bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epistemic Trust and Education: Effects of Informant Reliability on Student Learning of Decimal Concepts
Authors: Durkin Kelley , Shafto Patrick 
Published: November 2015

The epistemic trust literature emphasizes that children's evaluations of informants’ trustworthiness affects learning, but there is no evidence that epistemic trust affects learning in academic domains. The current study investigated how reliability affects decimal learning. Fourth and fifth graders (N = 122;Mage = 10.1 years) compared examples from consistently accurate and inaccurate informants (consistent) or informants who were each sometimes accurate and inaccurate (inconsistent). Fourth graders had higher conceptual knowledge and fewer misconceptions in theconsistentcondition than theinconsistentcondition, and vice versa for fifth graders due to differences in prior exposure to decimals. Given the same examples, learning differed depending on informant reliability. Thus, epistemic trust is a malleable factor that affects learning in an academic domain.
Affecting Girls’ Activity and Job Interests Through Play: The Moderating Roles of Personal Gender Salience and Game Characteristics
Authors: Coyle Emily F. , Liben Lynn S. 
Published: November 2015

Gender schema theory (GST) posits that children approach opportunities perceived as gender appropriate, avoiding those deemed gender inappropriate, in turn affecting gender‐differentiated career trajectories. To test the hypothesis that children's gender salience filters (GSF—tendency to attend to gender) moderate these processes, 62 preschool girls (M = 4.5 years) were given GSF measures. Two weeks later, they played a computer game about occupations that manipulated the game‐character's femininity (hyperfeminized Barbie vs. less feminized Playmobil Jane). Following game play, girls’ interests in feminine activities showed an interaction of game condition and GSF: High‐GSF girls showed intensified feminine activity interests only with Barbie; low‐GSF girls showed no change with either character. Neither GSF nor game condition affected occupational interests. Implications for GST, individual differences, and occupational interventions are discussed.
Visualizing Waypoints‐Constrained Origin‐Destination Patterns for Massive Transportation Data
Authors: Zeng W. , Fu C.‐W. , Müller Arisona S. , Erath A. , Qu H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractOrigin‐destination (OD) pattern is a highly useful means for transportation research since it summarizes urban dynamics and human mobility. However, existing visual analytics are insufficient for certain OD analytical tasks needed in transport research. For example, transport researchers are interested in path‐related movements across congested roads, besides global patterns over the entire domain. Driven by this need, we proposewaypoints‐constrained OD visual analytics, a new approach for exploring path‐related OD patterns in an urban transportation network. First, we use hashing‐based query to support interactive filtering of trajectories through user‐specified waypoints. Second, we elaborate a set of design principles and rules, and derive a novel unified visual representation called thewaypoints‐constrained OD viewby carefully considering the OD flow presentation, the temporal variation, spatial layout and user interaction. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our interface with two case studies and expert interviews with five transportation experts.
Decrease of nasal airway resistance and alleviations of symptoms after balloon sinuplasty in patients with isolated chronic rhinosinusitis: a prospective, randomised clinical study
Authors: Bizaki A.J. , Numminen J. , Taulu R. , Rautiainen M. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical outcome of balloon sinuplasty and uncinectomy for patients suffering from isolated chronic rhinosinusitis of the maxillary sinus.DesignA prospective, randomised, non‐blinded, controlled trial was conducted.SettingThe study was carried out at the Department of Otolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.ParticipantsAdult patients with symptomatic isolated chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis without severe findings in the sinuses, as documented in the sinus' Computer Tomography scan and clinical examination, were randomised into two groups: uncinectomy and balloon sinuplasty.Main outcome measuresThe variables in our study are the Sinonasal Outcome Test‐22 (SNOT 22), acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry. These parameters were analysed preoperatively and postoperatively (after 3 and 6 months).ResultsThe preliminary results of our study have been previously published. Both balloon sinuplasty and uncinectomy significantly improved almost all the parameters of SNOT22 (P < 0.05), with no significant difference being found between these two groups (P > 0.05). Based on rhinomanometry results, airway resistance decreased after treatment. Regarding adverse effects, balloon sinuplasty was significantly associated with a lesser risk of synechia.ConclusionsBoth balloon sinuplasty and uncinectomy improved the quality of life and decreased upper airway resistance of patients with mild, isolated chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis. The smaller risk of postoperative synechiae with balloon sinuplasty combined with its promising efficiency could partially compensate for its high material cost.
The origins of word learning: Brain responses of 3‐month‐olds indicate their rapid association of objects and words
Authors: Friedrich Manuela , Friederici Angela D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe present study explored the origins of word learning in early infancy. Using event‐related potentials (ERP) we monitored the brain activity of 3‐month‐old infants when they were repeatedly exposed to several initially novel words paired consistently with each the same initially novel objects or inconsistently with different objects. Our results provide strong evidence that these young infants extract statistic regularities in the distribution of the co‐occurrences of objects and words extremely quickly. The data suggest that this ability is based on the rapid formation of associations between the neural representations of objects and words, but that the new associations are not retained in long‐term memory until the next day. The type of brain response moreover indicates that, unlike in older infants, in 3‐month‐olds a semantic processing stage is not involved. Their ability to combine words with meaningful information is caused by a primary learning mechanism that enables the formation of proto‐words and acts as a precursor for the acquisition of genuine words.
