bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation on Flow Distribution in an External Manifold SOFC Stack by Computational Fluid Dynamics Technique
Authors: Wang K. , Wang L. , Yan D. , Zhang Y. S. , Pu J. , Jian L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn this study, the flow distribution in a planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack with external manifolds is investigated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. Three dimensional external manifold models are constructed for a SOFC stack composed of 24 cells. CFD simulations with air as operating gas are implemented for two types of stacks with different inlet manifolds, including the manifold with three tube inlets (T‐manifold) and the manifold with a gas chamber on top (C‐manifold). The influences of different parameters such as channel resistance and gas feeding rate on flow distribution are studied. Modeling results indicate that the increase of channel resistance and a lower gas feeding rate can respectively improve the uniformity factor of T‐manifold and C‐manifold from 0.963 to 0.995 and 0.989 to 0.998. For a given channel resistance, the pressure distribution in the inlet manifold plays a dominant role in the flow distribution. In addition, flow distribution in the stack with C‐manifold is generally more uniform than the stack with T‐manifold. Furthermore, flow characteristics of the two type inlet manifolds are investigated by measuring velocity distribution of the gas at manifold outlets using a hot‐wire anemometer.
Particle Coarsening Influence on Oxygen Reduction in LSM–YSZ Composite Materials
Authors: Farlenkov A. S. , Ananyev M. V. , Eremin V. A. , Porotnikova N. M. , Kurumchin E. Kh. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe microstructure influence on the oxygen reduction process for the LSM–YSZ composite materials has been studied in this paper. To localize the effect of particle coarsening influence, the oxygen isotope exchange measurements with the gas phase analysis have been performed for LSM–YSZ | YSZ | LSM–YSZ symmetric cells during 300 and 1000 hours at T = 850 °C and Po2 = 10−2 atm. In order to find quantitative relations the changes in the oxygen surface exchange and the diffusion coefficients and its microstructure parameters such as porosity and triple phase boundary (TPB) length have been compared. The rate determining stage of the LSM–YSZ degradation has been suggested to be the LSM‐phase surface diffusion and the LSM surface diffusion coefficient have been estimated.
Effect of Compression Cycling on Polybenzimidazole‐based High‐Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Pinar F. J. , Rastedt M. , Pilinski N. , Wagner P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractContact pressure cycling experiments have been conducted with various commercial high temperature PEM membrane‐electrode‐assemblies based on phosphoric acid doped PBI. Two different membrane‐electrode‐assembly types have been electrochemically investigated employing linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curves, but also micro‐computed tomography imaging has been used as post‐mortem investigation technique. Thickness displacement changes on the membrane‐electrode‐assemblies (MEA) during the experiences have also been recorded. Reversible and irreversible effects have been observed in MEA behavior during the three contact pressure cycles. Furthermore, the micro‐computed tomography tool allows a detailed visual insight into the structural effects of compression forces on the MEA. The electrochemical characterization has revealed that damages under contact pressure cycling have been induced in both kinds of MEAs. Moreover, once MEA damages have appeared, they are facilitated from cycle to cycle. These damages are related to hydrogen crossover and short circuit formation that develop fuel cell performance deterioration. Thus, micro‐computed tomography imaging investigations reveal defects, pin holes or cracks within the catalyst layer and membrane e.g., which may cause degradation aspects like hydrogen crossover or loss of electrical isolation already observed by the electrochemical characterization.
