bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methodology of the Field Administration of Stroke Therapy – Magnesium (FAST-MAG) Phase 3 Trial: Part 1 – Rationale and General Methods
Authors: Saver Jeffrey L. , Starkman Sidney , Eckstein Marc , Stratton Samuel , Pratt Frank , Hamilton Scott , Conwit Robin , Liebeskind David S. , Sung Gene , Sanossian Nerses ,   for the FAST-MAG Investigators and Coordinators
Published: January 2014

Rationale Prehospital initiation by paramedics may enable delivery of neuroprotective therapies to stroke patients in the hyperacute period when they are most effective in preclinical studies. Magnesium is neuroprotective in experimental stroke models and has been shown to be safe with signals of potential efficacy when started early after onset of human cerebral ischemia. Aims (a) To demonstrate that paramedic initiation of the neuroprotective agent magnesium sulfate in the field is an efficacious and safe treatment for acute stroke; (b) To demonstrate that field enrollment of acute stroke patients is a practical and feasible strategy for phase 3 stroke trials, permitting enrollment of greater numbers of patients in hyperacute time windows. Design Multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, pivotal clinical trial. Study Procedures The study is enrolling 1700 patients (850 in each arm) with likely acute stroke, including both cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage patients. Inclusion criteria are: (a) likely stroke as identified by the modified Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (mLAPSS), (b) age 40–95, (c) symptom onset within 2 h of treatment initiation, and (d) deficit present ⩾15 min. Paramedics administer a loading dose of magnesium sulfate (Mg) or matched placebo in the field, 4 grams over 15 min. In the Emergency Department, a maintenance infusion follows, 16 grams Mg or matched placebo over 24 h. Outcomes The primary endpoint is the modified Rankin Scale measure of global disability, assessed using the Rankin Focused Assessment, 90 days after treatment. Secondary efficacy endpoints include the NIHSS (neurologic deficit), Barthel Index (activities of daily living), and the Stroke Impact Scale (quality of life).
On multiobjective combinatorial optimization and dynamic interim hedging of efficient portfolios
Authors: Dash Gordon H. , Kajiji Nina 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA dynamic portfolio policy is one that periodically rebalances an optimally diversified portfolio to account for time‐varying correlations. In order to sustain target‐level Sharpe performance ratios between rebalancing points, the efficient portfolio must be hedged with an optimal number of contingent claim contracts. This research presents a mixed‐integer nonlinear goal program (MINLGP) that is directed to solve the hierarchical multiple goal portfolio optimization model when the decision maker is faced with a binary hedging decision between portfolio rebalance periods. The MINLGP applied to this problem is formed by extending the separable programming foundation of a lexicographic nonlinear goal program (NLGP) to include branch‐and‐bound constraints. We establish the economic efficiency of applying this normative approach to dynamic portfolio rebalancing by comparing the risk‐adjusted performance measures of a hedged optimal portfolio to those of a naively diversified portfolio. We find that a hedged equally weighted small portfolio and a hedged efficiently diversified small portfolio perform similarly when comparing risk‐adjusted return metrics. However, when percentile risk measures are used to measure performance, the hedged optimally diversified portfolio clearly produces less expected catastrophic loss than does its nonhedged and naively diversified counterpart.
System‐justifying beliefs and political disaffection
Authors: Echebarria Echabe Agustin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper presents two studies which enquired into the role played by system‐justifying beliefs (SJBs) in political disaffection and abstention from voting. The first (correlational) study revealed that politically disaffected participants defined by their reluctance to identify with any political option, preferring the “apolitical” option, are characterized by negative attitudes toward suffrage (regarded as useless), a past of frequent abstention from political polls, a low attachment to both SJB (meritocracy and just‐world beliefs) and liberal values. The second (experimental) study showed that SJBs play a causal role in abstention from suffrage.
