bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
Authors: Joh Seong-eok , You Song Hee , Lee Kyoung Hoon , Lee Soo Hyung , Lee Moon Jin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill countermeasure actions are combatants, and spilled oil is the enemy. A good operation map at the oil spill response plays a keystone role for victory as military combats. Various complicated geographical information—spill location, damaged areas, natural resources and positions of response resources like skimmers, booms and vessels—are involved in a spill situation. The development of Geographical Information System (GIS)-based spill management software was studied in the project entitled Computerized Oil Spill Response Support System in Korea, by Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute (KORDI) in cooperation with the Korea Maritime Police Agency (KMPA) and the Korea Environmental Science & Technology Institute (KESTI).
The spill management software was developed to implement computer operation maps of oil spill countermeasures on the desktop of spill responders. Spill responders can draw the spill positions, damaged areas, and locations of response. The management of cleanup activities is another important role of this software. The users of this software can record every response activity with the time, location, and input amounts of resources, which allow for the evaluation of response activities and estimation of cleanup costs. Fisheries damage also can be assessed using the preimplemented aquaculture field database. The integrated oil spill model can predict oil trajectory of future with computer graphics animation. Moreover, Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps are included so spill responders can determine operational priority efficiently using the ESI and trajectory model predictions. This software is expected to give a great efficiency to spill responders and to be a good solution to manage oil spills.
MODELING THE WATER-ACCOMMODATED FRACTION IN OSCAR2000
Authors: Reed Mark , Singsaas Ivar , Daling Per S. , Faksnes Liv-Guri , Brakstad Odd Gunnar , Hetland Ben A. , Hofatad Jorunn N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil Spill Contingency and Response 2000 (OSCAR2000) is a multicomponent 3-dimensional oil spill contingency and response model tool for analysis of alternative response strategies. The model allows specification of oil using an arbitrary number of separate components or pseudocomponents. This specification is retained throughout the model domain, such that detailed information on the behavior, fate, and effects of complex mixtures can be incorporated accurately into the model. This detailed representation allows the model to make full use of laboratory data that typically are derived for individual oil components or groups of components. Examples of such data include toxicity, degradation, dissolution, and evaporation rates. An example application demonstrates the potential importance of the degradation process in determining the eventual fate and effects of a deepwater release of oil.
ACCURATE SIMULATION OF OIL SLICKS
Authors: Tkalich Pavlo , Xiaobo Chao 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Over the past three decades, simplified empirical formulas contributed greatly in a rapid evaluation of oil slicks spreading and drifting. In recent years, however, with the development of efficient numerical schemes and enormous improvement of computational resources, new alternatives have appeared. Nowadays oil spill operational models can afford to use more accurate and physically relevant mathematical formulations for the oil slick dynamics simulation.
The recently developed Multiphase Oil Spill Model (MOSM) describes the oil slick dynamics within the kinetically coupled two-layer approach. For the upper layer, the oil slick thickness is computed using the layer-averaged Navier-Stokes model, rewritten as the quasilinear mass-transport equation. The lower layer is represented by the oil droplet mixture in the wave-mixing layer of the water column. The oil horizontal movement within the slick and the mixing layer is calculated using a highly accurate numerical scheme. The theoretical model is verified against most popular empirical formulas. The model is used to explore the combined influence of wind and shear currents on the oil slick evolution.
A RISK-BASED DRILL CANDIDATE SELECTION SYSTEM FOR THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, OFFICE OF PIPELINE SAFETY1
Authors: Chang John , Taylor James S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS), U.S. Department of Transportation plans and conducts about 20 government-led tabletop exercises and two area exercises annually under its Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) drill program. Until recently, one of the main objectives in the drill candidate selection process each year was to select a mixture of operators whose pipeline facility spill response plans represented the range of plans required under the agency's OPA 90 regulation. The annual list of drill candidates represented large to small operators transporting crude oil and refined products in various regions of the country. While this approach has worked well, OPS wanted to ensure that the selection process was not inadvertently missing operators whose pipeline facility spills pose the greatest threats to safety and the environment. As a result, OPS developed a quantitative-based process to identify drill candidates. The process uses weighted factors, including input from the Regional Pipeline Safety Offices combined with professional judgment to produce a risk-based approach to help OPS select the operators to drill.
