bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Afforestation or intense pasturing improve the ecological and economic value of abandoned tropical farmlands
Authors: Knoke Thomas , Bendix Jörg , Pohle Perdita , Hamer Ute , Hildebrandt Patrick , Roos Kristin , Gerique Andrés , Sandoval María L. , Breuer Lutz , Tischer Alexander , Silva Brenner , Calvas Baltazar , Aguirre Nikolay , Castro Luz M. , Windhorst David , Weber Michael , Stimm Bernd , Günter Sven , Palomeque Ximena , Mora Julio , Mosandl Reinhard , Beck Erwin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIncreasing demands for livelihood resources in tropical rural areas have led to progressive clearing of biodiverse natural forests. Restoration of abandoned farmlands could counter this process. However, as aims and modes of restoration differ in their ecological and socio-economic value, the assessment of achievable ecosystem functions and benefits requires holistic investigation. Here we combine the results from multidisciplinary research for a unique assessment based on a normalization of 23 ecological, economic and social indicators for four restoration options in the tropical Andes of Ecuador. A comparison of the outcomes among afforestation with native alder or exotic pine, pasture restoration with either low-input or intense management and the abandoned status quo shows that both variants of afforestation and intense pasture use improve the ecological value, but low-input pasture does not. Economic indicators favour either afforestation or intense pasturing. Both Mestizo and indigenous Saraguro settlers are more inclined to opt for afforestation.
Gene duplication of type-B ARR transcription factors systematically extends transcriptional regulatory structures in Arabidopsis
Authors: Choi Seung Hee , Hyeon Do Young , Lee ll Hwan , Park Su Jin , Han Seungmin , Lee In Chul , Hwang Daehee , Nam Hong Gil 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMany of duplicated genes are enriched in signaling pathways. Recently, gene duplication of kinases has been shown to provide genetic buffering and functional diversification in cellular signaling. Transcription factors (TFs) are also often duplicated. However, how duplication of TFs affects their regulatory structures and functions of target genes has not been explored at the systems level. Here, we examined regulatory and functional roles of duplication of three major ARR TFs (ARR1, 10 and 12) in Arabidopsis cytokinin signaling using wild-type and single, double and triple deletion mutants of the TFs. Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles obtained from Arabidopsis roots in wild-type and these mutants showed that duplication of ARR TFs systematically extended their transcriptional regulatory structures, leading to enhanced robustness and diversification in functions of target genes, as well as in regulation of cellular networks of target genes. Therefore, our results suggest that duplication of TFs contributes to robustness and diversification in functions of target genes by extending transcriptional regulatory structures.
Carlactone is converted to carlactonoic acid by MAX1 inArabidopsisand its methyl ester can directly interact with AtD14 in vitro
Authors: Abe Satoko , Sado Aika , Tanaka Kai , Kisugi Takaya , Asami Kei , Ota Saeko , Kim Hyun Il , Yoneyama Kaori , Xie Xiaonan , Ohnishi Toshiyuki , Seto Yoshiya , Yamaguchi Shinjiro , Akiyama Kohki , Yoneyama Koichi , Nomura Takahito 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceStrigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones that inhibit shoot branching and are parasitic and symbiotic signals toward root parasitic plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, respectively. Therefore, the manipulation of SL levels potentially improves the yield of crops. To achieve this goal, the biosynthesis pathway of SLs must be fully understood. SLs are biosynthesized from a precursor, named carlactone (CL), which is derived from carotenoid. However, no downstream pathway of CL has been elucidated. In this study, we show that CL is converted into a carboxylated metabolite, named carlactonoic acid, byArabidopsisMAX1, the enzymatic function of which had been unknown, and that its methyl ester has the ability to interact with a SL receptor and suppress shoot branching inArabidopsis.
Pictet–Spengler reaction-based biosynthetic machinery in fungi
Authors: Yan Wei , Ge Hui Ming , Wang Gang , Jiang Nan , Mei Ya Ning , Jiang Rong , Li Sui Jun , Chen Chao Jun , Jiao Rui Hua , Xu Qiang , Ng Seik Weng , Tan Ren Xiang 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The Pictet–Spengler (PS) reaction constructs many important phytochemicals such as morphine and camptothecin, but it has not yet been noticed in the fungal kingdom. Here, the startup of the PS reaction-based silent fungal biosynthetic machinery is presented to generate unforeseeably “unnatural” natural products of unprecedented carbon skeletons with antibacterial and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. The gene-implied enzyme inhibition strategy is introduced to facilitate understandings of the key diversification steps. Collectively, the PS reaction-based fungal biosynthetic machinery that used to be silent has been set up to produce unpredictably novel molecules valuable for new biology and biomedicine.
Reason and Maximization
Authors: Gauthier David 
Published: November 2014

