bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TREATMENT OF OVERACTIVE BLADDER: OTHER DRUG MECHANISMS
Authors: ANDERSSON KARL‐ERIK 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe well‐known side effects of antimuscarinic drugs have focused interest on other ways of treating overactive bladder. Targets for pharmacologic intervention may be found in the central nervous system (CNS) or peripherally. Several CNS transmitter systems can modulate voiding, but few drugs with a defined CNS site of action have been demonstrated to be clinically useful. The mechanism of action of imipramine, which may be effective in the treatment of overactive bladder, has not yet been clarified. Like imipramine, duloxetine is an inhibitor of serotonin (5‐HT) and norepinephrine reuptake. Duloxetine has shown some promise in the treatment of urinary incontinence, but, as with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, its effectiveness in the treatment of overactive bladder has not been proven. Drugs affecting norepinephrine, dopamine or γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and mechanisms may be useful. There is also evidence for a central site of action of α1‐adrenoceptor (AR) antagonists. Traditionally, drugs for the treatment of overactive bladder have had a peripheral site of action. Drugs acting on ARs or membrane channels, as well as prostaglandin synthase inhibitors and several other agents, have been used with moderate success. However, recent developments may lead to more effective drugs, including potassium channel openers, prostaglandins, selective and nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and those acting on the β3‐ARs in the human detrusor. Drugs that reduce afferent activity represent an attractive therapeutic approach, and transmitters of afferent nerves and their receptors are possible targets for pharmacologic interventions.
Heart rate variability during social interactions in children with and without psychopathology: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Shahrestani Sara , Stewart Elizabeth M. , Quintana Daniel S. , Hickie Ian B. , Guastella Adam J. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe inability to regulate autonomic activity during social interactions is believed to contribute to social and emotional dysregulation in children. Research has employed heart rate variability (HRV) during both socially engaging and socially disengaging dyadic tasks between children and adults to assess this.MethodsWe conducted a meta‐analysis including evidence from 18 studies comprising 1,544 children who were categorized as either healthy or at risk/diagnosed with psychopathology. Within these groups, we assessed the impact of social engagement and disengagement tasks on HRV.ResultsResults showed that social engagement tasks left HRV unaltered to a baseline. Social disengagement, however, was associated with decreases in HRV. In a task that included disengagement and then engagement, HRV was reduced during disengagement but was then restored during the reunion phase (engagement). Children at risk or with a diagnosis for psychopathology, however, failed to show any change in HRV during dyadic social interaction tasks. This was despite a social stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test, causing significantly reduced HRV in both groups.ConclusionsThis meta‐analysis provides support to suggest HRV may provide a worthwhile context specific marker for the effective regulation of dyadic social interactions in children.
Skin viscoelasticity in incipient gravitational syndrome
Authors: Piérard Gérald E , Paquet Philippe , Piérard‐Franchimont Claudine 
Published: March 2014

SummaryBackgroundThe gravitational syndrome resulting from venous pressure elevation occasionally develops on the legs during pregnancy. The limb tends to enlarge and become stiffer. The body contours are altered.AimsTo assess incipient gravitational edema due to chronic venous insufficiency using measurements of the skin tensile strength.MethodA total of 21 women aged 28–37 years were enrolled in the study. Evaluations were made twice in each subject following an alternate use and avoidance of daytime elastic contention. Skin viscoelasticity was measured on the mid portion of the calves using a computerized suction device.ResultsThe discretely increased consistency of skin showing abnormal rheological characteristics at the site of incipient gravitational edema was significantly improved by contention therapy. Under progressive suction measurements, both skin distensibility, biologic elasticity and hysteresis were increased after wearing tight stockings. The biologic elasticity appears to be the most sensitive parameter pointing to the diagnosis of gravitational syndrome.ConclusionNoninvasive measurements of the skin viscoelasticity, particularly the biologic elasticity, represent an objective assessment of both early gravitational edema and its control by contention therapy.
