bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small‐colony variants and phenotype switching of intracellular Staphylococcus aureus in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Tan N. C.‐W. , Cooksley C. M. , Roscioli E. , Drilling A. J. , Douglas R. , Wormald P.‐J. , Vreugde S. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been linked to the gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in its biofilm or intracellular forms. Recent evidence suggests that S. aureus also exists in a small‐colony variant (SCV) form as a mechanism of altering its virulence capabilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of SCVs in sinonasal mucosa of CRS patients and whether the phenomenon of phenotype switching can be applied to intracellular epithelial infections.MethodsSinonasal specimens were examined for the presence of intramucosal S. aureus and characterized to the strain level. An airway epithelial cell culture infection model was utilized to investigate whether bacteria were capable of alterations in virulence phenotype.ResultsIntramucosal organisms harvested from sinonasal biopsies demonstrate phenotypic growth patterns and lack of coagulase activity consistent with SCVs. Intracellular infection of airway epithelial cell cultures with S. aureus led to decreased secretion of enterotoxins and phenotypic growth alterations consistent with SCVs.ConclusionsRegulation of S. aureus virulence factors is a dynamic process, and exposure to the intracellular environment appears to provide the necessary conditions to enable these alterations in an attempt for the bacterium to survive and persist within host tissues. Further work is required to ascertain whether SCVs in CRS hold a clinically relevant pathogenic role in recalcitrant disease.
Meta‐analysis of handsewn versus stapled reversal of loop ileostomy
Authors: Markides Georgios A. , Wijetunga Imeshi U. , Brown Steve R. , Anwar Suhail 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe morbidity associated with closure of loop ileostomy (LI) may be attributed to the various surgical techniques employed for the closure. The purpose of this review was to review the hand‐sutured (HS) versus the stapled anastomosis (SA) techniques, used in the reversal of LI.MethodsThe MEDLINE, PubMed, CINHAL, Cochrane library and Web of Knowledge databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and case‐control trials (CCTs), evaluating HS and SA in reversal of LI. Data extraction with risk of bias assessment was followed by subgroup and pooled data meta‐analysis where applicable per outcome.ResultsFour RCTs (HS: 321, SA: 328) and 10 CCTs (HS: 2808, SA: 1044) were identified, with a total of 4508 patients. Regardless of subgroup analysis, no difference was seen between the two techniques with regard to anastomotic leaks (P = 0.24, odds ratio (OR): 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81–2.29) or re‐operation. The stapled group showed a significantly lower rate of conservatively managed small bowel obstruction (SBO)/ ileus at 30 days (P < 0.001, OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.59–2.96) (P < 0.001) and SBO during combined short‐ and long‐term follow‐up (P < 0.001). The SA also showed significant shorter operative time (P = 0.02; WMD 11.52 min), time to first bowel opening (P < 0.001; WMD 0.52 days) and length of hospital stay (P = 0.03; WMD 0.70 days).ConclusionThe stapled technique offers an advantage in terms of lower post‐operative subacute SBO rates, a faster operative technique and shorter hospitalization times. These perceived benefits make it potentially superior to HS for the reversal of LI.
The clinical characteristics and new classification of sticky eyelid syndrome in East Asian patients
Authors: Chang Minwook , Lee Hwa , Park Min Soo , Baek Sehyun 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to demonstrate the characteristics of sticky eyelid syndrome (SES) and to suggest a modified definition and new classification of the disease in relation to the severity of the syndrome in East Asian patients.MethodsForty‐four eyes of 31 patients with sticky eyelid syndrome were included in this study. The medical records of patients who were diagnosed with sticky eyelid syndrome were retrospectively reviewed. Sticky eyelid syndrome was defined as an abnormal adhesion between the upper and lower eyelids during blinking. We divided the subjects into four grades according to the severity of the disease.ResultsAmong 31 patients, there were 10 men and 21 women. The mean age of patients was 62.5 years. A total of 13 patients had SES bilaterally. All patients had meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Thirty‐three eyes had dermatochalasis, and 30 eyes had involutional ptosis. Horizontal lower lid laxity was observed in 23 eyes, and reverse ptosis found in 15 eyes. Patients were classified into four groups as follows: G1: 11 (25%), G2: 24 (54.5%), G3: 6 (13.6%) and G4: 3 eyes (6.8%). Patients in Grade 1 tended to improve only with medical treatment for MGD. However, surgical management was necessary for patients in Grades 3 and 4.ConclusionsMeibomian gland dysfunction is a fundamental risk factor for developing sticky eyelid syndrome. Further, combined upper lid ptosis or lower lid laxity may be aggravating factors. According to the grading, medical or surgical management can be chosen.
