bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fertility Control: Eugenics, Neo-Malthusianism, and Feminism
Authors: Klausen Susanne , Bashford Alison 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article analyzes the preoccupation of eugenics with fertility control—a broad term denoting all methods by which humans seek to induce, prevent, or terminate pregnancy. It also discusses the role of eugenicists in establishing birth control clinics, and to advocate for more controversial technologies of reproductive control such as sterilization and sometimes abortion. It also shows the link between feminist, eugenic, and neo-Malthusian discourses. It begins with the classic definition of eugenics and then indicates that contraceptive information would be offered to married women who are too young, ill, or weak for pregnancy, or who experienced pregnancy too frequently. This article also provides an understanding of the role played by feminism in the social acceptance of technologies of reproductive control. It concludes that eugenic feminists often connected by neo-Malthusian ideas have played a leading role in developing new reproductive technologies.
Eugenics and the State: Policy-Making in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Mottier Véronique 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article proposes to shift the focus from eugenic science to its translation into concrete policy practices, adopting a comparative perspective. It draws on examples of eugenic policy-making in the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Sweden, and Germany to explore the relation between eugenic science and the state, examining the impact of different state formations on cross-national variations in the political trajectories of eugenics. Eugenic movements were thus able to exert important influence on these states' policy-making apparatuses. This article also discusses the affect of specific institutional design on the ways in which eugenic policies are implemented. It also deals with political spectrum of eugenics and tends to amalgamate eugenics with conservative and extreme right-wing political ideologies.
Internationalism, Cosmopolitanism, and Eugenics
Authors: Bashford Alison 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The strong connection between eugenics and nationalism is now a clear interpretive strand in the historiography. This article discusses various studies of eugenics and emphasizes the international dimension. The long-standing historiographical interest in this aspect of eugenics stems partly from the availability of the proceedings of early international conferences. It also deals with the most ambitious consideration of eugenics and internationalism that involves consideration of apparently universal principles of evolution and inheritance for humanity as a whole. It also presents a close consideration of the role of eugenics in regulating and monitoring international human movement. Finally, it concludes that eugenics is fundamentally about the devastating implications of a science of human differentiation and needs to be understood through the modern history of universalism, internationalism, and cosmopolitanism.
Eugenics and genocide
Authors: Moses A. Dirk , Stone Dan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the historical relationship between biopolitics, eugenics, racial hygiene, and genocide globally in this period. It describes that as the historiography of eugenics has broadened out from its Anglo-American core to an international and transnational perspective, so the focus of genocide studies has shifted from the Holocaust as the paradigmatic case to other, often extra-European, genocides. Furthermore, this article examines various policy modalities developed to solve the “problem” of minority and “useless” populations. It shows that mixed-race children pose particular challenges to eugenicists in thrall to ideals of cultural homogeneity, in which case eliminationist policies of assimilation, absorption, or sterilization might be pursued. It suggests that these policies could escalate in a genocidal direction.
South Africa: Paradoxes in the Place of Race
Authors: Dubow Saul 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the proposition that eugenics and related scientific ideas play a major role in validating the systems of apartheid and its predecessor. It elaborates a comprehensive scheme of racial segregation as a national program in the first decades of the twentieth century and calibrates the distinctions between different races and ethnic groups thoroughly assimilated in the habits of mind and the social behavior of South Africans. This article gives an account of changes in the patterns of racial awareness and discrimination: for example, the shift from social hierarchies based on status, to those founded on race typology in the course of the nineteenth century. It presents the association of sequences of population movements with underlying racial competence. It further discusses the recent tendency to see eugenics as a trans-national phenomenon which fits well with reevaluations of the spread of scientific knowledge that eschew mechanistic models of the transmission of ideas from core to periphery.
Eugenics in Japan: Sanguinous Repair
Authors: Robertson Jennifer 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The article aims to discuss the relationships between eugenics, nationalism, and colonialism in Japan, and to highlight the ways in which eugenics was popularized and incorporated into everyday practices and official policies at home and in the colonies. It deals with eugenics-related activities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and addresses some of their postwar guises. It discusses some of these guises as posthuman eugenics, or the biotechnological enhancement of human life and reproduction. It concludes with the argument that Japan was only one of many nation-states to employ eugenics as social policy nearly a century ago, but it may be one of the first to implement posthuman eugenics to address looming demographic concerns.
