bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micromechanical Modeling of Multifunctional Composites
Authors: Bahei-El-Din Yehia , Micheal Amany 
Published: October 2013

In the new generation of aircrafts in which the use of composite materials is ever increasing, smart composites reinforced with active fibers are expected to play a major role in monitoring health and performance of the airframe in addition to their load carrying capabilities. While advancements in material development, e.g. PZT filaments, bring the fabrication of structural components with multifunctionality closer to reality, reliable predictions of their behavior and performance are lacking. In particular, the modeling of damage progression on multiple lengthscales in structural composites is essential in modeling both sensing and/or actuation functionalities. Moreover, temperature changes affect the response of active constituents through changes in thermomechanical fields and/or changes in coupled functions, as for example in pyroelectric materials. These complexities invite a novel modeling approach of the problem.
This paper represents a major departure from present approaches, which focus mainly on undamaged, unidirectionally reinforced multifunctional fibrous composites at ambient temperatures. The work presented models multifunctional composite materials and structures on multiscales considering piezoelectric and pyroelectric phenomena. In particular, fibrous laminates with a general layup are considered under membrane forces and bending moments in combination with temperature changes. The solution for the local fields and overall response is determined in terms of a transformation field analysis scheme in which the local stresses or strains that cannot be removed by mechanical unloading are treated as eigen fields applied in an otherwise elastic medium. In the current application, the latter represents an aggregate of unidirectional plies and their phases.
The proposed modeling strategy is applied to fibrous laminates subjected to mechanical and/or thermal loads. While the modeling of damage follows the same strategy, it is discussed elsewhere.
Function and Mechanism Formalization in Task Based Conceptual Design Method
Authors: Darbinyan H. V. 
Published: October 2013

Mechanism and function formalization problem is touched in a novel task based conceptual mechanical design method. The general concept and a specific application of this method were reported in earlier publications. Direct dependence between the function and mechanism, identical synthesis tools for various stages of design and for various mechanical objects are the features making the suggested method advantageously different from existing concept design approaches. The core idea of suggested conceptual design method is the direct relation between challenged function and the mechanical entity which is in charge of implementing the requested function.
The existing task based conceptual design methods are not satisfying the designer’s needs for scope of application, universality of design means, visualization and formalization of both mechanical and functional fields. Formalization of functions and mechanisms is an important design tool that will facilitate synthesis, analyzes, visualization and archiving (data base creating) processes of mechanical development. Further progress in unveiling the resources of the suggested design method is mostly based on development of formalization means for both categories of functions and mechanisms.
The current study is unveiling newly developed function and mechanism description language that is helping to formalize both mechanical and functional categories facilitating their involvement in design process and making the description of a new product’s mechanical development easy and understandable. Function formalization in conjunction with mechanism formalization allows to formulate precisely the design task and concentrate the designer’s attention on solution of a single task strictly arranged in the hierarchical function tree of all involved tasks and functions.
Tip Clearance Control Concept in Gas Turbine H.P. Compressors
Authors: Ekong G. I. , Long C. A. , Childs P. R. N. 
Published: October 2013

To improve the thermodynamic efficiency of aircraft engine and other gas turbine engines, higher and higher pressure ratios are desired in conjunction with more refined engine cycles. In the high pressure compressor, higher pressure ratios result in lower aspect blades and enhanced sensitivity of the engine design to radial clearance effects.
The tip clearance in the axial flow compressor of modern commercial civil aero-engines is of critical importance in terms of both mechanical integrity and performance. Typically as the clearance between the compressor blade tips and the casing increases, the aerodynamic efficiency will decrease and therefore the specific fuel consumption and operating costs will increase, and the clearance is therefore of critical importance to civil airline operators and their customers alike. A design exercise was performed and a series of conceptual solutions were developed using the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) process and their potential viability in clearance control was investigated with thermal modelling. TRIZ was selected as an appropriate tool as the issue was long-standing having been the focus of previous projects, and robust design solutions were being sought.
