bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De novo hepatitis B virus infection from anti‐HBc‐positive donors in pediatric living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Xi Zhi Feng , Xia Qiang , Zhang Jian Jun , Chen Xiao Song , Han Long Zhi , Zhu Jian Jun , Wang Si Yue , Qiu De Kai 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and risk factors of de novo hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from hepatitis B core antibody (anti‐HBc)‐positive donors in pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT).MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 46 recipients without pre‐liver transplantation (LT) HBV infection evidence who underwent LDLT from October 2006 to May 2011 in our center. HBV markers, including hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti‐HBs), anti‐HBc, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti‐HBe) were determined in both donors and recipients before LT and in recipients after LT. HBV DNA titer was measured if the recipients were strongly suspected of de novo HBV infection.ResultsWithout prophylaxis, de novo HBV infection occurred in 11 of 46 recipients (23.9%) 6–36 months after LT. All 11 patients received grafts from anti‐HBc‐positive donors. The donors' baseline status and the characteristics of recipients at the time of transplantation were not associated with the acquisition of de novo hepatitis B infection. The overall 2‐year survival rate of patients from anti‐HBc‐positive donors was 84.2%. Two de novo HBV‐infected patients who had YMDD mutation were given adefovir combined with lamivudine, and their liver function gradually improved during the follow‐up period.ConclusionsAnti‐HBc‐positive donors can significantly increase the incidence of de novo HBV infection in HBsAg‐negative recipients. Administration with adefovir in patients who are resistant to lamivudine seems to be an effective and safe way for de novo HBV infection.
Negotiating Particularity in Neoliberalism Studies: Tracing Development Strategies Across Neoliberal Urban Governance Projects
Authors: Lauermann John , Davidson Mark 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA reading of critical perspectives on neoliberalism would suggest that it is dead but dominant, a revanchist zombie that appears paradoxically ubiquitous despite its inherent idiosyncrasy. We argue that neoliberalism's paradoxical death, dominance, and retrenchment can be interpreted by analyzing the dialectic of universalizing processes and particular forms within capitalism. Neoliberal projects draw political import from systemic, universalizing tendencies in capitalism, particularly those ideological processes by which contradictions and crises come to be discursively, institutionally, and politically conceptualized within the same paradigm from which they emerged. Building on well developed research frameworks in neoliberalism studies, we propose a set of analytical tools to interpret links between particular projects and homogenizing practices. We illustrate this with a case study of urban “megaevents” (eg Olympic Games or football World Cup), demonstrating how ideological commitments to event‐based development strategies allow both the homogenizing imposition of entrepreneurial urban policy, and localized innovations in urban governance.
A Likelihood‐Based Analysis for Relaxing the Exclusion Restriction in Randomized Experiments with Noncompliance
Authors: Mercatanti Andrea 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe exclusion restriction is usually assumed for identifying causal effects in true or only natural randomized experiments with noncompliance. It requires that the assignment to treatment does not have a direct causal effect on the outcome. Despite its importance, the restriction can often be unrealistic, especially in situations of natural experiments. It is shown that, without the exclusion restriction, the parametric model is identified if the outcome distributions of various compliance statuses are in the same parametric class and that class is a linearly independent set over the field of real numbers. However, the relaxation of the exclusion restriction yields a parametric model that is characterized by the presence of mixtures of distributions. This scenario complicates the likelihood‐based estimation procedures because it implies more than one maximum likelihood point. A two‐step estimation procedure based on detecting the root that is closest to the method of moments estimate of the parameter vector is then proposed and analyzed in detail, under normally distributed outcomes. An economic example with real data concerning returns to schooling concludes the paper.
