bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MITOCHONDRIAL CHANGES IN THE CELLS OF THE GASTRIC GLANDS IN RELATION TO ACTIVITY
Authors: Lim R. K. S. , Ma W. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. The granules of the oxyntic cells are probably mitochondrial. During activity there is a peripheral aggregation of granules which eventually leaves the central part of the cell free from them. The granules themselves may elongate into rods (dog and cat) or filaments (rabbit). Other changes, such as swelling of the granules and loss of staining, also take place in some of the cells. It is suggested that these are extreme changes of a pathological character.2. The peptic cells contain dot‐like mitochondria in the periphery of the loaded or resting cell. As the granules are discharged, mitochondrial rods or filaments develop in the interior of the cell, forming a loose network. The free ends of some of the filaments become varicose, and in the rabbit the appearance suggests a transformation of the swollen ends into free zymogen granules, although such a transition is not clearly indicated in the dog or cat.3. The changes consequent on activity are more marked among the deeply situated oxyntic cells, while, in the case of the peptic cells, it is the superficial cells which are the most affected. The causes of these differences are discussed.4. The oxyntic mitochondria are not greatly reduced in number after prolonged activity, while the peptic mitochondria increase as the zymogen is discharged, and vice versa. It is suggested that the mitochondria act as facilitators and do not become transformed into secretion material, although some of the mitochondria may be bound up with the secretion and thereby lost. Since the peptic secretion is probably more colloidal in nature than that of the oxyntic cell, it may explain a greater loss (?) of mitochondria by the former if it is supposed that the zymogen is able to adsorb mitochondrial material.5. The mucoid‐cell mitochondria show no appreciable change with activity. This is to be expected in view of the little variation in the secretion of these cells.6. Histologically the cells showing the greatest change after activity may be considered to have their function impaired (fatigued ?), but functionally it is found that the volume of secretion does not diminish pari passu with the onset of such changes. That is to say, there are certain structural changes consequent upon activity, and especially prolonged activity, but these do not indicate cessation of function.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—V. THE STEADY STATE
Authors: Ponder Eric 
Published: December 2014

1. In this paper the maintenance of the steady state of the Arneth count is considered in detail. It is shown that the distribution of the cells among the various Arneth classes is due to the cells remaining a short time in Class I., a longer time in Class II., a still longer time in Class III., and so on, the cells normally entering the circulation as cells of Class I. and leaving it from Classes IV. and V.2. The steady state in abnormal conditions is briefly referred to, and shown to be due to the cells leaving the circulation from classes earlier than Classes IV. and V.3. The relation of the Arneth count to conditions of leucocytosis and leucopenia is considered.This research was carried out under a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society.
REPRODUCTION AND DIET IN THE RAT
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. 
Published: December 2014

1. The presence of vitamin E in ether‐extract of crushed oats isshown, and its necessity for normal reproduction in both male and female rats is confirmed.2. Deficiency of calcium in an otherwise complete diet is shown to induce sterility in both male and female rats. The effect is probably on the germ cells.3. A protein intake of 75 per cent. in the form of caseinogen is also found to result in sterility in both sexes of the rat. Again it is apparently the germ cells that are affected.4.
Mitchell's assertion that agar‐agar is necessary for reproduction when feeding with purified diets is not confirmed, but it is found to be of benefit in feeding with a diet of over 70 per cent. protein, without other carbohydrate.5.
Reader and
Drummond's finding regarding the absence of kidney degeneration after the excretion of very large quantities of nitrogen over periods of about four months is confirmed.The grants which enabled this investigation to be undertaken were supplied by the Earl of Moray Fund and the Medical Research Council.
THE VASCULAR ARRANGEMENTS OF THE MAMMALIAN SPLEEN
Authors: Mills Edward S. 
Published: December 2014

