bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deliberating American Monetary Policy
Authors: Schonhardt-Bailey Cheryl , Bailey Andrew 
Published: May 2014

A systematic analysis of Federal Reserve and congressional deliberations on monetary policy, drawing on textual analysis software and in-depth interviews with participants.
American monetary policy is formulated by the Federal Reserve and overseen by Congress. Both policy making and oversight are deliberative processes, although the effect of this deliberation has been difficult to quantify. In this book, Cheryl Schonhardt-Bailey provides a systematic examination of deliberation on monetary policy from 1976 to 2008 by the Federal Reserve's Open Market Committee (FOMC) and House and Senate banking committees. Her innovative account employs automated textual analysis software to study the verbatim transcripts of FOMC meetings and congressional hearings; these empirical data are supplemented and supported by in-depth interviews with participants in these deliberations. The automated textual analysis measures the characteristic words, phrases, and arguments of committee members; the interviews offer a way to gauge the extent to which the empirical findings accord with the participants' personal experiences.
Analyzing why and under what conditions deliberation matters for monetary policy, the author identifies several strategies of persuasion used by FOMC members, including Paul Volcker's emphasis on policy credibility and efforts to influence economic expectations. Members of Congress, however, constrained by political considerations, show a relative passivity on the details of monetary policy.
Research Misconduct Policy in Biomedicine
Authors: Redman Barbara K. 
Published: May 2014

An analysis of current biomedical research misconduct policy that proposes a new approach emphasizing the context of misconduct and improved oversight.
Federal regulations that govern research misconduct in biomedicine have not been able to prevent an ongoing series of high-profile cases of fabricating, falsifying, or plagiarizing scientific research. In this book, Barbara Redman looks critically at current research misconduct policy and proposes a new approach that emphasizes institutional context and improved oversight.
Current policy attempts to control risk at the individual level. But Redman argues that a fair and effective policy must reflect the context in which the behavior in question is embedded. As journalists who covered many research misconduct cases observed, the roots of fraud “lie in the barrel, not in the bad apples that occasionally roll into view.” Drawing on literature in related fields—including moral psychology, the policy sciences, the organizational sciences, and law—as well as analyses of misconduct cases, Redman considers research misconduct from various perspectives. She also examines in detail a series of clinical research cases in which repeated misconduct went undetected and finds laxity of oversight, little attention to harm done, and inadequate correction of the scientific record. Study questions enhance the book's value for graduate and professional courses in research ethics.
Redman argues that the goals of any research misconduct policy should be to protect scientific capital (knowledge, scientists, institutions, norms of science), support fair competition, contain harms to end users and to the public trust, and enable science to meet its societal obligations.
The News Gap
Authors: Boczkowski Pablo J. , Mitchelstein Eugenia 
Published: May 2014

An analysis of divergent online news preferences of journalists and consumers and what this means for media and democracy in the digital age.
The websites of major media organizations—CNN, USA Today, the Guardian, and others—provide the public with much of the online news they consume. But although a large proportion of the top stories these sites disseminate cover politics, international relations, and economics, users of these sites show a preference (as evidenced by the most viewed stories) for news about sports, crime, entertainment, and weather. In this book, Pablo Boczkowski and Eugenia Mitchelstein examine the divergence in preferences and consider its implications for the media industry and democratic life in the digital age.
Drawing on analyses of more than 50,000 stories posted on twenty news sites in seven countries in North and South America and Western Europe, Boczkowski and Mitchelstein find that the gap in news preferences exists regardless of ideological orientation or national media culture, and that it is not affected by innovations in forms of storytelling, such as blogs and user-generated content on mainstream news sites. Drawing upon these findings, they explore the news gap's troubling consequences for the matrix that connects communication, technology, and politics in the digital age.
Tax Systems
Authors: Slemrod Joel , Gillitzer Christian 
Published: May 2014

An approach to taxation that goes beyond an emphasis on tax rates to consider such aspects as administration, compliance, and remittance.
Despite its theoretical elegance, the standard optimal tax model has significant limitations. In this book, Joel Slemrod and Christian Gillitzer argue that tax analysis must move beyond the emphasis on optimal tax rates and bases to consider such aspects of taxation as administration, compliance, and remittance.
Slemrod and Gillitzer explore what they term a tax-systems approach, which takes tax evasion seriously; revisits the issue of remittance, or who writes the check to cover tax liability (employer or employee, retailer or consumer); incorporates administrative and compliance costs; recognizes a range of behavioral responses to tax rates; considers nonstandard instruments, including tax base breadth and enforcement effort; and acknowledges that tighter enforcement is sometimes a more socially desirable way to raise revenue than an increase in statutory tax rates. Policy makers, Slemrod and Gillitzer argue, would be well advised to recognize the interrelationship of tax rates, bases, enforcement, and administration, and acknowledge that tax policy is really tax-systems policy.
