bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological and virological investigations of equine influenza outbreaks in Ireland (2010–2012)
Authors: Gildea Sarah , Fitzpatrick David A. , Cullinane Ann 
Published: November 2013

BackgroundOutbreaks of equine influenza (EI) in endemic populations cause disruption and economic loss.ObjectivesTo identify (i) factors involved in the spread of EI (ii) virus strains responsible for outbreaks (iii) single radial haemolysis (SRH) antibody levels correlating with protection against current virus strains (iv) evidence of vaccination breakdown.MethodsRT‐PCR, virus isolation and SRH were carried out on nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples collected from horses, ponies and donkeys on affected premises. Data relating to 629 samples from 135 equidae were analysed.Results and conclusionsOutbreaks were sporadic, self limiting and associated with the movement of horses. Vaccination status and age influenced clinical signs of disease while housing and fomites contributed to virus spread. Subclinical infection as defined as a horse which tested positive by one or more of the following; RT‐PCR, virus isolation and seroconversion in the absence of clinical signs, was identified in 9% of animals. Of the horses with up to date vaccination records 32% developed clinical signs. Vaccine breakdown occurred among horses vaccinated with all four commercially available vaccines. Analysis of HA1 sequence data generated for 26 viruses indicated that they all belonged to clade 2 of the Florida sublineage. Higher SRH antibody levels were required for both clinical and virological protection than reported in studies where vaccine strains were antigenically and genetically similar to those circulating in the field. The results of this study therefore support the OIE recommendations that vaccines be updated to include representatives of both clades of the Florida sublineage.
A Re‐evaluation of the Skin Test of Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihito 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTo increase the reliability of the skin test of herpes simplex virus, procedures in the preparation of soluble antigen from virus‐infected chorioallantoic membrane of hen eggs were standardized. The product was stored in a lyophilized state for less than three months before tests, and the antigen after reconstitution was used at a constant concentraion in terms of units of complement‐fixing antigen, i.e. 2 units per 0.1 ml. A total of 220 individuals, who were normal healthy persons or patients with non‐herpetic diseases, were tested with the antigen and simultaneously bled for the purpose of serological tests. A good correlation was found between the result of the skin test, which was determined by the size of erythema read 2 days following inoculation, and the titer of complement‐fixing antibody, with the exception of a minority of the persons whose skin reaction to the above antigen was obscured by appearance of nonspecific reaction. Neutralizing antibody titers also paralleled the results of the above two tests.
An Outbreak of Pharyngoconjunctival Fever due to Adenovirus Type 3
Authors: Kawana Rinji , Kaneko Masam , Matsumoto Ichiro , Yoshida Shinji , Kawashima Kiyoshi , Obara Keigo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAn epidemic of pharyngoconjunctival fever due to adenovirus type 3 occurred among children in a primary school in Japan during summer months of 1964. The etiologic diagnosis of the epidemic was readily made by virus isolation and serologic tests on patients. Adenovirus type 3 was isolated in HeLa cell cultures from 55% of 52 patients, and serologic evidence for type 3 virus infection was obtained in 93% of 54 patients which were tested for complement‐fixing, neutralizing, and hemagglutination‐inhibiting antibodies. The HI test was found to be as useful in the serologic diagnosis of the serotype as the NT test. It is evident that for the routine use, the HI test is more advantageous than NT test as the latter is more laborious and time consuming. The fact that a strain recovered in this epidemic gave higher HI titers than the prototype strain, when used as the antigen in HI tests with sera of patients in this epidemic indicates the desirability of selecting an appropriate virus strain for preparation of the antigen for HI test in serological diagnosis of patients.
