bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petrov-Galerkin finite element method for solving the MRLW equation
Authors: Gazi Karakoc Seydi Battal , Geyikli Turabi 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Abstract
In this article, a Petrov-Galerkin method, in which the element shape functions are cubic and weight functions are quadratic B-splines, is introduced to solve the modified regularized long wave (MRLW) equation. The solitary wave motion, interaction of two and three solitary waves, and development of the Maxwellian initial condition into solitary waves are studied using the proposed method. Accuracy and efficiency of the method are demonstrated by computing the numerical conserved laws and L
2, L

∞
error norms. The computed results show that the present scheme is a successful numerical technique for solving the MRLW equation. A linear stability analysis based on the Fourier method is also investigated.
The neurotrophic compound J147 reverses cognitive impairment in aged Alzheimer's disease mice
Authors: Prior Marguerite , Dargusch Richard , Ehren Jennifer L , Chiruta Chandramouli , Schubert David 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Despite years of research, there are no disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a fatal, age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Screening for potential therapeutics in rodent models of AD has generally relied on testing compounds before pathology is present, thereby modeling disease prevention rather than disease modification. Furthermore, this approach to screening does not reflect the clinical presentation of AD patients which could explain the failure to translate compounds identified as beneficial in animal models to disease modifying compounds in clinical trials. Clearly a better approach to pre-clinical drug screening for AD is required.

Methods
To more accurately reflect the clinical setting, we used an alternative screening strategy involving the treatment of AD mice at a stage in the disease when pathology is already advanced. Aged (20-month-old) transgenic AD mice (APP/swePS1ΔE9) were fed an exceptionally potent, orally active, memory enhancing and neurotrophic molecule called J147. Cognitive behavioral assays, histology, ELISA and Western blotting were used to assay the effect of J147 on memory, amyloid metabolism and neuroprotective pathways. J147 was also investigated in a scopolamine-induced model of memory impairment in C57Bl/6J mice and compared to donepezil. Details on the pharmacology and safety of J147 are also included.

Results
Data presented here demonstrate that J147 has the ability to rescue cognitive deficits when administered at a late stage in the disease. The ability of J147 to improve memory in aged AD mice is correlated with its induction of the neurotrophic factors NGF (nerve growth factor) and BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) as well as several BDNF-responsive proteins which are important for learning and memory. The comparison between J147 and donepezil in the scopolamine model showed that while both compounds were comparable at rescuing short term memory, J147 was superior at rescuing spatial memory and a combination of the two worked best for contextual and cued memory.

Conclusion
J147 is an exciting new compound that is extremely potent, safe in animal studies and orally active. J147 is a potential AD therapeutic due to its ability to provide immediate cognition benefits, and it also has the potential to halt and perhaps reverse disease progression in symptomatic animals as demonstrated in these studies.
Blockade ofthe negative co-stimulatory molecules PD-1 and CTLA-4 improves survival in primary and secondary fungal sepsis
Authors: Chang Katherine C , Burnham Carey-Ann , Compton Stephanie M , Rasche David P , Mazuski RichardJ , SMcDonough Jacquelyn , Unsinger Jacqueline , Korman Alan J , Green Jonathan M , Hotchkiss Richard S 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Fungal sepsis is an increasingly common problem in intensive care unit patients.Mortality from fungal sepsis remains high despite antimicrobial therapy that is highly active against most fungal pathogens, a finding consistent with defective host immunity that is present in many patients with disseminated fungemia.One recently recognized immunologic defect that occurs in patients with sepsis is T cell "exhaustion" due to increased expression of programmed cell death -1 (PD-1).This study tested the ability of anti-PD-1 and anti-programmed cell death ligand -1 (anti-PD-L1) antagonistic antibodies to improve survival and reverse sepsis-induced immunosuppression in two mouse models of fungal sepsis.

Methods
Fungal sepsis was induced in mice using two different models of infection, that is, primary fungal sepsis and secondary fungal sepsis occurring after sub-lethal cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 were administered 24 to 48 h after fungal infection and effects on survival, interferon gamma production, and MHC II expression were examined.

