bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies and Trends for Application Exopolysaccharides of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Food and Biomedical
Authors: Hussein Khulood Abdulkareem , Niamah Alaa Kareem , Majeed Kithar Rasheed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are a significant bioproduct of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in lactic acid. EPS is popular in the food and dairy industries due to its ability to lengthen shelf life, improve technical functionalities, and provide a range of health benefits. The potential of EPS in drug development and diagnostics is also overwhelming. This study carries out an in-depth analysis of many kinds of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-produced EPS, their classification, as well as current and future applications in different areas, such as food, dairy, baking, cereal-based and functional products. The clinical and pharmaceutical applications of EPS are also described in this article, for example, intelligent drug delivery systems, interpenetrating polymer networks, anticancer drug-targeting, recombinant macromolecular biopharmaceuticals, gene delivery, tissue engineering, and EPS’s participation in diagnostics. The article ends with future perspectives on increasing EPS production, diminishing production costs, and utilization in other areas.
The Effect of Using Chitosan and Nanokaitosan on the Chemical Composition of Luciobarbus Xanthopterus
Authors: Saleh Fayza Me. , Albashr Tariq Kh. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was conducted in the laboratories of the Food Science Department at the College of Agriculture at Tikrit University for the period from 1/11/2022 to 11/1/2023, and its main objective is to evaluate the improvement of quality and prolong the shelf life of cold-preserved Luciobarbus xanthopterus. For this purpose, four different groups of Luciobarbus xanthopterus treated with different solutions (distilled water 2%, acetic acid 2%, chitosan 2%, and nanochitosan 2%). At 2–3 °C for 12 days to determine changes in the chemical composition during cryopreservation, the results showed clear and significant differences (p≤ 0.05) as a result of the use of chitosan and nanochitosan in coating Luciobarbus xanthopterus, as this led to a significant increase in the quality of catfish meat. Through the ability to maintain the moisture, fat, protein, and ash content of Luciobarbus xanthopterus well during cold storage at periods of 0, 4, 8, and 12 compared to other treatments, distilled water and acetic acid.
Physiological Effects of Some Medicinal Plants on the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Male Laboratory Rats
Authors: Ayyed Mohammed F. , Hussein Feryal F. , Mohammed Mohammed J. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractExcess weight and obesity are serious problems that occur as a result of an imbalance in energy storage and consumption, which leads to subsequent accumulation of fat, leading to problems in body functions, especially the liver, which leads to its degeneration and the occurrence of injuries, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Adult white male rats were used in this study. (Rattus norvegicus) of the (Sprague dawely) breed, whose age ranged between (2-3) months and its weight (190-200) grams. The experiment was divided into two stages, the first stage was the infection stage and was divided into two groups, the first group was the healthy control group (Control group) with five Animals: This group was given normal drinking water and food daily for (45) days, and the second group was fed animal fat mixed with the diet at a rate of (30 %) of the weight of the diet (high fat food), symbolized by (HF), for a period of (45) days and at a rate of 15 animals,. At the end of the infection phase, blood biochemical tests were performed for both groups. The study showed a significant increase in the level of the activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum (ALP), the activity of the enzyme aspartate amino transferase in the blood serum (AST), and the level of the activity of the enzyme alanine transaminase in the blood serum. Blood (ALT) compared to the healthy control group (C). As for the histological analysis, there was clear fatty degeneration in the liver of rats that were fed a high-fat diet (HF). During the treatment phase, which lasted (28) days, one of the groups was left to feed on a high-fat diet, and the experimental animals were divided into three groups. The first: They were fed a high-fat diet in addition to Urtica Dioica nettle leaf powder, at a rate of (300) mg per day and symbolized by (HF). + U.d), the second: fed a high-fat diet in addition to Moringa oleifera leaf powder at a rate of (300) mg per day and symbolized by HF + M.o). The third: fed a high-fat diet in addition to a powder of dandelion leaves Cichorium intybus at a rate of (300) (mg) daily, symbolized by (HF + C.i). The medicinal plant groups (nettle, moringa, and dandelion) showed a noticeable improvement in liver function through a decrease in liver enzymes compared to the infected control group (HF). They also showed a noticeable therapeutic improvement in liver tissue compared to the infected control group, which She continued to feed with a high-fat diet.
