bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In‐Cylinder Flow
Authors: Borée Jacques , Miles Paul C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe general properties and evolution of in‐cylinder flows are reviewed, from the initial generation of turbulence and large‐scale bulk structures during the induction process until the early expansion stroke period, when flow processes continue to aid with the completion of combustion. Flows typical of both spark ignition and compression ignition engine technologies are described. Our primary emphasis is on providing the practicing engineer and engine designer with a physical understanding of the storage of flow energy in large‐scale rotating structures; the mechanisms by which this energy can be extracted to enhance turbulent mixing processes; the interaction of these flow structures with the compression, fuel injection, and combustion processes; and the fluid‐dynamical origin of cycle‐to‐cycle fluctuations in the combustion process. We further examine characteristics of the turbulence, with the objective of providing engineers with a natural understanding of how turbulence scales relate to engine parameters (bore, stroke, speed, etc.) and of how turbulence is generated and dissipated throughout the engine cycle. Various methods used to characterize and separate the turbulence from large‐scale, coherent cycle‐to‐cycle fluctuations in the flow, and tools to characterize the topology of the flow, are also briefly reviewed. Lastly, we identify several areas, principally related to turbulence generation and dissipation in engines, to the elucidation of flow structures and their cycle‐to‐cycle variation, and to near‐wall flows, that are still poorly understood and that would benefit from additional investigations by the research community.
NVHConsiderations in Engine Development
Authors: Reinhart Thomas E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEngines generate noise by directly radiating sound from engine surfaces and also by creating pressure pulses in the intake and exhaust systems. Forces generated by engine operation result in vibrations that can be transmitted into the vehicle structure or that result in sound radiation. Sources of vibration include unbalanced forces and moments and gas pressure forces. Noise radiated by engine surfaces is also a result of forces applied to the structure of the engine. These forces can be divided into combustion excitation and mechanical excitation. A number of design measures can be taken to reduce the sensitivity of the engine structure to excitation forces and to reduce the noise radiated by engine exterior surfaces. Radiation efficiency is a key concept to use in the reduction of noise radiated by the exterior surfaces of larger engines. There are also measures that can be taken to reduce the amplitude of forcing functions such as combustion excitation or gear rattle. Analytic techniques are available to predict the engine's structural response to forcing functions and to predict radiated noise that results from the engine's response to forcing functions.
Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles (
SHEVs
)
Authors: Van Mierlo Joeri , Hegazy Omar 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the series hybrid electric vehicles (
SHEVs
) to give a clear overview on their powertrain and energy management strategy for the next‐generation
SHEVs
. Furthermore, the advantages and the disadvantages of the
SHEV
s are provided. In this chapter, the different operating modes of the
SHEV
s are presented.
Engine Performance
Authors: Martyr Anthony J. , Rogers Eur Ing David R. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis chapter covers the basic laboratory requirements of a modern engine test cell. The importance and requirements of good system integration are emphasized throughout. The facility building construction and services are briefly described, with particular mention of features required in modern engine test cells. The types of control systems found within the test cell, including the building management system, test cell controller, and the control unit of the engine under test and their interactions are covered. Many types of transducer and data channels are listed, and interfacing with “intelligent” instrumentation such as emission analyzers is mentioned. Mention is also made of special purpose test cells and the particular features that may require specific planning or operational considerations. All of the text is based on the authors' experiences in resolving the most common problems in designing or operating engine test cells.
Trends—Compression Ignition
Authors: Samaras Zissis , Vouitsis Ilias , Geivanidis Savas 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTheCIengine has changed significantly over the last quarter of the century, in terms of technology and performance giving at the same time to customer more fuel economy and more driving pleasure. From a societal viewpoint, it has provided significant fuel saving andCO2emission reduction and it has complied with ever more stringent emission regulations. This evolution has been supported by a sustained technological improvement. This chapter discusses the advanced engine technologies that became essential. They include fuel injection with rate shaping capability and elevated injection pressures, variable geometry engine characteristics along with optimized turbocharging and downsizing, flexible engine systems, thermal management, friction loss reduction, advanced combustion modes, and advanced exhaust aftertreatment systems for emission control.
