bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptions of Human Rights
Authors: Bassiouni Mahmoud 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Part IV (Chapters 11-13) is dedicated to the explication of a conception of human rights in a double dialogue with the Islamic legal tradition and contemporary human rights theory. It first discusses several conceptions of human rights and examines their ability to contribute to a tangible understanding of human rights. It then proceeds to argue that human rights can be most plausibly conceived as institutions for the protection of objective, necessary, and universal human needs. It offers a precise specification of the concept of need and answers the question of what needs human beings have by drawing on interdisciplinary research on human needs. Finally—based on the theory of the maqāṣid—it brings the notion of human rights into a coherent relation to human needs.
Battleground
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Althaus Scott L. , Panagopoulos Costas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Although American presidential campaigns are among the most closely followed events in the world, academic research tends to conclude that they are much less important for shaping election-day outcomes than broader economic conditions and more gradual socio-political trends. If so, then what campaigners do and say might be entertaining, but should rarely have a decisive influence on who wins the White House. Yet because academic studies typically treat presidential elections as singular events, surprisingly little research considers the entire universe of recent presidential elections. And because each campaign is presumed to follow only one strategy, single-election studies have surprisingly little to say about what relative difference those strategies might make on election day. This book aims to fill this gap. Drawing on internal campaign records and novel data sources covering every presidential election from 1952 through 2020, it identifies the Electoral College strategies for every major presidential campaign in the modern era, assesses how well those plans were executed, and illuminates what difference state-by-state allocations of candidate visits and television spending made on election day. Through this unusual perspective the book identifies broader contextual changes that define and divide these eighteen elections into three distinct eras. It shows how battleground states have been selected and contested in each of these eras and finds that presidential campaigns in the modern era have been consistently strategic, sophisticated, and effective. The book concludes that campaign strategies can still be pivotal for shaping Electoral College outcomes, even if their influence today looks somewhat different than in 1952.
Wholesale Campaigning (1952–1972)
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Althaus Scott L. , Panagopoulos Costas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Electoral College strategies for both major party candidates and for each election across the “Wholesale Campaigning” period from 1952 to 1972, the initial era covered in the book. The chapter reveals surprising levels of sophistication with respect to the classification of states during this period. Macro-targeting strategies for these presidential campaigns primarily drew from deep analysis of historical election results at the state and county levels to classify Electoral College priorities, supplemented with newly available polling and market research information to identify the most consequential targets. Relative to more recent periods, this early approach to developing Electoral College strategies during the first era tended to classify a surprisingly large number of states as battlegrounds.
Zero-Sum Campaigning (1976–2000)
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Althaus Scott L. , Panagopoulos Costas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the second era of presidential campaigns: the period of zero-sum campaigning from 1976 to 2000. It begins with an explanation of the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) of 1971 and how it affected presidential election campaigns before presenting major party strategies in detail. The chapter ends with conclusions drawn from archival data for this period, which show continued rise of the use of media consultants and pollsters in developing campaign strategy, with a tendency toward identifying narrower lists of battleground states than in the previous era. This is consistent with expectations borne of greater information about public opinion as well as the campaign spending limits associated with FECA.
The Past, the Present, and the Future of Presidential Campaigns
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Althaus Scott L. , Panagopoulos Costas 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This final chapter looks at the future of presidential campaigns through the presumptive lens that politics is not static and political actors respond rationally to changes in strategic incentive structures. It is not clear how the dynamic state of politics in the 2020s affects campaigns, substantively or normatively. The ability of presidential campaigns to slice and dice the electorate is at an all-time high, which may lead to narrower outreach, while a proliferation of both campaign resources and communicative modes may lead to broader outreach. The chapter suggests that both can be true at the same time: more voters will receive more narrowly tailored campaign messages. Whether or not this atomization of campaign issues and messaging is a good thing depends on the party system and the ability of the major parties to frame politics in a way that is substantive and compelling for the salient groups in American society.
Introduction
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The first half of the twentieth century was the time when individuals were able to have the greatest personal impact on the course of history. The two World Wars of that era, the Great Depression of the 1930s, and the end of European empires destroyed existing political and economic structures, creating the opportunity for building entirely new ones. Woodrow Wilson, V. I. Lenin, Adolf Hitler, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Mohandas Gandhi, David Ben-Gurion, and Mao Zedong took advantage of that opportunity. Each belonged, roughly speaking, to the same generation, with most born in the 1870s or 1880s. Each became iconic, widely recognized as embodying particular traits and ideas. Each made a deep personal imprint on the history of his times, deeper than leaders before or after them.
