bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immigrant Naturalization in the Context of Institutional Diversity: Policy Matters, but to Whom?
Authors: Vink Maarten Peter , Prokic‐Breuer Tijana , Dronkers Jaap 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWhy do some immigrants naturalize and others not? While much of the literature emphasizes the importance of country of origin features and individual characteristics, there is surprisingly little systematic research on the relation between citizenship policies in destination countries and citizenship take‐up among immigrants. Most research in this field draws on data from single country cases and has limited comparative scope. In this paper we analyze citizenship take‐up among first generation immigrants in 16 European countries. We apply an explicit cross‐national perspective and argue that immigrant naturalization in Europe is determined not only by country of origin features and individual characteristics, but also by the opportunity structure set by the citizenship laws in the countries of origin and destination. We show that more accessible citizenship policies matter little for immigrants from highly developed countries, particularly those with fewer years of residence, but matter significantly for immigrants from less developed countries. As the composition of immigrant populations and citizenship policies across Europe vary significantly, this comparative design is ideally suited to testing the relative importance of factors related to country of origin, individual background and legal opportunity structure.
Working for Legality: Employment and Migrant Regularization in Europe
Authors: Chauvin Sébastien , Garcés‐Mascareñas Blanca , Kraler Albert 
Published: June 2013

AbstractRecent programs to regularize undocumented migrants suggest the increasing role of employment as a requirement for foreigners to legally reside in Europe. Taking as illustrations the cases of Spain, France, Austria, Belgium and Germany, this article examines how regularization policies frame work. Employment provisions follow a civic‐performance frame that breaks with the criterion of vulnerability. While secure forms of employment paying standard wages are privileged, the crisis has made such jobs even less accessible to migrants seeking to regularize or maintain their status. Residence permits granted through legalization have become increasingly temporary and conditional, often involving repeated transitions in and out of illegality. A vicious circle of “disintegration” thus threatens to set in where employment precariousness becomes both the source and the consequence of legal precariousness.
Policy Implications

The article shows how employment provisions are tightly linked to policies of “earned legalization”.

The article shows that employment can be part of a broader regularization policy emphasizing ties to the host country.

The article brings attention to potential conflicts between access requirements based on migrant vulnerability, and those based on migrant integration.

The article warns against the exclusionary workings of employment‐based regularization in times of economic downturn.
Architectural analysis and predicted functional capability of the human latissimus dorsi muscle
Authors: Gerling Michael E. , Brown Stephen H. M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe latissimus dorsi is primarily considered a muscle with actions at the shoulder, despite its widespread attachments at the spine. There is some dispute regarding the potential contribution of this muscle to lumbar spine function. The architectural design of a muscle is one of the most accurate predictors of muscle function; however, detailed architectural data on the latissimus dorsi muscle are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the architectural properties of the latissimus dorsi muscle and model mechanical function in light of these new data. One latissimus dorsi muscle was removed from each of 12 human cadavers, separated into regions, and micro‐dissected for quantification of fascicle length, sarcomere length, and physiological cross‐sectional area. From these data, sarcomere length operating ranges were modelled to determine the force–length characteristics of latissimus dorsi across the spine and shoulder ranges of motion. The physiological cross‐sectional area of latissimus dorsi was 5.6 ± 0.5 cm2 and normalized fascicle length was 26.4 ± 1.0 cm, indicating that this muscle is designed to produce a moderate amount of force over a large range of lengths. Measured sarcomere length in the post‐mortem neutral spine posture was nearly optimal at 2.69 ± 0.06 μm. Across spine range of motion, biomechanical modelling predicted latissimus dorsi acts across both the ascending and descending limbs of the force–length curve during lateral bend, and primarily at or near the plateau region (where maximum force generation is possible) during flexion/extension and axial twist. Across shoulder range of motion, latissimus dorsi acts primarily on the plateau region and descending limbs of the force length curve during both flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. These data provide novel insights into the ability of the latissimus dorsi muscle to generate force and change length throughout the spine and shoulder ranges of motion. In addition, these findings provide an improved understanding of the spine and shoulder positions at which the force‐generating capacity of this muscle can become jeopardized, and consequently how this may affect its spine‐stabilizing ability.
Breech preterm infants are at risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Quan Teddy , Kent Alison L , Carlisle Hazel 
Published: June 2013

