bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Authors: Tundermann John H. , Tien John K. , Howson Timothy E. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe first reported use of nickel was in a nickel‐copper‐zinc alloy produced in China in the Middle Ages and perhaps earlier. Nickel is a silver‐white metal, harder than iron and capable of taking a brilliant polish. malleable and ductile and magnetic below 360°C. Nickel comprises ca 3% of the earth's composition.Ores amenable to mining exist. The two types that can be mined economically are sulfide and lateritic.The treatments used to recover nickel from these ores differ considerably because of the differing physical characteristics of the ores. Nickel is available in many commercial forms. Nickel is a confirmed carcinogen. It is rarely recycled by itself but is commonly mixed with other metals. A common recycling method is to to melt the mixture of metals and produce a remelt ingot. Nickel and its alloys have many uses. The production of steel is its primary use. Production of nonferrous alloys and superalloys , and electroplating are others. Nickel and its alloys are expected to play a big part in the renewable energy field. Superalloys are used in jet craft, space, and, missile technology. Nickel‐based batteries are use in hybrid automobiles.It is also used as a catalyst and in the minting of coins.
Pressure Measurement
Authors: Smith Cecil L. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

AbstractPressure measurement is important in the chemical process industries (CPI) and in laboratories for a number of reasons: differential pressure is the driving force in fluid dynamics; product quality frequently depends on certain pressures (or vacuums) being reached and accurately maintained for specific lengths of time during a process; and pressure is a crucial safety consideration in the operation of process equipment particularly where boiler or reactor pressures must not exceed certain limits.The importance of pressure measurement in process applications includes: the pressure exerted by a fluid must not exceed the pressure for which the vessel is rated; pressure affects gas phase equilibrium reactions, and pressure affects processes such as distillation.This article gives information on the various categories of sensors, ie, mechanical gauges, which include Bourdon tubes, electronic sensors, vacuum sensors, and the new technology of smart pressure transmitters. Information on installation of sensors is included. Pressure sensors can also be used to measure process variables such as flow, level, and physical properties.
Sodium Sulfates and Sulfides
Authors: Butts David , Bush David R. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Sodium sulfate is the sodium salt of sulfuric acid. The decahydrate is known as mirabilite and also Glauber's salt. Minerals of sodium sulfate occur throughout the world. The deposits result from the evaporation of inland seas and terminal lakes. About half of all sodium sulfate produced is by a synthetic by‐product of rayon, dichromate, phenol, or potash. Sodium sulfate as a by‐product is referred to as synthetic. Sodium sulfate made from mirabilite, thenardite, or natural brine is referred to as natural sodium sulfate. Nearly all manufacturers of sodium sulfate use Glauber's salt as an intermediate. Environmental concerns have influenced sodium sulfate manufacture. Waste was historically discharged into waterways, but at present regulations prohibit discharges of liquids containing sulfate into the environment. Sodium sulfides are also discussed. Principal uses for these compounds include in the soap and detergent industry, glass, paper and pulp, carpet fresheners, and textiles.
Tin and Tin Alloys
Authors: Gaver Charles C. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

AbstractTin is one of the world's most ancient metals. When it was discovered is uncertain. but evidence points to it being used in 3200–3500 BC. In most cases tin is used on or in manufactured materials in small amounts, much out of proportion to the purpose it serves. Food preservation and canning developed rapidly with the invention of tin‐coated steel; transportation and high speed machinery became a reality with the invention of tin‐base bearing metals; the casting of type metal was an important advance in printing technology; bronze alloys became weapons, tools and architectural objects; tin alloys are used in organ pipes and bells; and telecommunication and electronic equipment depend on the tin‐lead soldered joint. Modern uses of tin include the plating of protective coatings in cans and containers, nuclear energy, plastics and other polymers, agriculture, biochemistry, electronic packaging, and glassmaking.
