bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interview with Judge Kate O'Regan
Authors: Van der Spuy Elrena 
Published: October 2015

In August 2012 Kate O'Regan, a former judge of the South African Constitutional Court, was appointed by the premier of the Western Cape to head the Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of Police Inefficiency and a Breakdown in Relations between SAPS and the Community in Khayelitsha. Two years later, on 25 August 2014, the commission submitted its final report and recommendations. In this exchange O'Regan reflects from the inside out on some aspects of the public inquiry into policing in Khayelitsha. Here one finds reference to judicial independence and organisational autonomy of commissions of inquiry; the value of comparative lesson drawing for process design; the importance of creating safe spaces for all participants; and honouring the contributions of participants. Policing, O'Regan concludes, is a truly challenging enterprise. Both political and police leadership carry a moral responsibility to engage systemic and other challenges as identified in both of the Marikana and Khayelitsha reports. Not to do so would imply the abdication of responsibility to address the safety and security concerns of South African citizens.
Practical Applications in Immunohistochemistry: Carcinomas of Unknown Primary Site
Authors: Kandalaft Patricia L. , Gown Allen M. 
Published: October 2015

Context.—Identification of the site of origin of carcinoma of unknown primary using immunohistochemistry is a frequent requirement of anatomic pathologists. Diagnostic accuracy is crucial, particularly in the current era of targeted therapies and smaller sample sizes.Objectives.—To provide practical guidance and suggestions for classifying carcinoma of unknown primary using both proven and new antibodies, as well as targeting panels based on integration of morphologic and clinical features.Data Sources.—Literature review, the authors' practice experience, and authors' research.Conclusions.—With well-performed and interpreted immunohistochemistry panels, anatomic pathologists can successfully identify the site of origin of carcinoma of unknown primary. It is crucial to understand not only the diagnostic uses of the many available antibodies but also the potential limits and pitfalls.
Tracing defaulters in HIV prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission programmes through community health workers: results from a rural setting in Zimbabwe
Authors: Vogt Florian , Ferreyra Cecilia , Bernasconi Andrea , Ncube Lewis , Taziwa Fabian , Marange Winnie , Wachi David , Becher Heiko 
Published: October 2015

IntroductionHigh retention in care is paramount to reduce vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT) programmes but remains low in many sub‐Saharan African countries. We aimed to assess the effects of community health worker–based defaulter tracing (CHW‐DT) on retention in care and mother‐to‐child HIV transmission, an innovative approach that has not been evaluated to date.MethodsWe analyzed patient records of 1878 HIV‐positive pregnant women and their newborns in a rural PMTCT programme in the Tsholotsho district of Zimbabwe between 2010 and 2013 in a retrospective cohort study. Using binomial regression, we compared vertical HIV transmission rates at six weeks post‐partum, and retention rates during the perinatal PMTCT period (at delivery, nevirapine [NVP] initiation at three days post‐partum, cotrimoxazole (CTX) initiation at six weeks post‐partum, and HIV testing at six weeks post‐partum) before and after the introduction of CHW‐DT in the project.ResultsMedian maternal age was 27 years (inter‐quartile range [IQR] 23 to 32) and median CD4 count was 394 cells/µL3(IQR 257 to 563). The covariate‐adjusted rate ratio (aRR) for perinatal HIV transmission was 0.72 (95% confidence intervals [95% CI] 0.27 to 1.96,p=0.504), comparing patient outcomes after and before the intervention. Among fully retained patients, 11 (1.9%) newborns tested HIV positive. ARRs for retention in care were 1.01 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.06,p=0.730) at delivery; 1.35 (95% CI 1.28 to 1.42,p<0.001) at NVP initiation; 1.78 (95% CI 1.58 to 2.01,p<0.001) at CTX initiation; and 2.54 (95% CI 2.20 to 2.93,p<0.001) at infant HIV testing. Cumulative retention after and before the intervention was 496 (85.7%) and 1083 (87.3%) until delivery; 480 (82.9%) and 1005 (81.0%) until NVP initiation; 303 (52.3%) and 517 (41.7%) until CTX initiation; 272 (47.0%) and 427 (34.4%) until infant HIV testing; and 172 (29.7%) and 405 (32.6%) until HIV test result collection.ConclusionsThe CHW‐DT intervention did not reduce perinatal HIV transmission significantly. Retention improved moderately during the post‐natal period, but cumulative retention decreased rapidly even after the intervention. We showed that transmission in resource‐limited settings can be as low as in resource‐rich countries if patients are fully retained in care. This requires structural changes to the regular PMTCT services, in which community health workers can, at best, play a complementary role.
