bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forelimb anatomy and the discrimination of the predatory behavior of carnivorous mammals: The thylacine as a case study
Authors: Janis Christine M. , Figueirido Borja 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTCarnivorous mammals use their forelimbs in different ways to capture their prey. Most terrestrial carnivores have some cursorial (running) adaptations, but ambush predators retain considerable flexibility in their forelimb movement, important for grappling with their prey. In contrast, predators that rely on pursuit to run down their prey have sacrificed some of this flexibility for locomotor efficiency, in the greater restriction of the forelimb motion to the parasagittal plane. In this article, we measured aspects of the forelimb anatomy (44 linear measurements) in 36 species of carnivorous mammals of known predatory behavior, and used multivariate analyses to investigate how well the forelimb anatomy reflects the predatory mode (ambush, pursuit, or pounce‐pursuit). A prime intention of this study was to establish morphological correlates of behavior that could then be applied to fossil mammals: for this purpose, five individuals of the recently extinct thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) were also included as unknowns. We show that the three different types of predators can be distinguished by their morphology, both in analyses where all the forelimb bones are included together, and in the separate analyses of each bone individually. Of particular interest is the ability to distinguish between the two types of more cursorial predators, pursuit and pounce‐pursuit, which have previously been considered as primarily size‐based categories. Despite a prior consideration of the thylacine as a “pounce‐pursuit” or an “ambush” type of predator, the thylacines did not consistently cluster with any type of predatory carnivores in our analyses. Rather, the thylacines appeared to be more generalized in their morphology than any of the extant carnivores. The absence of a large diversity of large carnivorous mammals in Australia, past and present, may explain the thylacine's generalized morphology. J. Morphol. 275:1321–1338, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organizational change management for process safety
Authors: Wincek John , Sousa Luís Sávio , Myers Molly R. , Ozog Henry 
Published: June 2014

It has long been acknowledged that when not properly evaluated and controlled, changes to physical equipment in a facility can lead to serious incidents with potentially severe consequences. Management of change (MOC) systems, replete with a variety of electronic systems, flow charts, and checklists, have been developed by a number of reliable organizations throughout the world to manage these physical changes. It is less commonly recognized that other types of changes such as changes in job responsibilities, loss of key personnel, or even changes in shift hours can have an adverse impact on process safety. These and other nonphysical changes, collectively referred to as Organizational Changes, can lead to serious incidents with potentially severe consequences. Due to their focus on managing physical changes, most MOC systems have overlooked or only superficially address organizational change management (OCM) and the impact of organizational changes that affect process safety.Organizational change is an unavoidable aspect of doing business. There is a large variety of changes which fit under this umbrella of organizational change. Any of these types of changes could result in catastrophic consequences if the changes are not successfully administered. Effective OCM procedures must include a system for managing potential modifications to a variety of organizational aspects.The Center for Chemical Process Safety recently published a new guideline book covering OCM. This presentation will highlight some of the key concerns related to OCM which are covered in this new publication and which should be included in a successful OCM program. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 89–93, 2015
Recycling concrete in practice – a chance for sustainable resource management
Authors: Messari‐Becker Lamia , Mettke Angelika , Knappe Florian , Storck Ulrich , Bollinger Klaus , Grohmann Manfred 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPrivate households consume about 30 % of Germany's total primary energy and cause about 15 % of the total CO2 emissions, and so this sector represents a key sector for climate protection targets. Whereas primary energy consumption in buildings is limited by regulations, the production of carbon emissions‐intensive materials is only moving slowly into the focus of legislation, regulations and, ultimately, the perception of society. Considering a thermally conditioned building during its life cycle, most environmental effects are during operation. Nevertheless, the grey energy of a concrete structure can add up to 20 % in individual cases. Owing to the carbon‐intensive cement production, concrete as a material causes relatively high environmental impacts. Logical options appear to be substituting cement with so called by‐products or using recycled additives. In fact, there are only a few projects that have used a resource‐saving concrete. In 2010 in Ludwigshafen, one building in a group of buildings was chosen as the first building in Germany to be built almost completely from recycled concrete without increasing the cement content. It was built as a low‐energy construction and in a zero‐carbon‐emissions area. The project was supported scientifically by the Institute of Energy and Environmental Research in Heidelberg and the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus. The buildings won the Construction Prize 2011 with the distinction “best relation between quality and costs”. This paper discusses integral aspects of the use of recycling concrete from the structural design, eco‐accounting and materials properties perspectives. It demonstrates the potential and opportunities for the quality‐assured use of recycling concrete for sustainable resource management.
