bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coastal buildings and infrastructure flood risk analysis using multi‐attribute decision‐making
Authors: Mojtahedi S.M.H. , Oo B.L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAlthough a few natural hazard mitigation policies and techniques exist to provide resilience to built environmental Australian communities, few empirical studies have been conducted to develop tools that measure the vulnerability of states and territories to flood disasters. This paper proposes an approach to analyse and rank the vulnerabilities of Australian states and territories, in terms of their coastal buildings and transport infrastructures, to flood disasters by considering socio‐economic and built environment attributes independently and simultaneously, using a multi‐attribute decision‐making tool. The results show remarkable changes occurring in ranking states and territories when both socio‐economic and the built environment attributes were considered simultaneously. Queensland is the most vulnerable state in Australia based on socio‐economic exposure analysis, but it ranks second, followed by Western Australia, based on the built environment exposure analysis. These results would assist government and other institutes to prepare high‐level natural hazard mitigation planning.
Childhood adiposity trajectories and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents
Authors: Ayonrinde Oyekoya T , Olynyk John K , Marsh Julie A , Beilin Lawrence J , Mori Trevor A , Oddy Wendy H , Adams Leon A 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground and AimNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its metabolic risk factors are recognized during childhood and adolescence. Identification of adolescents at risk of NAFLD from childhood anthropometry may expose opportunities to influence the hepatic and metabolic destinies of individuals. We sought associations between NAFLD diagnosed during adolescence and earlier life trajectories of anthropometry, in a population‐based cohort of predominantly Caucasian adolescents.MethodsAssessment for NAFLD, using questionnaires and liver ultrasound, was performed on 1170 adolescents, aged 17 years, from the population‐based Raine cohort. We sought associations between NAFLD in adolescents and serial anthropometric measurements recorded from birth, childhood, and adolescence.ResultsNAFLD was diagnosed in 15.2% of adolescents. Birth anthropometry, including birth weight, skinfold thickness, and ponderal index, was not associated with NAFLD. However, adiposity differences between 17‐year‐old adolescents with NAFLD and those without NAFLD were apparent from age 3 years. Greater adiposity trajectories for weight, body mass index, skinfold thickness, mid‐arm circumference, and chest circumference from age 3 years onwards, particularly in males, were associated with the diagnosis of NAFLD and severity of hepatic steatosis at age 17 years (P < 0.05). The strength of the associations increased with age after 3 years for each adiposity measure (all P < 0.001).ConclusionsTrajectories of childhood adiposity are associated with NAFLD. Adiposity attained by 3 years of age and older, but not at birth, was associated with the diagnosis and severity of hepatic steatosis in late adolescence. Exploration of clinically relevant risk factors and preventative measures for NAFLD should begin during childhood.
Lipopolysaccharide enhanced renal vascular response to endothelin‐1 through ETA overexpression in portal hypertensive rats
