bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogeny ofIndo‐Pacific carpenter ants (Hymenoptera:Formicidae,Camponotus) reveals waves of dispersal and colonization from diverse source areas
Authors: Clouse Ronald M. , Janda Milan , Blanchard Benjamin , Sharma Prashant , Hoffmann Benjamin D. , Andersen Alan N. , Czekanski‐Moir Jesse E. , Krushelnycky Paul , Rabeling Christian , Wilson Edward O. , Economo Evan P. , Sarnat Eli M. , General David M. , Alpert Gary D. , Wheeler Ward C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAnts that resembleCamponotus maculatus(Fabricius, 1782) present an opportunity to test the hypothesis that the origin of the Pacific island fauna was primarily New Guinea, the Philippines, and the Indo‐Malay archipelago (collectively known as Malesia). We sequenced two mitochondrial and four nuclear markers from 146 specimens from Pacific islands, Australia, and Malesia. We also added 211 specimens representing a larger worldwide sample and performed a series of phylogenetic analyses and ancestral area reconstructions. Results indicate that the Pacific members of this group comprise several robust clades that have distinctly different biogeographical histories, and they suggest an important role for Australia as a source of Pacific colonizations. Malesian areas were recovered mostly in derived positions, and one lineage appears to be Neotropical. Phylogenetic hypotheses indicate that the orange, pan‐Pacific form commonly identified asC. chloroticusEmery 1897 actually consists of two distantly related lineages. Also, the lineage on Hawaiʻi, which has been calledC. variegatus(Smith, 1858), appears to be closely related toC. tortuganusEmery, 1895 in Florida and other lineages in the New World. In Micronesia and Polynesia theC. chloroticus‐like species support predictions of the taxon‐cycle hypothesis and could be candidates for human‐mediated dispersal.
Using Strategic Foresight to Assess Conservation Opportunity
Authors: COOK CARLY N. , WINTLE BONNIE C. , ALDRICH STEPHEN C. , WINTLE BRENDAN A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe nature of conservation challenges can foster a reactive, rather than proactive approach to decision making. Failure to anticipate problems before they escalate results in the need for more costly and time‐consuming solutions. Proactive conservation requires forward‐looking approaches to decision making that consider possible futures without being overly constrained by the past. Strategic foresight provides a structured process for considering the most desirable future and for mapping the most efficient and effective approaches to promoting that future with tools that facilitate creative thinking. The process involves 6 steps: setting the scope, collecting inputs, analyzing signals, interpreting the information, determining how to act, and implementing the outcomes. Strategic foresight is ideal for seeking, recognizing, and realizing conservation opportunities because it explicitly encourages a broad‐minded, forward‐looking perspective on an issue. Despite its potential value, the foresight process is rarely used to address conservation issues, and previous attempts have generally failed to influence policy. We present the strategic foresight process as it can be used for proactive conservation planning, describing some of the key tools in the foresight tool kit and how they can be used to identify and exploit different types of conservation opportunities. Scanning is an important tool for collecting and organizing diverse streams of information and can be used to recognize new opportunities and those that could be created. Scenario planning explores how current trends, drivers of change, and key uncertainties might influence the future and can be used to identify barriers to opportunities. Backcasting is used to map out a path to a goal and can determine how to remove barriers to opportunities. We highlight how the foresight process was used to identify conservation opportunities during the development of a strategic plan to address climate change in New York State. The plan identified solutions that should be effective across a range of possible futures. Illustrating the application of strategic foresight to identify conservation opportunities should provide the impetus for decision makers to explore strategic foresight as a way to support more proactive conservation policy, planning, and management.