Thomas Woodrow Wilson
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Woodrow Wilson offered a vision for international peace that, while never fully implemented, has remained influential. As the 28th American president, he led the country into World War I. After that war, at the Paris Peace Conference, he advocated measures for restructuring international relations to make the world more peaceful. His most important proposal was for a League of Nations to which all countries would belong that would keep the peace throughout the world. The United States Senate, however, voted against American membership in the League, and the United States did not join it. Still, Wilson’s ideas about organizing the system of sovereign states in order to promote peace gained in importance and popularity after his death.
Vladimir Ilich Lenin (Ulianov)
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Vladimir Ilich Lenin founded the Soviet Union, the world’s first communist state. He led a branch of the Russian Marxist movement known as the Bolsheviks that took advantage of Russia’s defeat in World War I to seize power. Renamed the Communist Party, Lenin’s forces then consolidated power by winning a bloody civil war. Lenin used coercion to impose a centrally planned economic system and a political system that concentrated all power in the hands of the Communists and made liberal use of violence. The multinational state that the Communists created was called the Soviet Union, and it lasted until 1991.
Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
As British prime minister, Winston Churchill inspired and led his country’s resistance to Nazi Germany in World War II, preventing Germany from winning that war. After a long and prominent career in the British parliament and membership in several British cabinets, he became prime minister in 1940 as World War II was going badly for the British. He rallied the country with his eloquence, expressing a determination not to give in to Nazi Germany but rather to fight to the end. He also set about cultivating the American president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, with an eye to securing American assistance and ultimately American participation in the war against Germany. In the end, Britain and its allies, the United States and the Soviet Union, did defeat Germany in Europe and Imperial Japan in the Asia-Pacific region.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Franklin D. Roosevelt guided the United States through the Great Depression and World War II. The 32nd American president, he took office in 1933 in the midst of the Great Depression. His administration enacted a series of measures known as the New Deal that mitigated the Depression’s damaging economic effects. In response to Japan’s aggression in China, his government imposed economic sanctions on the Japanese. As Hitler set out to conquer Europe, Roosevelt sent economic and military assistance to Great Britain and the Soviet Union. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor the United States entered World War II against both Japan in the Asia-Pacific region and Germany in Europe, and, with Roosevelt as commander-in-chief, ultimately prevailed in both theaters of war
David Ben-Gurion (Gruen)
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
David Ben-Gurion was the founding father of the State of Israel, which resurrected Jewish sovereignty in the Holy Land after an absence of almost two millennia. He was born in Poland, as a young man became devoted to the Zionist movement that sought the restoration of a Jewish state, and moved to what was then a province of the Ottoman Empire known as Palestine. After World War I, the British gained control of Palestine, and during their period of control Ben-Gurion became the principal leader of the Zionist movement there. When the British left in 1948, Ben-Gurion proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel. He served as its first prime minister, undertook the major responsibility for creating its army, and presided over its successful conduct of two wars: the War of Independence of 1948 and the Sinai War of 1956.
Life in the Floodplain
Authors: Conca Ken 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter sketches the history of Ellicott City, a historic mill town in central Maryland that recently suffered two fatal flash flood disasters within 22 months. Founded in the earliest days of the American republic, the town was a critical early node in the industrial revolution, tapping the power of water to drive milling and manufacturing. Yet, the town has suffered repeatedly from flood episodes over its 250-year history. Particular attention is paid to two devastating flood episodes in the early 1970s, from Hurricanes Agnes and Eloise. These disasters triggered the town’s rebirth as a historic district, but also revealed tensions around land use, economic development, and placemaking that would recur in the most recent floods.
General principles
Authors: Neuhäuser Markus , Ruxton Graeme D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents general principles of the potential challenges associated with small sample sizes, and how these challenges can be mitigated, especially in study design. Effect size and power are fundamental themes in our suggested approaches, and risk of inflation of the former is discussed. Methods for computing the power as well as how the power can be boosted without increasing the sample size are presented. A related topic explored is the interpretation of results in the light of low power. We highlight that summary statistics can be less helpful for very small samples; for such samples, it might be useful to display the sample in full, instead of (or alongside) summary statistics.
