bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How varying pest and trap densities affect Tribolium castaneum capture in pheromone traps
Authors: Buckman Karrie A. , Campbell James F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is an important insect pest in food processing facilities. Pheromone trapping is frequently used to monitor red flour beetle populations in structures; however, the optimal trap density and the relationship between trap captures and beetle density is not known. Two experiments were performed concurrently in environmentally controlled 30‐m2 walk‐in chambers to determine the relationship between aggregation pheromone trap captures of red flour beetles and beetle and trap number. In one experiment, beetle density was kept constant at 200 individuals per chamber while trap number was varied from 1 to 8, and in the other experiment trap number remained constant at one per chamber while beetle density varied from 20 to 800 individuals. Results indicated that approximately one out of 23 red flour beetles were captured in a trap. Number of beetles captured in traps increased significantly as beetle density increased; however, the proportion of beetles captured remained consistent across beetle densities with a mean of 4.7 ± 0.6% of individuals captured. Trap captures varied significantly with trap placement within experimental chambers, indicating that subtle differences in the trapping environment can influence trap captures. Data suggested that trap densities of 0.07–0.10 m−2 (2–3 traps per chamber) would maximize trap capture, whereas a trap density of 0.13 m−2 (four traps per chamber) would maximize the predictive ability of a trapping equation estimating beetle density from trap captures. Results provide information needed to more thoroughly explore how environmental factors might influence red flour beetle trap capture in the absence of changes in beetle density. Further understanding of these relationships will allow for more accurate assessments of absolute beetle density from pheromone trap capture data.
Phytophthora dieback on narrow leaved ash in the Black Sea region of Turkey
Authors: Akilli S. , Ulubaş Serçe Ç. , Katırcıoğlu Y. Z. , Maden S. 
Published: February 2013

SummarySevere dieback symptoms were observed in a 490‐ha moist ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) lowland forest stand, comprising trees over 100 years old and in 100 ha of newly planted F. angustifolia near Sinop, in Turkey. Five of the 10 soil samples collected around stem bases of the diseased trees were baited using ash leaves and yielded a Phytophthora sp. This heterothallic species produced non‐caducous, non‐papillate sporangia in non‐sterile soil extract, and fluffy, even growth on corn meal and potato dextrose agars, and suppressed, even growth on grated carrot agar. Isolates were identified as Phytophthora taxon salixsoil based on internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences. This species has been recently redesignated as P. lacustris. Three isolates were found to be pathogenic when inoculated on the stem bases of three‐year‐old F. angustifolia saplings.
Amyloid β inhibits retinoic acid synthesis exacerbating Alzheimer disease pathology which can be attenuated by an retinoic acid receptor α agonist
Authors: Goncalves Maria B. , Clarke Earl , Hobbs Carl , Malmqvist Tony , Deacon Robert , Jack Julian , Corcoran Jonathan P. T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe retinoic acid receptor (RAR) α system plays a key role in the adult brain, participating in the homeostatic control of synaptic plasticity, essential for memory function. Here we show that RARα signalling is down‐regulated by amyloid beta (Aβ), which inhibits the synthesis of the endogenous ligand, retinoic acid (RA). This results in the counteraction of a variety of RARα‐activated pathways that are key in the aetiopathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but which can be reversed by an RARα agonist. RARα signalling improves cognition in the Tg2576 mice, it has an anti‐inflammatory effect and promotes Aβ clearance by increasing insulin degrading enzyme and neprilysin activity in both microglia and neurons. In addition, RARα signalling prevents tau phosphorylation. Therefore, stimulation of the RARα signalling pathway using a synthetic agonist, by both clearing Aβ and counteracting some of its toxic effects, offers therapeutic potential for the treatment of AD.
