bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anglo‐Saxon Fields
Authors: Oosthuizen Susan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article addresses how and when the small, rectilinear or irregular fields of Roman Britain were transformed into the open and common fields of medieval England. Furthermore, the sparse and often unsatisfactory physical indicators of continuities and discontinuities in the layout and management of arable fields during the Anglo-Saxon centuries are explored. Mid Saxon agricultural innovation seems to have included an increase in the area under cultivation, and the introduction of new crops, new technologies, and new approaches to maintaining the fertility of the soil, within the familiar structures of infield-outfield cultivation which remained the basis of arable management. The two general types of mid Saxon field layouts are explained: enclosed and unenclosed. The data suggests that the process of the transformation of ancient into medieval fields may have been more attenuated than previously supposed.
Britons and Anglo‐Saxons
Authors: Loveluck Christopher , Laing Lloyd 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the evidence for contacts between different areas and population groups, as ‘trade’ is only one mode of achieving ‘exchange’, and cannot always be separated from the rest. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, new analytical technologies have been applied to the question of the relationship between indigenous British and incoming ‘Germanic’ population elements in the creation of Anglo-Saxon societies. The development of Anglo-Saxon societies in Mercia and Northumbria kingdoms is presented. There is little evidence for extensive contact between the British kingdoms of Wales and the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the fifth or sixth centuries, though there is epigraphic evidence showing travel, at least at the level of the British social elite, between Wales and British territories in eastern Britain. The most notable evidence for Anglo-Saxon advance into Welsh territory was the foundation by Edward the Elder in 921 of the Anglo-Saxon burh at Rhuddlan, Clwyd.
Coinage in its Archaeological Context
Authors: Blackburn Mark 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article describes some uses and limitations of numismatic evidence and the specialist methodology, while illustrating the directions in which current research is developing. Coins are both archaeological artefacts and historical documents. The designs on a coin should be regarded as complementing the inscriptions and from time to time as conveying a message. It is important to distinguish between the date of production of a coin, and the date of its loss. The intensity of use of Anglo-Saxon coinage was probably less than it would be in the later Middle Ages, and the periods of circulation were much shorter. There are five English coin types known from four different sites, all of them with some archaeological context. In the coming decades, greater emphasis will probably be placed on the wider economic and social implications to be drawn from the use of coinage.
The Archaeology of Paganism
Authors: Pluskowski Aleks 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article describes how the archaeology of early Anglo-Saxon religion can contribute to the understanding of variety within a pre-Christian world-view where many elements were shared by societies across the North Sea and Baltic. Evidence for paganism in Old English place-names has been traditionally used to reconstruct the topography of belief in early Anglo-Saxon England. The symbolic use of animals is one of the most visible aspects of early Anglo-Saxon religion. There has been increasing interest in the mutability of Anglo-Saxon paganisms in response to religious systems within Britain. As with the earlier Anglo-Saxon migration, religion was intimately associated with identity. Early Anglo-Saxon religion can be understood on many levels, with variation arising as a result of local responses to changing social and political situations; however, for archaeologists the most visible indicators of Anglo-Saxon spirituality are in the symbolic roles played by animals.
Place‐Names and Archaeology
Authors: Gelling Margaret 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Place-names are one of the three main sources of information which can be drawn upon in attempts to chart the course of events in post-Roman Britain. They differ from other sources of information by being both abundant and ubiquitous; and while they do not provide firm answers to the problems they must be taken into account in all discussions about the period from ad 400 to ad 600. Any assessment of the historical significance of the survival of Brittonic place names depends on correct identification. Pre-English names adopted by Anglo-Saxons can be placed in an historical context. The observations about feld and land only apply to their use as generics in settlement-names: their use in district-names is a different matter. The reference books addressed include The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names and The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names.
‘What's Love got to do with it?’
Authors: Miller Paul Allen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article notes that the largely erotic poetry written by canonical Latin elegists are ‘ironic, darkly comic, and politically self-conscious’. It specifically argues that ancient Latin elegy could be self-reflexive, to the point that its very ground of reflection can be located in its own narration of experience. Then, it informs that the complexities of Latin elegy do not make much of the ‘mourning, self-pity, and long good byes that would characterize its modern form’. The characteristic of Latin elegy concentrates on the erotic, the motif of the lover as the soldier, first person subjective narration, a combination of irony, preciosity, and a learned allusive style. The elegiac collection allows for the elaboration of a distinct subject position that is not only unprecedented in Hellenistic elegy but also unique to this period and genre of Latin literature. An examination of Catullus, Propertius, Tibullus, and Ovid is finally provided.
