bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Migrant Families from a Transnational Perspective: Experiences of Parents and Their Children
Authors: Sun Ken C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis article provides an overview of existing studies which take a transnational approach to examining the experiences of migrant parents and their children. In this article, I examine (1) how migrant parents who settle in host societies seek to raise the next generation transnationally, (2) how the children of migrants respond to being raised in a transnational social field, (3) how migrant parents manage relationships with their children who remain in their homeland, and (4) how children left behind think and feel about growing up without the company of one or both of their parent(s). By analyzing how various cross‐border connections are sustained and negotiated in these different types of migrant families, this article highlights the various transnational forces that operate in different types of migrant households.
“Police, Public Safety, and Race‐Neutral Discourse”
Authors: Nuño Luis F. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn the final decades of the 20th century policing in America was refashioned in the public image of community policing. Race‐neutral discourses dominate public and professional support for community‐oriented policing philosophies. In the contemporary era of hyper‐incarceration a focus on ethnoracial divisions grounded in the sociology ofpeculiar institutionsis essential for documenting transformations in how the municipal police services are legitimized. Here I analyze how the public discourses of law‐and‐order center on distortions of social fact and public safety. Today the criminalization of immigrants is the latest turn in public discourses shaping patterns of ethnoracial visions and divisions. The carceral breadth of the neoliberal penal state extends beyond social structure, repackaged as race‐neutral ideology across the public sphere.
SWIRL, a clinically validated, objective, and quantitative method for facial wrinkle assessment
Authors: Jiang Lily I. , Stephens Thomas J. , Goodman Robert 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundFacial wrinkles are an undesirable feature caused by extrinsic photodamage and intrinsic aging process. Many cosmetic products and esthetic procedures strive to ameliorate the appearance of wrinkles. Currently the effects of those products and procedures on wrinkles are mainly evaluated by clinical grading, subjective self‐assessment questionnaires, and optical profilometry of replica impressions. An objective and quantitative method is in demand.MethodsRaking light optical profilometry was applied directly to facial photography to cast wrinkles as dark shadows. The resulting high‐resolution digital images were analyzed using Image Pro software. A high‐throughput method, Stephens Wrinkle Imaging using Raking Light (SWIRL), was developed to analyze the severity of wrinkles using photographs taken under the raking light condition. This method was applied to photographs taken from many panelists with a wide range of wrinkle severity scores. The result was compared with clinical grading scores to determine its validity. In addition, this method was applied to photographs taken from panelists before and after product usage to determine its sensitivity.ResultsUsing the SWIRL method, multiple wrinkle parameters were quantitatively assessed, including wrinkle count, length, width, area, and relative depth. Those parameters correlated well with clinical grading scores, showing correlation coefficient (r value) of about 0.8 for all parameters. This result indicates that the SWIRL method is a valid method for analyzing wrinkle severity. When applied to a clinical study, the SWIRL method was sensitive enough to detect improvement after 8 weeks of product application.ConclusionsThe SWIRL method has been fully validated through clinical studies. It is accurate, objective, and quantitative. As multiple wrinkle parameters are analyzed simultaneously, it can provide more detailed information on how wrinkles change over time and therefore has the potential to shed light on the action and mechanism of antiwrinkle products.
Imaging of hemoglobin oxygen saturation ratio in the face by spectral camera and its application to evaluate dark circles
Authors: Kikuchi Kumiko , Masuda Yuji , Hirao Tetsuji 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundContact‐type spectrophotometers have been widely used to measure skin color to determine the color values and melanin and hemoglobin contents. Recently, a spectral camera was introduced to evaluate two‐dimensional color distribution. However, its application to skin color measurement has been limited.MethodsThe original spectral imaging system developed for facial skin consisted of a spectral camera and an original lighting unit for uniform irradiation of the face. The distribution of skin chromophores in the face, including melanin and oxy‐ and deoxyhemoglobin, was calculated from the reflectance data for each pixel of the spectral images. In addition, to create a mean spectral image of the group, a face morphing technology for spectral data was proposed. Using the system, we determined the characteristics of the dark circles around the eyes and also evaluated the effects of an anti‐dark circle cosmetic.ResultsThis system enabled the sensitive detection of skin chromophores in the face. Melanin content increased and hemoglobin oxygen saturation ratio decreased locally in the infraorbital areas of women with dark circles compared with those of women without dark circles. In addition, we were able to detect improvement in the dark circles after 6 weeks' use of anti‐dark circle cosmetic products by visualizing the distribution of the relative concentrations of melanin and hemoglobin oxygen saturation ratio.ConclusionUsing a spectral camera, we developed a non‐contact image‐processing system that was capable of capturing a wide area of the face to visualize the distribution of the relative concentrations of skin chromophores in the face.
Characterization of Chinese body skin through in vivo instrument assessments, visual evaluations, and questionnaire: influences of body area, inter‐generation, season, sex, and skin care habits
Authors: Li Xi , Galzote Carlos , Yan Xiuyuan , Li Li , Wang Xi 
Published: June 2013

