bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of sacral slope in lumbosacral fusion: a biomechanical study
Authors: Drazin Doniel , Hussain Mir , Harris Jonathan , Hao John , Phillips Matt , Kim Terrence T. , Johnson J. Patrick , Bucklen Brandon 
Published: August 2015

OBJECT
Abnormal sacral slope (SS) has shown to increase progression of spondylolisthesis, yet there exists a paucity in biomechanical studies investigating its role in the correction of adult spinal deformity, its influence on lumbosacral shear, and its impact on the instrumentation selection process. This in vitro study investigates the effect of SS on 3 anterior lumbar interbody fusion constructs in a biomechanics laboratory.

METHODS
Nine healthy, fresh-frozen, intact human lumbosacral vertebral segments were tested by applying a 550-N axial load to specimens with an initial SS of 20° on an MTS Bionix test system. Testing was repeated as SS was increased to 50°, in 10° increments, through an angulated testing fixture. Specimens were instrumented using a standalone integrated spacer with self-contained screws (SA), an interbody spacer with posterior pedicle screws (PPS), and an interbody spacer with anterior tension band plate (ATB) in a randomized order. Stiffness was calculated from the linear portion of the load-deformation curve. Ultimate strength was also recorded on the final construct of all specimens (n = 3 per construct) with SS of 40°.

RESULTS
Axial stiffness (N/mm) of the L5–S1 motion segment was measured at various angles of SS: for SA 292.9 ± 142.8 (20°), 277.2 ± 113.7 (30°), 237.0 ± 108.7 (40°), 170.3 ± 74.1 (50°); for PPS 371.2 ± 237.5 (20°), 319.8 ± 167.2 (30°), 280.4 ± 151.7 (40°), 233.0 ± 117.6 (50°); and for ATB 323.9 ± 210.4 (20°), 307.8 ± 125.4 (30°), 249.4 ± 126.7 (40°), 217.7 ± 99.4 (50°). Axial compression across the disc space decreased with increasing SS, indicating that SS beyond 40° threshold shifted L5–S1 motion into pure shear, instead of compression-shear, defining a threshold. Trends in ultimate load and displacement differed from linear stiffness with SA > PPS > ATB.

CONCLUSIONS
At larger SSs, bilateral pedicle screw constructs with spacers were the most stable; however, none of the constructs were significantly stiffer than intact segments. For load to failure, the integrated spacer performed the best; this may be due to angulations of integrated plate screws. Increasing SS significantly reduced stiffness, which indicates that surgeons need to consider using more aggressive fixation techniques.
Material matters for learning in virtual networks: A case study of a professional learning programme hosted in a Google+ online community.
Authors: Ackland Aileen , Swinney Ann 
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we draw on Actor–Network Theories (ANT) to explore how material components functioned to create gateways and barriers to a virtual learning network in the context of a professional development module in higher education. Students were practitioners engaged in family learning in different professional roles and contexts. The data comprised postings in the Google+ community, email correspondence, meeting notes, feedback submitted at the final workshop and post-module evaluation forms. Our analysis revealed a complex set of interactions, and suggests multiple ways human actors story their encounters with non-human components and the effects these have on the learning experience. The aim of this paper is to contribute to a more holistic understanding of the components and dynamics of social learning networks in the virtual world and consider the implications for the design of online learning for continuous professional development (CPD).Keywords: professional education and training; learning communities; higher education; Actor–Network Theories(Published: 14 August 2015)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2015, 23: 26677 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v23.26677
Characterization of 13 microsatellite markers for Calochortus gunnisonii (Liliaceae) from Illumina MiSeq sequencing
Authors: Fuller Ryan S. , Frietze Seth , McGlaughlin Mitchell E. 
Published: August 2015

