bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative Specimens—Sweat
Authors: de la Torre Fornell Rafael , Pichini Simona 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDrugs are incorporated into sweat by passive diffusion and transdermal migration. The proof of principle of drug testing in sweat has been developed in the past 25 years. Numerous devices and approaches have been developed for the collection of sweat. The potential application of sweat analysis for on‐site drug testing at the roadside is limited by the nonavailability of adequate analytical devices. Their major limitation is the lack of sensitivity to some drug classes, an aspect that has been improving over the years. Adequate analytical methodology has been developed for drug analysis both in sweat patches and skin swabs. Immunoassays directed at the detection of parent drugs combined with highly sensitive chromatographic coupled to mass spectrometry analytical methods is the most common analytical approach. In particular, the sweat patch drug testing approach has been proven to be an alternative to urine testing in substance abuse treatment and probation programs. Some of the advantages include a wider detection window, easier sample collection, and reduced opportunities for sample tampering. There are still some pending studies on environmental skin contamination, drug absorption/loss through patch membrane, and drug reabsorption from patches that limit the routine application of drug testing in sweat to some extent.
Facial Comparison
Authors: Ruifrok Arnout 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn general, people are thought to be reasonably good at recognizing faces. However, it is difficult to match images of unfamiliar faces: the process of facial comparison. Facial comparison is a wide‐ranging forensic technique: it involves disciplines such as image analysis, anatomy, anthropology, photogrammetry, 3D technology, statistics, and cognitive psychology (human as a measuring instrument). Many steps in the comparison process are still mediocre, poorly or not supported by scientific data. The issues “quantification of image quality,” “human as a measuring instrument,” and “individualizing value of features” will be discussed in the context of man and machine's functioning as a measuring instrument. Research on humans as a measuring instrument in facial comparison is limited; most of the research concerns “recognition” or “rapid” comparison. Performance of current automated biometric systems is still too low to be of use for forensic purposes, although biometric systems may be useful for automated investigation of standardized image databases. The evidential value of surveillance material is severely limited by the quality of most surveillance material.
Geographical Identification by Viral Genotyping
Authors: Ikegaya Hiroshi , Saukko Pekka J. , Katsumata Yoshinao , Takatori Takehiko 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIllegal immigration and human trafficking in its various forms, including sale of both children and adults into forced labor, prostitution, or the buying or selling of human organs, are growing problems worldwide. These frequently result in fatalities in which the identity of the victim is often unknown and the individual can never be identified by the use of traditional forensic methods due to lack of antemortem data. A relatively recent survey among European Union (EU) countries, to which only eight countries responded, showed that of the total of 3035 unidentified human remains during the 5‐year period between 1994 and 1998, altogether 807 cadavers remained unidentified, suggesting that this is a growing problem that may have been underestimated by the authorities. Therefore, the forensic community has been looking for new indicators that might help in the identifying process.
DNA: An Overview
Authors: Graham Eleanor Alison May 
Published: September 2014

AbstractForensic DNA profiling has gone through several transformations since its initial conception to become the flexible and powerful technique that is used worldwide. By exonerating the innocent, implicating the guilty, identifying the deceased, and resolving paternity disputes, DNA profiling has forced its way to the forefront of public consciousness to become an almost ubiquitous part of criminal and civil investigations where the identity of key players is of importance. This article charts the history of DNA profiling, from the “Eureka” moment of Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys to contemporary technologies before introducing the key laboratory techniques required processing of biological samples from DNA extraction to profile production and interpretation.
Actinides: Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Behrle Andrew C. , Walensky Justin R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAn actinide organometallic complex is one containing an actinide‐carbon σ‐bond, an actinide‐carbon π‐bond, or a combination of both. Actinide organometallic complexes are known for the actinide (An) elements from thorium through californium; the vast majority of the reports on organoactinide compounds, however, deal with thorium and uranium. The latter elements have isotopes, for example, thorium‐232 (t1/2 = 1.41 × 1010 years) and uranium‐238 (t1/2 = 4.468 × 109 years), with extremely long half‐lives. Modern organoactinide chemistry is characterized by the existence not only of actinide analogs to many classes of d‐transition metal complexes but also of increasingly common reports of compounds and types of reactions unique to the actinide series.
Photosynthesis
Authors: McIntosh Chelsea L. , Blankenship Robert E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPhotosynthesis is a biological process in which light energy is captured and stored as chemical energy by organisms such as plants, algae and certain bacteria. The stored energy is then used to power cellular processes. Most organisms that perform photosynthesis utilize chlorophylls or bacteriochlorophylls, in conjunction with other pigments such as carotenoids, pheophytins, and bilins. The emphasis in this article will be on the aspects of photosynthesis that relate most directly to the subject of bioinorganic chemistry. The aspects presented include excited states, photochemical reactions, the role of metal ions in photosynthesis, the structures of pigments, electron transfer pathways, reduction potentials of components, chromophore absorption and fluorescence spectra, energetics, and kinetics. Recent crystal structures of photosystems I and II, the important enzymes cytochrome bc1 and cytochrome b6f, and antenna complexes, supercomplexes, and recent megacomplexes are presented and discussed.