In order to validate the concepts, use was made of a test facility developed at the University of Sussex, incorporating a rotor and an inner shaft scaled down from a Rolls Royce Trent aeroengine to a ratio of 0.7:1. The mechanical design of the test facility allows the simulation of flow conditions in the HP compressor cavity equivalent to the Trent 1000 aero-engine, with a rotational speed of up to 10000 rpm. The idle and maximum take-off conditions in the square cycle correspond to in-cavity rotational Reynolds numbers of 3.1×106 ≤ Reφ ≤ 1.0×107. The finite element thermomechanical model has been built to validate the engine measurements. This paper describes the use of TRIZ and the development of a selected concept and the detailed evaluation for reduction and control of tip clearance in HP compressors. This was achieved through the reduction in the compressor disc heat expansion time constant by improving drum heat transfer using bleed air from the compressor core flow. This paper explores the trade-offs between clearance and efficiency and develops and explores concepts to control the compressor tip clearance throughout the engine operating cycle. The project involved modelling of potential solutions and use of experimental facilities, a rotating compressor cavity rig, in order to explore the physical principles and demonstrate proof of concept for controlling tip clearance in HP compressors of gas turbine engines.
CodY Is a Global Regulator of Virulence-Associated Properties for Clostridium perfringens Type D Strain CN3718
Authors: Li Jihong , Ma Menglin , Sarker Mahfuzur R. , McClane Bruce A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

CodY is known to regulate various virulence properties in several Gram-positive bacteria but has not yet been studied in the important histotoxic and intestinal pathogen
Clostridium perfringens
. The present study prepared an isogenic
codY
-null mutant in
C. perfringens
type D strain CN3718 by insertional mutagenesis using the Targetron system. Western blot analysis indicated that, relative to wild-type CN3718 or a complementing strain, this isogenic
codY
mutant produces reduced levels of epsilon toxin (ETX). Using supernatants from cultures of the wild-type,
codY
-null mutant, and complementing strains, CodY regulation of ETX production was shown to have cytotoxic consequences for MDCK cells. The CodY regulatory effect on ETX production was specific, since the
codY
-null mutant still made wild-type levels of alpha-toxin and perfringolysin O. Sialidase activity measurements and sialidase Western blot analysis of supernatants from CN3718 and its isogenic derivatives showed that CodY represses overall exosialidase activity due to a reduced presence of NanH in culture supernatants. Inactivation of the
codY
gene significantly decreased the adherence of CN3718 vegetative cells or spores to host Caco-2 cells. Finally, the
codY
mutant showed increased spore formation under vegetative growth conditions, although germination of these spores was impaired. Overall, these results identify CodY as a global regulator of many
C. perfringens
virulence-associated properties. Furthermore, they establish that, via CodY, CN3718 coordinately regulates many virulence-associated properties likely needed for intestinal infection.

IMPORTANCE
Clostridium perfringens
is a major human and livestock pathogen because it produces many potent toxins.
C. perfringens
type D strains cause intestinal infections by producing toxins, especially epsilon toxin (ETX). Previous studies identified CodY as a regulator of certain virulence properties in other Gram-positive bacteria. Our study now demonstrates that CodY is a global regulator of virulence-associated properties for type D strain CN3718. It promotes production of ETX, attachment of CN3718 vegetative cells or spores to host enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells, and spore germination; the last two effects may assist intestinal colonization. In contrast, CodY represses sporulation. These results provide the first evidence that CodY can function as a global regulator of
C. perfringens
virulence-associated properties and that this strain coordinately regulates its virulence-associated properties using CodY to increase ETX production, host cell attachment, and spore germination but to repress sporulation, as would be optimal during type D intestinal infection.