Structured random measurements in signal processing
Authors: Krahmer Felix , Rauhut Holger 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCompressed sensing and its extensions have recently triggered interest in randomized signal acquisition. A key finding is that random measurements provide sparse signal reconstruction guarantees for efficient and stable algorithms with a minimal number of samples. While this was first shown for (unstructured) Gaussian random measurement matrices, applications require certain structure of the measurements leading to structured random measurement matrices. Near optimal recovery guarantees for such structured measurements have been developed over the past years in a variety of contexts. This article surveys the theory in three scenarios: compressed sensing (sparse recovery), low rank matrix recovery, and phaseless estimation. The random measurement matrices to be considered include random partial Fourier matrices, partial random circulant matrices (subsampled convolutions), matrix completion, and phase estimation from magnitudes of Fourier type measurements. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the mathematical techniques for the analysis of such structured random measurements. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
What if implementation is not the problem? Exploring the missing links between knowledge and action
Authors: Kreindler Sara A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractGiven all the available knowledge about effective implementation, why do many organizations continue to have—or appear to have—an implementation problem? Analysis of a 7‐year corpus of reports by a Canadian health region's “embedded” research and evaluation unit sought to discover the source of the region's intractable difficulty implementing improvement. Findings suggested that the problem was neither a lack of knowledge (decision‐makers displayed sophisticated understanding of fundamental issues) nor an inability to take action (there existed sufficient capacity to implement change). However, managers' high‐level knowledge was not made actionable, and micro‐level decision‐making often produced piecemeal actions inadequately informed by existing knowledge. The problem arose at the stage of “operationalization”—the identification of concrete, executable actions fully informed by knowledge of complex, system‐level issues. Yet this crucial phase is a focus of neither the implementation nor knowledge translation (KT) literatures. The organizational decision‐making literature reveals how decision‐makers initiate operationalization (i.e., by setting the direction for a discovery approach) but not how they can ensure its successful completion. The focus of KT research and practice should expand to explicating and improving decision‐making, lest KT become an exercise of infusing content into a broken process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Successful validation of genomic biomarkers for human immunotoxicity in Jurkat T cells in vitro
Authors: Schmeits Peter C. J. , Shao Jia , van der Krieken Danique A. , Volger Oscar L. , van Loveren Henk , Peijnenburg Ad. A. C. M. , Hendriksen Peter J. M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPreviously, we identified 25 classifier genes that were able to assess immunotoxicity using human Jurkat T cells. The present study aimed to validate these classifiers. For that purpose, Jurkat cells were exposed for 6 h to subcytotoxic doses of nine immunotoxicants, five non‐immunotoxicants and four compounds for which human immunotoxicity has not yet been fully established. RNA was isolated and subjected to Fluidigm quantitative real time (qRT)–PCR analysis. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the screening assay as based on the nine immunotoxicants and five non‐immunotoxicants used in this study were 100%, 80% and 93%, respectively, which is better than the performance in our previous study. Only one compound was classified as false positive (benzo‐e‐pyrene). Of the four potential (non‐)immunotoxicants, chlorantraniliprole and Hidrasec were classified immunotoxic and Sunset yellow and imidacloprid as non‐immunotoxic. ToxPi analysis of the PCR data provided insight in the molecular pathways that were affected by the compounds. The immunotoxicants 2,3‐dichloro‐propanol and cypermethrin, although structurally different, affected protein metabolism and cholesterol biosynthesis and transport. In addition, four compounds, i.e. chlorpyrifos, aldicarb, benzo‐e‐pyrene and anti‐CD3, affected genes in cholesterol metabolism and transport, protein metabolism and transcription regulation. qRT–PCR on eight additional genes coding for similar processes as defined in ToxPi analyzes, supported these results. In conclusion, the 25 immunotoxic classifiers performed very well in a screening with new non‐immunotoxic and immunotoxic compounds. Therefore, the Jurkat screening assay has great promise to be applied within a tiered approach for animal free testing of human immunotoxicity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery and Correction of Spurious Low Platelet Counts due to EDTA‐Dependent Pseudothrombocytopenia
Authors: Lin Jianhua , Luo Yaoling , Yao Shaoyu , Yan Miansheng , Li Jianpei , Ouyang Wenting , Kuang Miaohuan 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundEthylene diamine tetraacetic acid dependent pseudothrombocytopenia (EDTA‐PTCP) is a laboratory artifact that may lead to unnecessary evaluation and treatment of patients. The purpose of this article is to discuss how to identify EDTA‐PTCP and correct spurious low platelet counts in clinical laboratories.MethodsWe use two criteria to screen for platelet aggregation: (1) an abnormal platelet count in EDTA‐treated blood from a patient lacking clinical signs of a platelet disorder, and (2) an instrument flag for platelet clumps. EDTA‐PTCP was confirmed by microscopic examination for platelet agglutination and by platelet counts that corrected with citrate sample. In addition, the time course of EDTA‐PTCP was investigated in samples from 26 patients anticoagulated with EDTA‐K2 and sodium citrate. Amikacin (5 mg/ml) was added to tubes with EDTA‐K2 or sodium citrate from seven additional cases in order to confirm its dissociative effect on platelet aggregation.ResultsIn our laboratory, the overall incidence of EDTA‐PTCP was approximately 0.09%; and the duration was between 2 weeks and 6 months. EDTA‐PTCP was time‐dependent and occurred as early as 10 min after sample collection. Weaker agglutination could also occur in most corresponding citrate‐treated samples. The dissociative effect of amikacin on platelet agglutination was case‐specific and not concentration‐dependent.ConclusionsThe method of screening for platelet clumping with the help of XE5000 images is convenient. The decline in the platelet count is related to the length of time and the intensity of chelation. Amikacin supplement is not always effective for correcting platelet counts in vitro.