Results
Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies were highly effective at improving survival in primary and secondary fungal sepsis.Both antibodies reversed sepsis-induced suppression of interferon gamma and increased expression of MHC II on antigen presenting cells.Blockade of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), a second negative co-stimulatory molecule that is up-regulated in sepsis and acts like PD-1 to suppress T cell function, also improved survival in fungal sepsis.

Conclusions
Immuno-adjuvant therapy with anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies reverse sepsis-induced immunosuppression and improve survival in fungal sepsis.The present results are consistent with previous studies showing that blockade of PD-1 and CTLA-4 improves survival in bacterial sepsis.Thus, immuno-adjuvant therapy represents a novel approach to sepsis and may have broad applicability in the disorder.Given the relative safety of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer clinical trials to date, therapy with anti-PD-1 in patients with life-threatening sepsis who have demonstrable immunosuppression should be strongly considered.
Molecular players in neutrophil chemotaxis—focus on PI3K and small GTPases
Authors: Gambardella Laure , Vermeren Sonja 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTNeutrophil chemotaxis is a process by which individual cells sense a gradient of chemoattractant, polarize, and then migrate toward the chemoattractant. Many features of chemotaxis are shared with other forms of cell migration. We continue to expand our understanding of the mechanisms governing these features. The rapid process through which neutrophils polarize when placed into a gradient of chemoattractant remains least well-understood. Several key molecular players involved in the regulation of polarization have been identified. However, crosstalk among the different molecular players is required to polarize the cell and to maintain cell polarity during directional migration. The mechanism(s) by which this occurs are the subject of current investigations using experimental and computational approaches. Here, we review progress in the field, putting recent observations into context with established findings. We concentrate on the signaling processes regulated by PI3Ks, their lipid products, the role of Rho-family small GTPases, and crosstalk between these important families of regulators.
Bone Size and Bone Strength Are Increased in Obese Male Adolescents
Authors: Vandewalle S. , Taes Y. , Van Helvoirt M. , Debode P. , Herregods N. , Ernst C. , Roef G. , Van Caenegem E. , Roggen I. , Verhelle F. , Kaufman J.-M. , De Schepper J. 
Published: May 2013

Context:
Controversy exists on the effect of obesity on bone development during puberty.

Objective:
Our objective was to determine differences in volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and bone geometry in male obese adolescents (ObAs) in overlap with changes in bone maturation, muscle mass and force development, and circulating sex steroids and IGF-I. We hypothesized that changes in bone parameters are more evident at the weight-bearing site and that changes in serum estradiol are most prominent.

Design, Setting, and Participants:
We recruited 51 male ObAs (10–19 years) at the entry of a residential weight-loss program and 51 healthy age-matched and 51 bone-age–matched controls.

Main Outcome Measures:
vBMD and geometric bone parameters, as well as muscle and fat area were studied at the forearm and lower leg by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Muscle force was studied by jumping mechanography.

Results:
In addition to an advanced bone maturation, differences in trabecular bone parameters (higher vBMD and larger trabecular area) and cortical bone geometry (larger cortical area and periosteal and endosteal circumference) were observed in ObAs both at the radius and tibia at different pubertal stages. After matching for bone age, all differences at the tibia, but only the difference in trabecular vBMD at the radius, remained significant. Larger muscle area and higher maximal force were found in ObAs compared with controls, as well as higher circulating free estrogen, but similar free testosterone and IGF-I levels.

Conclusions:
ObAs have larger and stronger bones at both the forearm and lower leg. The observed differences in bone parameters can be explained by a combination of advanced bone maturation, higher estrogen exposure, and greater mechanical loading resulting from a higher muscle mass and strength.
Changes in Estradiol and Testosterone Levels in Postmenopausal Women After Changes in Body Mass Index
Authors: Jones Michael E. , Schoemaker Minouk , Rae Megan , Folkerd Elizabeth J. , Dowsett Mitch , Ashworth Alan , Swerdlow Anthony J. 
Published: May 2013

