bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interferon gamma causes olfactory dysfunction without concomitant neuroepithelial damage
Authors: Pozharskaya Tatyana , Lane Andrew P. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundOlfactory loss is a debilitating symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The pathophysiology of inflammatory olfactory dysfunction likely involves both conductive and sensorineural components. To study the interaction of CRS‐associated inflammatory cytokines with the olfactory epithelium (OE), a transgenic mouse model was developed that allows temporally‐controlled local gene expression. Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) is a prototypical T helper 1 (Th1) cytokine linked to nonpolypoid CRS (CRSsNP), as well as sinonasal viral and bacterial infections. In this study, the effects of chronic IFN‐γ expression on olfactory histology and function were investigated.MethodsIFN‐γ secretion by olfactory sustentacular cells was induced in the transgenic mouse. Viability and gross behavior were unaffected. Mice were euthanized after 6 weeks of IFN‐γ expression, and olfactory tissue was studied by histology, immunohistochemistry, and electro‐olfactography (EOG). Findings were compared with uninduced littermates.ResultsIFN‐γ expression did not result in alteration of the normal histologic architecture of the neuroepithelium or lamina propria. However, EOG recordings demonstrated a significant decrease in odorant responses after IFN‐γ expression. In addition, a marked increase in submucosal CD45‐positive cells was observed, the majority of which were CD3‐positive and CD4‐positive lymphocytes.ConclusionChronic IFN‐γ expression in the mouse OE results in diminished odorant responsiveness, despite the absence of inflammatory tissue damage. This suggests a direct effect of IFN‐γ on olfactory neuron function that may underlie olfactory loss in CRSsNP or viral infections. The infiltration of submucosal lymphocytes raises the possibility that other downstream cytokines also contribute to olfactory dysfunction.
Übergangsmetallkatalysierte C‐C‐Kupplungen mit Ethylen im Labormaßstab
Authors: Saini Vaneet , Stokes Benjamin J. , Sigman Matthew S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEthylen ist das (volumenbezogen) in größter Menge synthetisierte organische Molekül. Es lässt sich leicht in übergangsmetallkatalysierte C‐C‐Kupplungsreaktionen einbinden, und zwar durch migratorische Insertion in Alkylmetall‐Intermediate. Wegen der D2h‐Symmetrie des Ethylens kann die Insertion nur einen einzigen Verlauf nehmen, was die Nebenproduktbildung limitiert und die Produktanalyse außerordentlich vereinfacht. Wie in diesem Kurzaufsatz beschrieben wird, wird bei vielen C‐C‐Kupplungen das Ethylenmolekül (oder mehrere) bei Umgebungsdruck und ‐temperatur eingefügt. Auch sind viele Reaktionen bekannt, bei denen ein in geeigneter Weise substituiertes Alken in das Produkt eingeführt wird.
Investigations of environmental stress cracking resistance of HDPE/EVA and LDPE/EVA blends
Authors: Chen Yang 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTHDPE/poly(ethylene‐co‐vinylacetate) (EVA) and low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/EVA blends were tested and compared with respect to their environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR) using the Bell‐telephone test. The time to failure in the ESCR test improves with increasing EVA content, and considerable improvements were produced for LDPE/EVA blends while small improvements were observed for HDPE/EVA blends. Thermal, rheological, mechanical, and morphological studies were conducted which established a quantitative relationship between morphological features and composition. Furthermore, the failed specimens were further characterized by scanning electron microscopy and fractographic methodology to investigate the failure mechanism for ESCR samples. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39880.
Sulfonated poly(styrene)s‐PBIOO® blend membranes: Thermo‐oxidative stability and conductivity
Authors: Kerres Jochen A. , Katzfuß Anika , Chromik Andreas , Atanasov Vladimir 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTLow‐cost polymers poly(styrene) and poly(α‐methylstyrene) have been sulfonated followed by blending with PBIOO® (30 wt % sulfonated ionomer, 70 wt % PBIOO). At this polymer ratio the sulfonated ionomer served as the macromolecular acidic cross‐linker which led to enhancement of the PBIOO stability. Both membrane types were treated with Fenton's Reagent to investigate their resistance to oxidation and radical attack. Indeed, the blend membranes showed enhanced stability in oxidative conditions compared to the pure PBIOO membranes. Furthermore, the sulfonated poly(α‐methylstyrene)‐PBIOO blend membrane showed less weight loss during and after Fenton's Test than the corresponding poly(styrene sulfonic acid)‐PBIOO membrane. Assuming all the characteristics of the blend membrane before and after the Fenton's Test, we concluded for a partial degradation of both sulfonated poly(styrene)s, whereas they remain in the blend membrane matrix due to the acid‐base crosslinking. Thus, since the sulfonated poly((α‐methyl)styrene)‐PBIOO blend membranes conserved their integrity even after Fenton's Test they can be regarded as potential low‐cost high‐T fuel cell membranes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39889.
