bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Computer‐Aided Drug Designing of New Derivatives of Hyperactive Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
Authors: Zhang Song , Huang Weibin , Li Xiaonan , Yang Zhicheng , Feng Binghong 
Published: March 2015

The synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of compounds based on suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) had been designed as potential histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Molecular docking studies indicated that our derivatives had better fitting in the binding sites of HDAC8 than SAHA. Compounds 1–5 were synthesized through the synthetic routes. In biological test, compounds also showed good inhibitory activity in HDAC enzyme assay and more potent growth inhibition in human glioma cell lines (MGR2, U251, and U373). A representative compound, N3F, exhibited better inhibitory effect (HDAC, IC50 = 0.1187 μm; U251, IC50 = 0.8949 μm) and lower toxicity for human normal cells (LO2, IC50 = 172.5 μm and MRC5, IC50 = 213.6 μm) compared with SAHA (HDAC, IC50 = 0.8717 μm; U251, IC50 = 8.938 μm; LO2, IC50 = 86.52 μm and MRC5, IC50 = 81.02 μm). In addition, N3F obviously increased Beclin‐1 and Caspase‐3 and 9 as well as inhibited Bcl‐2 in U251 cells. All of our results indicated that these SAHA cap derivatives could serve as potential lead compounds for further optimization. In addition, N3F and N2E both displayed promising profile as antitumor candidates for the treatment of human glioma.
Slowing Down Fast Mapping: Redefining the Dynamics of Word Learning
Authors: Kucker Sarah C. , McMurray Bob , Samuelson Larissa K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this article, we review literature on word learning and propose a theoretical account of how lexical knowledge and word use emerge and develop over time. We contend that the developing lexical system is built on processes that support children's in‐the‐moment word usage interacting with processes that create long‐term learning. We argue for a new characterization of word learning in which simple mechanisms like association and competition, and the interaction between the two, guide children's selection of referents and word use in the moment. This in turn strengthens and refines the network of relationships in the lexicon, improving referent selection and use in future encounters with words. By integrating in‐the‐moment word use with long‐term learning through simple domain‐general mechanisms, this account highlights the dynamic nature of word learning and creates a broader framework for understanding language and cognitive development more generally.
Efficacy and tolerability of 16% subcutaneous immunoglobulin compared with 20% subcutaneous immunoglobulin in primary antibody deficiency
Authors: Niebur H B , Duff C M , Shear G F , Nguyen D , Alberdi T K , Dorsey M J , Sleasman J W 
Published: March 2015

Summary
Multiple subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) products are available to treat primary antibody deficiency (PAD). The efficacy and tolerability of 16% SCIG (Vivaglobin®) was compared with 20% SCIG (Hizentra®) in PAD subjects. The study was a prospective, single-centre, open-label study of PAD subjects transitioning Vivaglobin to equivalent Hizentra doses, rounded to the nearest vial size. Comparisons included immunoglobulin (Ig)G levels; tetanus, varicella and Streptococcus pneumoniae titres; adverse events (AEs), annual infection rate and quality of life during 8 weeks of Vivaglobin and 24 weeks of Hizentra. Thirty-two subjects (aged 2–75 years) participated. Rounding to the nearest Hizentra vial size resulted in a 12·8% (± 2·9%) increase in SCIG dose. Median immunoglobulin (Ig)G level following 8 weeks of Vivaglobin was similar to 24 weeks of Hizentra (1050 versus 1035 mg/dl, respectively; P = 0·77). Both products had similar protective titres to tetanus, varicella and serotypes of S. pneumoniae, which were variable but well above protective levels. After 12 weeks of Hizentra, subjects reported fewer local site reactions compared with Vivaglobin. Switching products resulted in increased systemic AEs in some subjects but, overall, not significantly higher than during Vivaglobin treatment. Average infusion time decreased from 104·7 min (3·3 sites) with Vivaglobin to 70·7 min (2·2 sites) with Hizentra (P = 0·0005). Acute serious bacterial infections were similar. Treatment satisfaction was superior with Hizentra. Hizentra and Vivaglobin have similar pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Although transition to a different SCIG product initially increased AEs, Hizentra is well tolerated and can be infused more rapidly and with fewer sites compared to Vivaglobin.
