bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of endolithic spatial distribution in marble stone
Authors: CASANOVA MUNICCHIA A. , PERCARIO Z. , CANEVA G. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe penetration of endolithic microorganisms, which develop to depths of several millimetres or even centimetres into the stone, and the diffusion of their extracellular substances speeds up the stone deterioration process.The aim of this study was to investigate, using a confocal laser scanning microscopy with a double‐staining, a marble rock sample by observing the endolithic spatial distribution and quantifying the volume they occupied within the stone, in order to understand the real impact of these microorganisms on the conservation of stone monuments.Often the only factors taken into account by biodeterioration studies regarding endolithic microorganisms, are spread and depth of penetration. Despite the knowledge of three‐dimensional spatial distribution and quantification of volume, it is indispensable to understand the real damage caused by endolithic microorganisms to stone monuments.In this work, we analyze a marble rock sample using a confocal laser scanning microscopy stained with propidium iodide and Concavalin‐A conjugate with the fluorophore Alexa Fluor 488, comparing these results with other techniques (SEM microscope, microphotographs of polished cross‐sections and thin‐section, PAS staining methods), An image analysis approach has also been applied.The use of confocal laser scanning microscopy with double staining shows clear evidence of the presence of endolithic microorganisms (cyanobacteria and fungi) as well as the extracellular polymeric substance matrix in a three‐dimensional architecture as part of the rock sample, this technique, therefore, seems very useful when applied to restoration interventions on stone monuments when endolithic growth is suspected.
Synthesis and microstructural studies of annealed Cu2O/CuxS bilayer as transparent electrode material for photovoltaic and energy storage devices
Authors: TALEATU B. A. , ARBAB E. A.A. , OMOTOSO E. , MOLA G. T. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryCu2O thin film and a transparent bilayer have been fabricated by electrodeposition method. The growths were obtained in potentiostatic mode with gradual degradation of anodic current. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) study showed that the bilayer is polycrystalline and it possesses mixture of different crystallite phases of copper oxides. Surface morphology of the films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM images revealed that the films were uniformly distributed and the starting material (Cu2O) had cubical structure. Grains agglomeration and crystallinity were enhanced by annealing. Optical studies indicated that all the samples have direct allowed transition. Energy band gap of the bilayer film was reduced by annealing treatment thus corroborating quantum confinement upshot.
Fabrication of a Movable Obturator Following Maxillary Reconstruction with Slit‐Shaped Fenestration
Authors: Murakami Mamoru , Nishi Yasuhiro , Umezono Minoru , Kamashita Yuji , Nishimura Masahiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractExtensive maxillary resection has generally been reconstructed with free skin flaps. Because drooping of the transferred flap causes instability of the obturator prosthesis, maxillary reconstruction often incorporates a slit‐shaped oronasal fenestration. Although obturator prostheses for edentulous patients are stabilized with the help of oronasal slits, those for dentate patients are unstable because of flap mobility, resulting in a harmful lateral force exerted on the abutment teeth, causing dislodging of the denture. This report evaluates the benefits of a movable obturator prosthesis for a 60‐year‐old dentulous patient with maxillary sinus carcinoma. The patient underwent left‐sided total maxillectomy, and the defect was reconstructed with a slit‐shaped fenestration using a rectus abdominis flap. A conventional obturator prosthesis was inserted; however, drooping of the flap caused instability of the obturator, resulting in nasal regurgitation and fracture of the clasp. To solve this problem, we designed an obturator prosthesis with a movable connection consisting of a ball attachment (patrix) in the metal base and a socket (matrix) in the obturator, which acted as a stress breaker against the harmful force exerted by the flap. Application of this movable obturator prosthesis was a useful solution for a compromising situation created by the surgical procedure. No clinical disorders were observed at the 3‐year follow‐up.
