bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Splash jet generated by collision of two liquid wedges
Authors: Semenov Y. A. , Wu G. X. , Oliver J. M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA complete nonlinear self-similar solution that characterizes the impact of two liquid wedges symmetric about the velocity direction is obtained assuming the liquid to be ideal and incompressible, with negligible surface tension and gravity effects. Employing the integral hodograph method, analytical expressions for the complex potential and for its derivatives are derived. The boundary value problem is reduced to two integro-differential equations in terms of the velocity modulus and angle to the free surface. Numerical results are presented in a wide range of wedge angles for the free surface shapes, streamline patterns, and pressure distributions. It is found that the splash jet may cause secondary impacts. The regions with and without secondary impacts in the plane of the wedge angles are determined.
A description of turbulent wall-flow vorticity consistent with mean dynamics
Authors: Klewicki J. C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA depiction of the mean and fluctuating vorticity structure in turbulent wall flows is presented and described within the context of the self-similar properties admitted by the mean dynamical equation. Data from a relatively wide range of numerical and physical experiments are used to explore and clarify the structure postulated. The mean vorticity indicator for the onset of the four-layer regime of the mean dynamics is revealed. With increasing Reynolds number, the mean vorticity is shown to segregate into two increasingly well-defined domains. Half of the mean vorticity concentrates into a near-wall region of width (relative to the overall flow width) that diminishes proportionally to the inverse square root of Reynolds number. The remainder of the mean vorticity is spread, with diminishing amplitude, over an outer domain that approaches the overall flow width at high Reynolds number. Vorticity stretching and reorientation are surmised to be the characteristic mechanisms accounting for the inner domain behaviour of both the mean and fluctuating vorticity. Vorticity dispersion via advective transport is surmised to be the characteristic mechanism in the outer domain. In this domain, the fluctuating enstrophy approaches that of the instantaneous enstrophy with increasing Reynolds number. This underpins an emerging self-similarity between the mean and r.m.s. vorticity in the domain where the mean velocity profile is logarithmic. The Reynolds number dependence of a number of properties associated with the vorticity field is explored and quantified. The study closes with brief account of the combined vortical and mean dynamical structure of turbulent wall flows.
Plasma phospholipid EPA and DHA are divergently associated with overall mortality in newly diagnosed diabetic patients: results from a follow-up of the Nord-Trøndelag Health (HUNT) Study, Norway
Authors: Lindberg Morten , Åsberg Arne , Midthjell Kristian , Bjerve Kristian S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractData concerning the long-term effects of n-3 and n-6 PUFA on disease control and development of complications in diabetic patients are inconsistent. The relationship between plasma phospholipid PUFA and total mortality in type 2 diabetes is unknown. The present study aims to investigate the association between plasma phospholipid fatty acid relative concentrations expressed as weight percentage and total mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mortality rates were evaluated at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes (n 323) and matched non-diabetic controls (n 200) recruited from the Nord-Trøndelag Health (HUNT) Study, Norway. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were constructed and Cox regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) adjusted for biochemical and clinical covariates. After 10 years of follow-up, EPA in the diabetic population was negatively associated with total mortality, with an HR at the fifth quintile of 0·47 (95 % CI 0·25, 0·90) compared with the first quintile. In contrast, DHA was positively associated with total mortality, with an HR at the fifth quintile of 2·87 (95 % CI 1·45, 5·66). Neither EPA nor DHA was associated with total mortality in matched non-diabetic controls. In conclusion, plasma phospholipid relative concentrations of EPA were negatively associated, while those of DHA were positively associated with total mortality in diabetics. This difference in associations suggests a differential effect of EPA and DHA in patients with type 2 diabetes.
AFRICA IN IMPERIAL AND TRANSNATIONAL HISTORY: MULTI-SITED HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE NECESSITY OF THEORY
Authors: Zimmerman Andrew 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA multi-sited, but nonetheless locally grounded, transnational history breaks with older modes of imperial history that treated Africa as little more than a setting for the history of colonizers. More recently, critical approaches to imperial history have pointed to, but not adequately pursued, the treatment of colonizer and colonized as coeval subjects of history and objects of analysis. Historians of Africa and the diaspora, however, moved beyond imperial history decades ago, and these fields provide important resources and models for transnational historians. Transnational history, nonetheless, always risks reproducing the boundaries between colonizer and colonized that it seeks to overcome. The need to think outside of empire from within a world structured by empires requires that historians embrace critical theory, but in a manner consistent with the groundedness of multi-sited historiography.
REFLECTIONS ON THE RECENT HISTORIOGRAPHY OF EASTERN CONGO
Authors: LEMARCHAND RENÉ 
Published: November 2013

