bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the Validity of the Modified Dynamic Gait Index Across Diagnostic Groups
Authors: Matsuda Patricia Noritake , Taylor Catherine S. , Shumway-Cook Anne 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundThe modified Dynamic Gait Index (mDGI) measures the capacity to adapt gait to complex tasks utilizing 8 tasks and 3 facets of performance. The measurement stability of the mDGI in specific diagnostic groups is unknown.ObjectiveThis study examined the psychometric properties of the mDGI in 5 diagnostic groups.DesignThis was a cross-sectional, descriptive study.MethodsA total of 794 participants were included in the study: 140 controls, 239 with stroke, 140 with vestibular dysfunction, 100 with traumatic brain injury, 91 with gait abnormality, and 84 with Parkinson disease. Differential item functioning analysis was used to examine the comparability of scores across diagnoses. Internal consistency was computed using Cronbach alpha. Factor analysis was used to examine the factor loadings for the 3 performance facet scores. Minimal detectable change at the 95% confidence level (MDC95%) was calculated for each of the groups.ResultsLess than 5% of comparisons demonstrated moderate to large differential item functioning, suggesting that item scores had the same order of difficulty for individuals in all 5 diagnostic groups. For all 5 patient groups, 3 factors had eigenvalues &gt;1.0 and explained 80% of the variability in scores, supporting the importance of characterizing mobility performance with respect to time, level of assistance, and gait pattern.LimitationsThere were uneven sample sizes in the 6 groups.ConclusionsThe strength of the psychometric properties of the mDGI across the 5 diagnostic groups further supports the validity and usefulness of scores for clinical and research purposes. In addition, the meaning of a score from the mDGI, regardless of whether at the task, performance facet, or total score level, was comparable across the 5 diagnostic groups, suggesting that the mDGI measured mobility function independent of medical diagnosis.
Development and Phenotyping of Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) Populations for Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Holbrook C. C. , Isleib T. G. , Ozias-Akins P. , Chu Y. , Knapp S. J. , Tillman B. , Guo B. , Gill R. , Burow M. D. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
The identification of molecular markers for economically significant traits should greatly improve the speed and efficiency of all peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding programs. Development and phenotypic evaluation of recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations of peanut, along with molecular genotyping, will be essential for association of markers with traits. The primary objectives of this research were to develop 16 structured RIL populations that can be used by the peanut research community, and to begin high-resolution phenotyping of these populations. Crosses were made using a 2 by 8 (common by unique) factorial nested association mapping design. Parents were selected to attempt to maximize genetic diversity while meeting practical breeding objectives. First, two modern runner cultivars (Tifrunner and Florida-07) were selected as common parents because runner cultivars account for about 80% of the production in the U.S. Second, the eight unique parents were selected to supply diversity across market classes and botanical varieties and are donors of favorable alleles for enhancing drought tolerance and resistance to most important disease of peanut in the U.S. The eight unique parents are N08082olJCT (a Bailey derived high oleic breeding line), C76-16, NC 3033, SPT 06-06, SSD 6 (PI 576638), OLin, New Mexico Valencia A, and Florunner. The 16 populations were advanced using summer and winter nurseries. Input from multiple disciplines has resulted in a prioritized list of populations and traits that should be examined, and seed increase has begun to provide the community with material for extensive phenotyping. In-depth phenotyping and genotyping of these populations should result in markers that can be deployed by breeding programs for the development of improved cultivars.
The Value of Diploid Peanut Relatives for Breeding and Genomics
Authors: Stalker H. T. , Tallury S. P. , Ozias-Akins P. , Bertioli D. , Bertioli S. C. Leal 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTCollection, evaluation, and introgression research has been conducted with Arachis species for more than 60 years. Eighty species in the genus have been described and additional species will be named in the future. Extremely high levels of disease and insect resistances to immunity have been observed in many species of the genus as compared to the cultivated peanut, which makes them extremely important for crop improvement. Many thousands of interspecific hybrids have been produced in the genus, but introgression has been slow because of genomic incompatibilities and sterility of hybrids. Genomics research was initiated during the late 1980s to characterize species relationships and investigate more efficient methods to introgress genes from wild species to A. hypogaea. Relatively low density genetic maps have been created from inter- and intra-specific crosses, several of which have placed disease resistance genes into limited linkage groups. Of particular interest is associating molecular markers with traits of interest to enhance breeding for disease and insect resistances. Only recently have sufficiently large numbers of markers become available to effectively conduct marker assisted breeding in peanut. Future analyses of the diploid ancestors of the cultivated peanut, A. duranensis and A. ipaensis, will allow more detailed characterization of peanut genetics and the effects of Arachis species alleles on agronomic traits. Extensive efforts are being made to create populations for genomic analyses of peanut, and introgression of genes from wild to cultivated genotypes should become more efficient in the near future.
Smellmelon Control and Peanut Response to Flumioxazin and Paraquat Alone and in Combination
Authors: Grichar W. J. , Dotray P. A. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Field studies were conducted in the Texas High Plains and south Texas to determine peanut response to flumioxazin and paraquat applied preemergence or 7 days after ground cracking (DAC). These herbicides were applied either alone or in combination. Smellmelon control was greater than 90% with all 7 DAC treatments while preemergence (PRE) treatments of flumioxazin plus paraquat controlled 87 to 97% in one of two years. No peanut injury was noted following either herbicide applied preemergence; however, early-season injury (stunting and leaf chlorosis/necrosis) was evident with flumioxazin and paraquat alone or in combination when applied 7 DAC. Early-season injury in south Texas from the 7 DAC applications of flumioxazin and paraquat varied from 9 to 63% with flumioxazin alone, 18 to 65% with paraquat alone, and 33 to 83% with combinations of the two herbicides. Injury in the Texas High Plains was never more than 40% with either herbicide alone or in combination. Mid-season injury in south Texas was at least 13% with any combination that included flumioxazin at 0.11 kg/ha while injury in the Texas High Plains varied from 12 to 25%. Peanut yields were not affected by flumioxazin and paraquat in the High Plains area although yields in south Texas were reduced from the untreated weed-free check with combinations of flumioxazin and paraquat.
Changing our culture
Authors: Benzil Deborah L. 
Published: February 2014

