bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Face Recognition and Description Abilities in People with Mild Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Gawrylowicz Julie , Gabbert Fiona , Carson Derek , Lindsay William R. , Hancock Peter J. B. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundPeople with intellectual disabilities (ID) are as likely as the general population to find themselves in the situation of having to identify and/or describe a perpetrator's face to the police. However, limited verbal and memory abilities in people with ID might prevent them to engage in standard police procedures.MethodTwo experiments examined face recognition and description abilities in people with mild intellectual disabilities (mID) and compared their performance with that of people without ID. Experiment 1 used three old/new face recognition tasks. Experiment 2 consisted of two face description tasks, during which participants had to verbally describe faces from memory and with the target in view.ResultsParticipants with mID performed significantly poorer on both recognition and recall tasks than control participants. However, their group performance was better than chance and they showed variability in performance depending on the measures introduced.ConclusionsThe practical implications of these findings in forensic settings are discussed.
Predicting Institutional Violence in Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities: The Predictive Efficacy of theVRAGand theHCR‐20
Authors: Fitzgerald Suzanne , Gray Nicola S. , Alexander Regi T. , Bagshaw Ruth , Chesterman Paul , Huckle Phillip , Jones Susan K. , Taylor John , Williams Tegwyn , Snowden Robert J. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundThere is a developing evidence base to support the use of risk assessment instruments in offenders with intellectual disability (ID). The aim of this study was to try to develop this literature with the inclusion of a control group of mentally disordered offenders without anID, using theHCR‐20 andVRAG.Materials and MethodsTheVRAGand theHCR‐20 were completed for a group of offenders with anID(n = 25) and a control group (n = 45), in four medium‐secure units across theUK. The outcome measure was physical aggression measured over 6 months.ResultsBoth instruments consistently produced large effect sizes predicting any physical aggression and severe physical aggression. The structured clinical judgement based on theHCR‐20 was especially good.ConclusionsTheHCR‐20 and theVRAGhave excellent predictive efficacy in offenders with anID. A structured clinical judgement based on theHCR‐20 was especially predictive.
Using Behavioural Skills Training to Treat Aggression in Adults with Mild Intellectual Disability in a Forensic Setting
Authors: Travis Robert W. , Sturmey Peter 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundPrevious studies of anger management in people with intellectual disability failed to control for the effects of the number of provocative stimuli presented and lacked direct measures of behaviour and treatment integrity data.MethodsThis experiment systematically assessed and presented discriminative stimuli for aggressive behaviour, taught alternative behaviour in response to discriminative stimuli for aggressive behaviour and used behavioural skills training with three adults with mild intellectual disability.ResultsFollowing behavioural skills training, the adult's percentage of aggressive responses declined and replacement responses increased in response to provocative stimuli. Treatment gains generalized to novel antecedent events, novel staff and novel settings and were socially valid. After intervention, community trips increased for all three participants.ConclusionsBehavioural skills training to teach alternate behaviour to aggression with carefully planned procedures to promote generalization caused a socially valid increase in alternate behaviour and a socially valid decrease in aggression.
