bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interannual differences in larval haddock survival: hypothesis testing with a 3D biophysical model of Georges Bank
Authors: Petrik Colleen M. , Ji Rubao , Davis Cabell S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe ultimate goal of early life studies of fish over the past century has been to better understand recruitment variability. As evident in the Georges Bank haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) population, there is a strong relationship between recruitment success and processes occurring during the planktonic larval stage. This research sought new insights into the mechanisms controlling the recruitment process in fish populations using biological–physical modeling methods together with laboratory and field data sets. We created the first three‐dimensional model of larval haddock on Georges Bank by coupling models of hydrodynamics, lower trophic levels, a single copepod species, and larval haddock. Interactions between feeding, metabolism, growth, vertical behavior, advection, predation, and the physical environment of larval haddock were quantitatively investigated using the coupled models. Particularly, the model was used to compare survival over the larval period and the sources of mortality in 1995 and 1998, 2 years of disparate haddock recruitment. The results of model simulations suggest that the increased egg hatching rates and higher food availability, which reduced starvation and predation, in 1998 contributed to its larger year‐class. Additionally, the inclusion of temperature‐dependent predation rates produced model results that better agreed with observations of the mean hatch date of survivors. The results from this biophysical model imply that food limitation and its related losses to starvation and predation, especially from hatch to 7 mm, may be responsible for interannual variability in recruitment and larval survival outside of the years studied.
Commentary on the article ‘Understanding Muslim patients: cross‐sectional dental hygiene care’
Authors: Musrati Ahmed Ali 
Published: November 2014

