bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction Mechanism and Microstructure Development of Zr–Si Alloyed Melt‐Infiltrated ZrC‐Modified C/C Composite
Authors: Tong Yonggang , Bai Shuxin , Qin Qing H , Ye Yicong , Zhang Hong 
Published: April 2015

ZrC ceramic modified‐C/C composite is prepared by a quick and low‐cost reactive melt infiltration process with a Zr‐Si8.8 alloy. Reaction kinetics and mechanism of pyrolytic carbon with the infiltrated Zr‐Si8.8 alloy are investigated. A continuous ZrC layer is found to be formed around pyrolytic carbon due to the in situ reaction and its thickness parabolically increases with an increase in reaction time period. Zr concentration in the alloyed melts decreases due to the reaction between Zr and pyrolytic carbon and Zr2Si phase precipitates from the residual alloyed melts. A model for the growth of ZrC layer is established to describe the reaction kinetics of pyrolytic carbon with Zr‐Si8.8 alloy. The calculated thickness of the reaction‐formed ZrC layer is in good agreement with the experimental data. Based on the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy of the reaction between carbon and Zr‐Si8.8 alloy is 313.2 KJ/mol, smaller than that of the reaction between carbon and pure zirconium. The microstructure of the reactive melt‐infiltrated ZrC‐modified C/C composite is characterized by optical microscope, SEM, EDS, XRD, and TEM. The mechanism of the reaction between pyrolytic carbon and Zr‐Si8.8 alloy is discussed on the basis of the characterization results and phase diagram. A schematic is proposed to understand the reaction mechanism between pyrolytic carbon and Zr‐Si8.8 alloy and microstructure development of the ZrC‐modified C/C composite.
Evaluation of the educational climate for specialty trainees in dermatology
Authors: Goulding J.M.R. , Passi V. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundDermatology specialty trainees (STs) in the United Kingdom (UK) are few in number and will join a thinly spread national consultant body. It is of paramount importance to deliver training programmes of the highest quality for these doctors, central to which is the establishment and maintenance of an educational climate conducive to learning.ObjectiveTo conduct a pilot study to evaluate the educational climate for dermatology STs in one UK deanery (West Midlands).MethodsSecondary analysis of published data was performed, from the UK's General Medical Council (GMC) national training survey, and the Job Evaluation Survey Tool (JEST) administered by the West Midlands deanery. A modified online version of the Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (PHEEM) was circulated among dermatology STs.ResultsThe GMC's survey data show that UK dermatology STs rated their training highly in comparison with undifferentiated UK postgraduate trainees. West Midlands dermatology STs (n = 22) scored very similarly to UK dermatology STs. The JEST gave broadly encouraging results, with 21/22 (95%) happy to recommend their posts to colleagues. The modified PHEEM yielded a global mean score of 96.5/152, attracting the descriptor ‘more positive than negative but room for improvement’.ConclusionDespite inherent methodological limitations, the GMC, JEST and modified PHEEM surveys have revealed useful comparative triangulated data which allows the conclusion that West Midlands dermatology STs seem to be training in a favourable educational climate. This represents an important facet of the quality assurance process for medical education, and allows insight into areas which may require improvement.
Effect of Light‐Activated Tooth Whitening on Color Change Relative to Color of Artificially Stained Teeth
Authors: Kwon So Ran , Kurti Steven R. , Oyoyo Udochukwu , Li Yiming 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPurposeThere is still controversy as to the efficacy of light activation used in tooth whitening. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of light activation on tooth color change relative to the artificial dye color.Materials and MethodsExtracted human third molars (160) were randomly distributed into eight groups of 20 specimens each based on artificial staining and use of light activation. All groups received three 45‐minute sessions of in‐office whitening at 3‐day intervals. Color measurements were performed with an intraoral spectrophotometer at baseline prior to staining (T0), after artificial staining (T1), 1‐day—(T2), and 1‐week—(T3) post‐whitening. Color differences were calculated relative to after artificial staining color parameters (L*1, a*1, b*1) with the use of a software analysis program enabling synchronization of two images.ResultsWithin the same staining groups, the light‐activated samples exhibited a greater color change than their nonlight‐activated counterparts. However, only in the case of the yellow‐stained samples at 1‐day post‐whitening was there a significant difference between the nonlight‐activated and light‐activated groups (Tukey's post hoc multiple comparison test for pairwise comparisons, p < 0.05).ConclusionsLight activation is a valid method for enhancing the efficacy of tooth whitening with respect to overall color change and works best with yellow stains.Clinical SignificanceLight activation is a valid method for enhancing the efficacy of tooth whitening with respect to overall color change and works best with yellow stains.
