bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Pocket Guide for Crime Scene Investigators
Authors: Wilber CG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This handy little booklet is just what the title states. It is a pocket guide for those charged with on-the-scene investigation of crimes. It is not intended as a complete monograph on the subject. It is not a textbook of criminal investigation. Nevertheless, it could serve as a workable text for a short course in crime scene investigation.
The Fluorometric Detection of Salicylate in Bloodstains
Authors: King LA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The prospect of using drugs or their metabolites as discriminating markers in bloodstains was first discussed by Curry [1]. This approach could prove particularly useful in cases where blood protein has been denatured or where other evidence suggests that a particular drug has been consumed. The collection of body fluids as stains could also be of interest to the toxicologist. Filter paper techniques offer advantages over conventional methods in terms of sample stability and ease of storage and shipment. A recent publication described the radioimmunoassay of morphine recovered from blood and urine stains [2].
Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test for Methamphetamine Excreted in Human Urine
Authors: Niwaguchi T , Inoue T , Kishi T , Kanda Y , Niwase T , Nakadate T , Inayama S 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Recently radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods have been developed for the determination of nanogram levels of methamphetamine in urine [1–3]. These methods are suitable for rapid screening but require expensive instrumentation. This communication describes a rapid and simple hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test that might be adaptable to the mass screening of urine samples without special equipment.
The Comparison and Matching of Low Density Polyethylene Plastic Bags by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Cleverley B 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is by far the most common polymer film material. Bags and pouches made from LDPE are readily available and are being used as packaging by peddlers of illegal drugs and by other criminals. It is therefore important that an investigator have ways of comparing LDPE bags used in the commission of a crime with bags belonging to a suspect.
The Quantitative Acid Phosphatase Test. A Statistical Analysis of Endogenous and Postcoital Acid Phosphatase Levels in the Vagina
Authors: Sensabaugh GF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The acid phosphatase test is routinely used in many laboratories as a test for semen in cases involving sexual assault. The basis for this test is the fact that the level of acid phosphatase (ACP) activity is 500 to 1000 times higher in human semen than in other normal body fluids or secretions [1]; this ACP is secreted into semen by the prostate gland. It has been amply demonstrated that elevated levels of ACP activity persist in the vaginal pool after sexual intercourse and in semen stains [2–16]. Thus the detection of strong ACP activity is considered a fairly reliable indicator of semen.
The “Undetermined” Ruling: A Medicolegal Dilemma
Authors: Murphy GK 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
For many years it has been the duty of coroners and medical examiners not only to investigate deaths of medicolegal interest but also to render an opinion as to the cause and manner of death. “Cause of death” is understood to be the primary disease, injury, or physiologic disturbance that brings about a person's death. “Manner of death” is ruled “natural” when death results solely from a disease process and “unnatural” when death results from unavoidable injury (“accident”), conscious intent of the decedent (“suicide”), or the act of another (“homicide”).
A Liquid Gradient Density Screening System for Soil Sample Identification Studies Using a Minicomputer
Authors: Harbin DN , Covey EL , Howell GR , Lott JW , Lott PF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The use of density gradient systems for the identification and comparison of soil samples is a well-recognized procedure [1,2]. In the usual manual method, liquid from a series of mixtures consisting of various ratios of high and low density liquids, such as 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane and bromobenzene, is added to a glass tube positioned vertically in a stand having a ruled background. The liquid is added up to each line and two or more identical tubes are prepared for comparison of the unknown against the reference material. A simple 8- to 10-step gradient is usually sufficient to obtain a usable resolution for most soil samples.
Is There Any Place in Criminal Prosecutions for Qualified Opinions by Document Examiners?
Authors: Hilton O 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the course of resolving submitted problems, document examiners may reach an opinion ranging from genuineness to forgery. In comparisons with standards, the opinion may range from “This person wrote the questioned material” to “This person cannot have written the questioned material.” However, not all opinions are positively yes or no. For a number of reasons an opinion may be qualified to some degree. These opinions are expressed in reports of findings, but should any opinion other than a positive one be part of the testimony in a criminal case?
Differentiation Between Single-Base and Double-Base Gunpowders
Authors: Hardy DR , Chera JJ 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
One aspect of our continuing investigation of smokeless gunpowders in the forensic science laboratory has been the differentiation between single-base and double-base gunpowders. Nitrocellulose is the basic ingredient in single-base gunpowder. Nitroglycerine added to nitrocellulose in quantities varying from 1 to 40% w/w is the distinguishing ingredient of double-base gunpowders.
