bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relative position of femoral artery and vein in children under general anesthesia – an ultrasound‐guided observational study
Authors: Bhatia Nandlal , Sivaprakasam Jai , Allford Mark , Guruswamy Velupandian 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBackgroundFemoral artery overlaps femoral vein by varying degrees distal to the inguinal ligament, which may result in difficult venous access and also increases the risk of arterial puncture.ObjectiveTo study the size of femoral vessels and the degree of overlap in children undergoing anesthesia using ultrasound at 1 and 3 cm distal to inguinal ligament.MethodsA prospective observational study, 84 children aged <7 years were recruited in six different age groups. An experienced anesthetist identified the femoral vessels and their overlap using ultrasound at two fixed points distal to the inguinal ligament. We also evaluated the correlation of skin puncture site marked as per Advanced Paediatric Life support (APLS) guidance using landmark technique with the ultrasound location of femoral vein beneath the same site.ResultsThe percentage of children with overlap of femoral vein by femoral artery increases from 5% to 60% as we move distal to the inguinal ligament. At 3 cm distal to inguinal ligament, the incidence of any degree of overlap was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in children <5 years. In 80% of children, the femoral vein was located by ultrasound beneath the skin puncture site as recommended by APLS guidelines.ConclusionA significant increase in femoral vein overlap occurs as we move distal to the inguinal ligament. There is one in five chance of failure to locate femoral vein by landmark technique. In children <2 years, a high approach to femoral vein cannulation under ultrasound guidance is recommended.
Endotracheal intubation in the pediatric emergency department
Authors: Long Elliot , Sabato Stefan , Babl Franz E. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBackground and ObjectivesProspective safety data on emergency department (ED) intubation in children are limited. We aimed to describe the practice and adverse events associated with endotracheal intubation in a large urban pediatric ED.MethodsProspective observational study at a tertiary pediatric ED with an annual census of 82 000. The primary outcome measure was the adverse event rate. Secondary outcome measures were incidence of difficult laryngoscopy and first pass success rate without desaturation or hypotension.ResultsOver a 12‐month period in 2013, there were 71 intubations in 66 patients (9/10 000 ED visits). Median age was 3 years, with 25% in infants <1 year of age. Indications were as follows: trauma (21%) and medical conditions (79%); most frequently status epileptics (31%). Forty‐four percent had cardiovascular compromise, 87% had respiratory compromise, and 70% had a GCS <9 prior to intubation. Adverse events occurred in 39%, the most common being hypotension (21%) and desaturation (14%). One anticipated and one unanticipated difficult laryngoscopy were encountered (both Cormack and Lehane grade 3). Overall first pass success rate was 78%, although first pass success without desaturation or hypotension was only 49%. Seven percent required more than two attempts for successful intubation.ConclusionIntubation of children in the ED is a low‐frequency, high‐risk procedure. The incidence of adverse events, particularly desaturation and hypotension, is high. The incidence of difficult laryngoscopy is low. First pass success rate without desaturation or hypotension is low. Strategies to avoid desaturation and hypotension in the peri‐intubation setting should be prioritized.
