bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Codelivery of methotrexate and silibinin by niosome nanoparticles for enhanced chemotherapy of CT26 colon cancer cells
Authors: Sharifi-Azad Masoumeh , Kaveh Zenjanab Masoumeh , Shahpouri Mohammad , Adili-Aghdam Mohammad Amin , Fathi Marziyeh , Jahanban-Esfahlan Rana 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Colon cancer (CC) is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world, and chemotherapy is widely applied to combat it. However, chemotherapy drugs have severe side effects and emergence of multi drug resistance (MDR) is common. This bottleneck can be overcome by niosome nanocarriers that minimize drug dose/toxicity meanwhile allow co-loading of incompatible drugs for combination therapy. In this research, silibinin (Sil) as a hydrophobic drug was loaded into the lipophilic part, and methotrexate (MTX) into the hydrophilic part of niosome by the thin film hydration (TFH) method to form Nio@MS NPs for CT26 colon cancer therapy in vitro. Our results indicated synthesis of ideal niosome nanoparticles (NPs) with spherical morphology, size of ∼100 nm, and a zeta potential of −10 mV. The IC50 value for Nio@MS was determined ∼2.6 µg ml−1, which was significantly lower than MTX-Sil (∼6.86 µg ml−1), Sil (18.46 µg ml−1 ), and MTX (9.8 µg ml−1 ). Further, Nio@MS significantly reduced cell adhesion density, promoted apoptosis and increased gene expression level of caspase 3 and BAX while promoted significant downregulation of BCL2. In conclusion, the design and application of niosome to co-administer Sil and MTX can increase the drugs cytotoxicity, reduce their dose and improve anti-cancer potential by combating MDR.
A novel strategy for calcium magnesium phosphate/carboxymethyl chitosan composite bone cements with enhanced physicochemical properties, excellent cytocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation
Authors: Liu Xuesha , Pei Juan , Zhao Dechuan , Yan Yonggang 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Artificial bone substitutes for bone repair and reconstruction still face enormous challenges. Previous studies have shown that calcium magnesium phosphate cements (CMPCs) possess an excellent bioactive surface, but its clinical application is restricted due to short setting time. This study aimed to develop new CMPC/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) comg of mixed powders of active MgO, calcined MgO and calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate. With this novel strategy, it can adjust the setting time and improve the compressive strength. The results confirmed that CMPC/CMCS composite bone cements were successfully developed with a controllable setting time (18–70 min) and high compressive strength (87 MPa). In addition, the composite bone cements could gradually degrade in PBS with weight loss up to 32% at 28 d. They also promoted the proliferation of pre-osteoblasts, and induced osteogenic differentiation. The findings indicate that CMPC/CMCS composite bone cements hold great promise as a new type of bone repair material in further and in-depth studies.
Robust changes to the wettest and driest days of the year are hidden within annual rainfall projections: a New Zealand case study
Authors: Harrington Luke J , Rosier Suzanne M , Marsh Tom I , Frame Dave J 
Published: July 2024

