bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Are Platforms For? Profit, Persuasion, and (Dis)Information
Authors: Barnard Stephen R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter situates contests for media power in a broader political, economic, and technological context. After reviewing the tense political environment within which social media companies operate, the chapter delves deeper into the platforms’ common business model and explores how the logic of surveillance capitalism shapes the flow of information (and power). Following a critical review of the politics of moderation leading up to Donald Trump’s involuntary departure from social media, the chapter further illustrates the growing significance of social media within the hybrid media system and considers how such developments enabled practitioners to advance new repertoires of manipulation. Next, the chapter offers a detailed assessment of how and why platform structures afford manipulative practices. It concludes with some reflections on how these insights bear upon the remainder of the book.
The First Tale
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This is the oldest existing story about love and the Irish Otherworld. It was probably written around 700 ce, although the action took place five centuries earlier, when King Conn of the Hundred Battles reigned over pagan Ériu. Or so said the medieval scholars. By 700, most Irish called themselves Christians. The hero, Connlae, has little to say. Most of the dialogue is among his father, Conn, the druid Coran, and a mysterious nameless beauty chants poetry to the bemused Connlae. The purpose of the Otherworldly beauty in this story seems clear, but her identity less so, for she remains unseen to all but Connlae. Is she illusion or reality? Metaphor or history? The question plagues many tales about the Otherworld. This brief tale is not as straightforward as it might at first seem. It has too many puns and double meanings to be simple.
DREAMers and the Choreography of Protest
Authors: Young Michael P. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This book provides a historical sociology of how undocumented youth shaped and radicalized the migrant rights movement in the United States. Drawing on interviews with leading undocumented activists, extensive archival research, and an ethnographic analysis of their protests, the book tracks the key events from 2006 to 2014 shaping DREAMer activism. This analysis advances a cultural theory of the dynamics of social movements. It demonstrates how struggles between activists over the meaning and character of a social movement shape that very movement and its challenge to society. The book argues that activists interpret what a movement is through the form, force, pace, and sequence of their protests. Their choreography of protest gives shape to the movement they imagine and manifest. And this choreography, in turn, is shaped by their interpretive struggles with rival activists and competing reifications of the movement.
Introduction
Authors: Young Michael P. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides a theoretical analysis of what social movements are and how the choreography of protest shapes them. Sociologists warn against reifying social movements. Charles Tilly and Alberto Melucci agreed that movements are not unitary actors or things, but reticulated concatenations of collective actions. But reifying movements proves irresistible, and as Francesca Polletta’s narrative theory of protest illuminates, often indispensable for the activists who make social movements. This chapter explains how interpretive and interactive conflicts amongst activists over the reification of a social movement gives form to social protests, and in turn, to the very movement they are fighting for and over. It argues that this cultural approach to the study of social movements can help explain how undocumented youth unleashed an escalating sequence of protests that shaped the movement for (im)migrant rights in the United States.
2011
Authors: Young Michael P. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 follows the establishment of the National Immigrant Youth Alliance in early 2011 and its first year of escalating actions. It explains how this choreography of protest was inspired by NIYA’s critical rejection of the reified immigration reform movement and the obedient role of the fetishized “good” DREAMer within it. NIYA organized undocumented youth who had never had a chance to go to college and were living in regions neglected by United We Dream. The members of the new alliance called themselves “bad DREAMers.” The chapter explains the genesis of NIYA’s strategy of using the arrests of DREAMers in social protests as object lessons to show undocumented communities that coming out of the shadows led to empowerment and greater security. This protest strategy hinged on undocumented youth exploiting the image of the reified DREAMer and risky acts of self-instrumentalization.
The Making of European Music in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Irving D. R. M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Musical representations of Europe, in myth and allegory, are well known. However, the concept of a pan-continental music in the thought of Europeans emerged only during the long eighteenth century. From the 1670s, Jesuit missionaries in China began to refer to “European music,” and for the next hundred years, the term appeared exclusively in comparison with musics in other parts of the world. It entered common use only from the 1770s, and in the 1830s, it became synonymous with a new concept of “Western music.” Western European writers also connected these terms to concepts of “progress” and “modernity.” Meanwhile, new ideas about Europe’s cultural relationship with classical antiquity, together with theories that systematically and condescendingly racialized people from other continents, influenced the ways these scholars wrote about musical pasts around the world. This book traces the emergence of such large-scale categories in western European thought. The author suggests that “European music” originates from self-fashioning in contexts of intercultural comparison outside the continent, rather than from the resolution of aesthetic disputes within it. He shows that “Western music” as understood today arose in line with the growth of orientalism and notions of musics of “the East.” These reductive terms often imply homogeneity and essentialism, and the author asks what a reassessment of their beginnings can mean for music history. This book shows how a renewed critique of primary sources can help dismantle historiographical constructs that arose within narratives of musical pasts involving Europe.
