bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Long Journey of Cancer Biomarkers from the Bench to the Clinic
Authors: Pavlou Maria P , Diamandis Eleftherios P , Blasutig Ivan M 
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND
Protein cancer biomarkers serve multiple clinical purposes, both early and late, during disease progression. The search for new and better biomarkers has become an integral component of contemporary cancer research. However, the number of new biomarkers cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration has declined substantially over the last 10 years, raising concerns regarding the efficiency of the biomarker-development pipeline.

CONTENT
We describe different clinical uses of cancer biomarkers and their performance requirements. We also present examples of protein cancer biomarkers currently in clinical use and their limitations. The major barriers that candidate biomarkers need to overcome to reach the clinic are addressed. Finally, the long and arduous journey of a protein cancer biomarker from the bench to the clinic is outlined with an example.

SUMMARY
The journey of a protein biomarker from the bench to the clinic is long and challenging. Every step needs to be meticulously planned and executed to succeed. The history of clinically useful biomarkers suggests that at least a decade is required for the transition of a marker from the bench to the bedside. Therefore, it may be too early to expect that the new technological advances will catalyze the anticipated biomarker revolution any time soon.
Associations of Alternative Markers of Glycemia with Hemoglobin A1c and Fasting Glucose
Authors: Juraschek Stephen P , Steffes Michael W , Selvin Elizabeth 
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND
1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), fructosamine, and glycated albumin are of increasing interest as alternative measures of hyperglycemia. We characterize the associations of these nontraditional glycemic markers with hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) and fasting glucose and assess their ability to identify people with diabetes.

METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional comparison of 1,5-AG, fructosamine, and glycated albumin with Hb A1c and fasting glucose measurements in 1719 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. We evaluated nonlinear relationships using R2 and F-statistics. Performance for identification of cases of diabetes was determined using the area under the curve (AUC). Diabetes was defined by Hb A1c ≥6.5%, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL (≥6.99 mmol/L), and/or a self-reported history of diagnosed diabetes.

RESULTS
Median values of Hb A1c and fasting glucose were 5.8% and 109 mg/dL (6.05 mmol/L), respectively; 17.3% of the study population had diagnosed diabetes. Glycated albumin, fructosamine, and 1,5-AG were more strongly correlated with Hb A1c compared with fasting glucose (all P values &lt;0.05). Nonlinear models provided the best fit for describing the relationships of the alternative markers to Hb A1c. When diabetes was defined by an Hb A1c ≥6.5%, fructosamine (AUC 0.83; 95% CI, 0.79–0.87) and glycated albumin (AUC 0.87; 95% CI, 0.83–0.90) performed comparably to fasting glucose (AUC 0.83; 95% CI, 0.79–0.87), while 1,5-AG performed worse (AUC 0.74; 95% CI, 0.69–0.78) for identifying cases of undiagnosed diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
Fructosamine and glycated albumin may be useful adjuncts to Hb A1c and fasting glucose. Future studies should examine these markers in situations in which fasting glucose or Hb A1c measurements are invalid or not available.
Longitudinal Studies of Cardiac Troponin I in a Large Cohort of Healthy Children
Authors: Koerbin Gus , Potter Julia M , Abhayaratna Walter P , Telford Richard D , Badrick Tony , Apple Fred S , Jaffe Allan S , Hickman Peter E 
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND
There is little information available on cardiac troponin concentrations in healthy young children.

METHODS
Using a precommercial high-sensitivity assay from Abbott Diagnostics, we measured cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in longitudinal blood samples collected at ages 8, 10, and 12 years from a cohort of healthy, community-dwelling children. The 99th percentile values were calculated and estimates of the long-term biological variation were made.

RESULTS
cTnI concentrations were above the limit of detection in 87%, 90%, and 98% of the children at ages 8, 10, and 12 years. The 99th percentiles were lower compared to a healthy adult population in both male and female children at all ages studied. At the 3 periods of study assessment, different children had cTnI concentrations above the 99th percentile. The calculated 99th percentile varied markedly depending upon whether the lowest or highest cTnI measurement for an individual child was included in the calculation. Biological variation varied markedly between 0% and 136%, the index of individuality was low at 0.36, and the reference change value was an increase of 147% or a decrease of 59%.

