bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rectocutaneous fistula and nonunion after TranS1 axial lumbar interbody fusion L5–S1 fixation
Authors: Siegel Geoffrey , Patel Nilesh , Ramakrishnan Rakesh 
Published: June 2013

The authors report a case of rectal injury, rectocutaneous fistula, and pseudarthrosis after a TranS1 axial lumbar interbody fusion (AxiaLIF) L5–S1 fixation. The TranS1 AxiaLIF procedure is a percutaneous minimally invasive approach to transsacral fusion of the L4–S1 vertebral levels. It is gaining popularity due to the ease of access to the sacrum through the presacral space, which is relatively free from intraabdominal and neurovascular structures.
This 35-year-old man had undergone the procedure for the treatment of degenerative disc disease. The patient subsequently presented with fever, syncope, and foul-smelling gas and bloody drainage from the surgical site. A CT fistulagram and flexible sigmoidoscopy showed evidence of rectocutaneous fistula, which was managed with intravenous antibiotic therapy and bowel rest with total parenteral nutrition. Subsequent studies performed 6 months postoperatively revealed evidence of pseudarthrosis. The patient's rectocutaneous fistula symptoms gradually subsided, but his preoperative back pain recurred prompting a revision of his L5–S1 spinal fusion.
A new technique for reduction of atlantoaxial subluxation using a simple tool during posterior segmental screw fixation
Authors: Suh Bo-Gun , Padua Mary Ruth A. , Riew K. Daniel , Kim Ho-Joong , Chang Bong-Soon , Lee Choon-Ki , Yeom Jin S. 
Published: June 2013

Object
The authors introduce a simple technique and tool to facilitate reduction of atlantoaxial subluxation during posterior segmental screw fixation.

Methods
Two types of reduction tool have been designed: T-type and L-type. A T-shaped levering tool was used when a pedicle or pars screw was used for C-2, and an L-shaped tool was used when a laminar screw was used for C-2. Twenty-two patients who underwent atlantoaxial segmental screw fixation and fusion for the treatment of anteroposterior instability or subluxation, using either of these new types of reduction tool, were enrolled. Demographic, clinical, and surgical data, which had been prospectively collected in a database, were analyzed. The atlantodens interval was measured on lateral radiographs, and the space available for the spinal cord was measured on CT scans.

Results
The authors could attain reduction of the atlantoaxial subluxation without difficulty using either type of tool. The preoperative atlantodens interval ranged from −16.9 to 10.9 mm in a neutral position, and the postoperative interval ranged from −2.8 to 3.0 mm, with negative values due to extension-type or mixed-type instability. The mean space available for the spinal cord significantly increased, from 9.5 mm preoperatively to 15.4 mm postoperatively (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
This technique allowed for controlled manipulation and reduction of the atlantoaxial subluxation without difficulty.
Development of microsatellite markers in the oil‐producing species Vernicia fordii (Euphorbiaceae), a potential biodiesel feedstock
Authors: Pan Yue , Pan Lei , Chen Liang , Zhang Lingling , Nevo Eviatar , Peng Junhua 
Published: June 2013

• Premise of the study: Tung tree, Vernicia fordii, is native to China. Little has been done on genetics and breeding at the molecular level in this species, let alone utilizing microsatellite (simple sequence repeat [SSR]) markers. Therefore, a set of SSR molecular markers was developed for studies on molecular genetics and breeding in tung tree.• Methods and Results: We designed 78 SSR markers using a protocol based on the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining repeats (FIASCO) protocol. Assessed in 81 V. fordii accessions, 40 of these markers were polymorphic and 12 of them showed monomorphism. When tested using six V. montana accessions, 52 of the markers were capable of PCR amplification and 25 were polymorphic.• Conclusions: The newly developed SSR markers are effective and helpful in the evaluation of genetic germplasm and molecular breeding in tung tree.
The ‘Red Queen’ Dilemma – Running to Stay in the Same Place: Refections on the Evolutionary Vector of HBV in Humans
Authors: Tedder Richard S , Bissett Sara L , Myers Richard , Ijaz Samreen 
Published: June 2013

