bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical risk for AI
Authors: Douglas David M. , Lacey Justine , Howard David 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe term ‘ethical risk’ often appears in discussions about the responsible development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI). However, ethical risk remains inconsistently defined in this context, obscuring what distinguishes it from other forms of risk, such as social, reputational or legal risk, for example. In this paper we present a definition of ethical risk for AI as being any risk associated with an AI that may cause stakeholders to fail one or more of their ethical responsibilities towards other stakeholders. To support our definition, we describe how stakeholders have role responsibilities that follow from their relationship with the AI, and that these responsibilities are towards other stakeholders associated with the AI. We discuss how stakeholders may differ in their ability to make decisions about an AI, their exposure to risk, and whether they or others may benefit from these risks. Stakeholders without the ability to make decisions about the risks associated with an AI and how it is used are dependent on other stakeholders with this ability. This relationship places those who depend on decision-making stakeholders at ethical risk of being dominated by them. The decision-making stakeholder is ethically responsible for the risks their decisions about the AI impose on those affected by them. We illustrate our account of ethical risk for AI with two examples: AI-designed attachments for surgical robots that are optimised for treating specific patients, and self-driving ‘robotaxis’ that carry passengers on public roads.
Systematic review of usage patterns and acceptance of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies across diverse domains
Authors: Alrehaili Ahmed , White Martin , Beloff Natalia 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBlockchain-based cryptocurrencies have garnered significant attention from academic and industry. However, systematic studies on cryptocurrency usage patterns and adoption across contexts are limited. Identifying factors and developing predictive models for cryptocurrency adoption remains challenging. This article conducts a systematic review with qualitative and quantitative (mixed) syntheses on the adoption of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. From 579 initial articles, 124 were selected and classified into review-based, exploratory-based, and empirical-based categories. Exploratory articles examined global awareness and ownership of cryptocurrencies. Empirical articles were categorized into general, payment method, investment tool, transfer medium, and other contexts. The review reveals higher awareness and ownership of cryptocurrencies among young, educated males with proficient computer skills in both developed and developing nations. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and its variants are the most frequently used in the surveyed articles. Key factors like Perceived Ease of Use (PEoU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), and Perceived Trust were extensively studied. Studies on payment methods mainly focused on the customer perspective, with limited attention to the service provider perspective. As an investment tool, factors like social influence, PU, financial literacy, facilitating conditions, and perceived risk were significant. For cryptocurrencies as a transfer medium, security and risk perceptions, performance and effort expectancy, and social influence were crucial. In other contexts, trialability, transparency, and cost efficiency drove adoption, with trust and usability being vital for cryptocurrency wallet usage. Additionally, the article proposes an integrative model combining TAM with technical, economic, personal, and environmental factors. The findings from this systematic review will guide future research in developing more comprehensive models for predicting the adopting of cryptocurrencies across various contexts.
Pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship at transitions of care from inpatient hospital to home: a scoping review
Authors: Danchuk-Lauzon Mishka 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Objective:
To summarize available literature and highlight research gaps pertaining to the role of a pharmacist in providing antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions for antibiotics at transitions of care (TOC) from inpatient hospital settings to home.

Design:
Scoping review.

Methods:
This scoping review follows the Arksey and O’Malley methodological framework. The literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE (OVID) database.

Results:
The MEDLINE (OVID) search returned 45 results. Of these, 26 were excluded during title and abstract screening and 11 were excluded after full-text review. Overall, eight studies were included in this scoping review. In six of the studies, AMS interventions were pharmacist-led. In two studies, they were led by an AMS team which included a pharmacist. Six of the studies used a similar intervention where a pharmacist led the review of antibiotics prior to patient discharge and made recommendations to change therapy where appropriate. The details of how these interventions were carried out vary between studies.

Conclusions:
Overall, all studies included in this scoping review concluded that pharmacists have a role in providing AMS interventions at TOC. This scoping review summarized available literature pertaining to the role of the pharmacist in providing AMS interventions for antibiotics at TOC. Research gaps that were highlighted are optimal level of AMS training for pharmacists providing AMS interventions, optimal workflow, ideal method of communication to the prescriber, and quality improvement metrics.
