bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Passive — personal or impersonal?
Authors: Helasvuo Marja-Liisa 
Published: March 2014

Marja-Liisa Helasvuo’s paper discusses passive constructions in Finnish. Based on a large database of spoken Finnish, she argues that contrary to the received view in Finnish linguistics, there are actually two types of passive in Finnish, namely the so-called simple passive (formed by the verb stem + passive suffix + personal marker) and a periphrastic passive; the latter is the so-called be-passive, formed with the verb ‘to be’ in its 3rd person singu­lar form (on) and a passive participle of the main verb. In the be-passive, the finite verb is in the 3rd person form, but in the simple passive, there is a special passive “personal” marker on the verb. The passive personal marker creates personal reference, but the reference is not explicit, but rather has to be con­strued from the context. Helasvuo investigates the role of these two types of passives in the Fin­nish person system and the discourse functions that they serve. She shows that the two passives have quite distinct discourse profiles.
In the linguistic literature, the Finnish passive has been described as impersonal based on the fact that argument relations do not change (see e.g. Comrie 1977). In contrast, in a personal passive, the object of the active clause takes the role of subject in a corresponding passive clause. Helasvuo shows, however, that this use of the term “personal” vs. “impersonal” is mis­leading: it equates the function of person marking with the coding of the sub­ject role. Instead, she suggests that the function of person marking on verbs is to provide a grammatical means for expressing person, either by explicit refer­ence to per­son or open reference that has to construed in the context (e.g. the passive). From this perspective, the Finnish passive is by no means impersonal, but instead, is an integral part of the person system for verbs.
Mapping a parochial lexicon onto a universal semantics
Authors: Ramchand Gillian , Svenonius Peter 
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we argue that languages differ in what parts of meaning are
specified in the syntax and what parts are negotiated by the Conceptual-
Intentional systems (C-I). This leads to a kind of parametric variation, which
we illustrate with examples from Norwegian definiteness, Russian perfectivity,
Salish tense, and other natural language phenomena. Our claim is that syntactic
variation is not as great as sometimes suggested (for example, we argue that
Chinese has a D head and Salish has a T head), but nor are syntactico-semantic
representations identical across languages; LFs vary from one language to the
next, and in some cases C-I specifies what syntax/semantics does not, particularly
when it comes to reference tracking for the variables introduced by the syntax.
The result is a very clean system with no semantic module disinct from syntax
and hence no distinction between syntactic and semantic parameters.
The passives of Modern Irish
Authors: Nolan Brian 
Published: March 2014

This paper is about the passive construction, of which modern Irish (a vso language) has two primary forms, the personal passive and its variants, and the impersonal. An empirical question is posed as to whether a third passive form exists within the language, that of a functionally defined get passive. To deliver a unified analysis of the various passive constructions, a perspective that takes account of the complete event is necessary.
Irish supports three variants of the personal passive construction (i.e. perfective, progressive, prospective) each of which involves the substantive verb (one of two forms of the verb “to be” found in Irish) in a periphrastic form. The agent can optionally be represented obliquely. The active verb takes a non-finite form as a verbal adjective or verbal noun, depending on the personal passive variant. The impersonal passive form occurs with all verbs of Irish, across all tenses, whether intransitive or transitive.
The impersonal passive form is also to be found productively with the substantive verb across all tenses. It does not under any circumstances occur with the copula verb. Our view is that the impersonal passive construction has an indefinite actor at the level of the semantics and that the impersonal passive verb expresses this as a third person indefinite pronoun in the syntax via a synthetic post-verbal suffix rendered on the matrix verb. When considered in this way, the behaviour of the impersonal passive verb in the syntax is shown to be the same with respect to definite subject pronouns when they are expressed in a non-analytic manner, that is, in the synthetic form of the verb.
We investigate whether there is a third passive construction to be found in Irish, a get passive. The get passive is attested in many, but not all, of the world’s languages (Siewierska 1984).We find evidence that a particular subset of constructions precisely exhibits the characteristics of the get passive under strictly defined constraints. On the basis of this evidence, we claim that there is a functionally defined get passive in modern Irish.
The commonality underpinning the passive constructions, including the functionally defined get passive, can be explained in terms of the windowing of attention analysis in the sense of Talmy (1996), that is, a functional analysis with an event frame perspective sensitive to prototypicality. Irish follows a vso word order with the subject more closely bound to the verb than the object. As well as looking at each of the passive constructions, we also briefly examine how the vso word order is maintained through each.
The rise and grammaticalization paths of Latin fieri and facere as passive auxiliaries
Authors: Cennamo Michela 
Published: March 2014