Background Estimates for the evolutionary rate of HBV until now have been interpreted as showing that HBV is a relatively recent acquisition for mankind. The existence of defined HBV genotypes is thought to represent past founder effects. We have explored virus mutation in a group of 48 persistently infected blood donors sampled at two points in time and suggest otherwise. Methods HBV-infected donors were detected by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening and staged by hepatitis B e markers. Serum DNA from those persistently infected with HBV was characterized by consensus sequencing and the amino acid sequences inferred. These were compared against consensus genotype sequences and divergence measured at two points in time. Results Rates of viral mutation were higher across both HBsAg and hepatitis B core antigen in the group of donors seropositive for hepatitis B e antibody (1.36x10-3 and 1.54x10-3 changes per residue per year, respectively) than in those seropositive for hepatitis B e antigen (4.59x10-4 and 6.62x10-4 changes per residue per year, respectively). Codon mutations reverting to the genotype consensus were commonly seen. Codon changes were clustered close to the C-terminal region of HBsAg and were accommodated in overlapping polymerase by synonymous substitutions. Conclusions It is suggested that in vivo HBV behaves as a self-normalizing meme and mutational rates, although high, do not lead to significant change over time in a persistent infection. This would be compatible with co-evolution within its human host and introduction within humans being an ancient occurrence.
Ahmed, le doublement indésirable
Authors: Tassel Fabrice 
Published: June 2013

Chassé de France après neuf ans et rejeté par sa famille au Pakistan, le dernier expulsé de 2012 retrace son douloureux parcours. Cet article est paru dans Libération, le 12 avril 2013. Nous le reproduisons avec l’aimable autorisation de l’auteur.
Droit de regard en ZA... par le trou de la serrure
Authors: Maillary Caroline , Blanchard Emmanuel 
Published: June 2013

En fin d’année 2012, le Gisti a participé à une campagne de visites de l’Anafé 1 dans la zone d’attente de l’aéroport d’Orly, la deuxième de France par le nombre de maintenu·e·s (7 500 en 2011 à Roissy pour 1100 pour Orly). Esquisse d’un bilan à venir afin d’avancer vers un véritable droit de regard au service de la défense des étrangers et des demandeurs d’asile.
Chronique de droit pénal de l'Union africaine. Vers une justice pénale régionale en Afrique
Authors: Mubiala Mutoy 
Published: June 2013

Opposée à l’extradition de M. Hissène Habré vers la Belgique, l’Union africaine, au cours de son sommet à Banjul (Gambie), en juillet 2006, avait décidé que l’affaire Habré relevait de sa compétence, conformément à son Acte constitutif prohibant les crimes internationaux lui reprochés. Ne disposant pas encore de cour pénale régionale, l’Union avait demandé au Sénégal, où M. Habré est réfugié depuis son renversement du pouvoir en 1990, de le faire juger, « au nom de l’Afrique ». L’Union africaine formulait ainsi un principe de « compétence régionale » en droit international pénal. L’Accord qu’elle a signé avec le Sénégal, le 22 août 2012, relatif à l’institution des Chambres africaines extraordinaires au sein des juridictions sénégalaises pour la poursuite des crimes internationaux commis au Tchad durant la période du 7 juin 1982 au 1 er décembre 1990, est la première concrétisation de ce principe et un jalon important dans l’émergence d’une justice pénale régionale en Afrique.
Effect of fibromyalgia on bone mineral density in patients with fibromylagia and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Buyukbese MA , Pamuk ON , Yurekli OA , Yesil N 
Published: June 2013

Objectives:
Fibromyalgia (FM) may t cause a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) because of decreased mobility. The condition is relatively frequent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and RA patients with FM have more disability than those without FM. We evaluated the effect of FM on BMD and investigated the effect of FM on BMD in RA patients.

