bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The New York State Legislature
Authors: Lane Eric , Wolf Joshua M. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article provides a discussion on New York State Legislature. The full extent of state legislative authority is encapsulated by the dual concepts of the power of the purse and the police power. The Constitution and laws of the United States are “the supreme law of the land.” The political party is the most significant organizational unit in New York State Legislature. The Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment conducts research and other activities necessary to prepare and formulate a reapportionment plan for the reapportionment of senate and assembly districts. The legislature's unwillingness to expeditiously and uniformly self-police possible ethical violations through existing means continues to aggravate the erosion of public confidence. Despite the great strides in improving New York's legislative ethics laws through the Public Employees Ethics Reform Act of 2007 and the Public Integrity Reform Act of 2011, there remains room for improvement.
The Governor of New York
Authors: Forsythe Dall 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article describes the gubernatorial power in New York. Since the fiscal crisis, New York governors have struggled to reach the goals they set for themselves and have failed to reverse the decline into government dysfunction in Albany. The trend towards increasing stalemate and dysfunction in the governance system was evident in the administrations of Mario Cuomo and George Pataki, and accelerated during the terms of Eliot Spitzer and David Paterson. Governors Nelson Rockefeller and Hugh Carey had stretched the boundaries of gubernatorial power, but their unusual effectiveness depended on either extraordinary resources or extraordinary circumstances. The future of gubernatorial member items in the governance system is uncertain. The gap between the legislative and gubernatorial approaches to budgeting must be bridged if the governance system is to function effectively. In addition, institutional powers and legal routines matter in defining and maintaining system behavior.
The New York State Comptroller's Office
Authors: Sanzillo Thomas 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article reports the comptroller in New York State. The comptroller's office is a venerable institution of state government. New York State's comptroller is unique and possesses a much wider range of responsibilities than its counterparts in other states. Between 1915 and 1938, the most important change in the comptroller's authority came with the creation of the New York State Employee Retirement System in 1920. The functions, roles, and stresses of agency head, sole trustee, retirement administrator, chief fiscal officer, state auditor, local government audits, chief procurement officer, chief accountant and additional fund administrator are then evaluated. The concentration of responsibilities of the New York State comptroller offers the comptroller a unique view on the nexus between the public and private sector in New York State.
The New York State Attorney General
Authors: Feldman Daniel L. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article explores the fascinating and varied tools with which the New York State attorney general exercises power over lives and property. The New York State attorney general has become a major player in the national economy, and the office a steppingstone to the governorship. It is noted that law and tradition generally give the attorney general sufficient independence to exercise judgment in any given matter as to whether the responsibility to represent the public interest prevails over the responsibility to represent the attorney general's “other” client, the state, or the state agency being sued. New York State attorneys general have employed creativity, ambition, and intelligence to realize the full potential of their office to do good, a potential that developed over history and in response to the evolving social, economic, and political complexity of American society.
The Executive Branch
Authors: Maxwell Terrence A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article investigates the executive function in New York State. The governor of New York is considered among the most powerful executives in the 50 states, while the actual degree of direct control that the state's chief executive wields is circumscribed by historical and structural conditions. While the governor has been given broad administrative and legislative powers, the administrative mandate is circumscribed in several areas. New York's constitution defined the governor's role more clearly than most states, and the state's governor was the first in the nation directly elected by the people. The negotiations between the governor and legislature laid the groundwork for many subsequent decisions that continue to shape New York's executive branch. The significant areas of executive branch reorganization are explained. The data on the executive branch organization and reorganization in New York show the potential success of state government restructuring efforts.
New York State and New York City Relations
Authors: Berg Bruce F. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article investigates the range of state-city relations in order to evaluate the state's impact on the city as well as the city's ability to influence state governance. New York City is a unit of local government in New York State. New York City needed state legislature to approve parkland alienation for the building of the new Yankee Stadium. A major part of what makes New York State–New York City relations unique is the degree of influence that New York City has at the state level. Despite the natural rivalry between the two offices, mayors and governors from different parties, or positions on the political spectrum, do not necessarily experience heightened conflict. Relations between a specific mayor and governor can also change over time. New York City remains one of many New York State local governments and must function within this framework.
