bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using the structure of B+‐trees for enhancing logging mechanisms of databases
Authors: Kieseberg Peter , Schrittwieser Sebastian , Morgan Lorcan , Mulazzani Martin , Huber Markus , Weippl Edgar 
Published: March 2013

PurposeToday's database management systems implement sophisticated access control mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access and modifications. For instance, this is an important basic requirement for SOX (Sarbanes‐Oxley Act) compliance, whereby every past transaction has to be traceable at any time. However, malicious database administrators may still be able to bypass the security mechanisms in order to make hidden modifications to the database. This paper aims to address these issues.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper the authors define a novel signature of a B+‐tree, a widely‐used storage structure in database management systems, and propose its utilization for supporting the logging in databases. This additional logging mechanism is especially useful in conjunction with forensic techniques that directly target the underlying tree‐structure of an index. Several techniques for applying this signature in the context of digital forensics on B+‐trees are proposed in the course of this paper. Furthermore, the authors' signature can be used to generate exact copies of an index for backup purposes, thereby enabling the owner to completely restore data, even on the structural level.FindingsFor database systems in enterprise environments, compliance to regulatory standards such as SOX (Sarbanes‐Oxley Act), whereby every past transaction has to be traceable at any time, is a fundamental requirement. Today's database management systems usually implement sophisticated access control mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access and modifications. Nonetheless malicious database administrators would be able to bypass the security mechanisms in order to make modifications to the database, while covering their tracks.Originality/valueIn this paper, the authors demonstrate how the tree structure of the underlying store engine can be used to enhance forensic logging mechanisms of the database. They define a novel signature for B+‐trees, which are used by the InnoDB storage engine. This signature stores the structure of database storage files and can help in reconstructing previous versions of the file for forensic purposes. Furthermore, the authors' signature can be used to generate exact copies of an index for backup purposes, thus enabling the owner to completely restore data, even on the structural level. The authors applied their concept to four real‐life scenarios in order to evaluate its effectiveness.
DNA barcoding at riverscape scales: assessing biodiversity among fishes of the genus Cottus (Teleostei) in northern Rocky Mountain streams
Authors: Young Michael K. , McKelvey Kevin S. , Pilgrim Kristine L. , Schwartz Michael K. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThere is growing interest in broad‐scale biodiversity assessments that can serve as benchmarks for identifying ecological change. Genetic tools have been used for such assessments for decades, but spatial sampling considerations have largely been ignored. Here, we demonstrate how intensive sampling efforts across a large geographical scale can influence identification of taxonomic units. We used sequences of mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and cytochrome b, analysed with maximum parsimony networks, maximum‐likelihood trees and genetic distance thresholds, as indicators of biodiversity and species identity among the taxonomically challenging fishes of the genus Cottus in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Analyses of concatenated sequences from fish collected in all major watersheds of this area revealed eight groups with species‐level differences that were also geographically circumscribed. Only two of these groups, however, were assigned to recognized species, and these two assignments resulted in intraspecific genetic variation (>2.0%) regarded as atypical for individual species. An incomplete inventory of individuals from throughout the geographical ranges of many species represented in public databases, as well as sample misidentification and a poorly developed taxonomy, may have hampered species assignment and discovery. We suspect that genetic assessments based on spatially robust sampling designs will reveal previously unrecognized biodiversity in many other taxa.
Transcriptome sequencing and microarray development for the woodrat (Neotoma spp.): custom genetic tools for exploring herbivore ecology
Authors: Malenke J. R. , Milash B. , Miller A. W. , Dearing M. D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMassively parallel sequencing has enabled the creation of novel, in‐depth genetic tools for nonmodel, ecologically important organisms. We present the de novo transcriptome sequencing, analysis and microarray development for a vertebrate herbivore, the woodrat (Neotoma spp.). This genus is of ecological and evolutionary interest, especially with respect to ingestion and hepatic metabolism of potentially toxic plant secondary compounds. We generated a liver transcriptome of the desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida) using the Roche 454 platform. The assembled contigs were well annotated using rodent references (99.7% annotation), and biotransformation function was reflected in the gene ontology. The transcriptome was used to develop a custom microarray (eArray, Agilent). We tested the microarray with three experiments: one across species with similar habitat (thus, dietary) niches, one across species with different habitat niches and one across populations within a species. The resulting one‐colour arrays had high technical and biological quality. Probes designed from the woodrat transcriptome performed significantly better than functionally similar probes from the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). There were a multitude of expression differences across the woodrat treatments, many of which related to biotransformation processes and activities. The pattern and function of the differences indicate shared ecological pressures, and not merely phylogenetic distance, play an important role in shaping gene expression profiles of woodrat species and populations. The quality and functionality of the woodrat transcriptome and custom microarray suggest these tools will be valuable for expanding the scope of herbivore biology, as well as the exploration of conceptual topics in ecology.
