bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presentation, management and outcomes in acute pituitary apoplexy: a large single‐centre experience from the United Kingdom
Authors: Bujawansa S. , Thondam S. K. , Steele C. , Cuthbertson D. J. , Gilkes C. E. , Noonan C. , Bleaney C. W. , MacFarlane I. A. , Javadpour M. , Daousi C. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryObjectiveTo study the presentation, management and outcomes and to apply retrospectively the Pituitary Apoplexy Score (PAS) (United Kingdom (UK) guidelines for management of apoplexy) to a large, single‐centre series of patients with acute pituitary apoplexy.DesignRetrospective analysis of casenotes at a single neurosurgical centre in Liverpool, UK.ResultsFifty‐five patients [mean age, 52·4 years; median duration of follow‐up, 7 years] were identified; 45 of 55 (81%) had nonfunctioning adenomas, four acromegaly and six prolactinomas. Commonest presenting features were acute headache (87%), diplopia (47·2%) and visual field (VF) defects (36%). The most frequent ocular palsy involved the 3rd nerve (81%), followed by 6th nerve (34·6%) and multiple palsies (19%). Twenty‐three patients were treated conservatively, and the rest had surgery either within 7 days of presentation or delayed elective surgery. Indications for surgery were deteriorating visual acuity and persistent field defects. Patients presenting with VF defects (n = 20) were more likely to undergo surgery (75%) than to be managed expectantly (25%). There was no difference in the rates of complete/near‐complete resolution of VF deficits and cranial nerve palsies between those treated conservatively and those who underwent surgery. Endocrine outcomes were also similar. We were able to calculate the PAS for 46 patients: for the group treated with early surgery mean, PAS was 3·8 and for those managed conservatively or with delayed surgery was 1·8.ConclusionsPatients without VF deficits or whose visual deficits are stable or improving can be managed expectantly without negative impact on outcomes. Clinical severity based on a PAS ≥ 4 appeared to influence management towards emergency surgical intervention.
Clinical Reliability of CAD/CAM Cross‐Arch Zirconia Bridges on Immediately Loaded Implants Placed with Computer‐Assisted/Template‐Guided Surgery: A Retrospective Study with a Follow‐Up between 3 and 5 Years
Authors: Pozzi Alessandro , Holst Stefan , Fabbri Giacomo , Tallarico Marco 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the implant and prosthetic survival and success rates of zirconia‐based, implant‐supported, screw‐retained, cross‐arch restorations up to 5 years after placement.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐two consecutive edentulous patients (11 males and females, each; mean age 68.3 years) received 26 CAD/CAM cross‐arch zirconia implant bridges (NobelProcera™ Implant Bridge Zirconia; Nobel Biocare AG, Zurich, Switzerland) supported by 4 to 10 implants each. All patients were followed for at least 3 years (range 36–60 months, mean 42.3 months). Clinical assessments were scheduled every 4 months during hygiene maintenance. Outcomes were implant and prosthetic survival rates, prosthetic success rate, any observed clinical complications, patient satisfaction, and soft tissue parameters. Fisher's exact test was used to assess associations between categorical variables.ResultsNo dropouts occurred. The overall implant and prostheses survival rate up to 5 years was 100%. Three out of 26 restorations (five out of three hundred forty eight dental units) showed an adhesive chip‐off fracture of the veneering ceramic, scoring a cumulative prosthetic success rate of 88.5% at the prosthetic level and 98.6% at the unit level. All 22 patients were functionally and aesthetically highly satisfied with their restorations. Successful soft tissue parameters were found around all implants.ConclusionsIndustrially manufactured, zirconia‐based, implant‐supported, screw‐retained, cross‐arch restorations are a viable alternative to conventionally manufactured porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal restorations for rehabilitating the edentulous patient.