Validation of the Korean Version of the Acupuncture Expectancy Scale
Authors: Kim Yun-Ji , Lee In-Seon , Kim Ho-Sun , Lee Hyejung , Park Hi-Joon , Lee Hyangsook , Mao Jun J , Chae Younbyoung 
Published: October 2013

Objectives Expectancy has been shown to affect patients’ responses to acupuncture therapy. However, no validated measure of expectancy for acupuncture is available in the Korean language. The Acupuncture Expectancy Scale (AES), a 4-item self-reporting questionnaire, is the validated instrument for measuring expectancies regarding acupuncture therapy. We translated the AES into Korean and examined its test–retest reliability and construct validity. Methods The AES was translated using a forward and backward translation procedure. Internal consistency was assessed in 275 participants with item-total correlations. Construct validity was also assessed by performing principal component analysis and correlating scores on the scale with the participants’ intention to receive acupuncture therapy. Test–retest reliability was assessed in 33 participants by calculating Cronbach's α and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Results Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's α=0.910). Principal component analysis showed that expectancy of acupuncture treatment accounted for 79.2% of the variance. The AES was positively correlated with participants’ intention to receive acupuncture treatment (r=0.695, p<0.001). Test–retest reliability in 33 of the 275 participants was adequate, with the Spearman rank correlation coefficient ranging from 0.500 to 0.737 (p<0.001). Conclusions The Korean version of the AES is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring patients’ expectancies regarding acupuncture treatment in the Korean population.
From physician intent to the pharmacy label: prevalence and description of discrepancies from a cross-sectional evaluation of electronic prescriptions
Authors: Cochran Gary L , Klepser Donald G , Morien Marsha , Lomelin Daniel , Schainost Rebecca , Lander Lina 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveThe objectives of this cross-sectional study were to estimate the prevalence of unintended discrepancies between three sources of prescription information and to describe the types of electronic prescribing system vulnerabilities identified.MethodsStaff from community pharmacies identified approximately 200 new prescriptions written at three participating ambulatory care clinics (2 adult, 1 paediatric). Unintended discrepancies were identified by comparing three sources of prescription information: (1) the prescriber's note as documented in the patient's chart; (2) the electronic prescription (e-prescription) entered into the clinic's electronic prescribing software; (3) the medication that was ultimately dispensed by the pharmacy as indicated on the prescription label. The discrepancy rate was calculated by dividing the number of discrepancies identified by the number of prescriptions evaluated.ResultsA total of 602 prescriptions written by 33 prescribers were evaluated from the 3 ambulatory care clinics. The discrepancy rate between the prescriber's note and the e-prescription was 1.7%, 0.6% and 3.9% for the three clinics. The discrepancy rate between the e-prescription (clinic) and the prescription label (pharmacy) was 4.2%, 0.9% and 1.5%. Differences between directions for administration was the most common type of discrepancy identified.ConclusionsDiscrepancy rates between the prescriber's note and the e-prescription were similar to the discrepancy rates between the e-prescription and pharmacy label. To reduce outpatient medication errors, a better understanding is needed of the sources of discrepancies that occur within the prescriber's clinic, and those that occur between the clinic and pharmacy.
Comparison of tulathromycin, azithromycin and azithromycin‐rifampin for the treatment of mild pneumonia associated with Rhodococcus equi
Authors: Venner M. , Credner N. , Lämmer M. , Giguère S. 
Published: October 2013

The objectives of the present study were to determine the relative efficacy of tulathromycin, azithromycin, or azithromycin with rifampin for the treatment of pulmonary abscesses on a farm with endemic infections caused by Rhodococcus equi. Foals with ultrasonographic evidence of pulmonary abscesses (abscess score 8.0–15 cm; n=120) were randomly allocated in four equal treatment groups: (1) tulathromycin intramuscularly; (2) azithromycin monotherapy, orally; (3) azithromycin with rifampin, orally; (4) saline intramuscularly as a placebo. Physical examination and thoracic ultrasonography were performed by individuals unaware of treatment group assignment. Foals that worsened were removed from the study. The proportion of foals that recovered without the need for a change in therapy was significantly higher for foals treated with azithromycin (29 of 30) or azithromycin with rifampin (28 of 30) than for foals treated with a placebo (20 of 30). Additionally, azithromycin or azithromycin with rifampin resulted in a significantly faster decrease in the number of abscesses and abscess score compared with a placebo. The proportion of foals treated with tulathromycin that recovered (27 of 30) was not significantly different from that of foals treated with a placebo. Azithromycin alone or in combination with rifampin was beneficial in the study population.