Extreme rainfall events predict irruptions of rat plagues in central Australia
Authors: Greenville Aaron C. , Wardle Glenda M. , Dickman Chris R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA general understanding of the factors that regulate populations remains a central goal for ecologists, and species that increase rapidly to plague numbers followed by equally sudden crashes in abundance are particularly intriguing. Throughout central Australia, the long‐haired rat, Rattus villosissimus, is largely absent in dry times, but can irrupt into plague numbers after heavy rains. Using historical data we first relate the occurrence of plagues to exceptionally high rainfalls, and using live‐trapping records from rat irruptions in 1991 and 2011 in the eastern Simpson Desert, we then investigate the population structure at the plague front. In doing so, we ask if long‐haired rat plagues irrupt from multiple refugia, if young males are first to disperse and whether the rate of dispersal is rapid. Annual rainfall in the year preceding a plague successfully predicted the probability of an outbreak, with an 80% chance of a plague occurring after an annual rainfall of 750 mm. Trapping grids closest to drainage lines to the south of the study area had greater captures of long‐haired rats. Enhanced rat numbers in proximity to drainage areas suggested that the irruptive process unfolded from the south and demonstrated the existence of multiple refugia. In contrast to the resident fitness hypothesis, there was no difference in captures between the sexes or age‐classes of long‐haired rats. Heavier animals were caught at the invasion front, presumably because they could travel larger distances than smaller individuals, suggesting that larger individuals were maximizing their fitness by dispersing first to new resources. Captures of long‐haired rats were highest at the beginning of the irruption in both 1991 and 2011, suggesting rapid colonization. Although rare in occurrence, rodent population irruptions and the resulting dispersal across large areas, which may persist for a few years, can thus extend the domain of influence of exceptional rain years well into the future.
Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies of Bronchodilators and AntiAsthma Drugs
Authors: Brambilla Giovanni , Mattioli Francesca , Robbiano Luigi , Martelli Antonietta 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis survey is a compendium of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity information of bronchodilators and antiasthma drugs. Data from 46 marketed drugs were collected. Of these 46 drugs, 25 (54.3%) did not have retrievable genotoxicity or carcinogenicity data. The remaining 21 (45.7%) had at least one genotoxicity or carcinogenicity test result. Of these 21 drugs, 10 had at least one positive finding: three tested positive in at least one genotoxicity assay, eight in at least one carcinogenicity assay, and one of them gave positive results in both genotoxicity assay and carcinogenicity assay. Concerning the predictivity of genetic toxicology findings for the result(s) of long‐term carcinogenesis assays, 15 drugs had both genotoxicity and carcinogenicity data: seven of them (46.6%) were neither genotoxic nor carcinogenic, 6 (40.0%) were carcinogenic in at least one sex of mice or rats but tested negative in genotoxicity assays, 1 (6.7%) tested positive in genotoxicity assay but was non‐carcinogenic, and 1 (6.7%) gave positive responses in both genotoxicity and carcinogenicity assay. Only 11 (23.9%) of the 46 drugs considered had all data required by current guidelines for testing of pharmaceuticals, but a large fraction of them were developed and marketed prior to the present regulatory climate.
Extraction of Electronic Health Record Data in a Hospital Setting: Comparison of Automatic and Semi‐Automatic Methods Using Anti‐TNF Therapy as Model
Authors: Cars Thomas , Wettermark Björn , Malmström Rickard E. , Ekeving Gunnar , Vikström Bo , Bergman Ulf , Neovius Martin , Ringertz Bo , Gustafsson Lars L. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThere is limited experience and methods for extractions of drug therapy data from electronic health records (EHR) in the hospital setting. We have therefore developed and evaluated completeness and consistency of an automatic versus a semi‐automatic extraction procedure applied on prescribing and administration of the TNF inhibitor infliximab using a hospital EHR system in Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden. Using two different extraction methods (automatic and semi‐automatic), all administered infusions of infliximab between 2007 and 2010 were extracted from a database linked to the EHR system. Extracted data included encrypted personal identity number (PIN), date of birth, sex, time of prescription/administration, healthcare units, prescribed/administered dose and time of admission/discharge. The primary diagnosis (ICD‐10) for the treatment with infliximab was extracted by linking infliximab infusions to their corresponding treatment episode. A total of 13,590 infusions of infliximab were administered during the period of 2007 to 2010. Of those were 13,531 (99.6%) possible to link to a corresponding treatment episode, and a primary diagnosis was extracted for 13,530 infusions. Information on encrypted PIN, date of birth, time of prescription/administration, time of admission/discharge and healthcare unit was complete. Information about sex was missing in one patient only. Calculable information about dosage was extracted for 13,300 (98.3%) of all linked infusions. This methodological study showed the potential to extract drug therapy data in a hospital setting. The semi‐automatic procedure produced an almost complete pattern of demographics, diagnoses and dosages for the treatment with infliximab.
Involvement of Large‐Conductance Ca2+‐Activated K+ Channels in both Nitric Oxide and Endothelium‐Derived Hyperpolarization‐Type Relaxation in Human Penile Small Arteries
Authors: Király István , Pataricza János , Bajory Zoltán , Simonsen Ulf , Varro András , Papp Julius Gy. , Pajor Lászlo , Kun Attila 
Published: March 2013

