bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population Trends, Bend Use Relative to Available Habitat and Within‐River‐Bend Habitat Use of Eight Indicator Species of Missouri and Lower Kansas River Benthic Fishes: 15 Years After Baseline Assessment
Authors: Wildhaber M. L. , Yang W.‐H. , Arab A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA baseline assessment of the Missouri River fish community and species‐specific habitat use patterns conducted from 1996 to 1998 provided the first comprehensive analysis of Missouri River benthic fish population trends and habitat use in the Missouri and Lower Yellowstone rivers, exclusive of reservoirs, and provided the foundation for the present Pallid Sturgeon Population Assessment Program (PSPAP). Data used in such studies are frequently zero inflated. To address this issue, the zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) model was applied. This follow‐up study is based on PSPAP data collected up to 15 years later along with new understanding of how habitat characteristics among and within bends affect habitat use of fish species targeted by PSPAP, including pallid sturgeon. This work demonstrated that a large‐scale, large‐river, PSPAP‐type monitoring program can be an effective tool for assessing population trends and habitat usage of large‐river fish species. Using multiple gears, PSPAP was effective in monitoring shovelnose and pallid sturgeons, sicklefin, shoal and sturgeon chubs, sand shiner, blue sucker and sauger. For all species, the relationship between environmental variables and relative abundance differed, somewhat, among river segments suggesting the importance of the overall conditions of Upper and Middle Missouri River and Lower Missouri and Kansas rivers on the habitat usage patterns exhibited. Shoal and sicklefin chubs exhibited many similar habitat usage patterns; blue sucker and shovelnose sturgeon also shared similar responses. For pallid sturgeon, the primary focus of PSPAP, relative abundance tended to increase in Upper and Middle Missouri River paralleling stocking efforts, whereas no evidence of an increasing relative abundance was found in the Lower Missouri River despite stocking. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic mapping of resistance to Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) biotype 2 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accession CI2401
Authors: Fazel-Najafabadi Mehdi , Peng Junhua , Peairs Frank B. , Simkova Hana , Kilian Andrzej , Lapitan Nora L. V. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe RWA, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), is a devastating insect pest of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) and barley (Hordeumvulgare) in the United States and in many parts of the world. The use of D. noxia-resistant cultivars is an economically useful approach for protecting cereals from this aphid. However, there are few genes conferring resistance to the most predominant US biotype (Biotype RWA2). Wheat line CI2401, originating from Tajikistan, has been identified to be resistant to RWA2. An F2-derived F3 (F2:3) segregating population developed from a cross between CI2401 and Glupro (a high quality susceptible wheat cultivar) was used to genetically map the resistance in CI2401. Seedlings from F2 individuals and F3 families were infested with RWA2 aphids. Seedling reactions were scored as resistant or susceptible based on the degrees of leaf rolling and chlorosis. The observed segregation ratios in the F2 and F3 generations indicate the presence of a major dominant gene controlling resistance to RWA2. The gene, named Dn2401, was genetically mapped to the short arm of chromosome 7D. Xbarc214 mapped 1.1 cM and Xgwm473 mapped 1.8 cM distal and proximal, respectively, to the gene. Association studies using more than 12,000 SNPs and SilicoDArTs confirmed the presence of a major signal associated with resistance on chromosome 7DS. In addition, a minor signal was detected in chromosome 1D. The markers developed in this study will be useful for marker-assisted-breeding for resistance to RWA2.
High-Rayleigh-number convection of a reactive solute in a porous medium
Authors: Ward T. J. , Jensen O. E. , Power H. , Riley D. S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe consider two-dimensional one-sided convection of a solute in a fluid-saturated porous medium, where the solute decays via a first-order reaction. Fully nonlinear convection is investigated using high-resolution numerical simulations and a low-order model that couples the dynamic boundary layer immediately beneath the distributed solute source to the slender vertical plumes that form beneath. A transient-growth analysis of the boundary layer is used to characterise its excitability. Three asymptotic regimes are investigated in the limit of high Rayleigh number $\mathit{Ra}$, in which the domain is considered deep, shallow or of intermediate depth, and for which the Damköhler number $\mathit{Da}$ is respectively large, small or of order unity. Scaling properties of the flow are identified numerically and rationalised via the analytic model. For fully established high-$\mathit{Ra}$ convection, analysis and simulation suggest that the time-averaged solute transfer rate scales with $\mathit{Ra}$ and the plume horizontal wavenumber with $\mathit{Ra}^{1/2}$, with coefficients modulated by $\mathit{Da}$ in each case. For large $\mathit{Da}$, the rapid reaction rate limits the plume depth and the boundary layer restricts the rate of solute transfer to the bulk, whereas for small $\mathit{Da}$ the average solute transfer rate is ultimately limited by the domain depth and the convection is correspondingly weaker.
