bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detailed mechanistic investigation into the S-nitrosation of cysteamine
Authors: Morakinyo Moshood K. , Chipinda Itai , Hettick Justin , Siegel Paul D. , Abramson Jonathan , Strongin Robert , Martincigh Bice S. , Simoyi Reuben H. 
Published: September 2012

The nitrosation of cysteamine (H2NCH2CH2SH) to produce cysteamine-S-nitrosothiol (CANO) was studied in slightly acidic medium by using nitrous acid prepared in situ. The stoichiometry of the reaction was H2NCH2CH2SH + HNO2 → H2NCH2CH2SNO + H2O. On prolonged standing, the nitrosothiol decomposed quantitatively to yield the disulfide, cystamine: 2H2NCH2CH2SNO → H2NCH2CH2S–SCH2CH2NH2 + 2NO. NO2 and N2O3 are not the primary nitrosating agents, since their precursor (NO) was not detected during the nitrosation process. The reaction is first order in nitrous acid, thus implicating it as the major nitrosating agent in mildly acidic pH conditions. Acid catalyzes nitrosation after nitrous acid has saturated, implicating the protonated nitrous acid species, the nitrosonium cation (NO+) as a contributing nitrosating species in highly acidic environments. The acid catalysis at constant nitrous acid concentrations suggests that the nitrosonium cation nitrosates at a much higher rate than nitrous acid. Bimolecular rate constants for the nitrosation of cysteamine by nitrous acid and by the nitrosonium cation were deduced to be 17.9 ± 1.5 (mol/L)–1 s–1 and 6.7 × 104 (mol/L)–1 s–1, respectively. Both Cu(I) and Cu(II) ions were effective catalysts for the formation and decomposition of the cysteamine nitrosothiol. Cu(II) ions could catalyze the nitrosation of cysteamine in neutral conditions, whereas Cu(I) could only catalyze in acidic conditions. Transnitrosation kinetics of CANO with glutathione showed the formation of cystamine and the mixed disulfide with no formation of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The nitrosation reaction was satisfactorily simulated by a simple reaction scheme involving eight reactions.
Utility of Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score for Predicting Cardiac Risk After Stroke
Authors: Towfighi Amytis , Markovic Daniela , Ovbiagele Bruce 
Published: September 2012

Background and Purpose—
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of mortality among stroke patients after the acute period. Simple risk stratification of stroke patients without known CHD may permit prompt implementation of CHD-specific management strategies for those who are at high risk for cardiac events. We assessed the utility of the Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score (FCRS) as a prognosticator in stroke patients without known CHD.

Methods—
Post hoc analysis of a trial dataset of 3509 recent ischemic stroke patients who were aged 35 years or older, recruited from 56 centers, and followed-up for 2 years. Patients were categorized as having known CHD, high FCRS (≥20%), and low/intermediate FCRS (<20%). The predictive values between baseline FCRS and primary (myocardial infarction [MI]), secondary (MI or vascular death), and tertiary (recurrent stroke) outcomes were assessed in multivariate analyses.

Results—
Rates of first MI at 2 years were 6.34%, 4.65%, and 1.44% for the known CHD, high FCRS, and low/intermediate FCRS groups. Compared with stroke patients with low/intermediate FCRS, individuals with high FCRS had a higher risk of MI (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.70; 95% confidence interval, 2.14–6.38) and MI or vascular death (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.48–3.28). High FCRS did not predict recurrent stroke.