AbstractLarge‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels (BKCa), located on the vascular smooth muscle, play an important role in regulation of vascular tone. In penile corpus cavernosum tissue, opening of BKCa channels leads to relaxation of corporal smooth muscle, which is essential during erection; however, there is little information on the role of BKCa channels located in penile vascular smooth muscle. This study was designed to investigate the involvement of BKCa channels in endothelium‐dependent and endothelium‐independent relaxation of human intracavernous penile arteries. In human intracavernous arteries obtained in connection with transsexual operations, change in isometric force was recorded in microvascular myographs, and endothelium‐dependent [nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium‐derived hyperpolarization (EDH)‐type] and endothelium‐independent (NO‐donor) relaxations were measured in contracted arteries. In penile small arteries contracted with phenylephrine, acetylcholine evoked NO‐ and EDH‐type relaxations, which were sensitive to iberiotoxin (IbTX), a selective blocker of BKCa channels. Iberiotoxin also inhibited relaxations induced by a NO‐donor, sodium nitroprusside. NS11021, a selective opener of BKCa channels, evoked pronounced relaxations that were inhibited in the presence of IbTX. NS13558, a BKCa‐inactive analogue of NS11021, failed to relax human penile small arteries. Our results show that BKCa channels are involved in both NO‐ and EDH‐type relaxation of intracavernous penile arteries obtained from healthy men. The effect of a selective opener of BKCa channels also suggests that direct activation of the channel may be an advantageous approach for treatment of impaired endothelium‐dependent relaxation often associated with erectile dysfunction.
Purinoceptor‐mediated, Capsaicin‐resistant Excitatory Effect of Allyl Isothiocyanate on Neurons of the Guinea‐Pig Small Intestine
Authors: Bartho Lorand , Nordtveit Elin , Szombati Veronika , Benko Rita 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAllyl isothiocyanate (AITC; 200 μM) caused atropine‐ and tetrodotoxin‐sensitive longitudinal muscle contraction on the guinea‐pig small intestine. The response was not influenced by hexamethonium, a functional blockade of capsaicin‐sensitive neurons or by antagonists acting at TRPV1 or TRPA1, but was abolished by the P2 purinoceptor antagonist PPADS (50 μM). It is concluded that cholinergic motoneurons are activated by a purinergic mechanism in the course of the AITC response, independently of capsaicin‐sensitive processes or even TRPA1.
Strike‐slip tectonics and basin inversion in the Western Mediterranean: the Post‐Messinian evolution of the Alboran Sea
Authors: Martínez‐García P. , Comas M. , Soto J. I. , Lonergan L. , Watts A. B. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA comprehensive interpretation of single and multichannel seismic reflection profiles integrated with biostratigraphical data and log information from nearby DSDP and ODP wells has been used to constrain the late Messinian to Quaternary basin evolution of the central part of the Alboran Sea Basin. We found that deformation is heterogeneously distributed in space and time and that three major shortening phases have affected the basin as a result of convergence between the Eurasian and African plates. During the Messinian salinity crisis, significant erosion and local subsidence resulted in the formation of small, isolated, basins with shallow marine and lacustrine sedimentation. The first shortening event occurred during the Early Pliocene (ca. 5.33–4.57 Ma) along the Alboran Ridge. This was followed by a major transgression that widened the basin and was accompanied by increased sediment accumulation rates. The second, and main, phase of shortening on the Alboran Ridge took place during the Late Pliocene (ca. 3.28–2.59 Ma) as a result of thrusting and folding which was accompanied by a change in the Eurasian/African plate convergence vector from NW‐SE to WNW‐ESE. This phase also caused uplift of the southern basins and right‐lateral transtension along the WNW‐ENE Yusuf fault zone. Deformation along the Yusuf and Alboran ridges continued during the early Pleistocene (ca. 1.81–1.19 Ma) and appears to continue at the present day together with the active NNE‐SSW trending Al‐Idrisi strike‐slip fault. The Alboran Sea Basin is a region of complex interplay between sediment supply from the surrounding Betic and Rif mountains and tectonics in a zone of transpression between the converging African and European plates. The partitioning of the deformation since the Pliocene, and the resulting subsidence and uplift in the basin was partially controlled by the inherited pre‐Messinian basin geometry.
Synthesis and Antimalarial Bioassay of Quinine – Peptide Conjugates
Authors: Panda Siva S. , Ibrahim Mohamed A. , Küçükbay Hasan , Meyers Marvin J. , Sverdrup Francis M. , El‐Feky Said A. , Katritzky Alan R. 
Published: March 2013

