bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brittany and the Carolingian Empire: A Historical Review
Authors: Brett Caroline 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBrittany, a region with an obscure early history and an identity in dispute between Britain and France, enters an unusually well‐evidenced period in the ninth century when it was conquered, and then placed under native rulership, by the Frankish Carolingian emperors. Taking advantage of Carolingian weakness to expand territorially, the Breton polity outlasted dynastic violence and Viking attack and would eventually survive until 1532. The historiography of the period has blossomed since the 1980s. English‐ and French‐language historians are in agreement that the creation of Brittany was a direct consequence of the rise and fall of the Carolingian empire, and an illustration of ‘the fundamental political and social changes that often occur on the periphery of dynamic and rapidly evolving societies’ (J.M.H. Smith). They differ, however, in that Francophones are inclined to emphasise the extension of Carolingian institutions to Brittany, while English historiography minimises the institutionalisation of politics, in Brittany and increasingly in the Carolingian empire as a whole. Regardless of these differences, Breton evidence gives a view of the interplay between the local and the supra‐national in social organisation, legal practice, and Christian culture, the significance of which for the whole Carolingian world is increasingly recognised.
Nurses' medication administration practices at two Singaporean acute care hospitals
Authors: Choo Janet , Johnston Linda , Manias Elizabeth 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis study examined registered nurses' overall compliance with accepted medication administration procedures, and explored the distractions they faced during medication administration at two acute care hospitals in Singapore. A total of 140 registered nurses, 70 from each hospital, participated in the study. At both hospitals, nurses were distracted by personnel, such as physicians, radiographers, patients not under their care, and telephone calls, during medication rounds. Deviations from accepted medication procedures were observed. At one hospital, the use of a vest during medication administration alone was not effective in avoiding distractions during medication administration. Environmental factors and distractions can impact on the safe administration of medications, because they not only impair nurses' level of concentration, but also add to their work pressure. Attention should be placed on eliminating distractions through the use of appropriate strategies. Strategies that could be considered include the conduct of education sessions with health professionals and patients about the importance of not interrupting nurses while they are administering medications, and changes in work design.
Record Keeping and Health Service Mirrored by Data from Swedish Child Health Care Records
Authors: Hagelin Elisabet 
Published: March 2013

Abstract. In order to study the completeness and accuracy of the recording of Child Health Care data, 212 randomly sampled records from all of Sweden were collected. The degree of completeness and accuracy was determined by scoring information from the records.The results showed that the recorded data lacked accuracy to a large extent, and completeness to a somewhat lesser extent. Information on the development of the child, especially speech and language development, but also psychomotor development, were the main areas lacking completeness. Health information, environmental conditions, behaviour, illnesses, accidents and evaluation of the neonatal period were also very poorly recorded.The results indicate that the records of the Child Health Care service do not constitute, in the respects studied, a complete and secure basis for clinical work, research, planning or evaluation of the quality of the health services.
Mental Wellbeing of Nurse Educators at Work
Authors: Harri Marja 
Published: March 2013

The aim of the study was to assess the mental wellbeing of nurse educators at their work by means of self‐assessment. Questionnaires were sent to 100 randomly selected trained nurse educators. Data were collected from 83 respondents. The nurse educators evaluated their mental wellbeing as being rather good. There were, however, some contradictions in the answers to questions covering identical work areas but having somewhat different formulation. The disadvantages of being a nurse educator, as listed by the respondents, included: too much work, and especially too many administrative duties, communication breakdowns with the directors of the nursing college, and underestimation by others of the value of teaching as such.As characteristics of the job promoting a sense of wellbeing, the nurse educators mentioned their interaction and relationships with the students. In addition, the demands and challenges of the work were found very interesting and rewarding.
