bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electric Vehicles and the Electric Grid
Authors: Ortega‐Vazquez Miguel A. , Kintner‐Meyer Michael 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn order to decarbonize the transport sector and to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels, it is expected that large fleets of plug‐in electric vehicles (PEVs) will constitute an important share of the electricity demand in the not‐so‐distant future. These devices can and would behave as any regular demand if they are allowed to charge as soon as they are connected to the electric grid. If such charging process is allowed, then several adverse impacts on the power grids such as increased system‐wide peak demand and early reinforcements of the distribution, transmission, and/or generation systems would be required. However, as opposed to conventional demands, these new devices are equipped with a battery that enables them deferring their needs for electric energy in time. If the pliant nature of this demand is exploited in such a way that the charging of these devices takes place when it is more convenient for the power system, then not only the adverse impacts to the system would be avoided but also a new stream of services could be offered to the electric power grid in the form of demand response, power injections in vehicle‐to‐grid, and regulating reserves. This article discusses the consequences of integrating significant volumes ofPEVsinto power systems, in both uncontrolled and controlled manners.
Evaporative Gas Turbine (EvGT)/Humid Air Turbine (HAT) Cycles
Authors: Rao Ashok 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn a combined cycle, a physical separation exists between the working fluids of the topping gas turbine cycle and of the bottoming steam turbine cycle. It is possible to combine the working fluids of these two cycles to result in a single “mixed cycle.” There are a number of alternate approaches to the manner in which these two working fluids may be combined, that is, the manner in which the liquid water is evaporated/combined with the other working fluid resulting in different cycle arrangements with very different thermal performance. This article is devoted to a discussion of the various evaporative gas turbine cycles incorporating this mixed cycle approach such as the steam injected, recuperative water injected, and humid air turbine (HAT) cycles, and will mainly focus on the systems whereH2Oaddition can attain a significant fraction (10–20%) of the airflow. Thermodynamic merits and technological drawbacks will be illustrated and their thermal performance compared on a consistent basis.Major emphasis of this article is theHATcycle while the other mixed cycles will provide the necessary background on this topic. Development of theHATcycle is aimed at having the advantages of the combined cycle in terms of its high thermal efficiency but having a low specific cost of an open simple cycle by eliminating the need for the expensive components such as the steam turbine, condenser, and cooling medium circulation circuit of a combined cycle. Challenges related to operating commercial gas turbine engines in theHATcycle mode are also discussed including the variations to the cycle arrangement to minimize the development of specialized turbomachinery.
To meat or not to meat? New perspectives onNeanderthal ecology
Authors: Fiorenza Luca , Benazzi Stefano , Henry Amanda G. , Salazar‐García Domingo C. , Blasco Ruth , Picin Andrea , Wroe Stephen , Kullmer Ottmar 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTNeanderthals have been commonly depicted as top predators who met their nutritional needs by focusing entirely on meat. This information mostly derives from faunal assemblage analyses and stable isotope studies: methods that tend to underestimate plant consumption and overestimate the intake of animal proteins. Several studies in fact demonstrate that there is a physiological limit to the amount of animal proteins that can be consumed: exceeding these values causes protein toxicity that can be particularly dangerous to pregnant women and newborns. Consequently, to avoid food poisoning from meat‐based diets, Neanderthals must have incorporated alternative food sources in their daily diets, including plant materials as well. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 156:43–71, 2015. © 2014 American Association of Physical Anthropologists
Modeling vapor pressure of fatty acid and fatty acid methyl esters using cubic equations of state
Authors: Joshipura M. H. , Patel R. J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBiodiesel is one of the most promising alternates to fossil fuels. Production process of biodiesel requires separation of fatty acids (FAs) and their esters from the other products and reactants. This requires the phase equilibrium studies of the FA and their esters. For phase equilibrium study through equation of state (EOS), accurate prediction of vapor pressure is necessary. It was shown that most of the predictive methods fail to estimate acceptable values of vapor pressure. Peng–Robinson EOS was used in the present study to predict the vapor pressure. Proper values of critical properties are required for accurate prediction of vapor pressure through cubic EOS. Obtaining experimental critical properties of FAs and their ester are difficult. Ten