bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development history of the foreland plate trapped between two converging orogens; Kura Valley, Georgia, case study
Authors: Nemčok M. , Glonti B. , Yukler A. , Marton B. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Structural, sedimentological, well and seismic data from the Kura basin show that the geometry of deformation has been largely determined by thick-skin structures occurring along margins of depressions filled with upper Oligocene–lower Miocene Maykop formation, flanked by highs without Maykop record. Thin-skin structures are detached inside the shaly Maykop formation and inside shale horizons of the Sarmatian–Pontian section. The main shortening took part during Sarmatian–Pontian, followed by subordinate shortening during Akchagylian–present. The thick-skin architecture formed first, reactivating pre-existing rift grain on the foreland plate that refused to flex underneath the load of advancing orogens. The thin-skin architecture developed subsequently, deforming thick-skin structures. During the Oligocene–early Miocene, the foreland basin behaved as a flexural basin, reacting by prominent fill asymmetry to Oligocene loading by the advancing Lesser Caucasus and earliest Miocene–early Sarmatian loading by advancing Greater Caucasus. Subsequently, the basin recorded only vertical movements responding to new orogen loading events. Each loading event was recorded by a shift of marine depositional environments northwestwards, up the SE-plunging Kura Valley. Conversely each quiescence period was recorded by their retreat southeastwards, towards the Caspian Sea.

Supplementary material:

Discussion of the observations from geological and seismic cross sections, additional outcrop photos and data, lithostratigraphic charts of the Greater Caucasus, the Adjara–Trialet and the Eastern Pontides, heat flow map and of the Kura basin, depth distribution of earthquake hypocentres for the Kura basin region, and Apulia map and cross section are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18626
Colorectal Cancer Risk Associated with Hormone Use Varies by Expression of Estrogen Receptor-β
Authors: Rudolph Anja , Toth Csaba , Hoffmeister Michael , Roth Wilfried , Herpel Esther , Schirmacher Peter , Brenner Hermann , Chang-Claude Jenny 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The risk of colorectal cancer is reduced among users of oral contraceptives or menopausal hormone therapy, but associations with reproductive characteristics that are markers of a woman's endogenous hormone milieu have not been consistently observed. To help understand possible mechanisms through which exogenous and endogenous hormonal exposures are involved in colorectal cancer, we assessed the risk of these malignancies according to tumor expression of estrogen receptor-β (ESR2). In a population-based study of postmenopausal women (503 cases and 721 controls matched for sex and age), immunohistochemical expression of ESR2 was determined in 445 cases of incident colorectal cancer. Unconditional logistic regression was used in case–case analyses to assess heterogeneity between risk associations according to ESR2 status and in case–control analyses to estimate associations separately for ESR2-negative and ESR2-positive tumors. For ESR2-positive tumors but not ESR2-negative tumors, colorectal cancer risk significantly decreased with duration of oral contraceptive use [per five-year increments OR ESR2-positive, 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.77–0.99; OR ESR2-negative, 1.02, 95% CI, 0.91–1.15; Pheterogeneity = 0.07] and with duration of menopausal hormone therapy use (per five-year increments OR ESR2-positive, 0.84, 95% CI, 0.74–0.95; OR ESR2-negative, 0.94, 95% CI 0.84–1.05; Pheterogeneity = 0.06). Significant heterogeneity according to ESR2 expression was found for the association with current use of menopausal hormone therapy (&lt;0.5 years ago; Pheterogeneity = 0.023) but not for associations with reproductive factors. In conclusion, our results suggest that hormone use decreases risk for ESR2-positive but not ESR2-negative colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 73(11); 3306–15. ©2013 AACR.