Pretense, Counterfactuals, and Bayesian Causal Models: Why What Is Not Real Really Matters
Authors: Weisberg Deena S. , Gopnik Alison 
Published: August 2013

AbstractYoung children spend a large portion of their time pretending about non‐real situations. Why? We answer this question by using the framework of Bayesian causal models to argue that pretending and counterfactual reasoning engage the same component cognitive abilities: disengaging with current reality, making inferences about an alternative representation of reality, and keeping this representation separate from reality. In turn, according to causal models accounts, counterfactual reasoning is a crucial tool that children need to plan for the future and learn about the world. Both planning with causal models and learning about them require the ability to create false premises and generate conclusions from these premises. We argue that pretending allows children to practice these important cognitive skills. We also consider the prevalence of unrealistic scenarios in children's play and explain how they can be useful in learning, despite appearances to the contrary.
A survey of South Asian attitudes to organ donation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Karim Asra , Jandu Surinder , Sharif Adnan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundSouth Asians in the United Kingdom are overrepresented on the organ transplant waiting list but underrepresented as organ donors. In this study, we surveyed South Asian opinion with regards to organ donation.MethodsVoluntary completion of an anonymous survey was promoted amongst South Asians by both online and paper‐based approaches. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess independent predictors for organ donation approval.ResultsFive hundred and fifty‐six survey responses were analyzed in this study. 68.4% of respondents agreed with organ donation but only 13.3% were registered organ donors. Muslims were less likely than Hindus or Sikhs to agree with organ donation (59.3% vs. 92.2% vs. 88.7%, p < 0.001) or be registered donors (5.0% vs. 40.3% vs. 25.8%, p < 0.001), respectively. Religious guidance was important for Muslims, but parental approval of greater importance for Hindus. On logistic regression analysis, variables independently associated with organ donation approval were; young age, independent living from parents, non‐Muslims, awareness of organ donation shortages, family member on dialysis/registered donor, and more liberal degrees of religious belief (all p < 0.05).ConclusionSouth Asians in the United Kingdom are a heterogeneous group of different faiths, cultures, and values. We believe targeted strategies are required to raise awareness of organ donation amongst South Asians.
Determinants of developmental coordination disorder in 7‐year‐old children: a study of children in the Danish National Birth Cohort
Authors: Faebo Larsen Rikke , Hvas Mortensen Laust , Martinussen Torben , Nybo Andersen Anne‐Marie 
Published: August 2013

AimThe aim of this study was to investigate early life determinants of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in 7‐year‐old children.MethodThe study was based on data from 33 354 women and their children who participated in the 7‐year follow‐up study of the Danish National Birth Cohort. Information on several potential determinants (maternal age at conception, maternal occupational status, smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, child's sex, intrauterine growth restriction, degree of preterm birth, and age at walking) was obtained from population registries, from interviews during pregnancy and when the child was 18 months old. The outcome in this study was DCD at 7 years of age, measured by the validated Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire. The associations between the potential determinants and DCD were estimated using logistic regression.ResultsThe study population consisted of 17 065 males and 16 289 females (141 [0.4%] born very preterm [23+0–31+6wk]; 1281 [3.8%] born moderately preterm [32+0–36+6wk]; 29 044 [87.1%] were born term [37+0–41+6wk], and 2888 [8.7%] were born post‐term [≥42+0wk]). Independently of each other, the following determinants were predictors of DCD: being a female (odds ratio [OR] 0.36 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.31–0.41]); being born very preterm (OR 6.28 [95% CI 3.99–9.89]) or moderately preterm (OR 2.10 [95% CI 1.65–2.67]); being small for gestational age (OR 1.74 [95% CI 1.46–2.08]); being 15 months of age or more at walking attainment (OR 3.05 [95% CI 2.57–3.60]); and maternal occupational status (higher grade professionals (OR 1.28 [95% CI 1.02–1.61); economically inactive (OR 1.43 [95% CI 1.07–1.91]). Young maternal age and smoking were risk factors among term‐born children.InterpretationThe risk of DCD increases with decreasing gestational age. Intrauterine growth restriction is also a strong risk factor, as well as delayed walking.
