bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planting the seeds of success: CT‐guided gold seed fiducial marker placement to guide robotic radiosurgery
Authors: Patel Aashish , Khalsa Bhavraj , Lord Bryce , Sandrasegaran Kumar , Lall Chandana 
Published: September 2012

SummaryFiducial marker (FM)‐guided stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) allows for precise targeting and delivery of radiation to a tumor site. In this article, we briefly discuss SBRT, provide examples to describe CT‐guided FM placement to guide SBRT, and discuss some of the associated risks and benefits. This article serves as a pictorial review for body imagers and interventional radiologists who perform CT‐guided procedures and interpret diagnostic studies for oncology patients. CT‐guided FMs were placed in patients who were appropriate candidates for SBRT. One week following placement, patients underwent diagnostic CT and/or MR examinations in order to include the FM data in the development of a treatment plan. From October 2007–November 2009, a total of 89 patients were implanted with FMs. Sites of implantation included lung, liver, bone, chest and abdominal wall, and peritoneum/retroperitoneum. Complications included pneumothorax and FM migration. Twenty‐one patients (33%) with lung FM placement experienced at least a small pneumothorax and 6 patients (9%) required thoracostomy tubes. FM migration occurred in 5 patients (8%) with lung placement. SBRT provides a safer and more effective alternative to conventional radiotherapy, and CT‐guided FM implantation of tumor sites increases the precision of SBRT. Technical improvements in FM placement can limit the complications associated with the procedure and further enable highly localized tumor therapy.
MDCT angiography of the major congenital anomalies of the extracranial arteries: Pictorial review
Authors: Saade Charbel , Bourne Roger , Wilkinson Mark , Brennan Patrick C 
Published: September 2012

SummaryMultidetector computed tomographic angiography is becoming the modality of choice for evaluation of the supra‐aortic circulation in acute stroke imaging. Variations of the supra‐aortic circulation, in particular of the extracranial arteries, are common. This article aims to provide a pictorial description of the variant anatomy of the aortic arch and extracranial arteries. Knowledge of the presence and clinical relevance of normal variants such as anomalies, duplications and embryological persistence plays a clinically relevant role in the diagnosis and management of neurological and surgical conditions, particularly as we enter an era of increasing extracranial intervention.
Influence of High Fat Diet Feeding for 20 Weeks on Lower Urinary Tract Function in Mice
Authors: AIZAWA Naoki , HOMMA Yukio , IGAWA Yasuhiko 
Published: September 2012

Objectives: We investigated the possible changes in lower urinary tract function in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD).Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into two different feed groups: normal diet (ND) and HFD (n = 16 in each). The body weight, blood glucose level and voiding frequency/volume (FV) relations (for 24 h) were measured every 4 weeks. At 25 weeks old, blood pressure and heart rate, cystometry and isolated detrusor smooth muscle function were measured. After the experiments, serum fat level was measured.Results: The body weight and blood glucose level of the HFD group were significantly higher than those of the ND group after 9 weeks old. In the FV measurements, the mean voided volume was not significantly different between the two groups, although voiding frequency, total voided volume and water intake volume in the HFD group were significantly lower than those in the ND group. At 25 weeks old, the mean heart rate in the HFD group was significantly higher than that in the ND group, but no significant difference in the blood pressure was observed. None of the cystometric parameters analyzed showed significant differences between the two groups. The contractile response to either carbachol or high K+ was not significantly different, whereas the contractile response to electrical field stimulation was significantly higher in the HFD group. In the HFD group, the mean total cholesterol level was significantly higher.Conclusion: The present results suggest that HFD‐feeding for 20 weeks in mice unlikely affects bladder function even though it induced diabetes, hyperlipidemia and tachycardia.
A spectral and Bayesian approach for analysis of fluctuations and synchrony in ecological datasets
Authors: Lindström Tom , Sisson Scott A. , Håkansson Nina , Bergman Karl‐Olof , Wennergren Uno 
Published: September 2012

Summary

Autocorrelation within ecological time series and synchrony between them may provide insight into the main drivers of observed dynamics.

We here present methods that analyse autocorrelation and synchrony in ecological datasets using a spectral approach combined with Bayesian inference.

To exemplify, we implement the method on dendrochronological data of the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). The data consist of 110 years of growth of 10 live trees and seven trees that died during a synchronized oak death in Sweden in c. 2002–2007. We find that the highest posterior density is found for a noise colour of tree growth of γ ≈ 0·95 (i.e. ‘pink noise’) with little difference between trees, suggesting climatic variation as a driving factor. This is further supported by the presence of synchrony, which we estimate based on phase‐shift analysis. We conclude that the synchrony is time‐scale dependent with higher synchrony at larger time‐scales. We further show that there is no difference between the growth patterns of the alive and dead tree groups. This suggests that the trees were driven by the same factors prior to the synchronized death.

