bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Types of control systems in tourism
Authors: Тхагапсов Ахмед , Tkhagapsov Akhmed 
Published: December 2014

The tourism effective management system creating is one of the most urgent tourism development problems. The tourism sphere scientific study as well as the factors affecting on its operation and development management is an important part of the condition and quality of social life study. In connection with the tourism development in different regions of the world, including in Russia, the interest in finding effectively management ways is increasing, at the one hand, from the tourist organizations management, and at the other hand, from the public authorities. It allows us to identify and to avoid the tourist infrastructure lacks, to increase the tourist regions fame and recognition, to put in order the tourist market. One of the most important functions in tourist management is tourist region marketing. The article describes the features of control systems in tourism. Moreover, it describes the importance of tourism and its positioning, effective management methods. State tourism management faces with the challenge of evaluating the effectiveness of this activity. The federal and regional programs set the economic indicators expected results. The social indicators tourism developing problem requires the science basis and practice technology implementation. In this article it is proved the growing role of management system as a tourism developing and functioning factor, as well as the managing system as a mechanism of management effectiveness providing. The article contents the functions analysis, which are performed by subjects of external management (public authorities), as well as by subjects of internal management (professional management and self-management at the producer level tourist services), and self-management customers. Based on communications systems and management decision-making, in the article are underlined three types of control systems in tourism: centralized, partially decentralized, decentralized.
Also it is proved the partly- decentralized management system has to be the most acceptable for the modern Russian tourism.
Perceptions of Virginia's Primary Forest Products Manufacturers regarding Forest Certification
Authors: Bond Brian , Lyon Scott , Munsell John , Barrett Scott , Gagnon Jennifer 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Some forest products companies have enrolled in forest certification and chain-of-custody certification programs due to a perceived increase in demand for certified products. The results of studies on certification conflict in regard to whether certification provides a competitive advantage and enhances market access. There is a lack of information regarding forest industry perceptions of forest certification, including potential barriers and challenges. To address these shortcomings, a survey was mailed to forest products manufacturers in Virginia to study their opinions about forest certification. The majority of respondents believed there were few benefits to certification programs; in particular, a majority perceived limited to no benefit with regard to market share, exports, future demand, and gaining a competitive edge. A similar number also reported that they associate little to no environmental benefits or improvements to company image associated with certification. The top barriers to certification identified by forest products manufacturers were that certification systems do not add value to their products and there is a lack of certified raw material.
The top challenges that certification faces in regard to acceptance by manufacturers included limited to no perceived financial benefit and lack of market demand. The barriers and challenges identified will likely have to be overcome to increase the number of firms enrolling in certification programs.
DNA/RNA Preparation for Molecular Detection
Authors: Thatcher Stephanie A 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDEffective upstream preparation of nucleic acid (NA) is important for molecular techniques that detect unique DNA or RNA sequences. The isolated NA should be extracted efficiently and purified away from inhibitors of a downstream molecular assay.CONTENTMany NA sample preparation techniques and commercial kits are available. Techniques for cell lysis and isolation or purification of NA were discovered in early NA characterization studies, evolved in the 20th century with molecular techniques, and still serve as the foundation for current methods. Advances in solid phase extraction methods with nonhazardous chemicals and automated systems have changed the way NA is prepared. Factors to consider when selecting NA preparation methods for molecular detection include lysis (from sources as diverse as human cells, viruses, bacterial spores, or protozoan oocysts), DNA vs RNA, sample background, appropriate preparation chemicals, and required detection limits. Methods are also selected on the basis of requirements for a particular application, such as sample volume or removal of inhibitors. Sometimes tradeoffs are made.SUMMARYGood automated and manual methods are available to effectively prepare NA for molecular detection in under an hour. Numerous systems are available for various applications, including techniques that are flexible for multiple sample types, are capable of processing large batches, can be performed in &lt;10 min, or that can yield high-purity NA. When methods are selected using the most applicable combination of lysis isolation efficiency and concentration, NA preparation can be very effective, even for molecular detection of multiple targets from the same sample.
Erweiterung eines modellbasierten Regelungskonzepts für Biomassefeuerungsanlagen
Authors: Seeber Richard , Gölles Markus , Brunner Thomas , Dourdoumas Nicolaos , Obernberger Ingwald 
Published: December 2014

