bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cartilage hair hypoplasia: Characteristics and orthopaedic manifestations
Authors: Riley Patrick , Weiner Dennis S. , Leighley Bonnie , Jonah David , Morton D. Holmes , Strauss Kevin A. , Bober Michael B. , Dicintio Martin S. 
Published: March 2015

Purpose Cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH) is a rare metaphyseal chondrodysplasia characterized by short stature and short limbs, found primarily in Amish and Finnish populations. Cartilage hair hypoplasia is caused by mutations in the RMRP gene located on chromosome 9p13.3. The disorder has several characteristic orthopaedic manifestations, including joint laxity, limited elbow extension, ankle varus, and genu varum. Immunodeficiency is of concern in most cases. Although patients exhibit orthopaedic problems, the orthopaedic literature on CHH patients is scant at best. The objective of this study was to characterize the orthopaedic manifestations of CHH based on the authors’ unique access to the largest collection of CHH patients ever reported. Methods The authors examined charts and/or radiographs in 135 cases of CHH. We analyzed the orthopaedic manifestations to better characterize and further understand the orthopaedic surgeon's role in this disorder. In addition to describing the clinical characteristics, we report on our surgical experience in caring for CHH patients. Results Genu varum, with or without knee pain, is the most common reason a patient with CHH will seek orthopaedic consultation. Of the cases reviewed, 32 patients had undergone surgery, most commonly to correct genu varum. Conclusion This paper characterizes the orthopaedic manifestations of CHH. Characterizing this condition in the orthopaedic literature will likely assist orthopaedic surgeons in establishing a correct diagnosis and appreciating the orthopaedic manifestations. It is important that the accompanying medical conditions are appreciated and evaluated.
Host and virological characteristics of patients with hepatitis C virus mixed genotype 1 and 2 infection
Authors: Huang Chung‐Feng , Huang Ching‐I , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Huang Jee‐Fu , Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chen Shinn‐Cherng , Yu Ming‐Lung , Dai Chia‐Yen , Chuang Wan‐Long 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe prevalence and characteristics of patients with hepatitis C virus mixed genotype 1 and 2 infection (HCV‐1/2) remains unclear. For each HCV‐1/2 patient with histological data available, two age‐ and sex‐matched HCV‐1 and HCV‐2 infected patients were selected for comparison, respectively. Of the 2776 patients, 261 (9.4%) patients were identified as having mixed HCV‐1/2 infection. The histological severity did not differ among HCV‐1/2 patients and controls. The proportion of patients with the interleukin‐28B (IL‐28B) rs8099917 TT genotype did not differ between patients with mixed‐1/2 and HCV‐1 infection (82.6% vs. 86.5%, p = 0.38). However, HCV‐2 infected patients had a significantly higher proportion of the rs8099917 TT genotype compared to patients with mixed HCV‐1/2 infections (91.6% vs. 82.6%, p = 0.03). The HCV RNA levels were similar in patients with HCV‐1/2 and HCV‐1 infections (5.5 ± 0.8 log IU/mL vs. 5.5 ± 0.9 log IU/L, p = 0.73), which were both significantly higher than that of HCV‐2 infection (5.1 ± 0.9 log IU/mL, both p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis revealed that the factors of HCV‐1/2 infection [β: 0.204; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.183–0.598, p < 0.001], body weight (β: 0.150; CI: 0.003–0.021, p = 0.008), and age (β: −0.139; CI: −0.020 to −0.002, p = 0.01) were independently correlated with HCV RNA levels in patients with HCV‐2 and mixed HCV‐1/2 infection. We concluded that the host genetic and viral presentations of patients with mixed HCV‐1/2 infection were more similar to those of patients with HCV‐1 infection than patients with HCV‐2 infection.
Novel Application of Chemical Cold Packs for Treatment of Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lissoway John B. , Lipman Grant S. , Grahn Dennis A. , Cao Vinh H. , Shaheen Michael , Phan Samson , Weiss Eric A. , Heller H. Craig 
Published: March 2015