Gesture Recognition with Accelerometers for Game Controllers, Phones and Wearables
Authors: Whitehead Anthony D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHidden Markov Models have been effectively used in time series based pattern recognition problems in the past. This work explores using Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to do 3D gesture recognition from accelerometer data. Our work differs from much of the previous work in that we examine the use of discreet HMMs rather than continuous HMMs. An interesting side effect of this is that method is therefore theoretically transportable to other devices that have a 3D sensor output system. In essence this brings us a mechanism to use the HMM model across a series of different sensor devices for gesture recognition. We achieve recognition results with accuracy rates approaching 90 percent for users who are not in the training samples. The speed of our system is also of interest as we are able to classify gestures at a rate of several hundred times per second. As long as the sen-sor system is capable of outputting information about the 3 axes of motion, and the outputs can be discretized to volumetrically equivalent cubic sub-spaces; that information can then be used in this generic model for accurate, high speed gesture recognition.
Comparative Analysis of 8-Bit Adder Cells Using CLRCL Full Adder Logic
Authors: Kumar Keshav , Grover Amit , Grover Neeti 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a modified low power 10-T Adder design using 10 transistors & 12 transistors featuring higher computing speed, lower operating voltage, and lower energy consumption compared with peer designs. The simulation results, based on 0.18um process models, indicate that the proposed design has the lowest working Vdd and highest working frequency among all designs using 10 transistors & 12 transistors. It also features the lowest energy consumption per addition among these designs. In addition, the performance edge of the proposed design in both speed and energy consumption becomes even more significant as the word length of the adder increases.
The effects of endothelial progenitor cells on rat atherosclerosis
Authors: Wang Xianyou , Wang Feng , Li Nana , Hu Min , Chen Yun , Tan Mengqun 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAtherosclerosis (AS) is a progressive disease characterized by endothelial injury and lipid aggregation in the arterial walls. Studies have reported that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) derived from the bone marrow (BM) might provide an endogenous repair mechanism by differentiating into endothelial cells to replace the dysfunctional endothelium. Our study aims to investigate the effect of EPCs derived from rat BM on AS. EPCs transduced by recombinant adeno‐associated virus‐green fluorescent protein (GFP) were transplanted into a rat AS model. After 2 months of transplantation, the localization of GFP‐labeled cells, morphology, and lipid content in the aorta were examined. GFP‐labeled EPCs were found in the endothelial monolayer of the artery vessel in the GFP/EPC group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining suggested that the lipid deposits in the aortic endothelium in the EPC/GFP group were less compared with those in the untreated group. Oil Red O staining of liver slices showed that lipid droplets were obviously decreased in the GFP/EPC group. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase and apolipoprotein E mRNA levels in the GFP/EPC group were significantly higher, but the intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 mRNA level was significantly lower compared with the control group. The results suggest that EPCs derived from the BM can repair the injured endothelium and promote an atherosclerotic lesion regression. Therefore, EPCs may provide a useful tool for the treatment of AS.
Altered white matter microstructure underlies listening difficulties in children suspected of auditory processing disorders: aDTIstudy
Authors: Farah Rola , Schmithorst Vincent J. , Keith Robert W. , Holland Scott K. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe purpose of the present study was to identify biomarkers of listening difficulties by investigating white matter microstructure in children suspected of auditory processing disorder (APD) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Behavioral studies have suggested that impaired cognitive and/or attention abilities rather than a pure sensory processing deficit underlie listening difficulties and auditory processing disorder (APD) in children. However, the neural signature of listening difficulties has not been investigated.MethodsTwelve children with listening difficulties and atypical left ear advantage (LEA) in dichotic listening and twelve age‐ and gender‐matched typically developing children with typical right ear advantage (REA) were tested. Using voxel‐based analysis, fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean, axial and radial diffusivity (MD,AD,RD) maps were computed and contrasted between the groups.ResultsListening difficulties were associated with altered white matter microstructure, reflected by decreasedFAin frontal multifocal white matter regions centered in prefrontal cortex bilaterally and left anterior cingulate. IncreasedRDand decreasedADaccounted for the decreasedFA, suggesting delayed myelination in frontal white matter tracts and disrupted fiber organization in theLEAgroup. Furthermore, listening difficulties were associated with increasedMD(with increase in bothRDandAD) in the posterior limb of the internal capsule (sublenticular part) at the auditory radiations where auditory input is transmitted between the thalamus and the auditory cortex.ConclusionsOur results provide direct evidence that listening difficulties in children are associated with altered white matter microstructure and that both sensory and supramodal deficits underlie the differences between the groups.
