bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate Governance and Environmental Sustainability: The Moderating Role of the National Institutional Context
Authors: Ortiz‐de‐Mandojana Natalia , Aguilera‐Caracuel Javier , Morales‐Raya Matilde 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study aims to show that the effectiveness of corporate governance in improving firms’ environmental sustainability depends on the national institutional context. Using a sample of 210 firms from 14 countries in North America and Europe, our findings show that regulatory pressures discourage independent directors and separate board chairs to promote environmental sustainability whereas normative pressures have the opposite effect for these two governance mechanisms. We also found a positive moderating effect in relation to cognitive pressures for independent directors. We make a unique contribution to the literature by combining corporate governance and institutional factors to explain firms’ environmental sustainability. Although there is a growing consensus that institutions matter to corporate governance, there has been little research on how environmental institutional pressures may moderate the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and environmental sustainability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The self‐rating of the effects of alcohol questionnaire predicts heavy episodic drinking in a high‐risk eating disorder population
Authors: Zhang Aimee , Fisher Aaron J. , Bailey Jakki O. , Kass Andrea E. , Wilfley Denise E. , Taylor C. Barr 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveHeavy episodic drinking (HED) is a serious problem among college women at high‐risk for developing eating disorders (EDs). The main objectives of this study are to determine the relationship of the self‐rating of the effects of alcohol (SRE) questionnaire and HED over time, and to determine the effects of relationship breakups on HED among college‐aged women at high‐risk for EDs.MethodData collected from 163 participants in a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of an ED prevention program were used in the analyses. Measures included the SRE, obtained at baseline, and self‐reports of the number of HED episodes and relationship breakups each month for the past 12 months.ResultsGeneralized linear mixed‐effect regression models with Poisson distribution were conducted to test the effects of several variables on reported HED episodes over 12 months. Analyses demonstrated that SRE scores and the presence of a breakup predicted increased HED over time.DiscussionThe SRE may be useful in identifying individuals at risk of or with EDs who are at increased risk of HED. Furthermore, relationship breakups predict HED. Findings from the current study could be used to inform clinical interventions for this population. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:333–336
Protecting‐Group‐Free Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of (±)‐6‐epi‐Cleistenolide and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of (–)‐6‐epi‐Cleistenolide
Authors: Mahajan Pankaj S. , Gonnade Rajesh G. , Mhaske Santosh B. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA short, efficient, practical, and protecting‐group‐free diastereoselective total synthesis of (±)‐6‐epi‐cleistenolide (1) has been achieved in five steps in 60 % overall yield. The use of a chemoenzymatic approach also gave (–)‐6‐epi‐cleistenolide (1) (>99.9 % ee). The Achmatowicz reaction, chemoselective oxidation of a hemiacetal, diastereoselective 1,3‐anti reduction of a β‐hydroxy ketone, and enzymatic resolution of a 1,3‐diol are the key features of this linear total synthesis. The synthetic strategy demonstrated in this paper could be extended for an asymmetric total synthesis of (–)‐cleistenolide (1) and related biologically active natural products.
Selective Detection of Dopamine in Presence of Ascorbic Acid by Use of Glassy‐Carbon Electrode Modified with Amino‐β‐Cyclodextrin and Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Gaied Aymen , Jaballah Nejmeddine , Tounsi Moncef , Braiek Mohamed , Jaffrezic‐Renault Nicole , Majdoub Mustapha 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA glassy carbon electrode modified with per‐6‐amino‐β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CDNH2) and functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT‐COOH) was elaborated. This structure was investigated for the detection of dopamine acid (DA) in presence of ascorbic acid (AA). The sensor behavior was studied by cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The analysis results show that the electrode modification with CD derivative improves the sensitivity and selectivity of the DA recognition; the electrochemical response was further improved by introduction of SWCNT‐COOH. The sensor shows good and reversible linear response toward DA within the concentration range of 7×10−7–10−4 M with a detection limit of 5×10−7 M.
