bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower eccentric hamstring strength and single leg hop for distance predict hamstring injury in PETE students
Authors: Goossens L. , Witvrouw E. , Vanden Bossche L. , De Clercq D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHamstring injuries have not been under research in physical education teacher education (PETE) students so far. Within the frame of the development of an injury prevention program, for this study we conducted an analysis of modifiable risk factors for hamstring injuries in PETE students. Hamstring injuries of 102 freshmen bachelor PETE students were registered prospectively during one academic year. Eighty‐one students completed maximum muscle strength tests of hip extensors, hamstrings, quadriceps (isometric) and hamstrings (eccentric) at the start of the academic year. Sixty‐nine of the latter completed a single leg hop for distance (SLHD). Risk factors for hamstring injuries were statistically detected using logistic regression. Sixteen hamstring injuries (0.16 injuries/student/academic year; 0.46 injuries/1000 h) occurred to 10 participants. Eight cases were included in the risk factor analysis. Lower eccentric hamstring strength (odds ratio (ODD) = 0.977; p = 0.043), higher isometric/eccentric hamstring strength ratio (ODD = 970.500; p = 0.019) and lower score on the SLHD (ODD = 0.884; p = 0.005) were significant risk factors for hamstring injury. A combination of eccentric hamstring strength test and SLHD could give a good risk analysis of hamstring injuries in PETE students. This might offer great perspectives for easily applicable screening in a clinical setting.
Tapering strategies in elite British endurance runners
Authors: Spilsbury Kate L. , Fudge Barry W. , Ingham Stephen A. , Faulkner Steve H. , Nimmo Myra A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe aim of the study was to explore pre‐competition training practices of elite endurance runners. Training details from elite British middle distance (MD; 800 m and 1500 m), long distance (LD; 3000 m steeplechase to 10,000 m) and marathon (MAR) runners were collected by survey for 7 days in a regular training (RT) phase and throughout a pre‐competition taper. Taper duration was [median (interquartile range)] 6 (3) days in MD, 6 (1) days in LD and 14 (8) days in MAR runners. Continuous running volume was reduced to 70 (16)%, 71 (24)% and 53 (12)% of regular levels in MD, LD and MAR runners, respectively (P < 0.05). Interval running volume was reduced compared to regular training (MD; 53 (45)%, LD; 67 (23)%, MAR; 64 (34)%, P < 0.05). During tapering, the peak interval training intensity was above race speed in LD and MAR runners (112 (27)% and 114 (3)%, respectively, P < 0.05), but not different in MD (100 (2)%). Higher weekly continuous running volume and frequency in RT were associated with greater corresponding reductions during the taper (R = −0.70 and R = −0.63, respectively, both P < 0.05). Running intensity during RT was positively associated with taper running intensity (continuous intensity; R = 0.97 and interval intensity; R = 0.81, both P < 0.05). Algorithms were generated to predict and potentially prescribe taper content based on the RT of elite runners. In conclusion, training undertaken prior to the taper in elite endurance runners is predictive of the tapering strategy implemented before competition.
The GOBLET training portal: a global repository of bioinformatics training materials, courses and trainers
Authors: Corpas Manuel , Jimenez Rafael C. , Bongcam-Rudloff Erik , Budd Aidan , Brazas Michelle D. , Fernandes Pedro L. , Gaeta Bruno , van Gelder Celia , Korpelainen Eija , Lewitter Fran , McGrath Annette , MacLean Daniel , Palagi Patricia M. , Rother Kristian , Taylor Jan , Via Allegra , Watson Mick , Schneider Maria Victoria , Attwood Teresa K. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Summary: Rapid technological advances have led to an explosion of biomedical data in recent years. The pace of change has inspired new collaborative approaches for sharing materials and resources to help train life scientists both in the use of cutting-edge bioinformatics tools and databases and in how to analyse and interpret large datasets. A prototype platform for sharing such training resources was recently created by the Bioinformatics Training Network (BTN). Building on this work, we have created a centralized portal for sharing training materials and courses, including a catalogue of trainers and course organizers, and an announcement service for training events. For course organizers, the portal provides opportunities to promote their training events; for trainers, the portal offers an environment for sharing materials, for gaining visibility for their work and promoting their skills; for trainees, it offers a convenient one-stop shop for finding suitable training resources and identifying relevant training events and activities locally and worldwide.