Mice divergently selected for high and low basal metabolic rates evolved different cell size and organ mass
Authors: Maciak S. , Bonda‐Ostaszewska E. , Czarnołęski M. , Konarzewski M. , Kozłowski J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEvolution of metabolic rates of multicellular organisms is hypothesized to reflect the evolution of their cell architecture. This is likely to stem from a tight link between the sizes of cells and nuclei, which are expected to be inversely related to cell metabolism. Here, we analysed basal metabolic rate (BMR), internal organ masses and the cell/nucleus size in different tissues of laboratory mice divergently selected for high/low mass‐correctedBMRand four random‐bred mouse lines. Random‐bred lines had intermediate levels ofBMRas compared to low‐ and high‐BMRlines. Yet, this pattern was only partly consistent with the between‐line differences in cell/nucleus sizes. Erythrocytes and skin epithelium cells were smaller in the high‐BMRline than in other lines, but the cells of low‐BMRand random‐bred mice were similar in size. On the other hand, the size of hepatocytes, kidney proximal tubule cells and duodenum enterocytes were larger in high‐BMRmice than other lines. All cell and nucleus sizes were positively correlated, which supports the role of the nucleus in cell size regulation. Our results suggest that the evolution of highBMRinvolves a reduction in cell size in specialized tissues, whose functions are primarily dictated by surface‐to‐volume ratios, such as erythrocytes. HighBMRmay, however, also incur an increase in cell size in tissues with an intense transcription and translation, such as hepatocytes.
Segregation of male‐sterility alleles across a species boundary
Authors: Weller S. G. , Sakai A. K. , Culley T. M. , Duong L. , Danielson R. E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHybrid zones may serve as bridges permitting gene flow between species, including alleles influencing the evolution of breeding systems. Using greenhouse crosses, we assessed the likelihood that a hybrid zone could serve as a conduit for transfer of nuclear male‐sterility alleles between a gynodioecious species and a hermaphroditic species with very rare females in some populations. Segregation patterns in progeny of crosses between rare females of hermaphroditic Schiedea menziesii and hermaphroditic plants of gynodioecious Schiedea salicaria heterozygous at the male‐sterility locus, and between female S. salicaria and hermaphroditic plants from the hybrid zone, were used to determine whether male‐sterility was controlled at the same locus in the parental species and the hybrid zone. Segregations of females and hermaphrodites in approximately equal ratios from many of the crosses indicate that the same nuclear male‐sterility allele occurs in the parent species and the hybrid zone. These rare male‐sterility alleles in S. menziesii may result from gene flow from S. salicaria through the hybrid zone, presumably facilitated by wind pollination in S. salicaria. Alternatively, rare male‐sterility alleles might result from a reversal from gynodioecy to hermaphroditism in S. menziesii, or possibly de novo evolution of male sterility. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that some species of Schiedea have probably evolved separate sexes independently, but not in the lineage containing S. salicaria and S. menziesii. High levels of selfing and expression of strong inbreeding depression in S. menziesii, which together should favour females in populations, argue against a reversal from gynodioecy to hermaphroditism in S. menziesii.
At‐Risk Drinking and Outpatient Healthcare Expenditures in Older Adults
Authors: Yan Tingjian , Xu Haiyong , Ettner Susan L. , Barnes Andrew J. , Moore Alison A. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo compare 12‐month outpatient healthcare expenditures of at‐risk and not‐at‐risk drinkers aged 60 and older.DesignSecondary analysis of data from Project Senior Health and Alcohol Risk Education, a cluster, randomized trial to test the efficacy of an intervention to reduce at‐risk drinking.SettingSeven primary care clinics in or near Santa Barbara, California.ParticipantsCurrent drinkers aged 60 and older who completed a baseline survey (N = 2,779) and did not receive the study intervention, including 628 at‐risk drinkers and 2,151 not‐at‐risk drinkers.MeasurementsComparisons of at‐risk and not‐at‐risk drinkers for baseline demographic characteristics, health indicators, alcohol consumption, and adjusted and unadjusted outpatient healthcare expenditures incurred over 12 months after baseline.ResultsAt‐risk drinkers were younger, more often male, and more likely to be married and had higher education and incomes than not‐at‐risk drinkers. Unadjusted 12‐month mean outpatient healthcare expenditures were $1,333 ± 2,973 for at‐risk drinkers and $1,417 ± 2,952 for the not‐at‐risk drinkers. There were no statistically significant differences in expenditures between groups before and after controlling for sociodemographic and health characteristics.ConclusionIn this short‐term study, no adjusted differences in healthcare expenditures were observed between at‐risk and not‐at‐risk older drinkers. Future study is warranted to determine the role of at‐risk drinking in long‐term healthcare expenditures in older adults.