AbstractConsidering the scale of violence that has accompanied the crisis in eastern Congo, the avalanche of academic writings on the subject is hardly surprising. Whether it helps us better understand the region's tortured history is a matter of opinion. This critical article grapples with the contributions of the recent literature on what has been described as the deadliest conflict since the Second World War. The aim, in brief, is to reflect on the historical context of the crisis, examine its relation to the politics of neighboring states, identify and assess the theoretical vantage points from which it has been approached, and, in conclusion, sketch out promising new directions for further research by social scientists. A unifying question that runs throughout the recent literature on the eastern Congo is how might a functioning state be restored or how might civil society organizations serve as alternatives to such a state – but there is little unanimity in the answers.
The prevalence of carbapenemase genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from five teaching hospitals in central China
Authors: HU L. , ZHONG Q. , SHANG Y. , WANG H. , NING C. , LI Y. , HANG Y. , XIONG J. , WANG X. , XU Y. , QIN Z. , PARSONS C. , WANG L. , YU F. 
Published: November 2013

SUMMARYWe investigated the prevalence of β-lactamase genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants in 51 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) from five teaching hospitals in central China. The prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae was 1·0% (51/5012). Of 51 CRE, 31 (60·8%) isolates were positive for one tested carbapenemase gene, while 10 (19·6%) were simultaneously positive for two tested carbapenemase genes. The positive rates of blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, blaIMP-4, blaIMP-26 and blaIMP-8 were 54·9%, 17·6%, 11·8%, 11·8% and 3·9%, respectively. Of 10 CRE with two carbapenemase genes, three, five, one and one were positive for blaKPC-2 and blaIMP-4, blaKPC-2 and blaIMP-26, blaKPC-2 and blaIMP-8, and blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1, respectively. Eight of nine blaNDM-1-positive isolates lacked carbapenemases by the modified Hodge test, while 27/28 isolates harbouring blaKPC-2 were positive for carbapenemases determined by this test; 41·2% of the CRE-positive isolates also harboured ESBL genes in various combinations (three and two positive for blaKPC-2 also carried blaDHA-1 and blaCMY-2). The positive rates of qnrS1, qnrA1, qnrB and aac-(6/)-Ib-cr in CRE were 25·5%, 9·8%, 23·5% and 15·7%, respectively. In particular, 7/9 isolates harbouring blaNDM-1 were positive for these quinolone resistance genes, of which five carried qnrS1 and two carried qnrS1 and qnrB4. All but two of 29 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were grouped into 20 clonal clusters by PFGE, with the predominant cluster accounting for four blaKPC-2-positive isolates distributed in the same hospital. We conclude that there is a high prevalence of blaNDM-1 and PMQR determinants in CRE isolates in central China. Multiple resistance determinants in various combinations co-exist in these strains and we report for the first time the co-existence of blaKPC-2 and blaIMP-26 in a strain of Klebsiella oxytoca.
PKPD Modeling of VEGF, sVEGFR‐2, sVEGFR‐3, and sKIT as Predictors of Tumor Dynamics and Overall Survival Following Sunitinib Treatment in GIST
Authors: Hansson EK , Amantea MA , Westwood P , Milligan PA , Houk BE , French J , Karlsson MO , Friberg LE 
Published: November 2013