We argue that this method is a promising approach for linking theoretical models with empirical data.
Encounters with immigrant customers: perspectives of Danish community pharmacy staff on challenges and solutions
Authors: Mygind Anna , Espersen Sacha , Nørgaard Lotte Stig , Traulsen Janine M 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Objectives
To explore the challenges that Danish community pharmacy staff encounter when serving non-Western immigrant customers. Special attention was paid to similarities and differences between the perceptions of pharmacists and pharmacy assistants.

Methods
A questionnaire was distributed to one pharmacist and one pharmacy assistant employed at each of the 55 community pharmacies located in the five local councils in Denmark with the highest number of immigrant inhabitants.

Key findings
The total response rate was 76% (84/110). Most respondents found that the needs of immigrant customers were not sufficiently assessed at the counter (n = 55, 65%), and that their latest encounter with an immigrant customer was less satisfactory than a similar encounter with an ethnic Danish customer (n = 48, 57%) (significantly more pharmacists than assistants: odds ratio, OR, 3.19; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.27–8.04). Forty-two per cent (n = 35) perceived that immigrant customers put pressure on pharmacy staff resources, while 27% (n = 23) found that the immigrant customer group make work more interesting. More pharmacists than assistants agreed on the latter (OR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.04–11.33). Within the past 14 days, 86% (n = 72) experienced that their advice and counselling were not understood by immigrant customers, whereas 49% (n = 41) experienced lack of understanding by ethnic Danes; and 30% (n = 25) had consciously refrained from counselling an immigrant, whereas 19% (n = 16) had done so with an ethnic Dane. Use of under-aged children as interpreters during the past month was reported by 79% of respondents. Regarding suggestions on how to improve encounters with immigrant customers, most respondents listed interventions aimed at patients, general practitioners and pharmaceutical companies.

Conclusions
Community pharmacy staff report poorer quality in their encounters with immigrant customers, including sub-optimal counselling and frequent use of under-aged children as interpreters. Our study also reveals certain differences across personnel groups, which may be explained by differences in level of education.
Secular changes in BMI and the associations between risk factors and BMI in children born 29 years apart
Authors: Williams S. M. , Taylor R. W. , Taylor B. J. 
Published: September 2012

Summary
What is already known about this subject
Factors associated with children's body mass index (BMI) include parents’ BMIs, birth weight, maternal smoking, sleep duration and television watching.
Few studies have attempted to quantify either changes in the association between risk factors and BMI or the contribution of changes in the risk factors to increases in BMI over a generation.

What this study adds
The magnitude of the association between most risk factors and children's BMIs has not changed over a 29‐year period.
Increases in the population level of mothers’ body mass index (BMI) explains ∼20% of the increase in children's BMI whereas the smaller increase in fathers’ BMI contributes only 6%.
Maternal smoking, despite the decrease in prevalence, contributes ∼17%.
ObjectiveUsing two cohorts born 29 years apart in Dunedin, New Zealand we aim to examine changes in risk factors and their associations with body mass index (BMI) at ages 3 and 7 years, and estimate their contribution to the secular changes in BMI at age 7 years.MethodsBirth weight and anthropometric measures at ages 3, 5 and 7 years were obtained for 974 participants in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (DMHDS), born in 1972–1973, and 241 in the Family Lifestyle, Activity, Movement and Eating Study (FLAME), born in 2001–2002. Information about maternal age, education and smoking in pregnancy, as well as breastfeeding, children's television time and time in bed, was obtained by questionnaire.ResultsThe increase in BMI over the 29‐year period was 0.84 (95% CI 0.61, 1.06) kg m−2 at age 7. A 1‐unit difference in the mother's BMI was associated with a 0.06 (0.03, 0.08) kg m−2 difference in offspring in both studies; the 3.4 (2.8, 4.0) kg m−2 increase in the mothers’ BMIs accounts for a change of 0.19 kg m−2 in the children's BMI. The much smaller generational increase in fathers’ BMI (0.7 kg m−2) correspondingly had a more limited effect on change in child BMI over time (0.06 kg m−2). Although smoking in pregnancy decreased by 15% (8, 21) its association with BMI increased from 0.20 (−0.01, 0.42) in the DMHDS cohort to 1.24 (0.76, 1.71) kg m−2 in the FLAME cohort, contributing 0.18 kg m−2 to the increase in children's BMI.ConclusionsSocietal factors such as higher maternal BMI and smoking in pregnancy contribute most to the secular increase in BMI, with changes in behavioural factors, including sleep and television viewing, having little effect in this setting.
WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative 2008: weight, height and body mass index in 6–9‐year‐old children
Authors: Wijnhoven T. M. A. , van Raaij J. M. A. , Spinelli A. , Rito A. I. , Hovengen R. , Kunesova M. , Starc G. , Rutter H. , Sjöberg A. , Petrauskiene A. , O'Dwyer U. , Petrova S. , Farrugia Sant'Angelo V. , Wauters M. , Yngve A. , Rubana I.‐M. , Breda J. 
Published: September 2012

