bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The unaccounted yet abundant nitrous oxide-reducing microbial community: a potential nitrous oxide sink
Authors: Jones Christopher M , Graf Daniel R H , Bru David , Philippot Laurent , Hallin Sara 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a major radiative forcing and stratospheric ozone-depleting gas emitted from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It can be transformed to nitrogen gas (N2) by bacteria and archaea harboring the N2O reductase (N2OR), which is the only known N2O sink in the biosphere. Despite its crucial role in mitigating N2O emissions, knowledge of the N2OR in the environment remains limited. Here, we report a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the nosZ gene coding the N2OR in genomes retrieved from public databases. The resulting phylogeny revealed two distinct clades of nosZ, with one unaccounted for in studies investigating N2O-reducing communities. Examination of N2OR structural elements not considered in the phylogeny revealed that the two clades differ in their signal peptides, indicating differences in the translocation pathway of the N2OR across the membrane. Sequencing of environmental clones of the previously undetected nosZ lineage in various environments showed that it is widespread and diverse. Using quantitative PCR, we demonstrate that this clade was most often at least as abundant as the other, thereby more than doubling the known extent of the overall N2O-reducing community in the environment. Furthermore, we observed that the relative abundance of nosZ from either clade varied among habitat types and environmental conditions. Our results indicate a physiological dichotomy in the diversity of N2O-reducing microorganisms, which might be of importance for understanding the relationship between the diversity of N2O-reducing microorganisms and N2O reduction in different ecosystems.
Thioredoxin m4 Controls Photosynthetic Alternative Electron Pathways in Arabidopsis
Authors: Courteille Agathe , Vesa Simona , Sanz-Barrio Ruth , Cazalé Anne-Claire , Becuwe-Linka Noëlle , Farran Immaculada , Havaux Michel , Rey Pascal , Rumeau Dominique 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In addition to the linear electron flow, a cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I occurs in chloroplasts. In CEF, electrons flow back from the donor site of photosystem I to the plastoquinone pool via two main routes: one that involves the Proton Gradient Regulation5 (PGR5)/PGRL1 complex (PGR) and one that is dependent of the NADH dehydrogenase-like complex. While the importance of CEF in photosynthesis and photoprotection has been clearly established, little is known about its regulation. We worked on the assumption of a redox regulation and surveyed the putative role of chloroplastic thioredoxins (TRX). Using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants lacking different TRX isoforms, we demonstrated in vivo that TRXm4 specifically plays a role in the down-regulation of the NADH dehydrogenase-like complex-dependent plastoquinone reduction pathway. This result was confirmed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants overexpressing the TRXm4 orthologous gene. In vitro assays performed with isolated chloroplasts and purified TRXm4 indicated that TRXm4 negatively controls the PGR pathway as well. The physiological significance of this regulation was investigated under steady-state photosynthesis and in the pgr5 mutant background. Lack of TRXm4 reversed the growth phenotype of the pgr5 mutant, but it did not compensate for the impaired photosynthesis and photoinhibition sensitivity. This suggests that the physiological role of TRXm4 occurs in vivo via a mechanism distinct from direct up-regulation of CEF.
Diabetic retinopathy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jordan: Prevalence and associated factors (约旦新诊断2型糖尿病患者的糖尿病视网膜病变：患病率与相关因素)
Authors: Jammal Hisham , Khader Yousef , Alkhatib Shadi , Abujbara Mousa , Alomari Mousa , Ajlouni Kamel 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundTo determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Jordan, as well as the factors associated with DR.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted among 127 consecutive newly diagnosed (within the past 6 months) patients with T2DM attending one of two diabetic care centers. Complete ocular examinations were performed by an ophthalmologist and relevant data were collected. A fundus examination was performed using slit lamp indirect ophthalmoscopy after pupillary dilation with 1% tropicamide drops, with DR defined and classified according to the scale developed by the Global Diabetic Retinopathy Project Group.ResultsOf all the patients examined, 7.9% had DR. Of those with DR, 40% already had clinically significant macular edema necessitating laser photocoagulation or intravitreal injections. Multivariate analysis revealed that age and HbA1c were significantly associated with DR. The odds of DR increased by 11% for each 1 year increase in age (odds ratio [OR] 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.20). For each 1% increase in HbA1c, the odds of DR increased by 43% (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.09–1.88).ConclusionsFewer than one‐tenth of newly diagnosed Jordanian patients with T2DM had DR, but more than one‐third of these patients had significant maculopathy. Therefore, early screening is strongly recommended for all newly diagnosed T2DM patients. Increased age and HbA1c values are associated with increased odds of DR. A study with a larger sample size is needed to elucidate the risk factors for DR in newly diagnosed T2DM.
