bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kainate receptor subunit diversity underlying response diversity in retinal Off bipolar cells
Authors: Lindstrom Sarah H. , Ryan David G. , Shi Jun , DeVries Steven H. 
Published: January 2014

Key points
The temporal signals mediated by postsynaptic kainate receptors differ depending on subunit composition (GluK1–GluK5) and the presence of the auxiliary subunits Neto1 and Neto2.
In ground squirrel retina, four anatomical types of Off bipolar cells can be divided into two functional groups, cb1a/b and cb3a/b, based on differences in the temporal responses of their kainate receptors to cone glutamate release; the kainate receptor subunits expressed by the two groups are not known.
Our pharmacological results suggests that cb1 and cb3 cells both express the GluK1 subunit, a finding corroborated in cb3 cells by in situ hybridization with a GluK1‐specific probe.
Additional results from pharmacology, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry suggest that the temporal differences in receptor responses may arise through the selective expression in cb3 cells of GluK3, GluK5, and Neto1.
These results establish a relationship between kainate receptor subunit composition and parallel signal processing at the cone photoreceptor synapse.
AbstractPostsynaptic kainate receptors mediate excitatory synaptic transmission over a broad range of temporal frequencies. In heterologous systems, the temporal responses of kainate receptors vary when different channel‐forming and auxiliary subunits are co‐expressed but how this variability relates to the temporal differences at central synapses is incompletely understood. The mammalian cone photoreceptor synapse provides advantages for comparing the different temporal signalling roles of kainate receptors, as cones release glutamate over a range of temporal frequencies, and three functionally distinct Off bipolar cell types receive cone signals at synapses that contain either AMPA or kainate receptors, all with different temporal properties. A disadvantage is that the different receptor subunits are not identified. We used in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and pharmacology to identify the kainate receptor and auxiliary subunits in ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecimlineatus) cb1a/b, cb2, and cb3a/b Off bipolar cell types. As expected, the types showed distinct subunit expression patterns. Kainate receptors mediated ∼80% of the synaptic response in cb3a/b cells and were heteromers of GluK1 and GluK5. Cb3a/b cells contained message for GluK1 and GluK5, and also GluK3 and the auxiliary subunit Neto1. The synaptic responses in cb1a/b cells were mediated by GluK1‐containing kainate receptors that behaved differently from the receptors expressed by cb3a/b cells. AMPA receptors mediated the entire synaptic response in cb2 cells and the remaining synaptic response in cb3a/b cells. We conclude that GluK1 is the predominant kainate receptor subunit in cb1 and cb3 Off bipolar cells. Different temporal response properties may result from selective association with GluK3, GluK5, or Neto1.
Resting pulmonary haemodynamics and shunting: a comparison of sea‐level inhabitants to high altitude Sherpas
Authors: Foster Glen E. , Ainslie Philip N. , Stembridge Mike , Day Trevor A. , Bakker Akke , Lucas Samuel J. E. , Lewis Nia C. S. , MacLeod David B. , Lovering Andrew T. 
Published: January 2014

Key points
Evolutionary pressure to improve gas exchange and/or resting pulmonary haemodynamics in hypoxic environments may have led to differences in the amount of blood that flows through right‐to‐left shunt pathways between Sherpas and sea‐level inhabitants.
We studied sea‐level inhabitants during rest at sea level and acute isocapnic hypoxia and during rest at high altitude following 3 weeks of acclimatization and compared their responses to those of Sherpas during rest at high altitude.
Contrary to some previous literature, we found similar resting pulmonary pressure and total pulmonary resistance between acclimatized sea‐level inhabitants and Sherpas at high altitude.
We also found a similar number of subjects from each group with intracardiac shunt and intrapulmonary shunt at high altitude.
These results help us better understand resting cardiopulmonary adaptations to high altitude by comparing life‐long high altitude residents with sea‐level inhabitants acclimatized to high altitude.
