bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Small Area Population Estimation Techniques Using Open Access Ancillary Data
Authors: Langford Mitchel 
Published: July 2013

National census data represent the “gold standard” for authoritatively portraying a country's residential population distribution, but their aggregated counts for fixed administrative areas present problems for many geographic information system (GIS) analyses. Intelligent areal interpolation algorithms assist by transferring data from one zonal system to another using ancillary data to improve accuracy. All areal interpolation methods make assumptions and generate errors, and performance varies with both specific location and the data inputs used. This study adds to our understanding of the relative merits of alternative methods by comparing dasymetric, street network, and surface‐based models interpolating across two spatial resolutions. It examines the importance of the ancillary data source used to drive the process, particularly the efficacy of open access products. Results from an empirical study show that interpolation accuracy is influenced by the choice of ancillary data input as well as the methodological approach adopted. The strongest overall performance is delivered by dasymetric mapping combined with open access data identifying the locations of buildings. Open access data sets offer considerable potential for widening the use of intelligent population interpolation tools, especially if plug‐in tools to execute these algorithms can be made available for commonly used GIS software packages.全国人口普查数据代表了一个国家居民人口分布权威描述的黄金标准，但以固定行政区域汇总的数据进行GIS分析则存在诸多问题。智能区域插值算法利用辅助数据将数据从一个区域系统转换至另一区域系统以提高数据精度。所有的区域插值方法都作出假设并产生误差，且插值性能随着具体位置和数据输入的变化而变化。本研究对密度、街道网络、基于区域模型在两种空间分辨率下插值结果进行比较，加强对于可选插值方法优缺点的理解。它检验了应用辅助数据源，尤其是开放获取数据源对于驱动这个过程的重要性。实证结果显示，插值精度受所选择的输入辅助数据和方法的影响。总体上最好的插值效果来自于采用分区密度图并结合开放获取数据识别建筑位置。尤其是当可以常用GIS软件包中以插件工具执行这些算法时，开放数据集可为拓展智能人口插值工具应用领域提供很高的可能。
Synthetic and degradable patches: an emerging solution for rotator cuff repair
Authors: Hakimi Osnat , Mouthuy Pierre‐Alexis , Carr Andrew 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe use of rotator cuff augmentation has increased dramatically over the last 10 years in response to the high rate of failure observed after non‐augmented surgery. However, although augmentations have been shown to reduce shoulder pain, there is no consensus or clear guideline as to what is the safest or most efficacious material. Current augmentations, either available commercially or in development, can be classified into three categories: non‐degradable structures, extra cellular matrix (ECM)‐based patches and degradable synthetic scaffolds. Non‐degradable structures have excellent mechanical properties, but can cause problems of infection and loss of integrity in the long‐term. ECM‐based patches usually demonstrate excellent biological properties in vitro, but studies have highlighted complications in vivo due to poor mechanical support and to infection or inflammation. Degradable synthetic scaffolds represent the new generation of implants. It is proposed that a combination of good mechanical properties, active promotion of biological healing, low infection risk and bio‐absorption are the ideal characteristics of an augmentation material. Among the materials with these features, those processed by electrospinning have shown great promis. However, their clinical effectiveness has yet to be proven and well conducted clinical trials are urgently required.
Does One Size Fit All? The Consequences of Switching Markets with Different Regulatory Standards
Authors: Jenkinson Tim , Ramadorai Tarun 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAs the regulation of public companies has tightened, many companies have switched to stock exchanges with lower regulatory requirements. We analyse the consequences for smaller quoted companies of switching between the two London markets, which differ in their regulatory regimes. Firms that switch to lighter regulation experience, on average, negative announcement returns of approximately 5%. However there is a longer‐term upward drift in stock returns after the switch. We relate these financial returns to improvements in operating performance in the years following the switch, suggesting that for some companies, and their investors, a lighter regulatory environment may be appropriate.
Functional rare males in diploid parthenogeneticArtemia
Authors: Maccari M. , Gómez A. , Hontoria F. , Amat F. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFunctional males that are produced occasionally in some asexual taxa – called ‘rare males’ – raise considerable evolutionary interest, as they might be involved in the origin of new parthenogenetic lineages. Diploid parthenogeneticArtemiaproduce rare males, which may retain the ability to mate with females of related sexual lineages. Here, we (i) describe the frequency of male progeny in populations of diploid parthenogeneticArtemia, (ii) characterize rare males morphologically, (iii) assess their reproductive role, using cross‐mating experiments with sexual females of related species fromCentralAsia and characterize the F1 hybrid offspring viability and (iv) confirm genetically both the identity and functionality of rare males usingDNAbarcoding and microsatellite loci. Our result suggests that these males may have an evolutionary role through genetic exchange with related sexual species and that diploid parthenogeneticArtemiais a good model system to investigate the evolutionary transitions between sexual species and parthenogenetic strains.
Antibacterial Mechanism of Action of Taxus cuspidata Stem Essential Oil against Selected Foodborne Pathogens
Authors: Bajpai Vivek K. , Sharma Ajay , Baek Kwang‐Hyun 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis study examined the antibacterial mechanism of action of Taxus cuspidata stem essential oil (TCEO) against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The TCEO (2,000 μg/disc) showed potential antibacterial effect as diameters of inhibition zones (32.0 ± 0.47–44.0 ± 0.59 mm) against the tested foodborne pathogens including Bacillus cereus ATCC13061, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC7644, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC12600, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC43174 and Escherichia coli ATCC43889. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of TCEO against the tested bacteria were found in the range of 125–500 μg/mL and 250–1,000 μg/mL, respectively. Also, the TCEO had potential inhibitory effect on the cell viability of B. cereus ATCC 13061 and E. coli ATCC 43889. Moreover, the TCEO revealed its mode of action on membrane integrity as confirmed by marked release of extracellular adenosine 5′‐triphosphate, 260‐nm absorbing materials and efflux of potassium ions (K+) against the tested pathogens. Further, scanning electron microscopic analysis also supported the inhibitory effect of TCEO as confirmed by significant morphological alterations on the cell membrane of the tested pathogens, suggesting its potential efficacy as a natural antibacterial agent.Practical ApplicationCurrently, because of frequent foodborne outbreaks and the rising concern of consumers on the use of chemical preservatives in foods, the food industry is emphasizing the use of natural antibacterial agents of plant origin as safe food preservatives. Some selected plant materials are used as natural antimicrobials in food systems to prevent the growth of foodborne pathogens, resulting in the extension of the shelf‐life of processed foods. This study confirmed that Taxus cuspidata stem essential oil showed its antibacterial mode of action against foodborne pathogens through membrane permeabilization and can be used to control the growth of several foodborne pathogens. Hence, it is anticipated that T. cuspidata stem essential oil may have greater potential for its practical applications as an affective and natural food preservative against food deterioration caused by foodborne pathogens.
AMP‐activated protein kinase counteracts brain‐derived neurotrophic factor‐induced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling in neurons
Authors: Ishizuka Yuta , Kakiya Naomasa , Witters Lee A. , Oshiro Noriko , Shirao Tomoaki , Nawa Hiroyuki , Takei Nobuyuki 
Published: July 2013