Meta-analysis
Authors: Neuhäuser Markus , Ruxton Graeme D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A meta-analysis makes it possible to make a combined inference drawing on the results from a range of different studies. This approach is particularly relevant in the context of small sample sizes, where a single study does not provide for a definitive conclusion. It may be that a field of research faces strong limitations on the sample sizes that can be utilized in a single study, limiting the ability to draw strong inferences from any one study. Here a meta-analysis that seeks to draw a general conclusion on the basis of aggregation of existing studies might then prove particularly useful. The fixed, as well as the random effects, models are introduced. Example data and R code are given.
The Neuroscience of Free Will
Authors: Tse Peter Ulric 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by asking why free will might have evolved. It concludes that animals that are driven to fulfill goals by intrinsic cybernetic error signals, and that can do so in an unpredictable way, have a survival advantage over animals lacking such goal-directing signals. We then consider the basics of how neurons function and emphasize that the neural code is about coincidence detection at the level of receptors, dendrites, neurons, and populations of neurons, which has as a consequence the emergence of synchrony and bursty patterns of firing among neurons. We then examine different sources of indeterminism in the brain and look at the neural circuits that underlie executive, volitional, and nonvolitional control. The chapter addresses the centrality of cingulate cortex both to willpower and cybernetic error minimization and argues that many of the goal-directed cybernetic processes governing animal volition and behavior concern optimization of paths toward the fulfillment of goals, from physical desires to emotional longings, shaped by aspects of cognition such as imagination and hope. It emphasizes that consciousness and volitional operations, such as volitional attentional tracking and volitional operations in working memory, are inseparable; consciousness is the domain of active and potential operands for volitional operators. The chapter closes with a discussion of the types of learning and automatization that afford freedom within constraint in the form of mastery.
Vocabulary
Authors: Beal Jennifer S. , Dostal Hannah M. , Easterbrooks Susan R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on all aspects of vocabulary learning, instruction, and application when reading printed text. It provides an overview of how children develop vocabulary, in conversation and in print; the effects of vocabulary on reading comprehension; and addresses evidence-based instructional practices for deaf/hard-of-hearing (DHH) learners. Breadth and depth of receptive and expressive vocabulary, semantic and phonological fluency, sight words, multiple meaning words, figurative language, and fingerspelling are promoted through time on task, the use of languages, explicit instruction, visual support, in-depth discussions, print-rich environments, etc. A multitude of ways to use a word wall and an example of explicit, contextualized vocabulary instruction with examples and non-examples are included. This chapter concludes with a summary of evidence-based vocabulary strategies for use with DHH learners.
Text Comprehension and Grammar
Authors: Beal Jennifer S. , Dostal Hannah M. , Easterbrooks Susan R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 provides an overview of grammar knowledge and its relation to reading comprehension. A structure for reading instruction is provided, including use of all languages across guided, shared, and independent reading and writing. Evidence-based strategies for all areas of instruction are embedded across the chapter, such as explicit instruction, the language experience approach, directed reading and thinking, writer’s workshop, narrative story grammar, story maps, visualization, and reflections. Case vignettes include application of prediction, visualization, and summarizing during reading with diverse deaf/hard-of-hearing (DHH) learners. Tables include examples of complex grammatical structures, story grammar elements, sentence-parsing strategies, strategies used within multilingual deaf education classrooms, how to teach strategies, and a review of story signing and story reading.
Dante's Education
Authors: Gianferrari Filippo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The book analyzes manuscript and archival evidence to reconstruct the contents, practice, and readings of Latin instruction in the urban schools of fourteenth-century Florence and gauges Dante Alighieri’s debts toward and involvement with these elementary forms of language instruction in his vernacular works. It shows Dante’s continuous engagement with this culture of teaching in his poetics, thus revealing his contribution to the expansion of vernacular literacy and education. The book argues that to achieve his unprecedented position of authority as a vernacular intellectual, Dante conceived his poetic works as an alternative educational program for laypeople, who could read and write in the vernacular but had little or no proficiency in Latin.
