bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relating Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear and Food Behavior: Correlation of Nonlinear Viscoelastic, Rheological, Sensory and Oral Processing Behavior of Whey Protein Isolate/κ‐Carrageenan Gels
Authors: Melito H.S. , Daubert C.R. , Foegeding E.A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractCreating desirable food textures begins with a fundamental understanding of texture, which involves measuring mechanical properties of the food product. Large strain mechanical properties have been correlated with sensory and oral processing characteristics; however, most large strain testing in food research involves determination of fracture properties rather than examination of nonlinear viscoelastic behavior. Relationships between nonlinear viscoelastic behavior and food texture were determined by measuring and correlating nonlinear viscoelastic properties of several whey protein isolate/κ‐carrageenan gels to sensory, oral processing and large strain rheological characteristics. Nonlinear viscoelastic properties correlated (R2 > 0.5, P < 0.05) to sensory, oral processing and large strain rheological behaviors. Sensory correlations included aspects evaluated after several chews as well as first bite aspects. Oral processing correlations generally involved jaw movement terms rather than electromyographical data. Understanding the nonlinear viscoelastic properties of food allows a better understanding of food structure and deformation mechanism and how that structure impacts food texture.Practical ApplicationsThis work demonstrates the applicability of large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) testing in food science. The LAOS measurement and analysis method may be applied to foods with a wide range of structure and texture, allowing measurements of nonlinear viscoelastic behavior in materials that cannot be tested under current methodology. In addition, LAOS measurements can indicate structural aspects of the material, and correlations between structure and texture may be made from this information.
Attributions, criticism and warmth in mothers of children with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour: a pilot study
Authors: Lancaster R. L. , Balling K. , Hastings R. , Lloyd T. J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundAssociations between parental expressed emotion (EE) or parental attributions and the problem behaviours of children with intellectual disability (ID) have been explored in ID research. However, a more detailed examination of the attributional model of EE has not been reported. In the present study, we partially replicated and extended research focused on mothers of typically developing children with behaviour problems.MethodsTwenty‐seven mothers of children with ID and behaviour problems aged 4–9 years were interviewed about their most problematic behaviours exhibited by their child, and completed a Five Minute Speech Sample. Interview transcripts and speech samples were coded for maternal EE and spontaneous causal attributions regarding the child's behaviour problems. Data were also collected on maternal well‐being, and the child's behaviour problems.ResultsMothers typically made attributions that were internal to the child, controllable by the child, personal to the child and stable for the child. Maternal attributions of being able to control the child's behaviour were associated with high maternal criticism and low warmth. Maternal depression was more strongly associated with the child's behaviour problems when mothers were coded as high in criticism or low in warmth.ConclusionsPatterns of maternal attributions about their child's behaviour problems and their consequences for maternal well‐being and maternal–child relationships require more research attention. Implications for practice are discussed, including the potential for maternal attributions to be incompatible with the focus of positive behaviour supports offered to families.
Human embryonic stem cells derived keratinocyte as an in vitro research model for the study of immune response
Authors: Kidwai Fahad Karim , Jokhun Doorgesh Sharma , Movahednia Mohammad Mehdi , Yeo Jin Fei , Tan Kai Soo , Cao Tong 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundThe innate immune response (IMR) is critical for the oral mucosa due to their continuous exposure to various oral pathogens. Keratinocytes play important role in IMR. Therefore, to date, keratinocytes from different sources have been used as in vitro research model for the study of IMR. However, current keratinocyte research models are hampered by the limited supply, patients' dependency and batch to batch variation. Therefore, in this study, we demonstrated the use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derived keratinocytes (H9‐Kert) as an alternative research model for the study of IMR.MethodsThe expression kinetics of toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR 4, interleukin (IL) ‐6, IL‐8, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), in H9‐Kert and immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) were analysed at mRNA levels by both reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR. The activation of the inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa‐b (NFĸB) was assayed in these cells by transiently transfecting the cells with NFĸB reporter plasmid. Activation of NFĸB following treatment with heat‐killed Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), an oral pathogen, was determined by assaying for the reporter, secreted alkaline phosphatase activity.ResultsThe expression of TLRs, cytokines and activation of NFĸB following bacterial stimulation showed in both H9‐Kert and the widely used HaCaT keratinocyte cell line was similar.ConclusionOverall, our results support the potential application of hESCs as an alternative limitless cell source for primary keratinocytes which can be used as consistent and dependable research tool with minimum variations and no donor's dependency.
