bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of aerofoil tonal noise generation
Authors: Pröbsting S. , Serpieri J. , Scarano F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe present study investigates the mechanisms associated with tonal noise emission from a NACA 0012 aerofoil at moderate incidence ($0^{\circ },1^{\circ },2^{\circ }$ and $4^{\circ }$ angle of attack) and with Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 000 to 270 000. Simultaneous time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) of the aeroacoustic source region near the trailing edge and acoustic measurements in the far field are performed in order to establish the correspondence between the flow structure and acoustic emissions. Results of these experiments are presented and analysed in view of past research for a number of selected cases. Characteristics of the acoustic emission and principal features of the average flow field agree with data presented in previous studies on the topic. Time-resolved analysis shows that downstream convecting vortical structures, resulting from growing shear layer instabilities, coherently pass the trailing edge at a frequency equal to that of the dominant tone. Therefore, the scattering of the vortical structures and their associated wall pressure fluctuations are identified as tone generating mechanisms for the cases investigated here. Moreover, wavelet analysis of the acoustic pressure and velocity signals near the trailing edge show a similar periodic amplitude modulation which is associated with multiple tonal peaks in the acoustic spectrum. Periodic amplitude modulation of the acoustic pressure and velocity fluctuations on the pressure side are also observed when transition is forced on the suction side, showing that pressure-side events alone can be the cause.
Fluid–structure interaction of a square cylinder at different angles of attack
Authors: Zhao Jisheng , Leontini Justin S. , Lo Jacono David , Sheridan John 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the free transverse flow-induced vibration (FIV) of an elastically mounted low-mass-ratio square cylinder in a free stream, at three different incidence angles: ${{\alpha }}=0^\circ $, $20^\circ $ and $45^\circ $. This geometric setup presents a body with an angle of attack, sharp corners and some afterbody, and therefore is a generic body that can be used to investigate a wide range of FIV phenomena. A recent study by Nemes et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 710, 2012, pp. 102–130) provided a broad overview of the flow regimes present as a function of both the angle of attack ${{\alpha }}$ and reduced flow velocity ${U^{*}}$. Here, the focus is on the three aforementioned representative angles of attack: ${{\alpha }}=0^\circ $, where the FIV is dominated by transverse galloping; ${{\alpha }}=45^\circ $, where the FIV is dominated by vortex-induced vibration (VIV); and an intermediate value of ${{\alpha }}=20^\circ $, where the underlying FIV phenomenon has previously been difficult to determine. For the ${{\alpha }}=0^\circ $ case, the amplitude of oscillation increases linearly with the flow speed except for a series of regimes that occur when the vortex shedding frequency is in the vicinity of an odd-integer multiple of the galloping oscillation frequency, and the vortex shedding synchronizes to this multiple of the oscillation frequency. It is shown that only odd-integer multiple synchronizations should occur. These synchronizations explain the ‘kinks’ in the galloping amplitude response for light bodies first observed by Bearman et al. (J. Fluids Struct., vol. 1, 1987, pp. 19–34). For the ${{\alpha }}=45^\circ $ case, the VIV response consists of a number of subtle, but distinctly different regimes, with five regimes of high-amplitude oscillations, compared to two found in the classic VIV studies of a circular cylinder. For the intermediate ${{\alpha }}=20^\circ $ case, a typical VIV ‘upper branch’ occurs followed by a ‘higher branch’ of very large-amplitude response. The higher branch is caused by a subharmonic synchronization between the vortex shedding and the body oscillation frequency, where two cycles of vortex shedding occur over one cycle of oscillation. It appears that this subharmonic synchronization is a direct result of the asymmetric body. Overall, the FIV of the square cylinder is shown to be very rich, with a number of distinct regimes, controlled by both ${{\alpha }}$ and ${U^{*}}$. Importantly, ${{\alpha }}$ controls the underlying FIV phenomenon, as well as controlling the types of possible synchronization between the oscillation and vortex shedding.
THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF LYCHEE (LITCHI CHINENSIS SONN.): A REVIEW
Authors: CARR M. K. V. , MENZEL C. M. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYThe results of research into the water relations and irrigation requirements of lychee are collated and reviewed. The stages of plant development are summarised, with an emphasis on factors influencing the flowering process. This is followed by reviews of plant water relations, water requirements, water productivity and, finally, irrigation systems. The lychee tree is native to the rainforests of southern China and northern Vietnam, and the main centres of production remain close to this area. In contrast, much of the research on the water relations of this crop has been conducted in South Africa, Australia and Israel where the tree is relatively new. Vegetative growth occurs in a series of flushes. Terminal inflorescences are borne on current shoot growth under cool (<15 °C), dry conditions. Trees generally do not produce fruit in the tropics at altitudes below 300 m. Poor and erratic flowering results in low and irregular fruit yields. Drought can enhance flowering in locations with dry winters. Roots can extract water from depths greater than 2 m. Diurnal trends in stomatal conductance closely match those of leaf water status. Both variables mirror changes in the saturation deficit of the air. Very little research on crop water requirements has been reported. Crop responses to irrigation are complex. In areas with low rainfall after harvest, a moderate water deficit before floral initiation can increase flowering and yield. In contrast, fruit set and yield can be reduced by a severe water deficit after flowering, and the risk of fruit splitting increased. Water productivity has not been quantified. Supplementary irrigation in South-east Asia is limited by topography and competition for water from the summer rice crop, but irrigation is practised in Israel, South Africa, Australia and some other places. Research is needed to determine the benefits of irrigation in different growing areas.
Irrigation, Commercialization, and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Inner Mongolia
Authors: Wang Yi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article examines the rise of an irrigation economy in Hetao along the Yellow River during the nineteenth century, and uses it as a case study to illustrate how the periphery played a major and hitherto overlooked role in the development of the Chinese economy, which confounds the conventional view of a Chinese path of development that replicated smallholder farming. I focus on a group of Han entrepreneurs known as land merchants (dishang) who combined capital and expertise in irrigation development, and introduced a new set of property regime and socio-technical arrangements that fundamentally changed the frontier society. By linking the changes in local society to regional and global processes, this study demonstrates the centrality of the periphery as not only a zone of possibility and experimentation, but more importantly, a “contact zone” that facilitated China's integration into a new global market system.
Initial experience of a rapid-insertion bone-anchored hearing system: series of 20 consecutive implants
Authors: Muzaffar S J , Coulson C J , Burrell S , Reid A P 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjective:The loading of bone-anchored hearing system sound processors usually occurs two to three months after surgical implant. This study examined a new bone-anchored hearing system coupling mechanism that permits loading at two weeks post-implantation without compromising osseointegration.Methods:Twenty implants were implanted into 15 patients. The interval between operation and time of processor loading was recorded, along with the cause of any delay and any late complications.Results:Two patients were fitted with implants at seven and nine weeks. The delay was a result of administrative errors; the patients reported no skin problems. Of the remaining 17 implants, 8 processors were fitted at 2 weeks, 1 at 3 weeks, 4 at 4 weeks, 3 at 7 weeks and 1 at 8 weeks. For those nine implants fitted later than two weeks, the delay was because of incomplete skin healing.Conclusion:The Oticon Medical Xpress system allowed processor loading at two weeks post-operatively, providing skin healing was adequate. Early loading occurred in approximately half of the patients. All patients were fitted within the two to three months traditionally allowed. Prolonged skin healing time was the main reason for the delayed fitting of sound processors.
Women of ‘Ill Repute’: Ethics and Urdu literature in colonial India
Authors: WAHEED SARAH 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe courtesan, the embodiment of both threat and allure, was a central figure in the moral discourses of the Muslim ‘respectable’ classes of colonial North India. Since women are seen as the bearers of culture, tradition, the honour of the family, community, and nation, control over women's sexuality becomes a central feature in the process of forming identity and community. As a public woman, the courtesan became the target of severe moral regulation from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. The way in which the courtesan was invoked within aesthetic, ethical, and legal domains shifted over time, and by the third decade of the twentieth century, there appeared a new way of speaking and writing about the ‘fallen woman’ within the Urdu public sphere. A social critique emerged which heralded the prostitute-courtesan as an ethical figure struggling against an unjust social order. Since the courtesan symbolized both elite Mughal court culture as well as its decay, she was a convenient foil for some nationalists to challenge the dominant idioms of nationalist and communitarian politics. Moreover, certain late medieval and early modern Indo-Persian ethical concepts were redeployed by twentieth century writers for ‘progressive’ ends. This illustrated a turn to progressive cultural politics that was simultaneously anti-colonial and anti-communitarian, while maintaining a critical posture towards the dominant idioms of Indian nationalism.
An Examination of Family Caregiver Experiences during Care Transitions of Older Adults
Authors: Giosa Justine L. , Stolee Paul , Dupuis Sherry L. , Mock Steven E. , Santi Selena M. 