Demographic Origins of the Great Recession: Implications for China
Authors: Gomez Rafael , Lamb Danielle 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe demographic dividend, that is, the growth of the working age population aged 16 years relative to younger and older age dependents, has often been cited as a crucial component of the accelerated economic growth experienced by disparate countries and regions at different points in time. Generally less emphasized are the ramifications of this process when it occurs in reverse; that is, when the relative size of the working age population begins to shrink. Related to this is the more subtle effect of changes to the age structure of the overall working age population, which can have compounding or offsetting effects in relation to the demographic dividend noted above. This paper explores how these age‐related phenomena were instrumental to both the Great Depression and the Great Recession of 2008. We explore how the generational composition of economic actors and the aging of the baby‐boom worker may have played a role in provoking these remarkable recessionary periods. The reversal of the demographic dividend and the aging of the working age population are factors now contributing to the propagation of the global economic downturn, as witnessed in the example of Japan over the past half‐century. This paper applies the lessons of the Great Depression to offer a forward‐looking analysis of the Chinese economy. China is on the precipice of a significant demographic shift whose implications for economic growth are explored.
A Comparative Study of the Performance of SrCo0.76Fe0.19Al0.1Ox and (SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3−δ)0.95(SrAl2O4)0.05 Mixed‐Conducting Membranes
Authors: Zhu Na , Zhang Guangru , Liu Zhengkun , Dong Xueliang , Jin Wanqin , Liu Shaomin 
Published: March 2013

Dense oxygen permeable ceramic membranes are promising materials for separating oxygen from air and for syngas production. The crystal structure, oxygen vacancy, microstructure, thermal expansion behavior, electrical conductivity, and oxygen permeability of two mixed‐conducting ceramics: 5 mol% SrAl2O4‐doped SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (SCF‐SA) and SrCo0.76Fe0.19Al0.1Ox (SCFA), with the same overall cation composition, were systematically investigated in this work. The main phases of SCFA and SCF‐SA are cubic perovskite and no orthorhombic brownmillerite appears from 700°C to 900°C in air, while SCF‐SA presents minor unidentified phases. SCF‐SA shows lower electrical conductivity than SCFA. SCFA membranes exhibit lower oxygen permeation flux than SCF‐SA. At 850°C, the oxygen permeation fluxes of SCFA and SCF‐SA are 1.23 and 1.46 mL/cm2/min, respectively, under the oxygen partial pressure gradient of 0.21 × 105/1 × 102 Pa.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Microstructure of Hafnium Boride‐Based Composite Ceramics Via Preceramic Method
Authors: Cai Tao , Qiu Wen‐Feng , Liu Dan , Han Wei‐Jian , Ye Li , Zhao Ai‐Jun , Zhao Tong 
Published: March 2013

The ceramic precursor for HfB2/HfC/SiC/C was prepared via solution‐based processing of polyhafnoxanesal, linear phenolic resin, boric acid and poly[(methylsilylene)acetylene)]. The obtained precursor could be cured at 250°C and subsequently heat treated at relative lower temperature (1500°C) to form HfB2/HfC/SiC/C ceramic powders. The ceramic powders were characterized by element analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the ceramic powders with particle size of 200~500 nm were consisted of pure phase HfB2, HfC, and SiC along with free carbon as fourth phase with low crystallinity.
Vitamins, stress and growth: the availability of antioxidants in early life influences the expression of cryptic genetic variation
Authors: Kim S.‐Y. , Noguera J. C. , Tato A. , Velando A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEnvironmental inputs during early development can shape the expression of phenotypes, which has long‐lasting consequences in physiology and life history of an organism. Here, we study whether experimentally manipulated availability of dietary antioxidants, vitamins C and E, influences the expression of genetic variance for antioxidant defence, endocrine signal and body mass in yellow‐legged gull chicks using quantitative genetic models based on full siblings. Our experimental study in a natural population reveals that the expression of genetic variance in total antioxidant capacity in plasma increased in chicks supplemented with vitamins C and E despite the negligible effects on the average phenotype. This suggests that individuals differ in their ability to capture and transport dietary antioxidants or to respond to these extra resources, and importantly, this ability has a genetic basis. Corticosterone level in plasma and body mass were negatively correlated at the phenotypic level. Significant genetic variance of corticosterone level appeared only in control chicks nonsupplemented with vitamins, suggesting that the genetic variation of endocrine system, which transmits environmental cues to adaptively control chick development, appeared in stressful conditions (i.e. poor antioxidant availability). Therefore, environmental inputs may shape evolutionary trajectories of antioxidant capacity and endocrine system by affecting the expression of cryptic genetic variation.