Hospitalizations in the Program of All‐Inclusive Care for the Elderly
Authors: Segelman Micah , Szydlowski Jill , Kinosian Bruce , McNabney Matthew , Raziano Donna B. , Eng Catherine , van Reenen Christine , Temkin–Greener Helena 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo measure the rates of hospitalization, readmission, and potentially avoidable hospitalization (PAH) in the Program of All‐Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE).DesignRetrospective study.SettingPACE.ParticipantsPACE enrollees.MeasurementsHospitalization and PAH rates were measured per 1,000 person‐years. Readmission was defined as any return to the hospital within 30 days of prior hospital discharge. PAHs were defined as hospitalizations for conditions that previously established criteria have identified as possibly preventable or manageable without hospitalization.ResultsRate of hospitalization was 539/1,000, vs 962/1,000 for dually eligible aged or disabled waiver (ADW) enrollees. Thirty‐day readmission was 19.3%, compared with 22.9% for the national population of dually eligible older enrollees. PAH rate was 100/1,000, compared with 250/1,000 for dually eligible ADW enrollees. Considerable variation was observed between sites.ConclusionPACE enrollees experienced lower rates of hospitalization, readmission, and PAH than similar populations. Variations in hospitalization rates between PACE sites suggest opportunities for quality improvement.
Assessing Fatigability in Mobility‐Intact Older Adults
Authors: Simonsick Eleanor M. , Schrack Jennifer A. , Glynn Nancy W. , Ferrucci Luigi 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate the criterion validity of two measures of fatigability, defined as performance deterioration or perceived effort to perform a standardized task.DesignCross‐sectional analysis of data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA).SettingNational Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Clinical Research Unit, Baltimore, Maryland.ParticipantsSix hundred five men (53.7%) and women aged 65 to 97 participating in the BLSA and eligible for endurance walk testing without a walking aid.MeasurementsFatigability was assessed using completion status and lap times from a 400‐m walk performed “as quickly as possible” and perceived exertion rating using the Borg scale (range 6–20) after 5 minutes of treadmill walking at 1.5 miles per hour (0.67 m/s). Criterion measures included self‐report of tiredness, level of weakness and energy in past month, and walking ability and objective measures of usual and fast gait speed, time to complete 10 chair stands, and grip strength. Covariates included age, race, sex, obesity, smoking status, and walking activity.ResultsOf mobility‐intact older persons, 23% exhibited performance deterioration (slowed or stopped) during the 400‐m walk, and one‐third reported more than very light exertion after a 5‐minute slow walk. Slowing was strongly associated with self‐reported fatigue and walking ability but weakly associated with performance‐based mobility measures. High perceived exertion was associated with tiredness, weakness, and reported and observed mobility deficits.ConclusionSlowing down may have low sensitivity for identifying fatigability in older persons, but ascertaining perceived exertion during a defined workload shows promise. In seemingly healthy, motivated individuals, fatigue and fatigability were common and may affect socially meaningful mobility behaviors. Assessment of fatigability in well‐elderly examinations may help identify threats to independent functioning earlier in the decline process.