Premise of the study:Microsatellite primers were designed for Calochortus gunnisonii (Liliaceae), a montane lily species of the central and southern Rocky Mountains, using next‐generation DNA sequencing. The markers will be used to investigate population structure, genetic diversity, and demographic history.Methods and Results:Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from C. gunnisonii using Illumina MiSeq next‐generation DNA sequencing and bioinformatic screening. The mean number of alleles per locus ranged from 4.15 to 5.92 (avg. = 4.97). Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.077 to 0.871 and 0.213 to 0.782, respectively. The primers were also tested for cross‐species amplification value with C. flexuosus, C. nuttallii, C. kennedyi var. kennedyi, and C. subalpinus.Conclusions:These primers will be useful for genetic and evolutionary studies across C. gunnisonii's range within the southern and central Rocky Mountains. Furthermore, these markers have proven valuable for cross‐species amplifications within Calochortus.
Metric Spaces Admitting Low-distortion Embeddings into All n-dimensional Banach Spaces
Authors: Ostrovskii Mikhail , Randrianantoanina Beata 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFor a fixed K > 1 and n ∈ ℕ, n ≫ 1, we study metric spaces which admit embeddings with distortion ≤ K into each n-dimensional Banach space. Classical examples include spaces embeddable into log n-dimensional Euclidean spaces, and equilateral spaces.We prove that good embeddability properties are preserved under the operation of metric composition of metric spaces. In particular, we prove that n-point ultrametrics can be embedded with uniformly bounded distortions into arbitrary Banach spaces of dimension log n.The main result of the paper is a new example of a family of finite metric spaces which are not metric compositions of classical examples and which do embed with uniformly bounded distortion into any Banach space of dimension n. This partially answers a question of G. Schechtman.
Ascensão e distanciamento na trajetória social, escolar e profissional de um jovem das camadas populares
Authors: De Oliveira Luiz Fernando , Portes Écio Antônio 
Published: August 2015

O presente texto traz a análise da trajetória escolar, prossifional e social de um ator social oriundo das camadas populares que ingressou em um curso superior altamente seletivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e o concluiu, a saber, o curso de Engenharia Elétrica, cursou o Mestrado na mesma área e trabalha como engenheiro em uma companhia energética no estado de Minas Gerais. As reflexões levantadas neste trabalho dizem respeito, principalmente, às mudanças econômicas, culturais e sociais que foram ocorrendo na vida do referido ator no período que vai do ano de 1996, ano de seu ingresso na Universidade, até o ano de 2012, tendo como referência o papel da escola e da Educação, em sentido amplo, nesta trajetória de “sucesso”. Como técnica de coleta de dados, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade em dois períodos diferentes, de modo a abarcar a escolarização e a vida profissional do ator pesquisado. Os resultados das análises apontam para duas hipóteses centrais: 1) a formação escolar e o ingresso no mundo do trabalho em uma pro! ssão socialmente prestigiada não foram capazes de garantir, até aqui, a incorporação da cultura das elites pelo ator investigado, embora o mesmo tenha incorporado rapidamente a cultura profissional exigida pelo seu cargo, o que se mostrou altamente funcional; e 2) a ascensão social, econômica e cultural do ator parece ter produzido um distanciamento do mesmo em relação às suas origens, distanciamento seguido de certa carga de sofrimento.
Afetos, cultura e mediação: especificidades do desenvolvimento na criança de zero a três anos
Authors: Valderramas Gomes Cláudia Aparecida 
Published: August 2015

Ao anunciar a materialidade dos processos psicológicos humanos, a psicologia histórico-cultural destaca que a cultura é a matéria-prima do desenvolvimento, ou seja, é por meio da inserção da criança, desde o seu nascimento, no universo da linguagem, dos objetos e da história dos homens que a mesma constitui sua condição humana. Esse artigo tem como objetivo apresentar algumas particularidades do desenvolvimento da criança nos primeiros três anos de vida destacando os processos afetivos e a interposição da cultura nesse processo. Utilizando como aporte teórico principal a psicologia de Vigotski e, de maneira especial, o conteúdo referido nas Obras Escolhidas, tomo IV, o artigo contribui para pensar a educação das crianças ainda na primeira infância indicando o papel que os elementos mediadores, em especial os educadores, desempenham nesse processo como forma de expressar outra atitude frente àaprendizagem e ao desenvolvimento.
Magical Musical Tour
Authors: Donnelly K.J. 
Published: August 2015

