bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining and finding the rare donor
Authors: Tanaka E. , Kusumi T. , Takahashi H. , Hirashima M. , Tanaka M. , Kimura K. , Takahashi J. , Matsukura H. , Tani Y. 
Published: July 2014

Rare blood is generally defined as one that occurs at a frequency of 1:100~1000 individuals or less, and it is sometimes difficult to provide such blood types to patients because of their rarities. The Japanese Red Cross (JRC) Society lists 46 rare blood phenotypes that are divided into two categories. The rare blood types listed in Category I occur much less frequently than those listed in Category II. We screen for rare blood cells using monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Since 1987, our blood centre has established 93 MoAbs (32 human and 61 murine) and has provided them to the other blood centres. Many of IgG MoAbs are available on the machine by saline or bromelin method by cross‐linking with anti‐human or anti‐mouse IgG. Thus, more than 10 000 donors with rare blood phenotypes (Category I, 748; Category II, 9314) are registered in Japan. We freeze rare blood, particularly Category I types. Since 1977, a total of 576 units of rare blood with phenotypes Di(b−), D−−, Jr(a−), Ko and Lan‐, etc. have been supplied to 23 international countries. Thus, the JRC contributes to the International Panel of Donors of Rare Blood Type (IDP) which is maintained by the International Blood Group Reference Laboratory (IBGRL) in Bristol, UK. The IDP provides information on the location of rare blood donors when they cannot be found in their respective countries. We also joined the ISBT Working Party on Rare Donors which handles all matters related to rare blood. Our rare blood donor programme is successful because of international co‐operation.
Setting up haemovigilance from the very first step. The Indian perspective
Authors: Marwaha N. , Singh S. , Bisht A. 
Published: July 2014

Background and ObjectivesSetting up a national haemovigilance programme requires meticulous planning, and the following issues need to be addressed: whether reporting will be voluntary or mandatory, what is to be reported and by whom, reporting formats and resources to sustain the programme. With this in view, it was aimed to set up a national haemovigilance programme in India.Materials and MethodsThe Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India had launched the national Pharmacovigilance Programme (PvPI) in July 2010, with oversight by the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Centres were set up in 90 medical institutes in the country, and trained staff was recruited for data collection and submission. After the successful establishment of PvPI, the haemovigilance programme was initiated as a collaborative venture between National Institute of Biologicals (NIB) and Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission with the coordinating centre at NIB. Five expert subgroups with defined responsibilities will analyse and collate data and make evidence‐based recommendations to the regulatory authorities for blood safety initiatives and their compliance.ResultsThe initial focus is on reporting the adverse reactions as defined by the Working Party of the International Society of Blood Transfusion, reporting is voluntary, and a Guidance Document and the TRRF have been made available to the medical institute blood banks. The reporting is online through software, ‘Haemo‐Vigil’. Reporting commenced from February 2013 and till date 731 reports of adverse reaction have been submitted.ConclusionA well‐structured programme of haemovigilance has been initiated in India.
Donor vigilance: a global update
Authors: Wiersum‐Osselton J. C. , Marijt‐van der Kreek T. , Bokhorst A. G. , de Kort W. L. A. M. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundWithout blood donations and the availability of blood transfusion, many important therapeutic advances could not have been achieved. Donor haemovigilance is the systematic monitoring of adverse reactions and incidents in the whole chain of blood donor care, with a view to improving quality and safety for blood donors.MethodThis ‘global update’ draws on work by the International Haemovigilance Network and International Society for Blood Transfusion haemovigilance working party, experience in the Netherlands, as well as a PubMed search using terms blood donor and adverse reaction. Results are discussed for vasovagal reactions, needle‐related complications, long‐term morbidity, donor iron status and frequent apheresis.Results and DiscussionThe occurrence of vasovagal reactions is associated with young, female donors, smaller estimated blood volume, first‐time donor status. A reduction in vasovagal reactions has been documented with use of a water drink before donation, muscle tensing, social distraction and lower collection volume for donors with small estimated blood volume. Needle injury is relatively frequent as a cause in cases of long‐term morbidity; needle injury is associated with traumatic phlebotomy, and in some cases, nerve damage is documented. Repeated whole blood donations lead to reduction in body iron stores and in some cases anaemia. Some blood services adjust donation intervals to avoid or reduce this, while others have or are considering a policy of iron replacement therapy. Fewer studies on acute complications in plasma and other types of apheresis have been published. Preliminary studies of bone density and protein levels in non‐commercial frequent plasma donors have not substantiated any specific hazard despite theoretical concerns of calcium or protein depletion. International collaboration in strengthening donor vigilance definitions and data analysis may in future increase potential for study of risk factors and measures to improve donor care worldwide.ConclusionDonor vigilance is gaining international interest and has increased knowledge of risk factors for vasovagal reactions associated with blood donation. There remains a need of research and of developing preventive measures, including prevention and treatment of needle injury as well as possible long‐term effects of frequent donation.
