bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suicide attempts and suicides in Bolivia from 2007 to 2012: pesticides are the preferred method – females try but males commit suicide!
Authors: Jørs Erik , Christoffersen Mette , Veirum Nikoline Høgsgaard , Aquilar Guido Condarco , Morant Rafael Cervantes , Konradsen Flemming 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Background: Suicide attempts and suicides constitute a significant burden on communities and health systems, especially in low income countries. However, many low income countries lack epidemiological information on which to base future preventive strategies. This study reports on gender and age profiles as well as the likely background and means used for suicide attempts and suicides in Bolivia.
Method: This study presents 1124 cases from four different sources of information: (i) emergency ward data with suicide attempts by poisoning from the year 2007, (ii) psychiatric ward data including suicide attempts from July 2011 to July 2012, (iii) newspaper articles reporting attempted suicides and suicides from 2009 to 2011, and (iv) the National Statistics on Crime reporting suicides from the years 2010–2011. Data on age was stratified into three age groups: adolescents aged 10–19 years, young adults aged 20–29 years, and older adults aged above 29 years. Data from the hospital wards and Crime Statistics were pooled to compare characteristics of suicide attempts with suicides concerning age and gender. Data on age, gender, methods used, and reasons were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21.
Results: Hospital data showed that more females (403/657, 61%) than males (254/657, 39%) attempted suicide, and females attempted suicide at a younger age than males (p<0.05). In contrast to this, more males (208/293, 70.5%) than females (85/293, 29.5%) committed suicide, and furthermore it was most prevalent among young adults aged 20–29 years of both genders, as observed from the Crime Statistics. The dominant method was pesticide poisoning varying from 400 out of 657 (70.5%) of the hospital poisoning cases to 65 out of 172 (37.8%) of the newspaper cases. Newspaper data showed a higher mortality rate (65/77, 85.1%) among those using violent methods such as hanging and jumping compared to non-violent methods (43/84, 50.9%) such as ingesting chemicals and drugs (p<0.05). The reasons were related to interpersonal problems, economic problems, depression, and unwanted pregnancies. Many cases of suicide seemed to be hidden due to cultural and religious reasons.
Conclusion: More females attempted suicide, whereas more males realized suicide. Suicide attempts were most numerous among adolescents in contrast to suicides being most prevalent in the older age groups. Self-poisoning with pesticides was the most popular method used. Access to potential suicide materials should be restricted and psychosocial interventions initiated to prevent suicides.
Influence of Drying on the Properties of Pears of the Rocha Variety (Pyrus communis
Authors: Santos Sandra C. R. V. L. , Guiné Raquel P. F. , Barros Ana I. A. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Rocha pear (Pyrus communis L.) is the main cultivar produced in Portugal, usually consumed in fresh. However, the drying of the pear can be an opportunity for development and enables the provision of alternative products to consumers. This work evaluates the effect of drying on some chemical and physical properties of pears of the Rocha variety. Furthermore, the origin of the pears was also a variable studied. For the completion of this work, pears from five different locations were analysed in fresh and after convective air drying at two different temperatures, 40 and 60°C. The properties analysed were dimensions of pears in terms of height and diameter, total solids content, acidity, maturation index, processing yields, colour and textural attributes.The results showed that the peel had lower acidity and higher maturation index, when compared to the pulp and that drying greatly reduced acidity, either in the pulp or in the peel. However, this variation was not influenced by the drying temperature. With respect to colour, total colour differences between 25 and 50 were observed (for the dried pears in relation to the fresh) and in this case increasing the drying temperature caused evident variations in the peel but not in the pulp. As to the textural attributes, hardness and chewiness were the ones that showed the higher changes with drying, increasing considerably with drying temperature.
Measuring cardiopulmonary parameters during dual-task while walking
Authors: Kodesh Einat , Kizony Rachel 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background: The purpose of the present study was to examine the metabolic cost of dual-task performance of a cognitive task while walking under two conditions: comfortable and fast gait speed.

