bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Environmental Agreements under Endogenous Uncertainty
Authors: NKUIYA BRUNO , MARROUCH WALID , BAHEL ERIC 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper explores the implications of the possibility of a shift in environmental damages on the participation in environmental treaties. Using a two‐period model where the probability of a regime shift increases in the first‐period pollution stock, we examine the issue of coalition formation under both fixed and dynamic membership. Our analysis suggests that endogenous uncertainty may increase participation. We find that full cooperation may be sustained, but only in the presence of endogenous uncertainty. Interestingly, when the shift in the environmental damage is large enough, the model provides a way to solve the “puzzle of small coalitions” found in the literature related to international environmental agreements. We also find that in period 1 (period 2) endogenous uncertainty leads to a lower (higher) pollution stock under dynamic membership as compared to the fixed membership case.
A Political Economy Model of Earnings Mobility and Redistribution Policy
Authors: ARAWATARI RYO , ONO TETSUO 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a politico‐economic model that includes a mutual link between life cycle earnings mobility and redistributive politics. The model demonstrates that when an economy features a high opportunity of upward mobility and high risk of downward mobility, it attains a unique equilibrium where unskilled, low‐income agents support a low redistribution because of the hope of upward mobility in future. In contrast, the economy attains multiple equilibria when mobility opportunity and risk are low: one is an unskilled‐majority equilibrium defined by low mobility and the other is a skilled‐majority equilibrium defined by high mobility. The paper gives a comparison between the political equilibrium and the social planner's allocation in terms of mobility, and shows that the skilled‐majority equilibrium realizes mobility close to the optimal one.
Management and complications of anaesthesia during balloon valvuloplasty for pulmonic stenosis in dogs: 39 cases (2000 to 2012)
Authors: Ramos R. V. , Monteiro‐Steagall B. P. , Steagall P. V. M. 
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to report the management and complications of anaesthesia in dogs undergoing balloon valvuloplasty.METHODSA retrospective review of medical records of dogs that were diagnosed with pulmonic stenosis and undergoing balloon valvuloplasty between 2000 and 2012.RESULTSThirty‐nine cases were identified (28 males and 11 females). Median (range) age and bodyweight was 6 (4 to 48) months and 11 · 5 (2 · 0 to 30 · 3) kg, respectively. The most commonly represented breeds included mixed breed (n = 7, 17 · 9%) and English bulldog (n = 6, 15 · 3%). Anaesthesia was induced most commonly with intravenous administration of ketamine‐diazepam (n = 8, 20 · 5%), propofol‐diazepam (n = 8, 20 · 5%), or propofol‐midazolam‐lidocaine (n = 6, 15 · 4%), and maintained with isoflurane in combination with fentanyl or lidocaine. Anaesthetic and surgery times (mean ± sd) were 268 · 5 ±54 minutes and 193 · 2 ±50 minutes, respectively. The most common intraoperative complications were hypotension (n = 19, 48 · 7%), bradycardia (n = 8, 20 · 5%) and desaturation (n = 7, 17 · 9%). Cardiac arrhythmias were observed in 21 (53 · 8%) dogs. Death occurred in one (2 · 6%) dog due to severe hypotension after ballooning followed by cardiac arrest.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCESuccessful anaesthesia can be performed in young dogs with pulmonic stenosis undergoing balloon valvuloplasty. Management of anaesthesia requires intense monitoring and immediate treatment of complications. Anaesthetic risk increases during ballooning and may result in cardiac arrest.
