bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Effect of long-term exposure to air pollution on type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: a systemic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Wang Bin , Xu Donghua , Jing Zhaohai , Liu Dawei , Yan Shengli , Wang Yangang 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of long-term exposure to air pollution on type 2 diabetes risk, a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies was performed.MethodsLiterature search was conducted with Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science for prospective cohort studies investigating the association of type 2 diabetes risk with increments in particulate matter (PM, diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) or <10 μm (PM10)) or nitrogen dioxide (NO2). We used a random-effects model to calculate the overall relative risk (RR) with 95% CI.ResultsOf 808 identified articles, ten cohort studies were finally included, which involved a total of 2 371 907 participants and 21 095 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. Elevated risk of type 2 diabetes was significantly associated with long-term exposures to high levels of PM2.5 (RR=1.28, 95% CI 1.06–1.55,P=0.009,I2=83.5%), PM10 (RR=1.15, 95% CI 1.02–1.30,P=0.022,I2=0%), and NO2(RR=1.12, 95% CI 1.02–1.23,P=0.015,I2=63.5%). When using standardized risk estimates, the RRs of type 2 diabetes were significant for increments in concentrations of PM2.5 (1.39 per 10 μg/m3increment, 95% CI 1.14–1.68,P=0.001), PM10 (1.34 per 10 μg/m3increment, 95% CI 1.22–1.47,P<0.001), and NO2(1.11 per 10 μg/m3increment, 95% CI 1.07–1.16,P<0.001). No obvious evidence of publication bias was observed.ConclusionLong-term exposure to high levels of main air pollutants is significantly associated with elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Primer registro de Nemopalpus phoenimimos Quate & Alexander, 2000 (Diptera, Psychodidae, Bruchomyiinae) en Venezuela
Authors: Cazorla Dalmiro , Sánchez Mireya , Sánchez Yetsenia , Oraá Luzmary , Rondón Yorfer , Rojas Masyelly , Rujano María , Rondón Maritza , González Néstor , Nieves Elsa 
Published: October 2014

Se registra por primera vez la presencia en Venezuela del díptero-psicódido de la subfamilia Bruchomyiinae Nemopalpus phoenimimos Quate & Alexander, 2000. Se capturaron dos especímenes a 2200 m de altitud en Escagüey (8°42’31.19”N; 70°59’41.25”W), estado Mérida, en la región andina de Venezuela. Este registro representa la segunda especie de Nemopalpus Macquart,1838 reportada para el país.
Oral Neutrophil Levels: A Screening Test for Oral Inflammatory Load in Pregnancy in a Medical Setting
Authors: Huda Sabrina , Doering Hendrik , Tenenbaum Howard C. , Whittle Wendy , Sigal Michael J. , Glogauer Michael 
Published: October 2014

Background: A multitude of studies suggest an association between periodontal disease and adverse birth outcomes, but the findings have been equivocal. Although the evidence is controversial, it is biologically plausible, and the key link may be inflammation. Because periodontitis is at times either active or inactive, trying to correlate the presence of pockets, for example, to adverse outcome of pregnancy might be preordained to failure or at least confusion. Alternatively, if inflammatory activity associated with periodontitis could be measured, it might be possible to correlate oral inflammatory load (OIL) to adverse pregnancy outcomes more precisely, but given the low incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, large populations must be studied. This underscores the need to use a means for assessment of OIL that is reliable, reproducible, and so simple to perform that it does not require dental expertise and can be used for large numbers of patients attending obstetrics units. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that OIL can be measured in a cohort of pregnant females presenting for obstetric care and secondarily to ensure that there was a realistic correlation to the presence of periodontitis.Methods: Sixty‐three pregnant females were recruited, and 15‐second saline rinses were collected to measure OIL as represented by counts of oral neutrophil levels. Periodontal examinations were performed to determine the extent of the correlation between the presence of clinical markers of periodontitis, such as pockets and clinical attachment loss to the OIL.Results: Using this small cohort of patients, a test for oral inflammatory disease could be administered successfully in a non‐dental setting. In addition, there was a statistically significant increase (two‐fold, P <0.05) in oral neutrophil counts found in patients with periodontitis compared with those without periodontitis.Conclusion: The rinse assay can be used as a screening tool for oral inflammation, which was also related to the presence of periodontitis, in pregnant females attending a medical clinic.
Metachronous Bilateral Chondroblastoma of the Proximal Part of the Femur with a Pathologic Fracture
Authors: Yoon Byung-Ho , Cho Hwan Seong , Lee Young-Kyun , Koo Kyung-Hoi 
Published: October 2014

Case:
A twenty-two-year-old man presented with metachronous bilateral chondroblastoma of the proximal part of the femur with a pathologic fracture. The pathologic fracture on the right side was treated with tumor resection and total hip arthroplasty. Within forty-three months, the chondroblastoma in the left femoral head was detected and treated with the same protocol as the chondroblastoma on the right side. No metastatic lesion was evident at this time; because of its benign appearance histologically, the lesion was diagnosed as a metachronous lesion.

