bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apollonis, wife of Attalos I
Authors: Iossif Panagiotis P. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Apollonis (ca. 240–175/4–159
BCE
), daughter of a civic dignitary from Kyzikos, wife of Attalos I, and mother of Eumenes II, Attalos II, Philetairos, and Athenaios, was a key figure in the creation of Attalid propaganda: Attalos' marriage to her (223) symbolized the importance the Attalids accorded to the Greek cities, and she was praised as a model queen and mother (
OGIS
248 and 308; Polyb. 22.20; Strabo 13.4.2; Plut.
De frat. amor
. 480C). Her visit to Kyzikos in 185, with Eumenes and Attalos, was theatrically staged to advertise the unity of the royal family (Polyb. 22.20) and the devotion of her sons, as represented on the reliefs of her temple (
Anth. Pal
. III). Eumenes founded a city named after her (Strabo 13.4.3–5).
Cleopatra VII
Authors: Clauss Manfred 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCleopatra VII was born at the end of 69BCE,as daughter to King Ptolemy xii neos dionysos auletes. We know nothing about her youth, not even the customary anecdotes and prodigies–which is unusual for a person of this rank: the Romandamnatio memoriaewas effective in her case. The identity of her mother is not known.
Demetrios' War
Authors: Holton John Russell 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDemetrios' War (or the Demetrian War) featured an Antigonid‐Epirote alliance against the Aitolian and Achaian Leagues, erupting during Aitolian aggression against Akarnania in ca. 239BCEon Demetrios II's marriage to Phthia of Epirus (Olympias' daughter: Just.Epit. 28.1–4) and lasting throughout Demetrios's tenure as sole king (239–229).
Diagramma
Authors: Poddighe Elisabetta 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The
diagramma
was an ordinance or law, issued “in the name of the kings” by the royal chancery of the Macedonian and Hellenistic kingdoms and dealing with a variety of subjects: imposing a new constitution, prescribing the recall of exiles or the creation of a new lawcode, regulating court procedures, solving border disputes, or prescribing a tax law.
Heliodorus
Authors: Strootman Rolf 
Published: December 2012

AbstractHeliodorus of Antioch (ca. 220–175BCE), the son of Aischylos, was a Seleucid courtier and high official in the first half of the second centuryBCE. Heliodorus was one of the leadingphiloi(“friends”) of Seleukos IV Philopator (187–175), and after the king's death he became regent for his infant son.
Cassander
Authors: Wheatley Pat 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSon of Antipater and ruler of Macedonia between 316 and 297BCE, Cassander is the victim of a hostile source tradition, as he was antipathetic to Alexander III, The Great (Plut.Alex. 74.2–6;Demetr. 37.3;Reg.imp.apoph. 180 f.) and directly responsible for eliminating his family and causing the extinction of the Argead Dynasty (Diod. Sic. 19.105.1–3; 20.28; Just.Epit. 15.2.3–5).
Kleanthes of Assos
Authors: Haake Matthias 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe philosopher Kleanthes of Assos (331/30?‐231/30 or, more probably, 230/29BCE) was the second head of the Stoa. Not much is known with certainty about his life. He became scholarch (head of the school) after the death of Zeno Of Kition, the school's founder and his teacher (261/60), and remained in this function for more than thirty years, until his suicide. Because of his great age, his date of birth has been a matter of controversy: against the background of textual problems in Diogenes Laertius and some logical assumptions, his birth has been placed around 310, but this dating is not convincing.
League of Corinth
Authors: Wallace Shane 
Published: December 2012

