bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photomobile Polymer Materials: Photoresponsive Behavior of Cross‐Linked Liquid‐Crystalline Polymers with Mesomorphic Diarylethenes
Authors: Mamiya Jun‐ichi , Kuriyama Akito , Yokota Naoki , Yamada Munenori , Ikeda Tomiki 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCross‐linked liquid‐crystalline (LC) polymers with a mesomorphic diarylethene were prepared to demonstrate a versatile strategy for cross‐linked photochromic LC polymers as photomobile materials. Upon exposure to UV light to cause photocyclization of the diarylethene chromophore, the cross‐linked polymer films bend toward an actinic light source. By irradiation with visible light to cause a closed‐ring to open‐ring isomerization, the bent films revert to the initial flat state. Without visible‐light irradiation, the bent films remain bent even at 120 °C, indicating high thermal stability of the cross‐linked diarylethene LC polymers.
A Reevaluation of the Photolytic Properties of 2‐Hydroxybenzophenone‐Based UV Sunscreens: Are Chemical Sunscreens Inoffensive?
Authors: Ignasiak Marta T. , Houée‐Levin Chantal , Kciuk Gabriel , Marciniak Bronislaw , Pedzinski Tomasz 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe excited states of a set of popular sunscreen agents (2‐hydroxybenzophenone, oxybenzone, and sulisobenzone) are studied by using femto‐ and nanosecond time‐resolved spectroscopy. Upon excitation, the compounds undergo an ultrafast excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reaction as the major energy‐wasting process and the rate constant of this reaction is k=2×1012 s−1. The ESIPT yields a keto conformer that undergoes a fast, picosecond internal conversion decay. However, a photodegradative pathway is a monophotonic HO bond breakage that subsequently leads to trace yields of phenoxyl radicals. Because potentially harmful phenoxyl radicals are formed upon irradiation of sunscreen agents, care should be taken about their reactivity towards biologically relevant compounds.
Exploring the Catalytic Potential of ZIF‐90: Solventless and Co‐Catalyst‐Free Synthesis of Propylene Carbonate from Propylene Oxide and CO2
Authors: Tharun Jose , Mathai George , Kathalikkattil Amal Cherian , Roshan Roshith , Won Yong‐Sun , Cho Sung June , Chang Jong‐San , Park Dae‐Won 
Published: January 2015

AbstractReported is the application of ZIF‐90, which is a highly porous zeolitic imidazolate framework, as a novel catalyst for the cycloaddition of propylene oxide (PO) with CO2 in the absence of co‐catalysts and solvents under moderate reaction conditions. The effects of various reaction parameters were investigated. The activity of ZIF‐90 was compared with that of various metal–organic‐framework (MOF)‐based catalysts for the cycloaddition of PO with CO2. Density functional theory calculations elucidated the role of ZIF‐90 in creating a favorable environment for the PO–CO2 cycloaddition reaction. A reaction mechanism for the ZIF‐90‐catalyzed PO–CO2 cycloaddition on the basis of DFT calculations is proposed and the regeneration of ZIF‐90 is discussed.
