bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geologic controls on supercritical geothermal resources above magmatic intrusions
Authors: Scott Samuel , Driesner Thomas , Weis Philipp 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA new and economically attractive type of geothermal resource was recently discovered in the Krafla volcanic system, Iceland, consisting of supercritical water at 450 °C immediately above a 2-km deep magma body. Although utilizing such supercritical resources could multiply power production from geothermal wells, the abundance, location and size of similar resources are undefined. Here we present the first numerical simulations of supercritical geothermal resource formation, showing that they are an integral part of magma-driven geothermal systems. Potentially exploitable resources form in rocks with a brittle–ductile transition temperature higher than 450 °C, such as basalt. Water temperatures and enthalpies can exceed 400 °C and 3 MJ kg−1, depending on host rock permeability. Conventional high-enthalpy resources result from mixing of ascending supercritical and cooler surrounding water. Our models reproduce the measured thermal conditions of the resource discovered at Krafla. Similar resources may be widespread below conventional high-enthalpy geothermal systems.
Automated chest-radiography as a triage for Xpert testing in resource-constrained settings: a prospective study of diagnostic accuracy and costs
Authors: Philipsen R. H. H. M. , Sánchez C. I. , Maduskar P. , Melendez J. , Peters-Bax L. , Peter J. G. , Dawson R. , Theron G. , Dheda K. , van Ginneken B. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMolecular tests hold great potential for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, but are costly, time consuming and HIV-infected patients are often sputum scarce. Therefore, alternative approaches are needed. We evaluated automated digital chest radiography (ACR) as a rapid and cheap pre-screen test prior to Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert). 388 suspected TB subjects underwent chest radiography, Xpert and sputum culture testing. Radiographs were analysed by computer software (CAD4TB) and specialist readers and abnormality scores were allocated. A triage algorithm was simulated in which subjects with a score above a threshold underwent Xpert. We computed sensitivity, specificity, cost per screened subject (CSS), cost per notified TB case (CNTBC) and throughput for different diagnostic thresholds. 18.3% of subjects had culture positive TB. For Xpert alone, sensitivity was 78.9%, specificity 98.1%, CSS $13.09 and CNTBC $90.70. In a pre-screening setting where 40% of subjects would undergo Xpert, CSS decreased to $6.72 and CNTBC to $54.34, with eight TB cases missed and throughput increased from 45 to 113 patients/day. Specialists, on average, read 57% of radiographs as abnormal, reducing CSS ($8.95) and CNTBC ($64.84). ACR pre-screening could substantially reduce costs and increase daily throughput with few TB cases missed. These data inform public health policy in resource-constrained settings.
Molecular phylogeny supports S-chaetae as a key character better than jumping organs and body scales in classification of Entomobryoidea (Collembola)
Authors: Zhang Feng , Sun Dan-Dan , Yu Dao-Yuan , Wang Bei-Xin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe jumping organ (furcula) is the most characteristic structure among collembolans and it is of great taxonomical values at higher levels. The largest superfamily Entomobryoidea is traditionally classified into four families only by the morphology of the furcula. Actually, many taxa among these families are strikingly similar in morphology without considering furcula. The phylogeny of Entomobryoidea was reconstructed here based on mitochondrial and ribosomal fragments. This indicated that both Paronellidae and Cyphoderidae were ingroups within Entomobryidae with the former polyphyletic. Topology tests, which used the likelihood and Bayesian approaches, also rejected the traditional hypotheses relying on furcula morphology. Further ancestral state reconstructions have revealed that traditional taxonomical characters, i.e., furcula and body scales, had multiple independent origins in Entomobryoidea whereas tergal specialized chaetae (S-chaetae) exhibited strong phylogenetic signals. By integrating both molecular and morphological evidence, the results of this study drastically undermine the present classification of Entomobryoidea. Tergal S-chaetotaxic pattern in combination with other characters are more reasonable in taxonomy at suprageneric levels than convergent furcula. This study provides new insights of the jumping organ, which could be adaptively modified during evolution of Collembola.
BODIPY-doped silica nanoparticles with reduced dye leakage and enhanced singlet oxygen generation
Authors: Wang Zhuyuan , Hong Xuehua , Zong Shenfei , Tang Changquan , Cui Yiping , Zheng Qingdong 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising modality for cancer treatment. The essential element in PDT is the photosensitizer, which can be excited by light of a specific wavelength to generate cytotoxic oxygen species (ROS) capable of killing tumor cells. The effectiveness of PDT is limited in part by the low yield of ROS from existing photosensitizers and the unwanted side effects induced by the photosensitizers toward normal cells. Thus the design of nanoplatforms with enhanced PDT is highly desirable but remains challenging. Here, we developed a heavy atom (I) containing dipyrromethene boron difluoride (BODIPY) dye with a silylated functional group, which can be covalently incorporated into a silica matrix to form dye-doped nanoparticles. The incorporated heavy atoms can enhance the generation efficiency of ROS. Meanwhile, the covalently dye-encapsulated nanoparticles can significantly reduce dye leakage and subsequently reduce unwanted side effects. The nanoparticles were successfully taken up by various tumor cells and showed salient phototoxicity against these cells upon light irradiation, demonstrating promising applications in PDT. Moreover, the incorporated iodine atom can be replaced by a radiolabeled iodine atom (e.g., I-124, I-125). The resulting nanoparticles will be good contrast agents for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with their PDT functionality retained.
Spatial boundary of urban ‘acid islands’ in southern China
Authors: Du E. , de Vries W. , Liu X. , Fang J. , Galloway J. N. , Jiang Y. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractElevated emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia in China have resulted in high levels of sulfur and nitrogen deposition, being contributors to soil acidification, especially in and near large cities. However, knowledge gaps still exist in the way that large cities shape spatial patterns of acid deposition. Here, we assessed the patterns of pH, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in bulk precipitation and throughfall in southern China’s forests by synthesizing data from published literature. Concentrations and fluxes of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in bulk precipitation and throughfall exhibited a power-law increase with a closer distance to the nearest large cities and accordingly pH showed a logarithmic decline. Our findings indicate the occurrence of urban ‘acid islands’ with a critical radius of approximately 70 km in southern China, receiving potential acid loads of more than 2 keq ha−1 yr−1. These urban acid islands covered an area of 0.70 million km2, accounting for nearly 30% of the land area in southern China. Despite a significant capacity to neutralize acids in precipitation, our analysis highlights a substantial contribution of ammonium to potential acid load. Our results suggest a joint control on emissions of multiple acid precursors from urban areas in southern China.
Green lean and the need for Six Sigma
Authors: Garza-Reyes Jose Arturo 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to critically review the green lean approach and highlight its limitations; examine the compatibility of the green, lean and Six Sigma concepts; and propose Six Sigma, and specially its problem-solving methodology DMAIC, as an approach to help enhancing the effectiveness of green lean initiatives. Historically, profitability and efficiency, and more recently customer satisfaction, quality and responsiveness objectives have been the prevailing interest for organisations. However, the move towards greener operations and products has forced companies to seek alternatives to combine these with green objectives and initiatives. Green lean is the result of this combination. Thus, the paper conceptually proposes Green Lean Six Sigma.