Introduction
Authors: Irving D. R. M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The historiography of music frequently employs large-scale adjectives relating to continents, hemispheres, and the planet as a whole. If used without qualification, however, labels that combine one of these adjectives with the noun “music” risk implying a sense of cultural homogeneity. Continental labels for music emerged in the long eighteenth century, and their meanings have changed over time; uncritical use of them can risk being anachronistic. A reflexive approach that considers labels relativistically can mitigate such risks, as can critiques of how primary sources used these terms. Recent scholarship has examined diverse aspects of European identity in detailed ways but a lacuna remains in regard to this terminology’s emergence in primary source materials. The first step in examining the transformation of “European music” and “Western music” in European-language historiography is to study examples from the long eighteenth century while taking into account the researcher’s cultural and political positionality.
Musical Constructions of Europe in Myth and Allegory
Authors: Irving D. R. M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The naming of the continent of Europe can be traced back to stories in Greek and Roman mythology: the abduction and rape of the Phoenician princess Europa by Zeus/Jupiter. This legend became the basis of numerous works of music and music drama in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in genres including intermedio, opera, cantata, masque, and ballet. As a continent, Europe was also allegorized by artists. The most frequent system of iconographic representation involved the depictions of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas as four women but with Europe as the foremost figure and accompanied by musical symbols. Embodied personifications of the continents sang and danced in diverse performances, both secular and sacred. Individual nations of Europe were characterized in similar ways by composers and musicians. However, it is striking to note that the name of the continent appears rarely in titles of works that contain collections of such representations.
“Modern” Europe and “Ancient” Others in Musical Thought
Authors: Irving D. R. M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
European writers from the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries discussed notions of musical modernity in terms of discontinuity with ancient traditions of their forebears, while still claiming the heritage of classical civilizations (especially those contemporaneously under Ottoman rule) through a dialectical process that absorbed and reformulated ancient ideas within their aesthetic thought and musical practice. In contexts of intercultural comparison, they frequently conflated “ancients” with cultural “others” and positioned themselves as the exclusive possessors of musical modernity. Tropes of Europeans’ purported cultural superiority over the musical practices of others emerged in the use of descriptive terms related to “barbarian.” Such words were used to refer to the musical practices of classical cultures and contemporaneous others, as well as musical practices within Europe that did not match the normative standards imagined by commentators. Tropes of “perfection” and “progress” emerged in eighteenth-century descriptions of idealized practice and theory of the musics of Europe.
Recognizing and Avoiding Fakes
Authors: Keating Malcolm 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the many ways that inferential reasoning can go wrong. It introduces the concept of a counterfeit inference, one that doesn’t count as an inference due to some problem or other. By distinguishing between genuine reasons and counterfeit reasons, such as those where the reason property deviates from the target property, Nyāya philosophers explained why some instances of apparent inference fail to bring about knowledge. Contradictory reasons, inconclusive reasons, unproven reasons, and defeated reasons are some of the kinds of faulty counterfeit “reasons” that the chapter addresses. The chapter concludes with an exploration of how certification functions in inference.
Trustworthy Expert or Quack?
Authors: Keating Malcolm 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Testimony is another way of knowing, in addition to perception and inference, that is important for Nyāya philosophers and especially so for discussions of controversial matters. While we need not know that a person telling us a truth is a trustworthy authority, their being one is a condition for some statement to count as testimony. The chapter focuses on how to certify putatively testimonial knowledge, which involves considering how language conveys meaning and what the responsibilities are of speakers and hearers. There is also discussion of the relationship between inference and testimony, which has bearing on how we certify what we know. This chapter discusses Vācaspati Miśra’s views on testimony along with early Nyāya thinkers, Vātsyāyana and Uddyotakara.
Conceptualizing the Comparative Development of Co-operative Enterprise
Authors: Spicer Jason S. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter reviews existing relevant research on co-operatives, including the ways in which American co-operatives today are comparatively constrained by a weak policy and business operating environment, which leaves them caught in a “vicious cycle” rather than a “virtuous circle” of institutional development. It then builds on emergent research which suggests field theory offers a more flexible, generalizable approach to understanding institutional emergence and evolution than historical institutionalism (HI). It also introduces a thesaurus to translate across HI and field theory for use in the comparative cases analyzed in subsequent chapters. The methods being deployed in this book are also reviewed.
American Cooperation in the 19th Century
Authors: Spicer Jason S. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractChapter 6 traces the origins of the American co-operative movement. In its initial phase of development, co-operatives took root via the communitarian movement everywhere but the American South, where slavery kept co-operatives’ most-likely participants from creating such formal enterprises and inhibited White participation. The chapter also examines how the postbellum remnants of slavery, via Jim Crow institutional arrangements, interacted with an emergent anti–“wage slavery” framing of co-operatives by labor republicanists to produce exceptional resistance to the model, undermining the solidarity-based mechanisms co-operatives utilize to diffuse and scale. This was particularly the case in the South, where violence contributed to the downfall of the U.S. co-operative movement’s postbellum political champion, the Knights of Labor. In the wake of its demise, the U.S. co-operative movement splintered by race and industry. By the late 19th century, the United States lacked a comprehensive national co-operative development policy framework.
Geneva's Use of Lies, Deceit, and Subterfuge, 1536-1563
Authors: Balserak Jon 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This study presents a new reading of the battle that raged between the Genevan ministers and the French government between ca. 1536 and 1563. The first portion of the work produces a critical assessment of scholarship. The second turns to an analysis of Calvin’s plans for France. It argues that Calvin, after fleeing France in 1534, began devising plans to establish Christ’s kingdom in his homeland, rescuing it from the “idolatrous” Catholicism imposed on the people by their monarchs. It shows his plans entailed the systematic use of lying and deception, which were necessary to evade detection from the French authorities. These mendacious means were employed by the Genevans to hide their support of the French Reformed congregations, conceal political maneuvering among the French nobility who could open France to reform, and cloak their assisting of the Huguenots during the first French civil war. The book argues that even the formation of the company of pastors and the Bourse française were, in part, designed to assist Calvin with his proselytizing goals. The last third of the volume examines the ways in which Calvin adapted Geneva’s missionary efforts to deal with three unexpected circumstances that arose between 1559 and 1563: the rise to the throne of Francis II, the assuming of the regency government by Catherine de Medici, and the beginning of war. Calvin’s call to the Huguenots to cease fighting and humble themselves before God following Louis of Condé’s disastrous signing of the 1563 Peace of Amboise brilliantly illustrates the complex godliness that characterized this entire operation.
Catherine’s Policy of Toleration
Authors: Balserak Jon 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the response of Calvin, Beza, and their colleagues to the assuming of the regency government by Catherine de Medici in late 1560 or early 1561 following the death of Francis II. The chapter argues that Catherine’s reign catches Calvin and the Genevans by surprise. Catherine’s policy of toleration resulted in advantageous outcomes; in particular, the Genevans were able to grow French Reformed churches more rapidly than ever before. It also, however, aroused the anger of international Catholic powers like Spain and Italy, which caused France to descend into war even more rapidly than it had been in the 1550s. This chapter leaves France on the brink of war.
Are You an Apretado or Apretada?
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we consider a character type that is the opposite of the relajiento, what Portilla calls apretados. Apretados take themselves and what they believe or value very seriously. They are excessive personalities who believe themselves to have achieved a certain identity with the values that they uphold. Identified with obnoxious snobs, fanatics, and zealots, apretados are overly committed to what they believe. Unlike relajientos, who suspend seriousness, apretados uphold it. Here we also consider apretados in the context of politics and everyday life and how being an apretado is not conducive to the good life.
Beginner Songwriting Seeds
Authors: Randles Clint 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter contains example lesson plan seeds for beginner songwriting lessons. It leverages concepts from across the chapters of the book. It centers on the creative practices and processes of professional songwriters, performing musicians, recording musicians, and scholars of songwriting. It provides the reader with resources for further growth and exploration. It leverages the musicianship that can be developed in small student-centered ensembles where the teacher functions like a music producer in the classroom. Lesson seeds include sections on lesson time, modifications for special learners, formal and informal assessment strategies and rubrics, and learning outcomes. The reader is urged to start thinking of ways of developing their own ideas for seeds.
