bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny of Hedyotis L. (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae): Redefining a complex Asian–Pacific assemblage
Authors: Wikström Niklas , Neupane Suman , Kårehed Jesper , Motley Timothy J. , Bremer Birgitta 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe genus Hedyotis (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae) has long served as a repository for tropical herbaceous species that do not fit readily into other genera. Circumscribed broadly the genus becomes a highly heterogeneous assembly, but relationships of Hedyotis have been difficult to resolve and it has proven very difficult to circumscribe the genus in a more narrow sense. Here we present Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of Hedyotis using plastid (rps16, petD) and nuclear (ITS, ETS) sequence data to resolve monophyletic lineages, to test former taxonomic hypotheses, and to revise the taxa within a well–supported evolutionary framework. Four hundred and sixty–seven sequences representing 129 accessions, never previously included in any phylogenetic analyses, are newly reported. Hedyotis, as previously circumscribed, is polyphyletic, but all investigated species, except for Hedyotis coronaria, are resolved in one of three well–supported monophyletic groups. The largest clade includes all investigated species of Hedyotis from the Indian subcontinent as well as three groups of species with primarily Chinese distributions. The type species of Hedyotis (H. fruticosa) is resolved with the Indian subcontinent species and following previous suggestions this group is referred to as Hedyotis s.str. Species currently recognized under the generic names Metabolos and Pleiocraterium are resolved in Hedyotis s.str. The second–largest group comprises a series of smaller, but well–supported, clades including the Leptopetalum clade, the genus Kadua, an unnamed group distributed in Asia and the Pacific, and a large Asian group referred to here as the Exallage/Dimetia clade. The third group includes a few SE Asian Hedyotis, as well as all investigated species of the genus Neanotis. Hedyotis coronaria is not closely related to other species from Asia and is resolved with Spermacoce hispida. The analyses indicate that diplophragmous capsules and “fruticosa–type” seeds occur outside of Hedyotis s.str., and several species suggested to have these features are resolved in the Exallage/Dimetia clade. Species sug gested to have indehiscent capsules, a feature used by Bremekamp to characterize the genus Exallage, are also resolved in both the Exallage/Dimetia clade and in Hedyotis s.str., but a close examination indicates that the capsules are not truly indehiscent in the Hedyotis s.str. species. One species of Metabolos and one species of Pleiocraterium are given new species names, and one species of Pleiocraterium is transferred to Hedyotis and three species of Hedyotis are transferred to Neanotis.
A worldwide molecular phylogeny and classification of the leafy spurges, Euphorbia subgenus Esula (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Riina Ricarda , Peirson Jess A. , Geltman Dmitry V. , Molero Julián , Frajman Božo , Pahlevani Amirhossein , Barres Laia , Morawetz Jeffery J. , Salmaki Yasaman , Zarre Shahin , Kryukov Aleksey , Bruyns Peter V. , Berry Paul E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe leafy spurges, Euphorbia subg. Esula, make up one of four main lineages in Euphorbia. The subgenus comprises about 480 species, most of which are annual or perennial herbs, but with a small number of dendroid shrubs and nearly leafless, pencil–stemmed succulents as well. The subgenus constitutes the primary northern temperate radiation in Euphorbia. While the subgenus is most diverse from central Asia to the Mediterranean region, members of the group also occur in Africa, in the Indo–Pacific region, and in the New World. We have assembled the largest worldwide sampling of the group to date (273 spp.), representing most of the taxonomic and geographic breadth of the subgenus. We performed phylogenetic analyses of sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid ndhF regions. Our individual and combined analyses produced well–resolved phylogenies that confirm many of the previously recognized clades and also establish a number of novel groupings and placements of previously enigmatic species. Euphorbia subg. Esula has a clear Eurasian center of diversity, and we provide evidence for four independent arrivals to the New World and three separate colonizations of tropical and southern Africa. One of the latter groups further extends to Madagascar and New Zealand, and to more isolated islands such as Réunion and Samoa. Our results confirm that the dendroid shrub and stem–succulent growth forms are derived conditions in E. subg. Esula. Stem–succulents arose twice in the subgenus and dendroid shrubs three times. Based on the molecular phylogeny, we propose a new classification for E. subg. Esula that recognizes 21 sections (four of them newly described and two elevated from subsectional rank), and we place over 95% of the accepted species in the subgenus into this new classification.
Phylogenetic relationships of Mathewsia and Schizopetalon (Brassicaceae) inferred from nrDNA and cpDNA regions: Taxonomic and evolutionary insights from an Atacama Desert endemic lineage