Effect of Photoinitiator Combinations on Hardness, Depth of Cure, and Color of Model Resin Composites
Authors: Salgado Vinícius Esteves , Borba Mila Metri , Cavalcante Larissa Maria , de Moraes Rafael Ratto , Schneider Luis Felipe 
Published: April 2015

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to determine the influence of photoinitiators' combinations on the hardness, depth of cure, and color of model resin composites.Materials and MethodsThe composites were formulated by a mixture of BisGMA and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (60:40 mol), with barium–aluminum–silicate glass and silicon dioxide particles as inorganic fillers (60 wt%). Three photoinitiator types were tested: camphorquinone/amine (CQ), monoacylphosphine oxide (TPO), and bysacylphosphine oxide (BAPO). Six experimental groups were formed by differences in photoinitiator systems: CQ, TPO, BAPO, CQ+TPO, CQ+BAPO, and CQ+TPO+BAPO. Hardness was determined by Knoop indentation at the top and bottom surfaces (n = 5). Depth of cure was performed according to ISO 4049 scraping method (n = 5). Color was obtained by the CIELAB method (n = 10), 24 hours after curing (baseline), after 30 days storage in distilled water, and after 30 days storage in coffee solution. CIELAB color difference (ΔE*) was calculated for both periods. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, followed by Student–Newman–Keuls method (α = 0.05).ResultsThe photoinitiator system influenced hardness, where CQ presented the lowest top and bottom values. No statistical difference among groups was observed for the bottom/top hardness ratio. Regarding the depth of cure, the CQ and those formulated with CQ associations presented higher values than TPO and BAPO. Regarding color, BAPO and CQ+BAPO presented the highest ΔE* after 30 days in water immersion, whereas CQ+TPO and CQ+TPO+BAPO presented the lowest after 30 days in coffee immersion.ConclusionThe associations CQ+TPO and CQ+TPO+BAPO presented improved color stability and hardness when compared with CQ, and did not influence the depth of cure.Clinical SignificanceThe combination of alternative photoinitiators with the traditional camphorquinone/amine system improved the color stability of the model resin composites and maintaining their mechanical properties.
Arabidopsis C3HC4‐RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase AtAIRP4 positively regulates stress‐responsive abscisic acid signaling
Authors: Yang Liang , Liu Qiaohong , Liu Zhibin , Yang Hao , Wang Jianmei , Li Xufeng , Yang Yi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDegradation of proteins via the ubiquitin system is an important step in many stress signaling pathways in plants. E3 ligases recognize ligand proteins and dictate the high specificity of protein degradation, and thus, play a pivotal role in ubiquitination. Here, we identified a gene, named Arabidopsis thaliana abscisic acid (ABA)‐insensitive RING protein 4 (AtAIRP4), which is induced by ABA and other stress treatments. AtAIRP4 encodes a cellular protein with a C3HC4‐RING finger domain in its C‐terminal side, which has in vitro E3 ligase activity. Loss of AtAIRP4 leads to a decrease in sensitivity of root elongation and stomatal closure to ABA, whereas overexpression of this gene in the T‐DNA insertion mutant atairp4 effectively recovered the ABA‐associated phenotypes. AtAIRP4 overexpression plants were hypersensitive to salt and osmotic stresses during seed germination, and showed drought avoidance compared with the wild‐type and atairp4 mutant plants. In addition, the expression levels of ABA‐ and drought‐induced marker genes in AtAIRP4 overexpression plants were markedly higher than those in the wild‐type and atairp4 mutant plants. Hence, these results indicate that AtAIRP4 may act as a positive regulator of ABA‐mediated drought avoidance and a negative regulator of salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.
