bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transitioning to stepfamily life: the influence of closeness with biological parents and stepparents on children's stress
Authors: Jensen Todd M. , Shafer Kevin , Holmes Erin K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFamily transitions, such as stepfamily formation, can be a source of stress for adults and children. Yet, the stepfamily literature lacks a focus on factors that influence child stress levels while transitioning to stepfamily life. Using a social support perspective, the purpose of this study was to assess the independent and additive influence of closeness with three common parental figures on retrospective reports of stress experienced by children during stepfamily formation. A sample of 1139 emerging adults from a retrospective, US‐based national quota sample, the Stepfamily Experiences Project, was analysed. Results indicated that parental relationships have independent, not combined, effects on stress. More specifically, we found that greater closeness with resident stepparents and resident biological parents was associated with less stress in children, whereas greater closeness with non‐resident biological parents was associated with slightly greater levels of stress. These findings reflect (i) the primacy of residential relationships in children's stress reduction; (ii) the benefit of parental relationships to children as sources of social support during stressful family transitions; and (iii) the potential for children to experience stressful loyalty binds during stepfamily formation. Implications for social work practice, limitations and future directions for research are discussed.
Federally Qualified Health Centers’ Capacity and Readiness for Research Collaborations: Implications for Clinical‐Academic‐Community Partnerships
Authors: Brandt Heather M. , Young Vicki M. , Campbell Dayna A. , Choi Seul Ki , Seel Jessica S. , Friedman Daniela B. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackground:Federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) provide a health care safety net for underserved populations and contribute unique expertise to research that could further enhance quality of patient care. The purpose of this research was to assess interest in, readiness to, and capacity for conducting research in FQHCs in South Carolina (SC).Methods:A Web‐based survey was administered to 20 FQHCs across SC. Fourteen representatives of FQHCs completed the 39‐item survey that assessed research experience and interest, partnerships and funding, barriers and benefits to research participation, training and technical assistance needs, and research capacity.Results:FQHCs are interested in conducting research. FQHCs reported that health center leadership, organizational benefit, active engagement of staff, and clear roles for partners were important factors for successful partnerships. Inequity of budget and resources were the greatest challenges encountered. Improved patient outcomes, additional resources for the center, reduction in disparities, and academic partnerships were considered benefits for participation. FQHCs were interested in training and technical assistance opportunities for research funding and best practices for the use of research to inform programs and services.Conclusions:FQHCs are willing to collaborate on research. For successful research partnerships, collaborators should understand FQHCs’ challenges and barriers to participation.
Therapeutic Basis of Clinical Pain Modulation
Authors: Kirkpatrick Daniel R. , McEntire Dan M. , Hambsch Zakary J. , Kerfeld Mitchell J. , Smith Tyler A. , Reisbig Mark D. , Youngblood Charles F. , Agrawal Devendra K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPain is a hallmark of almost all bodily ailments and can be modulated by agents, including analgesics and anesthetics that suppress pain signals in the central nervous system. Defects in the modulatory systems, including the endogenous pain‐inhibitory pathways, are a major factor in the initiation and chronicity of pain. Thus, pain modulation is particularly applicable to the practice of medicine. This review summarizes the existing literature on pain modulation. Here, we critically reviewed the literature from PubMed on pain modulation published primarily within the past 5 years in high impact journals. Specifically, we have discussed important anatomical landmarks of pain modulation and outlined the endogenous networks and underlying mechanisms of clinically relevant pain modulatory methods. The Gate Control Theory is briefly presented with discussion on the capacity of pain modulation to cause both hyper‐ and hypoalgesia. An emphasis has been given to highlight key areas in pain research that, because of unanswered questions or therapeutic potential, merit additional scientific scrutiny. The information presented in this paper would be helpful in developing novel therapies, metrics, and interventions for improved patient management.
