bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Witness Investigative Interviews: An Analysis of the Use of Children's Video-Recorded Evidence in North Yorkshire
Authors: Cherryman Julie , King Nigel , Bull Ray 
Published: May 2015

Since the 1992 onset in England and Wales of video-recorded investigative interviews with children for possible use in criminal proceedings, there have been claims that far too many such interviews are being recorded. Indeed, debate about the usefulness of video-recorded interviews centres on the argument that only a few of the many interviews with children which have been recorded on video are used either in criminal courts or, indeed, anywhere else. This paper examines the number and outcome of the video-recorded interviews which were conducted between 1993 and 1996 by the North Yorkshire Police Family Protection Unit (South). Some time after having a video-recorded interview with a child witness/victim the police officer involved in the case completed a questionnaire, the results of which were collated. The results suggest that interviews with children provide useful evidential material and are, in fact, being used. This paper relates only to records kept by the police and not social services. It is not the intention to disregard the process of joint investigation or, indeed, to ignore the importance of the role of social services in the video-recorded interviews referred to in this paper.
The Terminology of Dangerous Events: Implications for Key Decision Maker Training
Authors: Borodzicz Edward P. 
Published: May 2015

This paper is based on the author's recent PhD research. The research used an anthropological style of ethnographic enquiry in order to understand and facilitate training for the principal emergency services. The research focused on the management roles of key decision makers, particularly in the context of multi-service response to crisis. The British emergency services employ highly-structured and acknowledged response models for major incidents. These are usually described as ‘Command and Control’, ‘Gold/Silver and Bronze’, or ‘Tactical, Strategic and Operational’. The paper reports on research which questions the utility of a structured response to crisis events for both real and simulated training situations. This paper will consider the popular use of terminology relating to the management of dangerous events. Three terms are offered as working conceptual categories for understanding and improving the response to dangerous events: ‘emergency’, ‘crisis' and ‘disaster’. The utility of this distinction is also considered in terms of a clarity of goals for the design of simulation training tools.
Singing from the Same Hymn Sheet: The Professionalisation of the Association of Chief Police Officers
Authors: Charman Sarah , Savage Stephen 
Published: May 2015

The Association of Chief Police Officers of England, Wales and Northern Ireland (ACPO) represents the most senior tiers of the police service and has, arguably, a primary responsibility for ‘steering’ policing and policing policy under both central and local government (police authority) advice and guidance. In order to deal more effectively with the challenges of the late 20th century, the police service has been the subject of what is principally an internally driven desire to professionalise. That professionalisation has been aimed at both delivery of service and at the professionalisation of ACPO itself as a policy-making and policy advisory body. This paper focuses on how ACPO has developed organisationally, and on the impact of such change at individual force level. The paper also examines the dilemmas revealed in such developments.
Tolerance of Superficial Dose to Setup Error With Tomotherapy
Authors: Galle James O. , Chilukuri Madhu B. , Buckley Stacey L. , Hall Martha J. , Wilcox LaChandra R. , Ove Roger 
Published: May 2015