The Grain of Spatially Referenced Economic Cost and Biodiversity Benefit Data and the Effectiveness of a Cost Targeting Strategy
Authors: SUTTON N. J. , ARMSWORTH P. R. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFacing tight resource constraints, conservation organizations must allocate funds available for habitat protection as effectively as possible. Often, they combine spatially referenced economic and biodiversity data to prioritize land for protection. We tested how sensitive these prioritizations could be to differences in the spatial grain of these data by demonstrating how the conclusion of a classic debate in conservation planning between cost and benefit targeting was altered based on the available information. As a case study, we determined parcel‐level acquisition costs and biodiversity benefits of land transactions recently undertaken by a nonprofit conservation organization that seeks to protect forests in the eastern United States. Then, we used hypothetical conservation plans to simulate the types of ex ante priorities that an organization could use to prioritize areas for protection. We found the apparent effectiveness of cost and benefit targeting depended on the spatial grain of the data used when prioritizing parcels based on local species richness. However, when accounting for complementarity, benefit targeting consistently was more efficient than a cost targeting strategy regardless of the spatial grain of the data involved. More pertinently for other studies, we found that combining data collected over different spatial grains inflated the apparent effectiveness of a cost targeting strategy and led to overestimation of the efficiency gain offered by adopting a more integrative return‐on‐investment approach.
Immunocytochemical staining for stratifin and OCIAD2 in bronchial washing specimens increases sensitivity for diagnosis of lung cancer
Authors: Itoguchi N. , Nakagawa T. , Murata Y. , Li D. , Shiba‐Ishii A. , Minami Y. , Noguchi M. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveBrushing or washing cytology taken at bronchoscopy is a standard diagnostic procedure for lung cancer. The present study evaluated the sensitivity of immunocytochemical diagnosis of lung cancer using bronchial washing materials.MethodsWe collected bronchial washing samples taken at bronchoscopy between July 2012 and July 2013 at Tsukuba University Hospital and studied 106 cases that were finally diagnosed as lung cancer. We collected exfoliated cells using a thin‐layer advanced cytology assay system (TACAS™) and performed cytological diagnosis using Papanicolaou staining. As controls, we randomly selected 30 tumour‐negative cases from among samples collected during the same period. Using these materials, we also examined the expression of stratifin (14‐3‐3 sigma) (n = 92) and OCIAD2 ovarian immunoreactive antigen domain 2) (n = 106) by immunocytochemistry, as these are considered to be broad spectrum immune markers for lung adenocarcinoma including early invasive lung adenocarcinoma.ResultsUsing Papanicolaou staining, 52 out of 106 lung cancers (49.1%) were diagnosed as positive. However, positivity was increased to 63.0% by immunocytochemistry using anti‐stratifin or anti‐OCIAD2 antibodies. Biopsies were taken in 103/106 cases and cancer was diagnosed in 60/103, (58.3%). The sensitivity of stratifin or OCIAD2 was significantly higher than that of Papanicolaou staining (P = 0.027), but immunocytochemistry detected false‐positive cells in 3/30 cases (10%) for stratifin and 2/30 cases (7%) for OCIAD2.ConclusionImmunocytochemical staining for stratifin and OCIAD2 improved diagnostic sensitivity for lung cancers but diagnostic specificity was lower than that for cytology alone. The immunostains carried up to a 10% risk of a false‐positive result and therefore positive staining must be confirmed by morphological evidence of malignancy.
Outsourcing cytological samples to a referral laboratory for EGFR testing in non‐small cell lung cancer: does theory meet practice?
Authors: Vigliar E. , Malapelle U. , Bellevicine C. , de Luca C. , Troncone G. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveGuidelines from the College of American Pathologists (CAP), the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) and the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) consider cytology suitable for testing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in lung adenocarcinoma. The guidelines recommend that cytopathologists first discuss the possibility of testing squamous cell carcinomas (SqCC) in multidisciplinary meetings. Second, cell blocks should be analysed rather than smear preparations and, third, specimens should be sent to external molecular laboratories within three working days of receiving requests. This study monitored how these recommendations are met in practice.MethodsOur laboratory received 596 requests from cytologists from 13 different institutions. For each case, the cytological diagnosis, cytopreparation type, and time between the request and sample mailing were compared with the recommendations.ResultsOf the 596 samples, 32 (5.4%) had been reported as SqCC. Three of these (9.4%) showed EGFR mutation. Cytological slides, either ThinPrep™ (51.2%) or direct smears (43.2%), were more frequently received than cell blocks (5.7%). The mean time between the oncologist's request and specimen dispatching was 5.8 working days.ConclusionsThe occurrence of mutations in samples reported as SqCC was higher than expected. This questions the reliability of the original diagnosis, which reinforced the recommendation to evaluate the opportunity for testing non‐adenocarcinoma cytology on a case‐by‐case basis. In spite of CAP/IASLC/AMP recommendations, cell blocks were underutilized for EGFR testing, but cytological slides were suitable for DNA analyses. Significant efforts are needed to avoid delays in outsourcing cytological samples for EGFR testing.