Today, a great challenge of our profession is to envision how we will deliver exemplary neurosurgical care in the future. To accomplish this requires anticipating how economic, political, and societal influences will affect our ability to provide the highest quality of patient care in an arena that will look increasingly different from today's world of medicine. Already, our profession is battling a relentless assault as numerous sectors implement change that impacts us and our community every day. Surviving this requires an effective strategy that will involve significant cultural change. To accomplish this, neurosurgery must take an honest look inward and then commit to being the agents of positive cultural change.
Such a path will not be easy but should reap important benefits for all of neurosurgery and our patients. Several practical and proven strategies can help us to realize the rewards of changing our culture. Vital to this process is understanding that effecting behavioral change will increase the likelihood of achieving sustainable cultural change. Innovation and diversity are crucial to encourage and reward when trying to effect meaningful cultural change, while appreciating the power of a “Tipping Point” strategy will also reap significant benefits.
As a profession, if we adopt these strategies and tactics we can lead our profession to proceed in improvement, and as individuals we can use the spirit that drove us into neurosurgery to become the agents of an enduring and meaningful cultural change that will benefit our patients and us.
Surgical options for treatment of traumatic subdural hematomas in children younger than 2 years of age
Authors: Melo José Roberto Tude , Di Rocco Federico , Bourgeois Marie , Puget Stephanie , Blauwblomme Thomas , Sainte-Rose Christian , Meyer Philippe G. , Zerah Michel 
Published: February 2014

Object
Subdural hematoma (SDH) is the most common finding on cranial CT in pediatric victims of abusive head trauma (AHT). The hematomas are commonly bilateral and sometimes associated with interhemispheric hyperdensity and/or convexity hemorrhages. There is no consensus regarding the best surgical treatment in such cases nor are there standardized surgical protocols. The authors report their experience and discuss the routine surgical options in the management of traumatic SDH at a Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center.