1. The circulation through the splenic pulp is an open one, but the Malphigian follicles have closed capillaries. The rate of flow is sluggish in certain areas, notably about the follicles.2. The ellipsoids are collections of intensely phagocytic mononuclear cells, occurring at or near the termination of the penicillar arteries of the spleen of certain animals. These cells are embedded in a fine reticular framework which acts as a filter for foreign particles.3. Ellipsoids do not occur in the rabbit.4. The size of the ellipsoids depends largely upon the need for such tissue at the time.5. They are not perfect one‐way valves.6. In the spleen of the cat and dog phagocytosis of Indian ink particles is carried on largely by cells of these structures.7. After phagocytosis and migration of the phagocytes, regeneration of the ellipsoids occurs by proliferation of the cells at the termination of the penicillus.8. Marked hyperplasia of the ellipsoids may result from injection of suitable amounts of foreign particles.I wish to express my thanks to Professor JOHN TAIT for assistance during the prosecution of this investigation and in preparation of the manuscript.The expenses of the research were in part defrayed by a grant from the James Cooper Fund of McGill University for Research in Experimental Medicine.
THE NORMAL RESPONSE OF THE ISOLATED UTERUS TO CALCIUM IONS AND THE RESPONSE AFTER EXPERIMENTAL INTERFERENCE
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. 
Published: December 2014

1. The effect on the isolated rat‐uterus of diminishing the calcium content of the perfusing Dale solution to half the normal amount is to produce an increase in the rate of total contractions and a gradual diminution of tone. The removal of all the calcium increases both these results still further. The effect on maximal contractions is irregular.2. The result of doubling the calcium content is to inhibit the rhythmic movements and to produce a more rapid diminution of tone.3. When rats are fed on a diet poor in calcium, which results in sterility, the rate of rhythmic contraction of the uterus with normal Dale, and with Dale with half calcium, and with no calcium, is lessened. The tone is unaltered.4. When the dietary treatment has been a high‐protein regime which causes sterility, the activity of the isolated uterus is not affected.5. Ovariotomy of adult rats causes after a time (150 days or more) an almost complete disappearance of the rhythmic function of the isolated uterus, but the tone is not diminished.6. The response to variations of the calcium content of the perfusing fluid in ovariotomised animals is qualitatively similar to that of controls, but much less in extent.The expenses of this research have been defrayed by grants from the Medical Research Council and from the Earl of Moray Fund.
THE ABSORPTION, DEPOSITION, AND TRANSPORT OF FAT IN THE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Smith J. Lorrain , Rettie Theodore 
Published: December 2014

1. In the intestine of the guinea‐pig a proportion of the fat absorbed from the food is deposited in the villi in the form of large immobile masses.2. Extracellular deposition of fat in lymphatic channels and perhaps tissue‐spaces is peculiar to the guinea‐pig. In all other animals investigated deposition in tissues occurs in cells only.3. Reduction of fat in the diet to a trace (0.1 per cent.) is followed in a few days by complete reabsorption of this deposit.4. When fat‐containing diet (4 per cent.) is restored, the deposits reappear in two to three days.5. The mechanism of this deposition and subsequent dispersion has still to be explained. It is extracellular; it depends on the quantity of fat in the diet; it exhibits in the same area an alternation of coalescence and dispersion of fat.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XIV. THE COUNT IN SURGICAL TUBERCULOSIS IN THE HIGH ALPS
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. , Flint K. Newstead 
Published: December 2014

1. The Arneth count in cases of surgical tuberculosis treated by natural heliotherapy in the Alps does not show so great a left‐handed deviation as in similar cases treated in Britain.2. It is suggested that this may be taken as one of the indications of the success of this method of treatment, and reasons are adduced for this.
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION.—THE EFFECT UPON SALIVARY SECRETION OF THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF LACTIC ACID, SODIUM LACTATE, AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Authors: Eddy Nathan B. 
Published: December 2014