The predictive value of longitudinal biomarker data (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble VEGF receptor (sVEGFR)‐2, sVEGFR‐3, and soluble stem cell factor receptor (sKIT)) for tumor response and survival was assessed based on data from 303 patients with imatinib‐resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) receiving sunitinib and/or placebo treatment. The longitudinal tumor size data were well characterized by a tumor growth inhibition model, which included, as significant descriptors of tumor size change, the model‐predicted relative changes from baseline over time for sKIT (most significant) and sVEGFR‐3, in addition to sunitinib exposure. Survival time was best described by a parametric time‐to‐event model with baseline tumor size and relative change in sVEGFR‐3 over time as predictive factors. Based on the proposed modeling framework to link longitudinal biomarker data with overall survival using pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic models, sVEGFR‐3 demonstrated the greatest predictive potential for overall survival following sunitinib treatment in GIST.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology(2013) 2, e84; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.61; advance online publication 20 November 2013
Identification and removal of low-complexity sites in allele-specific analysis of ChIP-seq data
Authors: Waszak Sebastian M. , Kilpinen Helena , Gschwind Andreas R. , Orioli Andrea , Raghav Sunil K. , Witwicki Robert M. , Migliavacca Eugenia , Yurovsky Alisa , Lappalainen Tuuli , Hernandez Nouria , Reymond Alexandre , Dermitzakis Emmanouil T. , Deplancke Bart 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Motivation: High-throughput sequencing technologies enable the genome-wide analysis of the impact of genetic variation on molecular phenotypes at unprecedented resolution. However, although powerful, these technologies can also introduce unexpected artifacts.
Results: We investigated the impact of library amplification bias on the identification of allele-specific (AS) molecular events from high-throughput sequencing data derived from chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP-seq). Putative AS DNA binding activity for RNA polymerase II was determined using ChIP-seq data derived from lymphoblastoid cell lines of two parent–daughter trios. We found that, at high-sequencing depth, many significant AS binding sites suffered from an amplification bias, as evidenced by a larger number of clonal reads representing one of the two alleles. To alleviate this bias, we devised an amplification bias detection strategy, which filters out sites with low read complexity and sites featuring a significant excess of clonal reads. This method will be useful for AS analyses involving ChIP-seq and other functional sequencing assays.
Availability: The R package absfilter for library clonality simulations and detection of amplification-biased sites is available from http://updepla1srv1.epfl.ch/waszaks/absfilter
Contact: sebastian.waszak@epfl.ch or bart.deplancke@epfl.ch
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Optic Nerve Cupping and the Neuro-Ophthalmologist
Authors: Fraser Clare L. , White Andrew J. R. , Plant Gordon T. , Martin Keith R. 
Published: November 2013

Background:
While glaucoma is the most common cause of optic disc cupping, it can also be seen in a number of congenital and acquired optic neuropathies. It behooves both glaucoma and neuro-ophthalmic specialists to be able to differentiate glaucoma from neurological conditions, which give a similar ophthalmoscopic appearance to the optic disc.

Evidence Acquisition:
This review is a combination of the authors' clinical experience from tertiary glaucoma and neuro-ophthalmology referral centers, combined with a literature review using PubMed.

Results:
Even for experienced observers, differentiation between glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous cupping can be difficult. In the majority of cases, this distinction can be made following a careful clinical examination combined with a variety of imaging techniques. Possible mechanisms, which lead to changes in optic disc morphology, are reviewed.

