bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resisting Slavery in the British West Indies
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter starts by exploring the history of enslavement in Britain and then the British West Indies, and goes on to examine the development of sugar plantations across the region, fed by enslaved labour from Africa. It explains the nature of the coercive system and reveals an unending level of resistance by the enslaved against their conditions. While much emphasis has been placed upon the forces supporting the abolition of slavery, this chapter also highlights the roles of the Maroon Wars in Jamaica, the Demerara Rebellion, and the Jamaican Rebellion. It was the latter two episodes that undermined the attempts by slave owners to retain hold of their slaves, though the compensation schemes were aimed only at the owners, not the enslaved.
Resisting Slavery in French Saint-Domingue/Haiti
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The only successful slave rebellion in history that led to the abolition of the institution and the establishment of a slave-free society occurred in Saint-Domingue/Haiti. This chapter explores why this happened here and the role of the extraordinarily complex and dynamic environment generated by the French Revolution and subsequently by Napoleon. Toussaint Louverture played a leading role in uniting diverse components of the rebellion together, but ultimately the continuing strength of the French military, in conjunction with the difficulties of keeping the freed population behind his model of post-revolutionary society, led to his downfall. Almost uniquely the previously enslaved population of Saint-Domingue managed to combine the leadership, management, and command necessary to overcome French (and British) imperialism, but the costs of that struggle blighted Haiti for generations, and still do.
O tandem felix civili, Roma, victoria!
Authors: Wienand Johannes 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In ad 416, Honorius visited the city of Rome to celebrate what has been called “the last recorded triumphal observances of the Roman emperor in the ancient capital.” The spectacular victory procession was intended to celebrate a profound renovatio imperii. The triumphal adventus of the emperor in the notional capital of the empire gave a symbolic conclusion to one of the most serious crises that had ever befallen the empire. A series of usurpers had seized power during the preceding decade; at the same time, bands of barbarian warriors had penetrated deep into the Roman heartland, advancing into Gaul, Spain, and even Italy. In 410, the Gothic king Alaric captured and sacked Rome itself, and the emperor’s half-sister, Galla Placidia, fell into barbarian hands. Yet Honorius slowly managed to regain control of the situation and overcome the crisis. The attempted usurpations were successfully checked; a foedus was struck with the Goths after the death of Alaric and his successor Athaulf; Rome slowly recovered from the shock of the Gothic sack and returned to normalcy; finally in 416, Galla Placidia was allowed to return to the imperial court.
Born to Be Emperor
Authors: Börm Henning 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
When Constantine I was acclaimed emperor by the Roman troops in Eburacum (York) after the death of his father Constantius Chlorus in the summer of 306, this step was at once both extraordinary and predictable—and it was probably seen as such by contemporaries, whether or not they considered the Imperium Romanum a hereditary monarchy. Neither in the eyes of the new senior augustus Galerius nor in the view of most modern historians did Constantine’s accession satisfy the prevailing criteria of the time. Whether he can be called a “usurper,” however, is of secondary importance, for it is clear that he saw himself confronted by a deficit of legitimacy. His success tipped the balance in favor of the idea that being related to an emperor justified one’s claim to rule, and it was in this period that the dynastic principle was established as an explicit element of the legitimation of Roman rulers once and for all. With the exception of Jovian, who ruled for only a few months, all universally recognized emperors between 324 and the mid-fifth century, without exception, were members of only two dynasties: first the Constantinian and subsequently the Valentinian-Theodosian.
Industrialization in Argentina Since 1870
Authors: Odisio Juan , Rougier Marcelo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the evolution of the manufacturing industry in Argentina, from its beginnings in the 19th century to the present day. Three major historical periods are identified based on Argentine economic and political developments in a global context and discussed using three perspectives: the ideas and debates regarding the industrialization process, their ‘materialization’ through government institutions and policies, and the resulting evolution of the manufacturing sector itself. Taken together, the Argentine case demonstrates the complexity of domestic and international factors shaping industrial policy and the impact that ideas regarding industrial development and industrial policy can have on the dynamics of different industries within a country, often in ways unanticipated by policymakers.
Anthropogenic Labour Law
Authors: Deakin Simon 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the process through which foundational concepts in labour law developed in the long durée from the end of the Middle Ages to the dawn of modern capitalism. The juridical forms of slavery, service, and employment coevolved with colonization and industrialization. In the early Anthropocene, slavery was underpinned by legal reasoning which made it possible to treat some human beings as the property of others. The concept of service, which came to the fore with the destruction of the guild and rise of the factory, had a contractual base which was, however, combined with a subordinate status for labour. The modern contract of employment retains elements of subordination while incorporating the social rights recognized by the mid-twentieth century welfare state. Capitalism is not monolithic, but variegated by time and space. One consistent feature, nonetheless, has been its active shaping by the law of work.
