bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Economic Analysis of Producers' Decisions Regarding Insect Control in Stored Grain
Authors: Anderson Kelline , Schurle Bryan , Reed Carl , Pedersen John 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe quantity of grain in storage has been exceptionally high through much of the early 1980s. As a result, the effect of insect activity on quality of grain that is stored for long periods of time has become a major concern. The purpose of this study was to analyze producer choices regarding treatments for control of insects in stored grain. A second degree stochastic dominance criterion was used to compare three treatments. In more than 80% of the comparisons, a protectant (malathion) was in the efficient set, which means that it could be selected by a risk‐averse individual. In over 65% of the comparisons, a minimum treatment was in the efficient set. Treatment by fumigating was selected to remain in the efficient set in only 34% of the comparisons. Data from this study (before the implementation of the May 1988 regulations of the Federal Grain Inspection Service regarding insect infestation and insect‐damaged kernels) suggest that elevator discounts were not consistent nor large enough to encourage farmers to incur large costs for controlling insects.
A Portfolio Analysis of Returns to Farm Equity and Assets
Authors: Crisostomo Mario F. , Featherstone Allen M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA portfolio analysis was used to determine the optimal investment into alternative types of Kansas farms by nonfarm investors. Dairy and crop farms would enter the optimal portfolio if asset values would fall by 4.8 percent and 31.3 percent, respectively. Study results show that swine and irrigated crop farms have earned competitive return rates with common stocks and T‐Bills from 1973–1985. Results suggest that many Kansas farmers would have been better off with less debt. Arrangements to transfer nonfarm equity into agriculture will continue to be an area needing study.
A Classic Economies of Size Analysis on Average School Costs: An Iowa Case Study
Authors: Edelman Mark A. , Knudsen James J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study found size economies in Iowa school districts. An asymmetric U‐shaped cost curve provided the best fit. Costs were minimized at $2,952 per pupil and 2,442 pupils, but most size economies—within $100 per pupil—were achieved at 800 to 900 pupils. Implications for school reorganization were discussed.
An Evaluation of Differences between Cash and Accrual Income for Illinois Farms
Authors: Newport Scott M. , Lins David A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractNet farm income is a measure of farm financial performance frequently used by farmers, leaders, and financial consultants. However, distortions may arise if cash income is used to measure performance. Results of this study suggest large differences between cash and accrual measures of net farm income and these differences vary by farm type, size, level of growth and degree of financial stress. Tax savings due to the cash method are also found to be large, especially on farms undergoing expansion.
An Empirical Analysis of Cash and Futures Grain Price Relationships in the North Central Region
Authors: Thompson S.R. , Eales J.S. , Hauser R.J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper investigates grain price relationships in the north central region by analyzing weekly prices for corn and soybeans at cash and futures markets. First differences in cash prices are compared statistically to first differences in futures prices. Next, the relationship of spatial basis changes between cash market locations is analyzed. The results indicate that cash and futures markets are not a constellation of one united grain market. Identifiable differences in price relationships exist across markets and time periods. The results have implications for hedging strategies as well as for consideration of the performance of Chicago as a delivery location for futures contracts.
Stability analysis of phylogenetic trees
Authors: Sheikh Saad I. , Kahveci Tamer , Ranka Sanjay , Gordon Burleigh J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Phylogenetics, or reconstructing the evolutionary relationships of organisms, is critical for understanding evolution. A large number of heuristic algorithms for phylogenetics have been developed, some of which enable estimates of trees with tens of thousands of taxa. Such trees may not be robust, as small changes in the input data can cause major differences in the optimal topology. Tools that can assess the quality and stability of phylogenetic tree estimates and identify the most reliable parts of the tree are needed.
Results: We define measures that assess the stability of trees, subtrees and individual taxa with respect to changes in the input sequences. Our measures consider changes at the finest granularity in the input data (i.e. individual nucleotides). We demonstrate the effectiveness of our measures on large published datasets. Our measures are computationally feasible for phylogenetic datasets consisting of tens of thousands of taxa.
Availability: This software is available at http://bioinformatics.cise.ufl.edu/phylostab
Contact: sheikh@cise.ufl.edu
Veiling*
Authors: Carvalho Jean-Paul 
Published: November 2012