AbstractI have read with interest the article ‘‘Understanding Muslim patients: cross‐sectional dental hygiene care’’ by ML Sirois et al. In the time that I see their article as a faithful, unbiased image showing a Muslim's religious life and conduct from the oral and systemic health perspective, I still have two main concerns about certain facts which were denoted with imprecise connotations. These are related to food and Ramadan fasting.
The role of Gr‐1+ cells and tumour necrosis factor‐α signalling during Clostridium difficile colitis in mice
Authors: McDermott Andrew J. , Higdon Kathryn E. , Muraglia Ryan , Erb‐Downward John R. , Falkowski Nicole R. , McDonald Roderick A. , Young Vincent B. , Huffnagle Gary B. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe host response to Clostridium difficile infection in antibiotic‐treated mice is characterized by robust recruitment of Gr‐1+ cells, increased expression of inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and the development of severe epithelial damage. To investigate the role of Gr‐1+ cells and TNF‐α during C. difficile colitis, we treated infected mice with monoclonal antibodies against Gr‐1 or TNF‐α. Mice were challenged with vegetative cells of C. difficile strain VPI 10463 following treatment with the third‐generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone. Ceftriaxone treatment alone was associated with significant changes in cytokine expression within the colonic mucosa but not overt inflammatory histopathological changes. In comparison, C. difficile infection following ceftriaxone treatment was associated with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Il1b, Il17f and Tnfa, as well as robust recruitment of Ly6CMid Gr‐1High neutrophils and Ly6CHigh Gr‐1Mid monocytes and the development of severe colonic histopathology. Anti‐Gr‐1 antibody treatment resulted in effective depletion of both Ly6CMid Gr‐1High neutrophils and Ly6CHigh Gr‐1Mid monocytes: however, we observed no protection from the development of severe pathology or reduction in expression of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines Il1b, Il6, Il33 and Tnfa following anti‐Gr‐1 treatment. By contrast, anti‐TNF‐α treatment did not affect Gr‐1+ cell recruitment, but was associated with increased expression of Il6 and Il1b. Additionally, Ffar2, Ffar3, Tslp, Tff and Ang4 expression was significantly reduced in anti‐TNF‐α‐treated animals, in association with marked intestinal histopathology. These studies raise the possibility that TNF‐α may play a role in restraining inflammation and protecting the epithelium during C. difficile infection.
Hierarchical Refinement of Latin Hypercube Samples
Authors: Vořechovský Miroslav 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In this article, a novel method for the extension of sample size in Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) is suggested. The method can be applied when an initial LH design is employed for the analysis of functions g of a random vector. The article explains how the statistical, sensitivity and reliability analyses of g can be divided into a hierarchical sequence of simulations with subsets of samples of a random vector in such a way that (i) the favorable properties of LHS are retained (the low number of simulations needed for statistically significant estimations of statistical parameters of function g with low estimation variability); (ii) the simulation process can be halted, for example, when the estimations reach a certain prescribed statistical significance. An important aspect of the method is that it efficiently simulates subsets of samples of random vectors while focusing on their correlation structure or any other objective function such as some measure of dependence, spatial distribution uniformity, discrepancy, etc. This is achieved by employing a robust algorithm based on combinatorial optimization of the mutual ordering of samples. The method is primarily intended to serve as a tool for computationally intensive evaluations of g where there is a need for pilot numerical studies, preliminary and subsequently refined estimations of statistical parameters, optimization of the progressive learning of neural networks, or during experimental design.
A novel approach to identify genes that determine grain protein deviation in cereals
Authors: Mosleth Ellen F. , Wan Yongfang , Lysenko Artem , Chope Gemma A. , Penson Simon P. , Shewry Peter R. , Hawkesford Malcolm J. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryGrain yield and protein content were determined for six wheat cultivars grown over 3 years at multiple sites and at multiple nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs. Although grain protein content was negatively correlated with yield, some grain samples had higher protein contents than expected based on their yields, a trait referred to as grain protein deviation (GPD). We used novel statistical approaches to identify gene transcripts significantly related to GPD across environments. The yield and protein content were initially adjusted for nitrogen fertilizer inputs and then adjusted for yield (to remove the negative correlation with protein content), resulting in a parameter termed corrected GPD. Significant genetic variation in corrected GPD was observed for six cultivars grown over a range of environmental conditions (a total of 584 samples). Gene transcript profiles were determined in a subset of 161 samples of developing grain to identify transcripts contributing to GPD. Principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means of scores regression (MSR) were used to identify individual principal components (PCs) correlating with GPD alone. Scores of the selected PCs, which were significantly related to GPD and protein content but not to the yield and significantly affected by cultivar, were identified as reflecting a multivariate pattern of gene expression related to genetic variation in GPD. Transcripts with consistent variation along the selected PCs were identified by an approach hereby called one‐block means of scores regression (one‐block MSR).
Is the Sense‐Data Theory a Representationalist Theory?
Authors: Macpherson Fiona 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIs the sense‐data theory, otherwise known as indirect realism, a form of representationalism? This question has been underexplored in the extant literature, and to the extent that there is discussion, contemporary authors disagree. There are many different variants of representationalism, and differences between these variants that some people have taken to be inconsequential turn out to be key factors in whether the sense‐data theory is a form of representationalism. Chief among these are whether a representationalist takes the phenomenal character of an experience to be explicable in virtue of the properties of an experience that represent something or explicable in virtue of that which gets represented. Another is whether representationalists hold a non‐reductionist, or naturalistically or non‐naturalistically reductionist variant of representationalism. In addition, subtle differences in what one takes phenomenal character to be on the sense‐data theory – either awareness of sense‐data or the sense‐data themselves – together with one's account of representation, are crucial factors in determining whether sense‐data theory is compatible with representationalism. This paper explores these relationships and makes manifest the complexities of the metaphysics of two central theories of perception.
Differential Cytokine Expression in Natural and Experimental Mastitis Induced by Mycoplasma agalactiae in Dairy Goats
Authors: Rodríguez F , Castro P 
Published: November 2014