Adipocytes Cause Leukemia Cell Resistance to L-Asparaginase via Release of Glutamine
Authors: Ehsanipour Ehsan A. , Sheng Xia , Behan James W. , Wang Xingchao , Butturini Anna , Avramis Vassilios I. , Mittelman Steven D. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Obesity is a significant risk factor for cancer. A link between obesity and a childhood cancer has been identified: obese children diagnosed with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) had a 50% greater risk of relapse than their lean counterparts. l-asparaginase (ASNase) is a first-line therapy for ALL that breaks down asparagine and glutamine, exploiting the fact that ALL cells are more dependent on these amino acids than other cells. In the present study, we investigated whether adipocytes, which produce significant quantities of glutamine, may counteract the effects of ASNase. In children being treated for high-risk ALL, obesity was not associated with altered plasma levels of asparagine or glutamine. However, glutamine synthetase was markedly increased in bone marrow adipocytes after induction chemotherapy. Obesity substantially impaired ASNase efficacy in mice transplanted with syngeneic ALL cells and, like in humans, without affecting plasma asparagine or glutamine levels. In coculture, adipocytes inhibited leukemic cell cytotoxicity induced by ASNase, and this protection was dependent on glutamine secretion. These findings suggest that adipocytes work in conjunction with other cells of the leukemia microenvironment to protect leukemia cells during ASNase treatment. Cancer Res; 73(10); 2998–3006. ©2013 AACR.
Elevation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases by Small Molecule AKT Inhibitors in Prostate Cancer Is Mediated by Pim-1
Authors: Cen Bo , Mahajan Sandeep , Wang Wenxue , Kraft Andrew S. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The PI3K/AKT pathway is hyperactivated in prostate cancer but its effective therapeutic targeting has proven difficult. In particular, the antitumor activity of AKT inhibitors is attenuated by upregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) through an uncharacterized feedback mechanism. In this report, we show that RNA interference-mediated silencing or pharmacologic inhibition of Pim-1 activity curtails AKT inhibitor-induced upregulation of RTKs in prostate cancer cells. Although Pim kinases have been implicated in cap-dependent translational control, we find that in the context of AKT inhibition, the expression of RTKs is controlled by Pim-1 in a cap-independent manner by controlling internal ribosome entry. Combination of Pim and AKT inhibitors resulted in synergistic inhibition of prostate tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Together, our results show that Pim-1 mediates resistance to AKT inhibition and suggest its targeting to improve the efficacy of AKT inhibitors in anticancer therapy. Cancer Res; 73(11); 3402–11. ©2013 AACR.
Solar UV Radiation and Cancer in Young Children
Authors: Lombardi Christina , Heck Julia E. , Cockburn Myles , Ritz Beate 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Background: Studies have shown that higher solar UV radiation exposure (UVR) may be related to lower risk of some cancers in adults. Recently, an ecologic study reported lower risks of some cancers among children living in higher UVR cities and countries. In a large population-based case–control study in California, we tested the hypothesis that childhood cancers may be influenced by UVR.
Methods: Cancers in children ages 0 to 5 years were identified from California Cancer Registry records for 1988 to 2007 and linked to birth certificate data. Controls were sampled from the birth certificates at a ratio of 20:1. Based on birth address, we assigned UVR exposure in units of Watt-hours/m2 using a geostatistical exposure model developed with data from the National Solar Radiation Database.
Results: For cases with UVR exposure of 5,111 Watt-hours/m2 or above, we estimated a reduction in odds of developing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.81–0.99), hepatoblastoma (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.48–1.00), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.50–1.02) adjusting for mother's age, mother's race, and child's year of birth. We also observed a small increase in odds for intracranial/intraspinal embryonal tumors (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.01–1.65).
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that UVR during pregnancy may decrease the odds of some childhood cancers. Future studies should explore additional factors that may be correlated with UVR exposure and possibly include biomarkers of immune function and vitamin D.
Impact: This study shows protective associations of UVR with some childhood cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(6); 1118–28. ©2013 AACR.
