bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological Distress and Health-Related Quality of Life among Head and Neck Cancer Patients during the First Year after Treatment
Authors: Ninu Maria Benedetta , Miccinesi Guido , Bulli Francesco , De Massimi Alessio , Muraca Maria Grazia , Franchi Giovanna , Squadrelli Saraceno Massimo 
Published: November 2015

Purpose Patients treated for head and neck cancer present some of the most significant posttreatment morbidity of any group of patients with cancer. Our aim is to describe quality of life and psychological distress after different treatments among head and neck cancer patients during the first year after treatment. Methods A total of 86 patients treated for head and neck cancer were evaluated within 1 year of the end of treatment by means of the Distress Thermometer (DT) and EORTC C30 and H&N35 questionnaires. Type of treatment was classified into 3 groups: surgery, chemo-/radiotherapy, and combined treatment. Results Forty-one percent of patients showed a high level of distress (DT >5). Distress was higher in patients with a tracheotomy or with previous cancer in another district. Quality of life was homogeneous across treatment types after adjustment for stage and time since end of treatment, except for higher levels of suffering related to sensory problems, social eating, and dry mouth among patients treated with combined therapy. Conclusions The DT and EORTC questionnaires proved to be effective and easy tools to monitor distress and quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer. Monitoring the quality of life perceived by each patient during his/her course of treatment could be useful in planning the rehabilitation process while performing follow-up visits.
Mieux collecter les données personnelles sur Internet. Une étude qualitative auprès d’internautes français
Authors: Lancelot Miltgen Caroline , Lemoine Jean-François 
Published: November 2015

Dans un contexte de méfiance des internautes vis-à-vis de l’utilisation qui peut être faite des informations personnelles qu’ils fournissent sur Internet, quelles stratégies les entreprises peuvent-elles mettre en place afin de contourner leurs craintes, de les rassurer voire de les inciter à divulguer davantage leurs données ? Afin d’apporter des éléments de réponse à cette question, une étude qualitative a été conduite auprès de trente internautes français. Elle permet de mettre à jour sept variables relatives au contexte de sollicitation (exposé de l’utilité et de la finalité de la demande, vocabulaire employé, tonalité de la sollicitation, quantité de données demandées, modalités de réponse proposées, possibilité offerte aux internautes de ne plus être sollicités ultérieurement) qui constituent autant de leviers d’action que les entreprises peuvent mobiliser dans leurs pratiques de collecte.
Accroître les taux de réponse des sollicitations promotionnelles en vente à distance. Proposition d’une segmentation concomitante des clients et des offres
Authors: Carpentier Laurent , Crié Dominique 
Published: November 2015

Dans un contexte de rationalisation des coûts d’envoi des offres promotionnelles par courrier et de saturation des cibles, les modèles de segmentation employés par les entreprises présentent certaines lacunes. Comment gérer plus efficacement l’hétérogénéité des comportements de réponse des clients aux offres promotionnelles en vente à distance ? La méthode de segmentation par l’analyse des classes latentes est proposée. Les résultats de cette étude soulignent que pour améliorer le ciblage des offres et ainsi accroître leur taux de réponse, les entreprises doivent procéder à une segmentation concomitante des clients et des offres promotionnelles.
Social Media
Authors: Davis Jenny L. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Social media are defined as the set of interactive Internet applications that facilitate (collaborative or individual) creation, curation, and sharing of user‐generated content. They are an increasingly pervasive aspect of everyday life. One can view social media not as something separate from physical reality, but as an integral part of an interwoven social landscape. The prevalence of social media affects and is affected by numerous realms of personal and public life, including processes of identity, interpersonal relationships, and the political economy. Looking towards the future, social media research will examine the seamless ways in which digital technologies, bodies, and the social world intertwine while maintaining unique properties.
Media Ethnography
Authors: Junnilainen Lotta , Luhtakallio Eeva 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Ethnography is an approach capable of understanding context, culture, and nuance. It has particular potential for studying new modes and changing contexts of communication and the complex social processes of the media society, including its countertrends and weak signs of change. The ethnographic approach directs the researcher to reconsider familiar political, economic, and social structures. Media ethnography combines ethnographic methods from traditional participative observation to the tools of netnography and visual analysis. It studies different aspects of the media from the newsroom to social media networks and uses. Ethnographic analysis is prominent in exploring the contexts of media, but it also brings forth the significance of the researcher's field experience framed by location, culture, gender, race, class, and ethnicity. Questions of production and participation, audience ethnography, ethnographic approaches to visual material, and online ethnography are principal approaches to media ethnography.
