bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State Aid Policy in the European Union
Authors: Tunali Çiğdem Börke , Fidrmuc Jan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIndustrial policy is an important tool of economic policy‐making, and this has been the case especially since the onset of the current global financial crisis in 2008. However, only relatively few empirical studies consider the macroeconomic effects of industrial policy, especially for European Union countries. In this study we investigate the effect of state aid policy on economic growth and investment, using a panel data set which covers 27 European Union countries over the period 1992–2011. Our results suggest that state aid policy is not an effective tool to achieve higher economic growth and investment rates.
Germany's Institutional Power and the EMU Regime after the Crisis: Towards a Germanized Euro Area?
Authors: Steinberg Federico , Vermeiren Mattias 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this article we examine the constraints on Germany's influence over reforms of the Economic and Monetary Union's (EMU) macroeconomic governance regime. Drawing on the insights of historical institutionalism, we show that the German government's control over the process is constrained by the increased sunk costs of European monetary integration and the unintended negative spillovers from its management of the eurozone crisis. While the German government attempted to promote the domestic societal interests underpinning its creditor preferences by deflecting the burden of macroeconomic and institutional adjustment onto the debtor countries, negative feedback loops linked to the pursuit of these preferences induced it to accept a less orthodox and increasingly accommodative central bank to make the EMU sustainable.
Mobility Device Use in Older Adults and Incidence of Falls and Worry About Falling: Findings from the 2011–2012 National Health and Aging Trends Study
Authors: Gell Nancy M. , Wallace Robert B. , LaCroix Andrea Z. , Mroz Tracy M. , Patel Kushang V. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo examine the prevalence of mobility device use in community‐dwelling older adults in the United States and to investigate the incidence of falls and worry about falling according to type and number of mobility devices used.DesignAnalysis of cross‐sectional and longitudinal data from the 2011–12 National Health and Aging Trends Study.SettingIn‐person interviews in the homes of study participants.ParticipantsNationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries (n = 7,609).MeasurementsParticipants were asked about mobility device use (e.g., canes, walkers, wheelchairs and scooters) in the last month, 1‐year fall history and worry about falling.ResultsTwenty‐four percent of adults aged 65 and older reported mobility device use in 2011, and 9.3% reported using multiple devices within the last month. Mobility device use increased with advancing age and was associated with nonwhite race and ethnicity, female sex, lower education level, greater multimorbidity, and obesity (all P < .001). Adjusting for demographic and health characteristics and physical function, the incidence of falls and recurrent falls was not associated with the use of multiple devices or any particular type of mobility device. Activity‐limiting worry about falling was significantly higher in cane‐only users than in nonusers.ConclusionThe percentage of older adults reporting mobility device use is higher than results from previous national surveys, and multiple device use is common in those who use any device. Mobility device use is not associated with greater incidence of falls. Cane‐only users may compensate for worry about falling by limiting activity.
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Serotonin‐Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors in Older Adults: A Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Thorlund Kristian , Druyts Eric , Wu Ping , Balijepalli Chakrapani , Keohane Denis , Mills Edward 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo establish the comparative efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in older adults using the network meta‐analysis approach.DesignSystematic review and network meta‐analysis.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 60 and older.MeasurementsData on partial response (defined as at least 50% reduction in depression score from baseline) and safety (dizziness, vertigo, syncope, falls, loss of consciousness) were extracted. A Bayesian network meta‐analysis was performed on the efficacy and safety outcomes, and relative risks (RRs) with 95% credible intervals (CrIs) were produced.ResultsFifteen randomized controlled trials were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. Citalopram, escitalopram, paroxetine, duloxetine, venlafaxine, fluoxetine, and sertraline were represented. Reporting on partial response and dizziness was sufficient to conduct a network meta‐analysis. Reporting on other outcomes was sparse. For partial response, sertraline (RR = 1.28), paroxetine (RR = 1.48), and duloxetine (RR = 1.62) were significantly better than placebo. The remaining interventions yielded RRs lower than 1.20. For dizziness, duloxetine (RR = 3.18) and venlafaxine (RR = 2.94) were statistically significantly worse than placebo. Compared with placebo, sertraline had the lowest RR for dizziness (1.14) and fluoxetine the second lowest (1.31). Citalopram, escitalopram, and paroxetine all had RRs between 1.4 and 1.7.ConclusionThere was clear evidence of the effectiveness of sertraline, paroxetine, and duloxetine. There also appears to be a hierarchy of safety associated with the different antidepressants, although there appears to be a dearth of reporting of safety outcomes.
