bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2DB0 mapping of micro solenoids with and without FC‐84 and SU‐8 at 9.4 T
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Mohammad 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThis work addresses the effect of susceptibility matching improvement of micro‐solenoid coil materials on decreasing the B0 deviation in MR imaging of mass‐limited samples at high Tesla animal scanners. For this purpose, I investigated the effect of improving the solenoids of 1 and 0.5 mm diameters “susceptibility matching” by surrounding them in FC‐84 and SU‐8. Comparing 2D B0 maps of solenoids of 1 mm show that the mean value of B0 deviation has decreased by factors of 15.6 and 4.72 for the coils embedded with FC‐84 and SU‐8 respectively. Likewise, the mean of B0 deviation has decreased by factors of 13.15 and 5.27 for the solenoids of 0.5 mm diameter embedded in FC‐84 and SU‐8, respectively. MR images acquired by the solenoids 0.5 and 1 mm are clearly verifying the role of using susceptible materials in the coil structure in reducing the geometrical artifacts due to B0 deviation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 45B: 69–77, 2015
Acoustic analysis for a split MRI system using FE method
Authors: Wang Yaohui , Liu Feng , Weber Ewald , Tang Fangfang , Jin Jin , Tesiram Yas , Crozier Stuart 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTIn some MRI‐LINAC (Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Linear Accelerator) hybrid systems, the MRI scanner is split into two parts to form a central gap for the accommodation of the patient or a LINAC. Little is known about the acoustic characteristics of the split gradient coil structure needed for this system; however, it is believed to be very different from its typical configurations. It is important to develop dedicated numerical methods for the characterization of the unique acoustic properties, to provide engineering solutions for the noise attenuation for such a new system. In this article, we modeled the acoustic fields of a split MRI system and traditional gradient structures using the finite element method. The models were validated against acoustic experimental results obtained from a conventional MRI scanner. The acoustic field distribution analysis showed that the average sound pressure levels in the central gap were lower than those in the cylindrical tunnels of the split MRI system at most frequencies. This was also true when both the x coils or z coils were energized independently. Thus, if the patient bed is placed perpendicular to the axis of the main magnet of the split MRI system, the patient will be subjected to relatively lower acoustic intensities compared with that if the patient bed is placed parallel to the axis of the main magnet. Further work is planned to reduce the sound level in the central gap where the patient bed may be placed for this split system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 45B: 85–96, 2015
Aqueous Brønsted–Lowry Chemistry of Ionic Liquid Ions
Authors: Driver Gordon W. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIonic liquids have become commonplace materials found in research laboratories the world over, and are increasingly utilised in studies featuring water as co‐solvent. It is reported herein that proton activities, aH+, originating from auto‐protolysis of H2O molecules, are significantly altered in mixtures with common ionic liquids comprised of Cl−, [HSO4]−, [CH3SO4]−, [CH3COO]−, [BF4]−, relative to pure water. paH+ values, recorded in partially aqueous media as −log(aH+), are observed over a wide range (∼0–13) as a result of hydrolysis (or acid dissociation) of liquid salt ions to their associated parent molecules (or conjugate bases). Brønsted–Lowry acid–base character of ionic liquid ions observed is rooted in equilibria known to govern the highly developed aqueous chemistry of classical organic and inorganic salts, as their well‐known aqueous pKs dictate. Classical salt behaviour observed for both protic and aprotic ions in the presence of water suggests appropriate attention need be given to relevant chemical systems in order to exploit, or avoid, the nature of the medium formed.
Why Is the Spontaneous Deprotonation of [Cu(uracil)2]2+Complexes Accompanied by Enolization of the System?
Authors: Brea Oriana , Yáñez Manuel , Mó Otilia , Lamsabhi Al Mokhtar 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe reaction‐force formalism is applied to carry out a detailed analysis of the mechanisms behind the enolization processes undergone by the complexes formed on interaction of uracil dimers with Cu2+ions after spontaneous deprotonation of the resulting complexes. These enolization processes apparently involve a single proton transfer (PT) from an NH group to a carbonyl group of the same uracil moiety, which should involve a rather high activation barrier that prevents the process occurring. However, the reaction‐force, chemical‐potential, and electronic‐flux profiles unambiguously indicate that the actual mechanism involves three low‐barrier elementary steps, and this explains why enolization of the [Cu(uracil−H)(uracil)]+complexes is a highly facile, assisted PT process. All of the observed PT processes show a typical profile for both the chemical potential and the electronic flux associated with the bond‐breaking and the bond‐formation processes.
Living with Mental Illness: A Cognitive Behavioural Group Psycho‐education Programme with Women in Secure Settings
Authors: Long C. G. , Banyard E. , Dolley O. 