The popular music industry has become completely interlinked with the film industry. The majority of mainstream films come with ready-attached songs that may or may not appear in the film but nevertheless will be used for publicity purposes and appear on a soundtrack album. In many cases, popular music in films has made for some of the most striking moments in films and the most dramatic aesthetic action in cinema, like Ben relaxing in the pool to Simon and Garfunkel’s ‘The Sound of Silence’ in The Graduate (1967), and the potter’s wheel sequence with the Righteous Brothers’ ‘Unchained Melody’ in Ghost (1990). Yet, to date, there have only been patchy attempts to deal with popular music’s relationship with film. Indeed, it is startling that there is so little written on subject that is so popular as a consumer item and thus has a significant cultural profile.
Magical Musical Tour is the first sustained and focused survey to engage the intersection of the two on both an aesthetic and industrial level. The chapters are historically-inspired reviews, discussing many films and musicians, while others will be more concentrated and detailed case studies of single films. Including an accompanying website and a timeline giving a useful snapshot around which readers can orient the book, Kevin Donnelly explores the history of the intimate bond between film and music, from the upheaval that rock‘n’roll caused in the mid-1950s to the more technical aspects regarding ‘tracking’ and ‘scoring’.
REACTION MECHANISM OF NAH WITH THE STRUCTURAL UNIT OF BUTYL RUBBER RESEARCH THROUGH THE α-PINENE MODEL COMPOUND METHOD
Authors: Feng Ying , Su Junjie , Zhang Cuimei , Li Jingjun , Zhao Jiruo 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
We substituted the small molecular model compound α-pinene of butyl rubber (IIR) to simulate the reaction between sodium hydride (NaH) and the isoprene structural unit of IIR. Meanwhile, we provided reference data on the reaction mechanism and reaction degree for the modified reaction of IIR with an active carboanion-based center. In this way, possible chemically modified reaction pathways of IIR were studied. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance results showed that α-pinene and the structural unit of IIR have a very high degree of similarity. NaH can not only produce the substitution reaction in the allylic position with α-pinene, but it can also result in the double-bond addition reaction. The degree of substitution reaction was higher than that of the addition reaction. Reaction time, the amount of NaH, and different carboanion acceptors can also greatly affect the degree of the reaction. Fourier transform infrared results indicated that the maleic anhydride experienced a ring-opening reaction rather than the double-bond addition reaction. This means that the generated carboanion primarily attacked the C=O bond on the molecular structure of the maleic anhydride and introduced the polar functional groups and unsaturated double-bond functional groups to the molecular structure of α-pinene.
Pandillas en escuelas públicas de El Salvador
Authors: López Ramírez Augusto Rigoberto 
Published: August 2015

Este estudio descriptivo plantea el problema de la presencia de pandillas delictivas (MS-13 y B-18) en escuelas públicas de El Salvador, y lo aborda a partir de cuatro variables, relativas a la manera en que se manifiesta en sus dimensiones de seguridad pública, a saber: causas de la penetración de pandillas en escuelas, comisión de delitos, generación de problemas sociales y control de las escuelas. Se recogieron relatos de personas involucradas, así como estadísticas oficiales e informes policiales. Se concluye dimensionando el problema por sus consecuencias para la seguridad pública, lo cual deviene en recomendaciones para que se trate el fenómeno como un asunto de seguridad.Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 5(1) 2015: 247-298
Inserción civil, lucha política y delincuencia en la posguerra: El Frente Norte 3-80 (FN 3-80) en Nicaragua
Authors: Rueda Estrada Verónica 
Published: August 2015

El presente artículo expone la manera en que nacieron y desarrollaron sus actividades los grupos armados de Nicaragua durante la posguerra (1990-1997). Se abordan principalmente de manera descriptiva y, apartir de ahí, de forma analítica tomando como caso de estudio al Frente Norte 3-80 (FN 3-80), un importante grupo recontra que tuvo su base de operaciones en Quilalí, Nueva Segovia; así mismo se analizan otros grupos armados escindidos de este. A través del seguimiento periodístico de sus actividades y con base en entrevistas a sus miembros, se caracterizan los desmovilizados que participaron en el grupo: los que se rearmaron como forma de presión negociadora para obtener beneficios para su inserción productiva; los que le dieron un uso político a las organizaciones armadas, incluso por parte de sus propios líderes; y, finalmente, los excombatientes que, al no poder insertarse civilmente, optaron por la delincuencia como forma de vida durantela posguerra. El rearme significó un grave problema social, económico y político para Nicaragua, y tiene sus raíces en las violentas políticas de estabilización implementadas por el Gobierno de Violeta Barrios; sin embargo en el presente artículo se pondera tanto el paso de la vida militar a la civil en condiciones de pobreza, como el surgimiento de grupos delincuenciales al amparo de la ineficiente inserción civil.Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 5(1) 2015: 353-414
Lundbeck en pay-for-delay schikkingen aan beide zijden van de Atlantische Oceaan
Authors: Fanoy J. , Raats T. 
Published: August 2015