Summary
What is already known about this subject
Overweight and obesity prevalence estimates among children based on International Obesity Task Force definitions are substantially lower than estimates based on World Health Organization definitions.
Presence of a north–south gradient with the highest level of overweight found in southern European countries.
Intercountry comparisons of overweight and obesity in primary‐school children in Europe based on measured data lack a similar data collection protocol.

What this study adds
Unique dataset on overweight and obesity based on measured weights and heights in 6–9‐year‐old children from 12 European countries using a harmonized surveillance methodology.
Because of the use of a consistent data collection protocol, it is possible to perform valid multiple comparisons between countries.
It demonstrates wide variations in overweight and obesity prevalence estimates among primary‐school children between European countries and regions.
BackgroundNutritional surveillance in school‐age children, using measured weight and height, is not common in the European Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO Regional Office for Europe has therefore initiated the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative.ObjectiveTo present the anthropometric results of data collected in 2007/2008 and to investigate whether there exist differences across countries and between the sexes.MethodsWeight and height were measured in 6–9‐year‐old children in 12 countries. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, stunting, thinness and underweight as well as mean Z‐scores of anthropometric indices of height, weight and body mass index were calculated.ResultsA total of 168 832 children were included in the analyses and a school participation rate of more than 95% was obtained in 8 out of 12 countries. Stunting, underweight and thinness were rarely prevalent. However, 19.3−49.0% of boys and 18.4−42.5% of girls were overweight (including obesity and based on the 2007 WHO growth reference).The prevalence of obesity ranged from 6.0 to 26.6% among boys and from 4.6 to 17.3% among girls. Multi‐country comparisons suggest the presence of a north–south gradient with the highest level of overweight found in southern European countries.ConclusionsOverweight among 6–9‐year‐old children is a serious public health concern and its variation across the European Region highly depends on the country. Comparable monitoring of child growth is possible across Europe and should be emphasized in national policies and implemented as part of action plans.
Parental perceptions of and concerns about child's body weight in eight European countries – the IDEFICS study
Authors: Regber S. , Novak M. , Eiben G. , Bammann K. , De Henauw S. , Fernández‐Alvira J. M. , Gwozdz W. , Kourides Y. , Moreno L. A. , Molnár D. , Pigeot I. , Reisch L. , Russo P. , Veidebaum T. , Borup I. , Mårild S. 
Published: September 2012

Summary
What is already known about this subject
Parents of children with overweight and obesity tend to underestimate their children's weight.
Most studies show no association between parental education level and accurate parental perception of a child's weight category.
Studies show no consistent relationship between parental weight perception and the child's gender.

What this study adds
Parental underestimation of children's weight category for children in the overweight and obesity categories was found across eight European countries.
Regional differences indicated a more accurate parental weight perception in Northern and Central Europe.
A high proportion of parents in Southern Europe were concerned about future underweight or overweight in their children.
ObjectivesTo evaluate parental perceptions of and concern about child's body weight and general health in children in a European cohort.DesignCross‐sectional multi‐centre study in eight European countries.Participants16 220 children, ages 2–9 years.MethodsParents completed a questionnaire regarding children's health and weight and concern about overweight and underweight. Objective children's weight categories from the International Obesity Task Force were used. Logistic regression models were utilized to identify predictors of accurate weight perception.ResultsParental weight perception corresponded overall to children's mean body mass index (BMI) z‐scores, with important exceptions. About one‐third of the total indicated concern about underweight, paradoxically most often parents of children in the overweight or obesity categories. In 63%, parents of children in the overweight category marked ‘proper weight’. The strongest predictor for accurate parental weight perception for children with overweight and obesity was BMI z‐score (odds ratio [OR] = 7.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.1–8.7). Compared to Southern Europe, ORs for accurate parental weight perception were 4.4 (95% CI 3.3–6.0) in Northern Europe and 3.4 (95% CI 2.7–4.2) in Central Europe.ConclusionParents of children categorized as being overweight or obese systematically underestimated weight. Parents differed regionally regarding accurate weight perception and concern about overweight and underweight.
Laser beam measurement of abdominal sagittal diameter in obese children: a validation study
Authors: Flodmark C.‐E. , Shen W. , Punyanitya M. , Leander P. , Lanke J. , Pietrobelli A. 
Published: September 2012

Summary
What is already known about this subject
Sagittal diameter (SAD), i.e. the mid height of the abdomen when lying down, has been reported to correlate to visceral fat, insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in adults.
SAD seems to be the best anthropometric predictor of cardiovascular risk, and also of more importance than waist circumference (WC) in adults.
There has been no validation studies comparing SAD measured with anthropometric tools (e.g. ruler) to measurements made with more exact devices such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in pediatric age.

