bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UnderstandingThe Problem of Social Cost
Authors: FRISCHMANN BRETT M. , MARCIANO ALAIN 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCoase always expressed dissatisfaction with neo-classical economics and advocated for a new approach. Rather than using toy mathematical models built from unrealistic, idealized assumptions, Coase preferred to study real-world contexts, including actual legal cases. He demonstrated the utility of his approach in ‘The Problem of Social Cost’. Yet almost all of Coase's contemporaries completely ignored, Coase's call for a new approach and his sustained use of legal cases to illustrate his arguments and to situate his analysis in reality. In this paper, we show that the profession interpreted Coase's seminal article exactly the opposite of what he had intended, and reduced his analytical contributions to a toy model of the exact sort he was criticizing. This ironic history of the most cited article both in law and in economics helps us understand the development of ideas within both fields and how disciplinary blinders shape intellectual progress.
Rewired warfare: rethinking the law of cyber attack
Authors: Schmitt Michael N. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe most significant debate regarding the applicability of international humanitarian law to cyber operations involves interpretation of the rules governing cyber “attacks”, as that term is understood in the law. For over a decade, the debate has been a binary one between advocates of the “permissive approach” developed by the author and a “restrictive approach” championed by those who saw the permissive approach as insufficiently protective of the civilian population and other protected persons and objects. In this article, the author analyses that debate, and explains a third approach developed during the Tallinn Manual project. He concludes by suggesting that the Tallinn Manual approach best approximates the contemporary law given the increasing value which societies are attributing to cyber activities.
Is There a Cost to Convenience? An Experimental Comparison of Data Quality in Laboratory and Online Studies
Authors: Clifford Scott , Jerit Jennifer 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIncreasingly, experimental research is being conducted on the Internet in addition to the laboratory. Online experiments are more convenient for subjects and researchers, but we know little about how the choice of study location affects data quality. To investigate whether respondent behavior differs across study location, we randomly assign subjects to participate in a study in a laboratory or in an online setting. Contrary to our expectations, we find few differences between participants in terms of the level of attention and socially desirable responding. However, we find significant differences in two areas: the degree of self-reported distractions while completing the questionnaire and the tendency to consult outside sources for answers to political knowledge questions. We conclude that when the greater convenience (and higher response rates) of online experiments outweighs these disadvantages, Internet administration of randomized experiments represent an alternative to laboratory administration.
Wahrnehmung von Personen und soziale Kognition
Authors: Schweinberger Stefan R. , Schneider Dana 
Published: October 2014

