bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concept Mapping in a Critical Care Orientation Program: A Pilot Study to Develop Critical Thinking and Decision-Making Skills in Novice Nurses
Authors: Wahl Stacy E. , Thompson Anita M. 
Published: July 2014

Background:
Newly graduated registered nurses who were hired into a critical care intensive care unit showed a lack of critical thinking skills to inform their clinical decision-making abilities.

Methods:
This study evaluated the effectiveness of concept mapping as a teaching tool to improve critical thinking and clinical decision-making skills in novice nurses. A self-evaluation tool was administered before and after the learning intervention.

Results:
The 25-item tool measured five key indicators of the development of critical thinking skills: problem recognition, clinical decision-making, prioritization, clinical implementation, and reflection. Statistically significant improvements were seen in 10 items encompassing all five indicators.

Conclusion:
Concept maps are an effective tool for educators to use in assisting novice nurses to develop their critical thinking and clinical decision-making skills.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2013;44(10):455–460.
The Anglo-Norman “Hugo de Lincolnia”:
Authors: Dahood Roger 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
This edition makes available a critical text with an annotated translation of the Anglo-Norman verse narrative “Hugo de Lincolnia,” one of the Boy Crucifixion sources of the Prioress's Tale. The Anglo-Norman text has heretofore been available in print only in a flawed nineteenth-century edition. “Hugo de Lincolnia” dates to the third quarter of the thirteenth century. It is the only extant contemporary vernacular account of the death of “Little Saint Hugh,” a Christian boy said to have been crucified by Lincoln Jews in 1255 in mockery of Christ's Passion. In its author's superior familiarity with the Lincoln setting, the poem supplements the better-known contemporary accounts in Latin prose by Matthew Paris and the anonymous monastic chroniclers of Burton and Waverley.
The “Dialect” of Chaucer's Reeve
Authors: Knox Philip 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
In the Canterbury Tales, the prologue to the Reeve's Tale contains some unusual linguistic forms, which have been interpreted as features of the Reeve's dialect, associating him with his native Norfolk. Through a comprehensive reappraisal of the grounds for associating these forms with a particular region, this article argues that the evidence identifying the Reeve's speech with the speech of East Anglia is much more tenuous than has been supposed. The responses of different scribes to these forms, including the Hengwrt-Ellesmere scribe, are analyzed and assessed. Drawing comparisons with the only other occurrence of the Reeve's unusual ik in late Middle English (in the mouth of the figure of Covetise in Piers Plowman), some alternative readings of the Reeve's language are posited, while the suggestion that the Reeve's words constitute a verisimilar representation of an actual dialect is contested.
Transneuronal Circuit Analysis with Pseudorabies Viruses
Authors: Card J. Patrick , Enquist Lynn W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOur ability to understand the function of the nervous system is dependent upon defining the connections of its constituent neurons. Development of methods to define connections within neural networks has always been a growth industry in the neurosciences. Transneuronal spread of neurotropic viruses currently represents the best means of defining synaptic connections within neural networks. The method exploits the ability of viruses to invade neurons, replicate, and spread through the intimate synaptic connections that enable communication among neurons. Since the method was first introduced in the 1970s, it has benefited from an increased understanding of the virus life cycle, the function of viral genome, and the ability to manipulate the viral genome in support of directional spread of virus and the expression of transgenes. In this unit, we review these advances in viral tracing technology and the way in which they may be applied for functional dissection of neural networks. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 68:1.5.1‐1.5.39. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Resources for Small Regulatory RNAs
Authors: Bell George W. , Lewitter Fran 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOver the past twenty years, new classes of regulatory RNAs have been discovered, previously hidden in the transcriptome mostly due to their small size. These small regulatory RNAs include small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and Piwi‐interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Numerous databases have been developed to store information about these small regulatory RNAs, and many tools have been developed to work with the data. This overview introduces the reader to the many resources available for working with small regulatory RNAs. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 107:19.8.1‐19.8.14. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CRISPR/Cas9‐Directed Genome Editing of Cultured Cells
