bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weaning children off enteral nutrition by netcoaching versus onsite treatment: A comparative study
Authors: Marinschek Sabine , Dunitz‐Scheer Marguerite , Pahsini Karoline , Geher Birgit , Scheer Peter 
Published: June 2014

AimThe Graz model of tube weaning has been internationally recognised as a successful and rapid tube weaning program. Beside the onsite treatment option, a telemedical counselling was specifically developed in 2009. This study aims to show outcomes of this newly invented treatment in a large sample of patients.MethodsOur retrospective open‐label study compared success of onsite versus telemedical Graz‐based weaning methods for patients with diverse clinical diagnoses with either nasogastric, gastric or jejunal tubes. Outcome variables were successful transition to oral feeds, partial transition to night tube feeds, and failure or interruption of intervention. Patients and physicians chose the intervention method.ResultsComplete weaning was achieved in 153 of 169 (90.5%) children in the netcoaching group versus 170 of 209 (81.3%) of those opting for onsite treatment (no significant differences, P > 0.05). Higher partial weaning rates were observed in the onsite group (15.3% vs. 4.7%, P < 0.01, degrees of freedom = 3, χ2 = 22.76). There were no significant differences regarding the outcomes ‘weaning trial without success’ (netcoaching: 0% vs. onsite: 2.9%, P > 0.05) and ‘interruption of programme’ (netcoaching: 4.7% vs. onsite: 0.5%, P > 0.05) between the two groups.ConclusionDespite limitations of study design, we have demonstrated similar efficacy of Graz‐based less expensive netcoaching versus more expensive onsite intervention in a large referral population with chronic tube dependency with the majority transitioning to complete oral feeds.
Identification of New Sources of Resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch Caused by Zymoseptoria tritici
Authors: Mehrabi Rahim , Makhdoomi Amin , Jafar‐Aghaie Mohammad 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTwenty‐nine synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHWs) were evaluated for resistance to five isolates of Zymoseptoria tritici, a devastating wheat pathogen worldwide. The five Z. tritici isolates varied in their virulence spectra towards wheat genotypes, indicating that they have distinct set of avirulence genes. New isolate‐specific resistances were identified that could be used in wheat breeding programmes. Comparing with the previous studies, the number of specific resistances identified in this study is considerable. Among 150 interactions, 78 isolate‐specific resistances were identified. Interestingly, 21 wheat genotypes showed specific responses to one or more isolates tested. Of these, 12 genotypes were highly resistant to all isolates, indicating that they possess known or novel effective resistance genes. The Stb15 and Stb16/Stb17 are effective resistance genes towards isolates used in this study, indicating that the conferred resistance in these genotypes is due to the presence of either of these genes in combination or individually. Alternatively, they may carry novel broad‐spectrum resistance gene(s) that their identification is of interest. Our data suggest that the presence of complete resistance to various Z. tritici isolates in SHWs justifies the need for more in‐depth research to characterize the likely novel genes.
Systematic classification of tablet disintegrants by water uptake and force development kinetics
Authors: Quodbach Julian , Kleinebudde Peter 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Objective
Water uptake and force development of disintegrating tablets provide a high degree of information about the disintegration mechanisms and process itself. An apparatus for the simultaneous measurement of water uptake and force development of tablets is presented, and the gathered data are analysed.

Methods
Flat faced, 10 mm, dibasic calcium phosphate tablets containing 2% disintegrant are investigated with the newly constructed apparatus. The force is determined with a texture analyser, whereas the water uptake is recorded by a balance. Different measurement regimes are compared with each other. Measured curves are analysed according to their shape and fitted with a modified Hill equation.

Key findings
Known disintegration mechanisms can be confirmed with the newly constructed apparatus – swelling for sodium starch glycolate and croscarmellose sodium, and shape recovery for crospovidone disintegrants. Different brands of polacrilin potassium act by different mechanisms. All curves could be fitted successfully with a modified Hill equation. A novel classification to facilitate the appropriate disintegrant selection is presented on basis of the fit parameters.

Conclusion
The new apparatus allows the acquisition of water uptake and force data simultaneously. Parameters calculated with the modified Hill equation provide a simple way to classify disintegrants according to their behaviour.
Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in plasma and bone of patients undergoing hip or knee surgery
Authors: Gergs Ulrich , Clauss Tobias , Ihlefeld Dorothea , Weiss Michael , Pönicke Klaus , Hofmann Gunther O , Neumann Joachim 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Objectives
Patients undergoing hip or knee replacement therapy are routinely pretreated with antibiotics before surgery. It is controversial in which antibiotic is the treatment of choice for this purpose. One possibility is the cephalosporin ceftriaxone. Here, we wanted to know if effective tissue concentrations are reached.

