bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of OspA Serotypes for Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato from Japan, Europe and North America
Authors: Masuzawa Toshiyuki , Wilske Bettina , Komikado Tetsuro , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Kawabata Hiroki , Sato Nanao , Muramatsu Koichi , Sato Nobutake , Isogai Emiko , Isogai Hiroshi , Johnson Russell C. , Yanagihara Yasutake 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSixty‐one Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains from various sources (ticks, human, and wild animals) in Japan and two strains from ticks in Far Eastern Russia were classified on the basis of reactivity with 16 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to outer surface protein A (OspA) and by DNA‐DNA hybridization assay. Eleven OspA serotypes (J1 to J11) were recognized among the Japanese and the Far East Russian isolates (serotypes J1 to J9 were identified as B. garinii, serotype J10 was identified as B. afzelii, and serotype J11 corresponded to B. japonica), whereas 7 OspA serotypes for North American and European isolates previously reported (Bettina Wilske et al, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:340‐350, 1993) were not observed except for OspA serotype 2 which showed identical reactivity with OspA serotype J10. This finding provides helpful information for understanding the geographical distribution of Lyme disease borrelia and the development of vaccine and diagnostic tests. In conclusion: 1. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto has not been observed in Japan, 2. Japanese B. afzelii isolates are closely related to those from Europe, 3. B. garinii isolates from Japan are highly heterogeneous and apparently different from European B. garinii isolates.
Continuous Isolation and Characterization of Chlamydia pneumoniae from a Patient with Diffuse Panbronchiolitis
Authors: Miyashita Naoyuki , Matsumoto Akira , Kubota Yoshifumi , Nakajima Masamitsu , Niki Yoshihito , Matsushima Toshiharu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe succeeded in isolating Chlamydia pneumoniae organisms continuously from a 70‐year‐old man who had received chemotherapeutic treatment with low dosages of erythromycin for five years to improve diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB). He had two episodes of acute exacerbation of DPB and a total of six strains of C. pneumoniae were isolated at different stages during the past 13 months. The morphological properties and protein profiles of the elementary bodies of all the C. pneumoniae isolates were similar to each other. Interestingly, his serological response against C. pneumoniae in immunoblotting tests was differed between two episodes. The sera collected during the first episode reacted weakly to the major outer membrane protein (MOMP), whereas those collected during the second episode reacted strongly to the 60‐kDa protein and weakly to MOMP. These facts suggest that the two different episodes occurred as a result of different mechanisms. Additionally, in spite of the low antibody titer by micro‐immunofluorescence test in the second episode as compared with that of the first episode, the immune response against 60‐kDa immunodominant protein increased markedly in the second episode, and we suspect that the second episode was due to an allergic reaction caused by this 60‐kDa protein. These findings suggest that repeated or prolonged exposure to C. pneumoniae may be associated with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and that the patient should be noted as a possible source of C. pneumoniae infection.
Genetic Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato in Korea Using Genomic Hybridization and 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Determination
Authors: Kee Sun‐Ho , Yoon Jung‐Hoon , Oh Hee‐Bok , Park Yong‐Ha , Kim Yoon‐Won , Cho Min‐Kee , Park Kyung‐Seok , Chang Woo‐Hyun 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNine Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated in Korea were subjected to genomic hybridization using 16S rRNA gene probe and specific restriction patterns (HindIII and EcoRV) led these nine Borrelia into five subtypes. The evolutionary relationships of the five isolates corresponding to five RFLP groups were measured through the sequence determination of 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis. The isolates 935T (group I), 934U and 17Y (Group IIa, IIb) were well clustered with B. garinii and B. afzelii. 5MT and 9MT strains (Group IIIa and Group IIIb) formed a common branch shared with B. afzelii cluster although the evolutionary distance was rather long. So, most of B. burgdorferi sensu lato in Korea was B. afzelii or B. afzelii‐related group and some minor group such as B. garinii also existed.
