bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prion protein regulates glutathione metabolism and neural glutamate and cysteine uptake via excitatory amino acid transporter 3
Authors: Guitart Kathrin , Loers Gabriele , Schachner Melitta , Kleene Ralf 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPrion protein (PrP) plays crucial roles in regulating antioxidant systems to improve cell defenses against cellular stress. Here, we show that the interactions of PrP with the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GT), and multi‐drug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) in astrocytes and the interaction between PrP and EAAT3 in neurons regulate the astroglial and neuronal metabolism of the antioxidant glutathione. Ablation of PrP in astrocytes and cerebellar neurons leads to dysregulation of EAAT3‐mediated uptake of glutamate and cysteine, which are precursors for the synthesis of glutathione. In PrP‐deficient astrocytes, levels of intracellular glutathione are increased, and under oxidative stress, levels of extracellular glutathione are increased, due to (i) increased glutathione release via MRP1 and (ii) reduced activity of the glutathione‐degrading enzyme γ‐GT. In PrP‐deficient cerebellar neurons, cell death is enhanced under oxidative stress and glutamate excitotoxicity, when compared to wild‐type cerebellar neurons. These results indicate a functional interplay of PrP with EAAT3, MRP1 and γ‐GT in astrocytes and of PrP and EAAT3 in neurons, suggesting that these interactions play an important role in the metabolic cross‐talk between astrocytes and neurons and in protection of neurons by astrocytes from oxidative and glutamate‐induced cytotoxicity.
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Interactions of prion protein (PrP) with excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and multi‐drug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) regulate the astroglial and neuronal metabolism of glutathione (GSH) which protects cells against the cytotoxic oxidative stress. PrP controls the release of GSH from astrocytes via MRP1 and regulates the hydrolysis of extracellular GSH by GGT as well as the neuronal and astroglial glutamate and cysteine uptake via EAAT3.
Hospital Nurses’ Lived Experience of Power
Authors: Fackler Carol A. , Chambers Angelina N. , Bourbonniere Meg 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore hospital nurses’ lived experience of power.DesignA hermeneutic phenomenological approach informed by Merleau‐Ponty's philosophy of the phenomenology of perception was used to further an understanding of nurses’ embodiment of power. Fourteen hospital clinical nurses employed in intensive care units and on medical floors in two major medical centers in the northeastern United States participated in 1‐hr semistructured interviews about their lived experience of power.FindingsA hermeneutic analytic approach and reflexive (cultural) bracketing produced three relational themes of power: (a) knowing my patients and speaking up for them; (b) working to build relationships that benefit patients; and (c) identifying my powerful self.ConclusionsHospital clinical nurses develop a sense of power. Nurses believe power develops through acquisition of knowledge, experience, and self‐confidence; this process is enhanced by exposure to good mentors. Nurses use their power to build relationships and advocate for patients. They consciously use power to improve patient care. Nurses’ voices need to be heard and acknowledged. To do this in the clinical setting and beyond, hospital nurses must invite themselves or find ways to be invited into the authoritative discourse of hospital organizations.Clinical RelevanceNurses use their power to advocate for positive outcomes for patients and families. The satisfaction that comes from these positive relationships may improve nurses’ perceptions of their work environment. Nurses’ understanding and use of sociopolitical knowing needs further study, so that nurses may understand how to participate in current and future debates and decisions about our changing healthcare delivery systems and services.
