bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low concordance and resistance mutation emergence in theHIVprotease gene among circulating and cell‐associated viruses at viral replication episodes during darunavir/ritonavir monotherapy
Authors: Torres‐Cornejo A , Benmarzouk‐Hidalgo OJ , Gutierrez‐Valencia A , Ruiz‐Valderas R , Viciana P , López‐Cortés LF 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the changes on theHIVprotease gene in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) compartments during viral replication episodes in patients on boosted‐darunavir monotherapy (mtDRV/rtv).MethodsA prospective study was carried out in which adultHIV‐1‐infected patients who startedmtDRV/rtv after viral suppression for ≥6 months with no major darunavir‐related resistance mutations were enrolled. Patients with two consecutive plasmaHIV RNAmeasurements > 200HIV‐1RNAcopies/mL were considered as having virological failure (VF), while patients with two consecutive plasmaHIV RNAmeasurements > 50 copies/mL without meeting theVFcriteria were considered to have virological rebound (VR).HIVprotease genotypic profiles from plasma andPBMCswere performed at baseline and atVFandVRepisodes.ResultsOne hundred and fifty patients were included in the study, with overallVFandVRrates of 14% (n = 21) and 14.7% (n = 22), respectively. No major darunavir resistance mutations were observed in the plasma orPBMCsamples. Circulating and cell‐associated viruses showed a wild‐type protease gene sequence in 54% and 23% of patients, respectively while the remainder patients only harboured minor protease inhibitor‐associated mutations. Full concordance between plasmaRNAandPBMC DNAprotease genotypes was found in 23% of the sequences.ConclusionsNo darunavir‐related mutations were found in patients withVForVR, either in plasma or inPBMCs; thus, simplification tomtDRV/rtv does not comprise future antiretroviral treatment options.
Available chlorine consumption from NaOCl solutions passively placed in instrumented human root canals
Authors: Ragnarsson K. T. , Rechenberg D. K. , Attin T. , Zehnder M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimTo monitor chlorine consumption from nonagitated aqueous sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions in human root canals using a recently developed assay, which can determine the order of magnitude of available chlorine in small volumes of liquid.MethodologyThe root canals of 80 extracted single‐rooted human teeth were instrumented to ProTaper Universal F4 and irrigated using 1% NaOCl. Subsequently, canals were irrigated with copious amounts of deionized water to rinse out the residual chlorine. Subsequently, the teeth were sealed externally and placed in a water bath of 37 °C. Root canals were filled with NaOCl of 1%, 2.75%, 5.5%, or distilled water for 1, 10, 100 or 1000 min (n = 5 teeth per solution and time). Consumption of chlorine was measured using paper points pre‐impregnated with 15% potassium iodide. Colour change of the paper points was determined photo‐electronically, assessing their red value after absorbing solutions from root canals. Measurements were compared to a standard series of NaOCl down to 0.001% (n = 5 paper points per concentration).ResultsRed values of the paper points inserted into the root canal were affected by initial NaOCl concentration and time (two‐way anova, P < 0.05). If NaOCl concentrations above 0.1% are considered to be clinically relevant, then 5.5% NaOCl retained its activity in the root canal for more than 100 min, whereas 1% NaOCl lost its activity between 10 and 100 min.ConclusionsNonagitated NaOCl solutions can remain biologically active in human root canals for extended time periods.
