bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
14Posthumanism
Authors: Nayar Pramod K 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The year’s work in posthumanism includes both surveys of the field and publications that contribute significantly to posthumanist thought by examining processes and practices that call the singularity of the human into question. If we were to think of the principal strands of posthumanist thought that dominated publications in 2023, then human embodiment, environmentalism, and care-beyond-the-human, appearing in multiple collections and essays, would be clear choices. This review is divided into four key sections that consider how such strands play out in a range of disciplinary contexts in work published across 2023: 1. Surveys and Elaborations, which considers comprehensive accounts of the posthumanist school of thought and works that contribute to specific posthumanist themes; 2. Posthumanism in Literature and Culture, which considers the continuing interest in the literary and cultural enunciations of the posthuman, particularly fiction and art; 3. Posthumanism and the Anthropocene, which considers posthumanism’s intersections with environmental thought; and 4. Posthumanism and Care, which examines work on theorizations of care in which non-human and other-than-human care figure prominently.
Current concepts and targets for preventing the transition of acute to chronic postsurgical pain
Authors: Oweidat Adeeb , Kalagara Hari , Sondekoppam Rakesh V. 
Published: August 2024

Purpose of review
It is estimated that approximately a third of patients undergoing certain surgeries may report some degree of persistent pain postoperatively. Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) reduces quality of life, is challenging to treat, and has significant socio-economic impact.

Recent findings
From an epidemiological perspective, factors that predispose patients to the development of CPSP may be considered in relation to the patient, the procedure or, the care environment. Prevention or management of transition from acute to chronic pain often need a multidisciplinary approach beginning early in the preoperative period and continuing beyond surgical admission. The current concepts regarding the role of central and peripheral nervous systems in chronification of pain may provide targets for future therapies but, the current evidence seems to suggest that a multimodal analgesic approach of preventive analgesia along with a continued follow-up and treatment after hospital discharge may hold the key to identify and manage the transitioning of acute to chronic pain.

Summary
A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach with prior identification of risk factors, minimizing the surgical insult and a culture of utilizing multimodal analgesia and continued surveillance beyond the period of hospitalization is an important step towards reducing the development of chronic pain. A transitional pain service model may accomplish many of these goals.
The Impact of Endplate Coverage on Heterotopic Ossification Following Cervical Disc Replacement
Authors: Kazarian Gregory S. , Cecere Robert , Sheha Evan , Dowdell James , Iyer Sravisht , Qureshi Sheeraz 
Published: August 2024

Study Design.
Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective.
Describe the impact of endplate coverage on HO in cervical disc replacement (CDR).

Summary of Background Data.
CDR is a motion-sparing alternative to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. However, the high prevalence of heterotopic ossification threatens to diminish range of motion and limit this benefit associated with CDR.

Materials and Methods.
A systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. EMBASE and PubMed databases were queried. Results were deduplicated and screened. Relevant studies were included. All metrics that were reported in ≥3 studies were aggregated for analysis. SPSS was used to perform the meta-analysis.

Results.
A total of 10 studies were included in the systematic review. Endplate coverage was assessed using a wide variety of measurements, including anteroposterior implant depth (ID), endplate depth (ED), exposed endplate depth (EED), implant depth to endplate depth ratio (ID:ED), EED to ED ratio (EED:ED), implant width (IW) to endplate width (EW) ratio (IW:EW), and the implant area (IA) to endplate area (EA) ratio (IA:EA). No evidence has linked ID (three studies) to HO. Mixed evidence has linked ID:ED (3/5) and IW:ED (1/2) to HO. All available evidence has linked ED (2), EED (4), EED:ED (2), and IA:EA (1) to HO. In our meta-analysis, ID was not found to be a significant risk factor for HO. However, EED and ID:ED were found to be significant risk factors for HO formation.

