bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems Attract Problems: A Network Perspective on Mental Disorders
Authors: Cramer AngéLique O. J. , Borsboom Denny 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

What is the nature of mental disorders such as major depression and panic disorder? Are mental disorders analogous to tumors, in that they exist as separate entities somewhere in people's minds? Do mental disorders
cause
symptoms such as insomnia and fatigue? Until very recently, it was exactly this sort of thinking that (implicitly) permeated many, if not all, research paradigms in clinical psychology and psychiatry. However, in recent years, a novel approach has been advocated (i.e., the
network perspective
), in which mental disorders are not conceived of as entities that have a separate existence from their respective symptoms. Instead, mental disorders are hypothesized to be networks of symptoms that directly influence one another. So, for example, from a network perspective, insomnia and fatigue are not caused by the same underlying disorder (i.e., major depression) but causally influence one another (i.e., insomnia → fatigue). A disorder, then, develops because of such direct relations between symptoms in which positive feedback mechanisms (i.e., vicious circles) are present: for example, insomnia → fatigue → feelings of guilt → insomnia. These feedback mechanisms may propel the aggravation of one's condition and make a person end up in, for example, a full‐fledged depressive episode. In this contribution, we elaborate on network perspectives on the nature of mental disorders as well as their implications for our outlook on diagnosis and comorbidity.
Production of Culture
Authors: Schmutz Vaughn , Miller Candace N. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe production of culture (POC) perspective emerged as a way to understand the external conditions that influence symbolic components of culture. Moving beyond a simple “reflection” theory of cultural production, this perspective directed attention to the processes by which culture is made. POC scholars have demonstrated how factors such as technology, law and regulation, organizational form, industry structure, careers, and markets influence the production, distribution, and reception of cultural products. First, we review foundational research that addresses the “six facets” associated with the POC perspective as well as related work on cultural industry and classification systems. Next, we address cutting‐edge work that offers new insights and methodological savvy to classic POC concerns with innovation and diversity, gatekeeping processes, and the consequences of categories in symbolic production. Finally, we discuss opportunities for future work that has the potential to move POC scholarship forward while addressing fundamental sociological questions about fields, networks, and processes of classification, valuation, and evaluation. The increasing conceptual and methodological diversity that characterizes production of culture research promises to keep it a vibrant area of inquiry for years to come.
Property Rights and Development
Authors: Frye Timothy 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThere is a strong consensus that secure property rights are critical for economic development, but tricky issues about the direction of causation and measurement have made it difficult to demonstrate this relationship empirically. In recent years, scholars have made progress on these issues. In the future, scholars can profitably turn their attention to four issues: (i) why privatization is so unpopular, (ii) how politics shapes property rights, (iii) the distributional consequences of property rights, and (iv) the impact of violence on property rights and economic development.
Public Opinion and International Conflict
Authors: Berinsky Adam J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractShould the opinions of citizens in a democracy matter in decisions of war and peace? The answer to this critical question depends on the stock we place in the ability of the mass public to come to meaningful decisions regarding the conduct of foreign affairs. In this essay, I examine public opinion about war over the past 75 years and make the case that our assessment of the mass public depends in large part on the nature of the information it receives from political leaders. Contrary to the conventional wisdom regarding public opinion and foreign policy that emerges from scholarly and journalistic accounts, events do not directly influence the public. Instead, citizens learn about wars largely from political leaders. Public opinion during times of war is therefore shaped by many of the same attachments and enmities that matter in domestic politics. As in other areas of politics, public opinion is primarily structured by the ebb and flow of partisan and group‐based political conflict.
Quasi‐Experiments
Authors: Reichardt Charles S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractQuasi‐experiments are research designs used to estimate treatment effects when treatments are not assigned at random. Research in quasi‐experimentation will advance on four fronts. First, researchers will elaborate the complete array of quasi‐experimental comparisons. Second, researchers will refine statistical methods for taking account of initial selection differences. Third, researchers will both improve sensitivity analyses to take account of biases and create empirically based theories of the degree to which biases are removed. And fourth, researchers will assess how well quasi‐experiments address the full panoply of complications that arise in practice.
