bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of endoplasmic reticulum stressors on maturation and signaling of hemizygous and heterozygous wild‐type and mutant forms of KIT
Authors: Brahimi-Adouane Sabrina , Bachet Jean-Baptiste , Tabone-Eglinger Séverine , Subra Frédéric , Capron Claude , Blay Jean-Yves , Emile Jean-François 
Published: October 2012

Gain of function mutations of KIT are frequent in some human tumors, and are sensible to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In most tumors, oncogenic mutations are heterozygous, however most in vitro data of KIT activation have been obtained with hemizygous mutation. This study aimed to investigate the maturation and activation of wild‐type (WT) and mutant (M) forms of KIT in hemizygous and heterozygous conditions. WT and two types of exon 11 deletions M forms of human KIT were expressed in NIH3T3 cell lines. Membrane expression of KIT was quantified by flow cytometry. Quantification of glycosylated forms of KIT and phosphorylated forms of AKT and ERK were performed by western blot. Simultaneous activation of WT KIT and treatment with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) inhibitors, tunicamycin or brefeldin A induced a complete inhibition of membrane expression of the 145 kDa form of KIT. By contrast activation or ER inhibitors alone, only partly inhibited this form. ER inhibitors also inhibited KIT activation‐dependent phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2. Brefeldin A induced a complete down regulation of the 145 kDa form in hemizygous M, and induced an intra‐cellular accumulation of the 125 kDa form in WT but not in hemizygous M. Heterozygous cells had glycosylation and response to ER inhibitors patterns more similar to WT than to hemizygous M. Phosphorylated AKT was reduced in hemizygous cells in comparison to WT KIT cells and heterozygous cells, and in the presence of brefeldin A in all cell lines. Effects of ER inhibitors are significantly different in hemizygous and heterozygous mutants. Differences in intra‐cellular trafficking of KIT forms result in differences in downstream signaling pathways, and activation of PI3K/AKT pathway appears to be tied to the presence of the mature 145 kDa form of KIT at the membrane surface.
Tectonometamorphic evolution of the Garevka polymetamorphic complex (Yenisei Ridge)
Authors: Kozlov P.S. , Likhanov I.I. , Reverdatto V.V. , Zinoviev S.V. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The Garevka metamorphic complex (GMC), located at the junction of the Central Angara and Isakovka terranes (western part of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge), was studied in terms of its tectonometamorphic evolution and geodynamic processes in the Neoproterozoic history of the region. Geological, structural, geochronological, and petrological data permitted the recognition of two stages in the GMC evolution, which differ in thermodynamic regimes and metamorphic field gradients. These stages were related to crustal contraction and extension within the Yenisei regional shear zone, a large lineament structure in the region. Stage 1 was marked by the formation of metamorphic complexes in the middle to upper amphibolite facies moderate-pressure regional metamorphic settings at ∼ 960 Ma, P = 7.7–8.6 kbar, and T = 582–631 °C. This suggests subsidence of the area to the middle continental crust with dT/dH = 20–25 °C/km. During stage 2, the rocks experienced Late Riphean (∼ 880 Ma, SHRIMP II U–Pb and 40Ar–39Ar dating) dynamic metamorphism under epidote-amphibolite facies conditions (P = 3.9–4.9 kbar; T = 461–547 °C), indicating a metamorphic field gradient of dT/dH no greater than 10 °C/km, with the formation of blastomylonites in narrow zones of ductile and brittle deformations. In these zones, high-grade GMC blocks were exhumed to the upper continental crust and underwent low-temperature metamorphism. Comparison of the structural, geologic, and other evolutionary features (nearly identical age constraints in view of exhumation rate, similar PT-paths, and different types of metamorphism associated with different geodynamic settings, etc.) of the Garevka and Teya complexes suggests that they constitute a single polymetamorphic complex.
Petrography of Devonian and Lower Carboniferous terrigenous deposits in the southwest of the West Siberian Plate (Vagai–Ishim and Tobol–Ubagan structures)
Authors: Mizens G.A. , Kokshina L.V. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
We present new data on the material composition of terrigenous deposits in the pre-Jurassic basement of the West Siberian Plate, which formed on the margin of the Kazakhstan paleocontinent. Studies of the sections of several wells drilled in the east of the Kurgan Region showed that the Middle–Upper Devonian and lower Lower Carboniferous continental and littoral deposits are graywackes rich in rock and plagioclase clastics. Quartz grains amount to no more than 3–5%. The rock clastics are mainly volcanics of basic and normal compositions, which were supplied, most likely, from acting volcanoes of the marginal belt. By genesis, these are predominantly tephroids. Along with allothigenic components of sandstones, we consider authigenic minerals, which permit treating the postsedimentational transformation of the Middle Devonian and Early Carboniferous rocks as early catagenesis. By the vitrinite reflectance, the Lower Visean sandstones correspond to gradations MC2 and MC3 (medium catagenesis).
Testing TEM systems using a large horizontal loop conductor
Authors: Kozhevnikov N.O. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Testing TEM systems has to include field experiments with physical models commensurate to the real transmitter–receiver configurations and to the target subsurface features. A large horizontal loop closed across a known resistance is a convenient model in this respect. It is convenient to lay in the field, it has manageable parameters, and its natural response is easy to calculate.
A field-size experiment and numerical modeling were applied to investigate the model wire loop response to eddy current in a uniform conductive ground, both at early and late times. The higher the resistivity of the ground the larger the time range in which the measured response matches the predicted one, other things being equal.
The experiments show that (i) closed loops laid near a transmitter–receiver system are applicable to test the quality of the latter as a tool for TEM or other similar resistivity surveys; (ii) current induced in the model loop can be used to infer the resistivity of the ground; (iii) a closed loop slows down the growth and reduces the amplitude of voltage induced at early times in a receiver loop or in a multiturn coil.
Available lysine and digestible amino acid contents of proteinaceous foods of India
Authors: Rutherfurd Shane M. , Bains Kiran , Moughan Paul J. 
Published: October 2012

