bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Ischemic Heart Disease to Sudden Death
Authors: Buja LM , Willerson JT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A clinicopathological synthesis is presented of the relationship of ischemic heart disease to sudden cardiac death. The immediate pathophysiological process responsible for sudden cardiac death is a lethal arrhythmia, usually ventricular fibrillation. Although significant coronary atherosclerosis is present in most cases of naturally occurring sudden death, available evidence indicates that several mechanisms can be operative in the pathogenesis of the fatal event. These are (1) acute myocardial infarction in a minority of cases; (2) myocardial ischemia, without infarction, which is initiated either by (a) an exertion-induced increase in myocardial oxygen demand or (b) an acute coronary event often involving plaque degeneration and platelet aggregation; and (3) a primary arrhythmia, usually resulting from altered electrical conduction in the setting of a previous myocardial infarction.
Sudden Death Caused by Coronary Artery Aneurysms: A Late Complication of Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Wreford FS , Conradi SE , Cohle SD , Lie JT , Dana SE , Puri S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors describe three cases (two blacks and one Latin American) of sudden death caused by late complications of Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome). At autopsy each heart contained multiple coronary artery aneurysms with luminal stenosis caused by intimal hyperplasia and thrombi. Although virtually all fatal cases of Kawasaki disease occur within six months of the onset of symptoms, there have been other reported deaths up to 14 years after the acute illness. The coronary artery aneurysms of Kawasaki disease may persist and cause death years after the acute illness.
Evaluation of Immunoassay Methods for the Screening of Cocaine Metabolites in Urine
Authors: Baugh LD , Ellen Allen E , Liu RH , Langner JG , Fentress JC , Chadha SC , Cook LF , Walia AS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Immunoassay kits for urine cocaine (and metabolite) screening, obtained from two commercial sources, were examined for correlation of their results, expressed in terms of equivalent benzoylecgonine concentration, with the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) concentration of benzoylecgonine. The correlation coefficients obtained, based on 62 (out of a total sample population of 3295) highly relevant samples, were 0.467 and 0.766 for Abuscreen® (ARIA) and TDx® (TDX), respectively. The preliminary screen cutoff values, which correspond to 150 ng/mL benzoylecgonine (as determined by GC/MS), were calculated based on the resulting regression equations and found to be 380 and 190 ng/mL for ARIA and TDX, respectively. With these cutoff values, ARIA generates 5 false negatives and 16 unconfirmed presumptive positives, while TDX results in 3 false negatives and 6 unconfirmed presumptive positives.
A Comparison of Three Computer Models for Prediction of Dose in Acute Amitriptyline Overdose
Authors: Wimbish G , Shores J , Spiehler V 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline in overdose have been reported not to fit conventional compartmental models. In this study, the dose-concentration-time relationships of amitriptyline in overdose were modeled with discriminant analysis, with an evolutionary heuristic search program, and with a decision-tree model based on the entropy of uncertainty of classification. The computer models all used the same data from dogs administered treatment (80 mg/kg), toxic (250 mg/kg), or fatal (500 mg/kg) doses directly into the surgically isolated duodenum. All the models achieved a high degree of success (77 to 93%) in assigning records to the high-, low-, or middle-dose groups. Two of the models gave a probability of the assignment. Results of this analysis suggest that blood amitriptyline and nortriptyline concentrations are most useful in estimating dose in acute amitriptyline overdose.
Changes in Perikymata and Their Significance to a Postmortem Dental Identification
Authors: Smith BC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Perikymata are wavelike features that are normally found in the surface enamel of teeth. These structures are known to undergo regressive changes due to gradual attrition, mechanical abrasion, or chemical erosion. Forensic science has suggested that significance be placed on some forms of their loss as indicators of age, oral habits, and alignment of individual teeth. The dental identification of victims of a Vietnam War military aircraft crash is presented. The unusual pattern of perikymata change on two of the teeth suggests the antemortem existence of a removable partial denture. These findings support the exclusionary conclusions.
The Toxicological Examination of the Victims of the British Air Tours Boeing 737 Accident at Manchester in 1985
Authors: Mayes RW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The results of toxicological analyses of the body fluids of the victims from the accident involving the British Air Tours Boeing 737 in August 1985 are presented for carboxyhemoglobin, cyanide, and volatiles.
