bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential Mechanisms Leading to Overuse Injuries of the Back in Alpine Ski Racing
Authors: Spörri Jörg , Kröll Josef , Haid Christian , Fasel Benedikt , Müller Erich 
Published: June 2015

Background: Overuse injuries of the back are a common complaint among top athletes and of competitive alpine skiers in particular. However, there is limited understanding about the sport-specific causes of these injuries that is essential for their prevention. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study was undertaken to describe the sport-specific, overall trunk kinematics and skiers’ loading during giant slalom turns and to assess the plausibility of the hypothesis that a combination of frontal bending, lateral bending, and/or torsion in the loaded trunk might be a potential mechanism leading to overuse injuries of the back in alpine ski racing. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Eight European Cup–level athletes performed giant slalom runs with 2 different pairs of skis (varying in length, width, and sidecut). They were analyzed with respect to selected kinematic variables related to spinal disc loading. The overall trunk movement components (frontal bending, lateral bending, and torsion) were measured using 2 inertial measurement units fixed on the sacrum and sternum. Total ground-reaction forces were measured by pressure insoles. Results: During the turn phase in which the total ground-reaction forces were the greatest (up to 2.89 times the body weight), the highest average values of frontal bending (38.7°), lateral bending (14.7°), and torsion (7.7°) in the trunk occurred. Similar magnitudes were observed when skiing on longer, giant slalom skis with less width and sidecut. Conclusion: The typical loading patterns of the back in alpine ski racing include a combined occurrence of frontal bending, lateral bending, and torsion in the loaded trunk. Because these factors are known to be related to high spinal disc loading, they may be considered important components of mechanisms leading to overuse injuries of the back in alpine ski racing. Clinical Relevance: Prevention measures should aim to control and/or reduce the magnitude of frontal bending, lateral bending, and torsion in the trunk, as well as the peak loads, while skiing.
Prediction of Serum Zinc Levels in Mexican Children at 2 Years of Age Using a Food Frequency Questionnaire and Different Zinc Bioavailability Criteria
Authors: Cantoral Alejandra , Téllez-Rojo Martha , Shamah-Levy Teresa , Schnaas Lourdes , Hernández-Ávila Mauricio , Peterson Karen E. , Ettinger Adrienne S. 
Published: June 2015

Background: The 2006 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey documented a prevalence of zinc deficiency of almost 30% in children under 2 years of age. Objective: We sought to validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for quantifying dietary bioavailable zinc intake in 2-year-old Mexican children accounting for phytic acid intake and using serum zinc as a reference. Methods: This cross-sectional study was nested within a longitudinal birth cohort of 333 young children in Mexico City. Nonfasting serum zinc concentration was measured and dietary zinc intake was calculated on the basis of a semiquantitative FFQ administered to their mothers. The relationship between dietary zinc intake and serum zinc was assessed using linear regression, adjusting for phytic acid intake, and analyzed according to two distinct international criteria to estimate bioavailable zinc. Models were stratified by zinc deficiency status. Results: Dietary zinc, adjusted for phytic acid intake, explained the greatest proportion of the variance of serum zinc. For each milligram of dietary zinc intake, serum zinc increased on average by 0.95 μg/dL (0.15 μmol/L) ( p = .06). When stratified by zinc status, this increase was 0.74 μg/dL ( p = .12) for each milligram of zinc consumed among children with adequate serum zinc (n = 276), whereas among those children with zinc deficiency (n = 57), serum zinc increased by only 0.11 μg/dL ( p = .82). Conclusions: A semiquantitative FFQ can be used for predicting serum zinc in relation to dietary intake in young children, particularly among those who are zinc-replete, and when phytic acid or phytate intake is considered. Future studies should be conducted accounting for both zinc status and dietary zinc inhibitors to further elucidate and validate these findings.
Cities and Agglomeration Externalities
Authors: Mohanty Prasanna K. , Mishra Alok K. 
Published: June 2015

