bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Claw length recommendations for dairy cow foot trimming
Authors: Archer S. C. , Newsome R. , Dibble H. , Sturrock C. J. , Chagunda M. G. G. , Mason C. S. , Huxley J. N. 
Published: July 2015

The aim was to describe variation in length of the dorsal hoof wall in contact with the dermis for cows on a single farm, and hence, derive minimum appropriate claw lengths for routine foot trimming. The hind feet of 68 Holstein‐Friesian dairy cows were collected post mortem, and the internal structures were visualised using x‐ray µCT. The internal distance from the proximal limit of the wall horn to the distal tip of the dermis was measured from cross‐sectional sagittal images. A constant was added to allow for a minimum sole thickness of 5 mm and an average wall thickness of 8 mm. Data were evaluated using descriptive statistics and two‐level linear regression models with claw nested within cow. Based on 219 claws, the recommended dorsal wall length from the proximal limit of hoof horn was up to 90 mm for 96 per cent of claws, and the median value was 83 mm. Dorsal wall length increased by 1 mm per year of age, yet 85 per cent of the null model variance remained unexplained. Overtrimming can have severe consequences; the authors propose that the minimum recommended claw length stated in training materials for all Holstein‐Friesian cows should be increased to 90 mm.
Maximizing the Therapeutic Potential of HSP90 Inhibitors
Authors: Butler Lisa M. , Ferraldeschi Roberta , Armstrong Heather K. , Centenera Margaret M. , Workman Paul 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
HSP90 is required for maintaining the stability and activity of a diverse group of client proteins, including protein kinases, transcription factors, and steroid hormone receptors involved in cell signaling, proliferation, survival, oncogenesis, and cancer progression. Inhibition of HSP90 alters the HSP90-client protein complex, leading to reduced activity, misfolding, ubiquitination, and, ultimately, proteasomal degradation of client proteins. HSP90 inhibitors have demonstrated significant antitumor activity in a wide variety of preclinical models, with evidence of selectivity for cancer versus normal cells. In the clinic, however, the efficacy of this class of therapeutic agents has been relatively limited to date, with promising responses mainly observed in breast and lung cancer, but no major activity seen in other tumor types. In addition, adverse events and some significant toxicities have been documented. Key to improving these clinical outcomes is a better understanding of the cellular consequences of inhibiting HSP90 that may underlie treatment response or resistance. This review considers the recent progress that has been made in the study of HSP90 and its inhibitors and highlights new opportunities to maximize their therapeutic potential. Mol Cancer Res; 13(11); 1445–51. ©2015 AACR.
Long-Lived Mesoscale Systems in a Low–Convective Inhibition Environment. Part I: Upshear Propagation
Authors: Lane Todd P. , Moncrieff Mitchell W. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Dynamical models of organized mesoscale convective systems have identified the important features that help maintain their overarching structure and longevity. The standard model is the trailing stratiform archetype, featuring a front-to-rear ascending circulation, a mesoscale downdraft circulation, and a cold pool/density current that affects the propagation speed and the maintenance of the system. However, this model does not represent all types of mesoscale convective systems, especially in moist environments where the evaporation-driven cold pools are weak and the convective inhibition is small. Moreover, questions remain about the role of gravity waves in creating and maintaining organized systems and affecting their propagation speed.
This study presents simulations and dynamical models of self-organizing convection in a moist, low–convective inhibition environment and examines the long-lived convective regimes that emerge spontaneously. This paper, which is Part I of this study, specifically examines the structure, kinematics, and maintenance of long-lived, upshear-propagating convective systems that differ in important respects from the standard model of long-lived convective systems. Linear theory demonstrates the role of ducted gravity waves in maintaining the long-lived, upshear-propagating systems. A steady nonlinear model approximates the dynamics of upshear-propagating density currents that are key to the maintenance of the mesoscale convective system.
