bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress levels in dogs, and its recognition by their handlers, during animal-assisted therapy in a prison
Authors: Koda N , Watanabe G , Miyaji Y , Ishida A , MiyaJi C 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe stress on dogs and their handlers during animal-assisted therapy in a prison programme was evaluated using questionnaires and measurement of the dogs’ saliva cortisol concentrations before and after the sessions. Their handlers were volunteers who underwent training classes with their pet dogs. Overall, the dogs did not show serious signs of stress in the programme, which was also the impression of their handlers. In most cases, the dogs’ saliva cortisol values decreased following their participation in the sessions. There was an association between the dogs’ stress levels and the handlers’ self-reported stress. In 11% of cases, the dogs were evaluated as stressed during the session, but their saliva cortisol values did not change significantly from before to after the session. Some handlers might have misconstrued their dogs’ behavioural states. Improvement of the dogs’ welfare may be achievable through giving feedback to the handlers to more accurately evaluate their dogs’ behaviours, by strengthening the selection of appropriate units and classes prior the programme, by developing a programme and handling methods less burdensome to the animals, and by enhancing the aftercare of animals when they are stressed in a session. Achievement of these goals would also strengthen the bonds between dogs and handlers, contributing to a more effective programme for clients.
Attitudes of Taiwan veterinarians towards animal welfare
Authors: Wu S-Y , Lai Y-T , Fei C-Y , Jong D-S 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA survey was carried out to examine the attitudes of veterinarians in Taiwan towards animal welfare issues and current systems related to animal protection. The respondents were asked to express the extent to which they agreed with the importance of the Five Freedoms and relevant education in animal welfare. The survey was sent to 889 veterinarians and the response rate was 34%. According to the findings, veterinarians in Taiwan consider that current animal protection laws in Taiwan, and their relevant systems, are unable to protect animals effectively. They mostly have an uncertain attitude towards the statement that animal welfare can upgrade their professional abilities or enhance their image, in that they have a relative lack of awareness of animal welfare as well as also lacking further understanding of the importance and influence of animal welfare. However, many veterinarians strongly support the content of ‘The Five Freedoms’ and relevant training of animal welfare and ethics. Instead of denying the necessity and importance of the relevant issues, we consider that some veterinarians lack confidence in animal welfare merely because of a lack of relevant training. The results of the survey indicate that providing veterinarians with professional education of animal welfare is the first step which brooks no delay.
The causal relationship between plasma bubbles and blobs in the low‐latitude F region during a solar minimum
Authors: Kil Hyosub , Kwak Young‐Sil , Lee Woo Kyoung , Miller Ethan S. , Oh Seung‐Jun , Choi Ho‐Sung 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPlasma density depletions (bubbles) and enhancements (blobs) with respect to the background ionosphere occur at night in the low‐latitude F region. Those phenomena are understood to be either causally linked or independent. The idea of the causal relationship between bubbles and blobs is on the basis of the observations of them in the same longitude. However, the occurrence of bubbles and blobs in the same longitude can also be just a coincidence. We investigate causal linkage of bubbles and blobs using the measurements of the ion density on 5 days in June 2008 and April 2009 by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System and CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload satellites. The observations during the solar minimum show that blobs occur in broader longitudes than do bubbles and occur in any longitudes regardless of the existence of bubbles. These observations indicate that a significant portion of blobs are not associated with bubbles. Even if some blobs are associated with bubbles, those blobs are indistinguishable from those produced by other sources. Therefore, the observations of bubbles and blobs at the same longitudes do not warrant their causal relationship. The independent behavior of bubbles and blobs rather indicates that their occurrences in the same longitudes are mostly coincidences. Considering the frequent occurrence of blobs near midnight, June solstice, and the solar minimum, medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances are likely the major source of blobs. This idea is supported by the observations of blobs with the ionospheric disturbances in broad longitudes and latitudes.
Precipitation over East Asia simulated by NCAR CAM5 at different horizontal resolutions
Authors: Li Jian , Yu Rucong , Yuan Weihua , Chen Haoming , Sun Wei , Zhang Yi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLong‐term simulations using version 5.1 of the National Center for Atmospheric Research’ Community Atmosphere Model at low (T42), medium (T106), and high (T266) resolutions were carried out to study the impact of horizontal resolution on the model's performance in reproducing the climatological features of precipitation over East Asia. The simulated spatial pattern of annual mean precipitation amount improves significantly with increased resolution. The low‐resolution model is inadequate to reproduce the precipitation closely associated with fine‐scale orographic forcing, such as the narrow large‐rainfall belt along the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The distribution of rainfall over and around the elevation of the Tibetan Plateau and high‐altitude mountains becomes more realistic at higher resolutions. The proportion of the large‐bias (small‐bias) area continuously reduces (increases) when moving from T42 to T266 resolution. Simulations at all three resolutions can capture the key features of the major seasonal variation of rainfall arising from the onset and advancement of the Asian monsoon. A novel method is used to evaluate the sensitivity of the simulated intensity‐frequency structure to the horizontal resolution. The proportion of light rain, which demonstrates large positive bias in climate models, decreases dramatically at higher resolution. The intensity‐frequency structures averaged over steep‐terrain regions and plain areas become more distinctive and realistic as the resolution increases.