Soziale Wahrnehmung, Kommunikation und Interaktion erfordern eine effiziente Analyse und Repräsentation personenbezogener Informationen. Dabei transportieren vor allem Gesichter und Stimmen eine Vielzahl sozial relevanter Informationen, etwa über die Identität einer Person, Emotionen, Geschlecht, Alter, Attraktivität, ethnische Zugehörigkeit oder momentaner Aufmerksamkeitsfokus. Trotz dieses Wissens sind die perzeptuellen Mechanismen der Wahrnehmung komplexer sozialer Stimuli erst in den letzten Jahren systematischer untersucht worden. Diese Entwicklung wurde vorallem durch (1) die Verfügbarkeit sophistizierter Reizmanipulationstechniken (z. B. Bild-, Video- und Stimmen-Morphing, Karikierung, und Mittelungstechniken) sowie (2) die Verfügbarkeit von Messmethoden der kognitiven und sozialen Neurowissenschaften ermöglicht. In diesem Artikel fassen wir den aktuellen Forschungsstand der Wahrnehmung von Personen, besonders bezüglich Gesichter und Stimmen, zusammen. Dabei diskutieren wir ausgewählte Beispiele aktueller Forschung, und legen dar, wie sich die Personenwahrnehmung zu einem zentralen Thema psychologischer Forschung entwickelt hat. Neue Evidenz zeigt, dass sozial relevante perzeptuelle Informationen in Gesichtern oder Stimmen nicht nur erste Eindrücke über Personen erzeugen, sondern dass diese Eindrücke auch moderate Validität aufweisen, so dass Gesichter oder Stimmen als „Fenster zur Person” betrachtet werden können. Wir argumentieren, dass weitere Fortschritte in anderen Feldern der sozialen Kognitionsforschung, welche reale oder virtuelle Agenten berücksichtigen (z. B. Theory of Mind Forschung, soziale Kategorisierung, menschliche Entscheidungen) von einer Berücksichtigung fazialer oder stimmlicher Informationen in der Personenwahrnehmung profitieren.
TGF-β is an inducer of ZEB1-dependent mesenchymal transdifferentiation in glioblastoma that is associated with tumor invasion
Authors: Joseph J V , Conroy S , Tomar T , Eggens-Meijer E , Bhat K , Copray S , Walenkamp A M E , Boddeke E , Balasubramanyian V , Wagemakers M , den Dunnen W F A , Kruyt F A E 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDifferent molecular subtypes of glioblastoma (GBM) have been recently identified, of which the mesenchymal subtype is associated with worst prognoses. Here, we report that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is able to induce a mesenchymal phenotype in GBM that involves activation of SMAD2 and ZEB1, a known transcriptional inducer of mesenchymal transition in epithelial cancers. TGF-β exposure of established and newly generated GBM cell lines was associated with morphological changes, enhanced mesenchymal marker expression, migration and invasion in vitro and in an orthotopic mouse model. TGF-β-induced mesenchymal differentiation and invasive behavior was prevented by chemical inhibition of TGF-β signaling as well as small interfering RNA (siRNA)-dependent silencing of ZEB1. Furthermore, TGF-β-responding and -nonresponding GBM neurospheres were identified in vitro. Interestingly, nonresponding cells displayed already high levels of pSMAD2 and ZEB1 that could not be suppressed by inhibition of TGF-β signaling, suggesting the involvement of yet unknown mechanisms. These different GBM neurospheres formed invasive tumors in mice as well as revealed mesenchymal marker expression in immunohistochemical analyses. Moreover, we also detected distinct zones with overlapping pSMAD2, elevated ZEB1 and mesenchymal marker expression in GBM patient material, suggestive of the induction of local, microenvironment-dependent mesenchymal differentiation. Overall, our findings indicate that GBM cells can acquire mesenchymal features associated with enhanced invasive potential following stimulation by secretory cytokines, such as TGF-β. This property of GBM contributes to heterogeneity in this tumor type and may blur the boundaries between the proposed transcriptional subtypes. Targeting TGF-β or downstream targets like ZEB1 might be of potential benefit in reducing the invasive phenotype of GBM in a subpopulation of patients.
Impact of multiple-dose versus single-dose inhaler devices on COPD patients’ persistence with long-acting β2-agonists: a dispensing database analysis
Authors: van Boven Job FM , van Raaij Joost J , van der Galiën Ruben , Postma Maarten J , van der Molen Thys , Dekhuijzen PN Richard , Vegter Stefan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Background:
With a growing availability of different devices and types of medication, additional evidence is required to assist clinicians in prescribing the optimal medication in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients’ persistence with long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs).

Aims:
To assess the impact of the type of inhaler device (multiple-dose versus single-dose inhalers) on 1-year persistence and switching patterns with LABAs.

Methods:
A retrospective observational cohort study was performed comparing a cohort of patients initiating multiple-dose inhalers and a cohort initiating single-dose inhalers. The study population consisted of long-acting bronchodilator naive COPD patients, initiating inhalation therapy with mono-LABAs (formoterol, indacaterol or salmeterol). Analyses were performed using pharmacy dispensing data from 1994 to 2012, obtained from the IADB.nl database. Study outcomes were 1-year persistence and switching patterns. Results were adjusted for initial prescriber, initial medication, dosing regimen and relevant comorbidities.