All the victims except one had raised concentrations of carbon monoxide. All the victims had raised concentrations of cyanide. All the victims showed the presence of volatile substances in the blood. Autopsies revealed that all the victims had carbon particles in the trachea and bronchi. Thus, all the victims must have inhaled fire products in the burning aircraft cabin. Six victims had concentrations of carbon monoxide or cyanide in the blood that were neither fatal nor incapacitating; therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that these six victims survived for a comparatively short time and that there may have been other causes, in addition to toxic fumes, for their deaths. The other 48 victims must have survived long enough in the fire to accumulate incapacitating or fatal concentrations of carbon monoxide or cyanide or both. The effects of these substances found in the blood of each of the 48 victims must have combined to produce an insurmountable impediment to escape from the aircraft.
Dangerous Mentally Disordered Criminals: Unresolvable Societal Fear?
Authors: Leong GB , Arturo Silva J , Weinstock R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The average person fears dangerous criminals, especially those suffering from mental illness. Existing mental health and criminal justice systems provide social control for some of these dangerous individuals, but may be inadequate to deal with those mentally disordered offenders who were not found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGI). In California, innovative laws have attempted to address this problem. However, putative lack of efficacious treatment of mentally ill criminals, insufficient economic support, and individual liberty concerns loom as limiting factors in solving the criminal and psychiatric recidivism problem posed by non-NGI dangerous mentally disordered offenders.
Radiographic Identification by Mastoid Sinus and Arterial Pattern
Authors: Rhine S , Sperry K 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A skull and some incomplete postcranial remains were discovered in two searches over a two-month period near Santa Fe, New Mexico. The discoveries could be demonstrated to be from the same person, and the remains were shown to be consistent with a specific missing person on the basis of anthropological analysis. Further work led to a positive identification on multiple grounds, including agreement of the details of the mastoid sinus and endocranial arterial patterns observed radiographically. These features may be useful for establishing positive identification from skeletal remains when antemortem radiographic studies for comparison are limited to lateral cranial vault studies.
A Review of Proactive Police Management, Second Edition
Authors: Scoopmire DH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To make an initial assessment of this volume I decided first to review the chapters that related directly to management assignments I had held in the past eleven years as a police officer in a management position. After reading four chapters (Basic Line Functions, Patrol Operations, Administrative/Staff Functions, and Training Policies), I was surprised and impressed with both the material and the approach of the authors. This book has now replaced O.W. Wilson's Police Administration, as my favorite police management text.
Representative Sampling of Drug Seizures in Multiple Containers
Authors: Frank RS , Hinkley SW , Hoffman CG 
Published: August 2015

AbstractExhibits of illicit drugs in a large number of containers are frequently submitted to crime laboratories. The forensic chemist often needs to select randomly and then examine a number of these containers to provide information regarding the composition of the overall exhibit which is sufficient to support the requirements of the criminal justice system. Although various methods of sampling can be shown to provide samples that will allow statistical inferences to be made with a high degree of confidence, no procedure has been identified that specifically meets the sampling objectives associated with an exhibit of this sort.The authors have addressed this sampling problem by applying the probability theory of the hypergeometric distribution to the sampling of drug exhibits contained in multiple containers. The resulting model will permit strong probability statements to be made regarding the presence of the controlled substance in a predetermined quantity of the exhibit, thereby supporting the prosecution and sentencing of violators of controlled substance laws.
The Identification and Quantitation of Pharmaceutical Preparations by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Angelos SA , Janovsky TJ , Raney JK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The identification and quantitation of pharmaceutical preparations is often the most time-consuming analysis performed in the forensic science laboratory. Because of their hygroscopic and polymorphic properties, matching infrared spectra are frequently difficult to obtain. Moreover, many of these compounds also fragment in such a manner that their mass spectra are difficult to interpret. Nuclear magnetic resonance offers an attractive alternative analysis since it avoids these problems and allows simultaneous identification and quantitation of dosage forms. Typical procedures are described for pharmaceutical forms of barbiturates, phenethylamines, quinazolones, benzodiazepines, and ethchlorvynol. This method has been successfully used and in most cases does not require a preliminary separation of the pharmaceutical preparation's components.
Classification and Identification of Photocopying Toners by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS): I. Preliminary Results
Authors: Mazzella WD , Lennard CJ , Margot PA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform technique is described for the analysis of raw photocopying toners and small samples of toner removed from the surface of a photocopied document. The technique gives reproducible results and makes possible differentiation of toner samples obtained from different photocopying machines. In addition, toners may be classified into a number of groups, based on the presence or absence of certain absorption bands in their diffuse reflectance spectra. Preliminary results indicate the feasibility of a database of infrared spectra for the photocopying toners available on the market. Such a database would be a valuable aid to the document examiner in the increasing number of cases involving photocopies.
Document Examinations of Handwriting with a Straightedge or a Writing Guide
Authors: Morgan M , Zilly P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Occasionally sighted writers practice “straightedge writing,” sometimes referred to as “blind-man's writing,” in which a straight object is used as a baseline. Many systems are used, and individual characteristics are established especially in the descenders (lower zonc). Most of these writers try to be neat, yet wish to be unique.
