bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LAND ACQUISITION AS A RESTORATION ALTERNATIVE: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE BARGE BERMAN OIL SPILL IN PUERTO RICO
Authors: Iliff John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Morris J Berman oil spill was a large and significant spill occurring at the height of the tourist season in San Juan, Puerto Rico in January 1994. Two major categories of injury were compensated through a single land acquisition project. Restoration for lost recreational beach use was wholly compensated with the land acquisition project. The eolianite reef injury was mostly satisfied by the same land acquisition restoration project, but with the addition of two other restoration projects. Creating new recreational beach use opportunities by acquiring privately owned coastal habitat was a natural choice for restoration. Demonstrating the resource service link between a variety of coastal habitats and eolianite habitat was more challenging. The Trustee Council undertook a Habitat Suitability Analysis to demonstrate this service linkage. The Habitat Suitability Analysis (HSA) showed that habitats different from eolianite reef, including seagrass, mangroves and shallow hard-bottom, could provide habitat services to biota that rely upon eoliniate habitat for some part of their life cycle. The land acquired contained a variety of coastal habitats including mangroves, herbaceous wetlands, the mouths of two coastal rivers, the Sabana and Pitahaya Rivers, and reef communities immediately offshore. Additionally, the beach habitat on the parcel was identified in both the Leatherback and Hawksbill Sea Turtle Recovery Plans as being important conservation targets thus increasing their ecological importance. After selecting land acquisition as a restoration alternative, the need to identify a seasoned land acquisition partner was apparent given the intense demand and competition for a limited resource such as coastal land in Puerto Rico. Finding the right partner to assist in land acquisition, as well as engaging the public early were key elements in the success of this restoration alternative. Strategies and recommendations for other Trustees considering land acquisition as a restoration alternative are explored as well as the pitfalls and lessons learned.
OPERATIONAL METOCEAN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES IN SUPPORT OF MARINE POLLUTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE OPERATIONS
Authors: Daniel Pierre , Gilbert Trevor , Hackett Bruce , Hines Adrian , Tiercelin Claudine 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in conjunction with IMO and UNESCO have established a framework for a global Marine Pollution Emergency Response Support System (MPERSS). National Meteorological Services are traditionally called upon to provide a range of meteorological and oceanographic data and services to support operations in response to various marine pollution emergencies, normally working closely with national response agencies when incidents occur in territorial or international waters. To ensure that similar services are available in developing countries and international waters WMO in 1994 established MPERSS. This system has been designed to provide a coherent, internationally coordinated approach to the provision of meteorological and oceanographic services worldwide to marine pollution incidents no matter where and when they happen.
Today, the quality and breadth of data products expected by marine industries has expanded considerably and the challenge is to ensure that they provide value to the present and future generation of maritime applications. Operational met-ocean services rely on complex and expensive data collection and real time synthesis systems that must interact in real time across international boundaries. The IOC/WMO Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) has been created to facilitate the development and application of globally distributed marine meteorological and oceanographic services and their supporting observational, data management and capacity building programmes. A close dialog between those people pioneering the development of the next generation of maritime service infrastructures and those using their output in maritime applications is essential to ensure value for money and maximum impact across all maritime operational services.
APPLICATION OF OIL SPILL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSES TO BRAZILIAN ROAD NETWORKS
Authors: Mattos M Beatriz C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Roads provide the main means of transportation in Brazil. According to data from the Brazilian Department of Infrastructure and Transport, 96.2% of the passenger transportation and 61.8% of the cargo transportation are based on road infrastructure. However, three quarters of the Brazilian roads are in terrible, unsatisfactory or generally inadequate condition. Poor road conditions are responsible for a great number of accidents with severe consequences for the population and the environment. Given the importance of this matter, there is a need to develop an intelligent system for automatic classification of social and environmental sensitivity maps in order to support actions that respond to emergencies and to help in transportation planning, especially considering the heavy movement of hazardous cargo, such as petroleum and its derivates. For this, tools such as GIS (Geographic Information System) allow social-environmental and traffic engineering characterization maps to be analyzed on a unified, georeferenced digital base. This way, administrators can estimate which stretches of the network are more environmentally sensitive and which pose greater risks, and therefore draw inferences on the most socially and environmentally vulnerable. Social and environmental vulnerability data not only help in the classification of the areas which pose the greater risks, but also make it possible to decide on emergency support points, creating a culture of prevention in the area of hazardous cargo transportation. The case study on the state of Rio Grande do Norte provides a measure of the importance of such work. The city of Natal - the state capital - and the Guamarí petrochemical facility are interconnected by 180 Km Road, on which more than 100 tanker trucks loaded with diesel and its derivates travel every day. This road is classified as in poor conditions and, according to the Brazilian Roads Police, it is one of the most dangerous.