Background/PurposeThe varying influence of multiple factors (e.g., aging, sex, season, skin care habits) on skin structure and function necessitates study within ethnic groups to fully characterize their skin.MethodsMen and women aged 40–50 years (n = 43) and their consanguineous same‐sex children, aged 18–25 years (n = 43), living in Chengdu, China were enrolled in this single center, non‐interventional study. Volunteers attended two study visits (summer, 2010 and winter, 2011) at which dermatologists measured transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, sebum secretion, fine lines/roughness, melanin/erythema, temperature, and color, and clinically graded participants' skin. Participants answered a questionnaire, indicating their perceived skin type/condition. Data were analyzed using t‐test/anova or Friedman/Wilcoxon test.ResultsObjective measurements demonstrated statistically significant inter‐generational differences in skin condition, with aged skin more wrinkled at most sites, having reduced oil/colder facial and décolletage skin, darker/more erythematous skin in exposed areas, and less hydrated/rougher heel skin; similarities were detected in skin melanin, erythema, and TEWL. There were also statistically significant differences between seasons and sexes. The intersection between instrument measurements and subjective perceptions of skin revealed notable differences.ConclusionObjective measurements and their intersection with subjective perceptions demonstrate the influences of inter‐generation, season, sex, and living habits on Chinese body skin.
Analysis of the skin surface and inner structure around pores on the face
Authors: Mizukoshi Koji , Takahashi Kazuhiro 
Published: June 2013

Background/purposeFacial pores do not appear to close again in old skin. Therefore, the tissue structure around the pore has been speculated to keep the pore open. To elucidate the reason for pore enlargement, we examined the relationship between the skin surface and inner skin structural characteristics in the same regions especially around the pore.MethodsSamples of the skin surface were obtained from the cheek and examined using a laser image processor to obtain three‐dimensional (3D) data. The inner structure of the skin was analyzed using in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).ResultsThe conspicuous pore not only had a concave structure but also a discontinuous convex structure on the skin surface surrounding the pore. Furthermore, CLSM image indicated that the skin inner structure developed a discontinuous dermal papilla structure and isotropic dermal fiber structure.ConclusionThere were structural changes in the skin surface around conspicuous pores, including not only a concave structure but also a convex structure with skin inner structure changing.
Depigmented skin and phantom color measurements for realistic prostheses
Authors: Tanner Paul , Leachman Sancy , Boucher Kenneth , Ozçelik Tunçer Burak 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that regardless of human skin phototype, areas of depigmented skin, as seen in vitiligo, are optically indistinguishable among skin phototypes. The average of the depigmented skin measurements can be used to develop the base color of realistic prostheses.Methods and MaterialsData was analyzed from 20 of 32 recruited vitiligo study participants. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements were made from depigmented skin and adjacent pigmented skin, then compared with 66 pigmented polydimethylsiloxane phantoms to determine pigment concentrations in turbid media for making realistic facial prostheses.ResultsThe Area Under spectral intensity Curve (AUC) was calculated for average spectroscopy measurements of pigmented sites in relation to skin phototype (P = 0.0505) and depigmented skin in relation to skin phototype (P = 0.59). No significant relationship exists between skin phototypes and depigmented skin spectroscopy measurements. The average of the depigmented skin measurements (AUC 19,129) was the closest match to phantom 6.4 (AUC 19,162).ConclusionAreas of depigmented skin are visibly indistinguishable per skin phototype, yet spectrometry shows that depigmented skin measurements varied and were unrelated to skin phototype. Possible sources of optical variation of depigmented skin include age, body site, blood flow, quantity/quality of collagen, and other chromophores. The average of all depigmented skin measurements can be used to derive the pigment composition and concentration for realistic facial prostheses.
Transmission disequilibrium analysis of 31 type 1 diabetes susceptibility loci in Finnish families
Authors: Laine A. P. , Knip M. , Ilonen J. ,   The Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register
Published: June 2013