Flexible patterns in energy savings: heterothermy in primates
Authors: Dausmann K. H. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHeterothermy is an energy‐saving strategy usually employed in response to environmental bottlenecks, which is common in almost all mammalian orders. Within the order primates, heterothermy has been physiologically confirmed only in the family Cheirogaleidae (Cheirogaleus, Microcebus, Allocebus, Mirza) of the Malagasy lemurs, and the southern lesser bushbaby (Galago moholi) of the family Galagonidae. These closely related species employ a spectrum of daily torpor, prolonged torpor and obligate hibernation under tropical, but nevertheless seasonal and energetically demanding conditions. There is a remarkable physiological flexibility in regard to their thermoregulatory adaptations not only between species of the same genera within one habitat, but also between populations of the same species, within populations and even within the same individual, permitting immediate responses in seasonal and unpredictable environments, and possibly aiding these species to master challenges of globally changing climatic conditions. Whereas heterothermy is a flexible, but regular seasonal response in the Cheirogaleidae, it is only used as a last emergency strategy in G. moholi. In the other primate species, there is either no or only anecdotal evidence of only minor reductions in metabolic rate, presumably rather reflecting pronounced circadian cycles in body temperature, or local heterothermy. Maybe because of their relatively high degree of sociality and larger body sizes, behavioural and ecological adaptations to seasonality are selected for in other primates.
Internet‐Based Employer Search and Vacancy Duration: Evidence from Finland
Authors: Nivalainen Henna 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the effect of the introduction of the public employment agency's Internet‐based service on the duration of employer search. The analysis exploits the introduction of a web‐based service by the Finnish Employment Agency in October 2002. The results, based on information on job vacancies announced via the public employment agency between 2002 and 2003, indicate that the introduction of the web service, in general, shortened the duration of employer search. However, we find that the introduction of the web‐based service shortened the average duration of vacancies in some regions but not in others. In addition, employers in urban areas were more likely to benefit from the introduction of the online service.
Effects of substratum type on fish assemblages in shallow areas of a tropical estuary
Authors: Reis‐Filho José Amorim , de Alcântara Santos Alexandre Clistenes 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhile there is already a comprehensive understanding of the effects of environmental variables, such as dissolved oxygen, temperature and salinity, on the structure, biomass and metabolism of aquatic biota in estuarine habitats, the effect of sedimentation, a harmful underlying factor, remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the differences in fish assemblages along the freshwater to salt water gradient of a large tropical estuary, and to evaluate the effects on them of habitat disturbance associated with shallow water sedimentation in the intertidal areas. Fish and environmental variables were recorded in the upper, middle and lower salinity zones of the estuary at ebb tide in both the dry and wet seasons. Sediment samples associated with different levels of habitat disturbance were analysed using granulometry, and their organic content and dissolved oxygen levels were quantified. Water temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen levels were also measured. Habitat disturbance was found to be correlated with the density, biomass and richness of fish assemblages. A total of 77 species were recorded, forming two distinct fish assemblages, with the Eleotridae family dominating in the upper zone, and Gerreidae, Gobiidae and Tetraodontidae the most common in the middle and lower estuary. Changes in the structure of fish assemblages, including reductions in density, biomass and richness, were associated with disturbance to natural features, where muddy sediment was replaced by sandy sediment and the quantity of organic matter fell. Atherinella brasiliensis was the species which showed a preference for the disturbed areas in the middle and lower zones, while Dormitator maculatus showed a preference for them in the upper estuary. They may be taken as indicators of habitat disturbance due to shallow sedimentation.
Replicate divergence between and within sounds in a marine fish: the copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus)
Authors: Dick S. , Shurin J. B. , Taylor E. B. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the factors that influence larval dispersal and connectivity among marine populations is critical to the conservation and sustainable management of marine resources. We assessed genetic subdivision among ten populations of copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus) representing paired samples of outer coast and the heads of inlets in five replicate sounds on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, using 17 microsatellite DNA loci. Overall, subdivision (FST) was low (FST = 0.031, P < 0.001), but consistently higher between paired coast and head of inlet sites (mean FST = 0.047, P < 0.001) compared to among the five coast sites (mean FST = −0.001, P > 0.5) or among the five head of inlet sites (mean FST = 0.026, P < 0.001). Heterozygosity, allelic richness and estimates of effective population size were also lower in head of inlet sites than in coast sites. Bayesian analysis identified two genetic groups across all samples, a single genetic group among only coast samples, two genetic groups among head of inlet samples and two genetic groups within each sound analysed separately. Head of inlet copper rockfish tended to be shorter with lower condition factors and grew more slowly than coast sites fish. Reduced physical connectivity and selection against immigrants in contrasting outer coast–head of inlet environments likely contribute to the evolution of population structure of copper rockfish. Based on genetic connectivity, coast sites appear to be better served by existing marine protected areas than are head of inlet sites.