Prevalence and correlates of anger in the community: results from a national survey
Authors: Okuda Mayumi , Picazo Julia , Olfson Mark , Hasin Deborah S. , Liu Shang-Min , Bernardi Silvia , Blanco Carlos 
Published: June 2014

IntroductionLittle is known about the prevalence and correlates of anger in the community.MethodsWe used data derived from a large national sample of the U.S. population, which included more than 34,000 adults ages 18 years and older. We defined inappropriate, intense, or poorly controlled anger by means of self-report of the following: (1) anger that was triggered by small things or that was difficult to control, (2) frequent temper outbursts or anger that lead to loss of control, or (3) hitting people or throwing objects in anger.ResultsThe overall prevalence of inappropriate, intense, or poorly controlled anger in the U.S. population was 7.8%. Anger was especially common among men and younger adults, and was associated with decreased psychosocial functioning. Significant and positive associations were evident between anger and parental factors, childhood, and adulthood adverse events. There were strong associations between anger and bipolar disorder, drug dependence, psychotic disorder, borderline, and schizotypal personality disorders. There was a dose-response relationship between anger and a broad range of psychopathology.ConclusionsA rationale exists for developing screening tools and early intervention strategies, especially for young adults, to identify and help reduce anger.
How does the involvement of a multinational peacekeeping force affect the classification of a situation?
Authors: David Eric , Engdahl Ola 
Published: June 2014

The ‘debate’ section of the Review aims at contributing to the reflection on current ethical, legal, or practical controversies around humanitarian issues.In this issue of the Review, we invited two experts in international humanitarian law (IHL) and multinational peace operations –Professor Eric DavidandProfessor Ola Engdahl– to debate on the way in which the involvement of a multinational force may affect the classification of a situation. This question is particularly relevant to establishing whether the situation amounts to an armed conflict or not and, if so, whether the conflict is international or non-international in nature. This in turn will determine the rights and obligations of each party, especially in a context in which multinational forces are increasingly likely to participate in the hostilities.
Quorum sensing enhancement of the stress response promotes resistance to quorum quenching and prevents social cheating
Authors: García-Contreras Rodolfo , Nuñez-López Leslie , Jasso-Chávez Ricardo , Kwan Brian W , Belmont Javier A , Rangel-Vega Adrián , Maeda Toshinari , Wood Thomas K 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) coordinates the expression of virulence factors and allows bacteria to counteract the immune response, partly by increasing their tolerance to the oxidative stress generated by immune cells. Despite the recognized role of QS in enhancing the oxidative stress response, the consequences of this relationship for the bacterial ecology remain unexplored. Here we demonstrate that QS increases resistance also to osmotic, thermal and heavy metal stress. Furthermore a QS-deficient lasR rhlR mutant is unable to exert a robust response against H2O2 as it has less induction of catalase and NADPH-producing dehydrogenases. Phenotypic microarrays revealed that the mutant is very sensitive to several toxic compounds. As the anti-oxidative enzymes are private goods not shared by the population, only the individuals that produce them benefit from their action. Based on this premise, we show that in mixed populations of wild-type and the mexR mutant (resistant to the QS inhibitor furanone C-30), treatment with C-30 and H2O2 increases the proportion of mexR mutants; hence, oxidative stress selects resistance to QS compounds. In addition, oxidative stress alone strongly selects for strains with active QS systems that are able to exert a robust anti oxidative response and thereby decreases the proportion of QS cheaters in cultures that are otherwise prone to invasion by cheats. As in natural environments stress is omnipresent, it is likely that this QS enhancement of stress tolerance allows cells to counteract QS inhibition and invasions by social cheaters, therefore having a broad impact in bacterial ecology.
