bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights into Frizzled evolution and new perspectives
Authors: Schenkelaars Quentin , Fierro‐Constain Laura , Renard Emmanuelle , Hill April L. , Borchiellini Carole 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYThe Frizzled proteins (FZDs) are a family of trans‐membrane receptors that play pivotal roles in Wnt pathways and thus in animal development. Based on evaluation of the Amphimedon queenslandica genome, it has been proposed that two Fzd genes may have been present before the split between demosponges and other animals. The major purpose of this study is to go deeper into the evolution of this family of proteins by evaluating an extended set of available data from bilaterians, cnidarians, and different basally branching animal lineages (Ctenophora, Placozoa, Porifera). The present study provides evidence that the last common ancestor of metazoans did possess two Fzd genes, and that the last common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians may have possessed four Fzd. Furthermore, amino acid analyses revealed an accurate diagnostic motif for these four FZD subfamilies facilitating the assignation of Frizzled paralogs to each subfamily. By highlighting conserved amino acids for each FZD subfamily, our study could also provide a framework for further research on the precise mechanisms that have driven FZD neo‐functionalization.
Patterning of mammalian heterodont dentition within the upper and lower jaws
Authors: Yamanaka Atsushi , Iwai Haruki , Uemura Masanori , Goto Tetsuya 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYMammalian heterodont dentition is differentiated into incisors, canines, premolars, and molars in the mesial–distal direction, in both the upper and lower jaws. Although all the lower teeth are rooted in the mandible, the upper incisors are rooted in the premaxilla and the upper canine and the teeth behind it are in the maxilla. The present study uncovers ontogenetic backgrounds to these shared and differing mesiodistal patterns of the upper and lower dentition. To this end, we examined the dentition development of the house shrew, Suncus murinus, instead of the rodent model animals because the dentition of this primitive eutherian species includes all the tooth classes, and no toothless diastema region. In the shrew, the upper incisor‐forming region extended over the medial nasal prominence and the mesial part of the maxillary prominence. Consequently, the maxillary and mandibular prominences were in a mirror‐image relationship in terms of the mesiodistally differentiated tooth‐forming regions and of the complementary gene expression pattern, with Bmp4 in the mesial and Fgf8 in the distal regions. This suggests shared molecular mechanisms regulating tooth class differentiation between the upper and lower jaws. However, the premaxillary bone appeared within the mesenchyme of the medial nasal prominence, but grew distally beyond the former epithelial boundary with the maxillary prominence to form, finally, the incisive (premaxillary–maxillary) suture just mesial to the canine. Therefore, the developmental locations of the upper incisors are not inconsistent with the classical osteological criterion of the upper canine by comparative odontologists.
A combination of developmental plasticity, parental effects, and genetic differentiation mediates divergences in life history traits between dung beetle populations
Authors: Beckers Oliver M. , Anderson Wendy , Moczek Armin P. 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYThe dung beetle, Onthophagus taurus, was introduced <50 years ago from its native Mediterranean range into Western Australia (WA) and the Eastern United States (EUS). The intensity of intra‐ and interspecific competition for dung as a breeding resource is substantially higher in WA. First, we tested whether differential resource competition in the two exotic ranges is associated with divergences in life history traits, which impact on resource use. We predicted that high levels of resource competition in WA should favor females that produce brood balls more efficiently and of altered size, and produce offspring more readily when a breeding opportunity arises. Furthermore, we predicted that larvae from WA populations may have evolved more efficient development and thus exhibit higher eclosion success, shorter development time, and altered body size under standardized conditions. Second, we examined the likely developmental mechanisms underlying these divergences, that is, genetic differentiation, developmental plasticity, or parental effects in a common garden experiment. Field‐collected EUS and WA populations significantly differed, as predicted, in most of the traits examined. However, these differences are facilitated by a complex combination of proximate mechanisms. Developmental plasticity and (grand) parental effects mediated differences related to reproductive performance, whereas genetic differentiation mediated differences in the duration of larval development. Our study highlights that population divergences can be the product of a patchwork of proximate mechanisms, with each mechanism adjusting different traits in a way that the resulting composite phenotype may be better suited to its competitive environment.