Reinsurance Networks and Their Impact on Reinsurance Decisions: Theory and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Lin Yijia , Yu Jifeng , Peterson Manferd O. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article investigates the role of reinsurance networks in an insurer's reinsurance purchase decision. Drawing on network theory, we develop a framework that delineates how the pattern of linkages among reinsurers determines three reinsurance costs (loadings, contagion costs, and search and monitoring costs) and characterizes an insurer's optimal network structure. Consistent with empirical evidence based on longitudinal data from the U.S. property and casualty insurance industry, our model predicts an inverted U‐shaped relationship between the insurer's optimal percentage of reinsurance ceded and the number of its reinsurers. Moreover, we find that a linked network may be optimal ex ante even though linkages among reinsurers may spread financial contagion, supporting the model's prediction regarding social capital benefits associated with network cohesion. Our theoretical model and empirical results have implications for other networks such as loan sale market networks and over‐the‐counter dealer networks.
The willingness of US pediatric dentists to use atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) with their patients: a conjoint analysis
Authors: Kateeb Elham Talib , Warren John , Gaeth Gary , Damiano Peter , Momany Elizabeth , Kanellis Michael J. , Weber‐Gasparoni Karin , Ansley Timothy 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) was developed as an affordable, patient‐friendly dental caries management procedure that does not need extensive operator training or special skills. The aim of this study was to determine factors that influence the decision to use ART using an innovative marketing research technique known as conjoint analysis.MethodsA conjoint survey was completed by 723 members of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Three factors (age of the child, level of cooperation, type of insurance) were varied across three levels to create nine patient scenarios. The weights that practitioners placed on these factors in decisions to use ART in treating carious lesions were determined by conjoint analysis. Factors such as lesion location, depth, and extension were fixed in the nine clinical scenarios.ResultsSeven‐hundred twenty‐three pediatric dentists completed the survey (32 percent). Age of the child was the most important factor in pediatric dentists' decisions to use ART (46 percent) compared with level of cooperation (41 percent) and type of insurance coverage (11 percent). For the age factor, the age of 2 years had the greatest utility (0.55) compared with age 4 (−0.09) and age 6 (−0.46). For types of insurance coverage, having no insurance (0.124) had the greatest utility compared with having public insurance (−0.119).ConclusionsAlthough insurance coverage was the least important among the factors, being without insurance, being very young, and being uncooperative was the scenario where pediatric dentists most favored ART when making trade offs between different factors using the conjoint design.
Barriers and facilitators to children's use of speech‐generating devices: a descriptive qualitative study of mothers' perspectives
Authors: Crisp Cheryl , Draucker Claire Burke , Ellett Marsha L. Cirgin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators to children's use of speech‐generating devices (SGD).Design and MethodsInterviews with 14 mothers were analyzed with content analysis to identify barriers and facilitators to SGD use.ResultsThis study identified a number of specific barriers and facilitators to successful and sustained SGD use by children with complex communication disorders.Practice ImplicationsNurses can use the list of barriers and facilitators provided here as a springboard to discuss the families' experiences with device use.
Diabetes enhances the intrahepatic vascular response to endothelin‐1 in cirrhotic rats: association with the ETA receptor and pERK up‐regulation
Authors: Lee Jing‐Yi , Lee Fa‐Yauh , Huo Teh‐Ia , Wang Sun‐Sang , Huang Hui‐Chun , Lin Han‐Chieh , Chuang Chiao‐Lin , Lee Shou‐Dong 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsCirrhosis is characterized by increased intrahepatic vascular resistance and enhanced vasocontractile responsiveness that impedes portal inflow and elevates portal pressure, in which endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) plays a role. Diabetes and glucose influence vasoresponsiveness but their impact on the intrahepatic vascular bed in cirrhosis is unknown. To investigate intrahepatic ET‐1 vasoresponsiveness in cirrhotic rats with and without diabetes and to explore the underlying mechanisms.MethodsSpraque‐Dawley rats received common bile‐duct ligation (BDL) to induce cirrhosis. Streptozotocin was injected to induce diabetes in the BDL rats (BDL/STZ). In situ liver perfusion was performed to obtain the ET‐1 concentration‐response curves. The basic hemodynamics and hepatic protein expressions of ET‐1 receptors, pERK, ERK, pAkt, Akt, iNOS, eNOS, peNOS and calmodulin were evaluated. The circulating concentrations of N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐ProBNP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were also determined.ResultsBody weight, mean arterial pressure, heart rate and survival rate were significantly decreased in the BDL/STZ rats. The perfusion pressure changes in response to ET‐1 were higher in the BDL/STZ group for all perfusates. ETA receptor and pERK expressions were enhanced in the BDL/STZ group. The circulating concentrations of NT‐ProBNP, BUN and creatinine, as well as SMA flow, were not significantly different between the BDL and BDL/STZ groups.ConclusionCirrhotic rats with diabetes showed higher intrahepatic ET‐1 vasoresponsiveness than normoglycemic cirrhotic rats. This effect is not affected by changes in perfused glucose concentration and may be related, at least in part, to intrahepatic ETAR receptor and pERK over‐expression.