Jury Preconceptions and Their Effect on Expert Scientific Testimony
Authors: Tanton RL 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
When the forensic scientist testifies in court, both he and his testimony are usually evaluated by a group of people that has never seen him before and has little or no scientific background. These people, the jury, are exposed to the forensic scientist for only a relatively short time, during which they are privy to a strictly regulated question-and-answer conversation carried on between the scientist and the attorneys in the case. As a result of this exposure, the jurors must answer several important questions: 1. What did the expert say? 2. What is the significance of the expert's testimony? 3. Is the expert competent? 4. Is the expert honest?
Sudden Unexpected Death from Cardiac Concussion (Commotio Cordis) with Unusual Legal Complications
Authors: Froede RC , Lindsey D , Steinbronn K 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The clinical concept of cardiac concussion (commotio cordis) has been known for many centuries; however, it has received little attention since it was reviewed in the 1940s. Blunt force injuries to the chest wall causing damage to the heart are observed in injuries involving vehicular accidents, sports, and all activities entailing impact or crushing. Occasionally, little or no evidence of pathologic change is observed grossly or microscopically. The clinical course may depend on the degree of involvement of the conductive system of the heart, with death usually a result of ventricular fibrillation. Good clinical documentation of the events before death and a complete pathologic evaluation are necessary if the cause of death is to be determined. This paper reports a case of blunt force trauma to the anterior chest wall resulting in sudden death, unexpected legal complications arising from improper embalming of the body, and the pathologist's need to consider legal problems arising from his activities.
Histologic Diagnosis of Sodomy
Authors: Paparo GP , Siegel H 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In cases of death in which sodomy is suspected, careful examination of the anorectal area for trauma and the collection of a proper specimen for the detection of spermatozoa and the demonstration of elevated acid phosphatase (AP) activity are required. Whereas trauma in the anal region may be suggestive of sodomy, the presence of intact spermatozoa within the anorectal canal offers incontrovertible proof. Tests for elevated rectal AP activity in our experience, like that of Enos and Beyer [], have been disappointing.
An Efficient Method to Eliminate Streaking in the Electrophoretic Analysis of Haptoglobin in Bloodstains
Authors: Stolorow MD , Wraxall BGD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Haptoglobin is an α2 glycoprotein, found in the plasma portion of blood, whose biological functions include the binding and transportation of hemoglobin. Haptoglobin possesses the two characteristics necessary for it to be of value to forensic serology. First, haptoglobin is a genetic marker with an excellent “Discriminating Power” [1] of 0.60 [2], making it, mathematically, one of the best polymorphic proteins for individualizing bloodstains. Second, haptoglobin has been shown to persist in quantities readily detectable in dried blood-stains over a longer period of time than that commonly acknowledged for many other polymorphic proteins and enzymes. During the course of this study, bloodstains stored at room temperature in the laboratory for up to two years were correctly phenotyped in haptoglobin by the procedure presented here.
Comments on Arson
Authors: Perr IN 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Most psychiatrists have little contact with arsonists. Those who work with juvenile delinquents will have seen some adolescent firesetters, often of limited intelligence with schizoid personality or other behavior disorders. On rare occasions the compulsive firesetter, driven sexually, will engage in repetitive events and be found masturbating at the scene of a fire. Vandalism or revenge fires may be directed at schools, public buildings, and employers. Similarly, psychotic firesetters are caught in the throes of their bizarre practices—burning churches or other symbolic institutions. Many criminals show a history of adolescent firesetting. Nonetheless, psychiatrists see few arsonists. It is unclear if the arsonists seen are typical because so few are actually caught. Thus those caught may be singularly incompetent in one way or another.
Disopyramide (Norpace ®) Distribution at Autopsy of an Overdose Case
Authors: Anderson WH , Stafford DT , Bell JS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A 44-year-old female died as the result of an overdose of disopyramide. An analytical method was developed and the distribution of the drug in various tissues was determined. Analysis of the blood sample indicated a drug concentration far exceeding that of the therapeutic concentration.
Sudden Death Due to Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Trunk
Authors: Roh LS 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk is a rare congenital anomaly of the cardiovascular system. Most patients with this condition die during the first year of life without proper treatment. In rare instances a patient will survive to his teens and adulthood. However, in most of these cases minor symptoms are present such as a feeling of heaviness of the lower chest, mild chest pain, or some electrocardiographic changes. A sudden unexpected death because of this anomaly, in a previously healthy athletic 22 year old, is reported.
