bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covariation in the Human Masticatory Apparatus
Authors: Noback Marlijn L. , Harvati Katerina 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTMany studies have described shape variation of the modern human cranium in relation to subsistence; however, patterns of covariation within the masticatory apparatus (MA) remain largely unexplored. The patterns and intensity of shape covariation, and how this is related to diet, are essential for understanding the evolution of functional masticatory adaptations of the human cranium. Within a worldwide sample (n = 255) of 15 populations with different modes of subsistence, we use partial least squares analysis to study the relationships between three components of the MA: upper dental arch, masseter muscle, and temporalis muscle attachments. We show that the shape of the masseter muscle and the shape of the temporalis muscle clearly covary with one another, but that the shape of the dental arch seems to be rather independent of the masticatory muscles. On the contrary, when relative positioning, orientation, and size of the masticatory components is included in the analysis, the dental arch shows the highest covariation with the other cranial parts, indicating that these additional factors are more important than just shape with regard to covariation within the MA. Covariation patterns among these cranial regions differ mainly between hunting–fishing and gathering–agriculture groups, possibly relating to greater masticatory strains resulting from a large meat component in the diet. High‐strain groups show stronger covariation between upper dental arch and masticatory muscle shape when compared with low‐strain groups. These results help to provide a clearer understanding of constraints and interlinkage of shape variation within the human MA and allow for more realistic modeling and predictions in future biomechanical studies. Anat Rec, 298:64–84, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pelvic Form and Locomotor Adaptation in Strepsirrhine Primates
Authors: Lewton Kristi L. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTThe pelvic girdle is a complex structure with a critical role in locomotion, but efforts to model the mechanical effects of locomotion on its shape remain difficult. Traditional approaches to understanding form and function include univariate adaptive hypothesis‐testing derived from mechanical models. Geometric morphometric (GM) methods can yield novel insight into overall three‐dimensional shape similarities and differences across groups, although the utility of GM in assessing functional differences has been questioned. This study evaluates the contributions of both univariate and GM approaches to unraveling the trait‐function associations between pelvic form and locomotion. Three‐dimensional landmarks were collected on a phylogenetically‐broad sample of 180 pelves from nine primate taxa. Euclidean interlandmark distances were calculated to facilitate testing of biomechanical hypotheses, and a principal components (PC) analysis was performed on Procrustes coordinates to examine overall shape differences. Both linear dimensions and PC scores were subjected to phylogenetic ANOVA. Many of the null hypotheses relating linear dimensions to locomotor loading were not rejected. Although both analytical approaches suggest that ilium width and robusticity differ among locomotor groups, the GM analysis also suggests that ischiopubic shape differentiates groups. Although GM provides additional quantitative results beyond the univariate analyses, this study highlights the need for new GM methods to more specifically address functional shape differences among species. Until these methods are developed, it would be prudent to accompany tests of directional biomechanical hypotheses with current GM methods for a more nuanced understanding of shape and function. Anat Rec, 298:230–248, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional Morphology of the Neandertal Scapular Glenoid Fossa
Authors: Macias Marisa E. , Churchill Steven E. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTNeandertals and Homo sapiens are known to differ in scapular glenoid fossa morphology. Functional explanations may be appropriate for certain aspects of glenoid fossa morphology; however, other factors—e.g., allometry, evolutionary development—must be addressed before functional morphology is considered. Using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics, shape of the scapular glenoid fossa was compared among Neandertals, early and recent modern humans, chimpanzees, orangutans, Australopithecus afarensis, and Au. sediba. Permutation analysis revealed that side, sex, and lifestyle did not correlate with shape. Of the features we found to differ between groups, anterior glenoid rim morphology and fossa curvature did not correlate with the aforementioned shape variables; thus, a functional explanation is appropriate for these components of glenoid fossa shape. Shared morphology among recent humans and chimpanzees (to the exclusion of Neandertals and orangutans) suggests independent forces contributing to these morphological configurations. Potential explanations include adaptations to habitual behavior and locomotor adaptations in the scapulae of recent humans and chimpanzees; these explanations are supported by clinical and experimental literature. The absence of these morphological features in Neandertals may support the lack of these selective forces on their scapular glenoid fossa morphology. Anat Rec, 298:168–179, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Impact of Simplifications on the Performance of a Finite Element Model of a Macaca fascicularis Cranium