This paper discusses the various stages of the change leading to the emergence of the Latin verbs fieri ‘to become, to be done/made’ and facere ‘to do, to make’ as imperfective and perfective passive markers, respectively, between Late Latin and early (Italo)-Romance.
It is argued that the grammaticalization of these verbs involves an initial stage in which they become equivalent to the copula. Only gradually they expand into the verbal system and become T(ense), A(spect), M(odality) and passive markers. As for the latter function, crucial to the passive interpretation of the sequence fieri/fakere+past participle is a change in the aspectual nature of the verbs entering the construction, from causative accomplishments to active accomplishments and activities.
It is also shown that the rise of these passive verbal periphrases is related to radical changes affecting the domains of voice and grammatical relations, which cut across, at some point in time, the aspectual morphological cleavage existing in the Latin verbal system between imperfective and perfective verbal forms.
Passive and argument structure
Authors: Åfarli Tor A. 
Published: March 2014

This paper argues that argument structure does not exist in the sense of a lexical specification of the number and types of arguments of a given verb, but, rather, that argument structure is essentially syntactic, stemming from an interaction between independently generated (syntactic) frames and the (non-linguistic) conceptual content of the verb and the arguments.
This connects to passivization in the sense that it is not dependent on the availability of the appropriate argument structure in the active version of the verb, such specification not existing in the first place. It is claimed that any verb that can be assigned an agentive (conceptual) reading can thus be passivized, even if it is an unaccusative verb. Thus, even though passivization is obviously a structural phenomenon, it is triggered by semantics.
Tracking topics
Authors: Berge Anna 
Published: March 2014

This paper presents some preliminary thoughts on comparative discourse structure between Greenlandic and Aleut. Greenlandic is a typical ergative–absolutive language, with coindexing of participants on the verb and typical patterns of information flow which allow topic tracking across clauses (as described in Berge 1997). In Aleut, however, topics are not tracked via case marking on nouns or pronominal inflection on verbs. Instead, Aleut uses a combination of anaphoric marking, passive constructions, and underspecificity in texts which is quite unique in the Eskimo–Aleut language family.
Sustainable manufacturing: a critical discipline for the twenty-first century
Authors: Bogue Robert 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to provide an introduction to sustainable manufacturing concepts and practices.

Design/methodology/approach
– Following an introduction to sustainable manufacturing, this article first considers various government programmes and information sources. It then discusses life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques and standards and certain product design issues. The benefits of sustainable manufacturing concepts are then identified, together with some examples of applications. Finally, brief conclusions are drawn.

Findings
– Sustainable manufacturing involves a multitude of practices which seek to minimise the impact of a product or process on the environment. It encompasses the entire product cycle from “cradle to grave” and many standards and techniques have been developed to assist in its implementation, including LCA. In addition to meeting growing consumer demands for “greener” products, sustainable manufacturing can yield operational and financial benefits, including reduced material use, improved designs, lower energy consumption and reduced waste and scrap levels.

Originality/value
– This article provides a timely review of sustainable manufacturing principles, practices and benefits.
Extraction of elementary siphons in a class of generalized Petri nets using graph theory
Authors: Hou YiFan , Li ZhiWu , Zhao Mi , Liu Ding 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– Siphon-based deadlock control in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) suffers from the problems of computational and structural complexity since the number of siphons grows exponentially with respect to the size of its Petri net model. In order to reduce structural complexity of a supervisor, a set of elementary siphons derived from all strict minimal siphons (SMS) is explicitly controlled. The purpose of this paper is through fully investigating the structure of a class of generalized Petri nets, WS3PR, to compute all SMS and a compact set of elementary siphons.

Design/methodology/approach
– Based on graph theory, the concepts of initial resource weighted digraphs and restricted subgraphs are proposed. Moreover, the concept of augmented siphons is proposed to extend the application of elementary siphons theory for WS3PR. Consequently, the set of elementary siphons obtained by the proposed method is more compact and well suits for WS3PR.

Findings
– In order to demonstrate the proposed method, an FMS example is presented. All SMS and elementary siphons can be derived from initial resource weighted digraphs. Compared with those obtained by the method in Li and Zhou, the presented method is more effective to design a structural simple liveness-enforcing supervisor for WS3PR.

Originality/value
– This work presents an effective method of computing SMS and elementary siphons for WS3PR. Monitors are added for the elementary siphons only, and the controllability of every dependent siphon is ensured by properly supervising its elementary ones. A same set of elementary siphons can be admitted by different WS3PR with isomorphic structures.
A multiple sequence alignment method with sequence vectorization
Authors: Ji Guoli , Zeng Yong , Yang Zijiang , Ye Congting , Yao Jingci 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– The time complexity of most multiple sequence alignment algorithm is O(N2) or O(N3) (N is the number of sequences). In addition, with the development of biotechnology, the amount of biological sequences grows significantly. The traditional methods have some difficulties in handling large-scale sequence. The proposed Lemk_MSA method aims to reduce the time complexity, especially for large-scale sequences. At the same time, it can keep similar accuracy level compared to the traditional methods.

