bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomarkers of Dairy Fatty Acids and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: de Oliveira Otto Marcia C. , Nettleton Jennifer A. , Lemaitre Rozenn N. , M. Steffen Lyn , Kromhout Daan , Rich Stephen S. , Y. Tsai Michael , Jacobs David R. , Mozaffarian Dariush 
Published: July 2013

Background

Evidence regarding the role of dairy fat intake in cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) has been mixed and inconclusive. Most earlier studies have used self‐reported measures of dietary intake and focused on relatively racially homogeneous populations. Circulating biomarkers of dairy fat in a multiethnic cohort provide objective measures of dairy fat intake and facilitate conclusions relevant to populations with different diets and susceptibility to
CVD
.

Methods and Results

In a multiethnic cohort of 2837
US
adults aged 45 to 84 years at baseline (2000–2002), phospholipid fatty acids including 15:0, 14:0, and
trans‐
16:1n7 were measured using standardized methods, and the incidence of
CVD
prospectively adjudicated. Self‐reported whole‐fat dairy and butter intakes had strongest associations with 15:0, rather than 14:0 or
trans‐
16:1n7. In multivariate models including demographics and lifestyle and dietary habits, each
SD
‐unit of 15:0 was associated with 19% lower
CVD
risk (hazard ratio [95%
CI
] 0.81 [0.68 to 0.98]) and 26% lower coronary heart disease (
CHD
) risk (0.74 [0.60 to 0.92]). Associations were strengthened after mutual adjustment for 14:0 and
trans
‐16:1n‐7 and were similar after adjustment for potential mediators. Plasma phospholipid 14:0 and
trans
‐16:1n‐7 were not significantly associated with incident
CVD
or
CHD
. All findings were similar in white, black,
H
ispanic, and
C
hinese American participants.

Conclusion

Plasma phospholipid 15:0, a biomarker of dairy fat, was inversely associated with incident
CVD
and
CHD
, while no association was found with phospholipid 14:0 and
trans‐
16:1n‐7. These findings support the need for further investigation of
CVD
effects of dairy fat, dairy‐specific fatty acids, and dairy products in general.
Intravenous Minocycline in Acute Stroke
Authors: Kohler Edith , Prentice David A. , Bates Timothy R. , Hankey Graeme J. , Claxton Anne , van Heerden Jolandi , Blacker David 
Published: July 2013

Background and Purpose—
Minocycline, in animal models and 2 small randomized controlled human trials, is a promising neuroprotective agent in acute stroke. We analyzed the efficacy and safety of intravenous minocycline in acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.

Methods—
A multicenter prospective randomized open-label blinded end point evaluation pilot study of minocycline 100 mg administered intravenously, commenced within 24 hours of onset of stroke, and continued 12 hourly for a total of 5 doses, versus no minocycline. All participants received routine stroke care. Primary end point was survival free of handicap (modified Rankin Scale, ≤2) at day 90.

Results—
Ninety-five participants were randomized; 47 to minocycline and 48 to no minocycline. In the intention-to-treat population, 29 of 47 (65.9%) allocated minocycline survived free of handicap compared with 33 of 48 (70.2%) allocated no minocycline (rate ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.71–1.25 and odds ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.31–1.71). A meta-analysis of the 3 human trials suggests minocycline may increase the odds of handicap-free survival by 3-fold (odds ratio, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.74–5.16) but there was substantial heterogeneity among the trials.

Conclusions—
In this pilot study of a small sample of acute stroke patients, intravenous minocycline was safe but not efficacious. The study was not powered to identify reliably or exclude a modest but clinically important treatment effect of minocycline. Larger trials would improve the precision of the estimates of any treatment effect of minocycline.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.anzctr.org.au
. Unique identifier: ACTRN12612000237886.
Inhibition of Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase β and Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IV Is Detrimental in Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: McCullough Louise D. , Tarabishy Sami , Liu Lin , Benashski Sharon , Xu Yan , Ribar Thomas , Means Anthony , Li Jun 
Published: July 2013

Background and Purpose—
Elevation of intracellular calcium was traditionally thought to be detrimental in stroke pathology. However, clinical trials testing treatments that block calcium signaling have failed to improve outcomes in ischemic stroke. Emerging data suggest that calcium may also trigger endogenous protective pathways after stroke. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) is a major kinase activated by rising intracellular calcium. Compelling evidence has suggested that CaMKK and its downstream kinase CaMK IV are critical in neuronal survival when cells are under ischemic stress. We examined the functional role of CaMKK/CaMK IV signaling in stroke.