Cereals and legumes are staple foods in India and are limiting in lysine and sulphur amino acids, respectively. Available lysine loss, due to Maillard-type reactions that may occur during food preparation, exacerbates the problem of lysine deficiency particularly in cereals. Consequently, determining the contents of digestible essential amino acids, particularly lysine, is important. True ileal digestibilities of most amino acids (including total and reactive lysine) were determined for ten food ingredients and eleven foods commonly consumed in India. Semi-synthetic diets each containing either an ingredient or the prepared food as the sole protein source were formulated to contain 100 g kg− 1protein (75 g kg− 1for rice-based diets) and fed to growing rats. Titanium dioxide was included as an indigestible marker. Digesta were collected and the amino acid content (including reactive lysine) of diets and ileal digesta determined. Available (digestible reactive) lysine content ranged from 1·9–15·4 g kg− 1and 1·8–12·7 g kg− 1across the ingredients and prepared foods respectively. True ileal amino acid digestibility varied widely both across ingredients and prepared foods for each amino acid (on average 60–92 %) and across amino acids within each ingredient and prepared food (overall digestibility 31–96 %). Amino acid digestibility was low for many of the ingredients and prepared foods and consequently digestibility must be considered when assessing the protein quality of poorer quality foods. Given commonly encountered daily energy intakes for members of the Indian population, it is estimated that lysine is limiting for adults in many Indian diets.
The metabolism of “surplus” amino acids
Authors: Bender David A. 
Published: October 2012

For an adult in N balance, apart from small amounts of amino acids required for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, hormones, etc, an amount of amino acids almost equal to that absorbed from the diet can be considered to be “surplus” in that it will be catabolized. The higher diet-induced thermogenesis from protein than from carbohydrate or fat has generally been assumed to be due to increased protein synthesis, which is ATP expensive. To this must be added the ATP cost of protein catabolism through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Amino acid catabolism will add to thermogenesis. Deamination results in net ATP formation except when serine and threonine deaminases are used, but there is the energy cost of synthesizing glutamine in extra-hepatic tissues. The synthesis of urea has a net cost of only 1·5 × ATP when the ATP yield from fumarate metabolism is offset against the ATP cost of the urea cycle, but this offset is thermogenic. In fasting and on a low carbohydrate diet as much of the amino acid carbon as possible will be used for gluconeogenesis – an ATP-expensive, and hence thermogenic, process. Complete oxidation of most amino acid carbon skeletons also involves a number of thermogenic steps in which ATP (or GTP) or reduced coenzymes are utilized. There are no such thermogenic steps in the metabolism of pyruvate, acetyl CoA or acetoacetate, but for amino acids that are metabolized by way of the citric acid cycle intermediates there is thermogenesis ranging from 1 up to 7 × ATP equivalent per mol.
Impact of Antinutritional Factors in Food Proteins on the Digestibility of Protein and the Bioavailability of Amino Acids and on Protein Quality
Authors: Sarwar Gilani G. , Wu Xiao Chao , Cockell Kevin A. 
Published: October 2012

