bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formulation of a Biobased Gear Oil Utilizing Boron Technology
Authors: Doll Kenneth M. , Heise Glenn L. , Myslinska Malgorzata , Sharma Brajendra K. 
Published: July 2013

A new additive was produced from a natural oil and boron. The synthesis involves the use of the epoxidized form of soybean oil which then undergoes a catalytic ring opening to produce the additive material. Due to their remaining triacylglycerol structure, the products are highly compatible with bio-based lubricants and due to their covalent boron attachments, show effective properties for the reduction of wear.
Some performance examples: Using a traditional Falex 4-ball wear test, the scar diameter observed in a soybean oil lubricant could be reduced from 0.61 mm to 0.41 mm by the inclusion of 1% or the additive. A second generation additive, while not as effective at reducing wear, was able to increase the oxidation onset temperature of soybean oil under pressurized oxygen by 14 °C.
Next, these additives were tested in a formulation of biobased gear oil composed of heat treated soybean oil and synthetic esters. In the best formulation, these additives were able to surpass the oxidation onset of a gear oil that was formulated with commercially available additives, while giving nearly as good of performance by wear scar analysis. This oxidation onset value, of 258 °C, approaches that of off-the-shelf gear oils.
Overall, these new additives are strong performers which can be made using simple chemistry. Their properties combined with their high biobased content are valuable assets in the search for biobased lubricants and gear oils.
Tribological Property Analyses of DLC Films on Ceramic Ball Surfaces With 3-D FEA Method and Experiments
Authors: Zhang Chuanwei , Gu Le , Zheng Dezhi 
Published: July 2013

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films are excellent candidates to improve tribological properties of silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic elements. Particular attentions have been paid to the preparation and analysis of DLC films on rings and discs. However, few researches on fabrication of DLC films on ball surfaces were carried out, especially on ceramic ball surfaces, because it is hard to achieve uniform coatings on ball surfaces.
In this paper, DLC films on ceramic ball surfaces were studied with both experiment and FEA method. DLC films were deposited on Si3N4 ceramic ball and disc surfaces with plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition techniques (PIII-D). Surface topography of ceramic balls before and after coated with DLC films showed that DLC films on ceramic ball surfaces were uniform. Tribological tests under dry friction were conducted with a ceramic ball sliding against ceramic disc and, alternatively, one of the two surfaces was coated with DLC films. The tests demonstrated that DLC films on disc surfaces were worn, while ball surface films were partly flaked.
3-D FEA models of ceramic ball sliding against ceramic disc were built and the ceramic ball/disc was coated with DLC films alternatively. DLC films were supposed to be bonded with ceramic substrates. The FEA stress fields in DLC films and on film/substrate interface showed that DLC films had great effects on stress distribution due to the low frictional coefficient and material difference from substrates. The friction force caused an increment of the stress near surfaces during sliding process, and the material difference leaded to discontinuous stress distribution on film/substrate interface. The shear stress on film/substrate interface was very slightly different between DLC films coated on ceramic balls and discs. Under almost the same shear stress, the flakes and wear of DLC films were mainly determined on the adherence of DLC films to ceramic substrates.
New Generation of Water Lubricated Foil Bearing: Numerical Models and Experimental Verification
Authors: Olszewski Artur , Wodtke Michał , Gawarkiewicz Rafał 
Published: July 2013

The paper presents a new idea of foil water-lubricated bearing and the methodology of hydrodynamic characteristics calculations. Two different computer models were built in order to assess the theoretical characteristics of these bearings. Firstly a structural model coupled with a hydrodynamic fluid model which takes into account: fluid flow in the deformed fluid gap — a specific design of bearing support and the friction in bearing support. The second model is based on the fluid structure interaction simulation. Due to the fact that it is necessary to define physical properties of the materials for computer models, special tribology and stiffness tests of actual materials intended to be used in the prototype bearing were performed.
The test rig was modernised by installing pressure sensors on bush perimeter in two parallel planes in order to verify the method of the calculation of the bearing.
A Mechanistic Approach to Predicting the Friction Behaviour of Human Skin
Authors: van Kuilenburg Julien , Masen Marc A. , van der Heide Emile 
Published: July 2013