No Proof of HTLV‐I/II in Intravenous Drug Abusers with a High Rate of HIV‐1 Infection in Central Thailand
Authors: Saguanwongse Suranga , Muangpom Amorntip , Ruchusatsawat Nuangjun , Wongcheree Suthon , Warachit Paijit , Miyamura Kikuko , Yamazaki Shudo , Honda Mitsuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSerum specimens of 1,074 intravenous drug abusers (IVDA) were examined for infection with HIV‐1, HTLV‐I and HTLV‐II in central Thailand. Three hundred and sixty‐two of the specimens were seropositive for HIV‐1 (33.7%). The HIV‐1 seropositive IVDAs exhibited increased seropositivity with age through group 40–44 and significantly decreased seropositivity over the age of 45. In contrast, no seropositivity to either HTLV‐I or ‐II was detected in the samples tested by a particle‐agglutination assay for HTLV followed by type‐specific Western blotting for HTLV. Reference to previous reports suggested that the rate of HIV infection in IVDAs has decreased with no HTLV‐I or HTLV‐II in Thailand when compared with that of the HIV infection in 1992.
Effects of Nerve Growth Factor and Phorbol Derivative on Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Cultured Cells of Latently Infected Adult Mouse Trigeminal Ganglia
Authors: Kimura Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractReactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) occurred rapidly in cells of latently infected adult mouse trigeminal ganglia which were cultured in serum‐free medium in the presence of sufficient nerve growth factor (NGF). However, HSV‐1 reactivation was delayed significantly in ganglionic cultures in the absence of exogenous NGF or in cultures treated with 2‐aminopurine in the presence of NGF. The delayed viral reactivation in ganglionic cultures without NGF was accelerated by treatment with phorbol myristate acetate or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Culture conditions which affected HSV‐1 reactivation did not affect replication of HSV‐1 in normal ganglionic cultures.
Augmentation of Interferon Production after Cell‐Differentiation of U937 Cells by TPA
Authors: Indoh Tomokazu , Shirakawa Sachiko , Kubota Tohru , Yashiki Teruo , Isogai Emiko , Fujii Nobuhiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPersistent infections with mumps virus were established in several human lymphoid cells of T‐cell origin (Molt‐4, TALL‐1, and CCRF‐CEM) and human monocyte cells (U937 and THP‐1). 2′,5′‐Oligoadenylate synthetase (2–5AS) activity was demonstrated to be only slightly induced by interferon (IFN) or TPA (12‐O‐tetradecanoyl‐phorbol‐13‐acetate) treatment in these cells. Treatment of the persistently infected cells with IFN or TPA did not stimulate an increase in the amount of synthetase mRNA. Induction of cell differentiation and augmentation of IFN production by TPA were demonstrated in U937 cells persistently infected with mumps virus (U937‐MP). Similar results for IFN production were obtained from differentiated U937 cells. It is suggested that cell differentiation of U937 cells might be associated with the development of IFN inducibility.
Acid‐Fastness of Nocardia asteroides GUH‐2 Cultured in Brain Heart Infusion Broth Supplemented with Paraffin
Authors: Kohbata Shunro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNocardia asteroides GUH‐2 was not acid‐fast when grown in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. When grown in BHI broth supplemented with paraffin, many filamentous cells showed acid‐fastness after treatment with 1% acid‐alcohol as the decolorizing agent. When treated with 3% acid‐alcohol, filamentous cells were not acid‐fast. In addition to the acid‐fast filamentous cells of nocardiae, unknown acid‐fast spherical bodies were observed in the paraffin‐supplemented BHI broth cultures.
Pentoxifylline Pretreatment Enhances the Oxidative Burst Activity of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Chang Feng‐Yee , Shaio Men‐Fang 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of pentoxifylline pretreatment on the lucigenin‐augmented chemiluminescence and dismutase‐inhibitable superoxide production of human neutrophils and mononuclear cells (MNCs) was studied. Pentoxifylline at 20–2,000 μg/ml enhanced the lucigenin‐augmented chemiluminescence (118–165% of the control, P < 0.01) of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)‐stimulated MNC. Pentoxifylline at 20–2,000 μg/ml increased the MNC superoxide production, i.e., 142–171% of the control (P < 0.05) using PMA stimulation and 145–159% of the control (P < 0.01) using opsonized zymosan stimulation. In contrast, pentoxifylline (up to 2,000 μg/ml) did not influence the lucigenin‐augmented chemiluminescence and superoxide production of human neutrophils, stimulated by either PMA or opsonized zymosan. These results suggest that pentoxifylline is an immunomodulator and may have potential usefulness in the enhancement of immune defenses in compromised hosts.