Tertium Non Datur
Authors: Aloisi Antonio , Cherry Miriam A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically analyses ‘intermediate categories,’ which encompass forms of work located between employment and independent contracting, by considering their evolution and anticipating the path of the law forward. Intermediate categories have been implemented in response to rigid classification dichotomies or to broaden the scope of substantive or procedural rights for workers. Recently, the emergence of platform work has reignited the debate around its effectiveness. The chapter outlines the similarities and differences between national experiences with intermediate categories, focusing on a set of European and North American jurisdictions. Failures of the hybrid category have generally resulted from employer arbitrage, where employees lost rights through being downgraded into an in-between category. Other intermediate categories have been too burdensome to implement and so were scarcely adopted. Thus, it is argued that creating a third category for gig work would be subject to many of these same unintended consequences that have manifested in the past.
Waivability of Employment Rights
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The employment relationship is essentially contractual, founded as it is on an individual’s agreement to perform work for another for remuneration. Yet many terms and conditions of employment are governed by legislated rights and labour standards that are mandatory and not derogable by the parties to the employment contract. The principle of nonwaivability of employee rights is basic to the law of work across the developed world, and highlights the basic division of labour, so to speak, between mandates and contract in the law of work. But the principle is not uniformly applied and questions continue to percolate: Should workers or their unions be allowed to trade away some existing or future worker entitlements? In short, should the law of work concede more ground to contract? This chapter asks whether, and when, limited waiver rights might help to meet challenges posed by heterogeneity of jobs, industries, and workers’ interests.
Dismissal
Authors: Araki Takashi 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter first confirms that dismissal regulations are of such importance that they determine a country’s employment system and industrial relations. While regulatory reform of dismissal is being discussed in many countries, three types of regulations (dismissal procedures, prohibited dismissal, and unfair dismissal without just cause) should be distinguished. The diverse approaches of many countries to these three types of regulations will be analysed. As for remedies for illegal dismissal, there are two types: reinstatement and monetary compensation. For prohibited dismissal, the principal remedy is still reinstatement. For unfair dismissal, monetary compensation has become prevalent. Even in countries where dismissal without just cause is invalidated, there are discussions to allow monetary compensation formally. Although balancing security and flexibility in employment is essential for employment policy, deregulation of dismissal is not the only solution. There can be alternative models, such as maintaining dismissal regulations but allowing flexible adjustment of employment contracts.
Protection from Sexual Harassment
Authors: Collier Debbie 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The chapter provides an overview of the historical development of laws against sexual harassment, from litigation based on sex discrimination in the US in the 1970s to the adoption of the ILO Violence and Harassment Convention (No 190) in 2019, recognizing that violence and harassment in the world of work undermines safety, offends human dignity, and threatens equal opportunities. Both quid pro quo harassment and hostile working environment harassment are prohibited in most jurisdictions, with provisions for shifting the burden of proof, and vicarious liability if an employer fails to take reasonable steps to prevent or to address harassment in the workplace. Organizational characteristics and disparities in power and status are risk factors for sexual harassment, and, without systemic change, are factors that inhibit the effectiveness of sexual harassment laws. Sexual harassment is a complex social problem requiring a multi-faceted, nuanced, and responsive approach that achieves lasting cultural change.
The International Labour Organization and Its Conventions
Authors: Trebilcock Anne 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The International Labour Organization (ILO) has a well-established system of developing and supervising international labour standards, chiefly in the form of Conventions and Recommendations, as well as in key Declarations. These remain a central means of action for the tripartite ILO, among its other functions. After tracing how such standards on the law of work are developed, adopted, and monitored through various procedures, the chapter looks at how they are used through diffusion and embedding in national, regional, and international contexts. Such embedding extends the ILO’s impact to wider circles, but harbours risks at the same time. The chapter acknowledges challenges posed by developments in the global economy and multilateral governance, while reaffirming the continuing potential of the ILO and its standards for ensuring greater respect for rights at work and fostering social justice.
