bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
État et contrôle de la sexualité reproductive : l’exemple des politiques eugénistes dans les démocraties libérales (Suisse, Suède et Royaume-Uni)1
Authors: Mottier Véronique 
Published: March 2013

Cet article examine un domaine spécifique de politique en matière de sexualité : les mesures eugénistes que plusieurs démocraties libérales ont mises en pratique entre les années 1920 et les années 1960. Plus précisément, la discussion des trajectoires politiques de mesures comme les stérilisations eugénistes en Suisse, en Suède et au Royaume-Uni servira de base pour une réflexion théorique sur le rôle de l’État dans la régulation et la surveillance de la sexualité reproductive, des pratiques sexuelles et des identités sexuelles de ses citoyennes et citoyens. L’analyse des liens entre la sexualité, la sphère politique et l’État m’amènera ensuite à problématiser la notion d’État. En effet, premièrement, les exemples de mesures eugénistes concrètes révèlent que l’action étatique dans ce domaine n’a pas toujours été cohérente, ni homogène. Elle s’est caractérisée au contraire par des interventions souvent non systématiques, voir contradictoires. Deuxièmement, j’argumenterai que les mesures eugénistes se sont développées aussi bien sous contrôle étatique qu’en dehors de l’État, voire contre ce dernier. D’une part, des acteurs paraétatiques comme des cliniques psychiatriques universitaires ou des autorités politiques locales ont joué un rôle clé dans la régulation eugéniste de la sexualité. D’autre part, des acteurs importants du point de vue de l’application de stérilisations eugénistes, comme les associations de médecins, se sont parfois politiquement opposés à l’élaboration de politiques publiques dans ce domaine, considérant l’intervention étatique comme une restriction de pratiques qui étaient déjà monnaie courante. Je suggérerai que la présence ou l’absence de politiques publiques eugénistes constitue de ce fait un indicateur insatisfaisant pour juger de l’importance de pratiques eugénistes dans des contextes nationaux spécifiques. J’argumenterai que saisir la complexité de cette dynamique politique nécessite une prise en compte des manières dont les politiques publiques et les systèmes étatiques sont, de manière plus générale, à leur tour structurés par des rapports de pouvoir autour de la sexualité, ainsi qu’autour d’autres marqueurs identitaires comme le genre, la « race », les classes sociales ou les handicaps physiques et mentaux.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding HIV/AIDS among male high school students in Lao People's Democratic Republic
Authors: Thanavanh Bounbouly , Harun‐Or‐Rashid Md. , Kasuya Hideki , Sakamoto Junichi 
Published: March 2013

IntroductionInadequate knowledge, negative attitudes and risky practices are major hindrances to preventing the spread of HIV. This study aimed to assess HIV‐related knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) of high school students in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR).MethodsA cross‐sectional study on unmarried male students aged between 16 and 19 years old was undertaken in 2010 to evaluate their KAPs. We selected 300 eligible grade VII students through systematic random sampling from different high schools in one province of Lao PDR.ResultsThe majority of students surveyed were aware that HIV can be transmitted by sexual intercourse (97.7%), from mother to child (88.3%) and through sharing needles or syringes (92.0%). Misconceptions about transmission of HIV were observed among 59.3% to 74.3% of respondents. Positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS were observed among 55.7% of respondents. Nearly half of the surveyed students (45.3%) said that they would be willing to continue studying in a school with HIV‐positive friends, and 124 (41.3%) said they would continue attending a school with HIV‐positive teachers. Ninety‐four (31.3%) students had a history of sexual intercourse, and 70.2% of these students had used a condom. However, only 43.9% said they used condoms consistently. Students with medium and high levels of knowledge were 4.3 (95% CI=2.1–9.0, P<0.001) and 13.3 (95% CI=6.5–27.4, P<0.001) times more likely to display positive attitudes towards people living with HIV. Similarly, safe practices related to safe sex were also observed among students with medium (OR=2.8, 95% CI=0.9–8.8, P=0.069) and high levels of knowledge (OR=1.9, 95% CI=0.6–6.2, P=0.284). More than three‐quarters of students mentioned television and radio as major sources of information on HIV/AIDS.ConclusionsDespite adequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS among the school students, misconceptions about routes of transmission were found. Negative attitudes to HIV/AIDS and risky practices were also present. Educational programmes with specific interventions are recommended to increase KAPs and to prevent new HIV infections among students in Lao PDR.