Dyes, Solar Cells
Authors: Ooyama Yousuke 
Published: April 2013

AbstractOrganic solar (photovoltaic) cells are third‐generation photovoltaic cells. In particular, dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on dye photosensitizers adsorbed on oxide semiconductor electrodes (eg, TiO2, ZnO, or NiO) have received considerable attention for their interesting construction and operational principles, high power conversion efficiency, and low cost of production. To improve the photovoltaic performances of DSSCs, it is essential to create efficient dye photosensitizers. Therefore, many kinds of ruthenium (Ru) complex dyes and organic dyes have been designed and developed. Consequently, DSSCs have achieved a solar energy‐to‐electricity conversion yield (η) of up to 11%.
Green Chemistry, Applications
Authors: Matlack Albert S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEnvironmental chemistry deals with contaminants from human activities that have found their way into soil, water, and air, how to detect them and how to remediate the problems. The purpose of green chemistry is to avoid these problems altogether. Green chemistry is based on the twelve principles set forth by Anastas and Warner. The twelve principles are listed and examples of developments keeping with the principles are discussed. Details are given for replacing toxic or detrimental chemicals and processes. Some of the chemicals and reactions in need of replacement are phosgene, HCN, formaldehyde, heavy metals, chlorine, oxidations, catalysts, acids and bases, separations, and solvents. Suggestions for alternatives are given. This article also extends the discussion to other areas in need of attention. Biocatalysis, eg, offers the possibility of making products without carrying out chemical reactions under rigorous conditions. Stereochemistry and the importance of optical isomers and resolution of racemic mixtures are discussed. Agrochemicals products such as pesticides, fertilizers, etc, can be toxic and cause environmental damage. Alternative methods can be found. Other topics include materials for a sustainable future, chemistry of longer wear, recycling, and energy and the environment.
Effects of social, economic, and labor policies on occupational health disparities
Authors: Siqueira Carlos Eduardo , Gaydos Megan , Monforton Celeste , Slatin Craig , Borkowski Liz , Dooley Peter , Liebman Amy , Rosenberg Erica , Shor Glenn , Keifer Matthew 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundThis article introduces some key labor, economic, and social policies that historically and currently impact occupational health disparities in the United States.MethodsWe conducted a broad review of the peer‐reviewed and gray literature on the effects of social, economic, and labor policies on occupational health disparities.ResultsMany populations such as tipped workers, public employees, immigrant workers, and misclassified workers are not protected by current laws and policies, including worker's compensation or Occupational Safety and Health Administration enforcement of standards. Local and state initiatives, such as living wage laws and community benefit agreements, as well as multiagency law enforcement contribute to reducing occupational health disparities.ConclusionsThere is a need to build coalitions and collaborations to command the resources necessary to identify, and then reduce and eliminate occupational disparities by establishing healthy, safe, and just work for all. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:557–572, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Super‐absorbent resin preparation utilizing spent mushroom substrates
Authors: Ding Rui , Gong Kai 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTTo find high value‐added utilization for spent mushroom substrates (SMS), a series super‐absorbent sample were prepared with SMS mass ratio between 0% and 100% based on acrylic acid plus SMS, heated with microwave. The maximum absorbency of the composite with 25% SMS ratio in water and saline corresponding to 0.3 wt % initiator is 458 and 61 g/g, respectively; the gel strength of the composite with 25% SMS is two times as high as that of the noncomposited polyacrylate. On SEM pictures, as SMS mass ratio increases the composites resin continuity was interrupted by SMS particles meanwhile some SMS particles are bare; micro‐particles of SMS uniformly dispersed in the acrylic resin forming submicroscopically homogeneous composites. IR spectra show that the composite has different chemical groups and structures from the mechanical mixture. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1098‐1103, 2013
Effect of temperature and holding time on preoxidation for aligned electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers
Authors: Liu Chengkun , Sun Runjun , Lai Kan , Chen Meiyu , Liu Wei 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTIn this article, aligned electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber bundles were prepared as the precursor fibers to prepare preoxidized nanofibers through washing, drying densification, damp‐heat drafting, and preoxidation process. Effects of preoxidation temperature and holding time on appearance and microstructure of the preoxidized fibers were studied. Fiber density is increased from 1.159 to 1.193 g cm−3 after drying densification. Crystallinity is increased from 22.66 to 45.90% after fourfold drafting. The aligned preoxidized nanofibers were prepared at the optimum preoxidation temperature of 283°C, heating speed of 1°C min−1, and holding time of 1 h show a sufficient reaction degree of cyclization and crosslinking. Moreover, there is no occurrence of adhesion between fibers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1158‐1163, 2013
Recent Process and Development of Metal Aminoborane
Authors: Wang Kun , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Man Tian‐Tian , Wu Man , Chen Chun‐Chun 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis Review focuses on the development of metal aminoboranes; it discusses their synthesis, structure, chemical characterization, and applications. The lightweight nature of the molecules, the simplified procedures for the synthesis of the target compounds, the reversibility of hydrogen storage and dehydrogenation, and in‐depth research on the mechanism of the thermal decomposition are also discussed. A major challenge that still remains is how to combine the advantages of the compounds to produce a material that is not only able to release and absorb hydrogen under atmospheric conditions, but is also lightweight with a stable molecular structure. Finally, some future trends and perspectives in these research areas will be outlined.
Dynamic system‐optimal traffic assignment for a city using the continuum modeling approach
Authors: Tao Y. Z. , Jiang Y. Q. , Du J. , Wong S. C. , Zhang P. , Xia Y. H. , Choi K. 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYThis paper presents a continuum dynamic traffic assignment model for a city in which the total cost of the traffic system is minimized: the travelers in the system are organized to choose the route to their destinations that minimizes the total cost of the system. Combined with the objective function, which defines the total cost and constraints such as certain physical and boundary conditions, a continuum model can be formulated as an optimization scheme with a feasible region in the function space. To obtain an admissible locally optimal solution to this problem, we first reformulate the optimization in discrete form and then introduce a heuristic method to solve it. This method converges rapidly with attractive computational cost. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of propyl gallate in nonaqueous medium using cell‐associated tannase of Bacillus massiliensis: Effect of various parameters and statistical optimization
Authors: Aithal Mahesh , Belur Prasanna D. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEnzymatic synthesis of propyl gallate in an organic solvent was studied using cell‐associated tannase (E.C. 3.1.1.20) of Bacillus massiliensis. Lyophilized biomass showing tannase activity was used as a biocatalyst. The influence of buffer pH and strength, water activity, temperature, biocatalyst loading, gallic acid concentration, and 1‐propanol concentration was studied by the one‐factor‐at‐a‐time method. Subsequently, response surface methodology was applied based on a central composite design to determine the effects of three independent variables (biocatalyst loading, gallic acid concentration, and 1‐propanol concentration) and their mutual interactions. A total of 20 experiments were conducted, and a statistical model was developed, which predicted the maximum propyl gallate yield of 20.28 μg/mL in the reaction mixture comprising 40.4 mg biocatalyst, 0.4 mM gallic acid, and 6.52 % (v/v) 1‐propanol in 9.5 mL benzene at 30°C. The subsequent verification experiments established the validity of the model. Under optimal conditions, 25% conversion of gallic acid to propyl gallate was achieved on a molar basis. The absence of the need for enzyme purification and subsequent immobilization steps and good conversion efficiency makes this enzyme system an interesting one. Reports on the applications of bacterial whole cell systems for synthetic reactions in organic solvents are scarce, and perhaps this is the first report on bacterial cell‐associated tannase‐mediated esterification in a nonaqueous medium.
