bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family and inheritance in the Augustan marriage laws
Authors: Wallace-Hadrill Andrew 
Published: April 2013

“Finally in his sixth consulship Caesar Augustus, securely in control, cancelled the orders he had issued as triumvir and laid the legal foundations for use in peace under principate. The bonds were more bitter from then on; watchers were set over us, with the inducement of rewards from the lex Papia Poppaea; the aim was that if men shirked the privileges of parenthood, the state as common parent should lay claim to their vacant possessions”.Tacitus Annals 3.28.
The buildings of Oinoanda
Authors: Coulton J. J. 
Published: April 2013

Oinoanda's chief claim to fame in Classical studies is philosophical, rather than architectural; it is the home of that Diogenes who had the name of a Cynic but Epicurean convictions, which he inscribed, ironically enough, on the walls of a stoa. In fact it was the repeated visits of M. F. Smith in connection with this great philosphical inscription that led to the British Institute of Ankara's survey project at Oinoanda under the direction of A. S. Hall. I am most grateful to Mr Hall for inviting me to participate in the survey and study of some of the city's buildings in 1975, 1977 and 1981, and for his support of my work on the site. We are all indebted to the Directorate of Antiquities at Ankara for permission to work at Oinoanda, and to a succession of most helpful simply representatives for their co-operation.Most of the city's buildings have simply collapsed where they stood and been left undisturbed since the city's a bandonment, so that it is possible to study their fallen upper parts in some detail; but is should be remembered that the terms of our survey permit do not allow any excavation, and since the lowest part of almost all remain hidden, many question of plan and date remain invitably unanswered.
Battle Scenes in the Aeneid
Authors: Willcock M. M. 
Published: April 2013

Caedicus Alcathoum obtruncat, Sacrator Hydaspen (Aen. 10.747)A fine line, with resonant names! It occurs at the beginning of a general list of killings, what in Homeric studies is called an androktasia, one of the few such found in the Aeneid. Perhaps the resonance of the names suggests to us that these are real people; but who are they? The answer is that we have not the faintest idea. Indeed, we are probably uncertain which side each of them is on, Trojan or Latin.Virgilian battle scenes may properly be compared with those of Homer. In the Iliad, the descriptions are extraordinarily precise; and it is wholly possible, if one is interested, to understand exactly what is being described by the poet. There are certain conventions, which were without doubt fully understood by Homer's audience. Any lack of understanding on our part is not Homer's fault. The conventions, and implications of what happens in the battle scenes, are most clearly set out in the work of Dr Franz Albracht, Kampf und Kampfschilderung bei Homer (1886 and 1895). It is abundantly clear that Virgil not only knew Homer from beginning to end, and used his own personal technique of ‘creative imitation’ in putting together the Aeneid with one eye on Homer, both in the large scale and in detail, but that he also knew the Alexandrian commentaries on Homer. The former of these facts has recently been demonstrated at great length, but still not exhaustively, by G. N. Knauer in Die Aeneis und Homer (1964); the latter in a more selective way by R. R. Schlunk in The Homeric Scholia and the Aeneid (1974). There can thus be little doubt that in deciding how to present the fighting scenes in the ‘Iliadic Aeneid’, as Brooks Otis calls it – the necessary second half of the epic, which engages in the maius opus of establishing Aeneas and his people in Italy – Virgil would pay very close attention to the action of the Iliad.
A reading of Catullus 68A
Authors: Woodman A. J. 
Published: April 2013

