bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amphibian skull evolution: The developmental and functional context of simplification, bone loss and heterotopy
Authors: Schoch Rainer R. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTDespite their divergent morphology, extant and extinct amphibians share numerous features in the timing and spatial patterning of dermal skull elements. Here, I show how the study of these features leads to a deeper understanding of morphological evolution. Batrachians (salamanders and frogs) have simplified skulls, with dermal bones appearing rudimentary compared with fossil tetrapods, and open cheeks resulting from the absence of other bones. The batrachian skull bones may be derived from those of temnospondyls by truncation of the developmental trajectory. The squamosal, quadratojugal, parietal, prefrontal, parasphenoid, palatine, and pterygoid form rudimentary versions of their homologs in temnospondyls. In addition, failure to ossify and early fusion of bone primordia both result in the absence of further bones that were consistently present in Paleozoic tetrapods. Here, I propose a new hypothesis explaining the observed patterns of bone loss and emargination in a functional context. The starting observation is that jaw‐closing muscles are arranged in a different way than in ancestors from the earliest ontogenetic stage onwards, with muscles attaching to the dorsal side of the frontal, parietal, and squamosal. The postparietal and supratemporal start to ossify in a similar way as in branchiosaurids, but are fused to neighboring elements to form continuous attachment areas for the internal adductor. The postfrontal, postorbital, and jugal fail to ossify, as their position is inconsistent with the novel arrangement of adductor muscles. Thus, rearrangement of adductors forms the common theme behind cranial simplification, driven by an evolutionary flattening of the skull in the batrachian stem. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 619–630, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thelike it or notproposition: Implications of societal characteristics for the cultural expertise and personal values of organization members
Authors: Peterson Mark F. , Barreto Tais Siqueira 
Published: November 2014