REMEDIATION AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING, LAKE MARACAIBO, VENEZUELA
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. , Findikakis Angelos , Delgado Luis , Harding Alan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Lake Maracaibo in western Venezuela is one of the major oil-producing areas of the world with over 12,000 platforms connected by 15,100 km of pipeline, capable of producing 3 million barrels/day. To expedite oil export, the entrance to the lake was dredged beginning in 1938 and reached its present depth (14 m or 45 ft) in 1960 to permit the utilization of Lakemax oil tankers. The deeper channel, however, also altered the water quality of the lake, principally raising salinity and influencing the development of an anoxic zone. Several solutions to these changes have been suggested including reclosure of the channel, therefore excluding tankers.
This multiyear study focused on determining the quantity and sources of contaminants entering Lake Maracaibo, and then applied several computer models to determine short- and long-term changes in water quality due to modifications of the entry channel and in contaminant loadings. The final part of the study included development and cost analysis of alternative pathways to continue the transport of oil, coal, petrochemicals, and general cargo to and from the lake.
Results indicate that the oil industry contribution to contamination is minor compared to that from domestic discharges at the north end and from river inputs to the south, and that changes in channel configuration (including restoration to the predredged condition) do not improve water quality significantly. A concerted effort is needed to reduce land-based contamination to ensure any sustained improvement of the lake's water quality.
GUIDELINES FOR DISPERSANT USE IN NEW ZEALAND1
Authors: Stevens Leigh M. , Roosen John T. , Irving Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes guidelines for making decisions on dispersant use in New Zealand. The guidelines are designed to facilitate and document rapid and justifiable decisions for dispersant use during a marine oil spill, and were developed by modifying existing international models and information to suit N.Z. requirements. They are based around a simple flowchart that highlights the key questions that need to be answered during a spill. Each key question in the flowchart is linked to supporting information that provides further details, or directs the decision maker—normally a statutorily appointed On-Scene Commander (OSC)—to where the information can be obtained.
Although dispersant use is pre-approved in virtually all N.Z. waters, the guidelines do not provide hard and fast rules for when dispersants should or should not be used. The OSC is expected to judge, based on the information available and the type of values requiring protection, whether a dispersant response will result in a net environmental benefit, either on its own, or in combination with other response options. The guidelines provide a simple way to collect the information required to make decisions about dispersant use within a rapid, systematic, and flexible framework, with supporting information available where needed to make and document dispersant decisions.
The guidelines are designed specifically for use during a spill response, and as such are self-contained, concise, and easy to read, and allow quick access to the information essential for deciding about dispersant use. While they rely on the decision maker being knowledgeable about dispersant issues, they generally will be of value to anyone involved in spill response planning and decision making.
MODIFICATION OF THE DISPERSANT COREXIT®9500 FOR USE IN FRESHWATER
Authors: George-Ares Anita , Lessard Richard R. , Canevari Gerard P. , Becker Kenneth W. , Fiocco Robert J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Recent inland spills in Latin America have generated interest in dispersant use for freshwater oil spills. However, oil spill dispersants primarily are formulated for use in marine waters. Dispersants that are designed for saltwater use show reduced effectiveness when applied in freshwater. The effectiveness of COREXIT® 9500 in low salinity waters varies with the type of oil, the dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR), and other factors. The effectiveness of COREXIT® 9500 can decrease markedly at salinities of 15 ppt or less. The authors observed an increase in effectiveness of COREXIT® 9500 in freshwater when the dispersant was blended with an inorganic, divalent salt, such as calcium chloride, prior to use (patent pending). COREXIT® 9500* refers here to the blend of the salt and dispersant.
The Exxon Dispersant Effectiveness Test (EXDET) was used to evaluate dispersant performance in deionized water and in river water samples from Rio de la Plata, Argentina. COREXIT® 9500 showed 22% effectiveness on Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil in deionized water, a value indicative of poor effectiveness. Depending on the amount of calcium chloride added, COREXIT® 9500* showed up to 63% effectiveness on ANS crude oil in deionized water, which indicates good effectiveness. The effectiveness of COREXIT® 9500* and COREXIT® 9500 was compared for three additional crude oils both in deionized water and in river water. In all cases, the effectiveness of COREXIT® 9500 was lower compared with COREXIT® 9500*.
