bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calchaquí ou le syndrome de Ferdinandea
Authors: Giudicelli Christophe 
Published: September 2012

El presente trabajo presenta un caso de desdoblamiento toponómico y taxonómico : el de la categoría calchaquí. Nacido al calor del violento alzamiento de 1562 cuyo liderazgo fue atribuido por los españoles al cacique Juan Calchaquí, este nombre pasó a designar a los indios diaguitas rebeldes de los valles interandinos del Tucumán. Con el tiempo, pasó a designar más específicamente la porción insumisa de esa región andina –el Valle de Calchaquí– y sus habitantes, generalmente clasificados como calchaquíes. En las primeras décadas del siglo XVII fue aplicado por los colonos de Santa Fe a varios grupos indígenas con los que mantenían relaciones de franca hostilidad. El lugar de procedencia de esos enemigos recibió también el nombre de Valle de Calchaquí. Se trata en este artículo de demostrar que al aplicar el mismo nombre a dos grupos distintos, los españoles no necesariamente quisieron subrayar una identidad cultural compartida. Las vicisitudes del grupo calchaquí santafesino, que desapareció a principios del siglo XVIII tan repentinamente como había aparecido, indican al contrario que en el proceso colonial de identificación la funcionalidad privaba sobre la clasificación cultural. Los calchaquíes desaparecen porque los grupos pacificados dejaron de ser calificados así y también porque fueron sustituidos en el papel de enemigos paradigmáticos por abipones y mocovíes. Así mismo, el Valle de Calchaquí desaparece de los mapas, literalmente submergido por el desbordamiento del Chaco, nuevo espacio refractario.
Variations of Integrals in Diffeology
Authors: Iglesias-Zemmour Patrick 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe establish a formula for the variation of integrals of differential forms on cubic chains in the context of diffeological spaces. Then we establish the diffeological version of Stokes’ theorem, and we apply that to get the diffeological variant of the Cartan–Lie formula. Still in the context of Cartan–De Rham calculus in diffeology, we construct a chain-homotopy operator K, and we apply it here to get the homotopic invariance of De Rham cohomology for diffeological spaces. This is the chain-homotopy operator that is used in symplectic diffeology to construct the moment map.
Et si la coopération était un mythe? Un pilier des sciences sociales ébranlé par la simulation
Authors: Dessalles Jean-Louis 
Published: September 2012

De nombreux auteurs voient dans la coopération le ciment des sociétés humaines. Plus que les autres animaux, les humains seraient capables de renoncer à des bénéfices immédiats pour en faire profiter autrui, dans l’espoir d’une réciprocité future. Or, cette hypothèse est mise à mal par la simulation : les agents qui ne coopèrent pas, ou qui coopèrent moins, en ressortent gagnants. J’explore une autre hypothèse, inspirée par la modélisation du langage. Les actes qui nous semblent coopératifs seraient en réalité dessignaux. Les individus ne se montrent pas prosociaux par calcul, mais pourafficherdes qualités qui se trouvent être essentielles, dans notre espèce, pour se faire accepter en tant qu’ami et ainsi constituer un réseau social.
Une taxinomie de l’interdisciplinarité
Authors: Thompson Klein Julie 
Published: September 2012

Les trois termes les plus fréquemment utilisés et qui sont associés à l’interdisciplinarité – multidisciplinarité, interdisciplinarité, transdisciplinarité – constitutent la principale taxinomie pour comprendre les degrés d’interaction et d’intégration entre les disciplines ainsi que les degrés de collaboration au sein des équipes de recherche. Les typologies distinguent également les activités méthodologiques qui visent à améliorer les résultats théoriques à la faveur d’une meilleure compréhension des enjeux épistémologiques. La construction d’un « pont » laisse intactes les approches existantes, alors que la restructuration produit de l’interdisciplinarité et des champs nouveaux. La résolution instrumentale ou opportuniste des problèmes diffère des formes critiques qui interrogent la structure existante de la connaissance et de l’éducation. La transdisciplinarité inclut la quête d’unité de même qu’un nouvel encadrement en vue de comprendre les phénomènes complexes et la recherche trans-sectorielle qui implique les acteurs de la société.
