bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One size does not fit all in severe infection: obesity alters outcome, susceptibility, treatment, and inflammatory response
Authors: Wacharasint Petch , Boyd John H , Russell James A , Walley Keith R 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Introduction
Obesity is an increasingly common comorbidity in critically ill patients. Whether obesity alters sepsis outcome, susceptibility, treatment, and response is not completely understood.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis comparing three group of septic shock patients based on the intervals of actual body mass index (BMI) in patients enrolled in the VASST (Vasopressin and Septic Shock Trial) cohort. Primary outcome measurement was 28-day mortality. We tested for differences in patterns of infection by comparing the primary site of infection and organism. We also compared the treatments (fluids and vasopressors) and inflammatory response, measuring adipose tissue-related cytokine concentrations (interleukin [IL]-6, monocyte chemotactic protein [MCP]-1, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and resistin) in plasma in a subset of 382 patients. Of the 778 patients in VASST, 730 patients who had body weight and height measurements were analyzed. Patients with BMI <25 kg/m2 (n = 276) were grouped as a reference and compared to 'overweight' (25< BMI <30 kg/m2, n = 209) and 'obese' (BMI > 30 kg/m2,n = 245) patients.

Results
Obese patients had the lowest 28-day mortality followed by overweight patients while patients with BMI <25 kg/m2 had the highest mortality (p = 0.02). Compared to the patients with BMI <25 kg/m2, obese and overweight patients also had a different pattern of infection with less lung (obese 35%, overweight 45%, BMI<25 kg/m2 50%, p = 0.003) and fungal infection (obese 8.2%, overweight 11%, and BMI<25 kg/m2 15.6%, p = 0.03). Per kilogram, obese and overweight patients received less fluid during the first four days (p<0.05) and received less norepinephrine (obese 0.14, overweight 0.21, BMI <25 kg/m2 0.26 µg/kg/min, p<0.0001) and vasopressin (obese 0.28, overweight 0.36, BMI <25 kg/m2 0.43 µU/kg/min, p<0.0001) on day 1 compared to patients with BMI <25 kg/m2. Obese and overweight patients also had a lower plasma IL-6 concentration at baseline (obese 106 [IQR 34-686], overweight 190 [IQR 44-2339], BMI <25 kg/m2 235 [IQR 44-1793] pg/mL, p = 0.046).

Conclusions
Overall obesity was associated with improved survival in septic shock and differences in pattern of infection, fluids, and vasopressors. Importantly, the magnitude of inflammatory IL-6 response is muted in the obese.
Attitudes towards psychiatric treatment and people with mental illness: changes over two decades
Authors: Angermeyer Matthias C. , Matschinger Herbert , Schomerus Georg 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundOver the past decades, psychiatry, as a science and a clinical discipline, has witnessed profound changes.AimsTo examine whether these changes are reflected in changes in the public's conceptualisation of mental disorders, the acceptance of mental health treatment and attitudes towards people with mental illness.MethodIn 1990 and 2011, population surveys were conducted in Germany on public attitudes about schizophrenia, depression and alcohol dependence.ResultsAlthough the public has become more inclined to endorse a biological causation of schizophrenia, the opposite trend was observed with the other two disorders. The public's readiness to recommend help-seeking from mental health professionals and using psychotherapy and psychotropic medication has increased considerably. Attitudes towards people with schizophrenia worsened, whereas for depression and alcohol dependence no or inconsistent changes were found.ConclusionsThe growing divide between attitudes towards schizophrenia and other mental disorders should be of particular concern to future anti-stigma campaigns.
Secrets and lies: Narrative methods at the limits of research
Authors: Anim-Addo Joan , Gunaratnam Yasmin 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This collaborative article explores some commonalities to be found in narrative methods used by Caribbeanist, Joan Anim-Addo and sociologist, Yasmin Gunaratnam. Recognizing how narrative and stories are socially inflected and relational, our work with diasporic stories approaches narrative as an unstable and evolving event that poses its own ethical provocations. We discuss the limits of our respective methods – oral history and biographical narrative interviews – through an exploration of ‘secrets and lies’ in the telling and relaying of stories. We consider, centrally, the relations between facts and fictions in diasporic stories, highlighting two central conundrums that we have encountered in our research: (i) what is experienced and lived but cannot be said/told; (ii) what is told but not necessarily lived. Creolization theory and notions of cultural hybridity serve to frame the conversation that we engage.
Harnessing hidden knowledge for paradigm change
Authors: Wood John , Backwell John 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Can designers re-design the paradigm that threatens human survival? Probably not, if they only apply the specialist skills of their training. Design evolved to make factory-made products and services more amenable to paying customers. However, if we are to meet the environmental and economic challenges facing us, it needs to be more comprehensive, integrated, self-reflexive and transdisciplinary. Our ‘metadesign’ approach seeks new synergies by combining existing resources. However, many new synergies are ‘unthinkable’ from within the ‘language’ of the current paradigm. In addressing this challenge we used a number of methods to reveal hidden synergies, including non-verbal, pre-verbal and interpersonal forms of knowing. We used simple mathematics to map all of the relations among all of the participants in the team, in order to make the data more shareable.
The collapsing rate of the Kähler–Ricci flow with regular infinite time singularity
Authors: Fong Frederick Tsz-Ho , Zhang Zhou 
Published: June 2013