Methods—
We used a middle cerebral artery occlusion model in mice.

Results—
Our data demonstrated that pharmacological and genetic inhibition of CaMKK aggravated stroke injury. Additionally, deletion of CaMKK β, one of the 2 CaMKK isoforms, reduced CaMK IV activation, and CaMK IV deletion in mice worsened stroke outcome. Finally, CaMKK β or CaMK IV knockout mice had exacerbated blood–brain barrier disruption evidenced by increased hemorrhagic transformation and activation of matrix metalloproteinase. We observed transcriptional inactivation including reduced levels of histone deacetylase 4 phosphorylation in mice with CaMKK β or CaMK IV deletion after stroke.

Conclusions—
Our data have established that the CaMKK/CaMK IV pathway is a key endogenous protective mechanism in ischemia. Our results suggest that this pathway serves as an important regulator of blood–brain barrier integrity and transcriptional activation of neuroprotective molecules in stroke.
Retinal Microvascular Changes and Risk of Stroke
Authors: Cheung Carol Yim-lui , Tay Wan Ting , Ikram M. Kamran , Ong Yi Ting , De Silva Deidre A. , Chow Khuan Yew , Wong Tien Yin 
Published: July 2013

Background and Purpose—
To examine the relationship between retinal microvascular measures and incident stroke in an Asian Malay population.

Methods—
We conducted a prospective, population-based cohort study of Asian Malay persons 40 to 80 years at baseline. Retinal microvascular signs were assessed from baseline retinal photographs including quantitative retinal microvascular parameters (caliber, branching angle, tortuosity, and fractal dimension) and qualitative retinopathy signs. Incident stroke cases were identified during the follow-up period. Cox proportional-hazards regression and incremental usefulness analysis (calibration, discrimination, and reclassification) were performed.

Results—

A total of 3189 participants were free of prevalent stroke at baseline. During the follow-up (median, 4.41 years), 51 (1.93%) participants had an incident stroke event. In Cox proportional-hazards models adjusting for established stroke predictors (age, sex, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, glycosylated hemoglobin, and antihypertensive medication), retinopathy (hazard ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–3.72) and larger retinal venular caliber (hazard ratio, 3.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.30–8.26, comparing fourth versus first quartiles) were associated with risk of stroke. Compared with the model with only established risk factors, the addition of retinal measures improved the prediction of stroke (C-Statistic 0.826 versus 0.792;
P
=0.017) and correctly reclassified 5.9% of participants with incident stroke and 3.4% of participants with no incident stroke.

Conclusions—
Retinal microvascular changes are related to an increased risk of stroke in Asian Malay, consistent with data from white populations. Retinal imaging improves the discrimination and stratification of stroke risk beyond that of established risk factors by a significant but small margin.
Age-Dependent Exacerbation of White Matter Stroke Outcomes
Authors: Rosenzweig Shira , Carmichael S. Thomas 
Published: July 2013

Background and Purpose—
Subcortical white matter stroke (WMS) constitutes up to 30% of all stroke subtypes. Mechanisms of oligodendrocyte and axon injury and repair play a central role in the damage and recovery after this type of stroke, and a comprehensive study of these processes requires a specialized experimental model that is different from common large artery, gray matter stroke models. Diminished recovery from stroke in aged patients implies that damage and repair processes are affected by advanced age, but such effects have not been studied in WMS.

Methods—

WMS was produced with focal microinjection of the vasoconstrictor N5-(1-iminoethyl)-
L
-ornithine into the subcortical white matter ventral to the mouse forelimb motor cortex in young adult (2 months), middle-aged (15 months), and aged mice (24 months).