Published: April 2014

RÉSUMÉCette étude a examiné les expériences informelles des aidants familiaux en soutenant les transitions de soins entre l’hôpital et la maison pour les adultes âgés avec des conditions médicales complexes. En utilisant une approche basée sur la théorie ancrée qualitative, une série d’entretiens semi-structurés a été realisée avec la communauté et des gestionnaires de cas et de ressources, ainsi qu’avec des aidants naturels de patients âgés souffrant de fractures de la hanche et des accidents vasculaires cérébraux et ceux qui se remettaient d’une chirurgie pour remplacement de la hanche. Six propriétés qui caractérisent les besoins des aidants naturels de fournir des soins de transition entre l’hôpital et la maison avec succès ont été intégrées dans une théorie qui adressent (1) l’horaire des soins transitoires et (2) le passage émotionnel. Ces six propriétés comprennent : (1) l’évaluation des situations familiales; (2) des informations sur les pratiques; (3) l’éducation et la formation; (4) l’accord entre les aidants officiels et informels; (5) le temps de prendre des dispositions pour la vie personnelle, et (6) la préparation affective et émotionelle. Cette étude soutiendra le développement d’interventions mieux informées et plus pertinentes, qui offrent le soutien le plus approprié pour les patients et leurs familles pendant les soins de transition.
Pondering Dysfunctions in Heritage Protection: Lessons from the Theft of theCodex Calixtinus
Authors: Vargas Michael A. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract:TheCodex Calixtinus, the 12th-century manuscript at the heart of Spain’s Camino de Santiago, was stolen, hidden for a year, and then found in a trash can wrapped in newsprint and plastic. The extraordinary theft highlights some dysfunctions in cultural heritage thought and practice. Explored here are questions about exemplars and copies, ambiguities in heritage protection law, problems of proprietorship and commercialization of heritage goods, and administrative negligence in the management of heritage assets. The focus is on Spain, but the questions have broad relevance. This article concludes that one way to better protect movable heritage assets like the codex is to recognize them as part of a broad heritage landscape in which their loss or mismanagement means damage to an entire ecosystem of culture and history.
Managing Urban Archaeological Heritage: Latin American Case Studies
Authors: Castillo Alicia , Menéndez Sonia 
Published: April 2014

Abstract:This article focuses on the idea that archaeology aids the revaluation of cultural properties within historical centers. At the same time, it holds that the application of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972 should imply the development of best management practices at inscribed sites. The handling of archaeological heritage in three Latin American cities is presented and discussed in this study, through the theoretical assumptions of preventive archaeology for the management of archaeological properties. It examines the different social contexts of World Heritage in these areas and concludes that the traditional vision of World Heritage impedes other historical readings of the past in these places. This conclusion is reached through a proactive vision defending the use of these UNESCO World Heritage Sites to improve management models with high public participation, the use of which should also be considered in the European community. There is, finally, a reminder of the desired objective: the improvement of archaeological management and, consequently, of urban historical discourses, whose outcomes enrich the lives of citizens.
Quantifying differences in the epidemic curves from three influenza surveillance systems: a nonlinear regression analysis
Authors: THOMAS E. G. , McCAW J. M. , KELLY H. A. , GRANT K. A. , McVERNON J. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYInfluenza surveillance enables systematic collection of data on spatially and demographically heterogeneous epidemics. Different data collection mechanisms record different aspects of the underlying epidemic with varying bias and noise. We aimed to characterize key differences in weekly incidence data from three influenza surveillance systems in Melbourne, Australia, from 2009 to 2012: laboratory-confirmed influenza notified to the Victorian Department of Health, influenza-like illness (ILI) reported through the Victorian General Practice Sentinel Surveillance scheme, and ILI cases presenting to the Melbourne Medical Deputising Service. Using nonlinear regression, we found that after adjusting for the effects of geographical region and age group, characteristics of the epidemic curve (including season length, timing of peak incidence and constant baseline activity) varied across the systems. We conclude that unmeasured factors endogenous to each surveillance system cause differences in the disease patterns recorded. Future research, particularly data synthesis studies, could benefit from accounting for these differences.
Recurrent bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand cattle and deer herds, 2006–2010
Authors: DAWSON K. L. , STEVENSON M. A. , SINCLAIR J. A. , BOSSON M. A. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYA retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify risk factors for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) recurrence in New Zealand cattle and deer herds identified as bTB-infected from 1 June 2006 to 1 November 2010. A Cox proportional hazards model identified a positive relationship between the daily hazard of bTB recurrence and: (1) the number of prior bTB episodes for two episodes [hazard ratio (HR) 3·22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·21–8·60], and for five episodes (HR 89·5, 95% CI 13·8–580), (2) more than one positive bTB case animal at the index episode (HR 2·25, 95% CI 1·19–4·25) and (3) the presence of cleared test-positives at the final test of the index episode. The proportional hazards assumption was violated for the latter variable so a time-dependent covariate was introduced. Up to 2 years post-clearance, the daily hazard of bTB recurrence was greater in herds with test-positives at the final test (HR 2·59, 95% CI 1·30–5·13), but this effect was not observed more than 2 years' post-clearance (HR 1·05, 95% CI 0·28–3·91). We conclude that unresolved infection contributes to further bTB episodes in the first 2 years after herd clearance.
