bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complications Associated with Retained Foreign Bodies from Infected Penile Implants: Proposal for the Use of an Implant-Specific Checklist at the Time of Device Removal
Authors: Kava Bruce R. , Burdick-Wil Joshua 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Infection of a penile prosthesis requires that all device hardware and associated foreign materials are removed, irrespective of whether a salvage procedure will be performed. Failure to remove all foreign bodies from the operative field may result in persistent infection, necessitating surgical intervention.

Aim
To review our experience with complications arising from retained foreign bodies following removal of an infected penile prosthesis. We highlight the clinical features that should raise suspicion of retained device-associated materials, and also the role of imaging in evaluating these patients. Finally, a rational approach to prevent these occurrences is proposed with the implementation of an implant-specific checklist.

Methods
Medical records and imaging studies of patients presenting to our center with retained foreign bodies following removal of an infected penile prosthesis were reviewed.

Main Outcome Measures
Clinical and radiologic details of each of these cases were abstracted, including patient demographics, presenting symptoms, characteristics of retained materials, bacterial cultures, treatment, and follow-up.

Results
Presenting symptoms included: (i) persistent and relapsing drainage from cutaneous fistulae; (ii) cellulitis overlying an infected reservoir; (iii) persistent penile pain; and (iv) an asymptomatic individual requesting elective placement of a second implant. Infected foreign materials retrieved included: two rear-tip extenders, a tubing connector, two infected reservoirs, and nonabsorbable mesh. Preoperative computerized tomography scan confirmed the presence and the location of all of these materials. Using this data, we propose using an implant-specific checklist to insure removal of all device-related foreign bodies when explanting an infected penile prosthesis.

Conclusions
A number of adverse sequelae may result from inadvertently leaving behind device-related materials when an infected implant is removed. Ultimately it is the responsibility of the surgeon removing an infected implant to insure that all device components and associated materials are removed. We believe that implementing a two-step implant-specific checklist is a rational prevention strategy.
Studies of the Thermal and Haline Influences on Growth and Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei and Litopenaeus setiferus
Authors: Perez‐Velazquez Martin , González‐Félix Mayra L. , Davis D. A. , Roy Luke A. , Zhu Xuezhi 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of salinity (1–48 g/L) on the biological performance, as evaluated by growth and survival, of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and the Atlantic white shrimp, Litopenaeus setiferus, reared at temperatures of 20, 24 or 28 C. Poor growth and survival of L. vannamei was observed after 21–28 d of culture at low salinity (2 and 4 g/L) at 20 C. Raising salinity to 8 and up to 32 g/L significantly increased survival at this temperature, indicating that avoiding low temperatures is critical for survival of this species when reared at low salinity. A major improvement in the growth rate of L. vannamei was observed at 24 C, but it still was sub‐optimal compared to growth observed at 28 C. Irrespective of salinity, high survival rates were observed at both 24 and 28 C, but variable growth rates were recorded. Contrary to L. vannamei, the Atlantic white shrimp, L. setiferus, which was reared for 28 d at 24 C only, had better growth performance at 8 g/L compared to 2, 16 and 32 g/L. Under equal experimental conditions, L. setiferus had considerably lower weight gain and survival than L. vannamei.
Ethicists’ and Nonethicists’ Responsiveness to Student E‐mails: Relationships Among Expressed Normative Attitude, Self‐Described Behavior, and Empirically Observed Behavior
Authors: Rust Joshua , Schwitzgebel Eric 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDo professional ethicists behave any morally better than other professors do? Do they show any greater consistency between their normative attitudes and their behavior? In response to a survey question, a large majority of professors (83 percent of ethicists, 83 percent of nonethicist philosophers, and 85 percent of nonphilosophers) expressed the view that “not consistently responding to student e‐mails” is morally bad. A similarly large majority of professors claimed to respond to at least 95 percent of student e‐mails. These professors, and others, were sent three e‐mails designed to look like queries from students. Ethicists’ e‐mail response rates were not significantly different from the other two groups’. Expressed normative view correlated with self‐estimated rate of e‐mail responsiveness, especially among the ethicists. Empirically measured e‐mail responsiveness, however, was at best weakly correlated with self‐estimated e‐mail responsiveness; and professors’ expressed normative attitude was not significantly correlated with empirically measured e‐mail responsiveness for any of the three groups.
