bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein kinase C regulates tonic GABAA receptor‐mediated inhibition in the hippocampus and thalamus
Authors: Bright Damian P. , Smart Trevor G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTonic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) is an important regulator of neuronal excitability. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PKC) provides a key mode of regulation for synaptic GABAARs underlying phasic inhibition; however, less attention has been focused on the plasticity of tonic inhibition and whether this can also be modulated by receptor phosphorylation. To address this issue, we used whole‐cell patch clamp recording in acute murine brain slices at both room and physiological temperatures to examine the effects of PKC‐mediated phosphorylation on tonic inhibition. Recordings from dentate gyrus granule cells in the hippocampus and dorsal lateral geniculate relay neurons in the thalamus demonstrated that PKC activation caused downregulation of tonic GABAAR‐mediated inhibition. Conversely, inhibition of PKC resulted in an increase in tonic GABAAR activity. These findings were corroborated by experiments on human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing recombinant α4β2δ GABAARs, which represent a key extrasynaptic GABAAR isoform in the hippocampus and thalamus. Using bath application of low GABA concentrations to mimic activation by ambient neurotransmitter, we demonstrated a similar inhibition of receptor function following PKC activation at physiological temperature. Live cell imaging revealed that this was correlated with a loss of cell surface GABAARs. The inhibitory effects of PKC activation on α4β2δ GABAAR activity appeared to be mediated by direct phosphorylation at a previously identified site on the β2 subunit, serine 410. These results indicate that PKC‐mediated phosphorylation can be an important physiological regulator of tonic GABAAR‐mediated inhibition.
Saccade and vergence eye movements: a review of motor and premotor commands
Authors: Coubard Olivier A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractNeuropsychology examines the relationship between cognitive activity and corresponding cerebral conditions. At one end, psychophysics meticulously describes the details of behavior. At the other, physiology records brain cell activity during cognitive tasks. Bridging the two, neuropsychology establishes the neural correlate of behaviour when correlation methods are used, and extends to the critical neural substrate when a causal relationship can be established. Here we revisit the Hering‐versus‐Helmholtz controversy on binocular coordination from the psychophysician's description of combined saccade‐vergence eye movements to the neurophysiological recording of motor and premotor neurons of the oculomotor neural circuitry. Whilst neo‐Heringian psychophysicians and physiologists have accumulated arguments for separate saccade and vergence systems, at both the behavioral and the neural premotor levels, neo‐Helmholtzians have also provided evidence for monocular programmed eye movements and commands at the premotor level. Bridging the two, we conclude that Hering and Helmholtz were both right. Importantly, the latter's viewpoint brings to the fore the importance of adaptive processes throughout life, in view of the neurobiological constraints emphasized by the former.
Distribution of dopamine transporter immunoreactive fibers in the human amygdaloid complex
Authors: García‐Amado María , Prensa Lucía 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe nuclei of the human amygdaloid complex can be distinguished from each other on the basis of their cytoarchitecture, chemistry and connections, all of which process the information needed for the different functions (ranging from attention to memory and emotion) of the amygdala. This complex receives dopaminergic input that exerts modulatory effects over its intrinsic network and is critical for reward‐related learning and fear conditioning. To determine the specific distribution of the dopaminergic input through the different nuclei and nuclear subdivisions of this structure we used stereological tools to quantify the fibers containing the dopamine transporter (used to signal the dopaminergic phenotype) in post‐mortem samples from control individuals. Dopaminergic axons targeted every nucleus of the amygdaloid complex, and the density of dopamine transporter‐containing axons varied considerably among its nuclear groups. The central group showed the greatest density of dopamine transporter‐positive fibers, more than double the density of the basolateral group, the second most densely innervated structure. The dopamine transporter‐positive innervation is very scant in the corticomedial group. The density of dopamine transporter‐positive fibers did not vary among the nuclei of the basolateral group – i.e. basal, lateral and accessory basal nuclei – although there were significant density gradients among the subdivisions of these nuclei. These detailed quantitative data on dopamine transporter‐positive innervation in the human amygdaloid complex can offer a useful reference in future studies aimed at analysing putative dysfunctions of this system in diseases involving brain dopamine, such as certain anxiety disorders, Parkinson′s disease and schizophrenia.
