bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Task‐related differential expression of four cytochrome P450 genes in honeybee appendages
Authors: Mao W. , Schuler M. A. , Berenbaum M. R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn insects, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) contribute to phytochemical and pheromone clearance in chemoreception and xenobiotic detoxification in food processing. In eusocial species, P450 expression varies with anatomy and age‐related behaviour. Adult honeybees (Apis mellifera) possess appendages differentially equipped for chemoreception; antennae and prothoracic and mesothoracic legs assess food and pheromone signals whereas metathoracic legs transport pollen over long distances. Newly eclosed bees and nurses remain in the hive and neither gather nor process food, whereas foragers collect pollen and nectar, thereby encountering phytochemicals. To understand the functions of cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily G, polypeptide 11 (CYP4G11) in the honeybee genome, we compared its expression relative to worker age and task to expression of cytochrome P450, family 9, subfamily Q, polypeptides (CYP9Qs) known to metabolize xenobiotics. That CYP4G11 is highly expressed in forager antennae and legs, with highest expression in prothoracic and mesothoracic legs, is consistent with chemosensory perception, whereas weak expression of CYP4G11 in nurses suggests that it may process primarily exogenous rather than endogenous chemical signals. By contrast, and consistent with xenobiotic detoxification, the three CYP9Q transcripts were almost undetectable in newly eclosed workers and highest in foragers, with maximal expression in the metathoracic legs that closely contact pollen phytochemicals. These CYP4G11 expression patterns suggest a role in processing environmental signals, particularly those associated with food.
The expression of inflammatory cytokines, TAM tyrosine kinase receptors and their ligands is upregulated in venous leg ulcer patients: a novel insight into chronic wound immunity
Authors: Filkor Kata , Németh Tibor , Nagy István , Kondorosi Éva , Urbán Edit , Kemény Lajos , Szolnoky Győző 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe systemic host defence mechanisms, especially innate immunity, in venous leg ulcer patients are poorly investigated. The aim of the current study was to measure Candida albicans killing activity and gene expressions of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines and innate immune response regulators, TAM receptors and ligands of peripheral blood mononuclear cells separated from 69 venous leg ulcer patients and 42 control probands. Leg ulcer patients were stratified into responder and non‐responder groups on the basis of wound healing properties. No statistical differences were found in Candida killing among controls, responders and non‐responders. Circulating blood mononuclear cells of patients overexpress pro‐inflammatory (IL‐1α, TNFα, CXCL‐8) and anti‐inflammatory (IL‐10) cytokines as well as TAM receptors (Tyro, Axl, MerTK) and their ligands Gas6 and Protein S compared with those of control individuals. IL‐1α is notably overexpressed in venous leg ulcer treatment non‐responders; in contrast, Axl gene expression is robustly stronger among responders. These markers may be considered as candidates for the prediction of treatment response among venous leg ulcer patients.
Effects of Atmospheric Composition on the Molecular Structure of Synthesized Silicon Oxycarbides
Authors: Narisawa Masaki , Funabiki Fuji , Iwase Akihiro , Wakai Fumihiro , Hosono Hideo 
Published: July 2015

The dependence of silicon oxycarbides' chemical composition and molecular structure on their reaction conditions was tested by varying the atmosphere under which pyrolysis was performed. To obtain the silicon oxycarbides, densely cross‐linked silicone resin particles with an averaged diameter of 2 μm were pyrolyzed in various atmospheres of H2, Ar, and CO2, in the temperature range 700°C–1100°C. The residual mass of resin after pyrolysis was almost constant at 700°C, although their apparent colors varied distinctly. The sample obtained from the H2 atmosphere was white, whereas that obtained from the CO2 atmosphere was dark brown. Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra of the residues suggested that the Si–O–Si network evolution was accelerated in the CO2 atmosphere. Beyond 800°C, the chemical compositions of the compounds obtained from a H2 atmosphere increasingly approached near‐stoichiometric SiO2–xSiC composition with increasing the pyrolysis temperature. Compounds from a CO2 atmosphere approached a composition of SiO2–xC with no free SiC as the pyrolysis temperature increased. In the products from an Ar atmosphere, SiO2–xSiC–yC compositions were typically obtained. The observed effects of the pyrolysis atmosphere on the resulting chemical compositions were analyzed in terms of thermodynamic calculations. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra revealed broad and intense signals from products obtained from either Ar or CO2. Estimating from the signal intensity, the residual spin concentrations were in the range 1018–1019 g−1. Meanwhile, the spectra from the samples obtained in H2 showed weak and sharp signals with estimated spin concentrations ranging from 1016–1017 g−1. This signal attenuation may have been due to the hydrogen capping of dangling bond formed during pyrolysis.
