bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On commutator fully transitive Abelian groups
Authors: Chekhlov Andrey R. , Danchev Peter V. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
There are two rather natural questions which arise in connection with the endomorphism ring of an
Abelian group: when is the ring generated
by its commutators, and
when is the ring additively generated by
its commutators?
The current work explores these two problems
for arbitrary Abelian groups.
This leads in a standard way to consideration of
two improved versions of
Kaplansky's notion of full transitivity,
which we call
commutator full transitivity
and strongly commutator full transitivity.
We establish, inter alia,
that these notions are strictly stronger
than the classical concept of full transitivity,
but there are nonetheless many parallels between
these things.
Folate status and health: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Obeid Rima , Oexle Konrad , Rißmann Anke , Pietrzik Klaus , Koletzko Berthold 
Published: April 2015

AbstractEach year approximately 2400 pregnancies develop folic acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly in Europe. Currently, 70% of all affected pregnancies are terminated after prenatal diagnosis. The prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) has been significantly lowered in more than 70 countries worldwide by applying fortification with folic acid. Periconceptional supplementation of folic acid also reduces the risk of congenital heart diseases, preterm birth, low birth weight, and health problems associated with child mortality and morbidity. All European governments failed to issue folic acid fortification of centrally processed and widely eaten foods in order to prevent NTDs and other unwanted birth outcomes. The estimated average dietary intake of folate in Germany is 200 μg dietary folate equivalents (DFE)/day. More than half of German women of reproductive age do not consume sufficient dietary folate to achieve optimal serum or red blood cell folate concentrations (>18 or 1000 nmol/L, respectively) necessary to prevent spina bifida and anencephaly. To date, targeted supplementation is recommended in Europe, but this approach failed to reduce the rate of NTDs during the last 10 years. Public health centers for prenatal care and fortification with folic acid in Europe are urgently needed. Only such an action will sufficiently improve folate status, prevent at least 50% of the NTD cases, reduce child mortality and morbidity, and alleviate other health problems associated with low folate such as anemia.
Effect of cutting tool lead angle on machining forces and surface finish of CFRP laminates
Authors: Ghafarizadeh Seyedbehzad , Chatelain Jean-François , Lebrun Gilbert 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Machining is one of the most practical processes for finishing operations of composite components, allowing high-quality surface and controlled tolerances. The high-precision surface milling of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) is particularly applicable in the assembly of complex components requiring accurate mating surfaces as well as for surface repair or mold finishing. CFRP surface milling is a challenging operation because of the heterogeneity and anisotropy of these materials, which are the source of several types of damage, such as delamination, fiber pullout, and fiber fragmentation. To minimize the machining problems of CFRP milling and improve the surface quality, this research focuses on the effect of multiaxis machining parameters, such as the feed rate, cutting speed, and lead angle, on cutting forces and surface roughness. The results show that the surface roughness and cutting forces increase with the feed rate, whereas their variations are not uniform when changing the cutting speed. Generally, a lower surface roughness was achieved by using a lower cutting feed rate (0.063 mm/rev) and higher cutting speeds (250–500 m/min). It was also found that the cutting forces and surface roughness vary significantly and nonlinearly with the lead angle of the cutting tool with respect to the surface.
Optimierung des temperaturzyklischen Betriebs von
Halbleitergassensoren
Authors: Baur Tobias , Schütze Andreas , Sauerwald Tilman 
Published: April 2015

Zusammenfassung
Wir stellen ein Verfahren zur Optimierung des temperaturzyklischen
Betriebs (TCO, temperature cycled operation) im Hinblick auf
Sensorsignal, Sensitivität und Selektivität vor. Dieses basiert auf
der Grundlage eines Sensormodells unter der Annahme, dass die
Leitwertänderung durch die Besetzungsänderung mit ionosorbierten
Sauerstoff auf dem Sensor hervorgerufen wird. Das Verfahren wurde mit
einem SnO2-Sensor (AS-MLV, ams Sensor Solutions Germany
GmbH, Reutlingen) auf einem Membransubstrat getestet, welches aufgrund
der geringen thermischen Masse eine schnelle Temperaturänderung
zulässt. Das Optimierungsverfahren kann sehr hohe Sensorsignale
(G