Total Root Electron Content: A New Metric for the Ionosphere Below Low Earth Orbiting Satellites
Authors: Jenner M. , Coïsson P. , Hulot G. , Buresova D. , Truhlik V. , Chauvet L. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPowerful lightning strikes generate broadband electromagnetic signals. At Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF), the signal partly leaks into the ionosphere and produces whistlers that can be detected by satellites. Indeed, the satellites of the European Space Agency (ESA) Swarm Earth Explorer mission can detect those signals during 250 Hz burst‐mode acquisition campaigns of their Absolute Scalar Magnetometers (ASM). The dispersion of these whistlers depends on their propagation path and the distribution of ionization in the ionosphere crossed along that path. In this paper, we introduce a technique to derive a new measure of ionosphere electron content, the Total square‐Root Electron Content (TREC), using the arrival times of two frequencies of the whistler signal. We validate this approach by using data from ionosondes and from in situ measurements of the electron density at Swarm location. This technique brings new opportunities for sounding the ionosphere in regions poorly observed by other techniques.
Preservation of retinal structure and function in two mouse models of inherited retinal degeneration by ONL1204, an inhibitor of the Fas receptor
Authors: Yang Mengling , Yao Jingyu , Jia Lin , Kocab Andrew J. , Zacks David N. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractDue to the large number of genes and mutations that result in inherited retinal degenerations (IRD), there has been a paucity of therapeutic options for these patients. There is a large unmet need for therapeutic approaches targeting shared pathophysiologic pathways in a mutation-independent manner. The Fas receptor is a major activator and regulator of retinal cell death and inflammation in a variety of ocular diseases. We previously reported the activation of Fas-mediated photoreceptor (PR) cell death in two different IRD mouse models, rd10 and P23H, and demonstrated the protective effect of genetic Fas inhibition. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pharmacologic inhibition of Fas in these two models by intravitreal injection with a small peptide inhibitor of the Fas receptor, ONL1204. A single intravitreal injection of ONL1204 was given to one eye of rd10 mice at P14. Two intravitreal injections of ONL1204 were given to the P23H mice, once at P14 and again at 2-months of age. The fellow eyes were injected with vehicle alone. Fas activation, rate of PR cell death, retinal function, and the activation of immune cells in the retina were evaluated. In both rd10 and P23H mice, ONL1204 treatment resulted in decreased number of TUNEL (+) PRs, decreased caspase 8 activity, enhanced photoreceptor cell counts, and improved visual function compared with vehicle treated fellow eyes. Treatment with ONL1204 also reduced immune cell activation in the retinas of both rd10 and P23H mice. The protective effect of pharmacologic inhibition of Fas by ONL1204 in two distinct mouse models of retinal degeneration suggests that targeting this common pathophysiologic mechanism of cell death and inflammation represents a potential therapeutic approach to preserve the retina in patients with IRD, regardless of the genetic underpinning.
Programmed cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
Authors: Wu Xiang’an , Cao Jingying , Wan Xueshuai , Du Shunda 
Published: August 2024

AbstractHepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver cancer, ranks as the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths globally. A deeper understanding of the cell death mechanisms in HCC is essential for developing more effective treatment strategies. This review explores programmed cell death (PCD) pathways involved in HCC, including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and immunogenic cell death (ICD). These mechanisms trigger specific cell death cascades that influence the development and progression of HCC. Although multiple PCD pathways are involved in HCC, shared cellular factors suggest a possible interplay between the different forms of cell death. However, the exact roles of different cell death pathways in HCC and which cell death pathway plays a major role remain unclear. This review also highlights how disruptions in cell death pathways are related to drug resistance in cancer therapy, promoting a combined approach of cell death induction and anti-tumor treatment to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Further research is required to unravel the complex interplay between cell death modalities in HCC, which may lead to innovative therapeutic breakthroughs.
