bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multiple ascending dose study of CSL112, an infused formulation of ApoA‐I
Authors: Easton Rachael , Gille Andreas , D'Andrea Denise , Davis Roslyn , Wright Samuel D. , Shear Charles 
Published: October 2013

AbstractCSL112 is apoA‐I purified from human plasma and reconstituted with phosphatidylcholine (PC) to form high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐particles suitable for infusion. CSL112 is in development for the potential treatment of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) by optimizing cholesterol efflux. This study assesses the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and tolerability of CSL112. Repeat doses of CSL112 or placebo were administered intravenously once‐ (3.4 g or 6.8 g) or twice‐weekly (3.4 g) to healthy subjects in a placebo‐controlled, randomized (3 CSL112: 1 placebo), ascending‐dose study (NCT01281774). Twenty‐seven subjects received CSL112 and nine received placebo. Study endpoints included plasma apoA‐I and PC concentrations and specific PK parameters. CSL112 infusions immediately produced robust increases in apoA‐I concentration in a dose‐proportional manner, reaching levels higher than observed with currently available or investigational HDL products. After infusion of CSL112, apoA‐I levels remained above baseline for approximately 3 days. Multiple infusions of CSL112 were safe and well tolerated with no evidence of major organ toxicity or immunogenicity. CSL112 may provide a novel option to rapidly transport cholesterol from atherosclerotic plaque to the liver and reduce early recurrent events following ACS. The data presented here support continued clinical development of CSL112 in patient populations.
On‐line monitoring of a BNR process using in situ ammonium and nitrate probes and biomass nitrification‐denitrification rates in an intermittently aerated and pulse fed bioreactor
Authors: Melidis Paraschos , Ntougias Spyridon , Sertis Christos 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe need to monitor and optimize biological nitrogen removal (BNR) processes has led to the use of on‐line instrumentation. In situ located sensors can monitor in a real‐time mode the dynamics of microbial processes, providing the opportunity to understand and optimize process performance.RESULTSA nitrification–denitrification process was monitored on‐line for the first time in an intermittently aerated and pulse fed activated sludge system using in situ located sensors for ammonia and nitrate. Pulse feeding created a reduced C/N ratio gradient across the anoxic phase, resulting in complete denitrification within a period of 20 min. Two denitrification rates were determined, corresponding to nitrate reduction during utilization of the readily biodegradable (0.110–0.246 g g‐1 d‐1) and the slowly (particulate) biodegradable (0.032–0.041 g g‐1 d‐1) COD, respectively. Despite the fact that the initial C/N ratio at both Food/Microorganism ratio (F/M) 0.20 and 0.28 was decreased from 4.8 to 1.8 at the end of the anoxic phase, the C/N ratio decrease was twice as fast at the higher F/M ratio.CONCLUSIONPulse‐feeding resulted in higher C/N ratios at the beginning of the anoxic phase, creating a reduced C/N ratio gradient during the denitrification period. Organic load was mostly consumed during the anoxic phase, resulting in high nitrification efficiency, low oxygen requirement and saving energy. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Adsorption of phenol and chlorophenols onto granular activated carbon and their desorption by supercritical CO2
Authors: Carmona Manuel , Garcia M Teresa , Carnicer Ángel , Madrid Mercedes , Rodríguez Juan Francisco 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe adsorption and desorption of phenol, 2‐chlorophenol (2‐CPh), 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CPh) and 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCPh) were carried out using granular activated carbon (GAC) as adsorbent and supercritical CO2 as regenerant. Adsorption studies at three different temperatures were fitted by using two thermodynamic adsorption models, Langmuir and Toth. The GAC regeneration by CO2 at four different pressures and two temperatures was studied and the design basic parameters were found.RESULTSThe Toth model fitted the experimental data better and thermodynamic properties indicated that this adsorption process was spontaneous, feasible and exothermic. Values of standard enthalpy lower than 40 kJ mol‐1 confirmed that adsorption processes were carried out by physical adsorption. It was also observed that the higher the pressure the higher the regeneration efficiency due to the increase in solvent density.CONCLUSIONGAC presented high selectivity for these substituted phenols and the order of adsorption was 2,4‐DCPh > 4‐CPh > 2CPh > phenol. Supercritical technology was able to regenerate the exhausted GAC, achieving yields comparable with those exhibited by traditional technologies but avoiding additional separation processes. The effective diffusivities of phenols followed the order phenol > 2‐CPh≅4‐CPh > 2,4‐DCPh. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
