bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of methyl jasmonate and gums formed in stone fruit trees on in vitro ethylene production by mycelium of verticillium dahliae and alternaria alternata
Authors: Węgrzynowicz-Lesiak Elżbieta , Jarecka Boncela Anna , Góraj Justyna , Saniewski Marian 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
The knowledge about the role of jasmonates in ethylene production by pathogenic fungi is ambiguous. In this study, we describe the effect of methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) and gums formed in stone fruit trees on the growth and in vitro ethylene production by mycelium of Verticillium dahliae and Alternaria alternata. Methyl jasmonate at concentrations of 100, 250 and 500 μg·cm-3 inhibited the mycelium growth of V. dahliae and A. alternata, proportionally to the concentrations used. After 8 days of incubation, JA-Me at concentration of 500 μg·cm-3 limited the area of mycelium of these pathogens by 7-8 times but did not entirely inhibited the pathogen growth. Addition of gums produced by trees of cherry and peach to a medium containing 40 μg·cm-3 JA-Me did not influence the mycelium growth of V. dahliae, but gums of plum and apricot trees stimulated mycelium growth, in comparison to JA-Me only. Methyl jasmonate at concentrations of 2 and 40 μg·cm-3 stimulated the ethylene production by mycelium of V. dahliae and A. alternata. It is possible that methyl jasmonate stimulated ethylene production in mycelium of these pathogens through interaction with some fractions of galactans formed during hydrolysis of agar. The lack of interaction of JA-Me with polysaccharides of stone fruit trees gums concerning ethylene production was documented and it needs further explanation.
Detection of tracer particles in tomography images for analysis of gravitational flow in silo
Authors: Grudzień Krzysztof , Torre Gonzalez Manuel Hernandez De La 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This paper presents a method for the investigations of the gravity flow of granular materials based on the analysis of CT images. The system of X-ray tomography allows to visualize the distribution of bulk material inside the silo model. The images of the distribution of the concentration of the material, both in the form of 3D tomography images and 2D radiographic images, allow to track the behaviour of the material during the silo discharging process. Application of image processing and analysis provides an in-depth tool for investigation of the flow. The proposed, in the paper, methodology of the tracer particles allow to track the particles position changes during the gravitational flow in silo. The determination of tracer particles position is based on the vision information stored in volumetric computed tomography images and two-dimensional radiography.
Human action recognition using simple geometric features and a finite state machine
Authors: Dudzńiski Damian , Kryjak Tomasz , Mikrut Zbigniew 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In this paper a human action recognition algorithm, which uses background generation with shadow elimination, silhouette description based on simple geometrical features and a finite state machine for recognizing particular actions is described. The performed tests indicate that this approach obtains a 81 % correct recognition rate allowing real-time image processing of a 360 X 288 video stream.
Wear Characteristics of Circular cBN/Diamond Saws Produced by Hot Pressing
Authors: Islak Serkan , Kır Durmuş , Çelik Halis 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This study describes the investigation of wear characteristics of circular cBN/diamond saws produced by hot pressing. In order to determine the usability of cBN instead of diamond, cBN and diamond grains were added to the bronze matrix. Production of the saws was performed at a sintering temperature of 600–700 °C for a sintering time of 3 minutes. Sawing tests were carried out to determine the wear characteristics of the saws by sawing natural stone. It is concluded that cBN together with diamond could be added to the matrix with a concentration of 12 (the rest of concentration of 30 is diamond) and that the saws will have more wear if this concentration is exceeded. After sawing, SEM analyses of the saws indicate that there were more fractures and wear in cBN grains in comparison to the diamond grains. The results concluded that cBN can be used to saw softer natural stones, or can be added to the matrix together with diamond.
Effect of Molybdenum on Wear Resistance of Cr-Nb Hard-Faced S355JR Steel
Authors: Thongchitrugsa Nut , Chianpairot Amnuaysak , Hartung Fritz , Lothongkum Gobboon 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The effect of Mo on the abrasive wear resistance of (20–23)Cr-(7–8)Nb hard-faced S355JR steel by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) was studied. Four types of flux, consisting of fixed Cr and Nb but varying Mo contents, coated on hard-facing electrode were used. Microstructure, micro hardness, and abrasive wear resistance of the hard-faced surface were investigated by ASTM G65 D procedure. The original microstructures consist of the primary coarse and eutectic carbides. Mo affects morphology of carbides by decreasing primary carbide size. When Mo content in the hard-faced surface was up to 6.43 wt.-%, the highest abrasive wear resistance and micro hardness were obtained. The decrease of primary carbide size is attributed to the increased nucleation induced by Mo addition. Network structure was observed when the Mo content reaches 10.19 wt.-%. The main mechanisms of wear are micro-cutting and carbide pulling out.
Mechanical Properties of Hot Forged ANSI 1050 Steel
Authors: Çavdar Uğur 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In this study, two different heating methods have been used for the hot forging process of ANSI 1050 steel. Some specimens were heated by induction generator at 250 kW, 3.2 kHz up to a temperature of 1250 °C ± 5 °C in 5 minutes under ambient conditions via a continuous conveyor belt system. Other steel specimens were heated continuously in a conventional furnace up to a temperature of 1230 °C ± 40 °C at ambient conditions in 30 minutes. All specimens were subjected to Charpy, three-point bending, fracture strain, and hardness tests (surface and cross-section measurements). Almost all mechanical test results were better for the specimens heated by the induction generator and also appeared as more stable than those for the specimens heated by conventional furnace which varying some showed results. Grain growing was found in the microstructure of the conventional heated specimens. Induction heated specimens were heated more homogenously than the conventional heated specimens which is the reason for more stable results.