Expression patterns of Eph genes in the “dual visual development” of the lamprey and their significance in the evolution of vision in vertebrates
Authors: Suzuki Daichi G. , Murakami Yasunori , Yamazaki Yuji , Wada Hiroshi 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYImage‐forming vision is crucial to animals for recognizing objects in their environment. In vertebrates, this type of vision is achieved with paired camera eyes and topographic projection of the optic nerve. Topographic projection is established by an orthogonal gradient of axon guidance molecules, such as Ephs. To explore the evolution of image‐forming vision in vertebrates, lampreys, which belong to the basal lineage of vertebrates, are key animals because they show unique “dual visual development.” In the embryonic and pre‐ammocoete larval stage (the “primary” phase), photoreceptive “ocellus‐like” eyes develop, but there is no retinotectal optic nerve projection. In the late ammocoete larval stage (the “secondary” phase), the eyes grow and form into camera eyes, and retinotectal projection is newly formed. After metamorphosis, this retinotectal projection in adult lampreys is topographic, similar to that of gnathostomes. In this study, we explored the involvement of Ephs in lamprey “dual visual development” and establishment of the image‐form vision. We found that gnathostome‐like orthogonal gradient expression was present in the retina during the “secondary” phase; i.e., EphB showed a gradient of expression along the dorsoventral axis, while EphC was expressed along the anteroposterior axis. However, no orthogonal gradient expression was observed during the “primary” phase. These observations suggest that Ephs are likely recruited de novo for the guidance of topographical “second” optic nerve projection. Transformations during lamprey “dual visual development” may represent “recapitulation” from a protochordate‐like ancestor to a gnathostome‐like vertebrate ancestor.
Young People, Community Radio and Urban Life
Authors: Wilkinson Catherine 
Published: March 2015

AbstractYoung people are living in an era where their daily routines are saturated with different media platforms, competing for their attention. One such platform is community radio. However, community radio has not gained as significant scholarly attention as other media outputs. Although there is not a wealth of extant literature on the topic of young people and community radio, much of the available literature provides colourful accounts of young people, community radio and urban life – typically through detailed case studies. Collating these case studies, my discussion is organised around two central themes: first, community radio as a platform for youth voice; and second, social inclusion of young people through youth media participation. I situate these lively exchanges and debates within the wider literature of youth media, the arts and creative industries. I suggest that community radio stations, both traditional FM and online community stations, are crucial spaces of development for young people's identities, and a space of creative learning outside of a more formal environment of school. However, I wish this to be more than a whistle‐stop tour of key literature; usefully, this paper critically assesses key conversations and highlights areas for urban geographers to devote future research interest.
Geographies of Caribbean Vulnerability in a Changing Climate: Issues and Trends
Authors: Rhiney Kevon 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWhile it is generally recognized that the projected changes in the global climate will have serious negative consequences for the Caribbean as a whole, it is becoming more and more evident that the impacts of climate change will not be uniformly felt across the region. The primary aim of this paper is to provide a review of the Caribbean climate change literature. The paper begins with a brief discussion on the shifting nature of Caribbean vulnerability within the context of the region's longstanding and continued exposure to forces of global economic and environmental change. Particular attention is paid to both the practical and discursive dimensions of vulnerability, and the specific ways the term has been understood and framed in relation to other crosscutting themes such as adaptation and resilience in the broader academic literature. In addition to providing an overview of the regional climate change science literature, the paper offers a critical review of the existing climate change impacts literature for the Caribbean. By drawing on, and taking stock of this growing body of impact studies, the paper seeks to shed light on the differential and multi‐scalar drivers of social and economic vulnerabilities to climate variability and change in the Caribbean as well as highlight some of the existing knowledge gaps that need to be addressed. The paper ends by providing some brief reflections on the emerging themes arising from the discussion and highlights a few key areas for future academic research for the Caribbean in light of existing knowledge gaps observed in the regional climate change impact literature.