Sources of work‐related acute fatigue in United States hospital nurses
Authors: Chen Jie , Daraiseh Nancy M. , Davis Kermit G. , Pan Wei 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study identified the nursing work activities that could be the primary sources of work‐related acute fatigue in US hospital nurses. Continuous recording of working heart rate and random observations of nursing activities were applied to collect data from eight nurses during two consecutive 12 h day shifts. Using descriptive statistics and random‐effect analysis of variance, the contributions of individual nursing work activities to acute fatigue were compared based on the activity frequencies and nurses' corresponding heart rate elevations. Of 860 observed nursing‐related work activities, manual patient‐handling, bedside‐care, care‐coordinating, and walking/standing activities accounted for 5%, 16%, 38%, and 41%, respectively. After controlling for the differences of participant and shift, the percentage of working heart rate to maximal heart rate of manual patient‐handling (64.3%), bedside‐care (59.7%), and walking/standing (57.4%) activities were significantly higher than that of care‐coordinating activities (52.3%, F[3, 38.0] = 7.5, P < 0.001). These findings suggest that bedside care and walking/standing, other than manual patient handling, contributed most to the level of acute fatigue.
Promoting interprofessional understandings through online learning: A qualitative examination
Authors: McKenna Lisa , Boyle Malcolm , Palermo Claire , Molloy Elizabeth , Williams Brett , Brown Ted 
Published: January 2014

AbstractInterprofessional education is increasingly a core component of health professional curricula. It has been suggested that interprofessional education can directly enhance patient care outcomes. However, literature has reported many difficulties in its successful implementation. This study investigated students' perceptions of participating in an online, Web‐based module to facilitate interprofessional education. Three focus groups, each with 13–15 students, from emergency health (paramedic), nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, and nutrition and dietetics were conducted with students who participated in an online interprofessional education module at one Australian university. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze interview transcripts. Four themes emerged: professional understanding, patient‐centeredness, comparison with other interprofessional education activities, and overcoming geographical boundaries. Students were overwhelmingly positive about their learning experiences and the value of the module in assisting their understandings of the roles of other health professionals. Online approaches to interprofessional education have the potential to enhance learning and overcome geographical and logistical issues inherent in delivering face‐to‐face interprofessional education. Furthermore, our design approach allowed students to watch how other health professionals worked in a way that they were unable to achieve in clinical practice.
Nurses' self‐confidence and attitudes in using the Glasgow Coma Scale: a primary study
Authors: Mattar Ihsan , Liaw Sok Y , Chan Moon F 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTAimsThe aim of this study was to examine nurses' self‐confidence and attitudes towards the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).BackgroundThe GCS measures the depth and duration of impaired consciousness. However, there is an increasing evidence that problems are encountered in completing some aspects of the GCS.DesignThis descriptive correlational study recruited 114 Registered Nurses (RNs) in one acute care hospital in Singapore.MethodsA set of questionnaires were given to the participants. The questionnaire had three parts, which collected data on demographics, attitudes and self‐confidence.ResultsData analysis showed the type of clinical discipline (B = 0·19), seniority in nursing (Staff Grade) (B = 0·28) and higher attitude scores towards the GCS (B = 0·41) were significant factors determining a nurse's confidence in using the GCS. A longer length of time working in a Neuroscience setting (B = 0·21) and higher self‐confidence scores (B = 0·41) were significant factors determining a nurse's attitude towards the GCS.ConclusionTo ensure patient safety, the GCS has to be performed accurately. This study has shown there are differences in attitudes and self‐confidence in using the GCS between nurses of different demographics, and that there are a variety of factors influencing their attitudes and confidence.Relevance to clinical practiceMentoring and educational interventions are suggested in order to reduce safety risks resulting from lower proficiency in using the GCS.
