bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the surface topography of mild steel with the burnishing process
Authors: Akkurt Adnan , Ovalı İsmail 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The effects of burnishing and other conventional machining processes (grinding, reaming, drilling, turning, and honing) on the surface characteristic properties of mild steel were investigated and compared in terms of surface roughness, circularity (roundness), and cylindricity in this study. The effect of these processes on the microstructures was also examined to understand the relationship between the machining process and surface characteristic properties. All surface machining processes were performed under constant depth of cut, cutting speed, and feed rate. The highest hardness was obtained on the burnished surface. Experimental results also showed that the roller burnishing method is the most favorable post-machining process method for obtaining optimum surface topography on mild steel.
Aquaporin-4 autoimmunity masquerading as a brainstem tumor
Authors: Lim Byung Chan , Chae Jong Hee , Kim Seung-Ki , Park Sung-Hye , Wang Kyu-Chang , Lee Ji Yeoun , Phi Ji Hoon 
Published: July 2014

Brainstem glioma is a highly devastating disease, and any mass-like lesion in the brainstem can raise suspicion of this diagnosis. However, other inflammatory, demyelinating, or degenerative diseases can mimic brainstem glioma in clinical presentation and imaging features. Therefore, diagnosis based solely on imaging is often insufficient for brainstem lesions and may lead to incorrect diagnosis and treatment.
This case report is the first description of central nervous system aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoimmunity confined mainly to the brainstem. It demonstrates the wide spectrum of neuroinflammatory diseases in children and highlights the utility of surgical biopsy for suspicious brainstem lesions with atypical imaging features for glioma.
Utility of surveillance imaging after minor blunt head trauma
Authors: Chern Joshua J. , Sarda Samir , Howard Brian M. , Jea Andrew , Tubbs R. Shane , Brahma Barunashish , Wrubel David M. , Reisner Andrew , Boydston William 
Published: July 2014

Object
Nonoperative blunt head trauma is a common reason for admission in a pediatric hospital. Adverse events, such as growing skull fracture, are rare, and the incidence of such morbidity is not known. As a result, optimal follow-up care is not clear.

Methods
Patients admitted after minor blunt head trauma between May 1, 2009, and April 30, 2013, were identified at a single institution. Demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics were retrieved from administrative and outpatient databases. Clinical events within the 180-day period following discharge were reviewed and analyzed. These events included emergency department (ED) visits, need for surgical procedures, clinic visits, and surveillance imaging utilization. Associations among these clinical events and potential contributing factors were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.

Results
There were 937 admissions for minor blunt head trauma in the 4-year period. Patients who required surgical interventions during the index admission were excluded. The average age of the admitted patients was 5.53 years, and the average length of stay was 1.7 days; 15.7% of patients were admitted for concussion symptoms with negative imaging findings, and 26.4% of patients suffered a skull fracture without intracranial injury. Patients presented with subdural, subarachnoid, or intraventricular hemorrhage in 11.6%, 9.19%, and 0.53% of cases, respectively. After discharge, 672 patients returned for at least 1 follow-up clinic visit (71.7%), and surveillance imaging was obtained at the time of the visit in 343 instances.
The number of adverse events was small and consisted of 34 ED visits and 3 surgeries. Some of the ED visits could have been prevented with better discharge instructions, but none of the surgery was preventable. Furthermore, the pattern of postinjury surveillance imaging utilization correlated with physician identity but not with injury severity. Because the number of adverse events was small, surveillance imaging could not be shown to positively influence outcomes.

Conclusions
Adverse events after nonoperative mild traumatic injury are rare. The routine use of postinjury surveillance imaging remains controversial, but these data suggest that such imaging does not effectively identify those who require operative intervention.
Biomechanical evaluation of the impact of various facet joint lesions on the primary stability of anterior plate fixation in cervical dislocation injuries: a cadaver study
Authors: Oberkircher Ludwig , Born Sebastian , Struewer Johannes , Bliemel Christopher , Buecking Benjamin , Wack Christina , Bergmann Martin , Ruchholtz Steffen , Krüger Antonio 
Published: July 2014

Object
Injuries of the subaxial cervical spine including facet joints and posterior ligaments are common. Potential surgical treatments consist of anterior, posterior, or anterior-posterior fixation. Because each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, the best treatment is debated. This biomechanical cadaver study compared the effect of different facet joint injuries on primary stability following anterior plate fixation.

