East River, into which the discharge canal emptied, the oil sheen moved in and out of a 1,000-foot long tunnel connecting the generating station to the canal. The major challenges to the recovery and removal of the oil sheen were: (1) the low over head of the discharge tunnel and canal support girders, which prevented getting a skimmer into the tunnel and canal; (2) the high discharge rate of the station's cooling water pump; and (3) skimming the sheen in a 3-to 5-knot current. Consolidated Edison is a member of Clean Harbors Cooperative, L.L.C, which was brought in to remove the sheen. This was accomplished utilizing two JBF Scientific DIP Belt Skimmers, which were set up parallel to the current flow, and deflection booming.
WHEN LOW TECHNOLOGY IS THE ANSWER: RESPONSE TO A REMOTE OIL SEEP
Authors: Mandel Robert M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Emergency responders must resist the temptation to overbuild response facilities. They need to balance the inherent conflicts of safety and effectiveness versus costs and benefits. They should always try to apply the simplest, most appropriate technology to the site and its problems. This should result in the most cost-effective and least disruptive response while ensuring responders keep their commitment to protecting health and the environment.
Oil seeps are common in central California. One seep discharged up to 15 bbl/week into Toro Creek. Because of the site's remote location, lack of electricity, and steep terrain, an innovative oil-water separator system was installed linking the separator by gravity to an underground storage tank (UST). These features were employed: There are no moving parts. All separation and collection is by gravity. Solar power runs a monitoring system and modem, which monitors system performance and phones emergency responders if there is a problem. All oil is collected, conveyed, and stored within secondary containment. Because of past acts of vandalism, key elements of the system are buried for greater security. Only 4 hours/month is required for routine operations and maintenance activities.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) worked with the terrain and setting in the design and construction of this effective recovery and containment system. As a result of the application of “appropriate technology” at this oil spill, there is no longer oil in Toro Creek. This presentation will highlight the use of conventional construction methods and readily available off-the-shelf supplies and equipment to build the treatment system.