Heuristic Information‐Processing
Authors: Sotirovic Mira 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Heuristic information‐processing is a style of thinking that is characterized by using simple rules (heuristics) learned through experiences to make decisions and judgments efficiently or as easily as possible. People tend to process information heuristically when they are less motivated or lack ability to carefully examine the validity of information they receive, or when they are under time pressure. Heuristics may be activated automatically, with little awareness, by ways that information is presented or by various noncontent‐related message cues such as source attractiveness or expertise. Media may promote heuristic processing by making some information or its aspects and cues more available. Whereas the use of heuristics reduces cognitive load and saves effort and time, it also often results in biased and erroneous judgments.
Citizen Journalism
Authors: Fortunati Leopoldina , Farinosi Manuela 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCitizen journalism represents a rich phenomenon, based on information content generated and shared online by nonprofessional journalists. It has allowed an increase in the degrees of freedom on the part of audiences in the experience and practice of use of news, giving them the opportunity to set up an alternative agenda than that proposed by mainstream media. In several occasions such as the World Trade Center terrorist attacks (2001), Indian Ocean tsunami (2004), London subway bombing (2005), and Hudson River landing (2009), the work carried out by amateur journalists has been precious and has enriched the content transmitted by traditional media. The entry examines the pro and cons of the phenomenon, illustrating its impact on news production, and outlining possible future research directions.
Feminist Theory
Authors: Ross Karen 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Feminist analyses of political communication tend to argue that women are not well served by journalistic practices which often undermine the potency of women as political actors through a representational emphasis on trivia such as couture, coiffure, and conjugal relations or else, as damagingly, fail to include women's voices and actions at all. Whilst the novelty value of women competing for the top political job might encourage a higher visibility, more does not always mean better and feminist analyses suggest that context and tone as well as frequency are important elements to an exploration of how the representation of politicians is gendered.
Uses and Gratifications
Authors: Leung Louis 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article gives an overview of the origin and assumptions of uses and gratifications (U&G) theory, highlighting past and present U&G research. U&G research seeks to understand why people use media, rather than what media do to people, and the general theoretical conclusion from past U&G studies is that the gratifications sought motivated the use of a particular medium in an audience to satisfy certain social and psychological needs. This article also emphasizes how the U&G framework has been employed in political communication research and, more recently, how new media, especially the Internet, have become a focus in explaining a host of political effects variables.
Parallelism, Political
Authors: Mancini Paolo 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThere are differences between party press parallelism and political parallelism. Political parallelism indicates the degree to which media outlets tend to support and/or are linked to different cultures, ideas, and organizations that play some role within the political arena. Party press parallelism indicates some sort of organizational links, providing a tool for the party to organize its activity and to mobilize members. As numbers of party members have declined, readerships for party newspapers have also declined, and many parties have sold their newspapers to private entrepreneurs. This progressive disappearance of party press parallelism is not just linked to changes in the political arena but has occurred within a much larger process of cultural change. Party press parallelism has shifted toward what we define today as political parallelism. This is reflected by the alignment of newspapers along the lines of different ideological, political, and cultural views. In the present era of media abundance, market segmentation becomes the winning instrument for media outlets. This is usually based on cultural, ideological, and political dimensions rather than on demographic ones.
Aesthetics, Political
Authors: Aiello Giorgia , Parry Katy 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

The relationship between the aesthetic and the political is historically controversial and increasingly complex. In broad terms, politics is associated with a commitment to substantial debate and concrete action, where aesthetics is related to image, style, and performance. Due to this dialectic, political aesthetics has been often equated with a potential for manipulation and mystification. The 20th century was set apart by pessimism toward popular culture and anxiety around the role and use of aesthetics in the political sphere. Though this suspicion towards the aesthetic persists across the humanities and social sciences, the growing interdependence of the popular and the political, alongside recent changes in communication technology, have compelled a number of scholars to consider aesthetics as a fundamental dimension of political activity. Careful attention to key moments of tension and complementarity, especially where political critique is realized
through
spectacle, encourages productive engagement with the aesthetic dimensions of political communication. Thanks to such engagement, it further becomes clear that the visual plays an especially significant role in mainstream and activist politics alike, insofar as key political activities such as debate, protest, and action commonly take place in and through sensorially rich mediated arenas like television, digital journalism, and social media.
