bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Factors for Cognitive Decline After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Benedictus Marije R. , Hochart Anaïs , Rossi Costanza , Boulouis Gregoire , Hénon Hilde , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Cordonnier Charlotte 
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose—
Stroke and dementia are closely related, but no prospective study ever focused on poststroke cognitive decline in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We aimed to determine prognostic factors for cognitive decline in patients with ICH.

Methods—
We prospectively included 167 consecutive ICH survivors without preexisting dementia from the Prognosis of Intra-Cerebral Hemorrhage (PITCH) cohort. Median follow-up was 4 years (interquartile range, 2.3–5.4). We explored factors associated with cognitive decline using linear mixed models. Cognitive decline was determined based on repeated mini-mental state examination. We investigated each prognostic factor separately in univariate models. Next, we constructed clinical and radiological multivariable models. In a sensitivity analysis, we excluded patients with preexisting cognitive impairment.

Results—

Median age was 64 (interquartile range, 53–75) years, 69 (41%) patients were women, and median mini-mental state examination at 6 months was 27 (interquartile range, 23–29). Overall, 37% of the patients declined during follow-up. Factors associated with cognitive decline in univariate analyses were previous stroke or transient ischemic attack, preexisting cognitive impairment, microbleed presence, severity of white matter hyperintensities, and severity of cortical atrophy. In multivariable analyses, previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (β [SE], −0.55 [0.23];
P
<0.05), preexisting cognitive impairment (β [SE], −0.56 [0.25];
P
<0.01), and severity of cortical atrophy (β [SE], −0.50 [0.19];
P
<0.01) remained independent prognostic factors. In patients without preexisting cognitive impairment (n=139), severity of cortical atrophy (β [SE], −0.38 [0.17];
P
<0.05) was the only prognostic factor for future cognitive decline.

Conclusions—
Prognostic factors for cognitive decline after ICH are already present when ICH occurs, suggesting a process of ongoing cognitive impairment instead of new-onset decline induced by the ICH itself.
Barriers to Entry: Who Builds Fortified Boundaries and Why?
Authors: Hassner Ron E. , Wittenberg Jason 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Fortified boundaries are asymmetrical, physical barriers placed along borders. These boundaries are more formidable in structure than conventional boundary lines, but less robust than militarized boundaries. Their goal is to impose costs on infiltrators and in so doing deter or impede infiltration. A novel dataset of all such boundaries worldwide shows that states are constructing these barriers at an accelerating rate. More than half of barrier builders are Muslim-majority states, and so are the vast majority of targets. A multivariate analysis demonstrates that, contrary to conventional wisdom, states that construct such barriers do not tend to suffer disproportionately from terrorism, nor are they apt to be involved in a significant number of territorial disputes. Instead, differences in state wealth and migration rates are the best predictors of barrier construction. Qualitative case studies suggest that the most effective fortified boundaries are found where the initiating state controls the territory beyond a boundary that blocks the only access route into the state.
A new species of Anthurium (Araceae) from Ecuador
Authors: Croat Thomas B. , Ulloa Ulloa Carmen , Freire Efraín L. 
Published: August 2015