One‐pot synthesis of methyl n‐phenyl carbamate from aniline, carbon dioxide and methanol
Authors: Zhao Bin , Yao Sujie , An Hualiang , Zhao Xinqiang , Wang Yanji 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDMethyl N‐phenyl carbamate (MPC) is an intermediate for the manufacture of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) by a non‐phosgene route. The synthesis of MPC from aniline, carbon dioxide and methanol can transform the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into value‐added product, MPC.RESULTSBicyclic amidine (DBU)–acetonitrile was found to be an excellent catalyst–solvent combination for MPC synthesis. Under the reaction conditions of initial pressure of carbon dioxide 1 MPa, reaction time 5 h, reaction temperature 180°C, volumetric ratio of methanol/aniline 1:4, volumetric ratio of acetonitrile/aniline 1:1, and mass percentage of DBU 5.6%, the conversion of aniline was 7.1% and the selectivity of MPC was 25.3%. A plausible catalytic reaction mechanism was proposed. The results of alkyl N‐phenyl carbamate (APC) synthesis from aniline, carbon dioxide and alcohol (methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol) showed that the conversion of aniline and the selectivity of the corresponding APC decreased significantly with increase of the stereo hindrance on the alcohol substrate.CONCLUSIONThe reaction of aniline, carbon dioxide and alcohol to APC, especially MPC, can be achieved even though stereo hindrance on the alcohol substrate limits the reaction. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Homogeneous photo‐Fenton mineralization of the antibiotic sulfamethazine in water under UV‐A, visible and solar irradiation
Authors: Kitsiou Vassiliki , Antoniadis Apostolos , Mantzavinos Dionissios , Poulios Ioannis 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe presence of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment is an emerging issue due to their uncontrolled release and accumulation in the environment that may affect living organisms, ecosystems and public health. As a result, efforts are being made to develop methods to inactivate or eliminate this class of substance in the environment.RESULTSThe homogeneous photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethazine (SMT), a sulfanilamide drug, has been investigated in aqueous solutions using artificial and solar illumination. The effects of initial concentration of H2O2 (10–400 mg L‐1), Fe3+ (3.5–28 mg L‐1), SMT (10–40 mg L‐1), as well as temperature (280–323 K) on mineralization rates were evaluated in a bench‐scale Pyrex reactor for the photo‐Fenton/UV‐A and photo‐Fenton/Vis processes. SMT degradation was accompanied by the release of inorganic nitrogen and sulphate ions. Experiments under natural sunlight conditions were performed in a pilot‐scale, fountain reactor at light intensities between 0.49 and 2.83 mW cm‐2.CONCLUSIONSAn increase in the level of the parameters had a positive effect, with photo‐Fenton/UV‐A (at 0.94 × 10−4 einstein L−1 min−1 light flux provided by a 9 W lamp at 366 nm maximum response) being more effective than photo‐Fenton/Vis (at 0.88 × 10−4 einstein L−1 min−1 also provided by a 9 W lamp at 440 nm maximum response). Illumination for 120 min in the case of the pilot‐scale reactor at 2 mW cm‐2 intensity led to more than 70% mineralization of 20 mg L‐1 SMT, thus showing that process scale‐up is feasible. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Gene‐based therapies of neuromuscular disorders: an update and the pivotal role of patient organizations in their discovery and implementation
Authors: Braun Serge 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis review updates the state‐of‐the art accomplishments of the multifaceted gene‐based therapies, which include DNA or RNA as either therapeutic tools or targets for the treatment of neuromuscular diseases. It also provides insights into the key role that patient organizations have played in research and development; in particular, by addressing bottlenecks and generating boundary conditions that have contributed to scientific breakthroughs, and the effectiveness of innovation processes. Several gene therapy methods have reached the clinical stage and are now addressing both specific and classical issues related to this novel technology. Not ready yet for clinical application, genome editing is at its infancy. More rapidly progressing, RNA‐based therapeutics, and especially exon skipping, exon inclusion and stop codon readthrough strategies, are about to move to the market. Most importantly, patients were at the forefront of this discovery process, from basic knowledge to innovation and translational research in a rapidly growing field of unmet medical needs. In recent years, Duchenne muscular dystrophy was the fertile ground for new therapeutic concepts that have been extended to other neuromuscular disorders, such as spinal muscular atrophy, myotonic dystrophies or fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy. In line with their longstanding policy, patient organizations will keep working in a proactive manner to bring together all stakeholders with a view to working out truly therapeutic solutions over a long‐term perspective. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global empirical model of TEC response to geomagnetic activity