Response assessment in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia: update from the VIth International Workshop
Authors: Owen Roger G. , Kyle Robert A. , Stone Marvin J. , Rawstron Andy C. , Leblond Veronique , Merlini Giampaolo , Garcia‐Sanz Ramon , Ocio Enrique M. , Morra Enrica , Morel Pierre , Anderson Kenneth C. , Patterson Christopher J. , Munshi Nikhil C. , Tedeschi Alessandra , Joshua Douglas E. , Kastritis Efstathios , Terpos Evangelos , Ghobrial Irene M. , Leleu Xavier , Gertz Morie A. , Ansell Stephen M. , Morice William G. , Kimby Eva , Treon Steven P. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryThis report represents a further update of the consensus panel criteria for the assessment of clinical response in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM). These criteria have been updated in light of further data demonstrating an improvement in categorical responses with new drug regimens as well as acknowledgement of the fact that such responses are predictive of overall outcome. A number of key changes are proposed but challenges do however remain and these include the variability in kinetics of immunoglobulin M (IgM) reduction with different treatment modalities and the apparent discrepancy between IgM and bone marrow/tissue response noted with some regimens. Planned sequential bone marrow assessments are encouraged in clinical trials.
JAK2‐V617F‐mediated signalling is dependent on lipid rafts and statins inhibit JAK2‐V617F‐dependent cell growth
Authors: Griner Lori N. , McGraw Kathy L. , Johnson Joseph O. , List Alan F. , Reuther Gary W. 
Published: November 2012

SummaryAberrant JAK2 signalling plays an important role in the aetiology of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). JAK2 inhibitors, however, do not readily eliminate neoplastic MPN cells and thus do not induce patient remission. Further understanding JAK2 signalling in MPNs may uncover novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. Recent work has suggested a potential role for cellular cholesterol in the activation of JAK2 by the erythropoietin receptor and in the development of an MPN‐like disorder in mice. Our study demonstrates for the first time that the MPN‐associated JAK2‐V617F kinase localizes to lipid rafts and that JAK2‐V617F‐dependent signalling is inhibited by lipid raft disrupting agents, which target membrane cholesterol, a critical component of rafts. We also show for the first time that statins, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors, widely used to treat hypercholesterolaemia, induce apoptosis and inhibit JAK2‐V617F‐dependent cell growth. These cells are more sensitive to statin treatment than non‐JAK2‐V617F‐dependent cells. Importantly, statin treatment inhibited erythropoietin‐independent erythroid colony formation of primary cells from MPN patients, but had no effect on erythroid colony formation from healthy individuals. Our study is the first to demonstrate that JAK2‐V617F signalling is dependent on lipid rafts and that statins may be effective in a potential therapeutic approach for MPNs.
What is the best diagnostic and therapeutic management strategy for an Addison patient during pregnancy?
Authors: Lebbe Marie , Arlt Wiebke 
Published: November 2012

SummaryA new diagnosis of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) during pregnancy is extremely rare and difficult to recognize as signs and symptoms such as nausea, fatigue and hypotension may resemble features of normal pregnancy. However, if the diagnosis is overlooked and steroid replacement delayed, subsequent adrenal crisis triggered by hyperemesis gravidarum, fever or delivery can cause severe maternal and foetal morbidity and even mortality. In case of clinical suspicion of PAI, we recommend to measure paired samples of cortisol and ACTH and, if clinically feasible, a short synacthen test. We propose trimester‐specific pass cut‐offs for the short synacthen test that take into account the rise of total and also free cortisol during pregnancy. Empirical hydrocortisone treatment should never be delayed if the clinical suspicion is high. All pregnant women with PAI should be monitored by a team of endocrine and obstetric specialists. The third trimester is physiologically associated with a rise not only in total but also free cortisol and thus requires regular adjustment of the glucocorticoid dose. Mineralocorticoid requirements may change during pregnancy due to the anti‐mineralocorticoid properties of progesterone. As plasma renin physiologically increases in pregnancy, monitoring is limited to clinical assessment including blood pressure and serum electrolytes. It is crucial that a pregnant woman with PAI and her partner are well educated regarding the adjustment of glucocorticoid dose in intercurrent illness and that both are trained in hydrocortisone emergency injection techniques. The obstetric staff should be provided with clear and written guidance for hydrocortisone cover during labour and delivery. With the appropriate replacement therapy, PAI patients can expect to have an uneventful pregnancy and deliver a healthy infant.
Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: Kisspeptin‐10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism
Authors: George Jyothis T. , Veldhuis Johannes D. , Tena‐Sempere Manuel , Millar Robert P. , Anderson Richard A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRationaleLow serum testosterone is commonly observed in men with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but the neuroendocrine pathophysiology remains to be elucidated.ObjectivesThe hypothalamic neuropeptide kisspeptin integrates metabolic signals with the reproductive axis in animal models. We hypothesized that administration of exogenous kisspeptin‐10 will restore luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone secretion in hypotestosteronaemic men with T2DM.ParticipantsFive hypotestosteronaemic men with T2DM (age 33·6 ± 3 years, BMI 40·6 ± 6·3, total testosterone 8·5 ± 1·0 nmol/l, LH 4·7 ± 0·7 IU/l, HbA1c 7·4±2%, duration of diabetes <5 years) and seven age‐matched healthy men.Experiment 1Mean LH increased in response to intravenous administration of kisspeptin‐10 (0·3 mcg/kg bolus) both in healthy men (5·5 ± 0·8 to 13·9 ± 1·7 IU/l P < 0·001) and in men with T2DM (4·7 ± 0·7 to 10·7 ± 1·2 IU/l P = 0·02) with comparable ΔLH (P = 0·18).Experiment 2Baseline 10‐min serum sampling for LH and hourly testosterone measurements were performed in four T2DM men over 12 h. An intravenous infusion of kisspeptin‐10 (4 mcg/kg/h) was administered for 11 h, 5 days later. There were increases in LH (3·9 ± 0·1 IU/l to 20·7 ± 1·1 IU/l P = 0·03) and testosterone (8·5 ± 1·0 to 11·4 ± 0·9 nmol/l, P = 0·002). LH pulse frequency increased from 0·6 ± 0·1 to 0·9 ± 0 pulses/h (P = 0·05) and pulsatile component of LH secretion from 32·1 ± 8·0 IU/l to 140·2 ± 23·0 IU/l (P = 0·007).ConclusionsKisspeptin‐10 administration increased LH pulse frequency and LH secretion in hypotestosteronaemic men with T2DM in this proof‐of‐concept study, with associated increases in serum testosterone. These data suggest a potential novel therapeutic role for kisspeptin agonists in enhancing endogenous testosterone secretion in men with T2DM and central hypogonadism.
Establishing release dynamics for plant nutrients from biochar
Authors: Angst Teri E. , Sohi Saran P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTo assess the value of biochar to direct supply of crop nutrients we considered the release of phosphorus, magnesium and potassium from a hardwood biochar in a sequential leaching experiment with deionized water. Cumulative P release was proportionally large despite being quantitatively small, and the sixth extraction yielded 44–73% of the first, indicating that provision of soil P might be sustained for several seasons. Conversely, K release was quantitatively large but declined rapidly from first extraction to the last (6–18% of the first extraction). Only 6–27% of total Mg was recovered. These results indicate that these elements have contrasting associations with biochar that govern the trajectory and ultimate extent of their release. Fitting cumulative loss curves enabled these patterns to be quantitatively captured and compared and could provide a means to develop predictive capacity for the supply of nutrients from biochar to soil and plant.