Sequence, Stability, and Structure of G‐Quadruplexes and Their Interactions with Drugs
Authors: Chen Yuwei , Yang Danzhou 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAlthough DNA is most widely known for its ability to store and pass along genetic information, the discovery of G‐quadruplex structures has illuminated a new role for DNA in biology. DNA G‐quadruplexes are four‐stranded globular nucleic acid secondary structures formed in specific G‐rich sequences with biological significance, such as human telomeres and oncogene promoters. This review focuses on the unimolecular DNA G‐quadruplexes, which can readily form in solution under physiological conditions and are considered to be the most biologically relevant. Available structural data show a great conformational diversity of unimolecular G‐quadruplexes, which are amenable to small‐molecule drug targeting. The relationships between sequence, structure, and stability of unimolecular DNA G‐quadruplexes, as well as the recent progress on interactions with small‐molecule compounds and insights into rational design of G‐quadruplex‐interactive molecules, will be discussed. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 50:17.5.1‐17.5.17. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Curing of phenol‐formaldehyde resin mixed with wood preservatives
Authors: Miyazaki Junko , Furuta Naoyuki , Miyauchi Teruhisa 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe effects of preservatives used for glue‐line treatment on the curing of phenol‐formaldehyde resin (PF) were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Storage modulus, G′, loss modulus, G″, and loss tangent, tan δ, of PF with and without preservatives were recorded as a function of time under isothermal heating. The time required for G′, G″, and tan δ to reach steady values increased with addition of preservative. The G′, G″, and tan δ curves of PF containing benzyl alcohol (used in the preservative as a diluent) were almost identical to those of PF containing preservative. However, the addition of antitermite and anti‐fungal compounds alone had no effect on the curing process. There were no differences in total reaction enthalpy or dependence of activation energy on degree of conversion between pure PF and mixtures. Our results indicate that benzyl alcohol in preservatives plasticizes the curing system for PF. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Increasing solvent polarity and addition of salts promote β‐phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) formation
Authors: Low Yuen Kei Adarina , Tan Li Yi , Tan Lay Poh , Boey Freddy Yin Chiang , Ng Kee Woei 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article investigates the effects of solvent polarity and salt addition on β‐phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) formation. Films were solvent cast in aprotic solvents of varying polarities with or without salt addition. Characterization was done by Fourier transformed infra‐red spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Decreasing fractions of β‐phase PVDF was observed with increasing drying temperature when less polar solvents were used. The most polar solvent (hexamethylphosphoramide) consistently produced films with at least 90.0% β‐phase PVDF within the crystalline regions. Melting temperatures increased in correlation to absolute proportions of β‐phase PVDF. Salt addition increased the formation of β‐phase PVDF by 30%, with salts of higher valencies and smaller ionic radii resulting in more significant increases. Taken collectively, using solvents of higher polarities and addition of salts with high cationic valencies and small ionic radii will maximize β‐phase formation in solvent cast PVDF films. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
An imidazolium‐functionalized isobutylene polymer having improved mechanical and barrier properties: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Talukdar Bandana , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBrominated poly(isobutylene‐co‐p‐methylstyrene) (BIMS) is of great use to industries because of its extremely good permeability properties. However, it lacks strength and adhesion necessary to make it amenable to various processing techniques. To overcome the limitations of BIMS, ionic modification via nucleophilic substitution of bromine by 1‐methylimidazole through a facile synthetic route is presented. The modified ionic product was characterized by various techniques such as solubility, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The FTIR spectrum of the obtained samples showed a distinct peak around 1261 cm−1 corresponding to CN stretching vibration and reduction in peak intensity around 695 cm−1 corresponding to CBr stretching vibration. NMR also clearly showed the occurrence of a singlet peak corresponding to the methyl protons of imidazole in the region of 4.1 ppm and a shift in the methylene protons adjacent to the benzene ring confirming the substitution