Resiniferatoxin for treatment of lifelong premature ejaculation: A preliminary study
Authors: Shi Bentao , Li Xuesong , Chen Jing , Su Boxing , Li Xianxin , Yang Shangqi , Guan Zhichen , Wang Run 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of resiniferatoxin in the treatment of patients with lifelong premature ejaculation.MethodsA total of 41 outpatients (mean age 26.14 ± 4 years) with premature ejaculation completed the present study. They were randomly separated into the resiniferatoxin group and the placebo group. The resiniferatoxin group included 11 patients with redundant prepuce and 10 patients without redundant prepuce, whereas the placebo group contained 10 patients with redundant prepuce and 10 patients without. For the treatment, the glans were respectively soaked in 30 mL of resiniferatoxin with a concentration of 100 nmol/L or 10% alcohol solution for 30 min before sexual intercourse. Clinical efficacy was assessed by using the Chinese Index of Sexual Function for Premature Ejaculation‐5 and the intravaginal ejaculation latency time before or 4 weeks after the treatment. The side‐effects were also evaluated.ResultsIn the resiniferatoxin group, the effective rate of patients with redundant prepuce was 63.6%, and both the intravaginal ejaculation latency time and Chinese Index of Sexual Function for Premature Ejaculation‐5 significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, the effective rate of patients without redundant prepuce was 20%, and there were no significant changes of their intravaginal ejaculation latency time and Chinese Index of Sexual Function for Premature Ejaculation‐5 before and after the resiniferatoxin treatment (P > 0.05). The total effective rate of patients treated with resiniferatoxin was 42.9%. In the placebo group, the effective rate of patients with or without redundant prepuce was 20% and 10%, respectively. The total effective rate of patients treated with placebo was 15%, and there were no significant changes of their intravaginal ejaculation latency time and Chinese Index of Sexual Function for Premature Ejaculation‐5 before and after the placebo treatment (P > 0.05). The side‐effects included a slight burning sensation for the glans penis and dysuria.ConclusionsThese preliminary results show that resiniferatoxin might be suitable for treating patients with lifelong premature ejaculation and particularly those with redundant prepuce.
An Overview of Cold Resistance in Plants
Authors: Chen L.‐J. , Xiang H.‐Z. , Miao Y. , Zhang L. , Guo Z.‐F. , Zhao X.‐H. , Lin J.‐W. , Li T.‐L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCold is a typical environmental stress factor that limits the geographical distribution and growth of various plants. It affects crop quality and productivity. In the contemporary years, with the plant cold‐resistant genetic engineering development, great progress was obtained in this field. This paper gave a general statement about the development of plant cold resistantance on the level of unsaturated fatty acids, protective enzymes, functional genes and regulation genes, aiming to provide some useful information and ideas to researchers who work on plant cold breeding and the mechanism of cold resistance. As research continues, we could develop further multiple resistant plant species.
Stability and Change in Sustainability of Daily Routines and Social Networks in Families of Children with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Wilder Jenny , Granlund Mats 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundChildren with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) demand intense family accommodations from birth and onwards. This study used an exploratory and qualitative study design to investigate stability and change in sustainability of daily routines and social networks of Swedish families of children with PIMD.Materials and methodsEight families participated over two years in eco‐cultural family interviews and social networks interviews collected at home visits. Data were analyzed descriptively and by manifest contents analysis.ResultsResults showed variations in sustainability of daily routines over time across families. The sustainability was linked to fathers' involvement, couples' connectedness and emotional support. Stability and change of social networks were characterized by low overlap between the child and family networks, the children's communicative dependency and low density of able communication partners.ConclusionsThe results indicate that patterns of stability and change were linked both to family resources and child characteristics.
Distinctive electrophysiological characteristics of right ventricular out‐flow tract cardiomyocytes
Authors: Lu Yen‐Yu , Chung Fa‐Po , Chen Yao‐Chang , Tsai Chin‐Feng , Kao Yu‐Hsun , Chao Tze‐Fan , Huang Jen‐Hung , Chen Shih‐Ann , Chen Yi‐Jen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractVentricular arrhythmias commonly originate from the right ventricular out‐flow tract (RVOT). However, the electrophysiological characteristics and Ca2+ homoeostasis of RVOT cardiomyocytes remain unclear. Whole‐cell patch clamp and indo‐1 fluorometric ratio techniques were used to investigate action potentials, Ca2+ homoeostasis and ionic currents in isolated cardiomyocytes from the rabbit RVOT and right ventricular apex (RVA). Conventional microelectrodes were used to record the electrical activity before and after (KN‐93, a Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II inhibitor, or ranolazine, a late sodium current inhibitor) treatment in RVOT and RVA tissue preparations under electrical pacing and ouabain (Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor) administration. In contrast to RVA cardiomyocytes, RVOT cardiomyocytes were characterized by longer action potential duration measured at 90% and 50% repolarization, larger Ca2+ transients, higher Ca2+ stores, higher late Na+ and transient outward K+ currents, but smaller delayed rectifier K+, L‐type Ca2+ currents and Na+‐Ca2+ exchanger currents. RVOT cardiomyocytes showed significantly more pacing‐induced delayed afterdepolarizations (22% versus 0%, P < 0.05) and ouabain‐induced ventricular arrhythmias (94% versus 61%, P < 0.05) than RVA cardiomyocytes. Consistently, it took longer time (9 ± 1 versus 4 ± 1 min., P < 0.05) to eliminate ouabain‐induced ventricular arrhythmias after application of KN‐93 (but not ranolazine) in the RVOT in comparison with the RVA. These results indicate that RVOT cardiomyocytes have distinct electrophysiological characteristics with longer AP duration and greater Ca2+ content, which could contribute to the high RVOT arrhythmogenic activity.
