bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Time‐Since‐Fire on Vegetation Composition and Structures in Semi‐Arid Perennial Grassland on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Wu Gao‐Lin , Zhao Ling‐Ping , Wang Dong , Shi Zhi‐Hua 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAlthough there is an increased understanding of fire's role in maintaining grassland ecosystems, few studies on vegetation develops after a fire disturbance has been reported in arid perennial grasslands on the Loess Plateau. To understand how vegetation recovers after a fire disturbance, we studied three grassland sites with different times since last fire in arid steppe on the Loess Plateau, China. Results showed that 2 years after a fire, total cover, species abundance, and diversity rapidly recovered and increased to higher than unburned grasslands. Rapid recovery after a fire disturbance was mainly attributed to the removal of litter which provided better microhabitats for lower dominance species and the vegetative regeneration of perennial species following fire. Fire has little effects on the composition of grassland species in the long run if the grasslands were dominated by perennial species because asexual recruitment plays an important role in the vegetation recovery after fire. The accumulated litter seems not a major reason explaining why fire does not significantly alter vegetation composition in studied grasslands. Low frequency fire is helpful to the renewal of grassland. Our results suggested that opportune fire is an effective regulator of plant composition and maintenance in arid grassland.
Morphology of 9p21 homozygous deletion‐positive pleural mesothelioma cells analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization and virtual microscope system in effusion cytology
Authors: Matsumoto Shinji , Nabeshima Kazuki , Kamei Toshiaki , Hiroshima Kenzo , Kawahara Kunimitsu , Hata Sakae , Marukawa Katsuji , Matsuno Yoshihiro , Taguchi Kenichi , Tsujimura Tohru 
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUNDIn malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), most patients first present with pleural effusion; thus, cytologic analysis is the primary diagnostic approach. However, the cytologic distinction between MPM and reactive mesothelial cells (RMCs) in effusions can be extremely difficult due to the lack of both well‐established immunocytochemical markers and definite cytological criteria for MPM. Moreover, the existence of both MPM cells and RMCs in effusions from the same patient makes the differentiation even more challenging. Homozygous deletion of the 9p21 locus, the site of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/p16 (CDKN2A/p16) gene, frequently occurs in MPM but has never been reported in RMCs. The aim of this study was to define the cytomorphological characteristics of MPM cells, identified by the presence of 9p21 homozygous deletion by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).METHODSFor this purpose, cells on smear preparations were recorded using a virtual microscope system and were subjected to FISH analysis. Thereafter, 9p21 homozygous deletion‐positive cells were identified in the recorded virtual slides, followed by analysis of their morphological characteristics.RESULTSMesothelioma cells positive for the 9p21 homozygous deletion exhibited significantly more frequent cell‐in‐cell engulfment, multinucleation (more than 2 nuclei), and larger multicellular clusters composed of more than 10 cells than did 9p21 deletion‐negative RMCs. Possible cutoff values are also proposed for these morphological markers to differentiate MPM cells from RMCs.CONCLUSIONSThese morphological differences and cutoff values are useful for cytological differentiation of mesothelioma cells from RMCs. In addition, the novel technique of a combination of virtual microscopy and FISH is introduced for tumor morphological analysis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:415–22. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Should high‐risk adolescents have Papanicolaou tests?
Authors: Ma Ly T. , Campbell Gerald A. , Richardson Gwyn , Schnadig Vicki J. 