Effect of Tacrine‐3‐caffeic Acid, A Novel Multifunctional Anti‐Alzheimer's Dimer, Against Oxidative‐Stress‐Induced Cell Death in HT22 Hippocampal Neurons: Involvement of Nrf2/HO‐1 Pathway
Authors: Chao Xiao‐Juan , Chen Zi‐Wei , Liu An‐Min , He Xi‐Xin , Wang Shao‐Gui , Wang Yu‐Ting , Liu Pei‐Qing , Ramassamy Charles , Mak Shing‐Hung , Cui Wei , Kong Ah‐Ng , Yu Zhi‐Ling , Han Yi‐Fan , Pi Rong‐Biao 
Published: June 2014

SummaryAimsOxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study was designed to uncover the cellular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of tacrine‐3‐caffeic acid (T3CA), a novel promising multifunctional anti‐Alzheimer's dimer, against OS‐induced neuronal death.Methods and ResultsT3CA protected HT22 cells against high‐concentration‐glutamate‐induced cell death in time‐ and concentration‐dependent manners and potently attenuated glutamate‐induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as mitochondrial membrane‐potential (ΔΨ) disruption. Besides, T3CA significantly induced nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation and increased its transcriptional activity, which were demonstrated by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and antioxidant response element (ARE)‐luciferase reporter gene assay. Further studies showed that T3CA potently up‐regulated heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), an endogenous antioxidative enzyme and a downstream effector of Nrf2, at both mRNA and protein levels. The neuroprotective effects of T3CA were partially reversed by brusatol, which reduced protein level of Nrf2, or by inhibiting HO‐1 with siRNA or ZnPP‐IX, a specific inhibitor of HO‐1.ConclusionsTaken together, these results clearly demonstrate that T3CA protects neurons against OS‐induced cell death partially through Nrf2/ARE/HO‐1 signaling pathway, which further supports that T3CA might be a promising novel therapeutic agent for OS‐associated diseases.
Identification of cardiac repercussions after intense and prolonged concentric isokinetic exercise in young sedentary people
Authors: Le Goff Caroline , Kaux Jean‐François , Couffignal Vincent , Coubard Romain , Mélon Pierre , Cavalier Etienne , Croisier Jean‐Louis 
Published: June 2014

SummaryIntroductionCardiopathies are the world's leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Although rare, cardiovascular accidents can occur during intense and infrequent sporting activity, particularly among those who are unaware of their heart condition. The development of cardiospecific biochemical markers has led to a reconsideration of the role of biology in the diagnosis of cardiovascular illnesses. The aim of this study therefore was, through the use of cardiac biomarker assays, to highlight the impact of sustained physical effort in the form of intense and prolonged concentric isokinetic exercise and to research potential cardiovascular risks.Materials and methodsEighteen subjects participated in a maximal concentric isokinetic exercise involving 30 knee flexion–extensions for each leg. Five blood tests were taken to study the kinetics of the cardiac biomarkers. Haemodynamic parameters were measured continuously using a Portapres, and respiratory parameters were measured using a Sensormedics Vmax 29C.ResultsThe results showed significant increases in the creatine kinase, myoglobin, homocysteine and haemoglobin cardiac markers. Evolutionary trends were also observed for the following biomarkers:NT‐proBNP, myeloperoxydase and C‐reactive protein. All the physiological parameters measured presented statistically significant changes.ConclusionIsokinetic effort leads to the release of cardiac markers in the blood, but these do not exceed the reference values in healthy subjects. Maximal concentric isokinetic exercise does not, therefore, lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular pathologies.