Results—
WMS produced localized oligodendrocyte cell death with higher numbers of apoptotic cells and greater oxidative damage in aged brains than in young-adult brains. Increased expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α in motor cortex neurons correlated with a more distributed microglial activation in aged brains 7 days after WMS. At 2 months, aged mice displayed increased white matter atrophy and greater loss of corticostriatal connections compared with young-adult mice. Behavioral testing revealed an age-dependent exacerbation of forelimb motor deficits caused by the stroke, with decreased long-term functional recovery in aged animals.

Conclusions—
Age has a profound effect on the outcome of WMS, with more prolonged cell death and oxidative damage, increased inflammation, greater secondary white matter atrophy, and a worse behavioral effect in aged versus young-adult mice.
Insular Strokes Cause No Vestibular Deficits
Authors: Baier Bernhard , Conrad Julian , zu Eulenburg Peter , Best Christoph , Müller-Forell Wibke , Birklein Frank , Dieterich Marianne 
Published: July 2013

Background and Purpose—
In previous imaging studies, the posterior insular cortex (IC) was identified as an essential part for vestibular otolith perception and considered as a core region of a human vestibular cortical network. However, it is still unknown whether lesions exclusively restricted to the posterior IC suffice to provoke signs of vestibular otolith dysfunction. Thus, present data aimed to test whether patients with lesions restricted to the IC showed vestibular otolith dysfunction.

Methods—
We studied 10 acute unilateral stroke patients with lesions restricted to the IC which were tested for signs of vestibular otolith dysfunction, such as tilts of subjective visual vertical, out of 475 stroke patients.

Results—
None of the patients was with stroke exclusively affecting the IC-specified vertigo as a symptom. In addition, neither showed a deficit in the perception of verticality (subjective visual vertical tilts) nor showed any further vestibular otolith deficits, such as ocular torsion or skew deviation.