Debates—Perspectives on socio‐hydrology: Capturing feedbacks between physical and social processes
Authors: Di Baldassarre Giuliano , Viglione Alberto , Carr Gemma , Kuil Linda , Yan Kun , Brandimarte Luigia , Blöschl Günter 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn flood risk assessment, there remains a lack of analytical frameworks capturing the dynamics emerging from two‐way feedbacks between physical and social processes, such as adaptation and levee effect. The former, “adaptation effect”, relates to the observation that the occurrence of more frequent flooding is often associated with decreasing vulnerability. The latter, “levee effect”, relates to the observation that the non‐occurrence of frequent flooding (possibly caused by flood protection structures, e.g. levees) is often associated to increasing vulnerability. As current analytical frameworks do not capture these dynamics, projections of future flood risk are not realistic. In this paper, we develop a new approach whereby the mutual interactions and continuous feedbacks between floods and societies are explicitly accounted for. Moreover, we show an application of this approach by using a socio‐hydrological model to simulate the behavior of two main prototypes of societies: green societies, which cope with flooding by resettling out of flood‐prone areas; and technological societies, which deal with flooding also by building levees or dikes. This application shows that the proposed approach is able to capture and explain the aforementioned dynamics (i.e. adaptation and levee effect) and therefore contribute to a better understanding of changes in flood risk, within an iterative process of theory development and empirical research.
Changes in erosion and flooding risk due to long‐term and cyclic oceanographic trends
Authors: Wahl Thomas , Plant Nathaniel G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe assess temporal variations in waves and sea level, which are driving factors for beach erosion and coastal flooding in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We find that long‐term trends in the relevant variables have caused an increase of ~30% in the erosion/flooding risk since the 1980s. Changes in the wave climate—which have often been ignored in earlier assessments—were at least as important as sea level rise (SLR). In the next decades, SLR will likely become the dominating driver and may in combination with ongoing changes in the wave climate (and depending on the emission scenario) escalate the erosion/flooding risk by up to 300% over the next 30 years. We also find significant changes in the seasonal cycles of sea level and significant wave height, which have in combination caused a considerable increase of the erosion/flooding risk in summer and decrease in winter relative to long‐term trends.
Two‐dimensional configuration of the magnetotail current sheet: THEMIS observations
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Petrukovich A. A. , Nakamura R. , Zelenyi L. M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this paper we investigate 2‐D configuration of the magnetotail current sheet. We use measurements of magnetic field and plasma parameters by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission in 2008–2009 to restore for the first time the current sheet configuration at three distances downtail (i.e., in the corresponding locations of THEMIS spacecraft:x<− 25RE,x∼− 17RE, andx∼− 10RE). The vertical velocity of current sheets (flapping motion) allows estimating the current sheet thicknessL(x) and the current densityj0(x)≈(c/4π)B0/L, whereB0(x) is the amplitude ofBxfield. We have shown that the current sheet configuration is more or less stable (spacecraft observe the same current sheet thickness and magnetic field amplitudes for successive crossings of the neutral plane) for time intervals around 1–3 h. The typical 2‐D configuration of the magnetotail current sheet assumes the increase ofL(x) and magnetic fieldsB0(x),Bz(x) toward the Earth, while the ratioBz/B0is almost constant along the magnetotail. Observed current sheets are very stretched with the typical scale ofBz(x) inhomogeneityLx≫LB0/2Bz. We compare obtained results with existing current sheet models.
Debates—Perspectives on socio‐hydrology: Modeling flood risk as a public policy problem
Authors: Gober Patricia , Wheater Howard S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSocio‐hydrology views human activities as endogenous to water system dynamics; it is the interaction between human and biophysical processes that threatens the viability of current water systems through positive feedbacks and unintended consequences. Di Baldassarre et al. implement socio‐hydrology as a flood risk problem using the concept of social memory as a vehicle to link human perceptions to flood damage. Their mathematical model has heuristic value in comparing potential flood damages in green versus technological societies. It can also support communities in exploring the potential consequences of policy decisions and evaluating critical policy tradeoffs, for example, between flood protection and economic development. The concept of social memory does not, however, adequately capture the social processes whereby public perceptions are translated into policy action, including the pivotal role played by the media in intensifying or attenuating perceived flood risk, the success of policy entrepreneurs in keeping flood hazard on the public agenda during short windows of opportunity for policy action, and different societal approaches to managing flood risk that derive from cultural values and economic interests. We endorse the value of seeking to capture these dynamics in a simplified conceptual framework, but favor a broader conceptualization of socio‐hydrology that includes a knowledge exchange component, including the way modeling insights and scientific results are communicated to floodplain managers. The social processes used to disseminate the products of socio‐hydrological research are as important as the research results themselves in determining whether modeling is used for real‐world decision making.