In januari 2015 publiceerde de Europese Commissie de boetebeschikking in de zaak Lundbeck. Lundbeck werd samen met een aantal producenten van generieke geneesmiddelen beboet voor pay-for-delay schikkingen die zij hadden getroffen. Door middel van deze schikkingen kwamen de betrokken producenten van generieke geneesmiddelen overeen dat zij markttoegang zouden uitstellen in ruil voor een betaling. In dit artikel wordt de Lundbeck-beschikking besproken en een vergelijking gemaakt met de beoordeling van pay-for-delay schikkingen door de Amerikaanse mededingingsautoriteit en rechter.Commissie beschikking nr. C(2013) 3803 final, zaak AT.39226 (19 juni 2013)
Feasibility Study of Canine Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell Transplantation in the Spinal Cords of Dogs
Authors: McMahill Barbara G. , Spriet Mathieu , Sisó Sílvia , Manzer Michael D. , Mitchell Gaela , McGee Jeannine , Garcia Tanya C. , Borjesson Dori L. , Sieber-Blum Maya , Nolta Jan A. , Sturges Beverly K. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis pilot feasibility study aimed to determine the outcome of canine epidermal neural crest stem cell (cEPI-NCSC) grafts in the normal spinal cords of healthy bred-for-research dogs. This included developing novel protocols for (a) the ex vivo expansion of cEPI-NCSCs, (b) the delivery of cEPI-NCSCs into the spinal cord, and (c) the labeling of the cells and subsequent tracing of the graft in the live animal by magnetic resonance imaging. A total of four million cEPI-NCSCs were injected into the spinal cord divided in two locations. Differences in locomotion at baseline and post-treatment were evaluated by gait analysis and compared with neurological outcome and behavioral exams. Histopathological analyses of the spinal cords and cEPI-NCSC grafts were performed at 3 weeks post-transplantation. Neurological and gait parameters were minimally affected by the stem cell injection. cEPI-NCSCs survived in the canine spinal cord for the entire period of investigation and did not migrate or proliferate. Subsets of cEPI-NCSCs expressed the neural crest stem cell marker Sox10. There was no detectable expression of markers for glial cells or neurons. The tissue reaction to the cell graft was predominantly vascular in addition to a degree of reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation. In the present study, we demonstrated that cEPI-NCSC grafts survive in the spinal cords of healthy dogs without major adverse effects. They persist locally in the normal spinal cord, may promote angiogenesis and tissue remodeling, and elicit a tissue response that may be beneficial in patients with spinal cord injury.SignificanceIt has been established that mouse and human epidermal neural crest stem cells are somatic multipotent stem cells with proved innovative potential in a mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI) offering promise of a valid treatment for SCI. Traumatic SCI is a common neurological problem in dogs with marked similarities, clinically and pathologically, to the syndrome in people. For this reason, dogs provide a readily accessible, clinically realistic, spontaneous model for evaluation of epidermal neural crest stem cells therapeutic intervention. The results of this study are expected to give the baseline data for a future clinical trial in dogs with traumatic SCI.
Safe and Reproducible Preparation of Functional Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma Patients
Authors: Nava Sara , Lisini Daniela , Pogliani Simona , Dossena Marta , Bersano Anna , Pellegatta Serena , Parati Eugenio , Finocchiaro Gaetano , Frigerio Simona 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Cell therapy based on dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with tumor lysate is a promising approach in addition to conventional therapy for the treatment of patients with glioblastoma (GB). The success of this approach strongly depends on the ability to generate high-quality, functionally mature DCs (mDCs), with a high level of standardization and in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices. In the cell factory of the Carlo Besta Foundation, two phase I clinical trials on immunotherapy with tumor lysate-loaded DCs as treatment for GB are ongoing. From 2010 to 2014, 54 patients were enrolled in the studies and 54 batches of DCs were prepared. We retrospectively analyzed the results of the quality control tests carried out on each produced batch, evaluating yield of mDCs and their quality in terms of microbiological safety and immunological efficacy. The number of mDCs obtained allowed the treatment of all the enrolled patients. All 54 batches were sterile, conformed to acceptable endotoxin levels, and were free of Mycoplasma species and adventitious viruses. During culture, cells maintained a high percentage of viability (87%–98%), and all batches showed high viability after thawing (mean ± SD: 94.6% ± 2.9%). Phenotype evaluation of mDCs showed an evident upregulation of markers typical of DC maturation; mixed lymphocyte reaction tests for the functional evaluation of DCs demonstrated that all batches were able to induce lymphocyte responses. These results demonstrated that our protocol for DC preparation is highly reproducible and permits generation of large numbers of safe and functional DCs for in vivo use in immunotherapy approaches.

