bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Through the Maze: Cross‐Coupling Pathways to a Helical Hexaphenyl “Geländer” Molecule
Authors: Rickhaus Michel , Bannwart Linda Maria , Unke Oliver , Gsellinger Heiko , Häussinger Daniel , Mayor Marcel 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper highlights a new concept on how to induce chirality in a hexaphenyl Geländer‐type system. Bridging a terphenyl backbone with a considerably longer benzyl ether oligomer enforces a continuous twist of the molecule, while preventing an achiral meso form. By highlighting cross‐coupling strategies and explored synthetic pathways, this report aims to serve as an Ariadne's thread for the synthesis of precisely functionalized, complex polyaromatic systems. The synthetic challenges and considerations required to access the designed target are outlined and solutions to each step of the assembly are presented. Encountered isomerizations are discussed as much as synthetic tools to access highly functionalized intermediates with multiorthogonal moieties. A strong focus is made on the employment of Suzuki–Miyaura protocols for the targeted connection of polyaromatic fragments and ultimately the desired oligomeric structure.
Application of species sensitivity distribution in aquatic probabilistic ecological risk assessment of cypermethrin: A case study in an urban stream in South China
Authors: Li Huizhen , You Jing 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

A tiered ecological risk assessment was applied to quantitatively refine the overall probabilistic risk of cypermethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, to aquatic organisms. These results were then validated through the bioassays using field water from an urban stream, Chebei Creek in Guangzhou, South China. Seventeen water samples were collected along Chebei Creek for evaluation. In total, 71% of the field waters were acutely toxic to Hyallela azteca and 24% of the waters caused 100% mortality. Toxic unit evaluation suggested that cypermethrin was one of the main contributors to toxicity. The tiered ecological risk assessment approach (deterministic quotient method and probabilistic methods, including joint probability curve and Monte Carlo Simulation) suggested that cypermethrin posed significant threats to aquatic ecology in this stream. The overall probabilistic risk of cypermethrin to aquatic species in Chebei Creek reached 66% when acute-to-chronic ratios were set at 125. An exceedance probability of cypermethrin in Chebei Creek that affected H. azteca as modeled using the joint probability curve method was 88%, suggesting that most sites were at risk due to cypermethrin exposure. This value was similar to the results obtained from acute toxicity tests (71% of field water samples were acutely toxic to H. azteca), indicating the effectiveness of the tiered approach to assess risk of cypermethrin in urban waterways. To the authors' knowledge, the present study is the first to provide a focused probabilistic evaluation of ecological risk for cypermethrin in a complex urban waterway environment. Despite uncertainties existing in the ecological risk assessment procedure, this approach provides a comprehensive assessment of ecological risk of cypermethrin, and subsequently, a foundation for further risk diagnosis and management in urban waterways. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:640–648. © 2014 SETAC
Fate of flame retardants and the antimicrobial agent triclosan in planted and unplanted biosolid-amended soils
Authors: Davis Elizabeth F. , Gunsch Claudia K. , Stapleton Heather M. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

A comprehensive understanding of the fate of contaminant-laden biosolids is needed to fully evaluate the environmental impacts of biosolid land application. The present study examined the fate of several flame retardants and triclosan in biosolid-amended soil in a 90-d greenhouse experiment. Objectives included evaluating the persistence of these compounds in soil, their phytoaccumulation potential by alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and potential degradation reactions. Concentrations of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners BDE-47 and BDE-209 and the antimicrobial triclosan declined significantly over time in biosolid-amended soil planted with alfalfa and then reached a steady state by day 28. In contrast, no significant losses of those analytes were observed from soil in nonvegetated pots. The amount of an analyte lost from vegetated soil ranged from 43% for the flame retardant di(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate to 61% for triclosan and was significantly and negatively related to the log octanol–water partition coefficient. Alfalfa roots and shoots were monitored for the compounds, but no clear evidence of phytoaccumulation was observed. Methyl triclosan formation was observed in the biosolid-amended soils during the study period, indicating in situ biotransformation of triclosan. The present study demonstrates that, although they are highly recalcitrant, PBDEs, selected alternate brominated flame retardants, and triclosan are capable of undergoing dissipation from biosolid-amended soils in the presence of plants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:968–976. © 2014 SETAC
