bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vocabulary and the Discourse on the 1967 Territories
Authors: Tsur Nadir 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The chapter examines the link between prolonged occupation and the language that has evolved in the State of Israel as used in the public discourse. It demonstrates the close relations between the two and how the use of language has undergone various stages from that of the religious belief discourse to a discourse of national rights, from which arose the security discourse whose origin lies in the language of conciliation and peace, and from there to the language of separation and disengagement.
Preventing Violence Against Young Children
Authors: Cassie Landers Clarice Da Silva e Paula, , Kilbane Theresa 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
For too many children, home is far from a safe haven. Violation of children often comes from the very social structures and institutions designed to care and protect them. Sadly, these acts of violence, exploitation, and abuse are rarely reported and investigated; few perpetrators are held accountable. Violence toward children is not limited by geography, ethnicity, or status; it is a global phenomenon and one of the most pervasive human rights challenges of our time. Emerging, however, are nascent efforts to improve reporting and protection of young children. Using examples from UNICEF-supported programs, this chapter addresses the magnitude of the problem and provides examples of efforts to counteract it including promoting multiple entry points and linkages with existing services; enhancing program quality and professional capacity; increasing data reliability and the design of effective tracking, monitoring, and evaluation systems; and developing supportive legal and policy frameworks.
Worlds, Literature, Systems
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines various conceptions of world in world literature and world-systems. It argues for a better theory of the world, and of the relationship between the world and literature. Not to produce a mediating relay between world literature and world-systems, but to see whether focusing on the ontology of composed works can bring “world” differently into the scene. And to see, then, if such a theory makes any difference to our understanding of world literature or the history of worldedness as an aesthetic and cultural phenomenon—as a symptom and as a compass for the history, in other words, of totality as a function of the human imagination.
First Propositions
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter presents the following propositions: first, that worldedness, the world-oriented force of any given work of art, is an aesthetic effect that emerges only at certain scales of the work itself (and hence of the analysis of works). And second, that we can move toward a more systematic (if nonetheless still impressionistic and incomplete) sense of what worldedness means if we remark some particular modes or variables of its production. It then discusses how worldedness occurs largely at the scale of the work or the collection of works that itself establishes a higher-order “totality of meaning”; and why the concept of aesthetic worldedness is worth pursuing.
Aspects of Worldedness
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses six variables or mechanisms of world-production in literature. These are amplitude, completeness, metadiegetic structure, connectedness, character-system, and dynamism. These six variables apply differently to different types of work. They resonate most clearly when it comes to narrative (in poetry, film, drama, or prose), where the necessary arrangement of relations in space and time strongly generates a sense of worldedness. The variables also interact with features of the artwork that do not speak directly to worldedness.
Against Periodization
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the entire system of literary education, from the first-year undergraduate survey to the forms of judgment governing publication, promotion, and tenure, reifies the period as its central historical concept. It then considers the impact of periodization's dominance of scholarship in the humanities. This failure of self-consciousness, the lack of debate over the value of the period as concept, is what makes periodization ideological. The response to the ideologization of periods ought to be to develop and to seek to institutionalize a variety of competing concepts, including trans-periodizing ones, for the study of literary history. This would ensure that the concepts themselves could become explicit (and contestable) subjects of scholarly work. The contests among them would then generate at a higher “level” trans-conceptual approaches, which would in turn prevent new concepts from easily producing new ideological calcification. The limitations and blind spots of periods are examined in detail.
On the History of Reality
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter considers the problem involving the theorization of reality, and in particular reality's relation to history. It suggests that the theorization of reality as historical (or not) appears to be an effect of the historical period under discussion. When it comes to thinking inside the modern period, any number of scholarly works seem to believe that reality changes, and that such changes are routinely reflected (and anticipated) in fiction. Outside the modern, however, it is far more common to assume that the reality we know today was simply beyond the creative or social capacities, or interests, of societies that did not, or could not, represent it.
Difficult Dialogues: The Technologies and Limits of Reconciliation
Authors: Moon Dawne 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Projects known as dialogue or reconciliation build on the common ground between members of historically adversarial groups to help overcome vicious cycles of retaliation. This chapter compares observations from two studies of religious and religio-ethnic communities. The more recent is a qualitative study of American Jews' understandings and experiences of anti-Semitism and how it relates to politics, particularly around the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. It compares some of the findings from this study with findings that emerged in earlier ethnographic research on debates about homosexuality within the United Methodist Church. The chapter explores the intersection of politics with the self, which sociological theories of the self have generally ignored.