An introduction to orogenic andesites and crustal growth
Authors: Gómez-Tuena Arturo , Straub Susanne M. , Zellmer Georg F. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the current state of research on orogenic andesites. While their importance as proxies to the evolution of the continental crust has long been recognized, andesite genesis has remained highly controversial with a broader consensus yet to be reached. The controversy is fuelled by the question of whether orogenic andesites are primary melts of slab and mantle materials, or instead derivative products of basaltic mantle melts that differentiate in the overlying crust. These hypotheses are addressed in three sections of the book devoted to slab–mantle processes, the complexities of melt differentiation at crustal levels, and models pertaining to arc crustal growth. We believe that cross-fertilization and discussion among seemingly opposite and irreconcilable hypotheses will smooth the pathway towards a holistic communal model of andesite petrogenesis.
Caledonian nappes of southern Norway and their correlation with Sveconorwegian basement domains
Authors: Roffeis C. , Corfu F. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This paper summarizes the main geochronological features of the Caledonian nappes in southern Norway, discusses their similarities and differences, and reports new U–Pb isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry data. The latter include ages of 1670 Ma for orthogneiss from the Upper Finse Nappe, 1500, 1250 and 950 Ma for intrusive rocks from the Hallingskarvet Nappe, and 1037 and 997 Ma for volcanic units from the Suldal and Lower Finse nappes. The Caledonian nappes can be subdivided into units formed at 1700–1600 Ma, having an affinity with Gothian crust, and units formed at about 1500 Ma, correlating with Telemarkian crust. A Sveconorwegian tectonometamorphic overprint is ubiquitous, but with large differences in the intensity and relative timing of the overprint. Some complexes (such as Kvitenut–Dyrskard) were affected at around 1000 Ma and others (such as Jotun and Lindås) between 970 and 930 Ma. There is also considerable variety in the Caledonian effects. Ordovician events affected some nappes (Jæren, Revsegg), thought to be of exotic origin, while Silurian and Devonian events of variable intensity are observed in all nappes. The emerging patterns offer the basis for a qualitative discussion of the provenance of the nappes that can eventually be combined with quantitative structural criteria to reconstruct pre-Caledonian palaeogeographies.
Isoangustone A, A Novel Licorice Compound, Inhibits Cell Proliferation by Targeting PI3K, MKK4, and MKK7 in Human Melanoma
Authors: Song Nu Ry , Lee Eunjung , Byun Sanguine , Kim Jong-Eun , Mottamal Madhusoodanan , Park Jung Han Yoon , Lim Soon Sung , Bode Ann M. , Lee Hyong Joo , Lee Ki Won , Dong Zigang 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Licorice root is known to possess various bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Glycyrrhizin, a triterpene compound, is the most abundant constituent of dried licorice root. However, high intake or long-term consumption of glycyrrhizin causes several side effects, such as hypertension, hypertensive encephalopathy, and hypokalemia. Therefore, finding additional active compounds other than glycyrrhizin in licorice that exhibit anticancer effects is worthwhile. We found that isoangustone A (IAA), a novel flavonoid from licorice root, suppressed proliferation of human melanoma cells. IAA significantly blocked cell-cycle progression at the G1-phase and inhibited the expression of G1-phase regulatory proteins, including cyclins D1 and E in the SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cell line. IAA suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt, GSK-3β, and JNK1/2. IAA also bound to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), MKK4, and MKK7, strongly inhibiting their kinase activities in an ATP-competitive manner. Moreover, in a xenograft mouse model, IAA significantly decreased tumor growth, volume, and weight of SK-MEL-28 xenografts. Collectively, these results suggest that PI3K, MKK4, and MKK7 are the primary molecular targets of IAA in the suppression of cell proliferation. This insight into the biologic actions of IAA provides a molecular basis for the potential development of a new chemotherapeutic agent. Cancer Prev Res; 6(12); 1293–303. ©2013 AACR.