Infection of Cattle with Parainfluenza 3 Virus with Special Reference to Udder Infection
Authors: Kawakami Yoshimi , Kaji Takashi , Kume Tsuneo , Omuro Mamoru , Hiramune Takashi , Murase Nobuo , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThirty‐seven strains of parainfluenza 3 virus were isolated on bovine kidney cell cultures from Japanese cattle in herds suffering from acute respiratory illness. This finding, together with the clinical and epidemiologic observations and the results of a serologic survey, indicates that in Japan, as in the United States and other countries, this virus is one of the important causes of acute respiratory disease in cattle. A significant finding in the present study is that virus was recovered from milk as well as from nasal secretions. This finding suggests an important role for milk, along with nasal discharges, in disseminating the virus among cattle. In addition, the recovery of virus from milk presents a new problem concerning this infection in cattle, in particular, the potential role of this virus in the pathogenesis of mastitis.
Infection of Cattle with Parainfluenza 3 Virus with Special Reference to Udder Infection
Authors: Kawakami Yoshimi , Kaji Takashi , Omuro Mamoru , Maruyama Yasokazu , Hiramune Takashi , Murase Nobuo , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn the previous study, parainfluenza 3 virus was isolated not only from nasal secretions but also from the milk of naturally infected cows. In the present study it was confirmed that the virus isolated by us is similar in its pathogenicity for cattle as the bovine strains of this virus previously reported. In view of the fact that the virus was isolated from milk, the virus was inoculated directly into the udders of lactating cows. The infected cows showed the same respiratory symptoms as well as the symptoms of fever, malaise, anorexia, diarrhea and leukopenia as observed in cattle infected by other routes of inoculation. The affected udders developed swelling and induration, and milk from these glands showed coagulation, color change, and increased pH and cell count. The milk contained increased numbers of glandular epithelial cells, mature and young neutrophils and monocytes. Virus was excreted in large amounts in milk from the quarters inoculated with virus. However, many of the uninoculated quarters also excreted virus in milk, but in smaller amounts. Virus was recovered from blood and nasal discharges of infected cows. Antibodies were produced in the infected cows and were excreted in milk. These findings, together with the clinical observations and the results of virus isolation from milk in natural cases, indicate that, in natural infection of cows with this virus, udder infection occurs frequently, but seldom results in overt clinical mastitis. However, the role and significance of the virus in the pathogenesis of mastitis should be further investigated.
Occurrence of Acute Upper Respiratory Diseases among Children as a Result of Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yazaki Shigeyoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTOne hundred and twenty‐one children showing symptoms of acute upper respiratory disease were bled during a period of nine months, from winter to summer, for detection of complement‐requiring neutralizing (CRN) antibody against herpes simplex virus. Six of the cases, all from children under the age of 13 years, were unequivocally related to herpetic infection as evidenced by the presence of anti‐herpes CRN antibody. During the same period, 144 other children who were normal healthy or suffering from unrelated non‐febrile diseases were tested as controls; anti‐herpes CRN antibody was not detected in any of them. Further, the age distribution of individuals with antibodies was compared between patients in the acute upper respiratory disease group and the control group. This analysis showed that approximately 5 to 7% of the acute upper respiratory diseases in the young children in this study would be attributed to herpetic infection.
Bovine Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Inaba Yuji , Tanaka Yoshio , Kumagai Tetuo , Omori Tuneyoshi , Ito Hiroshi , Matumoto Minora 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMarked cytopathic changes were induced by challenge with Newcastle disease (ND) virus in bovine testicle or kidney cell cultures which were previously infected with non‐cytopathogenic strains of bovine diarrhea (BD) virus. No cytopathic changes were induced by ND virus in similar cells not infected with BD virus. The development of cytopathic effect was shown to be associated with enhancement of ND virus replication. This exalting effect of BD virus appears to be dependent on infectivity, since the effect was inhibited when infection of the cells with BD virus was blocked by specific antiserum. Various factors involved in the phenomenon were investigated and an in vitro method (END) for the assay of BD virus and its antibodies was developed. The use of this method eliminates the difficulties in recognizing non‐cytopathogenic strains of BD virus which hampered systematic investigations of the nature and behavior of BD virus as well as of the natural history and pathogenesis of the infection in cattle.