AbstractVeiling among Muslim women is modeled as a commitment mechanism that limits temptation to deviate from religious norms of behavior. The analysis suggests that veiling is a strategy for integration, enabling women to take up outside economic opportunities while preserving their reputation within the community. This accounts for puzzling features of the new veiling movement since the 1970s. Veiling also has surprising effects on the intergenerational transmission of values. Compulsory veiling laws can lead to a decline in religiosity. Bans on veiling can inhibit social integration and increase religiosity.
Unconditional Convergence in Manufacturing
*
Authors: Rodrik Dani 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Unlike economies as a whole, manufacturing industries exhibit strong unconditional convergence in labor productivity. The article documents this at various levels of disaggregation for a large sample covering more than 100 countries over recent decades. The result is highly robust to changes in the sample and specification. The coefficient of unconditional convergence is estimated quite precisely and is large, at between 2–3% in most specifications and 2.9% a year in the baseline specification covering 118 countries. The article also finds substantial sigma convergence at the two-digit level for a smaller sample of countries. Despite strong convergence within manufacturing, aggregate convergence fails due to the small share of manufacturing employment in low-income countries and the slow pace of industrialization. Because of data coverage, these findings should be as viewed as applying to the organized, formal parts of manufacturing.
Occupational therapists perspectives of factors influencing chronic pain management
Authors: van Huet Helen , Innes Ev , Stancliffe Roger 
Published: November 2012

AimThis article explores factors that contribute to clients' chronic pain management from an occupational therapy perspective.MethodNine occupational therapists from Australia and New Zealand who worked in this practice area were interviewed. Qualitative method of narrative inquiry was used to analyse the therapists' practice narratives to determine their view of how clients manage their chronic pain.ResultsAmong many themes, significant agentic (positive management) themes and victimic (negative themes related to non‐management) emerged. Agentic themes were related to conceptual categories of being: the importance of maintaining valued roles and having good social support; to knowing: accepting the long‐term nature of pain and being ready to change thinking about pain, and to doing. These categories included strategies such as setting realistic goals, pacing activity and using relaxation. Victimic themes were also related to being: losing valued roles, having depression and receiving compensation and to knowing: being fearful, looking for a cure or not knowing what to expect. Victimic doing themes related to: being unable to set goals and being unable to use strategies. These themes and categories form the basis of proposed agentic and victimic conceptual models of factors for occupational therapists to address in pain management programmes.ConclusionsAs acceptance and readiness for change were consistently mentioned in all narratives, the place of contextual cognitive‐behavioural approaches to pain management is also raised as a viable alternative to standard cognitive‐behavioural therapy, currently used in most chronic pain practice.
Spatial and temporal variation in the control failure likelihood of the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta
Authors: Gontijo P.C. , Picanço M.C. , Pereira E.J.G. , Martins J.C. , Chediak M. , Guedes R.N.C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractInsecticide resistance is frequently associated with field control failure, but such an assessment of its likelihood seldom occurs. This phenomenon is a potential cause of the control failure of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae); therefore we surveyed insecticide resistance as the control failure likelihood for a duration of 7 years in 20 field populations of this species. The insecticide label rate was used as the discriminating concentration, and the minimum efficacy threshold required for insecticides in Brazil (i.e. 80% efficacy) was the targeted efficacy. The spatial and temporal variations of the control failure likelihood were also assessed, as was the potential influence of land topography for the area‐wide pattern observed. Most populations of T. absoluta were susceptible to abamectin, chlorfenapyr and spinosad and not to bifenthrin, triflumuron and teflubenzuron. The indoxacarb susceptibility varied in space and time. Spatial dependence was observed for abamectin and indoxacarb. The control failure likelihood of T. absoluta was higher for bifenthrin, triflumuron and teflubenzuron. A flat topography and the wind direction may favour the spread of the control failure likelihood and should be considered in designing pest management programs for T. absoluta.
A systematic review of the relationships between family functioning, pubertal timing and adolescent substance use
Authors: Hummel Alegra , Shelton Katherine H. , Heron Jon , Moore Laurence , van den Bree Marianne B. M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAimsExperiences linked to poor family functioning and pubertal timing have each been associated with increased risk of substance misuse in adolescence. However, it remains unclear to what extent family functioning and pubertal timing combine to put adolescents at particular risk.MethodA systematic review was planned, undertaken and reported according to the 27 items of the PRISMA statement. Databases World of Knowledge, PsycINFO and PubMed were searched. Fifty‐eight papers were retained and are discussed in this review after screening titles, abstracts and full papers against pre‐established exclusion criteria.ResultsThe combination of off‐time pubertal timing and poor parent–adolescent relationship quality has been related to higher levels of substance use. However, this is an under‐studied area of research and the evidence is less strong for boys than girls.ConclusionsAdolescents experiencing both poor parent–adolescent relationship quality and off‐time pubertal timing may represent a high‐risk group that can benefit from approaches aimed at reducing risk of substance misuse.
Developmental Changes in Infant Spatial Categorization: When More Is Best and When Less Is Enough
Authors: Casasola Marianella , Park Youjeong 
Published: November 2012