Methods
In this paper, the authors describe a cross-sectional study with consecutive revision of data described in the medical records of Hôpital Universitaire Necker–Enfants Malades between January 2008 and January 2013. During this period, all children younger than 2 years of age who were admitted with a traumatic SDH identified on CT scans were included in this study.

Results
One hundred eighty-four children who had SDH and were younger than 2 years of age were included. Their median age was 5.8 months (range 5 days–23 months), and 70% of the children were male. On admission CT scans, the SDH was bilateral in 52% of cases and homogeneously hypodense in 77%. Neurosurgical treatment was undertaken in 111 children (60%) with an admission Glasgow Coma Scale score of 12 or less, bulging fontanels, or other signs suggestive of intracranial hypertension. The first surgical option was craniotomy in 1.8% (2) of these 111 cases, decompressive craniectomy in 1.8% (2), transcutaneous subdural puncture in 15% (17), external subdural drainage in 16% (18), subdural-subgaleal shunt placement in 17% (19), and subdural-peritoneal shunt placement in 48% (53). In 82% of the children initially treated with transcutaneous subdural puncture and in 50% of those treated with external subdural drainage, increase or persistence of the SDH, CSF or skin infection, or shunt system malfunction was observed and further surgical intervention was required. There was a 26% rate of complications in patients initially treated with a subdural-peritoneal shunt. Although 52% of the patients had bilateral SDH, bilateral drainage was only required in 9.4%.

Conclusions
The choice of treatment should be determined by the clinical and radiological characteristics of the individual case. Although effective on an emergency basis, subdural puncture and external subdural drainage are frequently insufficient to obtain complete resolution of SDH, and temporary placement of a subdural-peritoneal shunt is needed in most cases.
Fast-sequence MRI studies for surveillance imaging in pediatric hydrocephalus
Authors: Patel Daxa M. , Tubbs R. Shane , Pate Gigi , Johnston James M. , Blount Jeffrey P. 
Published: February 2014

Object
Surveillance imaging of the cerebral ventricles can be valuable in following up children with shunt-treated hydrocephalus. There also, however, has been recent increased awareness and concern over the potential risk associated with imaging-related radiation exposure in children. Magnetic resonance imaging represents an imaging alternative that does not use ionizing radiation; however, its practical utility has been limited due to the near-uniform requirement for sedation or general anesthesia in children. Magnetic resonance imaging without sedation is often futile because of the movement artifact produced by the nonsedated pediatric patient. Some studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using fast-sequence MRI (fsMRI), but the reported experiences are limited. The authors have incorporated fsMRI into their routine shunt surveillance imaging paradigms and report here a 5-year experience with this modality.

Methods
The authors initially started using fsMRI for routine surveillance in a single clinic in 2008 and have gradually increased their institutional utilization of this modality as experience has accumulated and protocols have been refined. Imaging sequences obtained for each child include an axial T2-weighted half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE), coronal T2-weighted HASTE, and sagittal T2-weighted HASTE images. The authors conducted a retrospective chart and imaging review. They rated each fsMR image according to 5 visibility parameters: 1) ventricle size, 2) ventricle configuration, 3) presence or absence of transependymal flow, 4) presence or absence of motion artifact, and 5) visualization of the ventricular catheter. Each parameter was graded as 1 (present) or 0 (absent). Thus, the maximum value assigned to each scan could be 5 and the minimum value assigned to each scan could be 0. Interrater reliability between pairs of observers was calculated using the Kendall's tau-b and intraclass coefficients.