Enhancing the Quality of Prescribing Practices for Older Veterans Discharged from the Emergency Department (EQUiPPED): Preliminary Results from Enhancing Quality of Prescribing Practices for Older Veterans Discharged from the Emergency Department, a Novel Multicomponent Interdisciplinary Quality Improvement Initiative
Authors: Stevens Melissa B. , Hastings Susan Nicole , Powers James , Vandenberg Ann E. , Echt Katharina V. , Bryan William E. , Peggs Kiffany , Markland Alayne D. , Hwang Ula , Hung William W. , Schmidt Anita J. , McGwin Gerald , Ikpe‐Ekpo Edidiong , Clevenger Carolyn , Johnson Theodore M. , Vaughan Camille P. 
Published: May 2015

Suboptimal medication prescribing for older adults has been described in a number of emergency department (ED) studies. Despite this, few studies have examined ED‐targeted interventions aimed at reducing the use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs). Enhancing Quality of Prescribing Practices for Older Veterans Discharged from the ED (EQUiPPED) is an ongoing multicomponent, interdisciplinary quality improvement initiative in eight Department of Veterans Affairs EDs. The project aims to decrease the use of PIMs, as identified by the Beers criteria, prescribed to veterans aged 65 and older at the time of ED discharge. Interventions include provider education; informatics‐based clinical decision support with electronic medical record–embedded geriatric pharmacy order sets and links to online geriatric content; and individual provider education including academic detailing, audit and feedback, and peer benchmarking. Poisson regression was used to compare the number of PIMs that staff providers prescribed to veterans aged 65 and older discharged from the ED before and after the initiation of the EQUiPPED intervention. Initial data from the first implementation site show that the average monthly proportion of PIMs that staff providers prescribed was 9.4 ± 1.5% before the intervention and 4.6 ± 1.0% after the initiation of EQUiPPED (relative risk = 0.48, 95% confidence interval = 0.40–0.59, P < .001). Preliminary evaluation demonstrated a significant and sustained reduction of ED‐prescribed PIMs in older veterans after implementation of EQUiPPED. Longer follow‐up and replication at collaborating sites would allow for an assessment of the effect on health outcomes and costs.
Dimensional accuracy of different techniques used for complete‐arch multi‐implant impressions
Authors: Ghanem Rabab A. , Nassani Mohammad Z. , Baroudi Kusai , Abdel Fattah Amany 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the linear horizontal dimensional accuracy of the stone casts obtained from four different direct transfer implant impression techniques compared with an acrylic master model.MethodsAn acrylic resin master model with four implants was fabricated. Four impression techniques were used with squared transfer impression copings. These were nonsplinted transfer copings, splinted transfer copings, airborne particle‐abraded transfer copings coated with impression adhesive, and transfer copings with unilateral acrylic extension. Dimensional accuracy of the resultant casts was assessed with a traveling microscope by recording the linear horizontal distances between the most anterior implants and between the most posterior implants. Paired t‐test and one‐way anova followed by Tukey's post hoc test were used for the statistical analysis.ResultsThe results showed a significantly greater anterior and posterior horizontal distance in the direct nonsplinted transfer copings technique compared with the master model (P < 0.05). When the horizontal variations were compared between the four impression techniques, the direct nonsplinted transfer copings technique had significantly the greatest anterior and posterior horizontal distance in comparison with the other impression techniques (P < 0.05).ConclusionCasts obtained from the direct nonsplinted transfer impression technique were significantly less accurate than those obtained from the other impression techniques used in this study.