Methods: Twenty-five healthy young adults (25.7±3.05 years) walked over-ground at a comfortable self-selected speed and on a treadmill at a fast speed with and without performing a cognitive task. Cardiopulmonary parameters were measured by the metabolic K4b2 system, gait parameters were measured with GaitRite and cognitive performance was expressed as percentage of correct answers to a set of riddles.

Results and conclusions: During rest, cognitive load resulted in a metabolic cost indicated by a significant increase in VO2 (p<0.01). Breathing rate increased significantly during dual-tasking in both walking conditions (p<0.01 for both). Fifty-two percent of the participants decreased gait speed during the dual-task condition while walking over-ground, accompanied by a significant decrease in tidal volume (p<0.01) without a decrease in breathing and heart rates. More than 70% of the participants improved or maintained their cognitive performance while walking (over-ground, 72% and treadmill, 75%), independently from the alterations in gait speed. The current findings confirm that mental processing increases energy demands while sitting. In addition, the results contribute new insight into dual-task paradigm research, by showing that breathing rate is sensitive to an additional cognitive load while walking, even in young healthy adults. Moreover, the participants were able to adjust the strategy they used to cope with cognitive load while walking over-ground when gait speed was imposed.
Coordination of non-stabilized germylenes, stannylenes, and plumbylenes to transition metals
Authors: Baumgartner Judith , Marschner Christoph 
Published: October 2013

AbstractComplexes of transition metals with heavy analogs of carbenes (tetrylenes) as ligands have been studied now for some 40 years. The current review attempts to provide an overview about complexes with non-stabilized (having no π-donating substituents) germylenes, stannylenes, and plumbylenes. Complexes are known for groups 4–11. For groups 6–10 not only examples of monodentate tetrylene ligands, but also of bridging ones are known. While this review covers almost 200 complexes, the field in general has been approached only very selectively and real attempts for systematic studies are very scarce. Although some isolated reports exist which deal with the reactivity of the tetrylene complexes most of the so far published work concentrates on synthesis and characterization.
Attachment and Parenting in Adult Patients with Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Picardi Angelo , Caroppo Emanuele , Fabi Elisa , Proietti Serena , Gennaro Giancarlo Di , Meldolesi Giulio Nicolò , Martinotti Giovanni 
Published: October 2013