This poem is Catullus' reply to a letter from a friend called (probably) Manlius and it consists of three separate paragraphs: introduction (1–14), response (15–36), conclusion (37–40).This first paragraph itself consists of two parts: Catullus' recapitulation of the points made in Manlius' original letter (1–10), and an indication of what his response to that letter will be (11–14). From 1–2 it emerges that Manlius has experienced a crisis, and from 3–4 that he described himself in metaphorical terms as a shipwrecked person needing to be rescued by Catullus. From 5–8 we learn what Manlius' crisis was: he has lost his girlfriend and cannot sleep (5–6), and he derives no pleasure from the poetry of old writers (7–8). From line 10 we discover that Manlius has asked Catullus formunera et Musarum … et Veneris. What are these gifts? Some scholars have assumed that line 10 is an example of hendiadys and that only one gift has been requested, viz. erotic poetry; but it is clear from the wordutriusquein 39 that two separate items have been requested, in which case themunera Musarumandmunera Venerismust be two separate things. This is, after all, exactly what we should expect in the light of 5–8, where Manlius is represented as having made two separate complaints (neque … Venus … nec … Musae– 10et Musarum … et Veneris).
The repudiation of representation in Plato's Republic and its repercussions
Authors: Osborne Catherine 
Published: April 2013

This paper surveys a selection of texts from the fourth century B.C. to the ninth century A.D. and considers the continuing repercussions of Plato's famous attack on art for the present as well as the past. I propose to treat the subject in five sections:1. A brief consideration of the iconoclast controversy of the eighth and ninth centuries A.D., to highlight the theory behind the iconoclasts' rejection of pictorial art from the Church (and effectively from society).2. A general discussion of Plato's apparently iconoclastic argument in Republic 10, to suggest that it too, like the later iconoclasm, was rejecting certain implicit claims made about the value of representation as such.3. A closer analysis of the arguments in Republic 10 to clarify precisely what theories of art are vulnerable to them.4. A survey of some subsequent defences of art on the basis that it imitates nature, to show that Plato was right to say that a defence on those lines would not make art sufficiently important to justify the place we accord it in society (or the Church).
“You must finish your dinner”
Authors: Goh Esther C.L. 
Published: April 2013

PurposeBy using food consumption as a kaleidoscope, the aim of this paper is to illustrate the bidirectional and dialectical interactions among caregivers and between single children and their multiple caregivers in Xiamen.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reports findings from in‐depth interviews with grandparents and parents (n=33) from ten three‐generational families and parents (n=20) from ten nuclear families with single children between six and nine years old.FindingsGrandparents unequivocally accorded supreme importance to ensuring a child finishes his/her meals while parents tended to hold slightly more liberal views. These differences created higher conflict and tensions between the caregivers in three‐generational families as compared to nuclear households. Children in multigenerational families were more frequently force‐fed by adult‐caregivers whereas their counterparts were more capable of feeding themselves during meal times.Research limitations/implicationsThis exploratory study provides in‐depth insights but carries the limitation of generalisability. Future research can apply similar methodology on bigger samples so as to ascertain a better estimation of the extent of stress and tension across generations over meal times in urban China.Practical implicationsThe initial finding reported in this paper is useful for public health workers and family life educators in China to help families with children of middle childhood to manage tension arising from meal times.Originality/valueDiverging from most parenting research which tends to focus on parent‐child dynamics, this paper included three generations – grandparents, parents, grandchildren – in the research conceptualization. This is important as grandparents are integral parts of childrearing in China.
Big government, big solution: could there be a message for all?
Authors: Hare Catherine 
Published: April 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the recent initiatives by the US Federal Government to put in place a robust and comprehensive framework and programme to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of managing Federal records and consider the wider scalability and applicability of the approach.Design/methodology/approachThis paper examines the context, the supporting documents and the framework and analyses the extent to which the approach can be applied to organizations in general.FindingsWhile very few organizations will have the authority and the resources available to the US Federal Government, the overall framework and its various elements provide a good, concise and up to date guide, irrespective of an organization's size.Research limitations/implicationsThe analysis is a personal assessment of the US Federal Government approach.Practical implicationsIt is hoped that the opinion piece gives food for thought, encouragement to hard pressed professionals to give some time to stepping back and reviewing their activity and highlights some useful, up to date resources.Originality/valueThe opinion piece provides an analysis of a major and current records management initiative.
Correlations between ICT and records policy integration and court case management system functionality
Authors: Lowry James 
Published: April 2013

