bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
After the Revolution: An Alternative Future for Atlantic History
Authors: Prior David 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis essay argues for a reframed Atlantic history that abandons the concept of the “Atlantic World.” Though bold and creative, the Atlantic World concept has mired the field of Atlantic history in an unnecessary debate about that world's alleged coherence and distinctiveness. By foregrounding the tensions between these two criteria, this article offers a critique of the Atlantic World concept that goes beyond the often trenchant but nonetheless piecemeal criticisms that have been levied to date. In addressing these tensions, the goal of this article is not to condemn the broader enterprise of Atlantic history, but rather to call attention to an alternative formulation of it. We can practice Atlantic history without the Atlantic World concept because of two conditions that hold for much of early‐modern and modern history. First, from European maritime expansion on, connections across and around the Atlantic proliferated in ways that were neither natural nor inevitable. Second, the creation and severing of earlier connections tended to shape later ones in profound and perplexing ways. Atlantic history can serve as the field where diverse scholars pool their expertise to assess the relationships among these connections over time.
Urinary incontinence in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Relationship between symptom status and urodynamic diagnoses
Authors: Lee Seong Ho , Cho Sung Tae , Na Hae Ri , Ko Seok Bum , Park Moon Ho 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo assess factors associated with detrusor overactivity in urinary incontinence patients with Alzheimer's disease, and to determine the correlation between the degree of Alzheimer's disease and the presence of detrusor overactivity.MethodsA total of 144 Alzheimer's disease patients (48 men, 96 women; aged 56–97 years) with urinary incontinence were enrolled in this protocol. Cognitive testing was carried out using the Mini‐Mental State Examination, the Clinical Dementia Rating scale, the Global Deterioration Scale and Barthel's Activities of Daily Living. Urinary incontinence was assessed using a frequency–volume chart and the Incontinence Questionnaire on Urinary Incontinence Short Form. All study participants had a urodynamic study carried out.ResultsBased on the Incontinence Questionnaire on Urinary Incontinence Short Form, the most common type of urinary incontinence was urge urinary incontinence followed by enuresis in men, whereas women most commonly complained of urge urinary incontinence followed by stress urinary incontinence. Detrusor overactivity was found in 57.6% of patients (25 men, 58 women) on urodynamic study. No statistical differences were found between those with and without detrusor overactivity in terms of age, sex or duration of education. No significant correlation was found between changes in Incontinence Questionnaire on Urinary Incontinence Short Form scores and those in the Mini‐Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating and Barthel's Activities of Daily Living status. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed the presence of detrusor overactivity could be predicted using Clinical Dementia Rating and Barthel's Activities of Daily Living scores (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe most common type of urinary incontinence in patients with Alzheimer's disease is urge urinary incontinence. Clinical Dementia Rating and Barthel's Activities of Daily Living predict the severity of detrusor overactivity in this patient population.
Double‐blind, randomized non‐inferiority trial of a novel botulinum toxin A processed from the strain CBFC26, compared with onabotulinumtoxin A in the treatment of glabellar lines
Authors: Kim B.J. , Kwon H.H. , Park S.Y. , Min S.U. , Yoon J.Y. , Park Y.M. , Seo S.H. , Ahn J.Y. , Lee H.K. , Suh D.H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundBotulinum toxins have been widely used in cosmetic dermatology. Neurotoxin from the CBFC26 strain (NTC) is a recently developed botulinum toxin type A product manufactured through refined procedures.ObjectiveA double‐blinded, randomized, multicentre‐designed, phase III trial to investigate the non‐inferiority of NTC to existing botulinum toxin A, onabotulinumtoxin A in the treatment of moderate to severe glabellar lines.MethodsA total of 272 subjects were randomized in a 1 : 1 ratio to receive 20 U of NTC or onabotulinumtoxin A. The primary endpoint was the response rate of physicians' assessment (PA) using the Facial Wrinkle Scale at week 4. The secondary endpoints included the response rate of PA at weeks 8, 12 and 16, and photographic assessment at weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16. Subjects' improvement assessment and subjective self‐satisfaction levels were also investigated.ResultsResponse rates for maximum frown were 89.3% in the NTC group and 81.9% in the onabotulinumtoxin A group at week 4. NTC also resulted in comparable results for both the response rates of the other evaluation points and incidence of adverse events compared to those of onabotulinumtoxin A. In subjects' improvement assessment and photographic evaluations, NTC even demonstrated better results compared with onabotulinumtoxin A in the early phase after treatment. Analysis of these results strongly supports the non‐inferiority of NTC to onabotulinumtoxin A in the efficacy and safety.ConclusionNTC is as effective as onabotulinumtoxin A in the treatment of glabellar lines, and both products were well tolerated.