Cadmium: Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Borsari Marco 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

The coordinative behavior of cadmium(II) is typical of a soft acid. Evidence of this fact is its strong interactions with S
2
−
and HS
−
groups leading to the formation of highly stable complexes. Interactions with ligands containing oxygen‐donor groups are also well known. The chemistry of Cd
II
shows versatile coordination abilities, giving structures ranging from simple complexes to 1D, 2D, and 3D polymeric architectures. These polymers exhibit interesting physical properties. Cd
II
is able to substitute Zn
II
in the active site of several Zn‐enzymes and to interfere with the metabolism of Ca
II
. This is why a strong interest has been devoted in the past decade to the coordination chemistry of cadmium. The coordinative behavior of the cadmium(II) ion resembles that of mercury(II) and, in a lesser extent, of zinc(II). The main coordination numbers observed for Cd
II
are 4, 5, and 6. Owing to the larger size, Cd
II
assumes coordination number 6 more easily than Zn
II
. In CdMe
2
and dihalides in gas phase, Cd
II
only binds to two ligands, but in solid and solution phase, the coordination number is higher than 2. Coordination number 3 characterizes CdX
3
−
(X = halide) in organic media; however, in aqueous solution, CdBr
3
−
is pyramidal owing to the binding of one or more water molecules. Coordination numbers higher than 3 are observed in solid MCdX
3
. In aqueous solution, CdX
4
2
−
anions are tetracoordinated. Most CdX
2
L
2
complexes show a coordination number higher than 4, but a distorted tetrahedral geometry is found in CdX
2
L
2
when L is a P‐ or S‐donor. Cd
2+
is found to be five coordinated in CdCl
5
3
−
. A very large number of Cd compounds are six coordinated, for example, [Cd(H
2
O)
6
]
2+
, [Cd(acac)
2
], and [Cd(acac)
3
]
−
(acac = acetylacetonate) have a CdO
6
core. Six‐coordinated CdN
6
ions are formed with mono‐ and bidentate ligands such as imidazole or ethane‐1,2‐diamine. In the solid state, CdX
2
compounds are six coordinated. Halide adducts of the type CdX
4
L
2
are common; halogen bridging leads to an approximately octahedral Cd
II
for Cl
−
and Br
−
, but I
−
gives either four and five‐coordinated Cd
II
. A few seven‐coordinated compounds are known: in the solid state, each Cd
II
ion in [Cd(H
2
O)(CH
3
OC
6
H
4
COO)
2
]

n

is seven coordinated in a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. Eight coordination is rare. CdF
2
contains a CdF
8
core in a fluorite structure. In Cd(NO)
3
·4H
2
O, the four water molecules are square planar and bidentate NO
3
−
anions lie above and below this plane.
Structured Interviews of Experienced HUMINT Interrogators
Authors: Russano Melissa B. , Narchet Fadia M. , Kleinman Steven M. , Meissner Christian A. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe task force that led to the creation of the High‐Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG) recommended that the HIG fund a program of research aimed at establishing scientifically supported interrogative best practices. One of the ways to identify ‘best practices’ is to rely on direct reporting from subject‐matter experts. In this study, 42 highly experienced military and intelligence interrogators were interviewed about their interrogation‐related practices and beliefs, including such topics as training and selection, the role of rapport, perceptions regarding the techniques employed, lie detection, and the roles of interpreters and analysts. Interrogators indicated that excellent interpersonal skills on the part of an interrogator, an emphasis on rapport and relationship‐building techniques, and the assistance of well‐prepared interpreters and analysts are key components of a successful interrogation. It is our hope that the results of this study will stimulate research, influence training models, and ultimately contribute toward an interrogative best‐practice model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐reported physical work exposures and incident carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Dale Ann Marie , Gardner Bethany T. , Zeringue Angelique , Strickland Jaime , Descatha Alexis , Franzblau Alfred , Evanoff Bradley A. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundTo prospectively evaluate associations between self‐reported physical work exposures and incident carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).MethodsNewly employed workers (n = 1,107) underwent repeated nerve conduction studies (NCS), and periodic surveys on hand symptoms and physical work exposures including average daily duration of wrist bending, forearm rotation, finger pinching, using vibrating tools, finger/thumb pressing, forceful gripping, and lifting >2 pounds. Multiple logistic regression models examined relationships between peak, most recent, and time‐weighted average exposures and incident CTS, adjusting for age, gender, and body mass index.Results710 subjects (64.1%) completed follow‐up NCS; 31 incident cases of CTS occurred over 3‐year follow‐up. All models describing lifting or forceful gripping exposures predicted future CTS. Vibrating tool use was predictive in some models.ConclusionsSelf‐reported exposures showed consistent risks across different exposure models in this prospective study. Workers' self‐reported job demands can provide useful information for targeting work interventions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1246–1254, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using linked federal and state data to study the adequacy of workers' compensation benefits
