bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rhetoric of Providence: Thomas Middleton’s A Game at Chess (1624) and Seventeenth-Century Political Engraving*
Authors: Carlson Christina Marie 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis essay compares the rhetoric of providentialism in Samuel Ward’s 1621 engraving To God, In Memorye of his Double Deliveraunce from ye Invincible Navie and ye Unmatcheable Powder Treason with that in Thomas Middleton’s 1624 play A Game at Chess. Both satirize the negotiations over the Spanish Match by using providentialist discourse to modulate and veil their more satirical, and polemical, intentions. Ward and Middleton employ a technique of historical retrospection, referring to past events in order to present a simultaneously diachronic and synchronic world view.
CCEM Key comparison CCEM.RF-K25.W. RF power from 33 GHz to 50 GHz in waveguide. Final report of the pilot laboratory
Authors: Judaschke Rolf 
Published: December 2014

This report summarizes the results of the Key Comparison CCEM.RF-K25.W on high frequency power which has been performed between December 2010 and May 2013.
In this comparison, the effective efficiency and calibration factor of two waveguide thermistor power sensors were determined by nine National Metrology Institutions (NMIs) in the frequency range 33 GHz to 50 GHz.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Characterization of a genomic island in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia that carries a novel floR gene variant
Authors: He Tao , Shen Jianzhong , Schwarz Stefan , Wu Congming , Wang Yang 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Objectives
To characterize the chromosomally encoded novel floR gene variant floRv from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia of porcine origin and elucidate the gene order and content of the floRv-flanking regions in an MDR genomic island (GI).

Methods
Whole genome sequencing was used to identify the unknown florfenicol resistance gene in S. maltophilia strain GZP-Sm1. The candidate gene was cloned into pMD19-T and Escherichia coli transformants carrying this vector were tested for phenicol MICs. Flanking sequences of the florfenicol resistance gene were identified by a de novo assembly and a primer walking strategy.

Results
GZP-Sm1 carried a floR gene variant, designated floRv. E. coli clones carrying this gene were resistant to chloramphenicol and florfenicol. The deduced 404 amino acid FloRv protein showed 84.1%–91.8% amino acid identity to various FloR proteins. The gene floRv was located in an MDR region within a 40 226 bp GI region. Six resistance genes, including floRv (phenicol resistance), tetR-tetA(A) (tetracycline resistance), strA/strB (streptomycin resistance), sul1 (sulphonamide resistance) and aadA2 (streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance), were located in this MDR region. PCR analysis revealed that the GI was not stable and could be excised from the chromosome as a circular intermediate.

Conclusions
The floRv gene was identified in a porcine S. maltophilia isolate. Six resistance genes including floRv were located in a novel GI. As an opportunistic pathogen in animals and humans, S. maltophilia might act as a resistance gene reservoir in farm environments. Its contribution to the spread of resistance genes to other pathogens should be monitored.
GABAergic Inhibition Regulated Pain Sensitization through STEP61 Signaling in Spinal Dorsal Horn of Mice
Authors: Li Lu , Shi Lei , Xu Ying-Ming , Yang Xian , Suo Zhan-Wei , Hu Xiao-Dong 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAbstract
STEP61 is expressed in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors work through STEP61 to regulate extracellular signal–regulated kinase and Src-family protein tyrosine kinases member Fyn. STEP61 dysfunction augments glutamate receptor function.

Background:
The reduction of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor–mediated inhibition has long been implicated in spinal sensitization of nociceptive responses. However, it is largely unknown which signaling cascades in spinal dorsal horn neurons are initiated by the reduced inhibition to trigger pain hypersensitivity.

Methods:
GABAergic inhibition was manipulated by intrathecal application of GABA type A receptor antagonist bicuculline in intact mice or by GABA type A receptor agonist muscimol in complete Freund’s adjuvant–injected mice. Immunoblotting, coimmunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, and behavioral tests were used to explore the signaling pathways downstream of the altered GABAergic tone.