An Intermodel Approach to Identify the Source of Excessive Equatorial Pacific Cold Tongue in CMIP5 Models and Uncertainty in Observational Datasets
Authors: Li Gen , Du Yan , Xu Haiming , Ren Baohua 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
An excessive cold tongue error in the equatorial Pacific has prevailed in several generations of climate models. However, the causes of this problem remain a mystery, partly owing to uncertainty and/or a lack of observational datasets. Based on the multimodel ensemble from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), this study introduces a novel intermodel approach to identify the bias source by going beyond comparison with observational datasets. Intermodel statistics show that the excessive cold tongue bias could be traced back to a too strong oceanic dynamic cooling linked to a too shallow thermocline along the equatorial Pacific. A heat budget analysis suggests that the excessive oceanic dynamic cooling is balanced by the surface latent heat flux (LHF) adjustment. This is consistent with a variety of oceanic and atmospheric observations but at odds with the popular objectively analyzed air–sea heat fluxes (OAFlux) products. Further analyses suggest an alarming overestimation of OAFlux net surface heat flux (Qnet) into the tropical Pacific, mainly ascribed to observational uncertainly in air specific humidity. Implications for intermodel statistics in assessing model processes, validating observational data, and regulating future climate projections are discussed.
Acute coronary syndrome and depression: A review of shared pathophysiological pathways
Authors: Granville Smith Isabelle , Parker Gordon , Rourke Poppy , Cvejic Erin , Vollmer-Conna Uté 
Published: July 2015

Objective: To examine the evidence for shared pathophysiological pathways in acute coronary syndrome and major depression and to conceptualise the dynamic interplay of biological systems and signalling pathways that link acute coronary syndrome and depression within a framework of neuro-visceral integration. Methods: Relevant articles were sourced via a search of published literature from MEDLINE, EMBASE and PubMed using a variety of search terms relating to biological connections between acute coronary syndrome and depression. Additional articles from bibliographies of retrieved papers were assessed and included where relevant. Results: Despite considerable research efforts, a clear understanding of the biological processes connecting acute coronary syndrome and depression has not been achieved. Shared abnormalities are evident across the immune, platelet/endothelial and autonomic/stress-response systems. From the available evidence, it seems unlikely that a single explanatory model could account for the complex interactions of biological pathways driving the pathophysiology of these disorders and their comorbidity. Conclusion: A broader conceptual framework of mind–body or neuro-visceral integration that can incorporate the existence of several causative scenarios may be more useful in directing future research and treatment approaches for acute coronary syndrome–associated depression.
The “HPV Discussion”
Authors: Khariwala Samir S. , Moore Michael G. , Malloy Kelly M. , Gosselin Benoit , Smith Richard V. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveThe dramatic rise in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma associated with the human papilloma virus (HPV) has brought significant change to the interaction between patients and head and neck oncologists. HPV‐induced cancers are generally the result of elements from the patient’s sexual history, and otolaryngologists are generally less experienced than primary care physicians in addressing patient questions relating to sexual history and practices. This article addresses questions commonly posed by patients relating to HPV‐induced head and neck cancers, issues related to HPV vaccination, and surveillance of HPV‐related lesions. Supporting data are provided such that physicians may be better equipped to sufficiently address patient queries on this topic.Data SourcesAvailable peer‐reviewed literature and clinical practice guidelines.Review MethodsAssessment and discussion of specific topics by authors selected from the Head and Neck Surgery Education Committee of the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation.ResultsAn educational “miniseminar” resulted in a notable increase in attendee knowledge and comfort regarding oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma counseling for patients in the setting of HPV‐positive disease.Conclusions and Implications for PracticeThe dramatic increase in HPV‐associated head and neck cancers has resulted in a changed paradigm of the physician‐patient interaction. Care providers in today’s environment must be prepared to counsel patients regarding sexually transmitted diseases and high‐risk sexual behaviors. Examination of the existing data provides the foundation with which to construct a framework in which physicians can effectively communicate information and recommendations as they pertain to HPV‐related carcinoma.