Appropriateness of administrative data for vaccine impact evaluation: the case of pneumonia hospitalizations and pneumococcal vaccine in Brazil
Authors: SGAMBATTI S. , MINAMISAVA R. , AFONSO E. T. , TOSCANO C. M. , BIERRENBACH A. L. , ANDRADE A. L. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYTen-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was recently introduced into the Brazilian Immunization Programme. Secondary data are used as a measurement of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) burden, but their completeness and reliability need to be ascertained. We performed probabilistic linkage between hospital primary data from active prospective population-based surveillance (APS) and hospital secondary data from the Hospital Information System administrative database of the National Unified Health System (SIH-SUS). Children aged 2–23 months hospitalized during January–December 2012 were identified. Incidence rates of hospitalized CAP were estimated. Agreement of case identification was measured by kappa index. A total of 1639 (26%) CAP cases were identified in APS and 1714 (35%) in SIH-SUS. Of these 3353 records, 1127 CAP cases were present in both databases. Kappa on CAP case identification was 0·72 (95% confidence interval 0·69–0·75). CAP hospitalization incidence using administrative (5285/100 000) and hospital (5054/100 000) primary data were similar (P = 0·184). Our findings suggest that administrative databases of hospitalizations are reliable sources to assess PCV10 impact in time-series analyses.
Short-wavelength cone-opponent retinal ganglion cells in mammals
Authors: MARSHAK DAVID W. , MILLS STEPHEN L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn all of the mammalian species studied to date, the short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones and the S-cone bipolar cells that receive their input are very similar, but the retinal ganglion cells that receive synapses from the S-cone bipolar cells appear to be quite different. Here, we review the literature on mammalian retinal ganglion cells that respond selectively to stimulation of S-cones and respond with opposite polarity to longer wavelength stimuli. There are at least three basic mechanisms to generate these color-opponent responses, including: (1) opponency is generated in the outer plexiform layer by horizontal cells and is conveyed to the ganglion cellsviaS-cone bipolar cells, (2) inputs from bipolar cells with different cone inputs and opposite response polarity converge directly on the ganglion cells, and (3) inputs from S-cone bipolar cells are inverted by S-cone amacrine cells. These are not mutually exclusive; some mammalian ganglion cells that respond selectively to S-cone stimulation seem to utilize at least two of them. Based on these findings, we suggest that the small bistratified ganglion cells described in primates are not the ancestral type, as proposed previously. Instead, the known types of ganglion cells in this pathway evolved from monostratified ancestral types and became bistratified in some mammalian lineages.
S-cone psychophysics
Authors: SMITHSON HANNAH E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe review the features of the S-cone system that appeal to the psychophysicist and summarize the celebrated characteristics of S-cone mediated vision. Two factors are emphasized: First, the fine stimulus control that is required to isolate putative visual mechanisms and second, the relationship between physiological data and psychophysical approaches. We review convergent findings from physiology and psychophysics with respect to asymmetries in the retinal wiring of S-ON and S-OFF visual pathways, and the associated treatment of increments and decrements in the S-cone system. Beyond the retina, we consider the lack of S-cone projections to superior colliculus and the use of S-cone stimuli in experimental psychology, for example to address questions about the mechanisms of visually driven attention. Careful selection of stimulus parameters enables psychophysicists to produce entirely reversible, temporary, “lesions,” and to assess behavior in the absence of specific neural subsystems.
The Near Edge Structure of Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Authors: McDougall Nicholas L. , Nicholls Rebecca J. , Partridge Jim G. , McCulloch Dougal G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is a promising material for a range of applications including deep-ultraviolet light emission. Despite extensive experimental studies, some fundamental aspects of hBN remain unknown, such as the type of stacking faults likely to be present and their influence on electronic properties. In this paper, different stacking configurations of hBN are investigated using CASTEP, a pseudopotential density functional theory code. AB-b stacking faults, in which B atoms are positioned directly on top of one another while N atoms are located above the center of BN hexagons, are shown to be likely in conventional AB stacked hBN. Bandstructure calculations predict a single direct bandgap structure that may be responsible for the discrepancies in bandgap type observed experimentally. Calculations of the near edge structure showed that different stackings of hBN are distinguishable using measurements of core-loss edges in X-ray absorption and electron energy loss spectroscopy. AB stacking was found to best reproduce features in the experimental B and N K-edges. The calculations also show that splitting of the 1stoπ* peak in the B K-edge, recently observed experimentally, may be accounted for by the presence of AB-b stacking faults.