The Romantic Realism of Michel Foucault Returning to Kant
Authors: Varela Charles R. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBeatrice Han argues that the theories of subjection (determinism: structure) and subjectivation (freedom: agency) are the “the blind spot of Foucault's work:” to the very end of his life, in being transcendental and historical theories, respectively, they were in irresolvable conflict. In part I, I have argued that Foucault encourages us to situate the theories of the subject in an un‐thematized reach for a metaphysics of realism which, in effect, was to ground his uncertain complementary reach for a naturalist conduct of research. In part II I also argue that it is this fundamental feature of Foucault's Foucault that drives his returns to Kant, the purpose of which is to resolve the conflicting theories of the subject, and thus to solve his Giddensian problem of structure and creativity. Locating the returns and their purpose in my context of Science for Humanism and the recovery of human agency, I ultimately argue that Foucault's two special returns to Kant in order to solve his structure/agency problem led to two unfortunate solutions. The resort to Baudelair's aesthetic subject is a failed solution in so far as it regresses to being a pre‐noumenal conception of the subject. The subsequent mere reinstatement of Kant's subject as causally empowered, minus the noumenalism, is nothing more than a reclamation of Kant's conception. Only the reconstruction of Foucault's realism permits us to assert that he could have moved beyond the reclamation of human agency to its recovery.
Documenting the biogeographic history ofMicrotus cabreraethrough its fossil record
Authors: Laplana César , Sevilla Paloma 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMicrotus cabreraeis anIberian endemic vole species with specific adaptations to the subhumidMediterranean climate. Its living populations are under a regressive trend. The earliest known records ofMicrotus cabreraedate from the lateMiddlePleistocene, and it originated fromMicrotus brecciensis.We describe changes in the geographic distribution ofMicrotus cabreraethroughout its history based on its palaeontological record, and link them to environmental changes that have taken place since the appearance ofMicrotus cabrerae.A series of successive chronological intervals comprising the recorded existence of the species was established, so that the majority of the published fossil records ofMicrotus cabreraecould be used for analysis. For each interval, a map with the inferred distribution of the species was created. The maps were used to establish variations in the species' distribution through time.A first regression in the extent of the distribution ofMicrotus cabreraetook place inMarineIsotopeStage 2, when the species abandoned south‐easternFrance and centralSpain, where it had been present since the beginning of theLatePleistocene. This range contraction was probably due to the global decline in temperatures and rainfall that took place in this period. After a rapid recolonization of most of the previously abandoned areas at the beginning of theHolocene and a remarkable increase in records during theNeolithic, a new gradual decrease of records is observed from theNeolithic to theRoman period, intensifying fromc.2000 years ago onwards and ending with the final disappearance of the species from south‐westernFrance and north‐easternIberia. This second decline is linked to the aridification of theMediterranean entourage that started in the mid‐Holocene and has been enhanced by human modification of the landscape. The species is shown to be sensitive to climate change.
