bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of equal Cd and Cu exposure in peat substrate on growth and bioaccumulation of Hordeum vulgare
Authors: Januškaitienė Irena , Klepeckas Martynas 
Published: October 2015

The Authors’ report was presented at the 9th International Scientific Conference “The Vital Nature Sign 2015”. Environment pollution with heavy metals is becoming more important these days. In this work we investigated the impact of soil contaminated with various concentrations of two heavy metals Cd and Cu (100; 200; 400; 800 and 1 600 mg/kg soil) on barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) growth and bioaccumulation. Investigated plants were sown in vegetative pots with the prepared peat and sand substrate (ratio 2:1), and 4 days after germination the plants were watered with appropriate metal concentration solutions. The experiment lasted for 14 days until the second true leaf unfolded. At the end of the experiment, the content of pigments was measured using a spectrophotometer, MDA was determined using the thiobarbituric acid method, and plants height and dry mass were also detected. Increasing of metal concentrations decreased plant height and biomass, and the Cd effect on morphological parameters was higher than that of Cu when a correlation between barley height and Cd concentration was –0.74 (p < 0.05) and between barley height and Cu concentration –0.39 (p < 0.05). Increasing metal concentrations effect on photosynthesis pigments was different, i. e. under the Cu effect the content of pigments (a+b) increased and a correlation was 0.47 (p > 0.05), while under the Cd effect it decreased and a correlation was –0.13 (p > 0.05), but statistically insignificant. Between MDA concentration in barley leaves and heavy metals concentration in the substrate a strong correlation (p < 0.05) was estimated, which was slightly stronger under the copper impact. At lower concentrations lower MDA levels were detected there, compared to those of the control plants, when the concen­tration increased up to 1 600 mg Cu and Cd/kg substrate, the MDA concentrations increased statistically significantly by 68 and 32%, respectively. Up to 800 mg/kg concentration in the substrate accumulation of copper was more willing than accumulation of cadmium in barley leaves (p < 0.05), but when the concentration rises up to 1 600 mg/kg, the plant starts to accumulate more Cd than Cu.
Black carbon aerosol dynamics and isotopic composition in Alaska linked with boreal fire emissions and depth of burn in organic soils
Authors: Mouteva G. O. , Czimczik C. I. , Fahrni S. M. , Wiggins E. B. , Rogers B. M. , Veraverbeke S. , Xu X. , Santos G. M. , Henderson J. , Miller C. E. , Randerson J. T. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) aerosol emitted by boreal fires has the potential to accelerate losses of snow and ice in many areas of the Arctic, yet the importance of this source relative to fossil fuel BC emissions from lower latitudes remains uncertain. Here we present measurements of the isotopic composition of BC and organic carbon (OC) aerosols collected at two locations in interior Alaska during the summer of 2013, as part of NASA's Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment. We isolated BC from fine air particulate matter (PM2.5) and measured its radiocarbon (Δ14C) content with accelerator mass spectrometry. We show that fires were the dominant contributor to variability in carbonaceous aerosol mass in interior Alaska during the summer by comparing our measurements with satellite data, measurements from an aerosol network and predicted concentrations from a fire inventory coupled to an atmospheric transport model. The Δ14C of BC from boreal fires was 131 ± 52‰ in the year 2013 when the Δ14C of atmospheric CO2was 23 ± 3‰, corresponding to a mean fuel age of 20 years. Fire‐emitted OC had a similar Δ14C (99 ± 21‰) as BC, but during background (low fire) periods OC (45 to 51‰) was more positive than BC (−354 to −57‰). We also analyzed the carbon and nitrogen elemental and stable isotopic composition of the PM2.5. Fire‐emitted aerosol had an elevated carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio (29 ± 2) and δ15N (16 ± 4‰). Aerosol Δ14C and δ13C measurements were consistent with a mean depth of burning in organic soil horizons of 20 cm (and a range of 8 to 47 cm). Our measurements of fire‐emitted BC and PM2.5composition constrain the end‐member of boreal forest fire contributions to aerosol deposition in the Arctic and may ultimately reduce uncertainties related to the impact of a changing boreal fire regime on the climate system.
