bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraseasonal and Interdecadal Jet Shifts in the Northern Hemisphere: The Role of Warm Pool Tropical Convection and Sea Ice
Authors: Feldstein Steven B. , Lee Sukyoung 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This study uses cluster analysis to investigate the interdecadal poleward shift of the subtropical and eddy-driven jets and its relationship to intraseasonal teleconnections. For this purpose, self-organizing map (SOM) analysis is applied to the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) zonal-mean zonal wind. The resulting SOM patterns have time scales of 4.8–5.7 days and undergo notable interdecadal trends in their frequency of occurrence. The sum of these trends closely resembles the observed interdecadal trend of the subtropical and eddy-driven jets, indicating that much of the interdecadal climate forcing is manifested through changes in the frequency of intraseasonal teleconnection patterns.
Two classes of jet cluster patterns are identified. The first class of SOM pattern is preceded by anomalies in convection over the warm pool followed by changes in the poleward wave activity flux. The second class of patterns is preceded by sea ice and stratospheric polar vortex anomalies; when the Arctic sea ice area is reduced, the subsequent planetary wave anomalies destructively interfere with the climatological stationary waves. This is followed by a decrease in the vertical wave activity flux and a strengthening of the stratospheric polar vortex. An increase in sea ice area leads to the opposite chain of events. Analysis suggests that the positive trend in the Arctic Oscillation (AO) up until the early 1990s might be attributed to increased warm pool tropical convection, while the subsequent reversal in its trend may be due to the influence of tropical convection being overshadowed by the accelerated loss of Arctic sea ice.
Declining Aerosols in CMIP5 Projections: Effects on Atmospheric Temperature Structure and Midlatitude Jets
Authors: Rotstayn Leon D. , Plymin Emily L. , Collier Mark A. , Boucher Olivier , Dufresne Jean-Louis , Luo Jing-Jia , von Salzen Knut , Jeffrey Stephen J. , Foujols Marie-Alice , Ming Yi , Horowitz Larry W. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe effects of declining anthropogenic aerosols in representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) are assessed in four models from phase 5 the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), with a focus on annual, zonal-mean atmospheric temperature structure and zonal winds. For each model, the effect of declining aerosols is diagnosed from the difference between a projection forced by RCP4.5 for 2006–2100 and another that has identical forcing, except that anthropogenic aerosols are fixed at early twenty-first-century levels. The response to declining aerosols is interpreted in terms of the meridional structure of aerosol radiative forcing, which peaks near 40°N and vanishes at the South Pole.Increasing greenhouse gases cause amplified warming in the tropical upper troposphere and strengthening midlatitude jets in both hemispheres. However, for declining aerosols the vertically averaged tropospheric temperature response peaks near 40°N, rather than in the tropics. This implies that for declining aerosols the tropospheric meridional temperature gradient generally increases in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), but in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) it decreases in the tropics and subtropics. Consistent with thermal wind balance, the NH jet then strengthens on its poleward side and weakens on its equatorward side, whereas the SH jet strengthens more than the NH jet. The asymmetric response of the jets is thus consistent with the meridional structure of aerosol radiative forcing and the associated tropospheric warming: in the NH the latitude of maximum warming is roughly collocated with the jet, whereas in the SH warming is strongest in the tropics and weakest at high latitudes.
Spatial Structure of Turbulent Mixing in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Yang Qingxuan , Zhao Wei , Li Min , Tian Jiwei 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Turbulent mixing in the northwestern Pacific Ocean is estimated using the Gregg–Henyey–Polzin scaling and Thorpe-scale methods. The data sources are the hydrographic observations during October and November 2005. The results reveal clear spatial patterns of turbulent mixing in the study area. High-level diffusivity on the order of 10−3 m2 s−1 or larger is found within the western boundary region, where the Kuroshio flows northward. The width covered by this prominent diffusivity shows an increase from 12° to 18°N. The horizontal distribution of depth-averaged diffusivity in the top 500 m shows enhanced mixing with diffusivity of 6 × 10−3 m2 s−1 south of 9°N where the Mindanao Eddy remains a quasi-permanent feature. These two distinct patterns of diffusivity distribution suggest that the Kuroshio and the Mindanao Eddy are likely responsible for the elevated turbulent mixing in the study area.
Computing Deep-Tropospheric Vertical Wind Shear Analyses for Tropical Cyclone Applications: Does the Methodology Matter?
Authors: Velden Christopher S. , Sears John 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Vertical wind shear is well known in the tropical cyclone (TC) forecasting community as an important environmental influence on storm structure and intensity change. The traditional way to define deep-tropospheric vertical wind shear in most prior research studies, and in operational forecast applications, is to simply use the vector difference of the 200- and 850-hPa wind fields based on global model analyses. However, is this rather basic approach to approximate vertical wind shear adequate for most TC applications? In this study, the traditional approach is compared to a different methodology for generating fields of vertical wind shear as produced by the University of Wisconsin Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS). The CIMSS fields are derived with heavy analysis weight given to available high-density satellite-derived winds. The resultant isobaric analyses are then used to create two mass-weighted layer-mean wind fields, one upper and one lower tropospheric, which are then differenced to produce the deep-tropospheric vertical wind shear field. The principal novelty of this approach is that it does not rely simply on the analyzed winds at two discrete levels, but instead attempts to account for some of the variable vertical wind structure in the calculation. It will be shown how the resultant vertical wind shear fields derived by the two approaches can diverge significantly in certain situations; the results also suggest that in many cases it is superior in depicting the wind structure's impact on TCs than the simple two-level differential that serves as the common contemporary vertical wind shear approximation.
Oncologic Efficacy of Angiolytic KTP Laser Treatment of Early Glottic Cancer
Authors: Zeitels Steven M. , Burns James A. 
Published: June 2014