The Efficacy of Propofol vs. Subcutaneous Sumatriptan for Treatment of Acute Migraine Headaches in the Emergency Department: A Double‐Blinded Clinical Trial
Authors: Moshtaghion Hossein , Heiranizadeh Najmeh , Rahimdel Abolghasem , Esmaeili Alireza , Hashemian Hamidreza , Hekmatimoghaddam Seyedhossein 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn this double‐blinded, randomized trial, we hypothesized that propofol is as effective as sumatriptan in treating acute migraine headaches, with better control of nausea and vomiting, and fewer side effects.MethodsNinety cases of acute migraine attack admitted to the emergency department were randomly allocated into two treatment groups: (1) 6 mg of sumatriptan subcutaneously or (2) propofol injected intravenously in 30 to 40 mg boluses, followed by 10 to 20 mg intermittent bolus doses to sedate the patients to Ramsey score of 3 to 4. Headache severity was assessed using an 11‐point visual analog scale before treatment and 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours after treatment. Accompanying symptoms, improvement in headache, and the need for anti‐emetic therapy were also assessed.ResultsA total of 91 patients were enrolled in this study. One patient in the sumatriptan group was excluded due to severe chest tightness, and 90 patients were included in the final analysis. Pain intensity was significantly lower in the propofol group 30 minutes after treatment (P = 0.001); however, after 1 and 2 hours, there were no significant differences between the groups. The need for anti‐emetic therapy and the recurrence of symptoms were significantly lower in the propofol group (P = 0.045 and P = 0.001, respectively).ConclusionPropofol is equally suitable as sumatriptan for the acute treatment of migraine headaches in an emergency department setting. Moreover, the use of propofol avoids some of the adverse side effects of sumatriptan while providing better control of nausea and vomiting.
Involvement of chlororespiration in chilling stress in the tropical species Spathiphyllum wallisii
Authors: SEGURA MARÍA V. , QUILES MARÍA J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSpathiphyllum wallisii plants were used to study the effect of chilling stress under high illumination on photosynthesis and chlororespiration. Leaves showed different responses that depended on root temperature. When stem, but not root, was chilled, photosystem II (PSII) was strongly photoinhibited. However, when the whole plant was chilled, the maximal quantum yield of PSII decreased only slightly below the normal values and cyclic electron transport was stimulated. Changes were also observed in the chlororespiration enzymes and PGR5. In whole plants chilled under high illumination, the amounts of NADH dehydrogenase (NDH) complex and plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) remained similar to control and increased when only stem was chilled. In contrast, the amount of PGR5 polypeptide was higher in plants when both root and stem were chilled than in plants in which only stem was chilled. The results indicated that the contribution of chlororespiration to regulating photosynthetic electron flow is not relevant when the whole plant is chilled under high light, and that another pathway, such as cyclic electron flow involving PGR5 polypeptide, may be more important. However, when PSII activity is strongly photoinhibited in plants in which only stem is chilled, chlororespiration, together with other routes of electron input to the electron transfer chain, is probably essential.
Coordination between water transport capacity, biomass growth, metabolic scaling and species stature in co‐occurring shrub and tree species
Authors: SMITH DUNCAN D. , SPERRY JOHN S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe significance of xylem function and metabolic scaling theory begins from the idea that water transport is strongly coupled to growth rate. At the same time, coordination of water transport and growth seemingly should differ between plant functional types. We evaluated the relationships between water transport, growth and species stature in six species of co‐occurring trees and shrubs. Within species, a strong proportionality between plant hydraulic conductance (K), sap flow (Q) and shoot biomass growth (G) was generally supported. Across species, however, trees grew more for a given K or Q than shrubs, indicating greater growth‐based water‐use efficiency (WUE) in trees. Trees also showed slower decline in relative growth rate (RGR) than shrubs, equivalent to a steeper G by mass (M) scaling exponent in trees (0.77–0.98). The K and Q by M scaling exponents were common across all species (0.80, 0.82), suggesting that the steeper G scaling in trees reflects a size‐dependent increase in their growth‐based WUE. The common K and Q by M exponents were statistically consistent with the 0.75 of ideal scaling theory. A model based upon xylem anatomy and branching architecture consistently predicted the observed K by M scaling exponents but only when deviations from ideal symmetric branching were incorporated.
Capillary Malformation–Arteriovenous Malformation Syndrome with Spinal Involvement
Authors: Yiş Uluç , Kurul Semra H. , Güleryüz Handan , Men Süleyman 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCapillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation (CM‐AVM) is a recently identified autosomal dominant disorder. Arteriovenous lesions have been reported in the brain, limbs, and face. We report a 7‐year‐old patient with CM‐AVM with spinal AVM, which is a rarely reported association.
