bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease; predisposing factors in a developing country
Authors: Qazi Arisar Fakhar Ali , Khan Shameem Behram , Umar Anam 
Published: October 2014

Objective: To find out the risk factors for developing Hepatic Encephalopathy in patients suffering from Chronic liver disease.Background: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that is caused by liver damage. In its pathology, alterations in normal brain function are associated with an increase in blood ammonia, benzodiazepine like substances, products of neurotoxic fatty acids, and other gut derived toxins, which gain access to the brain as a result of liver dysfunction. Study Design: Hospital based descriptive, cross sectional study. Setting: Medical Unit 1, Ward- 5, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre, Karachi.Duration: July 2013 to December 2013Patients and Methods: About 150 patients admitted in medical unit 1 with a diagnosis of chronic liver disease in a state of hepatic encephalopathy were included in this study. Patients suffering from viral or bacterial encephalitis, stroke, brain tumor, Wernicke’s encephalopathy were excluded from the study.Results and Observations: There were 96 (64%) female and 54 (36%) were male patients. Mean age of the patients was 52.45 (±12.271) years. 80 (53.33%) patients were having constipation. Infection was found in 55 (36.66%) cases. Upper GI Bleed was present in 51 (34%) patients. 44 (29.33%) patients had moderate to severe electrolyte imbalance as the cause. Constipation alone was the cause in 11.33% of cases. More than one factor was found to be responsible in around 56% of patients while in 6.6% of cases none of these precipitating factors was isolated.Conclusion: Constipation is the commonest cause of hepatic encephalopathy followed by infection, upper GI bleed and electrolyte imbalance.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i2.11099Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(2) 2015 36-43
Effect of prolong consumption of crude Aloe barbadensis (Aloe vera) gel on haematological indices in rats
Authors: Nku C. O. , Ofem O. E. , Okon U. A. 
Published: October 2014

Background: Aloe vera is a succulent perennial plant that belongs to the liliaceae family and to a large family called xeroids. It is a magical plant with vast healing properties, but there is paucity in scientific literature on it effects on haematological parameters. The effect of persistent consumption of crude aqueous extract of Aloe vera on haematological indices of albino Wistar rats was investigated in this study.Methods: Twenty four rats were randomly assigned into three groups of eight rats each. Group 1 (control) received 0.26mL of normal saline o.p. Group 2 received 0.26mL of aloe vera extract for 2 weeks while group 3 received 0.26mL of aloe vera extract for 4 weeks p.o. once daily. All animals received drinking water and normal rat chow ad libitum.Results: Results revealed that the control group had a mean PCV of 37.50 ±0.98%; Hb, 11.40 ±0.39g/dL; RBC, 6.91 ±0.35 x106 cells/µL; WBC, 4.36 ±0.54 x103 cells/µL and platelet count, 670.13 ±41.01 x103 cells/µL. These blood parameters were not significantly different in group 2 animals compared with controls, but were significantly higher in group 3 rats compared with controls. Differential WBC counts were as follows for control values: neutrophils, 23.25 ±2.39%; lymphocytes, 72.88 ± 2.55%; monocytes, 0.13 ±0.13%; eosinophils, 3.00 ±0.71% and basophils, 0.13 ±0.12%. Lymphocytes were significantly (p<0.05) higher in group 3 compared with control group.Conclusion: Aloe vera extract contains phytochemicals that boost blood parameters and immunity on prolong consumption. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i2.11106Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(2) 2015 58-61
Quand la dépendance est une question de survie : pratique clinique auprès de patients dialysés
Authors: Riazuelo Hélène , Cupa Dominique , Chaudoye Guillemine 
Published: October 2014

À l’annonce d’une insuffisance rénale terminale, une certitude : à plus ou moins long terme le patient sera mis en dialyse ou greffé. Il ne peut compter sur son propre corps devenu incapable de le faire vivre. Cela lui inflige une profonde blessure narcissique, un narcissisme primaire qui peut être touché, lui montrant son impuissance radicale puisqu’il est obligé de faire appel à une machine ou au rein d’un autre pour survivre. La machine et les soignants en charge du rein artificiel peuvent devenir, au niveau fantasmatique, une sorte de mère toute-puissante, un vampire dangereux ou une autre figure de notre univers psychique archaïque. Le dialysé est, comme le nourrisson, dépendant de façon absolue (au sens de Winnicott) de la machine et de l’équipe médicale et soignante. Face aux incertitudes liées à son état, le patient peut chercher auprès des soignants une aide pour les rendre supportables psychiquement, pour les contenir. Face à la maladie chronique, face à ce traitement érodant (physiquement et psychiquement) qu’est la dialyse, le narcissisme comme gardien de vie est alors central.