Chemokine CXCL-1: activity in the vitreous during proliferative vitreoretinopathy
Authors: Symeonidis C , Androudi S , Georgalas I , Tzamalis A , Chalvatzis N , Rotsos T , Souliou E , Diza E , Dimitrakos S A 
Published: March 2015

Summary
The aim of this study was to investigate CXCL-1 chemokine levels in the vitreous during rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with and without proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and identify possible correlations with clinical parameters (extent and duration or RRD and PVR grade). Vitreous samples from patients with primary RRD with or without PVR were collected and assayed using a double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eleven vitreous samples from organ donors were employed as a control group. CXCL-1 levels were measured in 35 vitreous samples from 35 RRD patients. Mean CXCL-1 levels (64·82 ± 6·47 pg/ml) were significantly higher (P = 0·048) compared to controls. There was a significant positive correlation between CXCL-1 levels and the extent of the detachment (r = 0·794, P = 0·006). Peak CXCL-1 levels coincided with 3+ quadrant RRD, an interim of 29–60 days’ duration and PVR grade B. Increased CXCL-1 levels may be indicative of mild inflammation in the detached retina and the adjacent vitreous. The results of the present study may provide novel insight into the complex interactions taking place during the early and late stages of RRD complicated by PVR.
Aetiology and risk factors of community‐acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients in Norway
Authors: Røysted Wenche , Simonsen Øystein , Jenkins Andrew , Sarjomaa Marjut , Svendsen Martin Veel , Ragnhildstveit Eivind , Tveten Yngvar , Kanestrøm Anita , Waage Halfrid , Ringstad Jetmund 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackground and AimsIn Norway, data on the aetiology of community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospitalized patients are limited. The aims of this study were to investigate the bacterial aetiology of CAP in hospitalized patients in Norway, risk factors for CAP and possible differences in risk factors between patients with Legionnaire's disease and pneumonia because of other causes.MethodsAdult patients with radiologically confirmed CAP admitted to hospital were eligible for the study. Routine aerobic and Legionella culture of sputum, blood culture, urinary antigen test for Legionella pneumophila and Streptococcus pneumoniae, polymerase chain reaction detection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis from throat specimens, and serology for L. pneumophila serogroup 1–6 were performed. A questionnaire, which included demographic and clinical data, risk factors and treatment, was completed.ResultsWe included 374 patients through a 20‐month study period in 2007–2008. The aetiological agent was detected in 37% of cases. S. pneumoniae (20%) was the most prevalent agent, followed by Haemophilus influenzae (6%) and Legionella spp. (6%). Eight Legionella cases were diagnosed by urinary antigen test, of which four also had positive serology. In addition, 13 Legionella cases were diagnosed by serology. The degree of comorbidity was high. An increased risk of hospital‐diagnosed Legionella pneumonia was found among patients with a diagnosis of chronic congestive heart failure.ConclusionOur results indicate that S. pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in hospitalized patients, and the prevalence of Legionella pneumonia is probably higher in Norway than recognized previously.
Successful behavioural strategies to increase physical activity and improve glucose control in adults with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Avery L. , Flynn D. , Dombrowski S. U. , van Wersch A. , Sniehotta F. F. , Trenell M. I. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimsTo explore which behaviour change techniques and other intervention features are associated with increased levels of physical activity and improved HbA1c in adults with Type 2 diabetes.MethodsModerator analyses were performed on a dataset of 21 behaviour change techniques and six intervention features identified in a systematic review of behavioural interventions (N = 1975 patients with Type 2 diabetes) to establish their associations with changes in physical activity and HbA1c.ResultsFour behaviour change techniques (prompt focus on past success, barrier identification/problem‐solving, use of follow‐up prompts and provide information on where and when to perform physical activity) had statistically significant associations with increased levels of physical activity. Prompt review of behavioural goals and provide information on where and when to perform physical activity behaviour had statistically significant associations with improved HbA1c. Pedometer use was associated with decreased levels of physical activity.ConclusionsThese data suggest that clinical care teams can optimise their consultations by incorporating specific behaviour change techniques that are associated with increased levels of physical activity and improved long‐term glycaemic control.
Fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes: results from Diabetes MILES – The Netherlands
Authors: Nefs G. , Bevelander S. , Hendrieckx C. , Bot M. , Ruige J. , Speight J. , Pouwer F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimsTo examine sociodemographic, clinical and psychological factors associated with fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes.MethodsData were obtained from Diabetes MILES – The Netherlands, an online self‐report national survey. This cross‐sectional analysis focused on participants with Type 1 diabetes who completed the 18‐item Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey – Second Version Worry subscale (HFS–II–W; possible total score range 0–72, higher scores indicating higher fear) (n = 288). To explore correlates of fear of hypoglycaemia, a hierarchical linear regression analysis was performed in participants with full data on sociodemographic, clinical and psychological factors (n = 232; younger and more highly educated than those excluded).ResultsHFS–II–W mean score was 11.1 ± 11.1. Gender, age, education and having a partner (model 1) were not associated with fear of hypoglycaemia. In model 2, history of severe hypoglycaemia (irrespective of number of events) was associated with (greater) fear of hypoglycaemia, whereas diabetes duration, pump therapy and HbA1c were not. Type D personality was positively correlated (model 3), as were symptoms of depression, but not anxiety (model 4). Adding loneliness (model 5) did not improve the model. The fully adjusted analysis showed that fear of hypoglycaemia was associated with depressive symptoms (β = 0.38, P < 0.001) and history of hypoglycaemia (1–2 events: β = 0.30, P < 0.001; ≥ 3 events: β = 0.19, P = 0.002). Total explained variance was 23%.ConclusionsDepressive symptoms and history of hypoglycaemia are associated with fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes. These factors may help to identify people with excessive fear, who may particularly benefit from interventions to reduce hypoglycaemia risk and worries.
Vestiges of an ancestral host plant: preference and performance in the butterfly Polygonia faunus and its sister species P. c‐album
Authors: NYLIN SÖREN , SÖDERLIND LINA , GAMBERALE‐STILLE GABRIELLA , AUDUSSEAU HÉLÈNE , CELORIO‐MANCERA MARIA DE LA PAZ , JANZ NIKLAS , SPERLING FELIX A. H. 
Published: March 2015

1. In the study of the evolution of insect–host plant interactions, important information is provided by host ranking correspondences among female preference, offspring preference, and offspring performance. Here, we contrast such patterns in two polyphagous sister species in the butterfly family Nymphalidae, the Nearctic Polygonia faunus, and the Palearctic P. c‐album.2. These two species have similar host ranges, but according to the literature P. faunus does not use the ancestral host plant clade – the ‘urticalean rosids’. Comparisons of the species can thus test the effects of a change in insect–plant associations over a long time scale. Cage experiments confirmed that P. faunus females avoid laying eggs on Urtica dioica (the preferred host of P. c‐album), instead preferring Salix, Betula, and Ribes.3. However, newly hatched larvae of both species readily accept and grow well on U. dioica, supporting the general theory that evolutionary changes in host range are initiated through shifts in female host preferences, whereas larvae are more conservative and also can retain the capacity to perform well on ancestral hosts over long time spans.4. Similar rankings of host plants among female preference, offspring preference, and offspring performance were observed in P. c‐album but not in P. faunus. This is probably a result of vestiges of larval adaptations to the lost ancestral host taxon in the latter species.5. Female and larval preferences seem to be largely free to evolve independently, and consequently larval preferences warrant more attention.
Parent and family factors associated with service use by young people with mental health problems: a systematic review
Authors: Ryan Siobhan M. , Jorm Anthony F. , Toumbourou John W. , Lubman Dan I. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimTo conduct a systematic review of parent and family factors associated with service use for young people with mental health problems, to inform early intervention efforts aimed at increasing service use by young people.MethodsA systematic search of academic databases was performed. Articles were included in the review if they had: a sample of young people aged between 5 and 18 years; service use as the outcome measure; one or more parental or family variables as a predictor; and a comparison group of non‐service using young people with mental health problems. In order to focus on factors additional to need, the mental health symptoms of the young person also had to be controlled for. Stouffer's method of combining P‐values was used to draw conclusions as to whether or not associations between variables were reliable.ResultsTwenty‐eight articles were identified investigating 15 parental or family factors, 7 of which were found to be associated with service use for a young person with mental health needs: parental burden, parent problem perception, parent perception of need, parent psychopathology, single‐parent household, change in family structure and being from the dominant ethnic group for the United States specifically. Factors not found to be related to service use were: family history of service use, parent–child relationship quality, family functioning, number of children, parent education level, parent employment status, household income and non‐urban location of residence.ConclusionsA number of family‐related factors were identified that can inform effective interventions aimed at early intervention for mental health problems. Areas requiring further research were also identified.
