bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
E‐pharmacovigilance: development and implementation of a computable knowledge base to identify adverse drug reactions
Authors: Neubert Antje , Dormann Harald , Prokosch Hans‐Ulrich , Bürkle Thomas , Rascher Wolfgang , Sojer Reinhold , Brune Kay , Criegee‐Rieck Manfred 
Published: April 2013

AimsComputer‐assisted signal generation is an important issue for the prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). However, due to poor standardization of patients' medical data and a lack of computable medical drug knowledge the specificity of computerized decision support systems for early ADR detection is too low and thus those systems are not yet implemented in daily clinical practice. We report on a method to formalize knowledge about ADRs based on the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPCs) and linking them with structured patient data to generate safety signals automatically and with high sensitivity and specificity.MethodsA computable ADR knowledge base (ADR‐KB) that inherently contains standardized concepts for ADRs (WHO‐ART), drugs (ATC) and laboratory test results (LOINC) was built. The system was evaluated in study populations of paediatric and internal medicine inpatients.ResultsA total of 262 different ADR concepts related to laboratory findings were linked to 212 LOINC terms. The ADR knowledge base was retrospectively applied to a study population of 970 admissions (474 internal and 496 paediatric patients), who underwent intensive ADR surveillance. The specificity increased from 7% without ADR‐KB up to 73% in internal patients and from 19.6% up to 91% in paediatric inpatients, respectively.ConclusionsThis study shows that contextual linkage of patients' medication data with laboratory test results is a useful and reasonable instrument for computer‐assisted ADR detection and a valuable step towards a systematic drug safety process. The system enables automated detection of ADRs during clinical practice with a quality close to intensive chart review.
Effects of Aripiprazole, an Atypical Antipsychotic, on the Motor Alterations Induced by Acute Ethanol Administration in Mice
Authors: Viana Thercia G. , Almeida‐Santos Ana F. , Aguiar Daniele C. , Moreira Fabricio A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAripiprazole is an antipsychotic that acts as a partial agonist at dopamine receptors. As the effects of most drugs of abuse converge to enhance dopamine‐mediated neurotransmission, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that aripiprazole would inhibit the acute effects of ethanol, a widely abused substance. Male Swiss mice received acute injections and were evaluated for motor activity in three distinct tests. In the open field, ethanol (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 g/kg) induced an increase in locomotion in a U‐shaped dose‐related fashion, whereas aripiprazole (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg) did not affect this parameter. All the doses of the antipsychotic were able to prevent the stimulant effects of 2.5 g/kg of ethanol. In the rotarod test, ethanol (2.5 and 3.5 g/kg) reduced the latency to fall from the apparatus, an effect also observed with the higher dose of aripiprazole. Contrary to what was observed in the open field, this antipsychotic did not interfere with the effects of ethanol in motor balance. Finally, we tested animals in the wire hang test, in which ethanol, but not aripiprazole, reduced latency to fall at all doses. In this test, aripiprazole did not change ethanol effects. The present data lead to the conclusion that aripiprazole prevents the stimulant effects of ethanol on locomotion, without interfering with the motor impairment induced by this drug.
Chronic Administration of Infliximab (TNF‐α Inhibitor) Decreases Depression and Anxiety‐like Behaviour in Rat Model of Chronic Mild Stress
Authors: Karson Ayşe , Demirtaş Tuğçe , Bayramgürler Dilek , Balcı Fuat , Utkan Tijen 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPro‐inflammatory cytokines have been proposed to be associated with the pathogenesis of depression. Consistent with this notion, several clinical observations have suggested the antidepressant efficacy of TNF‐α inhibitors in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of chronic TNF‐α inhibitor (infliximab, 5 mg/kg, i.p., weekly) administration in the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression. Rats were divided into three groups: saline‐control (no stress), saline‐CMS, and infliximab‐CMS. Rats in the latter two groups were exposed to CMS for 8 weeks. Saline (former two groups) or infliximab was injected weekly during this period. After CMS, total locomotor activity, anxiety‐like behaviour and depression‐like behaviours were evaluated using automated locomotor activity cage, elevated plus maze (EPM), and sucrose preference (SPT) and forced swimming (FS) tests, respectively. As expected, the saline‐CMS group exhibited higher depression‐like behaviours in FS and SPT tests compared with the saline‐control group. There were no differences between these two groups in terms of the anxiety‐like behaviour or total locomotor activity. Infliximab reduced the depression‐like behaviour of CMS rats compared with saline‐CMS group, and anxiety‐like behaviour of CMS rats compared with saline‐CMS and saline‐control groups. Our findings suggest that chronic and systemic TNF‐α inhibition reduced depression and anxiety‐like behaviour in the CMS model of depression in rats.
