bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supervising Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Professional Socialization of Graduate Assistant Athletic Trainers in the Collegiate Setting
Authors: Thrasher Ashley B. , Walker Stacy E. , Hankemeier Dorice A. , Pitney William A. 
Published: October 2014

Context:
Many newly credentialed athletic trainers gain initial employment as graduate assistants (GAs) in the collegiate setting, yet their socialization into their role is unknown. Exploring the socialization process of GAs in the collegiate setting could provide insight into how that process occurs.

Objective:
To explore the professional socialization of GAs in the collegiate setting to determine how GAs are socialized and developed as athletic trainers.

Design:
Qualitative study.

Setting:
Individual phone interviews.

Patients or Other Participants:
Athletic trainers (N = 21) who had supervised GAs in the collegiate setting for a minimum of 8 years (16 men [76%], 5 women [24%]; years of supervision experience = 14.6 ± 6.6).

Data Collection and Analysis:
Data were collected via phone interviews, which were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed by a 4-person consensus team with a consensual qualitative-research design. The team independently coded the data and compared ideas until a consensus was reached, and a codebook was created. Trustworthiness was established through member checks and multianalyst triangulation.

Results:
Four themes emerged: (1) role orientation, (2) professional development and support, (3) role expectations, and (4) success. Role orientation occurred both formally (eg, review of policies and procedures) and informally (eg, immediate role immersion). Professional development and support consisted of the supervisor mentoring and intervening when appropriate. Role expectations included decision-making ability, independent practice, and professionalism; however, supervisors often expected GAs to function as experienced, full-time staff. Success of the GAs depended on their adaptability and on the proper selection of GAs by supervisors.

Conclusions:
Supervisors socialize GAs into the collegiate setting by providing orientation, professional development, mentoring, and intervention when necessary. Supervisors are encouraged to use these socialization tactics to enhance the professional development of GAs in the collegiate setting.
The Gaming of Concussions: A Unique Intervention in Postconcussion Syndrome
Authors: Lynch James M. , Anderson Megan , Benton Brooke , Green Sue Stanley 
Published: October 2014

Objective:
To present the case of 2 adolescent high school student-athletes who developed postconcussion syndrome with protracted and limiting visual complaints that markedly affected academic, social, and athletic activity for a year after the onset of symptoms. Both had significant improvement soon after a unique intervention was administered.

Background:
A 14-year-old female soccer and softball player sustained 2 concussions in the same week. She had persistent symptoms for a year that affected her grades and precluded athletic participation. A 15-year-old male football player sustained a concussion during an altercation with 2 other male adolescents. He continued to have symptoms 1 year later, with a marked decrease in academic performance and restriction from athletics. Both adolescents reported blurry vision, photophobia, and associated headache as significant components of the postconcussion syndrome.

Differential Diagnosis:
Concussion, postconcussion syndrome, skull fracture, subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, second-impact syndrome, and visually sensitive migraine.

Treatment:
Both patients were advised to obtain computer gaming glasses to use throughout the day. The female patient was diligent in her use of the glasses, with marked lessening of symptoms. The male patient was less accepting of the glasses but did report lessening of symptoms when using the glasses.

Uniqueness:
We hypothesized that postconcussion syndrome with marked visual complaints would respond to and improve with decreased stimulation of the visual system. This was attempted with the addition of computer gaming glasses. Both adolescent athletes responded well to the filtering of visual stimuli by off-the-shelf computer gaming glasses.

Conclusions:
Postconcussion syndrome is a persistent condition with a myriad of symptoms. Two young athletes developed postconcussion syndrome with prominent visual symptoms that lasted a year. The addition of computer gaming glasses markedly lessened symptoms in both patients.
Sommes friables d'exponentielles et applications
Authors: Drappeau Sary 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn integer is said to be y–friable if its greatest prime factor is less than y. In this paper, we obtain estimates for exponential sums over y–friable numbers up to x which are non–trivial when y ≥ . As a consequence, we obtain an asymptotic formula for the number of y-friable solutions to the equation a + b = c which is valid unconditionally under the same assumption. We use a contour integration argument based on the saddle point method, as developped in the context of friable numbers by Hildebrand and Tenenbaum, and used by Lagarias, Soundararajan and Harper to study exponential and character sums over friable numbers.
Commentary on "Jamming transition in a two-dimensional open granular pile with rolling resistance"
Authors: Arévalo Roberto 
Published: October 2014

A Commentary on the paper by C F M Magalhes et. al. [Pap. Phys. 6, 060007 (2014)]. Received: 10 October 2014, Accepted: 10 October 2014; Edited by: L. A. Pugnaloni; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.060008Cite as: R. Arévalo, Papers in Physics 6, 060008 (2014)
Worm in the Throat: Hamartoma Larynx
Authors: Reddy Sudarshan Loka , Kadapa Nagendra 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Hamartomas of larynx are rare benign lesions which can be a rare cause for respiratory obstruction. This report highlights the case of a young female who presented with foreign body sensation and worm-like mass in throat of 10 years duration. On videolaryngoscopy, a pinkish polypoidal worm like mass was seen arising from the right side of epiglottis on the laryngeal surface. Endoscopic guided excision with cautery was done and the mass revealed hamartoma on histopathology.

