bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organic Solar Photovoltaic Cells: Synthesis of Indium Tin Oxide using Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Shanmuga Priya S , Ruts Stijn , Krishna Bandaru SVSR 
Published: July 2024

Solar cells are a solution for the demand for clean and non-pollutant energy. The first two generations of solar cells were costly and bulky, or with rare metals. The third generation are thin films with a polymer or natural dye as active layer. The active layer materials are common in use and non-polluting. A side for the active layer, other layer must be implanted to make the circuit complete and let electrons flow trough. This work focusses on the production of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) which act as a transparent conductive electrode.Â The ITO will be placed in a dye-sensitized solar cell consisting of DNA-chlorophyll active layer. The focus is on the production process of the ITO using the sol-gel method. The precursors that are used are InCl3, SnCl4 and NH3 solutions. To obtain the sols for thin film preparation, the Sn-doped indium hydroxide needs to be dialyzed, aged, and dispersed in ethanol. Then calcination has to be done for preparing proper ITO. When spin coated in to a thin film characterisation can be done like X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and UV-Vis and near IR spectroscopy. The thin film can be placed in a DNA-chlorophyll as an active layer. After reviewing the simple structure of electrodes and active layer, some hole transmitting layers or electron transmitting layers to reduce the losses. The overall solar cell can be tested and the efficiency will be determined.Â
An Optimization Approach to Model the Waste Collection Process
Authors: Adnanjwad Zainab , Talib Hasson Saad 
Published: July 2024

Optimizing the waste collection process is helping in reducing the costs and the waste environmental effects.Waste collection requires applying modified technologies in designing and managing the waste collection areas.Waste collection problem represents a special case of the general collection problems. It needs to consider additional constraints and qualified resources. In this study a modified capacitated clustering approach is applied and implemented in order to distribute the waste bin nodes into dissimilar groups (clusters). These clusters are having different weights depending on the available trucks. Each truck has certain capacity (size) and it must visit each waste bin ones. It must also assign to one cluster only. The number of cluster can be estimated according to the available number of trucks and their capacities. The developed clustering process will optimize the total distances joining the waste bins in each cluster.Â Waste quantity generation is applied and generated as uniform probability distribution random variables based on the historical data of the collected averages. The final result shows a large reduction (about 40 %) in the travelled route in comparing this study suggestion and the municipality route. This study develops scheduling process to assign the available trucks into shifts to collect and empty all the waste bin nodes.Â Â
Secure Data Communications using Cryptography and IPv6 Steganography
Authors: A. Muhajjar Raâ€™ad , A. Badr Farah , . . 
Published: July 2024

Security is an important topic in any communication especially if the communicating endpoints have confidential data and require utilizing special techniques to protect it. In this research paper, cryptography method was combined with steganography to enable sending confidential data by utilizing IPv6 protocol header as a cover to conceal secret messages. Flow label field is the field that will be used as a covert channel to exchange critical data between the endpoints. To generate the encryption/decryption key, a proposed pseudo-random number generator was applied. The generated numbers show good statistics when tested using standard statistical tests. In cryptography, RC6 was executed in CBC mode to encrypt/decrypt N blocks of data. For origin authentication, a proposed MAC was implemented to the encrypted data to obtain MAC value that will be sent along with the encrypted data to the receiving endpoints. After obtaining the encrypted data and the MAC, both will be embedded in IPv6 flow label field.Â Â Â
Effect of Flow Behavior on the Production of PVA/Dextrin Microspheres
Authors: Jawad Hadi Nizar , Jabbar Braihi Auda , Kareem Mohammed Sara 
Published: July 2024

This work studies the production of microspheres from biopolymer towards usingÂ as drug carrier and elucidation of the effect of flow behavior on the properties of microspheres. Poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA of 2, 2.5, 3 wt%Â was mixed with 18% Dextrin using sonication process and then stirred for 20 h at 5Â°C. Different samples were taken after 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 hr during stirring process for each concentration. Optical Microscopy, Zeta potential and AFM were used to check the size, shape, distribution, and stability of microspheres at rest. Dynamic viscosity and shear stress of the samples were tested under (0.1-50) s-1shear rates at 37oC in vivo condition by using con-plate viscometer. The result show that the microspheres were formed in spherical shape in sizes up to 150 micrometers and the increasing of PVA concentration lead to the increasing of wall microsphere thickness. The first concentration have incipient instability and moderate stability for the second and third concentrations. Also, the viscosity curve exhibited non-Newtonian flow and shear thinning behavior at 2, 2.5 and 3 wt% PVA/Dextrin emulsion. The microspheres deformed at 50 s-1 shear rate for the first concentration. The microspheres keep stable in the second and third concentration due to the gradually shear thinning effect. The stability of microspheres of third concentration was higher than others at rest and dynamic test. A good agreement occurs between viscosity behavior and the microspheres characteristics and stability.Â Â
A Survey on VANETs: Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Hadi Saleh Hassan , Talib Hasoon Saad 
Published: July 2024