AbstractGrowth factors and nutrients, such as amino acids and glucose, regulate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and subsequent translational control in a coordinated manner. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the most prominent neurotrophic factor in the brain, activates mTORC1 and induces phosphorylation of its target, p70S6 kinase (p70S6K), at Thr389 in neurons. BDNF also increases mammalian target of rapamycin‐dependent novel protein synthesis in neurons. Here, we report that BDNF‐induced p70S6K activation is dependent on glucose, but not amino acids, sufficiency in cultured cortical neurons. AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the molecular background to this specific nutrient dependency. Activation of AMPK, which is induced by glucose deprivation, treatment with pharmacological agents such as 2‐Deoxy‐d‐glucose, metformin, and 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleoside or forced expression of a constitutively active AMPKα subunit, counteracts BDNF‐induced phosphorylation of p70S6K and enhanced protein synthesis in cortical neurons. These results indicate that AMPK inhibits the effects of BDNF on mTORC1‐mediated translation in neurons.
image
Here, we report that growth factor‐induced mTORC1 activity is dependent on glucose sufficiency, but not on amino acids in neurons. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. AMPK activation inhibits BDNF‐induced mTORC1 activity through TSC2 and raptor.
Erect Penile Length and Circumference Dimensions of 1,661 Sexually Active Men in the United States
Authors: Herbenick Debby , Reece Michael , Schick Vanessa , Sanders Stephanie A. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Introduction
Penile size continues to receive popular and empirical attention. Little is known about the process of self-measurement and whether the behaviors a man engages in to become erect for self-measurement are associated with his erect penile dimensions.

Aims
The article aims to assess men's erect penile dimensions in a study in which the men would presumably be motivated to report accurate information about their penis size; and to explore associations between men's erect penile dimensions, their method of measurement, and their demographics.

Methods
Data are from an Internet-based baseline phase of a large prospective daily diary study that compared men's use of a standard-sized condom to men's use of a condom sized to fit their erect penis.

Main Outcome Measures
The main outcomes are participant characteristics, activities engaged in during self-measurement process, and self-reported erect penile length and circumference.

Results
For this sample of 1,661 men, the mean erect penile length was 14.15 cm (SD = 2.66; range = 4 to 26 cm), and the mean erect penile circumference was 12.23 cm (SD = 2.23; range = 3 to 19). Participant characteristics were not associated with measured length or circumference. Most men measured their penis while alone, using hand stimulation to become erect.

