bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bribe Payments and Innovation in Developing Countries: Are Innovating Firms Disproportionately Affected?
Authors: Ayyagari Meghana , Demirgüç-Kunt Asli , Maksimovic Vojislav 
Published: May 2014

AbstractInnovating firms pay more bribes than noninnovators across 25,000 firms in 57 countries. The difference is larger in countries with more bureaucratic regulation and weaker governance. Innovators that pay bribes do not receive better services and do not have greater propensity to engage in other illegal activities such as tax evasion. Thus, innovators are more likely to be victims of corruption than perpetrators. Our findings point to the challenges facing entrepreneurs in developing countries and are consistent with the view that rent seeking by government officials unlike private criminal activity is more likely to target innovators.
Solvency Constraint, Underdiversification, and Idiosyncratic Risks
Authors: Liu Hong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractContrary to the prediction of the standard portfolio diversification theory, many investors place a large fraction of their stock investment in a small number of stocks. I show that underdiversification may be caused by solvency requirements. My model predicts that for quite general preferences and return distributions: (1) underdiversification decreases in discretionary wealth; and (2) expected return and covariance determine which stocks to invest in, but variance, higher moments, and Sharpe ratio do not matter for this choice. In addition, a less-diversified stock portfolio has a higher expected return, a higher volatility, and a higher skewness, and idiosyncratic risks are priced.
Financial Expertise of the Board, Risk Taking, and Performance: Evidence from Bank Holding Companies
Authors: Minton Bernadette A. , Taillard Jérôme P. , Williamson Rohan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFinancial expertise among independent directors of U.S. banks is positively associated with balance-sheet and market-based measures of risk in the run-up to the 2007–2008 financial crisis. While financial expertise is weakly associated with better performance before the crisis, it is strongly related to lower performance during the crisis. Overall, the results are consistent with independent directors with financial expertise supporting increased risk taking prior to the crisis. Despite being consistent with shareholder value maximization ex ante, these actions become detrimental during the crisis. These results are not driven by powerful chief executive officers who select independent financial experts to rubber stamp strategies that satisfy their risk appetite.
Auto-localization system for indoor mobile robot using RFID fusion
Authors: Abdelgawad A. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYAutonomous mobile robots need accurate localization techniques to perform assigned task. Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) has become one of the main means to construct a real-time localization system. Localization techniques in RFID rely on accurate estimation of the read range between the reader and the tags. This paper proposes an auto-localization system for indoor mobile robot using passive RFID. The proposed system reads any three different RFID tags which have a known location. The current location can be estimated using the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) scheme. In order to improve the system accuracy, the proposed system fuses the TDOA scheme for the three tags. A Kalman filter is used to minimize the estimated error and predict the next location. The simulation results validate the proposed framework.
Ohio University's New Series of Edited Transcriptions of Oral Materials
Authors: Doxsee Gifford B. 
Published: May 2014