In this work, analytical models available from contact mechanics theory having a proven record in mechanical engineering were used to develop a model predicting the friction behavior of human skin.
A multi-scale contact model was developed in which the contact parameters are calculated at three levels, each level characterized by its elastic behavior and geometry. For a product part in contact with the so-called hairy skin the skin topography can be described as being composed of spherical contacts, whereas for the finger in contact with a product surface the fingerprint ridges are modeled as annulus shaped line contacts.
Sliding friction was measured in vivo between the skin and different surface textures produced using ultra-short pulsed laser technology. The results observed during in vivo experiments are very well explained by the developed model, which predicts the friction as a function of product geometry, asperity geometry and normal load.
Development of the GranOO Discrete Element Platform for Dynamic Problems: Application for Tribological Application
Authors: Iordanoff Ivan , Charles Jean Luc , Andre Damien 
Published: July 2013

Discrete Model is based on the description of the physical state (velocity, position, temperature, magnetic moment, electric potential ..) of a large number of discrete elements that form the media to be studied. It is not basedon a continuous description of the media. Thus, it is particularly well adapted to describe media evolution driven by discontinuous phenomena like the description of multi fracturation followed by debris flow like wear study.
Recently, the use of discrete model has been widened to face problem encountered with complex rheological behavior and/or multi-physical behavior. Multi-physical problems face complex mathematical formulation because of the mixing of different families of differential equations when continuous approach is chosen. With the discrete model, each particle has a physical state and state evolution is due to local physical particle interaction: it is often much simple to write. From the beginning of the years 2000, this method has been widely applied for the study of tribological problems. Wear has been investigated[1], thermo-mechanical behavior of a contact[2], subsurface damage due to surface polishing[4]… Recently, it has been shownhow quantitative results can be obtained with this method[4]. To help and promote research in this area, a platform GranOO has been developed under a C++ environment and is distributed under thefree GPL license. The goal of this platform is to offer to researchers, especially in the tribology domain, a numerical and easy to use environment to facilitate the access to Discrete Element simulations. The main aspect of this platform ispresented in the extended abstract and some applicationsgiven as examples. Details can be found on url www.granoo.org.
Three Years Later: Conclusion of a Successful Social-Environmental Management Model to Overcome the Impacts of a Heavy Crude Oil Spill
Authors: Mendizábal Andrés , Samaniego Raúl , Aleman Miguel Angel 
Published: July 2013

On February 25, 2009, OCP Ecuador S.A. faced its first major incident; an oil spill consisting of 11,700 barrels of heavy crude oil in an area of high biodiversity in eastern Ecuador. An earth movement caused stress in the pipeline that resulted in its breakage. The temporarily impacted area covered 30 hectares of soil and gravel along 180 kilometers of three rivers that form the high watershed of the Amazon River; these rivers are the Santa Rosa, Quijos and the Coca.
A paper describing the model implemented to manage the emergency, clean up and remediation activities was presented during the 2010 International Pipeline Conference. Now, 3 years later, this paper presents the final conclusions and lessons learned once the remediation, approval process and subsequent monitoring have been completed.
Development of Welding Procedures for X90-Grade Seamless Pipes for Riser Applications
Authors: Nagayama Hiroyuki , Hamada Masahiko , Mruczek Mark F. , Vickers Mark , Hisamune Nobuyuki , Fukuba Tetsuya , Arredondo Archie 
Published: July 2013