Abundance of common species, not species richness, drives delivery of a real‐world ecosystem service
Authors: Winfree Rachael , W. Fox Jeremy , Williams Neal M. , Reilly James R. , Cariveau Daniel P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBiodiversity‐ecosystem functioning experiments have established that species richness and composition are both important determinants of ecosystem function in an experimental context. Determining whether this result holds for real‐world ecosystem services has remained elusive, however, largely due to the lack of analytical methods appropriate for large‐scale, associational data. Here, we use a novel analytical approach, the Price equation, to partition the contribution to ecosystem services made by species richness, composition and abundance in four large‐scale data sets on crop pollination by native bees. We found that abundance fluctuations of dominant species drove ecosystem service delivery, whereas richness changes were relatively unimportant because they primarily involved rare species that contributed little to function. Thus, the mechanism behind our results was the skewed species‐abundance distribution. Our finding that a few common species, not species richness, drive ecosystem service delivery could have broad generality given the ubiquity of skewed species‐abundance distributions in nature.
RYR1‐related myopathies: a wide spectrum of phenotypes throughout life
Authors: Snoeck M. , van Engelen B. G. M. , Küsters B. , Lammens M. , Meijer R. , Molenaar J. P. F. , Raaphorst J. , Verschuuren‐Bemelmans C. C. , Straathof C. S. M. , Sie L. T. L. , de Coo I. F. , van der Pol W. L. , de Visser M. , Scheffer H. , Treves S. , Jungbluth H. , Voermans N. C. , Kamsteeg E.‐J. 
Published: May 2015

Background and purposeAlthough several recent studies have implicated RYR1 mutations as a common cause of various myopathies and the malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) trait, many of these studies have been limited to certain age groups, confined geographical regions or specific conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the full spectrum of RYR1‐related disorders throughout life and to use this knowledge to increase vigilance concerning malignant hyperthermia.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed on the clinical, genetic and histopathological features of all paediatric and adult patients in whom an RYR1 mutation was detected in a national referral centre for both malignant hyperthermia and inherited myopathies (2008–2012).ResultsThe cohort of 77 non‐related patients (detection rate 28%) included both congenital myopathies with permanent weakness and ‘induced’ myopathies such as MHS and non‐anaesthesia‐related episodes of rhabdomyolysis or hyperCKemia, manifested throughout life and triggered by various stimuli. Sixty‐one different mutations were detected, of which 24 were novel. Some mutations are present in both dominant (MHS) and recessive modes (congenital myopathy) of inheritance, even within families. Histopathological features included an equally wide spectrum, ranging from only subtle abnormalities to prominent cores.ConclusionsThis broad range of RYR1‐related disorders often presents to the general paediatric and adult neurologist. Its recognition is essential for genetic counselling and improving patients' safety during anaesthesia. Future research should focus on in vitro testing by the in vitro contracture test and functional characterization of the large number of RYR1 variants whose precise effects currently remain uncertain.
