bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Processes in Disordered Media
Authors: Malthe-Sørenssen Anders 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn this chapter we start to address dynamical processes that generate percolation-like disordered structures. We will address the scaling behavior of diffusion fronts for diffusion in disordered media, and develop a theory for the front width. We will address the slow displacement of fluids in porous media with the invasion-percolation model. For this model, we will map the model onto a percolation system and demonstrate how the model changes with the introduction of an additional aspects, gravity.
Renormalization
Authors: Malthe-Sørenssen Anders 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn this chapter we will introduce the powerful theoretical methods of renormalization. The fundamental idea is that at $$p=p:c$$
p
=

p

c

, a rescaling of the system does not change the most important features. By a rescaling we typically mean a coarse-graining of the system, such as merging $$2 \times 2$$
2
×
2
cells into a single cell. The rule we use to choose the occupation probability of the new, coarse-grained cell, $$p'$$
p′
, is a function of the probability p of the original lattice, $$p' = R(p)$$
p′
=
R
(
p
)
. In renormalization theory, we use properties of this mapping, $$R(p)$$
R
(
p
)
, to deduce properties of the system such as critical exponents. In this chapter, you will be introduced to the fundamentals of renormalization theory in the context of percolation systems, in which the geometric nature of the remapping allow us to build intuition about renormalization as a concept. We will also apply the theory to different lattice structures and for one, two and three-dimensional systems.
A Visitation from India
Authors: Ahrweiler Petra 
Published: June 2024

Abstract“Anyway, Mr David, I will need some time off next March,” Tilda said. “Why is that?” Gabriel asked. “My boyfriend found me a surgeon who is willing to operate on my foot. The operation is scheduled for March next year,” she told him. “But you said that you can lose your foot in such an operation, Mrs Toelz,” Gabriel said, surprised. She had told him that an operation would be very risky and that no doctor had agreed to try this in her long medical history since her sports accident occurred. “Yes, but the pain is unbearable. I want to give it a try, and this doctor thinks it is possible. He is a well-known specialist in his field, according to Ken.” She looked at him with resignation, and he could see that this had been a very difficult decision for her. Then they talked about the upcoming visit of Ayaan Banerjee, their Indian case study partner from Chennai who had been recommended by their B1 colleague Veronica. Ayaan would visit B1 next week just for one day at the end of the European tour he just organised for another project. Ayaan wanted not only to see Veronica but also to be personally introduced to them so that they could discuss their upcoming cooperation on new project. “He’ll probably find it freezing. It is the beginning of November. Not the best time to come to Berlin, at least for an Indian,” Tilda mused.
Notes on the Independence of the Judiciary
Authors: Caupers João 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe conditions under which these notes were prepared reflect the little time that could be devoted to their preparation. Circumstances inherent to my position drastically limited my availability to do better. This explains the erratic tone of my considerations, which I have not had time to organise and systematise properly. Added to this, of course, is the fact that I am not a professional judge, which makes it difficult to have a correct perception of the scale of the problem of the independence of judges, not because I am not aware of its decisive importance, but because I do not have the essential field experience.
The Importance of the Consultative Council of European Judges for the Rule of Law
Authors: Eilers Anke 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis statement will first describe the interpretation of Art. 6 European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), subsequently it will focus on the work of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) and will address the influence of CCJE on the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights.
Skolemisation for Intuitionistic Linear Logic
Authors: Bruni Alessandro , Ritter Eike , Schürmann Carsten 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFocusing is a known technique for reducing the number of proofs while preserving derivability. Skolemisation is another technique designed to improve proof search, which reduces the number of back-tracking steps by representing dependencies on the term level and instantiate witness terms during unification at the axioms or fail with an occurs-check otherwise. Skolemisation for classical logic is well understood, but a practical skolemisation procedure for focused intuitionistic linear logic has been elusive so far. In this paper we present a focused variant of first-order intuitionistic linear logic together with a sound and complete skolemisation procedure.
