bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Effects of Molecular Diffusion in Recovery from Fractured Reservoirs during Gas Injection
Authors: Alkhansa Z.. , Ghorbae S. Zare 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The matrix blocks in fractured reservoirs are the primary storage of hydrocarbons, so matrix-fracture transfer mechanisms are of crucial importance in recovery from fractured reservoirs. During gas injection into fractured reservoirs, fractures are filled with injected gas while matrix blocks contain the reservoir fluid. In this condition due to compositional difference between the gas in fractures and the fluid in matrix, diffusive exchanges of components between matrix and fracture may have significant contribution on matrix oil recovery in addition to gravity drainage or other transfer mechanisms.
In this work, to evaluate the significance of molecular diffusion, the laboratory experiment of "Gas Injection into Fractured cores" is simulated using a compositional model and this model is used to run several experiments which help in understanding the way that each recovery mechanism acts. The advantage of running simulation in core scale is that in this way there is the possibility of using small grid size which significantly reduces the issues of numerical dispersion. And more over the existing experimental data can be used for model adjustment. In the experimental works the procedure is to place a core sample into a core holder in such a way that the annulus space between the core boundary and the core holder is very small. This annulus space is representative of the fracture surrounding the matrix blocks in the reservoir. Then after using special techniques the core is saturated with the representative reservoir oil, and after this primary core initialization, gas is injected into the annulus and the amount of recovered oil is measured versus time.
This study reveals that, molecular diffusion acts like a catalyst and improves the recovery mechanism by enhancing the gas movement within matrix. At the prevalent conditions of this work, the main recovery mechanisms are the miscibility effects (Condensing or Vaporizing gas drives) that are enhanced by molecular diffusion. Sensitivity analysis done in this work reveals that significance and contribution of molecular diffusion in recovery changes with different parameters such as matrix permeability and porosity, gas composition, etc.
Fractured reservoirs contain a significant portion of the world’s reserves, and Gas injection is a common recovery practice in these reservoirs and understanding the recovery mechanisms is of crucial importance for correct simulation of this process. This study shows, although significance of molecular diffusion changes with reservoir parameters, any way neglecting it in simulation studies will result in underestimation of gas injection efficiency.
Lessons Learnt From Root Cause Analysis of Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill 2010
Authors: Garg Tanu , Gokavarapu Swetha 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Root cause analysis (RCA) is a class of problem solving methods aimed at identifying the root causes of problems/ incidents. By directing corrective measures at core causes, it is hoped that the chances of problem recurrence will be minimized. Thus, RCA is frequently considered to be an iterative process, and is frequently viewed as a tool of continuous improvement. RCA, initially is a reactive method of problem detection & solving. This means that, the analysis is done after an incident has occurred. By gaining proficiency in RCA it becomes a pro-active method. This means that RCA is able to estimate the possibility of an incident even before it could occur. Root cause analysis mainly consists of three steps A): Define the problem. B): Analyze the problem. C): Find the solutions for the problem.
In view of the accident which took place recently i.e. Gulf of Mexico oil spill 2010, there were eight catastrophic failures which led to the explosion that destroyed the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico. These failures included the sending of unofficial cement by specialist cementing services, no indications of testing done on the surface by drilling rig provider company before deploying it, pressure test which would have revealed problems in the drill was incorrectly deemed as a success by operator company and drilling rig provider company rig personnel. A complex and interlinked succession of mechanical failures, human judgments, engineering design, operational implementation and team interfaces caused this tragedy. Consequences of these plain errors were quite hazardous. It affected the humanity, environment, economy and also the settlements.
The core objective of the paper is to bring about a detailed analysis so as to throw light on new techniques and how they can be utilised to prevent such disasters. To achieve this objective we acknowledged all the possible solutions for this issue so that the most excellent solutions can be selected and the challenges that are to be faced are studied thoroughly and examined to prevent future errors. However, it is recognized that complete prevention of reappearance by a single intrusion is not always possible. On the belief that problems are best solved by attempting to correct or eliminate root causes, as opposed to merely addressing the immediately obvious symptoms.