Acid‐Base Physiology in Uremia
Authors: DuBose Thomas D. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTChronic renal failure represents the most common disorder responsible for chronic stable metabolic acidosis. This type of metabolic acidosis has been characterized as “hyperchloremic“ in pre‐end‐stage disease and the “anion‐gap“ form as the GFR falls below 20 ml/min. The early hyperchloremic, hyperkalemic variety may result from disease of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, a distal acidification defect, or volume depletion. The anion‐gap acidosis of advanced renal disease occurs as a result of the inability of the diminished nephron mass to keep pace with the metabolic acid load which depletes extracellular fluid bicarbonate. Total ammonium excretion diminishes despite an adaptive increase in ammonia production per nephron. The observation that the serum bicarbonate rarely falls below 15 mEq/L and the anion gap stays below 20 mEq/L despite positive hydrogen ion balance attests to the important role of extrarenal buffers. Bone buffers, primarily calcium carbonate, titrate a portion of the excess hydrogen ions at the expense of progressive loss of bone salts. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) appears to be involved in the control of bone buffering capacity. Both PTH‐dependent and PTH‐independent mechanisms must therefore be considered. PTH mediates bone buffering capacity by activating intracellular shifts of calcium, phosphorus, and carbonate or by stimulation of bone carbonic anhydrase. A direct effect of pH on bone mineral mobilization has been demonstrated. Adequate alkali therapy to maintain serum bicarbonate levels of 20–22 mEq/L may prevent bone dissolution and minimize risk of volume overload.
Advantages of Bicarbonate Hemodialysis
Authors: Hampl H. , Klopp H. , Wolfgruber M. , Pustelnik A. , Schiller R. , Hanefeld F. , Kessel M. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTSix patients with frequent episodes of symptomatic hypotension during acetate dialysis were treated with bicarbonate dialysis. In all patients blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial acid‐base values were measured every 30 minutes during each of the five treatments with acetate dialysis and bicarbonate dialysis. Hemodynamic parameters were measured in‐vasively in all patients during bicarbonate dialysis and in three of them also during acetate dialysis. Additionally, continuous long‐time monitoring with electroencephalography was performed during acetate dialysis and bicarbonate dialysis. During acetate dialysis the patients showed a frequent onset of sudden hypotension and arrhythmia with concomitant symptoms of the so‐called disequilibrium syndrome, whereas these symptoms were nonexistent in the same patients during bicarbonate dialysis.
Dialysis Performance of Single Lumen Subclavian Hemodialysis: A Comparative Study with Single Lumen Fistula Hemodialysis
Authors: Vanholder R. , Hoenich N. , Ringoir S. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTStudy of hemodialysis performance and recirculation ratios of subclavian catheter hemodialysis is Reported. Data are compared to the results obtained when a conventional in‐trafistular single‐lumen hemodialysis needle is used under similar conditions.Renal blood flow values were slightly but not significantly lower for subclavian hemodialysis. Small molecular extraction ratios were identical. Small molecular clearances were somewhat lower for the subclavian approach, especially at high dialyzer blood flow rates. However, the differences were not significant, and overall extraction ratios, calculated for the entire dialysis period with both access methods in 43 patients, were identical. Recirculation averaged 12.5% for the fistular approach and 20% for the subclavian approach.It is concluded that, as a whole, dialysis performance is somewhat lower with the subclavian vascular access method. This is mainly due to a higher recirculation rate, and in turn to the consequence of the length of the intravascular device. However, this minor differences do not necessitate changes in dialysis schedules.
Clinical Experience of Postoperative Hepatic Failure Treatment with Pig or Baboon Liver Cross‐Hemodialysis with an Interposed Membrane
Authors: Ozawa Kazue , Kamiyama Yasuo , Kimura Kenichi , Ukikusa Minoru , Kono Yukihiro , Yamato Toshio , Shimahara Yasuyuki , Nakatani Toshio , Asano Motokazu , Irie Ryuichi , Kawashima Sadao , Uchida Kenichi , Ohtoshi Masahiro , Aoyama Hidehisa , Hirai Fumihiko , Yasuda Kazuhiro , Tobe Takayoshi 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThe present study emphasizes the principle of using liver support to restore the blood ketone body ratio (acetoacetate/β‐hydroxybutyrate), which reflects the redox potential of liver mitochondria and correlates with hepatic energy charge (ATP + 0.5ADP/ATP + ADP + AMP). Eleven surgical patients with grade IV hepatic coma were treated by an ex vivo pig or baboon liver cross‐hemodialysis with an interposed Cuprophan membrane when their blood ketone body ratios had decreased to below 0.4 compared with the normal of above 0.7. Three patients were treated by cross‐hemodialysis using a standard Cuprophan membrane dialyzer without increase of blood ketone body ratio and without marked beneficial effect. However, five of eight patients who had bood ketone body ratios of above 0.25 became fully alert after treatment by cross‐hemodialysis using the larger pore size and greater surface area Cuprophan membrane, concurrent with a rise in the decreased blood ketone body ratio, and three of them were later discharged. By contrast, in the three patients with blood ketone body ratios below 0.25, there was no restoration of consciousness and no improvement in their blood ketone body ratios by this liver support. It is suggested that, as long as the blood ketone body ratio remained over 0.25, this metabolic liver support is effective in restoring grade IV hepatic coma.