A Bayesian network model for assessments of coastal inundation pathways and probabilities
Authors: Narayan S. , Simmonds D. , Nicholls R.J. , Clarke D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCoastal flood assessments are often required to describe networks of flood sources, pathways and receptors. This can be challenging within traditional numerical modelling approaches. In this paper, we assess coastal flood plains as networks of interlinked elements using a Bayesian network (Bn) model. The Bn model describes flood pathways and estimate flood extents for different extreme events and is constructed from a quasi‐two‐dimensional Source – Pathway – Receptor (2D SPR) systems diagram. The Bn model is applied in Teignmouth in the UK, a coastal flood plain of typical complexity. It identifies two key flood pathways and assesses their sensitivity to changes in sea levels, beach widths and coastal defences. The process of 2D SPR and Bn model construction helps identify gaps in flood plain understanding and description. The Bn model quantifies inundation probabilities and facilitates the rapid identification of critical pathways and elements before committing resources to further detailed analysis. The advantages, utility and limitations of the Teignmouth Bn model are discussed. The approach is transferable and can be readily applied in localscale coastal flood plains to obtain a systems‐level understanding and inform numerical modelling assumptions.
The efforts of direct support professionals to facilitate inclusion: the role of psychological determinants and work setting
Authors: Venema E. , Otten S. , Vlaskamp C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundVarious studies have found that direct support professionals (DSPs) play an important role in determining the degree to which people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are included in society. However, less research has been conducted on the psychological processes that may influence the behavioural intentions of DSPs to actually engage with and invest effort in supporting their clients' inclusion. Five possible psychological variables are identified in the literature: attitudes, social norms, experienced competencies, identity and meta‐evaluation. In our research, we tested whether these processes influence the (intended) efforts DSPs make to facilitate their clients' inclusion.MethodA structured questionnaire was sent to 927 DSPs working in one of three different locations (an ordinary non‐segregated setting, a reversed non‐segregated setting and a residential facility). Of these, 336 DSPs completed the questionnaire.ResultsSeveral variables revealed differences between the three locations, specifically in efforts to facilitate inclusion, attitudes, social norms, experienced competencies and professional identity. Looking at the overall means, we found (relatively) high scores for the experienced competencies, role identity and meta‐evaluation. In contrast, the means were relatively negative regarding the DSPs' attitudes to inclusion and their assumed social norms.ConclusionsDirect support professionals' efforts to facilitate inclusion depend on their attitude towards inclusion, the experienced competencies, their role identity, the DSPs' meta‐evaluation and, indirectly through attitudes, also on the assumed social norms of the relevant stakeholders. Organizations responsible for supporting people with ID and which may want their DSPs to make greater efforts to facilitate inclusion should pay attention to these psychological variables.
