bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable, efficient, and equitable water use: the three pillars under wise freshwater allocation
Authors: Hoekstra Arjen Y. 
Published: November 2013

There are many river basins in the world where human water footprint needs to be reduced substantially. This article proposes three pillars under wise freshwater allocation: water footprint caps per river basin, water footprint benchmarks per product, and fair water footprint shares per community. Water footprint caps for all river basins in the world—setting maximums to the water volumes that can be consumed or polluted by the various human activities per basin—would aim to ensure a sustainable water use within each basin. Water footprint benchmarks for water‐using processes aim to provide an incentive to producers to reduce the water footprint of their products toward reasonable benchmark levels. Benchmarks will enable the actors along supply chains—from primary producers and intermediate companies to final consumers—and governments responsible for water allocation to share information about what are ‘reasonable water footprints’ for various processes and products. The idea of a fair water footprint share per community aims to contribute to the debate about social equity. Water allocation may be environmentally sustainable and efficient from a resource point of view, but that does not automatically imply that water allocation is fair from a societal point of view. We need international agreement on what makes the water footprint of a community of consumers fair or reasonably acceptable, given the limited maximum sustainable water footprint per global citizen. WIREs Water 2014, 1:31–40. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1000This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Human Water > Rights to Water
Human Water > Value of Water
Finding the target sites of RNA‐binding proteins
Authors: Li Xiao , Kazan Hilal , Lipshitz Howard D. , Morris Quaid D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRNA–protein interactions differ from DNA–protein interactions because of the central role of RNA secondary structure. Some RNA‐binding domains (RBDs) recognize their target sites mainly by their shape and geometry and others are sequence‐specific but are sensitive to secondary structure context. A number of small‐ and large‐scale experimental approaches have been developed to measure RNAs associated in vitro and in vivo with RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs). Generalizing outside of the experimental conditions tested by these assays requires computational motif finding. Often RBP motif finding is done by adapting DNA motif finding methods; but modeling secondary structure context leads to better recovery of RBP‐binding preferences. Genome‐wide assessment of mRNA secondary structure has recently become possible, but these data must be combined with computational predictions of secondary structure before they add value in predicting in vivo binding. There are two main approaches to incorporating structural information into motif models: supplementing primary sequence motif models with preferred secondary structure contexts (e.g., MEMERIS and RNAcontext) and directly modeling secondary structure recognized by the RBP using stochastic context‐free grammars (e.g., CMfinder and RNApromo). The former better reconstruct known binding preferences for sequence‐specific RBPs but are not suitable for modeling RBPs that recognize shape and geometry of RNAs. Future work in RBP motif finding should incorporate interactions between multiple RBDs and multiple RBPs in binding to RNA. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:111–130. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1201This article is categorized under:

RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition
RNA Methods > RNA Analyses In Vitro and In Silico
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of the Copper Iron Phosphate Cu8Fe2O5(PO4)4
Authors: Weimann Iren , Jahn Thorsten , Feller Jörg , Zak Zdirad 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe system CuO‐Fe2O3‐P2O5 has been investigated by means of the solid state reaction between CuO, Fe2O3 and (NH4)2HPO4 in quartz crucibles at 900 °C. The powder samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and TG/DTA. Single crystals of a new quaternary phase Cu8Fe2P4O21 were achieved by cooling from the melt of the compound in a sealed, evacuated quartz ampoule. Cu8Fe2O5(PO4)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m (No 12) with a = 15.9733(8) Å, b = 5.9438(3) Å, c = 9.5530(5) Å, β = 113.76(1)°, Z = 2. The three‐dimensional framework consists of [FeO6] octahedra, three different [CuO5] polyhedra and [PO4] tetrahedra. Cu8Fe2P4O21 exhibits an incongruently melting point at 945 °C.