Context:Endogenous sex hormones are risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer. A potential route for favorable hormonal modification is weight loss.Objective:The objective of the study was to measure change in plasma estradiol and testosterone levels in postmenopausal women in relation to change in body mass index (BMI) and plasma leptin.Setting:The setting was a cohort study of over 100 000 female volunteers from the general population, United Kingdom.Participants:The participants were a sample of 177 postmenopausal women aged over 45 years who provided blood samples during 2004–2005 and again during 2010–2011.Main Outcome Measure:Outcomes were percentage change in plasma estradiol and testosterone levels per 1 kg/m2 change in BMI and per 1 ng/mL change in plasma leptin.Results:Among women with reduction in BMI, estradiol decreased 12.7% (95% confidence interval: [6.4%, 19.5%]; P &lt; .0001) per kg/m2 and among women with increased BMI estradiol increased 6.4% [0.2%, 12.9%] (P = .042). The corresponding figures for testosterone were 10.7% [3.0%, 19.0%] (P = .006) and 1.9% [−5.4%, 9.7%] (P = .61) per kg/m2. For women with decreases and increases in leptin, estradiol decreased by 3.6% [1.3%, 6.0%] (P = .003) per ng/mL and increased by 1.7% [−0.3%, 3.6%] (P = .094), respectively. The corresponding figures for testosterone were 4.8% [2.0%, 7.8%] (P = .009) and 0.3% [−2.0%, 2.6%] (P = .82) per ng/mL.Conclusions:In postmenopausal women, changes in BMI and plasma leptin occurring over several years are associated with changes in estradiol and testosterone levels. The results suggest that fat loss by an individual can result in substantial decreases in postmenopausal estradiol and testosterone levels and provides support for weight management to lessen breast cancer risk.
Molecular Detection of Human H7N9 Influenza A Virus Causing Outbreaks in China
Authors: Wong Chloe KS , Zhu Huachen , Li Olive TW , Leung Yin Hung C , Chan Michael CW , Guan Yi , Peiris Joseph SM , Poon Leo LM 
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUNDA novel subtype of influenza A virus (H7N9) was recently identified in humans. The virus is a reassortant of avian viruses, but these human isolates contain mutations [hemagglutinin (HA) Q226L and PB2 E627K] that might make it easier for the virus to adapt to mammalian hosts. Molecular tests for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed.METHODSWe developed a 1-step quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR assay to detect the novel human H7N9 virus. The primer set was specific to the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the H7N9 viruses currently causing the outbreak in China and had mismatches to all previously known avian or mammalian H7 HA sequences. In addition, the assay was evaluated using influenza A viruses of various genetic BACKGROUNDs and other negative controls.RESULTSThe detection limit of the assay was approximately 0.04 TCID50 (median tissue culture infective dose) per reaction. The assay specificity was high and all negative control samples, including 8 H7 viruses not closely related to the human H7N9 virus, tested negative.CONCLUSIONSThe established assay allows rapid detection of the novel human H7N9 virus, thereby allowing better pandemic preparedness.
Prevalence of Use of Human Milk in US Advanced Care Neonatal Units
Authors: Perrine Cria G. , Scanlon Kelley S. 
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all preterm infants receive human milk. The objective of this study was to describe the use of human milk in advanced care neonatal units of US maternity hospitals.

METHODS:
We used Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s national Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care survey from 2007, 2009, and 2011 to analyze 2 questions to describe the prevalence of US advanced care (special/level 2 or intensive/level 3) neonatal units routinely providing human milk to infants, and the use of any donor milk in these units.

RESULTS:
In 2011, 30.8% of maternity hospitals reported that most infants (≥90%) were routinely provided human milk in advanced care units, compared with 26.7% in 2009 and 21.2% in 2007 (trend P &lt; .001). States in the Northwest and Northeast had a higher prevalence of hospitals routinely providing human milk to ≥90% of infants in advanced care units. In 2011, 22.0% of maternity hospitals providing advanced care used banked donor milk, compared with 14.4% in 2009 and 11.5% in 2007 (trend P &lt; .001). Most of this increase occurred in intensive care units (25.1% 2007 vs 45.2% 2011; trend P &lt; .001). There was substantial geographic variation in the prevalence of advanced care units using donor milk; generally the prevalence was higher in the West and in states with a milk bank in the state or a neighboring state.