methods for the prediction of critical properties were compared, and suitable methods for FA, FAME, and their mixtures were proposed. For accurate prediction of vapor pressure using cubic EOS, one requires suitable cohesion factor model. Predictive cohesion factor models did not perform well; hence, four compound‐specific cohesion factor models were compared. Constants for all the four models for the compound considered were presented, and the models were compared for the accurate prediction of vapor pressure. It was observed that modified Trebble–Bishnoi type of cohesion factor model outperformed other models. Boiling points for pure FA and FAME were obtained with these four models. Prediction of boiling points for real‐world biodiesel was also carried out. Modified Trebble–Bishnoi type model was found to be suitable for predictions of boiling points as well. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of carbazole‐substituted poly(dimethylsiloxane) and its improved refractive index
Authors: Nordin Norhuda Hidayah , Ramli Mohamad Riduwan , Othman Nadras , Ahmad Zulkifli 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTA series of substituted 9‐vinylcarbazole polysiloxane was synthesized followed by room temperature vulcanization to afford a crosslink network via trimethoxysilane crosslinker. Structural confirmation was made using FTIR, one and two‐dimensional1H‐ and29Si‐NMR spectroscopy. Quantitative estimation of the amount of substituted carbazole was made based on NMR data. These were related to the refractive index whose values were in the range of 1.4370–1.4625 at increasing carbazole content. These values are higher than uncrosslink series, attributable to the tightness of the systems. They displayed an improved thermo‐optic coefficient compared to linear unsubstituted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The synergistic effect of substituted carbazole unit with the crosslink network of PDMS presents a viable choice of encapsulant for opto‐electronic devices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41654.
Hybrid Methods for Detection and Identification of Faults in Dynamic Systems
Authors: Martins Rodrigo S. , Vale Marcelo R. B. G. , Maitelli Andre L. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSince the 1960s, when automation became essential to productivity, methods for the detection and identification of faults have been proposed. Physical systems are diversified and can be mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, electronic, or a combination of these. In addition, real plants have a large number of these devices, which are for its own operation, sensoring or control. Therefore the solutions given for detection of faults are generally very specific or particular. This paper aims to describe and analyze two hybrid methods of detection and fault identification based on residue and to check whether their inclusion with other methods, combining different techniques, can produce a better fault detection and identification system. The methods use the state observers for the generation of residues, which serve for the detection and identification and the set called the bank of signatures to identify the faults. Thereafter, the methods use different approaches to diagnose the fault: the first uses the approach of the mean square error, and the second uses a decision tree.
Tunable mid‐infrared luminescence from Er3+‐doped germanate glass
Authors: Li Bingpeng , Wei Tao , Tian Ying , Jing Xufeng , Chen Fangze , Wang Fengchao , Zhang Junjie , Cai Muzhi , Xu Shiqing 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEr3+‐doped germanate glasses with superior thermal stability were prepared. Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters and important spectroscopic properties were discussed in detail. Upon 800 nm and 980 nm LD pumping, 2.7 µm fluorescence characteristics were investigated and it was found that the effective 2.7 µm emission bandwidth can reach to 101.79 nm in prepared glasses. The tunability of the 2.7 µm emission band can be realized by adjusting the Er3+ content. Moreover, a high‐emission cross‐section (11.09 ×10‐21 cm2), large gain bandwidth (772.30 ×10‐28 cm3) and gain coefficient (6.72 cm‐1) were obtained in the prepared sample. Hence, Er3+‐doped germanate glass might be a promising mid‐infrared material for tunable amplifiers or lasers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC/QTOF‐MS/MS application to investigate phenolic constituents from Ficus pandurata H. aerial roots
Authors: Zhang Xiaoping , Lv Huiqing , Li Zuguang , Jiang Kezhi , Lee Maw‐Rong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFicus pandurata H. aerial roots are used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of uarthritis, indigestion and hyperuricemia. However, the bioactive constituents responsible for the pharmacological effects of F. pandurata H. are unclear. A simple and efficient HPLC/QTOF‐MS/MS (high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry) method was established to detect and identify active constituents in the n‐butanol extract of F. pandurata H. aerial roots. Chemical constituents were separated and investigated by HPLC/QTOF‐MS/MS in the negative‐ion mode. Thirty‐seven compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, hydroquinone glycosides, flavonoid glycosides, etc., were identified or tentatively characterized in the n‐butanol extract of F. pandurata H. aerial roots by comparing the UV spectra, accurate mass spectra and fragmentation pathways and retrieving the reference literatures. Moreover, the flavonoid trisaccharides and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives were tentatively characterized in F. pandurata H. for the first time. The analytical tool used here is very valuable in the rapid separation and identification of the multiple and minor constituents in the n‐butanol extract of F. pandurata H. aerial roots. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum Binary and Triplet Distribution Functions of Plasma by using Green's Function
Authors: Hussein N. A. , Eisa D. A. , Osman A.‐N. A. , Abbas R. A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to calculate the binary and triplet distribution functions for one and two component Plasmas in terms of Green's function technique. We obtained the triplet distribution function in two form; one of them is based on the Kirkwood Superposition Approximation (KSA) which is consisting of the assumption that the potential in a set of three particles is the sum of the three pair potentials, this is equivalent to assuming that the triplet distribution function is the product of the three binary distribution functions, but the other form is calculated from BBGKY hierarchy. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The application of flow cytometry for evaluating biological aggressiveness of intracranial meningiomas
Authors: Lin Yu‐Wen , Tai Shih‐Huang , Huang Yu‐Hsuan , Chang Che‐Chao , Juan Wei‐Sheng , Chao Liang‐Chun , Wen Miin‐Jye , Hung Yu‐Chang , Lee E‐Jian 
Published: November 2014

BackgroundMeningiomas have classically been considered to include benign and atypical/anaplastic tumors. Despite the availability of clinical and pathologic parameters for prognostic prediction prognosis, the behavior of each meningioma may be difficult to predict. Here, we used DNA flow‐cytometric studies to predict biological tumor behaviors of intracranial meningiomas.MethodsThe specimens were obtained from fresh tumoral tissues of 43 microsurgically resected meningiomas as approved by the institutional review board. The presence of G2/M‐phase and S+G2/M‐phase fractions were analyzed and correlated with the proliferation index of Ki‐67 and the World Health Organization grading. The check point of G2/M‐phase fraction, cyclin B, and pCdk1 (Y15), were analyzed by Western blotting.ResultsOur results showed that there were significant differences in Ki‐67, G2/M‐phase, S+G2/M‐phase fractions, and cyclin B between benign and atypical/anaplastic meningiomas. The optimal cutoff point of G2/M‐phase and S+G2/M‐phase fractions were 5.12 and 7.52%, respectively, and this can be used to discriminate those cases with benign or atypical/anaplastic meningiomas. Besides, both the G2/M‐phase and S+G2/M‐phase fractions were correlated well with Ki‐67 and the histopathological features such as focal necrosis, infiltration of dura mater and mitotic activity. In addition, the occurrence of tumor recurrence and patient age were correlated to the G2/M‐phase and S+G2/M‐phase fractions, respectively. The G2/M‐phase and S+G2/M‐phase fractions, however, did not correlate well with histologic invasion to adjacent bone, sinus, or brain tissues.ConclusionsThe use of flow cytometry facilitates additional information for G2/M‐phase and S+G2/M‐phase fractions represent tumoral grading and risk of recurrence in patients with meningiomas. © 2014 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Inhibition of LPS‐Induced TLR4 Signaling Products in Murine Macrophages by Phenylmethimazole: An Assay Methodology for Screening Potential Phenylmethimazole Analogs
Authors: Deosarkar Sudhir P. , Bhatt Pooja , Gillespie Jessica , Goetz Douglas J. , McCall Kelly D. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Preclinical Research

Phenylmethimazole (C10) is an inhibitor of Toll‐like receptor (TLR3 and TLR4) expression and signaling. In this study, we carried out a detailed investigation of the effect of C10 on TLR4 and its molecular signaling products in RAW 264.7 macrophages using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ELISA and cell toxicity assays, a set of in vitro assays that may be used to screen future C10 analogs. C10 exhibited an inhibitory effect on TLR4 MyD88‐dependent and MyD88‐independent pathways. Within the TLR4 pathway, C10 inhibited the expression of cytokines, cytokine receptors, kinases, adapter molecules and transcription factors, suggesting a pathway‐wide inhibitory effect. We also found that C10 dose‐dependently inhibited the expression of TLR4 signaling products, specifically IL‐6, inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and IFNβ. Additionally, pre‐treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with C10 resulted in protection from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) insults, suggesting C10 may be bound to the target thus exhibiting activity during/following LPS stimulation. Also, dimethyl sulfoxide, the solvent for C10 exhibited inhibitory effect on TLR4 signaling products independent from the effects of C10. Combined, this study enhances understanding of the actions of action on TLR4 signaling pathway providing a path for the development of new C10 analogs for inhibiting TLR expression and signaling.
