bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo and dosimetric investigation on electrical vestibular stimulation with frequency- and amplitude-modulated currents
Authors: Nissi Janita , Kangasmaa Otto , Kataja Juhani , Bouisset Nicolas , Laakso Ilkka 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective. Normal function of the vestibular system can be disturbed using a noninvasive technique called electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS), which alters a person’s sense of balance and causes false sensations of movement. EVS has been widely used to study the function of the vestibular system, and it has recently gained interest as a therapeutic tool to improve postural stability and help those suffering from vestibular dysfunction. Yet, understanding of how EVS stimulates the vestibular system, the current intensity needed to produce an effect and the frequencies at which it occurs have remained unclear. Approach. The effect of EVS on postural sway was examined in five participants using sinusoidal alternating current with time-varying amplitude from 0 to 1.5 mA and frequency from 0.1 to 10 Hz for three electrode configurations. Dosimetry of the current flow inside the head was conducted using anatomically realistic computational models created individually for each subject based on magnetic resonance imaging data. An estimate for the minimal field strength capable of affecting the vestibular system was calculated with the finite element method. Main results. Bipolar EVS at frequencies up to 10 Hz caused harmonic full-body swaying, and the frequency of the sway was the same as that of the stimulation current. The size of the sway was amplified by increasing the current intensity. Dosimetry modeling indicated that, for 0.2 mA current, the average electric field strength in the vestibular system was approximately 10–30 mV m−1, depending on the electrode montage. The size of the measured postural sway was proportional to the montage-specific electric field strength in the vestibular system. Significance. The results provide insight to EVS’s working mechanisms and improve its potential as a tool to study the sense of balance.
SomaSeg: a robust neuron identification framework for two-photon imaging video
Authors: Wu Junjie , Wang Hanbin , Gao Weizheng , Wei Rong , Zhang Jue 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective. Accurate neuron identification is fundamental to the analysis of neuronal population dynamics and signal extraction in fluorescence videos. However, several factors such as severe imaging noise, out-of-focus neuropil contamination, and adjacent neuron overlap would impair the performance of neuron identification algorithms and lead to errors in neuron shape and calcium activity extraction, or ultimately compromise the reliability of analysis conclusions. Approach. To address these challenges, we developed a novel cascade framework named SomaSeg. This framework integrates Duffing denoising and neuropil contamination defogging for video enhancement, and an overlapping instance segmentation network for stacked neurons differentiating. Main results. Compared with the state-of-the-art neuron identification methods, both simulation and actual experimental results demonstrate that SomaSeg framework is robust to noise, insensitive to out-of-focus contamination and effective in dealing with overlapping neurons in actual complex imaging scenarios. Significance. The SomaSeg framework provides a widely applicable solution for two-photon video processing, which enhances the reliability of neuron identification and exhibits value in distinguishing visually confusing neurons.
Explainable artificial intelligence approaches for brain–computer interfaces: a review and design space
Authors: Rajpura Param , Cecotti Hubert , Kumar Meena Yogesh 
Published: July 2024

AbstractObjective.This review paper provides an integrated perspective of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques applied to Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs). BCIs use predictive models to interpret brain signals for various high-stake applications. However, achieving explainability in these complex models is challenging as it compromises accuracy. Trust in these models can be established by incorporating reasoning or causal relationships from domain experts. The field of XAI has emerged to address the need for explainability across various stakeholders, but there is a lack of an integrated perspective in XAI for BCI (XAI4BCI) literature. It is necessary to differentiate key concepts like explainability, interpretability, and understanding, often used interchangeably in this context, and formulate a comprehensive framework.Approach.To understand the need of XAI for BCI, we pose six key research questions for a systematic review and meta-analysis, encompassing its purposes, applications, usability, and technical feasibility. We employ the PRISMA methodology—preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses to review (n = 1246) and analyse (n = 84) studies published in 2015 and onwards for key insights.Main results.The results highlight that current research primarily focuses on interpretability for developers and researchers, aiming to justify outcomes and enhance model performance. We discuss the unique approaches, advantages, and limitations of XAI4BCI from the literature. We draw insights from philosophy, psychology, and social sciences. We propose a design space for XAI4BCI, considering the evolving need to visualise and investigate predictive model outcomes customised for various stakeholders in the BCI development and deployment lifecycle.Significance.This paper is the first to focus solely on reviewing XAI4BCI research articles. This systematic review and meta-analysis findings with the proposed design space prompt important discussions on establishing standards for BCI explanations, highlighting current limitations, and guiding the future of XAI in BCI.
Spiking Laguerre Volterra networks—predicting neuronal activity from local field potentials
Authors: Kostoglou Kyriaki , Michmizos Konstantinos P , Stathis Pantelis , Sakas Damianos , Nikita Konstantina S , Mitsis Georgios D 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Objective. Understanding the generative mechanism between local field potentials (LFP) and neuronal spiking activity is a crucial step for understanding information processing in the brain. Up to now, most approaches have relied on simply quantifying the coupling between LFP and spikes. However, very few have managed to predict the exact timing of spike occurrence based on LFP variations. Approach. Here, we fill this gap by proposing novel spiking Laguerre–Volterra network (sLVN) models to describe the dynamic LFP-spike relationship. Compared to conventional artificial neural networks, the sLVNs are interpretable models that provide explainable features of the underlying dynamics. Main results. The proposed networks were applied on extracellular microelectrode recordings of Parkinson’s Disease patients during deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. Based on the predictability of the LFP-spike pairs, we detected three neuronal populations with unique signal characteristics and sLVN model features. Significance. These clusters were indirectly associated with motor score improvement following DBS surgery, warranting further investigation into the potential of spiking activity predictability as an intraoperative biomarker for optimal DBS lead placement.
Structure and properties of composite nanostructured coatings on steel
Authors: Petrova Anna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the recent years, the development of nanotechnology has increased the applications of nanoparticles, and the possibility of incorporating them into innovative composite coatings. In this paper, we aim to improve the corrosion resistance of 42CrMo4 and 65G steels by electroless chemical deposition of Ni, reinforced by adding of nanoparticles of nanodiamants (ND), boron (B) or cubic-BN (CBN). Consequently, by this approach we extend the useful-life of these mechanical parts, making them suitable for aerospace and automotive industry.