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is an advanced style and subcategory of a Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), the main objective of VANET's is to create an Intelligent Transport System (ITS), to reduce traffic congestion, accidents or assistance as gates to other networks such as the Internet. VANET is responsible for the communication between moving vehicles in a certain environment. A vehicle can communicate with another vehicle directly which is termed Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) communication, or a vehicle can communicate to an infrastructure such as a Road Side Unit (RSU), identified as Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I). VANET networks have now been established as reliable networks used by vehicles for communication on highways or urban environments. The goal of VANET is to help a group of vehicles to establish and maintain a network of communications between them without using any central base station. Along with benefits, there are a large number of challenges facing VANET.Â In this research, we present a comprehensive review of the challenges facing these networks with some of the proposed solutions, Researchers will gain best understand of VANETs challenges and research trends from the study.Â Â
A Proposed Method for Key Frame Extraction
Authors: Hadi Ali Israa , T. Al â€“ Fatlawi Talib 
Published: July 2024

Video structure analysis can be considered as a major step in too many applications, such as video summarization, video browsing, content-based video indexing,and retrieval and so on. Â Video structure analysis aims to split the video into its major components( scenes, shots, keyframes).Â A key frame is one of the fundamental components of video; it can be defined as a frame or set of frames that give a good representation and summarization of whole contents of a shot. It must contain most of the features of the shot that it represented. In this paper, we proposed an easy method for key frame extraction from the videoâ€™s shot. In the first step of the proposed system, the frames are divided (hashed) into groups (buckets) based on cosine distance, in this step the frame is converted to HSV color space, and angle between frame is computed, the frames that have similar angle are going the same bucket. In the second step, from each groupkeyframe is selected, the results we get can be considered good and reasonable.Â Â
Extractability of carcinogenic toxins in brewed beverages (tea) a study by hyphenated plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Pillay Avin , Stephen Sasi , Manuel Johnson 
Published: July 2024

Beryllium (Be) and arsenic (As) are noted for their potential carcinogenicity, and their elemental distribution in brewed teas was the subject of investigation. A study of this nature, where carcinogens are extracted by boiling, is underexplored. The study focused on brewed beverages and the experimentally determined concentrations were thus compared with drinking water levels. Tea is a favourite drink, is consumed several times a day and toxins could bio-accumulate in the body. Appreciable concentrations of carcinogens could therefore, affect the human body and restorative measures could be adopted to minimize such toxins in tea leaves. Eight brands of tea samples were procured and investigated for carcinogens after brewing in ultrapure Millipore water. Hyphenated plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was deployed to probe the levels of the elements of interest. The operation of the instrument was certified with reference standards. Aberrations in performance were reset by use of an internal standard. Beryllium levels occurred in the range 0.5-1.5 Î¼g/L; As concentrations were between 1-3 Î¼g/L. The distribution of the selected elements is discussed. These carcinogens could emerge from the ground and from the agricultural water used to cultivate the tea leaves, or alternatively, from the manufacturing processes associated with their production. It could be feasible to deploy the data to identify or â€œfingerprintâ€ the country or region of origin of the corresponding tea sample. This study could definitely be considered a source of reference data, and could add to the growing knowledge on sustainable development.Â Â Â
Studying the effect of alumina on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy prepared from waste using powder metallurgy
Authors: Hussien Omran Salman , H. Ali Moaz , Mohsen Mottar Al-Masoudy Murtadha , Abed Hajer Muatamed 
Published: July 2024

Nowadays, there is an increasing request worldwide for the advanced materials so as to get the preferred properties. This is for the reason that a particular material normally cannot meet the requirement of severe engineering environment that is why the need for composites arises. Metal matrix composite is a- main class of materials with high potential for structural applications needing high specific modulus, strength and toughness. Metal matrix composites with unique properties are growing every day and widely used in different industries because of their high mechanical properties and wear resistance. The mechanical and physical tests carried out in this work involve hardness, wear rate, microstructure, and XRD. The results showed that there was an improvement in mechanical properties of the composite which was achieved by adding ceramic reinforcement phase. In comparison with the base metal.Â Â Â
Survival analysis on heart transplantation patients of different ages using Bayesian survival techniques
Authors: Raj Jishnu , Roseline Mary R . 
Published: July 2024