Melatonin‐related genes expressed in the mouse uterus during early gestation promote embryo implantation
Authors: He Changjiu , Wang Jing , Li Yu , Zhu Kuanfeng , Xu Zhiyuan , Song Yile , Song Yukun , Liu Guoshi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMelatonin, a superior antioxidant, is an important molecule which regulates female reproduction due to its receptor‐mediated and receptor‐independent antioxidant actions. In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin on early gestation in a mouse model. During early gestation, the expression of the melatonin's rate‐limiting enzyme, AANAT, gradually increased – in the uterus while the MT2 melatonin receptor was only expressed at day 2 of gestation and no MT1 was detected. Based on these findings, we conducted a melatonin injection experiment which demonstrated that 15 mg/kg melatonin significantly improved the number of implantation sites and the litter size. Also, the blastocyst and uterus were collected to identify the local action of melatonin. In the melatonin‐treated mice, the endometrium was thicker than in the control mice; melatonin also caused an increase in density of uterine glands, and the uterine gland index (UGI) was significantly elevated over that of the control. Serum steroid hormone measurements revealed that at day 6 of gestation (postimplantation), melatonin significantly downregulated the E2 level, with no obvious effects on progesterone. Gene expression assay revealed that melatonin significantly upregulated expression of HB‐EGF, a crucial gene involved in implantation as well as its receptor ErbB1 in the blastocyst. In addition, PRA, an important gene which influences the decidual response and luminal cell differentiation, p53, which regulates uterine through leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), were both increased after melatonin treatment. These data suggest that melatonin and its MT2 receptor influence early gestation. Exogenous melatonin treatment can improve mouse embryo implantation and litter size, which may have important applications in human reproductive health and animal husbandry.
Impact of an experimental PRRSV and Streptococcus suis coinfection on the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride after intramuscular injection in pigs
Authors: Day D. N. , Sparks J. W. , Karriker L. A. , Stalder K. J. , Wulf L. W. , Zhang J. , Kinyon J. M. , Stock M. L. , Gehring R. , Wang C. , Ellingson J. , Coetzee J. F. 
Published: February 2015

This study determined the impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Streptococcus suis coinfection on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of ceftiofur hydrochloride in pigs after intramuscular (i.m.) injection. Eighteen clinically normal crossbred gilts were assigned by weight into a challenge group (10 pigs) and control group (eight pigs). Pigs in both groups received a single i.m. injection of ceftiofur hydrochloride (Excenel RTU Sterile Suspension; Zoetis) at a 5 mg/kg BW dose. Serial blood samples were collected to characterize the plasma concentration curve. After a 10 days drug washout period, the challenge group was inoculated with 2 mL of PRRSV isolate VR‐2385 (105.75 50% tissue culture infective doses per mL) intranasally and 8 days later inoculated S. suis. When clinical disease was evident, the second PK assessment began in both challenge and control groups. Coinfected pigs demonstrated lower values of AUC and CMAX, but higher values of Cl/F and Vz/F indicating drug kinetics were altered by infection. The data from this study have implications on ceftiofur treatment regimens in diseased pigs.
Emission Mitigation via Longitudinal Control of Intelligent Vehicles in a Congested Platoon
Authors: Wang Zhaodong , Chen Xiqun (Michael) , Ouyang Yanfeng , Li Meng 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDrivers' car‐following behavior, coupled with inaccurate perception of ambient conditions, contributes to oscillations and significant emissions in congested highway traffic. The emergence of intelligent vehicles and modern communication technologies provides an opportunity to reduce adverse impacts of human factors and dynamically control car‐following vehicles. This article proposes a nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) approach for emission mitigation via longitudinal control of intelligent vehicles in a congested platoon. To relieve the real‐time optimization burden, we also propose an instantaneous control model which is essentially a simplified MPC approach with a short and identical prediction and control horizon. The proposed vehicle control strategies are tested using a series of simulations, and results verify that localized and instantaneous control of a few intelligent vehicles could reduce emissions of a platoon of vehicles. The proposed models are also applied to field trajectory data, and results show that the instantaneous emission optimization model significantly reduces emissions without increasing travel time. The effectiveness of the proposed vehicle control on emission mitigation and traffic stabilization is found to increase with the percentage (penetration rate) of intelligent vehicles in the congested vehicle platoon.
