bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade networks in West Africa: a social network approach
Authors: Walther Olivier J. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTTo date, most of the literature on trade networks in West Africa has considered networks in a metaphorical way. The aim of this paper is to go one step further by showing how social network analysis may be applied to the study of regional trade in West Africa. After a brief review of the literature, this exploratory paper investigates two main issues related to regional trade. We start by discussing how recent developments in regional trade in West Africa have contributed to challenging the social structure of traders. We then discuss the changes that have affected the spatiality of regional trade by looking at the influence of spatial location and geographic scale on traders' abilities to trade. In both cases, we argue that the value of social network analysis in exploring how traders have progressively adapted to social and spatial changes in economic activities has been greatly underestimated. Our discussion is illustrated with the case of two trade networks located between Niger, Benin and Nigeria.
Crystal structure of morimotoite from Ice River, Canada
Authors: Antao Sytle M. 
Published: April 2014

The crystal structure of a morimotoite garnet, ideally Ca3(Ti4+Fe2+)Si3O12, from the Ice River alkaline complex, British Columbia, Canada was refined by the Rietveld method, space group $Ia\overline 3 d$, and monochromatic synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction (HRPXRD) data. Electron-microprobe analysis indicates a homogeneous sample with a formula {Ca2.91Mg0.05Mn2+0.03}Σ3[Ti1.09Fe3+0.46Fe2+0.37Mg0.08]Σ2(Si2.36Fe3+0.51Al0.14)Σ3O12. The HRPXRD data show a two-phase intergrowth. The reduced χ2 and overall R(F2) Rietveld refinement values are 1.572 and 0.0544, respectively. The weight percentage, unit-cell parameter (Å), distances (Å), and site occupancy factors (sofs) for phase-1 are as follows: 76.5(1)%, a = 12.156 98(1) Å, average <Ca–O> = 2.4383, Ti–O = 2.011(1), Si–O = 1.693(1) Å, Ca(sof) = 0.943(2), Ti(sof) = 0.966(2), and Si(sof) = 1.095(3). The corresponding values for phase-2 are 23.5(1)%, a = 12.160 67(2) Å, average <Ca–O> = 2.452, Ti–O = 1.988(3), Si–O = 1.704(3) Å, Ca(sof) = 1.063(7), Ti(sof) = 1.187(7), and Si(sof) = 1.220(8). The two phases cause strain that arises from structural mismatch and gives rise to low optical anisotropy. Because the two phases are structurally quite similar, a refinement using a single-phase model with anisotropic displacement parameters shows no unusual displacement ellipsoid for the O atom that requires a “split O-atom position”, as was done in previous studies.
Coping, psychopathology, and quality of life in cancer patients under palliative care
Authors: Sorato Daniela B. , Osório Flávia L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjective:To assess hopelessness, anxiety, depression, and quality of life in cancer patients undergoing palliative treatment by comparing their scores at the onset of treatment and one month later and by assessing possible correlations with coping strategies.Method:Participants included 85 patients of both genders (56.5% female) diagnosed with advanced cancer who did not have curative therapeutic options who were assessed with self-applied instruments (the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Questionnaire–Cancer 30, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Coping Strategies Inventory by Folkman and Lazarus) at two timepoints: first before their appointment with doctors and other professionals in their first visit to the palliative care outpatient clinic (PCOC) and then as soon as patients arrived at the PCOC for their first medical follow-up visit (approximately 30 days after the first appointment).Results:The scores for hopelessness, anxiety, and depression remained stable (p= 0.24). The results were the same for the quality-of-life (QoL) variables, except for the fatigue and pain scores, which decreased (p= 0.01), and social impairment, which increased (p= 0.03). Analysis of the correlations between the coping mechanisms used after the onset of palliative treatment showed that confronting coping, seeking social support, and positive reappraisal were inversely correlated with hopelessness. Seeking social support, planful problem solving, and positive reappraisal were inversely correlated with indicators of depression. In contrast, use of the escape–avoidance strategy and reduced use of the planful problem-solving strategy were associated with increased anxiety.Significance of results:The employment of problem-focused coping strategies exerted a positive impact on the end-of-life process and, above all, protected patients from the negative experiences associated with psychiatric symptoms, thus enabling them to look for alternative solutions for experiencing the end-of-life process in a more well-adjusted manner.
Does the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire – self report yield invariant measurements across different nations? Data from the International Child Mental Health Study Group
Authors: Stevanovic D. , Urbán R. , Atilola O. , Vostanis P. , Singh Balhara Y. P. , Avicenna M. , Kandemir H. , Knez R. , Franic T. , Petrov P. 
Published: April 2014