Economic man seeks to maximize utility. The rationality of economic man is assumed, and is identified with the aim of utility-maximization. But may rational activity correctly be identified with maximizing activity? The object of this essay is to explore, and in part to answer, this question.This is not an issue solely, or perhaps even primarily, about the presuppositions of economics. The two great modern schools of moral and political thought in the English-speaking world, the contractarian and the utilitarian, identify rationality with maximization, and bring morality into their equations as well. To the contractarian, rational man enters civil society to maximize his expectation of well-being, and morality is that system of principles of action which rational men collectively adopt to maximize their well-being. To the utilitarian, the rational and moral individual seeks the maximum happiness of mankind, with which he identifies his own maximum happiness.
Justified True Belief as Knowledge
Authors: Richman Robert J. 
Published: November 2014

After almost a decade, the discussion initiated by Professor Edmund Gettier's provocative paper “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?” continues. The most recent contribution to this discussion is Professor John Turk Saunders' attempt to counter Professor Irving Thalberg's claim that a principle that Gettier employs in reaching his notorious negative conclusion is unjustified. I am moved to add to the discussion at this time because it seems to me that the principle in question is unjustified. But more fundamentally, Gettier's argument fails because the putative counter-examples on which it rests fail to make their intended point. I shall discuss these claims in turn.The epistemic principle which I consider unjustified is the one which Thalberg has called the Principle of Deducibility for Justification (PDJ) and which Gettier formulates as follows: “for any proposition P, if S is justified in believing P, and P entails Q, and S deduces Q from P and accepts Q as a result of this deduction, then S is justified in believing Q.”
Utility and the Value of Persons: A Response to Professor Brandt's Comments
Authors: Card Claudia 
Published: November 2014

I have four responses to make, the first three very brief and the last not much longer.On the face of it, it looks as though in attributing rights to people one is saying something about their moral position. This is so for both option-rights and welfare-rights. On H.L.A. Hart's account of rights to freedom, that is exactly what one is doing. One is asserting that those who have the right have a special kind of justification for limiting the freedom of others. On Professor Brandt's view, it appears that attributing a right to someone is just an oblique way of saying something about the moral position of others, and nothing more.
Relationship Between High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I and Blood Pressure Among Young and Healthy Adults
Authors: Aeschbacher Stefanie , Schoen Tobias , Bossard Matthias , van der Lely Stephanie , Glättli Kathrin , Todd John , Estis Joel , Risch Martin , Mueller Christian , Risch Lorenz , Conen David 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of cardiac troponin (cTn) levels with conventional and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) in young and healthy adults.

METHODS
We performed a population based cross-sectional analysis among 2,072 young and healthy adults aged 25–41 years free of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. cTnI was measured using a highly sensitive (hs) assay. The relationships of high sensitivity cardiac tropononin I (hs-cTnI) with office and 24-hour BP were assessed using multivariable regression analyses.

