bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should Genesee & Wyoming Go Down Under?
Authors: Overby Jeffrey W. 
Published: May 2015

The Case takes place at the headquarters of Genesee & Wyoming, Inc. (GWI), one of the leading short line railroads in the United States. The Case revolves around three executives - Mortimer B. Fuller III, Chairman and CEO, Mark Hastings, CFO and Treasurer, and Alan Harris, Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Office - and the dilemma over whether to pursue international expansion.GWI has generally pursued a strategy of diversification through acquisition. However, there are other approaches to diversification, including international expansion. With increasing deregulation and privatization of railroads around the world, GWI and its competitors must weigh the risks of internationalization with the rewards. GWI fears that a failure to move quickly might result in missed opportunities as competitors acquire railroads around the world.An opportunity has recently arisen in Australia, where the government is selling Australian National Railway. GWI believes Australia might be a good initial foray into the international market given the similarities of the country and its railroad industry to the United States and its railroad industry. The Case asks the question, “Should GWI enter the bidding?”
Winstar Communications: corporate fraud and auditing procedures
Authors: Ng Alexander W. , Mertins Lasse , Martin Charles L. 
Published: May 2015

Synopsis
Winstar Communications was a successful and fast growing telecommunication company in the 1990s and early 2000s. However, in the early 2000s, the company started to struggle financially. In 2000, Grant Thornton audited Winstar, issuing an unqualified opinion. After Winstar went into bankruptcy in 2002, investors started to question the quality of the audit. This teaching case is based on the Gould v. Grant Thornton case that was tried in the United States Court of Appeals in 2011/2012. It provides accounting students with an opportunity to learn about auditing procedures and the consequences when auditing procedures are not correctly followed.

Research methodology
Teaching case study.

Relevant courses and levels
This case study is suitable for introductory undergraduate auditing, advanced undergraduate auditing and master level auditing courses.
Winds of change in Klickitat County: the Harvest Wind Project
Authors: Phillips Michael , Watson David , Barnes Bill , Feldman Howard 
Published: May 2015

Case description
This case features a county planning director as he approves or turns down a permit application for the Harvest Wind Farm Project, located in Klickitat County on the Columbia Plateau in Washington State. The utilities involved and Klickitat County stood to benefit through new revenue generation and a favorable federal construction grant associated with the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, and certain landowners stood to make substantial royalties. However, other landowners were also worried about declining property values, environmental groups had raised objections to the effect of turbines on the pristine Columbia River view, and uncertainty about health effects had recently become more of an issue. Nationally, “wind turbine syndrome” and “shadow-flicker” effects had been linked to wind farm operations. Given these concerns and the uncertainty, would the gains to stakeholders justify signing off on the project?
Family‐of‐origin experience and emotional health as predictors of relationship self‐regulation in marriage
Authors: Brown Matthew , Larson Jeffry , Harper James , Holman Thomas 
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this study was to understand differences in one's ability to implement relationship self‐regulation (RSR) in marriage based on the family‐of‐origin variables of parent–child relationship quality, parental marital satisfaction and current emotional health. The participants were 484 married couples who completed the relationship evaluation. Structural equation modelling was used to test a model that showed that the actor and partner's emotional health were associated with RSR in marriage, while most family‐of‐origin factors were not directly associated with RSR. However, the perceived mother–child relationship quality was associated with RSR for wives, but not husbands, when controlling for the other variables in the model. There were no significant relationships between father–child relationship quality or parental marital satisfaction and RSR. Implications for couple therapists and educators are discussed.Practitioner points

Relationship self‐regulation (RSR) involves recognizing one's own positive and negative contribution to the relationship.
Emotional health affects RSR and should be attended to in work with couples.
Helping partners address emotional health issues may increase a couple's ability to collaboratively work on their relationship.
Open expression of emotions and positive communication skills may decrease emotional health symptomology and increase the couples' use of RSR.
The impact of onlooking and including bystander behaviour on judgments and emotions regarding peer exclusion
Authors: Malti Tina , Strohmeier Dagmar , Killen Melanie 
Published: May 2015