Health Care Politics and Policy in New York State
Authors: Gusmano Michael K. , Burke Courtney , Thompson Frank J. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article covers the provision of public and private health insurance. Health care has major implications for the state budget and the state economy. It describes New York's policies that regulate private health insurance and shape its Medicaid program. It then describes efforts to reform Medicaid through “executive federalism.” New York offers two major cautions for health reformers who support major federal initiatives to constrain the growth in health care costs. Health care is a key driver of state and local government costs. The dominance of Medicaid in New York's health insurance market, who it covers, and its sheer size in the state budget have tended to overshadow the private health insurance market. The tools of executive federalism represent potential mechanisms for shifting control of the Medicaid program to the executive branch. New York provides a cautionary note for health and long-term care reform at the national level.
Public Safety Policy in New York State
Authors: Smith Dennis C. , Horn Martin 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article concentrates on policies that are responses to crimes that fall within the purview of the “criminal justice system”: police, prosecutors, defense counsel, courts, juries, jails, and prisons, as well as alternatives to incarceration, including probation and parole. Successes in policing New York City must be a large part of the story of public safety in New York State. Federal and state constitutions shape the structure and practice of public safety policymaking, but local government charters also play some role. The new public safety functions do not fit the traditional categories of policing. The prospect of reform in public safety system performance in the state will depend on innovations that enable it to do more with less, always a political slogan, but often a hollow one.
Economic Development in New York State
Authors: Drapkin Jonathan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article describes development in the economy of New York State. National and international trends play a large role in the decline of New York's manufacturing economy. New York's economy has been dominated by the financial and insurance industries. The New York State economic development climate is daunting to business, especially when viewed against several key criteria. The state has at least two distinct economies, with the upstate segment containing more of the intractable locus of economic challenge in recent years. Economic development approaches that engage private sector investment have over time come to be favored over those that rely on public funding alone. In the aftermath of the “Great Recession,” and in the context of the state's current fiscal condition, New York's competitive position in economic development remains difficult to improve.
When Do Things Die?
Authors: Gilmore Cody 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines when exactly a thing dies; analyzes the metaphysically necessary and sufficient conditions for a thing to die at a time; and discusses the relevant concepts of presentism, eternalism, the termination thesis, cryptobiosis, and the irreversibility of death. It suggests that being dead means having died and not having the capacity to live, and that terminus defines the time a thing dies.
Death and the Disintegration of Personality
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines the disintegration of personality associated with death. It analyzes the Personality Argument for the Termination Thesis, which is based on the notion that death deprives us of our personalities and that no one can survive the loss of personality. The chapter discusses the biological, psychological, and moral conceptions of personality and argues that the Personality Argument is not sound, concluding that if personality is a matter of species membership, then people can continue to exist even after death.
Personal Identity and the Survival of Death
Authors: Zimmerman Dean W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter explores the possibility of surviving death and the effect of death on personal identity. It highlights the difficulty of reaching agreement about the correct criterion of identity for persons and discusses the dualism or materialism criteria of identity for persons. The chapter argues that Proteanism should make it quite easy for us to survive death and contends that dualism presents no obstacle to the possibility of survival of death.
Death and Eternal Recurrence
Authors: Bergström Lars 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This chapter, which examines the concept of eternal recurrence and its relation to death, also discusses the concepts of the recurrence in linear time, closed time, and the objective and subjective perspectives in eternal recurrence. It provides arguments to show that eternal recurrence is both desirable and possible, and that it is the only intelligible version of eternal life even if it presupposes a rather nonstandard conception of time.
The Timing Problem
Authors: Johansson Jens 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter, which examines the argument of Epicurus about the timing problem of death, clarifies the Epicurean challenge and identifies some merits and disadvantages of the various anti-Epicurean views. It also explains the concept of several relevant principles including atemporalism, subsequentism, priorism, concurrentism, and eternalism, arguing that the Epicurean argument and its premises are valid.
Retroactive Harms and Wrongs
Authors: Luper Steve 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of the so-called retroactive harms and wrongs related to death, explaining the principle of the immunity thesis which holds that nothing that happens after we are dead harms or benefits us. It presents a case against the existence of proactively harmful postmortem events and argues that an action taken after people die may wrong them retroactively by harming them or by interfering with their desires while they are alive.
