bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender specific patterns of carbon uptake and water use in a dominant riparian tree species exposed to a warming climate
Authors: Hultine Kevin R. , Burtch Kelley G. , Ehleringer James R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAir temperatures in the arid western United States are predicted to increase over the next century. These increases will likely impact the distribution of plant species, particularly dioecious species that show a spatial segregation of the sexes across broad resource gradients. On the basis of spatial segregation patterns, we hypothesized that temperature increases will have a greater negative impact on female plants compared with co‐occurring male plants of dioecious species. This hypothesis was tested by examining the whole‐plant carbon and water relations of 10‐year‐old female (n = 18) and male (n = 13) Acer negundo Sarg. trees grown in a common garden in Salt Lake City, UT. The trees were established from cuttings collected where the growing season temperature averaged about 6.5 °C cooler than at the common garden. During May and June, stem sap flux (Js) was similar between genders, but averaged 25% higher in males during the warmer months of July and August. Daytime canopy stomatal conductance (gs) per unit leaf area was 12% higher in females in May : June, but was 11% higher in males in July : August. We combined measurements of sap flux–scaled transpiration with measurements of tree allometry and δ13C of leaf soluble sugars to estimate whole‐tree carbon assimilation (Atree) and water use efficiency (WUE) (Atree : Etree). Atree was similar between genders until late August when Atree was 32% higher in male trees. Atree : Etree was on average 7% higher in females than in males during the growing season. Patterns of Js, gs, Atree and Atree : Etree in the present study were in contrast to those previously reported for A. negundo genders under native growing season temperatures. Results suggest that the spatial segregation of the sexes could shift under global warming such that female plants lose their dominance in high‐resource habitats, and males increase their dominance in relatively lower‐resource habitats.
Temperature Dependence of Ionic Conductivity of Ceria Electrolyte at Concentrated Range of Multiple Doping
Authors: Panigrahi Snigdha , Biswal Ramesh Chandra , Anwar Shahid , Besra Laxmidhar , Bhattacharjee Sarama 
Published: May 2013

We study ionic conductivity of heavily doped ceria, doping level close to 50 mol% with multiple lanthanides in the temperature range of 200°C–500°C. The doped ceria is found to be single fluorite phase, where unit cell is dilated to 0.5527 nm, compared with pure ceria (0.5422 nm). Electrical characterization by impedance spectroscopy reveals that sample sintered at lower temperature (1400°C) has consistently higher bulk conductivity compared to sample sintered at higher (1600°C) temperature, throughout the temperature range studied. Activation energy for oxygen vacancy diffusion is close to 1 eV, indicating lesser association of defects with the dopants compared with other heavily doped ceria reported in literature (activation energy ~1.4 eV). The best ionic conductivity is found to be 1.58 × 10−3 S/cm at 500°C, which is much higher compared with heavily doped ceria reported in literature.
Sensitivity of Landsat‐Scale Energy Balance to Aerodynamic Variability in Mountains and Complex Terrain
Authors: Allen Richard G. , Trezza Ricardo , Kilic Ayse , Tasumi Masahiro , Li Hongjun 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe speed and direction of air flow through complex terrain are difficult to define. Both impact sensible and latent heat flux exchanges at the surface. Evapotranspiration (ET) models such as Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC™) estimate ET as a residual of the surface energy process and are thus sensitive to aerodynamics, including terrain‐induced impacts on roughness governing convective heat transfer (H). There is a need to explore the sensitivities of H estimation and thereby ET estimation to wind speed and terrain roughness in mountainous areas and to determine the merit of operating complex mesoscale wind field models in conjunction with the energy balance process. A sensitivity analysis is explored in METRIC where we increased wind speed in proportion to a relative elevation parameter and we increased aerodynamic roughness to assimilate impacts of relative terrain roughness, estimated in proportion to standard deviation of elevation within a 3 km locality. These aerodynamic modifications increased convective heat transfer in complex terrain and reduced estimated ET. In other sensitivity runs, we reduced estimated wind speed on estimated leeward slopes. Estimated ET with and without these sensitivity adjustments is shown for mountainous areas of Montana and Nevada. Changes in ET ranged from little change (<5%) for lower slopes to about 30% reductions on windward slopes and 25% increases on leeward slopes for some mid to high elevations in the Montana application.
