bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longer defoliation interval ensures expression of the ‘high sugar’ trait in perennial ryegrass cultivars in cool temperate Tasmania, Australia
Authors: TURNER L. R. , DONAGHY D. J. , PEMBLETON K. G. , RAWNSLEY R. P. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYPerennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) cultivars have been developed to express higher levels of leaf water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), but expression of this ‘high sugar’ trait varies between environments and is likely to be further influenced by the extent of plant re-growth. The herbage WSC concentration and the ratio of WSC to crude protein (WSC : CP) in high sugar cultivars AberMagic and SF Joule were therefore compared with a control cultivar, Arrow, under cool temperate Tasmanian conditions and two defoliation interval treatments. The irrigated cultivars were subjected to defoliation at either the 1·5-leaf or 3-leaf stage of re-growth, and additional components of nutritive value (fibre concentrations and metabolizable energy content) and dry matter (DM) yields were measured throughout a 12-month period (March 2011 to March 2012). The high sugar trait was consistently expressed in AberMagic, which under both the 1·5-leaf and 3-leaf stages defoliation intervals, displayed the highest WSC concentration (mean 194 and 247 mg/g DM, respectively, compared with 153 and 178 mg/g DM for Arrow) and highest WSC : CP ratio (mean 0·74 and 1·29, respectively, compared with 0·58 and 0·85 for Arrow). Defoliation at the 3-leaf stage of regrowth ensured greater expression of the high sugar trait in both AberMagic and SF Joule, as measured by the increase in WSC concentration and WSC : CP ratio as a result of increasing defoliation interval. The strength and consistency of trait expression in AberMagic under the 3-leaf stage defoliation interval warrants further research to investigate its effect on rumen nitrogen (N) partitioning and milk production in this environment.
Performance of indigenous and exotic×indigenous sheep breeds fed different diets in spring and the efficiency of feeding system in crop–livestock farming
Authors: ATES S. , KELES G. , INAL F. , GUNES A. , DHEHIBI B. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYGenetic variation in feed efficiency may have a significant impact on sheep production in integrated crop livestock farming systems in dry areas, where the shortage and poor quality of feed is widespread. Thus, the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of sheep genotype and feed source on liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency and dry matter (DM) intake in feedlot lambs finished on diets based on low-cost forages or a high-cost concentrated feed as a means of assessing the efficiency of this feeding system. Early weaned lambs of the purebred fat-tailed Akkaraman breed were compared with synthetic Anatolian Merino (0·80 German Mutton Merino×0·20 Native Akkaraman) breed. The lambs were kept in individual pens for 8 weeks and fed four diets: daily harvested forages of triticale (T), Hungarian vetch (HV), a triticale-Hungarian vetch mixture (T+HV), and a concentrate-based feed (CF). Lamb liveweight gain (LWG) was monitored during the early (18 April–16 May) and late (17 May–13 June) spring periods. Diet×period and diet×breed interactions were detected in LWG of the lambs. Lambs from both genotypes on the concentrate-based diet had higher liveweight gains, DM intakes and better feed conversion ratios compared with lambs finished on the forage-based diets. The LWG of lambs offered triticale forage decreased from 177 g/head/day in the early spring to 95 g/head/day in the late spring period, as plant maturity increased. Liveweight gains did not change for the other forage rations during the same period. The LWG of Akkaraman lambs were similar for both the early (189 g/head/day) and the late (183 g/head/day) spring periods, whereas Anatolian Merino lambs gained 41 g/head/day less LW and had 3·8 higher feed conversion rate for the late spring period compared with the early spring period. The present study showed that fat-tailed Akkaraman lambs were better able to utilize forages with low nutritive value compared to Anatolian Merino lambs, and may be better suited to semi-arid areas, where crop and livestock are highly integrated in the farming system.
Cortical thickness and inattention/hyperactivity symptoms in young children: a population-based study
Authors: Mous S. E. , Muetzel R. L. , El Marroun H. , Polderman T. J. C. , van der Lugt A. , Jaddoe V. W. , Hofman A. , Verhulst F. C. , Tiemeier H. , Posthuma D. , White T. 