Amino acid and peptide conjugates of quinine were synthesized using microwave irradiation in 52–95% yields using benzotriazole methodology. The majority of these conjugates retain in vitro antimalarial activity with IC50 values below 100 nm, similar to quinine.
The effects of equine peripheral blood stem cells on cutaneous wound healing: a clinical evaluation in four horses
Authors: Spaas J. H. , Broeckx S. , Van de Walle G. R. , Polettini M. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryStem-cell therapy represents a promising strategy for the treatment of challenging pathologies, such as large, infected wounds that are unresponsive to conventional therapies. The present study describes the clinical application of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) for the treatment of four adult Warmblood horses with naturally occurring wounds, which were unresponsive to conventional therapies for at least 3 months. A visual assessment was performed, and a number of wound-healing parameters (granulation tissue, crust formation and scar formation) were evaluated. In all cases, tissue overgrowth was visible within 4 weeks after PBSC injection, followed by the formation of crusts and small scars in the centre of the wound, with hair regeneration at the edges. In conclusion, this is the first report of PBSC therapy of skin wounds in horses, and it produced a positive visual and clinical outcome.
Antigen identification using skin deficient in basement-membrane protein: a novel tool for the diagnosis of subepidermal immunobullous diseases
Authors: Rao R. , Bhogal B. , Groves R. 
Published: March 2013