NPAS4 supports cocaine-conditioned cues in rodents by controlling the cell type-specific activation balance in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Hughes Brandon W. , Huebschman Jessica L. , Tsvetkov Evgeny , Siemsen Benjamin M. , Snyder Kirsten K. , Akiki Rose Marie , Wood Daniel J. , Penrod Rachel D. , Scofield Michael D. , Berto Stefano , Taniguchi Makoto , Cowan Christopher W. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractPowerful associations that link drugs of abuse with cues in the drug-paired environment often serve as prepotent relapse triggers. Drug-associated contexts and cues activate ensembles of nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons, including D1-class medium spiny neurons (MSNs) that typically promote, and D2-class MSNs that typically oppose, drug seeking. We found that in mice, cocaine conditioning upregulated transiently the activity-regulated transcription factor, Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 4 (NPAS4), in a small subset of NAc neurons. The NPAS4+ NAc ensemble was required for cocaine conditioned place preference. We also observed that NPAS4 functions within NAc D2-, but not D1-, MSNs to support cocaine-context associations and cue-induced cocaine, but not sucrose, seeking. Together, our data show that the NPAS4+ ensemble of NAc neurons is essential for cocaine-context associations in mice, and that NPAS4 itself functions in NAc D2-MSNs to support cocaine-context associations by suppressing drug-induced counteradaptations that oppose relapse-related behaviour.
Fluorescence changes in carbon nanotube sensors correlate with THz absorption of hydration
Authors: Nalige Sanjana S. , Galonska Phillip , Kelich Payam , Sistemich Linda , Herrmann Christian , Vukovic Lela , Kruss Sebastian , Havenith Martina 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSingle wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) functionalized with (bio-)polymers such as DNA are soluble in water and sense analytes by analyte-specific changes of their intrinsic fluorescence. Such SWCNT-based (bio-)sensors translate the binding of a molecule (molecular recognition) into a measurable optical signal. This signal transduction is crucial for all types of molecular sensors to achieve high sensitivities. Although there is an increasing number of SWCNT-based sensors, there is yet no molecular understanding of the observed changes in the SWCNT’s fluorescence. Here, we report THz experiments that map changes in the local hydration of the solvated SWCNT upon binding of analytes such as the neurotransmitter dopamine or the vitamin riboflavin. The THz amplitude signal serves as a measure of the coupling of charge fluctuations in the SWCNTs to the charge density fluctuations in the hydration layer. We find a linear (inverse) correlation between changes in THz amplitude and the intensity of the change in fluorescence induced by the analytes. Simulations show that the organic corona shapes the local water, which determines the exciton dynamics. Thus, THz signals are a quantitative predictor for signal transduction strength and can be used as a guiding chemical design principle for optimizing fluorescent biosensors.
Lineage-informative microhaplotypes for recurrence classification and spatio-temporal surveillance of Plasmodium vivax malaria parasites
Authors: Siegel Sasha V. , Trimarsanto Hidayat , Amato Roberto , Murie Kathryn , Taylor Aimee R. , Sutanto Edwin , Kleinecke Mariana , Whitton Georgia , Watson James A. , Imwong Mallika , Assefa Ashenafi , Rahim Awab Ghulam , Nguyen Hoang Chau , Tran Tinh Hien , Green Justin A. , Koh Gavin C. K. W. , White Nicholas J. , Day Nicholas , Kwiatkowski Dominic P. , Rayner Julian C. , Price Ric N. , Auburn Sarah 
Published: August 2024

AbstractChallenges in classifying recurrent Plasmodium vivax infections constrain surveillance of antimalarial efficacy and transmission. Recurrent infections may arise from activation of dormant liver stages (relapse), blood-stage treatment failure (recrudescence) or reinfection. Molecular inference of familial relatedness (identity-by-descent or IBD) can help resolve the probable origin of recurrences. As whole genome sequencing of P. vivax remains challenging, targeted genotyping methods are needed for scalability. We describe a P. vivax marker discovery framework to identify and select panels of microhaplotypes (multi-allelic markers within small, amplifiable segments of the genome) that can accurately capture IBD. We evaluate panels of 50–250 microhaplotypes discovered in a global set of 615 P. vivax genomes. A candidate global 100-microhaplotype panel exhibits high marker diversity in the Asia-Pacific, Latin America and horn of Africa (median HE = 0.70–0.81) and identifies 89% of the polyclonal infections detected with genome-wide datasets. Data simulations reveal lower error in estimating pairwise IBD using microhaplotypes relative to traditional biallelic SNP barcodes. The candidate global panel also exhibits high accuracy in predicting geographic origin and captures local infection outbreak and bottlenecking events. Our framework is open-source enabling customised microhaplotype discovery and selection, with potential for porting to other species or data resources.
