bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valgus subsidence of the tibial component in cementless Oxford unicompartmental knee replacement
Authors: Liddle A. D. , Pandit H. G. , Jenkins C. , Lobenhoffer P. , Jackson W. F. M. , Dodd C. A. F. , Murray D. W. 
Published: March 2014

The cementless Oxford unicompartmental knee replacement has been demonstrated to have superior fixation on radiographs and a similar early complication rate compared with the cemented version. However, a small number of cases have come to our attention where, after an apparently successful procedure, the tibial component subsides into a valgus position with an increased posterior slope, before becoming well-fixed. We present the clinical and radiological findings of these six patients and describe their natural history and the likely causes. Two underwent revision in the early post-operative period, and in four the implant stabilised and became well-fixed radiologically with a good functional outcome. This situation appears to be avoidable by minor modifications to the operative technique, and it appears that it can be treated conservatively in most patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:345–9.
The spectrum of fractures in the elderly
Authors: Court-Brown C. M. , Clement N. D. , Duckworth A. D. , Aitken S. , Biant L. C. , McQueen M. M. 
Published: March 2014

Fractures in patients aged ≥ 65 years constitute an increasing burden on health and social care and are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. There is little accurate information about the epidemiology of fractures in the elderly. We have analysed prospectively collected data on 4786 in- and out-patients who presented with a fracture over two one-year periods. Analysis shows that there are six patterns of the incidence of fractures in patients aged ≥ 65 years. In males six types of fracture increase in incidence after the age of 65 years and 11 types increase in females aged over 65 years. Five types of fracture decrease in incidence after the age of 65 years. Multiple fractures increase in incidence in both males and females aged ≥ 65 years, as do fractures related to falls. Analysis of the incidence of fractures, together with life expectancy, shows that the probability of males and females aged ≥ 65 years having a fracture during the rest of their life is 18.5% and 52.0%, respectively. The equivalent figures for males and females aged ≥ 80 years are 13.3% and 34.8%, respectively. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:366–72.
List-mode reconstruction in 2D strip PET
Authors: Białas Piotr , Kowal Jakub , Strzelecki Adam , Bednarski Tomasz , Czerwiński Eryk , Giergiel Krzysztof , Kapłon Łukasz , Kochanowski Andrzej , Korcyl Grzegorz , Kowalski Paweł , Kozik Tomasz , Krzemień Wojciech , Molenda Marcin , Moskal Ines , Moskal Paweł , Niedźwiecki Szymon , Pałka Marek , Pawlik Monika , Raczyński Lech , Rudy Zbigniew , Salabura Piotr , Sharma Neha G. , Silarski Michał , Słomski Artur , Smyrski Jerzy , Szymański Konrad , Wiślicki Wojciech , Witkowski Piotr , Zieliński Marcin , Zoń Natalia 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Using a theory of list-mode maximum likelihood expectation-maximization (MLEM) algorithm, in this contribution, we present a derivation of the system response kernel for a novel positron emission tomography (PET) detector based on plastic scintillators.
Trigger-less and reconfigurable data acquisition system for positron emission tomography
Authors: Korcyl Grzegorz , Moskal Paweł , Bednarski Tomasz , Białas Piotr , Czerwiński Eryk , Kapłon Łukasz , Kochanowski Andrzej , Kowal Jakub , Kowalski Paweł , Kozik Tomasz , Krzemień Wojciech , Molenda Marcin , Niedźwiecki Szymon , Pałka Marek , Pawlik Monika , Raczyński Lech , Rudy Zbigniew , Salabura Piotr , Gupta-Sharma Neha , Silarski Michał , Słomski Artur , Smyrski Jerzy , Strzelecki Adam , Wiślicki Wojciech , Zieliński Marcin , Zoń Natalia 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
This article is focused on data acquisition system (DAQ) designed especially to be used in positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography. The system allows for continuous registration of analog signals during measurement. It has been designed to optimize registration and processing of the information carried by signals from the detector system in PET scanner. The processing does not require any rejection of data with a trigger system. The proposed system possesses also an ability to implement various data analysis algorithms that can be performed in real time during data collection.
Improved interfacial and impact properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites through grafting hyperbranched polyglycerols on a carbon fiber surface
Authors: Sui Kaiqiang , Zhang Qingbo , Liu Yingying , Tan Lei , Liu Li 
Published: March 2014

AbstractGrafting hyperbranched polyglycerols onto a carbon fiber surface is done in an attempt to improve the interfacial and impact properties between carbon fiber and epoxy resin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and dynamic contact angle analysis were performed to characterize the carbon fibers. The TGA result shows that the mass fraction of the hyperbranched polyglycerols grafted onto the carbon fibers surface was 9.03%. The SEM results indicate that the hyperbranched polyglycerols have been grafted onto the carbon surface and that the surface roughness of the carbon fiber significantly increased. The XPS result indicates that oxygen-containing functional groups obviously increased after modification. Dynamic contact angle analysis indicates that the surface energy of modified carbon fibers increased significantly compared with the untreated ones. Results of the mechanical property tests show that interfacial shear strength increased from 59.86 to 80.16 MPa, interlaminar shear strength increased from 57.57 to 73.49 MPa and impact strength simultaneously increased from 2.52 to 3.52 J.
