bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The devastating Zhouqu storm‐triggered debris flow of August 2010: Likely causes and possible trends in a future warming climate
Authors: Ren Diandong 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOn 8 August 2010 in the northwestern Chinese province of Gansu, a rainstorm‐triggered debris flow devastated the small county of Zhouqu. A modeling study, using a new multiple‐phase scalable and extensible geofluid model, suggests that the cause is an intersection of several events. These were a heavy rainstorm, not necessarily the result of global warming, which triggered the landslide and followed a drought that created surface cracks and crevasses; the geology of the region, notably the loess covering heavily weathered surface rock; and the bedrock damage, that deepened the surface crevasses inflicted by the 7.9 magnitude Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008. Deforestation and topsoil erosion were critical contributors to the massive size of the debris flow. The modeling results underscore the urgency for a high‐priority program of revegetation of Zhouqu County, without which the region will remain exposed to future disastrous, “progressive bulking” type landslides. Debris flows are more predictable types of landslides; consequently, a series of “pseudo climate change” model experiments of future extreme precipitation events are carried out using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, forced by temperature perturbations from an ensemble of climate models. In a possibly future warmer climate, extreme precipitation events are anticipated to be more severe, and this study has identified an atmospheric blocking pattern that might produce future extreme precipitation events in the peri‐Tibetan Plateau (TP) area (located to the northeast of the TP). Importantly, observations from gravity field measuring satellites indicate that the larger geological environment of this region also is becoming increasingly unstable.
Measuring the Effects of a Sliding Scale Duty System on China's Cotton Market: A Spatial Equilibrium Approach
Authors: Wang Xuejun , Maeda Koshi , Hokazono Satoshi , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Kaiser Harry M. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWe examined the impacts of China's implementation of a sliding scale duty (SSD) system on the world cotton market. The analysis was based on a spatial equilibrium model of major importing and exporting regions that incorporates key features of China's SSD. The model solutions suggest that implementation of the SSD system improved market access for imports of cotton in China, which benefitted cotton processors, and adversely affected China's cotton producers. The Chinese market price of cotton decreased, imports increased, and domestic production declined. Furthermore, subsequent adjustments of the SSD system increased market access for cotton, which benefitted China cotton processors. These changes in China's cotton trade policy altered conditions in the world. [EconLit Citations: C600; F130; Q170].
Lower hemoglobin levels in first time mothers from Cebu, Philippines
Authors: Yoon Jessica , Tooba Rubabin , Borja Judith , Largado Fe , Quinn E.A. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe association between parity and hemoglobin status in mothers is unclear. Closely spaced pregnancies may predict decreased hemoglobin in women, as these shorter intervals may limit the time available for iron repletion, or maternal age may be associated with general declines in hemoglobin. This study investigated the association between parity and hemoglobin status in a 1‐year birth cohort of mothers from Cebu, Philippines, with variable parities. It was hypothesized that maternal parity would be inversely associated with hemoglobin status and that among multiparous mothers, interbirth interval, and prior breastfeeding duration would be positively associated with hemoglobin level.MethodsThe study design was cross‐section with participants (n = 125) recruited from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey; all mothers were 24–25 years of age at the time of the study and currently breastfeeding infants less than 3 years of age. Hemoglobin was measured using B‐Hemocue Analyzer. Detailed dietary information, health recalls, anthropometrics, and reproductive histories were available on all mothers.ResultsMaternal parity ranged from 1 to 6 with an average of 2.2 (1.0) births. In this cross section of parity among similarly aged women, hemoglobin levels were significantly lower for primiparous (12.1 ± 1.8) compared to multiparous mothers (13.2 ± 1.5; P = 0.03), despite similar antianemic usage during gestation. There was no significant association between prior interbirth interval, prior, or current breastfeeding duration and hemoglobin in multiparas.ConclusionsLow hemoglobin levels of primiparous women in this sample might indicate increased nutritional stress associated with first pregnancy. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:421–423, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
NIOSH Health and Safety Practices Survey of Healthcare Workers: Training and awareness of employer safety procedures
Authors: Steege Andrea L. , Boiano James M. , Sweeney Marie H. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundThe Health and Safety Practices Survey of Healthcare Workers describes current practices used to minimize chemical exposures and barriers to using recommended personal protective equipment for the following: antineoplastic drugs, anesthetic gases, high level disinfectants, surgical smoke, aerosolized medications (pentamidine, ribavirin, and antibiotics), and chemical sterilants.MethodsTwenty‐one healthcare professional practice organizations collaborated with NIOSH to develop and implement the web‐based survey.ResultsTwelve thousand twenty‐eight respondents included professional, technical, and support occupations which routinely come in contact with the targeted hazardous chemicals. Chemical‐specific safe handling training was lowest for aerosolized antibiotics (52%, n = 316), and surgical smoke (57%, n = 4,747). Reported employer procedures for minimizing exposure was lowest for surgical smoke (32%, n = 4,746) and anesthetic gases (56%, n = 3,604).ConclusionsTraining and having procedures in place to minimize exposure to these chemicals is one indication of employer and worker safety awareness. Safe handling practices for use of these chemicals will be reported in subsequent papers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:640–652, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of hydrogen‐bonding interaction introduced by filled oligomer on bulk properties of blended polyimide films