RESULTS
Median age was 37 years and 975 (47%) participants were male. hs-cTnI levels were detectable in 2,061 (99.5%) individuals. Median (interquartile range) hs-cTnI levels were 0.98 (0.71; 1.64) ng/L among men and 0.48 (0.33; 0.71) ng/L among women. Systolic BP, but not diastolic BP, gradually increased across hs-cTnI quartiles (118, 120, 121, and 122 mm Hg for conventional BP; P = 0.0002; 122, 123, 124, and 124 mm Hg for 24-hour BP, P = 0.0001). In multivariable linear regression analyses, the β estimates for systolic BP per 1-unit increase in log transformed hs-cTnI were 2.52 for conventional BP (P = 0.0001); 2.75 for 24-hour BP (P &lt; 0.0001); 2.71 and 2.41 (P &lt; 0.0001 and P = 0.0002) for day and nighttime BP, respectively. There was a significant relationship between hs-cTnI and the Sokolow–Lyon Index (odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 2.09 (1.37; 3.18), P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSION
Using a hs assay, hs-cTnI was detectable in virtually all participants of a young and healthy population. hs-cTnI was independently associated with systolic BP and left ventricular hypertrophy.
Esophageal Eosinophilia in Pediatric Patients With Celiac Disease
Authors: Ahmed Omar I. , Qasem Shadi A. , Abdulsattar Jehan A. , Snow Anthony N. , Hill Ivor D. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:Celiac disease (CD) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) are 2 distinct disease entities affecting the gastrointestinal tract of pediatric patients. Recently it has been suggested that EoE is more prevalent in patients with celiac disease than in the general population. We studied the association between these 2 disease entities in our pediatric patients.Methods:We reviewed our hospital files for suspected or confirmed cases of CD. Only cases with both duodenal and esophageal biopsies in pediatric patients were included. A total of 120 patients who met these criteria were included as the disease group. We also selected 100 patients with no clinical suspicion of CD and included them as a control group. Slides were reviewed using established criteria for diagnosis of both conditions. Duodenal biopsies were categorized as positive, negative, and suspicious for CD, whereas esophageal biopsies were classified as either positive or negative for esophageal eosinophilia (EE). Serologic and clinical data were additionally collected.Results:Sixty‐two (62) cases were considered positive for CD in the disease group; among those 4 (6.5%) showed EE. In the control group, 91 cases were negative for CD, histologically, and 7 of those had EE (7.7%). Although 6 patients in the control group were histologically suspicious for CD, none of them had evidence of EE.Conclusions:Our findings show that, in our patient population, patients with CD are not more likely to have EE than patients undergoing upper endoscopy for other reasons. Therefore, we suggest that the association between CD and EE is likely incidental and not causal.
Corporate social responsibility and firm performance through the mediating effect of organizational trust in Chinese firms
Authors: Yu Yanni , Choi Yongrok 
Published: November 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mediating effect of organizational trust on the relationship between perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and firm performance.Design/methodology/approach– A total of 674 questionnaires were sent randomly to Chinese firms to obtain a total of 168 reliable responses. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted for a validity test, and structural equation modeling was employed to test the mediating effect of organizational trust.Findings– The empirical results show that perceived CSR practices of firms had significant direct effects on employee well-being and organizational performance and that organizational trust partially mediated the relationships of CSR practices to employee well-being as well as to organizational performance.Research limitations/implications– The data may not fully represent a generalized survey of all industries with CSR management. In this regard, future research should focus on a specific Chinese industry. The results suggest that firms should more actively promote the role of employees in CSR strategies to better build organizational trust.Originality/value– Previous CSR studies have generally focused on customers’ perceptions, paying little attention to employees’ viewpoints. This study provides the first empirical analysis of the relationship between CSR and firm performance from the perspective of employees in Chinese firms. In addition, the study examines the mediating role of trust in CSR, which has been rarely considered in the context of Chinese firms.
Social responsibility and employees’ organizational identification in Chinese family firms
Authors: Zhou Lixin 
Published: November 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to explore the impact of family ownership, and family commitment on employees' organizational identification (EOI) with Chinese family firms, and to test the mediating effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on this relationship.

Findings
– The result reveals that family commitment positively influences employees’ organizational identification (EOI) with Chinese family firms. It is also shown that insiders’ responsibility (i.e. investors’ and employees’ responsibility) and public responsibility (i.e. community responsibility) positively influence EOI, and partially mediate the relationship between family commitment and EOI with Chinese family firms. In addition, the result indicates that family ownership positively influences insiders’ responsibility (i.e. investors’, and employees’ responsibility), outsiders’ responsibility (i.e. consumers’ responsibility), environmental responsibility and legal and ethical responsibility, and family commitment positively moderates the relationship between family ownership and insiders’ responsibility (i.e. investors’ and employees’ responsibility), outsiders’ responsibility (i.e. partners’ and consumers’ responsibility) and public responsibility (i.e. environmental responsibility) in Chinese family firms.

Originality/value
– This study is the first to examine empirically the relationship between family involvement (i.e. family ownership, family commitment) and EOI from the viewpoint of CSR in Chinese family firms. The study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between family involvement and EOI, as well as the understanding of the influence of CSR on EOI with Chinese family firms.
Enhancing competitiveness through MNC-local firms co-opetitive relationships
Authors: Depeige Audrey Catherine , Sindakis Stavros 
Published: November 2014

Subject area
The case study reflects issues and challenges in the fields of strategy, management, competitive intelligence and new organizational designs.

Study level/applicability
The case study is recommended for MBA and postgraduate courses in strategy, management, competitive intelligence and new organizational designs. The case can also be used in executive development programs focusing on business strategy and innovation.