Kinetic study of the stabilizing effect of aluminum trihydroxide on thermal degradation of epoxy resin
Authors: Wang Jiangbo , Fang Jialin , Wang Chengwei , Li Yongyou , Huang Mengjiao 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe stabilizing effect of epoxy resin (EP)/aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in an N2 flow. The Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods were used to determine the activation energy of non-isothermal degradation at different stages. The results showed that there was a slight increase in activation energy after ATH was added. It confirms the fire-retardant effect of ATH on the thermal degradation behaviour of pure EP. The Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method showed that flame-retardant ATH remarkably enhanced the activation energy of the thermal degradation process for EP, albeit the conversion rate being only 10%, which demonstrated the stabilization of ATH to the char layer of EP.
The effect of switchable ionic liquid (SIL) treatment on the composition and crystallinity of birch chips (Betula pendula) using a novel alkanol amine-organic superbase-derived SIL
Authors: Anugwom Ikenna , Eta Valeri , Mäki-Arvela Päivi , Virtanen Pasi , Lahtinen Manu , Mikkola Jyri-Pekka 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTwo-step treatment of birch chips (Betula pendula) was tested using diethanolamine (DEA)-1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU)-CO2-switchable ionic liquid (SIL), resulting in a 23% weight reduction in 24 h. The weight of the chips was reduced to 32% of their initial weight upon the second treatment with fresh SIL. SIL to wood ratio of 5:1, at 100°C for 24 h, without stirring, was applied in both steps. The relative amount of wood lignin reduced from 24% to 14% after two treatment cycles. The relative amount of cellulose of the undissolved fraction after SIL treatment increased from 43% (native birch wood) to 68% after the second cycle. Also, the undissolved material was efficiently fibrillated. The dissolved materials recovered from spent SIL, after treatment, contained high xylan content, about 90% of the total hemicelluloses, which was 85% of the recovered material. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the crystallinity of the undissolved material increased slightly, indicating dissolution of the amorphous material. Moreover, transformation of cellulose form I to form II in the remaining undissolved chips was not observed.
Characterization of a type D1A EUL-related lectin from rice expressed in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Al Atalah Bassam , Vanderschaeghe Dieter , Bloch Yehudi , Proost Paul , Plas Kirsten , Callewaert Nico , Savvides Savvas N. , Van Damme Els J.M. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
OrysaEULD1A is one of the five EUL genes in rice (Oryza sativa) encoding a putative carbohydrate-binding protein belonging to the family of Euonymus related lectins (EUL). The OrysaEULD1A sequence comprises two highly similar EUL domains (91% sequence similarity and 72% sequence identity) separated by a 23 amino acid linker sequence and preceded by a 19 amino acid N-terminal sequence. In the present study, the full-length protein OrysaEULD1A as well as its individual domains OrysaEULD1A domain 1 and 2 were expressed in Pichia
pastoris. After purification of the recombinant proteins, their carbohydrate-binding specificity was analyzed and compared. Interestingly, all recombinant lectins showed clear specificity towards galactosylated structures. Furthermore, all recombinant proteins agglutinated red blood cells, indicating that the full-length protein OrysaEULD1A and its domains are true lectins. These results taken together with data previously reported for single-domain EUL proteins indicate that although the amino acids – responsible for the formation of the carbohydrate-binding site – are identical for all EUL proteins in rice, these lectins show different carbohydrate specificities. This promiscuity of the carbohydrate-binding site can be attributed to gene divergence.
Improved Biphasic Pulsing Power Efficiency with Pt-Ir Coated Microelectrodes
Authors: Petrossians Artin , Davuluri Navya , Whalen John J. , Mansfeld Florian , Weiland James D. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTNeuromodulation devices such as deep brain stimulators (DBS), spinal cord stimulators (SCS) and cochlear implants (CIs) use electrodes in contact with tissue to deliver electrical pulses to targeted cells. In general, the neuromodulation industry has been evolving towards smaller, less invasive devices. Improving power efficiency of these devices can reduce battery storage requirements. Neuromodulation devices can realize significant power savings if the impedance to charge transfer at the electrode-tissue interface can be reduced. High electrochemical impedance at the surface of stimulation microelectrodes results in larger polarization voltages. Decreasing this polarization voltage response can reduce power required to deliver the current pulse. One approach to doing this is to reduce the electrochemical impedance at the electrode surface. Previously we have reported on a novel electrochemically deposited 60:40% platinum-iridium (Pt-Ir) electrode material that lowered the electrode impedance by two orders of magnitude or more.This study compares power consumption of an electrochemically deposited Pt-Ir stimulating microelectrode to that of standard Pt-Ir probe microelectrode produced using conventional techniques. Both electrodes were tested usingin-vitroin phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution andin-vivo(live rat) models.