Glutamate neurons in the substantia nigra compacta and retrorubral field
Authors: Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Wang Hui‐Ling , Morales Marisela 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra compacta (SNC), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and retrorubral field (RRF) play a role in reward, motivation, learning, memory, and movement. These neurons are intermingled with GABAergic neurons. Recent evidence shows that the VTA contains glutamatergic neurons expressing vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGluT2); some of them co‐express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Here, we used a combination of radioactive in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry to explore whether any of the vesicular glutamate transporters [vesicular glutamate transporter type 1 (VGluT1), VGluT2, or vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (VGluT3)] were encoded by neurons in the SNC or RRF. We found expression of VGluT2 mRNA, but not of VGluT1 or VGluT3, in the SNC and RRF. These VGluT2 neurons rarely showed TH immunoreactivity. Within the SNC, the VGluT2 neurons were infrequently found at the rostral level, but were often seen at the medial and caudal levels intercalated in the mediolateral portion of the dorsal tier, at a ratio of one VGluT2 neuron per 4.4 TH neurons. At this level, VGluT2 neurons were also found in the adjacent substantia nigra reticulata and substantia nigra pars lateralis. Within the RRF, the VGluT2 neurons showed an increasing rostrocaudal gradient of distribution. The RRF proportion of VGluT2 neurons in relation to TH neurons was constant throughout the rostrocaudal levels, showing an average ratio of one VGluT2 neuron per 1.7 TH neurons. In summary, we provide evidence indicating that the SNC and RRF, which are traditionally considered to be dopaminergic areas, have neurons with the ability to participate in glutamate signaling.
Birds exploit herbivore‐induced plant volatiles to locate herbivorous prey
Authors: Amo Luisa , Jansen Jeroen J. , van Dam Nicole M. , Dicke Marcel , Visser Marcel E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractArthropod herbivory induces plant volatiles that can be used by natural enemies of the herbivores to find their prey. This has been studied mainly for arthropods that prey upon or parasitise herbivorous arthropods but rarely for insectivorous birds, one of the main groups of predators of herbivorous insects such as lepidopteran larvae. Here, we show that great tits (Parus major) discriminate between caterpillar‐infested and uninfested trees. Birds were attracted to infested trees, even when they could not see the larvae or their feeding damage. We furthermore show that infested and uninfested trees differ in volatile emissions and visual characteristics. Finally, we show, for the first time, that birds smell which tree is infested with their prey based on differences in volatile profiles emitted by infested and uninfested trees. Volatiles emitted by plants in response to herbivory by lepidopteran larvae thus not only attract predatory insects but also vertebrate predators.
Postural tachycardia syndrome following human papillomavirus vaccination
Authors: Blitshteyn S. 
Published: October 2013

Background and purposePostural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a heterogeneous disorder of the autonomic nervous system that may have an autoimmune etiology.MethodsSix patients who developed new onset POTS 6 days to 2 months following human papillomavirus vaccination are reported.ResultsThree patients also had neurocardiogenic syncope, and three patients were diagnosed with possible small fiber neuropathy. Symptoms in all patients improved over 3 years with pharmacotherapy and non‐pharmacological measures but residual symptoms persisted. Molecular mimicry with formation of cross‐reacting autoantibodies to the potential targets of the autonomic ganglia, neurons, cardiac proteins or vascular receptors is considered as a possible pathogenesis of new onset POTS after immunization.ConclusionCorrect diagnosis of POTS and awareness that POTS may occur after vaccination in young women is essential for prompt and effective management of this condition.