PurposeFrom 2009 to 2011, the International Records Management Trust conducted a research project called Aligning Records Management with ICT/E‐government and Freedom of Information in East Africa, with funding from the International Development Research Centre. The research was concerned with the integration of records management components into ICT/e‐government and freedom of information initiatives, which are priorities for the governments in East Africa. This paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe research focused on the governments of the member states of the East African Community; Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. In each of these countries, research teams examined the level of records management functionality in new or planned court case management systems, where possible.FindingsThe findings demonstrated how the lack of a national regulatory framework for records management, at the highest level, could affect the design and implementation of systems, at the lowest, technical level.Originality/valueThis paper draws together the case studies prepared by the author from data collected by the national research teams, to provide an overview of the issues encountered in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, which were the member states of the original East African Community, and demonstrate the correlation between ICT and records policy integration and court case management system functionality.
Aero‐design of transonic LH2 and LOX contra rotating turbopumps in an expander rocket engine
Authors: Paniagua Guillermo , Lavagnoli Sergio , Verstraete Tom , Mahmoudi Wassim , Benamara Tariq 
Published: April 2013

PurposeContra‐rotating turbines offer reduced size, weight, and cooling requirements, compared to conventional co‐rotating machinery. In spite of the associated mechanical complexity, their aero‐thermal performance is superior to conventional turbines, not only due to the elimination of stator blade rows, but also because lower turning airfoils can be implemented as a result. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology to determine the optimum velocity triangles of the turbine, together with a two‐dimensional design and optimization tool to minimize the blade unsteady force using radial basis function network, coupled to a genetic algorithm. The proposed design methodology is illustrated with the aerodynamic design of a contra‐rotating two‐axis turbine, which is able to deliver the power necessary to drive the LOX and LH2 pumps of an improved expander rocket engine.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a methodology to determine the optimum velocity triangles of the turbine, together with a two dimensional design and optimization tool to minimize the blade unsteady force using radial basis function network, coupled to a genetic algorithm. The proposed design methodology is illustrated with the aerodynamic design of a contra‐rotating two‐axis turbine, which is able to deliver the power necessary to drive the LOX and LH2 pumps of an expander rocket engine, namely the Japanese LE‐5B.FindingsThe airfoil optimizer allows reductions in the downstream pressure distortion of 40 per cent. Consequently, the unsteady forces in the downstream blade row are minimized.Originality/valueThis paper presents to turbomachinery designers in liquid propulsion a novel tool to enhance the aerodynamic performance while reducing the unsteady forces on the blades.
A functional trait approach to fen restoration analysis
Authors: Hedberg Petter , Saetre Peter , Sundberg Sebastian , Rydin Håkan , Kotowski Wiktor 
Published: April 2013

