bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fractional rate‐dependent cohesive‐zone model
Authors: Musto Marco , Alfano Giulio 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThis paper presents a novel formulation of a hereditary cohesive zone model able to effectively capture rate‐dependent crack propagation along a defined interface, over a wide range of applied loading rates and with a single set of seven input parameters only, as testified by the remarkable agreement with experimental results in the case of a double cantilever beam made of steel adherends bonded along a rubber interface. The formulation relies on the assumption that the measured fracture energy is the sum of a rate‐independent ‘rupture’ energy, related to the rupture of primary bonds at the atomic or molecular level, and of additional dissipation caused by other rate‐dependent dissipative mechanisms present in the material and occurring simultaneously to rupture. The first contribution is accounted for by introducing a damage‐type internal variable, whose evolution follows a rate‐independent law for consistency with the assumption of rate independence of the rupture energy. To account for the additional dissipation, a fractional‐calculus‐based linear viscoelastic model is used, because for many polymers, it is known to capture the material response within an extremely wide range of strain rates much more effectively than classic models based on an exponential kernel. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first application of fractional viscoelasticity to the simulation of fracture. © 2015 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Effects of poly(ethylene glycol) grafted silica nanoparticles on crystallization behavior of poly(d‐lactide)
Authors: Wang Zuoning , Xia Shuang , Chen Hong , Wang Song , Nie Kangming , Li Zhibo 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA series of biodegradable poly(d‐lactide) (PDLA) nanocomposites filled with silica nanoparticles with different surface characteristics were prepared via the solvent casting method. The crystallization behavior of PDLA was investigated at different temperatures. For these hybrid nanocomposites, the effects of silica nanoparticles displayed distinct influences on the crystallization behavior of PDLA depending on the temperature. Bare silica nanoparticles increased the crystallization behavior of PDLA regardless of annealing temperature. In contrast, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted silica nanoparticles increased the crystallization rate at 80 and 130 °C, but they decreased the crystallization rate at 120 °C. A possible reason was that PEG grafted silica nanoparticles acted as plasticizers while the bare silica nanoparticles acted as nucleating agents. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Protein structural dynamics at the gas/water interface examined by hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry
Authors: Xiao Yiming , Konermann Lars 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGas/water interfaces (such as air bubbles or foam) are detrimental to the stability of proteins, often causing aggregation. This represents a potential problem for industrial processes, for example, the production and handling of protein drugs. Proteins possess surfactant‐like properties, resulting in a high affinity for gas/water interfaces. The tendency of previously buried nonpolar residues to maximize contact with the gas phase can cause significant structural distortion. Most earlier studies in this area employed spectroscopic tools that could only provide limited information. Here we use hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry (MS) for probing the conformational dynamics of the model protein myoglobin (Mb) in the presence of N2 bubbles. HDX/MS relies on the principle that unfolded and/or highly dynamic regions undergo faster deuteration than tightly folded segments. In bubble‐free solution Mb displays EX2 behavior, reflecting the occurrence of short‐lived excursions to partially unfolded conformers. A dramatically different behavior is seen in the presence of N2 bubbles; EX2 dynamics still take place, but in addition the protein shows EX1 behavior. The latter results from interconversion of the native state with conformers that are globally unfolded and long‐lived. These unfolded species likely correspond to Mb that is adsorbed to the surface of gas bubbles. N2 sparging also induces aggregation. To explain the observed behavior we propose a simple model, that is, “semi‐unfolded” ↔ “native” ↔ “globally unfolded” → “aggregated”. This model quantitatively reproduces the experimentally observed kinetics. To the best of our knowledge, the current study marks the first exploration of surface denaturation phenomena by HDX/MS.