ContentsCytokines, primarily produced by macrophages and lymphocytes, mobilize the immune system in response to infection, particularly at mucosal surfaces. Knowledge of the pathogenesis and persistence of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) in the mammary gland is still insufficient. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of caprine mastitis caused by Ma. Cytokine expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical methods in the inflammatory lesions of 10 (5 naturally and 5 experimentally infected) goats with Ma‐induced mastitis. Immunolabelling for IL‐10, IFN‐γ, IL‐4 and TNF‐α was observed in inflammatory cells within the lumen of acini and ducts and in the interstitial spaces and was usually associated with the presence of Ma antigen. The results suggest that cytokines play a role in the pathophysiological processes during Ma infection as differential expression of these cytokines was detected in relation to the course of the infection.
Chemoreflex physiology and implications for sleep apnoea: insights from studies in humans
Authors: Mansukhani Meghna P. , Wang Shihan , Somers Virend K. 
Published: November 2014

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?
This review summarizes chemoreflex physiology in health and disease, with specific focus on chemoreflex‐mediated pathophysiology in obstructive and central sleep apnoea.

What advances does it highlight?
Chemoreflex mechanisms are thought to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology and adverse outcomes seen in sleep apnoea. Clinical implications of altered chemoreflex function in sleep apnoea from recent studies in humans, including cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, systolic/diastolic heart failure and sudden cardiac death are highlighted.

Activation of the chemoreflex in response to hypoxaemia results in an increase in sympathetic neural outflow. This process is predominantly mediated by the peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and is potentiated by the absence of the sympatho‐inhibitory influence of ventilation during apnoea, as is seen in patients with sleep apnoea. In these patients, repetitive nocturnal hypoxaemia and apnoea elicit sympathetic activation, which may persist into wakefulness and is thought to contribute to the development of systemic hypertension and cardiac and vascular dysfunction. Chemoreflex activation could possibly lead to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, such as nocturnal myocardial infarction, systolic and/or diastolic heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with sleep apnoea. This review summarizes chemoreflex physiology in health and disease, with specific focus on chemoreflex‐mediated pathophysiology in obstructive and central sleep apnoea. Measurement of the chemoreflex response may serve as a potential avenue for individualized screening for cardiovascular disease. Whether modulation of this response in sleep apnoea may aid in the prevention and treatment of adverse cardiovascular consequences will require further study.
Development of Technique for Controlling Natural Circulation Flow by Using Helium Gas
Authors: Hatori Hirofumi , Yanagawa Naoto , Takeda Tetsuaki , Funatani Shumpei 
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate a control method of natural circulation flow of air by injection of helium gas. A depressurization accident by the primary pipe rupture is one of the design-basis accidents of a Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR). When the double coaxial duct connecting between a reactor core and an intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) module breaks, air is expected to enter the reactor pressure vessel from the breach and oxidize in-core graphite structures. Then, it seems to be probable that the natural circulation flow of air in the reactor pressure vessel produce continuously. In such condition, injection of helium gas into the channel by a passive method can prevent occurrence of the natural circulation flow of air in the reactor pressure vessel. Therefore, it is thought that oxidation of in-core graphite structures by air ingress can be prevented by establishing this method.
The experiment has been carried out regarding the natural circulation flow using a circular tube consisting of a reverse U-shaped type. The vertical channel consists of one side heated tube and the other side cooled tube. The experimental procedure is as follows. Firstly, the apparatus is filled with air and one vertical tube is heated. Then, natural circulation of air will be produced in the channel. After the steady state is established, a small amount of helium gas is injected from the top of the channel. The velocity, mole fraction, temperature of gas, and temperature of the tube wall are measured during the experiment. The results were obtained as follows. When the temperature difference between the both vertical tubes was kept at about 60K, the velocity of the natural circulation flow of air was measured about 0.17m/s. During a steady state, a small amount of helium gas was injected into the channel. When the volume of injected helium gas is about 5.7% of the total volume of the channel, the velocity of the natural circulation flow of air became around zero. After 810 seconds elapsed, the natural circulation flow suddenly produced again. The natural circulation flow of air can be controlled by injecting of helium gas.
Development of Prediction Technology of Two-Phase Flow Dynamics Under Earthquake Acceleration: (12) Bubble Motion Along the Flow in Structure Vibration
Authors: Kato Yuki , Arai Rie , Kaneko Akiko , Monji Hideaki , Abe Yutaka , Yoshida Hiroyuki , Takase Kazuyuki 
Published: November 2014