Published: June 2015

The provision of psycho‐educational groups for people diagnosed with schizophrenia is an important part of successful treatment. The value of such interventions is less clearly established in secure settings with no reports on women. Gender differences in the manifestation of schizophrenia highlight the importance of a gender‐specific intervention. A ‘Living with Mental Illness’ group programme for women in a secure psychiatric setting is described and evaluated. Those who completed group treatments (n = 20; 63%) showed improved knowledge of schizophrenia, decreased fear of schizophrenia, greater insight and increased optimism and perceived control of the illness. They also showed increased hope and greater self‐compassion. Pre–post group findings reflected improved ratings of compliance with drug treatments, appropriate behaviour and insight into risk. This was reflected in a decrease in risk behaviours, improved attendance at treatment sessions and a reduction in symptomatology. Group members also reported a positive group therapeutic alliance. Findings are discussed in the context of gender‐specific treatment, research, methodological issues characteristic of a real‐world evaluations and the need to assess the long‐term benefits of such treatment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Psycho‐educational groups for secure inpatients with schizophrenia need to address gender‐specific differences in the manifestation of the condition.
Such interventions as part of a broader treatment initiative can be associated with clinical improvement that is both illness specific and leads to improved engagement with care initiatives.
The needs of patients who do not complete treatments needs to be regularly reassessed.
The Challenge of Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis: A New Perspective on the Role of Nitrogen Scaling Relations
Authors: Montoya Joseph H. , Tsai Charlie , Vojvodic Aleksandra , Nørskov Jens K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe electrochemical production of NH3 under ambient conditions represents an attractive prospect for sustainable agriculture, but electrocatalysts that selectively reduce N2 to NH3 remain elusive. In this work, we present insights from DFT calculations that describe limitations on the low‐temperature electrocatalytic production of NH3 from N2. In particular, we highlight the linear scaling relations of the adsorption energies of intermediates that can be used to model the overpotential requirements in this process. By using a two‐variable description of the theoretical overpotential, we identify fundamental limitations on N2 reduction analogous to those present in processes such as oxygen evolution. Using these trends, we propose new strategies for catalyst design that may help guide the search for an electrocatalyst that can achieve selective N2 reduction.
Postnatal maternal care predicts divergent weaning strategies and the development of social behavior
Authors: Franks B. , Champagne F. A. , Curley J. P. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTMaternal care experienced during postnatal development predicts long‐term neurobiological and behavioral outcomes. However, the cascade of behavioral changes that emerge in response to maternal care has not been elucidated. In the current study, we examine naturally occurring variation in postnatal licking/grooming (LG) in C57BL/6J mice to determine its impact on preweaning maternal and pup behavior, the weaning process, the pace of developmental change, the emergence of social behavior, and indices of anxiety‐like behavior in adulthood. Our analyses indicate that lower postnatal LG is associated with truncated and more infrequent maternal behavior during the preweaning period. Moreover, compared to High LG dams, Low LG dams are observed to actively wean their offspring sooner and have offspring that play more frequently. The heightened pace of developmental change observed in offspring of Low LG dams suggests a more rapid transition to behavioral and nutritional independence, which could have implications for future reproductive strategies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 809–817, 2015.
Temporal autocorrelation in host density increases establishment success of parasitoids in an experimental system
Authors: Vercken Elodie , Fauvergue Xavier , Ris Nicolas , Crochard Didier , Mailleret Ludovic 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEnvironmental variation is classically expected to affect negatively population growth and to increase extinction risk, and it has been identified as a major determinant of establishment failures in the field. Yet, recent theoretical investigations have shown that the structure of environmental variation and more precisely the presence of positive temporal autocorrelation might alter this prediction. This is particularly likely to affect the establishment dynamics of biological control agents in the field, as host–parasitoid interactions are expected to induce temporal autocorrelation in host abundance. In the case where parasitoid populations display overcompensatory dynamics, the presence of such positive temporal autocorrelation should increase their establishment success in a variable environment. We tested this prediction in laboratory microcosms by introducing parasitoids to hosts whose abundances were manipulated to simulate uncorrelated or positively autocorrelated variations in carrying capacity. We found that environmental variability decreased population size and increased parasitoid population variance, which is classically expected to extinction risk. However, although exposed to significant environmental variation, we found that parasitoid populations experiencing positive temporal autocorrelation in host abundance were more likely to persist than populations exposed to uncorrelated variation. These results confirm that environmental variation is a key determinant of extinction dynamics that can have counterintuitive effects depending on its autocorrelation structure.