This study focuses to find the survival chances of the heart transplant patient using different survival analysis. The results are later compared with the survival analysis to check the accuracy. The age-based estimation of survival analysis is also performed. The research carried out using Bayesian Survival analysis with survregbayes, anovaDDP and Kaplan Meir methods for survival analysis. The obtained results have shown that, Bayesian survival analysis is more accurate than the normal survival analysis strategy. Based on variations in mismatched scores, the survival time fluctuates for different age groups. A plot for survregbayes model was generated for which, those below the age of 28 have higher chances of survival. The future enhancement would deploy a PH model for estimation than the currently used PO model. At the later stage the project also aims to find out the cause of hazard from an increased number of variables.Â Â Â
A Review on Indoor Air Quality Monitoring using IoT at Campus Environment
Authors: Ananda Hapsari Anindya , Iqbal Hajamydeen Asif , Irsyad Abdullah Muhammad I 
Published: July 2024

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) systems provide a feasible way to maintain a healthy environment. The purpose of this study is to investigate IAQ monitoring systems, summarize existing studies, and to recommend research on IAQ monitoring that using the Internet of Things (IoT). In this systematic review the author analyzes and summarizes articles about IAQ using IoT, obtained from three databases. Based on the criteria, there were 36 studies selected that discusses IAQ, 24 are system development, six are evaluation and comparative articles, three studies proposes methods, and the other three are review articles. From the articles, there are only six researchers have conducted research on campus environment. The relevant past research was reviewed and provided discussion material on monitoring systems, sensors, devices used, and Internet of Things for Indoor Air Quality.Â Â
Effect of Polysulfone Content on Forward Osmosis Membrane Performance.
Authors: Ustafa Haikal M , Onn Munirah , Zainuddin Aznilind , Mariam bt Mohammad Iliyas Siti , Pei Sean Goh , Fauzi Ismail Ahmad 
Published: July 2024

Desalination is the process to separate salt content from saline water. This study observes the effect of different polysulfone (psf) content on forward osmosis (FO) membrane towards its water flux and salt rejection performance. The loading percentages of psf used in the membrane are 15%, 15.5% and 16%. Theoretically, the higher the psf content, the lower the water flux passes through membrane. The membranes were prepared using interfacial polymerization technique and tested through reverse osmosis (RO) process and FO setup.Â From the reverse osmosis (RO) experiment, the results showed that the salt rejection of 15% psf, 15.5% psf, 16% psf, are 92.94%, 93.71%, 95.98% respectively. In the FO experiment, the water flux results recorded for 15% psf, 15.5% psf, 16% psf, content are 1.21 L/m2h, 0.43 L/m2h, 0.21 L/m2h, respectively. Based on these two parameters, it would seem that by increasing the psf content the salt rejection value had increased but the water flux had decreased accordingly. These trends may due to when the psf content was increased; the support layer became denser and less porous which would lead to a higher solute rejection and lower water flux through the membrane. In conclusion, increasing of psf content will give forward osmosis membrane with higher salt rejection but lower water flux.Â Â
Onto based cluster labelling and incremental system for information retrieval
Authors: Kadry Seifedine , Ahamed Mohammed Saleem Irfan , Kumar Ramasamy Lakshmana , Kannammal N. 
Published: July 2024

Document clustering is utilised for data retrieval, past task of labels to cluster individuals enhances quick retrieval, and Existing framework doles out labels because of standard terms show in archives. However, semantic marks are first taking into Document semantic relationship, the incremental calculation for the versatile framework. The proposed work allocates onto mark because of scientific categorisation, i.e. ontology-based; word net Synsets and gleams coordinating and incremental dynamicity is accomplished through naming. The assessment is done utilising f-measure and figuring speed, contrasted and benchmark K-Means, K-Means without labels. Thus semantic labelling is designed more efficient than traditional document clustering methodologies and can be implemented for real-time internet document clustering applications.Â Â
Effect of DC-DC converter switching frequency on the performance of solar PV system
Authors: Srinivas P. , P.Swapna Dr. , C.S.S.Anupama Dr. 
Published: July 2024

The performance of Photo Voltaic (PV) system depends on how effectively the impedance matching is maintained under climatic changes i.e. change in insolation and temperature. The Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (InC) type classical Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controllers with boost converter are used to maintain the desired impedance matching. The switching frequency of boost converter does play an important role in the overall performance of solar system. Due to the change in the switching frequency, various parameters such as settling time, peak over shoot, steady state response, MPPT voltage, MPPT current, maximum power and output voltage values are affected. The influence of these time domain specifications on the performance of the photovoltaic system with modification of above controllers is discussed in this paper. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used for simulation studies of solar PV system with modified InC and P&O controllers. The performance of the modified InC controller over P&O controller at different switching frequencies in transient, steady-state and dynamic responses, related to ripple, power loss, tracking speed and overshoot have been analyzed.Â Â
Rehashing system security solutions in e-banking
Authors: Ul Islam Khan Burhan , F. Olanrewaju Rashidah , Anwar Farhat 
Published: July 2024