Immortality
Authors: Fischer John Martin 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This chapter, which analyzes questions about death and immortality, explains the different notions of immortality and discusses three challenges to the idea that any kind of immortality could be appealing to us. It proposes ways of responding to these challenges and argues against the view of the Immortality Curmudgeons, which holds that immortality is not necessarily of any positive value to human beings.
The Makropulos Case RevisitedReflections on Immortality and Agency
Authors: Rosati Connie 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the issue of immortality in the opera “The Makropulos Case” and reviews Bernard Williams's essay inspired by the opera, which argues against immortality. It suggests that the widespread longing for an extended existence is an expression of our agency and that the rational appeal of extended existence rests on the fact that human beings are autonomous agents with a distinctively agential character.
Abortion and Death
Authors: Marquis Don 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This chapter, which examines views about abortion and death, discusses claims about abortion and explains some ways for considering these claims to be true. It analyzes whether abortion causes the death of a fetus and whether bringing death to a fetus greatly harms it, also discussing the relevant issues of nonsentient fetus, intermediate judgment argument, and the unequal harm of death judgment.
The Morality of Killing in War
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines traditional and nontraditional views about the morality aspect of killing in war, explaining that these views are derivative of deeper nonconsenqualist perspectives in ethics. It analyzes some aspects of standard just war theory, discusses the concept of jus in bello and collateral harm to noncombatants, and also offers alternatives to the standard jus in bello, including the equality thesis and moral equality or conventional equality.
The Significance of Death for Animals
Authors: Norcross Alastair 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines different views about the significance of death for animals. It discusses the opinion of Jeremy Bentham that animals are “never the worse being dead” and Peter Singer's distinction between self-conscious and non-self-conscious animals. The chapter argues that the death of a merely sentient animal is morally significant because it prevents the existence of well-being, while the death of a self-conscious animal is personally significant.
The Alleviation of Poverty: How Far Have We Come?
Authors: Plotnick Robert D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article assesses poverty rates in the United States. It examines data from 1965 to 2010 on alternative measures of poverty, which include market poverty, adjusted income poverty, relative poverty, and official poverty. Across measures, there is evidence of progress in the 1960s and 1970s, but this ceased around 1980. The poverty rate is divided into three components: changes in market poverty among subgroups of the overall population, changes in the antipoverty impact of income-support programs, and changes in demographic structure. Market poverty has been exacerbated by the anemic growth in real earnings of low-skilled workers. The antipoverty impact of income-support programs fell in the early 1980s when traditional transfer programs were replaced by term-limited or work-based programs. Important demographic changes include an increase in the relative size of the elderly population, the influx of immigrants, and the rising proportion of children living with a single parent. The net effect of these changes has been stasis in the overall poverty rate that has been calculated based on traditional methods.
Consumption and Income Poverty in the United States
Authors: Meyer Bruce D. , Sullivan James X. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article reports estimates of consumption and income poverty in the U.S. from 1960 to 2009. It argues that consumption-based poverty is a better measure of well-being because of the ability of consumption to capture flows from the ownership of durable goods, the insurance value of government programs, access to credit, and the accumulation of assets. It describes how consumption poverty is measured, and highlights the important role of the inflation index, which is used to update poverty thresholds. If official poverty thresholds are adjusted for the biases in the consumer price index (CPI), then income poverty is lower than that reported in the official statistics. Who is determined to be poor and what the poverty rate is can differ across poverty measures. In the 2000s, consumption and income poverty moved in different directions. Consumption poverty fell while income poverty using a corrected CPI rose. The article concludes with suggestions for future research and for working around some technical limitations associated with a consumption-based measure of poverty.
Poverty Lines across the World
Authors: Ravallion Martin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article considers alternative views of how to define and estimate the poverty line. Low-income countries tend to use absolute measures of poverty while high-income countries tend to use relative measures of poverty. Using a sample of ninety-five countries, it shows that for all but the poorest fifth of countries, there is a positive relationship between the poverty line and average consumption. The relationship holds for high- and low-income countries grouped separately. This suggests that even countries that deploy absolute poverty measures are sensitive to local conceptions of what it means to be poor. A method called “ weakly relative poverty lines” is proposed for drawing the poverty line with both absolute and relative components. Empirically, poverty lines that are drawn using this method fit well with the cross-sectional distribution of poverty lines worldwide. These lines are relatively flat across low-income countries, and beyond a certain consumption per capita threshold, they rise with average consumption across middle- and high-income countries. Weakly relative poverty lines are welfare-consistent and that they should be considered for broad adoption.
