bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeted destruction of fungal structures of Erysiphe trifoliorum on flat leaf surfaces of Marchantia polymorpha
Authors: Takikawa Y. , Senga Y. , Nonomura T. , Matsuda Y. , Kakutani K. , Toyoda H. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn this study, we observed the germination behaviour of airborne conidia from powdery mildews that settle on thalloid surfaces. We inoculated thalli (flat, sheet‐like leaf tissues) and gemmae (small, flat, sheet‐like leaf tissues that propagate asexually via bud‐like structures) of the common liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha) with conidia from tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici; KTP‐02) and red clover powdery mildew (Erysiphe trifoliorum; KRCP‐4N) and examined their germination and subsequent appressorium formation under a high‐fidelity digital microscope. Conidial bodies and germ tubes of the inoculated KRCP‐4N conidia were destroyed on both the thalli and gemmae. The destruction of these fungal structures was observed only for KRCP‐4N conidia inoculated onto M. polymorpha on both leaf surfaces. No differences in destruction of the KRCP‐4N fungal structures between thalli and gemmae were observed. At 4 h post‐inoculation, destruction of the germ tube tip was observed when it reached the gemmae leaf surface. At 6 h post‐inoculation, the conidial bodies and germ tubes were destroyed. In contrast, KTP‐02 conidia were not destroyed and formed normal, well‐lobed appressoria on the surface of M. polymorpha gemmae.
Oral health champions in long‐term care facilities—a pilot study
Authors: Amerine Carol , Boyd Linda , Bowen Denise M. , Neill Karen , Johnson Tara , Peterson Teri 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis preintervention/postintervention pilot study examined impact of onsite support by a dental hygiene champion (DHC) on oral health and quality of life (QOL) of elderly residents in three long‐term care facilities (LTCFs) in Arkansas. Oral health and oral health‐related QOL were operationalized using the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT) and Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI), respectively. CNAs in Facility A received standardized oral health education/materials with onsite DHC support. Facility B received education/materials only. Facility C served as control. Data analyses included Wilcoxon‐signed rank tests (OHAT) and repeated measures ANOVA (GOHAI) (p ≤ .05). OHAT postintervention data in Facility A showed significant improvements in three measured areas (tongue health, denture status, and oral cleanliness); in Facility B, one area (tongue health); and none in Facility C. No significant differences were found in GOHAI scores across facilities.Findings suggest that the presence of DHCs in LTCFs may positively impact the oral health of CNA‐assisted residents.
Interleukin‐6 level and gene polymorphism in spontaneous miscarriage
Authors: Drozdzik M. , Szlarb N. , Kurzawski M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe aetiology of spontaneous miscarriage, the most common pregnancy complication, remains undefined. One of postulated factors involved in miscarriage pathology is interleukin 6 (IL‐6). Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate IL‐6 and interleukin 6 receptor (IL‐6R) gene polymorphisms in patients with spontaneous miscarriage. One hundred fifty‐seven patients diagnosed with spontaneous miscarriage and age and gestational time matched controls were included in the case–control study. In all study participants circulating IL‐6 levels (chemiluminescent immunoassay) and IL6–174G>C as well as IL6R rs2228145:A>C polymorphisms were evaluated. The distribution of IL6 as well as IL6R alleles and genotypes were similar in the controls and patients with miscarriage. Only a trend of more frequent appearance of −174GC+CC and C allele in the patients with miscarriage was noted. Blood serum concentrations of IL‐6 were significantly elevated in patients with miscarriage vs those with physiological pregnancy. Likewise, IL‐6 concentrations differ significantly with the types of miscarriage. The highest concentrations of the cytokine was seen in subjects with incomplete miscarriage (4.28 ± 4.88 pg/ml) followed by imminent miscarriage (2.97 ± 2.42 pg/ml), and then missed miscarriage (2.07 ± 1.90 pg/ml), being significantly the lowest in missed miscarriage group. No association between the IL6 genotype and IL‐6 serum concentration were noted, both in the miscarriage group and in the control group. The findings of the study support the role of IL‐6 in spontaneous miscarriage irrespectively of its type. However, no correlation between circulating IL‐6 and IL6 gene polymorphism, as well as IL‐6 and IL‐6R polymorphisms associations with spontaneous miscarriage were revealed.
Discourse particles in Colloquial Singapore English
Authors: SMAKMAN DICK , WAGENAAR STEPHANIE 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe research looked into choices by speakers of Colloquial Singapore English with different ethnicities (Chinese, Indian and Malay) in the use of particles whose roots lie not in English. The 76 speakers under investigation used 1,427 such particles in 30 conversations. The general rate of particle usage by the members of each ethnicity was similar. The particleslahandah, whose linguistic origins are unknown and which account for almost 94 per cent of the total particle use, were both frequently used across ethnic groups. The Chinese speakers used these articles less than the other two ethnicities and were more inclined than the other two groups to use Cantonese particles, especiallylor. Two other Cantonese particles,horandleh, were used six and nine times respectively, and these rare instances were exclusively produced by Chinese speakers. Indian speakers did not distinguish between the number of particles in intra‐ and interethnic settings, while the other two groups did, especially the Malay speakers, for this group the difference was significant. Our research shows that while ethnic patterns seem absent in the use of the most frequent CSE particles, infrequent particles may nevertheless reveal such patterns. Future research should focus on infrequent CSE particles.
