bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Kidney Injury: Preclinical Innovations, Challenges, and Opportunities for Translation
Authors: Silver Samuel A. , Cardinal Héloise , Colwell Katelyn , Burger Dylan , Dickhout Jeffrey G. 
Published: August 2015

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinically important condition that has attracted a great deal of interest from the biomedical research community. However, acute kidney injury AKI research findings have yet to be translated into significant changes in clinical practice. Objective: This article reviews many of the preclinical innovations in acute kidney injury AKI treatment, and explores challenges and opportunities to translate these finding into clinical practice. Sources of Information: MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science Findings: This paper details areas in biomedical research where translation of pre-clinical findings into clinical trials is ongoing, or nearing a point where trial design is warranted. Further, the paper examines ways that best practice in the management of AKI can reach a broader proportion of the patient population experiencing this condition. Limitations: This review highlights pertinent literature from the perspective of the research interests of the authors for new translational work in AKI. As such, it does not represent a systematic review of all of the AKI literature. Implications: Translation of findings from biomedical research into AKI therapy presents several challenges. These may be partly overcome by targeting populations for interventional trials where the likelihood of AKI is very high, and readily predictable. Further, specific clinics to follow-up with patients after AKI events hold promise to provide best practice in care, and to translate therapies into treatment for the broadest possible patient populations.
Rhesus macaque θ-defensin RTD-1 inhibits proinflammatory cytokine secretion and gene expression by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways
Authors: Tongaonkar Prasad , Trinh Katie K , Schaal Justin B , Tran Dat , Gulko Percio S , Ouellette André J , Selsted Michael E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
θ-Defensins are pleiotropic, macrocyclic peptides that are expressed uniquely in Old World monkeys. The peptides are potent, broad-spectrum microbicides that also modulate inflammatory responses in vitro and in animal models of viral infection and polymicrobial sepsis. θ-Defensins suppress proinflammatory cytokine secretion by leukocytes stimulated with diverse Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Studies were performed to delineate anti-inflammatory mechanisms of rhesus θ-defensin 1 (RTD-1), the most abundant θ-defensin isoform in macaque granulocytes. RTD-1 reduced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-8 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human blood monocytes and THP-1 macrophages, and this was accompanied by inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Peptide inhibition of NF-κB activation occurred following stimulation of extracellular (TLRs 1/2 and 4) and intracellular (TLR9) receptors. Although RTD-1 did not inhibit MAPK in unstimulated cells, it induced phosphorylation of Akt in otherwise untreated monocytes and THP-1 cells. In the latter, this occurred within 10 min of RTD-1 treatment and produced a sustained elevation of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) for at least 4 h. pAkt is a negative regulator of MAPK and NF-κB activation. RTD-1 inhibited IκBα degradation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and stimulated Akt phosphorylation in LPS-treated human primary monocytes and THP-1 macrophages. Specific inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) blocked RTD-1-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and reversed the suppression of NF-κB activation by the peptide. These studies indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of θ-defensins are mediated by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and suppression of proinflammatory signals in immune-stimulated cells.
