bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School lunch debit card payment systems are associated with lower Nutrition and higher calories
Authors: Just David R. , Wansink Brian 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveDebit card payment systems are known to induce more frivolous purchases in adults, but their impact on children is unknown.Design and MethodsUsing a national survey of 2,314 public school students in the United States, food purchases in schools with debit‐only systems to those in schools with both debit and cash options are compared.ResultsStudents in debit and cash schools purchase more fresh fruit and vegetables and fewer total calories.ConclusionsPayment systems with cash options have a lower purchase incidence of less healthy foods and higher purchase incidence of more healthy foods.
Exposure to the smoking cessation medicine varenicline during pregnancy: a prospective nationwide cohort study
Authors: Harrison‐Woolrych Mira , Paterson Helen , Tan Ming 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of exposure to varenicline during pregnancy in ‘real‐life’ post‐marketing use and follow‐up all pregnancy exposures to identify maternal and fetal outcomes.MethodsThis was a prospective observational cohort study conducted in New Zealand using intensive prescription event monitoring methods. A nationwide cohort of patients dispensed varenicline during a 4‐year period was established from pharmacy dispensing data. Women of reproductive age were followed up with specific questionnaires to identify exposure to varenicline during pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcomes.ResultsBetween 1 April 2007 and 31 March 2011, 23 721 patients were dispensed varenicline. Pregnancy questionnaires were sent for 6882 women of reproductive age, representing 29% all patients (54% female/unknown sex patients) in the varenicline cohort. The frequency of pregnancy exposure in women for whom a valid pregnancy questionnaire was returned was 23/2739 = 0.84%. For the 23 reports of pregnancy identified, exposure to varenicline was from the time of conception for 19 cases. Duration of exposure during pregnancy ranged from 1 day to 16 weeks. Adverse outcomes were identified in five of 17 live births: one baby had birth asphyxia and recurrent chest infections, one had gastro‐oesophageal reflux, one was diagnosed with ankyloglossia and two had feeding difficulties.ConclusionsThis study suggests that approximately 1% of women of reproductive age prescribed varenicline may be exposed to this medicine during pregnancy. This could result in significant fetal exposure worldwide and indicates the need for a global pregnancy register for varenicline. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A redox‐active polythiophene‐modified separator for safety control of lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Haiyan , Cao Yuliang , Yang Hanxi , Lu Shigang , Ai Xinping 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTA potential‐sensitive separator is prepared simply by incorporating a redox‐active poly(3‐butylthiophene) (P3BT) into the micropores of a commercial porous polyolefin film and tested for overcharge protection of LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 lithium‐ion batteries. The experimental results demonstrate that owing to the reversible p‐doping and dedoping of the redox‐active P3BT polymer embedded in the separator with the changes of the cathode potential from an overcharge state to a normal operating state, this type of separator can reversibly switch between electronically insulating state and conductive state to maintain the charge voltage of LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 cells at a safety value of ≤2.4 V, and thus protecting the cell from voltage runaway. As this type of the separators works reversibly and has no negative impact on the battery performances, it can be used as an internal and self‐protecting mechanism for commercial lithium‐ion batteries and other rechargeable batteries. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1487–1493
Association between fetal position at onset of labor and mode of delivery: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Ahmad A. , Webb S. S. , Early B. , Sitch A. , Khan K. , MacArthur C. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo determine the association between fetal position at onset of labor and mode of delivery, specifically left occipito‐anterior (LOA) fetal position and spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD).MethodsAll nulliparous women who were booked at the Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust over an 18‐month period from April 2007 to September 2008 with a singleton live fetus without structural anomalies at term gestation were invited to take part in the study. Women recruited to the study underwent a transabdominal ultrasound scan to determine fetal occiput position at the onset of labor. They were then followed up until birth to determine outcome. The primary outcome measure was mode of delivery, categorized into SVD, instrumental delivery and Cesarean section.ResultsOf 1647 eligible women, 1250 had valid scans at onset of labor; 155 of the 1250 (12.4%) had fetuses in the LOA position. Analysis showed no evidence of difference