Conclusion:
In a patient who has been previously diagnosed with and treated for chondroblastoma, skeletal pain at another site may represent a metachronous lesion.
Influence of Process Parameters on Content Uniformity of a Low Dose Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient in a Tablet Formulation According to GMP
Authors: Muselík Jan , Franc Aleš , Doležel Petr , Goněc Roman , Krondlová Anna , Lukášová Ivana 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The article describes the development and production of tablets using direct compression of powder mixtures. The aim was to describe the impact of filler particle size and the time of lubricant addition during mixing on content uniformity according to the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) process validation requirements. Processes are regulated by complex directives, forcing the producers to validate, using sophisticated methods, the content uniformity of intermediates as well as final products. Cutting down of production time and material, shortening of analyses, and fast and reliable statistic evaluation of results can reduce the final price without affecting product quality. The manufacturing process of directly compressed tablets containing the low dose active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) warfarin, with content uniformity passing validation criteria, is used as a model example. Statistic methods have proved that the manufacturing process is reproducible. Methods suitable for elucidation of various properties of the final blend, e.g., measurement of electrostatic charge by Faraday pail and evaluation of mutual influences of researched variables by partial least square (PLS) regression, were used. Using these methods, it was proved that the filler with higher particle size increased the content uniformity of both blends and the ensuing tablets. Addition of the lubricant, magnesium stearate, during the blending process improved the content uniformity of blends containing the filler with larger particles. This seems to be caused by reduced sampling error due to the suppression of electrostatic charge.
Identification of a Source Term in a Semilinear Evolution Delay Equation
Authors: Lorenzi Alfredo , Vrabie Ioan I. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
An existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence on the data result for a source term identification problem in a semilinear functional delay differential equation in a general Banach space is established. As additional condition, it is assumed that the mean of the solution, with respect to a non-atomic Borel measure, is a preassigned element in the domain of the linear part of the right-hand side of the equation. Two applications to source identification, one in a parabolic functional delay equation and another one in a hyperbolic delay equation, are also discussed.
Natural Selection or Problem Solving. Critical Re-evaluation of Karl Popper's Evolutionism
Authors: Boldachev Alexander 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Among the philosophers and the educated audience the name of Sir Karl Popper is usually associated with the critical method, evolutionary epistemology, falsification as a criterion for the demarcation of scientific knowledge, the concept of the third world and with his dislike to dialectics and contradictions. This article is aimed to show in what way all these things are connected in the evolutionary researches of the philosopher and the new conceptions, which he contributed to studying the mechanisms of evolution. Also there is an attempt to comprehend the evolutionary views of Popper, test them for falsification, relate his epistemology with his claims, which he puts forward to the theory of objective knowledge evolution and show the obvious contradiction between them.
Chronic Complaints After Ankle Sprains: A Systematic Review on Effectiveness of Treatments
Authors: van Ochten John M. , van Middelkoop Marienke , Meuffels Duncan , Bierma-Zeinstra Sita M.A. 
Published: October 2014

Study Design Systematic review. Objective To determine the effectiveness of treatments for patients with chronic complaints after ankle sprain. Background Though most people recover completely after a lateral inversion ankle injury, a considerable percentage have persistent complaints. Currently, it is still unclear which treatment options are best for these patients. Methods Major databases, including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PEDro, were searched for randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials conducted from 1966 to October 2012. Due to clinical heterogeneity, the data were analyzed using a best-evidence synthesis. Results A total of 20 randomized controlled trials and 1 controlled clinical trial were included in the analysis. The included studies compared different treatments (training programs, physiotherapy, chiropractic/manual therapy, surgery, postoperative training, and functional treatment). For pain and function outcomes, limited to moderate evidence was found for effectiveness of a training program compared to conservative treatment. Two studies found a decrease of recurrences after a proprioceptive training program. Four studies showed good results for different surgical methods but did not include a nonsurgical control group for comparison. Limited evidence was found for the effectiveness of an early mobilization program after surgery. Conclusion In chronic ankle complaints after an ankle sprain, a training program gives better results for pain and function, and a decrease of recurrent ankle sprains, than a wait-and-see policy. There was insufficient evidence to determine the most effective surgical treatment, but limited evidence suggests that postoperative, early mobilization was more effective than a plaster cast. Level of Evidence Therapy, level 1a-. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(11):862–871. Epub 9 October 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.5221
Persons With Chronic Hip Joint Pain Exhibit Reduced Hip Muscle Strength
Authors: Harris-Hayes Marcie , Mueller Michael J. , Sahrmann Shirley A. , Bloom Nancy J. , Steger-May Karen , Clohisy John C. , Salsich Gretchen B. 
Published: October 2014