Everyday Ethics of Consumption in the Austere City
Authors: Hall Sarah Marie 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper provides a first critical overview of literature within and beyond geography regarding the everyday ethics of consumption in times of austerity, with a focus on urban spaces. How consumers balance their ethical imperatives in a time of austerity has significant, multi‐scalar social and economic impacts, and yet there is a limited literature that addresses the everyday ethics of consuming in austere conditions. By teasing out the differences between the ‘ethics of consumption’ and ‘ethical consumption’, and reflecting on research regarding consumption in contemporary and historical periods of austerity, I highlight the need for greater geographical insight into the impacts of economic and political change on everyday urban life. I demonstrate that geographers might begin to tackle this emerging research agenda by attending to issues that impact on people's everyday lives, using the examples of ordinary mobilities, including home spaces and tourism, and food consumption in the case of food banks.
Transient bullous dermolysis of the newborn: a novel de novo mutation in the COL7A1 gene
Authors: Shi Bing‐Jun , Zhu Xiao‐Juan , Liu Yi , Hao Jin , Yan Guo‐Fu , Wang Su‐Ping , Wang Xiu‐Yong , Diao Qing‐Chun 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundBullous dermolysis of the newborn (BDN), an extremely rare clinical type of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB), is characterized by subepidermal blistering at birth or shortly thereafter, followed by rapid improvement with minimal scarring or pigmentation. A total of 38 cases have been reported in the literature since the disease was initially described in 1985, but only 14 mutations in COL7A1, the gene responsible for the disease, have been detected in families with BDN.ObjectivesWe report a Chinese male infant with BDN and indirect inguinal hernia, in whom a novel de novo mutation in COL7A1 was demonstrated.MethodsDNA was obtained from the blood of the patient and his parents. The coding exon and flanking regions of COL7A1 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and subjected to sequence analysis.ResultsSequencing showed a heterozygous substitution of guanine by adenine at nucleotide position 6136 of exon 73 in the triple helical domain of type VII collagen, which predicts a change of glycine by serine at position p.G2046S. The mutation was considered to be a pathogenic and de novo mutation.ConclusionsThe coexistence of BDN and indirect inguinal hernia may simply be coincidental. These data contribute to the expanding database of COL7A1 mutations in DEB and should be useful for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis in affected families.
BIOMARKER CHARACTERISTICS OF POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCKS IN THE JABAL NAFUSAH AREA, NW LIBYA: PETROLEUM SYSTEMS SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Abohajar A. , Littke R. , Schwarzbauer J. , Weniger P. , Boote D. R. D. 
Published: March 2015

The Jifarah Arch of NW Libya is a structurally prominent feature at the eastern end of the regional Talemzane Arch, separating the Ghadamis hydrocarbon province to the south from the offshore Pelagian province to the north. The Arch has experienced a complex structural history with repeated episodes of uplift, exhumation and burial. This paper provides a provisional assessment of its hydrocarbon habitat based on detailed geochemical analyses of potential Triassic, Silurian and Ordovician source rocks encountered by wells drilled in the area.Twenty‐seven core and cuttings samples of marine shales were collected from eight widely‐ dispersed wells and analyzed using standard Rock‐Eval pyrolysis techniques. Kerogen types II‐III were identified in the majority of Triassic samples analysed, indicating a low hydrocarbon generation potential, but oil‐prone Type II kerogen was found in the basal Silurian Tanezzuft Formation and Ordovician Memouniat Formation. The presence of steranes and acyclic isoprenoids suggested variable inputs of algal, bacterial and terrestrial organic matter, while biomarkers including C30‐gammacerane and β–carotene and selected biomarker ratios (Pr/Ph ratio and homohopane index) were used to assess their depositional environment. Results indicate that extended zones with periodic (if not continuous) oxygen‐deficient conditions existed throughout the basin during Late Ordovician and Early Silurian time, favouring the preservation of organic matter.The thermal maturity of the samples was assessed by Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, zooclast reflectance, molecular ratios including C32‐22S/(22S+22R)‐homohopanes, Ts/(Ts+Tm), C29‐steranes and parameters based on the relative abundance of methylphenanthrene, methyldibenzothiophene and methylnaphthalene isomers. The results indicate significant variability in thermal maturity, with Ordovician and Silurian source rocks ranging from 0.6% to 0.7% VRo equivalent increasing to 1.0% locally. These values represent palaeo‐maturities achieved at different times in the past and are considered too low to have generated significant volumes of hydrocarbons directly. However the downdip equivalents of these source rocks in the adjacent Ghadamis Basin contributed to prolific petroleum systems. The absence of large petroleum accumulations on the Jifarah Arch contrasts with the western part of the geologically similar Talemzane Arch, which harbours several giant and supergiant oil and gas fields. This difference is attributed both to the complex structural history of the Jifarah Arch, which permitted post‐charge leakage of palaeo‐accumulations, and stratigraphic migration barriers which restricted migration between Tanezzuft source rocks and Ordovician and Triassic reservoirs.
