bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispute Settlement in the Law of the Sea: Survey for 2011
Authors: Churchill Robin 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This is the latest in a series of annual surveys reviewing dispute settlement in the law of the sea, both under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and outside the framework of the Convention. The main developments during 2011 were: the delivery by the Sea-Bed Disputes Chamber of its advisory opinion on Responsibilities and Obligations of States sponsoring Persons and Entities with respect to Activities in the Area; the referral of a new case to the International Tribunal for Law of the Sea (ITLOS) relating to the arrest and detention of a bunkering vessel in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) (the Virginia G case); the International Court of Justice’s judgments rejecting the requests of Costa Rica and Honduras to intervene in the Nicaragua/Colombia maritime boundary delimitation case; the decision of the arbitral tribunal in the Mauritius/United Kingdom case to reject a challenge to the appointment of one of the arbitrators; the activation of the Croatia/Slovenia arbitration agreement; and the fifth triennial election of ITLOS judges.
Protection of Incapacitated Elderly in Medical Research
Authors: de Klerk Clasine M. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The widened scope of medical research has resulted in the establishment of multiple international, European and national rules and norms. Firm regulation of medical research is especially important when vulnerable people like incapacitated elderly are involved. The protection of incapacitated elderly is at stake when rules and norms are multi-interpretable, unclear and conflicting.
End-of-Life Healthcare Decisions, Ethics and Law: The Debate in Spain
Authors: Simón-Lorda Pablo , Barrio-Cantalejo Inés Mª 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The debate on euthanasia in Spain has been ongoing from the beginning of the 20th century and remains extant. Three periods can be identified: prior to 1978, 1978-2002, and after 2002. The debate increased significantly after the Ramon Sampedro case (1995-1998), and was fuelled with new, although very different cases, such as those of Leganés (2005-2008), Jorge Leon (2006) or Inmaculada Echevarría (2006-2007). As a consequence of these cases in 2008 the Regional Government of Andalusia started a legal process to pass a law regulating end-of-life decisions, excluding euthanasia and assisted-suicide, which was finally enacted in 2010. Two other Spanish regions (Navarra and Aragón) passed similar laws. The central government also initiated a legal process to approve a national law, excluding euthanasia and assisted-suicide. The project failed because of the dissolution of the Parliament in June 2011. The new government will have to decide how to continue the process.
Statelessness in the EU Framework for International Protection
Authors: Gyulai Gábor 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Every year Europe faces the arrival of thousands of stateless migrants in search of a more dignified life. Most of them are in need of protection. In most EU member states, statelessness is predominantly a migratory phenomenon and often linked to forced migration. Yet, statelessness has to-date not been part of mainstream European policy discussions on international protection. Consequently, statelessness frequently remains a hidden phenomenon in the EU, making persons without a nationality invisible and living on the margins of society. This article examines the EU framework for international protection and the forms of protection stateless forced migrants can currently count on in the Union.
Minorities, Citizenship and Statelessness in Europe
Authors: Cahn Claude 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Since 1989, questions of citizenship and statelessness in Europe are once again dynamic. On the one hand, exclusionary forces have become reinvigorated, including as a result of ethno-nationalism. In addition, new forms of status have been created, severely limiting participation and inclusion rights. Minorities have been particularly subject to exclusion, with Roma and Russians affected in particular. On the other hand, regional and international lawmaking has endeavoured to counteract these forces. This article attempts to summarize these developments, with a particular focus on EU and Council of Europe law.
The Possibility of Applying the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods by a Jordanian Judge
Authors: Al-Masadeh Nael 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Jordan is one of the countries that has not yet signed the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Nevertheless, in some cases related to Article 20 of the Jordanian Civil Code, Jordanian courts have space within which to manoeuvre for applying the Convention.
Hadith as a Means of Routinizing Charisma
Authors: Begg Rashid 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis article unpacks some of the important debates surrounding the Islamic science ofhadithcollection. Both Euro-American and Islamic methodologies in the deconstruction of the science are examined. More particularly, the authenticity ofhadithis brought into question by flagging the often spurious nature of oral transmissions, especially where chains of transmitters (isnads) are listed and can be checked. The deconstruction ofhadithis followed by a socio-historical analysis of the science using Max Weber’s theory on the routinization of charisma. In the end, this article implies that even the “historical” religions point towards an a-historical reality.