Flood Protection: Highlighting an Investment Trap Between Built and Natural Capital
Authors: van den Belt Marjan , Bowen Thomas , Slee Kimberley , Forgie Vicky 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe present a simulation model developed to communicate a potential investment trap associated with using man‐made river engineering to protect built infrastructure. A small system dynamics model in STELLA™ was constructed following a collaborative model‐building process to increase understanding among stakeholders of the role natural capital plays in wealth creation. We set out to explore the dynamic relationship between investing tax revenue in natural capital (specifically forested headwaters and low land wetlands) rather than built capital (specifically stopbanks) for flood protection in the Manawatū watershed, New Zealand. Significant investment is currently required to maintain and enhance river engineering infrastructure and keep pace with changes in the river's geomorphology. Viewed from a systems perspective, we suggest diversion of a proportion of existing funding into restoration of forested headwaters on steep slopes and restoration of functioning wetlands on floodplains could in the longer term provide an effective approach to flood protection. Co‐benefits of increased natural capital include the ecosystem services nutrient cycling, sediment capture, water purification, biodiversity, pollination, and cultural and recreational values. Overcoming an investment trap requires a longer term perspective. This simple model consisting of two feedback loops and two delays aims to contribute to an ongoing stakeholder dialogue concerning the Manawatū River watershed in New Zealand.
Evaluating the Outcomes of Collaborative Modeling for Decision Support
Authors: Michaud William R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDoes collaborative modeling improve water resource management outcomes? How does collaborative modeling improve these outcomes? Does it always work? Under what conditions is collaborative modeling most appropriate? With support from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Institute for Water Resources (IWR), researchers developed an evaluation framework to help address these questions. The framework links the effects of collaborative modeling on decision‐making processes with improvements in the extent to which resource management decisions, practices, and policies balance societal needs. Both practitioners' and participants' experiences suggest that under the right circumstances, collaborative modeling can generate these beneficial outcomes. Researchers developed performance measures and a survey to systematically capture these experiences and evaluate the outcomes of collaborative modeling processes. The survey can provide immediate feedback during a project to determine whether collaborative modeling is having the desired effect and whether course correction is warranted. Over the longer term, the systematic evaluation of collaborative modeling processes will help demonstrate in what ways and under what circumstances collaborative modeling is effective, inform and improve best practices, and raise awareness among water resource planners regarding the use of collaborative modeling for resource management decisions.
Motivational incentives and methylphenidate enhance electrophysiological correlates of error monitoring in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Groom Madeleine J. , Liddle Elizabeth B. , Scerif Gaia , Liddle Peter F. , Batty Martin J. , Liotti Mario , Hollis Chris P. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundChildren with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterised by developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and/or inattention and are particularly impaired when performing tasks that require a high level of cognitive control. Methylphenidate (MPH) and motivational incentives may help improve cognitive control by enhancing the ability to monitor response accuracy and regulate performance accordingly.MethodsTwenty‐eight children with DSM‐IV ADHD (combined type) aged 9–15 years and pairwise‐matched typically developing children (CTRL) performed a go/no‐go task in which the incentives attached to performance on no‐go trials were manipulated. The ADHD group performed the task off and on their usual dose of MPH. CTRL children performed the task twice but were never medicated. EEG data were recorded simultaneously and two electrophysiological indices of error monitoring, the error‐related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) were measured. Amplitudes of each ERP were compared between diagnostic groups (CTRL, ADHD), medication days (Off MPH, On MPH) and motivational conditions (baseline – low incentive, reward, response cost).ResultsError rates were lower in the reward and response cost conditions compared with baseline across diagnostic groups and medication days. ERN and Pe amplitudes were significantly reduced in ADHD compared with CTRL, and were significantly enhanced by MPH. Incentives significantly increased ERN and Pe amplitudes in the ADHD group but had no effect in CTRL. The effects of incentives did not interact with the effects of MPH on either ERP. Effect sizes were computed and revealed larger effects of MPH than incentives on ERN and Pe amplitudes.ConclusionsThe findings reveal independent effects of motivational incentives and MPH on two electrophysiological markers of error monitoring in children with ADHD, suggesting that each may be important tools for enhancing or restoring cognitive control in these children.
Pollen feeding, resource allocation and the evolution of chemical defence in passion vine butterflies
Authors: Cardoso M. Z. , Gilbert L. E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractEvolution of pollen feeding in Heliconius has allowed exploitation of rich amino acid sources and dramatically reorganized life‐history traits. In Heliconius, eggs are produced mainly from adult‐acquired resources, leaving somatic development and maintenance to larva effort. This innovation may also have spurred evolution of chemical defence via amino acid‐derived cyanogenic glycosides. In contrast, nonpollen‐feeding heliconiines must rely almost exclusively on larval‐acquired resources for both reproduction and defence. We tested whether adult amino acid intake has an immediate influence on cyanogenesis in Heliconius. Because Heliconius are more distasteful to bird predators than close relatives that do not utilize pollen, we also compared cyanogenesis due to larval input across Heliconius species and nonpollen‐feeding relatives. Except for one species, we found that varying the amino acid diet of an adult Heliconius has negligible effect on its cyanide concentration. Adults denied amino acids showed no decrease in cyanide and no adults showed cyanide increase when fed amino acids. Yet, pollen‐feeding butterflies were capable of producing more defence than nonpollen‐feeding relatives and differences were detectable in freshly emerged adults, before input of adult resources. Our data points to a larger role of larval input in adult chemical defence. This coupled with the compartmentalization of adult nutrition to reproduction and longevity suggests that one evolutionary consequence of pollen feeding, shifting the burden of reproduction to adults, is to allow the evolution of greater allocation of host plant amino acids to defensive compounds by larvae.
