bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“My Beloved Son, Come and Rest in Me”: Job’s Return to His Mother’s Womb (Job 1:21a) in Light of Egyptian Mythology
Authors: Hays Christopher B. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Job 1:21a makes better sense when understood in light of the Egyptian idea of death as a return to the womb of the mother goddess; that mythology provides a much more likely context than the idea of “Mother Earth,” which is attested only in texts that are (or are likely to be) quite late. As in various other cases in the book (for example, in his expressions of preference for death) Job practices a kind of theological brinksmanship, crossing an apparent line only to pull back in the next breath or the next chapter. In light of the Hathor/womb headrests from the tombs at St. Étienne’s, it may be that Job’s theological rhetoric was not merely a literary invention.
The Merkabah as a Substitute for Messianism in Targum Ezekiel?
Authors: Damsma Alinda 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article questions the theory that Targum Ezekiel holds a distinctive position within the corpus of Targum Jonathan to the Prophets with regard to Messianism. According to the hitherto unchallenged studies by Samson Levey, Targum Ezekiel is proof that Merkabah mysticism functioned as a substitute for Messianism after the cataclysm of 70 CE. This theological shift was supposedly instigated by R. Yoḥanan b. Zakkai at a time when messianic speculations had become doctrinally too dangerous. However, the present study shows that the lack of Messianism already goes back to the Hebrew Vorlage itself. A thorough examination of Targum Ezekiel’s translational strategy reveals further that the targumist in fact had a keen eye for the actual meaning of the few messianic references. On the strength of these and other findings it is argued that Targum Ezekiel’s approach to Messianism is not at odds with the rest of the corpus.
Speaking of Mystery: An Interpretation
Authors: Scott Charles E. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In this paper the word mystery refers to “what” cannot be understood or intellectually grasped; a mystery is concealed and unavailable for direct explanation. The questions the discussion raises address the decisive differences that sensibilities and feelings often make in our encounters with mysteries as well as occurrences of mystery that seem undetermined by differences of sensibility. The main topics are: mystery and eternal return, contexts of mystery, another kind of speaking about mystery (that take account of one’s own sensibility), turning away from Nietzsche and Heidegger and toward a prioritizing of feeling.
May Yhwh Bless You and Keep You from Evil: The Rhetorical Argument of Ketef Hinnom Amulet I and the Form of the Prayers for Deliverance in the Psalms
Authors: Smoak Jeremy D. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Most of the attention that the two silver amulets discovered at Ketef Hinnom Jerusalem have received in recent scholarship has centered upon their date and relationship to the biblical texts. This is due in part to the fact that both amulets preserve formulations of the biblical Priestly Blessing from Numbers 6:24–26. The new edition of the amulets published in 2004, however, provides impetus for new questions about the form of the incantations on the amulets and what the magical objects tell us about ancient Judahite apotropaic practices. In particular, the new edition provides a clearer picture of the content and form on both amulets. In turn, the new edition paves the way for a better understanding of how the incantations functioned as magical texts, which attempted to make an argument about their own efficacy as apotropaic objects. Despite this fact, few studies have devoted sufficient to the overall form and content preserved in the incantations. The following paper will describe the content and structure of the incantation on Amulet I and argue that the specific statement made therein provides a unique glimpse into the argument of magical texts in ancient Judah. Finally, the following paper will also briefly compare the content and structure of the incantation to several Psalms that petition Yhwh for protection against various ills. Such a comparison reveals that there may have been more fluidity between magical formulae and ancient Judahite prayer traditions than previously recognized.
‘Silver’: A Hurrian Phaethon
Authors: James Peter , van der Sluijs Marinus Anthony 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
It is proposed that the story of the Hurrian deity ‘Silver’, as portrayed in the Late Bronze Age Song of Silver, is a plausible precursor to the classical myth of Phaethon. Shared motifs include the teasing of the young hero, the revelation by his mother of his father’s divine identity, a temporary assumption of power in heaven, a clash with the god of thunder, a disastrous episode involving the Sun and the Moon, and an etymology meaning ‘radiance’. As the Phaethon myth also seems to contain Semitic elements, it is argued that the source of the classical story was the region of northern Phoenicia to Cilicia, or Cyprus.
