bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations on boundary temperature control analysis considering a moving body based on the adjoint variable and the fictitious domain finite element methods
Authors: Kurahashi T. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThis paper presents an examination of moving‐boundary temperature control problems. With a moving‐boundary problem, a finite‐element mesh is generated at each time step to express the position of the boundary. On the other hand, if an overlapped domain, that is, comprising foreground and background meshes, is prepared, the moving boundary problem can be solved without mesh generation at each time step by using the fictitious domain method. In this study, boundary temperature control problems with a moving boundary are formulated using the finite element, the adjoint variable, and the fictitious domain methods, and several numerical experiments are carried out. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimization process to identify outliers generated by intrusion detection systems
Authors: Hachmi Fatma , Boujenfa Khadouja , Limam Mohamed 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn outlier is an inconsistent observation characterized by its dissimilarity from other observations in a given data set. Many research works have focused on outliers detection in many fields such as network security. In order to protect computer network systems from attacks, usually an intrusion detection system (IDS) is required. However, IDSs generate many outliers which can severely affect their accuracy. In this work, we propose a three‐stage method to detect outliers. First, alerts are clustered using the k‐means algorithm; then, the generated set of meta‐alerts is filtered based on distances between the centroids of the different clusters. Finally, outliers are identified from the filtered meta‐alerts using a binary optimization algorithm. Our method is evaluated using the University of California‐Irvine machine learning repository and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency data sets. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms concurrent methods for outlier detection. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ba2In2Q5 (Q = S, Se): Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Electronic Structures, and Optical Properties
Authors: Gao Wenhui , Wu Kui , Lai Kangrong , Yang Zhihua , Pan Shilie 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTwo ternary metal chalcogenides, Ba2In2Q5 (Q = S, Se) were successfully synthesized by solid‐state reactions. They are isostructural and crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pbca (no. 61). Both of them have a similar three‐dimensional (3D) framework structure, which is composed of [InQ4] (Q = S, Se) tetrahedra that are alternatingly connected on layer in the ab plane, with Ba2+ cations arranged between In–S or In–Se layers for electric charge balance. The measured Raman and IR spectra show that title compounds have broad transparency range up to 20 μm. From the UV/Vis/NIR diffuse reflectance spectra, it can be seen that the bandgaps of Ba2In2S5 and Ba2In2S5 are 2.47 eV and 2.12 eV, which are larger than these of the calculation values (Ba2In2S5, 2.362 eV and Ba2In2Se5, 1.908 eV), respectively. The calculated partial densities of states indicate that the bandgaps are determined by the interaction of S‐3p and In‐5s (Ba2In2S5) or Se‐4p and In‐5s (Ba2In2Se5), respectively. The calculated birefringences (Δn) are about 0.03 (Ba2In2S5) and 0.05 (Ba2In2Se5) as the wavelength above 1 μm, respectively.
Parental Spending on School-Age Children: Structural Stratification and Parental Expectation
Authors: Hao Lingxin , Yeung Wei-Jun Jean 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAs consumption expenditures are increasingly recognized as direct measures of children’s material well-being, they provide new insights into the process of intergenerational transfers from parents to children. Little is known, however, about how parents allocate financial resources to individual children. To fill this gap, we develop a conceptual framework based on stratification theory, human capital theory, and the child-development perspective; exploit unique child-level expenditure data from Child Supplements of the PSID; and employ quantile regression to model the distribution of parental spending on children. Overall, we find strong evidence supporting our hypotheses regarding the effects of socioeconomic status (SES), race, and parental expectation. Our nuanced estimates suggest that (1) parental education, occupation, and family income have differential effects on parental spending, with education being the most influential determinant; (2) net of SES, race continues to be a significant predictor of parental spending on children; and (3) parental expectation plays a crucial role in determining whether parents place a premium on child development in spending and how parents prioritize different categories of spending.
Modified decoding and detection scheme for spectral amplitude coding optical CDMA systems
Authors: Chen Fu‐Jun , Luo Feng‐Guang , Li Bin , He Cheng 
Published: May 2015