Authors: Chuang Chiao‐Lin , Huang Hui‐Chun , Chang Ching‐Chih , Lee Fa‐Yauh , Wu Jaw‐Ching , Lee Jing‐Yi , Hsieh Hsian‐Guey , Lee Shou‐Dong 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground and AimHypo‐perfusion resulting from intense renal vasoconstriction is traditionally contributed to renal dysfunction in advanced liver disease, although cumulative studies demonstrated renal vasodilatation with impaired vascular contractility to endogenous vasoconstrictors in portal hypertension and compensated liver cirrhosis. The pathophysiology of altered renal hemodynamics remains unclear. This study, using a rat model of portal hypertension with superimposed endotoxemia, was designed to delineate the evolution of renal vascular reactivity and vaso‐regulatory gene expression during liver disease progression.MethodsRats were randomized into sham surgery (SHAM) or partial portal vein ligation (PVL). Endotoxemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the seventh day following surgery. Isolated kidney perfusion was performed at 0.5 h or 5 h after LPS to evaluate renal vascular response to endothelin‐1.ResultsIn contrast to impaired vascular contractility of SHAM rats, PVL rats displayed enhanced renal vascular reactivity to endothelin‐1 at 5 h following endotoxemia. There were extensive upregulations of inducible nitric oxide synthase in kidney tissues of endotoxemic rats. The changes of renal endothelin receptor type A (ETA) level paralleled with the changes of renal vascular reactivity in LPS‐treated rats. Compared with SHAM rats, PVL rats showed increased renal ETA and phosphorylated extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (p‐ERK1/2) at 5 h after LPS.ConclusionLPS‐induced systemic hypotension induces a paradoxical change of renal vascular response to endothelin‐1 between SHAM and PVL rats. LPS‐induced renal vascular hyperreactivity in PVL rats was associated with upregulation of renal ETA and subsequent activation of ERK1/2 signaling.
Diet‐induced obesity accelerates the onset of terminal phenotypes in α‐synuclein transgenic mice
Authors: Rotermund Carola , Truckenmüller Felicia M. , Schell Heinrich , Kahle Philipp J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) and diabetes belong to the most common neurodegenerative and metabolic syndromes, respectively. Epidemiological links between these two frequent disorders are controversial. The neuropathological hallmarks of PD are protein aggregates composed of amyloid‐like fibrillar and serine‐129 phosphorylated (pS129) α‐synuclein (AS). To study if diet‐induced obesity could be an environmental risk factor for PD‐related α‐synucleinopathy, transgenic (TG) mice, expressing the human mutant A30P AS in brain neurons, were subjected after weaning to a lifelong high fat diet (HFD). The TG mice became obese and glucose‐intolerant, as did the wild‐type controls. Upon aging, HFD significantly accelerated the onset of the lethal locomotor phenotype. Coinciding with the premature movement phenotype and death, HFD accelerated the age of onset of brainstem α‐synucleinopathy as detected by immunostaining with antibodies against pathology‐associated pS129. Amyloid‐like neuropathology was confirmed by thioflavin S staining. Accelerated onset of neurodegeneration was indicated by Gallyas silver‐positive neuronal dystrophy as well as astrogliosis. Phosphorylation of the activation sites of the pro‐survival signaling intermediate Akt was reduced in younger TG mice after HFD. Thus, diet‐induced obesity may be an environmental risk factor for the development of α‐synucleinopathies. The molecular and cellular mechanisms remain to be further elucidated.
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Life‐long high fat diet (HFD) induces obesity and glucose intolerance in a transgenic mouse model for α‐synucleinopathy and thereby leads to decreased life span as well as accelerated age of onset of the terminal phenotype. This is accompanied by increased neuroinflammation and premature α‐synuclein pathology in the brainstems of the HFD‐fed mice.
Addressing sexual health behaviour during emerging adulthood: a critical review of the literature
Authors: Alexander Kamila A , Jemmott Loretta S , Teitelman Anne M , D'Antonio Patricia 
Published: July 2014