Cities are home to agglomeration externalities, which, interacting with knowledge externalities, drive economic growth during structural transformation of nations. Yet policy-makers in several developing countries in the past seemed to have had an anti-urban bias. This is primarily due to the lack of appreciation of externalities of cities and their role in facilitating economic growth and generating resources for economic development, including urban and rural development. Recognizing the critical need of Asian countries to harness the power of agglomeration externalities in cities for growth, this article examines the nature and sources of agglomeration externalities and derives lessons for the formulation of urban public policy in the urbanizing countries of Asia, including India. 城市是集聚外部性的温床，并与知识外部性在国家结构转型过程中推动经济增长发生相互作用。然而，几个发展中国家的政策制定者在过去一段时期里似乎有反城市偏见。这主要是由于缺乏对城市外部性及其在促进经济增长、为经济发展创造资源等方面的认知，包括在城市和农村发展中的作用。鉴于亚洲国家迫切需要利用集聚外部性的力量促进城市增长，本文探讨了集聚外部性的本质和来源，并为包括印度在内的正在经历城镇化的亚洲国家制定城市公共政策总结了经验教训。
Diversity and Dynamics of Informal Rental Housing in a Mid-sized City in India
Authors: Desai Renu , Mahadevia Darshini 
Published: June 2015

Informal housing predominates urban housing options in developing countries, including India, in both its metro and its mid-sized cities. Within urban housing, two-fifths is rental in India. This study is located within one mid-sized city (Guwahati) in one of the least developed states (Assam) in India. The processes of supply of rental housing in the informal sector are linked with the processes of overall supply of housing identified in Guwahati as housing through (i) informal occupation of public and private lands, (ii) alienation of land and (iii) public sector. Within that, landownership, processes of land occupation/subdivision and development, and the role of various actors create submarkets. Submarket-specific, settlement-specific and owner-specific processes shape a diversity of informal rental housing with regard to extent, quality, level of basic services, rents and tenure security for the urban poor, posing challenges for pursuing a policy of ‘formalizing the informal’ in the case of India. 非正式住房在发展中国家的城市中成为了主要的住房选择，包括印度的大城市和中等城市。在印度的城市住房中，五分之二是租赁住房。本研究针对一个位于印度最不发达邦 (Assam) 的中型城市 (Guwahati)。非正式租赁住房的供应过程通过以下因素与 Guwahati 市明确的完整住房供应过程联系在一起：(i) 非正式的公共和私人土地权属，(ii) 土地转让，以及 (iii) 公共部门。其中，土地所有权、土地占有/细分过程的发展，以及各个参与者的角色共同创建了子市场。针对印度的情况，在基础服务的程度、质量、水平，城市贫民的租金和权属保障，面临挑战寻求一个政策”以正式的手段解决非正式住房问题”等方面，特定的子市场、特定的解决方案和特定的所有者形成了非正式租赁住房的多样性。
Home-based Workers and Multiple Uses of Dwellings in Urban India
Authors: Chandrasekhar S. 
Published: June 2015

This article complements the literature on self-employment by focusing on the issue of multiple use of dwelling and home-based workers in urban India. Using data from Census of India 2011, the article establishes the prevalence of multiple uses of houses. Following this, the descriptive analysis, based on unit level data from a unique nationally representative data set on employment and unemployment for the year 2009–2010, establishes sufficient heterogeneity between the three types of home-based workers: own account workers, employers and unpaid family workers. The heterogeneity is along many dimensions: age, education, skill, industry of work and monthly per capita expenditure. There are also marked differences in operational characteristics. From a policy perspective, this article makes two contributions. It argues that recognition of multiple use of dwelling is the first step towards having a discussion on whether home-based enterprises can be visualized as a livelihood improvement strategy for low-income households. Second, despite the sizable number of houses in slums being used for purposes other than residence, this fact is often neglected while thinking of the potential adverse impacts of slum resettlement policies on livelihoods. 通过关注印度城市住房的多种用途和居家工作者等议题，本文补充了自主创业方面的文献。利用印度 2011 年人口普查数据，本文明确了住房拥有多种用途十分普遍。接下去，在描述性分析的基础上，基于一个独特的具有全国代表性的数据中有关就业和失业的家庭层面数据 (2009-2010年)，本文提出三种类型的居家工作者之间具有充分的异质性：单独结算的工人，雇主和无薪居家工人。异质性反应在许多方面：年龄，教育水平，技能，工作行业和每月人均支出。在工作特征上也有显著差异。从政策角度，本文做出了两个贡献。本文提出承认住房的多种用途是探讨家庭企业能否被看作低收入家庭民生改善战略的第一步。其次，尽管相当数量的贫民窟住房被用作居住以外的用途，在考虑贫民窟重置政策对居民生活的潜在负面影响时，这个事实往往被忽视。
Examining Mental Health Act usage in an urban emergency department
Authors: Derrick Kate , Chia Justin , O’Donovan Sarah , Emerton Alexandra , Hamlyn Marika , Wand Timothy 
Published: June 2015