Conclusions.
Exposed endplate, especially as assessed by EED and ID:ED, is a significant risk factor for HO. Surgeons should focus on preoperative planning and intraoperative implant selection to maximize endplate coverage. While optimizing technique and implant selection is crucial, improved implant design may also be necessary to ensure that appropriate implant-endplate footprint matching is possible across the anatomic spectrum.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Mechanical Failure After Anterior Column Realignment in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery
Authors: Park Se-Jun , Park Jin-Sung , Kang Minwook , Jung Kyunghun , Lee Chong-Suh , Kang Dong-Ho 
Published: August 2024

Study Design.
Retrospective study.

Objectives.
To investigate the incidence and risk factors of mechanical failure (MF) following anterior column realignment (ACR) in patients with severe degenerative sagittal imbalance (DSI).

Summary of Background Data.
Considering the biomechanical properties of the procedure, ACR may increase the risk of MF, including proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) and rod fracture (RF). However, this issue has been poorly documented in the literature.

Methods.
We included patients aged ≥60 years with severe DSI radiographically defined by pelvic incidence (PI)-lumbar lordosis (LL) ≥20° undergoing ≥5-level fusion, including the sacrum. PJK was defined radiographically as a proximal junctional angle (PJA) >28° plus Δ PJA of >22°. RF was evaluated at ACR levels performed. Clinical and radiographic variables were compared with identify the risk factors for PJK and RF, then multivariate analysis was performed by combining PJK and RF into a single composite outcome of MF.

Results.
We included a total of 147 patients in the final study cohort. The mean age was 70.3 years, and there were 126 women (90.6%). The median fusion length was 8 levels. After surgery, PI-LL was corrected from 48.1° to 4.3°. MF developed in 49 patients (33.3%); PJK in 41 (27.9%), RF in 11 (7.5%), and both PJK and RF in 3 (2.0%) patients. Multivariate analyses revealed that osteoporosis (odds ratio [OR]=2.361, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.270–5.590, P=0.048) and an increased number of ACR levels (OR=1.762, 95% CI=1.039–3.587, P=0.036) were significant risk factors for MF.

Conclusions.
A considerable number of patients (33.3%) developed MF after deformity correction using ACR procedures. Therefore, appropriate surgical strategies are necessary to prevent MF in patients undergoing deformity correction using ACR, with special attention to the risk factors we identified here.
The prevalence and etiology of infertility in a tertiary specialist hospital in the Gambia
Authors: Anyanwu Matthew , Touray Alhaji , Kujabi Tuti , Suwareh Karamaba , Sumbunu Adama , Drammeh Ramatoulie , Odeku Thompson , Nwanganga Ifeoma 
Published: August 2024

Background:
Infertility is a public health problem that has received little or no attention in most sub-Saharan Africa, especially in the Gambia. The prevalence of infertility in the Gambia is increasing from 9.0% in 1998 to 14.3% in 2017. Tubal factor was the predominant leading cause for decades, but recent reviews suggest that male factor is driving the epidermic of infertility worldwide. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and etiological factors of infertility in our practice.

Methodology:
The design was a retrospective quantitative study. Data collection tool was developed and variables were retrieved from case notes between August 2022 to March 2023 at a specialist hospital in the Gambia. The data were entered into a computer database and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results:
Total number of women in the reproductive age of 15–49 years that attended gynecology clinic was 1475. Two hundred eighty-five couples (285) had infertility. The prevalence of infertility is 19.3% ~1:5 couples. The causes showed male factor 69 (45.4%), ovulation disorder 34 (22.4%), tubal factor 20 (13.2%), uterine factor 8 (5.3%), and unexplained 21(13.8%). Ovarian factors showed age-related poor ovarian reserve. Overall, male factor infertility was 53%, and female factor infertility was 47%.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of infertility is increasing and male factor is 3-folds and 2-folds higher than tubal and ovarian factors, respectively. The study observed increasing desire of fertility among female in advanced age. Universal access to assisted reproductive technology is essential.
Anatomic Features of the Lamina Cribrosa and Optic Disc in Ocular Hypertension, Glaucoma and Healthy Eyes
Authors: Esen Baris Mine , Guven Suzan 
Published: August 2024

Précis:
Central lamina cribrosa thickness (LCT) was found to be higher in eyes with ocular hypertension (OHT) compared with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and healthy controls (HCs).

