bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The insulinogenic effect of whey protein is partially mediated by a direct effect of amino acids and GIP on β-cells
Authors: Salehi Albert , Gunnerud Ulrika , Muhammed Sarheed J , Östman Elin , Holst Jens J , Björck Inger , Rorsman Patrik 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Background
Whey protein increases postprandial serum insulin levels. This has been associated with increased serum levels of leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, threonine and the incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). We have examined the effects of these putative mediators of whey’s action on insulin secretion from isolated mouse Langerhans islets.

Methods
Mouse pancreatic islets were incubated with serum drawn from healthy individuals after ingestion of carbohydrate equivalent meals of whey protein (whey serum), or white wheat bread (control serum). In addition the effect of individual amino acid combinations on insulin secretion was also tested. Furthermore, the stimulatory effects of whey serum on insulin secretion was tested in vitro in the absence and presence of a GIP receptor antagonist ((Pro(3))GIP[mPEG]).

Results
Postprandial amino acids, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) responses were higher after whey compared to white wheat bread. A stimulatory effect on insulin release from isolated islets was observed with serum after whey obtained at 15 min (+87%, P < 0.05) and 30 min (+139%, P < 0.05) postprandially, compared with control serum. The combination of isoleucine, leucine, valine, lysine and threonine exerted strong stimulatory effect on insulin secretion (+270%, P < 0.05), which was further augmented by GIP (+558% compared to that produced by glucose, P < 0.05). The stimulatory action of whey on insulin secretion was reduced by the GIP-receptor antagonist (Pro(3))GIP[mPEG]) at both 15 and 30 min (−56% and −59%, P < 0.05).

Conclusions
Compared with white wheat bread meal, whey causes an increase of postprandial insulin, plasma amino acids, GIP and GLP-1 responses. The in vitro data suggest that whey protein exerts its insulinogenic effect by preferential elevation of the plasma concentrations of certain amino acids, GIP and GLP-1.
Protease activated receptor 1-induced glutamate release in cultured astrocytes is mediated by Bestrophin-1 channel but not by vesicular exocytosis
Authors: Oh Soo-Jin , Han Kyung-Seok , Park Hyungju , Woo Dong ho , Kim Hye Yun , Traynelis Stephen F , Lee C Justin 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Background
Glutamate is the major transmitter that mediates the principal form of excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain. It has been well established that glutamate is released via Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of glutamate-containing vesicles in neurons. However, whether astrocytes exocytose to release glutamate under physiological condition is still unclear.

Findings
We report a novel form of glutamate release in astrocytes via the recently characterized Ca2+-activated anion channel, Bestrophin-1 (Best1) by Ca2+ dependent mechanism through the channel pore. We demonstrate that upon activation of protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1), an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration leads to an opening of Best1 channels and subsequent release of glutamate in cultured astrocytes.

Conclusions
These results provide strong molecular evidence for potential astrocyte-neuron interaction via Best1-mediated glutamate release.
Construction and decoding of BCH codes over chain of commutative rings
Authors: Shah Tariq , Qamar Attiq , de Andrade Antonio Aparecido 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
In this paper, we present a new construction and decoding of BCH codes over certain rings. Thus, for a nonnegative integer t, let

A

0

⊂

A

1

⊂
⋯
⊂

A

t
−
1

⊂

A

t

be a chain of unitary commutative rings, where each

A

i

is constructed by the direct product of appropriate Galois rings, and its projection to the fields is

K

0

⊂

K

1

⊂
⋯
⊂

K

t
−
1

⊂

K

t

(another chain of unitary commutative rings), where each

K

i

is made by the direct product of corresponding residue fields of given Galois rings. Also,

A

i

∗

and

K

i

∗

are the groups of units of

A

i

and

K

i

, respectively. This correspondence presents a construction technique of generator polynomials of the sequence of Bose, Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem (BCH) codes possessing entries from