Background:The literature suggests that dysfunctional parenting and insecure attachment may increase risk of anxiety-related psychopathology. This study aimed at testing the association between anxiety disorders, attachment insecurity and dysfunctional parenting while controlling for factors usually not controlled for in previous studies, such as gender, age, and being ill.Methods:A sample of 32 non-psychotic inpatients with SCID-I diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, either alone or in comorbidity, was compared with two age- and sex-matched control groups consisting of 32 non-clinical participants and 32 in-patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Study measures included the Experience in Close Relationships questionnaire (ECR) and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI).Results:The patients with anxiety disorders scored significantly higher on attachment-related anxiety and avoidance than patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and non-clinical participants. These findings were independent of comorbidity for mood disorders. ECR scores did not differ among diagnostic subgroups (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, other anxiety disorders). Patients with anxiety disorders scored significantly lower on PBI mother’s care and borderline significantly lower on PBI father's care than patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.Conclusions:Although limitations such as the relatively small sample size and the cross-sectional nature suggest caution in interpreting these findings, they are consistent with the few previous adult studies performed on this topic and corroborate Bowlby's seminal hypothesis of a link between negative attachment-related experiences, attachment insecurity, and clinical anxiety. Attachment theory provides a useful theoretical framework for integrating research findings from several fields concerning the development of anxiety disorders and for planning therapeutic interventions.
Measurement of the Internal Adaptation of Resin Composites Using Micro-CT and Its Correlation With Polymerization Shrinkage
Authors: Kim HJ , Park SH 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARY
In the present study, the internal adaptation of dentin-composite interfaces with various resin composite materials under conditions of thermomechanical loading was analyzed nondestructively using micro–computed tomography (micro-CT), and these results were compared with analyses of microgaps after sectioning. Additionally, the correlation of internal adaptation with polymerization shrinkage strain and stress was evaluated.
Four nonflowable resins, Gradia Direct (GD), Filtek P90 (P9), Filtek Z350 (Z3), and Charisma (CH), and two flowable resins, SDR (SD) and Tetric N-Flow (TF) were used. First, the polymerization shrinkage strain and stress were measured. Then, Class I cavities were prepared in 48 premolars. They were divided randomly into six groups, and the cavities were filled with composites using XP bond. To evaluate the internal adaptation, tooth specimens were immersed in a 25% silver nitrate solution, and micro-CT analysis was performed before and after thermomechanical loading. The silver nitrate penetration (%SP) was measured. After buccolingual sectioning and rhodamine penetration of the specimen, the rhodamine penetration (%RP) was measured using a stereo-microscope. One-way analysis of variance was then used to compare the polymerization shrinkage strain, stress, %SP, and %RP among the groups at a 95% confidence level. A paired t-test was used to compare the %SP before and after thermomechanical loading. Pearson correlation analysis was used to compare the correlation between polymerization shrinkage strain/stress and %SP or %RP to a 95% confidence level.
Evaluation of the polymerization shrinkage strain demonstrated that P9 &lt; Z3 ≤ GD &lt; CH ≤ SD &lt; TF (p&lt;0.05); similarly, evaluation of the polymerization shrinkage stress showed that P9 ≤ GD ≤ Z3 ≤ CH ≤ SD &lt; TF (p&lt;0.05). The %SP showed that P9 ≤ GD ≤ Z3 &lt; CH ≤ SD &lt; TF (p&lt;0.05) before loading and that P9 ≤ GD ≤ Z3 ≤ CH ≤ SD &lt; TF (p&lt;0.05) after loading. There was a significant difference between the before-loading and after-loading measurements in all groups (p&lt;0.05). Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the %SP and the %RP (r=0.810, p&lt;0.001).
Conclusively, the polymerization shrinkage stress and strain were found to be closely related to the internal adaptation of the resin composite restorations. The newly proposed model for the evaluation of internal adaptation using micro-CT and silver nitrate may provide a new measurement for evaluating the internal adaptation of restorations in a nondestructive way.
Phenotypic plasticity and differentiation in fitness‐related traits in invasive populations of the Mediterranean forb Centaurea melitensis (Asteraceae)
Authors: Moroney Jolene R. , Rundel Philip W. , Sork Victoria L. 
Published: October 2013

• Premise of the study: Biological invasions threaten global biodiversity, resulting in severe ecological and economic costs. Phenotypic plasticity and differentiation in fitness‐related traits after introduction can contribute to increased performance in invasive populations of plants. We determined whether postintroduction evolution in trait means or in their plasticity, or inherent species‐wide phenotypic plasticity has promoted invasiveness in a European annual forb.• Methods: In a common greenhouse, we compared several fitness‐related traits and the phenotypic plasticity of those traits under four levels of nutrients among native and invasive populations of Centaurea melitensis. We tested 18 populations from three regions of similar mediterranean climate type: the native range (southern Spain) and two invaded ranges (California and central Chile).• Key results: Centaurea melitensis possesses overall phenotypic plasticity, which is a trait that promotes invasiveness. Invasive populations were differentiated from native plants for several trait means and their levels of phenotypic plasticity in directions that enhance competitive ability and success. Invasive plants flowered earlier and grew faster in the early stages of growth phases, important features for invasiveness.• Conclusions: Phenotypic plasticity, its evolution postinvasion, and the evolution of fitness‐related trait means in invasive populations have potentially contributed to the invasion of C. melitensis in California and Chile. Along with an overall wide range of tolerance to growing conditions, C. meltiensis populations that have colonized habitats in California and Chile have undergone rapid evolution in several life history traits and the plasticities of those traits in directions that would promote invasiveness in mediterranean ecosystems.
A fossil Fuchsia (Onagraceae) flower and an anther mass with in situ pollen from the early Miocene of New Zealand
Authors: Lee Daphne E. , Conran John G. , Bannister Jennifer M. , Kaulfuss Uwe , Mildenhall Dallas C. 
Published: October 2013

