bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Lipschitz stable reconstruction formula for the inverse problem for the wave equation
Authors: Liu Shitao , Oksanen Lauri 
Published: April 2015

We consider the problem to reconstruct a wave speed

c
∈

C
∞

(
M
)

c \in C^\infty (M)

in a domain

M
⊂

R

n

M \subset \mathbb {R}^n

from acoustic boundary measurements modelled by the hyperbolic Dirichlet-to-Neumann map

Λ
\Lambda

. We introduce a reconstruction formula for

c
c

that is based on the Boundary Control method and incorporates features also from the complex geometric optics solutions approach. Moreover, we show that the reconstruction formula is locally Lipschitz stable for a low frequency component of

c

−
2

c^{-2}

under the assumption that the Riemannian manifold

(
M
,

c

−
2

d

x
2

)

(M, c^{-2} dx^2)

has a strictly convex function with no critical points. That is, we show that for all bounded

C
2

C^2

neighborhoods

U
U

of

c
c

, there is a

C
1

C^1

neighborhood

V
V

of

c
c

and constants

C
,
R
>
0

C, R > 0

such that

|

F

(

c
~

−
2

−

c

−
2

)

(
ξ
)

|

≤
C

e

2
R

|

ξ

|

‖

Λ
~

−
Λ
‖

∗

,

ξ
∈

R

n

,

\begin{align*} |\mathcal {F}\left (\widetilde c^{-2} - c^{-2}\right )(\xi )| \le C e^{2R|\xi |}\left \|\widetilde \Lambda - \Lambda \right \|_*, \quad \xi \in \mathbb {R}^n, \end{align*}

for all

c
~

∈
U
∩
V

\widetilde c \in U \cap V

, where

Λ
~

\widetilde \Lambda

is the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map corresponding to the wave speed