Authors: Mukhtarov P. , Andonov B. , Pancheva D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA global total electron content (TEC) model response to geomagnetic activity described by the Kp index is built by using the Center for Orbit Determination of Europe (CODE) TEC data for a full 13 years, January 1999 to December 2011. The model describes the most probable spatial distribution and temporal variability of the geomagnetically forced TEC anomalies assuming that these anomalies at a given modified dip latitude depend mainly on the Kp index, local time (LT), and longitude. The geomagnetic anomalies are expressed by the relative deviation of TEC from its 15 day median and are denoted as rTEC. The rTEC response to the geomagnetic activity is presented by a sum of two responses with different time delay constants and different signs of the cross‐correlation function. It has been found that the mean dependence of rTEC on Kp index can be expressed by a cubic function. The LT dependence of rTEC is described by Fourier time series which includes the contribution of four diurnal components with periods 24, 12, 8, and 6 h. The rTEC dependence on longitude is presented by Fourier series which includes the contribution of zonal waves with zonal wave numbers up to 6. In order to demonstrate how the model is able to reproduce the rTEC response to geomagnetic activity, three geomagnetic storms at different seasons and solar activity conditions are presented. The model residuals clearly reveal two types of the model deviation from the data: some underestimation of the largest TEC response to the geomagnetic activity and randomly distributed errors which are the data noise or anomalies generated by other sources. The presented TEC model fits to the CODE TEC input data with small negative bias of −0.204, root mean squares error RMSE = 4.592, and standard deviation error STDE = 4.588. The model offers TEC maps which depend on geographic coordinates (5° × 5° in latitude and longitude) and universal time (UT) at given geomagnetic activity and day of the year. It could be used for both science and possible service (nowcasting and short‐term prediction); for the latter, a detailed validation of the model at different geophysical conditions has to be performed in order to clarify the model predicting quality.
Empirical modeling of plasma sheet pressure and three‐dimensional force‐balanced magnetospheric magnetic field structure: 1. Observation
Authors: Wang Chih‐Ping , Yue Chao , Zaharia Sorin , Xing Xiaoyan , Lyons Larry , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Nagai Tsugunobu , Lui Tony 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA three‐dimensional (3‐D) magnetic field configuration in force balance with a realistic plasma pressure distribution can provide more accurate evaluation of the role of magnetic field on plasma sheet dynamics and M‐I coupling. We used Geotail and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms (THEMIS) data to establish an empirical model for nightside equatorial isotropic plasma pressure to r = 30 RE for Kp = 0–5 and for solar wind dynamic pressure (PSW) = 1.5 and 3 nPa. The model pressure is used in the companion paper for modeling a 3‐D force‐balanced pressure and magnetic field equilibrium. Larger convection during higher Kp drives the plasma sheet further earthward, resulting in larger increase of pressure and pressure gradient at smaller radial distance. On the other hand, magnetosphere compression by increasing PSW enhances pressure and pressure gradient mainly in the tail plasma sheet. While both pressure and radial gradients are enhanced with increasing Kp or PSW, there is no significant azimuthal pressure variation statistically under all Kp and PSW conditions. The empirical pressures well reproduce these statistical profiles with very high correlation coefficients. Additionally, comparisons with pressure gradients computed using two simultaneous measurements from two THEMIS spacecraft show reasonable agreement. Furthermore, our model provides more accurate pressure gradients than previous empirical models. The model magnetic field distributions obtained in the companion paper from requiring force balance with these empirical pressure profiles are also found to be consistent with the magnetic field observations, indicating that our equilibria well represent realistic 3‐D pressure and magnetic field configurations.