Characterization of Alternaria species associated with potato foliar diseases in China
Authors: Zheng H. H. , Zhao J. , Wang T. Y. , Wu X. H. 
Published: July 2014

The population structure of Alternaria species associated with potato foliar diseases in China has not been previously examined thoroughly. Between 2010 and 2013, a total of 511 Alternaria isolates were obtained from diseased potato leaves sampled in 16 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities of China. Based on morphological traits and molecular characteristics, all the isolates were identified as Alternaria tenuissima, A. alternata or A. solani. Of the three species, A. tenuissima was the most prevalent (75·5%), followed by A. alternata (18·6%) and A. solani (5·9%). Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of representative Alternaria isolates showed that A. solani was distinct from the two small‐spored Alternaria species. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial coding sequence of the histone 3 gene divided the same collection of isolates into three main clades representing A. tenuissima, A. alternata and A. solani, respectively. The pathogenicity of the isolates on detached leaves of potato cv. Favorite did not differ significantly between the three species or between isolates from different geographical origins. The results indicate that the population structure of Alternaria species associated with potato foliar diseases differs from that reported previously in China. This is the first report of A. tenuissima causing potato foliar diseases in China.
Impact of Food Restriction on Ovarian Development, RFamide‐Related Peptide‐3 and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Ovarian Axis in Pre‐Pubertal Ewes
Authors: Li H , Song H , Huang M , Nie H , Wang Z , Wang F 
Published: July 2014

ContentRFamide‐related peptide‐3 (RFRP‐3), the mammalian ortholog of gonadotropin‐inhibiting hormone, has been implicated as a mediator between reproduction and energy balance. This study aimed to investigate the physiological effects of RFRP‐3 on the process of ovarian development in food‐restricted pre‐pubertal ewes. The results showed that food restriction significantly inhibited the ovarian development and follicular growth. The data of qPCR in the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis showed that food restriction not only upregulated RFRP‐3 mRNA expression but also downregulated the mRNA expression of gonadotropin‐releasing‐hormone receptor, follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR). Immunohistochemistry of RFRP‐3 in the ovaries suggested that RFRP‐3 may regulate the follicular development. These results suggested that the changes of RFRP‐3 in response to food restriction might influence the HPO axis and inhibit ovarian development.
Restoring the American Chestnut: Optimizing Founder Spacing to Promote Population Growth and Genetic Diversity Retention
Authors: Rogstad Steven H. , Pelikan Stephan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEfforts are underway to return the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) to eastern forests of North America following its decline due to the introduction of the chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica). Approaches include developing blight‐resistant chestnut lines through breeding programs and via genetic engineering. Reestablishment of resistant chestnut to eastern forests would produce one of the most extensive ecological restoration transformations ever attempted. However, this undertaking is costly and optimization of reintroduction methods is needed. We used the computer programNEWGARDENto model whether some patterns of founder placement (regular vs. random spacing at differing densities) produce more rapidly expanding populations across a range of gene dispersal distance conditions (via both offspring and pollen). For a simulated introduction project employing 169 founders, placing founders randomly in a square of side 0.85 km produced higher rates of predicted population growth compared with larger or smaller squares under near gene dispersal conditions; this side distance was 1.0 km under far gene dispersal conditions. After 100 population bouts of mating and under near gene dispersal conditions, the trial with founder placement producing the greatest population expansion rate exhibited a 314% increase in census size compared with the founder pattern yielding the slowest expansion. Neither loss of alleles nor inbreeding or subdivision was significantly increased under the founder placement patterns yielding the most descendants. Exploring different numerical and geometrical founding scenarios usingNEWGARDENcan provide first estimates of founding patterns or stand manipulations that will return the most descendants produced per founder planted in restoration projects.