Biomineralized polypropylene/CaCO3 composite nonwoven meshes for oil/water separation
Authors: Liao Ke , Ye Xiang‐Yu , Chen Peng‐Cheng , Xu Zhi‐Kang 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPolypropylene/calcium carbonate (CaCO3) composite nonwoven meshes were prepared on the basic principle of biomineralization by using a facile alternate soaking process (ASP) within 20 min. Negatively charged poly(acrylic acid) brushes, which can induce CaCO3 nucleation, were first tethered onto the fiber surface of polypropylene nonwoven meshes via UV‐induced graft polymerization. ASP procedure was followed to mineralize CaCO3 particles on the fiber surface and to form the composite nonwoven meshes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/attenuated total reflectance, field emission scanning electron microscope, equipped X‐ray spectroscope, and X‐ray diffraction were used to characterize the prepared composite meshes. The mineral cover density increased with the ASP cycles, and it progressively increased for the relative content of calcite in the crystalline part of the mineral layer as well. Contact angle measurements indicate that the as‐prepared composite nonwoven meshes were endowed with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity, thus they showed prominent application prospects in wastewater treatment and oil/water separation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39897.
Intercalated clay structures and amorphous behavior of solution cast and melt pressed poly(ethylene oxide)–clay nanocomposites
Authors: Choudhary Shobhna , Sengwa Ram Jeewan 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe polymer nanocomposite (PNC) films consisted of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and sodium cations montmorillonite (MMT) clay were prepared by aqueous solution casting and direct melt press compounding techniques, whereas the films of PEO with trimethyl octadecyl ammonium cations organo‐modified montmorillonite (OMMT) clay were formed by melt pressed technique. The clay concentrations in the nanocomposites used are 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 20 wt % of the PEO weight. The X‐ray diffraction patterns of these nanocomposites were measured in the angular range (2θ) of 3.8–30°. The values of basal spacing d001 of MMT/OMMT, clay gallery width Wcg, d‐spacings of PEO crystal reflections d120 and d112, and their corresponding crystallite size L, and the peaks intensity I (counts) were determined for these nanocomposites. Results reveal that the nanocomposites have intercalated clay structures and the amount of intercalation increases with the increase of clay concentration. As compared to melt pressed PEO–MMT nanocomposites, the amount of clay intercalation is higher in aqueous solution cast nanocomposites. At 20 wt % MMT dispersion in PEO matrix, the solution cast PEO–MMT nanocomposite almost changes into amorphous phase. The melt press compounded PEO–OMMT films show more intercalation as compared to the PEO–MMT nanocomposites prepared by same technique. In melt pressed nanocomposites, the PEO crystalline phase significantly reduces when clay concentration exceeds 3 wt %, which is evidenced by the decrease in relative intensity of PEO principal crystalline peaks. The effect of interactions between the functional group (ethylene oxide) of PEO and layered sheets of clay on both the main crystalline peaks of PEO was separately analyzed using their XRD parameters in relation to structural conformations of these nanocomposites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39898.
