bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colorectal cancer screening characteristics of patients presenting with symptoms of colorectal cancer and effect on clinical outcomes
Authors: Saratzis A , Winter-Beatty J , El-Sayed C , Pande R , Harmston C 
Published: July 2015

Introduction National colorectal cancer screening, utilising a faecal occult blood test (FOBT), is now well established in the UK. The aim of this study was to define the screening characteristics of patients presenting to secondary care with symptoms of colorectal cancer and to assess the effect of screening outcome on subsequent symptomatic presentation. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of all patients of screening age presenting within one calendar year in a tertiary trust via a two-week wait (2WW) pathway owing to suspicion of colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer related outcomes were compared between patients in the cohort who had previously accepted bowel cancer screening and patients who had previously declined bowel cancer screening. The primary endpoint was overall incidence of colorectal neoplasia. Secondary endpoints included incidence of colorectal malignancy, cancer related mortality, cancer related outcomes and polyp related outcomes. Results Overall, 2,227 patients presented via the 2WW pathway; 955 were aged 60–75 years. Among the latter, 411 (43%) had been screened previously and had a negative FOBT, and 544 (57%) had declined screening. Incidence of colorectal neoplasia did not differ between the two groups (113 [27%] vs 143 [26%], p=0.7). Of those with a negative FOBT and subsequent symptomatic presentation, 16 (3.9%) were diagnosed with a colorectal malignancy compared with 36 (6.6%) of those who declined screening and had subsequent symptomatic presentation (relative risk: 1.7, 95% confidence interval: 0.96–3.02, p=0.08). There were no differences between the two groups with regard to TNM (tumour, lymph nodes, metastasis) stage, Dukes’ stage, metastases, number of polyps or cancer related mortality (median follow-up duration: 20 months). Conclusions The incidence of colorectal neoplasia was similar among patients who previously had a negative FOBT and those who declined screening. There was a higher incidence of colorectal cancer detected among those who declined screening but it did not reach statistical significance. All other cancer and polyp outcomes were similar between the groups.
Input Availability and Use under Poultry Import Prohibition: A study of Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Munonye Jane , Nwajiuba Chinedum , Eze Christopher 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The broad objective of the study is to examine input availability and use under poultry import prohibition in southeast Nigeria from 1994-2009. The specific objectives include: to determine whether there is increased demand for poultry feed, drugs and day old chicks before and since the ban; to determine the effect of input supplied on domestic poultry production. The study adopted trend analysis of before (1994-2001) and since (2002-2009) the ban to examine the variations in poultry input and supply. Three states were sampled out of the five states that made up the zone. Data were collected through the use of a questionnaire. A total of sixty respondents were used, 20 persons each from the three states selected. The results showed that feed demanded has a mean value of 141.75 tons before the ban and 82.19 tons since the ban indicated a decrease in demand for feed. While day-old chicks demanded has a mean value of 310.47 birds before the ban and 466.3 birds since the ban indicated an increase in the demand for day-old chicks. The mean value of Drugs was 266.7 grams before the ban and 299.3 grams since the ban, indicating an increase in demand for drugs. There was also a significant variation in the standard deviation and also in both maximum and minimum values over the time period in feed, day-old chicks and drugs. The major constraint is input availability. The study concluded that there was an increase in demand for day old chicks since the ban.