The Fascination of Car Body Manufacture: Requirements for Car Body Manufacture from Viewpoint of Production
Authors: Kropf Andreas 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Volume manufacturers like Volkswagen face the challenge of simultaneously building different body structures with the greatest possible flexibility in existing and future body designs and thus creating additional growth potential across the world and even in niche markets. Volkswagen is responding to this challenge with a cross‐brand modular strategy. New innovative joining methods in body assembly are the key to future lightweight design concepts, along with consistent implementation of sustained vehicle production. The “Think Blue. Factory.” program combines economic and ecological goals in the factory. The complexity of future production processes in body assembly will also remain manageable for staff as regards demographic aspects. For Volkswagen as a volume producer, the Volkswagen Way will provide the necessary method, building blocks, and elements for this extensive change process. The aims of their 2018 strategy clearly describe the areas of action for body assembly on the way to the company becoming the most innovative volume manufacturer.
Styling of Cars, from Sketch to Realization, Main Trends and Milestones
Authors: Brisbourne David R. , Clough Brian A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The art of designing an automobile has evolved into a powerful example of cooperation, logistics, creative genius, and compelling innovation. The process of taking a creative designer's rough sketch and marketer's vision of the world from that initial sketch through to a fully functioning technical
tour de force
has been developed over a century or more into a recognizable process throughout the world. This chapter sets out to inform the reader of the modern milestone‐led “gateway” program and how all the various components of that program combine over increasingly shorter timescales to deliver a desirable, salable quality product. The trends highlighted prove that every decision taken at each of those milestones is a commercial one and not an emotional one.
Comparison of moderate to severe systemic reactions with honeybee and wasp in children
Authors: Karagol Hacer Ilbilge Ertoy , Bakirtas Arzu , Yilmaz Ozlem , Topal Erdem , Arga Mustafa , Demirsoy Mehmet Sadık , Turktas Ipek 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundThe effect of the type of Hymenoptera on the severity of systemic reactions (SRs) is a controversial issue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate demographic, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features of moderate‐to‐severe SRs in children with venom hypersensitivity and to compare the role of the honeybee and wasp stings in these reactions.MethodsData on children with moderate‐to‐severe SRs after a Hymenoptera sting were retrospectively collected for a 17‐year period.ResultsA total of 55 children with moderate‐to‐severe SRs (wasp: 44, honeybee: 11) to venom stings were included in the study. In the honeybee group, comorbid allergic rhinitis and any type of atopic disease was more frequent compared to the wasp group (p = 0.009 and p = 0.01, respectively). In 50.9% of the children, family history of SR to the same venom type was higher in the honeybee group (p = 0.02). Dyspnea was more frequent in the wasp, and cyanosis was more frequent in the honeybee compared to each other (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001, respectively). Prick tests results were significantly different between the groups (p = 0.038). There was no difference between honeybee and wasp in moderate‐to‐severe SR groups in terms of seasonal tendency, age at admission, age at first SR, gender, previous history of SR, sting localization, latency, and affected organ systems (p > 0.05 for each).ConclusionModerate‐to‐severe SRs with honeybee and wasp venoms in children may differ in the severity of respiratory symptoms/signs at presentation, in addition to comorbidity of atopic diseases and family history of the SRs.
