bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Model Using Texture Features to Differentiate the Nature of Thyroid Nodules on Sonography
Authors: Song Gesheng , Xue Fuzhong , Zhang Chengqi 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the use of texture‐based gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM) features extracted from thyroid sonograms in building prediction models to determine the nature of thyroid nodules.MethodsA GLCM was used to extract the texture features of 155 sonograms of thyroid nodules (76 benign and 79 malignant). The GLCM features included energy, contrast, correlation, sum of squares, inverse difference moment, sum average, sum variance, sum entropy, entropy, difference variance, difference entropy, information measures of correlation, and maximal correlation coefficient. The texture features extracted by the GLCM were used to build 6 different statistical models, including support vector machine, random tree, random forest, boost, logistic, and artificial neural network models. The models' performances were evaluated by 10‐fold cross‐validation combining a receiver operating characteristic curve, indices of accuracy, true‐positive rate, false‐positive rate, sensitivity, specificity, precision, recall, F‐measure, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. External validation was used to examine the stability of the model that showed the best performance.ResultsThe logistic model showed the best performance, according to 10‐fold cross‐validation, among the 6 models, with the highest area under the curve (0.84), accuracy (78.5%), true‐positive rate (0.785), sensitivity (0.789), specificity (0.785), precision (0.789), recall (0.785), and F‐measure (0.784), as well as the lowest false‐positive rate (0.215). The external validation results showed that the logistic model was stable.ConclusionsGray‐level co‐occurrence matrix texture features extracted from sonograms of thyroid nodules coupled with a logistic model are useful for differentiating between benign and malignant thyroid nodules.
Using Ultrasound to Enhance Medical Students' Femoral Vascular Physical Examination Skills
Authors: Ahn Justin S. , French Andrew J. , Thiessen Molly E. W. , Browne Vaughn , Deutchman Mark , Guiton Gretchen , Madigosky Wendy , Kendall John L. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesTo determine whether the addition of ultrasound to traditional physical examination instruction improves junior medical students' abilities to locate the femoral pulse.MethodsInitially, 150 second‐year medical students were taught the femoral pulse examination using traditional bedside teaching on standardized patients and online didactic videos. Students were then randomized into 2 groups: group 1 received ultrasound training first and then completed the standardized examination; and group 2 performed the standardized examination first and then received ultrasound training. On the standardized patients, the femoral artery was marked with invisible ink before the sessions using ultrasound. Compared to these markers, students were then evaluated on the accuracy of femoral artery pulse palpation and the estimated location of the femoral vein. All students completed a self‐assessment survey after the ultrasound sessions.ResultsUltrasound training improved the students' ability to palpate the femoral pulse (P= .02). However, ultrasound did not facilitate correct estimation of the femoral vein's anatomic location (P = .09). Confidence levels in localizing the femoral artery and vein were equal between groups at baseline, and both increased after the ultrasound sessions.ConclusionsThe addition of ultrasound teaching to traditional physical examination instruction enhanced medical student competency and confidence with the femoral vascular examination. However, understanding of anatomy may require emphasis on precourse didactic material, but further study is required.
Standardization of Sonographic Lung‐to‐Head Ratio Measurements in Isolated Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Britto Ingrid Schwach Werneck , Sananes Nicolas , Olutoye Oluyinka O. , Cass Darrell L. , Sangi-Haghpeykar Haleh , Lee Timothy C. , Cassady Christopher I. , Mehollin-Ray Amy , Welty Stephen , Fernandes Caraciolo , Belfort Michael A. , Lee Wesley , Ruano Rodrigo 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of standardization of the lung‐to‐head ratio measurements in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia on prediction of neonatal outcomes and reproducibility.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of 77 cases of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia managed in a single center between 2004 and 2012. We compared lung‐to‐head ratio measurements that were performed prospectively in our institution without standardization to standardized measurements performed according to a defined protocol.ResultsThe standardized lung‐to‐head ratio measurements were statistically more accurate than the nonstandardized measurements for predicting neonatal mortality (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.85 versus 0.732; P = .003). After standardization, there were no statistical differences in accuracy between measurements regardless of whether we considered observed‐to‐expected values (P > .05). Standardization of the lung‐to‐head ratio did not improve prediction of the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (P> .05). Both intraoperator and interoperator reproducibility were good for the standardized lung‐to‐head ratio (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.98 [95% confidence interval, 0.97–0.99]; bias, 0.02 [limits of agreement, −0.11 to +0.15], respectively).ConclusionsStandardization of lung‐to‐head ratio measurements improves prediction of neonatal outcomes. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and to assess the utility of standardization of other prognostic parameters.