The writing of sighted people differs considerably from that of the functionally blind, who use many types of writing guides. Guides used by the blind are often flexible, yet confine writing to a given space instead of only using a straight line. For example, there are check templates which fit standard checks to keep the writing in certain areas for the visually impaired. The writing of a blind person is normally not as evenly spaced and precisely formed, and the “t” crossing and “i” dots are often missing. Such writing is individualized and identifiable.
A Methodology for Near-Optimal Computational Superimposition of Two-Dimensional Digital Facial Photographs and Three-Dimensional Cranial Surface Meshes
Authors: Nickerson BA , Fitzhorn PA , Koch SK , Charney M 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors present a methodology for human identification based on digital superimposition techniques. This methodology computes a fast, near optimal fit between a three-dimensional skull surface mesh and a two-dimensional digitized facial photograph. Since this is done digitally, (1) the photograph can be enhanced to reduce or eliminate motion blur, overexposure or underexposure, and out-of-focus distortions; (2) previous problems with skull/photograph scaling and alignment are minimized or eliminated; and (3) the photograph and skull can be numerically correlated. Two of several test cases produced from an implementation of this methodology are also presented.
Use of the Ventral Arc in Pubic Sex Determination
Authors: Sutherland LD , Suchey JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A sample of 1284 well-documented pubic bones was studied for sex determination methods. This sample included many adolescents and could be used to expand Phenice's 1969 study, which was largely based on mature adults. In the present study, focus was placed on the ventral are which, when used alone, provided 96% accuracy in sex determination. This paper stresses the development of the ventral arc in the adolescent: a precursor condition is defined, which first appears at age 14 and becomes the most frequent condition at age 20. In mature adults, 4% show conditions that are misleading and likely to lead to sex determination errors. Practical applications of this method are discussed in relation to the forensic science setting, including three cases. A set of casts was developed to increase the reliability of the method, and these casts were then tested in interobserver error studies.
Maxillary Suture Obliteration: A Test of the Mann Method
Authors: Gruspier KL , Mullen GJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The degree of obliteration of the maxillary sutures has recently been presented as a useful technique for predicting the age at death of adult skeletal remains. A replicative study of the method on a sample of male skeletons of verified age was undertaken to test its accuracy. Results indicated that the variability in predicted age, as reflected by the total suture score, was too great to recommend use of the method for age determination in individual forensic science cases.
Haptoglobin Phenotyping from Older Bloodstains by Enzyme Immunoassay and Haptoglobin Phenotypes Within a Nebraska Caucasian Population
Authors: Roy R , Roy IC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Enzyme immunoassay and Western blotting (electrophoretic) techniques were used to determine haptoglobin (HP) phenotypes from older bloodstains.
Serum was collected from liquid blood and the HP phenotypes were determined. Bloodstains were prepared from these specimens and stored at various temperatures for several months. The stains were extracted and applied to gradient polyacrylamide gels.
The Western blotting technique was used to achieve the transfer of HP bands from the gels to the nitrocellulose membranes. Enzyme immunoassay with goat anti-HP antiserum and rabbit anti-goat immunoglobulin peroxidase were used to identify the HP bands from the extracted samples.
Enzyme immunoassay was found to be clearly more sensitive than o-dianisidine or o-tolidine in detecting HP bands from diluted serum samples.
The haptoglobin frequency in a Caucasian population in Nebraska was calculated. The frequencies of Phenotypes 1, 2-1, and 2 were found to be 15.8, 48.4, and 35.8%, respectively.
Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Chemistry: 1. Pigment Identification by Direct Mixture Analysis in a Case of Bank Note Falsification
Authors: Acampora A , Ferranti P , Malorni A , Milone A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A rapid mass spectrometry procedure, based on direct mixture analysis using conventional electron ionization in both the low and high resolution modes, was used to match pigments present on a counterfeit $100 United States bank note with pigments contained in two inks suspected of having been used. The results demonstrated that the pigments present on the false bank note and those contained in the inks were the same.
Appearance of Aminorex as a Designer Analog of Methylaminorex
Authors: Brewster ME , Davis FT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A case in which aminorex (cis ± 4,5-dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine) was prepared as a “designer” analog of a controlled substance, methylaminorex (cis ± 4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine) is described. The confiscated drug sample was analyzed by high-field (300-mHz) proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, as well as electron impact mass spectrometry (70 eV). These examinations proved conclusively that the material in question was aminorex.