Biocatalytic Acetylation of Primary Amines by Lipases under Orbital Shaking and Microwave Radiation
Authors: Araújo Yara Jaqueline Kerber , Porto André Luiz Meleiro 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper addresses the effects of the concentration of lipases, temperature and solvent on the enzymatic acetylation of primary amines. (±)-Heptan-2-amine 1, (±)-4-phenylbutan-2-amine 2, (±)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-amine 3 and (±)-2-methylcyclohexan-1-amine 4 were acetylated using 11 lipases to obtain amides under orbital shaking and microwave radiation. Under microwave radiation the same amines were acetylated only using the CALB. (±)-Heptan-2-amine 1 was subjected to kinetic resolution, under orbital shaking for 7 h employing CALB and ethyl acetate as acylating agent, and converted into (R)-N- (heptan-2-yl)acetamide 5 (c = 42%, 88% ee
Numerical Simulation on Optimization of Center Segregation for 50CrMo Structural Alloy Steel
Authors: Gao Xiangzhou , Yang Shufeng , Li Jingshe , Liao Hang 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
To improve the center segregation of billet for 50CrMo structural alloy steel, a 3D numerical model of solidification and heat transfer process for continuous casting had been established. The influence law of continuous casting process parameters on the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) and equiaxed crystal ratio had been obtained. It was shown that reducing superheat and casting speed and increasing the secondary cooling intensity could decrease SDAS. Reducing any one of the three parameters could increase the equiaxed crystal ratio. Adjusting only secondary cooling intensity could not make the SDAS and equiaxed crystal ratio change in the desired direction, but regulating the other two parameters could supply this gap. After optimizing the continuous casting process parameters of 50CrMo billet, the defect of center segregation was solved basically.
Water-soluble polysaccharides from Opuntia stricta Haw. fruit peels: recovery, identification and evaluation of their antioxidant activities
Authors: Koubaa Mohamed , Ktata Ameni , Barba Francisco J. , Grimi Nabil , Mhemdi Houcine , Bouaziz Fatma , Driss Dorra , Chaabouni Semia Ellouz 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Opuntia stricta Haw. is considered as one of the most common cactus plant growing in Tunisia. Extracting valuable compounds from its fruit peel, considered as by-product, is drawing more and more attention, making it on the verge of commercialization. Water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from Opuntia stricta Haw. peels, and their chemical composition assessed using thin layer chromatography. The antioxidant activities of the extracted polysaccharides were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity and reducing power capacity. The extraction yield of water-soluble polysaccharides was 7.53±0.86%. The chemical composition revealed the presence of rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, mannose, galactose and galacturonic acid. The infra-red spectroscopic analysis showed a similar structure to that of Opuntia ficus-indica polysaccharide peels. Additionally, the extracted polysaccharides exhibited high antioxidant activities. In fact, the free radical scavenging activity (half inhibition concentration = 6.5 mg ml−1 with 94.9% inhibition at 50 mg ml−1), the total antioxidant activity (100 μg ascorbic acid equivalent at 50 mg polysaccharides) and the reducing power capacity (absorbance 700 nm = 0.7 at 50 mg ml−1), appeared to be interesting compared to natural and synthetic antioxidants. Therefore, water-soluble polysaccharides from Opuntia stricta Haw. fruit peels could be a natural alternative to replace synthetic antioxidants.
Development of optimum substrate compositions in the methane fermentation process
Authors: Lalak Justyna , Kasprzycka Agnieszka , Paprota Ewelina M. , Tys Jerzy , Murat Aleksandra 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe aim of the study was to assess the potential of organic wastes from the agriculture and food industry as co-substrate for biogas production, on the basis of physical and chemical parameters analysis and biogas yield in the process of methane fermentation. The experimental material consisted of carrot pomace, kale by-products and maize silage. Methane fermentation was conducted in bioreactors equipped with an automatic control and measurement system. The study indicated correct physicochemical properties in terms of high content of dry organic matter and also correct C/N ratio. That was reflected in high biogas yields which amounted to, respectively, 558 N dm3kg−1VS−1for carrot pomace and kale by-products, and 526 N dm3kg−1VS−1for maize silage. The study showed that the intensity of biogas production was varied and depended on the composition of fermented mixtures. Methane fermentation of organic waste mixtures significantly increased the amount of biogas efficiency compared to the fermentation of individual substrates. The successful run of the experiment indicates that a mixture composed of carrot pomace and kale by-products is a good substrate for the production of biogas.
