bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Violence of Pacification: State Formation and Bandits in Turkey, 1914–1937
Authors: Üngör Uğur Ümit 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article discusses the changing relationship between Kurdish bandits and the Ottoman and Turkish states. Considerable research has been conducted on the impact of state formation on the establishment and maintenance of a monopoly of violence. But little is known about the state's use of outlaws for various security tasks. I address this hiatus and focus on the ebb and flow of Kurdish chieftains' relations to the state. Although these states followed consistent policies of disarmament and pacification, in periods of crisis, such as war, this changed as they tried to use the outlaws for their own purposes. I draw on previously untapped Ottoman and Western sources to portray the experience of one group of Kurdish tribal outlaws who found themselves at times diametrically opposed to the state, but in other times in accord with it.
Selling France to the French: The French Zone of Occupation in Western Germany, 1945–c.1955
Authors: ADLER K. H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article contributes to the literature of occupation, as well as to transnational history, by exploring the social history of the military government in the French Zone of Occupation in West Germany (ZFO). It uses the Zone as a case study to understand the construction of a French community abroad by looking at systems of buying and selling, and asks whether these systems were not in themselves constitutive of the very transformation of members of the military government into a ‘French community’. By investigating the insistence that French customers buy French goods at the économat, the shop restricted to their use, the article claims that gender, family and commercial practice helped to define home for members of the French administration in Germany.
‘I Terroni in Città’: Revisiting Southern Migrants’ Militancy in Turin's ‘Hot Autumn’
Authors: PIZZOLATO NICOLA 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article proposes a revision of the predominant view of southern Italians during the ‘Hot Autumn’ of 1969 in Turin, one of the most remarkable moments of working-class mobilisation in modern European history. The representation of southern Italians as ‘primitive rebels’ and ‘spontaneous’ radicals has its roots in an earlier notion of southerners as social deviants and has obscured a much more complex historical reality. This image, endorsed by historians and popularised in fictional accounts, contradicts contemporary evidence which points to southerners’ singular mix of radicalism and conservatism, resistance and integration.
Monoenergetic high‐energy electron precipitation in thin auroral filaments
Authors: Dahlgren H. , Ivchenko N. , Lanchester B. S. 
Published: September 2012

The energy distribution of the electron precipitation responsible for extremely narrow (70 m) and dynamic auroral filaments is found to be sharply peaked at around 8 keV. The events were captured with high resolution low‐light optical imagers located near Tromsø, Norway. The method uses imaging in two emissions which have different energy dependent responses to auroral electron precipitation. The key feature of the events was that no difference in the altitude of the two emissions was detected, nor any time‐of‐flight dispersion, thus leading to the conclusion that the filaments were caused by monoenergetic precipitation. Comparisons with an electron transport and ion chemistry model show that the high energy filaments were embedded in a region of lower energy precipitation of about 4 keV. There is currently no consistent theory to explain the characteristics of the observed auroral structures.
Magma mobilization by downward‐propagating decompression of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic plumbing system
Authors: Tarasewicz Jon , White Robert S. , Woods Andrew W. , Brandsdóttir Bryndís , Gudmundsson Magnús T. 
Published: September 2012

Detailed observations of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions in Iceland show seismic activity propagating vertically through the entire crust during a ten‐week period of volcanic unrest comprising multiple eruption episodes. Systematic changes in magma chemistry suggest a complex magmatic plumbing system, tapping several accumulation zones at different depths containing magma of differing ages and compositions. During the eruption, a systematic downward propagation of seismicity through the crust and into the upper mantle to ∼30 km depth occurred in a series of steps, each of which preceded an explosive surge in eruption rate. Here we show that the sequence of seismicity and eruptive activity may be explained by the downward propagation of a decompression wave that triggers magma release from progressively deeper sills in the crust. Comparing observations of the downward‐propagating seismicity with the decompression of a series of model elastic sills suggests that each sill was 1–10 km3 in size.
Characteristics of unconnected upward leaders initiated from tall structures observed in Guangzhou
Authors: Lu Weitao , Chen Luwen , Zhang Yang , Ma Ying , Gao Yan , Yin Qiyuan , Chen Shaodong , Huang Zhihui , Zhang Yijun 
Published: September 2012