Increase in Wedge‐tailed Shearwaters and Changes in Soil Nutrients following Removal of Alien Mammalian Predators and Nitrogen‐fixing Plants at Kaena Point, Hawaii
Authors: VanderWerf Eric A. , Young Lindsay C. , Crow Susan E. , Opie Eryn , Yamazaki Hironao , Miller Christopher J. , Anderson David G. , Brown Leland S. , Smith David G. , Eijzenga Jakob 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA predator‐proof fence was built at Kaena Point Natural Area Reserve, Hawaii in 2010 as part of an ecosystem restoration project. All non‐native mammalian predators were removed and are now excluded. Non‐native plants are being removed and native species are being outplanted. We monitored abundance and reproduction of Puffinus pacificus (wedge‐tailed shearwaters), collected soil samples before and after fence construction, and examined the relationship between changes in shearwater numbers and soil nutrients. Shearwater numbers increased over time, from 11 young produced in 1994 to 3,274 in 2012. The average number of shearwaters produced during the 3 years before and after fence construction increased from 614 ± 249 to 2,359 ± 802 (384% increase). The average number of shearwater pairs attempting to nest also increased during the same periods, from 3,265 ± 827 to 4,726 ± 826 (45% increase). Soil samples from 2010 to 2013 showed an overall decline in concentration of ammonium (NH4+) and no change in concentration of nitrate (NO3−) or orthophosphate (PO43−). However, there was a positive relationship between changes in shearwater numbers and changes in ammonium. Examination of spatial patterns in nutrient abundance showed that the highest nutrient concentrations occurred in areas dominated by the non‐native nitrogen‐fixing plants Leucaena leucocephala and Prosopis pallida. Removal of these plants caused local nutrient declines, but increases in shearwater numbers have countered this at some points. We anticipate that shearwaters and other seabirds will replace non‐native plants as the dominant source of nitrogen and phosphorous and facilitate recovery of a native‐dominated plant assemblage.
Soil Properties and Spatial Processes Influence Bacterial Metacommunities within a Grassland Restoration Experiment
Authors: Murphy Cheryl A. , Foster Bryan L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMetacommunity theory proposes that a collection of local communities are linked by dispersal and the resulting compositions are a product of both niche‐based (species sorting) and spatial processes. Determining which of these factors is most important in different habitats can provide insight into the regulation of community assembly. To date, the metacommunity organization of heterotrophic soil bacteria is largely unknown. Spatial variation of soil bacterial communities could arise from (1) the resource heterogeneity produced by plant communities through root exudation and/or litter inputs; (2) the heterogeneity of soil environmental properties; and (3) pure spatial processes, including dispersal limitation and stochastic assembly. Understanding the relative importance of these factors for soil bacterial community structure and function could increase our ability to restore soil communities. We utilized an ongoing tallgrass prairie restoration experiment in northeastern Kansas to assess if restoring native plant communities produced changes in bacterial communities 6 years after restoration. We further examined the relative importance of the spatial heterogeneity of plant communities, soil properties, and pure spatial effects for bacterial community structure in the old‐field restoration site. We found that soil bacterial communities were not influenced by plant restoration, but rather, by the local heterogeneity of soil environmental properties (16.9% of bacterial community variation) and pure spatial effects (11.1%). This work also stresses the idea that restoring bacterial communities can take many years to accomplish due to the inherent changes that occur to the soil after cultivation and the time it takes for the re‐establishment of soil quality.
Survival and Growth of Planted Uniola paniculata and Dune Building Using Surrogate Wrack on Perdido Key Florida, U.S.A.