Economic Evaluation of Flexibility in the Design of IGCC Plants with Integrated Membrane Reactor Modules
Authors: Zhang Juzheng , Cardin Michel‐Alexandre , Kazantzis Nikolaos , Ng Simon K. K. , Ma Y. H. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTIntegrated Gasification Combined Cycle with embedded membrane reactor modules (IGCC‐MR) represents a new technology option for the coproduction of electricity and pure hydrogen endowed with enhanced environmental performance capacity. It is viewed as an alternative to conventional coal‐ and gas‐fired power generation technologies. An IGCC‐MR power plant needs to be techno‐economically evaluated in the presence of irreducible regulatory and fuel market uncertainties for the potential deployment of an initial fleet of demonstration plants at the commercial scale. This paper applies a systematic methodological framework to assess the economic value of flexible alternatives in the design and operation of an IGCC‐MR plant under the aforementioned sources of uncertainty. The main objective is to demonstrate the potential value enhancements associated with the long‐term economic performance of flexible IGCC‐MR project investments, by managing the uncertainty associated with future environmental regulations and fuel costs. The paper provides an overview of promising design flexibility concepts for IGCC‐MR power plants and focuses on operational and constructional systems flexibility. Operational flexibility is realized through temporary plant shutdown with considerations of regulatory and market uncertainties. Constructional flexibility is realized by considering the installation of a Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) unit at three strategic periods: (1) installation at the initial construction phase, (2) retrofitting at a later stage, and (3) retrofitting at a later stage with preinvestment. Monte Carlo simulations and financial analysis demonstrate that, in the presence of irreducible uncertainty, the most economically advantageous flexibility option is to install CCS in the initial IGCC‐MR construction phase.
Hydrologic ecosystem services: linking ecohydrologic processes to human well‐being in water research and watershed management
Authors: Brauman Kate A. 
Published: March 2015

Ecosystem services, the benefits ecosystems provide to people, and hydrologic services, the subset of terrestrial ecosystem services related to water, appear with increasing frequency in water resources research and watershed management. Linking biophysical function to human well‐being is central to the theory of ecosystem services, so distinctive characteristics of research on hydrologic services arise from addressing the way people are affected by ecohydrologic processes. However, based on a rapid scoping of 381 peer‐reviewed studies of hydrologic services, I identified only a small fraction that appear to effectively make the link from biophysical processes to people. In their abstracts, many of the reviewed articles use the language of hydrologic services but appear to be essentially disciplinary studies, accounting for either biophysical functioning or specific beneficiaries in their analysis, but not both. In addition to guiding research, the direct link from biophysical processes to human well‐being makes hydrologic services an appealing foundation for watershed management. The hydrologic services framework has been used to assess conservation benefits, evaluate management practices, prioritize siting, account for externalities, and perform trade‐off or cost‐benefit analysis. Hydrologic services hold potential for novel research and effective watershed management, but challenges remain in executing interdisciplinary research and in addressing the idiosyncratic demands of local management. WIREs Water 2015, 2:345–358. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1081This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Human Water > Value of Water
Graphane
Authors: Sahin H. , Leenaerts O. , Singh S. K. , Peeters F. M. 
Published: March 2015

Atomically thin crystals have recently been the focus of attention, in particular, after the synthesis of graphene, a monolayer hexagonal crystal structure of carbon. In this novel material class, the chemically derived graphenes have attracted tremendous interest. It was shown that, although bulk graphite is a chemically inert material, the surface of single layer graphene is rather reactive against individual atoms. So far, synthesis of several graphene derivatives have been reported such as hydrogenated graphene ‘graphane’ (CH), fluorographene (CF), and chlorographene (CCl). Moreover, the stability of bromine and iodine covered graphene were predicted using computational tools. Among these derivatives, easy synthesis, insulating electronic behavior and reversibly tunable crystal structure of graphane make this material special for future ultra‐thin device applications. This overview surveys structural, electronic, magnetic, vibrational, and mechanical properties of graphane. We also present a detailed overview of research efforts devoted to the computational modeling of graphane and its derivatives. Furthermore recent progress in synthesis techniques and possible applications of graphane are reviewed as well. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:255–272. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1216This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