Materials and Methods:
We included age-matched 56 FM, 52 RA patients, and 37 healthy females as controls. Twenty three of all RA subjects met 1990 ACR FM criteria. Patients using the antiresorptive drugs, those on hormone replacement therapy, patients with thyroid or parathyroid dysfunction were excluded. Self-reported pain and fatigue severity, functional items of FM impact questionnaire were questioned in FM and RA patients. In all subjects, BMD of the lumbar spine and femur neck were determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry, and T-scores were recorded.

Results:
Self-reported pain and fatigue scores in FM subjects were significantly higher than in RA patients (P0<0.001). The mean lumbar spine and femur neck BMD and their T-scores in RA patients were significantly lower than in FM and control groups (P values<0.01). There was no difference in BMD between FM subjects and the control group. BMD in RA patients with and without FM were similar (P>0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between self-reported pain score and lumbar spine BMD in FM subjects (r=–0.41, P=0.006).

Conclusions:
In spite of functional disability, FM does not cause a decrease in BMD. The presence of FM in RA patients does not result in a change in BMD.
The Effect of Different Shades, Voltages and Increment Thickness on the Polymerization Depth of a Microhybrid Composite
Authors: Khan Farhan Raza , Hasan Muhammad , Azam Syed Iqbal 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT

Aim
Electric fluctuations in the developing world are common and may affect dental composite curing. We determined the effect of variable voltage and increasing thickness of different shades of composite on its depth-of-cure.

Materials and methods
ISO scrapping method was used on 14 commonly used shades of Esthet-X HD composites. Student's t-test and ANOVA were applied to compare the mean depth-of-cure and a linear regression model was developed using variables voltage (180 V and 220 V), material thickness (2, 4 and 6 mm) and shades (n = 14).

Results
The mean curing depth of samples was significantly reduced at 180 volts compared to 220 volts (p-value <0.002). At thickness of 2 mm, all samples were fully cured but when it was raised to 4 mm, the depth-of-cure reduced to 1.86 mm ± 0.06; while at 6 mm thickness, it reached to 1.96 mm ± 0.06 (p-value < 0.001).

Conclusion
Around 82% variation in the depth-of-cure is explained by voltage, thickness and shade of composite material (p-value <0.001).

Clinical significance
Electric fluctuations are prevalent in the developing world and thus poor voltage flow is responsible for dental composite's inadequate polymerization.

How to cite this article
Khan FR, Hasan M, Azam SI. The Effect of Different Shades, Voltages and Increment Thickness on the Polymerization Depth of a Microhybrid Composite. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(2):52-56.
A Better Bond: Luting Simplified
Authors: D'Souza Raina , Shetty Omkar , Puppala Padmapriya , Shetty Nitin 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACT
A precise cementation is vital for a successful restoration. The adverse effects of improper cementation could result in premature occlusion, loosening of the restoration and pulpitis. The completeness of seating a restoration is influenced by vibration, venting, altering the morphology, brush technique, seating force, finger pressure and occlusal support. This article reviews and compares the different techniques for cementation and puts forth the optimal cementation procedure.

How to cite this article
D'Souza R, Shetty O, Puppala P, Shetty N. A Better Bond: Luting Simplified. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(2):77-81.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic‐Based Drug Interactions for Therapeutic Proteins
Authors: Lu Dan , Girish Sandhya , Theil Frank‐Peter , Joshi Amita 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the major absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion(ADME) pathways of therapeutic proteins (TPs), summarizes the potential mechanisms of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD)‐based TP‐drug interactions (DIs), and recommends a question‐based therapeutic protein‐drug interaction risk assessment strategy during clinical development. The DIs for some nonprotein biologics such as nucleic acid‐based derivatives are reviewed in other chapters.
Utility ofIn VitroMethods in Drug–Drug Interaction Assessment and Prediction for Therapeutic Biologics
Authors: Nguyen Theresa , Kishnani Narendra , Evers Raymond 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDue to the long half‐life of commonly used therapeutic proteins (TPs) such as mAbs and the difficulty in many cases to recruit patients for trial enrollment, the conduct of well‐designed clinical interaction studies is generally costly and difficult. Therefore, there is astrong desire to developin vitroapproaches allowing predictions of whether significantinteractions between TPs and small molecules are likely. This chapter providesan overview of the current literature on the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) genesin vitroand provides a perspective on the current challenges and future opportunities to establish improvedin vitrosystems.
Use of Animal Models for Projection of Clinical Drug–Drug Interactions for Therapeutic Proteins
Authors: Kraynov Eugenia , Dowty Martin E. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