AbstractQuestionsEcological restoration has traditionally been evaluated with analyses focused on species identities and abundances. These analyses provide no ecological explanation to why certain species change in abundance. One solution may be a functional trait analysis. We asked whether shifts in functional traits could explain vegetation changes in fens restored through tree cutting and rewetting, and how the functional traits in the restored sites compare to those of the reference site?LocationThree former rich fens in east‐central Sweden.MethodsTree cutting and rewetting were applied in a factorial design, and species and abundance data were recorded for 8 yrs. Abundance data and trait data of canopy height, specific leaf area (SLA) and diaspore mass were used to calculate functional richness (FRic), functional divergence (FDiv), functional dispersion (FDis) and community‐weighted mean (CWM) of functional traits. Data were analysed in a linear mixed effect model for vascular plants and bryophytes jointly, and for vascular plants separately. Results of restoration treatments were compared to data from a reference site.ResultsAmong vascular plants, tree cutting caused a decrease in SLA, as shade‐sensitive species increased. In accordance with the change in SLA, FDis increased. In the joint analysis, tree cutting led to increased FDis, FDiv and FRic, indicating reduced filtering caused by the removal of the shading canopy, which allowed shade‐sensitive species to establish. The comparison to the reference site shows that even after 8 yrs, the restoration treatments have higher trait diversity than the reference site, indicating that the restoration sites have a too relaxed trait filter compared to conditions in an undisturbed fen. Our interpretation is that this is primarily caused by insufficient rewetting (and increased nutrient availability) that allow species of both natural and degraded fen conditions to co‐exist, and which failed to suppress the regrowth of trees.ConclusionsAnalysis of functional diversity improves our understanding of the ecological mechanisms affecting restoration results, and allows comparison among regions and communities with different species composition.
Viral respiratory tract infections and asthma in early life: cause and effect?
Authors: Mackenzie K. J. , Anderton S. M. , Schwarze J. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryInteractions between viral respiratory tract infections in infancy and childhood, and asthma development and exacerbation, are complex and intriguing. This review aims to unravel some of these complexities. Does severe respiratory viral infection early in life predispose to later asthma development, or is it indicative of a predisposition to allergic respiratory disease? How could variables such as age and severity of viral infection affect the interaction between respiratory viral infections and asthma? How could respiratory viral infection drive allergic sensitization? Here, we review the evidence surrounding these questions, and discuss current and future research and therapeutic approaches targeting the interplay between viral respiratory tract infection and asthma.
Inhibition of protein kinase A activity depresses phrenic drive and glycinergic signalling, but not rhythmogenesis in anaesthetized rat
Authors: Burke P. G. R. , Sousa L. O. , Tallapragada V. J. , Goodchild A. K. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe cAMP–protein kinase A (PKA) pathway plays a critical role in regulating neuronal activity. Yet, how PKA signalling shapes the population activity of neurons that regulate respiratory rhythm and motor patterns in vivo is poorly defined. We determined the respiratory effects of focally inhibiting endogenous PKA activity in defined classes of respiratory neurons in the ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord by microinjection of the membrane‐permeable PKA inhibitor Rp‐adenosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphothioate (Rp‐cAMPS) in urethane‐anaesthetized adult Sprague Dawley rats. Phrenic nerve activity, end‐tidal CO2 and arterial pressure were recorded. Rp‐cAMPS in the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) caused powerful, dose‐dependent depression of phrenic burst amplitude and inspiratory period. Rp‐cAMPS powerfully depressed burst amplitude in the phrenic premotor nucleus, but had no effect at the phrenic motor nucleus, suggesting a lack of persistent PKA activity here. Surprisingly, inhibition of PKA activity in the preBötC increased phrenic burst frequency, whereas in the Bötzinger complex phrenic frequency decreased. Pretreating the preBötC with strychnine, but not bicuculline, blocked the Rp‐cAMPS‐evoked increase in frequency, but not the depression of phrenic burst amplitude. We conclude that endogenous PKA activity in excitatory inspiratory preBötzinger neurons and phrenic premotor neurons, but not motor neurons, regulates network inspiratory drive currents that underpin the intensity of phrenic nerve discharge. We show that inhibition of PKA activity reduces tonic glycinergic transmission that normally restrains the frequency of rhythmic respiratory activity. Finally, we suggest that the maintenance of the respiratory rhythm in vivo is not dependent on endogenous cAMP–PKA signalling.
Assessing and managing data‐limited ornamental fisheries in coral reefs
