bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Steel/Concrete Composite Ice Walls for Arctic Offshore Structures
Authors: Wernli Markus , Hjorteset Kare , LaNier Michael W. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The oil and gas industry is considering deploying large gravity-based structures (GBS) into the high Arctic seas for year-round production where they will be exposed to multiyear ice loads. Conceptual studies of such structures suggest that the design for the ice load and the low draft requirement during deployment to the Arctic become key design aspects, focusing the attention on force-resisting strategies and ice wall design. A well-designed ice wall in combination with a well-thought-out ice resistance strategy can significantly reduce the cost and construction/installation schedule of a GBS. Ice walls made of steel/concrete/steel composite have the potential to provide significant robustness at a lower weight than typical all-concrete ice walls. Composite ice walls also provide the potential of more robust behavior than all-steel ice wall concepts. Composite walls, thus, promise great value as ice walls for Arctic structures. To validate composite ice walls, a testing program was conducted that applied high-intensity loads to beam specimens 1.8 meters long and 0.3 meter thick with varying degrees of plate stiffening and concrete confinement. Strength, stiffness, ductility, load paths, and failure mechanisms were evaluated. Test variables included temperature, concrete density and strength, load paths, and type of composite load-carrying system. The paper demonstrates the viability of composite ice walls. It presents the results of the testing program, discusses the proposed ice wall configuration and appropriate design procedures, and proposes the steps that have to be taken before composite ice walls can be applied for design and construction of an actual GBS.
Conical Structures in Ice: The Roles Friction, Slope and Shape Play
Authors: Barker Anne , Sudom Denise , Sayed Mohamed 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Conical structures are often used to ameliorate the action of floating ice. There is a long history of using cone-shaped bridge piers. Moreover, many recent designs adopt downward-breaking cones to further reduce ice forces. The present work aims to clarify aspects of ice interaction with cones that are poorly understood. This work builds on a previous study that employed a numerical model of ice dynamics in order to predict ice failure patterns and forces on a conical structure. Performance of the model was validated against available ice basin tests, and the study examined a test case representing a pier of the Confederation Bridge, Canada. The present tests examine the roles of ice-structure friction and shape of the cone (upward- or downward-breaking) in more detail. Additionally, the effects of ice thickness and embedded consolidated ridges are examined. The results reveal trends of the dependence of the modes of ice failure and the resulting forces on ice-structure friction, slope and the type of the cone (upward- or downward-breaking). For upward-breaking cones, ice-structure friction proved to be more significant for gentler slopes than for steeper ones. For those cones, ice failure appeared to correspond to three-dimensional buckling. Downward-breaking cones displayed a different behavior with downwards bending failure. The value of the ice-structure friction coefficient had a clear influence on the forces for all downward-breaking cases. The results also support the idea that downward-breaking cones correspond to lower horizontal forces than those acting on upward-breaking cones. Concerning ice sheet thickness, peak horizontal ice forces show a near linear dependence on the thickness. For large consolidated ridges, forces increased substantially. The numerical model results are compared with the elastic beam bending approach given in the ISO 19906 Arctic Offshore Structures Standard for ice loading on a sloped structure. In order to use the equations in ISO 19906, assumptions must be made on the maximum accumulated rubble height and other parameters, which affect the calculated load. The peak loads from the model and ISO approach are similar for level ice interactions, although the ISO approach is more sensitive to ice-structure friction. Also, the ISO approach may overestimate the load generated by some ridge geometries.
Temperature Modeling Used to Change Freeze Protection Procedures in North Slope Disposal Wells
Authors: Nofziger Laura , di Lullo Alberto , Hester Keith C. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In two disposal wells on the North Slope operating field of Nikaitchuq, diesel was deployed before each brief shut-in period in order to prevent the formation of ice in the tubing due to the presence of water-based fluids.
A temperature model was built to determine if the use of diesel as a freeze protection fluid could substituted with an available briny waste water stream. In particular, the model was used to determine how long the waste water fluid would provide freeze protection with respect to the operational requirements. The temperature model was also checked against the data acquired by distributed temperature sensing fiber optic technology deployed in similar wells of the same field.
The paper will review the model, the temperature data retrieved from an injection well in the same field using DTS technology and discuss the cost benefit deriving from the avoidance of the diesel batches formerly used for freeze prevention.