Concurrent proximal suspensory desmopathy and injury of the proximal aspect of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in forelimbs or hindlimbs in 19 horses
Authors: Plowright E. , Dyson S. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryClinical features of proximal suspensory desmopathy (PSD) and concurrent injury of the proximal aspect of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT) have not been documented. The objectives were to describe clinical signs and diagnosis. This was a retrospective study. Patient details, lame limb(s), response to diagnostic analgesia, and radiographic and ultrasonographic findings were recorded. PSD and injury of the proximal aspect of the ALDDFT were identified in 19 horses, 14 with forelimb lameness (unilateral 5, bilateral 9) and 5 with hindlimb lameness (unilateral 2, bilateral 3). Localising clinical signs were seen in 7/31 lame limbs (subtle thickening in the region of the ALDDFT [n = 3], pain on palpation of the body of the suspensory ligament (SL) [n = 6], heat in the proximal metacarpal or metatarsal region [n = 2]). Forelimb lameness was abolished by perineural analgesia of the palmar metacarpal (subcarpal) nerves in 17/23 limbs. In the remaining limbs intra‐articular analgesia of the middle carpal joint (n = 2) or an ulnar nerve block (n = 4) were required to eliminate the lameness. Hindlimb lameness was abolished by perineural analgesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve (n = 2) or local infiltration of the proximal plantar aspect of the metatarsus (n = 3); a tibial nerve block resolved lameness in the remaining 3 limbs. Lesions of the SL and of the ALDDFT were characterised ultrasonographically by enlargement, heterogeneous echogenicity and loss of long linear echoes in longitudinal images. In 3 horses adhesions between the ALDDFT and the SL were identified post mortem. Close apposition of these structures seen ultrasonographically may indicate adhesion formation. It was concluded that the clinical features of PSD and concurrent injury of the ALDDFT are similar to those for PSD alone, highlighting the need for comprehensive and systematic ultrasonographic assessment.
Comparison of two different centrifugation extenders for preservation of frozen equine semen
Authors: Leão Freitas M. , Silva Bouéres C. , Gonçalves de Oliveira F. J. , de Oliveira Viu M. A. , Arruda de Oliveira R. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThis study compares a commercial semen extender (control group) to ultra high temperature (UHT) skimmed milk (treatment group) used during centrifugation for subsequent cryopreservation of equine semen. Following post‐thawing of semen samples parameters measured included motility, sperm motion kinetics (using computerised assisted semen analysis) as well as acrosome and plasmatic membrane integrity (using fluorescent dyes). After collection and analysis, the sperm‐rich fraction was divided and diluted with either: control (1:1 dilution in a skimmed milk‐glucose extender) or treatment (1:1 dilution in UHT skimmed milk). The milk used in this experiment was of the same source, commercial brand, of only one lot. After dilution, samples were subjected to centrifugation at 600 g for 10 min and sperm pellets were resuspended in a freezing extender to a concentration of 200 × 106 cells/ml. Aliquots were packed into 0.5 ml straws placed in a stainless steel support and kept inside the refrigerator (5°C) for 20 min. Subsequently, these straws were placed at a height of 6 cm over liquid nitrogen for 20 min in an isotherm box. No significant differences were observed in total sperm motility (42.71 vs. 38.29%), progressive sperm motility (12.29 vs. 7.86%), plasma membrane integrity (53.43 vs. 60.14%) or acrosomal membrane integrity (93.29 vs. 93.71%) with a P>0.05 calculated between the control and the treatment groups, respectively. Considering that UHT skimmed milk has a lower cost than the commercial semen extender, this could be an option used during the centrifugation protocol to decrease the expense of the equine semen cryopreservation process and increase shelf life.