Design/methodology/approach
– To do this, a systematic literature review (SLR) of the subjects under investigation was conducted.

Findings
– The SLR indicated that the green lean integration may have inherited the same limitations as the individual green and lean approaches, but these may be overcome through the integration of Six Sigma. It also identified the similarities of some of the main attributes of green, lean and Six Sigma, which suggest their compatibility to be unified as an integrated approach.

Practical implications
– The paper allows scholars to develop a deeper and richer knowledge on the simultaneous deployment of green and operational improvement initiatives and help practitioners in formulating more effective strategies for their deployment.

Originality/value
– The paper is one of the very first researches that investigate the potential benefits of integrating green lean and Six Sigma.
Integrating social sustainability in engineering education at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Authors: Edvardsson Björnberg Karin , Skogh Inga-Britt , Strömberg Emma 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate what are perceived to be the main challenges associated with the integration of social sustainability into engineering education at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.

Design/methodology/approach
– Semi-structured interviews were conducted with programme leaders and teachers from four engineering programmes. The paper focuses on how the concept of social sustainability is defined and operationalised in the selected engineering programmes, how social sustainability is integrated and taught, and what resources are required to support teachers and programme leaders as social sustainability educators.

Findings
– The findings show that programme leaders and teachers at KTH struggle to understand the concept of social sustainability. The vague and value-laden nature of the concept is considered a challenge when operationalising educational policy goals on social sustainability into effective learning outcomes and activities. A consequence is that the responsibility for lesson content ultimately falls on the individual teacher. Study visits and role-play are seen as the most effective tools when integrating social sustainability into the engineering curriculum. Allocation of specific resources including supplementary sustainability training for teachers and economic incentives are considered crucial to successful integration of social sustainability. The findings indicate that social sustainability education needs to be built on a theoretical foundation. It is therefore suggested that a literature canon be established that clarifies the contours of social sustainability.

Practical implications
– The findings of the paper can be used as a basis for discussion regarding measures for improving social sustainability training in engineering education, a subject which has attracted relatively little attention, to date.