Conclusion—
Among patients with a recent ischemic stroke without known CHD, high FCRS was associated with a higher risk of MI and vascular death, but not stroke. FCRS could be a simple way to identify recent stroke patients who may benefit from additional CHD-specific management.
SeaCycler: A Moored Open-Ocean Profiling System for the Upper Ocean in Extended Self-Contained Deployments
Authors: Send Uwe , Fowler George , Siddall Greg , Beanlands Brian , Pittman Merle , Waldmann Christoph , Karstensen Johannes , Lampitt Richard 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The upper ocean, including the biologically productive euphotic zone and the mixed layer, has great relevance for studies of physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystem processes and their interaction. Observing this layer with a continuous presence, sampling many of the relevant variables, and with sufficient vertical resolution, has remained a challenge. Here a system is presented that can be deployed on the top of deep-ocean moorings, with a drive mechanism at depths of 150–200 m, which mechanically winches a large sensor float and smaller communications float tethered above it to the surface and back down again, typically twice per day for periods up to 1 year. The sensor float can carry several sizeable sensors, and it has enough buoyancy to reach the near surface and for the communications float to pierce the surface even in the presence of strong currents. The system can survive mooring blowover to 1000-m depth. The battery-powered design is made possible by using a balanced energy-conserving principle. Reliability is enhanced with a drive assembly that employs a single rotating part that has no slip rings or rotating seals. The profiling bodies can break the surface to sample the near-surface layer and to establish satellite communication for data relay or reception of new commands. An inductive pass-through mode allows communication with other mooring components throughout the water column beneath the system. A number of successful demonstration deployments have been completed.
Current Patterns in the Inner Sound (Pentland Firth) from Underway ADCP Data*
Authors: Goddijn-Murphy Lonneke , Woolf David K. , Easton Matthew C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNumerous acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) surveys were performed in the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth, a channel between the Orkney Islands and the northern coast of Scotland connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east. The Pentland Firth has the highest tidal streams of the British Isles, and one of the highest that can be found around the globe. Here, the tidal energy industry is in its demonstration phase, but not many real current measurements are in the public domain. The authors present real current data, measured during different phases of the tidal cycle, using a vessel-mounted ADCP. The tidal changes can be rapid, and because the underway measurements take time, the apparent spatial patterns are affected by temporal variation. A method is described that estimated and corrected this temporal distortion using a hydrodynamic model. It appeared that ebb and flood streams did not fully overlap, and that the tidal streams were more complicated, turbulent, and variable than existing models suggest. The data were analyzed for characteristics pertinent to practical tidal stream energy exploitation, and two favorable sites in the Inner Sound are identified. All original current data are available from the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC).
Specialized Palliative Care Services in Japan
Authors: Kizawa Yoshiyuki , Morita Tatsuya , Hamano Jun , Nagaoka Hiroka , Miyashita Mitsunori , Tsuneto Satoru 
Published: September 2012

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the availability and utilization of specialized palliative care services among patients with cancer in Japan. Methods: We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey of 828 institutions predicted to provide specialized palliative care services. Results: Responses were received from 751 institutions (response rate, 91%); of these, 541 had specialized palliative care services. Adding the census data of palliative care units, the total estimated number of institutions with specialized palliative care services was 659. Of all the patients with cancer who died in the period from April 2009 to May 2010 in Japan, the estimated proportion who utilized specialized palliative care services was 24%. Conclusions: Usage of specialized palliative care services in Japan have increased explosively in the past decade.
Transient response analysis of multi-span pipe conveying fluid
Authors: Bao-hui Li , Hang-shan Gao , Yong-shou Liu , Zhu-feng Yue 
Published: September 2012

The method of reverberation-ray matrix proposed by Pao et al. is applied to analyze the transient response of a multi-span pipe conveying fluid. The pipe under transverse vibration is considered as Timoshenko beam conveying axial flow. In the process of analysis, fast Fourier transform is used to convert the partial differential equation into ordinary differential equation. The support points of the pipe are chosen as the elements’ nodes. The transient wave motions at each node are divided into incident and reflected wave. By virtue of continuity and balance condition, the scattering relation is established between the above wave motions. The transient response is obtained by inverse fast Fourier transform. In the examples, the natural frequencies are calculated for single- and multi-span pipe conveying fluid with different fluid velocity, and great agreement is shown with the published literature. And then the transient responses, such as deformation, velocity, shear force and bending moment are obtained for a two-span pipe conveying fluid under different fluid velocity.
The Manchester Color Wheel: validation in secondary school pupils
Authors: Carruthers Helen R , Magee Linda , Osborne Susan , Hall Linda K , Whorwell Peter J 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
As part of our research programme into facilitating improved ways of communicating with patients, especially about more sensitive clinical issues, we have been investigating whether there are any non-verbal methods that might aid this process. One such approach is to ask patients to choose a color in response to a particular question, for instance about health or psychological status, and for this purpose we developed the Manchester Color Wheel (MCW). This instrument consists of positive, neutral and negative colors and its validation in normal adults and those with anxiety or depression showed that it is responsive to change and reproducible. It also has the capacity to identify a positive frame of mind. We concluded that it might be a particularly useful instrument in adolescents and therefore this study aimed to validate it in a secondary school.

Methods
620 pupils (aged 11–17 years, mean age 14.0 years, 298 (48.1%) males, 322 (51.9%) females) at Sale Grammar School in Greater Manchester were asked to relate their mood to a MCW color and also complete the Hospital Anxiety Depression (HAD) questionnaire. To give these pupils an experience in science, 197 were divided into four subgroups for an ‘experiment’ to ascertain whether, compared to controls, a change in mood color choice could be induced by participation in sport, music or art activities.

