bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Insubordination
Authors: Rajendran Aneeta 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores the link between gender displays and transgression. Some gender presentations can visibly disrupt the seamless translation of maleness into masculinity and femaleness into femininity through their gender insubordination: female masculinity, for example, as women using the codes and practices of masculinity to present female bodies as masculine transgress and explode ideas of masculinity as confined only to male bodies. The ‘butch’ body thus generated is the ‘lesbian vernacular’ or an externalized shorthand in public consciousness for ‘lesbian’ itself, the visible sign of sexualities that are not heterosexual. Does the appropriation of masculinity by women confer upon the subversive female body the privilege of entering or occupying public spaces more confidently? This chapter examines, through its readings of Strange Obsession, Babyji and Kari, how the (un)familiar as insubordinately gendered body becomes a queer event.
Lesbians in the House!
Authors: Rajendran Aneeta 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The coming-out story is a heavily-freighted, yet central narrative genre for gay/lesbian/queer self-fashioning. This chapter studies transnational films about South Asians centering on overt lesbian coming-out like Nina’s Heavenly Delights and I Can’t Think Straight in relation to films like Bend It Like Beckham, The World Unseen, and Chutney Popcorn, all of which narrativize how (un)familiar counter-hegemonic non-heterosexual or non-heteronormative female subjects refuse to forfeit the reproductive labours they perform within the space of the home, family and diaspora. Showing the space of the home and the traditions it embodies as culturally valuable, and therefore not to be forfeited by the female protagonist, but also oftentimes refusing explicit ‘lesbian’ identity, some of these films perform the vital function of providing a vocabulary for the (un)familiar woman to join conversation with non-heterosexual selving and of providing models for self-fashioning that are not heterosexual. This functionalist view of the coming-out narrative is particularly important in relation to a form like cinema that, whether mainstream or multiplex, has such a large field of circulation within South Asian public cultures.
Unbecoming Women
Authors: Rajendran Aneeta 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The female novel of growth or Bildungsroman is often defined less as a novel of growing up and more as one of ‘growing down’. Where the conventional or male novel of growth is able to show as its culmination the protagonist taking his socially validated places in the world, novels tracking the growth of female protagonists find themselves deferring, rather than concluding the heroine’s struggles to take her appropriate social place. Key to these novels is the woman’s resistance to this patriarchally defined trajectory, or reproductive temporality. This chapter studies two kinds of (un)familiar Bildungsroman, one Ismat Chughtai’s Terhi Lakeer written just prior to the birth of the independent Indian nation, and Anita Nair’s Ladies Coupe which places female growing up in context of caste and class. Examining how both texts use formulations of maternity to fashion subjecthood, this chapter theorizes the (un)familiar story of growth as strategically using clandestinity, interruption and forgetting in order to allow (un)familiar female protagonists the space to un-become heteronormative femininity.
Evidential restrictions on epistemic modals
Authors: Matthewson Lisa 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn recent work on the relation between epistemic modals and evidentials, von Fintel and Gillies (2010) argue that the English epistemic modals must and might encode an evidential restriction, specifically an indirect evidence requirement. This chapter argues that the evidential contribution made by must and might is not an indirect evidence requirement but rather a ban on evidence of a certain level of trustworthiness. Although evidentials are not usually viewed as encoding trustworthiness distinctions, the chapter shows that there are some elements whose primary function is evidential, and which do target the trustworthiness dimension. This brings must and might into line with the broader class of evidentials, exactly as von Fintel and Gillies propose. Following ideas found in Kratzer (2012), it is argued that all epistemic modals encode evidential information as a matter of definition, since an ‘epistemic modal’ is a modal whose modal base relies on evidence (not on knowledge).
Grading and hedging bygewiss
Authors: Hinterwimmer Stefan , Umbach Carla 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe chapter argues for a unified account of three different kinds of DPs headed by the German specificity marker ein(e) gewiss(e): DPs with count nouns, DPs with proper names, and DPs with abstract mass nouns derived from gradable adjectives. In the latter two cases, the variant with ein gewiss gives rise to speaker commitments weaker than those associated with their salient alternatives (namely sentences employing bare proper names and bare abstract mass nouns, respectively) while in the first case it is the other way round. The authors show that this at first sight problematic fact can be accounted for by combining the analysis of Ebert, Ebert, and Hinterwimmer (2013) of ein(e) gewiss(e) in combination with count nouns with independently motivated assumptions about the semantics of proper names and abstract mass nouns, on the one hand, and plausible pragmatic principles, on the other.
Interacting lattice clusters
Authors: Van Rensburg E.J. Janse 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn Chapter 3 the thermodynamic limit in models of lattice clusters is reviewed. The chapter then discusses the convexity of the limiting free energy and the concavity of the Legendre transform of the limiting free energy. The limiting free energy of lattice clusters and critical points, and the limiting free energy of lattice clusters in a wedge geometry are reviewed. In addition, the chapter covers the free energy of stiff random walks, Dyck paths, Lah and Lobb numbers, partitions and unzipping walks.
Self-avoiding walks and polygons
Authors: Van Rensburg E.J. Janse 
Published: August 2015