Adaptive PI secondary control for smart autonomous microgrid systems
Authors: Mahmoud Magdi S. , Hussain S. Azher 
Published: April 2015

SummaryIn this paper, the authors present a neural‐network‐based distributed secondary control to regulate the output voltage and frequency of a smart autonomous microgrid system. Generally, the secondary controller is implemented in a centralized manner using a fixed‐gain proportional‐plus‐integral controller which may perform well under certain operating conditions only. Also the failure of centralized controller implies no secondary control action for the entire system. The control technique proposed in this paper is a distributed one and makes use of neural network (NN) concept to improve the performance of system. A well‐trained NN supplies the controller with suitable gains according to each operating point. Before training the NN, evolutionary optimization technique, differential evolution, is employed to obtain the optimal gains of controller at each operating load condition which forms the training set for NN. Simulation results show that the proposed controller damps the oscillations caused by load changes, restores the output voltage and frequency of the system to their nominal values, and maintains proper load sharing property of the baseline controller. The performance of the controller is also compared with fixed‐gain controller. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Capital among Members in Grain Marketing Cooperatives of Different Sizes
Authors: Feng Li , Friis Anna , Nilsson Jerker 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTAccording to social capital theory, small cooperatives with simple business operations have more social capital in their membership than large, complex cooperatives. The geographical and social proximity among members, and between members and leadership, fosters social capital. This proposition is investigated empirically using data from member surveys in three Swedish farm supply and grain marketing cooperatives that vary greatly in size, from about 36,000 to 1,600 and 150 members. The findings strongly support the view that the smaller the cooperative, the higher the social capital, expressed in terms of members’ involvement, trust, satisfaction, and loyalty.
The Interdigital Brace and Other Grips for Termite Nest Perforation by Chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo
Authors: Lesnik Julie J. , Sanz Crickette M. , Morgan David B. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTStudies of chimpanzee termite foraging enlighten our understanding of early hominin tool use not only by modeling the cognitive ability of our ancestors but also by emphasizing the possible role of social insects in the hominin diet. The chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle are known to have one of the largest and most complex tool repertoires reported for wild chimpanzees. One tool set habitually used by this population includes a perforating tool to penetrate the hard outer crust of elevated termite nests before fishing for termite prey with an herbaceous stem. Here, we report the variation present in the grips used on the perforating tool. Our analysis of video recordings of chimpanzee visitation to termite nests over a 3‐year period shows that these chimpanzees use a variety of grips to navigate the challenges encountered in opening a termite nest. For situations in which the soil is most hardened, perforating requires force and a power grip is often used. When the soil in the passageway is loose, precision grips are suitable for the task. One of the preferred grips reported here is an interdigital brace, which has previously been described in studies of how some people hold a pencil. In this study, for the first time, the interdigital brace has been thoroughly described for chimpanzees. The various strategies and grips used during perforation emphasize the importance of termites as a nutritional resource that should be considered more strongly as a food used by early hominins. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:252–259, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Moiré superlattice effects in graphene/boron‐nitride van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Wallbank John R. , Mucha‐Kruczyński Marcin , Chen Xi , Fal'ko Vladimir I. 
Published: April 2015

Van der Waals heterostructures of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride feature a moiré superlattice for graphene's Dirac electrons. Here, we review the effects generated by this superlattice, including a specific miniband structure featuring gaps and secondary Dirac points, and a fractal spectrum of magnetic minibands known as Hofstadter's butterfly.
image
Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Using a Neutral π Radical as Emitter: The Emission from a Doublet
Authors: Peng Qiming , Obolda Ablikim , Zhang Ming , Li Feng 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTriplet harvesting is a main challenge in organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs), because the radiative decay of the triplet is spin‐forbidden. Here, we propose a new kind of OLED, in which an organic open‐shell molecule, (4‐N‐carbazolyl‐2,6‐dichlorophenyl)bis(2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM‐1Cz) radical, is used as an emitter, to circumvent the transition problem of triplet. For TTM‐1Cz, there is only one unpaired electron in the highest singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO). When this electron is excited to the lowest singly unoccupied molecular orbital (SUMO), the SOMO is empty. Thus, transition back of the excited electron to the SOMO is totally spin‐allowed. Spectral analysis showed that electroluminescence of the OLED originated from the electron transition between SUMO and SOMO. The magneto‐electroluminescence measurements revealed that the spin configuration of the excited state of TTM‐1Cz is a doublet. Our results pave a new way to obtain 100 % internal quantum efficiency of OLEDs.