Parameterization and cartographic presentation of water deficits of cultivated plants
Authors: Ostrowski Janusz , Łabędzki Leszek , Kanecka-Geszke Ewa 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The aim of the paper was to characterise and present cartographically water deficits of crop plants grown on different soils in Poland. The calculation of water deficits was carried out for 40 meteorological stations of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management and the Institute of Technology and Life Sciences using meteorological data from the growing seasons 1970-2004 for most crops grown in Poland. Estimations were made for soils suitable for growing the selected crop plants. Water deficits were determined for a probability of exceedance of 20 and 50%. They served to create a relative database. Maps of water deficit were generated for each crop and for two probabilities. The estimated share of soil area suitable for growing the particular crops was calculated for water deficits greater than 40 mm. Water deficits of a given crop on soils suitable for growing at probabilities of their occurrence once in 5 years are also presented in the paper.
Influence Of Fine-Grained Montmorillonite On Microfungal Pellets Growth In Aqueous Suspensions
Authors: Jesenák Karol , Šimonovičová Alexandra , Čerňanský Slavomír 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The paper presents an inhibition effect of clay mineral – montmorillonite – on the growth of microscopic filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger in the aqueous solution. The significant reduction in growth of the final size of spherical fungal pellets as well as total amount of produced microbial biomass was found out. Within the observed range of additions of clay mineral of 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g in the total volume of the 80 ml suspension, this size was in indirect relation to the weight of montmorillonite. However, the most significant inhibition effect was observed at the lowest concentration of the sorbent (1 g). Microscopic analysis of pellets referred to the presence of mineral particles in their pore structure and the distribution of particles in the spatial structure of fungal hyphae was variable. The experiment clearly demonstrated an inhibition effect of montmorillonite. This inhibition could be answered by the experiments focused on the detection of the influence of size and shape of inorganic sorption particles together with the influence of the physicochemical properties of its surface. It could be stated that the simultaneous application of the microscopic fungus Aspergillus niger and the clay mineral montmorillonite for decontamination of waste waters should be disadvantage due to their interaction if compared with the decontamination based on bioaccumulation and sorption separately.
Language As a Memory Carrier Of Perceptually-Based Knowledge. Selected Aspects Of Imagery In Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale And Troilus And Criseyde
Authors: Stadnik Katarzyna 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the paper, we address the question of the relation between language and culture from a Cognitive Linguistic perspective. While accounting for the role of language as an aid to cultural transmission in maintaining the community’s conceptual order, we address the question of whether the concept of a linguistic worldview aptly captures the interplay between language and culture. We suggest that, due to cumulative cultural evolution spurred by the incessant development of human knowledge, layers of conceptualisations accumulate over time. It is proposed that this palimpsest of conceptualisations results from human interaction that transcends the constraints of the present moment, encompassing the past and present, as well as delineating possible developments of the community’s future conceptual order.
Automated Analysis of Alcohols in Blood
Authors: Solon J , Watkins J , Mikkelsen L 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Gas chromatography is a valuable analytical tool for the measurement of volatiles in a variety of different samples. Published methods utilizing this technique for the analysis of ethanol and related volatiles in blood and urine are now too numerous to mention. However, in a recent publication by Jain, a simple, rapid gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, as well as low boiling hydrocarbons associated with glue sniffing was described. The method involves the direct injection of blood mixed with an internal standard. Jain reported the successful use of his G.C. column for more than two years and several thousand injections.
Hydrolysis of Morphine Glucuronide
Authors: Fish F , Hayes TS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In procedures requiring the quantitative analysis for total morphine in body fluids there is a need to liberate the bound drug, and for the hydrolysis of conjugates in urine there are alternative methods of acid or enzyme hydrolysis. However, with the former method questions are raised as to optimum acid concentration and time of hydrolysis, as well as to the relative efficiencies of autoclaving and refluxing; with the latter there are questions of preferred source of enzyme, pH value of the reaction mixture, and incubation temperature. Before the advent of automated analysis for the rapid determination of morphine, a considerable number of tedious and repetitive analyses would have been required to produce acceptable answers, but the use of an AutoAnalyser® manifold has made it a relatively simple matter.