Estimating the frequency of Candida in oral squamous cell carcinoma using Calcofluor White fluorescent stain
Authors: Sanketh D. S. , Patil Shankargouda , Rao Roopa S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the frequency of Candida in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using Calcofluor White (CFW) fluorescent stain and to evaluate the association of the same in different grades of OSCC.MethodsOne hundred archival formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues of diagnosed cases of OSCC were retrieved. The samples comprised of 81, 18 and 1 case of well, moderately, and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (WSCC, MSCC, PSCC) respectively. Each section was subjected to staining with CFW fluorescent stain for the detection of frequency of candidal hyphae. A chi square test was used to compare the proportion of occurrence of candidal hyphae between different grades of OSCC.ResultsTen of the 100 cases of OSCCs stained positive for Candida with CFW. Positive staining for Candida was seen in six out of 81 and four out of 18 cases of WSCCs and MSCCs respectively. The chi square test used for comparison of the proportion of occurrence of candidal hyphae between WSCC and MSCC (P = 0.059) and all grades of OSCC (P = 0.157) did not yield any statistically significant value.ConclusionThe presence of Candida in OSCC solely does not justify its role in carcinogenesis. Further appraisal to evaluate a direct causal role of the micro‐organism in potentially malignant disorders and OSCC is required.
Sample holder for axial rotation of specimens in 3D microscopy
Authors: BRUNS T. , SCHICKINGER S. , SCHNECKENBURGER H. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryIn common light microscopy, observation of samples is only possible from one perspective. However, especially for larger three‐dimensional specimens observation from different views is desirable. Therefore, we are presenting a sample holder permitting rotation of the specimen around an axis perpendicular to the light path of the microscope. Thus, images can be put into a defined multidimensional context, enabling reliable three‐dimensional reconstructions. The device can be easily adapted to a great variety of common light microscopes and is suitable for various applications in science, education and industry, where the observation of three‐dimensional specimens is essential. Fluorescence z‐projection images of copepods and ixodidae ticks at different rotation angles obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy and light sheet fluorescence microscopy are reported as representative results.
Decline in arylsulfatase B and Increase in chondroitin 4‐sulfotransferase combine to increase chondroitin 4‐sulfate in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sumit , Zhang Xiaolu , Feferman Leo , Johnson David , Tortella Frank C. , Guizzetti Marina , Tobacman Joanne K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn an established rat model of penetrating ballistic‐like brain injury (PBBI), arylsulfatase B (ARSB; N‐acetylgalactosamine 4‐sulfatase) activity was significantly reduced at the ipsilateral site of injury, but unaffected at the contralateral site or in sham controls. In addition, the ARSB substrate chondroitin 4‐sulfate (C4S) and total sulfated glycosaminoglycans increased. The mRNA expression of chondroitin 4‐sulfotransferase 1 (C4ST1; CHST11) and the sulfotransferase activity rose at the ipsilateral site of injury (PBBI‐I), indicating contributions from both increased production and reduced degradation to the accumulation of C4S. In cultured, fetal rat astrocytes, following scratch injury, the ARSB activity declined and the nuclear hypoxia inducible factor‐1α increased significantly. In contrast, sulfotransferase activity and chondroitin 4‐sulfotransferase expression increased following astrocyte exposure to TGF‐β1, but not following scratch. These different pathways by which C4S increased in the cell preparations were both evident in the response to injury in the PBBI‐I model. Hence, findings support effects of injury because of mechanical disruption inhibiting ARSB and to chemical mediation by TGF‐β1 increasing CHST11 expression and sulfotransferase activity. The increase in C4S following traumatic brain injury is because of contributions from impaired degradation and enhanced synthesis of C4S which combine in the pathogenesis of the glial scar.