Originality/value
– There is a noticeable lack of empirical research on how technical universities integrate social sustainability into engineering education. The paper provides an account of how actors directly involved in this work – programme leaders and teachers – define and operationalise the social dimension of sustainable development in their engineering curricula, the pedagogical tools they consider effective when teaching social sustainability issues to engineering students, and the resources they believe are needed to strengthen those efforts.
Do we know what they know? Comparing US and French undergraduate students’ knowledge of core business concepts
Authors: Naatus Mary Kate , Passerini Katia , Pon Kevin , Somers Mark 
Published: July 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to compare knowledge of business concepts acquired at the end of undergraduate studies of management in France and the USA.

Design/methodology/approach
– Mind maps were used to examine what knowledge students retained toward the end of their undergraduate studies in business and management. Data were collected from two groups of students, one in France and one in the USA and they analyzed on computer software.

Findings
– The results indicate that the learning process may be influenced not only by the structure and content of the program but also by the environment in which such content is assimilated. This study provides examples of how culture can influence the way we learn and represent core business knowledge.

Research limitations/implications
– The research was based on a number of undergraduate students and cannot therefore be generalized to other subjects or other levels of studies at the present time.

Originality/value
– The paper moves away from traditional manners of collecting data through questionnaires and surveys in order to study the impact of management education and what students learn at undergraduate level.
Enablers of team effectiveness in higher education
Authors: Zarraga-Rodriguez Marta , Jaca Carmen , Viles Elisabeth 
Published: July 2015

Purpose– The aim of this paper is to confirm whether the factors that act as enablers of team effectiveness in professional context are also relevant for team effectiveness in higher education.Design/methodology/approach– From a review of the factors that act as enablers of team effectiveness in professional contexts, this paper explores whether they are also relevant in learning environments, in particular, in higher education. After conducting a literature analysis, a Delphi study was conducted to obtain a consensus proposal of a set of input factors that can act as enablers of team effectiveness; next this paper explored, via questionnaire, in a specific context the perceptions of lecturers and students involved in teamwork.Findings– A set of factors reached by consensus that seem to be enablers of team effectiveness in the specific context analyzed is presented. These factors can be the basis of future studies to generalize their validity.Originality/value– There are many studies that identify the factors that act as enablers of team effectiveness in professional environments. The set of input factors that emerged in this study would be a useful starting point for making higher education institutions and lecturers aware of the importance of taking these factors into account when using teamwork as an educational methodology. Fostering these factors will help higher education institutions to generate shared team mental models (TMMs); these TMMs, in turn, influence team effectiveness.
Anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic activity of aqueous extract of Rosa centifolia in experimental rat models
Authors: Kumar Rohit , Nair Vinod , Gupta Yogendra Kumar , Singh Surender 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimThe present study was carried out to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory and antiarthritic activity of Rosa centifolia aqueous extract (RC) in a carrageenan‐induced paw edema model and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)‐induced arthritis.MethodsAnti‐inflammatory activity of RC was evaluated using the carrageenan‐induced paw edema model in rats. Arthritis was induced in rats by sub‐plantar administration of CFA. Joint size was measured at regular intervals by using a micrometer screw gauge. Serum and ankle joints of rats immunized with CFA were collected and subjected to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for estimation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α level and dot blot for secretory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐6. An acute and 28‐day oral toxicity study was carried out to evaluate the safety of the test drug.ResultsPre‐treatment with RC produced a dose‐dependent reduction in carrageenan‐induced paw edema and CFA‐induced arthritis models and was effective as indomethacin. RC also inhibited the delayed increase in joint diameter as seen in control and indomethacin‐treated animals in CFA‐induced arthritis. The expression of proinflammatory mediators TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐1β was also found to be less in the RC‐treated group as compared to controls.ConclusionBased on these results, it was suggested that Rosa centifolia could be considered as a potential anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic agent.
Autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation in elderly patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Auner Holger W. , Garderet Laurent , Kröger Nicolaus 
Published: July 2015

