bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community assembly on remote islands: a comparison of Hawaiian and Mascarene spiders
Authors: Casquet Juliane , Bourgeois Yann X. C. , Cruaud Corinne , Gavory Frédérick , Gillespie Rosemary G. , Thébaud Christophe 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimSpider communities on oceanic islands are assembled through multiple immigration and/or diversification events. In this study, we use a phylogenetic approach to investigate the role of such processes in shaping current patterns of diversity in Tetragnatha spiders from the Mascarene archipelago and to compare these patterns with those found in the Hawaiian archipelago.LocationMascarene archipelago, south‐western Indian Ocean; Hawaiian archipelago, Pacific Ocean.MethodsPrimary techniques included phylogeny reconstruction (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I; histone H3) with and without time calibration, delimitation of species using the general mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) model, and testing for the presence of gene flow between geographically separated populations using the model of isolation with migration (IMa).ResultsThe current diversity of Tetragnatha on the Mascarenes has arisen through three independent colonization events with no evidence for in situ diversification. This finding is in stark contrast to the pattern observed in Hawaiʻi where two to four independent colonization events have been followed by two massive in situ diversification episodes leading to at least 38 species in total.Main conclusionsWhile net rates of immigration by Tetragnatha lineages appear relatively similar in the two archipelagos, in situ diversification in Tetragnatha only occurred in Hawaiʻi, possibly associated with the extreme geographical isolation of this archipelago relative to the Mascarene archipelago. Owing to the greater geographical proximity of the Mascarene archipelago to source pools such as Madagascar, it seems likely that the persistence of gene flow between the source and the islands and/or niche pre‐emption by other spider lineages may have reduced opportunities for diversification despite an apparently favourable ecological context.
Improvement in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: NAVARAVONG LEENHAPONG , BARAKAT MICHEL , BURGON NATHAN , MAHNKOPF CHRISTIAN , KOOPMANN MATTHIAS , RANJAN RAVI , KHOLMOVSKI EUGENE , MARROUCHE NASSIR , AKOUM NAZEM 
Published: August 2014

AF Ablation and eGFRIntroductionChronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexist. We studied the association of CKD with atrial fibrosis and the effect of AF ablation on kidney function.MethodsAF patients who had a pre‐ and postablation serum creatinine and who completed a late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; LGE‐MRI) prior to ablation were included. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated and CKD was staged using the National Kidney Foundation guidelines. Patients with eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 were excluded. LGE‐MRI was used to quantify atrial fibrosis. Patients were followed for recurrence and change in eGFR.ResultsA total of 392 patients were included in the study. A total of 118 (30.2%) had CKD stage 1, 198 (50.4%) CKD stage 2, 56 (14.3%) CKD stage 3A, and 20 (5.1%) CKD stage 3B. Patients with advanced CKD were more likely to be male and to have cardiovascular disease. Atrial fibrosis was not significant different between included CKD stages: 15.8 ± 8.8%, 16.6 ± 12.1%, 17.1 ± 10.4%, and 16.5 ± 8.4% for CKD stage 1, 2, 3A, and 3B, respectively (P = 0.476). At a median of 115 days following ablation, eGFR increased significantly in CKD stage 2 (74 ± 9 to 80 ± 23; P = 0.04), 3A (53 ± 5 to 69 ± 24; P < 0.001), and 3B (40 ± 4 to 71 ± 28; P < 0.01) and decreased in CKD stage 1 (109 ± 18 to 82 ± 28; P < 0.001). Arrhythmia recurrence was associated with atrial fibrosis (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.04, P < 0.01) and persistent AF (HR = 1.5; P = 0.04) but not with CKD stage (HR = 0.98; P = 0.89).ConclusionsRestoring sinus rhythm with ablation leads to significant improvement of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Maladaptive social information processing in childhood predicts young men's atypical amygdala reactivity to threat
Authors: Choe Daniel Ewon , Shaw Daniel S. , Forbes Erika E. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundMaladaptive social information processing, such as hostile attributional bias and aggressive response generation, is associated with childhood maladjustment. Although social information processing problems are correlated with heightened physiological responses to social threat, few studies have examined their associations with neural threat circuitry, specifically amygdala activation to social threat.MethodsA cohort of 310 boys participated in an ongoing longitudinal study and completed questionnaires and laboratory tasks assessing their social and cognitive characteristics the boys were between 10 and 12 years of age. At age 20, 178 of these young men underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging and a social threat task. At age 22, adult criminal arrest records and self‐reports of impulsiveness were obtained.ResultsPath models indicated that maladaptive social information‐processing at ages 10 and 11 predicted increased left amygdala reactivity to fear faces, an ambiguous threat, at age 20 while accounting for childhood antisocial behavior, empathy, IQ, and socioeconomic status. Exploratory analyses indicated that aggressive response generation – the tendency to respond to threat with reactive aggression – predicted left amygdala reactivity to fear faces and was concurrently associated with empathy, antisocial behavior, and hostile attributional bias, whereas hostile attributional bias correlated with IQ. Although unrelated to social information‐processing problems, bilateral amygdala reactivity to anger faces at age 20 was unexpectedly predicted by low IQ at age 11. Amygdala activation did not mediate associations between social information processing and number of criminal arrests, but both impulsiveness at age 22 and arrests were correlated with right amygdala reactivity to anger facial expressions at age 20.ConclusionsChildhood social information processing and IQ predicted young men's amygdala response to threat a decade later, which suggests that childhood social‐cognitive characteristics are associated with the development of neural threat processing and adult adjustment.
Practitioner Review: Effective ingredients of prevention programs for youth at risk of persistent juvenile delinquency – recommendations for clinical practice
Authors: de Vries Sanne L. A. , Hoeve Machteld , Assink Mark , Stams Geert Jan J. M. , Asscher Jessica J. 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundThere is a lack of knowledge about specific effective ingredients of prevention programs for youth at risk for persistent delinquent behavior. The present study combines findings of previous studies by examining the effectiveness of programs in preventing persistent juvenile delinquency and by studying which particular program, sample, and study characteristics contribute to the effects. Information on effective ingredients offers specific indications of how programs may be improved in clinical practice.MethodA literature search in PsychINFO, ERIC, PubMed, Sociological Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts, and Google Scholar was performed. Only (quasi)experimental studies and studies that focused on adolescents at risk for (persistent) delinquent behavior were included. Multilevel meta‐analysis was conducted on 39 studies (N = 9,084). Participants’ ages ranged from 6 to 20 years (M = 14 years, SD = 2.45).ResultsThe overall effect size was significant and small in magnitude (d = 0.24, p < .001). Behavioral‐oriented programs, focusing on parenting skills training, behavioral modeling, or behavioral contracting yielded the largest effects. Multimodal programs and programs carried out in the family context proved to be more beneficial than individual and group‐based programs. Less intensive programs yielded larger effects.ConclusionsPrevention programs have positive effects on preventing persistent juvenile delinquency. In order to improve program effectiveness, interventions should be behavioral‐oriented, delivered in a family or multimodal format, and the intensity of the program should be matched to the level of risk of the juvenile.
The robustness of the weak selection approximation for the evolution of altruism against strong selection
Authors: Mullon C. , Lehmann L. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe weak selection approximation of population genetics has made possible the analysis of social evolution under a considerable variety of biological scenarios. Despite its extensive usage, the accuracy of weak selection in predicting the emergence of altruism under limited dispersal when selection intensity increases remains unclear. Here, we derive the condition for the spread of an altruistic mutant in the infinite island model of dispersal under a Moran reproductive process and arbitrary strength of selection. The simplicity of the model allows us to compare weak and strong selection regimes analytically. Our results demonstrate that the weak selection approximation is robust to moderate increases in selection intensity and therefore provides a good approximation to understand the invasion of altruism in spatially structured population. In particular, we find that the weak selection approximation is excellent even if selection is very strong, when either migration is much stronger than selection or when patches are large. Importantly, we emphasize that the weak selection approximation provides the ideal condition for the invasion of altruism, and increasing selection intensity will impede the emergence of altruism. We discuss that this should also hold for more complicated life cycles and for culturally transmitted altruism. Using the weak selection approximation is therefore unlikely to miss out on any demographic scenario that lead to the evolution of altruism under limited dispersal.
