bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROMOTING OIL SPILL PREPAREDNESS IN EGYPT: JOINT GOVERNMENT/INDUSTRY EXERCISE
Authors: Schroeder Art J. , Omar Magdi , DeHart Robert E. , Fawzi Mohamed A. , Stirk Ian 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In October 1996, Mobil, Amoco, and Amoco's Egyptian joint venture partner, Gupco (Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company), conducted a tier III oil spill exercise with key government authorities, including the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) and the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC). This joint exercise represented a significant step forward in promoting global government and industry cooperation in preparedness and response to major oil spills. The exercise involved high-level decision makers from key Egyptian government agencies charged with responding to oil spills. Other participants were local, regional, and international tier II and III consultants and contractors, including responders from Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) in Southampton, England. During the exercise, onshore response equipment was deployed, and civil aviation, customs, and immigration issues related to air transport of equipment and mobilization of personnel to Egypt were tested. Technical resources from the Integrated Simulators Complex in Alexandria, Egypt, were used by the response team in developing strategies to deal with the oil spill scenario. Professional media personnel were used to test issues pertaining to government and public affairs. This exercise, which was observed by the Egyptian Red Sea governor and the U.S. ambassador, demonstrates that Egyptian authorities are working to become a “center of excellence” in oil spill preparedness for the Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean, and North African region.
WHICH PLAN SHOULD I USE? AN INTEGRATION OF PIPELINE RESPONSE PLANS
Authors: Cramer Martin A. , Kalas Ronald J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Because of a number of different federal and state regulations in the United States, the pipeline industry is required to maintain multiple emergency response plans. This often creates confusion about which plan to use when responding to a spill or other emergency. To alleviate this problem, BP Oil Pipeline Company worked with ENSR to integrate the various emergency planning requirements into a single response plan. This approach simplifies the response process, ensures consistency when responding, eliminates duplication, reduces training requirements, improves plan comprehension, and dramatically reduces the effort required to maintain and update the plan.
Largely based on the U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT's) pipeline oil spill planning standards in 49 CFR 194, the plan also incorporates DOT's applicable pipeline emergency planning requirements of 49 CFR 195, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Organization's (OSHA's) general hazardous material spill planning requirements in 29 CFR 1910.120 (1), and the U.S. Coast Guard's facility oil spill planning requirements in 33 CFR 154.
Other integrated pipeline plans prepared by ENSR have also incorporated DOT's emergency planning requirements for gas pipelines in 49 CFR 192 and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) hazardous waste and oil spill planning requirements in 40 CFR 265 and 112.20. Many of the individual requirements are similar, thereby facilitating the development of a single plan.
This paper examines the development of the BP plan, discusses the similarities and differences between various regulations, and provides a general outline for use in preparing an integrated pipeline response plan. A similar approach can be followed when developing integrated contingency plans in response to multiple requirements mandated by other countries, regions, international conventions, or the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
APPLICATION OF RECENT TECHNICAL ADVANCES TO THE DECISION PROCESS FOR SHORELINE TREATMENT
Authors: Owens Edward H. , Sergy Gary A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the past 5 years a number of significant advances have been made in our understanding of the fate and behavior of oil on shorelines. The significance and applicability of these scientific and technical advances do not always filter into, or are recognized by, response and operations management. The key to making this information useful is to identify how this technical knowledge or understanding can be applied practically within the management of a response. The objective of this discussion is to highlight those applications. The topics discussed are (1) oil on coarse sediment beaches; (2) the natural cleaning of oil in the absence of wave energy by fine particle interactions (OFI); (3) the efficiency of some cleanup techniques; (4) the effects of cleanup or treatment on natural recovery and the application of net environmental benefit (NEB) analyses; (5) the use of standard procedures (SCAT) to systematically document oil on the shoreline and the adoption of accepted terms and definitions to describe stranded oil, and of accepted objective and strategy statements in spill management; (6) the concept of minimum regret as applied to spill movement projections; (7) the new generation of shoreline response guides and manuals that have been produced; and (8) the recent generation of computer support systems that can provide technical support to managers.
SPILL PREVENTION AT INLAND MARINAS: A SHASTA LAKE, CALIFORNIA, CASE STUDY
Authors: Rogow Michelle , Sellwood Scott 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since the enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), there has been a greater focus on spill prevention and response preparedness at large marine transfer facilities. Little attention, however, has been paid to facilities that fall short of 42,000 gallons. Many of these smaller facilities, which are located on the nation's inland waterways, are marinas that fuel recreational boats. Spill prevention at facilities on inland waterways is complicated by factors such as location, hydrologic conditions, regulation under multiple jurisdictions, and lack of available technology. This paper discusses the various types of petroleum product storage, transfer, and delivery systems, as well as spill prevention measures employed by marinas on Shasta Lake, California.