of bromine atom by imidazole ring. The reaction at reflux temperature of 130°C for 48 h yielded the highest level (3.1 wt %, 1.18 mol %) of modification while optimizing the reaction parameters. The modified ionic polymers displayed greater thermal stability, greater flexibility, improved tensile strength, and higher barrier properties compared to the unmodified BIMS. A 1.8‐fold increase of elongation at break was achieved with 1.18 mol % (3.1 wt %) of modification. The modified polymers also showed remarkable drop in oxygen transmission rate values from 10−16 to 10−18 m3 m/m2/s/Pa, which further highlights their improved properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Multifunctional and durable nanofiber‐fabric‐layered composite for protective application
Authors: Shi Quan , Vitchuli Narendiran , Nowak Joshua , Jiang Shan , Caldwell Jane M. , Breidt Frederick , Bourham Mohamed , Zhang Xiangwu , McCord Marian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA multifunctional and durable nanofiber‐fabric‐layered composite (NFLC) material was prepared by depositing electrospun Ag/PAN hybrid nanofibers onto a Nylon/cotton 50: 50 fabric substrate. The NFLCs showed excellent aerosol barrier efficiency and good air/moisture permeability. In addition, they showed excellent antibacterial efficiency by completely inhibiting the growth of both Gram‐negative E. coli and Gram‐positive S. aureus. The interfacial adhesion between the nanofiber layer and fabric substrate was significantly improved by atmospheric plasma pretreatment of the substrate. The resultant NFLCs showed excellent resistance to peeling, twisting, and flexing forces. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and characterization of low‐molecular‐weight poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) in water
Authors: Gui Lei , Wang Huan , Shentu Baoqing , Weng Zhixue 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLow‐molecular‐weight poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO) with unimodal polydispersity was synthesized by oxidative polymerization of 2,6‐dimethylphenol in the presence of Cu‐ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid catalyst in water. A series of low‐molecular‐weight PPO oligomers with Mn ranged from 360 to 3500 were obtained. It was found that the molecular weight and polydispersity were affected by reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst concentration. Based on the detector response‐elution volume curve and the molecular weight from gel permeation chromatography, a possible molecular weight growth mechanism was proposed. The structure and properties of low‐molecular‐weight PPO oligomers were characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Ubbelohde viscometer, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compared to the commercial low‐molecular‐weight PPO, PPO oligomers synthesized in water had a much lower residual copper content. The relationships between Tg and Mn at relatively low‐molecular weight are in good agreement with the equation proposed by Fox and Loshack. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Properties of HVA‐2 vulcanized high density polyethylene/natural rubber/thermoplastic tapioca starch blends
Authors: Kahar A. W. M. , Ismail H. , Othman N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBlending of high density polyethylene (HDPE), natural rubber (NR), and thermoplastic tapioca starch (TPS) has been studied. Two series of blends having 5 wt %, 10 wt %, 20 wt %, and 30 wt % TPS were prepared: (a) unvulcanized blends and (b) N, N′‐m‐phenylenebismaleimide (HVA‐2) vulcanized HDPE/NR/TPS blends. The composition of HDPE/NR was fixed at blend ratio of 70/30. Tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break exhibited significant improvement when HDPE/NR/TPS blends were subject to HVA‐2 crosslinker. Tensile strength increased to 1.4 MPa, 2.3 MPa, 3.4 MPa, and 5.1 MPa from 15 MPa, 12 MPa, 9.7 MPa, and 7.87 MPa of unvulcanized counterparts. SEM micrographs showed fine TPS dispersion and well embedded in vulcanized HDPR/NR matrix. Comparison were also made based on the results of gel content, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The improvement in tensile properties, thermal stability, and blends modulus can be correlated to the crosslink formation within the NR phase. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers for vanillin via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer suspension polymerization
Authors: Zhang Yan , Ding Junhong , Gong Shuwen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMolecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for vanillin were synthesized by suspension polymerization using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross‐linker and methacrylic acid as functional monomer, respectively. The analysis of scanning electron microscopy and equilibrium binding experiments indicated that the MIPs can selectively separate the target analytes. Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) technique was used to synthesize MIPs using benzyl dithiobenzoate as RAFT agent. The results showed smaller particle size, higher molecular adsorption, and considerable binding specificity toward vanillin than those prepared by suspension polymerization. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Commentary on ‘Antibiotics for prolonged moist cough in children’ with a response from the review authors
