bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aspects of health in prehistoric mainland Southeast Asia: Indicators of stress in response to the intensification of rice agriculture
Authors: Clark Angela L , Tayles Nancy , Halcrow Siân E 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTNumerous bioarcheological investigations have suggested that as agriculture intensifies, levels of physiological stress and poor health increase. However, previous research in Southeast Asia suggests that a decline in health was not universal. This study aimed to provide the first investigation of human health during the intensification of rice agriculture in the large skeletal sample from the prehistoric site of Ban Non Wat, Northeast Thailand (1750–420 b.c.). Health was analysed using two indicators of childhood stress, the prevalence of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), a measure of early childhood stress, and stature, as a measure of late childhood stress, were collated for 190 adults. Sex‐specific diachronic relationships between the prevalence of LEH and stature were explored. For both sexes, initially the prevalence of LEH was found to decrease and then increase over time. Stature remained constant over time for males, although for females stature increased initially, then decreased. Early childhood stress was not significantly correlated with stature in females (P = 0.185), but high levels of LEH were unexpectedly correlated with taller male stature (P = 0.017). Our findings suggest an initial improvement in health during agricultural intensification at this site, likely related to a reduction in physiological perturbations and maintenance of a nutritious diet during this time. The subsequent deterioration in health may reflect geomorphologically and archaeologically indicated variation in environmental conditions and consequential sociocultural changes. We suggest that the sex‐differences in the relationship between stature and LEH may relate to the timing of stress and/or catch‐up growth. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:484–495, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Which Inorganic Structures are the Most Complex?
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe discovery of the diffraction of X‐rays on crystals opened up a new era in our understanding of nature, leading to a multitude of striking discoveries about the structures and functions of matter on the atomic and molecular scales. Over the last hundred years, about 150 000 of inorganic crystal structures have been elucidated and visualized. The advent of new technologies, such as area detectors and synchrotron radiation, led to the solution of structures of unprecedented complexity. However, the very notion of structural complexity of crystals still lacks an unambiguous quantitative definition. In this Minireview we use information theory to characterize complexity of inorganic structures in terms of their information content.
Highly Efficient Four‐Component Synthesis of 4(3H)‐Quinazolinones: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling Reactions
Authors: He Lin , Li Haoquan , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias , Wu Xiao‐Feng 
Published: December 2013

AbstractGiven the importance of quinazolinones and carbonylative transformations, a palladium‐catalyzed four‐component carbonylative coupling system for the synthesis of diverse 4(3H)‐quinazolinone in a concise and convergent fashion has been developed. Starting from 2‐bromoanilines (1 mmol), trimethyl orthoformate (2 mmol), and amines (1.1 mmol), under 10 bar of CO, the desired products were isolated in good yields in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 (2 mol %), BuPAd2 (6 mol %) in 1,4‐dioxane (2 mL) at 100 °C, using N,N‐diisopropylethylamine (2 mmol) as the base. Notably, the process tolerates the presence of various reactive functional groups and is very selective for quinazolinones, and was used in the synthesis of the precursor to the bioactive dihydrorutaempine.
Thermal and flammability performance of polypropylene composites containing melamine and melamine phosphate‐modified α‐type zirconium phosphates
Authors: Liu Deng , Cai Guipeng , Wang Juan , Tan Xiaofang , Lu Hongdian , Zhang Shiyun , Dai Qingqing 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn this article, melamine (MA) and melamine phosphate (MP) have been intercalated into α‐type zirconium phosphate (α‐ZrP) interlayer spaces. The structure and thermal properties of the corresponding powders, MA‐ZrP and MP‐ZrP, were ascertained by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement, and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Furthermore, polypropylene (PP) and its intumescent flame retardant (IFR) composites containing the two organically modified α‐ZrP powders using maleic anhydride‐grafted PP (JPP) as compatibilizer were fabricated by melt blending. The results from TGA and cone calorimetry demonstrated that PP/JPP and PP/JPP/IFR composites containing MA‐ZrP and MP‐ZrP exhibited better thermal stability and burning behavior in comparison with their corresponding counterparts, PP/JPP and PP/JPP/IFR, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40254.