Future Oil Prices, Where to? A Systematic Modeling Tool for Decision Makers
Authors: Belhaj Hadi , Aljarwan Abdulla , Al Ali Mona Yousif , Abdulkadir Nader 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The global economy continues its journey of evolution and progression driven by industrialism as its primary force. With such a fast pace of development and recovery from several recessions over a number of years, dependency on energy sources became inevitable to satisfy the rising demand. This paper represents a proposed global energy price model that has the flexibility of modeling the energy price, using data from specific regions of the world, as well as the global energy pricing equation. The ANM (Alternate Novel Model) is presented here.
The model focuses mainly on oil price modeling, since oil accounts for more than 84% of the current world energy supply. The model duration is 50 years; starting from 1980 to 2030, model matching period from 1980 to 2011, and the prediction period is from 2012to 2030.
The modeling approach used in ANM adopts weighted averaging of individual factors and it relies on line regression technique. Therefore, future trends are being predicted based on the cyclic nature of the market and historical data "the future is reflection of the past". ANM can then preduct the future oil prices, depending on the factors and variables that have been placed in the process for the output results.
The paper aims to propose a reliable model that accounts for most governing factors in the global energy pricing equation. All steps followed and assumptions made will be discussed in detailto clarify the working mechanism for this model and pave the road for any future modifications.
Multilateral TAML Level 4 Junction Provides Maximum Flexibility for Drilling and Intelligent Completions
Authors: Samie Mohamed , Siham Ahmed , Gavin Bruce 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A multilateral (MLT) well with an advanced intelligent completion string was recently completed in the Middle East. The well was designed as a "stacked" dual producer in the upper and lower reservoir, and was drilled using the latest geo-steering techniques to accurately place the wellbore in a highly faulted and geologically complex structure. Rotary-steerable drilling systems (RSS) were used in several of the hole sections, along with advanced logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools including multi-pole acoustic, azimuthal deep resistivity, and resistivity at bit. Encounters with unstable shale and faults made the drilling difficult, but the decisions made in real-time to navigate the well resulted in a very high percentage of net pay in both laterals.
This well combined TAML Level 4 multilateral (MLT) technology with passive inflow control devices in the laterals and an advanced intelligent completion system in the mainbore. The TAML Level 4 multilateral junction was cemented to isolate unstable shale above the reservoir and to provide zonal isolation from the lateral completions, which were compartmentalized into stages with proprietary swellable packers and inflow control devices (ICDs). The intelligent completion was run in the mainbore with two interval control valves (ICVs) and isolation ball valve (LV ICV) to manage the production from each of the two laterals independently. The ICVs and LV ICV are controlled hydraulically through four control lines to surface, which were run in a flat-pack with one electric line to control a downhole gauge package for each lateral. Finally, the well was configured to allow the installation of a large electric submersible pump (ESP) to be run inside the upper 9-5/8-in. production tubing.
This project required intensive planning and coordination for more than a year in advance, which made the project successful despite the difficult drilling conditions and resulted in very little NPT for wellbore construction operations. This paper will focus on the planning, execution and lessons learned from the project.
Using the Laser Irradiation to Improve the Rate of Production of Iran South West Formation
Authors: Bazargan M.. , Habibpour M.. , Jalalyfar H.. , Geranmayehrad A.. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
whole level of the erosion and the resistance of rocks which were composed closured have been studied, besides, the impact of temperature and laser irradiation for more investigation about this issue has been involved before all. This subject more reveals the matter which laser absorption on the laboratory scale using laser to what extent can cause the augment of the relative permeability and secondary porosity of reservoir rock, that of the vertical and horizontal useful connectivity and eventually that of the positive transferability.
This research has been carried out in the form of case study on one of Iranian south west formations in north east of Behbahan city in Iran, either the rate or generation of forming the subtle and large fractures has been studied by considering and preparing this section from rocks of stratified sequence of the laboratory area before and after the laser irradiation operation and various analyzer by the means of Spectrophotometer and advanced electron microscope. It should be noted that during the erosion and ablation in the laser drilling operation in the experimental rocks of considered field, given the capability of the field, the formation and field lithology we observed the creation of fractures at the level of micro and nano simultaneously whose vacant spaces were positive, and reservoir and some others were neutral, this fractures can be created by the rate of crude oil absorption. The main purpose of this study is to advance the operations towards the higher technology in order to the better efficiency in the field of the well completion to be gained improving the rate of oil production by the introduction of this modern method of improving and fracturing reservoir which uses certain specialized parameters and indicators, and, finally, the certain method that might be a better way to use laser irradiation on our chosen formation of Iran.