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUNDThe current American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines state that cervical cancer screening should begin at age 21 years, regardless of sexual or obstetric history. However, previous studies have demonstrated that there is a small but significant subset of high‐risk adolescents with extensive sexual and obstetric history who harbor a significant squamous cervical lesion. The objective of the current study was to use histologic and demographic data from adolescents (aged <21 years) who received Papanicolaou (Pap) tests to determine whether they benefited from early cervical cancer screening.METHODSAdolescent girls who had Pap tests between 2000 and 2010 were included in the study. Demographic data, including obstetric history, number of sexual partners, age of first coitus, age at first pregnancy, menarche, smoking history, and Chlamydia and syphilis infection, were analyzed for associations with levels of cervical dysplasia.RESULTSOf 56,785 adolescent Pap tests, 277 (0.5%) were diagnosed as high‐grade squamous HSIL, and 56 of those Pap tests (20%) were from patients who had grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN‐3) on subsequent biopsy and/or excision. One patient had microinvasive cervical carcinoma identified on loop electrosurgical excision procedure at age 27 years after an HSIL Pap test. Increased parity was associated significantly with higher rates of CIN‐3.CONCLUSIONSThe study findings indicated that current American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines to begin Pap testing at age 21 years are appropriate for the majority of adolescents, because the rate of HSIL is very low, and the risk for invasive carcinoma is minimal. Although higher parity was associated with a significantly increased grade of CIN, the conclusions are questionable because of the significant amount of missing demographic data points. That being said, this study should lead to other similar studies to determine any association of higher grade CIN with adolescent sexual and obstetric history. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:432–9. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Potential therapeutic biomarkers in plasma cell myeloma: A flow cytometry study
Authors: Zheng Wenli , Liu Dingshen , Fan Xiangshan , Powers Linda , Goswami Maitrayee , Hu Ying , Lin Pei , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Wang Sa A. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate the expression profile of potential therapeutic biomarkers in plasma cell myeloma (PCM) by multicolor flow cytometry analysis.MethodsBone marrow (BM) specimens were collected consecutively and analyzed using a routine PCM panel (CD38/CD138/CD45/CD19/CD20/CD28/CD56/CD117, cyto‐kappa/lambda). The specimens were further assessed for CD30, CD44, CD49d, CD70, CD105, and CD184 expression in cases containing a substantial number of neoplastic plasma cells.ResultsTotally, 101 patient BM samples were assessed, including 58 men and 43 women, with a median age of 64 years (34–89). Twenty‐nine patients had newly diagnosed/untreated PCM, 40 had persistent/residual disease undergoing various therapies and 32 had relapsed disease. CD49d was expressed brightly and uniformly in all 45 patients tested. Expression of CD44 and CD184 was more variable with a median percentage of 77% (1–100) and 65% (5–100) respectively. Using an arbitrary 20% cutoff, CD44 was positive in 74 (73%) and CD184 in 92 (91%) cases with a mean fluorescence intensity ratio of 42.8 and 21.4. A higher CD44 expression was observed in patients with recurrent/persistent disease (P = 0.028). Additionally, both CD44 (P = 0.002) and CD184 (P = 0.026) showed higher expressions in CD117‐positive cases, but there was no correlation with cytogenetic groups. The CD30, CD70, and CD105 were expressed very infrequently in PCM, with a median expression of 0.2%, 0.2%, and 0.4% respectively.ConclusionsCD49d, CD44, and CD184, are highly expressed in PCM. CD49d expression is bright and uniform, whereas CD44 and CD184 are more heterogeneous. In contrast, surface CD30, CD70, and CD105 are infrequent. These data provide useful preclinical information for the design of potential novel targeted therapies in PCM patients. © 2013 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Shear‐induced permeability anisotropy of simulated serpentinite gouge produced by triaxial deformation experiments
Authors: Okazaki Keishi , Katayama Ikuo , Noda Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe have determined the permeability of antigorite serpentinite gouge in three orthogonal directions during frictional experiments using a triaxial gas apparatus to better understand fluid flow in subduction fault zones. The experiments were conducted at room temperature, a confining pressure of 150 MPa, a pore pressure of 100 MPa, and a constant slip rate of 0.58 µm/s. Although the initial permeabilities are similar in all directions, anisotropy develops during deformation, with the permeability normal to the shear plane becoming one order of magnitude lower than in the other directions when the shear stress reaches steady state. Formation of such permeability anisotropies may enhance fluid flow along the subduction plate interface and serpentinite‐bearing fault zones, important in evaluating potentially heterogeneous distribution of fluid pressure along the fault and in understanding the spatio‐temporal variation in the seismic activity.