CONCLUSIONS
In this longitudinal study of cTnI concentrations in healthy children as determined by a high-sensitivity assay, different children had concentrations of cTnI above the 99th percentile at the 3 episodes of assessment. These results suggest that in children the 99th percentile may not be a reliable index of silent cardiac disease, but rather may be indicating low-grade intercurrent illness.
Antioxidant property of TCF pulp with a high hexenuronic acid (HexA) content
Authors: Valls Cristina , Roncero M. Blanca 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Totally chlorine free (TCF) pulp with a high content of hexenuronic acids (HexAs) was found to possess a high antioxidant power. The contribution of HexA to kappa number in unbleached Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulp was estimated to be 1.05 units per 10 μmol of HexA. The variation of HexA and lignin contents in enzymatic elemental chlorine free (ECF) and TCF sequences was monitored, and interesting effects were observed during the TCF XLE sequence, where X denotes an enzyme pretreatment with xylanase, L a laccase-mediator stage, and E an alkaline extraction stage. Thus, HexA removal during L stage was strongly enhanced after the X stage; also, the HexA content was decreased by the alkaline stage. None of these effects was observed in the ECF sequence with chlorine dioxide. The antioxidant power detected in HexA makes TCF pulp an excellent raw material for manufacturing packaging for easily oxidized products.
High Temperature Corrosion of Metallic Materials in Composed Oxidizing Environments
Authors: Grzesik Z. , Mrowec S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBasing on actual theoretical approach and experimental results, the mechanism of sulphide formation beneath the oxide scale grown on metals in SO2-O2 atmospheres has been described. It has been shown that in spite of much lower sulphur partial pressure in the oxidizing atmosphere than the dissociation pressure of the sulphide to be formed, the sulphidation process takes place beneath the oxide scale. This, at the first sight, unexpected behavior results from the fact that sulphur is diffusing inwards through the primary oxide scale in the molecular form, i.e. SO2 molecules. Reaching thus metal-scale interface, where the oxygen partial pressure is very low, virtually equal to the dissociation pressure of the oxide forming the scale, SO2 ⇔ O2 + ½S2 equilibrium is shifted to the right, as a result of which the partial pressure of sulphur vapor dramatically increases, reaching the value several orders of magnitude higher than that needed for sulphide formation.Analogous situation is observed during oxidation of chromium steels in CO2-O2 atmospheres. In this case, namely, carburisation process is observed beneath the oxide scale, in spite of the fact that carbon activity in this environment is several order of magnitude lower than that required for chromium carbide formation. This again unexpected situation becomes understandable if one assumes – like in the case of metal oxidation in SO2 containing atmosphere – that carbon is transported through the oxide scale in the form of CO2 molecules.The final conclusion is, that the explanation of the mechanism of sulphide formation beneath the oxide scale on metals and of carburization beneath the oxide scales on steels constitutes the important step forward, leading to the better understanding of high temperature corrosion mechanisms of metallic materials, observed in multicomponent agresive gases.
Unfilled Prescriptions in Pediatric Primary Care
Authors: Zweigoron Rachael T. , Binns Helen J. , Tanz Robert R. 
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Filling a prescription is the important first step in medication adherence, but has not been studied in pediatric primary care. The objective of this study was to use claims data to determine the rate of unfilled prescriptions in pediatric primary care and examine factors associated with prescription filling.

METHODS:
This retrospective observational study of pediatric primary care patients compares prescription data from an electronic medical record with insurance claims data. Illinois Medicaid provided claims data for 4833 patients who received 16 953 prescriptions during visits at 2 primary care sites over 26 months. Prescriptions were compared with claims to determine filling within 1 day and 60 days. Clinical and demographic variables significant in univariate analysis were included in logistic regression models.

RESULTS:
Patients were 51% male; most (84%) spoke English and were African American (38.7%) or Hispanic (39.1%). Seventy-eight percent of all prescriptions were filled. Among filled prescriptions, 69% were filled within 1 day. African American, Hispanic, and male patients were significantly more likely to have filled prescriptions. Younger age was associated with filling within 1 day but not with filling within 60 days. Prescriptions for antibiotics, from one of the clinic sites, from sick/follow-up visits, and electronic prescriptions were significantly more likely to be filled.

CONCLUSIONS:
More than 20% of prescriptions in a pediatric primary care setting were never filled. The significant associations with clinical site, visit type, and electronic prescribing suggest system-level factors that affect prescription filling. Development of interventions to increase adherence should account for the factors that affect primary adherence.
Medications for Adolescents and Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dove Dwayne , Warren Zachary , McPheeters Melissa L. , Taylor Julie Lounds , Sathe Nila A. , Veenstra-VanderWeele Jeremy 
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Although many treatments have been studied in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), less attention has focused on interventions that may be helpful in adolescents and young adults with ASD. The goal of this study was to systematically review evidence regarding medication treatments for individuals between the ages of 13 and 30 years with ASD.

