bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The synthesis of nitrogen/sulfur co-doped TiO2 nanocrystals with a high specific surface area and a high percentage of {001} facets and their enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance
Authors: Shi Wenjing , Yang Weiyi , Li Qi , Gao Shian , Shang Panju , Shang Jian Ku 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Nitrogen/sulfur co-doped anatase TiO2 nanocrystals with a high specific surface area and a high percentage of {001} facets were synthesized by a solvent-thermal process followed by the calcination with thiourea at an optimum heat treatment temperature. Under current experimental conditions, the optimum heat treatment temperature was found at 300°C, which successfully introduced nitrogen and sulfur dopants into the anatase lattice to replace a small portion of oxygen atoms while preserving the geometry of these anatase TiO2 nanocrystals to maintain a high percentage of {001} facets. These nitrogen/sulfur co-doped anatase TiO2 nanocrystals demonstrated a largely enhanced light absorption in the whole visible-light range and exhibited much higher photocatalytic performance than both P25 TiO2 nanoparticles and anatase TiO2 nanocrystals with a high percentage of {001} facets under visible-light illumination.
QoS-aware fuzzy rule-based vertical handoff decision algorithm incorporating a new evaluation model for wireless heterogeneous networks
Authors: Vasu Kantubukta , Maheshwari Sumit , Mahapatra Sudipta , Kumar Cheruvu Siva 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Abstract
Next generation networks are envisioned to be heterogeneous in nature with an increase in demand towards ubiquitous services in wireless networks. As various networks have widely different characteristics, it is difficult to maintain the quality of service (QoS) after executing a handoff from one network to another network. Maintaining the QoS, based on applications, during the handoff in an heterogeneous networks needs an intelligent handoff decision mechanism. This article proposes a QoS-aware fuzzy rule-based vertical handoff mechanism that makes a multi-criteria-based decision, found to be effective for meeting the requirements of different applications in a heterogeneous networking environment. The QoS parameters considered are available bandwidth, end-to-end delay, jitter, and bit error rate. A new evaluation model is proposed using a non-birth–death Markov chain, in which the states correspond to the available networks. Simulation results show that compared to other vertical handoff algorithms, the proposed algorithm gives better performance for different traffic classes.
Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor in an adult: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Lawandy Shokry , Hariri Omid R , Miulli Dan E , Amin Jenny , Minasian Tanya , Gupta Ravi K , Siddiqi Javed 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Introduction
Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors predominantly occur in children, and are rare in the adult population. Less than 100 cases of supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor have been reported in adults internationally. Our case study reports this rare incident.

Case presentation
A 22-year-old Hispanic man presented with headaches, blurry vision, diplopia, intermittent vomiting, and grossly decreased vision. A magnetic resonance image showed a left posterior parietal heterogeneously enhancing mass measuring 4.2cm × 7.2cm × 7.0cm. After craniotomy for resection and decompression, the mass was histologically revealed to be a supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Standardized immunohistochemical studies for this mass were carried out.

Conclusion
We have concluded that immunohistochemical and genetic workup should be included in the standardized pathological workup for primitive neuroectodermal tumors in order to provide more prognostic information. Based on our current literature review, we propose an immunohistochemical panel.
Sudden unexpected infant death (SUDI) in a newborn due to medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency with an unusual severe genotype
Authors: Lovera Cristina , Porta Francesco , Caciotti Anna , Catarzi Serena , Cassanello Michela , Caruso Ubaldo , Gallina Maria Rita , Morrone Amelia , Spada Marco 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD) is the most common inborn error of fatty acid oxidation. This condition may lead to cellular energy shortage and cause severe clinical events such as hypoketotic hypoglycemia, Reye syndrome and sudden death. MCAD deficiency usually presents around three to six months of life, following catabolic stress as intercurrent infections or prolonged fasting, whilst neonatal-onset of the disease is quite rare. We report the case of an apparently healthy newborn who suddenly died at the third day of life, in which the diagnosis of MCAD deficiency was possible through peri-mortem blood-spot acylcarnitine analysis that showed very high concentrations of octanoylcarnitine. Genetic analysis at the ACADM locus confirmed the biochemical findings by demonstrating the presence in homozygosity of the frame-shift c.244dup1 (p.Trp82LeufsX23) mutation, a severe genotype that may explain the unusual and very early fatal outcome in this newborn. This report confirms that inborn errors of fatty acid oxidation represent one of the genetic causes of sudden unexpected deaths in infancy (SUDI) and underlines the importance to include systematically specific metabolic screening in any neonatal unexpected death.
Zinc oxide-mediated photocatalytic decolorization of Ponceau S in aqueous suspension by visible light
Authors: Muslim Muhammad , Habib Md Ahsan , Mahmood Abu Jafar , Islam Tajmeri Selima Akhter , Ismail Iqbal Mohmmad Ibrahim 
Published: October 2012