Immunochemical and Biochemical Studies of Fungi
Authors: Sakaguchi Osamu , Yokota Katushi , Suzuki Masuko 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPolysaccharides were separated from mycelia and culture filtrates of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum, and purified by column chromatography on Sephadex G‐50, DEAE‐ and CM‐cellulose, successively. No nitrogen and phosphorus were detected in the polymer, and the sugar components were observed to be galactose and mannose. The polysaccharides were confirmed to be galactomannans which were easily hydrolyzed by weak acid, liberating galactofuranose and oligosugar in dialyzable fractions.
Electron Microscopic Observations of the Cells Infected with Varicella‐Zoster Virus
Authors: Tawara Jutaro , Ogiwara Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe pathomorphological changes and the multiplication process of varicella‐zoster virus was studied in VERO cells infected with this virus isolated from the vesicle contents of varicella patient by Ogiwara and Nakamura [4]. The light microscopic observation of the virus infected VERO cell sheets showed at first the localized groups of cells which were round in shape and reflected the light strongly. These localized pathological changes gradually extended to the neighboring cells and finally such changes could be seen practically in the cells of the entire sheet. In the electron microscopic observation, the site where the pathological changes by varicella‐zoster virus infection observed at first in the cell was the inside of the nucleus. Namely, the core particles of 70–90 mμ in diameter were made in the nucleus. And these core particles passed through the inner nuclear membrane, and then these particles in the vesicle of the outer nuclear membrane moved into the cytoplasm. The capsids of virus particles measured 90–110 mμ in diameter were made on the outside of core in the cytoplasm, and the thick membrane of the electron dense substances measured 190–220 mμ in diameter enveloped the virus particles with capsids. This membrane is one part of the envelope of virus particle. The mature virus particles are released from the host cell through the cell wall to the outside of the cell.
Studies on the Antigenic Activities of Yeasts
Authors: Suzuki Shigeo , Sunayama Hiroyoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe antigenic mannan of Candida albicans was degraded by acid‐hydrolysis and the resultant oligosaecharides were fractionated by a carbon‐Celite and a subsequent cellulose‐powder chromatography to yield four oligosaecharides, pentaose, hexaose, heptaose and octaose, which involved 2,6‐di‐0‐ and 6‐0‐substituted mannopyranosyl residues as the common. feature. These oligosaccharides showed lower precipitation‐inhibition activity than that of the hexaose of acetolysate, the strongest inhibitor among the oligosaccharides described in the preceding study. The order of inhibitory powers of oligosaccharides was as follows: hexaose of acetolysate>heptaose>pentaosez=octaose>hexaose. The μmoles requiring for 50%‐inhibition were 0.025, 0.15, 0.20, 0.20 and 0.50 respectively. The results clearly indicate that the determinant groups of the mannan of C. albicans employed this study are the hexaose moieties which constitute the branching parts of polysaccharide.
Bovine Epizootic Fever
Authors: Inaba Yuji , Tanaka Yoshio , Sato Kunihiko , Ito Hiroshi , Omori Tuneyoshi , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe Yamaguchi strain exhibited a rapid loss of pathogenicity for calves upon serial passage in suckling hamsters, suckling mice and hamster kidney BHK21‐WI2 cells. Calves developed clinical symptoms after intravenous inoculation with the virus up to the fourth passage in suckling hamsters, the third passage in suckling mice, and the seventh or eighth passage in cell cultures, while the virus further passaged did not induce any clinical illness. Almost at the same time the virus lost the ability to produce antibody and resistance to challenge with virulent virus. The attenuated virus only stimulated production of antibody and immunity to virulent virus after repeated inoculations. These findings provide additional evidence for the similarity of bovine epizootic fever to bovine ephemeral fever.
Formation of Transferable Drug Resistance Factor by Recombination between Resistance Determinants and Transfer Factors
Authors: Kameda Mitsuo , Harada Kenji , Suzuki Mitsue , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTNontransferable drug resistance was acquired by conjugal transmissibility when mixed cultivation was applied to many isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae. The genetic element able to confer transmissibility on nontransferable drug resistance, was henceforth termed the transfer (T) factor. Genetic studies showed that there are three mechanisms involved in the acquisition of transferability of otherwise nontransferable drug resistance; (1) transfer of the drug resistance determinant on chromosome along with the transfer of host chromosome by T factor, (2) transfer of the nontransferable R factor by complementation with T factor, (3) formation of recombinant between the T factor and the drug resistance (r) determinant. The recombinant Tr factor was transferred as a single unit by the conjugal process, and was capable of conferring drug resistance. It was transduced jointly with bacteriophage P1 as a single unit in Escherichia coli.