METHODS:
The Medline, PsycINFO, and ERIC databases were searched (1980–December 2011), as were reference lists of included articles. Two investigators independently assessed studies against predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Two investigators independently extracted data regarding participant and intervention characteristics, assessment techniques, and outcomes and assigned overall quality and strength of evidence ratings on the basis of predetermined criteria.

RESULTS:
Eight studies of medications were identified that focused on 13- to 30-year-olds with ASD; 4 of the studies were of fair quality. The strength of evidence was insufficient for all outcomes associated with medications tested in this population; however, the 2 available studies of the atypical antipsychotic medication risperidone in this age range were consistent with the moderate evidence in children with ASD for treating problem behavior, including aggression, and high strength of evidence for adverse events, including sedation and weight gain.

CONCLUSIONS:
There is a marked lack of data on use of medication treatments for adolescents and young adults with ASD. The evidence on the use of risperidone in this age range is insufficient when considered alone but is consistent with the data in the population of children with ASD.
Management of Advanced Prostate Cancer in Senior Adults: The New Landscape
Authors: Aapro Matti S. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The landscape of treatment for advanced prostate cancer is continually evolving as new therapies are developed and guidelines are constantly updated. However, the management of older men with advanced disease is not optimal. Many men are denied chemotherapy based on their chronological age, not their health status. Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the mainstay of first-line treatment of advanced disease. Once the disease becomes resistant to castration, docetaxel-based chemotherapy is the regulatory-approved standard of care, irrespective of age. The place of weekly docetaxel in patients with poor performance status and signs of frailty has to be further evaluated in clinical studies. New treatments are now available, or on the horizon, for disease that progresses during or after docetaxel therapy. Cabazitaxel and abiraterone have been shown to prolong survival, irrespective of age, and are already in clinical use having received regulatory approval. The optimal sequence for these two agents is still unknown, although there is some indication that in patients predicted to be poor responders to abiraterone (high Gleason score, progression during docetaxel therapy, rapid progression to castrate-resistant prostate cancer with ADT) cabazitaxel should be the preferred choice. Further advances are being investigated, with promising data reported from phase III trials.
Vegetation development on permanently established grids, Mount St. Helens (1986–2010)
Authors: del Moral Roger , Wood David M. 
Published: September 2012

We established five grids consisting of 100‐m2 plots on Mount St. Helens starting in 1986 in order to document vegetation establishment and dispersal after a major volcanic disturbance. These grids are contiguous, so they sample a compact area with limited habitat variation. We report data for these grids: Abraham Plains (400 plots, 7168 records, 4 hectares); Lahar 1 (175 plots, 1987 records, 1.75 hectares); Lahar 2 (317 plots, 3487 records, 3.17 hectares); Pumice Plain (200 plots, 4394 records, 2 hectares); and Willow Springs (1600 plots, 8351 records, 16 hectares). The grids contain 137 species. These species include most common species that are found in open habitats on Mount St. Helens, as well as many wetland species. Richness, total cover index, and diversity (H′, the Shannon‐Wiener function) of a plot are reported for each sample year. Plot cover was estimated with cover indices that sacrifice precision for rapid assessment of large areas. Habitats were those experiencing primary succession on pyroclastic, lahar, and pumice surfaces. These data have been used to test hypotheses about succession trajectories, patterns of species assembly, and developing environmental control of species composition. They may be used to test models of succession, determine succession rates, and explore assembly rulesThe complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at 〈http://esapubs.org/archive〉. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)
Response to Dietary Oxalate after Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Froeder Leila , Arasaki Carlos Haruo , Malheiros Carlos Alberto , Baxmann Alessandra Calábria , Heilberg Ita Pfeferman 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBackground and objectivesBariatric surgery (BS) may be associated with increased oxalate excretion and a higher risk of nephrolithiasis. This study aimed to investigate urinary abnormalities and responses to an acute oxalate load as an indirect assessment of the intestinal absorption of oxalate in this population.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsTwenty-four–hour urine specimens were collected from 61 patients a median of 48 months after BS (post-BS) as well as from 30 morbidly obese (MO) participants; dietary information was obtained through 24-hour food recalls. An oral oxalate load test (OLT), consisting of 2-hour urine samples after overnight fasting and 2, 4, and 6 hours after consuming 375 mg of oxalate (spinach juice), was performed on 21 MO and 22 post-BS patients 12 months after BS. Ten post-BS patients also underwent OLT before surgery (pre-BS).ResultsThere was a higher percentage of low urinary volume (<1.5 L/d) in post-BS versus MO (P<0.001). Hypocitraturia and hyperoxaluria (P=0.13 andP=0.36, respectively) were more frequent in BS versus MO patients. The OLT showed intragroup (P<0.001 for all periods versus baseline) and intergroup differences (P<0.001 for post-BS versus MO;P=0.03for post-BS versus pre-BS). The total mean increment in oxaluria after 6 hours of load, expressed as area under the curve, was higher in both post-BS versus MO and in post-BS versus pre-BS participants (P<0.001 for both).ConclusionsThe mean oxaluric response to an oxalate load is markedly elevated in post-bariatric surgery patients, suggesting that increased intestinal absorption of dietary oxalate is a predisposing mechanism for enteric hyperoxaluria.
Association between Albuminuria, Kidney Function, and Inflammatory Biomarker Profile in CKD in CRIC
Authors: Gupta Jayanta , Mitra Nandita , Kanetsky Peter A. , Devaney Joe , Wing Maria R. , Reilly Muredach , Shah Vallabh O. , Balakrishnan Vaidyanathapura S. , Guzman Nicolas J. , Girndt Matthias , Periera Brian G. , Feldman Harold I. , Kusek John W. , Joffe Marshall M. , Raj Dominic S. 
Published: September 2012