Gas
/G

Luft
− 1) erzielen, beispielsweise
ein Sensorsignal von ca. 8000 bei 1 ppm ethanolhaltiger
synthetischer Luft, die das isotherme Sensorsignal um den Faktor 800
übertrifft. Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Sensorsignal und der
Gaskonzentration kann für die meisten Zeitpunkte im TCO durch eine
Potenzfunktion mit Exponenten von 0,5 bis 4 beschrieben werden. Es
zeigt sich, dass direkt nach einem Temperaturabfall das Modell so
stark vereinfacht werden kann, dass nur noch ein freier
Modellparameter bleibt. Die Geschwindigkeit der Relaxation bei
reduzierendem Gasangebot kann durch Ratenkonstanten beschrieben
werden, die in guter Näherung proportional zur Gaskonzentration
sind. Die Temperaturcharakteristik der Ratenkonstanten variiert für
verschiedene Gase unabhängig von der Konzentration. Daher kann auch
die Selektivität optimiert werden, wie am Beispiel von ethanol- und
benzolhaltiger synthetischer Luft gezeigt wird.
Effect of Spray Cone Angle on Flame Stability in an Annular Gas Turbine Combustor
Authors: Mishra R. K. , Kumar S. Kishore , Chandel Sunil 
Published: April 2015

AbstractEffect of fuel spray cone angle in an aerogas turbine combustor has been studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and full-scale combustor testing. For CFD analysis, a 22.5° sector of an annular combustor is modeled and the governing equations are solved using the eddy dissipation combustion model in ANSYS CFX computational package. The analysis has been carried out at 125 kPa and 303 K inlet conditions for spray cone angles from 60° to 140°. The lean blowout limits are established by studying the behavior of combustion zone during transient engine operation from an initial steady-state condition. The computational study has been followed by testing the practical full-scale annular combustor in an aerothermal test facility. The experimental result is in a good agreement with the computational predictions. The lean blowout fuel–air ratio increases as the spray cone angle is decreased at constant operating pressure and temperature. At higher spray cone angle, the flame and high-temperature zone moves upstream close to atomizer face and a uniform flame is sustained over a wide region causing better flame stability.
New Visual Hermeneutics
Authors: Kath Roxana , Schaal Gary S. , Dumm Sebastian 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In digital humanities, research insights are often achieved by the interpretation of visualizations of data, but the interpretation of visualization is not self-evident.
In this paper we present a new methodology to attain interpretations of visualizations which may be accepted intersubjectively. New Visual Hermeneutics is an integrated research framework with special attention to the episte­mology of visualizations. Adapting Don Ihde’s experimental phenomenology it addresses the research process as a whole, focusing on the impact of all research decisions which result in the final visualization(s) in four distinct steps: 1. data sampling, 2. algorithmic analysis of the sampled data, 3. choosing visualization of the algorithmic analysis, 4. hermeneutic interpretation of the chosen visualization.
Plasma and ovarian oestradiol and the variability in the LH surge induced in ewes by the ram effect
Authors: Fabre-Nys Claude , Chanvallon Audrey , Debus Nathalie , François Dominique , Bouvier Frédéric , Dupont Joelle , Lardic Lionel , Lomet Didier , Ramé Christelle , Scaramuzzi Rex J 
Published: April 2015

The proportion of anoestrous ewes ovulating after exposure to a sexually active ram is variable mainly due to whether an LH surge is induced. The aim of this study was to determine the role of oestradiol (E2) in the ram-induced LH surge. In one study, we measured the plasma concentrations of E2 in ewes of different breeds before and after the ‘ram effect’ and related these patterns to the presence and latency of the LH surge, while another compared ovarian responses with the ‘ram effect’ following exposure to rams for 2 or 12 h. In all ewes, the concentration of E2 increased 2–4 h after rams were introduced and remained elevated for 14.5±0.86 h. The quantity of E2 secreted before the LH surge varied among breeds as did the mean concentration of E2. The granulosa cells of IF ewes collected after 12 h exposure to rams secreted more E2 and progesterone and had higher levels of StAR than the 2 h group but in MV ewes there was no differences between these groups for any of these parameters. These results demonstrate that the LH surge induced by the rams is a result of increased E2 secretion associated with increased levels of STAR in granulosa cells and that these responses varied among breeds. The results suggest that the variable occurrence of a LH surge and ovulation may be the result of variable ovarian responses to the ‘ram effect’ and insensitivity of the hypothalamus to the E2-positive feedback signal.Free French abstract: A French translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/149/5/511/suppl/DC1.
Variation in the Use of Procedural Sedation for Incision and Drainage of Skin and Soft Tissue Infection in Pediatric Emergency Departments
Authors: Uspal Neil G. , Klein Eileen J. , Tieder Joel S. , Oron Assaf P. , Simon Tamara D. 
Published: April 2015