Online News
Authors: Mitchelstein Eugenia , Boczkowski Pablo J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This entry provides a comprehensive examination of the research on online journalists and news consumers. It analyzes three areas of scholarship on online news production (organizational and market conditions, changes in work practices and professional identities of news workers, and users as content producers) and another three streams on online news consumption (displacement and complementarity between traditional and Internet news sources, audience fragmentation and homogenization, and the connection between online news consumption and political knowledge and participation). It also discusses the limitations in the research and explores how these limitations are tied to fundamental conceptual organizers in the political communication literature.
Symbolic Interactionism
Authors: Vardanega Agnese 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This entry presents the main concepts of symbolic interactionism as a theoretical and methodological framework aimed at analyzing how social experience is constructed by the means of language and social interaction. It also describes the evolution of these key concepts, in the course of the long history of this sociological current, with particular reference to their application in media studies. Recent developments in the field of Internet studies are briefly presented, in consideration of the revived interest in some classical constructs of sociological theory (community, definition of the situation, presentation of the Self), resulting from the diffusion of new forms of mediated interactions on the Web.
Protest, Political
Authors: Diani Mario 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis entry explores the complex relation between political protest and political communication from three different angles: the nature of protest as a distinctive form of political communication; the multiple ways in which protest (its forms as well as its outcomes) is shaped by established communication media, while in turn influencing them to various degrees; the role of communication practices and communication rights as objects of political protest. The entry concludes with a discussion of how changes in information and communication technology (ICT) might be altering the interplay of protest and communication.
Political Election Debates
Authors: Benoit William L. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This essay explains why campaign debates are important events in democratic societies. Political election debates are becoming more common, occurring in more countries around the world as time goes on. Political campaign debates have several advantages over other kinds of campaign message forms. The effects of watching election debates will be discussed in this essay: Campaign debates have been found to reinforce existing attitudes. This can be important because if a voter has a stronger attitude he or she is more likely to donate funds to the candidate, more likely to actually cast a vote on election day, and less likely to defect and vote for the opposing candidate. However, debates also have the potential to inform voters and to change attitudes for some voters. This essay then discusses the content of election debates. Candidates usually acclaim more than they attack; incumbents acclaim even more and attack less than challengers. The target of attack is an important strategic consideration in primary debates and multiparty elections. Most candidates discuss policy more than character. Differences occur between messages from incumbents and from challengers.
Knowledge Gap
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuro 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of predictors, consequences, implications, and methodological issues surrounding gaps in political knowledge. It reviews theories and research findings focusing on individual motivation and cognitive skills, political institutions, and media systems as predictors of such knowledge gaps. The democratic implications of knowledge gaps are discussed from the viewpoints of a monitorial citizen and low‐information rationality. Arguments about the validity of conventional measures of political knowledge are also reviewed.
Collective Memory
Authors: Tenenboim‐Weinblatt Keren , Baden Christian 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCollective memory is a current interpretation of the past that members of a group recognize as commonly shared. The study of collective memory has developed in fields as diverse as sociology, anthropology, social psychology, history, cultural studies, and communication. Collective memory concerns a group's recollections of the past, construed through the perspective of the present, and interpreted to serve present purposes. It emerges from active constructions of the past, typically achieved through the interplay of a wide range of actors. To become manifested as a shared narrative, resulting constructions must be widely disseminated and appropriated by individuals in a group to ensure mutual awareness. As a consequence, collective memory exists in the shared and private imagination of people, and is represented in the texts, practices, and artifacts of a group. The construction, dissemination, appropriation, and discursive mobilization of collective memory play significant roles in political processes.