Methods
Fractures and plate fixation were performed on 15 fresh-frozen intact cervical spines (C3–T1). To simulate a translation-rotation injury in all groups, complete ligament rupture and facet dislocation were simulated by dissecting the entire posterior and anterior ligament complex between C-4 and C-5. In the first group, the facet joints were left intact. In the second group, one facet joint between C-4 and C-5 was removed and the other side was left intact. In the third group, both facet joints between C-4 and C-5 were removed. The authors next performed single-level anterior discectomy and interbody grafting using bone material from the respective thoracic vertebral bodies. An anterior cervical locking plate was used for fixation. Continuous loading was performed using a servohydraulic test bench at 2 N/sec. The mean load failure was measured when the implant failed.

Results
In the group in which both facet joints were intact, the mean load failure was 174.6 ± 46.93 N. The mean load failure in the second group where only one facet joint was removed was 127.8 ± 22.83 N. In the group in which both facet joints were removed, the mean load failure was 73.42 ± 32.51 N. There was a significant difference between the first group (both facet joints intact) and the third group (both facet joints removed) (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test).

Conclusions
In this cadaver study, primary stability of anterior plate fixation for dislocation injuries of the subaxial cervical spine was dependent on the presence of the facet joints. If the bone in one or both facet joints is damaged in the clinical setting, anterior plate fixation in combination with bone grafting might not provide sufficient stabilization; additional posterior stabilization may be needed.
The effects of smoking on perioperative outcomes and pseudarthrosis following anterior cervical corpectomy
Authors: Lau Darryl , Chou Dean , Ziewacz John E. , Mummaneni Praveen V. 
Published: July 2014

Object
Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable morbidity and death in the US and has been associated with perioperative complications. In this study, the authors examined the effects of smoking on perioperative outcomes and pseudarthrosis rates following anterior cervical corpectomy.

Methods
All adult patients from 2006 to 2011 who underwent anterior cervical corpectomy were identified. Patients were categorized into 3 groups: patients who never smoked (nonsmokers), patients who quit for at least 1 year (quitters), and patients who continue to smoke (current smokers). Demographic, medical, and surgical covariates were collected. Multivariate analysis was used to define the relationship between smoking and blood loss, 30-day complications, length of hospital stay, and pseudarthrosis.

Results
A total of 160 patients were included in the study. Of the 160 patients, 49.4% were nonsmokers, 25.6% were quitters, and 25.0% were current smokers. The overall 30-day complication rate was 20.0%, and pseudarthrosis occurred in 7.6% of patients. Mean blood loss was 368.3 ml and mean length of stay was 6.5 days. Current smoking status was significantly associated with higher complication rates (p < 0.001) and longer lengths of stay (p < 0.001); current smoking status remained an independent risk factor for both outcomes after multivariate logistic regression analysis. The complications that were experienced in current smokers were mostly infections (76.5%), and this proportion was significantly greater than in nonsmokers and quitters (p = 0.013). Current smoking status was also an independent risk factor for pseudarthrosis at 1-year follow-up (p = 0.012).

Conclusions
Smoking is independently associated with higher perioperative complications (especially infectious complications), longer lengths of stay, and higher rates of pseudarthrosis in patients undergoing anterior cervical corpectomy.
Le frais, le cru et le vivant
Authors: Cobbi Jane 
Published: July 2014

A l’extrémité du continent asiatique, les Japonais marquent de la considération pour les espèces végétales et animales, auxquelles ils prêtent attention selon un mode particulier : à part un petit nombre d’espèces dont la consommation est évitée, de nombreuses catégories végétales et animales doivent non seulement être consommées, mais encore être prises à l’état frais, cru, ou même vivant. Ces prescriptions positives, imposées régulièrement par les célébrations sociales et rituelles, sont encore facilitées aujourd’hui par les progrès économiques et techniques.
Correction of Myopic Astigmatism With Small Incision Lenticule Extraction
Authors: Ivarsen Anders , Hjortdal Jesper 
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the outcome after small incision refractive lenticule extraction (SMILE) in patients with myopic astigmatism.