Sonata Form and the Problem of Second‐Theme Beginnings
Authors: Richards Mark 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAlthough the second theme (ST) group is a crucial landmark in Classical sonata form, where it is usually articulated with great clarity, in many instances its beginning cannot be so easily discerned, especially in Beethoven. The problem is that no matter how powerful a single rule may be, none by itself can identify all those locations which may be considered an ST beginning. This article therefore proposes that an ST beginning depends on the presence of several musical signals, each of which contributes to its expression. These include: (1) tonic harmony of the new key, (2) beginning and end functions in the manner of one of Caplin's theme types, (3) preparation by a phrase‐ending chord, (4) the textural gap of Hepokoski and Darcy's medial caesura (MC) and, at the ST beginning itself, (5) a change in texture, (6) a change in dynamic and (7) characteristic melodic material. A sonata deformation in any of the first three signals sets off a teleologicalST process, which attempts to compensate for the deficiencies of the signal. By contrast, the deformation of an absent MC gap can produce anintegrated STor, if combined with an absent preparatory chord, aspontaneous ST.
Deconstructing Ixodes ricinus: a partial matrix model allowing mapping of tick development, mortality and activity rates
Authors: ESTRADA‐PEÑA A. , ESTRADA‐SÁNCHEZ D. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA stage‐structured Leslie matrix model of a partial, discrete population of Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus) (Ixodida: Ixodidae) ticks was developed to elucidate the impact of climate trends on the distribution and phenology of this species in the western Palaearctic. The model calculates development and mortality rates for each instar and evaluates recruitment rates based on the development of the tick population. The model captures the changes in development and mortality rates, providing a coherent index of performance correlated with the tick's geographic range. Maximum development rates are recorded for latitudes south of 36 °N and are spatially correlated with sites of maximum temperature, highest saturation deficit and highest mortality. The maximum available developmental time (the total annual time during which temperature allows development) for I. ricinus in the western Palaearctic is < 45% of the total year. North of 60 °N, available developmental time decreases sharply to only 15% of the year. The latitudinal boundary at which survival rates sharply drop is 43–46 °N, clearly delimiting the classically recognized extent of the main tick populations. The pattern of activity for larval–nymphal synchrony shows a clear west–east pattern. The model demonstrates the impact of climate according to tick stage and geographic location, and provides a practical framework for testing how the tick's lifecycle is affected by climate change.
Efficient development of Haynaldia villosa chromosome 6VS‐specific DNA markers using a CISP‐IS strategy
Authors: He Huagang , Zhu Shanying , Sun Weihong , Gao Derong , Bie Tongde 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDevelopment of effective molecular markers linked to Pm21 deriving from Haynaldia villosa is critical for wheat breeding of powdery mildew resistance. In this study, we designed 12 pairs of conserved‐intron scanning primers (CISPs), using intron‐containing conserved genes located on the short arm of Brachypodium distachyon chromosome 3 (3BdS) aligned with cDNA or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Triticeae crops. Of 12 CISP primer pairs, 11 amplified DNA both in H. villosa and in wheat, and four displayed H. villosa chromosome 6VS‐specific polymorphisms. Six non‐polymorphic DNAs were further sequenced for designing internal primers, and five additional 6VS‐specific markers were obtained. Of the total nine 6VS‐specific co‐dominant markers, six could effectively trace Pm21 in F2 population derived from the hybrid between the T6AL.6VS line and ‘Yangmai 158’. This study demonstrated that Brachypodium genomic information could be powerfully utilized to develop molecular markers in H. villosa or other Triticeae species.