Solar cycle influence on troposphere and middle atmosphere via ozone layer in the presence of planetary waves: Simulation with ARM
Authors: Krivolutsky A. A. , Cherepanova L. A. , Dement'eva A. V. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractGlobal circulation model of the Troposphere‐Middle Atmosphere‐Lower Thermosphere ARM (Atmospheric Research Model) is used to simulate the thermal and wind response to solar cycle‐induced UV variations. ARM covers altitudes from 1 to 135 km and has corresponding spatial resolution: 1 km in altitude; 11.25° in longitude; 5° in latitude. Internal Gravity Waves parameterization and planetary waves (PWs) structure on the basis of observations are determined at the lower boundary of the model. Changes in UV radiation, which is absorbed by ozone and molecular oxygen, are introduced into the model to find the corresponding global wind and temperature response. Stationary PWs with zonal wave numbers 1–3 are included at lower boundary in model runs. The simulations show that atmospheric response to solar cycle has a visible nonzonal character with the amplitude of about 5 K in the troposphere for the winter season. The effect is rather smaller for summer due to the trapping PWs at lower altitudes. So, in accordance with the results of simulations, the link between the solar UV variability and the middle and low atmosphere strongly depends on the ozone and PWs activity.
The dawn‐dusk length of the X line in the near‐Earth magnetotail: Geotail survey in 1994–2014
Authors: Nagai Tsugunobu , Shinohara Iku , Zenitani Seiji 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe dawn‐dusk length of the X line is investigated for magnetic reconnection in association with substorms in the near‐Earth magnetotail on the basis of the 21 year Geotail plasma sheet observations. The X line is identified as a simultaneous plasma flow Vx and magnetic field Bz reversal inside the ion‐electron decoupling region of magnetic reconnection. Forty‐four X lines can be found at XGSM = −20 to −31 RE in the magnetotail. The X line length is estimated on the basis of occurrence of magnetic reconnection. Characteristics of flows and fields are investigated for magnetic reconnection and tailward flow events to verify the obtained X line length. The dawn‐dusk length of the X line is most likely 6 RE with its center in the premidnight sector for moderate substorms. Hence, the magnetic reconnection site is mapped to approximately 1 h local time sector in the auroral ionosphere. The dawn‐dusk length of the X line is extended mainly dawnward for larger substorms.
Electrical image of subduction zone beneath northeastern Japan
Authors: Ichiki Masahiro , Ogawa Yasuo , Kaida Toshiki , Koyama Takao , Uyeshima Makoto , Demachi Tomotsugu , Hirahara Satoshi , Honkura Yoshimori , Kanda Wataru , Kono Toshio , Matsushima Masaki , Nakayama Takashi , Suzuki Syuichi , Toh Hiroaki 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe conducted long‐period magnetotelluric observations in northeastern Japan from 2010 to 2013 to investigate the three‐dimensional electrical resistivity distribution of the subduction zone. Incorporating prior information of the subducting slab into the inversion scheme, we obtained a three‐dimensional resistivity model in which a vertically continuous conductive zone is imaged from the subducting slab surface to the lower crust beneath the Ou Backbone Range. The conductive body indicates a saline fluid and/or melt pathway from the subducting slab surface to the lower crust. The lower crust conductor is less than 10 Ω m, and we estimate a saline fluid and/or melt fraction of at least 0.7 vol. %. Other resistivity profiles in the across‐arc direction reveal that the conductive body segregates from the subducting slab surface at 80–100 km depth and takes an overturned form toward the back arc. The head of the conducting body reaches the lower crust just beneath Mt. Gassan, one of the prominent back‐arc volcanoes in the system.
Inferred support for disturbance‐recovery hypothesis of North Atlantic phytoplankton blooms
Authors: Smith Matthew J. , Tittensor Derek P. , Lyutsarev Vassily , Murphy Eugene 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAnalyses of satellite‐derived chlorophyll data indicate that the phase of rapid phytoplankton population growth in the North Atlantic (the “spring bloom”) is actually initiated in the winter rather than the spring, contradicting Sverdrup's critical depth hypothesis. An alternative disturbance‐recovery hypothesis (DRH) has been proposed to explain this discrepancy, in which the rapid deepening of the mixed layer reduces zooplankton grazing rates sufficiently to initiate the bloom. We use Bayesian parameter inference on a simple Nutrient‐Phytoplankton‐Zooplankton (NPZ) model to investigate the DRH and also investigate how well the model can capture the multiyear and spatial dynamics of phytoplankton concentrations and population growth rates. Every parameter in our NPZ model was inferred as a probability distribution given empirical constraints, which provides a more objective method to identify a model parameterization given available empirical evidence, rather than fixing or tuning individual parameter values. Our model explains around 75% of variation in the seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton concentrations, 30% of variation in their population rates of change, and correctly predicts the phases of population growth and decline. Our parameter‐inferred model supports the DRH, revealing the sustained reduction of grazing due to mixed‐layer deepening as the driving mechanism behind bloom initiation, with the relaxation of nutrient limitation being another contributory mechanism. Our results also show that the continuation of the bloom is caused in part by the maintenance of phytoplankton concentrations below a level that can support positive zooplankton population growth. Our approach could be employed to formally assess alternative hypotheses for bloom formation.
The transatlantic dust transport from North Africa to the Americas—Its characteristics and source regions
Authors: Gläser Gregor , Wernli Heini , Kerkweg Astrid , Teubler Franziska 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTransport of Saharan dust over the Atlantic to the Americas is a relevant process since dust is a nutrient for marine and terrestrial ecosystems. It is therefore important to better quantify the frequency and amount of transatlantic dust transport, its preferred altitude and duration, and the regions of dust origin. This study uses a novel combination of Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics, applied to a previously validated 5 year simulation of the fifth generation European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast‐Hamburg‐model (ECHAM5)/Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) Atmospheric Chemistry model, to quantify these dust transport characteristics and their seasonal variations. Results confirm the previously found preferred transatlantic dust pathways: in boreal winter and spring, African dust is mainly transported below 800 hPa toward South America, whereas in summer and autumn the preferred pathway is to the Caribbean and occurs in a layer up to 500 hPa. The averaged transport duration from dust emission to deposition is 10 days in winter for deposition in the Amazon region and almost 12 days in summer for deposition in the Caribbean. These estimates were obtained by combining correlation analyses of Eulerian dust fluxes and trajectory calculations. The latter were also essential to identify the main source regions of transatlantic dust transport, which were found in all seasons in northwestern Africa (Algeria, Mali, and Mauritania) but not farther east, e.g., in the Bodélé Depression. A specific Lagrangian analysis for this dust emission hot spot suggests that wet deposition associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone in winter and the African monsoon in summer inhibits Bodélé dust to leave the African continent.
Modes of rifting in magma‐rich settings: Tectono‐magmatic evolution of Central Afar
Authors: Stab Martin , Bellahsen Nicolas , Pik Raphaël , Quidelleur Xavier , Ayalew Dereje , Leroy Sylvie 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRecent research in Afar (northern Ethiopia) has largely focused on the formation of the present‐day ocean‐continent transition at active segments (e.g., Manda Hararo). However, the Oligo‐Miocene history of extension, from the onset of rifting at ~25 Ma to the eruption of the massive Stratoïd flood basalts at ~4 Ma, remains poorly constrained. Here we present new structural data and radiometric dating from Central Afar, obtained along a zone stretching from the undeformed Oligocene Ethiopian plateau to the Manda Hararo and Tat'Ale active volcanic segments. Basaltic and rhyolitic formations were mapped in two key areas corresponding to the proximal and distal parts of a half‐rift. We present a balanced composite cross section of Central Afar, reconstructed using our new data and previously published geophysical data on the crustal structure. Our main findings are as follows: (1) Extension during the Mio‐Pliocene corresponds to a “wide rift” style of rifting. (2) The lower crust has been underplated/intruded and rethickened during rifting by magmatic injection. (3) Our restoration points to the existence of midcrustal shear zones that have helped to distribute extension in the upper crust and to localize extension at depth in a necking zone. Moreover, we suggest that there is a close relationship between the location of a shear zone and the underplated/intruded material. In magma‐rich environments such as Central Afar, breakup should be achieved once the initial continental crust has been completely replaced by the newly, magmatically accreted crust. Consequently, and particularly in Afar, crustal thickness is not necessarily indicative of breakup but instead reflects differences in tectono‐magmatic regimes.