Objective Heat-related illness is a common disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite no proven efficacy, application of chemical cold packs (CCP) to the skin overlying the large vessels of the neck, groin, and axillae is a traditional recommended cooling modality. The study objective was to compare the cooling rates of CCP applied to these traditional areas vs the glabrous skin surfaces of the cheeks, palms, and soles in exercise-induced hyperthermia. Methods Ten healthy adult male volunteers walked on a treadmill in a heated room (40° ± 0.5°C) while wearing insulated military overgarments until their esophageal temperatures (Tes) reached 39.2°C. Each participant had three heat stress trials on separate days: no treatment followed by randomly ordered traditional (neck, groin, and axillae) cooling and glabrous skin cooling. Results With no treatment, Tes remained stable after the first 5 minutes of the heat trial (ΔTes = 0.12° ± 0.07°C/10 min). Traditional cooling followed a linear decline (ΔTes = 0.17° ± 0.04°C/10 min; P < .001). Glabrous cooling enhanced the treatment effect by a steeper decline (ΔTes = 0.30° ± 0.06°C/10 min; P < .001), significantly different from traditional cooling by 2-way analysis of variance ( P < .001). Conclusions Application of CCP to glabrous skin surfaces was more effective for treating exercise-induced heat stress than the traditional CCP cooling intervention. This novel cooling technique may be beneficial as an adjunctive treatment for heat-related illness in the prehospital environment.
Work Patterns Dictate Energy Demands and Thermal Strain During Wildland Firefighting
Authors: Cuddy John S. , Sol Joseph A. , Hailes Walter S. , Ruby Brent C. 
Published: March 2015

Objective The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the effects of self-selected work activity on energy expenditure, water turnover, and thermal strain during wildland fire suppression. A secondary aim was to contrast current data with data collected 15 years ago using similar methods to determine whether job demands have changed. Methods Participants (n = 15, 26 ± 3 years, 179 ± 6 cm, 78.3 ± 8.6 kg) were monitored for 3 days for total energy expenditure, water turnover, core and chest skin temperature, physical activity, and heart rate. Participants arrived to the mobile laboratory each morning, submitted a nude weight, ingested a temperature transmitter, provided a urine sample, and were equipped with a physiological and activity monitor. Participants completed live wildland fire suppression during their work shifts. Results Mean core temperature was 37.6° ± 0.2°C, mean chest skin temperature was 34.1° ± 1.0°C, mean heart rate was 112 ± 13 beats/min, and the mean physiological strain index score was 3.3 ± 1.0. Wildland firefighters spent 49 ± 8%, 39 ± 6%, and 12 ± 2% in the sedentary, light, and moderate-vigorous intensity categories, respectively. The mean total energy expenditure was 19.1 ± 3.9 MJ/d, similar to 1997 (17.5 ± 6.9 MJ/d). The mean water turnover in 2012 was 9.5 ± 1.7 L/d, which was higher ( P < .05) compared with 1997–98 (7.0 ± 1.7 L/d). Conclusions Wildland firefighters do not induce consistently high cardiovascular and thermal strain while completing arduous work in a hot environment despite fairly high chest skin temperatures. The total energy expenditure in the current study suggests job demands are similar to those of 15 years ago, while the increased water turnover may reflect a change in drinking habits.
Electromagnetic Interference From Electronic Devices Used in the Management of Type 1 Diabetes Can Impair the Performance of an Avalanche Transceiver in Search Mode
Authors: Miller Steven C.M. 
Published: March 2015

Objective Portable electronic devices play an important role in the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Electromagnetic interference from electronic devices has been shown to impair the function of an avalanche transceiver in search mode (but not in transmitting mode). This study investigates the influence of electromagnetic interference from diabetes devices on a searching avalanche beacon. Methods The greatest distance at which an avalanche transceiver (in search mode) could accurately indicate the location of a transmitting transceiver was assessed when portable electronic devices (including an insulin pump and commonly used real-time continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring system [rtCGMS]) were held in close proximity to each transceiver. Results The searching transceiver could accurately locate a transmitted signal at a distance of 30 m when used alone. This distance was unchanged by the Dexcom G4 rtCGMS, but was reduced to 10 m when the Medtronic Guardian rtCGMS was held close (within 30 cm) to the receiving beacon. Interference from the Animas Vibe insulin pump reduced this distance to 5 m, impairing the searching transceiver in a manner identical to the effect of a cell phone. Conclusions Electromagnetic interference produced by some diabetes devices when held within 30 cm of a searching avalanche transceiver can impair the ability to locate a signal. Such interference could significantly compromise the outcome of a companion rescue scenario. Further investigation using other pumps and rtCGMS devices is required to evaluate all available diabetes electronics. Meantime, all electronic diabetes devices including rtCGMS and insulin pumps should not be used within 30 cm of an avalanche transceiver.
Which Improvised Tourniquet Windlasses Work Well and Which Ones Won’t?
Authors: Kragh John F. , Wallum Timothy E. , Aden James K. , Dubick Michael A. , Baer David G. 
Published: March 2015