Authors: Li Baoyin , Pang Yuwei , Fan Cong , Gao Jie , Wang Xu , Zhang Chaoliang , Liu Xiangyang 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTSpecific structure oligomer is designed and synthesized to fill “blank interaction points” left among polyimide (PI) rigid‐rod structure in order to further enhance the interaction between PI macromolecules. An oligomer, 4,4′‐bisbenzamide diphenyl ether (BADE) containing amide groups as proton donor, was blended with polyamic acid (PAA) solution to modify PI of pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4′‐oxydianiline. Fourier transform infrared and dynamic mechanical analyses show that hydrogen‐bonding interaction occurs between NH groups and PI chains. This resulted interchain interaction increases the tensile strength of blended PI films from 115.9 to 135.6 MPa, about 17.0% improvement, with BADE content surprisingly up to 20 wt %. BADE is uniformly dispersed without aggregation within a saturated amount of 20 wt % through wide angle X‐ray diffraction and morphology characterization. Moreover, rheological measurements indicate that the processability of PAA solution is maintained after introduction of BADE. The obtained PI films still have excellent thermal stability. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40498.
Synthesis and ultraviolet‐curing behaviors of vinyl ether functionalized polyurethane oligomers
Authors: Feng Ping , Li Wei , Zou Yingquan 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe vinyl ether functionalized oligomer is one of the most basic components of vinyl ether functionalized materials for cationic UV‐curable coatings. In this study, three types of vinyl ether functionalized polyurethane oligomers (i.e., polyether, polyester, and polydimethylsiloxane) were synthesized with diisocyanate, diol, and hydroxyethyl vinyl ether. These oligomers were characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. The effect of the raw material ratio on the oligomer, UV‐curing behaviors, and thermal properties of these oligomers were investigated. The UV‐curing behavior was analyzed by real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The vinyl ether terminated polyester urethane oligomer exhibited better UV curing, with a higher final conversion and maximum UV‐curing rates. In addition, the light intensity was enhanced for oligomers with better UV‐curing properties. Research on these vinyl ether functionalized oligomers is essential to the development and applications of cationic vinyl ethers systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40501.
Char barrier effect of graphene nanoplatelets on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of high‐density polyethylene flame‐retarded by brominated polystyrene
Authors: Ran Shiya , Chen Chao , Guo Zhenghong , Fang Zhengping 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTGraphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) with the char barrier effect were combined with brominated polystyrene (BPS) and antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) to improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability of high‐density polyethylene. Thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) testing, and vertical burning testing (UL‐94) showed that the presence of GNPs led to enhanced thermal oxidation stability and significantly reduced the flammability. The addition of 1 wt % GNPs to polyethylene/BPS–Sb (mass ratio = 92/6/2) led to UL‐94 grades from NG (first burning time > 30 s) to V‐2 (total burning time = 14 s), and the LOI value increased from 23.4 to 24.1%. The results of the pyrolysis products provided evidence that the GNPs restricted volatilization. The morphology of the chars also proved the formation of the char layer, which could act as a barrier to isolate the material from the flame and retard the vaporization of flammable gases via a tortuous pathway. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40520.
Preparation and properties of Waterborne polyurethane/nanosilica composites: A diol as extender with triethoxysilane group
Authors: Wang Gang , Ma Guozhang , Hou Caiying , Guan Taotao , Ling Lixia , Wang Baojun 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWaterborne polyurethane (WPU) was prepared from toluene diisocyanate, polypropylene glycol, 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid and a diol containing triethoxysilane group as the chain extender which was synthesized via Michael addition between 3‐triethoxysilylpropylamine and 2‐hydroxyethylacrylate. Different amounts of nanosilica were incorporated into the WPU to prepare WPU/nanosilica composites. The results showed that the particle size of the emulsions increased and their viscosity decreased first and then increased with increasing the amount of nanosilica. Incorporation of nanosilica into WPU enhanced the water contact angle and thermal stability of the composites films, meanwhile, their tensile strength and hardness increased first and then decreased. However, increasing the amount of nanosilica resulted in reduction in the elongation at break of the films. It suggested that nanosilca was anchored into the side chain of WPU due to the condensation process between the triethoxysilane group in the side chain of WPU molecular and the silanols group on the surface of nanosilica. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 40526.