Definitions in haemovigilance: guiding principles and current state of development of international reference definitions
Authors: Wiersum‐Osselton J. C. , Wood E. , Bolton‐Maggs P. H. B. , Schipperus M. R. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundHaemovigilance systems capture data on adverse reactions and infections in recipients of blood transfusions as well as on errors and incidents in the transfusion chain. The objective is to analyse them and make recommendations for improving transfusion safety. Many haemovigilance systems also collect data on complications in blood donors with a view to monitoring and improving blood donor safety. Standardized definitions are necessary for classifying and comparing data in all these domains and at all levels.MethodSince 2004, at international meetings of blood transfusion professionals, members the International Haemovigilance Network (IHN) and the haemovigilance working party of the International Society for Blood Transfusion (ISBT) have collaborated in developing and validating definitions for non‐infectious transfusion complications, errors and incidents in the transfusion chain as well as adverse reactions in blood donors. From 2012, contacts with other groups including the World Health Organisation (WHO) have been put in place to ensure wide consultation as well as awareness and use of the definitions.ResultsStandardized definitions have been published for recipient adverse reactions, for complications of blood donation and for a limited number of types of incident in the transfusion chain. The ISBT haemovigilance working party and IHN are committed to ensuring that the definitions remain up‐to‐date and that revisions and improvements are conducted with wide consultation of professionals in relevant organizations worldwide. The haemovigilance working party and working party on transfusion‐transmitted infections are collaborating on the development of definitions and criteria for assessing suspected transfusion‐transmitted infections.ConclusionInternationally agreed definitions are available for registration and surveillance of complications of blood donation and most types of adverse reaction in patients receiving blood transfusions. For errors and incidents in the transfusion chain, further work is necessary to improve comparability of data between haemovigilance systems.
Risk reduction strategies for transfusion‐transmissible arboviral infections
Authors: Seed C. R. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundArthropod‐borne viruses (arboviruses) are an expanding global threat to human health. Only dengue (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV) have both been documented to be transfusion‐transmissible although transfusion is a plausible route of infection for several others including chikungunya virus (CHIKV).AimsTo describe possible risk management strategies to reduce the risk of transfusion‐transmissible arboviral infection.Materials/MethodsManagement strategies include geographical donor deferral, donation testing and pathogen reduction techniques (PRT), which can be applied individually or in combination. Geographical donor deferral ranges from temporary implementation of a policy deferring donors returning from outbreak areas to a ‘blanket’ deferral of all donors returning for a defined period after return from overseas. Donation testing may be ‘targeted’ testing of ‘at risk’ donors or universal donation testing.ResultsImplementing temporary deferral policies for outbreaks of WNV, dengue and CHIKV has been an effective strategy in several countries. A ‘blanket’ deferral of all donors returning for a defined period after return from overseas has been implemented in the Netherlands. Universal nucleic acid testing (NAT) for WNV has applied in North America since 2003. Targeted testing of all donations made during local outbreaks has been applied in several countries in response to CHIKV (Réunion, Italy) DENV (Puerto Rico, Madeira) and WNV (Greece, Italy). PRT has been applied in combination with targeted NAT to safeguard platelet and RBC donations during outbreaks of CHIKV and WNV.ConclusionsMitigation strategies for transfusion‐transmissible arboviral infection have to date been highly effective in minimizing recipient risk.