Two epistemological paradigms of self‐management intervention for older adults with osteoarthritis
Authors: Shin So Young 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAimTwo epistemological perspectives, empiricism and interpretivism, are of significance to understanding experiences of older adults in managing their symptoms and the effectiveness of self‐management interventions as one of the most important osteoarthritis therapies. The purpose of this paper is to identify how two philosophical paradigms contribute to the studies of self‐management interventions for older adults with osteoarthritis.MethodsA brief overview of philosophical tenets of empiricism and interpretivism with the author's own perspectives on this epistemological issue is presented.ResultsEach philosophical paradigm has its own appropriateness to answer specific research questions. The acceptance of multiple paradigms allows researchers to have diverse world views, utilize creativity, enhance understandings and interpretations of the meanings in different situations, identify relationships, and develop theories.ConclusionRather than ascendancy of one paradigm over the other, the combination of paradigms may be more helpful to comprehensively understand the phenomena of osteoarthritis self‐management and its efficacy.
Influence of Substructure Design and Occlusal Reduction on the Stress Distribution in Metal Ceramic Complete Crowns: 3D Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Motta Andréa Barreira , Pereira Luiz Carlos , Duda Fernando Pereira , Anusavice Kenneth J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPurposeOcclusal reduction is considered a fundamental step for providing adequate and uniform space for the ceramic prosthesis; however, a flat occlusal surface is usually found. The prosthesis design influences the resistance to deformation and the stress state within the ceramic. This finite element (FE) study analyzes the influence of changing the substructure design on the stress distribution of a metal‐ceramic crown in a premolar tooth with three types of occlusal reduction.Materials and MethodsEach part of three‐dimensional metal ceramic complete crown models was designed according to the space provided by different levels of occlusal reduction and the same external morphology of the tooth. Three models were designed: (1) correct occlusal reduction with a uniform thickness of the substructure (0.3 mm) and the veneering porcelain (1.5 mm); (2) flat occlusal reduction with different thicknesses of veneering porcelain to produce a uniform substructure; and (3) a flat occlusal reduction with different thicknesses of substructure for a uniform thickness of veneering porcelain.ResultsStress distributions were very similar in the three models. The highest tensile stresses were concentrated immediately below the midline fissure in both the veneering porcelain and the metal alloy substructure. Although models with flat occlusal reduction had lower stress values, this preparation results from a reduction that removes a greater amount of sound tissue, which may increase the probability of dental pulp injury.ConclusionsOcclusal reduction must be anatomic; however, when a flat occlusal reduction already exists, the substructure must reproduce the correct anatomic form to allow a uniform thickness of the veneering porcelain.
Effect of Different Chemical Disinfectants on Color Stability of Acrylic Denture Teeth
Authors: Piskin Bulent , Sipahi Cumhur , Akin Hakan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of chemical disinfectants on the color stability of acrylic denture teeth (ADT) via spectrophotometric analysis.Materials and MethodsA total of 120 central ADT specimens were randomly assigned to eight experimental groups and immersed in the following solutions (n = 15). Tap water/control group (CON), neutral soap (NTS), 2% sodium hypochlorite (SHC1), 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (SHC2), sodium perborate (SPB), povidone‐iodine (PVI), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), and glutaraldehyde (GTA). Color measurements of teeth were performed by spectrophotometry after 10, 30, 48, 72, 144, and 960 immersion cycles in each tested solution. Color differences (ΔE*) were then evaluated using the Commission Internationale D'Eclairage (CIE) L*a* b* color system. Furthermore, Kruskal‐Wallis, Mann‐Whitney U, and Friedman comparison tests (α = 0.05) were performed on all data.ResultsThere were significant differences in ΔE* values (p < 0.05) among the eight experimental groups. In addition, the highest ∆E* values were obtained in group SHC2, followed, respectively, by the SHC1, CHG, SPB, PVI, NTS, and CON groups.ConclusionAll the chemical disinfectants used in the study affected the color values of ADTs. Furthermore, ΔE* values increased along with the number of immersion cycles and total immersion time.