We investigated judgments and emotions in contexts of social exclusion that varied as a function of bystander behaviour (N = 173, 12‐ and 16‐year‐olds). Adolescents responded to film vignettes depicting a target excluded by a group with no bystanders, onlooking bystanders, or bystanders who included the target. Adolescents were asked to judge the behaviour and attribute emotions to the excluding group, the excluded target, and the bystanders. Younger adolescents judged the behaviour of the excluding group as more wrong than older adolescents when there were no bystanders present, indicating that the presence of bystanders was viewed as lessening the negative outcome of exclusion by the younger group. Yet, bystanders play a positive role only when they are includers, not when they are silent observers. This distinction was revealed by the findings that adolescents rated the behaviour of onlooking bystanders as more wrong compared with the behaviour of including bystanders. Moreover, all adolescents justified the inclusive behaviour more frequently with empathy than the onlooking behaviour. Adolescents also anticipated more empathy to including bystanders than to onlooking bystanders, as well as anticipated more guilt to onlooking bystanders than including bystanders. The findings are discussed in light of the role of group norms and group processes regarding bystanders' roles in social exclusion peer encounters.
Dimethyl fumarate induces necroptosis in colon cancer cells through GSH depletion/ROS increase/MAPKs activation pathway
Authors: Xie Xin , Zhao Yu , Ma Chun‐Yan , Xu Xiao‐Ming , Zhang Yan‐Qiu , Wang Chen‐Guang , Jin Jing , Shen Xin , Gao Jin‐Lai , Li Na , Sun Zhi‐Jie , Dong De‐Li 
Published: May 2015