Shasta Lake is a mecca of recreational boating, having almost a dozen marinas along its shores. Like many inland waterways, Shasta Lake is affected by precipitation and dam control, which drastically change the surface area of the lake. To stay afloat and operational, marinas, including their fuel transfer capabilities, must be mobile. This presents complex technical and environmental issues for the marinas, which use different combinations of equipment for storing and transferring fuel.
Storage systems include fixed or mobile, aboveground or underground storage tanks and floating fuel systems. The piping used to deliver fuel to dispensers located on the marina dock is usually a combination of rigid and flexible lines. Each system is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, with every facility varying in compliance levels. By evaluating the precarious situations and spill events at Shasta Lake and other marinas, we can better assist in compliance efforts and more effectively protect our nation's waterways from oil spills.
ORIMULSION®: RESEARCH AND TESTING AND OPEN WATER CONTAINMENT AND RECOVERY TRIALS
Authors: Deis Donald R. , Tavel Nelson Garcia , Villoria Carlos , Ortega Germán Febres , Masciangioli Panfilo , Jones Mark A. , Lee Gregory R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Orimulsion is a bitumen-water mixture (approximately 70% bitumen and 30% water, with 0.2% surfactant) produced in Venezuela and sold internationally as a fuel to fire power plants. The permitting process for the introduction of this fuel into the international energy market has required extensive research and testing on its chemical composition, physical properties, behavior in water, environmental toxicity, and containment and recovery after a spill.
Both components (water and bitumen) initially disperse in water. The volatile compounds, which are relatively low in concentration, are contained mostly in the water component. The bitumen is relatively inert. The density of the bitumen tends to cause it to sink in fresh water and rise in saltwater. In addition, seawater causes the emulsifier to destabilize from the bitumen. The result is that, at sea, in calm conditions with sufficient concentration, the bitumen will tend to coalesce and rise to the surface.
Bitor and potential users of Orimulsion have been developing response strategies and tools for responding to Orimulsion spills. Recent field testing has shown that a spill of Orimulsion can be cleaned up using currently available response equipment in response strategies developed uniquely for Orimulsion. The tests have shown that, once contained, bitumen can be recovered from an Orimulsion spill very effectively (80% to 90% recovery).
SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY AND OPA 90 MANAGEMENT TRAINING FOR OIL SPILL CRISES
Authors: Barry David C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the application of computer simulation technology to the discipline of oil spill response management. Since June 1993, the Center for Marine Environmental Protection and Safety has operated a simulation facility for oil spill management training and exercises. The training programs include programs tailored to meet the training requirements and demands of maritime industry qualified individuals and spill management team members.
This paper discusses the center's application of oil spill simulation to industry OPA 90 training programs, and to the conduct of exercises under the OPA 90 Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP). The requirements needed to support simulation exercises and the limitations and benefits of oil spill management simulation are reviewed.
SYSTEM SIMULATION: A RISK MANAGEMENT TOOL FOR PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND1
Authors: Harrald John R. , Mazzuchi Thomas A. , Merrick Jason , Spahn John , Van Dorp Rene 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Prince William Sound (PWS) risk assessment was a joint project of Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), and the George Washington University (GWU). The technique of system simulation developed by GWU was one of three risk analysis methodologies used in the PWS risk assessment. The system simulation methodology is based on the premises that risk is a dynamic property of a system, and that the judgment of experts who have a deep understanding of the system can be used to compensate for incomplete data. The system simulation was used to assess the baseline or current risk in the PWS oil transportation system and to evaluate the effectiveness of potential risk reduction measures. The PWS risk assessment found that current system safeguards effectively address significant system risks, but are not optimal. The dynamic interactions modeled in the simulation demonstrate that actions that reduce risk in one part of the system often increase risk in other parts. The ability to identify and to evaluate these risk tradeoffs is an essential element of risk management. The PWS risk assessment identified specific interventions that could increase the level of safety of oil transportation in Prince William Sound.
MULTI-PLAN-HOLDER EXERCISES: A COST-EFFECTIVE PREPAREDNESS APPROACH
Authors: Ducey Donald L. , Pond Robert G. , Walker Ann Hayward 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Facilities, vessels, and pipelines regulated under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), whether owned by a major international corporation or a small local company, face organizational and technical difficulties in their efforts to comply with the Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP). Response exercises are but one priority competing for the plan holder's time, personnel, and budget dollars. Operators typically lack the in-house expertise and staff to design and conduct effective exercises or to budget dollars to contract for outside support. These problems could adversely affect the plan holders and impact their ability to work within a unified command during a spill.