Different Factors Influence Self‐Reports and Third‐Party Reports of Anger by Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Rose John , Willner Paul , Shead Jennifer , Jahoda Andrew , Gillespie David , Townson Julia , Lammie Claire , Woodgate Christopher , Stenfert Kroese Biza , Felce David , MacMahon Pamela , Rose Nikki , Stimpson Aimee , Nuttall Jacqueline , Hood Kerenza 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundMany people with intellectual disabilities display high levels of anger, and cognitive‐behavioural anger management interventions are used routinely. However, for these methods to be used optimally, a better understanding is needed of different forms of anger assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of a range of measures to self‐ and carer reports of anger expression, including instruments used to assess mental health and challenging behaviour.MethodAdults with intellectual disabilities, who had been identified as having problems with anger control, their key‐workers and home carers all rated the service users’ trait anger, using parallel versions of the same instrument (the Provocation Inventory). In addition, service users completed a battery of mental health assessments (the Glasgow Depression Scale, Glasgow Anxiety Scale and Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale), and both groups of carers completed a battery of challenging behaviour measures (the Hyperactivity and Irritability domains of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist and the Modified Overt Anger Scale).ResultsParticipants had high levels of mental health problems (depression: 34%; anxiety: 73%) and severe challenging behaviour (26%). Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to explore the extent to which anger ratings by the three groups of respondents were predicted by demographic factors, mental health measures and challenging behaviour measures. Older service users rated themselves as less angry and were also rated as less angry by home carers, but not by key‐workers. More intellectually able service users were rated as more angry by both sets of carers, but not by the service users themselves. Significantly, mental health status (but not challenging behaviour) predicted service users’ self‐ratings of anger, whereas challenging behaviour (but not mental health status) predicted carers’ ratings of service users’ anger.ConclusionsService users and their carers appear to use different information when rating the service users’ anger. Service users’ self‐ratings reflect their internal emotional state and mental health, as reflected by their ratings of anxiety and depression, whereas staff rate service users’ anger on the basis of overt behaviours, as measured by challenging behaviour scales.
A tale of migrations from east to west: the Irano‐Turanian floristic region as a source of Mediterranean xerophytes
Authors: Manafzadeh Sara , Salvo Gabriele , Conti Elena 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimThe Irano‐Turanian (IT) floristic region is characterized by high levels of endemicity. Despite its potential role as a cradle of xerophytic taxa for neighbouring areas, its biogeographical history remains poorly studied. Haplophyllum, a diagnostic element of the IT region, was used as a model to discriminate between alternative biogeographical scenarios for the evolution of the region and, more specifically, to investigate whether it served as a source of xerophytes for the colonization of the Mediterranean Basin.LocationIrano‐Turanian floristic region (Central Asia and West Asiatic areas) and Mediterranean floristic region (western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin).MethodsThree chloroplast DNA regions were sequenced in 77 accessions of Haplophyllum and 37 accessions from other subfamilies of Rutaceae. To elucidate the temporal and spatial evolution of Haplophyllum in the IT and Mediterranean regions, we performed Bayesian molecular dating analyses with four fossil constraints and ancestral range reconstructions, respectively.ResultsOur molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction analyses suggest that Haplophyllum originated in the Central Asian part of the IT region during the early Eocene and started to diversify in situ during the early Oligocene, soon after the vanishing of the Tethys Ocean. Our results further imply that Haplophyllum later invaded the eastern Mediterranean Basin in the middle‐to‐late Miocene, concomitantly with the Paratethys Salinity Crisis and rapid palaeobiogeographical changes in the proto‐Mediterranean. Finally, Haplophyllum diversified in the western Mediterranean in the early Pliocene at the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis.Main conclusionsThe IT floristic region can serve as a ‘donor’ of xerophytic taxa to ‘recipient’ neighbouring regions, including the Mediterranean floristic region. The climatic/geological processes during the Miocene–Pliocene, by increasing aridity and topographic heterogeneity, facilitated range shifts and allopatric speciation in the region.
Species living in harsh environments have low clade rank and are localized on former Laurasian continents: a case study ofWillemia(Collembola)
Authors: Prinzing Andreas , D'Haese Cyrille A. , Pavoine Sandrine , Ponge Jean‐François 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimCertain species have few living relatives (i.e. they occupy low clade ranks) and hence they possess high conservation value and scientific interest as unique representatives of ancient lineages. However, we do not know whether particular environments favour the maintenance of low clade ranks or whether the distribution of environments across the globe affects the global distribution of clade ranks and, hence, evolutionary uniqueness. In this study, we tested whether and how harsh environments decrease the clade ranks of the species that inhabit them.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe described the phylogeny of the collembolan genusWillemiaby a parsimonious method based on 52 morphological characters and estimated the species' use of harsh environments (polar, high mountain, desert, polluted, waterlogged, saline and acidic) from 248 publications.ResultsWe found that the use of different types of harsh environments is maintained among close relatives and has similar phylogenetic signals (except for the use of salinity). The use of harsh environments might therefore affect the diversification of lineages. Correcting for the phylogenetic non‐independence of species, we found that species using harsh environments have comparatively low clade ranks. We also found that species using harsh environments occur almost exclusively on former Laurasian continents and that, as a statistical consequence, Laurasian species tend to have lower clade ranks.Main conclusionsWe suggest that harsh environments maintain low‐clade‐rank species by decreasing, simultaneoulsy or successively, extinction and speciation, which may eventually explain the major variation in clade rank across the globe.