Chemical Characterization and Comparative Analysis of Sunflower Oil: Exploring The Impact of Heat Treatment on Its Composition
Authors: Abdul Nashmil Ali , Ali Roshna Akram , Mohamad Solin Jawhar , Abdullah Rawand Hoshyar , Omar Zanyar Othman , Talb Sonia Sardar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the culinary preparation of food, a primary ingredient employed is oil, with sunflower seed oil ranking among the most widely used globally. Ensuring the quality of this oil is crucial for effective heating. The objective of this study is to evaluate three imported oils (Sun1, Sun2, and Sun3) in comparison to sunflower seed oil, elucidating various chemical components across temperature increments (0, 190, 232, 300 °C). At each stage, the oil underwent cooling, and samples were gathered for the analysis of components such as Iodine Value, Free Fatty Acid, Trans Fatty Acid, Palmitic Acid C16:0, Stearic Acid C18:0, Oleic Acid C18:1, Linoleic Acid C18:2, Linolenic Acid C18:3, Peroxide Value, and Acid Value. The study outcomes revealed a direct correlation between increased oil temperature and elevated levels of TFA, OA, and PA. Sun3 oil exhibited the highest percentage of TFA (4.3%), while Sun1 and Sun2 had the lowest (0.2%). Additionally, Sun1 oil demonstrated the maximum content of PA (9.3%) and OA (31.2%), with the lowest content of PA (6.5%) and OA (25.6%) found in Sun 1 and Sun 3, respectively. Certain indicators, such as LA C18:2, study to scrutinize their composition, ensuring quality and affirming that they pose no risk to consumers.
The Effect of Adding Different Proportions of Local Moringa oleifera Seed Oil on the Shelf Life Extension of Flaxseed Oil
Authors: Moneim Soudad Abdel , Al-Anbari Iman H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study aimed to extend the shelf life of flaxseed oil, which is rich in essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially omega-3 fatty acids, by adding different proportions (0.5%, 1%, 2%) of Moringa Oleifera seed oil to the treatments (T2, T3, T4) successively to flaxseed oil and comparing the results with flaxseed oil without additives (T0) and flaxseed oil added 200ppm of the synthetic antioxidant (BHT) for treatment (T1). The addition led to shelf life extension to (45, 50, 55) days for treatments (T1, T2, T3) respectively, while the shelf life of flaxseed oil (T0) did not exceed 40 days, considering vegetable oils acceptable and within the approved standard specifications for edible oils (free fatty acids not exceeding 2%, peroxide values not exceeding 10 meq.O2 / kg oil, and thiobarbituric acid value not exceeding 3). The results showed that the highest storage period was achieved with the addition of 2%Moringa oleifera (T4) seed oil, with results for (FFA=1.6) and (P.V=9) and (TBA=1.9) for a storage period of over 60 days at room temperature (25±2) °C, as Moringa Oleifera seed oil is characterized by a high percentage of active antioxidant compounds(phenols, sterols, tocopherols and, carotenoids) reached (119, 1700, 88,17) ppm respectively, and high percentage of oleic acid which reached abut72.38% that makes it more resistant to oxidation compared with other unsaturated fatty acids. at the same time flax seed oil contained 51.146% linolenic acid, which is characterized by its rapid oxidation and needs antioxidant to extend shelf life.