Justice for People with Disabilities: Philosophical and Theological Arguments
Authors: Eurich Johannes 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPeople with disabilities should, of course, enjoy the same right as others to a self-determined life of freedom and dignity as well as the same chances to attain such a life. The question is to what extent the concepts of justice in philosophy and theology take into account their interests and needs. In answering this question I shall refer to the theory of justice from John Rawls at first. In my second point I will focus on the criticism of this theory with regard to people with disabilities. Thirdly, at least in one respect the theological concepts of justice and love can supplement a needed element. Lastly, conclusions will be drawn with regard to an inclusive church.
Punish My Husband but not so Hard: Religion, Customary Values and Conventional Approaches to Human Rights in Ghana
Authors: Atiemo Abamfo O. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Incorporating international human rights provisions into domestic legislation and implementing them have always been a challenge for several African countries. This is especially so where religious and customary values are involved. The limitations of conventional approaches employing legislation, litigation and protests alone often become radically exposed in such contexts. This was illustrated by a long public debate that preceded the passage of Ghana’s Domestic Violence Act (Act 723), 2007. A national debate, facilitated by the proliferation of FM radio stations that employ both English and the leading mother-tongues, enabled citizens at the grassroots to also participate in the discussions. Using the debate mentioned above as a case-study, this article discusses constraints imposed on the growth of human rights culture in situations where religious and customary values are widely held. Since such values inspire behaviours and attitudes rooted in religious belief and custom, they remain largely resistant to purely secular methods. At the end the article proposes an integrative approach that combines conventional methods with religious and cultural resources in an effort to gain wide acceptance of international human rights norms in such societies.
The Concept of Honor and its Reflection in the Iranian Penal Code
Authors: Schneider Irene 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHonor is an extremely complex social and symbolic concept and a sensitive issue that has generated considerable legal and intellectual discussion in the Islamic world up to the present. The so-called ‘honor killing’ violates the principle of human rights. In this article the focus is on sexual honor and the understanding of the concept of honor and honor killing in the Iranian Penal Code of 1997, according to which a husband can kill his wife and her lover if he finds them committing an adulterous sexual act (zenāʾ). The questions asked are: How are honor killings described or dealt with in the Iranian Penal Code (IPC)? Are honor killings rooted in the Shiʿi jurisprudence (feqh) or custom (ʿorf)?
Foreign NGOs in China in the Context of a Global Civil Society—With a Discussion of the Internationalization of Chinese NGOs
Authors: Junkui Han 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Global civil society should be set up with NGOs and similar entities as organizational vectors, based on cross-border and trans-regional movements that have sprung out of the Millennium Development Goals. In this context, at the same time that foreign NGOs have made contributions to China, they have also encountered a number of obstacles. In the process of providing assistance to the government they have had to deal with the problem of a number of challenges and risks affecting sovereign states. As for Chinese NGOs, we need the help of foreign services to affect public diplomacy and improve China’s public image, however these activities are still in their early stages. Foreign Affairs is no trivial matter. Research into and the formulation of dedicated, specialized methods of administration and service of both external and internal entities urgently needs to be put on the agenda.
Foreign Chambers of Commerce in China: Trends, Challenges and Policy Responses
Authors: Qingjun Wang 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
As China opened up over the last thirty years and as huge numbers of foreign-invested enterprises flooded into China, foreign chambers of commerce, offering services to their members, have emerged and become increasingly influential. Foreign chambers of commerce have appeared mainly in China’s more economically prosperous regions and cities; their legal status varies; and they can be grouped into three types based on three general types of background. They also differ in terms of their internal governance and in terms of their members’ relations with the government and Party departments. Generally speaking, foreign chambers of commerce in China face certain institutional and administrative challenges. We must concentrate more attention on the development of foreign chambers of commerce in China. The principle of “one nation, one chamber” should be reformed and improved. We must re-establish integrated registration and filing systems for chambers, establish localized administration of chambers, and generally strengthen supervision and management of foreign chambers of commerce in China.
Towards a Civil Society Based on Organic Solidarity: The Significance of Inter-Organizational Cooperation for Chinese Society
Authors: Bingzhong Gao 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article focuses on the continuous development of equal cooperation between nonprofit organizations in Chinese society over recent years. It attempts to explicate this phenomenon as a manifestation of accelerated structural differentiation of Chinese society as organic solidarity is formed. This article adopts Durkheim’s concept of “organic solidarity” to frame the features involved in this phenomenon, such as autonomy in defining objectives of voluntary cooperation, and equal consultation as an indicator of the level of development of China’s civil society. This is done in order to understand the mechanism by which horizontal linkages are created in contemporary Chinese society, and what their positive significance is for the healthy development of Chinese civil society. In view of this, the author further believes that at the same time we consider social science, we can only achieve a better understanding of China’s current development into a modern, complex society by considering social differentiation and solidarity as well.