Determinants of the Weight for Leisure in Preferences
Authors: Elgin Ceyhun , Yucel Emekcan 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
In this paper, the authors investigate the determinants of weight for leisure in preferences. First, using a dynamic general equilibrium model, they back out the weight for leisure for an unbalanced panel of 52 countries over the period from 1950 to 2009. Then, the authors perform several panel data regressions using the backed-out values of the preference for leisure as the dependent variable. Estimation results imply that trade openness, GDP per-capita and average temperature positively affect the weight for leisure in preferences in a robust manner. They also find some evidence about the effect of unionization and unemployment.
Shikara ride, Jammu & Kashmir
Authors: Khanna Mansi 
Published: March 2014

Shikara boats are often used in Kashmir as a means of transportation and for fishing. The poor sometimes convert these into shelters as floating homes. Shikaras are a big tourist attraction in the valley as foreigners flock to take a ride in the Dal Lake, fondly known as the "Jewel in the crown of Kashmir". It stretches to an area of 18 square kilometers, and is surrounded by parks and gardens built during the Mughal Area. This photograph was taken during a boat ride in 2013 in Srinagar, the summer capital of the state of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, India.Jannat-e-Kashmir (Heaven on Earth)
Electrophysiological Techniques for Studying Synaptic Activity In Vivo
Authors: Jeggo Ross , Zhao Fei‐Yue , Spanswick David 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the physiology, pharmacology, and plasticity associated with synaptic function is a key goal of neuroscience research and is fundamental to identifying the processes involved in the development and manifestation of neurological disease. A diverse range of electrophysiological methodologies are used to study synaptic function. Described in this unit is a technique for recording electrical activity from a single component of the central nervous system that is used to investigate pre‐ and post‐synaptic elements of synaptic function. A strength of this technique is that it can be used on live animals, although the effect of anesthesia must be taken into consideration when interpreting the results. This methodology can be employed not only in naïve animals for studying normal physiological synaptic function, but also in a variety of disease models, including transgenic animals, to examine dysfunctional synaptic plasticity associated with neurological pathologies. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 64:11.11.1‐11.11.17. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional Characterization of Human Stem Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Kirsch Glenn E. , Obejero‐Paz Carlos A. , Bruening‐Wright Andrew 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCardiac toxicity is a leading contributor to late stage attrition in the drug discovery process and to withdrawal of approved drugs from the market. In vitro assays that enable earlier and more accurate testing for cardiac risk provide early stage predictive indicators that aid in mitigating risk. Human cardiomyocytes, the most relevant subjects for early stage testing, are severely limited in supply, but human stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (SC‐hCM) are readily available from commercial sources and are increasingly used in academic research, drug discovery, and safety pharmacology. As a result, SC‐hCM electrophysiology has become a valuable tool for assessing cardiac risk associated with drug administration. Described in this unit are techniques for recording individual sodium, calcium, and potassium currents, as well as single‐cell action potentials and impedance recordings from contracting syncytia of thousands of interconnected cells. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 64:11.12.1‐11.12.26. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of intermediate scale structure near the peak of the F region within an equatorial plasma bubble
Authors: Bhattacharyya A. , Kakad B. , Sripathi S. , Jeeva K. , Nair K. U. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractScintillation observations are used to study the evolution of intermediate scale (~100 m–few kilometers) irregularities through growth of the Rayleigh‐Taylor (R‐T) instability on the bottom side of the post‐sunset equatorial F region during magnetically quiet periods. Amplitude scintillations on a VHF signal from a geostationary satellite, recorded by spaced receivers at an equatorial station, are used to compute as a function of local time: (1) the coherence scale length for spatial variations of intensity in the ground scintillation pattern, which is linked with the spectrum of the intermediate scale irregularities near the peak of the equatorial F region that contribute the most to the observed scintillations; and (2) the “random velocity”, which accounts for the de‐correlation of the spaced receiver signals. The relationship between the coherence scale length and the random velocity for saturated scintillations at different local times suggests that (1) the random velocity is linked with fluctuations in the drift velocity of the irregularities caused by the perturbation electric fields associated with the R‐T instability rather than structural changes in the intermediate scale irregularities, (2) the spectrum of intermediate scale irregularities in the equatorial F peak region tends to be shallowest after the decay of the perturbation electric fields associated with the R‐T instability, and (3) evolution of intermediate‐scale irregularity spectrum in the equatorial plasma bubble near the equatorial F region peak depends on season and solar flux. These have implications for observation of low‐latitude L‐band scintillations.