Late Roman Elegy
Authors: Roberts Michael J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article highlights that elegy in the late Roman period was highly adaptable to subject matter, its form serving a variety of purposes, from the martyrdom of St Hippolytus to Christian moral instruction to the later life musings on earlier affairs by the mid-sixth-century Maximianus. The poems of Rutilius Namatianius, Orientius, and Maximianus represent the most ambitious and longest elegies from late antiquity. Venantius Fortunatus enhances the tendency for coincidence of metrical unit and sense both within and between elegiac couplets. Poetry in the elegiac metre continued to be written in large quantities in late antiquity, both epigrams and more extensive compositions, though the distinction between the two, if there ever was one, becomes increasingly blurred. The variety of poems surveyed in this article bears witness to the adaptability of metre, and to the special expressive possibilities that metre was capable of bringing to a poem.
The Consolations of Philosophy
Authors: Fumo Jamie C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article highlights that ‘Elegy as a pure or self-articulated form did not exist in medieval England; when employed by modern critics with reference to poems such as Pearl or Book of the Duchess, the term is no more than a matter of critical convenience’. After offering its caveat about the nomenclature of elegy, it moves on to echo the thesis about the self-reflexive nature of the genre. However, this reflexivity plays itself out in a tension between a Stoic-Boethian assertion of loss and the creative potential of loss, a potential that yields poetry with a recuperative function. Moreover, the association of poetic identity and the ‘medieval’ more generally, with the temporal constructions of elegy is elaborated. For both Lydgate and Hoccleve, Chaucerian elegy serves as a point of origin for the development of a vernacular poetic identity and a national myth of English poetry.
The Funeral Elegy in Early Modern Britain
Authors: Clymer Lorna 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the funeral elegy in early modern British literary history with an emphasis on the mid-seventeenth to the mid-eighteenth centuries. It also reports that the English funeral elegy often evoked the religious sublime by attending to three related concerns: lament, praise, and consolation. Examples of funeral elegy are presented, which range from an occasional, partisan, and anonymous Restoration broadside on the death of a public figure; to two poignant early eighteenth-century lyrics by women on the death of infants, miniature in focus; and finally to the most extended funeral elegy of the early modern period, a vast mid-century Christian apologetic. The history of the early modern British funeral elegy vividly shows some of the complexities and paradoxes involved in making art out of mortality created from perplexing issues raised by the traumatic, often grotesque subjects of death, decay, separation, and change.
Kaddish
Authors: Shreiber Maeera Y. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article considers the subject of survival, focusing on the continuation of Jewish rituals of mourning and memory in Jewish poetry. Poets such as Charles Reznikoff, Allen Ginsberg, and Adrienne Rich show how the kaddish is used in ways that complicate and thicken the understanding of the modern elegy. Of the three poems discussed, Reznikoff's ‘Kaddish’ is the most critical of this shift from the human to the divine; instead of directing the poem towards God. Ginsberg's ‘Kaddish’ significantly avoids the ancient Hebrew prayer altogether. In Rich's ‘Tattered Kaddish’, it is observed how the liturgical frame may be appropriated and refashioned in the service of reclaiming ritualized grieving in such a way that challenges the idea of poetic mourning as an individualized mode of expression. Rich insists that institutions, whether they be religious, political, or aesthetic, be able to accommodate pain and unmitigated loss.
Mourning Modernity
Authors: Pfau Thomas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article looks at literary theory. It locates that problematic integral in modernity's dramatically altered experience and conception of time. While the centrality of time to modern theory is hardly in doubt, an acutely temporal dimension also shapes elegiac form and its broader aesthetic significance, in particular at the turn from Classicism to Romanticism. It then views the elegiac as the defining characteristic of aesthetic production in modernity. Mdernity's method-based ‘world-picture’ as it emerges from the canonical writings of Bacon, Descartes, and Leibniz for the most part understands time as merely ‘lapsing’ and incessantly receding into a ‘past’ now conceived as history. In Germany, the rise of modern aesthetics and literary theory correlates with a sustained revaluation of antiquity. The true object of ‘mourning’ is also addressed.
Textual Copying and Transmission
Authors: Da Rold Orietta 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the copying and transmission of medieval texts in their manuscript culture in England during the Middle Ages. It considers the complicated process of the making of a manuscript from several perspectives including the difficult relationship between scribes and authors. It evaluates the different writing environments in which manuscripts were copied and circulated and analyses the difficulties associated with the transmission of the texts of two medieval authors, who are situated at the opposite ends of the medieval period: Ælfric of Eynsham in the tenth century and Geoffrey Chaucer in the fourteenth. The findings suggest that Ælfric and Chaucer share the same anxieties regarding scribes.