Upregulation of iron regulatory hormone hepcidin by interferon α
Authors: Ichiki Kazuhiko , Ikuta Katsuya , Addo Lynda , Tanaka Hiroki , Sasaki Yusuke , Shimonaka Yasushi , Sasaki Katsunori , Ito Satoshi , Shindo Motohiro , Ohtake Takaaki , Fujiya Mikihiro , Torimoto Yoshihiro , Kohgo Yutaka 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackground and AimInterferon (IFN) activates various immune systems in vivo and is administered to patients with diseases such as viral hepatitis B, C, and malignant tumors. Iron dysregulation has been reported during treatment with IFN; however, it remains unclear whether IFN itself affects iron metabolism. We therefore determined the effect of IFN on iron metabolism.MethodsMouse IFNα was administered to mice, and serum, spleen, bone marrow, liver, and duodenum tissue samples were subsequently collected. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of genes involved in iron metabolism were then analyzed by real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Immunofluorescence for ferroportin was also performed.ResultsAmong the gene expressions analyzed, we found that the expression of hepcidin, an iron regulatory hormone produced in the liver, was highly upregulated after IFNα treatment. Serum hepcidin levels and hepcidin mRNA expression in the liver were both found to be increased in the IFNα‐treated mice. The expression of ferroportin (the target molecule of hepcidin) in the duodenum of the IFNα‐treated mice was observed to be decreased, indicating that hepcidin upregulation could be physiologically functional. In vitro analysis of primary hepatocytes treated with IFNα and human hepatoma‐derived cells showed an upregulation of hepcidin mRNA, including an activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription3, which was shown to be involved in the hepcidin upregulation.ConclusionsResults indicate that iron absorption is decreased during IFN treatment; this favorable effect could inhibit iron overload during IFN treatment and may enhance the action of IFN.
Balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration using a microballoon catheter for intractable gastric fundal varices
Authors: Imai Yukinori , Nakazawa Manabu , Ando Satsuki , Sugawara Kayoko , Hamaoka Kazuhiro , Oka Masashi , Mochida Satoshi 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackground and AimBalloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B‐RTO) is recognized as the standard therapy for patients with gastric fundal varices in Japan; however, the procedure is difficult when drainage veins other than the gastrorenal shunt developed. The efficacy and safety of B‐RTO using a microballoon catheter for such patients were evaluated.MethodsThe subjects were 99 patients with gastric fundal varices who fulfilled the criteria for receiving endoscopic and/or interventional therapies. Among these, 95 patients underwent B‐RTO. Of the 95 patients, 14 were treated with the use of microballoon catheters, including nine in whom the left inferior phrenic vein was found as a secondary drainage vein in addition to the gastrorenal shunt, and five in whom a gastrorenal shunt was absent. The B‐RTO procedure performed using a microballoon catheter inserted through the left inferior phrenic vein in 13 patients, and through the pericardiophrenic vein in one patient.ResultsThe B‐RTO procedure using microballoon catheters was successful in 13 of the 14 patients (93%), while in the remaining one patient, multiple drainage veins were visualized on venography. Complete obliteration of the varices was achieved in all the 13 patients by injection of 5% ethanolamine oleate iopamidol at a median volume of 25 mL (range, 11 to 40 mL) through the catheters. None of the patients showed injuries of the drainage veins or any systemic complications.ConclusionsB‐RTO using a microballoon catheter is useful for the treatment of gastric fundal varices in which drainage veins other than the gastrorenal shunt developed.