Constructivism
Authors: Danelzik Mathis 
Published: November 2015

AbstractConstructivism is a theory that carries on the ancient epistemological debate about skepticism, which denies the possibility of attaining objective knowledge. Constructivism poses basic questions about scientific inquiry. Social constructivism has become a transdisciplinary endeavor that encompasses all social sciences. Various arguments for and against constructivism are brought forth, with the most important debates revolving around the issue of relativism regarding both morality and science. Constructivist theories differ considerably from each other as well, especially regarding the need to rethink methodology and constructivism's impetus of social change via the exposing of truth claims. Constructivism has shaped the understanding of the political, broadened the subject of political communication, and redefined power as a category of analysis. It challenges realist positions in a recognizable pattern across different fields. Different takes on framing theory exemplify disputes between realism and constructivism in political communication and beyond.
Corporatism
Authors: Kunelius Risto 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCorporatism refers to a trajectory of social thinking emphasizing the possibility of deliberate negotiation of common good. It assumes a possible functionalistic solution to key questions of the public and politics: recognition, representation, and redistribution of social resources. As a modern ideology of governance it emerged in the context of 19th‐century nation‐building and ripened the context of 20th‐century welfare states. Corporatist tendencies forcefully shaped political communication by supporting powerful elite policy networks and structuring representation in the wider public. The corporatist media system became the dominant model particularly in some Northern European countries, combining strong media professionalism and commercial mass media with a substantial role for state actors in media policy, structures, and everyday political news practices. As a new wave of globalization erodes the fundamental conditions of corporatism, the concrete manifestations of corporatist media systems also face challenges.
Generations, Political
Authors: Kansteiner Wulf 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The concept of political generation enjoys canonical status in the field of memory studies. Originally developed by the sociologist Karl Mannheim in the 1920s and successfully applied by Pierre Bourdieu in the 1980s, the concept is inherently instable. Political generations appear to emerge as a result of a process of historical imprint. A political generation represents a synchronic community of individuals who shared similar experiences during their youth and therefore developed similarly structured worldviews. But political generations do not jump into existence during historic events. They are socially constructed by people of roughly the same age who constitute themselves as a self‐conscious generation with the benefit of hindsight. Due to its conflicted profile, the concept of political generation mediates successfully between nature and culture, subjective perceptions and social structures, and the continuities and discontinuities of history.
Reception Analysis
Authors: Christian Schrøder Kim 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The entry defines reception analysis as essentially oriented towards the qualitative exploration of audiences' sense‐making of media content in context, and by extension of how audiences make sense of their media‐saturated lifeworlds. The origins of reception research are described in opposition to textual analysis and effects research. The entry delineates the history of reception analysis by focusing on the five stages through which it has explored mediated citizenship, encompassing hegemonic, monitorial, popular, participatory, and ubiquitous forms of citizenship. The key challenges for reception analysis as a result of the transition from a mass media society to a culture of participation and ubiquitous media are discussed under the headings of methodological pluralism and the adoption of a cross‐media perspective.
Conflict/War
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Yarchi Moran 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe role of the media in conflicts and wars is a central topic in political communication. There are few types of events that are as newsworthy as wars because they provide an extensive amount of drama and political significance. Many would claim that the media have become the central arena for modern wars. The relative level of independence that domestic media can attain during wars, the factors that can alter that level of independence, and the interactions between leaders, the media, and public opinion are of paramount importance in this field. The media generally play a problematic role in attempts to prevent wars. In the digital age online and mobile communication technologies reshape the media's role in conflicts considerably.
Mediated Deliberation
Authors: Rinke Eike Mark 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMediated deliberation refers to a family of media communication processes conducive to a well‐ordered polity as envisioned in deliberative theories of democracy. It is based on the traditional engagement of deliberation scholars with face‐to‐face small‐group communication and has evolved into a distinct program of empirical and normative research. This entry traces the relations to deliberative democratic theory, highlights the differences between mediated deliberation and face‐to‐face deliberation, provides an overview of the key components of mediated deliberation processes, and outlines future directions in researching mediated deliberation.
Civil Society
Authors: Avritzer Leonardo 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe concept of civil society emerged in the 19th century, around 1820, as a dualist concept capable of expressing two changes brought about by western modernity: the differentiation between the family and the economic sphere caused by the abolition of bondage, and the differentiation between state and society caused by the systemic specialization of the modern state. Thus, in its first formulation civil society is a dualist concept which expresses the beginning of a process of state and society differentiation in the west. Civil society both as a concept and as a form of activism remains central to both western and nonwestern modernity as a form of pluralization and democratization of social life.