Objective:
To evaluate the anatomic features of lamina cribrosa (LC) and the optic disc (OD) using swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) in eyes with OHT.

Materials and Methods:
Treatment naive eyes with OHT and POAG and healthy eyes were included. All eyes underwent a complete ophthalmological examination in addition to swept-source OCT of the OD. Anatomic features of LC, including central LCT, LC depth, prelaminar depth (PLD), and prelaminar tissue thickness, were measured manually using the internal caliper function of the OCT device and compared within groups. OD ovality, disc-foveal angle, and OD torsion were measured on colored photographs, using imageJ software.

Results:
Seventy-one eyes of 37 patients in the OHT group, 41 eyes of 26 patients in the POAG group, and 30 eyes of 30 patients in the HC group were enrolled in the study. Groups were similar in age and sex distribution. Central LCT was significantly higher in the OHT group, compared with HCs (333.8 ± 50.5 vs 304.5 ± 46.3 µm, P = 0.02) and POAG group (286.7 ± 140.4, P = 0.001). PLD and LC depth were both highest in POAG (282.3 ± 145.5 µm and 471.3 ± 195.2 µm), followed by OHT (244.8 ± 30.2 µm and 440.7 ± 18.7 µm) and HCs (170.1 ± 152.6 µm and 412.8 ± 80 µm), only the difference between POAG and HCs in PLD was statistically significant (P = 0.03). Prelaminar tissue thickness, OD torsion, disc-foveal angle, and disc ovality showed no significant difference.

Conclusion:
LC was significantly thicker in eyes with OHT, compared with POAG and HCs. This finding may be relevant to optic nerve protection from high intraocular pressure in patients with OHT.
Trends and projections in rehabilitation demand across 3 decades in China (1990−2019)
Authors: Tu Wenfeng , Wei Wentao 
Published: August 2024

Background:
China has a large number of people with disabilities and chronic diseases who have rehabilitation needs.

Objectives:
To estimate the need for rehabilitation in China, we presented the prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) of 25 conditions that would benefit from rehabilitation over the course of their life.

Methods:
This study used the data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 (GBD 2019) to calculate the prevalence and YLDs. The World Health Organization Rehabilitation Need Estimator was used to calculate the results.

Results:
In China, 460 million [95% uncertainty interval (UI), 440−480] individuals [male: 220 (220−230); female: 240 (230−250)] had conditions that would benefit from rehabilitation in 2019, contributing to 63 million (47–80) YLDs [male: 29 (22−37); female: 34 (26−43)]. There has been a 70.4% and 75.0% increase in prevalent cases (male vs. female: 69.2% vs. 84.6%) and YLDs (male vs. female: 70.6% vs. 78.9%), respectively, between 1990 and 2019. In 2019, the age-standardized rates of prevalent cases and YLDs per 1000 were 254 (95% UI, 244−264) [male: 251 (243−261); female: 255 (245−267)] and 35.2 (95% UI, 26.6−44.6) [male: 33.2 (24.9−42.1); female: 36.9 (28.0−46.8)], respectively. There has been a 2.3% and 3.0% reduction in the age-standardized rates of prevalent cases (male vs. female: −1.6% vs. −3.8%) and YLDs (male vs. female: −2.1% vs. −3.9%), respectively, between 1990 and 2019.

Conclusions:
This study shows that the need for rehabilitation services in China has increased significantly in the past 3 decades. Therefore, we propose that rehabilitation must be integral to “Healthy China 2030” and the whole health system—especially in primary health care—to serve more people in need.
Psychological distress, forced awakening, and morning blood pressure surge
Authors: Kim Yeonsu , Esquivel Jill Howie , Mattos Meghan Kathleen , Davis Eric M. , Logan Jeongok 
Published: August 2024

Background
Morning blood pressure surge (MBPS) has been recognized as an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease events. Psychological distress, including anxiety, depression, and perceived stress, and behavioral risk factors, such as poor sleep quality, have been associated with increased MBPS. Elevations in sympathetic activity induced by forced awakening may also contribute to further increases in MBPS. Yet, no examination of the interrelationships among psychological distress, sleep quality, awakening mode (natural vs. forced awakenings), and MBPS has been undertaken.