Effects of photoperiod on secretory patterns of growth hormone in adult male goats
Authors: Jin Jin , Sawai Ken , Hashizume Tsutomu 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of photoperiod on secretory patterns of growth hormone (GH) in male goats. Adult male goats were kept at 20°C with an 8‐h or 16‐h light photoperiod, and secretory patterns of GH secretion were compared. In addition, plasma profiles of prolactin (PRL), insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and testosterone (T) were also examined to characterize GH secretion. GH was secreted in a pulsatile manner. There was no significant difference in pulse frequency between the 8‐h and 16‐h photoperiods. However, GH pulse amplitude tended to be greater in the group with the 16‐h photoperiod (P = 0.1), and mean GH concentrations were significantly greater in the 16‐h photoperiod (P < 0.05). The GH‐releasing response to GH releasing hormone was greater in the 16‐h than 8‐h photoperiod (P < 0.05). Plasma PRL and IGF‐I levels were higher in the 16‐h than 8‐h photoperiod (P < 0.05). In contrast, plasma T levels were lower in the 16‐h photoperiod (P < 0.05). These results show that a long light photoperiod enhances the secretion of GH as well as PRL and IGF‐I, but reduces plasma T concentrations in male goats.
Discovery of GW870086: a potent anti‐inflammatory steroid with a unique pharmacological profile
Authors: Uings I J , Needham D , Matthews J , Haase M , Austin R , Angell D , Leavens K , Holt J , Biggadike K , Farrow S N 
Published: May 2013

Background and PurposeGlucocorticoids are highly effective therapies for a range of inflammatory diseases. Advances in the understanding of the diverse molecular mechanisms underpinning glucocorticoid action suggest that anti‐inflammatory molecules with reduced side effect liabilities can be discovered. Here we set out to explore whether modification of the 17α position of the steroid nucleus could generate molecules with a unique pharmacological profile and to determine whether such molecules would retain anti‐inflammatory activity.Experimental ApproachThe pharmacological properties of GW870086 were compared with fluticasone propionate (FP) using a range of cellular and in vivo model systems, including extensive gene expression profiling.Key ResultsGW870086 repressed inflammatory cytokine release from lung epithelial cells in a similar manner to FP but antagonized the effect of dexamethasone on MMTV‐driven reporter gene transactivation. GW870086 had a strong effect on the expression of some glucocorticoid‐regulated genes (such as PTGS2), while having minimal impact on the expression of other known target genes (such as SGK). GW870086 retained the ability to strengthen tight junctions in epithelial cell culture but, unlike FP, was unable to protect the culture from elastase‐mediated damage. In murine models of irritant‐induced contact dermatitis and ovalbumin‐induced allergic inflammation, GW870086 showed comparable anti‐inflammatory efficacy to FP.Conclusion and ImplicationsGW870086 is a potent anti‐inflammatory compound with a unique ability to regulate only a subset of those genes that are normally affected by classical glucocorticoids. It has the potential to become a new topical steroid with a different safety profile to existing therapies.
The Legacy of Early Insecurity Histories in Shaping Adolescent Adaptation to Interparental Conflict
Authors: Davies Patrick T. , Sturge‐Apple Melissa L. , Bascoe Sonnette M. , Cummings E. Mark 
Published: May 2013

This study tested whether the mediational pathway involving interparental conflict, adolescent emotional insecurity, and their psychological problems was altered by their earlier childhood histories of insecurity. Participants included 230 families, with the first of the five measurement occasions occurring when children were in first grade (Mage = 7 years). Results indicated that interparental conflict was associated with increases in adolescent emotional insecurity that, in turn, predicted subsequent increases in their psychological problems. Childhood insecurity predicted adolescent maladjustment 5 years later even after considering contemporaneous family experiences. Moderator findings revealed that adolescents with relatively higher levels of insecurity in childhood evidenced disproportionately greater and reduced levels of insecurity in the context of high and low levels of interparental conflict, respectively.
