bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ca2+ and EGF induce the differentiation of human embryo mesenchymal stem cells into epithelial‐like cells
Authors: Wu Minjuan , Zhou Tong , Liu Houqi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) occurs in organ development and anti‐tumorigenesis. We have investigated the effects of calcium (Ca2+) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSCs) differentiation into epithelial‐like cells. hMSCs lost their biological characteristics after EGF transfection, and MET was achieved by adding 0.4 mmol Ca2+. Western blotting and immunofluorescence showed expression of EGF, keratin, keratin 19 (K19), β1‐integrin, E‐cadherin and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p‐FAK, Ser‐910) increased in hMSCs infected with EGF and exposed to Ca2+, although Smad3 activation was downregulated. hMSCs co‐stimulated with EGF transfection and Ca2+ can therefore differentiate into epithelial‐like cells in vitro.
Multiple lithium‐dependent Brugada syndrome unmasking events in a bipolar patient
Authors: Crawford Rebecca R. , Higdon Ashlee N. , Casey David B. , Good David E. , Mungrue Imran N. 
Published: October 2014

Key Clinical MessageThis case demonstrates two important points about Brugada syndrome unmasking: electrocardiograph abnormality severity may correspond to lithium levels and unmasking may occur in the therapeutic range of lithium. Also, the correlation of CACNA1C with Brugada and Bipolar suggests allelic disequilibrium, leading to a subpopulation of bipolar patients sensitive to arrhythmia.
A Supramolecular Tetrad Featuring Covalently Linked Ferrocene–Zinc Porphyrin–BODIPY Coordinated to Fullerene: A Charge Stabilizing, Photosynthetic Antenna–Reaction Center Mimic
Authors: Lim Gary N. , Maligaspe Eranda , Zandler Melvin E. , D'Souza Francis 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA novel photosynthetic‐antenna–reaction‐center model compound, comprised of BF2‐chelated dipyrromethene (BODIPY) as an energy‐harvesting antenna, zinc porphyrin (ZnP) as the primary electron donor, ferrocene (Fc) as a hole‐shifting agent, and phenylimidazole‐functionalized fulleropyrrolidine (C60Im) as an electron acceptor, has been synthesized and characterized. Optical absorption and emission, computational structure optimization, and cyclic voltammetry studies were systematically performed to establish the role of each entity in the multistep photochemical reactions. The energy‐level diagram established from optical and redox data helped identifying different photochemical events. Selective excitation of BODIPY resulted in efficient singlet energy transfer to the ZnP entity. Ultrafast electron transfer from the 1ZnP* (formed either as a result of singlet–singlet energy transfer or direct excitation) or 1C60* of the coordinated fullerene resulting into the formation of the Fc–(C60.−Im:ZnP.+)–BODIPY radical ion pair was witnessed by femtosecond transient absorption studies. Subsequent hole migration to the ferrocene entity resulted in the Fc+–(C60.+Im:ZnP)–BODIPY radical ion pair that persisted for 7–15 μs, depending upon the solvent conditions and contributions from the triplet excited states of ZnP and ImC60, as revealed by the nanosecond transient spectral studies. Better utilization of light energy in generating the long‐lived charge‐separated state with the help of the present “antenna–reaction‐center” model system has been successfully demonstrated.
The human costs of cancer and the response of the national cancer program
Authors: Broder Samuel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe three foundations of the National Cancer Program are basic research, clinical trials (in prevention and treatment), and cancer centers. These foundations have supported a great deal of progress against cancer over the past 20 years. Nevertheless, a number of challenges remain, and continued progress will depend on the speed with which research advances can be translated into practical realities. Poverty is a risk factor for cancer incidence and mortality. Thus, a lack of access to the technologies generated by the National Cancer Program can be a force for bringing about differential burdens of cancer in underserved populations.
Forces of change in the health care system: Implications for cancer care in the 1990s
Authors: Ettinger Walter H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDramatic changes will occur in the health care system during the 1990s which will profoundly affect the delivery of care for cancer. Perhaps the most important factor is the aging of the population. As the proportion of people who achieve old age increases, the absolute prevalence and incidence of cancer will increase despite improved treatment techniques. This phenomenon will increase health care expenditures despite ongoing efforts to control costs. Second, there will be continuing efforts at cost control and increased emphasis on quality assurance and outcomes by third party payers. Providers will be scrutinized and compared with one another. The large payers of the nation's health care bills will demand proof of outcome and cost leading to bidding by providers and payment only to those who have the best outcome for the least money. Third, there will be an increasing emphasis on prevention and screening, in public health policy, an approach that may conflict with personal freedom. Fourth, there will be increasing deliberations and questions about the ethics of the health care system and treatment decisions. There will be continuing debate about the need for a rationing of health care and the right of individual privacy versus the states' right to preserve life. These changes will impact on all health care professionals whose practice includes patients with cancer.
