bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ICS CONTRIBUTES TO THE NORTH CAPE OIL SPILL RESPONSE1
Authors: Burke LT Tina M. , Flynn LT John P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In recent years, the usefulness of the incident command system (ICS) has received much attention. Much of the oil industry and several government agencies involved in all types of emergency response have been using ICS for many years. In addition, the U.S. Coast Guard formally adopted the national interagency incident management system (NIIMS) ICS as the response management system of choice in February of 1996.
The response to the tank barge North Cape grounding was a complex multiagency effort that brought with it many of the issues and problems responders face when dealing with crisis situations. This paper describes the ICS-based organization that was established to respond to the major North Cape oil spill, analyzes the organization compared to standard ICS, and discusses how the ICS framework and principles contributed to the success of the response. It also explains how closer conformity to standard ICS could have remedied many of the issues that later surfaced as lessons learned, resulting in improved response efficiency. The North Cape response provides a vivid example of how ICS is a helpful management tool that, if rigorously learned and applied in a widespread fashion, can greatly enhance the nation's oil spill response posture.
EFFECTS OF OPA 90 RESPONSE PLANNING ON REPORTED SPILLS
Authors: Stalcup Dana , Yoshioka Gary , Kaiman Brad , Hall Adam 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the years following the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), government agencies and regulated parties in the United States have begun to implement spill prevention and preparedness programs. For this analysis, 7 years of oil spill data collected in the Emergency Response Notification System were used to measure the impact that OPA 90 has had on preventing large spills. Furthermore, relationships among the types, sources, and location of spilled oil are characterized. A comparison of the number of reported 10,000-gallon oil spills for the years 1992-1995 to that number for the years 1989-1991 indicates a decline, not only for vessels but also for pipelines and fixed facilities. The decline in large oil spills to water from various sources appears to indicate that the efforts of government and industry have had a measurable impact on environmental protection.
BOYD'S CREEK OIL SPILL REMOVAL SITE, GLASGOW, KENTUCKY
Authors: Rosen Robert N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the ongoing oil spill removal action conducted by EPA Region IV in Glasgow, Kentucky. The discharge source is an improperly abandoned oil well that is leaking crude oil through fractures in the limestone bedrock. The discharge is carried to the surface in a spring, which then flows directly into Boyd's Creek and Barren River Lake, a recreational use lake managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Some of the unique technical and policy issues of this removal action include the appropriateness of using Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) monies on this nontraditional “oil spill;” difficulties recovering the product from the karst features; cost recovery and responsible party (RP) identification; and concerns over Emergency Response Program involvement in the long-term operation and maintenance of the system.
LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN PIPELINE RUPTURE, CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
Authors: Rosen Robert N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An 8-inch oil pipeline ruptured on Lookout Mountain in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in February 1996. The resulting response was complicated by the unusual geology at the spill site as well as by the proximity of surface waters and sensitive natural resources. Lookout Mountain contains extensive karst cave systems featuring nationally renowned tourist and spelunking destinations. The caves are also a natural resource managed by the National Park Service.
A discharge of approximately 65,000 gallons of kerosene-fuel oil mix sprayed into a small ravine that drains toward the nearby Tennessee River. Responders arrived on scene promptly but found little product at the rupture site and so focused their preliminary efforts on containment and cleanup of free product in the ravine. As surface cleanup progressed, it became apparent that most of the discharge was unaccounted for. Responders quickly associated site geology with the “missing” product and feared that oil had entered the cave systems beneath the discharge zone. This paper discusses the strategies used and the problems encountered in attempting to track and clean up the discharge as well as some of the issues surrounding the impact on natural resources.
PLANNING AND RESPONSE CONSIDERATIONS OF A METROPOLITAN SPILL
Authors: Perkins K. Tim , MacArthur Jon D. , Henning Tom 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A spill in a major metropolitan area, although not often considered a significant threat, still requires appropriate planning and response. Currently, most spill planning tends to focus on more rural river and coastal environments. However, lessons learned from a spill in the greater Los Angeles area provide several unique opportunities to improve contingency planning, area plans, and response operations in a very practical sense. In this case, an underground pipeline was punctured by excavation equipment, and the spill entered a 96-inch underground storm sewer and traveled approximately 2 miles. It then continued another 12 miles through creeks and rivers and was eventually stopped approximately one-half mile before it reached the Pacific Ocean. The following lessons were learned from this incident:The designation of a responsible party and the allocation of response costs should address third parties in an equitable way.Initial responders must communicate all pertinent facts to the spill management team.Response plans should address methods to prevent oil from entering storm sewers and response procedures to clean them if it does occur.Response plans should address the special safety requirements of confined space entry, in the unlikely event that oil must be removed and cleaned up in these areas.The area contingency plan should identify and address the response requirements of noxious weeds that may be present in oiled vegetation.The impact of oil spill response operations on communities, such as noise and traffic, becomes a major factor in metropolitan areas and must be addressed by the responsible party.