Autoimmunity, Not a Developmental Defect, is the Cause for Subfertility of Autoimmune Regulator (Aire) Deficient Mice
Authors: Kekäläinen E. , Pöntynen N. , Meri S. , Arstila T. P. , Jarva H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAutoimmune regulator's (AIRE) best characterized role is in the generation immunological tolerance, but it is also involved in many other processes such as spermatogenesis. Loss‐of‐function mutations in AIRE cause a disease called autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy (APECED; also called autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1, APS‐1) that is dominated by various autoimmune manifestations, mainly endocrinopathies. Both patients with APECED and Aire−/− mice suffer from varying levels of infertility, but it is not clear if it is a result of an autoimmune tissue damage or more of a developmental defect. In this study, we wanted to resolve whether or not the reduced fertility of Aire−/− mice is dependent on the adaptive immune system and therefore a manifestation of autoimmunity in these mice. We generated lymphopenic mice without Aire expression that were devoid of the autoimmune manifestations previously reported in immunocompetent Aire−/− mice. These Aire−/−Rag1−/− mice regained full fertility. This confirms that the development of infertility in Aire−/− mice requires a functional adaptive immune system. We also show that only the male Aire−/− mice are subfertile, whereas Aire−/− females produce litters normally. Moreover, the male subfertility can be adoptively transferred with lymphocytes from Aire−/− donor mice to previously fertile lymphopenic Aire−/− recipients. Our data show that subfertility in Aire−/− mice is dependent on a functional adaptive immune system thus confirming its autoimmune aetiology.
Gendering Olympians: Olympic Media Guide Profiles of Men and Women Athletes
Authors: Carter J.A. , Casanova Erynn , Maume David J. 
Published: February 2015

Media guides are constructed by sports organizations as a means for providing information about their organization to mass media professionals. Research on sports-themed mass media has already shown that women are covered less than men, and that the focus on women athletes is disproportionately on their personal lives and physical appearance, but is this true of materials provided to and used by mass media professionals, or more specifically, media guides? This research examines the textual content of 637 athlete profiles in the 2008 U.S. Olympic Media Guide using quantitative content analyses. Findings show significant differences in the size and content of the athlete profiles of women and men, with women athletes’ profiles being longer and containing more personal information than those of men.Les guides des médias sont élaborés par les organisations sportives afin de fournir de l’information à propos de leur organisation aux professionnels des médias. Les recherches sur les médias ayant pour thème le sport ont déjà montré que les femmes sont moins présentes que les hommes et que le focus sur les athlètes femmes est de façon disproportionnée sur leur vie personnelle et leur apparence physique, mais est-ce vrai du matériel fourni et utilisé par les professionnels des médias, ou plus spécifiquement, des guides des médias ? Cette étude examine le contenu textuel des profils de 637 athlètes dans le guide des médias de l’équipe américaine olympique de 2008 et utilise des analyses de contenu quantitatives. Les résultats révèlent des différences significatives dans la taille et le contenu des profils d’athlètes des femmes et des hommes, les profils des athlètes femmes étant plus longs et contenant plus d’information personnelle que ceux des hommes.
‘If You Don’t Want to Get Hurt, Don’t Play Hockey’: The Uneasy Efforts of Hockey Injury Prevention in Canada
Authors: Adams Stephen , Mason Courtney W. , Robidoux Michael A. 
Published: February 2015

Ice hockey is known for its speed, skill and aggression. This paper uses an analyses of injuries in boys’ minor leagues and primary documents to examine competing discourses that surround participant safety which give meaning to broader hockey practices. We problematize a prevailing discourse that preserves the physicality of Canadian hockey and an emerging reverse discourse that prioritizes player safety. Theoretically informed by Foucault’s concepts of discourse, knowledge and power relations, we interpret the relationships between these two competing discursive streams which have created a public controversy, particularly concerning body checking, and intensified a polarizing national debate. Ultimately, we argue that these discourses impact the implementation of progressive injury prevention initiatives in minor hockey and youth sport.Le hockey sur glace est réputé pour être rapide, technique et violent. Cet article utilise une analyse des blessures et documents de ligues mineures masculines afin d’examiner les discours qui circulent à propos de la sécurité des participants et qui sont reliés aux pratiques plus générales du sport. Nous mettons en évidence un discours dominant qui préserve la physicalité du hockey canadien et un discours contraire émergeant qui priorise la sécurité des joueurs. En nous appuyant au niveau théorique sur les concepts foucaldiens de discours, savoir et relations de pouvoir, nous interprétons les relations entre ces deux courants discursifs en compétition qui ont créé une controverse publique, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les mises en échec, et intensifié un débat national polarisé. En bout de ligne, nous avançons que ces discours influencent l’implantation d’initiatives progressistes de prévention des blessures dans le hockey mineur et le sport pour les jeunes.