Differential loss of KIR4.1 immunoreactivity in multiple sclerosis lesions
Authors: Schirmer Lucas , Srivastava Rajneesh , Kalluri Sudhakar Reddy , Böttinger Susanne , Herwerth Marina , Carassiti Daniele , Srivastava Barkha , Gempt Jens , Schlegel Jürgen , Kuhlmann Tanja , Korn Thomas , Reynolds Richard , Hemmer Bernhard 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveSerum antibodies against the glial potassium channel KIR4.1 are found in a subpopulation of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Little is known about the expression of KIR4.1 in human normal brain tissue and in MS lesions.MethodsWe analyzed the expression pattern of KIR4.1 in normal brain tissue and MS lesions of the subcortical white matter by immunohistochemistry. Markers of related glial proteins, myelin, and inflammatory cells were analyzed in parallel.ResultsKIR4.1 is expressed in oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the adult human brain. In oligodendrocytes, KIR4.1 appears as a homotetramer channel, in astrocytes as homo‐ and heterotetramer channels together with KIR5.1. In acute MS lesions, KIR4.1 immunoreactivity (IR) was differentially lost on periplaque oligodendrocytes and perivascular astrocytes. In part of acute lesions, complement activation, apoptotic KIR4.1+ glial cells, and phagocytes containing KIR4.1+ fragments accompanied loss of glial KIR4.1 IR. Periplaque reactive astrocytes showed enhanced IR for both KIR4.1 and KIR5.1. In chronic active MS lesions, apart from a general loss of oligodendrocytes in the demyelinated area, we observed a decrease of astroglial KIR4.1 but not glial fibrillary acidic protein IR. In chronic inactive and remyelinating MS lesions, KIR4.1 IR was restored on astrocytes and found in a subset of presumably new myelinating oligodendrocytes.InterpretationThe expression profile of KIR4.1 in glial cells and stage‐dependent alterations of KIR4.1 IR in MS lesions are compatible with an immune response against KIR4.1 at least in a subset of MS patients. Ann Neurol 2014;75:810–828
Redox Chemistry of a Hydroxyphenyl‐Substituted Borane
Authors: Feng Po‐Yeng , Liu Yi‐Hung , Lin Tien‐Sung , Peng Shie‐Ming , Chiu Ching‐Wen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractChemical reduction of a hydroxyphenyl‐substituted borane triggers a sequential electron‐ and intramolecular hydrogen‐atom‐transfer process to afford a hydridoborate phenoxide dianion. On the other hand, hydrogen‐atom abstraction of the borane leads to the isolation of a neutral borylated phenoxyl radical, which can be transformed to the corresponding benzoquinone borataalkene derivative by reduction with cobaltocene.
Asymmetric [5+3] Formal Cycloadditions with Cyclic Enones through Cascade Dienamine–Dienamine Catalysis
Authors: Yin Xiang , Zheng Yi , Feng Xin , Jiang Kun , Wei Xue‐Zhen , Gao Ning , Chen Ying‐Chun 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA few aminocatalytic modes, such as iminium ions and different dienamines, have provided versatile tools for the functionalization of cyclic enones at various sites. Described here is a previously unreported cascade dienamine/dienamine catalytic pathway for β‐substituted 2‐cyclopentenones, and even 2‐cyclohexenone. It involves domino α′‐regioselective Michael addition and a γ‐regioselective Mannich reaction with 3‐vinyl‐1,2‐benzoisothiazole‐1,1‐dioxides to give fused or bridged architectures, which incorporate a spirocyclic skeleton, in excellent stereocontrol, thus furnishing unusual [5+3] formal cycloaddition reactions. Moreover, preliminary biological assays showed that some of the chiral products exhibited promising activity against some cancer cell lines, thus indicating that such skeletons might serve as leads in drug discovery.
A Metal‐Bridged Tricyclic Aromatic System: Synthesis of Osmium Polycyclic Aromatic Complexes
Authors: Zhu Congqing , Zhu Qin , Fan Jinglan , Zhu Jun , He Xumin , Cao Xiao‐Yu , Xia Haiping 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAromaticity is one of the most important concepts in organic chemistry. A variety of metalla‐aromatic compounds have been recently prepared and in most of those examples, the metal participates only in a monocyclic ring. In contrast, metal‐bridged bicyclic aromatic molecules, in which a metal is shared between two aromatic rings, have been less developed. Herein, we report the first metal‐bridged tricyclic aromatic system, in which the metal center is shared by three aromatic five‐membered rings. These metalla‐aromatics are formed by reaction between osmapentalyne and arene nucleophiles. Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that the three five‐membered rings around the osmium center are aromatic. In addition, the broad absorption bands in the UV/Vis absorption spectra of these novel aromatic systems cover almost the entire visible region. This straightforward synthetic strategy may be extended to the synthesis of other metal‐bridged polycyclic aromatics.