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag stellt die Weiterentwicklung eines erprobten,
modellbasierten Regelungskonzepts für eine Biomassefeuerungsanlage dar.
Das zur Zustandsschätzung eingesetzte Erweiterte Kalman-Filter wird um
Formfilter und Sensormodelle ergänzt, um unter anderem die Auswirkungen
von Schwankungen des Brennstoffabbaus zu berücksichtigen. Das verwendete
Regelgesetz zur exakten Linearisierung wird dahingehend
modifiziert, dass vom Kalman-Filter geschätzte Störgrößen verwendet
werden. Abschließend werden die Modifikationen im Rahmen von Versuchen
an einer realen Anlage verifiziert.
Entkopplungsbasierte Synchronisierung heterogener linearer Multi-Agenten-Systeme
Authors: Khodaverdian Saman , Adamy Jürgen 
Published: December 2014

Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Synchronisierung heterogener linearer Systeme. Es wird eine dezentrale
Regelungsstrategie vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe die Ausgangsdynamik der nicht identischen Systeme homogenisiert
und gezielt vorgegeben wird.
Anschließend lassen sich bekannte Resultate für die Synchronisierung homogener Systeme anwenden. Hierauf aufbauend
wird noch eine Erweiterung präsentiert, die die exakte Vorgabe einer Wunschtrajektorie als Synchronisierungstrajektorie erlaubt.
Additive manufacturing of cell-loaded alginate enriched with alkaline phosphatase for bone tissue engineering application
Authors: Detsch Rainer , Sarker Bapi , Zehnder Tobias , Boccaccini Aldo R. , Douglas Timothy E.L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractHydrogels are gaining interest as scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration due to ease of incorporation of cells and biological molecules such as enzymes. Mineralization of hydrogels, desirable for bone tissue regeneration applications, may be achieved enzymatically by incorporation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Additive manufacturing techniques such as bioplotting enable the layer-by-layer creation of three-dimensional hydrogel scaffolds with highly defined geometry and internal architecture. In this study, we present a novel method to produce macroporous hydrogel scaffolds in combination with cell-loaded capsule-containing struts by 3D bioplotting. This approach enables loading of the capsules and strut phases with different cells and/or bioactive substances and hence makes compartmentalization within a scaffold possible. 3D porous alginate scaffolds enriched with ALP and MG-63 osteoblast-like cells were produced by bioplotting struts of alginate which were loaded with pre-fabricated alginate capsules. Two combinations were compared, namely ALP in the struts and cells in the capsules and vice-versa. Both combinations were cytocompatible for cells and mineralization of scaffolds could be detected in both cases, according to an OsteoImage staining. ALP had no adverse effect on cytocompatibility and enhanced mitochondrial activity.
Sex-selective Abortion Bans are Not Associated with Changes in Sex Ratios at Birth among Asian Populations in Illinois and Pennsylvania
Authors: Nandi Arindam , Kalantry Sital , Citro Brian 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Legal prohibitions on sex-selective abortions are proliferating in the United States. Eight state legislatures have banned abortions sought on the basis of the sex of the fetus, 21 states have considered such laws since 2009, and a similar bill is pending in U.S. Congress. These laws have been introduced and enacted without any empirical data about their impact or effectiveness. Prior studies of U.S. Census data found sex ratios among foreign-born Chinese, Korean and Indian immigrants were skewed in favor of boys, but only in families where there were already one or two girls. Using the variation in the timing of bans in Illinois and Pennsylvania as natural experiments, we compare the pre-ban and post-ban sex ratios of certain Asian newborn children in these states over 12-year periods. We then compare these ratios with the sex ratios of Asian newborn children in neighboring states during the same period. We find that the bans in Illinois and Pennsylvania are not associated with any changes in sex ratios at birth among Asians. In Illinois and its neighboring states, the sex ratio at birth of Asian children was not male-biased during our study period. On the other hand, the sex ratio at birth among Asians in Pennsylvania and its neighboring states was skewed slightly in favor of boys, but the enactment of the ban did not normalize the sex ratio. This strongly suggests that sex-selective abortion bans have had no impact on the practice of sex selection, to the extent that it occurs, in these states. This finding is highly relevant to legislative and policy debates in the U.S. Congress and state legislatures where sex-selective abortion laws are being considered.