AbstractChapter 7 provides an overview of self-avoiding walks, polygons and half-space walks. The Hammersley-Welsh construction is discussed, as well as the bridge decomposition of half-space walks. Loops, hoops and their relation to lattice polygons are reviewed. The generating functions of self-avoiding walks and the pattern theorem for models of walks are also discussed. In addition, the chapter covers the pattern theorem for interacting models of self-avoiding walks. Finally, curvature and knotting in stiff lattice polygons are considered.
Self-Avoiding Walks in Slabs and Wedges
Authors: Van Rensburg E.J. Janse 
Published: August 2015

AbstractChapter 8 provides an overview of half-space walks and bridges in slabs, as well as the free energy of walks in slabs. The generating functions of walks in slabs and a pattern for walks in a slab are discussed. The growth constants of walks and adsorbing walks in slabs are also covered. Finally, walks and polygons in wedges in the hypercubic lattice are reviewed.
Interaction models of self-avoiding walks
Authors: Van Rensburg E.J. Janse 
Published: August 2015

AbstractChapter 9 reviews the free energy of adsorbing walks and polygons, specifically covering the adsorption transition in adsorbing walks. The location of the adsorption transition is discussed, as well as adsorbing walks in a slab. Self-avoiding walk models of adsorbing copolymers, collapsing self-avoiding walks and the theta transition are reviewed. The chapter also discusses a dense walk model of collapsed walks. Finally, the free energy of collapsing and adsorbing walks is examined, as are pulled self-avoiding walks and the phase diagram of pulled adsorbing walks.
Intonational phonology of Catalan and its dialectal varieties
Authors: Prieto Pilar , Borràs-Comes Joan , Cabré Teresa , Crespo-Sendra Verònica , Mascaró Ignasi , Roseano Paolo , Sichel-Bazin Rafèu , del Mar Vanrell Maria 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis chapter describes the intonation and prosodic phrasing patterns which characterize the main dialects of the Catalan language, namely Central Catalan, Northwestern Catalan, Valencian, Balearic Catalan, Northern Catalan, and Algherese Catalan taking into account the most recent work on Catalan intonation. The chapter incorporates the important perspective of using a transparent ToBI analysis that is common to the intonation transcription of other Romance languages. The empirical basis of the investigation includes a large-scale intonation survey based on the Discourse Completion Task methodology in 70 different Catalan locales within these various dialectal areas. The central part of the chapter compares the prosodic realization of the different sentence types under analysis. Interestingly, differences in the prosodic realization of information-seeking yes-no questions (rising vs. falling configurations) distinguish two broad dialectal areas of the Catalan language domain which are also related to other Romance areas.
Intonational phonology of French: Developing a ToBI system for French
Authors: Delais-Roussarie Elisabeth , Post Brechtje , Avanzi Mathieu , Buthke Carolin , Di Cristo Albert , Feldhausen Ingo , Jun Sun-Ah , Martin Philippe , Meisenburg Trudel , Rialland Annie , Sichel-Bazin Rafèu , Yoo Hi-Yon 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe aim of the chapter is to propose a ToBI transcription system for French, F_ToBI. The system is designed in such a way as to (i) be (surface) transparent and easily learnable by researchers working in different theoretical frameworks; and to (ii) make the exchange of data more feasible. It is couched in the Autosegmental Metrical framework and follows the usual ToBI conventions. This is to facilitate research in prosodic typology in particular within Romance, for which ToBI-style systems are often used. F_ToBI is designed to transcribe distinct intonation contours that are generally accepted in the literature on French intonation and which are supported by the analysis of empirical data. While it is inspired by existing theoretical accounts of French phrasing and intonation, it does not follow one single precursor, since its primary goal is to allow for an adequate and comprehensive transcription of French prosody in a cross-dialectal perspective.
Intonational phonology of Friulian and its dialects
Authors: Roseano Paolo , Mar Vanrell Maria del , Prieto Pilar 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis chapter describes the intonational features of the most important dialects of Friulian, namely Central, Northern, and Western Friulian. The empirical data for the analysis were collected in 20 different locales by means of an intonation survey based on the Discourse Completion Task methodology. The first part of the chapter describes prosodic phrasing in Friulian. The following part contains a description of the intonational lexicon of Friulian in terms of phonological pitch accents and boundary tones, together with a description of the rules governing the phonetic implementation of phonological tones. The final section of the chapter provides a description of how intonation–along with modal particles and morphosyntax–encodes sentence modality.
Intonational phonology of Occitan
