bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TheGhent effect for whom? Mapping the variations of theGhent effect across different trade unions inDenmark
Authors: Høgedahl Laust 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe presence of an unemployment insurance system based on voluntary membership in unemployment insurance funds (known as the ‘Ghent system’) and a high union density has long been known and well documented, and even referred to as a special ‘Ghent effect’. However theGhent system, especially in the three classicGhent countries,Finland,Sweden andDenmark, has come under significant pressure in recent years, and many researchers are referring to an erosion of theGhent system as a recruiting mechanism for trade unions. But prior research aimed at documenting theGhent effect seems to disregard variations in how strongly trade unions benefit from theGhent system as a recruiting mechanism. Hence, this article sets out to investigate whether all trade unions equally benefit from aGhent effect across different sectors and occupations by studying theDanish case. Unique survey data made it possible to mapDanish wage earners' reasons for joining or leaving unemployment insurance funds and trade unions. The article finds that there are great variations amongDanish trade unions in terms of how strongly they are dependent on aGhent effect as a recruiting mechanism. We may expect the same variations in the two otherGhent countries,Sweden andFinland, because the organisation of theGhent system is similar in the three Nordic countries. In addition, the article shows that this variation might help explain why some trade unions are on the rise to the detriment of others.
Microstructure and Thermo‐Kinetics Analysis in Combustion Synthesis of Si3N4 with High α‐Phase Content
Authors: Ge Yiyao , Cui Wei , Wang Qi , Zou Yifeng , Xie Zhipeng , Chen Kexin 
Published: September 2014