Tunable degradation of piperazine‐based polyurethane ureas
Authors: Ruan Changshun , Hu Yang , Jiang Lixin , Cai Qingqing , Pan Haobo , Wang Huaiyu 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTTo manipulate the degradation of polymeric biomaterial for potential applications in tissue regeneration, a series of piperazine‐based polyurethane ureas (P‐PUUs) were designed and prepared with poly(d,l‐lactic acid) diol (PDLLA diol), 1,6‐hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and piperazine (PP). The number of piperazine units [Num(pp)] in the P‐PUUs could be precisely calculated by a specified equation and could be controlled by the regulation of the PDLLA diol/HDI/PP ratio. Then, the in vitro degradation of the P‐PUUs was investigated by the detection of the variation of the pH value, the weight loss ratio, the surface morphologies, and the molecular weight loss over 12 weeks. The results reveal that the degradation stability and the degradation rate of the P‐PUUs could be manipulated by Num(pp), and a linear correlation between the degradation rate of the P‐PUUs and Num(pp) in the polymer was demonstrated; this implied the tunable degradation of the P‐PUUs. Such a linear correlation is expected to benefit to tissue regeneration as the degradation rate of P‐PUUs for specific tissue defects can be well tuned once the tissue regenerative period is known. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40527.This article is part of a Special Issue on Bioactive Surface Functionalization. The remaining articles appear in J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (2014) volume 131, issue 14. This note was added on 14th July 2014.
Effect of silane integrated sol–gel derived in situ silica on the properties of nitrile rubber
Authors: Kapgate Bharat P. , Das Chayan , Basu Debdipta , Das Amit , Heinrich Gert , Reuter Uta 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTNitrile rubber/silica composites are prepared by a sol–gel process using tetraethoxysilane as precursor in the presence of γ‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane as a silane coupling agent. Here, we follow a novel processing route where the silica particles are generated inside the rubber matrix before compounding with vulcanizing ingredients. The effect of in situ generated silanized silica on the properties of the rubber composite has been evaluated by studying curing characteristics, morphology, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. Enhanced rubber–filler interaction of these composites is revealed from stress–strain studies and dynamic mechanical analysis. Excessive use of silane shows an adverse effect on mechanical properties of the composites. Due to finer dispersed state of the in situ silica and enhanced rubber–filler interaction, the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composites are improved compared to corresponding ex situ processed composite. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40054.
The role of two different internal donors (phthalate and 1,3‐diether) on the formation of surface structure in MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts and their catalytic performance of propylene polymerization
Authors: Song Bo Geun , Ihm Son‐Ki 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe role of two different internal donors [a phthalate (diisobutylphthalate) and a 1,3‐diether (2,2‐diisobutyl‐1,3‐dimethoxypropane)] on the formation of surface structure in MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts and their catalytic performance of propylene polymerization was investigated by comparing and correlating the catalyst structures and the polymerization characteristics. In the catalyst formation, the 1,3‐diether had better affinity for the MgCl2 surface than the phthalate and the 1,3‐diether generated the (110) surface more than the (104) surface while the phthalate generated both the (110) and (104) surfaces of MgCl2. With both donors introduced, the (110) and (104) surfaces were generated simultaneously, although the (110) surface was dominant due to the higher affinity via the 1,3‐diether. In addition, it seemed probable that the active sites formed on the (110) plane showed isospecific characteristics in the presence of a donor while those formed on the (104) plane could be isospecific regardless of a donor. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40536.
The crystallization morphology evolution of polyoxymethylene/poly(ethylene oxide) blend micropart prepared under microinjection molding conditions
Authors: Tan Changbin , Bai Shibing , Wang Qi 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThis article is the first study on the microinjection molding and the effects of the microprocessing parameters on the crystallization and orientation of polyoxymethylene/poly(ethylene oxide) (POM/PEO) blend, which has better toughness and self‐lubricity compared with the neat POM and therefore is a better candidate material for making microparts like microgears with higher performances. The crystalline and phase morphologies were investigated by polarized light microscope (PLM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The crystalline orientation of the microparts was evaluated by two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (2D‐WAXD) and Herman's orientation function. The experimental results showed that both POM and POM/PEO microparts prepared by microinjection molding exhibited three distinct layers, i.e., skin layer, shear layer and core layer, while the latter had thicker shear layer but thinner skin layer and core layer. PEO was well dispersed in POM matrix. The spherulite size, the melting point as well as the crystallinity of POM in the POM/PEO blend decreased due to the interference of PEO in the crystallization of POM. A shish‐kebab structure was observed in the shear layers of the POM/PEO microparts. The effects of processing parameters on the thicknesses of different layers of the POM/PEO microparts were investigated. With increase of the injection speed or decrease of the mold temperature, the skin layer and the core layer became thicker, while the shear layer and the oriented region became thinner. However, the influence of the injection pressure was not obvious. Also, the processing parameters affected the crystalline orientation of the POM/PEO microparts. With increase of the injection speed or decrease of the mold temperature, the orientation function f decreased, indicating a lower degree of orientation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40538.