Development and characterization of tetraglycidyl epoxy reinforced inorganic hybrid nanomaterials for high performance applications
Authors: Duraibabu D , Alagar M , Kumar S Ananda 
Published: July 2015

In the present work, tetraglycidyl 1,4′-bis (4-amine-phenoxy) benzene (TGBAPB) epoxy resin has been developed using 1,4′-bis (4-amine-phenoxy) benzene and epichlorohydrin. The amine-functionalized nanoalumina (F-nAl) was prepared using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. TGBAPB epoxy resin was further reinforced with different weight percentages (1–5 wt%) of F-nAl and were cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane. Thermal and thermomechanical behavior of TGBAPB epoxy matrix and nanocomposites were studied using thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analyses. The surface morphology of epoxy nanocomposites was examined using transmission electron microscopic, scanning electron microscopic, and atomic force microscopic studies respectively. Data obtained from mechanical and thermal studies/analysis indicate that these nanocomposites could be used as high-performance materials for varied advanced industrial and engineering applications.
Anaphylaxis in the community: a questionnaire survey of members of the UK Anaphylaxis Campaign
Authors: Sheikh Aadam , Dhami Sangeeta , Regent Lynne , Austin Moira , Sheikh Aziz 
Published: July 2015

Objectives To examine the circumstances, features and management of anaphylaxis in children and adults. Design Self-completed questionnaire. Participants The age of participants ranged from 0 to 72 years. Setting We analysed data from self-completed questionnaires collected over a 12-year period, i.e. 2001–2013, available to people by phone and, since 2012, for online completion through the Anaphylaxis Campaign. Main outcome measure We analysed data from self-completed questionnaires collected over a 12- year period, i.e. 2001-2013, available to people by phone and, since 2012, for online completion through the Anaphylaxis Campaign Results In total, 356 questionnaires were submitted, of which 54 did not meet the criteria for anaphylaxis. The remaining 302 anaphylactic reactions originated from 243 individuals; 193 (64%) of these reactions were in children. Approximately half of all reactions occurred at home ( n = 148; 49%); 61% ( n = 193) of reactions occurred in those reporting a history of asthma, and many ( n = 76; 41%) of these individuals had asthma that they classified as being severe. In 57% ( n = 173) cases, the respondent reacted to a known allergen. Self-injectable adrenaline (epinephrine) was available in 79% of the cases, and it was only used in 38% of episodes. The usage of self-injected adrenaline was lower in children (30%) than in adults (54%), even though 82% of children had adrenaline available at the time of the reaction compared to 74% of adults. Conclusions These data suggest that the majority of anaphylaxis reactions are triggered by exposure to known food allergens and that approximately half of these reactions occur at home. Access to self-injectable adrenaline was sub-optimal and when available it was only used in a minority of cases. Avoiding triggers, access to self-injectable adrenaline and its prompt use in the context of reactions need to be reinforced.
Injury Risk in International Rugby Union
Authors: Moore Isabel S. , Ranson Craig , Mathema Prabhat 
Published: July 2015

Background: Within international Rugby Union, only injury rates during the Rugby World Cup have been reported. Therefore, injury rates and types during other international tournaments are unknown. Purpose: To assess the 3-year incidence, severity, nature, and causes of match and training injuries sustained during different international tournaments played by the Welsh national Rugby Union team. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury data for all players (n = 78) selected for 1 national Rugby Union team over a 3-year period were analyzed using the international consensus statement methods. Player height (cm) and mass (kg) were recorded. Tournaments were grouped for comparisons as: autumn tournaments (2012 and 2013), Rugby World Cup (RWC; 2011), Six Nations (2012, 2013, and 2014), and summer tournaments (2012, 2013, and 2014). Injury incidence (injuries/1000 hours), prevalence (% of players unavailable), and severity (days lost) were calculated for each tournament. Injury location, type, and cause of match and training injuries were analyzed. Results: Match injury incidence was highest during autumn tournaments (262.5/1000 match-hours) and lowest during the RWC (178.6/1000 match-hours). Summer tournaments had the highest training incidence (5.5 injuries/1000 training-hours). Mild injuries were most likely during the RWC (risk ratio [RR], 2.02; 95% CI, 1.26-3.24), while severe injuries were most likely during autumn tournaments (RR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.70-6.29). Quadriceps hematomas (18.8/1000 match-hours; 95% CI, 11.3-31.1) and concussions (13.8/1000 match-hours; 95% CI, 7.6-24.8) were the most common match injuries, with shoulder dislocations being the most severe (111 mean days lost per injury). Conclusion: Injury rates were considerably higher than those previously reported for multiple teams during RWC tournaments. Further investigation of injury rates and risk factors is recommended to accurately gauge their impact within international Rugby Union, particularly with regard to lower limb hematoma, concussion, and shoulder injuries.