The Use of Arabic Gum in the Manufacture of Like-Margarine
Authors: Ali Dhaef Ali Hussein , Abd Alsalam Shaimaa Riad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was aimed to manufacture a margarine-like product in which the milk fat was replaced with olive oil at a rate of 25 and 50%, with the addition of Arabic Gum (A.G) as an emulsifying agent at a rate of 0.25%. The product was stored for 60 days. at State the temperature for storage. A cow butter sample was manufactured as control sample, and some properties were estimated, including the peroxide value and The acid value spreadability and hardness. Also, Sensory evaluation was carried out, and the research was conducted in the period from 15/10/2022 to 15/2/2023, The results showed that the A.G sample was lower in peroxide number, as the values for the A.G. sample ranged from 8 to 12, while in the butter sample it was 11 to 13.5 mEq O2/gm fat. The acid for the A.G. sample ranged between 0.84 and 1.4and for the butter sample, it ranged between 0.84 and 1.6 mg KOH/gm fat. The spreadability was estimated at 20° for the M.G. sample, and it ranged from 5.55-5.65 cm, while in the butter sample it was between 2-3.25 cm. Hardness was also estimated, as it was about 2 cm in the A.G. sample at 20°, and in the butter, it was 0.7–1.15 cm. As regarded with Sensory evaluation: The butter and A.G samples had high grades, and only A.G samples were accepted by the evaluators due to their good appearance, texture, and color.
Impact of Fish Offal Meal as Animal Protein on Liver Enzymes and Creatinin Levels of Common Carp (cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Al-Zahiri Ali Jassim , Al-Dulaimy Hasan Ali , Al-Bassam Nuha Hameed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was planted to investigate the impact of use fish offal meal on liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) and creatinin concentrations in blood serum of common carp. Six experimented diets were prepared to be iso protein and iso caloric which contained commercial fish meal in treatment T1 and fish offal meal not supported with commercial protease enzyme in treatment T2, while the other four diets contained fish offal meals supported with protease enzyme in proportions at 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3% for treatments T3, T4, T5 and T6, in the exprtiment, 126 common carp (Cyprinus carpio)were used with an average weight of 34±4 g. The fish were distributed in 18 glass aquarium(representing each replicate aquarium)at rate of 7 fish per aquarium, after a two week peak period during which the fish were fed to saturation on a commercial diet to reduce individual differences. In the case nutrition among the first before the start of the experiment, after which the fish were fed on experimental diets for a period of 90 days, the fish were weighted every two weeks with the adjustement of the amount of food provided to the fish according to the weight gain of the biomass of each replicate. Taking a sample of 2 fish per replicate to determinate the concentration of AST, ALT and ALP enzymes in the blood serum. The results showed no significant difference among the experimental treatments(p>0.05) in concentrations of liver enzymes, ALT and ALP and recorded T1 highest value in AST 142 (U/L) while T5 recorded lower value 134 (U/L) and recorded T5 higher value in ALT 23.06 (U/L) and less value showed in T6 19.46 (U/L), on the other hand, the highest value in ALP was recorded in T5 16.10 (U/L) and lower value in T2 11.73 (U/L). There were no significant difference between all experimental treatments (p>0.05) in creatinin parameter and were among the natural concentrations and recorded T3 higher value 0.63 mg/dl and less value was recorded T1 0.43 mg/dl.
The Effectiveness of Aqueous Ozone on Residual Chlorination by Products in Treated Chicken Meat
Authors: Ghaffoori Kanaan Manal Hadi , Mohammed Fatten Ahmad , Abdullah Sura Saad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
There are a lot of dangerous and toxic microbes that may easily infect poultry. Because of the potential for contamination during processing, sterilization is an essential step in ensuring the safety of poultry meat products for consumers. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of aqueous ozone treatment at 0.5 ppm for twenty-five minutes in reducing residual chlorine byproducts in chicken meat obtained from different regions of Al-Suwaria city in Wasit Province. We scoured various marketplaces in Al Suwaria city for ten samples of frozen chicken portions. Using the gas chromatography technique, the concentrations of chlorine byproducts were calculated. The ozone producer (A2Z/AQUA-6, USA) and the CHE-Mets®-Kit, USA, were used to quantify the concentration of ozone in water as parts per million (ppm). All samples tested positive for residues of chlorine byproducts (chloroform and bromodichloromethane) prior to treatment, according to the gas chromatography data. However, the ozone treatment caused a highly significant (P≤0.01) drop in both chloroform and bromodichloromethane in the samples that were treated as (P = 0.0001 and 0.0056), respectively. Based on the results, it is clear that the current concentration of ozone, when applied for the specified duration, effectively lowers the chlorination byproduct levels (ppb) in the rinsed meat. The public health implications of this decrease in chlorination byproduct, which are carcinogenic, are substantial. Based on these results, ozone treatment might provide a non-toxic alternative to current methods of sanitizing meat and meat products at slaughterhouses and in restaurants.