No evidence for the localized heating of solar wind protons at intense velocity shear zones
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. , Steinberg John T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUsing measurements from the Wind spacecraft at 1 AU, the heating of protons in the solar wind at locations of intense velocity shear is examined. The 4321 sites of intense shear in fast coronal hole origin plasma are analyzed. The proton temperature, the proton specific entropy, and the proton number density at the locations of the shears are compared with the same quantities in the plasmas adjacent to the shears. A very slight but statistically significant enhancement of the proton temperature is seen at the sites of the shears, but it is accompanied by a larger enhancement of the proton number density at the sites of the shears. Consequently, there is no enhancement of the proton specific entropy at the shear sites, indicating no production of entropy; hence, no evidence for plasma heating is found at the sites of the velocity shears. Since the shearing velocities have appreciable Mach numbers, the authors suggest that there can be a slight adiabatic compression of the plasma at the shear zones.
The effects of laterally varying icy shell structure on the tidal response of Ganymede and Europa
Authors: A G. , Wahr J. , Zhong S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe use a finite‐element model to solve for the response of Ganymede and Europa to tidal forcing from Jupiter, using various icy shell models with laterally variable (3‐D) structure. In all cases, the shell is assumed to be underlain by a liquid‐water ocean. Icy shells with laterally varying thickness are derived from a thermal conduction model. Three‐dimensional shear modulus profiles for the shell are built either from a conduction model or, for Europa, by assuming a hemispherical difference in composition. Icy shell structures with a nonglobal ocean are built for Ganymede. Using these shell structures to calculate the tidal response of Ganymede and Europa, we conclude the following: (1) the presence of lateral variations in thickness or in shear modulus would not degrade future attempts to use tidal observations to decide on the existence or absence of a liquid ocean and to determine the mean icy shell thickness. (2) Given accurate enough observations, the presence of lateral variations in thickness or in shear modulus could be determined by searching for nondegree‐2 components in the tidal response. (3) In the absence of significant viscous convective flow in the shell, the effects of a laterally varying shear modulus on the tidal response would be smaller than those of a laterally varying shell thickness. (4) If the shell is partially grounded, tidal observations of either gravity or uplift would be able to roughly differentiate regions where the ice is grounded from those where it is floating.
A convection‐based gravity wave parameterization in a general circulation model: Implementation and improvements on the QBO
Authors: Schirber Sebastian , Manzini Elisa , Alexander M. Joan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn order to simulate stratospheric phenomena, such as the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO), atmospheric general circulation models (GCM) require parameterizations of small‐scale gravity waves (GW). In the tropics, the main source of GWs is convection, showing high spatial and temporal variability in occurrence and strength. In this study, we implement in the GCM ECHAM6 a source parameterization for GWs forced by convection. The GW source parameterization is based on the convective heating depth, convective heating rate, and the background wind. First, we show that the heating depth distribution of convective properties strongly influences the waves' source spectra. The strong sensitivity of spectral wave characteristics on heating property distributions highlights the importance of a realistic parameterization of convective processes in a GCM. Second, with the convection‐based GW scheme as the unique source of GWs, the GCM simulates a QBO with realistic features. While the vertical extent of the easterly jet shows deficiencies, the wind speeds of the jet maxima and the variance of wind alteration show a clear improvement, compared to the standard model which employs a parameterization with constant, prescribed GW sources. Furthermore, the seasonality of the QBO jets downward progression is modeled more realistically due to the seasonality of physically based gravity wave sources.
High‐resolution vertical polarimetric imaging of pine forests
Authors: Albinet C. , Borderies P. , Hamadi A. , Dubois‐Fernandez P. , Koleck T. , Angelliaume S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper describes a field campaign performed with a ground‐based polarimetric tomographic imager designed to measure the vertical response of several forest plots in order to better understand the mechanisms contributing to the total radar response. The campaign took place in the Mende forest, an artificial forest of European black pines, in the south of France. The objective is to perform a sensitivity study on the radar observables based on biophysical parameters. This paper presents a description of the experiment hardware and procedure, the results obtained for all sites, and a discussion of the results in the light of the ground truth. The results show the vertical distribution of the backscattered intensity for several parameters like tree density, forest growth, presence of undergrowth, and ground slope. The evolution of the energy backscattered by the ground, the volume, and the whole forest structure is also displayed. These results have shown the interest of such a campaign to improve the understanding of the distribution of radar mechanisms along the vertical axis.