Modeling, Simulation, and Fabrication of a Fully Integrated, Acid‐stable, Scalable Solar‐Driven Water‐Splitting System
Authors: Walczak Karl , Chen Yikai , Karp Christoph , Beeman Jeffrey W. , Shaner Matthew , Spurgeon Joshua , Sharp Ian D. , Amashukeli Xenia , West William , Jin Jian , Lewis Nathan S. , Xiang Chengxiang 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA fully integrated solar‐driven water‐splitting system comprised of WO3/FTO/p+n Si as the photoanode, Pt/TiO2/Ti/n+p Si as the photocathode, and Nafion as the membrane separator, was simulated, assembled, operated in 1.0 M HClO4, and evaluated for performance and safety characteristics under dual side illumination. A multi‐physics model that accounted for the performance of the photoabsorbers and electrocatalysts, ion transport in the solution electrolyte, and gaseous product crossover was first used to define the optimal geometric design space for the system. The photoelectrodes and the membrane separators were then interconnected in a louvered design system configuration, for which the light‐absorbing area and the solution‐transport pathways were simultaneously optimized. The performance of the photocathode and the photoanode were separately evaluated in a traditional three‐electrode photoelectrochemical cell configuration. The photocathode and photoanode were then assembled back‐to‐back in a tandem configuration to provide sufficient photovoltage to sustain solar‐driven unassisted water‐splitting. The current–voltage characteristics of the photoelectrodes showed that the low photocurrent density of the photoanode limited the overall solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency due to the large band gap of WO3. A hydrogen‐production rate of 0.17 mL hr−1 and a STH conversion efficiency of 0.24 % was observed in a full cell configuration for >20 h with minimal product crossover in the fully operational, intrinsically safe, solar‐driven water‐splitting system. The solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency, ηSTH, calculated using the multiphysics numerical simulation was in excellent agreement with the experimental behavior of the system. The value of ηSTH was entirely limited by the performance of the photoelectrochemical assemblies employed in this study. The louvered design provides a robust platform for implementation of various types of photoelectrochemical assemblies, and can provide an approach to significantly higher solar conversion efficiencies as new and improved materials become available.
Quantitative genetics of learning ability and resistance to stress inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Nepoux Virginie , Babin Aurélie , Haag Christoph , Kawecki Tadeusz J. , Le Rouzic Arnaud 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEven though laboratory evolution experiments have demonstrated genetic variation for learning ability, we know little about the underlying genetic architecture and genetic relationships with other ecologically relevant traits. With a full diallel cross among twelve inbred lines ofDrosophila melanogasteroriginating from a natural population (0.75 <F < 0.93), we investigated the genetic architecture of olfactory learning ability and compared it to that for another behavioral trait (unconditional preference for odors), as well as three traits quantifying the ability to deal with environmental challenges: egg‐to‐adult survival and developmental rate on a low‐quality food, and resistance to a bacterial pathogen. Substantial additive genetic variation was detected for each trait, highlighting their potential to evolve. Genetic effects contributed more than nongenetic parental effects to variation in traits measured at the adult stage: learning, odorant perception, and resistance to infection. In contrast, the two traits quantifying larval tolerance to low‐quality food were more strongly affected by parental effects. We found no evidence for genetic correlations between traits, suggesting that these traits could evolve at least to some degree independently of one another. Finally, inbreeding adversely affected all traits.
Evolutionary dynamics of ecological niche in threeRhinogobiofishes from the upper Yangtze River inferred from morphological traits
Authors: Wang Meirong , Liu Fei , Lin Pengcheng , Yang Shaorong , Liu Huanzhang 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the past decades, it has been debated whether ecological niche should be conserved among closely related species (phylogenetic niche conservatism,PNC) or largely divergent (traditional ecological niche theory and ecological speciation) and whether niche specialist and generalist might remain in equilibrium or niche generalist could not appear. In this study, we employed morphological traits to describe ecological niche and test whether different niche dimensions exhibit disparate evolutionary patterns. We conducted our analysis on threeRhinogobiofish species (R. typus,R. cylindricus,andR. ventralis) from the upper Yangtze River, China. Among the 32 measured morphological traits except body length,PCAextracted the first four principal components with their loading scores >1.000. To find thePNCamong species, Mantel tests were conducted with the Euclidean distances calculated from the four principal components (representing different niche dimensions) against the pairwise distances calculated from mitochondrial cytochromebsequence variations. The results showed that the second and the third niche dimension, both related to swimming ability and behavior, exhibited phylogenetic conservatism. Further comparison on niche breadth among these three species revealed that the fourth dimension ofR. typusshowed the greatest width, indicating that this dimension exhibited niche generalism. In conclusion, our results suggested that different niche dimensions could show different evolutionary dynamic patterns: they may exhibitPNCor not, and some dimensions may evolve generalism.