Evidence for lightning‐associated enhancement of the ionospheric sporadic E layer dependent on lightning stroke energy
Authors: Yu Bingkun , Xue Xianghui , Lu Gaopeng , Ma Ming , Dou Xiankang , Qie Xiushu , Ning Baiqi , Hu Lianhuan , Wu Jianfei , Chi Yutian 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this study we analyze the lightning data obtained by the World‐Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) and hourly ionospheric data observed by ionosondes located at Sanya and Beijing, to examine the changes in ionospheric electron density in response to the underlying thunderstorms and to investigate the possible connection between lightning discharges and the enhancement of the ionospheric sporadic E(Es) layer. We identify a statistically significant enhancement and a decrease in altitude of the Es layer at Sanya station, in agreement with the results found at Chilton, UK. However, the lightning‐associated modification of the Es layer investigated using the same approach is not evident at Beijing station. Furthermore, we compare the responses to weak and strong lightning strokes using WWLLN‐determined energies at Sanya in 2012. The lightning‐associated enhancement of the Es layer is predominantly attributed to powerful strokes with high stroke energy. A statistically significant intensification of the Es layer with higher‐energy strokes at Sanya, along with the statistical dependence of lightning‐associated enhancement of the Es layer on stroke energy, leads us to conclude that the magnitude of the enhancement is likely associated with lightning stroke energy.
Electron and ion edges and the associated magnetic topology of the reconnecting magnetopause
Authors: Øieroset M. , Phan T. D. , Gosling J. T. , Fujimoto M. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractUsing high‐resolution burst mode THEMIS data, we have examined in detail the electron and ion edges of the reconnecting magnetopause and the associated magnetic topologies of 23 high shear reconnecting magnetopause crossings. The electron edge is identified as the most earthward detection of entering magnetosheath electrons and the accompanying first loss of magnetospheric electrons. The electron edge thus marks the most earthward measurable open (reconnected) field line. The ion edge, identified as the most earthward detection of entering magnetosheath ions, was always detected either sunward of the electron edge or simultaneous with it, indicating that the entire low‐latitude boundary layer (LLBL) was on open field lines. The radial separation of the electron and ion edges is due to a time‐of‐flight effect associated with the fact that the entering magnetosheath electrons have considerably higher speeds than the entering magnetosheath ions. Importantly, our study reveals that an examination of three‐dimensional particle distributions covering the entire range of energies of the various magnetosheath and magnetospheric populations present is essential for a correct determination of the magnetic topology of the LLBL. Deducing the topology from electron pitch angle distributions covering a limited energy range can lead to incorrect deduction of the topology.