A

i

∗

and

K

i

∗

for each i, where 0 ≤ i ≤ t. By the construction of BCH codes, we are confined to get the best code rate and error correction capability; however, the proposed contribution offers a choice to opt a worthy BCH code concerning code rate and error correction capability. In the second phase, we extend the modified Berlekamp-Massey algorithm for the above chains of unitary commutative local rings in such a way that the error will be corrected of the sequences of codewords from the sequences of BCH codes at once. This process is not much different than the original one, but it deals a sequence of codewords from the sequence of codes over the chain of Galois rings.
Impact of oral care with versus without toothbrushing on the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Gu Wan-Jie , Gong Yi-Zhen , Pan Lei , Ni Yu-Xia , Liu Jing-Chen 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Introduction
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains a common hazardous complication in mechanically ventilated patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the effect of toothbrushing as a component of oral care on the prevention of VAP in adult critically ill patients.

Methods
A systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase (up to April 2012) was conducted. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials of mechanically ventilated adult patients receiving oral care with toothbrushing. Relative risks (RRs), weighted mean differences (WMDs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 test.

Results
Four studies with a total of 828 patients met the inclusion criteria. Toothbrushing did not significantly reduce the incidence of VAP (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.50 to 1.21) and intensive care unit mortality (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.10). Toothbrushing was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in duration of mechanical ventilation (WMD, -0.88 days; 95% CI, -2.58 to 0.82), length of intensive care unit stay (WMD, -1.48 days; 95% CI, -3.40 to 0.45), antibiotic-free day (WMD, -0.52 days; 95% CI, -2.82 to 1.79), or mechanical ventilation-free day (WMD, -0.43 days; 95% CI, -1.23 to 0.36).

Conclusions
Oral care with toothbrushing versus without toothbrushing does not significantly reduce the incidence of VAP and alter other important clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients. However, the results should be interpreted cautiously since relevant evidence is still limited, although accumulating. Further large-scale, well-designed randomized controlled trials are urgently needed.
Multidisciplinary study of the hanging wall of the Kiirunavaara iron ore deposit, northern Sweden
Authors: Jensen Mai-Britt , Kashubin Artem , Juhlin Christopher , Elming Sten-Åke 
Published: October 2012

Potential weakness zones due to mining-related fracture development under the town of Kiruna, Sweden, have been investigated by integration of seismic, gravity, and petrophysical data. Reflection seismic data were acquired along two subparallel 2D profiles within the residential area of the town. The profiles of [Formula: see text], each oriented approximately east–west, nearly perpendicular to the general strike of the local geology, crossed several contact zones between quartz-bearing porphyries, a sequence of interchanging sedimentary rocks (siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, and agglomerate), and metabasalt. The resulting reflection seismic sections revealed a strong east-dipping reflectivity that is imaged down to approximately 1.5 km. The location and orientation of major features agree well between the profiles and with the surface geology and known contact zones between the different rock types. Our imaging results, supported by traveltime modelling, indicate that the contact zones dip 40°–50° to the east. The deepest and the weakest reflections are associated with a [Formula: see text] dipping structure that is presumably related to the Kiirunavaara iron mineralization. Tomographic inversion of refracted arrivals revealed a more detailed image of the velocity distribution in the upper 100–200 m along the profiles, enabling us to identify near-surface low velocity zones. These could be possible weakness zones developed along the lithological contacts and within the geologic units. The structural image obtained from the seismic data was used to constrain data inversion along a 28 km long east–northeast to west–southwest-oriented gravity profile. The resulting density model indicates that the quartz-bearing porphyry in the hanging wall of the Kiirunavaara mineralization can be separated into two blocks oriented parallel to the ore body. One block has an unexpected low density, which could be an indication of extensive fracturing and deformation.
Detection and imaging sensitivity of the marine CSEM method
Authors: Mittet Rune , Morten Jan Petter 
Published: October 2012