Utilization of Iron Sources and Its Possible Roles in the Pathogenesis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Wong Hin‐Chung , Liu Chi‐Chang , Yu Chung‐Ming , Lee Yeong‐Sheng 
Published: November 2013

AbstractVibrio parahaemolyticus is an important enteropathogen in Japan, Taiwan and other coastal regions. The influence of the regulation of iron on the pathogenesis of this pathogen has not been well characterized. The growth of pathogenic and non‐pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus on iron‐limited agar plates was stimulated by ferritin, lactoferrin and transferrin at 30 μM, and also by hemin, hemoglobin and ferric ammonium citrate at 100 μM. Spontaneous iron‐utilizing mutant strains (mutants) were derived from a clinical strain, ST550. Compared with the parent strain, lowered virulence was demonstrated for these mutants, as assayed by adult mouse and suckling mouse models. The in vivo growth and enterotoxigenicity of these mutants were also lower in the suckling mice. Adherence of the mutants to excised mouse intestine was lower as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. The iron‐regulated outer membrane protein profile also changed in selected mutants. These results indicate that iron‐regulated outer membrane proteins and other unknown factors associated with iron utilization may have profound influences, besides iron acquisition, on the pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus.
Serological Characterization of Trichosporon cutaneum and Related Species
Authors: Ikeda Reiko , Yokota Mariko , Shinoda Takako 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRecent molecular biological, chemical, physiological and morphological studies indicate that Trichosporon cutaneum and related species should be reclassified. In this study, antigenic characteristics of the species were determined. The results of adsorption experiments revealed that there were at least three serological types: I, II and III. Specific factor sera I, II and III were prepared on the basis of adsorption experiments and isolates were serotyped by cell slide agglutination (CSA). Since the CSA test was difficult to read in some strains, the results of the CSA test were compared with the findings from an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For the ELISA, crude polysaccharide antigens prepared from the culture supernatant were used as the antigen. The types determined by ELISA correlated well with those determined by the CSA test. These data suggest that T. cutaneum and related species have at least three serological types, and that the typing can be done by either CSA or ELISA.
Re‐Speciation of the Original Reference Strains of Serovars in the Citrobacter freundii (Bethesda‐Ballerup Group) Antigenic Scheme of West and Edwards
Authors: Miki Kanji , Tamura Kazumichi , Sakazaki Riichi , Kosako Yoshimasa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe antigenic scheme for the Bethesda‐Ballerup group of bacteria established by West and Edwards in 1954 has continued to be applied as a serotyping scheme for Citrobacter freundii. In 1993, however, the classification of the Citrobacter was drastically revised and the species C. freundii redefined by Brenner et al. Accordingly, to judge the propriety to continuously use a single antigenic scheme for the C. freundii complex, the 90 reference strains listed in the antigenic scheme for C. freundii by West and Edwards were characterized phenotypically and specified based on the revised classification. Of these 90 strains, two strains of Hafnia alvei and one of Escherichia coli were found. Among the remaining 87 reference strains, Citrobacter youngae was the predominant species (40 strains), followed by Citrobacter braakii (25 strains), Citrobacter werkmanii (13 strains), and the unnamed Citrobacter genospecies 10 of Brenner et al (six strains). Citrobacter freundii, as redefined, accounted for only three strains and ranked behind the other four species. No overlapping with most of the 42 O‐groups and 82 H‐antigens was recognized between species with few exceptions. O‐groups 1–9 inclusive, which were estimated to represent more than 90% of the former C. freundii strains, occurred in strains of C. youngae and C. braakii; and all nine strains of O‐group 29, formerly known as the Ballerup group, were identified as C. braakii. These findings suggest that further study of the serotyping system is needed for all H2S‐producing Citrobacter species.
Reservoir Competence of the Vole, Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae, for Borrelia garinii or Borrelia afzelii
Authors: Ishiguro Fubito , Takada Nobuhiro , Nakata Keisuke , Yano Yasuhiro , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Masuzawa Toshiyuki , Yanagihara Yasutake 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn autumn of 1994 and spring of 1995, we examined Borrelia infection among Microtinae voles, Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae, in Hokkaido, Japan. In BSK culturing of the earlobe tissues of 45 C. rufocanus bedfordiae captured, twelve rodents were positive for Borrelia. Eight isolates were used for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. According to the results, these isolates were classified into B. garinii or B. afzelii. It is considered that a common vole, C. rufocanus bedfordiae, plays a significant role in the transmission and maintenance of B. garinii and B. afzelii, similar to the role of Apodemus speciosus mice.