In Vivo Imaging and Biochemical Characterization of Protease Function Using Fluorescent Activity‐Based Probes
Authors: Edgington Laura E. , Bogyo Matthew 
Published: March 2013

AbstractActivity‐based probes (ABPs) are reactive small molecules that covalently bind to active enzymes. When tagged with a fluorophore, ABPs serve as powerful tools to investigate enzymatic activity across a wide variety of applications. In this article, detailed protocols are provided for using fluorescent ABPs to biochemically characterize the activity of proteases in vitro. Furthermore, descriptions are provided of how these probes can be applied to image protease activity in live animals and tissues along with subsequent analysis by histology, flow cytometry, and SDS‐PAGE. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 5:25‐44 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Decreases Athero‐Susceptibility in Lipoproteins and the Aorta of Guinea Pigs Fed High Fat Diet
Authors: Zhang Ying , Si Yanhong , Yao Shutong , Yang Nana , Song Guohua , Sang Hui , Zu Dandan , Xu Xin , Wang Jianhua , Qin Shucun 
Published: March 2013

AbstractCelastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (COT), a traditional Chinese herb, has anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative properties. In this study, we examined the protective effect of COT on the initiation of atherosclerosis induced by high fat diet and explored the underlying mechanisms. We established guinea pig models of hyperlipidemia and treated them with three dosages of COT or 20 mg/kg/d simvastatin (a positive control drug) for 8 weeks. Plasma lipid analysis indicated that COT decreased total cholesterol (TC), non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (non‐HDL‐C), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) and apolipoprotein E (apoE) levels and increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) level. The analysis of the hepatic gene involving cholesterol metabolism by quantitative real‐time PCR revealed that COT upregulated the mRNA abundance of LDL receptor (LDL‐R), scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR‐B1), cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase A1 (CYP7A1) and the 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐CoA reductase (HMGCR). Oil red O staining showed COT significantly reduced lipid deposition in the arterial wall. Moreover, ELISA assay revealed COT lowered the levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in plasma. Meanwhile, the level of Nitric oxide (NO) in plasma was increased by COT. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis showed the expression of CD68 and active NF‐kB p65 proteins in the arterial wall was decreased by COT. The content of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in plasma were determined and the data indicated COT suppressed oxidative stress reaction. These results reveal that administration of COT decreases athero‐susceptibility through lowering plasma lipid, attenuating inflammation, and suppressing oxidative stress in guinea pig fed high fat diet.
Dietary supplementation with Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 from weaning reduces local immunoglobulin production in lymphoid-associated tissues but increases systemic antibodies in healthy neonates
Authors: Lewis Marie C. , Patel Dilip V. , Fowler Jenni , Duncker Swantje , Zuercher Adrian W. , Mercenier Annick , Bailey Mick 
Published: March 2013

Weaning is associated with a major shift in the microbial community of the intestine, and this instability may make it more acquiescent than the adult microbiota to long-term changes. Modulation achieved through dietary interventions may have potentially beneficial effects on the developing immune system, which is driven primarily by the microbiota. The specific aim of the present study was to determine whether immune development could be modified by dietary supplementation with the human probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 in a tractable model of weaning in infants. Piglets were reared by their mothers before being weaned onto a solid diet supplemented with B. lactis NCC2818, while sibling controls did not receive supplementation. Probiotic supplementation resulted in a reduction in IgA (P< 0·0005) and IgM (P< 0·009) production by mucosal tissues but had no effect on IgG production (P>0·05). Probiotic-supplemented pigs had more mast cells than unsupplemented littermates (P< 0·0001), although numbers in both groups were low. In addition, the supplemented piglets made stronger serum IgG responses to fed and injected antigens (P< 0·05). The present findings are consistent with B. lactis NCC2818 reducing intestinal permeability induced by weaning, and suggest that the piglet is a valuable intermediate between rodent models and human infants. The results also strongly suggest that measures of the effect of probiotic supplementation on the immune system need to be interpreted carefully as proxy measures of health benefit. However, they are useful in developing an understanding of the mechanism of action of probiotic strains, an important factor in predicting favourable health outcomes of nutritional intervention.