AbstractCurrently more than 50 type 1 diabetes (T1D) loci outside the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐region have been established in large European and/or North American populations. Our aim was to attempt to replicate these findings in the less heterogenic Finnish population and to explore evidence for genetic heterogeneity. We analyzed 1761 Finnish T1D trio families for association in 31 T1D loci (25 confirmed and 6 have inconsistent prior evidence). Families were categorized into nine different subgroups according to potential features that reflect underlying genetic heterogeneity in patients (age at diagnosis, sex and HLA genotypes). Seventeen confirmed loci and one nonconfirmed locus (1p31.1) presented significant evidence for association in the full data set. Magnitude and direction of effect was consistent with prior evidence. The strongest effects were seen at the insulin gene, PTPN22 and IL2RA regions. Tentative evidence of odds ratio (OR) heterogeneity within subgroups was seen in eight loci. Our findings were well in line with those reported in the latest meta‐analyses using large admixed Caucasian populations, which concurs with the notion that the currently confirmed T1D loci, that have been discovered and replicated mostly in diverse populations, are common to all European populations. The observed effect modifications by subgrouping require validation in later studies with more statistical power.
A Temporal Variant‐Invariant Validation Approach for Agent‐based Models of Landscape Dynamics
Authors: Bone Christopher , Johnson Bart , Nielsen‐Pincus Max , Sproles Eric , Bolte John 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAgent‐based modeling provides a means for addressing the way human and natural systems interact to change landscapes over time. Until recently, evaluation of simulation models has focused on map comparison techniques that evaluate the degree to which predictions match real‐world observations. However, methods that change the focus of evaluation from patterns to processes have begun to surface; that is, rather than asking if a model simulates a correct pattern, models are evaluated on their ability to simulate a process of interest. We build on an existing agent‐based modeling validation method in order to present a temporal variant‐invariant analysis (TVIA). The enhanced method, which focuses on analyzing the uncertainty in simulation results, examines the degree to which outcomes from multiple model runs match some reference to how land use parcels make the transition from one land use class to another over time. We apply TVIA to results from an agent‐based model that simulates the relationships between landowner decisions and wildfire risk in the wildland‐urban interface of the southern Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. The TVIA approach demonstrates a novel ability to examine uncertainty across time to provide an understanding of how the model emulates the system of interest.
A Comparative Analysis of Traveling Salesman Solutions from Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Curtin Kevin M. , Voicu Gabriela , Rice Matthew T. , Stefanidis Anthony 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe Traveling Salesman Problem is one of the most prominent problems in combinatorial optimization, and is regularly employed in a wide variety of applications. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the extent of sub‐optimality produced by Traveling Salesman solution procedures implemented in the context of Geographic Information Systems and to discuss the consequences that such solutions have for practice. Toward that end, an analysis is made of Traveling Salesman solutions from implementations in four Geographic Information System packages. These implementations are tested against the optimal solution for a range of problem sizes. Computational results are presented in the context of a school bus routing application. This analysis concludes that no Traveling Salesman implementation in GIS is likely to find the optimal solution when problems exceed 10 stops. In contrast, optimal solutions can be generated with desktop linear programming software for up to 25 cities. Moreover, one GIS implementation consistently found solutions that were closer to optimal than its competitors. This research strongly suggests that for applications with fewer than 25 stops, the use of an optimal solution procedure is advised, and that GIS implementations can benefit from the integration of more robust optimization techniques.
Evidence of purinergic neurotransmission in isolated, intact horse sweat glands
Authors: Bovell Douglas L. , Riggs Christopher M. , Sidlow Gordon , Troester Suzanne , MacLaren William , Yip Wallace , Ko Wing H. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundFluid secretion by sweat glands in response to heat and exercise is underpinned by increases in intracellular calcium. In horses, this is primarily via β2‐adrenoceptors, but studies in equine sweat gland cell lines have indicated a possible role for purinergic agonists. Knowledge of equine sweating stimulus–secretion mechanisms in intact glands from healthy animals would allow future comparison to determine whether these mechanisms are affected in equine anhidrosis.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo determine whether purinergic agonists can induce changes in intracellular calcium in intact, freshly isolated equine sweat glands.AnimalsEleven healthy thoroughbred horses from the Hong Kong Jockey Club were used in this study.MethodsFreshly isolated equine sweat glands were loaded with the calcium‐sensitive fluorescent dye fura‐2 AM, and changes in intracellular calcium were recorded before, during and after stimulation by purinergic agonists.ResultsPurinergic agonists ATP and UTP generated significant increases in intracellular calcium.Conclusions and clinical importanceThe results show that it is possible to investigate stimulus–secretion coupling mechanisms by fluorescence imaging in equine sweat glands that have been isolated from fresh skin samples. Such isolated glands retain functional β2‐adrenoceptors and P2Y purinergic receptors that couple to a calcium‐signalling pathway. Using isolated, intact sweat glands therefore offers a very useful model for the further study of secretory processes in equine sweat glands, and using this experimental approach could facilitate a better understanding of how these mechanisms are affected in equine anhidrosis.
Transmission of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis between Child and Dog in an Aboriginal Australian Community
Authors: Schrieber L. , Towers R. , Muscatello G. , Speare R. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryStreptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE), also known as group G and C streptococci, is becoming increasingly recognized as a pathogen in humans. We report here the finding of an identical strain of SDSE in the throat of a child and their dog in an Aboriginal Australian community. The strain was identified using the API 20Strep system, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, emm sequence typing (emmST) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) as a group C SDSE, stC839.5 and ST‐3. Carriage of this strain by a human and dog in the same household justifies detailed epidemiological studies using molecular typing to clarify the extent of cross‐species transmission and sharing of SDSE and other group G and C streptococci, and its impact in these communities.
Improvement in Ballistae Design From Eutitonon to Palintonon: A Study
on the Mechanical Advantages
Authors: Rossi C. , Pagano S. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This study investigated why the design of ancient throwing machines evolved from eutitonon (arms outside the mainframe) to palintonon (arms inside the mainframe) from the end of the first century B.C. to the first century A.D. and evaluated the mechanical advantages of the new design. Palintonon was first used for big machines; in the following centuries, it was also used for much smaller machines. Essentially, the palintonon design has several advantages: more elastic energy can be stored in the hair bundles representing the motors of these machines, heavier projectiles can be thrown with the same charging effort, projectiles are stressed by lower acceleration in the machine with the same muzzle velocity, and the throwing machines have higher efficiency. Results are also presented regarding the “internal ballistics” of these ancient throwing machines by using simulation software.
RADIAL SYMMETRY OF POSITIVE SOLUTIONS TO EQUATIONS INVOLVING THE FRACTIONAL LAPLACIAN
Authors: FELMER PATRICIO , WANG YING 
Published: June 2013