Structure–function analyses and molecular modeling of caffeic acid‐O‐methyltransferase and caffeoyl‐CoA‐O‐methyltransferase: Revisiting the basis of alternate methylation pathways during monolignol biosynthesis
Authors: Naaz Huma , Pandey Veda P. , Singh Swati , Dwivedi Upendra N. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTen protein sequences, each of caffeic acid‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) and caffeoyl‐coenzyme A‐O‐methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), catalyzing methylation of precursors of monolignol from selected dicots and monocots have been analyzed and compared on the basis of their amino acid sequence, motifs/domains, three‐dimensional (3D) structure, and substrate binding. The isoelectric points of all the COMT and CCoAOMT sequences analyzed were found to vary in the pH range of 5 to 6. Molecular weight analyses suggested CCoAOMT to be smaller monomeric proteins (27–29 kDa) as compared with those of COMTs (39–40 kDa), which were dimeric. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, COMT and CCoAOMT were clustered into two major groups, each of which could be further divided into two subgroups of monocots and dicots. Modeling and superimposition of COMT and CCoAOMT sequences of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) revealed that both were quite different at the 3D levels, although they had similarity in the core region. Molecular docking of 16 putative substrates (intermediates of monolignol biosynthesis pathway) revealed that both enzymes interact with all 16 substrates in a similar manner, with thiol esters being the most potent and binding of these putative substrates to CCoAOMT being more efficient.
The Impact of Trait Anxiety on Self‐frame and Decision Making
Authors: Peng Jiaxi , Xiao Wei , Yang Yebing , Wu Shengjun , Miao Danmin 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated how trait anxiety influenced the formation of a self‐frame and decision making. Participants (N = 1044) responded to the Trait Anxiety Inventory. Those with trait anxiety scores ±1 Z score from the sample mean (N = 328) were recalled to respond to the self‐frame questionnaire. The results suggested that trait anxiety differences could result in differences in the editing of decision‐making information, thereby influencing the risky choice. Compared with the low trait anxiety group, participants from the high trait anxiety group showed a greater tendency to use negative vocabulary to construct their self‐frame and tended to choose conservative plans. Self‐frame suppressed the influence of trait anxiety on decision making. These results further confirmed the hypothesis that individual differences in personality traits might influence the processing of information in a framed decision task. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phenotypic model recapitulating the neuropathology of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ferris Craig F. , Marella Mathieu , Smerkers Brian , Barchet Thomas M. , Gershman Benjamin , Matsuno‐Yagi Akemi , Yagi Takao 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis study was undertaken to develop a phenotypic model recapitulating the neuropathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Such a model would show loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia, appearance of Lewy bodies, and the early stages of motor dysfunction. The model was developed by subcutaneously injecting biodegradable microspheres of rotenone, a complex I inhibitor in 8–9 month old, ovariectomized Long–Evans rats. Animals were observed for changes in body weight and motor activity. At the end of 11–12 weeks animals were euthanized and the brains examined for histopathological changes. Rotenone treated animals gain weight and appear normal and healthy as compared to controls but showed modest hypokinesia around 5–6 weeks posttreatment. Animals showed loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and the appearance of putative Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress were evidenced by the appearance of activated microglia, iron precipitates, and 8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine a major product of DNA oxidation. The dorsal striatum, the projection site of midbrain DA neurons, showed a significant reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining, together with an increase in reactive astrocytes, an early sign of DA nerve terminal damage. Levels of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) were significantly reduced in the dorsal striatum; however, there was an unexpected increase in dopamine transporter (DAT) levels. Old, ovariectomized females treated with rotenone microspheres present with normal weight gain and good health but a modest hypokinesia. Accompanying this behavioral phenotype are a constellation of neuropathologies characteristic of PD that include loss of DA neurons, microglia activation, oxidative damage to nuclear DNA, iron deposition, and appearance of putative Lewy bodies. This phenotypic model recapitulating the neuropathology of Parkinson's disease could provide insight into early mechanisms of pathogenesis and could aid in the identification of biomarkers to identify patients in early stage, PD.