A reexamination of latitudinal limits of substorm‐produced energetic electron precipitation
Authors: Cresswell‐Moorcock Kathy , Rodger Craig J. , Kero Antti , Collier Andrew B. , Clilverd Mark A. , Häggström Ingemar , Pitkänen Timo 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe primary sources of energetic electron precipitation (EEP) which affect altitudes <100 km (>30 keV) are expected to be from the radiation belts and during substorms. EEP from the radiation belts should be restricted to locations between L = 1.5 and 8, while substorm‐produced EEP is expected to range from L = 4 to 9.5 during quiet geomagnetic conditions. Therefore, one would not expect any significant D region impact due to electron precipitation at geomagnetic latitudes beyond about L = 10. In this study we report on large unexpectedly high‐latitude D region ionization enhancements, detected by an incoherent scatter radar at L ≈ 16, which appear to be caused by electron precipitation from substorms. We go on to reexamine the latitudinal limits of substorm‐produced EEP using data from multiple low‐Earth orbiting spacecraft, and demonstrate that the precipitation stretches many hundreds of kilometers poleward of the previously suggested limits. We find that a typical substorm will produce significant EEP over the International Geomagnetic Reference Field L shell range L = 4.6 ± 0.2–14.5 ± 1.2, peaking at L = 6–7. However, there is significant variability from event to event; in contrast to the median case, the strongest 25% of substorms have significant EEP in the range spanning L = 4.1 ± 0.1–20.7 ± 2.2, while the weakest 25% of substorms have significant EEP in the range spanning L = 5.5 ± 0.1–10.1 ± 0.7. We also examine the occurrence probability of very large substorms, focusing on those events which appear to be able to disable geostationary satellites when they are located near midnight magnetic local time. On average, these large substorms occur approximately one to six times per year, a significant rate, given the potential impact on satellites.
Multiple bidirectional EMIC waves observed by Cluster at middle magnetic latitudes in the dayside magnetosphere
Authors: Allen R. C. , Zhang J. ‐C. , Kistler L. M. , Spence H. E. , Lin R. ‐L. , Dunlop M. W. , André M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIt is well accepted that the propagation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are bidirectional near their source regions and unidirectional when away from these regions. The generally believed source region for EMIC waves is around the magnetic equatorial plane. Here we describe a series of EMIC waves in the Pc1 (0.2–5 Hz) frequency band above the local He+ cyclotron frequency observed in situ by all four Cluster spacecraft on 9 April 2005 at midmagnetic latitudes (MLAT = ~33°–49°) with L = 10.7–11.5 on the dayside (MLT = 10.3–10.4). A Poynting vector spectrum shows that the wave packets consist of multiple groups of packets propagating bidirectionally, rather than unidirectionally, away from the equator, while the local plasma conditions indicate that the spacecraft are entering into a region sufficient for local wave excitation. One possible interpretation is that, while part of the observed waves are inside their source region, the others are either close enough to the source region, or mixed with the wave packets from multiple source regions at different latitudes.
