bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Executive Function Across Syndromes Associated with Intellectual Disabilities: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Russo Natalie , Dawkins Tamara , Huizinga Mariëtte , Burack Jacob A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractExecutive function (EF) is a general construct used to represent brain functions related to the conscious control of thought and action. This chapter reviews literature that supports the notion of a componential view of EF, as some disorders were associated with developmentally appropriate performance on some areas of EF, but not others. For example, individuals with Down syndrome were as able as developmentally matched peers in areas related to working memory and inhibition, but were clearly impaired in their abilities to switch flexibly between mental sets. This sparing of certain areas (in relation to developmental level) is inconsistent with the notion of a unitary view, which would imply that difficulty in one area of EF would mean difficulty in all areas of EF. Although the findings reviewed here still leave open the question of whether some combination of unitary and componential views is correct, the chapter provides evidence to suggest that a purely unitary view is unlikely.
Musical Ability and Developmental Disorders
Authors: Bhatara Anjali K. , Quintin Eve-Marie , Levitin Daniel J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter begins by discussing the link between intelligence and musical ability. It then presents the currently available data on the musical abilities and behaviors of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), Down syndrome (DS), fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, and Rett syndrome. Evidence to date suggests that individuals with developmental disorders such as WS, tuberous sclerosis complex, and possibly DS, have musical abilities that are relatively spared as compared to their other cognitive and perceptual deficits. Musical appreciation and enjoyment does not seem to be dependent on cognitive faculties, and can be useful as a means of establishing communication and influencing behavior, even in individuals with severe mental retardation.
Brain-based Methods in the Study of Developmental Disabilities: Examples from Event-related Potentials and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research
Authors: Key Alexandra P.F. , Thornton-Wells Tricia A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNumerous technologies are available for studying the brain basis of developmental disabilities, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. These include electroencephalography (EEG), event-related potentials (ERP), magnetoencephalography (MEG), near-infrared optical tomography (NIROT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRspect). This chapter focuses on two technologies—ERP and MRI—which are increasingly being used in research on developmental disabilities. It discusses how each methodology works and what kinds of research questions each is well suited to answer. It illustrates the application of these methods in four specific genetic disorders: Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. Finally, the chapter discusses gaps in current research, issues of experimental design, and suggests directions for future studies.
Literacy Development in Childhood, Adolescence, and Young Adulthood in Persons with Down Syndrome
Authors: Kay-Raining Bird Elizabeth , Chapman Robin S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLiteracy enriches and expands opportunities for participation in activities in the home, school, work and community. There are many economic, social, and cultural benefits to being literate (Robinson-Pant, 2005). For example, individuals with more advanced literacy skills are more frequently employed, earn higher wages, and are more likely to be promoted (Johnson, 2000). Furthermore, they tend to have increased self-esteem, greater empowerment, and expanded recreational opportunities. Becoming literate presumably has the same advantages for individuals with Down syndrome (DS) as it would for any other person in a literate society. With changing policies and demographics, the literacy potential of individuals with DS is only now becoming understood and may well be underestimated in the early literature in this area. In this chapter, we review the literature on the literacy abilities of individuals with DS and make recommendations for future research.
Dyadic Interaction Between Mothers and Children with Down Syndrome or Williams Syndrome: Empirical Evidence and Emerging Agendas
Authors: Hauser-Cram Penny , Howell-Moneta Angela N. , Young Jessica Mercer 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter highlights the theoretical foundations that have guided research on mother—child interaction. It discusses the physical and behavioral characteristics of children with Down syndrome (DS) that influence their social interactions, then reviews research findings on mother—child interaction in these dyads. It discusses research conducted during the past decade since the review in the last Handbook of Mental Retardation (Marfo, Dedrick, & Barbour, 1998) and proposes an agenda for future research. The chapter also describes the behaviors and processes related to Williams syndrome that are likely to be relevant to mother—child interaction. It proposes a research agenda that both builds on and is distinct from that related to children with DS.
Parenting and Intellectual Disability: An Attachment Perspective
Authors: Feniger-Schaal Rinat , Oppenheim David , Koren-Karie Nina , Yirmiya Nurit 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter begins with a brief review of attachment theory. It describes how attachment is assessed using the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP), and reviews the studies of attachment in children with Intellectual Disability (ID). It introduces two issues pertinent to attachment and ID: the first involves the cognitive prerequisites for the development of attachment; the second involves the factors contributing to the development of secure (or insecure) attachments in typically developing children, as well as in the development of children with ID. In addition to factors relating to the children, the chapter considers factors relating to the parents, including both parents' behavior with their children as reflected in their sensitivity, and parents' representations of their children, as reflected in their insightfulness into the experience of the child and their reactions to the diagnosis of the child.
