bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining Occupational Therapy Education Through Faculty Engagement in Curriculum Mapping and Pedagogical Reflection
Authors: MacNeil Cheryl , Hand Theresa 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article discusses a 1-yr evaluation study of a master of science in occupational therapy program to examine curriculum content and pedagogical practices as a way to gauge program preparedness to move to a clinical doctorate. Faculty members participated in a multitiered qualitative study that included curriculum mapping, semistructured individual interviewing, and iterative group analysis. Findings indicate that curriculum mapping and authentic dialogue helped the program formulate a more streamlined and integrated curriculum with increased faculty collaboration. Curriculum mapping and collaborative pedagogical reflection are valuable evaluation strategies for examining preparedness to offer a clinical doctorate, enhancing a self-study process, and providing information for ongoing formative curriculum review.
Use of Simulated Patients and Reflective Video Analysis to Assess Occupational Therapy Students’ Preparedness for Fieldwork
Authors: Giles Amanda K. , Carson Nancy E. , Breland Hazel L. , Coker-Bolt Patty , Bowman Peter J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Educators must determine whether occupational therapy students are adequately prepared for Level II fieldwork once they have successfully completed the didactic portion of their coursework. Although studies have shown that students regard the use of video cameras and simulated patient encounters as useful tools for assessing professional and clinical behaviors, little has been published in the occupational therapy literature regarding the practical application of simulated patients or reflective video analysis. We describe a model for a final Comprehensive Practical Exam that uses both simulated patients and reflective video analysis to assess student preparedness for Level II fieldwork, and we report on student perceptions of these instructional modalities. We provide recommendations for designing, implementing, and evaluating simulated patient experiences in light of existing educational theory.
The Political Economy of Development in Kenya
Authors: Hope ,   Sr. Kempe Ronald 
Published: October 2014

Kenya is a country of geopolitical and economic importance in East Africa. It shares borders with unstable states such as Somalia and Sudan while being a hub for trade, communication, finance, and transportation across the region. Although relatively stable since its independence in 1963, the country still faces poverty, inequality, and corruption. In addition, the contested election of 2007 led to severe ethnic strife that tested its political stability, leading to a new constitution in 2010.
This unique survey by a leading expert on the region provides a critical analysis of the socio-economic development in Kenya from a political economy perspective. It highlights Kenya’s transition from being a centralized state to having a clear separation of powers and analyzes key issues such as economic growth, urbanization, corruption, and reform.
The book identifies Kenya’s key socio-development problems and offers solutions to improve both governance and economic performance, making it an essential resource to researchers, academics, and policy makers working on development issues and African politics.
How should the welfare of fetal and neurologically immature postnatal animals be protected?
Authors: Campbell MLH , Mellor DJ , SandØe P 
Published: October 2014

AbstractLegal protection of the welfare of prenatal animals has not previously been addressed as a discrete subject within the academic literature on animal welfare, ethics and law. This paper aims to rectify this by reviewing the protections (or absence of protections) provided for fetuses by existing legislation in various jurisdictions, and considering the extent to which legal protection of animal fetuses can be justified on animal welfare grounds. Questions related to the need to protect the welfare of neurologically immature postnatal animals are also considered. We argue that there are reasons to protect animal fetuses, both in order to protect fetuses themselves against possible suffering, and in order to protect the animals which fetuses will become against negative welfare impacts that originate prenatally. We review the science on whether fetuses can suffer, and argue that extant regulations do not fully reflect current scientific understanding. Following the precautionary principle, we further argue that regulators should consider the possibility that fetuses and neurologically immature postnatal animals may suffer due to sub-cortically based ‘raw basic affects’ (ie relatively undifferentiated experiences of discomfort suggested to be generated by neural processing at levels below the cerebral cortex). Furthermore, we show that there are reasons for affording fetuses protection in order to safeguard the long-term welfare of future animals. However, it may be possible to provide such protection via rules or laws relating to the use of certain techniques and the management of pregnant animals, rather than via direct legal protection of fetuses themselves. In order to provide such protection effectively we need to know more about the relationship between maternal nutrition, stress, exercise, management and fetal health, and about the impact of the timing of a fetal insult on long-term postnatal welfare.