DETERMINING HYDRAULIC FLOW UNITS USING A HYBRID NEURAL NETWORK AND MULTI‐RESOLUTION GRAPH‐BASED CLUSTERING METHOD: CASE STUDY FROM SOUTH PARS GASFIELD, IRAN
Authors: Nouri‐Taleghani M. , Kadkhodaie‐llkhchi A. , Karimi‐Khaledi M. 
Published: March 2015

Hydraulic flow units are defined as reservoir units with lateral continuity whose geological properties controlling fluid flow are consistent and different from those of other flow units. Because pore‐throat size is the ultimate control on fluid flow, each flow unit has a relatively similar pore‐throat size distribution resulting in consistent flow behaviour. The relations between porosity and permeability in terms of hydraulic flow units can be used to characterize heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs.In this study, a quantitative correlation is made between hydraulic flow units and well logs in South Pars gasfield, offshore southern Iran, by integrating intelligent and clustering methods of data analysis. For this purpose, a supervised artificial neural network model was integrated with multi‐resolution graph‐based clustering (MRGC) to identify hydraulic flow units from well log data. The hybrid model provides a more precise definition of flow units compared to definitions based only on a neural network. There is a good agreement between the results of well log analyses and core‐derived flow units. The synthesized flow units derived from the well log data are sufficiently reliable to be considered as inputs in the construction of a 3D reservoir model of the South Pars field.
The Wartime Political Thought of the Pan‐Netherlander Van Es and the Flemish Activist Van Genechten
Authors: Guldentops Kurt 
Published: March 2015

Flemish nationalists willing to collaborate with German initiatives in occupied Belgium as well as their Dutch supporters worked under the expectation of a compromise peace to the Great War, in which they hoped to gain a say. How did these nationalists understand the nation at this moment when the anticipation of a general settlement demanded a comprehensive outlook? This contribution looks at two advocates of the Flemish cause. First, the Dutch Pan‐Netherlander Willem Van Es (1886‐1943) who proposed a New European order in September 1915. His vision is compared to the ideas of the Flemish Activist Robert Van Genechten (1895‐1945), a student at Ghent University, reopened in 1916 under German auspices.
Virucidal Effect of Cold Atmospheric Gaseous Plasma on Feline Calicivirus, a Surrogate for Human Norovirus
Authors: Aboubakr Hamada A. , Williams Paul , Gangal Urvashi , Youssef Mohammed M. , El-Sohaimy Sobhy A. A. , Bruggeman Peter J. , Goyal Sagar M. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT

Minimal food-processing methods are not effective against foodborne viruses, such as human norovirus (NV). It is important, therefore, to explore novel nonthermal technologies for decontamination of foods eaten fresh, minimally processed and ready-to-eat foods, and food contact surfaces. We studied the
in vitro
virucidal activity of cold atmospheric gaseous plasma (CGP) against feline calicivirus (FCV), a surrogate of NV. Factors affecting the virucidal activity of CGP (a so-called radio frequency atmospheric pressure plasma jet) were the plasma generation power, the exposure time and distance, the plasma feed gas mixture, and the virus suspension medium. Exposure to 2.5-W argon (Ar) plasma caused a 5.55 log
10
unit reduction in the FCV titer within 120 s. The reduction in the virus titer increased with increasing exposure time and decreasing exposure distance. Of the four plasma gas mixtures studied (Ar, Ar plus 1% O
2
, Ar plus 1% dry air, and Ar plus 0.27% water), Ar plus 1% O
2
plasma treatment had the highest virucidal effect: more than 6.0 log
10
units of the virus after 15 s of exposure. The lowest virus reduction was observed with Ar plus 0.27% water plasma treatment (5 log
10
unit reduction after 120 s). The highest reduction in titer was observed when the virus was suspended in distilled water. Changes in temperature and pH and formation of H
2
O
2
were not responsible for the virucidal effect of plasma. The oxidation of viral capsid proteins by plasma-produced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the solution was thought to be responsible for the virucidal effect. In conclusion, CGP exhibits virucidal activity
in vitro
and has the potential to combat viral contamination in foods and on food preparation surfaces.