Insect morphology in the age of phylogenomics: innovative techniques and its future role in systematics
Authors: Friedrich Frank , Matsumura Yoko , Pohl Hans , Bai Ming , Hörnschemeyer Thomas , Beutel Rolf G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA brief account of the history of insect morphology is given. Different techniques and analytical methods used in current projects on insect morphology and phylogeny and their optimized combined application are described. These include fixation, dissection, maceration, histology (microtome sectioning), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), serial block‐face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM), focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), bleaching, micro‐computed tomography (μCT), computer‐based three‐dimensional reconstruction, focus stacking of digital images, geometric morphometrics and the storage of morphological metadata. The role of insect morphology in the “age of phylogenomics” is discussed.
Mandibular trabecular bone as fracture indicator in 80‐year‐old men and women
Authors: Hassani‐Nejad Azar , Ahlqwist Margareta , Hakeberg Magnus , Jonasson Grethe 
Published: October 2013

The objective of the present study was to compare assessments of the mandibular bone as fracture risk indicators for 277 men and women. The mandibular trabecular bone was evaluated in periapical radiographs, using a visual index, as dense, mixed dense and sparse, or sparse. Bone texture was analysed using a computer‐based method in which the number of transitions from trabeculae to intertrabecular spaces was calculated. The sum of the sizes and intensities of the spaces between the trabeculae was calculated using Jaw‐X software. Women had a statistically significantly greater number of fractures and a higher frequency of sparse mandibular bone. The OR for having suffered a fracture with visually sparse trabecular bone was highest for the male group (OR = 5.55) and lowest for the female group (OR = 3.35). For bone texture as an indicator of previous fracture, the OR was significant for the female group (OR = 2.61) but not for the male group, whereas the Jaw‐X calculations did not differentiate between fractured and non‐fractured groups. In conclusion, all bone‐quality assessments showed that women had a higher incidence of sparse trabecular bone than did men. Only the methods of visual assessment and trabecular texture were significantly correlated with previous bone fractures.
Dihydroavenanthramide D prevents UV‐irradiated generation of reactive oxygen species and expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 and ‐3 in human dermal fibroblasts
Authors: Kim Jeong‐Mi , Noh Eun‐Mi , Kwon Kang‐Beom , Hwang Bo‐Mi , Hwang Jin‐Ki , You Yong‐Ouk , Kim Min Seuk , Lee Wan , Lee Jeong‐Ho , Kim Hye‐Jung , Kim Jong‐Suk , Lee Young‐Rae 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUltraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces photoageing by upregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in human skin cells. Dihydroavenanthramide D (DHAvD) is a synthetic analog to naturally occurring avenanthramide, which is the active component in oats. Although anti‐inflammatory, anti‐atherosclerotic and antioxidant effects have been reported, the antiphotoageing effects of DHAvD are yet to be understood. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of DHAvD on UVB‐induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of MMPs, and its molecular mechanism in UVB‐irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. Western blot and real‐time PCR analyses revealed that DHAvD inhibited UVB‐induced MMP‐1 and MMP‐3 expression. It also significantly blocked UVB‐induced ROS generation in fibroblasts. Additionally, DHAvD attenuated UVB‐induced phosphorylation of MAPKs, activation of NF‐κB and AP‐1. DHAvD regulates UVB‐irradiated MMP expression by inhibiting ROS‐mediated MAPK/NF‐κB and AP‐1 activation. DHAvD may be a useful candidate for preventing UV light‐induced skin photoageing.
Movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in waters surrounding the Revillagigedo Islands Archipelago Biosphere Reserve, Mexico
Authors: Schaefer Kurt M. , Fuller Daniel W. , Aldana Gabriel 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, following capture and release with archival tags in the Revillagigedo Islands Archipelago Biosphere Reserve (RIABR), Mexico, are described from analyses of 16 578 days of time‐series data, downloaded from 52 archival tags recovered from yellowfin (78–173 cm in length and 1.7–8.0 yr of age) at liberty from 93 to 1773 days ( = 411 days), collected during 2006–2012. An unscented Kalman filter model with sea‐surface temperature measurements integrated (UKFsst) was used to process the archival tag data sets to obtain improved estimates of geographic positions, most probable tracks (MPTs), and movement parameters. The MPTs indicate restricted movements, low levels of dispersion, and fidelity of yellowfin tuna to the RIABR. The median parameter estimates from the UKFsst model for errors in longitude (σx) and latitude (σy) were 0.46° and 1.84°, respectively, for directed movements (u and v) –0.05 NM day−1 and –0.05 NM day−1, respectively, and for dispersive movement (D) 117.99 NM2 day−1. Analyses of daily timed depth and temperature records resulted in the classification of the data into four distinct behaviors. There are significant differences among ages in the durations of Type I and Type II diving behaviors and in the daytime and nighttime vertical habitat utilization distributions. The oceanography surrounding the RIABR appears to have a profound influence on the movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin in this area.