Eugenics and the Jews
Authors: Falk Raphael 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the role that eugenics plays in Jewish life, especially in shaping how Jews confronted the world, and engages Jewish and non-Jewish researchers alike. It discusses the socioeconomic conditions in which Jews lived as it had specific eugenic consequences. It also describes the breeding problems that occupy an important role in Jewish life. The rationale of eugenics in Jewish life depends on the extent to which social, political, religious, or cultural distinctiveness is considered to reflect biological racial factors. This article further draws comparison between old and new eugenics and states that new eugenics depends on screening healthy carriers, prenatal diagnosis, and selective determination of affected fetuses. It ends with the discussion of the importance of Jewish tradition in the continuation of Jewish culture and mentions that reproduction and eugenics has played a significant role in core Jewish practices and debates.
Urban Planning and Regulation: The Challenge of The Market
Authors: Dierwechter Yonn , Thornley Andy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the role of urban planning and regulation in addressing the challenge of the market. It argues that the shifts in state–market relations are important for understanding urban-planning discourses, which too often are isolated from larger questions of political ideology, global economic conditions, and geographical variations in national culture. The article also suggests that intellectual debates about the proper role of public planning in regulating private market activities are best understood in historical and geographical contexts rather than as abstract philosophical statements conducted outside the crisis-induced pressures of time and place.
Varieties of Planning Experience: Toward a Globalized Planning Culture?
Authors: Friedmann John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article compares the urban-planning experiences of Yaroslavl, Russia; and Rotterdam, the Netherlands. It describes their planning cultures, discusses the lessons that can be learned from their experiences, and explains the concept of planning culture and the importance of studying planning cultures. The article evaluates whether globalization can lead to converge of planning cultures and discusses some issues in the methodology for the study of planning cultures.
From Good Intentions to A Critical Pragmatism
Authors: Forester John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes whether urban planners should serve as handmaidens to enable old boys' deal making or act as facilitative leaders to stage power-sensitive, results-oriented public deliberations. It explores how urban planning can communicatively empower or disempower stakeholders, include or exclude issues, recognize or dismiss values and interests, and craft public-serving outcomes or squander public opportunities. The article describes an urban-transportation planning case and considers planning in smaller communities.
Codes and Standards
Authors: Ben-Joseph Eran 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on the codes, rules, and standards in urban planning. It explains that codes and standards determine the minimum requirements in which the physical environment must be built and perform, as well as the legal and moral instruments through which professionals can guarantee the good of the public. The article also describes how concerns over environmental conditions, depleting resources, and uncontrolled growth have prompted various organizations and government agencies to take a fresh look at their current models of operation. It mentions the Institute of Transportation Engineers' (ITE) re-examination of its street standards and the American Planning Association's (APA) publication of a model regulatory book for smart growth.
Evolving Perspectives on the Arts, Place, and Development
Authors: Currid-Halkett Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the evolving role of art and culture in urban planning and economic development. It explains that the cultural industries attract skilled labor, generate tourist dollars, and produce jobs and revenue in their own right. The article argues that while the use of unconventional modes and institutions in the industrial activities of the arts hinder research, they also enable us to apply innovative techniques and theories from other disciplines in our efforts to study art and culture.
Plan Assessment: Making and Using Plans Well
Authors: Hopkins Lewis D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on making, assessing, and using urban design plans. It describes a framework used for assessing plans, and identifies questions for which evidence and arguments provide useful guidance on how to make and use plans well. The article explains that planning processes affect plans in their content and likelihood of implementation, and that performance research designs can generate useful results about situations in which plans work. It also stresses the need to determine how plans can add value in the face of nonhierarchical institutional systems and uncertainty.