Procedure for the Characterization of Zinc Oxide Photocopy Papers
Authors: Kelly JD , Haville P 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A method is presented for the characterization of zinc oxide photocopy papers. The tests include nondestructive physical examinations of weight, pH, and color under ultraviolet light. Chemical tests, consisting of thin-layer chromatographic examination of the sensitizing dyes and infrared spectrophotometry of the binder resins, are carried out on extractions of the photoconductive surface layer. A semiqualitative flow chart has been prepared that permits differentiation of most of the zinc oxide photocopy papers on the basis of the composite of characteristics of 50 papers supplied by eleven manufacturers.
How Does Crowding Affect Signatures?
Authors: Morton SE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Document examiners often encounter signatures presenting an unusual appearance. One factor that alters the appearance of signatures is crowding. In this paper crowded signatures are examined to determine exactly what changes take place when a writer is forced to write his name in a space much smaller than that he would normally use. Several persons were asked to write normally spaced signatures that were then measured. Each subject was then asked to write his or her signature in spaces reduced laterally by one third and one half and then in spaces similarly reduced laterally as well as by one half vertically.
Examination of Human Fingernail Ridges by Means of Polarized Light
Authors: Apolinar E , Rowe WF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A method has been developed for the preparation of thin human nail specimens suitable for examination by transmitted light microscopy. The nails to be examined are embedded in an acrylic resin and the upper surface of the nail is sanded and polished until the desired thickness is reached. The resulting thin nail specimens display sharp bands of interference colors when placed between crossed polarizing filters. The widths of the bands are of the same order of magnitude as the widths of the ridges and valleys on the nail surface, indicating that each band of color represents a single ridge or valley on the nail surface. The optimum viewing conditions are obtained when the specimens are oriented so that the direction of the nail ridges is 45 deg from the directions of the polarizing or analyzing filters. Fingernail specimens from the same finger may be matched by using a transmitted light comparison microscope equipped for polarized light observations.
Puffer Poisoning in Japan—A Case Report
Authors: Tsunenari S , Uchimura Y , Kanda M 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A fatal case of puffer poisoning in an 80-year-old man is reported. By using a bioassay with mice and extracts of crude poisons, the toxicities of the autopsy materials, fresh puffer ovaries, and the remaining cooked ovaries were determined and expressed in mouse units per gram (M.U.). Some medicolegal aspects of puffer poisoning are also discussed. Puffer poisoning is a primary cause of fatal food poisoning in Japan even though its frequency is not high.
Liability and Electroshock Therapy
Authors: Perr IN 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The malpractice status of the use of electroshock therapy (electroencephalotherapy) has been reviewed. In about 40 years, there have been relatively few reported cases dealing with EST (EET) and professional liability. Few cases have been won, and those generally for modest amounts. However, future successful claims are expected to reflect current inflation. Certainly the limited volume of litigation would seem to raise a question as to the justification for the extent of the surcharges charged for psychiatric malpractice insurance for the administration of EST. Potential liability for EST continues to be a significant threat to the psychiatric practitioner, although drug matters, suicide, and conformance with legal standards seem a more significant area for current litigation. Those who use EST (EET) can minimize liability exposure by (1) obtaining an informed consent from the patient, (2) describing the method of treatment and possible complications to the family or patient and so noting, (3) ensuring legal authority to treat the patient who is incompetent to give consent or for whom special procedures are required, (4) treating in accordance with accepted procedures, (5) avoiding outpatient EST, if possible, (6) paying close attention to patient complaints, (7) keeping good records, and (8) not promising perfection.
A New Approach to the Microscopical Examination and Comparison of Synthetic Fibers Encountered in Forensic Science Cases
Authors: Petraco N , DeForest PR , Harris H 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This paper describes a refined approach to the problems of identification and comparison of synthetic fibers encountered in forensic science case work. The necessary apparatus consists of a polarizing microscope equipped with a Mettler hot stage. Observations concerning the variation of a fiber's birefringence with temperature have been found to be very useful, both for determining the generic type of an unknown fiber and for detecting subtle differences among fibers of the same generic type from different sources. Data, including semilogarithmic plots of birefringence as a function of temperature, are given for nine different generic types of synthetic fibers.
Identification of Potassium Salts of Clorazepate by X-Ray Diffractometry
Authors: Foster RL , Doms DJ , Lott PF 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A technique has been developed that permits X-ray diffraction patterns to be obtained for the identification of the monopotassium and dipotassium salts of clorazepate in pharmaceutical products. The sample is not altered or destroyed; a single capsule of the material is sufficient for the analysis.