Mapping farm animal welfare education at university level in Europe
Authors: Illmann G , Keeling L , Melišová M , Šimečková M , Ilieski V , Winckler C , Košt’ál L , Meunier-Salaün M-C , Mihina Š , Spoolder H , Fthenakis G , Šárová R , Špinka M 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to map farm animal welfare university education in an enlarged Europe with emphasis on identifying existing differences and gaps. Information on 210 courses dealing with farm animal welfare from 98 universities in 26 European countries were obtained. Statistical analysis was carried out on 155 of these courses within animal science or veterinary programmes, at Bachelor and Master level and with the countries grouped into five regions (North West Europe, Mediterranean, West Central Europe, East Central Europe and Balkans). There were significantly more hours of teaching in animal welfare in the North West region of Europe. This region also had more ‘interactive’ education methods, eg group discussion and farm visits, whereas West Central Europe had most ‘transmissive’ methods, eg lecturing. A course was more likely to be given in English in North West Europe (even when the UK and the Republic of Ireland were excluded from the analysis) and East Central Europe compared to West Central Europe and the Balkans. There appeared to be no regional differences in the content of the courses although the focus was significantly more ‘applied’, ie towards welfare assessment and legislation in the veterinary education and more ‘fundamental’, ie oriented towards ethology, physiology and ethics, in the animal science education. In summary, the main differences in farm animal welfare education across Europe seem to be in the reduced number of hours of education, less interactive teaching and fewer courses in English available to students outside the North West region.
Welfare Quality®parameters do not always reflect hen behaviour across the lay cycle in non-cage laying hens
Authors: Daigle C , Siegford J 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe integration of outcome-based measurements to animal welfare assessment programmes can provide a new perspective on the individual animal's experience. Identifying variability in individual experiences can facilitate understanding of animals at the periphery of the welfare spectrum, compared to those at the average. Welfare Quality®physical measurements and behavioural observations were taken from the same fifteen non-cage laying hens throughout their production cycle. The average amount of time performing each of nine behaviours and the amount of variation in each behaviour's performance was compared at four different ages: 19, 28, 48 and 66 weeks. The same analysis was performed for all Welfare Quality®physical measurements. To identify associations between a hen's behaviour and her physical condition, a cluster analysis was performed for all ages, as well as on data collated from all ages. No differences were observed among the four ages for the average amount of time performing many of the behaviours, but the amount of variability differed for most behaviours observed. Physical measurements taken at 19 weeks differed from those taken at later ages. Bodyweight consistently clustered with time spent preening, yet the patterns of clustering differed at each age. These results highlight the importance of age when conducting welfare assessments. Auditors also should report not only the average, but the variability of responses; while the average response of the flock may appear consistent across time or treatment, differences among the hens within the same flock may vary drastically.
La prévention des problèmes de jeu de hasard et d’argent chez les jeunes
Authors: Ferland Francine , Blanchette-Martin Nadine , Savard Cathy , Légaré Andrée-Anne 
Published: October 2014

La littérature concernant les jeux de hasard et d’argent ainsi que la présence de problèmes de jeu chez les jeunes indique que 80 % des moins de 18 ans ont joué au moins une fois à un jeu de hasard et d’argent au cours de leur vie. Bien que la plupart de ces jeunes joueurs ne développeront pas de problème de jeu au cours de leur adolescence ou de leur vie adulte, certains développeront un tel problème. Il est donc important d’informer les jeunes concernant la pratique des jeux de hasard et d’argent afin de prévenir le développement d’éventuels problèmes et de s’assurer que le jeu demeure un jeu. Les informations transmises peuvent être incluses dans des activités de prévention visant à démystifier les pensées erronées qui pourraient se développer en jouant, à mieux connaître les conséquences liées au jeu excessif de même que ce qu’il convient de faire lors de l’apparition d’une participation plus intense au jeu, les ressources d’aide disponibles, etc. Comme l’ensemble de ces informations de même que plusieurs autres peuvent être incluses dans un programme de prévention s’adressant aux jeunes, il est important que le contenu de l’intervention soit adapté à la clientèle ciblée par celle-ci. Cet article présente trois approches préventives (universelle, sélective, indiquée) et donne aussi des exemples de programmes de prévention du jeu s’étant avérés efficaces auprès des jeunes. L’article souligne, de plus, l’importance d’évaluer l’efficacité de ces mesures préventives pour garantir leur impact positif sur les comportements de jeu des jeunes.
Le volontariat des joueurs rime-t-il avec problème ?