The use of plant cell wall–degrading enzymes from newly isolated Penicillium ochrochloron Biourge for viscosity reduction in ethanol production with fresh sweet potato tubers as feedstock
Authors: Huang Yuhong , Jin Yanling , Shen Weiliang , Fang Yang , Zhang Guohua , Zhao Hai 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPenicillium ochrochloron Biourge, which was isolated from rotten sweet potato, can produce plant cell wall–degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) with high viscosity reducing capability for ethanol production using fresh sweet potato tubers as feedstock. The enzyme preparation was characterized by a broad enzyme spectrum including 13 kinds of enzymes with the activity to hydrolyze cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, starch, and protein. The maximum viscosity‐reducing capability was observed when the enzyme preparation was obtained after 5 days of fermentation using 20 g/L corncob as a sole carbon source, 4.5 g/L NH4NO3 as a sole nitrogen source, and an initial medium pH of 6.5. The sweet potato mash treated with the enzyme preparation exhibited much higher fermentation efficiency (92.58%) compared with commercial cellulase (88.06%) and control (83.5%). The enzyme production was then scaled up to 0.5, 5, and 100 L, and the viscosity‐reducing rates were found to be 85%, 90%, and 91%, respectively. Thus, P. ochrochloron Biourge displays potential viscosity‐reducing capability for ethanol production.
Oxidative Breakdown of Iodoalkanes to Catalytically Active Iodine Species: A Case Study in the α‐Tosyloxylation of Ketones
Authors: Guo Wusheng , Vallcorba Oriol , Vallribera Adelina , Shafir Alexandr , Pleixats Roser , Rius Jordi 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCatalysis of the oxidative processes by iodoarenes has become a promising direction in synthesis. The mechanism, involving the well‐known isolable hypervalent iodine species, is generally limited to aromatic iodides, since the corresponding aliphatic species are normally highly unstable. Nevertheless, in this work catalytic amount of several primary, secondary or tertiary iodoalkanes were found to promotes the α‐tosyloxylation of a range of ketones with RSO3H, including aliphatic sulfonates. The process, was found to proceed through the oxidative breakdown of the iodoalkane to an inorganic catalytic species (likely IO− or IO2−), thus falling within the previously described catalysis using molecular iodine or inorganic iodides. The catalyst eventually becomes deactivated through the precipitation of an iodine overoxidation product, the structure of which was solved ab initio from the powder diffraction data as a hitherto unreported phase of the iodic acid (HIO3).
Promotion Effects of Sn on the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrate at Rh Nanoparticles
Authors: Siriwatcharapiboon W. , Kwon Y. , Yang J. , Chantry R. L. , Li Z. , Horswell S. L. , Koper M. T. M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe present a comparative study of the activity and selectivity of Rh/C nanoparticles and Sn‐modified Rh/C nanoparticles towards electrocatalytic nitrate reduction in sulfuric acid. Electrochemical techniques, combined with more direct analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry and ion chromatography, were applied to analyse the products obtained during the reaction. Online electrochemical mass spectrometry was employed to detect volatile products, such as nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and dinitrogen (N2). The combination of online sample collection to the electrochemical cell and offline ion chromatography allows the quantitative analysis of non‐volatile products, such as ammonium (${{\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^ + }$) and hydroxylamine (NH3OH+). Non‐volatile products can be detected during nitrate reduction at Rh/C electrodes. The catalytic activity of Rh/C electrodes can be enhanced by Sn modification. N2O is the dominant volatile product at SnRh/C electrodes. ${{\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^ + }$ is the main ionic product at the Rh/C electrodes, whereas modification by Sn also leads to the formation of NH3OH+.