The influence of natural organic matter and aging on suspension stability in guideline toxicity testing of silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles with Daphnia magna
Authors: Cupi Denisa , Hartmann Nanna B. , Baun Anders 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

The present study investigated changes in suspension stability and ecotoxicity of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) by addition of Suwannee River natural organic matter and aging of stock and test suspensions prior to testing. Acute toxicity tests of silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) ENPs with Daphnia magna were carried out following Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development test guidelines. Daphnia magna was found to be very sensitive to Ag ENPs (48-h 50% effective concentration 33 μg L−1), and aging of the test suspensions in M7 medium (up to 48 h) did not decrease toxicity significantly. Conversely, the presence of Suwannee River natural organic matter (NOM; 20 mg L−1) completely alleviated Ag ENP toxicity in all testing scenarios and did not aid in stabilizing suspensions. In contrast, addition of Suwannee River NOM stabilized ZnO ENP suspensions and did not decrease toxicity. Aging for 48 h generated monotonous concentration–response curves in the presence and absence of Suwannee River NOM. At concentrations up to 100 mg L−1 TiO2 ENPs did not cause immobilization of D. magna under any of the tested conditions. Presence of Suwannee River NOM caused agglomeration in stock suspensions. The authors' results suggest that aging and presence of Suwannee River NOM are important parameters in standard toxicity testing of ENPs, which in some cases may aid in gaining better control over the exposure conditions but in other cases might contribute to agglomeration or elimination of ENP toxicity. Therefore, modifications to the current guidelines for testing ENPs should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:497–506. © 2014 SETAC
The Effect of 6 versus 9 Years of Zoledronic Acid Treatment in Osteoporosis: A Randomized Second Extension to the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial (PFT)
Authors: Black Dennis M. , Reid Ian R. , Cauley Jane A. , Cosman Felicia , Leung Ping Chung , Lakatos Peter , Lippuner Kurt , Cummings Steven R. , Hue Trisha F. , Mukhopadhyay Amitava , Tan Monique , Aftring R. Paul , Eastell Richard 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

While bisphosphonates reduce fracture risk over 3 to 5 years, the optimal duration of treatment is uncertain. In a randomized extension study (E1) of the Health Outcomes and Reduced Incidence with Zoledronic Acid Once Yearly−Pivotal Fracture Trial (HORIZON−PFT), zoledronic acid (ZOL) 5 mg annually for 6 years showed maintenance of bone mineral density (BMD), decrease in morphometric vertebral fractures, and a modest reduction in bone turnover markers (BTMs) compared with discontinuation after 3 years. To investigate the longer-term efficacy and safety of ZOL, a second extension (E2) was conducted to 9 years in which women on ZOL for 6 years in E1 were randomized to either ZOL (Z9) or placebo (Z6P3) for 3 additional years. In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind study, 190 women were randomized to Z9 (n = 95) and Z6P3 (n = 95). The primary endpoint was change in total hip BMD at year 9 vs. year 6 in Z9 compared with Z6P3. Other secondary endpoints included fractures, BTMs, and safety. From year 6 to 9, the mean change in total hip BMD was −0.54% in Z9 vs. −1.31% in Z6P3 (difference 0.78%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.37%, 1.93%; p = 0.183). BTMs showed small, non-significant increases in those who discontinued after 6 years compared with those who continued for 9 years. The number of fractures was low and did not significantly differ by treatment. While generally safe, there was a small increase in cardiac arrhythmias (combined serious and non-serious) in the Z9 group but no significant imbalance in other safety parameters. The results suggest almost all patients who have received six annual ZOL infusions can stop medication for up to 3 years with apparent maintenance of benefits. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Benefits of fresh‐frozen plasma as a replacement fluid to neutralize ABO antibodies
