bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selenium bioaccumulation in fish exposed to coal ash at the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston spill site
Authors: Mathews Teresa J. , Fortner Allison M. , Jett R. Trent , Morris Jesse , Gable Jennifer , Peterson Mark J. , Carriker Neil 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

In December 2008, 4.1 million cubic meters of coal ash were released into the Emory and Clinch Rivers by the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant. Coal ash contains several contaminants, including the bioaccumulative metalloid selenium (Se). Because Se is predominantly accumulated in aquatic organisms through dietary rather than aqueous exposure, tissue-based toxicity thresholds for Se are currently being considered. The proposed threshold concentrations range between 4 μg/g and 9 μg/g Se (dry wt.) in whole body fish, with a proposed fillet threshold of 11.8 μg/g. In the present study, the authors examined the spatial and temporal trends in Se bioaccumulation and examined the relationship between the Se content in fillets and in whole bodies of fish collected around the Kingston spill site to determine whether Se bioaccumulation was a significant concern at the ash spill site. Whereas Se concentrations in fish (whole bodies and fillets) were elevated at sampling locations affected by the Kingston ash spill relative to reference locations, concentrations do not appear to be above risk thresholds and have not been increasing over the 5-yr period since the spill. These findings are not only relevant to guiding the human health and ecological risk assessments at the Kingston ash spill site, but because of current national discussions on appropriate guidelines for Se in fish as well for the disposal of coal combustion wastes, the results are also relevant to the general understanding of Se bioaccumulation in contaminated water bodies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2273–2279. © 2014 SETAC
Sensitivity of ecological soil-screening levels for metals to exposure model parameterization and toxicity reference values
Authors: Sample Bradley E. , Fairbrother Anne , Kaiser Ashley , Law Sheryl , Adams Bill 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Ecological soil-screening levels (Eco-SSLs) were developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for the purposes of setting conservative soil screening values that can be used to eliminate the need for further ecological assessment for specific analytes at a given site. Ecological soil-screening levels for wildlife represent a simplified dietary exposure model solved in terms of soil concentrations to produce exposure equal to a no-observed-adverse-effect toxicity reference value (TRV). Sensitivity analyses were performed for 6 avian and mammalian model species, and 16 metals/metalloids for which Eco-SSLs have been developed. The relative influence of model parameters was expressed as the absolute value of the range of variation observed in the resulting soil concentration when exposure is equal to the TRV. Rank analysis of variance was used to identify parameters with greatest influence on model output. For both birds and mammals, soil ingestion displayed the broadest overall range (variability), although TRVs consistently had the greatest influence on calculated soil concentrations; bioavailability in food was consistently the least influential parameter, although an important site-specific variable. Relative importance of parameters differed by trophic group. Soil ingestion ranked 2nd for carnivores and herbivores, but was 4th for invertivores. Different patterns were exhibited, depending on which parameter, trophic group, and analyte combination was considered. The approach for TRV selection was also examined in detail, with Cu as the representative analyte. The underlying assumption that generic body-weight–normalized TRVs can be used to derive protective levels for any species is not supported by the data. Whereas the use of site-, species-, and analyte-specific exposure parameters is recommended to reduce variation in exposure estimates (soil protection level), improvement of TRVs is more problematic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2386–2398. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Interaction Study of Yttria‐Based Glasses with High‐Temperature Electrolyte for SOFC
Authors: Kumar V. , Pandey O. P. , Singh K. , Lu K. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe chemical interaction study of AO–SiO2–B2O3–Y2O3 (A = Ba, Sr) (BaY, SrY) glass with high‐temperature electrolyte yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ 8 mol%) is reported as a function of different heat treatment durations. The as‐prepared glass with 10 mol% of yttria shows limited amount of crystallization at 800 °C. Due to this yttria‐based glasses BaY and SrY have been chosen to make diffusion couples with high‐temperature electrolyte and interconnect material. These diffusion couples have been heat treated at 850 °C, for 100, 200, and 500 h. The heat‐treated diffusion couples have been characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Microstructural analysis of diffusion couples shows absence of any undesired oxides and detrimental reaction products at the interface. The glass has shown good bonding characteristics and absence of cracks, pores, or any kind of delamination from YSZ. Apart from this, SrY and BaY glass seals have also shown good adhesion characteristics with Crofer 22 APU, even after 500 h at 850 °C. The morphology and microstructure of the glass matrix suggest limited amount of devitrification in the glass.