The neurodynamics of emotion: delineating typical and atypical emotional processes during adolescence
Authors: Heller Aaron S. , Casey B.J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe study of development is, in and of itself, the study of change over time, but emotions, particularly emotional reactivity and emotional regulation, also unfold over time, albeit over briefer time‐scales. Adolescence is a period of development characterized by marked changes in emotional processes and rewiring of the underlying neural circuitry, making this time of life formative. Yet this period is also a time of increased risk for anxiety and mood disorders. Changes in the temporal dynamics of emotional processes (e.g. magnitude, time‐to‐peak and duration) occur during this developmental period and have been associated with risk for mood and anxiety disorders. In this article, we describe how the temporal dynamics of emotions change during adolescence and how they may increase risk for these psychopathologies. We highlight studies that illustrate how formalizing temporal neurodynamics of emotion may enhance links among levels of analyses from neurobiological to real‐world, moment‐to‐moment experiences.
Termite queens have disproportionately more DNA in their fat body cells: reproductive division of labor and endoreduplication
Authors: Nozaki Tomonari , Matsuura Kenji 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIncreases in DNA content caused by endoreduplication are widely observed in the metabolically active tissues of plants and animals. During egg production, insect females synthesize very large amounts of vitellogenin in their fat bodies, and female fat bodies of some insects become polyploid to accelerate vitellogenin production. Social insects have developed reproductive division of labor, wherein queens lay most of the eggs while other individuals have reduced fertility and undertake tasks required for maintaining the colony. Therefore, only queens are engaged in vitellogenin synthesis for egg production in social insects. Here, we show that termite queens have disproportionately more DNA in their fat body cells. Our DNA content analysis using flow cytometry demonstrated that more cells contained 4C‐DNA than 2C‐DNA in the fat bodies of Reticulitermes speratus queens. This high level of endoreduplication was not found in the fat body cells of other castes. This caste‐dependent doubling of DNA content in fat body cells suggests that termites exploit endoreduplication to boost egg production, in conjunction with the development of reproductive division of labor. This study highlights nuclear polyploidization as an adaptive strategy in social insects.
Cross Economic Determinants of Implied Volatility Smile Dynamics: Three Major European Currency Options
Authors: Han Qian , Liang Jufang , Wu Boqiang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the contemporaneous and lead–lag relationships between economic variables and implied volatility smiles for three major European currency options. We find that cross economic determinants are at least as important as own economic variables in explaining the dynamics of implied volatility smiles. Out‐of‐sample tests also suggest that cross economic variables are important in predicting an economy's currency option smile. These findings suggest that the price impact from cross economic determinants may help fill the gap between the theoretical and the practical implied volatility skews.
Single‐cell technologies to study the immune system
Authors: Proserpio Valentina , Mahata Bidesh 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe immune system is composed of a variety of cells that act in a coordinated fashion to protect the organism against a multitude of different pathogens. The great variability of existing pathogens corresponds to a similar high heterogeneity of the immune cells. The study of individual immune cells, the fundamental unit of immunity, has recently transformed from a qualitative microscopic imaging to a nearly complete quantitative transcriptomic analysis. This shift has been driven by the rapid development of multiple single‐cell technologies. These new advances are expected to boost the detection of less frequent cell types and transient or intermediate cell states. They will highlight the individuality of each single cell and greatly expand the resolution of current available classifications and differentiation trajectories. In this review we discuss the recent advancement and application of single‐cell technologies, their limitations and future applications to study the immune system.
Ectopic lymphoid follicles: inducible centres for generating antigen‐specific immune responses within tissues
Authors: Jones Gareth W. , Jones Simon A. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryLymphoid neogenesis is traditionally viewed as a pre‐programmed process that promotes the formation of lymphoid organs during development. Here, the spatial organization of T and B cells in lymph nodes and spleen into discrete structures regulates antigen‐specific responses and adaptive immunity following immune challenge. However, lymphoid neogenesis is also triggered by chronic or persistent inflammation. Here, ectopic (or tertiary) lymphoid organs frequently develop in inflamed tissues as a response to infection, auto‐immunity, transplantation, cancer or environmental irritants. Although these structures affect local immune responses, the contribution of these lymphoid aggregates to the underlining pathology are highly context dependent and can elicit either protective or deleterious outcomes. Here we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for ectopic lymphoid neogenesis and consider the relevance of these structures in human disease.
Effect of a third‐generation LED LCU on microhardness of tooth‐colored restorative materials
Authors: Gonulol Nihan , Ozer Sezin , Tunc Emine Sen 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveTo assess the effects of different modes of a third‐generation light‐curing unit (LCU) (VALO) on the microhardness of restorative materials.DesignA microhybrid composite resin (Filtek™ Z550), a giomer (Beautifil II), a compomer (Dyract eXtra) and a RMGIC (Photac™ Fil) were used in the study. Three different modes of VALO were tested and a second‐generation LCU (Elipar S10) was used as a control. The microhardness (VHN) was measured using a Vickers Hardness tester. Data were analyzed using two‐way anova and post hoc Tukey's test (P < 0.05).ResultsThe Filtek Z550 group had the highest VHN values followed by Photac Fil, Beautifil II and the Dyract eXtra at both top and bottom surfaces, however the difference between Filtek Z550 and Photac Fil was not statistically significant for the bottom surfaces (P > 0.05). Of the different curing protocols tested, the VALO LCU in Mode 3 resulted in the lowest VHN values at both top and bottom surfaces (P < 0.05).ConclusionBased on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the high‐power mode of the VALO LCU can be recommended for clinical applications especially in pediatric patients, as it can shorten the time required to adequately polymerize resin‐based tooth‐colored restorative materials.