Ecological divergence and sexual selection drive sexual size dimorphism in new world pitvipers (Serpentes: Viperidae)
Authors: Hendry C. R. , Guiher T. J. , Pyron R. A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHypotheses for the origin and maintenance of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) fall into three primary categories: (i) sexual selection on male size, (ii) fecundity selection on female size and (iii) ecological selection for gender‐specific niche divergence. We investigate the impact of these forces on SSD evolution in New World pitvipers (Crotalinae). We constructed a phylogeny from up to eight genes (seven mitochondrial, one nuclear) for 104 species of NW crotalines. We gathered morphological and ecological data for 82 species for comparative analyses. There is a strong signal of sexual selection on male size driving SSD, but less evidence for fecundity selection on female size across lineages. No support was found for allometric scaling of SSD (Rensch's rule), nor for directional selection for increasing male size (the Fairbairn–Preziosi hypothesis) in NW crotalines. Interestingly, arboreal lineages experience higher rates of SSD evolution and a pronounced shift to female‐biased dimorphism. This suggests that fecundity selection on arboreal females exaggerates ecologically mediated dimorphism, whereas sexual selection drives male size in terrestrial lineages. We find that increasing SSD in both directions (male‐ and female‐biased) decreases speciation rates. In NW crotalines, it appears that increasing magnitudes of ecologically mediated SSD reduce rates of speciation, as divergence accumulates within species among sexes, reducing adaptive divergence between populations leading to speciation.
The effects of landscape on bumblebees to ensure crop pollination in the highland agricultural ecosystems in China
Authors: Xie Z. , An J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHoney bees and wild bees provide critical pollination services to agricultural ecosystems; however, the relative contributions of different bee taxa are not well understood. The natural habitats surrounding farmland support food and nesting resources for wild bees and therefore play an important role in the maintenance of crop pollination. In this study, we selected Cucurbita pepo L. (squash) as a model crop to investigate the relative importance of honey bees and bumblebees in pollinating the crop. Thirteen fields, which were surrounded by a gradient of natural habitat, were investigated on the Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau in China. We measured the visit densities of honey bees and bumblebees, the number of pollen grains deposited in a single visit by the two bee taxa, as well as the overall pollen grains deposited on stigmas during a flowering day, and then used Bayesian inference to decouple the pollen grains deposited by either the honey bees or the bumblebees. Compared with honey bees, bumblebees deposited a higher number of pollen grains on stigmas in a single visit, but had a lower visit density than honey bees. Meanwhile, the bumblebee visit density increased along the proportion of natural habitat, while the honey bee visit density was not affected by the surrounding natural habitat. Data simulations using Bayesian inference showed that on a flowering day, the number of pollen grains deposited by bumblebees increased with the proportion of natural habitat in the surrounding landscape, but the number of pollen grains deposited by honey bees did not. Moreover, the total numbers of pollen grains deposited by honey bees or bumblebees alone were all below 2000 (the critical level to satisfy the pollination requirement of this crop). Pollen calculations demonstrated that the number of pollen grains deposited by the two bee taxa was greater than 2000 in fields surrounded by more than 13% natural habitat (grasslands and forests). The results revealed that bumblebees ensured C. pepo pollination in combination with honey bees in the highland agricultural ecosystems.