Objective
This pilot study aimed: (1) to examine if MBPS differs by awakening mode and (2) to investigate whether psychological distress is associated with MBPS difference between natural and forced awakenings, independent of sleep quality.

Methods
Thirty-two healthy adults were included in this cross-sectional study. Blood pressure was measured using a beat-to-beat blood pressure monitor over two nights, consisting of one night of natural awakening and one night of forced awakening. Psychological distress and sleep quality were assessed using questionnaires. We conducted paired t-tests (aim 1) and multiple linear regressions (aim 2).

Results
MBPS was significantly greater during forced awakening compared with natural awakening. In addition, the MBPS difference between natural and forced awakenings was significantly greater in participants with higher anxiety levels, independent of sleep quality.

Conclusion
We found that augmentation of MBPS by forced awakening was significantly greater in individuals who reported higher anxiety levels. Additional research is needed to examine the potential impacts of forced awakening and anxiety on MBPS in a larger sample of individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease.
Tenofovir alafenamide compared to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, induces dysglycemia, and dyslipidemia in Wistar rats
Authors: Hurchund Rajendraparsad , Sibiya Sinegugu E. , Owaga Bernard O. , Owira Peter M.O. 
Published: August 2024

Objectives:
To determine the metabolic effects of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) compared to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in vivo.

Design and methods:
Male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus, 250–300 g body weight) were divided into three groups (n = 8) and orally treated daily with 1.0 ml distilled water (group 1), TAF (0.42 mg/kg) (group 2), or TDF (5.0 mg/kg) (group 3), respectively, for 56 days. Glucose tolerance tests were done before the animals were sacrificed by halothane overdose, and blood was collected by cardiac puncture for the analysis of plasma lipids, electrolytes, and insulin. The kidney and pancreatic tissues were excised and homogenized to measure oxidative stress. Compartmentation of TAF and TDF was determined in NRK-52 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Results:
There were no significant differences in weight gain among controls, TAF- or TDF-treated rats. TAF-treated rats had significantly increased fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and dyslipidemia compared to control or TDF-treated rats, respectively. There was increased lipid peroxidation in the pancreas of TAF-treated compared to TDF-treated or control animals, respectively. TDF- treated rats presented with symptoms of Fanconi syndrome compared to TAF-treated or control animals, respectively. Kidney homogenates from TDF-treated animals had significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activity compared to TAF-treated animals or controls, respectively. Intracellular concentrations of TAF were significantly higher than TDF in both NRK-52E cells and PBMC, respectively.

Conclusions:
TAF treatment is weight-neutral and causes dysglycemia, and dyslipidemia but not Fanconi syndrome compared to TDF.
A point-of-care tenofovir urine test improves accuracy of self-reported preexposure prophylaxis adherence and increases condomless sex reporting among young women
Authors: Zewdie Kidist , Muwonge Timothy , Ssebuliba Timothy , Bambia Felix , Nampewo Olivia , Stein Gabrielle , Mugwanya Kenneth K. , Thomas Katherine K. , Wyatt Christina , Yin Michael T. , Wang Guohong , Gandhi Monica , Mujugira Andrew , Heffron Renee 
Published: August 2024

Objectives:
We evaluated a recently developed and validated point-of-care urine tenofovir (POC TFV) test to determine whether its use improves the accuracy of self-reported adherence to preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behavior.

Design:
We enrolled sexually active HIV-negative women ages 16 to 25 years in Kampala, Uganda.

Methods:
Women were followed quarterly for 24 months with HIV prevention counseling, PrEP dispensation, and adherence counseling. Midway through the study, the POC TFV test was introduced as part of routine study procedures. We examined changes in self-reported PrEP adherence, sexual behavior, and accuracy of self-reported PrEP adherence before and after the introduction of the POC TFV test.