Dynamic social behaviour in a bacterium:Pseudomonas aeruginosapartially compensates for siderophore loss to cheats
Authors: Harrison F. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractCooperation underlies diverse phenomena including the origins of multicellular life, human behaviour in economic markets and the mechanisms by which pathogenic bacteria cause disease. Experiments with microorganisms have advanced our understanding of how, when and why cooperation evolves, but the extent to which microbial cooperation can recapitulate aspects of animal behaviour is debated. For instance, understanding the evolution of behavioural response rules (how should one individual respond to another's decision to cooperate or defect?) is a key part of social evolution theory, but the possible existence of such rules in social microbes has not been explored. In one specific context (biparental care in animals), cooperation is maintained if individuals respond to a partner's defection by increasing their own investment into cooperation, but not so much that this fully compensates for the defector's lack of investment. This is termed ‘partial compensation’. Here, I show that partial compensation for the presence of noncooperating ‘cheats’ is also observed in a microbial social behaviour: the cooperative production of iron‐scavenging siderophores by the bacteriumPseudomonas aeruginosa. A period of evolution in the presence of cheats maintains this response, whereas evolution in the absence of cheats leads to a loss of compensatory behaviour. These results demonstrate (i) the remarkable flexibility of bacterial social behaviour, (ii) the potential generality of partial compensation as a social response rule and (iii) the need for mathematical models to explore the evolution of response rules in multi‐player social interactions.
Comparative pathogenicity study of ten different betanodavirus strains in experimentally infected European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.)
Authors: Vendramin N , Toffan A , Mancin M , Cappellozza E , Panzarin V , Bovo G , Cattoli G , Capua I , Terregino C 
Published: May 2013

AbstractViral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis (VNN), is a severe pathological condition caused by RNA viruses belonging to the Nodaviridae family, genus Betanodavirus. The disease, described in more than 50 fish species worldwide, is considered as the most serious viral threat affecting marine farmed species in the Mediterranean region, thus representing one of the bottlenecks for further development of the aquaculture industry. To date, four different genotypes have been identified, namely red‐spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), tiger puffer nervous necrosis virus and barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus, with the RGNNV genotype appearing as the most widespread in the Mediterranean region, although SJNNV‐type strains and reassortant viruses have also been reported. The existence of these genetically different strains could be the reason for the differences in mortality observed in the field. However, very little experimental data are available on the pathogenicity of these viruses in farmed fish. Therefore, in this study, the pathogenicity of 10 isolates has been assessed with an in vivo trial. The investigation was conducted using the European sea bass, the first target fish species for the disease in the Mediterranean basin. Naive fish were challenged by immersion and clinical signs and mortality were recorded for 68 days; furthermore, samples collected at selected time points were analysed to evaluate the development of the infection. Finally, survivors were weighed to estimate the growth reduction. The statistically supported results obtained in this study demonstrated different pathogenicity patterns, underlined the potential risk represented by different strains in the transmission of the infection to highly susceptible species and highlighted the indirect damage caused by a clinical outbreak of VER/VNN.
Stroke‐Associated Differences in Rates of Activity of Daily Living Loss Emerge Years Before Stroke Onset
Authors: Capistrant Beatrix D. , Wang Qianyi , Liu Sze Y. , Glymour M. Maria 
Published: May 2013

ObjectivesTo compare typical age‐related changes in activities of daily living (ADLs) independence in stroke‐free adults with long‐term ADL trajectories before and after stroke.DesignProspective, observational study.SettingCommunity‐dwelling Health and Retirement Study (HRS) cohort.ParticipantsHRS participants who were stroke free in 1998 and were followed through 2008 (average follow‐up 7.9 years) (N = 18,441).MeasurementsStrokes were assessed using self‐ or proxy‐report of a doctor's diagnosis and month and year of event. Logistic regression was used to compare within‐person changes in odds of self‐reported independence in five ADLs in those who remained stroke free throughout follow‐up (n = 16,816), those who survived a stroke (n = 1,208), and those who had a stroke and did not survive to participate in another interview (n = 417). Models were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic covariates.ResultsEven before stroke, those who later developed stroke had significantly lower ADL independence and were experiencing faster independence losses than similar‐aged individuals who remained stroke free. Of those who developed a stroke, survivors experienced slower pre‐stroke loss of ADL independence than those who died. ADL independence declined at the time of stroke and decline continued afterwards.ConclusionIn adults at risk of stroke, disproportionate ADL limitations emerge well before stroke onset. Excess disability in stroke survivors should not be entirely attributed to effects of acute stroke or quality of acute stroke care. Although there are many possible causal pathways between ADL and stroke, the association may be noncausal. For example, ADL limitations may be a consequence of stroke risk factors (e.g., diabetes mellitus) or early cerebrovascular ischemia.