METHODS:
Seven hundred seventy-five eyes from 403 patients with myopia treated with SMILE for a cylinder of 0.75 diopters (D) or more were identified from patient records. Six hundred sixty-nine eyes were defined as receiving low (< 2.5 D) and 106 eyes as receiving high (⩾ 2.5 D) astigmatic correction. Patients were examined before and 3 months after surgery. SMILE was performed with a Visumax femtosecond laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). Preoperative and postoperative refractions were converted to polar values. Induced torsion and achieved corrections of sphere and cylinder were determined.

RESULTS:
In low astigmatism, the mean preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) was −7.57 ±1.67 D and the cylinder was −1.22 ± 0.49 D. Three months after surgery, SE was −0.19 ± 0.48 D from target, astigmatism was 0.17 ± 0.42 D undercorrected, and a small but significant torsion of the cylinder axis corresponding to 0.05 ± 0.37 D was found. The astigmatic undercorrection measured 13% per diopter of attempted correction. In high astigmatism, preoperative SE was −5.91 ± 2.56 D and cylinder was −3.22 ± 0.67 D. After surgery, the average astigmatic undercorrection was 0.59 ± 0.65 D, equivalent to 16% per diopter of attempted correction. No undercorrection in SE occurred and no torsion was found.

CONCLUSIONS:
SMILE in myopic astigmatism offers predictable correction of SE, but a small, significant undercorrection of the astigmatic error. The undercorrection increases with the attempted treatment. Only very little rotation of the cylinder axis was found.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(4):240–247.]
The U.S. Army Surface Ablation Study: Comparison of PRK, MMC-PRK, and LASEK in Moderate to High Myopia
Authors: Sia Rose K. , Ryan Denise S. , Edwards Jayson D. , Stutzman Richard D. , Bower Kraig S. 
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:
To compare visual outcomes following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), PRK with mitomycin C (MMC-PRK), and LASEK in moderate and high myopia in military personnel.

METHODS:
This prospective, randomized contralateral eye study included 167 patients 21 years or older with manifest spherical equivalent −5.99 ± 1.40 diopters (D) (range: −3.88 to −9.38 D) randomized to either MMC-PRK or LASEK treatment in their dominant eye and conventional PRK without MMC in the fellow eye. All procedures were performed using the LADARVision 4000 Excimer Laser System (Alcon Surgical Inc., Ft. Worth, TX). High- and low-contrast visual acuities, manifest refraction, endothelial cell count, and corneal haze were evaluated up to 12 months postoperatively.

RESULTS:

At 12 months postoperatively, visual outcomes were comparable among the treatment groups. Corneal haze of any grade was less common in MMC-PRK compared to PRK at 1 month (21.4% vs 31.0%;
P
< .01) and 3 months (12.8% vs 35.9%;
P
= .03) postoperatively; it was also less common in MMC-PRK compared to LASEK at 1 month (21.4% vs 55.9%;
P
< .01), 3 months (12.8% vs 42.4%;
P
< .01), and 6 months (12.2% vs 36.4%;
P
= .03) postoperatively. Haze rate (grade 0.5 or higher) was comparable between LASEK and PRK. Clinically significant haze (grade 2 or higher) developed after PRK (4 eyes) and LASEK (2 eyes), but not after MMC-PRK.

CONCLUSIONS:
MMC-PRK showed some benefits in minimizing corneal haze formation. One year after surgery, there was no discernible difference in the postoperative refractive outcomes among the three methods.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(4):256–264.]
Influence of Co-payment Levels on Patient and Surgeon Acceptance of Advanced Technology Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Carones Francesco , Knorz Michael C. , Jackson Daniel , Samiian Ali 
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:
To investigate patients’ willingness to pay for advanced technology intraocular lenses and surgeons’ willingness to recommend them.

METHODS:
In this study, 370 cataract surgeons and 700 patients undergoing cataract surgery from seven countries underwent online interviews in which they were shown unbranded profiles of three advanced technology intraocular lenses (ie, biconvex toric aspheric optic, symmetric biconvex diffractive optic, and biconvex diffractive aspheric toric) and asked to indicate their willingness to accept (for patients) or suggest (for surgeons) each lens. Acceptance was assessed assuming there was either no co-payment or co-payments of €500 to €1,500 +15%.

