bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinese bilingualism
Authors: Cheung Him , Yap Foong-Ha , Yip Virginia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Bilingualism is by no means a simple phenomenon. When it involves Chinese it is complicated further because of the huge geographical spread of Chinese communities around the globe. Bilingualism is better seen as a multi-parameter, socio-political-linguistic phenomenon, the processing and final results of which may not, and should not, be directly compared to those of the ‘standards’ produced by native speakers. This article discusses three aspects of Chinese bilingualism. First, it illustrates the cognition and neuro-cognition of language as well as general processing in bilingual people who speak Chinese as either their dominant or subordinate language. Second, it examines young children's acquisition of Chinese (Mandarin or Cantonese) together with another language in different contexts. Third, it looks at language use at a pragmatic level in a bilingual population under broad sociolinguistic contexts, discussing sociocultural factors that impact on the bilingual's verbal behaviour.
Chinese children learning mathematics: from home to school
Authors: Ni Yu-Jing , Chiu Ming Ming , Cheng Zi-Juan 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Chinese students have excelled in many international assessments of mathematics achievement (e.g. Programme for International Student Assessment [PISA] and the Third International Mathematics and Science Study [TIMSS]), thereby drawing great interest from researchers, educators, and policy makers inside and outside the Chinese community. This article draws upon three strands of research (developmental, instructional, and social-psychological) cutting across three different levels (societal/cultural [macro, nation], institutional [meso/micro, family, classroom], and individual [nano]) to examine the ingredients that have shaped the mathematics achievements of Chinese students. This article traces the early numerical development of Chinese children before considering learning and instruction in Chinese mathematics classrooms. Apart from exploring the broader sociocultural contexts in which the Chinese way of learning and teaching mathematics is rooted and supported, it also depicts a profile of Chinese students' achievements in mathematics against these backgrounds. Broadly, this article helps to understand Chinese students' mathematics achievement and its contexts.
Approaches to learning and teaching by the Chinese
Authors: Kember David , Watkins David 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
There is a common perception that Chinese students have a tendency towards rote learning. Rote learning has been associated with a surface approach to learning, which is normally envisaged as less desirable than a deep approach, particularly in higher education. Abundant research into approaches to learning has shown that such an approach to learning should lead to poor learning outcomes. However, in spite of the negative perceptions of rote learning, there is now much evidence that Chinese students in a number of countries outperform their Western counterparts in international comparisons of educational achievement. This article describes various Chinese approaches to learning that have evolved over a period of time and further takes on how the teachers play their role in the process of Chinese learning. It states that there is evidence of Chinese teachers showing a high level of pastoral care for their students, particularly outside the classroom.
How unique is Chinese emotion?
Authors: Yik Michelle 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article reviews theoretical and empirical advances achieved in the study of Chinese emotion during the last decade, with an overriding purpose of addressing the question: What is universal and what is unique about Chinese emotion? Several research themes have been pursued in the past decade in studying Chinese emotion. This article focuses on four of those themes. First, it seeks to explore questions on how emotion is described and structured among the Chinese. Related to that interest, it discusses how the study of emotion can benefit from the use of a circumplex model; second, it reviews research on self-conscious emotions, including shame, guilt, and pride in Chinese subjects; third, it summarizes research on emotional responding, including facial expressions; and last, it examine the socialization of emotions. Furthermore, this article summarizes the evidence so far offered in the debate between the universality thesis and the culture-specific thesis of emotion.
Default Semantics
Authors: Jaszczolt Kasia M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe objective of Default Semantics is to model utterance meaning as intended by the Model Speaker and recovered by the Model Addressee. The constructs of model interlocutors are adopted in recognition of the view shared by Grice and the neo-Griceans that a theory of meaning should focus on general mechanisms which underlie the composition of meaning in conversation, including those mechanisms that make use of conventions, heuristics pertaining to rational human behaviour, which explain the shortcuts that addressees take through laborious inferential process of meaning recovery. This chapter discusses the following: primary meaning without the syntactic consent, merger representation and its contributing sources, compositionality of primary meanings, incremental processing, and default vs. inferential components of merger representation.
Lexical-Functional Grammar
Authors: Asudeh Ash , Toivonen Ida 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) is a theory of generative grammar. The goal is to explain the native speaker's knowledge of language by specifying a grammar that models the speaker's knowledge explicitly and which is distinct from the computational mechanisms that constitute the language processor. This chapter is organized as follows. Section 15.2 discusses the two syntactic structures posited by LFG: constituent structure (c-structure) and functional structure (f-structure). LFG distinguishes between formal structures and structural descriptions that well-formed structures must satisfy. The structural descriptions are sets of constraints. A constraint is a statement that is either true or false of a structure. Section 15.3 provides an overview of the most important sorts of constraints. Section 17.4 explains how c-structure and f-structure are related by structural correspondences. Section 17.5 describes the Correspondence Architecture. Section 17.6 considers some recent developments in LFG.