• Premise of the study: Fuchsia (Onagraceae) anthers, pollen, and an ornithophilous Fuchsia‐like flower from an earliest Miocene lacustrine diatomite deposit at Foulden Maar, southern New Zealand confirm a long record for Fuchsia in New Zealand and probably an equally long history for its distinctive honeyeater pollination syndrome. The anthers contain in situ pollen of the fossil palynomorph previously assigned to Diporites aspis Pocknall et Mildenh. (Onagraceae: Fuchsia L.).• Methods: We undertook comparative studies of the flower and anther morphology of the newly discovered macrofossils and compared the in situ pollen grains from the anthers with dispersed pollen grains from extant species.• Key results: The anther mass is referred to a new, extinct species, Fuchsia antiqua D.E.Lee, Conran, Bannister, U.Kaulfuss & Mildenh. (Onagraceae), and is associated with a fossilized Fuchsia‐like flower from the same small mining pit. Because Diporites van der Hammen is typified by a fungal sporomorph, the replacement name for D. aspis is Koninidites aspis (Pocknall & Mildenh.) Mildenh. gen. & comb. nov. Phylogenetic placement of the fossils agrees with a proximal position to either sect. Skinnera or sect. Procumbentes. These are the oldest macrofossils of Fuchsia globally.• Conclusions: The floral structures are remarkably similar to those of modern New Zealand Fuchsia. They suggest that the distinctive honeyeater bird‐pollination syndrome/association seen in modern New Zealand was already established by the late Oligocene–earliest Miocene. The implications for the biogeography and paleoecology of Fuchsia in Australasia are discussed.
Digital Native Academic Librarians, Technology Skills, and Their Relationship with Technology
Authors: Emanuel Jenny 
Published: October 2013

A new generation of academic librarians, who are a part of the Millennial Generation born between 1982 and 2001 are now of the age to either be in graduate school or embarking on their careers. This paper, as part of a larger study examining Millennial academic librarians, their career selection, their attitudes, and their technology skills, looks specifically at the technology skills and attitudes towards technology among a group of young librarians and library school students. The author initially wanted to learn if the increasingly high tech nature of academic librarianship attracted Millennials to the career, but results showed that they had a much more complex relationship with technology than the author assumed.
A Nuclear Winter's Tale
Authors: Badash Lawrence 
Published: October 2013

The rise and fall of the concept of nuclear winter, played out in research activity, public relations, and Reagan-era politics.
The nuclear winter phenomenon burst upon the public's consciousness in 1983. Added to the horror of a nuclear war's immediate effects was the fear that the smoke from fires ignited by the explosions would block the sun, creating an extended “winter” that might kill more people worldwide than the initial nuclear strikes. In A Nuclear Winter's Tale, Lawrence Badash maps the rise and fall of the science of nuclear winter, examining research activity, the popularization of the concept, and the Reagan-era politics that combined to influence policy and public opinion.
Badash traces the several sciences (including studies of volcanic eruptions, ozone depletion, and dinosaur extinction) that merged to allow computer modeling of nuclear winter and its development as a scientific specialty. He places this in the political context of the Reagan years, discussing congressional interest, media attention, the administration's plans for a research program, and the Defense Department's claims that the arms buildup underway would prevent nuclear war, and thus nuclear winter.
A Nuclear Winter's Tale tells an important story but also provides a useful illustration of the complex relationship between science and society. It examines the behavior of scientists in the public arena and in the scientific community, and raises questions about the problems faced by scientific Cassandras, the implications when scientists go public with worst-case scenarios, and the timing of government reaction to startling scientific findings.
Consciousness Revisited
Authors: Tye Michael 
Published: October 2013