Aims.This study evaluated the measurement invariance of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) self-report among adolescents from seven different nations.Methods.Data for 2367 adolescents, aged 13–18 years, from India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Serbia, Turkey, Bulgaria and Croatia were available for a series of factor analyses.Results.The five-factor model including original SDQ scales emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity–inattention problems, peer problems and prosocial behaviour generated inadequate fit degree in all countries. A bifactor model with three factors (i.e., externalising, internalising and prosocial) and one general problem factor yielded adequate degree of fit in India, Nigeria, Turkey and Croatia. The prosocial behaviour, emotional symptoms and conduct problems factor were found to be common for all nations. However, originally proposed items loaded saliently on other factors besides the proposed ones or only some of them corresponded to proposed factors in all seven countries.Conclusions.Due to the lack of a common acceptable model across all countries, namely the same numbers of factors (i.e., dimensional invariance), it was not possible to perform the metric and scalar invariance test, what indicates that the SDQ self-report models tested lack appropriate measurement invariance across adolescents from these seven nations and it needs to be revised for cross-country comparisons.
Disparities in mental health care provision to immigrants with severe mental illness in Italy
Authors: Rucci P. , Piazza A. , Perrone E. , Tarricone I. , Maisto R. , Donegani I. , Spigonardo V. , Berardi D. , Fantini M. P. , Fioritti A. 
Published: April 2014

Aim.To determine whether disparities exist in mental health care provision to immigrants and Italian citizens with severe mental illness in Bologna, Italy.Methods.Records of prevalent cases on 31/12/2010 with severe mental illness and ≥1 contact with Community Mental Health Centers in 2011 were extracted from the mental health information system. Logistic and Poisson regressions were carried out to estimate the probability of receiving rehabilitation, residential or inpatient care, the intensity of outpatient treatments and the duration of hospitalisations and residential care for immigrant patients compared to Italians, adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates.Results.The study population included 8602 Italian and 388 immigrant patients. Immigrants were significantly younger, more likely to be married and living with people other than their original family and had a shorter duration of contact with mental health services. The percentages of patients receiving psychosocial rehabilitation, admitted to hospital wards or to residential facilities were similar between Italians and immigrants. The number of interventions was higher for Italians. Admissions to acute wards or residential facilities were significantly longer for Italians. Moreover, immigrants received significantly more group rehabilitation interventions, while more social support individual interventions were provided to Italians.Conclusions.The probability of receiving any mental health intervention is similar between immigrants and Italians, but the number of interventions and the duration of admissions are lower for immigrants. Data from mental health information system should be integrated with qualitative data on unmet needs from the immigrants' perspective to inform mental health care programmes and policies.
The relationship between biogenetic attributions and desire for social distance from persons with schizophrenia and major depression revisited
Authors: Angermeyer M. C. , Daubmann A. , Wegscheider K. , Mnich E. , Schomerus G. , Knesebeck O. v. d. 
Published: April 2014