Grammatical Errors in Speaking Made by the Third Year English Department Students STKIP Abdi Pendidikan Payakumbuh
Authors: Hervina Hervina 
Published: July 2015

Speaking is important skill in the language learning. Many people assumed that study the language must be able to speak using the language. Besides that, language is a system of understanding to communicate with others. The researcher found out the error and hopefully it can be reflection in learning English. The method of this research is qualitative research. It is based on the research focus; to analyze the grammatical errors of English department students’ of STKIP Abdi Pendidikan Payakumbuh. The methods used by the researcher to get the data were observation, interview, and documentation. There were three activities on data analysis; data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/ verification. The result shows that the students have not mastered the use of verb groups. It can be seen from the number of the errors made. Although they had been taught about it before, they were still confused which one to use when making a grammatical sentence. Copyright © 2014 by Al-Ta'lim All right reserved
Soft Skill: Its Urgency and Development at Islamic Higher Education
Authors: Sabri Ahmad 
Published: July 2015

The success of a person in a career work is not only determined by his or her technical capability, but also the non-technical skills which is so called ‘soft-skills’. It is an attitude which is exemplified among the cognitive and values in the interaction with people around. Several identified falures in the community’s life indicate that many Islamic university graduates suffered from lack of ability to build harmonious relationship with the environment. Therefore, it is a high time for this institution to consistently instil some types of soft-skills on the parts of the students. The current study shares the urgent needs for developing students’ soft-skills for Islamic colleges and universities. The paper ends up with several conclusions while promoting some commitments to be held by the faculty development including: the identification of soft-skills that have already existed in the students’ minds and which need to be developed, the exploration of soft skills attributes for the next 5 years based on the inspiration or opinion of the stake holders and alumnaes, the setting of action plan for academic and non-cademic agendas, acting out the planned activities, as well as the sustainable blue-print of valid soft-skills. Copyright © 2014 by Al-Ta'lim All right reserved
Comparación de la recarga natural estimada con el balance de agua en el suelo y con el balance de la deposición atmosférica de cloruro en un sistema carbonatado en el área semiárida del Baix Ebre, Cataluña, España.
Authors: Espinosa-Martínez Sara , Custodio Emilio , Loaso-Vierbücher Carlos 
Published: July 2015

<p>Se realiza la estimación de la recarga media multianual con el método de balance de la deposición atmosférica de cloruro (BCl) y con el balance de agua en el suelo (BaS) en el área del Baix Ebre (Sur de Cataluña). Es un sistema acuífero complejo formado por una cordillera carbonatada moderadamente lluviosa (los Ports) que transfiere agua a un llano semiárido (Plana de La Galera), según un modelo hidrogeológico conceptual de funcionamiento apoyado en técnicas hidrogeoquímicas e isotópicas ambientales y que considera la escorrentía superficial en la zona montañosa. Según el BCl la tasa media de recarga en los Ports de 340±155 mm<sup>.</sup>a<sup>-1</sup> y 150±55 mm<sup>.</sup>a<sup>-1</sup> en la Plana y según el BaS de 500±60 mm<sup>.</sup>a<sup>-1</sup> en los Ports y 230±25 mm<sup>.</sup>a<sup>-1</sup> en la Plana. Las diferencias dependen de cómo se considera la escorrentía superficial, de la concentración cloruro en la recarga y de las series de datos de precipitación. </p>
FishPath: aplicación informática de diseño de escalas de peces de hendidura vertical
Authors: Bermúdez María , Rico Ángel , Rodríguez Álvaro , Pena Luís , Rabuñal Juan R. , Puertas Jerónimo , Balairón Luis , Lara Ángel , Aramburu Enrique , Morcillo Felipe , Castillo Miriam 
Published: July 2015