Acute CO Poisoning is Associated with Impaired Fibrinolysis and Increased Thrombin Generation
Authors: Gawlikowski Tomasz , Gomolka Ewa , Piekoszewski Wojciech , Jawień Wojciech , Undas Anetta 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCarbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a leading cause of unintentional poisoning deaths in many countries. In ex vivo studies, CO released from carbon monoxide‐releasing molecules has been shown to attenuate fibrinolysis via increased alpha‐2‐antiplasmin activity. Hypofibrinolysis is associated with coronary ischaemia, which is also commonly observed in CO poisoning. We examined fibrin clot properties in acutely poisoned CO patients. Ex vivo plasma fibrin clot permeability, turbidimetry and efficiency of fibrinolysis were investigated in 48 patients and controls matched for age and sex. CO‐poisoned patients had 11.6% longer clot lysis time than the controls (p < 0.0001). No intergroup differences in clot permeability or turbidimetric variables were observed. Plasma tissue‐type plasminogen antigen (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) antigen and activity and F1.2 prothrombin fragments were higher in the patients than in the controls (all p < 0.0001). Plasma tPA activity was lower in the CO‐poisoned group. Multiple linear regression showed that a thrombin generation marker, F1.2, is the strongest predictor of clot lysis time, followed by PAI‐1 activity and carboxyhaemoglobin levels. In conclusion, this report is the first to demonstrate that acute CO poisoning in human beings is linked to increased thrombin generation and impaired fibrinolysis, which might contribute to ischaemic complications.
From Soluble Aβ to Progressive Aβ Aggregation: Could Prion‐Like Templated Misfolding Play a Role?
Authors: Eisele Yvonne S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAccumulation, aggregation and deposition of Aβ peptides are pathological hallmarks in the brains of individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) or by cerebral β‐amyloid angiopathy (Aβ‐CAA). While Aβ is a peptide of yet largely unknown function, it is constantly produced in the human brain where it normally remains in a soluble state. However, Aβ peptides are aggregation prone by their intrinsic ability to adopt alternative conformations rich in β‐sheet structure that aggregate into oligomeric as well as fibrillar formations. This transition from soluble to aggregated state has been hypothesized to initiate the pathological cascade and is therefore subject to intensive research. Mounting evidence suggests prion‐like templated misfolding as the biochemical phenomenon responsible for promoting progressive Aβ aggregation. Here, we review studies in vitro and in vivo that suggest that cerebral Aβ aggregation may indeed progress via prion‐like templated misfolding. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to understanding initiation and progression of the disease and to developing therapeutics.
Lost therapeutic potential of monocyte-derived dendritic cells through lost tissue homing: stable restoration of gut specificity with retinoic acid
Authors: Bernardo D , Mann E R , Al-Hassi H O , English N R , Man R , Lee G H , Ronde E , Landy J , Peake S T C , Hart A L , Knight S C 
Published: April 2013

Summary
Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) (MoDC) are utilized for immunotherapy. However, in-vitro immunological effects are often not mirrored in vivo. We studied the tissue-homing potential of MoDC. Circulating monocytes and DC expressed different tissue-homing markers and, during in-vitro development of MoDC, homing marker expression was lost resulting in a ‘homeless’ phenotype. Retinoic acid (RA) induced gut-homing markers (β7 and CCR9) and a regulatory phenotype and function [decreased human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR) and increased ILT3 and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-dextran uptake) in MoDC]. RA-MoDC were less stimulatory and primed conditioned T cells with a gut-homing profile (β7+CLA−). Unlike the normal intestinal microenvironment, that from inflamed colon of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients did not induce regulatory properties in MoDC. However, RA-MoDC maintained their regulatory gut-specific properties even in the presence of UC microenvironment. Therefore, MoDC may be ineffectual for immunotherapy because they lack tissue-homing and tissue-imprinting specificity. However, MoDC rehabilitation with gut-homing potential by RA could be useful in promoting immunotherapy in pathologies such as UC.