in odds ratio (OR) of SVD for fetuses in the LOA position compared with all other positions (OR 0.864 (95% CI, 0.617–1.209); P = 0.394). No difference remained with adjustment for confounding effects of variables known to influence mode of delivery (OR 0.837 (95% CI, 0.551–1.272); P = 0.405). No other occipital position showed significant association with SVD. There was no evidence of the LOA position being associated with Cesarean section, ventouse or forceps delivery.ConclusionThere is no evidence of an association between the fetal LOA position at onset of labor and SVD. This finding challenges the conventional theory that LOA is the optimum fetal position at onset of labor, and suggests that antenatal practices encouraging adoption of the LOA position through maternal posturing are unnecessary. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Sparse matrix computations with application to solve system of nonlinear equations
Authors: Hossain Shahadat , Steihaug Trond 
Published: August 2013

Numerical linear algebra is an essential ingredient in algorithms for solving problems in optimization, nonlinear equations, and differential equations. Spanning diverse application areas, from economic planning to complex network analysis, modeling and solving problems arising in those areas share a common theme: numerical calculations on matrices that are sparse or structured or both. Linear algebraic calculations involving sparse matrices of order 109 are now routine. In this article, we give an overview of scientific calculations where effective utilization of properties such as sparsity, problem structure, etc. play a vital role and where the linear algebraic calculations are much more complex than their dense counterpart. This is partly because operation and storage involving known zeros must be avoided, and partly because the fact that modern computing hardware may not be amenable to the specialized techniques needed for sparse problems. We focus on sparse calculations arising in nonlinear equation solving using the Newton method.This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational Mathematics
Data: Types and Structure > Categorical Data
Algorithms and Computational Methods > Quadratic and Nonlinear Programming
Algorithms and Computational Methods > Numerical Methods
Inhibition of Stearoyl‐CoA Desaturase 1 Reduces Lipogenesis in Primary Bovine Adipocytes
Authors: Kadegowda A. K. G. , Burns T. A. , Pratt S. L. , Duckett S. K. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe objectives were to determine the effect of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD1) inhibition on adipocyte proliferation, differentiation and cellular lipid metabolism in bovine primary adipocytes. Inhibition of SCD1 activity by sterculic acid (SA) or conjugated linoleic acid, trans‐10 cis‐12 isomer, (t10, c12‐CLA) did not alter adipocyte cellular proliferation, viability or differentiation. In 1,2‐[13C]‐acetate supplemented cells, the mass isotopomer distribution analysis showed that the fractional synthesis rate of [13C]‐16:0 was reduced (P < 0.01) in SA and t10, c12‐CLA treatments compared to control. Of the lipogenic genes, t10, c12‐CLA treatment decreased (P < 0.05) the expression of SCD1, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase; whereas SA supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) the expression of ACC. Both SA and t10, c12‐CLA increased (P < 0.05) the expression of hormone‐sensitive lipase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase involved in lipolysis and oxidation. Inhibition of SCD1 in bovine adipocytes decreases de novo fatty acid synthesis by down‐regulating genes involved in lipogenesis and up‐regulating genes involved in lipolysis and oxidation.
A Comparison of the Thermo‐Physical Behavior of Engkabang (Shorea macrophylla) Seed Fat–Canola Oil Blends and Lard
Authors: Nur Illiyin M. R. , Marikkar J. M. N. , Shuhaimi M. , Mahiran B. , Miskandar M. S. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA study was carried out to compare the thermo‐physical behaviors of canola–Engkabang fat blends with those of lard (LD). Four blends were prepared by mixing canola oil with Engkabang fat (CaO/EF) in different ratios: EF‐1, 75:25; EF‐2, 70:30; EF‐3, 65:35; EF‐4, 60:40. The fat blends and LD were compared in terms of their basic physicochemical parameters, fatty acid and triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions, melting, solidification, hardness, and polymorphic properties. The slip melting points (SMP) of the fat blends were found to range from 24.8 to 31.2 °C; EF‐2 was found to display an SMP value closer to that of LD. With respect to the melting curve of CaO, the melting curves of all fat blends were found to display an additional high‐melting thermal transition in the temperature region above 10 °C. The peak maximum of the high‐melting thermal transition of EF‐3 was the closest to that of LD. The solid fat content (SFC) value of EF‐3 was equal to that of LD at 25 °C, whereas the SFC values of EF‐2 and LD were similar at 30 to 40 °C. According to textural analysis, EF‐2 was found to display a hardness value somewhat closer to that of LD. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that LD and fat blends EF‐1, EF‐2, and EF‐3 display β polymorphic forms.