Dose‐dependent suppression of human photoparoxysmal response with the competitive AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist BGG492: Clear PK/PD relationship
Authors: Kasteleijn‐Nolst Trenité Dorotheé , Brandt Christian , Mayer Thomas , Rosenow Felix , Schmidt Bernd , Steinhoff Bernhard J. , Gardin Anne , Imbert Georges , Johns Donald , Sagkriotis Alexandros , Kucher Klaus 
Published: May 2015

SummaryObjectiveExamine the efficacy of a competitive α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate glutamate receptor antagonist, selurampanel (BGG492), in the human photostimulation model.MethodsPatients with epilepsy and a generalized epileptiform electroencephalography response to intermittent photic stimulation (photoparoxysmal response or PPR; diagnosed ≥6 months prior to initial study dosing) were enrolled in a phase II, multicenter, single‐blind, within‐subject, placebo‐controlled proof‐of‐concept (PoC) study. PPR was used as a biomarker to assess the efficacy and safety of BGG492 in three cohorts (cohorts I–III received BGG492 50, 100, and 15 mg, respectively). Primary endpoints were to evaluate the efficacy of single oral BGG492 doses in abolishment of PPR or a relevant reduction of the standardized photoparoxysmal response (SPR), and to evaluate time of onset and duration of response. Secondary endpoints were to evaluate maximal SPR reduction, determine the pharmacokinetic profile of BGG492, explore the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship, and evaluate the safety and tolerability of BGG492.ResultsTen patients were enrolled, with three participating twice, that is, in two cohorts (n = 13). Treatment with BGG492 resulted in abolition of PPR in seven of 13 patients in a dose‐dependent manner: three, three, and one patient in cohorts I–III, respectively. All patients showed treatment‐related reductions of SPR range of at least three steps in at least one eye condition (eye closure, eyes closed, or eyes open). Generally, onset of the suppressive effect appeared to be within 1–2 h post‐BGG492 dose and continued in three patients at the 50‐ and 100‐mg doses for 29–33 h. Most common adverse events across the BGG492‐treated groups were headache and nasopharyngitis (three patients each), followed by dizziness, fatigue, and diarrhea (two patients each).SignificanceThe dose‐dependent positive effect of BGG492 on the PPR and SPR in patients with photosensitive epilepsy in this proof‐of‐concept study supports further investigation of AMPA receptor antagonists in large‐scale phase III trials.
The centrodistal joint interosseous ligament region in the tarsus of the horse: Normal appearance, abnormalities and possible association with other tarsal lesions, including osteoarthritis
Authors: Skelly‐Smith E. , Ireland J. , Dyson S. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryReasons for performing studyThere have been no detailed descriptions of the radiological appearance of the centrodistal joint interosseous ligament region in horses with and without distal tarsal joint pain.ObjectivesTo describe the normal radiological appearance of the centrodistal joint interosseous ligament region; to determine the prevalence of mineralisation or ossification of the interosseous ligament; and to describe radiological abnormalities surrounding the interosseous space and concurrent radiological abnormalities in the tarsus. The association between interosseous ligament region abnormalities and radiological evidence of osteoarthritis of the centrodistal joint was assessed.Study designRetrospective study.MethodsCase records and radiographs of all horses/ponies (n = 700) that underwent radiographic examination of one/both tarsi over 7 years were reviewed. Case history, height, bodyweight and cause(s) of lameness were recorded. Factors associated with abnormalities of the centrodistal interosseous ligament region were assessed using logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe normal interosseous space was an oval or circular‐shaped radiolucent area bordered proximally and distally by a rim of bone of uniform opacity and thickness, which varied in thickness among animals. Abnormalities of the interosseous ligament region of the lame(r) limb were evident in 121/700 (17.3%; 95% confidence interval 14.5–20.1%) animals. Increasing bodyweight was associated with decreased odds of interosseous ligament region abnormalities. Forty‐seven animals (6.7%; 95% confidence interval 4.9–8.6%) had radiological evidence of osteoarthritis of the centrodistal joint. A greater proportion of animals with interosseous ligament region abnormalities (36.4%) had radiological evidence of osteoarthritis of the centrodistal joint, compared to those with normal interosseous ligament regions (0.5%; P<0.001). Interosseous ligament region abnormalities and osteoarthritis of the centrodistal joint were not necessarily associated with distal tarsal joint pain.ConclusionsThere is an association between abnormalities of the centrodistal joint interosseous ligament region and osteoarthritis. Radiological evidence of abnormalities of the centrodistal intertarsal ligament region alone or in association with osteoarthritis may be present asymptomatically.