The use of
in vitro
human systems to predict clinical drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of small molecules mediated through cytochrome P450 metabolism has seen significant value. However, DDI mediated through non‐P450 mechanisms requires greater effort to understand
in vitro
–
in vivo
correlations (IVIVCs). Although, as shown in this chapter, the preclinical DDI assessment for therapeutic proteins can theoretically be addressed by using
in vitro
human systems alone, the relevance of the
in vitro
data in the context of a more complex
in vivo
system requires greater validation.
In vivo
animal models can potentially help bridge this gap.
Drug Interactions of Cytokines and Anticytokine Therapeutic Proteins
Authors: Slatter J. Greg , Wienkers Larry C. , Dickmann Leslie J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe suppression of drug metabolism by proinflammatory cytokines and the relief of suppression by disease treatment are a current issue in the development of drug interaction labels for new biologic products. This topic has been the subject of a number of recent reviews that capture the history of related work as well as current regulatory and pharmaceutical industry thinking. This chapter provides an overview of some recent data developed in industrially relevant preclinical models and outlines the pros and cons of these models with respect to the generation of actionable data—that is, data that are robust enough to preclude the need for a clinical drug–disease interaction study and/or a class label for a new cytokine or anticytokine therapeutic agent.
Drug–Drug Interactions for Nucleic Acid‐Based Derivatives
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhao Hong 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are perhaps the most direct therapeutic strategy to target RNA. Currently, ASOs make up the major investigational new drug (IND) submissions for oligonucleotide drug development. These ASOs are designed to bind to the target RNA by well‐characterized Watson‐Crick base pairing and, once bound to the target RNA, modulate its function through a variety of postbinding events. In this chapter, the primary information used for summarizing drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) of oligonucleotides comes from the first‐ and second‐generation ASOs because the currently published DDI studies are mostly focused on these classes of oligonucleotides. When possible, information on other classes of oligonucleotides is presented in the context of these base classes.
Tumor‐Targeted Nanoparticles: State‐of‐the‐Art and Remaining Challenges
Authors: Bajaj Gaurav , Yeo Yoon 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the rationale of targeted nanomedicines, different approaches to achieve this goal, current challenges, and considerations for their future development. Here, nanomedicines refer to particulate materials with a diameter in nanometer scale, prepared with natural or synthetic polymers, lipids, or inorganic solids, in the form of polymer‐drug conjugates, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) or micelles, dendrimers, nanotubes, nanocrystals, nanorods, nanoshells, or nanocages. Nanomedicines used as a carrier of a drug are often called nanocarriers. Nanoparticles and nanocarriers are also interchangeably used. Throughout this chapter, the term “nanoparticles” will represent various types of nanocarriers.
Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Wang Yuhua , Huang Leaf 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis chapter elucidates the extracellular and intracellular barriers that lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encounter after systemic administration. Understanding the challenges in the delivery will lead to a rational design of novel lipid molecules or nanometric devices that could address these challenges. A bottom‐up strategy is also provided in this chapter to identify the latest progression in lipid component development in the LNPs, andvarious formulations that were exploited to encapsulate nucleic acid for successfulin vivodelivery are compared. The nucleic acids in this review include pDNA, siRNA, and antisense oligonucleotide (ODN), which serveeither for gain of function or for loss of function to treat various diseases.
Photosensitive Liposomes as Potential Targeted Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Thompson David H. , Shum Pochi , Gerasimov Oleg V. , Qualls Marquita 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This work describes the synthesis of a hexadecyl‐modified anthracene‐based photoacid generator for use as alight‐activated trigger, which will induce contents release from phospholipid1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine (DOPE):lysoplasmenylcholine liposomes. The liposomes containing photosensitizers such as bacteriochlorophylla or aluminum phthalocyaninetetrasulfonate are also described. Finally, biodistribution of aluminum phthalocyaninetetrasulfonate loaded liposomes in a murine tumor xenograft model is discussed.