Authors: Yang Luhan , Yang Joyce L. , Byrne Susan , Pan Joshua , Church George M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHuman genome engineering has been transformed by the introduction of the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR‐associated) system found in most bacteria and archaea. Type II CRISPR/Cas systems have been engineered to induce RNA‐guided genome editing in human cells, where small RNAs function together with Cas9 nucleases for sequence‐specific cleavage of target sequences. Here we describe the protocol for Cas9‐mediated human genome engineering, including construct building and transfection methods necessary for delivering Cas9 and guide RNA (gRNA) into human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and HEK293 cells. Following genome editing, we also describe methods to assess genome editing efficiency using next‐generation sequencing and isolate monoclonal hiPSCs with the desired modifications for downstream applications. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 107:31.1.1‐31.1.17. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application of Flow‐FISH for Dynamic Measurement of Telomere Length in Cell Division
Authors: Borisov Vyacheslav I. , Korolkova Olga Y. , Kozhevnikov Vladimir S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis method makes it possible to measure the fluorescence of a DNA probe in cells with known division number and targeted surface antigen. In fact, this method is a combination or consistent application of three other methods: cell tracking by vital dye, surface immunophenotyping, and flow‐FISH. The idea in developing this method was to study telomere length changes in cells with known surface antigen after every new cell division. First, the in vitro cell culturing and staining with CFSE vital dye are performed. Then, cells are stained with surface MAbs labeled with biotin, followed by incubation with streptavidin‐labeled fluorochrome. After that, cells are fixed with BS3 reagent followed by the flow‐FISH procedure with PNA‐probe complementary to telomere DNA repeats. Finally, in one tube, it is possible to determine telomere length in surface antigen–labeled cells that have made the exact same number of divisions after incubation. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 69:8.14.1‐8.14.10. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A multiparameter aerosol classification method and its application to retrievals from spaceborne polarimetry
Authors: Russell Philip B. , Kacenelenbogen Meloë , Livingston John M. , Hasekamp Otto P. , Burton Sharon P. , Schuster Gregory L. , Johnson Matthew S. , Knobelspiesse Kirk D. , Redemann Jens , Ramachandran S. , Holben Brent 
Published: July 2014

AbstractClassifying observed aerosols into types (e.g., urban‐industrial, biomass burning, mineral dust, maritime) helps to understand aerosol sources, transformations, effects, and feedback mechanisms; to improve accuracy of satellite retrievals; and to quantify aerosol radiative impacts on climate. The number of aerosol parameters retrieved from spaceborne sensors has been growing, from the initial aerosol optical depth (AOD) at one or a few wavelengths to a list that now includes AOD, complex refractive index, single scattering albedo (SSA), and depolarization of backscatter, each at several wavelengths, plus several particle size and shape parameters. Making optimal use of these varied data products requires objective, multidimensional analysis methods. We describe such a method, which makes explicit use of uncertainties in input parameters. It treats an N‐parameter retrieved data point and its N‐dimensional uncertainty as an extended data point, E. It then uses a modified Mahalanobis distance, DEC, to assign an observation to the class (cluster) C that has minimum DEC from the point. We use parameters retrieved from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) to define seven prespecified clusters (pure dust, polluted dust, urban‐industrial/developed economy, urban‐industrial/developing economy, dark biomass smoke, light biomass smoke, and pure marine), and we demonstrate application of the method to a 5 year record of retrievals from the spaceborne Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances 3 (POLDER 3) polarimeter over the island of Crete, Greece. Results show changes of aerosol type at this location in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, which is influenced by a wide variety of aerosol sources.