Determining the origin of invasions and demonstrating a lack of enemy release from microsporidian pathogens in common wasps (Vespula vulgaris)
Authors: Lester P. J. , Gruber M. A. M. , Brenton‐Rule E. C. , Archer M. , Corley J. C. , Dvořák L. , Masciocchi M. , Van Oystaeyen A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimUnderstanding the role of enemy release in biological invasions requires an assessment of the invader's home range, the number of invasion events and enemy prevalence. The common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) is a widespread invader. We sought to determine the Eurasian origin of this wasp and examined world‐wide populations for microsporidian pathogen infections to investigate enemy release.LocationArgentina, Eurasia, New Zealand.MethodsA haplotype network and phylogenetic tree were constructed from combined wasp COI and cytb mitochondrial markers. A morphometric study using canonical discriminant analysis was conducted on wing venation patterns. Microsporidian pathogens prevalence was also examined using small subunit rRNA microsporidia‐specific primers.ResultsOur spatially structured haplotype network from the native range suggested a longitudinal cline of wasp haplotypes along an east to west gradient. Six haplotypes were detected from New Zealand, and two from Argentina. The populations from the introduced range were genetically similar to the western European, United Kingdom and Ireland. The morphometric analysis showed significant morphological variation between countries and supported the Western European origin for New Zealand populations, although not for Argentine samples. Microsporidian infection rates were highest in New Zealand samples (54%), but no significant differences in infection rates were observed between the invaded and native range. Nosema species included matches to N. apis (a pathogen from honey bees) and N. bombi (from bumble bees).Main conclusionsMultiple introductions of the common wasp have occurred in the invaded range. A high microsporidian infection rate within the native range, combined with multiple introductions and a reservoir of pathogens in other social insects such as bees, likely contributes to the high microsporidian infection rates in the invaded range. Enemy release is likely to be more frequent when pathogens are rare in the home range, or are host specific and rare in reservoir populations of the introduced range.
Habitat fragmentation and the species–area relationship: a focus on total species richness obscures the impact of habitat loss on habitat specialists
Authors: Matthews Thomas J. , Cottee‐Jones H. Eden , Whittaker Robert J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimThe species–area relationship (SAR) is widely used in conservation science to predict the number of species likely to go extinct as a result of habitat loss. Often, studies employing theSARuse total species richness as the dependent variable. However, this overlooks the fact that habitat specialists and generalists differ in their susceptibility to habitat loss. We undertook a synthetic review of 23 habitat island datasets for birds to determine the impact of habitat generalists on theSAR.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe sourced 19 habitat island datasets from the literature and combined these data with four of our own empirically gathered datasets. For each dataset, we classified all bird species as either forest habitat specialists or generalists. We then fitted the powerSARmodel (log–log and nonlinear forms) to the specialists, generalists and all species for each dataset and compared the resulting model parameters. We compared differences in the rate of change in richness with area between specialists and generalists using the first derivative of a multimodelSAR.ResultsWe found that the slope of the power model was steeper for habitat specialists in the majority of datasets, and this difference was significant in 15 and 16 of the 23 datasets, for the nonlinear and log–log forms of the power model, respectively. Comparison of the multimodelSARcurve derivatives revealed further differences in the rate of change in species richness with area between subsets.Main conclusionsThezvalues of both forms of the power model of the specialists'SARs were generally larger, often considerably so, than the values used in mostSARstudies predicting extinctions from habitat loss. Thus, studies that have usedzvalues derived fromSARstudies using total richness may be underestimating the impact of habitat loss on specialist species, which are likely to be those of greatest conservation concern.
Clinical and demographic risk factors associated with mortality during early adulthood in a population‐based cohort of childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Cooper M. N. , de Klerk N. H. , Jones T. W. , Davis E. A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimsTo calculate standardized mortality ratios and to assess the association between paediatric clinical factors and higher risk of mortality during early adulthood in a population‐based cohort of subjects with Type 1 diabetes.MethodsSubjects with Type 1 diabetes were identified through the Western Australian Children's Diabetes Database and clinical data for those who reached 18 years of age (n = 1309) were extracted. An age‐ and sex‐matched (without diabetes) comparison cohort (n = 6451) was obtained from the birth registry. Mortality records were obtained from the death registry. Participants were followed up until 31 January 2012. Associations of clinical factors (from clinic visits before 18 years of age) with mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models.ResultsThe standardized mortality ratio for all‐cause mortality was 1.7 (95% CI 0.7–3.3) for male and 10.1 (95% CI 5.2–17.7) for female subjects with Type 1 diabetes (median age at end of study 25.6 years). The adjusted hazard ratio was 1.5 (95% CI 1.1–2.1) for a 1% increase in mean paediatric HbA1c level, 3.8 (95% CI 0.9–15.3) for four episodes of severe hypoglycaemia relative to zero episodes, and 6.21 (95% CI 1.4–28.4) for a low‐level socio‐economic background relative to a high‐level background.ConclusionsPeople with childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes have higher mortality rates in early adulthood. At particularly high risk are women, those with a history of poor HbA1c levels, those with recurrent severe hypoglycaemia during paediatric management, and those from a low socio‐economic background. These groups may benefit from intensified management during transition from paediatric to adult care facilities.