Infusion‐Free Hemodiafiltration: Simultaneous Hemofiltration and Dialysis with No Need for Infusion Fluid
Authors: Shinzato Toru , Sezaki Ryozo , Usuda Masatsune , Maeda Kenji , Ohbayashi Shogo , Toyota Tatsumi 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTA new simultaneous hemofiltration and dialysis system was developed which has no need of infusion fluid. The system employs two hemodiafilters in a direct series. An ultrafiltration rate and dialysate flow rate control system was employed to control the dialysate flow at the inlet and outlet, and the difference in volume was arranged to be the amount of water removed from the body. When the blood circuit was narrowed between the two hemodiafilters, the ultrafiltration was performed at the first hemodiafilter; at the second one, the dialysate moved to the blood side as a dilution fluid. To remove pyrogens and bacteria, tap water was subjected to activated charcoal, ion exchange and reverse osmosis treatment, followed by preparation of the dialysate. In clinical evaluation, this system showed marked improvement in clearance of middle and large molecules.
Regulatory Pathways to the Market: An Overview
Authors: Morton William A. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an overview of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's regulatory requirements for introducing medical device and diagnostic products into commercial distribution in the United States. For any specific product, the requirements vary depending upon the product's associated risks, classification, and when it or a similar product was first introduced into commercial distribution. Regulatory pathways available and/or required for a manufacturer to introduce a medical product into the U.S. marketplace are outlined.
Linear Optimal Multi-periodic Repetitive Control - A Low Order Controller Scheme
Authors: HAN Youde , OWENS David H. , CHU Bing 
Published: November 2012

This article proposes a new method for treating the computational problem in discrete time linear multi-periodic repetitive control systems, where the reference signal includes several periodic components with already known periods. As periods get large, the computational problem becomes prominent. This work thus investigates the frequency contents of reference signals, where the order of original repetitive controller is lowered by considering only a reduced number of poles, namely, the most important contributors to the total energy of the multi-periodic reference signal. A lower order multi-periodic repetitive controller is designed which assures BIBO stability of the closed-loop system, and approximate tracking is achieved. Finally, experimental tests on a non-minimum phase spring mass damper system demonstrate the effectiveness of this new controller.
Diagnostic Accuracy of the GenoType MTBDR
sl
Assay for Rapid Diagnosis of Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in HIV-Coinfected Patients
Authors: Kontsevaya Irina , Ignatyeva Olga , Nikolayevskyy Vladyslav , Balabanova Yanina , Kovalyov Alexander , Kritsky Andrey , Matskevich Olesya , Drobniewski Francis 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

The Russian Federation is a high-tuberculosis (TB)-burden country with high rates of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
multidrug resistance (MDR) and extensive drug resistance (XDR), especially in HIV-coinfected patients. Rapid and reliable diagnosis for detection of resistance to second-line drugs is vital for adequate patient management. We evaluated the performance of the GenoType MTBDR
sl
(Hain Lifescience GmbH, Nehren, Germany) assay on smear-positive sputum specimens obtained from 90 HIV-infected MDR TB patients from Russia. Test interpretability was over 98%. Specificity was over 86% for all drugs, while sensitivity varied, being the highest (71.4%) for capreomycin and lowest (9.4%) for kanamycin, probably due to the presence of mutations in the
eis
gene. The sensitivity of detection of XDR TB was 13.6%, increasing to 42.9% if kanamycin (not commonly used in Western Europe) was excluded. The assay is a highly specific screening tool for XDR detection in direct specimens from HIV-coinfected TB patients but cannot be used to rule out XDR TB.