Authors: Toro-Núñez Oscar , Mort Mark E. , Ruiz-Ponce Eduardo , Al-Shehbaz Ihsan A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMathewsia (6 spp.) and Schizopetalon (10 spp.) are sister genera of the tribe Schizopetaleae (Brassicaceae, Cruci ferae). The genera are mostly endemic to Chile and neighboring areas of Peru and Argentina, with most species growing in the hyperarid Atacama Desert and adjacent areas. This geographic distribution and the presence of different life forms in Mathewsia (perennial) and Schizopetalon (annual) provide the opportunity to compare patterns of diversification under ex treme environmental pressure. In this paper, phylogenetic relationships are estimated for 17 species using a combination of two nuclear regions (rDNA ITS+ETS) and four plastid regions (atpI–atpH, trnQ–rps16, trnH–psbA spacers, and rps16 intron) using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches. Analyses of the combined cpDNA and the combined nrDNA result in topologies that are highly similar, although several instances of topological incongruence are noted. Results from all three criteria and all datasets support the monophyly of Schizopetalon, but not of Mathewsia. Mathewsia is rendered non–monophyletic because M. nivea is placed outside of Schizopetaleae (Mathewsia+Schizopetalon); a result that is also sup ported by morphology. The monophyly of some species is confirmed; however, several currently recognized species were not recovered as a clade and will require additional study. Further analyses are needed to resolve the placement of M. nivea and the origins of discordant nuclear and plastid signal.
Phylogeny of the African Mutisieae s.l. (Asteraceae) based on ndhF and trnL‐F sequences (cpDNA)
Authors: Ortiz Santiago , Carbajal Rodrigo , Serrano Miguel , Rodríguez-Oubiña Juan , Iglesias Isabel 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA molecular phylogenetic study of the African Mutisieae s.l. (Asteraceae) was performed using the chloroplast markers ndhF and trnL‐F. The sequences of 46 species, including three representatives of Cynareae (Cardueae), were analysed applying maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference, with Mutisia and Hecastocleis as outgroups. Four main clades corresponding to the tribes Cynareae, Dicomeae, Tarchonantheae and Oldenburgieae were identified, although relationships among them were unresolved. Dicomeae split into two main clades, which on the basis of these results and a previous morphological‐anatomical phylogenetic analysis are proposed as two new subtribes: Dicominae and Pleiotaxinae. Within Dicominae, Dicoma welwitschii is located outside the Dicoma clade, in a clade that includes the Pasaccardoa species. Given the singular morphology of D. welwitschii, the new genus Dicomopsis has been proposed. A more detailed study with additional markers will be necessary to decide whether Pasaccardoa baumii should be included in Dicomopsis or described as a monotypic genus. The topology of the Tarchonantheae clade does not contribute to elucidating the relationships between Tarchonanthus and Brachylaena. The four species of Oldenburgia form a well‐supported monophyletic group (Oldenburgieae), despite their heterogeneous morphology.
Prumnopitys anglicasp. nov. (Podocarpaceae) from the Eocene of England
Authors: Greenwood David R. , Hill Christopher R. , Conran John G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractLeaves from the Eocene Bournemouth Freshwater Beds of southern England assigned originally to the genusPodocarpusL'Hér. ex Pers. (Podocarpaceae) asPodocarpus eocenicusUnger—currently treated asAmentotaxus gladifolia(R. Ludwig) D.K. Ferguson, Jähnichen & Alvin—are re‐examined to assess their generic and familial status. Well‐preserved cuticle on one specimen and its gross morphology, together with the morphology of other associated specimens suggests that they should be placed in Prumnopitys Philippi (Podocarpaceae), the long, lanceolate leaves resemblingPr. amara(Blume) de Laub. (=Sundacarpus amarus(Blume) C.N. Page). Because the fossil taxon is consistent with the genusPrumnopitysand not withAmentotaxus gladifolia(Taxaceae), a new species,Prumnopitys anglicaD.R. Greenw., C.R. Hill & Conran sp. nov., is proposed. Phylogenetic comparison with otherPrumnopitysspecies suggests thatPr. anglicais close to the extant Australasian species,Pr. amarabut is still relatively isolated. The presence ofPrumnopitysin the earliest Palaeocene of Asia and the Eocene of southern England supports the view that Podocarpaceae were an uncommon but distinctive component of Northern Hemisphere Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene floras before becoming largely extinct there in the Neogene.
Relationships and dispersal of the Caribbean species of Harrisia (sect. Harrisia; Cactaceae) using AFLPs and seven DNA regions
Authors: Franck Alan R. , Cochrane Bruce J. , Garey James R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe cactus genus Harrisia contains 18 species, of which 11 are native to the Caribbean region. To evaluate species relationships, specimens of Harrisia were examined morphologically, sequenced for seven DNA regions (four nuclear, three plastid), and surveyed for additional polymorphisms using ten sets of AFLP primers. The analyses show that H. earlei is an isolated lineage, sister to the remaining ten species. The remaining ten species comprised three groups in the molecular analyses—a Cuba group, Florida group, and a southern/eastern Greater Antilles‐Bahamas (SEGAB) group. Morphology suggests the Florida group is related to species of west Cuba and the SEGAB group is related to species of east Cuba. Harrisia likely first colonized west Cuba and then dispersed northeastward and southeastward.
Typification of Debregeasia longifolia and the status of Missiessya (Urticaceae: Boehmerieae)
Authors: Friis Ib , Wilmot-Dear Christine Melanie , Monro Alex 
Published: July 2013