Adopting a proactive approach to blood shortages: experience from the National Blood Centre, Malaysia
Authors: Wooi Seong K. , Raffeal V. , Ayob Y. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundIn an effort to provide adequate and safe blood supply from voluntary non‐remunerated blood donors in the face of increasing demand and decreasing donor population, blood collection centres are also challenged with blood shortages. To provide a consistent and reliable blood supply, blood centres will have to resort to creative and innovative measures. Malaysia observes numerous national and state holidays and is not exempt from natural and man‐made disasters. These and the poor response to blood donation campaigns as a result of ‘balik kampung’ phenomenon contribute to acute seasonal blood shortages in blood collection centres around the country.Materials and MethodsAdopting a proactive approach to blood shortages includes embracing new measures to recruit and retain blood donors, establishing a blood forecast system, developing a strong network among blood collection centres, being transparent with the blood inventory levels which will lead to greater trust and increased confidence in BTS and having a contingency plan. At NBC, the Blood Action Team was formed in 2010. It is made up of multidisciplinary team members. Meetings are held regularly, and this has greatly improved the communication interdepartmentally and has fostered a team whose members are committed to improving blood supply management and preventing blood shortages through discussion and brainstorming sessions.ResultsSince the implementation of these measures, NBC has successfully and effectively overcome the annual seasonal blood shortages for the last 3 years.ConclusionSeasonal blood shortages are largely preventable by adopting a proactive approach.
Haemovigilance: concepts and frameworks
Authors: Wood E. M. , Stevenson L. , Bielby L. , Wiersum‐Osselton J. C. 
Published: July 2014

Background and ObjectivesThis article reviews the principles and objectives of haemovigilance and provides suggestions on important elements to consider in establishing a haemovigilance system.ResultsVarious local, regional and national haemovigilance models exist, reflecting the diversity of health systems and blood systems in different countries. Some systems are coordinated by professional bodies, some by blood suppliers, and others by health authorities. Participation may be voluntary or mandatory, and may differ depending on whether all events or only serious ones are reportable. Some capture events with all levels of imputability, whereas others record only confirmed or highly probable cases. ‘Near miss’ events are captured by some systems, and many valuable lessons can be learned from these.Process‐related problems are a major cause of serious transfusion complications. Human and system factors, such as lack of awareness or training, working environment, interruptions and inadequate communications between clinical teams, or between clinical teams and the transfusion laboratory, are important contributors to these events.Investigation of transfusion reactions, incidents and events is essential to identify clinical consequences and contributing factors, and to develop and implement plans to prevent recurrence. Transfusion safety officers and similar roles in many countries are a key part of the haemovigilance team. Adequate medical and transfusion laboratory support for hospital activities is also essential. Hospital transfusion committees should oversee haemovigilance activities and reporting, and ensure that hospital senior management is aware of, and responds to, serious reactions and events, especially where systems issues are contributory.ISBT's Working Party on Haemovigilance brings together ISBT members with an interest in haemovigilance, and works closely with the International Haemovigilance Network, a collaboration of regional or national haemovigilance programmes, for education, data sharing and benchmarking.ConclusionHaemovigilance reporting can identify priority areas for action and monitor the implementation of solutions. An important feature of haemovigilance is the sharing of experiences and results nationally and internationally to improve patient outcomes.
A phylogeny reconstruction of the Dendrophylliidae (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) based on molecular and micromorphological criteria, and its ecological implications
Authors: Arrigoni Roberto , Kitano Yuko F. , Stolarski Jaroslaw , Hoeksema Bert W. , Fukami Hironobu , Stefani Fabrizio , Galli Paolo , Montano Simone , Castoldi Elisa , Benzoni Francesca 
Published: July 2014

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that most traditional families of zooxanthellate shallow‐water scleractinians are polyphyletic, whereas most families mainly composed of deep‐sea and azooxanthellate species are monophyletic. In this context, the family Dendrophylliidae (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) has unique features. It shows a remarkable variation of morphological and ecological traits by including species that are either colonial or solitary, zooxanthellate or azooxanthellate, and inhabiting shallow or deep water. Despite this morphological heterogeneity, recent molecular works have confirmed that this family is monophyletic. Nevertheless, what so far is known about the evolutionary relationships within this family, is predominantly based on skeleton macromorphology, while most of its species have remained unstudied from a molecular point of view. Therefore, we analysed 11 dendrophylliid genera, four of which were investigated for the first time, and 30 species at molecular, micromorphological and microstructural levels. We present a robust molecular phylogeny reconstruction based on two mitochondrial markers (COI and the intergenic spacer between COI and 16S) and one nuclear (rDNA), which is used as basis to compare micromorphogical and microstructural character states within the family. The monophyly of the Dendrophylliidae is well supported by molecular data and also by the presence of rapid accretion deposits, which are ca. 5 μm in diameter and arranged in irregular clusters, and fibres that thicken the skeleton organized in small patches of a few micrometres in diameter. However, all genera represented by at least two species are not monophyletic, Tubastraea excluded. They were defined by traditional macromorphological characters that appear affected by convergence, homoplasy and intraspecific variation. Micromorphogical and microstructural analyses do not support the distinction of clades, with the exception of the organization of thickening deposits for the Tubastraea clade.