Results
Although mood color and HAD depression score are unlikely to be measuring exactly the same psychological state, a negative mood color was chosen by 62.5% of HAD depressed compared to only 14.5% of HAD normal pupils (p < 0.001). In contrast, a positive mood color was chosen by 48.9% of normal and only 18.8% of depressed pupils (p < 0.001). In the ‘experiment’, compared to controls, all activities resulted in an increased choice of positive mood colors which reached significance for sport and music.

Conclusion
This study confirms the potential utility of the MCW to rapidly and easily assess a variety of health issues in large populations, including adolescents. Some of our results should also be of interest to educationalists.
Discrepancy between effects of carbapenems and flomoxef in treating nosocomial hemodialysis access-related bacteremia secondary to extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing klebsiella pneumoniaein patients on maintenance hemodialysis
Authors: Yang Chih-Chao , Li Shau-Hsuan , Chuang Feng-Rong , Chen Chih-Hung , Lee Chih-Hsiung , Chen Jin-Bor , Wu Chien-Hsing , Lee Chien-Te 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
Hemodialysis (HD) patients are susceptible to extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacterial infections. Because the optimal treatment and clinical significance of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-Kp) HD access-related bacteremia remain unclear, we conducted this retrospective study to determine the clinical outcomes of patients treated with either flomoxef or a carbapenem.

Methods
The eligibility criterion was fistula or graft- or catheter- related ESBL-Kp bacteremia in patients on maintenance HD. The clinical characteristics and antibiotic management were analyzed. Outcome was determined by mortality resulting from bacteremia during the 14‐day period after the first positive blood culture for flomoxef-susceptible ESBL-Kp.

Results
The 57 patients studied were predominantly elderly, malnourished, with a history of severe illnesses and broad-spectrum antibiotic use before the onset of bacteremia, and with severe septicemia as determined by the Pitt bacteremia score (PBS). The study population comprised 7 fistula, 8 graft, and 42 HD catheter-related bacteremia (CRB) cases, and the mortality rate was high (36/57, 63.2%) in these 57 patients. Of 42 patients with CRB, those in the deceased group (27/42, 64.3%) had significantly lower levels of serum albumin, longer prior hospital stay and duration of catheter-dependent HD, and higher PBS than patients in the survived group. Failure to receive effective antibiotics (flomoxef or a carbapenem) within 5 days after onset of bacteremia and treatment with flomoxef both significantly contributed to higher mortality. Multivariate analyses revealed that flomoxef use, PBS, and catheter-dependent HD >30 days were independently associated with increased mortality (OR, 3.52; 95% CI, 1.19–58.17, OR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.36–6.26 and OR, 5.73; 95% CI, 1.21–63.2, respectively).

Conclusions
Considering the high mortality rate, ESBL-Kp should be recognized as a possible pathogen in patients on maintenance HD at high risk of acquiring HD access infections associated with ESBL-producing bacteria. Carbapenems rather than flomoxef should be the therapy of choice in these critically vulnerable patients.
Weak homoclinic solutions of anisotropic difference equation with variable exponents
Authors: Guiro Aboudramane , Kone Blaise , Ouaro Stanislas 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In this paper, we prove the existence of homoclinic solutions for a family of anisotropic difference equations. The proof of the main result is based on a minimization method and a discrete Hölder type inequality.

MSC:47A75, 35B38, 35P30, 34L05, 34L30.
Recombinant erythropoietin for the anaemia of patients with advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST) receiving imatinib: an active agent only in non progressive patients
Authors: Duffaud Florence , Even Caroline , Ray-Coquard Isabelle , Bompas Emmanuelle , Khoa-Huynh Thanh , Salas Sebastien , Cassier Philippe , Dufresne Armelle , Bonvalot Sylvie , Ducimetiere Francoise , Le Cesne Axel , Blay Jean-Yves 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Abstract
Recombinant erythropoietin for the anaemia of patients with advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST) receiving imatinib : an active agent only in non progressive patients.

Background
Imatinib is a standard treatment for advanced/metastatic GIST and in adjuvant setting. Anaemia is frequently observed in patients with advanced GIST, and is one of the most frequent side effects of imatinib with grade 3–4 anaemia in 10% of patients. Whether EPO treatment is useful in the management of GIST patients receiving imatinib treatment is unknown.

Methods
A retrospective study of EPO treatment in GIST patients receiving imatinib was undertaken in 4 centres. Thirty four patients received EPO treatment among the 319 GIST patients treated with imatinib in clinical trials or with compassionate use between 2001 and 2003. The efficacy of EPO on the anaemia of patients with GIST treated with imatinib was analyzed.

