bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Ninth‐Century Writers
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In the early‐ninth century the Historia Brittonum gives us some idea of how a North‐Welsh cleric might see the history of his people and its relations with neighbouring peoples and with the Romans. It was not a history of the Britons in the author's own lifetime or the recent past but of the period running up to the battle of Nechtanesmere. In the late‐ninth century a Welsh bishop, Asser, who came from St Davids, joined the household of Alfred, king of the West Saxons, a few years after his great victory against the Vikings. Asser wrote a Life of King Alfred, influenced by the model of Einhard's Life of Charlemagne but very different from it in important and revealing ways. Both texts reveal intellectual links between the Welsh, their neighbours in the British Isles, and the Continent.
The Britons and the Empire of Britain
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Alfred bequeathed to his successors a kingdom of the Anglo‐Saxons embracing his native Wessex and English Mercia. By 927 his successors as West Saxon kings, Edward the Elder and Æthelstan, had added the Danelaw and Northumbria. The expansion was resisted, above all by a Viking dynasty based in Dublin, Uí Ímair, ‘The Descendants of Ívarr’. Both sides hoped for support from the Welsh. Gwynedd, which had experienced a Viking settlement in 902 in its core in Anglesey, lay between Dublin and another Viking settlement in the Wirral and was more prone to side with the Uí Ímair than was Dyfed, ruled by Hywel Dda. Hywel Dda was a consistently reliable ally of the English; and, through this alliance, he extended his own power throughout Wales apart from the South‐East. His policy was fiercely opposed in the poem Armes Prydein Fawr, ‘The Great Prophecy of Britain’.
The Organization of the Church
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The fourth and final part of the book covers the church and Welsh culture, both Latin and vernacular. In Gaul, bishops almost always continued to have their sees in Roman cities, while their territories were identical with those of the civitates. In Celtic Britain this had ceased to be true by the beginning of the seventh century, although the unity of the old civitas may have lived on in the synod. In Britain, as in Ireland, there were more bishops than in northern Gaul. One major change from the seventh to the ninth century was, as in Ireland and England, the shift towards burial in churchyards. The nature of this shift is most fully revealed, however, by texts of the eleventh century and later. The major early Welsh churches, those served by a clerical community, are traditionally known as clas churches. Again, the nature of such communities is best revealed by the eleventh‐century Life of St Cadog, although charter witness‐lists are also helpful.
Poets and Storytellers
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The history of Welsh vernacular literature before the twelfth century suffers from a lack of dated texts. A further problem is the extent to which the close links with other British lands and with Ireland shown by Welsh Latin learning were replicated in the vernacular. A comparison between Welsh and Irish metrics suggests that, even in the vernacular, both countries formed part of one cultural province; the presence of the same metrical features in Insular Latin offers one channel through which this may have been sustained. Three case‐studies are used to show the role of poetry: two poems, Edmyg Dinbych and Echrys Ynys may be datable on historical evidence, as is Armes Prydein Fawr, discussed in chapter 10. The third, the dialogue between Llywarch Hen and his son Gwên, followed by the lament for the death of Gwên, has been dated to the ninth century and illustrates the respective roles of verse and prose.
Introduction: Perspectives on Cultural Integration of Immigrants
Authors: Algan Yann , Bisin Alberto , Verdier Thierry 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This introduction, building on the recent economics of cultural transmission, introduces the main conceptual issues which are of relevance to the study of the cultural integration patterns of immigrants and of their interaction with market and non-market outcomes. More specifically, this chapter briefly discusses the different theories of cultural integration developed in the social sciences. This chapter documents in more detail the economic approach to the study of cultural integration and discuss the consequences of cultural integration in terms of its socio-economic impact on host countries.
Cultural Integration in France
Authors: Algan Yann , Landais Camilla , Senik Claudia 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The French Republican model appears as a polar case among the different cultural integration models. Dating back to the French Revolution and the Third Republic, France has a long secular tradition imposing restrictive attitudes on the expression of religious and cultural identity in the public sphere. There are, however, growing concerns that this model, despite its claimed egalitarianism and universalism, fails to integrate the new immigrant minorities. The most illustrative example is the 2004 ruling against the display of conspicuous religious symbols in school, mainly targeted at Muslim schoolgirls who wished to wear the hijab. The main consequence of this refusal to acknowledge any minorities has been an inability to know whether the reality of equality matches the rhetoric of perfect cultural integration. While views on national identity and the integration model are very strongly held in France, the evidence base is rather weak. The goal of this chapter is to fill this gap.
Cultural Integration in the United States
Authors: Vigdor Jacob 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter presents evidence on cultural integration of immigrants in the United States for the period between 1900 and 2007. As summarized by an index measure, cultural assimilation has changed little over this time period, in spite of radical shifts in immigration policy and the distribution of origin countries for the foreign-born population. Further exploration reveals that modern immigrants are more integrated upon arrival than their predecessors, while exhibiting a slower rate of progress over time. Moreover, assimilation along economic and civic dimensions has declined over the past century.
Spirit in Motion
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter defines spirituality as the belief that living by spiritual virtues (mindfulness, acceptance, gratitude, compassion, loving connection to other people, nature, and God) is the only way to achieve enduring contentment and goodness in the face of life's challenges; and that these virtues will benefit both the person who manifests them and everyone around her. This meaning of this belief is applied to a variety of everyday situations, and central questions about what it means to live without attachments—a key spiritual value—are discussed. Criticisms of spirituality are raised and answered, and detailed accounts of mindfulness and gratitude are offered. It is shown that on this view spirituality is an extremely demanding form of life, not an escape from personal or social responsibility.