Results:
The study data revealed that the 61-kD isoform of striatal-enriched protein phosphatase (STEP61) was a key molecule that relayed the signals from GABAergic neurotransmission. The authors found that STEP61 was highly expressed in dorsal horn neurons. Under physiological conditions, STEP61 tonically interacted with and negatively controlled the activities of extracellular signal–regulated kinase and Src-family protein tyrosine kinases member Fyn, two critical kinases involved in spinal sensitization. Once GABAergic inhibition was impaired, STEP61 interaction with its substrates was substantially disturbed, allowing for activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase and Fyn (n = 4 to 6). The hyperactivities of extracellular signal–regulated kinase and Fyn, along with STEP61 dysregulation, caused the tyrosine phosphorylation and synaptic accumulation of GluN2B subunit-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors (n = 6), leading to GluN2B receptor-dependent pain hypersensitivity. Overexpression of wild-type STEP61 to resume its enzymatic activity significantly blocked the mechanical allodynia evoked by bicuculline and more importantly, alleviated chronic inflammatory pain (n = 6 in each group).

Conclusion:
These data identified STEP61 as a key intermediary for GABAergic inhibition to regulate pain sensitization.
When to use Quantile Normalization?
Authors: Hicks Stephanie C. , Irizarry Rafael A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractNormalization and preprocessing are essential steps for the analysis of high-throughput data including next-generation sequencing and microarrays. Multi-sample global normalization methods, such as quantile normalization, have been successfully used to remove technical variation from noisy data. These methods rely on the assumption that observed global changes across samples are due to unwanted technical variability. Transforming the data to remove these differences has the potential to remove interesting biologically driven global variation and therefore may not be appropriate depending on the type and source of variation. Currently, it is up to the subject matter experts, for example biologists, to determine if the stated assumptions are appropriate or not. Here, we propose a data-driven method to test for the assumptions of global normalization methods. We demonstrate the utility of our method (quantro), by applying it to multiple gene expression and DNA methylation and show examples of when global normalization methods are not appropriate. We also perform a Monte Carlo simulation study to illustrate how our method generally outperforms the current approach. An R-package implementing our method is available on Bioconductor (http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/quantro.html).
Proteomics of Colwellia psychrerythraea at subzero temperatures – a life with limited movement, flexible membranes and vital DNA repair
Authors: Nunn Brook L. , Slattery Krystal V. , Cameron Karen A. , Timmins‐Schiffman Emma , Junge Karen 
Published: December 2014

SummaryThe mechanisms that allow psychrophilic bacteria to remain metabolically active at subzero temperatures result from form and function of their proteins. We present first proteomic evidence of physiological changes of the marine psychrophile Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H (Cp34H) after exposure to subzero temperatures (−1, and −10°C in ice) through 8 weeks. Protein abundance was compared between different treatments to understand the effects of temperature and time, independently and jointly, within cells transitioning to, and being maintained in ice. Parallel [3H]‐leucine and [3H]–thymidine incubations indicated active protein and DNA synthesis to −10°C. Mass spectrometry‐based proteomics identified 1763 proteins across four experimental treatments. Proteins involved in osmolyte regulation and polymer secretion were found constitutively present across all treatments, suggesting that they are required for metabolic success below 0°C. Differentially abundant protein groups indicated a reallocation of resources from DNA binding to DNA repair and from motility to chemo‐taxis and sensing. Changes to iron and nitrogen metabolism, cellular membrane structures, and protein synthesis and folding were also revealed. By elucidating vital strategies during life in ice, this study provides novel insight into the extensive molecular adaptations that occur in cold‐adapted marine organisms to sustain cellular function in their habitat.
Environmental rather than spatial factors structure bacterioplankton communities in shallow lakes along a > 6000 km latitudinal gradient in South America
Authors: Souffreau Caroline , Van der Gucht Katleen , van Gremberghe Ineke , Kosten Sarian , Lacerot Gissell , Lobão Lúcia Meirelles , de Moraes Huszar Vera Lúcia , Roland Fabio , Jeppesen Erik , Vyverman Wim , De Meester Luc 
Published: December 2014