AbstractZnO, comprising nanosize particles (approximately 40 nm) has been prepared by heating (300°C) ZnCO3, which was obtained as precipitate by mixing ZnSO4and (NH4)2CO3solutions. The prepared ZnO was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, and adsorption studies. It has been used to catalyze the decolorization of Ponceau S (PS), a model diazo dye, in an aqueous suspension under visible light (I≈ 1.8 × 10−4W cm−2). This ZnO was found to be more efficient as a photocatalyst compared to pristine ZnO. ZnO samples with higher temperatures (500°C and 700°C) show less catalytic activity. SEM images show that the particle size of ZnO increases with the increase in calcined temperature of ZnO through agglomeration, resulting in a decrease in surface area. Photodecolorization of PS is affected by its and ZnO concentrations, but unaffected by the initial pH of the solutions in the range of 4 to 7. Illumination for a sufficiently long time completely mineralizes the dye, but no Zn2+can be detected in the clear solution.Photodegradation kinetics in the ZnO suspension obeys the Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation, and some activation of the ZnO surface by light is indicated.
Synthesis and characterization of emulsion polymers using isopropenyl acetate
Authors: Shinde Nilesh , Kathalewar Mukesh , Sabnis Anagha 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Background
Isopropenyl acetate (IPA) is one of the monomers from acetate family having an unsaturation with a methyl group attached to the ethylenic carbon. The unsaturation present in the monomer can be utilized for free radical polymerization. Irrespective of this, IPA is not studied much in emulsion polymer synthesis. In the current study, we report the preparation of emulsion polymers using IPA and other acrylic monomers. Terpolymers of butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate, and IPA were prepared via seeded emulsion polymerization with varying IPA proportions on molar basis. Potassium persulfate was employed as an initiator along with Dowfax 2A1 as surfactant (anionic).

Results
The emulsions prepared thereof were characterized for particle size, zeta potential and molecular weight using gel permeation chromatography. The emulsion films were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as well as their thermal (differential scanning calorimetry, thermo gravimetric analysis) and mechanical properties to study the effect of isopropenyl acetate on their overall properties.

Conclusions
With increasing proportion of IPA in the formulation, lower conversion was observed which could be due to the lower reactivity of IPA for radical polymerization in the presence of these comonomers. More study for the utilization of IPA in polymer synthesis is needed which, on successful optimization, would give a cost-effective alternative to various commercial acrylic monomers.
Impact of global warming and rising CO2 levels on coral reef fishes: what hope for the future?
Authors: Munday Philip L. , McCormick Mark I. , Nilsson Göran E. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryAverage sea-surface temperature and the amount of CO2 dissolved in the ocean are rising as a result of increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Many coral reef fishes appear to be living close to their thermal optimum, and for some of them, even relatively moderate increases in temperature (2–4°C) lead to significant reductions in aerobic scope. Reduced aerobic capacity could affect population sustainability because less energy can be devoted to feeding and reproduction. Coral reef fishes seem to have limited capacity to acclimate to elevated temperature as adults, but recent research shows that developmental and transgenerational plasticity occur, which might enable some species to adjust to rising ocean temperatures. Predicted increases in PCO2, and associated ocean acidification, can also influence the aerobic scope of coral reef fishes, although there is considerable interspecific variation, with some species exhibiting a decline and others an increase in aerobic scope at near-future CO2 levels. As with thermal effects, there are transgenerational changes in response to elevated CO2 that could mitigate impacts of high CO2 on the growth and survival of reef fishes. An unexpected discovery is that elevated CO2 has a dramatic effect on a wide range of behaviours and sensory responses of reef fishes, with consequences for the timing of settlement, habitat selection, predator avoidance and individual fitness. The underlying physiological mechanism appears to be the interference of acid–base regulatory processes with brain neurotransmitter function. Differences in the sensitivity of species and populations to global warming and rising CO2 have been identified that will lead to changes in fish community structure as the oceans warm and becomes more acidic; however, the prospect for acclimation and adaptation of populations to these threats also needs to be considered. Ultimately, it will be the capacity for species to adjust to environmental change over coming decades that will determine the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems.
Local Thermal Nonequilibrium on Solid and Liquid Interface Generated in a Microwave Magnetic Field
Authors: Mochizuki Dai , Shitara Masashi , Maitani Masato , Wada Yuji 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Dehalogenation of (2-haloethyl)benzene using Fe particles was carried out in the electric and magnetic fields in a microwave single mode cavity. Microwave irradiation in a magnetic field enhanced the conversion of (2-haloethyl)benzene compared with heating by a mantle heater and microwave in an electric field, while the ethylbenzene selectivities were comparable. Larger Fe particles generated sparks under microwave irradiation, resulting in the increase of ethylbenzene selectivities. These data suggested the reaction acceleration by a local thermal nonequilibrium in the solid–liquid system by the selective microwave heating of the solid.
Absorption of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Dissolved in Water with Pellets Made of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene and Silica Gel
Authors: Morohashi Naoya , Shibata Ozora , Hattori Tetsutaro 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Powdery crystals of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (1) pelletized using silica gel as a binder absorb chlorinated hydrocarbons from saturated aqueous solutions by forming inclusion complexes with compound 1.
Morphology Study of New Shaped Porous Nanotubes of LiFePO4 by Electrospinning
Authors: Kang Chung Soo , Kim Cheong , Park Tae Jun , Son Jong Tae 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Porous nanotubes of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) were synthesized from a metal oxide precursor by the electrospinning method. After calcination of the above precursor nanotube at 800 °C, LiFePO4 nanotubes with a diameter in the range of 150–500 nm, were obtained. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) had an important role in the formation of hollow structure. The obtained nanotubes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), videoscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The results showed that porous and hollow morphologies of nanotubes were successfully formed by electrospinning parameters and calcination temperature.
Negative health system effects of Global Fund's investments in AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria from 2002 to 2009: systematic review
Authors: Car Josip , Paljärvi Tapio , Car Mate , Kazeem Ayodele , Majeed Azeem , Atun Rifat 
Published: October 2012

