bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domain within the helicase subunit Mcm4 integrates multiple kinase signals to control DNA replication initiation and fork progression
Authors: Sheu Yi-Jun , Kinney Justin B. , Lengronne Armelle , Pasero Philippe , Stillman Bruce 
Published: April 2014

Significance
During each cell-division cycle, eukaryotic cells initiate DNA synthesis from multiple replication origins on chromosomes to duplicate the entire genome once and only once. Spatial and temporal control of initiation and subsequent DNA synthesis at replication forks is important for maintaining genome integrity. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of patterns of origin activation, replication fork progression, and checkpoint responses in cells under replication stress. Our studies showed that a domain intrinsic to the replicative helicase, which unwinds DNA during replication, integrates multiple kinase-signaling pathways to control various aspects of the genome duplication process. Our work suggests a mechanism by which eukaryotic cells modulate the pattern of replication in response to environmental conditions through the replicative helicase.
Inhibitory effects of the κ-casein macropeptide isolated from milk protein on the biofilm formation and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Yun Hyun Sun , Kim Younghoon , Park Mi Ri , Kim Sae Hun , Oh Sejong 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We demonstrate the inhibitory effects of κ-casein macropeptide (CMP) on the biofilm formation and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. The inhibition of biofilm formation by CMP was initially investigated by using the protocol applied for the 96-well microtiter plate assay. Low concentrations of CMP (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mg/mL) that were tested resulted in a profound inhibitory effect on biofilm formation at a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL. CMP also significantly repressed the transcription of inlA (encoding internalin A) that was responsible for the initial adhesion and invasion event, and prolonged the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans infected by L. monocytogenes. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that newly identified proteins in the presence of CMP were involved in the stress response and metabolic processes that have important roles in developing listerial biofilms. Our results suggest that CMP from milk protein would be capable of eliminating biofilm formation and virulence by L. monocytogenes in the food industry.
Inferring rare disease risk variants based on exact probabilities of sharing by multiple affected relatives
Authors: Bureau Alexandre , Younkin Samuel G. , Parker Margaret M. , Bailey-Wilson Joan E. , Marazita Mary L. , Murray Jeffrey C. , Mangold Elisabeth , Albacha-Hejazi Hasan , Beaty Terri H. , Ruczinski Ingo 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Motivation: Family-based designs are regaining popularity for genomic sequencing studies because they provide a way to test cosegregation with disease of variants that are too rare in the population to be tested individually in a conventional case–control study.
Results: Where only a few affected subjects per family are sequenced, the probability that any variant would be shared by all affected relatives—given it occurred in any one family member—provides evidence against the null hypothesis of a complete absence of linkage and association. A P -value can be obtained as the sum of the probabilities of sharing events as (or more) extreme in one or more families. We generalize an existing closed-form expression for exact sharing probabilities to more than two relatives per family. When pedigree founders are related, we show that an approximation of sharing probabilities based on empirical estimates of kinship among founders obtained from genome-wide marker data is accurate for low levels of kinship. We also propose a more generally applicable approach based on Monte Carlo simulations. We applied this method to a study of 55 multiplex families with apparent non-syndromic forms of oral clefts from four distinct populations, with whole exome sequences available for two or three affected members per family. The rare single nucleotide variant rs149253049 in ADAMTS9 shared by affected relatives in three Indian families achieved significance after correcting for multiple comparisons ( p=2×10−6 ).
Availability and implementation: Source code and binaries of the R package RVsharing are freely available for download at http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RVsharing/index.html .
Contact: alexandre.bureau@msp.ulaval.ca or ingo@jhu.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Jonson’s English Grammars
Authors: Lambert Jean 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Jonson’s English Grammar was printed posthumously in the 1640 Folio of his complete works. As the sole extant version of a project that was clearly unfinished it is intriguing, raising questions, for example, concerning Jonson’s authorial motivation and the critical response to the work in the seventeenth century. This chapter considers Jonson’s expressed purposes in writing the grammar of his native language and its scholarly reception within the context of the contemporary awareness of an emerging need for a grammar of vernacular English that would standardize use and establish its status alongside other European languages. It shows that despite Jonson’s negative assessment of his achievements and his acknowledging the difficulties of the task, Jonsonian English was regarded predominantly as a model for vernacular standards, Jonson as a prominent grammarian. His taking on this scholarly challenge made a major historical contribution to the production of an English vernacular grammar. It also illuminates our understanding of the early modern cultural preoccupations associated with this important venture.