The Sensitivity of Ice Keel Statistics to Upward Looking Sonar Ice Draft Processing Methods
Authors: Ross E. , Fissel D. , Mudge T. , Kanwar A. , Sadowy D. , Ekeberg Ole-Christian 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Upward looking sonar (ULS) instruments have been used for several decades to provide continuous measurements of ice draft. The time resolution of the ice draft observations is typically 1–2 seconds. When fused with ice drift speed observations, a high horizontal spatial resolution can be realized. Such a high resolution allows for the identification of individual ice keel features and an analysis of their spatial characteristics. Many methods are available for transforming the ice draft series from an equispaced time domain to an equidistant spatial domain. This paper analyzed the sensitivity of ice keel statistics to three transformation methods applied to ULS sea ice measurements in the Beaufort Sea and North Chukchi Sea. Although differences were found between the methods, these were related to episodes when the sampling frequency is not high enough to profile an ice draft feature travelling with a high drift speed. Knowledge of maximum drift speeds in the region of a measurement location along with the enhanced power and storage capacities of modern ice profilers enable sampling configurations which avoid this scenario.
GPU-Event-Mechanics Evaluation of Ice Impact Load Statistics
Authors: Daley Claude , Alawneh Shadi , Peters Dennis , Colbourne Bruce 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The paper explores the use of a GPU-Event-Mechanics (GEM) simulation to assess local ice loads on a vessel operating in pack ice. The methodology uses an event mechanics concept implemented using massively parallel programming on a GPU enabled workstation. The simulation domain contains hundreds of discrete and interacting ice floes. A simple vessel is modeled as it navigates through the domain. Each ship-ice collision is modeled, as is every ice-ice contact. Each ship-ice collision event is logged, along with all relevant ice and ship data. Thousands of collisions are logged as the vessel transits many tens of kilometers of ice pack. The GEM methodology allows the simulations to be performed much faster than real time. The resulting impact load statistics are qualitatively evaluated and compared to published field data. The analysis provides insight into the nature of loads in pack ice. The work is part of a large research project at Memorial University called STePS2 (Sustainable Technology for Polar Ships and Structures).
Cable and Pipeline Detection Methods for the Arctic Environment
Authors: Nash Jim 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper describes the application of new proprietary methods for the detection and location of submerged power cables and pipelines that can be applied in Arctic and subarctic regions, as well as beneath unfrozen ground. The methodology and results of the technology are presented. It demonstrates the proven use to locate and position these assets horizontally and at depth. Originally developed for power cable detection and precise positioning of assets located in the Gulf of Mexico, the technology penetrates ice in the same manner as water, while also working successfully on land.

Introduction
The precise location of assets such as cables and pipelines is critical to safety, reducing environmental impact, maintaining compliance with various agencies, and reducing risk. Conventional methods, such as probing, diving, jetting, and access by environmentally intrusive vehicles, may not be practical or possible in the arctic environment. TerraSond's proprietary system can be towed by a vessel, or operated on land or ice by an individual surveyor.
The Question of Ice Management and Some Associated Realities
Authors: Browne R. , Wright B. , Connelly D. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Over the past few years, questions surrounding the ice management topic area have become of higher priority for many oil companies who are interested in the Arctic offshore. A key impetus stems from the fact that many of the new Arctic offshore areas of interest lie in moderate to deeper waters, where floating drilling and production operations will be required. In keeping with this "priority theme", an ice management working group has recently been formed under the auspices of the current ISO/TC67/SC8 initiative. The objective is to build upon the foundation of Ice Management Standards included in the Arctic Offshore Structures – International Standard ISO/DIS 19906, to include several identified subject areas and develop a philosophy and logic, covering all potential ice management scenarios, leading to effective, efficient and safe ice management operations.
The work will benefit from the tremendous experience base with real-life ice management activities in the Canadian Beaufort Sea, on Canada's East Coast, offshore Sakhalin Island, in the Caspian Sea and off West Greenland in recent years.
Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Alaskan Civil Research
Authors: Cunningham Keith , Hatfield Michael , Philemonoff Ron 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In Alaska, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have garnered much attention, largely due to ongoing research at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF). This research has focused on a multitude of civilian applications suitable for support by the technology. UAF has long held an advantage in this competitive research by virtue of its status as a non-profit research institution, a requirement for approval by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to operate UAS. In addition, UAF has a long history in this field, managing airspace since the 1960's as part of its duties as the only university-operated rocket range in the world. These factors have led many commercial entities to partner with UAF to conduct UAS research over the years.
A Fresh Look at Pipeline and Riser Bundles: Combined Experience and Practice
Authors: Seguin B. , Goodlad M. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The paper presents the synergies between two proven Bundle systems:Pipeline Bundles and Riser Bundles, based on extensive track records: 70 Pipeline Bundles over 35 years and 6 Riser Bundles over 15 years.