Two‐year‐old children interpret abstract, purely geometric maps
Authors: Winkler‐Rhoades Nathan , Carey Susan C. , Spelke Elizabeth S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn two experiments, 2.5‐year‐old children spontaneously used geometric information from 2D maps to locate objects in a 3D surface layout, without instruction or feedback. Children related maps to their corresponding layouts even though the maps differed from the layouts in size, mobility, orientation, dimensionality, and perspective, and even when they did not depict the target objects directly. Early in development, therefore, children are capable of noting the referential function of strikingly abstract visual representations.
The association between adherence to oral anti‐diabetic drugs and hypoglycaemia in persons with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Quilliam B. J. , Ozbay A. B. , Sill B. E. , Kogut S. J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimTo quantify the relationship between adherence to oral anti‐diabetic drugs and incident hypoglycaemia in Type 2 diabetes.MethodsUtilizing a claims database, we identified patients with Type 2 diabetes initiating metformin, sulphonylureas or thiazolidinediones and classified adherence over the next 6 months, creating markers of changes in therapy (switches/additions). We created nine mutually exclusive exposure groups, including: metformin ≥ 80% adherence; metformin < 80% adherence; sulphonylurea ≥ 80% adherence; sulphonylurea < 80% adherence; thiazolidinediones ≥ 80% adherence; thiazolidinediones < 80% adherence; switching to a new class; adding on therapy; and switching to two or more different classes of medication. We followed patients for incident hypoglycaemia medical visits and developed a Cox proportional hazards model to compare rates of hypoglycaemia across exposure groups.ResultsAdherence to monotherapy was high (86.0 ± 17.8% for metformin, 87.2 ± 17.5% for sulphonylureas and 87.8 ± 16.9 for thiazolidinediones). The incidence of hypoglycaemia ranged from 93.1 to 259.9 per 10 000 person‐years in the nine exposure groups. Relative to metformin users with ≥ 80% adherence, those switching from any monotherapy to combination therapy had a 32% increased rate (hazard ratio 1.32; 95% CI 1.07–1.64) of hypoglycaemia. Thiazolidinediones users with ≥ 80% adherence had a decreased hazard rate (hazard ratio 0.67; 95% CI 0.46–0.98) relative to metformin users with ≥ 80% adherence. All other groups on oral anti‐diabetic drugs, regardless of adherence, were not associated with hypoglycaemiaConclusionsWe found that the relative rate of hypoglycaemia was highest in patients switching from monotherapy to combination therapy, while rates of hypoglycaemia in monotherapy users were largely unrelated to level of adherence.
Images ofMuslims inWestern Scholarship and Media after 9/11
Authors: el‐Aswad el‐Sayed 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article endeavors to trace changes in the images of theMuslim of theOrient, a product ofOrientalism, to contemporary images of theMuslim post 9/11, marking a transition from classicalOrientalism to a newOrientalism orIslamism. The study demonstrates how most Western scholarship and media, through the construction of so‐called Islamophobia, have portrayedMuslims in terms of global terrorism,Islamic jihadism, fanaticIslamism, fundamentalism, fascism, andIslamic authoritarianism. Much of the scholarship and media dealing withIslam andMuslims require critical assessment and revision. The article also addresses ways through whichMuslims in academia and the media have opposed negative images ofMuslims. For instance, in response to the irrational acts of extremists that have fostered negative stereotypes ofIslam, public lectures, sermons, conferences, and media programs have recently and abundantly been made byMuslim scholars and media activists to presentMuslims positively at both the national and global levels.