Authors: Rubin Bruce K. , Chang Anne B. , Marchant Julie M. , Morris Peter S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in the issue of EBCH, first published as: Marchant JM, Morris PS, Gaffney J, Chang AB. Antibiotics for prolonged moist cough in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004822. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004822.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Insulin Levels, Physical Activity, and Urinary Catecholamine Excretion of Obese and Non‐Obese Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Wolden‐Hanson Tami , Davis Gary A. , Baum Scott T. , Kemnitz Joseph W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe hypothesis that spontaneous obesity in rhesus monkeys is associated with abnormalities in energy expenditure was tested. Obese (n=7) and non‐obese (n=5) monkeys were described in terms of body size and composition, food intake, and physical activity. Additionally, the relationships among fasting and stimulated insulin levels in serum, C‐peptide levels in serum and urine, and urinary catecholamines were examined. Obese animals had primarily abdominal deposition of excess body fat, as indicated by markedly elevated abdominal circumferences and skin‐fold thicknesses. Food intake did not differ between groups. Physical activity was much lower in the obese group. Obese monkeys had markedly higher serum insulin and C‐peptide levels in the fasted state and in response to an intravenous glucose challenge. Urinary excretion of C‐peptide and catecholamines was measured during successive 2‐day periods of ad libitum feeding, food deprivation, and refeeding in order to examine potential differences between groups in sympathoadrenal activity and their relationship to insulin secretion. C‐peptide excretion was greater for obese and decreased for both groups during food deprivation. Urinary dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (E) levels were significantly greater for obese animals in all conditions. DA excretion was lowest during deprivation and E excretion was lowest during refeeding, whereas NE excretion was relatively unaffected by feeding condition. The overall patterns of C‐peptide and catecholamine excretion were qualitatively similar for both groups, and there were no reliable differences between obese and non‐obese in their responses to the feeding manipulation. The results suggest that hyperinsulinemia associated with obesity in rhesus monkeys is linked to increased catecholamine secretion and a resistance to cate‐cholaminergic action.
Mechanism of Free Fatty Acid Effects on Hepatocyte Insulin Receptor Binding and Processing
Authors: Hennes Magda M.I. , Shrago Earl , Kissebah Ahmed H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe determined whether the paimitate effects on hepatocyte insulin receptor binding and post‐receptor trafficking were mediated by accelerated mitochondrial (β‐oxidation or accumulation of intracellular fatty acyl‐CoA derivatives and possibly protein acyiation. Preincubation of hepatocytes with moderate concentrations of paimitate (0.5 mM) resulted in a 23% decline in cell‐surface binding and proportional decreases in receptor‐mediated insulin internalization and degradation. Brief pretreatment of hepatocytes with the carnitine palmityltransferase‐I inhibitor, methyl paimoxirate (MP), prevented 70% of the paimitate effects. At higher paimitate concentrations (2.0 mM), cell‐surface binding was reduced by 34%, whereas internalization of the receptor complex was reduced by 78%. These effects were only partially prevented by MP pretreatment. Receptor‐mediated insulin degradation increased by 34% and was uninfluenced by MP pretreatment. Octanoate, which is rapidly shunted into mitochondrial oxidation, produced a dose‐dependent reduction in insulin binding, with proportional decreases in internalization and degradation. Similarly preincubation with 2.0 mM oleate, which, unlike palmitate, is not known to produce protein acylation, resulted in proportional decreases in insulin receptor binding and receptor‐mediated internalization and degradation. High concentrations of octanoate or oleate (2.0 mM) did not reproduce the additive postreceptor effects of palmitate. We conclude that the receptor and post‐receptor effects of moderate palmitate concentrations are closely linked to accelerated fatty acid oxidation. The post‐receptor effects observed at higher concentrations involve other mechanisms, possibly relating to intracellular levels of palmityl‐CoA derivatives.