Practice, Practice, Practice
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter describes the essential role of practice in spiritual life. Detailed accounts are given of yoga, meditation, and prayer. The author's personal experiences of each of these forms of practice is combined with descriptions of different forms of practice: yoga asanas and breathing techniques, vipassana, Taoist fusion, and Tibetan forms of meditation, and a variety of forms of prayer. The spiritual effects of training the body, mind, and emotions to the spiritual virtues are illustrated, as are the dangers of attachment, pride, and habit in their application. The chapter concludes by examining the possible role of Tarot and other ‘occult’ practices and teachings.
Perspective 6: Nurturant Versus Nonnurturant Environments and the Failure of the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness
Authors: Prescott James W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSarah Blaffer Hrdy in Mother Nature (1999) noted that “… no wild monkey or ape mother has ever been observed to deliberately harm her own baby” (p. 179). What has been lost along the evolutionary trail that accounts for maternal violence against her offspring by Homo sapiens? Tragically, there is no evolutionary adaptedness to violent environments except species extinction. The environment shapes the developing brain for peaceful or violent behaviors and the cultures of peace or violence are determined by these two cultural brains (neurodissociative and neurointegrative). The biological, social, psychological, and anthropological structures that determine our morality for pain and pleasure, which shape peaceful or violent cultures, are summarized.
Intradomestic Bargaining Over the Lands and the Future: Israel’s Policy Toward the 1967 Occupied Territories
Authors: Doron Gideon , Rosenthal Maoz 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The chapter argues that the policy of settling a Jewish population in areas in the occupied territories derives from the ability of the radical right-wing parties to maneuver between the needs of their constituency and their ideological commitments. Unlike other accounts of Israel’s policy regarding the 1967 territories, the chapter shows that in order to fully explain the policy one needs to relate to the strategic aspects of the Israeli polity, rather than adhering to general structuralist claims about it.
Economic Cost of the Occupation to Israel
Authors: Hever Shir 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The chapter describes the economic costs of the occupation to Israeli society. It argues that, in monetary terms, funding the occupation has been the most expensive project undertaken by Israel since 1967. The financial outlay to maintain the security forces in the occupied territories and carry out the activities that are implied by occupation, together with the Jewish settlement, is taking an increasing toll on the State of Israel in a way that may undermine economic growth in the near future. A major reason for the paralysis in Israeli institutions is that "security" issues always override the need for social and economic change. Also there are those who profit from the current state of affairs. The general Israeli public prefers not to inform itself about the minutiae of the occupation.
The Role of the Health Sector in Early Childhood Development
Authors: Engle Patrice L. , Young Mary E. , Tamburlini Giorgio 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The health sector plays a critical role in early childhood development (ECD), defined by the global goals of supporting child well-being, reaching the youngest children, and advancing other goals of the health sector. This chapter outlines actions that should be taken by the health sector for all children’s development (promotive care), children at developmental risk (preventative care), and children with special needs (curative care), both overall and differentially by child age, and it presents evidence for their effectiveness. Finally, the paper describes actions to be taken by governments and civil society to scale up interventions in the health sector to promote ECD and presents case studies from Jamaica, China, and Brazil. These actions include not only accepting global goals for ECD, but also appropriate government actions; training and capacity development; sector linkages; national and local collaboration (including support of local issues and demands); and monitoring, evaluation, and research.
Pluralism and Secularism
Authors: Bender Courtney 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter highlights the shared ground on which contemporary sociological visions of religious pluralism take shape. It argues that current approaches to pluralism developed in response to classical secularization theory's failure to account for the persistence of religiousness in the religiously plural United States. Observing that religious pluralism did not diminish religious fervor as secularization theory predicted, sociologists turned this theory on its head. They adopted a view wherein the diminishing state-church monopoly and the expansion of a civil society differentiated (and thus free) religion from other institutions. Religious groups were and are thus free to begin and end, thrive and fail, without regulation by the state. This framework shares stronger affinities with liberal political theory's conceptions of religion and civil society than it does with classical sociological approaches. The chapter considers John Locke's and Jean–Jacques Rousseau's arguments about religion and polity to identify their resonance with contemporary sociological models, and to similarly highlight the limits of these frameworks which are not often noted. It concludes by looking at how approaches shaped by theories of secularism may offer an opportunity to revive a broadly sociological approach to investigate these compelling issues.
Surgery Results in Exaggerated and Persistent Cognitive Decline in a Rat Model of the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Feng Xiaomei , Degos Vincent , Koch Lauren G. , Britton Steven L. , Zhu Yinggang , Vacas Susana , Terrando Niccolò , Nelson Jeffrey , Su Xiao , Maze Mervyn 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background:
Postoperative cognitive decline can be reproduced in animal models. In a well-validated rat model of the Metabolic Syndrome, we sought to investigate whether surgery induced a more severe and persistent form of cognitive decline similar to that noted in preliminary clinical studies.