High‐Performance Hybrid Supercapacitor Based on Graphene‐Wrapped Li4Ti5O12 and Activated Carbon
Authors: Kim Haegyeom , Park Kyu‐Young , Cho Min‐Young , Kim Mok‐Hwa , Hong Jihyun , Jung Sung‐Kyun , Roh Kwang Chul , Kang Kisuk 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHybridizing battery and supercapacitor technologies have the potential to overcome the limitations of the currently prevailing energy‐storage systems. Combining high‐power capacitive electrodes from supercapacitors with the high‐energy intercalation electrodes in lithium‐ion batteries provides the opportunity to create a single device that can deliver both high energy and high power. Although energy densities in such hybrid systems easily exceed those found in supercapacitors, the kinetic imbalance between capacitive and intercalation electrodes remains a bottleneck to achieving the desired performance. This imbalance is eliminated through the use of graphene‐wrapped Li4Ti5O12 from a simple, one‐step process as a high‐power anode in a new hybrid supercapacitor. The new hybrid supercapacitors are capable of delivering a high specific energy of up to 50 Wh kg−1 and can even maintain an energy of approximately 15 Wh kg−1 at a 20 s charge/discharge rate.
Chromatographic Separation and Assignment of Absolute Configuration of Hydroxywarfarin Isomers
Authors: Regalado Erik L. , Sherer Edward C. , Green Mitchell D. , Hendersonl Derek W. , Thomas Williamson R. , Joyce Leo A. , Welch Christopher J. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe absolute configuration of several hydroxywarfarin isomers was assigned using a comparison of elution order on chiral stationary phases, optical rotation, and circular dichroism (CD) spectra, with confirmation of assignments made by comparison between experimental and calculated CD spectra and selective synthesis of hydroxywarfarin isomers from enantiopure warfarin using human liver microsomes. Chirality 26:95–101, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Envelope tracking using transient waveform switching shaping supply modulation
Authors: Modi Sankalp , Balsara Poras , Eliezer Oren 
Published: December 2013

SummaryA novel supply modulation scheme for envelope tracking for a power amplifier in a transmitter is proposed, which follows a control principle that is fundamentally different from the existing ones. Instead of regulating the supply modulator's output in accordance with a given reference signal, the system utilizes a look‐ahead window and synthesizes pulses for the supply modulator such that its output tracks the envelope of the radio frequency signal amplified by the power amplifier, while minimizing its switching rate. Simulation results for a 5 MHz Long Term Evolution signal with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation indicates that the proposed technique provides very high average efficiency (84%) while maintaining a very low ratio between the switching frequency and the envelope bandwidth. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motion adaptive video coding scheme for time‐varying network
Authors: Bhuyan M. K. , Chakraborty B. K. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryAdaptive video coding algorithms can encode a video stream dynamically on the basis of the amount of bandwidth available in a network. In this paper, a novel approach for adaptive video coding based on look‐up tables has been proposed. On the basis of the network conditions, the proposed codec estimates quantization parameter (QP) and also the spatial resolution for a group of pictures from the look‐up table. Then, QP for each frame is estimated on the basis of the motion content in each frame. More motion leads to more burden of bits while encoding the motion vectors. Also, quantization noise is less prominent in high‐motioned frames than frames possessing low motion information because of the temporal masking phenomenon of the human eyes. So, the main trick of the proposed scheme is to assign higher QP to the frames having higher motion than those having less motion. This method also reduces the requirement of excess bits for encoding of motion vectors having higher motion content. Additionally, QP is adjusted on the basis of the buffer availability in order to avoid bit loss error. Experimental results show the efficacy of the proposed codec. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent structural and functional insights into the family of sodium calcium exchangers