Treatment Strategies for Missing Maxillary Central Incisor—An Orthodontist's Perspective
Authors: Gautam Rajaganesh , Nene Purvaja , Mehta Kunal , Nene Salil , Hegde Ashwith , Jaju Rajbala 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe loss of maxillary central incisors at an early age has psychological, esthetic, and functional implications. Multiple treatment options are available for replacing missing central incisors. The management demands a multidisciplinary approach involving the orthodontist, prosthodontist, and periodontist. Treatment planning requires consideration of a variety of clinical and nonclinical factors. This clinical report attempts to demonstrate different strategies for the management of unilaterally and bilaterally missing central incisors.
Evidence for natural hybridization betweenPrimula beesianaandP. bulleyana, two heterostylous primroses in NW Yunnan, China
Authors: MA Yong‐Peng , TIAN Xiao‐Ling , ZHANG Jing‐Li , WU Zhi‐Kun , SUN Wei‐Bang 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNatural hybridization was assumed to play an essential role for the diversification ofPrimula; however, only one study of hybridization in the region of the Himalayas has been undertaken. In the present study, we examined another natural hybrid zone where morphologically putative hybrids as well asP. beesianaForrest,P. bulleyanaForrest, andP. poissoniiFranch. co‐occurred. We used molecular data to confirm the parental species of putative hybrids and the unidirectional hybridization pattern betweenP. beesianaandP. bulleyana. Moreover, with reference to synthetic F1s, most hybrids examined are possibly advanced generations, although the possibility of F1hybrids currently examined could not be completely excluded. In addition, pollinator observations on experimental arrays of transplanted parental species showed interspecific pollen flows during visitations of shared pollinators, indicating an incomplete pre‐zygotic barrier betweenP. beesianaandP. bulleyana. Seed productions from both flower morphs of putative hybrids were significantly lower than parental species, suggesting lower reproductive success in these hybrids. Combined with the evidence of recent habitat disturbance in the study area, we might witness the early process of hybridization betweenP. beesianaandP. bulleyana.
EUCAST Technical Note on Candida and micafungin, anidulafungin and fluconazole
Authors: Cavling Arendrup Maiken , Cuenca‐Estrella Manuel , Lass‐Flörl Cornelia , Hope William W. ,   The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing – Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST‐AFST)
Published: January 2014

SummaryThe European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing has determined breakpoints for micafungin and revised breakpoints for anidulafungin and fluconazole for Candida spp. This Technical Note is based on the corresponding rationale documents (http://www.eucast.org). The micafungin breakpoints are based on PK data, animal PK/PD data, microbiological data and clinical experience. The anidulafungin breakpoints for C. parapsilosis and fluconazole breakpoints for C. glabrata have been modified to species‐specific values that categorise the wild‐type as intermediate to accommodate use of these compounds in some clinical situations.
Genetic determinism of phenological traits highly affected by climate change in Prunus avium: flowering date dissected into chilling and heat requirements
Authors: Castède Sophie , Campoy José Antonio , García José Quero , Le Dantec Loïck , Lafargue Maria , Barreneche Teresa , Wenden Bénédicte , Dirlewanger Elisabeth 
Published: January 2014

Summary

The present study investigated the genetic determinism of flowering date (FD), dissected into chilling (CR) and heat (HR) requirements. Elucidation of the genetic determinism of flowering traits is crucial to anticipate the increasing of ecological misalignment of adaptative traits with novel climate conditions in most temperate‐fruit species.

CR and HR were evaluated over 3 yr and FD over 5 yr in an intraspecific sweet cherry (Prunus avium) F1 progeny, and FD over 6 yr in a different F1 progeny.

One quantitative trait locus (QTL) with major effect and high stability between years of evaluation was detected for CR and FD in the same region of linkage group (LG) 4. For HR, no stable QTL was detected. Candidate genes underlying the major QTL on LG4 were investigated and key genes were identified for CR and FD.

Phenotypic dissection of FD and year repetitions allowed us to identify CR as the high heritable component of FD and a high genotype × environment interaction for HR. QTLs for CR reported in this study are the first described in this species. Our results provide a foundation for the identification of genes involved in CR and FD in sweet cherry which could be used to develop ideotypes adapted to future climatic conditions.