Objective Improvised tourniquets in first aid are recommended when no scientifically designed tourniquet is available. Windlasses for mechanical advantage can be a stick or pencil and can be used singly or multiply in tightening a tourniquet band, but currently there is an absence of empiric knowledge of how well such windlasses work. The purpose of the present study was to determine the performance of improvised tourniquets in their use by the type and number of windlasses to improve tourniquet practice. Methods A simulated Leg Tourniquet Trainer was used as a manikin thigh to test the effectiveness of improvised tourniquets of a band-and-windlass design. Two users made 20 tests each with 3 types of windlasses. Tests started with 1 representative of a given type (eg, 1 pencil), then continued with increasing numbers of each windlass type until the user reached 100% effectiveness as determined by cessation of simulated blood flow. Windlass types included chopsticks, pencils, and craft sticks. Results Effectiveness percentages in stopping bleeding were associated inversely with breakage percentages. Pulse stoppage percentages were associated inversely with breakage. The windlass turn numbers, time to stop bleeding, the number of windlasses, and the under-tourniquet pressure were associated inversely with breakage. The windlass type was associated with breakage; at 2 windlasses, only chopsticks were without breakage. Of those windlass types that broke, 20.7% were chopsticks, 26.1% were pencils, and 53.2% were craft sticks. Conclusions A pair of chopsticks as an improvised tourniquet windlass worked better than pencils or craft sticks.
The anthelmintic efficacy of natural plant cysteine proteinases against the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminutain vivo
Authors: Mansur F. , Luoga W. , Buttle D.J. , Duce I.R. , Lowe A. , Behnke J.M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHymenolepis diminuta is a natural parasite of the common brown rat Rattus norvegicus, and provides a convenient model system for the assessment of the anthelmintic activity of novel drugs against cestodes. The experiments described in this paper indicate that treatment of rats infected with H. diminuta with a supernatant extract of papaya latex, containing a mixture of four cysteine proteinases, was moderately efficacious, resulting in a significant, but relatively small, reduction in worm burden and biomass. However, faecal egg output was not affected by treatment. In our experiments these effects were only partially dose-dependent, although specific inhibition by E-64 confirmed the role of cysteine proteinases as the active principles in papaya latex affecting worm growth but not statistically reducing worm burden. Data collected for a further 7 days after treatment indicated that the effects of papaya latex supernatant on worm loss and on worm growth were not enhanced. Our findings provide a starting point for further refinement in formulation and delivery, or assessment of alternative natural plant-derived cysteine proteinases in efforts to develop these naturally occurring enzymes into broad-spectrum anthelmintics, with efficacy against cestodes as well as nematodes.
What isaṣ̌a-?
Authors: Ahmadi Amir 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe termaṣ̌a-stands in the centre of ancient Iranian thought. It is a pivotal concept in Zoroastrian religious lore, but is not, in its significance, coeval with Zoroastrianism. As an object of eschatological longing,aṣ̌a-has Indo-Iranian roots. It is, in Old and Middle Persian texts, primarily understood as a synecdoche for the divine sphere where the religiously dutiful expect to lead a blessed mental existence after death.Aṣ̌a-is also a deity of the Old Avestan pantheon, thus a deified concept. Finally, the term is regularly used in the Gāthās as both the authoritative instance of measuring human (religious) conduct, and the normative goal of therapeutic (eschatological) activity. In this latter usage, too, and in agreement with its form and etymology,aṣ̌a-signifies a concrete phenomenon. There are good reasons to think that this phenomenon is the world as it was “put together” by Ahura Mazdā, and only subsequently sickened by the forces of deception. Translations to date, such as “truth” and “order”, are examined, all of which are shown to have serious problems. In conclusion I propose to translateaṣ̌a-as “cosmos”.
Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection in hospitalized children: a case series
Authors: IROH TAM P. Y. , KLINE S. , WARD G. , FERRIERI P. 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYNon-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) illness is an emerging life-threatening infection, and paediatric features have not been well studied. The objective of our study was to review the NTM isolates of hospitalized paediatric patients identified at our institution and to describe the characteristics of these cases. Our retrospective chart review from 2010 to 2013 identified 45 patients with 46 positive NTM cultures. Fifteen (33%) patients had received haematopoietic cell transplant, 13 (29%) had cystic fibrosis, and six (13%) were previously healthy. Twenty-seven (59%) NTM isolates were Mycobacterium chelonae/abscessus, 14 (30%) were M. avium intracellulare, and four (9%) were M. immunogenum. The majority (65%) of cases were community-acquired, and 20 (43%) patients were treated as infection. This case series identified a predominance of M. chelonae/abscessus, and includes a substantial number of haematopoietic cell transplant patients, which reflects the changing spectrum of NTM disease as molecular diagnostics improve and quaternary care facilities provide for a larger immunocompromised population.
Trends in the epidemiology of invasiveHaemophilus influenzaedisease in Queensland, Australia from 2000 to 2013: what is the impact of an increase in invasive non-typableH. influenzae(NTHi)?
Authors: WAN SAI CHEONG J. , SMITH H. , HENEY C. , ROBSON J. , SCHLEBUSCH S. , FU J. , NOURSE C. 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYFollowing the introduction of vaccination againstHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib), cases of invasive encapsulated Hib disease have decreased markedly. This study aimed to examine subsequent epidemiological trends in invasiveH. influenzaedisease in Queensland, Australia and in particular, assess the clinical impact and public health implications of invasive non-typableH. influenzae(NTHi) strains. A multicentre retrospective study was conducted from July 2000 to June 2013. Databases of major laboratories in Queensland including Queensland Forensic and Scientific Services (jurisdictional referral laboratory for isolate typing) were examined to identify cases. Demographic, infection site, Indigenous status, serotype, and mortality data were collected. In total, 737 invasive isolates were identified, of which 586 (79·5%) were serotyped. Hib, NTHi and encapsulated non-b strains, respectively, constituted 12·1%, 69·1% and 18·8% of isolates. The predominant encapsulated non-b strains were f (45·5%) and a (27·3%) serotypes. Of isolates causing meningitis, 48·9% were NTHi, 14·9% Hib, 14·9% Hie, 10·6% Hif, 6·4% Hia and 4·3% were untyped. During the study period, there was an increase in the incidence of invasive NTHi disease (P= 0·007) with seasonal peaks in winter and spring (P< 0·001). The incidence of Hib disease (P= 0·295) and of encapsulated non-b disease (P= 0·122) did not change significantly. Highest overall incidence was in infants, Indigenous, and elderly patients. Australian Indigenous patients were more likely to have Hia (P> 0·001) and Hib (P= 0·039) than non-Indigenous patients. In Queensland, invasiveH. influenzaedisease is now predominantly encountered in adults and most commonly caused by NTHi strains with demonstrated pathogenicity extending to otherwise young or immunocompetent individuals. Routine public health notification of these strains is recommended and recent available immunization options should be considered.
Lifestyle and reproductive risk factors associated with anal cancer in women aged over 50 years
Authors:   on behalf of the Million Women Study Collaborators, Coffey K , Beral V , Green J , Reeves G , Barnes I 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Background:
Anal cancer incidence increases with age and is higher in women than men. Risk factors in this group other than high-risk human papillomavirus infection are unclear.