Prologue
Authors: Gianferrari Filippo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In fourteenth-century Italy, literacy became accessible to a significantly larger portion of the lay population (allegedly between 60 and 80 percent in Florence) and provided a crucial means for the vernacularization and secularization of learning. Dante Alighieri’s education and oeuvre sit squarely at the heart of this historical and cultural transition and provide an ideal case study for investigating the impact of Latin education on the consolidation of autonomous vernacular literature in the Middle Ages—a fascinating and still largely unexamined phenomenon. Although we have surviving manuscript evidence of some of the school readings most popular at the time, a systematic study of their influence on Dante and Dante’s involvment with this culture of learning has never been attempted. This Prologue offers an overview of how the book aims to fill this lacuna.
An Introduction to Literacy and Education in Dante’s Florence
Authors: Gianferrari Filippo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
How did Dante hope to promote his classicizing poetics to an audience of vernacular, lay readers, whose classical culture was often wanting? To answer this question, we need to reconstruct the culture of literacy shared by Dante and his contemporary readers. Thus, this introductory chapter surveys the extant evidence of literacy levels and grammar instruction in thirteenth-century Florence. Whereas the Florentine milieu in which Dante was educated featured high level of literacy among the laity and a well-developed network of private schools, the increasing pursue of literacy instruction for vocational and social aims coincided with a shrinking of the curriculum of Latin readings. A handful of minor Latin poems was consistently read for acquiring literacy in both the vernacular and Latin, as well as to prepare a few pupils for more advanced training in Latin grammar. Hence, the chapter argues for that minor Latin school texts provided the basic literary culture shared by the poet and most of his contemporary readers. The last section of the chapter discusses Dante’s earliest schooling in light of the extant contextual and textual evidence. Finally, the proposed analysis suggests that Dante’s silence concerning the minor Latin poems should be interpreted as reticence rather than ignorance. Such contrived silence reflects his intention to establish a direct link between his poetics and the major Latin tradition. Dante’s indirect engagement with the Ilias Latina is briefly discussed as evidence of the poet’s covert intertextual dialogue with the Latin school models in his oeuvre.
(Un)like Aesop
Authors: Gianferrari Filippo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces Dante’s creative reworking of school texts, as this evolved from the Vita nova to the Commedia. A close assessment of the reception of Aesopic fables in medieval education reveals the theoretical significance of Dante’s reference to Aesop at Inferno 23.4. Glosses, commentaries, and encyclopedic texts—such as Isidore’s Etymologiae—show that medieval literary theory considered this genre of fables as being paradigmatic of moralizing fiction. The presence of the name of Aesop in Inferno, it is argued, plays a pivotal role in Dante’s discourse about the uniqueness of the Commedia vis-à-vis traditional definitions of “fable” and “comedy.”
Spain
Authors: Ramiro Luis , Salvador María 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Spanish party politics is changing. The Spanish party system and parties experienced a period of relative stability from the beginning of the 1980s, once the democratic system was consolidated after the 1977 and 1979 founding elections. Moderate voters and a favourable institutional framework were conducive to the formation of a two-party system. However, in 2015 the party system entered a phase of change: increased electoral volatility and party system fragmentation characterize the new period. Together with the party system, the parties themselves have changed. New parties, new forms of organization, and relevant radical-left and radical-right parties characterize contemporary Spanish politics. Nonetheless, some key features of Spanish party politics remain unchanged and pose potential challenges to the proper functioning of representative democracy: the parties have weak social roots and are very dependent on state funding.
The Development of Party Organizations in New Democracies
Authors: Kim Yeaji 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the organizational features of the two largest political parties in South Korea, the Democratic Party (DP) and the People Power Party (PPP), based on their party membership, state funding, and candidate selection rules. While South Korea has successfully transitioned to democracy, its party system has been classified as weakly institutionalized due to factors such as personalism, regionalism, frequent mergers and splits, and weak party organizations. The analyses in this study reveal that the two parties are in the process of overcoming clientelistic party organizations but still rely heavily on state funding for income, leading to a cartelized party system. The parties have also established a more democratic candidate selection process, but questions remain about the value of active party members and the influence of non-party members in decision-making processes. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of these organizational features on the development of democracy in South Korea, including the role of active party members, the impact of state subsidies on new or minor parties, and the benefits and drawbacks of a decentralized candidate selection process.