Tomographic reconstruction of storm time RC ion distribution from ENA images on board multiple spacecraft
Authors: Ma Shu‐Ying , Yan Wei‐Nan , Xu Liang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA quantitative retrieval of 3‐D distribution of energetic ions as energetic neutral atoms (ENA) sources is a challenging task. In this paper the voxel computerized tomography (CT) method is initially applied to reconstruct the 3‐D distribution of energetic ions in the magnetospheric ring current (RC) region from ENA emission images on board multiple spacecraft. To weaken the influence of low‐altitude emission (LAE) on the reconstruction, the LAE‐associated ENA intensities are corrected by invoking the thick‐target approximation. To overcome the divergence in iteration due to discordant instrument biases, a differential ENA voxel CT method is developed. The method is proved reliable and advantageous by numerical simulation for the case of constant bias independent of viewing angle. Then this method is implemented with ENA data measured by the Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers mission which performs stereoscopic ENA imaging. The 3‐D spatial distributions and energy spectra of RC ion flux intensity are reconstructed for energies of 4–50 keV during the main phase of a major magnetic storm. The retrieved ion flux distributions seem to correspond to an asymmetric partial RC, located mainly around midnight favoring the postmidnight with L = 3.5–7.0 in the equatorial plane. The RC ion distributions with magnetic local time depend on energy, with major equatorial flux peak for lower energy located east of that for higher energy. In comparison with the ion energy spectra measured by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms‐D satellite flying in the RC region, the retrieved spectrum from remotely sensed ENA images are well matched with the in situ measurements.
On the transmission of waves at discrete frequencies from the solar wind to the magnetosphere and ground: A case study
Authors: Villante U. , Di Matteo S. , Piersanti M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe analyze a case event in which several fluctuations at discrete frequencies (f ≈ 1.3–1.5, 3.3–3.6, 4.4–4.6, and 5.9–6.2 mHz; i.e., close to the “CMS” frequencies) were observed in the magnetosphere, after the impact of a sharp shock wave that, in the interplanetary medium, was followed by intense fluctuations in the solar wind parameters. The comparison between interplanetary, geosynchronous, and ground‐based observations revealed that following the Sudden Impulse, magnetospheric modes at the same discrete frequencies were detected at geostationary orbit by spacecraft located in the morning and the dawn sector, and, ubiquitously, at ground‐based stations: all of them revealed a one‐to‐one correspondence with those ultimately identified in the high‐velocity stream following the shock wave. It reveals that the occurrence of such global modes is directly related to the transmission of external fluctuations and the observed geomagnetic fluctuations might be interpreted as the ground magnetic response to magnetospheric compressional modes forced by oscillations of the solar wind pressure at the same frequencies. By contrast, we did not find any evidence for magnetospheric oscillations possibly related to other mechanisms such as the velocity shear, the impact of the shock wave itself, etc.
Investigation of the Chirikov resonance overlap criteria for equatorial magnetosonic waves
Authors: Walker S. N. , Balikhin M. A. , Canu P. , Cornilleau‐Wehrlin N. , Moiseenko I. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractObservations of equatorial magnetosonic waves made during the Cluster Inner Magnetospheric Campaign clearly show discrete spectra consisting of emissions around harmonics of the proton gyrofrequency. Equatorial magnetosonic waves are important because of their ability to efficiently scatter electrons in energy and pitch angle. This wave‐particle interaction is numerically modeled through the use of diffusion coefficients, calculated based on a continuous spectrum such as that observed by spectrum analyzers. Using the Chirikov overlap resonance criterion, the calculation of the diffusion coefficient will be assessed to determine whether they should be calculated based on the discrete spectral features as opposed to a continuous spectrum. For the period studied, it is determined that the discrete nature of the waves does fulfill the Chirikov overlap criterion and so the use of quasi‐linear theory with the assumption of a continuous frequency spectrum is valid for the calculation of diffusion coefficients.
Dynamical weakening by fluidization under oscillatory viscous flows
Authors: Valverde Jose Manuel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDynamical weakening of granular materials plays a critical role on diverse geological events such as seismic faulting and landslides. A common feature in the dynamics of these processes is the development of fluid‐solid relative flows, which could lead to fluidization by hydrodynamic viscous stresses. This work is focused on analyzing hydrodynamic fluidization under oscillatory viscous flows as a possible driving mechanism for dynamical weakening. The theoretical estimations and experimental observations presented and reviewed suggest that fluidization can be greatly promoted by oscillatory viscous flows, which are usually expected in geological events involving vibration of granular materials in viscous fluids. Fluidization under oscillatory viscous flows may occur at not excessively large vibration velocities of fine particles in gases or relatively larger particles in liquids or supercritical fluids. In particular, the enhancement of fluidization by high‐frequency vibrations would be a powerful mechanism to promote dynamical weakening of fine powders in dry fault gouges, failure of liquid‐ (or supercritical fluid‐) saturated beds, and sustained fluidization of pyroclastic flows and lahars.