GABAA receptors can initiate the formation of functional inhibitory GABAergic synapses
Authors: Fuchs Celine , Abitbol Karine , Burden Jemima J. , Mercer Audrey , Brown Laura , Iball Jonathan , Anne Stephenson F. , Thomson Alex M. , Jovanovic Jasmina N. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe mechanisms that underlie the selection of an inhibitory GABAergic axon's postsynaptic targets and the formation of the first contacts are currently unknown. To determine whether expression of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) themselves – the essential functional postsynaptic components of GABAergic synapses – can be sufficient to initiate formation of synaptic contacts, a novel co‐culture system was devised. In this system, the presynaptic GABAergic axons originated from embryonic rat basal ganglia medium spiny neurones, whereas their most prevalent postsynaptic targets, i.e. α1/β2/γ2‐GABAARs, were expressed constitutively in a stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell line. The first synapse‐like contacts in these co‐cultures were detected by colocalization of presynaptic and postsynaptic markers within 2 h. The number of contacts reached a plateau at 24 h. These contacts were stable, as assessed by live cell imaging; they were active, as determined by uptake of a fluorescently labelled synaptotagmin vesicle‐luminal domain‐specific antibody; and they supported spontaneous and action potential‐driven postsynaptic GABAergic currents. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the presence of characteristics typical of active synapses. Synapse formation was not observed with control or N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor‐expressing HEK293 cells. A prominent increase in synapse formation and strength was observed when neuroligin‐2 was co‐expressed with GABAARs, suggesting a cooperative relationship between these proteins. Thus, in addition to fulfilling an essential functional role, postsynaptic GABAARs can promote the adhesion of inhibitory axons and the development of functional synapses.
Equine haemothorax
Authors: Groover E. S. , Wooldridge A. A. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryHaemothorax is an uncommon, although clinically important, condition in horses of all ages and has a wide range of aetiologies. Clinical signs can include tachypnoea, dyspnoea, tachycardia, absence of bronchovesicular sounds, haemoptysis, colic and death. The most common aetiologies are associated with trauma, neoplasia, coagulation disorders, iatrogenic causes and vessel rupture. Diagnosis is made if there is evidence of thoracic fluid on ultrasonography and confirmation of haemorrhage by thoracocentesis. The goals of treatment are to address the primary cause and provide supportive care. Prognosis depends on aetiology, severity of active bleeding and volume of blood loss.
Blue light from individual light masks directed at a single eye advances the breeding season in mares
Authors: Murphy B. A. , Walsh C. M. , Woodward E. M. , Prendergast R. L. , Ryle J. P. , Fallon L. H. , Troedsson M. H. T. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyArtificial lighting is commonly used to advance the breeding season in horses. Light masks have been developed that direct light at a single eye to inhibit the production of melatonin, the decoder of photoperiod for seasonally breeding animals.ObjectivesTo investigate whether low‐intensity blue light from light masks was effective at advancing the breeding season in mares.Study designControlled experiment.MethodsData on reproductive activity was collected from 3 groups of mares maintained on Kentucky horse farms under various lighting conditions between 20 November 2011 and 10 February 2012: 59 nonpregnant, healthy Thoroughbred mares were used. On 1 December 2011, Group 1 (n = 16) was housed indoors under barn lighting (250 Lux) until 23.00 h daily. Group 2 (n = 25) wore light masks programmed to turn on from 16.30 h until 23.00 h daily and was maintained outdoors. Group 3 (n = 19) was maintained outdoors under the natural photoperiod as control. At 2‐week intervals, rectal ultrasound examinations were performed and blood was collected for progesterone analysis. Oestrous cyclicity was defined as the presence of follicles >20 mm diameter detected in conjunction with serum progesterone >1 ng/ml and confirmation of ovulation by transrectal ultrasound examination.ResultsOn 10 February, the number of mares exhibiting oestrous cyclicity was 14/16 (87.5%) in Group 1; 20/25 (80%) in Group 2; and 4/19 (21%), in Group 3. Pairwise comparison of groups revealed no difference in the number of cycling mares between Groups 1 and 2 (χ2 test, P = 0.3348) whereas differences were observed between Groups 1 and 3 (χ2 test, P<0.0001) and Groups 2 and 3 (χ2 test, P<0.0003).ConclusionsLow‐intensity blue light to a single eye from a light mask is an effective alternative to maintenance of mares indoors under lights for advancing the breeding season. Mobile light therapy for horses could have economic benefits for the breeder by reducing the costs of maintaining mares indoors, and welfare benefits for horses by permitting outdoor maintenance.
