bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work Environments
Authors: Veitch Jennifer A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWork environment research is a vibrant area not only within environmental psychology, but also in a broad range of building sciences concerned with making buildings work for their inhabitants. Understanding how work environments affect comfort, satisfaction, performance, and health comes through the study of such processes as privacy, attention, stress, affect, and cognition and builds upon the foundation of previous decades. Conversely, the study of workplace behaviors as they affect the environment is comparatively new, with pressing societal questions needing answers. Psychologists together with professionals from fields such as engineering, physics, architecture, and ergonomics have combined roles to play in adding to human knowledge and to design, construct, operate, and inhabit spaces that support the work we do today while sustaining Earth for the future.
Natural Landscapes
Authors: Scopelliti Massimiliano , Carrus Giuseppe , Bonnes Mirilia 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of theories and empirical research on human relations to natural landscapes. The first part reviews evolutionary models and related research on preference for natural landscapes. The role of several environmental properties in promoting individual adaptive response to natural settings is examined. Then the response to natural landscapes is discussed through the analysis of the relationships between preference and either actual or perceived opportunity for psychological restoration. The role of cognitive and affective mediators in the search for adaptation to the environment is also outlined. In the second part, moving from an evolutionary and cognitive to a social psychological frame of reference, the role of worldviews, values, and attitudes—and their sociocultural correlates—in the transaction with natural landscapes and resources is analyzed, and the possibilities for both positive and negative human responses to natural landscapes are illustrated. Finally, directions for future research are identified.
Promoting Pro-Environmental Behavior
Authors: Schultz P. Wesley , Kaiser Florian G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAbstractAchieving a sustainable future will require changes in behavior, and recent analyses have shown the importance of a behavioral perspective in addressing environmental issues. This chapter reviews the large and rapidly growing body of psychological research aimed at understanding and promoting pro-environmental behavior. The behavior change research is organized into approaches that focus on the person and those that focus on the context. Person-level approaches include information campaigns, along with approaches that target egoistic, social-altruistic, and biospheric motivational bases of behavior. Context-level approaches have generally focused on convenience and structural barriers, but new research is examining the role of contextual variables in activating or enhancing personal motivations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of practical considerations, including behavior selection, rebound effects, and spillover.
A Field in Flux: The History of Rehabilitation Psychology
Authors: Sherwin Elisabeth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRehabilitation psychology is a field in flux. With roots in the early legislation to protect those injured in the course of their job or duty (or both), the field now faces those very same issues again: (welfare) legislation of health care and provision of services to those injured in the course of their job and/or duty. This chapter outlines the path from then to now, and addresses the struggles and milestones the field has faced and crossed. Finally, in an attempt to place the field in a bigger context, a modest review of rehabilitation psychology efforts around the world is presented.
Epidemiological Context and Concerns
Authors: Chen Yuying , Cao Yue 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs the basic science of public health, epidemiology has been an important approach in public health and also in clinical practice. Epidemiology is now used together with measurement scales and instruments developed by psychologists to assess the subjective well-being of the target population and to identify psychosocial determinants of diseases and outcomes. As rehabilitation psychologists are becoming more involved in the effort to improve patients’ quality of life, epidemiologic data are valuable in guiding the establishment of viable goals for rehabilitation psychology and the health care endeavor more broadly. This chapter provides background information about epidemiology: working definitions, types of epidemiology and epidemiologic studies, measures of disease occurrence and potential sources of errors, how to critically evaluate epidemiologic statistics, and sources of data for use in epidemiology. The practice of epidemiology is also illustrated, along with numerous applications to rehabilitation.
Children with Chronic Health Conditions
Authors: Deidrick Kathleen K. M. , Drewel Elena Harlan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChildren with chronic health conditions form a heterogeneous group at increased risk for cognitive and emotional difficulties that may lead to difficulties in academic and social environments. Rehabilitation psychologists are in a unique position to provide support to children with chronic health conditions due to their expertise in neuropsychology, mental health, and psychological aspects of illness and disability. However, research in pediatric rehabilitation psychology is limited by small sample sizes, cross-sectional research designs, and a lack of empirically supported interventions that are population and domain specific. In the future, research in these areas will provide a rich literature to guide work in pediatric rehabilitation psychology.
Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Pakenham Kenneth I. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents information on multiple sclerosis (MS) relevant to the psychologist's role in the care of persons with MS. Background information on the nature of MS, including prevalence, etiology, course, symptoms, and treatment is provided first. This is followed by a discussion of key issues related to cognitive impairment, mental health, and stress. Coping with MS is then discussed within a stress and coping framework, followed by a discussion of caregiving, and then a review of psychosocial interventions. Finally, future directions regarding psychological research and practice in MS are delineated.
Stroke and Rehabilitation: Psychological Perspectives
Authors: Barton Jane 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt is important to recognize the traumatic experience of stroke and the psychological factors that are important in rehabilitation and recovery. A range of psychological experiences often occur following stroke, including grief and bereavement reactions, depression, and anxiety, as well as more problematic symptoms of post-traumatic stress. How people deal with and respond to these experiences will differ, and these responses, to some extent, will be influenced by other psychological factors, including patient beliefs and attitudes. Treatment programs should take account of psychological factors in recovery, with interventions being targeted at the level of the organization and health care system, as well as at the level of the individual.
Transplantation
Authors: Rybarczyk Bruce , Shamaskin Andrea , Gibson Douglas , Huey Solam T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSolid organ transplantations have become a routine medical procedure, with more than 28,000 performed in the United States alone each year. However, for the individual undergoing a transplant, it is anything but routine. A myriad of psychological challenges are faced by individuals at each stage of the process. This chapter begins with a description of the most common solid organ transplantations: kidney, liver, heart, lung, and heart–lung. It then provides an overview of the potential roles of the psychologist in the different stages of the transplant process and the psychological aspects of the process for the patient: being a candidate for transplant; the waiting period; the transplant surgery and postsurgical period; and, finally, long-term rehabilitation. Case studies are introduced to illustrate the role of psychologists in the pre-transplant evaluation and potential treatments to facilitate adjustment to transplantation. Finally, a discussion on the ethics of organ allocation, with a special emphasis on the role of psychologists, will be provided.
Education and Training in Rehabilitation Psychology
Authors: Stiers William , Perry Kathryn Nicholson 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIssues of education and training are fundamental to the conceptualization and development of the specialty of applied rehabilitation psychology, as they are in all areas of professional health service psychology. A specialty is shaped by the preparation of its practitioners, including its selection of trainees, the structures and processes of its training programs, and the competencies expected of successful trainees. In considering education and training in rehabilitation psychology, this chapter discusses a conceptual space, based on the definition of the specialty and its relevance to important world health issues; conceptual elements, based on existing training guidelines and expected practitioner competencies; and data about what actually occurs in preparing practitioners for work in rehabilitation psychology.Recommendations are made for improving education and training in rehabilitation psychology.
Vocational Rehabilitation, Inclusion, and Social Integration
Authors: Blessing Carol , Golden Thomas P. , Pi Sukyeong , Bruyère Susanne M. , Looy Sara Van 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPeople are social beings and as such have a right to personal dignity, social security, citizenship, and full participation in civil and social activities as a member of society. Active engagement in social roles enables each individual to have a sense of connection and acceptance through interacting with other people, build his or her self-esteem by contributing to the society; and, consequently, improve his or her overall quality of life. Paid work is a core factor in one's ability to contribute fully to society. This is important for all people, but can be particularly important for people with disabilities, who often experience social isolation. Vocational training is a means to achieve the desired goal of paid employment in an integrated setting and full community participation as a resulting outcome, and is one that rehabilitation psychologists should not overlook in their services. This chapter begins with the importance of community citizenship and valued roles for people with disabilities and examines the positive impact of social integration and inclusion on quality of life. In addition to an overview of the historical and philosophical roots and evolution of related employment and disability policy, we discuss the importance of vocational training and related services that can lead to successful employment outcomes. Following a discussion of current issues and concerns in vocational training and social integration, we conclude with the implications for rehabilitation psychology practice, training, and research.
Disease Prevention Through Lifestyle Interventions
Authors: Anton Stephen D. , Perri Michael G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMany chronic diseases are now recognized to be related to an individual's lifestyle behaviors. This chapter focuses on the critical role that eating and exercise behaviors have in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. We also review empirically supported treatment approaches for modifying unhealthy eating and exercise behaviors. In addition to directly increasing risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, excessive caloric intake and physical inactivity may also elevate disease risk by increasing body weight. In line with this, obesity is recognized as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Fortunately, there is now strong evidence that comprehensive lifestyle programs that involve dietary modification, physical activity, and weight loss can reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Although change may be difficult, health care professionals who are trained in behavioral techniques can greatly facilitate healthy lifestyle changes in their patients.