How to cite this article
Reddy SL, Kadapa N. Worm in the Throat: Hamartoma Larynx. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(1):33-35.
Solitary Jejunal Metastasis from Carcinoma Pyriform Fossa presenting as Intestinal Obstruction
Authors: Sharma Kalpana 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
Metastatic involvement of small intestine from a head and neck primary is a rare occurrence and carries an unfavourable prognosis. Small bowel metastases usually present with obstruction, perforation or bleeding. Small bowel obstruction due to a metastatic stricture is uncommon and mostly occurs as part of generalized carcinomatosis. Rarely, it selectively affects in the form of a solitary malignant stricture.
We report the first case in medical literature of a patient presenting with small bowel obstruction due to a solitary malignant jejunal stricture caused by metastasis from a primary squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform fossa, four years after the primary tumor was diagnosed and treated with radiotherapy. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of primary tumors of hypopharynx metastasizing to jejunum and presenting antemortem. The rarity of intestinal obstruction as an initial manifestation of metastatic dissemination of a hypopharyngeal malignancy as well as its poor prognosis has been discussed.

How to cite this article
Sharma K. Solitary Jejunal Metastasis from Carcinoma Pyriform Fossa presenting as Intestinal Obstruction. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(1):36-39.
An Analysis of Mark Twain's Use of Racial Terms When Describing African Americans
Authors: Tharp Angela , Sloane David E. E. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Various uses of “nigger,” “slave,” and related words in the Twain canon are offered here in a census table with special discussion of Twain's use of racial language in relation to American society in three major works—Innocents Abroad, Roughing It, and The Gilded Age—and in the autobiographical reminiscence “Jane Lampton Clemens,” describing slavery and race in Hannibal, Missouri, in the 1840s.
Towards Context-Specific Directors' Duties and Enforcement Mechanisms in the Banking Sector?
Authors: Khan Wasima 
Published: October 2014

Towards Context-Specific Directors' Duties and Enforcement Mechanisms in the Banking Sector?
The global financial crisis gives reason to revisit the debate on directors’ duties in corporate law, mainly with regard to the context of banks. This article explores the need, rationale and the potential for the introduction of context-specific directors’ duties and enforcement mechanisms in the banking sector in the Netherlands from a comparative perspective. Chiefly, two legal strategies can be derived from the post-crisis developments and calls for legal reforms for the need and rationale to sharpen directors’ duties in the context of the banking sector in order to meet societal demands. The two strategies consist in shifting the scope of directors’ duties (i) towards clients’ interests and (ii) towards the public interest. Subsequently, this article explores the potential for context-specific directors’ duties and accompanying enforcement mechanisms. Firstly, it is argued that the current legal framework allows for the judicial development -specific approach. Secondly, such context-specific directors’ duties should be enforced through public-enforcement mechanisms to enhance the accountability of bank directors towards the public interest but currently there are too much barriers for implementation in practice. In conclusion, this article argues that there is indeed a need, rationale and potential for context-specific directors’ duties; yet there are several major obstacles for the implementation of accompanying public-enforcement mechanisms. As a result, the introduction of context-specific directors’ duties in the banking sector may as yet entail nothing more than wishful thinking because it will merely end in toothless ambitions if the lack of accompanying enforcement mechanisms remains intact.
Imagining the Rule of Law in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Liberal Society and the Dialectic of the Clan
Authors: Weiner Mark S. 
Published: October 2014