Africanists doing field research that includes the recording of interviews and oral traditions have increasingly noted the importance of bringing such materials into print at reasonable prices. Though Indiana University has maintained an archive for such recorded oral materials for several years, access to and the use of these recordings have been difficult at best for most students of Africa.In an effort to meet the perceived need for the publication of edited transcriptions of recorded interviews from African field research, the Ohio University Center for International Studies is launching this year a new sub-series within its established Africa Series of Papers in International Studies. The published oral materials from the African field will be advertised as a distinct sub-series, but they will appear in the same format as the existing monograph series and will be numbered sequentially among the monographs.Scholars and students of Africa who have recorded oral materials which they would like published are invited to submit edited transcriptions for consideration and possible publication in the new sub-series. Typescripts should range in length between 125 and 250 pages, double-spaced, and should be as carefully edited and made ready for publication as possible before submission.Each manuscript of edited transcriptions should be a self-contained and independent contribution, fully able to be understood by readers without the need for consulting other references. To this end, it is requested that each potential contributor organize, edit, and supplement the data gathered in the field in ways that will optimize their usefulness.Each contribution should contain an introduction explaining the circumstances in which the research was conducted, unusual problems encountered together with the methods by which these were overcome, and special research techniques that would assist future scholars.
Cor triatriatum or divided atriums: which approach provides the better understanding?
Authors: Bharucha Tara , Spicer Diane E. , Mohun Timothy J. , Black David , Henry G. William , Anderson Robert H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIt is frequent, in the current era, to encounter congenital cardiac malformations described in terms of “cor triatriatum”. But can hearts be truly found with three atrial chambers? The morphological method, emphasised by Van Praagh et al, states that structures within the heart should be defined on the basis of their most constant components. In the atrial chambers, it is the appendages that are the most constant components, and to the best of our knowledge, hearts can only possess two appendages, which can be of either right or left morphology. The hearts described on the basis of “cor triatriatum”, nonetheless, can also be analysed on the basis of division of either the morphologically right or the morphologically left atriums. In this review, we provide a description of cardiac embryology, showing how each of the atrial chambers possesses part of the embryological body, along with an appendage, a vestibule, a venous component, and a septum that separates them. We then show how it is, indeed, the case that the hearts described in terms of “cor triatriatum” can be readily understood on the basis of division of these atrial components. In the right atrium, it is the venous valves that divide the chamber. In the left atrium, it is harder to provide an explanation for the shelf that produces atrial division. We also contrast the classic examples of the divided atrial chambers with the vestibular shelf that produces supravalvar stenosis in the morphologically left atrium, showing that this form of obstruction needs to be distinguished from the fibrous shelves producing intravalvar obstruction.
‘Doctor, Doctor. . .’ entrepreneurial diagnosis and market making
Authors: GODLEY ANDREW C. , CASSON MARK C. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract:Doctor-patient jokes are universally popular because of the information asymmetries within the diagnostic relationship. We contend that entrepreneurial diagnosis is present in markets where consumers are unable to diagnose their own problems and, instead, rely on the entrepreneur to diagnose them. Although it is widely recognized that consumers face information asymmetries over price comparison and quality assessment, little attention has been given to information asymmetries regarding individual customers’ needs. This has led to the economic contribution of the diagnostic entrepreneur being overlooked. Entrepreneurial diagnosis is a cognitive skill possessed by the entrepreneur. It is a subset of entrepreneurial judgment and can be modeled. The model shows that in order to exploit opportunities it is often necessary for entrepreneurs to invest in market-making activities, such as customer-focused diagnostic services, backed up by credible reputations for competence and integrity. While diagnostic entrepreneurship is particularly important in knowledge-intensive service industries (such as medicine) it is important in all industries whenever radical product innovation occurs (e.g. modern computers and phones). Successful commercialization of innovation often requires, not only new technology, but diagnostic entrepreneurship too.
Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from the Insect Limestone (Bembridge Marls, Late Eocene) of the Isle of Wight, southern England
Authors: Selden Paul A. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe arachnids from the late Eocene Insect Limestone of the Isle of Wight are reviewed. Only spiders (Araneae) have been recorded, of which several dozen are known, mostly juveniles. Nearly all are araneomorphs; the putative mygalomorph Eoatypus woodwardii McCook, 1888 was removed from that infraorder by Selden (2001), but new specimens, yet to be described, could belong in this group. Among the adult specimens, which are thus identifiable to family level, most belong to the argyronetid water-spider Vectaraneus yulei Selden, 2001; some resemble araneids, and a small number can be referred to other families. New morphological information on the holotype of Vectaraneus is presented, and three other specimens are described in more detail here, in Segestriidae, Araneidae and Salticidae. Segestriids are nocturnal sedentary hunters living in tubular retreats in rock or bark crevices. Araneids are the archetypal weavers of orb webs. Salticids are the familiar jumping spiders; the one described here is an ant mimic. Their presence suggests a drier habitat was present somewhere in the source environment for the fossil biota, and they were probably inhabitants of the raised hammocks suggested for the Insect Bed palaeoenvironment.
Head Shadow, Squelch, and Summation Effects With an Energetic or Informational Masker in Bilateral and Bimodal CI Users
Authors: Pyschny Verena , Landwehr Markus , Hahn Moritz , Lang-Roth Ruth , Walger Martin , Meister Hartmut 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of noise (energetic) and speech (energetic plus informational) maskers on the head shadow (HS), squelch (SQ), and binaural summation (SU) effect in bilateral and bimodal cochlear implant (CI) users.