Availability and implementation: http://mygoblet.org/training-portal
Contact: manuel.corpas@tgac.ac.uk
Low-metallicity stellar halo populations as tracers of dark matter haloes
Authors: Tissera Patricia B. , Scannapieco Cecilia 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
We analyse the density profiles of the stellar halo populations in eight Milky Way mass galaxies, simulated within the Λcold dark matter scenario. We find that accreted stars can be well fitted by an Einasto profile, as well as any subsample defined according to metallicity. We detect a clear correlation between the Einasto fitting parameters of the low-metallicity stellar populations and those of the dark matter (DM) haloes. The correlations for stars with [Fe/H] &lt; −3 allow us to predict the shape of the dark matter profiles within residuals of ∼10 per cent, in case the contribution from in situ stars remains small. Using Einasto parameters estimated for the stellar halo of the Milky Way and assuming the later formed with significant contributions from accreted low-mass satellite, our simulations predict α ∼ 0.15 and r2 ∼ 15 kpc for its dark matter profile. These values, combined with observed estimations of the local DM density, yield an enclosed DM mass at ∼8 kpc in the range 3.9–6.7 × 1010 M⊙, in agreement with recent observational results. These findings suggest that low-metallicity stellar haloes could store relevant information on the DM haloes. Forthcoming observations would help us to further constrain our models and predictions.
‘The London Sunday Faded Slow’
Authors: Murray Alex 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This essay provides an overview of recent debates in Victorian studies over the ways in which we read urban space and literature. It places these debates in a broader theoretical and historical context, emphasizing the tension between a need to pay attention to the minutiae of city life on the one hand, and the politics of mapping space more broadly on the other. In order to crystallize these debates, the essay offers a survey of Victorian responses to the London Sunday. Beginning with Dickens’s early response to sabbatarian debates, the essay moves through the key London texts of the period, from Gissing to Stevenson and Wilde, demonstrating that despite the increasing secularity of Sundays by the end of the century the singular character of the day remained.
The New Cultural Marketplace
Authors: Patten Robert L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The British Empire ran on print. The manufacture of printed material industrialized, speeded up, expanded, and cheapened through the century. Printers and publishers prospered as financing stabilized and markets expanded. Transportation carried print all over the United Kingdom and to colonies and other countries around the world. Literacy increased; education became more widespread and more extensive. Governing bodies churned out reams of investigative ‘blue books’, laws, reports, charts, maps, and examinations. Science progressed, published its results, and created controversy as well as machines, medicines, and commodities. Authors began to obtain rights in their writings, both at home and by the end of the century abroad. Journalism grew at a compound rate as taxes on knowledge were repealed and markets for inexpensive publications swelled. The reading public enlarged to include the working classes and women. Britain’s material print culture helped create and sustain the empire and its place in world history.
Henry James’s Houses
Authors: Marshall Gail 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This essay argues that modern theoretical approaches to performativity, and its usefulness as a tool for interpreting the representation of language acts and interpersonal relations, were in large part anticipated by Henry James, in his theatrical criticism, his autobiographical writing, and his fiction. In offering readings of The Portrait of a Lady(1881), The Tragic Muse(1890), and A Small Boy and Others (1913) the essay demonstrates that James’s domestic spaces are his richest performative arenas, framing their occupants, and staging their exchanges. Domesticity and its spaces are indeed for James the root and source of the performative instinct. The essay also seeks to show how Jamesian performances depend on the material things and possessions about which he also writes with such enthralled attention; and concomitantly how an attention to performance adds new dimensions to our understanding of ‘thing theory’.
Omar ibn Said’s Rhetorical Discourse Against Slavery
Authors: Kahera Akel Ismail 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Ibn Said’s description of the servile spaces he encountered, his Africa captivity and his attempt to escape, provoke several dichotomies such as manumission, freedom and bondage, power and knowledge, and life and death. In fact both parts of the Memoir—the prologue and the epilogue—coexist and work together to extend the meaning of these dichotomies, and they go a long way toward explaining Ibn Said’s intellectual poise. The rhetorical gesture of using the Qur’an is a further indication of his knowledge of exegesis of al-Mulk (chapter 67), which may attest to his protest against slavery, adding yet another piece of damming evidence against the servile estate in antebellum America.
African American and Immigrant Muslim Interaction
Authors: Kahn Saeed 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The narrative of Islam in America took a significant turn with the influx of a critical mass of Muslims migrating from the Middle East and South Asia in the twentieth century. The interaction between these immigrant Muslims and African American Muslims has shaped the current landscape for American Islam through the development of new institutions and modes of engagement. At the same time, however, the history of this interaction reveals the complexities that exist between multiethnic, multiracial and multi-ideological groups on an intrafaith level. This chapter explores the relationship between African American and immigrant Muslims over the past century. It will chart the engagement of individual immigrant Muslims, like Inayat Khan and Mohammad Sadiq, as well as groups and organizations, including the Ahmadiyya, Federation of Islamic Association, the Hanafi Madhab Center and the Muslim Students Association, with the African American Muslim community.
