bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower-limb injuries in sporting children
Authors: Giuseppe Longo Umile , Maffulli Nicola 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Chapter 47 gives an overview on sports-related injuries of the lower limb in children with emphasis on the management. Overall, injuries in children are uncommon, and although their incidence increases with age, most are self-limiting and have no long-term effects. Any sport can cause musculoskeletal injuries, and this chapter discusses how the specific pattern and location of injuries of each sport should be known by health professionals, as well as how training programmes and performance standards should take into account the biological age of the participants, and their physical and psychological immaturity, more than their chronological age. A deep knowledge of the different aspects of training, including duration, intensity, frequency, and recovery, are also discussed as being needed to avoid serious damage to the musculoskeletal system of athletic children.
Other Psychiatric Comorbidities in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Cath Danielle C. , Ludolph Andrea G. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter will examine in detail the phenomenology, comorbidity profile, and impact on outcome of all the major psychiatric comorbidities observed in Tourette syndrome (TS) patients in addition to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Symptoms of anxiety and depression are frequent in patients with TS and in their family members, but the relationship is complex and still incompletely defined. Whereas obsessive-compulsive symptoms, more than tics, may be associated with later development of anxiety and depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms in childhood and adolescence may influence the risk of tic persistence into adulthood. The role of environmental adversities also needs to be underscored as a contributing factor to comorbidity with anxiety and depression in this condition. Specific personality disorders are more common than others in TS, although this remains an underinvestigated aspect. There seem to be similarities between executive function problems typical of autistic spectrum disorders and those typical of TS, and this may in part be accounted for by the comorbidity profile in TS, with cognitive flexibility and planning more impaired in patients with comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and autistic traits and inhibition problems more often linked to comorbid ADHD. Likewise, the association with learning disabilities seems related to comorbidity with ADHD particularly. Finally, the impact of rage attacks in TS patients and their association with comorbidities will be discussed.
Perinatal Adversities and Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Hoekstra Pieter J. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter provides a literature review and critical commentary on epidemiological works evaluating the association between pregnancy-related and birth-related adversities in Tourette syndrome. Perinatal risk factors for the development of Tourette syndrome include older paternal age, severe maternal psychosocial stress during pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, more and earlier prenatal care visits, delivery complications, and low Apgar score at 5 minutes after birth. Risk factors for more severe tics include older paternal age, maternal psychosocial stress during pregnancy, maternal severe nausea and/or vomiting during the first trimester, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal medication use during pregnancy, low birth weight, and delivery complications. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight are risk factors for the presence of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in individuals with a tic disorder. Older paternal age; maternal use of coffee, cigarettes, or alcohol during pregnancy; and forceps deliveries are risk factors for the presence of comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in individuals with a tic disorder.
Electrophysiology in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Orth Michael 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Electrophysiological methods are noninvasive means to analyze qualitatively brain activation, and include electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials, evoked potentials, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and magnetoencephalography (MEG). This chapter summarizes their contribution to the understanding of the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome (TS). The TMS approach showed altered synaptic excitability and intracortical inhibition in these patients, with measures of motor cortical excitability associated with tic severity. At the same time, the reduced excitability of a measure of sensorimotor integration such as short-latency afferent inhibition suggests that sensory input has increased access to motor output in TS, consistent with a heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli. Motor cortex excitability measures also differed between TS patients and control subjects during the preparation of voluntary movements and the suppression of undesired movements. The latter is associated with more widespread cortical activity in TS (increased cortico-cortical coupling on EEG and MEG coherence analysis). Recent evidence also suggests abnormal plasticity mechanisms in TS, but new studies are necessary to confirm this. Finally, using repetitive TMS as a treatment for tics has overall been disappointing, although some recent small studies without a placebo control arm suggest some effects of motor cortex inhibitory protocols.
Pharmacological Treatment of Tics
Authors: Roessner Veit , Rothenberger Aribert 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
This chapter provides a literature review and a critical commentary of the available evidence on pharmacological treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome (TS). Because of the waxing and waning nature of tics, a meaningful appraisal of treatment efficacy in TS can be given in most cases only after a longer observation time. Environmental or situational factors have a modulating influence on tics, possibly biasing the appraisal of treatment efficacy. Many affected children, adolescents, and adults do not seek or require pharmacological treatment (tic severity: mild to moderate). Nonpharmacological and/or pharmacological interventions make sense for persons with subjective discomfort, social and/or emotional problems, functional interference, etc. The clinical experience is that pharmacotherapy induces faster and probably more prominent tic reduction than behavioral treatment options. The goal of pharmacological treatment is a reduction in tic symptoms. Antipsychotic drugs may produce the most reliable and fastest results, but they also pose the greatest risk of side effects. Risperidone can be considered a first-choice agent for treating tics; pimozide, tiapride, sulpiride, and aripiprazole are regarded as second-choice agents. Clonidine might be helpful mainly in case of TS plus attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. For high-quality evidence on pharmacological treatment in TS, future studies should include, for instance, longer observation periods, larger groups, a more standardized methodological approach, placebo controls, a double-blind design, etc.