The effect of SiC/Al2O3 particles used during FSP on mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy
Authors: Dadaei Mostafa , Omidvar Hamid , Bagheri Behrouz , Jahazi Mohammad , Abbasi Mahmoud 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Friction stir processing, as a method of changing the properties of a metal, through intense, localized plastic deformation, has been developed based on the basic principles of friction stir welding. In the current research, mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy were modified by the application of friction stir processing. Surface composites using SiC as well as Al2O3 nano-particles were developed. Yield and tensile strengths as well as hardness values of specimens were measured. The results showed that friction stir processing modified the size of grains noticeably and improved the mechanical properties. The results also indicated that SiC particles were more beneficial than Al2O3 particles with regard to improvement of the properties. It was also concluded that homogeneous distribution of particles resulted in the decrease of grain sizes to 3 μm and the increase in strength and formability index to 390 MPa and 6 500 MPa, respectively.
Carbothermal synthesis of β-SiC powders from silicon and SiO2-coated carbon powders
Authors: Hwang Yeon , Riu Doh-Hyung , Kang Hong-Jeon , An Ju-hyun , Jung Woo Sub , Chun Dongil , Kim Youngseok 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
β-SiC powders were synthesized via a direct carbothermal reaction between solid silicon and SiO2-coated carbon powders. An SiO2 layer can be coated on carbon powders by appropriately controlling the ratios of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The mixture of silicon and SiO2-coated carbon was reacted at 1 500 °C for 1 h in an Ar atmosphere. The morphologies of the SiO2-coated carbon and the synthesized SiC powders were examined, and the phase evolution in the SiC powders during synthesis was analyzed. β-SiC powders with a particle size of around 200 nm were synthesized under SiO2-coating conditions of 0.2 – 0.6 mL of APTES and 0.8 – 0.4 mL of TEOS for 100 mg of carbon black powders. When no TEOS was used in the coating procedure, the β-SiC powders showed large and irregular shapes, while coating was not possible without the addition of APTES.
Hot ductility behavior of Incoloy901 superalloy in the cast and wrought conditions
Authors: Shore Fatemeh Mohammadi , Morakabati Maryam , Mahdavi Rashid 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Hot ductility was investigated in Incoloy901 using hot tensile testing over a temperature range of 900 to 1 200 °C and at strain rates of 0.01 to 1 s−1, in the cast and wrought conditions. Maximum ductility was detected in the cast and wrought conditions at temperature ranges of 1 000 to 1 050 °C and 1 000 to 1 100 °C, respectively. More voids were seen at the fracture surface of the wrought specimens compared to the cast ones. At 950 °C, the formation of large and non-homogeneous voids at the fracture surface, as well as the appearance of transgranular and intergranular cracks in the wrought specimen, support moderate ductility of the alloy. Microstructural analysis does not support the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization in the cast specimens. In contrast, dynamic recrystallization in the wrought specimens at the region of maximum hot ductility promoted diffusion, leading to ductile fracture. At temperatures higher than the maximum ductility range, the formation of intergranular cracks resulted in a remarkable decline in ductility.
Mountain glaciers of southeast Siberia: current state and changes since the Little Ice Age
Authors: Osipov E.Yu. , Osipova O.P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractContemporary glaciers of southeast Siberia are located on three high-mountain ridges (east Sayan, Baikalsky and Kodar). In this study, we present an updated glacier inventory based on high- to middle-resolution satellite imagery and field investigations. The inventory includes 51 glaciers with a total area of - 15 km2. Areas of individual glaciers vary from 0.06 to 1.33 km2, lengths from 130 to 2010 m and elevations from 1796 to 3490 m. The recent ice maximum extents (Little Ice Age) have been delineated from terminal moraines. On average, debris-free surface area shrunk by 59% between 1850 and 2006/11 (0.37% a–1), by 44% between 1850 and 2001/02 (0.29% a–1) and by 27% between 2001/02 and 2006/11 (3.39% a–1). The Kodar glaciers have experienced the largest area shrinkage, while the area loss on Baikalsky ridge was more moderate. Glacier changes are mainly related to regional summer temperature increase (by 1.7-2.6C from 1970 to 2010). There are some differences in glacier response due to different spatial patterns of snow accumulation, local topography (e.g. glacier elevation, slope) and geological activity. The studied glaciers (especially of Kodar ridge) are the most sensitive in Siberia to climate change since the late 20th century.
Estimation of glacial melt contributions to the Bow River, Alberta, Canada, using a radiation-temperature melt model
Authors: Bash Eleanor A. , Marshall Shawn J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAlberta’s Bow River has its headwaters in the glaciated eastern slopes of the Canadian Rockies and is a major source of water in southern Alberta. Glacial retreat, declining snowpacks and increased water demand are all expected in the coming century, yet there are relatively few studies focusing on quantifying glacial meltwater in the Bow River. We develop a new radiation-temperature melt model for modelling distributed glacier mass balance and runoff in the Bow River basin. The model reflects physical processes through the incorporation of near-surface air temperature and absorbed radiation, while avoiding problems of collinearity through the use of a radiation-decorrelated temperature index. The model is calibrated at Haig Glacier in the southern portion of the basin and validated at Haig and Peyto Glaciers. Application of the model to the entire Bow River basin for 2000-09 shows glacier ice melt is equivalent to 3% of annual discharge in Calgary on average. Modelled ice melt in August is equal to 8-20% of the August Bow River discharge in Calgary. This emphasizes the importance of glacier runoff to late-summer streamflow in the region, particularly in warm, dry years.
Role of Perfusion CT Differentiating Hemangiomas from Malignant Hepatic Lesions
Authors: Singh Jagjeet , Sharma Sanjiv , Aggarwal Neeti , Sood R G , Sood Shikha , Sidhu Ravinder 
Published: February 2014