Income Inequality Before, During, and After the Transition in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Bukowski Pawel , Novokmet Filip 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the income inequality in Central and Eastern Europe before, during, and after the transition. It argues that the fall of communism and the transition to a market economy in Eastern Europe were landmark events in the history of modern inequality. Inequality dramatically increased in Eastern Europe after communism. The notion of inequality development of post-socialist countries allows for a greater understanding of the role of technological change and globalization against changing institutions and transition policies. The chapter then discusses the long-run trends of inequality in post-socialist countries and the recentered influence function (RIF) decomposition method in line with the role of changes in individual characteristics and its returns in shaping income distribution.
Growing Pains
Authors: Feygin Yakov 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter documents the subtle transition in Soviet thought about the long-term evolution of an economy from an emphasis on theories of economic reproduction to growth theory. This shift in emphasis was influenced by the political difficulties encountered by the advocates of economic reform during the Khrushchev Thaw and early Brezhnev period and deteriorating economic performance. Embracing growth theory allowed the Soviet Union’s economists to avoid thorny questions about distribution and household consumption and to instead explain the USSR’s economic problems as driven by supply-side factors. This allowed for a recoding and the survival of critical economics in the conservative Brezhnev period, but it also had consequences for the planning and execution of Gorbachev’s policies in the 1980s.
Human Rights and Republicanism
Authors: Halldenius Lena 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Republican political theory, with its commitment to a political and personal conception of freedom in terms of the absence of domination, has the potential to revitalize how we think about human rights. From a republican perspective, the aims of the politics of human rights are—in negative terms—to end exploitation, vulnerability, and precarity and—in positive terms—to establish a society of equals in a free political culture. It is suggested here that republican rights should serve as egalitarian levers. This chapter aims to explicate such a republican approach to human rights by outlining a unifying principle for what rights people have, what it is to have rights, or what a human right is, and offering an account of what the point of human rights is. These three aspects of a republican approach to human rights underline the need to attend to the extension of human rights (what rights there are (in the world)), the concept (what we mean by a human right or how we use it), and the rationale for thinking in these terms at all (what the point of human rights is or what kind of work we want human rights to do). An analysis of this kind is inescapably normative.
Social Cognition, Attention, and Eye Tracking
Authors: Kawakami Kerry , Meyers Chanel , Fang Xia 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on eye tracking in social psychological research with the goal of offering a brief discussion on the importance of visual attention in social cognitive theorizing and describing several examples. The chapter also provides a short overview of methods and several measures related to eye tracking. The majority of the chapter, however, comprises a review of studies that have used eye tracking to investigate social cognitive processes. Specifically, the chapter begins broadly with how observers process people in scenes, followed by the more targeted processing of faces, including facial features and emotions. Next, it explores how these processes are influenced by category membership, interpersonal relations, and relationship goals. Finally, it illustrates how eye tracking can be applied in one particular behavioral domain, morality. The aim is to showcase a diversity of paradigms and measurements and explore current and future applications for the use of eye tracking in the field.
The Gender Gap in Household Bargaining Power: A Revealed-Preference Approach
Authors: Gu Ran , Peng Cameron , Zhang Weilong 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
When members of the same household have different risk preferences, whose preference matters more for investment decisions and why? We propose an intrahousehold model that aggregates individual preferences at the household level as a result of bargaining. We structurally estimate the model, analyze the determinants of bargaining power, and find a significant gender gap. Gender differences in individual characteristics, as well as gender effects, partially explain the gap. These patterns hold broadly across Australia, Germany, and the United States. We further link the distribution of bargaining power to households’ perceived gender norms in a cross-sectional analysis. (JEL G11, G41, G50)
Abstract 31: Umbilical Cord Blood Derived Macrophages, DUOC-01, Suppress Neuroinflammation by Protecting the Blood Brain Barrier
Authors: Min Hyunjung , Xu Li , Saha Arjun , Kurzberg Joanne , Filiano Anthony 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The central nervous system (CNS) has a specialized barrier, the blood brain barrier (BBB), that tightly regulates the entry of circulating blood cells and molecules. The BBB is compromised in many neurodegenerative diseases, thus understanding BBB dysfunction is critical to treating neurodegenerative diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS). CNS macrophages regulate the BBB and have potential for development as a cell therapy.