Access to cancer prevention, detection, and treatment
Authors: Steiner Carol B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe American Cancer Society Hearings on Cancer and the Poor made visible to the nation the harsh realities and consequences of lack of access to health care among the poor and uninsured in America. Access to care is more than mere availability; it is also financial accessibility, effectiveness, acceptability, appropriateness, and comprehensiveness of care. The problems and consequences of lack of health care access and its impact on the cancer problem among poor Americans are explored, and ways practitioners and public advocates can improve access are suggested. Local communities have risen to action to make health care more accessible. Successful programs have done their research to document access problems; then they have taken their findings to county governments to request additional funding and to health care institutions to request institutional policy and service changes to make health care more available and accessible.
The role of chemotherapy for node‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Robert M. Cooper 
Published: October 2014

AbstractApproximately 25% of women with early stage breast cancer and negative axillary nodes will eventually die of metastatic disease. Some studies have shown a recurrence rate of 40% or more at 10 years in this relatively good prognostic group. The incidence of breast cancer continues to increase approximately 1% per year with a great increase in the frequency of early stage disease (particularly in situ carcinoma). The increased use of mammography and physical examination with appropriate follow‐up will increase the frequency of diagnosis of node‐negative patients compared with those with more advanced stages. Women with positive axillary nodes who are premenopausal benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, whereas those who are postmenopausal have shown a clear reduction in mortality when treated with tamoxifen. It is even more reasonable to speculate that women with node‐negative disease could have an even greater benefit from adjuvant therapy because they have a lower tumor burden at the time of diagnosis.Compared with earlier clinical adjuvant trials, more recent studies (1981–89) have shown a disease‐free survival advantage for node‐negative breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Hopefully, the differences noticed in disease‐free survival will show a similar survival advantage with further observations. The results of these clinical trials suggest that adjuvant chemotherapy may be of benefit to patients with node‐negative disease but do not support the contention that all node‐negative patients with breast cancer should receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Some prognostic subgroups (tumor size > 2 cm) have shown an overall 10‐year survival rate of 92% for women who have not received adjuvant therapy. The benefits versus toxicities of adjuvant therapy should be carefully evaluated before the initiation of adjuvant therapy.
Measuring the quality of care for the cancer patient
Authors: Marder Robert J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn recent years, the efforts to better define quality of patient care have focused on attempts to improve on the measurement of quality. These efforts raise three questions: (1) Why attempt to measure quality? (2) What is the best way to measure quality of care of the cancer patient? and (3) What must be done to achieve this? Three main reasons for measuring quality of patient care are to describe the current state, plan strategies for improvement, and implement and monitor improvements. To measure quality, both the definition of quality and the tools available for measurement must be addressed. The difficulty in developing a measurable definition of quality is achieving agreement on the measurable components of quality. The tools to measure quality have evolved to focus on monitoring of key indicators for comparative use. The utility of indicators lies in demonstrating that they have the capacity to identify opportunities for improving care. The Joint Commission is improving measurement tools through the development and testing of oncology indicators for reliability and the capacity to identify opportunities for improving care. The development and teaching of new quality improvement methods to health care professionals also is necessary.
Clinical trials: Access and reimbursement
Authors: Farrar William B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractClinical trials continue to play an extremely important role in clinical oncology, but of the nearly 1 million cancer patients diagnosed in the United States each year, only 2.5% (25,000) participate in such trials. Access to clinical trials has been enhanced by the adoption by the NCI of a promotional campaign that involves seminars, dissemination of information to national and local news media, and assisting in making information about clinical trials available to patients and physicians. Factors that hinder accrual of patients to clinical trials include: (1) physicians' concern about losing contact with patients, (2) physicians who feel that “experimental therapy” is not as good as “standard therapy,” and (3) the time it takes to discuss and implement clinical trials. Reimbursement for clinical trials has also become a major concern. Who should pay for clinical research? Many insurance companies have been reluctant to pay for “experimental therapy” but will pay for “standard therapy.” If this trend continues, the whole concept and organization of clinical trials, i.e., Phase I, II, and III trials, will be greatly hindered. Solutions must be found, and third party payers need to realize that an investment in clinical trials today will decrease the long term costs of state‐of‐the‐art care.