Conclusions:
Differentiating glaucomatous from nonglaucomatous optic disc cupping can be a formidable challenge for the clinician. Examination of the patient combined with imaging of the retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc topography provides a basis to resolve this clinical conundrum.
Unusual Small Subunit That Is Not Expressed in Photosynthetic Cells Alters the Catalytic Properties of Rubisco in Rice
Authors: Morita Koichi , Hatanaka Tomoko , Misoo Shuji , Fukayama Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Rubisco small subunits (RbcSs) are encoded by a nuclear multigene family in plants. Five RbcS genes, OsRbcS1, OsRbcS2, OsRbcS3, OsRbcS4, and OsRbcS5, have been identified in rice (Oryza sativa). Among them, the amino acid sequence of OsRbcS1 differs notably from those of other rice RbcSs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that OsRbcS1 is genetically distant from other rice RbcS genes and more closely related to RbcS from a fern and two woody plants. Reverse transcription-PCR and promoter β-glucuronidase analyses revealed that OsRbcS1 was not expressed in leaf blade, a major photosynthetic organ in rice, but was expressed in leaf sheath, culm, anther, and root central cylinder. In leaf blade of transgenic rice overexpressing OsRbcS1 and leaf sheath of nontransgenic rice, OsRbcS1 was incorporated into the Rubisco holoenzyme. Incorporation of OsRbcS1 into Rubisco increased the catalytic turnover rate and K m for CO2 of the enzyme and slightly decreased the specificity for CO2, indicating that the catalytic properties were shifted to those of a high-activity type Rubisco. The CO2 assimilation rate at low CO2 partial pressure was decreased in overexpression lines but was not changed under ambient and high CO2 partial pressure compared with nontransgenic rice. Although the Rubisco content was increased, Rubisco activation state was decreased in overexpression lines. These results indicate that the catalytic properties of Rubisco can be altered by ectopic expression of OsRbcS1, with substantial effects on photosynthetic performance in rice. We believe this is the first demonstration of organ-specific expression of individual members of the RbcS gene family resulting in marked effects on Rubisco catalytic activity.
Ductal carcinomain situinChinese women undergoing opportunistic breast cancer screening
Authors: Ma Kwok‐Kuen , Lau Silvia Suk‐Sze , Cheung Polly Suk‐Yee 
Published: November 2013

AimBefore the introduction of breast cancer screening in 1990, ductal carcinomain situ(DCIS) was a rare disease, representing less than 2 per cent of all breast cancers inChinese. With the availability of screening mammography,DCIS, which is believed to be the precursor of invasive breast cancers, is diagnosed with increasing frequency. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of breast cancer screening by comparing the clinicopathological differences between screen‐detected and symptomaticDCISin the largest cohort ofChinese women.Patients and MethodsBetweenMarch 2003 andMarch 2008, 206Chinese women withDCISwere treated in theHongKong Sanatorium and Hospital Breast Care Centre. They were divided into two groups according to the mode of discovery: 87 (42 per cent) women were allocated to the screen‐detectedDCISgroup, and 119 (58 per cent) women were allocated to the symptomaticDCISgroup. Clinical records and pathological reports were recorded prospectively in our multidisciplinary breast conference and reviewed retrospectively. Differences in demographic information, clinical data and breast cancer prognostic markers between the two groups were evaluated.ResultsOnly 8.2 per cent of women with screen‐detectedDCISwere under the age of 40, but it was not uncommon in women with symptomaticDCIS(23.7 per cent,P = 0.002). Women with screen‐detectedDCISalso had a stronger family history of breast cancer (21.8 per cent), while only 8.4 per cent of women with symptomaticDCIShad a family history (P = 0.006). The tumour size of the screen‐detectedDCISwas smaller (mean and median: 21.9 mm and 15 mm, respectively) than the symptomaticDCIS(28.8 mm and 26 mm, respectively;P = 0.004). The tumour grade showed no difference (P = 0.639) between the two groups. Women with screen‐detectedDCISwere more likely to undergo breast‐conserving surgery (odds ratio = 2.185, 95 per cent confidence interval: 1.225–3.900,P = 0.008). There was no difference demonstrated in terms of oestrogen receptor (ER) (P = 0.929) expression, progesterone receptor (PR) (P = 0.578) expression,C‐erbB‐2 score (P = 0.089),Ki‐67 index (P = 0.312) and triple negative for the ER/PR/C‐erbB‐2 score (P = 0.201).ConclusionBreast cancer screening allows for the early detection of high‐gradeDCIS, which are considered more prone to develop into invasive cancer. Further studies are needed to review if mass screening will be translated into cost‐effectiveness and reduced mortality of breast cancer inHongKong.
Splenectomy in the management of Evans syndrome in adults: Long‐term follow up of 32 patients
Authors: Li Yongbin , Pankaj Prasoon , Wang Xin , Wang Yichao , Peng Bing 
Published: November 2013