Crude glycerol as glycogenic precursor in feed; effects on milk coagulation properties and metabolic profiles of dairy cows
Authors: Harzia Hedi , Kilk Kalle , Ariko Tiia , Kass Marko , Soomets Ursel , Jõudu Ivi , Kaart Tanel , Arney David , Kärt Olav , Ots Meelis 
Published: March 2013

As grain prices rise, the search for alternative glycogenic precursors in animal feed becomes increasingly important, and this study was conducted to determine if the replacement of starch with glycerol, as an alternative glycogenic precursor, affects the milk metabolic profile and milk coagulation ability, and therefore the quality of the milk. Eight primiparous mid-lactation Holstein cows were fed during a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square trial with four different isoenergetic rations: (1) control (T0) fed a total mixed ration (TMR) with barley meal; (2) group T1, decreased barley content, replaced isoenergetically with 1 kg crude glycerol; (3) group T2, the barley meal was replaced with 2 kg of crude glycerol; and (4) group T3 the barley meal was replaced with 3 kg of crude glycerol. Rumen, blood and milk samples were collected at the end of every 21-d treatment period. Rumen samples were analysed for proportion of total volatile fatty acid (VFA), blood samples for insulin and glucose, and milk for metabolites (e.g. citric-acid cycle compounds). The change in glycogenic precursors had a positive effect on rumen VFA proportions; the proportion of propionic acid increased (P < 0·001). Milk protein (P < 0·001) and curd firmness (P < 0·001) both increased. The increase in milk protein concentration may have been due to an increase in microbial protein. Regarding the milk metabolic profiles, different signals were positively associated with coagulation ability and change in the diet. Based on this study, changing the glycogenic precursor in animal diet in this way is possible, and may have no immediate deleterious consequences on milk quality or cow health. Indeed, there is evidence for benefits from this substitution.
Strategy for the reduction of Trichloromethane residue levels in farm bulk milk
Authors: Ryan Siobhan , Gleeson David , Jordan Kieran , Furey Ambrose , O'Sullivan Kathleen , O'Brien Bernadette 
Published: March 2013

High fat dairy products, such as butter and margarine can be contaminated during the milk production process with a residue called Trichloromethane (TCM), which results from the use of chlorine based detergent solutions. Although, TCM concentrations in Irish products are not at levels that are a public health issue, such contamination can cause marketing difficulties in countries to which Irish products are being exported. In an attempt to reduce such milk residues, a template procedure was developed, tried and tested on 43 farms (from 3 processing companies). This involved identifying farms with high TCM milk, applying corrective action in the form of advice and recommendations to reduce TCM and re-measuring milks from these farms. Trichloromethane in milk was measured by head-space gas chromatography with electron capture detector. The TCM reduction strategy proved successful in significantly reducing the levels in milk in the farms tested, e.g. TCM was reduced from 0·006 to the target of 0·002 mg/kg (P < 0·05). The strategy was then applied to farms who supplied milk to six Irish dairy processors with the objective of reducing TCM in those milks to a level of ⩽0·002 mg/kg. Initially, milk tankers containing milks from approximately 10–15 individual farms were sampled and analysed and tankers with high TCM (>0·002 mg/kg) identified. Individual herd milks contributing to these tankers were subsequently sampled and analysed and farms supplying high TCM identified. Guidance and advice was provided to the high TCM milk suppliers and levels of TCM of these milk supplies were monitored subsequently. A significant reduction (minimum P < 0·05) in milk TCM was observed in 5 of the 6 dairy processor milks, while a numerical reduction in TCM was observed in the remaining processor milk.