Results
Two hundred patients underwent fsMRI. No child required sedation. The average duration of examinations was approximately 3.37 minutes, and mean age of the patients was 5.7 years. Clinically useful images were attained in all cases. Overall quality of the fsMRI studies based on the 5 different visibility parameters showed that 169 images (84.5%) included 4 or 5 parameters (score ≥ 4) and had statistically significant excellent quality. The Kendall's tau-b for the overall fsMRI ratings was 0.82 (p = 0.002) and the intraclass coefficient was 0.87 (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions
In the present cohort of 200 patients, fsMRI studies were shown to have an excellent overall quality and a statistically significant high degree of interrater reliability. Consequently, the authors propose that fsMRI is a sufficiently effective modality that eliminates the need for sedation and the use of ionizing radiation and that it should supplant CT for routine surveillance imaging in hydrocephalic patients.
Venous thromboembolism in the setting of pediatric traumatic brain injury
Authors: Harris Dominic A. , Lam Sandi 
Published: February 2014

Object
The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been well characterized given its rarity in the pediatric population. Investigation of risk factors for VTE in this group requires the use of a large sample size. Using nationally representative hospital discharge data for 2009, the authors of this study characterize the incidence and risk factors for VTE in children hospitalized for TBI.

Methods
The authors conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database to examine VTE in TBI-associated hospitalizations for patients 20 years of age or younger during the year 2009.

Results
There were 58,529 children with TBI-related admissions, including 267 with VTE diagnoses. Venous thromboembolisms occurred in 4.6 per 1000 TBI-associated hospitalizations compared with 1.2 per 1000 pediatric hospitalizations overall. By adjusted logistic regression, patients significantly more likely to be diagnosed with VTE had the following: older age of 15–20 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.7, 95% CI 1.8–8.0), venous catheterization (aOR 3.0, 95% CI 2.0–4.6), mechanical ventilation (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–2.9), tracheostomy (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3–4.0), nonaccidental trauma (aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1–6.9), increased length of stay (aOR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03), orthopedic surgery (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.8–3.4), and cranial surgery (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.8).

Conclusions
Using the Kids' Inpatient Database, the authors found that risk factors for VTE in the setting of TBI in the pediatric population include older age, venous catheterization, nonaccidental trauma, increased length of hospital stay, orthopedic surgery, and cranial surgery.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Masseteric Hypertrophy
Authors: Devathambi Jones Raja , Aswath Nalini 
Published: February 2014