Weighted cross‐correlation based variational optical flow for gastric flow analysis in ultrasonic videos
Authors: Chen Chaojie , Wang Yuanyuan , Yu Jinhua , Zhou Zhuyu , Shen Li , Chen Yaqing 
Published: April 2013

Purpose:Estimating the fluid motion in ultrasonic videos is a crucial step in the analysis of duodenogastric reflux. Severe image noise and illumination changes in the pyloric region (the region of interest) challenge the accurate estimation of gastric flow. In this paper, the authors propose an illumination‐robust optical flow method based on the weighted cross‐correlation.Methods:Cross‐correlation was combined with the variational optical method framework as an illumination‐robust local feature identifier. In consideration of accuracy near edges, they constructed visual similarity weights according to the characteristics of ultrasonic images. A processing procedure containing coarse‐to‐fine step and refinement was designed to get the final results. They tested the proposed method on synthetic and real ultrasonic images and compared it with other three optical flow methods. For quantitative evaluation, two metrics of angular and amplitude error were used.Results:The synthetic results demonstrate that the proposed method performs better on ultrasonic images, with angular error of 4.1° and amplitude error of 3.3%. In qualitative comparison, the proposed method kept the motion field smooth in the homogeneous region while preserving edge information. When they used the results of the proposed method to judge the gastric flow direction, the automatic judgments agreed well with visual observation.Conclusions:The proposed method is a good tool for image velocimetry in ultrasonic images. It provides promising results to estimate the motion of gastric flow in ultrasonic videos.
Disparate Host Immunity to Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosisAntigens in Calves Inoculated with M. avium subsp.paratuberculosis, M. avium subsp.avium, M. kansasii, and M. bovis
Authors: Stabel J. R. , Waters W. R. , Bannantine J. P. , Palmer M. V. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe cross-reactivity of mycobacterial antigens in immune-based diagnostic assays has been a major concern and a criticism of the current tests that are used for the detection of paratuberculosis. In the present study,Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisrecombinant proteins were evaluated for antigenic specificity compared to a whole-cell sonicate preparation (MPS). Measures of cell-mediated immunity toM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisantigens were compared in calves inoculated with liveM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis,M. aviumsubsp.avium(M. avium),Mycobacterium kansasii, orMycobacterium bovis. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses to MPS were observed in all calves that were exposed to mycobacteria compared to control calves at 4 months postinfection. Pooled recombinantM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisproteins also elicited nonspecific IFN-γ responses in inoculated calves, with the exception of calves infected withM. bovis.M. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisproteins failed to elicit antigen-specific responses for the majority of immune measures; however, the expression of CD25 and CD26 was upregulated on CD4, CD8, gamma/delta (γδ) T, and B cells for the calves that were inoculated with eitherM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisorM. aviumafter antigen stimulation of the cells. Stimulation with MPS also resulted in the increased expression of CD26 on CD45RO+CD25+T cells from calves inoculated withM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisandM. avium. Although recombinant proteins failed to elicit specific responses for the calves inoculated withM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis, the differences in immune responses toM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisantigens were dependent upon mycobacterial exposure. The results demonstrated a close alignment in immune responses between calves inoculated withM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisand those inoculated withM. aviumthat were somewhat disparate from the responses in calves infected withM. bovis, suggesting that the biology of mycobacterial infection plays an important role in diagnosis.
Analytical Evaluation of GeneXpert CT/NG, the First Genetic Point-of-Care Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Tabrizi Sepehr N. , Unemo Magnus , Golparian Daniel , Twin Jimmy , Limnios Athena E. , Lahra Monica , Guy Rebecca 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

GeneXpert CT/NG was evaluated with 372 characterized bacterial strains. Sensitivity of 10 genome copies/reaction was obtained for both agents. Four
Neisseria mucosa
and two
Neisseria subflava
isolates were positive for one of two gonococcal targets; however, the assay flagged all as negative. The assay was analytically highly sensitive and specific.