Covalently linked molecular catalysts in conjugated polymer dots boost photocatalytic alcohol oxidation in neutral condition
Authors: Wang Sicong , Pavliuk Mariia V. , Zou Xianshao , Huang Ping , Cai Bin , Svensson Orpita M. , Tian Haining 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAs a new class of organic photocatalysts, polymer dots show a potential application in photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production coupled with chemical oxidation such as methanol oxidation. However, the poor methanol oxidation ability by polymer dots still inhibits the overall photocatalytic reaction occurring in the neutral condition. In this work, an organic molecular catalyst 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical is covalently linked to a fluorene unit in a polymer skeleton, eventually enabling photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production coupled with methanol oxidation in the neutral condition. By conducting various spectroscopic measurements, charge transfer between components in this molecular catalyst-immobilized polymer dots system is studied and found to be very efficient for hydrogen peroxide production coupled with alcohol oxidation. This work proves a strategy for designing polymer dots photocatalysts with molecular catalysts, facilitating their future development and potential applications in other fields such as water splitting, CO2 reduction, photoredox catalysis and photodynamic therapy.
In situ assembly of an injectable cardiac stimulator
Authors: Aydemir Umut , Mousa Abdelrazek H. , Dicko Cedric , Strakosas Xenofon , Shameem Muhammad Anwar , Hellman Karin , Yadav Amit Singh , Ekström Peter , Hughes Damien , Ek Fredrik , Berggren Magnus , Arner Anders , Hjort Martin , Olsson Roger 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWithout intervention, cardiac arrhythmias pose a risk of fatality. However, timely intervention can be challenging in environments where transporting a large, heavy defibrillator is impractical, or emergency surgery to implant cardiac stimulation devices is not feasible. Here, we introduce an injectable cardiac stimulator, a syringe loaded with a nanoparticle solution comprising a conductive polymer and a monomer that, upon injection, forms a conductive structure around the heart for cardiac stimulation. Following treatment, the electrode is cleared from the body, eliminating the need for surgical extraction. The mixture adheres to the beating heart in vivo without disrupting its normal rhythm. The electrofunctionalized injectable cardiac stimulator demonstrates a tissue-compatible Young’s modulus of 21 kPa and a high conductivity of 55 S/cm. The injected electrode facilitates electrocardiogram measurements, regulates heartbeat in vivo, and rectifies arrhythmia. Conductive functionality is maintained for five consecutive days, and no toxicity is observed at the organism, organ, or cellular levels.
Metabolic and transcriptomic reprogramming during contact inhibition-induced quiescence is mediated by YAP-dependent and YAP-independent mechanisms
Authors: Kang Soeun , Antoniewicz Maciek R. , Hay Nissim 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMetabolic rewiring during the proliferation-to-quiescence transition is poorly understood. Here, using a model of contact inhibition-induced quiescence, we conducted 13C-metabolic flux analysis in proliferating (P) and quiescent (Q) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to investigate this process. Q cells exhibit reduced glycolysis but increased TCA cycle flux and mitochondrial respiration. Reduced glycolytic flux in Q cells correlates with reduced glycolytic enzyme expression mediated by yes-associated protein (YAP) inhibition. The increased TCA cycle activity and respiration in Q cells is mediated by induced mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) expression, rendering them vulnerable to MPC inhibition. The malate-to-pyruvate flux, which generates NADPH, is markedly reduced by modulating malic enzyme 1 (ME1) dimerization in Q cells. Conversely, the malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1)-mediated oxaloacetate-to-malate flux is reversed and elevated in Q cells, driven by high mitochondrial-derived malate levels, reduced cytosolic oxaloacetate, elevated MDH1 levels, and a high cytoplasmic NAD+/NADH ratio. Transcriptomic analysis revealed large number of genes are induced in Q cells, many of which are associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM), while YAP-dependent and cell cycle-related genes are repressed. The results suggest that high TCA cycle flux and respiration in Q cells are required to generate ATP and amino acids to maintain de-novo ECM protein synthesis and secretion.