Aims and objectivesIn this critical literature review, we examine evidence‐based interventions that target sexual behaviours of 18‐ to 25‐year‐old emerging adult women.BackgroundNurses and clinicians implement theory‐driven research programmes for young women with increased risk of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections. Strategies to decrease transmission of HIV and sexually transmitted infections are rigorously evaluated and promoted by public health agencies such as the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. While many interventions demonstrate episodic reductions in sexual risk behaviours and infection transmission, there is little evidence they build sustainable skills and behaviours. Programmes may not attend to contextual and affective influences on sexual behaviour change.DesignDiscursive paper.MethodsWe conducted a conceptually based literature review and critical analysis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's best‐evidence and good‐evidence HIV behavioural interventions. In this review, we examined three contextual and affective influences on the sexual health of emerging adult women: (1) developmental age, (2) reproduction and pregnancy desires and (3) sexual security or emotional responses accompanying relationship experiences.ResultsOur analyses revealed intervention programmes paid little attention to ways age, desires for pregnancy or emotional factors influence sexual decisions. Some programmes included 18‐ to 25‐year‐olds, but they made up small percentages of the sample and did not attend to unique emerging adult experiences. Second, primary focus on infection prevention overshadowed participant desires for pregnancy. Third, few interventions considered emotional mechanisms derived from relationship experiences involved in sexual decision‐making.ConclusionsGrowing evidence demonstrates sexual health interventions may be more effective if augmented to attend to contextual and affective influences on relationship risks and decision‐making. Modifying currently accepted strategies may enhance sustainability of sexual health‐promoting behaviours.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study provides nurses and public health educators with recommendations for broadening the content of sexual health promotion intervention programming.
Financial Intermediaries and the Cross‐Section of Asset Returns
Authors: ADRIAN TOBIAS , ETULA ERKKO , MUIR TYLER 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTFinancial intermediaries trade frequently in many markets using sophisticated models. Their marginal value of wealth should therefore provide a more informative stochastic discount factor (SDF) than that of a representative consumer. Guided by theory, we use shocks to the leverage of securities broker‐dealers to construct an intermediary SDF. Intuitively, deteriorating funding conditions are associated with deleveraging and high marginal value of wealth. Our single‐factor model prices size, book‐to‐market, momentum, and bond portfolios with an R2 of 77% and an average annual pricing error of 1%—performing as well as standard multifactor benchmarks designed to price these assets.
3D and 2D Marginal Fit of Pressed and CAD/CAM Lithium Disilicate Crowns Made from Digital and Conventional Impressions
Authors: Anadioti Evanthia , Aquilino Steven A. , Gratton David G. , Holloway Julie A. , Denry Isabelle , Thomas Geb W. , Qian Fang 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeThis in vitro study evaluated the 3D and 2D marginal fit of pressed and computer‐aided‐designed/computer‐aided‐manufactured (CAD/CAM) all‐ceramic crowns made from digital and conventional impressions.Materials and MethodsA dentoform tooth (#30) was prepared for an all‐ceramic crown (master die). Thirty type IV definitive casts were made from 30 polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impressions. Thirty resin models were produced from thirty Lava Chairside Oral Scanner impressions. Thirty crowns were pressed in lithium disilicate (IPS e.max Press; 15/impression technique). Thirty crowns were milled from lithium disilicate blocks (IPS e.max CAD; 15/impression technique) using the E4D scanner and milling engine. The master die and the intaglio of the crowns were digitized using a 3D laser coordinate measurement machine with accuracy of ±0.00898 mm. For each specimen a separate data set was created for the Qualify 2012 software. The digital master die and the digital intaglio of each crown were merged using best‐fitting alignment. An area above the margin with 0.75 mm occlusal‐gingival width circumferentially was defined. The 3D marginal fit of each specimen was an average of all 3D gap values on that area. For the 2D measurements, the marginal gap was measured at two standardized points (on the margin and at 0.75 mm above the margin), from standardized facial‐lingual and mesial‐distal digitized sections. One‐way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference and two‐way ANOVA tests were used, separately, for statistical analysis of the 3D and 2D marginal data (alpha = 0.05).ResultsOne‐way ANOVA revealed that both 3D and 2D mean marginal gap for group A: PVS impression/IPS e.max Press (0.048 mm ± 0.009 and 0.040 mm ± 0.009) were significantly smaller than those obtained from the other three groups (p < 0.0001), while no significant differences were found among groups B: PVS impression/IPS e.max CAD (0.088 mm ± 0.024 and 0.076 mm ± 0.023), C: digital impression/IPS e.max Press (0.089 mm ± 0.020 and 0.075 mm ± 0.015) and D: digital impression/IPS e.max CAD (0.084 mm ± 0.021 and 0.074 mm ± 0.026). The results of two‐way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between impression techniques and crown fabrication methods for both 3D and 2D measurements.ConclusionsThe combination of PVS impression method and press fabrication technique produced the most accurate 3D and 2D marginal fits.
Effect of Thermocycling on the Shear Bond Strength of Different Resins Bonded to Thermoplastic Foil Applied in Occlusal Splint Therapy
Authors: Wieckiewicz Mieszko , Boening Klaus W. , Richter Gert , Wieckiewicz Wlodzimierz 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeTemporomandibular disorders are a group of symptoms related to the impaired function of the temporomandibular joints and associated muscles. Occlusal splint therapy is a common treatment in the aforementioned syndrome. One of the methods of manufacturing occlusal splints is to place a polymer on thermoplastic foil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of light‐ and self‐cured resins bonded to thermoplastic foil dependent on artificial aging.Materials and MethodsThirty cylinders composed of light‐cured resin and 30 cylinders made of self‐cured resin were attached to 60 rectangular thermoplastic plates. All specimens were divided into six groups. A control study was conducted for groups 1 and 2. The other preparation groups were subjected to thermocycling by setting appropriately 1000 cycles for groups 3 and 4 and 3000 cycles for groups 5 and 6 in distilled water. Bond strength was measured in a universal testing machine. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using the Mann‐Whitney U test (p≤ 0.05).ResultsThe statistics revealed that the values of the shear bond strength for specimens composed of self‐cured resin after 1000 and 3000 thermocycles were significantly higher than on those made of light‐cured resin (p= 0.003 andp= 0.002).ConclusionThe shear bond strength between the self‐cured resin and the thermoplastic foil was higher and more resistant to aging than the shear bond strength between the light‐cured resin and the thermoplastic foil.
Assisted conception, maternal personality and parenting: Associations with toddler sleep behaviour
Authors: Johnson Nikki , McMahon Catherine , Gibson Frances 
Published: July 2014