Sulforaphane inhibits multiple inflammasomes through an Nrf2-independent mechanism
Authors: Greaney Allison J , Maier Nolan K , Leppla Stephen H , Moayeri Mahtab 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe inflammasomes are intracellular complexes that have an important role in cytosolic innate immune sensing and pathogen defense. Inflammasome sensors detect a diversity of intracellular microbial ligands and endogenous danger signals and activate caspase-1, thus initiating maturation and release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. These events, although crucial to the innate immune response, have also been linked to the pathology of several inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The natural isothiocyanate sulforaphane, present in broccoli sprouts and available as a dietary supplement, has gained attention for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties. We discovered that sulforaphane inhibits caspase-1 autoproteolytic activation and interleukin-1β maturation and secretion downstream of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor leucine-rich repeat proteins NLRP1 and NLRP3, NLR family apoptosis inhibitory protein 5/NLR family caspase-1 recruitment domain-containing protein 4 (NAIP5/NLRC4), and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome receptors. Sulforaphane does not inhibit the inflammasome by direct modification of active caspase-1 and its mechanism is not dependent on protein degradation by the proteasome or de novo protein synthesis. Furthermore, sulforaphane-mediated inhibition of the inflammasomes is independent of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like factor 2 (Nrf2) and the antioxidant response-element pathway, to which many of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of sulforaphane have been attributed. Sulforaphane was also found to inhibit cell recruitment to the peritoneum and interleukin-1β secretion in an in vivo peritonitis model of acute gout and to reverse NLRP1-mediated murine resistance to Bacillus anthracis spore infection. These findings demonstrate that sulforaphane inhibits the inflammasomes through a novel mechanism and contributes to our understanding of the beneficial effects of sulforaphane.
AE Sources Localization Accuracy Improvement During Cross-country Gas Pipelines Testing
Authors: Жуков  , Zhukov Anton 
Published: August 2015

Introduction. The research was carried out to improve sources localization accuracy during cross-country gas pipelines testing. The research purpose is to determine an algorithm of choice for operation frequency range, AE transducers and input filters of AE equipment for different pipeline wall thicknesses
Method. The AE signal was simulated on the pipelines with wall thickness from 8 to 24 mm. A few types of transducers with different amplitude-frequency characteristics were chosen for signal detection. Further we analyzed forms of the detected AE signals and stability of their velocity.
Results. We have established that for each pipeline wall thickness there is a proper operation frequency range, within which the velocity of AE signals is stable and predictable. For example, for the 8 mm wall thickness the optimum frequency range is from 60 to 200 kHz. The suitable transducer for work within this range is GT200. If the work is held out of stated range, the AE signal velocity is not predictable and can vary from 500 to 5100 m/s; therefore localization of AE source turns to be impossible.
AHP PRIORITIES AND MARKOV-CHAPMAN-KOLMOGOROV STEADY-STATES PROBABILITIES
Authors: Lipovetsky Stan 
Published: August 2015

<div class="MsoTitle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 15pt;"><p>An AHP matrix of the quotients of the pair comparison priorities is transformed to a matrix of shares of the preferences which can be used in Markov stochastic modeling via the Chapman-Kolmogorov system of equations for the discrete states. It yields a general solution and the steady-state probabilities. The AHP priority vector can be interpreted as these probabilities belonging to the discrete states corresponding to the compared items. The results of stochastic modeling correspond to robust estimations of priority vectors not prone to influence of possible errors among the elements of a pairwise comparison matrix.</p></div><div class="MsoTitle" style="margin: 12pt 0in 15pt;"> </div>
Detecting Long-term Drift in Reagent Lots
Authors: Liu Jiakai , Tan Chin Hon , Loh Tze Ping , Badrick Tony 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Between-reagent lot verification is a routine laboratory exercise in which a set of samples is tested in parallel with an existing reagent lot and a candidate reagent lot (before the candidate lot is committed to test patient samples). The exercise aims to verify and maintain consistency in the analytical performance of a test. We examined the limitations of a routine between-reagent lot verification procedure in detecting long-term analytical drift and looked for a more sensitive alternative.

METHOD
Via numerical simulations, we examined the statistical power of the current regression-based (weighted Deming regression) procedure for between-reagent lot verification in detecting proportional bias and constant bias. An alternative procedure applying the Student t-test to separately examine cumulative regression slopes and intercepts across multiple reagent lots was proposed and evaluated by numerical simulations.

RESULTS
The regression-based procedure had poor statistical power in detecting proportional bias and constant bias when small numbers of samples were used in each between-reagent lot verification exercise. Furthermore, the method failed to detect long-term drifts in analytical performance. The proposed approach based on the Student t-test can detect long-term (cumulative) drifts in regression slopes and intercepts. This method detected a mild downward drift in the serum sodium assay in our hospital that was missed by routine between-reagent lot verification.