Summary
Common unifying features of the subepidermal blistering diseases are the presence of tense blisters clinically and demonstration by immunofluorescence of linear deposition of immunoreactants along the dermoepidermal junction. Further characterization of subtype is possible by identification of the target antigen by immunoblotting. However, immunoblotting is time-consuming and may not be practical for routine use in the laboratory. In this report, we describe a simple technique to identify the target antigen by indirect immunofluorescence, using epidermolysis bullosa skin as substrate.
Association between copy-number variations of the human histamine H4 receptor gene and atopic dermatitis in a Chinese population
Authors: Chen B. , Ye T. , Shao Y. , Zhang J. , Zhong Q. , Hu X. , Zhang W. , Yu B. 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Background
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing allergic skin disease. The histamine H4 receptor (HRH4) has been shown to be associated with a number of autoimmune disorders, including AD.

Aim
To explore a possible association between copy-number variations (CNVs) of the HRH4 gene and the risk of AD in a Chinese population.

Methods
Genomic DNA and RNA were collected from 541 patients with AD and 613 healthy controls, and the CNVs and mRNA levels of HRH4 were examined. ELISA was used to measure the levels of IgE in all participants.

Results
Amplifications of HRH4 copy numbers were associated with the risk of developing AD (P &lt; 0.05, OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.30–2.63), whereas deletions of HRH4 copy numbers were not associated with disease risk for AD (P = 0.30, OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.57–1.19). HRH4 mRNA levels were much higher in samples with HRH4 copy-number amplifications than in those without such amplifications (P &lt; 0.05). IgE levels were associated with amplifications (P &lt; 0.05, OR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.19–3.25), but not with deletions (P = 0.63, OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.49–1.54) of HRH4 copy numbers.

Conclusions
CNVs of the HRH4 gene are associated with AD in a Chinese population.
Can Vitamin D Supplementation Improve the Severity of Congestive Heart Failure?
Authors: Amin Ahmad , Minaee Shima , Chitsazan Mitra , Naderi Nassim , Taghavi Sepideh , Ardeshiri Maryam 
Published: March 2013

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether vitamin D supplementation could improve biochemical findings and functional capacity of patients with heart failure (HF). One hundred patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I through III HF were included in this prospective study and their 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels were evaluated. Only 6% of the participants had a sufficient serum concentration of 25(OH) D >30 nmol/L. Patients with insufficient or deficient serum levels of 25(OH) D (<30 ng/mL and <20 ng/mL, respectively) received oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) for a total period of 4 months. Vitamin D supplementation increased mean serum concentration of 25(OH) D from 12.63±7.60 nmol/L to 54.49±18.01 nmol/L (P<.001). After vitamin D supplementation, the serum level of pro‐brain natriuretic peptide markedly decreased (P<.001). Cholecalciferol significantly decreased high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein level (P<.001). Restoration of serum 25(OH) D level was also associated with substantial improvement in NYHA class (P<.001) and 6‐minute walk distance (P<.001).
Removal of aromatic amines and decolourisation of azo dye baths by electrochemical treatment
Authors: López‐Grimau Victor , Riera‐Torres Miquel , López‐Mesas Montserrat , Gutiérrez‐Bouzán Carmen 
Published: March 2013

The presence of aromatic amines in effluent from dyeing processes of the textile industry is an added problem to the high coloration typical of this type of effluent. The main objective of the present work was to eliminate these two problems simultaneously by electrochemical treatment using bath solutions containing three azo dyes. For the analysis of amines, a liquid–liquid extraction method was developed as an easier and faster alternative to the method described in the standards and widely used in analytical laboratories. Four amines (aniline, o‐toluidine, 4‐chloroaniline and 4‐aminobiphenyl) were detected by GC‐MS in the residual azo dye baths. A total amine concentration of between 2.5 and 1 ppm was detected, 4‐aminobiphenyl being the main compound. Both residual colour and amines were removed by electrochemical treatment carried out at three current densities (3, 24 and 40 mA/cm2). At 24 mA/cm2, more than 90% of colour removal was achieved, and the total amine concentration was reduced to below 0.15 ppm.