Modulation of gut microbiota during probiotic-mediated attenuation of metabolic syndrome in high fat diet-fed mice
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Tang Huang , Zhang Chenhong , Zhao Yufeng , Derrien Muriel , Rocher Emilie , van-Hylckama Vlieg Johan E T , Strissel Katherine , Zhao Liping , Obin Martin , Shen Jian 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Structural disruption of gut microbiota and associated inflammation are considered important etiological factors in high fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome (MS). Three candidate probiotic strains, Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-4270 (LC), L. rhamnosus I-3690 (LR) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis I-2494 (BA), were individually administered to HFD-fed mice (108 cells day−1) for 12 weeks. Each strain attenuated weight gain and macrophage infiltration into epididymal adipose tissue and markedly improved glucose–insulin homeostasis and hepatic steatosis. Weighted UniFrac principal coordinate analysis based on 454 pyrosequencing of fecal bacterial 16S rRNA genes showed that the probiotic strains shifted the overall structure of the HFD-disrupted gut microbiota toward that of lean mice fed a normal (chow) diet. Redundancy analysis revealed that abundances of 83 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were altered by probiotics. Forty-nine altered OTUs were significantly correlated with one or more host MS parameters and were designated ‘functionally relevant phylotypes’. Thirteen of the 15 functionally relevant OTUs that were negatively correlated with MS phenotypes were promoted, and 26 of the 34 functionally relevant OTUs that were positively correlated with MS were reduced by at least one of the probiotics, but each strain changed a distinct set of functionally relevant OTUs. LC and LR increased cecal acetate but did not affect circulating lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; in contrast, BA did not increase acetate but significantly decreased adipose and hepatic tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression. These results suggest that Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium differentially attenuate obesity comorbidities in part through strain-specific impacts on MS-associated phylotypes of gut microbiota in mice.
Arf6 exchange factor EFA6 and endophilin directly interact at the plasma membrane to control clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Authors: Boulakirba Sonia , Macia Eric , Partisani Mariagrazia , Lacas-Gervais Sandra , Brau Frédéric , Luton Frédéric , Franco Michel 
Published: June 2014

Significance
The small G protein ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) and the exchange factor for Arf6 (EFA6) are involved in endocytic vesicular transport, but their precise functions remain unclear. The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain containing endophilin is known to couple fission to uncoating of the clathrin-coated vesicles. Here, we identified endophilin as a direct interactor of EFA6. We analyzed in vitro the effect of this interaction on EFA6 guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity, and on endophilin lipid binding and remodeling activities. We then studied in vivo the role of the two proteins in transferrin receptor endocytosis. Our results suggest a model in which EFA6 recruits endophilin on flat areas of endocytic zones of the plasma membrane, where endophilin cooperates with EFA6 to activate Arf6 and regulate clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
Drastic population fluctuations explain the rapid extinction of the passenger pigeon
Authors: Hung Chih-Ming , Shaner Pei-Jen L. , Zink Robert M. , Liu Wei-Chung , Chu Te-Chin , Huang Wen-San , Li Shou-Hsien 
Published: June 2014

SignificanceThe number of passenger pigeons went from billions to zero in mere decades, in contrast to conventional wisdom that enormous population size provides a buffer against extinction. Our understanding of the passenger pigeon’s extinction, however, has been limited by a lack of knowledge of its long-term population history. Here we use both genomic and ecological analyses to show that the passenger pigeon was not always super abundant, but experienced dramatic population fluctuations, which could increase its vulnerability to human exploitation. Our study demonstrates that high-throughput–based ancient DNA analyses combined with ecological niche modeling can provide evidence allowing us to assess factors that led to the surprisingly rapid demise of the passenger pigeon.
Herbivore diet breadth mediates the cascading effects of carnivores in food webs
Authors: Singer Michael S. , Lichter-Marck Isaac H. , Farkas Timothy E. , Aaron Eric , Whitney Kenneth D. , Mooney Kailen A. 