We have developed a formalism to systematically study the sensitivity of the marine controlled source electromagnetic method for hydrocarbon exploration, taking into account measurement errors. We utilize error propagation to estimate the data uncertainty, and find that contributions that scale by the transmitter dipole moment give qualitatively different behavior than noise contributions that are independent of the dipole moment. The uncertainty is used in quantitative criteria to determine if a hydrocarbon reservoir can be detected and whether it can be successfully imaged. Our formalism can be used to make detailed feasibility studies incorporating equipment accuracy limitations, and to identify which experimental component that must be improved to ensure overall improvement in sensitivity. The criteria can be applied to identify the limiting factors for detection and imaging of targets with increasing burial depth. We have defined experimental accuracy conditions for next generation CSEM equipment to successfully image a large hydrocarbon reservoir at 5 km burial depth.
Risk of psychopathology in adolescent offspring of mothers with psychopathology and recurrent depression
Authors: Sellers Ruth , Collishaw Stephan , Rice Frances , Thapar Ajay K. , Potter Robert , Mars Becky , Harold Gordon T. , Smith Daniel J. , Owen Michael J. , Craddock Nick , Thapar Anita 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundOffspring of mothers with depression are at heightened risk of psychiatric disorder. Many mothers with depression have comorbid psychopathology. How these co-occurring problems affect child outcomes has rarely been considered.AimsTo consider whether the overall burden of co-occurring psychopathology in mothers with recurrent depression predicts new-onset psychopathology in offspring.MethodMothers with recurrent depression and their adolescent offspring (9–17 years at baseline) were assessed in 2007 and on two further occasions up to 2011. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing depression severity, anxiety, alcohol problems and antisocial behaviour. Psychiatric disorder in offspring was assessed using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment.ResultsThe number of co-occurring problems in mothers (0, 1 or 2+) predicted new-onset offspring disorder (odds ratio (OR) = 1.80, 95% CI 1.17–2.77, P = 0.007). Rates varied from 15.7 to 34.8% depending on the number of co-occurring clinical problems. This remained significant after controlling for maternal depression severity (OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.03–2.89, P = 0.040).ConclusionsThe burden of co-occurring psychopathology among mothers with recurrent depression indexes increased risk of future onset of psychiatric disorder for offspring. This knowledge can be used in targeting preventive measures in children at high risk of psychiatric disorder.
Rameau’s Changing Views on Supposition and Suspension
Authors: Martin Nathan John 
Published: October 2012

The precise sense of Jean Philippe Rameau’s conception of supposition is among the more vexing questions that his theorizing poses. Supposition has been interpreted, on the one hand, as an account of ninth and eleventh chords and, on the other, as a means of explaining melodic suspensions. Understanding Rameau’s doctrine means, in part, retracing the many refinements, revisions, and reversals that it underwent over the course of its author’s career. This article accordingly reconstructs the development of supposition from the Traité de l’harmonie (1722) to the Code de musique pratique (1760), with particular attention to the extensive discussion of the topic in the “Art de la basse fondamentale” (c. 1737–43). To a considerable degree, Rameau’s conception of supposition was worked out in dialogue with his critics. Retracing that dialogue helps to clarify a number of points: First, Rameau revised his account of supposition continually. Second, the impetus for these revisions was, in many cases, the intervention of a prominent critic. Third, these critics did not, as has been claimed, misunderstand Rameau’s account of supposition; rather, they disputed it (the second musicien) or extended it (Charles-Henri de Blainville and Jean-Jacques Rousseau). Fourth, the eventual form that Rameau’s doctrine took was significantly influenced by these criticisms; indeed, Rameau tended to appropriate those aspects of his interlocutors’ arguments that he ended up finding germane. And fifth, it emerges from this inquiry that supposition is not solely a means of accounting for melodic suspensions; it is also an attempt to explain a number of idiomatic sonorities that are endemic to French baroque music, and to the grand motet in particular.
In general, this article aims to provide a more detailed and more nuanced account of supposition than has thus far been available by attending not only to Rameau’s own writings but also to the writings of his early critics and to the musical repertories that were these writers’ frame of reference.
Exploring the Rhythm of the Palestrina Style
Authors: Mavromatis Panayotis 
Published: October 2012

