bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of thermal hair straightening on ethyl glucuronide content in hair
Authors: Ettlinger Jana , Kirchen Luc , Yegles Michel 
Published: May 2014

Hair analysis of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) has become a valuable marker for the detection of moderate and chronic alcohol consumption. It has been shown that bleaching and perming may decrease EtG content in hair. So far, no studies exist about the influence of thermal hair straightening on EtG content in hair.Forty‐one positive EtG hair samples were treated in vitro with a hair straightener at 200°C. Duration of treatment of 1 min was chosen for this study. After washing, pulverization, incubation in ultrasonic bath, solid‐phase extraction, and derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, EtG was determined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry – negative ion chemical ionization (GC‐MS‐NICI). The EtG contents in straightened hair strands were then compared with those in the corresponding untreated strands. In 20 of 41 hair samples, a decrease of EtG content was found ranging from 0.7% to 79.3% (average 20%) whereas in 21 cases an increase was shown ranging from 2.0% to 50.9% (average 15%). The variation of the results seems to depend on hair colour. The decrease may be explained by thermic in vitro destruction of EtG. The increase may be explained by denaturation of the hair matrix by thermal treatment possibly causing a better extraction of EtG during incubation in ultrasonic bath. This in vitro study indicates that thermal hair straightening has an impact on the EtG content in hair. This has to be considered for a correct interpretation of EtG results in hair. However, these results should be confirmed by in vivo studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rescaling Environmental Governance – the Influence of European Transnational Cooperation Initiatives
Authors: Stead Dominic 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe increasing transboundary nature of many environmental problems has not only elevated the importance of international environmental governance it has also contributed to shifts in the scales at which these problems are addressed and at which environmental programmes are implemented. The result is that environmental governance is experiencing rescaling which often involves a combination of changes including shifts in powers to other layers of decision‐making, the emergence of new scales of policy intervention and alternative forms of intervention, and the appearance of new actor constellations. The emergence of ‘soft’ policy and programming spaces – multi‐area sub‐regions in which strategy is being made between or alongside formal institutions and decision‐making processes – is another phenomena associated with rescaling. This paper charts the rescaling of environmental governance in part of Europe – the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) – and examines the influence of European macro‐regional cooperation initiatives on the changing nature of environmental governance in the region. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed [2+2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Diynes To Form Cyclooctatetraenes
Authors: Nasrallah Daniel J. , Croatt Mitchell P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractUnique reactivity of a rhodium catalyst in the presence of many different Lewis basic additives was observed and studied. In the absence of additives, it was observed that a selective [2+2+2] reaction to form benzene products occurred; however, in the presence of an additive, optimally DMSO, the first rhodium(I)‐catalyzed [2+2+2+2] reaction of alkynes occurred. A screen of different additives and catalysts was performed. Finally, a brief mechanistic study performed by using a ReactIR determined that DMSO coordinates to the catalyst, which affects the energetics of the reaction pathway. This appears primarily to raise the transition‐state energy for the reductive elimination to form the benzene products.