Different Sensitivity to Streptolysin‐O of Cells in Macrophage Lineage
Authors: Tanigawa Takahiko , Suzuki Jun , Ueta Tsuyoshi , Katsumoto Tetsuo , Tanaka Yoshinori 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe have surveyed the sensitivity of cells in macrophage lineage to Streptolysin‐O (SLO). SLO had cytotoxic activity on immature myeloid cell lines such as M1 and WEHI‐3BD+. SLO was toxic to the cells after a 2‐hr incubation. However, mature macrophage cell lines such as A640‐BB‐2, J774, and P388D1 were not sensitive to the same dose of SLO. After M1 cells were treated with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a differentiation‐inducer to macrophage, these cells became insensitive to SLO in one day. This cytotoxic action of SLO was inhibited by pretreatment with anti‐Streptolysin‐O antibody or cholesterol. These results indicate that SLO has different effects on macrophage lineage.
Simple Method for Detection of Clostridium botulinum Type A to F Neurotoxin Genes by Ploymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Takeshi Kouichi , Fujinaga Yukako , Inoue Kaoru , Nakajima Hiroshi , Oguma Keiji , Ueno Tetsuya , Sunagawa Hiroyuki , Ohyama Tohru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based method was established to detect each type of neurotoxin genes of Clostridium botulinum types A to F by employing the oligonucleotide primer sets corresponding to special regions of the light chains of the neurotoxins. In this procedure, the PCR products were easily confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion profiles, and as little as 2.5 pg of template DNAs from toxigenic strains could be detected. The specific PCR products were obtained from toxigenic C. botulinum types A to F, a type E toxin‐producing C. butyricum strain, and a type F toxin‐producing C. baratii strain, but no PCR product was detected in nontoxigenic strains of C. botulinum and other clostridial species. The neurotoxin genes were also detected in food products of a seasoned dry salmon and a fermented fish (Izushi) which had caused type E outbreaks of botulism. Therefore, it is concluded that this PCR‐based detection method can be used for the rapid diagnosis of botulism.
Enhanced Engraftment of HTLV‐I‐Infected Human T Cells in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice by Anti‐asialo GM‐1 Antibody Treatment
Authors: Ishihara Shiro , Okayama Akihiko , Nagatomo Yasuhiro , Murai Koichi , Yamashita Ryozo , Okamoto Masayuki , Shima Takashi , Sasaki Takashi , Mueller Nancy , Tachibana Nobuyoshi , Tsubouchi Hirohito 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effects of anti‐asialo GM‐1 antibody (AAGM) treatment on the engraftment of human T‐cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV‐I)‐infected human T cells in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice were studied. The frequency of tumor formation in an HTLV‐I‐transformed human T‐cell line, MT‐2 cells, at the site of inoculation was significantly higher in AAGM‐treated than untreated mice (P<0.05): 16/18 (89%) and 16/26 (62%), respectively. The promotive effect of AAGM treatment on tumor development was marked in the early stage (less than 3 weeks), suggesting that the immediate reaction of natural killers to the inoculated cells may be important for the prevention of tumor development. The surface phenotypes and clonality of the tumor cells were the same as the MT‐2 cells inoculated. Inoculation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from one of the 4 adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) patients resulted in the development of tumors in AAGM‐treated SCID mice. However, the surface phenotypes of the cells from these tumors were a mixture of B cells and T cells, suggesting that these tumors consisted of Epstein‐Barr virus‐transformed B cells and HTLV‐I‐transformed T cells. In addition, HTLV‐I was detected by polymerase chain reaction in various organs of the mice inoculated with PBMC from the ATL patient and the asymptomatic carrier examined. These results suggest that elimination of natural killer function by AAGM treatment is important, although such treatment is not always necessary for the engraftment of HTLV‐I‐infected cells in SCID mice.