Aims.Previous population-based studies did not support the view that biological and genetic causal models help increase social acceptance of people with mental illness. However, practically all these studies used un-labelled vignettes depicting symptoms of the disorders of interest. Thus, in these studies the public's reactions to pathological behaviour had been assessed rather than reactions to psychiatric disorders that had explicitly been labelled as such. The question arises as to whether results would have been similar if respondents had been confronted with vignettes with explicit mention of the respective diagnosis.Methods.Analyses are based on data of a telephone survey in two German metropolises conducted in 2011. Case-vignettes with typical symptoms suggestive of depression or schizophrenia were presented to the respondents. After presentation of the vignette respondents were informed about the diagnosis.Results.We found a statistically significant association of the endorsement of brain disease as a cause with greater desire for social distance from persons with schizophrenia. In major depression, this relation was absent. With both disorders, there was no statistically significant association between the endorsement of hereditary factors as a cause and social distance.Conclusions.Irrespective of whether unlabelled or labelled vignettes are employed, the ascription to biological or genetic causes seems not to be associated with a reduction of the public's desire for social distance from people with schizophrenia or depression. Our results corroborate the notion that promulgating biological and genetic causal models may not help decrease the stigma surrounding these illnesses.
Spin Hall voltages from a.c. and d.c. spin currents
Authors: Wei Dahai , Obstbaum Martin , Ribow Mirko , Back Christian H. , Woltersdorf Georg 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn spin electronics, the spin degree of freedom is used to transmit and store information. To this end the ability to create pure spin currents—that is, without net charge transfer—is essential. When the magnetization vector in a ferromagnet–normal metal junction is excited, the spin pumping effect leads to the injection of pure spin currents into the normal metal. The polarization of this spin current is time-dependent and contains a very small d.c. component. Here we show that the large a.c. component of the spin currents can be detected efficiently using the inverse spin Hall effect. The observed a.c.-inverse spin Hall voltages are one order of magnitude larger than the conventional d.c.-inverse spin Hall voltages measured on the same device. Our results demonstrate that ferromagnet–normal metal junctions are efficient sources of pure spin currents in the gigahertz frequency range.
Improving Clinical Practice: A School-Age and School-Based Perspective
Authors: Wallach Geraldine P. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
In this article, the author presents a conceptual framework for intervention at school-age levels reflecting upon a number of aspects raised by Kamhi (2014) in the lead article of this forum. The focus is on the persistence of traditional practices, components of language intervention, and prioritizing goals for students with language learning difficulties. Weaving together learning and generalization challenges, the author considers advanced levels of language that move beyond preschool and early elementary grade goals and objectives with a focus on comprehension and meta-abilities.

Method
Using a 3-tiered macrostructure, the author demonstrates how integrating students' background knowledge into intervention, helping them develop an awareness of structure and content interactions, and addressing the increasing demands of the curriculum provide a roadmap for improving clinical practices at school-age levels.

Conclusion
Reiterating some of Kamhi's notions, the author addresses gaps that exist between available and, often, exciting research in language, literacy, and current practices in schools. Professionals are challenged by the persistence of approaches and techniques that defy what they know about children and adolescents with language learning disabilities. Nonetheless, there are reasons to remain optimistic about the future.
Language Intervention at the Middle School: Complex Talk Reflects Complex Thought
Authors: Nippold Marilyn A. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
In this article, the author discusses 2 points raised by Kamhi (2014) in his lead article to this clinical forum: (a) the need for speech-language pathologists to consider typical language development as they plan intervention and (b) the importance of addressing complex syntax.

Method
A hypothetical scenario of a 7th grade English class assignment is presented, and aspects of the assignment that would be quite challenging to middle school adolescents with language impairments are highlighted. The author then describes strategies that a speech-language pathologist could use to enhance students' success with the assignment. This approach emphasizes the importance of collaborating with the classroom teacher and reading specialist, having knowledge of the Common Core State Standards and the language demands of the classroom, and understanding later language development and the reasons why speakers and writers use complex syntax.

Conclusion
When language intervention incorporates these points, adolescents with language impairments can acquire skills that will help them make meaningful progress in the classroom.
Analysis of Infants Based on Data from the German Perinatal Survey of the Years 1994–2011 in Mecklenburg-Pomerania, Germany
Authors: Schneider D. , Radloff S. , Bolz M. , Briese V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis communication presents precise percentile values for birth weight, birth length and cranial circumference of infants in Mecklenburg-Pomerania, Germany.Based on data from the German Perinatal Survey of the years 1994–2011 in Mecklenburg-Pomerania, the 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 97th percentile values for birth weight, birth length and head circumference are specified. The measurements of a total of 174 084 infants from non-multiple births are shown.The statistically calculated percentile values are presented in tabular and graph forms. The mean birth weight of the infants was 3 437.8 g. The average age of the mothers was 27.9 years. The average duration of pregnancy was 39.4 complete weeks.The insights gained from many years of data collection are presented as standardised, regional percentile values and curves for Mecklenburg-Pomerania for the first time. The differentiated presentation for the federal state opens the possibility for individually tailored consultations in clinical practice and may provide support for recognised national curves for these values.
Beurteilung der fetalen kardialen Funktion – etablierte und neue Methoden
Authors: Enzensberger C. , Tenzer A. , Degenhardt J. , Kawecki A. , Axt-Fliedner R. 
Published: April 2014