Imagining the Rule of Law in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Liberal Society and the Dialectic of the Clan
In this essay, I provide a historical and theoretical framework for understanding the imaginative relation between the liberal rule of law and the kin-based form of socio-legal organization I call ‘the rule of the clan’ – a classic example of law created ‘from below’. Specifically, I believe that a culturalist disciplinary perspective reveals that the modern liberal state and its more centralized rule of law always stand in an ironic, dialectical relation to the rule of the clan as a legal form. Liberal society, that is, nurtures itself through an anti-liberal utopian imaginary. This article provides an intellectual history backdrop for theorizing that dialectical relationship by examining two contrasting ways in which nineteenth-cen‍tu‍ry British intellectuals imagined the rule of law. Following the work of Charles Taylor and, more specifically in the legal field, Paul Kahn, my goal is to depict a social imaginary of modern liberalism that has been neglected within contemporary liberal theory – and, in doing so, pro‍vi‍de a way to appreciate the cultural foundations of liberal legality. The article considers the stories that nineteenth-century British intellectuals told about the relation between the rule of law and the rule of the clan as a way to think about the rule of law today. It thus tacks between three different shores: the world of legal pluralism (the rule of the clan), the world of nineteenth-cen‍tu‍ry British analysis of the rule of the clan and the contemporary relation between culture and modern liberal society.
How Law Manifests Itself in Australian Aboriginal Art
Authors: Schreiner Agnes T.M. 
Published: October 2014

How Law Manifests Itself in Australian Aboriginal Art
The article How Law Manifests Itself in Australian Aboriginal Art will discuss two events at the Aboriginal Art Museum Utrecht from the perspective of a meeting between two artistic and legal cultures. The first event, on the art and law of the Spinifex people, will prove to be of a private law nature, whilst the second event, on the art and law of the Wik People, will show characteristics of international public law. This legal anthropological contribution may frustrate a pluralistic perspective with regard to the coexistence of Western law and Aboriginal law on the one hand and of Utrecht's Modern Art Museum and the presented Aboriginal Art on the other. It will show instead the self-evidence of art and law presented and their intertwined connection for the Aboriginal or indigenous peoples of Australia.
The
Ambivalent Shadow of the Pre-Wilsonian Rise of International
Law
Authors: de la Rasilla del Moral Ignacio 
Published: October 2014