Authors: Fitton Laura C. , PrôA Miguel , Rowland Charlie , Toro‐ibacache Viviana , O'higgins Paul 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTIn recent years finite element analysis (FEA) has emerged as a useful tool for the analysis of skeletal form‐function relationships. While this approach has obvious appeal for the study of fossil specimens, such material is often fragmentary with disrupted internal architecture and can contain matrix that leads to errors in accurate segmentation. Here we examine the effects of varying the detail of segmentation and material properties of teeth on the performance of a finite element model of a Macaca fascicularis cranium within a comparative functional framework. Cranial deformations were compared using strain maps to assess differences in strain contours and Procrustes size and shape analyses, from geometric morphometrics, were employed to compare large scale deformations. We show that a macaque model subjected to biting can be made solid, and teeth altered in material properties, with minimal impact on large scale modes of deformation. The models clustered tightly by bite point rather than by modeling simplification approach, and fell out as being distinct from another species. However localized fluctuations in predicted strain magnitudes were recorded with different modeling approaches, particularly over the alveolar region. This study indicates that, while any model simplification should be undertaken with care and attention to its effects, future applications of FEA to fossils with unknown internal architecture may produce reliable results with regard to general modes of deformation, even when detail of internal bone architecture cannot be reliably modeled. Anat Rec, 298:107–121, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluorescent sensors based on quinoline‐containing styrylcyanine: determination of ferric ions, hydrogen peroxide, and glucose, pH‐sensitive properties and bioimaging
Authors: Yang Xiaodong , Zhao Peiliang , Qu Jinqing , Liu Ruiyuan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA novel styrylcyanine‐based fluorescent probe 1 was designed and synthesized via facile methods. Ferric ions quenched the fluorescence of probe 1, whereas the addition of ferrous ions led to only small changes in the fluorescence signal. When hydrogen peroxide was introduced into the solution containing probe 1 and Fe2+, Fe2+ was oxidized to Fe3+, resulting in the quenching of the fluorescence. The probe 1/Fe2+ solution fluorescence could also be quenched by H2O2 released from glucose oxidation by glucose oxidase (GOD), which means that probe 1/Fe2+ platform could be used to detect glucose. Probe 1 is fluorescent in basic and neutral media but almost non‐fluorescent in strong acidic environments. Such behaviour enables it to work as a fluorescent pH sensor in both the solution and solid states and as a chemosensor for detecting volatile organic compounds with high acidity and basicity. Subsequently, the fluorescence microscopic images of probe 1 in live cells and in zebrafish were achieved successfully, suggesting that the probe has good cell membrane permeability and a potential application for imaging in living cells and living organisms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminescent properties of sol–gel processed red‐emitting phosphor Ca0.6Sr0.4–1.5x‐0.5yMo0.4 W0.6O4:EuxLiy
Authors: Li Fei , Xie Huidong , Xi Haihong , Dang Fangfang , Wang Xiaochang 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA series of red‐emitting phosphors Ca0.6Sr0.4–1.5x‐0.5yMo0.4 W0.6O4:EuxLiy (x = 0.02–0.12, y = 0–0.12) has been synthesized by a sol‐gel method. The effects of calcining temperature, concentrations of Li+ and Eu3+, and compensation ions on the luminescent properties were investigated. X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic results showed that as‐prepared phosphors were of single phase with several microns. The Li+ compensated compositions showed remarkably intense red emission at 619 nm. The emission intensity of the series reached maximum for compositions at x = 0.08 and y = 0.08 when the calcining temperature was 900 °C. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A guide to using case‐based learning in biochemistry education
Authors: Kulak Verena , Newton Genevieve 
Published: October 2014

AbstractStudies indicate that the majority of students in undergraduate biochemistry take a surface approach to learning, associated with rote memorization of material, rather than a deep approach, which implies higher cognitive processing. This behavior relates to poorer outcomes, including impaired course performance and reduced knowledge retention. The use of case‐based learning (CBL) into biochemistry teaching may facilitate deep learning by increasing student engagement and interest. Abundant literature on CBL exists but clear guidance on how to design and implement case studies is not readily available. This guide provides a representative review of CBL uses in science and describes the process of developing CBL modules to be used in biochemistry. Included is a framework to implement a directed CBL assisted with lectures in a content‐driven biochemistry course regardless of class size. Moreover, this guide can facilitate adopting CBL to other courses. Consequently, the information presented herein will be of value to undergraduate science educators with an interest in active learning pedagogies. © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(6):457–473, 2014.
Diverse assessment and active student engagement sustain deep learning: A comparative study of outcomes in two parallel introductory biochemistry courses
Authors: Bevan Samantha J. , Chan Cecilia W. L. , Tanner Julian A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAlthough there is increasing evidence for a relationship between courses that emphasize student engagement and achievement of student deep learning, there is a paucity of quantitative comparative studies in a biochemistry and molecular biology context. Here, we present a pedagogical study in two contrasting parallel biochemistry introductory courses to compare student surface and deep learning. Surface and deep learning were measured quantitatively by a study process questionnaire at the start and end of the semester, and qualitatively by questionnaires and interviews with students. In the traditional lecture/examination based course, there was a dramatic shift to surface learning approaches through the semester. In the course that emphasized student engagement and adopted multiple forms of assessment, a preference for deep learning was sustained with only a small reduction through the semester. Such evidence for the benefits of implementing student engagement and more diverse non‐examination based assessment has important implications for the design, delivery, and renewal of introductory courses in biochemistry and molecular biology. © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(6):474–479, 2014.