FIELD EXPERIENCE WITH CONTROLLED BURNING OF INLAND OIL SPILLS
Authors: May Victoria L. , Wolfe James R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Marathon Pipe Line Company (MPL) uses controlled burning as a means to clean up small oil spills and their residues in its gathering systems in oil-producing areas of southern Illinois. Controlled burning can be a quick, effective, and environmentally sound method of remediating small inland oil spills in rural areas. This paper focuses on actual field decision making and experience with controlled burning. MPL's evaluation process in deciding to conduct burning of a spill is discussed in detail. Such factors as the volume of oil released, the surrounding terrain, current and predicted weather, the accessibility of the oil, public health and safety, and proper permission to burn are considered. The decision to burn must be made within a few days of the spill because the light components of the crude oil rapidly volatilize, making the oil much less flammable and less likely to burn completely. When the decision is made to burn, additional control factors must be considered during the conduct of the burn, such as safe burn initiation, use of firebreaks and other fire control methods, burn direction versus wind direction, generation of airborne embers, and site security. Finally, postburn evaluation is discussed. Case studies of actual MPL-conducted burns and postburn analytical data of the burned areas are presented and compared to current Illinois cleanup criteria. The data indicate that controlled burning followed by surface bioremediation can quickly and successfully remediate small crude oil spill sites to Illinois cleanup standards.
THE APPLICATION OF IN-SITU BURNING TO A LOUISIANA COASTAL MARSH FOLLOWING A HYDROCARBON PRODUCT SPILL: PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF SITE RECOVERY
Authors: Pahl James W. , Mendelssohn Irving A. , Hess Thomas J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The high degree of physical disturbance associated with conventional responses to oil spills in wetlands is driving the search for alternative cleanup methodologies. In March 1995, in southwestern Louisiana, a spill of gas condensate product into a brackish marsh at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge was removed by in-situ burning. A monitoring program was established to examine the recovery of the marsh site. Three treatments were examined: (1) condensate-impacted and burned, (2) condensate-impacted and unburned, and (3) a reference that was neither exposed to the condensate nor burned. In March, July, and October 1995, vegetation plots were analyzed for biomass and stem density. Permanent quadrats were surveyed in July and October for total and species-specific percent cover. Although vegetation recovery was apparent 7 months after the burn, the burn treatment resulted in significantly lower biomass and stem density compared with both unburned treatments. In addition, burning led to conditions that favored initial recolonization by the sedge Scirpus robustus in a site previously dominated by the grasses Distichilis spicata and Spartina patens. However, biomass and stem density data suggest that D. spicata is regaining dominance. On the basis of these initial results, observations made in 1996 at the study site, and previous research, it is expected that in-situ burning will be successful at this site.
STATE-OF-THE-ART OR JUNK SCIENCE? THE NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT MODELS1
Authors: Bennett James F. , Logan Dick , Heimowitz Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In May 1996, the Department of the Interior (Interior) issued final natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) regulations enabling trustees to use new computer models in determining claims against parties responsible for spills. The new regulations incorporate a number of advances in the fields of computer technology, data management, data visualization, and graphic user interfaces. The models integrate spill simulation capability with a national coastal geographic information system (GIS) and expansive databases of chemical and petroleum characteristics, resource valuation, and restoration costs.
The development and issuance of the regulations have been the focus of much attention and controversy. Interior heralds the models as “state-of-the-art” procedures, whereas other groups attack the models as “junk science.” This paper briefly examines the principal arguments both supporting and attacking the new models. It also provides the results of model application to a database of real-world historical spill events in coastal and marine environments. Finally, model output is compared to damage claims developed using other simplified procedures (i.e., compensation formulas) in the state of Washington.
SETTING OBJECTIVES IN A UNIFIED COMMAND: THE “COST” OF LEADERSHIP1
Authors: Hereth Capt. Larry L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper is written to help unified commanders improve their skills at setting objectives in a crisis management environment. Using the National Interagency Incident Management System (NIIMS) ICS framework, a process is described and clarified and job aids are offered. The recommended steps are easily remembered by the acronym COST: Constraints, Objectives, Strategy, Tactics and assignments.
The concept of constraints is discussed in the context of a multiorganization response. It must be understood by all unified commanders if they are to do their job effectively and provide leadership from the panic through the project phase of a large pollution response. Equally important is the skill of setting good objectives to drive the organization in the desired direction. Five options for setting objectives are offered to facilitate the process and to ensure that the concerns of all stakeholders are considered.