Planning and Executing Scenario Based Simulation Exercises: Methodological Lessons
Authors: Van Niekerk Dewald , Coetzee Christo , Botha Doret , Murphree Michael John , Fourie Kristel , Le Roux Tanya , Wentink Gideon , Kruger Leandri , Shoroma Lesego , Genade Kylah , Meyer Suna , Annandale E. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe South African disaster management legislation advocates the importance of implementing pro-active disaster risk reduction strategies that will ensure a safe and sustainable society. One key strategic activity identified is the use of simulation exercises to improve overall societal readiness and inter-agency coordination in case of major incidents or disasters. However, very little is currently understood or planned especially at South African local government level, on what simulation exercises entail and the methodology behind their implementation. This paper aims at conveying some crucial methodological inputs that disaster risk managers or emergency response agencies should consider when planning, designing and implementing simulation exercises by analysing a hazardous chemical spillage simulation in the Tlokwe Local Municipality, North-West Province, South Africa. The research found that in the South African context attention needs to be paid to methodological issues such as scenario development, role-player selection, fidelity during simulation delivery, data collection and participant (de)briefing.
Gastroschisis: incidence and prediction of growth restriction
Authors: Mirza Fadi G. , Bauer Samuel T. , Van der Veer Anne , Simpson Lynn L. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractFetuses with gastroschisis are at increased risk of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). However, there is a tendency for underestimation of fetal abdominal circumference and hence fetal weight, leading to overdiagnosis of IUGR. Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasound for the prediction of being small for gestational age (SGA) at birth in these cases.A retrospective study of prenatally diagnosed cases of gastroschisis was conducted at a tertiary center. Fetal weight was estimated using the formula of Hadlock. IUGR was defined as an estimated fetal weight ≤10th percentile for gestational age. SGA at the time of birth was defined as a birth weight ≤10th percentile for gestational age. The incidence of IUGR on last ultrasound and that of SGA at birth were calculated, and the precision of ultrasound in predicting SGA was determined.IUGR was reported on the last ultrasound prior to delivery in 9/25 cases (36%). Postnatally, 13/25 newborns (52%) were SGA. All sonographically suspected cases of IUGR based on the last ultrasound were SGA at birth. The positive predictive value of the last ultrasound in identifying SGA was 100%.At least half of the infants affected by gastroschisis were SGA at birth. Sonographic estimation of fetal weight within 1 month of birth reliably predicted SGA in infants with gastroschisis.
Dignity, Descent, and the Rights to Family Life
Authors: Barshack Lior 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The Article brings together anthropological and legal approaches to the concept of descent. Since Henry Maine, legal theorists have been interested in descent as a link between the generations that assembles the generations into a corporate body, a single collective personality. The Article proposes a view of intergenerational corporate continuity and defends an interpretation of the rights to family life – the rights to marriage and parenthood – as constitutional safeguards of the institution of descent. It argues that descent is the foundation of human dignity, and that the rights to family life should therefore be considered key constituents of human dignity. This notion of dignity is pre-modern but, as a number of authors have argued, our idea of dignity remains partly continuous with pre-modern notions. Our ideas about human dignity conflate in fact two diametrically opposed bases of dignity: the distinctly human capacity for intergenerational continuity and the contrary capacity to break free of the past. The rights to parenthood and marriage are rooted primarily in the notion of dignity-as-descent and not, as several authors have argued, in the inherent value of the intimacy that exists between family members. The Article comments briefly on the current round in the perennial debate on the foundation of kinship between the respective advocates of culture and biology.
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and crystal structures of diorganotin (IV) complexes of 2-N-propyl and 2-N-benzyl-amino-1-cyclopentene-1-carbodithioates
Authors: López-Cardoso Marcela , Rodríguez-Narváez Cristina , Vargas-Pineda Gabriela , Román-Bravo Perla Patricia , Ariza-Roldán Alan , García Patricia García y , Cea-Olivares Raymundo 
Published: December 2014