Fluid inclusions at different depths in theSanshandao gold deposit,JiaodongPeninsula,China
Authors: Hu F. F. , Fan H. R. , Jiang X. H. , Li X. C. , Yang K. F. , Mernagh T. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTheSanshandao gold deposit, located at northwestern edge of theJiaodongPeninsula, easternNorthChinaCraton, is one of the largest gold deposits in theJiaodong gold province. In the deposit, disseminated‐ and stockwork‐style ores are hosted inMesozoic granitoids. Mineralization and alteration are largely controlled by the regionalSanshandao–Cangshang fault. Sericite separated from alteration rocks in the mineralized zone yields an Rb–Sr isochron age of 117.6 ± 3.0 Ma. The ore‐forming fluids in theSanshandao gold deposit contain CO2‐H2O‐NaCl±CH4with low to intermediate temperatures and low salinities. Microthermometric analysis shows that homogenization temperatures gradually decrease from the early mineralizing stage (258–416°C) to main mineralizing stage (180–321°C) and to late mineralizing stage (112–231°C). Homogenization temperatures from the same mineralizing stage are nearly same and do not show an increase with depth. The nature of the ore‐forming fluids remains nearly the same over a 2000 m vertical depth interval.
Amylose‐lipid complex formation during extrusion cooking: effect of added lipid type and amylose level on corn‐based puffed snacks
Authors: Thachil Madonna T. , Chouksey Mithlesh K. , Gudipati Venkateshwarlu 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe effect of amylose‐lipid complex formation during extrusion was studied with respect to expansion characteristics and oxidative stability of the extrudates. Full factorial design was adopted to investigate the effects of variables, amylose (two levels, 25% and 45%), types of lipid (coconut oil, fish oil and MaxEPA) and levels of lipid (1.5% and 3%), on amylose‐lipid complex formation, expansion ratio, crispness, hardness and oxidative stability. Increased amylose content in feed mixture produced crispy extrudates with significantly higher (P < 0.05) amylose‐lipid complex formation, greater radial expansion, lower hardness and higher oxidative stability. Amylose‐lipid complex formation and its complimentary effect, that is, oxidative stability were significantly higher in extrudates incorporated with coconut oil compared to those with fish oil or MaxEPA. However, better physical properties viz. radial expansion, crispness and lesser hardness were displayed by extrudates added with MaxEPA followed by those with fish oil. Between these two, fish oil‐incorporated extrudates exhibited significantly higher oxidative stability compared to MaxEPA incorporated products. Thus, the study demonstrates the usefulness of amylose rich corn flour to make oxidatively stable fish oil‐incorporated extrudates with better expansion characteristics.
A novel HLA‐DRB1 allele, HLA‐DRB1*13:116, identified by sequencing‐based typing in a member of the Czech national marrow donor registry
Authors: Mrazek F. , Onderkova J. , Ambruzova Z. , Zachova S. , Petrek M. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryWe describe the identification of a novel HLA‐DRB1 allele, DRB1*13:116, in a member of the Czech National Marrow Donor Registry. The novel allele differs from the known DRB1*13:17 variant by a nucleotide exchange at position 227 (T/A) of the coding HLA‐DRB1 sequence, which causes an amino acid substitution (Phe47Tyr) in the HLA‐DR beta 1 chain.