Tropism of and Innate Immune Responses to the Novel Human Betacoronavirus Lineage C Virus in Human
Ex Vivo
Respiratory Organ Cultures
Authors: Chan Renee W. Y. , Chan Michael C. W. , Agnihothram Sudhakar , Chan Louisa L. Y. , Kuok Denise I. T. , Fong Joanne H. M. , Guan Y. , Poon Leo L. M. , Baric Ralph S. , Nicholls John M. , Peiris J. S. Malik 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Since April 2012, there have been 17 laboratory-confirmed human cases of respiratory disease associated with newly recognized human betacoronavirus lineage C virus EMC (HCoV-EMC), and 7 of them were fatal. The transmissibility and pathogenesis of HCoV-EMC remain poorly understood, and elucidating its cellular tropism in human respiratory tissues will provide mechanistic insights into the key cellular targets for virus propagation and spread. We utilized
ex vivo
cultures of human bronchial and lung tissue specimens to investigate the tissue tropism and virus replication kinetics following experimental infection with HCoV-EMC compared with those following infection with human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The innate immune responses elicited by HCoV-EMC were also investigated. HCoV-EMC productively replicated in human bronchial and lung
ex vivo
organ cultures. While SARS-CoV productively replicated in lung tissue, replication in human bronchial tissue was limited. Immunohistochemistry revealed that HCoV-EMC infected nonciliated bronchial epithelium, bronchiolar epithelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Transmission electron microscopy showed virions within the cytoplasm of bronchial epithelial cells and budding virions from alveolar epithelial cells (type II). In contrast, there was minimal HCoV-229E infection in these tissues. HCoV-EMC failed to elicit strong type I or III interferon (IFN) or proinflammatory innate immune responses in
ex vivo
respiratory tissue cultures. Treatment of human lung tissue
ex vivo
organ cultures with type I IFNs (alpha and beta IFNs) at 1 h postinfection reduced the replication of HCoV-EMC, suggesting a potential therapeutic use of IFNs for treatment of human infection.
Complete Genome Sequences of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses 1A and 1B Determined Directly from Fatal Cases
Authors: Wilkie Gavin S. , Davison Andrew J. , Watson Mick , Kerr Karen , Sanderson Stephanie , Bouts Tim , Steinbach Falko , Dastjerdi Akbar 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

A highly lethal hemorrhagic disease associated with infection by elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) poses a severe threat to Asian elephant husbandry. We have used high-throughput methods to sequence the genomes of the two genotypes that are involved in most fatalities, namely, EEHV1A and EEHV1B (species
Elephantid herpesvirus 1
, genus
Proboscivirus
, subfamily
Betaherpesvirinae
, family
Herpesviridae
). The sequences were determined from postmortem tissue samples, despite the data containing tiny proportions of viral reads among reads from a host for which the genome sequence was not available. The EEHV1A genome is 180,421 bp in size and consists of a unique sequence (174,601 bp) flanked by a terminal direct repeat (2,910 bp). The genome contains 116 predicted protein-coding genes, of which six are fragmented, and seven paralogous gene families are present. The EEHV1B genome is very similar to that of EEHV1A in structure, size, and gene layout. Half of the EEHV1A genes lack orthologs in other members of subfamily
Betaherpesvirinae
, such as human cytomegalovirus (genus
Cytomegalovirus
) and human herpesvirus 6A (genus
Roseolovirus
). Notable among these are 23 genes encoding type 3 membrane proteins containing seven transmembrane domains (the 7TM family) and seven genes encoding related type 2 membrane proteins (the EE50 family). The EE50 family appears to be under intense evolutionary selection, as it is highly diverged between the two genotypes, exhibits evidence of sequence duplications or deletions, and contains several fragmented genes. The availability of the genome sequences will facilitate future research on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of EEHV-associated disease.
EWSR1 Binds the Hepatitis C Virus
cis
-Acting Replication Element and Is Required for Efficient Viral Replication
Authors: Oakland Todd E. , Haselton Kyle J. , Randall Glenn 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome contains numerous RNA elements that are required for its replication. Most of the identified RNA structures are located within the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). One prominent RNA structure, termed the
cis
-acting replication element (CRE), is located within the NS5B coding region. Mutation of part of the CRE, the 5BSL3.2 stem-loop, impairs HCV RNA replication. This loop has been implicated in a kissing interaction with a complementary stem-loop structure in the 3′ UTR. Although it is clear that this interaction is required for viral replication, the function of the interaction, and its regulation are unknown. In order to gain insight into the CRE function, we isolated cellular proteins that preferentially bind the CRE and identified them using mass spectrometry. This approach identified EWSR1 as a CRE-binding protein. Silencing EWSR1 expression impairs HCV replication and infectious virus production but not translation. While EWRS1 is a shuttling protein that is extensively nuclear in hepatocytes, substantial amounts of EWSR1 localize to the cytosol in HCV-infected cells and colocalize with sites of HCV replication. A subset of EWRS1 translocates into detergent-resistant membrane fractions, which contain the viral replicase proteins, in cells with replicating HCV. EWSR1 directly binds the CRE, and this is dependent on the intact CRE structure. Finally, EWSR1 preferentially interacts with the CRE in the absence of the kissing interaction. This study implicates EWSR1 as a novel modulator of CRE function in HCV replication.
