bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The adherence‐outcome relationship is not altered by diary‐driven adjustments of microelectronic monitor data
Authors: Eby Jessica , Chapman Jennifer , Marukutira Tafireyi , Anabwani Gabriel , Tshume Ontibile , Lepodisi Omphile , Dipotso Tebo , Mokete Keboletse , Gross Robert , Lowenthal Elizabeth 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine whether diary‐driven adjustment of Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) data based on Supporting Information strengthens the relationship between measured antiretroviral medication adherence and plasma HIV viral load (VL).MethodsHIV+ adolescents on antiretroviral treatment were monitored with MEMS for 30 days preceding a VL measurement. The primary outcome was VL ≥ 400 copies/mL. Handwritten diaries were used to comprehensively record deviations from recommended use (bottle opened but dose not taken or bottle not opened and dose taken). Data were adjusted (“cleaned”) based on diary events. Data were “capped” at the prescribed number of doses/day. Receiver operator characteristic analysis compared the relationships between (i) raw MEMS data, (ii) diary‐cleaned, (iii) capped, or (iv) cleaned and capped MEMS data and VL.ResultsOver 30 days preceding VL measurements, 273 adolescents had 465 diary events. Capping resulted in fewer patients classified as 95% adherent (65.2%) compared with raw data (71.4%), p < 0.001. Adherence was highly associated with VL (OR 1.05, p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for continuous adherence compared with VL was 0.89 (95%CI: 0.82–0.95). Neither diary‐cleaning, capping, nor cleaning and capping MEMS data significantly altered the association between adherence and VL (p = 0.14, 0.40, and 0.19, respectively).ConclusionMedication Event Monitoring System data‐cleaning based on diary entries did not affect the adherence–VL relationship. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of isolation in virtual machine environments encounter in effective attacks against memory
Authors: Hakamian Mir Alireza , Rahmani Amir Masoud 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOne of the main features of the hypervisor is the isolation among virtual machine (VM) environments. By isolation between VMs, malicious activity in one VM could not affect all other VMs, so it is necessary to apply security mechanisms in order to improve isolation between VMs. Before applying security policies to a virtualization system, it is necessary to quantitatively measure the hypervisor from isolation point of view aiming at increasing security of isolation among VMs; then considering the circumstances of the VM execution environments and the results of measurements, we can find areas in the virtualization system with the most effective on enhancing isolation. This paper, proposed a semi‐Markov model for evaluation of isolation, by studying the Xen virtualization architecture. We considered certain type of vulnerability that successfully exploiting it can lead to the attacker's malicious codes execution in part of memory address space. We included all three layers in virtualization for the evaluation purpose, because we wanted to consider strength and weakness areas in virtualization system and not just specific layer such as hypervisor, so it can be figured out that improving security in which layer of virtualization is most effective in improving security of isolation, in respect to the increasing or decreasing attacker's (defender's) ability to be successful. The sensitivity analysis results show that MTTSF is more sensitive to the increasing ability of defensive mechanisms to be successful at the application layer and decreasing the attacker's ability to successfully exploit vulnerabilities at the guest operating system layer, model parameters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acyl‐Trafficking During Plant Oil Accumulation
Authors: Chen Guanqun , Woodfield Helen K. , Pan Xue , Harwood John L. , Weselake Randall J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractVegetable oils are an extremely important agricultural commodity. Their use has risen inexorably for the last 50 years and will undoubtedly be even more prevalent in the future. They have a role not only in foodstuffs but also as renewable chemicals. However, our understanding of their metabolism, and particularly its control, is incomplete. In this article we highlight current knowledge and its deficiencies. In particular, we focus on the important role that phosphatidylcholine plays in lipid accumulation and in influencing the quality of the vegetable oils produced.