On Women, Power, and Politics During the Last Phase of the Ilkhanate
Authors: Gilli-Elewy Hend 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
As a social and cultural study, this article is an attempt to contribute to the discussion around the end of the Ilkhanate by looking at the question of assimilation of Muslim and Mongol traditions during Abū Saʿīd’s rule (reg. 716-736/1316-1335). By studying this period through the main focus of women’s roles, it hopes to draw connections between the traditional Turco-Mongol status of elite women, the process of Islamization of the Ilkhanate, and the Ilkhanate’s inability to ensure continuity of government after the death of Abū Saʿīd. It will highlight the role of women of the ruling house during this period that on the one hand was seen as a Golden Age of the Ilkhanate, but on the other hand was marked by political fragmentation, confusing alliances, marriages, and numerous rebellions which ultimately led to its dissolution. The tension between choosing to remain loyal to traditional Turco-Mongol values and the processes of cultural exchanges, integration, and especially conversion to Islam becomes particularly interesting when studying the role of women in the late Ilkhanid court.
Florentine Convent as Practiced Place: Cosimo de’Medici, Fra Angelico, and the Public Library of San Marco
Authors: Allie Terry-Fritsch 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
By approaching the Observant Dominican convent of San Marco in Florence as a “practiced place,” this article considers the secular users of the convent’s library as mobile spectators that necessarily navigated the cloister and dormitory and, in so doing, recovers, for the first time, their embodied experience of the architectural pathway and the frescoed decoration along the way. To begin this process, the article rediscovers the original “public” for the library at San Marco and reconstructs the pathway through the convent that this secular audience once used. By considering the practice of the place, this article considers Fra Angelico’s extensive fresco decoration along this path as part of an integrated “humanist itinerary.” In this way, Angelico’s frescoes may be understood not only as the result of the social relationship between the mendicant artist and his merchant patron, but also, for the first time in art historical scholarship, as a direct means of visual communication with the convent’s previously unrecognized public audience and an indicator of their political and intellectual practices within the Florentine convent.
Islam and the Study of Ethics
Authors: Kelsay John 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Aaron Hughes’ critique of certain trends in Islamic Studies raises some important questions. The force of the critique rests on limiting the sample of material, however. I suggest we broaden the selection of scholarly work to include studies focused on questions of ethics, understood as the study of normative discourse. A number of articles published in the Journal of Religious Ethics provide an illustration of an alternative approach to the study of Islam, and suggest a more hopeful picture than the one provided by Hughes.
The Odes of Solomon as Apocalyptic Literature
Authors: Novak Michael Anthony 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The Odes of Solomon is generally categorized as early Jewish-Christian apocrypha, particularly as a lyrics-book of early Christian worship songs. They give us a glimpse into earliest Christian worship and Christian understandings of the recent advent of the Messiah. As a matter of genre, they are easily discussed as liturgical texts, poetry, or musical lyrics. This examination reveals that the Odes are filled with themes of apocalyptic literature, far beyond the extent hitherto recognized. These apocalyptic themes situate the Odes in earliest Christian literature, revealing ties to the Johannine corpus, particularly to the Revelation, to “Two Ways” catechetical literature, and to merkabah mysticism. In the Odes, there is revealed a need for a wider understanding of apocalyptic literature. Such recognition of other expressions of an apocalyptic worldview, transcending the boundaries of the formal genre of the apocalypse, would illumine relations among a variety of early Christian texts.
Christian Baptism As Seen by Outsiders: Julian the Apostate As an Example
Authors: Sandnes Karl Olav 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
How did ancient pagan intellectuals look upon Christian baptism? The aim of the present article is to provide such an outsider’s perspective. This serves a double purpose: to depict pagan critique of Christian faith and baptism in particular, but also to see if this critique in any way mirrors contemporary baptismal theology and practice. Julian the Emperor has two texts wherein baptism is addressed at some length. The claim that sins and mischief could simply be washed away by merely being immersed in a bath was appalling to him. The simplicity involved in Christian baptism was offensive. The only true remedy for a sick soul was the exercise provided for by the toil of Greek education. Julian’s critique mirrors fundamental convictions held by Christians on baptism, which may be summarised in the word of grace.
The Notice Requirement of Article 39 and Islamic Law: Developed vs. Developing Countries
Authors: Alaoudh Abdullah S. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Article 39 of the United Nations Convention for the International Sale of Goods, 1980 (CISG) requires a buyer to notify the seller within a reasonable time of any non-conformity. This requirement has been advanced by courts and applied mostly in favour of the developed countries by adopting a strict interpretation of Articles 39 and 44. This interpretation should be revisited, taking into consideration certain circumstances within some developing countries, e.g., observance to Islamic law and the lack of sophistication of many buyers as to regulations for international commerce. Although the provisions in Article 39 are not uncommon in several developing countries and under Islamic law, during their implementation, however, courts may neglect the Article’s legislative history and intent to uniformity and flexibility. Such strict interpretation may deter developing countries from participating in and benefiting from the CISG. A more contextual interpretation of these Articles will not contradict Islamic law.