Les morts-vivants
Authors: Rouabhi Mohamed 
Published: October 2014

Résumé À quelques exceptions près, Mohamed Rouabhi a écrit dans Vacarme des textes sur les séjours qu’il a passés en Palestine, sur les ateliers d’écriture qu’il a animés à Ramallah, Bethléem, Jérusalem. Sa pièce El menfi (L’exilé) a été créée en juillet 2000 à Ramallah dans la mise en scène de Nadine Varoutsikos ; elle sera reprise en janvier 2001 à Épinay-sur-Seine. Cette fois-ci, il a préféré écrire sur les morts-vivants.
Fibrocytes Are Not an Essential Source of Type I Collagen during Lung Fibrosis
Authors: Kleaveland Kathryn R. , Velikoff Miranda , Yang Jibing , Agarwal Manisha , Rippe Richard A. , Moore Bethany B. , Kim Kevin K. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Progressive fibrosis involves accumulation of activated collagen-producing mesenchymal cells. Fibrocytes are hematopoietic-derived cells with mesenchymal features that potentially have a unique and critical function during fibrosis. Fibrocytes have been proposed as an important direct contributor of type I collagen deposition during fibrosis based largely on fate-mapping studies. To determine the functional contribution of hematopoietic cell-derived type I collagen to fibrogenesis, we use a double-transgenic system to specifically delete the type I collagen gene across a broad population of hematopoietic cells. These mice develop a robust fibrotic response similar to littermate genotype control mice injured with bleomycin indicating that fibrocytes are not a necessary source of type I collagen. Using collagen–promoter GFP mice, we find that fibrocytes express type I collagen. However, fibrocytes with confirmed deletion of the type I collagen gene have readily detectable intracellular type I collagen indicating that uptake of collagen from neighboring cells account for much of the fibrocyte collagen. Collectively, these results clarify several seemingly conflicting reports regarding the direct contribution of fibrocytes to collagen deposition.
Single Dose of Glycoengineered Anti-CD19 Antibody (MEDI551) Disrupts Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting Pathogenic Adaptive Immune Responses in the Bone Marrow and Spinal Cord while Preserving Peripheral Regulatory Mechanisms
Authors: Chen Ding , Blazek Monica , Ireland Sara , Ortega Sterling , Kong Xiangmei , Meeuwissen Anouk , Stowe Ann , Carter Laura , Wang Yue , Herbst Ronald , Monson Nancy L. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Plasma cells and the autoreactive Abs they produce are suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, but recent attempts to target these components of humoral immunity have failed. MEDI551, an anti-CD19 Ab that depletes mature B cells including plasma cells may offer a compelling alternative that reduces pathogenic adaptive immune responses while sparing regulatory mechanisms. Indeed, our data demonstrate that a single dose of MEDI551, given before or during ongoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, disrupts development of the disease. Leukocyte infiltration into the spinal cord is significantly reduced, as well as short-lived and long-lived autoreactive CD138+ plasma cells in the spleen and bone marrow, respectively. In addition, potentially protective CD1dhiCD5+ regulatory B cells show resistance to depletion, and myelin-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are expanded. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MEDI551 disrupts experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting multiple proinflammatory components whereas preserving regulatory populations.