Severe outbreeding and inbreeding depression maintain mating system differentiation inEpipactis(Orchidaceae)
Authors: Brys R. , Jacquemyn H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn hermaphroditic plants, theory for mating system evolution predicts that populations will evolve to either complete autonomous selfing (AS) or complete outcrossing, depending on the balance between automatic selection favouring self‐fertilization and costs resulting from inbreeding depression (ID). Theory also predicts that selection for selfing can occur rapidly and is driven by purging of genetic load and the loss ofID. Therefore, selfing species are predicted to have low levels ofIDor even to suffer from outbreeding depression (OD), whereas predominantly outcrossing species are expected to have high levels ofID. To test these predictions, we related the capacity ofASto the magnitude of early‐acting inbreeding orODin both allogamous and autogamous species of the orchid genusEpipactis. For each species, the level ofASwas assessed under controlled greenhouse conditions, whereas hand‐pollinations were performed to quantify early costs of inbreeding orODacting at the level of fruit and seed production. In the autogamous species, the capacity ofASwas high (> 0.72), whereas in the allogamous speciesASwas virtually absent (< 0.10). Consistent with our hypothesis, allogamousEpipactisspecies had significantly higher totalID(average: 0.46) than autogamous species, which showed severe costs ofOD(average: −0.45). Overall, our findings indicate that strong early‐actingIDrepresents an important mechanism that contributes to allogamy inEpipactis, whereasODmay maintain selfing in species that have evolved to complete selfing.
An automated cell viability quantification method for low‐resolution confocal images of closely packed cells based on a modified gradient flow tracking algorithm
Authors: KAVIANI R. , MERAT P. , MOLDOVAN F. , VILLEMURE I. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryFluorescent‐based live/dead labelling combined with fluorescent microscopy is one of the widely used and reliable methods for assessment of cell viability. This method is, however, not quantitative. Many image‐processing methods have been proposed for cell quantification in an image. Among all these methods, several of them are capable of quantifying the number of cells in high‐resolution images with closely packed cells. However, no method has addressed the quantification of the number of cells in low‐resolution images containing closely packed cells with variable sizes. This paper presents a novel method for automatic quantification of live/dead cells in 2D fluorescent low‐resolution images containing closely packed cells with variable sizes using a mean shift‐based gradient flow tracking. Accuracy and performance of the method was tested on growth plate confocal images. Experimental results show that our algorithm has a better performance in comparison to other methods used in similar detection conditions.
Occurrence and distribution of Malassezia species on skin and external ear canal of horses
Authors: Shokri Hojjatollah 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Malassezia species from the body skin and external ear canal of healthy horses. The samples were obtained by scraping the skin surface from the nose, groin and dorsum and swabbing from the external ear canal of 163 animals, and then incubated on sabouraud dextrose agar and modified Dixon agar. Malassezia species were isolated from 34.9% of horses. The percentages of Malassezia species were 64.3% for Arab, 35.7% for Persian, 35.4% for Thoroughbred and 27.1% for Turkmen breeds. The greatest abundance of Malassezia species was found in the external ear canal (47.7%, representing significant difference with other sites), followed by nose (26.3%), groin (15.8%) and dorsum (10.5%) (P < 0.05). A total of 57 strains from six Malassezia species were detected with a frequency rate as follows: M. pachydermatis (33.3%), M. globosa (26.3%), M. sympodialis (14.1%), M. restricta (10.5%), M. obtusa (8.8%) and M. furfur (7%). The most common age‐group affected was 1–3 years (59.4%). This study confirmed that cutaneous Malassezia microbiota in healthy horses varies by body site and age but not by breed and gender, representing M. pachydermatis as the most prevalent species on horse skin.
Solution‐focused group therapy for common mental health problems: Outcome assessment in routine clinical practice
Authors: Carrera María , Cabero Andrés , González Sonia , Rodríguez Nuria , García Carlos , Hernández Lara , Manjón Javier 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the effectiveness of solution‐focused group therapy (SFGT) for psychological distress and mild to moderate depression in a routine clinical practice setting.Design and MethodsA naturalistic pre/post‐study involving 132 mental health service users was carried out. Clients received seven structured sessions of SFGT, and pre‐therapy self‐report scores (Spanish brief version of Beck Depression Inventory and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were compared with post‐therapy scores. Additional data on effectiveness of intervention (discharges, clients returning for help and dropout rate) were analysed at 6, 12, and 24 months after initiating intervention and compared with a control sample (132 mental health service users, frequency‐matched by local health board, clinical diagnosis, and gender to the group intervention) receiving usual care (UC: Psychotropic medication and/or individual psychotherapy).ResultsMean post‐SFGT levels were significantly lower than mean pre‐SFGT levels on each self‐report measure in the SFGT sample. In addition, SFGT showed a significantly higher percentage of discharges and fewer clients returning for help than with UC.ConclusionsSFGT included in routine clinical practice may enhance the effectiveness of treatment in clients who suffer from depression and/or psychological distress.Practitioner Points