Nanoscale Zero‐Valent Iron Particles Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxides by Using a Plasma Technique and Their Application for Removal of Heavy‐Metal Ions
Authors: Li Jie , Chen Changlun , Zhang Rui , Wang Xiangke 
Published: April 2015

AbstractNanoscale zero‐valent iron particles supported on reduced graphene oxides (NZVI/rGOs) from spent graphene oxide (GO)‐bound iron ions were developed by using a hydrogen/argon plasma reduction method to improve the reactivity and stability of NZVI. The NZVI/rGOs exhibited excellent water treatment performance with excellent removal capacities of 187.16 and 396.37 mg g−1 for chromium and lead, respectively. Moreover, the NZVI/rGOs could be regenerated by plasma treatment and maintained high removal ability after four cycles. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis results implied that the removal mechanisms could be attributed to adsorption/precipitation, reduction, or both. Such multiple removal mechanisms by the NZVI/rGOs were attributed to the reduction ability of the NZVI particles and the role of dispersing and stabilizing abilities of the rGOs. The results indicated that the NZVI/rGOs prepared by a hydrogen/argon plasma reduction method might be an effective composite for heavy‐metal‐ion removal.
Hardness Alternation in α,ω‐Alkanedicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Mishra Manish Kumar , Ramamurty Upadrasta , Desiraju Gautam R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe variation of hardness as a function of the number of carbon atoms in α,ω‐alkanedicarboxylic acids, CNH2N−2O4 (4≤N≤9), was examined by recourse to nanoindentation on the major faces of single crystals. Hardness exhibits odd–even alternation, with the odd acids being softer and the even ones harder; the differences decrease with increasing chain length. These variations are similar to those seen for other mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of these diacids. The softness of odd acids is rationalized due to strained molecular conformations in them, which facilitate easier plastic deformation. Relationships between structural features, such as interplanar spacing, interlayer separation distance, molecular chain length, and signatures of the nanoindentation responses, namely, discrete displacement bursts, were also examined. Shear sliding of molecular layers past each other during indentation is key to the mechanism for plastic deformation in these organic crystals.
CHOgenome.org 2.0: Genome resources and website updates
Authors: Kremkow Benjamin G. , Baik Jong Youn , MacDonald Madolyn L. , Lee Kelvin H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are a major host cell line for the production of therapeutic proteins, and CHO cell and Chinese hamster (CH) genomes have recently been sequenced using next‐generation sequencing methods. CHOgenome.org was launched in 2011 (version 1.0) to serve as a database repository and to provide bioinformatics tools for the CHO community. CHOgenome.org (version 1.0) maintained GenBank CHO‐K1 genome data, identified CHO‐omics literature, and provided a CHO‐specific BLAST service. Recent major updates to CHOgenome.org (version 2.0) include new sequence and annotation databases for both CHO and CH genomes, a more user‐friendly website, and new research tools, including a proteome browser and a genome viewer. CHO cell‐line specific sequences and annotations facilitate cell line development opportunities, several of which are discussed. Moving forward, CHOgenome.org will host the increasing amount of CHO‐omics data and continue to make useful bioinformatics tools available to the CHO community.
Microbial granulation for lactic acid production
Authors: Kim Dong‐Hoon , Lee Mo‐Kwon , Hwang Yuhoon , Im Wan‐Taek , Yun Yeo‐Myeong , Park Chul , Kim Mi‐Sun 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThis work investigated the formation of microbial granules to boost the productivity of lactic acid (LA). The flocculated form of LA‐producing microbial consortium, dominated by Lactobacillus sp. (91.5% of total sequence), was initially obtained in a continuous stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR), which was fed with 2% glucose and operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h and pH 5.0 ± 0.1 under a thermophilic condition (50°C). The mixed liquor in the CSTR was then transferred to an up‐flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB). The fermentation performance and granulation process were monitored with a gradual decrease of HRT from 8.0 to 0.17 h, corresponding to an increase in the substrate loading from 60 to 2,880 g glucose L−1d−1. As the operation continued, the accumulation of biomass in the UASB was clearly observed, which changed from flocculent to granular form with decrease in HRT. Up to the HRT decrease to 0.5 h, the LA concentration was maintained at 19–20 g L−1 with over 90% of substrate removal efficiency. However, further decrease of HRT resulted in a decrease of LA concentration with increase in residual glucose. Nevertheless, the volumetric LA productivity continuously increased, reaching 67 g L‐fermenter−1h−1 at HRT 0.17 h. The size of LA‐producing granules and hydrophobicity gradually increased with decrease in HRT, reaching 6.0 mm and 60%, respectively. These biogranules were also found to have high settling velocities and low porosities, ranging 2.69–4.73 cm s−1 and 0.39–0.92, respectively. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 101–111. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.