AbstractThe incidence of blood flow through intracardiac shunt and intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA) may differ between Sherpas permanently residing at high altitude (HA) and sea‐level (SL) inhabitants as a result of evolutionary pressure to improve gas exchange and/or resting pulmonary haemodynamics. To test this hypothesis we compared sea‐level inhabitants at SL (SL‐SL; n = 17), during acute isocapnic hypoxia (SL‐HX; n = 7) and following 3 weeks at 5050 m (SL‐HA; n = 8 non‐PFO subjects) to Sherpas at 5050 m (n = 14). , heart rate, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and cardiac index (Qi) were measured during 5 min of room air breathing at SL and HA, during 20 min of isocapnic hypoxia (SL‐HX; = 47 mmHg) and during 5 min of hyperoxia ( = 1.0; Sherpas only). Intracardiac shunt and IPAVA blood flow was evaluated by agitated saline contrast echocardiography. Although PASP was similar between groups at HA (Sherpas: 30.0 ± 6.0 mmHg; SL‐HA: 32.7 ± 4.2 mmHg; P = 0.27), it was greater than SL‐SL (19.4 ± 2.1 mmHg; P < 0.001). The proportion of subjects with intracardiac shunt was similar between groups (SL‐SL: 41%; Sherpas: 50%). In the remaining subjects, IPAVA blood flow was found in 100% of subjects during acute isocapnic hypoxia at SL, but in only 4 of 7 Sherpas and 1 of 8 SL‐HA subjects at rest. In conclusion, differences in resting pulmonary vascular regulation, intracardiac shunt and IPAVA blood flow do not appear to account for any adaptation to HA in Sherpas. Despite elevated pulmonary pressures and profound hypoxaemia, IPAVA blood flow in all subjects at HA was lower than expected compared to acute normobaric hypoxia.
Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow
Authors: Willie Christopher K. , Tzeng Yu‐Chieh , Fisher Joseph A. , Ainslie Philip N. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractHerein, we review mechanisms regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF), with specific focus on humans. We revisit important concepts from the older literature and describe the interaction of various mechanisms of cerebrovascular control. We amalgamate this broad scope of information into a brief review, rather than detailing any one mechanism or area of research. The relationship between regulatory mechanisms is emphasized, but the following three broad categories of control are explicated: (1) the effect of blood gases and neuronal metabolism on CBF; (2) buffering of CBF with changes in blood pressure, termed cerebral autoregulation; and (3) the role of the autonomic nervous system in CBF regulation. With respect to these control mechanisms, we provide evidence against several canonized paradigms of CBF control. Specifically, we corroborate the following four key theses: (1) that cerebral autoregulation does not maintain constant perfusion through a mean arterial pressure range of 60–150 mmHg; (2) that there is important stimulatory synergism and regulatory interdependence of arterial blood gases and blood pressure on CBF regulation; (3) that cerebral autoregulation and cerebrovascular sensitivity to changes in arterial blood gases are not modulated solely at the pial arterioles; and (4) that neurogenic control of the cerebral vasculature is an important player in autoregulatory function and, crucially, acts to buffer surges in perfusion pressure. Finally, we summarize the state of our knowledge with respect to these areas, outline important gaps in the literature and suggest avenues for future research.
In Vitro
Efficacy of a Novel Active-Release Antimicrobial Coating To Eradicate Biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Williams Dustin L. , Lerdahl Julia M. , Haymond Bryan S. , Bloebaum Roy D. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Implant-related infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to the formation of biofilms on implant surfaces. This study analyzed the
in vitro
efficacy of a novel antimicrobial coating against biofilms of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, using a flow cell system. Results indicated that
P. aeruginosa
biofilms were reduced by greater than 8 log
10
units in less than 24 h. Data indicated that this active-release coating may be promising for preventing biofilm implant-related infections.