Opkrabbelen na de verrassingsaanval
Authors: van Lent Daan 
Published: October 2014

How the Dutch cultural sector survived severe budget cuts
In 2012 the Dutch government decided to implement severe budget cuts for the cultural sector, more than in almost any other European country. Not only for austerity reasons but also due to ideological motives 200 million in subsidies to the cultural sector were cut by the central government. Also local government cut their cultural budgets, but only for economic reasons. After an outrage among artists and cultural institutions they started to adapt. But cultural entrepreneurship proved difficult in an era of economic crisis. Sponsorship and donations were difficult to get. Visitors saved on their expenses for visits to theatres. Nevertheless just a small number of cultural institutions stopped their activities. Most cut their staff and are only working with freelancers. The consequences of cuts are mostly felt by individual artists. With the institutions they are trying to find new ways for reaching audiences. But it is too early to tell if they will survive. The government is developing new indicators for judging the performances of the cultural institutions. That has the danger of a cultural utilitarianism, without a vision on other values for society that the cultural sector could provide.
Publiek-Private Samenwerking
Authors: Sanders Maurits 
Published: October 2014

Public-private partnerships as a remedial strategy
Government employs Public-Private Partnerships as a remedial strategy directed at compensating for failures that typically occur in pure market arrangements, networks or pure hierarchical government settings. It is then possible to engage in Public-Private Partnerships corresponding with the three basic forms of social organization: market, network and government. The distinction between: (1) market-PPP, (2) network-PPP and (3) public authority-PPP is elaborated.
Zoeken naar een evenwichtig veiligheidsbeleid: risicomanagement, onzekerheid en crises
Authors: Resodihardjo Sandra Larissa 
Published: October 2014

Zoeken naar een evenwichtig veiligheidsbeleid: risicomanagement, onzekerheid en crises
How far should governments go to keep their citizens safe? Not an easy question to answer, but the three books reviewed in this essay provide food for thought on this matter. Power (2004) describes how risk management could become such a dominant feature in today’s society while warning for the danger of risk management being misused to save one’s reputation if things do go wrong. Boutellier (2013) paints a picture of Dutch societal uncertainty and explains how crime became a part of Dutch risk society. According to Boutellier, Dutch government tries to deal with this complexity in an improvising manner. Van Duin, Wijkhuijs, and Jong (2013) present an edited volume of crises and incidents which happened in 2012. Lessons are drawn and warnings given, including the warning that it is impossible to prepare for all possible incidents, let alone plan everything ahead and distil those plans in rules and regulations.
Modeling radiation belt electron acceleration by ULF fast mode waves, launched by solar wind dynamic pressure fluctuations
Authors: Degeling A. W. , Rankin R. , Zong Q.‐G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe investigate the magnetospheric MHD and energetic electron response to a Storm Sudden Commencement (SSC) and subsequent magnetopause buffeting, focusing on an interval following an SSC event on 25 November 2001. We find that the electron flux signatures observed by LANL, Cluster, and GOES spacecraft during this event can largely be reproduced using an advective kinetic model for electron phase space density, using externally prescribed electromagnetic field inputs, (herein described as a “test‐kinetic model”) with electromagnetic field inputs provided by a 2‐D linear ideal MHD model for ULF waves. In particular, we find modulations in electron flux phase shifted by 90° from the local azimuthal ULF wave electric field (Eφ) and a net enhancement in electron flux after 1.5 h for energies between 500 keV and 1.5 MeV near geosynchronous orbit. We also demonstrate that electrons in this energy range satisfy the drift resonance condition for the ULF waves produced by the MHD model. This confirms the conclusions reached by Tan et al. (2011), that the energization process in this case is dominated by drift‐resonant interactions between electrons and MHD fast mode waves, produced by fluctuations in solar wind dynamic pressure.
How heterogeneity in the shear dilation of a deposit controls the mechanics of breaching slope failure
Authors: You Yao , Flemings Peter , Mohrig David , Germaine John 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBreaching is a type of retrogressive submarine slope failure associated with pore pressure drops in both space and time, and this drop strengthens the failing deposit. Breaching is characterized by a near‐vertical failure surface that retreats with a relatively constant velocity, on the order of a millimeter per second. Breaching is controlled by interactions between shear‐dilation‐generated pore pressure drops and pore pressure dissipation through intergranular fluid flow. Laboratory measurements show that shear dilation in a deposit increases with increasing effective stress ratio between the major principal effective stress and the minor principal effective stress as well as decreasing confining stress. We present a two‐dimensional numerical model that indicates how effective stress ratio and confining stress produce spatially varying dilation, affecting the mechanics of breaching. Experimental results show that dilation in a breaching deposit increases with proximity to the failure surface. As a result, the maximum magnitude of pore pressure drop is very close to the failure surface. The numerical model confirms that the sediment release is dominated by pore pressure dissipation through intergranular fluid flow in the horizontal direction. This allows the erosion rate to be treated as a constant in the vertical direction. Numerical model results also show that because dilation decreases with increasing vertical depth, the deposit becomes less stable with depth, suggesting a potential upper limit for the thickness of the deposit undergoing breaching.