AbstractUnderstanding how the statistical properties of daily rainfall will respond to a warming climate requires ensembles of climate model data which are much larger than those typically available from existing centennial-scale modelling experiments. While such centennial-scale experiments are very useful to explore scenario uncertainty in twenty-first century climate, ensemble size constraints often result in regional climate change assessments restricting their focus to annual- or season-mean rainfall projections without providing robust information about changes to the most extreme events. Here, we make use of multi-thousand member ensembles of regional climate model output from theWeather@Homeproject to explicitly resolve how the wettest and driest days of the year over New Zealand will respond to simulations of a 3 °C world, relative to simulations of the climate of the recent past (2006–15). Using a novel framework to disentangle changes during the wettest and driest days of the year, we show that many regions which show negligible change in annual mean rainfall are in fact experiencing significant changes in the amount of rain falling during both the wettest and driest spells. Exploring these changes through the lens of drought risk, we find many agricultural regions in New Zealand will face significant changes in the frequency of low-rainfall extremes in a warmer world.
Magnetic resonance in quantum spin chains with competing exchange interactions
Authors: Büttgen Norbert , von Nidda Hans-Albrecht Krug 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Based on a previous review on magnetic resonance in quantum spin chains (Krug von Nidda et al 2010 Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top.
180 161–89) we report on further development in this field with special focus on transition–metal oxides and halogenides consisting of quasi one–dimensional spin systems, where both intra–and inter–chain exchange interaction may give rise to frustration effects and higher–order anisotropic exchange contributions like the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction become decisive for the formation of the magnetic ground state. Selected examples show how NMR and ESR contribute valuable information on the magnetic phases and exchange interactions involved: LiCuVO4 with competing nearest neighbour and next–nearest neighbour intra–chain exchange, LiCu2O2 with complex zig–zag chains, and Cs2CuCl4 where the chains form a triangular lattice with the inter–chain interaction weaker but of the same order of magnitude than the intra–chain interaction. The so called paper–chain compound Ba3Cu3In4O12, where each successive pair of CuO4 plaquettes is rotated by 90° with respect to its predecessor along the c–direction like in a paper–chain, provides an interesting topology of frustrated intra–chain exchange interactions. Finally, a few dimer systems are considered.
An interesting phenomenon in oil palm: anatomical, morphophysiological, and biochemical observations from aerial roots on the trunk
Authors: Supena Nanang , Mahmud Siregar Luthfi Aziz , Rosmayati  , Hanum Chairani , Faizah Rokhana , Harahap Iman Yani 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Roots are plant organs that function for nutrient and water absorption and support plants upright. Oil palm has distinctive roots due to the growth of primer roots that grow in two directions, namely vertical and horizontal. The growth of oil palm roots is highly dependent on the source of energy accumulated at the base of the stem. The availability of assimilate will determine the rate of root formation. The results of observations in the field, there is a phenomenon of root growth on oil palm stems. In general, there are four root growth phenomena, namely aerial roots which are the roots of plants affected by Ganoderma disease, roots that grow in the middle of the stem, the base of the stem, and at the end of the stem of the oil palm plant. This phenomenon has not been studied comprehensively. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the anatomical, morphophysiological, and plant biochemical observations of normal and aerial roots in oil palm trunks. The results showed differences in anatomical, morphology, and biochemical between roots growing underground and aerial roots. There are anatomical differences between the actual and aerial roots, namely the number of meta xylem is 19 pieces with a larger size in the underground roots, while the aerial roots are only 15 with a smaller size. The similarities between the two roots are included in the scalariform group. Aerial roots have the same types of roots as normal, namely primary, secondary, and tertiary roots. Based on the biochemical analysis, Palm5 is 3 times higher than the reducing sugar percentage on Palm7.
Fiber-optics based fluorescence detection. Part I: Basic concepts
Authors: Lee Bong , Ceresa Luca , Pham Danh , Kimball Joseph , Alexander Emma , Ye Xuan , Gryczynski Ignacy , Gryczynski Zygmunt 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Continuous in-line detection and process monitoring are essential for industrial, analytical, and biomedical applications. Lightweight, highly flexible, and low-cost fiber optics enable the construction of compact and robust hand­held devices for in situ chemical and biological species analysis in both industrial and biomedical in vitro/in vivo detection. Despite the broad range of fiber-optic based applications, we lack a good understanding of the parameters that govern the efficiency of light collection or the sensitivity of detection. Consequently, comparing samples of different optical density and/or geometry becomes challenging and can lead to misinterpretation of results; especially when we lack the approaches necessary to correct the detected signal (spectra) for artifacts such as inner-filter effect or scattering. Hence, in this work, we discuss factors affecting the signal detected by the fiber optic in the bare and lens-coupled flat-tipped configurations that lead to signal/spectral distortions. We also present a simple generic model describing the excitation profile and emission collection efficiency that we verify with experimental data. Understanding the principles governing the signal collected by the fiber will provide rationales for correcting the measured emission spectra and recovering the true emission profile of optically dense samples.
Microstructures evolution, texture characteristics and mechanical properties of extruded Mg-9Gd-3Nd-1Zn-1Sn-0.5Zr alloy