Effects of policy on English‐medium instruction in Africa
Authors: KAMWANGAMALU NKONKO M. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis study examines the effects of policy on English‐medium instruction in public schools in Africa. The focus is on illiteracy and elite closure. It argues that policy on English‐medium instruction has failed to achieve the key objectives around which it was adopted: spread literacy among and create opportunities for the populace to participate in the socioeconomic and political development of the continent. The paper calls for an inclusive language policy that promotes a dual‐medium educational system including an English‐medium stream and a vernacular‐medium stream to achieve the purported objectives. It warns that for vernacular‐medium education to be accepted by the population, however, it must be vested with comparable material returns that are currently associated only with English‐medium education.
Language choice in multilingual socio‐religious settings in southwest Cameroon
Authors: KOUEGA JEAN‐PAUL , EMALEU CLAIRE‐SOLANGE 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the factors motivating language choice in church in two semi‐urban, multilingual localities of Anglophone Cameroon, namely, Kumba and Mundemba. The informants were priests, catechists, choir leaders and parishioners; and the data were collected through participant observation and a questionnaire. The structural‐functional model proposed by Kouega (2008) was adopted. The findings revealed amongst other facts, that the languages used in these two places were English, Pidgin English, Latin, Lingala and Lamnso’ and those used in one or the other locality were Oroko and Bamileke. These languages were found to be chosen for one or more of the following reasons: the priests were proficient in them, the parishioners understood them, there were religious materials available in them, there were choirs singing in them and, lastly, there existed a collection of captivating lyrics in them.
The language of Hinduism in the US diaspora
Authors: PANDHARIPANDE RAJESHWARI V. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTThe use of English in rituals in the Hindu diaspora in the US is a major change for the religion, since English is excluded from Hindu rituals in India. This paper demonstrates that: (a) this change has impacted the structure of English and the system of Hinduism; (b) Hindu saints, the ‘authority’ in Hinduism, sanction this change; (c) the media further promotes it; and (d) it impacts the degree of functional load and transparency for the languages of rituals while creating di‐systems, or mixed codes with two systems of thought. The implications of this discussion for the theory of language change, maintenance and loss of language will be presented.
Implosion for hyperkähler manifolds
Authors: Dancer Andrew , Kirwan Frances , Swann Andrew 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe introduce an analogue in hyperkähler geometry of the symplectic implosion, in the case of$\mathrm{SU} (n)$actions. Our space is a stratified hyperkähler space which can be defined in terms of quiver diagrams. It also has a description as a non-reductive geometric invariant theory quotient.
Glicci ideals
Authors: Migliore Juan , Nagel Uwe 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA central problem in liaison theory is to decide whether every arithmetically Cohen–Macaulay subscheme of projective $n$-space can be linked by a finite number of arithmetically Gorenstein schemes to a complete intersection. We show that this can indeed be achieved if the given scheme is also generically Gorenstein and we allow the links to take place in an $(n+ 1)$-dimensional projective space. For example, this result applies to all reduced arithmetically Cohen–Macaulay subschemes. We also show that every union of fat points in projective 3-space can be linked in the same space to a union of simple points in finitely many steps, and hence to a complete intersection in projective 4-space.
Positroid varieties: juggling and geometry
Authors: Knutson Allen , Lam Thomas , Speyer David E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWhile the intersection of the Grassmannian Bruhat decompositions for all coordinate flags is an intractable mess, it turns out that the intersection of only the cyclic shifts of one Bruhat decomposition has many of the good properties of the Bruhat and Richardson decompositions. This decomposition coincides with the projection of the Richardson stratification of the flag manifold, studied by Lusztig, Rietsch, Brown–Goodearl–Yakimov and the present authors. However, its cyclic-invariance is hidden in this description. Postnikov gave many cyclic-invariant ways to index the strata, and we give a new one, by a subset of the affine Weyl group we call bounded juggling patterns. We call the strata positroid varieties. Applying results from [A. Knutson, T. Lam and D. Speyer, Projections of Richardson varieties, J. Reine Angew. Math., to appear, arXiv:1008.3939 [math.AG]], we show that positroid varieties are normal, Cohen–Macaulay, have rational singularities, and are defined as schemes by the vanishing of Plücker coordinates. We prove that their associated cohomology classes are represented by affine Stanley functions. This latter fact lets us connect Postnikov’s and Buch–Kresch–Tamvakis’ approaches to quantum Schubert calculus.
H