“Category‐6” supertyphoon Haiyan in global warming hiatus: Contribution from subsurface ocean warming
Authors: Lin I.‐I. , Pun Iam‐Fei , Lien Chun‐Chi 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWith the extra‐ordinary intensity of 170 kts, supertyphoon Haiyan devastated the Philippines in November 2013. This intensity is among the highest ever observed for tropical cyclones (TCs) globally, 35 kts well above the threshold (135kts) of the existing highest category of 5. Though there is speculation to associate global warming with such intensity, existing research indicate that we have been in a warming hiatus period, with the hiatus attributed to the La Niña‐like multi‐decadal phenomenon. It is thus intriguing to understand why Haiyan can occur during hiatus. It is suggested that as the western Pacific manifestation of the La Niña‐like phenomenon is to pile up warm subsurface water to the west, the western North Pacific experienced evident subsurface warming and created a very favorable ocean pre‐condition for Haiyan. Together with its fast traveling speed, the air‐sea flux supply was 158% as compared to normal for intensification.
Knobby terrain on ancient volcanoes as an indication of dominant early explosive volcanism on Mars
Authors: Huang Jun , Xiao Long 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDetermining if the mechanically weak materials of the upper crust are products of early explosive volcanism or generated by modification of extensive effusive lava flows is important for understanding the geologic and thermal history of Mars. We examined 75 recently identified preserved ancient volcanoes, whose eruption styles are representative of early volcanism. We describe a unique knobby terrain that is associated with 17 of these volcanoes. This newly identified terrain is characterized by a combination of high‐resolution images and thermophysical and thermal infrared hyperspectral data. The morphology characteristics of these knobby terrains are similar to terrestrial eroded ignimbrites, and the thermophysical properties indicate that they are composed of unconsolidated fine‐grained materials. The spectral analysis indicates that they experienced some aqueous alteration. We explain the knobby terrain associated with these ancient volcanoes as the products of an early explosive volcanic phase in Martian history, followed by subsequent modification of these deposits.
Hydrogen atoms in the inner heliosphere: SWAN‐SOHO and MASCS‐MESSENGER observations
Authors: Quémerais Eric , McClintock Bill , Holsclaw Greg , Katushkina Olga , Izmodenov Vlad 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe present here a study made by two instruments, Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) on MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) and Solar Wind Anisotropy (SWAN) on SOHO that observed the interplanetary background in 2010. The combination of these two data sets allows us to perform the first study of the distribution of hydrogen atoms inside the Earth's orbit. Triangulation of the position of the maximum emissivity region (MER) was performed for the data of the Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer (UVVS) channel of the MASCS‐MESSENGER instrument. We find that the ecliptic longitude of the MER is 253.2°±2.0°. This is the same value that was found from the analysis of the SWAN‐SOHO H cell data obtained in 1996. This strongly suggests that the direction of the interstellar hydrogen wind has not changed between 1996 and 2010. We have also determined the distance of the MER to the Sun. We find that the volume emission rate peaks at 2.37 AU ± 0.2 AU from the Sun. This value is a good test for the solar parameters for total H ionization and radiation pressure used in models. Comparison between the two data sets obtained by the UVVS‐MASCS channel and SWAN on SOHO allow to derive the intensity between the two spacecraft at peak emission. Based on the SWAN‐SOHO calibration, we find an intensity of 80 R ± 36 R. This corresponds to a column density of 1540 m−3 AU × 2.3 ×1014m−2. When divided by the distance between the two spacecraft, we find an average number density of 2300 m−3.