Effect of Sacral Neuromodulation on Outcome Measures and Urine Chemokines in Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome Patients
Authors: PETERS Kenneth M. , JAYABALAN Nirmal , BUI Don , KILLINGER Kim , CHANCELLOR Michael , TYAGI Pradeep 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesSacral neuromodulation (SNM) may improve interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/BPS) symptoms of urinary frequency, urgency and perhaps even pain, but objective measures of improvement are lacking. We evaluated the potential for urinary chemokines to serve as measures of treatment response over time to SNM.MethodsWomen with IC/BPS undergoing SNM consented for this study. Three‐day bladder/pain diaries were collected at baseline and validated Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Problem Index (ICSPI) scores and mid‐stream urine specimens were collected at baseline and at 24 weeks after successful implant. Collected urine was screened for infection by dipstick and analyzed for chemokines by luminex xMAP analysis.ResultsAt baseline (n = 16), urine levels of CXCL‐1 positively correlated with pain score (r = 0.63, P = 0.009), urgency (r = 0.61, P = 0.01), ICSPI (r = 0.43, P = 0.09) and daily voids (r = 0.44, P = 0.08). ICSPI and pain scores also positively correlated with sIL‐1ra (r = 0.50, P = 0.04) and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) or CCL2 positively correlated with daily voids (r = 0.45, P = 0.07) only. At 24 weeks, the median ICSPI index fell from 28 to 15 (n = 7, P = 0.008). Urine levels of sIL‐1ra (633.8 ± 188.2 vs. 149.9 ± 41.62 pg/mL) and MCP‐1 (448.3 ± 11.6 vs. 176.9 ± 46.16 pg/mL) and CCL5 (20.78 ± 4.09 vs. 11.21 ± 4.12 pg/mL) were also significantly reduced at the follow‐up relative to baseline values (P = 0.04). Multivariable analysis of data revealed that sIL‐1ra and MCP‐1 together explained the majority of variance in data. Levels of CXCL‐1, CXCL‐10, interleukin (IL)‐8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) were also reduced at 24 weeks, but differences were not significant.ConclusionsConcomitant decrease in urine levels of chemokines especially MCP‐1 was associated with treatment response of SNM. These results support the role of chemokines as downstream effectors of neuromodulation response and could serve as potential non‐invasive measures of treatment response.Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT01739946.
Finescale ecological niche modeling provides evidence that lactating gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) prefer access to fresh water in order to drink
Authors: Stewart James E. , Pomeroy Paddy P. , Duck Callan D. , Twiss Sean D. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMany phocids are capital breeders, relying on stored reserves to sustain energetic requirements while on land. Their large body size, high energy expenditure during lactation, and the insulative effects of the blubber layer can lead to thermal stress from overheating, especially in warm and temperate climates. Thermal stress can influence fine‐scale site choice on breeding colonies, and behavioral thermoregulation has been proposed as an explanation for the clear preferences shown by breeding female gray seals for proximity to pools of water. However, anecdotal observations suggest that pools of water may also be preferred for drinking, though water intake is difficult to verify without real‐time physiological monitoring. Here, an alternative approach demonstrates that gray seals also require access to water for drinking. Using Ecological Niche Factor Analysis to examine fine‐scale physical determinants of pupping site choice at North Rona, Scotland, we found that lactating mothers showed preference for lower salinity pools. This is most pronounced early in the season, when ambient temperatures and presumably thermal stress are greatest. Given that the cooling effect of fresh and salt water should be equivalent, the most parsimonious explanation for this preference for fresh water pools is that lactating females use these pools for drinking.