Published: July 2014

Background.While many neuroimaging studies have investigated the neurobiological basis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), few have studied the neurobiology of attention problems in the general population. The ability to pay attention falls along a continuum within the population, with children with ADHD at one extreme of the spectrum and, therefore, a dimensional perspective of evaluating attention problems has an added value to the existing literature. Our goal was to investigate the relationship between cortical thickness and inattention and hyperactivity symptoms in a large population of young children.Method.This study is embedded within the Generation R Study and includes 6- to 8-year-old children (n = 444) with parent-reported attention and hyperactivity measures and high-resolution structural imaging data. We investigated the relationship between cortical thickness across the entire brain and the Child Behavior Checklist Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Problems score.Results.We found that greater attention problems and hyperactivity were associated with a thinner right and left postcentral gyrus. When correcting for potential confounding factors and multiple testing, these associations remained significant.Conclusions.In a large, population-based sample we showed that young (6- to 8-year-old) children who show more attention problems and hyperactivity have a thinner cortex in the region of the right and left postcentral gyrus. The postcentral gyrus, being the primary somatosensory cortex, reaches its peak growth early in development. Therefore, the thinner cortex in this region may reflect either a deviation in cortical maturation or a failure to reach the same peak cortical thickness compared with children without attention or hyperactivity problems.
Political diversity will improve social psychological science
Authors: Duarte José L. , Crawford Jarret T. , Stern Charlotta , Haidt Jonathan , Jussim Lee , Tetlock Philip E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPsychologists have demonstrated the value of diversity – particularly diversity of viewpoints – for enhancing creativity, discovery, and problem solving. But one key type of viewpoint diversity is lacking in academic psychology in general and social psychology in particular: political diversity. This article reviews the available evidence and finds support for four claims: (1) Academic psychology once had considerable political diversity, but has lost nearly all of it in the last 50 years. (2) This lack of political diversity can undermine the validity of social psychological science via mechanisms such as the embedding of liberal values into research questions and methods, steering researchers away from important but politically unpalatable research topics, and producing conclusions that mischaracterize liberals and conservatives alike. (3) Increased political diversity would improve social psychological science by reducing the impact of bias mechanisms such as confirmation bias, and by empowering dissenting minorities to improve the quality of the majority's thinking. (4) The underrepresentation of non-liberals in social psychology is most likely due to a combination of self-selection, hostile climate, and discrimination. We close with recommendations for increasing political diversity in social psychology.
WiFi SLAM algorithms: an experimental comparison
Authors: Herranz F. , Llamazares A. , Molinos E. , Ocaña M. , Sotelo M. A. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYLocalization and mapping in indoor environments, such as airports and hospitals, are key tasks for almost every robotic platform. Some researchers suggest the use of Range-Only (RO) sensors based on WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) technology with SLAM (Simultaneous Localization And Mapping) techniques to solve both problems. The current state of the art in RO SLAM is mainly focused on the filtering approach, while the study of smoothing approaches with RO sensors is quite incomplete. This paper presents a comparison between filtering algorithms, such as EKF and FastSLAM, and a smoothing algorithm, the SAM (Smoothing And Mapping). Experimental results are obtained in indoor environments using WiFi sensors. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the smoothing approach using WiFi sensors in an indoor environment.
Optimization and analysis of a redundant 4R spherical wrist mechanism for a shoulder exoskeleton
Authors: Lo Ho Shing , Xie Shengquan 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents a redundant 4-revolute (4R) spherical wrist mechanism for a shoulder exoskeleton, which overcomes several major issues with the 3R mechanisms used in the past. An analysis of the 3R mechanism is done to highlight the limitations in its range of motion and problems caused by operating near singular configurations. To ensure that the redundancy in the 4R mechanism is efficiently utilized, genetic algorithm is used to optimize the mechanism design and identify the optimal operating configurations of the mechanism. The capability to reach the entire shoulder workspace is guaranteed and the joint velocities are minimized by considering the joint displacements required to move the end-effector throughout the workspace and the condition number of joint configurations for reaching 89 positions in the workspace. Analysis of the 4R mechanism obtained from the optimization process indicates that it can move throughout the entire shoulder workspace with feasibly low joint velocities.
