bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Need for Justification
Authors: Peijnenburg Jeanne , Atkinson David 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSome series can go on indefinitely, others cannot, and epistemologists want to know in which class to place epistemic chains. Is it sensible or nonsensical to speak of a proposition or belief that is justified by another proposition or belief, ad infinitum? In large part the answer depends on what we mean by “justification.” Epistemologists have failed to find a definition on which everybody agrees, and some have even advised us to stop looking altogether. In spite of this, the present essay submits a few candidate definitions. It argues that, although not giving the final word, these candidates tell us something about the possibility of infinite epistemic chains. And it shows that they can short‐circuit a debate about doxastic justification.
Probabilistic Regresses and the Availability Problem for Infinitism
Authors: Podlaskowski Adam C. , Smith Joshua A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRecent work by Peijnenburg, Atkinson, and Herzberg suggests that infinitists who accept a probabilistic construal of justification can overcome significant challenges to their position by attending to mathematical treatments of infinite probabilistic regresses. In this essay, it is argued that care must be taken when assessing the significance of these formal results. Though valuable lessons can be drawn from these mathematical exercises (many of which are not disputed here), the essay argues that it is entirely unclear that the form of infinitism that results meets a basic requirement: namely, providing an account of infinite chains of propositions qua reasons made available to agents.
Infinite Epistemic Regresses and Internalism
Authors: van Woudenberg René , Meester Ronald 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article seeks to state, first, what traditionally has been assumed must be the case in order for an infinite epistemic regress to arise. It identifies three assumptions. Next it discusses Jeanne Peijnenburg's and David Atkinson's setting up of their argument for the claim that some infinite epistemic regresses can actually be completed and hence that, in addition to foundationalism, coherentism, and infinitism, there is yet another solution (if only a partial one) to the traditional epistemic regress problem. The article argues that Peijnenburg and Atkinson fail to address the traditional regress problem, as they don't adopt all of the three assumptions that underlie the traditional regress problem. It also points to a problem in the notion of making probable that Peijnenburg and Atkinson use in their account of justification.
Introduction
Authors: Peijnenburg Jeanne , Aikin Scott F. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis introduction presents selected proceedings of a two‐day meeting on the regress problem, sponsored by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and hosted by Vanderbilt University in October 2013, along with other submitted essays. Three forms of research on the regress problem are distinguished: metatheoretical, developmental, and critical work.
Hegel and the Concept of Extinction
Authors: Bates Jennifer Ann 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPart I discusses what kind of ‘advances’ occur in Hegel's works, particularly his Philosophy of Nature. I then discuss evolution and extinction in relation to these advances. I summarize Errol Harris' view that Hegel's advances are consistent with current evolutionary theory and then critique this view using articles by Cinzia Ferinni and Alison Stone. I discuss an alternative, post‐Kantian Hegelianism which dialectically unites the nature of our cognition with us as subjects that cognize (spirit). For that, I draw on Hegel's claim that ‘The True is just as much Substance as Subject’, and I show how that claim is complicated in a helpful way when applied to the multiple kinds of ‘subjects’ in the Philosophy of Nature.Part II highlights the implications of biological mass extinction for these differing Hegelian theories.Part III brings the above post‐Kantian dialectical Hegelianism together with the final chapter of the Phenomenology of Spirit in order to align Hegelian terminology with current solutions for mass extinction: ‘Absolute Knowing’ is a self‐sacrificing and a recollecting that reinstates the subject in and through nature; such knowing generates dialectically holistic logics of survival. This recollection of life produces neither abstract spiritual self‐consciousness nor a mere ‘gallery’ of extinct life forms. It is philosophical responsibility, identity through natural differences, Absolute Spirit ‘tarrying’ with its world.21st century Hegelians should be environmentalists on Hegel's terms, a surprising conclusion given that Hegel did not anticipate environmental problems. Hegel's Philosophy of Nature may in turn help environmentalists argue against unacknowledged and badly conceived philosophies of nature. Hegel's work is not reducible to either naturalism or metaphysical idealism: reading Hegel's Philosophy of Nature in conjunction with his Phenomenology of Spirit reveals ways in which a subject, widely and complexly defined at different levels (including different species), is dialectically inseparable from substance, equally widely and complexly defined. This helps us to understand the natural depths of Spirit, which we are at risk of losing.