Authors: Hooton Natalie , Miller Deborah L. , Thetford Mack , Sean Claypool B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe increasing number of stresses on coastal dune ecosystems requires the use of more effective restoration strategies to enhance dune‐building and increase vegetation reestablishment. In this study, the use of a wheat straw as a surrogate wrack was an effective method to improve growth of spring planted Uniola paniculata (sea oats). Approximately 1,000 U. paniculata plugs were planted within 21 × 4 m plots at six replicate sites. Two weeks later, plantings were divided into 11 × 4 m subplots with half of the subplots receiving five bales of wheat straw and the remaining subplots receiving no wheat straw. This surrogate wrack layer measured approximately 10 cm in depth. Mean aboveground biomass of U. paniculata 6 months after planting with surrogate wrack was 9.25 ± 1.00 g compared with 2.18 ± 0.24 g without surrogate wrack. Number of tillers, tiller height, and basal width were also greater at the end of the first growing season for plants treated with surrogate wrack (p < 0.05). Two years after planting, significantly more inflorescences occurred and aboveground biomass (g/m2) was greater with than without surrogate wrack. Sand accumulation was notably greater with surrogate wrack (11.16 cm) than without wrack (7.78 cm) 8 months after planting (p = 0.1093). However, relative sand accumulation was significantly greater with than without surrogate wrack 2 years after planting. Increased sand accumulation suggests surrogate wrack either directly or indirectly traps more sand by creating an additional obstacle or promoting the growth of dune grasses.
Respiratory disease and respiratory physiology: Putting lung function into perspective interstitial lung disease
Authors: Berend Norbert 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe interstitial lung diseases pathologically involve the pulmonary interstitium but may also involve the airways, pleura and pulmonary circulation. They may be idiopathic, be part of other conditions, or be related to drug or environmental exposures. This review will focus on diagnostic and prognostic information provided by lung function tests in the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non‐specific interstitial pneumonia. These disorders are characterized by small stiff lungs with impaired gas exchange. Lung function tests, particularly lung volumes and gas transfer, used initially on patient presentation and then repeatedly on follow up, together with high‐resolution computed tomography scans, can generate predictive formulae which are superior to single tests and can be used to provide useful information to assess the natural history of the disease or guide therapy. The concomitant presence of emphysema may mask the degree of restriction and may have adverse prognostic implications when accompanied by pulmonary hypertension.
Five Books on Sacrifice: New Approaches in Sacrifice Studies
Authors: O'Leary Joseph 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThese books, each of which is grounded in familiarity with historical sources and at the same time alert to philosophical and theological questions, reveal that sacrificial studies are thriving. Grand theories have been enfeebled, but a rich repertory of hermeneutical strategies is being applied all the more freely to the vast material from many cultures. Bloodshed is no longer indisputably central, even in discussion of the classical and well‐documented traditions of India, Israel, and Greece. Past attempts to rationalize sacrifice, through spiritualization for example, are confuted by the sturdy texture of ritual. Despite the opacity of archaic rituals and texts, the social function of sacrificial customs and their potential pathologies are better understood, and interconnect with sacrificial dynamics in our own culture. The sacrificial interpretation of Calvary and the Eucharist is better appreciated as a rich and powerful New Testament construct, despite attempts to whittle it away. Yet those such as René Girard who urge a change of theological paradigm now have impressive critical resources at their disposal.
The Drivers of Month-of-Birth Differences in Children’s Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills
Authors: Crawford Claire , Dearden Lorraine , Greaves Ellen 
Published: July 2014

SummaryPrevious research has found that children who are born later in the academic year have lower educational attainment, on average, than children who are born earlier in the year, especially at younger ages; much less is known about the mechanisms that drive this inequality. The paper uses two complementary identification strategies to estimate an upper bound of the effect of age at test by using rich data from two UK birth cohorts. We find that differences in the age at which cognitive skills are tested accounts for the vast majority of the difference in these outcomes between children who are born at different times of the year, whereas the combined effect of the other factors (age of starting school, length of schooling and relative age) is close to zero. This suggests that applying an age adjustment to national achievement test scores may be an appropriate policy response to overcome the penalty that is associated with being born later in the academic year. Age at test does not, however, explain all of the difference in children's view of their own scholastic competence. Age adjusting national achievement test scores may help to overcome differences in ability beliefs between children who are born at different times of the year, but our results suggest that additional policy responses may be required.