Usability of Interactive Item Types and Tools Introduced in the New GRE® revised General Test
Authors: Swiggett Wanda D. , Kotloff Laurie , Ezzo Chelsea , Adler Rachel , Oliveri Maria Elena 
Published: October 2014

The computer‐based Graduate Record Examinations® (GRE®) revised General Test includes interactive item types and testing environment tools (e.g., test navigation, on‐screen calculator, and help). How well do test takers understand these innovations? If test takers do not understand the new item types, these innovations may introduce construct‐irrelevant variance, with test takers performing differently than they would with more familiar item types. Similarly, the navigational and other test environment tools are another potential source of variance, if some test takers understand how to use them and others do not.In this study, we examined the reactions, engagement, and difficulties encountered as 20 potential test takers completed Verbal and Quantitative Reasoning sections of a practice GRE test. Participants were sophomores and juniors from colleges and universities in the local area. Their reactions were captured through the use of cognitive laboratory sessions that incorporated interviews that required test takers to think aloud, as well as researcher observations as test takers worked quietly. Results of the analysis of this data revealed that some participants needed time to figure out what was being asked of them when they encountered the new item types, although most were able to answer each item eventually. On the other hand, most participants stated that they did not even notice the test environment tools, and few were observed actually using the tools. Several participants provided suggestions about improving the usability of the new item types and test environment tools.
Short fused? associations between white matter connections, sex steroids, and aggression across adolescence
Authors: Peper Jiska S. , de Reus Marcel A. , van den Heuvel Martijn P. , Schutter Dennis J. L. G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFunctional neuroimaging studies in adults show that aggression involves reduced brain communication between subcortical and cortical areas dedicated to motivation and control, respectively. Prior research indicates that sex steroid hormone production during adolescence negatively influences the rapid development of white matter connectivity between subcortical and cortical areas during adolescence and may potentiate aggression. Here, we tested this hypothesis in 258 participants between 8 and 25 years of age by using Diffusion Weighted Imaging to examine the microstructure of white matter connections within the fronto‐temporal‐subcortical network. Trait aggression was measured using the Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire and testosterone and estradiol levels were measured in saliva. Results indicated that higher levels of testosterone were associated with less white matter integrity within the fronto‐temporal‐subcortical network (i.e., higher mean diffusivity [MD] longitudinal [LD], and radial diffusivity [RD]). Furthermore, lower fractional anisotropy and higher MD, LD, and RD values within this network increased expressive forms of aggression and reduced inhibited forms of aggression (hostility). Our study indicates higher levels of testosterone relating to lower quality of structural cortical‐subcortical connectivity, arguably resulting in a shift from inhibited towards expressive forms of aggression. Our data adds evidence to the idea that aggressive tendencies are subcortically driven, but individuals with relatively high testosterone might have lower structural connectivity within cortical control areas, resulting in a stronger tendency to act on these aggressive tendencies. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1043–1052, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facial nerve palsy after reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in diabetic mice
Authors: Esaki Shinichi , Yamano Koji , Katsumi Sachiyo , Minakata Toshiya , Murakami Shingo 
Published: October 2014

Objectives/HypothesisBell's palsy is highly associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Either the reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) or diabetic mononeuropathy has been proposed to cause the facial paralysis observed in DM patients. However, distinguishing whether the facial palsy is caused by herpetic neuritis or diabetic mononeuropathy is difficult. We previously reported that facial paralysis was aggravated in DM mice after HSV‐1 inoculation of the murine auricle. In the current study, we induced HSV‐1 reactivation by an auricular scratch following DM induction with streptozotocin (STZ).Study DesignControlled animal study.MethodsDiabetes mellitus was induced with streptozotocin injection in only mice that developed transient facial nerve paralysis with HSV‐1. Recurrent facial palsy was induced after HSV‐1 reactivation by auricular scratch.ResultsAfter DM induction, the number of cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3)+ T cells decreased by 70% in the DM mice, and facial nerve palsy recurred in 13% of the DM mice. Herpes simplex virus type 1 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected in the facial nerve of all of the DM mice with palsy, and HSV‐1 capsids were found in the geniculate ganglion using electron microscopy. Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA was also found in some of the DM mice without palsy, which suggested the subclinical reactivation of HSV‐1.ConclusionsThese results suggested that HSV‐1 reactivation in the geniculate ganglion may be the main causative factor of the increased incidence of facial paralysis in DM patients.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 125:E143–E148, 2015
