Abstract 2138: RasGRP3 mediates MAPK pathway activation in GNAQ mutant uveal melanoma
Authors: Chen Xu , Wu Qiuxia , Depeille Philippe , Roose Jeroen P. , Bastian Boris C. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults and no effective treatment options are available for metastatic disease. Over 80% of UM show mutations in the Gαq family members GNAQ and GNA11. MAP-kinase pathway activation in part mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) has been shown as one critical contributing factor to GNAQ-mediated oncogenesis. However PKC inhibition alone does not completely suppress MAPK signaling. A more refined understanding of the signaling cascade linking MAPK signaling to mutant GNAQ or GNA11 is required to develop more effective strategies for targeted therapy. Among more than 10 different PKC isoforms, we identified both PKC δ and PKC ϵ to be required and sufficient to activate MAPK pathway in GNAQ mutant melanomas by using siRNA mediated knock-down and co-transfection of GNAQQ209L and specific PKC isoform cDNAs. Overexpression of GNAQQ209L in 293FT cells increased Ras-GTP level and knock down of three Ras isoforms in GNAQ mutant uveal melanoma cell lines decreased MAPK signaling. Microarray analysis of 5 different GNAQ/11 mutant and 5 NRAS/BRAF-mutant melanoma cells revealed RasGRP3, a Ras-guanyl nucleotide exchange factor (RasGEF), ranks at the top of 487 differentially expressed genes between (cut off : p&lt;0.05, fold change &gt;2 or &lt;-2). Quantitative RT-PCR and western blot confirmed markedly (&gt;100 fold) elevated RasGRP3 levels in GNAQ/11 mutant melanoma cells, while other RasGEFs were not significantly altered. Knock down of RasGRP3 decreased MAPK signaling and proliferation in GNAQ mutant melanoma cells, while it no effect on BRAF mutant cells. Mutating the PKC phosphorylation site of RasGRP3 (T133) partially attenuated RasGRP3-mediated MAPK signaling. Overexpression of PKC δ and PKC ϵ increased RasGRP3 T133 phosphorylation but not PKC α and PKC ζ. While PKC inhibition completely abrogated RasGRP3 T133 phosphorylation, it did not fully suppress RasGRP3-mediated MAPK signaling, indicating that its activating effect only partly requires PKC. We found that RasGRP3 activation mediated by its diacylglycerol(DAG) binding C1 domain provides an independent conduit of activation, which is augmented by PKC-mediated phosphorylation at T133. DAG is a second messenger that is released by phospholipase C, a direct effector of activated GNAQ/11. Finally, we found that the markedly elevated RasGRP3 expression in GNAQ mutant melanoma cell lines is a direct consequence of the oncogenic signaling and is mediated by PKC δ and ϵ. Hence, our data identify RasGRP3 as a critical signaling node linking oncogenic signaling downstream of GNAQ/11 to the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway through three mechanisms: phosphorylation by PKC δ and ϵ, binding of the second messenger DAG, and by upregulation of its protein level as a consequence of oncogenic GNAQ-mediated activation of PKC δ and PKC ϵ. The findings nominate RasGRP3 as a possible therapeutic target for cancers driven by oncogenic GNAQ/11.
Citation Format: Xu Chen, Qiuxia Wu, Philippe Depeille, Jeroen P. Roose, Boris C. Bastian. RasGRP3 mediates MAPK pathway activation in GNAQ mutant uveal melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2138. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2138