The relevance of this work is to show how information consolidated to a single database, georeferenced in a GIS, can assist planning for the safe transport of oil and hazardous cargos, benefiting not only the state'S population but the environment as a whole.
INTEGRATION OF AIRBORNE AIS BRINGS A NEW DIMENSION TO THE DETECTION OF ILLEGAL DISCHARGE OF OIL SPILLS
Authors: Armstrong Louis , Schneider Heike A , Fäst Olov , Abrahamsson Angelica H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The AIS (Automatic Identification System) became a standard under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) in December 2001. Using the AIS transponder, the vessel will report its position, identity heading and other information to other ship traffic in the same area. The AIS is a significant contribution to the control and safety of shipping. Transport Canada (TC) is a pioneer internationally in using the AIS (R4A airborne AIS transponder) integrated with the remote sensing system (MSS 6000 from Swedish Space Corporation) on board their aircraft, in order to add the information on ship identity and voyage to the information from other sensors.
The AIS integration provides a quantum leap in the effectiveness of the surveillance mission. In the Canadian system integration, detailed vessel information obtained through the AIS system is displayed and correlated with information received from other sensors. All information is also presented together with a high-resolution digital map including nautical chart data. The AIS provides the operators with vessel voyage and identity information. It is very useful for vectoring the aircraft to areas where ships have been reported. The advent of AIS simplifies surveillance procedures and makes each hour of surveillance more productive. During last year TC reported that over 9700 vessels were over flown. It is anticipated that over 20,000 AIS targets will be acquired using AIS in 2007–2008.
The experience from Canada also indicates an outstanding VHF range. During missions, vessels have been identified as far away as 200 nautical miles (n.m.) from the aircraft.
The AIS information together with other sensor images gives a comprehensive image that will dramatically improve the chance to tie a ship to a detected illegal oil spill. Receiving ship identity information will enable aircrews to conduct covert operations and contact the suspect ship from far standoff distances. This will also act as a deterrent to potential polluters. Integrating AIS within the operational requirements of surveillance programs, dedicated to minimizing the adverse effects of shipping on the marine environment, will make a significant contribution towards improving the effectiveness of surveillance missions.
PERSONNEL FOR OILED WILDLIFE RESPONSE: CHALLENGES IN IDENTIFYING, TRAINING, AND MAINTAINING AN EFFECTIVE TEAM
Authors: Clumpner Curt 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In formulating an effective wildlife response plan there are four basic building blocks. A facility or place to do the work, proper equipment to do the work with, a structure to organize the work in a safe effective and efficient manner and personnel- the people to perform all of the varied tasks required to successfully respond to each unique incident. While each of these blocks are important and a case could be made for any as the single “most” important, in reality, the foundation on which an oiled wildlife response is built is personnel, just as in every other emergency response. Without adequately trained personnel, the best equipment, the finest facility and an effective organizational structure will all be wasted and the failure of the wildlife response is pre-ordained.
Unfortunately, not only is identifying, training and keeping personnel at ready the most important factor in maximizing the success of a wildlife response, it is the most challenging. Many of the people introduced to oiled wildlife response during an oil spill are at least initially keen to the possibility of pursuing it as a career. While the enthusiasm of many wanes when they learn the harsh realities and unpredictability of the work, in many cases the biggest obstacle is that there is not a clear path to follow to receive the training and experience necessary. If by good fortune they are able to gain that training and experience there is little hope of being able to support themselves or perhaps even a family once they have achieved the required skill level.
While industry, governmental agencies and non-govemmental or non profit organizations have all attempted to solve this problem in a variety of ways, there is still no model that provides a real answer to this challenge.
This paper will discuss the challenges involved in identifying potential personnel, training and maintenance of skills, and providing the support required to keep them available and ready to provide the skills necessary to assure each oiled wildlife response the best chance of success in documenting and mitigating the impacts of an oil spill on wildlife.
COMPONENTS OF AERIAL OPERATIONS TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Rowe Emily , Gair Stuart 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Aerial operations play an integral role in any marine oil spill; from spotting, surveillance and quantification to assisting with other operations. The value of having a birds eye view and being able to feed information directly into decision making groups and the ICS structure is invaluable.
Such an important component of today'S response toolbox, aerial surveillance remains a ‘black art’ when compared to the more commonly used tools such as shoreline and surface water surveillance. Variation in application methods, knowledge of limitations and discrepancies in the interpretation of outputs all reduce the overall value of the information acquired.