Method
Speech recognition was measured in the presence of either a competing talker or modulated speech-shaped noise in 10 bimodal and 10 bilateral adult CI users. HS, SQ, and SU effects were calculated. The interfering signals were manipulated with respect to F0 to consider the influence of different speaker voices.

Results
The effects HS, SQ, and SU differed depending on the type of masker. A detailed analysis of errors was used to dissociate energetic and informational masking effects. The analysis showed a release from energetic than from informational masking.

Conclusion
Noise interferers are not sufficient to reflect difficulties experienced with speech understanding in noise for bilateral and bimodal CI users.
Perception of a Sung Vowel as a Function of Frequency-Modulation Rate and Excursion in Listeners With Normal Hearing and Hearing Impairment
Authors: Vatti Marianna , Santurette Sébastien , Pontoppidan Niels Henrik , Dau Torsten 
Published: May 2014

PurposeFrequency fluctuations in human voices can usually be described as coherent frequency modulation (FM). As listeners with hearing impairment (HI listeners) are typically less sensitive to FM than listeners with normal hearing (NH listeners), this study investigated whether hearing loss affects the perception of a sung vowel based on FM cues.MethodVibrato maps were obtained in 14 NH and 12 HI listeners with different degrees of musical experience. The FM rate and FM excursion of a synthesized vowel, to which coherent FM was applied, were adjusted until a singing voice emerged.ResultsIn NH listeners, adding FM to the steady vowel components produced perception of a singing voice for FM rates between 4.1 and 7.5 Hz and FM excursions between 17 and 83 cents on average. In contrast, HI listeners showed substantially broader vibrato maps. Individual differences in map boundaries were, overall, not correlated with audibility or frequency selectivity at the vowel fundamental frequency, with no clear effect of musical experience.ConclusionOverall, it was shown that hearing loss affects the perception of a sung vowel based on FM-rate and FM-excursion cues, possibly due to deficits in FM detection or discrimination or to a degraded ability to follow the rate of frequency changes.
Implicit Memory Influences on Metamemory During Verbal Learning After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Ramanathan Pradeep , Kennedy Mary R. T. , Marsolek Chad J. 
Published: May 2014

PurposePrior research has shown that individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be overconfident in theirjudgments of learning(JOLs; online measures of self-monitoring of learning and memory). JOLs had been presumed to be driven by explicit processes, but recent research has also revealed implicit memory involvement. Given that implicit learning mechanisms are often intact in those with TBI, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether priming and antipriming of immediate and delayed JOLs in individuals with TBI might affect their overconfidence.MethodA standard 3-field masked priming paradigm was combined with a paired-associate learning task with JOLs and administered to individuals with TBI and matched controls (18 per group). In each trial, a subliminal masked stimulus was immediately followed by supraliminal presentation of a word pair for study; participants also made immediate and delayed JOLs, with cued-recall testing 10 min after study and judgment.ResultsAntipriming significantly lowered JOLs and overconfidence for both groups, whereas delaying JOLs significantly improved recall for both groups.ConclusionsThe results suggest that JOLs may be influenced by subliminal implicit memory. Clinical implications include the possible use of antipriming to reduce overconfidence after brain injury and delaying JOLs to improve recall.
Typical and Delayed Lexical Development in Italian
Authors: Rescorla Leslie , Frigerio Alessandra , Sali Maria Enrica , Spataro Pietro , Longobardi Emiddia 
Published: May 2014

Purpose
The Language Development Survey (LDS; Rescorla, 1989) was used to compare Italian and English lexical development. The authors addressed the issue of universal versus language-specific aspects of lexical development by testing language, age, and gender effects on vocabulary scores and by comparing vocabulary composition across languages. They addressed the issue of delay versus deviance by comparing vocabulary composition in late talkers and younger vocabulary-size-matched children.