Investigations on the Enantiomerization Mechanism of an ­Organophosphorus Cages – DFT Study
Authors: Alzoubi Basam M. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract The enantiomerization pathways of the organophosphorus cages Bz3XPO4 (X = N, P, As, CH, SiH, and GeH) were studied by quantum chemical calculations (RB3LYP/LANL2DZp), where Bz3PPO4 is octadecahydro‐2,8‐(epoxy1,2benzeno)dibenzo[d,g]1,3,2,6 dioxadiphosphocine‐2‐oxide. The twist angles of the organophosphorus cage decrease in the order Bz3GeHPO4 > Bz3AsPO4 > Bz3SiHPO4 > Bz3PPO4 > Bz3CHPO4 > Bz3NPO4. The steric factors affect mainly the activation energy and the structural data of the organophosphorus cages.
Two New Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Compounds using Bi‐ and Mono‐Nuclear Cu‐H2biim Subunits to modify Keggin Anions
Authors: Ying Jun , Sun Na , Yan Lei , Lin Xiao‐Ling , Liu Yu‐Jing , Yang Yang , Xiao Ru , Tian Ai‐Xiang 
Published: November 2013

Abstract Two new Keggin‐based organic‐inorganic hybrid compounds, namely [Cu8(H2biim)8(SiW12O40)2]·7H2O (1) and [Cu2(H2biim)4(H2O)2(SiMo12O40)] (2) (H2biim = 2,2′‐biimidazole), were hydrothermally synthesized by using the bi‐imidazole ligand and Keggin anions, and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analyses, IR spectra, and cyclic voltammetry. In compound 1, two H2biim ligands are fused by two Cu+ ions to form a dinuclear [Cu2(H2biim)2]4+ subunit. The Cu3‐based dinuclear subunits are further connected by [SiW12O40]4– anions to construct a 1D chain. The other Cu1‐based dimer acts as a supporting unit of the anion. Through changing [SiW12O40]4– to [SiMo12O40]4–, compound 2 was obtained, including discrete anions and mononuclear subunits [Cu(H2biim)2(H2O)]2+. The electrochemical behaviors of compounds 1 and 2 bulk‐modified carbon paste electrodes (1‐ and 2‐CPE) were studied.
Orthopedic Surgery in the Developing World: Workforce and Operative Volumes in Ghana Compared to Those in the United States
Authors: Brouillette Mark A. , Kaiser Scott P. , Konadu Peter , Kumah‐Ametepey Raphael A. , Aidoo Alfred J. , Coughlin Richard C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBackground
Musculoskeletal disease is a growing burden in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), yet little research exists to describe the problem. The purposes of this study were to characterize orthopedic surgery in an LMIC and compare the findings to those from a developed country.MethodsThe study location was the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) in Kumasi, Ghana. Orthopedic surgeon, resident, and postgraduate training program numbers were compared to analogous data from a developed nation, the United States. Annual surgical volumes were compared to those at a level I trauma center in the United States, the San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH).ResultsThere were 24 surgeons in Ghana compared to 23,956 in the United States. There were 7 orthopedic residents and 1 residency program in Ghana versus 3,371 residents and 155 residencies in the United States. Annual case volume was 2,161 at KATH and 2,132 at SFGH. Trauma accounted for 95 % of operations at KATH compared to 65 % at SFGH. The proportion of surgeries devoted to severe fractures was 29 % at KATH compared to 12 % at SFGH. Infections comprised 15 % of procedures at KATH and 5 % at SFGH.ConclusionsAnnual case volume at a referral hospital in an LMIC is equivalent to that of a level I trauma center in an industrialized country. Total case volume is similar, but the LMIC institution manages a disproportionately large number of trauma cases, severe fractures, and infections. There is a large burden of orthopedic disease in the developing nation, and there are too few providers and training programs to address these conditions.