Social Interactions within Cities: Neighborhood Environments and Peer Relationships
Authors: Ross Stephen L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article begins by discussing the various empirical strategies that have been used to identify a causal relationship between peers, neighborhoods, or social contacts and an individual's behaviors or outcomes. It reveals neighborhood effects on individual outcomes, and describes the empirical literature on neighborhood effects starting with the literature on the impact of racial segregation on African Americans, followed by considerations of the effect of neighborhoods on labor market outcomes, and finally the effects on families and children. Furthermore, it deals with the literature on peer effects, focusing primarily on education, including evidence on mechanisms and the role of friendship networks, but also considers other settings, especially the workplace. It emphasizes the quantitative studies of neighborhood and peer effects. Finally, it examines the implications for planning.
Does Working Together Prevent Crime? Social Capital, Neighborhoods, and Crime
Authors: Choi Hyunsun , Sloane David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article addresses the theoretical background and controversies of social capital in relationship to urban crime. It posits that social capital is a key asset to improving crime prevention. When people and organizations are densely related, it creates high levels of bonding and bridging social capital. In terms of crime, social capital builds the trust necessary to sustain a healthy community. However, evidence suggests that in some cases social capital may enhance crime by creating unity among street youth gangs and other parochial groups in a community. In the context of the nature and economics of urban crime, this article mainly addresses urban planning and development approaches and remedies. As more is learnt about the concept, and about the mechanisms that provide the protection, planners will be able to develop targeted interventions to support the growth and maintenance of social capital, improving community social structures and community safety.
Homelessness in the United States
Authors: O'Flaherty Brendan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Homelessness has become more common in developed countries, especially the United States. This article reviews definitions of homelessness, the temporal dimensions of how people experience homelessness, the determinants of the volume of homelessness, the characteristics of homeless people, and the policies and interventions that have been successful in reducing homelessness. It discusses two popular views of what homelessness is like and what should be done about it. One view emphasizes that the elimination of personal problems that afflict many homeless people can reduce homelessness. The other view emphasizes that homelessness can be ended by placing everyone who becomes homeless in his or her own apartment (housing first policy). However, understanding and alleviating homelessness requires a more sophisticated view of the interaction among personal problems, market conditions, and incentives. The vast middle ground between policies requires programs that make difficult trade-offs, and good data would be helpful for making these trade-offs.
Spatial Assimilation and Its Discontents: The Changing Geography of Immigrant Integration in Metropolitan America
Authors: Pastor Manuel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractImmigration represents a choice of individuals and families, often under structural constraints and pressures, to move from one society to another in search of a better life. The changing geographic arrangements create new theoretical and policy-related challenges for scholars of immigration as well as urban planners. This article begins with a brief review of the literature on traditional economic and spatial assimilation, as well as the challenges posed to that model by new patterns of immigration. It then explores some basic patterns in “new immigrant gateways,” pointing out different patterns by gateway type in terms of suburbanization and spatial isolation. Furthermore, the article turns to Los Angeles, considering some different patterns that have emerged in this metropolis and arguing that the trends there may foreshadow things to come. Finally, it deals with implications for theory and practice at the intersection of economics and urban planning.
The Economics of Zoning
Authors: McDonald John F. , McMillen Daniel P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The zoning movement in the United States began in the early twentieth century. Zoning is a form of regulation of the use of land that typically is an ordinance adopted by a municipal government. The zoning ordinance includes text and a zoning map that specifies the allowable uses of all parcels of land in the municipality. As such zoning is a topic that falls within the field of the economics of regulation. This article examines some aspects of the economics of zoning. It explores the nature of those regulations, examining who benefits from the regulations, and upon whom costs are imposed. It also discusses the effects of regulation on the allocation of resources. All these discussions and revelations are based upon relevant economic theory and empirical research. Most economists agree that there is a need for policies that mitigate negative external effects in urban areas, but they question whether zoning in its current versions is on balance good social and economic policy, the answer to which is not clear.
Infill Development: Perspectives and Evidence from Economics and Planning
Authors: McConnell Virginia , Wiley Keith 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the arguments from the economics and planning literature about both the advantages of infill development and the barriers to it. It begins with reviewing the arguments from the economics, policy, and planning literatures on the possible benefits of infill development, the range of policies to promote infill that have been passed or proposed, and the reasons there may be opposition to infill. It then examines ways to measure infill development. It describes characteristics of infill and reveals issues that influence the extent and trends in the density of infill development. Because of immense opposition to infill development based on its potential costs to local residents, the article explores the literature on the effect of urban projects, including infill, on local property values. Finally, it draws out implications for policy and suggests directions for future research on infill.