Sun exposure and Protection Behavior of Danish Farm Children: Parental Influence on Their Children
Authors: Bodekær Larsen Mette , Petersen Bibi , Philipsen Peter Alshede , Young Antony , Thieden Elisabeth , Wulf Hans Christian 
Published: April 2014

AbstractHealthy sun habits acquired in childhood could reduce skin cancer incidence. We examined the sun exposure and protection behavior of an expected high‐exposure group of children, and the association to their parents. Open, prospective cohort study. One hundred and thirty nine participants (40 families) kept daily sun behavior diaries (sun exposure, sunscreen use, sunburns) over a 4‐month summer period (15 985 diary days). The Pigment Protection Factor (PPF), an objective measure of sun exposure, was measured at two body sites, before and after summer. All participants presented data from the same 115 days. Risk behavior (sun exposure of upper body) took place on 9.5 days (boys) and 15.6 days (girls). Sunburn and sunscreen use were infrequent. Boys’ sun exposure resulted in an increased photo protection over the study period of 1.7 SED (upper arm) and 0.8 SED (shoulder) to elicit erythema. Corresponding values for girls were as follows: 0.9 SED (upper arm) and 0.5 SED (shoulder). Boys’ sunscreen use correlated to their mothers’ (r = 0.523, P = 0.02). Girls’ number of risk days (r = 0.552, P = 0.005) and sun exposure (upper arm: r = 0.621, P < 0.001) correlated to their mothers’. The children's sun exposure was substantial. Only mothers influenced children's sun behavior and exposure. This may be of relevance in future sun protection campaigns.
Xenococconeis opunohusiensis gen. et sp. nov. and Xenococconeis neocaledonica comb. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from the tropical South Pacific
Authors: Riaux‐Gobin Catherine , Coste Michel , Jordan Richard W. , Romero Oscar E. , Le Cohu René 
Published: April 2014

SummaryDuring a survey of the coral reef diatoms of Moorea Island (Society Archipelago, South Pacific) a small‐sized member of the order Achnanthales was studied using a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This marine taxon has: a raphe valve (RV) with a non‐crenulate edge; a high cingulum; a sternum valve (SV) often irregularly striated and areolae with concave hymenate pore occlusion; a thick and plain SV valvocopula (SVVC), ring‐shaped, composed of large fused fimbriae, with a central elliptic foramen bordered by the peg‐like edge of the fimbriae. On abvalvar side, the SVVC bears radiate concave and robust transapical ribs, interlinking with short elevated transverse ribs of the RV valvocopula (RVVC). Large marginal fenestrae of the RVVC give access to pseudoloculi. One oblong, unique and striated papilla is located on each RVVC rib. Given this unique set of features, we describe Xenococconeis opunohusiensis gen. et sp. nov. as a new taxon belonging to the Achnanthales. The characteristics of the new taxon are compared with Campyloneis Grunow and Cocconeis Ehrenberg. From New Caledonia, Cocconeis neocaledonica Maillard ex Lange‐Bertalot et Steindorf, a freshwater diatom, was described with two internal septa with marginal pseudoloculi. Based on subsequent SEM illustrations and remarks, we propose the transfer of C. neocaledonica to the new genus, and compare it to the type species, Xenococconeis opunohusiensis.
A Contemporary Guide to the Vedas: A Critical Survey of the Texts and Literature
Authors: Elby Tristan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe Vedas are a major textual foundation of Hinduism, yet much of their content remains obscure and difficult to access. A discussion of recent literature on the Vedas provides the scholar with a clear conception of the nature of Vedic textual materials, the world views implied by Vedic texts and the nature of Vedic ritual, the central element of Vedic religion. Important resources for the study of the Vedas are identified, together with an assessment of the most important research themes in Vedic religion today.
Buddhism, Science, and the Truth About Karma
Authors: Cho Francisca 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBuddhism's reputation as a ‘scientific religion’ has led contemporary Buddhists to advocate eliminating the doctrine of karma and its metaphysical concept of rebirth. This movement to modernize Buddhism evinces little understanding of how the karma concept actually functions in Buddhist societies. This article argues that traditional Buddhists invoke karma performatively in order to orient their personal experiences rather than to make metaphysical claims. In doing so, Buddhist tradition challenges and enriches the limited sense of realism that takes precedence in the dialogue between Buddhism and science. This challenge needs to be appreciated in order to render Buddhism an equal partner in the dialogue rather than the mere object of scientific critique.
Personal Piety in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Luiselli Maria Michela 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWhen talking about religion in ancient Egypt, one usually thinks about polytheism and the impressive state temples built throughout the country dating back to at least the age of the pyramids. What is less known, however, is that texts and material culture also show the existence of religious beliefs and practices of ordinary people who addressed the gods with prayers about daily troubles. In addition, gods were offered to at home, state temples had specific areas reserved for the presentation of prayers and offerings and people could buy votive offerings at the temple workshops to donate to the local gods. All this was rooted in the belief in the existence of gods who heard human prayers, responded to people's behaviour and intervened in daily life. To sum up personal piety in Egypt, it was the belief in a transcendent world and the interaction with it. The present article aims to illustrate the principle characteristics of this phenomenon and its development, along with related main research issues.