Mechanical and thermal properties of hierarchical composites enhanced by pristine graphene and graphene oxide nanoinclusions
Authors: Zhang B. , Asmatulu R. , Soltani S. A. , Le L. N. , Kumar S. S. A. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTEpoxy resin nanocomposites incorporated with 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 wt % pristine graphene and modified graphene oxide (GO) nanoflakes were produced and used to fabricate carbon fiber‐reinforced and glass fiber‐reinforced composite panels via vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding process. Mechanical and thermal properties of the composite panels—called hierarchical graphene composites—were determined according to ASTM standards. It was observed that the studied properties were improved consistently by increasing the amount of nanoinclusions. Particularly, in the presence of 4 wt % GO in the resin, tensile modulus, compressive strength, and flexural modulus of carbon fiber (glass fiber) composites were improved 15% (21%), 34% (84%), and 40% (68%), respectively. Likewise, with inclusion of 4 wt % pristine graphene in the resin, tensile modulus, compressive strength, and flexural modulus of carbon fiber (glass fiber) composites were improved 11% (7%), 30% (77%), and 34% (58%), respectively. Also, thermal conductivity of the carbon fiber (glass fiber) composites with 4% GO inclusion was improved 52% (89%). Similarly, thermal conductivity of the carbon fiber (glass fiber) composites with 4% pristine graphene inclusion was improved 45% (80%). The reported results indicate that both pristine graphene and modified GO nanoflakes are excellent options to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of fiber‐reinforced polymeric composites and to make them viable replacement materials for metallic parts in different industries, such as wind energy, aerospace, marine, and automotive. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40826.
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Inhibits the Antiinflammatory Effects of Glucocorticoids via Glucocorticoid‐Induced Leucine Zipper
Authors: Fan Huapeng , Kao Wenping , Yang Yuan H. , Gu Ran , Harris James , Fingerle‐Rowson Günter , Bucala Richard , Ngo Devi , Beaulieu Elaine , Morand Eric F. 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveGlucocorticoids remain a mainstay in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Dose‐dependent adverse effects highlight the need for therapies that regulate glucocorticoid sensitivity to enable dosage reduction. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory protein that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA; it impairs glucocorticoid sensitivity via MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP‐1) inhibition. The intracellular protein glucocorticoid‐induced leucine zipper (GILZ) mimics the effects of glucocorticoids in models of RA, but whether it represents a target for the modulation of glucocorticoid sensitivity remains unknown. We undertook this study to investigate whether GILZ is involved in the regulation of glucocorticoid sensitivity by MIF.MethodsGILZ expression was studied in the presence and absence of MIF, and the role of GILZ in the MIF‐dependent regulation of the glucocorticoid sensitivity mediator MKP‐1 was studied at the level of expression and function.ResultsGILZ expression was significantly inhibited by endogenous MIF, both basally and during responses to glucocorticoid treatment. The effects of MIF on GILZ were dependent on the expression and Akt‐induced nuclear translocation of the transcription factor FoxO3A. GILZ was shown to regulate the expression of MKP‐1 and consequent MAPK phosphorylation and cytokine release.ConclusionMIF exerts its effects on MKP‐1 expression and MAPK activity through inhibitory effects on GILZ. These findings suggest a previously unsuspected interaction between MIF and GILZ and identify GILZ as a potential target for the therapeutic regulation of glucocorticoid sensitivity.