Optimization Principles in the Typology of Number and Articles
Authors: de Swart Henriëtte , Zwarts Joost 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOptimality Theory (OT) is a fairly recent development within linguistics. It exploits the opposition between a drive for economy (favouring ‘simpler’ expressions over more complex ones) and a drive from reflecting differences in meaning in the form. All rules are soft, and can be violated if necessary to satisfy rules that are considered more important in the language and are ranked higher in the grammar. This chapter illustrates the essence of such an approach with a typology of plural morphology and chapter use. The goal is not to give a complete overview of how these grammatical categories are expressed cross-linguistically but rather to demonstrate how certain patterns of variation can be understood from the theoretical perspective of OT. The core question addressed is: what is the best way for the speaker to convey in his or her language information concerning singular/plural distinctions, definiteness, and discourse reference in the nominal form? The chapter is organized as follows. Section 22.2 develops a simple model and tests how it accounts for part of the cross-linguistic data. Sections 22.3 and 22.4 deal with extensions that enlarge the empirical coverage and open up a wider perspective.
Neo-Gricean Pragmatic Theory of Conversational Implicature
Authors: Huang Yan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter assesses the neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of conversational implicature, and is organized as follows. Section 24.1 discusses the classical Gricean theory. Section 24.2 presents the neo-Gricean pragmatic theory, focusing on the dualistic model put forward by Horn and the Trinitarian model posited by Levinson. Sections 24.3–24.5 examine the role played by the neo-Gricean pragmatic theory in effecting a radical simplification of lexicon, semantics, and syntax.
Technical Introduction
Authors: Rennie Andrew , Lipton Alexander 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article begins with a brief discussion of how the current global credit crisis differs from previous ones, specifically in the form of the underlying relationship between borrowers and lenders, and then sets out the purpose of the book, which is to provide an overview of the complex and relatively novel area of mathematical modelling. Given the fact that mathematics entering into the analysis of credit risk was contemporaneous with unprecedented growth in the credit markets and thus preceded the crash, it is not surprising that many view mathematics as the cause of the crisis. It is argued that, despite the inevitable shortcomings of each mathematical model used, mathematics was not the cause of the current difficulties.
Marshall‐Olkin Copula‐Based Models
Authors: Elouerkhaoui Youssef 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article, which shows that the Marshall–Olkin model can be a viable alternative to the standard Gaussian copula, is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the Marshall–Olkin model. Section 3 derives the copula function of default times. Section 4 studies the aggregate default distribution. Section 5 discusses the model calibration. Section 6 compares Marshall–Olkin with the Gaussian and t-copula, and Section 7 uses the Marshall–Olkin copula to reproduce the correlation skew in the collateralised debt obligation market.
Contagion Models in Credit Risk
Authors: Davis Mark H. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article gives an account of mathematical techniques for credit risk models where there is contagion between the obligors, i.e., default of one party either directly causes default of other parties or (more commonly) changes other parties' risk of default. Section 2 starts with a general discussion of joint distributions and copulas, mainly to point out that ‘contagion’ is in some sense already built into the copula concept. Section 3 gives a general formulation of the reduced-form model and a taxonomy of models distinguishing between factor, frailty, and contagion models. Section 4 gives some background information about Markov processes, Markov chains, and phase-type distributions as required for the subsequent sections. Section 5 discusses four simple but effective Markov chain-based models with applications in counterparty risk and credit risk for inhomogeneous and homogeneous portfolios. Sections 6 and 7 develop the ‘subsidiary themes’ mentioned above. Section 8 returns to the further development of the Enhanced Risk homogeneous portfolio model, introduced in Section 5.4, in the light of these themes.