COOPERATIVE STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF DISPERSANTS AND DISPERSED OIL TO MARINE ORGANISMS: A 3-YEAR FLORIDA STUDY
Authors: Wetzel Dana L. , Van Fleet Edward S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to assess the toxicity of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and the chemically enhanced WAF (CE-WAF) of selected crude oils for both weathered and fresh oil. Test organisms included two standard test species, Mysidopsis bahia and Menidia beryllina, and a commercially important Florida marine fish, Sciaenops ocellatus. Tests ascertaining LC50 values were conducted under continuous exposure and spiked (declining exposure using flow-through toxicity chambers) conditions using Venezuelan Crude Oil (VCO), Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil (PBCO), and COREXIT® 9500 dispersant on the above species. Data suggest that the dispersant is less toxic than the WAF and CE-WAF of the tested crude oils. The toxicity of the CE-WAF of fresh VCO is similar to that of other oils under continuous exposure conditions, but may be slightly more toxic to some species under spiked exposure conditions. The CE-WAF of fresh VCO appears to be less toxic than the corresponding WAF for M. bahia, M. beryllina, and S. ocellatus. Fresh VCO appears to be much more toxic to M. bahia and M. beryllina than weathered VCO in spiked exposure tests for both the WAF and CE-WAF. The WAF of PBCO is apparently less toxic to the test organisms than the corresponding WAF of fresh VCO. The LC50 values of M. bahia with CE-WAF fractions of both fresh VCO and PBCO are similar, while the same PBCO CE-WAF fraction is less toxic for M. beryllina than fresh VCO CE-WAF. The toxicity of oils and dispersants were lowest in the spiked exposure weathered oil tests, which may be most representative of an oil spill under natural environmental conditions.
GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND THE SPONSORS' PERSPECTIVE ON THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE CHEMICAL RESPONSE TO OIL SPILLS: ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS RESEARCH FORUM (CROSERF)
Authors: Aurand Don V. , Jamail Robin , Lessard Richard R. , Henderson George , Sowby Michael , Steen Alexis , Pearson Leslie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the summer of 1994, a group of organizations sponsoring research related to the environmental effects of chemical oil spill treating agents organized a working group to coordinate their research activities in this area. The purpose of Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum (CROSERF), as defined at the first meeting, was to provide a mechanism for the exchange of ideas and coordination of research to state, federal, and international agencies; industry; academic researchers; and consultants engaged in research on the ecological effects of oil spill response chemicals, especially dispersants. Each of the primary sponsors had its own objectives for the program, and contributed to the design of the cooperative research efforts. Over the past 7 years, there have been nine CROSERF meetings, each serving to direct the research efforts and resolve issues of importance to all of the participants. Most of the program objectives were achieved, but declining research funds limited the scope of the toxicity-testing program. Nevertheless, the forum provided the means for resolving dispersant and dispersed oil toxicity issues and encouraging communication among participants. The laboratory toxicity data generated by CROSERF is the most complete information currently available for multiple oils and species.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF FRESH VERSUS WEATHERED OIL TO MARINE ORGANISMS: CALIFORNIA FINDINGS
Authors: Singer Michael M. , Jacobson Susan , Tjeerdema Ronald S. , Sowby Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Early experiences with dispersants led to a widely accepted paradigm in the United States that chemically dispersing oil led to increased ecological damage. Since then, dispersant formulations have evolved significantly, leading many in the oil spill response community to revisit the question of whether or not dispersing oil can help achieve an overall net ecological benefit. Spill response must necessarily involve weighing the costs and benefits of both dispersant use and non-use to resources potentially at risk. The majority of comparative data on the toxicity of dispersed and undispersed oil in the literature to date is based on fresh oil. In most circumstances, however, mounting of dispersant operations requires hours to days, making the use of data based on fresh oil problematic. Laboratory-weathered oil has been used in the evaluation of dispersant effectiveness, but its use in toxicological investigations has been limited. Using standardized methods, the authors have compared the acute aquatic effects of untreated and chemically dispersed oil in both its fresh state, and artificially weathered to simulate approximately 1 day at sea. Oil weathering was done under controlled conditions using accepted, repeatable methods. Findings show that weathering significantly reduces the amount of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, and generally elicits reduced toxicity from both untreated and dispersed oil, compared to fresh oil. Based on actual hydrocarbon exposures, however, in several instances aqueous solutions from dispersed and undispersed oil (both fresh and weathered) were essentially equitoxic.