Independent estimate of velocity structure of Earth's lowermost outer core beneath the northeast Pacific from PKiKP − PKPbc differential traveltime and dispersion in PKPbc
Authors: Ohtaki Toshiki , Kaneshima Satoshi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe presence of a low‐velocity layer at the base of Earth's outer core has been proposed. However, the seismic profile of the basal layer indeed has been poorly constrained. In previous seismic studies the model parameters of the layer are substantially nonunique and there are tradeoffs between the seismic velocity of the layer and the properties of the mantle and inner core. A more tightly constrained profile of the layer helps further examine the composition and dynamics of the layer. In this study we obtained the P wave velocity profile of the basal layer beneath the northeast Pacific based on two new seismic observations by analyzing seismograms of the Hi‐net in Japan. The new observations are particularly sensitive to the layer structure and are relatively insensitive to the structure of the other parts of the Earth: (1) the frequency dispersion in P waves that graze or are diffracted at the inner core boundary (PKPbc and PKPc‐diff) and (2) differential traveltimes between the P waves reflected from the inner core boundary (PKiKP) and those that turn above the boundary (PKPbc). The resulting velocity model of the lowermost outer core (called “F layer velocity model for the Western Hemisphere” (FVW)) has P wave velocities that lie between those of AK135 and the preliminary reference Earth model (PREM), and a velocity gradient that is slightly gentler than that of PREM. Models with a uniform P wave velocity value within the layer are not supported by the observations for the region investigated, which appears not to support the presence of a thick basal layer that is Fe rich and dense there.
Geyser eruption intervals and interactions: Examples from El Tatio, Atacama, Chile
Authors: Munoz‐Saez Carolina , Namiki Atsuko , Manga Michael 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe compare and contrast data collected in 2012 and 2014 from the El Tatio geyser field, Chile. We identify geyser systems that evolve over time, including changes in the interval between eruptions, development of new thermal features, and interactions between geysers. We study three different cases: (a) an isolated geyser, which is periodic and has nearly identical eruptions every cycle; (b) a geyser and coupled noneruptive pool, where the geyser has nonregular cycles and several preplay eruptions before the main eruption; and (c) two geysers and a mud volcano, which have nonregular cycles and are all interacting. Though geysers erupt with different styles, we recognize some common features: the conduit recharges with liquid during the quiescent period, bubbles enter the conduit before eruptions, and eruptions occur when water boils in the upper part of the conduit. The episodic addition of heat may govern the periodicity, while the depth where heat is added dictates the eruption style: conduits with deeper heat input are more likely to show preplay or minor eruptions. The interactions between thermal features can be explained by pressure transmission in subsurface permeable layers between geyser conduits.
Salt precipitation in sea ice and its effect on albedo, with application to Snowball Earth
Authors: Carns Regina C. , Brandt Richard E. , Warren Stephen G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDuring the initial freezing of the tropical ocean on Snowball Earth, the first ice to form would be sea ice, which contains salt within inclusions of liquid brine. At temperatures below −23°C, significant amounts of the salt begin to crystallize, with the most abundant salt being hydrohalite (NaCl·2H2O). These crystals scatter light, increasing the ice albedo. In this paper, we present field measurements of the albedo of cold sea ice and laboratory measurements of hydrohalite precipitation. Precipitation of salt within brine inclusions was observed on windswept bare ice of McMurdo Sound at the coast of Antarctica (78°S) in early austral spring. Salinity and temperature were measured in ice cores. Spectral albedo was measured on several occasions during September and October. The albedo showed a gradual increase with decreasing temperature, consistent with salt precipitation. Laboratory examination of thin sections from the ice cores showed that the precipitation process exhibits hysteresis, with hydrohalite precipitating over a range of temperatures between −28°C and −35°C but dissolving at about −23°C. The causes of the hysteresis were investigated in experiments on laboratory‐grown sea ice with different solute mixtures. All mixtures showed hysteresis, suggesting that it may be an inherent property of hydrohalite precipitation within brine inclusions rather than being due to biological macromolecules or interactions between various salts in seawater.