From disaster to sustainability: floods, changing property relations and water management in the south-western Netherlands, c.1500–1800
Authors: VAN CRUYNINGEN PIET 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTWhen large parts of the south-western Netherlands flooded in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the main cause was insufficient maintenance of the sea defences. The subsequent re-embankment of the polders resulted in changes to both soil conditions and property relations in the region. The Church and the local peasants lost land and members of the urban bourgeoisie became the most important landowners. Unlike their risk-averse predecessors, these capitalist landlords were prepared to invest in drainage. They were also able to organise state support for those polders that were at risk of flooding. Tenant and yeomen farmers had an equally important role as they maintained the fertility of the soil and were prepared to invest in the upkeep of the flood defences.
Governing Prostitution: New Formations, Old Agendas
Authors: Phoenix Jo 
Published: July 2014

RésuméLes travaux récents sur la gouvernementalité distinguent comment celle-ci peut s'exercer «d'en haut» comme «d'en bas» afin d'éviter des analyses verticales de l'État et de reconnaître les modalités multiples d'expression de ce pouvoir. En analysant des mutations clé de la régulation de la prostitution au Royaume-Uni depuis trois décennies, il est possible de compliquer la distinction entre ces deux modes de gouvernance. Bien que plusieurs auteurs soulignent que la distinction est de plus en plus brouillée entre ces deux modes, nous soutenons que s'il est difficile de débrouiller les programmes de gouvernement «d'en haut» et «d'en bas», ce n'est guère le cas dès qu'il s'agit des conséquences sur les travailleuses du sexe. La régulation demeure enracinée dans les réactions coercitives et punitives de la justice pénale, même si les associations «d'en bas» peuvent être chargées par l'État de les exécuter.
Echoes of Imprisonment: Women's Experiences of “Successful (Re)integration”
Authors: Shantz Laura , Kilty Jennifer M. , Frigon Sylvie 
Published: July 2014

RésuméLes femmes qui sortent de prison continuent de faire face à des épreuves provenant de leur emprisonnement. Dans cet article, nous abordons les façons dont la prison, et par extension l'État, suivent les femmes à l'extérieur de la prison jusque dans leurs communautés. Tandis que l'État tente d'assurer une réintégration réussie des ex-prisonnières, ses politiques, reflétant un agenda néolibéral de responsabilisation individuelle, entravent possiblement les chances des femmes de réintégrer leurs communautés. Ici, nous explorons les expériences de (ré)intégration des femmes par l'entremise de témoignages d'ex-prisonnières ayant servi de longues sentences, de leur famille et de leurs défenseurs. Le contrôle que ces femmes ont connu en prison résonne dans leur vie après leur mise en liberté: elles ressentent une désagrégation, une marginalisation et un besoin de (re)négocier leur vie. Tandis que les femmes peuvent quitter la prison, le contrôle qu'elles ont subi durant leur incarcération demeure imprégné dans leur esprit et leur corps. L'État continue d'exercer, bref, une autorité sur elles à distance par les séquelles de leur emprisonnement ainsi que par une surveillance continue.
Dignity and the Ownership and Use of Body Parts
Authors: FOSTER CHARLES 
Published: July 2014

Abstract:Property-based models of the ownership of body parts are common. They are inadequate. They fail to deal satisfactorily with many important problems, and even when they do work, they rely on ideas that have to be derived from deeper, usually unacknowledged principles. This article proposes that the parent principle is always human dignity, and that one will get more satisfactory answers if one interrogates the older, wiser parent instead of the younger, callow offspring. But human dignity has a credibility problem. It is often seen as hopelessly amorphous or incurably theological. These accusations are often just. But a more thorough exegesis exculpates dignity and gives it its proper place at the fountainhead of bioethics. Dignity is objective human thriving. Thriving considerations can and should be applied to dead people as well as live ones. To use dignity properly, the unit of bioethical analysis needs to be the whole transaction rather than (for instance) the doctor-patient relationship. The dignity interests of all the stakeholders are assessed in a sort of utilitarianism. Its use in relation to body part ownership is demonstrated. Article 8(1) of the European Convention of Human Rights endorses and mandates this approach.