This paper discusses the obstacles to maintaining an adequate level of preparedness through traditional exercises and describes a cost-effective, innovative approach to exercises. By working with other plan holders in the area to conduct a combination workshop and exercise for each participating company, each operator can reduce costs, improve the value of exercises, and exercise facility plans in a unique and highly focused manner. The paper discusses the key issues of designing scenarios for each plan holder in a multi-plan-holder exercise while maintaining the focus of the workshop, the value to the predesignated on-scene coordinator, and the synergistic effects of plan holders learning from one another.
NATURAL RECOVERY: A PRACTICAL NATURAL RESOURCE RESTORATION OPTION FOLLOWING OIL SPILLS
Authors: Jahn Andrew E. , Robilliard Gordon A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper evaluates the role of natural recovery in the restoration of populations, communities, and ecosystems following natural and anthropogenic disturbances, especially oil spills. Under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, options for the restoration of natural resources and services injured by oil spills range from natural recovery to aggressive methods requiring human intervention. Natural recovery is defined herein as the return of natural resources to a dynamic baseline with no active human intervention. Populations, communities, and ecosystems are a product of biological responses to a wide variety of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. In an oil spill, biological communities will generally recover naturally to baseline conditions about as quickly and effectively as they will with active human interventions, and at a lower cost and lower commitment of people, equipment, and materials. Therefore, natural recovery should be considered a primary restoration alternative for each oil spill incident. Natural recovery should also be the standard or benchmark restoration alternative against which all active restoration alternatives are compared for cost-effectiveness and probable success in restoring natural resources and services. We conclude that natural recovery is a cost-effective, efficient process that, in most oil spills, restores natural resources to baseline about as quickly as would the most aggressive active restoration alternative.
INTERNATIONAL COMMONALITY IN RESPONSE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Weller Mark F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Sea Empress spill in February 1996, in Wales, required an extensive response management organization that exceeded any in recent history in the United Kingdom. The government agencies, along with other responders, created solutions to the problem of providing management coordination across all phases of the response.
Texaco participated in the Sea Empress response, and the response management lessons learned are compared in this paper with those learned in the San Jacinto River oil spill in Texas in October 1994, in which Texaco also participated. The commonalities are highlighted as a basis for establishing a coordinated response management philosophy. The key to success at both spills was the recognition by all involved that response management is a philosophy and not a prescribed organizational structure.
BRIDGING THE GAP FOR EFFECTIVE DISPERSANT DECISIONS THROUGH RISK COMMUNICATION
Authors: Kucklick Janet H. , Walker Ann Hayward , Pond Robert G. , Bostrom Ann , Fischbeck Paul , Aurand Don 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Dispersant use has been the focus of many research studies over the last two decades. However, traditional research and communication efforts have been unable to successfully resolve decision-making concerns on the ecological effects and effectiveness of dispersant use. This paper describes an innovative project to address these concerns through the use of a theoretically based and empirically tested approach to effective risk communication development and evaluation. The study is founded on the premise that people's basic frames of reference, their previous knowledge on the subject, their set of values, and the format and structure of the new information will all contribute to their interpretation of the information. Only by taking these “mental models” into account can risk communication effectively supply people with the information they need to make informed, independent judgments.
Using one-on-one interviews and written questionnaires, the individual perspectives of federal, state, and regional regulators and environmental and marine user groups were elicited relative to dispersant use and its risk. Their mental models were then compared to an expert decision model to identify topics to be addressed in issue papers.
CLEVECO UNDERWATER OIL RECOVERY: REMOVING A 50-YEAR-OLD THREAT1
Authors: Davin Commander John J. , Witte John A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the late summer of 1995, the U.S. Coast Guard supervised the successful removal of over 340,000 gallons of no. 6 oil from the sunken wreck of the tank barge Cleveco on the bottom of Lake Erie near Cleveland, Ohio. Many challenges were faced in trying to determine the amount of oil in a barge that had sunk 50 years before and was lying upside down and nearly completely buried in 70 feet of water. The salvage contractor and the U.S. Coast Guard overcame many technical problems in developing an effective and low-risk method of oil removal. The solution included the use of a hot-tap drill and phased pumping system to maximize the amount of oil recovered. The underwater operation required many divers and a total force of 55 personnel working together for the 33-day duration. This was the largest operation of its kind in the Great Lakes and offers valuable lessons to others who may encounter similar situations.