c
~

\widetilde c

and

|
⋅
|

∗

\left |\cdot \right |_*

is a norm capturing certain regularity properties of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps.
Prologue
Authors: Engel Kathleen C. , McCoy Patricia A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of the subprime crisis, detailing how consumer abuses in an obscure corner of the home mortgage market spawned a virus that led to the near meltdown of the world's financial system. The virus had several strands. In the first, lenders cooked up hazardous subprime loans and peddled them to people who they knew could not afford to repay the loans. In the second, Wall Street sliced and diced subprime risk and spread it to the global financial system. In the third, traders bought trillions of dollars in credit default swaps with little or no margin on the bet that the whole enterprise would come crashing down. In the fourth and final strand, the federal government witnessed what was happening and made a deliberate decision to desist from any meaningful action. These strands combined to unleash untold economic harm.
Blind Spot
Authors: Engel Kathleen C. , McCoy Patricia A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Federal Reserve Board's enforcement actions during the housing bubble. It describes Fed chairman Alan Greenspan's aversion to regulation and the distinct ideological imprint he put on the Fed, which was most evident in mortgage lending. It also covers the Fed's power to regulate reckless mortgages; the Truth in Lending Act disclosures, the main form of mortgage regulation at the Fed; supervision of lending institutions by the Fed; and other Fed enforcement actions affecting mortgage lending.
Containing Contagion
Authors: Engel Kathleen C. , McCoy Patricia A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter first explains how federal government bailouts during the subprime crisis increased the risk for more severe financial crises in the future. The government sent businesses the wrong message that they can pursue senseless strategies in search of higher yields because Uncle Sam will absorb any losses if firms are too big to fail. In other words, the result of the bailouts was moral hazard. The chapter then discusses three ways to rein in too-big-to-fail firms and evaluates the capacity of the Dodd-Frank Act to perform these tasks. First, the law should require federal regulators to put failing financial giants into receivership before stabilizing them with federal aid. Second, the nation needs a systemic risk regulator to track and address looming systemic risks. Finally, swaps need to be moved onto exchanges as much as possible, while swaps that bet on the performance of assets owned by others should be banned.
Epilogue
Authors: Engel Kathleen C. , McCoy Patricia A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This epilogue assesses the progress of financial reform two years after the eruption of the subprime crisis in 2008. It shows that Obama administration attained a landmark achievement with the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act. However, it remains to be seen whether federal regulators will use their newfound powers to protect the financial system and consumers or cater to the financial industry.
Transforming global governance: images of futures from people on the periphery
Authors: Sykes-Kelleher Anita 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The topics of an emerging planetary civilisation and its common affairs, global problems requiring coordinated worldwide responses and contested forms of globalisation are collectively stimulating an international conversation about alternatives to the current system of global governance. The purpose of this paper is to introduce new voices to the conversation, providing unconventional perspectives of possible futures to those found in much of the scholarly literature. These perspectives are those of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation (UNPO), an international non-government organisation comprising nations and peoples not represented at the United Nations (UN).Design/methodology/approach– Collectively the discourses and worldviews of the UNPO, feminists, social and environmental movements, Cosmopolitan Democrats, technocrats and the Commission on Global Governance reveal contesting images of global governance futures in which the UN is transformed in ways that are aligned to emerging forms of alternative globalisations. The Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) futures research method is used to construct models of each group’s preferred global governance future from elements of their discourses and deeply held ideological commitments.Findings– Structural aspects are also considered and the author offers an analytical framework summarising the models against the layers of CLA and the history, power base, globalisation worldview and agency congruent with each model. The models are then presented as visionary scenarios generating images of future alternatives while providing an opportunity to hear what the nations unrepresented in the current system have to say.Originality/value– Their image produced a more inclusive, egalitarian and holistic image of a global governance future when compared with the “business as usual” UN future. As we approach 2015 and the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the UN, this conversation provides a timely prompt for the review of the UN system of global governance and an opportunity for the UN to consider how it might transform to retain relevance in a rapidly changing global environment.
Shared sense-making: how charter school leaders ascribe meaning to accountability
Authors: Gawlik Marytza A. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ways in which charter school leaders influence the understanding and conception of accountability policy and how that understanding translates into practice. In particular, this paper draws from sense-making theory and research on charter school leaders to identify their pre-existing understandings, their shared interactions, and their interpretations of accountability policy as they relate to professional development and instructional practices.Design/methodology/approach– This paper uses the qualitative case study approach to document the organizational processes of charter schools. Data for the study were collected in two elementary charter schools over the course of 18 months. The constant comparative method was used to analyze the data because this method is compatible with the inductive, concept-building orientation of all qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two charter school leaders and twelve charter school teachers. In-depth interviews with the leaders were also conducted to gain a deeper understanding of sense-making. In addition pertinent staff meetings, professional development sessions, and informal interactions between charter leaders and teachers were observed.Findings– While the charter school leaders in this study were inclined to adopt approaches that reinforced their pre-existing understandings, they did so using interpretative frameworks that sought to enact policies they deemed most crucial at the school level. These frameworks included metaphors and modeling, both of which reflected the policy signals received from the institutional environment. The leaders’ use of metaphors and modeling incorporated accountability policy into messages that encouraged constructive instructional practices, including data-driven analysis, project-based learning, and technology use.Originality/value– This paper broadens discussions about charter school leaders and accountability in three ways. First, it explores how school leaders interpret and adapt policy signals. Second, it delineates the frameworks used by charter school leaders to identify and make sense of accountability policy. Finally, this paper highlights the ways in which charter school leaders influence the teachers in their school buildings through shared sense-making.
Brand personality and brand equity: evidence from the sportswear industry
Authors: Su Jin , Tong Xiao 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to explore the personalities of sportswear brands and their relationship to brand equity using Aaker’s methodology in the context of sportswear brands.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper used Aaker’s brand personality framework to empirically investigate the personality of sportswear brands and the impact of brand personality on brand equity based on data collected from 420 college students.

Findings
– Results revealed that the personality of sportswear brands can be described in seven dimensions and 53 personality traits: competence, attractiveness, sincerity, innovation, activity, excitement and ruggedness. The study identified that four dimensions among all the seven personality dimensions, namely, competence, attractiveness, Sincerity and innovation, are the positive and significant contributing factors to the creation and enhancement of sportswear brand equity.

Originality/value
– This study makes an important contribution to the understanding of brand personality and brand equity in the context of sportswear brands. It confirmed that consumers do associate particular brand personality dimensions with sportswear brands, and certain dimensions of brand personality have a direct impact on brand equity. The study showed that not all brand personality dimensions have the same influence in increasing the value of a sportswear brand from a consumer perspective, some dimensions being more efficient than others. The findings provide insights as to what dimensions of brand personality would deliver the best result in today’s competitive sportswear market.
Effects of pronoun brand name perspective and positioning on brand attitude
Authors: Kachersky Luke , Carnevale Marina 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relative effectiveness of the second-person pronoun perspective within a brand name (as in “You”Tube) and the first-person pronoun perspective (as in “i”Phone).

Design/methodology/approach
– Drawing on prior research on self-concept, general pronoun usage and the fit between branding tactics and positioning, it is predicted that “you” will garner more favorable consumer responses when the brand is positioned on social benefits, while “I” will garner more favorable responses when the brand is positioned on personal benefits. These predictions are tested in two experiments with US consumers.

Findings
– When the brand in the experiment was positioned for its social benefits, “you” elicited more favorable brand attitudes than “I”, while the opposite was true when the brand was positioned for its personal benefits. This effect tends to be stronger among those with higher self-esteem.