SummaryHigh‐dose chemotherapy with melphalan followed by autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) is a standard of care in young patients (<65 years) with multiple myeloma. Most myeloma patients, however, are older than 65 years at the time of diagnosis, and the findings of numerous single‐centre and registry studies provide evidence that AHCT can be a feasible and effective treatment option in these patients. Nevertheless, AHCT is not generally recommended as standard treatment in the elderly, due to the fact that a benefit of AHCT over conventional‐dose therapy has not been demonstrated by prospective randomized trials. Yet, the use of AHCT has increased substantially in older patients in recent years, and an increasing number of reports suggest comparable outcomes for older and younger patients after AHCT. In this review we summarize the results of AHCT for elderly patients with multiple myeloma.
Path‐space Motion Estimation and Decomposition for Robust Animation Filtering
Authors: Zimmer Henning , Rousselle Fabrice , Jakob Wenzel , Wang Oliver , Adler David , Jarosz Wojciech , Sorkine‐Hornung Olga , Sorkine‐Hornung Alexander 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRenderings of animation sequences with physics‐based Monte Carlo light transport simulations are exceedingly costly to generate frame‐by‐frame, yet much of this computation is highly redundant due to the strong coherence in space, time and among samples. A promising approach pursued in prior work entails subsampling the sequence in space, time, and number of samples, followed by image‐based spatio‐temporal upsampling and denoising. These methods can provide significant performance gains, though major issues remain: firstly, in a multiple scattering simulation, the final pixel color is the composite of many different light transport phenomena, and this conflicting information causes artifacts in image‐based methods. Secondly, motion vectors are needed to establish correspondence between the pixels in different frames, but it is unclear how to obtain them for most kinds of light paths (e.g. an object seen through a curved glass panel).To reduce these ambiguities, we propose a general decomposition framework, where the final pixel color is separated into components corresponding to disjoint subsets of the space of light paths. Each component is accompanied by motion vectors and other auxiliary features such as reflectance and surface normals. The motion vectors of specular paths are computed using a temporal extension of manifold exploration and the remaining components use a specialized variant of optical flow. Our experiments show that this decomposition leads to significant improvements in three image‐based applications: denoising, spatial upsampling, and temporal interpolation.
Incidence trends of nonmelanoma skin cancer in Germany from 1998 to 2010
Authors: Rudolph Christiane , Schnoor Maike , Eisemann Nora , Katalinic Alexander 
Published: July 2015

SummaryBackground and objectivesNonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common malignant neoplasm in Germany. However, little is known about incidence trends of NMSC and its main subtypes basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in Germany.Material and methodsCancer registry data from fourteen German federal states was used to estimate age‐standardized incidence rates by histologic subtype. Annual percentage changes (APC) were estimated in joinpoint regression models, in order to assess trend shifts in the years from 1998 to 2010.ResultsIn Germany, incidence rates of NMSC showed a significant increase from 43.1 cases/100 000 in 1998 to 105.2 cases/100 000 in 2010. Incidence rates and incidence increases revealed large regional variations. Basal cell carcinoma was the most common tumor followed by SCC. Men were more frequently affected than women, but incidence increases were steeper in women.ConclusionsResults are consistent with national and international observations. The heterogeneity of incidence rates and their changes among federal states indicate that incidence changes are most likely related to improved case registration practices in German cancer registries.
Quantification of Yttria in Stabilized Zirconia by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Hemberger Yannick , Wichtner Nadja , Berthold Christoph , Nickel Klaus G. 
Published: July 2015

The relationship between Y2O3 content in tetragonal and cubic ZrO2 phases and the shift of the Raman band at ∼645/cm was investigated. With increasing Y2O3 content, the 645/cm Raman band position decreases to lower Raman shift values. A fit of x = Y2O3 content in wt% and y = Raman band position in per cm, was found to be valid for low Y2O3‐stabilized t‐ZrO2, t′′‐ZrO2 transition, and fully stabilized c‐ZrO2. Modeling the change in lattice parameters due to the incorporation of Y2O3 in ZrO2 as obtained from Rietveld‐refined XRD data confirms that the peculiar sigmoidal form of the band shift with Y2O3 content is mainly due to a variation of the amount of oxygen vacancies. The resultant method is highly attractive in fields of Y2O3 determination in ZrO2 materials where a fast, spatially resolved, and nondestructive analysis is required.
APPROACHES TO INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY: PRINCIPLES, MEASURES AND EVIDENCE
Authors: Ramos Xavier , Van de gaer Dirk 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe put together the different conceptual issues involved in measuring inequality of opportunity, discuss how these concepts have been translated into computable measures, and point out the problems and choices researchers face when implementing these measures. Our analysis identifies and suggests several new possibilities to measure inequality of opportunity. The relevance of the conceptual issues and modelling choices are illustrated with findings from the empirical literature on income inequality of opportunity.
ADVERTISING'S ELUSIVE ECONOMIC RATIONALE: PUBLIC POLICY AND TAXATION
Authors: Driver Ciaran 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAdvertising and its effects have been debated for well over a century. In the last few decades a generally sceptical view of the benefits of advertising has been overturned by a series of academic advances in economics that detail a variety of ways in which advertising may affect the economy and society. This academic work has however been paralleled by a growing popular and political opposition to advertising and its social effects. In this paper, the positive economic case for advertising is challenged by an assessment of the main channels of its influence and by a review of the associated empirical findings on its economic and wider impact. A policy response of limiting the tax deductibility of business advertising is explored.