The Business Cycle, Investor Sentiment, and Costly External Finance
Authors: MCLEAN R. DAVID , ZHAO MENGXIN 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe recent financial crisis shows that financial markets can impact the real economy. We investigate whether access to finance typically time‐varies and, if so, what are the real effects. Consistent with time‐varying external finance costs, both investment and employment are less sensitive to Tobin's q and more sensitive to cash flow during recessions and low investor sentiment periods. Share issuance plays a bigger role than debt issuance in causing these effects. Alternative tests that do not rely on q and cash flow sensitivities suggest that recessions and low sentiment increase external finance costs, thereby limiting investment and employment.
Psychotherapy for adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a comparison with cognitive behaviour therapy
Authors: Chandler M. L. 
Published: March 2013

Accessible summary
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder that persists into adulthood for more than half of those diagnosed.
Pharmacotherapy is the first line treatment, but alone may not be sufficient.
When comparing the effectiveness of researched psychotherapies, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is one of the most efficacious treatments.
This literature synthesis offers some intervention guidance for nurses and other clinicians who care for patients with ADHD.
AbstractAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a disorder generally associated with children, has become a valid disorder for adults in the last decade. The first line treatment of adult ADHD is medications, but historically there have been limitations to medication as the only treatment. Psychotherapy has become a feasible modality in the treatment of ADHD for those who have residual symptoms. The aim of this review of literature is to compare cognitive behaviour therapy with other psychotherapeutic treatment for effectiveness in improving symptoms of ADHD in adults and adolescences. The evidence‐based practice approach by Stillwell et al. is adopted to guide the systematic review. The use of this small evidence utilization project that led to a synthesis of available research will provide direction for future research and expand knowledge in treatment for adult ADHD.
Leucine markedly regulates pancreatic exocrine secretion in goats
Authors: Yu Z. P. , Xu M. , Liu K. , Yao J. H. , Yu H. X. , Wang F. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryFour goats (30.1 ± 1.3 kg) with common bile duct re‐entrant catheter and duodenal catheter were used to evaluate the effects of duodenal leucine infusion on pancreatic exocrine secretion and plasma parameters with two 4 × 4 Latin square design experiments. In the long‐term infusion experiment, goats were fed twice daily [700 g/day, dry matter (DM) basis] at 8:00 and 18:00 hours and were duodenally infused with 0, 3, 6, 9 g/day leucine for 14 days. Pancreatic juice and jugular blood samples were collected over 1‐h intervals for 6 h daily from d 11 to 14 days to encompass a 24‐h day. In the short‐term experiment, goats were infused leucine for 10 h continuously at the same infusion rate with Experiment 1 after feed deprivation for 24 h repeated every 10 days. Pancreatic juice and blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h of infusion. The results showed that the long‐term leucine infusion did not affect pancreatic juice secretion, protein output, trypsin and lipase secretion and plasma insulin concentration, but linearly increased α‐amylase secretion. No changes in pancreatic protein and lipase secretion were observed in the short‐term infusion. Pancreatic juice and α‐amylase secretion responded quadratically, with the greatest values observed in the 3 and 6 g/day leucine respectively. Trypsin secretion linearly decreased, while plasma insulin concentration increased linearly with increased leucine infusion. The results demonstrated that duodenal leucine infusion dose and time dependently regulated pancreatic enzyme secretion not associated with the change in plasma insulin concentration.