Electronic Structure Theory > Semiempirical Electronic Structure Methods
Electronic Structure Theory > Combined QM/MM Methods
Human kin detection
Authors: Bressan Paola , Kramer Peter 
Published: March 2015

Natural selection has favored the evolution of behaviors that benefit not only one's genes, but also their copies in genetically related individuals. These behaviors include optimal outbreeding (choosing a mate that is neither too closely related, nor too distant), nepotism (helping kin), and spite (hurting non‐kin at a personal cost), and all require some form of kin detection or kin recognition. Yet, kinship cannot be assessed directly; human kin detection relies on heuristic cues that take into account individuals' context (whether they were reared by our mother, or grew up in our home, or were given birth by our spouse), appearance (whether they smell or look like us), and ability to arouse certain feelings (whether we feel emotionally close to them). The uncertainties of kin detection, along with its dependence on social information, create ample opportunities for the evolution of deception and self‐deception. For example, babies carry no unequivocal stamp of their biological father, but across cultures they are passionately claimed to resemble their mother's spouse; to the same effect, ‘neutral’ observers are greatly influenced by belief in relatedness when judging resemblance between strangers. Still, paternity uncertainty profoundly shapes human relationships, reducing not only the investment contributed by paternal versus maternal kin, but also prosocial behavior between individuals who are related through one or more males rather than females alone. Because of its relevance to racial discrimination and political preferences, the evolutionary pressure to prefer kin to non‐kin has a manifold influence on society at large. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:299–311. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1347This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition
Three Hen Strains Fed Photoisomerized trans,trans CLA‐Rich Soy Oil Exhibit Different Yolk Accumulation Rates and Source‐Specific Isomer Deposition
Authors: Shinn Sara E. , Gilley Alex D. , Proctor Andrew , Anthony Nicholas B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMost CLA chicken feeding trials used cis,trans (c,t) and trans,cis (t,c) CLA isomers to produce CLA‐rich eggs, while reports of trans,trans (t,t) CLA enrichment in egg yolks are limited. The CLA yolk fatty acid profile changes and the 10–12 days of feeding needed for maximum CLA are well documented, but there is no information describing CLA accumulation during initial feed administration. In addition, no information on CLA accumulation rates in different hen strains is available. The aim of this study was to determine a mathematical model that described yolk CLA accumulation and depletion in three hen strains by using t,t CLA‐rich soybean oil produced by photoisomerization. Diets of 30‐week Leghorns, broilers, and jungle fowl were supplemented with 15 % CLA‐rich soy oil for 16 days, and eggs were collected for 32 days. Yolk fatty acid profiles were measured by GC‐FID. CLA accumulation and depletion was modeled by both quadratic and piecewise regression analysis. A strong quadratic model was proposed, but it was not as effective as piecewise regression in describing CLA accumulation and depletion. Broiler hen eggs contained the greatest concentration of CLA at 3.2 mol/100 g egg yolk, then jungle fowl at 2.9 mol CLA, and Leghorns at 2.3 mol CLA. The t,t CLA isomer levels remained at 55 % of total yolk CLA during CLA feeding. However, t‐10,c‐12 (t,c) CLA concentration increased slightly during CLA accumulation and was significantly greater than c‐9,t‐11 CLA. Jungle fowl had the smallest increase in yolk saturated fat with CLA yolk accumulation.
Phase Behavior and Structure of Systems Based on Mixtures of n‐Hentriacontane and Melissic Acid
Authors: Serrato‐Palacios Lourdes Liliana , Toro‐Vazquez Jorge F. , Dibildox‐Alvarado Elena , Aragón‐Piña Antonio , Morales‐Armenta Maria del Rosario , Ibarra‐Junquera Vrani , Pérez‐Martínez Jaime David 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCandelilla wax (CW) organogelation is a promising method for providing structure to solid‐like fat‐based foods, cosmetics, and drug delivery systems. The main component, n‐hentriacontane (C31), defines, to a large extent, the thermal properties of CW. CW is a complex mixture of n‐alkanes, fatty acids, triterpenic alcohols, and fatty alcohols. In this initial examination of the role of CW components on the phase behavior and structure, CW and binary mixtures of C31 and melissic acid (C30) were studied in bulk and in solutions of vegetable oil. Binary mixtures of C31 and C30 presented a predominantly monotectic phase behavior in which the melting temperature of C31 remained constant independently of the mixture composition. Crystal packing of the pure components and mixtures had an orthorhombic subcell, and the microstructures of the mixtures were extremely different from that of the pure components. In solutions with less than 50 % C31, the order–disorder transition observed in bulk C31 was absent. Organogels of C31, C30, or the mixture were softer than those of CW. The increased strength of CW organogels is associated with the relatively small crystal size of this system.