Inbreeding and adaptive plasticity: an experimental analysis on predator‐induced responses in the water flea Daphnia
Authors: Swillen Ine , Vanoverbeke Joost , De Meester Luc 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSeveral studies have emphasized that inbreeding depression (ID) is enhanced under stressful conditions. Additionally, one might imagine a loss of adaptively plastic responses which may further contribute to a reduction in fitness under environmental stress. Here, we quantified ID in inbred families of the cyclical parthenogen Daphnia magna in the absence and presence of fish predation risk. We test whether predator stress affects the degree of ID and if inbred families have a reduced capacity to respond to predator stress by adaptive phenotypic plasticity. We obtained two inbred families through clonal selfing within clones isolated from a fish pond. After mild purging under standardized conditions, we compared life history traits and adaptive plasticity between inbred and outbred lineages (directly hatched from the natural dormant egg bank of the same pond). Initial purging of lineages under standardized conditions differed among inbred families and exceeded that in outbreds. The least purged inbred family exhibited strong ID for most life history traits. Predator‐induced stress hardly affected the severity of ID, but the degree to which the capacity for adaptive phenotypic plasticity was retained varied strongly among the inbred families. The least purged family overall lacked the capacity for adaptive phenotypic plasticity, whereas the family that suffered only mild purging exhibited a potential for adaptive plasticity that was comparable to the outbred population. We thus found that inbred offspring may retain the capacity to respond to the presence of fish by adaptive phenotypic plasticity, but this strongly depends on the parental clone engaging in selfing.
Identifying signatures of sexual selection using genomewide selection components analysis
Authors: Flanagan Sarah P. , Jones Adam G. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSexual selection must affect the genome for it to have an evolutionary impact, yet signatures of selection remain elusive. Here we use an individual‐based model to investigate the utility of genome‐wide selection components analysis, which compares allele frequencies of individuals at different life history stages within a single population to detect selection without requiring a priori knowledge of traits under selection. We modeled a diploid, sexually reproducing population and introduced strong mate choice on a quantitative trait to simulate sexual selection. Genome‐wide allele frequencies in adults and offspring were compared using weighted FST values. The average number of outlier peaks (i.e., those with significantly large FST values) with a quantitative trait locus in close proximity (“real” peaks) represented correct diagnoses of loci under selection, whereas peaks above the FST significance threshold without a quantitative trait locus reflected spurious peaks. We found that, even with moderate sample sizes, signatures of strong sexual selection were detectable, but larger sample sizes improved detection rates. The model was better able to detect selection with more neutral markers, and when quantitative trait loci and neutral markers were distributed across multiple chromosomes. Although environmental variation decreased detection rates, the identification of real peaks nevertheless remained feasible. We also found that detection rates can be improved by sampling multiple populations experiencing similar selection regimes. In short, genome‐wide selection components analysis is a challenging but feasible approach for the identification of regions of the genome under selection.
Sexual shape dimorphism accelerated by male–male competition, but not prevented by sex‐indiscriminate parental care in dung beetles (Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Kishi Shigeki , Takakura Koh‐Ichi , Nishida Takayoshi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDimorphic sexual differences in shape and body size are called sexual dimorphism and sexual size dimorphism, respectively. The degrees of both dimorphisms are considered to increase with sexual selection, represented by male–male competition. However, the degrees of the two dimorphisms often differ within a species. In some dung beetles, typical sexual shape dimorphisms are seen in male horns and other exaggerated traits, although sexual size dimorphism looks rare. We hypothesized that the evolution of this sexual shape dimorphism without sexual size dimorphism is caused by male–male competition and their crucial and sex‐indiscriminate provisioning behaviors, in which parents provide the equivalent size of brood ball with each of both sons and daughters indiscriminately. As a result of individual‐based model simulations, we show that parents evolve to provide each of sons and daughters with the optimal amount of resource for a son when parents do not distinguish the sex of offspring and males compete for mates. This result explains why crucial and sex‐indiscriminate parental provisioning does not prevent the evolution of sexual shape dimorphism. The model result was supported by empirical data of Scarabaeidae beetles. In some dung beetles, sexual size dimorphism is absent, compared with significant sexual size dimorphism in other horned beetles, although both groups exhibit similar degrees of sexual shape dimorphism in male horns and other exaggerated traits.
Spatial interactions between sympatric carnivores: asymmetric avoidance of an intraguild predator
Authors: Grassel Shaun M. , Rachlow Janet L. , Williams Christopher J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractInteractions between intraguild species that act as both competitors and predator–prey can be especially complex. We studied patterns of space use by the black‐footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), a prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) specialist, and the American badger (Taxidea taxus), a larger generalist carnivore that competes for prairie dogs and is known to kill ferrets. We expected that ferrets would spatially avoid badgers because of the risk of predation, that these patterns of avoidance might differ between sexes and age classes, and that the availability of food and space might influence these relationships. We used location data from 60 ferrets and 15 badgers to model the influence of extrinsic factors (prairie dog density and colony size) and intrinsic factors (sex, age) on patterns of space use by ferrets in relation to space use by different sex and age categories of badgers. We documented asymmetric patterns of avoidance of badgers by ferrets based on the sex of both species. Female ferrets avoided adult female badgers, but not male badgers, and male ferrets exhibited less avoidance than female ferrets. Additionally, avoidance decreased with increasing densities of prairie dogs. We suggest that intersexual differences in space use by badgers create varying distributions of predation risk that are perceived by the smaller carnivore (ferrets) and that females respond more sensitively than males to that risk. This work advances understanding about how competing species coexist and suggests that including information on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors might improve our understanding of behavioral interactions between sympatric species.