Objective:
The purpose of the study was to determine the role of computed tomography (CT) perfusion in differentiating hemangiomas from malignant hepatic lesions.

Materials and Methods:
This study was approved by the institutional review board. All the patients provided informed consent. CT perfusion was performed with 64 multidetector CT (MDCT) scanner on 45 patients including 27 cases of metastasis, 9 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and 9 cases of hemangiomas. A 14 cm span of the liver was covered during the perfusion study. Data was analyzed to calculate blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), permeability surface area product (PS), mean transit time (MTT), hepatic arterial fraction (HAF), and induced residue fraction time of onset (IRFTO). CT perfusion parameters at the periphery of lesions and background liver parenchyma were compared.

Results:
Significant changes were observed in the perfusion parameters at the periphery of different lesions. Of all the perfusion parameters BF, HAF, and IRFTO showed most significant changes. In our study we found: BF of more than 400 ml/100 g/min at the periphery of the hemangiomas showed sensitivity of 88.9%, specificity of 83.3%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 57.1%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 96.7% in differentiating hemangiomas from hepatic malignancy; HAF of more than 60% at the periphery of hemangiomas showed sensitivity of 77.8%, specificity of 86.1%, PPV of 58.3% and NPV of 93.9% in differentiating hemangiomas from hepatic malignancy; IRFTO of more than 3 s at the periphery of hemangiomas showed sensitivity of 77.8%, specificity of 86.1%, PPV of 58.3%, and NPV of 93.9% in differentiating hemangiomas from hepatic malignancy.

Conclusion:
Perfusion CT is a helpful tool in differentiating hemangiomas from hepatic malignancy by its ability to determine changes in perfusion parameters of the lesions.
Ultrasound and Doppler US in Evaluation of Superficial Soft-tissue Lesions
Authors: Toprak Huseyin , Kiliç Erkan , Serter Asli , Kocakoç Ercan , Ozgocmen Salih 
Published: February 2014