Morphological awareness in dyslexic university students
Authors: MARTIN JENNIFER , FRAUENFELDER ULI H. , COLÉ PASCALE 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThis research assessed phonological and morphological awareness in dyslexic university students. We tested 44 dyslexic university students in phonological and morphological awareness tasks and compared their performances to those of both matched chronological age and matched reading level controls. In the phonological awareness tests, the dyslexic university students performed at the same level as their reading level controls. In contrast, they systematically outperformed their reading level controls in the morphological awareness tasks and almost reached the proficiency level of the chronological age controls. The results show that dyslexic university students develop their morphological awareness more than their phonological awareness. These findings add to the evidence indicating that morphological awareness is not deficient in dyslexia and could instead play a beneficial role in the development of literacy skills in this population.
Second language fluency: Speaking style or proficiency? Correcting measures of second language fluency for first language behavior
Authors: DE JONG NIVJA H. , GROENHOUT RACHEL , SCHOONEN ROB , HULSTIJN JAN H. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTIn second language (L2) research and testing, measures of oral fluency are used as diagnostics for proficiency. However, fluency is also determined by personality or speaking style, raising the question to what extent L2 fluency measures are valid indicators of L2 proficiency. In this study, we obtained a measure of L2 (Dutch) proficiency (vocabulary knowledge), L2 fluency measures, and fluency measures that were corrected for first language behavior from the same group of Turkish and English native speakers (N = 51). For most measures of fluency, except for silent pause duration, both the corrected and the uncorrected measures significantly predicted L2 proficiency. For syllable duration, the corrected measure was a stronger predictor of L2 proficiency than was the uncorrected measure. We conclude that for L2 research purposes, as well as for some types of L2 testing, it is useful to obtain corrected measures of syllable duration to measure L2-specific fluency.
An investigation of morphological awareness and processing in adults with low literacy
Authors: TIGHE ELIZABETH L. , BINDER KATHERINE S. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTMorphological awareness, which is an understanding of how words can be broken down into smaller units of meaning such as roots, prefixes, and suffixes, has emerged as an important contributor to word reading and comprehension skills. The first aim of the current study was to investigate the contribution of morphological awareness independent of phonological awareness and decoding to the reading comprehension abilities of adults with low literacy. Results indicated that morphological awareness was a significant unique predictor of reading comprehension. A second aim of the study was to investigate the processing of morphologically complex words of adults with low literacy in both an oral reading passage and a single-word naming task. Adults’ accuracy and response times were measured on different types of morphologically complex words and compared with control words matched on frequency in both the passage and the naming tasks. Results revealed that adults were vulnerable to morphological complexity: they performed more accurately and faster on matched control words versus morphologically complex word types. The educational implications for Adult Basic Education programs are discussed.
A pooled analysis of six month comparative efficacy and tolerability in four randomized clinical trials: agomelatine versus escitalopram, fluoxetine, and sertraline
Authors: Demyttenaere Koen , Corruble Emanuelle , Hale Anthony , Quera-Salva Maria-Antonia , Picarel-Blanchot Françoise , Kasper Siegfried 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveA pooled-analysis on the long-term outcome in four head-to-head studies: agomelatine versus fluoxetine, sertraline, and (twice) escitalopram.MethodA meta-analytic approach was used. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores, response and remission rates, Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) scores, response and remission rates, and completion rates/discontinuation rates due to adverse events were analyzed.ResultsAt the last post-baseline assessment on the 24-week treatment period, the final HAM-D-17 score was significantly lower in patients treated with agomelatine than in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), as well in the total group of patients with severe depression (P = 0.014 and 0.040, respectively). HAM-D response rates at the end of 24 weeks were significantly higher in patients treated with agomelatine than in patients treated with SSRIs, as well in the total group of patients with severe depression (P = 0.031 and 0.048, respectively). HAM-D remission rates at the end of 24 weeks were numerically but not significantly higher in patients treated with agomelatine than in patients treated with SSRIs. Final CGI-I scores were significantly lower for agomelatine. CGI-I response as well as remission rates were numerically higher in patients treated with agomelatine, without statistical significance. The percentage of patients with at least one emergent adverse event leading to treatment discontinuation was 9.4% in patients treated with SSRIs and 6.6% in patients treated with agomelatine (P = 0.065).ConclusionThe present pooled analysis shows that, from a clinical point of view, agomelatine is at least as efficacious as the investigated SSRIs with a trend to fewer discontinuations due to adverse events.