Alteration of serum lipid profile and its prognostic value in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Li Gang , Da Mingjie , Zhang Wei , Wu Heming , Ye Jinhai , Chen Jie , Ma Lu , Gu Ning , Wu Yunong , Song Xiaomeng 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundSeveral serum lipid components have been implicated in the development of cancer. However, the prognostic significance of serum lipid components in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is unknown. Here, we investigated the predictive value of serum lipid profile at diagnosis and in the overall survival of the patients.MethodsThe study population consists of 136 pathologically confirmed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases diagnosed between years 2009 and 2014 at a tertiary medical center. Levels of preoperative serum lipid component's total cholesterol, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein, low‐density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein (a) were compared between patients and normal controls matched for age and gender. Serum lipid profiles and their association with clinical parameters were analyzed. The effects of the serum lipid components on survival were examined using the proportional hazards regression model to estimate hazard ratio.ResultsSignificant lower levels of cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A, and apolipoprotein B were found in patients with oral cancer (P < 0.0001). However, a significantly higher level of lipoprotein (a) was found in the cancer group (P < 0.0001). Patients with higher lipoprotein (a) had significantly shorter overall survival than those with lower lipoprotein (a) (P = 0.0042). Multivariate analysis showed that both higher lipoprotein (a) and lymph node metastasis are independent prognostic factors in the patient population (P < 0.01).ConclusionA higher lipoprotein (a) was associated with poorer prognosis and might be a novel marker in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Clinical course of 161 untreated and tenofovir‐treated chronic hepatitisBpregnant patients in a low hepatitisBvirus endemic region
Authors: Samadi Kochaksaraei G. , Castillo E. , Osman M. , Simmonds K. , Scott A. N. , Oshiomogho J. I. , Lee S. S. , Myers R. P. , Martin S. R. , Coffin C. S. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryHepatitis B immunoprophylaxis failure is linked to high maternal viraemia. There is limited North American data on hepatitis B outcomes in pregnancy. Pregnant hepatitis B carriers were enrolled January 2011–December 2014 and offered tenofovir in the 3rd trimester if hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐DNAwas >7‐log IU/mL. Outcomes were determined in treatedvsuntreated patients. In total, 161 women with 169 pregnancies (one twin, 170 infants; median age 32 years), 18% (29/161)HBeAg+ and medianHBV‐DNA2.51 logIU/mL (IQR1.66–3.65; range 0.8–8.1) were studied. 14.3% (23/161) received tenofovir due to high viral load (16/23, median 74 days,IQR59–110) or due to liver disease (7/23). In 10/16 treated due to high viraemia, with confirmed adherence, follow‐upHBV‐DNAshowed a 5.49 log decline (P = 0.003). In treatment naïve mothers, median alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased from 17IU/L (IQR12–24) to 29 (IQR18–36) post‐partum (P = 1.5e‐7). In seven highly viraemic mothers who declined therapy (HBV‐DNA>8‐logIU/mL); medianALTincreased ~3X from baseline (P < 0.01). 26% (44/169) had Caesarean section with no difference in treatedvsuntreated subjects. No tenofovir‐treated mothers had renal dysfunction. Data were available on 167/170 infants; in 50.8% (85/167) who completed immunoprophylaxis, 98.8% (84/85, including 12 exposed to tenofovirin utero) wereHBVimmune. One infant born to anHBeAg+ mother withHBV‐DNA>8‐logIU/mL failed immunoprophylaxis. In this prospective Canadian cohort study, most untreated mothers experienced mildHBVflares. Tenofovir in pregnancy is well tolerated and reduces viral load prior to parturition.
Dialysis‐requiring acute kidney injury among hospitalized adults with documented hepatitis C Virus infection: a nationwide inpatient sample analysis
Authors: Nadkarni G. N. , Patel A. , Simoes P. K. , Yacoub R. , Annapureddy N. , Kamat S. , Konstantinidis I. , Perumalswami P. , Branch A. , Coca S. G. , Wyatt C. M. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryChronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may cause kidney injury, particularly in the setting of cryoglobulinemia or cirrhosis; however, few studies have evaluated the epidemiology of acute kidney injury in patients with HCV. We aimed to describe national temporal trends of incidence and impact of severe acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement ‘dialysis‐requiring AKI’ in hospitalized adults with HCV. We extracted our study cohort from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project using data from 2004 to 2012. We defined HCV and dialysis‐requiring acute kidney injury based on previously validated ICD‐9‐CM codes. We analysed temporal changes in the proportion of hospitalizations complicated by dialysis‐requiring AKI and utilized survey multivariable logistic regression models to estimate its impact on in‐hospital mortality. We identified a total of 4 603 718 adult hospitalizations with an associated diagnosis of HCV from 2004 to 2012, of which 51 434 (1.12%) were complicated by dialysis‐requiring acute kidney injury. The proportion of hospitalizations complicated by dialysis‐requiring acute kidney injury increased significantly from 0.86% in 2004 to 1.28% in 2012. In‐hospital mortality was significantly higher in hospitalizations complicated by dialysis‐requiring acute kidney injury vs those without (27.38% vs 2.95%; adjusted odds ratio: 2.09; 95% confidence interval: 1.74–2.51). The proportion of HCV hospitalizations complicated by dialysis‐requiring acute kidney injury increased significantly between 2004 and 2012. Similar to observations in the general population, dialysis‐requiring acute kidney injury was associated with a twofold increase in odds of in‐hospital mortality in adults with HCV. These results highlight the burden of acute kidney injury in hospitalized adults with HCV infection.