How squalene GLAdly helps generate antigen‐specific T cells via antigen‐carrying neutrophils and IL‐18
Authors: Kedl Justin D. , Kedl Ross M. 
Published: January 2015

The mechanisms by which squalene, which in oil‐and‐water emulsions has been shown to be an excellent formulation for TLR agonists, enhances the magnitude and quality of adaptive immune responses are not thoroughly defined. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 407–417], Desbien et al. show that a squalene/TLR4‐based adjuvant augments antigen‐specific Th1 responses in vaccinated mice through a caspase/IL‐18‐dependent mechanism. This commentary will discuss the authors’ findings in the context of elucidating the mechanism of action of squalene as an adjuvant, and the new questions that the work generates.
Metabolomic applications in nutritional research: a perspective
Authors: O'Gorman Aoife , Brennan Lorraine 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMetabolomics focuses on the global study of metabolites in cells, tissues and biofluids. Analytical technologies such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and hyphenated mass spectrometry (MS) combined with advanced multivariate statistical methods allow us to study perturbations in metabolism. The close link between metabolism and nutrition has seen the application of metabolomics in nutritional research increase in recent times. Such applications can be divided into three main categories, namely (1) the area of dietary biomarker identification, (2) diet‐related diseases and (3) nutritional interventions. The present perspective gives an overview of these applications and an outlook to the future. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermal‐aided phosvitin extraction from egg yolk
Authors: Ren Jiandong , Wu Jianping 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhosvitin is the principal phosphoprotein in egg yolk and has great potential for use as a functional food ingredient in improving bone health. This study reports a thermal‐aided extraction method without using organic solvents or non‐food‐compatible chemicals.RESULTSEgg yolk was two times diluted with water and then extracted by 100 g L−1 NaCl. Effects of pH and heating temperature on the extract were examined. The phosvitin purity increased from 75.7% at pH 8.0 to 80.1% at pH 5.0 and then started to decrease, but the yield decreased at decreasing pHs. The phosvitin purity increased at increasing temperature up to 90 °C and then started to decrease at 95 °C, while the yield increased from 70 to 80 °C and then started to decline at 85 °C.CONCLUSIONA purity of 88.0% and a yield of 23.5 g kg−1 yolk dry matter were obtained at 90 °C. The purity and yield were comparable to or higher than those of previously methods. The method developed in this study is simple, including mainly two steps, i.e. water dilution of egg yolk and NaCl extraction with heating, and can be scaled up for industrial production. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Multiobjective optimization strategy based on desirability functions used for the microemulsion liquid chromatographic separation and quantification of norfloxacin and tinidazole in plasma and formulations
Authors: Abou‐Taleb Noura Hemdan , El‐Wasseef Dalia Rashad , El‐Sherbiny Dina Tawfik , El‐Ashry Saadia Mohamed 
Published: January 2015

The aim of the present study was to optimize a microemulsion liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of norfloxacin and tinidazole binary mixture using a chemometric protocol. Optimization experiments were conducted through a process of screening and optimization. A 27‐4 fractional factorial design was used as screening design. While the location of optimum conditions was established by applying Derringer's desirability function. The optimal mobile phase composition was predicted to be: 3.5% w/v SDS, 10.03% v/v 1‐propanol, 0.5% v/v 1‐octanol, and 0.3% triethylamine in 0.02 M phosphoric acid at pH 6.5. The mobile phase was delivered isocratically at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with UV detection at 290 nm. Tinidazole and norfloxacin were eluted with retention times of 1.8 and 5.8 min, respectively. The calibration plots displayed good linear relationships in the concentration ranges of 0.5–50 and 0.75–75 μg/mL for norfloxacin and tinidazole, respectively. The method was successfully applied for determination of both drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and real human plasma. Where the accuracy was proved by the low values of % error and high values of recovery, also the relative standard deviation for the results did not exceed 1.5%, proving the precision of the method.