SummaryMetacommunity studies on lake bacterioplankton indicate the importance of environmental factors in structuring communities. Yet most of these studies cover relatively small spatial scales. We assessed the relative importance of environmental and spatial factors in shaping bacterioplankton communities across a > 6000 km latitudinal range, studying 48 shallow lowland lakes in the tropical, tropicali (isothermal subzone of the tropics) and tundra climate regions of South America using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Bacterioplankton community composition (BCC) differed significantly across regions. Although a large fraction of the variation in BCC remained unexplained, the results supported a consistent significant contribution of local environmental variables and to a lesser extent spatial variables, irrespective of spatial scale. Upon correction for space, mainly biotic environmental factors significantly explained the variation in BCC. The abundance of pelagic cladocerans remained particularly significant, suggesting grazer effects on bacterioplankton communities in the studied lakes. These results confirm that bacterioplankton communities are predominantly structured by environmental factors, even over a large‐scale latitudinal gradient (6026 km), and stress the importance of including biotic variables in studies that aim to understand patterns in BCC.
Endophytic colonization and biocontrol performance of Pseudomonas fluorescens PICF7 in olive (Olea europaea L.) are determined neither by pyoverdine production nor swimming motility
Authors: Maldonado‐González M. Mercedes , Schilirò Elisabetta , Prieto Pilar , Mercado‐Blanco Jesús 
Published: December 2014

SummaryPseudomonas fluorescens PICF7 is an indigenous inhabitant of olive (Olea europaea L.) rhizosphere, able to display endophytic lifestyle in roots, to induce a wide range of defence responses upon colonization of this organ and to exert effective biological control against Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO) (Verticillium dahliae). We aimed to evaluate the involvement of specific PICF7 phenotypes in olive root colonization and VWO biocontrol effectiveness by generating mutants impaired in swimming motility (fliI) or siderophore pyoverdine production (pvdI). Besides, the performance of mutants with diminished in vitro growth in potato dextrose agar medium (gltA) and cysteine (Cys) auxotrophy was also assessed. Results showed that olive root colonization and VWO biocontrol ability of the fliI, pvdI and gltA mutants did not significantly differ from that displayed by the parental strain PICF7. Consequently, altered in vitro growth, swimming motility and pyoverdine production contribute neither to PICF7 VWO suppressive effect nor to its colonization ability. In contrast, the Cys auxotroph mutant showed reduced olive root colonization capacity and lost full biocontrol efficacy. Moreover, confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that all mutants tested were able to endophytically colonize root tissue to the same extent as wild‐type PICF7, discarding these traits as relevant for its endophytic lifestyle.
Oxygen‐dependent copper toxicity: targets in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway identified in the copper efflux ATPase CopA deficient mutant
Authors: Liotenberg Sylviane , Steunou Anne‐Soisig , Durand Anne , Bourbon Marie‐Line , Bollivar David , Hansson Mats , Astier Chantal , Ouchane Soufian 
Published: December 2014

