bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti‐Security
Authors: Manolov Martin V. , Rigakos George S. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Anti‐Security is a political project seeking to foster critical theoretical and empirical interventions into existing
security
discourses. An edited book by the same title (Neocleous & Rigakos 2011) helped coalesce an emerging strand of radical scholarship under the theme in 2011. An active Anti‐Security studies group organized workshops and a recent stream at the European Group for the Study of Deviance and Social Control in 2012. Anti‐Security is purportedly not a theory or a framework, but a discursive space where critical scholars and activists can discuss security without creating more security intelligence. According to its proponents, it is a space where security is not taken for granted, or is not seen as a positive end in itself. Anti‐Security thus offers the flexibility for anyone from any disciplinary frame interested in a materialist critique of security to contribute to the project (Manolov 2012). The main purpose of the Anti‐Security project is to stimulate a coherent and penetrating way of destabilizing the dominant security discourse, to provide an opening for resuscitating security's own inherent contradictions, and to make those transparent.
Battle of Seattle
Authors: Bornstein Avram 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In the “Battle of Seattle” tens of thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of that city to oppose the “Millennium Round” of trade talks of the World Trade Organization (WTO) starting November 30, 1999. The talks ended in failure partly because of the protests, but largely because of opposition within the meetings from governments opposed to backroom deals made between the United States, Canada, the European Union, and Japan (Smith 2002: 208).
Cuban missile crisis
Authors: Scott Len 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Cuban missile crisis of 1962 is widely seen as the nearest we have come to nuclear war and indeed the extinction of humankind. Thirteen days elapsed between October 16, when President Kennedy learned of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba able to strike the United States, and October 28, when Premier Khrushchev publicly announced their withdrawal. In Moscow the crisis was known as the Caribbean crisis while in Havana it was called the October crisis. These reflect different perspectives and understandings of causes and responsibilities for events. “Thirteen Days” is how many portray the crisis.
Environmental change
Authors: Rhomberg Markus , Stehr Nico 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMany contemporary environmental issues such as climate change represent global as well as regional phenomena. However, throughout much of history, human impact on the natural environment had only local or regional reach. In the past, the impact of nature on societies was considerable. For many historians, philosophers, geographers, and economists, the natural circumstances (for example, climatic conditions) shaped in an almost fate‐like manner the existential conditions of humankind. The perspective of geographical determinism is a major representative of such a view (e.g., Huntington 2003). More recently, geographical determinism has fallen into disrepute because at least with the onset of industrial society it became possible to write human history as the history of its emancipation from natural variability and change. Significant populations of humans now live in all climatic zones of the world. Technological innovations (e.g., air conditioning, building design, crop varieties) and cultural innovations (e.g., patterns of socializing, diet), which at times evolved quickly or at other times more slowly, represent capacities adaptive to a range of climatic conditions. Cultural change has opened more of the world to human habitation.
Feminism
Authors: Vandenberg Allison 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFeminism refers to social and political movements and organizations advocating equality between men and women. Indeed, because feminism has taken many forms, it is perhaps more accurate to think in terms offeminisms. This entry addresses the emergence of feminist practices and ideologies, focusing mainly on the events, achievements, and scholarship of feminists in Europe and North America. Common goals in feminist movements include suffrage (the right to vote), improvements to women's education, financial parity with men, and critiques of patriarchal social structures that subordinate women to men.
Applications of Endoperoxides derived from Acenes and Singlet Oxygen
Authors: FUDICKAR WERNER , LINKER TORSTEN 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Under simple conditions of aerobic irradiation, acenes can undergo an oxygenation to endoperoxides (EPOs). Mechanistic studies disclosed that this reaction can proceed either along a concerted or an ionic stepwise pathway, strongly controlled by peripheral substituents. For many acenes the process is either thermally or photochemically reversible and oxygen is released either in its ground or excited state. Evidence was found that some EPOs reconvert along a concerted pathway and others along a stepwise path with radical intermediates. Thus, the yields of released singlet oxygen (
1
O
2
) and the amount of decomposition products vary. Highly reversible formations of acene EPOs found applications as photochromic systems and as the basis to generate erasable two‐dimensional pattern structures into thin films on surfaces. Irreversible reactions were applied to release “caged” molecules from an acene based photolinker and to initiate polymerizations either from cationic or radical precursors. More recently, EPOs of diarylanthracenes were employed as stages of molecular rotary switches. Due to the rapid formation of acene EPOs, probes were designed to detect
1
O
2
with high sensitivity. Many acenes suit as carriers of singlet oxygen
via
EPOs and special emphasis is devoted to water soluble systems used in biologic media. EPOs were encapsulated into hosts like cyclodextrines, proteins or rotaxanes as well. These systems exhibit interesting properties in terms of molecular recognition. Due to the convenient and reversible formation of acene EPOs and their release of
1
O
2
, many applications towards surface patterning or antitumor therapy might emerge during the next years.