Variation in signal–preference genetic correlations in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae)
Authors: Fowler‐Finn Kasey D. , Kilmer Joseph T. , Hallett Allysa C. , Rodríguez Rafael L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractFisherian selection is a within‐population process that promotes signal–preference coevolution and speciation due to signal–preference genetic correlations. The importance of the contribution of Fisherian selection to speciation depends in part on the answer to two outstanding questions: What explains differences in the strength of signal–preference genetic correlations? And, how does the magnitude of within‐species signal–preference covariation compare to species differences in signals and preferences? To address these questions, we tested for signal–preference genetic correlations in two members of the Enchenopa binotata complex, a clade of plant‐feeding insects wherein speciation involves the colonization of novel host plants and signal–preference divergence. We used a full‐sibling, split‐family rearing experiment to estimate genetic correlations and to analyze the underlying patterns of variation in signals and preferences. Genetic correlations were weak or zero, but exploration of the underlying patterns of variation in signals and preferences revealed some full‐sib families that varied by as much as 50% of the distance between similar species in the E. binotata complex. This result was stronger in the species that showed greater amounts of genetic variation in signals and preferences. We argue that some forms of weak signal–preference genetic correlation may have important evolutionary consequences.
Scope and Limitation of the Microwave‐Assisted Catalytic Wittig Reaction
Authors: Hoffmann Marcel , Deshmukh Sunetra , Werner Thomas 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe have developed a microwave‐assisted catalytic Wittig reaction. In this paper, we give full account of the scope and limitations of this reaction. A screening of various commercially available phosphine oxides as precatalysts revealed Bu3P=O to be the most promising candidate. We tested 10 silanes for the in situ reduction of the phosphine oxide to generate Bu3P as the actual catalyst. Different epoxides were tested as masked bases. In this context, cyclohexene oxide as well as butylene oxide proved to be suitable. The reaction could be carried out at 125 °C, but higher yields and E/Z selectivities were obtained at 150 °C. Under the optimised reaction conditions, more than 40 examples for the conversion of various aldehydes into the corresponding alkenes are reported. The products were obtained in yields of up to 88 % with high E selectivities. Moreover, we also describe the further screening of several chiral phosphines as catalysts for the microwave‐assisted enantioselective catalytic Wittig reaction.
Practical Ligand‐Free Copper‐Catalysed Short‐Chain Alkoxylation of Unactivated Aryl Bromides
Authors: Guo Ying , Fan Xue‐Min , Nie Min , Liu Hong‐Wei , Liao Dao‐Hua , Pan Xian‐Dao , Ji Ya‐Fei 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAn efficient and practical short‐chain alkoxylation of unactivated aryl bromides has been developed with special attention focussed on the applicability of the reaction. Sodium alkoxide is used as the nucleophile, and the corresponding alcohol as the solvent. The reaction requires neither precious metals nor organic ligands. It uses a catalytic system consisting of copper(I) bromide as a catalyst, the corresponding alkyl formate as a noncontaminating cocatalyst, and lithium chloride as an additive. A wide range of substrates and test cases highlight the synthetic utility of the approach. Considering the commercial accessibility and affordability of the feedstocks, this protocol shows promise as a new alternative for the sustainable preparation of aryl alkyl ethers.
U.S. ethnic minorities' attitudes towards Whites: The role of shared reality theory in intergroup relations
Authors: Conley Terri D. , Rabinowitz Joshua L. , Matsick Jes L. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIn the current research, we suggest that shared reality, the belief that one perceives the world the same way as another group, can predict attitudes towards that group. We tested shared reality theory in the context of American ethnic minority groups' (i.e., African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinas/os) attitudes towards White Americans. In surveys of two samples recruited from different geographical locations in the USA, we tested predictions derived from different theories of intergroup relations. Using mediational analysis, we defined models to assess the extent to which shared reality theory predicted—directly and indirectly—prejudicial attitudes towards Whites. We tested the model derived from shared reality theory against other theoretical alternatives. Taken together, the results of the research indicated that shared reality predicts attitudes towards White Americans among these three ethnic groups. Thus, shared reality is a relevant, though largely overlooked, factor in intergroup dynamics.