SummaryCharacterization of a copA− mutant in the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus under low oxygen or anaerobic conditions, as well as in the human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae identified HemN as a copper toxicity target enzyme in the porphyrin synthesis pathway. Heme synthesis is, however, unaffected by copper under high oxygen tension because of the aerobic coproporphyrinogen III oxidase HemF. Nevertheless, in the copA− mutant under aerobiosis, we show that the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway is affected by excess copper resulting in a substantial decrease of the photosystem. Analyses of pigments and enzyme activity showed that under low copper concentrations, the mutant accumulated protochlorophyllide, suggesting that the protochlorophyllide reductase activity is affected by excess copper. Increase of copper concentration led to a complete lack of chlorophyll synthesis as a result of the loss of Mg‐chelatase activity. Both enzymes are widely distributed from bacteria to plants; both are [4Fe‐4S] proteins and oxygen sensitive; our data demonstrate their in vivo susceptibility to copper in the presence of oxygen. Additionally, our study provides the understanding of molecular mechanisms that may contribute to chlorosis in plants when exposed to metals. The role of copper efflux systems and the impact of copper on heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis in phototrophs are addressed.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Dorsal Proximal Synovial Plica of the Equine Metacarpo‐/Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Authors: Hauspie S. , Vanderperren K. , Gielen I. , Pardon B. , Kromhout K. , Martens A. , Saunders J. H. 
Published: December 2014

SummaryA synovial plica is present at the dorsoproximal aspect of the fetlock joint. The objective of this study was to describe the location of the synovial plica during induced hyperextension using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. For this study 20 cadaver limbs from five Warmblood horses were used. Measurements were made of the dorsal; palmar/plantar length and the thickness of the plica with the joint in a normal position. During induced hyperextension of the joint, the position of the plica was described; the dorsal angle of extension and angle of contact between the proximal phalanx (P1) and the condyle were measured. The dorsal length differed between front/hind limbs and between the medial/lateral aspect of the joint. The angle of contact between P1 and condyle differed between front/hind limbs; between the lateral and medial aspect of the joint and between different positions of the plica. Four different positions of the plica were observed: shortened with the tip curved towards palmar/plantar; projecting distally; projecting towards dorsal and projecting distally with the tip interposed between P1 and the condyle. During induced hyperextension, a close relation is present between the synovial plica, P1 and the condyle with a variable position of the plica; which is suggestive for a contact interface between P1 and the metacarpal/metatarsal bone. However the plica does not seem to act consistently as a cushioning surface.
Barriers to access reproductive health care for pregnant adolescent girls: a qualitative study in Tanzania
Authors: Hokororo Adolfine , Kihunrwa Albert F. , Kalluvya Samuel , Changalucha John , Fitzgerald Daniel W. , Downs Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAimsIn Tanzania, approximately 25% of adolescents give birth and 50% more become sexually active during adolescence. We hypothesised that reproductive health education and services for adolescent girls are inaccessible and conducted this study to gain insights into their perceptions of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and barriers to reproductive health service utilisation in rural Mwanza, Tanzania.MethodsWe conducted nine focus groups among pregnant adolescents aged 15–20 years. Data were transcribed, translated and coded for relevant themes using NVivo10 software for qualitative data analysis.ResultsMost participants were aware of the dangers of STIs to themselves and their unborn babies, but did not perceive themselves as at risk of acquiring STIs. They viewed condoms as ineffective for preventing STIs and pregnancies and unnecessary for those in committed relationships. Stigma, long waiting times, and lack of privacy in the clinics discouraged adolescent girls from seeking reproductive health care.ConclusionReproductive health care for adolescent girls who are not pregnant is practically nonexistent in Tanzania. Healthcare access for pregnant young women is also limited. Targeted changes to increase clinic accessibility and to provide reproductive health education to all rather than only pregnant women have the potential to address these gaps.
Differences in nephrotoxicity risk and renal effects among anti‐viral therapies against hepatitis B
Authors: Koklu S. , Gulsen M. T. , Tuna Y. , Koklu H. , Yuksel O. , Demir M. , Guner R. , Dogan Z. , Kucukazman M. , Poyrazoglu O. K. , Biyik M. , Ozturk N. A. , Aydogan T. , Coban S. , Kocaman O. , Sapmaz F. , Gokturk S. H. , Karaca C. , Demirezer A. , Tanoglu A. , Yildirim B. , Altinbas A. , Atak B. M. , Cosar A. M. , Alkan E. ,   Other collaborators
Published: December 2014