Background atmospheric sulfate deposition at a remote alpine site in the Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains
Authors: Wasiuta Vivian , Norman Ann‐Lise , Lafrenière Melissa J. , Hastings Meredith G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe report observations of stable isotope ratios and ion concentrations from seasonal snowpack and summer bulk precipitation from remote alpine sites in the Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Spatial deposition patterns for sulfur (S) and δ34S‐SO42− values indicate dominantly distant sources with little impact from local to regional pollution. Comparable S loads and total snowpack δ34S‐SO42− values for glacier snowpack indicates S emissions were well mixed prior to dry deposition or incorporation into snowfall. A uniform S load and similar δ34S‐SO42− values in a detailed study of summer bulk precipitation implies well‐mixed distant emissions. We interpret the deposited 0.9 kg S ha−1yr−1 as atmospheric background deposition in midlatitude Western Canada. This study will improve calculations for sites impacted by point source emissions and provide a baseline for attributing changes associated with climate change, industrialization, and urban growth. Field evidence from this study supports theoretical and laboratory research on the relative importance of oxidation pathways on atmospheric δ34S‐SO42− values for long‐range transported sulfate. δ34S‐SO42− of the dominant S source in summer bulk precipitation (~ +2‰) versus snowpack (≥ +9‰) cannot be explained by seasonal emission sources, temperature effects on fractionation, or Rayleigh distillation. The study supports a seasonal difference in the relative importance of the different SO2 to SO42− oxidation pathways with homogeneous oxidation by OH and heterogeneous oxidation by H2O2 most important in summer, and O2 catalyzed by transition metal ions in a radical chain reaction pathway more significant in winter.
Variations of net ecosystem production due to seasonal precipitation differences in a tropical dry forest of northwest Mexico
Authors: Verduzco Vivian S. , Garatuza‐Payán Jaime , Yépez Enrico A. , Watts Christopher J. , Rodríguez Julio C. , Robles‐Morua Agustin , Vivoni Enrique R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractDue to their large extent and high primary productivity, tropical dry forests (TDF) are important contributors to atmospheric carbon exchanges in subtropical and tropical regions. In northwest Mexico, a bimodal precipitation regime that includes winter precipitation derived from Pacific storms and summer precipitation from the North American monsoon (NAM) couples water availability with ecosystem processes. We investigated the net ecosystem production of a TDF ecosystem using a 4.5 year record of water and carbon fluxes obtained from the eddy covariance method complemented with remotely sensed data. We identified a large CO2 efflux at the start of the summer season that is strongly related to the preceding winter precipitation and greenness. Since this CO2 efflux occurs prior to vegetation green‐up, we infer that respiration is mainly due to decomposition of soil organic matter accumulated from the prior growing season. Overall, ecosystem respiration has an important effect on the net ecosystem production but can be overwhelmed by the strength of the primary productivity during the NAM. Precipitation characteristics during NAM have significant controls on sustaining carbon fixation in the TDF into the fall season. We identified that a threshold of ~350 to 400 mm of monsoon precipitation leads to a switch in the annual carbon balance in the TDF ecosystem from a net source (+102 g C/m2/yr) to a net sink (−249 g C/m2/yr). This monsoonal precipitation threshold is typically exceeded one out of every 2 years. The close coupling of winter and summer periods with respect to carbon fluxes suggests that the annual carbon balance is dependent on precipitation amounts in both seasons in TDF ecosystems.