Has the Income Share of the Middle and Upper‐middle Been Stable around the ‘50/50 Rule’, or Has it Converged towards that Level? The ‘Palma Ratio’ Revisited
Authors: Palma José Gabriel 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTIn an article published in this journal in 2011, an alternative measure of inequality was suggested, which has subsequently become known as ‘the Palma Ratio’. In this new article, the author of the original proposal revisits the argument for such a measure. Using new data, he examines whether the current remarkable homogeneity in the income share of the middle and upper‐middle around the world — the foundation of the so‐called ‘Palma Ratio’ — is an historically stable stylized fact, or whether it is a new phenomenon, the outcome of a process of convergence towards the current ‘50/50 Rule’ (in which half of the population in each country located within deciles 5 to 9 tends to appropriate about 50 per cent of the national income, or just above). Although partly written in response to a comment on the 2011 paper (published in this issue), the article also makes a substantive further contribution to the literature on inequality and the statistics to measure it.
Climate warming increases biological control agent impact on a non‐target species
Authors: Lu Xinmin , Siemann Evan , He Minyan , Wei Hui , Shao Xu , Ding Jianqing 
Published: November 2014

AbstractClimate change may shift interactions of invasive plants, herbivorous insects and native plants, potentially affecting biological control efficacy and non‐target effects on native species. Here, we show how climate warming affects impacts of a multivoltine introduced biocontrol beetle on the non‐target native plant Alternanthera sessilis in China. In field surveys across a latitudinal gradient covering their full distributions, we found beetle damage on A. sessilis increased with rising temperature and plant life history changed from perennial to annual. Experiments showed that elevated temperature changed plant life history and increased insect overwintering, damage and impacts on seedling recruitment. These results suggest that warming can shift phenologies, increase non‐target effect magnitude and increase non‐target effect occurrence by beetle range expansion to additional areas where A. sessilis occurs. This study highlights the importance of understanding how climate change affects species interactions for future biological control of invasive species and conservation of native species.
From the Editors: Epilepsia's 2014 Operational Definition of Epilepsy Survey
Authors: Mathern Gary W. , Beninsig Laurie , Nehlig Astrid 
Published: November 2014

SummaryObjectiveFrom March 19 to June 30, 2014, Epilepsia conducted an open access online survey asking directed questions related to the 2014 Operational Definition of Epilepsy. This study reports the findings of that poll.MethodsThe survey consisted of seven questions. Three questions addressed: (1) Criteria for when a person could be considered to have epilepsy after a single seizure; (2) if individuals with reflex seizures (unprovoked) have epilepsy; and (3) when epilepsy could be considered “resolved.” Four added questions asked if responders were medical personal compared with patients and family members, geographic region of residence based on International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) regions, and if responders had read the paper and if they were ILAE/International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE) members.ResultsOf 476 that started the survey, 324 (68%) completed it. As recommended in the ILAE report, 43% agreed that if the chance of a second seizure after a first one was 61–90%, then a person could be considered to have epilepsy. More medical professionals agreed with the 61–90% criteria (55%) compared with patients (21%), while more patients indicated that epilepsy should only be defined after two unprovoked seizures (51%) compared with medical professionals (21%; p < 0.0001). The majority indicated that reflex seizures qualify a person as having epilepsy (79%). As recommended in the ILAE report, 51% agreed that the definition of a person with “resolved” epilepsy would be 10 years seizure‐free and off medication for the last 5 years. More medical professionals agreed with this definition (59%) compared with patients (37%), while more patients indicated that epilepsy is never resolved (32%) compared with medical professionals (7%; p < 0.0001). There were no differences based on geographic residence.SignificanceThis survey found that the ILAE recommendations had the highest responses. However, there was clear disagreement with identified differences comparing medical personal with patients. These findings support the notion that there is a need and further opportunities for the ILAE to educate medical professionals and patients and their families on the 2014 Operational Definition of Epilepsy.