Reinterpretation of prostate cancer pathology by Appl1, Sortilin and Syndecan-1 biomarkers
Authors: Logan Jessica M. , Martini Carmela , Sorvina Alexandra , Johnson Ian R. D. , Brooks Robert D. , Caruso Maria C. , Huzzell Chelsea , Moore Courtney R. , Karageorgos Litsa , Butler Lisa M. , Tewari Prerna , Prabhakaran Sarita , Hickey Shane M. , Klebe Sonja , Samaratunga Hemamali , Delahunt Brett , Moretti Kim , O’Leary John J. , Brooks Douglas A. , Ung Ben S.-Y. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe diagnosis of prostate cancer using histopathology is reliant on the accurate interpretation of prostate tissue sections. Current standards rely on the assessment of Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, which can be difficult to interpret and introduce inter-observer variability. Here, we present a digital pathology atlas and online resource of prostate cancer tissue micrographs for both H&E and the reinterpretation of samples using a novel set of three biomarkers as an interactive tool, where clinicians and scientists can explore high resolution histopathology from various case studies. The digital pathology prostate cancer atlas when used in conjunction with the biomarkers, will assist pathologists to accurately grade prostate cancer tissue samples.
Characterization of effective moisture diffusivity based on pore structure of concrete
Authors: Dehwah Osamah H. A. , Hamidane H’mida , Xi Yunping 
Published: August 2024

AbstractConcrete durability is greatly influenced by the transport rate of aggressive chemicals. Moisture diffusion plays a key role in the long-term performance of cementitious materials, as it facilitates the entry of aggressive chemicals into concrete. The pore size distribution plays a critical role in determining moisture diffusivity. However, the characteristics of the concrete pore structure have not been included comprehensively in the material models so far. In this paper, a theoretical model was developed to obtain the pore size volume fractions for each diffusion mechanism including Molecular, Knudsen and Surface diffusions. An effective moisture diffusivity in concrete was then obtained using the weighted average based on the diffusion mechanisms and pore size volume fractions. The model’s validity was demonstrated by comparing model predictions with available experimental data. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the behavior of the concrete pore structure and its impact on moisture diffusivity.
Growing prominence of deep-sea life in marine bioprospecting
Authors: Zhivkoplias Erik , Jouffray Jean-Baptiste , Dunshirn Paul , Pranindita Agnes , Blasiak Robert 
Published: August 2024

AbstractMarine bioprospecting, which involves the exploration of genetic and biochemical material from marine organisms, can be used towards addressing a broad range of public and environmental health applications such as disease treatment, diagnostics and bioremediation. Marine genetic resources are important reservoirs for such bioprospecting efforts; however, the extent to which they are used commercially for natural product discovery and the marine sources from which they are derived are not well understood. Here we introduce a comprehensive database of marine genes referenced in patent filings, the Marine Bioprospecting Patent database. It includes 92,550 protein-coding sequences associated with 4,779 patent filings, identified by analysing all relevant records from genetic sequence databases. Three companies alone—BASF, IFF and DuPont—included sequences from 949 species (more than half of referenced species with identified marine origin). Microbial life in the deep sea, a vast and remote biome predominantly beyond national jurisdiction, is already attracting substantial economic interest; the top ten patent holders have all filed marine gene patents referencing sequences from deep-sea life. Our findings provide an updated understanding of the marine bioprospecting landscape, contribute to the sustainable use of marine biodiversity and underscore the need for policymakers to ensure stewardship of deep-sea ecosystems.