Jonson and Space
Authors: Sanders Julie 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This is an essay about the making of space in Jonsonian drama. Redeploying spatial theory (in particular the work of Henri Lefebvre and Michel de Certeau) to think about Jonson’s practice of linking place with meaning, it considers the playwright’s work for both amphitheatrical and indoor playhouses, as well as the ways he deploys character and the resonant space of the offstage to engage audiences with the spaces, actual and conceptual, evoked by his drama. Plays discussed range from the early The Case is Altered and its depiction of a craftsman’s workshop as well as its offstage evocation of the court, the Every Man plays and their use of recognizable London locales, through the major comedies—Volpone, Epicene, The Alchemist, and Bartholomew Fair—to later engagements with the ways in which a sense of subjectivity is both produced by and produces space in The Devil is an Ass, The New Inn and The Magnetic Lady.
Ethos and Community
Authors: Horrell David G. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Paul saw himself as apostle to the Gentiles, and his mission consisted in founding communities of believers in cities across the Roman Empire. This chapter first outlines recent scholarship on the nature of these communities, considering their character, socio-economic composition, and likely meeting places, and asks in what sense we should consider them ‘Pauline’ communities. Suggesting that Paul’s letters may be seen as instruments of community formation, the chapter then turns to examine the kind of ethos Paul hoped these communities would embody, and the ways in which scholars have studied what is generally labelled Paul’s ‘ethics’. In terms of the broad contours and moral principles that shape this ethic, it is suggested that a primary focus is on corporate solidarity ‘in Christ’. Despite Paul’s emphasis on the distinctiveness and purity of the Christian communities in the midst of a ‘sinful’ and hostile world, it is also important to notice how far Paul’s ethical instruction exhibits points of common ground with both Jewish and Graeco-Roman ethics, and how far Paul himself calls for a stance of ‘doing good to all’. Finally, ‘other-regard’ is proposed as the second meta-moral principle in Paul’s ethics, a stance grounded in the example of Christ, whose self-giving for others forms the paradigm to which believers should conform.
The Deutero-Pauline Letters in Contemporary Research
Authors: MacDonald Margaret Y. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe chapter begins with a discussion of the preoccupation with authorship in the study of the disputed Pauline epistles. The concept of pseudepigraphy is defined and the recent scholarship on the relationship between the undisputed and disputed letters is examined, pointing to a move away from a distinction between an 'authentic' Paul and a 'false' deutero-Paul. The chapter explains how the reinforcement of the authority of Paul's fellow workers in the disputed Pauline epistles has been central to theoretical constructs of a Pauline school and pays particular attention to the comparison between the Pauline school and philosophical schools in the ancient world. With respect to eschatology, the realized eschatology of Colossians and Ephesians is compared to 2 Thessalonians with its exclusive interest in the parousia as a future event. The relationship between eschatology and the interest in Paul's martyrdom which has emerged in recent scholarship on 2 Timothy is examined. Discussions of community organization and household codes are informed by recent scholarship on Gender, Early Christian Families, and Paul and Empire.
Dyscalculia
Authors: Butterworth Brian , Varma Sashank , Laurillard Diana 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Recent research in cognitive and developmental neuroscience is providing a new approach to the understanding of dyscalculia that emphasizes a core deficit in understanding sets and their numerosities, which is fundamental to all aspects of elementary school mathematics. The neural bases of numerosity processing have been investigated in structural and functional neuroimaging studies of adults and children, and neural markers of its impairment in dyscalculia have been identified. New interventions to strengthen numerosity processing, including adaptive software, promise effective evidence-based education for dyscalculic learners.
Individual Differences in Basic Arithmetical Processes in Children and Adults
Authors: LeFevre Jo-Anne , Wells Emma , Sowinski Carla 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter describes the four main sources of individual differences in arithmetic that have been identified through research with children and adults. Numerical quantitative knowledge invokes basic cognitive processes that are either numerically specific or are recruited to be used in quantitative tasks (e.g. subitizing, discrimination acuity for approximate quantities). Attentional skills, including executive attention and various aspects of working memory are important, especially for more complex procedures. Linguistic knowledge is used within arithmetic to learn number system rules and structures, specific number words, and in developing and executing counting processes. Strategic abilities, which may reflect general planning and awareness skills, are involved in selecting procedures and solving problems adaptively. Other important sources of individual differences include automaticity of knowledge related to practice, experiences outside school, and the specific language spoken. Suggestions are made for further research that would be helpful in establishing a full picture of individual differences in arithmetic.