Review of Thoracic Imaging Findings Unique to Women
Authors: Khashper Alla , Gruber James M. , Fraser Richard S. , Discepola Federico , Semionov Alexandre 
Published: March 2015

Purpose Traditionally, indications for imaging studies of women are considered to be related to screening for and evaluation of disease of the female breast and pelvis. However, a number of chest diseases and associated intrathoracic imaging findings are unique to women and should be recognized by general radiologists, as well as chest and women-imaging specialists. Conclusions The sex-specific findings unique to women include normal anatomical variants, primary lung disease, complications of breast and gynaecological disease, and pregnancy-related conditions. Classification, description, and illustration of gender-specific chest imaging findings are the objective of this article.
Risk factors and treatment responses in patients with vitiligo in Japan—A retrospective large‐scale study
Authors: Ohguchi Ryoko , Kato Hiroshi , Furuhashi Takuya , Nakamura Motoki , Nishida Emi , Watanabe Shoichi , Shintani Yoichi , Morita Akimichi 
Published: March 2015

AbstractVitiligo is a refractory skin disease. To investigate the risk factors and treatment responses of patients with vitiligo in Japan, we recorded and analyzed the details of 713 vitiligo patients (comorbidity, treatment responses, family history, age, and sex) who visited the dermatology clinic of the Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan between January 2004 and August 2010 (mean age, 35.2 years; 302 men, 411 women) using logistic regression analysis. The results are expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Patients were diagnosed with vitiligo [n = 644; 338 generalized type (47.4%), 170 segmental type (23.8%), and 136 localized type (19.1%)], nevus depigmentosus (n = 53, 7.4%), halo nevus (n = 14, 2.0%), and hypomelanosis of Ito (n = 2, 0.3%). For generalized and localized types, none of the analyzed factors were statistically significant. For the segmental type, antinuclear antibody (OR = 1.005; 95% CI, 1.00–1.01; p < 0.05) and onset age < 14 years were the significant factors in patients between 15 years and 29 years (OR = 0.246; 95% CI, 0.113–0.538; p < 0.001), 30–54 years (OR = 0.0419; 95% CI, 0.0133–0.132; p < 0.001), and >55 years (OR = 0.0171; 95% CI, 0.00333–0.0879; p < 0.001). The treatment response rates for narrow‐band UV‐B, topical vitamin D3, and punch graft (1 mm minigraft) were, respectively, as follows: (1) generalized type: 46.3%, 21.1%, and 38.9%; (2) segmental type: 20.3%, 29.0%, and 77.3%; and (3) localized type: 29.2%, 54.8%, and 73.3%. We report the comorbidities and efficacy rates of these treatments. The response data for these treatments, in particular, would be of assistance to the previous explanations, because there were only a few reports on the response data for these treatments. The appropriate treatment should be selected depending on the type of vitiligo.
Parametric resonance in unsteady watertable flow
Authors: Camporeale Carlo , Schmid Peter J. 
Published: March 2015

The stability of unsteady open-channel flow down an inclined plane is studied using an iterative approach based on the direct and adjoint stability equations combined with a physically justified energy measure. An efficient parametric resonance mechanism has been identified between the exogenous base-flow oscillations and the intrinsic frequencies of streamwise disturbance vortices. This resonance results in strong amplification over a substantial range of the governing parameters, favouring streamwise elongated structures. The optimal frequency for a maximal disturbance response can be efficiently approximated from simpler steady calculations; two frequency-selection criteria are given for this purpose. The analysis generalizes earlier work on steady watertable flow and provides an effective framework and starting point for further work on pattern formation in harmonically forced open-channel flows.
The internal wavefield generated by a towed sphere at low Froude number
Authors: Brandt A. , Rottier J. R. 
