bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overhead and Underground Power Lines’ Magnetic Fields: Rationing, Calculation, Design
Authors: Рябченко  , Ryabchenko V. , Рубцова  , Rubtsova Nina , Зимин  , Zimin K. , Абдурахманов  , Abdurakhmanov A. , Токарский  , Tokarskiy A. 
Published: May 2014

Normative documents related to magnetic field (MF) created by power lines have been considered and maximum permissible
levels of MF intensity (induction) have been specified. The field intensity calculation algorithm is given. It is shown that
multiphase sources create an elliptic polarization field, which intensity’s greatest operating value is on ellipse’s big axis,
and calculation of resultant value on components with Pythagorean theorem application leads to an error with real value
increase to 41%. Distinctions of results of these calculation methods’ application have been shown on the example of 500
kV lines. Options of MF intensity decrease to admissible levels have been considered for 500 kV underground power line at
various ways of its laying.
A preliminary investigation of error enhancement of the velocity component in stroke patients’ reaching movements
Authors: Givon-Mayo Ronit , Simons Esther , Ohry Avi , Karpin Hana , Israely Sharon , Carmeli Eli 
Published: May 2014

Background/aim: Patients with stroke who are suffering from impaired reaching movement experience insufficient spatial and temporal coordination, affecting upper limb functions and everyday life tasks. This study examines a new robot-assisted rehabilitation method for ameliorating arm reaching movements through velocity error enhancement training. The authors hypothesised that this robot-assisted rehabilitation training may encourage restoration of arm reaching abilities among post-stroke hemiparesis patients.Methods: Several clinical and kinematic measures were used to evaluate outcomes. Subjects were assigned either to an experimental group that underwent 5-week treatments with error enhanced forces, or to a control group that received passive treatment. The control group undertook reaching tasks over the same period while they were connected to the robot but without it applying any error enhancement forces to their upper limb. The robotic system was programmed based on previous kinematic data from healthy subjects, so any deviation from the relatively smooth, calculated, optimal trajectory, and velocity profile mean encountered error enhancing external forces.Results: The results showed an appreciable effect on smoothness and regularity of movement. After 5 weeks of velocity error enhancement treatment, all subjects in the experimental group displayed movements converging towards their optimal profiles, together with decreased variability in path trajectory. In contrast to the control group, their mean deviation was also significantly reduced. These positive changes in motor control patterns were paralleled by gains in functional capacity, as reflected by the Motor Assessment Scale test results. However, those results should be carefully inspected in regard to small sample size and un-matching of motor performance at the beginning of the trial between groups.Conclusion: The study demonstrates the potential of robotic rehabilitation that combines error enhancement and velocity component training to help stroke patients.
Acupressure and task-related training after stroke: A case study
Authors: Ng Shamay SM , Fong Shirley SM , Lam Stefanie SL , Lai Charles WK , Chow Lina PY , de Sá Ferreira Arthur 
Published: May 2014

Background: Previous neurophysiological studies have provided empirical evidence explaining how afferent stimulation through acupuncture can improve motor function after stroke. Acupressure provides afferent stimulation through the application of appropriate pressure using the hands or fingers to spots of the body suitable for acupuncture. However, any therapeutic effects of using acupressure coupled with physical training for patients with stroke have not yet been studied.Aim: This case report describes how an intervention protocol in which acupressure and task-related training were combined to improve lower limb motor functions of an individual 5 years post stroke.Methods: The participant was a 65-year old man who had a stroke 5 years previously. After a 4-week observation period, the participant was given a 4-week (3 days per week) programme consisting of 20 minutes of acupressure to four acupoints in the affected lower leg, followed by 40 minutes of task-related training. Outcome measures included plantarflexor spasticity, isometric muscle strength in the lower limbs, walking speed, and functional mobility.Results: After the 4-week programme, the strength of the participant's knee extensors, ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, walking speed, and Up and Go times had improved. Those gains were maintained 4 weeks after the interventio]n ended. The spasticity level of the affected ankle plantarflexors remained unchanged throughout the study.Conclusion: Combining acupressure with a task-related training programme is safe and effective in improving the lower limb motor function of an individual 5 years post stroke.