The study of heterogeneous two‐phase flow around small‐scale heterogeneity in porous sandstone by measured elastic wave velocities and lattice Boltzmann method simulation
Authors: Kitamura Keigo , Jiang Fei , Valocchi Albert J. , Chiyonobu Shun , Tsuji Takeshi , Christensen Kenneth T. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTwo‐phase fluid flow is strongly controlled by small‐scale (subcore‐scale) heterogeneity of porous sandstone. We monitor the heterogeneous/anisotropic two‐phase flow (CO2 and water) in porous sandstone and conduct multichannel VP and VP anisotropy measurements under super critical CO2 conditions during CO2 injection (drainage) and water reinjection (imbibition) processes. In drainage, VP shows large reduction (~10%) in all sections of the core sample and changes from the bottom inlet side to upper outlet side. It is considered that VP reduction reflects the CO2 movement in the specimen. The VP anisotropy of the upper two planes indicates clear increase. The results of this experiment indicate the heterogeneous CO2 flow around laminae in porous sandstone and characteristic behavior of these laminae as a barrier for CO2. On the other hand, flow of water is not affected by this barrier. This characteristic CO2 water flow around laminae is observed in the numerical simulation results. This simulation study also indicates that the capillary number is not directly affected on two‐phase fluid flow around small‐scale heterogeneity in porous sandstone. These results suggest that the small‐scale heterogeneity behaves as a CO2 gate and strongly controls CO2 behavior in porous sandstone.
Does the worsening galactic cosmic radiation environment observed by CRaTER preclude future manned deep space exploration?
Authors: Schwadron N. A. , Blake J. B. , Case A. W. , Joyce C. J. , Kasper J. , Mazur J. , Petro N. , Quinn M. , Porter J. A. , Smith C. W. , Smith S. , Spence H. E. , Townsend L. W. , Turner R. , Wilson J. K. , Zeitlin C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Sun and its solar wind are currently exhibiting extremely low densities and magnetic field strengths, representing states that have never been observed during the space age. The highly abnormal solar activity between cycles 23 and 24 has caused the longest solar minimum in over 80 years and continues into the unusually small solar maximum of cycle 24. As a result of the remarkably weak solar activity, we have also observed the highest fluxes of galactic cosmic rays in the space age and relatively small solar energetic particle events. We use observations from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to examine the implications of these highly unusual solar conditions for human space exploration. We show that while these conditions are not a show stopper for long‐duration missions (e.g., to the Moon, an asteroid, or Mars), galactic cosmic ray radiation remains a significant and worsening factor that limits mission durations. While solar energetic particle events in cycle 24 present some hazard, the accumulated doses for astronauts behind 10 g/cm2 shielding are well below current dose limits. Galactic cosmic radiation presents a more significant challenge: the time to 3% risk of exposure‐induced death (REID) in interplanetary space was less than 400 days for a 30 year old male and less than 300 days for a 30 year old female in the last cycle 23–24 minimum. The time to 3% REID is estimated to be ∼20% lower in the coming cycle 24–25 minimum. If the heliospheric magnetic field continues to weaken over time, as is likely, then allowable mission durations will decrease correspondingly. Thus, we estimate exposures in extreme solar minimum conditions and the corresponding effects on allowable durations.
Synthesis of Aminonaphthopyranones and Aminonaphthochromenones by Blaise‐Reaction‐Initiated Cascade Procedures
Authors: He Yan , Zhang Xinying , Fan Xuesen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn efficient one‐pot synthesis of aminonaphthopyranones through the tandem reaction of 2‐(4‐hydroxybut‐1‐ynyl)benzonitriles with Reformatsky reagents has been developed. Using a similar strategy, aminonaphthochromenones were obtained smoothly starting from 2‐[(2‐hydroxyphenyl)ethynyl]benzonitriles. Furthermore, by taking advantage of the versatile reactivity of the amino group, structural manipulations of aminonaphthopyranone were readily undertaken to give naphthopyranone, 10‐hydroxynaphthopyranone and a functionalized 1,1′‐binaphthyl of potential interest for synthetic and medicinal chemistry studies.