Pious Way to Politics: The Rise of Political Salafism in Post‐Mubarak Egypt
Authors: al‐Anani Khalil , Malik Maszlee 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe Arab Spring has reshaped the Islamist landscape in the Middle East drastically. After decades of repression and exclusion, Islamist parties have taken power in Egypt, Tunis, and Morocco. However, the startling rise of Salafism (Salafiyya) remains the most visible feature of the new Islamist scene in the region. After decades of eschewing politics for theological and political reasons, Salafi movements and groups have rushed into electoral politics enthusiastically. They became keen to form political parties, contest elections, and vie for power. In Egypt, the Salafi parties fared well in the post‐revolution parliamentary elections and are a key player in drafting Egypt's new constitution. This article explores the rise of Salafism after Mubarak and examines its effects on the democratic transition in Egypt. It investigates the ideological and theological stance of Salafi movements and parties on politics and democracy in particular. The argument put forward is that the extraordinary political openness in Egypt after the revolution has pushed Salafis into everyday politics. Subsequently, Salafis have become more inclined to adopt a pragmatic and practical discourse. Based on field research, this article provides a thematic analysis of Egyptian Salafism and assesses its political future.
Cholesterol affects retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with multiple sclerosis with optic neuritis
Authors: Kardys A. , Weinstock‐Guttman B. , Dillon M. , Masud M. W. , Weinstock N. , Mahfooz N. , Lang J. K. , Weinstock A. , Lincoff N. , Zivadinov R. , Ramanathan M. 
Published: April 2013

Background and purposeTo evaluate the associations between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and lipid profiles in multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsThis study enrolled 136 patients with MS (n = 272 eyes; 108 females, 28 males, mean age: 46.7 ± 8.9 years); 45% had a history of optic neuritis (ON). Subjects received optical coherence tomography (OCT) testing to assess RNFL thickness and visual acuity testing with Snellen charts. A subset of 88 patients received pattern reversal visual‐evoked potential (PRVEP) testing. Lipid profiles consisting of serum high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and total cholesterol (TC) levels were obtained within ± 6 months of OCT. Regression analyses were used to assess the associations between RNFL thickness and lipid profile variables.ResultsLow RNFL thickness (P = 0.008) and higher PRVEP latency (P = 0.017) were associated with high LDL cholesterol > 100 mg/dl status. Low RNFL thickness (P = 0.008) and higher PRVEP latency (P = 0.043) were associated with high HDL cholesterol levels. Low RNFL thickness was also associated with HDL cholesterol > 60 mg/dl status (P = 0.001) and with TC > 200 mg/dl status (P = 0.015). The probability of average RNFL thickness in the lowest tertile (≤ 33rd percentile) was associated with interactions between TC > 200 mg/dl status (P = 0.001, odds ratio = 7.5, 95% confidence interval = 2.7–21) with affected/unaffected by ON status.ConclusionsHigh cholesterol adversely affects RNFL thickness in patients with MS with ON.
Rules for Rights: European Law, Health Care and Social Citizenship
Authors: Greer Scott L. , Sokol Tomislav 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSocial citizenship is about equality. The obvious problem for European social citizenship in a very diverse Union is that Member States will not be able or willing to bear the cost of establishing equal rights to health care and similar aspects of social citizenship. Health care is a particularly good case of this tension between EU citizenship and Member State diversity. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) strengthened the right to health care in other Member States, but this cannot create an equal right to health care when Member States are so different. In its efforts to balance a European right, the Court has formulated ‘rules for rights’—not so much European social citizenship rights, as a set of legal principles by which it judges the decisions of the Member States.
Plasma fructosamine concentrations in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction with and without laminitis
Authors: Knowles E. J. , Menzies‐Gow N. J. , Mair T. S. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyPlasma fructosamine concentration ([fructosamine]) is believed to reflect medium term, average blood glucose concentration and in a previous study was higher in horses with active laminitis than in normal horses. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is associated with hyperglycaemia and laminitis.ObjectivesTo test the hypotheses that: [fructosamine] is higher in PPID cases than normal animals; furthermore, that within cases of PPID [fructosamine] is higher in those with active laminitis than nonlaminitic cases and in cases that have been affected by active laminitis in the preceding year than those that have not.Study designObservational, case–control/cross‐sectional study.Methods[Fructosamine] was measured in cases of PPID (n = 46) and normal animals (n = 139). A normal range was calculated; values were compared between the 2 groups and within the PPID group, between cases with and without active laminitis and between cases that had and had not been affected by active laminitis in the preceding year.ResultsIn normal animals mean [fructosamine] was 248.7 μmol/l; the normal range (mean ± 2 s.d.) was 195.5–301.9 μmol/l. Plasma [fructosamine] was not higher in PPID cases than in normal animals. In PPID cases, [fructosamine] was significantly (P = 0.006) higher in cases with active laminitis (mean ± s.d. 261.2 ± 39.2 μmol/l) compared with those without active laminitis (234.5 ± 32.9 μmol/), but [fructosamine] was not higher in cases that had been affected by active laminitis in the preceding year than those that had not.ConclusionsIn horses affected by PPID, [fructosamine] is higher in cases with active laminitis than in cases without active laminitis.Potential relevanceClinical use of [fructosamine] is limited due to overlap with the normal range. Further studies into glucose and protein metabolism in cases of PPID are warranted.The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting information.