Methods
We studied plasma and bone kinetics of ceftriaxone in orthopaedic patients (n = 22) treated with ceftriaxone (2 g) immediately prior operation. Plasma samples were withdrawn before and at three time points after ceftriaxone infusion. After bone replacement, extracts from cancellous bone or cortical bone were obtained, and ceftriaxone was quantified using column chromatography.

Key findings
The plasma kinetics of ceftriaxone and distribution into bone were analysed using a population approach (ADAPT 5). The population mean of the area under the curve (AUC) was 140 mg h/l. A cancellous bone to plasma concentration ratio of 1.12 ± 1.29 was achieved 5 h after start of infusion. The half-life of uptake into the cortical bone was less (8.4 h) than into cancellous bone (12.1 h, P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
Under these experimental conditions, concentrations of ceftriaxone in cancellous and cortical bone should be adequate to protect the patients against usual ceftriaxone-sensitive nosocomial infections and are substantially lower than the plasma concentrations.
Understanding the spectacular failure of DNA barcoding in willows (Salix): Does this result from a trans‐specific selective sweep?
Authors: Percy Diana M. , Argus George W. , Cronk Quentin C. , Fazekas Aron J. , Kesanakurti Prasad R. , Burgess Kevin S. , Husband Brian C. , Newmaster Steven G. , Barrett Spencer C.H. , Graham Sean W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWillows (Salix: Salicaceae) form a major ecological component of Holarctic floras and consequently are an obvious target for a DNA‐based identification system. We surveyed two to seven plastid genome regions (~3.8 kb; ~3% of the genome) from 71 Salix species across all five subgenera, to assess their performance as DNA barcode markers. Although Salix has a relatively high level of interspecific hybridization, this may not sufficiently explain the near complete failure of barcoding that we observed: only one species had a unique barcode. We recovered 39 unique haplotypes, from more than 500 specimens, that could be partitioned into six major haplotype groups. A unique variant of group I (haplotype 1*) was shared by 53 species in three of five Salix subgenera. This unusual pattern of haplotype sharing across infrageneric taxa is suggestive of either a massive nonrandom coalescence failure (incomplete lineage sorting), or of repeated plastid capture events, possibly including a historical selective sweep of haplotype 1* across taxonomic sections. The former is unlikely as molecular dating indicates that haplotype 1* originated recently and is nested in the oldest major haplotype group in the genus. Further, we detected significant non‐neutrality in the frequency spectrum of mutations in group I, but not outside group I, and demonstrated a striking absence of geographical (isolation by distance) effects in the haplotype distributions of this group. The most likely explanation for the patterns we observed involves recent repeated plastid capture events, aided by widespread hybridization and long‐range seed dispersal, but primarily propelled by one or more trans‐species selective sweeps.
A conserved type IV pilin signal peptide H‐domain is critical for the post‐translational regulation of flagella‐dependent motility
Authors: Esquivel Rianne N. , Pohlschroder Mechthild 
Published: June 2014