Objective: Angiolytic laser removal of early glottic cancer with ultra-narrow margins was reported in a pilot study 5 years ago as an innovative surgical treatment strategy to better preserve vocal function. Subsequently, in a cohort of > 90 patients, enhanced voice outcomes were achieved and there was diminished need for post-treatment phonosurgical reconstruction. However, the initial pilot study examining oncologic efficacy had a limited number of patients and most did not have 3-year follow-up. Consequently, further analysis of the oncologic efficacy is valuable. Method: Retrospective review. Results: One hundred seventeen patients (T1a-71, T1b-11, T2a-10, T2b-25) underwent potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser treatment of early glottic cancer with a minimum 3-year follow-up (average = 53 months). The “b” designation delineated bilateral disease. Disease control for T1 and T2 lesions was 96% (79/82) and 80% (28/35), respectively. All 10 recurrences were treated with radiotherapy. Fifty percent (5/10) were controlled with radiotherapy, and the other 5 died of disease. Larynx preservation and survival were achieved in 99% (81/82) with T1 disease and 89% (31/35) with T2 disease. Conclusion: This investigation provides further evidence that angiolytic KTP laser removal of early glottic cancer with ultra-narrow margins is an effective oncologic treatment strategy. Radiotherapy was preserved for future use in more than 90% of patients. Since a majority of patients are referred by an otolaryngologist to undergo treatment of early glottic cancer with radiotherapy, this investigation provides compelling information to reappraise this paradigm.
Intermittent warm blood versus cold crystalloid cardioplegia for myocardial protection: a propensity score-matched analysis of 12-year single-center experience
Authors: de Jonge M , van Boxtel AG , Soliman Hamad MA , Mokhles MM , Bramer S , Osnabrugge RLJ , van Straten AHM , Berreklouw E 
Published: June 2014

