bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alignment or struggle? Exploring socio-demographic correlates of individual modernity in Chinese older people
Authors: BAI XUE 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIt is noteworthy that while modernisation, together with population ageing, has happened in Western countries for a rather long period of time, China must confront the challenges of an ageing population before it really becomes an advanced industrial society. Facing rapid societal changes, citizens may react differently to this process. By conducting questionnaire surveys with 445 elders in Wuhan, China, this study examines Chinese older adults' individual modernity modes and reveals its socio-demographic correlates. The results show that facing rapid changes in societal modernisation, participants have reacted differently to this process, with 23.8 per cent of Chinese older participants using an accommodation mode, 27.0 per cent using a resistance mode, 13.3 per cent using a withdrawal mode and 36.2 per cent using a coping mode. In addition, socio-demographic factors such as urban–rural residence, age, gender, socio-economic status, living arrangement and daily activities have been identified as significant correlates of Chinese older participants' individual modernity modes. It is further suggested that governments at all levels should allow for options and opportunities for older people to align themselves in the modernisation process by removing the barriers that may hinder their integration and empowerment efforts. While it is important to respect older adults' different responses in the face of modernisation, their participation in societies should be encouraged and respected by the wider society in the context of modernisation.
Swimming upstream: the provision of inclusive care to older lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults in residential and nursing environments in Wales
Authors: WILLIS PAUL , MAEGUSUKU-HEWETT TRACEY , RAITHBY MICHELE , MILES PENNY 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the ways in which older people's residential and nursing homes can constitute heteronormative environments – social spaces in which the same-sex attractions and desires of residents are disregarded in the provision of everyday care. The aim of this discussion is to examine the synergies and differences between older lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults' expectations for future care home provision and the expectations of care staff and managers in providing residential services to older people with diverse sexual backgrounds. We present qualitative evidence from research into the provision of care environments in Wales. In this paper, we present findings from two cohorts: first, from five focus groups with care and nursing staff and managers; and second, from 29 semi-structured interviews with older LGB adults (50–76 years) residing in urban and rural locations across Wales. We argue that residential care environments can constitute heterosexualised spaces in which LGB identities are neglected in comparison to the needs and preferences of other residents. To this extent, we discuss how care staff and managers can be more attentive and responsive to the sexual biographies of all residents and argue against the separation of care and sexual orientation in practice.
The Surveillance Legacies of 9/11: Recalling, Reflecting on, and Rethinking Surveillance in the Security Era
Authors: Lyon David , Haggerty Kevin D. 
Published: October 2014

Do we need yet more analysis of the responses to the September 11, 2001 (hereafter 9/11), terrorist attacks? Those tragic events occurred more than a decade ago, and their 10-year memorial focused on bringing “closure” to the event. For many, those attacks have become an increasingly distant, if still poignant, memory. For still others—such as the new cohort of undergraduate students who were only nine years old on the day of the attacks—9/11 is social history.Our contention in putting together this volume is that there continues to be significant reason to scrutinize 9/11 in terms of its consequences for the dynamics of surveillance. The aftermath of that tragic event played a major role in policy changes and in international relations. Wars were fought in Iraq and Afghanistan, sparked by 9/11, and many thousands more people died as a result. “National security” was elevated to a top priority in the United States and elsewhere, and this approach has had wave and ripple effects throughout the world. This is the “War on Terror,” and, unlike other wars, this one has no visible end point. These developments certainly affected surveillance practices internationally and have been the cue for the United States to demand that other countries fall in line with its approach. On the other hand, for many countries, especially in the global south, 9/11 is not a top-of-mind matter, nor is “national security” a vital concern.
Effects of Preheating and Cooling Durations on Roll-to-Roll Hot Embossing
Authors: Kim Seyoung , Son Youngsu , Park Heechang , Kim Byungin , Yun Dongwon 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this study, we examined the sensitivity of embossed pattern depth to preheat supply and cooling and investigated how the pattern type and density affect the embossed depth. The main factors that affect embossed pattern qualities of roll-to-roll hot embossing, such as roller temperature, roller speed, and applied force, were determined using the response surface methodology. Eight conditions were then added to determine the time-dependent effects of heat transfer with custom-designed preheating and cooling systems. An extended preheat time for the polymethylmethacrylate substrate contributed to the significant change in the embossed depth, whereas the substrate-cooling did not exhibit a clear increasing or decreasing trend. Larger embossed depths were achieved in the horizontal patterns with lower density than in the vertical patterns, and the lower pattern densities showed greater embossed depths in most embossing conditions. We expect that this result will help to understand the effects of the pre- and posttreatment of roll-to-roll hot embossing by employing time duration factors of heat transfer, depending on the mold pattern type and density.