Surface Drifters Track the Fate of Greenland Ice Sheet Meltwater
Authors: Hauri Claudine , Truffer Martin , Winsor Peter , Lennert Kunuk 
Published: July 2014

Understanding the fate and influence of glacial meltwater in heavily ice‐covered fjord systems has proven difficult because previous measurement platforms were con­strained to deeper water to keep instrumentation safe from drifting icebergs. Now, using novel, satellite‐tracked devices that can with­ stand multiple collisions with ice blocks (see Figure 1) without incurring much damage, scientists have obtained new and detailed data about the role of Greenland Ice Sheet meltwater and its trajectories through God­thåbsfjord in western Greenland.
Electric currents of a substorm current wedge on 24 February 2010
Authors: Connors Martin , McPherron Robert L. , Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje , Russell Christopher T. , Chu Xiangning 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe three‐dimensional “substorm current wedge” (SCW) was postulated by McPherron et al. (1973) to explain substorm magnetic perturbations. The origin and coherence as a physical system of this important paradigm of modern space physics remained unclear, however, with progress hindered by gross undersampling, and uniqueness problems in data inversion. Complementing AMPERE (Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment) space‐derived radial electric currents with ground magnetic data allowing us to determine currents from the ionosphere up, we overcome problems of uniqueness identified by Fukushima (1969, 1994). For a substorm on 24 February 2010, we quantify SCW development consistently from ground and space data. Its westward electrojet carries 0.5 MA in the more poleward part of the auroral oval, in Region 1 (R1) sense spanning midnight. The evening sector electrojet also feeds into its upward current. We thus validate the SCW concept and obtain parameters needed for quantitative study of substorms.
Crustal deformation and stress transfer during a propagating earthquake sequence: The 2013 Cook Strait sequence, central New Zealand
Authors: Hamling I. J. , D'Anastasio E. , Wallace L. M. , Ellis S. , Motagh M. , Samsonov S. , Palmer N. , Hreinsdóttir S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe 2013 Cook Strait earthquake sequence began on 18 July 2013 with two foreshocks of Mw 5.7 and Mw 5.8 and culminated in the Mw 6.6 Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere events on 21 July and 16 August, respectively. Located ∼50 km south of New Zealand's capital, Wellington, the earthquakes generated the most significant ground shaking in the Wellington and Marlborough regions in recent decades. During the first event, located under Cook Strait, continuously recording GPS instruments across central New Zealand recorded up to 5 cm of horizontal displacement. Modeling suggests that the rupture was 25 km long with up to 90 cm of dextral strike slip. The second event, located 20 km to the southwest, caused displacements of up to 25 cm at GPS sites located around the Clifford bay area. In addition, two interferograms from RADARSAT‐2 and TerraSAR‐X showed up to 30 cm of line‐of‐sight displacement in the vicinity of Lake Grassmere. Modeling indicates predominantly dextral strike slip of up to 2.1 m. Coulomb Stress changes induced by the earlier foreshocks suggest that the Cook Strait event was triggered by the preceding events and that the Lake Grassmere event was subsequently triggered by the Cook Strait earthquake.
Reliability of regional and global climate models to simulate precipitation extremes over India
Authors: Mishra Vimal , Kumar Devashish , Ganguly Auroop R. , Sanjay J. , Mujumdar Milind , Krishnan R. , Shah Reepal D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractExtreme precipitation events over India have resulted in loss of human lives and damaged infrastructures, food crops, and lifelines. The inability of climate models to credibly project precipitation extremes in India has not been helpful to longer‐term hazards resilience policy. However, there have been claims that finer‐resolution and regional climate models may improve projections. The claims are examined as hypotheses by comparing models with observations from 1951–2005. This paper evaluates the reliability of the latest generation of general circulation models (GCMs), Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), specifically a subset of the better performing CMIP5 models (called “BEST‐GCM”). The relative value of finer‐resolution regional climate models (RCMs) is examined by comparing Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) South Asia RCMs (“CORDEX‐RCMs”) versus the GCMs used by those RCMs to provide boundary conditions, or the host GCMs (“HOST‐GCMs”). Ensemble mean of BEST‐GCMs performed better for most of the extreme precipitation indices than the CORDEX‐RCMs or their HOST‐GCMs. Weaker performance shown by ensemble mean of CORDEX‐RCMs is largely associated with their high intermodel variation. The CORDEX‐RCMs occasionally exhibited slightly superior skills compared to BEST‐GCMs; on the whole RCMs failed to significantly outperform GCMs. Observed trends in the extremes were not adequately captured by any of the model ensembles, while neither the GCMs nor the RCMs were determined to be adequate to inform hydrologic design.