Durability of glycaemic efficacy over 2 years with dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add‐on therapies in patients whose type 2 diabetes mellitus is inadequately controlled with metformin
Authors: Nauck M. A. , Del Prato S. , Durán‐García S. , Rohwedder K. , Langkilde A. M. , Sugg J. , Parikh S. J. 
Published: June 2014

AimsTo assess the long‐term glycaemic durability, safety and tolerability of dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add‐on therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by metformin alone.MethodsThis was a 52‐week, randomised, double‐blind study of dapagliflozin (n = 406) versus glipizide (n = 408), uptitrated over 18 weeks according to tolerability and glycaemic response to a maximum of 10 and 20 mg/day, respectively, as add‐on therapies to metformin (≥1500 mg/day) with a 156‐week double‐blind extension period. Data over 104 weeks are reported here.ResultsIn total, 53.1% of patients completed 104 weeks of treatment. After the greater initial decrease (0–18 weeks) in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) with glipizide, the 18–104‐week HbA1c coefficient of failure (CoF) was lower with dapagliflozin (0.13%/year) than with glipizide (0.59%/year), resulting in significant dapagliflozin versus glipizide differences of −0.46%/year (95% CI −0.60,−0.33; p = 0.0001) for CoF and −0.18%(−2.0 mmol/mol) [95% CI −0.33(−3.6),−0.03(−0.3); p = 0.021] for 104‐week HbA1c. Dapagliflozin produced sustained reductions in weight and systolic blood pressure, whereas glipizide increased weight and systolic blood pressure, giving 104‐week dapagliflozin versus glipizide differences of −5.1 kg (95% CI: −5.7,−4.4) and −3.9 mmHg (95% CI: −6.1,−1.7), respectively. Over 104 weeks, the hypoglycaemia rate was 10‐fold lower with dapagliflozin than with glipizide (4.2 vs. 45.8%), whereas patient proportions with events suggestive of genital infection and of urinary tract infection (UTI) were greater with dapagliflozin (14.8 and 13.5%, respectively) than with glipizide (2.9 and 9.1%, respectively).ConclusionsOver 2 years, compared with glipizide, dapagliflozin demonstrated greater glycaemic durability, sustained reductions in weight and systolic blood pressure and a low hypoglycaemia rate; however, genital infections and UTIs occurred more frequently.
Factors associated with molar incisor hypomineralization in Thai children
Authors: Pitiphat Waranuch , Luangchaichaweng Sarunporn , Pungchanchaikul Patimaporn , Angwaravong Onauma , Chansamak Nusara 
Published: June 2014

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a qualitative developmental enamel defect that affects one to four permanent first molars, with or without involvement of permanent incisors. Its etiology is of systemic origin, but is not well understood. Therefore, we conducted this cross‐sectional study to examine pre‐, peri‐, and postnatal risk factors for MIH among children, 7–8 yr of age, in urban areas of Khon Kaen, Thailand. Molar incisor hypomineralization defects were diagnosed using the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry criteria. Mothers or primary caregivers were interviewed on maternal medical history and habits during pregnancy, pregnancy and delivery complications, and the child's medical history. Molar incisor hypomineralization defects were observed in 78 (27.7%) of 282 children. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significant association between the development of MIH and Cesarean section (adjusted OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1–3.7), complications during vaginal delivery (adjusted OR = 4.5, 95% CI = 1.9–11.0), and severe/chronic illness when under 3 yr of age (adjusted OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.6–5.0). There was no association of preterm birth and low birth weight with MIH. The results suggest that Cesarean section, complications during vaginal delivery, and poor health during the first 3 yr of life are independent risk factors for MIH.