Effect and Evolution of Nanostructural Complexity in Sensitive Polymer Gels
Authors: Seiffert Sebastian 
Published: October 2014

Sensitive polymer gels consist of swollen networks of crosslinked macromolecules subject to a delicate interplay with their environment, allowing them to be swollen and deswollen or crosslinked and decrosslinked upon external stimulation. Such environmental sensitivity can be realized by the use of covalently crosslinked polymer networks that exhibit critical miscibility with their swelling medium or by the use of transient and reversible, supramolecular chain crosslinking. Both classes of sensitive gels are established and used in a variety of applications. However, to make this truly useful, systematic relations between the structure, dynamics, and properties of these gels must be derived. In addition to the specific trigger of gel responsiveness, a prime factor of influence in this interplay is the nanostructural polymer‐network topology. Whereas a simplistic view of a polymer network is that of an ideal, regular array of monodisperse meshes, real polymer networks often display polydisperse mesh sizes, along with structural imperfections such as loops and dangling chains, and along with further spatial inhomogeneities of their crosslinking density on a length scale of several tens of nanometers. This article summarizes recent effort to consistently probe the impact and temporal evolution of such nanostructural complexity in both gels with critical polymer–solvent miscibility and in gels with transient supramolecular crosslinking. For this purpose, different designed model systems are introduced to control and probe the polymer‐network nanostructural heterogeneity as an experimental variable. This is done using techniques such as rheology, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, light scattering, and neutron scattering.
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Programmable Polymer Memory Device Based on Hydrophilic Polythiophene and Poly(ionic liquid) Electrolyte
Authors: Li Yueqin , Song Yang , Zhang Xiyu , Wu Xiangxiang , Wang Fang , Wang Zhuye 
Published: October 2014

A three‐terminal non‐volatile memory device with the configuration of an organic thin‐film transistor (OTFT) is constructed from two polymeric layers by using the conventional solution‐coating process. It consists of a hydrophilic polythiophene, regioregular poly(3‐carboxypentylthiophene) (P3CPT) as the active layer and a poly(ionic liquid), poly[1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐3‐butyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate] (PVBIT) as a polyelectrolyte layer. The conductivity of the polythiophene layer can be reversibly switched between high and low conductance states with “write” and “erase” bias at +3 and −3 V, respectively. The retention time of the ON state is up to 1.6 × 104 s and the write–read–erase–read switching is stable over 100 cycles. In addition, an instantaneous response and a fast switching speed are observed by simultaneous monitoring of both the “write” and “read” operations. All these results indicate that the device developed possesses potential applications as alternative solid‐state non‐volatile memory devices.
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Conjugated Polymer Composite Nanoparticles by Rapid Mixing
Authors: Jung Christoph , de Roo Tjaard , Mecking Stefan 
Published: October 2014

Composite nanoparticles from poly[(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluoren‐2,7‐diyl)‐alt‐(benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazol‐4,8‐diyl)] (F8BT) and poly(9,9‐di‐n‐hexylfluoren‐2,7‐diyl) (PF) with embedded inorganic nanoparticles (TiO2, CdSe, and CdSe/CdS) are prepared through kinetic trapping by rapid turbulent mixing in a multi‐inlet vortex mixer without the need for polymer functionalization. High contents of inorganic materials up to 50–60 wt% are realized for all composites. The influence of flow ratios, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration, and absolute flow rates on the particle size and morphology is studied. High water‐to‐THF ratios and high total flow rates around 2 m s−1 yield particle sizes below 50 nm. By adjusting these parameters, controlled particle sizes between 30 to several hundred nanometers are obtained. Composite particles from CdSe/CdS and F8BT or PF show a strong quenching of the polymer emission and near exclusive emission from the inorganic nanocrystal, which indicates an efficient energy transfer with fluorescence quantum yields of 23% for the F8BT/CdSe/CdS composites and 21% for the PF/CdSe/CdS composites. The dispersions are colloidally stable for several months.