Identification of a New
cry1I
-Type Gene as a Candidate for Gene Pyramiding in Corn To Control Ostrinia Species Larvae
Authors: Zhao Can , Jurat-Fuentes Juan Luis , Abdelgaffar Heba M. , Pan Hongyu , Song Fuping , Zhang Jie 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT

Pyramiding of diverse
cry
toxin genes from
Bacillus thuringiensis
with different modes of action is a desirable strategy to delay the evolution of resistance in the European corn borer (
Ostrinia nubilalis
). Considering the dependency of susceptibility to Cry toxins on toxin binding to receptors in the midgut of target pests, a diverse mode of action is commonly defined as recognition of unique binding sites in the target insect. In this study, we present a novel
cry1Ie
toxin gene (
cry1Ie2
) as a candidate for pyramiding with Cry1Ab or Cry1Fa in corn to control
Ostrinia
species larvae. The new toxin gene encodes an 81-kDa protein that is processed to a protease-resistant core form of approximately 55 kDa by trypsin digestion. The purified protoxin displayed high toxicity to
Ostrinia furnacalis
and
O. nubilalis
larvae but low to no activity against
Spodoptera
or heliothine species or the coleopteran
Tenebrio molitor
. Results of binding assays with
125
I-labeled Cry1Ab toxin and brush border membrane vesicles from
O. nubilalis
larvae demonstrated that Cry1Ie2 does not recognize the Cry1Ab binding sites in that insect. Reciprocal competition binding assays with biotin-labeled Cry1Ie2 confirmed the lack of shared sites with Cry1Ab or Cry1Fa in
O. nubilalis
brush border membrane vesicles. These data support Cry1Ie2 as a good candidate for pyramiding with Cry1Ab or Cry1Fa in corn to increase the control of
O. nubilalis
and reduce the risk of resistance evolution.
Genetic Diversity and Pathogenic Potential of Attaching and Effacing Escherichia coli O26:H11 Strains Recovered from Bovine Feces in the United States
Authors: Ison Sarah A. , Delannoy Sabine , Bugarel Marie , Nightingale Kendra K. , Webb Hattie E. , Renter David G. , Nagaraja Tiruvoor G. , Loneragan Guy H. , Fach Patrick 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
O26 has been identified as the most common non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing
E. coli
(STEC) serogroup to cause human illnesses in the United States and has been implicated in outbreaks around the world.
E. coli
has high genomic plasticity, which facilitates the loss or acquisition of virulence genes. Attaching and effacing
E. coli
(AEEC) O26 strains have frequently been isolated from bovine feces, and there is a need to better characterize the relatedness of these strains to defined molecular pathotypes and to describe the extent of their genetic diversity. High-throughput real-time PCR was used to screen 178
E. coli
O26 isolates from a single U.S. cattle feedlot, collected from May to July 2011, for the presence or absence of 25 O26 serogroup-specific and virulence-associated markers. The selected markers were capable of distinguishing these strains into molecularly defined groups (yielding 18 unique marker combinations). Analysis of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat 1 (CRISPR1) and CRISPR2a loci further discriminated isolates into 24 CRISPR types. The combination of molecular markers and CRISPR typing provided 20.8% diversity. The recent CRISPR PCR target SP_O26-E, which was previously identified only in
stx
2
-positive O26:H11 human clinical strains, was identified in 96.4% (161/167 [95% confidence interval, 99.2 to 93.6%]) of the
stx
-negative AEEC O26:H11 bovine fecal strains. This supports that these
stx
-negative strains may have previously contained a prophage carrying
stx
or could acquire this prophage, thus possibly giving them the potential to become pathogenic to humans. These results show that investigation of specific genetic markers may further elucidate our understanding of the genetic diversity of AEEC O26 strains in bovine feces.