Credit Value Adjustment in the Extended Structural Default Model
Authors: Lipton Alexander , Rennie Andrew 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article develops a methodology for valuing the counterparty credit risk inherent in credit default swaps, and presents a multi-dimensional extension of Merton's model (Merton 1974), where the joint dynamics of the firm's values are driven by a multi-dimensional jump-diffusion process. Applying the Fast Fourier Transform and finite-difference methods, it develops a forward induction procedure for calibrating the model, and a backward induction procedure for valuing credit derivatives in 1D and 2D. Jump size distributions of two types are considered, namely, discrete negative jumps (DNJs) and exponential negative jumps (ENJs), and showed that, for joint bivariate dynamics, the model with ENJs produces a noticeably lower implied Gaussian correlation than the one produced by the model with DNJs, although for both jump specifications the corresponding marginal dynamics fit the market data adequately. Based on these observations, and given the high level of the default correlation among financial institutions (above 50 per cent), the model with DNJs, albeit simple, seems to provide a more realistic description of default correlations and, thus, the counterparty risk, than a more sophisticated model with ENJs.
Quantitative Aspects of the collapse of the parallel banking system
Authors: Batchvarov Alexander 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article describes the rise and fall of the parallel banking system based on securitisation. In essence, the parallel banking system emerged as a result of de-regulation and disintermediation, and led to a period of very high and, in retrospect, unsustainable, leverage. Its development was facilitated by the creation of new financial instruments (notably credit default swaps and collateralised debt obligations). Instead of keeping loans on their books, banks and other financial players were originating them, bundling them together, slicing into tranches, and selling these tranches to other investors, such as pension funds, insurers, etc., with different and complementary risk appetites. While this system supported the real economy for a long time – especially consumer, real estate, and leveraged finance – it contributed to the build-up of leverage in the global capital markets and subsequent worldwide crisis.
Tablets as Artefacts, Scribes as Artisans
Authors: Taylor John H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article aims to capture some major trends in the study of tablets as artifacts and provides examples from the collections of the British Museum. It provides insights into the study of clay tablets as objects with their own story, focusing on Mesopotamian cuneiform. It describes how the ready availability of high-quality images of the objects and a holistic approach integrating study of inscriptions with that of the vehicles of their textual expression have opened the way to a deeper understanding of cuneiform culture.
Accounting in Proto-Cuneiform
Authors: Englund Robert K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the accounting methods in proto-cuneiform during the archaic period. It discusses the importance of archaic numerical and metrological systems as elements of social control and explains the use of accounting method in writing by providing examples drawn from grain administration archives. The proto-cuneiform administrative documentation can be divided into the two major bookkeeping types known from later periods in Babylonia, namely into primary and secondary documents.
Levels of Literacy
Authors: Veldhuis Niek 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article evaluates the levels of cuneiform literacy in ancient Mesopotamia. It explains that cuneiform writing is a flexible and versatile system that offered both an efficient tool for mundane communication and recording purposes and an intricate symbolic system that invited ancient scholars to explore and research its representational potential. It explains the distinctions among functional literacy, technical literacy, and scholarly literacy and addresses the issue of the acquisition of literacy through education.
Literacy and Gender
Authors: Lion Brigitte 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article investigates the relation between gender and cuneiform literacy in ancient Mesopotamia. It suggests that the apparent exclusion of women from written culture needs to be nuanced given that in mythological texts goddesses, more than gods, have mastered writing and calculation. It highlights the achievements attributed or attributable to women and mentions that previous studies on the question of literacy have not always taken into consideration the relationships that women could have with writing.
Manipulating The Gods: Lamenting in Context
Authors: Löhnert Anne 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines lamentation in the ancient Near East. It explains that lamenting was motivated by, and sought to cope with, the primal and perpetual fear of divine abandonment, and it was thus one of Mesopotamian society's most important means of direct interaction with the divine world. The geographical distribution of laments and compositions featuring lamenting covers the whole of what is nowadays Iraq as well as parts of Syria and Anatolia.
The Pious King: Royal Patronage of Temples
Authors: Waerzeggers Caroline 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the royal patronage of temples and the place of temples as centers of worship in the Neo-Babylonian period. It examines the ideological basis underlying the interactions between temple and palace and describes the relationship between kings and priests, who were tied together in a triangular relationship through their joint worship of the gods. It discusses the beneficence of the king, the divine origin of the kingly task, and the role of the king as judge of priestly performance.
Middleton's Collaborators In Music And Song
Authors: Stern Tiffany 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Music of all kinds in any play demands collaboration. It requires that a composer, or at least a tune, be supplied from elsewhere to complete the moment; further collaborations then sometimes become necessary, with a dance master, a singing teacher, or a set of professional musicians. By looking at who creates the words for music in Middleton's plays, and how these then circulate, larger questions emerge: How possessive was Middleton about the music and song passages of the plays he wrote – and, by extension, about other passages? Were ‘ditties’ (the words to songs) seen as being permanent parts of Middleton's text – and, if not, what does that suggest about his plays as literature? To what extent was Middleton reliant for his emotional affect on music; and what can surviving words reveal of the theatrical concerns of the moment? This article examines specific songs in four plays stretching along the length of Middleton's writing, performing, and publishing career: A Mad World, My Masters (performed 1605 by Paul's Boys, printed 1608); A Chaste Maid in Cheapside (performed 1613 by Lady Elizabeth's Men, printed 1630); The Witch (performed 1615–16 by King's Men, printed 1778); and The Widow (performed 1615–17 by King's Men, and printed 1652).