Phenology and its role in carbon dioxide exchange processes in northern peatlands
Authors: Kross Angela S. E. , Roulet Nigel T. , Moore Tim R. , Lafleur Peter M. , Humphreys Elyn R. , Seaquist Jonathan W. , Flanagan Lawrence B. , Aurela Mika 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEcosystem phenology plays an important role in carbon exchange processes and can be derived from continuous records of carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange data. In this study we examined the potential use of phenological indices for characterizing cumulative annual CO2 exchange in four contrasting northern peatland ecosystems. We used the approach of Jonsson and Eklundh (2004) to derive a set of phenological indices based on the daily time series of gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Re), and net ecosystem production (NEP) measured in the four peatland sites. The main objectives of this study were (a) to examine the variation in phenological indices across sites and (b) to determine the relationships among phenological indices, environmental conditions, and cumulative annual CO2 exchange. The phenological index used to define the “start of the growing season” showed good potential for differentiation among sites based on their average annual site GPP. Sites with earlier growing seasons had the highest average annual site GPP. The “peak CO2 exchange rate” phenological index performed best in reflecting variations among sites and for estimating annual values of GPP, Re, and NEP (Pearson correlation coefficients ranged between 0.77 and 0.99, p < 0.05 for all.). The phenological indices and annual GPP, Re, and NEP were sensitive to winter (January–March) and summer (July–September) temperature and precipitation, but correlations, though significant, were weak.
Snow depth, density, and SWE estimates derived from GPS reflection data: Validation in the western U. S.
Authors: McCreight James L. , Small Eric E. , Larson Kristine M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGeodetic‐quality GPS systems can be used to measure average snow depth in the ∼1000 m2 area around the GPS antenna, a sensing footprint size intermediate between in situ and satellite observations. SWE can be calculated from density estimates modeled on the GPS‐based snow depth time series. We assess the accuracy of GPS‐based snow depth, density, and SWE data at 18 GPS sites via comparison to manual observations. The manual validation survey was completed around the time of peak accumulation at each site. Daily snow depth derived from GPS reflection data is very similar to the mean snow depth measured manually in the ∼1000 m2 scale area around each antenna. This comparison spans site‐averaged depths from 0 to 150 cm. The GPS depth data exhibit a small negative bias (−6 cm) across this range of snow depths. Errors tend to be smaller at sites with more usable GPS ground tracks. Snow bulk density is modeled using the GPS snow depth time series and model parameters are estimated from nearby SNOTEL sites. Modeled density is within 0.02 g cm−3 of the density measured in a single snow pit at the validation sites, for 12 of 18 comparisons. GPS‐based depth and modeled density are multiplied to estimate SWE. SWE estimates are very accurate over the range observed at the validation sites, from 0 to 60 cm (R2 = 0.97 and bias = −2 cm). These results show that the near real‐time GPS snow products have errors small enough for monitoring water resources in snow‐dominated basins.
Atypical Aicardi‐Goutieres syndrome: Is the WRN locus a modifier?