Objective: In this study we aimed to examine the characteristics of Mental Health Act (MHA) usage in the Emergency Department (ED) of an urban teaching hospital in Sydney. Methods: All MHA certificates written on individuals in the ED over a 12-week period in 2013 were collected. The medical record of each individual was reviewed by a member of the research team using an audit tool developed for the study. Any uncertainty over individual cases was addressed through research team consensus. Results: A total of 172 MHA certificates were collected; 67 were written by police, 45 by ambulance, 54 by medical officers and three by accredited persons. Three magistrate orders for assessment were also received. Seventy percent of police and 60% of ambulance MHA certificates did not result in admission. Over a third were revoked by ED physicians. Forty-five people (32.4%) who presented voluntarily were subsequently detained. Conclusions: Police and ambulance MHA certification was a poor predictor of admission. Least restrictive measures were predominantly the outcome. Delegating ED physicians with authorised medical officer status assisted in facilitating this process. Formalised education and training on the principles and practicalities of MHA legislation should be ongoing for all professionals involved.
Active labor market programs - employment gain or fiscal drain?
Authors: Brown Alessio JG , Koettl Johannes 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis paper provides a new perspective by classifying active labor market programs (ALMPs) depending on their objectives, relevance and cost-effectiveness during normal times, a crisis and recovery. We distinguish ALMPs providing incentives for retaining employment, incentives for creating employment, incentives for seeking and keeping a job, incentives for human capital enhancement and improved labor market matching. Reviewing evidence from the literature, we discuss especially indirect effects of various interventions and their cost-effectiveness. The paper concludes by providing a systematic overview of how, why, when and to what extent specific ALMPs are effective.JEL classification:J08, J22, J23, J38, E24
Hedge Fund Crowds and Mispricing
Authors: Sias Richard , Turtle H. J. , Zykaj Blerina 
Published: June 2015

Recent models and the popular press suggest that large groups of hedge funds follow similar strategies resulting in crowded equity positions that destabilize markets. Inconsistent with this assertion, we find that hedge fund equity portfolios are remarkably independent. Moreover, when hedge funds do buy and sell the same stocks, their demand shocks are, on average, positively related to subsequent raw and risk-adjusted returns. Even in periods of extreme market stress, we find no evidence that hedge fund demand shocks are inversely related to subsequent returns. Our results have important implications for the ongoing debate regarding hedge fund regulation. This paper was accepted by Wei Jiang, finance.
ATIVIDADE DIDÁTICA EM COMÉRCIO EXTERIOR: UMA ABORDAGEM ENTRE CUSTO E SUSTENTABILIDADE
Authors: Veiga Cristiano Henrique Antonelli da , Lima Jesildo Moura de , Ribeiro Roberto Portes , Zucatto Luis Carlos 
Published: June 2015

<p>O debate mundial como o realizado na Rio+20 focado na preservação do meio ambiente, aliado ao crescente movimento do Comércio Exterior brasileiro e mundial requerem a necessidade do estudo conjunto destas temáticas na formação do administrador. Investigar a sistematização dos conceitos de Comércio Exterior com o uso de jogos de empresas é a proposição central deste artigo. Por meio da pesquisa-ação e com o uso da análise qualitativa de dados foram elaborados dois cenários assimétricos e as equipes caracterizadas como empresários exportadores e importadores. O estudo longitudinal foi realizado com quatro turmas distintas e sequenciais da disciplina de Comércio Exterior do Curso de Administração em duas Instituições de Ensino Superior localizadas no Sul do Brasil. Por meio do uso de jogos de empresas e com dinâmicas vivenciais que estimulavam a negociação empresarial, os estudantes puderam debater vários termos da área e interagir entre si, de forma autônoma, evidenciando que essa estratégia didática pode ser utilizada como uma ferramenta de apoio ao ensino na área de Comércio Exterior. Como proposta final, os cenários do jogo foram modificados e essa última versão está focada, além dos aspectos anteriormente desenvolvidos, na busca da decisão entre o menor custo e os processos de manufatura sustentáveis. Neste último aspecto observou-se que as decisões nesta perspectivas encontram-se vinculadas as concepções pessoais prévias dos participantes do que sobre estratégias competitivas elaboradas para a empresa.<br /><br /></p>
Elite Repudiation of the R-Word and Public Opinion About Intellectual Disability
Authors: Lyle Monique L. , Simplican Stacy Clifford 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Part of the motivation for encouraging elite stakeholders—like governments, professionals, and advocacy groups—to replace the language of “mental retardation” with “intellectual disability” (ID) is the belief that elite endorsement could undermine negative attitudes and influence the public to follow suit. We examine the veracity of this expectation empirically with an experiment that exposed individuals to information about endorsements of the terminology change made by the federal government, Special Olympics, or professional psychologists. We subsequently measured attitudes about persons with ID and the language used to describe ID. Results indicate that exposure to information about elite endorsement of the terminological shift either exacerbated negative attitudes or had no effect, suggesting that other factors may have primacy over “expert” opinion.
Standards to Guide the Use of Clinical Judgment in the Field of Intellectual Disability
Authors: Luckasson Ruth , Schalock Robert L. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to discuss 10 Clinical Judgment Standards and associated best practice indicators based on current literature and an understanding of the context of clinical judgment. Throughout the article, we stress the important role that clinical judgment plays in formulating valid and precise decisions and recommendations regarding diagnosis, classification, and planning supports.
Estimación del índice de confiabilidad B de las vigas de un puente usando conteos de tráfico real (TPDS) mediante simulación.
Authors: Vanegas Herrera Sergio Andrés , Chio Cho Gustavo 
Published: June 2015