Particle Acceleration in Jupiter's Ion Radiation Belts by Nonlinear Wave Trapping
Authors: Sekine Tomohiro , Omura Yoshiharu , Summers Danny , Hsieh Yi‐Kai , Nakamura Satoko 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWe present a physical mechanism for generating ∼GeV ions in the Jovian radiation belts. The mechanism is called relativistic turning acceleration (RTA) and involves a special form of nonlinear wave trapping by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. Necessary conditions for RTA include a near‐equatorial source of EMIC waves, strong wave amplitudes (of the order of a few percent of the background magnetic field strength), and a source of ions of sufficiently high energy. RTA occurs when a fraction of equator‐ward moving ions encounters pole‐ward moving waves, and, in so doing, becomes entrapped and undergoes a turning motion. The trapped ions then move poleward in the same direction as the waves and eventually become detrapped, but during the turning motion the ions undergo significant acceleration. We rigorously verify this process by providing the theory of nonlinear interactions between relativistic protons and coherent EMIC waves. The RTA process has been previously established for the analogous whistler mode wave‐electron interaction. We carry out particle simulations for protons at R = 2RJ (where RJ = Jovian radius) interacting with EMIC waves of amplitude Bw = 0.02B0eq (where B0eq = background magnetic field strength at the equator). We confirm that a large portion of test protons experience RTA and that some protons of critical energy 240 MeV can be accelerated to 10 GeV in a period of 5 s. The nonlinear acceleration process is crucially controlled by the trapping condition 0 < S < 1 where S is the inhomogeneity factor.
Modeling the Concentration Enhancement and Selectivity of Plastic Particle Transport in Sea Spray Aerosols
Authors: Dubitsky Lena , Deane Grant B. , Stokes Dale M. , Bird James C. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBursting bubbles transport bacteria, viruses, and other marine particles across the air‐sea interface. This effect is enhanced when particles are hydrophobic and cling to the bubbles as they rise. Recent studies suggest that plastic particles, a major ocean pollutant, can also be transported by sea spray. However, estimates of plastic transport via this pathway have large uncertainties due to limited size detection techniques in field studies and few lab studies. An understanding of the number and size of particles carried in the smallest drops, which have the longest residence time in the atmosphere, is missing from current literature. Here, we develop a modeling framework to provide bounds on the number, area, and volume transport of non‐scavenged hydrophilic and fully‐scavenged hydrophobic particles of radii between 0.1 and 100 μm for a range of jet and film drops. For droplets containing plastic particulates, we predict particle enrichment is significantly higher in jet drops than film drops. For particles in these jet drops, our results suggest that in the absence of bubble scavenging, the number distribution is dominated by smaller plastics, the mass/volume distribution by larger plastics, and surface area distribution is balanced across plastic size. Whereas for hydrophobic particles, scavenging dramatically modifies these distributions, enhancing certain particle–droplet size combinations by over four orders of magnitude. Our predictions suggest critical effects of enrichment in air‐sea particle transport and highlight the variable dependencies on bubble and particle size, improving our theoretical understanding of plastic and marine particle transport and identifying modeling assumptions to refine with experimental measurements.