The concepts of strategy (how to accomplish an objective) and tactics (who will do what task) are also defined and briefly discussed. Understanding these two steps and how they fit into a cyclical pattern is important and can help a response organization be more effective and efficient.
COMPREHENSIVE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Henning Tom , Perkins K. Tim , Stankovich Gary 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Resources at the scene of an oil spill involve a significant number of response personnel, equipment, and support materials. The current practice of using single resource management during oil spill emergencies is ineffective and extremely time-consuming. This form of resource tracking results in the overtaxation of the resource status unit (RESTAT) and does not give the operations section the best opportunity to make tactical decisions based on the location of available resources. The recent use of comprehensive resource management as part of the incident command system (ICS) (Oil Pollution Act of 1990, 1990) with strike teams and task forces for the deployment of personnel and equipment during an industry-led National Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP) (Incident Command Systems, Fire Publications, no date) exercise provided an opportunity to implement a more efficient and effective system for the deployment and tracking of resources.
The deployment of strike teams and task forces greatly reduces the number of resources to be tracked and provides the operations section with a more realistic view of available and assigned resources. This results in better allocation of resources to more effectively manage the tactical priorities of an incident. In addition, the tasks of the cost control and food services units are made simpler by a more accurate picture of on-scene resources and personnel.
MONEY WELL SPENT OR MONEY JUST SPENT? THE NEED FOR INTEGRATED COST ACCOUNTING DURING SPILL RESPONSE1
Authors: Sheehan Daniel F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Responding to a significant oil spill is a logistical and organizational challenge for both the public and private sector. Significant organizational improvements have occurred as a result of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). One of the challenges that continues to exist is the ability to keep track of both physical and fiscal resources. Many large oil companies and other organizations have plans in place that are capable of spending resources at a rate in excess of $5 million per day. Federal expenditures and commitments during a large spill could easily approximate the same amount. The task of keeping track of both public and private expenditures could be facilitated if there were preagreement on the need for format, detail, and frequency of summary accounting data. The hypothesis is that this would help control resource management and create a disciplined environment within the construct of the unified command structure.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM-BASED POLLUTION RESPONSE ASSET TRACKING SYSTEM (RATS)
Authors: Stahovec Joseph G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Navy's Supervisor of Salvage (SUPSALV) Response Asset Tracking System (RATS) was developed to provide enhanced safety and logistics support, improve worldwide contingency planning capabilities, and increase operational responsiveness through automated tracking of oil spill containment and recovery equipment. RATS's worldwide tracking capability is accomplished by combining Global Positioning System (GPS) technology with VHF and INMARSAT-C transmission links. The system allows the equipment's position to be automatically overlaid on digitized mapping systems and nautical charts. The application of GPS-based RATS technology to oil spill containment and recovery scenarios greatly enhances “command and control” and operational effectiveness.
DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS IN FIELD TRIALS AND IN OPERATIONAL RESPONSE
Authors: Lunel Tim , Wood Peter , Davies Louise 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The North Sea field tests described in the paper have provided a quantitative data set on dispersant efficiency that can be used to calibrate laboratory dispersant tests. Comparisons of efficiency figures from the EXDET, IFP, Swirling Flask, and WSL tests with the field dispersant efficiency figures indicate that the WSL test comes closest to replicating the observed dispersion, in terms of both the percentage of oil dispersed and the oil droplet size of the dispersion.
This paper, with the accompanying presentation in the Sea Empress session of the conference, demonstrates that a combination of quantitative field tests and the WSL test can be used to guide responders in decisions of whether to use dispersants in response to an oil spill. The WSL test and the field trials indicated that dispersants were likely to be effective against both the Forties Blend crude oil and the weathered oil. These predictions were confirmed by the successful dispersant operation at the Sea Empress incident.
THE SAN RAFAEL DE LAYA OIL SPILL: A CASE OF CLEANUP AND REMEDIATION IN VENEZUELA
Authors: Correa Manuel , Padrón Elizabeth , Petkoff Irene 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In November 1994, a 16-inch pipeline rupture resulted in a spill of about 10,000 barrels of crude oil extending on 4 hectares of agricultural land, including part of a freshwater lagoon. The spill was contained 2 kilometers away from the accident by a dike constructed across the lagoon during the first response operation. Oil cleanup activities included a bioremediation process (land farming) where harrowing, water irrigation, and fertilization of contaminated soil were applied Physical removal qfthe oil with sorbents, booms, and pads, aswell as a drum skimmer, were used to dean up and restore the lagoon. Laboratory tests reported mat total crude oübiodegrodation rates were stabilized within 2 months, with a mean total hydrocarbons degradation of 80%.