El índice de confiabilidad B es un parámetro utilizado para estimar la seguridad de una estruc­tura o un elemento de esta durante su etapa de diseño o servicio. Este parámetro, definido en otros códigos del mundo (European Committee for Standardisation (Eurocode), EN 1990:2002; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 2012), no se especifica en el Código Colombiano de Diseño Sísmico de Puentes (CCDSP-95) (1995). En este artículo se presenta un trabajo sobre la estima­ción de los índices de coniabilidad Bde las vigas interiores y exteriores de un tablero de un puente de viga y losa, en concreto reforzado, de 30 m de longitud, simplemente apoyado y diseñado según el CCDSP-95. En la evaluación de los momentos resistentes se consideraron las propiedades de los materiales usando una distribución normal. Ade­más, se utilizó una simulación de Monte Carlo para estimar la solicitación del momento en cen­tro de luz de los efectos de la carga viva.
Cartilage–hair hypoplasia: a spectrum of clinical and radiological findings
Authors: Faitelson Yoram , Manson David 
Published: June 2015

Introduction: Cartilage–hair hypoplasia (CHH) is a rare skeletal dysplasia that presents with various degrees of immunodeficiency, short stature, and a susceptibility to malignancies. Individuals with CHH can present with severe combined immunodeficiency or combined immunodeficiency and are at risk for severe and unusual infections irrespective of their laboratory findings. In addition, individuals with CHH can present with variable skeletal abnormalities, mainly involving the metaphysis of long bones. CHH is a rare disease and familiarity with the variable features is crucial for diagnosis. Methods: We report the clinical, radiological, and genetic findings for 5 patients with proven diagnoses of CHH. Results: In this study we describe a cohort of patients with CHH and present their clinical findings and progressions. In addition, we present the radiological images and the immunological investigations that were done in these patients. Although all the patients in our cohort had poor cellular immunity, they had a variable clinical course. Three out of 5 patients received a bone marrow transplant (BMT) and 2 out of 5 died at an early age (1 after BMT). Those who had poor humoral function had a worse prognosis compared with those with good humoral function. The skeletal findings were characteristic for CHH. Conclusion: CHH is a disease with a variable presentation. Clinicians should be aware of the characteristic skeletal and immunological findings to identify the disease as early as possible. Statement of novelty: We present novel clinical and radiological findings in patients with variable RMRP gene mutations.
Relationships between ecosystems and plant assemblages as responses to environmental conditions in the Lower Jurassic of Hungary and Romania
Authors: Barbacka Maria , Popa Mihai E. , Mitka Józef , Bodor Emese , Pacyna Grzegorz 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Two Early Jurassic localities, the Mecsek Mts in Hungary and Anina in Romania, are similarly significant and both floras are of autochthonous/paraautochthonous origin. In the Early Jurassic the Hungarian locality was a delta plain; the Romanian locality was an intramontane depression filled predominantly by a braided river system. The floristic composition of the two localities (52 genera, 120 species), although superficially similar (25 common genera), differs at species level (only 9 common species) as well as in the proportions of taxa in major plant groups. These differences can be explained by differences in environmental conditions resulting from palaeogeographic and topographic factors. Based on previous and recent studies, alpha diversity as well as statistically (DCA, PCA) differentiated ecogroups are compared and discussed. For common species, the GLM method was used to classify them to particular environmental response types. Their environmental requirements in both ecosystems are evaluated. Some of the shared species showed different preferences at the localities, explainable by their broad ecological tolerance.
Record of environmental and climatic changes in middle Pleistocene sediments from Łuków (eastern Poland) on the basis of plant macroremains analysis