Abstract

We study the collapsing behavior of the Kähler–Ricci flow on a compact
Kähler manifold X admitting a holomorphic submersion

π
:
X
→
Σ

$\pi :X\rightarrow \Sigma $

inherited from its canonical bundle, where Σ is a Kähler
manifold with

dim
ℂ

Σ
<

dim
ℂ

X

$\dim _\mathbb {C}\Sigma &lt;\dim _\mathbb {C}X$

. We show that the flow metric
degenerates at exactly the rate of

e

-
t

$e^{-t}$

as predicted by the cohomology information,
and so the fibres

π

-
1

(
z
)

$\pi ^{-1}(z)$

,

z
∈
Σ

$z \in \Sigma $

collapse at the
optimal rate

diam
t

(

π

-
1

(
z
)

)

≃

e

-
t
/
2

$\operatorname{diam}_t (\pi ^{-1}(z)) \simeq e^{-t/2}$

. Consequently, it leads to some analytic and geometric extensions to the regular case of works by J. Song and G. Tian.
Its applicability to general Calabi–Yau fibrations will also be discussed in local settings.
Evaluation of drug-metabolizing enzyme hydroxylation phenotypes in Hispanic populations: the CEIBA cocktail
Authors: de Andrés Fernando , Sosa-Macías Martha , Lazalde-Ramos Blanca P. , Naranjo María Eugenia G. , Tarazona-Santos Eduardo , LLerena Adrián 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Interindividual differences in response to drug treatments are mainly caused by differences in drug metabolism, in which cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are involved. Genetic polymorphisms of these enzymes have a key role in this variability. However, environmental factors, endogenous metabolism and disease states also have a great influence on the actual drug metabolism rate (metabolic phenotype). Consequently, the genotype does not always correlate with the actual drug hydroxylation phenotype. In this sense, in vivo phenotyping strategies represent an alternative to evaluate the interindividual variability in drug metabolism. Therefore, the ‘cocktail’ approach is considered as an advantageous strategy to obtain actual and reliable information on several CYP activities in just one experiment. As reviewed, phenotyping studies on Latin-American populations, which comprise about 400 million people, are scarce, and only selective phenotyping methods were applied. Therefore, a novel cocktail approach is here proposed as a phenotyping tool to evaluate the relationship between genotype and phenotype of major CYP enzymes in Hispanic populations. This determination will allow adaptation of drug therapies to these populations and consequently to benefit from the application of pharmacogenetics in the reduction of drug adverse effects and in the improvement of therapeutic responses.
A Simple and Semi-Empirical Model to Predict THMs Generation in Water Facilities Including pH Effects
Authors: Gilliard MaríB. , Lovato MarÍa E. , MartÍa Carlos A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
This work presents a study focused on the development of a simple useful tool to predict the generation of trihalomethanes in drinking water purification systems, using two precursors and trichloromethane as model compounds through a simple chlorine decay model. This work proposed a semiempirical model without adjustable power parameters where fast and slow stages and the effect of pH were included. Despite that the model is not based in a complete kinetic scheme, using the proposed equations it is possible to predict the simultaneous evolution of chlorine and TCM with a set of linear kinetics parameters which characterize the system and will be obtained using simple routine laboratory measurements. The results show that both TCM formation and chlorine decay are strongly dependent on the chemical nature of the model precursor. Although resorcinol and phenol have different reactivity with chlorine and represent different functional groups which are present in natural compounds, the TCM generation appears to be properly described in both cases by the total chlorine consumption. Considering that during the potabilization processes the pH changes, the study of the effects of this variable is very important to achieve the minimization of THMs generation. The pH has a significant effect on the time evolution of chlorine-substituted hydroxybenzene intermediates and therefore on the TCM formation, since the properties of the reacting species are directly affected by the reaction medium for their participation in the different reaction paths. The study of the distribution and selectivity of the intermediate species allowed explaining the results obtained for the kinetics of formation of TCM. The results suggest that in order to understand the effect of pH, the nature of oxidation of HOCl and ClO‒, should be considered simultaneously with the electronegative nature of the precursor compounds. Finally, in terms of minimizing the generation of THM it is important to consider the potential impact of pH changes within the water treatment process and supply and the stages where chlorination may be carried out.
Loss of Pulp Vitality After Maxillary Sinus Augmentation: A Surgical and Endodontic Approach
Authors: Romanos Georgios E. , Papadimitriou Dimitrios E.V. , Hoyo Manuel J. , Caton Jack G. 
Published: June 2013