Application of Sustainable Foaming Agents to Control the Mobility of Carbon Dioxide in Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Rafati Roozbeh , Hamidi Hossein , Idris Ahmad Kamal 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding is a conventional process in which the CO2 is injected into the oil reservoir to increase the quantity of extracting oil. This process also controls the amount of released CO2 as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere which is known as CO2 sequestration process. However, the mobility of the CO2 inside the hydrocarbon reservoir is higher than the crude oil and always viscous fingering and gravity override problems occur during a CO2 injection. The most common method to overcome these problems is to trap the gas bubbles in the liquid phase in form of aqueous foam prior to CO2 injection. Although, the aqueous foams are not thermodynamically stable, the special care should be considered to ensure about bulk foam preparation and stability. Selection of a proper foaming agent from a large number of available surfactants is the main step in the bulk foam preparation. To meet this purpose, many chemical and crude oil based surfactants have been reported but most of them are not sustainable and have disposal problems. The objective of this experimental study is to employ Lingosulfonate and Alkyl Polyglucosides (APGs) as two sustainable foaming agents for the bulk foam stability investigations and foam flooding performance in porous media. In the initial part, the bulk foam stability results showed that APGs provided more stable foams in compare with Lingosulfonate in all surfactant concentrations. In the second part, the results indicated that the bulk foam stability measurements provide a good indication of foam mobility in porous media. The foaming agent’s concentration which provided the maximum foam stability also gave the highest value of mobility reduction in porous media.
Permeable Tar Mat Formation Within the Context of Novel Asphaltene Science
Authors: Dumont Hadrien , Mishra Vinay , Zuo Julian Y. , Mullins Oliver C. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTTar mats at the oil-water contact (OWC tar mats) in oilfield reservoirs can have enormous, pernicious effects on production due to possibly preventing of any natural water drive and precluding any effectiveness of water injectors into aquifers. In spite of this potentially huge impact, tar mat formation is only now being resolved and integrated within advanced asphaltene science. Herein, we describe a very different type of tar mat which we refer to as a "rapid-destabilization tar mat"; it is the asphaltenes that undergo rapid destabilization. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to describe such rapid-destabilization tar mats at least in this context. Rapid-destabilization tar mats can be formed at the crest of the reservoir, generally not at the OWC and can introduce their own set of problems in production. Most importantly, rapid-destabilization tar mats can be porous and permeable, unlike the OWC tar mats. The rapid-destabilization tar mat can undergo plastic flow under standard production conditions rather unlike the OWC tar mat. As its name implies, the rapid-destabilization tar mat can form in very young reservoirs in which thermodynamic disequilibrium in the oil column prevails, while the OWC tar mats generally take longer (geologic) time to form and are often associated with thermodynamically equilibrated oil columns. Here, we describe extensive data sets on rapid-destabilization tar mats in two adjacent reservoirs. The surprising properties of these rapid-destabilization tar mats are redundantly confirmed in many different ways. All components of the processes forming rapid-destabilization tar mats are shown to be consistent with powerful new developments in asphaltene science, specifically with the development of the first equation of state for asphaltene gradients, the Flory-Huggins-Zuo Equation, which has been enabled by the resolution of asphaltene nanostructures in crude oil codified in the Yen-Mullins Model. Rapid-destabilization tar mats represent one extreme while the OWC tar mats represent the polar opposite extreme. In the future, occurrences of tar in reservoirs can be better understood within the context of these two end members tar mats. In addition, two reservoirs in the same minibasin show the same behavior. This important observation allows fluid analysis in wells in one reservoir to indicate likely issues in other reservoirs in the same basin.
Using Real Time Automated Optimisation & Diagnosis to Manage an Artificially Lifted Reservoir - A Case Study
Authors: Cudmore Julian 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The time taken to safely optimise a reservoir produced by artificial lift can be measured in weeks or months.