Carbon stock loss from deforestation through 2013 in Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Nogueira Euler Melo , Yanai Aurora M , Fonseca Frederico O R , Fearnside Philip Martin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe largest carbon stock in tropical vegetation is in Brazilian Amazonia. In this ~5 million km2 area, over 750 000 km2 of forest and ~240 000 km2 of nonforest vegetation types had been cleared through 2013. We estimate current carbon stocks and cumulative gross carbon loss from clearing of premodern vegetation in Brazil's ‘Legal Amazonia’ and ‘Amazonia biome’ regions. Biomass of ‘premodern’ vegetation (prior to major increases in disturbance beginning in the 1970s) was estimated by matching vegetation classes mapped at a scale of 1 : 250 000 and 29 biomass means from 41 published studies for vegetation types classified as forest (2317 1‐ha plots) and as either nonforest or contact zones (1830 plots and subplots of varied size). Total biomass (above and below‐ground, dry weight) underwent a gross reduction of 18.3% in Legal Amazonia (13.1 Pg C) and 16.7% in the Amazonia biome (11.2 Pg C) through 2013, excluding carbon loss from the effects of fragmentation, selective logging, fires, mortality induced by recent droughts and clearing of forest regrowth. In spite of the loss of carbon from clearing, large amounts of carbon were stored in stands of remaining vegetation in 2013, equivalent to 149 Mg C ha−1 when weighted by the total area covered by each vegetation type in Legal Amazonia. Native vegetation in Legal Amazonia in 2013 originally contained 58.6 Pg C, while that in the Amazonia biome contained 56 Pg C. Emissions per unit area from clearing could potentially be larger in the future because previously cleared areas were mainly covered by vegetation with lower mean biomass than the remaining vegetation. Estimates of original biomass are essential for estimating losses to forest degradation. This study offers estimates of cumulative biomass loss, as well as estimates of premodern carbon stocks that have not been represented in recent estimates of deforestation impacts.
Efficacy and safety of prophylactic treatment with plasma‐derived factor XIII concentrate (human) in patients with congenital factor XIII deficiency
Authors: Ashley C. , Chang E. , Davis J. , Mangione A. , Frame V. , Nugent D. J. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryCongenital factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency is an extremely rare, potentially life‐threatening bleeding disorder. Routine prophylactic management is recommended for individuals with clinically relevant FXIII deficiency. This prospective, multicentre, open‐label study evaluated the long‐term efficacy and safety of prophylactic infusions of FXIII concentrate (human) 40 IU kg−1 in patients with congenital FXIII deficiency. FXIII concentrate (human) was administered every 4 weeks for 12 months. Dosing was adjusted to maintain trough FXIII activity levels of 5–20%. Logistical and ethical constraints precluded use of a placebo control group. Annualized incidence of spontaneous bleeding was compared with historical rates; safety was assessed as a secondary objective. Forty‐one patients were enrolled and completed the study. The annualized rate for spontaneous bleeding episodes requiring FXIII treatment was 0.000 episodes per patient‐year (95% CI: 0.000; 0.097). The study met its primary endpoint: the upper limit of the 95% CI was substantially below the historical rate of 2.5 bleeding episodes per patient‐year. Five spontaneous bleeding episodes (involving three patients; none requiring FXIII treatment) and eight trauma‐related bleeding episodes (two requiring FXIII treatment) occurred. Five patients had surgery during the study, only one of whom required FXIII treatment for post‐surgical bleeding. Most patients (≥85%) had trough FXIII activity levels ≥10%. No patient discontinued treatment due to an adverse event. No adverse events related to thromboembolism or viral transmission were reported. Prophylactic treatment with FXIII concentrate (human) was well tolerated and prevented spontaneous bleeding episodes that were serious enough to require treatment with FXIII‐containing product. Clinical trial registration:www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00885742.