A Polyvocal Body
Authors: Levi Rebecca J. E. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis essay aims to elucidate how multiple voices and traditions should interact with one another in the practice of ethics. First, it explores some of the major ways in which questions of bodily autonomy function in secular feminist and Jewish bioethical discourses. It then uses case studies to illuminate ways each discourse's concepts of bodily autonomy can be deeply problematic, and argues that the strengths in each discourse can serve as important correctives for the weaknesses in the other. It suggests that some formal features of rabbinic texts can serve as a model for a discourse of constant and animated mutual correction. Finally, it examines two case studies in light of this model.
Muslims and Meat‐Eating
Authors: Ali Kecia 
Published: April 2015

AbstractReligious thinking, including amongMuslims, connects food and sex, as well as women and animals; both food practices and gender norms are significant for communal identity and boundary construction. Female bodies (properly covered) and animal bodies (properly slaughtered) serve as potent signifiers ofMuslim identity, as patriarchal thought sustains the hierarchical cosmologies that affirm male dominance in family and society and allow humans to view animals as legitimately subject to human violence. I argue thatMuslims in the industrializedWest—especially those concerned with gender justice—ought to be vegetarians and that feminist ethics provides underutilized resources forMuslim thinking about ethics generally and food ethics in particular. Much contemporaryMuslim thought about meat is at least as concerned with demonstrating the primacy of “Islamic” identity as with general questions about the formation of virtuous subjects and the development of good societies. This defensive concern with religious authenticity poses a stumbling block to richer thinking. Engagement with non‐Islamic (though not “un‐Islamic”) ethics provides a model for productive dialogue and engagement among parties who disagree about basic presumptions but agree on desirable outcomes, including the development of individuals' ethical sensibilities and the construction of societies conducive to human flourishing.
Sofosbuvir and simeprevir is effective for recurrent hepatitis C in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Saab Sammy , Greenberg Adam , Li Edwin , Bau Sherona Ngashea , Durazo Francisco , El‐Kabany Mohammed , Han Steven , Busuttil Ronald W. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsHepatitis C is the most common indication for liver transplantation (LT). Recurrent infection is universal and can lead to progressive liver disease. Widespread use of interferon‐based therapy has been limited by intolerability and adverse effects.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of sofosbuvir and simeprevir in the treatment of recurrent hepatitis C in adult (age >18) LT recipients.ResultsSeventy‐six percent of the recipients were male and the mean age [±standard deviation (SD)] was 61 (±6.0) years. The mean time (±SD) from LT to treatment initiation was 71.8 (±77.1) months. Of the 26 patients with viral levels measured 4 weeks after starting antiviral therapy, 58% were undetectable. At the end of therapy, viral load was undetectable in all transplant recipients. The 12 week sustained viral response (SVR) was 93%. All recipients were able to complete therapy and no patients required growth factors of blood product transfusion during treatment. No patient required drug interruption of their immunosuppressant therapy.ConclusionThe use of sofosbuvir and simeprevir is efficacious, safe, and tolerable and should be considered in LT recipients with recurrent HCV who are candidates for antiviral therapy.
The effects of recombination, mutation and selection on the evolution of the Rp1 resistance genes in grasses
Authors: Jouet Agathe , McMullan Mark , van Oosterhout Cock 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPlant immune genes, or resistance genes, are involved in a co‐evolutionary arms race with a diverse range of pathogens. In agronomically important grasses, such R genes have been extensively studied because of their role in pathogen resistance and in the breeding of resistant cultivars. In this study, we evaluate the importance of recombination, mutation and selection on the evolution of the R gene complex Rp1 of Sorghum, Triticum, Brachypodium, Oryza and Zea. Analyses show that recombination is widespread, and we detected 73 independent instances of sequence exchange, involving on average 1567 of 4692 nucleotides analysed (33.4%). We were able to date 24 interspecific recombination events and found that four occurred postspeciation, which suggests that genetic introgression took place between different grass species. Other interspecific events seemed to have been maintained over long evolutionary time, suggesting the presence of balancing selection. Significant positive selection (i.e. a relative excess of nonsynonymous substitutions (dN/dS>1)) was detected in 17–95 codons (0.42–2.02%). Recombination was significantly associated with areas with high levels of polymorphism but not with an elevated dN/dS ratio. Finally, phylogenetic analyses show that recombination results in a general overestimation of the divergence time (mean = 14.3%) and an alteration of the gene tree topology if the tree is not calibrated. Given that the statistical power to detect recombination is determined by the level of polymorphism of the amplicon as well as the number of sequences analysed, it is likely that many studies have underestimated the importance of recombination relative to the mutation rate.