This article presents a general-purpose formalism for modeling musical syntax as a probabilistic musical grammar. The formal probabilistic framework offers a precise yet flexible characterization of musical style as structure and process. Moreover, the grammar can be built algorithmically from a sample of musical examples, using a statistical grammar induction technique known as hidden Markov models (HMMs). The two fundamental assumptions of HMMs—termed finite memory and stationarity—are analyzed to show that the framework is expressive enough to capture a broad range of syntactic constraints in music. It is argued that the HMM technique draws its power from the ability to identify hidden structures that are important for shaping the musical surface. Thus, HMM-based grammar induction offers a practical, accurate, and methodologically sound tool for fine-grained modeling of musical style.As a concrete illustration, this article builds a formal grammar of rhythm for the Palestrina style. The grammar’s structure and components are carefully explained, and the formalism is compared with existing approaches to style characterization. Many traditional counterpoint rules are shown to naturally correspond with the grammar’s formal structure and are thus supported or refined. Other rules are disconfirmed or shown to lie outside the formalism’s scope. The long-standing problem of Renaissance meter is discussed in light of these results. Thus, through the Palestrina case study, the problem of grammar induction is framed in terms of traditional concerns in music scholarship in order to motivate application of the technique, illustrate its usefulness, and place it in a historical and methodological context within music theory research.
Reelin-dependent ApoER2 downregulation uncouples newborn neurons from progenitor cells
Authors: Pérez-Martínez F. Javier , Luque-Río Álvaro , Sakakibara Akira , Hattori Mitsuharu , Miyata Takaki , Luque Juan M. 
Published: October 2012

Summary
Reelin and its receptor machinery are well known to be required for the migration and positioning of neocortical projection neurons. More recently, reelin has been shown both necessary and sufficient to determine the rate of neocortical neurogenesis. The molecular links underlying its seemingly distinct proliferative and post-proliferative functions remain unknown. Here we reveal an enriched expression of functional reelin receptors, largely of Apolipoprotein E Receptor 2 (ApoER2), in radial glia basal processes and intermediate progenitor cells during mid/late cortical development. In vivo, ApoER2 overexpression inhibits neuronal migration. In contrast, precluding excessive levels of ApoER2 in reelin-deficient cortices, by either ApoER2 knock-down or the transgenic expression of reelin in neural progenitor cells, improves neuronal migration and positioning. Our study provides groundwork for the highly orchestrated clearance of neocortical neurons from their birth site, suggesting that a reelin-dependent ApoER2 downregulation mechanism uncouples newborn neurons from progenitor cells, thereby enabling neurons to migrate.
Kinematics and wing shape across flight speed in the bat,Leptonycteris yerbabuenae
Authors: Von Busse Rhea , Hedenström Anders , Winter York , Johansson L. Christoffer 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe morphology and kinematics of a flying animal determines the resulting aerodynamic lift through the regulation of the speed of the air moving across the wing, the wing area and the lift coefficient. We studied the detailed three-dimensional wingbeat kinematics of the bat, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae, flying in a wind tunnel over a range of flight speeds (0–7 m/s), to determine how factors affecting the lift production vary across flight speed and within wingbeats. We found that the wing area, the angle of attack and the camber, which are determinants of the lift production, decreased with increasing speed. The camber is controlled by multiple mechanisms along the span, including the deflection of the leg relative to the body, the bending of the fifth digit, the deflection of the leading edge flap and the upward bending of the wing tip. All these measures vary throughout the wing beat suggesting active or aeroelastic control. The downstroke Strouhal number, Std, is kept relatively constant, suggesting that favorable flow characteristics are maintained during the downstroke, across the range of speeds studied. The Std is kept constant through changes in the stroke plane, from a strongly inclined stroke plane at low speeds to a more vertical stroke plane at high speeds. The mean angular velocity of the wing correlates with the aerodynamic performance and shows a minimum at the speed of maximum lift to drag ratio, suggesting a simple way to determine the optimal speed from kinematics alone. Taken together our results show the high degree of adjustments that the bats employ to fine tune the aerodynamics of the wings and the correlation between kinematics and aerodynamic performance.
Phenotyping of Nod1/2 double deficient mice and characterization of Nod1/2 in systemic inflammation and associated renal disease
Authors: Stroo Ingrid , Butter Loes M. , Claessen Nike , Teske Gwen J. , Rubino Stephen J. , Girardin Stephen E. , Florquin Sandrine , Leemans Jaklien C. 
Published: October 2012