Replica Extraction Method on Nanostructured Gold Coatings and Orientation Determination Combining SEM and TEM Techniques
Authors: Bocker Christian , Kracker Michael , Rüssel Christian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn the field of electron microscopy the replica technique is known as an indirect method and also as an extraction method that is usually applied on metallurgical samples. This contribution describes a fast and simple transmission electron microscopic (TEM) sample preparation by complete removal of nanoparticles from a substrate surface that allows the study of growth mechanisms of nanostructured coatings. The comparison and combination of advanced diffraction techniques in the TEM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provide possibilities for operators with access to both facilities. The analysis of TEM-derived diffraction patterns (convergent beam electron diffraction) in the SEM/electron backscatter diffraction software simplifies the application, especially when the patterns are not aligned along a distinct zone axis. The study of the TEM sample directly by SEM and transmission Kikuchi diffraction allows cross-correlation with the TEM results.
A NOTE ON STEADY FLOW INTO A SUBMERGED POINT SINK
Authors: HOCKING G. C. , FORBES L. K. , STOKES T. E. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe steady, axisymmetric flow induced by a point sink (or source) submerged in an unbounded inviscid fluid is computed. The resulting deformation of the free surface is obtained, and a limit of steady solutions is found that is quite different to those obtained in past work. More accurate solutions indicate that the old limiting flow rate was too high and, in fact, the breakdown of steady solutions at a lower flow rate is characterized by the appearance of spurious wavelets at the free surface.
Molecular evidence of digestion and absorption of epibiotic bacterial community by deep-sea crab Shinkaia crosnieri
Authors: Watsuji Tomo-o , Yamamoto Asami , Motoki Kaori , Ueda Kenji , Hada Emi , Takaki Yoshihiro , Kawagucci Shinsuke , Takai Ken 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The hydrothermal vent crab Shinkaia crosnieri is considered to obtain nutrition from the epibiotic bacteria found on the setae, but previous studies have not shown how nutrients can be transferred from the epibionts to the host. In this study, microscopic observations of S. crosnieri intestinal components detected autofluorescent setae fragments and pigmentation derived from the digestion of epibionts in a dye-stained epibiont tracer experiment. An in vitro digestion experiment with epibiotic populations using an intestinal extract demonstrated the degradation of epibiotic cells by digestive enzymes. A phylogenetic analysis showed that many of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences obtained from the intestine were closely related to the sequences of the epibionts, thus they were probably derived from the epibionts. A stable isotope tracer experiment also indicated that 13C assimilated by the epibionts provided a carbon (nutrition) source for the host. Both activity measurements and isotope studies showed that chemosynthetic metabolism by the gut microbial components were inactive. Together with the feeding behaviour of living S. crosnieri, these results indicate that S. crosnieri ingests the epibionts using maxillipeds and assimilates them via its digestive organs as a nutrient source. The results of this study elucidate the mechanism of nutritional transfer in ectosymbiosis between chemosynthetic bacteria and deep-sea invertebrates.
A scaling law for random walks on networks
Authors: Perkins Theodore J. , Foxall Eric , Glass Leon , Edwards Roderick 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe dynamics of many natural and artificial systems are well described as random walks on a network: the stochastic behaviour of molecules, traffic patterns on the internet, fluctuations in stock prices and so on. The vast literature on random walks provides many tools for computing properties such as steady-state probabilities or expected hitting times. Previously, however, there has been no general theory describing the distribution of possible paths followed by a random walk. Here, we show that for any random walk on a finite network, there are precisely three mutually exclusive possibilities for the form of the path distribution: finite, stretched exponential and power law. The form of the distribution depends only on the structure of the network, while the stepping probabilities control the parameters of the distribution. We use our theory to explain path distributions in domains such as sports, music, nonlinear dynamics and stochastic chemical kinetics.
Power‐aware hiding method for S‐box protection
Authors: Ma Jiangsha , Li Xiangyu , Wang Moyang 
Published: October 2014

A power analysis attack countermeasure, called power‐awareness‐based hiding, is proposed. It is effective in implementing nonlinear operations, S‐boxes, in cryptographic algorithms. An advanced encryption standard (AES) S‐box circuit has been implemented in this approach using the Domino logic array style. The post‐layout simulation results show that the power‐aware hiding AES S‐box achieves a delay of 1.56 ns and a mean power consumption of 3.57 mW. The proposed method improves the power delay product by 65%, the normalised energy deviation by 43% and the normalised standard deviation by 30% compared to other secure methods.