Synthesis and proton conductivity studies of methacrylate/methacrylamide‐based azole functional novel polymer electrolytes
Authors: Sinirlioglu Deniz , Aslan Ayse , Muftuoglu Ali Ekrem , Bozkurt Ayhan 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAnhydrous polymer electrolytes based on azole functional methacrylates and methacrylamides have been produced for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Poly(methacryloyl chloride) (PMAC) was prepared first by free‐radical polymerization of methacryloyl chloride, followed by side chain functionalization with 5‐aminotetrazole (ATet), 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (ATri) and 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole (Tri). Finally, the obtained polymers were doped with triflic acid (TA) at stoichometric ratios of 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 with respect to azole units, and the anhydrous polymer electrolytes were obtained. The membranes were characterized by FT‐IR, 13C‐NMR, and elemental analysis. Thermal behaviour of polymers was explored by TGA and DSC. The samples were thermally stable up to approximately 200 oC. Proton conductivity was measured by impedance spectroscopy. Trifilic acid doped poly(methacryloyl aminotetrazole) (PMAATet‐(TA)4), poly(methacryloyl‐3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole) (PMA‐Tri‐(TA)4), and poly(methacryloyl‐1,2,4‐triazole) (PMA‐ATri‐(TA)4) showed maximum proton conductivities of 0.01 Scm−1, 0.02 Scm−1 and 8.7x10−4 Scm−1, respectively, at 150°C and anhydrous conditions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39915.
Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic antistatic polyurethane synthesized by in situ polymerization
Authors: Li Changbing , Che Rongsheng , Xiang Jun , Lei Jingxin , Zhou Changlin 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTAntistatic polyurethane (APU) is prepared by in situ polymerization of polyester glycol (PEL), 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 1,4‐butanediol (BDO), and antistatic agent (AA) formed by dissolving sodium salts in polyethylene glycol (PEG). Comprehensive properties of the APU are investigated by the FT‐IR, mechanical characterization, surface resistivity measurement, relative humidity (RH) study, and TGA, respectively. It is found that the surface resistivity of the APU can be effectively reduced to 109.15 Ω, showing a good antistatic property. Moreover, the APU maintains a low surface resistivity (∼109.43 Ω) at the RH of 0.1%, revealing a non‐RH‐sensitive capacity of the APU. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39921.
Investigation of the crystalline phase morphology of a β‐nucleated impact polypropylene copolymer
Authors: Motsoeneng Teboho S. , Luyt Adriaan S. , van Reenen Albert J. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThis study covers the preparation and the characterization of β‐nucleated impact polypropylene copolymer (NA‐IPC). Calcium stearate (CaSt), as well as pimelic (Pim) and adipic (Adi) acids, were doped into IPC as mono‐ or bicomponent nucleating agents (NAs) at varying mass ratios. Possible chemical interactions between the NAs and with IPC, as well as the effect of the NAs on the crystallization behavior and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics, were investigated. DSC and XRD results revealed that IPC nucleated with Pim and Pim‐CaSt nucleants induced up to 90% β‐crystals, whereas Adi and Adi‐CaSt formed only about 17% β‐crystals. This was associated with the strong nucleation efficiency of Pim. The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics showed that the crystallization of IPC and NA‐IPC followed a three‐dimensional growth with athermal nucleation mechanism. FTIR showed that none of the NAs chemically reacted with IPC, and the chemical structure of the polymer was thus intact during the treatment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39923.
New thermogelling poly(ether carbonate urethane)s based on pluronics F127 and poly(polytetrahydrofuran carbonate)
Authors: Loh Xian Jun , Gan Hui Xian , Wang Han , Tan Si Jie Elain , Neoh Kar Yee , Jean Tan Sze Sze , Diong Huey Fen , Kim Jae Jung , Sharon Lee Wei Ling , Fang Xiaotian , Cally Owh , Yap Shengqun Sean , Liong Ka Pei , Chan Kwok Hoe 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTPluronics F127 or (PEG)99–(PPG)69–(PEG)99 (with PEG and PPG representing polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, respectively) was chemically modified by reacting with poly(polytetrahydrofuran carbonate) (PTHF) diol using a standard poly(urethane) reaction. The poly(F127/PTHF urethane)s showed lower critical gelation concentration as compared with Pluronics F127. The solution properties of these polymers were investigated at different temperatures using a hydrophobic dye probe. The thermodynamic variables associated with micelle formation were determined. This study uncovered valuable structure–property relationships affecting the micellization and gelation behavior. We tested these materials as potential ophthalmic delivery agents for the sustained release of natamycin for the treatment of eye infections. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39924.