Sputum induction improves detection of pathogens in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Hoppe Jordana E. , Towler Elinor , Wagner Brandie D. , Accurso Frank J. , Sagel Scott D. , Zemanick Edith T. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryBackgroundSputum induction is a safe, well tolerated means of obtaining lower airway secretions from children with cystic fibrosis (CF), particularly for assessment of airway inflammation but the clinical value in diagnosing outpatient infections has not been extensively studied.ObjectivesInvestigate the success rate and microbiologic yield of induced sputum (IS) compared to oropharyngeal swabs (OP) and expectorated sputum (ES) samples in children with CF, and determine if IS culture results impact treatment.MethodsTwo cohorts were included in this prospective, longitudinal comparative study. In one cohort, simultaneously collected OP, ES, and IS specimens were obtained from 17 CF children at three visits over 1 year. In the second group, sputum induction was performed in 35 CF subjects at four annual visits, and culture results were compared to their nearest respiratory culture within 4 months. Antimicrobial treatment regimens were captured retrospectively.ResultsSputum induction was successful in 149 of 158 (94%) visit encounters. Polymicrobial infection (combined P = 0.005) and gram negative organisms (combined P = 0.003) were detected more frequently in IS samples compared to OP, as were the individual pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa (combined P = 0.04) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (combined P = 0.05). The microbiologic yield of serial IS samples collected over 1 year was stable. IS culture results led to antibiotic changes in 6% of visit encounters. However, based on current practice 13% of visits could have resulted in treatment changes.ConclusionsSputum induction is feasible in the outpatient setting and appears to improve pathogen detection in children with CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:638–646. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimation of the quality of refined protein crystal structures
Authors: Wang Jimin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCrystallographic Rwork and Rfree values, which are measures of the ability of the models of macromolecular structures to explain the crystallographic data on which they are based, are often used to assess structure quality. It is widely known, and confirmed here that both are sensitive to the methods used to compute them, and can be manipulated to improve the apparent quality of the model. As an alternative it is proposed here that the quality of crystallographic models should be assessed using a global goodness‐of‐fit metric RO2A/Rwork where RO2A is the number of reflections used for refinement divided by the number of nonhydrogen atoms in the structure, and Rwork is the working R‐factor of the refined structure. Also, analysis of structures in the Protein Data Bank suggests that many data sets have been truncated at high resolution, thereby improving the R‐factor statistics. To discourage this practice, it is proposed that the resolution of a dataset be defined as the resolution of the shell of data where <I/σI> falls to 1. The proposed goodness‐of‐fit metric encourages investigators to use all the data available rather than a truncated subset.
Regular, median and Huber cross‐validation: A computational comparison
Authors: Yu Chi‐Wai , Clarke Bertrand 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe present a new technique for comparing models using a median form of cross‐validation and least median of squares estimation (MCV‐LMS). Rather than minimizing the sums of squares of residual errors, we minimize the median of the squared residual errors. We compare this with a robustified form of cross‐validation using the Huber loss function and robust coefficient estimators (HCV). Through extensive simulations we find that for linear models MCV‐LMS outperforms HCV for data that is representative of the data generator when the tails of the noise distribution are heavy enough and asymmetric enough. We also find that MCV‐LMS is often better able to detect the presence of small terms. Otherwise, HCV typically outperforms MCV‐LMS for ‘good’ data. MCV‐LMS also outperforms HCV in the presence of enough severe outliers.One of MCV and HCV also generally gives better model selection for linear models than the conventional version of cross‐validation with least squares estimators (CV‐LS) when the tails of the noise distribution are heavy or asymmetric or when the coefficients are small and the data is representative. CV‐LS only performs well when the tails of the error distribution are light and symmetric and the coefficients are large relative to the noise variance. Outside of these contexts and the contexts noted above, HCV outperforms CV‐LS and MCV‐LMS.We illustrate CV‐LS, HVC, and MCV‐LMS via numerous simulations to map out when each does best on representative data and then apply all three to a real dataset from econometrics that includes outliers.