Objectives
In this study, we tested if umbilical cord blood derived macrophages (DUOC-01) could prevent BBB dysfunction and suppress the progression of disease in as mouse model of MS.

Methods
We utilized the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model for MS. To initiate EAE, we immunized C57BL/6 mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55) in complete Freund’s adjuvant. We manufactured DUOC-01 from cord blood as previously described and injected into the cerebrospinal fluid at the onset of EAE symptoms. We measured clinical paralysis, immune cell infiltration, and BBB integrity.

Results
DUOC-01 suppressed clinical scores over 21 days of EAE accompanied by decreased infiltration of leukocytes induced by the disease. Mice treated with DUOC-01 had less infiltrating neutrophils, and Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo macrophages in the lumbar spinal cord. Myeloid cell attracting chemokines: CCL2, CXCL1, and CCL4 were decreased in DUOC-01 treated group. Using immunohistochemistry, we determined tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and Claudin-5, on endothelial cells of BBB decreased in EAE and this was blocked by DUOC-01. To study the direct effects of DUOC-01 on brain endothelial cells, we set up primary mouse brain endothelial cell culture. In co-cultures, DUOC-01 suppressed secretion of CCL2, CXCL1, and CCL4 from activated endothelial cells. Using a transwell migration assay, we found DUOC-01 suppressed myeloid cell migration through activated endothelial cells.

Discussion
In this study, we determined DUOC-01 alleviated EAE, at least in part by suppressing the activation of brain endothelial cells. This restored BBB function, suppressed chemokine expression and immune cell infiltration. Overall, our data suggest that DUOC-01 could be beneficial in reducing neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, like MS.
SymRK Regulates G-Protein Signaling During Nodulation in Soybean (Glycine max) by Modifying RGS Phosphorylation and Activity
Authors: Choudhury Swarup Roy , Pandey Sona 
Published: August 2024

Molecular interspecies dialogue between leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia results in the development of symbiotic root nodules. This is initiated by several nodulation-related receptors present on the surface of root hair epidermal cells. We have shown previously that specific subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins and their associated regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins act as molecular links between the receptors and downstream components during nodule formation in soybeans. Nod factor receptor 1 (NFR1) interacts with and phosphorylates RGS proteins to regulate the G-protein cycle. Symbiosis receptor-like kinases (SymRK) phosphorylate Gα to make it inactive and unavailable for Gβγ. We now show that like NFR1, SymRK also interacts with the RGS proteins to phosphorylate them. Phosphorylated RGS has higher activity for accelerating guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis by Gα, which favors conversion of active Gα to its inactive form. Phosphorylation of RGS proteins is physiologically relevant, as overexpression of a phospho-mimic version of the RGS protein enhances nodule formation in soybean. These results reveal an intricate fine-tuning of the G-protein signaling during nodulation, where a negative regulator (Gα) is effectively deactivated by RGS due to the concerted efforts of several receptor proteins to ensure adequate nodulation. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Characterization and Classification of Frontal Hairline Contours and Growth Directions in Chinese Women
Authors: Wang Hailin , Li Xin , Zhao Yingjie , Hu Zhiqi , Miao Yong 
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND
Hair transplantation has become a major method for improving upper facial contour. Hairline contour (HC) and hair growth direction (HGD) are the main factors affecting postoperative aesthetic outcomes. However, studies on natural HC and HGD in Chinese women are scarce.

OBJECTIVE
To summarize the HC and HGD of hairlines in Chinese female participants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Standard photographs of the forehead were obtained from healthy Chinese volunteers older than 18 years. Hairline contour features were classified into 5 groups: round, bell-shaped, M-shaped, rectangular, and triangular. Hair growth direction was classified into 5 groups: Type ⅠA, Type ⅠB, Type ⅡA, Type ⅡB1, and Type ⅡB2. The authors performed hairline corrections in female participants.

RESULTS
A total of 568 women participated in this study. The proportions of participants with different HC features were as follows: round (8.10%), bell-shaped (15.84%), M-shaped (23.24%), rectangular (44.19%), and triangular (8.63%). The proportions of participants with different HGDs were as follows: Type ⅠA (7.75%), Type ⅠB (27.64%), Type ⅡA (30.81%), Type ⅡB1 (28.34%), and Type ⅡB2 (5.46%).

CONCLUSION
Both HC and HGD were categorized into 5 types in Chinese women. Shaping the hairline into a round type along with the preexisting direction was suggested in most instances.