Background and PurposeDimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a newly approved drug for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis. Here, we investigated the effects of DMF and its metabolites mono‐methylfumarate (MMF and methanol) on different gastrointestinal cancer cell lines and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved.Experimental ApproachCell viability was measured by the MTT or CCK8 assay. Protein expressions were measured by Western blot analysis. LDH release, live‐ and dead‐cell staining, intracellular GSH levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential were examined by using commercial kits.Key ResultsDMF but not MMF induced cell necroptosis, as demonstrated by the pharmacological tool necrostatin‐1, transmission electron microscopy, LDH and HMGB1 release in CT26 cells. The DMF‐induced decrease in cellular GSH levels as well as cell viability and increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) were inhibited by co‐treatment with GSH and N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) in CT26 cells. DMF activated JNK, p38 and ERK MAPKs in CT26 cells and JNK, p38 and ERK inhibitors partially reversed the DMF‐induced decrease in cell viability. GSH or NAC treatment inhibited DMF‐induced JNK, p38, and ERK activation in CT26 cells. DMF but not MMF increased autophagy responses in SGC‐7901, HCT116, HT29 and CT26 cancer cells, but autophagy inhibition did not prevent the DMF‐induced decrease in cell viability.Conclusion and ImplicationsDMF but not its metabolite MMF induced necroptosis in colon cancer cells through a mechanism involving the depletion of GSH, an increase in ROS and activation of MAPKs.
Use of IV fosphenytoin pharmacokinetics to determine the loading dose for a clinical trial of canine status epilepticus
Authors: Coles Lisa D. , Leppik Ilo E. , Patterson Edward E. , Rivers Zachary , Mishra Usha , Cloyd James C. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryObjectiveCanine status epilepticus (CSE) has potential as a translational platform to evaluate the safety and efficacy of novel compounds and inform human status epilepticus trials. The aim of this study was to determine the intravenous dose of fosphenytoin (FOS) needed for dogs in a CSE clinical trial to attain phenytoin (PHT) concentrations similar to those used for human status epilepticus and monitor PHT concentrations.MethodsFour healthy dogs were used to characterize PHT pharmacokinetics. Each received either 15 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg of PHT equivalent intravenously. Blood samples were collected and FOS (total) and derived PHT (total and unbound) plasma concentrations were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS). Noncompartmental pharmacokinetics (PK) parameter values were determined and compartmental PK modeling and simulations were used to select the dose for the clinical trial with a target goal of 1–2 μg/ml unbound PHT at 30–60 min postinfusion. Predicted total and unbound PHT concentrations were compared with concentrations in blood collected from dogs treated for CSE in the clinical trial.ResultsInitial estimates suggested that a loading dose of 25 mg/kg would attain unbound concentrations of 1–2 μg/ml; however, this dose produced concentrations above 3–6 μg/ml, which resulted in clinically significant toxicity. A two‐compartment model best fit the PHT concentration data with alpha‐phase half‐life of 2–5 min and elimination half‐life of ~5 h. Based on the simulations, a dose of 15 mg/kg was selected and used in the clinical trial and 15 of 16 dogs randomized to the treatment arm had PHT plasma concentrations within the goal range.SignificanceThis study demonstrates that characterization of pharmacokinetics in a small number of dogs is useful in determining dosage regimens designed to attain targeted concentrations in clinical trials. Using this approach, we were able to determine a safe and effective dose of FOS for a clinical trial of CSE.
Modulation of transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) in reconstructed human epidermis by excipients known to permeate intestinal tight junctions
Authors: Abdayem Rawad , Callejon Sylvie , Portes Pascal , Kirilov Plamen , Demarne Frédéric , Pirot Fabrice , Jannin Vincent , Haftek Marek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSeveral excipients are commonly used to enhance the drug absorption through simple epithelia of the digestive tract. They permeate the paracellular barrier constituted by tight junctions (TJs). We compared the effects of two excipients, sodium caprate (C10) and a self‐emulsifying excipient Labrasol composed of a mixture of caprylocaproyl polyoxyl‐8 glycerides, both applied to emerged reconstructed human epidermis either ‘systemically’, that is by addition to the culture medium, or topically. During the ‘systemic’ application, which produced cytoplasmic translocation of occludin and leakage of the biotin marker into the lower stratum corneum, the decrease in the trans‐epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was less abrupt with Labrasol when compared with C10, even though both excipients produced comparable final effects over time. With topical Labrasol, a significant TEER decrease was obtained with 5 times the ‘systemic’ concentrations. Topical application of C10 also resulted in the loss of the barrier function measured with TEER but had dramatic deleterious effects on the tissue morphology observed with light and electron microscopy. Our study demonstrates the potential value of Labrasol as an enhancer of bioavailability of molecules applied through the transcutaneous route. Our results suggest modulation of the epidermal TJs by both compounds. Even though the C10 action was at least partly due to overall cell damage and despite the fact that the decrease in TEER after topical application was apparently related to the permeabilization of the primary barrier of the stratum corneum in the first place.
In geriatric patients, delirium symptoms are related to the anticholinergic burden
Authors: Naja Moustafa , Zmudka Jadwiga , Hannat Sanaa , Liabeuf Sophie , Serot Jean‐Marie , Jouanny Pierre 
Published: May 2015