Evaluation of primary and secondary stability of titanium implants using different surgical techniques
Authors: Tabassum Afsheen , Meijer Gert J. , Walboomers X. Frank , Jansen John A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the influence of different surgical techniques on the primary and secondary implant stability using trabecular bone of goats as an implantation model.Material and methodsIn the iliac crest of eight goats, 48 cylindrical‐screw‐type implants with a diameter of 4.2 mm (Dyna®; Bergen op Zoom, the Netherlands) were installed, using three different surgical techniques: (i) 5% undersized, using a final drill diameter of 4 mm; (ii) 15% undersized, using a final drill diameter of 3.6 mm; and (iii) 25% undersized, using a final drill diameter of 3.2 mm. Peak insertion torque values were measured by a Digital® (MARK‐10 Corporation, New York, NY, USA) torque gauge instrument during placement. At 3 weeks after implantation, removal torque was measured. Histomorphometrically, the peri‐implant bone volume was measured in three zones; the inner zone (0–500 μm), the middle zone (500–1000 μm) and the outer zone (1000–1500 μm).ResultsEvaluation of the obtained data demonstrated no statistically significant difference between different surgical techniques regarding removal torque values. With respect to the percentage peri‐implant bone volume (%BV), also no significant difference could be observed between all three applied surgical techniques for both the inner, middle and outer zone. However, irrespective of the surgical technique, it was noticed that the %BV was significantly higher for the inner zone as compared to middle and outer zone (P < 0.05) around the implant.ConclusionAt 3 weeks after implant installation, independent of the used undersized surgical technique, the %BV in the inner zone (0–500 μm) peri‐implant area was improved due to both condensation of the surrounding bone as also the translocation of host bone particles along the implant surface. Surprisingly, no mechanical beneficial effect of the 25% undersized surgical technique could be observed as compared to the 5% or 15% undersized surgical technique to improve primary or secondary implant stability.
Phylogenetic and differentiation analysis of the trunk rot pathogen Fomitiporia tsugina in North America
Authors: Brazee N. J. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryFomitiporia hartigii s.l. is an important trunk rot pathogen of conifers throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, this pathogen primarily attacks Tsuga, but is also found on Abies, Picea and Pseudotsuga. Previous research showed that isolates of F. hartigii from North America represent a distinct phylogenetic species, known as F. tsugina. However, that conclusion is based on limited data. To better understand the phylogenetic relationships of F. tsugina in North America, a phylogenetic analysis was performed using three loci (internal transcribed spacer, nuclear large subunit and tef1) with 23 isolates originating from the northern United States, Canada and central Europe. North American isolates formed a monophyletic group with significant statistical support, confirming previous reports that F. tsugina represents a unique phylogenetic species, distinct from European F. hartigii s.s. Population subdivision between isolates of F. tsugina from eastern (Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York and Wisconsin) and western (British Columbia, Colorado, Oregon and Washington) North America was investigated. Tests of gene flow and genetic differentiation based on region of origin detected significant variation (FST = 0.761; KST = 0.625, p < 0.01), suggesting gene flow between the two populations may be limited. Neutrality tests revealed significant, negative departures from the standard neutral model, which could indicate that a purifying or stabilizing selection has maintained low levels of polymorphisms in the population, perhaps favouring an advantageous phenotype. Further studies are required to better understand the occurrence of F. tsugina on Abies and Picea in boreal forests outside the natural range of Tsuga.
Forced Supererogation
Authors: Cohen Shlomo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThere is a disturbing kind of situation that presents agents with only two possibilities of moral action—one especially praiseworthy, the other condemnable. I describe such scenarios and argue that moral action in them exhibits a unique set of parameters: performing the commendable action is especially praiseworthy; not performing is not blameworthy; not performing is wrong. This set of parameters is distinct from those which characterize either moral obligation or supererogation. It is accordingly claimed that it defines a distinct, yet unrecognized, deontic category, to which the name ‘Forced Supererogation’ is appropriate. The moral parameters of Forced Supererogation and the relations between them are discussed, especially the divergence of wrongness and blame. I argue that this new category allows a more accurate classification of moral actions than that imposed by the strained dichotomy of obligation versus supererogation.