A GLP‐1 receptor agonist conjugated to an albumin‐binding domain for extended half‐life
Authors: Lindgren Joel , Refai Essam , Zaitsev Sergei V. , Abrahmsén Lars , Berggren Per‐Olof , Karlström Amelie Eriksson 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTGlucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) and related peptide agonists have been extensively investigated for glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes, and may also have therapeutic applications for other diseases. Due to the short half‐life (t1/2 < 2 min) of the endogenous peptide, caused by proteolytic degradation and renal clearance, different strategies for half‐life extension and sustained release have been explored. In the present study, conjugates between a GLP‐1 analogue and a 5 kDa albumin‐binding domain (ABD) derived from streptococcal protein G have been chemically synthesized and evaluated. ABD binds with high affinity to human serum albumin, which is highly abundant in plasma and functions as a drug carrier in the circulation. Three different GLP‐1‐ABD conjugates, with the two peptides connected by linkers of two, four, and six PEG units, respectively, were synthesized and tested in mouse pancreatic islets at high (11 mM) and low (3 mM) glucose concentration. Insulin release upon stimulation was shown to be glucose‐dependent, showing no significant difference between the three different GLP‐1‐ABD conjugates and unconjugated GLP‐1 analogue. The biological activity, in combination with the high affinity binding to albumin, make the GLP‐1‐ABD conjugates promising GLP‐1 receptor agonists expected to show extended in vivo half‐life. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 252–259, 2014.
A Review of Safeguarding Cases in Sport
Authors: Rhind Daniel , McDermott Jamie , Lambert Emma , Koleva Irena 
Published: February 2014

This study represents the first investigation into incidents of safeguarding concern in sport within the UK. Questionnaires were completed by 41 lead welfare officers from national governing bodies. A total of 652 cases were reported by a range of key stakeholders, covering a variety of different forms of abuse. Physical and sexual abuse were found to be the most frequently alleged forms of abuse. The majority of alleged perpetrators and victims were males. The need for a standardised form for collecting case data as part of normal practice is highlighted along with the necessity for training and support to manage safeguarding cases both internally and externally to sport organisations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘Physical and sexual abuse were found to be the most frequently alleged forms of abuse’Key Practitioner Messages:

A total of 652 safeguarding cases were managed in sport by this sample during 2011.
Physical and sexual abuse were the most frequently reported.
The majority of victims were boys.
There is a need to collect standardised data regarding all cases.
Pre‐sentence mental health service use by adult offenders in Western Australia: Baseline results from a longitudinal whole‐population cohort study
Authors: Sodhi‐Berry Nita , Preen David B. , Alan Janine , Knuiman Matthew , Morgan Vera A. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundLittle is known about community mental health service use prior to offending.AimThis study aimed to investigate the 1‐year community mental health service use by adult offenders (18–44 years) prior to their first ever criminal sentence in Western Australia.MethodsAdministrative mental health service data were compared between all offenders (n = 23,755) commencing their first ever criminal sentence in Western Australia during 1985–1994 and a matched community group of 21,977 non‐offenders.ResultsJust over 8% of offenders had used mental health services prior to sentence compared with 1% of non‐offenders. After adjusting for age, offenders were more likely to have used these services than non‐offenders in all gender–race groups, but the effect was strongest for non‐Indigenous women, who were over 12 times more likely to have used such services, and weakest among Indigenous men, who were about twice as likely to have used them as their non‐offending peers. Service use for substance use disorder, the most common diagnosis, was about one and a half times more prevalent among Indigenous than non‐Indigenous offenders, regardless of gender. For non‐Indigenous offenders, prevalence of any mental health service contact was higher for violent than non‐violent offenders, irrespective of gender. Service use was no different between offenders receiving custodial or non‐custodial sentences in all gender‐race groups.ConclusionThe higher likelihood of mental health service use by offenders in the year prior to their first ever sentence than by non‐offenders suggests that, insofar as the disorder was relevant to offending, there were some opportunities for preventive measures during that time. Differential service use according to gender and Indigenous/non‐Indigenous status is of concern. It would be important to understand more about this apparently unequal service access, not least because Indigenous populations tend to be over‐represented in prison. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.