Antidiabetic Effect of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus Involves Inhibition of the Sodium Glucose Cotransporter
Authors: Qu Yue , Chan Judy Yuet‐Wa , Wong Chun‐Wai , Cheng Ling , Xu Chuanshan , Leung Albert Wing‐Nang , Lau Clara Bik‐San 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Preclinical Research

Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus (SCF), the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (family Schisandraceae) is traditionally used as a tonic and antidiabetic agent in Asia. In this study, SCF was investigated for its effects on sodium glucose cotransporters 1 and 2 (SGLT 1 and 2) expressed in a COS‐7 cell line for its specificity in inhibiting SGLT2, which is a novel mechanism to screen for potential antidiabetic agents. Using a bioassay‐guided fractionation, we then tried to isolate and identify the active fraction(s)/component(s). The ethanol extract of SCF at a concentration of 1 mg/mL significantly inhibited 89% of SGLT1 and 73% of SGLT2 activities in a [14C]‐α‐methyl‐d‐glucopyranoside ([14C]‐AMG) uptake assay. Fractionation of the ethanol extract yielded nine fractions, of which F8, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, was specific in inhibiting SGLT 2 (42% inhibition, P < 0.001), without inhibiting SGLT 1. Using LC/MS‐MS, three compounds, deoxyschisandrin, schisandrin B (γ‐schisandrin) and schisandrin were identified in F8 and their amounts quantified. However, subsequent evaluation in the [14C]‐AMG uptake assay showed that these three compounds failed to inhibit SGLT 2 activity indicating that the SGLT active component(s) from SCF have yet to be identified. Drug Dev Res 76 : 1–8, 2015
DifferentialFoxP2andFoxP1expression in a vocal learning nucleus of the developing budgerigar
Authors: Whitney Osceola , Voyles Tawni , Hara Erina , Chen Qianqian , White Stephanie A. , Wright Timothy F. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe forkhead domain FOXP2 and FOXP1 transcription factors are implicated in several cognitive disorders with language deficits, notably autism, and thus play a central role in learned vocal motor behavior in humans. Although a similar role forFoxP2andFoxP1is proposed for other vertebrate species, including songbirds, the neurodevelopmental expression of these genes are unknown in a species with lifelong vocal learning abilities. Like humans, budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)learn new vocalizations throughout their entire lifetime. Like songbirds, budgerigars have distinct brain nuclei for vocal learning, which include the magnocellular nucleus of the medial striatum (MMSt), a basal ganglia region that is considered developmentally and functionally analogous to Area X in songbirds. Here, we usedin situhybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigateFoxP2andFoxP1expression in the MMSt of juvenile and adult budgerigars. We foundFoxP2mRNA and protein expression levels in the MMSt that were lower than the surrounding striatum throughout development and adulthood. In contrast,FoxP1mRNA and protein had an elevated MMSt/striatum expression ratio as birds matured, regardless of their sex. These results show that life‐long vocal plasticity in budgerigars is associated with persistent low‐levelFoxP2expression in the budgerigar MMSt, and suggests the possibility thatFoxP1plays an organizational role in the neurodevelopment of vocal motor circuitry. Thus, developmental regulation of theFoxP2andFoxP1genes in the basal ganglia appears essential for vocal mimicry in a range of species that possess this relatively rare trait. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 778–790, 2015
Palladium‐Catalyzed α‐Arylation Reactions in Total Synthesis
Authors: Sivanandan Sudheesh T. , Shaji Ashna , Ibnusaud Ibrahim , Seechurn Carin C. C. Johansson , Colacot Thomas J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe development of palladium‐catalyzed α‐arylation of carbonyl compounds has emerged as a new avenue in the design of new routes for the synthesis of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In many cases, syntheses based on α‐arylation strategies provide elegant routes in terms of increasing the overall yields, improving the synthesis scope, and decreasing the number of steps. This microreview aims to highlight the importance of palladium‐catalyzed α‐arylation methodologies, covering a range of notable reported examples of the total syntheses of structurally important compounds, thereby highlighting the importance of this powerful methodology for key steps in organic synthesis.