In this reported work, a modified decoding and detection scheme with dispersion compensation is investigated for spectral‐amplitude‐coding optical code division multiple access (SAC‐OCDMA) systems. For simultaneously decoding and compensating the chromatic dispersion of signals in the 40 km‐long standard single‐mode fibre transmission, based on reconstruction equivalent‐chirp method the array configuration of fibre Bragg grating (FBG) segments can be controlled with a quadratic dispersion of −680 ps/nm for an extra time delay. The traditional triple‐branch signal detection (TBSD) scheme is then modified and the principle of multiuser interference elimination is theoretically analysed. The simulated results show that, without adding a dispersion compensation device, the modified TBSD scheme adopting the FBG decoder can realise the decoding and detection function in SAC‐OCDMA.
Zero‐Ohm transmission lines for millimetre‐wave circuits in 28 nm digital CMOS
Authors: Tretter G. , Fritsche D. , Leufker J.D. , Carta C. , Ellinger F. 
Published: May 2015

The design, analysis, modelling and measurement of transmission lines with very low characteristic impedance in 28 nm bulk CMOS is presented. The so‐called zero‐Ohm lines are very well suited for power distribution networks and AC shorts in millimetre‐wave circuits because of their accurate modelling up to extremely high frequencies and because they do not require metal–insulator–metal capacitors, which are usually not available in digital CMOS processes. Instead, they rely on simple metal structures, which can optionally be enhanced by integrating MOS capacitors. Applying transmission line theory, the lines can be described with models, which are scalable in length and width. Implemented test structures demonstrate a compact line of 450 μm length, which transforms an open circuit to an impedance close to 0 Ω for frequencies above 1 GHz.
Microchip laser Q‐switched with GaInNAs/GaAs SESAM emitting 204 ps pulses at 1342 nm
Authors: Nikkinen J. , Korpijärvi V.‐M. , Leino I. , Härkönen A. , Guina M. 
Published: May 2015

A 1342 nm Nd:YVO4 microchip laser is reported, Q‐switched with a dilute nitride GaInNAs/GaAs saturable absorber mirror. The laser produced optical pulses as short as 204 ps with 2.3 MHz repetition rate and 24 mW average output power. In comparison to conventional InP‐based saturable absorber mirrors, the advantage of the proposed approach is the availability of excellent Bragg mirror materials that enable high reflectivity and more flexibility in designing the non‐linear parameters owing to the use of lattice matched GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells.
Water, irrigation and plant diseases.
Authors: Dixon G. R. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Irrigation is a major husbandry tool, vital for world food production and security. The purpose of this review is twofold: firstly, drawing attention to the beneficial and deleterious aspects of irrigation resulting from interactions with the microbial world; secondly, forming a basis for encouraging further research and development. Irrigation is for example, a valuable component in the control of some soil-borne pathogens such as
Streptomyces scabies
, the cause of potato common scab and
Fusarium cubense
, a cause of banana wilt. By contrast, applying irrigation encourages some foliar pathogens and factors such as splash dispersal of propagules and the retention of leaf wetness are important elements in the successful establishment of disease foci. Irrigation applied at low levels in the canopy directly towards the stem bases and root zones of plants also provides means encouraging disease development. Irrigation also offers means for the direct spread of microbes such as water borne moulds, Oomycetes and plasmodial pathogens coming from populations present in the water supply. The presence of plant disease causing microbes in sources of irrigation has been associated with outbreaks of diseases such as clubroot (
Plasmodiophora brassicae
). Irrigation can be utilized as a means for applying agrochemicals, fungigation. The developing technologies of water restriction and root zone drying also have an impact on the success of disease-causing organisms. This is an emerging technology and its interactions with benign and pathogenic microbes require consideration.
RVD2: an ultra-sensitive variant detection model for low-depth heterogeneous next-generation sequencing data
Authors: He Yuting , Zhang Fan , Flaherty Patrick 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMotivation: Next-generation sequencing technology is increasingly being used for clinical diagnostic tests. Clinical samples are often genomically heterogeneous due to low sample purity or the presence of genetic subpopulations. Therefore, a variant calling algorithm for calling low-frequency polymorphisms in heterogeneous samples is needed.Results: We present a novel variant calling algorithm that uses a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate allele frequency and call variants in heterogeneous samples. We show that our algorithm improves upon current classifiers and has higher sensitivity and specificity over a wide range of median read depth and minor allele fraction. We apply our model and identify 15 mutated loci in the PAXP1 gene in a matched clinical breast ductal carcinoma tumor sample; two of which are likely loss-of-heterozygosity events.Availability and implementation: http://genomics.wpi.edu/rvd2/.Contact: pjflaherty@wpi.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Incomplete Follow-up After Growth Modulation Surgery: Incidence and Associated Complications
Authors: Kemppainen John W. , Hood Kenneth A. , Roocroft Joanna H. , Schlechter John A. , Edmonds Eric W. 
Published: May 2015

Background:
Extraperiosteal tension plates have become the predominant method for angular deformity correction in skeletally immature patients, with some surgeons using them in very young children with the intent of removing the implants once the correction is complete. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of incomplete follow-up and to assess the outcomes of children who were lost to follow-up with retained implants.