Can Ethnic Differences in Men's Preferences for Women's Body Shapes Contribute to Ethnic Differences in Female Adiposity?
Authors: Allison David B. , Hoy M. Katherine , Fournier Angelique , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the United States, obesity is more common among black and Hispanic than white women. One putative cause of this difference is different cultural norms for attractiveness. Two studies assessed ethnic differences in men's perceptions of the attractiveness of females of varying sizes. In the fmst, 108 men recruited on the New York subway were shown sets of silhouettes depicting female bodies varying in fatness and were asked to pick the silhouette they found most attractive. They were also asked to indicate the thinnest and fattest figures they would consider dating. A measure of “latitude of acceptance” was computed as the difference between the thinnest and fattest figures considered. Results indicated no relationship between ethnicity and preference (F = 1.383, p =.257) or “latitude” (F =.102, p =.903). In Study 2, “personal advertisements” placed by 373 black, 1915 white, 110 Hispanic, and 30 Asian men from 35 newspapers and magazines were coded as: 1) thinness preferred; 2) no information on weight preference; 3) fatness preferred; or 4) states weight or looks unimportant. Results indicated a statistically significant but small association between ethnicity and preference (χ2 = 49.55, df=9, p<.00001). Relative to white and Asian men, black and Hispanic men more frequently requested fat women, Hispanic men less frequently requested thin women, and black men more frequently stated that looks or weight did not matter. Ethnicity explained only 2.1% of the variance in preference. Thus, it seems unlikely that ethnic differences in men's preferences for women's body shapes contribute substantially to ethnic differences in female adiposity.
Utility of a C‐Jun Microsatellite Marker in Determining Gene Dosage for fatty (fa)
Authors: Chua Streamson C. , Hansen Moritz H. , Truet Gary E. , Leibel Rudolph L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe Zucker fatty (fa) mutation provides a genetic model for obesity and non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The molecular pathogenesis of the metabolic phenotype of these animals is not known. Detailed molecular maps of the region surrounding the fa locus on rat chromosome 5 can be used for positional cloning experiments as well as to permit genotyping of animals from appropriate crosses before the confounding metabolic effects of obesity have occurred.We describe the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for a polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) in the promoter region of the protooncogene c‐Jun. This assay was used to position cJun 4.5cM proximal to the fa locus in 111 F2 progeny of a 13MBN fa/+ F1 intercross.Concurrent use of the cJun SSR with a previously described assay for a microsatellite in the glucose transporter, Glutl, permits rapid and accurate assessment of genotypes at the fa locus in animals of any age using minimal amounts of DNA. A strategy is described which minimizes the error rate in assigning genotype at the fatty locus for backcross and intercross progeny.
Exercise and Obesity
Authors: Bouchard Claude , Depres Jean‐Pierre , Tremblay Angelo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper reviews succinctly the evidence for a role of regular exercise in the prevention and the treatment of obesity and of its metabolic complications. Seventeen propositions relevant to an understanding of the topic are considered. The evidence suggests that regular exercise can be an important factor in the development of sustained negative energy balance conditions provided the volume of activity is high. This implies a program of low to moderate intensity exercise performed on an almost daily basis for at least one hour per session. To induce significant weight and fat losses and to treat overweight and obese patients, compliance to the program for several years becomes a necessity. Exercise increases lipid substrate oxidation and may favor carbohydrate intake for the same amount of energy intake. The acute effects of exercise on resting metabolic rate are well documented, but the long‐term influences of exercise training seem to be small and are rapidly suppressed with the cessation of training. The obese benefits also from a regular exercise regimen in terms of improved insulin sensitivity, lipid and lipoprotein profile, and blood pressure, as well as reduced risk of death. Regular exercise, such as walking, is a healthy course of action for the overweight or the obese patients.