Cerebral Blood Flow Reduction Associated with Orientation for Time in Amnesic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease Patients
Authors: Yamashita Ken‐ichiro , Taniwaki Yoshihide , Utsunomiya Hidetsuna , Taniwaki Takayuki 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEImpairment of orientation for time (OT) is a characteristic symptom of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the brain regions underlying OT remain to be elucidated. Using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), we examined the brain regions exhibiting hypoperfusion that were associated with OT.METHODSWe compared regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differences between AD and amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or normal subjects using 3‐dimensional stereotactic surface projection (3D‐SSP) analysis. AD patients were divided into OT good and poor groups according to their mean OT scores, and rCBF then compared between the groups to elucidate OT‐specific brain areas.RESULTS3D‐SSP analysis showed reduced rCBF in the left superior parietal lobule (SPL) and bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) in AD patients. In the poor OT group, 3D‐SSP analysis revealed hypoperfusion in the bilateral SPL, IPL, posterior cingulated cortex (PCC), and precuneus. Among these areas, region of interest analysis revealed a significant higher number of hypoperfused pixels in the left PCC in the OT poor AD group.CONCLUSIONSOur SPECT study suggested that hypoperfusion in the left SPL and bilateral IPL was AD specific, and reduced rCBF in the left PCC was specifically associated with OT.
Spinal Cord Normalization in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Oh Jiwon , Seigo Michaela , Saidha Shiv , Sotirchos Elias , Zackowski Kathy , Chen Min , Prince Jerry , Diener‐West Marie , Calabresi Peter A. , Reich Daniel S. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSpinal cord (SC) pathology is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), and measures of SC‐atrophy are increasingly utilized. Normalization reduces biological variation of structural measurements unrelated to disease, but optimal parameters for SC volume (SCV)‐normalization remain unclear. Using a variety of normalization factors and clinical measures, we assessed the effect of SCV normalization on detecting group differences and clarifying clinical–radiological correlations in MS.METHODS3T cervical SC‐MRI was performed in 133 MS cases and 11 healthy controls (HC). Clinical assessment included expanded disability status scale (EDSS), MS functional composite (MSFC), quantitative hip‐flexion strength (“strength”), and vibration sensation threshold (“vibration”). SCV between C3 and C4 was measured and normalized individually by subject height, SC‐length, and intracranial volume (ICV).RESULTSThere were group differences in raw‐SCV and after normalization by height and length (MS vs. HC; progressive vs. relapsing MS‐subtypes, P < .05). There were correlations between clinical measures and raw‐SCV (EDSS:r = –.20; MSFC:r = .16; strength:r = .35; vibration:r = –.19). Correlations consistently strengthened with normalization by length (EDSS:r = –.43; MSFC:r = .33; strength:r = .38; vibration:r = –.40), and height (EDSS:r = –.26; MSFC:r = .28; strength:r = .22; vibration:r = –.29), but diminished with normalization by ICV (EDSS:r = –.23; MSFC:r = –.10; strength:r = .23; vibration:r = –.35). In relapsing MS, normalization by length allowed statistical detection of correlations that were not apparent with raw‐SCV.CONCLUSIONSSCV‐normalization by length improves the ability to detect group differences, strengthens clinical–radiological correlations, and is particularly relevant in settings of subtle disease‐related SC‐atrophy in MS. SCV‐normalization by length may enhance the clinical utility of measures of SC‐atrophy.