Writing, Authority, and Bureaucracy
Authors: Perkins Nicholas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores how relationships of power are staged or created in the productive interplay between bureaucratic repetition and the imagination or between authoritative forms and the practice of everyday life in medieval writing in England. It explains that the earliest substantial English text to survive is the law-code of King Æthelberht of Kent and that the most ambitious bureaucratic projects of the Middle Ages was known as the Domesday Book. Alongside law-codes, other documents such as charters, writs, manumissions, and wills all provide information about administrative organization in Anglo-Saxon England and about the relationships between spoken and written languages, authoritative structures and religious practice.
The Verse of Heroes
Authors: Carroll Jayne 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines heroic poetry in medieval England, focusing on Widsith, Deor, Waldere, The Finnsburh Fragment, and Beowulf. It explains that these poems take as their subject figures, historical or imagined, from the time of the Germanic migrations or heroic age: that period from the fourth to sixth centuries characterized by the movement of various peoples into areas which were previously under Roman control. It describes how these poems depicted heroic-age figures and events and shows how poets from different times and places, working within different literary traditions, make significantly different choices in presenting the same basic material.
Change and Continuity
Authors: Millett Bella 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the change and continuity of the English sermon before the year 1250. It explains that the early history of the English sermon is out of step with the history of the European sermon as a whole because the skills of reading and writing in this period were normally the preserve of clerical and monastic communities, and literacy among the laity was rare. It suggests that the political and institutional changes which followed the Norman Conquest had a major impact on sermon production in English and mentions that there is very little evidence for the production of new written sermon-material in English in the century after the Conquest. The earliest surviving manuscripts of sermons in Old English is the Vercelli Book.
Authority, Constraint, and the Writing of the Medieval Self
Authors: Kerby-Fulton Kathryn 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the genres and the constraint in writing about the self in England during the medieval period. It explains that autobiography is a rare species in the Middle Ages and that despite the late antique models offered by diverse texts, the culture of the Middle Ages did not encourage autobiography that stood alone. It analyses the works of both male and female writers, both clergy and laity, who tried to make their way as medieval selves in an age that valorized interiority and devotion more than materiality.
Places of the Imagination
Authors: Turville‐Petre Thorlac 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the place of imagination in medieval English literature, focusing on the Gawain poet. It explains that alliterative are particularly good at visualizing a scene in precise detail and the Gawain poet was able to see the psychological and spiritual condition of his three protagonists when they are at their most vulnerable and alone. It compares the imaginative aspects Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with the Parlement of the Thre Ages and narrative of the Old Testament Book of Jonah.
Trade and Investment
Authors: Weiss Friedl 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter begins by tracing the history and provides a summary survey of the ongoing parallel evolution of bilateral and plurilateral approaches to investment and trade. It examines investment-related provisions in various WTO Agreements and of investment provisions and case-law under Regional Free Trade Agreements (RTAs). It then analyses a number of building blocks for a possible future WTO-based Investment Agreement.
Compliance and Enforcement
Authors: Alexandroff Alan S. , Laird Ian A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the awards arising from international investment instruments and related jurisprudence concerning the challenge of domestic enforcement and execution. It focuses on five domestic court decisions: four court decisions involving challenges by states to the enforcement and/or execution of investment awards in national courts under the ICSID Convention; and one recent case of addressing the enforcement or execution of a BIT arbitration award.
Preaching the Reformation in Early Modern Ireland
Authors: Gillespie Raymond 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article shows how the Reformation was preached in early modern Ireland. It considers the problems of language and the similarities early Reformed preachers in Ireland had with their other contemporaries. It studies the resurgence of the reform process in the late 1580s and 1590s and the changes Reformed preaching went through during the 1641 war in Ireland. It also discusses the Restoration of the king and church in 1660; this led to a new structure that guided the way the pulpit was used in the late seventeenth century. The article ends with a discussion on stability in the social order that brought about the golden age of Irish Reformed preaching.
Veiled Speech: Preaching, Politics and Scriptural Typology
Authors: Killeen Kevin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article takes a look at a set of responses to the continental crisis and the origins of the Thirty Years War in the sermon literature of the 1620s. It argues that the pulpits of England were full of what might be called a biblical Enemy Theory. It considers the case that there was a language of scriptural politics that dominated the early modern pulpit. The article finally examines the basis, the theological, and the exegetical of typology.