Results:
A total of 146 women receiving PrEP refills had at least one visit with a POC TFV test administered before the study exit. At baseline, the median age was 19 years [interquartile range (IQR): 18–21] and the majority (76%) reported having condomless sex within the last 3 months. Participants more frequently self-reported low PrEP adherence [odds ratio (OR): 2.96, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.89–4.67, P = 0.001] and condomless sex (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.04–2.06, P = 0.03) during visits using the test compared with visits without the test. The accuracy of self-reported PrEP adherence (determined by concordance with TFV-diphosphate levels) was greater when the test was used (61 versus 24%, OR: 4.86, 95% CI: 2.85–8.30, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
When the POC TFV test was used, we observed greater reporting of condomless sex, low PrEP adherence, and more accurate reports of PrEP adherence. The test could facilitate honest conversations between clients and providers and warrant further investigation.
Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Kullik Yannik , Wessendorf Thomas E. , Theegarten Dirk , Winantea Jane , Hautzel Hubertus , Opitz Marcel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
A 61-year-old woman, referred for recurrent pneumonia over a period of 3 months with insufficient response to antibiotic treatment, presented with coughing and intense right-sided chest pain. Previously, she underwent right upper lobectomy for locally advanced non–small cell lung cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and subsequent partial chest wall resection with polytetrafluoroethylene net insert due to a pleurocutaneous fistula. 18FDG plus a 68Ga-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (68Ga-FAPI) PET/CT scans were performed to rule out non–small cell lung cancer recurrence. Pathological workup with bronchoscopy and endobronchial ultrasound–guided transbronchial fine-needle aspiration of the lymph nodes showed no evidence of malignancy, but microbiology confirmed Aspergillus fumigatus infection of the middle lobe. Thus, the patient transitioned from antibiotic to antifungal therapy; no second-line oncologic treatment was initiated.
Trends in Opioid Prescribing and New Persistent Opioid Use After Surgery in the United States
Authors: Luby Alexandra O. , Alessio-Bilowus Dominic , Hu Hsou Mei , Brummett Chad M. , Waljee Jennifer F. , Bicket Mark C. 
Published: August 2024

Objective:
To define recent trends in opioid prescribing after surgery and new persistent opioid use in the United States.

Background:
New persistent opioid use after surgery among opioid-naive individuals has emerged as an important postoperative complication. In response, initiatives to promote more appropriate postoperative opioid prescribing have been adopted in recent years. However, current estimates of opioid prescribing and new persistent opioid use following surgery remain unknown.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study of opioid-naive privately insured adult patients undergoing 17 common surgical procedures between 2013 and 2021 was conducted utilizing multi-payer claims data from the Health Care Cost Institute (HCCI). Initial opioid prescription size in oral morphine equivalents (OMEs) and new persistent opioid use were the outcomes of interest. Trends in opioid prescribing and rates of new persistent opioid use were evaluated across the study period. Mixed effects logistic regression was performed to evaluate independent predictors of new persistent opioid use while adjusting for patient-level factors and year.

Results:
Among 989,354 opioid-naive individuals, the adjusted initial opioid prescription size decreased from 282 mg OME to 164 mg OME, a reduction of 118 mg OME (95% CI: 116–120). The adjusted incidence of new persistent opioid use decreased from 2.7% in 2013 (95% CI: 2.6%–2.8%) to 1.1% in 2021 (95% CI: 1.0%–1.2%). For every 30 OME increase in initial opioid prescription size, new persistent opioid use increased by 3.1%. Other predictors of new persistent opioid use included preoperative nonopioid controlled substances fills [31–365 days: adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.78, 95% CI: 1.70–1.86; 0–30 days: aOR=2.71, 95% CI: 2.59–2.84] and undergoing orthopedic procedures [total knee arthroplasty (aOR=3.43, 95% CI: 3.15–3.72); shoulder arthroscopy (aOR=2.39, 95% CI: 2.24–2.56)].

Conclusions:
Both opioid prescription size after surgery and new persistent opioid use decreased over the last decade, suggesting that opioid stewardship practices had favorable effects on the risk of long-term opioid use.