In this work, Si3N4 powders containing ~88% by weight of α‐phase were prepared by adopting a facile yet efficient combustion synthesis strategy under a nitrogen pressure of 6 MPa. A unique radial–spheroidal cluster morphology was strikingly observed in the as‐fabricated Si3N4 products. More significantly, a three‐step growth mechanism was rationally proposed herein based on quenching experiments and thermo‐kinetic calculations. As concluded, both the combustion temperature achieved and the sustaining time in high‐temperature period played significant roles in obtaining silicon nitride powders with controlled high contents of α‐phase Si3N4.
Home BP Monitoring Using a Telemonitoring System is Effective for Controlling BP in a Remote Island in Japan
Authors: Kaihara Toshiki , Eguchi Kazuo , Kario Kazuomi 
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this study was to assess whether a home blood pressure (HBP) telemonitoring system could improve BP control and overcome the problems of HBP monitoring in a remote location. The authors enrolled 60 subjects and randomized them to either a Telemonitoring group or a Control group. The outcomes were changes in HBP level, adherence to HBP monitoring, and visual analog scale (VAS; score 0–100) as a measure of the motivation to perform HBP measurements. The reductions in morning systolic BP (−5.5±0.9 mm Hg vs 0.7±0.7 mm Hg, P<.001) and evening systolic BP (−4.6±1.0 mm Hg vs 1.0±1.1 mm Hg, P<.001) and the change in VAS (12.8±3.3 vs −1.6±2.2, P=.001) were significantly greater in the Telemonitoring group than in the Control group. The measure of the adherence to HBP monitoring tended to be better (P=.064) in the Telemonitoring group than in the Control group. These results indicate that an HBP telemonitoring system would be a beneficial healthcare measure in remote geographical locations.
Philosophy at the bedside – phenomenology, complexity and virtue in the care of patients
Authors: Mitchell Derek 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThis personal reflection, based partly on my own experience as a patient, is written from the triple perspective of patient, former Health Service manager and philosopher. By beginning with the accounts of the first‐hand lived experiences of patients (my own and those of Havi Carel), which I argue are central to an understanding of illness, and by then moving through the complexity of the health care environment, I aim to show that only the promulgation of a virtue‐based theory of ethics and action can lead to real improvements in the quality of care delivered to patients.MethodsThe case is set out to bring together the philosophical insights of phenomenology, complexity theory and Virtue Ethics.ResultsThe argument shows that only Virtue Ethics provides an adequate means to respond to the unique situation and feelings of the individual person who is ill.ConclusionsThis conclusion inevitably implies criticism of the ways that the performance of the institutions and the people who provide health care have been measured and regulated in the UK National Health Service. Overall the conclusions of this paper suggest that an approach based on virtuous agency and more closely directed towards the lived experience of people who are ill is needed to ensure both safety and improved quality in health care services.
High‐affinity glutamate transporters in chronic pain: an emerging therapeutic target
Authors: Gegelashvili Georgi , Bjerrum Ole J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractNeurons responsible for sensing noxious stimuli and conducting pain signals from periphery to the spinal cord are predominantly glutamatergic. Members of the SLC1A family of high‐affinity glutamate transporters (GluTs) are differentially expressed in sensory neurons and surrounding glial cells. These plasma membrane proteins along with glutamate/cystine exchanger, light chain of cystine/glutamate exchanger, are responsible for fine tuning of extracellular glutamate concentrations and, thus, for modulation of excitatory signalling in the spinal cord. Emerging data point at key roles of GluTs in molecular mechanisms of chronic pain and analgesia, incl. development of opioid tolerance. Pharmacological inhibition or antisense down‐regulation of spinal GluTs can induce/aggravate pain behaviours, whereas increasing of expression of GluTs by viral gene transfer or positive pharmacological modulators can mitigate chronic pain. Furthermore, some drugs, originally introduced for targeting different pathological conditions, but in parallel exhibiting analgesic properties (e.g. anti‐convulsants valproate and riluzole, β‐lactam‐ and tetracycline antibiotics, tricyclic anti‐depressants), can enhance glutamate transport in the spinal cord. Thus, molecular modulation of GluTs may turn into prospective therapeutic approach for the management of chronic pain. However, precise pharmacological targeting of this transport system requires in‐depth elucidation of molecular factors and signalling pathways underlying expression and activity of individual GluT subtypes, including their splice variants.
image
Neurons conducting pain signals from periphery to the spinal cord are predominantly glutamatergic. High‐affinity glutamate transporters (GluTs) regulate extracellular glutamate concentrations and, thus, modulate excitatory signalling in pain circuits. The present review critically analyses accumulated data on the roles of GluTs in molecular mechanisms of chronic pain, as well as perspectives for targeting this transport system in pain therapies.
Distribution Pattern of Psoriasis Affects Sexual Function in Moderate to Severe Psoriasis: A Prospective Case Series Study
Authors: Molina-Leyva Alejandro , Almodovar-Real Ana , Ruiz-Carrascosa Jose C. , Naranjo-Sintes Ramon , Serrano-Ortega Salvio , Jimenez-Moleon Jose J. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Psoriasis may significantly impair sexual function. Depression and organic factors appear to play a key role in this relationship. However, beyond genital psoriasis, the importance of the distribution pattern of the disease has not been considered.

Aim
To investigate the role of the distribution pattern of psoriasis in sexual dysfunction.

Methods
A prospective case series study was carried out on 133 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.

Main Outcome Measures
The participants completed the Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Self-Administered Psoriasis Area and Severity Index.

Results
Forty-four women (mean age 42.0 ± 14.1) and 79 men (mean age 47 ± 11.7) were included in the study. Psoriasis lesions on abdomen, genitals, lumbar region, and buttocks in women and chest, genitals, and buttocks in men were associated with an increase in sexual dysfunction. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the involvement of these specific areas may be independent risk factors for sexual dysfunction in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.