Accuracy analysis for triangulation and tracking based on time‐multiplexed structured light
Authors: Wagner Benjamin , Stüber Patrick , Wissel Tobias , Bruder Ralf , Schweikard Achim , Ernst Floris 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:The authors’ research group is currently developing a new optical head tracking system for intracranial radiosurgery. This tracking system utilizes infrared laser light to measure features of the soft tissue on the patient's forehead. These features are intended to offer highly accurate registration with respect to the rigid skull structure by means of compensating for the soft tissue. In this context, the system also has to be able to quickly generate accurate reconstructions of the skin surface. For this purpose, the authors have developed a laser scanning device which uses time‐multiplexed structured light to triangulate surface points.Methods:The accuracy of the authors’ laser scanning device is analyzed and compared for different triangulation methods. These methods are given by the Linear‐Eigen method and a nonlinear least squares method. Since Microsoft's Kinect camera represents an alternative for fast surface reconstruction, the authors' results are also compared to the triangulation accuracy of the Kinect device. Moreover, the authors' laser scanning device was used for tracking of a rigid object to determine how this process is influenced by the remaining triangulation errors. For this experiment, the scanning device was mounted to the end‐effector of a robot to be able to calculate a ground truth for the tracking.Results:The analysis of the triangulation accuracy of the authors' laser scanning device revealed a root mean square (RMS) error of 0.16 mm. In comparison, the analysis of the triangulation accuracy of the Kinect device revealed a RMS error of 0.89 mm. It turned out that the remaining triangulation errors only cause small inaccuracies for the tracking of a rigid object. Here, the tracking accuracy was given by a RMS translational error of 0.33 mm and a RMS rotational error of 0.12°.Conclusions:This paper shows that time‐multiplexed structured light can be used to generate highly accurate reconstructions of surfaces. Furthermore, the reconstructed point sets can be used for high‐accuracy tracking of objects, meeting the strict requirements of intracranial radiosurgery.
Could the heat sink effect of blood flow inside large vessels protect the vessel wall from thermal damage during RF‐assisted surgical resection?
Authors: González‐Suárez Ana , Trujillo Macarena , Burdío Fernando , Andaluz Anna , Berjano Enrique 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:To assess by means of computer simulations whether the heat sink effect inside a large vessel (portal vein) could protect the vessel wall from thermal damage close to an internally cooled electrode during radiofrequency (RF)‐assisted resection.Methods:First,in vivo experiments were conducted to validate the computational model by comparing the experimental and computational thermal lesion shapes created around the vessels. Computer simulations were then carried out to study the effect of different factors such as device‐tissue contact, vessel position, and vessel‐device distance on temperature distributions and thermal lesion shapes near a large vessel, specifically the portal vein.Results:The geometries of thermal lesions around the vessels in thein vivo experiments were in agreement with the computer results. The thermal lesion shape created around the portal vein was significantly modified by the heat sink effect in all the cases considered. Thermal damage to the portal vein wall was inversely related to the vessel‐device distance. It was also more pronounced when the device‐tissue contact surface was reduced or when the vessel was parallel to the device or perpendicular to its distal end (blade zone), the vessel wall being damaged at distances less than 4.25 mm.Conclusions:The computational findings suggest that the heat sink effect could protect the portal vein wall for distances equal to or greater than 5 mm, regardless of its position and distance with respect to the RF‐based device.
Reliability of Clinician Scoring of the Functional Movement Screen to Assess Movement Patterns
Authors: Stobierski Lisa M. , Fayson Shirleeah D. , Minthorn Lindsay M. , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich , Welch Cailee E. 
Published: July 2014

Clinical Scenario:Injuries are inevitable in the physically active population. As a part of preventive medicine, health care professionals often seek clinical tools that can be used in real time to identify factors that may predispose individuals to these injuries. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS), a clinical tool consisting of 7 individual tasks, has been reported as useful in identifying individuals in various populations that may be susceptible to musculoskeletal injuries. If factors that may predispose physically active individuals to injury could be identified before participation, clinicians may be able to develop a training plan based on FMS scores, which could potentially decrease the likelihood of injury and overall time missed from physical activities. However, in order for a screening tool to be used clinically, it must demonstrate acceptable reliability.Focused Clinical Question:Are clinicians reliable at scoring the FMS, in real time, to assess movement patterns of physically active individuals?