SummaryExtensive statistical discussion about societal and individual levels of analysis continues in international organizational behavior (IOB). This discussion can be improved by drawing from other social science fields, particularly anthropology, sociology, and experimental psychology. We use such literature to develop acultural expertise and personal valuesor “like it or not” proposition about the implications that societal culture has for individuals. This proposition suggests that a society's culture strongly shapes its members' cognitive structures and moderately influences its members' support for the society's prevailing value orientation. We use the family of individualism and collectivism values to illustrate the differences and relationships between levels of analysis. We conclude by reconsidering how to study societal culture and psychological dimensions in IOB. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructured and Microstructured Explosives
Authors: Pichot Vincent , Risse Benedikt , Mory Julien , Nicollet Christelle , Schnell Fabien , Comet Marc , Spitzer Denis 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNanostructured hexolites (40/60), (60/40), (80/20) and microstructured hexolite (60/40) powders are pressed by uniaxial compression to obtain explosive charges. This kind of composition is often used for the synthesis of detonation nanodiamonds. The morphology, density and cohesion of the resulting pellets are analyzed in the light of the different used compression parameters. This study allows optimizing the compression parameters to obtain well suited explosive charges from nanostructured explosive components. A good cohesion of the nanostructured explosive pellets could be obtained with increasing the temperature used for the compression. Another very important point is that the nanostructuring of the composites is maintained for every compression.
Spaced Armor Effects on Shaped Charge Jet Penetration
Authors: Liu Bei‐bei , Huang Zheng‐xiang , Zu Xu‐dong , Xiao Qiang‐qiang , Jia Xin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSpaced armor has a simple structure and is easily produced with low cost. Previous authors calculated how a jet penetrates spaced armor; but, this study provides both a theoretical calculation method describing the interaction of a jet with spaced armor and experimental data which agree well with the theoretical values. The effects of several factors were explored using LS‐DYNA such as the distance between the first plate and the second plate as well as layer thickness on the interaction between the jet and the target. A method for simulating the protection afforded by spaced armor and supporting the design of spaced armor is presented.
Enhancement of Creep Properties of TATB‐Based Polymer‐Bonded Explosive Using Styrene Copolymer
Authors: Lin Congmei , Liu Jiahui , Huang Zhong , Gong Feiyan , Li Yubin , Pan Liping , Zhang Jianhu , Liu Shijun 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn order to investigate the effects of binder component on the creep properties of polymer‐bonded explosive (PBX), three‐point bending creep behaviors of 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB)‐based PBX and its styrene copolymer modified formulation were studied by dynamic mechanical analyzer. The experimental results showed that owing to the addition of reinforcing agent (styrene copolymer) with high glass transition temperature and high mechanical strength, the creep resistance performance of the modified formulation was improved with reduced creep strain and constant creep rate and prolonged creep failure time. A six‐element mechanical model was applied to simulate the creep behaviors of TATB‐based PBX and its modified formulation. The constitutive equation of creep curves under different conditions were obtained by nonlinear fit. The predicted theoretical results coincided quite well with the experimental data.
Jörg Schlaich at 80
Authors: Bögle Annette , Kurrer Karl‐Eugen 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Stuttgart School was the first movement to combine the style of and training in architecture, taught and supported at the Stuttgart College of Technology. The Stuttgart School of Building Design is losing visibility just as the profile of architects in society is rising. However, a thoroughgoing analysis of its particular qualities is overdue, especially in the context of creative construction engineering. For example, Bill Baker (*1953), a Structural and Civil Engineering Partner at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM), Chicago, USA and winner of the 2009 Fritz Leonhardt prize, has described the creative approach as a key element in (civil engineering) training at the University of Stuttgart. Towards the end of the 20th century, the Stuttgart School of Building Design was greatly influenced by Jörg Schlaich (*17th October 1934), whose working, teaching and research methods also helped inspire the creative approach praised above.
Double Oxidative Dehalogenation of 2,5‐Bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)‐3,6‐difluoro‐1,4‐hydroquinone leading to Formation of New Copper Quinonoid Complexes
Authors: Entzminger Paul D. , Cawker Natalie C. , Graveson Amanda N. , Erickson Alexander N. , Valente Edward J. , Urnezius Eugenijus 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOpen air reactions of 2,5‐bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)‐3,6‐difluoro‐1,4‐hydroquinone with (bipy)Cu(CH3COO)2 or (bipy)CuCl2 in wet methanol proceeded with oxidative dehalogenation of the ligand and the formation of bimetallic complexes supported by 2,5‐bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)‐3,6‐dioxy‐1,4‐quinonate. The coordination mode of the bridging ligand towards (bipy)Cu(X) fragments depends on the nature of the anionic ligand (X = acetate or chloride). Thus, in bimetallic complex 2 [bis((2,2′‐bipyridyl)copper(η2‐acetate))‐μ‐(η2(O,O)‐2,5‐bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)‐3,6‐dioxy‐1,4‐quinonate] the ligand coordinates two (bipy)Cu(acetate) fragments into the [O,O] chelation pockets of the tetraoxolene core. In bimetallic complex 3 [bis((2,2′‐bipyridyl)copper(chloride))‐μ‐(η2(O,(P=O))‐2,5‐bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)‐3,6‐dioxy‐1,4‐quinonate] the ligand coordinates the (bipy)CuCl fragments into its [O,(P=O)] pockets. Coordination chemistry was briefly explored by subjecting complex 3 to ligand‐substitution reactions by reacting it with AgBF4 and with carboxylate and carbonate salts. Complexes 4 [bis((aqua)(dimethylformamide)(2,2′‐bipyridyl)copper)‐μ‐(η2(O,(P=O))‐2,5‐bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)‐3,6‐dioxy‐1,4‐quinonate) di‐tetrafluoroborate] and 5 [bis(aqua)(2,2'‐bipyridyl)copper‐(η2(O,O)‐3,6‐bis(diisopropylphosphoryl)‐4,5‐dioxy‐1,2‐quinonate] were obtained during these investigations. Compounds 2–5 were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analyses, and by spectroscopic and magnetic measurements.
Crystal Structures and Polymorphism of Nickel and Copper Coordination Polymers with Pyridine Ligands
Authors: Krysiak Yaşar , Fink Lothar , Bernert Thomas , Glinnemann Jürgen , Kapuscinski Martin , Zhao Haishuang , Alig Edith , Schmidt Martin U. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe crystal structures of a series of pyridine coordination polymers [MIICl2(C5H5N)x]n (M = Ni, Cu), prepared via thermal decomposition are reported. [NiCl2(C5H5N)4] (1) decomposes stepwise via [NiCl2(C5H5N)2]n (2), [NiCl2(C5H5N)]n (3), and [NiCl2(C5H5N)2/3]n (4), to NiCl2 with increasing temperature. The thermal decomposition of [CuCl2(C5H5N)2]n (5), progresses via two polymorphs of [CuCl2(C5H5N)]n (6a and 6b), and [CuCl2(C5H5N)2/3]n (7), to CuCl2. The compounds 3, 4, and 7 were prepared as pure phases. All crystal structures were determined by X‐ray powder diffraction. Notably, the crystal structures of the polymorphs 6a and 6b were determined from powder diffraction data of a mixture of both phases. Crystal structures of [MIICl2(C5H5N)x]n with the same x, but different metal atoms (Ni, Cu) are homeotypic, compounds 4 and 7 are isotypic. Compounds with x = 1 (3, 6a, 6b) are composed of polymeric octahedra double chains 1∞[MCl3/3Cl2/2(C5H5N)] and in case of x = 2/3 (4, 7) of triple chains. The Jahn‐Teller distortion in the copper compounds was observable with the pair distribution function (PDF) analysis.
Assessment of in‐utero venlafaxine induced, ROS‐mediated, apoptotic neurodegeneration in fetal neocortex and neurobehavioral sequelae in rat offspring
Authors: Singh Manish , Singh K.P. , Shukla Shubha , Dikshit Madhu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractVenlafaxine (VEN), a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor is being used as a drug of choice for treating clinical depression even during pregnancy. It is an important therapeutic option in the treatment of perinatal depression, but the effects of VEN on fetus and the newborn are uncertain. Therefore, present study was undertaken to investigate the safety of in‐utero exposure to VEN in terms of developmental neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative potential by using prenatal rat model. The selected doses of VEN (25, 40 and 50 mg/kg) were administered to pregnant rats from GD 5 to 19 through oral gavage. The fetal brains were dissected and processed for histopathological measurements of neocortical thickness that showed significant reduction. Considering vulnerability of immature brain to free radical injury, VEN exposed neocortices were tested for reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels which were significantly increased. As ROS play important role in the initiation of apoptotic mechanisms, we explored for in situ detection of apoptosis by confocal microscopy that showed enhanced apoptosis including chromatin condensation which was further reconfirmed by electron microscopy. Substantially increased levels of pro‐apoptotic protein Bax and decreased levels of anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl2 as shown by western blotting also supported the increased neuro‐apoptotic degeneration. For further correlation of these findings, prenatally VEN exposed young‐adult rat offspring were assessed for open field exploratory behavior that showed increased anxiety‐like and stereotypic responses indicating disturbed neurobehavioral pattern. The study concludes that prenatal VEN exposure may primarily enhance ROS generation that plays a key role in regulating release of proapoptotic factors from mitochondria and thereby enhancing apoptotic neurodegeneration that affect proliferation, migration and differentiation of cells, resulting in neuronal deficits manifested as long term neurobehavioral impairments.
Australian training for contemporary airway management of obstructive sleep apnoea in ENT surgery: current status and future recommendations
Authors: Mackay S , Holmes S , Jones A 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackground:The identification and treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnoea and other sleep-related breathing issues demands nuanced clinical judgement to determine if surgery is appropriate and which surgery should be performed. No study to date has evaluated the sleep medicine curriculum from the perspective of the Australian ENT surgical trainee, or addressed potential strategies for improving levels of surgical skill and knowledge in this field.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was used to assess knowledge of sleep surgery in trainees enlisted with the Australian Society of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. After a cadaver dissection workshop on the latest reconstructive surgical techniques in adult OSA, a second survey was used to assess changes in the likelihood of applying techniques.Results:Overall, trainee confidence, knowledge and exposure to sleep-disordered breathing cases averaged below 50 per cent. The cadaver dissection workshop achieved consistent improvements in all areas assessed.Conclusion:Low confidence and lack of exposure to sleep surgery cases for ENT trainees supports a broadening of the Australian Society of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery curriculum. This paper outlines possible ways to improve this situation.
AN INTERNET-BASED METHOD TO ELICIT EXPERTS’ BELIEFS FOR BAYESIAN PRIORS: A CASE STUDY IN INTRACRANIAL STENT EVALUATION
Authors: Pibouleau Leslie , Chevret Sylvie 
Published: November 2014