Significance
Cell therapy based on antigen-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) is a promising approach for the treatment of glioblastoma patients. The success of this approach strongly depends on the ability to generate high-quality, functional DCs with a high level of standardization, ensuring reproducibility, efficacy, and safety of the final product. This article summarizes the results of the quality controls on 54 batches, to demonstrate the feasibility of producing a therapeutic cell-based vaccine via a well-controlled Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)-compliant production process. The findings may be of scientific interest to those working in the field of preparation of GMP-compliant products for cell-therapy applications.
L’adaptation cinématographique comme héritage aporétique : l’hantologie shakespearienne dans Ran d’Akira Kurosawa
Authors: Lemieux René 
Published: August 2015

Cet article a pour objet le film Ran d’Akira Kurosawa (1985), qui se veut une adaptation de la pièce King Lear de William Shakespeare. Il s’agit ici d’étudier ce qui se passe (ou ce qui ne passe pas) entre l’oeuvre originale et son adaptation, mais aussi dans leurs intrigues respectives. Loin de se limiter à voir l’oeuvre cinématographique japonaise comme la simple traduction transculturelle d’une pièce de théâtre occidentale, cet article reprend la notion d’hantologie de Jacques Derrida et propose de voir réapparaître en Ran ce qu’a toujours été la pièce shakespearienne : une fable portant sur une certaine impossibilité d’hériter, ou encore sur l’absence d’héritage pris comme héritage.
La comédie du théâtre au cinéma : une histoire de dramaturgie ?
Authors: Krawczyk Johanna 
Published: August 2015

Si elles émergent depuis quelques années, les tentatives de décloisonnement destinées à interroger les croisements du théâtre et du cinéma ont tendance à délaisser un genre : la comédie. Or, dans l’adaptation d’une comédie théâtrale au cinéma advient une dramaturgie particulière, qui offre une possibilité d’inventivité scénaristique et filmique inédite. C’est cette question que nous nous proposons d’approfondir en étudiantCuisine et dépendancesetUn air de famille, deux pièces écrites par Agnès Jaoui et Jean-Pierre Bacri et respectivement adaptées au cinéma par les réalisateurs Philippe Muyl et Cédric Klapisch.
André Gide : entre cosmopolitisme, nationalisme et roman pur
Authors: Salem Saida Ben 
Published: August 2015

André Gide fait dire au héros des Faux-monnayeurs, Édouard : « [E]n art, comme partout, la pureté seule m’importe. » La pureté n’est pas alors le propre de l’art ou de la littérature ; elle est « partout » ; la notion de pureté est universelle. D’une façon générale, en tant qu’humaniste, Gide a essayé de faire de la littérature un moyen d’unification de l’Europe et du monde en favorisant l’ouverture à des textes étrangers, et non la division. Or, basée sur des cultures étrangères, sur des traductions, cette littérature favoriserait-elle l’impureté ? La pureté n’est-elle pas essentiellement relative à une littérature nationale authentique ?
L’épopée juive et américaine selon Philip Roth
Authors: Decout Maxime 
Published: August 2015

L’oeuvre de Philip Roth peut être lue comme la quête d’un épique perdu, capable de justifier l’individu en l’inscrivant dans un processus historique et dans une collectivité avec qui le lien est rompu. Cette quête met en débat deux interrogations constantes : la judéité et l’identité américaine. Car dans cette Amérique où l’héroïsme vire au conformisme et à l’immobilisme, où chacun aspire au confort de la « pastorale », les Juifs américains sont coupés des souffrances historiques qui, en l’absence de dimension religieuse ou spirituelle, demeurent le seul fondement de l’être juif moderne. La dynamique centrale de l’oeuvre pourrait alors être d’opérer une bascule depuis une épopée enchaînée à une épopée délivrée, qui redéfinit les fondements identitaires des personnages.