Predictability rather than amplitude of temperature fluctuations determines stress resistance in a natural population of Drosophila simulans
Authors: Manenti T. , Sørensen J. G. , Moghadam N. N. , Loeschcke V. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe adaptability of organisms to novel environmental conditions depends on the amount of genetic variance present in the population as well as on the ability of individuals to adjust their phenotype through phenotypic plasticity. Here, we investigated the phenotypic plasticity induced by a single generation's exposure to three different temperature regimes with respect to several life‐history and stress‐resistance traits in a natural population of Drosophila simulans. We studied a constant as well as a predictably and an unpredictably fluctuating temperature regime. We found high levels of phenotypic plasticity among all temperature regimes, suggesting a strong influence of both temperature fluctuations and their predictability. Increased heat tolerance was observed for flies developed in both types of fluctuating thermal environments compared with flies developed in a constant environment. We suggest that this was due to beneficial hardening when developing in either fluctuating temperature environment. To our surprise, flies that developed in constant and predictably changing environments were similar to each other in most traits when compared to flies from the unpredictably fluctuating environment. The unpredictably changing thermal environment imposed the most stressful condition, resulting in the lowest performance for stress‐related traits, even though the absolute temperature changes never exceeded that of the predictably fluctuating environment. The overall decreased stress resistance of flies in the unpredictably fluctuating environment may be the consequence of maladaptive phenotypic plasticity in this setting, indicating that the adaptive value of plasticity depends on the predictability of the environment.
Phylogeographic structure, demographic history and morph composition in a colour polymorphic lizard
Authors: McLean C. A. , Stuart‐Fox D. , Moussalli A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn polymorphic species, population divergence in morph composition and frequency has the potential to promote speciation. We assessed the relationship between geographic variation in male throat colour polymorphism and phylogeographic structure in the tawny dragon lizard,Ctenophorus decresii. We identified four genetically distinct lineages, corresponding to two polymorphic lineages in the Northern Flinders Ranges and Southern Flinders Ranges/Olary Ranges regions respectively, and a monomorphic lineage in the Mt Lofty Ranges/Kangaroo Island region. The degree of divergence between these three lineages was consistent with isolation to multiple refugia during Pleistocene glacial cycles, whereas a fourth, deeply divergent (at the interspecific level) and monomorphic lineage was restricted to western New South Wales. The same four morphs occurred in both polymorphic lineages, although populations exhibited considerable variation in the frequency of morphs. By contrast, male throat coloration in the monomorphic lineages differed from each other and from the polymorphic lineages. Our results suggest that colour polymorphism has evolved once in theC. decresiispecies complex, with subsequent loss of polymorphism in the Mt Lofty Ranges/Kangaroo Island lineage. However, an equally parsimonious scenario, that polymorphism arose independently twice withinC. decresii, could not be ruled out. We also detected evidence of a narrow contact zone with limited genotypic admixture between the polymorphic Olary Ranges and monomorphic Mt Lofty Ranges regions, yet no individuals of intermediate colour phenotype. Such genetic divergence and evidence for barriers to gene flow between lineages suggest incipient speciation between populations that differ in morph composition.