Steer‐by‐Wire, Potential, and Challenges
Authors: Eckstein Lutz , Hesse Lars , Klein Michael 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSteer‐by‐wire systems have a long tradition in research and development, going back to the 1950s whenGMpresented a Chevrolet Impala controlled by a sidestick and a second research vehicle, which was autonomously following a specially prepared highway. Nearly every vehicle manufacturer and also some suppliers carried out extensive research on steer‐by‐wire systems, but even today every series road vehicle has a mechanical connection between the steering control and the steering system.The basic idea regarding steer‐by‐wire is to replace the mechanical link between the operating device and the steering system by an electronic communication, as stated by the termwire. The key motivation can be seen in similar advantages compared to aviation, where fly‐by‐wire is standard on many aircrafts today, giving maximum flexibility regarding:the functional relationship between operating device and steering system with respect to vehicle dynamics,the architecture of the vehicle also aiming at advantages in production and modularity, andthe design of the operating device itself and the ergonomics of the operator's working place.Depending on the specific design goals, this flexibility can be used in order to enhance functionality and performance, automation, ergonomics, safety, and production efficiency.Progress in automation and control, decreasing costs of electrical components and electronics and a strong increase in the diversification of vehicle concepts and individualization will stimulate research and development on steer‐by‐wire systems and their market introduction within the next 10–20 years.
Advanced Batteries for Vehicle Applications
Authors: Burke Andrew F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the research and development on advanced batteries for plug‐in electric vehicles in the next 10–20 years. The primary motivation for the development of the advanced batteries is to permit the design of electric vehicles having ranges comparable to conventionalICEvehicles—300–500 miles. By advanced batteries are meant cell chemistries having energy densities significantly higher than those presently available. These chemistries include (i) lithium‐ion cells using layered–layered composites of metal oxides in the cathode, mixtures of carbon and silicone in the anode, and advanced electrolytes permitting cell voltages of 4.5–5 V and (ii) metal–air cells utilizing zinc or lithium in the anode and an air cathode. It is expected that some of the new lithium chemistries will be the first of the advanced battery technologies to be marketed in the next 5–10 years. The metal–air batteries are much further in the future and likely will be required to approach the 300–500‐mile range goal.Spreadsheet models of cells using the various chemistries were developed to calculate their energy densities and power capability. In the case of the advanced lithium‐ion chemistries, it was found that the largest improvements in cell performance will result from significant increases in cathode charge capacity mAh/g and increases in the cathode voltage. The model results for the advanced lithium‐ion cells indicate that energy densities of 350–400 and 750–800 Wh/kg (unpackaged) are possible at power capabilities suitable for vehicle applications. With improvements in plug‐in vehicle design (lower weight and energy consumption‐Wh/mi), the advanced lithium batteries could be used in 250–300‐mile range vehicles.Zinc–air and lithium–air cells were also modeled to project their performance. Both metal–air systems were modeled using an aqueous electrolyte (KOH) and a carbon/catalyst air cathode. In the case of the zinc–air cells, the projected energy densities were 500–600 Wh/kg and 2000–2400 Wh/L (unpackaged) depending on the discharge time and air cathode current density assumed. The power capability of the Zn–air cells was relatively low in the range of 150–300 Wh/kg. The projected energy densities of the lithium–air cells were 2000–3000 Wh/kg and 2000–2500 Wh/L (unpackaged) depending on the resistance (Ohm‐cm2) assumed for the anode protective film and the current density of the air cathode. In all cases for the lithium–air calculations, it was assumed that large reductions in the present high resistance of the anode protective film would occur in the future. The power capability of the lithium–air cells with the improved protective film was 1000–1500 W/kg, which was much higher than that for the Zn–air cells. The higher power capability of the Li–air cells is primarily due to their higher cell voltage.
All‐Wheel Drive Hybrid System
Authors: Sato Eiji 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The drivetrain layout of an all‐wheel drive (
AWD
) hybrid electric vehicle (
HEV
) system differs from a mechanical
AWD
system and in the same way there are a number of alternative arrangements.

It can be simply constructed by mounting a traction motor at the opposite end of a two‐wheel drive system (
2WD
), without the need for a propeller shaft.