Climatic attribution at the regional scale: a case study on the role of circulation patterns and external forcings
Authors: Pasini Antonello , Modugno Giancarlo 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAt the regional scale, enhanced climatic variability masks the role of external forcings. It has been shown that a consistent attribution of regional temperature behaviour can be achieved just by considering circulation patterns as driving elements. Here we address this question: is the role of external forcings completely hidden in the changes of circulation patterns (eventually induced by them), or is there evidence of a more direct role for these forcings? Performing a fully nonlinear analysis shows that a direct role for anthropogenic forcings can be detected also at this regional scale, while natural forcings do not seem to influence temperature behaviour.
Accuracy of distance‐based travel time decomposition in probe vehicle systems
Authors: Neumann Thorsten 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYProbe vehicle data (PVD) are commonly used for area‐wide measurements of travel time in road networks. In this context, travel times usually refer to fixed edges of an underlying (digital) map. That means measured travel times have to be transformed into so‐called link travel times first. This paper analyzes a common method being applied for solving this task (distance‐based travel time decomposition). It is shown that, in general, its inherent imprecision must not be neglected. Instead, it might cause a serious misinterpretation of data if potential errors in the context of travel time decomposition are ignored. For this purpose, systematic as well as maximum deviations between “decomposed” and “true” link travel times are mathematically analyzed. By that, divergent statements in the literature about the accuracy of PVD are harmonized. Moreover, conditions for the applicability of the so‐called distance‐proportion method are derived depending on the permitted error level. Three examples ranging from pure theory to real world confirm the analytical findings and underline the problems resulting from distance‐based travel time decomposition at local level, for example, at individual intersections. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grenzen des Carbon Footprint für die Bewertung des ökologischen Bauens
Authors: Ströbele Benjamin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIm Kontext aktueller Bemühungen um eine einheitliche Normierung zur Bestimmung des Carbon Footprint beschäftigt sich dieser Beitrag mit dessen Eignung für die Bewertung des ökologischen Bauens. Der Carbon Footprint stellt eine Ökobilanz dar, welche ausschließlich die Wirkungskategorie Treibhauspotential erfasst. Es werden Methoden aufgezeigt und angewendet, mit denen die ökologische und volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Wirkungskategorie Treibhauspotential im Vergleich zu anderen Wirkungskategorien einer Ökobilanz dargestellt werden kann. Ergänzend werden die Auswirkungen einer eindimensionalen Betrachtung durch den Carbon Footprint anhand eines beispielhaften Wohngebäudes aufgezeigt. Es erfolgen Schlussfolgerungen in Bezug auf die Angemessenheit, den Carbon Footprint als Leitindikator zu sehen, und über dessen Richtungssicherheit.Limits of the carbon footprint for the assessment of ecological construction. In the context of current efforts to achieve a uniform standardization to determine the carbon footprint this article deals with its suitability for the assessment of ecological construction. The carbon footprint represents an LCA, which only covers the impact category global warming potential. Methods are described and used to demonstrate the ecological and macroeconomic importance of the impact category global warming potential compared to other impact categories of LCA. In addition, the impacts of a one‐dimensional consideration by the carbon footprint are illustrated by an exemplary residential building. Statements are made in relation to the adequacy of the carbon footprint as a headline indicator and its reliability.
Die Entwicklung eines mineralischen Feuchtespeicher‐Grundputzes
Authors: Stahl Thomas , Vonbank Roger , Holzer Michael 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIm folgenden Aufsatz wird die Entwicklung eines Feuchtespeicherputzes auf mineralischer Basis beschrieben. Im Rahmen eines schweizerischen Forschungsprojekts zur Restaurierung von historischen Gebäuden wurden unterschiedliche, als feuchtespeichernd bekannte Putze nach dem Nordtestverfahren untersucht. Durch die anschließende Neuentwicklung konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich der optimierte Feuchtespeicherputz von heutigen, marktgängigen Produkten durch eine bis zu 9‐fache Feuchteaufnahme auszeichnet. Die Forschungsergebnisse erlauben nun eine gezielte Veränderung der Feuchtespeichereigenschaften und somit des Raumklimas von Alt‐ und Neubauten auf einfachem Wege durch die Verwendung entsprechender mineralischer Putzsystemkombinationen.The development of a mineral based moisture buffering render. As part of a swiss research project dealing with refurbishment of historic buildings, different moisture‐storing renders were investigated according to the Nordictest method. By the subsequent new development it was shown that the moisture uptake of the optimized moisture buffering render is up to nine times higher than that of today`s products available in the market. The result of the research works enables a targeted modification of the moisture buffering properties and therefore of the indoor climate of old and new buildings on a simple way using appropriate mineral render system combinations.