Control and Support: Research on Two Independent Relationships between State and Society: The State of Chinese Rural Society
Authors: Chuanjin Tao 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This paper uses theoretical analysis and substantial evidence to show that aside from the relationship of power control (权利控制) existing between state and society, there exists also assistance and support provided to society through the state’s use of public power. Moreover, this supportive relationship creates an independent dimension of interaction between state and society that cannot be simplified to the dimension of power control, a condition which we here deem the “dual-axis” relationship between state and society.
The “dual-axis” relationship is opposed to the single-axis relationship espoused in traditional theories of civil society. The latter emphasize a zero-sum relationship of strength and weakness between state and society. The dual-axis relationship is not equivalent to simply proposing that there can be a constructive relationship between state and society, but rather emphasizes the structure comprised by these two relationships, and says that support can be independent of control and exhibit an effect all its own.
Interaural Differences of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission Amplitudes in Patients with Unilateral Tinnitus
Authors: Park Joon Pyo , Lim Hyun Woo , Shim Byoung Soo , Kim Tae Su , Chung Jong Woo , Yoon Tae Hyun , Park Hong Ju 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveWe aimed to determine whether abnormalities in outer hair cell (OHC) function were related to tinnitus through interaural comparison of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs).Study DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingTertiary care university teaching hospital.ParticipantsTwenty‐seven patients with unilateral tinnitus and pure‐tone average of both ears ≤25 dB hearing loss (HL) at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz were included.Subjects and MethodsPure‐tone thresholds observed at 500 to 16,000 Hz and DPOAE amplitudes at f2 frequencies of 1001 to 6348 Hz were compared between the tinnitus ears and nontinnitus ears in patients with unilateral tinnitus.ResultsThe pure‐tone averages (13 ± 6 dB HL) in the nontinnitus ears were similar to those (15 ± 6 dB HL) in the tinnitus ears. There were no differences in pure‐tone averages at all frequencies tested. While the DPOAE amplitudes measured at f2 frequencies of 1001 to 3174 Hz in tinnitus ears were not different from those in the nontinnitus ears, the tinnitus ears showed significantly reduced DPOAE amplitudes when compared with the nontinnitus ears at frequencies of 4004 to 6348 Hz.ConclusionOHC dysfunction was correlated with tinnitus at high frequencies, and DPOAE amplitudes can provide additional information about cochlear dysfunction, which is complementary to pure‐tone audiometry.
Peer workers’ role in smoking-cessation groups for people with mental illness
Authors: Ashton Maxie , Mulconray Sheryl , Weston Mark , Rigby Ashlee , Galletly Cherrie 
Published: November 2012

Objectives: The objective of this article is to evaluate the impact of peer workers’ involvement as co-leaders in smoking-cessation programmes provided within mental health services. Method: Group smoking-cessation programmes were provided for people living with mental illness. Peer workers were involved in the development and delivery of these programmes. Group participants and mental health workers were asked to respond to a questionnaire about their experience of the peer workers. The questionnaire included both Likert scales and qualitative responses. Results: Thirty-three mental health workers and 108 group participants completed the questionnaire. The majority of participants believed that the peer workers increased their confidence, helped them to learn about smoking cessation and promoted well-being. Mental health workers were also positive about the role of peer workers in the groups. Conclusions: This study supports the role of peer workers providing support and guidance within smoking-cessation programmes for people with mental illness. The results suggest that peer workers make a substantial contribution and that greater peer worker involvement in such programmes is likely to improve their acceptability and efficacy.