Authors: Sichel-Bazin Rafèu , Meisenburg Trudel , Prieto Pilar 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis chapter gives the first overall description of the prosodic organization of Occitan, a Gallo-Romance minority language spoken mainly in southern France. It presents the relevant units of the prosodic hierarchy and the main intonational contours associated with their semantic-pragmatic value, and proposes a transcription system for Occitan prosody (Oc_ToBI). The results stem mainly from the analysis of data in the central Lengadocian dialect, but dialectal variation is also taken into account thanks to the data of the Atlàs interactiu de l’intonacion de l’occitan (Prieto and Sichel-Bazin 2007-). In most of its territory, Occitan is in contact with French, with which it shares many prosodic properties, mainly the relevance of the Accentual Phrase and some intonational features such as preaccentual rises in nuclear accents. However, two subdialects show different interference phenomena: Aranese, which is in contact with Catalan and Spanish; and Cisalpine, with Piedmontese and Italian.
Intonational variation in Portuguese
Authors: Frota Sonia , Cruz Marisa , Svartman Flaviane , Collischonn Gisela , Fonseca Aline , Serra Carolina , Oliveira Pedro , Vigário Marina 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis chapter describes the nuclear contours and intonational phrasing patterns of the most common sentence types across varieties of Portuguese. The resulting prosodic analysis is the first contribution to a Portuguese_ToBI proposal that offers a comparative description of four Brazilian Portuguese varieties—Baiano, Mineiro, and the Southeast and South areas of Sulista—and four European Portuguese varieties—Standard European Portuguese, Oporto, Alentejo, and Algarve—with the goal of providing a useful foundation for further systematic studies of Portuguese prosody. The analysis is based on data from the Interactive Atlas of the Prosody of Portuguese. Differences in the intonation of narrow-focus statements, commands, and requests, as well as in the distribution of pitch accents, were found to distinguish Brazilian and European Portuguese. The chapter concludes with an overview of the intonational system of Portuguese and its similarities and differences compared with other Romance languages.
A College Course on Relativity and Cosmology
Authors: Cheng Ta-Pei 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book introduces Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Topics include the geometric formulation of special relativity, the principle of equivalence, the Einstein field equation and its spherical solution, and black holes, as well as cosmology. The subject is presented with an emphasis on physical examples and simple applications without the full tensor apparatus (although, for those wishing to have a glimpse at the proper tensor formulation of Einstein’s field equation, this is presented in a final chapter). The reader first learns the physics of the equivalence principle and how it inspired Einstein’s idea of curved spacetime as the gravitational field. At the mathematically more accessible level of a metric description of a warped space, the reader can already study many interesting phenomena, such as gravitational time dilation, GPS operation, light deflection, precession of Mercury’s perihelion, and black holes. Many modern topics in cosmology are discussed: from primordial inflation and the cosmic microwave background, to the dark energy that propels an accelerating universe.
Equivalence of Gravitation and Inertia
Authors: Cheng Ta-Pei 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
After a review of the Newtonian theory of gravitation in terms of its potential function, this chapter starts the study of general relativity (GR) with the introduction of the equivalence principle (EP). The weak EP (equality of gravitational and inertial masses) was extended by Einstein to the strong EP (equivalence between inertia and gravitation for all interactions). This implies the existence of “local inertial frames” at every spacetime point. In a sufficiently small region, a “local inertial observer” will not sense any gravitational effect. The equivalence of acceleration and gravity means that GR (with physics laws valid in all coordinate systems, including accelerating frames) must necessarily be a theory of gravitation. The strong EP is used to deduce results for gravitational redshift and time dilation, as well as gravitational bending of a light ray. The operation of GPS is shown to depend crucially on relativistic time dilation effects.
Einstein Equation and its Spherical Solution
Authors: Cheng Ta-Pei 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The general relativity (GR) field equation relates spacetime curvature to mass/energy distribution. Its solution is the metric, determining spacetime geometry. This chapter introduces curvature in differential geometry, and then shows that in the geometric theory of gravitation, curvature has a physical interpretation as tidal gravity. The nonrelativistic theory of tidal forces is reviewed in terms of the Newtonian deviation equation. The symmetries and contractions of the Riemann curvature are presented in a search for a symmetric rank-2 curvature tensor for the GR field equation. A spherically symmetric metric involves two unknown scalar functions; they can be determined by the Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein equation. Embedding diagrams can be used to visualize such warped spaces. GR predicts solar deflection of light that is twice as large as implied by the equivalence principle alone. GPS and the precession of Mercury’s perihelion are worked out as successful applications of GR.