Anthurium sect. Belolonchium (Araceae) is defined and characterized. One new species of sect. Belolonchium, namely A. yanacochense Croat, C.Ulloa & E.Freire from Pichincha province, Ecuador, is described as new and compared with related species.
Dual-Polarization Radar Data Analysis of the Impact of Ground-Based Glaciogenic Seeding on Winter Orographic Clouds. Part II: Convective Clouds
Authors: Jing Xiaoqin , Geerts Bart 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis second paper of a two-part series aims to explore the ground-based glaciogenic seeding impact on wintertime orographic clouds using an X-band dual-polarization radar. It focuses on three cases with shallow to moderately deep orographic convection that were observed in January–February of 2012 as part of the AgI Seeding Cloud Impact Investigation (ASCII) project over the Sierra Madre in Wyoming. In each of the storms the bulk upstream Froude number exceeded 1, suggesting unblocked flow. Low-level potential instability was present, explaining orographic convection. The clouds contained little supercooled liquid water on account of the low cloud-base temperature. Ice-crystal photography shows that snow mainly grew by diffusion and aggregation. To examine the seeding effect of silver iodide (AgI), five study areas are defined: two target areas and three control areas. Comparisons are made between the control and target areas as well as between a treated, or seeded, period and an untreated period. Low-level reflectivity tends to increase in the target areas relative to the control. This increase is larger in the lee target area than in the upwind target area, suggesting that precipitation enhancement is delayed in the presence of convection. The echo tops of the convective cells are not higher during seeding, relative to simultaneous changes in the control regions. This result suggests that the dynamic-seeding mechanism does not apply for the cold-base convective clouds that are studied here. An analysis of differential reflectivity and snow photography suggests that static seeding is the more likely snow-enhancement mechanism in these clouds.
Performance of the GPM Passive Microwave Retrieval in the Balkan Flood Event of 2014
Authors: Petković Veljko , Kummerow Christian D. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An updated version of the Goddard Profiling Algorithm (GPROF 2014) with a new overland scheme was released with the launch of the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) core satellite in February 2014. The algorithm is designed to provide consistent precipitation estimates over both ocean and land across diverse satellite platforms. This study tests the performance of the new retrieval, focusing specifically on an extreme rainfall event. Two contrasting 72-h precipitation events over the same area are used to compare the retrieved products against ground measurements. The first event is characterized by persistent and intense precipitation of an unusually strong and widespread system, which caused historical flooding of the central Balkan region of southeastern Europe in May 2014. The second event serves as a baseline case for a more typical midlatitude regime. Rainfall rates and 3-day accumulations given by five conically scanning radiometers (GMI; AMSR2; and SSMIS F16, F17, and F18) in the GPM constellation are compared against ground radar data from the Operational Program for Exchange of Weather Radar Information (OPERA) network and in situ measurements. Satellite products show good agreement with ground radars; the retrieval closely reproduces spatial and temporal characteristics of both events. Strong biases related to precipitation regimes are found when satellite and radar measurements are compared to ground gauges. While the GPM constellation performs well during the nonextreme event, showing ~10% negative bias, it underestimates gauge accumulations of the Balkan flood event by 60%. Analyses show that the biases are caused by the differences between the expected and observed ice-scattering signals, suggesting that better understanding of the environment and its impact on rain profiles is the key for successful retrievals in extreme events.
Wind Stress Dynamics in Chesapeake Bay: Spatiotemporal Variability and Wave Dependence in a Fetch-Limited Environment
Authors: Fisher Alexander W. , Sanford Lawrence P. , Suttles Steven E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe spatiotemporal variability of wind stress dynamics in Chesapeake Bay has been investigated using a combination of observations and numerical modeling. Direct measurements of momentum and surface heat fluxes were collected using an ultrasonic anemometer deployed on a fixed tower in the middle reaches of Chesapeake Bay in the spring of 2012 along with collocated wave measurements. These measurements were compared to bulk estimates of wind stress using wave-dependent formulations of the Charnock parameter (alpha). Results indicate that a constant alpha value of 0.018 reasonably represents observed stress values, but estimates can be improved by the inclusion of surface wave information in the parameterization of alpha. Using a wave age formulation of alpha in combination with an optimally interpolated 10-m neutral wind field, a third-generation numerical wave model, Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN), was employed to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of wind stress across the estuary. Alpha values were found to be wind speed dependent and displayed spatial distributions that ranged between open-ocean values and strongly fetch-limited values. Model results suggest that variable wind stress dynamics stemming from a combination of variable surface winds and fetch-limited wave growth may result in the 10-m neutral drag coefficient varying by a factor of 2 across the estuary. Up to 20% of these changes can be directly attributed to the effects of variable waves.
Evaluation of WRF Cloud Microphysics Schemes Using Radar Observations
Authors: Min Ki-Hong , Choo Sunhee , Lee Daehyung , Lee Gyuwon 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) implemented a 10-yr project to develop its own global model (GM) by 2020. To reflect the complex topography and unique weather characteristics of the Korean Peninsula, a high-resolution model with accurate physics and input data is required. The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6) and WRF double-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WDM6) that will be implemented in the Korea GM (KGM) are evaluated. Comparisons of the contoured frequency by altitude diagram (CFAD), time–height cross sections, and vertical profiles of hydrometeors are utilized to assess the two schemes in simulating summer monsoon and convective precipitation cases over the Korean Peninsula during 2011. The results show that WSM6 and WDM6 overestimate the height of the melting level and bright band as compared to radar observations. However, the accuracy of WDM6 is in better agreement with radar observations. This is attributed to the difference in the sedimentation process simulated by the additional second-moment total number concentrations of liquid-phase particles in WDM6. WDM6 creates larger raindrops and higher relative humidity beneath the melting layer, allowing the scheme to simulate a more realistic reflectivity profile than WSM6 for the summer monsoon case. However, for the convective case, both schemes underestimate the precipitation and there is resolution dependence in the WRF Model’s ability to simulate convective precipitation.
Qoheleth Versus a Later Editor: The Origin and Function of Eschatological Elements in Ecclesiastes 12:1–8
Authors: Kang Seung Il 
Published: August 2015

