bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Methodological Unboundedness of Limited Discovery Processes
Authors: Cassel John Benjamin 
Published: December 2014

Though designers must understand systems, designers work differently than scientists in studying systems. Design engagements do not discover whole systems, but take calculated risks between discovery and intervention. For this reason, design practices must cope with open systems, and unpacking the tacit guidelines behind these practices is instructive to systems methodology. This paper shows that design practice yields a methodology which applies across forms of design. Design practice teaches us to generate ideas and gather data longer, but stop when the return on design has diminished past its cost. Fortunately, we can reason about the unknown by understanding the character of the unbounded. We suppose that there might as well be an infinite number of factors, but we can reason about their concentration without knowing all of them. We demonstrate this concept on stakeholder systems, showing how design discovery informs systems methodology. Using this result, we can apply the methods of parametric design when the parameters are not yet known by establishing the concentration of every kind of factor, entailing a discovery rate of diminishing returns over discovery activities, allowing the analysis of discovery-based trade-offs. Here, we extend a framework for providing metrics to parametric design, allowing it to express the importance of discovery.
Kunstnerisk utviklingsarbeid – nødvendig og utfordrende
Authors: Malterud Nina 
Published: December 2014

Kunstnerisk utviklingsarbeid er et etablert begrep i plan- og rammeverk for høyere utdanning, det er en del av dagligspråket innen kunstutdanning og det blir drøftet i kunnskapsfilosofisk litteratur. I Lov om universiteter og høgskoler har kunstnerisk utviklingsarbeid vært likestilt med forsking siden 1995, og dette må fortsatt følges opp strukturelt og innholdsmessig innen utdanningssystemet. Tilsvarende internasjonale begrep er artistic research, research in and through the arts. Kunstnerens egen erfaring og innsikt er her utgangspunktet, i motsetning til research on the arts, som er blikket utenfra. Det norske Stipendiatprogram for kunstnerisk utviklingsarbeid, finansiert fra Kunnskapsdepartementet, ble opprettet i 2003 for å utvikle et kunstfaglig alternativ på linje med de vitenskapelige doktorgradsprogrammene og har nå omkring 40 aktive stipendiater fordelt i ulike institusjoner. Programmet gjennomgikk en større evaluering i 2009 og betegnes som en suksesshistorie. Gjennomført program for stipendiaten innfrir læringsmålene for tredje syklus i det nye kvalifikasjonsrammeverket, og bør nå gi uttelling som doktorgrad. Kritisk refleksjon ligger implisitt i enhver kunstnerisk prosess på høyt nivå, og i utdanningssammenheng må også refleksjon formuleres eksplisitt, for dialog og debatt. Fokus på denne siden av kunstnerisk utviklingsarbeid har på mange måter endret kulturen blant de faglig ansatte i kunstutdanningene. Varig dokumentasjon av temporære resultat, som utstillinger, forestillinger, konserter, er blant de mange utfordringene. Konsolideringen av kunstnerisk utviklingsarbeid har bidratt til vitalitet og kvalitet, og rommer et stort potensial for videre arbeid.
Space, place and body: temporary coalitions, nodes in a network
Authors: Power Kerith , Somerville Margaret 
Published: December 2014

The articles in this collection share a concern for place, space and bodies as frameworks for thinking about and conducting educational research. The authors range in experience from senior academics, independent educators, beginning and emerging new researchers spanning a range of educational sectors. The articles originate from connections forged within and between Australia and northern countries with visits back and forth between 2004 and 2010. Some of the writers have met each other in these travels and others have not. All have encountered and participated in some way in the work of the space place and body research group, which originated in 2007 as a named research ‘node’ at Monash University. The space place and body group formed as a result of a process designed to re-imagine research in the Faculty of Education at Monash University in order to address ‘the big questions of our time’. As a leading global university with campuses in Asia and Europe as well as several in Australia, the Dean of the Faculty cited recent evidence that the field of educational research had become too narrowly focused and that new approaches were needed to enliven the field and move it forward. Individualistic research was no longer supported and groups were formed organically around coalitions of interest. The purpose of the space place and body group was to come together to generate new conceptual, theoretical and methodological resources within the core concepts of space, place and body by collaborating across our differences. In the early phase of our development we focused on linked identity (ontological) and knowledge (epistemological) work, at the intersection of postcolonial and poststructural approaches to place in educational research. A specific interest in alternative and creative methodologies emerged from these onto-epistemological activities. As part of our process we initiated temporary definitions of space, place and body, to appear on our group’s website drawing on examples from our collaborative projects. The text was accompanied by a series of images, which were as important in conveying these early meanings-in-progress as the words. Our website was intended to share these ideas as ‘a stammer’, a work in progress rather than the closed texts of experts. We invited others to participate in a wider conversation of global exchange towards their ongoing evolution.