Consumption Volatility Risk
Authors: BOGUTH OLIVER , KUEHN LARS‐ALEXANDER 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTWe show that time variation in macroeconomic uncertainty affects asset prices. Consumption volatility is a negatively priced source of risk for a wide variety of test portfolios. At the firm level, exposure to consumption volatility risk predicts future returns, generating a spread across quintile portfolios in excess of 7% annually. This premium is explained by cross‐sectional differences in the sensitivity of dividend volatility to consumption volatility. Stocks with volatile cash flows in uncertain aggregate times require higher expected returns.
THE SPATIOTEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF U.S. CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS: STYLIZED FACTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CLIMATE POLICY
Authors: Baldwin James G. , Wing Ian Sue 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTWe characterize the evolution of U.S. carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions using an index number decomposition technique which partitions the 1963–2008 growth of states’ energy‐related CO2into changes in five driving factors: the emission intensity of energy use, the energy intensity of economic activity, the composition of states’ output, per capita income and population. Compositional change and declining energy intensity attenuate emissions growth, but their impacts are offset by increasing population and income. Despite absolute interstate divergence in both emissions and their precursors, states’ emission‐ and energy intensities—and ultimately, CO2—appear to be stochastically converging. We assess the implications of these trends using a novel vector autoregression (VAR) emission forecasting technique based on our index numbers. The resulting emission projections are comparable to, but generally exceed, those forecast by the 2010 EIA Annual Energy Outlook.
Unusual manifestations of a common gastrointestinal disorder
Authors: Rajah Karthik , Oliver Mark R , McLeod Liz , Orchard David , Leal Marcelo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe present an instructive case of a 13‐year old male who presented with bilateral scrotal redness, swelling and tenderness, but with a normal testicular exam. His scrotal swelling persisted despite treatment with intravenous antibiotics, and on further history he reported 2 years of intermittent upper lip swelling. After a referral to a dermatologist, a lip biopsy showed granulomatous changes and he was referred to the gastroenterology department. A gastroscopy and colonoscopy was performed and histology confirmed non‐caseating granulomas consistent with Crohn's disease (CD). Eighteen months after the diagnosis of CD he developed perianal disease with a fistula and distal anal stricture. He was successfully treated with insertion of a seton and escalation of therapy to azathioprine and infliximab. CD is a phenotypically diverse chronic inflammatory condition with an increasing incidence in Australia and other Western countries. Non‐typical presentations, such as perianal manifestations or orofacial granulomatosis, can be the only presenting symptom in CD, and this highlights the importance for a high degree of clinical suspicion. Genital involvement is rare, but reported.
Evaluation of scaling and root planing effect in generalized chronic periodontitis by fractal and multifractal analysis
Authors: Pârvu A. E. , Ţălu Ş. , Crăciun C. , Alb S. F. 
Published: May 2013

Background and ObjectiveFractal and multifractal analysis are useful additional non‐invasive methods for quantitative description of complex morphological features. However, the quantitative and qualitative assessment of morphologic changes within human gingival cells and tissues are still unexplored. The aim of this work is to assess the structural gingival changes in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP), before and after scaling and root planing (SRP) by using fractal and multifractal analysis.Material and MethodsTwelve adults with untreated chronic periodontitis were treated only by SRP. At baseline and after SRP, gingivomucosal biopsies were collected for histopathological examination. Fractal and multifractal analysis of digital images of the granular, spinous and basal and conjunctive layers structure, using the standard box‐counting method was performed. The fractal dimension was determined for cell membrane, nuclear membrane of cell and nucleolus membrane of cell.ResultsIn GCP a higher fractal dimension corresponds to a higher geometric complexity of cells contour, as its values increase when the contour irregularities increase. The generalized fractal dimensions were determined for the conjunctive layer structure of patients with GCP and patients with GCP and SRP. The fractal and multifractal analysis of gingival biopsies confirmed earlier findings that SRP reduces gingival injury in patients with GCP.ConclusionIt has been shown that fractal and multifractal analysis of tissue images as a non‐invasive technique could be used to measure contrasting morphologic changes within human gingival cells and tissues and can provide detailed information for investigation of healthy and diseased gingival mucosa from patients with GCP.