ZusammenfassungZahlreiche maternale (Diabetes, Präeklampsie) und fetale Auffälligkeiten (uteroplazentare Dysfunktion, Hydrops, Infektionen, Vitien) können beim Feten zu einer Beeinträchtigung der Herzfunktion führen. Hierzu zählen eine Erhöhung der Vor- oder Nachlast, Herzkompression, Myokardschaden, Hypoxie und Hyperglykämie. Neben bereits etablierten Methoden wie M-Mode, Farb- und konventionellem Spektraldoppler sind u. a. auch neuere Techniken wie Gewebedoppler und Speckle Tracking zur Überwachung der kardialen Funktion verfügbar. Einige dieser Messtechniken haben bis dato allerdings noch keinen Einzug gehalten in die klinischen Routineuntersuchungen, da entweder eine Validierung noch aussteht und/oder die Methode noch zu zeitaufwändig ist. Andere Techniken befinden sich aktuell erst in der Erprobungsphase und sind daher zunächst Gegenstand rein wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen. Neuheiten wie das Speckle Tracking, die ihren Ursprung in der Erwachsenenkardiologie haben, sind derzeit aufgrund der geringeren Herzgröße, der höheren Herzfrequenz, den fetalen und maternalen Bewegungsartefakten sowie zuletzt auch bedingt durch eine fehlende fetale EKG-Ableitung nur eingeschränkt aussagekräftig und sollten daher kritisch eingesetzt werden.
Steam explosion treatment for ethanol production from branches pruned from pear trees by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
Authors: Sasaki Chizuru , Okumura Ryosuke , Asada Chikako , Nakamura Yoshitoshi 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This study investigated the production of ethanol from unutilized branches pruned from pear trees by steam explosion pretreatment. Steam pressures of 25, 35, and 45 atm were applied for 5 min, followed by enzymatic saccharification of the extracted residues with cellulase (Cellic CTec2). High glucose recoveries, of 93.3, 99.7, and 87.1%, of the total sugar derived from the cellulose were obtained from water- and methanol-extracted residues after steam explosion at 25, 35, and 45 atm, respectively. These values corresponded to 34.9, 34.3, and 27.1 g of glucose per 100 g of dry steam-exploded branches. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation experiments were done on water-extracted residues and water- and methanol-extracted residues by Kluyveromyces marxianus NBRC 1777. An overall highest theoretical ethanol yield of 76% of the total sugar derived from cellulose was achieved when 100 g/L of water- and methanol-washed residues from 35 atm-exploded pear branches was used as substrate.
Targeted metabolomics for Aspergillus oryzae-mediated biotransformation of soybean isoflavones, showing variations in primary metabolites
Authors: Lee Sunmin , Seo Min-Ho , Oh Deok-Kun , Lee Choong Hwan 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the biotransformation of soybean isoflavones to hydroxyisoflavones, and the primary and secondary metabolite change during Aspergillus oryzae KACC40247-mediated fermentation by gas chromatography–time of flight-mass spectrometry and LC-MS with multivariate analysis. The mass spectrometric analysis revealed that acetylglycosides and glycosides decreased during the first 12 h of fermentation, while the aglycones increased up to that time point. This was followed by a decrease in aglycone levels due to the formation of hydroxyisoflavones. The hydroxyflavones, 8-hydroxydaidzein, hydroxygenistein, and hydroxyglycitein, resulting from the biotransformation of the corresponding aglycones, increased up to 24 h, and then subsequently decreased. During fermentation, the levels of monosaccharides, aspartic acid, pyroglutamic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and organic acids gradually decreased, whereas the levels of threonine, serine, and glycine increased. Hydroxyisoflavone was more strongly correlated with antioxidant activity than the other metabolites. Our results suggest that biotransformation has the potential to improve the nutritional properties of soy-based food.
Spectral conditions for almost composition operators between algebras of functions
Authors: Tonev T. 
Published: April 2014

In this article we develop a unifying theory of many years of work by a number of researchers. Especially, we establish general sufficient conditions for maps between algebras of bounded continuous functions on locally compact Hausdorff spaces to be almost composition or almost weighted composition operators, which extend the main results of many previous works on this subject. The following are some typical results. Let