Chemical Composition of the Cell Walls of Clostridium botulinum Type A
Authors: Takumi Kenji , Kawata Tomio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTCell walls were isolated by sonic disruption of log‐phase cells of Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190L and purified by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) followed by digestion with proteases. Electron microscopy revealed that the cell walls thus obtained were free of both cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasmic fragments. The purified cell wall contained 8.7% total nitrogen, 15.0% total hexosamines, 22.4% reducing groups, 8.3% carbohydrate, and 3.1% glucose. The content of total phosphorus was very low (0.02%), and therefore it was expected that teichoic acid might be absent in the cell wall. The wall peptidoglycan contained glutamic acid, alanine, diaminopimelic acid, glucosamine and muramic acid in the molar ratios of 1.00:1.85:0:85:1.06:0.67. A low amount of galactosamine was also present, but no other amino acids were found in significant quantities. The SDS‐treated cell walls were not attacked by lysozyme, but after extraction with hot formamide they were completely dissolved by the enzyme and released reducing groups. The lysozyme digest was separated into two constituents, the saccharide moiety and the peptide moiety on Sephadex G‐50.
Relationship between Mycobacterium and Nocardia
Authors: Tsukamura Michio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTNumerical classification was carried out using a “hypothetical mean organism” and 11 species of the genus Mycobacterium and 6 species of the genus Nocardia. Statistical survey of the results indicated the presence of three taxonomic groups, the slowly growing mycobacteria, the rapidly growing mycobacteria and nocardiae. The present author had previously divided the genus Mycobacterium into two subgenera, Mycobacterium and Mycomycobacterium, which corresponded approximately to slowly growing mycobacteria and rapidly growing mycobacteria, respectively. In the numerical classification, these two subgenera behaved as if they were two genera. It was suggested thus that these two subgenera of genus Mycobacterium should be transferred to two genera. Beside morphological characters, three biochemical characters were shown to be useful for differentiating between rapidly growing mycobacteria and nocardiae: (1) A two‐week arylsulfatase activity; (2) Acid formation from mannose; (3) Utilization for growth of trimethylene diamine as a simultaneous nitrogen and carbon source.
Some Characters of Viruses Reconstituted with Components from Different Tobacco Mosaic Virus Strains
Authors: Goto Takao , Taniguchi Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMixed reconstitution was performed using the components of tobacco mosaic virus‐ordinary strain (TMV‐OM) and bean strain (TMV‐B) under conditions of 0.1 m pH 7.3 sodium pyrophosphate at 30 C for 6–24 hr. The recoveries of the reconstituted viruses, TMV‐OM‐RNA+TMV‐B‐protein and TMV‐OM‐protein+TMV‐B‐RNA, were 1.5–26.6% and both the viruses were infectious. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of these 2 reconstituted viruses showed 2 peaks, both of which were infectious. The bottom peak sedimented near the position of the standard TMV, and its ratio of O.D.260mμ/O.D.280mμ was 1.22–1.29. The particles in this peak had the same length as that of the standard TMV. The top peak had the ratio of 1.28–1.41, and the length of particles in this peak were shorter than the standard TMV. The pattern of ECTEOLA‐cellulose column chromatography of the reconstituted virus was similar to that of standard TMV. Further, it was confirmed that the biological characters of the reconstituted particles were the same as those of the RNA‐donor TMV.