Results:
In all, 575 patients initiating LABAs were included in the final study cohort. Among them, 475 (83%) initiated a multiple-dose inhaler and 100 (17%) a single-dose inhaler. Further, 269 (47%) initiated formoterol, 9 (2%) indacaterol and 297 (52%) salmeterol. There was no significant difference in persistence between users of multiple-dose or single-dose inhalers (hazard ratio: 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.76–1.26, P=0.99). Over 80% re-started or switched medication.

Conclusions:
There seems no impact of inhaler device (multiple-dose versus single-dose inhalers) on COPD patients’ persistence with LABAs. Over 80% of patients who initially seemed to discontinue LABAs, re-started their initial medication or switched inhalers or medication within 1 year.
Hard‐template synthesis of titanium dioxide hollow spheres
Authors: Kusior Anna , Warchal Andrzej , Komornicki Stanislaw , Radecka Marta 
Published: October 2014

An easy approach for the fabrication of titanium dioxide hollow spheres is proposed. Nanostructures were obtained by the conventional hard template method with silica‐protected calcination. The samples were characterised by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller nitrogen adsorption isotherms, X‐ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Raman spectroscopy and optical properties of the prepared materials were studied as well. X‐ray analysis has shown that the silica protection layer allows direct phase transformation from amorphous titania to crystalline anatase regardless of the temperature. The crystallite size is more than 5 nm. The diameter of the obtained hollow nanostructures is within the range 115–420 nm. The thickness of the walls varies from 12 to 38 nm depending on annealing conditions. TEM and SEM images confirm their spherical shape.
Delayed Ras/PKA signaling augments the unfolded protein response
Authors: Pincus David , Aranda-Díaz Andrés , Zuleta Ignacio A. , Walter Peter , El-Samad Hana 
Published: October 2014

Significance
The unfolded protein response (UPR) maintains protein-folding homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The UPR is involved in diseases such as triple-negative breast cancer, developmental processes such as B-cell activation, and the decision to commit to apoptosis. In principle, the UPR could restore homeostasis to the ER by increasing folding capacity or reducing the load of newly synthesized proteins. Here we report that budding yeast augments the UPR with PKA signaling and reduces the load of newly synthesized proteins, a role functionally analogous to the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and regulated inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)-dependent mRNA decay (RIDD) pathways in other organisms. Accounting for all the pathways that contribute to stress resistance is necessary to understand how perturbations, including targeted therapies, propagate through the cell.
Measurement of Patient Hand Hygiene in Multiorgan Transplant Units Using a Novel Technology: An Observational Study
Authors: Srigley Jocelyn A. , Furness Colin D. , Gardam Michael 
Published: October 2014

Objective.Healthcare worker hand hygiene is known to prevent healthcare-associated infections, but there are few data on patient hand hygiene despite the fact that nosocomial pathogens may be acquired by patients via their own unclean hands. The purpose of this study was to measure patient hand hygiene behavior in the hospital after visiting a bathroom, before eating, and on entering and leaving their roomsDesign.Cross-sectional study.Setting.Acute care teaching hospital in Canada.Patients.Convenience sample of 279 adult patients admitted to 3 multiorgan transplant units between July 2012 and March 2013.Methods.Patient use of alcohol-based hand rub and soap dispensers was measured using an ultrasound-based real-time location system during visits to bathrooms, mealtimes, kitchen visits, and on entering and leaving their rooms.Results.Overall, patients performed hand hygiene during 29.7% of bathroom visits, 39.1% of mealtimes, 3.3% of kitchen visits, 2.9% of room entries, and 6.7% of room exits.Conclusions.Patients appear to perform hand hygiene infrequently, which may contribute to transmission of pathogens from the hospital environment via indirect contact or fecal-oral routes.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(11):1336–1341
Effectiveness of a Dental Care Intervention in the Prevention of Lower Respiratory Tract Nosocomial Infections among Intensive Care Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Bellissimo-Rodrigues Wanessa T. , Menegueti Mayra G. , Gaspar Gilberto G. , Nicolini Edson A. , Auxiliadora-Martins Maria , Basile-Filho Anibal , Martinez Roberto , Bellissimo-Rodrigues Fernando 
Published: October 2014