Multifunctional Dendritic Nanocarriers: The Architecture and Applications in Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Pearson Ryan M. , Bae Jin Woo , Hong Seungpyo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, promising dendritic systems are highlighted and theirlimitations are discussed; recent approaches to overcoming these drawbacks are also outlined. Important architectural parameters used torationally design various dendritic materials are provided, while dendritic structure‐related toxicity, biodistribution, cellular uptake, and multivalency are also described in detail. Using several examples, it is shown how dendrimers and dendrons havebeen designed and used as targeted drug delivery vehicles for cancer diagnosis andtreatments in particular. Dendritic materials possessing multifunctionalarchitectures are expected to have a significant impact on the way cancer isprevented, diagnosed, treated, and ultimately cured in the future.
Polymer–Drug Nanoconjugates
Authors: Tong Rong , Tang Li , Gabrielson Nathan P. , Yin Qian , Cheng Jianjun 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIt is expected that the field of polymeric nanomedicine will dramatically change the landscape of oncology in several important ways. Two strategies for loading drugs into nanoparticles have been used: to encapsulate drugs within nanoparticles via noncovalent bonds and to formulate nanoparticles using polymer‐drug conjugates. This chapter will examine the pros and cons of each strategy and will introduce new polymer–drug conjugates—called nanoconjugates—to address the challenges faced by both strategies. Also discussed in this chapter are topics related to regioselective polymer–drug conjugation chemistry,in vitroformulation and characterization, and preliminaryin vivostudies that highlight the potential clinical translation of nanoconjugates.
Clearance of Nanoparticles During Circulation
Authors: Lee Seung‐Young , Cheng Ji‐Xin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractNanoparticles are regarded as efficient drug delivery systems because they possess strong drug loading capacity and can pass through anatomical barriers easily. Specifically, the discovery of tumor‐specific ligands allowed more efficient delivery of nanoparticles to cancer cells. The blood‐circulation time is a key factor in determining the targeting efficiency of nanoparticles, and the rate of biological clearance is classified into three categories: (i) disintegration of nanoparticles by protein adsorption, (ii) opsonization‐mediated nanoparticle removal by immune cells, and (iii) filtration by organs with fenestrated vasculature. This chapter discusses these three categories as well as strategies to modify nanoparticles to extend the circulation time of nanoparticles in the blood stream.
Drug Delivery Strategies for Combating Multiple Drug Resistance
Authors: Nichols Joseph W. , Bae You Han 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAlthough cancer research has been steady for the past 40 years, only modest gains have been observed in reducing cancer mortality rates, most significantly from prevention campaigns and less from drug therapy. This chapter outlines major mechanisms of drug resistance in tumors, emphasizing the contribution of each mechanism to the whole classification called multiple drug resistance (MDR), which is the simultaneous resistance to a wide range of drugs unrelated in structure or mechanism of action. For patients who demonstrate MDR markers, clinical outcomes tend to be poor. The chapter then samples innovative strategies to circumvent or overcome these resistance mechanisms, including the use of nanoparticles and new treatments that overcome drug delivery barriers.
Intracellular Trafficking of Nanoparticles: Implications for Therapeutic Efficacy of the Encapsulated Drug
Authors: Niu Lin , Panyam Jayanth 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The cell membrane presents a formidable barrier to the entry of many drugs, which is required for therapeutic effects to take place. Delivery systems that facilitate the intracellular accumulation of drug molecules could improve therapeutic efficacy. In the last decade, studies from several laboratories have shown that encapsulation of a drug in polymeric nanoparticles can improve intracellular delivery. This chapter examines the intracellular trafficking of polymeric nanoparticles and the impact of modulating this trafficking on the therapeutic performance of the encapsulated drug.