Arctic Freshwater Sources and Ocean Mixing Relationships Revealed With Seawater Isotopic Tracing
Authors: Kopec Ben G. , Klein Eric S. , Feldman Gene C. , Pedron Shawn A. , Bailey Hannah , Causey Douglas , Hubbard Alun , Marttila Hannu , Welker Jeffrey M. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas are undergoing increased freshwater influx due to enhanced glacial and sea ice melt, precipitation, and runoff. Accurate delineation of these freshwater sources is vital as they critically modulate ocean composition and circulation with widespread and varied impacts. Despite this, the delineation of freshwater sources using physical oceanographic measurements (e.g., temperature, salinity) alone is challenging and there is a requirement to improve the partitioning of ocean water masses and their mixing relationships. Here, we complement traditional oceanographic measurements with continuous surface seawater isotopic analysis (δ18O and deuterium excess) across a transect extending from coastal Alaska to Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea conducted from the US Coast Guard Cutter Healy in Autumn 2021. We find that the diverse isotopic signatures of Arctic freshwater sources, coupled with the high freshwater proportion in these marine systems, facilitates detailed fingerprinting and partitioning. We observe the highest freshwater composition in the Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf regions, with heightened freshwater content in eastern Baffin Bay adjacent to West Greenland. We apply isotopic analysis to delineate freshwater sources, revealing that in the Western Arctic freshwater inputs are dominated by meteoric water inputs—specifically the Mackenzie River—with a smaller sea ice meltwater component and in Baffin Bay the primary sources are local precipitation and glacial meltwater discharge. We demonstrate that such freshwater partitioning cannot be achieved using temperature‐salinity relationships alone, and highlight the potential of seawater isotopic tracers to assess the roles and importance of these evolving freshwater sources.
Shifting Sources and Fates of Carbon With Increasing Hydrologic Presses and Pulses in Coastal Wetlands
Authors: Anderson Kenneth J. , Kominoski John S. , Osburn Christopher L. , Smith Matthew A. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractCoastal ecosystems are rapidly shifting due to changes in hydrologic presses (e.g., sea‐level rise) and pulses (e.g., seasonal hydrology, disturbances, and restoration of degraded wetlands). Changing water levels and sources are master variables in coastal wetlands that can alter carbon concentrations, sources, processing, and export. Yet, how long‐term increases in water levels from marine and freshwater sources influence dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition is uncertain. We quantified how long‐term changes in water levels are affecting DOC concentration (2001–2021) and DOM composition (2011–2021) differently across the Florida Everglades. DOC concentrations decreased with high water depths in peat marshes and increased with high water levels in marl marshes and across mangroves, and these relationships were reproduced in freshwater peat marshes and shrub mangroves. In the highly productive riverine mangroves, cross‐wavelet analysis highlighted variable relationships between DOC and water level were largely modulated by hurricane disturbances. By comparing relationships between water level and DOC concentrations with carbon sources from DOM fluorescence indices, we found that changing water sources between the dry and wet season shift DOM from algal to detrital sources in freshwater marshes, from detrital marsh to detrital mangrove sources in the brackish water ecotone, and from detrital mangrove to algal marine sources in downstream mangroves. As climate change and anthropogenic drivers continue to alter water levels in coastal wetlands, integrating spatial and temporal measurements of DOC concentrations and DOM compositions is essential to better constrain the transformation and export of carbon across these coastal ecosystems.
Bulk Microphysics Schemes May Perform Better With a Unified Cloud‐Rain Category
Authors: Hu Arthur Z. , Igel Adele L. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractBulk microphysics schemes continue to face challenges due in part to the necessary simplification of hydrometeor properties and processes that is inherent to any parameterization. In all operational bulk schemes, one such simplification is the division of liquid water into two subcategories (cloud and rain) when predicting the evolution of warm clouds. It was previously found that biases in collisional growth in a bulk scheme with these separate liquid water categories can be mitigated with a unified liquid water category in which cloud and rain are contained within the same category. In this study, we examine the effect of artificially separating the liquid water category on other microphysical processes and in more realistic settings. Both our idealized 1D and 3D results show that a unified category bulk scheme is fundamentally better at predicting the timing and intensity of rain from warm‐phase cumulus clouds compared to a traditional (separate) category bulk scheme. This is because a unified category bulk scheme allows a bimodal distribution to exist within one traditional “rain” category, whereas separate category bulk scheme only have one mode per category. This advantage allows the unified bulk scheme to retain the information of the largest droplets even as they fall through a layer of small raindrops. A separate category bulk scheme fails to represent this bimodal feature in comparison.