Four major puzzles of consciousness philosophical materialism must confront after rejecting the phenomenal concept strategy.
We are material beings in a material world, but we are also beings who have experiences and feelings. How can these subjective states be just a matter of matter? To defend materialism, philosophical materialists have formulated what is sometimes called "the phenomenal-concept strategy," which holds that we possess a range of special concepts for classifying the subjective aspects of our experiences. In Consciousness Revisited, the philosopher Michael Tye, until now a proponent of the the phenomenal-concept strategy, argues that the strategy is mistaken.
A rejection of phenomenal concepts leaves the materialist with the task of finding some other strategy for defending materialism. Tye points to four major puzzles of consciousness that arise: How is it possible for Mary, in the famous thought experiment, to make a discovery when she leaves her black-and-white room? In what does the explanatory gap consist and how can it be bridged? How can the hard problem of consciousness be solved? How are zombies possible? Tye presents solutions to these puzzles—solutions that relieve the pressure on the materialist created by the failure of the phenomenal-concept strategy. In doing so, he discusses and makes new proposals on a wide range of issues, including the nature of perceptual content, the conditions necessary for consciousness of a given object, the proper understanding of change blindness, the nature of phenomenal character and our awareness of it, whether we have privileged access to our own experiences, and, if we do, in what such access consists.
Transforming Global Information and Communication Markets
Authors: Cowhey Peter F. , Aronson Jonathan D. , Abelson Donald 
Published: October 2013

Innovation in information and communication technology (ICT) fuels the growth of the global economy. How ICT markets evolve depends on politics and policy, and since the 1950s periodic overhauls of ICT policy have transformed competition and innovation. For example, in the 1980s and the 1990s a revolution in communication policy (the introduction of sweeping competition) also transformed the information market. Today, the diffusion of Internet, wireless, and broadband technology, growing modularity in the design of technologies, distributed computing infrastructures, and rapidly changing business models signal another shift.
This pathbreaking examination of ICT from a political economy perspective argues that continued rapid innovation and economic growth require new approaches in global governance that will reconcile diverse interests and enable competition to flourish. The authors (two of whom were architects of international ICT policy reforms in the 1990s) discuss this crucial turning point in both theoretical and practical terms.
Types and Tokens
Authors: Wetzel Linda 
Published: October 2013

A consideration of the distinction between the spatiotemporal furniture of the world (tokens) and the types of which they are instances, and an argument that types exist.
There is a widely recognized but infrequently discussed distinction between the spatiotemporal furniture of the world (tokens) and the types of which they are instances. Words come in both types and tokens—for example, there is only one word type 'the' but there are numerous tokens of it on this page—as do symphonies, bears, chess games, and many other types of things. In this book, Linda Wetzel examines the distinction between types and tokens and argues that types exist (as abstract objects, since they lack a unique spatiotemporal location). Wetzel demonstrates the ubiquity of references to (and quantifications over) types in science and ordinary language; types have to be reckoned with, and cannot simply be swept under the rug. Wetzel argues that there are such things as types by undermining the epistemological arguments against abstract objects and offering extended original arguments demonstrating the failure of nominalistic attempts to paraphrase away such references to (and quantifications over) types. She then focuses on the relation between types and their tokens, especially for words, showing for the first time that there is nothing that all tokens of a type need have in common other than being tokens of that type. Finally, she considers an often-overlooked problem for realism having to do with types occurring in other types (such as words in a sentence) and proposes an important and original solution, extending her discussion from words and expressions to other types that structurally involve other types (flags and stars and stripes; molecules and atoms; sonatas and notes).