∞ Switched
Filtering for Networked Systems Based on Delay Occurrence Probabilities1
Authors: Zhang Hui , Shi Yang , Liu Mingxi 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
This paper considers the state estimation problem for discrete-time systems in a network environment. Specifically, the network-induced delay from the sensor node to the estimator node is modeled as a finite set of delays with corresponding occurrence probabilities. The design of H∞ switched filters is proposed. The switching is performed according to the detected time delay. The occurrence probability of the delay is incorporated into the filter design, which can improve the filtering performance. Simulation studies and comparisons illustrate the effectiveness and the improvement of the proposed design method.
Myocardial borders segmentation from cine MR images using bidirectional coupled parametric deformable models
Authors: Sliman Hisham , Khalifa Fahmi , Elnakib Ahmed , Soliman Ahmed , El‐Baz Ayman , Beache Garth M. , Elmaghraby Adel , Gimel'farb Georgy 
Published: August 2013

Purpose:The authors propose 3D (2D + time) novel, fast, robust, bidirectional coupled parametric deformable models that are capable of segmenting left ventricle (LV) wall borders using first‐ and second‐order visual appearance features. The authors examine the effect of the proposed segmentation method on the estimation of global cardiac performance indexes.Methods:First‐order visual appearance of the cine cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) signals (inside and outside the boundary of the deformable model) is modeled with an adaptive linear combination of discrete Gaussians (LCDG). Second‐order visual appearance of the LV wall is accurately modeled with a translational and rotation‐invariant second‐order Markov–Gibbs random field (MGRF). The LCDG parameters are estimated using our previously proposed modification of the EM algorithm, and the potentials of rotationally invariant MGRF are computed analytically.Results:The authors tested the proposed segmentation approach on 15 cine CMR data sets using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and the average distance (AD) between the ground truth and automated segmentation contours. The authors documented an average DSC value of 0.926 ± 0.022 and an average AD value of 2.16 ± 0.60 mm compared to two other level set methods that achieve an average DSC values of 0.904 ± 0.033 and 0.885 ± 0.02; and an average AD values of 2.86 ± 1.35 mm and 5.72 ± 4.70 mm, respectively.Conclusions:The proposed segmentation approach demonstrated superior performance over other methods. Specifically, the comparative results on the publicly available MICCAI 2009 Cardiac MR Left Ventricle Segmentation database documented superior performance of the proposed approach over published methods. Additionally, the high accuracy of our segmentation approach leads to accurate estimation of the global performance indexes, as evidenced by the Bland–Altman analyses of the end‐systolic volume (ESV), end‐diastolic volume (EDV), and the ejection fraction (EF) ratio.
Feasibility of kilovoltage x‐ray energy modulation by gaseous media and its application in contrast‐enhanced radiotherapy
Authors: Facundo‐Flores E. L. , Garnica‐Garza H. M. 
Published: August 2013