Exercise for Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Szuhany Kristin L. , Smits Jasper A.J. , Asmundson Gordon J. G. , Otto Michael W. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Mood and anxiety disorders represent the most common psychiatric conditions in the United States. Psychological and pharmacological treatments are the most commonly utilized interventions for these disorders; however, many individuals do not fully respond to these treatments. Exercise interventions represent a novel and efficacious form of alternative treatment for individuals suffering from mood and anxiety disorders. This review discusses the evidence for efficacy of exercise interventions for decreasing mood and anxiety symptoms as well as potential psychological (e.g., distress intolerance, behavioral activation) and physiological (e.g., neurotransmitters, brain-derived neurotrophic factor) mechanisms of action. In addition, we discuss measures to promote exercise adherence and to reduce barriers to exercise. We conclude with a discussion of dissemination of exercise interventions to a broader population.
A Comparison of Propofol- and Dexmedetomidine-induced Electroencephalogram Dynamics Using Spectral and Coherence Analysis
Authors: Akeju Oluwaseun , Pavone Kara J. , Westover M. Brandon , Vazquez Rafael , Prerau Michael J. , Harrell Priscilla G. , Hartnack Katharine E. , Rhee James , Sampson Aaron L. , Habeeb Kathleen , Gao Lei , Pierce Eric T. , Walsh John L. , Brown Emery N. , Purdon Patrick L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
Electroencephalogram patterns observed during sedation with dexmedetomidine appear similar to those observed during general anesthesia with propofol. This is evident with the occurrence of slow (0.1 to 1 Hz), delta (1 to 4 Hz), propofol-induced alpha (8 to 12 Hz), and dexmedetomidine-induced spindle (12 to 16 Hz) oscillations. However, these drugs have different molecular mechanisms and behavioral properties and are likely accompanied by distinguishing neural circuit dynamics.

Methods
The authors measured 64-channel electroencephalogram under dexmedetomidine (n = 9) and propofol (n = 8) in healthy volunteers, 18 to 36 yr of age. The authors administered dexmedetomidine with a 1-µg/kg loading bolus over 10 min, followed by a 0.7 µg kg−1 h−1 infusion. For propofol, the authors used a computer-controlled infusion to target the effect-site concentration gradually from 0 to 5 μg/ml. Volunteers listened to auditory stimuli and responded by button press to determine unconsciousness. The authors analyzed the electroencephalogram using multitaper spectral and coherence analysis.

Results
Dexmedetomidine was characterized by spindles with maximum power and coherence at approximately 13 Hz (mean ± SD; power, −10.8 ± 3.6 dB; coherence, 0.8 ± 0.08), whereas propofol was characterized with frontal alpha oscillations with peak frequency at approximately 11 Hz (power, 1.1 ± 4.5 dB; coherence, 0.9 ± 0.05). Notably, slow oscillation power during a general anesthetic state under propofol (power, 13.2 ± 2.4 dB) was much larger than during sedative states under both propofol (power, −2.5 ± 3.5 dB) and dexmedetomidine (power, −0.4 ± 3.1 dB).

Conclusion
The results indicate that dexmedetomidine and propofol place patients into different brain states and suggest that propofol enables a deeper state of unconsciousness by inducing large-amplitude slow oscillations that produce prolonged states of neuronal silence.
Novel Risk Factors for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in Children
Authors: Nicholson Maribeth R. , Thomsen Isaac P. , Slaughter James C. , Creech C. Buddy , Edwards Kathryn M. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:Clostridium difficile, a common cause of antibiotic‐associated diarrhea, has been reported to recur in high rates in adults. The rates and risk factors for recurrent C difficile infection (rCDI) in children have not been well established.Methods:We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 186 pediatric patients seen at a tertiary care referral center for a 5‐year period diagnosed as having a primary C difficile infection. Children with recurrent disease, defined as return of symptoms of C difficile infection and positive testing ≤60 days after the completion of therapy, were compared with children who did not experience an episode of recurrence.Results:Of the 186 pediatric patients included in this study, 41 (22%) experienced rCDI. On univariable analysis, factors significantly associated with rCDI included malignancy, recent hospitalization, recent surgery, antibiotic use, number of antibiotic exposures by class, acid blocker use, immunosuppressant use, and hospital‐acquired disease. On multivariable analysis, malignancy (odds ratio [OR] 3.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.52–7.85), recent surgery (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.05–5.52), and the number of antibiotic exposures by class (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01–1.75) were significantly associated with recurrent disease in children.Conclusions:The rate of rCDI in children was 22%. Recurrence was significantly associated with the risk factors of malignancy, recent surgery, and the number of antibiotic exposures by class.