Rationale: Bayesian methods provide an interesting approach to assessing an implantable medical device (IMD) that has evolved through successive versions because they allow for explicit incorporation of prior knowledge into the analysis. However, the literature is sparse on the feasibility and reliability of elicitation in cases where expert beliefs are used to form priors.Objectives: To develop an Internet-based method for eliciting experts’ beliefs about the success rate of an intracranial stenting procedure and to assess their impact on the estimated benefit of the latest version.Study Design and Setting: The elicitation questionnaire was administered to a group of nineteen experts. Elicited experts’ beliefs were used to inform the prior distributions of a Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis model, allowing for the estimation of the success rate of each version. RESULTS: Experts believed that the success rate of the latest version was slightly higher than that of the previous one (median: 80.8 percent versus 75.9 percent). When using noninformative priors in the model, the latest version was found to have a lower success rate (median: 83.1 percent versus 86.0 percent), while no difference between the two versions was detected with informative priors (median: 85.3 percent versus 85.6 percent).Conclusions: We proposed a practical method to elicit experts’ beliefs on the success rates of successive IMD versions and to explicitly combine all available evidence in the evaluation of the latest one. Our results suggest that the experts were overoptimistic about this last version. Nevertheless, the proposed method should be simplified and assessed in larger, representative samples.
Fe65 Ser228 is phosphorylated by ATM/ATR and inhibits Fe65–APP-mediated gene transcription
Authors: Jowsey Paul A. , Blain Peter G. 
Published: November 2014