Show Me What You Know
Authors: Young Teresa , Morgan Ashley 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEarly childhood teachers promote literacy learning through intentional instructional practices and the establishment of classroom environments that encourage and support the work, interest, and curiosity of young learners. They provide opportunities for children to engage with their teacher and peers and consider this an important component of literacy learning. Moreover, teachers design visually pleasing environments that support students’ prior knowledge and experiences. The project approach to learning integrates all of the basic elements of literacy learning while respecting the natural inquisitive nature of children and their need to construct their own learning as they interact within their classroom environment, peers, and teachers. In this article, we share a snapshot of how one kindergarten teacher incorporated elements of the project approach within her classroom in the hopes that other teachers will feel inspired to try aspects of this method of teaching in their own classrooms.
Major Liver Resection as Definitive Treatment in Post‐cholecystectomy Common Bile Duct Injuries
Authors: Pekolj Juan , Yanzón Alejandro , Dietrich Agustin , del Valle Gabriela , Ardiles Victoria , de Santibañes Eduardo 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundCommon bile duct injuries (CBDI) are serious complications of cholecystectomies which are often associated with vascular involvement, meaning that their management represents a major challenge to the physician. We present our experience in major hepatectomy due to CBDI, highlighting indications, postoperative complications, and long‐term outcomes.MethodsFrom August 1993 to September 2013, 287 patients with CBDI were treated in our centre. In 15 patients of this group (5 %), a major hepatectomy was performed. Eleven patients presented E4 and four presented E5 injuries of Strasberg classification. Seven patients presented vascular involvement. In 12 patients, prior treatment attempts, either biliodigestive anastomosis, endoscopic or percutaneous drainage, was performed without success. The median time delay between lesional surgery and hepatectomy was 24 months.ResultsRight hepatectomy was performed in 10 patients and left hepatectomy in 5. Postoperative morbidity was 60 %. The incidence of serious complications (≥grade IIIa of DC classification) was 40 %. There was no mortality in our study. The mean follow‐up was 43.5 months and the overall survival was 100 %. Three patients had a single episode of ascendant cholangitis who were successfully treated with medical treatment. All other patients were asymptomatic during follow‐up. No patients required further surgical procedures.ConclusionIn our series, major hepatectomy due to CBDI was a successful treatment with high rates of postoperative morbidity and excellent long‐term outcomes which require a multidisciplinary approach in referral centres of HPB surgery.
Redirecting metabolic flux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through regulation of cofactors in UMP production
Authors: Chen Yong , Liu Qingguo , Chen Xiaochun , Wu Jinglan , Guo Ting , Zhu Chenjie , Ying Hanjie 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Although it is generally known that cofactors play a major role in the production of different fermentation products, their role has not been thoroughly and systematically studied. To understand the impact of cofactors on physiological functions, a systematic approach was applied, which involved redox state analysis, energy charge analysis, and metabolite analysis. Using uridine 5′-monophosphate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, we demonstrated that regulation of intracellular the ratio of NADPH to NADP+ not only redistributed the carbon flux between the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways, but also regulated the redox state of NAD(H), resulting in a significant change of ATP, and a significantly altered spectrum of metabolic products.
Development of Mineral Resources, Economics of Mining and Rural Employment Generation
Authors: Sawkar R. H. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract:
Dr. B.P. Radhakrishna in his Anthology of Editorials (Memois 51, 61 and 81) had covered wide range of topics such as Geoscience, Mineral Exploration & Exploitation, Mining Industry, Science, Impending Water Crisis in Bengaluru city, Climate and Monsoon, Natural Disasters, Extra-terrestrial Phenomena, outstanding contributions of some eminent persons and important subjects like rural employment, sanitation, environment and human waste disposal. On these subjects he had listed our failures with analysis of what went wrong. In the following pages I have tried to summarize and highlight with occasional comments on mineral exploration, resources, reserves, mining environment, economics of mining and on policy matters related to Acts and Rules published in JGSI.