Seasonality and magnitude of floods in Switzerland under future climate change
Authors: Köplin N. , Schädler B. , Viviroli D. , Weingartner R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe flood seasonality of catchments in Switzerland is likely to change under climate change because of anticipated alterations of precipitation as well as snow accumulation and melt. Information on this change is crucial for flood protection policies, for example, or regional flood frequency analysis. We analysed projected changes in mean annual and maximum floods of a 22‐year period for 189 catchments in Switzerland and two scenario periods in the 21st century based on an ensemble of climate scenarios. The flood seasonality was analysed with directional statistics that allow assessing both changes in the mean date a flood occurs as well as changes in the strength of the seasonality. We found that the simulated change in flood seasonality is a function of the change in flow regime type. If snow accumulation and melt is important in a catchment during the control period, then the anticipated change in flood seasonality is most pronounced. Decreasing summer precipitation in the scenarios additionally affects the flood seasonality (mean date of flood occurrence) and leads to a decreasing strength of seasonality, that is a higher temporal variability in most cases. The magnitudes of mean annual floods and more clearly of maximum floods (in a 22‐year period) are expected to increase in the future because of changes in flood‐generating processes and scaled extreme precipitation. Southern alpine catchments show a different signal, though: the simulated mean annual floods decrease in the far future, that is at the end of the 21st century. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biopolymer production in a fed‐batch reactor using optimal feeding strategies
Authors: Lai Song‐Yi , Kuo Po‐Chih , Wu Wei , Jang Ming‐Feng , Chou Yi‐Shyong 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundPolyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), an important member of the family of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), is a biodegradable thermoplastic synthesized by numerous microorganisms under different cultivation conditions.ResultsA simple dynamic model for producing PHB in a fed‐batch reactor is presented. The kinetic model accuracy is quantified by the specific error measures. The dynamic manipulation scheme with prescribed stepwise changes is used to improve PHB productivity. A multi‐objective optimization algorithm is used to determine the optimal feeding strategy.ConclusionReduced kinetic models in a mixed culture cultivation process for PHB production are successfully verified. An optimization‐based feeding strategy with stepwise changes has been derived and successfully validated. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Simulating the surface energy balance over two contrasting urban environments using the Community Land Model Urban
Authors: Demuzere Matthias , Oleson Keith , Coutts Andrew M. , Pigeon Gregoire , van Lipzig Nicole P. M. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTA single‐layer urban canopy model Community Land Model Urban (CLMU) is evaluated over two contrasting urban environments of Toulouse (France) and Melbourne (Australia). For the latter, three measurement sites are available characterized by a varying amount of vegetation, which supports a detailed assessment of the representation of urban vegetation in CLMU. For Toulouse, observed roof, wall and road surface temperatures allow for a detailed evaluation of the anthropogenic heat parameterization. Overall, CLMU performs well in simulating the canyon and urban surface temperatures, anthropogenic heat flux and urban energy balance, with an overall better performance for the dense old city centre of Toulouse in comparison to the more vegetated sites in Melbourne. Results for the latter sites reveal that the pervious road fraction provides a reasonable approximation of vegetation in the urban canyon while the tile approach often results in an underestimation of latent heat fluxes. A detailed analysis of the radiative, turbulent and anthropogenic heat fluxes as well as surface temperatures for Toulouse point to a complex interaction between urban surfaces and canyon properties. Decoupling the roof from the urban canyon to the atmosphere aloft is shown to be important. Our findings suggest that more evaluation is necessary for contrasting urban geometries in order to obtain a better understanding of the interaction between the roof surface on the one hand and canyon air and air aloft on the other hand. The results simultaneously reveal a trade‐off in errors between surface temperatures, radiative and turbulent fluxes and anthropogenic heat which again stresses the importance of the intended model application. Also, our results suggest that model complexity should, perhaps, relate to the site complexity. These results provide a robust basis for the construction of additional sensitivity experiments, tailored towards the intended application for urban climate mitigation studies.