Children with Down Syndrome: Parents' Perspectives
Authors: Al-Yagon Michal , Margalit Malka 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews research focusing on two major themes regarding parents and children with Down syndrome: the shift from a pathology perspective to a stress and coping approach, and the study of parent-child interactions, attachment, and relationships. It calls for the additional future exploration of the inconsistent findings regarding parents' stress, family-focused programs, parental personal resources, fathers' perspectives, and coping resources.
The Problem of Harmonic Dualism
Authors: Bent Ian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a key text in the transition of Riemann's argument from earlier theories and mature, psychological work. As a reference, the article also forms a link back to historical contexts already explored, and this article invokes figures such as Georg Capellen and Arthur von Oettingen—Riemann's contemporaries. In this article, Riemann is shown to summarize for one last time, the scope and ambitions of his dualistic theory and, implicitly and explicitly, he responds to his critics. As always, Riemann does not merely rework his earlier arguments but designs them in such way they adapt to the current situation and cover new ground by answering his critics.
Life and Works
Authors: Torrell Jean-Pierre 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents a biography of Thomas Aquinas, who was born in the family castle of Roccasecca in southern Italy between Rome and Naples. He was sent to Paris (1245–48), to the convent of St. James, for his studies under the direction of Albert the Great, who introduced him to the work of Pseudo-Dionysius. He deepened his knowledge of the Ethics of Aristotle and appropriated the methods of the masters of the arts. He spent two years (1252–54) commenting on the sentences of Peter Lombard but did not manage to write his text until 1256. Aquinas had to go to Valenciennes to the General Article of the Dominicans to participate in a commission charged with the task of promoting studies at the end of the preceding period June 1259. Aquinas took the role of convent lector and helped his confreres prepare for the ministries of teaching and confession. Aquinas wrote Super Iob, which offers a lovely example of literal exegesis that is used in the service of doctrinal reflection on the suffering of the just innocent, in which suffering is reconciled with divine goodness. Aquinas was sent to Rome by his superiors to found an experimental studium at Santa Sabina for some select students of his Order over whom he would have complete authority.
Law and Natural Law
Authors: Baur Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas's account of law as an ordering of reason for the common good of a community depends on the mereology that covered his theory of parthood relations, including the relations of parts to parts and parts to wholes. Aquinas argued that ‘all who are included in a community stand in relation to that community as parts to a whole’, and ‘every individual person is compared to the whole community as part to whole’. Aquinas held that the perfection of wholes through the proper ordering of their parts does not entail the elimination of diversity, but in many cases requires diversity. Aquinas argued that there are two ways of ordering parts within a whole. Firstly, the parts are ordered with respect to one another, and secondly, the parts are ordered toward an end. The ordering of a whole's parts to one another is always for the sake of the ordering of the whole to its extrinsic end. Aquinas argued that the good toward which the law directs a community is called the ‘common good’ of that community. The common good or common end toward which members of a community are ordered can be the sort of end that the agents bring into existence through their own actions such as justice within a community, or the sort of end that can exist apart from the actions of the agents.
Philosophy of Mind and Human Nature
Authors: Pasnau Robert 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas's theory of human nature is discussed in the first part of the Summa theologiae, known as the Treatise on Human Nature. Aquinas postulated a real distinction between the soul itself and its powers. He argued that the soul essentially is the form of a body and the soul is the ultimate intrinsic explanatory principle for the existence of the composite substance that is a human being. A human being is to be capable to perform various operations including nutritive, sensory, and intellectual operations. The human soul, as the internal principle of life for a human being, is the source for the various powers that a human being requires in order to carry out the operations distinctive of such life. Aquinas distinguished various powers in several ways. Most fundamental is a distinction between the nutritive or vegetative powers, the sensory powers, and the intellectual or rational powers. The last two categories further divide into those powers that are cognitive and those that are appetitive. The cognitive sensory powers divide into the familiar five external senses and the four internal senses. The appetitive sensory powers divide into the irascible and concupiscible. There is just one appetitive power, the will, and two cognitive powers, the agent intellect and the possible intellect at the intellectual level.