Natural Gas Matters: Commission Kicks Off Major Changes in Gas‐Power Relationships
Authors: Smead Richard G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIt is no secret, often discussed here, that power generation has surged as a market for natural gas in recent years. Gas‐fired generation has become the largest single source of generation capacity in the United States. Thus, coordinating the two industries, or “gas‐electric harmonization,” has been around as an issue for quite some time (I have addressed the issue in this column a number of times).
Stochastic erosion of composite banks in alluvial river bends
Authors: Karmaker Tapas , Dutta Subashisa 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe erosion of composite river banks is a complex process involving a number of factors including fluvial erosion, seepage erosion, and cantilever mass failure. To predict the rate of bank erosion with these complexities, a stochastic bank erosion model is suitable to define the probability distribution of the controlling variables. In this study, a bank erosion model in a river bend is developed by coupling several bank erosion processes with an existing hydrodynamic and morphological model. The soil erodibility of cohesive bank layers was measured using a submerged jet test apparatus. Seasonal bank erosion rates for four consecutive years at a bend in the Brahmaputra River, India, were measured by repeated bankline surveys. The ability of the model to predict erosion was evaluated in the river bend that displayed active bank erosion. In this study, different monsoon conditions and the distribution functions of two variables were considered in estimating the stochastic bank erosion rate: the probability of the soil erodibility and stochastic stage hydrographs for the nth return period river stage. Additionally, the influences of the deflection angle of the streamflow, longitudinal slope of river channel, and bed material size on bank erosion rate were also investigated. The obtained stochastic erosion predictions were compared with the observed distribution of the annual‐average bank erosion rate of 45 river bends in the Brahmaputra River. The developed model appropriately predicted the short‐term morphological dynamics of sand‐bed river bends with composite banks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Electronic/ionic Transport Properties of MoO2/rGO Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Cui Yongli , Pu Yaming , Hao Yuwan , BAO Wenjing , Zhuang Quanchao 
Published: June 2014

AbstractMoO2/rGO (reduced graphite oxide) composites have been synthesized by hydrothermal method followed by anneal and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Galvanostatic charge/discharge testing and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques are employed to evaluate the kinetic behaviors of the MoO2/rGO during lithiation/delithiation. The obtained MoO2‐based materials have monoclinic crystal structure, and worm like shape with average dimensions of 100‐200 nm width and 500 nm‐1 μm length. There are two steps of lithium ion intercalation/de‐intercalation for the MoO2/rGO anode at the potential ranging from 1.0 to 3.5 V, locating at ELi/Li+ = 1.60/1.75 V, 1.25/1.40 V, and the first discharge and charge capacities are, respectively, 221.0 and 185.4 mAh g−1. The resistances of RSEI and RCT for the MoO2/rGO anode are 2‐4 Ω and below 5 Ω. Moreover, the lithium diffusion coefficient calculated from the EIS measurement is about 3.6×10−9 cm2 s−1.