The Information Content of Equity Block Trades on the Warsaw Stock Exchange: An Estimation of Shares' Returns with the Usage of Simple Linear Regression and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines
Authors: Kurek Bartosz 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTEquity block trade transactions per se directly relate to the valuation of a company's equity capital. These transactions are executed outside the continuous trading system and single price system, and involve trading of large volumes of shares at an agreed price. This paper investigates the information content of equity block trade transactions for companies constituting the WIG20 index from the Warsaw Stock Exchange in Poland. Two research methods are used: literature review and event study analysis. In the empirical part of the paper two approaches are used to model shares' returns: simple linear regression and multivariate adaptive regression splines. From the conducted research it is concluded that equity block trade transactions carry an important signal for investors acting on a stock exchange: significant abnormal positive (negative) returns follow the execution of the equity block trade, the price of which is higher (lower) than the closing price 2 days before the execution of the transaction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Skeletal Inversion of Dithienodiphosphorines
Authors: Uchiyama Yosuke , Kawaguchi Toshifumi , Kuroda Koichi 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTtrans‐ and cis_endo‐Diphenyl[c]dithienodiphosphorines 1a and 1b were successfully synthesized as phosphorus atoms are trivalent. Two stereoisomers, trans form 1a and cis_endo form 1b, were isolated by preparative gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and their butterfly structures were shown by X‐ray crystallographic analyses of the single crystals from hexane/CHCl3 and CH3CN/CHCl3, respectively. The VT‐31P{1H} NMR spectra in CD2Cl2 showed that the signal due to cis_endo form 1b appeared at δP −45.0 with 9.5 Hz of half‐width at −90°C, which is almost same as that at room temperature, while broadening of the signal due to trans form 1a was observed and finally the signal appeared at δP −33.7 with 55.5 Hz of half‐width at −90°C. The results indicated that the skeletal inversion of a tricyclic system in solution is a fast process on the NMR timescale. On the other hand, X‐ray crystallographic analysis showed that trans‐dimesityl[c]dithienodiphosphorine 2a has a planar structure, which is considered as the corresponding transition state of the skeletal inversion of trans form 1a. The 31P signal due to 2a in CD2Cl2 did not change at all even at −90°C, which was in a different manner from 1a at the same temperature, showing that its planar structure is also kept in solution because of the release of the steric repulsion between bulky mesityl groups and fused thiophene rings in the butterfly structure. The density functional theory calculations suggested the low‐energy barriers of the skeletal inversion of trans–trans and cis_endo–cis_exo forms, which were estimated to be 3.79 and 3.31 kcal/mol by searching for transition state using the synchronous transit‐guided quasi‐Newton (STQN) methods.
Theoretical morphology and development of flight feather vane asymmetry with experimental tests in parrots
Authors: Feo Teresa J. , Prum Richard O. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTAsymmetry in flight feather vane width is a major functional innovation associated with the evolution of flight in the ancestors of birds. However, the developmental and morphological basis of feather shape is not simple, and the developmental processes involved in vane width asymmetry are poorly understood. We present a theoretical model of feather morphology and development that describes the possible ways to modify feather development and produce vane asymmetry. Our model finds that the theoretical morphospace of feather shape is redundant, and that many different combinations of parameters could be responsible for vane asymmetry in a given feather. Next, we empirically measured morphological and developmental model parameters in asymmetric and symmetric feathers from two species of parrots to identify which combinations of parameters create vane asymmetry in real feathers. We found that both longer barbs, and larger barb angles in the relatively wider trailing vane drove asymmetry in tail feathers. Developmentally, longer barbs were the result of an offset of the radial position of the new barb locus, whereas larger barb angles were produced by differential expansion of barbs as the feather unfurls from the tubular feather germ. In contrast, the helical angle of barb ridge development did not contribute to vane asymmetry and could be indicative of a constraint. This research provides the first comprehensive description of both the morphological and developmental modifications responsible for vane asymmetry within real feathers, and identifies key steps that must have occurred during the evolution of vane asymmetry. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 240–255, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An early clear sky record from Eastern Spain: 1837–1879
Authors: Laken Benjamin A. , Vaquero José M. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTWe present and analyse a rare, long‐term time series of clear sky observations recorded by Priest Bodí y Congrós, from the town of Carcaxient, in Eastern Spain. These data cover the period of 1837–1879: a time when meteorological observations over the Iberian Peninsula were notoriously scarce. The records were recovered from a surviving partial copy of an original manuscript, as part of the Salvá‐Sinobas project, in order to improve the availability of early meteorological data records over Spain. We have contrasted these data with satellite‐observations of cloud cover over from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, using the satellite data to investigate the diurnal, seasonal, and long‐term properties of cloud cover and clear sky conditions over the Carcaxient area. In particular, we find the seasonal variability of clear sky conditions compares well, indicating the records of Bodí y Congrós were reliable. However, a direct long‐term comparison of the records was not possible as the datasets were too dissimilar.