CONCLUSIONS:
The use of human milk in US advanced care neonatal units is increasing; however, only one-third of these units are routinely providing human milk to most infants.
Does a Copycat Effect Exist in the Emergency Department?
Authors: Kim Woo Jung , Song Youn Joo , Namkoong Kee , Kim Jae Min , Yoon Hye Jin , Lee Eun 
Published: May 2013

Objective: This study aimed to examine the copycat effect of a famous actress's suicide on suicide attempts visiting the emergency department (ED) in Korea. Method: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of suicide attempt cases which had visited the EDs of two general hospitals during the 6 months before and after a celebrity suicide. We obtained data pertaining to demographics, history of psychiatric illnesses and suicide attempts, method of the suicide attempts, discharge status, and follow-up compliance. Results: We identified 319 cases during the study period, of which 158 cases occurred before the celebrity suicide, and 161 occurred after the event. Following the celebrity suicide, suicide attempts with the similar age and the same method as the celebrity's suicide (hanging), presence of psychiatric history, and use of intensive and multiple methods increased. We observed that suicide attempts with the similar age and the same method of hanging were consistent with a copycat effect. Despite a decrease of discharge against advice (DAA) after the celebrity's death from 67.7% to 59.6%, DAA was still high, and the follow-up compliance at outpatient clinics was less than 50%. Conclusions: A copycat effect was found in ED-visiting suicide attempts. Prevention of re-attempts should be initiated in the ED. A specific action guide should be established for suicide attempts in the ED, including cooperation between other hospitals, the community, and the media.
Greater Trochanter Osteotomy With Cementless THA for Crowe Type IV DDH
Authors: Lei Pengfei , Hu Yihe , Cai PengDe , Xie Jie , Yang XuCheng , Wang Long 
Published: May 2013

This study explored the surgical method and short-term clinical effect of a greater trochanter osteotomy along with cementless artificial total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip. The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of 18 patients (22 hips) with Crowe type IV dysplasia who were seen between June 2008 and August 2010. After undergoing cementless artificial total hip arthroplasty using a posterolateral approach, a greater trochanter osteotomy was used to adjust the tension of the gluteal muscle, and an acetabular cup was placed.
Average preoperative length shortening of the affected limb was 4.5 cm (range, 3.4–6 cm), and average postoperative length increase was 4.0 cm (range, 3.2–4.8 cm). Average postoperative Harris Hip Score was 87 (range, 79–91), which was higher than the average preoperative score of 38 (range, 32–51). Intraoperatively, 3 hips (3 patients) sustained a proximal femur fracture. Due to the stability of the femoral prosthesis, either no treatment or wire fixation only was given; by 2 months postoperatively, radiographs indicated that all fractures had healed. One patient had symptoms of sciatic nerve paralysis that resolved 3 months postoperatively.
Performing a greater trochanter osteotomy after cementless artificial total hip arthroplasty is effective for the treatment of Crowe type IV dysplasia and can rebuild the complex biology and biomechanics of hip dysplasia without increasing the complication risk.
Extensive Subcutaneous Emphysema Resembling Necrotizing Fasciitis
Authors: Kamal Robin N. , Paci Gabrielle M. , Born Christopher T. 
Published: May 2013

Necrotizing fasciitis is an aggressive, invasive soft tissue infection. Because it can rapidly progress to patient instability, prompt diagnosis followed by urgent debridement is critical to decreasing mortality. Despite the importance of early diagnosis, necrotizing fasciitis remains a clinical diagnosis, with little evidence in the literature regarding the effectiveness of diagnostic tools or criteria. Common clinical findings are nonspecific, including pain, blistering, crepitus, and swelling with or without fever and a known infection source.
This article describes a patient who was transferred to the authors’ institution from another hospital, where she had been taken following seizure activity and was treated with antibiotics for suspected cellulitis at the intravenous catheter placement site on her left dorsal hand. On admission to the current authors’ institution, she presented with pain and swelling in the setting of significant left upper-extremity emphysema. She had undergone a left shoulder arthroscopy 4 weeks previously. Vital signs were within normal limits, and a preoperative chest radiograph was read as normal. The patient underwent an emergent fasciotomy, irrigation and debridement of the left upper extremity, and intravenous antibiotics for suspected necrotizing fasciitis. Intraoperative findings indicative of infection were absent, and a left apical pneumothorax was later found on postoperative chest imaging.
In a stable patient with a normal chest radiograph on presentation who demonstrates upper-extremity crepitus suspicious for necrotizing fasciitis, a chest computed tomography scan may be indicated to rule out an intrathoracic source.
Croyance et psychanalyse dans l’itinéraire singulier de Marie de la Trinité
Authors: Chevassus-Marchionni Valérie 
Published: May 2013