A unified approach to measuring structures in orientated drill core
Authors: Blenkinsop Tom , Doyle Mark , Nugus Michael 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
A unified system of collecting structural data from drill core is proposed. The system encompasses planes and planar fabrics, lineations, fold hinges and hinge surfaces, faults and shear zones, vorticity vectors, shear directions and shear senses. The system is based on standard measurements of angles in the reference frame of the core (α and β angles), which are easily carried out by means of core protractors or templates. The methods for dealing with folds and kinematic analysis of shear zones have not been described previously, but they follow logically from the standard methods for dealing with planes and lines.
Orchestration and Prognostic Significance of Immune Checkpoints in the Microenvironment of Primary and Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer
Authors: Giraldo Nicolas A. , Becht Etienne , Pagès Franck , Skliris Georgios , Verkarre Virginie , Vano Yann , Mejean Arnaud , Saint-Aubert Nicolas , Lacroix Laetitia , Natario Ivo , Lupo Audrey , Alifano Marco , Damotte Diane , Cazes Aurelie , Triebel Frederic , Freeman Gordon J. , Dieu-Nosjean Marie-Caroline , Oudard Stephane , Fridman Wolf H. , Sautès-Fridman Catherine 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Purpose: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has shown durable responses to checkpoint blockade therapies. However, important gaps persist in the understanding of its immune microenvironment. This study aims to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of immune checkpoints in primary and metastatic ccRCC, in relation with mature dendritic cells (DC) and T-cell densities.
Experimental Design: We investigated the infiltration and the localization of CD8+ T cells and mature DC, and the expression of immune checkpoints (PD-1, LAG-3, PD-L1, and PD-L2) in relation with prognosis, in 135 primary ccRCC tumors and 51 ccRCC lung metastases. RNA expression data for 496 primary ccRCC samples were used as confirmatory cohort.
Results: We identify two groups of tumors with extensive CD8+ T-cell infiltrates. One group, characterized by high expression of immune checkpoints in the absence of fully functional mature DC, is associated with increased risk of disease progression. The second group, characterized by low expression of immune checkpoints and localization of mature DC in peritumoral immune aggregates (tertiary lymphoid structures), is associated with good prognosis.
Conclusions: The expression of the immune checkpoints and the localization of DC in the tumor microenvironment modulate the clinical impact of CD8+ T cells in ccRCC. Clin Cancer Res; 21(13); 3031–40. ©2015 AACR.
What’s in it for me? The meaning of involvement in a self-advocacy group for six people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Clarke Rachel , Camilleri Kelly , Goding Lois 
Published: February 2015

Background: This article explores the experiences of six people with intellectual disabilities in the context of a self-advocacy group, identifying the benefits and difficulties of being part of the group. Materials and Methods: Six adults with intellectual disabilities were interviewed about their experiences. Each individual took part in two individual and two group interviews. The transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Analysis revealed four themes, namely, being part of the group, self-esteem, self-determination and empowerment. Conclusion: Being part of the group is central to the experience of self-esteem, self-development and empowerment. Responses allow the exploration of the interrelationship between individual, group and community. Consideration is given to models of disability and the evidence base in relation to personal and political outcomes of self-advocacy. Links are made with developing a sense of self, self-determination, interpersonal learning and building resilience. Implications for practice are discussed.