Role of a novel nociceptor autocrine mechanism in chronic pain
Authors: Ferrari Luiz F. , Levine Emma , Levine Jon D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe have previously shown, in the rat, that neuropathic and inflammatory events produce a neuroplastic change in nociceptor function whereby a subsequent exposure to a proinflammatory mediator (e.g. prostaglandin E2; PGE2) produces markedly prolonged mechanical hyperalgesia. While the initial approximately 30 min of this prolonged PGE2 hyperalgesia remains PKA‐dependent, it subsequently switches to become dependent on protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε). In this study we tested the hypothesis that the delayed onset, PKCε‐mediated, component of PGE2 hyperalgesia is generated by the active release of a nucleotide from the peripheral terminal of the primed nociceptor and this nucleotide is then metabolized to produce adenosine, which acts on a Gi‐coupled A1 adenosine receptor on the nociceptor to generate PKCε‐dependent hyperalgesia. We report that inhibitors of ATP‐binding cassette transporters, of ecto‐5′‐phosphodiesterase and ecto‐5′nucleotidase (enzymes involved in the metabolism of cyclic nucleotides to adenosine) and of A1 adenosine receptors each eliminated the late, but not the early, phase of PGE2‐induced hyperalgesia in primed animals. A second model of chronic pain induced by transient attenuation of G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2, in which the prolongation of PGE2 hyperalgesia is not PKCε‐dependent, was not attenuated by inhibitors of any of these mechanisms. Based on these results we propose a contribution of an autocrine mechanism, in the peripheral terminal of the nociceptor, in the hyperalgesic priming model of chronic pain.
Flow intermittency alters longitudinal patterns of invertebrate diversity and assemblage composition in an arid‐land stream network
Authors: BOGAN MICHAEL T. , BOERSMA KATE S. , LYTLE DAVID A. 
Published: February 2013

Summary1. Temporary streams comprise a large proportion of the total length of most stream networks, and the great majority of arid‐land stream networks, so it is important to understand their contribution to biotic diversity at both local and landscape scales.2. In late winter 2010, we sampled invertebrate assemblages in 12 reaches of a large arid‐land stream network (including perennial and intermittent headwaters, intermittent middle reaches and perennial rivers) in south‐east Arizona, U.S.A. Intermittent reaches had then been flowing for c. 60 days, following a dry period of more than 450 days. We sampled a subset of the perennial study reaches three more times between 2009 and 2011. Since intermittent reaches were dry during these additional sampling periods, we used assemblage data from two other intermittent streams in the study network (sampled in 2004–05 and 2010) to explore interannual variability in intermittent stream assemblage composition.3. Invertebrate richness was lowest in intermittent reaches, despite their often being connected to species‐rich perennial reaches. The assemblages of these intermittent reaches were not simply a subset of the species in perennial streams, but rather were dominated by a suite of stoneflies, blackflies and midges with adaptations to intermittency (e.g. egg and/or larval diapause). On average, 86% of individuals in these samples were specialists or exclusive to intermittent streams. Predators were 7–14 times more abundant in perennial than in intermittent reaches.4. Despite being separated by long distances (12–25 km) and having very different physical characteristics, the assemblages of perennial headwaters and rivers were more similar to one another than to intervening intermittent reaches, emphasising the prime importance of local hydrology in this system.5. The duration and recurrence intervals of dry periods, and the relative importance of dispersal from perennial refuges, probably influence the magnitude of biological differences between neighbouring perennial and temporary streams. Although perennial headwaters supported the highest diversity of invertebrates, intermittent reaches supported a number of unique or locally rare species and as such contribute to regional species diversity and should be included in conservation planning.