image
This is the first report of how two mechanisms contribute to the increase in chondroitin 4‐sulfate (C4S) in TBI. Following penetrating ballistic‐like brain injury in a rat model and in the scratch model of injury in fetal rat astrocytes, Arylsulfatase B activity declined, leading to accumulation of C4S. TGF‐β1 exposure increased expression of chondroitin 4‐sulfotransferase. Hence, the increase in C4S in TBI is attributable to both impaired degradation and enhanced synthesis, combining in the pathogenesis of the glial scar.
Effects of lisdexamfetamine alone and in combination with s‐citalopram on acetylcholine and histamine efflux in the rat pre‐frontal cortex and ventral hippocampus
Authors: Hutson Peter H. , Heins Mariette S. , Folgering Joost H.A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by poor attention, impulse control and hyperactivity. A significant proportion of ADHD patients are also co‐morbid for other psychiatric problems including mood disorders and these patients may be managed with a combination of psychostimulants and anti‐depressants. While it is generally accepted that enhanced catecholamine signalling via the action of psychostimulants is likely responsible for the cognitive improvement in ADHD, other neurotransmitters including acetylcholine and histamine may be involved. In the present study, we have examined the effect of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX), an amphetamine pro‐drug that is approved for the treatment of ADHD on acetylcholine and histamine efflux in pre‐frontal cortex and hippocampus alone and in combination with the anti‐depressant s‐citalopram. LDX increased cortical acetylcholine efflux, an effect that was not significantly altered by co‐administration of s‐citalopram. Cortical and hippocampal histamine were markedly increased by LDX, an effect that was attenuated in the hippocampus but not in pre‐frontal cortex when co‐administered with s‐citalopram. Taken together, these results suggest that efflux of acetylcholine and histamine may be involved in the therapeutic effects of LDX and are differentially influenced by the co‐administration of s‐citalopram.
image
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by poor attention, impulse control and hyperactivity. Some ADHD patients are also co‐morbid for mood disorders and may be managed with psychostimulants (e.g. lisdexamfetamine, LDX) and anti‐depressants (e.g. s‐citalopram). LDX increased the efflux of acetylcholine and histamine, neurotransmitters involved in cognitive function, which were differentially influenced when co‐administered with s‐citalopram. Acetylcholine and histamine may be involved in the therapeutic effects of LDX and are differentially affected by the co‐administration of s‐citalopram.
Fluorescent Visualisation of Oxytocin in the Hypothalamo‐neurohypophysial/‐spinal Pathways After Chronic Inflammation in Oxytocin‐Monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein 1 Transgenic Rats
Authors: Matsuura T. , Kawasaki M. , Hashimoto H. , Ishikura T. , Yoshimura M. , Ohkubo J.‐I. , Maruyama T. , Motojima Y. , Sabanai K. , Mori T. , Ohnishi H. , Sakai A. , Ueta Y. 
Published: May 2015

Oxytocin (OXT) is a well‐known neurohypophysial hormone that is synthesised in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the hypothalamus. The projection of magnocellular neurosecretory cells, which synthesise OXT and arginine vasopressin in the PVN and SON, to the posterior pituitary plays an essential role in mammalian labour and lactation through its peripheral action. However, previous studies have shown that parvocellular OXTergic cells in the PVN, which project to the medulla and spinal cord, are involved in various physiological functions (e.g. sensory modulation and autonomic). In the present study, we examined OXT expression in the PVN, SON and spinal cord after chronic inflammation from adjuvant arthritis (AA). We used transgenic rats that express OXT and the monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (mRFP1) fusion gene to visualise both the magnocellular and parvocellular OXTergic pathways. OXT‐mRFP1 fluorescence intensity was significantly increased in the PVN, SON, dorsal horn of the spinal cord and posterior pituitary in AA rats. The levels of OXT‐mRFP1 mRNA were significantly increased in the PVN and SON of AA rats. These results suggested that OXT was up‐regulated in both hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory cells and parvocellular cells by chronic inflammation, and also that OXT in the PVN‐spinal pathway may be involved in sensory modulation. OXT‐mRFP1 transgenic rats are a very useful model for visualising the OXTergic pathways from vesicles in a single cell to terminals in in vitro preparations.