A High Frequency of Peripheral Blood IL‐22+CD4+ T Cells in Patients With New Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Guo Hui , Xu Bing‐Chuan , Yang Xi‐Ge , Peng Di , Wang Ye , Liu Xiao‐Bo , Cui Cheng‐Ri , Jiang Yan‐Fang 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundThis study is aimed at investigating the frequency of different functional IL‐22+CD4+ T cells in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThe frequency of circulating IFN‐γ+IL‐17‐IL‐22‐CD4+ (Th1), IFN‐γ‐IL‐17A+IL‐22‐CD4+ (Th17), and IFN‐γ‐IL‐17A‐IL‐22+CD4+ (Th22), and other subsets of IL‐22+CD4+ T cells in 31 patients with new onset T2DM and 16 healthy controls was characterized by flow cytometry. The levels of serum IL‐22, IL‐17, IFN‐γ, insulin C‐peptide, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose, and insulin were examined.ResultsThe frequency of Th1, Th17, Th22, IFN‐γ+IL‐17−IL‐22+, and IFN‐γ−IL‐17+IL‐22+ CD4+ T cells and the concentrations of IL‐22, but not IL‐17 and IFNγ, in the patients were significantly higher than controls. The percentages of Th22 cells were correlated positively with the frequency of IFN‐γ−IL‐17+IL‐22+CD4+ T cells, the values of body mass index (BMI) and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), and the levels of serum IL‐22 in those patients.ConclusionOur data suggest that IL‐22+CD4+ T cells may contribute to the early process of T2DM.
Diagnostic Performance of an Anti‐Actin Autoantibody Binding Enzyme Immunodot Blot in Autoimmune Hepatitis Type 1
Authors: Schotte Heiko , Willeke Peter , Schmalhorst Johanna , Schlüter Bernhard 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundA serologic hallmark of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) type 1 are anti‐smooth muscle autoantibodies (ASMA) with specificity for filamentous actin (F‐actin; AAA (anti‐actin antibodies)), traditionally detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IFT) using rat liver, kidney, and stomach tissue sections as substrates. However, IFT is a subjective method requiring an experienced investigator. Therefore, a more objective technique for the detection of AAA may be a helpful diagnostic tool.MethodsIn a retrospective study with cross‐sectional design, we evaluated AAA detected by an enzyme immunodot blot (IDB; Liver5 IgG BlueDot, D‐tek, Mons, Belgium). Serum samples of patients with AIH type 1 (n = 47) and specified controls (n = 142) were included. For comparison, standard IFT was applied to rat LKS (liver, kidney, stomach) triple tissue sections.ResultsIDB readings were done by two independent investigators (92% concordance). The diagnostic sensitivity of the AAA‐IDB was 70%, compared to 51% of AAA‐IFT (n.s.). The diagnostic specificity of AAA‐IDB was significantly lower compared to AAA‐IFT (76% vs. 94%; P < 0.0005). Correspondingly, the positive predictive value (49% vs. 75%; P < 0.05) and positive likelihood ratio (2.9 vs. 8.5) differed significantly. Neither prescreening for ANA or ASMA, nor the exclusion of infectious hepatopathies resulted in a significantly better diagnostic performance of the IDB.ConclusionCompared to standard IFT, testing for AAA via IDB did not result in a significantly better diagnostic performance for AIH type 1. A blot with higher antigen binding specificity may be more functional.