Background: In cancers of the head and neck, gross tumor or areas at risk of microscopic disease often lie close to the skin, while the skin itself may not be at risk. With intensity-modulated radiotherapy, setup errors can lead to underdosage of superficial structures because the collimator will not by default open beyond the skin surface to apply coverage in the air overlying the skin. Thus, small setup errors can move superficial structures out of field for some beams. Some planning systems allow for manually extrapolating fluence for beams tangential to superficial targets. It is unclear whether this problem is significant with tomotherapy. Methods: A head and neck phantom was utilized. A 3-mm bolus was used to represent the skin and allow placement of dosimeters at 3 mm depth. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed at reproducible points on the skin surface and at 3 mm depth. The phantom was irradiated, with the target volume deep to the thermoluminescent dosimeters receiving a dose of 5 Gy. This process was repeated with the phantom displaced 2.5 mm and again with a displacement of 5 mm. These displacements simulated setup errors that in clinical practice would correspond to bending or twisting of the neck that could not be corrected with rotations or translations. Results: When the phantom was displaced 2.5 mm, the dose measured at 3 mm depth was 99.2% (95.9%-102.5%) of the control. With a 5-mm displacement, the dose at 3 mm only dropped to 91.1% (88.8%-93.4%) of the control. Dose measured at skin surface decreased to a greater degree with such setup error. Conclusions: Dose at superficial depths degraded only slightly with 2.5-mm and even 5-mm displacements. With the tomotherapy system, superficial dose appears to be robust to clinically relevant setup errors. However, if the skin is at risk, bolus should be used to ensure adequate coverage.
Experimental acute lung injury induces multi-organ epigenetic modifications in key angiogenic genes implicated in sepsis-associated endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Bomsztyk Karol , Mar Daniel , An Dowon , Sharifian Roya , Mikula Michal , Gharib Sina A , Altemeier William A , Liles W Conrad , Denisenko Oleg 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Introduction
The Tie2/angiopoietin (Tie2/Ang) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-ligand systems (VEGFR/VEGF) are recognized to play important roles in the regulation of microvascular endothelial function. Downregulation of these genes during sepsis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis-related microvascular leak and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Mechanisms responsible for dysregulation of angiogenic genes in sepsis are poorly defined.

Methods
Western blot, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and multiplex chromatin immunoprecipitation platform (Matrix ChIP) were used to investigate serum albumin leak, changes in gene expression, and associated epigenetic alterations in a murine model of acute lung injury-induced sepsis (ALI-sepsis).

Results
Experimental ALI-sepsis induced microvascular leak and downregulation of expression of Angpt1 (Ang1), Tek (Tie2), and Kdr (Vegfr2 or Flk-1) genes in the lung, kidney, and liver. These changes correlate with a decrease in RNA polymerase II density at these genes, and the greatest response was observed in the lung. ALI-sepsis reduced levels of transcription-permissive histone H3 lysine acetylation (H3KAc) at these loci in all examined tissues. Decreases in permissive H3K4m3 and H3Km2 marks were detected only in the lung. In contrast, only minimal alterations in transcription-repressive histone modifications (H3K27m3, H3K9m2, H3K9m3, and H4K20m3) were observed in all tissues.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that decreases in transcription-permissive, but not increases in transcription-repressive, histone modifications at Angpt1, Tek, and Kdr are a systemic, rather than a lung-restricted, response, involving key end-organs in experimental ALI-sepsis. Given that ventilator-associated pneumonia is a major cause of sepsis in critically ill patients, elucidation of mechanisms mediating epigenetic alterations during sepsis provides fundamental new insights into the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced microvascular leak and subsequent end-organ injury/dysfunction.
Utility of a novel inflammatory marker, GlycA, for assessment of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity and coronary atherosclerosis
Authors: Ormseth Michelle J. , Chung Cecilia P. , Oeser Annette M. , Connelly Margery A. , Sokka Tuulikki , Raggi Paolo , Solus Joseph F. , Otvos James D. , Stein C. Michael 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Introduction
GlycA is a novel inflammatory biomarker measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Its NMR signal primarily represents glycosylated acute phase proteins. GlycA was associated with inflammation and development of cardiovascular disease in initially healthy women. We hypothesized that GlycA is a biomarker of disease activity and is associated with coronary artery atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study of 166 patients with RA and 90 control subjects. GlycA was measured from an NMR signal originating from N-acetylglucosamine residues on circulating glycoproteins. The relationship between GlycA and RA disease activity (Disease Activity Score based on 28 joints (DAS28)) and coronary artery calcium score was determined.

Results
GlycA concentrations were higher in patients with RA (median (interquartile range): 398 μmol/L (348 to 473 μmol/L)) than control subjects (344 μmol/L (314 to 403 μmol/L) (P < 0.001). In RA, GlycA was strongly correlated with DAS28 based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) and DAS28 based on C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) and their components, including tender and swollen joint counts, global health score, ESR and CRP (all P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for GlycA’s ability to differentiate between patients with low versus moderate to high disease activity based on DAS28-CRP was 0.75 (95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.68, 0.83). For each quartile increase in GlycA, the odds of having coronary artery calcium increased by 48 % (95 % CI: 4 %, 111 %), independent of age, race and sex (P = 0.03).