A Review of Formaldehyde Sensitivity and Toxicity
Authors: McMartin KE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book is an excellent compendium of studies related to the potential toxic effects of formaldehyde. Although the majority of chapters deal with allergenicity and other effects on the skin and respiratory tract, there is a broad base of information on formaldehyde chemistry, on quantitation of exposure, and on other acute and chronic cffccts in humans and animals. The author has surveyed the literature in these areas, but also has added valuable interpretation of the results. In most cases, anecdotal data are differentiated from results of controlled scientific studies. However, the overwhelming number of uncontrolled studies may bias the casual reader towards their results.
Genetic Markers in Human Bone: II. Studies on ABO (and IGH) Grouping
Authors: Lee HC , Berka KM , Folk NL , Pagliaro EM , Carroll-Reho J , Brubaker TL , Gaensslen RE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A combination absorption-elution, two-dimensional absorption-inhibition procedure was used to determine the ABH antigen composition of a series of human bone specimens of known ABO type that had been aged up to nine months under dry and humid conditions at ambient temperature, 37°C, and 56°C; at ambient temperature in dry and wet soil; and buried in soil outdoors. Grouping data for the separate elution and inhibition testing, as well as for the combination procedure, are given. The combination method was found to be a highly reliable procedure for bone tissue ABH typing. Some data on microbial contaminants of human bone specimens aging in soil, and their effects on ABH typing results, are presented. No direct correlation between the properties of microbial contaminants and specific changes in the ABH antigenic composition of aging bone tissue specimens could be ascertained. Data on IGH antigen determination and on the quantitation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in human bone tissue extracts indicated that immunoglobulin levels were typically too low to expect routinely successful Gm antigen testing results. However, these factors can sometimes be determined in fresh bone tissue extracts, particularly if the extracts are concentrated.
Site-Dependent Postmortem Changes in Blood Cocaine Concentrations
Authors: Hearn WL , Keran EE , Wei H , Hime G 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
When a forensic toxicologist interprets postmortem blood cocaine findings he usually must make assumptions regarding perimortem drug concentrations. In-vitro studies have shown that cocaine rapidly hydrolyzes in unpreserved blood, particularly at elevated temperatures. However, other studies have demonstrated site-dependent postmortem release of some drugs from tissue stores accompanied by increases in drug concentrations in the blood. This study was undertaken to investigate whether blood cocaine concentrations change in the body during the postmortem interval and, if so, to measure the direction and magnitude of the changes.
In medical examiner cases in which scene investigation suggested that the deceased was a cocaine user, blood samples were collected as soon after death as possible. At autopsy, a second set of samples was collected. Analysis of paired samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed dramatic differences in the cocaine concentration. The magnitude and direction of the change appears to be site dependent. Usually, but not invariably, cocaine concentration in subclavian vein blood decreases while that in heart, aorta, and femoral vein blood increases during the interval between death and autopsy.
The findings emphasize the danger inherent in attempting to estimate the concentration of cocaine in blood at the time of death from postmortem data.
N-Formyl Cocaine: A Study of Cocaine Comparison Parameters
Authors: Brewer LM , Allen A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
N-formyl cocaine has been found to be a processing impurity (via potassium permanganate oxidation) in clandestine cocaine processing. Chemical isolation and spectroscopic data are presented. Its occurrence in illicit cocaine samples is examined for its value in sample comparisons. A general discussion of clandestine cocaine processing and permanganate oxidation is included.
Alleged Brain Damage, Diminished Capacity, Mens Rea, and Misuse of Medical Concepts
Authors: Perr IN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
As focus on the insanity defense diminishes, defendants may place emphasis on a lack of knowing or purposeful behavior in order to negate a criminal charge. This use of a mens rea defense in accord with Model Penal Code principles is exemplified by the current New Jersey statute. Such a defense may result in a lesser charge or a finding of not guilty. In addition to reviewing applicable law, this report presents a sex offense case in which remote brain damage was invoked as a purported basis for incapacity to formulate the required intent; the study also raises the issue of the inappropriate or questionable use of medical principles, a practice that diminishes professional credibility in the courts and in the community.
The Eyes of Child Abuse Victims: Autopsy Findings
Authors: Riffenburgh RS , Sathyavagiswaran L 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors studied 77 pairs of eyes removed from children who had died of suspected child abuse. Forty-seven of the cases had retinal hemorrhages. Those showing retinal hemorrhages were younger children and had fewer other stigmata of child abuse. Hemorrhages are more likely to occur in cases where the child was shaken or swung than in those with severe direct head trauma. The authors recommend that examination of the eyes be included in the autopsies of all small children who died without an obvious cause of death. Experience in both processing and reading of ocular material is necessary for reliable results.