Experimental study of crack propagation in polymethyl methacrylate material with double holes under the directional controlled blasting
Authors: Yue Z. W. , Yang L. Y. , Wang Y. B. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe crack propagation behaviours of polymethyl methacrylate material with double holes under the directional controlled blasting are studied using dynamic caustic method. A series of dynamic caustic patterns at the propagating crack tip under the explosive loading are recorded using the digital high‐speed camera. Some important dynamic fracture characterizations and parameters about two main cracks are determined including the crack path, the propagating speed and the crack tip stress intensity factors. The fracture mechanisms of the double blasting holes are analysed. The results provide the important experimental basis for evaluating and designing the directional controlled blasting for the rock tunnel and the rock face excavation.
Graphite nodules and fatigue crack propagation micromechanisms in a ferritic ductile cast iron
Authors: Di Cocco V. , Iacoviello F. , Rossi A. , Cavallini M. , Natali S. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTSince 1948, ductile cast irons (DCIs) are able to combine the toughness of steels with the good castability of grey irons. They are widely used in a number of applications, for example wheels, gears, and crankshafts in cars and trucks. Their fatigue crack propagation resistance depends on loading conditions, chemical composition, matrix microstructure and graphite elements morphology (graphite volume fraction, graphite elements nodularity, graphite elements distribution and dimensions).In this work, a ferritic DCI was investigated focusing fatigue crack propagation micromechanisms: step by step fatigue crack propagation tests were performed considering compact‐type specimens, and crack propagation micromechanisms were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope and digital microscope lateral surfaces observations, considering different loading conditions. Furthermore, overloads were also considered during fatigue crack propagation, investigating their influence on DCI fatigue crack propagation micromechanisms.
Preparation and Property of Solid‐Solution Cu(In,Ga)Se2‐Cu2ZnSnSe4 Films Obtained from the Paste Printing of Nanosized Cermet Pastes and Subsequent Selenization
Authors: Kuo Dong‐Hau , Chen Jian‐Jhih , Chen Wei‐Liang 
Published: April 2013

Cu‐deficient Cu[(In,Ga)(Zn,Sn)]Se2 (CIGZTSe) films with the expected composition of 60% Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) and 20% Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) were prepared by paste printing of cermet nanopowder and selenization at 550–650°C for 1 h. The cermet powder contained metallic Cu, Zn, and Sn and ceramic In2Se3, and Ga2Se3 nanopowders. The CIGZTSe films were single phase and had dense and larger grain size of 1–3 μm. Composition analyses of this CIGZTSe films were executed to demonstrate the defect behavior and the variations of electrical properties with selenization temperature. Our solar cell device made with this film as absorption layer showed power conversion efficiency of 0.86%.
Religion as A Context of Reception: The Case of Haitian Immigrants in Miami, Montreal and Paris
Authors: Mooney Margarita A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this article, I use cross‐national comparative and ethnographic methods to explore how religion influences the incorporation of Haitian immigrants into theUS, Quebec and France. First, I explore the ideological, legal and institutional forces that shape religion‐state differentiation in theUS, Quebec and France. Using census and immigration data from each site as well as interviews with Haitian leaders and government officials in Miami, Montreal and Paris, I show that the general pattern of consensual differentiation between religion and state in theUSfavours the more successful symbolic and socio‐economic incorporation of Haitians in Miami, whereas secular nationalism in Quebec and assertive secularism in France weaken the incorporation of Haitian immigrants in Montreal and Paris, respectively.