A PRIMER FOR RESPONSE TO OIL SPILLS ON GRAVEL BEACHES
Authors: Hayes Miles O. , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Gravel beaches are the most difficult of all the beach types to clean and restore after an oil spill. Thus, they rank the highest of beaches on the environmental sensitivity index scale (ESI = 6). Problems posed by gravel beaches include: high porosity and permeability that allow deep penetration from the surface; potential for deep and rapid burial by clean sediments; presence of localized, sheltered areas where oil can persist for years; complex patterns of sediment reworking during storms; and slow rates of natural replenishment. Cleanup techniques currently employed on such beaches are usually disruptive to the environment, expensive, and logistically complex. Furthermore, gravel beaches are highly variable in terms of their geomorphology, sediment grain size, and degree of exposure to waves that can rework the sediments to remove oil and restore the sediments to their original distribution. Thus, cleanup decisions must be site-specific and based on an understanding of how each beach will respond to potential cleanup options.
To assist cleanup decision makers, a primer on gravel beaches has been prepared. The primer consists of the following sections: Brief introduction to the problems gravel beaches pose to cleanup decision makers Description of four classes of gravel beaches, in terms of their detailed geomorphology and sedimentation processes “Tools” to be used to predict the rate for natural removal of stranded oil or how long it will take for physical recovery to occur after disruption from cleanup activities
COMPARATIVE METHODOLOGIES FOR ESTIMATING ON-WATER RESPONSE COSTS FOR MARINE OIL SPILLS
Authors: Etkin Dagmar Schmidt 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This study reviews three alternative oil spill response cost estimation methodologies as applied to hypothetical spill scenarios in the Gulf of Mexico and San Francisco Bay, California: (1) a model derived from historical data on various spill factors that drive overall cleanup costs; (2) a method using U.S. Area Contingency Plan (ACP) spill scenario plans to estimate costs for mechanical containment and recovery costs to be extrapolated to other hypothetical spill scenarios; and (3) a method that estimates the labor and equipment required for mechanical containment and recovery operations and the resulting costs. A method for estimating dispersant costs is also discussed. The easy-to-use model derived from historical data is shown to be a good cost estimation tool.
NONFLOATING OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING
Authors: Schnitz Paul R. , Wolf Martha A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Like conventional, lighter-than-water oils, heavy oils that sink or become suspended in water when spilled can cause damage to the environment, threaten human health, and adversely affect economic resources. The behavior of heavy oil in water complicates aspects of spill response including location, mapping and containment of spilled oil; assessment of environmental and economic impacts; responder health and safety; prediction of oil movement; comparison of alternative response methods; and measurement and documentation of cleanup effectiveness. Experience shows that the techniques and equipment needed to respond to heavy oil spills are highly specific to the spill location and circumstances of the spill, accentuating the importance of preincident planning.
Sound planning is one of the most important tools available for implementing an effective response to oil spills and minimizing their impacts. In this paper response strategies that have been utilized in nonfloating oil spills are examined, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of techniques and equipment employed in those incidents are discussed. The intent of this examination is to help emergency response planners recognize response methods that have worked under conditions they are likely to encounter so they can plan accordingly.
PRESTAGING VERSUS MOBILITY OF RESPONSE EQUIPMENT INVENTORIES
Authors: McFarland Barry A. , Kegelman Steven 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
One of the many valuable aspects of Area Contingency Plans (ACPs) in the US is the identification of environmentally sensitive sites. Over recent years the natural evolution of the area planning process has commonly involved development of site specific response strategies for protection of these environmentally sensitive locations. Whether called Geographic Response Plans (GRPs), Site Specific Response Strategies (SSRS), or Geographic Response Strategies (GRSs) these plans typically identify the equipment and personnel needed to accomplish the prescribed strategies.
Once strategies are developed, there is incentive to prestage equipment near the identified site to maximize the ability to implement the strategy identified in the plan. Regulatory agencies are now exerting additional pressure by requiring oil spill removal organizations (OSROs) to exercise these strategies on an annual or triennial basis. This pressure results in multiple competing OSROs prestaging similar or identical response inventories at or near the same sites. As a result, a growing percentage of the response equipment on the U.S. West Coast is now prestaged in duplicate or triplicate small stockpiles throughout coastal areas. Many of these prestaged packages are very site specific and include permanent mooring sites or equipment. This equipment is now configured to effectively protect a specific site. It may no longer be as flexible or as easily used under different conditions or at other locations.
As a greater percentage of the equipment inventory becomes prestaged, what does this mean in terms of overall response mobility? Has the mobility of equipment or cascading of response equipment been affected? The combination of multiple OSROs, the increasing number of protection strategies, and the need to regularly exercise these strategies is resulting is an decreasingly mobile equipment inventory. At what point does this affect the tactical planning process? Is there a way to optimize preplanning and still achieve equipment flexibility?