Study Design Controlled laboratory cross-sectional study. Objectives To assess strength differences of the hip rotator and abductor muscle groups in young adults with chronic hip joint pain (CHJP) and asymptomatic controls. A secondary objective was to determine if strength in the uninvolved hip of those with unilateral CHJP differs from that in asymptomatic controls. Background Little is known about the relationship between hip muscle strength and CHJP in young adults. Methods Thirty-five participants with CHJP and 35 matched controls (18 to 40 years of age) participated. Using handheld dynamometry, strength of the hip external rotators and internal rotators was assessed with the hip flexed to 90° and 0°. To assess external rotator and internal rotator strength, the hip was placed at the end range of external rotation and internal rotation, respectively. Strength of the hip abductors was assessed in sidelying, with the hip in 15° of abduction. Break tests were performed to determine maximum muscle force, and the average torque was calculated using the corresponding moment arm. Independent-sample t tests were used to compare strength values between (1) the involved limb in participants with CHJP and the corresponding limb in the matched controls, and (2) the uninvolved limb in participants with unilateral CHJP and the corresponding limb in the matched controls. Results Compared to controls, participants with CHJP demonstrated weakness of 16% to 28% (P<.01) in all muscle groups tested in the involved hip. The uninvolved hip of 22 subjects with unilateral CHJP demonstrated weakness of 18% and 16% (P<.05) in the external rotators (0°) and abductors, respectively, when compared to the corresponding limb of the matched controls. Conclusion The results of the present study demonstrate that persons with CHJP have weakness in the hip rotator and hip abductor muscles. Weakness also was found in the uninvolved hip of persons with CHJP. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(11):890–898. Epub 9 October 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.5268
Quadriceps Muscle Function After Rehabilitation With Cryotherapy in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Hart Joseph M. , Kuenze Christopher M. , Diduch David R. , Ingersoll Christopher D. 
Published: October 2014

Context:
Persistent muscle weakness after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction may be due to underlying activation failure and arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI). Knee-joint cryotherapy has been shown to improve quadriceps function transiently in those with AMI, thereby providing an opportunity to improve quadriceps muscle activation and strength in patients with a reconstructed ACL.

Objective:
To compare quadriceps muscle function in patients with a reconstructed ACL who completed a 2-week intervention including daily cryotherapy (ice bag), daily exercises, or both.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 30 patients with reconstructed ACLs who were at least 6 months post-index surgery and had measurable quadriceps AMI.

Intervention(s):
The patients attended 4 supervised visits over a 2-week period. They were randomly assigned to receive 20 minutes of knee-joint cryotherapy, 1 hour of therapeutic rehabilitation exercises, or cryotherapy followed by exercises.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We measured quadriceps Hoffmann reflex, normalized maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque, central activation ratio using the superimposed-burst technique, and patient-reported outcomes before and after the intervention period.

Results:
After the 2-week intervention period, patients who performed rehabilitation exercises immediately after cryotherapy had higher normalized maximal voluntary isometric contraction torques (P = .002, Cohen d effect size = 1.4) compared with those who received cryotherapy alone (P = .16, d = 0.58) or performed exercise alone (P = .16, d = 0.30).

Conclusions:
After ACL reconstruction, patients with AMI who performed rehabilitation exercises immediately after cryotherapy experienced greater strength gains than those who performed cryotherapy or exercises alone.
Supervision and Computerized Neurocognitive Baseline Test Performance in High School Athletes: An Initial Investigation
Authors: Kuhn Andrew Warren , Solomon Gary S. 
Published: October 2014