This essay investigates the origin and function of the eschatological elements in Ecclesiastes 12:1–8 in comparison with Qoheleth’s concepts of death, judgment, and fear of God attested in other parts of the book, and suggests that some eschatological elements in the passage originated from a later editor. The original work of Qoheleth may well have ended with the final exhortation for enjoyment in the prime of life (11:8a, 9a–b, 10a) followed by the descriptions of old age and possibly death, too; traces of these descriptions are found in 12:1–7. Qoheleth may have included these materials to reveal that there is a time, namely during youth, for enjoyment too. Although the later editor disagreed with Qoheleth’s positive attitude to mirth, he need not have expunged all the relevant references. The editor simply appended a reminder of divine judgment in 11:8b, 9c, and 10b as a counterargument to each of Qoheleth’s final calls of carpe diem. In addition, in order to deliver his own message more effectively, the editor reworked Qoheleth’s materials with eschatological elements, thereby putting a different spin on the original message. As a result, 12:1–8 has come to his aid by intimidating and reminding people of the imminent divine judgment, “since the Day of Judgment is near, you should fear God and keep his commandments to survive.”
Long-term Follow-up of Dorsal Wedge Osteotomy for Pediatric Freiberg Disease
Authors: Pereira Bruno S. , Frada Tiago , Freitas Daniel , Varanda Pedro , Vieira-Silva Manuel , Oliva Xavier Martin , Duarte Rui M. 
Published: August 2015

Background: Treatment for Freiberg disease has been largely conservative despite availability of various operative options for severe or refractory cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of pediatric patients with symptomatic Freiberg disease treated with intra-articular dorsal wedge osteotomy. Methods: Pediatric patients treated for Freiberg disease with surgery between January 1982 and 1999 were identified and selected for long-term clinical evaluation. Patients were evaluated regarding operative satisfaction and clinical outcome, performed according to the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) lesser toe metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal scale and range of motion (ROM) of metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Patients had radiographic assessment of degenerative joint status with anteroposterior and oblique foot x-ray. Twenty patients (18 female, 2 male; mean age 15.2 years; range 12-17 years) were identified. The mean follow-up period was 23.4 (range 15-32) years. Results: The clinical outcomes of our patients were classified as excellent in 16 (80%) and good in 4 (20%). The AOFAS mean score was 96.8 (range 91-100) points at the last clinical appointment. A negative correlation between AOFAS score and time of follow-up (r’s = −0.61, P < .001) was found. Also, a strong negative correlation was found between Smillie classification and AOFAS final score (r’s = −0.88, P < .001). Conclusion: The patients were very satisfied with pain and quality of life at a mean follow-up time of 23.4 years. To our knowledge, this is the first long-term follow-up report supporting the procedure described by Gauthier and Elbaz as a good option for operative treatment of Freiberg disease. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.
Targeting the leukemia cell metabolism by the CPT1a inhibition: functional preclinical effects in leukemias
Authors: Ricciardi Maria Rosaria , Mirabilii Simone , Allegretti Matteo , Licchetta Roberto , Calarco Anna , Torrisi Maria Rosaria , Foà Robin , Nicolai Raffaella , Peluso Gianfranco , Tafuri Agostino 
Published: August 2015