Fe65 binds the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and regulates the secretase-mediated processing of APP into several proteolytic fragments, including amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) and APP intracellular domain (AICD). Aβ accumulation in neural plaques is a pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AICD has important roles in the regulation of gene transcription (in complex with Fe65). It is therefore important to understand how Fe65 is regulated and how this contributes to the function and/or processing of APP. Studies have also implicated Fe65 in the cellular DNA damage response with knockout mice showing increased DNA strand breaks and Fe65 demonstrating a gel mobility shift after DNA damage, consistent with protein phosphorylation. In the present study, we identified Fe65 Ser228 as a novel target of the ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia- and Rad3-related protein) protein kinases, in a reaction that occurred independently of APP. Neither phosphorylation nor mutation of Ser228 affected the Fe65–APP complex, though this was markedly decreased after UV treatment, with a concomitant decrease in the protein levels of APP in cells. Finally, mutation of Ser228 to alanine (thus blocking phosphorylation) caused a significant increase in Fe65–APP transcriptional activity, whereas phosphomimetic mutants (S228D and S228E) showed decreased transcriptional activity. These studies identify a novel phosphorylation site within Fe65 and a novel regulatory mechanism for the transcriptional activity of the Fe65–APP complex.
Independent Co-option of a Tailed Bacteriophage into a Killing Complex inPseudomonas
Authors: Hockett Kevin L. , Renner Tanya , Baltrus David A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCompetition between microbes is widespread in nature, especially among those that are closely related. To combat competitors, bacteria have evolved numerous protein-based systems (bacteriocins) that kill strains closely related to the producer. In characterizing the bacteriocin complement and killing spectra for the model strainP. syringaeB728a, we discovered its activity was not linked to any predicted bacteriocin, but is derived from a prophage. Instead of encoding an active prophage, this region encodes a bacteriophage-derived bacteriocin, termed an R-type syringacin. The R-type syringacin is striking in its convergence with the well-studied R-type pyocin ofP. aeruginosain both chromosomal synteny and molecular function. Genomic alignment, amino acid percent sequence identity, and phylogenetic inference all support a scenario where the R-type syringacin has been co-opted independently of the R-type pyocin. Moreover, the presence of this region is conserved among several otherPseudomonasspecies, and thus is likely important for intermicrobial interactions throughout this important genus.
Default risk modelling using macroeconomic variables
Authors: Agrawal Khushbu , Maheshwari Yogesh 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to find out significant macroeconomic variables, incorporated as sensitivity variables (macroeconomic sensitivities), affecting financial distress for a sample of listed Indian firms.

Design/methodology/approach
– The study uses a matched pair sample of defaulting and non-defaulting listed Indian firms. It uses two alternative statistical techniques, viz., logistic regression and multiple discriminant analysis. The macroeconomic sensitivities are estimated by regressing the monthly stock return of the individual firm on the monthly changes in each macroeconomic variable.

Findings
– Sensitivity to changes in the stock market (stock market sensitivity) and sensitivity to changes in inflation [Consumer Price Index (CPI) sensitivity] have a significant impact on the default probability of a firm. Stock market sensitivity has a significant positive relationship with the probability of default, and CPI sensitivity has a significant negative relationship with the probability of default.

Originality/value
– The study links the developments in the external environment to the firm’s susceptibility to default. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of sensitivity of a firm to uncertainties in the macroeconomic environment and its impact on default risk. This establishes the fact that each firm is uniquely affected by the changes in the overall macroeconomic environment. The findings could be valuable to lenders such as banks and financial institutions, investors and policymakers.
Analytics based decision making
Authors: Agrawal Deepak 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to trace the history, application areas and users of Classical Analytics and Big Data Analytics.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper discusses different types of Classical and Big Data Analytical techniques and application areas from the early days to present day.

Findings
– Businesses can benefit from a deeper understanding of Classical and Big Data Analytics to make better and more informed decisions.

Originality/value
– This is a historical perspective from the early days of analytics to present day use of analytics.
Enterprise-wide risk management and organizational fit: a comparative study
Authors: Arnaboldi Michela , Lapsley Irvine 
Published: November 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyse enterprise risk management (ERM), its organizational translation and fit, investigating in particular its impact on a major control process: budgeting.Design/methodology/approach– The research was carried out with a multiple case study approach including three companies in the UK. This approach was chosen to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of ERM within each of the organizations and the factors shaping its achievements.Findings– Three main issues emerged. The first is related specifically to ERM implementations and its variety in practice. Second, ERM champions emerged as central in shaping the managerial usefulness of ERM. Third, the cases showed diversity of practice in term of integration with budgeting which range from a voluntary full integration to an voluntary separation.Practical implications– The cases analysed highlighted that the integration between risk and other control processes is a challenge but also a strategic choice. Although conceding that ERM implementation is not linear, companies should reflect upon the type of relations they would like to have between different processes of control.Originality/value– The results of the paper explored ERM organizational fit, evidencing variety in practice and theoretically discussing how this diversity is linked to organizational and technical issues.