Objectives:
Little is known about procedural sedation use for anxiety and pain associated with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) requiring incision and drainage (I&D). Our objectives were therefore (1) to characterize the use of procedural sedation use for SSTI I&D procedures in pediatric emergency departments (EDs), (2) to compare the frequency of procedural sedation for I&D across hospitals, and (3) to determine factors associated with use of procedural sedation for I&D.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective cohort study of pediatric EDs contributing to the Pediatric Health Information Systems database in 2010. Cases were identified by primary International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification procedure codes for I&D. We used descriptive statistics to describe procedural sedation use across hospitals and logistic generalized linear mixed models to identify factors associated with use of procedural sedation.

Results:
There were 6322 I&D procedures, and procedural sedation was used in 24% of cases. Hospital-level use of procedural sedation varied widely, with a range of 2% to 94% (median 17%). Procedural sedation use was positively associated with sensitive body site, female gender, and employer-based insurance, and negatively associated with African American race and increasing age. Estimates of hospital-level use of procedural sedation for a referent case eliminating demographic differences exhibit similar variability with a range of 5% to 97% (median 34%).

Conclusions:
Use of procedural sedation for SSTI I&D varies widely across pediatric EDs, and the majority of variation is independent of demographic differences. Additional work is needed to understand decision-making and to standardize delivery of procedural sedation in children requiring I&D.
Motivational Interviewing and Dietary Counseling for Obesity in Primary Care: An RCT
Authors: Resnicow Kenneth , McMaster Fiona , Bocian Alison , Harris Donna , Zhou Yan , Snetselaar Linda , Schwartz Robert , Myers Esther , Gotlieb Jaquelin , Foster Jan , Hollinger Donna , Smith Karen , Woolford Susan , Mueller Dru , Wasserman Richard C. 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Few studies have tested the impact of motivational interviewing (MI) delivered by primary care providers on pediatric obesity. This study tested the efficacy of MI delivered by providers and registered dietitians (RDs) to parents of overweight children aged 2 through 8.METHODS:Forty-two practices from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network of the American Academy of Pediatrics were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. Group 1 (usual care) measured BMI percentile at baseline and 1- and 2-year follow-up. Group 2 (provider only) delivered 4 MI counseling sessions to parents of the index child over 2 years. Group 3 (provider + RD) delivered 4 provider MI sessions plus 6 MI sessions from a RD. The primary outcome was child BMI percentile at 2-year follow up.RESULTS:At 2-year follow-up, the adjusted BMI percentile was 90.3, 88.1, and 87.1 for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The group 3 mean was significantly (P = .02) lower than group 1. Mean changes from baseline in BMI percentile were 1.8, 3.8, and 4.9 across groups 1, 2, and 3.CONCLUSIONS:MI delivered by providers and RDs (group 3) resulted in statistically significant reductions in BMI percentile. Research is needed to determine the clinical significance and persistence of the BMI effects observed. How the intervention can be brought to scale (in particular, how to train physicians to use MI effectively and how best to train RDs and integrate them into primary care settings) also merits future research.
Antibiotic Exposure in Infancy and Risk of Being Overweight in the First 24 Months of Life
Authors: Saari Antti , Virta Lauri J. , Sankilampi Ulla , Dunkel Leo , Saxen Harri 
Published: April 2015

OBJECTIVE:
Antibiotics have direct effects on the human intestinal microbiota, particularly in infancy. Antibacterial agents promote growth in farm animals by unknown mechanisms, but little is known about their effects on human weight gain. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of antibiotic exposure during infancy on weight and height in healthy Finnish children.