AimAnticholinergic drugs are widely prescribed for elderly patients and could induce several neuropsychological disorders, especially delirium. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between anticholinergic burden and delirium symptoms.MethodsA total of 102 patients aged over 75 years (86.3 ± 5.8 years, 53 women and 49 men) hospitalized in a geriatric medicine department were included in this prospective study. Anticholinergic burden was assessed by classifying drug use into three levels (low, medium or high). An overall, weighted score was established. Delirium symptoms were measured with the Confusion Assessment Method on days 1, 3, 5, 8, 15 and 21. Covariates studied were comorbidities (Charlson), health status, activities of daily living, nutrition (albumin), cognition, length of stay and mortality.ResultsA total of 51.6% of the patients were taking anticholinergic drugs at home (2.13 ± 1.34). Length of stay was 14.5 ± 9.9 days. Prevalence of delirium symptoms ranged on days between 34.8 and 60%. Anticholinergic burden was correlated with the appearance of delirium symptoms. Delirium symptoms were associated with greater mortality (16.1 and 3.7 % in patients with and without delirium symptoms; P = 0.049), a longer hospital stay (18.09 ± 11.34 vs 11.75 ± 7.80 days, P = 0.001), greater dependence on discharge (activities of daily living score: 1.57 ± 1.56 vs 3.41 ± 1.45, P < 0.0001) and worse health status on discharge (5.3 ± 2.7 vs 7.0 ± 1.7, P = 0.0008).ConclusionAnticholinergic burden appears as a risk factor for both delirium symptoms and mortality. Prevention of delirium symptoms requires its reduction Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 424‐431.
Characteristic features of cognitive, affective and daily living functions of late‐elderly dementia
Authors: Hishikawa Nozomi , Fukui Yusuke , Sato Kota , Kono Syoichiro , Yamashita Toru , Ohta Yasuyuki , Deguchi Kentaro , Abe Koji 
Published: May 2015

AimsThe world is rapidly aging, and is facing an increase of late‐elderly dementia patients. It is important to investigate the characteristic features of late‐elderly dementia in a super‐aged country.MethodsWe examined 1554 patients with cognitive decline in Department of Neurology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan, divided into three subgroups according to the age: young‐elderly (age ≤64 years), middle‐elderly (age 65–74 years) and late‐elderly (age 75 years), and investigated the cognitive, affective and activities of daily living functions (ADL), especially in late‐elderly patients compared with young‐elderly and middle‐elderly patients.ResultsAmong 1554 patients, Alzheimer's disease dominated at 62%, and age‐dependently increased up to 69% in the late‐elderly group. The total scores of four cognitive tests were significantly worse with aging for specific subscales of orientation, recall, visual retention, word fluency and so on. In contrast, total scores of the affective tests showed only an increase in the apathy scale in the late‐elderly group. Each subgroup showed depressive/depression in 63.2–55.2%, and apathy in 44.2–54.8%. Furthermore, instrumental ADL items significantly deteriorated in the late‐elderly group, which statistically correlated with Mini‐Mental State Examination score.ConclusionsThese results show that the late‐elderly group is characterized by significant cognitive declines, increasing apathy, and instrumental ADL decrease. The cognitive decline may be related to such affective and ADL declines. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 458‐465.
Primary central nervous system posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after heart and lung transplantation
Authors: Gifford G. , Fay K. , Jabbour A. , Ma D. D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPrimary central nervous system posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PCNS‐PTLD) is uncommon, especially after heart or lung transplantation. Database analysis from a single heart and lung transplantation centre and a literature review pertaining to PCNS‐PTLD was performed. In this study, the prevalence of PCNS‐PTLD was 0.18% after heart and/or lung transplants. Of 1674 transplants, three cases of PCNS‐PTLD developed 14 months, 9 years and 17 years posttransplant, and all were Epstein–Barr virus driven malignancies. Literature review of the topic revealed predominantly retrospective studies, with most reported cases after renal transplantation. The overall survival is poor, and it may be improved by early diagnosis and treatment. There are no published guidelines on the management of PCNS‐PTLD; immune‐chemotherapy in conjunction with reduction of immune suppression is preferred based on available evidence.
The Investigations of the Pr, Gd, Si–N Doping, and Phosphor Curvature Effects on the Performances of YAG‐Based WLEDs
Authors: Chiang Chung‐Hao , Tsai Hung‐Yi , Kuo Hung‐Yi , Lin Han‐Yu , Chu Sheng‐Yuan 
Published: May 2015