Authors: Stachowicz-Rybka Renata 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Lacustrine sediments at the Łuków site bear a record of the Ferdynandovian interglacial, correlated with Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 13-15, including two warm periods of interglacial rank (climatostratigraphic units Ferdynandovian 1 and 2) separated by cooling/glaciation (Ferdynandovian 1/2). On the basis of plant macroremains analysis, the type of local vegetation in the lake and its surroundings as well as changes in climate, trophic conditions and water level were reconstructed in detail. Ferdynandovian 1 was a time of development of tall sedge swamps. The presence of Najas marina and N. minor also suggests high levels of eutrophication, particularly in the younger part of the climatic optimum. The occurrence of Zannichellia palustris indicates habitats of variable water level and high salt content. In the terminocratic phase of Ferdynandovian 1, the communities showed the reoccurrence of Betula nana, B. humilis and Larix sp., the disappearance of thermophilous trees, and the intensification of succession processes linked to climate cooling. In the cool Ferdynandovian 1/2, Betula nana and Cenococcum geophilum increased their frequencies, most likely due to enhanced supply of mineral matter to the basin. During Ferdynandovian 2, the next climate warming of interglacial rank, communities of aquatic vegetation with the highest share of thermophilous taxa included the extinct Aldrowanda borysthenica, Brasenia borysthenica, and Scirpus atroviroides, as well as Cyperus glomeratus, a species not presently found in the flora of Poland. Another cooling in the Sanian 2 (Elsterian 2) glaciation is indicated by the development of peat communities, with numerous Carex sp., Menyanthes trifoliata, Eriophorum vaginatum, and Andromeda polifolia, accompanied by the extinct Carex paucifloroides, Caulinia macrosperma, and Potamogeton praemaackianus.
The provided description of the Ferdynandovian succession includes taxa which are extinct, not found in the Polish flora nowadays, or characteristic of a climatic context. The identified species included Brasenia borysthenica, Aldrovanda borysthenica, Caulinia macrosperma, Potamogeton praemaackianus, Scirpus atroviroides, Cyperus glomeratus, Eleocharis praemaximoviczii, Nymphaea cinerea, and Ranunculus gailensis. It has not yet been resolved whether the flora of Łuków includes Euryale sp., a particularly important taxon.
Effect of the Rearing System on the Establishment of Different Functional Groups of Microorganism in the Rumen of Kid Goats / Uticaj Sistema Uzgoja Na Uspostavljanje Različitih Funkcionalnih Grupa Mikroorganizama U Buragu Jaradi
Authors: Paez Lama Sebastián , Grilli Diego , Egea Vanina , Cerón Cucchi María , Fucili Mercedes , Allegretti Liliana , Guevara Juan Carlos 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This study was aimed to determine the effect of the rearing system on the establishment and development of different functional groups of microorganisms in the rumen of kid goats. Fifty kids were fed on goat milk until weaning at 45 (TR, traditional rearing system, n = 25) and 30 days of age (alternative rearing system, AR, n = 25). In addition, only AR group was offered with rumen starter from birth. Both groups consumed alfalfa hay and ground corn between 30 and 90 days of age. Five kids from each group were slaughtered at 21, 30, 45, 70 and 90 days old. It was determined the total number of protozoa, anaerobic, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria present in the rumen. Kids of AR were lighter in weight than TR kids between 42 and 56 days old. In both rearing systems, anaerobic and amylolytic bacteria were found at 21 days of age, while cellulolytic and protozoa were not found until 45 days of age. Kids of AR had higher quantities of anaerobic and amylolytic bacteria until 30 and 45 days of age, respectively. These results demonstrate the rearing system does not affect the sequence and time in which the functional groups of microorganisms are established in the rumen. However, the alternative rearing system with early intake of solid food allowed the establishment of greater amount of bacteria and protozoa. Nevertheless, the effect of weaning on growth rate was more marked in kids from alternative rearing system, despite its greater microbiological rumen development.