bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Era for Quality Emiratization of Front-Line Workforce Utilizing Process Training Pilot Plants
Authors: Al-Jarwan Ali , Omar Samir 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
ADMA-OPCO as a part of Corporate Social Responsibility initiated this project to support the country's vision for Emiratization with competent workforce. This project develops competent Fresh Operators & Technicians (O&T's) to accelerate the quality emiratization process and to meet the major business challenges ahead.

Methods, Procedures, Process
ADMA-OPCO constructed 4 Process Training Pilot Plants (PTPP's) at ADNOC Technical Institute (ATI) to provide safe environment allowing O&T's to carry out their routine activities on fully functional plants safely.
These plants cover the following: Wellhead plant including multi-phase flow meter for well testing and pig launcherOil and Gas separation, desalting and crude stabilization plantGas sweetening unitGas Glycol Dehydration Unit
The above plants are equipped with control room / Distributing Control System (DCS) operations with defined specific On-Job-Training (OJT) tasks for all trades viz Mechanical, Control, Electrical and Operators.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
ADMA-OPCO introduces this unique project as An additional opportunity and new methodology to develop ADNOC / OPCO'S O&T's with high competency in optimized development durationAn evidence of partnership empowerment between ADMA-OPCO as end user and ATI as vocational training providersTo meet the business demands like high skillset and the manpower required to work with the new projects facilities in all OPCO'sThis Innovative solution will improve the skills of the front-line workforce through the enhanced development syllabus of the vocational education and focusing on the hands-on-skills of the graduates prior joining their employers
Following the successful commissioning in February 2015; ADMA-OPCO during the 1st year of utilization has achieved the following: Developed 70 competent technician's in an optimized durationCarried out 40 female engineers plant induction without sending them to the offshore platforms14 electrical technicians completed two OJTs advanced troubleshooting course.Completed the summer internship of UAE's universities students

Novel/Additive Information
The O&T's are benefited to carry out the routine activities similar to the actual plants safely and effectively.
It is the 1st time across Middle East and perhaps the world too: Build PTPPs for gas sweetening and glycol dehydration operations.Built such plants at vocational training institute
Configurations of the plants are much higher than similar plants installed across the world including; USA, Russia, Syria, Algeria & Nigeria.
Management of Employee Exposures to Benzene
Authors: Patil Ajit A. , Maududy Muhammad 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Benzene is a confirmed human carcinogen and employee exposure is a global problem. Since benzene is carcinogenic, there is no safe limit for exposure and all practical means must be tried to limit the employee exposures to lowest possible level. This paper describes the quantitative techniques used and engineering solution based approach adopted to tackle a specific benzene exposure scenario.
Complaints of VOC (containing Benzene) smell were repeatedly reported from a specific work area near the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) through company's online system designed for reporting and tracking of any unsafe conditions/act or incident.
Initial area surveys and investigations identified presence of slop oil in ETP plant's equalization tank as the source of nuisance.
Spot monitoring was conducted to quantify area benzene levels, using a portable monitor. Area TWA and personal monitoring was also performed to assess employee exposures. Area TWA and Personal monitoring involved active sampling using portable pumps and solid adsorbent tubes followed by Gas Chromatographic (GC) analysis. Slop oil analysis was done for identifying VOC constituents and their relative proportions.
Monitoring results indicated presence of benzene near a specific building area depending upon the wind direction. It also confirmed that overall employee benzene exposure levels were much lower than the Occupational Exposure Limit.
To improve the conditions for building inmates, a HVAC management protocol was developed as an immediate protective measure, defining specific actions based on spot monitoring results and wind direction.
Affected building required permanent protection through additional engineering controls. A project is developed to modify and upgrade existing HVAC system of the building incorporating VOC filtration system with detectors for automatic HVAC controls. Slop oil analysis data on VOC constituents was used to calculate expected VOC load for this design and for VOC filter material selection.
Premature failure of off Gas line due to top of the line Corrosion(TLC)
Authors: Shagar Nabil 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Top of Line Corrosion (TLC) was attributed to water condensation in wet acid gas lines. Operating below the dew point allows water condensation followed by acidic corrosion after short run in operations. The effect of gas composition, operating regimes, temperature, pressure, pH and thermal insulation have been studied and concluded. Hence, the paper is an illustration of an actual TLC in wet gas line indicating how line corrosion was detected, metallurgical investigation, repair procedure and the recommendations to avoid recurrence of such corrosion in future.
Centrifugal Compressor Design for Safe Operation in Acid Gas Environment
Authors: Cappuccini Filippo , Fontana Michele , Giannozzi Massimo , Baldassarre Leonardo , Romanelli Marco , Toci Emiliano 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Equipment dealing with extremely sour or acid gas presents significant challenges from safety and reliability standpoint. Process gas containment under any possible operation scenario has to be granted in order to prevent serious hazard to people and environment. Extremely aggressive gas associated with corrosion and stress corrosion cracking phenomenon requires special focus on reliability and robustness of design to assure machinery integrity and gas containment over the entire life of the equipment.