Acute exposure to evening blue‐enriched light impacts on human sleep
Authors: Chellappa Sarah L. , Steiner Roland , Oelhafen Peter , Lang Dieter , Götz Thomas , Krebs Julia , Cajochen Christian 
Published: March 2013

SummaryLight in the short wavelength range (blue light: 446–483 nm) elicits direct effects on human melatonin secretion, alertness and cognitive performance via non‐image‐forming photoreceptors. However, the impact of blue‐enriched polychromatic light on human sleep architecture and sleep electroencephalographic activity remains fairly unknown. In this study we investigated sleep structure and sleep electroencephalographic characteristics of 30 healthy young participants (16 men, 14 women; age range 20–31 years) following 2 h of evening light exposure to polychromatic light at 6500 K, 2500 K and 3000 K. Sleep structure across the first three non‐rapid eye movement non‐rapid eye movement – rapid eye movement sleep cycles did not differ significantly with respect to the light conditions. All‐night non‐rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalographic power density indicated that exposure to light at 6500 K resulted in a tendency for less frontal non‐rapid eye movement electroencephalographic power density, compared to light at 2500 K and 3000 K. The dynamics of non‐rapid eye movement electroencephalographic slow wave activity (2.0–4.0 Hz), a functional index of homeostatic sleep pressure, were such that slow wave activity was reduced significantly during the first sleep cycle after light at 6500 K compared to light at 2500 K and 3000 K, particularly in the frontal derivation. Our data suggest that exposure to blue‐enriched polychromatic light at relatively low room light levels impacts upon homeostatic sleep regulation, as indexed by reduction in frontal slow wave activity during the first non‐rapid eye movement episode.
Interpretation of Odds and Risk Ratios
Authors: O'Connor A.M. 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundOdds ratio and risk ratio are measures of association used to describe the efficacy of interventions and disease determinates; however, they are not interchangeable measures of association.ObjectivesTo illustrate that interpretation of the odds ratio as a risk‐based measure of efficacy can be misleading.AnimalsNone.MethodsA meta‐analysis reported, the odds ratio and the risk ratio as measures of vaccine effect. Example data were obtained from a meta‐analysis of the risk of infection with Tritrichomonas fetus (T. fetus), in trials that assessed whole‐cell killed T. fetus vaccination in beef heifers.ResultsWhen risk was used as the measure of disease frequency, the summary risk ratio was 0.82 (95% CI = 0.7–1.01), a 18% decrease in risk of infection. When odds were used as the measure of disease frequency and the summary odds ratio was 0.41 (95% CI = 0.2–0.84), a 59% decrease in odds of infection.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceProblems arise for clinicians or authors when they interpret the odds ratio as a risk ratio. In the example provided, the efficacy of protective interventions was overestimated. In the case of disease determinates that increase the occurrence of disease, the interpretation of the odds ratio as a risk ratio would also lead to overestimation of the effect. It is important not to use the terms risk or probability of disease when the odds are the measure of disease frequency.
Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization among renal transplant recipients
Authors: Fritzsche Carlos , Riebold Diana , Fuehrer Andreas , Mitzner Andrea , Klammt Sebastian , Mueller‐Hilke Brigitte , Reisinger Emil C 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimRenal transplant recipients are at risk of developing Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP), especially in the first 2 years after transplantation, with a mortality rate of up to 50%. No data are available on pulmonary colonization with Pneumocystis jirovecii in renal transplant recipients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pulmonary colonization with Pneumocystis jirovecii in renal transplant recipients and to find related risk factors.MethodsWe investigated the induced sputa of 70 renal transplant recipients for the presence of Pneumocystis jirovecii using nested polymerase chain reaction.ResultsThirteen of 70 patients (18.6%) were colonized with Pneumocystis jirovecii. There was no significant correlation between colonization and immunosuppressive medication or regimens. However, colonized subjects had undergone transplantation longer ago than non‐colonized subjects. 30.8% of those whose transplantation had taken place more than 8 years previously were colonized, in contrast to 11.4% of those whose transplantation had taken place less than 8 years ago (P = 0.059; odds ratio = 3.467, 95% confidence interval = 0.99–12.09).ConclusionMost cases of Pneumocystis colonization were detected in those patients where renal transplantion had taken place more than 2 years previously. As most PcP cases occur within the first 2 years of transplantation, colonization does not seem to play a role in the development of acute PcP in this period. Though Pneumocystis pneumonia is likely to be a newly acquired infection in the first 2 years after transplantation, colonized patients remain a potential source of transmission of Pneumocystis jirovecii.