Esculetin Suppresses Proliferation of Human Colon Cancer Cells by Directly Targeting β-Catenin
Authors: Lee Sung-Young , Lim Tae-Gyu , Chen Hanyong , Jung Sung Keun , Lee Hyo-Jeong , Lee Mee-Hyun , Kim Dong Joon , Shin Aram , Lee Ki Won , Bode Ann M. , Surh Young-Joon , Dong Zigang 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Wnt pathway is a promising therapeutic and preventive target in various human cancers. The transcriptional complex of β-catenin–T-cell factor (Tcf), a key mediator of canonical Wnt signaling, has been implicated in human colon cancer development. Current treatment of colon cancer depends on traditional cytotoxic agents with limited effects. Therefore, the identification of natural compounds that can disrupt the β-catenin–TcF complex to suppress cancer cell growth with fewer adverse side effects is needed. To identify compounds that inhibit the association between β-catenin and Tcf, we used computer docking to screen a natural compound library. Esculetin, also known as 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, is a derivative of coumarin and was identified as a potential small-molecule inhibitor of the Wnt–β-catenin pathway. We then evaluated the effect of esculetin on the growth of various human colon cancer cell lines and its effect on Wnt–β-catenin signaling in cells and in an embryonic model. Esculetin disrupted the formation of the β-catenin–Tcf complex through direct binding with the Lys312, Gly307, Lys345, and Asn387 residues of β-catenin in colon cancer cells. In addition, esculetin effectively decreased viability and inhibited anchorage-independent growth of colon cancer cells. Esculetin potently antagonized the cellular effects of β-catenin–dependent activity, and in vivo treatment with esculetin suppressed tumor growth in a colon cancer xenograft mouse model. Our data indicate that the interaction between esculetin and β-catenin inhibits the formation of the β-catenin–Tcf complex, which could contribute to esculetin's positive therapeutic and preventive effects against colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res; 6(12); 1356–64. ©2013 AACR.
Hypoxia Induces Phenotypic Plasticity and Therapy Resistance in Melanoma via the Tyrosine Kinase Receptors ROR1 and ROR2
Authors: O'Connell Michael P. , Marchbank Katie , Webster Marie R. , Valiga Alexander A. , Kaur Amanpreet , Vultur Adina , Li Ling , Herlyn Meenhard , Villanueva Jessie , Liu Qin , Yin Xiangfan , Widura Sandy , Nelson Janelle , Ruiz Nivia , Camilli Tura C. , Indig Fred E. , Flaherty Keith T. , Wargo Jennifer A. , Frederick Dennie T. , Cooper Zachary A. , Nair Suresh , Amaravadi Ravi K. , Schuchter Lynn M. , Karakousis Giorgos C. , Xu Wei , Xu Xiaowei , Weeraratna Ashani T. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
An emerging concept in melanoma biology is that of dynamic, adaptive phenotype switching, where cells switch from a highly proliferative, poorly invasive phenotype to a highly invasive, less proliferative one. This switch may hold significant implications not just for metastasis, but also for therapy resistance. We demonstrate that phenotype switching and subsequent resistance can be guided by changes in expression of receptors involved in the noncanonical Wnt5A signaling pathway, ROR1 and ROR2. ROR1 and ROR2 are inversely expressed in melanomas and negatively regulate each other. Furthermore, hypoxia initiates a shift of ROR1-positive melanomas to a more invasive, ROR2-positive phenotype. Notably, this receptor switch induces a 10-fold decrease in sensitivity to BRAF inhibitors. In patients with melanoma treated with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib, Wnt5A expression correlates with clinical response and therapy resistance. These data highlight the fact that mechanisms that guide metastatic progression may be linked to those that mediate therapy resistance.
Significance: These data show for the first time that a single signaling pathway, the Wnt signaling pathway, can effectively guide the phenotypic plasticity of tumor cells, when primed to do so by a hypoxic microenvironment. Importantly, this increased Wnt5A signaling can give rise to a subpopulation of highly invasive cells that are intrinsically less sensitive to novel therapies for melanoma, and targeting the Wnt5A/ROR2 axis could improve the efficacy and duration of response for patients with melanoma on vemurafenib. Cancer Discov; 3(12); 1378–93. ©2013 AACR.
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