In a nuclear power plant, one of the important issues is an evaluation of the safety of the reactor core and its pipes when an earthquake occurs. Many researchers have conducted studies on constructions of plants. Consequently, there is some knowledge about earthquake-resisting designs.
However the influence of an earthquake vibration on thermal fluid inside a nuclear reactor plant is not fully understood. Especially, there is little knowledge how coolant in a core response when large earthquake acceleration is added. Some studies about the response of fluid to the vibration were carried out. And it is supposed that the void fraction and/or the power of core are fluctuated with the oscillation by the experiments and numerical analysis. However the detailed mechanism about a kinetic response of gas and liquid phases is not enough investigated, therefore the aim of this study is to clarify the influence of vibration of construction on bubbly flow behavior. In order to investigate the influence of vibration of construction on bubbly flow behavior, we visualized bubbly flow in pipeline on which sine wave was applied. In a test section, bubbly flow was produced by injecting gas into liquid flow through a horizontal circular pipe. In order to vibrate the test section, an oscillating table was used. The frequency and acceleration of vibration added from the oscillating table was from 1.0 Hz to 10 Hz and . 0.4 G (1 G=9.8 m/s2) at each frequency. The test section and a high speed video camera were fixed on the oscillating table. Thus the relative velocity between the camera and the test section was ignored. PIV measurement was also conducted to investigate interaction between bubble motion and surround in flow structure. Liquid pressure was also measured at upstream and downstream of the test section. The effects of oscillation on bubbly flow were quantitatively evaluated by these pressure measurements and the velocity field. In the results, it was observed that the difference of bubble motion by changing oscillation frequency. Moreover it was suggested that the bubble deformation is correlated with the fluctuation of liquid velocity field around the bubble and the pressure gradient in the flow area. In addition, these experimental results were compared with numerical simulation by a detailed two-phase flow simulation code with an advanced interface tracking method, TPFIT. Numerical simulation was qualitatively agreed with experimental results.
Study on Criteria of Flushing Phenomena in Boiling Transition by Microwave Heating
Authors: Yamaki Tatsunori , Abe Yutaka , Kaneko Akiko , Segawa Tomoomi , Kawaguchi Koichi , Yamada Yoshikazu 
Published: November 2014

In the Microwave Heating de-nitration (MH) method developed in Japan, a mixed solution of uranyl nitrate and plutonium nitrate (Pu/U mixed nitrate solution) recovered from the spent fuel in the reprocessing plant is converted directly to mixed oxide (MH-MOX) powder. This MH-MOX powder is utilized to fabricate MOX fuel with UO2 powder for FBR.
The MH method is accompanied with transient boiling phenomena such as overflow and flushing. Toward high-speed and high-capacity conversion by MH-method in the future, it is required to avoid overflow and flushing and to understand optimal conditions for vessel shape design and microwave output operation. The objective of this paper is to elucidate occurrence criteria of flushing phenomena.
At the first step for this objective, basic knowledge of transient boiling phenomena by the MH-method has been mainly acquired with using distilled water. From the results, it is observed that generation of singular bubble triggers flushing and distilled water just before flushing is superheated more than 10 °C in conditions that flushing is confirmed. Also, the water temperature reaches its peak, and it is almost unchanged in conditions that flushing is not confirmed. In no flushing conditions, it is found that the evaporation starts from the point where the water temperature reaches its peak, and water level is decreased gradually. Thus, the difference of thermal characteristics greatly affects whether flushing occurs.
The second step, by focusing on the process before flushing occurs, we investigate flow structure, and heat amount through the temperature distribution inside the jelly just after microwave heating. Potassium chloride (KCl) aqueous solution and water are used. KCl solution is electrolyte solution same as reprocessing solution. From the results, upward flow is observed near the center of the solution in the case of the water just after microwave heating. On the other hand, downward flow is observed in the case of KCl solution. As a result of temperature distribution, the water is heated its near center, and KCl solution is heated the around. Thus, it is considered that heat amount of microwave varies depending on solution characteristics, and the difference greatly affects the flow structure. The heat amount and flow structure are critical factors that can determine transient boiling phenomena. We need to investigate transient boiling phenomena of KCl solution in the future.
Relationship Between Flow Pattern and Pressure Distribution in Venturi Scrubber
Authors: Horiguchi Naoki , Yoshida Hiroyuki , Kaneko Akiko , Abe Yutaka 
Published: November 2014