Conclusions
In this sample of men who measured their erect penile length and circumference for the purposes of receiving a condom sized to fit their erect penis, we found a mean erect penile length of 14.15 cm and a mean erect penile circumference of 12.23 cm. The self-reported erect penile dimensions in this study are consistent with other penile dimension research. Also, findings suggest that mode of getting an erection may influence erect penile dimensions. Additionally, how a man becomes erect for self-measurement may be associated with his erect penile length and/or circumference.
A Return to Normal Erectile Function with Tadalafil Once Daily after an Incomplete Response to As-Needed PDE5 Inhibitor Therapy
Authors: Kim Edward D. , Seftel Allen D. , Goldfischer Evan R. , Ni Xiao , Burns Patrick R. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Introduction
An optimal outcome of an erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment is to enable a return to normal erectile function (as defined by an International Index of Erectile Function—Erectile Function [IIEF-EF] domain score ≥26). As-needed (PRN) phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor treatment does not always result in a return-to-normal erectile function.

Aim
The combined studies evaluated whether treatment with tadalafil once daily would allow men to return to normal erectile function who had less than normal IIEF-EF domain scores while using a maximum dose of a PRN PDE5 inhibitor treatment.

Methods
Men were ≥18 years of age, sexually active, reported a ≥3-month history of ED, and had been taking the maximum dose of sildenafil citrate, vardenafil, or tadalafil PRN. Randomization to once-daily therapy with tadalafil 2.5 mg to 5 mg (N = 207), tadalafil 5 mg (N = 207), or placebo (N = 209) for 12 weeks followed a 4-week maximum dose PRN PDE5 treatment and 4-week nondrug lead periods. Two identical double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies were conducted; combined results are reported.

Main Outcome Measure
The main outcome measure was the percentage of subjects with a return-to-normal erectile function (IIEF-EF domain score ≥ 26) when treated with tadalafil once daily compared with placebo.

Results
In subjects not achieving normal erectile function with the maximum dose of a PRN PDE5 inhibitor, a higher percentage of subjects treated with tadalafil had an IIEF-EF domain score ≥26 at end point (tadalafil 2.5- to 5-mg group [39%]; tadalafil 5-mg group [40%]) compared with the placebo group (12.1%; P &lt; 0.001). Tadalafil was generally well tolerated and adverse events observed were consistent with previous reports of tadalafil once daily.

Conclusions
Treatment with tadalafil once daily significantly improved erectile function in men with mild to mild-moderate impairments in erectile function following PRN PDE5 inhibitor treatment.
Genetic restoration in the eastern collared lizard under prescribed woodland burning
Authors: Neuwald Jennifer L. , Templeton Alan R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEastern collared lizards of the Ozarks live in glades—open, rocky habitats embedded in a woodland matrix. Past fire suppression had made the woodlands a barrier to dispersal, leading to habitat destruction, fragmentation and local extinction. Reintroduced populations of lizards were subjected to 10 years of habitat fragmentation under continued fire suppression followed by twelve years of landscape restoration with prescribed burns. Prior to prescribed burning, genetic diversity decreased within glades and differentiation increased among glades. With woodland burning, genetic diversity within glades first decreased during an expanding colonization phase, but then increased as a dynamically stable metapopulation was established. Population differentiation among glades also stabilized in the metapopulation under weak isolation‐by‐distance. This study is one of the first to examine the genetic changes in a species of conservation concern throughout all the stages of decline and recovery and shows the importance of landscape‐level restoration for maintaining the genetic integrity of populations. This study also demonstrates how mark–recapture and genetic data together can yield detailed insight into metapopulation dynamics that would be impossible from just one type of data alone.
Common functional targets of adaptive micro‐ and macro‐evolutionary divergence in killifish
Authors: Whitehead Andrew , Zhang Shujun , Roach Jennifer L. , Galvez Fernando 
Published: July 2013