Type II focal cortical dysplasia: Ex vivo 7T magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities and histopathological comparisons
Authors: Zucca Ileana , Milesi Gloria , Medici Valentina , Tassi Laura , Didato Giuseppe , Cardinale Francesco , Tringali Giovanni , Colombo Nadia , Bramerio Manuela , D'Incerti Ludovico , Freri Elena , Morbin Michela , Fugnanesi Valeria , Figini Matteo , Spreafico Roberto , Garbelli Rita 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveIn the present report, the correlations between ex vivo high‐resolution imaging and specific histological and ultrastructural patterns in type II focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) have been studied to explain the differences in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detection of dysplasia and to contribute to the presurgical imaging evaluation of this pathology.MethodsSurgical specimens from 13 patients with FCD IIa/b were submitted to 7T MRI scanning, and then analyzed histologically and ultrastructurally to compare the results with the MRI findings. Region of interest (ROI)‐based measures on T2‐weighted images (T2wi) were quantitatively evaluated in the lesion and in adjacent perilesional gray and white matter.ResultsMatched histological sections and 7T T2wi showed that the core of the lesion was characterized by patchy aggregates of abnormal cells and fiber disorganization related to inhomogeneity of intracortical signal intensity. The quantitative approach on T2wi can help to distinguish the lesions and perilesional areas even in a clinical MRI‐negative case. The ultrastructural study showed that the strong signal hyperintensity in the white matter of FCD IIb was related to a dysmyelination process associated with severe fiber loss and abnormal cells. Less severe histopathological features were found in FCD IIa, thus reflecting their less evident MRI alterations.InterpretationWe suggest that white matter abnormalities in type IIb FCD are due to defects of the myelination processes and maturation, impaired by the presence of balloon cells. To reveal the presence and the border of type II cortical dysplasia on MRI, a quantitative ROI‐based analysis (coefficient of variation) is also proposed. ANN NEUROL 2016;79:42–58
From N‐Nitro to N‐Nitroamino: Preparation of High‐Performance Energetic Materials by Introducing Nitrogen‐Containing Ions
Authors: Yin Ping , Shreeve Jean'ne M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn the design of energetic materials, high energetic performance and good molecular stability are two main goals. Energetic functionalization which strives for maximum energy often results in unstable chemical bonds and causes safety problems in practical production and storage operations. In this work, N‐nitro‐ and N‐nitroamino‐functionalized mono‐ and bis(1,2,4‐triazoles) were synthesized and characterized by infrared, and multinuclear NMR spectra, and elemental analyses. The N‐nitroamino‐functionalization strategy was employed for bis(imidazole), leading to high density compound 14 (2.007 g cm−3 at 100 K; 1.94 g cm−3 at room temperature) and energetic salt 15. While N‐nitro‐functionalized products are thermally unstable and highly moisture sensitive, N‐nitroamino‐functionalized energetic salts, which are comprised of additional nitrogen‐containing ions, exhibit good density, moderate to excellent structural stabilities, and high performance.
Rational Structure‐Based Design of Bright GFP‐Based Complexes with Tunable Dimerization
Authors: Eshaghi Majid , Sun Guangyu , Grüter Andreas , Lim Chiew Ling , Chee Yuemin Celina , Jung Gregor , Jauch Ralf , Wohland Thorsten , Chen Swaine L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFluorescent proteins are transformative tools; thus, any brightness increase is a welcome improvement. We invented the “vGFP strategy” based on structural analysis of GFP bound to a single‐domain antibody, predicting tunable dimerization, enhanced brightness (ca. 50 %), and improved pH resistance. We verified all of these predictions using biochemistry, crystallography, and single‐molecule studies. We applied the vsfGFP proteins in three diverse scenarios: single‐step immunofluorescence in vitro (3× brighter due to dimerization); expression in bacteria and human cells in vivo (1.5× brighter); and protein fusions showing better pH resistance in human cells in vivo. The vGFP strategy thus allows upgrading of existing applications, is applicable to other fluorescent proteins, and suggests a method for tuning dimerization of arbitrary proteins and optimizing protein properties in general.