AbstractUrtica longifolia Burm. f. (1768) is the oldest available name known for Debregeasia velutina Gaudich. (≡ Debre‐ geasia longifolia (Burm. f.) Wedd.), the type of the genus Debregeasia Gaudich. However, the previous assumption regarding the holotype of Urtica longifolia is incorrect and is here clarified. An incomplete specimen from Burman's herbarium at G is shown to be part of the original material, but does not show all diagnostic characters referred to in the protologue and now necessary to distinguish D. longifolia from other species of that genus. It is designated lectotype, and an epitype, Jacobs 8058 (K), is designated to secure current usage. The confusing nomenclatural history of Missiessya in relation to Debregeasia is reviewed: “Missiessya” was invalidly published by Gaudichaud in 1847–1848; Weddell validly published it as an illegitimate superfluous name in 1854 and later (1857) as an illegitimate later homonym.
To aitch or not to aitch: Ripogonum (Ripogonaceae) or Rhipogonum (Rhipogonaceae)?
Authors: Seberg Ole , Petersen Gitte , Wagner Peter 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFor over 150 years, the correct spelling of the genus name Ripogonum (Rhipogonum) and the derived family name Ripogonaceae (Rhipogonaceae) has been the subject of uncertainty. The different spellings in use are due to transliterations of the Greek letter “ρ” (rho with spiritus asper) into Latin as either “r” or “rh”. As neither of Ripogonum or Rhipogonum can be considered incorrect, priority must be given to the original spelling of the name used, Ripogonum. Therefore, Ripogonaceae is the correct spelling for the family name.
Educating medical students about adolescent maltreatment
Authors: Knox Michele , Pelletier Heather , Vieth Victor 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of training first year medical students using a Child Advocacy Studies Training (CAST) elective course. The 9-month course was taught by a multidisciplinary group of professionals and addressed prevention, identification, reporting, and responding to all forms of child and adolescent maltreatment. It was hypothesized that, relative to students in a comparison group, students who completed the elective course would report being significantly more prepared to identify signs of maltreatment, to report a case of suspected maltreatment, and to recommend or secure needed services for a maltreated child or adolescent, more likely to report suspected maltreatment, even if they did not know for sure it happened, and demonstrate improved knowledge in the areas of maltreatment identification and reporting. Results supported all five of the study’s hypotheses and indicate that the CAST program may be an effective method of better preparing future physicians to address child and adolescent maltreatment.
Antioxidant activities for superoxide dismutase in patients with Crohn’s disease
Authors: Alzoghaibi Mohammed A. , Al-Mofleh Ibrahem A. , Al-Jebreen Abdulrahman M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background: In this study, we aimed to determine the levels of antioxidant activity for superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) to investigate their contribution to tissue injury in CD.

