bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PNG LNG's Community Development Support Strategy
Authors: Kini Sisa , Van Duker James , Hayes Bruce 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT
The PNG LNG Project has established a Community Development Support Plan (CDSP) with the purpose of mitigating potentially harmful effects and promoting the development of conditions conducive to enhancing the livelihoods of communities in the Project Impact Area (PIA). The CDSP provides for the development and implementation of a range of community-focused initiatives to meet the International Finance Corporation's (IFC) Performance Standard-7: Indigenous People (PS-7).
The CDSP is based on a participatory, community-based approach, which uses existing and functional systems and structures to encourage community participation and ownership. This enables broad-based community programs and projects to be defined and implemented in a culturally appropriate manner. To promote sustainability, the Project will position itself in a supportive rather than a primary role by encouraging communities to take a more active role in their own development.
The CDSP will be implemented through the following components: Strengthened Social Resilience - enabling communities to effectively respond to Project impacts and capitalize on Project opportunities to improve their quality of life. Key focus areas are education, subsistence production and social strengthening.Local Economic Development - increasing income-earning opportunities and self-reliant livelihoods for communities in the Project area. This includes stimulating and supporting local entrepreneurship, development of value chain infrastructure and creating strategic partnerships that promote the development of commercial enterprise.Community Capacity Building and Partnerships - supporting the efforts of communities to identify and meet their development needs in a sustainable way.
The CV Rena - An Oil Spill Response Case Study
Authors: Anderson Jamie 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
On the 5th of October 2011 the 47,000 tonne container ship MV Rena ran aground on Astrolabe reef approximately 17km west of the Port of Tauranga in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. The vessel spilt 360 tonnes of Heavy Fuel Oil from a potential 1,700 tonnes and was New Zealand's first major maritime environmental incident. Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) was mobilised by Maritime New Zealand to provide technical support during the initial spill response and dispersant operations. Subsequently this role expanded to include shoreline operations, aerial support, incident command support and shoreline protection.
This case study aims to illustrate the role that Tier 3 organisations had in supplementing the in-country resources and helping the national agencies manage their first major oil spill and in particular will discuss OSRL's integration into Maritime New Zealand's Incident Command Structure.
The case study will address the unique circumstances and operational complications of this specific spill together with the subsequent learning outcomes these challenges produced. These include the integration and the inclusion of the local Maori population, at all command levels of the response, and previously untested wildlife response methods. Further challenges include the use of a variety of innovative beach cleaning techniques and available response options when working with a large local volunteer work force.
Using Research to Provide Safe and Environmentally Sound Decisions in the US Outer Continental Shelf (OCS)
Authors: Buffington Sharon , Steffek Timothy 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The US OCS frontier areas provide a challenging environment for regulating oil and gas as well as renewable energy safety. The Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) relies heavily on the use of technology assessment and research to provide safe and environmentally sound decisions. The BSEE continually re-examines current technology and procedures that may be used in the OCS because of the evolving challenges that frontier areas bring. The BSEE collaborates with national and international federal agencies to provide consistency and to ensure that the best available and safest technology is used in the OCS.
This paper will look at regulatory improvements made from research conducted post hurricane. It will also highlight post Macondo research that is being pursued by the BSEE for drilling, cementing, and human factors. The results of the research are used in the development of offshore regulations, standards, and inspection policies of more than 3400 OCS facilities and more than 33,000 miles of pipelines. For example, projects were completed which have determined appropriate structural assessment methods that did not exist previously.
A new web based system is being used as a tool to ensure that recommendations formed from research findings are used expeditiously. This paper will highlight improvements being made at the new agency formed in the Department of the Interior in an effort to promote safety, protect the environment, and conserve resources offshore through vigorous regulatory oversight and enforcement.