Characterization of freshly retrieved preantral follicles using a low-invasive, mechanical isolation method extended to different ruminant species
Authors: Langbeen A. , Jorssen E.P.A. , Fransen E. , Rodriguez A.P.A. , García M. Chong , Leroy J.L.M.R. , Bols P.E.J. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryDue to the increased interest in preantral follicular physiology, non-invasive retrieval and morphological classification are crucial. Therefore, this study aimed: (1) to standardize a minimally invasive isolation protocol, applicable to three ruminant species; (2) to morphologically classify preantral follicles upon retrieval; and (3) to describe morphological features of freshly retrieved follicles compared with follicle characteristics using invasive methods. Bovine, caprine and ovine ovarian cortex strips were retrieved from slaughterhouse ovaries and dispersed. This suspension was filtered, centrifuged, re-suspended and transferred to a Petri dish, to which 0.025 mg/ml neutral red (NR) was added to assess the viability of the isolated follicles. Between 59 and 191 follicles per follicle class and per species were collected and classified by light microscopy, based on follicular cell morphology. Subsequently, follicle diameters were measured. The proposed isolation protocol was applicable to all three species and showed a significant, expected increase in diameter with developmental stage. With an average diameter of 37 ± 5 μm for primordial follicles, 47 ± 6.3 μm for primary follicles and 67.1 ± 13.1 μm for secondary follicles, no significant difference in diameter among the three species was observed. Bovine, caprine and ovine follicles (63, 59 and 50% respectively) were graded as viable upon retrieval. Using the same morphological characteristics as determined by invasive techniques [e.g. haematoxylin–eosin (HE) sections], cumulus cell morphology and follicle diameter could be used routinely to classify freshly retrieved follicles. Finally, we applied a mechanical, minimally invasive, follicle isolation protocol and extended it to three ruminant species, yielding viable preantral follicles without compromising further in vitro processing and allowing routine follicle characterization upon retrieval.
A case of neonatal myocardial infarction: left coronary artery thrombus resolution and normalisation of ventricular function by intracoronary low-dose tissue plasminogen activator
Authors: Hallbergson Anna , Gillespie Matthew J. , Dori Yoav 
Published: July 2014

AbstractNeonatal myocardial infarction is a rare clinical entity that is associated with high mortality. Reported treatment strategies include supportive care, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, thrombolytics, and surgical thrombectomy. Herein we report a neonate who developed an acute myocardial infarction owing to a thrombus in the proximal left coronary artery. At 24 hours of life, he was treated with local (intracoronary) thrombolytic therapy at a lower dose than previously reported, as well as with systemic anticoagulation. There was subsequent angiographic resolution of the thrombus and normalisation of left ventricular function.
The AMINO experiment: RNA stability under solar radiation studied on the EXPOSE-R facility of the International Space Station
Authors: Vergne Jacques , Cottin Hervé , da Silva Laura , Brack André , Chaput Didier , Maurel Marie-Christine 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCareful examination of the present metabolism and in vitro selection of various catalytic RNAs strongly support the RNA world hypothesis as a crucial step of the origins and early life evolution. Small functional RNAs were exposed from 10 March 2009 to 21 January 2011 to space conditions on board the International Space Station in the EXPOSE-R mission. The aim of this study was to investigate the preservation or modification properties such as integrity of RNAs after space exposition. The exposition to the solar radiation has a strong degradation effect on the size distribution of RNA. Moreover, the comparison between the in-flight samples, exposed to the Sun and not exposed, indicates that the solar radiation degrades RNA bases.