Le « cas » de Marie de la Trinité illustre d’une manière particulière la thématique « croyance et psychanalyse ». En effet, chez cette soeur dominicaine des campagnes, la foi religieuse et la croyance en sa vocation de dévotion interfèrent très étroitement avec l’expérience psychanalytique : d’une part, elle se prête pendant quatre années à une cure psychanalytique avec le docteur Jacques Lacan, d’autre part, elle exercera elle-même quelque temps la profession de psychothérapeute. Pour Marie de la Trinité, la psychanalyse arrive à un moment critique de son existence, alors que ce qu’elle nomme ses « obsessions » lui rendent la vie impossible et lui interdisent même de pratiquer sa foi ; elle se tourne alors vers des traitements divers, parfois brutaux et inhumains. Ce n’est pas la psychanalyse qui la guérira, mais c’est à partir de cette expérience qu’il lui sera donné de triompher de son mal et, en comprenant quelle en était l’origine, d’entreprendre « sa propre rééducation » et de connaître « la lumière et l’harmonie » dans sa vie de dévotion.
No Time to Waste: Restricting Life‐Span Temporal Horizons Decreases the Sunk‐Cost Fallacy
Authors: Strough JoNell , Schlosnagle Leo , Karns Tara , Lemaster Philip , Pichayayothin Nipat 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTIn three studies, we examined the influence of restricted and expansive temporal horizons on the sunk‐cost fallacy. The sunk‐cost fallacy occurs when prior investments instead of future returns influence decisions about future investments. When making decisions about future investments, rational decision makers base decisions on future consequences, not already‐invested costs that are “sunk” and cannot be recovered. In Study 1, we restricted young adult college students' temporal horizons by instructing them to imagine that they did not have much longer to live; this manipulation decreased the sunk‐cost fallacy. In Study 2, we replicated Study 1 and also found that the consequences of manipulating temporal horizons were most pronounced for prior investments of time and that prior investments of time and money had different implications for the sunk‐cost fallacy, depending on the social or nonsocial decision domain. In Study 3, we manipulated temporal horizons by instructing students to imagine their time as a college student was coming to an end. Results were mostly similar to Study 2 but also suggested that focusing on one's mortality may have unique consequences. Implications of the three studies for understanding age differences in sunk‐cost decisions, interventions to improve sunk‐cost decisions, and the situations in which interventions might be most needed are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Talking about Hillsborough: ‘Panic’ as Discourse in Survivors' Accounts of the 1989 Football Stadium Disaster
Authors: Cocking Chris , Drury John 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTPopular representations of crowd behaviour in disasters are often characterised by irrationalist discourses, in particular ‘mass panic’ despite their rejection by current scientific research. This paper reports an analysis of four survivors' accounts of the 1989 Hillsborough disaster to investigate if and how they used the term ‘panic’. Reference to ‘panic’ occurred frequently, but more detailed analysis found that their accounts did not match the classic criteria for ‘mass panic’ (e.g. uncontrolled emotion and selfish behaviour). Indeed, participants referred to ‘orderly’ behaviour, and cooperation, even when they said the threat of death was present. ‘Panic’ was therefore being used as a description of events that was not consistent. A discourse analysis of usage suggests that participants used ‘panic’ not only to convey feelings of fear and distress but also to apportion culpability towards the actions of the police who they considered responsible for the tragedy (as indeed recent independent research has confirmed). It is concluded that the term ‘panic’ is so deeply embedded in popular discourse that people may use it even when they have reason to reject its irrationalist implications. Alternative discourses that emphasise collective resilience in disasters are suggested. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.