Ocean acidification and warming scenarios increase microbioerosion of coral skeletons
Authors: Reyes‐Nivia Catalina , Diaz‐Pulido Guillermo , Kline David , Guldberg Ove‐Hoegh , Dove Sophie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBiological mediation of carbonate dissolution represents a fundamental component of the destructive forces acting on coral reef ecosystems. Whereas ocean acidification can increase dissolution of carbonate substrates, the combined impact of ocean acidification and warming on the microbioerosion of coral skeletons remains unknown. Here, we exposed skeletons of the reef‐building corals,Porites cylindricaandIsopora cuneata, to present‐day (Control: 400 μatm – 24 °C) and futurepCO2–temperature scenarios projected for the end of the century (Medium: +230 μatm – +2 °C; High: +610 μatm – +4 °C). Skeletons were also subjected to permanent darkness with initial sodium hypochlorite incubation, and natural light without sodium hypochlorite incubation to isolate the environmental effect of acidic seawater (i.e., Ωaragonite<1) from the biological effect of photosynthetic microborers. Our results indicated that skeletal dissolution is predominantly driven by photosynthetic microborers, as samples held in the dark did not decalcify. In contrast, dissolution of skeletons exposed to light increased under elevatedpCO2–temperature scenarios, withP. cylindricaexperiencing higher dissolution rates per month (89%) thanI. cuneata(46%) in the high treatment relative to control. The effects of futurepCO2–temperature scenarios on the structure of endolithic communities were only identified inP. cylindricaand were mostly associated with a higher abundance of the green algaeOstreobiumspp. Enhanced skeletal dissolution was also associated with increased endolithic biomass and respiration under elevatedpCO2–temperature scenarios. Our results suggest that future projections of ocean acidification and warming will lead to increased rates of microbioerosion. However, the magnitude of bioerosion responses may depend on the structural properties of coral skeletons, with a range of implications for reef carbonate losses under warmer and more acidic oceans.
An estimate of potential threats levels to soil biodiversity inEU
Authors: Gardi Ciro , Jeffery Simon , Saltelli Andrea 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLife within the soil is vital for maintaining life on Earth due to the numerous ecosystem services that it provides. However, there is evidence that pressures on the soil biota are increasing which may undermine some of these ecosystem services. Current levels of belowground biodiversity are relatively poorly known, and so no benchmark exists by which to measure possible future losses of biodiversity. Furthermore, the relative risk that each type of anthropogenic pressures places on the soil biota remains unclear.Potential threats to soil biodiversity were calculated through the use of a composite score produced from data collected from 20 international experts using the budget allocation methodology. This allowed relative weightings to be given to each of the identified pressures for which data were available in the European Soil Data Centre (ESDC). A total of seven different indicators were used for calculating the composite scores. These data were applied through a model using ArcGISto produce a spatial analysis of composite pressures on soil biodiversity at the European scale.The model highlights the variation in the composite result of the potential threats to soil biodiversity. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the intensity of land exploitation, both in terms of agriculture and use intensity, as well as in terms of land‐use dynamics, were the main factors applying pressure on soil biodiversity. It is important to note that the model should not be viewed as an estimate of the current level of soil biodiversity in Europe, but as an estimate of pressures that are currently being exerted. The results obtained should be seen as a starting point for further investigation on this relatively unknown issue and demonstrate the utility of this type of model which may be applied to other regions and scales.
Traum/a‐Lektüren. Psychisches Trauma und literarischer Traumtext bei Heiner Müller, Ingeborg Bachmann, Franz Kafka und anderen
Authors: Campana Alexandra 
Published: February 2013

Psychisches Trauma und Traum betreffen den Menschen in seinem gesamten Dasein. Beides sind existenzialpsychologische Phänomene, wobei der literarische Traumtext die psychische Realität des Traumas weit treffender erfasst als die Psychologie. Der vorliegende Essay wird darlegen, wie Michel Foucault in seiner Einleitung zu Ludwig Binswangers Traum und Existenz (1930) die Imagination zur Bedingung des Träumens erhebt und damit die Grundlage schafft für eine Integration der Literatur in den Umgang mit einem per se nichtsprachlichen Phänomen.Anhand ausgewählter literarischer Lektüren werden zentrale Aspekte des Traumas dargelegt: die Problematik einer sprachlosen Wahrheit (Ingeborg Bachmanns “Ein Wildermuth”); die körperliche Affizierung des Traumatisierten in Form der Inkorporation (Franz Kafkas “Die Verwandlung”); und auch die zerbrechliche Schutzvorrichtung mentaler Dissoziation (Paula Ludwigs “Das Tier”). Als exemplarischer literarischer Traumtext wird Heiner Müllers “Bildbeschreibung” untersucht. Der psychotraumatische Effekt findet sich darin nämlich dergestalt inszeniert, dass die Leistung der Literatur im Hinblick auf Traum und vor allem Trauma offensichtlich wird.