Indole-3-Carbinol and 3′,3′-Diindolylmethane Modulate Androgen's Effect on C-C Chemokine Ligand 2 and Monocyte Attraction to Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Kim Eun-Kyung , Kim Young S. , Milner John A. , Wang Thomas T.Y. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Inflammation has a role in prostate tumorigenesis. Recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to the tumor site is mediated by C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) through binding to its receptor CCR2. We hypothesized that androgen could modulate CCL2 expression in hormone-responsive prostate cancer cells and thereby promote recruitment of monocytes. Given the inhibitory effect of broccoli-derived compounds indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) on androgen-dependent pathways, we also reasoned that I3C and DIM could modulate the effect of androgen on CCL2-mediated pathways. Dihydrotestosterone was found to induce a time-dependent (0–72 hours) and concentration-dependent (0–1 nmol/L) increase in CCL2 mRNA levels in androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP). This increase in CCL2 mRNA corresponded with increased secretion of CCL2 protein. The effect of dihydrotestosterone was mediated through an androgen receptor (AR)-dependent pathway as small inhibitor RNA against AR negated the induction of CCL2. Although dihydrotestosterone also induced TWIST1 mRNA, an epithelial–mesenchymal transition–related factor, and purported inducer of CCL2, blocking its expression with small inhibitor RNA did not inhibit dihydrotestosterone induction of CCL2 mRNA. Moreover, conditioned media from androgen-treated cells promoted human monocyte THP-1 cell migration and this effect was blocked by antibody against CCL-2. Both I3C and DIM inhibited promotional effects of dihydrotestosterone on CCL2 and migration. These results show that androgen may regulate CCL2 and promote inflammatory microenvironment in prostate tumors and that this process can be blocked by broccoli-derived compounds. Cancer Prev Res; 6(6); 519–29. ©2013 AACR.
Vitamin D Receptor and Retinoid X Receptor α Status and Vitamin D Insufficiency in Models of Murine Colitis
Authors: Knackstedt Rebecca W. , Moseley Vondina R. , Sun Shaoli , Wargovich Michael J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe anti-inflammatory actions of vitamin D have long been recognized and its importance in modulating colon cancer and colitis development is becoming apparent. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is downregulated in human ulcerative colitis and colitis-associated cancer (CAC); however, its status in murine models of colitis has yet to be explored. Snail and Snail2, zinc-finger transcription factors regulated by inflammatory pathways and able to transcriptionally silence VDR, are upregulated in human Ulcerative Colitis and are associated with localized VDR silencing. To signal, VDR must heterodimerize with retinoid X receptor α (RXRα). If either VDR or RXRα are compromised, vitamin D cannot regulate inflammatory pathways. RXRα is downregulated in human colorectal cancer, yet its expression in human and murine colitis has yet to be investigated. To explore the importance of vitamin D and VDR in murine colitis, we used acute and chronic azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium models of murine colitis. VDR was downregulated early in the onset of colitis, whereas RXRα downregulation only occurred as colitis became chronic and developed into CAC. Receptor downregulation was associated with an early increase in the expression of the inflammatory markers, Snail and Snail2. The acute colitis model induced in combination with a vitamin D–deficient diet resulted in increased morbidity, receptor downregulation, inflammatory marker expression, and Snail and Snail2 upregulation. These experiments show the importance of vitamin D and VDR in modulating murine colitis development. Cancer Prev Res; 6(6); 585–93. ©2013 AACR.
Illuminating Cancer Systems with Genetically Engineered Mouse Models and Coupled Luciferase ReportersIn Vivo
Authors: Kocher Brandon , Piwnica-Worms David 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBioluminescent imaging (BLI) is a powerful noninvasive tool that has dramatically accelerated the in vivo interrogation of cancer systems and longitudinal analysis of mouse models of cancer over the past decade. Various luciferase enzymes have been genetically engineered into mouse models (GEMM) of cancer, which permit investigation of cellular and molecular events associated with oncogenic transcription, posttranslational processing, protein–protein interactions, transformation, and oncogene addiction in live cells and animals. Luciferase-coupled GEMMs ultimately serve as a noninvasive, repetitive, longitudinal, and physiologic means by which cancer systems and therapeutic responses can be investigated accurately within the autochthonous context of a living animal.Significance: Luciferase-dependent bioluminescence imaging coupled with genetically engineered mouse models of cancer permit interrogation of tumor biology and therapeutic response within the proper physiological context of the whole animal in vivo. Cancer Discov; 3(6); 616–29. ©2013 AACR.