Middleton's Historical Imagination
Authors: Roebuck Thomas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Middleton wrote two extant history plays: Game at Chess (1624) and Hengist, King of Kent (late 1620). This article not only tries to demonstrate some of the historiographical, religious, and political issues at stake in Hengist, but also argues that this play is part of a particular moment in Middleton's career, running roughly from the late 1610s to the early 1620s, when historical writing was much on his mind. History writing could take multiple forms in the early modern period: chronicle, antiquarian, chorographic, civic, and so on. These genres fluidly interpenetrated one another in Middleton's historical writing for the public stage and for the civic entertainments he wrote for his London patrons.
Playwright to Playwright: The Changeling
Authors: Gbadamosi Gabriel 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on Middleton's play The Changeling. The author speculates on why The Changeling stood out in its power to make him think and feel from anything else he had read before. The play seemed to work in new and completely unexpected ways from the character-driven drama he had come to think of as the template for his playwriting. He eventually put this down to the nature of the collaboration between the playwrights Thomas Middleton and William Rowley, and their reorientation away from an idea of sole, hero-centric authorship to theatre as a social practice, embedded in the ways they worked with each other and their audiences to produce their effects. Middleton the writer and Rowley the actor gave the author a new, non-Aristotelian way to think about making plays.
Thomas Middleton, William Shakespeare, and the Masculine Grotesque
Authors: Daileader Celia R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores Middleton's gender politics. Frailty or vice by one name or another is omnipresent in Middleton's dramatis personae, and Frailty himself – gendered male – steps onstage in Middleton's The Puritan Widow (1606), a play that post-dates Hamlet (1600). By the same token, in Middleton's The Revenger's Tragedy, written the same year as the former and quite obviously reworking Hamlet, almost every male character bears the name of a vice or defect – Lussurioso, Spurio, Ambitioso, Supervacuo, Vindice, Sordido – and the only virtuous characters are female. The gendered allegory of the collective Middletonian personae calls attention to a critical focus that runs through the author's works: simply put, Middleton is more interested in – and more vexed by – specifically masculine frailty or misbehaviour. And that misbehaviour is very frequently sexual and/or sexualized.
Citizen Consumers: The Athenian Democracy and The Origins of Western Consumption
Authors: Davidson James 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines consumerism, with some evidence for the character of consumption in a very particular time and place: Athens in the two centuries between about 500 and 300 BC. In Athens, the marketplace was centred on the agora proper, a flat area to the north of the acropolis clearly demarcated by boundary stones, but the market spread out from there. Alongside the remarkably precocious linkages between democracy, freedom, individualism, and shopping opportunities which seem to be part of some kind of universalizing or at least very familiar discourse, it is also easy to argue that the peculiarities of the Athenian consumer scape were the consequence of locally contingent conditions: recent history, politics, taxes, laws, and wars. Finally, although the metaphor of consuming was frequently extended to the consumption of sexual services on the one hand and to the ‘gobbling up’ of property on the other, there is little evidence that it was ever extended to ‘the purchase and use’ of semidurables such as household furnishings and clothes.
Material Culture in Seventeenth-Century ‘Britain’: The Matter of Domestic Consumption
Authors: Pennell Sara 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on three issues: the historiographies which have made the period prior to that in which Neil McKendrick confidently told us a ‘consumer revolution’ occurred both a necessary staging post en route to revolution and a prelapsarian era in striking contrast to it; the relative absence of ‘mundane materiality’ within these accounts; and consumption as a matter of practice, rather than as an abstract phenomenon in the ‘long’ seventeenth century in Britain (c .1600–1720). In this, it follows Joan Thirsk in her important 1975 Oxford University Ford Lectures, in accepting Jacobean and Stuart Britain (or at least England) as very much concerned with production for the ends of domestic consumption, in both senses of the word ‘domestic’. Through the case studies of objects very rarely found in public museum displays thanks to their ‘everyday’ qualities, the article then argues for a re-evaluation of non-elite consumption within the domestic sphere as significant within any story we might wish to tell of changing consumption practices and material culture in Britain across the seventeenth century.