Influence of crystal structure of nanosized ZrO2 on photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange
Authors: Basahel Sulaiman N , Ali Tarek T , Mokhtar Mohamed , Narasimharao Katabathini 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Nanosized ZrO2 powders with near pure monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic structures synthesized by various methods were used as catalysts for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. The structural and textural properties of the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, UV-vis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and N2 adsorption measurements. The performance of synthesized ZrO2 nanoparticles in the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange under UV light irradiation was evaluated. The photocatalytic activity of the pure monoclinic ZrO2 sample is higher than that of the tetragonal and cubic ZrO2 samples under optimum identical conditions. The characterization results revealed that monoclinic ZrO2 nanoparticles possessed high crystallinity and mesopores with diameter of 100 Å. The higher activity of the monoclinic ZrO2 sample for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange can be attributed to the combining effects of factors including the presence of small amount of oxygen-deficient zirconium oxide phase, high crystallinity, large pores, and high density of surface hydroxyl groups.
Metal nanoparticle-enhanced photocurrent in GaAs photovoltaic structures with microtextured interfaces
Authors: Dmitruk Nicolas L , Borkovskaya Olga Yu , Mamontova Iryna B , Mamykin Sergii V , Malynych Sergii Z , Romanyuk Volodymyr R 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The photocurrent enhancement effect caused by Au and Ag nanoparticles for GaAs-based photovoltaic structures of surface barrier or p-n junction type with microtextured interfaces has been investigated in dependence on the conditions of nanoparticles deposition and, respectively, on the shape and local dielectric environment of obtained nanoparticle arrays. Three nanoparticle deposition methods have been checked: 1) photoinduced chemical deposition of Au from aqueous AuCl3 solution forming nanowires on the ridges of quasigrating-type surface microrelief, 2) deposition of Ag nanoparticles from colloidal suspension on the GaAs substrate covered with poly(vinylpyridine), and 3) drop and dry deposition of Au/SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles from aqueous colloid solution. The comprehensive investigation of optical reflectance, photoelectric, and electrical characteristics of the fabricated barrier structures has shown the highest photovoltaic parameters for surface microrelief of quasigrating-type and electroless Au nanoparticle deposition. The analysis of characteristics obtained allowed us also to define the mechanisms of the total photocurrent enhancement.
FRESCo: finding regions of excess synonymous constraint in diverse viruses
Authors: Sealfon Rachel S , Lin Michael F , Jungreis Irwin , Wolf Maxim Y , Kellis Manolis , Sabeti Pardis C 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Background
The increasing availability of sequence data for many viruses provides power to detect regions under unusual evolutionary constraint at a high resolution. One approach leverages the synonymous substitution rate as a signature to pinpoint genic regions encoding overlapping or embedded functional elements. Protein-coding regions in viral genomes often contain overlapping RNA structural elements, reading frames, regulatory elements, microRNAs, and packaging signals. Synonymous substitutions in these regions would be selectively disfavored and thus these regions are characterized by excess synonymous constraint. Codon choice can also modulate transcriptional efficiency, translational accuracy, and protein folding.

Results
We developed a phylogenetic codon model-based framework, FRESCo, designed to find regions of excess synonymous constraint in short, deep alignments, such as individual viral genes across many sequenced isolates. We demonstrated the high specificity of our approach on simulated data and applied our framework to the protein-coding regions of approximately 30 distinct species of viruses with diverse genome architectures.

Conclusions
FRESCo recovers known multifunctional regions in well-characterized viruses such as hepatitis B virus, poliovirus, and West Nile virus, often at a single-codon resolution, and predicts many novel functional elements overlapping viral genes, including in Lassa and Ebola viruses. In a number of viruses, the synonymously constrained regions that we identified also display conserved, stable predicted RNA structures, including putative novel elements in multiple viral species.