Methods:
A quality initiative survey was performed at 2 institutions on children treated with extraperiosteal tension plates around the knee because of sentinel events that occurred at each institution. Compliance with follow-up was noted, and children with open perigenicular physes on latest radiograph with retained implants were identified with attempts to reestablish care. Subsequent review of those children was performed, including clinical results, radiographic results, and the need for second deformity surgery.

Results:
A total of 200 children treated with tension plates were identified (116 at institution #1, 84 at institution #2). The most common indication for surgery was genu valgum (54%), and the mean age at initial surgery was 11.7 years (range, 3.1 to 16.8 y). A high rate of retained implants with incomplete follow-up was identified at both institutions, where a total of 23 patients (12%) were lost with implants still in place. Only 7 of 23 patients returned for evaluation: 3 reached skeletal maturity with no complications, but 4 overcorrected creating the opposite angular deformity. Two of those children required osteotomies to remedy their overcorrection. Two additional patients were reachable, but failed to return for follow-up and the remaining patients were unreachable.

Conclusions:
The incidence of incomplete follow-up was significant at both institutions (12% combined incidence). Of those who were found for follow-up, nearly one third required a surgery beyond simple implant removal. Incomplete follow-up among this cohort was identified as a significant quality of care issue, and an EMR system has been established to actively follow children receiving growth modulation surgery.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Socioeconomic Factors Are Associated With Trends in Treatment of Pediatric Femoral Shaft Fractures, and Subsequent Implant Removal in New York State
Authors: Dodwell Emily , Wright James , Widmann Roger , Edobor-Osula Flo , Pan Ting-Jung , Lyman Stephen 
Published: May 2015

Background:
Disparities exist in access to outpatient pediatric orthopaedic care. The purpose of this study was to assess whether disparities also exist in elective pediatric orthopaedic surgical procedures such as implant removal, and to determine which demographic and socioeconomic factors may be associated with differences in treatment.

Methods:
Children aged 7 to 18 inclusive who sustained femoral shaft fractures between the years 1997 and 2010 were identified in the New York State SPARCS database. Patient age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance status, education, and poverty were identified. Factors associated with the method of fracture treatment were assessed through multivariate regression analysis. The subset of patients that received internal fixation were followed up until 2011 inclusive for implant removal. Factors associated with implant removal were assessed using a Cox proportional hazards survival analysis (time to implant removal).

Results:
Of the 3220 closed femoral shaft fractures identified, 2609 (81%) were treated with internal fixation, 9 (0.3%) had open treatment without implants, 203 (6.3%) were treated with external fixation, and 399 (12.4%) with closed methods. Patients with No Fault/Accident insurance by No Fault/Accident insurance were more likely to undergo internal fixation compared with patients with private insurance (P<0.001). Of the 3220 patients, 2572 were included in the implant removal subanalysis. Implant removal was performed in 725 (28.2%) patients. In the multivariate model, patients were more likely to undergo removal if they were younger (P<0.001), white [vs. black (P<0.001), vs. Hispanic (P=0.035), vs. other (P=0.001)], and lived in neighborhoods with less poverty (P=0.016). Insurance status was not a statistically significant predictor of implant removal.

Conclusions:
There is an association between implant removal and younger age, white race, and higher socioeconomic status in children. Awareness of these disparities should prompt further evaluation of causation, whether it be from lack of evidence-based guidelines for implant removal, surgeon bias, variations in reimbursement, or disparities in access to care. Further study is recommended to better elucidate the indications for implant removal in children and the causes for the disparities identified here.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective cohort study.
Outcomes of a Pilot Intervention Study for Young Adults at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Based on Their Family History
Authors: Imes Christopher C. , Dougherty Cynthia M. , Lewis Frances Marcus , Austin Melissa A. 
Published: May 2015

Background:
Lifestyle choices have a significant impact on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Interventions to promote a heart-healthy lifestyle in young adults at long-term high risk for CVD are needed to decrease the burden of CVD. However, few interventions with this purpose have been developed.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a pilot intervention on young adults with a family history of CVD that used 3-generation pedigrees, risk factor information, and counseling on heart disease knowledge, perceived CVD risk, and intention to engage in a heart-healthy lifestyle.