Design/methodology/approach
– LemK_MSA converts multiple sequence alignment into corresponding 10D vector alignment by ten types of copy modes based on Lempel-Ziv. Then, it uses k-means algorithm and NJ algorithm to divide the sequences into several groups and calculate guide tree of each group. A complete guide tree for multiple sequence alignment could be constructed by merging guide tree of every group. Moreover, for large-scale multiple sequence, Lemk_MSA proposes a GPU-based parallel way for distance matrix calculation.

Findings
– Under this approach, the time efficiency to process multiple sequence alignment can be improved. The high-throughput mouse antibody sequences are used to validate the proposed method. Compared to ClustalW, MAFFT and Mbed, LemK_MSA is more than ten times efficient while ensuring the alignment accuracy at the same time.

Originality/value
– This paper proposes a novel method with sequence vectorization for multiple sequence alignment based on Lempel-Ziv. A GPU-based parallel method has been designed for large-scale distance matrix calculation. It provides a new way for multiple sequence alignment research.
Understanding CSR in the Maldivian context
Authors: Shareef Fareeha , Arunachalam Murugesh , Sodique Hamid , Davey Howard 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The objective of this study is to examine CSR practices in the Maldives.Design/methodology/approach– The perceptions of business and non-business stakeholders were analysed in order to identify CSR practices that are idiosyncratic to the Maldives and to reflect on the relevance of current mainstream CSR agenda for the Maldives. Surveys and in-depth interviews were used to draw the perceptions of a sample of 52 businesses and 36 non-business stakeholders. The study adopts an interpretive methodology to analyse the perceptions and to reflect on extant CSR theories.Findings– The paper suggests mediocre CSR practices of businesses and lukewarm responses from non-business stakeholders in the Maldives. There is a difference between what businesses consider ought to be CSR practices (the normative) and their actual CSR practices. Businesses prefer to keep their CSR practices discreet as publicity may cause increasing demands from local communities for financial and other assistance. CSR practices in the Maldives are also influenced by the local Islamic culture. The meaning of CSR prevalent in the context of more advanced western economies may prove to be superfluous in the context of the Maldives, a small and developing Islamic country struggling to meet the basic needs of its people.Originality/value– This study represents the first research on CSR activities in the Maldives. It contributes to existing literature by challenging the relevance of mainstream CSR practices to a developing economy.
Drivers of corporate community involvement and challenges in measuring its impact
Authors: I. Arli Denni , Cadeaux Jack 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The aim of this study is to explore drivers of corporate community involvement (CCI) initiatives and the challenges faced by companies in measuring the social impact of their initiatives in Australia.Design/methodology/approach– The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with various corporate social responsibility (CSR) or CCI managers from Australian companies and their not-for-profit (NFP) partners. The final sample consists of 27 managers from a mix of industries.Findings– The study shows that stakeholder's salience may have an impact on CCI activities, especially in the area of measurements and reporting activities. Moreover, while some companies have attempted to measure the social impact of their initiatives, a large number of companies have not. This is all the more surprising given the recent focus in marketing on accountability and measurement. The results show three challenges: lack of interest, lack of resources and lack of consensus. Subsequently, the authors offer some research propositions to underline these challenges.Originality/value– This study focuses on CCI which is one of the most visible parts of corporate social responsibility (CSR). It draws on interviews with various managers in charge of companies' CSR or CCI.
Common incentives for teamwork – the unspoken contract's significance
Authors: M. Berlin Johan 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The aim of this paper was to identify and study common incentives for teamwork.Design/methodology/approach– The study was designed as a case study. The case consists of teamwork at a university hospital. At the hospital, ten psychiatric teams were studied for a period of four years (2008-2011). Each team was followed for 12-18 months. Data were collected through interviews (n=48) and observations (n=52) of the teamwork at treatment conferences.Findings– The common incentives identified consist of shared responsibility, appreciation and long-sightedness. The incidence of a silent contract is highlighted as an explanation for the team's cohesion.Research limitations/implications– The study is conducted in a public organisation within one field. The results should therefore be interpreted with some caution.Practical implications– The study is useful for practitioners to understand the importance of common incentives as a collective driving force. By developing well-adapted common incentives, the practical work can be developed, refined and improved.Originality/value– The significance of common incentives and the unspoken contract in the team is identified.
Malnutrition coding shortfalls in Australian and New Zealand hospitals
Authors: Agarwal Ekta , Ferguson Maree , Banks Merrilyn , Bauer Judith , Capra Sandra , Isenring Elisabeth 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimThe International Classification of Diseases, version 10, Australian modification (ICD‐10‐AM) is used to classify diseases in hospital patients in Australia and New Zealand. ICD‐10‐AM defines malnutrition as ‘[body mass index] BMI <18.5 kg/m2 or unintentional weight loss of ≥5% with evidence of suboptimal intake resulting in subcutaneous fat loss and/or muscle wasting’. The Australasian Nutrition Care Day Survey (ANCDS) is the most comprehensive survey to evaluate malnutrition prevalence in acute care patients from Australian and New Zealand hospitals. This study determined if malnourished participants were assigned malnutrition‐related codes according to ICD‐10‐AM.MethodsThe ANCDS recruited acute care patients from 56 hospitals. Hospital‐based dietitians evaluated participants' nutritional status using BMI and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). In keeping with the ICD‐10‐AM definition, malnutrition was defined as BMI <18.5 kg/m2, SGA‐B (moderately malnourished) or SGA‐C (severely malnourished). After 3 months, in this prospective cohort study, staff members from each hospital's health information/medical records department provided coding results for malnourished participants.ResultsMalnutrition was prevalent in 30% (n = 869) of the cohort (n = 2976) and a significantly small number of malnourished patients were coded for malnutrition (n = 162, 19%, P < 0.001). In 21 hospitals, none of the malnourished participants were coded.ConclusionsThis is the largest study to provide a snapshot of malnutrition coding in Australian and New Zealand hospitals. Findings highlight gaps in malnutrition documentation and/or subsequent coding, which could potentially result in significant loss of casemix‐related revenue for hospitals. Dietitians must lead the way in developing structured processes for malnutrition identification, documentation and coding.
Is it okay to tell? Children's judgements about information disclosure
Authors: Kim Sunae , Harris Paul L. , Warneken Felix 
Published: March 2014