Published: June 2014

SignificanceThis study shows the far-reaching effects of herbivore dietary specialization on the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of carnivore–herbivore–plant interactions. First, we test the long-standing hypothesis that dietary specialization of insect herbivores mediates the strength of bird predation on herbivores. Accounting for phylogenetic nonindependence of herbivores and plants, we show for the first time (to our knowledge) that dietary specialization of herbivore species is associated with reduced bird predation across an herbivore phylogeny, and that dietary specialization of herbivores increases the antipredator effects of camouflage and aposematism. Second, this study develops and finds support for the novel hypothesis that the proportion of dietary specialist species in a plant’s herbivore community predicts the degree of antiherbivore protection birds provide to plants.
Transcellular degradation of axonal mitochondria
Authors: Davis Chung-ha O. , Kim Keun-Young , Bushong Eric A. , Mills Elizabeth A. , Boassa Daniela , Shih Tiffany , Kinebuchi Mira , Phan Sebastien , Zhou Yi , Bihlmeyer Nathan A. , Nguyen Judy V. , Jin Yunju , Ellisman Mark H. , Marsh-Armstrong Nicholas 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Mitochondria are organelles that perform many essential functions, including providing the energy to cells. Cells remove damaged mitochondria through a process called mitophagy. Mitophagy is considered a subset of a process called autophagy, by which damaged organelles are enwrapped and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Implicit in the categorization of mitophagy as a subset of autophagy, which means “self-eating,” is the assumption that a cell degrades its own mitochondria. However, we show here that in a location called the optic nerve head, large numbers of mitochondria are shed from neurons to be degraded by the lysosomes of adjoining glial cells. This finding calls into question the assumption that a cell necessarily degrades its own organelles.
BET and HDAC inhibitors induce similar genes and biological effects and synergize to kill in Myc-induced murine lymphoma
Authors: Bhadury Joydeep , Nilsson Lisa M. , Veppil Muralidharan Somsundar , Green Lydia C. , Li Zhoulei , Gesner Emily M. , Hansen Henrik C. , Keller Ulrich B. , McLure Kevin G. , Nilsson Jonas A. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins bind acetylated proteins, including histones, and regulate transcription. Interestingly, inhibitors of BET proteins (BETi) can block cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in a wide range of tumor types. To date many of the effects of BETi have been attributed to transcriptional suppression of genes like the MYC oncogene. We show that genetically-engineered Myc-induced lymphoma mouse models are highly sensitive to BETi without MYC transcription being suppressed. Our data suggest broad effects on transcription by BETi including a set of genes being induced. Here a genetic and functional link between BET proteins and histone deacetylases is unraveled that opens up avenues for combination therapies against cancer.
Molecular ties between the cell cycle and differentiation in embryonic stem cells
Authors: Li Victor C. , Kirschner Marc W. 
Published: June 2014

Significance
The role of the cell cycle as an inhibitor of the late stages of cellular differentiation is well known, but in early embryonic development its role is mysterious. Normally, embryonic stem (ES) cells proliferate quickly during differentiation and do not differentiate simply by cell cycle slowing. In this paper, it is shown that the role of the cell cycle in terminal stages of differentiation can be adapted for and extended into ES cells. Methods aimed at inhibiting the cell cycle drive a rapid, condensed differentiation to terminally differentiated cells, demonstrating that the cell cycle is a principle rate-limiting step of differentiation throughout early and late stages. This is beneficial as well for accelerating differentiation in ES cell applications.