METHODS:
The population-based cohort comprised 6114 healthy boys and 5948 healthy girls having primary care weight and height measurements and drug purchase data from birth to 24 months. BMI and height, expressed as z-scores at the median age of 24 months (interquartile range 24 to 26 months), were compared between children exposed and unexposed to antibiotics using analysis of covariance with perinatal factors as covariates.

RESULTS:
Exposed children were on average heavier than unexposed children (adjusted BMI-for-age z-score difference in boys 0.13 SD [95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.19, P &lt; .001] and in girls 0.07 SD [0.01 to 0.13, P &lt; .05]). The effect was most pronounced after exposure to macrolides before 6 months of age (boys 0.28 [0.11 to 0.46]; girls 0.23 [0.04 to 0.42]) or &gt;1 exposure (boys 0.20 [0.10 to 0.30]; girls 0.13 [0.03 to 0.22]).

CONCLUSIONS:
Antibiotic exposure before 6 months of age, or repeatedly during infancy, was associated with increased body mass in healthy children. Such effects may play a role in the worldwide childhood obesity epidemic and highlight the importance of judicious use of antibiotics during infancy, favoring narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
Copper Valence and Local Environment in Aluminophosphate Glass-Ceramics for Immobilization of High Level Waste from Uranium-Graphite Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing
Authors: Stefanovsky Sergey V. , Shiryaev Andrey A. , Remizov Michael B. , Belanova Elena A. , Kozlov Pavel A. , Myasoedov Boris F. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTCopper valence and environment in two sodium aluminophosphate glasses suggested for immobilization of HLW from reprocessing of spent fuel of uranium-graphite channel reactor (Russian AMB) were studied by XRD, SEM/EDX, XAFS and EPR. Target glass formulations contained ∼2.4-2.5 mol.% CuO. The quenched samples were predominantly amorphous. The annealed MgO free sample had higher degree of crystallinity than the annealed MgO-bearing sample but both them contained orthophosphate phases. Cu in the materials was partitioned in favor of the vitreous phase. In all the samples copper is present as major Cu2+ and minor Cu+ ions. Cu2+ ions form planar square complexes (CN=4) with a Cu2+-O distance of 1.93-1.95 Å. Two more ions are positioned at a distance of 2.76-2.86 Å from Cu2+ ions. So the Cu2+ environment looks like a strongly elongated octahedron as it also follows from the absence of the pre-edge peak due to 1s→3d transition in Cu K edge XANES spectra of the materials. Cu+ ions form two collinear bonds at Cu+-O distances of 1.80-1.85 Å. Thus average Cu coordination number (CN) in the first shell was found to be 2.7-3.0.
CARGA LIMITE DE PESO DA MOCHILA DE ESCOLARES
Authors: Bonvicine Cristiane , De Freitas Gabriele Alexandre 
Published: April 2015

Introdução: A saúde nas escolas tem sido cada vez mais evidenciada, a fim de evitar adultos com alterações posturais e dores musculoesqueléticas. A permanência na posição sentada e o uso inadequado do material escolar são algumas das causas de tais alterações. Programas de educação postural, orientações práticas e teóricas, e controle da carga do material escolar e modo de uso, são uma das possíveis prevenções para tais acometimentos. Objetivo: Avaliar a carga de peso limite de mochila escolar em relação ao peso corporal de alunas do Projeto Social Mundo Novo-IELAR de São José do Rio Preto. Casuística e Métodos: Esta pesquisa contou com um grupo de 10 adolescentes do sexo feminino. Realizou-se avaliação individual e aplicou-se a ferramenta ergonômica modificada do National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health para este estudo. Resultados: Verificou-se que, de acordo com o método modificado da National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, a carga carregada pelas alunas gera risco mínimo para alteração postural, e está de acordo com a porcentagem permitida em relação ao Índice de Massa Corpórea recomendado. Conclusão: A carga de peso limite de mochila escolar em relação ao peso corporal desse grupo de alunas está entre 10% a 15% do Índice de Massa Corpórea, condizente com os parâmetros recomendados. Sugere-se que a ferramenta National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health tenha adequações para aplicabilidade em escolares para este fim.
IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE FATORES DE RISCO PARA DOENÇAS CARDIOVASCULARES EM PROFISSIONAIS DA SAÚDE
Authors: Chaves Camila Dos Santos , Leitão Maria Paula Carvalho , Braga Junior Antonio Carlos Ricardo , Sirino Ana Carolina De Aguiar 
Published: April 2015