Abstract“League of Corinth” is a modern name, not attested in Antiquity. It is frequently, but not exclusively, used to describe the alliance of Greek states founded at Corinth by Philip II of Macedon in spring 337BCE. It lasted until Alexander's death in June 323. Part of its charter survives on stone, while a speech attributed to Demosthenes provides further information on its organization (GHI76; (Dem.) 17 =On the treaty with Alexander).
Leonidas of Tarentum
Authors: Gutzwiller Kathryn 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLeonidas of Tarentum (first half of the third centuryBCE) was one of the major Hellenistic epigrammatists. Attributed to him are 103 epigrams, mostly in elegiac meter. He specialized in dedications and epitaphs, although most of his epigrams appear to be literary rather than inscriptional. Dedications of spoils from the Lucanians (Anth. Pal. 6.129, 6.131) provide historical references (before 272BCE). In a self‐epitaph (Anth. Pal. 7.715), he claims to have lived a wandering life and to lie buried far from his native Tarentum; elsewhere (Anth. Pal. 6.302) he celebrates an ancestral mode of self‐sufficient poverty.
Prusias
I
of Bithynia
Authors: Kleu Michael 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Prusias I (ca. 250–ca. 182
BCE
), son of Ziaëlas, was king of Bithynia from ca. 230/29 until his death. He was a friend and ally of Philip V of Macedon and the last king of his dynasty who was able to pursue an independent policy. Under his reign the Kingdom of Bithynia had its greatest expansion.
Thessalonike, Macedonian
Authors: Carney Elizabeth 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Thessalonike (ca. 342–ca. 295
BCE
), daughter of Philip II of Macedon by Nikesipolis of Pherai (Ath. 11.784c, 13.557c) and thus half‐sister of Alexander III, The Great, became wife to the first non‐Argead ruler of Macedonia, Cassander. Her mother died soon after giving birth to her, and apparently Thessalonike remained, still unmarried, in the entourage of Olympias, until Cassander forced Olympias to surrender at the siege of Pydna in 316
BCE
.
Triparadeisos, treaty of
Authors: Meeus Alexander 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAround the early autumn of 320 – or, unlikely, 321BCE– theDiadochoi(“Successors”), as Alexander's successors are known, gathered at Triparadeisos, a city (or perhaps a region) in Syria, to reorganize the administration of the Macedonian Empire (Diod. Sic. 18.39; Arr.Succ. F1.30–8). After the murder of Perdikkas, a new official had to be appointed to represent the incompetent kings Philip III and Alexander IV and to govern the state.
Tyranny
Authors: Lewis Sian 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGreek philosophers made a clear distinction between a king – a constitutional monarch – and a tyrant – a sole ruler whose power was outside the law. The primary definition of tyranny is drawn from: “a sole ruler who is not required to give an account of himself, and who rules over subjects all equal or superior to himself to suit his own interest and not theirs” (Politics1295a: 19–23).
Obsequens, Iulius
Authors: Engels David 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The small book with the (unauthentic) title
Iulii Obsequentis ab anno urbis conditae quingentesimo quinto prodigiorum liber (imperfectus)
(Iulius Obsequens' [fragmentary] book of prodigies that occurred since the 505th year of the city's foundation) has only been conserved through a 1508 edition by Aldus Manutius, which was then popularized in 1552 by Lycosthenes in an illustrated version including material from other sources to fill gaps in the 1508 edition. The original is lost.
Postcolonialism
Authors: Quinn Josephine Crawley 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPostcolonialism could be seen as an anachronistic approach to the classical world, insofar as it is a reaction to the modern experience of colonialism: the process of the territorial occupation and domination of much of Asia, Africa, and the Americas by Europeans from about 1500, such that, by the 1930s, 85 percent of the world's land surface was composed of European colonies or excolonies.
Juvenal (Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis)
Authors: Whitton Christopher L. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Juvenal (60s?–130s?
CE
) is the last of the canonical Roman satirists, whose sixteen
Satires
(the last fragmentary) are a mordant and racy denunciation of Rome's social collapse. Almost every claim about Juvenal's life is open to question bar the cognomen “Iuvenalis” and a
terminus post quem
of 127 for
Satires
15; he is usually taken to be an equestrian, possibly provincial, writing from the late 110s to around 130 (Syme 1979a, b).
Longus
Authors: May Regine 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Longus (ca. second/third century
CE
) is the author of the four‐book Greek novel
Daphnis and Chloe
, recounting a boy and girl's exposure by their respective elite parents and upbringing by herdsmen on Lesbos, highlighting their gradually developing mutual love and growing awareness of their sexuality, culminating in their recognition as elite citizens and marriage.
Servius
Authors: Harrison Stephen J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractServius (called Maurus/Marius Servius Honoratus in some manuscripts, but none of the names apart from thenomenis sure) was an importantgrammaticusand commentator on Latin literary texts active in Rome ca. 400CE; he appears as a youthful character in theSaturnaliaof Macrobius (dramatic date 383/4), and may have been dead by the time theSaturnaliawas actually composed (ca. 430).