Reflex Syncope
Authors: Thijs Roland D. , van Dijk J. Gert , Wieling Wouter 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Syncope is a transient, brief and self-limited loss of consciousness due to global cerebral hypoperfusion. This specific pathophysiology sets syncope apart from other conditions causing transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) including generalised epileptic seizures, functional TLOC (psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and psychogenic pseudosyncope, mimicking epileptic seizures and syncope respectively), and less common disorders causing TLOC. There are three groups of syncope causes: reflex syncope (synonymous with neurally mediated syncope), syncope due to orthostatic hypotension and cardiac syncope (arrhythmic or associated with structural cardiac disease). Reflex syncope is by far the most common form of TLOC, affecting up to 40% of the population. Important diagnostic clues include the circumstances of the attack (e.g. fear, pain, standing, cessation of exercise), prodromal features (e.g. sweating, nausea, pallor, blurred vision), the prevention of TLOC by sitting or lying down and the prompt and complete recovery of consciousness. Taking a thorough step-by-step history of as many attacks as possible is the cornerstone of the diagnosis of reflex syncope and means that additional testing can be avoided in many patients.
Cardiac Syncope
Authors: Anderson Joseph , O’Callaghan Peter , Smith Philip 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In the current medical lexicon, the lay term ‘faint’ generally refers to reflex (neurocardiogenic, usually vasovagal) syncope (Chapter 2), whereas ‘cardiac syncope’ refers to syncope caused by a heart disorder, either structural or functional. In this chapter, we highlight the importance of awareness of cardiac syncope to clinicians (particularly neurologists) diagnosing epilepsy. We describe the clinical features of cardiac syncope and their relation to its underlying cause, and outline the investigation and treatment of suspected cardiac syncope, emphasizing the relevance of the 12-lead electrocardiogram (EKG) in clinical assessment. Finally, we focus on complex situations, such as where seizures result from cardiac syncope, or where cardiac syncope (asystole) results from seizures.
Autoimmune Epilepsies
Authors: Irani Sarosh R. , Bien Christian G. , Vincent Angela 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
In the last decade, serum autoantibodies have been identified that are likely to be pathogenic in many cases of epilepsy. Established antibody targets include membrane or membrane-associated neuronal proteins such as components of the voltage-gated potassium channel complex (LGI1, CASPR2 and Contactin-2) and the NMDA, GABAB and AMPA receptors. Many of the ‘autoimmune encephalitides’ associated with these antibodies include seizures as a prominent part of the syndrome, but commonly also present with amnesia and confusion. The seizures and cognitive deficits usually show marked improvements with immunotherapies, and their amelioration is well correlated with reductions in antibody levels in individual patients. Antibodies to VGKC-complexes or GAD have also been described in cohorts of patients with various forms of epilepsy, although the etiological role of these antibodies is not yet clear. Recently, a new seizure semiology has been described that is closely associated with the presence of LGI1-antibodies. Very frequent short-lived, adult-onset arm and face dystonic spasms, termed faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS), were first identified within the context of LGI1-antibody associated limbic encephalitis (LE) but most cases precede LE. FBDS respond well to immunotherapies but relatively poorly to antiepileptic drugs. FBDS provide the first example of a pure epilepsy syndrome which is strongly associated with autoantibodies and a good response to immunotherapies. The field of autoimmune epilepsies is gathering pace and there are likely to be further developments in the next few years.
Nonepileptic Paroxysms in Neonates, Infants and Adolescents
Authors: Appleton Richard E. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Paroxysmal events (often collectively termed ‘fits, faints and funny turns’) are a common symptom in children and may be manifest by changes in sensation (including autonomic features), movement, behavior or any combination. The differentiation of epileptic seizures from other, non-epileptic paroxysmal events, is almost entirely dependent on the history. The child’s examination will often be normal, and even if abnormal rarely contributes to making a diagnosis of epilepsy. The results of any investigations, and specifically the EEG or neuro-imaging can – and should only – be interpreted with reference to the history. The accurate account of any eyewitness is essential and will be the only history available when young children present to the clinic or emergency department with paroxysmal events. Video-recordings of the events are now a particularly useful, if not definitive, aid to the diagnosis of the specific nature and cause of the paroxysmal events. This chapter will address the very many, and often diagnostically-challenging, paroxysmal events that occur in children.