Ultra-high strength seamless pipes of X90 and X100 grades have been developed for deepwater or ultra-deepwater applications. Girth welding procedure specifications (WPSs) should be developed for the ultra-high strength pipes. However, there is little information for double jointing welding procedure by using submerged arc welding process for high strength line pipes.
This paper describes mechanical test results of submerged arc welding (SAW) and gas shielded flux cored arc welding (GSFCAW) trials with various welding consumables procured from commercial markets. Welds were then made with typical welding parameters for riser productions using high strength X90 seamless pipes.
The submerged arc weld metal strength could increase by increasing alloy elements in weld metal. The weld metal with CE (IIW) value of 0.74 mass% achieved fully overmatching for the X90 pipe. The weld metal yield strength (0.2% offset) was 694 MPa, and the ultimate tensile strength was 833 MPa. It was also confirmed that the reduction of boron in weld metal can improve low temperature toughness of high strength weld metal. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the HAZ has excellent mechanical properties and toughness for riser applications.
In this study GSFCAW procedures were also developed. GSFCAW can be used for joining pipe and connector material for riser production welding. The weld metal with a CE (IIW) value of 0.54 mass% could meet the required strength level for X90-grade pipe as specified in ISO 3183. Cross weld tensile testing showed that fractures were achieved in the base metal. Good Charpy impact properties in weld metal and HAZ were also confirmed.
Trends on Integrity Management Programs (IMP) and Management Systems (MS) Audit and Incident Findings
Authors: Mora Rafael G. , Paviglianiti Joe , Slocomb Richard , Bourassa Mota Anne-Marie , Zaidi Mohsin 
Published: July 2013

Over the past 12 years, as directed by federal and provincial regulations, Canadian pipeline companies have been formally developing and implementing Integrity Management Programs (IMPs). Since 1999, IMPs have been a requirement in the Canadian consensus industry standard CSA Z662. Furthermore, since the release of CSA Z662 Annex N in 2005, both the BC OGC and the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) (Canadian provincial regulators) have made CSA Z662 Annex N mandatory for their regulated companies. Annex N incorporates key management system (MS) elements such as a company’s policy and commitment, responsibilities, competency, planning, management of change, review and evaluation.
This paper presents the findings of IMP audits conducted by the NEB and BC OGC regulators during the period of 2001–2011. This paper also includes the findings of NEB’s analysis of pipeline incidents that occurred between 2005 and 2009 and how these incident findings correlate to the audit findings.
This paper is structured as follows:
• Integrity management regulatory frameworks
• IMP and MS elements and their interconnection
• Audit findings from the NEB and the BC OGC
• Incident findings from the NEB
• Analysis of the audit findings and their correlation to incidents
• Trends on IMP and MS audit and incident findings
The paper provides a general understanding of the findings and their trends on pipeline integrity management and on incidents in terms of IMP/MS elements as described in Table 1. The results from this study may help stakeholders to determine strategies to increase the adequacy, implementation and effectiveness of pipeline integrity management. This paper does not include any company-specific information nor results and conclusions from any particular audit report or incident.
Development of Modern High Strength Heavy Plates for Linepipe Applications
Authors: Meuser Heike , Gerdemann Florian , Grimpe Fabian , Stallybrass Charles 
Published: July 2013