A review of suicidality in nonpsychotropic medications
Authors: Koch Jessa , Ward Sarah , Martin Bobbie , Thomas Christopher 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Introduction
The term suicidality describes the multitude of behaviors related to suicide: suicidal ideation, self-injurious behavior, suicide attempt, and completed suicide. Risk factors associated with increased suicidality in individuals include specific demographics, medical and psychologic conditions, socioeconomic status, family history, and major life events. In addition to baseline risk factors, there have been reports of numerous medications associated with increased suicidality in patients. Most of these medications are antiepileptics and antidepressants. Because of the contradictory risk posed by the exact medications prescribed to treat depression and psychologic conditions, the nonpsychotropic medications with reports of suicidality are often overshadowed.

Methods
Medications with FDA-issued warnings were reviewed for inclusion. Further medications were identified through PubMed literature review.

Results
Eight medications with various indications were identified and evidence is assessed regarding risk of suicidality.

Discussion
This review evaluates the current literature for nonpsychotropic medications that have been implicated in treatment-emergent suicidality.
Dissolved organic carbon pools and export from the coastal ocean
Authors: Barrón Cristina , Duarte Carlos M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe distribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration across coastal waters was characterized based on the compilation of 3510 individual estimates of DOC in coastal waters worldwide. We estimated the DOC concentration in the coastal waters that directly exchange with open ocean waters in two different ways, as the DOC concentration at the edge of the shelf break and as the DOC concentration in coastal waters with salinity close to the average salinity in the open ocean. Using these estimates of DOC concentration in the coastal waters that directly exchange with open ocean waters, the mean DOC concentration in the open ocean and the estimated volume of water annually exchanged between coastal and open ocean, we estimated a median ± SE (and average ± SE) global DOC export from coastal to open ocean waters ranging from 4.4 ± 1.0 Pg C yr−1 to 27.0 ± 1.8 Pg C yr−1 (7.0 ± 5.8 Pg C yr−1 to 29.0 ± 8.0 Pg C yr−1) depending on the global hydrological exchange. These values correspond to a median and mean median (and average) range between 14.7 ± 3.3 to 90.0 ± 6.0 (23.3 ± 19.3 to 96.7 ± 26.7) Gg C yr−1 per km of shelf break, which is consistent with the range between 1.4 to 66.1 Gg C yr−1 per km of shelf break of available regional estimates of DOC export. The estimated global DOC export from coastal to open ocean waters is also consistent with independent estimates of the net metabolic balance of the coastal ocean. The DOC export from the coastal to the open ocean is likely to be a sizeable flux and is likely to be an important term in the carbon budget of the open ocean, potentially providing an important subsidy to support heterotrophic activity in the open ocean.