Conclusion
GlycA is a novel inflammatory marker that may be useful for assessment of disease activity and is associated with coronary artery atherosclerosis in patients with RA.
Human adipose-derived stem cells partially rescue the stroke syndromes by promoting spatial learning and memory in mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model
Authors: Zhou Fei , Gao Shane , Wang Lin , Sun Chenxi , Chen Lu , Yuan Ping , Zhao Haiyang , Yi Yi , Qin Ying , Dong Zhiqiang , Cao Limei , Ren Haiyan , Zhu Liang , Li Qiang , Lu Bing , Liang Aibin , Xu Guo-Tong , Zhu Hongwen , Gao Zhengliang , Ma Jie , Xu Jun , Chen Xu 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Growing evidence has brought stem cell therapy to the forefront as new promising approaches towards stroke treatment. Of all candidate seeding cells, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are considered as one of the most appropriate for stroke treatment. However, previous experimental data could not reach to an agreement on the efficacy of ADSC transplantation for treating stroke in vivo as well as its mechanism which hinders their further clinical translational application.

Methods
To explore their in vivo mechanism of hADSC administration on neurological injury, hADSC were labeled with Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein expressing FG12 lentivirus and injected into MCAO mouse infarct area by in situ way. Neurological function was evaluated by Rogers Scaling System and their spatial learning and memory was determined by Morris Test. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride was carried out to compare the infarct area among groups. Histoimmunostaining was used to track the injected hADSCs for their in vivo migration, transdifferentiation and integration with the endogenous neuronal circuitry. To better address the underlying rescuing mechanism, qRT-PCR was performed on neural markers of MBP, MAP2, GFAP, microglia marker of Iba1.

Results
It was found that hADSCs could promote both spatial learning and memory of MCAO mice. Co-localization of GFP and MAP2 were found in the whole cortex with significantly (P<0.01) higher percentage at the contralateral cortex compared with the ipsilateral cortex. Low percentage of GFP and GFAP co-localized cells were found at whole cortex. Meanwhile, Iba1+ microglia and GFAP+ astrocyte cells were significantly (P<0.05) suppressed by hADSC injection.