Specific design features of acid gas compressors are discussed in the present work, with reference to existing projects and solutions implemented in OEM installed fleet:
– Material selection of rotor and stator components based on operating conditions, gas composition (including contaminants such as chlorides and mercury) and site environment. Base materials and protective coatings for severe sour and acid gas applications are presented, with reference to recent applications. – Design of rotating components for extended and reliable operation, preventing mechanical failure modes and the associated risk of process gas leak: peak stress limitation, removal of key fitting, shrinkage optimization. – Design of interfaces between compressor casing and head flanges, as critical point for compressor sealing: gasket selection and system design to prevent gas leakage to ambient even in case of failure. Specific focus is put on the interface layout and surface coating. – Design of dry gas seals and seal gas system: specific solutions in terms of layout, design characteristics and material selection, adopted to increase safety and reliability of DGS dealing with acid seal gas. Backup features and control actions used to mitigate possible failure scenarios are presented as well.
Selection of Best in Class Corrosion Inhibitors for the ADMA-OPCO Zakum Oil System Through Extensive Laboratory Evaluation
Authors: McNaughtan D. , Mothershaw R. , Binthabet H. A. , Al Sayed T. , Al Marzooqi M. , Eid A. F. , Hussein K. , Abou Chaker A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
ADMA-OPCO requested that an independent third party laboratory evaluation be conducted on a number of corrosion inhibitors to select the best in class for the protection of the Zakum Oil system, Umm Shaif Oil system, and Gas & Condensate system. The performance tests on the inhibitors were carried out in a 4 Phase approach, ranging from acceptance testing covering a range of physical and thermal stability scenarios through to high pressure and high temperature autoclave tests to determine inhibition performance under both CO2 and H2S environments. This approach was critical due to the ageing of facilities which required further assurance in terms of corrosion inhibition.
Throughout the laboratory Phases key performance milestones were established and ranked to allow successful candidate chemicals to move to the next Phase of the testing. From an original seven potential candidate chemicals only four proceeded to the completion of the project. This paper aims to describe the methods employed and criteria established for screening corrosion inhibitors to ensure only the best in class are utilised for future field applications. The discussion will focus not only on the specific methods and results, but also the reasoning behind the methods employed and how these aided in ensuring the most technically effective corrosion inhibitors were identified for the application requirements.
The Normalisation of Deviance in the Oil and Gas Industry: The Role of Rig Leadership in Success and Failure
Authors: Hase Stewart , Phin Simon 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The normalization of deviance is a major organizational cultural issue that is modeled and enabled by poor leadership and filters down through the organization with disastrous consequences for safety and operations. Culture has been shown to create the circumstances that result in safety problems ranging from near misses to major catastrophe due to failures in operations integrity, specifically process safety. The organizational culture is also responsible for the level of productivity, of effectiveness and efficiency. The major factor in operations integrity and in productivity is employee engagement. In turn, a transformational leadership style has been shown to be the most effective approach in developing an engaged workforce and a positive work culture, including in oil and gas installations. This paper discusses these issues and, in particular, the role of leaders in developing a safe and productive work environment in drilling operations. Finally, it provides a solution to the question of how to develop effective leaders that involves: talent recognition; effective recruitment; effective performance management; and training and coaching interventions across all three of these areas.
A New Approach to NGL Recovery From Off-Gases
Authors: Currence Kevin L. , Rapavi David M. , Clifford Michael J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Off-gas from refining and petrochemical facilities often contains significant quantities of valuable natural gas liquids (NGL) and olefins. The composition and pressure of these off-gas streams is commonly much different than conventional natural gases and presents unique challenges.
While many gas processing technologies exist, most were developed for high-pressure natural gas applications. High hydrogen content often found in off-gases can reduce the effectiveness of these traditional processes. Further, certain trace components can require other considerations that are not common in natural gas processing facilities. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) that are often contained in off-gas streams can solidify and accumulate within the cryogenic plant. NOx, especially nitrogen trioxide (N2O3), are considered hazardous; limiting the minimum operating temperature of the plant can reduce the risk of accumulation. For conventional technologies, this temperature limitation can significantly reduce the recovery of valuable NGL.
Single mixed refrigerant (SMR) processes have been used for liquefied natural gas (LNG) liquefaction in numerous facilities dating back to the 1970s. A new process configuration was recently developed for an off-gas processing plant that incorporates an SMR system. The patent-pending process provides several advantages for NGL recovery from refinery or petrochemical off-gas compared to conventional processes, including the flexibility to accommodate a wide range of feed gas compositions and fluctuations in feed rate that are common in off-gas applications.