A METHOD OF EXPOSING FISH TO WATER-ACCOMMODATED FRACTIONS OF OIL
Authors: Blenkinsopp Sandra , Sergy Gary , Doe Ken , Wohlgeschaffen Gary , Li Ken , Fingas Mervin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine how to expose rainbow trout to water-accommodated fractions (WAF) from oil, for 96-hour acute lethality testing. Oxygen levels and WAF loss were monitored for a variety of exposure, aeration and fish loading density combinations. Aeration is needed, but the normal aeration rate (NAR) of 6.5 ± 1 mL air/L test solution/minute can be reduced to 1/10 NAR. Also, open and loosely sealed bags with an NAR exhibited a 90% WAF loss in the first 24 hours, compared with a 30% WAF loss by loosely sealed bags with 1/10 NAR. The latter method is therefore preferred for the static exposure of rainbow trout to WAF.
OIL SPILLS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY (1985-1994)
Authors: Balch Bradley N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
U.S. Coast Guard data show a clear upward trend in oil spills in Chesapeake Bay. From 1985 through 1994, there were approximately 1,313,218 gallons of oil spilled. Pipelines accounted for 37% of the total spill volume. 71% of the total amount of oil spilled during the 10-year period was diesel or no. 2 fuel. The average size of a spill in the 1- to 99-gallon range decreased annually from 1989.
MEXUS PLAN: MEXICO/UNITED STATES BILATERAL RESPONSE PLAN
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Agreement of Cooperation Between the United States of America and the United Mexican States Regarding Pollution of the Marine Environment by Discharges of Hydrocarbons and Other Hazardous Substances, signed in Mexico City in 1980, provides the foundation for cooperation in response to pollution incidents that pose a threat to the waters of both countries. Under the 1980 agreement, the MEXUS Plan identifies the joint response team, defines the role of the on-scene coordinator, provides a mechanism for rapid incident notification, designates joint operations centers, and lists communications protocols that would be needed to coordinate the response to pollution incidents affecting both countries.
A BOUNTY OF BOUNDARY LINES
Authors: Burns Lieutenant Commander George H. , Laws Chief Marine Science Technician Shane M. , “Ben” Benson C. A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Significant inconsistency of boundary lines delineating the jurisdiction of various federal, state, and local agencies unnecessarily complicates oil spill planning and response by increasing the number of stakeholders in these processes. Planning gaps also occur in border areas as agencies concentrate their attention on risks more central to their zones. Compounding these problems is the location of some boundaries that are drawn precisely where the risk of a big spill is highest. More consistent and closer alignment of federal boundary lines and responsibilities is needed nationwide to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of spill planning and response.
SAN JACINTO RIVER INCIDENT: ARMEGEDDON VISITS HOUSTON
Authors: Leonard Joseph J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In October 1994, southeast Texas experienced some of its worst flooding ever. Near Houston, the raging waters of the San Jacinto River caused a pipeline to rupture, spilling vast quantities of gasoline. When this gasoline found an ignition source, the river became a devastating conflagration. The Coast Guard immediately activated its incident command system (ICS) with a unified command to direct response activities. Lessons learned following the San Jacinto River incident will improve future response activities and serve as the foundation for the adoption of the National Interagency Incident Management System (which includes the ICS) by the Coast Guard and the state of Texas.
TECHNOLOGY AND INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE FOR OIL SPILL PLANNING AND RESPONSE
Authors: Kitz Carl G. , Szerlog Michael J. , Hyde Sean M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
EPA Region X has combined the immense storage capacity of CD-ROMs with interactive software to develop a user-friendly tool to provide quick and easy access to digital information for use by oil spill response teams. These CD-ROMs, created specifically for spill planning and response, provide responders with hypertext links and powerful search capabilities allowing uncomplicated access to response information, regulations, nationally recognized standards, and area maps. This format enhances response time by reducing the time needed to access critical information and the volume of materials carried to the site by responders.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE: A TECHNOLOGY APPROACH
Authors: Perkins K. Tim , Stankovich Gary J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the event of a major incident with crisis potential, time is of the essence. The situation and factors affecting the outcome must be rapidly determined, courses of action assessed, and decisions of strategy and tactics quickly made. At the same time, the process of gathering, displaying, and documenting information must be effectively managed. The crisis management software discussed here provides a technical solution to many of the obstacles that inhibit effective management of the event. The software provides a management process and all supporting materials to gather and display facts and assess impacts. It provides user-friendly prompts of potential crisis issues and suggests a list of appropriate actions, while documenting all decisions.
OSIMS: OIL SPILL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Douligeris Christos , Collins John , Blanco R. , Jacobs J. , Baca Bart 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The oil spill information management system (OSIMS) is an integrated information management tool providing a graphical interface to a database of spill-related data and models. OSIMS combines the utility of a geographic information system (GIS) with the intelligence of a decision support system (DSS), and provides worldwide access through World Wide Web (WWW) technology.