Authors: Chrétien Maxime , Fortin-Guichard Daniel , Jacques Christian , Savard Cathy , Goulet Annie , Giroux Isabelle 
Published: October 2014

Dans les études sur les jeux de hasard et d’argent dont le recrutement de participants s’effectue à l’aide de publicités, les proportions de joueurs ayant des problèmes de jeu se révèlent supérieures à celles estimées dans la population. Ces proportions élevées indiquent-elles un plus grand intérêt des joueurs problématiques envers ce type d’étude ? L’objectif de cette recherche consiste à vérifier, comparativement aux joueurs sans problème, le degré d’intérêt des joueurs problématiques à être joints lorsque volontaires à participer à des études sur les jeux de hasard et d’argent. Le degré d’intérêt se mesure à partir du nombre de coordonnées fournies pour être joint. Une banque de 297 joueurs (187 femmes et 110 hommes) âgés de 55 à 88 ans et ayant consenti à ce que leur nom et leurs coordonnées soient conservés pour participer à des études ultérieures a été analysée. Comparativement aux joueurs sans problème (n = 214), les joueurs problématiques (n = 83) fournissent un nombre statistiquement plus élevé de coordonnées, et ce, même en tenant compte de l’âge, du sexe et du statut occupationnel. Ce degré d’intérêt plus grand des joueurs problématiques envers les projets de recherche pourrait s’expliquer par l’espoir d’obtenir de l’aide ou par l’attrait d’une compensation financière. Ces hypothèses et les considérations éthiques qu’elles soulèvent en lien avec le dédommagement des joueurs qui participent aux études sur les jeux de hasard et d’argent sont discutées.
Relationship Between Hypothermia and Blood Loss in Adult Patients Undergoing Open Lumbar Spine Surgery
Authors: Tedesco Nicholas S. , Korpi Frederick P. , Pazdernik Vanessa K. , Cochran Jeffrey M. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract

Context: Intraoperative blood loss during open lumbar spine surgery is associated with adverse events and is a contributor to higher medical costs. Intraoperative hypothermia has been shown to increase blood loss and postoperative allogeneic blood transfusion rates in other realms of orthopedic surgery, but it has not been studied extensively in patients undergoing spine surgery. Objective: To determine whether a clinically relevant association exists between intraoperative core body temperature and blood loss or transfusion rates in adult patients undergoing open lumbar spine surgery. Methods: In this retrospective medical record review, the surgical records of 174 adult patients who underwent open, nonmicroscopically assisted lumbar spine surgery performed by a single surgeon at a single institution were evaluated. Maximum, minimum, and average temperature, hypothermic temperature, and temperature range parameters were compared with intraoperative, total, and net blood loss and blood transfusion parameters. Additional patient demographic and perioperative characteristics were compared with blood loss and transfusion parameters to determine potential confounders. Analysis of variance, Spearman rank correlation, and generalized multiple linear regression analysis were performed to test for an association between temperature and blood loss or allogeneic transfusion rates. Statistical significance was set at P≤.05. Results: After implementation of exclusion criteria, 160 patient records and 168 surgical procedures were included in the analysis. For patients whose temperature decreased to a hypothermic level at some point during the procedure, hypothermic maximum temperature was protective against blood loss on bivariate analysis (P≤.02), but this finding lost significance after multivariate regression analysis (P>.09). Temperature range was associated with increased blood loss on bivariate analyses (P<.001) but also lost significance after adjusting for covariates in regression analysis (P≥.65). Surgery type (P≤.001) and operative time (P≤.001) were the most robust predictors of increased blood loss (P=.005) and were significantly associated with temperature (P<.001). Conclusion: No effect was found on perioperative blood loss from any temperature parameter or hypothermia in adult patients who underwent lumbar spine surgery once covariates were controlled for with multivariate analysis. One possible interpretation of these results is that the effect of temperature on blood loss can be explained by its strong relationship to the confounders of operative time and surgery type. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2014;114(11):828-838 doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2014.169
Use of Beat-to-Beat Cardiovascular Variability Data to Determine the Validity of Sham Therapy as the Placebo Control in Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine Research
Authors: Henley Charles E. , Wilson Thad E. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Osteopathic manipulative medicine researchers often use sham therapy as the placebo control during clinical trials. Optimally, the sham therapy should be a hands-on procedure that is perceptually indistinguishable from osteopathic manipulative treatment, does not create an effect on its own, and is not a treatment intervention. However, the sham therapy itself may often influence the outcome. The use of cardiovascular variability (eg, beat-to-beat heart rate variability) as a surrogate for the autonomic nervous system is one objective method by which to identify such an effect. By monitoring cardiovascular variability, investigators can assess autonomic nervous system activity as a response to the sham therapy and quickly determine whether or not the selected sham therapy is a true placebo control. The authors provide evidence for assessment of beat-to-beat heart rate variability as one method for assuring objectivity of sham therapy as a placebo control in osteopathic manipulative medicine research. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2014;114(11):860-866 doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2014.172
Intermodel variances of subtropical stratocumulus environments simulated in CMIP5 models
Authors: Noda A. T. , Satoh M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates simulation biases associated with the large‐scale environments of subtropical marine stratocumulus (Sc) in present climate simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models. Comparison of eight major variables that strongly control the Sc clouds, including jumps of temperature and vapor across the inversion layer, indicates that these models all have similar shortcomings, such as overestimation of sensible and latent surface fluxes. The differences among the biases of these major variables between the Sc regions were also evaluated. Of all Sc regions, the Namibian Sc region showed the largest biases. The modeled simulation skill of the annual variation of low cloud cover (LCC) increases when the correlation coefficient between LCC and lower atmospheric stability is higher. This paper reemphasizes the importance, suggested in previous studies, of an improved relationship between lower tropospheric stability and LCC if we are to better predict annual variations in subtropical LCC.