Caste and Upward Mobility
Authors: Iversen Vegard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA key question confronting India, well into the post-iberalization era, is whether—and if so, why—the traditional institution of caste may be beginning to lose its grip. It remains a fact that the social groups at the bottom of the caste hierarchy (scheduled castes, or SCs) or otherwise judged worthy of special concessions continue to be overrepresented among the rural and urban poor. This is in spite of radical, comprehensive, and enduring policy interventions to address this idiosyncratic facet of Indian deprivation. The gradual ascent of lower castes into north Indian legislative assemblies following earlier and similar progress in the South and West has not only altered India's political landscape but spurred a new optimism. The moot question then is whether the optimism that has gained currency finds support in data that go beyond political representation and coarse measures of rural public infrastructure provision.
Structural Transformation and Jobless Growth in the Indian Economy
Authors: Verma Rubina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article develops a three-sector general equilibrium model to account for India's unique pattern of structural transformation. Although this article also documents the rise of India's service sector, it constructs a theoretical growth model to understand India's pattern of growth vis-à-vis other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and emerging economies to highlight what is sui generis about the Indian case. The preeminence of services in recent years meant that there has been a shift from agriculture to services, bypassing industry. Further, changes in GDP structure in India are asymmetrical to the workforce (employment in agriculture continues to persist at 58% of the population). The article's model shows that sector-specific total factor productivity (TFP) growth rates were important drivers of resource reallocation across the three principal sectors of Indian economy from 1970 to 2007.
Health and Health Care Policy in India: The Case for Quality of Care
Authors: Das Jishnu , Hammer Jeffrey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article argues that despite high private expenditures on health in India, policy discourse reflects a constant preoccupation with the public sector. Even historically, envisioning a universal system of health care, the main focus of public health policy—like schooling policy—has been better “access” to public primary health care centers. This focus has been unduly narrow with little attention paid to understanding the behavior of health providers, or conducting a serious outcome evaluation of any of the components of the link from which health services can be availed, be they primary care centers or superspecialty hospitals. The article argues that “access” is not the binding constraint in the provision of primary health care in India. The problem is the quality of care provided both in the public and private sector. It also suggests how standard measures of “quality” can be directly counterproductive. The key focus should be on how health policy affects the quality of services and how to make this a starting point for future policy formulations.
Economic Growth and Ecological Sustainability in India
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Pranab , Shyamsundar Priya 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article looks at issues concerning environmental sustainability and economic growth in India using both micro- and macro-level evidence. The article highlights two environmental challenges of India's rapid growth: urbanization and forest cover change. With respect to urbanization, the article suggests that there is a role for economic instruments in reducing air pollution related to increasing urbanization. With respect to forest cover, it notes that whereas overall forest cover has marginally increased in India, in the bulk of forests, which are moderately dense, there is a decline. The article then asks if it is reasonable to expect forest dependence to decrease as India grows and rural wealth increases. From a broader perspective, it argues that there exist crucial environmental thresholds to India's growth strategy. The article ends with a discussion about governance issues surrounding Indian environment policy to make growth more environmentally sustainable.
An Estimated DSGE Model of the Indian Economy
Authors: Gabriel Vasco , Levine Paul , Pearlman Joseph , Yang Bo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article studies business cycle dynamics in the Indian economy using a new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) framework. This is one of the first attempts to estimate a DSGE model for the Indian economy. The policy relevance of conducting such an exercise is without question: High growth in India since 1991 has been accompanied by significant trade and financial liberalization. Policy makers face significant trade-offs in ensuring price and financial stability in devising monetary conditions in response to external shocks. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that contribute to the amplification and propagation of shocks requires careful investigation. The article develops a closed-economy DSGE model of the Indian economy and estimates it by Bayesian maximum likelihood methods using Dynare software. The article also adds newer features to the model sequentially, giving a clear indication of how such models may be built and ultimately used by researchers.