The association of breakfast skipping and television viewing at breakfast with weight status among parents of 10–12-year-olds in eight European countries; the ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) cross-sectional study
Authors: Bjørnarå Helga Birgit , Vik Frøydis N , Brug Johannes , Manios Yannis , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Jan Natasa , Maes Lea , Moreno Luis A , Dössegger Alain , Bere Elling 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe main objective was to assess the relationship of breakfast skipping, television (TV) viewing at breakfast and breakfast without TV with weight status among parents of 10–12-year-olds in eight European countries.DesignA cross-sectional survey assessed breakfast eating and TV viewing at breakfast by three frequency questions and parents were categorized into: (i) breakfast skippers; (ii) breakfast with TV (TV watchers at breakfast); and (iii) breakfast without TV (breakfast eaters who do not watch TV during breakfast). Self-reported weight and height were used to categorize weight status as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted with weight status as the dependent variable and breakfast habits as predictors, adjusting for sex, ethnicity and level of education.SettingThe survey was conducted in 2010 in 199 primary schools across eight European countries participating in the ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) cross-sectional study.SubjectsParents (n 6512) of 10–12-year-olds responded to the questionnaire.ResultsIn the total study sample, with breakfast without TV as the reference group and adjusting for sex, ethnicity and level of education, the OR of being respectively overweight or obese (compared with normal weight) was 1·2 (95 % CI 1·0, 1·4) or 1·8 (95 % CI 1·5, 2·3) for breakfast skippers. The OR of being respectively underweight or obese was 0·5 (95 % CI 0·2, 0·9) or 1·4 (95 % CI 1·1, 1·8) for breakfast with TV.ConclusionsBreakfast skippers were significantly more likely to be overweight and obese, and those eating breakfast while watching TV were significantly more likely to be obese and less likely to be underweight.
Enhancing ecosystem services with no-till
Authors: Lal R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEcosystem functions and services provided by soils depend on land use and management. The objective of this article is to review and synthesize relevant information on the impacts of no-till (NT) management of croplands on ecosystem functions and services. Sustainable management of soil through NT involves: (i) replacing what is removed, (ii) restoring what has been degraded, and (iii) minimizing on-site and off-site effects. Despite its merits, NT is adopted on merely ∼9% of the 1.5 billion ha of global arable land area. Soil's ecosystem services depend on the natural capital (soil organic matter and clay contents, soil depth and water retention capacity) and its management. Soil management in various agro-ecosystems to enhance food production has some trade-offs/disservices (i.e., decline in biodiversity, accelerated erosion and non-point source pollution), which must be minimized by further developing agricultural complexity to mimic natural ecosystems. However, adoption of NT accentuates many ecosystem services: carbon sequestration, biodiversity, elemental cycling, and resilience to natural and anthropogenic perturbations, all of which can affect food security. Links exist among diverse ecosystem services, such that managing one can adversely impact others. For example, increasing agronomic production can reduce biodiversity and deplete soil organic carbon (SOC), harvesting crop residues for cellulosic ethanol can reduce SOC, etc. Undervaluing ecosystem services can jeopardize finite soil resources and aggravate disservices. Adoption of recommended management practices can be promoted through payments for ecosystem services by a market-based approach so that risks of disservices and negative costs can be reduced either through direct economic incentives or as performance payments.