Arithmetic Learning in Adults
Authors: Zamarian L. , Delazer Margarete 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Neuroimaging has significantly contributed to our understanding of human learning by tracking the neural correlates underlying the acquisition of new expertise. Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggest that the acquisition of arithmetic competence is reflected in a decrease of activation in frontal brain regions and a relative increase of activation in parietal brain regions that are important for arithmetic processing. Activation of the angular gyrus (AG) is related to fact learning, skilled retrieval, and level of automatization. fMRI investigations extend the findings of cognitive studies showing that behavioural differences between trained and untrained sets of items, between different arithmetic operations, and between different training strategies are reflected by specific activation patterns. fMRI studies also reveal inter-individual differences related to arithmetic competence, with low performing individuals showing lower AG activation when answering calculation problems. Importantly, training attenuates inter-individual differences in AG activation. Studies with calculation experts suggest that different strategies may be used to achieve extraordinary performance. While some experts recruit a more extended cerebral network compared with the average population, others use the same frontoparietal network, but more efficiently. In conclusion, brain imaging studies on arithmetic learning and expertise offer a promising view on the adaptivity of the human brain. Although evidence on functional or structural modifications following intervention in dyscalculic patients is still scarce, future studies may contribute to the development of more efficient and targeted rehabilitation programmes after brain damage or in cases of atypical numerical development.
Development of the numerical brain
Authors: Kaufmann Liane , Kucian Karin , von Aster Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This article focuses on typical trajectories of numerical cognition from infancy all the way through to adulthood (please note that atypical pathways of numerical cognition will be dealt in‘Brain Correlates of Numerical Disabilities’). Despite the fact that developmental imaging studies are still scarce to date there is converging evidence that (1) neural signatures of non-verbal number processing may be observed already in infants; and (2) developmental changes in neural responsivity are characterized by increasing functional specialization of number-relevant frontoparietal brain regions. It has been suggested that age and competence-related modulations of brain activity manifest as an anterior-posterior shift. On the one hand, the recruitment of supporting frontal brain regions decreases, while on the other hand, reliance on number-relevant (fronto-)parietal neural networks increases. Overall, our understanding of the neurocognitive underpinnings of numerical development grew considerably during the last decade. Future research is expected to benefit substantially from the fast technological advances enabling researchers to gain more fine-grained insights into the spatial and temporal dynamics of the neural signatures underlying numerical development.
How Counting Leads to Children’s First Representations of Exact, Large Numbers
Authors: Sarnecka Barbara W. , Goldman Meghan C. , Slusser Emily B. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Young children initially learn to ‘count’ without understanding either what counting means, or what numerical quantities the individual number words pick out. Over a period of many months, children assign progressively more sophisticated meanings to the number words, linking them to discrete objects, to quantification, to numerosity, and so on. Eventually, children come to understand the logic of counting. Along with this knowledge comes an implicit understanding of the successor function, as well as of the principle of equinumerosity, or exact equality between sets. Thus, when children arrive at a mature understanding of counting, they have (for the first time in their lives) a way of mentally representing exact, large numbers.
How Informal Learning Activities Can Promote Children’s Numerical Knowledge
Authors: Ramani Geetha B. , Siegler Robert S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBefore children begin school, there is a wide range of individual differences in children’s early numerical knowledge. Theoretical and empirical work from the sociocultural perspective suggests that children’s experiences in the early home environment and with informal number activities can contribute to these differences. This article draws from this work to hypothesize that differences in the home explain, in part, why the numerical knowledge of children from low-income backgrounds trails behind that of peers from middle-class backgrounds. By integrating sociocultural perspectives with a theoretical analysis of children’s mental number line, the authors created an informal learning activity to serve as an intervention to promote young children’s numerical knowledge. Our studies have shown that playing a simple number board game can promote the numerical knowledge of young children from low-income backgrounds. The authors discuss how informal learning activities can play a critical role in the development of children’s early maths skills.
Figuring Out Children’s Number Representations
Authors: Towse John N. , Muldoon Kevin , Simms Victoria 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter explores how numbers are represented amongst children in different cultures, and shows how this can enrich our understanding of mathematical cognition. It focuses on two specific, related topics: the representation of multi-digit numbers and the scaling of a mental number line. The authors consider whether linguistic differences in number structures directly influence children’s understanding of place value. They also consider whether cross-cultural and developmental differences in the quality of children’s mental representations of number are direct influences on mathematical skill. Together, these two topics allow us to consider evidence for the existence of cross-cultural difference in mathematics and investigate factors that might underlie them. The authors propose that whilst the interpretation of data needs to proceed cautiously, valuable insights can be gained from relevant research.