Chemotherapeutic Evaluation of Rifampicin to Experimental Bacillary Dysentery in Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Osada Yasuaki , Nakajo Masayuki , Inaba Miyoshi , Une Tsutomu , Ogawa Hidemasa , Oshima Yasuo , Takasaka Masao , Honjo Shigeo , Imaizumi Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTChemotherapeutic effect of rifampicin (RFP) and kanamycin (KM) to bacillary dysentery was evaluated using cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected withShigella flexneri2a. Monkeys manifested typical symptoms of the disease after rectal administration of the bacilli. They were orally treated one or two days after challenge with a daily dose of 200 mg of RFP or KM per animal for five consecutive days. These monkeys were investigated clinically, bacteriologically and histopathologically. A more rapid improvement of the stools from a bloody mucous to a normal with disappearance of the bacilli in stools was observed in RFP treatment as compared with KM treatment. Reappearance of bacilli in the stools was observed from six to eight days after the last administration with KM. A more significant inhibitory effect with RFP was observed in penetration and multiplication of the bacilli within host epithelial cells than with KM. A greater part of the animals treated with KM revealed, as seen in non‐treated controls, catarrhalic colitis associated with penetration and multiplication of the bacilli in epithelial cells or in the lamina propria. However, no histological changes were observed in cases treated with RFP with the exception of one case with microfoci in the ileocecal valve.
A Taxonomic Study of Mycobacterium intracellulare Isolated from Swine
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Nemoto Hisashi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTwenty‐five strains of mycobacteria, every strain taken from a different animal, were isolated from tuberculosis‐like lesions of the submandibular lymph node or the mesenteric lymph node of swine. Fifteen strains were identified as Mycobacterium intracellulare, four strains as Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, three strains as Mycobacterium fortuitum, one as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one as a chromogenic M. intracellulare, and one as an unidentified Group IV. Two strains (T‐128 and T‐167) were initially identified as M. intracellulare, as these were slow‐growing nonphotochromogens, did not reduce nitrate, two week‐arylsulfatase‐positive, did not hydrolyze Tween 80, and ethambutol‐resistant. They, however, showed urease, nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase activities and differed from other M. intracellulare strains in several other characteristics. Majority of the porcine isolates of M. intracellulare were serotypes “Davis” and “IV.” On the other hand, majority of the M. intracellulare strains isolated from patients in this country were serotypes “Arnold” and “Yandle.” Findings suggest that swine infected with M. intracellulare probably are not the main source of M. intracellulare strains that infect humans. Characteristics of a rapid‐growing mycobacterial strain, which was pathogenic for swine, were described. This organism was differentiated from known pathogens of rapid‐growing mycobacteria, M. fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei.
Temperature‐Dependent Cellular Regulation in Induction of Cellular Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis by Bovine Adenovirus Type 3
Authors: Nakajima Katsuhisa , Hamada Kokichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTInduction of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by infection with bovine adenovirus type 3 was examined in 7 clones of a mouse cell line. Cellular DNA synthesis was induced by infection both at 37C and at 41C in 5 clones. In the other 2 clones, however, cellular DNA synthesis was induced only at 41C and not at 37C. In a clone non‐inducible at 37C, the incubation at 41C prior to infection resulted in induction of cellular DNA synthesis at 37C. The preincubation effect was not inhibited by cycloheximide during the incubation at 41C. In an other clone non‐inducible at 37C, the preincubation effect was not observed. The existence of a temperature‐dependent cellular factor(s) regulating the induction of cellular DNA synthesis was suggested.
A Taxonomic Study of Strains Received as “Mycobacterium” rhodochrous
Authors: Tsukamura Michio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA taxonomic study was carried out on 20 strains received as “Mycobacterium” rhodochrous. These strains were exceedingly similar to the strains of the genus Gordona recently proposed by the present author. Out of the 20 strains studied, 10 strains, including two strains previously named Rhodococcus rhodochrous, formed one cluster and were considered to belong to a species of the genus Gordona. The species has been named Gordona rhodochroa (Zopf; Overbeck; Gordon et Mihm) Tsukamura comb. nov. Two strains were considered to belong to the species Gordona rubra. One of the two had initially been named Mycobacterium rubropertinctum. It was considered from the facts that the specific epithet for the species should be “rubropertinta” and the name Gordona rubra be changed to Gordona rubropertincta. The other strains seemed to belong to some other species. In conclusion, the species “Mycobacterium” rhodochrous appears to be divided into several species of the genus Gordona.