bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Design of Oil Well Downhole Mechanical Analysis System
Authors: Zhao Panpan , Wang Xiufang , Liu Ying , Wu Mengmeng 
Published: September 2014

With the rapid development of drilling technology, borehole has become increasingly complex demanding
higher standards for downhole operation. The downhole mechanical analysis is an important part of the oil well
production analysis. It is very important for the process of drilling, completion and work over operations. The previous
operation based on experience has been unable to meet the modern production requirement in accuracy. For the present
situation of oil field information construction and the problems being confronted in the production process, this paper
designs and implements the downhole mechanical analysis system based on .NET. This system can provide quick and
accurate analysis results of downhole string in the process of well production and can also provide the basis for equipment
selection and scheme selection in the production process.
The design of this system mainly includes two parts: part one consists of the analysis of the deformation to the tubular
column with the packer and the other part comprises of the analysis of frictional resistance of tubular column. This system
has the advantages of simple operation, accurate calculation, clear analytical results and comprehensive analysis.
Weight-Loss Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Effects of Phentermine and Topiramate Extended Release
Authors: Garvey W. Timothy , Ryan Donna H. , Bohannon Nancy J.V. , Kushner Robert F. , Rueger Miriam , Dvorak Roman V. , Troupin Barbara 
Published: September 2014

OBJECTIVE
Treatment algorithms for type 2 diabetes recommend weight loss for disease management. The safety and efficacy of treatment with phentermine (PHEN)/topiramate (TPM) extended release (ER) plus lifestyle modification for weight loss and glycemic benefits were assessed in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 56-week studies of obese/overweight adults with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The OB-202/DM-230 Study was a 56-week phase 2 trial that randomized subjects to receive once-daily placebo or PHEN/TPM ER 15 mg/92 mg (15/92). The primary end point was change in HbA1c level. A post hoc analysis of a subpopulation with type 2 diabetes from a second study, CONQUER, is also presented. All subjects made lifestyle modifications, and comorbidities were managed to the standard of care.

RESULTS
The study groups comprised 130 subjects with type 2 diabetes enrolled in the OB-202/DM-230 Study (mean baseline HbA1c 8.7% [72 mmol/mol]) and 388 subjects with type 2 diabetes in the CONQUER Study (mean baseline HbA1c 6.8% [51 mmol/mol]). At week 56 in the OB-202/DM-230, change in weight (from intent-to-treat sample with last observation carried forward [ITT-LOCF]) was −2.7% for placebo and −9.4% for PHEN/TPM ER 15/92 (P &lt; 0.0001 vs. placebo). Change in HbA1c level (from ITT-LOCF) was −1.2% (−13.1 mmol/mol) for placebo and −1.6% (−17.5 mmol/mol) for PHEN/TPM ER 15/92 (P = 0.0381). In both the OB-202/DM-230 and CONQUER, greater numbers of patients randomized to receive PHEN/TPM ER treatment achieved HbA1c targets with reduced need for diabetic medications when compared with the placebo group. Common adverse events included paraesthesia, constipation, and insomnia.