Assessment of cannabis use disorders: a systematic review of screening and diagnostic instruments
Authors: López-Pelayo H. , Batalla A. , Balcells M. M. , Colom J. , Gual A. 
Published: November 2014

Background.Cannabis use and misuse have become a public health problem. There is a need for reliable screening and assessment tools to identify harmful cannabis use at an early stage. We conducted a systematic review of published instruments used to screen and assess cannabis use disorders.Method.We included papers published until January 2013 from seven different databases, following the PRISMA guidelines and a predetermined set of criteria for article selection. Only tools including a quantification of cannabis use and/or a measurement of the severity of dependence were considered.Results.We identified 34 studies, of which 25 included instruments that met our inclusion criteria: 10 scales to assess cannabis use disorders, seven structured interviews, and eight tools to quantify cannabis use. Both cannabis and substance use scales showed good reliability and were validated in specific populations. Structured interviews were also reliable and showed good validity parameters. Common limitations were inadequate time-frames for screening, lack of brevity, undemonstrated validity for some populations (e.g. psychiatric patients, female gender, adolescents), and lack of relevant information that would enable routine use (e.g. risky use, regular users). Instruments to quantify consumption did not measure grams of the psychoactive compounds, which hampered comparability among different countries or regions where tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations may differ.Conclusions.Current instruments available for assessing cannabis use disorders need to be further improved. A standard cannabis unit should be studied and existing instruments should be adapted to this standard unit in order to improve cannabis use assessment.
(Ad-)ventures in faith: a critique of Bishop's doxastic-venture model
Authors: GRIFFIOEN AMBER L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWhile some philosophical models reduce religious faith to either mere belief or affect, more recent accounts have begun to look at the volitional component of faith. In this spirit, John Bishop has defended the notion of faith as a ‘doxastic venture’. In this article, I consider Bishop's view in detail and attempt to show that his account proves on the one hand too permissive and on the other too restrictive. Thus, although the doxastic-venture model offers certain advantages over other prominent views in the philosophy of religion, it still falls short of providing us with an ultimately satisfactory account of religious faith.
Optical emission spectroscopy study on flashover along insulator surface due to particle contamination
Authors: Tewari Somesh Vinayak , Kshirsagar R.J. , Roy Amitava , Sarathi R. , Sharma Archana , Mittal K.C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe surface flashover behavior in ambient air and nitrogen are studied at a pressure of 1 kg/cm2 using optical emission spectroscopy. A high dc voltage is applied to Rogowski profile electrodes with polyoxymethylene as the insulator between the electrodes. Three different conditions of needle protrusion along the surface of polyoxymethylene are used to study the variation in spectral characteristics due to particle contamination. When the insulator is placed between the spark gap electrodes, the OES spectra are dominated by the Hα line in air and nitrogen medium. It was found that the intensity of N2+ (B-X) emission is less in air surrounding the insulator medium. The plasma temperature during bulk breakdown in air is 0.433 eV, which increases to 0.434 eV with the pressurized nitrogen, which further increases in the presence of insulator to 0.441 eV and 0.44 eV in nitrogen and air, respectively. The electron density is obtained from the N emission line at 746.8 nm and the estimated peak value is 2.85 × 1012 cm−3 in the presence of insulator. The plasma temperature decreases with increase in distance of particle contamination from cathode. The increase in electron density in air, as compared to nitrogen implies more material desorption in air which is also supported by the comparisons of Hα lines.
Spinmotive force due to motion of magnetic bubble arrays driven by magnetic field gradient
Authors: Yamane Yuta , Hemmatiyan Shayan , Ieda Jun'ichi , Maekawa Sadamichi , Sinova Jairo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractInteraction between local magnetization and conduction electrons is responsible for a variety of phenomena in magnetic materials. It has been recently shown that spin current and associated electric voltage can be induced by magnetization that depends on both time and space. This effect, called spinmotive force, provides for a powerful tool for exploring the dynamics and the nature of magnetic textures, as well as a new source for electromotive force. Here we theoretically demonstrate the generation of electric voltages in magnetic bubble array systems subjected to a magnetic field gradient. It is shown by deriving expressions for the electric voltages that the present system offers a direct measure of phenomenological parameter β that describes non-adiabaticity in the current induced magnetization dynamics. This spinmotive force opens a door for new types of spintronic devices that exploit the field-gradient.