Typically the well by well process is as follows: Well testingAmalgamation of the well test data with down hole gauge and ESP controller dataAnalysis of the data to find the existing operation conditionsAnalysis of the ESP pump curve operating point and optimisation limitationsSensitivity studies in software to assess the optimum frequency and WHPNotification for the field operations to action the changesFurther well tests to verify the new production data.Analysis of the data to ensure the ESP and well are running optimally and safely at the new set points
New technology enables this process to be performed in real time across the entire reservoir or field, significantly shortening the time to increased production and enabling real time reservoir management.
Each artificially lifted well in the reservoir was equipped with an intelligent data processing device programmed with a real time model of the well. The processors were linked to a central access point where the operation of field could be remotely viewed in real time.
Each well’s processor was provided with a target bottom hole flowing pressure to enable the optimum production of the reservoir. The real time system automatically compared the desired target drawdown values with the capability of the pumping system installed in each well, and automatically suggested the optimum operating frequency and well head pressure to achieve the target. Where the lift system was not capable of producing to the target bottom hole pressure, a larger pump was automatically recommended. As production conditions change the system adapted its recommended operating points to compensate and maintain target production.
This paper discusses three case studies where real time optimisation and diagnosis lead to improved production from the reservoir.
EOR vs. Infill Well Drilling: Field Application of New Decision Making Technique
Authors: Alusta Gamal , Mackay Eric , Fennema Julian , Armih Khari , Collins Ian 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This study has focused on the development of a method to test the economic viability of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) versus infill well drilling where the challenge is to compare polymer flooding scenarios with infill well drilling scenarios, not just based on incremental recovery, but on Net Present Value as well.
In a previous publication (Alusta et al., 2011, SPE143300) the method was developed to address polymer flooding, but it can be modified to suit any other EOR methods. The method has been applied to a synthetic scenario with constant economic parameters, which has demonstrated the impact that oil price can have on the decision making process.
The method was then applied and tested (Alusta et al., 2012, SPE150454) with varied operational and economic parameters to investigate the impact in delaying the start of polymer flooding to identify whether it is better to start polymer flooding earlier or later in the life of the project. Consideration was also given to the optimum polymer concentration, and the impact that factors such as oil price and polymer cost have on this decision. Due to the large number of combined reservoir engineering and economic scenarios, Monte Carlo Simulation and advanced analysis of large data sets and the resulting probability distributions had to be developed.
In this paper the methodology is applied to an offshore field where the choice has already been made to drill infill wells, but where we test the robustness of the method against a conventional decision making process for which there is historical data. We do this by performing calculations that compare the infill well scenario chosen with a range of polymer flooding scenarios that could have been selected instead, to identify whether or not the choice to drill infill wells was indeed the optimum choice from an economic perspective.
We conclude from all the reservoir simulations and subsequent economic calculations that the decision to drill infill wells was indeed the optimum choice from an economic perspective.
Intelligent Real-time Drilling Operations Classification Using Trend Analysis of Drilling Rig Sensors Data
Authors: Arnaout A.. , Fruhwirth R.. , Esmael B.. , Thonhauser G.. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Detection of oilwell drilling operations is an important step for drilling process optimization. If drilling operations are classified accurately, detailed performance reports not only on drilling crews but also on drilling rigs can be produced. Using such reports, the management can evaluate the drilling work more precisely from performance point of view.
Mud-logging systems of modern drilling rigs provide numerous sensors data. Those sensors measurements are considered as indicators to monitor different states of drilling process. Usually real-time measurements of the following sensors data are available as surface measurements: hookload, block position, flow rates, pump pressure, borehole and bit depth, RPM, torque, rate of penetration and weight on bit.
In this work, collected sensors measurements from mud-logging systems are used to detect different drilling operations. Detailed data analysis shows that the surface sensors measurements can be considered as a main source of information about drilling operations. For this purpose, a mathematical model based on polynomials approximation is constructed to interpolate sensors data measurements.
Discrete polynomial moments are used as a tool to extract specific features (moments) from drilling sensors data. Then we use these moments for each drilling operation as pattern descriptor to classify similar operations in drilling time series. The extracted polynomial moments describe trends of sensors data and behavior of rig’s sub-systems (Rotation System, Circulation System, and Hoisting System). Furthermore, this paper suggests a method on how to build patterns base and how to recognize and classify drilling operations once sensors data received from mud-logging system. Drilling experts compare the results to manually classified operations and the results show high accuracy.