CONCLUSIONS
PHEN/TPM ER plus lifestyle modification can effectively promote weight loss and improve glycemic control as a treatment approach in obese/overweight patients with type 2 diabetes.
The Rhetoric and Reception of John Milbank’s Radical Orthodoxy: Privileging Prejudice in Theology?
Authors: Hedges Paul 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper uses Douglas Pratt’s typology of religious extremism and fundamentalism to argue that John Milbank’s Radical Orthodoxy employs styles of rhetoric and representation of the religious Other that have clear affinities with such ideologies. While clearly demarcating Milbank’s theology from what is normally termed fundamentalism or extremism, the paper shows that nevertheless similar rhetoric and judgements are employed that suggests that his theology is at best unhelpful, and at worst potentially dangerous. Focusing upon Milbank’s early work, the paper suggests that such rhetoric can be found through much of his writings, but notes that a different approach can be detected in his most recent writings. Suggestions for more productive modes of theological encounters with the religious Other are advanced, which suggest how the ideology of Radical Orthodoxy may be in potential sympathy with such ideas.
A Set of Annotation Interfaces for Alignment of Parallel Corpora
Authors: Singh Anil Kumar 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Annotation interfaces for parallel corpora which fit in well with other tools can be very useful. We describe a set of annotation interfaces which fulfill this criterion. This set includes a sentence alignment interface, two different word or word group alignment interfaces and an initial version of a parallel syntactic annotation alignment interface. These tools can be used for manual alignment, or they can be used to correct automatic alignments. Manual alignment can be performed in combination with certain kinds of linguistic annotation. Most of these interfaces use a representation called the Shakti Standard Format that has been found to be very robust and has been used for large and successful projects. It ties together the different interfaces, so that the data created by them is portable across all tools which support this representation. The existence of a query language for data stored in this representation makes it possible to build tools that allow easy search and modification of annotated parallel data.
Väetamise mõju hariliku kuuse (Picea abies (L.) Karst) poogenditele Pauska seemlas / The effect of fertilization on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) grafts: a case study in Pauska seed orchard
Authors: Kurm Malle , Aosaar Jürgen , Kiviste Andres 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Altogether 197 grafts were studied in Pauska seed orchard in South-Estonia to find out the effect of the fertilization on Norway spruce grafts. The fertilization trials were carried out in May 1988 and 2006. The grafts of 4 different clones with 5 different fertilization treatments (N, P, K, NPK, control) were under study. The effect of three factors (fertilization, clone and year) on different characteristics of spruce grafts was studied. The linear methods with R software were used to find out relationships between variables. In addition to the morphological features and the content of nutrients in needles, the quantities and qualities of the mean cone and the weight of 1000 seeds were measured. Furthermore, the variation of quantities of needles (density, weight, length) and the content of nutrients in needles between years 1988 and 2007 were compared, using the linear methods with R software package. The morphological characteristics and nutrient content of needles, the mass of cones and seeds have depended the most on a calendar year. During the last research period (2003−2007), the needles of grafts under study were longer, lighter and with lower density compared to earlier research period (1988-1993). The effect of a clone was also essential. Needles of younger grafts were longer, heavier and set sparser than needles of older grafts. The needle nutrient content of younger grafts was also higher compared to the older ones. The effect of fertilizers on the grafts was dependent on the period of time. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the N-content in their needles during the first four years and also after repetitive fertilization. Phosphate fertilizers increased the P-content in their needles starting from the third year after their fertilization. The impact of potassium fertilizers on the K-content of their needles appeared 2−4 years after their fertilization. Combined fertilizers increased the N- and P-content in the needles to some extent, whereas it decreased their Ca- and Mg-content.
Traitement dramatique des auditeurs chez Platon : l’Apologie et le Phédon
Authors: Matthey Aurélie 
Published: September 2014

Dans les dialogues platoniciens, les règles de l’échange dialectique accordent une fonction privilégiée aux interlocuteurs. Ceux-ci ne sont cependant pas toujours seuls : Platon met en scène, en marge de la discussion, une variété de personnages qui assistent à la discussion de façon plus ou moins active. La mise en scène de ces personnages pose alors, par sa complexité, la question de leur fonction et des modalités de leur implication. Le problème est vaste. Pour le restreindre, on s’est limité à aborder la question des auditeurs dans deux dialogues : l’Apologie et le
Phédon. Les liens inter-dramatiques explicitement établis entre ces deux dialogues éclairent, en effet, la relation discursive qui se tisse entre Socrate et ceux qui l’écoutent. Le mouvement de correction, qui est conduit d’une oeuvre à l’autre, souligne l’inadéquation du système judiciaire de la cité pour juger Socrate et redéfinit le rôle critique des auditeurs, rapprochant leur responsabilité de celle des interlocuteurs.
Le massif forestier des Landes de Gascogne, un patrimoine naturel ? Le regard des gestionnaires
Authors: Pottier Aude 
Published: September 2014