Methods: Forty-two patients with CD and 38 matched healthy subjects (control group) were recruited. SOD enzymatic activity was measured by purely chemical system based on NAD(P)H oxidation.

Results: Plasma antioxidant activities for SOD in CD patients were significantly lower than that in the control group.

Conclusions: Low antioxidant activity for SOD in CD is an important indication of oxidative stress. CD patients are more susceptible to oxidative stress. This study supports the hypothesis that increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defense in CD.
Parental Knowledge of Potential Cancer Risks From Exposure to Computed Tomography
Authors: Boutis Kathy , Cogollo William , Fischer Jason , Freedman Stephen B. , Ben David Guila , Thomas Karen E. 
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE:
Computed tomography (CT) imaging of children is increasing in emergent settings without an understanding of parental knowledge of potential cancer risks. In children with head injuries, our primary objective was to determine the proportion of parents who were aware of the potential of CT to increase a child's lifetime risk of malignancy. We also examined willingness to proceed with recommended CT after risk disclosure and preference to be informed of potential risks.

METHODS:
This was a prospective cross-sectional survey of parents whose children presented to a tertiary care pediatric emergency department with a head injury. Survey questions were derived and validated by using expert opinion, available literature, and pre- and pilot testing of questions with the target audience.

RESULTS:
Of the 742 enrolled parents, 454 (61.2%) were female and 594 (80.0%) were aged 31 to 50 years. Importantly, 357 (46.8%) were aware of the potential for an increased lifetime malignancy risk from CT. Before risk estimate provision, the proportion of parents “very willing/willing” to proceed with head CT was 90.4%; after disclosure, willingness decreased to 69.6% (P &lt; .0001), and 42 (5.6%) would refuse the CT. Of note, 673 (90.3%) wished to be informed of potential malignancy risks.

CONCLUSIONS:
Approximately half of the participating parents were aware of the potential increased lifetime malignancy risk associated with head CT imaging. Willingness to proceed with CT testing was reduced after risk disclosure but was a significant barrier for a small minority of parents. Most parents wanted to be informed of potential malignancy risks before proceeding with imaging.
Tuning Drug Release Profile from Nanoporous Gold Thin Films
Authors: Kurtulus Ozge , Seker Erkin 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTNanoporous gold (np-Au) with its high surface area to volume ratio, tunable pore morphology, ease of surface modification with well-studied thiol chemistry, as well as integration with conventional microfabrication techniques is a promising candidate for controlled drug delivery studies. While it has been demonstrated that np-Au can retain and release drugs, release mechanisms and governing parameters are unclear. This paper reports on the effect of film thickness and morphology on the molecular release from np-Au films.
Stage-Specific Site Selection of the Praying Mantid Tenodera aridifolia
Authors: Watanabe H , Miyamaoto M , Yano E 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
We examined changes of site selection by the mantid Tenodera aridifolia (Stoll) according to its developmental stage. We investigated the vegetation characteristics selected by mantids of different developmental stages at three field sites. The height of vegetation and height at which mantids were found on vegetation tended to be higher for later-instar mantids than early instars. Mantids tended to prefer the upper part of vegetation regardless of their developmental stage or the site. Later-instar mantids also tended to select larger-sized leaves for perching compared with early instar mantids. Height above ground, vegetation height, and leaf sizes selected by mantids differed among the three sites. In addition, the preferred plant species used by mantids also changed with their developmental stage. Thus, our results indicate that T.aridifolia has varying preferences for site selection and specific vegetation according to its developmental stage.
Cloning, Expression Feature, and Tissue Location of BmSCRBQ1, a Class B Scavenger Receptor in Bombyx mori (L.)
Authors: Dong Z P , Chai C L , Dai F Y , Pan M H , Wang W , Lu C 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Class B scavenger receptors can combine with various kinds of ligands and are involved in lipid metabolism. They play an important role in a series of physiological processes, such as atherosclerosis formation or inhibition, congenital immune defense, apoptotic cell clearance, carotenoid transport, and pheromone transduction. In this study, based on a whole-genome database of the silkworm (Bombyx mori (L.)), the full-length CDS of BmSCRBQ1, a class B scavenger receptor gene, was cloned. BmSCRBQ1 consists of 10 exons and 9 introns, with an open reading frame of 1,482 bp encoding 493 amino acids. BmSCRBQ1 mRNA and protein were expressed in most tissues of larval B. mori strain Dazao and the silkworm cell lines BmN and BmE, suggesting that BmSCRBQ1 may have certain ubiquitous functions. Immunohistochemical staining showed that BmSCRBQ1 protein is located in the constitutive membranes or cell membranes of the testes, ovaries, fat body, blood cells, and the middle silk gland of larval B. mori Dazao, indicating that its function could be related to lipid metabolism; the binding, transport, and phagocytosis of exogenous materials; and signal transduction in these tissue types.
Novel Soy Germ Pasta Enriched in Isoflavones Ameliorates Gastroparesis in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Setchell Kenneth D.R. , Nardi Elisabetta , Battezzati Pier-Maria , Asciutti Stefania , Castellani Danilo , Perriello Gabriele , Clerici Carlo 
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of soy germ pasta enriched in biologically active isoflavone aglycons on gastric emptying in type 2 diabetic patients with gastroparesis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared soy germ pasta with conventional pasta for effects on gastric emptying. Patients (n = 10) with delayed gastric emptying consumed one serving per day of each pasta for 8 weeks, with a 4-week washout. Gastric emptying time (t1/2) was measured using the [13C]octanoic acid breath test at baseline and after each period, and blood glucose and insulin concentrations were determined after oral glucose load.