On trace spaces of 2‐microlocal Besov spaces with variable integrability
Authors: Moura Susana D. , Neves Júlio S. , Schneider Cornelia 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe study traces in 2‐microlocal Besov spaces with variable integrability on hyperplanes using atomic decompositions. Our results cover spaces of variable smoothness and also weighted spaces studied extensively in recent years.
Prevalence and clinical classification of tremor in elderly—A community‐based survey in Brazil
Authors: Barbosa Maira Tonidandel , Caramelli Paulo , Cunningham Mauro César Quintão , Maia Débora Palma , Lima‐Costa Maria Fernanda Furtado , Cardoso Francisco 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTPrevalence data on different types of tremor among the elderly population are very scarce. The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of tremor in a community‐dwelling elderly population in the town of Bambuí, Brazil. The authors studied 1186 inhabitants aged≥64 years. This was a 2‐phase study in which all participants who screened positive in a questionnaire for tremor and parkinsonism or who used drugs capable of causing/suppressing tremor were examined. In this population, the prevalence rate was 17.4% for tremor, 7.4% for essential tremor, 5.6% for parkinsonian tremor, 2.8% for enhanced physiological tremor, and 1.6% for other causes. There were no gender differences in prevalence rates for all types. Patients who had Parkinson's disease with tremor were older than those who had essential tremor, whereas patients who had enhanced physiological tremor were significantly younger. The age‐specific prevalence of tremor increased with advancing age for both men and women. The prevalence of tremor in the studied population was high and increased with advancing age. Essential tremor, parkinsonian tremor, and enhanced physiological tremor were the most commonly identified causes. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Prenatal chromosomal microarray analysis: a survey of prenatal genetic counselors' experiences and attitudes
Authors: Mikhaelian Marina , Veach Patricia McCarthy , MacFarlane Ian , LeRoy Bonnie S. , Bower Matthew 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveStudies showing the efficacy and accuracy of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in prenatal diagnosis may position it as a first‐tier prenatal test. This study seeks to characterize the practices and attitudes of North American prenatal genetic counselors regarding CMA.MethodGenetic counselors (N = 196) in Canada and the USA responded to an anonymous online survey. Completed surveys were analyzed (n = 160).ResultsMost respondents viewed CMA as useful (73%), presented CMA to patients (84%), and had ordered CMA at least once (69%). The use of full versus targeted arrays varied. Logistic regression analyses identified three significant predictors for the view that prenatal CMA is useful: more prenatal counseling experience, younger age, and previously presenting CMA to a patient. Three factors predicted the likelihood of offering CMA to prenatal patients: percentage of time spent in prenatal practice, belief that CMA is useful, and practicing in the USA (versus Canada). Reasons cited for not using CMA included financial concerns, the possibility of ambiguous results, and ethical concerns. Most respondents (n = 111) believed that ambiguous results are an ethical issue.ConclusionClinical guidelines for prenatal CMA, further research on specific copy number variants, and broader availability of targeted arrays to reduce ambiguous results are needed. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with an InGaN back‐barrier grown by ammonia‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Rennesson S. , Damilano B. , Vennéguès P. , Chenot S. , Cordier Y. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe report on the study of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) incorporating an InGaN back‐barrier grown by ammonia‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy (NH3‐MBE). The structural characterizations confirm the good crystalline quality of the heterostructure and the pseudomorphic growth of InGaN. This is also verified by the Hall effect mobility of about 2130 cm2 V−1 s−1. The associated two‐dimensional electron gas carrier concentration is in the range of 8 × 1012 cm−2 for heterostructures grown on GaN:Fe‐on‐sapphire templates. Normal DC transistor operation is observed. Similar results have been obtained on silicon substrates. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with an InGaN back‐barrier grown by NH3‐MBE.