Structure-function analysis of Hmo1 unveils an ancestral organization of HMG-Box factors involved in ribosomal DNA transcription from yeast to human
Authors: Albert Benjamin , Colleran Christine , Léger-Silvestre Isabelle , Berger Axel B. , Dez Christophe , Normand Christophe , Perez-Fernandez Jorge , McStay Brian , Gadal Olivier 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is a major metabolic effort for growing cells. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hmo1, an abundant high-mobility group box protein (HMGB) binds to the coding region of the RNA polymerase I transcribed ribosomal RNAs genes and the promoters of ∼70% of ribosomal protein genes. In this study, we have demonstrated the functional conservation of eukaryotic HMGB proteins involved in ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription. We have shown that when expressed in budding yeast, human UBF1 and a newly identified Sp-Hmo1 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) localize to the nucleolus and suppress growth defect of the RNA polymerase I mutant rpa49-Δ. Owing to the multiple functions of both proteins, Hmo1 and UBF1 are not fully interchangeable. By deletion and domains swapping in Hmo1, we identified essential domains that stimulate rDNA transcription but are not fully required for stimulation of ribosomal protein genes expression. Hmo1 is organized in four functional domains: a dimerization module, a canonical HMGB motif followed by a conserved domain and a C-terminal nucleolar localization signal. We propose that Hmo1 has acquired species-specific functions and shares with UBF1 and Sp-Hmo1 an ancestral function to stimulate rDNA transcription.
Optochemical control of RNA interference in mammalian cells
Authors: Govan Jeane M. , Young Douglas D. , Lusic Hrvoje , Liu Qingyang , Lively Mark O. , Deiters Alexander 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been widely used in mammalian tissue culture and model organisms to selectively silence genes of interest. One limitation of this technology is the lack of precise external control over the gene-silencing event. The use of photocleavable protecting groups installed on nucleobases is a promising strategy to circumvent this limitation, providing high spatial and temporal control over siRNA or miRNA activation. Here, we have designed, synthesized and site-specifically incorporated new photocaged guanosine and uridine RNA phosphoramidites into short RNA duplexes. We demonstrated the applicability of these photocaged siRNAs in the light-regulation of the expression of an exogenous green fluorescent protein reporter gene and an endogenous target gene, the mitosis motor protein, Eg5. Two different approaches were investigated with the caged RNA molecules: the light-regulation of catalytic RNA cleavage by RISC and the light-regulation of seed region recognition. The ability to regulate both functions with light enables the application of this optochemical methodology to a wide range of small regulatory RNA molecules.
Positive End-expiratory Pressure Increments during Anesthesia in Normal Lung Result in Hysteresis and Greater Numbers of Smaller Aerated Airspaces
Authors: Cereda Maurizio , Xin Yi , Emami Kiarash , Huang Jessie , Rajaei Jennia , Profka Harrilla , Han Biao , Mongkolwisetwara Puttisarn , Kadlecek Stephen , Kuzma Nicholas N. , Pickup Stephen , Kavanagh Brian P. , Deutschman Clifford S. , Rizi Rahim R. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background:
Although it is recognized that pulmonary hysteresis can influence the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), the extent to which expansion of previously opened (vs. newly opening) peripheral airspaces contribute to increased lung volume is unknown.

Methods:
Following a recruitment maneuver, rats were ventilated with constant tidal volumes and imaged during ascending and descending ramps of PEEP.

Results:
The authors estimated peripheral airspace dimensions by measuring the apparent diffusion coefficient of 3He in 10 rats. In a separate group (n = 5) undergoing a similar protocol, the authors used computerized tomography to quantify lung volume. Hysteresis was confirmed by larger end-inspiratory lung volume (mean ± SD; all PEEP levels included): 8.4 ± 2.8 versus 6.8 ± 2.0 ml (P < 0.001) and dynamic compliance: 0.52 ± 0.12 versus 0.42 ± 0.09 ml/cm H2O (P < 0.001) during descending versus ascending PEEP ramps. Apparent diffusion coefficient increased with PEEP, but it was smaller during the descending versus ascending ramps for corresponding levels of PEEP: 0.168 ± 0.019 versus 0.183 ± 0.019 cm2/s (P < 0.001). Apparent diffusion coefficient was smaller in the posterior versus anterior lung regions, but the effect of PEEP and hysteresis on apparent diffusion coefficient was greater in the posterior regions.

Conclusions:
The authors’ study results suggest that in healthy lungs, larger lung volumes due to hysteresis are associated with smaller individual airspaces. This may be explained by opening of previously nonaerated peripheral airspaces rather than expansion of those already aerated. Setting PEEP on a descending ramp may minimize distension of individual airspaces.