Surveillance of Marine Mammals in the Safety Zone around an Air Gun Array with the Help of a 360° Infrared Camera System
Authors: Weissenberger Jürgen , Zitterbart Daniel P. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Most countries require monitoring of marine mammals near seismic surveys in order to estimate potential impacts and/or to trigger appropriate mitigations measures. Typically, monitoring involves the use of visual observations by trained personnel, which are generally limited by periods of daylight with good visibility (e.g. not foggy etc.); even in perfect weather, marine mammal presence may be missed by the human observers. The ability to detect marine mammals missed by observers, as well as the ability to extend the observation period of marine mammals into the nightime and into other poor visibility conditions, would increase the activity time for industry and the accuracy of monitoring/mitigation compliance efforts. One technology for improving the effectiveness of monitoring is the use of infrared (IR) imaging devices. IR technology measures the heat radiated from an object, and the heat contrast between two juxtaposed objects. IR technology is well suited to marine mammal monitoring, since all marine mammals must come to the surface to breathe, and IR imaging often gives a clear temperature contrast between the animal and the water, making for easy detection through both visual and automated observations. An advanced IR camera system capable of simultaneously monitoring 360° around a vessel was tested during a two month seismic operation in the Alaskan Chukchi Sea in 2010. This particular installation allowed monitoring of 280° ahead and to the sides of the vessel with a picture refresh rate of 5 hertz (Hz). The IR pictures were displayed in real-time on two monitors, and video was recorded during marine mammal sightings for retrospective analyses. Approximately 180 whale blows were detected in the recorded IR imagery. Smaller whales (Dall's porpoise) were detectable at distances of several hundred meters, while blows from large baleen whales were seen at distances of up to 8 kilometers (km). The IR camera was also able to detect walrus that surfaced within 1 km of the vessel, with some detection out to a maximum distance of 1.5 km. Sea state and visibility hampered the detectability for marine mammals similarly to human visual observations, but the IR camera offers excellent observations possibilities at nightime. In the tested configuration, the IR camera system showed substantial promise for improving the effectiveness of detecting marine mammals at the surface during daylight hours, and even more detection capabilities at night. In additiona, the IR camera also allows precise measurement of the distance of the marine mammal to the seismic vessel.
The Value of Implementing Survey Management on an Existing Crowded Platform to Safely Drill Future Wells
Authors: Atfi Yusmar B Mat Wan Zul , Son Nguyen Truong , Abdalla Siddig , Aznor M Zafril , Bt A Rahman Afizza Anis , Abdullah Amir Zhafri , Zahri Fakhrul Radzi , Lubis Arwansyah , Dawson Graeme , Subroto Bramanta , Zolhaili Azzril , Singam Chandrasekhar Kirthi 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Two significant development projects were being planned for brownfields in southeast Asia with a total of seven platforms and 230 wellbores in place. Previous drilling campaigns were conducted from 10 to 30 years ago. Hence, existing data were of variable quality and reliability.
During the design process for both fields, it was determined that there were large discrepancies and irregularities between well positioning databases. This not only complicated the anticollision situation of drilling in the congested fields but could also influence the reservoir model accuracy for determining the development target. The anticollision risks based on the existing data meant that well plans had to be "over engineered" to avoid the perceived risks while also requiring offset wells to be shut in during drilling operations. Thus, both drilling efficiency and production were affected because of the well positioning uncertainties.
A comprehensive survey management process was embarked upon by both the operator and service company to ensure that the survey databases being used by the drilling and subsurface teams were consistent and free from gross errors. This included the review of all existing survey reports, sources of platform positions, etc. to identify anomalies or gross errors. This was the first such project conducted by the operator.
This paper discusses the complete survey management validation process and also highlights its effect in allowing the safe and efficient well planning of the drilling campaigns while providing the subsurface team an accurate well positioning database to allow accurate target selection.
Workforce Training on Marine Mammals and Sound: Progress and a Way Forward for an Advanced Joint Industry Course
Authors: Streever Bill , Oliveira Shirley , Walls Anne 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In 2008, during the SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and the Environment in Nice, France, BP p.l.c. (BP) presented "Managing Marine Mammal Issues: Corporate Policy, Stakeholder Engagement, Applied Research and Training." That paper recognized the need for oil and gas industry staff to develop a basic understanding of the potential effects of underwater sound on marine mammals and offered a short description of one of BP's approaches to familiarization training.
Since 2008, stakeholder concerns and regulatory requirements have grown. Today, the oil and gas industry needs employees familiar with the issue as well as a smaller cadre of employees with substantial expertise. This is especially true in areas of relatively new exploration and development activity, such as southern Australia and northern Canada, and in mature areas faced with rapidly-changing regulatory requirements, such as the Gulf of Mexico.
Recognizing the importance of this issue, BP has worked towards improving workforce competency through a variety of methods, including an intranet-based familiarization course, third-party courses, internal knowledge-sharing events, and mentoring. While each of these approaches plays an important role in workforce development, the need for an advanced training course focused specifically on industry needs and drawing from industry examples remains. This paper describes an example of an existing BP training program and advocates joint industry development of an advanced training course.
Demonstrating Adequate Management of Risks: The Move from Quantitative to Qualitative Risk Assessments
Authors: Bower-White Graham 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This paper will demonstrate that the use of quantitative risk analysis (QRA) has limitations and does not, in isolation, demonstrate adequate management of risks. The only way to demonstrate that risks are being appropriately managed is to identify all hazards; understand the level of risk; identify all prevention, control and mitigation barriers; and then demonstrate that those barriers are adequate and effective in managing that risk to a level that is as low as reasonably practicable.