Sulfur Dyes
Authors: Goswami Parikshit , Basak Montu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSulfur dyes are synthetic organic substantive dyes, produced by thionation or sulfurization of organic intermediates containing nitro and amino groups. The main characteristic feature of this dye class is that they all contain sulfur linkages within their molecules. They are like vat dyes, which are highly colored, water‐insoluble compounds, and they need to be converted into substantive leuco form before application to the textile materials. This conversion needs reducing agents, which sever the sulfur linkage and break down the molecules into water‐soluble components (leuco form) that have an affinity toward cellulosic fibers.
S‐velocity model and inferred Moho topography beneath the Antarctic Plate from Rayleigh waves
Authors: An Meijian , Wiens Douglas A. , Zhao Yue , Feng Mei , Nyblade Andrew A. , Kanao Masaki , Li Yuansheng , Maggi Alessia , Lévêque Jean‐Jacques 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSince 2007/2008, seismographs were deployed in many new locations across much of Antarctica. Using the records from 122 broadband seismic stations, over 10,000 Rayleigh wave fundamental‐mode dispersion curves have been retrieved from earthquake waveforms and from ambient noise. Using the processed data set, a 3‐D S‐velocity model for the Antarctic lithosphere was constructed using a single‐step surface wave tomographic method, and a Moho depth map was estimated from the model. Using the derived crustal thicknesses, the average ratio of lithospheric mantle and crustal densities of Antarctica was calculated. The calculated density ratio indicates that the average crustal density for Antarctica is much higher than the average values for continental crust or the average density of lithospheric mantle is so low as to be equal to low‐density bound of Archean lithosphere. The latter implies that the lithospheric mantle in much of Antarctica should be old and of Archean age. The East Antarctic Mountain Ranges (EAMOR) represent a thick crustal belt, with the thickest crust (~60 km) located close to Dome A. Very high velocities can be found at depths greater than 200 km beneath parts of East Antarctica, demonstrating that the continental lithosphere extends deeper than 200 km. The very thick crust beneath the EAMOR may represent the collision suture of East Gondwana with Indo‐Antarctica and West Gondwana during the Pan‐African orogeny.
Design and numerical verification of plasmonic cross antennas to generate localized circularly polarized light for all‐optical magnetic recording
Authors: Ohnuki Shinichiro , Kato Tsukasa , Takano Yuta , Ashizawa Yoshito , Nakagawa Katsuji 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAll‐optical magnetic recording with localized circularly polarized light is studied for realizing ultrafast and high‐density magnetic recording. We design plasmonic cross antennas with bit‐patterned media and evaluate the Stokes parameters. Using our proposed method, the magnetic recording speed is about 100,000 times faster than that for conventional methods and the recording density becomes over 2 T bit/inch2.
Bioleaching of Minerals by Acidophile Microorganisms
Authors: Parada Pilar , Bobadilla‐Fazzini Roberto 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this article, we review the state of the art in the field of bioleaching applications for sulfide minerals, including beneficiation of copper, nickel, zinc, cobalt, uranium, and pyrite bearing gold and silver. A special emphasis is given to the specific acidophile microorganisms participating in the process, with insights into their particular physiology and also into the industrial applications being reported to date, such as dump and heap bioleaching, and stirred‐tank bioleaching. Some challenges are presented, such as declining mineral ore grade, proper control of operational parameters, adequate microbial supply, water and energy management, and effective integration of multidisciplinary teams to understand and solve complex technical problems.
Fabrication and Analysis of Hydroxypropylmethyl Cellulose and Pectin‐Based Controlled Release Matrix Tablets Loaded with Loxoprofen Sodium
Authors: Zaman Muhammad , Rasool Shahid , Ali Muhammad Yasir , Qureshi Junaid , Adnan Sherjeel , Hanif Muhammad , Sarfraz Rai Muhammad , Ijaz Hira , Mahmood Asif 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe basic purpose of the current study was to formulate controlled release matrix tablets loaded with loxoprofen sodium using pectin and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC). The effect of these polymers on the release pattern of drug from the formulated matrix system was evaluated. Different concentrations of these polymers alone as well as polymeric blends were used in tablets formulation using wet granulation technique. The differential scanning calorimetric technique was used to detect the chemical interactions between ingredients. Precompression studies were done to assess fineness and flow properties of the granules. Hardness, friability, weight variations, and percentage drug contents were calculated for the evaluation of compressed tablets. F9 formulated in the combination of HPMC and pectin in the ratio of 30:10 showed better retardation during dissolution studies. Upon application of statistical models, the diffusion process was found to be dominant for drug release following the Higuchi model. HPMC and pectin were found suitable for the formulation of controlled release matrix tablets.
Total Synthesis of Ramonanins A–D
Authors: Harvey Ross S. , Mackay Emily G. , Roger Lukas , Paddon‐Row Michael N. , Sherburn Michael S. , Lawrence Andrew L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe first total synthesis of the ramonanin family of lignan natural products is described. The short synthesis involves a 2,5‐diaryl‐3,4‐dimethylene tetrahydrofuran intermediate, which participates in an unexpectedly facile Diels–Alder dimerization, generating all four natural products. Insights into the reactivity and stereoselectivity of the key dimerization are provided through computational studies employing B3LYP/6‐31G(d) and M06‐2X/6‐31G(d) model chemistries.
Cationic RAFT Polymerization Using ppm Concentrations of Organic Acid
Authors: Uchiyama Mineto , Satoh Kotaro , Kamigaito Masami 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA metal‐free, cationic, reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization was proposed and realized. A series of thiocarbonylthio compounds were used in the presence of a small amount of triflic acid for isobutyl vinyl ether to give polymers with controlled molecular weight of up to 1×105 and narrow molecular‐weight distributions (Mw/Mn<1.1). This “living” or controlled cationic polymerization is applicable to various electron‐rich monomers including vinyl ethers, p‐methoxystyrene, and even p‐hydroxystyrene that possesses an unprotected phenol group. A transformation from cationic to radical RAFT polymerization enables the synthesis of block copolymers between cationically and radically polymerizable monomers, such as vinyl ether and vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate.
Cystobactamids: Myxobacterial Topoisomerase Inhibitors Exhibiting Potent Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Baumann Sascha , Herrmann Jennifer , Raju Ritesh , Steinmetz Heinrich , Mohr Kathrin I. , Hüttel Stephan , Harmrolfs Kirsten , Stadler Marc , Müller Rolf 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe development of new antibiotics faces a severe crisis inter alia owing to a lack of innovative chemical scaffolds with activities against Gram‐negative and multiresistant pathogens. Herein, we report highly potent novel antibacterial compounds, the myxobacteria‐derived cystobactamids 1–3, which were isolated from Cystobacter sp. and show minimum inhibitory concentrations in the low μg mL−1 range. We describe the isolation and structure elucidation of three congeners as well as the identification and annotation of their biosynthetic gene cluster. By studying the self‐resistance mechanism in the natural producer organism, the molecular targets were identified as bacterial type IIa topoisomerases. As quinolones are largely exhausted as a template for new type II topoisomerase inhibitors, the cystobactamids offer exciting alternatives to generate novel antibiotics using medicinal chemistry and biosynthetic engineering.
The Dynamics of Satisfaction with Working Hours in Australia: The Usefulness of Panel Data in Evaluating the Case for Policy Intervention
Authors: Breunig Robert , Gong Xiaodong , Leslie Gordon 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe case for policy intervention in social or economic problems should be based on incidence, severity and persistence of the problem. In this article, we show the usefulness of panel data in this regard by comparing preferred working hours to actual working hours, and examining the degree of mismatch between the two. Some individuals report working more hours than they would prefer, whereas others prefer working less. We examine the prevalence, severity and persistence of both types of problems. The case for policy intervention is weak as most working hour mismatch problems are resolved in a short time period.
Comparative Genomic Profiling of Synovium Versus Skin Lesions in Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Belasco Jennifer , Louie James S. , Gulati Nicholas , Wei Nathan , Nograles Kristine , Fuentes‐Duculan Judilyn , Mitsui Hiroshi , Suárez‐Fariñas Mayte , Krueger James G. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveTo our knowledge, there is no broad genomic analysis comparing skin and synovium in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Also, there is little understanding of the relative levels of cytokines and chemokines in skin and synovium. The purpose of this study was to better define inflammatory pathways in paired lesional skin and affected synovial tissue in patients with PsA.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive analysis of cytokine and chemokine activation and genes representative of the inflammatory processes in PsA. Paired PsA synovial tissue and skin samples were obtained from 12 patients on the same day. Gene expression studies were performed using Affymetrix HGU133 Plus 2.0 arrays. Confirmatory quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on selected transcripts. Cell populations were assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.ResultsGlobally, gene expression in PsA synovium was more closely related to gene expression in PsA skin than to gene expression in synovium in other forms of arthritis. However, PsA gene expression patterns in skin and synovium were clearly distinct, showing a stronger interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) gene signature in skin than in synovium and more equivalent tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon‐γ gene signatures in both tissues. These results were confirmed with real‐time PCR.ConclusionThis is the first comprehensive molecular comparison of paired lesional skin and affected synovial tissue samples in PsA. Our results support clinical trial data showing that PsA skin and joint disease are similarly responsive to TNF antagonists, while IL‐17 antagonists have better results in PsA skin than in PsA joints. Genes selectively expressed in PsA synovium might direct future therapies for PsA.
Diagnostic Utility of Candidate Definitions for Demonstrating Axial Spondyloarthritis on Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Spine
Authors: Weber Ulrich , Zhao Zheng , Rufibach Kaspar , Zubler Veronika , Lambert Robert G. W. , Chan Stanley M. , Østergaard Mikkel , Pedersen Susanne J. , Maksymowych Walter P. 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveA recent consensus statement has suggested ≥3 corner inflammatory lesions (CILs) or several corner fatty lesions (CFLs) as candidate criteria indicative of axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of these cutoffs in nonradiographic axial SpA and ankylosing spondylitis (AS).MethodsOne hundred thirty consecutive patients with back pain who were ≤50 years of age and newly referred to 2 university clinics (cohorts A and B) were classified according to rheumatologist expert opinion based on results of clinical examination and pelvic radiography as having nonradiographic axial SpA (n = 50), AS (n = 33), or nonspecific back pain (n = 47). Cohort A also included 20 age‐matched healthy controls. Four blinded readers assessed MRIs of the spine using the standardized Canada–Denmark module. Readers recorded CILs and CFLs in 23 discovertebral units. We tested the diagnostic utility (mean sensitivity and specificity over 4 readers) of the cutoff for the number of lesions on spinal MRI as proposed in the literature (≥2 or ≥3 CILs and ≥6 CFLs), and we tested for possible thresholds (from ≥1 CIL or CFL to ≥10 CILs or CFLs) for nonradiographic axial SpA and AS patients in both cohorts.ResultsNone of the spinal thresholds (≥2 or ≥3 CILs and ≥6 CFLs) showed clinically relevant diagnostic utility (positive likelihood ratio [LR] range 1.38–2.36) when comparing patients with nonradiographic axial SpA to patients with nonspecific back pain. A threshold of ≥6 CILs had moderate to substantial diagnostic utility (positive LR 13.26 and 6.74 in cohorts A and B, respectively) in nonradiographic axial SpA, while ≥4 CILs showed small diagnostic utility (positive LR 3.83 and 2.72 in cohorts A and B, respectively) but specificities of >0.90.ConclusionNone of the previously proposed candidate criteria for a positive spinal MRI finding of axial SpA showed clinically relevant diagnostic utility in nonradiographic axial SpA. These results question the value of proposed definitions for a positive finding of SpA based on MRI of the spine alone.
Stirring rate regulates the proliferation and metabolism of microencapsulated recombinant CHO cells
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhang Ying , Li Na , Chen Li , Zhang Demeng , Sun Dongsheng , Li Shen , Guo Xin , Ma Xiaojun 
Published: December 2014

AbstractStirred tank bioreactors are the most widely used method for the large‐scale culture of mammalian cells. However, the scale of stirred tank bioreactors is limited by insufficient oxygen/nutrient mixing and the accumulation of waste products in high cell density cultures. The most effective method to solve these problems is to increase the stirring rate; this usually leads to increased cell proliferation, but can decrease the utilization of nutrients for recombinant protein synthesis. To investigate the effects of stirring rate on the proliferation, metabolism, and recombinant protein yield of microencapsulated recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells, the cells were cultured under different stirring rates, and cell viability, metabolic activity, and protein yield were measured. Microencapsulation promoted Desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activator expression, and higher stirring rates promoted increases in microencapsulated cell density and metabolic activity. However, the maximum yield of recombinant protein was obtained at a moderate stirring rate, whereas protein yield was decreased at the highest tested stirring rate. The stirring rate had a significant impact on the growth and protein expression of microencapsulated rCHO cells, and a specific stirring rate was identified to maximize the yield of recombinant protein.
siRNA targeting TCTP suppresses osteosarcoma cell growth and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Shen Jian‐Hui , Qu Cheng‐Bo , Chu Hai‐Kun , Cui Ming‐Yu , Wang Yu‐Lan , Sun Yuan‐Xin , Song Yin‐Dong , Li Gang , Shi Feng‐Jun 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOsteosarcoma (OS) remains the most frequent primary malignant bone tumor in adolescents. However, the molecular cause of the disease is poorly elucidated. In the present study, we primarily found that translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) was overexpressed in human OS tissues and cell lines. To investigate the function of TCTP in OS cell growth, an RNA interference lentivirus system was employed to deplete TCTP expression in Saos‐2 and U2OS cell lines. Specific knockdown of TCTP significantly impaired cell proliferation and colony‐formation capacity in both OS cell lines. Moreover, depletion of TCTP caused a significant accumulation of OS cells in the S phase and eventually induced cell apoptosis. Expression levels of the G2/M phase regulators cyclin B1 and Cdc25A were decreased, and apoptotic markers Bad and caspase‐3 were increased in both OS cell lines after depletion of TCTP. Furthermore, depletion of TCTP potently inhibited the growth of xenografts in nude mice. Our results indicate that inhibition of TCTP expression exerts potential antitumor activity and may be a novel therapeutic approach in human OS.