Glacial‐interglacial variability in diatom abundance and valve size: Implications for Southern Ocean paleoceanography
Authors: Nair Abhilash , Mohan Rahul , Manoj M. C. , Thamban Meloth 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAntarctic sea ice extent along with Southern Ocean biological productivity varied considerably during glacial‐interglacial periods, and both are known to have played a considerable role in regulating atmospheric CO2 variations in the past. Here we present data on diatom absolute abundance (valves/g of sediment) and size over the past ~ 42 ka B.P. and how they link to glacial‐interglacial changes in Antarctic sea ice extent, Southern Ocean frontal systems, and aeolian dust flux. Our records of sea ice and permanent open ocean zone diatom abundances suggest a shift in the Antarctic winter sea ice limit and Polar Front respectively up to the modern‐day Polar Frontal Zone during marine isotopic stages (MIS) 2 and late MIS 3. In addition to glacial shifts in the Polar Front, diatom assemblages also recorded a plausible northward shifts in Polar Front during few intervals of MIS 1. Glacial periods north of the Polar Front in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean were characterized by higher total diatom abundance, larger Fragilariopsis kerguelensis apical length, and Thalassiosira lentiginosa radius. This is probably a consequence of (1) a northward expansion of the opal belt, a region characterized by high production and export of biogenic silica; (2) an increase in terrigenous input, via erosion of Crozet Islands; and (3) the alleviation of iron deficit by high input of Fe‐bearing dust. The larger and highly silicified diatoms such as F. kerguelensis and T. lentiginosa may have mainly contributed in transporting biogenic silica and organic carbon to the seabed for the last 42 ka, in the northern Polar Frontal Zone of the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean.
Explicitly representing soil microbial processes in Earth system models
Authors: Wieder William R. , Allison Steven D. , Davidson Eric A. , Georgiou Katerina , Hararuk Oleksandra , He Yujie , Hopkins Francesca , Luo Yiqi , Smith Matthew J. , Sulman Benjamin , Todd‐Brown Katherine , Wang Ying‐Ping , Xia Jianyang , Xu Xiaofeng 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMicrobes influence soil organic matter decomposition and the long‐term stabilization of carbon (C) in soils. We contend that by revising the representation of microbial processes and their interactions with the physicochemical soil environment, Earth system models (ESMs) will make more realistic global C cycle projections. Explicit representation of microbial processes presents considerable challenges due to the scale at which these processes occur. Thus, applying microbial theory in ESMs requires a framework to link micro‐scale process‐level understanding and measurements to macro‐scale models used to make decadal‐ to century‐long projections. Here we review the diversity, advantages, and pitfalls of simulating soil biogeochemical cycles using microbial‐explicit modeling approaches. We present a roadmap for how to begin building, applying, and evaluating reliable microbial‐explicit model formulations that can be applied in ESMs. Drawing from experience with traditional decomposition models, we suggest the following: (1) guidelines for common model parameters and output that can facilitate future model intercomparisons; (2) development of benchmarking and model‐data integration frameworks that can be used to effectively guide, inform, and evaluate model parameterizations with data from well‐curated repositories; and (3) the application of scaling methods to integrate microbial‐explicit soil biogeochemistry modules within ESMs. With contributions across scientific disciplines, we feel this roadmap can advance our fundamental understanding of soil biogeochemical dynamics and more realistically project likely soil C response to environmental change at global scales.
Eddy‐Kuroshio interaction processes revealed by mooring observations off Taiwan and Luzon
Authors: Tsai Cheng‐Ju , Andres Magdalena , Jan Sen , Mensah Vigan , Sanford Thomas B. , Lien Ren‐Chieh , Lee Craig M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe influence and fate of westward propagating eddies that impinge on the Kuroshio were observed with pressure sensor‐equipped inverted echo sounders (PIESs) deployed east of Taiwan and northeast of Luzon. Zero lag correlations between PIES‐measured acoustic travel times and satellite‐measured sea surface height anomalies (SSHa), which are normally negative, have lower magnitude toward the west, suggesting the eddy‐influence is weakened across the Kuroshio. The observational data reveal that impinging eddies lead to seesaw‐like SSHa and pycnocline depth changes across the Kuroshio east of Taiwan, whereas analogous responses are not found in the Kuroshio northeast of Luzon. Anticyclones intensify sea surface and pycnocline slopes across the Kuroshio, while cyclones weaken these slopes, particularly east of Taiwan. During the 6 month period of overlap between the two PIES arrays, only one anticyclone affected the pycnocline depth first at the array northeast of Luzon and 21 days later in the downstream Kuroshio east of Taiwan.