Studies on Mechanochemistry: Solid Coordination Compounds from Primary Aromatic Amines and Cobalt(II) Chloride Hexahydrate
Authors: Tigineh Getinet Tamiru , Liu Ling‐Kang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate and primary aromatic amines were reacted by co‐grinding in 1:2 metal salt to ligand ratio under solvent‐free environment at room temperature. Out of 16 solid state reactions, seven cobalt‐amine complexes could be established as solid coordination compounds by elemental analysis, TGA, IR, PXRD, magnetic susceptibility etc., in addition to visual observation of the color change of reaction mixture. Based on investigation of reaction and analysis of products, conclusions with outlook could be made as follows: On top of the —NH2 group on primary aromatic amines an additional substituent group should better be at para or meta positions and not at ortho position in order to realize the solid coordination compounds. On the other hand, an electron withdrawing substituent or an extra aromatic ring is negative towards formation of the solid coordination compounds. The solid coordination Co(II)‐compounds are labile in solution.
Tall Tales Across Time: Narrative Analysis of True and False Allegations
Authors: Peace Kristine A. , Shudra Ryan D. , Forrester Deanna L. , Kasper Ryan , Harder Jeffrey , Porter Stephen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLittle consensus exists regarding how the details of truthful and false allegations of traumatic victimisation may change over short and long time intervals, yet this cue is utilised in the assessment of witness, victim and suspect credibility. The present study involved a narrative analysis of the details written within 147 sets of allegation statements across both short‐term (~3 months) and long‐term (~6 months) intervals. Overall results indicated that true allegations contained more consistent details, omissions and commissions, although the rates of change over time were variable. These changes appear to result from natural variations in memory and recall over time. However, direct contradictions (inconsistent details) were more prevalent in false allegations, and these claims were more stable over time, suggesting ‘script‐like’ processing. These results have implications for our understanding of testimonial alterations and how determinations of veracity are influenced by statement details. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapidly tunable and compact coherent Raman scattering light source for molecular spectroscopy
Authors: Saint‐Jalm Sarah , Berto Pascal , Jullien Ludovic , Andresen Esben Ravn , Rigneault Hervé 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe present a rapidly tunable (over 400 cm  − 1) and compact (0.7 m 2 footprint) coherent Raman scattering light source performing both coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering and stimulated Raman scattering microspectroscopy. We use spectral focusing of a femtosecond Ti:Sapphire pulse and a redshifted soliton generated in a photonic crystal fiber to reach suitable spectral resolution and to rapidly acquire spectra by means of a delay line translation. The coherent Raman scattering light source is used to monitor the molecular equilibrium shift between hydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate ions under pH change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Non‐ionic Thermophilic Hydrogel with Positive Thermosensitivity in Water and Electrolyte Solution
Authors: Liu Fangyao , Seuring Jan , Agarwal Seema 
Published: June 2014

The first example of a chemically crosslinked synthetic non‐ionic hydrogel showing reversible positive swelling behavior in pure water as well as electrolyte solution is highlighted. Homopolymeric hydrogels are synthesized from N‐acryloylglycinamide with N,N′‐methylenbis(acrylamide) as a chemical crosslinker via free radical polymerization in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The swelling‐ratio dependency of the hydrogels upon temperature as well as on the amounts of crosslinker from 1 to 4.8 mol% is studied. With 1 mol% crosslinker, the hydrogel is able to take up over three times water of its weight at 37 °C in pure water and phosphate‐buffered saline. All the samples show almost 100% of reversibility for at least 6 d up to 37 °C irrespective of the amount of the crosslinker, making them promising candidates for biomedical applications. The sample with a higher amount of crosslinker, i.e., 4.8 mol% is even stable for over 6 d at 70 °C.
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Shifting from Hydrogen Bond Network to π–π Stacking: A Key Mechanism for Reversible Thermochromic Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)
Authors: Jarumaneeroj Chatchai , Tashiro Kohji , Chirachanchai Suwabun 
Published: June 2014

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) thin film performs reversible thermochromic property by developing the color to be yellowish at the temperature above 190 °C. The detailed analyses based on temperature‐dependent techniques suggest the thermal treatment inducing the shifting of the hydrogen bond network between the sulfonated group and the hydrated water molecules to the π–π stacking among aromatic rings in SPEEK chains. Although it is general that the polymer chain packing is unfavorable at high temperature, the present work shows a good example that when the polymer chains can form specific molecular interaction, such as π–π stacking, even in harsh thermal treatment, a rearrangement will effectively occur, which leads to an external stimuli‐responsive property.