In the dog the secretion of the pilocarpinised submaxillary gland is increased by the intravenous administration of lactic and hydrochloric acids. With the latter the increase in secretion varies in duration and magnitude and is followed frequently by a decrease below the original level. Its effect is the same whether the sympathetic supply to the gland is intact or not.Both agents increase the submaxillary blood‐volume flow with the vago‐sympathetic intact, but the magnitude of this change seems insufficient to account for the increase in secretion though it might contribute to it. A similar increase in blood‐volume flow is produced after cutting the vago‐sympathetic.The increase in secretion produced by lactic acid is greater if the vago‐sympathetic has been cut.Sodium lactate, intravenously injected, decreases salivary secretion if the vago‐sympathetic is intact but increases it if the nerve is cut. It increases submaxillary blood‐volume flow in a like degree whether the vago‐sympathetic is intact or not.The differences in the effects of lactic acid and sodium lactate before and after section of the sympathetic supply to the gland suggest a central as well as peripheral control of salivary secretion. The lactate ions appear to be inhibitory to the central and augmentory to the peripheral mechanism of secretion.All three agents cause transient changes in blood‐pressure, and both of the acids always increase pulmonary ventilation, though the change is generally more transitory than the effect upon secretion. Sodium lactate has no effect upon pulmonary ventilation or decreases it. Again the effect is transient.It is believed that changes in the acid base equilibrium of the tissues and blood are an important factor in the effect upon secretion of lactic acid, of hydrochloric acid, and of sodium lactate. Coincident changes in blood‐volume flow probably affected the results, and some additional effect of the lactate ionis, such as their use as food material supplying energy for secretion, may be involved.The act of cutting the vago‐sympathetic, while the submaxillary gland was secreting at a constant rate under the continuous injection of pilocarpine, increased submaxillary blood‐volume flow sharply but decreased the rate of secretion. Possible mechanisms producing these changes have been discussed.
INFLUENCE OF RESTING LENGTH ON THE OXYGEN USE OF PLAIN MUSCLE
Authors: David J. Christodoss 
Published: December 2014

1. Stretching of the frog's bladder has no certain effect on its oxygen consumption.2. The oxygen consumption of plain muscle at rest is much higher than that of resting skeletal muscle.3. In a frog at rest the total oxygen consumption of the plain muscle is nearly equal to the total oxygen consumption of the skeletal muscle.I am grateful to Professor
Clark for suggesting this work and for his constant help.
THE DIFFUSION OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE INTO AND FROM MUSCLE
Authors: Semeonoff Eugenia 
Published: December 2014

1. Using the diffusion method described, the concentration of phosphate in a Ringer solution necessary for equilibrium with resting frog muscle is about 20 mgms. per cent., and with fatigued muscle about 50 mgms. per cent.2. These results are in agreement with those found by direct estimation, therefore all the inorganic phosphate of muscle is freely diffusible.3. A muscle placed in oxygenated Ringer solution containing phosphate, and then suspended in oxygen, establishes a constant resting equilibrium whatever the concentration of phosphate in the surrounding fluid may be.4. No isotonic strength of Ringer solution could be found for muscle in rigor.
SPONTANEOUS “DECIDUOMATOUS TUMOURS” IN THE PSEUDOPREGNANT RAT
Authors: Hain Annie M. 
Published: December 2014

A brief histological description is given of the ovaries, uteri, and “deciduomatous tumours” of two rats in which hæmorrhage was observed towards the end of pseudopregnancy.Although preparations of gonadotropic hormone prolonged the period of pseudopregnancy, they did not increase the frequency of the occurrence of the “tumours.”The phenomena attendant upon “placental sign,” and those associated with the hæmorrhage which accompanies the tumours, have many points of resemblance in common.The possibility that the tumours exert a general and not merely a local effect, is touched upon.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XXII. THE LIBERATION OF THE NEUTROPHILS FROM THE LEUCOGENIC CENTRES
Authors: Climenko David Robert 
Published: December 2014

An investigation was carried out in order to determine whether or not a cycle of activity and quiescence was present in the leucogenic tissues. The results were examined statistically and a search for periodicity was made. No cycle could be detected.A portion of the expenses of this research, which was carried out during the tenure of a Carnegie Research Scholarship, was defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund.
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTION OF THE INTESTINAL MUSCULATURE. II. THE VARIATIONS IN RATE AND CHARACTER OF THE NORMAL MOVEMENTS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE INTESTINE
Authors: Krishnan B. T. 
Published: December 2014