Background: Maxillary sinus augmentation is a routine procedure performed in implant dentistry in cases with sinus pneumatization. This study presents a series of clinical cases in which tooth devitalization occurred in conjunction with sinus augmentation.Methods: In the three cases presented, a sinus‐lift procedure was performed that resulted in devitalization of the adjacent teeth. Patients were referred to an endodontist for evaluation and treatment. Vitality of the teeth was determined by the use of a cold test, electric pulp test, and cavity test. The pulp was considered to be necrotic if the tests were negative.Results: In this case series, loss of pulp vitality of two maxillary left second premolars and one maxillary left first molar occurs after sinus‐augmentation procedures. The devitalized teeth were free of caries. In one case, two amalgam restorations were present.Conclusion: Pulp necrosis may occur in conjunction with a sinus‐lift procedure in cases when an adjacent root is in close proximity to the sinus floor and the sinus membrane is elevated over the root apex.
Evaluation of a β‐Calcium Metaphosphate Bone Graft Containing Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐7 in Rabbit Maxillary Defects
Authors: Buranawat Borvornwut , Di Silvio Lucy , Deb Sanjukta , Nannmark Ulf , Sennerby Lars , Palmer Richard M. 
Published: June 2013

Background: Calcium phosphate–based materials have been widely used as bone substitutes and more recently are being exploited together with growth factors as bone tissue engineering scaffolds regulating cell behavior. The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo response to a newly developed calcium metaphosphate (CMP) bone graft, with and without bone‐stimulating growth factor.Methods: Porous scaffolds of CMP were developed and extensively tested in vitro. Subsequently, CMP grafts with osteogenic protein‐1 (OP‐1) (test) and without OP‐1 (control) were implanted into experimental rabbit maxillary bone defects. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks, and samples were examined with microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) and processed for histomorphometric analysis.Results: At 8 weeks, the scaffolds containing OP‐1 induced greater bone formation (P = 0.018) than CMP alone, based on histomorphometric evaluation (percentage bone area: test: 57.1 ± 5.6; control: 49.4 ± 7.7) and micro‐CT analysis (percentage bone volume density: test: 63.46 ± 5.61; control: 51.20 ± 6.71). Thus, these data indicated that both test and control CMP grafts showed a good degree of bone formation. Furthermore, the CMP materials showed signs of resorption from 4 weeks, and no graft materials were observed at 8 weeks.Conclusions: In vitro, the OP‐1 loaded graft demonstrated a release profile and bioactivity over a 28‐day period. In vivo testing confirmed enhanced bone formation of the OP‐1 loaded graft after 8 weeks of healing.
An Improved Three-Phase Relative Permeability and Hysteresis Model for the Simulation of a Water-Alternating-Gas Injection
Authors: Shahverdi H.. , Sohrabi M.. 
Published: June 2013