Possible mechanisms responsible for absence of a retrotransposon family on a plant Y chromosome
Authors: Kubat Zdenek , Zluvova Jitka , Vogel Ivan , Kovacova Viera , Cermak Tomas , Cegan Radim , Hobza Roman , Vyskot Boris , Kejnovsky Eduard 
Published: January 2014

Summary

Some transposable elements (TEs) show extraordinary variance in abundance along sex chromosomes but the mechanisms responsible for this variance are unknown. Here, we studied Ogre long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons in Silene latifolia, a dioecious plant with evolutionarily young heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Ogre elements are ubiquitous in the S. latifolia genome but surprisingly absent on the Y chromosome.

Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to determine Ogre structure and chromosomal localization. Next generation sequencing (NGS) data were analysed to assess the transcription level and abundance of small RNAs. Methylation of Ogres was determined by bisulphite sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was used to determine mobilization time and selection forces acting on Ogre elements.

We characterized three Ogre families ubiquitous in the S. latifolia genome. One family is nearly absent on the Y chromosome despite all the families having similar structures and spreading mechanisms. We showed that Ogre retrotransposons evolved before sex chromosomes appeared but were mobilized after formation of the Y chromosome. Our data suggest that the absence of one Ogre family on the Y chromosome may be caused by 24‐nucleotide (24‐nt) small RNA‐mediated silencing leading to female‐specific spreading.

Our findings highlight epigenetic silencing mechanisms as potentially crucial factors in sex‐specific spreading of some TEs, but other possible mechanisms are also discussed.
Evenness and diversity in Upper Cambrian – Lower Ordovician trilobite communities from the Central Andean Basin (Cordillera Oriental, Argentina)
Authors: Balseiro Diego , Waisfeld Beatriz G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCommunity evenness has recently received much attention, either because it is related to ecosystem functioning or because it may affect estimation of diversity. Temporal and environmental trends in diversity and evenness of trilobite communities during the Late Cambrian – Early Ordovician of the Cordillera Oriental (north‐western Argentina) are here analysed. Richness and evenness increase through time in both deep subtidal (between fair‐weather and storm wave base) and offshore (below storm wave base) communities. Two significant patterns are superimposed on this general trend: (1) the magnitude of the increase in evenness is much more pronounced in deep than in shallower settings, and (2) richness and evenness trajectories are decoupled (while a significant rise in evenness is recorded in the middle Tremadocian (Tr2), an increase in richness is delayed until the late Tremadocian (Tr3)). In contrast to expectations, a single family (Olenidae) is dominant in samples associated with this earlier rise in evenness relative to richness. Hence, this trend is explained neither by the number of families present in the communities nor by the familial identity of the most abundant taxon. Large‐scale comparisons of the timing and geographical components of these trends are restricted to the patterns recognized in Laurentian North American studies. Results from the Cordillera Oriental mirror those of Laurentia regarding the rise in both metrics in deep marine settings. Nevertheless, the timing of this increase in richness and evenness is delayed in the Cordillera Oriental, supporting the idea that palaeogeographical regions differed in the nature and timing of ecological changes. Finally, the rise in trilobite alpha‐diversity through the Late Cambrian – Early Ordovician of the Cordillera Oriental supports the idea that trilobite alpha‐diversity did not decline worldwide, suggesting that the relative decline in trilobite alpha‐diversity is most probably caused by the dilution effect.