Abortion Politics and the Decline of the Separation of Church and State: The Southern Baptist Case
Authors: Lewis Andrew R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBetween the late 1970s and early 1990s, the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) altered its First Amendment advocacy, shifting from being an ardent supporter of the strict separation of church and state to being a champion of the government accommodation of religion. At the same time, the denomination also became unswervingly pro-life. In this article, I use the SBC case to identify a previously under-analyzed link between abortion politics and church-state politics. I suggest that pro-life politics played an important role in the SBC's shift away from the separation of church and state. I focus on three areas where abortion politics aided this shift: (1) opposing separationists’ assertions that anti-abortion policies violated the Establishment Clause; (2) becoming allies rather than foes with Catholics; and (3) promoting a greater emphasis on the free exercise of religion. I conclude by discussing the implications for the relationship between religion, law, and politics.
Impact of temperature, feeding preference and vaccination on Schmallenberg virus transmission in Scotland
Authors: Bessell Paul R. , Auty Harriet K. , Searle Kate R. , Handel Ian G. , Purse Bethan V. , de C. Bronsvoort B. Mark 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFirst identified in 2011, Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is principally transmitted by Culicoides midges and affects ruminants. Clinical presentation is typified by foetal abnormalities, but despite very high infection rates, relatively few animals present with clinical signs. In this paper we further develop a previously published stochastic mathematical model of SBV spread to investigate the optimal deployment of a vaccine for SBV in Scotland, a country that has experienced only sporadic and isolated cases of SBV. We consider the use of the vaccine under different temperatures and explore the effects of a vector preference for feeding on cattle. We demonstrate that vaccine impact is optimised by targeting it at the high risk areas in the south of Scotland, or vaccinating only cattle. At higher than average temperatures and hence increased transmission potential, the relative impact of vaccination is considerably enhanced. Vaccine impact is also enhanced if vectors feed preferentially on cattle. These findings are of considerable importance when planning control strategies for SBV and also have important implications for management of other arboviruses such as Bluetongue virus. Environmental determinants and feeding preferences should be researched further to inform development of effective control strategies.
Depth use and migratory behaviour of homing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Scottish coastal waters
Authors: Godfrey Jason D. , Stewart David C. , Middlemas Stuart J. , Armstrong John D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractKnowledge of swimming depths and migration routes of homing Atlantic salmon in open coastal zones is urgently required to inform decisions on managing the species, e.g. for the sustainable development of marine renewable energy. In May–June 2013, pop-up satellite tags programmed to detach from fish after 1–10 d were fitted to 50 adult salmon on the northern coast of Scotland. Most of the tags returned water depth recorded at regular intervals (n = 47) and gave a geographic location following detachment (n = 44). In general, salmon were found near the surface during the study, with the median number of records at 0–5 m depth ranging from 72 to 85%, depending on the extent of known potential systematic bias. Depth use varied among individuals (8–100% at 0–5 m) and cluster analysis suggested that the sample of fish could be split into two groups, representing different patterns of depth use. These clusters were also associated with pop-up location. There was a small but significant increase in recorded depth at night compared with during the day, contrasting with findings of salmon at sea in other contexts. The mean maximum dive depth was 64 m (range 13–118 m), of similar order to the likely available water column depth. These results suggest that salmon will potentially interact with man-made obstacles, e.g. renewable energy generators, throughout the water column and particularly in surface waters.
A temporary earth co-orbital linked to interplanetary field enhancements
Authors: Connors M. , Russell C. T. , Lai H. R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Near-Earth asteroid 138175 (2000 EE104) will soon be temporarily resonant with Earth, but has a much longer residence in an orbit which features a trapping behaviour with frequent Earth and Venus encounters. The object has been identified as a possible source of material for interplanetary field enhancements, a magnetic phenomenon in the solar wind inferred to be due to dust arising from secondary collisions with 10-m scale objects injected into its path. Its horseshoe libration will be reversed by a very close encounter with Venus in 2251 CE. We characterize the orbit of this asteroid, model the dispersion of the primary collision products along its path, and discuss the non-gravitational motion of secondary dust in the solar wind.