Effects of Acidity, Temperature and Emulsifier Concentration on the Distribution of Caffeic Acid in Stripped Corn and Olive Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions
Authors: Costa Marlene , Losada‐Barreiro Sonia , Paiva‐Martins Fátima , Bravo‐Díaz Carlos 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of oil type, oil to water ratio, emulsifier concentration, acidity, and temperature on the distribution of caffeic acid, CA, in emulsions composed of stripped olive and corn oils, acidic water, and Tween 20. CA mainly distributes between the water and interfacial regions because it is sparingly soluble in oils, as demonstrated by auxiliary partitioning experiments in the absence of an emulsifier. The distributions of CA were determined in the intact emulsions from values of the partition constant between the water‐interfacial region, PWI, determined under different experimental conditions. At any given pH, CA is mostly located in the interfacial region of the emulsion, %CAI > 50 % at the lowest emulsifier volume fraction, ΦI = 0.005, and its percentage increasing upon increasing ΦI with %CAI > 90 % at ΦI = 0.04. At any given ΦI, %CAI decreases substantially with increasing pH because of the ionization of the CA. Our results indicate that the main parameters affecting the distribution of CA are ΦI and the acidity, while the nature of the oil, the oil to water ratio and temperature have only minor effects. Results should aid the understanding of how environmental conditions affect the distribution of phenolic acids in emulsions.
Margarine from Organogels of Plant Wax and Soybean Oil
Authors: Hwang Hong‐Sik , Singh Mukti , Bakota Erica L. , Winkler‐Moser Jill K. , Kim Sanghoon , Liu Sean X. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractOrganogels obtained from plant wax and soybean oil were tested for their suitability for incorporation into margarine. Sunflower wax, rice bran wax and candelilla wax were evaluated. Candelilla wax showed phase separation after making the emulsion with the formulation used in this study. Rice bran wax showed relatively good firmness with the organogel, but dramatically lowered firmness for a margarine sample. Sunflower wax showed the greatest firmness for organogel and the margarine samples among the three plant waxes tested in this study. Firmness of the margarine containing 2–6 % sunflower wax in soybean oil was similar to that of margarine containing 18–30 % hydrogenated soybean oil in soybean oil. The firmness of commercial spread could be achieved with about 2 % sunflower wax and that of commercial margarine could be achieved with about 10 % of sunflower wax in the margarine formulation. Dropping point, DSC and solid fat content of the new margarine containing 2–6 % sunflower wax showed a higher melting point than commercial margarine and spreads.
Micromechanical Analysis of Heterogeneous Composites using Hybrid Trefftz FEM and Hybrid Fundamental Solution Based FEM
Authors: Cao C. Y. , Qin Q.-H. , Yu A. B. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a new algorithm is developed based on the homogenization method integrating with the newly developed Hybrid Treffe FEM (HT-FEM) and Hybrid Fundamental Solution based FEM (HFS-FEM). The algorithm can be used to evaluate effective elastic properties of heterogeneous composites. The representative volume element (RVE) of fiber reinforced composites with periodic boundary conditions is introduced and used in our numerical analysis. The proposed algorithm is assessed through two numerical examples with different mesh density and element geometry and used to investigate the effect of fiber volume fraction, fiber shape and configuration on the effective properties of composites. It is found that the proposed algorithm is insensitive to element geometry and mesh density compared with the traditional FEM (e.g. ABAQUS). The numerical results indicate that the HT-FEM and HFS-FEM are promising in micromechanical modeling of heterogeneous materials containing inclusions of various shapes and distributions. They are potential to be used for future application in multiscale simulation.