RESULTS
Soy germ pasta significantly accelerated the t1/2 in these patients (161.2 ± 17.5 min at baseline vs. 112.6 ± 11.2 min after treatment, P = 0.009). Such change differed significantly (P = 0.009) from that for conventional pasta (153.6 ± 24.2 vs. 156.2 ± 27.4 min), without affecting glucose or insulin concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that soy germ pasta may offer a simple dietary approach to managing diabetic gastropathy.
Renal Structure in Normoalbuminuric and Albuminuric Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Renal Function
Authors: Ekinci Elif I. , Jerums George , Skene Alison , Crammer Paul , Power David , Cheong Karey Y. , Panagiotopoulos Sianna , McNeil Karen , Baker Scott T. , Fioretto Paola , MacIsaac Richard J. 
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE
The structural basis of normoalbuminuric renal insufficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes remains to be elucidated. We compared renal biopsy findings in patients with type 2 diabetes and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and measured GFR of &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2, associated with either normo-, micro-, or macroalbuminuria.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In patients with normo- (n = 8) or microalbuminuria (n = 6), renal biopsies were performed according to a research protocol. In patients with macroalbuminuria (n = 17), biopsies were performed according to clinical indication. Findings were categorized according to the Fioretto classification: category 1 (C1), normal/near normal; category 2 (C2), typical diabetic nephropathy (DN) with predominantly glomerular changes; and category 3 (C3), atypical with disproportionately severe interstitial/tubular/vascular damage and with no/mild diabetic glomerular changes.

RESULTS
In our study population (mean eGFR 35 mL/min/1.73 m2), typical glomerular changes (C2) of DN were observed in 22 of 23 subjects with micro- or macroalbuminuria compared with 3 of 8 subjects with normoalbuminuria (P = 0.002). By contrast, predominantly interstitial or vascular changes (C3) were seen in only 1 of 23 subjects with micro- or macroalbuminuria compared with 3 of 8 normoalbuminuric subjects (P = 0.08). Mesangial area increased progressively from normal controls to patients with type 2 diabetes and normo-, micro-, and macroalbuminuria. Varying degrees of arteriosclerosis, although not necessarily the predominant pattern, were seen in seven of eight subjects with normoalbuminuria.

CONCLUSIONS
Typical renal structural changes of DN were observed in patients with type 2 diabetes and elevated albuminuria. By contrast, in normoalbuminuric renal insufficiency, these changes were seen less frequently, likely reflecting greater contributions from aging, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis.