bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is it time to replace the Wada test and put awake craniotomy to sleep?
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C. , Rezaie Roozbeh , Narayana Shalini , Choudhri Asim F. , Wheless James W. , Castillo Eduardo M. , Baumgartner James E. , Boop Frederick A. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe question we address here is whether the invasive presurgical brain mapping approaches of direct cortical stimulation and of the Wada procedure can be replaced by noninvasive functional neuroimaging methods (functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI], magnetoencephalography [MEG], transcranial magnetic stimulation and [TMS]). First, we outline the reasons for contemplating such a replacement. Second, we present evidence to the effect that the efficacy of the invasive and noninvasive methods, while suboptimal, is comparable. Third, we discuss additional advantages of noninvasive presurgical brain mapping and conclude that there are no longer compelling reasons for opting for invasive mapping in many if not most cases provided that the non‐invasive methods are available.A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Workshop on Neurobiology of Epilepsy appraisal: New systemic imaging technologies to study the brain in experimental models of epilepsy
Authors: Dedeurwaerdere Stefanie , Shultz Sandy R. , Federico Paolo , Engel Jerome 
Published: May 2014

SummaryModern functional neuroimaging provides opportunities to visualize activity of the entire brain, making it an indispensable diagnostic tool for epilepsy. Various forms of noninvasive functional neuroimaging are now also being performed as research tools in animal models of epilepsy and provide opportunities for parallel animal/human investigations into fundamental mechanisms of epilepsy and identification of epilepsy biomarkers. Recent animal studies of epilepsy using positron emission tomography, tractography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging were reviewed. Epilepsy is an abnormal emergent property of disturbances in neuronal networks which, even for epilepsies characterized by focal seizures, involve widely distributed systems, often in both hemispheres. Functional neuroimaging in animal models now provides opportunities to examine neuronal disturbances in the whole brain that underlie generalized and focal seizure generation as well as various types of epileptogenesis. Tremendous advances in understanding the contribution of specific properties of widely distributed neuronal networks to both normal and abnormal human behavior have been provided by current functional neuroimaging methodologies. Successful application of functional neuroimaging of the whole brain in the animal laboratory now permits investigations during epileptogenesis and correlation with deep brain electroencephalography (EEG) activity. With the continuing development of these techniques and analytical methods, the potential for future translational research on epilepsy is enormous.A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here
Epilepsy and outcome in FOXG1‐related disorders
Authors: Seltzer Laurie E. , Ma Mandy , Ahmed Sohnee , Bertrand Mary , Dobyns William B. , Wheless James , Paciorkowski Alex R. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryObjectiveFOXG1‐related disorders are associated with severe intellectual disability, absent speech with autistic features, and epilepsy. Children with deletions or intragenic mutations of FOXG1 also have postnatal microcephaly, morphologic abnormalities of the corpus callosum, and choreiform movements. Duplications of 14q12 often present with infantile spasms, and have subsequent intellectual disability with autistic features. Long‐term epilepsy outcome and response to treatment have not been studied systematically in a well‐described cohort of subjects with FOXG1‐related disorders. We report on the epilepsy features and developmental outcome of 23 new subjects with deletions or intragenic mutations of FOXG1, and 7 subjects with duplications.MethodsSubjects had either chromosomal microarray or FOXG1 gene sequencing performed as part of routine clinical care. Development and epilepsy follow‐up data were collected from medical records from treating neurologists and through telephone parental interviews using standardized questionnaires.ResultsEpilepsy was diagnosed in 87% of the subjects with FOXG1‐related disorders. The mean age of epilepsy diagnosis in FOXG1 duplications was significantly younger than those with deletions/intragenic mutations (p = 0.0002). All of the duplication FOXG1 children with infantile spasms responded to hormonal therapy, and only one required long‐term antiepileptic therapy. In contrast, more children with deletions/intragenic mutations required antiepileptic drugs on follow‐up (p < 0.0005). All subjects with FOXG1‐related disorders had neurodevelopmental disabilities after 3 years of age, regardless of the epilepsy type or intractability of seizures. All had impaired verbal language and social contact, and three duplication subjects were formally diagnosed with autism. Subjects with deletion/intragenic mutations, however, had significantly worse ambulation (p = 0.04) and functional hand use (p < 0.0005).SignificanceEpilepsy and developmental outcome characteristics allow clinicians to distinguish among the FOXG1‐related disorders. Further genotype–phenotype studies of FOXG1 may help to elucidate why children develop different forms of developmental epilepsy.A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here
Local and Global Geographies of Innovation: Structures, Processes, and Geographical Contexts from a Firm Perspective
Authors: Rusten Grete , Overå Ragnhild 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper introduces a special issue addressing the relationship between innovations and geographical contexts. The content, role, and sourcing of knowledge and how this relates to production systems and particular innovation projects is addressed. It includes a discussion about how firm strategies and organizational arrangements such as sourcing strategies, brokering arrangements, and project bundling effects the position of clusters as a knowledge source. Part of this discussion refers to the content of the three papers that follows.