Reproductive workers show queenlike gene expression in an intermediately eusocial insect, the buff‐tailed bumble bee Bombus terrestris
Authors: Harrison Mark C. , Hammond Robert L. , Mallon Eamonn B. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBumble bees represent a taxon with an intermediate level of eusociality within Hymenoptera. The clear division of reproduction between a single founding queen and the largely sterile workers is characteristic for highly eusocial species, whereas the morphological similarity between the bumble bee queen and the workers is typical for more primitively eusocial hymenopterans. Also, unlike other highly eusocial hymenopterans, division of labour among worker subcastes is plastic and not predetermined by morphology or age. We conducted a differential expression analysis based on RNA‐seq data from 11 combinations of developmental stage and caste to investigate how a single genome can produce the distinct castes of queens, workers and males in the buff‐tailed bumble bee Bombus terrestris. Based on expression patterns, we found males to be the most distinct of all adult castes (2411 transcripts differentially expressed compared to nonreproductive workers). However, only relatively few transcripts were differentially expressed between males and workers during development (larvae: 71 and pupae: 162). This indicates the need for more distinct expression patterns to control behaviour and physiology in adults compared to those required to create different morphologies. Among female castes, reproductive workers and their nonreproductive sisters displayed differential expression in over ten times more transcripts compared to the differential expression found between reproductive workers and their mother queen. This suggests a strong shift towards a more queenlike behaviour and physiology when a worker becomes fertile. This contrasts with eusocial species where reproductive workers are more similar to nonreproductive workers than the queen.
Semantic Enrichment for Building Information Modeling
Authors: Belsky Michael , Sacks Rafael , Brilakis Ioannis 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSignificant difficulties remain in exchanging information between building information modeling (BIM) tools. The industry foundation classes (IFC) exchange schema is too generic to capture the full semantic meaning needed for direct use by different construction project stakeholders’ BIM tools. Although BIM standards that prescribe model view definitions (MVD) for domain‐specific exchanges are under development, insufficient semantic definition of exchanges prevents achievement of the full potential of BIM through seamless interoperability. We propose an innovative approach for supplementing an IFC exchange file with semantically useful concepts inferred from the explicit and implicit information contained in the building model. A prototype software was implemented to test the applicability of the approach. It consists of a rule‐processing engine and allows composition of inference rule‐sets that can be tailored for different domains. The tests demonstrate semantic enrichment with precast concrete building models, adding inferred joint, slab aggregation and connection concepts.
Return migration of 1.5 generation Korean New Zealanders: Short‐term and long‐term motives
Authors: Lee Jane Yeonjae , Friesen Wardlow , Kearns Robin A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThrough in‐depth interviews and participant observation with 40 1.5 generation Korean New Zealander returnees, we explore life trajectories and identify both short‐ and long‐term reasons for return. Short‐term reasons for return include moving home when entering adulthood in order to begin a career, gaining new experiences and finding a future spouse. Longer term influences include the difficulties of living as minority‐status immigrants in the host society, transnational connections and a longing for a sense of ‘home’. Our consideration of longer term migration strategies sheds light upon the often forgotten difficulties and complexities that can underlie an individual's return.