Advanced Songwriting Seeds
Authors: Randles Clint 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter contains example lesson plan seeds for advanced songwriting lessons. It leverages concepts from across the chapters of the book. It centers on the creative practices and processes of professional songwriters, performing musicians, recording musicians, and scholars of songwriting. It provides the reader with resources for further growth and exploration. It leverages the musicianship that can be developed in small student-centered ensembles where the teacher functions like a music producer in the classroom. Lesson seeds include sections on lesson time, modifications for special learners, formal and informal assessment strategies and rubrics, and learning outcomes. The reader is urged to start thinking of ways of developing their own ideas for seeds.
Does Free Will Mean Random Action?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Many scientific arguments suggest that free action would be random action (and then try to explain how that could happen). This mistaken assumption bedevils attempts to understand human action. Culture relies on organization and so does not welcome random behavior. Assuming free will evolved to help humans participate in society with culture, random action would not be good. It would be self-destructive for moral agents, economic agents, and information agents to act randomly. If there is any randomness in behavior, it evolved much earlier, such as to enable animals to foil predators and/or benefit from exploratory learning. Either this early randomness was greatly retrofitted to enable cultural animals to use free will, or it is a separate process that people occasionally resort to when faced with the necessity of making a decision without sufficient information.
Language, Autonomy, and Indigenous Politics in Hueyapan, Morelos
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes how one community where Nahuatl is spoken has used its indigenous language and associated identity as leverage in a quest to attain political sovereignty as an independent municipality. Since 1937, the Nahua community of Hueyapan in the state of Morelos has been part of a municipality headed by their neighboring community, Tetela del Volcán, with which Hueyapan has been in a protracted dispute over territory and water resources. But because of the increased political goodwill toward indigenous communities, Hueyapan has been able to successfully lobby for municipal independence. The chapter argues that even if the state imposes a particular kind of Nahua identity, the community has agency in the way it reacts to these impositions. Community organizations exert this agency in the strategic use of indigeneity to obtain political objectives, and in the use of local cultural expressions to strengthen communal cohesion against the state.
Virile Householders and Fertile Wives
Authors: McNicholl Adeana 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines how preta tales construct masculinities and femininities. Preta literature maintains several tensions between Brahmanical gender norms, those of the broader patriarchal householder society, the values of the sangha, and the everyday gendered realities of men and women. Although these tales reinforce many of the gender norms of Brahmanical patriarchy in their construction of the ideal householder as a virile, filial, and generous man and the ideal woman as the virtuous mother-wife, the values and goals of the monastic institution result in a moderation and destabilization of these values. Even as preta literature attempts to relegate gender transgression to the realm of the non-human, the preta world also opens space for transgressive behavior. As such, while the non-human preta may allow Buddhist authors to generate bodily hierarchies, stories about pretas may also create space to resist the very norms they attempt to regulate.
“We sang my son into Heaven”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Patients routinely wrestle with questions about what happens after we die, and seek connections to something that transcends the confines of their own life, even if the details are vague and uncertain. Even “non-religious” patients ponder or embrace some notion of an afterlife, which can help psychologically in ways that science does not. Chaplains assist by discussing these topics, and also creating and performing rituals to frame and structure the inevitability of death. Certain anthropologists have argued that contemporary American culture’s bereavement rituals have lost meaning. But in hospitals, chaplains now pick up the slack, fashioning such events on their own. Chaplains can confront challenges, however, when their own views collide with those of patients and families. Chaplains help both at patients’ deaths and afterwards, as families and staff grieve. Families commonly feel isolated in their despair, and hospital staff, too, often mourn and feel fatigue and guilt.
When doctors cry
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In confronting death and mounting bureaucratic demands daily, medical staff, especially physicians and nurses, can get burned out. Like chaplains, they commonly struggle to maintain “detached concern”—to remain both concerned about patients and at a professional distance. Heightened awareness of larger existential and spiritual concerns can potentially aid these clinicians, yet many of them remain wary. Chaplains can assist, for instance, with moral conflicts—understanding and framing medical providers’ distress, and helping to process wrenching clinical cases. To guide and structure troubling experiences involving patient deaths, chaplains also create innovative rituals that vary in both form and content—from moments of silence and memorial services to devising rituals and mementos that allow for doctors’ and nurses’ expressions of grief and distress and reflections on emotional and existential, not just medical issues. Many administrators and others resist, minimize, or dismiss needs for these undertakings, yet such rituals often help and serve as models for other institutions, chaplains, and providers.