Authors: Lessel Davor , Saha Bidisha , Hisama Fuki , Kaymakamzade Bahar , Nurlu Gulay , Gursoy‐Özdemir Yasemin , Thiele Holger , Nürnberg Peter , Martin George M. , Kubisch Christian , Oshima Junko 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTWe describe a 28‐year‐old Turkish man with consanguineous parents who presented with an aged appearance with prematurely gray hair and scleroderma‐like skin, spastic paraplegia, and apparent disability. The proband and each of his parents were heterozygous for a mutation in WRN, which could not explain his symptoms. Exome sequencing of the proband's blood DNA showed a homozygous c.626‐1G > C mutation in intron 5 of the SAMHD1 gene, which encodes a triphosphohydrolase involved in the regulation of intracellular dNTP pools and which is mutated in Aicardi‐Goutieres syndrome. The RNA studies confirmed aberrant splicing of exon 6, and family studies showed that both parents are heterozygous for this mutation. We conclude that mutations in SAMHD1 ‐ in addition to causing an early‐onset form of encephalopathy in Aicardi‐Goutieres syndrome ‐ may present with modest signs of accelerated aging similar to Werner syndrome. The extent to which heterozygosity at the WRN locus may modify the effect of biallelic SAMHD1 mutations is unknown. It is conceivable that synergistic effects of these two mutations might be responsible for the unusual phenotype. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Practical Approach for the Oxidation of Unactivated Csp3H Bonds with o‐Nitro(diacetoxyiodo)benzene as an Efficient Hypervalent Iodine(III)‐Based Oxidizing Agent
Authors: Moteki Shin A. , Selvakumar Sermadurai , Zhang Tiexin , Usui Asuka , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA practical approach for the oxidation of unactivated Csp3H bonds by an ortho‐nitrophenyl‐substituted hypervalent iodine(III) reagent is presented. The nitro group coordinates to the adjacent iodine center through dipolar interaction, which leads to a single substitution of the acetate ligand by tert‐butyl hydroperoxide. As a result, a strong iodanyl radical is formed, which can activate the inert Csp3H bonds in a highly efficient manner. The reagent is stable in the presence of moisture, and can be used for oxidation reactions on semipreparative scale.
Nasal fluid release of eotaxin‐3 and eotaxin‐2 in persistent sinonasal eosinophilic inflammation
Authors: De Corso Eugenio , Baroni Silvia , Battista Mariapina , Romanello Matteo , Penitente Romina , Di Nardo Walter , Passali Giulio Cesare , Sergi Bruno , Fetoni Anna Rita , Bussu Francesco , Zuppi Cecilia , Paludetti Gaetano 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to measure eotaxin‐3 (CCL26) and eotaxin‐2 (CCL24) in nasal lavage fluid of patients with different forms of chronic sinonasal eosinophilic inflammation to evaluate their role in the pathophysiology of nasal hypereosinophilia.MethodsThe study was an analytic cross‐section study, level of evidence 3b. Patients (n = 80) with nasal hypereosinophilia were randomly recruited and grouped in the following categories: persistent allergic rhinitis (AR) (n = 25), nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) (n = 30), and chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps (CRSwNP) (n = 25). Non‐rhinitic volunteers (n = 20) were recruited as controls. CCL24 and CCL26 concentrations were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Quantikine Human Immunoassays (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) in nasal lavage fluids. Differential cell counts were performed by microscopic cytological examination of nasal tissue scraped from the inferior turbinate.ResultsMean CCL26 levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in AR and in NARES (132.0 pg/mL and 187.63 pg/mL, respectively) than in the control group (13.5 pg/mL); in patients with CRSwNP, CCL26 values were increased compared to controls even though the difference was not statistically significant (58.9 pg/mL vs 16.5 pg/mL). Mean CCL24 levels measured in AR, NARES, and CRSwNP were significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared to controls (96.7 pg/mL, 135.4 pg/mL, and 107.0 pg/mL, respectively, vs 32.2 pg/mL). Moreover, we observed a significant correlation between CCL24 and CCL26 levels, evaluating them intraindividually by Spearman's rank correlation test. Finally, a significant correlation was found between CCL24 and CCL26 levels and the percentage of eosinophilic infiltration of nasal mucosa.ConclusionOur data suggest that CCL26 and CCL24 are likely involved in the pathogenesis of chronic nasal hypereosinophilia, with a complex cooperation and different involvement of the various members of eotaxin family. Further studies are necessary to better understand the actual physiopathologic mechanism, possible clinical relevance, and therapeutic implications.