Sustainable Process for Production of Azelaic Acid Through Oxidative Cleavage of Oleic Acid
Authors: Benessere Vincenzo , Cucciolito Maria E. , De Santis Augusta , Di Serio Martino , Esposito Roberto , Ruffo Francesco , Turco Rosa 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis work describes two sustainable methods for production and purification of azelaic acid (AA) to replace the current process of ozonolysis of oleic acid (OA). The first proceeds in two steps, coupling smooth oxidation of OA to 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid (DSA) with subsequent oxidative cleavage by sodium hypochlorite. An alternative methodology is also proposed, using a chemocatalytic system consisting of H2O2/H2WO4 for direct oxidative cleavage of the double bond of OA at 373 K. A convenient technique for separation and purification of azelaic acid is also proposed.
Pediatric orthopaedic lower extremity trauma and venous thromboembolism
Authors: Murphy Robert F. , Naqvi Manahil , Miller Patricia E. , Feldman Lanna , Shore Benjamin J. 
Published: October 2015

Purpose Research on venous thromboembolism events (VTE), such as deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), in pediatric orthopaedic trauma patients is sparse. We describe the incidence in the USA of VTE associated with pediatric lower extremity orthopaedic trauma, and characterize injury patterns and VTE treatment methods. Methods The Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) was queried from 2004 to 2013 using ICD-9 codes for lower extremity fractures (pelvis, femur, tibia, ankle, foot) and dislocations (hip, knee, ankle, subtalar) and VTE. Records were queried for age, diagnoses, and VTE treatment. Results During the study period 285,611 clinical encounters reported lower extremity trauma. Of those, 167 patients were simultaneously coded with VTE (99 DVT, 50 PE, 18 combined DVT/PE), to give an incidence of VTE associated with pediatric lower extremity trauma of 0.058 %. Patients were from 39 centers, with an average age of 12.9 years (range 0–19). There were 249 fractures and 21 dislocations, with 25 (15 %) patients sustaining more than one lower extremity injury. The most common fracture locations were the femur/femoral neck (95), tibia/ankle (92), and pelvis (44). 72 % (121/167) of patients were treated with anticoagulation medication, of which the most common was low-molecular-weight heparin (111/167, 66 %). Conclusions The incidence of VTE events associated with lower extremity orthopaedic trauma is 0.058 %. Adolescents and polytrauma patients with injuries of the femur/femoral neck, tibia/ankle, and pelvis are more commonly affected. Low-molecular-weight heparin is commonly used to treat VTE in pediatric and adolescent patients.
THE DESIGN OF AN OPTIMAL RETROSPECTIVE RATING PLAN
Authors: Chen Xinxiang , Chi Yichun , Tan Ken Seng 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA retrospective rating plan, whose insurance premium depends upon an insured's actual loss during the policy period, is a special insurance agreement widely used in liability insurance. In this paper, the design of an optimal retrospective rating plan is analyzed from the perspective of the insured who seeks to minimize its risk exposure in the sense of convex order. In order to reduce the moral hazard, we assume that both the insured and the insurer are obligated to pay more for a larger realization of the loss. Under the further assumptions that the minimum premium is zero, the maximum premium is proportional to the expected indemnity, and the basic premium is the only free parameter in the formula for retrospective premium given by Meyers (2004) and that the basic premium is determined in such a way that the expected retrospective premium equates to the expected indemnity with a positive safety loading, we formally establish the relationship that the insured will suffer more risk for a larger loss conversion factor or a higher maximum premium. These findings suggest that the insured prefers an insurance policy with the expected value premium principle, which is a special retrospective premium principle with zero loss conversion factor. In addition, we show that any admissible retrospective rating plan is dominated by a stop-loss insurance policy. Finally, the optimal retention of a stop-loss insurance is derived numerically under the criterion of minimizing the risk-adjusted value of the insured's liability where the liability valuation is carried out using the cost-of-capital approach based on the conditional value at risk.