The Roles of Tax Incentives and Other Business Incentives in Local Economic Development
Authors: Bartik Timothy , Eberts Randall 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article clarifies the key issues and findings relevant to public policy toward promoting local economic development through tax incentives and other business incentives. It defines incentives as public policies that, in addition to being aimed at affecting business decisions, are more or less customized to individual businesses and more or less discretionary. It reveals how tax incentives vary with incentive design. This includes financing, business target, the timing of assistance, hiring practices, and the accountability of businesses. It addresses the question of how such business incentives should be regulated and designed by different levels of government in order to maximize social benefits and, in particular, in order to increase efficiently per capita earnings. Finally, it explores the implications for federal, state, and local policy toward business incentives.
Framing Urban Systems and Planning Concerns as a Multilevel Problem: A Review of the Integrated Urban System Models with an Emphasis on Their Hierarchical Structures
Authors: Kim Jae Hong , Hewings Geoffrey J. D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMetropolitan economies have been pounded by enormous structural changes in the last three decades. This structural change has manifested itself in a different spatial organization of production within metropolitan areas. This article examines how such complex interactions are described in the integrated planning support models to simulate regional as well as subregional growth dynamics. It focuses on the way in which vertical integration is handled. It begins with a review of the integrated framework. The review suggests that strict top-down integration is a dominant approach, although there are various strategies to model the overall dynamics of the macroeconomic changes and the evolution of spatial structure, respectively. Finally, it introduces some alternative ways of modeling vertical integration that try to overcome the critical limitations of the strict, top-down approach and to go beyond the earlier characterization of a top-down/bottom-up dichotomy.
Addressing Local Fiscal Disparities
Authors: Gordon Tracy M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe United States is considered a highly decentralized country. More recently, American federalism has been in a state of flux. At the same time, decentralization has been on the rise internationally. Taken together, experiences in the United States and internationally point to some inherent tensions in federalism. This article argues that such concerns have prevented the adoption of an enduring state fiscal equalization program in the United States. Nevertheless, recent federal stimulus legislation may point to some ways forward. The article reviews the theory of fiscal federalism and its implications for intergovernmental grant programs. It also examines the evolution of intergovernmental transfers in the U.S. federalist system. Following this, the article evaluates design issues for any state fiscal equalization program. Finally, it suggests that there may be a role for ensuring states and localities against financial disaster and suggests future directions.
Urbanization in Japan, South Korea, and China: Policy and Reality
Authors: Ding Chengri , Zhao Xingshuo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines urbanization in Japan, South Korea, and mainland China (China), which share similar features of urbanization. It describes urbanization and urban growth, examines urbanization patterns, and looks at the extent to which are they linked to economic growth during rapid urbanization periods. Japan and South Korea experienced rapid urbanization in the second half of the twentieth century while China is currently in the era of rapid urbanization. Following this, the article presents policy and planning efforts in managing urbanization and urban growth, looking into the kinds of policy instruments introduced to manage urbanization at national and local levels. Finally, it deals with the assessment of these policy and planning efforts to appraise their effectiveness and draw out lessons learnt from them.
Predictors of Violent Young Offenders
Authors: Farrington David P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe most basic definition of violence is behavior that is intended to cause, and that actually does cause, physical or psychological injury. This article reviews what is known about childhood predictors of youthful violent offending. It focuses on knowledge gained in studies of individual offenders. It begins by reviewing the development of violent offending, including prevalence at different ages, continuity, and specialization or versatility in offending. Following this, the article reviews knowledge about major individual, family, and socioeconomic risk factors. It also investigates how accurately violent offenders can be predicted in childhood. It focuses on knowledge gained in major prospective longitudinal studies of offending, discussing risk and protective factors. These results are likely to be useful in developing risk assessment instruments. Finally, the article discusses the major policy implications and calls for early prevention instead of later treatment in the juvenile and criminal justice system.