Characterization of the effect of LPS on dendritic cell subset discrimination in spleen
Authors: Griffiths Kristin L , Tan Jonathan KH , O'Neill Helen C 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe Gram‐negative bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent inflammatory mediator and a leading cause of bacterial sepsis. While LPS is known to activate antigen‐presenting cells, here we find that LPS down‐regulates expression of CD11c and CD11b on splenic dendritic cell subsets, thus confounding the ability to identify these subsets following treatment. This has implications with regard to tracking the response to LPS in terms of the cell subsets involved, and should be considered whenever such studies are undertaken.
Immune responses of whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931), to bacterially expressed dsRNA specific to VP28 gene of white spot syndrome virus
Authors: Taju G , Madan N , Abdul Majeed S , Raj Kumar T , Thamizhvanan S , Otta S K , Sahul Hameed A S 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this study, dsRNA specific to VP28 gene of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) of shrimp was synthesized in Escherichia coli in large scale and studied the immune response of shrimp to dsRNA‐VP28. The haematological parameters such as clotting time and total haemocytes counts, and immunological parameters such as prophenoloxidase (proPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), superoxide anion (SOA) and malondialdehyde content, as well as the mRNA expression of ten immune‐related genes were examined to estimate the effect of dsRNA‐VP28 on the innate immunity of Litopenaeus vannamei. The activities of proPO, SOA and SOD significantly increased in haemocyte after dsRNA‐VP28 treatment, whereas MDA content did not change significantly. Among the ten immune‐related genes examined, only the mRNA expression of proPO, cMnSOD, haemocyanin, crustin, BGBP, lipopolysaccharides (LPs), lectin and lysozyme in haemocytes, gill and hepatopancreas of L. vannamei, was significantly upregulated at 12 h after dsRNA‐VP28 treatment, while no significant expression changes were observed in Toll receptor and tumour receptor genes. The increase of proPO and SOD activities, and SOA level and mRNA expression level of proPO, cMnSOD, haemocyanin, crustin, BGBP, LPs, lectin and lysozyme after dsRNA‐VP28 stimulation indicate that these immune‐related genes were involved in dsRNA‐VP28‐induced innate immunity in shrimp.
Isolation and screening of probiotic candidates from marron, Cherax cainii (Austin, 2002) gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and commercial probiotic products for the use in marron culture
Authors: Ambas I , Buller N , Fotedar R 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSix strains of bacteria including Bacillus mycoides (A10) and Shewanella species (A12) isolated from healthy marron intestine, Bacillus species (PM1), Bacillus subtilis (PM3), Bacillus sp. (PM4) and Bacillus sp. (AQ) from commercial probiotic products were investigated for probiotic potential in marron culture. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated PM3 and PM4 were susceptible to all nine antibiotics evaluated. A10, A12 and AQ were resistant to class penicillins, whereas PM1 was resistant to class penicillin and macrolides. All strains were non‐pathogenic for marron. Strong inhibition against Vibrio mimicus and Vibrio cholerae non‐01 was exhibited by PM4 and PM3. A10 inhibited V. mimicus at 72 h of growth, but not V. cholerae non‐01, whereas A12 inhibited V. cholerae non‐01 but not V. mimicus, and AQ showed no inhibition activity. A wide range of enzymes were produced by A10 and AQ using the API ZYM test. Protease enzymes were produced by PM3, PM4, AQ and PM1. In order of effectiveness, the following bacteria have probiotic potential: B. subtilis (PM3), Bacillus sp. (PM4) and B. mycoides (A10). Further study is required to determine the bacterium or any combination that gives a multibeneficial effect on marron.