Summary
Water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection in waterflooded reservoirs can increase oil recovery and extend the life of these reservoirs. Reliable reservoir simulations are needed to predict the performance of WAG injection before field implementation. This requires accurate sets of relative permeability (kr) and capillary pressure (Pc) functions for each fluid phase, in a three-phase-flow regime. The WAG process also involves another major complication, hysteresis, which is caused by flow reversal happening during WAG injection. Hysteresis is one of the most important phenomena manipulating the performance of WAG injection, and hence, it has to be carefully accounted for.
In this study, we have benefited from the results of a series of coreflood experiments that we have been performing since 1997 as a part of the Characterization of Three-Phase Flow and WAG Injection JIP (joint industry project) at Heriot-Watt University. In particular, we focus on a WAG experiment carried out on a water-wet core to obtain three-phase relative permeability values for oil, water, and gas. The relative permeabilities exhibit significant and irreversible hysteresis for oil, water, and gas. The observed hysteresis, which is a result of the cyclic injection of water and gas during WAG injection, is not predicted by the existing hysteresis models.
We present a new three-phase relative permeability model coupled with hysteresis effects for the modeling of the observed cycle-dependent relative permeabilities taking place during WAG injection. The approach has been successfully tested and verified with measured three-phase relative permeability values obtained from a WAG experiment. In line with our laboratory observations, the new model predicts the reduction of the gas relative permeability during consecutive water-and-gas-injection cycles as well as the increase in oil relative permeability happening in consecutive water-injection cycles.
Application of Chicory as Corrosion Inhibitor for Acidic Environments
Authors: Choudhary Yogesh Kumar , Sabhapondit Anupom , Kumar Arunesh 
Published: June 2013

Summary
During acidizing stimulation or cleanup operations, metal tubulars, downhole tools/valves, and surface lines are exposed to acidic fluids and are prone to corrosion. Because corrosion rates drastically increase in high-temperature wells, controlling corrosion is critical and must be dealt with carefully. In addition, corrosion protection is important for maintaining the integrity and long life of downhole tools installed in a well. Several corrosion inhibitors, such as quaternary ammonium compounds and propargyl alcohol-based compounds, have been effectively used in the industry. However, because of stringent environmental regulations, attention has focused on the development of new corrosion inhibitors that are environmentally benign. Food-grade products that are considered "green" chemicals have significant potential as corrosion inhibitors in the oil and gas industry.
In this paper, application of chicory as a corrosion inhibitor for high-temperature and strong-acidic conditions is discussed. Chicory is a perennial bush plant available in many parts of the world. The root of the chicory plant can be roasted and ground for use as a coffee substitute or additive. Chicory is environmentally acceptable and, being of plant origin, is widely recognized as biodegradable in nature. This study shows that chicory can provide corrosion protection for alloys such as N-80, 13Cr-L80, and 1010 steel in the presence of either inorganic or organic acids at temperatures up to 250°F (121°C). Considering its performance and lack of toxicity issues, chicory has significant potential for acid corrosion-inhibition applications. The mixing procedure for preparing the blend, experimental setup and test procedure, and laboratory results of high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) corrosion tests are discussed.
Experimental Study of Polymer-Free and Polymer-Added Foams for Underbalanced Drilling: Are Two Foam-Flow Regimes Still There?
Authors: Edrisi A.R.. R. , Gajbhiye R.N.. N. , Kam S.I.. I. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryThe foam-assisted underbalanced-drilling technique is more advantageous than the traditional overbalanced drilling near the productive water-sensitive formations because of its reduced formation damage, improved rate of penetration, higher cuttings-transport capacity, and lower circulation losses. However, the complicated nature of foam rheology has been a major impediment to the optimal design of field applications.Earlier studies with surfactant foams without oils and polymers show that foam flow in pipe can be represented by two different flow regimes: the low-quality regime showing either plug-flow or segregated-flow pattern, and the high-quality regime showing slug-flow pattern. The objective of this study is to investigate foam-flow characteristics in horizontal pipes at different injection conditions, with or without oils, by using polymer-free and polymer-added surfactant foams.The results of this study were presented in two different ways—by steady-state pressure drops (or, apparent foam viscosity, equivalently) measured by multiple pressure taps and by the visualization of bubble size, size distribution, and flow patterns in transparent pipes. The results with surfactant foams and oil showed that first, oil reduced the stability of foams in pipes, thus decreasing the steady-state pressure drops and foam viscosities, and second, the presence of oil tended to lower the transition between the high-quality and the low-quality regimes (i.e., lower foam quality at the boundary, or lower f*g equivalently). In addition, the results with surfactant foams with polymer showed that first, polymer thickened the liquid phase and, if enough agitation was supplied, could make foams long-lived and increase foam viscosities, and second, the system sometimes did not reach the steady state readily, showing systematic oscillations. In both cases, though, the experiments carried out in this study showed the presence of two distinct high-quality and low-quality flow regimes.
Hemoglobinuria Misidentified as Hematuria: Review of Discolored Urine and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Authors: Veerreddy Prashant 
Published: June 2013