Conclusions
hADSCs could transdifferentiate into neuron like cells (MAP2+) in vivo and probably used as seeding cells for replacement based stem cell therapy of stroke. Also, significant immunomodulation was found. Meanwhile hADSCs could significantly protect the endogenous neuron survival. This study demonstrated that hADSC intervention with MCAO mice could apparently ameliorate stroke symptoms by direct cell replacement, enhanced immnunosuppression and increasing the viability of endogenous neurons.
Mortality associated with lithium and valproate treatment of US Veterans Health Administration patients with mental disorders
Authors: Smith Eric G. , Austin Karen L. , Kim Hyungjin Myra , Eisen Susan V. , Kilbourne Amy M. , Miller Donald R. , Zivin Kara , Hannemann Claire , Sauer Brian C. , Valenstein Marcia 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundThe mood stabilisers lithium and valproate might plausibly have differing associations with mortality because of differing effects on mental health and various physiological indicators.AimsTo assess associations between lithium, valproate and non-suicide mortality.MethodIntention-to-treat, propensity score-matched cohort study.ResultsLithium was associated with significantly reduced non-suicide mortality in the intent-to-treat cohort over 0–90 days (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.67, 95% CI 0.51–0.87) but not longer. In secondary analyses, a sizeable reduction in mortality was observed during active treatment with lithium across all time periods studied (for example 365-day HR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.45–0.84), but significantly increased risks were observed among patients discontinuing lithium by 180 days (HR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.01–2.37).ConclusionsPatients initiating lithium had lower non-suicide mortality over 0–90 days than patients initiating valproate and consistently lower non-suicide mortality among patients maintaining treatment, but elevated risk among patients discontinuing treatment by 180 days. Although residual confounding or selection effects cannot be excluded, this study suggests potential benefits to enhancing lithium treatment persistence and the monitoring of patients discontinuing lithium. There is a need for further research.
Casz1 is required for cardiomyocyte G1-to-S phase progression during mammalian cardiac development
Authors: Dorr Kerry M. , Amin Nirav M. , Kuchenbrod Lauren M. , Labiner Hanna , Charpentier Marta S. , Pevny Larysa H. , Wessels Andy , Conlon Frank L. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Organ growth occurs through the integration of external growth signals during the G1 phase of the cell cycle to initiate DNA replication. Although numerous growth factor signals have been shown to be required for the proliferation of cardiomyocytes, genetic studies have only identified a very limited number of transcription factors that act to regulate the entry of cardiomyocytes into S phase. Here, we report that the cardiac para-zinc-finger protein CASZ1 is expressed in murine cardiomyocytes. Genetic fate mapping with an inducible Casz1 allele demonstrates that CASZ1-expressing cells give rise to cardiomyocytes in the first and second heart fields. We show through the generation of a cardiac conditional null mutation that Casz1 is essential for the proliferation of cardiomyocytes in both heart fields and that loss of Casz1 leads to a decrease in cardiomyocyte cell number. We further report that the loss of Casz1 leads to a prolonged or arrested S phase, a decrease in DNA synthesis, an increase in phospho-RB and a concomitant decrease in the cardiac mitotic index. Taken together, these studies establish a role for CASZ1 in mammalian cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression in both the first and second heart fields.
Diversity of epithelial morphogenesis during eggshell formation in drosophilids
Authors: Osterfield Miriam , Schüpbach Trudi , Wieschaus Eric , Shvartsman Stanislav Y. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
The eggshells of drosophilid species provide a powerful model for studying the origins of morphological diversity. The dorsal appendages, or respiratory filaments, of these eggshells display a remarkable interspecies variation in number and shape, and the epithelial patterning underlying the formation of these structures is an area of active research. To extend the analysis of dorsal appendage formation to include morphogenesis, we developed an improved 3D image reconstruction approach. This approach revealed considerable interspecies variation in the cell shape changes and neighbor exchanges underlying appendage formation. Specifically, although the appendage floor in Drosophila melanogaster is formed through spatially ordered neighbor exchanges, the same structure in Scaptodrosophila pattersoni is formed through extreme changes in cell shape, whereas Drosophila funebris appears to display a combination of both cellular mechanisms. Furthermore, localization patterns of Par3/Bazooka suggest a self-organized, cell polarity-based origin for the variability of appendage number in S. pattersoni. Our results suggest that species deploy different combinations of apically and basally driven mechanisms to convert a two-dimensional primordium into a three-dimensional structure, and provide new directions for exploring the molecular origins of interspecies morphological variation.
Properties of Cyclide Dyupen and Their Application. Part 1
Authors: Сальков  , Sal'kov Nikolay 
Published: May 2015