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Porous Biodegradable Starch‐Based Polymer: Effects of Plasticizers on the Physical Properties
Authors: Jadawi Akram , Saiter Jean‐Marc , Barbe Fabrice , Negahban Mehrdad 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThe effect of the plasticizer content (mixture of water and glycerol) on the cellular structure of the considered material and its influence on the resulting properties, such as mechanical stiffness, are investigated by means of optical microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and standard mechanical testing. Adding glycerol leads to larger cell walls and smaller pores but it does not significantly affect the elastic tangent modulus and strength under compression for deformations up to 50%; only a tendency to promote elastic recovery is observed.
Ferroelectric behavior and polarization mechanism in odd‐odd polyamide 11,11
Authors: Liu Shaobing , Cui Zhe , Fu Peng , Liu Minying , Zhang Lingli , Li Zhaopeng , Zhao Qingxiang 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTFerroelectric and piezoelectric behavior in odd‐odd polyamide 11,11 are successfully detected for the first time. The maximum coercive field (Ec) of 90 MV/m, and a remnant polarization (Pr) of 40 mC/m2 are obtained at room temperature. A piezoelectric strain coefficient (d33) value as high as −3.9 pC/N has been found in stretched polyamide 11,11 film. The structural change of samples before and after poling is investigated by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the nature of the ferroelectricity originates from amide group dipoles in the γ‐form crystal regions. Hysteresis behavior appears to result from the crystallites reversal mechanism. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1094–1099
Identification of in vitro metabolites of a new anticoccidial drug nitromezuril using HepG2 cells, rat S9 and primary hepatocytes by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Keyu , Li Sumei , Zheng Wenli , Zhang Lifang , Wang Chunmei , Wang Xiaoyang , Fei Chenzhong , Xue Feiqun , Wang Mi 
Published: June 2014

RATIONALENitromezuril is a novel triazine compound possessing remarkable anticoccidial activity that could have possible future use in the prevention of coccidiosis; however, its metabolic characteristics have still not been revealed.METHODSIn the present study, the in vitro metabolism of nitromezuril in HepG2 cells, rat S9 and primary hepatocytes was investigated using high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of metabolites and their product ions were easily and reliably characterized based on the accurate MS2 spectra and known structure of nitromezuril.RESULTSAs expected, three metabolites (M1–M3) were detected in a HepG2 cells system, one metabolite was respectively detected and identified as M1 in rat S9 and M2 in rat primary hepatocytes. M1 and M2 were confirmed respectively based on comparing their retention times, full scan, product ion scan with available authentic standards and M3 was tentatively identified as hydroxyl compound of M2.CONCLUSIONSPathways of nitromezuril were reported for the first time and no obvious species difference was shown. The proposed metabolic pathways of nitromezuril can be expected to play a key role in pharmacodynamics and food safety evaluations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the performance and stability of two torsional vibration dampers for variable‐speed wind turbines
Authors: Licari John , Ugalde‐Loo Carlos E. , Ekanayake Janaka B. , Jenkins Nick 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAlleviation of excess fatigue loads due to vibrations in the drive‐train of wind turbines can be achieved through the use of torsional vibration dampers. Two torsional dampers based on different design approaches were designed and assessed: the first employs a conventional band‐pass filter technique, whereas the second involves an alternative model‐based approach. Frequency domain analyses were carried out on the system with the two dampers for the cases with and without model uncertainty. The system using the band‐pass filter‐based damper showed deterioration in stability and performance when subjected to uncertainty in the model and had to be re‐tuned to recover a good damping performance. Conversely, the system employing the model‐based damper maintained good stability and superior damping performance in the presence of model uncertainties. These attributes can ensure that the damper exhibits a good performance even if the wind turbine parameters vary during operation, such as when ice forms on the blades. Time domain simulations were carried out to verify the frequency domain analyses. © 2014 The Authors. Wind Energy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The 100S ribosome: ribosomal hibernation induced by stress