Akiba, Rabbi
Authors: Fine Steven 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Akiba (or Akiva), son of Joseph, was a Palestinian rabbinic leader and supposed supporter of the Bar Kokhba revolt as a result of which he was executed by the Romans (ca. 132
CE
). Akiba is a towering figure in Rabbinic Literature, his approaches to jurisprudence and biblical interpretation having been formative in the development of rabbinic culture.
Diaspora, Jewish
Authors: Mendels Doron 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The word “diaspora,” which like so many Greek words entered European languages, derives from
diaspeiro
(the verb meaning “to spread”). As a technical term referring to societies that stem from one nation or “ethnos” and dwell among foreign nations, the word occurs in the Hebrew Bible several times (e.g., Deuteronomy 28:64; Jeremiah 30:11). In its appearances in the Bible, the term
Pezura
(Hebrew for Diaspora) when it relates to the people of Israel usually has a heavy theological overtone.
Jews
Authors: Gruen Erich S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Jews had a long history of dwelling under the hegemony of greater powers. After the end of the Davidic Dynasty, they fell beneath the shadow of a succession of overlords, whether near or far: Babylonians, Persians, Ptolemies, Seleucids, and Romans. A form of autonomy existed briefly for the Jews in the time of the Hasmoneans and Herod, but even that was cramped by the need to peer regularly over their shoulders at, and seek the collaboration of, either Seleucids or Romans. Under the circumstances, how would Jews formulate and express a sense of their own identity in the larger world of the Mediterranean and Near East – where they regularly played a subordinate role?
Soul, Jewish
Authors: Calabro David 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The English word “soul” corresponds roughly to four Hebrew words:
nefesh
,
neshamah
,
ruakh
, and
'ov
. In the Hebrew Bible, allusions to concepts of the soul, its relation to the body, and its existence apart from the body can be understood using philological and comparative evidence. Later Jewish sources contain extensive discussion on the nature of the soul, showing a wide diversity of beliefs.
Anastasios of Sinai
Authors: Booth Phil 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Anastasios of Sinai (ca. 600–700
CE
) is one of the most important Christian theologians and social commentators of the seventh‐century Near East. The manuscript tradition attributes several substantial works to an author of that name: most importantly, the
Hexaemeron
(a mystical interpretation of the creation narrative); two sermons on the constitution of man; a sermon against the monotheletes; the
Hodegos
or
Viae Dux
(a defense of Chalcedonian doctrine against miaphysitism and monotheletism); the
Questions and Answers
(on various aspects of Christian practice and belief); the
Tales
(three collections of edifying stories); and several homilies.
Ariminum (Rimini)
Authors: Negrelli Claudio 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Ariminum was the ancient name of present‐day Rimini, situated along the northwestern Adriatic coast, south of Ravenna, Italy. Formerly part of the Augustan Regio VIII and later of the province of Flaminia, it was capital of the Pentapolis under the Byzantine empire (seventh to eighth century).
Army, Late Antiquity
Authors: Whately Conor 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn 235CE, at the beginning of Late Antiquity, the Roman army was not all that different from the army of 14CEat the end of the reign of Augustus. By the seventh century, and in the aftermath of the Arab invasion of the Near East, the Roman army had been transformed, with significant differences with regard to its organization, size, tactics, strategy, and operations. What had been a heavily armed force, which sought to engage its foes head‐on and whose primary strength lay in its infantry, had become a force that often sought to avoid pitched battle unless left with no alternative, and whose strength lay in its cavalry.
Artisans, trades,and guilds, Late Antiquity
Authors: Gibbs Matt 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn Late Antiquity, artisans — ranging from goldsmiths, shippers, builders, carpenters, butchers, bakers, weavers, to ferrymen, and including a further significant range of other trades‐ and crafts‐workers – formed into associations, or more commonly, guilds. Such an illustration of collective life was hardly an innovation of this period; rather it continued a phenomenon that had prevailed in ancient societies for a significant period of time. As earlier, these guilds fulfilled a variety of economic, religious, and social needs, both for their members and for the ruling state.
Dream interpretation
Authors: Oberhelman Steven M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDream interpretation (oneirocriticism), a practice evidenced by Pharaonic and Demotic Egyptian, Old Babylonian, and Assyrian dreambooks, was prevalent throughout Greek, Roman, and Byzantine culture. Oneirocriticism was a private form of divination that individuals used to uncover answers about the present and future (the past was never a concern).
Erotapokriseis
Authors: Papadogiannakis Yannis 
Published: December 2012