Lower Extremity Overuse Conditions Affecting Figure Skaters During Daily Training
Authors: Campanelli Valentina , Piscitelli Francesco , Verardi Luciano , Maillard Pauline , Sbarbati Andrea 
Published: July 2015

Background Most ice figure skaters train and compete with ongoing issues in the lower extremities, which are often overlooked by the skaters and considered injuries only when they prevent the athletes from skating. Although not severe, these conditions impair the quality of daily training and compromise the skaters’ state of mind and performances. Purpose (1) To determine the point prevalence of the ongoing lower extremity overuse conditions in a population of ice figure skaters of all ages and levels and (2) to identify the risk factors contributing to the development of the most common ongoing conditions. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods A total of 95 skaters of all ages and skating levels were evaluated in a single examination in the middle of the competitive season. Data collection consisted of a questionnaire, clinical examination, and measurement of the skaters’ characteristics and the equipment used. Results Retrocalcaneal bursitis was the most common problem, affecting at least 1 foot in 34% of the skaters evaluated, followed by posterior heel skin calluses and superficial calcaneal bursitis, which affected 29% and 28% of skaters, respectively. The prevalence of the majority of these conditions was 10% to 32% higher in elite skaters than in nonelite skaters. Higher boot–foot length difference was associated with greater risk of superficial calcaneal bursitis in the landing foot of elite skaters, while higher body weight and greater in-skate ankle flexibility were associated with the development of retrocalcaneal bursitis in nonelite skaters. Only 30 skaters (32%) wore the appropriate boot size, while 57 skaters (51%) could not dorsiflex their ankles properly while wearing skates. Conclusion The heel represents a major area of concern for the high prevalence of calcaneal bursitis and calluses in proximity of the Achilles tendon, suggesting that improvements on the boot heel cup design should take priority. The association of bursitis with higher in-skate ankle flexibility suggests that these conditions may be the results of a process developing when the ankle is bending within the boot. Also, since wearing oversized boots is a major risk factor for the development of subcutaneous bursitis and skin abrasions, boot retailers should be better educated to sell the appropriate boot size to the skaters.