Despite the two Bundle systems being developed independently, the synergies between the design requirements, the components and the towing requirements are remarkable. This shows that despite the different applications the technology has been developed with the same technical understanding and demonstrates how the merging of different technologies can bring benefits to the industry.
The paper includes a general description of the two Bundle systems, including fabrication and installation methods. A review of the similarities and differences between the two systems is presented.
The benefits of synergies are discussed, based on practical examples of new developments:–Design: Pipeline Bundle design adapted to Riser Bundle for enhanced thermal insulation performances and bundle section simplification.–Fabrication: feasibility of fabrication and launching of a Riser Bundle from a Pipeline Bundle fabrication site (Wester Site, Scotland).–Installation: development of methods for installation of Pipeline Bundles in deepwater and long-distance towing of Riser Bundle in shallow waters.
The synergies discussed in the paper result in enhanced capabilities for Bundle systems, including: improved system operating performance, increased systems applicability extent (allowing development in deeper waters and new areas). These systems can thus be considered for new geographical areas.
An Innovative Approach of Revival for Damaged Wells in High Erosive Environment Using Ceramic Sand Screens
Authors: Gaurav Kumar , Nadeem Asaf , Megorden Mike , Ivanova Svetlana , Wheeler Josephine , Sultan Shreen 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Oil and gas companies struggle with high rate wells failing due to down hole sand screen failure. If those wells are completed with a dry tree there is an opportunity for revival by installing a robust and durable sand preventive system using ceramic sand screens. These work-over jobs can be made cost effective by using wire line / coil tubing, avoiding high costs and lead time associated with rig-operation. This paper is the first documented work on a through tubing intervention plan for a high rate gas well with ceramic sand screens.
One of the biggest challenges is incorporating ceramic sand screen in wells where existing sand prevention has already failed. These cases not only require specific ceramic screen design but are also limited by the existing completion profiles and status of the damaged well. The workover operation is challenged by effectiveness of the well cleaning and the installation of ceramic screen to ensure a safe return on investment.
This paper details the plan for the revival of a high rate gas well with a currently damaged screen due to erosion. The study incorporates the selection of screen length, size of screen slots, support assemblies and installation sequence for an actual field case. A detailed sensitivity analysis was carried out to optimize well production in different reservoir conditions and results were utilized to construct the bottom hole assembly. The ceramic sand screen size was selected after series of retention tests and it was compared with the performance of metallic screens to ensure safe differential pressure and flow profile across the screen.
In conclusion this paper documents an innovative approach for workover operations in highly erosive environment using ceramic sand screens. The design procedure presented coupled with sensitivity analysis provided a long term, cost effective revival of damaged wells.
Active Heating for Life of Field Flow Assurance
Authors: McDermott Paul , Sathananthan Ratnam 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Development of thermal management strategies in the design of subsea oil and gas production systems is critical for prevention of solids deposition such as hydrates and wax formation during turndown and shutdown scenarios. Passive insulation provides no control of fluid temperature and forces the operator to depressurise the pipeline following a shutdown and ‘no touch’ period i.e. time after which the fluid falls below the hydrate temperature. For deep water and ultra-deep water applications this approach would be ineffective as the large riser static head would prevent the pipeline pressure being reduced below the hydrate formation pressure. In these cases there is a requirement for active heating or dead oil flushing.
Active heating provides the capability to monitor and control the fluid temperature during start up, shutdown and turndown operations. Several electric and hot fluid circulation active heating systems are in operation as part of bundle or pipe in pipe systems.
This paper will review current active heating system designs in pipe-in-pipe (PiP) and bundle systems. In light of recent projects that have employed hot fluid circulation systems, the flow assurance challenges and subsequent design to ensure complete system functionality across the life of field will also be discussed.
New Technology Application for Fast Recovery of a Typhoon Damaged oil Field in South China Sea
Authors: Jiayou Mao , Yiyong Liu , Zuan Yue 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Huizhou oil field is located at the Pearl River Mouth in South China Sea. Water depth 117m. The oil field main facilities include 8 fixed jacket platforms, two subsea production well heads and one FPSO "NANHAI FAXIAN". The peak production is around 70,000BPD of crude oil. In September 2009, after strong typhoon "Ju Jue", the FPSO permanent mooring was broken. The production was shutdown. In order to resume the production in a fast track manner, several engineering cased were studied and screened. Finally, the DP FPSO concept was adopted. After 5 months offshore operations, the field was back to production. The DP FPSO system operated for over 18months and proved safe and effective. This is a world record for FPSO operate in DP mode for such a long time.