Thrombosed Dural Sinus Malformation in a Fetus: A Case Report
Authors: Asai Hiroko , Okamoto Toshio , Tsuchida Etsushi , Nohara Fumikatsu , Nagaya Ken , Azuma Hiroshi 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEA thrombosed dural sinus malformation (DSM) is a rare condition, the clinical features of which have not yet been completely characterized. Here, we describe the clinical course of a patient with a thrombosed DSM and discuss the outcomes in live birth cases from a review of the literature.CASE DESCRIPTIONAn ultrasonography examination of a 32‐year‐old woman at 25 weeks’ gestation indicated a fetal posterior fossa mass. The size of the intracranial mass remained constant during the second trimester and was observed to decrease from 33 weeks of gestation. A postnatal diagnosis of thrombosis in the dural sinus was established by magnetic resonance imaging and venography. No brain damage or hydrocephalus was noted. Although the circumference of the infant's head was enlarged at birth, her neurological outcome was normal at 1 year of age.CONCLUSIONSAlthough normal cranial circumference is reportedly an essential factor for a favorable prognosis, the patient in this report with a cranial circumference at + 2.0 SD (35.6 cm) had a favorable prognosis. Further studies focused on improving clinical diagnostic accuracy in this rare entity will facilitate appropriate counseling.
Neonatal Head Ultrasonography Today: A Powerful Imaging Tool!
Authors: Orman Gunes , Benson Jane E. , Kweldam Charlotte F. , Bosemani Thangamadhan , Tekes Aylin , de Jong M. Robert , Seyfert Donna , Northington Frances J. , Poretti Andrea , Huisman Thierry A. G. M. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTHead ultrasonography (HUS) remains an important tool in the initial evaluation of intracranial abnormalities in infants. In experienced hands, HUS is an outstanding tool to detect brain abnormalities in preterm and full‐term infants, to follow the progression of these lesions, and to describe the maturation of the infant brain. We believe it is a safe and cost‐efficient alternative to magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography in many cases. In this article we discuss the HUS techniques that are currently available and are now the standard of care, how to perform them, and what to look for. We describe a variety of findings that may be encountered including hemorrhagic complications of prematurity, hypoxic ischemic brain injury, neonatal stroke, infections, malformations, neoplasms, and a few more rare neonatal pathologies.
Defining Perceptions of Picky Eating Obtained through Focus Groups and Conjoint Analysis
Authors: Boquin Mandy M. , Moskowitz Howard R. , Donovan Sharon M. , Lee Soo‐Yeun 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPicky eating is a challenging mealtime behavior prevalent during the toddler years. An operational definition of picky eating does not exist in the scientific literature, which makes it difficult to consistently quantify the degree of picky eating. Yet, those who talk about picky eating, especially mothers, “know it when they see it, or when it is described.” This study used focus groups and conjoint analysis in a novel approach to investigate the perceptions of picky eating.Four categories were developed from three focus groups (N = 19): “before mealtime behaviors,” “during mealtime behaviors,” “general mealtime preferences” and “food sensory‐dependent preferences.” The focus groups were followed by a conjoint analysis study which revealed four segments: “The Sensory Dependent” (n = 72), “The General Perfectionists” (n = 159), “The Behavioral Responders” (n = 54) and “The Preferential Eaters” (n = 74). The segments differed in the specific elements driving the description of a child considered a picky eater. The study develops a classification method to define picky eaters, and suggests innovative interventions for each of the four segments of picky eating.Practical ApplicationsThe findings from this study demonstrate that picky eating is neither defined nor experienced in the same way by every parent. Parents believe that picky eating is not only defined by the food the child eats, but also by the child's overall behaviors and attitudes toward mealtime. The participants of the focus group study provided unique detailed experiences and perceptions that may not be captured by quantitative surveys or food diary assessments. The information from combined focus group and conjoint analysis in this study categorize characteristics of picky eating and define and segment how people perceive picky eaters. Results can be further used for novel approaches to remedy mealtime difficulties resulting from picky eating behaviors.