1. The rates and amplitudes of rhythmical contractions observed in excised segments from different regions of the bowel, and those observed in the intact bowel (cat) are analysed and examined. The records obtained with excised segments show the longitudinal muscle contractions best, the balloon records of movements in the intact bowel the circular muscle contractions best.2. The rate of rhythmical contraction in the two muscle layers shows a definite gradation down the bowel. This corroborates the view of
Alvarez and earlier observers.3. The cause of the gradient in rhythm is discussed. It is pointed out that the gradient in rhythm cannot be due to a basic metabolic gradient as
Alvarez first suggested, nor separated from the gradient in irritability as he more recently suggested. It is concluded that the gradient in rhythm is the result of a gradation in the tonus of the muscle layers. It is accompanied by a gradation down the bowel in the size and number of nerve‐cells and fibres in Auerbach's plexus.4. The amplitude and force of the contractions seem to depend not only on the degree of tonus and muscular thickness in the different regions, but also on the pressure within the bowel. The longitudinal muscle in the upper bowel has a tendency to show a greater amplitude in excised segments, while the circular muscle shows, with a high pressure from within, a greater amplitude and force in the upper bowel, and with a low pressure a greater amplitude in the lower bowel (ileum).5. The normal direction of peristalsis from the oral to the caudal end of the small intestine is determined by the gradation in muscular strength, tone, and irritability.I wish to express my thanks to Messrs C. K.
Prasada Rao and C.
Vareed for technical assistance in carrying out the experiments.
STUDIES IN SATURATION OF THE TISSUES WITH GASEOUS NITROGEN.—I. RATE OF SATURATION OF GOAT'S BONE MARROW IN VIVO WITH NITROGEN DURING EXPOSURE TO INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Authors: Campbell J. Argyll , Hill Leonard 
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of saturation of bone marrow with gaseous nitrogen in goats breathing air at +3 atmospheres pressure has been studied. It is 25 per cent. saturated in 1 hour, 60 per cent. in 4 hours, and about 90 per cent. in 8 hours, when the fat content of the marrow is about 90 per cent.2. This slow rate is shown to be due to (a) low circulation rate through marrow, (b) high fat content diminishing the rate of diffusion.3. Some data re saturation at some other pressures, e.g. + 1 and + 2 atmospheres, are also recorded. The nitrogen content depends upon the fat content of the marrow, the excess pressure and time of exposure to this pressure.
THE INFLUENCE OF TONAL CONDITIONS ON THE MUSCULAR RESPONSE OF THE MONKEY'S STOMACH
Authors: Patterson T. L. , Rubright L. W. , Gijsbers J. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Stimulation of the central portion of the sciatic in the monkey results in either an augmentation or an inhibition of the stomach, the reaction appearing to be primarily dependent upon the pre‐existing state of tonus of the gastric mechanism. If the stomach is hypertonic, reflex inhibition will follow central stimulation of this nerve; if hypotonic, a contraction may occur or there may be a definite increase in the tonus.2. Stimulation of the peripheral end of either vagus produces a somewhat similar inhibitory or augmentory action, depending upon the degree of gastric tonus.3. Peripheral splanchnic stimulation also exerts a similar but smaller response.4. There is evidence that stimulation of the central portions of the vagus and splanchnic nerves produces, under certain conditions at least, a reflex inhibition of the gastric tonus.5. Compression of the eyeball leads in some animals to the production of an oculogastric reflex and the tonus change is dependent upon the state of tonicity of the stomach.6. It is possible that stimulation of all sensory nerves in the body exerts an influence on the stomach via long reflex mechanisms of the vagus and splanchnic efferents.7. The gastric response is dependent upon the pre‐existing state of tonus of the gastro‐neuro‐muscular mechanism. Tonus and movement are both involved and these may vary quite independently of each other.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PHARMACOLOGY OF EVIPAN SODIUM
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. , Narayana Basudeva 
Published: December 2014

(1) The depressant action of evipan sodium on the frog heart is very rapidly removed by washing, and is antagonised by adrenalin. Complete recovery can be obtained in a few minutes.(2) No significant effect is produced by evipan sodium on the blood‐sugar of rabbits or guinea‐pigs.(3) Respiration is markedly slowed and temperature reduced by this anæsthetic.(4) The detoxication of evipan sodium in mammals is very rapid.The investigation was carried out under a grant from the Carnegie Trust, and Bayer Products kindly supplied the evipan sodium used.
A TYPE OF MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE NORMAL ŒSTROUS FEMALE RABBIT
Authors: Bellerby C. W. 
Published: December 2014