Eosinophil‐derived cytokines in health and disease: unraveling novel mechanisms of selective secretion
Authors: Melo R. C. N. , Liu L. , Xenakis J. J. , Spencer L. A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOver the past two decades, our understanding of eosinophils has evolved from that of categorically destructive effector cells to include active participation in immune modulation, tissue repair processes, and normal organ development, in both health and disease. At the core of their newly appreciated functions is the capacity of eosinophils to synthesize, store within intracellular granules, and very rapidly secrete a highly diverse repertoire of cytokines. Mechanisms governing the selective secretion of preformed cytokines from eosinophils are attractive therapeutic targets and may well be more broadly applicable to other immune cells. Here, we discuss recent advances in deciphering pathways of cytokine secretion, both from intact eosinophils and from tissue‐deposited cell‐free eosinophil granules, extruded from eosinophils undergoing a lytic cell death.
Two apparently unrelated groups of symbiotic annelids, Nautiliniellidae and Calamyzidae (Phyllodocida, Annelida), are a clade of derived chrysopetalid polychaetes
Authors: Aguado M.T. , Nygren A. , Rouse G.W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNautiliniellidae Miura and Laubier, 1989 is a small family of marine polychaetes with 20 currently described species in 11 genera, most of which are known to live symbiotically in the mantle cavity of bivalves, mainly from cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, while Calamyzidae (Hartmann‐Schröder, 1971) including only one described species,Calamyzas amphictenicolaArwidsson 1932 lives as an ectoparasite on ampharetid polychaetes in Swedish waters. Nautiliniellidae and Calamyzidae have both been considered to belong to Phyllodocida, but the few phylogenetic studies including these taxa have found their positions unstable. The internal relationships within Nautiliniellidae are also poorly understood. Using molecular information from both nuclear and mitochondrial genes and morphological data we assessed the systematic placement of Nautiliniellidae (seven species; collected from Pacific hydrothermal vents and cold seeps and one from Atlantic waters) andCalamyzas amphictenicola. Our results show thatC.amphictenicolaand Nautiliniellidae formed a well‐supported clade that is nested within Chrysopetalidae, a free‐living group of polychaetes. The chrysopetalid genusVigtorniellaKiseleva 1992; a bacterial mat grazer found at methane seeps, anoxic basins and whalefalls, formed a paraphyletic grade with respect to the Nautiliniellidae–Calamyzasclade. The internal relationships within the Nautiliniellidae–Calamyzasclade as well as the relationships with their hosts are also examined. As a result we synonymize Calamyzidae and Nautiliniellidae with Chrysopetalidae, with the last as the oldest available family‐group name. Within Chrysopetalidae we refer to the subfamilies Chrysopetalinae Ehlers 1864; Dysponetinae Aguado, Nygren & Rouse, herein; and Calamyzinae Hartmann‐Schröder, 1971. Calamyzinae containsC.amphictenicola, all taxa formerly in Nautiliniellidae, and the chrysopetalid genusVigtorniella.
Rapid ecosystem change and polar bear conservation
Authors: Derocher Andrew E. , Aars Jon , Amstrup Steven C. , Cutting Amy , Lunn Nick J. , Molnár Péter K. , Obbard Martyn E. , Stirling Ian , Thiemann Gregory W. , Vongraven Dag , Wiig Øystein , York Geoffrey 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAnthropogenic global warming is occurring more rapidly in the Arctic than elsewhere, and has already caused significant negative effects on sea ice‐dependent species such as polar bears. Although observed effects have thus far been gradual, the large amount of annual variation in the climate system may cause habitat changes in individual years that exceed the long‐term trend. Such years may be below critical thresholds necessary for feeding and result in unprecedented reductions in survival, reproduction, and abundance in some populations. Here, in anticipation of sudden negative population‐level effects, we provide an overview of proactive conservation and management options. Preplanning, consultation, and coordination of management responses will be necessary to reduce the risks to human safety and other effects of catastrophic declines in habitat. Advance consideration of the costs, legality, logistical difficulties, likelihood of success, and invasiveness of potential responses will be critical to minimizing short‐term negative effects while laying the groundwork for longer‐term conservation objectives.
Functional melanocortin 1 receptor Mc1r is not necessary for an inflammatory response to UV radiation in adult mouse skin
Authors: Wolnicka‐Glubisz Agnieszka , De Fabo Edward , Noonan Frances 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe G‐protein‐coupled receptor, Mc1r, plays a major role in pigment production and has been reported to be important in the inflammatory response. We have investigated the effect of deficiency in Mc1r on UV‐induced inflammation. Mice on the same genetic background were used – C57BL/6‐c (albino), C57BL/6 (black), C57BL/6‐Mc1re/e deficient (yellow). FACS analysis of disaggregated skin showed a similar dose‐dependent increase in Ly6G+ and CD11b+ cells in response to UV radiation in all groups. No differences in UV‐induced edema or in DNA damage were detected between groups. The contact hypersensitivity response, neonatal immune tolerance and UV immunosuppression were all similar in C57BL/6 and C57BL/6‐Mc1re/e mice. We conclude that the absence of Mc1r does not impair the inflammatory response to UV radiation or the generation of immunosuppression.