The Limits of Language and the Notion of Analogy
Authors: Davies Brian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas argued that God accounts for the existence (esse) of all substances for as long as they exist and God is nothing bodily nor is he something with attributes distinguishable from himself. He argued that God is identical with what can be truly affirmed of him and God is immutable and there is no distinction in God of essence (essentia) and existence (esse). Aquinas argued that people who say that God is good just do not mean that God is not bad. They mean that God is actually good in and of himself. The people who say that God is living are not just saying that God is not inanimate but they are telling what God really is. Aquinas argued that God may cause what is good, but, as Creator of the universe, as the cause of the esse of things, God also causes (makes to be) what is bodily. In Aquinas's view, God is good, and is whatever he is by nature, regardless of what he has brought about (created/caused to be). Aquinas argued that words applied to creatures cannot mean exactly the same when applied to God, since God is not something distinct from his nature. Aquinas also wanted to say that words applied to creatures cannot mean something entirely different when applied to God.
Resurrection and the Separated Soul
Authors: Stump Eleonore 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas argued that human beings are material things, and he took the human soul to be the form of the human body. He argued that the individuation of a substance is a function of its substantial form. For Aquinas, the substantial form of any material substance configures prime matter, the matter that is devoid of every form, without any configuration. The constitution is not identity for Aquinas, so it was also possible for him to suppose that a particular substance survives even the loss of some of its metaphysical constituents, provided that the remaining constituents can exist on their own and are sufficient for the existence of the substance. Aquinas accepted the Christian doctrine that, after the death and before the resurrection of the body, the soul persists in a separated state. For Aquinas, preservation of identity is not something that has to be guaranteed by recomposing the human being of the same bits of matter-form composites, such as atoms, as before. On Aquinas's account, the soul is what makes unformed prime matter into the human being by configuring prime matter in such a way that the matter is the living animal capable of intellective cognition. Aquinas argued that the individuation and identity of anything is provided by its substantial form. Aquinas argued that, resurrection is not so much reassembly of integral parts as it is reconstitution of metaphysical parts.
The Social Effects of Immigration
Authors: Foner Nancy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the social consequences of immigration to the United States in three major areas: work—how immigration has changed the occupational division of labor and led to new ethnic occupational niches; ethnoracial relations—specifically, relations between immigrants and long-established native minorities; and community institutions—how immigration has affected schools, hospitals, and religious congregations. At the worksite, immigration has created and reproduced immigrant and ethnic enclaves. Even in urban workplaces and schools that have a multiethnic character, people often gravitate toward those with whom they share common cultural understandings and language, and immigrants also may adopt distancing strategies to distinguish themselves from African Americans. Immigrants have brought striking changes to community institutions, often resulting in conflicts over language, among other issues, in an almost endless diversity of national, state, and local policy questions.
Migration and International Relations
Authors: Hollifield James F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article argues that the state plays a key role in managing migration. The necessary conditions for migration to occur may be social and economic, but the sufficient conditions are political and legal. States must be willing to open their borders to the movement of people, and as people move they can acquire rights. Immigration has profound political implications, and states are critical in shaping migration outcomes, even when they choose to accept high levels of illegal immigration or when borders are porous and they do not have the capacity to control many forms of migration.
Immigration, Crime, and Terrorism
Authors: Koslowski Rey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores some of the ways in which international migration intersects with the issues of crime and terrorism. First, it considers the ways in which crime and terrorism have precipitated particular international movements across borders. Second, it focuses more specifically on one form of crime: human smuggling. Third, it considers some of the consequences of international migration for crime. Finally, it explores the relationships among migration, mobility, and terrorism.
Chronic Pain: Closing the Gap Between Evidence and Practice
Authors: Thorn Beverly E. , Walker Barbara B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChronic pain devastates lives and leads to staggering health care costs. Because chronic pain is one of the most common complaints seen in health care settings and is commonly associated with other health problems, it is critical that health psychologists have a thorough understanding of pain disorders. In this chapter, we describe the problematic gap that exists between what we know about chronic pain and our ability to provide effective treatments in practice. After reviewing the evidence from several different perspectives, we argue that this gap exists in large part because of a collision between the biopsychosocial and biomedical models. Specifically, the evidence supports conceptualizing and treating chronic pain using a biopsychosocial model, but the prevailing model practiced within our current health care system is biomedical. With their extensive experience and training in both the biopsychosocial model and evidence-based practice, health psychologists are uniquely qualified to narrow this gap.