Alfacalcidol enhances collagen quality in ovariectomized rat bones
Authors: Nagaoka Hideaki , Terajima Masahiko , Yamada Shizuka , Azuma Yoshiaki , Chida Takayuki , Yamauchi Mitsuo 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of alfacalcidol (1α(OH)D3: ALF) on bone collagen employing an ovariectomized rat model. Thirty‐five 16‐week‐old female Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into five groups: SHAM (sham‐operated + vehicle), OVX (ovariectomy + vehicle), and three ALF‐treated groups, that is, ovariectomy + 0.022 µg/kg/day ALF, ovariectomy + 0.067 µg/kg/day ALF, and ovariectomy + 0.2 µg/kg/day ALF. After 12 weeks of treatment, tibiae were subjected to histological, biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Collagen matrices in OVX bone appeared as immature and poorly organized; however, with the ALF treatment, it was improved in a dose‐dependent manner. Contents of collagen and pyridinoline cross‐link were decreased in OVX compared with SHAM, but they increased to the level comparable to SHAM in ALF‐treated groups. The total aldehyde, that is, a sum of free and those involved cross‐links, in the highest dose of ALF was significantly higher than the rest of the groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the expression of lysyl oxidase was increased in the all ALF‐treated groups compared with OVX (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ALF increases not only the amount of collagen but also enhances the maturation of collagen in ovariectomy‐induced osteoporotic bones, which likely contributes to the improvement of bone quality. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1030–1036, 2014.
Microbes versus microbes: control of pathogens in the food chain
Authors: Jordan Kieran , Dalmasso Marion , Zentek Juergen , Mader Anneluise , Bruggeman Geert , Wallace John , De Medici Dario , Fiore Alfonsina , Prukner‐Radovcic Estella , Lukac Maja , Axelsson Lars , Holck Askild , Ingmer Hanne , Malakauskas Mindaugas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFoodborne illness continues as a considerable threat to public health. Despite improved hygiene management systems and increased regulation, pathogenic bacteria still contaminate food, causing sporadic cases of illness and disease outbreaks worldwide. For many centuries, microbial antagonism has been used in food processing to improve food safety. An understanding of the mode of action of this microbial antagonism has been gained in recent years and potential applications in food and feed safety are now being explored. This review focuses on the potential opportunities presented, and the limitations, of using microbial antagonism as a biocontrol mechanism to reduce contamination along the food chain; including animal feed as its first link. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison between the effects of 4 different electrical stimulation current waveforms on isometric knee extension torque and perceived discomfort in healthy women
Authors: Dantas Lucas Ogura , Vieira Amilton , Siqueira Aristides Leite , Salvini Tania Fatima , Durigan João Luiz Quagliotti 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: We studied the effects of different neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) currents, 2 kHz‐frequency alternating currents (KACs, Russian and Aussie) and 2 pulsed currents (PCs), on isometric knee extension torque and discomfort level, both in isolation and combined, with maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Methods: Twenty‐one women (age 21.6 ± 2.5 years) were studied. We evaluated torque evoked by NMES or NMES combined with maximum voluntary contraction of the quadriceps muscle of healthy women. Discomfort level was measured using a visual analog pain scale. Results: Despite comparable levels of discomfort, evoked torque was lower for Russian current compared with the other modalities (Russian 50.8%, Aussie 71.7%, PC500 76.9%, and PC200 70.1%; P < 0.001). There was no advantage in combining NMES with MVC compared with isolated NMES. Conclusions: The Aussie and PC approaches proved superior to Russian current for inducing isometric knee extension torque. This information is important in guiding decision making with regard to NMES protocols for muscle strengthening. Muscle Nerve 51: 76–82, 2015
An effective way to simultaneous realization of excellent optical and electrical performance in large‐scale Si nano/microstructures