The Bayʿ al-ʿInah Controversy in Malaysian Islamic Banking
Authors: Shaharuddin Amir 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The current practice of Islamic banking in Malaysia has been criticised as insufficiently different from conventional banking. One of the foci of this criticism is the application of bayʿ al-ʿinah, sales contract with immediate repurchase, in creating a number of so-called Islamic financing products. The present article examines the classical jurists’ assessment of the contract and then evaluates the justifications of the Malaysian National Shariʿah Advisory Committee (NSAC). As a case study, this article analyses the application of bayʿ al-ʿinah in inventing a credit card of Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad. Understanding the NSAC’s justifications will help us comprehend their methodology and approach when approving other Islamic banking products in the country.
Greek Medicine in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Jackson Donald F. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe fact that a number of printed editions of Greek physicians appeared during the sixteenth century is clear evidence that publishing houses of the time believed that a substantial interest in such texts existed. What is most surprising is that, until the last decade of the fifteenth century, a prevailing shortage of Greek medical manuscripts had not at all troubled the scholarly and medical communities. This essay shows how minor a niche Galen and other Greek medical writers occupied in the West for a long period of time, until some significant occurrences brought them to the forefront in the 1490s.
A Risky Enterprise: The Aldine Edition of Galen, the Failures of the Editors, and the Shadow of Erasmus of Rotterdam
Authors: Perilli Lorenzo 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe Aldine edition of Galen, awaited for more than 25 years, was perhaps the most risky enterprise in the whole history of the publishing house, and it almost brought Aldus' heirs to bankruptcy. Although the editors were among the most renowned specialists of the time, the edition was harshly criticized by one former friend and collaborator of Aldus, Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. Why? Was the edition so bad, were the manuscripts on which the edition was based responsible for its quality? Or were there other reasons for Erasmus' complaint? This paper tries to give some hints in order to answer such questions, arguing that the role of Erasmus in the assessment of the value of the edition should take us into Aldus' house in the period of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, and into the political and religious debate of the time.
Public Diplomacy in Croatia:Sharing NATO and EU Values with the Domestic Public
Authors: Andrlić Mladen , Tarle Iva , Sopta Suzana Simichen 
Published: November 2012

Summary
In a globalized world, with dynamic flows of information and communication, public diplomacy also supports internal understanding of international values and relations. The sharing of international standards, democratic changes and market reforms in Central, Eastern and South-East Europe has become more effective by communicating with the domestic public. This has also been experienced in Croatia, which has long been considered as one of the more advanced transition countries. Croatia’s strategic goal of becoming a functional market democracy has always been in line with NATO and EU values, although the costs and benefits of accession were, and still are, to be discussed both abroad and with the domestic public. Creating pluralistic, well-structured and institutionalized platforms for permanent public dialogue is a multifaceted activity that allows all segments of society to practise democracy. The lessons learned in Croatia confirm that a government — if and when it develops a domestic dialogue — not only gains public support for its foreign policy goals at home and abroad, but also becomes better articulated internationally.
Defining Strategic Publics in a Networked World: Public Diplomacy’s Challenge at Home and Abroad
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kathy R. 
Published: November 2012

Summary
This article addresses the issue of how strategic publics should be defined in public diplomacy. The article first reviews widely accepted theories of stakeholders and publics in business and public relations that help to explain the role and value of publics to organizations and provide alternatives for the conceptualization of strategic publics. It applies these concepts to public diplomacy in an effort to demonstrate their potential usefulness in identifying and prioritizing strategic publics at home and abroad. The article then suggests that although stakeholder theory and situational theory are useful tools for conceptualizing strategic publics in public diplomacy, these theories must be expanded to capture fully the complex nature of the contemporary diplomatic environment. An expanded framework that is based on networks of influence is suggested as an alternative for defining public diplomacy publics in a networked world.
Midrashim from Bordeaux: A Theological Controversy inside the Portuguese Jewish Diaspora at the Time of Spinoza’s Excommunication
Authors: Wilke Carsten L. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article reconstructs an unknown theological controversy that took place during the years 1655–1658 inside the Portuguese converso diaspora, manifesting the conflictive dynamics of its internal religious pluralism. Defending Catholicism with the help of Midrashic quotations, the Bordeaux canon Jérôme Lopès provoked replies from two Jewish physicians of Amsterdam, who can be identified as Isaac Naar and (possibly) Benjamin Mussaphia. Their Portuguese and Spanish manuscripts, progressively decontextualized and anonymized, had a clandestine transmission among the Sephardim. They also influenced Spinoza and other Jewish freethinkers and made an impression on Christian readers of the early Enlightenment period.