Authors: Sharma Vishal , O'Halloran Damien M. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryMaintenance of calcium homeostasis is necessary for the development and survival of all animals. Calcium ions modulate excitability and bind effectors capable of initiating many processes such as muscular contraction and neurotransmission. However, excessive amounts of calcium in the cytosol or within intracellular calcium stores can trigger apoptotic pathways in cells that have been implicated in cardiac and neuronal pathologies. Accordingly, it is critical for cells to rapidly and effectively regulate calcium levels. The Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCX), Na+/Ca2+/K+ exchangers (NCKX), and Ca2+/Cation exchangers (CCX) are the three classes of sodium calcium antiporters found in animals. These exchanger proteins utilize an electrochemical gradient to extrude calcium. Although they have been studied for decades, much is still unknown about these proteins. In this review, we examine current knowledge about the structure, function, and physiology and also discuss their implication in various developmental disorders. Finally, we highlight recent data characterizing the family of sodium calcium exchangers in the model system, Caenorhabditis elegans, and propose that C. elegans may be an ideal model to complement other systems and help fill gaps in our knowledge of sodium calcium exchange biology. genesis 52:93–109. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Investigation of Capacitors for Flying Capacitor Converters
Authors: Obara Hidemine , Kamaga Masamu , Ito Takumi , Sato Yukihiko 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYMultilevel converters can essentially reduce harmonics even when their switching frequency is low. Among the various topologies of the multilevel converters, flying capacitor converters are considered to be promising converters for realizing high power density. However, the main circuit of the flying capacitor converters has many capacitors. Therefore, in this study, the volume of the capacitors in the flying capacitor converters is determined by taking into consideration the allowable ripple voltage and temperature rise in the capacitor. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(4): 81–91, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22361
Water Treatment Using Discharge Generated in Cavitation Field with Micro Bubble Cloud
Authors: Ihara Satoshi , Hirohata Taiki , Kominato Yuichi , Yamabe Chobei , Ike Hideaki , Hakiai Kazunori , Hirabayashi Kazuya , Tamagawa Masaaki 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYA new method of wastewater treatment using electric discharge in the water cavitation field formed by a large number of micro bubbles generated by high‐speed water flow is proposed in this paper. Indigo carmine solution, which is a type of dye, with a concentration of 9 mg/liter was used as the specimen solution for demonstration of water treatment. The total volume of solution and the average speed of solution in the cavitation field were 20 liters and about 7.4 m/s, respectively. An absorbance decrease rate of 96% was obtained in 50 min of treatment time at the electrode distance of 2 mm and discharge power of 16 W. It was also found that the efficiency of decolorization was improved by changing the electrode location. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(4): 1–10, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22483
Luminescent AgAu Alloy Clusters Derived from Ag Nanoparticles – Manifestations of Tunable AuI–CuI Metallophilic Interactions
Authors: Krishnadas Kumaranchira R. , Udayabhaskararao Thumu , Choudhury Susobhan , Goswami Nirmal , Pal Samir Kumar , Pradeep Thalappil 
Published: December 2013

AbstractLuminescent AgAu alloy quantum clusters are synthesized by a simple method that utilizes the galvanic reduction of polydisperse plasmonic silver nanoparticles. The clusters are characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV/Vis) absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). Selective and tunable quenching of cluster luminescence by CuII ions is observed and depends highly on the solvent as well as the protecting ligands. Metal‐ion selectivity is exclusively caused by metallophilic interactions with the cluster core, and the tunability depends on the nature of the protecting ligands as well as solvent effects. Detailed XPS and time‐resolved luminescence measurements reveal that the tunability of luminescence quenching is achieved by the systematic variation of the metallophilic interactions between the AuI ions of the alloy cluster and CuI ions formed by the reduction of CuII ions by the cluster core. This is the first report of tunable metallophilic interactions between monolayer‐protected quantum clusters and a closed‐shell metal ion. We hope that these results will draw more attention to the field of quantum cluster–metal ion interactions and provide useful insights into the stability of these clusters, origin of their intense luminescence, mechanisms of metal‐ion sensing, and also help in the development of methods for tuning their properties.
A fixed‐grid b‐spline finite element technique for fluid–structure interaction
Authors: Rüberg T. , Cirak F. 