Key Points
FAO is a crucial metabolic pathway for leukemic cell proliferation and apoptosis. FAO inhibitors represent a novel targeted approach for leukemia treatment.
Primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors: comparing CT and MRI features with pathology
Authors: Wang Li-Xia , Liu Kan , Lin Guang-Wu , Jiang Tao 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Background
Primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors (PHNET) are extremely rare and difficult to distinguish from primary and metastatic liver cancers since PHNETs blood supply comes from the liver artery. This study aims to investigate CT and MR imaging findings of primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumor (PHNET) and correlation with the 2010 WHO pathological classification.

Methods
We examined CT and MRI scans from 29 patients who were diagnosed with PHNET and correlated the data with the 2010 WHO classification of neuroendocrine tumors.

Results
According to the 2010 WHO classification system, PHNETs are divided into three grades based on histological criteria. Grade 1 tumors are singular, solid nodules with enhancement at the arterial phase on CT and MRI scans. In grade 1 tumors, the dynamic-contrast enhancement curve shows rapid wash-in in the arterial phase. Grade 2 tumors can have a singular or multiple distribution pattern, necrosis, and nodule or marginal ring-like enhancements. Grade 3 tumors have multiple lesions, internal necrosis, and evidence of hemorrhage. Portal venous tumor thrombus was seen in one case. As tumor grades increase, the capsule begins to lose integrity and tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values decrease(grade 1: 1.39 ± 0.20× 10−3 mm2/s versus grade 2: 1.26 ± 0.23× 10−3 mm2/s versus grade 3: 1.14 ± 0.17× 10−3 mm2/s).

Conclusion
CT and MRI can reflect tumor grade and pathological features of PHNETs, which are helpful in accurately diagnosing PHNETs.
Thermal Activation of Solid-State Molybdenum Halide Clusters with an Octahedral Cluster Framework and Their Application to Catalytic Synthesis of 3-Methylpyridine from Piperidine and Methanol
Authors: Kamiguchi Satoshi , Kajio Ryu , Yamada Hitomi , Yuge Hidetaka , Okumura Kazu , Iida Hajime , Nagashima Sayoko , Chihara Teiji 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Solid-state molybdenum halide clusters with an octahedral metal framework MoX2 (or [Mo6X8]X2X4/2) (X = Cl, Br, I) are applied to catalysis. When these clusters are thermally activated in a hydrogen stream above 300 °C, they exhibit catalytic activity for the dehydrogenative C-methylation of piperidine with methanol, to yield 3-methylpyridine. At 400 °C, the selectivity is as high as 74%. This catalytic behavior is different from that of the molecular clusters [(M6Cl12)Cl2(H2O)4]·4H2O (M = Nb, Ta) and (H3O)2[(M6Cl8)Cl6]·6H2O (M = Mo, W), which exhibit Brønsted acidity after thermal activation; piperidine is N-methylated to yield N-methylpiperidine selectively. Elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that the solid-state clusters partially eliminate halogen ligands during the activation. Infrared analysis of adsorbed pyridine on the activated clusters shows the presence of a Lewis acid site. This coordinatively unsaturated site of the molybdenum is catalytically active for dehydrogenative C-methylation. The formation of an η3-1-azaallyl species on the molybdenum facilitates the methylation at the 3-position of piperidine, followed by dehydrogenation to yield 3-methylpyridine.
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula in a patient with chronic sarcoidosis
Authors: Darr A , Mohamed S , Eaton D , Kalkat MS 
Published: August 2015