Forty‐five unconnected upward leaders (UULs) occurred in 19 downward negative flashes are analyzed. Each observed UUL is initiated by a downward stepped leader before a new strike point is struck. For each UUL, several parameters are determined when possible mainly by using high‐speed images: inception height, inception time prior to return stroke (RS), horizontal distance from the flash's strike point, two‐dimensional (2D) distance between the nearest downward leader branch tip and the UUL's inception point at its inception time, 2D length, and 2D average propagation velocity. Their values range from 40 to 503 m (number of samples: 45), <0.1 to 1.32 ms (38), 20 m to 1.3 km (38), 99 to 578 m (21), 0.48 to 399 m (45), and 5.79 to 33.8 × 104 m s−1 (22), respectively. 86% (19/22) of the velocities are smaller than 1.7 × 105 m s−1. No UUL with an inception time prior to RS greater than 0.5 ms is initiated from a structure lower than 300 m. Those UULs with inception heights lower than 300 m seldom exhibit lengths longer than 50 m and only can be initiated by flashes within approximately 600 m, while those higher than 400 m can even reach several hundred meters and be initiated by flashes over 1 km away. The maximum distances for the downward leaders to attract the UULs with inception heights from 100 to 200 m, 200 to 300 m, and over 400 m are approximately 350 m, 450 m, and 600 m, respectively.
Semantic Convergence in Spanish–English Bilingual Children With Primary Language Impairment
Authors: Sheng Li , Bedore Lisa M. , Peña Elizabeth D. , Taliancich-Klinger Casey 
Published: September 2012

Purpose
To examine the degree of convergence in word association responses produced by bilingual children with primary language impairment (PLI) in relation to bilingual age peers.

Method
Thirty-seven Spanish–English bilingual children with PLI, 37 typically developing (TD) controls, and a normative sample of 112 children produced associations to 24 English and Spanish words. The 5 most frequent responses for each stimulus were identified for the normative sample; then the frequency of occurrence of these frequent normative responses was tabulated and compared between the PLI and TD groups.

Results
Children with PLI generated fewer frequent normative responses than their TD peers. Spearman rank correlations revealed that the rank frequency of responses in the normative group was significantly correlated with that of the TD and PLI groups; however, in English, the correlation was stronger for the TD cohort. Cross-language associations were also revealed in the generation of frequent norming responses.