Development and validation of a bioanalytical method by LC‐MS/MS for the quantification of the LAFIS 10 – an antimalarial candidate – and its pharmacokinetics first evaluation
Authors: Laureano J. V. , Barreto F. , Gnoatto S. , Tasso L. , Dalla Costa T. , de Araujo B. V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA rapid and highly sensitive method by LC‐MS/MS was developed and validated for the quantification of an antimalarial candidate (LAFIS10) in rat plasma using dexamethasone as internal standard (IS). The chromatographic separation was performed with a Poroshell 120 EC‐C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of water (A) and acetonitrile (B), both containing 10 m m of ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid, delivered in the form of elution gradient. The LAFIS10 was monitored using an electrospray ionization interface operating in the positive mode in multiple reaction monitoring mode, monitoring the transitions 681.47 → 538.2 for LAFIS10 and 393.20 → 355.30 for the IS. The flow rate was 500 μL/min. The column temperature was kept at 40 °C and the injection volume was 2 μL. The lower limit of quantification was of 10 ng/mL and linearity between 10 and 1000 ng/mL was observed, with an R2 > 0.99. The accuracy of the method was >90%. The relative standard deviations intra‐ and interday were <8.80 and <6.37%, respectively. The method showed sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and selectivity required to quantify LAFIS 10 in preclinical pharmacokinetic studies according to criteria established by the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of procedural complications and in‐hospital clinical outcomes between patients with successful and failed percutaneous intervention of coronary chronic total occlusions: A Meta‐Analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Khan Muhammad F. , Brilakis Emmanouil S. , Wendel Christopher S. , Thai Hoang 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundMultiple attempts to pass guidewires and balloons across totally occluded segments may result in significant mechanical trauma and higher rates of coronary complications in patients undergoing PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) for CTOs (chronic total occlusion). It is unknown whether these procedural complications affect short‐term survival and in‐hospital clinical outcomes after the PCI. The goal of this analysis was to clarify this issue by comparing the rates of adverse in‐hospital clinical outcomes between successful and failed CTO‐PCI groups.MethodsWe performed a meta‐analysis of 25 studies (16,490 patients) to determine the rates of in‐hospital death, myocardial infarction (MI), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and urgent CABG (coronary artery bypass grafting) for the successful and failed CTO‐PCI groups.ResultsCompared to successful CTO PCI, failed CTO PCI procedures were associated with higher in‐hospital mortality (1.44% versus 0.5%) [relative risk (RR) of 2.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] (1.96–4.24), P < 0.001], a higher risk of in‐hospital MACE (8.88% versus 3.75%) [RR of 2.25, CI (1.69–2.98), P < 0.001], slightly higher risk of in‐hospital MI (3.17% versus 2.4%) [RR of 1.35, CI (1.03–1.78), P = 0.03] and increased need for urgent CABG (4.0% versus 0.5%) [RR of 6.67, CI (4.26–10.43), P < 0.001]. Furthermore, higher rates of coronary perforations [RR of 5.0, CI (3.93–6.59), P < 0.001] and cardiac tamponade [RR of 5.0, CI (1.97–12.69), P < 0.001] were observed in the unsuccessful PCI arm.ConclusionsAs compared to successful interventions, failed PCI attempts for CTOs appear to be associated with higher risk of adverse short‐term clinical outcomes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cancer‐related follow‐up care among Hispanic and non‐Hispanic childhood cancer survivors: The Project Forward study
Authors: Milam Joel E. , Meeske Kathleen , Slaughter Rhona I. , Sherman‐Bien Sandra , Ritt‐Olson Anamara , Kuperberg Aura , Freyer David R. , Hamilton Ann S. 
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUNDFollow‐up care is critical for childhood cancer survivors (CCS), who are at high risk for comorbidities and late effects of cancer treatments. Understanding the factors associated with maintaining follow‐up care is needed, especially for Hispanic CCS, who have been under‐represented in previous studies.METHODSRisk factors and protective factors for receiving cancer‐related follow‐up care were examined among 193 Los Angeles County CCS diagnosed between 2000 and 2007 (54% Hispanic; mean ± standard deviation age, 19.9 ± 2.8 years; age at diagnosis, 12.1 ± 3.0 years; time since diagnosis, 7.8 ± 2.0 years). Self‐report surveys were used to assess follow‐up care, insurance status, demographics, clinical factors, and psychosocial risk (eg, depression) and protective (eg, self‐efficacy [SE]) factors. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the previous receipt of cancer‐related follow‐up care (in prior 2 years) and the intent to seek future cancer‐related follow‐up care.RESULTSSeventy‐three percent of CCS reported a cancer follow‐up visit in the previous 2 years, which was positively associated (P < .05) with having health insurance, white ethnicity (vs Hispanic), younger age, and greater treatment intensity. Sixty‐nine percent reported an intent to receive follow‐up care in the next 2 years, which was positively associated (P < .05) with having health insurance and greater SE.CONCLUSIONSHispanics and older CCS were more likely to lack previous follow‐up care. Because health insurance was strongly associated with both previous follow‐up care and the intent to seek care, the current results indicate that recent changes in health coverage may improve follow‐up among CCS. Interventions targeting improved SE may help increase intent to receive follow‐up care for this population. Cancer 2015;121:605–613. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Evaluating vector data type usage in OpenCL kernels
Authors: Fang Jianbin , Varbanescu Ana Lucia , Liao Xiangke , Sips Henk 
Published: October 2014

SummaryOpen Computing Language (OpenCL) is an open, functionally portable programming model for a large range of highly parallel processors. To provide users with access to the underlying platforms, OpenCL has explicit support for features such as local memory and vector data types (VDTs). However, these are often low‐level, hardware‐specific features, which can be detrimental to performance on different platforms. In this paper, we focus on VDTs and investigate their usage in a systematic way. First, we propose two different approaches (inter‐vdt and intra‐vdt) to use VDTs in OpenCL kernels, and show how to translate scalar OpenCL kernels to vectorized ones. After obtaining vectorized code, we evaluate the performance effects of using VDTs with two types of benchmarks: micro‐benchmarks and macro‐benchmarks. With micro‐benchmarks, we study the execution model of VDTs and the role of the compiler‐aided vectorizer on five devices. With macro‐benchmarks, we explore the changes of memory access patterns before and after using VDTs, and the resulting performance impact. Not only our evaluation provides insights into how OpenCL's VDTs are mapped on different processors, but it also indicates that using such data types introduces changes in both computation and memory accesses. Based on the lessons learned, we discuss how to deal with performance portability in the presence of VDTs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiplier‐less VLSI architectures for radix‐22 folded pipelined complex FFT core
Authors: Mankar Abhishek , Prasad N , Das Ansuman DiptiSankar , Meher Sukadev 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe advantages of a multiplier‐less architecture are reduction in hardware and latency. This paper proposes multiplier‐less architectures for the implementation of radix‐22 folded pipelined complex FFT core based on coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) and new distributed arithmetic (NEDA). The number of points considered in the work is sixteen and the folding is done by a factor of four. The proposed designs have been implemented on Xilinx XC5VSX240T‐2FF1738 FPGA and also have been synthesized using the Synopsys design compiler. Proposed designs based on NEDA have reduced area over 83% and based on CORDIC have a reduced area over 78%. The observed slice‐delay product for NEDA based designs are 2.196 and 5.735, and for CORDIC based design is 2.369. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buffer effects of streamside native forests on water provision in watersheds dominated by exotic forest plantations
Authors: Little Christian , Cuevas Jaime G. , Lara Antonio , Pino Mario , Schoenholtz Stephen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Valdivian rainforest ecoregion in Chile (35°–48°S) has a high conservation priority worldwide. These forests are also keys for social welfare as a result of their supply of timber as well as ecosystem services. Forests in the ecoregion have been extensively converted to fast growing Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus spp. plantations for timber production promoted by public policies and timber companies. This study describes the results of detailed measurements of hydrology and stream water chemistry in eight small watersheds in south central Chile, subjected to replacement of native temperate rainforest by exotic Eucalyptus plantations. In this system, watersheds have streamside buffers of native forest (SNFW) with varying widths. Results indicate that retention of SNFW counteracts hydrologic effects of Eucalyptus plantations, which are widely known to reduce water yields. A 1.4% rate of increase of the run‐off coefficient for each metre of increase of SNFW was observed. In addition, a decrease in the concentrations of total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), nitrate‐N, and different sized fractions of particulate organic matter were found in streams draining these plantations as a function of increasing SNFW. Streamside buffer widths of 17–22 m for total nitrogen and DIN concentrations and ≥36 m for sediments were required to provide comparable values to reference watersheds (100% native forest). The findings from this study suggest that SNFW may significantly reduce adverse effects from exotic species forestry plantations on water provision in an area of south central Chile where exotic forest plantations are rapidly expanding. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.