Method
Participants were 398 Italian and 206 U.S. children ages 18–35 months.

Results

Vocabulary size did not differ significantly by language, and age and gender effects on vocabulary size were not moderated by language. The Italian–English
Q
correlation for percentage word use scores was .55, lower than the within-language concordance of .90 and above. Cross-linguistic concordance declined as age and vocabulary size increased. Many cross-linguistic word matches (63 words) were found among the top 100 words. Italian late talkers were similar to younger vocabulary-size-matched Italian children in vocabulary composition, consistent with findings for English, Greek, and Korean.

Conclusions
In both languages, the early lexicons of late talkers and typical talkers contained many of the same words, indicating considerable universality in young children's lexical development. These common words are therefore good targets for clinical intervention.
First light of the Gemini Planet Imager
Authors: Macintosh Bruce , Graham James R. , Ingraham Patrick , Konopacky Quinn , Marois Christian , Perrin Marshall , Poyneer Lisa , Bauman Brian , Barman Travis , Burrows Adam S. , Cardwell Andrew , Chilcote Jeffrey , De Rosa Robert J. , Dillon Daren , Doyon Rene , Dunn Jennifer , Erikson Darren , Fitzgerald Michael P. , Gavel Donald , Goodsell Stephen , Hartung Markus , Hibon Pascale , Kalas Paul , Larkin James , Maire Jerome , Marchis Franck , Marley Mark S. , McBride James , Millar-Blanchaer Max , Morzinski Katie , Norton Andrew , Oppenheimer B. R. , Palmer David , Patience Jennifer , Pueyo Laurent , Rantakyro Fredrik , Sadakuni Naru , Saddlemyer Leslie , Savransky Dmitry , Serio Andrew , Soummer Remi , Sivaramakrishnan Anand , Song Inseok , Thomas Sandrine , Wallace J. Kent , Wiktorowicz Sloane , Wolff Schuyler 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Direct detection—spatially resolving the light of a planet from the light of its parent star—is an important technique for characterizing exoplanets. It allows observations of giant exoplanets in locations like those in our solar system, inaccessible by other methods. The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a new instrument for the Gemini South telescope. Designed and optimized only for high-contrast imaging, it incorporates advanced adaptive optics, diffraction control, a near-infrared spectrograph, and an imaging polarimeter. During first-light scientific observations in November 2013, GPI achieved contrast performance that is an order of magnitude better than conventional adaptive optics imagers.
Priming by the variability of visual information
Authors: Michael Elizabeth , de Gardelle Vincent , Summerfield Christopher 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Sensory systems in the mammalian brain adapt to the context provided by the local environment. The high-level statistics of visual information, such as the central tendency (mean) or heterogeneity (variance) of features or objects, provide important contextual cues for perception. Here, we show that participants categorize a “target” array faster when it occurs in the context of a preceding “prime” array with similar levels feature variance, even when prime and target features are drawn from different categories. This finding suggests that humans rapidly extract and adapt to the variance of visual information. Adaptation to variance may facilitate gain control in heterogeneous or cluttered environments, and contribute to ecologically important behaviors, such as detection in camouflage.
Energy efficiency and allometry of movement of swimming and flying animals
Authors: Bale Rahul , Hao Max , Bhalla Amneet Pal Singh , Patankar Neelesh A. 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceIs a whale or a tuna more efficient? The answer depends on the definition of efficiency. If one uses cost of transport, defined as the energy required to move unit distance, then the tuna wins. If energy of transporting unit mass over unit distance is used then the whale wins. We address this ambiguity by rationally deriving a new efficiency measure called the energy-consumption coefficient (CE), which is a nondimensional measure of fuel consumption.CEis a fundamental metric to quantify efficiency of self-propelled bodies analogous to the drag coefficient (Cd) to quantify aerodynamic shapes of vehicles. The analysis also leads to allometric scalings of frequency and velocity of swimming and flying organisms over more than 20 orders of magnitude of mass.
Room temperature hyperpolarization of nuclear spins in bulk
Authors: Tateishi Kenichiro , Negoro Makoto , Nishida Shinsuke , Kagawa Akinori , Morita Yasushi , Kitagawa Masahiro 
Published: May 2014