3D elastic full‐waveform inversion of small‐scale heterogeneities in transmission geometry
Authors: Butzer S. , Kurzmann A. , Bohlen T. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThree‐dimensional elastic full‐waveform inversion aims to reconstruct elastic material properties of 3D structures in the subsurface with high resolution. Here we present an implementation of 3D elastic full‐waveform inversion based on the adjoint‐state method. The code is optimized regarding runtime and storage costs by using a time‐frequency approach. The gradient is computed from monochromatic frequency‐domain particle‐velocity wavefields calculated with a time‐domain velocity‐stress finite‐difference scheme. The 3D full‐waveform inversion was applied to data of a complex random medium model, which resembles a realistic crystalline rock environment. We show synthetic inversion results of P‐wave and S‐wave velocities for two transmission geometries: (1) a 3D acquisition geometry with planes of sources and receivers and (2) a 2D geometry with two lines of sources and receivers, resembling a realistic two‐borehole geometry. The 3D inversion of data acquired with 3D source‐receiver geometry is capable to reconstruct differently sized 3D structures of shear and compressional velocities with resolution of about a wavelength. The 3D random medium data recorded with 2D acquisition geometry were inverted using 3D inversion and 2D full‐waveform inversion for comparison. The 2D inversion suffers from strong artefacts that are caused by 3D scattering. The multiparameter 3D inversion, by contrast, is capable to invert the 3D scattered waves and to reconstruct 3D structures up to about 1–2 wavelengths adjacent to the plane between sources and receivers. The resolution is lower compared to the 3D acquisition geometry result. Still, a 3D inversion of cross‐hole data can be beneficial compared to a 2D inversion in the presence of complex 3D small‐scale heterogeneities, as it is capable to resolve 3D structures next to the source‐receiver plane.
Pregnancy week at delivery and the risk of shoulder dystocia: a population study of 2 014 956 deliveries
Authors: Øverland EA , Vatten LJ , Eskild A 
Published: September 2013

ObjectiveTo study whether pregnancy week at delivery is an independent risk factor for shoulder dystocia.DesignPopulation study.SettingMedical Birth Registry of Norway.PopulationAll vaginal deliveries of singleton offspring in cephalic presentation in Norway during 1967 through 2009 (n = 2 014 956).MethodsThe incidence of shoulder dystocia was calculated according to pregnancy week at delivery. The associations of pregnancy week at delivery with shoulder dystocia were estimated as crude and adjusted odds ratios using logistic regression analyses. We repeated the analyses in pregnancies with and without maternal diabetes.Main outcome measuresShoulder dystocia at delivery.ResultsThe overall incidence of shoulder dystocia was 0.73% (n = 14 820), and the incidence increased by increasing pregnancy week at delivery. Birthweight was strongly associated with shoulder dystocia. After adjustment for birthweight, induction of labour, use of epidural analgesia at delivery, prolonged labour, forceps‐assisted and vacuum‐assisted delivery, parity, period of delivery and maternal age in multivariable analyses, the adjusted odds ratios for shoulder dystocia were 1.77 (1.42–2.20) for deliveries at 32–35 weeks of gestation, and 0.84 (0.79–0.88) at 42–43 weeks of gestation, using weeks 40–41 as the reference. In pregnancies affected by diabetes (n = 11 188), the incidence of shoulder dystocia was 3.95%, and after adjustment for birthweight the adjusted odds ratio for shoulder dystocia was 2.92 (95% CI 1.54–5.52) for deliveries at weeks 32–35 of gestation, and 0.91 (95% CI 0.50–1.66) at 42–43 weeks of gestation.ConclusionThe risk of shoulder dystocia was associated with increased birthweight, diabetes, induction of labour, use of epidural analgesia at delivery, prolonged labour, forceps‐assisted and vacuum‐assisted delivery, parity and period of delivery but not with post‐term delivery.
Functionality of Protein‐Fortified Extrudates
Authors: Day Li , Swanson Barry G. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFortification of extrusion feed formulations with proteins from selected sources will improve the health‐promoting quality of snack and breakfast foods. Molecular interactions among proteins, starch, lipids, water, and other constituents in the extrusion “melt” are the basis for extrudate appearance as well as textural, sensory, and physical properties. Covalent disulfide and sulfhydryl bonding as well as electrostatic, hydrogen, and hydrophobic affinity developing among molecules during extrusion determine extrudate sensory quality, digestibility, and nutrient availability. Extrudate quality is dependent on the physical profile of the feed material from particle size to moisture concentration, the mechanical profile of the twin‐screw extruder from screw speed to die aperture, and the temperature, pressure, and shear leading to specific mechanical energy delivered in the extruder. Methods to assess extrudate physical and sensory quality are presented. Protein concentration, feed moisture, and extrusion temperatures are most important to expansion, density, and texture of extrudates. Fortification with whey and wheat proteins results in acceptable extrusion of snack and breakfast foods. Extrusion generally improves protein quality and digestibility while retaining active nutrients.