Comparison of microbial communities between normal and swollen canned soy sauces using nested PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, HPLC and plate techniques
Authors: Cheng Lili , Lin Weifeng , Li Pan , Huang Jianfei , Luo Lixin 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe microbial community of normal and swollen canned soy sauce was investigated using molecular biological method. The PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles showed that four lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including Lactobacillus acidipiscis, L. pobuzihii, L. piscium and another Lactobacillus sp., were involved in the swollen canned samples. Plate technique showed that three diverse species of Bacillus (B. subtilis, B. oleronius and B. flexus) were present in the swollen canned samples. However, much less bacterial contaminants were detected in the normal samples. According to the HPLC analysis, the lactic acid concentrations of the swollen canned samples were significantly higher than those in the normal samples. These results indicated that LAB can play a key role in contributing to the acidisation of the swollen canned soy sauce products. Our results confirmed the existence of Bacillus sp. and LAB in the packaged fermented soy sauce.
Expression and function of endothelial selectins during human development
Authors: Auvinen Kaisa , Jalkanen Sirpa , Salmi Marko 
Published: May 2014

SummaryLeucocyte trafficking is vital for the immune defence. In adults, early tethering and rolling interactions between leucocytes and endothelial cells are mediated by P‐, E‐ and L‐selectins and their ligands. In contrast, the role of selectins in migration of mononuclear cells during fetal development in humans remains unknown. We studied the functions of endothelial E‐ and P‐selectins and their counter‐receptors during human ontogeny. Immunohistochemical stainings showed that P‐selectin is expressed in megakaryocytes and endothelial cells starting from gestational weeks 7 and 11, respectively. Endothelial E‐selectin appeared latest, at week 32. Real‐time imaging using in vitro flow chamber assays showed that cord blood mononuclear leucocytes used E‐, P‐ and L‐selectin and PSGL‐1 to roll on and adhere to endothelium under physiological shear stress. These data show that selectins are synthesized and functional before birth in humans and have the potential to mediate the emigration of mononuclear cells and inflammatory responses.
Therapeutic activity of an interleukin‐4/interleukin‐13 dual antagonist on oxazolone‐induced colitis in mice
Authors: Kasaian Marion T. , Page Karen M. , Fish Susan , Brennan Agnes , Cook Timothy A. , Moreira Karen , Zhang Melvin , Jesson Michael , Marquette Kimberly , Agostinelli Rita , Lee Julie , Williams Cara M. M. , Tchistiakova Lioudmila , Thakker Paresh 
Published: May 2014

SummaryInterleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐13 are critical drivers of immune activation and inflammation in ulcerative colitis, asthma and other diseases. Because these cytokines may have redundant function, dual targeting holds promise for achieving greater efficacy. We have recently described a bifunctional therapeutic targeting IL‐4 and IL‐13 developed on a novel protein scaffold, generated by combining specific binding domains in an optimal configuration using appropriate linker regions. In the current study, the bifunctional IL‐4/IL‐13 antagonist was evaluated in the murine oxazolone‐induced colitis model, which produces disease with features of ulcerative colitis. The bifunctional IL‐4/IL‐13 antagonist reduced body weight loss throughout the 7‐day course of the model, and ameliorated the increased colon weight and decreased colon length that accompany disease. Colon tissue gene expression was modulated in accordance with the treatment effect. Concentrations of serum amyloid P were elevated in proportion to disease severity, making it an effective biomarker. Serum concentrations of the bifunctional IL‐4/IL‐13 antagonist were inversely proportional to disease severity, colon tissue expression of pro‐inflammatory genes, and serum amyloid P concentration. Taken together, these results define a panel of biomarkers signifying engagement of the IL‐4/IL‐13 pathway, confirm the T helper type 2 nature of disease in this model, and demonstrate the effectiveness of dual cytokine blockade.
Are the Discounts in Seasoned Equity Offers Due to Inelastic Demand?
Authors: Armitage Seth , Dionysiou Dionysia , Gonzalez Angelica 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the large and diverse discounts in UK open offers and placings. Large discounts are a substantial cost to shareholders who do not buy new shares. The existing literature mainly examines US firm‐commitment offers and private placements. The institutional setting differs in the UK, in ways that make the theory of inelastic demand for shares more important as an explanation for discounts than in the US. The paper finds that inelastic demand, or illiquidity of the issuer's shares, and financial distress, are key determinants of the discount. We expect these results to apply to other stock markets.