Real-World Experience with Echinocandin MICs against Candida Species in a Multicenter Study of Hospitals That Routinely Perform Susceptibility Testing of Bloodstream Isolates
Authors: Eschenauer Gregory A. , Nguyen M. Hong , Shoham Shmuel , Vazquez Jose A. , Morris Arthur J. , Pasculle William A. , Kubin Christine J. , Klinker Kenneth P. , Carver Peggy L. , Hanson Kimberly E. , Chen Sharon , Lam Simon W. , Potoski Brian A. , Clarke Lloyd G. , Shields Ryan K. , Clancy Cornelius J. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Reference broth microdilution methods of
Candida
echinocandin susceptibility testing are limited by interlaboratory variability in caspofungin MICs. Recently revised Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoint MICs for echinocandin nonsusceptibility may not be valid for commercial tests employed in hospital laboratories. Indeed, there are limited echinocandin susceptibility testing data from hospital laboratories. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of 9 U.S., Australian, and New Zealand hospitals that routinely tested
Candida
bloodstream isolates for echinocandin susceptibility from 2005 to 2013. Eight hospitals used Sensititre YeastOne assays. The
Candida
spp. were
C. albicans
(
n
= 1,067),
C. glabrata
(
n
= 911),
C. parapsilosis
(
n
= 476),
C. tropicalis
(
n
= 185),
C. krusei
(
n
= 104), and others (
n
= 154). Resistance and intermediate rates were ≤1.4% and ≤3%, respectively, for each echinocandin against
C. albicans
,
C. parapsilosis
, and
C. tropicalis
. Resistance rates among
C. glabrata
and
C. krusei
isolates were ≤7.5% and ≤5.6%, respectively. Caspofungin intermediate rates among
C. glabrata
and
C. krusei
isolates were 17.8% and 46.5%, respectively, compared to ≤4.3% and ≤4.4% for other echinocandins. Using CLSI breakpoints, 18% and 19% of
C. glabrata
isolates were anidulafungin susceptible/caspofungin nonsusceptible and micafungin susceptible/caspofungin nonsusceptible, respectively; similar discrepancies were observed for 38% and 39% of
C. krusei
isolates. If only YeastOne data were considered, interhospital modal MIC variability was low (within 2 doubling dilutions for each agent). In conclusion, YeastOne assays employed in hospitals may reduce the interlaboratory variability in caspofungin MICs against
Candida
species that are observed between reference laboratories using CLSI broth microdilution methods. The significance of classifying isolates as caspofungin intermediate and anidulafungin/micafungin susceptible will require clarification in future studies.
Extensive Genetic Diversity Identified among Sporadic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Recovered in Irish Hospitals between 2000 and 2012
Authors: Kinnevey Peter M. , Shore Anna C. , Brennan Grainne I. , Sullivan Derek J. , Ehricht Ralf , Monecke Stefan , Coleman David C. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTClonal replacement of predominant nosocomial methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) strains has occurred several times in Ireland during the last 4 decades. However, little is known about sporadically occurring MRSA in Irish hospitals or in other countries. Eighty-eight representativepvl-negative sporadic MRSA isolates recovered in Irish hospitals between 2000 and 2012 were investigated. These yielded unusual pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antibiogram-resistogram typing patterns distinct from those of the predominant nosocomial MRSA clone, ST22-MRSA-IV, during the study period. Isolates were characterized byspatyping and DNA microarray profiling for multilocus sequence type (MLST) clonal complex (CC) and/or sequence type (ST) and SCCmectype assignment, as well as for detection of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Conventional PCR-based SCCmecsubtyping was undertaken when necessary. Extensive diversity was detected, including 38spatypes, 13 MLST-CCs (including 18 STs among 62 isolates assigned to STs), and 25 SCCmectypes (including 2 possible novel SCCmecelements and 7 possible novel SCCmecsubtypes). Fifty-four MLST-spa-SCCmectype combinations were identified. Overall, 68.5% of isolates were assigned to nosocomial lineages, with ST8-t190-MRSA-IID/IIE ± SCCM1predominating (17.4%), followed by CC779/ST779-t878-MRSA-ψSCCmec-SCC-SCCCRISPR(7.6%) and CC22/ST22-t032-MRSA-IVh (5.4%). Community-associated clones, including CC1-t127/t386/t2279-MRSA-IV, CC59-t216-MRSA-V, CC8-t008-MRSA-IVa, and CC5-t002/t242-MRSA-IV/V, and putative animal-associated clones, including CC130-t12399-MRSA-XI, ST8-t064-MRSA-IVa, ST398-t011-MRSA-IVa, and CC6-t701-MRSA-V, were also identified. In total, 53.3% and 47.8% of isolates harbored genes for resistance to two or more classes of antimicrobial agents and two or more mobile genetic element-encoded virulence-associated factors, respectively. Effective ongoing surveillance of sporadic nosocomial MRSA is warranted for early detection of emerging clones and reservoirs of virulence, resistance, and SCCmecgenes.
Finished Genome of Zymomonas mobilis subsp.
mobilis
Strain CP4, an Applied Ethanol Producer
Authors: Kouvelis Vassili N. , Teshima Hazuki , Bruce David , Detter Chris , Tapia Roxanne , Han Cliff , Tampakopoulou Vassileia-Olga , Goodwin Lynne , Woyke Tanja , Kyrpides Nikos C. , Typas Milton A. , Pappas Katherine M. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Zymomonas mobilis
subsp.
mobilis
is one of the most rigorous ethanol-producing organisms known to date, considered by many to be the prokaryotic alternative to yeast. The two most applied
Z. mobilis
subsp.