Two experiments examined infants' ability to form a spatial category when habituated to few (only 2) or many (6) exemplars of a spatial relation. Sixty‐four infants of 10 months and 64 infants of 14 months were habituated to dynamic events in which a toy was placed in a consistent spatial relation (in or on) to a referent object. At 10 months, infants formed a spatial category (looking longer at an unfamiliar than familiarized spatial relation) only when habituated to 6 exemplars. At 14 months, infants formed the spatial category regardless of the number of habituation exemplars. The results highlight developmental changes in infant spatial categorization and show that increasing exemplar number facilitates this ability in infants of 10 months.
Development of Intra‐ and Intergroup Judgments in the Context of Moral and Social‐Conventional Norms
Authors: Killen Melanie , Rutland Adam , Abrams Dominic , Mulvey Kelly Lynn , Hitti Aline 
Published: November 2012

Children and adolescents evaluated group inclusion and exclusion in the context of generic and group‐specific norms involving morality and social conventions. Participants (N = 381), aged 9.5 and 13.5 years, judged an in‐group member's decision to deviate from the norms of the group, whom to include, and whether their personal preference was the same as what they expected a group should do. Deviating from in‐group moral norms about unequal allocation of resources was viewed more positively than deviating from conventional norms about nontraditional dress codes. With age, participants gave priority to group‐specific norms and differentiated what the group should do from their own preference about the group's decision, revealing a developmental picture about children's complex understanding of group dynamics and group norms.
The PTPN22 1858T allele but not variants in the proximal promoter region ofIL-21gene is associated with the susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and the presence of autoantibodies in a Brazilian cohort
Authors: Mainardi-Novo D T O , Santos A S , Fukui R T , Gamberini M , Correia M R S , Ruiz M O , Mangueira C L P , Matioli S R , Vasconcelos D M , Silva M E R 
Published: November 2012

SummaryInterleukin (IL)-21 and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) regulate lymphocyte function and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. We sequenced the proximal promoter of the IL-21 gene for the first time and analysed the PTPN22 1858T polymorphism in type 1A diabetes (T1AD) patients and healthy controls (HC). We correlated the frequencies of islet and extra-pancreatic autoantibodies with genotypes from both loci. The case series comprised 612 T1AD patients and 792 HC. Genotyping of PTPN22 C1858T was performed on 434 T1AD patients and 689 HC. The −448 to +83 base pairs (bp) region of the IL-21 gene was sequenced in 309 Brazilian T1AD and 189 HC subjects. We also evaluated human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DR3/DR4 alleles. The frequencies of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), tyrosine phosphatase-like protein (IA)-2, anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (TG), thyrotrophin receptor autoantibody (TRAb), anti-smooth muscle (ASM) and 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) autoantibodies were higher in T1AD patients than in HC. The PTPN22 1858T allele was associated with an increased risk for developing T1AD [odds ratio (OR) = 1·94; P &lt; 0·001], particularly in patients of European ancestry, and with a higher frequency of GAD65 and TG autoantibodies. HLA-DR3/DR4 alleles predominated in T1AD patients. A heterozygous allelic IL-21 gene variant (g.-241 T &gt; A) was found in only one patient. In conclusion, only PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism and HLA-DR3 and/or DR4 alleles, but not allelic variants in the 5′-proximal region of the IL-21 gene were associated with T1AD risk. Patients with T1AD had increased frequencies of anti-islet-cell, anti-thyroid, anti-nuclear, anti-smooth muscle and anti-21-OH autoantibodies. The C1858T PTPN22 polymorphism was also associated with a higher frequency of GAD65 and TG autoantibodies.
Degradation of CI Reactive Red 141 by heterogeneous Fenton‐like process over iron‐containing ZSM‐5 zeolites
Authors: Yaman Yadigar C , Gündüz Gönül , Dükkancı Meral 
Published: November 2012