Sequential processing of quantitative phase images for the study of cell behaviour in real‐time digital holographic microscopy
Authors: ZIKMUND T. , KVASNICA L. , TÝČ M. , KŘÍŽOVÁ A. , ČOLLÁKOVÁ J. , CHMELÍK R. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryTransmitted light holographic microscopy is particularly used for quantitative phase imaging of transparent microscopic objects such as living cells. The study of the cell is based on extraction of the dynamic data on cell behaviour from the time‐lapse sequence of the phase images. However, the phase images are affected by the phase aberrations that make the analysis particularly difficult. This is because the phase deformation is prone to change during long‐term experiments. Here, we present a novel algorithm for sequential processing of living cells phase images in a time‐lapse sequence. The algorithm compensates for the deformation of a phase image using weighted least‐squares surface fitting. Moreover, it identifies and segments the individual cells in the phase image. All these procedures are performed automatically and applied immediately after obtaining every single phase image. This property of the algorithm is important for real‐time cell quantitative phase imaging and instantaneous control of the course of the experiment by playback of the recorded sequence up to actual time. Such operator's intervention is a forerunner of process automation derived from image analysis. The efficiency of the propounded algorithm is demonstrated on images of rat fibrosarcoma cells using an off‐axis holographic microscope.
HIV‐1 Tat C modulates NOX2 and NOX4 expressions through miR‐17 in a human microglial cell line
Authors: Jadhav Vaishnavi Sunil , Krause Karl‐Heinz , Singh Sunit K. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractHIV‐1 invades CNS in the early course of infection, which can lead to the cascade of neuroinflammation. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are the major producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play important roles during pathogenic insults. The molecular mechanism of ROS generation via microRNA‐mediated pathway in human microglial cells in response to HIV‐1 Tat protein has been demonstrated in this study. Over‐expression and knockdown of microRNAs, luciferase reporter assay, and site‐directed mutagenesis are main molecular techniques used in this study. A significant reduction in miR‐17 levels and increased NOX2, NOX4 expression levels along with ROS production were observed in human microglial cells upon HIV‐1 Tat C exposure. The validation of NOX2 and NOX4 as direct targets of miR‐17 was done by luciferase reporter assay. The over‐expression and knockdown of miR‐17 in human microglial cells showed the direct role of miR‐17 in regulation of NOX2, NOX4 expression and intracellular ROS generation. We demonstrated the regulatory role of cellular miR‐17 in ROS generation through over‐expression and knockdown of miR‐17 in human microglial cells exposed to HIV‐1 Tat C protein.
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Activated microglial cells mediated neuroinflammatory events are observed in HIV‐associated neurological disorders. The reduction in miR‐17 levels was observed in microglial cells exposed to HIV‐1 Tat C protein. miR‐17 regulated the expression of NOX2 and NOX4, which in turn regulated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in microglial cells. Increased ROS production led to the activation of microglial cells and increased cytokine production. This study thus demonstrated a novel miR‐17‐mediated regulatory pathway of ROS production in microglial cells. HMC3 = human microglia clone 3 cell lines.
Radiographic diagnosis of dental restoration misfit: a systematic review
Authors: Liedke G. S. , Spin‐Neto R. , da Silveira H. E. D. , Wenzel A. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe objective of this study was to perform a systematic review on the use of radiographic methods for the diagnosis of misfit in dental prostheses and restorations. The MEDLINE bibliographic database was searched from 1950 to February 2014 for reports on the radiographic diagnosis of misfits. The search strategy was limited to English‐language publications using the following combined MeSH terms in the search strategy: (Dental Restoration OR Dental Prosthesis OR Crown OR Inlays OR Dental Abutments) and (Dental Leakage OR Prosthesis Fitting OR Dental Marginal Adaptation OR Surface Properties) and (Radiography, Dental OR Radiography, Dental, Digital OR Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography). Twenty‐eight publications were identified and read in full text, and 14 studies fulfilled criteria for inclusion. Information regarding the use of radiographic methods for the diagnosis of misfits in dental prosthesis and restorations, and in which the methodology/results comprised information regarding how the sample was collected/prepared, the method, imaging protocol, presence of a reference test and the outcomes were evaluated. QUADAS criteria was used to rate the studies in high, moderate or low quality. The evidence supporting the use of radiographic methods for the diagnosis of misfits in dental prosthesis and restorations is limited to low‐/moderate‐quality studies. The well‐established intra‐oral orthogonal projection is still under investigation and considered the most appropriate method, both when evaluating the relation between dental restoration to tooth and abutment to implant. Studies using digital radiographs have not evaluated the effect of image post‐processing, and tomography has not been evaluated.