Authors: Seabury Seth A. , Scherer Ethan , O'Leary Paul , Ozonoff Al , Boden Leslie 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe combined federal and state administrative data to study the long‐term earnings losses associated with occupational injuries and assess the adequacy of workers' compensation benefits.MethodsWe linked state data on workers' compensation claims from New Mexico for claimants injured from 1994 to 2000 to federal earnings records from 1987 to 2007. We estimated earnings losses up to 10 years after injury and computed the fraction of losses replaced by benefits.ResultsWorkers with lost‐time injuries lost an average of 15% of their earnings over the 10 years after injury. On average, workers' compensation income benefits replaced 16% of these losses. Men and women had similar losses and replacement rates. Workers with minor injuries had lower losses but also had lower replacement rates.ConclusionEarnings losses after an injury are highly persistent, even for comparatively minor injuries. Income benefits replace a smaller fraction of those losses than previously believed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1165–1173, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Underreporting of musculoskeletal disorders in 10 regions in France in 2009
Authors: Rivière Stéphanie , Penven Emmanuelle , Cadéac‐Birman Hélène , Roquelaure Yves , Valenty Madeleine 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundUnderreporting of occupational diseases (OD) has been quantified, in particular in the United States, but little information is available in other countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate underreporting of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in France in 2009.MethodsWe calculated an indicator that approximated the underreporting rate of MSD in 10 regions of France. Two databases were used: data on OD compensated by insurance funding and data from the surveillance program for uncompensated work‐related diseases. Analyses were performed for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and elbow, shoulder, and lumbar spine MSD.ResultsThe underreporting rate was estimated at 59% (range 52–64%) for CTS, 73% (range 67–79%) for elbow MSD, 69% (range 63–74%) for shoulder MSD, and 63% (range 50–76%) for lumbar spine MSD.ConclusionsThis study revealed that MSD are substantially underreported in France, as in the United States, despite the differences in workers' compensation systems. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1174–1180, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application and implementation of the hazard risk matrix to identify hospital workplaces at risk for violence
Authors: Arnetz Judith E. , Hamblin Lydia , Ager Joel , Aranyos Deanna , Upfal Mark J. , Luborsky Mark , Russell Jim , Essenmacher Lynnette 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundA key barrier to preventing workplace violence injury is the lack of methodology for prioritizing the allocation of limited prevention resources. The hazard risk matrix was used to categorize the probability and severity of violence in hospitals to enable prioritization of units for safety intervention.MethodsProbability of violence was based on violence incidence rates; severity was based on lost time management claims for violence‐related injuries. Cells of the hazard risk matrix were populated with hospital units categorized as low, medium, or high probability and severity. Hospital stakeholders reviewed the matrix after categorization to address the possible confounding of underreporting.ResultsForty‐one hospital units were categorized as medium or high on both severity and probability and were prioritized for forthcoming interventions. Probability and severity were highest in psychiatric care units.ConclusionsThis risk analysis tool may be useful for hospital administrators in prioritizing units for violence injury prevention efforts. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1276–1284, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute symptoms associated with chemical exposures and safe work practices among hospital and campus cleaning workers: A pilot study
Authors: Lee Soo‐Jeong , Nam Bora , Harrison Robert , Hong OiSaeng 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundCleaning workers are regularly exposed to cleaning products containing hazardous chemicals. This study investigated acute symptoms associated with chemical exposures among cleaning workers and their safe work practices.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 183 cleaning workers employed in an academic medical center and affiliated health sciences campuses in Northern California. Data on respiratory, eye, skin, neurological, and gastrointestinal symptoms and occupational factors were collected by in‐person interviews or self‐administered questionnaires.ResultsChemical‐related symptoms (several times monthly or more often) were more common among workers who performed patient area cleaning (44%) than hospital custodians (36%) or campus custodians (28%). After controlling for age, sex, and job title, symptoms were associated with exposure to carpet cleaners (OR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.28–6.92), spray products (OR = 2.82, 95% CI 1.16–6.82), solvents (OR = 2.71, 95% CI 1.20–6.15), and multi‐purpose cleaners (OR = 2.58, 935% CI 1.13–6.92). Except for gloves, regular use of personal protective equipment was infrequent.ConclusionsStudy findings suggest a need for additional interventions such as use of less toxic products to reduce health risks among cleaning workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1216–1226, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of differential injury reporting on the estimation of the total number of work‐related amputations