Sarcoidosis is a common multisystem granulomatous condition of unknown aetiology, predominantly involving the respiratory system. Tracheal stenosis has been described but we believe that we present the first case of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula secondary to chronic sarcoidosis. A 57-year-old woman with sarcoidosis, a known tracheal stricture and a Polyflex® stent in situ presented with stridor. Bronchoscopy confirmed in-stent stenosis, by exuberant granulation tissue. The stent was removed and the granulation tissue was resected accordingly. Postoperatively, the patient was noticed to have an incessant cough and video fluoroscopy raised the suspicion of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula. A repeat bronchoscopy demonstrated marked granulation tissue, accompanied by a fistulous connection with the oesophagus at the mid-lower [middle of the lower] third of the trachea. Three Polyflex® stents were sited across the entire length of the trachea. Sarcoidosis presents with varying clinical manifestations and disease progression. Tracheal involvement appears to be a rare phenomenon and usually results in stenosis. To date, there has been little or no documented literature describing the formation of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula resulting from sarcoidosis. Early reports documented the presence of sarcoidosis induced weakening in the tracheal wall, a process termed tracheal dystonia. Weaknesses are more apparent in the membranous aspect of the trachea. Despite the rare nature of such pathology, this case report highlights the need to consider the presence of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula in sarcoidosis patients presenting with repeat aspiration in the absence of an alternate pathology.
A prospective cohort study of risk prediction in simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation
Authors: Khambalia HA , Moinuddin Z , Summers AM , Tavakoli A , Pararajasingam R , Campbell T , Dhanda R , Forgacs B , Augustine T , van Dellen D 
Published: August 2015

Introduction Current risk prediction scoring systems in pancreas transplantation are limited to organ factors and are specific to predicting graft outcome. They do not consider recipient factors or inform regarding recipient morbidity. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of commonly used general surgical risk prediction models (P-POSSUM [Portsmouth Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity], MODS [multiple organ dysfunction score], Charlson co-morbidity index, revised cardiac risk index, ASA [American Society of Anesthesiologists] grade and Waterlow score), and to correlate them with total length of hospital stay (LOS) and critical care unit (CCU) LOS, important surrogate markers of patient outcome. Methods All risk prediction scores were calculated prospectively for all simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplant recipients from November 2011 to October 2013, and correlated with outcome measures. Results Overall, 57 SPK transplant recipients were analysed. The mean age was 42.0 years (standard deviation [SD]: 7.60 years), 27 (52%) were male and the mean body mass index was 25.43kg/m2 (SD: 3.11kg/m2). The mean pancreas and kidney cold ischaemic times were 703 minutes (SD: 182 minutes) and 850 minutes (SD: 192 minutes) respectively. The median total LOS and mean CCU LOS was 17 days (range: 8–79 days) and 7 days (SD: 4.04 days) respectively. When correlated with risk prediction scores, Waterlow score was the only significant predictor of total LOS and CCU LOS (p<0.001 [Spearman’s correlation] and p=0.001 [Pearson’s correlation] respectively). Conclusions Preoperative risk prediction plays an important part in planning perioperative care. To date, no validated risk prediction scoring system exists for SPK transplantation. This prospective study indicates that Waterlow score identifies high risk individuals and has value in the prediction of outcome following SPK transplantation.
Management of adult spontaneous spondylodiscitis and its rising incidence
Authors: Sur A , Tsang K , Brown M , Tzerakis N 
Published: August 2015

Introduction Spondylodiscitis refers to the infection of the intervertebral disc and osteomyelitis of the adjacent endplates, and it is uncommon in the developed world. Broad consensus indicates its incidence is on the rise. Methods The aim of this retrospective study was twofold. First, we sought to give an up-to-date incidence estimate by comparing case presentation over two time periods (1995–1999 and 2008–2011). Data from the England and Wales census in 2001 and 2011 were used for incidence estimation. The second part of this study aimed to generate management guidance from data from medical and radiographic records of the 2008–2011 patient cohort. Results The incidence of adult spontaneous spondylodiscitis in the local region between 2008 and 2011 was 3.67/100,000 per year, representing a 150% increase from the incidence in 1995–1999. Our data demonstrate that methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus remains the most common offending pathogen of spontaneous spondylodiscitis. The mean C-reactive protein (CRP) level remained at >30mg/l after a month of starting antibiotic treatment in both medically and surgically managed groups. Conclusions Evidence suggests that the incidence of spondylodiscitis is on the rise. A review of our case series has demonstrated the effectiveness of intravenous antibiotic therapy. While no official guidance exists for when to switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics, our study shows that CRP at 1 month is >30mg/l and we recommend 6 weeks of intravenous therapy, followed by 6 further weeks of oral therapy.