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Solvent Effects on Acrylate kp in Organic Media?—A Systematic PLP–SEC Study
Authors: Haehnel Alexander P. , Wenn Benjamin , Kockler Katrin , Bantle Tobias , Misske Andrea M. , Fleischhaker Friederike , Junkers Tanja , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: October 2014

The Arrhenius parameters of the propagation rate coefficient, kp, are determined employing high‐frequency pulsed laser polymerization–size exclusion chromatography (PLP–SEC) for the homologous series of five linear alkyl acrylates (i.e., methyl acrylate (MA), butyl acrylate (BA), dodecyl acrylate (DA), stearyl acrylate (SA), and behenyl acrylate (BeA)) in 1 m solution in butyl acetate (BuAc) as well as in toluene. The comparison of the obtained kp values with the literature known values for bulk demonstrates that no significant solvent influence neither in BuAc nor in toluene on the propagation reaction compared to bulk is detectable. Concomitantly, the kp values in toluene and in BuAc solution display a similar increase with increasing number of C‐atoms in the ester side chain as was previously reported for the bulk systems. These findings are in clear contrast to earlier studies, which report a decrease of kp with increasing ester side chain length in toluene. The additional investigation of the longest and shortest ester side chain acrylate (i.e., BeA and MA) over the entire experimentally available concentration range at one temperature (i.e., 50 °C) does not reveal any general concentration dependence and all observed differences in the kp are within the experimental error.
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Mitochondrial Potassium Channels as Pharmacological Target for Cardioprotective Drugs
Authors: Testai L. , Rapposelli S. , Martelli A. , Breschi M.C. , Calderone V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBrief periods of ischemia are known to confer to the myocardium an increased resistance to the injury due to a later and more prolonged ischemic episode. This phenomenon, known as ischemic preconditioning (IPreC), is ensured by different biological mechanisms. Although an exhaustive comprehension of them has not been reached yet, it is widely accepted that mitochondria are pivotally involved in controlling cell life and death, and thus in IPreC. Among the several signaling pathways involved, as triggers and/or end effectors, in the mitochondrial mechanisms of cardioprotection, an important role is played by the activation of potassium channels located in the mitochondrial inner membrane (mitoK) of cardiomyocytes. Presently, different types of mitoK channels have been recognized in the heart, such as ATP‐sensitive (mitoKATP) and calcium‐activated (mitoBKCaand mitoSKCa) potassium channels. Consistently, drugs modulating mitoK, on one hand, have been employed as useful experimental tools for early basic studies on IPreC. On the other hand, activators of mitoK are promising and innovative therapeutic agents for limiting the myocardial injury due to ischemic episodes. In this review, we report the experimental evidence supporting the role of mitoK in signaling pathways in the mechanisms of cardioprotection and an overview on the most important molecules acting as modulators of these channels, with their profiles of selectivity. Some innovative pharmaceutical strategies for mitochondriotropic drugs have been also reported. Finally, an appendix describing the main experimental approaches usually employed to study mitoK in isolated mitochondria or in intact cells has been added.
Systematic analysis of the intravoxel incoherent motion threshold separating perfusion and diffusion effects: Proposal of a standardized algorithm
Authors: Wurnig Moritz C. , Donati Olivio F. , Ulbrich Erika , Filli Lukas , Kenkel David , Thoeny Harriet C. , Boss Andreas 
Published: October 2014

PurposeTo systematically evaluate the dependence of intravoxel‐incoherent‐motion (IVIM) parameters on the b‐value threshold separating the perfusion and diffusion compartment, and to implement and test an algorithm for the standardized computation of this threshold.MethodsDiffusion weighted images of the upper abdomen were acquired at 3 Tesla in eleven healthy male volunteers with 10 different b‐values and in two healthy male volunteers with 16 different b‐values. Region‐of‐interest IVIM analysis was applied to the abdominal organs and skeletal muscle with a systematic increase of the b‐value threshold for computing pseudodiffusion D*, perfusion fraction Fp, diffusion coefficient D, and the sum of squared residuals to the