Effects of Cooking Methods on Textural Properties and Water‐Holding Capacity of Broiler Breast Meat Deboned at Various Postmortem Times
Authors: Lee Youngseung , Xiong Rui , Chang Yoon Hyuk , Owens Casey M. , Meullenet Jean‐Francois 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe effects of oven‐baking (OB) and water‐cooking (WC) methods on the textural properties and water‐holding capacity (WHC) of broiler breast meat were investigated. A total of 1,008 broilers processed and deboned at nine different postmortem (0.25, 1.25, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 6.0 and 24.0 h) duration were cooked by two different cooking methods. Textural properties of cooked meat were predicted by the Meullenet–Owens razor shear method, descriptive analysis and consumer testing. Moisture and expressible moisture contents were also evaluated. Results showed that postmortem deboning time played more important roles on the development of texture in broiler breast meat than the cooking methods. The WC‐cooked samples had higher moisture and expressible moisture contents across most of postmortem deboning times than the OB‐cooked samples, indicating a better WHC for the WC method.Practical ApplicationsThis research provides practical information regarding how different cooking methods (oven baking and water cooking) relate to the textural properties and water‐holding capacity (WHC) of broiler breast meat. Significant findings would include that quality of broiler breast meat was more significantly influenced by postmortem deboning times than the cooking methods. However, some of quality indicators associated with WHC varied according to the cooking methods. This information would be of benefit to poultry processors or users who would like to optimize the quality of broiler breast meat being cooked.
Serotonin Concentrations in Platelets, Plasma, Mitral Valve Leaflet, and Left Ventricular Myocardial Tissue in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease
Authors: Cremer S.E. , Singletary G.E. , Olsen L.H. , Wallace K. , Häggström J. , Ljungvall I. , Höglund K. , Reynolds C.A. , Pizzinat N. , Oyama M.A. 
Published: August 2014

Hypothesis/ObjectivesAltered serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) signaling is postulated in development and progression of canine myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Little is known regarding platelet, plasma, valvular, or myocardial 5HT concentration ([5HT]) in affected dogs. We quantified [5HT] in platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), platelet‐poor plasma (PPP), mitral valve leaflets (MV), and left ventricular myocardium (LV).AnimalsForty‐five dogs comprised 4 plasma groups of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) or non‐CKCS, either healthy (CON) or MMVD affected: CKCS CON (n = 12); non‐CKCS CON (n = 8); CKCS MMVD (n = 14); non‐CKCS MMVD (n = 11). Twenty‐four dogs comprised 3 tissue groups: MMVD (n = 8); other‐HD (heart disease) (n = 7); non‐HD, extracardiac disease (n = 9).MethodsHigh‐performance liquid chromatography measured PRP, PPP, MV, and LV [5HT].ResultsPlatelet‐rich plasma platelet [5HT] was greater in CKCS CON (1.83 femtograms/platelet [fg/plt]; range, 0.20–4.76; P = .002), CKCS MMVD (1.58 fg/plt; range, 0.70–4.03; P = .005), and non‐CKCS MMVD (1.72 fg/plt; range, 0.85–4.44; P = .003) versus non‐CKCS CON (0.92 fg/plt; range, 0.63–1.30). There was no group difference in PPP [5HT]. MV [5HT] was significantly higher in MMVD (32.4 ng/mg; range, 8.4–106.7) versus non‐HD (3.6 ng/mg; range, 0–28.3; P = .01) and LV [5HT] was significantly higher in MMVD (11.9 ng/mg; range, 4.0–104.8) versus other‐HD (0.9 ng/mg; range, 0–10.1; P = .011) and non‐HD (2.5 ng/mg; range, 0–6.9; P = .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePlatelet [5HT] was highest in healthy CKCS and both MMVD groups, but plasma [5HT] showed no group differences. Tissue [5HT] was highest in MV and LV of MMVD‐affected dogs, suggesting altered 5HT signaling as a potential feature of MMVD. Interactions of platelet, valvular, and myocardial 5HT signaling warrant further investigation.