The General Relativistic Framework for Cosmology
Authors: Cheng Ta-Pei 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cosmology is the study of the universe as one physical system. The discovery by Hubble and Lemaître that the universe is expanding suggested strongly that it had a beginning. The age is estimated observationally to be 12–15 billion years. The mass density of (nonrelativistic) matter in the universe, compared with the “critical density,” is ΩM≃0.31, of which familiar atomic (baryonic) matter is only ΩB≃0.05, the rest being unknown dark matter ΩDM≃0.27. On the largest scales, the universe is observed to be homogeneous and isotropic. Such a spacetime in comoving coordinates (the cosmic rest frame) is described by the Robertson–Walker metric. The dynamics of a changing universe are determined by the Friedmann equations, which have simple quasi-Newtonian interpretations. To obtain a static cosmic solution, Einstein introduced the cosmological constant, which is the vacuum energy corresponding to a negative pressure. A vacuum-energy-dominated universe expands exponentially.
Tensor Formalism for General Relativity
Authors: Cheng Ta-Pei 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic tensor formalism needed for a proper formulation of general relativity. In a curved space, one must work with the covariant derivative, which is a combination of the ordinary derivative and the first derivatives of the metric (Christoffel symbols). The covariant derivative of a tensor is itself a tensor. The related concept of parallel transport is introduced, and the Riemann curvature tensor is derived by parallel transport of a vector around a closed path. The equation of geodesic deviation is presented as another method to arrive at the curvature tensor. The symmetries and contraction properties of the Riemann curvature (including the Bianchi identity) are considered in order to find the desired tensors for the Einstein equation. The approach to this general relativity field equation via the principle of least action is also sketched. The relevant mathematics of Schwarzschild solution and the cosmological constant are outlined.
The offsets between galaxies and their dark matter in Λ cold dark matter
Authors: Schaller Matthieu , Robertson Andrew , Massey Richard , Bower Richard G. , Eke Vincent R. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We use the ‘Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments’ (eagle) suite of hydrodynamical cosmological simulations to measure offsets between the centres of stellar and dark matter components of galaxies. We find that the vast majority (&gt;95 per cent) of the simulated galaxies display an offset smaller than the gravitational softening length of the simulations (Plummer-equivalent ϵ = 700 pc), both for field galaxies and satellites in clusters and groups. We also find no systematic trailing or leading of the dark matter along a galaxy's direction of motion. The offsets are consistent with being randomly drawn from a Maxwellian distribution with σ ≤ 196 pc. Since astrophysical effects produce no feasible analogues for the $1.62^{+0.47}_{-0.49}$ kpc offset recently observed in Abell 3827, the observational result is in tension with the collisionless cold dark matter model assumed in our simulations.
Regional and Gender Differences and Trends in the Anesthesiologist Workforce
Authors: Baird Matthew , Daugherty Lindsay , Kumar Krishna B. , Arifkhanova Aziza 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAbstract
American Society of Anesthesiologists members were surveyed in 2013 using a similar instrument to one used in 2007. The more recent survey showed increased number and proportion of female anesthesiologists, and these differed from males in employment arrangements, compensation, and work hours. Regional differences were present and unchanged since 2007.

Background
Concerns have long existed about potential shortages in the anesthesiologist workforce. In addition, many changes have occurred in the economy, demographics, and the healthcare sector in the last few years, which may impact the workforce. The authors documented workforce trends by region of the United States and gender, trends that may have implications for the supply and demand of anesthesiologists.

Methods
The authors conducted a national survey of American Society of Anesthesiologists members (accounting for >80% of all practicing anesthesiologists in the United States) in 2007 and repeated it in 2013. The authors used logistic regression analysis and Seemingly Unrelated Regression to test across several indicators under an overarching hypothesis.

Results
Anesthesiologists in Western states had markedly different patterns of practice relative to anesthesiologists in other regions in 2007 and 2013, including differences in employer type, the composition of anesthesia teams, and the time spent on monitored anesthesia care. The number and proportion of female anesthesiologists in the workforce increased between 2007 and 2013, and females differed from males in employment arrangements, compensation, and work hours.

Conclusions
Regional differences remained stable during this time period although the reasons for these differences are speculative. Similarly, how and whether the gender difference in work hours and shift to younger anesthesiologists during this period will impact workforce needs is uncertain.