bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scan statistics analysis for detection of introns in time-course tiling array data
Authors: Reiner-Benaim Anat , Davis Ronald W. , Juneau Kara 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA tiling array yields a series of abundance measurements across the genome using evenly spaced probes. These data can be used for detecting sequences that exhibit a particular behavior. Scanning window statistics are often employed for testing each probe while accounting for local correlation and smoothing noisy measurements. However, window testing may yield false probe discoveries around the sequences and false non-discoveries within the sequences, resulting in biased predicted intervals. We propose to avoid this problem by stipulating that a sequence of interest can appear at most once within a defined region, such as a gene; thus, only one window statistic is considered per region. This substantially reduces the number of tests and hence, is potentially more powerful. We compare this approach to a genome-wise scan that does not require pre-defined search regions, but considers clumps of adjacent probe discoveries. Simulations show that the gene-wise search maintains the nominal FDR level, while the genome-wise scan yields FDR that exceeds the nominal level for low interval effects, and achieves slightly less power. Using arrays to map introns in yeast, we identified 71% of the previously published introns, detected nine previously undiscovered introns, and observed no false intron discoveries by either method.
Extensive Cotransformation of Natural Variation into Chromosomes of Naturally Competent Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Mell Joshua Chang , Lee Jae Yun , Firme Marlo , Sinha Sunita , Redfield Rosemary J 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Naturally competent bacterial species actively take up environmental DNA and can incorporate it into their chromosomes by homologous recombination. This can bring genetic variation from environmental DNA to recipient chromosomes, often in multiple long “donor” segments. Here, we report the results of genome sequencing 96 colonies of a laboratory Haemophilus influenzae strain, which had been experimentally transformed by DNA from a diverged clinical isolate. Donor segments averaged 6.9 kb (spanning several genes) and were clustered into recombination tracts of ~19.5 kb. Individual colonies had replaced from 0.1 to 3.2% of their chromosomes, and ~1/3 of all donor-specific single-nucleotide variants were present in at least one recombinant. We found that nucleotide divergence did not obviously limit the locations of recombination tracts, although there were small but significant reductions in divergence at recombination breakpoints. Although indels occasionally transformed as parts of longer recombination tracts, they were common at breakpoints, suggesting that indels typically block progression of strand exchange. Some colonies had recombination tracts in which variant positions contained mixtures of both donor and recipient alleles. These tracts were clustered around the origin of replication and were interpreted as the result of heteroduplex segregation in the original transformed cell. Finally, a pilot experiment demonstrated the utility of natural transformation for genetically dissecting natural phenotypic variation. We discuss our results in the context of the potential to merge experimental and population genetic approaches, giving a more holistic understanding of bacterial gene transfer.
Different Materials of Substrates in the Production of Chili Apple Seedlings (Capsicumpubescens R. and P.) Grajales ST
Authors: Domínguez Martha L. , Villegas Oscar G. , Sotelo Héctor , Acosta Carlos M. , Pérez Mario , Rodríguez Diana 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of 12 substrates in the seedling growth of chili apple (Capsicum pubescens R. & P.) hybrid Grajales ST. The substrates were prepared with different proportions of five materials: perlite, coconut fiber, loam, Sunshine3 ® and wood dust. The seeds were sown in trays of 50 cavities. For the substrates were determined physical and chemical properties. Significant differences in growth parameters of seedlings are the effect of the substrate. Based on the remarkable accumulation of dry matter of each of the organs of the seedling, and their relative distribution, one can surmise a seedling quality with 47.70 % dry matter in leaves, 35.34 % in stem and 16.95 % in root. The substrate with better features for the production of chile apple seedlings was prepared with 25 % loam and 75 % perlite (v/v), which showed retention of 85.5 % moisture, electrical conductivity of 0.03 dS·m-1 and total porosity of 62.5 %.