T
:
A
→
B

T\colon A \to B

be a surjective map between two function algebras on locally compact Hausdorff spaces

X
X

and

Y
Y

with Choquet boundaries

δ
A
⊂
X

\delta A\subset X

and

δ
B
⊂
Y

\delta B\subset Y

. If

‖
T
f

T
g
‖
=
‖
f
g
‖

\|Tf\,Tg\|=\|fg\|

and there is an

ε
,

0
≤
ε
>
2

/

3

\varepsilon ,\,0\leq \varepsilon >2/3

, so that the peripheral spectrum

σ
π

(
T
f

T
g
)

\sigma _\pi (Tf\,Tg)

is contained in an

ε

‖
f
g
‖

\varepsilon \,\|fg\|

-neighborhood of

σ
π

(
f
g
)

\sigma _\pi (fg)

for all

f
∈
A

f\in A

and all

g
∈
A

g\in A

with

‖
g
‖
=
1

\|g\|=1

, then there is a continuous function

α
:
δ
B
→
{
±
1
}

\alpha \colon \delta B\to \{\pm 1\}

and a homeomorphism

ψ
:
δ
B
→
δ
A

\psi \colon \delta B\to \delta A

so that

|

(
T
f
)
(
y
)
−
α
(
y
)

f
(
ψ
(
y
)
)

|

≤
2
ε

|

f
(
ψ
(
y
)
)

|

|(Tf)(y)-\alpha (y)\,f(\psi (y))|\leq 2\varepsilon \,|f(\psi (y))|

for each

f
∈
A

f\in A

and every

y
∈
δ
B

y\in \delta B

. Therefore,

T
T

is an almost weighted composition operator on

δ
B

\delta B

. If

‖
T
f

T
g
‖
=
‖
f
g
‖

\|Tf\,Tg\|=\|fg\|

, there are

ε
,

0
≤
ε
>
1

\varepsilon ,\,0\leq \varepsilon >1

, and

η
,

0
≤
η
>
1

\eta ,\ 0\leq \eta >1

, so that

d
(

σ
π

(
T
f

T
g
)
,

σ
π

(
f
g
)
)
≤
ε

‖
f
g
‖

d(\sigma _\pi (Tf\,Tg),\sigma _\pi (fg))\leq \varepsilon \,\|fg\|

, while

σ
π

(
T
f
)

\sigma _\pi (Tf)

is contained in an

η
\eta

-neighborhood of

σ
π

(
f
)

\sigma _\pi (f)

for all

f
∈
A

f\in A

and all

g
∈
A

g\in A

with

‖
g
‖
=
1

\|g\|=1

. Then

|

(
T
f
)
(
y
)
−
f
(
ψ
(
y
)
)

|

≤
(
ε
+
η
)

|

f
(
ψ
(
y
)
)

|

|(Tf)(y)-f(\psi (y))|\leq (\varepsilon +\eta )\,|f(\psi (y))|

for each

y
∈
δ
B

y\in \delta B

and every

f
∈
A

f\in A

; i.e.

T
T

is an almost composition operator on

δ
B

\delta B

. If

σ
π

(
T
f

T
g
)
⊂

σ
π

(
f
g
)

\sigma _\pi (Tf\,Tg)\subset \sigma _\pi (fg)

(
(

or

σ
π

(
f
g
)
⊂

σ
π

(
T
f

T
g
)
)

\sigma _\pi (fg)\subset \sigma _\pi (Tf\,Tg))

, and

d
(

σ
π

(
T
g
)
,

σ
π

(
g
)
)
≤
η

d(\sigma _\pi (Tg),\sigma _\pi (g))\leq \eta

for some

η
,

0
≤
η
>
1

\eta ,\,0\leq \eta >1

, for all

f
∈
A

f\in A

and all

g
∈
A

g\in A

with

‖
g
‖
=
1

\|g\|=1

, then

(
T
f
)
(
y
)
=
f
(
ψ
(
y
)
)

(Tf)(y)=f(\psi (y))

for each

f
∈
A

f\in A

and every

y
∈
δ
B

y\in \delta B

. Consequently,

T
T

is a composition operator on

δ
B

\delta B

and, therefore, an algebra isomorphism.