Opportunity gained, opportunity lost: Treating pharmacoresistant epilepsy in children
Authors: Donner Elizabeth J. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryChildhood is a vulnerable time—developmentally, socially, and cognitively. Any disruption may have long‐standing effects on the attainment of critical developmental milestones. The impact of ongoing seizures and epilepsy in children is significant and may result in cognitive delay, poorer educational outcomes, and lower employment rates in adulthood. The early recognition, intervention, and treatment of evolving pharmacoresistant epilepsy in children presents a unique opportunities for health care practitioners. Seizure freedom is the ultimate epilepsy treatment goal, given the broad and long‐standing effects of seizures in childhood. However, even when we believe the chance of seizure freedom is low, we should not let the perceived unlikelihood of that goal limit the treatments we offer. All children with pharmacoresistant epilepsy should be evaluated at a comprehensive pediatric epilepsy center. Failing to offer state‐of‐the‐art treatments to these children only increases the burden of epilepsy on children and their families.
Predicting pharmacoresistance in pediatric epilepsy
Authors: Wirrell Elaine C. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryApproximately 20% of children with epilepsy will be pharmacoresistant. The impact of intractable epilepsy extends far beyond just the seizures to result in intellectual disability, psychiatric comorbidity, physical injury, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), and poor quality of life. Various predictors of pharmacoresistance have been identified; however, accurate prediction is still challenging. Population‐based epidemiologic studies show that the majority of children who develop pharmacoresistance do so relatively early in the course of their epilepsy. However, approximately one third of children who initially appear pharmacoresistant in the first few years after epilepsy onset will ultimately achieve seizure freedom without surgery. The most significant predictor that early pharmacoresistance will not remit is the presence of a neuroimaging abnormality. Such children should be strongly considered for surgical evaluation.
Value of autoantibodies for prediction of treatment response in patients with autoimmune epilepsy: Review of the literature and suggestions for clinical management
Authors: Bien Christian G. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe detection of antineural autoantibodies in patients with epilepsy has led to the new concept of “autoimmune epilepsy.” A particularly important implication is that knowledge of the antigenic target of the underlying antibody permits prognostic estimates. Patients with antibodies to the potassium channel complex (mostly to its leucine‐rich glioma inactivated 1 [LGI1] component) have a high chance of becoming seizure free within days to months upon immunotherapy but less so with antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment alone. Seizures in the setting of antibodies to theN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor also have a high likelihood to remit, again especially with rapid institution of immunotherapy. In contrast to these antibodies to neuronal surface molecules, antibodies directed to intracellular antigens (onconeural antibodies, antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase) portend a low likelihood of seizure remission, regardless of the treatments chosen. These outcome differences are probably related to the underlying pathophysiology—with largely reversible functional effects of antibodies to surface antigens and irreversible destructive sequelae (probably caused byTcells) in patients with antibodies to intracellular antigens. With ongoing experience with these conditions, clinical and paraclinical clues to the diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsies are emerging.
Design of innovative therapeutics for pharmacoresistant epilepsy: Challenges and needs
Authors: Weaver Donald F. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryEffective therapy for pharmacoresistant epilepsy is an unmet clinical need. Pharmacologically, there are two logical approaches: super‐antiictogenic drugs (SAIDs) or antiepileptogenic agents. However, can either of these agents be successfully designed and developed? Designing SAIDs or antiepileptogenics will require applying the techniques of twenty‐first century drug design to this ancient “sacred disease.” Before this task can be effectively realized, five fundamental needs will first have to be addressed: need for antiepileptogenic drug targets, need for druggable targets for SAIDs, need for new drug molecule platforms, need for new and relevant animal models, and need for innovative funding strategies.