bi‐exponential IVIM‐fit.ResultsIVIM parameters strongly depended on the choice of the b‐value threshold. The proposed algorithm successfully provided optimal b‐value thresholds with the smallest residuals for all evaluated organs [s/mm2]: e.g., right liver lobe 20, spleen 20, right renal cortex 150, skeletal muscle 150. Mean D* [10−3 mm2/s], Fp [%], and D [10−3 mm2/s] values (±standard deviation) were: right liver lobe, 88.7 ± 42.5, 22.6 ± 7.4, 0.73 ± 0.12; right renal cortex: 11.5 ± 1.8, 18.3 ± 2.9, 1.68 ± 0.05; spleen: 41.9 ± 57.9, 8.2 ± 3.4, 0.69 ± 0.07; skeletal muscle: 21.7 ± 19.0; 7.4 ± 3.0; 1.36 ± 0.04.ConclusionIVIM parameters strongly depend upon the choice of the b‐value threshold used for computation. The proposed algorithm may be used as a robust approach for IVIM analysis without organ‐specific adaptation. Magn Reson Med 74:1414–1422, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Progressive polyradiculoneuropathy due to intraneural oxalate deposition in type 1 primary hyperoxaluria
Authors: Berini Sarah E. , Tracy Jennifer A. , Engelstad Janean K. , Lorenz Elizabeth C. , Milliner Dawn S. , Dyck Peter J. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIntroduction: A 24‐year‐old man with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) presented with a rapidly progressive axonal and demyelinating sensorimotor polyradiculoneuropathy shortly after the onset of end‐stage renal disease. His plasma oxalate level was markedly elevated at 107 µmol/L (normal <1.8 µmol/L). Methods: A sural nerve biopsy was performed. Teased fiber and paraffin and epoxy sections were done and morphometric procedures were performed on this sample and on an archived sample from a 22‐year‐old man as an age‐ and gender‐matched control. Embedded teased fiber electron microscopy was also performed. Results: The biopsy revealed secondary demyelination and axonal degeneration. Under polarized light, multiple bright hexagonal, rectangular, and starburst inclusions, typical of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, were seen. Conclusions: The proposed mechanisms of nerve damage include disruption of axonal transport due to crystal deposition, toxic effect of oxalate, or nerve ischemia related to vessel occlusion from oxalate crystal deposition. Muscle Nerve 51: 449–454, 2015
Die protoelektrische Potenzialkarte
Authors: Radtke Valentin , Himmel Daniel , Pütz Katharina , Goll Sascha K. , Krossing Ingo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractRedoxpotenziale oder pH‐Werte in verschiedenen Medien miteinander zu vergleichen, stößt auf scheinbar unüberwindliche Schwierigkeiten. Neue Definitionen des Standardpotenzials und des pH‐Wertes im Brønsted'schen Sinne bieten eine Lösung.
Eine unentdeckte Entdeckung?
Authors: Steinhauser Georg , Löffler Gerd , Adunka Roland 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIm Jahr 1910 publizierte der österreichische Chemiker Carl Auer von Welsbach eine merkwürdige Beobachtung, die nicht im Einklang mit dem damaligen Wissen stand. Es könnte sich um die erste Beschreibung von Neutronenstrahlung handeln.
Registranten sind beunruhigt
Authors: Friede Bernd 
Published: October 2014

AbstractStoffdossiers, die entsprechend der europäischen Chemikalienverordnung Reach registriert sind, sind öffentlich zugänglich. Dies nutzen Betrüger, um ohne Aufwand eigene Dossiers zu erstellen. Damit könnten auch gefährliche Stoffe ohne entsprechende Kennzeichnung auf den Markt gelangen.
Wie viel Sauerstoff war im Seewasser?
Authors: Näher Sebastian , Gilli Adrian , Hamann Yvonne , Schubert Carsten 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEin Indikator für den Sauerstoffgehalt im Tiefenwasser von Seen ist das Verhältnis von Mangan zu Eisen in Sedimenten. Die Elementzusammensetzung der Sedimente ist mit Röntgenfluoreszenz messbar und zeigt auch die Umweltveränderungen der Vergangenheit.
Nur Singuletts im NMR‐Spektrum
Authors: Zangger Klaus 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie Beseitigung der homonuklearen skalaren Kopplung in 1H‐NMR‐Experimenten führt zu Spektren ohne Signalaufspaltungen und damit zu höherer Auflösung. Das ist von Vorteil, wenn die Strukturen komplexer Substanzen wie Naturstoffen oder Peptiden aufzuklären sind oder wenn Substanzgemische vorliegen.
Wer bezahlt den Flug?
Authors: Hermes Ilka 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIm Ausland studieren — das wollen viele. Doch nicht alle können es sich leisten. Damit jeder an Universitäten außerhalb Deutschlands lernen und Erfahrungen sammeln kann, bieten Staat, Stiftungen und Banken Finanzierungsprogramme.