Impact Toughness of Isothermally Treated Duplex Stainless Steels
Authors: Calliari I. , Breda M. , Straffelini G. , Miranda Perez A. F. , Reyes Valdes F. A. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTDuplex stainless steels (DSS) have good mechanical and corrosion resistance properties which allow their application in very aggressive environments. However, their aging at 600–1000 °C causes the precipitation of dangerous intermetallic phases, resulting in serious detrimental effects on their interesting properties. These secondary phases are structural discontinuities which act as preferential cracks initiation sites and their negative effect is especially highlighted on toughness. For these reasons, many standards related to the manufacturing of DSS require the microstructure of these steels "free from intermetallics". In this paper, the effect of isothermal heat treatments on the impact toughness in two Duplex steels (SAF 2205 and Zeron®100) has been investigated, in order to study the influence of different amount of secondary phases on the toughness response.
Synthesis of Cu2(ZnCd)SnS4 Absorber Material for Monograin Membrane Applications
Authors: Nkwusi Godswill , Leinemann Inga , Raudoja Jaan , Mikli Valdek , Kauk-Kuusik Marit , Altosaar Mare , Mellikov Enn 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTCZTS monograin powder samples were synthesized in CdI2 as flux material. The obtained materials were analysed by EDX, SEM, and Raman methods. It was found that Cd from flux was incorporated into the formed compound leading to the formation of solid solution Cu2Zn1-xCdxSnS4. The content of Cd in the compound was studied in the dependence of synthesis temperature and time. It was found that Cd content in the formed Cu2Zn1-xCdxSnS4 did not depend on synthesis duration at constant temperature and increased with temperature. The activation energy of the Cd incorporation process was estimated as 17.5 ± 2 kJ/mol.
An Unidentified Parasitoid Community (Chalcidoidea) is Associated with Pine-FeedingChionaspisScale Insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Authors: Gwiazdowski Rodger A , Normark Benjamin B 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMany of the &gt;22,000 described species of parasitoids in the Chalcidoidea attack armored scale insects, a group that may contain many cryptic species. Because the diversity of both these groups may be high, associations between them are likely to be underreported, and accurate reporting requires direct association between parasitoids and their scale insect hosts. One group of well-known armored scale insects are the pine-feeding Chionaspis of North America, which have been considered to be two species of economic pests, and have over a century of parasitoid records. These Chionaspis have been revealed to be a complex of at least 10, mostly cryptic, species. We have sequenced chalcidoid 28S rDNA from 50 parasitized Chionaspis hosts. We explore these host-parasitoid associations by placing the parasitoid sequences in a phylogenetic context. We aligned the sequences manually, based on secondary structure models, and added them to a previous 28S secondary structure alignment for the Chalcidoidea that includes 19 families, 72 subfamilies, 369 genera, and 685 species. The results of maximum likelihood analyses were interpreted using an updated, comprehensive list of parasitoids recorded from pine-feeding Chionaspis. The sequences are placed in nine clades, only two of which appear consistent with known Chionaspis parasitoids. Although pine-feeding Chionaspis are among the best-known armored scales, our results indicate that their parasitoid diversity has been underreported.
Pseudautomeris brasiliensis(Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) andStenomasp. (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) Feeding on Crops ofCtenanthe kummeriana(Marantaceae) in Brazil and an Associate Parasitoid,Enicospilus tenuigena(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Tavares W De S , Legaspi J C , Lima A R , Soares M A , Pereira A I De A , Zanuncio J C 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCtenanthe kummeriana (E. Morren) Eichler (Marantaceae) is a cosmopolitan ornamental plant with esthetically appealing color and leaf shape. Pseudautomeris brasiliensis Walker (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) and a nondescribed species of Stenoma (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) defoliated this plant in the campus of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, inspiring the study of the association that prevails among these organisms. This could be a rare event, as the association of Lepidoptera with Marantaceae is scarce, with only two previous reports. The aim of this study was to monitor the caterpillars on the two crops of C. kummeriana, one in the “Horto Botânico” (HB) and another in the “Recanto da Cigarra” (RC) for a period of 1 yr, with particular attention to the shelters and damage caused; to assess the gregarious nature and the emergence of parasitoid and lepidopterans; and to provide an accurate morphologic diagnosis of a parasitoid. P. brasiliensis and Stenoma sp. were recorded after the rainy season, exhibiting similar distribution between HB and RC. Enicospilus tenuigena Kriechbaumer, 1901 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) emerged from 76.25% of the P. brasiliensis pupae. P. brasiliensis and Stenoma sp. defoliated the C. kummeriana plants between March and June in the UFV campus, whereas the parasitoid E. tenuigena reduced the populations of the ﬁrst species.