SummaryIn many bacteria and archaea, type IV pili facilitate surface adhesion, the initial step in biofilm formation. Haloferax volcanii has a specific set of adhesion pilins (PilA1‐A6) that, although diverse, contain an absolutely conserved signal peptide hydrophobic (H) domain. Data presented here demonstrate that these pilins (PilA1‐A6) also play an important role in regulating flagella‐dependent motility, which allows cells to rapidly transition between planktonic and sessile states. Cells lacking adhesion pilins exhibit a severe motility defect, however, expression of any one of the adhesion pilins in trans can rescue the motility and adhesion. Conversely, while deleting pilB3‐C3, genes required for PilA pilus biosynthesis, results in cells lacking pili and having an adhesion defect, it does not affect motility, indicating that motility regulation requires the presence of pilins, but not assembled pili. Mutagenesis studies revealed that the pilin‐dependent motility regulatory mechanism does not require the diverse C‐terminal region of the PilA pilins but specifically involves the conserved H‐domain. This novel post‐translational regulatory mechanism, which employs components that promote biofilm formation to inhibit motility, can provide a rapid response to changing environmental conditions. A model for this regulatory mechanism, which may also be present in other prokaryotes, is discussed.
Trypanosoma brucei histone H1 inhibits RNA polymerase I transcription and is important for parasite fitness in vivo
Authors: Pena Ana C. , Pimentel Mafalda R. , Manso Helena , Vaz‐Drago Rita , Pinto‐Neves Daniel , Aresta‐Branco Francisco , Rijo‐Ferreira Filipa , Guegan Fabien , Pedro Coelho Luis , Carmo‐Fonseca Maria , Barbosa‐Morais Nuno L. , Figueiredo Luisa M. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryTrypanosoma brucei is a unicellular parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans. Most of its transcription is constitutive and driven by RNA polymerase II. RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcribes not only ribosomal RNA genes, but also protein‐encoding genes, including variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) and procyclins. In T. brucei, histone H1 (H1) is required for VSG silencing and chromatin condensation. However, whether H1 has a genome‐wide role in transcription is unknown. Here, using RNA sequencing we show that H1 depletion changes the expression of a specific cohort of genes. Interestingly, the predominant effect is partial loss of silencing of Pol I loci, such as VSG and procyclin genes. Labelling of nascent transcripts with 4‐thiouridine showed that H1 depletion does not alter the level of labelled Pol II transcripts. In contrast, the levels of 4sU‐labelled Pol I transcripts were increased by two‐ to sixfold, suggesting that H1 preferentially blocks transcription at Pol I loci. Finally, we observed that parasites depleted of H1 grow almost normally in culture but they have a reduced fitness in mice, suggesting that H1 is important for host–pathogen interactions.
Suicidal ideation in adolescents: A structural equation modeling approach
Authors: Choi Jung‐hyun , Yu Mi , Kim Kyoung‐eun 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to test a model linking adolescents' experience of violence and peer support to their happiness and suicidal ideation. The participants were high school students in Seoul, and in Kyungi, and Chungnam Provinces in Korea. The Conflict Tactics Scale, School Violence Scale, Oxford Happiness Inventory, and Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire were administered to just over 1000 adolescents. The model was tested using a path analysis technique within structural equation modeling. The model fit indices suggest that the revised model is a better fit for the data than the original hypothesized model. The experience of violence had a significant negative direct effect and peer support had a significant positive direct effect on their happiness. Happiness had a significant negative effect and the experience of violence had a significant positive effect on suicidal ideation. These findings demonstrate the fundamental importance of reducing exposure of violence to adolescents, and that increasing peer support and their happiness may be the key to adolescent suicidal ideation prevention.
Where the wild things are: looking for uncultured Glomeromycota
Authors: Ohsowski Brian M. , Zaitsoff P. Dylan , Öpik Maarja , Hart Miranda M. 
Published: June 2014

Summary

Our knowledge of Glomeromycotan fungi rests largely on studies of cultured isolates. However, these isolates probably comprise one life‐history strategy – ruderal. Consequently, our knowledge of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may be biased towards fungi that occur primarily in disturbed habitats and associate with disturbance‐tolerant host plants. We can expect to see a signal for this in DNA‐based community surveys: human‐impacted habitats and cultivated plants should yield a higher proportion of AM fungal species that have been cultured compared with natural habitats and wild plants.

Using the MaarjAM database (a curated open‐access database of Glomeromycotan sequences), we performed a meta‐analysis on studies that described AM fungal communities from a variety of habitats and host plants.

We found a greater proportion of cultured AM fungal taxa in human‐impacted habitats. In particular, undisturbed forests and grasslands/savannahs contained significantly fewer cultured taxa than human‐impacted sites. We also found that wild plants hosted fewer cultured fungal taxa than cultivated plants.

Our data show that natural communities of AM fungi are composed largely of uncultured taxa, and this is particularly pronounced in natural habitats and wild plants. We are better poised to understand the functioning of AM symbioses associated with cultivated plants and human‐impacted habitats.
Acclimation to UV‐B radiation and visible light in Lactuca sativa involves up‐regulation of photosynthetic performance and orchestration of metabolome‐wide responses
Authors: WARGENT J. J. , NELSON B. C. W. , MCGHIE T. K. , BARNES P. W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractUV‐B radiation is often viewed as a source of stress for higher plants. In particular, photosynthetic function has been described as a common target for UV‐B impairment; yet as our understanding of UV‐B photomorphogenesis increases, there are opportunities to expand the emerging paradigm of regulatory UV response. Lactuca sativa is an important dietary crop species and is often subjected to rapid sunlight exposure at field transfer. Acclimation to UV‐B and visible light conditions in L. sativa was dissected using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, in addition to non‐destructive assessments of UV epidermal shielding (SUV). After UV‐B treatment, seedlings were subjected to wide‐range metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐HRMS). During the acclimation period, net photosynthetic rate increased in UV‐treated plants, epidermal UV shielding increased in both subsets of plants transferred to the acclimatory conditions (UV+/UV− plants) and Fv/Fm declined slightly in UV+/UV− plants. Metabolomic analysis revealed that a key group of secondary compounds was up‐regulated by higher light conditions, yet several of these compounds were elevated further by UV‐B radiation. In conclusion, acclimation to UV‐B radiation involves co‐protection from the effects of visible light, and responses to UV‐B radiation at a photosynthetic level may not be consistently viewed as damaging to plant development.
The role of the medial frontal cortex in the development of cognitive and social‐affective performance monitoring
Authors: Crone Eveline A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAdolescence is a time of many cognitive and social‐affective changes that are important for rapid behavioral adjustment to a variety of environmental demands and social contexts. Performance monitoring is one of the most important processes for behavioral adjustment; it allows individuals to evaluate outcomes of actions and change behavior accordingly. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that dorsal and ventral subregions of the medial frontal cortex are differentially engaged in performance monitoring, depending on the cognitive or social‐affective dimensions of a task. Based on a review of neuroimaging, ERP, and heart rate studies, the implications of these modality‐dependent contributions are discussed for the development of performance monitoring in adolescence.
Are Pharmacological Interventions Between Conception and Birth Effective in Improving Reproductive Outcomes in North American Swine?
Authors: Wessels JM , Khalaj K , Kridli RT , Edwards AK , Bidarimath M , Tayade C 
Published: June 2014