Indications and Types of Antibiotic Agents Used in 6 Acute Care Hospitals, 2009–2010: A Pragmatic Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Kelesidis Theodoros , Braykov Nikolay , Uslan Daniel Z. , Morgan Daniel J. , Gandra Sumanth , Johannsson Birgir , Schweizer Marin L. , Weisenberg Scott A. , Young Heather , Cantey Joseph , Perencevich Eli , Septimus Edward , Srinivasan Arjun , Laxminarayan Ramanan 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDTo design better antimicrobial stewardship programs, detailed data on the primary drivers and patterns of antibiotic use are needed.OBJECTIVETo characterize the indications for antibiotic therapy, agents used, duration, combinations, and microbiological justification in 6 acute-care US facilities with varied location, size, and type of antimicrobial stewardship programs.DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND SETTINGRetrospective medical chart review was performed on a random cross-sectional sample of 1,200 adult inpatients, hospitalized (>24 hrs) in 6 hospitals, and receiving at least 1 antibiotic dose on 4 index dates chosen at equal intervals through a 1-year study period (October 1, 2009–September 30, 2010).METHODSInfectious disease specialists recorded patient demographic characteristics, comorbidities, microbiological and radiological testing, and agents used, dose, duration, and indication for antibiotic prescriptions.RESULTSOn the index dates 4,119 (60.5%) of 6,812 inpatients were receiving antibiotics. The random sample of 1,200 case patients was receiving 2,527 antibiotics (average: 2.1 per patient); 540 (21.4%) were prophylactic and 1,987 (78.6%) were therapeutic, of which 372 (18.7%) were pathogen-directed at start. Of the 1,615 empirical starts, 382 (23.7%) were subsequently pathogen-directed and 1,231 (76.2%) remained empirical. Use was primarily for respiratory (27.6% of prescriptions) followed by gastrointestinal (13.1%) infections. Fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, and antipseudomonal penicillins together accounted for 47.1% of therapy-days.CONCLUSIONSUse of broad-spectrum empirical therapy was prevalent in 6 US acute care facilities and in most instances was not subsequently pathogen directed. Fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, and antipseudomonal penicillins were the most frequently used antibiotics, particularly for respiratory indications.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;37(1):70–79
The Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Colonization and Infection among Long-Term Acute Care Hospital Residents
Authors: Mills John P , Talati Naasha J , Alby Kevin , Han Jennifer H 
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVEAn improved understanding of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) in long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs) is needed. The objective of this study was to assess risk factors for colonization or infection with CRKP in LTACH residents.METHODSA case-control study was performed at a university-affiliated LTACH from 2008 to 2013. Cases were defined as all patients with clinical cultures positive for CRKP and controls were those with clinical cultures positive for carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae (CSKP). A multivariate model was developed to identify risk factors for CRKP infection or colonization.RESULTSA total of 222 patients were identified with K. pneumoniae clinical cultures during the study period; 99 (45%) were case patients and 123 (55%) were control patients. Our multivariate analysis identified factors associated with a significant risk for CRKP colonization or infection: solid organ or stem cell transplantation (OR, 5.05; 95% CI, 1.23–20.8; P=.03), mechanical ventilation (OR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.24–5.28; P=.01), fecal incontinence (OR, 5.78; 95% CI, 1.52–22.0; P=.01), and exposure in the prior 30 days to meropenem (OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.04–12.1; P=.04), vancomycin (OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.18–7.32; P=.02), and metronidazole (OR, 4.22; 95% CI, 1.28–14.0; P=.02).CONCLUSIONSRates of colonization and infection with CRKP were high in the LTACH setting, with nearly half of K. pneumoniae cultures demonstrating carbapenem resistance. Further studies are needed on interventions to limit the emergence of CRKP in LTACHs, including targeted surveillance screening of high-risk patients and effective antibiotic stewardship measures.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;37(1):55–60
Postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in adults after consumption of dairy desserts and pound cakes containing short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides used to replace sugars
Authors: Lecerf J. M. , Clerc E. , Jaruga A. , Wagner A. , Respondek F. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe present studies aimed to evaluate the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses, in healthy adults, to short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) from sucrose used to replace sugars in foods. Two study populations aged 18–50 years were recruited and they consumed dairy desserts or pound cakes containing either standard sugar content or scFOS to replace 30 % of the sugar content. For each study, the two products were tested once under a double-blind and cross-over design with at least 7 d between the two tests. Glucose and insulin were measured using standard methods in blood samples collected with a venous catheter for 120 min during a kinetic test. For the dairy desserts, replacing 30 % of the sugars with scFOS significantly reduced postprandial glycaemic (AUC0–120 min; P = 0·020) and insulinaemic (AUC0–120 min; P = 0·003) responses. For the pound cakes, the glycaemic response was not altered (AUC0–120 min; P = 0·322) while the insulinaemic response tended to be lower (AUC0–120 min; P = 0·067). This study showed that scFOS can be used to replace sugars with the benefit of lowering the postprandial glycaemic response without increasing the insulinaemic response. The effect might be modulated by other parameters (e.g. fat content) of the food matrices.