Experimental and theoretical study of electrical, thermal, and optical characteristics of InGaN/GaN high‐power flip‐chip LEDs
Authors: Chernyakov A. E. , Bulashevich K. A. , Karpov S. Yu. , Zakgeim A. L. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractComprehensive analysis of current spreading, temperature distribution, and near‐field electroluminescence (EL) of high‐power flip‐chip InGaN/GaN light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) has been performed by combination of experimental and theoretical methods. High‐resolution mapping of EL and thermal radiation was obtained by optical and infra‐red (IR) microscopes. Thermal resistance of the chip was measured by forward‐voltage relaxation technique. 3D coupled electrical, thermal, and optical simulations were carried out using hybrid 1D/3D model. The theoretical predictions agree well with available observations. The lateral distributions of the near‐field EL intensity and temperature are found to be qualitatively similar to that of the current density but to have substantially lower degree of non‐uniformity. Therefore, it becomes incorrect to judge the current crowding in the LED chip by the measured contrast of the EL image. The role of contact resistances in stabilization of the current spreading pattern is revealed by modeling.
Radiation resistance and generation of pinning centers in composite HTSC under heavy ion irradiation
Authors: Mikhailova Galina , Antonova Landysh , Troitskii Alexey , Didyk Alexander , Malginov Vladimir , Demikhov Timofey , Suvorova Elena 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe effect of irradiation with heavy ions 40Ar8+ (48MeV), 132Xe27+ (167MeV) and 84Kr17+ (107 MeV) on the critical temperature (Tc) and critical current (Ic) of YBCO(123) composite tapes was investigated. It was found that threshold values were 5 × 1012 and 1 × 1013 ion/cm2 for 132Xe27+ and 84Kr17+ irradiation, correspondently. Critical current measured at T = 77 K increased for the lower 40Ar8+ and 84Kr17+ fluencies compared to the initial values.The formation of radiation defects that could be effective pinning centers of Abrikosov vortices resulted in the increase of the critical current. The calculations of track diameters produced by 84Kr17+ ions with energy 1.2 MeV/amu in the composite YBCO tape showed the good agreement with the experimental ones. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM and scanning TEM were used to study defects induced by irradiation. The diameter of defects obtained from TEM was in the range from 3 to 5 nm. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanotechnology for implantable sensors: carbon nanotubes and graphene in medicine
Authors: Wujcik Evan K. , Monty Chelsea N. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractImplantable sensors utilizing nanotechnology are at the forefront of diagnostic, medical monitoring, and biological technologies. These sensors are often equipped with nanostructured carbon allotropes, such as graphene or carbon nanotubes (CNTs), because of their unique and often enhanced properties over forms of bulk carbon, such as diamond or graphite. Because of these properties, the fundamental and applied research of these carbon nanomaterials have become some of the most cited topics in scientific literature in the past decades. The age of carbon nanomaterials is simply budding, however, and is expected to have a major impact in many areas. These areas include electronics, photonics, plasmonics, energy capture (including batteries, fuel cells, and photovoltaics), and—the emphasis of this review—biosensors and sensor technologies. The following review will discuss future prospects of the two most commonly used carbon allotropes in implantable sensors for nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology, CNTs and graphene. Sufficient further reading and resources have been provided for more in‐depth and specific reading that is outside the scope of this general review. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:233–249. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1213This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing
Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants
Engineering multifunctional nanoparticles: all‐in‐one versus one‐for‐all
Authors: Huynh Elizabeth , Zheng Gang 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMultifunctional nanoparticles have been developed to overcome the conventional hurdles associated with the diagnosis and treatment of disease. However, there are often caveats involved with the development and clinical translation of multifunctional nanoparticles largely regarding the notion that additional functionality increases nanoparticle complexity. Here, we discuss two design concepts, a conventional approach, ‘all‐in‐one’, and introduce the concept of ‘one‐for‐all’ to suggest that multifunctionality does not necessarily result in multicomponent complex nanoparticles. This review focuses on the design concepts of all‐in‐one and one‐for‐all with examples of each approach and a discussion on the implications for clinical translation. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:250–265. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1217This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease