bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of N placement, carbon distribution and temperature on N2O emissions in clay loam and loamy sand soils
Authors: Xue Y. , van Es H. M. , Schindelbeck R. R. , Moebius‐Clune B. N. , Melkonian J. J. , Graham C. , Yang P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractChanges in the profile distribution of soil C stocks for conventional versus no‐tillage can affect N2O losses. Uncertainty remains whether deep N placement into a wetter layer in humid areas would affect N2O losses. This study evaluated the effects of soil carbon profile distribution (inverted, normal), depth of nitrogen placement (5 cm, 15 cm), temperature (10, 20 and 30 °C) and soil texture (clay loam, loamy sand) on N2O emissions from soil cores in a 216‐h incubation after simulated rainfall. N2O losses were larger from the clay loam than from the loamy sand, and cumulative N2O emissions from the inverted profile, with greater C levels at depth, were more than those from the profile with more C near the upper surface. Cumulative N2O losses from the inverted clay loam profile with deep N placement (1.16 mg N per kg dry soil; 0.71% of applied N) on average were almost double those in the loamy sand (0.62 mg N per kg dry soil; 0.42%). The smallest N2O losses were measured from the profiles with more C close to the upper surface with a shallow placement of N for the clay loam (0.19 mg N per kg dry soil; 0.12%) and loamy sand (0.33 mg N per kg dry soil; 0.23%). An exponential relationship between N2O fluxes and temperature was measured. We conclude that large N2O losses may occur under the combination of greater soil C content at deeper layers (ploughed soils) and moist profiles after N application (humid regions). Deep N placement appears to aggravate rather than ameliorate these concerns.
ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS NEWS
Authors: Blaeser Susan B. , Schomer Paul D. 
Published: March 2013

American National Standards (ANSI Standards) developed by Accredited Standards Committees S1, S2, S3, and S12 in the areas of acoustics, mechanical vibration and shock, bioacoustics, and noise, respectively, are published by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). In addition to these standards, ASA publishes catalogs of Acoustical Standards, both National and International. To receive copies of the latest Standards catalogs, please contact Susan B. Blaeser.
Comments are welcomed on all material in Acoustical Standards News.
This Acoustical Standards News section in JASA, as well as the National and International Catalogs of Acoustical Standards, and other information on the Standards Program of the Acoustical Society of America, are available via the ASA Standards home page: http://acousticalsociety.org/standards.
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Is Associated with Control of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection of Macaques
Authors: Jegaskanda Sinthujan , Weinfurter Jason T. , Friedrich Thomas C. , Kent Stephen J. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Emerging influenza viruses pose a serious risk to global human health. Recent studies in ferrets, macaques, and humans suggest that seasonal H1N1 (sH1N1) infection provides some cross-protection against 2009 pandemic influenza viruses (H1N1pdm), but the correlates of cross-protection are poorly understood. Here we show that seasonal infection of influenza-naïve Indian rhesus macaques (
Macaca mulatta
) with A/Kawasaki/173/2001 (sH1N1) virus induces antibodies capable of binding the hemagglutinin (HA) of both the homologous seasonal virus and the antigenically divergent A/California/04/2009 (H1N1pdm) strain in the absence of detectable H1N1pdm-specific neutralizing antibodies. These influenza virus-specific antibodies activated macaque NK cells to express both CD107a and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in the presence of HA proteins from either sH1N1 or H1N1pdm viruses. Although influenza virus-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediated NK cell activation diminished in titer over time following sH1N1 infection, these cells expanded rapidly within 7 days following H1N1pdm exposure. Furthermore, we found that influenza virus-specific ADCC was present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and was able to activate lung NK cells. We concluded that infection with a seasonal influenza virus can induce antibodies that mediate ADCC capable of recognizing divergent influenza virus strains. Cross-reactive ADCC may provide a mechanism for reducing the severity of divergent influenza virus infections.
Enhanced Phagocytic Activity of HIV-Specific Antibodies Correlates with Natural Production of Immunoglobulins with Skewed Affinity for FcγR2a and FcγR2b
Authors: Ackerman Margaret E. , Dugast Anne-Sophie , McAndrew Elizabeth G. , Tsoukas Stephen , Licht Anna F. , Irvine Darrell J. , Alter Galit 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT
While development of an HIV vaccine that can induce neutralizing antibodies remains a priority, decades of research have proven that this is a daunting task. However, accumulating evidence suggests that antibodies with the capacity to harness innate immunity may provide some protection. While significant research has focused on the cytolytic properties of antibodies in acquisition and control, less is known about the role of additional effector functions. In this study, we investigated antibody-dependent phagocytosis of HIV immune complexes, and we observed significant differences in the ability of antibodies from infected subjects to mediate this critical effector function. We observed both quantitative differences in the capacity of antibodies to drive phagocytosis and qualitative differences in their FcγR usage profile. We demonstrate that antibodies from controllers and untreated progressors exhibit increased phagocytic activity, altered Fc domain glycosylation, and skewed interactions with FcγR2a and FcγR2b in both bulk plasma and HIV-specific IgG. While increased phagocytic activity may directly influence immune activation via clearance of inflammatory immune complexes, it is also plausible that Fc receptor usage patterns may regulate the immune response by modulating downstream signals following phagocytosis—driving passive degradation of internalized virus, release of immune modulating cytokines and chemokines, or priming of a more effective adaptive immune response.
Stochastic Assembly Leads to Alternative Communities with Distinct Functions in a Bioreactor Microbial Community
Authors: Zhou Jizhong , Liu Wenzong , Deng Ye , Jiang Yi-Huei , Xue Kai , He Zhili , Van Nostrand Joy D. , Wu Liyou , Yang Yunfeng , Wang Aijie 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

The processes and mechanisms of community assembly and its relationships to community functioning are central issues in ecology. Both deterministic and stochastic factors play important roles in shaping community composition and structure, but the connection between community assembly and ecosystem functioning remains elusive, especially in microbial communities. Here, we used microbial electrolysis cell reactors as a model system to examine the roles of stochastic assembly in determining microbial community structure and functions. Under identical environmental conditions with the same source community, ecological drift (i.e., initial stochastic colonization) and subsequent biotic interactions created dramatically different communities with little overlap among 14 identical reactors, indicating that stochastic assembly played dominant roles in determining microbial community structure. Neutral community modeling analysis revealed that deterministic factors also played significant roles in shaping microbial community structure in these reactors. Most importantly, the newly formed communities differed substantially in community functions (e.g., H
2
production), which showed strong linkages to community structure. This study is the first to demonstrate that stochastic assembly plays a dominant role in determining not only community structure but also ecosystem functions. Elucidating the links among community assembly, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning is critical to understanding ecosystem functioning, biodiversity preservation, and ecosystem management.

IMPORTANCE
Microorganisms are the most diverse group of life known on earth. Although it is well documented that microbial natural biodiversity is extremely high, it is not clear why such high diversity is generated and maintained. Numerous studies have established the roles of niche-based deterministic factors (e.g., pH, temperature, and salt) in shaping microbial biodiversity, the importance of stochastic processes in generating microbial biodiversity is rarely appreciated. Moreover, while microorganisms mediate many ecosystem processes, the relationship between microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning remains largely elusive. Using a well-controlled laboratory system, this study provides empirical support for the dominant role of stochastic assembly in creating variations of microbial diversity and the first explicit evidence for the critical role of community assembly in influencing ecosystem functioning. The results presented in this study represent important contributions to the understanding of the mechanisms, especially stochastic processes, involved in shaping microbial biodiversity.
Evolutionary Analysis Points to Divergent Physiological Roles of Type 1 Fimbriae inSalmonellaand Escherichia coli
Authors: Kisiela Dagmara I. , Chattopadhyay Sujay , Tchesnokova Veronika , Paul Sandip , Weissman Scott J. , Medenica Irena , Clegg Steven , Sokurenko Evgeni V. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTSalmonellaandEscherichia colimannose-binding type 1 fimbriae exhibit highly similar receptor specificities, morphologies, and mechanisms of assembly but are nonorthologous in nature, i.e., not closely related evolutionarily. Their operons differ in chromosomal location, gene arrangement, and regulatory components. In the current study, we performed a comparative genetic and structural analysis of the major structural subunit, FimA, fromSalmonellaandE. coliand found that FimA pilins undergo diverse evolutionary adaptation in the different species. Whereas theE. coli fimAlocus is characterized by high allelic diversity, frequent intragenic recombination, and horizontal movement,Salmonella fimAshows structural diversity that is more than 5-fold lower without strong evidence of gene shuffling or homologous recombination. In contrast toSalmonellaFimA, the amino acid substitutions in theE. colipilin heavily target the protein regions that are predicted to be exposed on the external surface of fimbriae. Altogether, our results suggest thatE. coli, but notSalmonella, type 1 fimbriae display a high level of structural diversity consistent with a strong selection for antigenic variation under immune pressure. Thus, type 1 fimbriae in these closely related bacterial species appear to function in distinctly different physiological environments.IMPORTANCEE. coliandSalmonellaare enteric bacteria that are closely related from an evolutionary perspective. They are both notorious human pathogens, though with somewhat distinct ecologies and virulence mechanisms. Type 1 fimbriae are rod-shaped surface appendages found in mostE. coliandSalmonellaisolates. In both species, they mediate bacterial adhesion to mannose receptors on host cells and share essentially the same morphology and assembly mechanisms. Here we show that despite the strong resemblances in function and structure, they are exposed to very different natural selection environments. Sequence analysis indicates thatE. coli, but notSalmonella, fimbriae are subjected to strong immune pressure, resulting in a high level of major fimbrial protein gene shuffling and interbacterial transfer. Thus, evolutionary analysis tools can provide evidence of divergent physiological roles of functionally similar traits in different bacterial species.
The urban brain: analysing outdoor physical activity with mobile EEG
Authors: Aspinall Peter , Mavros Panagiotis , Coyne Richard , Roe Jenny 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundResearchers in environmental psychology, health studies and urban design are interested in the relationship between the environment, behaviour settings and emotions. In particular, happiness, or the presence of positive emotional mindsets, broadens an individual's thought-action repertoire with positive benefits to physical and intellectual activities, and to social and psychological resources. This occurs through play, exploration or similar activities. In addition, a body of restorative literature focuses on the potential benefits to emotional recovery from stress offered by green space and ‘soft fascination’. However, access to the cortical correlates of emotional states of a person actively engaged within an environment has not been possible until recently. This study investigates the use of mobile electroencephalography (EEG) as a method to record and analyse the emotional experience of a group of walkers in three types of urban environment including a green space setting.MethodsUsing Emotiv EPOC, a low-cost mobile EEG recorder, participants took part in a 25 min walk through three different areas of Edinburgh. The areas (of approximately equal length) were labelled zone 1 (urban shopping street), zone 2 (path through green space) and zone 3 (street in a busy commercial district). The equipment provided continuous recordings from five channels, labelled excitement (short-term), frustration, engagement, long-term excitement (or arousal) and meditation.ResultsA new form of high-dimensional correlated component logistic regression analysis showed evidence of lower frustration, engagement and arousal, and higher meditation when moving into the green space zone; and higher engagement when moving out of it.ConclusionsSystematic differences in EEG recordings were found between three urban areas in line with restoration theory. This has implications for promoting urban green space as a mood-enhancing environment for walking or for other forms of physical or reflective activity.
Fifth metatarsal fractures among male professional footballers: a potential career-ending disease
Authors: Ekstrand Jan , van Dijk C Niek 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundThere is little information about Metatarsal Five (MT-5) fractures for specific sports.ObjectiveTo study the occurrence, the imaging characteristics, the lay-off times and healing problems of MT-5 fractures among male footballers.MethodsSixty-four European elite teams were monitored from 2001 to 2012. x-Rays were collected and classified by the Torg criteria.ResultsOf 13 754 injuries, 0.5% (67) proved to be MT-5 fractures. Their incidence was 0.04 injuries/1000 h of exposure. A team of 25 players might thus expect an MT-5 fracture every fifth season. Of these fractures, 67% (38) were primary and 33% were refractures. One of the 38 primary fractures was an avulsion of the tuberosity; all the others (97%) located towards the base. In total, 32% of the players with MT-5 fracture were younger than 21 years, 40% of the fractures occurred during the preseason and 45% of the players had prodromal symptoms. In total, 54% of the initial x-rays were classified as Torg type II (stress fractures), and 46% were classified as Torg type I (acute type). After surgical treatment the fractures healed faster, compared with conservative treatment (75% vs 33%, p<0.05). There was no significant difference in lay-off days between players that had been operated, and those that had not (80 vs 74 days, p=0.67).ConclusionsThe majority of MT-5 fractures are stress fractures, and mainly occur among young players. There are frequent healing problems, which might be explained by the stress nature of the injury. After surgery there are less healing problems, compared with those in conservative treatment.
An evaluation of the performance of the NHS Health Check programme in identifying people at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes
Authors: Smith Sarah , Waterall Jamie , Burden A C Felix 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo evaluate the performance of the National Health Service (NHS) Health Check in identifying people at high risk of having or developing type 2 diabetes.DesignRetrospective evaluation of the performance of the NHS Health Check diabetes filter (based on ethnicity, body mass index and blood pressure) in identifying people at risk for type 2 diabetes (glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥42 mmol/mol recorded within 3 months of their NHS Health Check).SettingHeart of Birmingham Primary Care Trust (HoB PCT).Subjects34 022 patients with a Read code in the general practitioners’ (GP) clinical record indicating that they had attended an NHS Health Check over the period April 2009 – February 2012.Outcome measuresPrimary outcome measure: proportion (%) of patients at risk of diabetes or non-diabetes hyperglycaemia not identified by a simple application of the NHS Health Check diabetes filter. Secondary outcome measures included sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and specificity of the NHS Health Check diabetes filter.ResultsIn HoB PCT, the simple application of the NHS Health Check diabetes filter led to a failure to identify 1990/5968 (33.3% (95% CI, 31.2% to 35.4%)) of patients of known ethnicity at risk of having or developing diabetes (HbA1c≥42 mmol/mol). The NHS Health Check diabetes filter has a sensitivity of 66.8% (95% CI 65.7% to 68.0%), and the PPV was 41.1% (95% CI 40.1% to 42.1%). Specificity was 34.7% (95%CI 33.9% to 35.6%). Sensitivity and PPV of the NHS Health Check diabetes filter in the HoB PCT population are significantly greater for patients of Asian ethnic origin than for those of other ethnic backgrounds.ConclusionsThis evaluation, which was based on a large population sample, demonstrates that the NHS Health Check programme diabetes filter failed to identify a third of people at high risk of having or developing diabetes.
PREVALENCE OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN NEWFOUNDLAND ADULTS: APPROACHES TO ESTIMATION USING ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS
Authors: Oake Justin , Asghari Shabnam , Godwin Marshall , Collins Kayla , Aubrey Kris 
Published: March 2013

IntroductionDyslipidemia is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) has a higher level of CVD mortality than any other province in Canada. This high level may be partially explained by the lipid profiles of people in this province. To our knowledge, there is no study in NL or Canada to use electronic medical records (EMR) to assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia.ObjectivesFirst, to assess the prevalence of dyslipidemia in NL using Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network (CPCSSN) EMR data. Second, to develop an algorithm that will provide a more accurate estimation of dyslipidemia using EMR data.MethodsThis is a secondary, cross-sectional analysis of existing data in our province. The study population included all patients aged 20 years or older who lived in NL. The most recent lipid profile (triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C)) available on patients between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2010 was identified. Independent variables included sex, age, lipid lowering medication use, and presence of comorbid conditions and other risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and κ agreement, were calculated to compare different algorithms (ICD-9 code, laboratory result and lipid lowering medication use) for estimating the prevalence of dyslipidemia.ResultsThis study included 4424 primary healthcare patients. Approximately 42% of patients were considered to have high total cholesterol, almost 36% had unhealthy levels of LDL-C, 25% had low HDL-C, and nearly 25% had high triglycerides. For adults with multiple dyslipidemias, elevated total cholesterol and LDL-C was the most common combination (32.9%), followed by elevated total cholesterol and triglycerides (13.1%). A combination of lipid lowering medication use and laboratory results revealed a sensitivity of 99.4%, and the κ agreement was 0.99 compared with the combination of the three existing variables. This algorithm showed a dyslipidemic prevalence of 76.0% among these patients.ConclusionsResults of the NL component of the CPCSSN database showed a high prevalence of both individual and multiple dyslipidemias. Furthermore, the optimal criteria to estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemia in EMRs is using laboratory results together with lipid lowering medication use. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into lipid research in NL in order to determine the magnitude of dyslipidemia as an important risk factor of CVD and other chronic diseases in NL.
C-Reactive Protein Downregulates TRAIL Expression in Human Peripheral Monocytes via an Egr-1–Dependent Pathway
Authors: Secchiero Paola , Rimondi Erika , di Iasio Maria Grazia , Agnoletto Chiara , Melloni Elisabetta , Volpi Ilaria , Zauli Giorgio 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the potential link between C-reactive protein (CRP), a known biomarker of acute and chronic inflammation, and TRAIL, a cytokine which plays a key role in the immune-surveillance against tumors.
Experimental Design: Primary normal peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and CD14+ monocytes were exposed to recombinant CRP (1–10 μmol/L). TRAIL expression was analyzed by ELISA and/or by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In parallel, the potential role of the transcription factor Egr-1 was investigated by analyzing its modulation in response to CRP and by transfection experiments.
Results: In vitro CRP exposure induced downregulation of TRAIL expression, both at the mRNA and protein level, in unfractionated PBMC and in purified CD14+ monocytes. TRAIL downregulation was not due to a specific toxicity or to contaminating lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as shown by the lack of induction of monocyte apoptosis and by the inability of the inhibitor of LPS polymyxin B to interfere with CRP activity. Of note, CRP downregulated TRAIL expression/release in CD14+ monocytes also in response to IFN-α, the most potent inducer of TRAIL. At the molecular level, the downmodulation of TRAIL by CRP was accompanied by a significant increase of Egr-1. Consistently, Egr-1 overexpression reduced the baseline levels of TRAIL mRNA, whereas knocking down Egr-1 counteracted the ability of CRP to downregulate TRAIL.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a chronic elevation of CRP, which occurs during systemic inflammation and often in patients with cancer, might contribute to promote cancer development and/or progression by downregulating TRAIL in immune cells. Clin Cancer Res; 19(8); 1949–59. ©2013 AACR.
Are Greenhouse Gases Changing ENSO Precursors in the Western North Pacific?*
Authors: Wang Shih-Yu , L'Heureux Michelle , Yoon Jin-Ho 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Using multiple observational and model datasets, the authors document a strengthening relationship between boreal winter sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the western North Pacific (WNP) and the development of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the following year. The increased WNP–ENSO association emerged in the mid-twentieth century and has grown through the present, reaching correlation coefficients as high as ~0.70 in recent decades. Fully coupled climate experiments with the Community Earth System Model, version 1 (CESM1), replicate the WNP–ENSO association and indicate that greenhouse gases (GHGs) are largely responsible for this observed increase. The authors speculate that shifts in the location of the largest positive SST trends between the subtropical and tropical western Pacific impact the low-level circulation in a manner that reinforces the link between the WNP and the development of ENSO. A strengthened GHG-driven relationship with the WNP provides an example of how anthropogenic climate change may directly influence one of the most prominent patterns of natural climate variability, ENSO, and potentially improve the skill of intraseasonal-to-interannual climate prediction.