Authors: Won Dong Il , Ham Ji Yeon , Kim Chan Duck , Suh Jang Soo , Kim Byung Chang 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundABO‐incompatible organ transplantation requires pre‐transplant conditioning to reduce ABO antibody levels in the recipients. With respect to replacement fluids used in plasma exchange, we intended to verify whether fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) containing soluble ABO substance (SAS) is more effective than albumin solution in reducing ABO IgG antibody levels.MethodsApheresis data were retrospectively studied for in vivo effects, and in vitro plasma mixing studies were prospectively performed. The amount of ABO IgG antibodies bound to red cells was measured as the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) using flow cytometry. Neutralization of ABO antibodies in the recipientst plasma by an ABO‐incompatible donornc plasma was measured using the inhibition assay principle. The MFI value of the unneutralized control tube was divided by that of the neutralized test tube (neutralizing‐capacity index, NCI).ResultsThe plasma exchange procedures replaced with group AB FFP showed a significantly greater decreased titer than those replaced with albumin (P = 0.010). The in vitro plasma mixing study simulating plasma exchange also produced consistent results. When the pooled group O plasma was neutralized for anti‐A by individual group AB plasmas (AB‐to‐O, N = 30), the NCI was 12.8 ± 5.4 (6.5–29.5). When this group O plasma was neutralized by pooled group AB or A plasma, the repeatedly measured NCI (N = 5) of A‐to‐O (11.4 ± 1.4) was not significantly different from that of AB‐to‐O (9.7 ± 1.3, P = 0.074).ConclusionsABO antibody levels are reduced more effectively by group AB FFP than by albumin. Either group AB or donor type (group A or B) FFP can be infused to group O recipients. FFP units with higher SAS levels can be selected from multiple available candidate units using our protocol for measuring the neutralizing‐capacity. J. Clin. Apheresis 30:288–296, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of Wnt/β‐Catenin Signaling in Epithelial Differentiation of Lung Resident Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Shi Chaowen , Lv Tengfei , Xiang Zou , Sun Zhaorui , Qian Weiping , Han Xiaodong 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTAccumulating evidence has demonstrated that stem cells have the ability to repair the lung tissue injuries following either injection of cultured cells or bone marrow transplantation. As a result, increasing attention has focused on the lung resident mesenchymal stem cells (LR‐MSCs) for repairing damaged lung tissues. Meanwhile, some studies have revealed that Wnt/β‐catenin signaling plays an important role in the epithelial differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In the current study, our aim was to explore the roles of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling on cell proliferation and epithelial differentiation of LR‐MSCs. We have successfully isolated the stem cell antigen (Sca)‐1+CD45−CD31− cells which were proposed to be LR‐MSCs by magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS). Furthermore, we demonstrated the expression of epithelial markers on LR‐MSCs following indirect co‐culture of these cells with alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells, confirming the epithelial phenotype of LR‐MSCs following co‐culture. In order to clarify the regulatory mechanisms of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in epithelial differentiation of LR‐MSCs, we measured the protein levels of several important members involved in Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the presence or absence of some canonical activators and inhibitors of the β‐catenin pathways. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Wnt/β‐catenin signaling may be an essential mechanism underlying the regulation of epithelial differentiation of LR‐MSCs. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1532–1539, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internalization of Near‐Infrared Fluorescently Labeled Activatable Cell‐Penetrating Peptide and of Proteins into Human Fibrosarcoma Cell Line HT‐1080
Authors: Tansi Felista , Kallweit Eric , Kaether Christoph , Kappe Katarina , Schumann Christina , Hilger Ingrid , Reissmann Siegmund 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe internalization of near‐infrared fluorescently labeled cargos into living cells and tissues allows a highly sensitive detection without interference from skin, porphins or other fluorescent cell and tissue compounds. In this study, the uptake of labeled bovine serum albumin and an antibody, into fibrosarcoma (HT‐1080) cells was triggered by the formation of non‐covalent complexes with different cell‐penetrating peptides; uptake efficiency and intracellular localization were determined. To improve selectivity of internalization into tumor cells, a fluorescent activatable cell‐penetrating peptide (ACPP) was synthesized and functionally characterized. This 25‐mer peptide was designed to be activatable by Matrix‐Metallo‐Proteases (MMPs). Its uptake selectivity was estimated using cells with different MMP activities. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1222–1231, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HIF‐1 Alpha and Placental Growth Factor in Pregnancies Complicated With Preeclampsia: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Rath Gayatri , Aggarwal Ruby , Jawanjal Poonam , Tripathi Richa , Batra Aruna 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundThe pathophysiology of preeclampsia is not clearly understood worldwide. Hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) is thought to be the preliminary factor for the hypoxic conditions prevailing in preeclampsia, which causes imbalance in the expression of angiogenic proteins. A proangiogenic protein, placental growth factor (PIGF), is reported to be dysregulated in preeclampsia. Therefore, this study focuses on the investigation of HIF‐1α and PIGF in preeclamptic conditions and a possible molecular association between them.MethodsPlacental tissue (n = 45 + 45) and serum samples (n = 80 + 80) of preeclamptic patients and healthy control were collected and processed for the analysis of HIF‐1α and PIGF by immunohistochemistry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsIn preeclamptic group, the significant nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of HIF‐1α was noticed in syncytiotrophoblast (P = 0.0001) but in control placenta, it was localized to cytoplasm (P = 0.0001). The intensity of PIGF expression was lower in syncytiotrophoblast cytoplasm (P = 0.0001) in preeclamptic cases as compared with control. Also, the significant upregulated concentration of HIF‐1α and downregulated PIGF was observed in serum samples of preeclamptic woman (P = 0.0001). Thus, there was a significant direct negative correlation between HIF‐1α and PIGF both at tissue and serum level (P < 0.01).ConclusionThe direct inverse association between HIF‐1α and PIGF in serum and placental tissues may be responsible for the low oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, leading to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
Development of Pyrosequencing Method for Detection of UGT1A1 Polymorphisms in Thai Colorectal Cancers
Authors: Sukasem Chonlaphat , Atasilp Chalirmporn , Chansriwong Pichai , Chamnanphon Montri , Puangpetch Apichaya , Sirachainan Ekapob 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundUGT1A1 is a polymorphic enzyme that has been associated with irinotecan drug metabolisms. We developed a pyrosequencing method to detect allele frequency and genotype of UGT1A1 polymorphisms (UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*6) in Thai colorectal cancer patients.MethodA pyrosequencing method was designed to determine UGT1A1 genetic polymorphisms including UGT1A1*28 (A[TA]7TAA) and UGT1A1*6 (211G>A) in 91 Thai colorectal cancers.ResultGenotyping by the pyrosequencing technique was 100% concordant with capillary electrophoresis sequencing. The allele frequencies for UGT1A1 genetic polymorphisms were *1/*1 (54.95%), *1/*6 (13.19%), *1/*28 (25.27%), *28/*6 (4.40%), and *28/*28 (2.20%). No homozygous mutation UGT1A1*6 was found in our population.ConclusionsWe developed a rapid, reliable, more cost‐effective, and simple assay to detect UGT1A1 genetic polymorphisms in routine practice before initiating irinotecan therapy. The UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*6 alleles were found to be similar in the Asian populations.
Development of a Sol Particle Homogeneous Immunoassay for Measuring Full‐Length Selenoprotein P in Human Serum
Authors: Tanaka Mutsumi , Saito Yoshiro , Misu Hirofumi , Kato Seiji , Kita Yuki , Takeshita Yumie , Kanamori Takehiro , Nagano Toru , Nakagen Masatoshi , Urabe Takeshi , Takamura Toshinari , Kaneko Shuichi , Takahashi Kazuhiko , Matsuyama Naoto 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundSelenoprotein P (SeP), a selenium‐rich extracellular glycoprotein, is the primary selenoprotein in the plasma. SeP plays an important role in the maintenance of selenium levels in the peripheral tissues. We developed a new sol particle homogeneous immunoassay (SPIA) for measuring full‐length SeP (FL‐SeP) levels in the human serum.MethodsWe used colloidal gold particles coated with two types of anti‐SeP monoclonal antibodies, one recognizing the N‐terminal side domain of SeP and the other recognizing the C‐terminal side domain.ResultsThe assay range was 0.2–9 mg/l, and the linearity was excellent. The within‐day and between‐day coefficients of variation ranged from 0.73% to 2.24% and 0.45% to 1.11%, respectively. Serum samples (n = 200) were examined using the newly developed assay system (employing a Model 7070 Hitachi automatic clinical analyzer) and the conventional enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. These two methods were compared using the Passing–Bablok regression analysis; the resulting regression equation and correlation coefficient were y = 0.940x + 0.165 and r = 0.954, respectively.ConclusionsOur new SPIA assay is a fully automated homogeneous immunoassay that can be used in conjunction with various commercial analyzers. The assay was sensitive, precise, and suitable for clinical measurement of the FL‐SeP in the human serum.