RESULTS:
All three lenses were widely accepted by patients, with 68% to 99% indicating acceptance when there was no co-payment. In contrast, surgeons’ willingness to suggest them was markedly lower (20% to 43%). Both patients’ acceptance of the lenses and surgeons’ willingness to suggest them decreased with increasing co-payment levels to 19% to 74% (patients) and 5% to 31% (surgeons) at the highest co-payment levels.

CONCLUSIONS:
There is a marked discrepancy between patients’ acceptance of the three lenses and surgeons’ willingness to suggest them. Although patients’ acceptance is high, it decreases with increasing out-of-pocket expenditure. Manufacturers should communicate the relative benefits and costs of their lenses to both surgeons and patients.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(4):278–281.]
Multifocal Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation for Forme Fruste and Stable Keratoconus
Authors: Montano Margarita , López-Dorantes Karla P. , Ramirez-Miranda Arturo , Graue-Hernández Enrique O. , Navas Alejandro 
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:
To describe the results of multifocal toric intraocular lens implantation in two patients (one with forme fruste keratoconus and the other with frank but stable keratoconus).

METHODS:
A 50-year-old woman with forme fruste keratoconus and positive family history of keratoconus and a 42-year-old man with frank keratoconus underwent corneal collagen cross-linking. Uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/800 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left eye and 20/400 in the right eye and 20/100 in the left eye, respectively. Refractive lens exchange was performed using multifocal toric intraocular lenses in both cases.

RESULTS:
After phacoemulsification, uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/25 and 20/30 in cases 1 and 2, respectively, and residual refraction was within 0.5 diopters of emmetropia in both cases. Patients were subjectively satisfied.

CONCLUSIONS:
Presbyopic treatment options are scarce for patients with keratoconus and multifocal toric intraocular lenses may be useful in selected cases.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(4):282–285.]
Ruin Probability in a Generalised Risk Process under Rates of Interest with Homogenous Markov Chains
Authors: Quang Phung Duy 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article explores recursive and integral equations for ruin probabilities of generalised risk processes, under rates of interest with homogenous Markov chain claims and homogenous Markov chain premiums. We assume that claim and premium take a countable number of non-negative values. Generalised Lundberg inequalities for the ruin probabilities of these processes are derived via a recursive technique. Recursive equations for finite time ruin probabilities and an integral equation for the ultimate ruin probability are presented, from which corresponding probability inequalities and upper bounds are obtained. An illustrative numerical example is discussed.
Playing Fair with Imprisonment
Authors: Dagger Richard 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this article, I try to show how the principle of fair play provides insight into the problem of excessive incarceration. I also address the concern that democratic societies are especially susceptible to this problem because of their tendency to foster what has come to be called penal populism. My argument is that democracy leads to mass imprisonment only when an otherwise democratic polity neglects what Albert Dzur calls the “moral dimension” of government by the people. In particular, this moral dimension requires an understanding of the polity as a cooperative enterprise according to rules that specify the terms of fair play. Mass incarceration of the kind that now characterizes the United States is a sign that this polity is failing to play fair when it imprisons many of those who violate its laws.
Penal Populism and the Problem of Mass Incarceration:
Authors: Copson Lynne 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this paper, Copson explores the question of what might be done in order to enable us to imagine responses beyond mass incarceration. She considers Albert Dzur's general calls for the creation of spaces for democratic deliberative participation and his particular reimagining of the jury as one such potential space. Drawing connections between such calls and David Harvey's “spaces of hope,” Copson argues that whilst such remedies to reinvigorate criminal and penal policy-making as meaningful sites of civic engagement are an important element in challenging the tendency towards punitive penal responses, we cannot and should not detach questions of crime and justice from the more holistic examination of society if we are to avoid simply reifying and further legitimating existing penal responses. Finally, invoking the emerging “utopian method” identified by Levitas, Copson suggests a possible conceptual means to achieving this end.
Outlaws
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In this article, I argue that mass incarceration belongs to a category of social status interventions by which the modern state either withholds the ordinary protections and benefits of the law from outlawed groups or subjects them to private punishment based on their mere membership in those groups. In the US these groups include immigrants and resident Latinos, the homeless, the poor and poor blacks, sex workers, and ex-convicts. Outlawry is a fundamentally anti-democratic practice that cannot be justified in terms of deterrence and is incompatible with public safety.
The occurrence of Fusarium spp. on oat (Avena sativa L.) and susceptibility of seedlings of selected genotypes to infection with Fusarium graminearum Schwabe
Authors: Kiecana Irena , Mielniczuk Elżbieta , Cegiełko Małgorzata , Pastucha Alina 
Published: July 2014