Monosodium l-glutamate in soup reduces subsequent energy intake from high-fat savoury food in overweight and obese women
Authors: Miyaki Takashi , Imada Toshifumi , Shuzhen Hao Susan , Kimura Eiichiro 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe umami seasoning, monosodium l-glutamate (MSG), has been shown to increase satiety in normal body weight adults, although the results have not been consistent. The satiety effect of MSG in overweight and obese adults has not been examined yet. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of MSG in a vegetable soup on subsequent energy intakes as well as food selection in overweight and obese adult women without eating disorders. A total of sixty-eight overweight and obese women (BMI range: 25·0–39·9 kg/m2), otherwise healthy, were recruited to our study. A fixed portion (200 ml) of control vegetable soup or the same soup with added MSG (0·5 g/100 ml) was provided 10 min before an ad libitum lunch and an ad libitum snack in the mid-afternoon. The control soup had equivalent amount of Na to the soup with added MSG. Energy intakes at the ad libitum lunch and ad libitum snack time after the soup preload were assessed using a randomised, double-blind, two-way cross-over design. The soup with MSG in comparison with the control soup resulted in significantly lower consumption of energy at lunch. The addition of MSG in the soup also reduced energy intake from high-fat savoury foods. The soup with MSG showed lower but no significant difference in energy intake at mid-afternoon. The addition of umami seasoning MSG in a vegetable soup may decrease subsequent energy intake in overweight and obese women who do not have eating disorders.
Aid Is Not Oil: Donor Utility, Heterogeneous Aid, and the Aid-Democratization Relationship
Authors: Bermeo Sarah Blodgett 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRecent articles conclude that foreign aid, like other nontax resources, inhibits political change in authoritarian regimes. This article challenges both the negative political effects of aid and the similarity of aid to other resources. It develops a model incorporating changing donor preferences and the heterogeneity of foreign aid. Consistent with the model's predictions, an empirical test for the period 1973–2010 shows that, on average, the negative relationship between aid and the likelihood of democratic change is confined to the Cold War period. However, in the post–Cold War period, nondemocratic recipients of particular strategic importance can still use aid to thwart change. The relationship between oil revenue and democratic change does not follow the same pattern over time or across recipients. This supports the conclusion that aid has different properties than other, fungible, resources.