Latino Health
Authors: Ruiz John M. , Steffen Patrick 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLatinos, like other minorities, have a significant health risk factor profile marked by educational, economic, and disease challenges. Yet, despite these disparities, Latinos appear to live longer than non-Hispanic whites, an epidemiological phenomenon commonly referred to as the Hispanic or Latino mortality paradox. This surprising finding casts doubt on the generalizability of several tenets of psychosocial health and health disparities and spurs new questions regarding the cause of such resilience. This chapter begins by describing the characteristics of Latinos in the United States, before reviewing the evidence and complexity of the Latino mortality paradox. Emerging explanatory models for such effects are discussed and a conceptual model to guide future research is presented.
Two Decades of Social Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Implications for Health
Authors: Todorova Irina L.G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores the dynamics of changes in health indicators in Central and Eastern Europe over the last 20 years. It presents illustrations of the East–West health divide from different countries and compares groups of countries. It offers in-depth case studies from Bulgaria and Romania to represent further dimensions of the psychosocial and a sociocultural contextualization of health. The events in Eastern Europe illustrate the importance of bringing a contextual lens to health psychology phenomena. Behaviour change models need to take into account meanings of health and of health protective, preventive, or risk behaviours. Lifestyles cannot be conceptualized as purely individual choices, but are co-constructed within cultural values and contingent upon material conditions. Health care reform in Central and Eastern Europe needs to be undertaken in multiple directions simultaneously—structural and policy changes, health promotion, behavior change interventions, using participatory approaches coordinated with community groups—to ensure that health indicators will continue to improve.
The Cultural Perspective in Personality Assessment
Authors: Cheung Fanny M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCulture affects personality through the ways that people are represented psychologically. Global or etic approaches to the study of culture and personality compare universal dimensions across cultures, whereas focal or emic approaches interpret and identify indigenous dimensions on the basis of local phenomena and experiences. This article reviews the relationship between culture and personality, as well as the impact of cultural factors on personality assessment. It discusses practical and methodological issues of personality assessment across cultures, including issues of equivalence and cross-cultural validation in test translation and adaptation, using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) as an example. At the theoretical level, the article compares the etic and emic approaches to personality assessment and highlights the contributions of a combined emic–etic approach in developing culturally relevant personality assessment based on the experience of the Cross-cultural (Chinese) Personality Assessment Inventory. These issues highlight the need for incorporating cross-cultural training as an integral part of psychology in order to enhance the cultural relevance of the practice of, and research in, personality assessment.
Functional Imaging in Clinical Assessment? The Rise of Neurodiagnostics with fMRI
Authors: Macdonald Angus W. , Jones Jessica A. H. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides an update on progress in the use of neuroimaging for predicting clinical states, with particular attention to diagnosis. It discusses the underpinnings of the blood oxygenation level-dependent response used in fMRI, as well as issues involved in measuring this signal reliably. The article then considers the logic underpinning the development of models based on brain data to examine latent states, such as deception, and latent traits, such as the diagnosis of schizophrenia. It concludes that neuroimaging, while not currently a practical tool for clinical assessment, is likely to provide an important avenue of new ideas. Biomarkers, such as those derived from neuroimaging, are likely to have a role in understanding dimensionality and the common origins of certain disorders (for example, depression and anxiety) by providing biological principles around which to organize thinking in these areas.
Clinical Personality Assessment with Asian Americans
Authors: Okazaki Sumie , Okazaki Mimi , Sue Stanley 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Asian American population is a fast-growing population, with enormous within-group heterogeneity. Although the past decade has seen significant gains in psychological research on this population, there continues to be notable paucity of research in some areas of clinical personality assessment with Asian American clients. This article provides guidelines for practical considerations in conducting clinical personality assessment with Asian Americans. It reviews recent research on the use of clinical assessment measures with Asian Americans and presents general guidelines for clinical assessment, followed by the case example of an Asian American client in a forensic assessment case. Some of the discussion is based on research on ethnic minorities and personality research on Asians overseas. The article also considers the use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to assess the personality of Asian Americans. Finally, it looks at measures of Asian American psychological experiences, including acculturation, cultural values, and cultural conflicts.