Actor-specific contributions to the deforestation slowdown in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Godar Javier , Gardner Toby A. , Tizado E. Jorge , Pacheco Pablo 
Published: October 2014

Significance
The Brazilian Amazon is at a critical juncture after the recent stabilization of deforestation rates. Identifying opportunities for continued deforestation reductions requires an understanding of the contribution of different actors to overall deforestation. We provide the first such assessment, to our knowledge, that reports on two headline findings. First, between 2004 and 2011, areas dominated by properties larger than 500 ha accounted for 48% of the deforestation compared with only 12% for smallholders (<100 ha). Second, the deforestation share attributed to the largest properties (≥2,500 ha) declined by 63% from a peak in 2005, whereas that of smallholders increased by 69%. Further reductions in deforestation are likely to require a shift toward more incentive-based policies that are tailored toward different actors.
Why the proportion of transmission during early-stage HIV infection does not predict the long-term impact of treatment on HIV incidence
Authors: Eaton Jeffrey W. , Hallett Timothy B. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Antiretroviral treatment (ART), which prevents both morbidity and HIV transmission for persons infected with HIV, is now thought to be central to strategies for controlling the spread of HIV. One major concern has been that if a large proportion of HIV transmission occurs early in infection, before persons can be diagnosed and treated, the impact of treatment on reducing new infections will be less. We use a mathematical model to quantify how the proportion of early transmission will affect the impact of intervention strategies, and explain underlying epidemiological mechanisms for this. Model simulations suggest that—counter to expectations—the proportion of early transmission at the start of an ART intervention does not predict the long-term intervention impact.
Ribonucleotide reductases reveal novel viral diversity and predict biological and ecological features of unknown marine viruses
Authors: Sakowski Eric G. , Munsell Erik V. , Hyatt Mara , Kress William , Williamson Shannon J. , Nasko Daniel J. , Polson Shawn W. , Wommack K. Eric 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Within aquatic ecosystems viruses facilitate horizontal gene transfer, biogeochemical cycling, and energy transfer by infecting and lysing microbial host cells. Despite their critical role in ecosystem function we understand little of the biological, ecological, and evolutionary features of most viruses in nature. We identify ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) genes as superior markers of viral diversity. RNR genes are distributed over a broad range of viruses. The most abundant RNR genes in marine environments are from novel groups only distantly related to known viruses. Frequency distributions of RNR clades within viral metagenome sequence libraries support predictions made by the “kill the winner” hypothesis, indicating that specialist podoviruses specifically adapted to infecting abundant heterotrophic bacterioplankton predominate within the virioplankton.
Constraints on the magnitude and rate of CO2dissolution at Bravo Dome natural gas field
Authors: Sathaye Kiran J. , Hesse Marc A. , Cassidy Martin , Stockli Daniel F. 
Published: October 2014

SignificanceCarbon capture and geological storage allow immediate and significant reductions in CO2emissions from fossil fuels. CO2dissolution into saline water enhances long-term storage security, but dissolution rates are too slow to be quantified during injection pilots. Therefore, we estimate dissolution rates over millennial timescales at the Bravo Dome gas field, a natural analog for geological CO2storage. We show that 1.6 Gt CO2have been stored at Bravo Dome since the beginning of CO2emplacement 1.2–1.5 Ma. Approximately 10% of the CO2dissolved during its emplacement, while another 10% dissolved into the underlying aquifer. This exceeds the amount expected from diffusion and provides field evidence for convective CO2dissolution. The convective dissolution rate, however, is slow in typical US aquifers.
Loss of conformational entropy in protein folding calculated using realistic ensembles and its implications for NMR-based calculations
Authors: Baxa Michael C. , Haddadian Esmael J. , Jumper John M. , Freed Karl F. , Sosnick Tobin R. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Despite 40 years of study, no consensus has been achieved on the magnitude of the loss of backbone (BB) and side-chain (SC) entropies upon folding, even though these quantities are essential for characterizing the energetics of folding and conformational change. We calculate the loss using experimentally validated denatured and native state ensembles, avoiding the drastic assumptions used in many past analyses. By also accounting for correlated motions, we find that the loss of BB entropy is three- to fourfold larger than the SC contribution. Our values differ with some calculations by up to a factor of 3 and depend strongly on 2° structure. These results have implications upon other thermodynamic properties, the estimation of entropy using NMR methods, and coarse-grained simulations.
A nonpyrrolysine member of the widely distributed trimethylamine methyltransferase family is a glycine betaine methyltransferase
Authors: Ticak Tomislav , Kountz Duncan J. , Girosky Kimberly E. , Krzycki Joseph A. , Ferguson Donald J. 