Mixed Model with Correction for Case-Control Ascertainment Increases Association Power
Authors: Hayeck Tristan , Zaitlen Noah A. , Loh Po-Ru , Vilhjalmsson Bjarni , Pollack Samuela , Gusev Alexander , Yang Jian , Chen Guo-Bo , Goddard Michael E. , Visscher Peter M. , Patterson Nick , Price Alkes L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe introduce a Liability Threshold Mixed Linear Model (LTMLM) association statistic for ascertained case-control studies that increases power vs. existing mixed model methods, with a well-controlled false-positive rate. Recent work has shown that existing mixed model methods suffer a loss in power under case-control ascertainment, but no solution has been proposed. Here, we solve this problem using a chi-square score statistic computed from posterior mean liabilities (PML) under the liability threshold model. Each individual’s PML is conditional not only on that individual’s case-control status, but also on every individual’s case-control status and on the genetic relationship matrix obtained from the data. The PML are estimated using a multivariate Gibbs sampler, with the liability-scale phenotypic covariance matrix based on the genetic relationship matrix (GRM) and a heritability parameter estimated via Haseman-Elston regression on case-control phenotypes followed by transformation to liability scale. In simulations of unrelated individuals, the LTMLM statistic was correctly calibrated and achieved higher power than existing mixed model methods in all scenarios tested, with the magnitude of the improvement depending on sample size and severity of case-control ascertainment. In a WTCCC2 multiple sclerosis data set with >10,000 samples, LTMLM was correctly calibrated and attained a 4.1% improvement (P = 0.007) in chi-square statistics (vs. existing mixed model methods) at 75 known associated SNPs, consistent with simulations. Larger increases in power are expected at larger sample sizes. In conclusion, an increase in power over existing mixed model methods is available for ascertained case-control studies of diseases with low prevalence.
The dark side of theoretical ecology
Authors: Kalmykov Lev V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGood science must be clearly transparent in its theories, models and experiments. Earlier David Tilman drew attention to the fact that ecologists investigate interspecific competition phenomenologically, rather than mechanistically. To create a mechanistic model of a complex dynamic system we need to logically describe interactions of its subsystems which lead to emergence of new properties on the macro-level. There are black-box, grey-box and white-box models of complex systems. Black-box models are completely nonmechanistic. We cannot investigate interactions of subsystems of such non-transparent model. A white-box model of a complex system has “transparent walls” and directly shows underlined mechanistic mechanisms – all events at micro-, meso-and macro-levels of the modeled dynamic system are directly visible at all stages. Grey-box models are intermediate. Basic ecological models are of black-box type, e.g. Malthusian, Verhulst, Lotka-Volterra models. These models are not individual-based and cannot show features of local interactions of individuals of competing species. That is why they principally cannot provide a mechanistic insight into interspecific competition. To create a white-box model we need a physical theory of the object domain and its intrinsic axiomatic system. On the basis of axiomatic system there is a possibility to logically generate a new knowledge by logical deterministic cellular automata. Understanding of biodiversity mechanisms is the global research priority. Only knowledge of mechanisms of interspecific interactions can allow us to efficiently operate in the field of biodiversity conservation. Obviously that such knowledge must be based on mechanistic models of species coexistence. In order to create a serviceable theory of biodiversity it is necessary to renew attempts to create a basic mechanistic model of species coexistence. But the question arises:Why ecological modelers prefer to use the heaviest black-box mathematical methods which cannot produce mechanistic models of complex dynamic systems in principle, and why they do not use simple and long-known pure logical deterministic cellular automata, which easily can produce white-box models and directly generate clear mechanistic insights into dynamics of complex systems?
Visualization of Root Water Uptake: Quantification of Deuterated Water Transport in Roots Using Neutron Radiography and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Zarebanadkouki Mohsen , Kroener Eva , Kaestner Anders , Carminati Andrea 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Our understanding of soil and plant water relations is limited by the lack of experimental methods to measure water fluxes in soil and plants. Here, we describe a new method to noninvasively quantify water fluxes in roots. To this end, neutron radiography was used to trace the transport of deuterated water (D2O) into roots. The results showed that (1) the radial transport of D2O from soil to the roots depended similarly on diffusive and convective transport and (2) the axial transport of D2O along the root xylem was largely dominated by convection. To quantify the convective fluxes from the radiographs, we introduced a convection-diffusion model to simulate the D2O transport in roots. The model takes into account different pathways of water across the root tissue, the endodermis as a layer with distinct transport properties, and the axial transport of D2O in the xylem. The diffusion coefficients of the root tissues were inversely estimated by simulating the experiments at night under the assumption that the convective fluxes were negligible. Inverse modeling of the experiment at day gave the profile of water fluxes into the roots. For a 24-d-old lupine (Lupinus albus) grown in a soil with uniform water content, root water uptake was higher in the proximal parts of lateral roots and decreased toward the distal parts. The method allows the quantification of the root properties and the regions of root water uptake along the root systems.