The Sermon Culture of the Glorious Revolution: Williamite Preaching and Jacobite Anti-preaching, 1685–1702
Authors: Claydon Tony 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article studies sermon culture during the Revolution. It first looks at Williamite preaching and shows that the advance of William and Mary to the English throne was one of the most severely preached events in Irish and British history. It notes that William made intense use of sermons to justify his armed advance to England and to legitimate his acceptance of James's crown. The article then looks at Jacobitism, the struggles Jacobites encountered under William and Mary's reign, and the formation of anti-preaching.
Archaeologists and Metal-Detector Users in England and Wales
Authors: Thomas Suzie 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the history of the changing relationships between archaeologists and metal-detector users in England and Wales, including the competing political strategies of both groups to influence public opinion and new legislation. It discusses some of the key issues and events, both historical and contemporary, as an overview and introduction to these varied, and arguably still-changing, relationships. The article begins with an introduction to the terms metal-detector user, nighthawk, and Treasure. Following this, it highlights some early concerns about heritage protection. The article then describes some reactions to and from the metal detecting hobby, and presents some conclusions from the works of archaeologists and metal-detector users. It concludes by encouraging archaeologists to maintain more positive and cooperative links with the metal-detecting community.
Public Archaeology in Latin America
Authors: Funari Pedro Paulo A. , Bezerra Marcia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Latin America is a huge subcontinent encompassing a wide variety of physical landscapes and environments, and with different peoples, languages, and cultures, such as Portuguese, Spaniards, Hispanics, and Brazilians. This article deals with Hispanic and Portuguese Americas in both a contrasting and integrative way. The Iberian roots of Latin America explain many shared general traits, mores, customs, and ways of life. Perhaps the most important shared cultural outlook is a syncretic form of Roman Catholicism, but several others too are true, such as the Roman legal system, a Mediterranean approach to life, even a shared mixed experience in living with Muslims and Jews, as well as in the fight against both. There are some steps to be taken to preserve heritage and the rights of both Indigenous peoples and humanity, considering that human heritage is of universal interest. These efforts presuppose proximity, identification, and agreement.
From Heritage to Stewardship
Authors: Pace Anthony 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on the sustainable care of archaeological places. It discusses the extent to which constructs of ‘sustainable development’ and ‘sustainability’ are appropriate to the management of archaeological sites. The article begins by revisiting the nature of archaeological sites as resources, and by describing how heritage consumption is intricately linked to heritage transforms. It then reviews some core areas which inform ideas of sustainability in the care of archaeological sites: the ideas of sustainability and sustainable development; heritage value theory and, alternatively, the reaffirmation of conservation philosophy to define intrinsic values of monuments; the idea of stewardship as an alternative to that of heritage; and, finally, the terms of sustainability which best connect with stewardship. Throughout, a ‘post-heritage’ point of departure is adopted, to reiterate the primacy of conservation philosophy as a precautionary response to the transformative and damaging effects of heritage consumption.
Archaeology as a Profession
Authors: Darvill Timothy 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The development of archaeology as a discipline, both in terms of its theoretical and philosophical foundations, and its methodological and practical frameworks, is discussed many times and from a number of perspectives. This article considers how archaeology in the Western world has become professionalized and what constitutes the archaeological profession. It focuses on the situation in Europe, North America, and Australasia. Archaeology is a global profession that shares many underlying tenets and ideals, although its application and deployment often have more regional aims and local characteristics. One key issue inextricably bound up with professionalization in archaeology is the matter of role specialization. Relationships between Indigenous people and archaeology are also a major strand running through archaeological practice, and the associated codes of practice and ethical principles, in Australasia. Much of the future development of the profession will probably hinge on the spread of specialization in archaeological work, responses to cultural diversity, pressures born of economic circumstances, and reactions to insights gained through the adoption of global perspectives.
Emptying the Magician's Hat
Authors: Purser Margaret 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
GIS technology is a powerful new tool in public archaeology, and using it fundamentally changes the dynamic between archaeologists and the communities with whom they are working. GIS data representations are inherently plastic and dynamic: they can be expanded effectively infinitely, and manipulated in myriad ways and combinations. The most pervasive impacts have emerged from the way that the process of doing GIS work articulates with some key trends linking heritage management practices and cultural landscape studies. One of the key challenges created by the shift to more dynamic and locally contextualized approaches to both heritage and landscape is in the area of engagement with local communities in all aspects of the larger heritage process. These were some of the goals and challenges driving the development of a participatory GIS project in Levuka, Fiji, created to provide a more locally controlled definition of the town's historical significance in the context of a nationally sponsored effort to nominate Levuka to the World Heritage List.