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares tornaram-se um grave e crescente problema de saúde pública no Brasil e para redução da sua incidência é fundamental o monitoramento dos fatores de risco. Objetivos: Avaliar o perfil nutricional e identificar fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs) em trabalhadores de um Centro Municipal Especializado em Reabilitação Física e Auditiva (CEMERF). Casuística e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, transversal, com 64 funcionários, idade média (38,03 ± 8 anos), inseridos no Centro Municipal Especializado em Reabilitação Física e Auditiva, em Vitória da Conquista, BA. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas dirigidas, com a aplicação de um questionário estruturado, sendo avaliados: características sociodemográficas, morbidades, dados antropométricos, nível de atividade física, antecedentes familiares, etilismo, tabagismo, estresse ocupacional e consumo alimentar. Utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado para a análise estatística (P ≤ 0,05). Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 65,6% mulheres e 34,4% homens. Observou-se excesso de peso em 54,7%, obesidade abdominal em 48,4% pelo critério da International Diabetes Federation (IDF) e em 31,2% de acordo o National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) com diferenças significativas entre os sexos, 29,7% estavam com valores elevados de razão cintura e quadril. A inatividade física esteve presente em 14,1%, o etilismo em 10,9% com diferença significativa entre os sexos, tabagismo em 4,7%, 50% da amostra apresentou indicadores de estresse ocupacional. As prevalências de morbidades foram de: 20,3% de hipertensão, 9,4% de dislipidemias e 4,7% de diabetes. Em relação aos hábitos alimentares, foi observada associação significativa entre a frequência do consumo de cereais integrais, vegetais e leguminosas, frutas e sucos naturais, açúcares e doces, com o estado nutricional dos funcionários. Conclusão: A população embora jovem apresenta prevalência de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares evidenciando a necessidade de estratégias de intervenção que incentivem a prática de hábitos alimentares saudáveis e modos saudáveis de estilo de vida.
Os direitos fundamentais na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976: a eficácia dos direitos de liberdade e dos direitos sociais
Authors: Amaral Karina 
Published: April 2015

Este artigo tem por escopo principal dispor a respeito da eficácia dos direitos fundamentais elencados na Constituição Portuguesa de 1976. Nesse intuito, buscaremos compreender o regime jurídico dos direitos
de liberdade e dos direitos sociais através da análise da sua configuração constitucional, seus principais aspectos, características e condicionamentos. Para tanto, analisaremos legislação e referências doutrinárias que se
remetam à elucidação da matéria dos direitos fundamentais.
Quem é o sujeito de direito? A construção científica de um conceito jurídico*
Authors: Cantisano Pedro Jimenez 
Published: April 2015

O artigo é fruto de pesquisa exploratória a respeito das práticas científicas que embasam pesquisas empíricas acerca de comportamentos juridicamente relevantes. A mais conhecida delas é a Análise Econômica do Direito, centrada em uma concepção de sujeito racional, maximizador do próprio bem-estar. Diante de pesquisas empíricas recentes, esta concepção se tornou alvo de duas correntes alternativas. O Behavioral Law and Economics é fruto de um revisionismo que se baseia em um sujeito limitado por fatores cognitivos. A Análise Biológica do Direito apresenta uma concepção de sujeito baseada em instintos primitivos, emoções e fatores evolucionários. Essas três práticas científicas em torno do Direito - originárias da Economia, da Psicologia e da Biologia - são apresentadas como
alternativas para como nós, juristas, podemos pensar o sujeito de direitos e obrigações cujo comportamento o Direito deve regular. O debate entre elas se baseia em argumentos metodológicos, centrados na tensão entre a precisão descritiva e a capacidade de previsão das teorias. Entretanto, é possível que o embate se dê em níveis mais complexos e, nesse sentido, esta pesquisa exploratória indica as bases para uma futura interpretação crítica das noções de sujeito apresentadas.