Partial versus complete submergence: snorkelling aids root aeration in Rumex palustris but not in R. acetosa
Authors: HERZOG MAX , PEDERSEN OLE 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe root and shoot tissues of flood‐tolerant wetland plants are highly porous to enable internal gas phase diffusion of O2 during waterlogging or submergence. In the case of only partial submergence (snorkelling), the atmosphere can act as source of O2. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of waterlogging, partial submergence and complete submergence in the dark as well as in light on O2 partial pressure (pO2) in roots of Rumex palustris (flood tolerant) and R. acetosa (flood intolerant). We used O2 microelectrodes to measure pO2 of adventitious roots during manipulations of the water level around the shoot. Root pO2 in both species declined significantly upon submergence but remained oxic also when shoots were completely submerged in the dark (0.8 and 4.6 kPa in R. acetosa and R. palustris, respectively). The snorkelling effect was substantial in R. palustris only. Submergence in light had less impact on root pO2 and the effect of snorkelling was also minor. Hence, the benefits of light (underwater photosynthesis) and air contact (snorkelling) upon growth and survival in submerged wetland plants can now be linked to enhanced internal aeration.
An Unusual Cluster of Circumscribed Juvenile Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris Cases
Authors: Martin Kari L. , Holland Kristen E. , Lyon Valerie , Chiu Yvonne E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCircumscribed juvenile pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is an uncommon dermatosis. We describe the unusual clustering of circumscribed juvenile PRP cases in our pediatric dermatology clinic in 2011. A retrospective chart review was done of patients presenting during the summer of 2011 with classic findings of circumscribed juvenile PRP. Clinical data including past medical and family history, presenting symptoms, infectious disease history and evaluation, biopsy results, and management were recorded. Seven patients, ages 5 to 19 years, all had strikingly similar skin findings of pink to hyperpigmented, well‐defined, scaly papules and plaques on their elbows, knees, dorsal hands, ankles, and Achilles tendons. Four of the seven also had palmoplantar involvement. Four were sibling pairs and the other three were unrelated. Streptococcus pyogenes infection was suspected as a trigger in four of the patients. The unusual clustering of this uncommon disease, along with the occurrence in two sibling pairs, suggests that a genetic susceptibility unmasked by an infectious agent may play a role in its pathogenesis.
Physiological factors affecting the rapid decrease in protein assimilation efficiency by a caterpillar on newly‐mature tree leaves
Authors: BARBEHENN RAYMOND V. , HAUGBERG NOLA , KOCHMANSKI JOSEPH , MENACHEM BRANDON , MILLER CHELSEA 
Published: January 2014

AbstractLymantria dispar L. caterpillars have a decreased ability to assimilate protein from mature leaves of red oak (Quercus rubra) compared with young, expanding leaves. The present study determines whether the drop in protein assimilation efficiency (PAE) occurs during the rapid phase of leaf maturation. Several mechanisms that might account for decreased PAE are also examined: mature leaf tissues could resist being chewed efficiently, protein in mature leaf tissues could become difficult to extract, and other nutrients in mature leaves might become growth limiting. The entire seasonal decrease in PAE occurs rapidly (in less than 2 weeks), when the leaves finished expanding. The maturation process is characterized by increased levels of fibre and decreased levels of water but no significant changes in the levels of protein or carbohydrates. Despite increased fibre in mature leaves, they are not chewed into larger food particles than are immature leaves. Carbohydrate assimilation efficiencies remain high on mature leaves, and signs of limiting water levels in larvae of L. dispar on mature leaves are not observed. The most important finding in the present study is the decreased extractability of protein in food particles from mature leaves, which plays a major role in explaining the rapid decrease in PAE. It is hypothesized that structural changes in cell walls during the rapid process of leaf maturation decrease protein extractability, which, in turn, greatly decreases the nutritional quality of mature oak leaves for caterpillars. The results of the present study therefore suggest a general mechanism to help explain the widely documented decrease in the nutritional quality of the mature leaves of many tree species for herbivorous insects.