Summary

Background and objectives
Increased risk of mortality in patients with CKD has been attributed to inflammation. However, the association between kidney function, albuminuria, and biomarkers of inflammation has not been examined in a large cohort of CKD patients.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
This study measured the plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fibrinogen, and serum albumin in 3939 participants enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study between June 2003 and September 2008. An inflammation score was established based on plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, hs-CRP, and fibrinogen. Estimated GFR (eGFR) and serum cystatin C were used as measures of kidney function. Albuminuria was quantitated by urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR).

Results
Plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, TNF-α, hs-CRP, and fibrinogen were higher among participants with lower levels of eGFR. Inflammation score was higher among those with lower eGFR and higher UACR. In regression analysis adjusted for multiple covariates, eGFR, cystatin C, and UACR were strongly associated with fibrinogen, serum albumin, IL-6, and TNF-α. Each unit increase in eGFR, cystatin C, and UACR was associated with a −1.2% (95% confidence interval, −1.4, −1), 64.9% (56.8, 73.3) and 0.6% (0.4, 0.8) change in IL-6, respectively (P<0.001).

Conclusions
Biomarkers of inflammation were inversely associated with measures of kidney function and positively with albuminuria.
Attitudes Toward Strategies to Increase Organ Donation
Authors: Barnieh Lianne , Klarenbach Scott , Gill John S. , Caulfield Tim , Manns Braden 
Published: September 2012

Summary

Background and objective
The acceptability of financial incentives for organ donation is contentious. This study sought to determine (1) the acceptability of expense reimbursement or financial incentives by the general public, health professionals involved with organ donation and transplantation, and those with or affected by kidney disease and (2) for the public, whether financial incentives would alter their willingness to consider donation.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Web-based survey administered to members of the Canadian public, health professionals, and people with or affected by kidney disease asking questions regarding acceptability of strategies to increase living and deceased kidney donation and willingness to donate a kidney under various financial incentives.

Results
Responses were collected from 2004 members of the Canadian public October 11–18, 2011; responses from health professionals (n=339) and people with or affected by kidney disease (n=268) were collected during a 4-week period commencing October 11, 2011. Acceptability of one or more financial incentives to increase deceased and living donation was noted in >70% and 40% of all groups, respectively. Support for monetary payment for living donors was 45%, 14%, and 27% for the public, health professionals, and people with or affected by kidney disease, respectively. Overall, reimbursement of funeral expenses for deceased donors and a tax break for living donors were the most acceptable.

Conclusion
The general public views regulated financial incentives for living and deceased donation to be acceptable. Future research needs to examine the impact of financial incentives on rates of deceased and living donors.
Searching for Uremic Toxins
Authors: Dobre Mirela , Meyer Timothy W. , Hostetter Thomas H. 
Published: September 2012

Summary
Treatment of uremia by hemodialysis has become widespread over the last 40 years and has improved substantially over that time. However, people treated with this modality continue to suffer from multiple disabilities. Retention of organic solutes, especially those poorly removed by hemodialysis, likely contributes to these disabilities. Certain classes of solutes are removed less well than urea by hemodialysis and by the normal kidney. These include protein-bound solutes, relatively large solutes, sequestered compounds, and substances removed at rates higher than urea by the normal kidney. Several strategies could be used to discover the solutes responsible for residual morbidities in standardly dialyzed people. Rather than continue to focus only on urea removal as an index for dialysis adequacy, finding additional approaches for removing toxic solutes with characteristics different from urea (and the similar small solutes it represents) is a desirable and feasible goal.