Discolored urine is a common reason for office visits to a primary care physician and urology referral. Early differentiation of the type or cause of discolored urine is necessary for accurate diagnosis and prompt management. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a clonal disorder caused by acquired somatic mutations in the PIG-A gene on the X-chromosome of hemopoietic stem cells and leads to deficiency of surface membrane anchor proteins. The deficiency of these proteins leads to an increased risk of hemolysis of erythrocytes and structural damage of platelets, resulting in a clinical syndrome characterized by complement-mediated intravascular hemolytic anemia, bone marrow failure, and venous thrombosis. Patients with this clinical syndrome present with paroxysms of hemolysis, causing hemoglobinuria manifesting as discolored urine. This can be easily confused with other common causes of discolored urine and result in extensive urologic work-up. Three commonly confused entities of discolored urine include hematuria, hemoglobinuria, and myoglobinuria. Specific characteristics in a dipstick test or urinalysis can guide differentiation of these three causes of discolored urine. This article begins with a case summary of a woman presenting with cranberry-colored urine and a final delayed diagnosis of paryxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Her hemoglobinuria was misdiagnosed as hematuria, leading to extensive urologic work-up. The article also gives an overview of the approach to diagnosing and treating discolored urine.
Honoring Deceased Donors with a Unique Family-Designed Statement Followed by a Moment of Silence: Effect on Donation Outcomes
Authors: Neidlinger Nikole , Gleason Brandy , Cheng Jing 
Published: June 2013

Context Studies indicate that donor families and hospital staff, particularly operating room staff, fear that organ donors will not be treated with dignity, honor, and respect. Objective The ritual of a unique, family-designed statement of honor followed by a 15-second moment of silence in the operating room before organ recovery was implemented to honor organ donors and their families. The purpose of this study was to describe the development of the ritual and to investigate its impact on donation rates in the California Transplant Donor Network's service area. Design Cross-sectional observational study. Setting The California Transplant Donor Network, an organ procurement organization. Participants 58 organ donors and families in 39 donor hospitals. Main Outcome Measures Variables of interest included hospital rate of referral and of timely referral to their organ procurement organization, collaborative conversion rates, and donor families' response to implementation of the new ritual. Results The ritual was implemented in 2011 in several randomly selected hospitals locally. Seventy-one unique rituals were performed in 22 local hospitals in the trial period. No families or health care providers declined to participate. Families reported that the ritual honored their loved ones. Although the collaborative conversion rates were similar in hospitals before implementation (2010), implementation of the ritual affected donation rates in 2011. Conclusions The 15-second moment of silence honors deceased donors and their families and improves donation rates in donor hospitals.