Milk and Dairy Consumption and Risk of Dementia in an Elderly Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study
Authors: Ozawa Mio , Ohara Tomoyuki , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Hata Jun , Yoshida Daigo , Mukai Naoko , Nagata Masaharu , Uchida Kazuhiro , Shirota Tomoko , Kitazono Takanari , Kiyohara Yutaka 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo determine the effect of milk and dairy intake on the development of all‐cause dementia and its subtypes in an elderly Japanese population.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThe Hisayama Study, Japan.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 60 and older without dementia (N = 1,081).MeasurementsMilk and dairy intake was estimated using a 70‐item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire grouped into quartiles. The risk estimates of milk and dairy intake on the development of all‐cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) were computed using a Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsOver 17 years of follow‐up, 303 subjects developed all‐cause dementia; 166 had AD, and 98 had VaD. The age‐ and sex‐adjusted incidence of all‐cause dementia, AD, and VaD significantly decreased as milk and dairy intake level increased (P for trend = .03 for all‐cause dementia, .04 for AD, .01 for VaD). After adjusting for potential confounders, the linear relationship between milk and dairy intake and development of AD remained significant (P for trend = .03), whereas the relationships with all‐cause dementia and VaD were not significant. The risk of AD was significantly lower in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of milk and dairy intake than in the first quartile.ConclusionGreater milk and dairy intake reduced the risk of dementia, especially AD, in the general Japanese population.
One‐Year Mortality in Elderly Adults with Non‐ST‐Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome: Effect of Diabetic Status and Admission Hyperglycemia
Authors: Savonitto Stefano , Morici Nuccia , Cavallini Claudio , Antonicelli Roberto , Petronio Anna Sonia , Murena Ernesto , Olivari Zoran , Steffenino Giuseppe , Bonechi Francesco , Mafrici Antonio , Toso Anna , Piscione Federico , Bolognese Leonardo , De Servi Stefano 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo determine whether type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia on admission should be considered independent predictors of mortality in elderly adults with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).DesignProspective cohort study.SettingTwenty‐three hospitals in Italy.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 75 and older with non‐ST‐elevation ACS (NSTEACS) (mean age 82, 47% female) (N = 645).MeasurementsDiabetic status and blood glucose levels were assessed on admission. Hyperglycemia was defined as glucose greater than 140 mg/dL. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess the potential confounding effect of major covariates on the association between diabetic status, admission glucose, and 1‐year mortality.ResultsA history of diabetes mellitus was found in 231 participants (35.8%), whereas 257 (39.8%) had hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia was found in 171 participants with diabetes mellitus (70%) and 86 (21%) without diabetes mellitus. Participants with diabetes mellitus were significantly (P < .05) more likely to have had prior myocardial infarction and stroke and had lower ejection fraction and blood hemoglobin. Hyperglycemia was associated with lower (P < .05) ejection fraction and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Diabetic status and hyperglycemia were associated with greater 1‐year mortality according to univariate analysis (54 participants with diabetes mellitus died (23.4%), versus 66 (15.9%) without diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.5 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0–2.1), and 60 participants with hyperglycemia died (23.3%), versus 60 (15.5%) without hyperglycemia (HR=1.6; 95% CI = 1.1–2.2), but this association was not statistically significant after adjustment for ejection fraction, age, blood hemoglobin, and eGFR.ConclusionIn elderly adults with NSTEACS, diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia on admission are associated with higher mortality, mostly because of preexisting cardiovascular and renal damage.