Glycated hemoglobin for the diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes: Diagnostic impact on obese and lean subjects, and phenotypic characterization
Authors: Incani Michela , Sentinelli Federica , Perra Laura , Pani Maria Grazia , Porcu Marta , Lenzi Andrea , Cavallo Maria Gisella , Cossu Efisio , Leonetti Frida , Baroni Marco Giorgio 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAims/IntroductionMeasurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been recommended for the diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes. However, epidemiological studies have shown significant discordance between HbA1c and glucose‐based tests. Of the factors that could influence agreement between HbA1c and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), bodyweight has not been fully evaluated. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the impact of HbA1c criteria to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes compared with OGTT, and to examine HbA1c in relation to body mass index.Materials and MethodsTwo cohorts were studied, one from an obesity clinic (n = 592) and one from subjects undergoing screening for diabetes (n = 462). All underwent OGTT and HbA1c measurement.ResultsIn the obese cohort, HbA1c ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol) showed a sensitivity of 69.3% for diabetes, whereas HbA1c 5.7–6.4% (39–46 mmol/mol) did not identify prediabetes well (sensitivity 39.1%). In the diabetes screening cohort, HbA1c had low sensitivities for both diabetes (39.2%) and prediabetes (53.3%). When participants were stratified according to body mass index class I–III, HbA1c agreement with the OGTT for diabetes was much higher (80%, P < 0.005) in class I obesity compared with class II–III obesity; whereas for prediabetes, HbA1c had a low sensitivity in all obesity classes.ConclusionsThe agreement between HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and 2‐h glucose post‐OGTT for the diagnosis of prediabetes was poor in our Italian population; whereas HbA1c ≥6.5% showed a relatively good agreement with OGTT for the diagnosis of diabetes. For the first time, we have shown that obesity class influences the diagnostic performance of HbA1c.
Morphological and Molecular Characterization of a New Species of Stephanopogon, Stephanopogon pattersoni n. sp.
Authors: Lee Won Je , Miller Kai , Simpson Alastair G.B. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTStephanopogon is a taxon of multiciliated protists that is now known to belong to Heterolobosea. Small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) phylogenies indicate that Stephanopogon is closely related to or descended from Percolomonas, a small tetraflagellate with a different feeding structure, thus these morphologically dissimilar taxa are of ongoing evolutionary interest. A new strain of Stephanopogon, KM041, was cultured, then characterized by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and SSU rDNA sequencing. KM041 is 18–35 μm (mean 26.8 μm) long, with six main ventral ciliary rows, one ventro‐lateral ciliary row, and three anterior barbs. It closely resembles Stephanopogon minuta Lei et al. in morphology, and is very closely related to an extinct culture “S. aff. minuta”, yet is markedly dissimilar in SSU rDNA sequence from a different isolate identified as S. minuta. This confirms that there are at least two distinct lineages of S. minuta‐like cells, and we describe KM041 as a new species, Stephanopogon pattersoni n. sp. The ultrastructure of KM041 resembles that of previously studied Stephanopogon species, though it has a novel paraxonemal structure in a few cilia. We note that a sub‐basal‐body pad and bulbous axosome are unlikely to be apomorphies for the Stephanopogon–Percolomonas clade.
Flood frequency analyses, statistical trends and seasonality analyses of discharge data: a case study of theLitija station on theSavaRiver
Authors: Bezak N. , Brilly M. , Šraj M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe identification of statistical trends and seasonality is significant for understanding current global climate change. In this study, discharge data from theLitija gauging station on theSavaRiver were used to perform flood frequency and seasonality analyses and identify trends. A linear regression analysis and aMann–Kendall (MK) test were performed to identify trends in differently defined samples, namely, annual maximum (AM) samples and peaks over threshold (POT) samples. Two types of discharge data series [discharge data with included local maxima (QM) and discharge data without local maxima (QD)] were considered. In the flood frequency analyses, the use of three‐parameter distributions produced better test statistics than the use of distribution functions with two parameters. A statistically significant decreasing trend was detected in the mean monthly discharge values; however, the magnitudes of extreme events increased for the Litija station. The results of the study showed that the identified trends and their statistical significance depended on how the samples were defined.