Objectives By using the Global Fund as a case example, we aim to critically evaluate the evidence generated from 2002 to 2009 for potential negative health system effects of Global Health Initiatives (GHI). Design Systematic review of research literature. Setting Developing Countries. Participants All interventions potentially affecting health systems that were funded by the Global Fund. Main outcome measures Negative health system effects of Global Fund investments as reported by study authors. Results We identified 24 studies commenting on adverse effects on health systems arising from Global Fund investments. Sixteen were quantitative studies, six were qualitative and two used both quantitative and qualitative methods, but none explicitly stated that the studies were originally designed to capture or to assess health system effects (positive or negative). Only seemingly anecdotal evidence or authors’ perceptions/interpretations of circumstances could be extracted from the included studies. Conclusions This study shows that much of the currently available evidence generated between 2002 and 2009 on GHIs potential negative health system effects is not of the quality expected or needed to best serve the academic or broader community. The majority of the reviewed research did not fulfil the requirements of rigorous scientific evidence.
Multiple Auditing Standards and Standard Setting: Implications for Practice and Education
Authors: Cullinan Charles P. , Earley Christine E. , Roush Pamela B. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARY
We organized a panel discussion on the roles of the multiple auditing standard setters and the implications of these multiple sets of standards for practice and education. The session took place at the American Accounting Association (AAA) Auditing Section Meeting in Savannah, Georgia in January 2012. In this paper, we discuss the roles of the various auditing standards setters (e.g., Auditing Standards Board [ASB], Public Company Accounting Oversight Board [PCAOB], International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board [IAASB]) and how the standards have diverged over time. We then present panelists' responses to questions raised during the session, which reflect differing perspectives concerning why multiple standards may be necessary, barriers to a more unified structure for auditing standards, and differences in enforcement and quality assessment. The panelists also discussed challenges posed by the existence of multiple standards for CPA firms, students, and instructors, and how these challenges may be addressed by both educators and accounting firms.
Temperature dependence of the optical properties of Bi2O3. A theoretical approach basing on the Kramers-Kronig transformation for polynomial mixed terms models
Authors: Murariu Gabriel , Condurache-Bota Simona 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe Kramers-Kronig transforms (KK) constitute a powerful tool to validate experimental data. The present study is implemented for Bi2O3 thin films deposited by thermal vacuum evaporation at different temperatures of the glass substrates. Since the extraordinary properties of this fabric allow us to consider particular analytical approach as it was previously shown, the reflectance properties of Bi2O3 as a function of temperature could be studied.The novelty of this article is the studying of a global effective analytical representation, based on polynomial functions, in order to obtain a general model that includes temperature dependence of the optical properties, using the Kramers-Kronig transformation type. In the mathematical expressions, were included mix combined term in order to avoid the effects of Runge phenomenon. As a case study was chosen Bi2O3 — a substance less studied in literature. In the last part are the presented and commented the results obtained for a series of eight studied models.
Surgical results of the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study
Authors: Grubb Robert L. , Powers William J. , Clarke William R. , Videen Tom O. , Adams Harold P. , Derdeyn Colin P. , _ _ 
Published: October 2012

Object
The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS) was conducted to determine if superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass, when added to the best medical therapy, would reduce subsequent ipsilateral stroke in patients with complete internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion and an elevated oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) in the cerebral hemisphere distal to the occlusion. A recent publication documented the methodology of the COSS in detail and briefly outlined the major findings of the trial. The surgical results of the COSS are described in detail in this report.