Towards the search of detection in speech‐relevant features for stress
Authors: Rodellar‐Biarge Victoria , Palacios‐Alonso Daniel , Nieto‐Lluis Victor , Gómez‐Vilda Pedro 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMost of the parameters proposed for the characterization of the emotion in speech concentrate their attention on phonetic and prosodic features. Our approach goes beyond trying to relate the biometrical signature of voice with a possible neural activity that might generate alterations in voice production. A total of 68, acoustical, glottal and biomechanical parameters were extracted from neutral and stressed speeches. The importance of the parameters was evaluated using t‐test, entropy, Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) and Wilcoxon methods and support vector machines algorithms for classification. The emotion under study is the stress produced when a speaker has to defend an idea opposite to his/her thoughts or feelings, and this stress is compared to self‐consistent speech. The results show tremor in the vocal folds to be the most relevant feature.
Why have global shark and ray landings declined: improved management or overfishing?
Authors: Davidson Lindsay N K , Krawchuk Meg A , Dulvy Nicholas K 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGlobal chondrichthyan (shark, ray, skate and chimaera) landings, reported to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), peaked in 2003 and in the decade since have declined by almost 20%. In the FAO's 2012 ‘State of the World's Fisheries and Aquaculture’ report, the authors ‘hoped’ the reductions in landings were partially due to management implementation rather than population decline. Here, we tested their hypothesis. Post‐peak chondrichthyan landings trajectories from 126 countries were modelled against seven indirect and direct fishing pressure measures and eleven measures of fisheries management performance, while accounting for ecosystem attributes. We found the recent improvement in international or national fisheries management was not yet strong enough to account for the recent decline in chondrichthyan landings. Instead, the landings declines were more closely related to fishing pressure and ecosystem attribute measures. Countries with the greatest declines had high human coastal population sizes or high shark and ray meat exports such as Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand. While important progress had been made, country‐level fisheries management measures did not yet have the strength or coverage to halt overfishing and avert population declines of chondrichthyans. Increased implementation of legally binding operational fisheries management and species‐specific reporting is urgently required to avoid declines and ensure fisheries sustainability and food security.
Geographic patterns in functional diversity deficits are linked to glacial‐interglacial climate stability and accessibility
Authors: Ordonez Alejandro , Svenning Jens‐Christian 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimLate Quaternary climate change can be an important determinant of large‐scale species richness patterns, but it is currently unknown if its effects also extend to functional diversity (FD) and thus potentially ecosystem functioning. This study assessed whether deficits in contemporary FD, relative to expectations based on contemporary environmental regions and species richness, were associated with glacial‐interglacial climate stability and accessibility from glacial refugia.LocationEuropeMethodsAtlas data on distributions of plant species and functional trait information were used to estimate functional richness (FRich) and dispersion (FDisp) for ∼50 × 50 km grid cells across Europe. Maximum expected FD was calculated using both quantile regression and a null‐model approach, with species richness and contemporary environmental regions as constraints. Then, the proportion of the potential FD present in a grid cell – the realized‐to‐potential FD ratio (R/P) – was estimated. Spatial autoregressive modeling with information‐theoretic multi‐model selection were used to estimate the explanatory importance and predictive ability of glacial‐interglacial climate instability and accessibility to recolonization from glacial refugia for R/P ratios.ResultsMinimum and median R/P ratios were 58% and 74% for FRich and 82% and 93% for FDisp, showing that realized FD is often lower than expectations from species richness and contemporary environmental regions. FD deficits were significantly associated with glacial‐interglacial Quaternary climate change (FRich‐R2: 0.52; FDisp‐R2: 0.41), even after accounting for contemporary climate. FRich and FDisp R/P ratios were the highest in areas with low climatic instability and close to the major glacial temperate refuge regions.Main ConclusionsRealized macro‐scale FD patterns appear to be in moderate disequilibrium with contemporary richness and environmental regions. Importantly, small R/P ratios are significantly associated with both historical and contemporary climate. These findings suggest that future climate change may elicit long‐term functional disequilibria and thus also have long‐term consequences for ecosystem functioning.