In addition to a detailed description of the process configuration, this paper presents the features of the SMR-based process and compares its performance to conventional technologies for off-gas processing. A case study is provided that illustrates the advantages of SMR over conventional processes.
Phenols Removal From Refinery Wastewater By Advanced Oxidation Process (AOPs): From Laboratory Scale To Industrial One
Authors: Saracino I. , Tina W. , Sporchia G. , Andreozzi R. , Liati A. , De Maria S. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Adavanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) represent a group of promising technologies for the degradation of Refractory Chemical Pollutants as, for example, Chlorophenols (CPs) compounds of a special interest because of their high toxicity and low biodegradability. The aim of this paper is the application of AOPs treatments on a real case study consisting in the design of an Industrial-scale refinery effluent treatment & recovery plant. The water portion generated which was not recycled, had to be discharged into the sea with very strict limits (i.e. phenol concentration &lt; 1 ppb).
For this purpose, two different AOPs treatments were investigated on a lab scale: the combination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with a liquid catalyst and the adoption of H2O2 in combination with UV light. In particular, the degradation kinetics of both the treatments investigated was evaluated at different concentrations of both liquid catalyst and hydrogen peroxide.
The results showed that the system resulting from the combination of H2O2 with a liquid catalyst into a specific H2O2/catalyst range allowed a higher phenol degradation kinetics than the treatment based on hydrogen peroxides coupled with UV light. Once the AOP treatment was optimized on a laboratory scale, the design for its adoption on an industrial scale was conducted and the system was integrated as a tertiary treatment in a wastewater system including Coalescent Plate Interceptors (CPI) and Flotation as Deoiling treatment and a Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Oxidation system as a biological treatment.
The Innovative Application of Formation Sampling and Pressure Testing While Drilling a Heterogeneous, Jurassic Carbonate Reservoir with Mixed Water Salinity, for the first time, Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Serry A. M. , Kaouche S. , AbouJmeih H. , Smith S. , Elarouci F. , Khairy H. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The objective of this paper is focused on presenting and highlighting the results of the first successful reservoir fluid characterization and sampling attempt in offshore Abu Dhabi and the added values to the assets operating in the highly heterogeneous Jurassic carbonate reservoirs with unknown formation water salinity values.
The original formation water has a unique high salinity that got mixed overtime with the fresher injection water, so that the open hole log interpretation using Archie water saturation model becomes highly uncertain. Exaggerated oil saturations could be computed within the water zones around the oil-water contact. In addition to measuring the fluid mobility, the formation testers are being run to confirm the fluid type present in the reservoir by using pressure gradient plot or by fluid identification and sampling stations. The increasing cost and rig time optimization demands inspired the team to utilize the emerging formation sampling and testing while drilling at the first time in offshore Abu Dhabi to replace the conventional wireline/ drill pipe conveyed formation testers. This application proved to be an added value to gather the required reservoir data in a mature challenging field reducing the operational time, cost and associated risks.
A water injection well is drilled across a highly heterogeneous, Jurassic carbonate reservoir offshore Abu Dhabi. A deviated pilot hole was drilled for formation evaluation and reservoir fluid assessment, and the plan was to continue with a horizontal drain into one of the sub-reservoirs (swept area) if confirmed water bearing. The logging while drilling formation sampling and pressure testing tool was run combined with the conventional open hole logs to minimize the formation exposure time, real time down-hole fluid analysis started very shortly after drilling to the bottom of the target reservoir, based on the rush open hole log interpretation. Different sensors, with different physics (namely; fluid viscosity, density, sound speed, optical refractive index, temperature, fluid mobility and compressibility) were used to characterize the fluid during the pump-out stations. Due to the minimized mud filtrate invasion effects, this operational sequence allowed the gathering of conclusive formation fluid samples with less pumping time and volume. This paper shows the operational planning, design and execution outlines, discusses the benefits of acquiring clean formation samples right after drilling compared to those acquired with the conventional conveyance techniques, and indicates the drawbacks and the limitations of this technology together with any window of improvement.
Energy Efficiency Methodologies and Innovative Applications in the Upstream Sector
Authors: Faraoni G. , Lupica D. S. , Zapelloni M. , Accanito C. , Michetti V. , De Ghetto G. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This paper looks at the Eni energy efficiency program (EEP) for operational and design optimization of the oil ' gas plants.
The Oil ' Gas sector is a significant energy consumer and CO2 emitter and the potential for energy saving can allow this sector to play a major role in achieving the Climate Change policy objectives.
This paper reports on the work undertaken internally by the Company and focuses on the methodology adopted, the main results achieved in the last years and the potential Energy Efficiency (EE) improvements in future years.