Feasibility of high repetition of task practice in constraint induced movement therapy in an acute stroke patient
Authors: Abdullahi Auwal , Shehu Sale , Dantani Ibrahim B 
Published: May 2014

Background: Constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a rehabilitation technique that has been reported to improve upper limb motor function. Its main components are constraint of the unaffected limb and task practice with the affected limb for specific periods of time. However, the optimal dose of task practice and its safety during acute stroke is not clear. This is because studies use different durations for task practice, and task practice during acute stroke in animals was reported to result in lesional expansion and subsequent functional deterioration. In animal models and human chronic stroke patients, high repetitions of task practice of ranging from 300–800 has been reported to be the number required for functional improvement. Whether this is possible in acute stroke is not clear. Aim: The aim of this case report was to investigate the feasibility of 320 repetitions of task practice during CIMT in a patient who had a stroke 8 days prior to the commencement of treatment. Method: The patient was a 55-year-old woman who was 8 days post stroke at the time of treatment commencement, with mild left upper limb motor impairment. The patient performed 320 repetitions of functional tasks divided between two sessions per day, 5 days a week, for a duration of 8 weeks. Result: The results showed a significant improvement in upper limb motor function at 2 weeks, which reached the level of minimally clinical important difference (MCID) at 4, 6 and 8 weeks post-intervention. Conclusion: It may be possible to administer high repetitions of task practice to acute stroke patients.
Depth of interaction determination with temperature gradient function in continuous bismuth germanate oxide (BGO) crystal
Authors: Wolszczak Weronika 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
A method for depth of interaction (DOI) estimation with temperature gradient was considered. Preliminary results covered measurements of bismuth germanate oxide (BGO) monolithic crystal light pulse dependence on temperature. The proof of concept for using temperature gradient as a way to encode DOI incident γ in monolithic BGO crystal was presented.
A Semiotic Perspective of Mythical Discourse
Authors: Doping Lu 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This article purports to unfold the structural rules and functional mechanism governing mythical discourse from a semiotic perspective. With insights from three semiotic pioneers, the author attempts to interpret myth within a framework of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic dimensions. Just in this vein, the article strongly advocates that mythical sign ought to be structurally divided Into components, which have semantic significations to correspond, and are governed by a set of rules as well.
Kawadias‘ and Μutis‘ Freighters: Intertextuality and Intersemiosis In Different Literary Traditions but Common Forms of Life
Authors: Magoulas Charalampos 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The mariners of the 20th century, travelling around the world and working in multinational and multicultural environments, have been the vehicles'of a particular ideal of globalization. Their experiences and rare knowledge, which constitute-and expressed through-forms of life composed of similar language games (social discourse, argot and maritime terms) are registered in different literary traditions and collective imaginaries. The semiotic systems, where significations of maritime everyday life are embodied, are the product of procedures of condensation and expansion of meanings, which are to be found in maritime literature. This paper aims at examining on the one hand the intertextuality in Alvaro Mutis' Abdul Bashur, Dreamer of Ships, the Colombian novelist who lived in several countries of the world and in Nikos Kawadias' poetry, the Greek poet who travelled all over the world, and on the other hand the semiotic modalities that construct the maritime semiosphere in different literatures. Methodological tools to be used are Wittgenstein's philosophy of language on forms of life, Fontanille's and Zilberberg's comments on this theory and on Lotman's semiosphere and Aristotle's Poetics. The universality of maritime semiotic systems in the literature to be presented is going to prove that social and professional groups develop common practices and idioms independently of national contexts and represent a very fine example of globalization-and of course-before our post-modem era.
Bakhtin’s Socio-semiotic View on Language and Linguistic Studies
Authors: Shuguang Li 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
When beginning his adventure in linguistic studies, Bakhtin took a sociological path, trying to explore the vast rich land ignored by Saussure. In contrast to Saussure's structural linguistics, which regards the abstract language system (i. e. langue) as the only legitimate object of linguistic studies, Bakhtin proposed his translinguistic theory, which selects living discourse as the real object of linguistic studies. Bakhtin's translinguistic ideas, however, are based on his socio-semiotic understanding of language, the most important sign in social interactions; his translinguistics is the logical necessity entailed in his socio-semiotic view on language.
Translating Irrealia – Creating a Semiotic Framework for the Translation of Fictional Cultures
Authors: Loponen Mika 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This paper aims to propose a third generation semiotic method for analyzing inter-linguistic translations. The paper concentrates on translation issues related to the literary genres related to "genre" literature such as science fiction or fantasy, aiming to provide a semiotic method with which to interpret the texts as holistic entities and to isolate the specific elements that create the textual world. The translation method is based on semiotic tools and theories by Lotman, Eco and Tarasti among others, and is built around the basis of an earlier model by the same author (Loponen, 2006). To help isolate and interpret textual elements that create the genre specific texts as holistic entities, the paper introduces the concept of irrealia into semiotic translation studies.
A Semiotic Transformational Process from Verbal to Pictorial Expressions in Henri Michaux’s Works
Authors: Elkan Lajos 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Henri Michaux's artistic production possesses a double and, one might say, contrary and/or complementary nature. It draws on the forms of expression in two different media, notably verbal and visual. His work's ambivalent nature reflects Michaux's intention to brake the mold of traditional sclerotic signifying systems, and to form new paradigms. It seemed to be a very difficult proposition for the artist to create new forms of expressions without having new frames of reference that would allow the spectator/reader to follow the work's progress. Michaux, however, succeeded in overcoming this obstacle by combining elements from both media in his texts and drawings. His method of going back and forth between the written and visual forms, where text and pictorial figures intermix sometimes on the same page, is typical of Michaux's creative process throughout his entire career.