Au sein des forêts françaises, il en est une qui se détache tant par son étendue et son histoire que par sa forte propension à être considérée comme « ordinaire » : les Landes de Gascogne. Conçue pour produire, emblème s’il en est un de la vocation productive de l’espace forestier, la forêt landaise est souvent et précisément dénoncée pour cette orientation exclusive. Le caractère intensif de son exploitation et son importante superficie sont généralement avancés pour en critiquer son uniformité paysagère et sa faible richesse floristique et faunistique. Ces remarques reflètent son apparente incapacité à être porteuse de valeurs autres qu’économiques. Derrière le stéréotype, nous allons chercher à appréhender le regard que portent les professionnels (privés et publics) sur leur objet de travail, et pour beaucoup, de vie. À travers l’analyse d’entretiens semi-directifs, nous allons tenter de décrypter le rapport tissé entre cette catégorie professionnelle et son objet par et au-delà de l’« uniforme ». Cet article vise ainsi à appréhender les valeurs que ces personnes affectent à cette forêt landaise et montrera comment une forêt artificielle de production peut devenir, pour ses gestionnaires, un objet patrimonial où valeurs naturelles et culturelles s’enchevêtrent.
Quelles alternatives à l'automobile dans les espaces d'« entre-villes » ? Une comparaison franco-allemande
Authors: Brès Antoine , Desjardins Xavier 
Published: September 2014

L’article porte sur les déterminants spatiaux des alternatives potentielles à offrir à l’usage de l’automobile dans l’aménagement des espaces d’urbanisation dispersée. Notre hypothèse principale est que, même dans les territoires de faible densité, la distribution géographique des populations et des activités ainsi que l’agencement territorial de ces fonctions a une importance majeure dans l’efficacité des modes actifs et des transports collectifs. Pour tester cette hypothèse, une enquête a été menée dans deux territoires situés à l’écart de toute commune de plus de 20 000 habitants (ou agglomération de plus de 25 000 habitants) en France et en Allemagne, plus précisément en Picardie et en Franconie. Une méthodologie particulière a été développée pour étudier précisément la distribution géographique de l’urbanisation et des services. Ce travail met à jour un potentiel de proximité non négligeable, surtout en France, et des possibilités d’usage des transports collectifs plus importantes en Allemagne. Dans une dernière partie, une analyse des documents d’urbanisme et de planification permet de partager la part de l’héritage et du volontarisme politique dans ces configurations territoriales.
Sens et valeur du contexte en éthique
Authors: Faes Hubert 
Published: September 2014