Colesevelam improved lipoprotein particle subclasses in patients with prediabetes and primary hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Goldberg Ronald B , Rosenson Robert S , Hernandez-Triana Eric , Misir Soamnauth , Jones Michael R 
Published: November 2012

Background: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated lipid- and glucose-lowering effects of colesevelam in patients with prediabetes and primary hyperlipidaemia. We report the effect of colesevelam on lipoprotein particle concentration and particle size (determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) in these patients. Methods: Adults with prediabetes (World Health Organization criteria), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥ 100 mg/dL (≥2.6 mmol/L) and triglycerides < 500 mg/dL (<5.6 mmol/L) were randomised to colesevelam 3.75 g/day or placebo for 16 weeks. The intent-to-treat population comprised 103 colesevelam and 106 placebo recipients. Results: At the end of the study, mean reduction from baseline in total LDL particle concentration was significantly greater with colesevelam versus placebo (mean treatment difference: −113 nmol/L; p = 0.02). Increases in total very low-density lipoprotein particle concentration (VLDL-P) and high-density lipoprotein particle concentration (HDL-P) did not differ significantly between the groups; however, with colesevelam versus placebo, there were significantly ( p < 0.05) greater increases in large and medium VLDL-P and large HDL-P and reductions in small VLDL-P. Mean size increases were significantly greater with colesevelam for VLDL (mean treatment difference: 5.3 nm; p < 0.0001) and HDL (0.1 nm; p = 0.002). Conclusions: Colesevelam improved the overall atherogenic lipoprotein profile in adults with prediabetes and primary hyperlipidaemia, despite potentially less favourable changes in VLDL particles.
CCX-CKR deficiency alters thymic stroma impairing thymocyte development and promoting autoimmunity
Authors: Bunting Mark D. , Comerford Iain , Seach Natalie , Hammett Maree V. , Asquith Darren L. , Körner Heinrich , Boyd Richard L. , Nibbs Robert J. B. , McColl Shaun R. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor CCX-CKR regulates bioavailability of CCL19, CCL21, and CCL25, homeostatic chemokines that play crucial roles in thymic lymphopoiesis. Deletion of CCX-CKR results in accelerated experimental autoimmunity induced by immunization. Here we show that CCX-CKR deletion also increases incidence of a spontaneous Sjögren's syndrome-like pathology, characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates in salivary glands and liver of CCX-CKR−/− mice, suggestive of a defect in self-tolerance when CCX-CKR is deleted. This prompted detailed examination of the thymus in CCX-CKR−/− mice. Negatively selected mature SP cells were less abundant in CCX-CKR−/− thymi, yet expansion of both DP and immature SP cells was apparent. Deletion of CCX-CKR also profoundly reduced proportions of DN3 thymocyte precursors and caused DN2 cells to accumulate within the medulla. These effects are likely driven by alterations in thymic stroma as CCX-CKR−/− mice have fewer cTECs per thymocyte, and cTECs express the highest level of CCX-CKR in the thymus. A profound decrease in CCL25 within the thymic cortex was observed in CCX-CKR−/− thymi, likely accounting for their defects in thymocyte distribution and frequency. These findings identify a novel role for CCX-CKR in regulating cTEC biology, which promotes optimal thymocyte development and selection important for self-tolerant adaptive immunity.
A high density recombination map of the pig reveals a correlation between sex-specific recombination and GC content
Authors: Tortereau Flavie , Servin Bertrand , Frantz Laurent , Megens Hendrik-Jan , Milan Denis , Rohrer Gary , Wiedmann Ralph , Beever Jonathan , Archibald Alan L , Schook Lawrence B , Groenen Martien AM 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Background
The availability of a high-density SNP genotyping chip and a reference genome sequence of the pig (Sus scrofa) enabled the construction of a high-density linkage map. A high-density linkage map is an essential tool for further fine-mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for a variety of traits in the pig and for a better understanding of mechanisms underlying genome evolution.

Results
Four different pig pedigrees were genotyped using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip. Recombination maps for the autosomes were computed for each individual pedigree using a common set of markers. The resulting genetic maps comprised 38,599 SNPs, including 928 SNPs not positioned on a chromosome in the current assembly of the pig genome (build 10.2). The total genetic length varied according to the pedigree, from 1797 to 2149 cM. Female maps were longer than male maps, with a notable exception for SSC1 where male maps are characterized by a higher recombination rate than females in the region between 91–250 Mb. The recombination rates varied among chromosomes and along individual chromosomes, regions with high recombination rates tending to cluster close to the chromosome ends, irrespective of the position of the centromere. Correlations between main sequence features and recombination rates were investigated and significant correlations were obtained for all the studied motifs. Regions characterized by high recombination rates were enriched for specific GC-rich sequence motifs as compared to low recombinant regions. These correlations were higher in females than in males, and females were found to be more recombinant than males at regions where the GC content was greater than 0.4.

Conclusions
The analysis of the recombination rate along the pig genome highlighted that the regions exhibiting higher levels of recombination tend to cluster around the ends of the chromosomes irrespective of the location of the centromere. Major sex-differences in recombination were observed: females had a higher recombination rate within GC-rich regions and exhibited a stronger correlation between recombination rates and specific sequence features.