The
Ambivalent Shadow of the Pre-Wilsonian Rise of International
Law
The generation of American international lawyers who founded the American Society of International Law in 1906 and nurtured the soil for what has been retrospectively called a 'moralistic-legalistic approach to international relations' remains little studied. A survey of the rise of international legal literature in the United States from the mid-nineteenth century to the eve of the Great War serves as a backdrop to the examination of the boosting effect on international law of the Spanish American War in 1898. An examination of the Insular Cases before the US Supreme Court is then accompanied by the analysis of a number of influential factors behind the pre-war rise of international law in the United States. The work concludes with an examination of the rise of natural law doctrines in international law during the interwar period and the critiques addressed by the realist founders of the field of 'international relations' to the 'moralistic-legalistic approach to international relations'.
Parameterization of mires in a numerical weather prediction model
Authors: Yurova Alla , Tolstykh Mikhail , Nilsson Mats , Sirin Andrey 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMires (peat‐accumulating wetlands) occupy 8.1% of Russian territory and are especially numerous in the western Siberian Lowlands, where they can significantly modify atmospheric heat and water balances. They also influence air temperatures and humidity in the boundary layers closest to the earth's surface. The purpose of our study was to incorporate the influence of mires into the SL‐AV numerical weather prediction model, which is used operationally in the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia. This was done by adjusting the multilayer soil component (by modifying the peat thermal conductivity in the heat diffusion equation and reformulating the lower boundary condition for Richard's equation), and reformulating both the evapotranspiration and runoff from mires. When evaporation from mires was incorporated into the SL‐AV model, the latent heat flux in the areas dominated by mires increased strongly, resulting in surface cooling and hence reductions in the sensible heat flux and outgoing terrestrial long‐wave radiation. Presented results show that including mires significantly decreased the bias and RMSE of predictions of temperature and relative humidity 2 m above the ground for lead times of 12, 36, and 60 h from 00 h Coordinated Universal Time (evening conditions), but did not eliminate the bias in forecasts for lead times of 24, 48, and 72 h (morning conditions) in Siberia. Different parameterizations of mire evapotranspiration are also compared.
Comparison of passive microwave and modeled estimates of total watershed SWE in the continental United States
Authors: Vuyovich Carrie M. , Jacobs Jennifer M. , Daly Steven F. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn the U.S., a dedicated system of snow measurement stations and snowpack modeling products is available to estimate the snow water equivalent (SWE) throughout the winter season. In other regions of the world that depend on snowmelt for water resources, snow data can be scarce, and these regions are vulnerable to drought or flood conditions. Even in the U.S., water resource management is hampered by limited snow data in certain regions, as evident by the 2011 Missouri Basin flooding due in large part to the significant Plains snowpack. Satellite data could potentially provide important information in under‐sampled areas. This study compared the daily AMSR‐E and SSM/I SWE products over nine winter seasons to spatially distributed, modeled output SNODAS summed over 2100 watersheds in the conterminous U.S. Results show large areas where the passive microwave retrievals are highly correlated to the SNODAS data, particularly in the northern Great Plains and southern Rocky Mountain regions. However, the passive microwave SWE is significantly lower than SNODAS in heavily forested areas, and regions that typically receive a deep snowpack. The best correlations are associated with basins in which maximum annual SWE is less than 200 mm, and forest fraction is less than 20%. Even in many watersheds with poor correlations between the passive microwave data and SNODAS maximum annual SWE values, the overall pattern of accumulation and ablation did show good agreement and therefore may provide useful hydrologic information on melt timing and season length.
Statistical altitude distribution of Cluster auroral electric fields, indicating mainly quasi‐static acceleration below 2.8 RE and Alfvénic above
Authors: Li B. , Marklund G. , Alm L. , Karlsson T. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Masson A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractResults are presented from a statistical study of high‐altitude electric fields and plasma densities using Cluster satellite data collected during 9.5 years between 2 and 4 RE. The average electric fields are most intense on the nightside and associated with an extensive plasma density cavity, with densities of 1 cm−3 or less. The intense electric fields are concentrated in two regions, separated by an altitude gap at about 2.8 RE. Below this, the average electric field magnitudes reach about 50 mV/m (mapped to the ionosphere) between 22 and 01 magnetic local time (MLT). Above 3 RE, the fields are about twice as high and spread over a broader MLT range. These fields occur in a region where the (ΔE/ΔB)/VA ratio is close to unity, which suggests an Alfvénic origin. The intense low‐altitude electric fields are interpreted to be quasi‐static, associated with the auroral acceleration region. This is supported by their location in MLT and altitude, and by a (ΔE/ΔB)/VA ratio much below unity. The local electric field minimum between the two regions indicates a partial closure of the electrostatic potentials in the lower region. These results show similarities with model results of reflected Alfvén waves by Lysak and Dum (1983), and with the O‐shaped potential model, with associated wave‐particle interaction at its top, proposed by Janhunen et al. (2000).
How does the spaceborne radar blind zone affect derived surface snowfall statistics in polar regions?
Authors: Maahn Maximilian , Burgard Clara , Crewell Susanne , Gorodetskaya Irina V. , Kneifel Stefan , Lhermitte Stef , Van Tricht Kristof , van Lipzig Nicole P. M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractGlobal statistics of snowfall are currently only available from the CloudSat satellite. But CloudSat cannot provide observations of clouds and precipitation within the so‐called blind zone, which is caused by ground‐clutter contamination of the CloudSat radar and covers the last 1200 m above land/ice surface. In this study, the impact of the blind zone of CloudSat on derived snowfall statistics in polar regions is investigated by analyzing three 12 month data sets recorded by ground‐based Micro Rain Radar (MRR) at the Belgian Princess Elisabeth station in East Antarctica and at Ny‐Ålesund and Longyearbyen in Svalbard, Norway. MRR radar reflectivity profiles are investigated in respect to vertical variability in the frequency distribution, changes in the number of observed snow events, and impacts on total precipitation. Results show that the blind zone leads to reflectivity being underestimated by up to 1 dB, the number of events being altered by ±5% and the precipitation amount being underestimated by 9 to 11 percentage points. Besides investigating a blind zone of 1200 m, the impacts of a reduced blind zone of 600 m are also analyzed. This analysis will help in assessing future missions with a smaller blind zone. The reduced blind zone leads to improved representation of mean reflectivity but does not improve the bias in event numbers and precipitation amount.
The influence of geomorphology on large wood dynamics in a low gradient headwater stream
Authors: Dixon Simon J. , Sear David A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUnderstanding large wood dynamics is critical for a range of disciplines including flood risk management, ecology and geomorphology. Despite the importance of wood in rivers, our understanding of the mobility of large wood remains limited. In this study individual pieces of large wood were tagged and surveyed over a 32 month period within a third and fourth order lowland forest river. Individual pieces of wood were found to be highly mobile, with 75% of pieces moving during the survey period, and a maximum transport distance of 5.6 km. Multivariate analyses of data from this study and two other published studies identified dimensionless wood length as the important factor in explaining likelihood of movement. A length threshold of 2.5 channel widths is identified for near functional immobility, with few pieces above this size moving. In addition, for this study, wood type, branching complexity, location and dimensionless wood diameter were found to be important in determining mobility only for sinuous reaches with readily inundated floodplains. Where logjams persist over multiple years they were shown to be reworked, with component pieces being transported away and replaced by newly trapped pieces. The findings of this study have implications for river management and restoration. The high mobility observed in this study demonstrates that only very large pieces of wood of length greater than 2.5 channel widths should be considered functionally immobile. For pieces of wood of length less than the channel width the possibility of high rates of mobility and long transport distances should be anticipated.