AimTo explore the role of maternal personality (hardiness), sleep‐related cognitions and bedtime involvement in child sleep behaviour during the second post‐natal year in a sample of spontaneous and assisted conception first‐time mothers.MethodMothers (n = 134 (spontaneous (n = 81); assisted (n = 53) conception)) reported on a resilience measure (hardiness) during pregnancy and child sleep at 7 and 19 months post‐partum. At 19 months post‐partum, mothers also reported on their cognitions and involvement around their child's bedtime, and half the sample used Actigraph monitors (Acitiwatch‐16, Mini Mitter Co. Inc, Bend, OR, USA) to validate maternal report of child sleep.ResultsNo significant differences were found between spontaneous and assisted conception mothers on any of the study variables; therefore, assisted and spontaneous samples were combined. Structural equation modelling confirmed that lower pre‐birth maternal hardiness was associated with more problematic sleep‐related cognitions (β = 0.23, P < 0.01) and involvement at bedtime (β = 0.29, P < 0.01) and poorer child sleep outcomes (β = −0.33, P < 0.001) during toddlerhood, even after considering concurrent maternal mood and child temperament.ConclusionsPre‐birth maternal hardiness rather than mode of conception contributes to parenting cognitions and behaviour around child sleep and, ultimately, toddlers' sleep outcomes. Findings suggest that targeting negative maternal perceptions of control and efficacy through clinical interventions could benefit toddlers' sleep.
Increased sensitivity to tryptophan bioavailability is a positive adaptation by the human strains of Chlamydia pneumoniae
Authors: Chacko Anu , Barker Christopher J. , Beagley Kenneth W. , Hodson Mark P. , Plan Manuel R. , Timms Peter , Huston Wilhelmina M. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryOne of the most significant activities induced by interferon‐gamma against intracellular pathogens is the induction of IDO (indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase) expression, which subsequently results in the depletion of tryptophan. We tested the hypothesis that human strains of Chlamydia pneumoniae are more sensitive to tryptophan limitation than animal C. pneumoniae strains. The human strains were significantly more sensitive to IFN‐γ than the animal strains in a lung epithelia cell model (BEAS‐2B), with exposure to 1 U ml−1 IFN‐γ resulting in complete loss of infectious yield of human strains, compared to the animal strains where reductions in infectious progeny were around 3.5–4.0 log. Strikingly, the IFN‐γ induced loss of ability to form infectious progeny production was completely rescued by removal of the IFN‐γ and addition of exogenous tryptophan for the human strains, but not the animal strains. In fact, a human heart strain was more capable of entering a non‐infectious, viable persistent stage when exposed to IFN‐γ and was also more effectively rescued, compared to a human respiratory strain. Exquisite susceptibility to IFN‐γ, specifically due to tryptophan availability appears to be a core adaptation of the human C. pneumoniae strains, which may reflect the chronic nature of their infections in this host.
Are plant–soil feedback responses explained by plant traits?
Authors: Baxendale Catherine , Orwin Kate H. , Poly Franck , Pommier Thomas , Bardgett Richard D. 
Published: July 2014