Deletion of membrane‐associated Asp23 leads to upregulation of cell wall stress genes in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Müller Marret , Reiß Swantje , Schlüter Rabea , Mäder Ulrike , Beyer Anica , Reiß Wenke , Marles‐Wright Jon , Lewis Richard J. , Pförtner Henrike , Völker Uwe , Riedel Katharina , Hecker Michael , Engelmann Susanne , Pané‐Farré Jan 
Published: July 2014

SummaryWith about 25 000 molecules per cell, Asp23 is one of the most abundant proteins in Staphylococcus aureus. Asp23 has been characterized as a protein that, following an alkaline shock, accumulates in the soluble protein fraction. Transcription of the asp23 gene is exclusively regulated by the alternative sigma factor σB, which controls the response of the bacterium to environmental stress. Sequence analysis identified Asp23 as a member of the widely distributed Pfam DUF322 family, precluding functional predictions based on its sequence. Using fluorescence microscopy we found that Asp23 colocalized with the cell membrane of Staphylococcus aureus. Since Asp23 has no recognizable transmembrane spanning domains, we initiated a search for proteins that link Asp23 to the cell membrane. We identified SAOUHSC_02443 as the Asp23 membrane anchor and have renamed it AmaP (Asp23 membrane anchoring protein). Deletion of the asp23 gene led to an upregulation of the cell wall stress response. In summary, we have identified Asp23 as a membrane‐associated protein and we suggest a function for Asp23 in cell envelope homoeostasis.
Evaluation of a temperate climate mosquito, Ochlerotatus detritus (=Aedes detritus), as a potential vector of Japanese encephalitis virus
Authors: MACKENZIE‐IMPOINVIL L. , IMPOINVIL D. E. , GALBRAITH S. E. , DILLON R. J. , RANSON H. , JOHNSON N. , FOOKS A. R. , SOLOMON T. , BAYLIS M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe U.K. has not yet experienced a confirmed outbreak of mosquito‐borne virus transmission to people or livestock despite numerous autochthonous epizootic and human outbreaks of mosquito‐borne diseases on the European mainland. Indeed, whether or not British mosquitoes are competent to transmit arboviruses has not been established. Therefore, the competence of a local (temperate) British mosquito species, Ochlerotatus detritus (=Aedes detritus) (Diptera: Culicidae) for transmission of a member of the genus Flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as a model for mosquito‐borne virus transmission was assessed. The JEV competence in a laboratory strain of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae), a previously incriminated JEV vector, was also evaluated as a positive control. Ochlerotatus detritus adults were reared from field‐collected juvenile stages. In oral infection bioassays, adult females developed disseminated infections and were able to transmit virus as determined by the isolation of virus in saliva secretions. When pooled at 7–21 days post‐infection, 13% and 25% of O. detritus were able to transmit JEV when held at 23 °C and 28 °C, respectively. Similar results were obtained for C. quinquefasciatus. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that a British mosquito species, O. detritus, is a potential vector of an exotic flavivirus.
Integumental buffering in an alpine grasshopper
Authors: Hawes Timothy C. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn most freeze tolerant insects, the tolerance of the formation of internal body ice is arrived at by a two‐step process: (S‐1) a period of supercooling of the body fluids that is followed by (S‐2) the freezing event. To date, the necessity of S‐1 remains to be questioned seriously. The present study reports evidence that S‐1 may be almost completely substituted or superseded in large‐bodied insects by integumental buffering. In the New Zealand alpine grasshopper Sigaus australis Hutton, there is a substantial difference between external and body core temperatures at the moment when internal ice nucleation is registered. Using the invagination of the pleural suture as a nondetrimental proxy for the core and the sclerotized postnotum as a measure of surface temperature, comparisons of the temperature of crystallization (Tc) show a highly significant difference (P < 0.001; Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). Proxy core Tc values are in the range from −0.11 to −4.78 °C compared with the range of −4.1 to −14.2 °C in external proxy Tc values. Although a thermal lag may sometimes be quietly assumed in measurements of Tc, a temperature differential of this size (approximately 6 °C), which is equivalent to the entire supercooling potential of many freeze tolerant insects, is of particular note. These findings have wider application to other large‐bodied insects with similarly well‐developed integumental protection.