Chain Length Effect on Surface Stress of Alkanethiolates Adsorbed onto AU(111) Surface: a van der Waals Density Functional Study
Authors: Shih Y.-C. , Chen C.-S. , Wu K.-C. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTFirst-principles calculations were employed to investigate the adsorption-induced surface stress of self-assembled alkanethiolate monolayers on a Au(111) surface as a function of the alkyl chain length. A recently developed fully nonlocal van der Waals density functional was used to accurately account for the chain-chain interactions. We found that surface charge redistribution produces compressive surface stress, while chain-chain interactions produce tensile surface stress. The stress induced by surface charge redistribution is about one order of magnitude greater than that of chain-chain interactions. We observed that the chain-chain interactions play an important role in determining the molecular configuration during adsorptions, and also contribute significantly to the induced anisotropic tensile (positive) surface stress. As the chain length increases the tensile stress increases at a rate of ∼ 0.32 (∼ 0.18) N/m for the direction perpendicular (parallel) to the chain tilt direction.
Can Strong Boards and Trading Their Own Firm’s Stock Help CEOs Make Better Decisions? Evidence from Acquisitions by Overconfident CEOs
Authors: Kolasinski Adam C. , Li Xu 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLittle evidence exists on whether boards help managers make better decisions. We provide evidence that strong and independent boards help overconfident chief executive officers (CEOs) avoid honest mistakes when they seek to acquire other companies. In addition, we find that once-overconfident CEOs make better acquisition decisions after they experience personal stock trading losses, providing evidence that a manager’s recent personal experience, and not just educational and early career experience, influences firm investment policy. Finally, we develop and validate a new CEO overconfidence measure that is easily constructed from machine-readable insider trading data, unlike previously used measures.
Small cell carcinoma of the head and neck: report of three cases
Authors: Matsuyama H , Yamazaki K , Tomita M , Takahashi S 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjective:Small cell carcinoma of the head and neck is rare and has unique histopathological characteristics that make it difficult to diagnose and treat. In this report, the Japanese Lung Cancer Treatment Guidelines were adapted to treat three patients with small cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and outcomes evaluated.Methods:There was one case each of stage I small cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity, stage IV-B small cell carcinoma of the ethmoid sinus, and stage IV-A small cell carcinoma of the submandibular gland. All patients underwent chemoradiotherapy and achieved a partial response.Results:Only case one underwent surgery after chemoradiotherapy; 31 months after treatment, this patient had suffered no recurrence. Case two died three months after treatment due to bone marrow metastasis. Case three had experienced no progression after 12 months of follow up.Conclusion:In this small patient series, short-term results were equivalent to or better than usual treatment outcomes for small cell carcinoma of the lung.
Do Francophone and Islamic schooling communities participate differently? Disaggregating parents' political behaviour in Mali
Authors: Bleck Jaimie 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTDespite strong empirical evidence of the influence of religious brokers on political mobilisation in Africa, we know very little about the individual-level relationship between religious association and political behaviour. Drawing upon an emerging comparative literature on the effect of social service provision on political participation, this article asks whether Malian consumers of Islamic schooling are as likely to seize new democratic opportunities for electoral participation as their peers who send their children to public schools. Using an original survey of 1,000 citizens, exit polling and interviews, this analysis demonstrates that parents who enrol their children in madrasas are less likely than other respondents to report voting. Conversely, parents who send their children to public schools are more likely to participate in electoral politics.
Disorderly Dakar: The cultural politics of household waste in Senegal's capital city
Authors: Fredericks Rosalind 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTDuring the era of President Abdoulaye Wade, a household waste crisis periodically held the streets of Dakar in its noxious grip. This paper analyses the crisis in light of waste management's role as a fundamental urban public service, key employment sector, and visceral symbol of the city's management. It examines how the institutional landscape of waste management took centre stage in a power struggle within the state that centred on reconfiguring the labour of ordering the city. At the same time, it reveals how the waste-workers' union emerged as one of the most visible and savvy labour movements in contemporary Senegal. Through the creative disorder unleashed by intentional acts of dirtying, workers and residents alike forged new claims to the city. Conclusions are drawn for the wider implications of the disorderly city for the urban question in Dakar and the landscape of citizenship in Senegal's contemporary period.