Conclusions—
It seems that lesions of the posterior IC might have to be combined with lesions of adjacent regions of the cortical and subcortical vestibular network to cause vestibular otolith deficits.
Palestinian Ṣulḥa and the Rule of Law
Authors: Kritz Brian A. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Palestine’s alternative dispute resolution process, the ṣulḥa system, is utilized in the vast majority of civil and criminal disputes. Despite the popularity of the ṣulḥa process, there exists, to date, no international legal assessment of such proceedings. This article assesses Palestinian ṣulḥa’s adherence to international rule of law standards. Using rule of law theory to assess the fairness, equity, and accessibility of the ṣulḥa system, this article determines that Palestinian ṣulḥa proceedings satisfy the major requirements of international rule of law standards.
The Role of Negative Buoyancy in Surface-Based Convection and Its Representation in Cumulus Parameterization Schemes
Authors: Ganeshan Manisha , Murtugudde Raghu , Strack John 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSeveral warm season, late-afternoon precipitation events are simulated over the Chesapeake Bay watershed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at three different resolutions. The onset and peak of surface-based convection are predicted to occur prematurely when two popular cumulus parameterization schemes (Betts–Miller–Janjić and Kain–Fritsch) are used. Rainfall predictions are significantly improved with explicit convection. The early bias appears to be associated with the inadequacy in representing convective inhibition (CIN) or negative buoyancy in the trigger for moist convection. In particular, both schemes have weak constraints for the negative buoyancy above cloud base and below the level of free convection, leading to premature rainfall. Satellite-derived soundings suggest that, even with extremely favorable conditions, negative buoyancy in this layer may delay the onset of surface-based convection. Other factors, such as enhanced mixing due to overactive shallow convection, also appear to contribute to the early rainfall bias through the premature removal of CIN during the day.
An Initialization Scheme for Tropical Cyclone Numerical Prediction by Enhancing Humidity in Deep-Convection Region
Authors: Liu Jianyong , Yang Shunan , Ma Leiming , Bao Xuwei , Wang Dongliang , Xu Difeng 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA nudging scheme for humidity fields is implemented in the Advanced Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) for tropical cyclone (TC) initialization. The scheme improves TC simulation by enhancing the TC humidity profile in deep-convection regions, where it uses satelliteFengyun 2cloud-top brightness temperatures as a judging criterion. The impacts of the nudging on predicting TC intensity and structure are evaluated through the simulation of TC Khanun (2005) during its movement toward landfall at the coast of Zhejiang Province, China. During the nudging, the humidity distributions at the TC's inner core and along its outer spiral rainbands, where deep convections occur, are both enhanced. As a result, the intensity of the vortex is enhanced, being more consistent to the best-track data from the China Meteorological Administration. Specifically, the nudging modifies the simulated distribution of humidity according to convective activities captured by the satellite and therefore adjusts the development of deep convection in the model, which then influences the intensity and size of TC vortex through diabatic heating. During WRF simulation, the TC vortex initialized from the humidity nudging is dynamically and thermodynamically balanced with the background field, favoring a steady development of the vortex's intensity and structure. Because of the better simulation of TC inner core and outer spiral rainbands, the WRF simulation skills of TC intensity and track are improved.
The Interannual Variability of the Haines Index over North America
Authors: Yu Lejiang , Zhong Shiyuan , Bian Xindi , Heilman Warren E. , Charney Joseph J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe Haines index (HI) is a fire-weather index that is widely used as an indicator of the potential for dry, low-static-stability air in the lower atmosphere to contribute to erratic fire behavior or large fire growth. This study examines the interannual variability of HI over North America and its relationship to indicators of large-scale circulation anomalies. The results show that the first three HI empirical orthogonal function modes are related respectively to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Arctic Oscillation (AO), and the interdecadal sea surface temperature variation over the tropical Pacific Ocean. During the negative ENSO phase, an anomalous ridge (trough) is evident over the western (eastern) United States, with warm/dry weather and more days with high HI values in the western and southeastern United States. During the negative phase of the AO, an anomalous trough is found over the western United States, with wet/cool weather and fewer days with high HI, while an anomalous ridge occurs over the southern United States–northern Mexico, with an increase in the number of days with high HI. After the early 1990s, the subtropical high over the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Bermuda high were strengthened by a wave train that was excited over the tropical western Pacific Ocean and resulted in warm/dry conditions over the southwestern United States and western Mexico and wet weather in the southeastern United States. The above conditions are reversed during the positive phase of ENSO and AO and before the early 1990s.
Subseasonal and Interannual Temperature Variability in Relation to Extreme Temperature Occurrence over East Asia