Pragmatists and Believers: Dynamics of Ideology and Compromise within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1941-1942
Authors: Stotland Daniel 
Published: April 2013

The significance of World War II within the Russian historiography is unequivocal– but the impact of that great cataclysm on the Soviet state and Soviet society is frequently understated or overstated. The early 1940s brought massive losses to the upper echelons of the Communist Party, resulting in a rapid mobilization of the state, but these upheavals took place in a society that was already hamstrung by both the traditional scarcity of qualified professionals and the strain that Marxist-Leninist purism placed on an already strained education system. Long before the October Revolution, Russia was plagued with the enduring problem of scarcity of the qualified managerial cadres; after the Revolution, this problem was exacerbated by factional disputes between ideologues, who were primarily concerned with the ideological purity of the Soviet state, and pragmatists, who favoring a greater focus on vocational education. Caught between these two factions was the proto-middle class from which the professional stratum of Russian society was to be recruited.
During the opening years of World War II, the demand for educated professionals rose, forcing compromises in their ideological purity. In the long term, the result was a gradual, piecemeal shift toward pragmatic compromise. In the short term, however, faced with a dilemma between under-staffed and under-indoctrinated, caught in a decision-making paradigm locked in by Marxism-Leninism, the Soviet matrix opted for personalized networks and regional cliques over the professional apparatus in its quest for short-term efficiency.
Drawing on archival materials such as memoir literature, epistolary documentation and state reports from Moscow and provincial (particularly those of the Tver’ Oblast’) collections, this article examines the tensions that underpinned the conditions of the proto-middle class from throughout the 1940s, tracing the ideological constraints that structured the political landscape, the repeating cycles of essentially identical attempts at reform, and the ways in which the strain of the ideological/pragmatic conflict on Russian professionals was, and was not, resolved in the wake of World War II.
Strongyloides stercoralis infection presenting as an unusual cause of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding in an immunosuppressed patient: a case report
Authors: Jaka Hyasinta , Koy Mheta , Egan John P , Meda John R , Mirambo Mariam , Mazigo Humphrey D , Kabangila Rodrick , Wang Y Lynn , Mueller Andreas , Peck Robert N , Mchembe Mabula D , Chalya Phillipo L 
Published: April 2013

Summary Strongyloidiasis caused by Strongyloides stercoralis is a rare but well documented cause of massive upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding especially in endemic areas. However, oesophagogastroduodenoscopic findings and extractions of S. stercoralis, in the adult worm form, from the duodenum is even rarer. We report a case of a 27-year-old Tanzanian woman with HIV who presented with massive upper GI bleeding. She had S. stercoralis, in the adult worm form, traversing the stomach and duodenum and extracted by oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD). She was treated successfully with Ivermectine and antiretroviral therapy for HIV was initiated. Strongyloidiasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of mass upper GI bleeding in immunosuppressive patients living in, or originating from, endemic areas. We believe this to be the first case to be reported from our environment.
Hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly in the absence of raised IgM antibodies
Authors: Haider Mahnur , Nizami Sobia , Qureshi Adnan , Raza Afsheen , Mahar Farheen Karim , Beg Mohammad Asim 
Published: April 2013

Summary Hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly (HMS) is diagnosed by the presence of massive splenomegaly, raised IgM and antimalarial antibodies and a response to antimalarial therapy. Although malaria is endemic to Pakistan, HMS is uncommon. We report on HMS in a patient with massive splenomegaly, positive Plasmodium falciparum polymerase chain reaction but normal immunoglobulin M antibody levels. The investigations were not consistent with any other diagnosis. HMS is also briefly reviewed.
The burden of surgical diseases on critical care services at a tertiary hospital in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Tomlinson Jared , Haac Bryce , Kadyaudzu Clement , Samuel Jonathan C , Campbell Emilia LP , Lee Clara N , Charles Anthony G 
Published: April 2013

Summary In many developing countries, including those of sub-Saharan Africa, care of the critically ill is poorly developed. We sought to elucidate the characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients in order to better define the burden of disease and identify strategies for improving care. We conducted a cross sectional observation study of patients admitted to the intensive care unit at Kamuzu Central Hospital in 2010. Demographics, patient characteristics, clinical specialty and outcome data was collected for the 234 patients admitted during the study period. Older age and admission from trauma, general surgery or medical services were associated with increased mortality. The lowest mortality was among obstetrical and gynaecology patients. Use of the ventilator and transfusions were not associated with increased mortality. Patients with head injuries had the highest mortality rate. Rationing of critical care resources, using admitting diagnosis or scoring tools, can maximize access to critical care services in resource-limited settings. Furthermore, improvements of critical care services will be central to future efforts to reduce surgical morbidity and mortality and improving outcomes in all critically ill patients.