Iron‐Promoted CC Bond Formation in the Gas Phase
Authors: Troiani Anna , Rosi Marzio , Garzoli Stefania , Salvitti Chiara , de Petris Giulia 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn unusual iron transfer and carbon–carbon coupling take place in gas‐phase ionized mixtures containing ferrocene and dichloromethane. Ferrous chloride and the protonated benzenium ion are eventually formed by a thermal and efficient reaction, through stable intermediates that undergo a remarkable reorganization. The mechanism of the concerted iron extrusion, carbon–chlorine bond activation and carbon–carbon bond formation is elucidated by electronic structure calculations that show the crucial role of iron.
Randomized clinical trial of perioperative nerve block and continuous local anaesthetic infiltration via wound catheter versus epidural analgesia in open liver resection (LIVER 2 trial)
Authors: Hughes M J , Harrison E M , Peel N J , Stutchfield B , McNally S , Beattie C , Wigmore S J 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Background
Analgesia after liver surgery remains controversial. A previous randomized trial of continuous wound infiltration (CWI) versus thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) after liver surgery (LIVER trial) showed a faster recovery time in the wound infiltration group but better early postoperative pain scores in the TEA group. High-level evidence is, however, limited and opinion remains divided. The aim was to determine whether there is a difference in functional recovery time between patients having CWI plus abdominal nerve blocks versus TEA after liver resection.

Methods
A randomized unblinded clinical trial of patients undergoing open liver resection was commenced in December 2012, with follow-up to August 2014. Patients were randomized to receive either wound catheter and nerve block (CWI group) or TEA for 48 h after surgery. The primary outcome measure was functional recovery time. Secondary outcomes were pain scores, complication rates, inflammatory response and central venous pressure (CVP) during transection.

Results
Of 50 patients randomized initially to each group, 44 received TEA and 49 CWI. Median (i.q.r.) recovery time was 6·5 (5–9·75) and 5·75 (4–7) days in the TEA and CWI groups respectively (P = 0·036). Pain scores were not significantly different between the two groups, and there were no differences in morbidity, inflammatory response or CVP during transection.

Conclusion
Wound infiltration is associated with a reduced time to recovery after open liver resection compared with epidural analgesia. TEA does not offer an advantage over CWI in terms of attenuation of the inflammatory response or pain scores. Registration number: NCT01747122 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Interventional ductoscopy in patients with pathological nipple discharge
Authors: Waaijer L , van Diest P J , Verkooijen H M , Dijkstra N -E , van der Pol C C , Borel Rinkes I H M , Witkamp A J 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Background
Surgery is the intervention of choice for definitive diagnosis and treatment in women with pathological nipple discharge (PND). Ductoscopy has been reported to improve diagnosis, but as an interventional procedure it may also reduce the need for surgery. This study evaluated interventional ductoscopy in patients with PND.

Methods
A prospective study on ductoscopy was conducted in consecutive patients with PND, but without a suspected malignancy on routine diagnostic evaluation. Intraductal lesions were removed by ductoscopic extraction. Surgery was undertaken if there were suspicious ductoscopic findings or at the patient's request. Therapeutic efficacy was determined by cannulation success, detection and removal rates, symptom resolution and avoided surgery.

Results
Ductoscope introduction was successful in 71 (87 per cent) of 82 patients, with abnormalities visualized in 53 (65 per cent); these were mostly polypoid lesions (29 patients). The lesion was removed in 27 of 34 attempted ductoscopic extractions. Twenty-six (32 per cent) of the 82 patients underwent surgery, whereas surgery was avoided in 56 (68 per cent). After a median follow-up of 17 (range 3–45) months, 40 patients (49 per cent) no longer experienced symptoms of PND, 13 of 34 patients experienced an insufficient therapeutic effect after attempted ductoscopic extraction, and the outcome was unknown in two (2 per cent). Malignancy was diagnosed in four patients (5 per cent); two had been missed at ductoscopy and two at initial surgery after ductoscopy.

Conclusion
Interventional ductoscopy is technically feasible and may help to avoid surgery in the majority of patients. As endoscopic removal of intraductal lesions is not always possible and malignancy can be the underlying cause of PND, ductoscopic instruments should be further optimized to allow definitive histological diagnosis.