Conclusions
This is the first study identifying body areas other than genitals as potentially related to sexual dysfunction in psoriasis patients. The results suggest that the assessment of sexual dysfunction and the involvement of these body areas should be considered as disease severity criteria when deciding on treatment for psoriasis patients.
Cytokine Concentrations in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Horses with Neutrophilic Inflammatory Airway Disease
Authors: Richard E.A. , Depecker M. , Defontis M. , Leleu C. , Fortier G. , Pitel P.‐H. , Couroucé‐Malblanc A. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundMultiple cytological patterns occur in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses with inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Only few data on BALF cytokine profiles are available for horses with IAD, and are limited to mRNA expression.Hypothesis/ObjectiveCytological profiles of IAD are associated with different BALF immunological pathways. To investigate BALF cytokine concentrations in a large number of horses with neutrophilic IAD.AnimalsOne hundred and thirty‐eight client‐owned Standardbred racehorses in active training.MethodsProspective observational study. BALF samples were obtained from left and right lungs. Interleukin (IL)‐4, interferon (IFN)‐γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α concentrations were determined by ELISA.ResultsFourteen horses had normal BALF cytological profiles and 56 exhibited evidence of bilateral neutrophilic IAD. Twenty‐four horses showed BALF with, respectively, IAD‐ and CTL consistent cytology and were excluded; as were 44 horses because of evidence of pulmonary hemorrhage. TNF‐α (56 ± 115 pg/mL; P = .034) and IFN‐γ concentrations (104 ± 247 pg/mL; P = .044) were significantly higher for IAD horses, compared with controls (respectively 19 ± 41 and 80 ± 116 pg/mL). Horses with ‘neutrophil’ subtype had significantly higher IFN‐γ concentrations (110 ± 154 pg/mL), than ‘neutrophil/metachromatic’ (56 ± 54 pg/mL; P = .028) and ‘neutrophil/metachromatic/eosinophil’ subtypes (44 ± 23 pg/mL; P = .012).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCytokine concentrations in BALF suggested that neutrophilic IAD is associated with activation of the innate immune system and a possible T‐helper (Th)‐1 polarized response. This study also suggested that immunological pathways vary according to cytological IAD subtypes.
Usefulness of Conventional and Tissue Doppler Echocardiography to Predict Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease
Authors: Kim J.‐H. , Park H.‐M. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundSystolic and diastolic functions have been evaluated to predict outcome in congestive heart failure (CHF). Recently, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) has become useful for the estimation of myocardial function in cardiac diseases of humans and animals.ObjectiveThis study was designed to assess whether myocardial function as assessed by TDI is associated with the occurrence of CHF in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and whether additional information is gained over conventional Doppler variables.AnimalsForty‐one privately owned dogs (15 healthy dogs and 26 dogs with MMVD) were included. Dogs with MMVD were divided into non‐CHF (n = 10) and CHF groups (n = 16).MethodsConventional echocardiographic examinations were performed. In addition, TDI‐derived variables, including radial and longitudinal velocities, strain, and strain rate were assessed.ResultsSeveral (12 of 47, 26%) conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography variables were significant predictors of CHF in a univariate analysis (P < .05). However, TDI‐derived E/Em sept was the only load‐independent significant predictor of CHF (P < .05) after multivariate logistic regression analysis. The E/Em sept cut‐off value of >18.7 had a sensitivity of 56% and specificity of 90% in predicting CHF in dogs with MMVD.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe combination of TDI of the mitral annulus and mitral inflow velocity provided better estimates of diastolic dysfunction in dogs with MMVD and CHF. Additional study is warranted to assess TDI‐derived E/Em sept, an index of diastolic function that could contribute to the management of dogs with MMVD and CHF.
FACT plays a major role in histone dynamics affecting VSG expression site control in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Denninger Viola , Rudenko Gloria 
Published: September 2014