Preserving coastal natural character: Court interpretations of a long‐standing New Zealand policy goal
Authors: Froude Victoria Ann 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNew Zealand's policy goal to preserve coastal natural character was first incorporated into planning legislation in 1973 and protected area legislation in 1977. An evaluation of 100 relevant Resource Management Act Court decisions determined the Courts' interpretations of this policy goal. The Courts have repeatedly found that natural character is of nature (not culture), including natural elements, patterns, and processes. There is a continuum of naturalness from pristine indigenous ecosystems to the urban environment. A 2014 Supreme Court decision has upheld the use of environmental bottom lines for natural character and the importance of protection as part of sustainable management.
Psychopathy, attention, and oddball target detection: New insights from PCL‐R facet scores
Authors: Anderson Nathaniel E. , Steele Vaughn R. , Maurer J. Michael , Bernat Edward M. , Kiehl Kent A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPsychopathy is a disorder accompanied by cognitive deficits including abnormalities in attention. Prior studies examining cognitive features of psychopaths using ERPs have produced some inconsistent results. We examined psychopathy‐related differences in ERPs during an auditory oddball task in a sample of incarcerated adult males. We extend previous work by deriving ERPs with principal component analysis (PCA) and relate these to the four facets of Hare's Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL‐R). Features of psychopathy were associated with increased target N1 amplitude (facets 1, 4), decreased target P3 amplitude (facet 1), and reduced slow wave amplitude for frequent standard stimuli (facets 1, 3, 4). We conclude that employing PCA and examining PCL‐R facets improve sensitivity and help clarify previously reported associations. Furthermore, attenuated slow wave during standards may be a novel marker for psychopaths' abnormalities in attention.
Ibn Taymiyya, Radical Polymath, Part I: Scholarly Perceptions
Authors: Bazzano Elliott A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIbn Taymiyya has aroused a spectrum of both positive and negative perceptions in the pre‐modern and modern worlds. His heterodox legal, political, and theological views routinely upset religious and state authorities, and throughout his life (661/1263–728/1328), his unpopular opinions led him to prison on a number of occasions, including the final months before he died. Despite his enemies, his admirers were also many, and according to some accounts, hundreds of thousands attended his funeral. By all accounts, such conflicted perceptions remained across the centuries. Contemporary scholarship, moreover, continues to cast Ibn Taymiyya in polarizing manners. Some see him as a social and intellectual deviant while others draw on him as a key source of inspiration in both political and religious realms. ‘Salafi’ and ‘Wahhabi’ movements have selectively adopted his views, ranging from jihād to anti‐Sufi tendencies and the promotion of state‐sponsored Islamic law (sharī‘a). The complex polymath, however, wrote prodigiously on numerous topics including theology, political theory, qur'anic exegesis, jurisprudence, and mysticism. This article surveys Ibn Taymiyya's life with particular attention to biographical perceptions in the pre‐modern and modern worlds. The second part of this article explores Ibn Taymiyya's intellectual contributions to a number of debates in his lifetime and following, with particular attention to how secondary scholarship has framed his work.
Ibn Taymiyya, Radical Polymath, Part 2: Intellectual Contributions
Authors: Bazzano Elliott A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPart one of this two‐part article surveys Ibn Taymiyya's life with particular attention to biographical perceptions in the premodern as well as modern worlds. The second part hones in on Ibn Taymiyya's intellectual contributions to a number of debates in his lifetime and following, with particular attention to how secondary scholarship has framed his work. Contemporary authors often reduce Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) to a modern political inspiration by giving attention to his influence on allegedly puritanical religio‐political movements in the modern world. Participants in these movements, including ‘Salafis’ and ‘Wahhabis,’ have selectively adopted his views on issues ranging from jihād to anti‐Sufi tendencies and the promotion of state‐sponsored Islamic law (sharī‘a). The complex polymath, however, wrote prodigiously on numerous topics including theology, political theory, qur'anic exegesis, jurisprudence, and mysticism. Although he espoused violence in some situations, he was a pacifist at other times. This, combined with his attention to independent legal reasoning (ijtihād), often offended authorities and landed him in jail on more than one occasion. Just as he upbraided certain Sufis, moreover, he also espoused a type of Sufism in accord with his own persuasions. We must therefore recognize the Damascene polymath for his abilities to adroitly navigate and contribute to all manners of debates in his time, regardless of—although relevant to—how modern scholars have understood his writings.