Authentication of Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma and other two Chinese Materia Medica of the Liliaceae family by pharmacognosy technique with GC–MS analysis
Authors: Liu Yingjiao , Liu Canhuang , Yu Yafei , Xu Bei , Gong Limin , Zeng Xiaoyan , Xiao Lan , Cheng Qilai , Liu Tasi 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTYuzhu (Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma), Kangdingyuzhu (Polygonati Prattii Rhizoma), and zhugenqiyuzhu (Disporopsis Fuscopictae Rhizoma) are of the same family, but of different genera. They have all often used in Chinese Materia Medica (CMM) as Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma in China market. Three species of CMM are confused. For better application, we need to identify these plants accurately. This study use pharmacognosy technique and GC‐MS analysis, three species of CMM were authenticated. In macroscopic characteristics, the fruit of Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma is blue‐black, while the other two are maroon and dark purple orderly. Nodes of Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma are upward and light uplift, about 1 cm spacing, while the other are not. As for microscopic characteristics, the cortex of Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma only occupies about 1/5 of the radius of the transverse section with inconspicuous endodermis, which is much smaller than others. The type of vascular bundles of Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma is closed collateral, but the other is amphivasal. Raphides of calcium oxalate are scattered, but Raphides of the other two are like brooms and neat rows. GC–MS analysis of essential oil could provide different characteristics to distinguish three species. Twenty‐three compounds were identified from essential oil of Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma and the main components were n‐hexadecanoic acid (49.45%), while n‐hexadecanoic acid of the other two are 23.92% and 9.45%. The content of n‐hexadecanoic is strongly different. This research was aimed to establish a method by pharmacognosy and GC–MS analysis to identify three CMM and for providing scientifical data to ensure accuracy of origin of three species. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:119–127, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of bone perfusion by dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography in the Dunkin–Hartley guinea pig model of advanced osteoarthritis
Authors: Dyke Jonathan P. , Synan Michael , Ezell Paula , Ballon Douglas , Racine Jennifer , Aaron Roy K. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThis study characterizes changes in subchondral bone circulation in OA and examines relationships to bone structure and cartilage degeneration in Dunkin–Hartley guinea pigs. We have used dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) and PET, with pharmacokinetic modeling, to characterize subchondral bone perfusion. Assessments are made of perfusion kinetics and vascular permeability by MRI, and blood volume and flow, and radionuclide incorporation into bone, by PET. These parameters are compared to cartilage lesion severity and bone histomorphometry. Assessments of intraosseous thrombi are made morphologically. Prolonged signal enhancement during the clearance phase of MRI correlated with OA severity and suggested venous stasis. Vascular permeability was not increased indicating that transvascular migration of contrast agent was not responsible for signal enhancement. Intraosseous thrombi were not observed. Decreased perfusion associated with severe OA was confirmed by PET and was associated with reduced radionuclide incorporation and osteoporosis. MRI and PET can be used to characterize kinetic parameters of circulation in OA and correlate them with subchondral bone metabolism of interest to the pathophysiology of OA. The significance of these observations may lie in alterations induced in the expression of cytokines by OA osteoblasts that are related to bone remodeling and cartilage breakdown. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:???–???, 2015.