SummaryChromatin remodelling is involved in the transcriptional regulation of the RNA polymerase I transcribed variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) expression sites (ESs) of Trypanosoma brucei. We show that the T. brucei FACT complex contains the Pob3 and Spt16 subunits, and plays a key role in ES silencing. We see an inverse correlation between transcription and condensed chromatin, whereby FACT knockdown results in ES derepression and more open chromatin around silent ES promoters. Derepressed ESs show increased sensitivity to micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digestion, and a decrease in histones at silent ES promoters but not telomeres. In contrast, FACT knockdown results in more histones at the active ES, correlated with transcription shut‐down. ES promoters are derepressed in cells stalled at the G2/M cell cycle stage after knockdown of FACT, but not in G2/M cells stalled after knockdown of cyclin 6. This argues that the observed ES derepression is a direct consequence of histone chaperone activity by FACT at the G2/M cell cycle stage which could affect transcription elongation, rather than an indirect consequence of a cell cycle checkpoint. These experiments highlight the role of the FACT complex in cell cycle‐specific chromatin remodelling within VSG ESs.
Alterations of iron distribution in Arabidopsis tissues infected by Dickeya dadantii
Authors: Aznar Aude , Patrit Oriane , Berger Adeline , Dellagi Alia 
Published: September 2014

SummaryDickeya dadantii is a plant‐pathogenic enterobacterium responsible for plant soft rot disease in a wide range of hosts, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Iron distribution in infected A. thaliana was investigated at the cellular scale using the Perls'–diaminobenzidine–H2O2 (PDH) method. Iron visualization during infection reveals a loss of iron from cellular compartments and plant cell walls. During symptom progression, two distinct zones are clearly visible: a macerated zone displaying weak iron content and a healthy zone displaying strong iron content. Immunolabelling of cell wall methylated pectin shows that pectin degradation is correlated with iron release from cell walls, indicating a strong relationship between cell wall integrity and iron in plant tissues. Using a D. dadantii lipopolysaccharide antibody, we show that bacteria are restricted to the infected tissue, and that they accumulate iron in planta. In conclusion, weak iron content is strictly correlated with bacterial cell localization in the infected tissues, indicating a crucial role of this element during the interaction. This is the first report of iron localization at the cellular level during a plant–microbe interaction and shows that PDH is a method of choice in this type of investigation.
The pathogenic potential of the Lichtheimia genus revisited: Lichtheimia brasiliensis is a novel, non‐pathogenic species
Authors: Schwartze Volker U. , de A. Santiago André Luiz C. M. , Jacobsen Ilse D. , Voigt Kerstin 
Published: September 2014

SummaryLichtheimia brasiliensis was recently described as a novel species within the genus Lichtheimia, which comprises a total of six species. L. brasiliensis was first reported from soil in Brazil. The aim of the study was to determine the relative virulence potential of L. brasiliensis using an avian infection model based on chicken embryos.
Vitamin D: An overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe
Authors: Spiro A. , Buttriss J. L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn recent years, there have been reports suggesting a high prevalence of low vitamin D intakes and vitamin D deficiency or inadequate vitamin D status in Europe. Coupled with growing concern about the health risks associated with low vitamin D status, this has resulted in increased interest in the topic of vitamin D from healthcare professionals, the media and the public. Adequate vitamin D status has a key role in skeletal health. Prevention of the well‐described vitamin D deficiency disorders of rickets and osteomalacia are clearly important, but there may also be an implication of low vitamin D status in bone loss, muscle weakness and falls and fragility fractures in older people, and these are highly significant public health issues in terms of morbidity, quality of life and costs to health services in Europe.Although there is no agreement on optimal plasma levels of vitamin D, it is apparent that blood 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels are often below recommended ranges for the general population and are particularly low in some subgroups of the population, such as those in institutions or who are housebound and non‐Western immigrants. Reported estimates of vitamin D status within different European countries show large variation. However, comparison of studies across Europe is limited by their use of different methodologies. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency [often defined as plasma 25(OH)D <25 nmol/l] may be more common in populations with a higher proportion of at‐risk groups, and/or that have low consumption of foods rich in vitamin D (naturally rich or fortified) and low use of vitamin D supplements.The definition of an adequate or optimal vitamin D status is key in determining recommendations for a vitamin D intake that will enable satisfactory status to be maintained all year round, including the winter months. In most European countries, there seems to be a shortfall in achieving current vitamin D recommendations. An exception is Finland, where dietary survey data indicate that recent national policies that include fortification and supplementation, coupled with a high habitual intake of oil‐rich fish, have resulted in an increase in vitamin D intakes, but this may not be a suitable strategy for all European populations. The ongoing standardisation of measurements in vitamin D research will facilitate a stronger evidence base on which policies can be determined. These policies may include promotion of dietary recommendations, food fortification, vitamin D supplementation and judicious sun exposure, but should take into account national, cultural and dietary habits. For European nations with supplementation policies, it is important that relevant parties ensure satisfactory uptake of these particularly in the most vulnerable groups of the population.
Markov models and network analysis reveal sex‐specific differences in the space‐use of a coastal apex predator
Authors: Stehfest Kilian M. , Patterson Toby A. , Barnett Adam , Semmens Jayson M. 
Published: September 2014