Historische hölzerne Dachtragwerke im Raum Graz – Methodik zur Zustandsbeurteilung
Authors: Meisel Andreas , Silly Gregor , Moosbrugger Thomas , Ferk Heinz J. , Schickhofer Gerhard 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDieser Beitrag behandelt die zeitlichen, tragfähigkeitsrelevanten Einflüsse auf die Tragsicherheit historischer Dachwerke aus Holz sowie deren Schadenserfassung und Schadensanalyse. Darauf aufbauend wird eine für den Raum Graz entwickelte Methodik für eine nachvollziehbare und dokumentierbare Zustandsbeurteilung von Dachtragwerken dargestellt und anhand von Beispielen illustriert. Das Bewertungsschema ist nicht ohne Weiteres auf andere Bauwerke/Bauwerkstypen übertragbar.Historic roof structures made of timber in Graz – methodology for site evaluationThis contribution deals with the influences of time and those relevant to bearing capacity on the reliability of historic timber roof structures. Furthermore the evaluation as well as damage analysis of historic roof structures are discussed. Based on this an easily comprehensible and documentable methodology temporarily only for roof structures in the area of Graz is presented and illustrated with examples.
Anforderungen an die Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit von Straßenbauwerken
Authors: C̆adez̆ Ivan , Hofmann Sascha 
Published: October 2013

AbstractZur Bestimmung der Nachhaltigkeit von Infrastrukturprojekten existieren in der Praxis bislang nur vereinzelte Bewertungssysteme, wie das US–amerikanische ENVISION‐Rating‐System oder das britische CEEQUAL‐Assessment‐Scheme. Diese basieren auf für alle Infrastrukturmaßnahmen allgemein anwendbaren Kriterien und ermöglichen dem Anwender somit keine bauwerks‐ oder funktionsspezifische Nachhaltigkeitsbetrachtung. Für eine ganzheitliche und lebenszyklusumfassende Bewertung von Verkehrsbauwerken sind jedoch insbesondere eine Differenzierung hinsichtlich der Bauwerksart (z. B. Straßen, Tunnel, Brücken) sowie die Definition spezifischer Zielkriterien für die drei Dimensionen der Nachhaltigkeit erforderlich. Allgemeine Kriterien müssen dabei um funktionsspezifische Indikatoren der jeweiligen Bauwerksklasse ergänzt werden, um die Besonderheiten in Planung, Bau und Betrieb über den Lebenszyklus des Bauwerks bewerten zu können. Als Ergebnis dieses Beitrags wird ein modularer Bewertungsansatz für Straßenbauwerke vorgestellt. Weiterhin werden erforderliche Systemgrenzen sowie spezifische Zielkriterien für die Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit von Verkehrsinfrastrukturprojekten am Beispiel von Straßenbauwerken aufgezeigt.Sustainability assessment scheme for transport infrastructure projectsIn this article system boundaries for the development of a sustainability assessment scheme of transport infrastructure projects are discussed. Existing assessment methods as the ENVISION Rating System launched by the Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure (ISI) and the Harvard Graduate School of Design or the UK‐based CEEQUAL Assessment Scheme base upon on general criteria which avoid a holistic sustainability evaluation. Hence, it is necessary to define specific criteria including particular requirements for each infrastructure construction type. This has to be carried out for each of the three sustainability dimensions. Especially for transport infrastructure projects sustainability requirements must be evaluated over the projects life cycle. As the result of the study a new modular assessment scheme for highways as a part of transport infrastructure projects is presented. In addition several new specific evaluation criteria for highways are introduced and explained.
Eisenbahntunnel Liefkenshoek in Antwerpen
Authors: Brux Gunther 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIm Seehafen Antwerpen wurde der rund 6 km lange Liefkenshoek‐Tunnel mit zwei eingleisigen Röhren zum Verbinden der beiden Ufer der Schelde gebaut, womit ab 2014 die bestehende Fahrstrecke für täglich über 100 Güterzüge um 22 km kürzer wird. Die Tunnelvortriebe mit Unterquerung der Schelde und des Kanaldocks sind beendet und mit den Ausbauarbeiten ist begonnen worden.