Serological and antigenic profiles of clinical isolates of Paracoccidioides spp. from Central Western Brazil
Authors: Queiroz Júnior Luiz de Pádua , de Camargo Zoilo Pires , Tadano Tomoko , Rodrigues Anderson Messias , Takarara Doracilde Terumi , Gegembauer Gregory , Araujo Leticia Mendes , Hahn Rosane Christine 
Published: March 2014

SummaryClinical Paracoccidioides spp. isolates from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) in Mato Grosso, Brazil exhibit different patterns of serologic reactivity. The results observed for reactions of radial immunodiffusion against the commonly used exoantigens containing a 43‐kDa glycoprotein (gp43) suggest that this fungus exhibits major antigenic variability by geographic region. There is a phylogenetic gap between Paracoccidioides spp. isolates among different regions of Latin America. In particular, those from the central region of Brazil (i.e. Mato Grosso state) exhibit a lower rate of genetic similarity. We aimed at investigating the phylogenetic classification of clinical isolates of Paracoccidioides spp. in Central Brazil and the different antigenic profiles that produce. Exoantigens were obtained from five clinical isolates: two P. brasiliensis (Pb166 and Pb2880) and three P. lutzii (PL2875, PL9840, and PL2912). The protein/glycoprotein profiles of P. lutzii exoantigens were different from each other. Isolate PL9840 exhibited the most distinct bands, and isolates PL2875 and PL2912 exhibited more diffuse bands and a very intense band between 50 and 60 kDa. P. brasiliensis isolates had similar protein profiles, exhibiting a low‐intensity band at 220 kDa and a diffuse band between 50 and 60 kDa. P. lutzii isolates exhibit high species‐specific antigen variability, which we have already been assessed in proteomic studies.
Mapping social processes at work in nursing knowledge development
Authors: Hamilton Patti , Willis Eileen , Henderson Julie , Harvey Clare , Toffoli Luisa , Abery Elizabeth , Verrall Claire 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we suggest a blueprint for combining bibliometrics and critical analysis as a way to review published scientific works in nursing. This new approach is neither a systematic review nor meta‐analysis. Instead, it is a way for researchers and clinicians to understand how and why current nursing knowledge developed as it did. Our approach will enable consumers and producers of nursing knowledge to recognize and take into account the social processes involved in the development, evaluation, and utilization of new nursing knowledge. We offer a rationale and a strategy for examining the socially‐sanctioned actions by which nurse scientists signal to readers the boundaries of their thinking about a problem, the roots of their ideas, and the significance of their work. These actions – based on social processes of authority, credibility, and prestige – have bearing on the careers of nurse scientists and on the ways the knowledge they create enters into the everyday world of nurse clinicians and determines their actions at the bedside, as well as their opportunities for advancement.
Exercise intervention for fatigue‐related symptoms inThai women with breast cancer: A pilot study
Authors: Naraphong Wipasiri , Lane Adrianne , Schafer John , Whitmer Kyra , Wilson Bradley R. A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this pilot study was to preliminarily examine the effects of an exercise program on the symptoms of fatigue, sleep disturbance, mood disturbance, symptom distress, and physical fitness for Thai women with breast cancer. Twenty‐three eligible women were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 11) or to a control group (n = 12). Data were collected and analyzed at baseline and again at 4, 7, and 10 weeks. At each time point, fatigue was measured at an expected high point during treatment. Participants in the exercise group demonstrated a trend toward improving the symptoms with mean score changes. Using generalized estimating equations analysis, a significant decrease in mood disturbance was found in the exercise group compared with control at 10 weeks (β = 0.03,P = 0.04). The participants exhibited significantly longer 12‐minute walk distance at 10 weeks than those in the control group (t = 2.28,P = 0.04). These results indicate that exercise during adjuvant chemotherapy may be beneficial for Thai women with breast cancer.