Understanding the links between external variables such as habitat and interactions with conspecifics and animal space‐use is fundamental to developing effective management measures. In the marine realm, automated acoustic tracking has become a widely used method for monitoring the movement of free‐ranging animals, yet researchers generally lack robust methods for analysing the resulting spatial‐usage data.In this study, acoustic tracking data from male and female broadnose sevengill sharks Notorynchus cepedianus, collected in a system of coastal embayments in southeast Tasmania were analyzed to examine sex‐specific differences in the sharks’ coastal space‐use and test novel methods for the analysis of acoustic telemetry data.Sex‐specific space‐use of the broadnose sevengill shark from acoustic telemetry data was analysed in two ways: The recently proposed spatial network analysis of between‐receiver movements was employed to identify sex‐specific space‐use patterns. To include the full breadth of temporal information held in the data, movements between receivers were furthermore considered as transitions between states of a Markov chain, with the resulting transition probability matrix allowing the ranking of the relative importance of different parts of the study area.Both spatial network and Markov chain analysis revealed sex‐specific preferences of different sites within the study area. The identification of priority areas differed for the methods, due to the fact that in contrast to network analysis, our Markov chain approach preserves the chronological sequence of detections and accounts for both residency periods and movements.In addition to adding to our knowledge of the ecology of a globally distributed apex predator, this study presents a promising new step towards condensing the vast amounts of information collected with acoustic tracking technology into straightforward results which are directly applicable to the management and conservation of any species that meet the assumptions of our model.
Awake caudals and epidurals should be used more frequently in neonates and infants
Authors: Marhofer Peter , Keplinger Maya , Klug Wolfgang , Metzelder Martin L. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThe current literature provides fundamental insights regarding the neurotoxic potency of various general anesthetic drugs in neonates and small infants. Therefore, considerations to minimize the use of general anesthetic drugs in this age group are required. The use of caudal and epidural anesthesia under sedation is one possibility to minimize the use of general anesthetic drugs. A large number of surgical procedures can be managed with this anesthetic concept. Training, practical hand skills, good infrastructure, a well‐defined indication, and a team approach including the entire operation room staff are the major prerequisites to implement these techniques in the daily clinical practice. This review article discusses all present aspects and possible future evolutions of caudal and epidural anesthesia under sedation.
Examination of consistency of adolescent and parent reports across several psychosocial constructs
Authors: TILLERY RACHEL , DISABATINO KRISTY , PARRA GILBERT R. , BUCKHOLDT KELLY E. , JOBE‐SHIELDS LISA 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study investigated the consistency of discrepancy scores between adolescent and parent reports across several psychosocial constructs (adolescent internalizing, externalizing, emotion regulation difficulties, parent rewarding responses to adolescent emotions, and parent depressive symptoms). Sixty‐two adolescents (67.7% females; 76.7% African American) and one of their parents participated. Most of the associations among discrepancy scores were equivalent. There was one instance in which the association among two discrepancy scores (youth internalizing and externalizing) was stronger than the others and one instance in which the association was weaker than the others (youth internalizing and parent rewarding). These results suggest that discrepancies between adolescent and parent reports are not necessarily a stable characteristic of the dyad and depend on the construct under consideration.