Lifetime survival rates and senescence in northern elephant seals
Authors: Condit Richard , Reiter Joanne , Morris Patricia A. , Berger Ryan , Allen Sarah G. , Le Boeuf Burney J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to extend 40 yr of prior demographic work on northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) at Año Nuevo, California, by including the oldest animals. We used a Bayesian mark‐recapture analysis to estimate lifelong survival and lifespan of a cohort of 372 weaned pups branded in 1985–1987 and resighted until 2008. Annual survival probability of females averaged 86.3%/yr at ages 5–16, then declined until age 21, the age of the oldest female. Male survival was lower, averaging 67.7%/yr from age 1 to age 15, the age of the oldest male. Northern elephant seal females in the expanding population at Año Nuevo live longer than southern elephant seal females (M. leonina) at colonies whose populations are declining. This comparison suggests that high survival of females is a key factor in population growth.
E‐cadherin determines Caveolin‐1 tumor suppression or metastasis enhancing function in melanoma cells
Authors: Lobos‐González Lorena , Aguilar Lorena , Diaz Jorge , Diaz Natalia , Urra Hery , Torres Vicente A. , Silva Veronica , Fitzpatrick Christopher , Lladser Alvaro , Hoek Keith S. , Leyton Lisette , Quest Andrew F. G. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryThe role of caveolin‐1 (CAV1) in cancer is highly controversial. CAV1 suppresses genes that favor tumor development, yet also promotes focal adhesion turnover and migration of metastatic cells. How these contrasting observations relate to CAV1 function in vivo is unclear. Our previous studies implicate E‐cadherin in CAV1‐dependent tumor suppression. Here, we use murine melanoma B16F10 cells, with low levels of endogenous CAV1 and E‐cadherin, to unravel how CAV1 affects tumor growth and metastasis and to assess how co‐expression of E‐cadherin modulates CAV1 function in vivo in C57BL/6 mice. We find that overexpression of CAV1 in B16F10 (cav‐1) cells reduces subcutaneous tumor formation, but enhances metastasis relative to control cells. Furthermore, E‐cadherin expression in B16F10 (E‐cad) cells reduces subcutaneous tumor formation and lung metastasis when intravenously injected. Importantly, co‐expression of CAV1 and E‐cadherin in B16F10 (cav‐1/E‐cad) cells abolishes tumor formation, lung metastasis, increased Rac‐1 activity, and cell migration observed with B16F10 (cav‐1) cells. Finally, consistent with the notion that CAV1 participates in switching human melanomas to a more malignant phenotype, elevated levels of CAV1 expression correlated with enhanced migration and Rac‐1 activation in these cells.
Spatial connectedness of plant species: potential links for apparent competition via plant diseases
Authors: Cox C. M. , Bockus W. W. , Holt R. D. , Fang L. , Garrett K. A. 
Published: March 2013

This study evaluated the reactions of seven commonC4 grasses of the tallgrass prairie of theUSA GreatPlains to the economically important wheat pathogensPyrenophora tritici‐repentisandGaeumannomyces graminisvar.tritici(Ggt) isolated from wheat. TheP. tritici‐repentisisolates (race 1) were pathogenic on all grasses tested, but symptom severity was markedly low. Three of the grass species inoculated withGgt were highly susceptible, while four species exhibited no symptoms. Because measures of connectedness can provide a proxy for population processes, connectedness was evaluated within and among the seven grass species in representative tallgrass prairie environments for all potential pathogen‐sharing patterns.Andropogon gerardiiwas ubiquitous, so all plant species were well connected to it.Andropogon scoparius(=Schizachyrium scoparium),Sorghastrum nutansandPanicum virgatumwere fairly common but specialized to particular environments.Bouteloua curtipendulawas uncommon but occurred in all environments, whileBuchloë dactyloidesandBouteloua graciliswere uncommon and only occurred in upland sites. Co‐occurrence of plant species was generally not reciprocal in that, for many species pairs, speciesArarely occurred without potential exposure to inoculum from speciesB, while speciesBcommonly occurred without speciesA. The three grass species susceptible toGgt may act as sources of inoculum for each other within tallgrass prairie, with the potential to influence fitness, and tallgrass prairie and commercial wheat ecosystems in theGreatPlains also have the potential to share both pathogens.
Grieving for the Past and Hoping for the Future: Balancing Polarizing Perspectives in Conservation and Restoration
Authors: Hobbs Richard J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractI consider the possibility that people engaged in conservation and management of species and ecosystems are experiencing grief related to ongoing loss of species, assemblages, ecosystem integrity, and so on. In human psychology, five stages of the grieving process have been identified, namely denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Although presented as a series of stages, it is recognized that the progression through them is not linear and people can move quickly among them or experience more than one at any one time. I then consider whether current polarized debates in conservation and restoration, for instance in relation to non‐native species and novel ecosystems, result in part from people operating from different places in the grief spectrum. Throughout the grieving process, hope remains a constant feature, and it is important to recognize the place of hope in motivating and sustaining people engaged in conservation and restoration. Although restoration provides great hope that losses can be minimized and, in some cases, reversed, this hope needs to be grounded in a realistic assessment of what is possible in a rapidly changing world.
HOW LARGE IS THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN AFRICA? EVIDENCE FROM NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND LABOUR MARKETS
Authors: STAMPINI MARCO , LEUNG RON , DIARRA SETOU M. , PLA LAURÉLINE 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn recent years, the private sector has been recognised as a key engine of Africa's economic development. Yet, very little is known about its size and characteristics. We present novel estimates for 50 African countries and show that the private sector accounts for about two thirds of total investments, four fifths of total consumption and three fourths of total credit. Countries with small private sectors include a sample of oil exporters and some of the poorest countries in the continent. Surprisingly, the size of the private sector does not appear to be significantly correlated with growth performance. Labour market data reinforce the idea of a large private sector, which provides about 90% of total employment opportunities. However, most of this labour is informal and characterised by low productivity: permanent wage jobs in the private sector account on average for only 10% of total employment. South Africa is the notable exception, with formal wage employment in the private sector representing 46% of total employment. Finally, we find evidence of negative private sector earning premiums (−13% on the average), suggesting that market distortions abound. These are likely to prevent the efficient allocation of human resources and to reduce the overall productivity of the African economies.
Role of nucleation in cortical microtubule array organization: variations on a theme
Authors: Fishel Erica A. , Dixit Ram 
Published: March 2013

SummaryThe interphase cortical microtubules (CMTs) of plant cells form strikingly ordered arrays in the absence of a dedicated microtubule‐organizing center. Considerable research effort has focused on activities such as bundling and severing that occur after CMT nucleation and are thought to be important for generating and maintaining ordered arrays. In this review, we focus on how nucleation affects CMT array organization. The bulk of CMTs are initiated from γ–tubulin‐containing nucleation complexes localized to the lateral walls of pre‐existing CMTs. These CMTs grow either at an acute angle or parallel to the pre‐existing CMT. Although the impact of microtubule‐dependent nucleation is not fully understood, recent genetic, live‐cell imaging and computer simulation studies have demonstrated that the location, timing and geometry of CMT nucleation have a considerable impact on the organization and orientation of the CMT array. These nucleation properties are defined by the composition, position and dynamics of γ–tubulin‐containing nucleation complexes, which represent control points for the cell to regulate CMT array organization.