Activation of Unusual Mac‐1+CD4− CD8− T Cells Bearing αβ Antigen Receptor in Murine Lungs during Infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG: Regulation by Interferon‐γ
Authors: Teruya Katsuji , Kawakami Kazuyoshi , Saito Atsushi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe have recently (Kawakami et al, Immunol. Lett. 1995;46: 143) demonstrated that unusual Mac‐1+CD4−CD8− T cells bearing αβ antigen receptor (Mac‐1+ αβ T cells) reside in a considerable proportion in murine lungs. The present study was performed to examine the dynamics of accumulation of these cells in the lungs following intravenous administration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG). Mac‐1+ αβ T cells accumulated rapidly 24 hr after infection, followed by a gradual increase over the observation period of 15 days. Furthermore, the expression of Ia, ICAM‐1 and FcγR II/III on their surface intensified dramatically after BCG infection. The kinetics of enhancement of Ia expression was slower than that of ICAM‐1, with the maximum level attained in one day in the latter molecule but in two weeks in the former. Neutralization of endogenous IFN‐γ by specific mAb completely blocked the augmented expression of Ia on Mac‐1+ αβ T cells after BCG infection, but did not have any significant effect on that of ICAM‐1. In contrast, in vivo administration of IFN‐γ enhanced the expression of ICAM‐1 as well as that of Ia. Our results indicate that accumulation of Mac‐1 αβ T cells within the lung is associated with a differential change in the expression of surface antigens, and suggest that these cells may play a role in the host defense against mycobacterial infection.
Demonstration of a Heat‐Stable 120‐Kilodalton Protein of Rickettsia japonica as a Spotted Fever Group‐Common Antigen
Authors: Uchiyama Tsuneo , Zhao Licheng , Uchida Takahiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGenomic libraries of Rickettsia japonica were cloned into an expression vector λgt11. A clone expressing a protein reactive with antiserum against 120‐kilodalton (kDa) proteins, a mixture of heat‐modifiable and heat‐stable polypeptides, was selected and designated as λRj120‐1. The expressed protein has a molecular mass of 180 kDa. Western immunoblotting demonstrated that the expressed protein was a fusion protein with β‐galactosidase. The antiserum against 120‐kDa proteins was absorbed by the induced lysogen, resulting in the removal of reactivity to the heat‐stable 120‐kDa polypeptide. The antiserum against the expressed protein reacted with heat‐stable 120‐ to 130‐kDa polypeptides of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae in addition to R. japonica. The findings indicated that the protein expressed from the cloned gene of R. japonica possessed the antigenicity group‐common to SFG rickettsiae. Primers designed from the gene coding for R. conorii heat‐stable 120‐kDa protein (Schuenke, K.W., and Walker, D.H., Infect. Immun. 62: 904‐909, 1994) and λgt11 lacZ gene amplified the λRj120‐1 DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the PCR‐amplified products revealed that the cloned DNA corresponds to a portion of the gene coding for the heat‐stable 120‐kDa protein of R. conorii with 2,519 nucleotides beginning at nucleotide 190 of the open reading frame. RFLP demonstrated that the cloned gene was highly homologous to the corresponding gene of R. conorii.
Expression and Purification of the Crystalline Surface Layer Protein of Rickettsia typhi
Authors: Hahn Myong‐Joon , Chang Woo‐Hyun 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe crystalline surface layer (S‐layer) protein (SLP) of Rickettsia typhi is known as the protective antigen against murine typhus. We previously reported a cloning and sequence analysis of the SLP gene of R. typhi (slpT) and showed that the open reading frame of this gene encodes both the SLP and a 32‐kDa protein. To express only the SLP from this gene, the putative signal sequence and the 32‐kDa protein portion were removed from the slpT. This protein was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein, consisting of the SLP and maltose binding protein. The recombinant protein reacted strongly with polyclonal antiserum of a patient with murine typhus.
ExperimentalChlamydia psittaciInfection of Japanese Quail
Authors: Takashima Ikuo , Hiyoshi Maki , Kariwa Hiroaki , Mukaiya Ryusuke , Hashimoto Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractJapanese quail were used for the infection model of avian chlamydiosis. One‐day‐old Japanese quail were highly susceptible to lethal infection by aChlamydia psittacistrain of budgerigar origin upon inoculation via the air sac route with 104.1FFU of the organism, showing an acute and lethal course with chlamydial propagation. In contrast, 7‐day‐old quail developed resistance to the infection as shown by the lack of lethal effect with the same dose. The resistance of 7‐day‐old birds was abolished by immunosuppressive treatment with cyclophosphamide. Upon inoculation with a sublethal dose of 102.1FFU, latent infection was established in 1‐day‐old birds with a minimum number of the organism. The latent infection in the birds was converted to the lethal form by treatment with cyclophosphamide along with chlamydial propagation and suppression of antibody production.