AbstractEnvironmental salinity presents a key barrier to dispersal for most aquatic organisms, and adaptation to alternate osmotic environments likely enables species diversification. Little is known of the functional basis for derived tolerance to environmental salinity. We integrate comparative physiology and functional genomics to explore the mechanistic underpinnings of evolved variation in osmotic plasticity within and among two species of killifish; Fundulus majalis harbours the ancestral mainly salt‐tolerant phenotype, whereas Fundulus heteroclitus harbours a derived physiology that retains extreme salt tolerance but with expanded osmotic plasticity towards the freshwater end of the osmotic continuum. Common‐garden comparative hypo‐osmotic challenge experiments show that F. heteroclitus is capable of remodelling gill epithelia more quickly and at more extreme osmotic challenge than F. majalis. We detect an unusual pattern of baseline transcriptome divergence, where neutral evolutionary processes appear to govern expression divergence within species, but patterns of divergence for these genes between species do not follow neutral expectations. During acclimation, genome expression profiling identifies mechanisms of acclimation‐associated response that are conserved within the genus including regulation of paracellular permeability. In contrast, several responses vary among species including those putatively associated with cell volume regulation, and these same mechanisms are targets for adaptive physiological divergence along osmotic gradients within F. heteroclitus. As such, the genomic and physiological mechanisms that are associated with adaptive fine‐tuning within species also contribute to macro‐evolutionary divergence as species diversify across osmotic niches.
Evolution of salinity tolerance from transcriptome to physiological system
Authors: Scott Graham R. , Brix Kevin V. 
Published: July 2013

The relationship between microevolution and macroevolution is a topic of fundamental importance in evolutionary biology. The increasing accessibility of genomic tools is making the hunt for genes that underlie evolutionary divergence more tractable and, when combined with physiological approaches, provides exceptional power to elucidate the causal mechanisms of the relationship. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Whitehead et al. (2013) employ this strategy to show that common physiological and genomic mechanisms lead to divergence in salinity tolerance across micro‐ and macroevolutionary timescales. They compare two killifish species from the genus Fundulus, F. majalis, which inhabits primarily marine and brackish environments and represents the ancestral state of the genus, and F. heteroclitus, which has derived an osmotic niche that expands into freshwater. Corresponding to the differences in osmotic niche, the species differ strikingly in how the structure of the ion‐transporting epithelium and the transcriptome of the gills respond to osmotic challenge. These inter‐specific differences were similar to but more pronounced than the differences associated with the more subtle intra‐specific variation in osmotic niche within each species. It appears that a progression of the same functional adjustments first allowed expansion of the osmotic niche of F. heteroclitus into freshwater and then further expanded the niche of select F. heteroclitus populations towards more dilute freshwater environments. The work of Whitehead et al. therefore emphasizes how the mechanisms of adaptive divergence between populations can be expanded over time to produce the more complex differences that can exist between species.
Water‐level fluctuations and metapopulation dynamics as drivers of genetic diversity in populations of three Tanganyikan cichlid fish species
Authors: Nevado B. , Mautner S. , Sturmbauer C. , Verheyen E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractUnderstanding how genetic variation is generated and maintained in natural populations, and how this process unfolds in a changing environment, remains a central issue in biological research. In this work, we analysed patterns of genetic diversity from several populations of three cichlid species from Lake Tanganyika in parallel, using the mitochondrialDNAcontrol region. We sampled populations inhabiting the littoral rocky habitats in both very deep and very shallow areas of the lake. We hypothesized that the former would constitute relatively older, more stable and genetically more diverse populations, because they should have been less severely affected by the well‐documented episodes of dramatic water‐level fluctuations. In agreement with our predictions, populations of all three species sampled in very shallow shorelines showed traces of stronger population growth than populations of the same species inhabiting deep shorelines. However, contrary to our working hypothesis, we found a significant trend towards increased genetic diversity in the younger, demographically less stable populations inhabiting shallow areas, in comparison with the older and more stable populations inhabiting the deep shorelines. We interpret this finding as the result of the establishment of metapopulation dynamics in the former shorelines, by the frequent perturbation and reshuffling of individuals between populations due to the lake‐level fluctuations. The repeated succession of periods of allopatric separation and secondary contact is likely to have further increased the rapid pace of speciation in lacustrine cichlids.
Selection for contrasting tocopherol content and profile in Ethiopian mustard
Authors: Velasco Leonardo , García‐Navarro Elena , Pérez‐Vich Begoña , Fernández‐Martínez José M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTocopherols are compounds present in oilseeds with major effect on nutritional and technological properties of seed oils. Brassica spp. mainly contain varying concentrations of α‐tocopherol, with high vitamin E value, and γ‐tocopherol, which contributes to oil stability. The objective of this research was to select for contrasting tocopherol content and profile in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun). A collection of 211 F4:5 lines was evaluated for tocopherol content and profile, and divergent selection was conducted till the S3:4 generation. Selection resulted in two lines with increased tocopherol content (244 and 243 mg/kg seed as average of four environments), one line with reduced tocopherol content (117 mg/kg), two lines with reduced α/γ‐tocopherol ratio (0.22 and 0.28) and two lines with increased α/γ‐tocopherol ratio (3.74 and 3.34). Control line C‐101 averaged 196 mg/kg with α/γ‐tocopherol ratio of 1.10. Reduced α/γ‐tocopherol ratio was controlled by recessive alleles at a single locus. Seed to plant correlation was high (r = 0.92), which suggests the feasibility of selecting at the single‐seed level.