Structural insights into the inhibition of cellobiohydrolase Cel7A by xylo‐oligosaccharides
Authors: Momeni Majid Haddad , Ubhayasekera Wimal , Sandgren Mats , Ståhlberg Jerry , Hansson Henrik 
Published: March 2015

The filamentous fungus Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph of Trichoderma reesei) is the predominant source of enzymes for industrial saccharification of lignocellulose biomass. The major enzyme, cellobiohydrolase Cel7A, constitutes nearly half of the total protein in the secretome. The performance of such enzymes is susceptible to inhibition by compounds liberated by physico‐chemical pre‐treatment if the biomass is kept unwashed. Xylan and xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOS) have been proposed to play a key role in inhibition of cellobiohydrolases of glycoside hydrolase family 7. To elucidate the mechanism behind this inhibition at a molecular level, we used X‐ray crystallography to determine structures of H. jecorina Cel7A in complex with XOS. Structures with xylotriose, xylotetraose and xylopentaose revealed a predominant binding mode at the entrance of the substrate‐binding tunnel of the enzyme, in which each xylose residue is shifted ~ 2.4 Å towards the catalytic center compared with binding of cello‐oligosaccharides. Furthermore, partial occupancy of two consecutive xylose residues at subsites ‐2 and ‐1 suggests an alternative binding mode for XOS in the vicinity of the catalytic center. Interestingly, the ‐1 xylosyl unit exhibits an open aldehyde conformation in one of the structures and a ring‐closed pyranoside in another complex. Complementary inhibition studies with p‐nitrophenyl lactoside as substrate indicate mixed inhibition rather than pure competitive inhibition.DatabaseThe atomic coordinates and structure factors are available in the Protein Data Bank under accession number 4D5I (H. jecorina Cel7A E212Q variant, complex with xylotriose), 4D5J (H. jecorina Cel7A E217Q variant, complex with xylotriose), 4D5O (H. jecorina Cel7A E212Q variant, complex with xylopentaose), 4D5P (H. jecorina Cel7A E217Q variant, complex with xylopentaose), 4D5Q (wild‐type H. jecorina Cel7A, complex with xylopentaose) and 4D5V (H. jecorina Cel7A E217Q variant, complex with xylotetraose).
Carbon dioxide exchange dynamics over a mature switchgrass stand
Authors: Eichelmann Elke , Wagner‐Riddle Claudia , Warland Jon , Deen Bill , Voroney Paul 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSwitchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has gained importance as feedstock for bioenergy over the last decades due to its high productivity for up to 20 years, low input requirements, and potential for carbon sequestration. However, data on the dynamics of CO2 exchange of mature switchgrass stands (>5 years) are limited. The objective of this study was to determine net ecosystem exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration (Re), and gross primary production (GPP) for a commercially managed switchgrass field in its sixth (2012) and seventh (2013) year in southern Ontario, Canada, using the eddy covariance method. Average NEE flux over two growing seasons (emergence to harvest) was −10.4 μmol m−2 s−1 and reached a maximum uptake of −42.4 μmol m−2 s−1. Total annual NEE was −380 ± 25 and −430 ± 30 g C m−2 in 2012 and 2013, respectively. GPP reached −1354 ± 23 g C m−2 in 2012 and −1430 ± 50g C m−2 in 2013. Annual Re in 2012 was 974 ± 20 g C m−2 and 1000 ± 35 g C m−2 in 2013. GPP during the dry year of 2012 was significantly lower than that during the normal year of 2013, but yield was significantly higher in 2012 with 1090 g m−2, compared to 790 g m−2 in 2013. If considering the carbon removed at harvest, the net ecosystem carbon balance came to 106 ± 45 g C m−2 in 2012, indicating a source of carbon, and to −59 ± 45 g C m−2 in 2013, indicating a sink of carbon. Our results confirm that switchgrass can switch between being a sink and a source of carbon on an annual basis. More studies are needed which investigate this interannual variability of the carbon budget of mature switchgrass stands.