AbstractSix new diorganotin (IV) complexes, [Ph
Die Aufzeichnung des Nicht-Sagbaren. Annäherung an die kommunikative Funktion der Bilder in den Fechtbüchern des Hans Talhofer
Authors: Burkart Eric 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the communication strategies of medieval fightbooks and the purpose of integrated depictions of their authors and addressees. The point of departure is a series of three articles written by Jan-Dirk Müller between 1992 and 1994, in which he analyses the relationship between mnemonic verses, glosses and didactic images in the tradition of the fencing master Johannes Liechtenauer. On the basis of a case study on the five surviving 15th century manuscripts ascribed to Hans Talhofer, who also stands in the tradition of Liechtenauer, the description of his personal martial art by the use of didactic images is examined.
Loss of TLR3 aggravates CHIKV replication and pathology due to an altered virus‐specific neutralizing antibody response
Authors: Her Zhisheng , Teng Terk‐Shin , Tan Jeslin JL , Teo Teck‐Hui , Kam Yiu‐Wing , Lum Fok‐Moon , Lee Wendy WL , Gabriel Christelle , Melchiotti Rossella , Andiappan Anand K , Lulla Valeria , Lulla Aleksei , Win Mar K , Chow Angela , Biswas Subhra K , Leo Yee‐Sin , Lecuit Marc , Merits Andres , Rénia Laurent , Ng Lisa FP 
Published: December 2014

AbstractRNA‐sensing toll‐like receptors (TLRs) mediate innate immunity and regulate anti‐viral response. We show here that TLR3 regulates host immunity and the loss of TLR3 aggravates pathology in Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. Susceptibility to CHIKV infection is markedly increased in human and mouse fibroblasts with defective TLR3 signaling. Up to 100‐fold increase in CHIKV load was observed in Tlr3−/− mice, alongside increased virus dissemination and pro‐inflammatory myeloid cells infiltration. Infection in bone marrow chimeric mice showed that TLR3‐expressing hematopoietic cells are required for effective CHIKV clearance. CHIKV‐specific antibodies from Tlr3−/− mice exhibited significantly lower in vitro neutralization capacity, due to altered virus‐neutralizing epitope specificity. Finally, SNP genotyping analysis of CHIKF patients on TLR3 identified SNP rs6552950 to be associated with disease severity and CHIKV‐specific neutralizing antibody response. These results demonstrate a key role for TLR3‐mediated antibody response to CHIKV infection, virus replication and pathology, providing a basis for future development of immunotherapeutics in vaccine development.
Shift of the TSH reference range with improved iodine supply in Northeast Germany
Authors: Ittermann Till , Khattak Rehman M , Nauck Matthias , Cordova Caio M M , Völzke Henry 
Published: December 2014