What this study adds
This new reliable method is ideal for children due to limited body contact and no radiation.
It is accurate, less expensive than MRI, and also easier to perform than measuring WC.
It is easily available for screening purposes making future epidemiological studies possible evaluating health risks related to regional distribution of abdominal tissue.
ObjectivesSagittal diameter (SAD) has been reported to correlate to visceral fat and cardiovascular risk factors. SAD is measured with the individual lying down, halfway between the lower rib margin and the iliac crest; it represents the mid‐height of the abdomen. The aim of this study was to validate SAD measured using a recently‐developed laser beam device (SADLDB) against SAD measured using MRI (SADMRI).MethodsOf 48 obese children (25 boys, 23 girls) aged 9–11 years on the waiting list for obesity treatment, 34 agreed to a baseline measurement, which was followed by repeated measurements 6 and 12 months later in 31 and 22 children respectively. MRI was used to examine SADMRI at 5 cm above (SADMRI,cra) and below (SADMRI,cau) the mid plane of the L4‐5 intervertebral disc.ResultsEach of the differences SADLBD – SADMRI,cau and SADLBD – SADMRI,cra was subjected to a repeated‐measurements ANOVA; the visit did not have a statistically significant effect in either case (p = 0.19 and p = 0.72, respectively). The difference SADLBD – SADMRI,cau was 1.50 on average (p < 0.0001; CI 1.26–1.74) while the corresponding figure for SADLBD – SADMRI,cra was 1.26 (p < 0.0001; CI 1.04–1.49). Regression of the difference on the mean gave slopes of –0.09 (p = 0.25) and –0.04 (p = 0.57) respectively. Prediction of SADMRI from SADLDB can be performed in different ways: by means of linear regression or by means of an additive correction.ConclusionsThus, this laser device can be used instead of MRI to estimate SAD by using a simple correction.
Acceleration in the care of older adults: new demands as predictors of employee burnout and engagement
Authors: Kubicek Bettina , Korunka Christian , Ulferts Heike 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimThis paper introduces the concept of acceleration‐related demands in the care of older adults. It examines these new demands and their relation to cognitive, emotional, and physical job demands and to employee well‐being.BackgroundVarious changes in the healthcare systems of Western societies pose new demands for healthcare professionals' careers and jobs. In particular today's societal changes give rise to acceleration‐related demands, which manifest themselves in work intensification and in increasing requirements to handle new technical equipment and to update one's job‐related knowledge. It is, therefore, of interest to investigate the effects of these new demands on the well‐being of employees.DesignSurvey.MethodBetween March–June 2010 the survey was conducted among healthcare professionals involved in care of older adults in Austria. A total of 1498 employees provided data on cognitive, emotional, and physical job demands and on acceleration‐related demands. The outcome variables were the core dimensions of burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization) and engagement (vigour and dedication).ResultsHierarchical regression analyses show that acceleration‐related demands explain additional variance for exhaustion, depersonalization, vigour, and dedication when controlling for cognitive, emotional, and physical demands. Furthermore, acceleration‐related demands associated with increasing requirements to update one's knowledge are related to positive outcomes (vigour and dedication). Acceleration‐related demands associated with an increasing work pace are related to negative outcomes such as emotional exhaustion.ConclusionResults illustrate that new demands resulting from social acceleration generate potential challenges for on‐the‐job learning and potential risks to employees' health and well‐being.
End‐of‐Life Care and Dying: Issues Raised by Staff Supporting Older People with Intellectual Disability in Community Living Services
Authors: Wiese Michele , Stancliffe Roger J. , Balandin Susan , Howarth Glennys , Dew Angela 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to explore the current status of end‐of‐life care and dying of people with intellectual disability based on the experiences of staff in community living services.Materials and MethodsFocus groups and individual interviews were conducted, guided by grounded theory methodology.ResultsThe current status of end‐of‐life care and dying comprised five key ‘issues’: knowledge of dying, ethical values, the where of caring, the how of caring and post‐death caring. These issues occurred in relationship with ‘partners’, including the dying person, other clients, fellow staff, family, external health services and the coroner.ConclusionsEnd‐of‐life care represents a complex interaction between the care issues and the partners involved in care. Despite this complexity, staff were committed to the provision of end‐of‐life care.