Do radiographic signs of sesamoiditis in yearlingThoroughbreds predispose the development of suspensory ligament branch injury?
Authors: McLellan J. , Plevin S. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studySesamoiditis is believed to be associated with injury to the suspensory branch attachment and is a common radiographic finding in yearlingThoroughbreds. No study has investigated relationships between yearling sesamoiditis and subsequent development of suspensory ligament branch injury (SLBI) in early racehorse training.ObjectivesTo establish the prevalence ofSLBIwithin a population of juvenile training racehorses and retrospectively investigate relationships between clinical signs ofSLBIand sesamoiditis to determine if sesamoiditis is a risk factor for clinical suspensory branch injury.Study designRetrospective case control study.MethodsPresale radiographs of 291 clinically normal yearlingThoroughbreds were reviewed for sesamoiditis and graded using 3 objective scales. Medical records encompassing the first year of race training were reviewed to identify cases ofSLBIand the remaining unaffected controls from the cohort. Statistical analysis determined the relationship between sesamoiditis and the development ofSLBIduring training.ResultsThe prevalence ofSLBIwas 9.97%. Case and control horses demonstrated a similar prevalence of sesamoiditis overall butSLBIcases demonstrated increased severity of sesamoiditis on yearling radiographs compared with unaffected controls. This significant relationship between sesamoiditis and cases ofSLBIwas only observed using one of the 3 scales. Using that scale, sesamoids exhibiting more pronounced sesamoiditis on yearling radiographs were 5 times more likely to developSLBIin the adjacent suspensory branch (OR4.56, 95%CI2.18–9.53, P = 0.0001).ConclusionsThis study reveals that the grading scale used is important when providing prognostic advice on the significance of radiographic signs of sesamoiditis. Evidence of significant sesamoiditis implies a 5 times greater risk of developing clinicalSLBIwith the onset of training. Clinicians should be aware that sesamoiditis may be an indicator of futureSLBIin yearlings which are clinically normal at the time of sale.
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas: application of the Turin proposal provides prognostic results similar to those from the assessment of high‐grade features
Authors: Gnemmi Viviane , Renaud Florence , Do Cao Christine , Salleron Julia , Lion Georges , Wemeau Jean‐Louis , Copin Marie‐Christine , Carnaille Bruno , Leteurtre Emmanuelle , Pattou François , Aubert Sébastien 
Published: August 2013

AimsTo investigate the performance of two proposed methods for assessing the prognosis of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTC): the Turin proposal and Hiltzik's histological grade (HHG). This was done using a series of 82 thyroid carcinomas of follicular origin.ResultsThe two methods were able to classify patients accurately into two different prognosis groups. Although the Turin proposal and HHG displayed discrepant cases, they provided similar prognostic information. The Turin proposal gave accurate numbers and thresholds of PTDC criteria (loss of follicular architecture and mitoses, necrosis or convoluted nuclei). One Turin criterion, convoluted nuclei, failed to provide any prognostic value. Hiltzik's histological grade was also a simple and reliable method, allowing detection of tumours with high‐grade features (mitosis and/or tumour necrosis), notably some papillary carcinomas that displayed an intermediate prognosis. We show that Ki67 labelling (≥ 4%) was an independent factor and predictor of cause‐specific survival.ConclusionWith similar performances in predicting prognosis, the Turin proposal and HHG provided complementary results in identifying a larger group of ‘intermediate prognosis’ thyroid carcinomas, which require adequate treatment and follow‐up.
An Investigation on Dip‐Coating Technique for Fabricating Anode‐Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Lei Libin , Bai Yaohui , Liu Yan , Liu Jiang 
Published: August 2013

To cut down the energy consumption and processing period, Ni‐YSZ anode‐supported thin YSZ electrolyte SOFCs have been fabricated by an improved dip‐coating technique, in which the electrolyte layer was dip‐coated on green anode substrates instead of prefired ones, followed by co‐firing. The film formation mechanisms of dip‐coating were analyzed with liquid entrainment and capillary effect assumptions. According to the mechanisms, a typical YSZ electrolyte slurry formula of conventional dip‐coating technique was modified for the improved technique by increasing the binder content and the solid loading. With the improved dip‐coating technique, along with an optimized electrolyte slurry formula, a SOFC with dense electrolyte, revealing a maximum power density of 460 mW/cm2 at 800°C, was obtained. Factors affecting the coating layers were also investigated by SEM and AC impedance analyses.