Diagnostic Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Pediatric Parasitic Gastroenteritis
Authors: Beal Stacy G. , Couturier Marc Roger , Gander Rita M. , Doern Christopher D. 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundCurrent practices for ordering stool studies in patients with abdominal and gastrointestinal symptoms are not standardized. We hypothesized that an algorithm involving first‐line use of a Cryptosporidium/Giardia combination antigen test and stricter use of ova and parasite (O&P) examinations would be clinically and cost effective.MethodsIn this study, stool O&P test results for pediatric patients in Dallas, Texas, were reviewed. All results obtained between 2009 and 2012 were included. Patient charts were reviewed to determine test results, symptoms, treatment, travel, and past medical history. Using these data, a retrospective modeling study was done to evaluate the utility of a diagnostic algorithm that limits O&P testing to those patients who are immunocompromised or have travelled outside the United States.ResultsOver the 3‐year period of this study, we found that the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic disease in children was 1.9%. Analysis of the diagnostic algorithm for the judicious use of stool O&P showed that as much as 65% of testing may be unnecessary and could be eliminated.ConclusionsOur findings show that the prevalence of pediatric gastrointestinal parasitic disease in Texas may be lower than expected. In addition, these data show that a diagnostic algorithm limiting O&P testing may be both clinically and cost effective in low‐prevalence settings. However, such an algorithm would miss a significant number of infections due to Dientamoeba fragilis and Blastocystis hominis.
A Mutagenic Primer Assay for Genotyping of the CRHR1 Gene Rare Variant rs1876828 (A/G) in Asians: A Cost‐Effective SNP Typing
Authors: Sharma Neeraj , Awasthi Shally , Phadke Shubha R 
Published: December 2014

BackgroundToday, the genetic and genomic research entered in a new era of high‐throughput genotyping technology. However, mutagenic polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) is still a choice of genotyping method in molecular epidemiological research. It has been extensively used for the detection of risk alleles, if the target SNP has no natural discriminating restriction site. We undertook this study to develop a mutagenic primer assay for a CRHR1 rare gene variant: rs1876828 (A/G) and to determine their allele frequency in north Indian children.MethodsThe mutagenic primers were designed and assay conditions were optimized to perform mutagenic PCR‐RFLP in 550 subjects. The efficiency of assay and results were validated by sequencing.ResultsThis study demonstrated that the mutagenic primer assay is feasible and applicable to discriminate CRHR1 gene rare variant rs1876828 (A/G) and the “frequency of allele “G” was 100% in north Indian asthmatics as well as normal subjects.ConclusionThis method can be used for both large‐ and small‐scale study of complex genetic, where CRHR1 gene plays the pivotal roles.
Expression of Phosphodiesterase 4B cAMP‐Specific Gene in Subjects With Cryptorchidism and Down's Syndrome
Authors: Salemi Michele , Condorelli Rosita A. , La Vignera Sandro , Castiglione Roberto , Salluzzo Maria Grazia , Bonaccorso Carmela M. , Vinci Mirella , Bosco Paolo , Romano Carmelo , Campagna Cristina , Romano Corrado , Calogero Aldo E. 
Published: December 2014

Cryptorchidism represents a risk factor for infertility and germ cell testicular neoplasia. An increased rate of cryptorchidism has been reported in subjects with Down's syndrome. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are important messengers that regulate and mediate a number of cellular responses to extracellular signals, such as neurotransmitters and hormones. PDE4B, cAMP‐specific (PDE4B) gene which maps to chromosome 1p31.3 appears to be involved in schizophrenia, chronic psychiatric illness, learning, memory, and mood disturbances. Expression of PDE4 enzymes have been studied in testes of cryptorchid rats. Expression of PDE4B protein examination showed marked degenerative changes in the epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules. These findings led us to evaluate PDE4 mRNA expression in leukocytes of peripheral blood of five men with DS and cryptorchidism and eleven subjects with DS without cryptorchidism compared with healthy men (controls) by quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT‐PCR).This study showed that the PDE4B gene was downexpressed in men with DS and cryptorchidism compared to normal controls and DS without cryptorchidism. A lower expression of the PDE4B gene may be involved in the neurological abnormalities in subjects with Down's syndrome. Moreover, PDE4B gene may be involved in the testicular abnormalities of men with DS and cryptorchidism.