AbstractErotaprokriseis(otherwise known asproblemata,aporiai,lyseis,zetemata,quaestiones,responsa,capita/capitula,kephalaia, etc.) is a later coinage of Byzantine grammarians to designate one of the oldest and most popular literary formats of the ancient world.
Evagrius of Pontus
Authors: Simelidis Christos 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEvagrius (ca. 345–399CE), a monastic writer and calligrapher, was born in Pontus. He accompanied Gregory of Nazianzus to Constantinople and became a preacher there under Gregory and his successor, Nektarios. After a short stay in Palestine, where he met Melania the Elder, he spent the rest of his life (from ca. 383) in the Nitrian desert, where he associated with Makarios of Egypt.
Babylon‐Fustat
Authors: Power Timothy 
Published: December 2012

Late Period SettlementThe settlement of Babylon‐Fustat is situated at the strategic apex of the Nile Delta where it meets the Nile Valley, and is as such the successor of the ancient Pharaonic cities of Memphis and Heliopolis. Later sources variably ascribe its foundation to the brief Neo‐Babylonian or longer Achaemenid occupations (Butler 1914; Toy 1937), so that Babylon‐in‐Egypt could have been established as a strategic fortress by an invading army of the east. One tradition holds that it was founded by Babylonian exiles or prisoners of war, who apparently comprised the first garrison of the fortress, settled there by the legendary Egyptian king Sesostris. So Babylon would have been built by a native king seeking to guard the approaches to the Nile Valley. The Saïtes (664–525BCE) had recourse to foreign mercenaries, most famously the Greeks ofnaukratisand the Jewish barracks at Elephantine, providing firm historical parallels for an eponymous Babylonian garrison guarding the approach to Memphis. These alternative traditions need not be mutually exclusive, given the tendency for fortresses to be sacked, rebuilt, and relocated over successive generations.
Law and legal practice, Late Antiquity
Authors: Humfress Caroline 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTraditional approaches to law in Late Antiquity adopt a“top‐down” perspective, focusing on emperors as lawgivers, jurists (legal experts) as bureaucratic functionaries, and imperial magistrates as judges. “The principal change in the field of law brought about by the Principate was that there existed from then on a final instance and an ultimate source of decision about the law, as about politics and everything else” (Crook 1995: 45). Working from the premise that law itself was an almost exclusively imperial domain in Late Antiquity, traditional approaches are nonetheless also fundamentally concerned with questions of legal practice: “what happened daily in thestreets and in the court‐rooms” (Stolte 2009: 80).
Album
Authors: Kantor Georgy 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlbum(Latin “whitened board”) was a form of publication of official lists, calendars, and regulations in Rome from the republican to the late imperial period. The text was written on white‐washed wooden boards in black ink (in atramento), with the section‐headings in red, whence the termrubrica(Mayor 1886–8 on Juvenal 14.192–3; Nappo 1989: 88 n. 14). The term is commonly used in modern historiography to denote any Roman official list.
Bona fides
Authors: Schermaier Martin J. , Dedek Helge 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Bona fides
is a Roman legal term that was probably first employed in certain
formulae
of the Praetorian edict. In Classical law, the term assumes both a subjective and an objective meaning. In the subjective sense,
bona fides
describes the mistaken but excusable belief that somebody who alienates property is also its owner.
Codicilli
Authors: Schermaier Martin J. , Dedek Helge 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