Fabrication of autoclavable bacteriologic loops for handling Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from recycled materials in a resource poor setting
Authors: Ochang Ernest Afu 
Published: April 2013

Summary In resource limited settings, the appropriation of scarce resources during research efforts can be daunting. Sourcing for disposable plastic bacteriological loops for manipulating M. tuberculosis had been eating into the research budget. In an attempt to reduce cost, an alternative and more cost effective way of obtaining autoclavable bacteriologic inoculation loops from used materials in the laboratory was employed. Autoclave resistant loops were prepared from polypropylene automatic pipette tips and platinum wires from electric stoves. The loop volume, when desired, was calculated using a simple mathematical equation after several passes in weighted water. Laboratories in resource poor settings could also save on inoculating loops by adopting such pragmatic approaches using recycled materials.
Statistical analysis of flexural modulus of cenospheres-reinforced, recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) using Taguchi method
Authors: Prabhu B Krishna , Dudse Sanjeev , Kulkarni Sathyabodh M 
Published: April 2013

Statistical methods are playing an important role in the design and analysis of engineering experiments. One such method called Taguchi method is found to provide sufficient information to optimize a process with the use of minimum number of experiments. This article presents systematic application of Taguchi method for optimizing the process parameters of compression moulding process. The response under consideration is flexural modulus. The study includes the use of recycled polyethylene terephthalate reinforced with fly ash cenospheres. The use of these recycled materials is promising to reduce the cost of the engineering parts and help nature by increasing waste utilization. A model for flexural modulus is designed and verified through experiments. The outcome from analysis of variance brings out the facts that moulding pressure, moulding temperature and weight fraction of cenospheres are the three most significant parameters of flexural modulus, contributing 59.44, 21.45 and 7.75%, respectively. The optimum set values for these parameters are found to be 5 MPa, 50°C and 15%. The proposed quadratic model for flexural modulus proves to be well in agreement with the experimental results.
Prescribing Patterns of Primary Care Physicians and Otolaryngologists in the Management of Laryngeal Disorders
Authors: Cohen Seth M. , Kim Jaewhan , Roy Nelson , Courey Mark 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveTo examine how primary care physicians (PCPs) and otolaryngologists use proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), antibiotics, antihistamines, oral and inhaled steroids, and histamine 2 antagonists in the treatment of laryngeal disorders.Study Design and SettingRetrospective analysis of data from a large, national administrative US claims database.Subjects and MethodsPatients with laryngeal disorders based on ICD‐9‐CM codes from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2008, seen as an outpatient by a PCP, otolaryngologist, or both and continuously enrolled for 12 months were included. Pharmacy claims, age, gender, geographic location, comorbid conditions, provider type, and laryngeal diagnosis were collected. Random‐effects logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed.ResultsOf approximately 55 million individuals, 135,973 had a laryngeal diagnosis, 12 months post–index date follow‐up, and an outpatient encounter with a PCP, otolaryngologist, or both. Acute laryngitis was one of the most common reasons PCPs prescribed each medication class. Nonspecific dysphonia was the most common reason otolaryngologists prescribed each medication class. Patients seen by a PCP had a higher odds ratio for receiving an antibiotic and antihistamine, and patients seen by an otolaryngologist had a greater odds ratio for receiving a PPI and inhaled steroids. After adjusting for other variables in the model, the probability that a patient seen by a PCP would receive an antibiotic was. 55 and a PPI. 13. If seeing an otolaryngologist, it was. 44 and. 22, respectively.ConclusionDifferences exist regarding the prescribing patterns of PCPs and otolaryngologists in treating patients with laryngeal disorders.