<p>Las escalas de peces de hendidura vertical son estructuras hidráulicas diseñadas para permitir la migración de las especies piscícolas a través de obstáculos en ríos. El diseño adecuado de estos dispositivos depende de la interacción entre variables hidráulicas y biológicas, dado que las propiedades hidrodinámicas de la escala deben ajustarse a los requisitos de las especies objetivo. En este artículo se presenta una aplicación informática que analiza la eficiencia de un modelo de escala de acuerdo con criterios biológicos. El modelo propuesto aplica restricciones referidas a la capacidad de natación de los peces, a sus necesidades de calado y a sus requisitos en relación con la energía disipada en forma de turbulencias. Permite así comparar diseños de forma objetiva y determinar cuál será previsiblemente más eficiente. Con esta herramienta se busca facilitar a los técnicos involucrados en el diseño de escalas de peces de hendidura vertical la aplicación sistemática de criterios hidrobiológicos, que incorporen además los resultados de las investigaciones más recientes en este ámbito.</p>
La méthode philosophique en question
Authors: Prunea-Bretonnet Tinca 
Published: July 2015

Cet article se propose d’analyser les courants et les doctrines méthodologiques représentés à l’Académie de Berlin entre 1746 et 1761 en prenant en compte les deux orientations principales qui s’y affrontent : d’une part, le wolffianisme soutenu en premier lieu par Formey, qui argumente l’emploi d’une méthode d’inspiration mathématique en philosophie, et, de l’autre, le camp newtonien et anti-wolffien, représenté notamment Maupertuis et Béguelin, qui affirme l’hétérogénéité de la mathématique et de la philosophie et la nécessité d’en tenir compte sur le plan méthodologique. Ce débat est intimement dépendant des prises de position de Crusius et de Wolff et leur analyse s’avère indispensable. Il formule également le cadre conceptuel de la Preisaufgabe pour l’année 1763, jouant un rôle déterminant dans l’élaboration des réponses, ainsi qu’en témoignent les mémoires de Mendelssohn et de Kant, discutés dans la dernière partie du texte. L’Académie de Berlin apparaît ainsi comme un acteur décisif dans les controverses philosophiques de l’époque et dans la redéfinition méthodologique amorcée.
Modeled Osteopathic Manipulative Treatments: A Review of Their in Vitro Effects on Fibroblast Tissue Preparations
Authors: Zein-Hammoud Manal , Standley Paul R. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A key osteopathic tenet involves the body’s ability to self-heal. Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) has been evolved to improve this healing capacity. The authors' in vitro work has focused on modeling 2 common OMT modalities: myofascial release (MFR) and counterstrain. Their studies have evaluated the effects of these modalities on wound healing, cytokine secretion, and muscle repair. The key components of the host response to mechanical forces are fibroblasts, which are the main fascial cells that respond to different types of strain by secreting anti-inflammatory chemicals and growth factors, thus improving wound healing and muscle repair processes. The purpose of this review is to discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which MFR and other OMT modalities work, in particular, the role of strained fibroblasts in inflammation, wound healing, and muscle repair and regeneration. Changing MFR parameters, such as magnitude, duration, direction, and frequency of strain, might uniquely affect the physiologic response of fibroblasts, muscle contraction, and wound healing. If such results are clinically translatable, the mechanisms underlying the clinical outcomes of OMT modalities will be better understood, and these treatments will be more widely accepted as evidence-based, first-line therapies.
Bilateral Shoulder Dislocation Presenting as a Unilateral Shoulder Dislocation: Case Report
Authors: Auerbach Brett , Bitterman Adam , Mathew Cristin , Healy William 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Shoulder dislocations are a common condition seen by orthopedic surgeons and emergency medicine physicians. Shoulder dislocations typically present unilaterally and are anterior in nature. Bilateral simultaneous posterior shoulder dislocations are typically associated with seizure or electrocution and are more common than bilateral simultaneous anterior dislocations, which occur because of trauma or fall. In a traumatic setting, a shoulder dislocation may be accompanied by a distracting injury, and a thorough examination must be conducted to avoid overlooking concomitant diagnosis. The authors highlight the case of a patient who presented to the emergency department with the rare incidence of traumatic bilateral anterior shoulder dislocations, which resolved after 2 closed reductions. Orthopedic surgery and emergency medicine teams must maintain a high index of suspicion for injury to the contralateral limb to avoid missing pathologic changes due to distracting injuries.