The Jew That Miller Drew: Religion, Ethnicity, and Death of a Salesman
Authors: Cardullo Robert J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This note proposes, through an investigation of the drama’s flashback structure, that Death of a Salesman illustrates a divided impulse in Arthur Miller—a division immediately noticeable in his choice of first names for his characters—between making his play and his protagonist Jewish, and making them universal or representatively American.
Советское «пропагандистское государство» в годы II мировой войны: ресурсные ограничения и коммуникативные возможности
Authors: Лившин Александр , Орлов Игорь 
Published: November 2012

Alexander Livshin and Igor Orlov
The Soviet “Propaganda State” during World War II: Resource Constraints and Communication Capabilities
“The new history of propaganda” studies the historical experience of using propaganda by different countries, including democratic ones, in the time of wars and other crises. It is evident that particular attention is paid to Nazi Germany and Stalinist USSR, the two excessively ideology-driven and politicized societies where propaganda played the role far beyond the boundaries of simple ideological indoctrination and manipulation of the public opinions and attitudes with the purpose of pushing the people towards a desired model of behavior. In both states propaganda became a fundamental core institution aimed at building and sustaining the social order. At the same time, if we consider the experience of Stalin’s USSR, then the usage of the term “propaganda state” introduced by Peter Kenez requires a significant caveat.
The Provenance and Cataloguing of the Younghusband Collection
Authors: Phuntsho Karma 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the contents of the Younghusband Collection of Blockprints and Manuscripts that Waddell had assembled during the military expedition to Tibet in 1903–04. Cataloguing this collection offered the opportunity to engage with the controversial provenance of the materials and the new opportunities offered by digital technology to deal with items of cultural heritage.
Al-Azhar Sufism in Post-Revolutionary Egypt
Authors: Albo Moshe 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article examines the intellectual Sufi voice of the late Shaykh al-Azhar, ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd (1910–78). Maḥmūd was a devout Sufi and a major propagator of Salafi views in the Egyptian political and social spheres of the 1960s and 1970s. His ideas represented a reassertion of the importance of Islamic law as the basis for the quest for inner spiritual knowing, social activism in the cause of moral reform, and the search for mystical awareness with jurisprudential erudition. His aim was to integrate the exoteric and esoteric aspects of Islam in a way that would strengthen Islamic solidarity in post-revolutionary Egypt. His importance as the head of the religious, theological, and educational center of al-Azhar University and his employment of this post to advance Sufi ideas and beliefs in the public arena through his writings, speeches and fatwas, reveals a multifaceted religious leader who contradicted prevalent dichotomies of much popular writing on Islam and Sufism in the modern era. Maḥmūd’s spiritual belief and his understanding of Islamic jurisprudence complemented each other in a coherent intellectual theory. The combination of jurisprudential thought with a profound spiritual belief was in his eyes natural and necessary in order to promote and revive Islam in post-revolutionary Egypt. This article illuminates another important aspect of Islamic Sufism that challenges the dichotomous patterns that we use in order to interpret the convergence of alleged conflicting religious ideas. It also reveals an important aspect of Islamic Sufism that contributes to a more complex understanding of the institutionalized Islamic voice in post-revolutionary Egypt.
Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints
Authors: Brown Jonathan AC 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) is a requirement in Sunni Islam. Challenges to this position are generally seen as limited to Islamic modernists affected by Western historical criticism. This article demonstrates that there have actually been leading Sunni Muslim scholars from the fourth/tenth century until the modern period who held positions regarding the miracles of saints that were much more skeptical than the mainstream Sunni stance. These ‘faithful dissenters’ were motivated by both theological and social concerns, and the methodologies they presented for sifting true from false miracle claims were based entirely on indigenous Islamic epistemological and textual criticism.
Printing for Prestige? Publishing and Publications by Ming Princes Part 4: Appendices
Authors: Kerlouégan Jérôme 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Scattered throughout the realm in a great number of provincial courts, Ming imperial clansmen did not wield political or military power. Some among them therefore used their energies to publish books; indeed, the publishing activities of the Ming princes constitute one of many elements of what can be termed “princely culture.” Even though princely imprints formed an insignificant proportion of Ming publications, a large number of them have survived to our day. Based on the examination of approximately 240 such editions, this essay explores the relationships between the princes and the literati who assisted them. It raises questions central to princely publishing: How learned were the princes? What books did they publish? For which audiences and with what objectives? What are the main characteristics of princely publications? Did princes have well-defined publishing strategies? The last section of the essay addresses the heritage of Ming princely publications in the Qing dynasty.
The first three parts of this essay have been published in East Asian Publishing and Society 1.1, 1.2, and 2.1.