ObjectiveGermany was iodine deficient until the mid-1990s when a nationwide iodine fortification program became effective. It is expected that after a longer period of sufficient iodine supply, median TSH values in the general population will shift to the right. Hence, the previous TSH reference range does not reflect the current TSH distribution in the general population of Germany. Thus, we aimed to establish a new reference range for serum TSH levels.Design and methodsWe used data from the Study of Health in Pomerania TREND, a population-based study including 4420 individuals. The reference population consisted of 1596 individuals without diagnosed thyroid diseases or thyroid-related findings in ultrasound and serum analysis. Serum TSH levels were measured by an immunochemiluminescent procedure on a Siemens Dimension Vista.ResultsThe overall reference range for TSH was 0.49 mIU/l (95% CI=0.44; 0.53)–3.29 mIU/l (95% CI=3.08; 3.50). The lower reference limit differed significantly by sex, whereas the upper reference limit showed no significant difference between males and females. Age was significantly associated with the 2.5th TSH percentile in males but not in females, whereas age was significantly associated in males and females for the 97.5th TSH percentile.ConclusionsWe demonstrate a shift toward the right of the TSH reference range in comparison with data from the same study region 10 years earlier, which is likely due to the improved iodine supply of the study region. Our study indicates that TSH reference limits are dependent on past and current iodine supply of populations.
Identical Substitutions in Magnesium Chelatase Paralogs Result in Chlorophyll-Deficient Soybean Mutants
Authors: Campbell Benjamin W , Mani Dhananjay , Curtin Shaun J , Slattery Rebecca A , Michno Jean-Michel , Ort Donald R , Schaus Philip J , Palmer Reid G , Orf James H , Stupar Robert M 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] chlorophyll-deficient line MinnGold is a spontaneous mutant characterized by yellow foliage. Map-based cloning and transgenic complementation revealed that the mutant phenotype is caused by a nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution in the third exon of a Mg-chelatase subunit gene (ChlI1a) on chromosome 13. This gene was selected as a candidate for a different yellow foliage mutant, T219H (Y11y11), that had been previously mapped to chromosome 13. Although the phenotypes of MinnGold and T219H are clearly distinct, sequencing of ChlI1a in T219H identified a different nonsynonymous mutation in the third exon, only six base pairs from the MinnGold mutation. This information, along with previously published allelic tests, were used to identify and clone a third yellow foliage mutation, CD-5, which was previously mapped to chromosome 15. This mutation was identified in the ChlI1b gene, a paralog of ChlI1a. Sequencing of the ChlI1b allele in CD-5 identified a nonsynonymous substitution in the third exon that confers an identical amino acid change as the T219H substitution at ChlI1a. Protein sequence alignments of the two Mg-chelatase subunits indicated that the sites of amino acid modification in MinnGold, T219H, and CD-5 are highly conserved among photosynthetic species. These results suggest that amino acid alterations in this critical domain may create competitive inhibitory interactions between the mutant and wild-type ChlI1a and ChlI1b proteins.
Cesarean Section and Chronic Immune Disorders
Authors: Sevelsted Astrid , Stokholm Jakob , Bønnelykke Klaus , Bisgaard Hans 
Published: December 2014

OBJECTIVES:
Immune diseases such as asthma, allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, and type 1 diabetes have shown a parallel increase in prevalence during recent decades in westernized countries. The rate of cesarean delivery has also increased in this period and has been associated with the development of some of these diseases.

METHODS:
Mature children born by cesarean delivery were analyzed for risk of hospital contact for chronic immune diseases recorded in the Danish national registries in the 35-year period 1977–2012. Two million term children participated in the primary analysis. We studied childhood diseases with a suspected relation to a deviant immune-maturation and a debut at young age. The effect of cesarean delivery on childhood disease incidences were estimated by means of confounder-adjusted incidence rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals obtained in Poisson regression analyses.

RESULTS:
Children delivered by cesarean delivery had significantly increased risk of asthma, systemic connective tissue disorders, juvenile arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, immune deficiencies, and leukemia. No associations were found between cesarean delivery and type 1 diabetes, psoriasis, or celiac disease.

CONCLUSIONS:
Cesarean delivery exemplifies a shared environmental risk factor in early life associating with several chronic immune diseases. Understanding commonalities in the underlying mechanisms behind chronic diseases may give novel insight into their origin and allow prevention.