Methods:
In rats that had been selectively bred for low and high exercise endurance, the low capacity runners (LCR) exhibited features of Metabolic Syndrome (obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension). Tibial fracture surgery was performed under isoflurane anesthesia in LCR and high capacity runner (HCR) rats and cognitive function was assessed postoperatively in a trace-fear conditioning paradigm and Morris Water Maze; non-operated rats were exposed to anesthesia and analgesia (sham). Group sizes were n = 6.

Results:
On postoperative D7, LCR rats had shorter freezing times than postoperative HCR rats. Five months postoperatively, LCR rats had a flatter learning trajectory and took longer to locate the submerged platform than postoperative HCR rats; dwell-time in the target quadrant in a probe trial was shorter in the postoperative LCR compared to HCR rats. LCR and HCR sham rats did not differ in any test.

Conclusion:
Postoperatively, LCR rats diverged from HCR rats exhibiting a greater decline in memory, acutely, with persistent learning and memory decline, remotely; this could not be attributed to changes in locomotor or swimming performance. This Metabolic Syndrome animal model of surgery-induced cognitive decline corroborates, with high fidelity, preliminary findings of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome patients.
Inferring spatial memory and spatiotemporal scaling from GPS data: comparing red deer Cervus elaphus movements with simulation models
Authors: Gautestad Arild O. , Loe Leif E. , Mysterud Atle 
Published: January 2013

Summary

Increased inference regarding underlying behavioural mechanisms of animal movement can be achieved by comparing GPS data with statistical mechanical movement models such as random walk and Lévy walk with known underlying behaviour and statistical properties.

GPS data are typically collected with ≥1 h intervals not exactly tracking every mechanistic step along the movement path, so a statistical mechanical model approach rather than a mechanistic approach is appropriate. However, comparisons require a coherent framework involving both scaling and memory aspects of the underlying process. Thus, simulation models have recently been extended to include memory‐guided returns to previously visited patches, that is, site fidelity.

We define four main classes of movement, differing in incorporation of memory and scaling (based on respective intervals of the statistical fractal dimension D and presence/absence of site fidelity). Using three statistical protocols to estimate D and site fidelity, we compare these main movement classes with patterns observed in GPS data from 52 females of red deer (Cervus elaphus).

The results show best compliance with a scale‐free and memory‐enhanced kind of space use; that is, a power law distribution of step lengths, a fractal distribution of the spatial scatter of fixes and site fidelity.

Our study thus demonstrates how inference regarding memory effects and a hierarchical pattern of space use can be derived from analysis of GPS data.
Spatial isolation slows down directional plant functional group assembly in restored semi‐natural grasslands
Authors: Helsen Kenny , Hermy Martin , Honnay Olivier 
Published: January 2013