The Classification and Cognitive Characteristics of Mathematical Disabilities in Children
Authors: Geary David 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Children in the bottom quartile of mathematics achievement are at high risk for underemployment in adulthood. These children include the roughly 7% of students with a mathematical learning disability (MLD) and another 10% of students with persistent low achievement (LA) that is not attributable to intelligence. The poor mathematics achievement of children who compose groups of MLD and LA students appears to be related to one or several deficits; specifically, (1) a delay in the development and poor fidelity of the system for representing approximate magnitudes; (2) difficulty mapping Arabic numerals, number words, and rational numbers onto associated quantities; (3) poor conceptual understanding of some arithmetic concepts; (4) developmental delay in the learning of mathematical procedures; and (5) difficulty committing basic arithmetic facts to or retrieving them from long-term memory. Children with MLD also have concurrent working memory deficits that exacerbate their mathematics-specific deficits and delays.
Primitives and Non-primitives of Numerical Representations
Authors: Tzelgov Joseph , Ganor-Stern Dana , Kallai Arava , Pinhas Michal 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Primitives of numerical representation are numbers holistically represented on the mental number line (MNL). Non-primitives are numbers generated from primitives in order to perform specific tasks. Primitives can be automatically retrieved from long-term memory (LTM). Using the size congruency effect in physical comparisons as a marker of automatic retrieval, and its modulation by intrapair numerical distance as an indication of alignment along the MNL, we identify single-digits, but not two-digit numbers, as primitives. By the same criteria, zero is a primitive, but negative numbers are not primitives, which makes zero the smallest numerical primitive. Due to their unique notational structure, fractions are automatically perceived as smaller than 1. While some specific, familiar unit fractions may be primitives, this can be shown only when component bias is eliminated by training participants to denote fractions by unfamiliar figures.
Information Structure in Sign Languages
Authors: Kimmelman Vadim , Pfau Roland 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates that the Information Structure notions Topic and Focus are relevant for sign languages, just as they are for spoken languages. Data from various sign languages reveal that, across sign languages, Information Structure is encoded by syntactic and prosodic strategies, often in combination. As for topics, we address the familiar semantic (e.g. aboutness vs. scene-setting topic) and syntactic (e.g. moved vs. base-generated topic) classifications in turn and we also discuss the possibility of topic stacking. As for focus, we show how information, contrastive, and emphatic focus is linguistically encoded. For both topic and focus constructions, special attention is given to the role of non-manual markers, that is, specific eyebrow and head movements that signal the information structure status of constituents. Finally, aspects that appear to be unique to languages in the visual-gestural modality are highlighted.
The Natural World in Greek Literature and Philosophy
Authors: Payne Mark 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the natural world in ancient Greek literature and philosophy by way of Schiller’s claim, in “On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry,” that there was a transformation of the Greek relationship to Nature in the Hellenistic period. While arguing that Schiller’s observations remain seminal, this chapter suggests that a reconsideration of early Greek poetry is necessary in order to properly appreciate the importance of Nature in Hellenistic poetry. The chapter opens up a new approach to this issue by turning to Plato and the Platonic tradition, where access to contemplation is available through a prephilosophical relationship to the natural world. Finally, it is suggested that recent debates between partisans of the autonomy and givenness of the world in continental philosophy reiterate arguments about the cosmos as a home for human beings as expressed in Greek thought itself.
Suzaku view of the neutron star in the dipping source 4U 1822−37
Authors: Sasano Makoto , Makishima Kazuo , Sakurai Soki , Zhang Zhongli , Enoto Teruaki 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The dipping X-ray source 4U 1822−37 was observed by Suzaku on 2006 October 20 for a net exposure of 37 ks. The source was detected with the XIS at a 1–10 keV flux of 5.5 × 10−10 erg cm−2 s−1, and with the HXD (HXD-PIN) at a 10–50 keV flux of 8.9 × 10−10 erg cm−2 s−1. With HXD-PIN, the pulsation was detected at a barycentric period of 0.592437 s, and its change rate was reconfirmed as −2.43 × 10−12 s s−1. The 1–50 keV spectra of 4U 1822−37 were found to be very similar to those of Her X-1 in the slopes, cutoff, and iron lines. Three iron lines (Fe Kα, Fe xxv, and Fe xxvi) were detected, on top of a 1–50 keV continuum that is described by an NPEX model plus a soft blackbody. In addition, a cyclotron resonance scattering feature was detected significantly (&gt; 99% confidence), at an energy of 33 ± 2 keV with a depth of 0.4$^{ + 0.6}_{-0.3}$. Therefore, the neutron star in this source is concluded to have a strong magnetic field of 2.8 × 1012 G. Further assuming that the source has a relatively high intrinsic luminosity of several times 1037 erg s−1, its spectral and timing properties are consistently explained.