Objective.To evaluate whether dental treatment may enhance oral antisepsis, thus preventing more effectively lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) among critically ill patientsDesign.Observer-blind randomized clinical trial.Setting.General intensive care unit (ICU) for adult patients.Patients.We analyzed data from 254 adult patients who stayed for at least 48 hours in the ICU.Intervention.Patients were randomized by means of rolling dice. The experimental group (n = 127) had access to dental care provided by a dental surgeon, 4–5 times a week. Besides routine oral hygiene, care also included teeth brushing, tongue scraping, removal of calculus, atraumatic restorative treatment of caries, and tooth extraction. The control group (n = 127) had access to routine oral hygiene only, which included the use of chlorhexidine as a mouth rinse, which was performed by the ICU nurse staff.Results.The primary study outcome was the LRTI incidence, which was 8.7% in the experimental group and 18.1% in the control group (adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.44 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.20–0.96]; P = .04). Ventilator-associated pneumonia rates per 1,000 ventilator-days were 16.5 (95% CI, 9.8–29.5) in the control group and 7.6 (95% CI, 3.3–15.0) in the experimental group (P < .05). Mortality rates were similar between both study groups: 31.5% in the control group versus 29.1% in the experimental group (adjusted RR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.52–1.65]; P = .796). No severe adverse events related to oral care were observed during the study.Conclusion.Dental treatment was safe and effective in the prevention of LRTI among critically ill patients who were expected to stay at least 48 hours in the ICU.Trial registration.Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry, affiliated with the World Health Organization’s International Clinical Trial Registry Platform: U1111-1152-2671.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(11):1342–1348
God: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Bowker John 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Who or what is God? How can we know God? Many people believe in God; not just throughout history but also in the present day. But who or what is it they believe in? Many different and sometimes conflicting answers have been suggested to this question. God: A Very Short Introduction explores some of the answers provided by philosophers, poets, and theologians, and considers why some people believe in God and others do not. It considers how each major religion established their own distinctive beliefs about God and how they each interpret His existence, and concludes by looking at how our understanding of God continues to evolve.
Inference of protein kinetics by stochastic modeling and simulation of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments
Authors: Rapsomaniki Maria Anna , Cinquemani Eugenio , Giakoumakis Nickolaos Nikiforos , Kotsantis Panagiotis , Lygeros John , Lygerou Zoi 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Motivation : Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a functional live cell imaging technique that permits the exploration of protein dynamics in living cells. To extract kinetic parameters from FRAP data, a number of analytical models have been developed. Simplifications are inherent in these models, which may lead to inexhaustive or inaccurate exploitation of the experimental data. An appealing alternative is offered by the simulation of biological processes in realistic environments at a particle level. However, inference of kinetic parameters using simulation-based models is still limited.
Results : We introduce and demonstrate a new method for the inference of kinetic parameter values from FRAP data. A small number of in silico FRAP experiments is used to construct a mapping from FRAP recovery curves to the parameters of the underlying protein kinetics. Parameter estimates from experimental data can then be computed by applying the mapping to the observed recovery curves. A bootstrap process is used to investigate identifiability of the physical parameters and determine confidence regions for their estimates. Our method circumvents the computational burden of seeking the best-fitting parameters via iterative simulation. After validation on synthetic data, the method is applied to the analysis of the nuclear proteins Cdt1, PCNA and GFPnls. Parameter estimation results from several experimental samples are in accordance with previous findings, but also allow us to discuss identifiability issues as well as cell-to-cell variability of the protein kinetics.
Implementation : All methods were implemented in MATLAB R2011b. Monte Carlo simulations were run on the HPC cluster Brutus of ETH Zurich.
Contact : lygeros@control.ee.ethz.ch or lygerou@med.upatras.gr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