However, there are difficulties in control between the front and rear motors, especially when shifting between
2WD
and
AWD
, and during distribution of braking force between the front and the rear.

This chapter describes the construction and control specific to this particular
AWD
hybrid system configuration.
Axle Systems
Authors: Palazzolo Joseph 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTraditional passenger cars and light trucks utilize an axle system to drive the wheels. The axle system includes the final drive gear reduction and a differential. The differential is a torque splitting device that allows two wheels to be driven from a single source, whereas the final drive gear reduction translates the power perpendicular from the input axis to the output axis. The specific details and methodology for axle construction are reviewed in this chapter. This review includes independent versus beam‐style axles, wheel‐end configurations, hypoid gearing, bearing considerations, and, lastly, manufacturing considerations.
Supercharging
Authors: Streeter Scot , Swartzlander Matt 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The goal of this document is to describe the design and application considerations for a modern mechanically driven supercharger for an internal combustion engine. This includes the consideration of the drive system, internal component design, mechanical energy transfer through the device, and the air handling aspects of the device. This includes the requirements for rotor timing, air control events, rotor design, the power couplings, lubrication requirements, and port design. Consideration is given throughout the discussion on the optimal design configuration for the goal of the highest efficient device and application. The discussion continues on engine matching, FEAD considerations, and single and compound boosting configurations. Critical system considerations like bypass design are considered and discussed. Efficiency optimization is a topic of discussion in the test as well as performance tailoring for a particular application. The discussion concludes with a review of end application optimization and emissions impact with the technology.
Fundamental Combustion Modes
Authors: Matthews Ronald D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter provides essential background information regarding the combustion processes in spark ignition engines, diesel engines, and engines that are under development worldwide employing various forms of low temperature combustion [e.g., homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), controlled autoignition (CAI), premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI)]. These three types of engines are characterized by three different dominant modes of combustion: premixed flames, diffusion flames, and volumetric energy release. These three modes of combustion are covered in sufficient detail so that the reader should have the background knowledge that allows understanding of the combustion processes in the chapters that discuss these types of engines in depth.
Fuel Introduction
Authors: Reitz Rolf , Pickett Lyle , Trujillo Mario 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter reviews the fundamental processes involved in the introduction of fuels into the engine. Spray nozzles commonly used in engine applications are summarized, together with fuel introduction strategies ranging from classical carburetor intake manifold fuel introduction to modern port fuel injection (PFI) fuel injectors. Issues relevant for direct in‐cylinder fuel introduction spark‐ignition and diesel engines are also reviewed. The effects of air entrainment on spray penetration and vaporization, together with injector nozzle, injection timing and fuel effects on combustion, oil dilution, and engine wear are also discussed. In addition, the effect of fuel spray interaction with in‐cylinder airflows is discussed. Current models of fundamental spray processes in engines are reviewed, including models for atomization, drop breakup, drop collision and coalescence, vaporization, drag and deformation, turbulent diffusion, and spray/wall impingement processes. This chapter concludes with a discussion of new computational tools that are currently under development for improved understanding of spray processes.
Fundamentals
Authors: Musculus Mark P.B. , Pickett Lyle M. , Kaiser Sebastian A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFundamental details of the spatial and/or temporal evolution of in‐cylinder processes of internal combustion engines may be gained from various optical diagnostics. Application of optical diagnostics requires experimental facilities with optical access, appropriate light detection instrumentation, and potentially external light sources and delivery optics. Three types of optical facilities that recreate engine‐relevant high pressure, high temperature conditions are reviewed here: engines, rapid compression machines, and pressurized high temperature spray or premixed fuel–air chambers. In addition, several of the more commonly applied optical diagnostic techniques that can detect combustion‐generated light emission, attenuation and scattering of light from external sources, and artificially generated emission, including laser‐induced processes, are also briefly reviewed.
Communication of Electric Vehicles
Authors: Rehtanz Christian , Horenkamp Willi , Rolink Johannes 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSeveral governments in the world have set ambitious goal of launching around one million electric vehicles (EVs) on roads by 2020. However, it can only reach this goal if it acts early to facilitate the integration of EVs into the electricity supply system and tomorrow's smart grid. This entails both economic and technical challenges. On the technical front, a suitable charging infrastructure is needed that consists of charging points at home, work, and public or quasi‐public places. Vehicle charging must not impair supply quality, supply reliability, or grid stability, either. The new infrastructure will have to support charge management and energy billing, but can also provide value‐added and ancillary services as long as data can be exchanged between the stakeholders.