Formation of medical radioisotope 111In in photonuclear reactions
Authors: Bakhshiyan T.M. , Hovhannisyan G.H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The possibility of photonuclear production of 111In radioisotope has been
investigated. The enriched target 112Sn was irradiated at the linear electron accelerator
LUE-75 of A. Alikhanian National Science Laboratory (Yerevan, Armenia) at the bremsstrahlung
endpoint energy Eγmax = 55 MeV. The cross section per equivalent quantum for
reactions 112Sn(γ,x)111In, 112Sn(γ,n)111Sn,
112Sn(γ,2n)110Sn, 112Sn(γ,3n)109Sn,112
Sn(γ,pn)110mIn, 112Sn(γ,pn)110g110In,
112Sn(γ,p2n)109In have been measured via the method of activation and off-line
γ-ray spectrometric technique. The cross section per equivalent quantum of the 111In
in photonuclear reaction was compared with its cross section in proton induced reaction on cadmium
targets and other possible 111In production routes. It is shown that the photonuclear method
can be used for the production of 111In.
Timing resolution performance of Timepix4 bump-bonded assemblies
Authors: Bolzonella R. , Alozy J. , Ballabriga R. , van Beuzekom M. , Biesuz N.V. , Campbell M. , Cardarelli P. , Cavallini V. , Coco V. , Cotta Ramusino A. , Fiorini M. , Gromov V. , Guarise M. , Llopart Cudie X. , Okamura S. , Romolini G. , Saputi A. , Vitkovskiy A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The timing performance of the Timepix4 application-specific
integrated circuit (ASIC) bump-bonded to a
100 μm thick n-on-p
silicon sensor is presented. A picosecond pulsed infrared laser was
used to generate electron-hole pairs in the silicon bulk in a
repeatable fashion, controlling the amount, position and time of the
stimulated charge signal. The timing resolution for a single pixel
has been measured to 107 ps
r.m.s. for laser-stimulated signals in the silicon sensor
bulk. Considering multi-pixel clusters, the measured timing
resolution reached 33 ps
r.m.s. exploiting oversampling of the timing information over
several pixels.
Design, fabrication and testing of Al/p-Si Schottky and pn junctions for radiation studies
Authors: Giulio Villani E. , Zhang Dengfeng , Malik Adnan , Vickey Trevor , Chen Yebo , Kurth Matthew G. , Liu Peilian , Zhu Hongbo , Koffas Thomas , Klein Christoph Thomas , Vandusen Robert , Aiton Rodney , Mccormick Angela , Tarr Garry 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Strip and pixels sensors, fabricated on high resistivity
silicon substrate, normally of p-type, are used in detectors
for High Energy Physics (HEP) typically in a hybrid detector
assembly. Furthermore, and owing to their inherent advantages over
hybrid sensors, Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) fabricated in
CMOS technology have been increasingly implemented in HEP
experiments. In all cases, their use in higher radiation areas
(HL-LHC and beyond) will require options to improve their radiation
hardness and time resolution. These aspects demand a deep
understanding of their radiation damage and reliable models to
predict their behaviours at high fluences. As a first step, we
fabricated several Schottky and n-on-p diodes, to
allow a comparison of results and provide a backup solution for test
devices, on 6 or 4-inch p-type silicon wafers with
50 μm epitaxial thickness and of doping concentration as they
are normally used in HEP detectors and CMOS MAPS devices. In this
paper, details of the design and fabrication process, along with
test results of the fabricated devices before irradiation, will be
provided. Additional test results on irradiated devices will be
provided in subsequent publications.
Seasonality of the intraseasonal variability in the upper equatorial western Pacific Ocean currents