Preparation of Nano-Lycopene from Tomato Waste and its Use in Extending the Shelf Life of Flax Seed Oil
Authors: Ali Rasheed Abd Al-Hussain Attia , Al-Anbari Iman Hameed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was carried out to reveal lycopene extract and nano-lycopene as a natural antioxidant and its role in prolonging the shelf life of flax seed oil, which contains a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which makes it more susceptible to oxidation. Lycopene was extracted using a solvent mixture of acetone, hexane, and ethyl alcohol at a ratio of (1:2: 1) from tomato waste powder, the lycopene pigment was identified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device, lycopene nanoparticles were synthesized from the extracted lycopene by mechanical grinding, and the lycopene nanoparticles were identified to determine their surface morphology using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) its dimensions reached 62 nanometers, and an atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to determine its surface shape and determine the dimensions and roughness of the lycopene nanoparticles, which reached 45.62 nanometers. The average crystal size was calculated using XRD technology and amounted to 12.52 nanometers, and the results showed that adding nano-lycopene at a concentration of 150. 200 and 250 ppm led to extending the shelf life of flax seed oil to more than 60 days, at room temperature (25 ± 2) °C, while the control sample was considered rancid after 30 days, the results of our study indicated the presence of antioxidant properties for both Lycopene and nano-lycopene, variables that indicate the development of oxidation processes were followed through indicators of both the percentage of free fatty acids (FFA) and the peroxide number (PV) during the storage period.
Study of the Inhibitory Activity of Grape Seeds Against Meat Spoilage Microorganisms
Authors: Abdullah Enas Najm 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the current study, grape seed oil was extracted using a Clavanger device, the active chemical compounds in it were identified using GC-MS technology, and the physical and chemical properties of the oil were studied. The oil extraction rates were 14.53%, the refractive index value was 1.4957, and the specific density was 0.855. The oil also showed complete solubility. In organic solvents and insoluble in water, the qualitative chemical detection showed that grape seed oil contains flavonoids, glycosides and resins. A negative result was also observed for the detection of saponins, alkaloids and tannins. The active chemical compounds were identified using GC-MS technology and it was found that the oil contains 18 compounds and the highest percentage was Palmitoleic acid methyl ester compound, which amounted to 37.79%, and a number of other compounds at rates of (25.65, 8.08, 8.03) %, respectively. Myrisic acid methyl ester, Lauric acid, methyl ester, cis-10-heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester increasing the concentration of the oil also led to an increase in the ability to inhibit bacteria. The highest percentage of growth inhibition when using a concentration of 80% was against the bacteria Klebsiella pnemoniae, as the diameter of inhibition reached 48 mm at a concentration of 80%, and complete inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As for Escherichia coli, the diameter of inhibition reached 36 mm and the diameter of inhibition reached 36 mm. The inhibition was 34 and 30 mm for both Micrococcus roseus and Staphylococcus aureus.
Effective Zn-NPs and Conjugates of Nisin and Natamycin Against Food Poisoning Microbes
Authors: Hammoud Manar A. , Thalij Karkaz M. , Alnazal Ahmed A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Zn-NPs and its conjugates of Nisin and Natamycin against food poisoning microbes. The results showed the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast to produce Zn-NPs, which was shown by the change in color of the zinc acetate solution dissolved in the yeast growth metabolic solution from yellow to yellow. The creamy color is a preliminary indicator of the proven synthesis of Zn-NPs. The characteristics of Zn-NPs were diagnosed by determining the ultraviolet absorbance spectrum of the Zn-NPs solution, which was found to be at a wavelength of 375 nm. X-ray diffraction also examined the presence of Zn-NPs particles in the solution, as it was revealed in the infrared spectroscopy device the presence Zn-NPs particles are in different bundles, and Zn-NPs particles appeared under electron microscope (SEM) in the size range of 49-81 nm and in spherical shape. The results of isolating and diagnosing food poisoning microbes from local yogurt showed the presence of types of food poisoning microbes, including S.aureus, S.pyogenes, L.monocytogens, E.Coli, S. typhimurium, and Candida ssp. By 62, 67, 13, 11 and 50%, respectively. It was found that the minimum inhibitory concentration when using Zn-NPs alone or combined with Nisin or Natamycin against food poisoning microbes contaminating yogurt samples was effective even at low concentrations of 0.39, 0.19, 0.09 against L.monocytogens, S.aureus, and S. typhimurium, E.coli and C. lusitaniae respectively.