THEMIS observations of tangential discontinuity‐driven foreshock bubbles
Authors: Liu Zixu , Turner Drew L. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Omidi Nick 
Published: September 2015

AbstractForeshock bubbles (FBs), transient ion foreshock phenomena formed from highly concentrated suprathermal foreshock ions upstream of solar wind discontinuities, produce intense disturbances in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system and can accelerate particles to even higher energies. Rotational discontinuities are known to drive FBs. Tangential discontinuities (TDs), however, have not previously been considered as drivers of FBs because they have no normal magnetic field component, preventing access of field‐aligned particles upstream. However, given that suprathermal foreshock ions have gyroradii larger than the width of TDs, they may pass upstream of TDs and generate FBs. Using multipoint observations from Advanced Composition Explorer, WIND, and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), we report on two cases of TD‐driven FBs. The FBs were identified using classical FB selection criteria, and the driving TDs were identified using ideal MHD criteria, to within the limits of observational error. Our results add another potential solar wind driver of FBs and imply that FBs may be even more common than previously thought.
Simulating complex storm surge dynamics: Three‐dimensionality, vegetation effect, and onshore sediment transport
Authors: Lapetina Andrew , Sheng Y. Peter 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe 3‐D hydrodynamics of storm surge events, including the effects of vegetation and impact on onshore transport of marine sediment, have important consequences for coastal communities. Here, complex storm surge dynamics during Hurricane Ike are investigated using a three‐dimensional (3‐D), vegetation‐resolving storm surge‐wave model (CH3D‐SWAN) which includes such effects of vegetation as profile drag, skin friction, and production, dissipation, and transport of turbulence. This vegetation‐resolving 3‐D model features a turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) closure model, which uses momentum equations with vegetation‐induced profile and skin friction drags, a dynamic q2 equation including turbulence production and dissipation by vegetation, as well as vegetation‐dependent algebraic length‐scale equations, and a Smagorinsky‐type horizontal turbulence model. This vegetation model has been verified using extensive laboratory tests, but this study is a comparison of 2‐D and 3‐D simulations of complex storm surge dynamics during Hurricane Ike. We examine the value of 3‐D storm surge models relative to 2‐D models for simulating coastal currents, effects of vegetation on surge, and sediment transport during storm events. Comparisons are made between results obtained using simple 2‐D formulations for bottom friction, the Manning coefficient (MC) approach, and physics‐based 3‐D vegetation‐modeling (VM) approach. Last, the role that the 3‐D hydrodynamics on onshore transport and deposition of marine sediments during the storm is investigated. While both the 3‐D and 2‐D results simulated the water level dynamics, results of the physics‐based 3‐D VM approach, as compared to the 2‐D MC approach, more accurately captures the complex storm surge dynamics.
Hydrodynamic analysis of fully developed turbidity currents over plane beds based on self‐preserving velocity and concentration distributions
Authors: Cantero‐Chinchilla Francisco Nicolás , Dey Subhasish , Castro‐Orgaz Oscar , Ali Sk Zeeshan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper presents a hydrodynamic analysis for the fully developed turbidity currents over a plane bed stemming from the classical three‐equation model (depth‐averaged fluid continuity, sediment continuity, and fluid momentum equations). The streamwise velocity and the concentration distributions preserve self‐similarity characteristics and are expressed as single functions of vertical distance over the turbidity current layer. Using the experimental data of turbidity and salinity currents, the undetermined coefficients and exponents are approximated. The proposed relationships for velocity and concentration distributions exhibit self‐preserving characteristics for turbidity currents. The depth‐averaged velocity, momentum, and energy coefficients are thus obtained using the proposed expression for velocity law. Also, from the expressions for velocity and concentration, the turbulent diffusivity and the Reynolds shear stress distributions are deduced with the aid of the diffusion equation of sediment concentration and the Boussinesq hypothesis. The generalized equation of unsteady nonuniform turbidity current is developed by using the velocity and concentration distributions in the moments of the integral scales over the turbidity current layer. Then, the equation is applied to analyze the gradually varied turbidity currents considering closure relationships for boundary interaction and shear velocity. The streamwise variations of current depth, velocity, concentration, reduced sediment flux, and Richardson number are presented. Further, the self‐accelerating and depositional characteristics of turbidity currents including the transitional feature from erosional to depositional modes are addressed. The effects of the streamwise bed slope are also accounted for in the mathematical derivations. The results obtained from the present model are compared with those from the classical model.