This paper is applicable to all process industries and, in particular, those industries operating under the jurisdiction of NOPSEMA in Australia. Under the OPGGS Act we have a legal obligation to demonstrate that we are managing risk to levels that are demonstrably ALARP.
In summary this paper will show that QRA has its place in demonstrating adequate management of risks; however, it should not be used in isolation. Having a QRA conducted can sometimes provide a false sense of security that risk is being managed. The UKOOA Risk-based Decision Making Framework is a useful tool in demonstrating the small part that QRA plays in managing risk. The answer to managing risk effectively lies in demonstrating that adequate and effective controls are in place. Not only do we need to identify the controls that are required to manage risk effectively, we also need to demonstrate that those controls are actually in place, are performing as they should and that competent people have confirmed that this is the case.
In the process industry, post-Macondo & Montara, it is essential that operators move away from just demonstrating that they understand the level of risk that personnel and the environment are exposed to. We all need to move towards demonstrating that we have adequate and effective barriers and controls in place to manage that risk effectively.
HIV and Aging: An Evolving Challenge for the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Battalora Linda A. , Spear John R. , Young Benjamin 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The prevention and management of infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, has been an area of increasing focus of the oil and gas industry. HIV infection is highly prevalent in many of the regions where oil and gas production occurs. With the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV are living longer and able to participate in the work force. Recent epidemiological studies indicate that age-related illnesses are more common in HIVpositive (HIV+) individuals than in age-matched HIV-negative (HIV−) individuals. Together with the typical age-related illnesses of older people, challenging workplace issues are foreseeable.
Among long-term survivors of HIV infection, increased risk of bone, heart, cognitive diseases and certain malignancies have been described. Correlations exist between bone health in HIV-infected persons and increased risk of fragility fractures. Additionally, cardiovascular disease and neurocognitive deficits are recognized as occurring prematurely in HIV+ individuals. Further, it is suggested that long-term antiretroviral therapy may result in medication toxicity. Such degenerative illnesses have wide impact on health and the working environment during exploration and production operations including reduced productivity, reduction in labor pool experience, and increased safety risks in transporting, lifting, and equipment operation. Outcomes like these result in additional project and health costs that are ultimately paid by the operator, contractor, stakeholder and the community.
This paper highlights recent epidemiological findings based on cohort studies, translates their relevance to the oil and gas industry, discusses their direct impact on health and the working environment, personal safety, health safety and environment (HSE) management, and suggests timely industry preparation for workplace issues resulting from HIV and aging, both premature and chronological aging.
Marine Environment Guidance during Geophysical Operations
Authors: Tsoflias S. L. , Hedgeland D. , Gill G. C. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The International Association of Geophysical Contractors (IAGC) has several subcommittees and workgroups focusing on specific subject areas in order to achieve its overall mission, which includes promoting the conduct of the geophysical industry's business in a professional, safe, and environmentally responsible manner. In 2011, the Association's Sound & Marine Life Workgroup completed an updated version of its Recommended Mitigation Measures for Cetaceans during Geophysical Operations (IAGC 2011a). Several documents have been developed to complement these recommended measures. Among these are the IAGC Recommended Visual Observer Reporting Forms (IAGC 2011b).
Numerous countries require the use of visual observers who are responsible for monitoring the presence of marine mammals within defined zones during geophysical operations and implementing procedures to mitigate potential impacts. Various reporting forms have been developed for these observations. IAGC members identified a need to have a standard set of forms that could be used on a global basis to collect and report visual observer data, unless a country stipulates the use of different forms. In addition to streamlining the process for geophysical companies, the use of standardized forms encourages the collection of visual observation data in a consistent manner that facilitates meaningful analysis. A centralized database is being considered for collecting the data, further facilitating objective scientific research on the topic.
IAGC has also prepared and published the document Guidance for Marine Life Visual Observers (IAGC 2011c), intended for use by third party visual monitoring personnel such as marine mammal observers (MMOs) or marine wildlife observers (MWOs) operating onboard vessels conducting marine seismic surveys. The document explains the role and responsibilities of the MMO/MWO, the role and responsibilities of the permit-holder and seismic contractor company, lines of communication between all onboard and information on reporting, conflict management, health, safety and environment (HSE) aspects and standards of conduct.
These publications are examples of initiatives by IAGC, often working in partnership with other organizations, to minimize potential environmental impacts of geophysical operations and demonstrate the commitment of its members to working responsibly.