Clinical trials: A family physician's perspective
Authors: Long Douglas G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPrimary care specialists diagnose and manage a wide variety of problems. Cancer is one relatively small part of the practice of these clinicians. Patients with newly diagnosed cancer usually are referred to surgical specialists. Primary care physicians often determine future events after surgical care. Oncologists may or may not be consulted depending on tumor type and past experiences of the physician, patient, and patient's family. Many primary care physicians think that chemotherapy regimens given empirically have little if any scientific evidence to support their use. Side effects of cancer treatment regimens often cause suffering and profoundly effect quality of life. There is a lack of communication between oncologists and primary care physicians. Dialogue between oncologists and primary care doctors may help solve communication problems. Clinical trials help determine which treatments are effective. Many clinical trials are conducted at the community hospital level. Most primary care physicians support clinical trials once they know about them. Education activities should be directed at promoting patient referral for participation in clinical trials.
Increasing the cancer screening of the medically underserved in south florida
Authors: Mccoy Clyde B. , Nielsen Beverly B. , Chitwood Dale D. , Zavertnik Joseph J. , Khoury Elizabeth L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDiagnosis and treatment of cancers at advanced stages have contributed to a significantly lower survival rate among individuals of low socioeconomic status compared with those in higher brackets. In an effort to increase the accessibility and acceptability of cancer screening among such individuals in Dade County, Florida, the Cancer Control Division of the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami School of Medicine initiated a pilot early detection program in 1987. The program initially provided breast cancer screening for women, aged 40 and older, who attended ten community health care centers located in low‐income neighborhoods. With the selection of Miami by the American Cancer Society as one of three sites for conducting a screening demonstration project for the socioeconomically disadvantaged, this program has recently been expanded to include pelvic screening for women, aged 40 and older, and prostate screening for men, aged 65 and older.
Prevention and changing demographics: The underserved and cancer
Authors: Bal Dileep G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper illustrates the complexity of the “cancer control in the underserved” problem, especially as it is affected currently, and will be in the future, by the multiple demographic changes in the United States. It does so by extensively quoting from four rather different articles by authors from a variety of backgrounds in health, management, and economics. Another issue is that although the articles quoted refer mainly to secondary and tertiary prevention, they do apply equally to primary prevention and health promotion. Furthermore, the twin issues of priority and ethnic/cultural differences need to be addressed insofar as they affect health risks, risk reduction efforts, early diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation/disability reduction. Finally, the point is made that social and structural change of this magnitude cannot occur in the health care system and society at large without the allocation of discrete private and public sector resources.
Cessation of treatment in advanced cancer
Authors: Krakoff Irwin H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA major responsibility for all physicians, but particularly for oncologists, is to recognize the time when active antitumor treatment ceases to have a rational basis. The decision to treat or not to treat at any stage of disease requires an analysis of “the legitimate aims of therapy.” We have acquired the ability to cure or prolong survival in an increasing proportion of patients with several types of cancer. For patients who fail to achieve those results and for those with tumors that are rarely amenable to specific therapy, the choice of less surely effective therapy is an option; the patient must participate in the decision, armed with as much information and insight as possible, for conventional and experimental treatment. A distinction must be made between specific antitumor therapy and palliative measures for which cessation is never an option. Happily, cessation of treatment must also be considered when therapy has been so successful that the patient has achieved complete remission. At what point may treatment be discontinued without the danger of relapse? These issues are rarely crisply defined, but primary concern for the patient and careful analysis of the available data can lead to appropriate value judgments.
Activity of Platinum/Carbon and Palladium/Carbon Catalysts Promoted by Ni2P in Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Li Guoqiang , Feng Ligang , Chang Jinfa , Wickman Björn , Grönbeck Henrik , Liu Changpeng , Xing Wei 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEthanol is an alternative fuel for direct alcohol fuel cells, in which the electrode materials are commonly based on Pt or Pd. Owing to the excellent promotion effect of Ni2P that was found in methanol oxidation, we extended the catalyst system of Pt or Pd modified by Ni2P in direct ethanol fuel cells. The Ni2P‐promoted catalysts were compared to commercial catalysts as well as to reference catalysts promoted with only Ni or only P. Among the studied catalysts, Pt/C and Pd/C modified by Ni2P (30 wt %) showed both the highest activity and stability. Upon integration into the anode of a homemade direct ethanol fuel cell, the Pt‐Ni2P/C‐30 % catalyst showed a maximum power density of 21 mW cm−2, which is approximately two times higher than that of a commercial Pt/C catalyst. The Pd‐Ni2P/C‐30 % catalyst exhibited a maximum power density of 90 mW cm−2. This is approximately 1.5 times higher than that of a commercial Pd/C catalyst. The discharge stability on both two catalysts was also greatly improved over a 12 h discharge operation.