Practical implications
– Managers can make more informed pronoun brand name selections based on their brand’s intended positioning – if it is social, “you” should be used; if it is personal, “I” should be used.

Originality/value
– The influence of pronouns in brand names is still largely unexplored. This research is the first to examine “you” brand names and also sheds light on how another marketing variable – positioning – impacts consumer preference for pronoun brand names. Finally, this work shows that such effects are more pronounced for those with higher self-esteem.
How are brand names of Chinese companies perceived by Americans?
Authors: Fetscherin Marc , Diamantopoulos Adamantios , Chan Allan , Abbott Rachael 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper was to conduct an experimental design of Americans’ preferences for the English version of Chinese brand names by drawing from prior research in psychology, linguistics and marketing. The impact of string length and semantic relevance to English on meaningfulness, memorability and likeability of brand names from Chinese companies was assessed.

Design/methodology/approach
– A 2 × 2 experimental design was used, whereby brand names are categorized by string length (short vs long) and semantic relevance to English (with vs without). Respondents’ perception of the Chinese language in terms of pronounceability, language familiarity and language attitude is used as covariate.

Findings
– Results reveal shorter brand names, and those with semantic relevance to English are perceived as more memorable. It was also found that pronounceability of the brand name does influence brand name preference in terms of their meaningfulness, memorability and likeability.

Research limitations/implications
– This exploratory paper is limited to Americans’ perceptions of the English version of Chinese automobile brand names.

Practical implications
– Chinese companies should therefore carefully consider the brand name characteristics in terms of string length and semantic relevance, as well as their ease of pronunciation when choosing and introducing their brand name in the USA.

Originality/value
– This is the first paper which assesses Western consumers’ perception of brand names from Chinese automobile companies in terms of their brand meaningfulness, brand memorability and brand likeability.
Perceived brand quality as a way to superior customer perceived value crossing by moderating effects
Authors: Vera Jorge 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to assess the relationship between perceived brand quality (PBQ), customer perceived value (CPV) and disposition to pay a higher price (DHP) for a product. Such an assessment also seeks to determine if consumer involvement and brand performance measurements have moderating effects on this relationship.

Design/methodology/approach
– Data from a sample of n = 1,029 purchasers of six different product categories were analysed. The respondents evaluated a product with items based on involvement profile scales. The chosen brands were evaluated using perceived quality, value and brand performance items. Respondents were also asked if a higher price for the chosen product/brand would be paid. Structural modelling was implemented. To corroborate moderating effects, a nested comparison invariance test for structural weights was used.

Findings
– PBQ has a direct effect on CPV but not on DHP. CPV has a mild effect on DHP. Involvement and brand performance moderating effects were confirmed.

Originality/value
– Brand quality is assumed as a strategy to achieve a higher price disposition through customer value in contrast with previous empirical literature that puts the price as a sign of quality. DHP is argued as a measurement to indicate “superior customer perceived value”. This variable would be different from and more difficult to achieve than CPV.
Construal based marketing tactics for high quality versus low price market segments
Authors: Love Edwin , Okada Erica Mina 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to propose differential marketing tactics for high-quality products versus low-price products by building on construal level theory.

Design/methodology/approach
– Two studies were conducted, one using students and another using data collected from more than 7,000 online auctions.

Findings
– When consumers consider high-quality products, they use more abstract mental models, and when they consider low-price products, they use more concrete mental models. Differentiation based on primary features product is more effective for products that are positioned on quality, while differentiation based on the secondary features is more effective for products that are positioned on price. Also, marketing efforts to attract attention are more effective for products positioned on quality than those positioned on price.

Research limitations/implications
– This research focused on how consumers use different mental models for considering high-quality versus low-price product offerings but did not examine whether a given segment/consumer uses different models in considering high-quality versus low-price alternatives.

Practical implications
– Managers wishing to reinforce a high-quality position should focus on marketing efforts compatible with consumers’ high level construal by enhancing and highlighting the primary features, and drawing consumers’ attention to their product offerings. Managers wishing to reinforce a low-price positioning should focus on marketing efforts that are compatible with consumers’ low level construal by enhancing and highlighting secondary features.