Methods
The COSS was a prospective, parallel-group, 1:1 randomized, open-label, blinded-adjudication treatment trial. Participants, who had angiographically demonstrated complete occlusion of the ICA causing either a transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke within 120 days and hemodynamic cerebral ischemia indicated by an increased OEF measured by PET, were randomized to either surgical or medical treatment. One hundred ninety-five patients were randomized: 97 to the surgical group and 98 to the medical group. The surgical patients underwent an STA-MCA cortical branch anastomosis.

Results
In the intention-to-treat analysis, the 2-year rates for the primary end point were 21% for the surgical group and 22.7% for the medical group (p = 0.78, log-rank test). Fourteen (15%) of the 93 patients who had undergone an arterial bypass had a primary end point ipsilateral hemispheric stroke in the 30-day postoperative period, 12 within 2 days after surgery. The STA-MCA arterial bypass patency rate was 98% at the 30-day postoperative visit and 96% at the last follow-up examination. The STA-MCA arterial bypass markedly improved, although it did not normalize, the level of elevated OEF in the symptomatic cerebral hemisphere. Five surgically treated and 1 nonsurgically treated patients in the surgical group had a primary end point ipsilateral hemispheric stroke after the 30-day postoperative period. No baseline characteristics or intraoperative variables revealed those who would experience a procedure-related stroke.

Conclusions
Despite excellent bypass graft patency and improved cerebral hemodynamics, STA-MCA anastomosis did not provide an overall benefit regarding ipsilateral 2-year stroke recurrence, mainly because of a much better than expected stroke recurrence rate (22.7%) in the medical group, but also because of a significant postoperative stroke rate (15%). Clinical trial registration no.: NCT00029146.
Long-term hearing outcomes following stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma: patterns of hearing loss and variables influencing audiometric decline
Authors: Carlson Matthew L. , Jacob Jeffrey T. , Pollock Bruce E. , Neff Brian A. , Tombers Nicole M. , Driscoll Colin L. W. , Link Michael J. 
Published: October 2012

Object
The goals of this retrospective cohort study were as follows: 1) to describe the long-term prevalence and timing of hearing deterioration following low-dose (12- to 13-Gy marginal dose) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for vestibular schwannoma (VS); and 2) to identify clinical variables associated with long-term preservation of useful hearing following treatment.

Methods
Patients with serviceable hearing who underwent SRS for VS between 1997 and 2002 were studied. Data including radiosurgery treatment plans, tumor characteristics, pre- and posttreatment pure tone average, speech discrimination scores, and American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery hearing class were collected. Time to nonserviceable hearing was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate associations with time to nonserviceable hearing were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results
Forty-four patients met the study criteria and were included. The median duration of audiometric follow-up was 9.3 years. Thirty-six patients developed nonserviceable hearing at a mean of 4.2 years following SRS. The Kaplan-Meier estimated rates of serviceable hearing at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 years following SRS were 80%, 55%, 48%, 38%, and 23%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that pretreatment ipsilateral pure tone average (p < 0.001) and tumor size (p = 0.009) were statistically significantly associated with time to nonserviceable hearing.

Conclusions
Durable hearing preservation a decade after low-dose SRS for VS occurs in less than one-fourth of patients. Variables including preoperative hearing capacity and tumor size may be used to predict hearing outcomes following treatment. These findings may assist in pretreatment risk disclosure. Furthermore, these data demonstrate the importance of long-term follow-up when reporting audiometric outcomes following SRS for VS.
Quand les enfants parlent l'ordre social
Authors: Lignier Wilfried , Pagis Julie 
Published: October 2012

Résumé À quel point les enfants perçoivent-ils le monde qui les entoure comme un ordre social ? À la fin des années 1990, Bernard Zarca s’est penché empiriquement sur cette question du « sens social » des enfants, appréhendé comme une capacité individuelle à hiérarchiser divers métiers. L’enquête que nous avons menée au sein de deux écoles primaires reproduit son expérimentation par tâches autour de classements de métiers, mais dans le cadre d’un dispositif collectif , permettant d’observer la manière dont les classements s’insèrent dans les interactions entre enfants. À l’attention statistique aux produits de la pratique (comment les enfants ont classé) nous avons substitué dans le cadre de cet article une attention ethnographique aux formats de la pratique elle-même (comment les enfants classent). De façon générale, nous mettons l’accent sur le fait qu’il est discutable d’envisager le rapport des enfants à l’ordre social indépendamment : 1) d’une part, des moyens dont disposent les enfants pour l’exprimer ; 2) et d’autre part, de la situation concrète dans laquelle ce rapport s’exprime. Notre enquête suggère ainsi de distinguer les possibilités culturelles de classer, des dispositions et des intérêts à le faire effectivement, dans la mesure où face aux autres, classer signifie toujours se classer, se situer socialement.