SignificanceNuclear spins are only slightly aligned even in the strong magnetic fields of superconducting magnets because the magnetic energy of nuclear spin is much smaller than thermal energy. This is the major reason for the low sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy. Using electron spins in thermal equilibrium, which have 660 times higher magnetic energy, the sensitivity can be enhanced by at most this factor through a method called dynamic nuclear polarization. Utilizing photo-excited nonthermalized electrons instead, we demonstrate an enhancement factor of 250,000 at room temperature, which can be applied to a wide range of fields including NMR, MRI, and physics.
Rapid short-term cooling following the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
Authors: Vellekoop Johan , Sluijs Appy , Smit Jan , Schouten Stefan , Weijers Johan W. H. , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. , Brinkhuis Henk 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Here, for the first time (to our knowledge), we are able to demonstrate unambiguously that the impact at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–Pg, ∼66 Mya) was followed by a so-called “impact winter.” This impact winter was the result of the injection of large amounts of dust and aerosols into the stratosphere and significantly reduced incoming solar radiation for decades. Therefore, this phase will have been a key contributory element in the extinctions of many biological clades, including the dinosaurs. The K–Pg boundary impact presents a unique event in Earth history because it caused global change at an unparalleled rate. This detailed portrayal of the environmental consequences of the K–Pg impact and aftermath aids in our understanding of truly rapid climate change.
Speciation of a group I intron into a lariat capping ribozyme
Authors: Meyer Mélanie , Nielsen Henrik , Oliéric Vincent , Roblin Pierre , Johansen Steinar D. , Westhof Eric , Masquida Benoît 
Published: May 2014

Significance
We report the crystal structures of precleavage and postcleavage forms of the lariat-capping (LC) ribozyme. The structures show how domains from an ancestral group I ribozyme have evolved due to loss of selection pressure for self-splicing. Instead, a branching activity has been selected, resulting in capping the downstream mRNA by a 3-nt lariat stabilized by the ribozyme core. The LC ribozyme constitutes an original ribozyme family with an unexpected 3D structure that departs significantly from that of group I introns. The structures also elucidate the regulatory domain’s role in transmitting a signal for cleavage to the ribozyme. The characterization of this natural evolutionary RNA speciation event is, to our knowledge, the first described at such an intricate level.
Structural and functional brain rewiring clarifies preserved interhemispheric transfer in humans born without the corpus callosum
Authors: Tovar-Moll Fernanda , Monteiro Myriam , Andrade Juliana , Bramati Ivanei E. , Vianna-Barbosa Rodrigo , Marins Theo , Rodrigues Erika , Dantas Natalia , Behrens Timothy E. J. , de Oliveira-Souza Ricardo , Moll Jorge , Lent Roberto 
Published: May 2014

Significance
Individuals subjected to surgical transection of the corpus callosum (“split-brains”) fail to transfer information between the cerebral hemispheres, a condition known as “disconnection syndrome.” On the other hand, subjects born without the callosum (callosal dysgenesis, CD) typically show preserved interhemispheric communication. To clarify this paradox, which has defied neuroscientists for decades, we investigated CD subjects using functional and structural neuroimaging and neuropsychological tests. Results demonstrated the existence of anomalous interhemispheric tracts that cross through the midbrain and ventral forebrain, linking the parietal cortices bilaterally. These findings provide an explanation for the preserved cross-transfer of tactile information between hemispheres in CD. We suggest that this condition is associated with extensive brain rewiring, generating a new circuitry that provides functional compensatory interhemispheric integration.