On African Epilachnini—A Revision of the Genus Tropha Weise (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Tomaszewska Wioletta , Szawaryn Karol 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Species of the Afrotropical genus Tropha Weise are revised, diagnosed, and illustrated. Solanophila vigintiduoguttataWeise, 1915, is removed from synonymy with Tropha variabilisWeise, 1900, and its status as a valid species of Tropha (Tropha vigintiduoguttata) is confirmed. Tropha obscura (Korschefsky 1929) is synonymized with T. variabilisWeise, 1900, syn. nov. A neotype of S. vigintiduoguttataWeise, 1915, is designated. A new species Tropha zambiensis sp. nov. is described. A key to the species of Tropha is presented.
A New Egg Parasitoid Species (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), with Notes on its Biology
Authors: Yang Zhong-Qi , Cao Liang-Ming , Zhang Yan-Long , Wang Xiao-Yi , Zhan Mao-Kui 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
A new species of CallimomoidesGirault 1926 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Callimomoides monochaphagae Yang, sp. n., is described from China. It is a solitary endoparasitoid of eggs of the pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a serious pest that causes damage to pine trees native to China, particularly Pinus massoniana Lambert and Pinus tabulaeformis Carrière. Furthermore, M. alternatus is the main vector of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner&Buhrer) Nickle in China and other eastern Asian countries. C. monochaphagae has great potential as a biocontrol agent for suppression of the longhorned beetle because parasitism rates of 12.6% have been observed and this species has a relative high female:male sex ratio (1.86:1). Detailed photographs of the key characters of the new species are supplied. In addition, a key to the currently known species of Callimomoides throughout the world is provided. Type specimens are deposited in the Insect Museum, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
Discovery of Cynipidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea) from the Indochina Region, with Description of Three New Species
Authors: Abe Yoshihisa , Ide Tatsuya , Konishi Kazuhiko , Ueno Takatoshi 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Plagiotrochus indochinensis Abe, Ide, Konishi, & Ueno sp. nov., Dryocosmus okajimai Abe, Ide, Konishi, & Ueno sp. nov., and Synophrus vietnamensis Abe, Ide, Konishi, & Ueno sp. nov. are described from Vietnam. This is the first record of Cynipidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea) from the Indochina region; the former two species belong to tribe Cynipini and the latter to the inquiline tribe Synergini. Based on the observation of a female P. indochinensis inserting its ovipositor into a young sprout of Quercus (Cyclobalanopsis) helferiana A. de Candolle in the field, this wasp species is considered to induce galls on this evergreen oak species. This article confirms that members of Cynipini that induce galls on Cyclobalanopsis (the ring cup oaks) are widely distributed in Asia, as predicted previously. Although D. okajimai was collected by sweeping an evergreen Fagaceae tree, its host remains to be clarified. Because the adults of S. vietnamensis were collected by sweeping an evergreen Fagaceae tree in June and dissecting a bud gall on Castanopsis sp. in September, it is considered that this wasp species has more than one generation a year. The gall-inducing ability and host plant specificity of S. vietnamensis should be examined carefully in future. The high species richness of Quercus L. and related genera in the Indochina region increases the likelihood of the existence of little-known, but potentially diverse, cynipid fauna in this region.