In the training course in descriptive geometry we
consider the class of surfaces formed by circles and named &#34;Circular
surface. Within this class of surfaces is the so-called kanalowe
surface. Under a lie cyclide belong to canalave surfaces, but in the
course of descriptive geometry, their formation is not considered.
Under a lie cyclide were discovered by Pierre Charles Francois
Dyupen in the early nineteenth century and named in his honor.
He dyupen was a disciple of Gaspard Monge, like many great scientists
in France at that time. Under a lie cyclide usually represented
as envelopes of a family of spheres tangent to three given.
Under a lie – the only surface whose focal surface degenerates into
a line, and all lines of curvature are circles. Particular cases of ticlid
cyclide is a torus, and conical and cylindrical surfaces of revolution.
The paper discusses the analytical representation of the focal lines
for the General case of a job under a lie cyclide. It is analytically
proved that the contact line inscribed in cyclide spheres are circles,
and degenerate in the focal curve on the surface is a curve of the
В учебном курсе начертательной геометрии из-
учается класс поверхностей, образованный окруж-
ностями и названный «Циклические поверхности»
[5; 8; 12]. Внутри этого класса поверхностей есть
так называемые каналовые поверхности. Циклиды
Дюпена принадлежат к каналовым поверхностям,
более того, они являются частным случаем [2–4; 6]
этих поверхностей, но в курсе начертательной гео-
метрии их формирование не рассматривается.
Циклиды Дюпена были открыты Пьером Шарлем
Франсуа Дюпеном (1784–1873) в начале XIX в. и
названы в его честь [14]. Дюпен (рис. 1) был учени-
ком Гаспара Монжа, как и многие великие ученые
Франции того времени, и являлся почетным членом
Петербургской академии наук c 20 декабря 1826 г.
second order. Identified some (nine) properties of this surface. As
a practical application of ticlid cyclide solved such well-known
classical problem as the problem of Apollonius (about Casa-NII
three circles fourth) and task Farm (touch four spheres fifth) using
again the classic way – with a ruler and a compass.
In the first part of the article is only three ways to solve the
problem of Apollonius solely by means of compass and ruler, using
the properties of cyclide Dyupen.
The Choice of Intermediary When Solving the First Positional Tasks
Authors: Иванов  , Ivanov G. , Дмитриева  , Dmitrieva I. 
Published: May 2015

Discussed question choice of an specie intermediary
when solving the first positional tasks. The simplicity of constructive
algorithm task solving and its analytic implementations with
applied tasks solving using computers depends on the quality of the
selection intermediary. It is shown that the complexity of tasks
depends on characteristics data of the intersecting forms. The
simplification of the solution can only be achieved by disintegration
Выбор вида посредника при решении позицион-
ных задач начертательной геометрии представляет
собой творческую часть плана их решения. Критерием
качества выбора считается простота графической
реализации алгоритма решения задачи.
В любом учебнике начертательной геометрии при
описании алгоритма построения на чертеже Монжа
точек пересечения прямой линии с конической по-
верхностью объясняется целесообразность заключе-
ния прямой во вспомогательную плоскость общего
положения, проходящую через вершину данной ко-
нической поверхности. Использование такой пло-
скости существенно упрощает алгоритм решения за
счет замены трудоемких построений лекальной кри-
вой сечения на построение образующих конической
поверхности. Заметим, что такой подход оправдан
лишь в том случае, если направляющей конической
поверхности является плоская кривая.
Как правило, в качестве посредника при решении
первой основной позиционной задачи используют-
ся проецирующие плоскости и цилиндрические по-
верхности. Это объясняется следующими двумя при-
чинами:
1) системностью выбора вида посредника;
2) универсальностью и простотой графического ал-
горитма решения задачи.
Системность [4] в выборе посредника заключа-
ется в том, что проецирующие плоскости и цилин-
дрические поверхности соответствуют как графиче-
скому, так и аналитическому заданию кривой линии.
Поэтому, с одной стороны, корректность графических
построений и результата решения можно контроли-
ровать аналитическими выкладками, а с другой сто-
роны, конструктивный алгоритм решения позволя-
ет выбрать рациональную ему аналитическую реа-
лизацию, что особенно важно:
а) при решении ее многомерного аналога;
б) при их обобщении для решения прикладных
задач с участием технических кривых и поверхностей;
of the line of the intersection of data surface with the intermediary.
Conditions of disintegration formulated which depend on the
characteristics of the intersecting forms and their of mutual position.
It is proposed control the correctness of graphic plots and the
results of the decision of the calculations analytical. On the other
hand, a constructive algorithm for the solution allows you to choose
rational him analytical implementation, which is especially important:
a) when solving her the multidimensional analogue;
b) their generalization to solve applied problems involving
technical curves and surfaces;
c) identify and establish interdisciplinary links with taking into
account of the modern requirements.