A nurse‐driven screening tool for the early identification of sepsis in an intermediate care unit setting
Authors: Gyang Elsie , Shieh Lisa , Forsey Lynn , Maggio Paul 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUNDUse of a screening tool as a decision support mechanism for early detection of sepsis has been widely advocated, yet studies validating tool performance are scarce, especially in non–intensive care unit settings.METHODSFor this pilot study we prospectively screened consecutive patients admitted to a medical/surgical intermediate care unit at an academic medical center over a 1‐month period and retrospectively analyzed their clinical data. Patients were screened with a 3‐tiered, paper‐based, nurse‐driven sepsis assessment tool every 8 hours. For patients screening positive for sepsis or severe sepsis, the primary treatment team was notified and the team's clinical actions were recorded. Results of the screening test were then compared to patient International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9) codes for sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock identified during the study time period, and performance of the screening test was assessed.RESULTSA total of 2143 screening tests were completed in 245 patients (169 surgical, 76 medical). ICD‐9 codes confirmed sepsis incidence was 9%. Of the 39 patients who screened positive, 51% were positive for sepsis, and 49% screened positive for severe sepsis. Screening tool sensitivity and specificity were 95% and 92%, respectively. Negative predictive value was 99% and positive predictive value was 54%. Overall test accuracy was 92%. There was no statistically significant difference in tool performance between medical and surgical patients.CONCLUSIONSA simple screening tool for sepsis utilized as part of nursing assessment may be a useful way of identifying early sepsis in both medical and surgical patients in an intermediate care unit setting. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:97–103. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
In Silico Investigation of a HIV‐1 Vpr Inhibitor Binding Site: Potential for Virtual Screening and anti‐HIV Drug Design
Authors: Choi Sy Bing , Choong Yee Siew , Saito Akiko , Wahab Habibah A. , Najimudin Nazalan , Watanabe Nobumoto , Osada Hiroyuki , Ong Eugene Boon Beng 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPresent HIV antiviral therapy only targets structural proteins of HIV, but evidence shows that the targeting of accessory proteins will expand our options in combating HIV. HIV‐1 Vpr, a multifunctional accessory protein involved in viral infection, replication and pathogenesis, is a potential target. Previously, we have shown that phenyl coumarin compounds can inhibit the growth arrest activity of Vpr in host cells and predicted that the inhibitors’ binding site is a hydrophobic pocket on Vpr. To investigate our prediction of the inhibitors’ binding site, we docked the coumarin inhibitors into the predicted hydrophobic binding pocket on a built model of Vpr and observed a linear trend between their calculated binding energies and prior experimentally determined potencies. Subsequently, to analyze the inhibitor‐protein binding interactions in detail, we built homology models of Vpr mutants and performed docking studies on these models too. The results revealed that structural changes on the binding pocket that were caused by the mutations affected inhibitor binding. Overall, this study showed that the binding energies of the docked molecules are good indicators of the activity of the inhibitors. Thus, the model can be used in virtual screening to identify other Vpr inhibitors and for designing more potent inhibitors.