Cyclic reformation of a quasi‐parallel bow shock at Mercury: MESSENGER observations
Authors: Sundberg Torbjörn , Boardsen Scott A. , Slavin James A. , Uritsky Vadim M. , Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje , Gershman Daniel J. , Raines Jim M. , Zurbuchen Thomas H. , Solomon Sean C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe here document with magnetic field observations a passage of the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft through Mercury's magnetosphere under conditions of a quasi‐parallel bow shock, i.e., when the direction of the upstream interplanetary magnetic field was within 45° of the bow shock normal. The spacecraft's fast transition of the magnetosheath and the steady solar wind conditions during the period analyzed allow both spatial and temporal properties of the shock crossing to be investigated. The observations show that the shock reformation process can be nearly periodic under stable solar wind conditions. Throughout the 25‐min‐long observation period, the pulsation duration deviated by at most ~10% from the average 10 s period measured. This quasiperiodicity allows us to study all aspects of the shock reconfiguration, including ultra‐low‐frequency waves in the upstream region and large‐amplitude magnetic structures observed in the vicinity of the magnetosheath‐solar wind transition region and inside the magnetosheath. We also show that bow shock reformation can be a substantial source of wave activity in the magnetosphere, on this occasion having given rise to oscillations in the magnetic field with peak‐to‐peak amplitudes of 40–50 nT over large parts of the dayside magnetosphere. The clean and cyclic behavior observed throughout the magnetosphere, the magnetosheath, and the upstream region indicates that the subsolar region was primarily influenced by a cyclic reformation of the shock front, rather than by a spatial and temporal patchwork of short large‐amplitude magnetic structures, as is generally the case at the terrestrial bow shock under quasi‐parallel conditions.
Simultaneous traveling convection vortex events and Pc1 wave bursts at cusp latitudes observed in Arctic Canada and Svalbard
Authors: Posch J. L. , Engebretson M. J. , Witte A. J. , Murr D. L. , Lessard M. R. , Johnsen M. G. , Singer H. J. , Hartinger M. D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTraveling convection vortices (TCVs), which appear in ground magnetometer records at near‐cusp latitudes as solitary ~5 mHz pulses, are a signature of dynamical processes in the ion foreshock upstream of the Earth's bow shock that can stimulate transient compressions of the dayside magnetosphere. These compressions can also increase the growth rate of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, which appear in ground records at these same latitudes as bursts of Pc1 pulsations. In this study we have identified TCVs and simultaneous Pc1 burst events in two regions, Eastern Arctic Canada and Svalbard, using a combination of fluxgate magnetometers and search coil magnetometers in each region. By looking for the presence of TCVs and Pc1 bursts in two different sequences, we have found that the distribution of Pc1 bursts was more tightly clustered near local noon than that of TCV events, that neither TCVs nor Pc1 bursts were always associated with the other, and even when they occurred simultaneously their amplitudes showed little correlation. Magnetometer data from GOES‐12 were also used to characterize the strength of the magnetic compressions at geosynchronous orbit near the magnetic equator. Compressions > 2 nT at GOES‐12 occurred during 57% of the Canadian TCV events, but during ~85% of the simultaneous TCV/Pc1 burst events. There was again little evident correlation between TCV and GOES‐12 compression amplitudes. We have also documented unusually low EMIC wave activity during this deep solar minimum interval, and we attribute the low occurrence percentage of combined events in this study to this minimum.
Megathrust splay faults at the focus of the Prince William Sound asperity, Alaska
Authors: Liberty Lee M. , Finn Shaun P. , Haeussler Peter J. , Pratt Thomas L. , Peterson Andrew 
Published: October 2013

AbstractHigh‐resolution sparker and crustal‐scale air gun seismic reflection data, coupled with repeat bathymetric surveys, document a region of repeated coseismic uplift on the portion of the Alaska subduction zone that ruptured in 1964. This area defines the western limit of Prince William Sound. Differencing of vintage and modern bathymetric surveys shows that the region of greatest uplift related to the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake was focused along a series of subparallel faults beneath Prince William Sound and the adjacent Gulf of Alaska shelf. Bathymetric differencing indicates that 12 m of coseismic uplift occurred along two faults that reached the seafloor as submarine terraces on the Cape Cleare bank southwest of Montague Island. Sparker seismic reflection data provide cumulative Holocene slip estimates as high as 9 mm/yr along a series of splay thrust faults within both the inner wedge and transition zone of the accretionary prism. Crustal seismic data show that these megathrust splay faults root separately into the subduction zone décollement. Splay fault divergence from this megathrust correlates with changes in midcrustal seismic velocity and magnetic susceptibility values, best explained by duplexing of the subducted Yakutat terrane rocks above Pacific plate rocks along the trailing edge of the Yakutat terrane. Although each splay fault is capable of independent motion, we conclude that the identified splay faults rupture in a similar pattern during successive megathrust earthquakes and that the region of greatest seismic coupling has remained consistent throughout the Holocene.