In a legal context, the term
codicilli
(“little books”–used only in the plural form: Justinian
Dig
. 50.16.148) initially referred to wishes a person put in writing that were intended to take effect upon his death, but did not meet the formal requirements of a Testamentum.
Consilium
Authors: Steiner Anja 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAconsiliumwas a Roman advisory council to a person who had to render judgment about an issue. In earliest times theconsiliumwas a group of relatives (consilium domesticum)or friends (consilium propinquorum) that apaterfamiliaswas by custom expected to consult before exercising his absolute power over the members of his family, especially theius vitae necisque(power of life and death).
Constitutiones
Authors: Miglietta Massimo 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Imperial constitutions are mentioned among the sources of Roman law by Gaius the jurist in his
Institutiones
(1.2 and 1.5). Of these,
decreta
,
edicta
, and
epistulae
are specifically described as the means by which the
princeps
stated his normative will (Just.
Inst
.
Emphyteusis
Authors: Kehoe Dennis 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The term
emphyteusis
denotes a permanent right to land in Late Antiquity that a possessor acquired from its owner, often the Roman state or even the Church, in exchange for the payment of an annual rent, or
canon
. The emphyteutic right was defined as distinct from sale and lease, two forms of contract with which it was recognized as sharing commonalities (Zeno,
CJ
4.66.1; Just.
Inst
. 3.24.3). This right could be sold or bequeathed, so the emphyteutic possessor had many of the rights of an owner, but at the same time he also had to pay rent, as in a lease.
Law of the sea, Rhodian
Authors: Ellart Carlos Sánchez‐Moreno 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The
lex Rhodia de iactu
(Rhodian law about jettison, i.e., about throwing goods overboard in order to lighten and consequently save the vessel) is the subject of title 14.2 of the
Digest
, which includes commentaries by several jurists upon an enigmatic Rhodian law apparently about jettison, but also tackling other problems in navigation law, including fiscal issues.
Purchase, Greek and Roman
Authors: Kehoe Dennis 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe buying and selling of property was basic to economic life in Greece and Rome. Most sales were simple transactions in which the buyer paid cash for an item of property. However, the law surrounding sale is important for the ways in which Greek and Roman society arranged more complex transactions, such as sales of farmland or other real estate, sales on credit, and advance sales, especially of crops. In addition, complex contracts of sale created risks for the seller and the buyer, which the law had to allocate between the two parties in order to encourage business arrangements useful to the economy.
Tabula Heracleensis
Authors: Ellart Carlos Sánchez‐Moreno 
Published: December 2012

AbstractTheTabula Heracleensis(CILI2593 =ILS6085 =FIRAI2no. 13; Crawford 1996: 335–91 no. 24) is a bronze tablet discovered in 1732 around Ucio, near Masseria Andrace (Italy).
Ususfructus
Authors: Straumann Benjamin 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

A concept of Roman property law,
ususfructus
gave a certain person – the usufructuary – the right (
ius
) to the use and enjoyment of fruits of a thing for a certain amount of time, without destroying the thing or fundamentally altering its substance (Paul.
Dig
. 7.1.1:
usus fructus est ius alienis rebus utendi fruendi salva rerum substantia
).
Alexandria Ariana
Authors: Lerner Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlexandria Ariana (modern Herāt) was once thought to have been founded by Alexander the Great in ca. 330BCE, when he repopulated the Achaemenid capital of Artacoana or Articaudna in the satrapy of Aria with Greeks. This view is now regarded as suspect, for Alexandria and Artacoana are considered separate cities, with the latter situated along the Hari Rud (Greek Areios) River near Herāt, while the whereabouts of the former is perhaps somewhere nearby (Koshelenko 1979: 136–7; Bosworth 1980: 356–7; Fraser 1996: 109–31). Until excavations beyond the medieval period are undertaken at Herāt, the whereabouts of both ancient cities will remain unknown.
Alexandria Eschate
Authors: Lerner Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAlexandria Eschate, “Alexandria the Furthest,” near modern Khozhent (formerly Leninabad in Tadjikistan) was founded by Alexander the Great in August 329BCEon the southern bank of the Jaxartes in Sogdia, forming the northeastern border of his kingdom (Bosworth 1995).
Alinda
Authors: Blümel Wolfgang 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Alinda

Strabo 14.2.17, 657) was an ancient city in Caria, ca. 30 km west of Çine, on a hill above the modern town of Karpuzlu (formerly Demircideresi). To the west is the Latmos range of mountains, to the east, a fertile plain.
Argos
Authors: Piérart Marcel 
Published: December 2012

AbstractArgos is a city in the Peloponnese, lying at the western end of a plain of ca. 250 sq km. Triangular in shape, the plain looks southward to the gulf of Nauplia. To the west, high mountains formed the boundary between Argos and Arcadia. Mount Tretos was the boundary line between Argos and Kleonai to the north, while Mount Arachnaion isolated the plain from the independent cities of Argolis to the east.