Dynamic Social Networks in Recovery Homes
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Light John M. , Stevens Edward B. , Beers Kimberly 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAcute treatment aftercare in the form of sober living environments—i.e., recovery houses—provide an inexpensive and effective medium‐term treatment alternative for many with substance use disorders. Limited evidence suggests that house‐situated social relationships and associated social support are critical determinants of how successful these residential experiences are for their members, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying these relationships. This study explored the feasibility of using dynamic social network modeling to understand house‐situated longitudinal associations among individual Alcoholics Anonymous related recovery behaviors, length of residence, dyadic interpersonal trust, and dyadic confidant relationship formation processes. Trust and confidant relationships were measured 3 months apart in U.S. urban‐area recovery houses, all of which were part of a network of substance use recovery homes. A stochastic actor‐based model was successfully estimated from this data set. Results suggest that confidant relationships are predicted by trust, while trust is affected by recovery behaviors and length of residence. Conceptualizing recovery houses as a set of independent, evolving social networks that can be modeled jointly appears to be a promising direction for research.
Looking Back and Moving Forward: An Historical Perspective from Laboratory Genetic Counselors
Authors: Zetzsche Lindsay H. , Kotzer Katrina E. , Wain Karen E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDespite a consistent increase in genetic counselors who report working in laboratory positions, there is a relative dearth of literature on laboratory genetic counseling. Semi‐structured interviews were completed with nine laboratory genetic counselors to document how positions were created and have changed with time. Interview transcriptions were analyzed for emerging themes. Several common themes were identified, including that early positions were often part‐time, laboratory‐initiated and had a lack of job definition. Laboratory genetic counselors commented on their evolving roles and responsibilities, with their positions becoming more technical and specialized over time and many taking on managerial and supervisory roles. All genetic counselors surveyed reported using core genetic counseling skills in their positions. The expansion of diagnostic testing and quickly evolving technology were common themes in regards to the future of laboratory genetic counselors, and participants commented on laboratory genetic counselors having expanding roles with data management, result interpretation and reporting, and guidance of other healthcare providers. Other comments included the impact of competition among laboratories and how training programs can better prepare genetic counseling students for a career in the laboratory setting. This study describes the emergence, and subsequent evolution, of laboratory genetic counseling positions as a significant subspecialty of genetic counseling.
Up-regulation of FoxN4 Expression in Adult Spinal Cord After Injury
Authors: Chen Xiangdong , Yao Yu , Guan Junjie , Chen Xiaoqing , Zhang Feng 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFoxN4 (forkhead box N4), which is a transcription factor involved in developing spinal cord and spinal neurogenesis, implied important roles in the central nervous system (CNS). However, its expression and function in the adult CNS lesion are still unclear. In this study, we established a spinal cord injury (SCI) model in adult rats and investigated the expression of FoxN4 in the spinal cord. Western blot analysis revealed that FoxN4 was present in normal spinal cord. It gradually increased, peaked at day 3 after SCI, and then decreased during the following days. Immunohistochemistry further confirmed that FoxN4 was expressed at low levels in gray and white matters in normal condition and increased after SCI. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that FoxN4 is located on neurons and astrocytes, and FoxN4 expression was increased progressively in reactive astrocytes within the vicinity of the lesion, predominately in the white matter. In addition, almost all FoxN4-positive cells also expressed nestin or PCNA. Our data suggested that FoxN4 might play important roles in CNS pathophysiology after SCI.
Sacred and Useful Pleasures: The Temperance Tea Party and the Creation of a Sober Consumer Culture in Early Industrial Britain
Authors: Rappaport Erika 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis essay argues that the strict branch of the temperance movement helped create and spread an idea of a sober consumer culture in early Victorian Britain. It specifically examines the material and gustatory, political, and religious culture of the mass temperance tea parties that emerged in the 1830s and the 1840s. Supported by middle- and working-class followers, evangelicals, and liberals, the strict branch of the temperance movement insisted that the consumption of tea, sugar, and wheat-based baked goods in a heterosocial setting would demonstrate the rewards of a religious and sober life. Mass tea parties disciplined consumers through satisfying the body and encouraging pleasurable cross-class and mixed-gender interactions. Temperance advocates hoped that the behaviors and values inculcated at the tea table would radiate to the home, the factory, and the marketplace. The temperance movement thus contributed to the notion that drinking tea produced well-behaved and energetic workers, as well as rational consumers.