The Application of Mass Spectrometry to the Study of Pencil Marks
Authors: Zoro JA , Totty RN 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Organic mass spectrometry offers a possible method for distinguishing between pencils by examination of the material transferred to paper in a single written letter. In a preliminary selected ion recording experiment, marks made by 17 different pencils were divided into four groups. Problems were encountered, however, when attempts were made to apply the technique to pencil writing on hard or soiled paper.
Radiologic Identification of Unknown Human Remains
Authors: Murphy WA , Spruill FG , Gantner GE 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
During the 15 months from April 1978 through July 1979, 3964 cases were referred to the City of St. Louis, Office of the Medical Examiner. Of these, 71 (1.8%) required investigation to establish identification (ID). All eases were rigorously investigated to establish the most scientifically sound ID possible. In addition to evidence from the scene, fingerprint, dental, and X-ray studies were attempted. Fifty (80.4%) individuals were scientifically identified, 17 (24%) were circumstantially identified, and 4 (5.6%) remain unidentified.
Thirty (60%) of the 50 scientific IDs were by comparison of premortem and postmortem radiographs. Positive ID was accomplished in 22 eases of decomposition, 4 fire victims, 2 inadvertent body misidentifications, 1 submersion victim, and 1 suicide. Although all regions of the body were useful for ID, chest, skull, and abdominal radiographs were most frequently helpful. Anatomic, disease, and postsurgical features provided the unique features necessary for identification.
Analysis of the Results of Gunshot Residue Detection in Case Work
Authors: Rudzitis E 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The results of gunshot residue tests in more than 800 criminal cases are described. A combination of neutron activation and atomic absorption analyses was found to be the most efficient method for the determination of trace amounts of antimony and barium on swabs. A statistical treatment was used as a basis for the evaluation of individual test results.
Thin-Layer Chromatography of Metallic Cations
Authors: Linde HG 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Two silica gel thin-layer chromatographic systems are described that are capable of distinguishing 18 common metallic cations by mobility and color development with one of three visualization reagents. Two groups of cations arise from this ion mobility: a “fast” group containing molybdenum, iron, antimony, tin, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, cobalt, copper, manganese, and bismuth, and a “slow” group containing chromium, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, calcium, and lead. The analytical method can be applied to comparing and identifying inorganic cations in small samples of evidential materials.
Nondestructive Recovery and Examination of Bullet Fragments from Brain Tissue
Authors: Johnson AC , Kinard WD , Washington WD 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
A technique providing both analytical and toolmark results for lead fragments from bullets is discussed. It permits the nondestructive recovery of bullet fragments from soft cadaver tissue and was used with a plasma asher in an actual homicide case. The lead fragments are examined by neutron activation analysis (but other analytical techniques can be used) for their antimony and arsenic content and by microscopy for matching toolmarks.
Detailed Study of the Removal of Copper Jackets from Jacketed Bullets
Authors: Izak-Biran T , Guinn VP , Purcell MA 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The often-used method of removing copper jackets from jacketed bullets (or fragments thereof) with nitric acid has been studied in some detail. It was found that 8M nitric acid is not satisfactory but that concentrated nitric acid works very well, removing the jacket completely in 5 min at room temperature with no measurable dissolution of the lead and with no measurable change in the concentrations of antimony, silver, or copper at the surface of the lead core (compared with their interior concentrations). The method was tested on commercial hardened-lead bullets (4.7% antimony) and on commercial soft-lead bullets (16 to 1078 ppm antimony). Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to measure the concentrations of antimony, silver, and copper in specimens.
Analysis of Explosives by Negative Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Yinon J 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Negative ion chemical ionization (NCI) mass spectrometry using isobutane as a reagent has been applied to the analysis of explosives. The method is evaluated as complementary to positive ion CI, as both methods can be applied to the same sample. We used a magneticsector-type mass spectrometer without changing the electron multiplier voltage. Under these conditions NCI mass spectra of explosives have been obtained at a sensitivity similar to that of positive ion CI mass spectra.
A Review of Radiographic Techniques Related to Pathology
Authors: Simson LR 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This “pocket guide” of radiographic techniques is intended for radiology technicians who are not directly supervised by a radiologist. The title suggests that it might also be of use to pathologists doing postmortem X-ray examinations. It is, in fact, an abbreviated dictionary of medical diagnoses. Each definition is followed by a list of radiographic projections recommended to illustrate that specific disease or lesion.