Deepwater Development Strategy
Authors: Dekker Martijn , Reid David 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The risks and uncertainties related to deepwater oil and gas reservoirs, development concepts, lifecycle reservoir management and ultimate production continue to increase substantially as the oil and gas industry pushes into deeper water, more complex environments and frontier unproduced plays/areas. Given the technical and non-technical risks related to these developments, it is more important than ever to integrate and align stakeholder expectations and the view of project risks by agreeing on the overall field development strategy early in the project maturation cycle.
This paper details the importance of defining early in the project maturation process the overall field development strategy which encompasses project phasing, the reservoir development approach and the application/deployment of new technology. A framework is proposed as a starting point in setting the development strategy based on both project complexity and overall schedule drivers.
Effects of Fiber Rope – Seabed Contact on Subsequent Rope Integrity
Authors: Ayers Ray R. , Del Vecchio Cesar J. , Devlin Paul V. , Head William J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A 15-month research project was initiated in September 2012, funded by the Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America (RPSEA) and industry partners, with the goal of investigating the effects of polyester mooring rope segments contacting the seafloor prior to installation as part of a deep-water mooring system. It is possible for some soil particles to bypass the particle filter, become embedded in the rope core, and intensify normal fretting wear damage as the installed ropes respond to the cyclic loads resulting from extreme weather forces (such as hurricanes).
Potential soil ingress into rope due to accidental contact with the seabed may affect the long-term integrity of the mooring system and increase the risk for failure. This situation, in turn, places nearby subsea and surface infrastructure at risk. This investigation may also provide the ability to qualify particular rope designs for pre-installation on the seabed prior to hook-up. This option would greatly reduce overall risk by reducing the time required to attach mooring lines to a floating facility, thereby reducing time to reach a safely moored condition before arrival of severe weather.
This paper is a 2014 continuation of the 2013 OTC paper on the same subject, OTC 24027, and describes:results from extraction of subropes from seabed-soiled full rope 15-meter inserts,laboratory experiments on water and soil particle ingression and migration, andthe initial full-scale subrope cyclic wear testing to determine the impact of seabed soil contact on the long-term performance of a mooring system.
In summary, all of the experimentation and testing performed to date are showing that with multiple layers of filtering material and with the one alternative filtering system we evaluated, the tentative conclusion is that the rope designs tested can completely protect the mooring ropes from soil ingression, and thus there is no reason to avoid having such ropes drop to the seafloor or be laid on the Gulf of Mexico seafloor. This tentative result assists in working toward the important project goal of reaching agreement between industry participants and U.S. regulatory agencies to qualify polyester mooring ropes for incidental seabed contact and seabed pre-installation.
Extending Wealth Creation Through Effective Project Management Strategy In The Oil And Gas Industry
Authors: Ibe Prince Ikenna 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This treatise is created to expose the opportunities that abound in the oil and gas industry. Have you ever faced a situation where a project owner shows little or no interest in the success of the project involving large scale amount of resources? Imagine a project engineer in a large oil and gas organization working twenty years on several projects having only one regret – that he cannot recall any one project that was successfully concluded with good return on investment (ROI). The phrase "failed project" is nothing new to the engineer who is deflated having nothing to boast about on leaving the establishment. This paper provides insight on the root cause of these colossal waste in resources and directs the world's focus on how reducing these losses can result in the creation of wealth for not only the establishment but for numerous suppliers, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and governments. The paper presents a solution based upon the enforcement of appropriate project management methodologies.
This paper applies primarily to government owned oil and gas establishments in developing nations. However the effect of the wealth creation will benefit manufacturers and stakeholders the world over.
Companies adopt different facets of project management strategies. The intent ranges from compliance to standards and regulations to being regarded as world class organizations. Some corporations even have an established Project Management Office. Regrettably, the top management may just be keeping the company running without appreciable growth. This paper aims at rekindling the desire for excellence and call for patriotic evaluation of intents and desires thereby reducing wastage of funds and other resources in the oil and gas industry.
Due to "failed projects", OEMs are blacklisted by organizations. New OEMs and service companies are then engaged only to be also blacklisted when the projects do not produce the right results even when the faults are not from the OEMs or service companies. This paper will bring to light the actual causes of failed projects and attempt to exonerate the OEMs and service companies while providing the right platform for achieving ROI on every project undertaken.