mobilis
strains, ZM4 and CP4, derive from Recife, Brazil, and have been isolated from sugarcane fermentations. Of these, ZM4 was the first
Z. mobilis
representative strain to be sequenced and analyzed. Here, we report the finishing of the genome sequence of strain CP4, which is highly similar but not identical to that of ZM4.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Pseudomonas
sp. Strain 2-92, a Biological Control Strain Isolated from a Field Plot Under Long-Term Mineral Fertilization
Authors: Adam Zaky , Tambong James Tabi , Chen Qing , Lewis Christopher T. , Lévesque C. André , Xu Renlin 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas
sp. strain 2-92, isolated from a Canadian field plot under long-term mineral fertilization, strongly inhibits the growth of
Fusarium graminearum
,
Rhizoctonia solani
, and
Gaeumannomyces graminis
. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Pseudomonas
sp. strain 2-92.
Insight into the First Draft Genome Sequence of the Genus
Sediminibacillus
, Sediminibacillus halophilus Strain NSP9.3
Authors: Dey Rinku , Pal Kamal Krishna , Sherathia Dharmesh , Sukhadiya Bhoomika , Dalsania Trupti , Patel Ilaxi , Savsani Kinjal , Thomas Manesh , Vanpariya Sejal , Mandaliya Mona , Rupapara Rupal , Rawal Priya , Ghorai Sucheta , Bhayani Sharmila , Shah Abhi , Saxena Anil Kumar 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

We report the 3.98-Mbp first draft genome sequence of
Sediminibacillus halophilus
strain NSP9.3, a moderate halophile isolated from a seasonal salt marsh of the Great Rann of Kutch, India. Exploring the genome of this organism will facilitate the understanding of the mechanism(s) of osmotolerance and survival in differential osmolarity.
Draft Genome Sequence of Atrazine-Utilizing Bacteria Isolated from Indian Agricultural Soil
Authors: Sagarkar Sneha , Bhardwaj Pooja , Yadav Trilok C. , Qureshi Asifa , Khardenavis Anshuman , Purohit Hemant J. , Kapley Atya 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

We report the draft genome sequences of two tropical bacterial isolates capable of degrading the herbicide atrazine.
Alcaligenes
sp. strain EGD-AK7 and
Arthrobacter
sp. strain AK-YN10 were isolated from Indian agricultural soil in which sugarcane is grown, with a reported history of atrazine use. EGD-AK7 has the
atzABCDEF
genes and AK-YN10 has the
trzN
and
atzBC
genes for atrazine degradation.
Toxoplasma gondii Upregulates Interleukin-12 To Prevent Plasmodium berghei-Induced Experimental Cerebral Malaria
Authors: Settles Erik W. , Moser Lindsey A. , Harris Tajie H. , Knoll Laura J. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA chronic infection with the parasiteToxoplasma gondiihas previously been shown to protect mice against subsequent viral, bacterial, or protozoal infections. Here we have shown that a chronicT. gondiiinfection can preventPlasmodium bergheiANKA-induced experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in C57BL/6 mice. Treatment with solubleT. gondiiantigens (STAg) reduced parasite sequestration and T cell infiltration in the brains ofP. berghei-infected mice. Administration of STAg also preserved blood-brain barrier function, reduced ECM symptoms, and significantly decreased mortality. STAg treatment 24 h post-P. bergheiinfection led to a rapid increase in serum levels of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). By 5 days afterP. bergheiinfection, STAg-treated mice had reduced IFN-γ levels compared to those of mock-treated mice, suggesting that reductions in IFN-γ at the time of ECM onset protected against lethality. Using IL-10- and IL-12βR-deficient mice, we found that STAg-induced protection from ECM is IL-10 independent but IL-12 dependent. Treatment ofP. berghei-infected mice with recombinant IL-12 significantly decreased parasitemia and mortality. These data suggest that IL-12, either induced by STAg or injected as a recombinant protein, mediates protection from ECM-associated pathology potentially through early induction of IFN-γ and reduction in parasitemia. These results highlight the importance of early IL-12 induction in protection against ECM.