International online survey: female ejaculation has a positive impact on women's and their partners' sexual lives
Authors: Wimpissinger Florian , Springer Christopher , Stackl Walter 
Published: January 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Genital secretions during female orgasm (female ejaculation) have been a matter of controversy for centuries. Scientific work on this essential part of female sexual function has been able to differentiate between female ejaculation, urinary incontinence and vaginal transudate. According to earlier studies, less than 50% of women actually do ejaculate during sexual stimulation. Few affected women discuss female ejaculation with their physician – partly because of its physiological nature, partly through embarrassment.To gain knowledge on the characteristics of female ejaculation and its impact on women's sexual lives, an online questionnaire has been designed and published internationally. In this way, data from 320 women who perceive ejaculation could be acquired. Most women and their partners perceive female ejaculation as an enrichment of their sexual lives.ObjectiveTo study characteristics of female ejaculation as perceived by healthy women.To evaluate whether fluid emission during sexual activity has an impact on women's or their partners' sexual lives.Materials and MethodsAn online questionnaire consisting of 23 questions addressing the participants' characteristics, aspects of perceived female ejaculation, and its impact on women's and their partners' lives was published internationally on various online platforms.ResultsOver a period of 18 months, 320 women from all over the world were included in the study (excluding women below the age of 18 years and double entries).The women's mean age was 34.1 years (±11.1) and their mean age at first ejaculation was 25.4 years.Most women ejaculate a few times a week. The volume of ejaculation is approximately 2 oz (29.1%), and the fluid is usually clear as water (83.1%).For most women (78.8%) and their partners (90.0%), female ejaculation is an enrichment of their sexual lives, whereas 14 women (4.4%) stated that their partners were unaware of their potential ejaculation.ConclusionsPerceived female ejaculation – and its onset – occurs in women of all ages.Most women who ejaculate do so on a regular basis.Female ejaculation is an enrichment of the sexual lives of women as well as their partners.
Genetic and Environmental Predictors of Latent Trajectories of Alcohol Use from Adolescence to Adulthood: A Male Twin Study
Authors: Wichers Marieke , Gillespie Nathan A. , Kendler Kenneth S. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundAdolescence is characterized by higher levels of novelty‐seeking and risk‐taking behavior, including initiation of alcohol use. Also, there is considerable heterogeneity in the change and continuity of alcohol use over time, which emphasizes the need to examine factors predicting alcohol use and the patterns of use over time.MethodsRetrospective data on average monthly alcohol use and risk and protective factors were obtained through interviews and questionnaires in 1,560 adult male twins. Latent class growth analysis in Mplus was performed on data of alcohol use over ages 15 to 36. Second, logistic regression analyses were used to associate risk and protective characteristics with membership in distinct latent trajectories of alcohol use.ResultsSix trajectories of alcohol use were identified, varying in the level of alcohol use, the rate of change in use in early adolescence and the persistence of use into adulthood. Genetic risk of externalizing disorder and peer deviance showed the greatest risks for unfavorable alcohol trajectories with higher levels of use and higher rates of early increase in use. Parental monitoring and involvement in social activities showed protective effects. Involvement in religious activities was strongly associated with reduced persistence of high‐level drinking in univariate but not multivariate regression analyses.ConclusionsRisk and protective factors impacted differentially on level of alcohol use, rate of increase in use during adolescence, and persistence of heavy alcohol use over time. Insight into the different ways in which predictors impact on alcohol use is relevant for the development of new intervention strategies. For this purpose, causality of the associations should be further examined.