“We Don't Want Any German Sausages Here!” Food, Fear, and the German Nation in Victorian and Edwardian Britain
Authors: Waddington Keir 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis essay brings together aspects of the history of science, food, and culture, and applies them to the study of Anglo-German relations and perceptions by examining how between 1850 and 1914 the German sausage was used as a metaphor for the German nation. The essay shows how the concerns that became attached to German sausages not only provide a way of understanding Britain's interaction with Germany but also reveal further dimensions to popular anti-German sentiment. Alarm about what went into German sausages formed part of a growing strand of popular opposition to Germany, which drew on increasing insecurity about Britain's position on the world stage and the perceived economic threat that Germany and German immigrants presented. Such sentiment was translated into how Germans were caricatured and onto material objects—in this case, the “deadly mysteries” that were feared to go into German sausages. Cultural and gastronomic stereotypes overlapped in a discourse that linked Germany and Germans to their national diet and aggressive nature, as well as associated German sausages with fears about diseased meat, adulteration, and the risks that eating them entailed. The result was that the German sausage was used as a staple for satirical comic representations of Germany, as representative of dishonesty in food production, and as a xenophobic slur. Around the German sausage, anti-German sentiment and questions of food safety merged and became mutually reinforcing.
Assessment of tissue distribution and concentration of β-cryptoxanthin in response to varying amounts of dietary β-cryptoxanthin in the Mongolian gerbil
Authors: La Frano Michael R. , Zhu Chenghao , Burri Betty J. 
Published: November 2013

There is a general lack of knowledge regarding the absorption and tissue storage of the provitamin A carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin. The present study investigated the whole-body tissue distribution of β-cryptoxanthin in an appropriate small animal model, the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), for human provitamin A carotenoid metabolism. After 5 d of carotenoid depletion, five gerbils were euthanised for baseline measurements. The remaining gerbils were placed in three weight-matched treatment groups (n 8). All the groups received 20 μg/d of β-cryptoxanthin from tangerine concentrate, while the second and third groups received an additional 20 and 40 μg/d of pure β-cryptoxanthin (CX40 and CX60), respectively, for 21 d. During the last 2 d of the study, urine and faecal samples of two gerbils from each treatment group were collected. β-Cryptoxanthin was detected in the whole blood, and in twelve of the fourteen tissues analysed. Most tissues resembled the liver, in which the concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin were significantly higher in the CX60 (17·8 (sem 0·7) μg/organ; P= 0·004) and CX40 (16·2 (sem 0·9) μg/organ; P= 0·006) groups than in the CX20 group (13·3 (sem 0·4) μg/organ). However, in intestinal tissues, the concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin increased only in the CX60 group. Despite elevated vitamin A concentrations in tissues at baseline due to pre-study diets containing high levels of vitamin A, β-cryptoxanthin maintained those vitamin A stores. These results indicate that β-cryptoxanthin is stored in many tissues, potentially suggesting that its functions are widespread.
Maternal intake of vitamins A, E and K in pregnancy and child allergic disease: a longitudinal study from the Danish National Birth Cohort
Authors: Maslova Ekaterina , Hansen Susanne , Strøm Marin , Halldorsson Thorhallur I. , Olsen Sjurdur F. 
Published: November 2013

Fat-soluble vitamins A, E and K have been shown to play roles in immunity and inflammation, but studies on child allergic disease have been few and inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between maternal intake of vitamins A, E and K in mid-pregnancy and child asthma and allergic rhinitis. We used data on 44 594 mother–child pairs from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Maternal intake of fat-soluble vitamins was calculated based on the information from a validated FFQ completed in mid-pregnancy. At 18 months, interviews with the mothers were conducted to evaluate doctor-diagnosed child asthma. At age 7 years, we assessed child asthma and allergic rhinitis using questions from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire and by national registries on hospital contacts and medication use. Current asthma was defined as asthma diagnosis and wheeze in the past 12 months by maternal report. We calculated multivariable risk ratios and 95 % CI by comparing the highestv. lowest quintile (Q) of maternal vitamin A, E and K intake in relation to child allergic disease outcomes. Maternal total vitamin K intake was directly associated with ever admitted asthma (Q5v. Q1: 1·23, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·50) and current asthma at 7 years (Q5v. Q1: 1·30, 95 % CI 0·99, 1·70). Weak inverse associations were present for maternal vitamin A and E intake during pregnancy with child allergic rhinitis. Maternal vitamin K intake during pregnancy may increase the risk of child asthma, and should be explored further on a mechanistic level. Conversely, maternal vitamin A and E intake may protect against child allergic rhinitis.