Motivational journey of Iranian bachelor of nursing students during clinical education: a grounded theory study
Authors: Hanifi Nasrin , Parvizy Soroor , Joolaee Soodabeh 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis study explored how nursing students can be kept motivated throughout their clinical education. Motivation is a key issue in nursing clinical education for student retention. The study was conducted using grounded theory methods, which are appropriate when studying process in a social context. Sixteen students and four instructors, who were purposefully selected, participated in semistructured interviews. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Students' motivational journey occurred in three steps: (i) social condition; (ii) encountering the clinical education challenges; and (iii) looking for an escape from nursing, or simply tolerating nursing. Struggling with professional identity emerged as the core variable. Iran's social context and many other conditions in the clinical education setting affect students' motivation. Identifying motivational process might assist educational authorities in offering solutions to promote motivation among students.
Influence of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on the motility and sensitivity of distal colon in man
Authors: Corsetti M. , Vos R. , Gevers A. , Demedts I. , Janssens J. , Tack J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundAlterations of nitrergic innervation have been implicated in the pathophysiology of motor‐sensory abnormalities of post infectious functional dyspepsia and could be involved in the pathophysiology of post infectious irritable bowel syndrome. The role of nitrergic neurons in the control of distal colonic sensorimotor function in man is not known. The aim of this study is to evaluate the motility and sensitivity of distal colon in healthy subjects before and after a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (l‐NMMA).MethodsA 700‐mL balloon connected with a barostat‐manometry assembly was placed in the descending colon of 10 healthy subjects and distension (4 mmHg/2 min) was performed. Intra‐balloon pressure was then set at minimal distending pressure + 2 mmHg for 30 min, placebo or l‐NMMA (8 mg kg−1 h−1) was administered i.v. in double‐blind, randomized, cross‐over design and distensions were repeated.Key ResultsPlacebo and l‐NMMA did not influence colonic compliance, motility index, and tone. Placebo did not affect thresholds for first perception and discomfort and the areas under the pressure‐perception curve. l‐NMMA did not alter thresholds for first perception, but significantly decreased the pressure thresholds for discomfort (P = 0.008) and increased the areas under the pressure‐perception score (P = 0.01).Conclusions & InferencesIn man, inhibition of nitric oxide synthase sensitizes the distal colon to distension. Impaired nitrergic innervation is a mechanism that may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity to colonic distension.
Pseudoatrial Fibrillation during Pacemaker Interrogation: What is the Mechanism?
Authors: ALCALDE ÓSCAR , VILLUENDAS ROGER , PEREFERRER DAMIÀ , SARRIAS AXEL , BAYES‐GENIS ANTONI 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundNormal pacemaker response to magnet and programmer is almost universal and helps to interpret basal rhythm.Methods and resultsIn this report, we report an undescribed atypical magnet response due to an internal cross‐talk with atrial oversensing during a specific part of interrogation, simulating atrial fibrillation.
Spatial Spline Regression Models
Authors: Sangalli Laura M. , Ramsay James O. , Ramsay Timothy O. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryWe describe a model for the analysis of data distributed over irregularly shaped spatial domains with complex boundaries, strong concavities and interior holes. Adopting an approach that is typical of functional data analysis, we propose a spatial spline regression model that is computationally efficient, allows for spatially distributed covariate information and can impose various conditions over the boundaries of the domain. Accurate surface estimation is achieved by the use of piecewise linear and quadratic finite elements.