La notion de contexte doit être affinée en fonction de situations de plus en plus spécialisées, d’une part, et de la mondialisation, d’autre part. L’extension du concept de contexte varie. Jusqu’où est-il souhaitable de prendre en compte le contexte dans l’élaboration d’une réflexion éthique ? C’est alors la notion d’action qu’il convient de préciser surtout quand il s’agit d’une action humaine toujours à la fois naturelle et culturelle. De plus, un contexte humain ne saurait ignorer l’aspect spécifiquement communicationnel de la réalité. Le sens courant du terme « contexte » ne suffit pas. L’exemple des rapports entre homme et nature illustrera notre propos qui devra retravailler aussi la question du rapport sujet/objet. Plusieurs conclusions apparaîtront alors : fin de la différence entre éthique fondamentale et éthique appliquée ; une réflexion éthique moderne à la fois contextuelle et communicationnelle ; l’éthique d’aujourd’hui n’implique plus nécessairement une application ; enfin, le point de vue de l’éthique est pragmatique et son opération essentielle est le jugement. In fine , c’est bien la possibilité même de valeurs universelles qui constitue le point d’orgue de notre analyse.
Lipin-1 Integrates Lipid Synthesis with Proinflammatory Responses during TLR Activation in Macrophages
Authors: Meana Clara , Peña Lucía , Lordén Gema , Esquinas Esperanza , Guijas Carlos , Valdearcos Martín , Balsinde Jesús , Balboa María A. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Lipin-1 is a Mg2+-dependent phosphatidic acid phosphatase involved in the de novo synthesis of phospholipids and triglycerides. Using macrophages from lipin-1–deficient animals and human macrophages deficient in the enzyme, we show in this work that this phosphatase acts as a proinflammatory mediator during TLR signaling and during the development of in vivo inflammatory processes. After TLR4 stimulation lipin-1–deficient macrophages showed a decreased production of diacylglycerol and activation of MAPKs and AP-1. Consequently, the generation of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, or enzymes like inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase 2, was reduced. In addition, animals lacking lipin-1 had a faster recovery from endotoxin administration concomitant with a reduced production of harmful molecules in spleen and liver. These findings demonstrate an unanticipated role for lipin-1 as a mediator of macrophage proinflammatory activation and support a critical link between lipid biosynthesis and systemic inflammatory responses.
A Novel Mouse Model for the Hyper-IgM Syndrome: A Spontaneous Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Mutation Leading to Complete Loss of Ig Class Switching and Reduced Somatic Hypermutation
Authors: Dahlberg Carin I. M. , He Minghui , Visnes Torkild , Torres Magda Liz , Cortizas Elena M. , Verdun Ramiro E. , Westerberg Lisa S. , Severinson Eva , Ström Lena 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
We describe a spontaneously derived mouse line that completely failed to induce Ig class switching in vitro and in vivo. The mice inherited abolished IgG serum titers in a recessive manner caused by a spontaneous G→A transition mutation in codon 112 of the aicda gene, leading to an arginine to histidine replacement (AIDR112H). Ig class switching was completely reconstituted by expressing wild-type AID. Mice homozygous for AIDR112H had peripheral B cell hyperplasia and large germinal centers in the absence of Ag challenge. Immunization with SRBCs elicited an Ag-specific IgG1 response in wild-type mice, whereas AIDR112H mice failed to produce IgG1 and had reduced somatic hypermutation. The phenotype recapitulates the human hyper-IgM (HIGM) syndrome that is caused by point mutations in the orthologous gene in humans, and the AIDR112H mutation is frequently found in HIGM patients. The AIDR112H mouse model for HIGM provides a powerful and more precise tool than conventional knockout strategies.
Combining Autologous Dendritic Cell Therapy with CD3 Antibodies Promotes Regulatory T Cells and Permanent Islet Allograft Acceptance
Authors: Baas Marije C. , Kuhn Chantal , Valette Fabrice , Mangez Claire , Duarte Mercedes Segovia , Hill Marcelo , Besançon Alix , Chatenoud Lucienne , Cuturi Maria-Cristina , You Sylvaine 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Cell therapy and the use of mAbs that interfere with T cell effector functions constitute promising approaches for the control of allograft rejection. In the current study, we investigated a novel approach combining administration of autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells with short-term treatment with CD3-specific Abs. Permanent acceptance of pancreatic islet allografts was achieved in mice treated with the combination therapy the day before transplantation but not in recipients treated with either therapy alone. The combination treatment induced a marked decrease in T cells infiltrating the allografts and a sustained reduction of antidonor responses. Importantly, CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells appeared to play a crucial role in the long-term graft acceptance. Their frequency increased significantly in the spleen, draining lymph nodes, and transplanted islets and remained elevated over the long term; they exhibited increased donor-specific suppressive functions; and their removal at the time of transplantation abrogated the therapeutic effect of the combined therapy. These results support the therapeutic potential of protocols combining autologous dendritic cells and low-dose CD3 Abs, both currently in clinical development, and that act in synergy to control allogeneic immune responses and favor graft survival in a full-mismatch situation.
B Cell–Intrinsic TLR7 Signaling Is Essential for the Development of Spontaneous Germinal Centers
Authors: Soni Chetna , Wong Eric B. , Domeier Phillip P. , Khan Tahsin N. , Satoh Takashi , Akira Shizuo , Rahman Ziaur S. M. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Spontaneous germinal center (Spt-GC) B cells and follicular helper T cells generate high-affinity autoantibodies that are involved in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. TLRs play a pivotal role in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis. Although previous studies focused on the B cell–intrinsic role of TLR-MyD88 signaling on immune activation, autoantibody repertoire, and systemic inflammation, the mechanisms by which TLRs control the formation of Spt-GCs remain unclear. Using nonautoimmune C57BL/6 (B6) mice deficient in MyD88, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, or TLR9, we identified B cell–intrinsic TLR7 signaling as a prerequisite to Spt-GC formation without the confounding effects of autoimmune susceptibility genes and the overexpression of TLRs. TLR7 deficiency also rendered autoimmune B6.Sle1b mice unable to form Spt-GCs, leading to markedly decreased autoantibodies. Conversely, B6.yaa and B6.Sle1b.yaa mice expressing an extra copy of TLR7 and B6.Sle1b mice treated with a TLR7 agonist had increased Spt-GCs and follicular helper T cells. Further, TLR7/MyD88 deficiency led to compromised B cell proliferation and survival after B cell stimulation both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, TLR9 inhibited Spt-GC development. Our findings demonstrate an absolute requirement for TLR7 and a negative regulatory function for TLR9 in Spt-GC formation under nonautoimmune and autoimmune conditions. Our data suggest that, under nonautoimmune conditions, Spt-GCs initiated by TLR7 produce protective Abs. However, in the presence of autoimmune susceptibility genes, TLR7-dependent Spt-GCs produce pathogenic autoantibodies. Thus, a single copy of TLR7 in B cells is the minimal requirement for breaking the GC-tolerance checkpoint.
Siglecs Induce Tolerance to Cell Surface Antigens by BIM-Dependent Deletion of the Antigen-Reactive B Cells
Authors: Macauley Matthew S. , Paulson James C. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Infusion of blood cells from a donor can induce humoral tolerance in a recipient and increase the probability of successful organ transplant, a clinical method defined as donor-specific transfusion (DST). Despite the clinical success of DST, the immunological mechanisms by which blood cells displaying a foreign Ag induce tolerance remain poorly understood. Based on recent findings showing that the B cell siglecs, CD22 and Siglec-G, can promote tolerance to Ags presented on the same surface as their ligands, we speculated that the B cell siglecs are key players in tolerance induced by DST. Using a variety of chemical and genetic approaches, we show that the B cell siglecs mediate tolerance to cell surface Ags by initiating an inhibitory signal that culminates in elimination of the Ag-reactive B cell. CD22 and Siglec-G are recruited to the immunological synapse by sialic acid ligands on the Ag-bearing cells, producing a tolerogenic signal involving Lyn and the proapoptotic factor BIM that promotes deletion of the B cell and failure of mice to develop Abs to the Ag upon subsequent challenge. We speculate that this tolerogenic mechanism is a contributing factor in DST and a mechanism of peripheral B cell tolerance to cell surface autoantigens.
The Acadian plutonic rocks of New Brunswick
Authors: Fyffe L. R. , Pajari G. E. , Cherry M. E. 
Published: September 2014