The Structural Diversity of Benzofuran Resorcinarene Leads to Enhanced Fluorescence
Authors: Tero Tiia‐Riikka , Salorinne Kirsi , Lehtivuori Heli , Ihalainen Janne A. , Nissinen Maija 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn unexpected and previously unknown resorcinarene mono‐crown with a fused benzofuran moiety in its macrocyclic core was obtained as a byproduct from a bridging reaction of tetramethoxy resorcinarene with tetraethylene glycol ditosylate. The formation of the fused benzofuran moiety in the resorcinarene macrocycle resulted in a unique rigid and puckered boat conformation, as shown by XRD studies in the solid state. Modification of the macrocycle was also observed to affect the photophysical properties in solution by enhancing the fluorescence brightness compared with a conventional resorcinarene macrocycle. The fluorescent properties enabled unique detection of structural features, that is, the rigid boat conformation with the conjugated benzofuran system and the more flexible crown bridge part, in solution.
Improving reasoning skills in secondary history education by working memory training
Authors: Ariës Roel Jacobus , Groot Wim , van den Brink Henriette Maassen 
Published: April 2014

Secondary school pupils underachieve in tests in which reasoning abilities are required. Brain‐based training of working memory (WM) may improve reasoning abilities. In this study, we use a brain‐based training programme based on historical content to enhance reasoning abilities in history courses. In the first experiment, a combined intervention of WM‐capacity and reasoning strategies is trained and compared with control group data in ‘HAVO’ (medium track secondary education in the Netherlands). WM‐capacity and reasoning strategies of the experimental group improve significantly after three weeks of training. Students achieve significantly better in school tests in which reasoning abilities are tested. The gain in reasoning abilities is also significant 16 weeks after the training programme is completed. In the second experiment, WM‐capacity and reasoning strategies are trained independently and compared with control group data in ‘VWO’ (upper track secondary education). Training of WM‐capacity did not improve achievements in reasoning tests significantly, but training of reasoning strategies did. However, the results of both experiments cannot be compared because of cognitive group differences between Experiment 1 and 2 (educational tracks). These results demonstrate that brain‐based learning strategies to improve reasoning abilities can easily be integrated in history curricula. Furthermore, a six‐week training period can improve reasoning abilities of students in secondary education significantly. The study used content‐based, non‐adaptive training methods that are based on standardised tests. Cognitive WM test scores indicate a ceiling effect which can be explained by the absence of the adaptive element in the training.
Complete response after autologous stem cell transplant in multiple myeloma
Authors: Kumar Lalit , Iqbal Nida , Mookerjee Anjali , Verma Rakesh Kumar , Sharma Om D. , Batra Atul , Pramanik Raja , Gupta Ritu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe evaluated long‐term outcome of patients achieving complete response (CR) after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for multiple myeloma. Between April 1990 and June 2012 191 patients underwent ASCT. The median age was 53 years (range, 26–68 years), 135 were men. Pretransplant, patients received induction therapy with VAD (vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone; n = 77), novel agents (n = 92), or alkylating agent‐based, n = 22); 43% received more than one line of induction regimen. Response to transplant was defined as per EBMT criteria. The median follow‐up for the entire group was 85 months (range, 6–232.5 months). Following transplant 109 (57.1%) patients achieved CR. Median progression‐free survival (PFS) for patients with CR was higher compared to those with VGPR and PR, (107 vs. 18 vs. 18 months, P < 0.001). Number of lines of therapy pretransplant (one or two vs. more than two lines of therapy (P < 0.001), and absolute lymphocyte count of ≤3000/cmm were predictors of superior PFS. Median overall survival (OS) for patients with CR was higher, (204 months), compared to those with VGPR (71.5 months, P < 0.001) and PR (51.5 months, P < 0.001), respectively. On Cox regression analysis, patients who received one line of induction therapy pretransplant (hazard ratio, HR 2.154, P < 0.001) and those with absolute lymphocyte count of ≤3000/mm3 (HR 0.132, P < 0.001) had superior PFS. For overall survival, induction treatment up to one line (HR 2.403, P < 0.004) and Hb > 7.1 G/dL at diagnosis (HR 4.756, P < 0.01) were associated with superior outcome. On landmark analysis at 12 months, PFS and OS continued to remain superior for patients attaining CR. Achievement of CR post transplant is associated with longer OS and PFS. Among complete responders, those who receive one line of induction therapy pretransplant have superior outcome.