Objectives:To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonography (USG) as a non-invasive tool in assessing the severity of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and also to assess the relationship between OSMF and hypertrophy of the masseter muscle.Materials and Methods:The submucosal thickness in buccal mucosa and masseteric muscle hypertrophy were measured using ultrasound (10-15 MHz) in 60 patients comprising 30 OSMF patients and 30 controls.Results:Results were analyzed by one way analysis of variance, Chi-square test and t-test. As the stages of OSMF advanced there was an increase in submucosal thickness of the buccal mucosa as well as masseter muscle thickness in both relaxed and contracted state in the study group when compared with controls (P< 0.005).Conclusion:USG is an effective non-invasive zero radiation tool for assessing the progression of OSMF.
“True Stories from Real Life”:
Authors: Earle David M. , Clarkson Smith Georgia 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
The Smart Set is known as a popular venue for modernist writers and cultural criticism, but upon Mencken and Nathan's departure it became Hearst's sensational confessional title. This article examines the confessional form for elements of populist empowerment, and in so doing questions periodical studies' methodology of selective reading. In addition, this article argues that the Smart Set was always commercial, playing both sides of the cultural divide despite tendencies for modernist canonization on the part of critics. Ultimately, it is up to the literary historian to convey a realistic portrait of a magazine and up to the reader to decide how to interpret its cultural stance.
Dialogues with Paintings: Notes on How to Look and See
Authors: Rorty Amelie 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Paintings invite us to engage in dialogues with them. By questioning them, by reflecting on the ways they structure and express the world, we can come to understand the layers of meaning that are embedded in the ways we construct our perceptions. Learning to look at paintings is a way of learning to see the world through someone else’s eyes. The questions in "Dialogues with Paintings" are intended to help us see a painting, to understand how and why the painter made it look the way it does. It takes a long time and many questions–many dialogues–to come to see a painting as a whole composed of many approaches, perspectives, aspects. By reflecting on the ways paintings structure and express the world, we can come to understand the layers of meaning that are embedded in the ways we construct our perceptions. Learning how to look at paintings can also help us see things more clearly and vividly, to notice the compositions of things–scenes, faces, landscapes, city streets, rooms–to see how light and shadow affect color, how shapes echo one another, how distance is conveyed, how ways of understanding the world are visually expressed and conveyed, how seeing a painting can change our way of seeing our world.
Putting the "Pain" In Painting: A Conceptualization and Consideration of Serious Art
Authors: Napier J. Ryan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The term "serious art" is often used to describe various artworks, but a unified term is not extant. Prominent conceptualizations of the term by John Passmore, Catherine Lord, and Edward Sankowski are considered in the formation of a, integrative definition of serious art, which centers on quality of craftsmanship and the artwork’s potentials to inspire reevaluation on personal, communal, and cultural levels. Also discussed is the role of context in the development and evaluation of serious art, particularly whether art is a response to freedom or to constraint. Utilizing this essay’s definition of serious art, I contend that serious art is created and considered in relation to repression or trauma, phenomena that are arguably experienced by all individuals regardless of overt, overarching constraints. Further, developing and experiencing serious art must also be considered liberative processes. The current conceptualization of serious art is limited by the complete absence of folk crafts and the inclusion of only few types of art in academic discussions about serious art
Morally Corrupt Aesthetic Pleasure?
Authors: Neuber Simone 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Why do we not object on moral grounds against the enjoyment of tragedies? And why do we not feel moral guilt when looking forward to watching a tragedy involving a heroine’s suffering? The present paper suggests that concentrating on these questions within the periphery of the paradox of tragedy is as interesting as an inquiry into the question of how the apparently "negative" can arouse feelings of pleasure, which rests on a number of problematic presuppositions concerning hedonic qualities of emotions. Following Walton’s way of looking at the paradox helps us get a clearer idea of what it is that we actually appreciate when in a state of "tragic pleasure." My paper not only rejects an oversimplified two-object approach but also Susan Feagin’s reflexivist answer, that is, the assumption that tragic pleasure is fed by our moral involvement with the play. I hope to show that tragic pleasure is not independent from conventions; conventions seem to sanction "tragic pleasure" as long as the recipient fulfils two conditions: (i) the specification of the object of his pleasure may not essentially make reference to moral harm, and (ii) he has to believe that his enjoyment has not been at the expense of moral harm.
Anticipating a Maximally Inclusive Eschaton: Jürgen Moltmann’s Potential Contribution to Animal Theology
Authors: Mclaughlin Ryan Patrick 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The scope of Jürgen Moltmann’s theological explorations is vast. Greater still is the quantity of secondary literature written about his theology. Yet there is an absence of literature regarding his theology of animals. In this article, I examine Moltmann’s theological framework in order to establish his potential contribution to animal theology. I further critically delineate and constructively develop the ethics Moltmann derives from his theological explorations. Ultimately, I suggest that Moltmann’s contribution to animal theology is highly impactful, providing a solid theological ground for the superiority of the practice of vegetarianism and laws against unnecessary hunting.
In the Corridors of Animal Minds
Authors: Caffo Leonardo 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In this article I review the anthology Experiencing Animal Minds: An Anthology of Animal-Human Encounters, edited by Julie A. Smith and Robert W. Mitchell. Apart from providing an overview of the arguments proposed in the book, I propose Jakob von Uexküll’s (1909/1985) idea that we should get rid of the anthropocentric prejudice that animal lives belong to the same frame as ours. The animal other has to be studied from his or her own perspective, not from ours, as we try to reconsider from the right perspective the ontological break of the single word "animal" proposed by Jacques Derrida (2008).