Chondroitin sulfate, a major component of the perineuronal net, elicits inward currents, cell depolarization, and calcium transients by acting on AMPA and kainate receptors of hippocampal neurons
Authors: Maroto Marcos , Fernández‐Morales José‐Carlos , Padín Juan Fernando , González José C. , Hernández‐Guijo Jesús M. , Montell Eulalia , Vergés Josep , de Diego Antonio M. G. , García Antonio G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractChondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans (CSPGs) are the most abundant PGs of the brain extracellular matrix (ECM). Free CS could be released during ECM degradation and exert physiological functions; thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of CS on voltage‐ and current‐clamped rat embryo hippocampal neurons in primary cultures. We found that CS elicited a whole‐cell Na+‐dependent inward current (ICS) that produced drastic cell depolarization, and a cytosolic calcium transient ([Ca2+]c). Those effects were similar to those elicited by α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate (AMPA) and kainate, were completely blocked by NBQX and CNQX, were partially blocked by GYKI, and were unaffected by MK801 and D‐APV. Furthermore, ICS and AMPA currents were similarly potentiated by cyclothiazide, a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors. Because CSPGs have been attributed Ca2+ ‐dependent roles, such as neural network development, axon pathfinding, plasticity and regeneration after CNS injury, CS action after ECM degradation could be contributing to the mediation of these effects through its interaction with AMPA and kainate receptors.
Adjunctive Treatment with Lodenafil Carbonate for Erectile Dysfunction in Outpatients with Schizophrenia and Spectrum: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Nunes Luciana Vargas Alves , Lacaz Fernando Sargo , Bressan Rodrigo Affonseca , Nunes Sandra Odebrecht Vargas Alves , Mari Jair de Jesus 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Evidence is accumulating to support the presence of erectile dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. This dysregulation may be amenable to therapeutic intervention to improve adherence and quality of life of patients who suffer from schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders.

Aim
We aimed to evaluate the use of adjunctive medication lodenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in outpatients with schizophrenia and spectrum.

Methods
The design was a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial with lodenafil and it was carried at the Schizophrenia Outpatients Program.

Main Outcome Measures
The measures used to assess sexual dysfunction were Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Quality of Life Scale (QLS) were also used. The measures included the levels of prolactin, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, sex hormone-binding globulin, free testosterone, and total testosterone at baseline and end point. Lodenafil and placebo pills were used by the patients for 16 weeks.

Results
Fifty male outpatients fulfilled the criteria and 94% of the participants completed the study. Lodenafil and placebo produced improvement in ASEX, IIEF scale, PANSS, and QLS, and there was no statistical difference between lodenafil and placebo groups in all sexual domains in the results of PANSS and QLS and in the results of hormone levels.

Conclusion
These results indicate that both lodenafil and placebo were effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunction for schizophrenia. Placebo effect is very important in patients with schizophrenia and this study showed the importance of discussing sexuality and trying to treat these patients. Further studies designed to test treatments of erectile dysfunction in patients who suffer from schizophrenia are necessary.
MuRF‐1 and p‐GSK3β expression in muscle atrophy of cirrhosis
Authors: Merli Manuela , Giusto Michela , Molfino Alessio , Bonetto Andrea , Rossi Massimo , Ginanni Corradini Stefano , Baccino Francesco M. , Rossi Fanelli Filippo , Costelli Paola , Muscaritoli Maurizio 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundChronic diseases, including cirrhosis, are often accompanied by protein‐energy malnutrition and muscle loss, which in turn negatively affect quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Unlike other chronic conditions, few data are available on the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle wasting in this clinical setting.AimsTo assess mechanisms of muscle atrophy in patients with cirrhosis.MethodsNutritional [subjective global assessment (SGA) and anthropometry] and metabolic assessment was performed in 30 cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation.Rectus abdominis biopsies were obtained intraoperatively in 22 cirrhotic patients and in 10 well‐nourished subjects undergoing elective surgery for non‐neoplastic disease, as a control group. Total RNA was extracted and mRNA for atrogenes (MuRF‐1, Atrogin‐1/MAFbx), myostatin (MSTN), GSK3β and IGF‐1 was assayed.ResultsA total of 50% of cirrhotic patients were malnourished based on SGA, while 53% were muscle‐depleted according to mid‐arm muscle area (MAMA<5th percentile). MuRF‐1 RNA expression was significantly increased in malnourished cirrhotic patients (SGA‐B/C) vs. well‐nourished patients (SGA‐A) (P = 0.01). The phosphorylation of GSK3β was up‐regulated in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) vs. patients without tumour (P < 0.05).ConclusionsMuscle loss is frequently found in end‐stage liver disease patients. Molecular factors pertaining to signalling pathways known to be involved in the regulation of muscle mass are altered during cirrhosis and HCC.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Newcastle Disease Virus Strain Belonging to a Recently Identified Genotype
Authors: Briand François-Xavier , Henry Aurélie , Brown Paul , Massin Pascale , Jestin Véronique 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
We report the first complete genome sequence of a strain that presents some pathogenicity and that belongs to a recently characterized genotype of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1). This virus, isolated from the common teal, presents the most divergent genome within class I of APMV-1.