The Fenton‐like oxidation of CI Reactive Red 141 was investigated over iron‐containing ZSM‐5 zeolites. Iron was loaded by ion exchange or through hydrothermal synthesis. The oxidation process was carried out in an aqueous solution using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The catalyst prepared by ion exchange with a silicon/aluminium ratio of 42 zeolite showed the highest activity (97% decolorisation and 52% chemical oxygen demand reduction at an initial pH of 3.5) after an oxidation duration of 2 h. The chemical oxygen demand reduction increased with the increasing amount of iron loaded to the zeolite. The FeZSM‐5 catalyst, prepared by hydrothermal synthesis in the presence of oxalic acid, showed very good activity in terms of mineralisation (99% of chemical oxygen demand reduction). The iron leaching was noticeably low (below the European Union directives of 2 mg dm−3) for the above‐mentioned catalysts.
Distribution of Affiliative Behavior Across Kin Classes and Their Fitness Consequences in Mandrills
Authors: Charpentier Marie J. E. , Huchard Elise , Widdig Anja , Gimenez Olivier , Sallé Bettina , Kappeler Peter , Renoult Julien P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMultimale–multifemale primate groups are ideal models to study the impact of kinship on the evolution of sociality. Indeed, the frequent combination of female philopatry and male reproductive skew produces social systems where both maternal and paternal kin are co‐resident. Several primates are known to bias their behavior toward both maternal and paternal kin. Moreover, allocation of affiliation toward paternal kin has been shown to depend on the availability in maternal kin: Female baboons invest more in paternal kin after the loss of preferred maternal kin. Here, we examined how affiliation co‐varies across kin classes in juvenile mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), an Old World primate living in a multimale–multifemale society. While affiliation levels observed with the mother and with maternal half‐sibs co‐varied positively, especially in young females, we found that levels of affiliation among paternal half‐sibs correlated negatively with levels of affiliation among individuals from the same matriline (distant kin), possibly as a result of kin availability. In addition, in social species, social bonds between individuals have been linked to differentiated fitness consequences: More socially integrated individuals generally enjoy higher fitness. We therefore also tested whether affiliation during early life impacts fitness. We showed that the global amount of affiliation during juvenescence translated into possible reproductive benefits: Females who were more socially integrated gave birth on average a year before females that were less socially integrated. However, age at first reproduction was not predicted by the amount of affiliation exchanged with any particular kin class. These results add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating differential investment in bonding and possible social adjustments among different kin categories and emphasizing once more the adaptive value of sociality.
Ephemeral Sexual Dichromatism in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Hutter Sophie , Hettyey Attila , Penn Dustin J. , Zala Sarah M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSecondary sexual displays may be overlooked in many species, especially when they are ephemerally expressed or imperceptible to human senses. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), like many schooling fish, do not appear sexually dichromatic, but previous anecdotal observations indicate that sexual colouration is expressed briefly during courtship (ephemeral nuptial colouration). Our goals were to compare colour estimates of male vs. female zebrafish using digital photography in situ, computer software and human observations. We found that both sexes changed their colour estimates during spawning (dark and light stripes) and that some sex differences (light stripes) were larger or only became apparent during this time. We also found that individual males that appeared more colourful and conspicuous to the human eye engaged in courtship more often than less conspicuous males. We detected differences in the colour estimates between wild‐derived vs. a laboratory strain of zebrafish and reduced individual variation in the laboratory strain. This is the first study to systematically and objectively quantify body colour in zebrafish by utilizing colour estimates, although further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms and signalling functions of this sexual dichromatism.
Sex‐Specific Response of Pardosa milvina (Araneae: Lycosidae) to Experience with a Chemotactile Predation Cue
Authors: Sitvarin Michael I. , Rypstra Ann L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPredators frequently leave behind chemical information (i.e., semiochemicals such as pheromones or kairomones) that can be detected by their prey and used to avoid areas where predators are likely present. Prey that have interacted indirectly with predators via chemical information thus may gain insight into their risk of being consumed that naïve individuals lack. Pardosa milvina (Araneae: Lycosidae) is a chemosensitive wolf spider that shows adaptive responses to chemotactile cues deposited by the larger wolf spider Tigrosa helluo. We raised offspring from P. milvina to examine the effect of experience with a predation cue on activity, foraging, and antipredator behavior. Spiders differed in activity and foraging behavior across ontogeny and between sexes, but there was no effect of experience with a predation cue. However, a sex‐specific effect of experience was found in antipredator behavior. Male spiders, but not females, used experience with a predator cue to increase their survival in the presence of a live predator. Specifically, naïve males were attacked sooner than experienced males, indicating that prior exposure to predator cues can modify Pardosa antipredator behavior. Intersexual differences in how spiders respond to experience with a predation cue likely reflect the risk of predation faced by males and females in nature.
Uncertainty in assessing the impacts of global change with coupled dynamic species distribution and population models
Authors: Conlisk Erin , Syphard Alexandra D. , Franklin Janet , Flint Lorraine , Flint Alan , Regan Helen 
Published: November 2012

AbstractConcern over rapid global changes and the potential for interactions among multiple threats are prompting scientists to combine multiple modelling approaches to understand impacts on biodiversity. A relatively recent development is the combination of species distribution models, land‐use change predictions, and dynamic population models to predict the relative and combined impacts of climate change, land‐use change, and altered disturbance regimes on species' extinction risk. Each modelling component introduces its own source of uncertainty through different parameters and assumptions, which, when combined, can result in compounded uncertainty that can have major implications for management. Although some uncertainty analyses have been conducted separately on various model components – such as climate predictions, species distribution models, land‐use change predictions, and population models – a unified sensitivity analysis comparing various sources of uncertainty in combined modelling approaches is needed to identify the most influential and problematic assumptions. We estimated the sensitivities of long‐run population predictions to different ecological assumptions and parameter settings for a rare and endangered annual plant species (Acanthomintha ilicifolia, or San Diego thornmint). Uncertainty about habitat suitability predictions, due to the choice of species distribution model, contributed most to variation in predictions about long‐run populations.