The Mantis Shrimp Saddle: A Biological Spring Combining Stiffness and Flexibility
Authors: Tadayon Maryam , Amini Shahrouz , Masic Admir , Miserez Ali 
Published: September 2015

Stomatopods are aggressive crustacean predators that use a pair of ultrafast raptorial appendages to strike on prey. This swift movement is driven by a power amplification system comprising components that must be able to repetitively store and release a high amount of elastic energy. An essential component of this system is the saddle structure, in which the elastic energy is stored by bending prior to striking. Here, a comprehensive study that sheds light on the microstructural and chemical designs of the stomatopod's saddle is conducted. MicroCT scans combined with electron microscopy imaging, elemental mapping, high‐resolution confocal Raman microscopy, and nanomechanical mapping show that the saddle is a bilayer structure with sharp changes in chemical composition and mechanical properties between the layers. The outer layer is heavily mineralized whereas the inner layer contains a high content of chitin and proteins, leading to a spatial organization of phases which is optimized for load distribution during saddle bending. The mineralized outer layer sustains compressive stresses, whereas the inner biopolymeric layer provides tensile resistance. These findings reveal that the saddle chemical composition and microstructure have been spatially tuned to generate a stiff, yet flexible structure that is optimized for storage of elastic energy.
Preparation and properties of a novel bio‐based and non‐crystalline engineering elastomer with high low‐temperature and oil resistance
Authors: Gao Sihang , Wang Runguo , Fang Bowen , Kang Hailan , Mao Lixin , Zhang Liqun 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTA series of poly(succinic acid/sebacic acid/itaconic acid/butanediol/propanediol) bio‐based and non‐crystalline engineering elastomers (BEE) were obtained by changing the molar ratio of succinic acid (SA) to sebacic acid (SeA) from 5:5 (BEE‐5) to 8:2 (BEE‐8). We prepared bio‐based engineering elastomer composites (BEE/CB) by mixing BEE with carbon black N330. The low‐temperature and oil resistance properties of the BEE/CB composites were investigated in terms of low‐temperature brittleness, coefficient of cold resistance under compression, oil resistance test at different temperatures, and tensile properties. The results showed that the low‐temperature brittleness temperature of the BEE/CB composites ranged from −50 to −60°C and the coefficient of cold resistance under compression was 0.18 high at −60°C for BEE‐7/CB and 0.23 high at −40°C for BEE‐8/CB. The oil resistance properties of BEE‐7/CB were higher than those of nitrile‐butadiene rubber N240S (NBR N240S), and the oil resistance properties of BEE‐8/CB were even as high as those of nitrile‐butadiene rubber N220S (NBR N220S). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42855.
Cyclopentadiene‐functionalized polyketone as self‐cross‐linking thermo‐reversible thermoset with increased softening temperature
Authors: Toncelli Claudio , Bouwhuis Stephan , Broekhuis Antonius Augustinus , Picchioni Francesco 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTSelf‐cross‐linkable thermo‐reversible thermosets were obtained by a two‐steps post‐functionalization of aliphatic alternating polyketones yielding two different cyclopentadiene functionalization degree of 9 and 22% (with the respect of initial 1,4‐dicarbonyl units). Thermo‐reversibility was verified by gelation experiments and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans displayed a broad transition varying from 75–100°C till 160°C that can be related to retro‐Diels Alder de‐bonding of the dicyclopentadienyl moieties. The dynamic mechanical thermal (DMTA) analysis showed the complete thermo‐mechanical recovery of the material up to six thermal cycles with a softening temperature around 210°C, thereby ensuring a suitable application window for high‐temperature resistant thermosets. Independently of the exact mechanism at the molecular level and in addition to previous studies which used the same Diels‐Alder diene‐dienophile system, it must be noticed that all prepared materials retained their mechanical behavior during at least six consecutive thermal cycles, thus indicating the re‐workability of the system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42924.