Published: October 2014

SignificancePyrrolysine, the 22nd amino acid, is found in few proteins. One, the trimethylamine methyltransferase MttB, forms a small portion of a large family of proteins. Most in this family lack pyrrolysine and have no known activity. We show that one such protein, MtgB, is a glycine betaine methyltransferase, providing functional context that may explain the relationship between family members with and without pyrrolysine. Close relatives of MtgB are encoded in many of the abundant bacteria in the oceans, as well as different microbes undertaking symbioses ranging from plants to humans. This finding implies that MtgB might partake in a widespread and underappreciated pathway of GB metabolism contributing significantly to global carbon and nitrogen cycling as well as human health.
Structural basis of thymosin-β4/profilin exchange leading to actin filament polymerization
Authors: Xue Bo , Leyrat Cedric , Grimes Jonathan M. , Robinson Robert C. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Thymosin-β4 (Tβ4) sequesters actin monomers to help maintain the high concentrations of unpolymerized actin in higher eukaryotic cells. Despite more than two decades of research investigating the Tβ4–actin interaction, the X-ray structure of the full-length Tβ4:actin complex remained unresolved. Here, we report two X-ray structures of Tβ4:actin complexes. The first structure reveals that Tβ4 has two helices that bind at the barbed and pointed faces of actin, whereas the second structure displays a more open actin nucleotide binding cleft and a disruption of the Tβ4 C-terminal helix interaction. These structures, combined with biochemical assays and molecular dynamics simulations, reveal how Tβ4 prevents monomeric actin from joining actin filaments but participates in the exchange of actin with profilin to ensure controlled actin polymerization.
Argonaute-1 binds transcriptional enhancers and controls constitutive and alternative splicing in human cells
Authors: Alló Mariano , Agirre Eneritz , Bessonov Sergey , Bertucci Paola , Gómez Acuña Luciana , Buggiano Valeria , Bellora Nicolás , Singh Babita , Petrillo Ezequiel , Blaustein Matías , Miñana Belén , Dujardin Gwendal , Pozzi Berta , Pelisch Federico , Bechara Elías , Agafonov Dmitry E. , Srebrow Anabella , Lührmann Reinhard , Valcárcel Juan , Eyras Eduardo , Kornblihtt Alberto R. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Argonaute proteins are well characterized factors in posttranscriptional gene silencing, the process by which small RNAs trigger mRNA degradation or inhibit translation in the cytoplasm. We report here that Argonaute proteins also play important roles in the nucleus. Our genome-wide analysis reveals that Argonaute-1 (AGO-1) binds preferentially to active transcriptional enhancers and that this association is mediated by the RNAs that are transcribed from these enhancers (eRNAs). Moreover, the interaction of AGO-1 with enhancers does not seem to regulate transcription of the neighboring genes but of alternative and constitutive splicing. These results contribute to the understanding of the complex regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.
Locating folds of the in-register parallel β-sheet of the Sup35p prion domain infectious amyloid
Authors: Gorkovskiy Anton , Thurber Kent R. , Tycko Robert , Wickner Reed B. 
Published: October 2014

Significance
Infectious proteins (prions) are capable of encoding genetic information by templating their conformation, just as DNA templates its sequence. The mechanism of this templating has not been clear. We provide definitive proof that the architecture of amyloid of the prion domain of yeast prion protein Sup35p is a folded in-register parallel β-sheet, and our data identify some of the sites of folds in the sheet. This architecture naturally suggests a templating mechanism based on favorable interactions among aligned side chains of identical amino acids. This is the only mechanism suggested to date for such a conformation templating.
Open TG-GATEs: a large-scale toxicogenomics database
Authors: Igarashi Yoshinobu , Nakatsu Noriyuki , Yamashita Tomoya , Ono Atsushi , Ohno Yasuo , Urushidani Tetsuro , Yamada Hiroshi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractToxicogenomics focuses on assessing the safety of compounds using gene expression profiles. Gene expression signatures from large toxicogenomics databases are expected to perform better than small databases in identifying biomarkers for the prediction and evaluation of drug safety based on a compound's toxicological mechanisms in animal target organs. Over the past 10 years, the Japanese Toxicogenomics Project consortium (TGP) has been developing a large-scale toxicogenomics database consisting of data from 170 compounds (mostly drugs) with the aim of improving and enhancing drug safety assessment. Most of the data generated by the project (e.g. gene expression, pathology, lot number) are freely available to the public via Open TG-GATEs (Toxicogenomics Project-Genomics Assisted Toxicity Evaluation System). Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the database, including both gene expression data and metadata, with a description of experimental conditions and procedures used to generate the database. Open TG-GATEs is available from https://toxico.nibiohn.go.jp/english/index.html.