Comparison of three different sampling methods for canine skin lipids
Authors: Angelbeck‐Schulze Mandy , Stahl Jessica , Brodesser Susanne , Rohn Karl , Naim Hassan , Hewicker‐Trautwein Marion , Kietzmann Manfred , Bäumer Wolfgang , Mischke Reinhard 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundEpidermal lipids are of major interest in dermatological research, especially in canine atopic dermatitis. Owing to the existence of several sampling methods, the interpretation of study results is often complicated.ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare three different sampling methods and to establish a minimally invasive method for collecting canine epidermal lipids.Animals and methodsSkin samples from five dogs with no obvious skin abnormalities were taken from the caudal back and the inguinal region postmortem. Samples consisted of heat‐separated epidermis of three skin biopsies, three scrapes and three skin scrubs. Lipids were analysed by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography; the resulting bands were identified by using corresponding standards, retardation factors and mass spectrometry. The influences of the sampling method, the body site and the ceramide standards were investigated.ResultsBetween body sites, significant differences were found for cholesterol sulphate, cholesteryl esters and triglycerides. Significant differences between sampling methods were detected for all lipid fractions except for cholesterol sulphate and glucosylceramides within the lipid profile, and for at least four ceramide classes within the ceramide profile. The most obvious discrepancies were found between heat‐separated epidermis and skin scrub. The reproducibility was high for scraping and skin scrub, but was lowest for heat‐separated epidermis. Furthermore, this study revealed a marked influence of ceramide standards on the results regarding the ceramide profile.Conclusions and clinical importanceScraping and skin scrub are comparably suitable methods for skin lipid sampling, whereas the analysis of heat‐separated epidermis may not be the method of first choice.
Evidence‐based step‐wise approach to managing chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats
Authors: Polzin David J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a framework for successfully managing chronic kidney disease (CKD) over an extended period of time with the goal of optimizing clinical outcomes by fostering a veterinarian‐client relationship that facilitates successful application of evidence‐based treatment.EtiologyUltimately, CKD results from loss of functional nephrons; however, the specific disease process responsible for this loss usually cannot be determined due to development of chronic changes (eg, fibrosis) and compensatory adaptations that have occurred in the kidneys of patients with CKD. Earlier diagnosis may foster a better understanding of the etiologies of CKD.DiagnosisDiagnosis of CKD is based on establishing loss of kidney function(s) due to primary kidney disease that have been present for an extended time (typically 3 months or longer).TherapyThe goals of therapy are to: (1) slow progressive loss of kidney function, (2) ameliorate clinical and biochemical consequences of CKD, and (3) maintain adequate nutrition. These goals are achieved by: (1) managing adaptive processes that promote progression of CKD, (2) controlling intake of water, nutrients, minerals and electrolytes, and (3) correcting hormonal deficiencies.PrognosisThe short‐term prognosis for dogs with CKD varies from good to poor, while the long‐term prognosis for dogs with CKD is generally guarded to poor depending on the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) CKD stage of the patient. Both short‐term and long‐term prognosis for cats with CKD may vary from good to poor depending on the IRIS CKD stage. However, prognosis is more variable and unpredictable in cats.
Septic Shock after Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in an HIV-Infected Patient during Treatment with Etanercept for Rheumatoid Arthritis: a Case Report
Authors: De Nardo Pasquale , Bellagamba Rita , Corpolongo Angela , Gentilotti Elisa , Taglietti Fabrizio , Rosati Silvia , Galeazzi Mauro , Sebastiani Gian Domenico , Quinti Isabella , Nicastri Emanuele 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTAnti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-α) is used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases not responsive to first-line regimens. Data on the safety of anti-TNF-α in HIV-infected patients are scarce and conflicting. We describe a case of septic shock and multiorgan failure that occurred after etanercept initiation and influenza vaccination in an HIV-infected woman with rheumatoid arthritis.
OXA-258 from Achromobacter ruhlandii: a Species-Specific Marker
Authors: Papalia Mariana , Almuzara Marisa , Cejas Daniela , Traglia German , Ramírez Maria Soledad , Galanternik Laura , Vay Carlos , Gutkind Gabriel , Radice Marcela 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

A new
bla
OXA-258
gene is described as a species-specific taxonomic marker for
Achromobacter ruhlandii
isolates (all recovered from cystic fibrosis patients). Even though OXA-258 differs from OXA-114 variants, isolates could be misidentified as
A. xiloxosidans
by the amplification of an inner fragment from the OXA-coding gene. A robust identification of
A. ruhlandii
can be achieved by sequencing this single OXA gene, as well as by a more laborious recently proposed multilocus sequence-typing (MLST) scheme.