Combining data sets of satellite‐retrieved products for basin‐scale water balance study: 2. Evaluation on the Mississippi Basin and closure correction model
Authors: Munier Simon , Aires Filipe , Schlaffer Stefan , Prigent Catherine , Papa Fabrice , Maisongrande Philippe , Pan Ming 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this study, we applied the integration methodology developed in the companion paper by Aires (2014) by using real satellite observations over the Mississippi Basin. The methodology provides basin‐scale estimates of the four water budget components (precipitation P, evapotranspiration E, water storage change ΔS, and runoff R) in a two‐step process: the Simple Weighting (SW) integration and a Postprocessing Filtering (PF) that imposes the water budget closure. A comparison with in situ observations of P and E demonstrated that PF improved the estimation of both components. A Closure Correction Model (CCM) has been derived from the integrated product (SW+PF) that allows to correct each observation data set independently, unlike the SW+PF method which requires simultaneous estimates of the four components. The CCM allows to standardize the various data sets for each component and highly decrease the budget residual (P − E − ΔS − R). As a direct application, the CCM was combined with the water budget equation to reconstruct missing values in any component. Results of a Monte Carlo experiment with synthetic gaps demonstrated the good performances of the method, except for the runoff data that has a variability of the same order of magnitude as the budget residual. Similarly, we proposed a reconstruction of ΔS between 1990 and 2002 where no Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data are available. Unlike most of the studies dealing with the water budget closure at the basin scale, only satellite observations and in situ runoff measurements are used. Consequently, the integrated data sets are model independent and can be used for model calibration or validation.
Molecular characterization of S‐ and N‐containing organic constituents in ambient aerosols by negative ion mode high‐resolution Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: CalNex 2010 field study
Authors: O'Brien Rachel E. , Laskin Alexander , Laskin Julia , Rubitschun Caitlin L. , Surratt Jason D. , Goldstein Allen H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractSamples of ambient aerosols from the 2010 California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field study were analyzed using negative ion mode Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization High‐Resolution Mass Spectrometry (nano‐DESI/MS). Four samples per day (6 h each) were collected in Bakersfield, CA on 20–24 June. Four characteristic groups were identified: molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only (CHO), sulfur‐ (CHOS), nitrogen‐ (CHON), and both nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing organics (CHONS). The chemical formula and elemental ratios were consistent with the presence of organonitrates, organosulfate, and nitroxy organosulfates in the negative ion mode mass spectra. The number of observed CHO compounds increased in the afternoon samples, suggesting photochemical processing as a source. The average number of CHOS compounds had the smallest changes during the day, consistent with a more broadly distributed source. Both of the nitrogen‐containing groups (CHONS and CHON) had greater numbers of compounds in the early morning (midnight to 6 A.M.) and night (6 P.M. to midnight) samples, respectively, consistent with nitrate radical chemistry as a likely source for those compounds. Most of the compounds were found in submicron particles. The size distribution of the number of CHON compounds was bimodal, potentially indicating two types of sources. We conclude that the majority of the compounds observed were secondary in nature with both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. These data are complementary to previous results from positive ion mode nano‐DESI/MS analysis of a subset of the same samples providing a more complete view of aerosol chemical composition at Bakersfield.
Transmission Gear Design
Authors: Zini David M. , McKenny Stephen R. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Automotive gear design is an area of engineering that has been in a continual state of development from engineering art to engineering based on physics for several decades. The need to perform the same basic functions—of multiplying torque or speed, transmitting torque between axes, and reversing direction—but at ever higher efficiency, lower mass and space, lower noise, and higher durability requires constant development in materials, design methods, and manufacturing methods. The contemporary design and analysis tools are system‐based programs that continue to increase the complexity and interface connections of the gearset being designed and analyzed. All of the analysis tools require that the geometry of the gear teeth be accurately modeled to correspond to the manufacturing process that will make the part. This chapter discusses gear arrangements, basic terminology, gear geometry, and gear design considerations.
Modern manual transmissions use multiple sets of parallel axis gears to provide different gear ratios. Most automatic transmissions have used planetary gears for this function. Planetary gears have also been used in manual transmissions, such as the Ford Model T more than 100 years ago. Spur gears dominated early transmissions; however, today, helical gears are almost exclusively used in transmissions to transmit power to the wheels.