The aim of this paper is to study radial symmetry and monotonicity properties for positive solution of elliptic equations involving the fractional Laplacian. We first consider the semi-linear Dirichlet problem [Formula: see text] where (-Δ)αdenotes the fractional Laplacian, α ∈ (0, 1), and B1denotes the open unit ball centered at the origin in ℝNwith N ≥ 2. The function f : [0, ∞) → ℝ is assumed to be locally Lipschitz continuous and g : B1→ ℝ is radially symmetric and decreasing in |x|. In the second place we consider radial symmetry of positive solutions for the equation [Formula: see text] with u decaying at infinity and f satisfying some extra hypothesis, but possibly being non-increasing.Our third goal is to consider radial symmetry of positive solutions for system of the form [Formula: see text] where α1, α2∈(0, 1), the functions f1and f2are locally Lipschitz continuous and increasing in [0, ∞), and the functions g1and g2are radially symmetric and decreasing. We prove our results through the method of moving planes, using the recently proved ABP estimates for the fractional Laplacian. We use a truncation technique to overcome the difficulty introduced by the non-local character of the differential operator in the application of the moving planes.
Guaranteed cost control for switched recurrent neural networks with interval time-varying delay
Authors: Niamsup Piyapong , Rajchakit Manlika , Rajchakit Grienggrai 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This paper studies the problem of guaranteed cost control for a class of switched recurrent neural networks with interval time-varying delay. The time delay is a continuous function belonging to a given interval, but not necessary differentiable. A cost function is considered as a nonlinear performance measure for the closed-loop system. The stabilizing controllers to be designed must satisfy some exponential stability constraints on the closed-loop poles. By constructing a set of augmented Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals, a guaranteed cost controller is designed via memoryless state feedback control, a switching rule for the exponential stabilization for the system is designed via linear matrix inequalities and new sufficient conditions for the existence of the guaranteed cost state-feedback for the system are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained result.
Live imaging and analysis of postnatal mouse retinal development
Authors: Nickerson Philip EB , Ronellenfitch Kara M , Csuzdi Nicklaus F , Boyd Jamie D , Howard Perry L , Delaney Kerry R , Chow Robert L 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

Background
The explanted, developing rodent retina provides an efficient and accessible preparation for use in gene transfer and pharmacological experimentation. Many of the features of normal development are retained in the explanted retina, including retinal progenitor cell proliferation, heterochronic cell production, interkinetic nuclear migration, and connectivity. To date, live imaging in the developing retina has been reported in non-mammalian and mammalian whole-mount samples. An integrated approach to rodent retinal culture/transfection, live imaging, cell tracking, and analysis in structurally intact explants greatly improves our ability to assess the kinetics of cell production.

Results
In this report, we describe the assembly and maintenance of an in vitro, CO2-independent, live mouse retinal preparation that is accessible by both upright and inverted, 2-photon or confocal microscopes. The optics of this preparation permit high-quality and multi-channel imaging of retinal cells expressing fluorescent reporters for up to 48h. Tracking of interkinetic nuclear migration within individual cells, and changes in retinal progenitor cell morphology are described. Follow-up, hierarchical cluster screening revealed that several different dependent variable measures can be used to identify and group movement kinetics in experimental and control samples.

Conclusions
Collectively, these methods provide a robust approach to assay multiple features of rodent retinal development using live imaging.