Authors: Fujita Rod , Thornhill Daniel J , Karr Kendra , Cooper Cara H , Dee Laura E 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCoral reefs support numerous ornamental fisheries, but there are concerns about stock sustainability due to the volume of animals caught. Such impacts are difficult to quantify and manage because fishery data are often lacking. Here, we suggest a framework that integrates several data‐poor assessment and management methods in order to provide management guidance for fisheries that differ widely in the kinds and amounts of data available. First, a resource manager could assess the status of the ecosystem (using quantitative metrics where data are available and semi‐quantitative risk assessment where they are not) and determine whether overall fishing mortality should be reduced. Next, productivity susceptibility analysis can be used to estimate vulnerability to fishing using basic information on life history and the nature of the fishery. Information on the relative degree of exploitation (e.g. export data or ratios of fish density inside and outside no‐take marine reserves) is then combined with the vulnerability ranks to prioritize species for precautionary management and further analysis. For example, species that are both highly exploited and vulnerable are good candidates for precautionary reductions in allowable capture. Species that appear to be less vulnerable could be managed on a stock‐specific basis to prevent over‐exploitation of some species resulting from the use of aggregate catch limits. The framework could be applied to coral reef ornamental fisheries which typically lack landings, catch‐per‐unit‐effort and age‐size data to generate management guidance to reduce overfishing risk. We illustrate the application of this framework to an ornamental fishery in Indonesia.
Winter climate change effects on soil C and N cycles in urban grasslands
Authors: Durán Jorge , Rodríguez Alexandra , Morse Jennifer L. , Groffman Peter M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDespite growing recognition of the role that cities have in global biogeochemical cycles, urban systems are among the least understood of all ecosystems. Urban grasslands are expanding rapidly along with urbanization, which is expected to increase at unprecedented rates in upcoming decades. The large and increasing area of urban grasslands and their impact on water and air quality justify the need for a better understanding of their biogeochemical cycles. There is also great uncertainty about the effect that climate change, especially changes in winter snow cover, will have on nutrient cycles in urban grasslands. We aimed to evaluate how reduced snow accumulation directly affects winter soil frost dynamics, and indirectly greenhouse gas fluxes and the processing of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) during the subsequent growing season in northern urban grasslands. Both artificial and natural snow reduction increased winter soil frost, affecting winter microbial C and N processing, accelerating C and N cycles and increasing soil : atmosphere greenhouse gas exchange during the subsequent growing season. With lower snow accumulations that are predicted with climate change, we found decreases in N retention in these ecosystems, and increases inN2OandCO2flux to the atmosphere, significantly increasing the global warming potential of urban grasslands. Our results suggest that the environmental impacts of these rapidly expanding ecosystems are likely to increase as climate change brings milder winters and more extensive soil frost.
Melatonin induces apoptosis through a caspase‐dependent but reactive oxygen species‐independent mechanism in human leukemia Molt‐3 cells
Authors: Perdomo Juan , Cabrera Javier , Estévez Francisco , Loro Juan , Reiter Russel J. , Quintana José 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMelatonin is a naturally occurring indoleamine synthesized in the pineal gland that exhibits an extensive repertoire of biological activities. An increasing number of studies indicate that melatonin protects normal cells, while it reducing cancer cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin on the growth of the human leukemia cells and found that it efficiently reduced the number of cells in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. Thus, incubation with the indoleamine increased the percentage of cells with a hypodiploid DNA content, augmented the number of annexin V–positive cells, and also provoked ultrastructural changes that are features of apoptotic cell death. Evaluation of caspases revealed that caspase‐3, caspase‐6, caspase‐7, and caspase‐9, but not caspase‐8 and caspase‐2, were quickly activated (3–6 hr). The increase in the activity of these proteases was associated with up‐regulation of the pro‐apoptotic factor Bax and also with the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Pretreatment of the cells with the general caspase inhibitor z‐VAD‐fmk, reduced melatonin‐induced apoptosis, but it did not block cell death suggesting that melatonin activates an alternative cell death modality in the absence of caspase activity. Thus, the activation of caspases was preceded by a fast (<30 min) increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Rotenone and antimycin A reduced the levels of ROS stimulated by melatonin, indicating that the complex I and the complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are important sources of these chemical species. However, the role of ROS in melatonin‐induced cell death remains elusive because anti‐oxidants that were shown to decrease ROS levels (glutathione, N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine and Trolox) were unable to abrogate melatonin‐induced cell death.