Monitoring design for quantification of marine turtle nesting with limited effort: a test case in the Guadeloupe archipelago
Authors: Delcroix Eric , Bédel Sophie , Santelli Gilhem , Girondot Marc 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe Guadeloupe archipelago hosts nesting of the threatened hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata, green Chelonia mydas and leatherback Dermochelys coriacea marine turtles. There is a need to monitor the nesting of these species but, with > 150 beaches in the archipelago, exhaustive monitoring is infeasible. Using a new monitoring design and a new statistical tool we have been able to monitor one-third of the beaches. Seasonality and level of nesting were described for the three species for 2 years on > 50 beaches. For each species beaches were categorized as A- or B-beaches, with high and low nest density, respectively. A-beaches were monitored on 6–7 days per month before and after the peak nesting period and on 7–15 days during the peak, and the B-beaches on 14–22 days during the peak. The monitoring design and statistical tool are described in detail as they could be applied to any migratory species. Hawksbill turtles at Trois Ilets beach have been monitored for 9 years and a positive trend in nesting has been detected.
Status, distribution and recommendations for monitoring of the Seychelles black parrotCoracopsis (nigra) barklyi
Authors: Reuleaux A. , Bunbury N. , Villard P. , Waltert M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe Seychelles black parrotCoracopsis (nigra) barklyi, endemic to the Seychelles islands, is the only surviving parrot on the archipelago. Although originally classified as a subspecies of the lesser vasa parrotCoracopsis nigraevidence now indicates that the Seychelles population may be a distinct species, in which case its conservation status also requires reassessment. Here, we address the status of theC. (n.) barklyipopulation on the islands of its current and likely historical range, Praslin and Curieuse, assess the effect of habitat type on relative abundance, and identify the most appropriate point count duration for monitoring the population. We conducted point count distance sampling at 268 locations using habitat type as a covariate in the modelling of the detection function. Density on Praslin was estimated to be 0.14–0.24 individuals per ha, resulting in an estimate of a total of 520–900 individuals (95% confidence interval). The highest densities occurred in endemic palm and mixed forests. Habitats with a high proportion of palms were more likely to support parrots than habitats without palms. As no parrots were detected on Curieuse the number estimated on Praslin is the global wild population. The small size of this population necessitates its categorization as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Our main recommendation for the conservation ofC. (n.) barklyi, in addition to continued monitoring, is the preservation and expansion of the parrot's endemic palm forest habitat.
Demographic decline of the last surviving Moroccan dorcas gazellesGazella dorcas massaesylain M'Sabih Talaa Reserve, Morocco
Authors: Baamrane Moulay Abdeljalil Ait , Znari Mohammed , Loggers Chris , El Mercht Said , Naimi Mohamed 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe formerly widespread but now Vulnerable dorcas gazelleGazella dorcashas declined markedly during the last 2 decades. The semi-captive population in M'Sabih Talaa Reserve, west-central Morocco, is genetically distinct and may be the last remnant of the Moroccan dorcas gazelleG. dorcas massaesyla. The last estimate of the size of this population was c. 200, in 1996. To assess the current population we used line-transect distance sampling to survey this population over five seasons from April 2008 to August 2009. The estimated population declined from 113 to 87 individuals from April to November 2008, increased to 111 in February 2009 (primarily because of recruitment), declined to 99 from February to April 2009, and to 95 by August 2009. These results indicate a decline of nearly 50% in < 15 years. The main conservation actions required for this subspecies are the suppression of poaching and feral dogs, the creation of other reserves to receive dorcas gazelles from M'Sabih Talaa (to avoid loss of the single population from a catastrophic event), and the implementation of a genetic management programme.