Road Traffic and Travel Information
Authors: Bolte Fritz 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Road Traffic and Travel Information, in some publications “Real‐Time Traffic Information,” (RTTI) stands for all information that drivers need to plan their journeys, carry them out, and reach their destinations safely and in time. In this context, the focus is on road traffic although extension onto other transport modes such as rail and air could be advisable. Intermodality would be a useful complement to exploit all possible transport facilities. The limitation on road transport is due to better explain existing RTTI systems, their possibilities and problems, and emerging new developments.
This report deals with static, semidynamic and dynamic types of information: how can they be obtained, collected, verified, and distributed to all interested actors such as road operators, fleet operators, information services, and drivers as end users.
Historic developments in information services have led to different actors being seen, in European and non‐European countries, pursuing different and sometimes competing interests. As a result, various topologies of RTTI systems exist. “Interoperability” is needed at least in the interface to the driver. This is a political requirement owed to the targets to improve traffic safety, minimize transport costs and negative effects on environmental conditions, and to alleviate them to increase trans‐border mobility and traffic. Safety‐relevant RTTI should be accessed by drivers as end‐users without additional costs, as required by European Directives.
This chapter compiles important results recently published from different sources.
ITSecurity for Communicating Automotive Systems
Authors: Friederici Florian , Grote Rafael , Radusch Ilja 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview on information technology security for automotive systems, with the emphasis on intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The common terms of security engineering are introduced and the methodologies for security design and analysis are described. A general consideration of system and communications security under different viewpoints is made. Additionally, tools and standards for secure communication are described. Finally, a discussion of threats and countermeasures forITSconcludes the chapter.
Driver Distraction
Authors: Bengler Klaus 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe car driver can be supported in a remarkable way by additional information inside and outside the vehicle. Navigation, route guidance, and traffic message systems are only selected examples. In addition, comfort and infotainment systems increase the car's functionality. This must not lead to increased driver distraction but should make driving easier, more efficient, and safer. According to this, guidelines and standards were published that address the development of ergonomically optimized in‐vehicle human–machine interaction (HMI) and the assessment of driver distraction using digital human models or experimental procedures. A stringent application of this knowledge and methodology will help to avoid negative side effects while introducing additional information and functionality to a complex environment.
ChassisECU(Vehicle Dynamics,ABS)
Authors: Abe Yasuhiro , Kato Toshihisa , Takemoto Shinya , Okano Takahiro 
Published: April 2014

AbstractVehicles are equipped with brake control systems such as antilock brake system (ABS), traction control system (TCS), and electronic stability control (ESC) in an effort to improve active safety. A brake control system is composed of various sensors, an electronic control unit (ECU), and an actuator. This chapter will describe the various components of the brake system and how they affect theABS,TCS,ESCsystem, and regenerative braking.
Series–Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Van Mierlo Joeri , Hegazy Omar , Smekens Jelle , De Cauwer Cedric 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe state of the art of the series–parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is presented. In this chapter, a comprehensive review on their powertrains and power management strategy is provided. Moreover, this chapter presents the different transmission systems (such as torque coupling and speed coupling). These transmission systems can be classified into continuous variable transmissions (CVTs) and electric variable transmissions (EVTs). The different operating modes are described in detail. In addition, the benefits and the drawbacks of the series–parallelHEVsare presented.
Telecommunications
Authors: Kuraoka Hiroaki 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

There are three main categories of wireless communication used in vehicles. The first category is communication for inside the vehicle. The second category is short‐range wireless communication with targets outside the vehicle, which is used for electronic toll collection (
ETC
) and the like. The third is broadband wireless communication, such as the one used for mobile telephone networks. Each of these categories uses dedicated communication technologies, and the frequencies and communication protocols adopted also differ depending on the conditions in the destination country and the strategy of the communication provider. However, the services realized by communication are similar throughout the world. This chapter describes some examples of the automotive services that use wireless communication.
Junction Blocks Simplify and Decrease Networks When Matched to
ECU
and Wire Harness
Authors: Sugimura Takezo , Sugimoto Kaoru , Tsuyuki Mamichi 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

In recent years, the electronic control system has become more intelligent and advanced to make cars safer, more comfortable, and environmentally friendly. This chapter describes the transition of automotive electronics and then describes the increase in the use of
ECUs
, the history of wire harnesses, and networks between
ECUs
. It describes the transition in the number of
ECUs
and the related problems of the increased use of wire harnesses. Next, a prediction of their future is explored. In addition,
LAN
history is described and the standardization of in‐vehicle
LANs
,
LAN
structure, and the next generation of standard
LAN
.