Effectiveness of the Parnes particle repositioning manoeuvre for posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Authors: Kinne B L , Leafman J S 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackground:Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is a common vestibular disorder that negatively affects an individual's health-related quality of life. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Parnes particle repositioning manoeuvre as an intervention for individuals with posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.Methods:The de-identified records of 155 individuals treated with the Parnes manoeuvre were examined. Descriptive statistics were calculated, including the frequency and valid per cent of participants whose nystagmus was resolved with the Parnes manoeuvre.Results:In all, nystagmus was resolved with the Parnes manoeuvre in 145 participants (93.5 per cent). The mean number of manoeuvres needed to resolve the nystagmus was 1.3.Conclusion:The Parnes manoeuvre proved to be as effective as the Epley canalith repositioning manoeuvre, currently the most common intervention, in treating individuals with posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
The effect of OK-432 (Picibanil) injection on the histopathology of nasal turbinate
Authors: Sengul S , Kaygusuz İ , Akin M M , Yalcin Ş , Karlidag T , Keles E , Arslan İ 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to assess the histopathological effect of OK-432 (Picibanil) on rabbit nasal turbinates.Methods:A total of 21 rabbits were divided into 3 treatment groups and various parts of both nasal turbinates were injected with 0.5 ml OK-432, 0.2 ml OK-432 or 0.6 ml saline (control). Bilateral nasal turbinates were later excised and studied under light microscopy to assess any histopathological changes.Results:Animals in the 0.2 ml and 0.5 ml OK-432 groups exhibited mild ciliary loss, goblet cell loss and epithelial damage, and a marked increase in inflammatory cell infiltration, submucosal vascularisation and fibrosis. There was a significant difference in histopathological changes between the two OK-432 treated groups. In addition, each OK-432 treated group had significantly more inflammatory cell infiltration, increased submucosal vascularisation and fibrosis compared with controls.Conclusion:The marked fibrosis observed in OK-432-injected turbinates may be responsible for a reduction in turbinate size.
Effect of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes on fast particle confinement in the spherical tokamak Globus-M
Authors: Petrov Yu. V. , Bakharev N. N. , Gusev V. K. , Minaev V. B. , Kornev V. A. , Kurskiev G. S. , Patrov M. I. , Sakharov N. V. , Tolstyakov S. Yu. , Shchegolev P. B. 
Published: October 2015

In experiments with neutral beam injection at the early stage of a Globus-M discharge, instabilities were observed that were excited by fast ions in the frequency range of 50–200 kHz, which were identified as toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAE) (Petrov et al., Plasma Phys. Rep., vol. 37, 2011, pp. 1001–1005). In contradiction with the NSTX and MAST tokamaks, a regime of TAE generation was realized with strongly developed single modes. Magnetic measurements with fast Mirnov probes have shown that most of the modes have toroidal number $n=1$. The influence of the modes on the fast particle confinement was recorded by means of a tangentially directed neutral particle analyser (NPA) and neutron detector. Hydrogen and deuterium were used as target plasma and injected beam for study of the isotopic effect. At deuterium injection into the deuterium plasma, TAE led to the neutron rate dropping by 25 %, whereas NPA fluxes of high energy dropped by 75 %. At hydrogen injection, the drop in the measured NPA fluxes did not exceed 25 %.
Maternal depression and anxiety predicts the pattern of offspring symptoms during their transition to adulthood
Authors: Gonçalves H. , Pearson R. M. , Horta B. L. , González-Chica D. A. , Castilho E. , Damiani M. , Lima R. C. , Gigante D. P. , Barros F. C. , Stein A. , Victora C. G. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundEpisodes of depression and anxiety (D&A) during the transition from late adolescence to adulthood, particularly when persistent, are predictive of long-term disorders and associated public health burden. Understanding risk factors at this time is important to guide intervention. The current objective was to investigate the associations between maternal symptoms of D&A with offspring symptoms during their transition to adulthood.MethodData from a large population-based birth cohort study, in South Brazil, were used. Prospective associations between maternal D&A and offspring risk of these symptoms during the transition to adulthood (18/19, 24 and 30 years) were estimated.ResultsMaternal D&A in adolescence was associated with offspring symptoms across the transition to adulthood, associations were consistently stronger for females than for males. Daughters whose mothers reported D&A were 4.6 times (95% confidence interval 2.71–7.84) as likely to report D&A at all three time-points, than daughters of symptom-free mothers.ConclusionsMaternal D&A is associated with persistent D&A during the daughter's transition to adulthood. Intervention strategies should consider the mother's mental health.