In order to develop his own art Michaux traveled around the world and studied Chinese, Indian and Japanese artists' works. He also read European Mystics of the Middle Ages, such as the German Master Eckhart and the Dutch Ruysbroek the Admirable, and also the Chinese philosopher Lao-Tzu and Hindu religious texts. In the sixties, he undertook hallucinogenic trips with mescaline, psilocybin, LSD in order to explore his mental functioning. These experiences found their way into his writings and paintings/drawings enriching them with extraordinary insights. The combination of all these sources and their end results make Michaux's variegated works such a great challenge.
It has to be emphasized that the transformational process has less to do with transforming Nature, a traditional Western way of artistic creation, and more to do with signifying Nature involving the artist's total physical and mental being. The latter one is closer to the Chinese concept of creation, according to Billeter's remarkable book L'ART CHINOIS DE L'ECRITURE, and also Michaux's own admission in PASSAGES, and EMERGENCES-RESURGENCES.
I intend to show how during the transformational process the two systems of signs, linguistic and pictorial, complement and/or cancel out meaning in Michaux's works
Symbolism in American Beauty –A Semiotic Study of Meanings Represented by Roses
Authors: Zhenping Wang 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
American Beauty is a movie depicting two American middle class dysfunctional families. In this paper three key characters are analyzed. Carolyn, wife of Lester Bumham, is pursuing material success, the American Dream; Lester Bumham is going through his mid-life crisis in a world of fantasy; Colonel Fitts is a homophobia, repressing hard his inner desire.
In the Search for Aesthetic Experience
Authors: Tarasti Eero 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Whether the aesthetic is something we actively make or whether it just appears to us, can be formulated as the distinction between notions of act and event-as defined by the Finnish philosopher Georg Henrik v. Wright. Moreover, the concepts of geno- and phenosign refer to this crucial foundation of any aesthetic treatise, i. e. genosigns carrying along all the phases of its production aiming for such a goal, i. e. Kantian Zweck, and phenosigns as a kind of phenomenal, immediate qualities. However, insofar as the aesthetic manifests a value, we can consider it a sign of such an abstract entity. Such transcendental values gradually get dense and concretized, become 'beings' when they arrive at Dasein via modalities. So, values become modalities, certain modal constellations, and at the end signs. Analogously, aesthetic values become aesthetic experiences when they are 'modalized', and then manifest as artworks, as aesthetic signs.
Proximal and Distal Deixis in Spoken English; The Choice between This and That
Authors: Bin Xin , Lei Shen 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The origin of "deixis" is deiktikos (deictic) in Greek, meaning "pointing or showing". Since the Greek period, the phenomenon of deixis has been of considerable interest to philosophers and in the past hundred years or so it has also become an important subject of linguistic study, especially in pragmatics. In the study of deixis the choice between proximal and distal deixis has been a major focus, and philosophers and linguists have been trying hard to identify the various factors that determine the choice between the two demonstratives this and that. However, none of these attempts has done justice to the complexity and variety of the deictic expression that occurs in natural languages. The present paper tries to ascertain the various factors that affect the choice between the proximal and distal deixis this and that in spoken English. This study reveals that, in addition to relative distance, other factors such as the referential functions of the deixis (especially the speaker's assumption of the information status of the referents), the syntactic functions of the deixis (especially as head or modifier) and the speaker's attitudinal orientation also play an important role in the choice between this and that.
Dzi’i-Ba’a and the Semiotic Junction of Marriage in the Mekuk Tribe
Authors: Mbarga Jean-Claude 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This paper highlights the Mekuk tribe's Dzi'i-Ba'a as a sign of theatralization of marriage, as the obvious proof of the semiotic junction, that is to say, the vectorial relation uniting the subject with the valuable object; man with woman. Dzi'i-Ba'a is a genuine Bantou tradition in which social ceremony and theatrical spectacle are identical. It stresses the traditional process of a man's search for the woman, strengthening a certain supremacy of the man. According to the nature of marriage, the artifices of selection underline the importance of the communicative axis Transmitter-Object- Receiver, as in Greimas' actantial diagram. These relations evidence the polemic still in force about the woman's status, and underline also the will to perpetuate the values of the social group and the entirety of social strategies, the purpose of which is to consolidate the domination of man over woman, or of a clan, or a tribe, over others.