Conclusions
Semantic convergence is determined by multiple factors. Reduced production of frequent normative responses and weakened correlation with group association behavior in English suggest that children with PLI were delayed in converging on a central core of semantic knowledge that is characteristic of bilingual children with typical language skills.
Identifiable but Not Identical: Combining Social Identity and Uniqueness Motives in Choice
Authors: Chan Cindy , Berger Jonah , Van Boven Leaf 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
How do consumers reconcile conflicting motives for social group identification and individual uniqueness? Four studies demonstrate that consumers simultaneously pursue assimilation and differentiation goals on different dimensions of a single choice: they assimilate to their group on one dimension (by conforming on identity-signaling attributes such as brand) while differentiating on another dimension (distinguishing themselves on uniqueness attributes such as color). Desires to communicate social identity lead consumers to conform on choice dimensions that are strongly associated with their group, particularly in identity-relevant consumer categories such as clothing. Higher needs for uniqueness lead consumers to differentiate within groups by choosing less popular options among those that are associated with their group. By examining both between- and within-group levels of comparison and using multidimensional decisions, this research provides insight into how multiple identity motives jointly influence consumer choice.
Community and Public Mental Health Services in the United States: History and Programs
Authors: Everett Anita , Lee Su Yeon 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCommunity behavioral health organizations (CBHOs) are the foundation of mental health service delivery in the United States for the more than 45 million adults aged eighteen or older with a mental disorder. This chapter discusses the vital role CBHOs play in providing both therapeutic and rehabilitative services to some of the nation's most vulnerable citizens. It outlines the origins of CBHOs within the publicly funded health care system in the United States, provides examples of available programs and services, and delineates the range of challenges faced by contemporary CBHOs as they strive to meet the needs of people with serious mental illnesses.
Pathways to Care: Need, Attitudes, Barriers
Authors: Mojtabai Ramin , Eaton William W. , Maulik Pallab K. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines pathways to the service system and the effects of stigma on both access to and utilization of mental health services. It first presents an overview of the process of seeking mental health treatment in community-based settings and briefly discusses stigma and financial barriers to mental health care. It then explores some of the most significant public health campaigns targeting the stigma associated with mental illness and treatment seeking. Finally, it examines a range of policy initiatives that have sought to eliminate or reduce financial barriers that stand between treatment need and treatment receipt.
Independence and Impartiality
Authors: Côté Luc 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter reflects, from both a theoretical and a legal angle, on the independence and impartiality of international prosecutors. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 analyses the de jure independence of the prosecutor. Section 3 looks at issues related to prosecutors' impartiality. Finally, Section 4 offers a case study of de facto independence and impartiality of international prosecutors looking beyond the statutes; it presents a tour of the different international criminal tribunals to illustrate how prosecutorial independence and impartiality is limited and often undermined by states' interests which do not always coincide with the interest of justice.
Indictments
Authors: Locke Jeffrey 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 examines several of the more complex issues facing prosecutors in the indictment process from Nuremberg to the present. Section 3 discusses the legal requirements of the indictment and includes a discussion of the standard of proof, legal sufficiency, and specificity. It considers issues on which tribunals have diverged, such as cumulative charging. It also outlines differences that have emerged in the development of co-perpetration — notably joint criminal enterprise — as a mode of liability. Section 4 discusses the indictment process and includes a discussion on the issuing of the indictment, the role of supporting documentation when the indictment is issued, and the process surrounding the confirmation of the indictment. It also looks at amending indictments, defective indictments, and how to cure defective indictments.
Regaining Control? Capital Controls and the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Gallagher Kevin P. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Global Financial Crisis has triggered a transformation in thinking and practice regarding the role of government in managing international capital flows. This chapter traces and evaluates the reemergence of capital controls as legitimate tools to promote financial stability. Whereas capital controls were seen as orthodox in the neoliberal era that began in the late 1970s, there is now an emerging consensus that capital controls can play a legitimate role in promoting financial stability. From 2009 to early 2011, a number of developing nations resorted to capital controls to halt the appreciation of their currencies, and to pursue independent monetary policies to cool asset bubbles and inflation. This chapter evaluates he effectiveness of these controls is conducted for the cases of Brazil, South Korea, and Taiwan. This analysis suggests that Brazil and Taiwan have been relatively successful in deploying controls, though South Korea’s success has been more modest. The fact that capital controls continue to yield positive results is truly remarkable given the fact that there has been little (or contrary) support for global coordination, and that many nations lack the necessary institutions for effective policies. The chapter concludes by pointing to the need for more concerted global and national efforts to manage global capital flows for stability and growth.
EFFICIENCY IN BELLO AND AD BELLUM: MAKING THE USE OF FORCE TOO EASY?
Authors: Anderson Kenneth 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on an argument over targeted killing using drones. The bare-bones argument is the following: Targeted killing using drone warfare is immoral because, by removing the personal risk to those carrying out these operations, the drone-wielding actor has no, or much reduced, disincentives against using force. Using force when your own people are not at risk in the operation makes using force ‘too easy’ an option. The chapter is organized as follows. First, it sets out several key factual assumptions about drone warfare, precision targeting, and civilian collateral damage. These assumptions are set against a background discussion of the nature of the drone campaign and targeted killing as currently conducted by the United States. Second, it sets out the form of the argument that will be critiqued in its most plausible but also most sophisticated and interesting conceptual form. Third, the chapter critiques the web of conceptual assumptions that underlie the very idea that there is a coherent way to talk about drones making war ‘too easy’ — which is to say, some notion of an ‘efficient’ level of war that could make sense of saying that it is either ‘too easy’ or ‘too hard’. Fourth, assuming that the critique offered of the notion of an ‘efficient’ level of the resort to force — war — is good, it offers a speculative and incomplete account of why that would be so. It is argued that war turns on the nature of ‘sides’ that do not share commensurable grounds that would allow the commonality required to find an ‘efficient’ point in a universal welfare sense.
TARGETED KILLING IN WAR AND PEACE: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Tesón Fernando R. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
On May 2, 2011, a special unit of the U.S. Navy killed Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. Many rejoiced at this development and felt that justice had been served. However, emotion is no substitute for dispassionate moral analysis. This chapter examines the morality of targeted killings in general. It addresses the killing of bin Laden, but the discussion goes beyond that: it probes the morality of all targeted killings by liberal governments. It applies to targeted killings by the United States as well as other liberal regimes, and it explores the justification of the practice in wartime and in peacetime. Given that the United States and Israel have announced that they will continue to kill named targets, and given that not all contemplated targets are as villainous or dangerous as bin Laden, a moral evaluation of the practice is especially required.
2 Lexical aspect and multiple incremental themes
Authors: Beavers John 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAspectual properties of dynamic predicates such as telicity and durativity are often assumed to be partly determined by the expression of some privileged argument of the predicate called an ‘incremental theme’ where the progress of the event described by the predicate is measured by parts of the incremental theme. The chapter provides evidence that many if not all dynamic predicates actually have at least two incremental themes, namely some theme that undergoes the change described by the predicate and some scale that measures the change the theme undergoes, which stand in a mutually constraining relationship to the event. This chapter proposes a ternary Figure/Path Relation by which events are measured by the progress of subparts of the theme changing along subparts of the scale sharing a common goal. This analysis makes a number of key, novel predictions about the aspectual properties of dynamic predicates, and more accurately captures their truth-conditional content.
Conflation and incorporation processes in resultative constructions
Authors: Mateu Jaume 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAn important division is shown to be drawn within resultative constructions in the light of Haugen’s (2009) distinction between conflation and incorporation. Those resultative constructions that involve conflation of a root with a null light verb are claimed to account for Washio’s (1997) strong resultatives. Furthermore, two subtypes of non-strong resultative patterns are shown to be distinguished within the incorporation type: the ones that involve incorporation of a result root (Washio’s weak resultatives) and the ones that involve a light/copular use of the verb and incorporation of P(ath) into the verb (those that involve the simple resultative pattern). Some relevant parallelisms are shown between Japanese resultatives and Italian phrasal verbs (both involve incorporation), and between English and Chinese strong resultative constructions (both involve conflation). Finally, an important connection between Talmy’s (2000) co-event conflation pattern and Snyder’s (2001) compounding parameter is established.
Model-Based Instruction
Authors: Chinn Clark A. , Buckland Luke A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractConceptual change in the domain of evolution requires two simultaneous changes: changes in students’ theoretical conceptions (i.e., developing a proper understanding of evolutionary models) and changes in students’ epistemic practices (i.e., learning the inquiry practices scientists use to develop, revise, and evaluate explanatory models). Model-based inquiry instruction is a promising method for achieving these dual goals. The chapter describes a general approach to model-based inquiry which has been developed; this approach incorporates a variety of scaffolds to support growth in both content understanding and the epistemic practices of science. It also reviews research on evolution instruction and discuss several promising evolution curricula that employ model-based inquiry. Finally, the chapter makes suggestions for new instructional methods based on the review.
Why Don't Undergraduates Really “Get” Evolution? What Can Faculty Do?
Authors: Nelson Craig E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractScientists frequently attribute public misunderstanding of evolution to religious or political influences. Ineffective undergraduate teaching has also contributed. Faculty often ignored strong pedagogical evidence. Five research conclusions are discussed: The traditional lecture approach is inadequate. Active learning is much more effective. Fundamental reasoning difficulties limit students’ understanding. Simple steps help overcome these. Misconceptions typically persist unless directly addressed with a conceptual-change approach. Evolution is a complex set of ideas that cannot be adequately understood without advanced critical thinking. This is infrequently mastered without intentionally designed learning tasks. Understanding evolution is typically insufficient for its acceptance. But acceptance as valid for real-world decisions is important. This requires helping students consider social and affective factors related to evolution.
First Report of Puccinia veronicae-longifoliae on Veronica spicata ‘Royal Candles’ in Minnesota
Authors: Stoxen S. M. , Mollov D. S. , Szabo L. J. 
Published: September 2012