Purpose:To present a method to modulate the energy contents of a kilovoltage x‐ray beam that makes use of a gas as the modulating medium. The method is capable of producing arbitrary x‐ray spectra by varying the pressure of the modulating gas and the peak kilovoltage (kVp) of the x‐ray beams whose energy is being modulated.Methods:An aluminum chamber was machined with a 0.5 cm wall thickness, designed to withstand pressures of more than 80 atm. A pressure sensor and electrovalves were used to monitor and regulate the gas pressure. Argon was used as the modulating gas. A CdTe spectrometer was used to measure x‐ray spectra for different combinations of kVp and gas pressure, thus obtaining a set of basis x‐ray functions. An arbitrary x‐ray spectrum can then be formed by the linear combination of such basis functions. In order to show one possible application of the modulation method, a contrast‐enhanced radiotherapy prostate treatment was optimized with respect to the x‐ray beam energy, without restrictions on the possible shape of the resultant x‐ray spectra.Results:The x‐ray spectra basis functions obtained display a smooth and gradual variation of their average energy as a function of the gas pressure for a given kVp, sometimes in the order of 1 or 2 keV. This gradual variation would be difficult to obtain with a conventional aluminum or copper filters, as the change in thickness necessary to reproduce the data presented would be in the order of micrometers, making necessary the use of a large number of such filters. Using the modulation method presented here, the authors were able to reconstruct the optimized x‐ray spectra from the measured basis functions, for different optimization objectives.Conclusions:A method has been developed that allows for the controlled modulation of the energy contents of kilovoltage x‐ray spectra. The method has been shown to be able to reproduce spectra of arbitrary shape, such as those obtained from the optimization of contrast‐enhanced radiotherapy. The method may have other applications as well, such as in the precise matching of diagnostic x‐ray catalog spectra.
Characterization of the lack of compactness of $H^2_{\rm rad}({\mathbb R}^4)$ into the Orlicz space
Authors: Ben Ayed Ines , Zghal Mohamed Khalil 
Published: August 2013

This paper is devoted to the description of the lack of compactness of the Sobolev space [Formula: see text] in the Orlicz space [Formula: see text]. The approach that we adopt to establish this characterization is in the spirit of the one adopted in the case of [Formula: see text] into the Orlicz space [Formula: see text] in [H. Bahouri, M. Majdoub and N. Masmoudi, On the lack of compactness in the 2D critical Sobolev embedding, J. Funct. Anal. 260 (2011) 208–252].
Three new species of reared parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from India
Authors: GUPTA ANKITA 
Published: August 2013