ContentsThe objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of using pharmacological compounds on reproductive outcomes, particularly litter size, in North American swine. While the opportunity to improve reproduction in North American pigs exists, numerous hurdles need to be overcome in order to achieve measureable results. In the swine industry, the majority of piglet losses are incurred during pregnancy and around farrowing. Over the last 20 years, a reduction in losses has been achieved through genetic selection and nutritional management; however, these topics are the focus of other reviews. This review will evaluate attempts to improve litter size by reducing losses at various stages of the reproductive process, from the time of conception to the time of farrowing, using pharmacological compounds. Generally, these compounds are used to either alter physiological processes related to fertilization, embryonic attachment or uterine capacity, etc., or to facilitate management aspects of the breeding females such as inducing parturition. Although some of the pharmacological agents reviewed here show some positive effects on improving reproductive parameters, the inconsistent results and associated risks usually outweigh the benefits gained. Thus, at the present time, the use of pharmacological agents to enhance reproduction in North American swine may only be recommended for herds with low fertility and presents an avenue of research that could be further explored.
Legacy Effects of Oil Road Reclamation on Soil Biology and Plant Community Composition
Authors: Viall Eric M. , Gentry Laura F. , Hopkins David G. , Ganguli Amy C. , Stahl Peter 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFollowing the unprecedented oil drilling presently occurring in western North Dakota, thousands of kilometers of oil roads must be reclaimed to an acceptable post‐extraction condition. This study assessed the soil biological and plant communities of nine decommissioned oil roads reclaimed during three periods between 1983 and 2002 in the Little Missouri National Grasslands of western North Dakota. We hypothesized that time‐since‐reclamation would positively affect soil biological and plant communities and, consequently, success of reclamation at older sites. To assess this hypothesis, we measured soil enzyme activity, soil microbial community composition, plant community composition, and soil physical and chemical properties along a gradient extending from road‐center to adjacent native prairie for the nine roads. Time‐since‐reclamation did not affect soil and plant properties measured, indicating that older reclamations are not more similar to native prairie than reclamations occurring more recently. A strong gradient between samples from road‐center and native prairie was identified with univariate and ordination analyses, indicating that soil and plant communities of reclaimed oil roads do not resemble those of the surrounding prairie. Soil organic matter (SOM) was identified as the most significantly affected soil property, being 30% lower on reclaimed roads than prairie. The relationship between SOM, microbial community, and plant community suggests that incorporating additional SOM could hasten reclamation as a result of improving the physical environment for plants and providing a labile carbon and energy source for the soil microbial community which, in turn, will enhance the nutrient and physical conditions for plant growth.
Seed Bank Effects on Recovery after Disturbance in Reconstructed Tallgrass Prairies
Authors: Rossiter Stephen C. , Ahlering Marissa A. , Goodwin Brett J. , Yurkonis Kathryn A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLitter‐removing disturbances such as fire in grasslands temporarily increase available resources for plants, opening a window of opportunity for new establishment as communities recover. At this time, new individuals or species could be added to the community as a result of germination from the local seed bank. In reconstructed grasslands this may be problematic, as the seed bank may contain a suite of undesired species reflective of prior and surrounding land uses. In two, 25‐year‐old, low‐diversity reconstructed grasslands, we tested the effect of local seed bank establishment following litter‐removing disturbance using seedling removal plots (1 m2) and plots where natural seedling establishment was allowed. Following disturbance, the vegetation was either left intact or hayed to enhance seedling establishment (a common practice following inter‐seeding efforts). Although the seed bank and seedling community were dominated by resident grasses (Andropogon gerardii and Poa pratensis), recruitment from the seed bank increased species richness and reduced evenness through the addition of forb species (including Cirsium arvense) in one of the study sites. Haying temporarily altered the abundances of the dominant grasses, but did not consistently affect seedling recruitment. Disturbances that facilitate seed bank recruitment may promote establishment of undesired species within reconstructed grassland communities, and we need to take steps to better manage the contributions into and recruitment from the seed bank to reconstruct sustainable grasslands.