THE ROCKEFELLER REFUGE OIL SPILL: A TEAM APPROACH TO INCIDENT RESPONSE
Authors: Hess Thomas J. , Byron LCDR Ilene , Finley Heather Warner , Henry Charles B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Rockefeller Refuge staff identified a potential petroleum pipeline leak on the evening of March 13, 1995. Approximately 40 barrels of condensate oil (API Gravity 40-42) and minimal produced water leaked from the pipeline, affecting 50 acres of brackish marsh. It soon became evident that vehicular traffic, human ingress, and mechanical cleanup procedures were negatively impacting the marsh. Refuge personnel made a verbal request to the United States Coast Guard to apply an in-situ burn to the spill-affected area. A tremendous cooperative effort between industry, state, and federal agencies ensued on March 17, 1995, to develop and implement a written burn plan. Regional Response Team VI approved the burn plan at 2:30 P.M., and the burn was applied to the area at 3:00 P.M. By 5:30 P.M. the in-situ burn had removed condensate oil from approximately 20 acres of spill-affected marsh.
OIL-SPECIFIC PROPERTIES SUMMARY SHEETS FOR SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Gala William R. , Rausina Gary A. , Ammann Michael J. , Harvey Elizabeth A. , O'Brien Patrick Y. , Suzuki John P. , Young Lyman A. , Newman John , Singer Michael M. , Tjeerdema Ronald S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Chevron has developed oil-specific properties summary sheets for major crude and high-volume oil products to improve our ability to provide timely and accurate information for decision-making processes in the initial stages of a spill and to help address questions posed by trustees and the public. Each summary sheet is composed of five modules that denote (1) the oil's physical and chemical properties; (2) the oil's environmental fate; (3) spill countermeasures; (4) public health and ecotoxicology data; and (5) appropriate analytical methods. Identified information gaps (Le., aquatic toxicity, WAF chemistry, etc.) are being addressed in Chevron-funded research at the University of California—Santa Cruz
FEDERAL SPILL PREVENTION PROGRAMS: COULD A “ONE PLAN” APPROACH WORK?
Authors: Lively-Diebold Bobbie , DeMarco Gregory , Gilder David , Fried Juliet 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Much attention has recently been focused on the Integrated Contingency Plan (ICP) Guidance, which is designed to promote more effective and consistent emergency response planning at facilities. This poster will explore the possibility of expanding that concept to the realm of oil spill prevention by promoting increased coordination among the various programs that address technical and operational measures aimed at preventing spills associated with the handling, storage, and transport of oil. For operations subject to multiple federal regulations, the potential for consolidation and resulting efficiencies may exist. Improved coordination among prevention programs is likely to reduce the overall risk of systemwide oil spills as well as duplicative and conflicting requirements. Lessons learned from efforts to coordinate on the response side of the equation can be applied to the prevention side to facilitate such coordination.
BIODEGRADATION OF JET FUEL A1 RECOVERED FROM POLLUTED SOIL
Authors: Bergueiro José-R. , Amengual Simón , Moyá Paloma , Morales Nuria , Dominguez Félix 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this work is to study the biodegradation of Jet Fuel A1 (Jet Al). The samples were recovered from a polluted ground. The first step was to characterize all remaining compounds by gas chromatography/flame ionized detection (GC/FID). The lineal hydrocarbons detected were split from nonane to tetradecane. The branched hydrocarbons found were mono-, di- and trimethyl alkanes. Degradation of Jet A1 was carried out by the local ground microorganisms and also in the laboratory by using a trade product called Putidoil. Several degradation accelerators were employed. In most samples, degradation levels were up to 90%.
MEDIA RELATIONS IN THE OIL FIELDS
Authors: Wilkerson Bob , Shelton Tony , Caudle Allen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Developing and implementing an integrated field media relations strategy during an oil spill is critical to the success of an overall response effort. A company's crisis media relations plan should address all of the issues associated with communicating with the media during an oil spill incident. The plan should place particular emphasis on how one will coordinate the media strategy with one's field, the regional and corporate staff, and the public information officers from all of the involved regulatory agencies. If the effort is coordinated, everyone can respond quickly with the facts that the media want to know and speak with one voice.
STUDY ON THE BIODEGRADATION OF OIL SPILLED ON THE SEA
Authors: Jianqiang Zhao , Junhuang Zhu 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Three major factors affecting the biodegradation of spilled oil (chemical composition of spilled oil, dissolved oxygen content in water, and nutrient elements for microorganisms) were analysed. The sequences of biodegradation rates of some hydrocarbon compounds are summarized. The oxygen demand for biodegradation of 1 g of hydrocarbons was derived as 3 to 4 g. The maximum ratio of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) that microorganisms need was suggested as C:N:P = 100:7:0.14.