In September 2008, Veronica spicata ‘Royal Candles’ plants showing foliar symptoms typical of a rust infection were brought to the Plant Disease Clinic at the University of Minnesota. Plants were grown in a local nursery in Dakota County, Minnesota. A dark brown discoloration was apparent on the upper surface of the leaf with lighter brown pustules on the underside. Teliospores collected from the pustules were 2-celled with smooth walls and 36.35 to 48.87 μm long, 11.96 to 18.28 μm wide, and had a wall thickness of 1.33 to 2.61 μm, which is in accordance with type specimen of Puccinia veronicae-longifoliae (4). Pathogen identity was confirmed by comparison of the DNA sequence of nuclear ribosomal RNA region containing the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2, 5.8S and the 5′ end of the 28S subunits between herbarium samples from the U.S. National Fungus Collection (BPI 841971/GenBank Accession JQ627617 and BPI 871789/GenBank Accession JQ627618) and the collected specimen (BPI 882886/GenBank Accession JQ627616). P. veronicae-longifoliae was first reported in the United States in 2004 from a commercial nursery in Michigan (2). Veronica rust has also been found in Michigan in 2005 and more recently in 2011 (1). The only other known report of Veronica rust in the United States occurred in Connecticut in 2007 (3). P. veronicae-longifoliae is not considered a quarantine pest by The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service due to the limited host range, the host not being on the threatened or endangered list and the host being of little economic or environmental importance (2). References: (1) T. A. Dudek et al. MSU Extension News. Retrieved from http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/veronica_rust_observed_this_season/ , 2011. (2) North American Plant Protection Organization's Phytosanitary Alert System. Retrieved from http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=129 , 2004. (3) Pundt, L. Floriculture Greenhouse Update. Retrieved from http://www.negreenhouseupdate.info/index.php/july/194-rust-on-veronica , 2007. (4) D. B. O. Savile. Can. J. Bot. 46:631, 1968.