Applications meant for exchanging cash, or individual data are becoming progressively common in mobile communications and on the Internet. The expansion of electronic banking services by utilizing various electronic channels provide added value to the users. As such, client authentication is required in these applications for affirming the legitimacy of the clients. The most widely recognized service of accreditations utilized today is the static passwords. Weak passwords prove to be an awful choice because it exposes online banking services to various security dangers. Different arrangements have been put forward to eradicate the clients' need for the creation and management of passwords. In this regard, a typical method developed is the one-time password (OTP), i.e., passwords which remain valid for a single exchange or session. Sadly, the vast majority of these password arrangements doesn't fulfil the requirement of usability and scalability and hence can be considered to be unreliable. In this paper, the usability and security facets of the present-day strategies for validation schemes centred on non-OTP and OTP structures are contemplated. At last, the loopholes, as well as the open challenges, are discussed, highlighting their prominence in the related field of study.Â Â
A Survey: Restoration of Compressed Image
Authors: S Sujithra M. , SugithaSugitha N. 
Published: July 2024

In recent years, blocking artifacts are the one of the major problem faced by the image compression due to quantization bit constraints or inter-block correlation in decompression. The various methods used to remove the blocking artifacts are broadly classified as deblocking methods and estimation / learning based methods. Both the methods are further classified into filtering approach and restoration of transform coefficients, maximum of a posteriori, projection onto convex sets and sparse dictionary learning. All these image restoration techniques are applied to restore the compressed image by considering the compressed image as degraded image. This paper presents various techniques for restoring compressed image and thereby maintaining the perceptual quality of the image.Â Â Â
Effect of Turbulence Intensity on Low Reynolds Number Airfoil Aerodynamics
Authors: Kumar Gupta Ashish , A. Aswatha Naray P. , Ramesh G. 
Published: July 2024

The flow transition over the airfoil at low Reynolds number influences its aerodynamic performance; hence this is being studied by many researchers in the recent times. One of the important factors affecting flow transition is the turbulence intensity of the oncoming flow that has not been well addressed. Here a systematic study on a few of Low Reynolds number airfoils is made though viscous- inviscid interaction code XFLR to understand the sensitivity of the inlet turbulence on the flow transition. The analyses with XFLR5 code were made at three Reynolds number and three different turbulent intensity values. The analysis brings out clearly the sensitivity of the flow to turbulent intensity. The reason for the drag increase and scatter in the experimental data has been investigated which is seen in case of E387 airfoil for Reynolds number below 100,000.Â Â
Effect of Outward and Inward Dimple Located on Different Positions of Aerofoil Section at a Typical Low Reynolds Number
Authors: A Aswatha Narayana P. , K A Rasya , S Prasad Spoorthi , . . 
Published: July 2024

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the enhancement of the aerodynamic characteristics of NACA 4415 aerofoil section. This enhancement includes introduction of dimple on the aerofoil section which creates vortices and delays the flow separation. The work describes the computational analysis of dimple at different positions for different aspect ratios. This study has been carried out on an aerofoil section for a typical low Reynolds number of 47,000 using CFD tool ANSYS FLUENT. Â Â
Aviation Safety Management: Minimizing the Deleterious Effect of an Aviation Disaster
Authors: Hafiza Zainudin Ainul , Akhmal Hasmin Nor , Waseem Dhihny Ahmad , Mohd Shah Rohani 
Published: July 2024

Safety management of civil aviation industry should be taken assiduously to preserve incalculable human life. Though a comprehensive regulatory framework on safety management has been established at a local and international level to improve the safety standard in the aviation industry, this century has witnessed a rapid increased of aviation disasters due to the continued growth of safety mismanagement. This paper offers a discussion of the risk factor as an essential safety tool in preventing aviation disaster through its compliance with safety regulation and safety standard imposed upon regulatory authority. This paper also intends to discuss the safety doctrine laid down in Integrated Emergency Management Model (IEMM) and Chaos Theory in managing aviation disaster. This paper also tenders a discussion on the current legal position concerning safety management adopted by Malaysian aviation authorities. The reference is made to the State Safety Program (SSP) and Safety Management System (SMS) under Annex 19 of Chicago Convention within the purview of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The methodology used is the doctrinal research methodology in the discipline of law. The findings of this study serve to validate that Malaysia to the full extent have implemented ICAO Safety Management Manual (SMM); nevertheless, the effectiveness is debatable. Based on the literature, this paper seeks to propose that IEMM and Chaos Theory be made the foundation in establishing Malaysia's regulatory framework and the synchronisation between domestic law and international convention to be made mandatory.Â Â