Therapists could use SFGT as a brief and effective tool to deal with the most prevalent mental health problems at mental healthcare centres (MHCs) in Spain, without changing day‐to‐day clinical routines.

SFGT might be effectively incorporated in routine clinical practice for helping people with psychological distress and depressive episodes of mild and moderate severity.

This study should encourage systemic therapists and strategically oriented clinicians to continue delivering and offering outcome measures of solution‐focused therapy.
Cytogenomic characterization of Colletotrichum kahawae, the causal agent of coffee berry disease, reveals diversity in minichromosome profiles and genome size expansion
Authors: Pires A. S. , Azinheira H. G. , Cabral A. , Tavares S. , Tavares D. , Castro M. , Várzea V. , Silva M. C. , Abranches R. , Loureiro J. , Talhinhas P. 
Published: November 2015

Colletotrichum kahawae is an emerging fungal pathogen, which has recently undergone a speciation process from a generalistic ‘C. gloeosporioides species complex' background by acquiring the unique capacity to infect green coffee berries, thus causing coffee berry disease. This is a severe and widespread disease in Africa and an imminent threat to Arabica coffee cultivation in Asia and America, if the pathogen enters those continents. Genetic diversity within C. kahawae is low but notorious differences in pathogen aggressiveness have been described. This work characterized two cytogenomic traits (genome size and minichromosome profiles) of a collection of C. kahawae isolates, representing the breadth of its genetic diversity and distinct aggressiveness classes, along with closely related taxa. The results obtained constitute the first flow cytometry‐based genome size estimation in the genus Colletotrichum and show a c. 8 Mb genome size expansion between C. kahawae (79·5 Mb on average) and its closest relatives (71·3 Mb), corroborating evidence indicating that C. kahawae (i.e. the coffee berry disease pathogens) should remain as a distinct species. Results have also shown the presence of two to five minichromosomes in C. kahawae, suggesting a positive relationship between the number of minichromosomes and the level of aggressiveness of the different isolates analysed, while no correlation could be established between aggressiveness and whole genome size. Overall, these results may be the basis for the identification of pathogenicity/aggressiveness‐related factors in such minichromosomes, and may provide clues to the characterization of specific markers for aggressiveness classes.
High Dimensional Ordinary Least Squares Projection for Screening Variables
Authors: Wang Xiangyu , Leng Chenlei 
Published: November 2015

SummaryVariable selection is a challenging issue in statistical applications when the number of predictors p far exceeds the number of observations n. In this ultrahigh dimensional setting, the sure independence screening procedure was introduced to reduce the dimensionality significantly by preserving the true model with overwhelming probability, before a refined second-stage analysis. However, the aforementioned sure screening property strongly relies on the assumption that the important variables in the model have large marginal correlations with the response, which rarely holds in reality. To overcome this, we propose a novel and simple screening technique called high dimensional ordinary least squares projection which we refer to as ‘HOLP’. We show that HOLP has the sure screening property and gives consistent variable selection without the strong correlation assumption, and it has a low computational complexity. A ridge-type HOLP procedure is also discussed. Simulation study shows that HOLP performs competitively compared with many other marginal correlation-based methods. An application to a mammalian eye disease data set illustrates the attractiveness of HOLP.