AimThere is uncertainty about the risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in breech preterm infants and therefore uncertainty about the benefits of using ultrasound screening in this population. The aim of this study was to determine if preterm infants born in the breech position are at risk of DDH.MethodsA retrospective audit of preterm and term infants born in the breech position was performed to determine the incidence of DDH. Group 1 included breech preterm infants (<37 weeks gestational age) born between 2004 and 2008. Group 2 included breech term infants (≥37 weeks gestational age) born between 2005 and 2007. Infants were screened with clinical examination and ultrasound of the hip and were classified into two outcome groups: positive or negative for DDH.ResultsThree out of 129 (2.3%) preterm infants screened had DDH. For term infants, 3 out of 163 (1.8%) infants screened had DDH. The odds ratio for DDH in breech preterm infants compared with breech term infants was 1.27 (95% confidence interval 0.25 to 6.40).ConclusionPreterm infants born in the breech position appear to have a similar incidence of DDH to term infants and thus require similar screening guidelines.
Perinatal outcomes of intrauterine insemination/clomiphene pregnancies represent an intermediate risk group compared with in vitro fertilisation/intracytoplasmic sperm injection and naturally conceived pregnancies
Authors: Poon Woei Bing , Lian Wee Bin 
Published: June 2013

Aim: To compare the pregnancy outcomes in terms of perinatal morbidities and mortality for different types of assisted reproductive technology (ART).Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all babies born by ART in Singapore General Hospital, between 1 November 2001 and 11 January 2012.Results: Incidence of ART was 3.5% in our birth cohort. Pregnancies conceived by ART were more likely to be multiple pregnancies OR 43.50, and were more likely to be premature OR 5.51. Mortality OR was 3.93. IVF/ICSI contributed to an increased OR for multiple gestation of 48.26, an increased OR for prematurity of 5.95 and increased OR for low birthweight of 5.54. Mortality OR was 4.33. Intrauterine insemination (IUI)/clomiphene may represent a lower risk group compared with in vitro fertilisation/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI). Prematurity OR was only 2.35, and low birthweight OR was 2.38. These were less than half of IVF/ICSI. Fewer neonatal morbidities were found. Mortality was insignificant. Multiplicity had significant impact on perinatal outcomes in ART and IVF/ICSI but not in IUI/clomiphene conceptions, demonstrated by singleton subgroup analyses and by logistic regression using prematurity as outcome.Conclusion: IUI/clomiphene represented an intermediate risk group compared with the IVF/ICSI.
Sleeping through the night: A community survey of parents' opinions about and expectations of infant sleep consolidation
Authors: Henderson Jacqueline Mary Terese , Motoi Gabriel , Blampied Neville Morris 
Published: June 2013

AimThis study examined parents' expectations of and opinions about infant sleep consolidation, the temporal timing and definitions of sleeping through the night and sources of advice about their infant's sleep.MethodsParticipants were 412 parents (mean age 31 years ±6.8) with a child 2 years or younger recruited at shopping malls and other public places. Parents completed a brief survey on (i) the nocturnal duration they considered an infant should sustain uninterrupted sleep; (ii) a temporal location within the night for a criterion for sleeping through the night; (iii) their agreement or disagreement with Moore and Ucko's (1957) 24:00–05:00 h criterion defining sleeping through the night; and (iv) the sources of advice they had sought about infant's sleep.ResultsParents expected infants to sustain sleep on average for 9.6 ± 3.4 h, with trends indicating the more children in the family (P = 0.02; d = 0.26) and lower family socio‐economic status (P = 0.01; d = 0.34) the shorter the durations expected. Sleeping through the night was defined within a temporal location from 20:00 to 06:30 h. Over 80% of parents disagreed that 24:00–05:00 h criterion defined sleeping through the night. Forty‐seven per cent of parents had sought advice regarding their infants' sleep, with Child Health Care Nurses the most popular source.ConclusionsNew Zealand parents have realistic expectations of infant capabilities for sleep consolidation that were within contemporary clinical guidelines. A new parent‐based definition of sleeping through the night is presented that has social and developmental validity.
Acute costs and predictors of higher treatment costs for major paediatric trauma in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Mitchell Rebecca J , Curtis Kate , Holland Andrew JA , Balogh Zsolt J , Evans Julie , Wilson Kellie L 
Published: June 2013

AimsTo describe the costs of acute trauma admissions for children aged ≤15 years in trauma centres; to identify predictors of higher treatment costs and quantify differences in actual and state‐wide average cost in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.MethodAdmitted trauma patient data provided by 12 trauma centres was linked with financial data for 2008–2009. Demographic, injury details and injury severity scores (ISS) were obtained from trauma registries. Individual patient costs, Australian Refined Diagnostic Related Groups (AR‐DRG) and state‐wide average costs were obtained. Actual costs incurred by each hospital were compared with state‐wide AR‐DRG average costs. Multivariate multiple linear regression identified predictors of cost.ResultsThere were 3493 patients with a total cost of AUD$20.2 million. Falls (AUD$6.7 million) and road trauma (AUD$4.4 million) had the highest total expenditure. The reduction in cost between ISS < 9 compared to ISS 9–12 and ISS > 12 was significant (P < 0.0001). The median cost of injury increased with every additional body region injured (P < 0.0001). For each additional day spent in hospital, there was an increased cost of AUD$1898 and patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) cost AUD$7358 more than patients not admitted to ICU. The total costs incurred by trauma centres were AUD$1.4 million above the NSW peer group average cost estimates.ConclusionsThe high financial cost of paediatric patient treatment highlights the need to ensure prevention remains a priority in Australia. Hospitals tasked with providing trauma care should be appropriately funded and future funding models should consider trauma severity.
Cross‐sectional and dynamic change of serum metabolite profiling for Hepatitis B‐related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure by UPLC/MS
Authors: Nie C. Y. , Han T. , Zhang L. , Li Y. , Liu H. , Xiao S. X. , Li Y. , Kang H. , Liu S. Y. 
Published: June 2013