Impact of Healthcare Information Technology on Nursing Practice
Authors: Piscotty Ronald J. , Kalisch Beatrice , Gracey‐Thomas Angel 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPurposeTo report additional mediation findings from a descriptive cross sectional study to examine if nurses’ perceptions of the impact of healthcare information technology on their practice mediates the relationship between electronic nursing care reminder use and missed nursing care.DesignThe study used a descriptive design. The sample (N = 165) was composed of registered nurses working on acute care hospital units. The sample was obtained from a large teaching hospital in Southeast Michigan in the fall of 2012. All eligible nursing units (n = 19) were included.MethodsThe MISSCARE Survey, Nursing Care Reminders Usage Survey, and the Impact of Healthcare Information Technology Scale were used to collect data to test for mediation. Mediation was tested using the method described by Baron and Kenny. Multiple regression equations were used to analyze the data to determine if mediation occurred between the variables.FindingsMissed nursing care, the outcome variable, was regressed on the predictor variable, reminder usage, and the mediator variable impact of technology on nursing practice. The impact of healthcare information technology (IHIT) on nursing practice negatively affected missed nursing care (t = ‐4.12, p < .001), explaining 9.8% of variance in missed nursing care. With IHIT present, the predictor (reminder usage) was no longer significant (t = ‐.70, p = .48). Thus, the reduced direct association between reminder usage and missed nursing care when IHIT was in the model supported the hypothesis that IHIT was at least one of the mediators in the relationship between reminder usage and missed nursing care.ConclusionsThe perceptions of the impact of healthcare information technology mediates the relationship between nursing care reminder use and missed nursing care. The findings are beneficial to the advancement of healthcare technology in that designers of healthcare information technology systems need to keep in mind that perceptions regarding impacts of the technology will influence usage.Clinical RelevanceMany times, information technology systems are not designed to match the workflow of nurses. Systems built with redundant or impertinent reminders may be ignored. System designers must study which reminders nurses find most useful and which reminders result in the best quality outcomes.
Prenatal diagnosis and findings of tetrasomy 9p
Authors: Lazebnik Noam , Cohen Leslie 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTetrasomy 9p is a rare condition initially reported by Ghymers et al. Reported cases are a mix of prenatal and neonatal/pediatric cases in non‐mosaic and mosaic cases. We report on the common mechanism leading to this form of chromosome abnormality, the various types of tetrasomy 9p as well as the prenatal sonographic and laboratory presentation of our case and previously reported cases with mosaic and non‐mosaic tetrasomy 9p. From these reported cases, a recognizable syndrome is emerging. Multiple fetal abnormalities amenable to ultrasound diagnosis are likely to be present. However, neither ultrasound study alone nor the first‐trimester screen for the common aneuploidies can suggest the correct diagnosis. Chromosome study of more than a single tissue is necessary in order to establish the correct diagnosis and to differentiate between mosaic and non‐mosaic tetrasomy 9p cases.
Molecular Detection and Pathogenicity Assay of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Chicken Manure
Authors: Huang Rui‐rong , Huang Rong , Hu Jian‐kun , Ho Hon‐hing , He Yue‐qiu 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTo determine the relationship between animal excreta and the occurrence of clubroot disease of cruciferous crops caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, chickens were fed with resting spores of the pathogen. Their faeces were collected and used to inoculate crucifers. This study proved that both fresh and composted manures could induce clubroot and the presence of the pathogen in the manure was confirmed by PCR amplification. However, composting had detrimental effects on the virulence of the resting spores in the manure. When the temperature was over 32°C, the incidence and severity of clubroot declined with the increase in the exposure time of resting spores to high temperature and the pathogenicity was completely lost when the spores were kept at 48°C for 6 h. The control measures for the clubroot disease were discussed.