Methods:
A pretest-posttest design, with within-group analysis, was used to examine the effect of the intervention. Paired t test and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to examine the changes in heart disease knowledge, perceived risk, and behavioral intention from baseline to postintervention. The Cohen d was calculated to examine the effect of the intervention on study measures. In addition, Spearman ρ was used to examine the associations between postintervention perceived risk, postintervention behavioral intention, and family history.

Results:
The sample for the pilot study included 15 mostly white and mostly female healthy young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 years. The intervention was effective at increasing CVD knowledge (P = .02) and had a medium effect on perceived risk and intention to engage in a heart-healthy lifestyle (Cohen d, 0.48–0.58). There were significant associations between postintervention perceived risk and postintervention intention to exercise and the participants’ family history of coronary heart disease (r = 0.62, P = .014 and r = 0.55, P = .035, respectively).

Conclusions:
Interventions are needed to increase individuals’ awareness of their long-term CVD risk and to improve their ability to make lifestyle changes. Although this intervention was only tested in a small sample, it shows promise to improve heart disease knowledge and perceived lifetime CVD risk and may effect longer-term risk for CVD.
Keeping it from the community
Authors: Sharp Nicola 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore the links between forced marriage, running away/going missing and child sexual exploitation.Design/methodology/approach– An extensive research review and interviews with experts and practitioners across the three fields identified a total of 22 cases in which young people (aged 18 and under) had experienced some combination of all three issues. Of these, nine case studies involving South Asian young people were explored in depth using a case study methodology.Findings– Through adopting constitutive intersectionality as an analytical framework, the power of “community” emerged as a distinct theme within the cases. Concern about both family and community “honour” impacted young people’s decision making and help seeking processes. “Honour” also impacted parental responses to the young people as well as how they engaged with the professionals seeking to support them.Research limitations/implications– The safety of mothers also emerged as an issue, suggesting that this is an area for further research.Practical implications– Practical implications for practice included: the need to address barriers to young people disclosing abuse and entering into the criminal justice process; difficulties associated with finding safe spaces to work with young people; the need to identify effective ways of working with abused young people who are unable to draw on relational and social support; and dangers associated with accessing support services.Originality/value– An extensive review of the relevant research literature failed to uncover links between forced marriage, going missing and child sexual exploitation. This led the author to assert that the risk of child sexual exploitation as it relates to young South Asian young people who run away from home to escape forced marriage has been both under-acknowledged and under-explored (Sharp, 2013). Empirical research undertaken by the author over a 15-month period confirmed this assertion.
Community awareness raising on child sexual exploitation: possibilities and problems
Authors: Dhaliwal Sukhwant , D'Arcy Kate , Thomas Roma 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– A number of reports on child sexual exploitation (CSE) have pointed to the importance of community awareness raising as a preventative measure, a means of extending the reach of CSE services and widening the scope of social responsibility to protect children. However, little has been said about how to undertake such activities; how to do this well and the potential pitfalls to avoid. The purpose of this paper is to draw out critical questions about the notion of community and highlight what can be learnt from historical debates about multiculturalist practice. While the paper does not focus solely on ethnic minority communities, the authors do take stock of pertinent points from that literature in relation to issues of engagement, power and representation and applicable learning for awareness raising around CSE. In the second half of the paper, the authors consider the issue of awareness raising within communities. The authors draw on the limited literature on community awareness raising in CSE, contextualising this with reference to relevant learning from other pertinent bodies of work, to reflect on implications for practice.

Design/methodology/approach
– This is a conceptual paper based on a review of various bodies of literature. The first half reviews the literature about community, community engagement, and multiculturalism as policy and practice. The second half draws evidence from the literature on forms of awareness raising on CSE and other sensitive social issues to discuss implications for practice arising from the authors’ reflections on the literature.

Findings
– The review produces three key findings. First, the need to transfer historic insights into the limits of “community” and multiculturalism and apply these to the emergent field of CSE. Second, despite theoretical distinctions between “community” and “society”, evidence from the literature suggests that the term “community” is being applied more generally to refer to a wide range of events and practices. Third, the authors conclude with some points about what may work well for CSE professionals developing work in this field; that is, clear aims and objectives, nuanced approaches and targeted messages.

Research limitations/implications
– This is an under-researched area where there are currently no published evaluations of community awareness raising interventions for CSE. Effective evidence-based strategies for engaging communities are urgently needed for CSE prevention work to be extended in positive ways which protect those affected.

Originality/value
– This paper is original in drawing insights from historical debates about multiculturalist practice to inform thinking on community awareness raising on CSE. It makes a valuable contribution by bringing together insights from a number of distinct bodies of literature in ways which can inform practice.