Authors: Huang Zengguang , Zhong Sihua , Hua Xia , Lin Xingxing , Kong Xiangyang , Dai Ning , Shen Wenzhong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDespite the optical advantage of near‐zero reflection, the silicon nanowire arrays (SiNWs)‐based solar cells cannot yet achieve satisfactory high efficiency because of the serious surface recombination arising from the greatly enlarged surface area. The trade‐off between reflection and recombination fundamentally prevents the conventional SiNWs structure from having both minimal optical and electrical losses. Here, we report the simultaneous realization of the best optical anti‐reflection (the solar averaged reflectance of 1.38%) and electrical passivation (the surface recombination velocity of 44.72 cm/s) by effectively combining the Si nano/microstructures (N/M‐Strus) with atomic‐layer‐deposition (ALD)‐Al2O3 passivation. The composite structures are prepared on the pyramid‐textured Si wafers with large‐scale 125 × 125 mm2 by the two‐step metal‐assisted chemical etching method and the thermal ALD‐Al2O3 treatment. Although the excellent optical anti‐reflection is observed because of the complementary contribution of Si N/M‐Strus at short wavelength and ALD‐Al2O3 at long wavelength, the low recombination has also been realized because the field effect passivation is enhanced for the longer and thinner SiNWs through the more effective suppression of the minority carrier movement and the reduction of the pure‐pyramid‐textured surface recombination. We have further numerically modeled the Al2O3‐passivated Si N/M‐Strus‐based solar cell and obtain the high conversion efficiency of 21.04%. The present work opens a new way to realize high‐efficiency SiNWs‐based solar cells. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second international spectroradiometer intercomparison: results and impact on PV device calibration
Authors: Galleano Roberto , Zaaiman Willem , Strati Cecilia , Bartocci Simona , Pravettoni Mauro , Marzoli Matteo , Fucci Raffaele , Leanza Gianni , Timò Gianluca , Minuto Alessandro , Catena Mario , Aleo Francesco , Takagi Shin , Akiyama Akihito , Nuñez Rubén , Belluardo Giorgio 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper describes the results of an intercomparison of spectroradiometers for measuring global normal incidence and direct normal incidence spectral irradiance in the visible and in the near infrared, together with an assessment of the impact these results may have on the calibration of the short circuit current (Isc) of triple‐junction photovoltaic devices and on the relevant spectral mismatch calculation. The intercomparison was conducted by six European scientific laboratories and a Japanese industrial partner. Seven spectroradiometer systems, for a total of 13 different instruments/channels using two different technologies and made by four different manufacturers were involved. This group of systems represents a good cross section of the instrumentation for solar spectrum measurements available to date. The instruments were calibrated by each partner prior to the intercomparison following their usual procedure and traceability route in order to verify the entire measurement and traceability chain. The difference in measured spectral irradiance showed to have an impact on the calibration of a set of Iso‐Type cells varying from ±2% to ±14% for middle and bottom cell, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The high‐molecular‐weight kininogen Domain 5 is an intrinsically unstructured protein and its interaction with ferritin is metal mediated
Authors: Huhn Annissa J. , Parsonage Derek , Horita David A. , Torti Frank M. , Torti Suzy V. , Hollis Thomas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHigh‐molecular‐weight kininogen domain 5 (HK5) is an angiogenic modulator that is capable of inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and tube formation. Ferritin can bind to a histidine–glycine–lysine‐rich region within HK5 and block its antiangiogenic effects. However, the molecular intricacies of this interaction are not well understood. Analysis of the structure of HK5 using circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance [1H, 15N]‐heteronuclear single quantum coherence determined that HK5 is an intrinsically unstructured protein, consistent with secondary structure predictions. Equilibrium binding studies using fluorescence anisotropy were used to study the interaction between ferritin and HK5. The interaction between the two proteins is mediated by metal ions such as Co2+, Cd2+, and Fe2+. This metal‐mediated interaction works independently of the loaded ferrihydrite core of ferritin and is demonstrated to be a surface interaction. Ferritin H and L bind to HK5 with similar affinity in the presence of metals. The ferritin interaction with HK5 is the first biological function shown to occur on the surface of ferritin using its surface‐bound metals.