Immature squamous metaplasia (focal atypical epithelial hyperplasia) of the pancreatic duct—immunohistochemical distinction from intraductal carcinoma
Authors: Mochizuki Kunio , Kondo Tetsuo , Oishi Naoki , Kawasaki Tomonori , Nakazawa Tadao , Yamane Tetsu , Katoh Ryohei 
Published: May 2013

AimsImmature squamous metaplasia of the pancreatic duct (ISMPD) can be difficult to differentiate from an intraductal carcinoma of the pancreas (ICP), and little is known about the pathological nature of ISMPD. The aim of this study was to analyse 20 ISMPD and 10 ICP tissue samples.Methods and resultsISMPD shares some characteristics with ICP. Seven of 20 ISMPD samples were covered by a layer of pancreatic duct epithelium, whereas this was not seen in the ICP samples. Immunohistochemistry of ISMPD revealed positivity for p63 (100%), cytokeratin 5/6 (95%), cytokeratin 7 (95%), cytokeratin 20 (10%), and MUC‐1 (95%), and the samples were negative for p53, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and bcl‐2. In contrast, ICP was positive for p63 (40%), p53 (10%), cytokeratin 7 (90%), cytokeratin 20 (20%), CEA (30%), and MUC‐1 (80%), and negative for cytokeratin 5/6. However, in 84% (16) of the ISMPD samples, cytokeratin 7 was expressed only by an epithelial layer at the apical surface; this expression pattern was not found in any of the 10 ICP samples. The mean Ki67 labelling index was 1.0% in ISMPD and 18.5% in ICP.ConclusionsOur study suggests that immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 5/6 and Ki67 constitutes the best combination for differentiating ISMPD from ICP.
Intraurethral tramadol alleviates rigid cystoscopy‐related pain in men
Authors: Khajavi Mohammadreza , Moharari Reza Shariat , Najafi Atabak , Kazemi Hamed , Ostovar Afshin , Khashayar Patricia 
Published: May 2013

AbstractConsidering the effectiveness of tramadol in alleviating pain following major operations, trauma, labour and even chronic neuropathic pain, this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of intraurethral administration of the drug in alleviating cystoscopy‐related pain in men. Sixty male candidates of diagnostic cystoscopy, aged between 20 and 50 years, in ASA physical status I or II were included in the study. Patients were randomized into intervention [who received tramadol (100 mg) and lidocaine gel] or control group (in whom distilled water and lidocaine was administered) based on a permuted block randomization method. The severity of pain and the incidence of adverse effects were measured during and following the cystoscopy. The urologist' satisfaction was also assessed. Total pain score in the intervention group was significantly lower than the control group (P = 0·037). The urologist was more satisfied with the ease and convenience of performing the cystoscopy in the intervention group. No significant side effect was reported in either group. Adding 100 mg tramadol to lidocaine gel is more effective than using lidocaine gel alone in alleviating the pain associating with male rigid cystoscopy.
Predictors of condom use in first sexual intercourse: a consideration of individual, situational, relational, and cohort effects
Authors: Sprecher Susan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study examined condom use during first sexual intercourse, with a large sample of university students. Differences in condom use based on individual, family, relational, and situational variables were considered; in addition to the year when sexual intercourse occurred. A steady increase in condom use was found from the 1980s to the present time. Among other factors found to be associated with the likelihood of condom use during first sexual intercourse were being older at first intercourse, having a higher family social class, having first sex in a serious and longer relationship (as compared to a casual or brief relationship), and not consuming alcohol. Some differences in predictors of condom use were found based on cohort and sex of respondent.
Dirty love: the effect of cleanliness of the environment on perceived susceptibility for sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Meertens Ree , Branković Ivan , Ruiter Robert A. C. , Lohstroh Eline , Schaalma Herman P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRisk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is perceived to be less when the potential partner is sexually appealing. Is it possible that cleanliness of the room in which intercourse takes place also affects perceived risk for STIs? In scenario studies, participants were asked to imagine having had unsafe sex with a person they just met in that person's apartment (Study 1) or in a hotel room (Study 2) and that the next day they wake up in a room that is either quite dirty or very clean. Participants in the dirty room condition rated their susceptibility to STI higher, and had lower intentions to act the same way again. Results are discussed in terms of deductive processes, emotions, and magical contagion.