Solutions to this problem sound profoundly simple, an increase in training, more numerous training flights and an improved exposure for individual aerial operators. Being in a position to take such opportunities, responders in Oil Spill Response and East Asia Response Ltd (OSRL EARL) are pushing to develop new systems and use their experience to improve performance.
Using actual operational flights as test platforms to develop new integrated tools, the authors will demonstrate these tools and outputs from various training flights and operational sorties to illustrate the current status of development and discuss future plans.
TOOLS, TIPS, AND TECHNIQUES FOR REALISTIC RESPONDER TRAINING
Authors: Hall Christopher J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
There is no dispute that ongoing training results in a more proficient workforce; this is certainly true in oil spill response training. As more and more training programs are relegated to online and self-taught methods of instruction, response organizations must not lose focus on the need for relevant practical training to ensure responder readiness. Real-world experience through on-the-job training is a good complement to a training program, but should not be used as a substitute for it; personnel must be trained in their jobs before an incident occurs. To make training meaningful, it must allow all levels of the organization to prepare effectively and to “train the way we intend to respond”. Classroom overviews and lectures are only part of the picture. To be completely effective, the training must provide students with an opportunity to correlate their knowledge and skills.
The challenge for trainers is to keep the material and methods relevant and interesting while satisfying the training objectives. Some basic classroom instruction is usually required, particularly when personnel are new to the material, and even some online tools may have a role to play. However, once the basic steps are understood, the training must shift to actually using the procedures, tools, and equipment that will be provided in a real event. Activities must be carried out as realistically as possible; information gaps, communication problems, and organizational obstacles must be allowed to exist. These become additional issues for the students to resolve. Instructors need to plan and monitor these events carefully to ensure meeting the objectives and keeping on track.
For years, Alaska Clean Seas has been training North Slope Spill Response Teams using this model. Successful responder training with realistic problem solving keeps the students actively involved. This paper explores innovative training methods and offers examples and guidance in developing interesting, scenario-based responder training courses.
BUILDING AN INCIDENT MANAGEMENT TEAM THAT WORKS
Authors: Wieliczkiewicz Edward , Covey Stephen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
There are 5 components to an effective response system - remove any of the components and the system fails:Leadership – Provide direction and a sense of purpose. These individuals will project confidence and a sense of purpose with authority. The leader provides them the direction they need to be the responder they have trained to become.Management System - Allow for flexibility to be effective. As we work within our management system we have to be sure that we stay within the system. When we train, we strengthen personal relationships with all components of the system. The caution is that these relationships can sometimes overwhelm or replace the process the system is designed to support. This can result in confusion and a loss if effectiveness.Training – Responders need to understand the system, their role within the system and what it takes to succeed. Using the tools for a small response helps them become routine and a natural reaction, not a skill that needs to be learned when the pressure is magnified. People tend to fall into the routine that they practice. The key is to practice properly.Catalyst – An event that brings the team from the training mode and turns into an effective response mechanism. This gives the team a sense of worth and moves them up the ladder towards the “Esprit” stage. It ensures the team knows their effort is worth while and their effort is making a difference.Thanks from the community and those in power- Even if not displayed publicly, this validates the team'S perception of itself and establishes a place as a member within the community. Personnel who are part of a response organization on a volunteer basis can face resentment from coworkers and supervisors due to the time impact it places on their day to day activities. Receiving thanks validates the worth of their time and effort to their peers and supervisors.
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF SPILLED DIESEL USING DIAGNOSTIC SESQUITERPANES AND DIAMONDOIDS
Authors: Wang* Zhendi , Yang C. , Hollebone B. , Brown C. , Landriault M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Examination of GC-MS chromatograms of bicyclic biomarker sesquiterpanes and diamondoids using their characteristic fragment ions provides another highly diagnostic means for correlation and differentiation of unknown spilled oil samples that are difficult to identify by current fingerprinting techniques. In this work, GC-FID and GC-MS fingerprinting analysis in conjunction with statistical data analysis of target oil hydrocarbons including sesquiterpanes and diamondoids was performed for identification of an unknown oil spill incident occurred in a harbor of the Netherlands in 2004. Forensic investigation included the: (1) identification and characterization of numerous sesquiterpanes and diamondoids; (2) comparison of the distribution of sesquiterpanes and diamondoids; (3) development of a series of diagnostic indices for correlation and differentiation of spilled fuel samples; and (4) use of “Two-tailed” unpaired Student'S t-test to statistically evaluate the imperceptible differences between the selected diagnostic ratios of target compounds in the spill fuel and the suspected source fuel samples. At a 95% confidence interval, 33 of all 38 diagnostic indices (among them, 20 are diagnostic indices of sesquiterpanes and diamondoids) show positive matches between spill sample and suspected source fuel sample 1. In comparison, only 5 of 38 diagnostic indices indicate positive matches between spill sample and suspected source sample 3. These evidences demonstrate that the bunker ship has the responsibility for this oil spill incident.