Authors: Song Lina , Li Yuanlong , Lee June-Yi , Wang Fan , Wang Jianing 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Quantifying spatiotemporal characteristics of intraseasonal variability (ISV) of upper ocean (100 m) zonal currents (U) in the equatorial western Pacific remains difficult due to a lack of direct observations. Here we investigate the characteristics by analyzing five subsurface mooring data at 140°–142° E, 1.7° S–4.7° N, from January 2014 to April 2021. Our analysis revealed that U ISV has an amplitude exceeding 40 cm s−1, comparable to their long-term mean, and pronounced seasonality, with a peaking period in boreal winter–spring (October–April) and a weakening period in summer–autumn (May–September). U ISV intensity in the south of the equator is 50% stronger than that in the north. Analysis of satellite/reanalysis data and model experiments suggests that atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation accounts for 80% of the U ISV seasonality through wind forcing, while the oceanic internal process contributes 20% through nonlinear baroclinic instability. The consistent variation in mixed layer depth indicates the potential roles of oceanic ISVs in seasonal phase locking of El Niño–Southern oscillation. Our results highlight the significance of direct observations for better understanding and estimating ISVs of ocean circulation.
Overlooked cooling effects of albedo in terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Chen Jiquan , Lei Cheyenne , Chu Housen , Li Xianglan , Torn Margaret , Wang Ying-Ping , Sciusco Pietro , Robertson G Philip 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Radiative forcing (RF) resulting from changes in surface albedo is increasingly recognized as a significant driver of global climate change but has not been adequately estimated, including by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment reports, compared with other warming agents. Here, we first present the physical foundation for modeling albedo-induced RF and the consequent global warming impact (GWIΔα
). We then highlight the shortcomings of available current databases and methodologies for calculating GWIΔα
at multiple temporal scales. There is a clear lack of comprehensive in situ measurements of albedo due to sparse geographic coverage of ground-based stations, whereas estimates from satellites suffer from biases due to the limited frequency of image collection, and estimates from earth system models (ESMs) suffer from very coarse spatial resolution land cover maps and associated albedo values in pre-determined lookup tables. Field measurements of albedo show large differences by ecosystem type and large diurnal and seasonal changes. As indicated from our findings in southwest Michigan, GWIΔα
is substantial, exceeding the RFΔα
values of IPCC reports. Inclusion of GWIΔα
to landowners and carbon credit markets for specific management practices are needed in future policies. We further identify four pressing research priorities: developing a comprehensive albedo database, pinpointing accurate reference sites within managed landscapes, refining algorithms for remote sensing of albedo by integrating geostationary and other orbital satellites, and integrating the GWIΔα
component into future ESMs.
Radiation versus environmental degradation in unencapsulated metal halide perovskite solar cells
Authors: Khanal Megh N , Whiteside Vincent R , Parashar Mritunjaya , Merckx Tamara , Sharma Mohin , Kuang Yinghuan , Aguirre Aranzazu , Afshari Hadi , Hamtaei Sarallah , Aernouts Tom , Vermang Bart , Rout Bibhudutta , Sellers Ian R 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Here, the radiation hardness of metal halide perovskite solar cells exposed to space conditions versus the effects of environmental degradation are assessed. The relative response of the constituent layers of the architecture to radiation is analyzed, revealing a general resilience of the structure when assessed across varying proton energy levels and fluences. However, despite the tolerance of the structure to irradiation, sensitivity to environmental degradation is observed during the transit of the device between the radiation and characterization facilities. Experimental evidence suggests the NiO
x
/perovskite interface is particularly sensitive to the effects of humidity and/or temperature exposure, while the irradiation of the devices appears to induce thermally activated annealing: improving the solar cells upon radiation exposure.
Optimisation of electron irradiation for creating spin ensembles in hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Healey Alexander J , Singh Priya , Robertson Islay O , Gavin Christopher , Scholten Sam C , Broadway David A , Reineck Philipp , Abe Hiroshi , Ohshima Takeshi , Kianinia Mehran , Aharonovich Igor , Tetienne Jean-Philippe 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Boron vacancy centre (