Parameter identifiability and Extended Multiple Studies Analysis of a compartmental model for human vitamin A kinetics: fixing fractional transfer coefficients for the initial steps in the absorptive process
Authors: Park Hyunjin , Green Michael H. 
Published: November 2013

In the existing compartmental models of human vitamin A metabolism, parameters related to the absorption of the isotopic oral dose have not been well identified. We hypothesised that fixing some poorly identified parameters related to vitamin A absorption would improve parameter identifiability and add statistical certainty to such models. In the present study, data for serum vitamin A kinetics in nine subjects given [2H8]retinyl acetate orally and a model with absorption fixed at 75 % were used to test this hypothesis. In addition to absorption efficiency, we fixed two other fractional transfer coefficients: one representing the initial processing of the ingested dose and the other representing the direct secretion of retinol bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP) from enterocytes into the plasma. The Windows version of Simulation, Analysis and Modeling software (WinSAAM) was used to fit serum tracer datav. time for each subject. Then, a population model was generated by WinSAAM's Extended Multiple Studies Analysis. All the parameters had fractional standard deviations < 0·5, and none of the pairs of parameters had a correlation coefficient >0·8 (accepted criteria for well-identified parameters). Similar to the values predicted by the original model, total traced mass for retinol was 1160 (sd468) μmol, and the time for retinol to appear in the plasma bound to RBP was 31·3 (sd4·4) h. In conclusion, we suggest that this approach holds promise for advancing compartmental modelling of vitamin A kinetics in humans when the dose must be administered orally.
Resembling breast milk: influence of polyamine-supplemented formula on neonatal BALB/cOlaHsd mouse microbiota
Authors: Gómez-Gallego Carlos , Collado M. Carmen , Pérez Gaspar , Ilo Toni , Jaakkola Ulla-Marjut , Bernal María J. , Periago María J. , Frias Rafael , Ros Gaspar , Salminen Seppo 
Published: November 2013

Infant microbiota is influenced by numerous factors, such as delivery mode, environment, prematurity and diet (breast milk or formula). In addition to its nutritional value, breast milk contains bioactive substances that drive microbial colonisation and support immune system development, which are usually not present in infant formulas. Among these substances, polyamines have been described to be essential for intestinal and immune functions in newborns. However, their effect on the establishment of microbiota remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to ascertain whether an infant formula supplemented with polyamines has an impact on microbial colonisation by modifying it to resemble that in breast-fed neonatal BALB/c mice. In a 4 d intervention, a total of sixty pups (14 d old) were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) breast-fed group; (2) non-enriched infant formula-fed group; (3) three different groups fed an infant formula enriched with increasing concentrations of polyamines (mixture of putrescine, spermidine and spermine), following the proportions found in human milk. Microbial composition in the contents of the oral cavity, stomach and small and large intestines was analysed by quantitative PCR targeted at fourteen bacterial genera and species. Significantly different (P< 0·05) microbial colonisation patterns were observed in the entire gastrointestinal tract of the breast-fed and formula-fed mice. In addition, our findings demonstrate that supplementation of polyamines regulates the amounts of total bacteria,Akkermansia muciniphila,Lactobacillus,Bifidobacterium,Bacteroides–PrevotellaandClostridiumgroups to levels found in the breast-fed group. Such an effect requires further investigation in human infants, as supplementation of an infant formula with polyamines might contribute to healthy gastrointestinal tract development.