Originality/value
– This research makes an important theoretical link between construal theory and brand positioning.
Elevated serum galectin‐9 levels in patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Nakajima Rina , Miyagaki Tomomitsu , Oka Tomonori , Nakao Momoko , Kawaguchi Makiko , Suga Hiraku , Morimura Sohshi , Kai Hiromichi , Asano Yoshihide , Tada Yayoi , Kadono Takafumi , Sato Shinichi , Sugaya Makoto 
Published: April 2015

AbstractGalectin‐9 is a member of the galectin family that has a wide spectrum of biological functions. Among them, galectin‐9 has been known mainly as a potent chemoattractant for eosinophils. In addition, galectin‐9 alters the T‐cell balance by negatively regulating T‐helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells, resulting in Th2 polarization. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin allergic disease characterized by peripheral eosinophilia, mast cell activation and predominance of Th2 cells. To investigate possible roles of galectin‐9 in AD, we measured serum galectin‐9 levels in AD patients and investigated galectin‐9 expression in lesional skin by immunohistochemistry. Serum galectin‐9 levels in patients with AD were significantly higher than those in healthy controls and correlated with the Eczema Area and Severity Index. Serum galectin‐9 levels were decreased after treatment, accompanied by improvement of skin lesions. Immunohistochemical study revealed that galectin‐9 was expressed on epidermal keratinocytes and mast cells in lesional skin of AD. Our results suggest that elevated galectin‐9 expression is associated with progression of AD and that galectin‐9 could be a therapeutic target in AD.
Developing fencing policies for dryland ecosystems
Authors: Durant Sarah M. , Becker Matthew S. , Creel Scott , Bashir Sultana , Dickman Amy J. , Beudels‐Jamar Roseline C. , Lichtenfeld Laly , Hilborn Ray , Wall Jake , Wittemyer George , Badamjav Lkhagvasuren , Blake Stephen , Boitani Luigi , Breitenmoser Christine , Broekhuis Femke , Christianson David , Cozzi Gabriele , Davenport Tim R. B. , Deutsch James , Devillers Pierre , Dollar Luke , Dolrenry Stephanie , Douglas‐Hamilton Iain , Dröge Egil , FitzHerbert Emily , Foley Charles , Hazzah Leela , Hopcraft J. Grant C. , Ikanda Dennis , Jacobson Andrew , Joubert Dereck , Kelly Marcella J. , Milanzi James , Mitchell Nicholas , M'Soka Jassiel , Msuha Maurus , Mweetwa Thandiwe , Nyahongo Julius , Rosenblatt Elias , Schuette Paul , Sillero‐Zubiri Claudio , Sinclair Anthony R. E. , Stanley Price Mark R. , Zimmermann Alexandra , Pettorelli Nathalie 
Published: April 2015

Summary

In dryland ecosystems, mobility is essential for both wildlife and people to access unpredictable and spatially heterogeneous resources, particularly in the face of climate change. Fences can prevent connectivity vital for this mobility.

There are recent calls for large‐scale barrier fencing interventions to address human–wildlife conflict and illegal resource extraction. Fencing has costs and benefits to people and wildlife. However, the evidence available for facilitating sound decision‐making for fencing initiatives is limited, particularly for drylands.

We identify six research areas that are key to informing evaluations of fencing initiatives: economics, edge permeability, reserve design, connectivity, ecosystem services and communities.

Policy implications. Implementing this research agenda to evaluate fencing interventions in dryland ecosystems will enable better management and policy decisions. The United Nations Conventions on Migratory Species (CMS) and to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) are appropriate international agreements for moving this agenda forward and leading the development of policies and guidelines on fencing in drylands.
The profile of gender equality issue attention in Western Europe
Authors: Annesley Claire , Engeli Isabelle , Gains Francesca 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article investigates the factors that drive governments to pay attention to gender equality issues and place them upon executive agendas. In line with studies of the dynamics of issue attention, which demonstrate the importance of investigating variability in the attention policy makers give to issue demands across policy domains, this article argues that policy issues related to gender equality are multidimensional and patterns in executive attention vary across the different types of gender issues. Multidimensionality of gender equality issues reflects different dynamics in agenda‐setting as different issues invoke contrasting constellations of political representation, institutional friction and veto points. To investigate this variation, this article proposes a twofold distinction between class‐based and status‐based gender equality issues and assesses the validity of three sets of explanations for when gender issues succeed in reaching executive agendas: women in politics, party ideology and economic performance. Drawing on governmental attention datasets from the Comparative Agendas Project, a systematic comparative quantitative analysis of the determinants of gender equality issue attention in five Western European countries is conducted. The main findings confirm that the mechanisms through which different types of gender equality issues gain executive attention differ according to the kind of the gender equality demand. Costly class‐based gender equality issues are more likely to receive executive attention when the economy is performing well, when there is a strong presence of Social Democrats and when there is a high proportion of female MPs. In contrast, economic performance, party politics and women's parliamentary presence do not seem to exert any impact on status‐based issues. Instead, critical actors in the government seem to be the strongest driver for attention over this second type of gender equality issue. This study contributes a gendered dimension to the policy agendas scholarship, adding theoretical and empirical depth to the understanding of how non‐core issues secure their place on full governmental agendas. By focusing on how to secure governmental attention for gender equality issues, the article makes a major contribution to understanding the initial genesis of gender equality policies.