The Global Context Camera (CTX) Mosaic of Mars: A Product of Information‐Preserving Image Data Processing
Authors: Dickson J. L. , Ehlmann B. L. , Kerber L. , Fassett C. I. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and its Context Camera (CTX) have acquired more than 100,000 separate panchromatic images that capture nearly the entire surface of Mars at ∼5–6 m/pixel. This paper describes a data processing workflow used to generate the first contiguous global mosaic of CTX data, which represents a large improvement in spatial resolution over existing 100 m/pixel contiguous global mosaics. We describe the overarching strategy for the mosaic's construction, which was to maximize the scientific utility of a continuous mosaic that is 5.7 trillion pixels in size. The pipeline used for data processing prioritized traceability and reproducibility of the final mosaic, such that the provenance of all pixels is reported, equipping scientists with information to differentiate mosaic artifacts from surface landforms and to incorporate critical image metadata into their analyses. The CTX data set synthesized into a global CTX mosaic facilitates ready analysis and provides a new capability in transitioning global studies of Mars from high‐resolution investigations of individual images to systematic studies of the entire Martian surface at outcrop‐resolving quality without regard to image boundaries.
Impacts of Storm Electric Fields and Traveling Atmospheric Disturbances Over the Americas During 23–24 April 2023 Geomagnetic Storm: Experimental Analysis
Authors: Souza J. R. , Dandenault P. , Santos A. M. , Riccobono J. , Migliozzi M. A. , Kapali S. , Kerr R. B. , Mesquita R. , Batista I. S. , Wu Q. , Pimenta A. A. , Noto J. , Huba J. , Peres L. , Silva R. , Wrasse C. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe paper presents the effects of the storm‐time prompt penetration electric fields (PPEF) and traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs) on the total electron content (TEC), foF2 and hmF2 in the American sector (north and south) during the geomagnetic storm on 23–24 April 2023. The data show a poleward shift of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) crests to 18°N and 20°S in the evening of 23 April (attributed to eastward PPEF) and the EIA crests remaining almost in the same latitudes after the PPEF reversed westward. The thermospheric neutral wind velocity, foF2, hmF2, and TEC variations show that TADs from the northern and southern high latitudes propagating equatorward and crossing the equator after midnight on 23 April. The meridional keograms of ΔTEC show the TAD structures in the north/south propagated with phase velocity 470/485 m/s, wave length 4,095/4,016 km and period 2.42/2.30 hr, respectively. The interactions of the TADs also appear to modify the wind velocities in low latitudes. The eastward PPEF and equatorward TADs also favored the development of a clear/not so clear F3 layer in northern/southern regions of the equator.
PowerNovo: de novo peptide sequencing via tandem mass spectrometry using an ensemble of transformer and BERT models
Authors: Petrovskiy Denis V. , Nikolsky Kirill S. , Kulikova Liudmila I. , Rudnev Vladimir R. , Butkova Tatiana V. , Malsagova Kristina A. , Kopylov Arthur T. , Kaysheva Anna L. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe primary objective of analyzing the data obtained in a mass spectrometry-based proteomic experiment is peptide and protein identification, or correct assignment of the tandem mass spectrum to one amino acid sequence. Comparison of empirical fragment spectra with the theoretical predicted one or matching with the collected spectra library are commonly accepted strategies of proteins identification and defining of their amino acid sequences. Although these approaches are widely used and are appreciably efficient for the well-characterized model organisms or measured proteins, they cannot detect novel peptide sequences that have not been previously annotated or are rare. This study presents PowerNovo tool for de novo sequencing of proteins using tandem mass spectra acquired in a variety of types of mass analyzers and different fragmentation techniques. PowerNovo involves an ensemble of models for peptide sequencing: model for detecting regularities in tandem mass spectra, precursors, and fragment ions and a natural language processing model, which has a function of peptide sequence quality assessment and helps with reconstruction of noisy sequences. The results of testing showed that the performance of PowerNovo is comparable and even better than widely utilized PointNovo, DeepNovo, Casanovo, and Novor packages. Also, PowerNovo provides complete cycle of processing (pipeline) of mass spectrometry data and, along with predicting the peptide sequence, involves the peptide assembly and protein inference blocks.