Methods:
In all, 1.3 million women were recruited in 1996–2001 and followed for incident anal cancer. Cox regression models were used to calculate relative risks (RRs) for anal cancer by various potential risk factors.

Results:
Five hundred and seventeen incident anal cancers were registered over 13 years of follow-up. The largest RR was associated with a history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN 3; RR=4.03, 95% CI 2.59–6.28). Other factors associated with significantly increased risks in multivariate analyses were: ever smoking (RR=1.49, 1.24–1.80); previous use of oral contraceptives (RR=1.51, 1.24–1.83); nulliparity (RR=1.61, 1.24–2.07); tubal ligation (RR=1.39, 1.13–1.70) and not living with a partner (RR=1.82, 1.40–2.38). The association with smoking was significantly greater for squamous cell carcinoma than adenocarcinoma of the anus (RR 1.66 vs 0.89, P for heterogeneity=0.04).

Conclusions:
History of CIN 3, smoking, past oral contraceptive use, nulliparity, tubal ligation and not living with a partner are risk factors for anal cancer in women. There was a significant increase in risk associated with smoking for squamous cell anal cancers but not adenocarcinomas.
A high-mobility electronic system at an electrolyte-gated oxide surface
Authors: Gallagher Patrick , Lee Menyoung , Petach Trevor A. , Stanwyck Sam W. , Williams James R. , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Goldhaber-Gordon David 
Published: March 2015

AbstractElectrolyte gating is a powerful technique for accumulating large carrier densities at a surface. Yet this approach suffers from significant sources of disorder: electrochemical reactions can damage or alter the sample, and the ions of the electrolyte and various dissolved contaminants sit Angstroms from the electron system. Accordingly, electrolyte gating is well suited to studies of superconductivity and other phenomena robust to disorder, but of limited use when reactions or disorder must be avoided. Here we demonstrate that these limitations can be overcome by protecting the sample with a chemically inert, atomically smooth sheet of hexagonal boron nitride. We illustrate our technique with electrolyte-gated strontium titanate, whose mobility when protected with boron nitride improves more than 10-fold while achieving carrier densities nearing 1014 cm−2. Our technique is portable to other materials, and should enable future studies where high carrier density modulation is required but electrochemical reactions and surface disorder must be minimized.
Four-dimensional in vivo X-ray microscopy with projection-guided gating
Authors: Mokso Rajmund , Schwyn Daniel A. , Walker Simon M. , Doube Michael , Wicklein Martina , Müller Tonya , Stampanoni Marco , Taylor Graham K. , Krapp Holger G. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractVisualizing fast micrometer scale internal movements of small animals is a key challenge for functional anatomy, physiology and biomechanics. We combine phase contrast tomographic microscopy (down to 3.3 μm voxel size) with retrospective, projection-based gating (in the order of hundreds of microseconds) to improve the spatiotemporal resolution by an order of magnitude over previous studies. We demonstrate our method by visualizing 20 three-dimensional snapshots through the 150 Hz oscillations of the blowfly flight motor.
Primate immune responses to HIV-1 Env formulated in the saponin-based adjuvant AbISCO-100 in the presence or absence of TLR9 co-stimulation
Authors: Martinez Paola , Sundling Christopher , O'Dell Sijy , Mascola John R. , Wyatt Richard T. , Karlsson Hedestam Gunilla B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractProtein-based vaccines require adjuvants to achieve optimal responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 agonists were previously shown to improve responses to protein-based vaccines, such as the Hepatitis B virus vaccine formulated in alum. Here, we used CpG-C together with the clinically relevant saponin-based adjuvant AbISCO-100/Matrix-M (AbISCO), to assess if TLR9 co-stimulation would quantitatively or qualitatively modulate HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-specific B and T cell responses in rhesus macaques. The macaques were inoculated with soluble Env trimers in AbISCO, with or without the addition of CpG-C, using an interval similar to the Hepatitis B virus vaccine. Following a comprehensive evaluation of antigen-specific responses in multiple immune compartments, we show that the Env-specific circulating IgG, memory B cells and plasma cells displayed similar kinetics and magnitude in the presence or absence of CpG-C and that there was no apparent difference between the two groups in the elicited HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers or antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses. Importantly, the control of SHIV viremia was significantly improved in animals from both Env-immunized groups relative to adjuvant alone controls, demonstrating the potential of AbISCO to act as a stand-alone adjuvant for Env-based vaccines.