Authors: Yoshida Hideji , Wada Akira 
Published: June 2014

One of the most important cellular events in all organisms is protein synthesis (translation), which is catalyzed by ribosomes. The regulation of translational activity is dependent on the environmental situation of the cell. A decrease in overall translation under stress conditions is mainly accompanied by the formation of functionally inactive 100S ribosomes in bacteria. The 100S ribosome is a dimer of two 70S ribosomes that is formed through interactions between their 30S subunits. Two mechanisms of 100S ribosome formation are known: one involving ribosome modulation factor (RMF) and short hibernation promoting factor (HPF) in a part of Gammaproteobacteria including Escherichia coli, and the other involving only long HPF in the majority of bacteria. The expression of RMF is regulated by ppGpp and cyclic AMP‐cAMP receptor protein (cAMP‐CRP) induced by amino acid starvation and glucose depletion, respectively. When stress conditions are removed, the 100S ribosome immediately dissociates into the active 70S ribosomes by releasing RMF. The stage in the ribosome cycle at which the ribosome loses translational activity is referred to as ‘Hibernation’. The lifetime of cells that cannot form 100S ribosomes by deletion of the rmf gene is shorter than that of parental cells under stress conditions in E. coli. This fact indicates that the interconversion system between active 70S ribosomes and inactive 100S ribosomes is an important survival strategy for bacteria. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:723–732. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1242This article is categorized under:

Translation > Ribosome Structure/Function
The quiescent core of turbulent channel flow
Authors: Kwon Y. S. , Philip J. , de Silva C. M. , Hutchins N. , Monty J. P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe identification of uniform momentum zones in wall-turbulence, introduced by Adrian, Meinhart & Tomkins (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 422, 2000, pp. 1–54) has been applied to turbulent channel flow, revealing a large ‘core’ region having high and uniform velocity magnitude. Examination of the core reveals that it is a region of relatively weak turbulence levels. For channel flow in the range $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}Re_{\tau } = 1000\text {--}4000$, it was found that the ‘core’ is identifiable by regions bounded by the continuous isocontour lines of the streamwise velocity at $0.95U_{CL}$ (95 % of the centreline velocity). A detailed investigation into the properties of the core has revealed it has a large-scale oscillation which is predominantly anti-symmetric with respect to the channel centreline as it moves through the channel, and there is a distinct jump in turbulence statistics as the core boundary is crossed. It is concluded that the edge of the core demarcates a shear layer of relatively intense vorticity such that the interior of the core contains weakly varying, very low-level turbulence (relative to the flow closer to the wall). Although channel flows are generally referred to as ‘fully turbulent’, these findings suggest there exists a relatively large and ‘quiescent’ core region with a boundary qualitatively similar to the turbulent/non-turbulent interface of boundary layers, jets and wakes.
Who Gets to Be In the Room? Manipulating Participation in WTO Disputes
Authors: Johns Leslie , Pelc Krzysztof J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThird parties complicate World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement by adding voices and issues to a dispute. However, complainants can limit third parties by filing cases under Article XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), rather than Article XXII. We argue that third parties create “insurance” by lowering the benefit of winning and the cost of losing a dispute. We construct a formal model in which third parties make settlement less likely. The weaker the complainant's case, the more likely the complainant is to promote third party participation and to settle. Article XXII cases are therefore more likely to settle, controlling for the realized number of third parties, and a complainant who files under Article XXIII is more likely to win a ruling and less likely to see that ruling appealed by the defendant. We provide empirical support using WTO disputes from 1995 to 2011.