Differential expression proteins associated with bud dormancy release during chilling treatment of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa)
Authors: Zhang Y. X. , Yu D. , Tian X. L. , Liu C. Y. , Gai S. P. , Zheng G. S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEndo‐dormant flower buds of tree peony must have sufficient chilling duration to reinitiate growth, which is a major obstacle to the forcing culture of tree peony in winter. We used a combination of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS) to identify the differentially expressed proteins of tree peony after three different chilling treatments: endo‐dormancy, endo‐dormancy release and eco‐dormancy stages. More than 200 highly reproducible protein spots were detected, and 31 differentially expressed spots (P < 0.05) were selected for further analysis. Finally, 20 protein spots were confidently identified from databases, which were annotated and classified into seven functional categories: response to abiotic or biotic stimulus (four), metabolic processes (four), other binding (three), transcription or transcription regulation (two), biological processes (one), cell biogenesis (one) and unclassified (five). The results of qPCR of five genes were mainly consistent with that of the protein accumulation analysis as determined by 2‐DE. This indicated that most of these genes were mainly regulated at transcriptional level. The activity of nitrate reductase and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 was consistent with the 2‐DE results. The proteomic profiles indicated activation of citrate cycle, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy production, calcium signalling and cell growth processes by chilling fulfilment to facilitate dormancy release in tree peony. Analysis of functions of identified proteins will increase our knowledge of endo‐dormancy release in tree peony.
Invoking Simplicity: ‘Alternative’ Food and the Reinvention of Distinction
Authors: Paddock Jessica 
Published: August 2014

AbstractContributing to debates that question the prevalence of distinction surrounding contemporary food culture, this article considers the persistence of social differentiation within the context of ‘alternative’ food practice. Doing so is predicated upon the impasse between arguments that food offers a means of conferring status on the one hand, and a means for wide participation in cultural consumption on the other. Starting from this binary of ‘omnivorousness’ (Peterson and Kern) and ‘distinction’ (Bourdieu), this case‐study explores a field of alternative food consumption including a farmers' market and community food co‐operative. Here, despite wider claims that food ceases to provide means of social differentiation (Bennett et al.) we find that discourses of distinction resonate across this case‐study, finding expression in participant accounts of food practice, and in discourse framing alternative food as a solution to public policy problems such as social exclusion, unsustainability and lack of integrity in contemporary food systems. Of some consequence to initiatives seeking to develop equitable and sustainable alternatives to conventional foodways, distinction, it is argued, is reinvented under the guise of rustic simplicity.
Perception‐based 3D tactile rendering from a single image for human skin examinations by dynamic touch
Authors: Kim K. , Lee S. 
Published: August 2014

Background/aimsDiagnosis of skin conditions is dependent on the assessment of skin surface properties that are represented by more tactile properties such as stiffness, roughness, and friction than visual information. Due to this reason, adding tactile feedback to existing vision based diagnosis systems can help dermatologists diagnose skin diseases or disorders more accurately. The goal of our research was therefore to develop a tactile rendering system for skin examinations by dynamic touch.MethodsOur development consists of two stages: converting a single image to a 3D haptic surface and rendering the generated haptic surface in real‐time. Converting to 3D surfaces from 2D single images was implemented with concerning human perception data collected by a psychophysical experiment that measured human visual and haptic sensibility to 3D skin surface changes. For the second stage, we utilized real skin biomechanical properties found by prior studies. Our tactile rendering system is a standalone system that can be used with any single cameras and haptic feedback devices.ResultsWe evaluated the performance of our system by conducting an identification experiment with three different skin images with five subjects. The participants had to identify one of the three skin surfaces by using a haptic device (Falcon) only. No visual cue was provided for the experiment. The results indicate that our system provides sufficient performance to render discernable tactile rendering with different skin surfaces.ConclusionOur system uses only a single skin image and automatically generates a 3D haptic surface based on human haptic perception. Realistic skin interactions can be provided in real‐time for the purpose of skin diagnosis, simulations, or training. Our system can also be used for other applications like virtual reality and cosmetic applications.