Toscana Virus NSs Protein Inhibits the Induction of Type I Interferon by Interacting with RIG-I
Authors: Gori-Savellini Gianni , Valentini Melissa , Cusi Maria Grazia 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Toscana virus (TOSV) is a phlebovirus, of the
Bunyaviridae
family, that is responsible for central nervous system (CNS) injury in humans. Previous data have shown that the TOSV NSs protein is a gamma interferon (IFN-β) antagonist when transiently overexpressed in mammalian cells, inhibiting IRF-3 induction (G. Gori Savellini, F. Weber, C. Terrosi, M. Habjan, B. Martorelli, and M. G. Cusi, J. Gen. Virol.
92:
71–79, 2011). In this study, we investigated whether an upstream sensor, which has a role in the signaling cascade leading to the production of type I IFN, was involved. We found a significant decrease in RIG-I protein levels in cells overexpressing TOSV NSs, suggesting that the nonstructural protein interacts with RIG-I and targets it for proteasomal degradation. In fact, the MG-132 proteasome inhibitor was able to restore IFN-β promoter activation in cells expressing NSs, demonstrating the existence of an evasion mechanism based on inhibition of the RIG-I sensor. Furthermore, a C-terminal truncated NSs protein (ΔNSs), although able to interact with RIG-I, did not affect the RIG-I-mediated IFN-β promoter activation, suggesting that the NSs domains responsible for RIG-I-mediated signaling and interaction with RIG-I are mapped on different regions. These results contribute to identify a novel mechanism for bunyaviruses by which TOSV NSs counteracts the early IFN response.
Ets-1 Is Required for the Activation of VEGFR3 during Latent Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection of Endothelial Cells
Authors: Gutierrez Kimberley D. , Morris Valerie A. , Wu David , Barcy Serge , Lagunoff Michael 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), is present in the predominant tumor cells of KS, the spindle cells. Spindle cells express markers of lymphatic endothelium and, interestingly, KSHV infection of blood endothelial cells reprograms them to a lymphatic endothelial cell phenotype. KSHV-induced reprogramming requires the activation of STAT3 and phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)/AKT through the activation of cellular receptor gp130. Importantly, KSHV-induced reprogramming is specific to endothelial cells, indicating that there are additional host genes that are differentially regulated during KSHV infection of endothelial cells that contribute to lymphatic reprogramming. We found that the transcription factor Ets-1 is highly expressed in KS spindle cells and is upregulated during KSHV infection of endothelial cells in culture. The KSHV latent vFLIP gene is sufficient to induce Ets-1 expression in an NF-κB-dependent fashion. Ets-1 is required for KSHV-induced expression of VEGFR3, a lymphatic endothelial-cell-specific receptor important for lymphangiogenesis, and Ets-1 activates the promoter of VEGFR3. Ets-1 knockdown does not alter the expression of another lymphatic-specific gene, the podoplanin gene, but does inhibit the expression of VEGFR3 in uninfected lymphatic endothelium, indicating that Ets-1 is a novel cellular regulator of VEGFR3 expression. Knockdown of Ets-1 affects the ability of KSHV-infected cells to display angiogenic phenotypes, indicating that Ets-1 plays a role in KSHV activation of endothelial cells during latent KSHV infection. Thus, Ets-1 is a novel regulator of VEGFR3 and is involved in the induction of angiogenic phenotypes by KSHV.