Improved developments in digital ultrasound technology and the use of high-frequency broadband transducers make ultrasound (US) imaging the first screening tool in investigating superficial tissue lesions. US is a safe (no ionizing radiation), portable, easily repeatable, and cheap form of imaging compared to other imaging modalities. US is an excellent imaging modality to determine the nature of a mass lesion (cystic or solid) and its anatomic relation to adjoining structures. Masses can be characterized in terms of their size, number, component, and vascularity with US and Doppler US especially with power Doppler US. US, however, is operator dependent and has a number of artifacts that can result in misinterpretation.
In this review, we emphasize the role of ultrasound, particularly power Doppler, in superficial soft-tissue lesions.
Lessons Learned from Community-Based Approaches to Sodium Reduction
Authors: Kane Heather , Strazza Karen , Losby Jan L. , Lane Rashon , Mugavero Kristy , Anater Andrea S. , Frost Corey , Margolis Marjorie , Hersey James 
Published: February 2014

Purpose. This article describes lessons from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention initiative encompassing sodium reduction interventions in six communities. Design. A multiple case study design was used. Setting. This evaluation examined data from programs implemented in six communities located in New York (Broome County, Schenectady County, and New York City); California (Los Angeles County and Shasta County); and Kansas (Shawnee County). Subjects. Participants (n = 80) included program staff, program directors, state-level staff, and partners. Measures. Measures for this evaluation included challenges, facilitators, and lessons learned from implementing sodium reduction strategies. Analysis. The project team conducted a document review of program materials and semistructured interviews 12 to 14 months after implementation. The team coded and analyzed data deductively and inductively. Results. Five lessons for implementing community-based sodium reduction approaches emerged: (1) build relationships with partners to understand their concerns, (2) involve individuals knowledgeable about specific venues early, (3) incorporate sodium reduction efforts and messaging into broader nutrition efforts, (4) design the program to reduce sodium gradually to take into account consumer preferences and taste transitions, and (5) identify ways to address the cost of lower-sodium products. Conclusion. The experiences of the six communities may assist practitioners in planning community-based sodium reduction interventions. Addressing sodium reduction using a community-based approach can foster meaningful change in dietary sodium consumption.
Evidence to Support Including Lifestyle Light-Intensity Recommendations in Physical Activity Guidelines for Older Adults
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. , Lee Hyo , Cardinal Bradley J. 
Published: February 2014

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of objectively measured lifestyle light-intensity physical activity (LLPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with various biological markers and chronic diseases among a nationally representative sample of U.S. older adults (65+ years). Design. A cross-sectional design was used for this study. Setting. Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2006. Subjects. Subjects were 1,496 older U.S. adults. Measures. Participants wore an accelerometer for at least 4 days and completed questionnaires to assess sociodemographics and chronic disease information. Blood samples were taken to assess biological markers. Analysis. Adjusted Wald tests and Poisson regression were used to examine the association of LLPA and MVPA with biological markers and chronic disease. Results. Older adults engaging in ≥300 min/wk of LLPA had lower observed values for body mass index, waist circumference, C-reactive protein, and insulin resistance compared to those engaging in <300 min/wk of LLPA. Additionally, those engaging in <300 min/wk of LLPA had a rate 1.18 times greater for having chronic disease compared to those engaging in ≥300 min/wk of LLPA. Conclusion. In this national sample of older U.S. adults, participation in at least 300 min/wk of LLPA was associated with more favorable health outcomes. Future experimental studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Where Is Xenophobia in the Fight against Racism?
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
What is at stake in identifying some actions or speech acts as racist as opposed to regarding them as “merely” xenophobic? If we understand racism as a system, how does this impact the way we address the distinction between the terms racism and xenophobia? My attempt to address these questions is guided by two observations drawn from the genealogy of the term racism. First, in the English language, the word was initially a synonym for Nazi anti-Semitism. The strategies to combat racism developed by UNESCO under the influence of Ashley Montagu and other followers of Franz Boas were set by the idea that what had to be opposed was primarily a biologically based racial ideology. However, the attempt to apply this model to the United States was problematized by Oliver Cromwell Cox already in the early 1940s, just as the application of this model to colonialism was opposed by Sartre and Fanon. Secondly, whereas race prejudice had at one time been thought of as natural, as xenophobia still tends to be today, what is called racism in English was from the outset thought of as acquired and blameworthy. As a result of this and other differences, the strategies needed to address racism and xenophobia are fundamentally different.
Arthur de Gobineau on Blood and Race
Authors: Nale John 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The notion of racial blood in Gobineau's Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines is not deployed in a strictly physiological manner. Gobineau refers to blood in a number of passages designating a spiritual and historical substance accounting for the unity of a people. This use of the term cannot be discredited by a chemical or genetic analysis of the material blood because Gobineau is not engaged in a classification of physical body types but rather a historical explanation of civilizations’ progress and degeneration. The blood refers to more than a mere biological trait. And the term is deployed in an attempt to comprehend one's physical, psychical, social, political, and, above all, historical ways of being.