Simultaneous Biological Nutrient Removal: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review
Authors: Daigger Glen T. , Littleton Helen X. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT: Simultaneous biological nutrient removal (SBNR) is the occurrence of biological nutrient removal (BNR) in systems that do not possess defined anaerobic and/or anoxic zones. A review of the relevant literature demonstrates that two mechanisms are primarily responsible for SBNR: (1) the bioreactor macro‐environment and (2) the floc micro‐environment. Complex hydraulic flow patterns exist in full‐scale bioreactors that can result in the cycling of mixed liquor through the different environments needed for BNR. Diffusion resistance further allows oxygen‐sufficient and oxygen‐deficient zones to develop in activated sludge flocs if the external dissolved oxygen concentration is properly controlled. The diffusion of substrates between these zones allows BNR to occur. Long‐term acclimation to the unique environmental conditions occurring in these systems results in the selection of microorganisms well adapted to the low dissolved oxygen concentrations occurring in them. The experience base for the design and operation of SBNR systems is expanding, thereby allowing their more widespread application, especially coupled with conventional mathematical modeling approaches. Computational fluid dynamics is an evolving tool to assist with the design and optimization of SBNR.
Modeling of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation in catalytic membrane reactor with porous membrane
Authors: Shelepova E.V. , Vedyagin A.A. , Mishakov I.V. , Noskov A.S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe modeling of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation in a catalytic membrane reactor has been carried out for porous membrane by means of two-dimensional, non-isothermal stationary mathematical model. A mathematical model of the catalytic membrane reactor was applied, in order to study the effects of transport properties of the porous membrane on process performance. The performed modeling of the heat and mass transfer processes within the porous membrane, allowed us to estimate the efficiency of its use in membrane reactors, in comparison with a dense membrane (with additional oxidation of the hydrogen in shell side). The use of a porous ceramic membrane was found to cause an increase of the ethylbenzene conversion at 600°C, up to 93 %, while the conversion in the case of conventional reactor was 67%. In this work, we defined the key parameter values of porous membrane (pore diameter and thickness) for ethylbenzene dehydrogenation in catalytic membrane reactor, at which the highest conversion of ethylbenzene and styrene selectivity can be reached.
Ni(Co)-containing catalysts based on perovskite-like ferrites for steam reforming of ethanol
Authors: Arapova M. V. , Pavlova S. N. , Rogov V. A. , Krieger T. A. , Ishchenko A.V. , Roger A.-C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFor two series of catalysts based on praseodymium ferrite, their structural and redox properties as well as performance in ethanol steam reforming have been studied. The first series was PrFe
Colloidal catalysts on the base of iron(3+) oxides for oxidative treatment of biomass
Authors: Kasaikina O.T. , Lesin V.I. , Pisarenko L.M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe analysis of the chemical nature of wood waste processing by fungus and bacteria was the starting point for innovative production of a new, relatively simple, colloidal catalytic system based on iron (III) oxides, combined with environmentally friendly oxidants - hydrogen peroxide and/or atmospheric oxygen. Colloidal iron(III) oxides, obtained by hydrolysis of Fe(III) salts in water in the presence of surfactants, catalyze the oxidative destruction of lignocellulosic biomass under atmospheric pressure, at a mild temperature range of 60-70
Self-propagation high-temperature sintering of the Ti–Al–C-diamond/BN system
Authors: Liang Baoyan , Wang Zhiwei , Wang Le , Han Jingxian , Guo Meng 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
A mixture of Ti, Al, C, diamond, or c-BN powder was used as the raw material for the fabrication of a titanium aluminum carbide matrix-bonded diamond/c-BN composite using self-propagation high-temperature synthesis. The phase composition and microstructure of the reacted products were analyzed via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The addition of diamond did not inhibit the synthesis of titanium aluminum carbide in the sintered product. The diamond and this matrix exhibited good bonding. However, c-BN reacted with Ti and Al in the Ti–Al–C–BN system, which resulted in the formation of small amounts of titanium aluminum carbide. TiC, TiN, and Ti(C,N) matrix-bonded diamond/c-BN composites were obtained.