<p>The present study was carried out in the years 2010–2012 in the fields of the Strzelce Plant Breeding Company Ltd., belonging to the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute in Radzików, and it included 39 oat genotypes. At the six-week seedling stage, the percentage of plants with root and leaf sheath necrosis symptoms was evaluated. In 2010 the percentage of seedlings with disease symptoms ranged from 6.5% to 25%, in 2011 it ranged from 17% to 34.5%, whereas in 2012 from 10% to 25%. In 2010 the disease index ranged from 1.4 to 5.7, in 2011 from 4.5 to 8.8, while in 2012 it was between 2.0 and 5.4.</p><p>Mycological analysis showed that large numbers of <em>Fusarium </em>spp. colonies were obtained both from the roots and leaf sheaths. Isolates of these fungi accounted for 63.48% of the total fungi isolated from seedlings. Seedlings grown under the conditions of central Poland were damaged by the species <em>F. culmorum</em>, <em>F. avenaceum, </em>and <em>F. solani</em>. The investigation of the susceptibility of 15 oat genotypes to infection with two <em>Fusarium graminearum </em>strains – Tz 56 and Tk 235 – was carried out under growth chamber conditions at a temperature of 22–23°C and relative air humidity of 85%. The <em>F. graminearum </em>strain Tz 56 proved to be the most pathogenic to seedlings of the breeding lines STH 0.9403 and POB 1316/08, for which the disease index was 80.5 and 75.5, respectively. The lowest pathogenicity of the a.m. strain was recorded in the case of the genotype DC 1832/05, for which the disease index was 26.5. The <em>F. graminearum </em>strain Tk 235 proved to be the most pathogenic to the genotypes STH 0.9403 and STH 0.9423, for which the disease index was 70.5 and 70.0, respectively, whereas this strain was least pathogenic to the breeding line DC 2112/05, in the case of which the disease index was 25.5.</p>
Differential effects of auxin polar transport inhibitors on rooting in some Crassulaceae species
Authors: Saniewski Marian , Góraj Justyna , Węgrzynowicz-Lesiak Elżbieta , Miyamoto Kensuke , Ueda Junichi 
Published: July 2014

Effects of auxin polar transport inhibitors, 2,3,5-triio-dobenzoic acid (TIBA), 1-<em>N</em>-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and methyl 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (morphactin IT 3456), as a lanolin paste, on root formation in cuttings of some species of Crassulaceae, such as <em>Bryophyllum daigremontianum, B. calycinum, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana </em>and <em>K. tubiflora</em>, were studied. Cuttings of these plants were easily rooted in water without any treatment. TIBA and morphactin IT 3456 completely inhibited root formation in the cuttings of these plants but NPA did not when these inhibitors were applied around the stem below the leaves. When TIBA and morphactin were applied around the stem near the top, but leaves were present below the treatment, the root formation was observed in <em>B. calycinum </em>and <em>K. blossfeldiana </em>but in a smaller degree than in control cuttings. These results strongly suggest that endogenous auxin is required for root formation in cuttings of Crassulaceae plants. The differential mode of action of NPA is discussed together with its effect on auxin polar transport.
Historias y narrativas en la educación infantil
Authors: Morais Jacqueline de Fatima Dos Santos 
Published: July 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464444213 Este artículo discute la importancia de la narrativa oral y escrita para el mantenimiento de la tradición y la historia de cada uno de nosotros, en una sociedad que parece valorar más la información que vivió y contó historias. Subraya la necesidad, en el colegio, los profesores leen cuentos a los niños de educación infantil para niños y niñas el amor al mundo de la literatura. El texto también contiene las situaciones encontradas en las escuelas que demuestran el valor de la lectura y la magia que la literatura juega en las vidas de los niños.