Impact of needle gauge on characterization of endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) histology samples
Authors: Jeyabalan Abiramy , Shelley‐Fraser Golda , Medford Andrew R.L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackground and objectiveEndobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) is a minimally invasive mediastinal node sampling technique used for lung cancer staging and diagnosis of mediastinal lesions. The four published studies assessing sampling with 21‐G or 22‐G needles conflict. The study objective is to evaluate the diagnostic utility of 21‐G versus 22‐G EBUS‐TBNA needles, and the ability to subcharacterize both benign and malignant lesions using histopathological assessment only.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed from 303 patients referred for EBUS‐TBNA between January 2011 and July 2013. Sampling needle gauge was selected at the discretion of the operator. Samples were assessed by histopathologists blinded to the needle gauge without rapid on‐site evaluation for cytology. Contingency table analysis was performed to compare diagnostic utility and ability to subcharacterize malignant and benign lesions.ResultsNo difference in diagnostic ability was seen for malignancy (96.6% v 95.3% accuracy, 21‐G vs 22‐G). Subgroup analysis of benign 21‐G tissue samples revealed superior characterization compared with 22‐G samples (63/76, 83%, vs 31/52, 60%, P < 0.01). Characterization of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was also significantly better with samples obtained with 21‐G needles versus 22‐G needles (57/65, 88% vs 34/52, 65%, P < 0.01).ConclusionsThis large UK single‐centre study suggests 21‐G EBUS‐TBNA needles are superior to 22‐G in characterizing benign lesions (especially sarcoidosis) and NSCLC when using histopathological assessment. Making a positive benign diagnosis may avoid the need to perform mediastinoscopy. Obtaining sufficient histological material to subcharacterize NSCLC and particularly lung adenocarcinoma allows appropriate testing for genetic mutations facilitating targeted oncological therapy.
Development and psychometric evaluation of the Knowledge of Malnutrition – Geriatric (KoM‐G) questionnaire to measure malnutrition knowledge among nursing staff inAustrian nursing homes
Authors: Schönherr Silvia , Halfens Ruud J. G. , Lohrmann Christa 
Published: April 2014

IntroductionMalnutrition is an internationally prevalent healthcare phenomenon in nursing home residents entailing serious consequences for those who are affected. Lack of knowledge among nursing staff is often discussed as a reason for deficits in nutritional practice. For this reason, a valid and reliable tool is necessary to assess knowledge of malnutrition (KoM) care. The objective of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate a questionnaire aimed at assessing the KoM care among nursing staff inAustrian nursing homes.MethodsThis study follows a psychometric methodological design. The dimensions and items of the questionnaire were derived from a literature review. The content validity was evaluated using aDelphi technique with eight international experts in the field of malnutrition. Item validity in terms of distribution of response alternatives, item difficulty and discrimination index, construct validity in terms of a comparison between predefined known groups and internal consistency using Kuder–Richardson 20 were analysed in a sample of 1152 registered nurses/nurse aides from 66 Austrian nursing homes.ResultsThe Knowledge of Malnutrition – Geriatric (KoM‐G) questionnaire consists of 20 items with six answer options including ‘I don't know’ with established content validity. The quality of response alternatives ranged from 0.3 to 96.9%. The item difficulty of the total questionnaire was 59.3% and the discrimination index was 0.37, whereas one item had a discrimination index below 0.20 and was therefore deleted. Significant differences in percentage of correct answers between registered nurses and nurse aides, nursing staff with training in nutrition and without as well as between nursing staff with positive attitudes towards nutritional care and neutral or negative attitudes were found. TheKuder–Richardson 20 was 0.69.ConclusionThe KoM‐G shows acceptable psychometric properties covering a wide range of items regarding malnutrition and can be applied in nursing home practice, education and research.
How spouses evaluate Nursing Home Placement of their demented partner: a study about the end of perseverance time
Authors: Kraijo Henk , de Leeuw Rob , Schrijvers Guus 
Published: April 2014

AimThis study was about the final decision by spouses to have their demented partner placed in a nursing home. The central question was whether the admission took place in the right time in their point of view.MethodFourteen partners of persons with dementia evaluated the nursing home placement. They were interviewed at home using a semi‐structured questionnaire. Grounded theory was used to explore the process of decision‐making. In addition to the interviews, quantitative data were used from a 2‐year follow‐up study.ResultsResults underline that the placement decision had to be made in phases over time. The first decision is about placement of the relative on a waiting list, and the second decision is about the actual placement in a nursing home once a place becomes available. This second and final decision often had to be taken under time pressure to avoid a place in the nursing home being left empty. If they had been given more time and space to reconsider their admission decision, most partners said they could have had continued providing homecare longer. During the investigation, the following classification in timeliness of the admission emerged: Placement was at the right time, too early, too late or out of control.ConclusionSpouses indicated they could have kept on giving care for a longer period of time if they had been given more time and space to make their final decision about the admission of their partner. It may be helpful for informal and formal carers to focus on perseverance time in considering placement or prolonged support at home. Placement at an appropriate time may lead to a higher degree of well‐being of informal carers before and especially after the admission.