Tendon lengthening and fascia release for healing and preventing diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Dallimore Sarah M. , Kaminski Michelle R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundDiabetic foot ulcers have a devastating impact on an individual's health‐related quality of life and functional status. Additionally, diabetic foot ulcers impose a significant economic burden on our health care systems as a result of complications such as infection, hospitalisation and amputation. The current gold standard treatment for diabetic foot ulcers is total contact casting. However, the rate of ulcer recurrence is high, indicating the need for more effective long‐term treatment options. Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically identify, critique and evaluate all literature investigating the effectiveness of Achilles tendon lengthening, gastrocnemius recession and selective plantar fascia release in healing and preventing diabetic foot ulcers.ReviewSearches were conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library from the earliest available date to November 2014. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. Data from randomised‐controlled trials were analysed using random effects meta‐analysis. For all other studies, data were analysed descriptively.Eleven studies (614 participants) were included in the review, with a median sample size of 29 participants. Meta‐analysis of two randomised‐controlled trials found that there was no statistically significant difference between Achilles tendon lengthening or gastrocnemius recession and total contact casting for time to healing of diabetic foot ulcers (mean difference, MD, 8.22 days; 95 % CI, −18.99 to 35.43; P = 0.55; I2 = 34 %) and the rate of ulcers healed (risk ratio, RR, 1.06; 95 % CI, 0.94 to 1.20; P = 0.34; I2 = 41 %). The rate of ulcer recurrence was significantly lower following Achilles tendon lengthening or gastrocnemius recession than total contact casting (RR, 0.45; 95 % CI, 0.28 to 0.72; P < 0.001; I2 = 0 %).ConclusionsAchilles tendon lengthening and gastrocnemius recession appear to be effective surgical treatments for healing diabetic foot ulcers. The rate of ulcer recurrence was lower following Achilles tendon lengthening or gastrocnemius recession procedures compared to total contact casting treatment alone. Therefore, these surgical procedures may provide viable treatment options for the management and prevention of diabetic foot ulcers. Further rigorous randomised‐controlled trials with longer follow‐up are required to determine the long‐term effectiveness and safety of these procedures.
Phenotype-driven strategies for exome prioritization of human Mendelian disease genes
Authors: Smedley Damian , Robinson Peter N. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWhole exome sequencing has altered the way in which rare diseases are diagnosed and disease genes identified. Hundreds of novel disease-associated genes have been characterized by whole exome sequencing in the past five years, yet the identification of disease-causing mutations is often challenging because of the large number of rare variants that are being revealed. Gene prioritization aims to rank the most probable candidate genes towards the top of a list of potentially pathogenic variants. A promising new approach involves the computational comparison of the phenotypic abnormalities of the individual being investigated with those previously associated with human diseases or genetically modified model organisms. In this review, we compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of current phenotype-driven computational algorithms, including Phevor, Phen-Gen, eXtasy and two algorithms developed by our groups called PhenIX and Exomiser. Computational phenotype analysis can substantially improve the performance of exome analysis pipelines.
Frailty and the risk of cognitive impairment
Authors: Searle Samuel D. , Rockwood Kenneth 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAging occurs as a series of small steps, first causing cellular damage and then affecting tissues and organs. This is also true in the brain. Frailty, a state of increased risk due to accelerated deficit accumulation, is robustly a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Community-based autopsy studies show that frail individuals have brains that show multiple deficits without necessarily demonstrating cognitive impairment. These facts cast a new light on the growing number of risk factors for cognitive impairment, suggesting that, on a population basis, most health deficits can be associated with late-life cognitive impairment. The systems mechanism by which things that are bad for the body are likely to be bad for the brain can be understood like this: the burden of health deficits anywhere indicates impaired ability to withstand or repair endogenous and environmental damage. This in turn makes additional damage more likely. If true, this suggests that a life course approach to preventing cognitive impairment is desirable. Furthermore, conducting studies in highly selected, younger, healthier individuals to provide ‘proof of concept’ information is now common. This strategy might exclude the very circumstances that are required for disease expression in the people in whom dementia chiefly occurs (that is, older adults who are often in poor health).
Some fixed point theorems for $(\alpha,\theta,k)$-contractive multi-valued mappings with some applications
Authors: Pansuwan Adoon , Sintunavarat Wutiphol , Parvaneh Vahid , Cho Yeol Je 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce the notion of $(\alpha,\theta,k)$
(
α
,
θ
,
k
)
-contraction multi-valued mappings and establish some fixed point results for such mappings by using some control functions due to Jleli et al. (J. Inequal. Appl. 2014:439, 2014) in metric spaces and furnish some interesting examples to illustrate our main results. Also, we give some fixed point results in metric spaces endowed with a graph. Our results generalize and extend recent results given by some authors.