Introduction of the arc‐length continuation technique in the chemical engineering graduate program at KFUPM
Authors: Binous Housam , Shaikh Abdullah A. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe present paper describes the arc‐length continuation method; a mathematical technique that can solve a wide variety of chemical engineering problems. Several case studies involving distillation, reaction engineering, and thermodynamics are treated with the help of this method. The approach is powerful enough to elucidate situations when several turning points occur. Finally, the authors conclude with their experience teaching this technique. Indeed, this methodology was introduced to the graduate students of the nonlinear dynamics course at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:344–351, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21604
Early metabolic development of posteromedial cortex and thalamus in humans analyzed via in vivo quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Degnan Andrew J. , Ceschin Rafael , Lee Vince , Schmithorst Vincent J. , Blüml Stefan , Panigrahy Ashok 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe posteromedial cortex (PMC) including the posterior cingulate, retrosplenial cortex, and medial parietal cortex/precuneus is an epicenter of cortical interactions in a wide spectrum of neural activity. Anatomic connections between PMC and thalamic components have been established in animal studies, but similar studies do not exist for the fetal and neonatal period. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows for noninvasive measurement of metabolites in early development. Using single‐voxel 3‐T MRS, healthy term neonates (n = 31, mean postconception age 41.5 weeks ± 3.8 weeks) were compared with control children (n = 23, mean age 9.4 years ± 5.1 years) and young adults (n = 10, mean age 24.1 years ± 2.6 years). LCModel‐based calculations compared metabolites within medial parietal gray matter (colocalizing to the PMC), posterior thalamus, and parietal white matter voxels. Common metabolic changes existed for neuronal−axonal maturation and structural markers in the PMC, thalamus, and parietal white matter with increasing NAA and glutamate and decreasing myoinositol and choline with age. Key differences in creatine and glucose metabolism were noted in the PMC, in contrast to the thalamic and parietal white matter locations, suggesting a unique role of energy metabolism. Significant parallel metabolite developmental changes of multiple other metabolites including aspartate, glutamine, and glutathione with age were present between PMC and parietal white matter but not between PMC and thalamus. These findings offer insight into the metabolic architecture of the interface between structural and functional topology of brain networks. Further investigation unifying metabolic changes with functional and anatomic pathways may further enhance the understanding of the PMC in posterior default mode network development. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3717–3732, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BMP signaling participates in late phase differentiation of the retina, partly via upregulation of Hey2
Authors: Kuribayashi Hiroshi , Baba Yukihiro , Watanabe Sumiko 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTBone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plays pivotal roles in early retinal development. However, its roles in the late phase of retinal development remain unclear. We found that BMP receptors and ligands were expressed in the postnatal mouse retina. Furthermore, immunostaining revealed that phosphorylated Smads were enriched in various cells types in the inner nuclear layer postnatally. However, phosphorylated Smads were not detected in photoreceptors, suggesting that BMP may play roles in retinal cells in the inner nuclear layer. Forced expression of constitutively active BMP receptors during retinal development resulted in an increased number of bipolar cells and Müller glia and a decreased number of rod photoreceptors; however, proliferation was not perturbed. The expression of dominant negative BMP receptors resulted in a decreased number of Müller glia and bipolar cells. In addition, inhibiting BMP signaling in retinal monolayer cultures abrogated Müller glial process extension, suggesting that BMP signaling also plays a role in the maturation of Müller glia. The expression of the basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor Hey2 was induced by BMP signaling in retinas. The coexpression of sh‐Hey2 with constitutively active BMP receptors suggested that the effects of BMP signaling on retinal differentiation could be attributed partly to the induction of Hey2 by BMP. We propose that BMP signaling plays pivotal roles in the differentiation of retinal progenitor cells into late differentiating retinal cell types and in the maturation of Müller glia; these effects were mediated, at least in part, by Hey2. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 1172–1183, 2014
Experienced Carers Helping Others (ECHO): Protocol for a Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial to Examine a Psycho‐educational Intervention for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa and Their Carers
Authors: Rhind Charlotte , Hibbs Rebecca , Goddard Elizabeth , Schmidt Ulrike , Micali Nadia , Gowers Simon , Beecham Jennifer , Macdonald Pamela , Todd Gillian , Tchanturia Kate , Treasure Janet 
Published: May 2014

AbstractExperienced Carers Helping Others (ECHO) is an intervention for carers of people with eating disorders. This paper describes the theoretical background and protocol of a pilot multicentre randomised controlled trial that will explore the use of two variants of ECHO for improving outcomes for adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) referred for outpatient care. Adolescent patients and their carers (typically parents and close others in a supportive role) will be recruited from 38 eating disorder outpatient services across the UK. Carers will be randomly allocated to receive ‘ECHOc’ guided self‐help (in addition to treatment as usual), ‘ECHO’ self‐help only (in addition to treatment as usual) or treatment as usual only. Primary outcomes are a summary measure of the Short Evaluation of Eating Disorders at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups. Secondary outcomes are general psychiatric morbidity of AN patients and carer, carers' coping and behaviour, and change in healthcare use and costs at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups. Therapist effects will be examined, and process evaluation of ECHOc will be completed. The findings from this pilot trial will be used in preparation for executing a definitive trial to determine the impact of the preferred variant of ECHO to improve treatment outcomes for AN. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Childhood Maltreatment and Educational Outcomes: Evidence from South Africa
Authors: Pieterse Duncan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMany South African children experience maltreatment, but we know little about the effects on long‐term child development. Using the only representative dataset that includes a module on childhood maltreatment for a metropolitan city in South Africa, we explore the association between different measures of childhood maltreatment and two educational outcomes (numeracy test scores and dropout). Our study provides an estimate of the association between childhood maltreatment and educational outcomes in a developing country where maltreatment is high. We control for potential confounders using a range of statistical techniques and add several robustness checks to evaluate the strength of our findings. Our results indicate that children who are maltreated suffer large adverse consequences in terms of their numeracy test scores and probability of dropout and that the estimated effects of maltreatment are larger and more consistent for the most severe type of maltreatment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating muscle regeneration with a dermis/small intestinal submucosa scaffold in a rat full‐thickness abdominal wall defect model
Authors: Ma Jinjin , Sahoo Sambit , Baker Andrew R. , Derwin Kathleen A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRepair of large complex ventral wall hernias is challenging and outcomes are often poor due to hernia recurrence and compromised abdominal wall function. Currently, biological grafts are used to assist in repairing these complex hernias. Dermis grafts are often chosen because of their mechanical characteristics; however, dermis does not have the ability to promote the muscle regeneration needed to regain abdominal wall function. In contrast, small intestinal submucosa (SIS) grafts have been shown to promote muscle generation in volumetric muscle loss (VML) models. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the extent to which SIS grafts can be used together with dermis grafts to repair and promote muscle regeneration in a full‐thickness abdominal wall defect in a rat model. The dermis layer is intended to mechanically bridge the defect and support constructive tissue remodeling while the SIS is intended to degrade and promote neo‐muscle formation. After 16 weeks of implantation, we found only a small amount of vascularized muscle (<10% of the defect area) in the repaired defects. No significant difference in defect muscle area was found between the groups receiving the dermis + SIS scaffolds and the control (dermis alone) group. Our findings indicate that the SIS constructions investigated could not promote appreciable muscle regeneration in this rigorous animal model of VML and incomplete abdominal closure. Future investigation into combination scaffold, cell and molecular therapies would be warranted to address the need for functional muscle regeneration in challenging clinical conditions such as complex abdominal wall repair. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 355–364, 2015.
In vitro degradation, hemolysis, and cytocompatibility of PEO/PLLA composite coating on biodegradable AZ31 alloy
Authors: Wei Zhongling , Tian Peng , Liu Xuanyong , Zhou Bangxin 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMagnesium and its alloys have large potential as degradable and absorbable biomaterials because of their mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, their corrosion resistance is usually inadequate especially in physiological environment, which limits their broad applications in biomedical areas. In this work, plasma electrolytic oxidized/poly(l‐lactide) (PEO/PLLA) composite coating was successfully fabricated on biodegradable AZ31 alloy by combing PEO process and sealing with PLLA. The microstructure, elemental composition, and phase composition of the PEO/PLLA composite coating were investigated. The in vitro degradation of the PEO/PLLA composite coating in simulated body fluid (SBF) was also systematically evaluated. The results revealed that the PEO/PLLA composite coating improved the corrosion resistance of AZ31 alloy significantly. The corrosion potential shifted from −1.663V to more positive position −1.317 V and the corrosion current density was reduced with six‐order of magnitude. The Mg2+ ions, hydrogen release, and pH value change of solution caused by degradation were all decreased significantly. Moreover, the PEO process played a critical role in sustaining the integrity of the implant in long‐term service. The result of hemolysis test showed that the PEO/PLLA composite coating vested AZ31 alloy a low hemolysis ratio (0.806 ± 0.771)%, which is much lower than the safe value of 5% according to ISO 10993‐4. For the cytocompatibility test, compared with bare AZ31 alloy and PEO coating, MC3T3‐E1 cells showed much better adhesion and proliferation on the PEO/PLLA composite coating with nearly 4‐fold increase of cells after 7‐day cultivation, indicating that the PEO/PLLA composite coating has good biocompatibility for biomedical applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 342–354, 2015.