Published: December 2013

SUMMARYWe present a fixed‐grid finite element technique for fluid–structure interaction problems involving incompressible viscous flows and thin structures. The flow equations are discretised with isoparametric b‐spline basis functions defined on a logically Cartesian grid. In addition, the previously proposed subdivision‐stabilisation technique is used to ensure inf–sup stability. The beam equations are discretised with b‐splines and the shell equations with subdivision basis functions, both leading to a rotation‐free formulation. The interface conditions between the fluid and the structure are enforced with the Nitsche technique. The resulting coupled system of equations is solved with a Dirichlet–Robin partitioning scheme, and the fluid equations are solved with a pressure–correction method. Auxiliary techniques employed for improving numerical robustness include the level‐set based implicit representation of the structure interface on the fluid grid, a cut‐cell integration algorithm based on marching tetrahedra and the conservative data transfer between the fluid and structure discretisations. A number of verification and validation examples, primarily motivated by animal locomotion in air or water, demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of our approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric Evaluation of Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
Authors: Sharma Meeta , Singh Onkar 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThermal efficiency of a combined cycle power plant depends strongly on a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), which is the link between the gas turbine‐based topping cycle and steam turbine‐based bottoming cycle. This work is based upon the design of physical parameters of a HRSG. In this article, the physical parameters of a HRSG have been considered to study their implications on HRSG design by comparing the existing plant design with an optimized plant design. Thermodynamic analysis of HRSG for the two designs gives important outcomes which are useful for power plant designers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21106
Herpes simplex virus: Prevalence in placental tissue and incidence in neonatal cord blood samples
Authors: Finger‐Jardim Fabiana , Teixeira Lisiane Ortiz , de Oliveira Gisele Rodrigues , Barral Maria Fernanda Martínez , da Hora Vanusa Pousada , Gonçalves Carla Vitola , Soares Marcelo Alves , de Martinez Ana Maria Barral 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHerpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide, with HSV‐2 being primarily associated with genital infections. HSV‐2 is believed to account for the majority of cases of neonatal herpes, which may cause diverse of complications in infected newborns. The present study sought to estimate the prevalence of HSV‐2 in placental tissue samples and the incidence of HSV‐2 in the umbilical cord blood of newborn infants. Placental tissue samples from 201 women (maternal‐side and fetal‐side = 402 specimens) and 184 neonatal cord blood samples, all collected at the obstetric ward of a University hospital were studied. HSV‐2 was detected by means of nested PCR. The prevalence of HSV‐2 in placental samples was 9.0% (n = 18), and the incidence of neonatal HSV‐2 infection was 1.1% (n = 2). All HSV‐2‐positive patients were asymptomatic at the time of delivery and none reported genital herpes. Women with a time between rupture of membranes and delivery of ≥360 min had an approximately fourfold risk of HSV‐2 infection in the placental tissue (95% CI 0.93–5.66, P = 0.01). These results suggest that HSV‐2 is present in the placenta of asymptomatic women and that a risk of transmission to the neonate exists. New strategies must be implemented for the management of asymptomatic patients who are capable of transmitting the virus to the newborn. J. Med. Virol. 86:519–524, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supervisor–Subordinate Relationship, Differentiation, and Employee Creativity: A Self‐Categorization Perspective
Authors: Zhao Hongdan , Kessel Maura , Kratzer Jan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis study seeks to explore the effect of the quality of supervisor–subordinate relationship (i.e., leader–member exchange; LMX) on employee creativity by examining a moderated‐mediation model. The model focuses on the mediating role of perceived insider status and the moderating role of perceived LMX differentiation in influencing the mediation. Using a time‐lagged research design, we collected data from 358 supervisor–subordinate dyads in a large Chinese diversified company. As predicated, we found that (a) perceived insider status mediated the positive relationship between LMX and employee creativity; and (b) perceived LMX differentiation moderated the strength of the mediated relationship between LMX and employee creativity via perceived insider status, such that the mediated relationship is stronger under high‐perceived LMX differentiation than under low‐perceived LMX differentiation.