Summary

Plant–soil feedbacks can influence plant growth and community structure by modifying soil biota and nutrients. Because most research has been performed at the species level and in monoculture, our ability to predict responses across species and in mixed communities is limited. As plant traits have been linked to both soil properties and plant growth, they may provide a useful approach for an understanding of feedbacks at a generic level.

We measured how monocultures and mixtures of grassland plant species with differing traits responded to soil that had been conditioned by model grassland plant communities dominated by either slow‐ or fast‐growing species.

Soils conditioned by the fast‐growing community had higher nitrogen availability than those conditioned by the slow‐growing community; these changes influenced future plant growth. Effects were stronger, and plant traits had greater predictive power, in mixtures than in monocultures. In monoculture, all species produced more above‐ground biomass in soil conditioned by the fast‐growing community. In mixtures, slow‐growing species produced more above‐ground biomass, and fast‐growing species produced more below‐ground biomass, in soils conditioned by species with similar traits.

The use of a plant trait‐based approach may therefore improve our understanding of differential plant species responses to plant–soil feedbacks, especially in a mixed‐species environment.
Tracking the sterol biosynthesis pathway of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Authors: Fabris Michele , Matthijs Michiel , Carbonelle Sophie , Moses Tessa , Pollier Jacob , Dasseville Renaat , Baart Gino J. E. , Vyverman Wim , Goossens Alain 
Published: July 2014

Summary

Diatoms are unicellular photosynthetic microalgae that play a major role in global primary production and aquatic biogeochemical cycling. Endosymbiotic events and recurrent gene transfers uniquely shaped the genome of diatoms, which contains features from several domains of life. The biosynthesis pathways of sterols, essential compounds in all eukaryotic cells, and many of the enzymes involved are evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes. Although well characterized in most eukaryotes, the pathway leading to sterol biosynthesis in diatoms has remained hitherto unidentified.

Through the DiatomCyc database we reconstructed the mevalonate and sterol biosynthetic pathways of the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum in silico. We experimentally verified the predicted pathways using enzyme inhibitor, gene silencing and heterologous gene expression approaches.

Our analysis revealed a peculiar, chimeric organization of the diatom sterol biosynthesis pathway, which possesses features of both plant and fungal pathways. Strikingly, it lacks a conventional squalene epoxidase and utilizes an extended oxidosqualene cyclase and a multifunctional isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase/squalene synthase enzyme.

The reconstruction of the P. tricornutum sterol pathway underscores the metabolic plasticity of diatoms and offers important insights for the engineering of diatoms for sustainable production of biofuels and high‐value chemicals.
The Metaphysics of Desire and Dispositions
Authors: Ashwell Lauren 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThere seems to be some kind of close relationship between desires and behavioral dispositions. While a popular view about the nature of desire is that it essentially involves dispositions towards action, there do seem to be pressing objections to this view. However, recent work on dispositional properties potentially undermines some of the metaphysical assumptions that lie beneath these objections.
Disinfection of Escherichia Coli Gram Negative Bacteria Using Surface Modified TiO2: Optimization of Ag Metallization and Depiction of Charge Transfer Mechanism
Authors: Gomathi Devi LakshmipathiNaik , Nagaraj Basavalingaiah 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe antibacterial activity of silver deposited TiO2 (Ag‐TiO2) against Gram negative Escherichia coli bacteria was investigated by varying the Ag metal content from 0.10 to 0.50% on the surface of TiO2. Ag depositions by the photoreduction method were found to be stable. Surface silver metallization was confirmed by EDAX and XPS studies. Photoluminescence studies show that the charge carrier recombination is less for 0.1% Ag‐TiO2 and this catalyst shows superior bactericidal activity under solar light irradiation compared to Sol gel TiO2 (SG‐TiO2) due to the surface plasmon effect. The energy levels of deposited Ag are dependent on the Ag content and it varies from −4.64 eV to −1.30 eV with respect to the vacuum energy level based on atomic silver to bulk silver deposits. The ability of electron transfer from Ag deposit to O2 depends on the position of the energy levels. The 0.25% and 0.50% Ag depositions showed detrimental effect on bactericidal activity due to the mismatch of energy levels. The effect of the EROS (External generation of the Reactive Oxygen Species by 0.1% Ag‐TiO2) and IROS (Interior generation of Reactive Oxygen Species within the bacteria) on the bactericidal inactivation is discussed in detail.