Queer Theory
Authors: Manalansan Martin F. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Queer theory and ethnography have a productive relationship. Queer theory has questioned the stability of nonnormative sex and gender based identities particularly gay and lesbian. Emerging out of late twentieth century debates on the historicity and contextual nature of sex and gender, queer theory claims that important of power relationships in shaping normative meanings, practices and institutions around sex and gender. Ethnographic studies provide culturally particular illustrations of how nonnormative sex and gender identities are negotiated, evaluated, practiced, and transformed. Ethnographic studies on queer immigrants, uses of the internet and new media, queer activism and the role of race in sex and gender identities have enabled new cutting edge discussions that extend and complicate ideas from queer theory. More ethnographic research is needed to look into the roles of labor and class in sex and gender identities, and how new identity categories such as transgender circulate transnationally and cross‐culturally.
Race in Latin America
Authors: Telles Edward 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRace has long been a primary cleavage in Latin American societies, where people of African, Indigenous, and European origin have been present in large numbers. Although they have promoted race mixture as central to their national identities and often denied racism and racial discrimination, racial hierarchies have also been prominent features up until the present. Today, most Latin American countries have declared themselves multiculturalist and have begun to recognize their black and indigenous populations, largely in response to minority social movements and as these societies have begun to democratize. At the same time, the academic literature on the subject has blossomed.
Racial Disenfranchisement
Authors: Hutchings Vincent L. , Phoenix Davin L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractInquiries into racial disenfranchisement offer a crucial lens through which to critically assess the capacity of the US political system to sufficiently respond to the demands of an increasingly diverse society. Various social science disciplines have employed a range of theoretical frameworks and methodologies to explore the institutional, cultural, and psychological antecedents of disenfranchisement, as well as strategies to achieve racial equity. This essay reviews a small slice of the scholarly perspectives offered on racial inequity. It provides particular emphasis on theories of racial subjugation, racial attitudes, and the political behavior of racial minorities. The discussion of current and future trends in research on racial disenfranchisement explores the questions raised and insight offered by examinations of the distinct experiences of diverse racial and ethnic minority groups, as well as the potential impact of the “Obama era” on the state of race relations in the United States.
Regression Discontinuity Design
Authors: Meredith Marc , Perkoski Evan 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Social scientists search for interventions in the real world that approximate the conditions of an experiment. One form of such natural experiments that is increasingly used in social science research is regression discontinuity (RD). RD designs are possible when there are thresholds that cause large changes in the assignment of treatments on the basis of small differences in a variable. For example, a high school junior in the state of Pennsylvania who scored 214 out of 240 on the 2012 PSAT test received the treatment of being a National Merit Semi‐Finalist, whereas a comparable student who scored 213 did not. The intuition behind a RD design is that we often can learn something about the effects of a treatment by comparing observations that barely receive a treatment (e.g., individuals with scores of 214 and just above on the PSAT) to observations that barely miss receiving a treatment (e.g., individuals who score 213 and just below on the PSAT). We discuss the assumptions under which the effects of treatment that are assigned based on a discontinuous threshold can be estimated using a RD design. We then illustrate how graphical analysis can be used to illustrate whether these assumptions are likely to hold. We conclude by discussing two examples of cutting‐edge research that employs RD designs and discussing areas of future research.
Regulatory Focus Theory
Authors: Tory Higgins E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRegulatory focus theory was the child of self‐discrepancy theory and the parent of regulatory fit theory. Self‐discrepancy theory distinguishes between self‐regulation in relation to hopes and aspirations (ideals) versus self‐regulation in relation to duties and obligations (oughts). It proposes thatidealversusoughtself‐regulation aretwo different motivational systemsfor approaching pleasure and avoiding pain. In regulatory focus theory, promotion concerns with ideals (growth and advancement more generally) and prevention concerns with oughts (safety and security more generally) are motivational states that not only vary across individuals (personality) but also can be situationally induced. Regulatory focus theory proposes that the motivational state of being at “0” hasnegative valencein promotion (“0”as a nongain in relation to “+1”) butpositive valencein prevention (“0” as a nonloss in relation to “−1”). Finally, giving rise to regulatory fit theory, regulatory focus theory distinguishes between theeagerstrategies that fitpromotionand thevigilantstrategies that fitprevention. Foundational research supporting each of these proposals is reviewed, and then more recent cutting‐edge research is described, including how this distinction is revealed in the behavior of nonhuman animals and how different tactics (e.g., risky vs conservative) can serve either promotion‐eagerness or prevention‐vigilance under different circumstances. Finally, I discuss two key issues for future research: whether promotion and prevention are competing motivations or can work together as partners, and whether there is support for the promotion–prevention distinction in everyday life beyond the laboratory.
Religion
Authors: Purzycki Benjamin Grant , Kiper Jordan , Shaver John , Finkel Daniel N. , Sosis Richard 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Religions are complex systems that can adapt to diverse environments because of the dynamic relationship of their internal parts. The most fundamental of these parts includes supernatural beliefs, rituals, and myths. The social scientific study of religion focuses on these parts and builds on previous generations of research to provide distal explanations for religion as a dynamic phenomenon. In recent years, interest in the social science of religion has turned to the cognitive and behavioral studies of religion. The cognitive science of religion documents the mental organization and structure of religious thought, while the behavioral science of religion focuses on ritual behavior as the building block of sociality. Key issues for future research include the ontogeny of religion, the cognitive and cross‐cultural representation of religious concepts, the relationship between religion and reproduction, and the evolution of religion. With these new frontiers have come a variety of novel methodologies but also an emphasis on the need for comparative ethnography.
The Organization of Schools and Classrooms
Authors: Diehl David , McFarland Daniel A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSchools are complex organizations and their functioning involves far more than just the delivery of academic content. Existing research establishes the importance of taking such organizational features into account in examining how important school outcomes such as academic achievement are shaped by the relationships, interactions, and experiences of students and teachers. Standard approaches, however; tend to treat the organizational structures of schools as static and unchanging environments within which teachers teach and students learn. In contrast, we present the beginnings of a different conceptualization, one of schools as complex and dynamic social institutions constituted by multiple types of relations and defined at numerous levels. In this essay, we summarize existing research in order to elaborate such a view. To that end the essay is divided into four sections: major role relationships in the school; organizational levels of the school; current socio‐cultural changes shaping schools as organizations; and finally, suggestions for future work.
Repeated Cross‐Sections in Survey Data
Authors: Brady Henry E. , Johnston Richard 
Published: May 2015

AbstractExamples of repeated cross‐sections (RCS) include daily tracking polls of political opinions during campaigns, monthly Current Population Surveys of unemployment, yearly national health interview surveys, and quadrennial election studies of presidential voting. Each iteration is a distinct sample, as opposed to panels in which the same people are interviewed two or more times. By asking the same questions on repeated survey samples from the same population, RCS studies allow us to track trends and to establish causal inferences. One analytic challenge is to maintain both the representativeness and the comparability of samples as fieldwork methods or sources change. The longer the span covered by an RCS, the likelier it is that the universe will change. For an RCS spanning decades, populations can change in fundamental ways. The universe of content also changes, as issues of one period are redefined or even rendered irrelevant in another. Extracting trends from RCS data typically requires smoothing to separate signal from noise, especially where samples or subsamples are small, but this can lead to bias due to excessive smoothing or to mistaking noise for signal because of sampling variability when there is not enough smoothing. By deploying time the RCS design enables certain kinds of causal inference, but many alternative micro‐processes are observationally equivalent, and so the RCS benefits from being combined with the panel design.
Human Residence Patterns
Authors: Walker Robert S. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This essay addresses the significance and evidence surrounding the debate about how hunter‐gatherers and other humans organize their residential groups. In most species of mammals, either males or female remain in their natal group (the philopatric sex) while the other sex disperses at maturity (the dispersing sex). Sex‐biased philopatry and dispersal has many downstream effects on all aspects of social bonds and organization. Recent genetic data and detailed cross‐cultural ethnographic information suggest that human societies are quite variable and flexible in nature with males and females likely to either stay or disperse from natal families. Brothers and sisters commonly coreside in the same community and form life‐long bonds in a system quite unlike that of our primate relatives. This multilocal human residence pattern of flexible residence combined with marriage exchange systems create complex meta‐group social structures with kin‐based coalitions that extend across multiple residential groups. Human kinship and social networks that encompass multiple communities led to the emergence of large alliances at scales unparalleled by other species.
Resource Limitations in Visual Cognition
Authors: Liverence Brandon M. , Franconeri Steven L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractVisual attention and visual working memory are two of the core resources that support visual perception. Foundational research has demonstrated that these resources are highly limited, but an active debate concerns exactly how they are limited. While many classic studies suggested that these resources are fundamentally discrete, with fixed capacity of 3–4 objects maximum, a number of recent studies have argued that these resources are fundamentally continuous, with no fixed upper‐bound to the number of objects that can be attended or remembered. This entry reviews the state of this debate, and shows how convergence between these (often separate) areas of research is a major emerging trend in the field of visual cognition.
Retrieval‐Based Learning: Research at the Interface between Cognitive Science and Education
Authors: Nunes Ludmila D. , Karpicke Jeffrey D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay reviews research on retrieval‐based learning, which refers to the general finding that practicing active retrieval enhances long‐term, meaningful learning. The idea that retrieval promotes learning has existed for centuries, and the first experiments demonstrating retrieval practice effects were carried out near the beginning of experimental research on learning and memory. Interest in retrieval practice was sporadic during the past century, but the topic has received intense interest in recent years as part of a broader movement to integrate research from cognitive science with educational practice. The essay provides a selective review of foundational research and contemporary work that has been aimed at deepening our theoretical knowledge about retrieval practice and integrating retrieval‐based learning within educational activities and settings.
Returns to Education in Different Labor Market Contexts
Authors: SchöEmann Klaus , Becker Rolf 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLabor market contexts shape the returns to education to a great deal. Beyond the known positive effects of higher education to yield higher returns to education, there is ample evidence that supports the view that labor market institutions shape the returns as well as cohort and period effects. Additional returns to education consist in faster career progression and less frequent early retirement for higher educated employees. Part of the positive returns is the close link of higher education and continuous participation in further education and training, which tends to widen the differences between high investors in education and persons with few qualifications. Occupational and industry sector contexts largely shape such differential learning and work trajectories. Temporary high demand for specific professions such as engineers, medical doctors, or care personnel create cycles of exceptionally high returns to special fields of education, but as soon as the wider economic, demographic, or institutional factors vanish, returns shrink again. Context specific skill mismatches allow above average returns for some professions, whereas they can make fields of education also obsolete. Nonmonetary returns to education such as increases in happiness, subjective well‐being, job security, or health have gained more attention in recent work. Differential returns due to labor market contexts encourage labor market agents to switch between contexts to increase returns. Job mobility, further training, and migration appear to be common strategies to ensure above average monetary and nonmonetary returns to education.
Bullying, Aggression, and Human Development
Authors: Ehrenreich Samuel E. , Underwood Marion K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractChildren who are the victim of peer harassment are at increased risk for psychological maladjustment. Electronic forms of harassment via text messaging, the Internet, and social networking sites, often termedcyberbullying, have become increasingly common during the past several years. This essay presents current research that describes the predictors and outcomes of cyberbullying. Two features of electronic communication—permanence and anonymity—that present unique challenges when trying to understand and assess cyberbullying are discussed, and finally, recommendations are made for how to best examine how traditional forms of bullying and cyberbullying may be related to each other.
Rumination
Authors: Watkins Edward R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRumination is repetitive thinking about personal and self‐related concerns. Such rumination focused on symptoms and feelings has been implicated in the onset and maintenance of depression, through both experimental and longitudinal prospective studies, consistent with the Response Styles Theory. Rumination is also conceptualized within a control theory perspective, as an instrumental response to unresolved personal goals. Rumination acts to exacerbate existing mood states and elaborate preexisting cognition—in this way, it can act as a vulnerability factor for psychopathology. However, there is emerging cutting edge evidence that rumination can also have adaptive consequences, when it either focuses on positive information or involves a processing mode that is more concrete, focused on the specific details and mechanics of situations. Rumination is also being proposed as a strong candidate for a transdiagnostic process that contributes to multiple emotional disorders. New approaches to the treatment of rumination have recently been developed with preliminary encouraging data, although further large‐scale trials are required. Key issues for research into rumination going forward include more detailed unpacking of the underlying cognitive and attentional mechanisms determining individual differences in rumination and examining the contribution of rumination across physical and mental health.
Search and Learning in Markets
Authors: Kircher Philipp 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSearch is a process of learning and discovery. Consumers search for goods that fit their requirements and budgets, and workers search for jobs commensurate to their skills. Learning can vary by domain—whether a person learns about herself, about the other market participants, about the fit between both, or about the conditions in the larger economic environment; and it can span several domains at the same time. While the search process has traditionally been modeled as a black box where it simply takes time to locate the desired opportunity, recent work and future research will break up this process to be more explicit about the source of the problem. This has been missing partly because it is easier to model environments where everyone and everything is identical. Once it is acknowledged that people, firms and goods are different, that they learn over time about their type, and that the differences interact in important ways, new avenues for research open up. While much of existing work has focused on quantity (i.e., number of jobs found), future work is likely to focus more on the quality (i.e., how valuable is this job to society). This essay discusses which elements might shape the research in this area, and highlights the new lessons that are likely to emerge from this work.