The present research investigates how young children evaluate and reason about the disclosure of private information. Using story vignettes, children aged 4–5 and 7–8 years were asked to evaluate an individual who passed on information from a peer revealing that he or she had broken a rule (e.g., stolen a cookie; rule type) or lacked a skill (e.g., could not ride a bicycle; competence type). These negative valence stories were compared with positive valence stories in which the peer had followed a rule or possessed a skill. Younger children approved the sharing of positive, but not negative, information, irrespective of type (rule vs. competence). Older children disapproved the disclosure of someone's incompetence, whereas they approved the disclosure of a rule violation. Children justified their evaluations by reference to social rules in the rule‐type vignettes and to an individual's feelings in the competence‐type vignettes. The findings suggest that young children are concerned about the disclosure of negative information about other people, but with age they become increasingly concerned about protecting the social order even at the cost of individual privacy.
Circumcision and prostate cancer: a population‐based case‐control study in Montréal, Canada
Authors: Spence Andrea R. , Rousseau Marie‐Claude , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Parent Marie‐Élise 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesTo investigate the possible association between circumcision and prostate cancer risk, to examine whether age at circumcision influences prostate cancer risk, and to determine whether race modifies the circumcision–prostate cancer relationship.Subjects and MethodsPROtEuS (Prostate Cancer and Environment Study), a population‐based case‐control study set amongst the mainly French‐speaking population in Montréal, Canada, was used to address study objectives. The study included 1590 pathologically confirmed prostate cancer cases diagnosed in a Montréal French hospital between 2005 and 2009, and 1618 population controls ascertained from the French electoral list, frequency‐matched to cases by age. In‐person interviews elicited information on sociodemographic, lifestyle and environmental factors. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between circumcision, age at circumcision and prostate cancer risk, adjusting for age, ancestry, family history of prostate cancer, prostate cancer screening history, education, and history of sexually transmitted infections.ResultsCircumcised men had a slightly lower risk, albeit not statistically significant, of developing prostate cancer than uncircumcised men (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.76–1.04). Circumcision was found to be protective in men circumcised aged ≥36 years (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.30–0.98). A weaker protective effect was seen among men circumcised within 1 year of birth (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.72–1.04). The strongest protective effect of circumcision was recorded in Black men (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19–0.86, P‐value for interaction 0.02) but no association was found with other ancestral groups.ConclusionOur findings provide novel evidence for a protective effect of circumcision against prostate cancer development, especially in those circumcised aged ≥36 years; although circumcision before the age of 1 year may also confer protection. Circumcision appeared to be protective only among Black men, a group that has the highest rate of disease. Further research into the differences in effect of circumcision on prostate cancer risk by ancestry is warranted, as is the influence of age at circumcision.