Searching for nonlocal lithologies in the Apollo 12 regolith: A geochemical and petrological study of basaltic coarse fines from the Apollo lunar soil sample 12023,155
Authors: Alexander Louise , Snape Joshua F. , Crawford Ian A. , Joy Katherine H. , Downes Hilary 
Published: June 2014

AbstractNew data from a petrological and geochemical examination of 12 coarse basaltic fines from the Apollo 12 soil sample 12023,155 provide evidence of additional geochemical diversity at the landing site. In addition to the bulk chemical composition, major, minor, and trace element analyses of mineral phases are employed to ascertain how these samples relate to the Apollo 12 lithological basalt groups, thereby overcoming the problems of representativeness of small samples. All of the samples studied are low‐Ti basalts (0.9–5.7 wt% TiO2), and many fall into the established olivine, pigeonite, and ilmenite classification of Apollo 12 basaltic suites. There are five exceptions: sample 12023,155_1A is mineralogically and compositionally distinct from other Apollo 12 basalt types, with low pigeonite REE concentrations and low Ni (41–55 ppm) and Mn (2400–2556 ppm) concentrations in olivine. Sample 12023,155_11A is also unique, with Fe‐rich mineral compositions and low bulk Mg# (=100 × atomic Mg/[Mg+Fe]) of 21.6. Sample 12023,155_7A has different plagioclase chemistry and crystallization trends as well as a wider range of olivine Mg# (34–55) compared with other Apollo 12 basalts, and shows greater similarities to Apollo 14 high‐Al basalts. Two other samples (12023,155_4A, and _5A) are similar to the Apollo 12 feldspathic basalt 12038, providing additional evidence that feldspathic basalts represent a lava flow proximal to the Apollo 12 site rather than material introduced by impacts. We suggest that at least one parent magma, and possibly as many as four separate parent magmas, are required in addition to the previously identified olivine, pigeonite, and ilmenite basaltic suites to account for the observed chemical diversity of basalts found in this study.
Ancient porosity preserved in ordinary chondrites: Examining shock and compaction on young asteroids
Authors: Friedrich Jon M. , Rubin Alan E. , Beard Sky P. , Swindle Timothy D. , Isachsen Clark E. , Rivers Mark L. , Macke Robert J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe use a combination of 2D and 3D petrographic examination and 40Ar‐39Ar analyses to examine the impact histories of a suite of seven ordinary chondrites (Baszkówka, Miller, NWA 2380, Mount Tazerzait, Sahara 98034, Tjerebon, and MIL 99301) that partially preserve their ancient, but postaccretionary, porosity ranging from 10 to 20%. We examine whether materials that seem to be only mildly processed (as their large intergranular pore spaces suggest) may have more complex shock histories. The ages determined for most of the seven OCs studied here indicate closure of the 40Ar‐39Ar system after primary accretion, but during (Baszkówka) or shortly after (others) thermal metamorphism, with little subsequent heating. Exceptions include Sahara 98034 and MIL 99301, which were heated to some degree at later stages, but retain some evidence for the timing of thermal metamorphism in the 40Ar‐39Ar system. Although each of these chondrites has olivine grains with sharp optical extinction (signaling an apparent shock stage of S1), normally indicative of an extremely mild impact history, all of the samples contain relict shock indicators. Given the high porosity and relatively low degree of compaction coupled with signs of shock and thermal annealing, it seems plausible that impacts into materials that were already hot may have produced the relict shock indicators. Initial heating could have resulted from prior collisions, the decay of 26Al, or both processes.
Overexpression of CupB5 activates alginate overproduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a novel AlgW‐dependent mechanism
Authors: de Regt Anna K. , Yin Yeshi , Withers T. Ryan , Wang Xin , Baker Tania A. , Sauer Robert T. , Yu Hongwei D. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryIn Pseudomonas aeruginosa, alginate overproduction, also known as mucoidy, is negatively regulated by the transmembrane protein MucA, which sequesters the alternative sigma factor AlgU. MucA is degraded via a proteolysis pathway that frees AlgU from sequestration, activating alginate biosynthesis. Initiation of this pathway normally requires two signals: peptide sequences in unassembled outer‐membrane proteins (OMPs) activate the AlgW protease, and unassembled lipopolysaccharides bind periplasmic MucB, releasing MucA and facilitating its proteolysis by activated AlgW. To search for novel alginate regulators, we screened a transposon library in the non‐mucoid reference strain PAO1, and identified a mutant that confers mucoidy through overexpression of a protein encoded by the chaperone‐usher pathway gene cupB5. CupB5‐dependent mucoidy occurs through the AlgU pathway and can be reversed by overexpression of MucA or MucB. In the presence of activating OMP peptides, peptides corresponding to a region of CupB5 needed for mucoidy further stimulated AlgW cleavage of MucA in vitro. Moreover, the CupB5 peptide allowed OMP‐activated AlgW cleavage of MucA in the presence of the MucB inhibitor. These results support a novel mechanism for conversion to mucoidy in which the proteolytic activity of AlgW and its ability to compete with MucB for MucA is mediated by independent peptide signals.