Objectives: This study analyzes the efficacy in myocardial protection of two types of cardioplegia solutions, namely, blood and crystalloid cardioplegia, both given intermittently in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: Adult patients undergoing primary isolated coronary artery bypass grafting between January 1998 and January 2011 with cardiopulmonary bypass, using either blood or crystalloid cardioplegia, were identified in our database. Propensity score matching was performed to create comparable patient groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for perioperative myocardial damage. The primary endpoint of the study was the maximum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) value within 5 days postoperatively with a cut-off point of 100 U/L. Early mortality and perioperative low cardiac output syndrome in both groups were compared. Results: The study included 7138 CABG patients: 3369 patients using crystalloid cardioplegia and 3769 using blood cardioplegia. After propensity score matching, 2585 patients per study group remained for the analysis. Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed significantly higher CK-MB levels in patients operated with the use of blood cardioplegia. Multivariate regression analysis identified blood cardioplegia as an independent risk factor for elevated CK-MB levels. However, it was associated with lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. The type of cardioplegia had no influence on early mortality, postoperative low cardiac output syndrome or intensive care unit stay. Conclusions: Blood cardioplegia was identified as an independent risk factor for elevated levels of CK-MB after CABG, but was associated with lower AST levels. The authors conclude that the type of cardioplegia had no significant influence on clinical outcome.
Defective anti-polysaccharide response and splenic marginal zone disorganization in ALPS patients
Authors: Neven Bénédicte , Bruneau Julie , Stolzenberg Marie-Claude , Meyts Isabelle , Magerus-Chatinet Aude , Moens Leen , Lanzarotti Nina , Weller Sandra , Amiranoff Denise , Florkin Benoit , Bader-Meunier Brigitte , Leverger Guy , Ferster Alice , Chantrain Christophe , Blanche Stéphane , Picard Capucine , Molina Thierry Jo , Brousse Nicole , Durandy Anne , Rizzi Marta , Bossuyt Xavier , Fischer Alain , Rieux-Laucat Frederic 
Published: June 2014

Key Points
ALPS predisposes to invasive bacterial infections, notably following splenectomy, and is associated with defective B-cell function. Poor anti-polysaccharide IgM antibody production and spleen MZ disorganization correlate with lymphoproliferation.
Driver somatic mutations identify distinct disease entities within myeloid neoplasms with myelodysplasia
Authors: Malcovati Luca , Papaemmanuil Elli , Ambaglio Ilaria , Elena Chiara , Gallì Anna , Della Porta Matteo G. , Travaglino Erica , Pietra Daniela , Pascutto Cristiana , Ubezio Marta , Bono Elisa , Da Vià Matteo C. , Brisci Angela , Bruno Francesca , Cremonesi Laura , Ferrari Maurizio , Boveri Emanuela , Invernizzi Rosangela , Campbell Peter J. , Cazzola Mario 
Published: June 2014

Key Points
Different driver mutations have distinct effects on phenotype of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN). Accounting for driver mutations may allow a classification of these disorders that is considerably relevant for clinical decision-making.
Rac2 is involved in bleomycin-induced lung inflammation leading to pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Arizmendi Narcy , Puttagunta Lakshmi , Chung Kerri L , Davidson Courtney , Rey-Parra Juliana , Chao Danny V , Thebaud Bernard , Lacy Paige , Vliagoftis Harissios 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Pulmonary fibrotic diseases induce significant morbidity and mortality, for which there are limited therapeutic options available. Rac2, a ras-related guanosine triphosphatase expressed mainly in hematopoietic cells, is a crucial molecule regulating a diversity of mast cell, macrophage, and neutrophil functions. All these cell types have been implicated in the development of pulmonary fibrosis in a variety of animal models. For the studies described here we hypothesized that Rac2 deficiency protects mice from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Methods
To determine the role of Rac2 in pulmonary fibrosis we used a bleomycin-induced mouse model. Anesthetized C57BL/6 wild type and rac2

-/-
mice were instilled intratracheally with bleomycin sulphate (1.25 U/Kg) or saline as control. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected at days 3 and 7 of treatment and analyzed for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). On day 21 after bleomycin treatment, we measured airway resistance and elastance in tracheotomized animals. Lung sections were stained for histological analysis, while homogenates were analyzed for hydroxyproline and total collagen content.