Thinking and Reasoning: A Reader's Guide
Authors: Holyoak Keith J. , Morrison Robert G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This introductory article begins by asking: What is thinking? It looks at the various meanings of the concept in linguistic and philosophical terms. It summarizes the history of the academic study of thinking and reasoning. Finally it gives an outline of the six parts of the book which look in turn at general approaches to thinking and reasoning; inductive, deductive, and abductive reasoning; problem solving, intelligence, and creative thinking; judgment and decision making; ontogeny, phylogeny, language, and culture; and finally modes of thinking.
Bayesian Inference
Authors: Griffiths Thomas L. , Tenenbaum Joshua B. , Kemp Charles 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInductive inferences that take us from observed data to underdetermined hypotheses are required to solve many cognitive problems, including learning categories, causal relationships, and languages. Bayesian inference provides a unifying framework for understanding how people make these inductive inferences, indicating how prior expectations should be combined with data. We introduce the Bayesian approach and discuss how it relates to other approaches such as the “heuristics and biases” research program. We then highlight some of the contributions that have been made by analyzing human cognition from the perspective of Bayesian inference, including connecting symbolic representations with statistical learning, identifying the inductive biases that guide human judgments, and forming connections to other disciplines.
Neurocognitive Methods in Higher Cognition
Authors: Morrison Robert G. , Knowlton Barbara J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe methods of cognitive neuroscience, notably functional neuroimaging and cognitive neuropsychology, are becoming increasingly important in efforts to understand the processes responsible for human higher cognition. Given the complexity of human thinking and reasoning, it is frequently the case that multiple theories can explain behavioral results. By utilizing the constraint of neural plausibility, some of these possibilities can be eliminated. These tools are thus beginning to help us to understand how thinking and reasoning actually occur in the brain. In this chapter we discuss a number of the techniques most frequently used to investigate higher cognition, including cognitive neuropsychology, scalp electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We briefly survey a number of examples of how these techniques have contributed to our understanding of higher cognition, particularly the functions of the human prefrontal cortex.
Mental Function as Genetic Expression: Emerging Insights From Cognitive Neurogenetics
Authors: Green Adam E. , Dunbar Kevin N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFollowing the decade (or two) of the brain, a new effort is underway to integrate insights about the biology of mental function that have been gained at parallel levels of description, in molecular genetics, cognitive neuroscience, and psychology. Integrative cognitive neurogenetic research promises new contributions to our understanding of how genes affect the mind by shaping the brain. These contributions include research into psychological functions that do not readily lend themselves to animal models. Despite the complex pathway from genetic variation to changes in psychological functions and behavior—the effects of any one gene depend on its interaction with other genes and with the environment—molecular-genetic data have the potential to inform psychological function in unique ways. We review work on working memory, attention, long-term memory, and language that illustrates this emerging potential.
Motivated Thinking
Authors: Molden Daniel C. , Higgins E. Tory 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOnce controversial, the idea that people's motivations can influence their cognitions now plays an important role in current research on thinking and reasoning. This chapter describes the effects on cognition of motivations that originate from three separate sources: (a) specific desired conclusions (e.g., perceptions of oneself as successful, loved, or in control); (b) more general desired conclusions (e.g., judgments that are as concise and unambiguous, or as accurate as possible); and (c) preferences for reaching such conclusions using particular types of judgment strategies (e.g., a focus on pursuing opportunities for gain versus protecting against the possibility of loss). Evidence is reviewed for the influence of each of these motivations on a variety of cognitive processes, illustrating that, in addition to being “cognitive misers” whose biases result from limited cognitive-processing capacity, people are “motivated tacticians” whose biases result from preferences for processing information in ways that serve their current motivational concerns.
Problem Solving
Authors: Bassok Miriam , Novick Laura R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter follows the historical development of research on problem solving. It begins with a description of two research traditions that addressed different aspects of the problem-solving process: (1) research on problem representation (the Gestalt legacy) that examined how people understand the problem at hand, and (2) research on search in a problem space (the legacy of Newell and Simon) that examined how people generate the problem's solution. It then describes some developments in the field that fueled the integration of these two lines of research: work on problem isomorphs, on expertise in specific knowledge domains (e.g., chess, mathematics), and on insight solutions. Next, it presents examples of recent work on problem solving in science and mathematics that highlight the impact of visual perception and background knowledge on how people represent problems and search for problem solutions. The final section considers possible directions for future research.