External Q of loop coupled dielectric resonator
Authors: Kaneki Toshiyuki , Kobayashi Shinji 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWhen a dielectric resonator is used for a filter or for frequency stabilization of an oscillator, often it is necessary to know its external Q. This paper studies theoretically the external Q values under the assumption that the dielectric resonator is installed in a cylindrical metal case and a loop is used for coupling between the resonator and the external circuit. In the analysis, instead of using the electromagnetic field in the dielectric resonator, the resonator is replaced with a polarization current from which the vector potential is derived. From the vector potential, the magnetic field distribution is calculated. The power is supplied to the external circuit by the loop coupling of this magnetic field. From the energy stored in the dielectric resonator and the power delivered to the circuit, the external Q is derived. To study the effect of the metal case on the external Q value, cases with various heights have been considered at 3.5 GHz and the effectiveness of the method is confirmed by comparison with experiments.
Synthesis of Atomically Precise Silver Clusters by Using the Miscibility Principle
Authors: Ghosh Atanu , Pradeep Thalappil 
Published: October 2014

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is Thalappil Pradeep at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India. The cover image shows a schematic phase diagram of the three‐component solvent system used for preparing monolayer‐protected silver clusters. The different clusters obtained by keeping the reactants the same but adjusting the solvent system by moving to different regions of the phase diagram are shown in different colors.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted α‐Silylamines from Silylmethyl Azides under Ru Catalysis
Authors: Jeong Wook , Kim Jungjoon , Park Jaiwook , Rhee Young Ho 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA synthetic strategy towards highly substituted α‐silyl homoallylic amines was discovered. The key event is the unique synthesis of N‐unsubstituted α‐silylimines from azide precursors under mild conditions. Of particular note is the unprecedented access to α‐silylamines possessing multiple stereocenters and functional groups with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. The synthetic utility of the method was demonstrated by the use of the silyl moiety as the key element that enables late‐stage modification for the iminium ion mediated oxidative cyclization.
Cost modeling of lithium‐ion battery cells for automotive applications
Authors: Patry Gaëtan , Romagny Alex , Martinet Sébastien , Froelich Daniel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to highlight the technical and economic issues arising in lithium‐ion cells for automotive applications, and to indicate some potential solutions to lower the cost. This topic has already been the subject of some studies, but, although of primary importance, the role on cost of a cell design parameter, the electrode coating thickness, has rarely been described. This study intends to explore particularly the influence of this parameter. To do so, the cost of cells with four positive electrode materials (NMC, NCA, LFP, and LMO), and the same negative electrode material are compared at several electrode thickness. The cost of these cells is computed using an innovative model and varies between 230 and 400 $ per kWh. With the assumptions used, it appears that the potential savings resulting from doubling the electrode coating thickness from 50 to 100 μm at a given porosity represent roughly 25% of the cell cost. The electrode coating thickness emerges as an essential parameter for an unbiased cells cost comparison. This article gives a view of the current lithium‐ion cells costs, and provides guidelines to lower cells cost.
Acute toxicity of binary and ternary mixtures of Cd, Cu, and Zn to Daphnia magna
Authors: Meyer Joseph S. , Ranville James F. , Pontasch Mandee , Gorsuch Joseph W. , Adams William J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Standard static-exposure acute lethality tests were conducted with Daphnia magna neonates exposed to binary or ternary mixtures of Cd, Cu, and Zn in moderately hard reconstituted water that contained 3 mg dissolved organic carbon/L added as Suwannee River fulvic acid. These experiments were conducted to test for additive toxicity (i.e., the response to the mixture can be predicted by combining the responses obtained in single-metal toxicity tests) or nonadditive toxicity (i.e., the response is less than or greater than additive). Based on total metal concentrations (&gt;90% dissolved) the toxicity of the tested metal mixtures could be categorized into all 3 possible additivity categories: less-than-additive toxicity (e.g., Cd–Zn and Cd–Cu–Zn mixtures and Cd–Cu mixtures when Cu was titrated into Cd-containing waters), additive toxicity (e.g., some Cu–Zn mixtures), or more-than-additive toxicity (some Cu–Zn mixtures and Cd–Cu mixtures when Cd was titrated into Cu-containing waters). Exposing the organisms to a range of sublethal to supralethal concentrations of the titrated metal was especially helpful in identifying nonadditive interactions. Geochemical processes (e.g., metal–metal competition for binding to dissolved organic matter and/or the biotic ligand, and possibly supersaturation of exposure waters with the metals in some high-concentration exposures) can explain much of the observed metal–metal interactions. Therefore, bioavailability models that incorporate those geochemical (and possibly some physiological) processes might be able to predict metal mixture toxicity accurately. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:799–808. © 2014 SETAC