Effect of heat treatment on the slurry erosion resistance of high strength steel DP980
Authors: Ji Xiulin , Han Xue , Zhou Meiying , Liu Jiaqi 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The slurry erosion resistance of the high strength steel DP980 was investigated using a jet erosion tester. The cumulative volume loss of DP980 samples was about 32.6 mm3 after 30 min erosion in a slurry containing 5.68 wt.% sand particles with an impact velocity of 13.01 m s−1 at an impact angle of 30°. With water quenching directly from austenite, the erosion resistance of DP980 samples was improved to about 2.0 times that of common low-carbon steel ASTM A283C and was also better than that of AISI 304 under identical test conditions. Heat treatment was very useful to improve the erosion resistance of the DP980 samples at the high impact velocity, but was adverse at the low impact velocity. Martensite islands in the DP steels could resist the microcutting and microploughing better than the base which improves the wear resistance, especially at high impact velocity.
Imaging of hydrogen in steels using neutrons
Authors: Griesche Axel , Dabah Eitan , Kardjilov Nikolay , Hilger André , Manke Ingo , Kannengiesser Thomas 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
We investigated the hydrogen distribution spatially and temporally in technical iron at room temperature. Samples were charged electrochemically and subsequently analysed by means of neutron radiography and tomography. The radiographic images allowed for a time-resolved analysis of hydrogen fluxes. The three-dimensional distribution of hydrogen measured by neutron tomography delivered valuable information for the damage analysis of hydrogen-induced cracks. For the first time hydrogen concentration gradients inside the material could be detect directly together with the cracks. The neutron radiography and tomography results were gained at the Research Reactor BER II of the HZB in Berlin.
Effect of ball milling time on the synthesis of nanocrystalline merwinite via mechanical activation and heat treatment
Authors: Hafezi Masoud , Nadernezhad Ali , Mohammadi Maryam , Barzegar Hadi , Mohammadi Hossein 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Nanocrystalline merwinite was successfully synthesized by mechanical activation of a mixture of magnesium hydroxide, calcium oxide and silica gel powders followed by heat treatment. The phase development and various physical properties were investigated as a function of milling time using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, simultaneous thermal analysis, particle size analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that formation of merwinite in annealed powders was enhanced by increasing the milling time. Nanocrystalline merwinite powder with an average crystallite size of about 36 nm was obtained after 30 hours of ball milling and subsequent annealing in 900 °C for 1 hour.
Materials research and non-destructive testing using neutron tomography methods
Authors: Lehmann Eberhard H. , Kaestner Anders , Grünzweig Christian , Mannes Dadid , Vontobel Peter , Peetermans Steven 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This paper describes the modern tool of neutron tomography as an alternative and complement to the more common X-ray options and its potential for applications in materials research and engineering. Based on our own practical experiences, the challenges, success and limitations of neutron tomography are sketched and the potential for further improvements and methodical extensions is described. Using the performance at dedicated neutron imaging beam lines, there are many new aspects which only can be made available with neutron methods such as energy-selective imaging near Bragg edges, imaging with polarized neutrons and even imaging in the resonance region. Therefore, it is of high importance to get more and easier access to suitable beam ports at advanced neutron sources to make methodical progress and to attract more scientific and industrial users.
Retrospective evaluation of canine and feline maxillomandibular trauma cases
Authors: Mulherin B. L. , Soukup J. W. , Hetzel S. , Snyder C. J. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryObjectives: To determine relationships between seasonality and lunar cycle and the frequency of maxillomandibular (MM) and non-maxillomandibular (non-MM) injury in canine and feline trauma patients.Methods: A medical records database was searched to identify all MM trauma patients (n = 67) and a random sample of non-MM trauma patients (n = 129) according to search criteria. Season of injury, moon phase, and moon luminosity were calculated for the date of injury.Results: Maxillomandibular injury occurred predominately in the spring and decreased through winter while non-MM injury occurred more frequently in the summer and fall. The difference in the frequency of MM and non-MM injuries during different seasons was not significant (p = 0.071). When comparing the amount of moon illuminated when injuries occurred during the quarters before or after the full moon, a difference (p = 0.007) was noted with a greater number of injuries occurring immediately following the full moon.Clinical significance: These results may guide clinicians to closely evaluate trauma patients that are presented on emergency during a particular season or lunar phase. Based on the season at the time of injury, close evaluation for MM versus non-MM trauma may be appropriate.