OrthoInspector 2.0: Software and database updates
Authors: Linard Benjamin , Allot Alexis , Schneider Raphaël , Morel Can , Ripp Raymond , Bigler Marc , Thompson Julie D. , Poch Olivier , Lecompte Odile 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Summary: We previously developed OrthoInspector, a package incorporating an original algorithm for the detection of orthology and inparalogy relations between different species. We have added new functionalities to the package. While its original algorithm was not modified, performing similar orthology predictions, we facilitated the prediction of very large databases (thousands of proteomes), refurbished its graphical interface, added new visualization tools for comparative genomics/protein family analysis and facilitated its deployment in a network environment. Finally, we have released three online databases of precomputed orthology relationships.
Availability: Package and databases are freely available at http://lbgi.fr/orthoinspector with all major browsers supported.
Contact: odile.lecompte@unistra.fr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
PFP/ESG: automated protein function prediction servers enhanced with Gene Ontology visualization tool
Authors: Khan Ishita K. , Wei Qing , Chitale Meghana , Kihara Daisuke 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Summary : Protein function prediction (PFP) is an automated function prediction method that predicts Gene Ontology (GO) annotations for a protein sequence using distantly related sequences and contextual associations of GO terms. Extended similarity group (ESG) is another GO prediction algorithm that makes predictions based on iterative sequence database searches. Here, we provide interactive web servers for the PFP and ESG algorithms that are equipped with an effective visualization of the GO predictions in a hierarchical topology.
Availability : PFP/ESG servers are freely available at http://kiharalab.org/web/pfp.php and http://kiharalab.org/web/esg.php , or access both at http://kiharalab.org/pfp_esg.php
Contact : dkihara@purdue.edu
Supplementary information : Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Physicochemical and Thermal Characteristics of Starch Isolated from a Waxy Wheat Genotype Exhibiting Partial Expression of Wx Proteins
Authors: Jung Taek‐Hee , Kim Jae Yoon , Baik Byung‐Kee , Park Chul Soo 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA unique wheat genotype carrying waxy‐type allelic composition at the Wx loci, Gunji‐1, was developed, and its starch properties were evaluated in comparison to parental waxy and wild‐type wheat varieties. Gunji‐1 was null in all three of the Wx genes but exhibited a lower level of Wx proteins than the wild‐type. Starch amylose content and cold water retention capacity were 10.1 and 70.5% for Gunji‐1, 4.2 and 76.6% for waxy, and 27.9 and 65.0% for wild‐type, respectively. No significant differences were observed in microstructure, granule size distribution, and X‐ray diffractograms of the starch granules isolated from Gunji‐1 compared with those of waxy and wild‐type wheat varieties. Starch pasting peak, breakdown, and setback viscosities and peak temperature of Gunji‐1 were intermediate between waxy and wild‐type wheat. In starch gel hardness, Gunji‐1 (1.1 N) was more similar to waxy wheat (0.5 N) than to the wild‐type variety (17.6 N). Swelling power, swelling volume, paste transmittance during storage, and gelatinization enthalpy of Gunji‐1 were lower than those of waxy wheat but greater than those of wild‐type wheat. Retrogradation of starch stored for one week at 4°C expressed with DSC endothermic enthalpy was absent in the waxy wheat variety, whereas Gunji‐1 exhibited both retrogradation of amylopectin and amylose‐lipid complex melting similar to the wild‐type parent, even though enthalpies of Gunji‐1 were much smaller than the wild‐type parent.
NOTE: Hydrolysis Temperature Affects the Phloroglucinol Assay for Arabinoxylan Quantification in Wheat Flour
Authors: Laidlaw Hunter K. C. , Kooij‐Liu Peggy , Jobling Stephen A. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTPhloroglucinol has a long history of use for the determination of pentose monomer content. Its application to cereal chemistry has been developed over several decades; however, no studies on the potential influence of hydrolysis temperature have yet been reported. We demonstrate the effect of hydrolysis temperature on the phloroglucinol assay for the measurement of pentosans in both refined and wholemeal wheat flours. In refined flour, monosaccharide degradation and interfering reactions from starch appear to effectively reduce the absorbance difference used to determine pentosan content. The presence of glucose in the reaction is also shown to provide stability to the reaction products. The potential impact of these factors on the determination of pentosan content needs to be considered when interpreting the results obtained using phloroglucinol‐based methods.