Authors: Liu Xinna , Yan Zehua , Zhang Wei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this study, a comprehensive investigation was conducted to explore the microstructural evolution, texture characteristics, and mechanical properties of extruded Mg-9Gd-3Nd-1Zn-1Sn-0.5Zr alloys with varying extrusion ratios (ERs). Moreover, the high-temperature mechanical properties of the alloy and analyzed the corresponding fracture mechanisms were investigated. The findings unveiled a refinement in grain size and an improvement in homogeneity with increasing ER. Such refinement coincided with the disruption of coarse Mg5(Gd, Nd, Zn) eutectic phases, facilitating dynamic recrystallization. As a result, the extruded alloy manifested small grains, significant orientation difference in grain boundaries, and a weakened texture. In particular, the average grain size in the extrusion direction (ED) diminished to 13.29 μm (ER4), 9.62 μm (ER16), and 4.05 μm (ER25). And the ED texture of the ER4 alloy featured a strong (0001) basal bimodal pattern, whereas the ER16 and ER25 alloys showcased a random texture. Furthermore, the ER25 alloy displayed notable work hardening at temperatures of 200 °C or below, exerting a significant influence on its stress–strain curve. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the alloy remained consistently above 275.09 MPa, demonstrating ductile fracture characteristics characterized by numerous dimples at temperatures of 200 °C or higher. The study identified the second phase as the primary contributor to enhancing the high-temperature tensile characteristics of the alloy. In summary, this research developed a unique high-strength Mg-9Gd-3Nd-1Zn-1Sn-0.5Zr alloy characterized by fine grain and texture strengthening. The alloy exhibited remarkable stability at temperatures of 250 °C or lower, making it a promising candidate for applications in high-temperature applications.
Electrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperatures
Authors: Anurangi Jayani , Herath Madhubhashitha , Galhena Dona T L , Epaarachchi Jayantha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The structural supercapacitor can store electrical energy and withstand structural loads while saving substantial weight in many structural applications. This study investigated the development of a structural supercapacitor with a fiber-reinforced polymer composite system and explored the operating temperature’s influence on its performance. The electrochemical and mechanical properties of structural supercapacitors beyond the ambient temperature have not yet been studied; hence, evaluating parameters such as specific capacitance, energy density, cycle life, and structural performance at elevated temperatures are highly desired. We have designed and manufactured single and parallelly connected multilayer structural supercapacitor composites in this research. Carbon fibers were used as a bifunctional component, acting both as a current collector while acting as a mechanical reinforcement. In addition, glass fibers were added as the separator which is also acting as an integral reinforcement. The electrochemical and mechanical behavior of structural supercapacitors at elevated temperatures up to 85 °C were experimentally investigated. The test results revealed that at room temperature, the developed double-cell structural supercapacitor, which demonstrated an area-specific capacitance of 1.16 mF cm−2 and energy density of 0.36 mWh cm−2 at 0.24 mA cm−2, which are comparable to current achievements in structural supercapacitor research. The structural supercapacitor’s tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were measured as 109.5 MPa, 47.0 MPa, and 50.4 MPa, respectively. The specific capacitance and energy density reached 2.58 mF cm−2 and 0.81 mWh cm−2, while tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were reduced to 70.9 MPa, 14.2 MPa, and 8.8 MPa, respectively, at 85 °C. These findings provide new comprehensive knowledge on structural supercapacitor devices suitable for applications operating within a temperature range from ambient conditions to 85 °C.
Modeling, design and validation of DC-DC landsman converter for low-power electric vehicle battery charging applications
Authors: Bag Kuldip , Mundra Mohit Pankaj , Sadashiv Patil Swarup , S Sudarshan B , G Arunkumar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
As the world moves towards sustainable development, the reduction of air pollution is considered an important factor. Consequently, the transportation sector is moving from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs). To encourage EV usage, governments are working towards installing more public charging systems. These systems invariably use a DC-DC converter to ensure the supply of an appropriate voltage to charge the battery. In developing countries, the majority of users prefer electric bikes and electric rickshaws, which require low power. Therefore, it becomes necessary to use low-power converters suitable to charge these batteries. In such systems, non-isolated DC-DC converters play an important role. This work is intended to explore the use of the Landsman converter for EV battery charging. The motivation behind the work is explained, and the state of the art of EV battery charging research is reviewed to show the research gap. The operation of the proposed converter is explained in detail with its dynamic loop and nodal equations. The gain equation and the memory elements design are detailed with the corresponding equations. The model of the proposed converter is provided with the loss calculation. The system is simulated on MATLAB R2022b software, and the simulation results are provided to show the behavior of voltage and current in each component. To validate the design, a 100 W hardware prototype is implemented using discrete components to supply a resistive load, and to charge a 48 V Li-ion battery. The corresponding results are provided to validate the design and operation. A comparison of the proposed converters’ performance parameters with other non-isolated converters is provided. The topology is seen to provide an instantaneous efficiency of 88% during the prototype testing for resistive load, and an efficiency of 89.6% while charging a 48 V Li-ion battery, wherein, the efficiency magnitudes are the experimental values obtained through real-time measurements on Keysight IntegraVision Power Analyzer PA2203A, during the testing of the hardware prototype, as presented in section 8. Consequently, Landsman converter is seen to be an attractive converter for EV battery charging applications.
Unique wavelet sign retrieval from samples without bandlimiting
Authors: Alaifari Rima , Bartolucci Francesca , Wellershoff Matthias 
Published: July 2024