As revealed by Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, countermeasures against severe accidents in nuclear power plants are an urgent need. In particular, from the viewpoint of protecting containment and suppressing diffusion of the radioactive materials, it is most important to install filtered venting devices to release high pressure contaminated gas to the atmosphere with elimination radioactive materials in the gas.
A Multi Venturi Scrubber System (MVSS) is one of the filtered venting devices, and used in European reactors [1, 2]. One of the main components of the MVSS is a Venturi Scrubber (VS). It is considered that a dispersed or dispersed annular flow is formed in the VS by a self-priming phenomena. In the self-priming phenomena, the liquid was suctioned from a surrounding region of the VS to the inside of the VS. And a part of the radioactive materials are eliminated through the gas-liquid interface of the dispersed or annular dispersed flow. Therefore, to consider the MVSS operation characteristics, it is important whether to occur the self-priming or not and the liquid flow rate of the self-priming of the VS.
The objective of this paper is to understand the self-priming phenomena of the VS for the filtered venting. And theoretical analysis and experiment were conducted. By comparing these results, we discussed about the mechanism of the self-priming phenomena. As results, the self-priming phenomena in the VS was confirmed and, at a high gas flow rate, the suspension of the self-priming is confirmed experimentally and theoretically.
Study on Thermalhydraulic Effects of Nuclear Steam Superheat for a Generic 1200-MWel Pressure-Channel Reactor
Authors: Sidawi Khalil , Vincze Andrei , Abdullah Rand , Baldock Matthew , Peiman Wargha , Pioro Igor 
Published: November 2014

Current generation water-cooled Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) have significantly lower thermal efficiencies than their thermal counterparts; due, partially, to their lower turbine-inlet steam temperature. Nuclear steam superheat can be implemented in a generic pressure-channel nuclear reactor to increase the temperature of the steam at the inlet of the turbine, and thus increase the thermal efficiency of a NPP.
A heat flux is computed specifically for a stable SuperHeated Steam (SHS) and Pressurized Water (PW) 520 pressure-channel reactor core configuration, from which a unique temperature profile for each coolant (as a bulk fluid) is calculated. Using the coolant temperature profile of each coolant, the sheath temperature distribution is calculated, using Fourier’s law, and the fuel pellets’ axial and radial temperature profiles are determined using an analytical solution to the temperature distribution in a solid with uniform heat generation.
Properties of the coolant, sheath, and fuel were calculated based on the temperature (and pressure, in the case of coolant) along the heated length of a channel. The effects on the flow rates and the differences in the required channel powers, due to the addition of the SHS channels, were also considered. To ensure safe operating parameters, the maximum sheath and fuel centerline temperatures were shown to be much lower than the operating limits.
The implementation of steam superheat in a generic 1200-MWel pressure-channel nuclear reactor allows for an increase in the temperature of steam at the inlet of a turbine from ∼319°C to ∼550°C, and ultimately an increase in the thermal efficiency of the NPP by about 5–7%.