Haemophilia Experiences, Results and Opportunities (HERO) study: treatment‐related characteristics of the population
Authors: Nugent D. , Kalnins W. , Querol F. , Gregory M. , Pilgaard T. , Cooper D. L. , Iorio A. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe HERO (Haemophilia Experiences, Results and Opportunities) quantitative surveys collected information on characteristics and perceptions of adult persons with haemophilia (PWH) and parents of children with haemophilia. The aim of this article is to describe the perceptions of PWH and parents on psychosocial aspects related to treatment. Two online surveys (one for PWH, one for parents) were conducted in 10 countries. Among 675 PWH respondents, 77% reported having responsibility for their own care; 72% of 561 parent respondents had the main responsibility for their son. PWH were most commonly treated on demand (45% of 648 adults using factor concentrate), with 32% on regular prophylaxis and 23% treated on demand with short‐term prophylaxis (e.g. for sports/physiotherapy). Children were most often treated with prophylaxis (65% of 549 children using factor concentrate), with 26% treated on demand and 8% treated on demand with short‐term prophylaxis. Factor was generally used as instructed at home. Some respondents (41% PWH; 30% parents) had difficulties/concerns with factor availability/affordability. PWH reported more bleeds in the last 12 months than parents reporting their son's bleeds (mean 17.8 vs. 8.7). Both PWH and parents generally perceived that overall, their (their son's) haemophilia was well controlled. Results differed by country. The HERO study captured new, patient‐based data regarding many facets of life relevant to PWH, including treatment. The information conveyed in this article largely represents new insights regarding perceptions of treatment and provides initial benchmark statistics for further research.
Correlation between conjunctival and corneal calcification and cardiovascular calcification in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis
Authors: Sun Wenxue , Sun Mei , Zhang Minghui , Liu Yi , Lin Xiaomin , Zhao Sisi , Ma Lulu 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of conjunctival and corneal calcification (CCC) with cardiovascular calcification in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). A total of 122 patients undergoing MHD in our hospital were included in this study. Conjunctival and corneal calcification was examined by slit lamp and graded. Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), aortic valve calcification (AVC), and mitral valve calcification (MVC) were determined by X‐ray or ultrasound. The correlation of CCC with AAC, AVC, and MVC was analyzed. Biochemical, hematological, and cardiovascular data were compared between patients with different severity of CCC or AAC. Mitral valve calcification was significantly associated with AAC in our patients. Conjunctival and corneal calcification positively correlated with AAC. We also found that patients with severe CCC exhibited significantly higher levels of serum calcium, phosphate, product of calcium and phosphate, serum copper, cystatin, intact parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D than patients with mild CCC. In addition to significantly increased levels of serum calcium, product of calcium and phosphate, serum copper, and cystatin, patients with severe AAC also had higher high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein level and greater left ventricular posterior wall thickness and left ventricular end‐diastolic interventricular septum thickness than patients with mild AAC. Our results suggest that patients undergoing MHD with severe CCC or AAC have high degree of mineral metabolism disorder, inflammation, and cardiovascular function disorder. The strong correlation between CCC and AAC indicates that CCC score might be used as an indirect indicator to predict cardiovascular risks in patients undergoing MHD.
Low‐Temperature Sintered K0.5Na0.5NbO3‐Based Ceramics for Vibratory Gyro‐sensor Applications
Authors: Wong Mau Tak , Kwok Kin Wing 
Published: November 2014

0.91K0.47Na0.47Li0.06NbO3‐0.09NaSbO3 lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics were prepared at 1000°C using a sintering aid comprising of Cu and Ba in a molar ratio of 71.5/28.5. A dense structure with a high density of 4.43 g/cm3 was obtained for the ceramic added with 2.5 wt% of the sintering aid. Probably due to the smaller grains and doping of Cu2+, the piezoelectric coefficient and dielectric loss were reduced to 120 pC/N and 1.0%, respectively. The ceramics were then fabricated into vibratory gyro sensors of dimensions 0.6 mm × 0.6 mm × 4 mm; and good sensitivity (~0.7 mV/dps) was obtained in the range of −360 to 360 dps.