CW CO2‐Laser‐Induced Formation of Fulgurite on Lime–Pozzolan Mortar
Authors: Martinez‐Ramirez Sagrario , Diaz Luis , Camacho Joaquin J. 
Published: August 2013

A glassy material similar to fulgurites (fusion of the soil which has been struck by lightning) was prepared by continuous wave (CW) CO2 laser (λ = 10.6 μm) ablation of lime–pozzolan mortar at medium‐vacuum conditions and atmospheric pressure. In all the irradiated samples, the determined surface temperature is higher than the melting temperature of mortar (1556 K), so the surface is melted and converted into an amorphous glassy when cooled. The samples were studied combining laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Raman spectroscopy. The emission induced by the CW CO2 laser is mainly due to electronic relaxation of Na, K, Si, Si+, Ca, O, N, and CaOH species along with an intense continuum due to blackbody emission. The emission induced on both natural and produced fulgurite is mostly due to electronic relaxation of Ca, Ca+, Si, Si+, Si2+, Si3+, H, Na, K, Mg, N, O, CaOH, and OH species with different relative intensities in some of them. Raman spectra show that the glassy formed material is similar to natural fulgurites, with the main difference arising from portlandite formed over the surface of the lime–pozzolan mortar. As the laser power increases, less density SiO2 glass is formed with more Q4 and Q1 units present.
Selective Stress Relaxation on Chemically Strengthened Glass Sheets for Conventional Wheel Cutting
Authors: Lee Hoikwan , Lee Jihoon , Choi Hosam , Lee Jaeho 
Published: August 2013

We introduce, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the use of variable frequency microwave (VFM)‐assisted second ion exchange to selectively modify the compressive stress CS in chemically strengthened glass sheets, which allows for separation of these glass sheets into smaller pieces using a conventional cutting tool. The CS in paste‐coated zones, in the regions where it is desired for separation of the glass sheets, was successfully manipulated via VFM‐assisted second ion exchange, substituting the larger alkali ions in glass by smaller ions of the paste. Its effect on chemically strengthened glass was characterized using a strain viewer, an optical microscope, and an electron probe microanalyzer. We also report on the scribability and breakability across the stress relaxation zones. The results reveal a CS loss of only 3%, from 677 to 656 MPa, in the paste‐uncoated zones, and complete CS relaxation, down to 0 MPa, in the paste‐coated regions. The areas of relaxed CS enable the separation of the strengthened glass sheets using conventional wheel cutting.
The effect of subliminal priming on sleep duration
Authors: Shimizu Mitsuru , Sperry Jesse J. , Pelham Brett W. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractTwo experiments primed college students with either sleep‐related or neutral words and then assessed sleep during a 25 minute nap period. Both experiments showed that participants primed with sleep‐related words reported having slept longer than did those primed with neutral words. Furthermore, both experiments showed that sleep‐primed participants exhibited lower heart rate. Experiment 2 also revealed that the effect of the priming manipulation was especially strong among participants who had trouble sleeping. This suggests that priming might be a cost‐effective treatment for inducing sleep among people with sleep problems.
The role of the self‐fulfilling prophecy in young adolescents' responsiveness to a substance use prevention program
Authors: Madon Stephanie , Guyll Max , Scherr Kyle C. , Willard Jennifer , Spoth Richard , Vogel David L. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis research examined whether naturally occurring self‐fulfilling prophecies influenced adolescents' responsiveness to a substance use prevention program. The authors addressed this issue with a unique methodological approach that was designed to enhance the internal validity of research on naturally occurring self‐fulfilling prophecies by experimentally controlling for prediction without influence. Participants were 321 families who were assigned to an adolescent substance use prevention program that either did or did not systematically involve parents. Results showed that parents' perceptions about the value of involving parents in adolescent substance use prevention predicted adolescents' alcohol use more strongly among families assigned to the prevention program that systematically involved parents than to the one that did not. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.