The global distribution of the macrolide esterase EstX from the alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily
Authors: Lin Jiafu , Lv Hua , Wang Tiantian , Tao Hongkun , Zhong Yi , Zhou Yang , Tang Yibo , Xie Feng , Zhuang Guoqing , Xu Changwen , Chu Yiwen , Wang Xinrong , Yang Yongqiang , Song Tao 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMacrolide antibiotics, pivotal in clinical therapeutics, are confronting resistance challenges mediated by enzymes like macrolide esterases, which are classified into Ere-type and the less studied Est-type. In this study, we provide the biochemical confirmation of EstX, an Est-type macrolide esterase that initially identified as unknown protein in the 1980s. EstX is capable of hydrolyzing four 16-membered ring macrolides, encompassing both veterinary (tylosin, tidipirosin, and tilmicosin) and human-use (leucomycin A5) antibiotics. It uses typical catalytic triad (Asp233-His261-Ser102) from alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily for ester bond hydrolysis. Further genomic context analysis suggests that the dissemination of estX is likely facilitated by mobile genetic elements such as integrons and transposons. The global distribution study indicates that bacteria harboring the estX gene, predominantly pathogenic species like Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, are prevalent in 74 countries across 6 continents. Additionally, the emergence timeline of the estX gene suggests its proliferation may be linked to the overuse of macrolide antibiotics. The widespread prevalence and dissemination of Est-type macrolide esterase highlight an urgent need for enhanced monitoring and in-depth research, underlining its significance as an escalating public health issue.
Low‐complexity channel estimation for V2X systems using feed‐forward neural networks
Authors: Mehr Pooria Tabesh , Koufos Konstantinos , Haloui Karim El , Dianati Mehrdad 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn vehicular communications, channel estimation is a complex problem due to the joint time–frequency selectivity of wireless propagation channels. To this end, several signal processing techniques as well as approaches based on neural networks have been proposed to address this issue. Due to the highly dynamic and random nature of vehicular communication environments, precise characterization of temporal correlation across a received data sequence can enable more accurate channel estimation. This paper proposes a new pilot constellation scheme in combination with a small feed‐forward neural network to improve the accuracy of channel estimation in V2X systems while keeping low the implementation complexity. The performance is evaluated in typical vehicular channels using simulated BER curves, and it is found superior to traditional channel estimation methods and state‐of‐the‐art neural‐network‐based implementations such as feed‐forward and super‐resolution. It is illustrated that the improvement becomes pronounced for small subcarrier spacings (or low 5G numerologies); hence, this paper contributes to the development of more reliable mobile services across rapidly varying vehicular communication channels with rich multi‐path interference.
Anti-inflammatory effect of covalent PPARγ ligands that have a hybrid structure of GW9662 and a food-derived cinnamic acid derivative
Authors: Miyazawa Shinano , Sakai Misa , Omae Yuma , Ogawa Yusuke , Shigemori Hideyuki , Miyamae Yusaku 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily and is involved in the inflammatory process. Previously, we synthesized the ligands of PPARγ that possess the hybrid structure of a food-derived cinnamic acid derivative (CA) and GW9662, an irreversible PPARγ antagonist. These ligands activate the transcription of PPARγ through the covalent bond formation with the Cys285 residue of PPARγ, whereas their anti-inflammatory effect has not been examined yet. Here, we show the anti-inflammatory effect of the covalent PPARγ ligands in RAW264 cells, murine macrophage-like cells. GW9662 suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and exerted a synergistic effect in combination with CA. The compounds bearing their hybrid structure dramatically inhibited NO production and transcription of proinflammatory cytokines. A comparison study suggested that the 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoyl group of the ligands is important for anti-inflammation. Furthermore, we synthesized an alkyne-tagged analogue that becomes an activity-based probe for future mechanistic study.