bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogenic Bacteria in Selected Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Countries
Authors: Curtis Dennis , Hill Arthur , Wilcock Anne , Charlebois Sylvain 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe World Ranking Food Safety Performance reports by Charlebois in 2008 and 2010 importantly stimulated international discussion and encouraged efforts to establish realistic international benchmarks for food safety performance among Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. This paper presents the international incidence of 5 common foodborne pathogens and describes the challenges of comparing international data. Data were compiled from surveillance authorities in the countries, such as the Natl. Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System of Australia; the Canadian Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System; the European Food Safety Authority, EFSA; the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan; New Zealand Food Safety Authority; and the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The highest average rates in cases per 100000 people over the 12‐y period from 2000 to 2011 for Campylobacter spp. (237.47), Salmonella spp. (67.08), Yersinia spp. (12.09), Verotoxigenic/Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (3.38), and Listeria monocytogenes (1.06) corresponded, in order, to New Zealand, Belgium, Finland, Canada, and Denmark. Comparatively, annual average rates for these 5 pathogens showed an increase over the 12‐y period in 28%, 17%, 14%, 50%, and 6% of the countries for which data were available. Salmonella spp. showed a decrease in 56% of the countries, while incidence of L. monocytogenes was constant in most countries (94%). Variable protocols for monitoring incidence of pathogens among OECD countries remain. Nevertheless, there is evidence of sufficient standardization of monitoring protocols such as the European Surveillance System, which has contributed to reduce this gap.
Associations between age and gray matter volume in anatomical brain networks in middle‐aged to older adults
Authors: Hafkemeijer Anne , Altmann‐Schneider Irmhild , de Craen Anton J. M. , Slagboom P. Eline , van der Grond Jeroen , Rombouts Serge A. R. B. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryAging is associated with cognitive decline, diminished brain function, regional brain atrophy, and disrupted structural and functional brain connectivity. Understanding brain networks in aging is essential, as brain function depends on large‐scale distributed networks. Little is known of structural covariance networks to study inter‐regional gray matter anatomical associations in aging. Here, we investigate anatomical brain networks based on structural covariance of gray matter volume among 370 middle‐aged to older adults of 45–85 years. For each of 370 subjects, we acquired a T1‐weighted anatomical MRI scan. After segmentation of structural MRI scans, nine anatomical networks were defined based on structural covariance of gray matter volume among subjects. We analyzed associations between age and gray matter volume in anatomical networks using linear regression analyses. Age was negatively associated with gray matter volume in four anatomical networks (P < 0.001, corrected): a subcortical network, sensorimotor network, posterior cingulate network, and an anterior cingulate network. Age was not significantly associated with gray matter volume in five networks: temporal network, auditory network, and three cerebellar networks. These results were independent of gender and white matter hyperintensities. Gray matter volume decreases with age in networks containing subcortical structures, sensorimotor structures, posterior, and anterior cingulate cortices. Gray matter volume in temporal, auditory, and cerebellar networks remains relatively unaffected with advancing age.
Forest carbon in lowland Papua New Guinea: Local variation and the importance of small trees
Authors: Vincent John B. , Henning Bridget , Saulei Simon , Sosanika Gibson , Weiblen George D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEfforts to incentivize the reduction of carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation require accurate carbon accounting. The extensive tropical forest of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a target for such efforts and yet local carbon estimates are few. Previous estimates, based on models of neotropical vegetation applied to PNG forest plots, did not consider such factors as the unique species composition of New Guinea vegetation, local variation in forest biomass, or the contribution of small trees. We analysed all trees >1 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH) in Melanesia's largest forest plot (Wanang) to assess local spatial variation and the role of small trees in carbon storage. Above‐ground living biomass (AGLB) of trees averaged 210.72 Mg  ha−1 at Wanang. Carbon storage at Wanang was somewhat lower than in other lowland tropical forests, whereas local variation among 1‐ha subplots and the contribution of small trees to total AGLB were substantially higher. We speculate that these differences may be attributed to the dynamics of Wanang forest where erosion of a recently uplifted and unstable terrain appears to be a major source of natural disturbance. These findings emphasize the need for locally calibrated forest carbon estimates if accurate landscape level valuation and monetization of carbon is to be achieved. Such estimates aim to situate PNG forests in the global carbon context and provide baseline information needed to improve the accuracy of PNG carbon monitoring schemes.
Negative automatic thoughts as a mediator of the relationship between depression and suicidal behaviour in an at‐risk sample of Malaysian adolescents
Authors: Choon Min Wai , Abu Talib Mansor , Yaacob Siti Nor , Awang Hamidin , Tan Jo Pei , Hassan Sallahuddin , Ismail Zanariah 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundThis study examined the mediating role of negative automatic thoughts in the relationship between depression and suicidal behaviour in a sample of at‐risk Malaysian adolescents.MethodA total of 1441 adolescents were initially recruited via multistage cluster sampling. Subsequently, 294 at‐risk adolescents were selected for further analyses through a specified cut‐off score.ResultsThe results showed significant positive relationships among the study variables. Specifically, negative automatic thoughts emerged as a significant mediator in the relation between depression and suicidal behaviour (z = 7.15, p < .001).ConclusionsThe findings suggest that depressed adolescents are at high risk for a host of negative thought processes which in turn lead to suicidal behaviour. The study limitations and recommendations for further research are discussed.
Atrial natriuretic peptide vs.N‐terminal‐pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide for the detection of left atrial dilatation in horses
Authors: van der Vekens N. , Decloedt A. , de Clercq D. , Ven S. , Sys S. , van Loon G. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyStudies on the use of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) as a biomarker for left atrial dilatation in horses have produced variable results. Few have been performed, and the results may have been influenced byANPinstability, differences in sampling protocol and changes in the assay over time.N‐Terminal proANP(NT‐proANP) is a more stable molecule and might be a good alternative for clinical use.ObjectivesTo compareANPandNT‐proANPin terms of the detection of left atrial dilatation and to determine the influence of sample storage at temperatures of ‐80 and ‐20°C.Study designProspective clinical study.MethodsAtrial natriuretic peptide andNT‐proANPconcentrations were compared between healthy horses (Group 1, n = 20), horses with mitral valve regurgitation and a normal atrial size (Group 2, n = 11) and horses with mitral valve regurgitation associated with left atrial dilatation (Group 3, n = 16). TheANPconcentration was measured with an equine enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and theNT‐proANPconcentration with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay developed for use in human patients. Samples were stored at ‐20 and ‐80°Cand analysed within 7 months.ResultsTheNT‐proANPconcentrations were not significantly different between the groups. Horses inGroup 3had a significantly higherANPconcentration (median 366 pg/ml; interquartile range [IQR] 74–2000 pg/ml) compared with horses inGroup 1(median 31 pg/ml;IQR31–333 pg/ml) orGroup 2(median 31 pg/ml;IQR31–1152 pg/ml; P = 0.02). TheANPcut‐off value for detection of left atrial dilatation was 52 pg/ml (sensitivity 81%; specificity 84%) for sample storage at ‐80°C, and 44 pg/ml (sensitivity 69%; specificity 84%) for storage at ‐20°C. A larger decrease inANP(45 ± 126 pg/ml) than inNT‐proANP(10 ± 31 pg/ml) was found associated with sample storage at ‐20 instead of ‐80°C.ConclusionsAtrial natriuretic peptide, but notNT‐proANP, can be used to detect left atrial dilatation in horses. Atrial natriuretic peptide is less stable thanNT‐proANPwhen samples are stored at ‐20°C. Atrial natriuretic peptide is a more suitable biomarker of left atrial dilatation in horses thanNT‐proANP.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection and its Relation with Body Mass Index in a Chinese Population
Authors: Xu Chengfu , Yan Ming , Sun Yan , Joo Jungsoo , Wan Xingyong , Yu Chaohui , Wang Qunyan , Shen Chao , Chen Peng , Li Youming , Coleman William G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundHelicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent worldwide. The association between obesity and H. pylori infection is controversial in the literature. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori infection and its relation with body mass index (BMI) in a Chinese population.Materials and methodsA cross‐sectional study was performed among adults who underwent health checkups at the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University in 2013. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was examined by 13C urea breath tests, and the association between prevalence of H. pylori infection and BMI was analyzed.ResultsOf the 8820 participants enrolled, 3859 (43.8%) were positive for H. pylori infection. H. pylori‐positive participants had a more unfavorable metabolic profile than H. pylori‐negative participants. Overweight/obese participants showed a higher prevalence of H. pylori infection than that of lean participants, and a positive linear correlation between BMI and prevalence of H. pylori infection was observed. Both unadjusted and adjusted analysis revealed that BMI was significantly associated with risk factors of H. pylori infection.ConclusionsOur results showed that BMI was significantly and positively associated with H. pylori infection, and a high BMI was associated with an increased risk of the infection.
Correlation Between Helicobacter pylori Infection, IgE Hypersensitivity, and Allergic Disease in Korean Adults
Authors: Lee Sang Pyo , Lee Sun‐Young , Kim Jeong Hwan , Sung In‐Kyung , Park Hyung Seok , Shim Chan Sup , Moon Hee‐Won 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe correlation between allergic disease and Helicobacter pylori infection is still controversial in endemic areas. The aim of this study was to determine whether H. pylori infection is related to allergic disease and/or immunoglobulin E (IgE) hypersensitivity in Korean adults.Materials and MethodsConsecutive Korean adults who visited our center for a routine checkup were enrolled. All subjects completed a questionnaire that was designed to ascertain their medical history pertaining to physician‐diagnosed allergic disease, allergy treatments, and H. pylori eradication therapy. Blood was sampled for serum anti‐H. pylori IgG antibody. IgE hypersensitivity was measured using a commercially available ImmunoCAP® Phadiatop (Phadia AB, Uppsala, Sweden).ResultsOf the 3376 Korean adults who were enrolled, 62 did not answer to the questionnaires adequately and were thus excluded. The proportion of noninfected subjects (p < .001) and the prevalence of IgE‐related allergic disease (p < .001) were both highest among those aged <40 years, while the prevalence of non‐IgE‐related allergic disease was highest among those aged ≥70 years (p < .001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that being younger than 40 years was significantly related to the absence of H. pylori infection (OR = 2.507, 95% CI = 1.621–3.878, p < .001).ConclusionsThe statuses of H. pylori infection, IgE hypersensitivity, and allergic diseases differ with age group, there being a higher prevalence of IgE‐related allergic disease and a lower H. pylori infection rate among young adults. The hygiene hypothesis might explain these findings in young Koreans, due to the rapid development and improvements in sanitation in Korea.
Photoprotection in changing times – UV filter efficacy and safety, sensitization processes and regulatory aspects
Authors: Stiefel C. , Schwack W. 
Published: September 2014

SynopsisAs excessive sun exposure is tightly associated with different pathological changes of the skin, for example premature skin ageing or the development of skin cancer, an appropriate protection of the skin against UV radiation is of particular importance. Sun protection products and UV filter substances have evolved continuously in the past few decades. New developments and improved technical conditions of production have led to increasingly effective and efficient products with broadband protection ability. Accordingly, legal requirements have also changed and expanded. Although certain trends exist to harmonize the regulation of sunscreens at a global level, there are still large differences how UV absorbers are approved, which testing methods are prescribed, and which general requirements sun protection products must fulfil. Modern UV filters provide efficient protection against UVA and UVB radiation, are heat and photostable, user‐friendly, cost‐effective, water resistant and non‐toxic. As inorganic and organic UV filters are topically applied to the skin in relatively high concentrations (up to 25%), especially the assessment of their (photo)sensitization potential is of particular importance. Accordingly, skin sensitization is a key endpoint for the legally required safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients in Europe and many other countries. This review will summarize the current regulatory status of different approved UV filters, will describe their beneficial and adverse properties and will give an overview of how the efficacy of sunscreens can be evaluated. Finally, an insight into the basic mechanism of (photo)allergic reactions and existing skin sensitization test methods will be provided.
Preparation and characterisation of an easily absorbabl Mg‐casein hydrolysate complex produced through enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrafiltration
Authors: Hong Hye‐Jin , Kim En‐jin , Park In‐Su , Ryu Jung‐Ho , Ryu Taegong , Kim Byoung‐Gyu , Chung Kang‐Sup 
Published: September 2014

SummaryIn this study, we synthesised a Mg‐casein hydrolysate complex that allowed the effective absorption of Mg. The type of enzyme (papain, alcalase 2.4 L, pepsin, trypsin) and the enzyme/substrate ratio for casein hydrolysis was optimised. When the enzyme/substrate ratio was 30%, the alcalase 2.4 L‐hydrolysate showed the highest Mg‐chelation efficiency, of 96.1%. To characterise and enhance the function of casein hydrolysate, we fractionated the casein hydrolysate according to molecular weight using ultrafiltration. The Mg‐chelation efficiency was increased with the decrease in the molecular‐weight range of the hydrolysate fractions. The smallest casein hydrolysate (fraction 5, 1 kDa<) is used for preparation of Mg‐casein hydrolysate complex. Synthesised Mg‐casein hydrolysate complex (fraction 5) exhibited 100% Mg solubility and 39.5% Mg bioavailability. These results indicated that the Mg‐casein hydrolysate remained a stable chelate during simulated gastro‐intestinal digestion in vitro. The Mg‐casein hydrolysate complex exhibited excellent antioxidant activity as well as Mg binding.
Milk‐clotting enzymes produced by Aspergillus flavo furcatis strains on Amazonic fruit waste
Authors: Alecrim Mircella M. , Palheta Rosana A. , Teixeira Maria Francisca S. , Oliveira Ila Maria de A. 
Published: September 2014

SummarySix strains of Aspergillus flavo furcatis were screened to investigate milk‐clotting enzyme production by fermentation in natural liquid medium. The growth media comprised extracts of cupuaçu exocarp+rice bran [10% or 20% (v/v) CE+RB] and açai waste+rice bran [10% or 20% (v/v) AW+RB] with or without supplementation of 0.1% (w/v) yeast extract and 0.5% (w/v) gelatin. Significant values of milk‐clotting activity were determined by A. flavo furcatis DPUA 1461 and DPUA 1608, in the standard and natural media, respectively. According to criteria of clot and whey formations, 8.3% of the samples tested were classified as strong coagulation, 41.70% showed weak coagulation and in 50% was not observed milk coagulation. The enzyme optimal action of DPUA 1608, the selected strain, was at 40 °C and pH 7.0. Milk‐clotting proteases were inhibited by pepstatin (94.72%) and moderately inhibited by the others metal ions tested.
In Search of the Self's Grounding Power: Kierkegaard's The Sickness unto Death as Dogmatics for Unbelievers
Authors: Alfsvåg Knut 
Published: September 2014

AbstractKierkegaard's The Sickness unto Death can be read as an attempt to present the Christian message in a way that makes sense for unbelievers without violating the integrity of the Christian faith. This is done by exploring the psychological implications of the lack of faith in a way that is supposed to make sense even for those who take offence at the Christian message and do not accept the anthropological implications of the story of the incarnation as their basic point of orientation. It is argued that this attempt is successful, and that this can be demonstrated both by the consistency of the argument and the breadth of its Wirkungsgeschichte.
A Nonterminal Equine Mandibular Model of Bone Healing
Authors: Sarrafian Tiffany L. , Garcia Tanya C. , Dienes Erin E. , Murphy Brian , Stover Susan M. , Galuppo Larry D. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectivesTo develop a nonterminal large animal bone defect model for assessing the efficacy of regenerative and pharmacologic treatments designed to enhance bone healing.Study DesignIn vivoexperimental.Sample PopulationAdult gelding horses (n = 6).MethodsUnder general anesthesia, using radiographic guidance, 13.5 mm diameter bilateral, full thickness mandibular defects were created in 6 horses using a custom surgical jig and coring bit. After 16 weeks, under general anesthesia, 23 mm diameter cores that encompassed the original healing defects and surrounding parent bone material were removed for evaluation. Oxytetracycline was administered 14 days before final core harvest to label bone‐forming surfaces. Healing was qualitatively assessed from decalcified hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained and undecalcified fluorescent labeled sections. Trabecular to cortical bone fraction (Tb.V/Ct.V), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), tissue mineral density (TMD), and apparent bone mineral density (aBMD) were quantified using microcomputed tomography and compared between left and right sides using Wilcoxon signed rank test.ResultsBV/TV was not significantly different between left and right‐sided defects. Bone deposition occurred centripetally from the border of the original defect, filling 67% ± 16% (SD) of the defect at 16 weeks.ConclusionThis model has potential use for comparison of regenerative and pharmacologic products aimed to augment bone healing.
Evaluation of Meniscal Click for Detecting Meniscal Tears in Stifles with Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease
Authors: Neal Brittany A. , Ting Dennis , Bonczynski Jennifer J. , Yasuda Koji 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the diagnostic efficacy of palpable meniscal click by evaluating the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy of preoperative palpable meniscal click compared with examination during surgery.Study DesignProspective case series.Sample PopulationDogs (n = 56) with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injury.MethodsStifles were examined before anesthesia (EBA) and during anesthesia (EDA) before surgery for palpable meniscal click. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy were calculated for EBA and EDA using examination during surgery as the gold standard.ResultsEBA was 45.8% sensitive and 94.4% specific for meniscal tear. EDA was 58.3% sensitive and 94.4% specific for meniscal tear. Positive predictive value for palpable meniscal click during EBA was 84.6%, negative predictive value was 72.3%, and diagnostic accuracy was 75.0%. Positive predictive value for palpable meniscal click during EDA was 87.5%, negative predictive value was 77.3%, and diagnostic accuracy was 80.0%. EBA and EDA were significantly associated with the presence of intra‐operative meniscal injury (P = .0002 and P < .0001, respectively). Meniscal tears were seen more often in stifles with a full CCL tear as compared to partial CCL tears at a ratio of 11:1.ConclusionsPresence of a palpable meniscal click during physical examination is strongly indicative of a meniscal tear diagnosed at surgery. The meniscus should always be carefully examined at surgery despite preoperative findings, because the absence of a palpable meniscal click is not a strong indicator for a normal meniscus.
Towards a Quantifiable Measure of Resilience
Authors: Béné Christophe 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe objective of this paper is twofold. First it illustrates and discusses some of the challenges related to the measurement of resilience by reviewing some of the most recently published and grey literature on resilience in relation to food security. Second it proposes a new framework that addresses some of the concerns and limitations of resilience measurement identified in that literature. The main postulate of this framework is that the ‘costs of resilience’ (that is, the different ex‐ante and ex‐post investments, losses, sacrifices, and costs that people have to undertake at individual and collective levels to ‘go through’ a shock or an adverse event) provide an appropriate and independent metric to measure resilience across scales and dimensions. The paper shows how the independent nature of this metrics offers an explanatory power that can be used to infer, in a testable and rigorous manner potential, causalities between the metric and household and/or community characteristics. Empirical and theoretical examples are used throughout the paper to illustrate the arguments.