SummaryEcological restoration schemes often assume that after reinstating appropriate abiotic conditions, plant communities will assemble following a single predictable pathway towards a fixed target state. This idea has recently been challenged, with increasing evidence that plant community assembly can only be considered deterministic at the plant trait level, rather than at the species level, and that the assembly outcome is largely influenced by the spatial context of the restoration site.We surveyed 147 vegetation plots across a chronosequence of 22 restored semi‐natural grassland patches to quantify the effects of spatial isolation on both plant species and plant trait assembly. Trait level assembly was analysed using an emergent group approach, based on 28 functional plant traits. Additionally, we examined the effects of several dispersal‐related plant traits on species recolonization capacities.Whereas total plant species richness of the restoration patches did not change through space or through time, progressing assembly was found to consist of a sequential replacement of generalist species with specialist species, which was reflected by a directional assembly at the plant trait level. Grassland isolation was found to slow down community assembly at both the species and the trait level without changing the general direction of assembly. This slowdown became less pronounced with increasing time since restoration.Spatial isolation of the restoration patches was found to act as a trait filter, independent of assembly age. We found a proportionally higher occurrence of species with light seeds and a high seed attachment potential in more isolated restoration patches, suggesting that colonization is more limited in isolated grasslands.Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that the assembly process, at both the species and the trait level, is influenced by the position of the restoration patch in the landscape. Monitoring schemes following ecological restoration should therefore include the spatial context of the system while using both a trait‐based and a species‐based plant community analysis. Successful restoration requires physically interconnecting grassland fragments and probably the introduction of seeds or seedlings of species with low dispersability.
Earnings Manipulation and the Cost of Capital
Authors: STROBL GÜNTER 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThe widespread use of accounting information by investors and financial analysts to help value stocks creates an incentive for managers to manipulate earnings in an attempt to influence short‐term stock price performance. This paper examines the role of earnings management in affecting a firm's cost of capital. Using an agency model with multiple firms whose cash flows are correlated, we demonstrate that the extent of earnings manipulation varies across the business cycle. Depending on a firm's earnings profile, it can have stronger incentives to overstate its performance in good times or in bad times. Because of this dependence on the state of the economy, earnings manipulation can influence a firm's cost of capital despite the forces of diversification.
Influence of cardiac output on the pseudo‐steady state remifentanil and propofol concentrations in swine
Authors: KURITA T. , URAOKA M. , JIANG Q. , SUZUKI M. , MORISHIMA Y. , MORITA K. , SATO S. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundThe propofol concentration during constant infusion is affected by a change in cardiac output, but the effect of this change on remifentanil, which is frequently used in combination with propofol, is unclear.MethodsTen swine were anaesthetised through inhalation of isoflurane and maintained with 1.5% isoflurane. After infusion of remifentanil (0.5 μg/kg/min) and propofol (6 mg/kg/h after 2 mg/kg bolus infusion) for 60 min (baseline 1), cardiac output was increased by continuous infusion of dobutamine and termination of isoflurane (high cardiac output state). Dobutamine infusion was then stopped, 1.5% isoflurane was restarted, and cardiac output was allowed to return to baseline (baseline 2). Finally, cardiac output was decreased by administration of 3% isoflurane (low cardiac output state). Blood samples were collected from the femoral artery at 10, 30, and 60 min after the change to each haemodynamic state.ResultsAn inverse relationship was found between cardiac output and the plasma remifentanil and propofol concentrations. The plasma drug concentrations were given by the following equations: [remifentanil] (ng/ml) = 17.5/cardiac output (l/min) + 4.52; and [propofol] (μg/ml) = 3.34/cardiac output + 1.17. The influence of changes in cardiac output on remifentanil were similar to those for coadministered propofol and the influence on the concentration of each drug was greater with decreasing cardiac output.ConclusionsThe plasma remifentanil concentration is influenced by cardiac output in a similar manner to that of propofol during remifentanil and propofol anaesthesia, although the metabolic sites are different.
Prevalence of congenital heart disease at live birth: an accurate assessment by echocardiographic screening
Authors: Zhao Qu‐ming , Ma Xiao‐jing , Jia Bing , Huang Guo‐ying 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo determine the true prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) at live birth using echocardiographic screening.MethodsA total of 5190 consecutive newborns from two secondary hospitals were included. Each neonate had a complete clinical evaluation with echocardiographic diagnosis at average 47 h of age. Newborns with persistent CHD underwent at least 4 months of follow‐up, and the temporal trend of prevalence of mild CHD was assessed.ResultsOverall live birth prevalence of CHD was 26.6‰ (severe 3.5‰, moderate 5.4‰ and mild 17.7‰), and prevalence of CHD that could be detected by clinical evaluation was 12.1‰. The most common CHD was ventricular septal defect (VSD, 17.3‰), followed by atrial septal defect (ASD, 6.2‰), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA, 1.3‰), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF, 0.4‰), single ventricle (SV, 0.4‰), atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD, 0.2‰) and double outlet right ventricle (DORV, 0.2‰). Female predominance was observed in mild CHD (VSD, ASD), and male predominance was observed in severe CHD. The prevalence of CHD was reduced to 19.5‰ at the 4‐month follow‐up, which was largely caused by spontaneous closure rate of muscular VSD.ConclusionPrevalence of CHD determined by echocardiography screening was higher but more accurate than that obtained from birth defect registries.