Published: March 2015

In highly stratified atmospheric and oceanic environments, a large fraction of energy input by various sources can be manifest as internal waves (IWs). The propagating nature of IWs results in the distribution of the energy over a large fraction of the air/water column. Wakes of translating bodies are one source of input energy that has been of continued interest. To further the understanding of wakes in strongly stratified environments, and particularly the near-field regime where strong coupling to the internal wavefield is evident, an extensive series of experiments on the internal wavefield generated by a towed sphere was performed, wherein the internal wavefield was measured over a Froude number range $0.1\leqslant \mathit{Fr}\leqslant 5$ (where $\mathit{Fr}=U/ND$, $U$ is the tow speed, $D$ the sphere diameter and $N$ the Brunt–Väisälä (BV) frequency). In a second series of experiments, the temporal wavefield evolution was studied over two BV periods. These measurements show that the body generation (lee wave) mechanism dominates at $\mathit{Fr}\lesssim 1$, while the random eddies in the turbulent wake become the dominant source at $\mathit{Fr}\gtrsim 1$. In the low-$\mathit{Fr}$ regime, $\mathit{Fr}\leqslant 1$, there is a resonant peak in the coupling of the input wake energy to the internal wavefield at a Froude number of ${\sim}0.5$, and at its maximum 70 % of the input energy is coupled into IW potential energy. In this regime it was also found that the spreading angle of the evolving wavefield was considerably broader than predicted by the classical point-source models for the wavefield further downstream, owing to the existence in the near field of a significant energy content in the higher-IW modes that deteriorate at later times. In the low-$\mathit{Fr}$ regime, it was found that, while the IW potential energy increases $\propto \mathit{Fr}^{2}$, the fraction of the total energy input is a weak function of $\mathit{Fr}$, varying as $\mathit{Fr}^{1/2}$.
Nurturing the Citizens of the Future: Milk Stations and Child Nutrition in Puerto Rico, 1929–60
Authors: González Elisa M. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBetween the 1930s and 1960s Puerto Rico was transformed from a marginal United States territory into an industrialised ‘showcase of development’. This article investigates the organisation of milk station programmes on the island during this crucial period and how these reflected the circulation of child welfare knowledge, nutrition expertise and public health practices. During the Depression, these perspectives fostered a recast of the eugenic regeneration ideologies motivating medical assessments of and sanitary interventions with Puerto Rico’s rural poor since the nineteenth century. Innovations in nutrition knowledge and an emerging rural hygiene movement highlighted the negative health effects of the island’s monocrops economy. In this context, the nourishment of children’s bodies assumed symbolic and instrumental significance for the reconfiguration of colonial and developmental models promoted by the new Popular Democratic Party (PPD). The experience of public health professionals in relief work during the 1930s contributed to the articulation of food and nutrition as key elements of this party’s populist discourse. Programmes like milk stations became part of strategies to rear and manage the labour force needed in the industrial development model promoted by the PPD. From the perspective of poor Puerto Ricans, however, they were part of the materialisation of its promise of social justice for the poorer classes.
Supplement to ‘The Interpretation of Greek Music’ (J.H.S., XLII. p. 133)
Authors: Clements E. 
Published: March 2015

The diagram now given reproduces in a more logical form the vocal and instrumental schemes; it shows their underlying unity, and points to the use of the vocal scheme as an enharmonic and chromatic exercise for the trained singer. It will be observed that, with two exceptions, the intervals used are the just semitone and simple quartertone.The instrumental signs which go to the notes of the ditonal Hypolydian scale from eb to eb to which, as I have pointed out, the kithara must have been tuned, are all in their normal upright left to right position. They are Ν, ⊏ (digamma), < (an old Corinthian form of γ), ┐, κ, C, F, ٢. The last may be a mutilated form of Ω. Ν and ┐ are extraneous signs. Γ is known to be an old form of π, but π was never written ┐ in writing from left to right. I think it is a reasonable inference that Ν and ┐ were used to mark respectively the nete and mese. One may deduce the theoretical structure of the Hypolydian as two conjunct tetrachords with an additional tone below.