TREM-1 Promotes Survival during Klebsiella pneumoniae Liver Abscess in Mice
Authors: Lin Yi-Tsung , Tseng Kai-Yu , Yeh Yi-Chen , Yang Fu-Chen , Fung Chang-Phone , Chen Nien-Jung 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Klebsiella pneumoniae
liver abscess (KPLA) is prevalent in East Asia. Liver abscess can develop after translocation of
K. pneumoniae
from a patient's bowel into the liver via the portal circulation. TREM-1 (
t
riggering
r
eceptor
e
xpressed on
m
yeloid cells
1
) amplifies inflammatory signaling during infection, but its role in KPLA is poorly understood. We used an animal study to characterize the role of TREM-1 in KPLA. We compared survival rates, bacterial burdens in tissues, inflammatory cytokine levels, and histology findings between wild-type and
Trem-1
knockout (KO) mice after oral inoculation of capsular type K1
K. pneumoniae
. Translocation of
K. pneumoniae
to mesenteric lymph nodes and liver was examined, and intestinal permeability, antimicrobial peptide expression, and the clearance of
K. pneumoniae
in the small intestine were determined. In the absence of TREM-1, KPLA model mice showed increased
K. pneumoniae
dissemination, enhanced liver and systemic inflammation, and reduced survival. Impaired bacterial clearance in the small intestine causes enhanced
K. pneumoniae
translocation, which renders
Trem-1
KO mice more susceptible to
K. pneumoniae
oral infection. In conclusion, TREM-1-mediated bacterial clearance in the small intestine is an important immune response against
K. pneumoniae
. TREM-1 deficiency enhances
K. pneumoniae
translocation in the small intestine and increases mortality rates in mice with KPLA.
Maternal and perinatal risk factors for childhood cancer: record linkage study
Authors: Bhattacharya Sohinee , Beasley Marcus , Pang Dong , Macfarlane Gary J 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate maternal and perinatal risk factors for childhood cancer.Study designCase–control analysis of linked records from the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal Databank with the Scottish Cancer Registry and the General Registry of Births and Deaths in Scotland was carried out.SettingAberdeen, Scotland.ParticipantsCases (n=176) comprised children diagnosed with cancer under 15 years or recorded as having died of cancer. Four controls per case were matched by age and gender.Risk factors testedMaternal age, body mass index, social class, marital status and smoking as well as pre-eclampsia, antepartum haemorrhage and previous miscarriage, gestational age, birth weight and Apgar scores were compared between groups to test for association with cancer. ORs with 95% CIs were calculated using conditional logistic regression in univariable and multivariable models.ResultsOf the maternal characteristics tested, mother's age at delivery (cases mean 28.9 (SD 5.6) years vs controls mean 30.2 (SD 4.6), p=0.002) and smoking status (38.6% smokers among cases, 29.7% among controls, p=0.034) were found to be different between groups. Of the perinatal factors tested, low Apgar score at 5 min (adjusted OR (AOR) 4.59, 95% CI 1.52 to 13.87) and delivery by caesarean section (AOR 1.95, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.92) showed statistically significant associations with childhood cancer in the multivariable model.ConclusionsYounger maternal age, maternal smoking, delivery by caesarean section and low Apgar score at 5 min were independently associated with increased risk of childhood cancer. These general findings should be interpreted with caution as this study did not have the power to detect any association with individual diagnostic categories of childhood cancer.
Direct and indirect economic and health consequences of COPD in Denmark: a national register-based study: 1998–2010
Authors: Løkke Anders , Hilberg Ole , Tønnesen Philip , Ibsen Rikke , Kjellberg Jakob , Jennum Poul 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but longitudinal studies of the economic consequences of COPD are scarce. This Danish study evaluated for the first time ever the economic consequences of COPD of an entire nation before and after the diagnosis.SettingRecords from the Danish National Patient Registry (1998–2010), direct and indirect costs, including frequency of primary and secondary sector contacts and procedures, medication, unemployment benefits and social transfer payments were extracted from national databases.Participants131 811 patients with COPD were identified and compared with 131 811 randomly selected controls matched for age, gender, educational level, residence and marital status.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDirect and indirect economic and health consequences of COPD in Denmark in the time period 1998–2010.ResultsPatients with COPD had a poor survival. The average (95% CI) 12-year survival rate was 0.364 (0.364 to 0.368) compared with 0.686 among controls (0.682 to 0.690). COPD was associated with significantly higher rates of health-related contacts, medication use and higher socioeconomic costs. The employment and the income rates of employed patients with COPD were significantly lower compared with controls. The annual net costs, including social transfers were €8572 for patients with COPD. These consequences were present up to 11 years before first-time diagnosis in the secondary healthcare sector and became more pronounced with disease advancement.ConclusionsThis study provides unique national data on direct and indirect costs before and after initial diagnosis with COPD in Denmark as well as mortality, health and economic consequences for the individual and for society. It could be speculated that early identification and intervention might contribute to the solution.