Mouse Models Address Key Concerns Regarding Autophagy Inhibition in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Amaravadi Ravi , Debnath Jayanta 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Summary: With multiple clinical trials under way targeting autophagy against cancer, Yang and colleagues and Karsli-Uzunbas and colleagues address important concerns regarding autophagy inhibition in patients with cancer, using genetically engineered mouse models that more accurately represent the tumor biology found in human patients with pancreatic and lung cancers. Cancer Discov; 4(8); 873–5. ©2014 AACR.
See related article by Yang et al., p. 905
See related article by Karsli-Uzunbas et al., p. 914
Vaccines for Cancer Prevention: A Practical and Feasible Approach to the Cancer Epidemic
Authors: Finn Olivera J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Concerted efforts of tumor immunologists over more than two decades contributed numerous well-defined tumor antigens, many of which were promptly developed into cancer vaccines and tested in animal models and in clinical trials. Encouraging results from animal models were seldom recapitulated in clinical trials. The impediment to greater success of these vaccines has been their exclusive use for cancer therapy. What clinical trials primarily revealed were the numerous ways in which cancer and/or standard treatments for cancer could suppress the patient's immune system, making it very difficult to elicit effective immunity with therapeutic vaccines. In contrast, there is an extensive database of information from experiments in appropriate animal models showing that prophylactic vaccination is highly effective and safe. There are also studies that show that healthy people have immune responses against antigens expressed on tumors, some generated in response to viral infections and others in response to various nonmalignant acute inflammatory events. These immune responses do not appear to be dangerous and do not cause autoimmunity. Epidemiology studies have shown that these immune responses may reduce cancer risk significantly. Vaccines based on tumor antigens that are expressed differentially between tumors and normal cells and can stimulate immunity, and for which safety and efficacy have been proved in animal models and to the extent possible in therapeutic clinical trials, should be considered prime candidates for prophylactic cancer vaccines. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(8); 708–13. ©2014 AACR.
Immunomodulatory Roles of Lymphatic Vessels in Cancer Progression
Authors: Swartz Melody A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Lymphatic vessels in the tumor microenvironment are known to foster tumor metastasis in many cancers, and they can undergo activation, hyperplasia, and lymphangiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment and in the tumor-draining lymph node. The mechanism underlying this correlation was originally considered as lymphatic vessels providing a physical route for tumor cell dissemination, but recent studies have highlighted new roles of the lymphatic endothelium in regulating host immunity. These include indirectly suppressing T-cell function by secreting immunosuppressive factors and inhibiting dendritic cell (DC) maturation, as well as directly driving T-cell tolerance by antigen presentation in the presence of inhibitory ligands. Furthermore, lymphatic endothelium scavenges and regulates transendothelial transport actively, controlling the sustained delivery of lymph-borne antigens from chronically inflamed tissues to draining lymph nodes where immature DCs, in the absence of danger signals, along with lymph node stromal cells present these antigens to T cells for maintenance of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens, a mechanism that may be hijacked by some tumors. This Masters of Immunology primer aims to present an overview of research in this area and highlight emerging evidence that suggests lymphatic vessels, and lymphangiogenesis, play important immunomodulatory roles in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(8); 701–7. ©2014 AACR.