An American on Paris: Extent of aqueous alteration of a CM chondrite and the petrography of its refractory and amoeboid olivine inclusions
Authors: Rubin Alan E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractParis is the least aqueously altered CM chondrite identified to date, classified as subtype 2.7; however, literature data indicate that some regions of this apparently brecciated meteorite may be subtype 2.9. The suite of CAIs in Paris includes 19% spinel–pyroxene inclusions, 19% spinel inclusions, 8% spinel–pyroxene–olivine inclusions, 43% pyroxene inclusions, 8% pyroxene–olivine inclusions, and 3% hibonite‐bearing inclusions. Both simple and complex inclusions are present; some have nodular, banded, or distended structures. No melilite was identified in any of the inclusions in the present suite, but other recent studies have found a few rare occurrences of melilite in Paris CAIs. Because melilite is highly susceptible to aqueous alteration, it is likely that it was mostly destroyed during early‐stage parent‐body alteration. Two of the CAIs in this study are part of compound CAI–chondrule objects. Their presence suggests that there were transient heating events (probably associated with chondrule formation) in the nebula after chondrules and CAIs were admixed. Also present in Paris are a few amoeboid olivine inclusions (AOI) consisting of relatively coarse forsterite rims surrounding fine‐grained, porous zones containing diopside and anorthite. The interior regions of the AOIs may represent fine‐grained rimless CAIs that were incorporated into highly porous forsterite‐rich dustballs. These assemblages were heated by an energy pulse that collapsed and coarsened their rims, but failed to melt their interiors.
Regulatory rewiring confers serotype‐specific hyper‐virulence in the human pathogen group A Streptococcus
Authors: Miller Eric W. , Danger Jessica L. , Ramalinga Anupama B. , Horstmann Nicola , Shelburne Samuel A. , Sumby Paul 
Published: July 2015

SummaryPhenotypic heterogeneity is commonly observed between isolates of a given pathogen. Epidemiological analyses have identified that some serotypes of the group A Streptococcus (GAS) are non‐randomly associated with particular disease manifestations. Here, we present evidence that a contributing factor to the association of serotype M3 GAS isolates with severe invasive infections is the presence of a null mutant allele for the orphan kinase RocA. Through use of RNAseq analysis, we identified that the natural rocA mutation present within M3 isolates leads to the enhanced expression of more than a dozen immunomodulatory virulence factors, enhancing phenotypes such as hemolysis and NAD+ hydrolysis. Consequently, an M3 GAS isolate survived human phagocytic killing at a level 13‐fold higher than a rocA complemented derivative, and was significantly more virulent in a murine bacteremia model of infection. Finally, we identified that RocA functions through the CovR/S two‐component system as levels of phosphorylated CovR increase in the presence of functional RocA, and RocA has no regulatory activity following covR or covS mutation. Our data are consistent with RocA interfacing with the CovR/S two‐component system, and that the absence of this activity in M3 GAS potentiates the severity of invasive infections caused by isolates of this serotype.