C‐Reactive Protein, Vitamin D Deficiency, and Slow Gait Speed
Authors: Kositsawat Jatupol , Barry Lisa C. , Kuchel George A. 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesTo evaluate the independent and joint effects of C‐reactive protein (CRP) and 25‐OH vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels on mobility disability in older persons.DesignU.S. population‐based cross‐sectional study.SettingNational Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2001–2002).ParticipantsIndividuals aged 50 and older (N = 1,826).MeasurementsC‐reactive protein (mg/dL), with high CRP defined as ≥0.2 mg/dL, and 25(OH)D levels (ng/mL) operationalized as severe deficiency (<10 ng/mL), deficiency (10–19.9 ng/mL), insufficiency (20–29.9 ng/mL), and normal (≥30 ng/mL). Mobility disability was operationalized as gait speed of <0.8 m/s while completing a 20‐foot walk (6.1 m).ResultsHigh CRP and low 25(OH)D levels were associated with slow gait speed. Individuals with high CRP levels and severe vitamin D deficiency were more likely to have slow gait speed than were those with neither risk factor (odds ratio = 3.54, 95% confidence interval = 1.42–8.84, P = .007). A significant positive association between vitamin D level and gait speed was found only in those with high CRP in stratified analyses. Whites and blacks showed similar findings as the overall population.ConclusionThese findings provide evidence of a potential joint effect of vitamin D and CRP on gait speed, suggesting that evaluation and correction of vitamin D levels may be especially important in individuals with high CRP levels.
Does Social Isolation Predict Hospitalization and Mortality Among HIV+ and Uninfected Older Veterans?
Authors: Greysen S. Ryan , Horwitz Leora I. , Covinsky Kenneth E. , Gordon Kirsha , Ohl Michael E. , Justice Amy C. 
Published: August 2013

ObjectivesTo compare levels of social isolation in aging veterans with and without the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and determine associations with hospital admission and mortality.DesignLongitudinal data analysis.SettingThe Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS), at eight VA Medical Centers nationally.ParticipantsVeterans aged 55 and older enrolled in VACS from 2002 to 2008 (N = 1,836).MeasurementsA Social Isolation Score (SIS) was created using baseline survey responses about relationship status; number of friends and family and frequency of visits; and involvement in volunteer work, religious or self‐help groups, and other community activities. Scores were compared according to age and HIV status, and multivariable regression was used to assess effects of SIS on hospital admission and all‐cause mortality.ResultsMean SIS was higher for HIV‐positive (HIV+) individuals, with increasing difference according to age (P = .01 for trend). Social isolation was also more prevalent for HIV+ (59%) than uninfected participants (51%, P < .001). In multivariable regression analysis of HIV+ and uninfected groups combined, adjusted for demographic and clinical features, isolation was independently associated with greater risk of incident hospitalization (hazard rate (HR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09–1.42) and risk of all‐cause mortality (HR=1.28, 95% CI = 1.06–1.54). Risk estimates calculated for HIV+ and uninfected groups separately were not significantly different.ConclusionSocial isolation is associated with greater risk of hospitalization and death in HIV+ and uninfected older veterans. Despite similar effects in both groups, the population‐level effect of social isolation may be greater in those who are HIV+ because of the higher prevalence of social isolation, particularly in the oldest individuals.