Religious transnationalism, development and the construction of religious boundaries: the case of the Dera Sachkhand Ballan and the Ravidass Dharm
Authors: SINGH GURHARPAL 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this article, I examine the general assumption that transnationalism is creating new divisions and iniquitous social hierarchies. For caste‐based religious centres like the Dera Sachkhand Ballan (DSB), which is engaged in modes of subaltern religiosity among Ravidassias, transnationalism can be a powerful agent of religious and social change. By nurturing transnational networks, especially in the United Kingdom, the DSB has now emerged as the main driver of Ravidassia identity in Punjab. The material support of overseas followers has made this achievement possible for religious and social institutions in Punjab, and has enabled overseas Ravidassias to demonstrate to higher castes a sense of collective achievement. Transnationalism is thus central to the process of differentiating between the followers of the DSB and Sikhism. It also provided critical support for the birth of a new religion in 2010, the Ravidass Dharm.
‘Shades of grey’: the World Bank, knowledge networks and linked ecologies of academic engagement
Authors: STONE DIANE 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Global Development Network (GDN) and the Researchers Alliance for Development (RAD) are networks linking the professional ecology of the World Bank to the diverse research ecologies of universities and think‐tanks. These ‘knowledge networks’ can entangle research environments extensively with policy communities and the institutional interests of powerful organizations. Connecting different professional ecologies via networks creates complex sets of relationships between researchers and policy makers. The ‘grey areas’ of professional overlap highlight the ‘co‐production’ of (social) science in development policy. The author based her analysis of the dual dynamics of network autonomy and co‐option on participant observation of GDN and RAD as a past member of the governing bodies of both networks.
The democratic deficit of transnational environmental activism: a case study of e‐waste governance in India
Authors: SWERTS THOMAS 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe literature on transnational activism often associates environmental NGOs with democratic legitimacy, grassroots representation and environmental justice. Authors employ case studies to demonstrate how engaging in transnational networks increases the political agency of environmental NGOs. Yet, there is a tendency mostly to select successful cases. In this article, I investigate the political activities of the environmental NGO, Toxics Link, surrounding the recycling of electronic waste in India. Based on qualitative research, this study shows how the political incorporation of Toxics Link in transnational advocacy networks and domestic governance networks constrains their political agency. The structural exclusion of e‐waste labourers from Indian policy negotiations negates the discursive claims of legitimacy, representation and justice. These incorporation processes create a democratic deficit. I use the insights gained from this case study to provide a critical assessment of theories of transnational environmental activism.
Paediatric presentation and outcome of congenital protein C deficiency in Japan
Authors: Ohga S. , Kang D. , Kinjo T. , Ochiai M. , Doi T. , Ishimura M. , Kayamori Y. , Urata M. , Yamamoto J. , Suenobu S.‐I. , Kanegane H. , Ikenoue T. , Shirahata A. , Hara T. 
Published: February 2013

SummarySevere heritable protein C (PC) deficiency is quite rare, although heterozygous PROC mutation is the second leading cause of genetic predisposition to thrombosis in Japanese adults. The aim of the study was to search the optimal management, the paediatric onset and outcomes of PC deficiency were characterized in Japan. The genetic study, postmarketing survey of activated PC (aPC) concentrate (Anact®C) and intensive review in Japan for 20 years enabled the analysis of the disease onset, genotype, treatment and prognosis. Symptomatic PC deficiency was determined in 27 Japanese children. All but two patients presented within 16 days after birth (three prenatal and six neonatal onsets). Postnatal‐onset cases had normal growth at full‐term delivery. Of the 27 patients, 19 suffered intracranial thrombosis or haemorrhage (ICTH) (three foetal hydrocephalies), 16 developed purpura fulminans (PF) and 10 had both at the first presentation. ICTH preceded PF in both affected cases. Low PC activities of 18 mothers and/or 12 fathers indicated 20 inherited PC deficiencies (2 homozygotes, 11 compound heterozygotes and 7 heterozygotes) and seven unidentified causes of PC deficiency. Nine of 11 patients studied had PROC mutations. Four unrelated patients (50%) carried PC nagoya (1362delG). No PC‐deficient parents had experienced thromboembolism. Of the 18 patients with aPC therapy, two died and eight evaluable survivors had neurological sequelae. This first comprehensive study of paediatric PC deficiency suggested that perinatal ICTH was the major presentation, occurring earlier than neonatal PF. PC nagoya was prevalent in paediatric, but not adult, patients in Japan. Early maternal screening and optimal PC therapy are required for newborns at risk of PC deficiency.