Threatened Endemic Fishes in South Africa's Cape Floristic Region: A New Beginning for the Rondegat River
Authors: Weyl Olaf L F , Finlayson Brian , Impson N Dean , Woodford Darragh J , Steinkjer Jarle 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
Nonnative fishes threaten native fish communities in many rivers of the world. In South Africa's Cape Floristic Region, predation by nonnative fishes has severely impacted native fish populations and more than half of the 17 endemic fish species are endangered. To preserve the unique endemic fish fauna, removal of nonnative fish from conservation areas is a priority in this region. In February 2012, South Africa's first nonnative fish eradication using rotenone took place in the Rondegat River, a small headwater stream that had been invaded by Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu). The successful treatment culminated from a decade-long process that was facilitated through collaboration among a South African nature conservation authority (CapeNature), the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, and the American Fisheries Society Fish Management Chemicals Subcommittee. The successful removal of alien fish and almost instantaneous increase in biodiversity is anticipated to encourage more endemic fish restorations in South Africa.
RESUMEN
en muchos ríos a lo largo del mundo, las comunidades ícticas nativas se ven amenazadas por peces foráneos. En la región florística de Cabo, en Sudáfrica, la depredación ejercida por peces foráneos ha impactado severamente las poblaciones nativas de peces y más de 17 especies endémicas de peces están amenazadas. Con el fin de preservar la fauna íctica endémica, se le dio prioridad a la remoción de especies foráneas en las áreas de conservación en esta región. En febrero de 2012, la primera erradicación de peces no nativos mediante el uso de rotenona, se dio lugar en el Río Rondegat, un pequeño cuerpo de agua que ha sido invadido por la lobina boca chica (Micropterus dolomieu). El tratamiento fue exitoso y culminó después de un proceso de diez años facilitado por la colaboración de las autoridades de conservación de Sudáfrica (CapeNature), el Instituto Sudafricano de Biodiversidad Acuática y el subcomité de Manejo de Químicos de La Sociedad Americana de Pesquerías. Se anticipa que el incremento casi instantáneo de la biodiversidad tras la remoción efectiva de peces foráneos invite a tomar nuevos esfuerzos para restaurar más poblaciones de peces endémicos en Sudáfrica.
Canadian Recreational Fisheries: 35 Years of Social, Biological, and Economic Dynamics from a National Survey
Authors: Brownscombe Jacob W , Bower Shannon D , Bowden William , Nowell Liane , Midwood Jonathan D , Johnson Neville , Cooke Steven J 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
Fisheries and Oceans Canada has collected a unique, long-term data set on the social, biological, and economic dynamics of Canada's recreational fisheries. Starting in 1975, these data were collected through mail surveys to recreational anglers at 5-year intervals. A longitudinal analysis revealed that there was an average of 4.5 million licensed anglers catching an annual average of 255 million fish. Release rates were relatively high (53% of fish released on average), with recent survey data (2010) suggesting that release rates had exceeded 60%. Recreational anglers also contribute an average of $8.8 billion each year to the Canadian economy. However, recreational angling has become less popular over time, and the average age of participants has increased. The data were also useful for characterizing Canada's fisheries, including species-specific catch and harvest. Canada is one of the few countries to collect such extensive recreational fisheries data at a national scale and to do so at regular intervals, an approach that could be modeled by other countries.
RESUMEN
la agencia de Pesquerías y Océanos de Canadá ha recolectado una base de datos históricos de la dinámica social, biológica y ecológica de las pesquerías recreativas de Canadá. Esta información, que comienza en 1975, fue compilada a través de sondeos por correo postal, realizados a intervalos de cinco años, dirigidos a pescadores. Un análisis longitudinal reveló que existen en promedio 4.5 millones de pescadores con licencia, que capturan una media de 255 millones de peces. Las tasas de liberación fueron relativamente altas (53% de peces liberados) y los datos del sondeo más reciente (2010) indican que la tasa de liberación excede el 60%. Asimismo, los pescadores recreativos contribuyen, en promedio, con $8.8 mil millones anuales a la economía canadiense. Sin embargo, con el tiempo, la pesca recreativa se ha vuelto cada vez menos popular y el promedio de la edad de los participantes se ha incrementado. Los datos también fueron útiles para caracterizar las pesquerías de Canadá, incluyendo captura y cosecha por especie. Canadá es uno de los pocos países que recolectan datos de pesca recreativa de forma tan extensiva a nivel nacional y lo hace en intervalos regulares, algo que pudiera ser imitado por otros países.