V
B
−

) ensembles in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have attracted recent interest for their potential as two-dimensional solid-state quantum sensors. Irradiation is necessary for

V
B
−

creation, however, to date only limited attention has been given to optimising the defect production process, especially in the case of bulk irradiation with high-energy particles, which offers scalability through the potential for creating ensembles in large volumes of material. Here we systematically investigate the effect of electron irradiation by varying the dose delivered to a range of hBN samples, which differ in their purity, and search for an optimum in measurement sensitivity. We find that moderate electron irradiation doses (

≈

5
×

10

18

cm−2) appear to offer the best sensitivity, and also observe a dependence on the initial crystal purity. These results pave the way for the scalable and cost-effective production of hBN quantum sensors, and provide insight into the mechanisms limiting

V
B
−

spin properties.
Legal Personhood and Gender Women and Gender Minorities
Authors: Arstein-Kerslake Anna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter applies the right to legal personhood in the context of gender, including both women and gender minorities. It uses critical feminist theory to discuss the historical denial of legal agency (an element of legal personhood) to women and gender minorities via labels of ‘hysteria’ and ‘mental illness’. It also discusses modern barriers to legal personhood for these groups, such as the inability to obtain identity documents that accurately reflect gender identity, which are required for the exercise of legal agency. The barriers to legal personhood in the private sphere, such as interpersonal relationships that result in limitations on legal agency, for example, husbands limiting the legal decision-making power of their wives, are also highlighted. Finally, it is argued that the right to legal personhood has the potential to provide new avenues for redistributing power and privilege into the hands of women and gender minorities.
Extending Legacy
Authors: Foster Ann-Marie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces how family memory of the First World War and early twentieth-century disasters changed and developed from the 1970s to the late 2010s. Following the death of a loved one, siblings, children, nieces, and nephews continued to memorialize the dead, but their memories were increasingly mixed with cultural memories that had begun to circulate. It is in these long-term memory trends that we can see a distinct split, and there were significant differences in the ways that war and disaster memories were influenced by cultural memory. By the 1980s, individuals turned to cultural understandings to contextualize their family histories, which heavily influenced how families presented their history to the world. The centenaries of war and disaster offered families a chance to show their connection to the dead on an (inter)national stage, through websites designed to memorialize the war dead and news stories focusing on family memory of disaster.
Bullshit
Authors: Benatar David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ethics of bullshit. Almost all the existing literature on bullshit is concerned with what bullshit is. This chapter does devote some attention to that question, along with an explanation of why there is so much of it. However, it does so only as a prelude to discussing the ethical issues concerning bullshit. The initial focus is on how we should respond to the bullshit of others. It is argued that sometimes we should tolerate bullshit and sometimes we should challenge it—‘calling bullshit’. Sometimes challenging bullshit is supererogatory. Even when one does not challenge bullshit oneself, one can have duties to those who do challenge it. The chapter then turns to the question of when, if ever, it is permissible to produce bullshit oneself. It is argued that the general presumption should be against bullshitting, but that this presumption may sometimes be defeated.
Introduction
Authors: Valentim Vicente 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Radical-right behavior is increasing across Western democracies, often very fast. Previous research has shown, however, that political attitudes and preferences do not change this fast. The Introduction argues that, to understand these patterns, one needs to appreciate the crucial role of social norms as drivers of political behavior. Building on a norms-based theory of political supply and demand, it maintains that growing radical-right behavior is driven by individuals who long held radical-right views, but did not act on them because they thought that they were socially unacceptable. If these voters do not show their views, politicians underestimate how much latent support there is for radical-right policy. This leaves the radical right with less skilled leaders, demobilizing even radical-right voters from voting for them. But, if politicians realize that there is more private support for radical-right policy than is typically observable, they have an incentive to run with a radical-right platform and mobilize silent radical-right views. Their electoral success, in turn, makes radical-right individuals more comfortable showing their views, and impels more politicians to join the radical right.
The three phases of political normalization
Authors: Valentim Vicente 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that growing radical-right behavior across Western democracies is the result of normalization. It is driven by individuals who already held radical-right views, but previously did not act on them because they were deemed socially unacceptable. Normalization can be defined as a process where social norms against a given political preference weaken. There are three phases to political normalization: first, a latency phase, where the radical right is socially stigmatized, electorally weak, and has low-skilled leaders; second, an activation phase, where a skilled entrepreneur enters the race with a radical-right platform and is able to mobilize radical-right support in the voting booth, but still not in public; and finally, a surfacing phase, where the entrepreneur achieves an electoral breakthrough, making radical-right individuals more comfortable publicly acting on their views and impelling more politicians to join the radical right.
Deep learning pipeline reveals key moments in human embryonic development predictive of live birth after in vitro fertilization
Authors: Mapstone Camilla , Hunter Helen , Brison Daniel , Handl Julia , Plusa Berenika 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Demand for in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment is growing; however, success rates remain low partly due to difficulty in selecting the best embryo to be transferred. Current manual assessments are subjective and may not take advantage of the most informative moments in embryo development. Here, we apply convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to identify key windows in pre-implantation human development that can be linked to embryo viability and are therefore suitable for the early grading of IVF embryos. We show how machine learning models trained at these developmental time points can be used to refine overall embryo viability assessment. Exploiting the well-known capabilities of transfer learning, we illustrate the performance of CNN models for very limited datasets, paving the way for the use on a clinic-by-clinic basis, catering for local data heterogeneity.