Effects of Dietary Selenium and Training on Oxidative Stress in Young Horses
Authors: White SH , Warren LK 
Published: June 2014

IntroductionExercise training can enhance antioxidant status, but it is unknown whether selenium supplementation can further improve antioxidant defenses.MethodsAmerican Quarter Horse yearlings (n = 20; mean ± SE 18 ± 0.2 months) balanced with regard to age and sex were randomly assigned to four dietary Se and training treatments for 14 weeks: 0.1 mg Se/kg DM with (n = 5) or without (n = 5) training or 0.3 mg Se/kg DM with (n = 5) or without (n = 5) training. Trained horses were exercised 4 d/wk for 30 min/d. At wk 14, all horses underwent a 2‐hr, 27.5 km submaximal exercise test (SET). Blood samples and biopsies of the gluteus medius were obtained before and after training and in response to the SET. Serum Se, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in whole blood and muscle, and plasma lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) were evaluated. Data were analysed using a mixed model ANOVA with repeated measures.ResultsSerum Se was higher (P = 0.02) at wk 14 in trained horses receiving 0.3 than 0.1 mg Se/kg, but was unaffected by diet in untrained horses. Muscle GPx activity was unchanged after 14‐weeks of Se and training, but in response to the SET, muscle GPx was higher (P = 0.05) in trained than untrained horses. An effect of training*time (P = 0.008) was noted for whole blood GPx, reflecting greater (P = 0.01) activity in trained than untrained horses immediately after the SET. Plasma LPO was not influenced by dietary Se, but increased (P<0.0001) in untrained horses immediately after the SET while remaining unchanged in trained horses.ConclusionsTraining appears to mitigate oxidative damage in response to prolonged exercise in young horses. Although trained horses responded to a higher level of dietary Se, it showed no clear advantage for reducing oxidative stress.Ethical Animal ResearchThis project was approved by the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Animal Care Committee at the University of Florida (approval number 016‐12ANS). Sources of funding: Partial financial support of this project was provided by Alltech, Nicholasville, KY, USA. Competing interests: none.
Effects of Dietary Selenium and Training on Mitochondrial Function in Young Horses
Authors: White SH , Warren LK , Wohlgemuth S 
Published: June 2014

IntroductionExercise training results in improved mitochondrial efficiency but it is unclear if dietary selenium level can further modify mitochondrial function.MethodsAmerican Quarter Horse yearlings (n = 20; mean ± SE 18 ± 0.2 months) balanced with regard to age and sex were randomly assigned to four dietary Se and exercise training treatments for 14 weeks: 0.1 mg Se/kg DM with (n = 5) or without (n = 5) training or 0.3 mg Se/kg DM with (n = 5) or without (n = 5) training. Trained horses were exercised 4 d/wk for 30 min/d. At week 14, all horses underwent a 2 hr, 27.5 km submaximal exercise test (SET). Permeabilized muscle fibers obtained from the gluteus medius of horses at rest were analysed for mitochondrial function via high resolution respirometry. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity with Complex I substrates was determined using the respiratory control ratio (RCR) of state 3 (with ADP) and state 2 (without ADP; leak respiration). Electron transport system capacity (ETSC) was determined by uncoupling phosphorylation and respiration using carbonyl cyanide p‐trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. Cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) and citrate synthase (CS) activities were assessed in resting muscle samples obtained at week 0 and 14, and in response to the SET. Data were analysed using a mixed model ANOVA.ResultsLeak, state 3, ETSC, CS and CCO were higher (P<0.05) at wk 14 compared to wk 0 in all horses, but were not affected by training or Se level. Additionally, CS and CCO were unaffected by the SET.ConclusionsMitochondrial number (CS activity) and efficiency were unaffected by training and dietary Se level, but did increase over time, perhaps due to growth of horses. A more strenuous training protocol may be needed to induce mitochondrial adaptations.Ethical Animal ResearchThis project was approved by the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Animal Care Committee at the University of Florida (approval number 016‐12ANS). Sources of funding: Partial financial support of this project was provided by Alltech, Nicholasville, KY, USA. Competing interests: none.