CONCLUSIONS
The proposed method objectively and systematically detects long-term proportional and constant bias separately. However, the statistical power of this procedure remains unsatisfactory when used with small sample sizes. Sharing of information between laboratories may provide sufficient statistical power to detect clinically important analytical shifts.
The right to the city (If You Want It): Marshall Berman and urban culture
Authors: Millington Gareth 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article examines how Marshall Berman’s writings on urban culture and politics illuminates and extends our understanding of the role that culture plays in Henri Lefebvre’s emancipatory notion of the right to the city, a role that tends to be underplayed by contemporary critical urbanists. The article begins by summarizing Lefebvre’s arguments about the importance of culture in understanding the right to the city. Next, it is suggested that Berman understands culture in two ways that are helpful in terms of augmenting Lefebvre’s arguments. The first is urban culture as spectacle and the second is culture as appropriation. The article then reviews Berman’s account of the birth of hip hop from the South Bronx in order to demonstrate how urban culture is imbricated in the right to the city before discussing the implications and challenges posed by Berman’s arguments.
Madrid’s Gran Vía: An urban cultural history and digital project
Authors: Fraser Benjamin 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A major urban project begun on 4 April 1910, the Gran Vía is a street in central Madrid, Spain, constructed in three segments that connect Calle de Alcalá with the Plaza de España. Imagined on the heels of other urban reforms of the mid-to-late nineteenth century – chief among them the Puerta del Sol, which gained more recent international notoriety as the base of protests by the Indignados – the Gran Vía sought to establish Madrid as a modern European city and by extension testify to the urban modernity of the Spanish state. This famed thoroughfare has been represented in artistic products (theatre, novels, films and paintings) throughout the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries as an enduring symbol of the Spanish capital’s urban modernity. This short-form article explores the potential for social sciences and humanities approaches to combine in a site-focused, interdisciplinary approach to urban culture. At the same time, it also documents the potential of digital projects on cities to involve students and faculty in collaborative research within a new educational paradigm.
Electronic music scenes: A comparison of the diverging spatial contexts of the electronic dance music scenes of Berlin and Amsterdam
Authors: Dorst Hade 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Music scenes are inseparable from their spatial environment, and thrive under certain spatial conditions. Urban regulations and planning play a defining role in the development of local scenes. This article examines two epicentres of the EDM scene, Berlin and Amsterdam, in order to show how factors such as availability of distinctive and affordable spaces for music production, and the regulation and planning of such spaces, impact the ways in which the EDM scene unfolds. In Berlin, the abundance of vacant spaces and lack of (enforcement of) regulations following the fall of the Berlin Wall at the end of the 1980s are key factors in the city’s consolidation as a world-renowned club scene. Stricter enforcement of regulations and a shortage of inner-city space for creative activity in Amsterdam favour a music scene of festivals and foot-loose actors, mostly promoters.
POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DE SAÚDE PARA IDOSOS COM ALZHEIMER
Authors: Barbosa Abreu Célia , Val Eduardo Manuel 
Published: August 2015

<p>Contemporaneamente, nota-se a ocorrência do envelhecimento populacional mundial, que é visto como um dos principais ganhos sociais do século XX, mas também como um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento global. Mundialmente, por conseguinte, percebe-se a imprescindibilidade de políticas públicas voltadas para os idosos. Mais do que isso, com o atual e constante crescimento da expectativa de vida da população, tem início a preocupação relativamente ao número de pessoas afetadas por doenças relacionadas à idade, como é o caso do mal de Alzheimer, o qual deverá aumentar drasticamente nos próximos anos. Torna-se, pois, assunto da ordem do dia a discussão sobre as políticas públicas de saúde para os idosos, com foco específico na questão da doença de Alzheimer, principal causa de demência da pessoa idosa. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho consiste numa pesquisa teórica, que se utiliza dos métodos indutivo e comparatístico.</p>
The use of multi-criteria analysis for selection of technology for a household WWTP compatible with sustainable development / Zastosowanie analizy wielokryterialnej do wyboru rozwiązania technologicznego przydomowej oczyszczalni ścieków zgodnego z ideą zrównoważonego rozwoju
Authors: Jóźwiakowski Krzysztof , Mucha Zbigniew , Generowicz Agnieszka , Baran Stanisław , Bielińska Jolanta , Wójcik Włodzimierz 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the use of multi-criteria analysis as a tool that helps choosing an adequate technology for a household wastewater treatment plant. In the process of selection the criteria of sustainable development were taken into account. Five municipal mechanical-biological treatment plants were chosen for the comparative multi-criteria analysis. Different treatment technologies, such as sand filter, activated sludge, trickling filter, a hybrid system - activated sludge/trickling filter and a hybrid constructed wetland system VF-HF type (vertical and horizontal fl ow) were taken into account. The plants’ capacities were 1 m3∙d-1 (PE=8) and they all meet the environmental regulations. Additionally, a solution with a drainage system was included into the analysis. On the basis of multi-criteria analysis it was found that the preferred wastewater treatment technologies, consistent with the principles of sustainable development, were a sand filter and a hybrid constructed wetland type VF-HF. A drainage system was chosen as the best solution due to the economic criteria, however, taking into consideration the primary (ecological) criterion, employment of such systems on a larger scale disagree with the principles of sustainable development. It was found that activated sludge is the least favourable technology. The analysis showed that this technology is not compatible with the principles of sustainable development, due to a lack of proper technological stability and low reliability.
Theoretical Analysis of Magnetorheological Damper Characteristics in Squeeze Mode
Authors: Sapiński Bogdan 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The paper summarises the theoretical study of a magnetorheological (MR) damper operated in squeeze mode, intended to be used as an actuator in a semi-active mount system in a car motor. The structural design and operating principle of the damper are described and a simplified model of the MR fluid flow in the gap is presented. The plots of the damper force generated by the MR damper are obtained for monoharmonic piston motion with respect to the centre point of the gap height and in the conditions of the control coil being supplied with direct current.
Detection of Two-Phase Flow Patterns in a Vertical Minichannel Using the Recurrence Quantification Analysis
Authors: Mosdorf Romuald , Górski Grzegorz 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The two-phase flow (water-air) occurring in square minichannel (3x3 mm) has been analysed. In the minichannel it has been observed: bubbly flow, flow of confined bubbles, flow of elongated bubbles, slug flow and semi-annular flow. The time series recorded by laser-phototransistor sensor was analysed using the recurrence quantification analysis. The two coefficients:Recurrence rate (RR) and Determinism (DET) have been used for identification of differences between the dynamics of two-phase flow patterns. The algorithm which has been used normalizes the analysed time series before calculating the recurrence plots.Therefore in analysis the quantitative signal characteristicswas neglected. Despite of the neglect of quantitative signal characteristics the analysis of its dynamics (chart of DET vs. RR) allows to identify the two-phase flow patterns. This confirms that this type of analysis can be used to identify the two-phase flow patterns in minichannels.
Antiplane Deformation of a Bimaterial Containing an Interfacial Crack with the Account of Friction I. Single Loading
Authors: Sulym Heorhiy , Piskozub Lyubov , Piskozub Yosyf , Pasternak Iaroslav 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The paper presents the exact analytic solution to the antiplane problem for a non-homogeneous bimaterial medium containing closed interfacial cracks, which faces can move relatively to each other with dry friction. The medium is subjected to the action of normal and arbitrary single loading in a longitudinal direction. Based on the discontinuity function method the problem is reduced to the solution of the system of singular integral-differential equations for stress and displacement discontinuities at the possible slippage zones. Influence of loading parameters and the effects of friction on the sizes of these zones is analyzed. The stress intensity factors, stress and displacement discontinuities, energy dissipation are determined for several characteristic types of external loading.