SummarySummary Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure(ACLF) is an increasingly recognized entity encompassing an acute deterioration of liver function and results in the failure of one or more organs with high short‐term mortality. The focus of this study was to discover noninvasive and reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatitis B‐related ACLF. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) was used to analyse serum metabolites of 28 patients with hepatitis B‐related ACLF, 35 patients with Child‐Pugh A cirrhosis, 30 patients with chronic hepatitis B and 35 healthy volunteers (HS). Characteristic metabolites were screened, identified and dynamically tracked to investigate their value for diagnosis and prognosis. After comparing serum metabolic profile of hepatitis B‐related ACLF and Child‐Pugh A cirrhosis, 99 characteristic metabolites were selected, and 38 of them were identified. Dynamic tracking model demonstrated that 17 metabolites were related to prognosis of hepatitis B‐related ACLF, and there were also 11 metabolites which improved with treatment in the survival group. The correlations between these characteristic metabolites and the model for end‐stage liver disease score were strong. These observations contributed to the investigation of the mechanisms of hepatitis B‐related ACLF manifestation and progression on the metabolic level, and they provided information for the identification of biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatitis B‐related ACLF.
Investigating potential determinants of the distribution limits of a savanna woody plant:Colophospermum mopane
Authors: Stevens Nicola , Swemmer Anthony M. , Ezzy Leanne , Erasmus Barend F.N. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractQuestionsEarly bioclimatic models predict that climate change in southern African savannas will cause a huge southward and westward range shift of the savanna treeColophospermum mopane(Kirk ex Benth.) Kirk ex J.Léon.C. mopaneis an economically and ecologically important subtropical savanna tree that forms mono‐dominant stands across 30% of southern African savannas. We investigate the validity of these initial range expansion predictions to answer the following questions: what are the regional‐scale drivers of the distribution ofC. mopanein southern African savannas; and what are the landscape‐scale distribution patterns of this species?LocationCentral Lowveld, Kruger National Park, South Africa.MethodsWe investigate the validity of very early range expansion modelling predictions using a regional‐scale, climate envelope niche model, and fine‐scale field mapping of the current boundary, to understand which environmental variables may determine the distribution limit of this signature species.ResultsOur findings indicate that both non‐climatic (dry season day length) and climatic (minimum temperatures) variables limit the regional distribution ofC. mopane. At the landscape scale, the distribution of this species is restricted to the warmer parts of the landscape, suggesting minimum temperature appears to be the primary factor determining its landscape‐scale distribution.ConclusionsThis study provides the first detailed model of environmental factors that may limit the regional distribution ofC. mopane, and allows us to formulate testable hypotheses regarding the determinants of the range of a keystone species.
Host plant genus‐level diversity is the best predictor of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in a Chinese subtropical forest
Authors: Gao Cheng , Shi Nan‐Nan , Liu Yue‐Xing , Peay Kabir G. , Zheng Yong , Ding Qiong , Mi Xiang‐Cheng , Ma Ke‐Ping , Wubet Tesfaye , Buscot François , Guo Liang‐Dong 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMicrobial diversity is generally far higher than plant diversity, but the relationship between microbial diversity and plant diversity remains enigmatic. To shed light on this problem, we examined the diversity of a key guild of root‐associated microbes, that is, ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi along a plant diversity gradient in a Chinese subtropical forest. The results indicated that EM fungal diversity was positively correlated with host plant diversity. Furthermore, this relationship was best predicted by host genus‐level diversity, rather than species‐level diversity or family‐level diversity. The generality of this finding was extended beyond our study system through the analyses of 100 additional studies of EM fungal communities from tropical and temperate forests. Here as well, EM fungal lineage composition was significantly affected by EM plant diversity levels, and some EM fungal lineages were co‐associated with some host plant genera. These results suggest a general diversity maintenance mechanism for host‐specific microbes based on higher order host plant phylogenetic diversity.
Supporting Well‐Being in Retirement through Meaningful Social Roles: Systematic Review of Intervention Studies
Authors: HEAVEN BEN , BROWN LAURA J.E. , WHITE MARTIN , ERRINGTON LINDA , MATHERS JOHN C. , MOFFATT SUZANNE 
Published: June 2013