Comparing clinical outcomes in HIV‐infected and uninfected older men hospitalized with community‐acquired pneumonia
Authors: Barakat LA , Juthani‐Mehta M , Allore H , Trentalange M , Tate J , Rimland D , Pisani M , Akgün KM , Goetz MB , Butt AA , Rodriguez‐Barradas M , Duggal M , Crothers K , Justice AC , Quagliarello VJ 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesOutcomes of community–acquired pneumonia (CAP) among HIV‐infected older adults are unclear.MethodsAssociations between HIV infection and three CAP outcomes (30‐day mortality, readmission within 30 days post‐discharge, and hospital length of stay [LOS]) were examined in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) of male Veterans, age ≥ 50 years, hospitalized for CAP from 10/1/2002 through 08/31/2010. Associations between the VACS Index and CAP outcomes were assessed in multivariable models.ResultsAmong 117 557 Veterans (36 922 HIV‐infected and 80 635 uninfected), 1203 met our eligibility criteria. The 30‐day mortality rate was 5.3%, the mean LOS was 7.3 days, and 13.2% were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. In unadjusted analyses, there were no significant differences between HIV‐infected and uninfected participants regarding the three CAP outcomes (P > 0.2). A higher VACS Index was associated with increased 30‐day mortality, readmission, and LOS in both HIV‐infected and uninfected groups. Generic organ system components of the VACS Index were associated with adverse CAP outcomes; HIV‐specific components were not. Among HIV‐infected participants, those not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) had a higher 30‐day mortality (HR 2.94 [95% CI 1.51, 5.72]; P = 0.002) and a longer LOS (slope 2.69 days [95% CI 0.65, 4.73]; P = 0.008), after accounting for VACS Index. Readmission was not associated with ART use (OR 1.12 [95% CI 0.62, 2.00] P = 0.714).ConclusionAmong HIV‐infected and uninfected older adults hospitalized for CAP, organ system components of the VACS Index were associated with adverse CAP outcomes. Among HIV‐infected individuals, ART was associated with decreased 30‐day mortality and LOS.
Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir during pregnancy and postpartum
Authors: Best BM , Burchett S , Li H , Stek A , Hu C , Wang J , Hawkins E , Byroads M , Watts DH , Smith E , Fletcher CV , Capparelli EV , Mirochnick M ,   International Maternal Pediatric and Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) P1026s Team
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is increasingly used in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens of pregnant women, but limited data exist on the pregnancy pharmacokinetics of chronically dosed TDF. This study described tenofovir pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and postpartum.MethodsInternational Maternal Pediatric and Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) P1026s is a prospective, nonblinded pharmacokinetic study of HIV‐infected pregnant women that included a cohort receiving 300 mg TDF once daily. Steady‐state 24‐hour pharmacokinetic profiles were measured at the second and third trimesters, postpartum, and in maternal and umbilical cord samples collected at delivery. Tenofovir was measured by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). The target area under the concentration versus time curve from time 0 to 24 h post dose (AUC) was ≥ 1.99 μg h/mL (nonpregnant historical control 10th percentile).ResultsThe median tenofovir AUC was decreased during the second (1.9 μg h/mL) and third (2.4 μg h/mL; P = 0.005) trimesters versus postpartum (3.0 μg h/mL). Tenofovir AUC exceeded the target for two of four women (50%) in the second trimester, 27 of 37 women [73%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 56%, 86%] in the third trimester, and 27 of 32 women (84%; 95% CI 67%, 95%) postpartum (P > 0.05). Median second/third‐trimester troughs were lower (39/54 ng/mL) than postpartum (61 ng/mL). Median third‐trimester weight was greater for subjects below the target AUC versus those above the target (97.9 versus 74.2 kg, respectively; P = 0.006). The median ratio of cord blood to maternal concentrations was 0.88. No infants were HIV infected.ConclusionsThis study found lower tenofovir AUC and troughs during pregnancy. Transplacental passage with chronic TDF use during pregnancy was high. Standard TDF doses appear to be appropriate for most HIV‐infected pregnant women but therapeutic drug monitoring with dose adjustment should be considered in pregnant women with high weight (> 90 kg) or inadequate HIV RNA response.