Alternative Social States and the Basic Income Debate: Institutions, Inequality and Human Development
Authors: Haagh Louise 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis essay explores how institutional responses to human development differentiate capitalist systems and shape developmental dimensions of stratification and freedom. I advocate differentiating the analyses of systems of institutions and freedom, including by setting out their developmental dimensions. Doing so allows me to analyse ethical and political problems of high inequality capitalism that Piketty highlights as they relate to the cooperative and developmental character of public services, and to set the BI project in relation to human development.
Investigating the effect of salicylate salt in enhancing the corrosion resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy for biomedical applications
Authors: Francis Adel , Virtanen Sannakaisa , Turhan Metehan C. , Boccaccini Aldo R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe pretreatment process plays a vital role in the development of a robust protective layer on magnesium alloys. This work presents a novel insight into the pretreatment of magnesium alloy AZ91 in alkaline silicate solution by anodic oxidation in the presence of C
Multiscale thermodynamic analysis on hydrogen-induced intergranular cracking in an alloy steel with segregated solutes
Authors: Yamaguchi Masatake , Ebihara Ken-ichi , Itakura Mitsuhiro 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A multiscale analysis has been conducted on hydrogen-induced intergranular cracking at ambient temperature in medium strength (840 MPa) Ni-Cr steel with antimony, tin, and phosphorous segregation. Combining first-principles calculations and fracture mechanics experiments, a multiscale relationship between threshold stress intensity factor (K
th) and cohesive energy of grain boundary (the ideal work of interfacial separation, 2γ
int) was revealed. The K
th was found to decrease rapidly under a certain threshold of 2γ
int, where the 2γ
int decreases mainly by mobile hydrogen segregation on fracture surfaces. This segregation is considered to arise during formation of the fracture surfaces under thermodynamic equilibrium in slow crack growth. The resulting strong decohesion probably makes it difficult to emit dislocations at the microcrack tip region, leading to a large reduction in stress intensity factor. Our analysis based on this mobile hydrogen decohesion demonstrates that the K
th decreases dramatically within a low and narrow range of hydrogen content in iron lattice in high-strength steels.
Energy dissipation of a two-relaxation-time material
Authors: Xu Tao-Tao 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Energy dissipation in polymeric materials was studied using a two-relaxation-time model. A differential form of a constitutive relation was constructed with the viscoelasticity theory. Through the simulation of a cyclic loading and unloading test, the dependence of the dissipated energy on the model parameters and external loading variables was determined and analyzed. In particular, the characteristics of the hysteresis phenomenon of a material with more than one relaxation time were studied in detail.
Modely výškových kriviek jedľovo-bukových porastov Východných Karpát / Models of height curves in fir-beech stands of the Eastern Carpathians
Authors: Klouček Tomáš , Štefančík Igor , Petráš Rudolf , Mecko Julian , Slávik Martin 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The models of height curves were derived from repeated measurements at six permanent research plots in the experimental object of Komárnik situated in the Eastern Carpathians. During more than 50 years of investigation, the heights of 1,346 beech and 1,208 fir trees were measured. Tree heights had a great variability, but the stage-shift of height curves was not confirmed. The non-linear regression models of height curves for beech and fir were derived, where tree height is a function of tree diameter and model height for a selected diameter class. They are based on the Korf growth curve with three parameters. The models explained 90% and 94% of beech and fir height variability, respectively. The models confirmed the actual knowledge that fir had higher tree height increment than beech especially for trees with greater diameters. The comparison of our models to those developed by other authors showed that the shape of height curves slightly differed. Beech curve was characterised by greater, while fir curve by lesser curvature in comparison with other published models. Our models have only local validity due to the limited scope of experimental data. They can be applied under the local conditions in order to perform valuation and simulation of growing stock development and increments of uneven-aged and multistoried fir-beech stands.