Targeting Health Improvement via a Nutritional Intervention Program for Adults With Developmental Disabilities and Challenging Behaviors
Authors: Edwards Meaghan , Holder Michael , Baum Nehama , Brown Roy 
Published: March 2014

AbstractResearch suggests that individuals with developmental disabilities and challenging behaviors resulting from complex impairments tend to experience poor health status linked to lifestyle factors (including inadequate diet and poor nutrition). Individuals living in group home settings seem to be especially vulnerable, as they may often be provided with meals that may not be nutritionally adequate. This article describes how the need for a nutritional intervention program for group home staff was determined, the nature of the program itself, and the impact of the program upon meal composition and on staff and residents. Subjects were supervisors and group home staff members responsible for providing meals in four group homes to 21 residents. The program consisted of two training sessions for staff and follow‐up monitoring through daily photographing of meals, weekly communications with staff, and monthly measuring of the body mass of group home residents. The program was assessed through a time series evaluation of photograph ratings measuring meal composition. Results indicated that meal nutrition and composition improved significantly over the duration of the nutrition intervention program. The authors conclude that a meal enhancement model may be effective in improving meal nutritional compositions in group home and other community‐based settings, thus providing opportunities for improved health status.
Comparison of manual and laboratory PCV and total protein using EDTA and lithium heparin canine samples
Authors: Tamborini A. , Papakonstantinou S. , Brown A. , Brennan S. , Shiel R. E. , Mills J. N. , Mooney C. T. 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate if lithium heparin (LiH) and potassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) can be used interchangeably to obtain packed cell volume (PCV) and total protein by refractometry (TPr), and to compare those values with laboratorywderived haematocrit (Hct) and total protein (TP) concentration, respectively, in canine blood samples.MethodsBlood samples taken in LiH and EDTA were manually assessed for PCV and TPr. Results were correlated to Hct and TP.Results238 EDTA and corresponding serum/LiH samples were obtained. There was excellent correlation but statistically significant difference between LiH and EDTA PCV (n=43). LiH and EDTA TPr (n=43) were excellently correlated without significant difference. PCV and Hct (n=176) were excellently correlated without significant difference. LiH (n=105) and serum (n=133) TP was respectively fairly or well correlated with TPr but with significant differences. An increase in cholesterol of 1 mmol/L was associated with a mean independent increase in TPr of approximately 1 g/L.Clinical SignificanceLiH and EDTA can be used interchangeably for TPr. Although TPr and serum/plasma TP were correlated, there were statistically significant differences that could impact on clinical decision making. TPr is increased by cholesterol but this alone could not account for the magnitude of the difference observed.
Androgen Receptor Gene CAG Repeat Polymorphism Independently Influences Recovery of Male Sexual Function After Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Postsurgical Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Authors: Tirabassi Giacomo , delli Muti Nicola , Corona Giovanni , Maggi Mario , Balercia Giancarlo 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Few and contradictory studies have evaluated the possible influence of androgen receptor (AR) gene CAG repeat polymorphism on male sexual function.

Aim
In this study we evaluated the role of AR gene CAG repeat polymorphism in the recovery of sexual function after testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in men affected by postsurgical hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, a condition which is often associated with hypopituitarism and in which the sexual benefits of TRT must be distinguished from those of pituitary-function replacement therapies.

Methods
Fifteen men affected by postsurgical hypogonadotropic hypogonadism were retrospectively assessed before and after TRT.

Main Outcome Measures
Main outcome measures included sexual parameters as assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire, levels of pituitary dependent hormones (total testosterone, free T3, free T4, cortisol, insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1], prolactin), and results of genetic analysis (ARgene CAG repeat number).

Results
Plasma concentrations of free T3, free T4, cortisol, and prolactin did not vary significantly between the two phases, while testosterone and IGF-1 increased significantly after TRT. A significant improvement in all sexual parameters studied was found. The number of CAG triplets was negatively and significantly correlated with changes in all the sexual parameters, while opposite correlations were found between changes in sexual parameters and changes in testosterone levels; no correlation of change in IGF1 with change in sexual parameters was reported. On multiple linear regression analysis, after correction for changes in testosterone, nearly all the associations between the number of CAG triplets and changes in sexual parameters were confirmed.

Conclusions
Shorter lengthARgene CAG repeat number is associated with the recovery of sexual function after TRT in postsurgical male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, independently of the effects of concomitant pituitary-replacement therapies.