B6eGFPChAT mice overexpressing the vesicular acetylcholine transporter exhibit spontaneous hypoactivity and enhanced exploration in novel environments
Authors: Nagy Paul M. , Aubert Isabelle 
Published: April 2013

AbstractCholinergic innervation is extensive throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Among its many roles, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) contributes to the regulation of motor function, locomotion, and exploration. Cholinergic deficits and replacement strategies have been investigated in neurodegenerative disorders, particularly in cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Focus has been on blocking acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and enhancing ACh synthesis to improve cholinergic neurotransmission. As a first step in evaluating the physiological effects of enhanced cholinergic function through the upregulation of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), we used the hypercholinergic B6eGFPChAT congenic mouse model that has been shown to contain multiple VAChT gene copies. Analysis of biochemical and behavioral paradigms suggest that modest increases in VAChT expression can have a significant effect on spontaneous locomotion, reaction to novel stimuli, and the adaptation to novel environments. These observations support the potential of VAChT as a therapeutic target to enhance cholinergic tone, thereby decreasing spontaneous hyperactivity and increasing exploration in novel environments.
Phase II study of TAS‐106 in patients with platinum‐failure recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Tsao Anne , Hui Edwin Pun , Juergens Rosalyn , Marur Shanthi , Huat Tan Eng , Cher Goh Boon , Hong Ruey‐Long , Hong Waun Ki , Chan Anthony Tak‐Cheung 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTAS‐106, a RNA polymerase inhibitor, was studied in solid tumors with potential clinical benefit and reasonable tolerability. We conducted a multicenter, international phase II trial of TAS‐106 in salvage metastatic or recurrent head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) and nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) patients. TAS‐106 monotherapy was given at 6.5 mg/m2 over 24‐h continuous infusion every 3 weeks. Translational studies for blood and tissue were included. Twenty‐seven enrolled patients experienced the most common drug‐related adverse events of neutropenia, fatigue, non‐neutropenic fever, injection site reaction, and skin rash/dermatitis. The greater than or equal to grade 3 adverse events included neutropenia (14.8%), febrile neutropenia (7.4%), pneumonia (7.4%), and peripheral neuropathy (3.7%). The overall response rate was 0% in both subgroups; five HNSCC patients had stable disease (median duration 99 days) and four NPC patients had stable disease (median duration of 92.5 days). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) for HNSCC patients was 52 days (95% CI 43.0–99.0 days) and 48 days (95% CI 41.0–83.0 days) for NPC. Median overall survival (OS) for HNSCC patients was 175 days (95% CI 92.0–234.0 days) and 280 days (95% CI 107.0–462.0 days) for NPC. The TAS‐106 plasma levels were equivalent between Asian and Caucasian patients. There was no significant correlation of tumor UCK2 protein expression levels to TAS‐106 efficacy. TAS‐106 was reasonably tolerated in patients with platinum‐failure HNSCC and NPC. The administration schedule of 24‐h continuous infusion prevented neurologic toxicity, but had myelosuppression as its main toxicity. There was no anti‐tumor efficacy seen with TAS‐106 monotherapy. Future studies will focus on TAS‐106 combinations and mechanisms of drug resistance.
Subtypes of aggression in patients with schizophrenia: The role of personality disorders
Authors: Bo Sune , Forth Adelle , Kongerslev Mickey , Haahr Ulrik Helt , Pedersen Liselotte , Simonsen Erik 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundResearch has repeatedly demonstrated that schizophrenia has a small but significant association with violence. It is further recognised that a subgroup of people with such links also have personality disorders, but the extent to which type of violence or aggression varies according to subgroup is less clear.AimThis study aimed to investigate, among co‐morbid cases, if the number or type of personality disorders predicts type of aggression.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional study, 108 patients with schizophrenia were assessed for personality disorder, Axis‐I diagnosis, verbal IQ, social functioning and type of aggression.ResultsLogistic regression revealed that the more personality disorders identified (Cluster B personality disorders compared with Clusters A and C) and anti‐social personality disorder compared with other Cluster B disorders significantly predicted premeditated aggression.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that detailed personality assessment should be a routine part of comprehensive assessment of patients with schizophrenia. Improved knowledge of the presence and type of personality disorders may help detect and manage the risk of some types of aggression. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.