Summary
It is indispensable to thoroughly characterize each animal model in order to distinguish between primary and secondary effects of genetic changes. The present study analyzed Nod1 and Nod2 double deficient (Nod1/2 DKO) mice under physiological and inflammatory conditions. Nod1 and Nod2 are members of the Nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine-rich repeat containing Receptor (NLR) family. Several inflammatory disorders, such as Crohn's disease and asthma, are linked to genetic changes in either Nod1 or Nod2. These associations suggest that Nod1 and Nod2 play important roles in regulating the immune system.
Three-month-old wildtype (Wt) and Nod1/2 DKO mice were sacrificed, body and organ weight were determined, and blood was drawn. Except for lower liver weight in Nod1/2 DKO mice, no differences were found in body/organ weight between both strains. Leukocyte count and composition was comparable. No significant changes in analyzed plasma biochemical markers were found. Additionally, intestinal and vascular permeability was determined. Nod1/2 DKO mice show increased susceptibility for intestinal permeability while vascular permeability was not affected. Next we induced septic shock and organ damage by administering LPS+PGN intraperitoneally to Wt and Nod1/2 DKO mice and sacrificed animals after 2 and 24 hours. The systemic inflammatory and metabolic response was comparable between both strains. However, renal response was different as indicated by partly preserved kidney function and tubular epithelial cell damage in Nod1/2 DKO at 24 hours. Remarkably, renal inflammatory mediators Tnfα, KC and Il-10 were significantly increased in Nod1/2 DKO compared with Wt mice at 2 hours.
Systematic analysis of Nod1/2 DKO mice revealed a possible role of Nod1/2 in the development of renal disease during systemic inflammation.
pH-Induced Switchable Vesicular Aggregation of Zwitterionic and Anionic Phospholipids
Authors: Suzuki Kentaro , Kurihara Kensuke , Okura Yusaku , Toyota Taro , Sugawara Tadashi 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Giant vesicles (GVs) comprising zwitterionic and anionic phospholipids (DOPC and POPG, respectively) at a molar ratio of 90:10 formed a sparse network of aggregates that dissociated into isolated GVs reversibly depending on the pH of the dispersion (pH range, 7.0–2.5). This reversibility was due to the fluctuations in the composition of as-grown GVs.
A Simple, Single-measurement Methodology to Account for Electrode Polarization in the Dielectric Spectra of Colloidal Dispersions
Authors: Beltramo Peter J , Furst Eric M 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
A single-measurement methodology to produce accurate dielectric spectra is developed and validated by measurements on a dilute aqueous suspension containing 1 µm polystyrene particles suspended in 0.1 mM KCl. Electrode polarization artifacts in the spectra are eliminated down to the kilohertz frequency regime. Corrected dielectric spectra agree with previously established extrapolation methods and the standard electrokinetic theory. The method is simple yet effective and allows for accurate time-dependent measurements without the need for disassembling and reassembling the dielectric cell.
Protein-specific Effects of Binding to Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Bharti Bhuvnesh , Findenegg Gerhard H 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Adsorption of the globular proteins cytochrome c and lysozyme on 22-nm silica nanoparticles is shown to cause heteroaggregation over a wide pH range between the isoelectric points of silica and the protein. Although the two systems follow the same generic behavior, we find protein-specific differences in the adsorption and aggregation, which are attributed to differences in the charge distribution on the two proteins and the roles of non-Coulombic interactions for the adsorption of the two proteins.