SummaryBackgroundResults are conflicting with respect to the renal effects of anti‐viral agents used for hepatitis B virus infection.AimTo compare short and long‐term renal effects in real‐life settings and to determine risk factors for renal impairment during treatment.Methods2221 treatment‐naïve patients were enrolled. Among these, 895 (302 lamivudine, 27 telbivudine, 282 entecavir, 273 tenofovir and 11 adefovir initiated patients) had ‘repeated measures’ of creatinine (baseline, 1st, 6th, 12th and 24th month of treatment). Telbivudine and adefovir groups were excluded from further analysis because of the low number of patients. We calculated the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula at each time point. Hypophosphataemia was also recorded. Risk factors for renal impairment were analysed.ResultsTenofovir caused a decline in GFR at each time point when compared to baseline levels. However, lamivudine and entecavir did not change GFR. GFR‐shifting from ≥90 to 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2 was comparable among groups. The proportion of patients whose baseline creatinine increased more than 25% was comparable among all anti‐virals. GFR showed a decline in patients who switched from entecavir to tenofovir. One patient with compensated cirrhosis needed to change from tenofovir because of renal safety. Seven and three patients developed transient hypophosphataemia in the tenofovir and lamivudine groups, respectively.ConclusionsAlthough tenofovir caused a decline in GFR, differences between the anti‐viral agents do not appear to be so impressive. In patients with and without renal risk factors at baseline, there is no impact of anti‐virals, including tenofovir.
Rofecoxib inhibits retinal neovascularization via down regulation of cyclooxygenase‐2 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression
Authors: Liu Ning‐ning , Sun Yi‐zhou , Zhao Ning , Chen Lei 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundTo explore the anti‐angiogenesis mechanism of Rofecoxib and determine whether Rofecoxib can be a therapeutic agent for the prevention of retinal neovascularization using a model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).MethodsROP was induced by exposing mice to 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P12, then to room air from P12 to P17. Sixteen mice were in each of the three groups: untreated ROP group as positive control, Rofecoxib‐treated ROP group and the normal group (age‐matched mice maintained in room air from birth to P17 as negative control). The localized expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein and mRNA in retinal blood vessels was assessed using immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.ResultsMice in the Rofecoxib‐treated group had a significantly reduced retinal neovascular tufts compared with those in the untreated ROP group. COX‐2 and VEGF protein and mRNA expression levels were increased in the untreated ROP group, compared with the normal group. Rofecoxib decreased retinal angiogenesis by inhibiting COX‐2 and VEGF expression. The expression levels of VEGF and COX‐2 were positively correlated at mRNA and protein levels.ConclusionsCOX‐2 and VEGF expressions were both involved in the regulation of angiogenesis and had the same cellular localization. Expression of COX‐2 correlated positively with VEGF in retinal neovascularization. Rofecoxib attenuated retinal angiogenesis by inhibiting the expression of COX‐2 and VEGF mRNA and protein.
Driving outcomes: learning to drive, resilience and young people living in residential care
Authors: Berridge David 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThere are continuing concerns about the experiences offered to older adolescents being looked after (‘in care’) in the UK and, especially, to care leavers. Questions are asked about the limitations of State care compared with normal family life. This paper reports on an initiative to provide driving lessons to a group of six young men living in residential homes in one city. It links with resilience theory – how individuals can have relatively good outcomes despite early adversity. A qualitative study was undertaken to explore the effects of the initiative, including individual interviews with young men, heads of homes in which they lived and children's services managers. The overall results indicated that the initiative was very worthwhile. The lessons were a significant part of young people's lives. Possible effects on young people were divided into personal, instrumental and social. Benefits were reported from all parties concerning young people's self‐esteem and self‐confidence, as well as in forging close relationships with supportive adults. Driving would not be seen as a panacea for complex personal histories and structural problems, yet this small experiment suggests that driving lessons could be of disproportionate benefit and there is a moral obligation to provide them in any case.