Results
BLM-treated rac2

-/-
mice had reduced MMP-9 levels in the BAL on day 3 and reduced neutrophilia and TNF and CCL3/MIP-1α levels in the BAL on day 7 compared to BLM-treated WT mice. We also showed that rac2

-/-
mice had significantly lower mortality (30%) than WT mice (70%) at day 21 of bleomycin treatment. Lung function was diminished in bleomycin-treated WT mice, while it was unaffected in bleomycin-treated rac2

-/-
mice. Histological analysis of inflammation and fibrosis as well as collagen and hydroxyproline content in the lungs did not show significant differences between BLM-treated rac2

-/-
and WT and mice that survived to day 21.

Conclusion
Rac2 plays an important role in bleomycin-induced lung injury. It is an important signaling molecule leading to BLM-induced mortality and it also mediates the physiological changes seen in the airways after BLM-induced injury.
Decision tree model for predicting long-term outcomes in children with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a nationwide, population-based observational study
Authors: Goto Yoshikazu , Maeda Tetsuo , Nakatsu-Goto Yumiko 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Introduction
At hospital arrival, early prognostication for children after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) might help clinicians formulate strategies, particularly in the emergency department. In this study, we aimed to develop a simple and generally applicable bedside tool for predicting outcomes in children after cardiac arrest.

Methods
We analyzed data of 5,379 children who had undergone OHCA. The data were extracted from a prospectively recorded, nationwide, Utstein-style Japanese database. The primary endpoint was survival with favorable neurological outcome (Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale categories 1 and 2) at 1 month after OHCA. We developed a decision tree prediction model by using data from a 2-year period (2008 to 2009, n = 3,693), and the data were validated using external data from 2010 (n = 1,686).

Results
Recursive partitioning analysis for 11 predictors in the development cohort indicated that the best single predictor for CPC 1 and 2 at 1 month was the prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The next predictor for children with prehospital ROSC was an initial shockable rhythm. For children without prehospital ROSC, the next best predictor was a witnessed arrest. Use of a simple decision tree prediction model permitted stratification into four outcome prediction groups: good (prehospital ROSC and initial shockable rhythm), moderately good (prehospital ROSC and initial nonshockable rhythm), poor (prehospital non-ROSC and witnessed arrest) and very poor (prehospital non-ROSC and unwitnessed arrest). By using this model, we identified patient groups ranging from 0.2% to 66.2% for 1-month CPC 1 and 2 probabilities. The validated decision tree prediction model demonstrated a sensitivity of 69.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 58.7% to 78.9%), a specificity of 95.2% (95% CI = 94.1% to 96.2%) and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.88 (95% CI = 0.87 to 0.90) for predicting 1-month CPC 1 and 2.

Conclusions
With our decision tree prediction model using three prehospital variables (prehospital ROSC, initial shockable rhythm and witnessed arrest), children can be readily stratified into four groups after OHCA. This simple prediction model for evaluating children after OHCA may provide clinicians with a practical bedside tool for counseling families and making management decisions soon after patient arrival at the hospital.
Comparative assessment of plant protection products: how many cases will regulatory authorities have to answer?
Authors: Faust Michael , Vogs Carolina , Rotter Stefanie , Wöltjen Janina , Höllrigl-Rosta Andreas , Backhaus Thomas , Altenburger Rolf 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
The substitution principle has been included in the EU pesticides legislation as a new element. Comparative assessments will have to be conducted for all uses of plant protection products (PPPs) that contain active substances with certain hazardous properties, the so-called candidates for substitution (CFS). This study investigated the resulting workload in terms of the number of cases for comparative assessments that regulatory authorities may have to face. The analysis was carried out for Germany as an example.

Main text
In Germany, the requirement for comparative assessments may affect up to 25% of all PPPs and around 50% of all uses of PPPs. In absolute terms, these are around 350 candidate products with 1,850 different uses. Alternative products without CFS may be available for around 40% of these uses. On average, a candidate product is authorised for around 18 different uses. For 11 of these uses, no alternatives are authorised. For the remaining seven uses, slightly more than seven alternatives are available on average. Multiplication of these factors gives an indicative figure of around 18,500 possible pairwise comparisons of candidate products with alternative products for every common use.