Results
There were 18 males and 16 females with a median age of 59 years. Median WHO-PS was 1. Primary tumour sites were mainly gastric (32%) and small bowel (29%). Sites of metastases were mainly liver (82%) and peritoneum (79%). The median delay between the initiation of imatinib treatment and EPO was 58 days (range 0–553). Median haemoglobin (Hb) level prior to EPO was 9 g/dL (range 6,9-11,8) and 11,7 g/dL (range 6,8-14,4) after 2 months. An increase of more than 2 g/dL was observed in 18 (53%) of patients. None of the 7 patients who progressed (PD) under imatinib treatment (400 mg/day) experienced HB response, as compared to 66% (18/27) of the remaining patients (PR + SD) (p = 0,002). Primary tumour site, liver metastases, peritoneal metastases, age, gender did not correlate with HB response to EPO. Response to EPO was observed in 2/11 patients receiving high-dose imatinib (800 mg/day) vs 16/23 of others. Using logistic regression, only PD before EPO treatment was retained as a predictive factor for EPO response.

Conclusion
EPO enables to increase Hb in most anaemic GIST patients who do not progress under imatinib, but not in patients with progressive disease.
CYP3A5 Polymorphism Effect on Cyclosporine Pharmacokinetics in Living Donor Renal Transplant Recipients: Analysis by Population Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Song Joohan , Kim Myeong Gyu , Choi Boyoon , Han Na Young , Yun Hwi-Yeol , Yoon Jeong-Hyun , Oh Jung Mi 
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND: Cyclosporine is often used to prevent allograft rejection in renal transplant recipients. However, cyclosporine has a narrow therapeutic window and large variability in its pharmacokinetics. Individual characteristics and genetic polymorphisms can cause the variation. Hence, it is important to determine the cause(s) of the variation in cyclosporine pharmacokinetics. To our knowledge, this is the first reported population pharmacokinetic study of cyclosporine in living donor renal transplant recipients that considered the genetic polymorphism as a covariate. OBJECTIVE: To build a population pharmacokinetic model of cyclosporine in living donor renal transplant recipients and identify covariates including CYP3A5*3, ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms that affect cyclosporine pharmacokinetic parameters. METHODS: Clinical characteristics and cyclosporine concentration data for 69 patients who received cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive therapy after living donor renal transplantation were collected retrospectively for up to 400 postoperative days. CYP3A5*1/*3 and ABCB1 C1236T, G2677T/A, C3435T genotyping was performed. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using a NONMEM program. After building the final model, 1000 bootstrappings were performed to validate the final model. RESULTS: In total, 2034 blood samples were collected. A 1-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination was chosen to describe the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine. A population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that postoperative days, sex, and CYP3A5 genotype significantly affected the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine. The final estimate of mean clearance was 56 L/h, and the mean volume of distribution was 4650 L. The interindividual variability for these parameters was 22.98% and 51.48%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Using the present model to calculate the dose of cyclosporine with CYP3A5 genotyping can be possible for the patients whose cyclosporine concentration is not within the therapeutic range even with therapeutic drug monitoring.
Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Risk of Atrial Fibrillation before Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Johnston Kiersten , Stephens Sarah 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE: To review the primary literature evaluating the effect preoperative use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has on the risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). DATA SOURCES: PubMed was searched from January 1, 2000, to May 17, 2012, using the MeSH terms coronary artery bypass, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, and atrial fibrillation. Additional articles were identified from the reference lists of the articles identified in the PubMed search. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Abstracts from the PubMed search were screened for relevance to the topic. Articles including information on the effect of ACE inhibitors or ARBs on postoperative atrial fibrillation following CABG were indentified for further review. Data extracted from these studies included patient baseline characteristics, outcome definitions, incidence of atrial fibrillation after CABG, and preoperative use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs. DATA SYNTHESIS: The PubMed search resulted in 6 articles, 4 of which were applicable to the clinical question. Four other articles were identified from the reference lists of the applicable studies, resulting in a literature review of 8 studies. These studies included patients undergoing CABG with or without valve procedures. Four studies included patients undergoing isolated CABG procedures; the remaining 4 included patients undergoing CABG with a valve procedure. Information on preoperative ACE inhibitor or ARB use was included in all studies. Two studies suggested a decreased risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation following CABG with preoperative ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy, 3 suggested an increased risk, and 3 found no effect on risk. CONCLUSIONS: The studies reviewed here had conflicting results. Randomized placebo-controlled trials are necessary to determine the risk for atrial fibrillation after CABG associated with preoperative use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs. The decision to continue or withhold the drugs is not evidence-based and should be based on a patient's other clinical characteristics.