Cancer Immunotherapy Highlights from the 2014 ASCO Meeting
Authors: Harshman Lauren C. , Drake Charles G. , Wargo Jennifer A. , Sharma Padmanee , Bhardwaj Nina 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The promise of cancer immunotherapy was validated officially in March 2011 when the FDA approved Yervoy (ipilimumab; Bristol-Myers Squibb) for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma. The approval was based on results of a randomized, double-blind clinical trial establishing that ipilimumab (a humanized anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody) treatment extended the overall survival of patients with advanced melanoma. CTLA-4 is a member of the so-called family of checkpoint regulators, which are expressed on immune cells that activate or inhibit an immune response. An increasing number of immune checkpoint regulators are now being identified and targeted for immunotherapy. At the 2014 meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), it was reported that checkpoint blockade as a monotherapy or combination therapy was used successfully to treat advanced melanoma and non–small cell lung cancer. Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy was also used successfully for the treatment of other cancers, most notably genitourinary cancers such as urothelial bladder cancer and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. This report is a compiled summary of cancer immunotherapy highlights presented at the 2014 ASCO meeting by various investigators. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(8); 714–9. ©2014 AACR.
Prognostic Value of Quantitative Contrast-Enhanced Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Sudden Death Risk in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Chan Raymond H. , Maron Barry J. , Olivotto Iacopo , Pencina Michael J. , Assenza Gabriele Egidy , Haas Tammy , Lesser John R. , Gruner Christiane , Crean Andrew M. , Rakowski Harry , Udelson James E. , Rowin Ethan , Lombardi Massimo , Cecchi Franco , Tomberli Benedetta , Spirito Paolo , Formisano Francesco , Biagini Elena , Rapezzi Claudio , De Cecco Carlo Nicola , Autore Camillo , Cook E. Francis , Hong Susie N. , Gibson C. Michael , Manning Warren J. , Appelbaum Evan , Maron Martin S. 
Published: August 2014

Background—
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common cause of sudden death in the young, although not all patients eligible for sudden death prevention with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator are identified. Contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) has emerged as an in vivo marker of myocardial fibrosis, although its role in stratifying sudden death risk in subgroups of HCM patients remains incompletely understood.

Methods and Results—

We assessed the relation between LGE and cardiovascular outcomes in 1293 HCM patients referred for cardiovascular magnetic resonance and followed up for a median of 3.3 years. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) events (including appropriate defibrillator interventions) occurred in 37 patients (3%). A continuous relationship was evident between LGE by percent left ventricular mass and SCD event risk in HCM patients (
P
=0.001). Extent of LGE was associated with an increased risk of SCD events (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.46/10% increase in LGE;
P
=0.002), even after adjustment for other relevant disease variables. LGE of ≥15% of LV mass demonstrated a 2-fold increase in SCD event risk in those patients otherwise considered to be at lower risk, with an estimated likelihood for SCD events of 6% at 5 years. Performance of the SCD event risk model was enhanced by LGE (net reclassification index, 12.9%; 95% confidence interval, 0.3–38.3). Absence of LGE was associated with lower risk for SCD events (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.39;
P
=0.02). Extent of LGE also predicted the development of end-stage HCM with systolic dysfunction (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.80/10% increase in LGE;
P
<0.03).

Conclusions—
Extensive LGE measured by quantitative contrast enhanced CMR provides additional information for assessing SCD event risk among HCM patients, particularly patients otherwise judged to be at low risk.
Synchronization of a class of uncertain stochastic discrete-time delayed neural networks
Authors: Chen Zhong , Xiao Bing , Lin Jianming 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The global asymptotical synchronization problem is discussed for a general class of uncertain stochastic discrete-time neural networks with time delay in this paper. Time delays include time-varying delay and distributed delay. Based on the drive-response concept and the Lyapunov stability theorem, a linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach is given to establish sufficient conditions under which the considered neural networks are globally asymptotically synchronized in the mean square. Therefore, the global asymptotical synchronization of the stochastic discrete-time neural networks can easily be checked by utilizing the numerically efficient Matlab LMI toolbox. Moreover, the obtained results are dependent not only on the lower bound but also on the upper bound of the time-varying delays, that is, they are delay-dependent. And finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed synchronization scheme.