Developing an Understanding of Race Talk
Authors: Goodman Simon 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to give an outline of the discursive psychological literature focussing on prejudice and race talk and to show how recent findings suggest a development in this understanding. The paper begins with an outline of the discursive approach and the way in which it conceptualises race talk. Next, an overview of the ways in which people attempt to make prejudicial arguments so as to prevent them from appearing to be prejudiced, because of a norm against prejudice, is presented. It is then shown how challenges are being made to this norm against prejudice so that in some cases, prejudice can be viewed as acceptable, and in others, the taboo against prejudice is presented as being discriminatory on the grounds of preventing freedom of speech and proper debate.
Evaluation of serum thyroid hormones in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis
Authors: Pashmakova Medora B. , Bishop Micah A. , Steiner Jörg M. , Suchodolski Jan S. , Barr James W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis have derangements in serum thyroid hormone concentrations and to evaluate whether such derangements relate to illness severity or outcome.DesignProspective observational study. Dogs hospitalized with SIRS or sepsis between May and December 2010 were included. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were measured in all dogs. Data obtained on admission were used to calculate the Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE) scores.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsTwenty‐two consecutive client‐owned dogs hospitalized with SIRS or sepsis were enrolled; 18 dogs completed the study and 4 dogs were excluded for incomplete data. Forty‐nine healthy dogs owned by volunteers were used as controls.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsDecreased total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations were documented in all septic and 7/9 dogs with SIRS. Free T4 concentrations were decreased, but were within the reference interval in 12/18 dogs with SIRS or sepsis compared to control dogs (P < 0.001). Dogs with increased APPLE(fast) scores were less likely to survive (P = 0.017).ConclusionsDogs with SIRS or sepsis have derangements in measured serum thyroid hormones. No relationships were identified between thyroid hormone concentrations and survival. The APPLE(fast) score was the only variable predictive of poor outcome.
Surge Characteristics and Range Extension With Steam Injection in a Centrifugal Compressor With Vaned Diffuser
Authors: Gao Chuang , Huang Weiguang , Yao Weijia , Duan Jicheng 
Published: April 2014

This paper describes the experimental results of both steady and unsteady flow behavior and surge extension with steam injection in a centrifugal compressor with vaned diffuser and downstream collector. Specifically, the stage stability analysis and effects of steam injection on surge margin are reported based on experimental results in detail.
As the first step, a meanline analysis based on empirical correlations is utilized to find the possible stability dominated component. Then surge extension methods are put forward on the investigated compressor to enhance field operability.
To validate the meanline analysis, the static performance of both stage and components from the experiments were analyzed and the root cause of system surge was again given based on the classic stability theory.
The experimental results not only prove the validity of the former stability analysis but also extend the surge margin at least 9.0% with only 0.3% saturated steam of designed mass flow rate. During the experiments, it was also found that the surge margin improvement was not in proportion to the flow injected. In certain cases, the injected steam at large flow rate can even trigger system surge earlier.
To the authors’ known, this is the first report on surge extension with steam injection in open literature.
Estimation and Control of the Geometric Error in a Linear Interpolator With Parabola Blending
Authors: Li Hongbo 
Published: April 2014

Given a sequence of G01 codes, a linear interpolator outputs a refined sequence of G01 codes obeying the inequality constraints imposed upon the velocity, acceleration, etc., of the machining tool, and the tracking error, geometric error, etc., between the two sequences. While the output G01 sequence is usually obtained from a continuous motion by sampling along the trajectory by a constant interpolation period, a simple strategy of generating the blending curve between two concatenated line segments under the velocity and axis-wise acceleration constraints of the machining tool, is to use parabolas — trajectories of constant-acceleration motions.
This paper considers the estimation and control of the geometric error in such a linear interpolator. Classical model of chord error by approximating parabolas with their contact circles leads to incorrect result on the geometric error, if the latter is taken as the superposition of (i) the error of approximation of the input G01 trajectory by parabolas, and (ii) the chord error caused by sampling along the blended C1-smooth trajectory. By computing the geometric error directly without accumulating the approximation error and the chord error, we realize correct geometric error control by establishing inequality constraints on the accelerations of the motion.
This work is supported partially by 2011CB302404, NSFC 10925105, 60821002/F02.