Knockdown of mitochondrial alternative oxidase induces the ‘stress state’ of signaling molecule pools in Nicotiana tabacum, with implications for stomatal function
Authors: Cvetkovska Marina , Dahal Keshav , Alber Nicole A. , Jin Cathy , Cheung Melissa , Vanlerberghe Greg C. 
Published: March 2014

Summary

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) includes an alternative oxidase (AOX) that may control the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). ROS and RNS act as signaling intermediates in numerous plant processes, including stomatal movement.

The role of AOX in controlling ROS and RNS concentrations under both steady‐state and different stress conditions was evaluated using Nicotiana tabacum plants lacking AOX as a result of RNA interference. A potential functional implication of changes in ROS and RNS homeostasis was also evaluated by examining stomatal function.

The leaves of nonstressed AOX knockdowns maintained concentrations of H2O2 and nitric oxide (NO) normally seen in wildtype plants only under stress conditions. Further, guard cell NO amounts were much higher in knockdowns. These guard cells were altered in size and were less responsive to NO as a signal for stomatal closure. This, in turn, compromised the stomatal response to changing irradiance.

The results reveal a role for AOX in stomata. A working model is that guard cell AOX respiration maintains NO homeostasis by preventing over‐reduction of the ETC, particularly during periods when high concentrations of NO acting as a signal for stomatal closure may also be inhibiting cyt oxidase respiration.
The visual and functional impacts of astigmatism and its clinical management
Authors: Read Scott A. , Vincent Stephen J. , Collins Michael J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPurposeTo provide a comprehensive overview of research examining the impact of astigmatism on clinical and functional measures of vision, the short and longer term adaptations to astigmatism that occur in the visual system, and the currently available clinical options for the management of patients with astigmatism.Recent findingsThe presence of astigmatism can lead to substantial reductions in visual performance in a variety of clinical vision measures and functional visual tasks. Recent evidence demonstrates that astigmatic blur results in short‐term adaptations in the visual system that appear to reduce the perceived impact of astigmatism on vision. In the longer term, uncorrected astigmatism in childhood can also significantly impact on visual development, resulting in amblyopia. Astigmatism is also associated with the development of spherical refractive errors. Although the clinical correction of small magnitudes of astigmatism is relatively straightforward, the precise, reliable correction of astigmatism (particularly high astigmatism) can be challenging. A wide variety of refractive corrections are now available for the patient with astigmatism, including spectacle, contact lens and surgical options.ConclusionAstigmatism is one of the most common refractive errors managed in clinical ophthalmic practice. The significant visual and functional impacts of astigmatism emphasise the importance of its reliable clinical management. With continued improvements in ocular measurement techniques and developments in a range of different refractive correction technologies, the future promises the potential for more precise and comprehensive correction options for astigmatic patients.
Different mechanisms for Arabidopsis thaliana hybrid necrosis cases inferred from temperature responses
Authors: Muralidharan S. , Box M. S. , Sedivy E. L. , Wigge P. A. , Weigel D. , Rowan B. A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTemperature is a major determinant of plant growth, development and success. Understanding how plants respond to temperature is particularly relevant in a warming climate. Plant immune responses are often suppressed above species‐specific critical temperatures. This is also true for intraspecific hybrids of Arabidopsis thaliana that express hybrid necrosis due to inappropriate activation of the immune system caused by epistatic interactions between alleles from different genomes. The relationship between temperature and defence is unclear, largely due to a lack of studies that assess immune activation over a wide range of temperatures. To test whether the temperature‐based suppression of ectopic immune activation in hybrids exhibits a linear or non‐linear relationship, we characterised the molecular and morphological phenotypes of two different necrotic A. thaliana hybrids over a range of ecologically relevant temperatures. We found both linear and non‐linear responses for expression of immunity markers and for morphological defects depending on the underlying genetic cause. This suggests that the influence of temperature on the trade‐off between immunity and growth depends on the specific defence components involved.