How Safe Are Recently FDA‐Approved Antimicrobials? A Review of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System Database
Authors: Khadem Tina M. , van Manen Robbert P. , Brown Jack 
Published: November 2014

Study ObjectiveTo review quantitatively and qualitatively the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database to provide clinicians with a general understanding of the comparative occurrence of clinically meaningful adverse events associated with 15 antimicrobial new molecular entities approved by the FDA since 2006: anidulafungin, darunavir, maraviroc, raltegravir, doripenem, telavancin, ceftaroline, boceprevir, telaprevir, fidaxomicin, bedaquiline, dolutegravir, simeprevir, sofosbuvir, and dalbavancin.DesignRetrospective analysis.Data SourceFDA AERS database.Measurements and Main ResultsEmpirica Signal software was used to query the AERS database from November 1968 to December 2012. Using disproportionality analyses, we calculated a relative reporting ratio (RRR) estimate for reports of antimicrobial adverse events. The RRR estimate compares the occurrence of a specific adverse event with an index drug of interest to the occurrence of the same adverse event with similar agents or with all other FDA‐approved prescription drugs. Common industry practice considers an RRR meaningful if the 5th percentile of the distribution is at least 2 (RRR05 of 2.0 or higher). Antimicrobials were compared with agents within their respective antimicrobial therapeutic class as well as with all agents in the AERS database. Seventeen adverse signals with an RRR05 of 2.0 or higher were identified from the database for six agents. Ten of the 17 signals were not included in the most up‐to‐date manufacturers' package inserts for four of the six agents: doripenem‐associated hepatic dysfunction (RRR05 3.7) and hyperchloremia (RRR05 2.6); boceprevir‐associated weight loss (RRR05 2.2); darunavir‐associated premature labor (RRR05 3.1), sudden infant death syndrome (RRR05 2.9), ventricular hypertrophy (RRR05 2.7), acute coronary syndrome (RRR05 2.4), and congenital anomaly in offspring (RRR05 2.4); and raltegravir‐associated congenital heart valve disorders (RRR05 2.5) and SIDS (RRR05 2.3).ConclusionClinically meaningful adverse event signals appeared to be associated with antimicrobial new molecular entities approved since 2006 including many not yet identified in package inserts. Although a disproportionality analysis suggests a quantitative signal for these associations, causality cannot be inferred from the data. Due to several key limitations in this type of analysis, investigative studies are needed to further explore these adverse event signals and the potential mechanisms by which they occur.
Synthesis and characterization of highly transparent and hydrophobic fluorinated polyimides derived from perfluorodecylthio substituted diamine monomers
Authors: Tapaswi Pradip Kumar , Choi Myeon‐Cheon , Nagappan Saravanan , Ha Chang‐Sik 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTTwo new perfluorodecylthio substituted aromatic diamines, namely 2,4‐diamino‐1‐(1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecathio)benzene (DAPFB) and 2,2'‐Bis((1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecyl)thio)[1,1'‐biphenyl]4,4'‐diamine (BPFBD) were synthesized and polycondensed with 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) to produce two new perfluorinated polyimides (PI2 and PI4). The chemical structures of these polyimides were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Two other polyimides (PI1 and PI3) were also synthesized from 6FDA and analogous perfluorodecylthio unsubstituted diamines to investigate the incorporation effect of perfluorodecylthio group on various physical and chemical properties of the synthesized PIs. Compared with PI1 and PI3, PI2 and PI4 exhibited improved solubility, optical transparency, and hydrophobicity, lower moisture absorption, dielectric constant, and thermo‐mechanical stabilities owing to the presence of the perfluorodecylthio side group in the polymer chain. Even though thermo‐mechanical properties of PI2 and PI4 (
: 413 and 404 °C, Tg: 220 and 209 °C, tensile strength of 101 and 76 MPa, tensile modulus of 1.7 and 1.5 GPa and elongation at break of 8 and 10%, respectively) were reduced in comparison to PI1 and PI3 but still were good enough for most of the practical applications. Most importantly, the presence of the perfluorodecylthio side group in BPFBD considerably reduced the dielectric constant of PI4 to 2.71 which was quite low as aromatic polyimide. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 479–488
Self‐assembled graphene oxide–gelatin nanocomposite hydrogels: Characterization, formation mechanisms, and pH‐sensitive drug release behavior
Authors: Piao Yongzhe , Chen Biqiong 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTNovel physically crosslinked graphene oxide (GO)‐gelatin nanocomposite hydrogels were obtained by self‐assembly. The hydrogels with various ratios of GO to gelatin were prepared, and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The static and dynamic rheological properties of the hydrogels were investigated, along with the underlying hydrogel formation mechanisms. The storage modulus of the hydrogels (containing 98–98.5 wt % water) reached 114.5 kPa, owing to the relatively strong physical bonding (i.e., hydrogen bonding and electrostatic forces) between GO and gelatin. Drug release tests showed that the drug release from the hydrogel was pH‐dependent, with 96% of the model drug released in a neutral environment, compared to 28% released in an acidic medium. These hydrogels could have potential in pH‐sensitive drug delivery. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 356–367