Authors: Tak Sangwoo , Grattan Kathleen , Boden Les , Ozonoff Al , Davis Letitia 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundA capture‐recapture analysis was performed to estimate the total number of work‐related amputations. We examined the impact of misclassification due to differential injury reporting on the estimate of total number of work‐related amputations.MethodsBureau of Labor Statistics' Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) samples and workers' compensation records (WC) were used to estimate the total number of work‐related amputations. Some of the amputation cases in one data source matched with injuries other than amputations in the other data source. We performed sensitivity analyses reassigning such cases as matched amputations.ResultsDepending on how we treated the cases matched with other injuries, the total number of work‐related amputations ranged from 276 to 442 cases, yielding dramatically different capture rates (35–87%).ConclusionDue to differential classification, estimates of work‐related amputations would be biased. Our findings highlight the importance of accurately reporting and classifying work‐related injuries and illnesses. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1144–1148, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic value of metabolic tumor volume as measured by fluorine‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Yoon Young‐Ho , Lee Seok‐Hwan , Hong Sung‐Lyong , Kim Seong‐Jang , Roh Hwan‐Jung , Cho Kyu‐Sup 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundThe prognostic value of the tumor burden characterized by the metabolic tumor volume (MTV) remains under investigation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and MTV according to metabolic volume threshold as measured by positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT), and other clinical factors, in patients with NPC.MethodsThis study was a retrospective chart review. We evaluated the association of SUVmax, MTV2.5, MTV3.0, and other clinical factors with overall survival (OS) using Kaplan‐Meier and Cox regression models. (MTV2.5 and MTV3.0 are the volume of hypermetabolic tissue within the regions of gross tumor volumes with a SUV value greater than the threshold values of 2.5 and 3.0, respectively.)ResultsHigher MTV2.5 of 31.45 cm3 and MTV3.0 of 23.01 cm3 were associated with an increased risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.028; p = 0.029), although no significant relationship was found between SUVmax and OS. Interestingly, MTV3.0 was associated with OS in both the differentiated and undifferentiated groups, although MTV2.5 was only associated with OS in the undifferentiated group. Among the clinical parameters, only radiotherapy was associated with longer OS (HR = 12.124; p < 0.001).ConclusionThe MTV and radiotherapy could be prognostic values associated with OS. Particularly, MTV2.5 and MTV3.0 might be valuable metabolic parameters for predicting long‐term survival in patients with NPC. Furthermore, MTV3.0 may be more useful because it can be applied irrespective of pathologic subtype.
How did that get there? A population‐based analysis of nasal foreign bodies
Authors: Svider Peter F. , Sheyn Anthony , Folbe Elana , Sekhsaria Vibhav , Zuliani Giancarlo , Eloy Jean Anderson , Folbe Adam J. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to calculate nationwide incidence of emergency department (ED) visits for nasal foreign bodies, identify the most frequently encountered consumer products, and evaluate outcomes and demographic trends.MethodsThe Nationwide Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was evaluated for ED visits related to nasal foreign bodies for the most recent 5‐year span available. Nationwide incidence was calculated, and the most frequent foreign bodies were identified and organized by demographics including age and gender.ResultsA total of 6418 entries extrapolated to an estimated 198,566 ED visits nationwide were found. Out of individual case entries evaluated, median patient age was 3 years, and 42.7% of patients were male. Ninety‐six percent (96.4%) of patients were released after examination/treatment. Jewelry beads comprised a plurality of nasal foreign bodies, followed by paper products and toys. Patients with nasal foreign bodies involving toys, building sets, pens/pencils, batteries, coins, and nails/screws were predominantly male, whereas patients with nasal foreign bodies involving jewelry, paper products, and buttons were predominantly female. Jewelry was the most common item for patients in most age groups; age‐specific differences in the composition of remaining nasal foreign bodies were noted.ConclusionA variety of consumer products carry inherent risks for becoming nasal foreign bodies, with nearly 200,000 ED visits over a 5‐year period. Jewelry beads, paper products, and toys were the most common products noted. Speedy recognition and retrieval of these items and other objects noted is imperative for avoidance of deleterious sequelae. Demographic‐specific trends noted and organized by age and gender may be an invaluable adjunct for patient history‐taking and clinical examination.
Phonons and electron‐phonon coupling in graphene‐h‐BN heterostructures
Authors: Slotman Guus J. , de Wijs Gilles A. , Fasolino Annalisa , Katsnelson Mikhail I. 
Published: September 2014

First principle calculations of the phonons of graphene‐h‐BN heterostructures are presented and compared to those of the constituents. It is shown that AA and AB′ stacking are not only energetically less favoured than AB but also dynamically unstable. Low energy flat phonon branches of h‐BN character with out of plane displacement have been identified and their coupling to electrons in graphene has been evaluated.