Heterosubtypic cross‐protection induced by whole inactivated influenza virus vaccine in mice: influence of the route of vaccine administration
Authors: Budimir Natalija , de Haan Aalzen , Meijerhof Tjarko , Gostick Emma , Price David A. , Huckriede Anke , Wilschut Jan 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundDevelopment of influenza vaccines capable of inducing broad protection against different virus subtypes is necessary given the ever‐changing viral genetic landscape. Previously, we showed that vaccination with whole inactivated virus (WIV) induces heterosubtypic protection against lethal virus infection in mice. Whole inactivated virus‐induced cross‐protection was found to be mediated primarily by flu‐specific CD8+ T cells.ObjectivesAs it has been demonstrated that the route of vaccine administration strongly influences both the quantity and quality of vaccine‐induced immunity, in this study, we determined which route of WIV administration induces optimal heterosubtypic cross‐protection.MethodsWe compared the magnitude of the immune response and heterosubtypic protection against lethal A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) infection after subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and intranasal (IN) vaccination with A/NIBRG‐14 (H5N1) WIV.ResultsSubcutaneous and IM administration was superior to IN administration of influenza WIV in terms of flu‐specific CD8+ T‐cell induction and protection of mice against lethal heterosubtypic challenge. Surprisingly, despite the very low flu‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses detected in IN‐vaccinated mice, these animals were partially protected, most likely due to cross‐reactive IgA antibodies.ConclusionThe results of this study show that the magnitude of WIV‐induced flu‐specific CD8+ T‐cell activity depends on the applied vaccination route. We conclude that parenteral administration of WIV vaccine, in particular IM injection, is superior to IN vaccine delivery for the induction of heterosubtypic cross‐protection and generally appears to elicit stronger immune responses than mucosal vaccination with WIV.
Turbellarian assemblages in freshwater lagoons in southern Brazil
Authors: Braccini João Alberto Leão , Leal‐Zanchet Ana Maria 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTurbellarians, which typically feed on bacteria, algae, rotifers, oligochaetes, dipteran larvae, microcrustaceans, and other organisms, are abundant in diverse types of wetlands. Despite their importance, abundance, and species richness in freshwater environments, turbellarians are seldom considered in studies on biodiversity. We analyzed the structure of turbellarian communities in shore areas of three categories of permanent wetlands classified according to their perimeter as small, intermediate, and large during an annual cycle. In total, 1847 turbellarians were collected representing 42 species and 15 genera, from the orders Catenulida, Macrostomida, Lecithoepitheliata, Rhabdocoela, and Tricladida. Sixteen species were common to the three categories of wetlands, whereas nineteen species were unique to a particular category. Species composition varied among wetlands of different sizes; small, intermediate, and large wetlands had different dominant species. We found seasonal differences in community composition over the year, but no significant differences in mean values of observed species richness among wetlands with different sizes and among seasonal samples. The estimated species richness was, however, higher in the small wetlands, followed by the large and intermediate wetlands. In the summer, abundance was significantly lower in the small water bodies than in the intermediate and large bodies of water. Our results reinforce the need for conservation of wetlands of different sizes.
A novel iron transporter in Streptococcus iniae
Authors: Wang J , Zou L L , Li A X 
Published: October 2013

AbstractStreptococcus iniae is a major pathogen that results in considerable economic loss to fish farms. Restricted availability of iron is a huge obstacle to survival for pathogenic bacteria during infection, and iron acquisition is important in bacterial virulence. In this study, S. iniae HD‐1 was shown not to produce siderophores (low‐molecular‐weight compounds) but rather to require iron‐containing proteins for growth under iron‐restricted conditions. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐binding‐cassette (ABC) transporter system (ftsABCD), which is cotranscribed by four downstream genes, namely, ftsA, ftsB, ftsC and ftsD, was identified as responsible for haem utilization of S. iniae. Analysis of the corresponding recombinant protein, FtsB, indicated that it is a putative lipoprotein which plays a role in haem utilization and is produced in vivo during infection with S. iniae HD‐1, and therefore may be a potential candidate antigen for a streptococcal vaccine.