High strength linepipe steels have to fulfil increasing property demands in modern pipeline applications. The transport of large gas volumes at high pressures from remote areas to the market is achieved in the most economical way by large diameter pipelines. For the last 30 years, high strength heavy plates for pipes and pipe bends were developed and produced at Salzgitter Mannesmann Grobblech. These products were steadily improved for example in terms of toughness and fracture behaviour at low temperatures. This is a strong focus of materials development around the world.
Modern high-strength heavy plates used in the production of UOE pipes are generally produced by thermomechanical rolling followed by accelerated cooling (TMCP). The combination of high strength and high toughness of these steels is a result of the bainitic microstructure realised by TMCP and are strongly influenced by the rolling and cooling conditions. This paper gives an overview of the development of high strength plates for line pipe application at Salzgitter Mannesmann Grobblech. From comparably thin-walled X80 plates with no or medium DWTT requirements to recent requirements for approx. 28 mm thick X80 plates with requirements of 75/85% shear area fraction at −30°C and more than 250 J Charpy energy at −40°C the development work and the result of the last five years are described and presented.
Classical light-optical characterisation of the microstructure of these steels is at its limits because the size of the observed features is too small to allow reliable quantitative results. Therefore Salzgitter Mannesmann Grobblech and Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung (SZMF) developed alternative methods with the aim of a quantification of microstructure features and a correlation of those with the mechanical properties and processing conditions.
In several investigations, the information is related to the mechanical properties of the plate material. It was found that a variation of the processing conditions has a direct influence on parameters that are accessible through the EBSD method and correlates with mechanical properties. The detailed correlations vary depending on steel grade and TMCP strategy. The results have to be carefully interpreted and help understanding the connection between processing and properties. Consequently this can be used as valuable input for the definition of the processing window for heavy plate production with optimized properties.
Research on Leak Test for Long Distance Gas Pipline
Authors: Yan Feng , Miao Qing , Xue Xiangdong , Wang Yubin , Li Daquan , Zhang Jingnan 
Published: July 2013

The main purpose of pre-service leak test is to prove the tightness of the pipeline system. It plays an important role to guarantee the safety operating of pipeline. However, the duration of leak test is different in different countries. If the duration of tightness test is longer, the tightness level can be sufficiently detected, which is benefit for pipeline safe operating, but the cost and the time of project must be extended; if the duration of tightness test is shorter, the defect of pipeline can not be fully exposed, which may be left hidden trouble for pipeline safe operating. Meanwhile, the tightness test may be influenced by many factors, for example the test medium, pipeline capacity, pressure, ambient temperature variation, leak detection methods, and so on. Therefore, it is unreasonable to leak test with same duration for different kinds of gas pipeline, which regulated in some standards, for example CSA Z662-11, BS EN1594:2000, ISO 13623:2008, GB 50251-2003, and so on. At the same time, those standards all regulated that the duration of tightness test should be properly extended while the pipeline capacity and ambient temperature variation obviously affect the accuracy of leak test, but the definite value is not regulated. In addition, they also regulated that the pressure increases or decreases during leak test shall be acceptable provided that it can be demonstrated through calculations that the pressure change is caused by ambient temperature variations, but there is no explicit calculation method. Now, the specified duration of leak test in different standards are all based on the engineering experience. Because there is no rational theory way, it makes the identification and modification of the duration for different kinds of pipeline become blind.
Based on the theory of fluid mechanics, material mechanics, elastic mechanics, a mathematical model about the duration of leak test for long distance gas pipeline is developed for the first time. The influences of the test medium, pipeline capacity, pressure, ambient temperature variation and other factors which may impact the duration of leak test are synthetically considered in the model. The experimental verification shows that the result calculated by the model is accurate. It can provide reliable theoretical guidance for determining reasonable leak test duration for long distance gas pipeline.
Long-Term Evaluation of the Bonding Strength of Composite Repairs
Authors: Farrag Khalid , Stutenberg Kevin 
Published: July 2013

The long-term performance of composite repair systems depends on their structural integrity and interaction with the carrier pipe. The adhesives used in the composites are critical components that not only bond the repair to the pipe, but also bond the individual layers of the repair to one another. The durability of the inter-laminate adhesive bond is required to ensure adequate load transfer between the pipe and the composite layers over the predicted lifetime of the repair.
A testing program was performed to evaluate the shear strength of the adhesives used in composite repairs. The testing program evaluated the performance of seven commercially-available composite repair systems and it consisted of short-term and long-term shear tests on the adhesives and cathodic disbondment tests on the repair systems. The long-term shear tests were performed for 10,000 hours on samples submerged in a water solution with pH value of 9 and at various loading levels at temperatures of 70°F, 105°F and 140°F.
The results of the long-term tests at elevated temperatures were extrapolated to predict the shear strengths at longer durations. The 20-year shear strengths of the composites were estimated using: (a) direct extrapolation of the best-fit curves and (b) the application of the rate process procedure. The results demonstrated the significant effect of temperature on the bond strength of the composites and provided a comparative analysis to evaluate the long-term shear strength and cathodic disbondment of the composite repair systems.
Analyzing the Crash Between Gauging Pig and the Elbows of U-Shaped Pipeline
Authors: Li Daquan , Zhang Peng , Ai Muyang , Zheng Jianguo , Yan Feng , Wang Yubin 
Published: July 2013