We study the problem of recovering a signal from magnitudes of its wavelet frame coefficients when the analyzing wavelet is real-valued. We show that every real-valued signal can be uniquely recovered, up to global sign, from its multiwavelet frame coefficients
\[

{
|

W

ϕ
i

f
(

α

m

β
n
,

α

m

)
|
:
i
∈
{
1
,
2
,
3
}
,
m
,
n
∈

Z

}

\{\lvert \mathcal {W}_{\phi _i} f(\alpha ^{m}\beta n,\alpha ^{m}) \rvert : i\in \{1,2,3\}, m,n\in \mathbb {Z}\}

\]
for every

α
>
1
,
β
>
0

\alpha >1,\beta >0

with

β
ln
⁡
(
α
)
≤
4
π

/

(
1
+
4
p
)

\beta \ln (\alpha )\leq 4\pi /(1+4p)

,

p
>
0

p>0

, when the three wavelets

ϕ
i

\phi _i

are suitable linear combinations of the Poisson wavelet

P
p

P_p

of order

p
p

and its Hilbert transform

H

P
p

\mathscr {H}P_p

. For complex-valued signals we find that this is not possible for any choice of the parameters

α
>
1
,
β
>
0

\alpha >1,\beta >0

, and for any window. In contrast to the existing literature on wavelet sign retrieval, our uniqueness results do not require any bandlimiting constraints or other a priori knowledge on the real-valued signals to guarantee their unique recovery from the absolute values of their wavelet coefficients.
Trade and Environment Negotiations at the WTO
Authors: Remy Jan Yves , Tuljapurkar Sanvid 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Small island developing states (SIDS) create unique challenges, not just in climate change negotiations, but in trade fora as well. This chapter argues that the ‘trade and environment’ or sustainability agenda provides new opportunities for smaller states to move from the periphery to centre stage in World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations. Being among the most vulnerable to climate change, but the least blameworthy for it, SIDS are among those countries with the strongest (moral) claims to agitate for global action. Whether these moral claims can translate into tangible negotiating leverage at the WTO remains to be seen. Using a case study of SIDS within the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) in particular, this chapter considers the situation of, and possible strategies to be pursued by SIDS at the multilateral level.
Sustainability Meets Trade
Authors: Lee Jaemin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses contributions to the sustainability initiative in recent trade agreements—including fostering the rule of law in the global community and ensuring a level playing field in market competition, among others. The initiative is also subject to inherent limitations such as exposing trade agreements to controversial non-trade subjects; engaging other international organizations as a critical component in settling disputes under trade agreements; and increasing the logistical burden on the already thinly stretched government agencies of contracting parties, thus inviting further disputes under trade agreements. Henceforth, a comprehensive and balanced assessment of these contributions and limitations is required for an accurate evaluation of the sustainability initiative in recent trade agreements. On balance the recent development of incorporating sustainability issues into trade agreements is indeed a welcome move in the right direction. To expand the contributions and address the limitations, specific suggestions for a future course of action are given.
Sources and Principles of Natural Resources Law and Policy in a Net Zero Era
Authors: Aryanpour Mehrnoosh 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the key sources of natural resources law, namely, international law (ie World Trade Organization (WTO) and international trade law, multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), international investment laws); regional and domestic laws; judicial decisions; and scholarly publications. Secondly, established general principles governing natural resources development, such as permanent sovereignty and jurisdiction over natural resources; the do-no-harm principle; sustainable resource development and intergenerational equity; just transition (PANEL Principles); and the principle of cooperation (solidarity), are examined to map their evolving conceptualization in light of the ongoing global energy transition. With emerging sovereignty, security, and solidarity challenges associated with the ongoing energy transition, this chapter discusses the need for the fundamental reimagination and (re)design of the instrument mix of natural resources law to address regulatory fragmentation and enhance coherence in the design and implementation of net zero efforts.
Net Zero Transition and Resource Sovereignty
Authors: George-Ikoli Tengi , Sayne Aaron , Olawuyi Damilola S 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the potential impacts of the net zero transition goal for developing, managing, and controlling natural resources. This includes a discussion of the legal dimensions of sovereignty risks and trends, such as stranded assets, divestments, bankruptcies, resource nationalism, procurement, and supply chain challenges that are emerging as a result of net zero and the clean energy transition. Managing such resource sovereignty risks requires systemic and holistic resource management approaches that reduce hydrocarbon dependencies. Other important legal innovations explored include addressing legal barriers to economic and energy diversification; improving the governance of critical minerals; addressing legal barriers to wide-scale clean technology entrepreneurship; and integrating net zero considerations into regional and domestic investments, trade instruments, and policies.
Securing the Supply of Critical Minerals for Net Zero
Authors: Zhang Hao 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The increasing global effort to drive the energy transition has led to rising demand for lithium. This metal is crucial in manufacturing lithium-ion batteries, which are used for energy storage and electric vehicles (EVs). As governments worldwide push for renewable energy to achieve their clean energy targets, the role of lithium has become even more critical in making the energy transition process sustainable and affordable. Given its ambition to build the world’s largest EV market, China has prioritized lithium in its industrial policy agenda. Drawing lessons from China, this chapter examines the required regulatory and policy frameworks to bolster the lithium supply chain. Implementing these strategies has influenced the country’s domestic policy and regulation, focusing on driving the uptake of EVs, establishing dominance over the lithium supply chain, and securing supplies of raw materials. However, the sustainable development and greening of the supply chain face significant challenges.