At the completion of this investigation the writer was informed by a well‐known rabbit‐fur breeder that the behaviour described above occurs with such frequency in the spring among isolated female rabbits as to constitute a serious drawback when breeding for fur. It is apparently customary on his farm to mate animals shortly before exhibition, as this prevents untimely ruination of their coats. This agrees with the findings given in the present paper. For it shows that as the animals can become pregnant or pseudo‐pregnant ripe follicles must necessarily be present in the ovaries. Pseudo‐pregnancy alone cannot therefore account for the phenomenon.These observations were made during investigations financed by a Grant made to the Department by the Sex Hormones Committee of the Medical Research Council.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE GONADOTROPIC COMPLEX OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE HYPOPHYSIS
Authors: Lipschütz Alexander 
Published: December 2014

The prehypophysis of the adult female rat or of the guinea‐pig which causes œstrus but no ovarian changes and no luteinization in the infantile rat produces luteinization in the adult rabbit; this is indicative that the luteinizing hormone is present also in the non‐luteinizing prehypophysis.If an extract of the urine of the menopause having an œstrogenic action but not a luteinizing one (or only a very weak luteinizing one) is combined with the non‐luteinizing prehypophysis, considerable luteinization takes place also in the infantile rat, a high coefficient of luteinization (Qlut) being sometimes revealed.As the prehypophysis, which alone does not luteinize in the infantile rat, contains the œstrogenic gonadotropic factor (action in the infantile rat) and the luteinizing one (action in the adult rabbit), the substance which is present in the gonadotropic extract of the urine of the menopause is supposed to be a new gonadotropic hormone acting after thecestrogenic one and sensitizing the follicle so as to bring about its consecutive luteinization by the luteinizing hormone.But since this substance found by us in the urine of the menopause is probably identical with that found by Evans, Meyer, and Simpson in the urine of pregnancy enabling a growth hormone preparation to luteinize, it may be that the relationship between the œstrogenic hormone, the new factor, and the luteinizing one is other as to the details than here expressed.My thanks are due to Miss G. Hempel, to Dr E. Vinals, Mr E. Poch, and Mr G. Reyes, for the great help they have given me during the different phases of this work.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF HYPERCALCÆMIA PRODUCED PARATHYROID HORMONE AND IRRADIATED ERGOSTEROL UPON THE ACTIVITY OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX BY MEANS OF CONDITIONED REFLEXES
Authors: Andreyev L. , Pugsley L. I. 
Published: December 2014

1. Hypercalcæmia produced in dogs by administration of parathyroid hormone or irradiated ergosterol caused functional disturbances in the activity of the higher nervous centres.2. These disturbances are characterised by an exaggeration of the inhibitory process, shown by enhancement of the inhibitory after‐effect of negative stimuli, acceleration of the extinction of established conditioned reflexes, decrease and eventual disappearance of conditioned reflexes, and varying degrees of lethargy.3. This exaggeration of inhibition may be temporarily dispelled by the administration of caffeine.4. A temporary phase of excitation was noted at certain times during the administration of parathyroid hormone, but not during the administration of irradiated ergosterol.5. The various types of treatment, which involved the maintenance of a marked hypercalcæmia over considerable periods of time, had little effect upon the health of the animals in general, or the sense of hearing in particular.The authors are deeply indebted to the Otoselerosis Committee of the American Otological Society for financial assistance. They wish to express their thanks to Professor B. P. Babkin, Professor J. B. Collip, and Dr D. L. Thomson for help and advice during the course of this work, and to Professor John Tait for his kindness in lending the oscillator used in the investigation. They also desire to acknowledge their indebtedness to Eli Lilly & Co. for the parathormone and to Mead, Johnson & Co. for the ergosterol used in the experiments.
TWO SIMPLE HEART‐OXYGENATOR CIRCUITS FOR BLOODFED HEARTS
Authors: Evans C. Lovatt , Grande F. , Hsu Fong Yen 
Published: December 2014

An apparatus is described which enables the isolated dog's heart to pump blood under normal mechanical conditions for several hours.We wish to thank the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society for a grant to one of us (C. L. E.), out of which the cost of animals was met; also Mr V. C. Tindley for technical help in the construction and maintenance of the apparatus.