The effect of the phosphor curvature in the range 0.1766–0.2589 mm−1 on the luminous efficacy of Y2.95Al5O12:0.05Ce3+ (YAG)‐based white‐light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs) was investigated at the similar correlated color temperature (CCT) of ~6300 K by tuning the concentration of YAG phosphors in the phosphor layer ranging from 7.5 to 15 wt%. It was found that both the luminous efficacy and luminous power increased monotonically with the increasing curvature. The luminous efficacy (=82.4 lm/W) and luminous power (=297.85 mW) of the YAG‐based WLED at the preferable phosphor curvature of 0.2589 mm−1 were 19.44% and 17.36%, respectively, higher than those at the curvature of 0.1766 mm−1 under 350 mA. This finding reveals that the surface curvature of phosphor layers is a critical factor which cannot be ignored for the investigation of the light output of phosphor‐converted WLEDs. Moreover, the color rendering index (CRI) enhancement of YAG‐based WLED with substitution of Y2.94Al5O12:0.05Ce3+, 0.01Pr3+ (YPrAG), Y2.45Gd0.5Al5O12:0.05Ce3+ (YGdAG), and Y2.95Al4.8Si0.2O11.8N0.2:0.05Ce3+ (YAlSiON) for YAG were assessed under the same phosphor curvature of 0.2589 mm−1 and the similar CCT ~6350 K. Taking the luminous efficacy, preparation cost of phosphors, and CRI into consideration, we suggest that the YGdAG is a preferable candidate for replacing the YAG for use in WLEDs among the four kinds of phosphors. Compared with the YAG (7.5 wt%)‐based WLED, the YGdAG (7 wt%)‐based WLED exhibited an improved CRI, less preparation cost of phosphors, and the acceptable reduction in luminous efficacy under 350 mA.
What Do Liberal Democratic States Owe the Victims of Disasters? A Rawlsian Account
Authors: Voice Paul 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIs there a principled way to understand what liberal democratic states owe, as a matter of justice, to the victims (survivors) of disasters? This article shows what is normatively special and distinctive about disasters and argues for the view that there are substantial duties of justice for liberal democratic states. The article rejects both a libertarian and a utilitarian approach to this question and, based on broadly Rawlsian principles, argues for a ‘political definition’ of disasters that is concerned with the restoration of citizens' dignity and their capacities for effective citizenship.
Hobbesian Right to Healthcare
Authors: Courtland Shane D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractOver the last few years we have had a debate regarding the role of government in providing healthcare. There has been a question as to whether or not the state's proper role requires protection of its subjects from the calamities associated with a lack of healthcare. In this article, I will argue that straightforward Hobbesian principles require the state to provide healthcare. It might seem odd (or, at the very least, anachronistic) that such a positive right can be justified by a philosopher who famously conceives of individuals as motivated by self‐interest. Nonetheless, Hobbes's political theory provides the framework for such a right.
Is weight gain associated with the incidence of periodontitis? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Nascimento Gustavo G. , Leite Fábio R.M. , Do Loc G. , Peres Karen G. , Correa Marcos B. , Demarco Flávio F. , Peres Marco A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimThis study aimed to conduct a systematic review assessing the effects of weight gain on the incidence of periodontitis in adults.MethodsElectronic searches in four databases were performed up to and including February 2015. Only prospective longitudinal studies assessing the association between weight gain and the incidence of periodontitis in adults were eligible to be included in this study. All studies should state a clear description of nutritional status (Body Mass Index; Waist Circumference) as well as the case definition of periodontitis. Pooled relative risks (RR) for becoming overweight and obese on the incidence of periodontitis were estimated by meta‐analysis. Quality was assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa scale for cohort studies.ResultsFive articles were included in this review and meta‐analysis with 42,198 subjects enrolled. Subjects who became overweight and obese presented higher risk to develop new cases of periodontitis (RR 1.13; 95%CI 1.06–1.20 and RR 1.33 95%CI 1.21–1.47 respectively) compared with counterparts who stayed in normal weight.ConclusionsA clear positive association between weight gain and new cases of periodontitis was found. However, these results are originated from limited evidence. Thus, more studies with longitudinal prospective design are needed.