Conclusions
The high number of expectable cases poses a formidable challenge for the efficient conduct of the new task of comparative assessments by competent Member States authorities. To this end, new data handling systems, assessment procedures, and decision rules need to be established.
Editorial: (Micro)Plastics and the environment
Authors: Wagner Martin , Engwall Magnus , Hollert Henner 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
(Micro)Plastics in the aquatic environment are an issue of emerging concern. However, to date, there is considerable lack of knowledge on the abundance and toxicity of plastic debris in aquatic ecosystems, especially with regard to the freshwater situation. In this editorial, we briefly discuss important aspects of the research on environmental (micro)plastics to stimulate research and call for papers.
Phase field simulation of dendrite growth with boundary heat flux
Authors: Du Lifei , Zhang Rong 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBoundary heat flux has a significant effect on solidification behavior and microstructure formation, for it can directly affect the interfacial heat flux and cooling rate during phase transition. In this study, a phase field model for non-isothermal solidification in binary alloys is employed to simulate the free dendrite growth in undercooled melts with induced boundary heat flux, and an anti-trapping current is introduced to suppress the solute trapping due to the larger interface width used in simulations than a real solidifying material. The effect of heat flux input/extraction from different boundaries was studied first. With heat input from boundaries, the temperature can be raised and the dendritic morphology changed with gradient temperature distribution caused by the heat flux input coupling with latent heat release during the liquid-solid phase transition. Also, the concentration distribution can be also influenced by this irregular temperature distribution. Heat flux extraction from the boundaries can decrease the temperature, which results in rapid solidification with small solute segregation and concentration changes in the dendrite structures. Also, dendrite growth manner changes caused by undercooling variation, the result of competition between heat flux and latent heat release from phase transition, are also studied. Results indicate that heat flux in the simulation zone significantly reduces the undercooling, thus slowing down the dendrite formation and enhancing the solute segregation, while large heat extraction can enlarge the undercooling and lead to rapid solidification with large dendrite tip speed and small secondary dendrite arm spacing, while solute segregation tends to be steady. Therefore, the boundary heat flux coupling with the latent heat release from the solidification has an effective influence on the temperature gradient distribution within the simulation zone, which leads to the morphology and concentration changes in the dendritic structure formation.
HPV16-associated tumors control myeloid cell homeostasis in lymphoid organs, generating a suppressor environment for T cells
Authors: Stone Simone Cardozo , Rossetti Renata Ariza Marques , Bolpetti Aline , Boccardo Enrique , de Araujo Souza Patricia Savio , Lepique Ana Paula 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTumors are complex structures containing different types of cells and molecules. The importance of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression, growth, and maintenance is well-established. However, tumor effects are not restricted to the tumor microenvironment. Molecules secreted by, as well as cells that migrate from tumors, may circulate and reach other tissues. This may cause a series of systemic effects, including modulation of immune responses, and in some cases, leukocytosis and metastasis promotion. Leukocytosis has been described as a poor prognostic factor in patients with cervical cancer. The main etiological factor for cervical cancer development is persistent infection with high oncogenic risk HPV. Our laboratory has been exploring the effects of high oncogenic risk, HPV-associated tumors on lymphoid organs of the host. In the present study, we observed an increase in myeloid cell proliferation and alteration in cell signaling in APCs in the spleen of tumor-bearing mice. In parallel, we characterized the cytokines secreted in the inflammatory and tumor cell compartments in the tumor microenvironment and in the spleen of tumor-bearing mice. We show evidence of constitutive activation of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in the tumor, including TAMs, and in APCs in the spleen. We also observed that IL-10 is a central molecule in the tolerance toward tumor antigens through control of NF-κB activation, costimulatory molecule expression, and T cell proliferation. These systemic effects over myeloid cells are robust and likely an important problem to be addressed when considering strategies to improve anti-tumor T cell responses.