Theories of Poverty
Authors: Johnson Christopher K. , Mason Patrick L. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article begins with an examination of the evidence in support of traditional explanations of poverty: labor market and macroeconomic conditions; family structure; and government policy and programs. It argues that these explanations provide a useful but ultimately incomplete understanding of poverty. It then considers alternative explanations that are under-researched in the United States: social capital and social exclusion. Social capital is defined as “the social and economic spaces in which individuals reside and which provides them with certain group interactions, networks, and resources that help to inform their strategic actions that provide access to public and private resources.” Social exclusion occurs when individuals do not have access to standards of well-being, such as health care, education, and affordable housing.
Poverty and the Labor Market
Authors: Lang Kevin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines the links between poverty and the U.S. labor market. The first part argues that the labor market continues to exert a strong influence on the poverty rate. There is a strong relation between prevailing wages and the poverty rate. The poverty rate closely tracks median earnings of adult men and is even more closely related to wages at lower percentiles in the wage distribution. The unemployment rate also has a modest effect on the poverty rate. The second part of the article examines some labor market policies to reduce poverty. It focuses on the earned-income tax credit, minimum-wage laws, and job-training programs. It reviews evaluations of the Workforce Investment Act, the Job Training Partnership Act, and Job Corps. Finally, it considers the debate over whether putting welfare recipients into work first or into training first is more effective.
Low-Skilled Immigrants and the US Labor Market
Authors: Duncan Brian , Trejo Stephen J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article discusses the labor market integration of immigrants, the socioeconomic attainment of the U.S.-born descendants of immigrants, and the impact of immigration on the wages and employment opportunities of native workers. Using pooled cross-sectional data on men from the American Community Survey and the Current Population Survey, it shows that the employment rates of low-skilled adult immigrants are very high (&gt; 90 percent). Immigrants' wages, however, are low relative to native men of comparable education. The longer immigrants stay in the country, the smaller the earnings gap is, particularly if their English proficiency is high. Comparison of second-generation and third-generation immigrants shows that there are no big differences across the groups in employment rates or earnings. Comparison of first-generation and third-generation immigrants shows that first-generation immigrants work more and earn less even after correcting for education. The big differences across generations are evident when the data are sorted by race/ethnicity. Any analysis of intergenerational progress is likely to be biased if “selective ethnic attrition” is not taken into account. The article concludes that increased immigration is likely to have had only a modest negative effect on low-skilled native workers.
Poverty and Low Earnings in the Developing World
Authors: Fields Gary S. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between poverty and labor markets in the developing-country context. It details the labor markets and types of work in which the poor are engaged. It then examines policies that have been put into effect to help the poor earn their way out of poverty. These include growth, trade, and aid; harnessing the energies of the private sector; expanding paid employment and increasing the returns to self-employment. The article concludes by highlighting some areas for future research.
Macroeconomic Fluctuations and Poverty
Authors: Jefferson Philip N. , Kim Kunhee 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article examines the dynamic relationship between macroeconomic performance and measures of poverty in the United States. The article is organized as follows. Section 2 presents insights on the relationship between poverty and macroeconomic performance that emerge from the literature. The emphasis is on empirical studies from 1986 to 2011. Section 3 provides a snapshot of the change in poverty over National Bureau of Economic Research-dated recessions for a variety of poverty measures. Section 4 uses vector autoregressions (VARs) to characterize the response of poverty to innovations in various social indicators and measures of macroeconomic performance. Section 5 expands the empirical analysis to include alternative measures of poverty—a consumption-based poverty rate constructed by Meyer and Sullivan (2010) and an income-based poverty rate constructed by Broda and colleagues (2009) by using a consumer price index that has been adjusted for substitution and quality bias. Section 6 conducts a forecasting exercise for income poverty and consumption poverty. Section 7 concludes and offers suggestions for future research.