Gauge pigging runs are performed to detect restrictions, dents and other deformations within pipelines. After a gauge tool is run, the gauge plate is examined to see if there are any impressions or damage on the plate which would indicate deformation or restrictions within the pipeline. It is important to note however, that in the process of the gauge pig traveling through the pipeline, collisions can occurs at locations where no deformations are present. Such locations can include pipeline elbows. Therefore, precautions in both the pig design as well as in the pipeline operation should be taken to prevent this from happening. For example, a U-shaped pipeline is often designed, with a series of 90° elbows, for pipeline river crossings. When a gauge pig passes through such elbows, the plate may incur damage if the pig velocity is too high or the pig’s design is inadequate. This can lead to erroneous judgment calls with regard to the presence of deformations within the pipeline. This paper describes the analysis performed on the motion of a gauge pig as it passes through the elbows of a U-shaped pipeline segment. And the geometric properties of elbow and caliper pig have been analyzed too.
It is concluded that if the velocity of the pig exceeds a specific threshold value, the centrifugal force of the pig as it travels through the elbow becomes large enough such that the supporting disks will yield and allow plate damage to occur. If the front support plates of the pig are deformed enough, the plate will collide with the outside arc of the elbow. A variety of factors, described in this paper, determine this critical pig velocity threshold value. Additionally, it is concluded that the plate can be damaged at the inside arc of the bend if specific geometric relationships exist between the gauge plate, pig and the bend itself.
Based on these conclusions, required modifications to both pig designs, as well as to pipeline velocity can be determined in order to avoid damaging gauge plates at pipeline elbows.
Blunt Crack Initiation and its Transition to Sharp Cracks in Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral pH Solution
Authors: Fang B. , Eadie R. L. , Elboujdaini M. 
Published: July 2013

This paper reviews our research into pipeline stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in near-neutral pH (NNpH) environment to help understand the mechanisms on pit-to-crack transition and early growth to contribute to pipeline integrity management so that the risk of failure can be avoid or reduced.
Pitted specimens by using two different techniques (passivation/immersion and electrochemical methods) were cyclically loaded in NNpH environment sparged with 5% CO2 / balance N2 gas mixture at high stress ratios (minimum stress/maximum stress), low strain rates and low frequencies which are close to the operational pipelines in the field. Blunt cracks initiation was seen first and associated with the pit geometry, and most of the blunt cracks were observed to have initiated from the corrosion pits that had the pit depth to surface width aspect ratios greater than 0.5. The blunt crack growth was engendered by anodic dissolution, which was facilitated by stress. So it was called as stress facilitated dissolution crack growth. These blunt cracks had considerably large crack tip width to crack mouth width aspect ratios, and the majority were below 0.5 to 0.6 mm deep, and considered dormant. Once cracks surpassed the critical value, around 0.5 to 0.6 mm, the cracks would be reactivated and the crack tip width to crack mouth width ratios became significantly smaller. Meanwhile, more hydrogen would be trapped in the plastic zones. Thus, hydrogen would play an important role in the crack propagation. So in this stage, cracks tended to become sharp and the mechanism was referred to hydrogen facilitated cracking. The observations from the field can be interpreted very well by using the proposed models. It was proposed that two different mechanisms are responsible for the early-stage crack growth and sharp cracks be removed to reduce the risk of failure in pipelines.