Production of the Protease Enzyme from Bacillus cereus Bacteria Isolated from Some Cooked Foods and Determining the Factors Affecting the Production of the Enzyme
Authors: Salam Khattab Khattab Abdul , Al-Nazzal Ahmed Ismael 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
15 samples of cooked food (cooked potatoes) were collected from different places and conditions in order to isolate bacteria that produce the protease enzyme. The samples were grown after diluting them on a medium (nutrient agar, mannitol salt agar, skim milk agar, nutrient broth, and mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar), then cultural tests were conducted (shape, size, color, and edge of the colonies), microscopic tests (response to Gram stain), and biochemical tests (catalase, oxidase, indole, methyl red, voges-proskuer, citrate, urease test, kilgers iron Agar), and all isolates were diagnosed in the VITEK2 diagnostic device, where the approved isolation and diagnosis results showed that (6) isolates belong to the genus Bacillus cereus. These isolates were subjected to primary and secondary screening processes to obtain the most efficient isolate for producing the protease enzyme. It turned out that the isolate bearing the number (1) is the most efficient isolate, as it has given enzymatic activity to the crude enzyme. 11.23 units/ml, specific efficacy 1.20 units/mg, and protein concentration 9.32 mg/ml.
Study of the Effect of Laboratory-Made Functional Pasta on some Biochemical Characteristics in Male Rats Suffering from Hyperglycemia
Authors: Mahmood Wisam Hameed , Mustafa Adil Abdulrahman 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences - College of Agriculture – University of Tikrit. The animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine, with standard number 1601A301C011, University of Tikrit, was used for the period from 5/1/2022 to 6/1/2022. The experiment aimed to manufacture functional pasta with a 40% replacement rate Of oat flour, fortified with some medicinal plants, and a demonstration of some of its physiological effects in male rats suffering from alloxan-induced hyperglycemia, as the results of the biological experiment, for a period of 30 days, showed a significant increase in the weights of rats with H fenugreek, Z ginger, D cinnamon, and HZD, a mixture of equal proportions of fenugreek and ginger. For the two students, the highest weight gain was in the HZD mixture, which amounted to -0.32 mg/kg compared to the C2 infected control, which amounted to -25.33 mg/kg. The effect of the study on CBC parameters, the results of white blood cells (WBC) showed a significant decrease in D, reaching 9.20 cells3/mm106 when compared with the infected control, which amounted to 9.58 cells3/mm106. As for red blood cells (RBC), they decreased significantly in Z compared to C1. The results also showed a significant decrease in blood hemoglobin Hb, which reached 10.00 g/dL compared to C1, which amounted to 10.60 g/dL. As for platelets, PLT, they increased significantly in H D Z when compared with C1. As for its effect on lipid profile, the results showed a significant decrease. Cholesterol in the HZD treatment reached 83.66 mg/dL compared to C1, which was 92.33 mg/dL. The results showed that for triglycerides, there was a significant decrease in HZD, which was 67.66 mg/dL compared to C1, which was 75.66 mg/dL. As for high-density lipoprotein (HDL), it increased significantly in Z compared to C1, while low-density lipoprotein (LDL) increased in C1 and decreased. In D, as for the effects of different treatments on the glucose index, the results showed a significant decrease in Z and D, which were 184.00 and 187.50 mg/dL, respectively, compared to C1, which amounted to 237 mg/dL. As for VLDL, it decreased significantly in HDZ compared to C+, which amounted to 15.13 mg/dL.