PRE-AUTHORIZATION FOR THE USE OF SOLIDIFIERS: RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED
Authors: Michel Jacqueline , Keane Patrick , Benggio Bradford 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Regional Response Teams for Region 4 and the Caribbean developed pre-authorization documents to allow the use of solidifiers as listed on the National Product Schedule for mitigation of oil spills. Solidifiers are considered an alternative to sorbents or mechanical recovery for removal of small amounts of oil or thin sheens from the water surface. Throughout the process of developing the pre-authorization documents, a number of questions arose which were identified as key issues to a successful outcome, such as: What are sorbents? What are solidifiers? What are appropriate criteria for classification of solidifiers? What are the mechanisms of action for solidifiers? What is the typical composition of solidifiers? What are the environmental concerns associated with solidifiers? What are the benefits, shortcomings, and comparisons of using solidifiers versus sorbents? What are application and monitoring issues associated with use of solidifiers? What are the solidifier products currently listed on the NC? Product Schedule? The questions, while simple in nature, were complex in terms of the answers. There are conflicting and confusing criteria that exist when attempting to determine the nature of product designation as a sorbent or solidifier. Review of the ASTM criteria and Product Schedule in Subchapter J of the National Contingency Plan did little to clear the confusion. Despite this challenge, guidelines were developed for conditions where solidifiers could be pre-authorized for use including types of oil, use in loose form on any oil type under 500 gallons (treatment volume), no more than 1,000 pounds of solidifier loose product applied in response to a spill event, complete containment and recovery of all material, and monitoring requirements. A lesson learned from this exercise was that there needs to be a review and clarification of existing criteria for determining the difference between a sorbent and solidifier. This clarification will greatly assist in product classification under the Product Schedule during the projected upcoming regulatory project to rewrite Subchapter J of the NCP. That effort, in turn, will eliminate perceived discrepancies in product classification and allow the pre-authorization document to be a more lucid product for use by On Scene Coordinators.
SOKO PROJECT: DEVELOPING DETAILED OIL COMBATING PLAN FOR MANAGING ON-SHORE CLEAN-UP PROCEDURES IN FINLAND
Authors: Halonen Justiina , Pascale Melinda 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Shipping on the Baltic Sea, especially the transportation of oil, has grown significantly over the past few years. One of the most accident risky areas for Finland is situated in the Eastern Gulf of Finland (lat. 60° 11’ long. 027° 45’ E). The Baltic Sea has officially been classified by the International Maritime Organization as Particularly Sensitive Sea Area in 2005.
In Finland the Regional Rescue Services (RRS) are responsible for organising on-shore clean-up with the assistance of the Regional Environmental Centres (REC). These oil combating authorities of Kymenlaakso region in south-eastern Finland have developed a thorough preparedness for oil incidents with the help of SOKO – Management of on-shore oil combating - project (SOKO). SOKO, innovated and administrated by the Kymenlaakso University of Applied Sciences (KyAMK), produced a detailed guidebook for oil combating authorities and the response commander (RC). The scope of the guidebook was achieved as an interdisciplinary effort between educational institutes, rescue services, environmental centres, authorities, civic organisations and businesses.
The guidebook provides detailed information on how to conduct oil combating in the case of a major oil incident where the oil reaches the shores. The guidebook is used as an action plan, as a manual for the response commander (RC) as well as for training both authorities and volunteers. It is an extensive collection of studies undertaken by further education students and specialists under the supervision of the project steering committee, formed by local oil combating authorities and KyAMK SOKO project personnel. The guidebook discusses the oil combating organisation and the management, the human resources, the communication and the financing issues. The guidebook also covers the arranging cleaning operations, the oil combating equipment and the temporary storage sites in the mainland and the archipelago and the construction specifications for the temporary storages. Transportation of oily wastes was also examined including the methods for loading and discharging oily wastes, as well as the sea, road and railway transportation methods using a database for estimating the best and most economic routes from the archipelago to the mainland. In addition, detailed operative charts were produced, with indications of the cleaning sectors and the oil waste transportation spots.
The SOKO contingency plan differs from the governmental plans by focusing only on the on-shore response excluding the at-sea response. The role of the oil combating authorities in the project was to identify unresolved issues in preparedness, provide practical information, supervise and accept the outcome. The main financier of SOKO in 2003–2007 was the Finnish Ministry of Education. The SOKO concept is currently expanding to cover more coastal area in the Gulf of Finland (SOKO II -project 2007–2011).