Maximization of energy efficiency plant can be achieved by adopting on a regular basis the most important energy efficiency principles and best practices for operation and engineering design. Moreover, considering that a "better performance" starts with a "better design" suitable to mantain energy efficiency in differing conditions across the fields lifecycle, the rules adopted in the earliest phases of the design are basic and can play a very important role to further improve the future EE and operational performance.
The paper includes a qualitative analysis of the more promising and innovative solutions to improve energy efficiency of these oil ' gas facilities.
Hydrocarbon Potential of Early Syn-Rift Plays in the Flank of Continental Rift Basin: A Case Study in the Eastern Edge of Cuu Long Basin, Offshore Vietnam
Authors: Tran Huy N. , Hoang Dang N. , Tran Xuan V. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Structural syn-rift reservoirs in faulted margins of continental rift basins are usually disregarded in exploration consideration due to concerns of absence of reliable top seal and diagenetic alterations that significantly reduce reservoir rocks’ porosity/permeability. Not an exception to this trend, Early Oligocene reservoirs in the eastern margin of Cuu Long Basin, offshore Vietnam were overlooked in the past since they were interpreted as small and scattered structures without top seals. This paper presents the re-evaluation of hydrocarbon potential of the early syn-rift plays in the flank of continental rift basins based on a case study in the eastern edge of Cuu Long Basin in light of the new seismic data as well as drilling results.
Recent exploration results in the eastern edge of Cuu Long Basin differ from past assessment regarding early syn-rift reservoirs of the area. Re-processed and new seismic data supported by latest well data put top of granitic basement at a deeper depth than previously interpreted. As a result, syn-rift reservoirs which were small and insignificant have become large scale and two- or three-way faulted structures. Key reservoirs discovered is the basal sandstones which deposited right on top and shared a similar topography with the underlying Pre-Cenozoic granitic basement, mainly composed of near source sediment, mostly granitic fragments. These basal sandstones’ porosity and permeability have been preserved better than shallower reservoirs thanks to the unaltered Feldspars in granitic fragments. Analyses of new wells data also indicate the existence of thick and extensively distributed organic-rich shale formations on top of the basal sandstones. These black shale layers not only act as top seals to hydrocarbon migration for underneath reservoirs but also play the role of a "stress shield" that absorbs and dissipates vertical compaction and helps preserve porosity and/or permeability.
The results of this study coupled with important drilling discoveries have confirmed the hydrocarbon potential in the eastern edge of Cuu Long Basin. This leads to a revived petroleum exploration and development activities in this area where early syn-rift prospects have been overlooked. Furthermore, these findings, applicable to the eastern edge of Cuu Long Basin, can be used as principal guidance for hydrocarbon evaluation and exploration strategy in similar syn-rift basins.
Integrated Evaluation Approach and Implications of High Permeability Streaks in Giant Carbonate OilField
Authors: Adeoye O. M. , Gerges N. , Bin Ujal N. N. , Noordin F. B. , El Din S. S , Ismail A. M. , Mbonu E. , Al Shehhi S. A. , Salem D. J. , Fawzy A. M. , El Maghraby M. , Al Menhali H. T. , Al Marzouqi A. , Jasser M. H. , Yaslam M. M 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This paper covers a super giant carbonate oilfield in the Middle East that has enjoyed pressure support and voidage maintenance, primarily with peripheral water injection and pattern development in some reservoir units over the last decades. However, premature and non-uniform water front advancement has been a great challenge, resulting in early and uncontrolled water breakthrough with some wells becoming inactive due to increasing watercut. This challenge is mostly attributed to reservoir heterogeneity and particularly to the presence of un-mapped high permeability streaks (greater than 1Darcy) in the carbonate reservoir, usually resulting in by-passed oil and high value of Remaning Oil Saturation with poorer sweep efficiency. As a result, aiming to reach the desired ultimate recovery factor has become a challenge.
A multidisciplinary approach involving the integration of various datasets, including geology (core facies and core description), geophysics (seismic stratigraphy), petrophysics (open hole logs, cased hole saturation time-lapse logs, and cased hole production logs), reservoir and production engineering (actual wells performance), and drilling data (mud losses, pilot hole) etc, were used to identify the high permeability streaks aerially and vertically within the reservoir. These high permeability streaks were then tested in the 3D dynamic model with various sensitivities to assess the impact on the reservoir performance in order to improve the match with the actual performance.
The preliminary results were further validated by acquiring more data and gaining deeper understanding from Pulse Neutron logs, Injection and Production Logging, Flow tests, Pressure Transient Analysis etc.
In order to reactivate inactive wells, increase production performance, and improve the sweep efficiency, targeted water shut-off was carried out to isolate the watered out intervals. Injection and Production logging gave more insights to understanding injection conformance and reservoir performance with adequate measures taken to ensure optimal reservoir management. In addition, areas with by-passed oil were targeted with revised well completion, infill drilling and artificial lift strategies.
This paper describes the approach used, challenges encountered, results obtained, and the way forward.