Authors: Ito Hiroyuki , Johnson Nathaniel C. , Xie Shang-Ping 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis study investigates interannual variability in the frequency of occurrence of daily surface air temperature (SAT) extremes over East Asia in summer and winter between 1979 and 2009. In particular, this study examines the dominant seasonal SAT patterns, as obtained through empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, and the associated variability in SAT extreme occurrence. Overall, the authors find that changes in extreme temperature occurrence associated with these dominant patterns are impacted by both shifts and narrowing/broadening of the subseasonal SAT probability distribution functions (PDFs). In summer, the leading pattern features large SAT anomalies in midlatitude East Asia centered over Mongolia. Over this center of action, positive SAT anomalies are accompanied by decreased precipitation and soil moisture, which increases the ratio of sensible to latent heat flux. Consequently, subseasonal SAT variance increases, resulting in an enhanced occurrence of positive SAT extremes relative to a simple SAT PDF shift. In winter, the leading pattern, which is highly correlated with the Arctic Oscillation, features large loadings in high-latitude Siberia that decay southward. In contrast with summer, large-scale dynamics play a larger role in the leading pattern: positive SAT anomalies are accompanied by a weakened and northward-shifted storm track, reduced subseasonal SAT variance, and a more pronounced decrease of cold extreme occurrence relative to a simple PDF shift. Finally, a brief look at the secular trends suggests that both shifts and narrowing/broadening of the PDF may also impact long-term trends in SAT extreme occurrence over some regions of East Asia.
Anomalous Temperature Regimes during the Cool Season: Long-Term Trends, Low-Frequency Mode Modulation, and Representation in CMIP5 Simulations
Authors: Westby Rebecca M. , Lee Yun-Young , Black Robert X. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDuring boreal winter, anomalous temperature regimes (ATRs), including cold air outbreaks (CAOs) and warm waves (WWs), provide important societal influences upon the United States. The current study analyzes reanalysis and model data for the period from 1949 to 2011 to assess (i) long-term variability in ATRs, (ii) interannual modulation of ATRs by low-frequency modes, and (iii) the representation of ATR behavior in models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5).No significant trends in either WWs or CAOs are identified for the continental United States. On interannual time scales, CAOs are modulated by the (i) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) over the U.S. Southeast and (ii) the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern over the Northwest. WW frequency is modulated by (i) the NAO over the eastern United States and (ii) the combined influence of the PNA, Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and ENSO over the southern United States. In contrast to previous studies of seasonal-mean temperature, the influence of ENSO upon ATRs is found to be mainly limited to a modest modulation of WWs over the southern United States. Multiple linear regression analysis reveals that the regional collective influence of low-frequency modes accounts for as much as 50% of interannual ATR variability. Although similar behavior is observed in CMIP5 models, WW (CAO) frequency is typically overestimated (underestimated). All models considered are unable to replicate observed associations between ATRs and the PDO. Further, the collective influence of low-frequency modes upon ATRs is generally underestimated in CMIP5 models. The results indicate that predictions of future ATR behavior are limited by climate model ability to represent the evolving behavior of low-frequency modes of variability.
Propagating versus Nonpropagating Madden–Julian Oscillation Events
Authors: Kim Daehyun , Kug Jong-Seong , Sobel Adam H. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Basinwide convective anomalies over the Indian Ocean (IO) associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) sometimes propagate eastward and reach the west Pacific (WP), but sometimes do not. Long-term observations and reanalysis products are used to investigate the difference between the propagating and nonpropagating MJO events. IO convection onset events associated with the MJO are grouped into three categories based on the strengths of the simultaneous dry anomalies over the eastern Maritime Continent and WP. The IO convection anomaly preferentially makes eastward propagation and reaches the WP when the dry anomaly is stronger.
Analysis of the column-integrated moist static energy (MSE) budget shows that horizontal advection moistens the atmosphere to the east of the positive MSE anomaly associated with the active convection over the IO and is of sufficient magnitude to explain the eastward propagation of the positive MSE anomaly. Interpretation is complicated, however, by lack of closure in the MSE budget. A residual term, of smaller but comparable magnitude to the horizontal advection, also moistens the column to the east of the positive MSE anomaly. Nonetheless, the authors decompose the horizontal advection term into contributions from different scales and find that a dominant contribution is from free-tropospheric meridional advection by the intraseasonal time scale wind anomalies. The positive meridional advection in between the convective and dry anomalies is induced by the anomalous poleward flow, which is interpreted as part of the Rossby wave response to the dry anomaly. The poleward flow advects the climatological MSE, which peaks at the equator, and moistens to the east of IO convective anomaly.
Winter Convection Transports Atlantic Water Heat to the Surface Layer in the Eastern Arctic Ocean*
Authors: Polyakov Igor V. , Pnyushkov Andrey V. , Rember Robert , Padman Laurie , Carmack Eddy C. , Jackson Jennifer M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
A 1-yr (2009/10) record of temperature and salinity profiles from Ice-Tethered Profiler (ITP) buoys in the Eurasian Basin (EB) of the Arctic Ocean is used to quantify the flux of heat from the upper pycnocline to the surface mixed layer. The upper pycnocline in the central EB is fed by the upward flux of heat from the intermediate-depth (~150–900 m) Atlantic Water (AW) layer; this flux is estimated to be ~1 W m−2 averaged over one year. Release of heat from the upper pycnocline, through the cold halocline layer to the surface mixed layer is, however, seasonally intensified, occurring more strongly in winter. This seasonal heat loss averages ~3–4 W m−2 between January and April, reducing the rate of winter sea ice formation. This study hypothesizes that the winter heat loss is driven by mixing caused by a combination of brine-driven convection associated with sea ice formation and larger vertical velocity shear below the base of the surface mixed layer (SML), enhanced by atmospheric storms and the seasonal reduction in density difference between the SML and underlying pycnocline.