Chloroquine Eliminates Cancer Stem Cells Through Deregulation of Jak2 and DNMT1
Authors: Choi Dong Soon , Blanco Elvin , Kim Yoo-Shin , Rodriguez Angel A. , Zhao Hong , Huang Tim Hui-Ming , Chen Chun-Liang , Jin Guangxu , Landis Melissa D. , Burey Lacey A. , Qian Wei , Granados Sergio M. , Dave Bhuvanesh , Wong Helen H. , Ferrari Mauro , Wong Stephen T. C. , Chang Jenny C. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known to contain a high percentage of CD44+/CD24−/low cancer stem cells (CSCs), corresponding with a poor prognosis despite systemic chemotherapy. Chloroquine (CQ), an antimalarial drug, is a lysotropic reagent which inhibits autophagy. CQ was identified as a potential CSC inhibitor through in silico gene expression signature analysis of the CD44+/CD24−/low CSC population. Autophagy plays a critical role in adaptation to stress conditions in cancer cells, and is related with drug resistance and CSC maintenance. Thus, the objectives of this study were to examine the potential enhanced efficacy arising from addition of CQ to standard chemotherapy (paclitaxel) in TNBC and to identify the mechanism by which CQ eliminates CSCs in TNBCs. Herein, we report that CQ sensitizes TNBC cells to paclitaxel through inhibition of autophagy and reduces the CD44+/CD24−/low CSC population in both preclinical and clinical settings. Also, we are the first to report a mechanism by which CQ regulates the CSCs in TNBC through inhibition of the Janus-activated kinase 2 (Jak2)—signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway by reducing the expression of Jak2 and DNA methyltransferase 1. Stem Cells 2014;32:2309–2323
Survey of wind farm control—power and fatigue optimization
Authors: Knudsen Torben , Bak Thomas , Svenstrup Mikael 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe main goal of this paper is to establish the present state of the art for wind farm control. The control area that will be focused on is the mechanical/aerodynamic part, which includes the wind turbines, their power production, fatigue and wakes affecting neighbouring wind turbines. The sub‐objectives in this area of research are as follows: (i) maximizing the total wind farm power production; (ii) following a reference for the total wind farm active power; and (iii) doing this in a manner that minimizes fatigue loading for the wind turbines in the farm. Each of these sub‐objectives is discussed, including the following important control issues: choice of input and output, control method and modelling used for controller design and simulation. The available literature from industry is also considered. Finally, a conclusion is presented discussing the established results, open challenges and necessary research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Two Solvate Crystals of Di‐μ‐sulfido(‐dithiocarbamate)‐tin­(IV): [Sn(S2CNH2)2S]2·2H2O·EtOH and [Sn(S2CNH2)2S]2·­4EtOH
Authors: Teske Christoph Ludwig , Bensch Wolfgang 
Published: May 2014

Abstract[Sn(S2CNH2)2S]2·2H2O·EtOH (A) was prepared via oxidation of Sn2+ with thiuram sulfide in aqueous alcohol solution. The compound [Sn(S2CNH2)2S]2·4EtOH (B) crystallizes from a saturated alcoholic solution of A. The monoclinic unit cell of A, space group P21/n (No. 14), a = 12.9169(9), b = 9.7222(5), c = 19.504(12) Å and β = 99.802(8) °, contains four formula units. B crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fddd (No. 70), a = 12.9500(4), b = 13.7737(4), c = 34.6012(12) Å with Z = 8 formula units per unit cell. The crystal structures consist of dinuclear Sn(S2CNH2)2 units doubly bridged by two sulfide (S2–) anions forming a centrosymmetric Sn2S2 square. These units are interlaced by primarily strong hydrogen bonds originating from the solvate molecules and the amino groups (O–H···S, N–H···O and N–H···S for A and N–H···O and O–H···S for B). The two solvate crystals can be interconverted via their alcoholic solution. B recrystallizes after saturation and A precipitates if a suitable portion of water is added.
Recent Discoveries of Polyhalogen Anions – from Bromine to Fluorine
Authors: Haller Heike , Riedel Sebastian 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this review we discuss the recent discoveries in polyhalide anion chemistry with the main focus on polybromide, ‐chloride, and ‐fluoride anions. Based on novel synthetic strategies either in ionic liquids or in neat halogens several new polyhalides of bromine and chlorine were synthesized. Beyond these discoveries the chemistry of polyfluoride monoanions is reviewed. Such species were investigated under cryogenic conditions at 4 K in conjunction with quantum‐chemical calculations. In addition to these bonding and structural discussions, an overview of possible applications of such polyhalide anions is provided.