Dietary antinutritional factors have been reported to adversely affect the digestibility of protein, bioavailability of amino acids and protein quality of foods. Published data on these negative effects of major dietary antinutritional factors are summarized in this manuscript. Digestibility and the quality of mixed diets in developing countries are considerably lower than of those in developed regions. For example, the digestibility of protein in traditional diets from developing countries such as India, Guatemala and Brazil is considerably lower compared to that of protein in typical North American diets (54–78 versus 88–94 %). Poor digestibility of protein in the diets of developing countries, which are based on less refined cereals and grain legumes as major sources of protein, is due to the presence of less digestible protein fractions, high levels of insoluble fibre, and/or high concentrations of antinutritional factors present endogenously or formed during processing. Examples of naturally occurring antinutritional factors include glucosinolates in mustard and canola protein products, trypsin inhibitors and haemagglutinins in legumes, tannins in legumes and cereals, gossypol in cottonseed protein products, and uricogenic nucleobases in yeast protein products. Heat/alkaline treatments of protein products may yield Maillard reaction compounds, oxidized forms of sulphur amino acids, D-amino acids and lysinoalanine (LAL, an unnatural nephrotoxic amino acid derivative). Among common food and feed protein products, soyabeans are the most concentrated source of trypsin inhibitors. The presence of high levels of dietary trypsin inhibitors from soyabeans, kidney beans or other grain legumes have been reported to cause substantial reductions in protein and amino acid digestibility (up to 50 %) and protein quality (up to 100 %) in rats and/or pigs. Similarly, the presence of high levels of tannins in sorghum and other cereals, fababean and other grain legumes can cause significant reductions (up to 23 %) in protein and amino acid digestibility in rats, poultry, and pigs. Normally encountered levels of phytates in cereals and legumes can reduce protein and amino acid digestibility by up to 10 %. D-amino acids and LAL formed during alkaline/heat treatment of lactalbumin, casein, soya protein or wheat protein are poorly digestible (less than 40 %), and their presence can reduce protein digestibility by up to 28 % in rats and pigs, and can cause a drastic reduction (100 %) in protein quality, as measured by rat growth methods. The adverse effects of antinutritional factors on protein digestibility and protein quality have been reported to be more pronounced in elderly rats (20-months old) compared to young (5-weeks old) rats, suggesting the use of old rats as a model for assessing the protein digestibility of products intended for the elderly.
Ileal and faecal protein digestibility measurement in humans and other non-ruminants – a comparative species view
Authors: Hendriks Wouter H. , van Baal Jürgen , Bosch Guido 
Published: October 2012

A comparative non-ruminant species view of the contribution of the large intestinal metabolism to inaccuracies in nitrogen and amino acid absorption measurements is provided to assess potential implications for the determination of crude protein/amino acid digestibility in adult humans consuming lower digestible protein sources. Most of the amino acids in the hindgut are constituents of the microorganisms and significant microbial metabolism of dietary and endogenous amino acids occurs. Bacterial metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds leads to a significant disappearance of nitrogen in the large intestine. Literature data show that some 79 % of the nitrogen entering the large intestine of the horse is absorbed. For dogs, sows, and growing pigs these estimates are 49, 34 and 16 %, respectively. The coefficient of gut differentiation of humans compares closely to that of dogs while the coefficient of fermentation in humans is the lowest of all non-ruminant species and closest to that of cats and dogs. Large intestinal digesta transit times of humans compare closest to adult dogs. Significant amino acid metabolism has been shown to occur in the large intestine of the adult dog. Use of the growing pig as an animal model is likely to underestimate the fermentation of amino acids in the human large intestine. Based on the significant degree of fermentation of nitrogen-containing components in the large intestine of several non-ruminant species, it can be expected that determination of amino acid digestibility at a faecal level in humans consuming low quality proteins would not provide accurate estimates of the amino acids absorbed by the intestine.
Amino acid scoring patterns for protein quality assessment
Authors: Millward D. Joe 
Published: October 2012

The 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU protein report defined reference amino acid patterns for infants based on breast milk and for preschool children, schoolchildren and adults from age specific estimates of dietary indispensible amino acid requirements divided by the safe protein requirement for each age group. This report argued that the protein quality of a diet should be estimated from its digestibility adjusted by its amino acid score calculated from its limiting amino acid in comparison with the reference amino acid pattern. Subsequently a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on protein quality evaluation (1991) endorsed this protein digestibility-corrected score approach. However it rejected the adult scoring pattern identified in the 1985 report arguing that the amino acid values for this pattern were too low. As an interim measure it suggested that the scoring pattern for preschool children should be used for all age groups apart from infants. The recent WHO/FAO/UNU (2007) report endorsed the 1985 report in recommending the amino acid content of breast milk as the best estimate of infant amino acid requirements. However it was only able to identify reliable requirement values for adults and adopted a factorial approach to derivation of age-related scoring patterns. This utilized the adult pattern for maintenance, and the pattern of human tissue protein for growth. Thus scoring patterns were derived for children aged 0·5, 1–2, 3–10, 11–14, 15–18 years and for adults. The total dietary amino acid requirements calculated for these age groups were divided by the mean protein requirement to give the scoring pattern which should be used to adjust digestible intakes to identify the available protein in specific diets. However because the adult values were determined in subjects at protein intakes much higher than the mean minimum protein requirement, i.e. at 1 g/kg/d rather than 0·66 g/kg/d, the pattern is likely to include higher values than the minimum requirement and should therefore be referenced against the safe allowance.
Gut luminal endogenous protein: Implications for the determination of ileal amino acid digestibility in humans
Authors: Moughan Paul J. , Rutherfurd Shane M. 
Published: October 2012