Interleukin‐6 levels in female rats with protamine sulfate‐induced chronic cystitis treated with hyaluronic acid
Authors: Lv Yi‐Song , Yao You‐Sheng , Lin Ming‐En , Rong Lu , Deng Bi‐Hua , Huang Jian , Hao Wei‐Ping 
Published: February 2013

ObjectivesTo measure interleukin‐6 levels in a protamine sulfate‐induced chronic cystitis rat model treated with hyaluronic acid, and to study the correlation among interleukin‐6, bladder inflammatory degree and voiding frequency.MethodsA chronic cystitis model was created in female rats by using long‐term intermittent intravesical protamine sulfate (0.5 mL, 30 mg/mL). Then, hyaluronic acid (0.5 mL, 0.8 mg/mL) was also instilled intravesically in the rats. Interleukin‐6 levels were analyzed with immunohistochemistry, real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin–eosin staining was carried out to examine bladder inflammatory degree based on a four‐point scoring system (from 0 – none to 3 – severe). Voiding patterns were investigated by cystometrography.ResultsAccording to cystometrography, protamine sulfate‐induced rats had significantly shorter intercontraction intervals and less bladder capacity (P < 0.001). The bladder tissue of the rats showed severe chronic inflammation. Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay showed significantly higher expression of interleukin‐6 (P < 0.001). After intravesical administration of hyaluronic acid, both intercontraction intervals and bladder capacity increased significantly (P < 0.001), whereas both bladder inflammatory degree and interleukin‐6 levels decreased significantly (P < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between interleukin‐6 levels and inflammatory degree (r = 0.727, P < 0.001), and also between interleukin‐6 levels and voiding frequency (r = –0.761, P < 0.001).ConclusionsIntravesical administration of hyaluronic acid decreases interleukin‐6 levels, as well as the severity of bladder inflammation and voiding frequency in a rat model of chronic cystitis. Interleukin‐6 levels closely correlate with the inflammatory degree and voiding frequency. Thus, they can be regarded as an assessment measure of therapeutic impact.
Dry box training with three‐dimensional vision for the assistant surgeon in robot‐assisted urological surgery
Authors: Hinata Nobuyuki , Iwamoto Hideto , Morizane Shuichi , Hikita Katsuya , Yao Akihisa , Muraoka Kuniyasu , Honda Masashi , Isoyama Tadahiro , Sejima Takehiro , Takenaka Atsushi 
Published: February 2013

Abstract: We analyzed whether three‐dimensional vision, practice or previous laparoscopic experience improves the surgical performance of the bedside assistant during robot‐assisted surgery. Six experienced laparoscopic surgeons and 15 novices carried out three skills drills imitating an assistant's maneuvers in robot‐assisted surgery, and times for completing the tasks were recorded. Both the novice and experienced groups showed significantly shorter manipulation times for each drill with three‐dimensional vision compared with two‐dimensional or glassless three‐dimensional vision. The experienced group showed significantly shorter manipulation times than the novice group for all types of vision. A significant improvement was observed 14 out of 18 times in the novice group, but only one out of 18 times in the experienced group. We can conclude that the use of three‐dimensional visualization facilitates the performance of the assistant surgeon, especially if a novice, during robot‐assisted surgery. Laparoscopic experience also improves the performance, whereas training is beneficial for novice assistant surgeons before carrying out actual operations.