The MuSK activator agrin has a separate role essential for postnatal maintenance of neuromuscular synapses
Authors: Tezuka Tohru , Inoue Akane , Hoshi Taisuke , Weatherbee Scott D. , Burgess Robert W. , Ueta Ryo , Yamanashi Yuji 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synapse between the motor nerve and myotube essential for controlling skeletal muscle contraction. Motor nerve-derived glycoprotein agrin is indispensable for the formation and maintenance of NMJs, and genetic defects in agrin underlie a congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). Agrin’s role has been thought to be activation of the muscle-specific receptor kinase MuSK. Here, we demonstrate that forced activation of MuSK in agrin-deficient mice restored embryonic formation, but not postnatal maintenance, of NMJs, demonstrating that agrin plays an essential role distinct from MuSK activation in the postnatal maintenance of NMJs. Given that CMSs frequently show postnatal onset, this finding provides key insights not only into NMJ homeostasis but also into CMS pathology with unknown etiology.
Single Lgr5- or Lgr6-expressing taste stem/progenitor cells generate taste bud cells ex vivo
Authors: Ren Wenwen , Lewandowski Brian C. , Watson Jaime , Aihara Eitaro , Iwatsuki Ken , Bachmanov Alexander A. , Margolskee Robert F. , Jiang Peihua 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Taste tissue regenerates continuously throughout the life span in mammals. Here, using lineage tracing and a culture system, we show that leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5-expressing and leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 6-expressing taste stem/progenitor cells generate mature taste cells in vivo and ex vivo. Importantly, our ex vivo studies show that single-progenitor cells can generate all mature taste cell types and that differentiated taste cells form in the absence of innervation. This ex vivo model mimics the development of taste bud cells in taste papillae, recapitulates the process of taste renewal from adult taste stem cells to mature taste cells, and provides a means to study the regulation of taste cell generation and to understand the origins and cell lineage relationships within taste buds.
Far-infrared surface emissivity and climate
Authors: Feldman Daniel R. , Collins William D. , Pincus Robert , Huang Xianglei , Chen Xiuhong 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceWe find that many of the Earth's climate variables, including surface temperature, outgoing longwave radiation, cooling rates, and frozen surface extent, are sensitive to far-IR surface emissivity, a largely unconstrained, temporally and spatially heterogeneous scaling factor for the blackbody radiation from the surface at wavelengths between 15 μm and 100 μm. We also describe a previously unidentified mechanism that amplifies high-latitude and high-altitude warming in finding significantly lower values of far-IR emissivity for ocean and desert surfaces than for sea ice and snow. This leads to a decrease in surface emission at far-IR wavelengths, reduced cooling to space, and warmer radiative surface temperatures. Far-IR emissivity can be measured from spectrally resolved observations, but such measurements have not yet been made.
Spatial embedding of structural similarity in the cerebral cortex
Authors: Song H. Francis , Kennedy Henry , Wang Xiao-Jing 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The cerebral cortex can be divided into a number of distinct areas on the basis of anatomy and function. Understanding the complex pattern of connections among these areas is essential to uncovering how the brain performs its distributed computations. We report a systematic relation between the connectivity and functional similarity of cortical areas in the monkey, human, and mouse cortex. Motivated by observations that the cortical areal network is densely connected and that connections have a strong dependence on wiring length, we introduce a spatially embedded, generative model of the areal network that accounts for many observed features of cortical connectivity.
Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services
Authors: Kim Eric S. , Strecher Victor J. , Ryff Carol D. 
Published: November 2014

Significance
Less than 50% of people over the age of 65 are up-to-date with core preventive services. Identifying modifiable factors linked with preventive services are important targets for research and practice. Purpose in life, recently the focus of multiple intervention studies, has been linked with better health (mental and physical) as well as improved health behaviors. However, its association with health care use has been understudied. We found that higher purpose was linked with greater use of several preventive health care services and also fewer nights spent hospitalized. These results may facilitate the development of new strategies to increase use of preventive health care services and improve health, thereby offsetting the burden of rising health care costs in our aging society.
Disentangling the effects of CO2and short-lived climate forcer mitigation
Authors: Rogelj Joeri , Schaeffer Michiel , Meinshausen Malte , Shindell Drew T. , Hare William , Klimont Zbigniew , Velders Guus J. M. , Amann Markus , Schellnhuber Hans Joachim 
Published: November 2014

SignificanceClimate change is one of the greatest challenges of our times. Human activities, like fossil-fuel burning, result in emissions of radiation-modifying substances that have a detectable, either warming or cooling, influence on our climate. Some, like soot (black carbon), are very short lived, whereas others, like carbon dioxide (CO2), are very persistent and remain in the atmosphere for centuries to millennia. Importantly, these substances are often emitted by common sources. As climate policy is looking at options to limit emissions of all these substances, understanding their linkages becomes extremely important. Our study disentangles these linkages and therewith helps to avoid crucial misconceptions: Measures reducing short-lived climate forcers are complementary to CO2mitigation, but neglecting linkages leads to overestimating their climate benefits.
Cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1 export to uninfected cells exosomes containing STING, viral mRNAs, and microRNAs
Authors: Kalamvoki Maria , Du Te , Roizman Bernard 
Published: November 2014

Significance
The stimulator of IFN genes (STING) is an important innate immune response to infection by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). STING’s impact may be deduced from the observation that HSV-1 replicates significantly better in normal immortalized cells depleted of STING. Nevertheless, published evidence shows that STING is stabilized by the virus in infected cells, and this report shows that STING is exported from infected cells in exosomes along with viral microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs. Some miRNAs have been reported to suppress reactivation of latent virus. The results suggest that HSV-1 in special circumstances may control the spread of infection from cell to cell and support the hypothesis that HSV-1 controls its virulence to enable effective person-to-person transmission.
Evaluation on Activity of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Turbot Via a Probe Drug Cocktail
Authors: Chang Zhi-Qiang , Li Jian , Zhai Qian-Qian 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are the main catalytic enzymes for metabolism by a variety of endogenous and exogenous substrates in mammals, fish, insects, etc. We evaluated the application of a multidrug cocktail on changes in CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 activity in Turbot Scophthalmus maximus. The probe drugs were a combination of caffeine (5 mg/kg body weight), dapsone (5 mg/kg), and chlorzoxazone (10 mg/kg). After a single intraperitoneal injection of the cocktail, the concentration of all three probe drugs in the plasma increased quickly to a peak and then decreased gradually over 24 h. Pharmacokinetic profiles of the three probe drugs were determined using a noncompartmental analysis, and the typical parameters were calculated. In the assay for CYP induction, pretreatment with rifampicin significantly reduced the typical pharmacokinetic metrics for caffeine and chlorzoxazone, but not dapsone, indicating that the activity of CYP1 and CYP2 in turbot were induced by rifampicin.
Received November 25, 2013; accepted May 29, 2014.
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Blood and Tissue of Striped Mullet in Two Italian Lakes
Authors: Fazio Francesco , Piccione Giuseppe , Tribulato Katia , Ferrantelli Vincenzo , Giangrosso Giuseppe , Arfuso Francesca , Faggio Caterina 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Water and sediment from Faro and Ganzirri lakes were tested for cadmium, mercury, and lead. These heavy metals have been assessed in serum and muscles of Striped Mullet Mugil cephalus. A haemogram was performed to find effects of heavy metals on haematological variables. Student's t-test showed higher Pb levels in sediments of Ganzirri Lake than Faro Lake. Two-way analysis of variance showed higher Cd and Pb concentration in muscles samples of Striped Mullet from Ganzirri Lake than from Faro Lake. Significant differences were found among haematological parameters as well. Mullet from Ganzirri Lake had lower white and red blood cell and trombocyte counts and higher mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration than those from Faro Lake. Our results indicate a significant presence of lead in the environmental produces an accumulation of this metal in fish muscles.
Received April 2, 2014; accepted June 16, 2014.
Dose-Dependent Effects of the Clinical Anesthetic Isoflurane on Octopus vulgaris: A Contribution to Cephalopod Welfare
Authors: Polese Gianluca , Winlow William , Di Cosmo Anna 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Recent progress in animal welfare legislation relating to invertebrates has provoked interest in methods for the anesthesia of cephalopods, for which different approaches to anesthesia have been tried but in most cases without truly anesthetizing the animals. For example, several workers have used muscle relaxants or hypothermia as forms of “anesthesia.” Several inhalational anesthetics are known to act in a dose-dependent manner on the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, a pulmonate mollusk. Here we report, for the first time, on the effects of clinical doses of the well-known inhalational clinical anesthetic isoflurane on the behavioral responses of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris. In each experiment, isoflurane was equilibrated into a well-aerated seawater bath containing a single adult O. vulgaris. Using a web camera, we recorded each animal's response to touch stimuli eliciting withdrawal of the arms and siphon and observed changes in the respiratory rate and the chromatophore pattern over time (before, during, and after application of the anesthetic). We found that different animals of the same size responded with similar behavioral changes as the isoflurane concentration was gradually increased. After gradual application of 2% isoflurane for a maximum of 5 min (at which time all the responses indicated deep anesthesia), the animals recovered within 45–60 min in fresh aerated seawater. Based on previous findings in gastropods, we believe that the process of anesthesia induced by isoflurane is similar to that previously observed in Lymnaea. In this study we showed that isoflurane is a good, reversible anesthetic for O. vulgaris, and we developed a method for its use.
Received February 14, 2014; accepted July 7, 2014.