Aerial surveys suggest long‐term stability in the seasonally ice‐free Foxe Basin (Nunavut) polar bear population
Authors: Stapleton Seth , Peacock Elizabeth , Garshelis David 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSignificant information gaps exist regarding the status of polar bears, especially with respect to the impacts of climate change, across large portions of the Arctic. To obtain an updated abundance estimate for the Foxe Basin population, we conducted comprehensive aerial surveys during the 2009 and 2010 ice‐free seasons, when bears are confined to land. We sampled with mark‐recapture distance sampling protocols on inland and coastal transects and surveyed small islands and remnant ice floes. We observed 816 and 1,003 bears in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Although detection functions differed substantially between years, estimates were consistent between analytical methods and years. Averaging four estimates (two from each year) yielded 2,585 (2,096–3,189) bears, which is similar to an estimate from the 1990s. This result, along with robust cub production, suggests a stable and healthy population despite deteriorating sea ice conditions. Collectively, this and other recent on‐land surveys provide a framework for implementing aerial surveys elsewhere. Although aerial surveys do not yield estimates of vital rates or population growth, they enable more rapid and frequent monitoring than mark‐recapture. Integrating them in long‐term monitoring programs will require consideration of ancillary data to infer status and facilitate setting harvest levels.
The scope of Baker's law
Authors: Pannell John R. , Auld Josh R. , Brandvain Yaniv , Burd Martin , Busch Jeremiah W. , Cheptou Pierre‐Olivier , Conner Jeffrey K. , Goldberg Emma E. , Grant Alannie‐Grace , Grossenbacher Dena L. , Hovick Stephen M. , Igic Boris , Kalisz Susan , Petanidou Theodora , Randle April M. , de Casas Rafael Rubio , Pauw Anton , Vamosi Jana C. , Winn Alice A. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryBaker's law refers to the tendency for species that establish on islands by long‐distance dispersal to show an increased capacity for self‐fertilization because of the advantage of self‐compatibility when colonizing new habitat. Despite its intuitive appeal and broad empirical support, it has received substantial criticism over the years since it was proclaimed in the 1950s, not least because it seemed to be contradicted by the high frequency of dioecy on islands. Recent theoretical work has again questioned the generality and scope of Baker's law. Here, we attempt to discern where the idea is useful to apply and where it is not. We conclude that several of the perceived problems with Baker's law fall away when a narrower perspective is adopted on how it should be circumscribed. We emphasize that Baker's law should be read in terms of an enrichment of a capacity for uniparental reproduction in colonizing situations, rather than of high selfing rates. We suggest that Baker's law might be tested in four different contexts, which set the breadth of its scope: the colonization of oceanic islands, metapopulation dynamics with recurrent colonization, range expansions with recurrent colonization, and colonization through species invasions.ContentsSummary656I.Introduction657II.What is Baker's law, and how did it originate?658III.Mate limitation during mainland–island colonization660IV.Mate limitation in metapopulations661V.Mate limitation during species introductions and invasions663VI.Mate limitation during range expansions and evolution at range margins663VII.Pollinator limitation, the evolution of dispersal, and the scope of Baker's law664VIII.Conclusions and future perspectives664Acknowledgements665References665
A macro‐ecological perspective on crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis evolution in Afro‐Madagascan drylands: Eulophiinae orchids as a case study
Authors: Bone Ruth E. , Smith J. Andrew C. , Arrigo Nils , Buerki Sven 
Published: July 2015

Summary

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis is an adaptation to water and atmospheric CO2 deficits that has been linked to diversification in dry‐adapted plants. We investigated whether CAM evolution can be associated with the availability of new or alternative niches, using Eulophiinae orchids as a case study.

Carbon isotope ratios, geographical and climate data, fossil records and DNA sequences were used to: assess the prevalence of CAM in Eulophiinae orchids; characterize the ecological niche of extant taxa; infer divergence times; and estimate whether CAM is associated with niche shifts.

CAM evolved in four terrestrial lineages during the late Miocene/Pliocene, which have uneven diversification patterns. These lineages originated in humid habitats and colonized dry/seasonally dry environments in Africa and Madagascar. Additional key features (variegation, heterophylly) evolved in the most species‐rich CAM lineages. Dry habitats were also colonized by a lineage that includes putative mycoheterotrophic taxa.

These findings indicate that the switch to CAM is associated with environmental change. With its suite of adaptive traits, this group of orchids represents a unique opportunity to study the adaptations to dry environments, especially in the face of projected global aridification.