Case overview
It is 2009. LK Company has newly been established as lighting products manufacturer. Based in Thailand, the firm commences its business operations with an aggressive pricing strategy (low-cost products). At the time of the establishment and launch of operation activities, the market leader [an international multinational company (MNC)] has above 35 per cent market share, leaving LK with an initial 2 per cent market share. While the share of LK grew from 2 to 10 per cent in the past five years, competition in the industry nevertheless remains harsh. Companies are confronted with pressures to invest in the development of new energy-saving lamps, and in this context, LK's company executive board needs to make a strategic decision on which way to follow to sustain the business: shall this be with or without foreign MNCs.

Expected learning outcomes
Students will be able to better understand; analyze and assess the importance of resource management in highly competitive environments, as well as the importance of designing alternative growth strategies by identifying and assessing changes in the market/environment. They are introduced to characteristics of co-opetition strategies, advantages and disadvantages of co-opetitive business structures and impact of the choice of business partners over time.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Sainsbury's in Egypt
Authors: Sebora Terrence C. , Rubach Michael , Cantril Richard 
Published: November 2014

Subject area
International Strategy

Study level/applicability
Undergraduate or graduate capstone course in strategy or international management course.

Case overview
Faced with increased competition at home, Sainsbury's decided to expand its international operations by entering Egypt. Sainsbury's initially created a joint venture with an Egyptian food retailer, but quickly increased its commitment by opening over 100 stores in Egypt. Sainsbury's dream of capturing the Egyptian food market faded as quickly as it was started. Due to declining profits, Sainsbury's eliminated its exposure in Egypt by selling its interests to its Egyptian partner. Sainsbury's first developing-country venture could be regarded as an object lesson in how not to operate. The company failed to properly investigate its market and its partners, and showed insensitivity to local conditions. Moreover, entering the Egyptian consumer business sector may have been ill-advised. Egypt, with a low gross domestic product (GDP) per head of about $1,300 and a population of 65 million, while having growth potential, is a daunting market. Why a poor and frequently disorganized country was perceived as having excellent growth potential was not addressed by Sainsbury's in its headlong rush to invest. The case should be interesting for students because it highlights a situation where a firm's international expansion efforts failed after the firm had success expanding internationally previously. Numerous reasons are presented in the case for Sainsbury's failure. The case highlights the multiplicity of issues which a company faces when it “goes global.” While Sainsbury's withdrew from Egypt, the case affords students the opportunity to evaluate whether they would have made the same decision by providing a discussion of the alternatives suggested by Sainsbury's Chairman.

Expected learning outcomes
The Sainsbury's case is capable of addressing several important teaching objectives: the case is an appropriate vehicle to demonstrate what can happen to a firm as it expands globally; students will gain more knowledge concerning why companies expand into foreign markets and the impact of cross-country differences in market conditions; the case presents the multifaceted complexities involved in globalization efforts and issues faced by companies concerned with global competition and global strategy; students should apply the concepts and tools of industry and competitive analysis; students should gain a better understand how to manage globally; students should gain an understanding of the challenges of globalization and global competition; students should gain a better understanding of the evolution of strategy as industry conditions change and new opportunities arise. As with any case study, students should learn to translate good analysis into appropriate recommendations for action.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Princely Jets (Pvt) Ltd – the air ambulance
Authors: Zafar Yasmin 
Published: November 2014

Subject area
Marketing: New Service Launch; Relationship Marketing; Direct Marketing.

Study level/applicability
This case could be taught in marketing management, services marketing or strategy courses, in the product development or service launch modules at the graduate level; alternatively it could also be used in the promotion module for the illustration of direct marketing (DM) tool application; and it could also be used as a capstone case for the introductory Principles of Marketing course at the undergraduate level.

Case overview
The case examines the launch of a new air ambulance service in Karachi, Pakistan; a venture of Akbar Group Jet services; Princely Jets (Pvt) Ltd. The case describes the first mover advantage of the service and the marketing strategy recommended by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Mr Ghouse Akbar. The major concern is whether the strategy is forceful and compelling enough to secure approval from the board. The major issues include the role of DM processes and relationship marketing tools to encourage a value-added premium service which had no precedence of demand and practice. Concepts to thrash out in class also include customer profiling and segmentation along with how best to create awareness and generate a sustainable basket of customers for the high-price value-added low-use service.

Expected learning outcomes
Discuss and illustrate the importance and benefit of market research information for making a decision; how to create awareness and customer recognition and cultivate demand for a new and unsolicited service; identify appropriate and effective promotion tools to achieve required customer demand, brand recognition and customer value; how to launch a premium priced unsolicited service in a niche market?; and exhibit the synthesis of the four P's in a new product launch marketing strategy.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.