Urban air pollutants reduce synaptic function of CA1 neurons via an NMDA/NȮ pathway in vitro
Authors: Davis David A. , Akopian Garnik , Walsh John P. , Sioutas Constantinos , Morgan Todd E. , Finch Caleb E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAirborne particulate matter (PM) from urban vehicular aerosols altered glutamate receptor functions and induced glial inflammatory responses in rodent models after chronic exposure. Potential neurotoxic mechanisms were analyzed in vitro. In hippocampal slices, 2 h exposure to aqueous nanosized PM (nPM) selectively altered post‐synaptic proteins in cornu ammonis area 1 (CA1) neurons: increased GluA1, GluN2A, and GluN2B, but not GluA2, GluN1, or mGlur5; increased post synaptic density 95 and spinophilin, but not synaptophysin, while dentate gyrus (DG) neurons were unresponsive. In hippocampal slices and neurons, MitoSOX red fluorescence was increased by nPM, implying free radical production. Specifically, NȮ production by slices was increased within 15 min of exposure to nPM with dose dependence, 1–10 μg/mL. Correspondingly, CA1 neurons exhibited increased nitrosylation of the GluN2A receptor and dephosphorylation of GluN2B (S1303) and of GluA1 (S831 & S845). Again, DG neurons were unresponsive to nPM. The induction of NȮ and nitrosylation were inhibited by AP5, an NMDA receptor antagonist, which also protects neurite outgrowth in vitro from inhibition by nPM. Membrane injury (EthidiumD‐1 uptake) showed parallel specificity. Finally, nPM decreased evoked excitatory post‐synaptic currents of CA1 neurons. These findings further document the selective impact of nPM on glutamatergic functions and identify novel responses of NMDA receptor‐stimulated NȮ production and nitrosylation reactions during nPM‐mediated neurotoxicity.
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We present three new findings of rapid hippocampal slice responses to nPM (nano‐sized particulate matter from urban traffic): increased NȮ production within 15 min; nitrosylation of glutamatergic NMDA receptors; and, reduced excitatory postsynaptic currents in CA1 neurons. AP5 (NMDA receptor antagonist) blocked nPM‐mediated NȮ and receptor nitrosylation. Ca2+ influx is a likely mechanism.
Early Histone Modifications in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus and Preoptic Area Following Oestradiol Administration
Authors: Gagnidze K. , Weil Z. M. , Faustino L. C. , Schaafsma S. M. , Pfaff D. W. 
Published: August 2013

Expression of the primary female sex behaviour, lordosis, in laboratory animals depends on oestrogen‐induced expression of progesterone receptor (PgR) within a defined cell group in the ventrolateral portion of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH). The minimal latency from oestradiol administration to lordosis is 18 h. During that time, ligand‐bound oestrogen receptors (ER), members of a nuclear receptor superfamily, recruit transcriptional coregulators, which induce covalent modifications of histone proteins, thus leading to transcriptional activation or repression of target genes. The present study aimed to investigate the early molecular epigenetic events underlying oestrogen‐regulated transcriptional activation of the Pgr gene in the VMH of female mice. Oestradiol (E2) administration induced rapid and transient global histone modifications in the VMH of ovariectomised female mice. Histone H3 N‐terminus phosphorylation (H3S10phK14Ac), acetylation (H3Ac) and methylation (H3K4me3) exhibited distinct temporal patterns facilitative to the induction of transcription. A transcriptional repressive (H3K9me3) modification showed a different temporal pattern. Collectively, this should create a permissive environment for the transcriptional activity necessary for lordosis, within 3–6 h after E2 treatment. In the VMH, changes in the H3Ac and H3K4me3 levels of histone H3 were also detected at the promoter region of the Pgr gene within the same time window, although they were delayed in the preoptic area. Moreover, examination of histone modifications associated with the promoter of another ER‐target gene, oxytocin receptor (Oxtr), revealed gene‐ and brain‐region specific effects of E2 treatment. In the VMH of female mice, E2 treatment resulted in the recruitment of ERα to the oestrogen‐response‐elements‐containing putative enhancer site of Pgr gene, approximately 200 kb upstream of the transcription start site, although it failed to increase ERα association with the more proximal promoter region. Finally, E2 administration led to significant changes in the mRNA expression of several ER coregulators in a brain‐region dependent manner. Taken together, these data indicate that, in the hypothalamus and preoptic area of female mice, early responses to E2 treatment involve highly specific changes in chromatin structure, dependent on cell group, gene, histone modification studied, promoter/enhancer site and time following E2.