AimLiterature relating to the long‐term outcome after splenectomy for Evans syndrome (ES) is limited, therefore, in the present study, we sought to examine the clinical experience of splenectomy for ES, paying particular attention to the long‐term outcome related to the disease process requiring splenectomy.Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed a series of splenectomies for ES from January 1992 to January 2012. Patients' demographics, indications for splenectomy, perioperative morbidity and mortality were investigated. Haematological outcomes were followed in both the short term (postoperative 30 days) and long term (last contact or death). Response to splenectomy was ranked as: complete response [CR, platelet (PLT) ≥ 100 × 109/L, haemoglobin (Hb) ≥ 120 g/L, without haemolysis and transfusion], partial response (PR, PLT = 50–99 × 109/L, Hb: 100–119 g/L or an increase of at least 20 g/L from baseline), no response (NR, any others), relapse (PLT < 50 × 109/L or Hb drop > 20 g/L from CR or PR).ResultsA total of 32 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria of splenectomy for ES. Indications for splenectomy included: refractory to 19 (59 per cent) treatments, dependent on nine (28 per cent) treatments and patient intolerance of four (13 per cent) treatments. None of patients experienced perioperative mortality. Perioperative morbidity was 19 per cent, and the short‐term response was 72 per cent. After a mean follow up of 6.9 ± 4.9 (0.1–20) years, 21 (66 per cent) patients achieved long‐term response, including 13 (41 per cent) CR and eight (25 per cent) PR. The remaining 11 (34 per cent) patients had NR; six of those 11 patients suffered relapse.ConclusionsSplenectomy should be considered a safe and efficacious approach for ES.
Retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureteroureterostomy for retrocaval ureter: A report of 15 cases
Authors: Zhang Jiexiu , Liu Bianjiang , Song Ninghong , Hua Lixin , Wang Zengjun , Yin Changjun , Zhang Wei 
Published: November 2013

AimThe aim of the current study was to present our techniques and experience with retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureteroureterostomy (LUUS) in 15 patients with retrocaval ureter.Patients and MethodsA total of 15 patients with retrocaval ureter underwent retroperitoneal LUUS. A four‐port, finger and balloon‐dissecting, retroperitoneal approach was used. Follow‐up studies were performed with renal ultrasonography and intravenous pyelography.ResultsAll operations were completed laparoscopically without conversion to open surgery. The mean operative time was 120 (90∼170) min. The mean blood loss was 30 (15∼50) mL. All of the patients had an uneventful recovery. No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. At follow up, 3 and 6 months after discharge, remarkable improvement in the ureteral obstruction was observed.ConclusionsOur results indicate that retroperitoneal LUUS is a safe, effective and minimally‐invasive treatment for retrocaval ureter. Laparoscopic surgery could be the preferred treatment for retrocaval ureter.
Thoracoacromial artery perforator flap based on the clavicular branch: A new option in regional reconstruction
Authors: Yildiz Kemalettin , Baygol Emre Gonenc , Ergun Selma Sonmez , Karaaltin Mehmet Veli , Yesiloglu Nebil , Guneren Ethem 
Published: November 2013

AimThoarcoacromial artery‐based perforator flaps are rarely used in clinical practice, especially for the reconstruction of head, neck and axillary regions. In the present study, we present a case with an anterior chest wall soft tissue defect that was reconstructed using a thoarcoacromial artery‐based perforator flap based on the clavicular branch.Patients and MethodsA 65‐year‐old male patient presented with an anterior chest wall defect secondary to tumour resection, which was reconstructed using a thoarcoacromial artery‐based perforator flap.ResultsThe patient healed successfully without any early or late complications. To date, he is still followed up by plastic surgery and oncology departments.ConclusionAlthough there may be variable consistencies, the thoracoacromial artery perforator flap could be a good alternative to pectoralis major flap for upper chest wall, axilla and neck reconstructions.