Life Cycle Assessment of ICT
Authors: Malmodin Jens , Lundén Dag , Moberg Åsa , Andersson Greger , Nilsson Mikael 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe use of information and communication technology (ICT) is growing throughout society, and new products and solutions are developed at an increasing rate. To enable environmental assessment of specific ICT products and other products that rely on ICT in some way, a more complete, detailed, and up‐to‐date study based on real measurements is needed. To date, similar studies have not been readily available or fully comprehensive. This study assessed the overall operational electricity use and life‐cycle–based carbon footprint (CF) relating to ICT in Sweden, including activities not commonly addressed previously, such as shared data transport networks and data centers and manufacturing of network infrastructure. Specific, detailed inventory data are presented and used for assessment of the Internet Protocol core network, data transmission, operator activities, and access network. These specific data, in combination with secondary, more generic data for end‐user equipment, allow a comprehensive overall assessment. The majority of the ICT network CF is the result of end‐user equipment, mainly personal computers, followed by third‐party enterprise networks and data centers and then access networks. The parts closest to the user proved to be clearly responsible for the majority of the impact. The results are presented for Swedish ICT networks and for ICT networks in general based on a global average electricity mix.
Use of cysteine‐reactive cross‐linkers to probe conformational flexibility of human DJ‐1 demonstrates that Glu18 mutations are dimers
Authors: Prahlad Janani , Hauser David N. , Milkovic Nicole M. , Cookson Mark R. , Wilson Mark A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe oxidation of a key cysteine residue (Cys106) in the parkinsonism‐associated protein DJ‐1 regulates its ability to protect against oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Cys106 interacts with a neighboring protonated Glu18 residue, stabilizing the Cys106‐SO2− (sulfinic acid) form of DJ‐1. To study this important post‐translational modification, we previously designed several Glu18 mutations (E18N, E18D, E18Q) that alter the oxidative propensity of Cys106. However, recent results suggest these Glu18 mutations cause loss of DJ‐1 dimerization, which would severely compromise the protein's function. The purpose of this study was to conclusively determine the oligomerization state of these mutants using X‐ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, thermal stability analysis, circular dichroism spectroscopy, sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, and cross‐linking. We found that all of the Glu18 DJ‐1 mutants were dimeric. Thiol cross‐linking indicates that these mutant dimers are more flexible than the wild‐type protein and can form multiple cross‐linked dimeric species due to the transient exposure of cysteine residues that are inaccessible in the wild‐type protein. The enhanced flexibility of Glu18 DJ‐1 mutants provides a parsimonious explanation for their lower observed cross‐linking efficiency in cells. In addition, thiol cross‐linkers may have an underappreciated value as qualitative probes of protein conformational flexibility.image
DJ‐1 is a homodimeric protein that protects cells against oxidative stress. Designed mutations that influence the regulatory oxidation of a key cysteine residue have recently been proposed to disrupt DJ‐1 dimerization. We use cysteine cross‐linking and various biophysical techniques to show that these DJ‐1 mutants form dimers with increased conformational flexibility.
Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels are elevated and associated with complications in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Theilade S. , Lyngbæk S. , Hansen T. W. , Eugen‐Olsen J. , Fenger M. , Rossing P. , Jeppesen J. L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectivesSoluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a marker of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. We investigated the associations between suPAR and diabetes, including diabetes duration and complications, in patients with type 1 diabetes.Design, setting and subjectsFrom 2009 to 2011, 667 patients with type 1 diabetes and 51 nondiabetic control subjects were included in a cross‐sectional study at Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark. suPAR levels were measured with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Main outcome measuresThe investigated diabetic complications were cardiovascular disease (CVD: previous myocardial infarction, revascularisation, peripheral arterial disease and stroke), autonomic dysfunction (heart rate variability during deep breathing <11 beats min−1), albuminuria [urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) ≥30 mg/24 h] or a high degree of arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity ≥10 m s−1). Analyses were adjusted for gender, age, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, UAER, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, body mass index, C‐reactive protein, antihypertensive treatment and smoking.ResultsSoluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels were lower in control subjects versus all patients, in control subjects versus normoalbuminuric patients (UAER <30 mg/24 h), in normoalbuminuric patients with short (<10 years) versus long diabetes duration and were increased with degree of albuminuria (adjusted P < 0.001 for all). Furthermore, suPAR levels were higher in patients with versus without CVD (n = 144; 21.3%), autonomic dysfunction (n = 369; 59.2%), albuminuria (n = 357; 53.1%) and a high degree of arterial stiffness (n = 298; 47.2%) (adjusted P ≤ 0.024). The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) values per 1 ln unit increase in suPAR were as follows: 2.5 (1.1–5.7) for CVD: 2.7 (1.2–6.2) for autonomic dysfunction; 3.8 (1.3–10.9) for albuminuria and 2.5 (1.1–6.1) for a high degree of arterial stiffness (P ≤ 0.039).ConclusionThe suPAR level is higher in patients with type 1 diabetes and is associated with diabetes duration and complications independent of other risk factors. suPAR is a potential novel risk marker for the management of diabetes.