Context:Computerized neuropsychological testing batteries have provided a time-efficient and cost-efficient way to assess and manage the neurocognitive aspects of patients with sport-related concussion. These tests are straightforward and mostly self-guided, reducing the degree of clinician involvement required by traditional clinical neuropsychological paper-and-pencil tests.Objective:To determine if self-reported supervision status affected computerized neurocognitive baseline test performance in high school athletes.Design:Retrospective cohort study.Settings:Supervised testing took place in high school computer libraries or sports medicine clinics. Unsupervised testing took place at the participant's home or another location with computer access.Patients or Other Participants:From 2007 to 2012, high school athletes across middle Tennessee (n = 3771) completed computerized neurocognitive baseline testing (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing [ImPACT]). They reported taking the test either supervised by a sports medicine professional or unsupervised. These athletes (n = 2140) were subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria and then matched based on age, sex, and number of prior concussions.Main Outcome Measure(s):We extracted demographic and performance-based data from each de-identified baseline testing record. Paired t tests were performed between the self-reported supervised and unsupervised groups, comparing the following ImPACT baseline composite scores: verbal memory, visual memory, visual motor (processing) speed, reaction time, impulse control, and total symptom score. For differences that reached P &lt; .05, the Cohen d was calculated to measure the effect size. Lastly, a χ2 analysis was conducted to compare the rate of invalid baseline testing between the groups. All statistical tests were performed at the 95% confidence interval level.Results:Self-reported supervised athletes demonstrated better visual motor (processing) speed (P = .004; 95% confidence interval [0.28, 1.52]; d = 0.12) and faster reaction time (P &lt; .001; 95% confidence interval [−0.026, −0.014]; d = 0.21) composite scores than self-reported unsupervised athletes.Conclusions:Speed-based tasks were most affected by self-reported supervision status, although the effect sizes were relatively small. These data lend credence to the hypothesis that supervision status may be a factor in the evaluation of ImPACT baseline test scores.
Regulating Gasoline Retail Markets: The Case of Germany
Authors: Wittmann Nadine 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In 2011, price peaks in retail gasoline prices caused public outrage and attracted the attention of German regulatory agencies. After having examined the market, competition authorities concluded that tacit collusion existed but could not easily be prosecuted under given competition law. In several other countries, various types of regulatory schemes are implemented to tackle tacit collusive behavior, e.g., there are price ceilings established in Luxembourg or per day limits of price increases given in Austria. However, research has found that none of them has led to satisfactory results. Hence, the following paper proposes a different regulatory approach, i.e., the implementation of corrective taxes. Results show that a specially tailored tax on price successfully manages to render collusion an unprofitable business by collecting marginal profits and that the inherent vice of the gasoline retail market, i.e., the transparency that enables tacit—and therefore non-prosecutable—collusion, could be turned into a regulatory virtue as it becomes a powerful means to help successfully tackle imperfect competition and to bring about a more efficient market outcome.
Feeling Cinema
Authors: Laine Tarja 
Published: October 2014

There is an upsurge of interest in contemporary film theory towards cinematic emotions. Tarja Laine's innovative study proposes a methodology for interpreting affective encounters with films, not as objectively readable texts, but as emotionally salient events. Laine argues convincingly that film is not an immutable system of representation that is meant for (one-way) communication, but an active, dynamic participant in the becoming of the cinematic experience.
Through a range of chapters that include Horror, Hope, Shame and Love - and through close readings of films such as The Shining, American Beauty and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Laine demonstrates that cinematic emotions are more than mere indicators of the properties of their objects. They are processes that are intentional in a phenomenological sense, supporting the continuous, shifting, and reciprocal exchange between the film's world and the spectator's world. Grounded in continental philosophy, this provocative book explores the affective dynamics of cinema as an interchange between the film and the spectator in a manner that transcends traditional generic patterns.
Straffen omvat meer dan gevangenisstraf
Authors: van Wingerden Sigrid , van Wilsem Johan 
Published: October 2014

There’s more to sentencing than imprisonment. The effects of offender characteristics on sentencing outcomes for all punishment types
Sentencing research focusing solely on unsuspended imprisonment does no justice to the practice of sentencing, where many other punishment types are imposed – often conjunctly. To investigate to what extent this imprisonment bias might have caused incomplete and thereby biased findings, we compare the effects of offender characteristics for imprisonment to those for other sanction types, as well as to a model combining sanction types. Findings suggest that the effects of offender characteristics differ per sanction type. When combinations of sanction types are taken into account, some offender characteristics do no longer have mitigating or aggravating effects, or the effects even inverted. Hence, future sentencing research should aim to include all sentences imposed.
De subjectieve zwaarte van detentie
Authors: Raaijmakers Ellen , de Keijser Jan , Nieuwbeerta Paul , Dirkzwager Anja , Reef Joni 
Published: October 2014

The subjective severity of imprisonment. An empirical investigation
Both in punishment theory and sentencing practices, the subjective sentence severity is an important yet neglected area of research. This paper aims to explain differences between inmates in their subjective severity of imprisonment and to contemplate these against the background of important sentencing goals and sentencing principles. Two models commonly used to explain adjustment to prison life were applied: the import and deprivation model. Data from the Prison Project, collected among Dutch inmates staying in pretrial detention, reveal that both import and deprivation characteristics are related to the subjective severity of imprisonment. No support is found for a moderation effect of personality.