Three new species of parasitic wasps (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from southern India are described and illustrated. Glyptapanteles clanisae sp. nov., a remarkable gregarious endoparasitoid, was bred from the caterpillar of Clanis phalaris Cramer (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on the host plant Pongamia pinnata (L.) (Leguminosae) along with a hyperparasitoid, Eurytoma sp. (Eurytomidae). Glyptapanteles trilochae sp. nov., was reared from parasitized caterpillar of Trilocha varians (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) on the host plant Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae) along with a hyperparasitoid, Paraphylax sp. (Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae). Buluka horni sp. nov. was collected from solitary cocoons of an indeterminate caterpillar feeding on Mangifera indica L. leaves. This study also confirms a host range extension of Indian species of Glyptapanteles to Bombycidae and Sphingidae in addition to the earlier documented families viz., Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Arctiidae, and Noctuidae.
Baiu Rainband Termination in Atmospheric and Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Models
Authors: Kuwano-Yoshida Akira , Taguchi Bunmei , Xie Shang-Ping 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The baiu rainband is a summer rainband stretching from eastern China through Japan toward the northwestern Pacific. The climatological termination of the baiu rainband is investigated using the Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis (JRA-25), a stand-alone atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) forced with observed sea surface temperature (SST) and an atmosphere–ocean GCM (AOGCM). The baiu rainband over the North Pacific abruptly shifts northward and weakens substantially in early July in the atmospheric GCM (AGCM), too early compared to observations (late July). The midtroposphere westerly jet and its thermal advection explain this meridional shift of the baiu rainband, but the ocean surface evaporation modulates the precipitation intensity. In AGCM, deep convection in the subtropical northwestern Pacific sets in prematurely, displacing the westerly jet northward over the cold ocean surface earlier than in observations. The suppressed surface evaporation over the cold ocean suppresses precipitation even though the midtropospheric warm advection and vertically integrated moisture convergence are similar to those before the westerly jet's northward shift. As a result, the baiu rainband abruptly weakens after the northward shift in JRA-25 and AGCM. In AOGCM, cold SST biases in the subtropics inhibit deep convection, delaying the poleward excursion of the westerly jet. As a result, the upward motion induced by both the strong westerly jet and the rainband persist over the northwestern Pacific through summer in the AOGCM. The results indicate that the westerly jet and the ocean evaporation underneath are important for the baiu rainband, the latter suggesting an oceanic effect on this important phenomenon.
Anopheles culicifacies breeding in polluted water bodies in Trincomalee District of Sri Lanka
Authors: Gunathilaka Nayana , Fernando Thilan , Hapugoda Menaka , Wickremasinghe Rajitha , Wijeyerathne Panduka , Abeyewickreme Wimaladharma 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background

Anopheles culicifacies, the major vector of malaria in Sri Lanka, is known to breed in clean and clear water. The main objective of the study was to detect the breeding habitat diversity of An. culicifacies.

Methods
Potential larval habitats for Anopheles mosquitoes were surveyed on a monthly basis for 17 months (January 2011–June 2012) in four different selected sampling sites (Murthankulam, Kommnaimottai, Paranamadawachchiya and Kokmotawewa) in Trincomalee District of Sri Lanka.

Results
A total of 2,996 larval specimens representing 13 Anopheles species were reported from 16 different breeding habitats. According to density criterion, An. culicifacies, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles peditaeniatus and Anopheles nigerrimus were dominant. Anopheles nigerrimus, An. subpictus and An. peditaeniatus were observed as constant in relation to their distribution. The most productive breeding site for An. culicifacies was drains filled with waste water in remote areas; the second highest productivity was found in built wells.

Conclusions
These results indicate that An. culicifacies has adapted to breed in a wide range of water bodies including waste water collections although they were earlier considered to breed only in clean and clear water.
Effect of dietary sphingomyelin on absorption and fractional synthetic rate of cholesterol and serum lipid profile in humans
Authors: Ramprasath Vanu R. , Jones Peter J. H. , Buckley Donna D. , Woollett Laura A. , Heubi James E. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Background
Diets enriched with sphingolipids may improve blood lipid profiles. Studies in animals have shown reductions in cholesterol absorption and alterations in blood lipids after treatment with sphingomyelin (SM). However, minimal information exists on effect of SM on cholesterol absorption and metabolism in humans. The objective was to assess the effect of SM consumption on serum lipid concentrations and cholesterol metabolism in healthy humans.

Methods
Ten healthy adult males and females completed a randomized crossover study. Subjects consumed controlled diets with or without 1 g/day SM for 14 days separated by at least 4 week washout period. Serum lipid profile and markers of cholesterol metabolism including cholesterol absorption and synthesis were analyzed.

Results
Serum triglycerides, total, LDL- and VLDL- cholesterol were not affected while HDL cholesterol concentrations were increased (p = 0.043) by SM diet consumption. No change in cholesterol absorption and cholesterol fractional synthesis rate was observed with supplementation of SM compared to control. Intraluminal cholesterol solubilization was also not affected by consumption of SM enriched diet.

Conclusions
In humans, 1 g/day of dietary SM does not alter the blood lipid profile except for an increased HDL-cholesterol concentration and has no effect on cholesterol absorption, synthesis and intraluminal solubilization compared to control.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov # NCT00328211