ContextThe marked demographic change toward greater proportions of older people in developed nations poses significant challenges for health and social care. Several studies have demonstrated an association between social roles in later life and positive health and well‐being outcomes. After retiring from work, people may lose roles that provide purpose and social contacts. The outcomes of interventions to promote social roles in retirement have not been systematically reviewed.MethodsWe examined three research questions: (1) What kinds of intervention have been developed to promote social roles in retirement? (2) How much have they improved perceived roles? (3) Have these roles improved health or well‐being? We included those studies that evaluated the provision of social roles; used a control or comparison group; targeted healthy retirement‐transition adults who were living in the community; provided an abstract written in English; took place in a highly developed nation; and reported social role, health, or well‐being outcomes. We searched eight electronic databases and combined the results with hand searches.FindingsThrough our searches, we identified 9,062 unique publications and eleven evaluative studies of acceptable quality, which reported seven interventions that met our inclusion criteria. These interventions varied in year of inception and scope, but only two were based outside North America. The studies rarely reported thequalityor meaning of roles. Only three studies used random allocation, thus limiting inferences of causality from these studies. Interventions providingexplicitroles and using supportive group structures were somewhat effective in improving one or more of the following: life satisfaction, social support and activity, physical health and activity, functional health, and cognition.ConclusionsSocial role interventions may improve health and well‐being for people in retirement transition. Future research should improve the quality of intervention and assessment and look at which interventions are most effective and acceptable in facilitating social roles for diverse older populations.
Potential for bowhead whale entanglement in cod and crab pot gear in the Bering Sea
Authors: Citta, John J. , Burns John J. , Quakenbush Lori T. , Vanek Vicki , George John C. , Small Robert J. , Heide‐Jørgensen Mads Peter , Brower Harry 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) of the western Arctic stock winter in ice‐covered continental shelf regions of the Bering Sea, where pot fisheries for crabs (Paralithodes and Chionoecetes spp.) and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) pose a risk of entanglement. In the winter of 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 the spatial distribution of 21 satellite tagged bowhead whales partially overlapped areas in which pot fisheries for cod and blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus) occurred. However, these fisheries ended before whales entered the fishing areas, thus avoiding temporal overlap. A fishery for snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) typically runs from January to May and provides the greatest potential for bowhead whales to encounter active pot gear. Tagged whales did not enter the area of the snow crab fishery during this study and generally remained in areas with >90% sea ice concentration, which is too concentrated for crab boats to penetrate. Pack ice sometimes overruns active fishing areas, resulting in lost gear, which is the most likely source of entanglement. The western Arctic stock of bowhead whales was increasing as of 2004; as such, incidental mortality from commercial pot fisheries is probably negligible at this time. Regardless, entanglement may increase over time and should be monitored.
Bacilliform DNA‐containing plant viruses in the tropics: commonalities within a genetically diverse group
Authors: Borah Basanta K. , Sharma Shweta , Kant Ravi , Johnson A. M. Anthony , Saigopal Divi Venkata Ramana , Dasgupta Indranil 
Published: June 2013

SummaryPlant viruses, possessing a bacilliform shape and containing double‐stranded DNA, are emerging as important pathogens in a number of agricultural and horticultural crops in the tropics. They have been reported from a large number of countries in African and Asian continents, as well as from islands from the Pacific region. The viruses, belonging to two genera, Badnavirus and Tungrovirus, within the family Caulimoviridae, have genomes displaying a common plan, yet are highly variable, sometimes even between isolates of the same virus. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge with a view to revealing the common features embedded within the genetic diversity of this group of viruses.TaxonomyVirus; order Unassigned; family Caulimoviridae; genera Badnavirus and Tungrovirus; species Banana streak viruses, Bougainvillea spectabilis chlorotic vein banding virus, Cacao swollen shoot virus, Citrus yellow mosaic badnavirus, Dioscorea bacilliform viruses, Rice tungro bacilliform virus, Sugarcane bacilliform viruses and Taro bacilliform virus.Microbiological propertiesBacilliform in shape; length, 60–900 nm; width, 35–50 nm; circular double‐stranded DNA of approximately 7.5 kbp with one or more single‐stranded discontinuities.Host rangeEach virus generally limited to its own host, including banana, bougainvillea, black pepper, cacao, citrus species, Dioscorea alata, rice, sugarcane and taro.Disease symptomsFoliar streaking in banana and sugarcane, swelling of shoots in cacao, yellow mosaic in leaves and stems in citrus, brown spot in the tubers in yam and yellow–orange discoloration and stunting in rice.Useful websiteshttp://www.dpvweb.net.