The true ileal digestibility assay provides the most informative measure of digestibility to assess bioavailability of amino acids in foods for humans. To determine ‘true’ estimates of ileal amino acid digestibility, requires that endogenous amino acids present in digesta at the terminal ileum be quantified. The amounts of endogenous amino acids in ileal digesta can be determined after feeding an animal or human a protein-free diet (traditional approach) or by various methods after giving a protein-containing diet. When the protein-free method has been applied with adult human subjects an overall mean value (three separate studies) for endogenous ileal nitrogen flow of 800 mg N/d has been reported. This value is considerably lower than a comparable value obtained after feeding protein of 1852 mg N/d (mean of four separate studies), and thus endogenous ileal N and amino acids should be measured under conditions of protein alimentation. There is some confusion concerning the terminology used to define digestibility, with the term “true” digestibility having different adopted meanings. Here, true amino acid digestibility is defined as apparent amino acid digestibility corrected for the basal amino acid losses determined after giving either a protein-free or a protein-containing diet. Basal losses should be determined at a defined dry-matter and protein intake. The protein-free diet approach to determining endogenous amino acids is considered unphysiological and basal losses refer to ileal endogenous amino acid flows associated with digesta dry-matter flow, and not including “specific” effects of dietary factors such as non starch polysaccharides and anti nutritional factors. Arguments are advanced that the enzyme hydrolysed protein/ultra filtration method may be suitable for routine application with a cannulated pig model, to obtain physiologically-valid basal estimates of ileal endogenous amino acids to allow calculation of true ileal amino acid digestibility in the pig, and then prediction (via statistical relationships) of true coefficients of amino acid digestibility in humans.
Dietary protein requirements and adaptive advantages in athletes
Authors: Phillips Stuart M. 
Published: October 2012

Dietary guidelines from a variety of sources are generally congruent that an adequate dietary protein intake for persons over the age of 19 is between 0·8–0·9 g protein/kg body weight/d. According to the US/Canadian Dietary Reference Intakes, the RDA for protein of 0·8 g protein/kg/d is “…the average daily intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all [~98 %]… healthy individuals…” The panel also states that “…no additional dietary protein is suggested for healthy adults undertaking resistance or endurance exercise.” These recommendations are in contrast to recommendations from the US and Canadian Dietetic Association: “Protein recommendations for endurance and strength trained athletes range from 1·2 to 1·7 g/kg/d.” The disparity between those setting dietary proteinrequirementsand those who might be considered to be makingpractical recommendationsfor athletes is substantial. This may reflect a situation where an adaptive advantage of protein intakes higher than recommended protein requirements exists. That population protein requirements are still based on nitrogen balance may also be a point of contention since achieving balanced nitrogen intake and excretion likely means little to an athlete who has the primary goal of exercise performance. The goal of the present review is to critically analyse evidence from both acute and chronic dietary protein-based studies in which athletic performance, or correlates thereof, have been measured. An attempt will be made to distinguish between protein requirements set by data from nitrogen balance studies, and a potential adaptive ‘advantage’ for athletes of dietary protein in excess of the RDA.
Dietary protein – its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health
Authors: Westerterp-Plantenga Margriet S. , Lemmens Sofie G. , Westerterp Klaas R. 
Published: October 2012

Obesity is a serious health problem because of its co-morbidities. The solution, implying weight loss and long-term weight maintenance, is conditional on: (i) sustained satiety despite negative energy balance, (ii) sustained basal energy expenditure despite BW loss due to (iii) a sparing of fat-free mass (FFM), being the main determinant of basal energy expenditure. Dietary protein has been shown to assist with meeting these conditions, since amino acids act on the relevant metabolic targets. This review deals with the effects of different protein diets during BW loss and BW maintenance thereafter. Potential risks of a high protein diet are dealt with. The required daily intake is 0·8–1·2 g/kg BW, implying sustaining the original absolute protein intake and carbohydrate and fat restriction during an energy-restricted diet. The intake of 1·2 g/kg BW is beneficial to body composition and improves blood pressure. A too low absolute protein content of the diet contributes to the risk of BW regain. The success of the so-called ‘low carb’ diet that is usually high in protein can be attributed to the relatively high-protein content per se and not to the relatively lower carbohydrate content. Metabolic syndrome parameters restore, mainly due to BW loss. With the indicated dosage, no kidney problems have been shown in healthy individuals. In conclusion, dietary protein contributes to the treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome, by acting on the relevant metabolic targets of satiety and energy expenditure in negative energy balance, thereby preventing a weight cycling effect.