Making the Safety Case Work - Post Macondo and Montara
Authors: Fitzgerald Brendan , Breen Paul , Patrick Joe 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The paper will consider the implementation of the Safety Case in the oil and gas industry in Australia, and internationally, post the Macondo and Montara incidents.
The National Commission Report into the Deepwater Horizon / Macondo blowout stated: "The immediate causes of the Macondo well blowout ……. that reveal such systematic failures in risk management that they place in doubt the safety culture of the entire industry. "
In their letter to Minister Ferguson on 22 March 2011, the NOPSA Board stated: "The Montara and Macondo incidents each demonstrate technical ignorance and a poor safety culture including complacency regarding low probability, high consequence risks. There is a clear need to improve industry safety culture, accountability and leadership. "
The paper will examine these criticisms and consider how the industry could improve its process safety and risk management. The implementation of a Safety Case in the USA may only occur "in the typical rule-making process that takes up to two years" (Michael Bromwich, Director of BOEMRE). Knowledge, understanding and application of key aspects of process safety management and the preparation and implementation of the Safety Case process are not uniform. The paper will suggest how, in this context, the Safety Case can be applied to achieve the improved outcomes.
The paper will draw from specific findings from the Macondo and Montara incidents. In particular, and of some concern, there are echoes and parallels of the Piper Alpha disaster in the performance of emergency systems on Deepwater Horizon. Inadequate application of hazardous area classification is a key issue which the paper will discuss in order to provide greater understanding. Whilst in Australia, issues of competency, consistency and quality arise with matters such as performance standards. The paper will discuss the need for an industry accepted standard for "performance standards" that goes beyond current regulatory guidelines.
Overall, the paper will seek to propose a way forward for the industry in several practical areas.
White Matter Structural Differences in Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Authors: Aye Tandy , Barnea-Goraly Naama , Ambler Christian , Hoang Sherry , Schleifer Kristin , Park Yaena , Drobny Jessica , Wilson Darrell M. , Reiss Allan L. , Buckingham Bruce A. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
To detect clinical correlates of cognitive abilities and white matter (WM) microstructural changes using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in young children with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Children, ages 3 to &lt;10 years, with type 1 diabetes (n = 22) and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (n = 14) completed neurocognitive testing and DTI scans.

RESULTS
Compared with healthy controls, children with type 1 diabetes had lower axial diffusivity (AD) values (P = 0.046) in the temporal and parietal lobe regions. There were no significant differences between groups in fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity (RD). Within the diabetes group, there was a significant, positive correlation between time-weighted HbA1c and RD (P = 0.028). A higher, time-weighted HbA1c value was significantly correlated with lower overall intellectual functioning measured by the full-scale intelligence quotient (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
Children with type 1 diabetes had significantly different WM structure (as measured by AD) when compared with controls. In addition, WM structural differences (as measured by RD) were significantly correlated with their HbA1c values. Additional studies are needed to determine if WM microstructural differences in young children with type 1 diabetes predict future neurocognitive outcome.
Change in Visceral Adiposity Independently Predicts a Greater Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Over 10 Years in Japanese Americans
Authors: Wander Pandora L. , Boyko Edward J. , Leonetti Donna L. , McNeely Marguerite J. , Kahn Steven E. , Fujimoto Wilfred Y. 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
—Visceral adiposity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. We sought to determine whether change in intraabdominal fat area (IAF) over time predicts subsequent development of diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
—We followed up 436 nondiabetic Japanese-American subjects (mean age 51.9 years, mean BMI 24.2 kg/m2, 54% male) for development of diabetes. We fit a logistic regression model to examine the association over a 10-year follow-up between change in IAF at 5-year follow-up and other fat areas (measured by computed tomography) and development of incident diabetes, adjusted for age, sex, family history of diabetes in a first-degree relative, second-generation versus third-generation Japanese American (Nisei vs. Sansei), baseline IAF, BMI, weight change over time, smoking status, physical activity level, and subcutaneous fat (SCF) depot areas.

RESULTS
—Cumulative incidence of diabetes was 20.4% at 10 years. Mean change in IAF was 10.9 cm2. An increase of 1 SD in IAF was associated with a 1.65-fold increase in the odds of diabetes over 10 years (OR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.21–2.25) after adjusting for the above covariates. This association was also independent of changes in thoracic, thigh, and abdominal SCF, as well as change in weight.

CONCLUSIONS
—We conclude that baseline IAF and accumulation of fat in this area over time are independent predictors of the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese Americans.