An Introduction to Peircean Semiotics and the Philosophy of Inquiry
Authors: Pearson Charts 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
With this issue, CSS introduces a new section emphasizing the semiotics of Charles Peirce and his philosophy of inquiry. This will be a regular feature, appearing in every issue. The section covers both topics because Peirce regarded both semiotics and philosophy of inquiry as the same subject. In a future issue, we hope to present in this section a forum dealing with the reasons that he regarded them as identical.
The Study of Linguistic Culturology in Terms of Semiotics
Authors: Mingyu Wang 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In terms of semiotics, all human cultural phenomena and intellectual activities are expressed by signs to present different human achievements and the significance of human existence; they are all symbolized activities. The linguistic cultural study has a long history and is well achieved, but for the in-depth research there are more fields to cultivate. The study of linguistic culturology in terms of semiotics could result in some productive attempts: the study of the text of signs providing the research basis, the focus lying in the variations of signs information, and the secondary modeling system of signs making the research sphere; the dialogic relationship of signs building up the structure, and the dynamic equilibrium of semiosphere constructing the measurement. Above all, in terms of semiotics, the study of linguistic culturology must lead to new developments and discoveries.
Epistemological Awareness in Semiotic Teaching: A Study of German and English Translations of Ferdinand de Saussure’s Sign-Concept from the French Cours de linguistique générale
Authors: Wąsik Zdzislaw 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The aim of this paper is, in general, to put forward the idea of epistemological equivalence to be achieved in translational practice, and its focus of interest concentrates, in particular, around the question of how the translations of sign-related terms selected from the students" and editors" lectures Cours de linguistique gän4rale( CLG) of Ferdinand de Saussure(1857-1913) reflect the epistemological, i. e. , ontological and gnoseological, awareness of their translators. The object of our analysis will constitute Saussure's model of the sign as a twofold entity consisting of inseparable sides that evoke each other in the mind of its user. Comparing selected quotations from the French original of CLG with their two distinct translations into English against the background of an earlier German translation, we will try to evaluate various connotations of analyzed terms while pondering how they may exert an impact upon the recipients of educational discourse in semiotics. In concluding remarks, the demand for an ecumenical translation is postulated where the knowledge of scholarly traditions and the epistemological connotations of disciplinary-specific terms constitute the central aim translator's schooling. Hence, the critical approaches to the translational practice, with special reference to its interpretative consequences, which have place in academic teaching, appear to be indispensable.
Philosophical Aspects of Semiotics
Authors: Solomonick Abraham 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This article is based on my research in the field of semiotics, a field in which I have been involved for over 25 years. Throughout that time, I felt that my work was situated on the boundary between semiotics and philosophy. Recently, I concluded that all semiotic activity related to scientific research is part of epistemology, in that it deals with certain aspects of the acquisition of knowledge.
Semiotic activity is a significant part of all scientific research. Along with observation and experimentation, it is included to varying degrees in all stages of the scientific process. Scientists rely on signs throughout their research work, from the time they plan a project through the summarizing of their conclusions.
Every branch of science develops its own sign-system or systems. The development process is one of constant and continuous innovation, because the system of signs used by a science must grow and develop along with the science itself. My research has led me to conclude that sign-systems evolve in predictable patterns, gradually becoming more abstract by incorporating increasingly abstract symbols. If we can identify these patterns, we may be able to determine the stage of maturity of a given scientific theory at a particular time. The essays in this article are one of the first attempts to begin identifying and characterizing these patterns.
A Semiotic Study of the Idiosyncratic ”CHI + NP“ Construction in Chinese
Authors: Xiong Xueliang 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The Chinese verb CHI (吃) can be virtually used with any NP in the language and the numerous papers published on this issue up to now basically focus on metonymy or metaphor interpretations for this phenomenon. In this paper, however, the author first categorizes the CHI + NP construction into ET (extended) and CT (contextualized) types, and then discusses the location dilemma (i. e. ET1 sub-type) and the semantic ubiquity (i. e. CT sub-type) typical of Chinese in order to show that the location dilemma (e. g. CHI immediately followed by a location NP) is neither the consequence of some vacuous syntactic raising nor an economy-driven equivalent of its counterpart longer expression. The ET1 use of CHI connotes an abstract sense of direction. Likewise, the semantic ubiquity (i. e. novel uses of CHI) of the CT category is not blindly metaphorical either but is better understood as the Chinese proclivity for eating and culinary arts projecting onto some pertinent cultural-linguistic fossilization and pragmatic entrenchment. The author believes that the idiosyncratic behavior and the rambunctiousness of the "CHI + NP" construction in terms of its consequent semantic omnipotence of the CT category is a further cognitive extension from the ET2 sense of DEPEND-UPON. Such flexible sense extensions are sanctioned further by the comparatively loose Chinese V + NP combination in general.