Extensive bimodal plutonism accompanied and followed the Acadian deformation in New Brunswick. These Acadian plutons define a Central Plutonic Belt, which is largely confined to a terrain with an Acadian trend of 030*, and a Southern Plutonic Belt, which occurs within a structural province with an Acadian and Varlscan trend of 060".

It has been possible to classify the Acadian plutons north of the Avalonian Platform according to their structures, textures, field relationships, mineralogy, and chemical characteristics; supplemented by radiometric age dates. Plutonic rock types include: A-B a mafic-felalc association; C - syntectonic conalite and granodiorite; D - suscovlte-bearing; F - megacrystic granitoids; H - equigranular biotite granites; and E and G - 'transitional' granites.

The magmatism, regardless of location, follows a common evolutionary trend and appears to comprise a sequence of intrusions from early Devonian to Carboniferous time with no significant break in the evolution. These characteristics along with the bimodal chemistry and the lack of compositional polarity suggest that the development of these Acadian plutons was not subduction-related. A time-dependent process such as radioactive heating of a thickened crust is a more probable mechanism for their genesis.

RÉSUMÉ
Au Nouveau-Brunswick, la déformation acadienne fut accompagnée puis suivie d'un plutoniame bimodal très étendu. Ces plutons acadiens définissent une zone intrusive centrale et une zone intrusive méridional: la première se confine en grande partie dans une région qui présente une orientation acadienne de 030* alors que la seconde se trouve à l'intérieur d'une province structurale marquée par une orientation acadienne et variaque de 060*.

Au nord de la plate-forme avalonienne, les plutons acadiens ont pu être classifiés selon leurs structures, textures, relations de terrain ainsi que leurs caractérisques minéraloglques et chimiques, le tout étant complété par des datations radiométriques. Les roches intrusives comprennent: A-B une association mafique et felsique; C - une granodiorite et une tonalite syntectoniques; D - roches intrusives à muacovite; F - granitoides à biotite équigranulaire; et E et G - granites "de transition".

Peu importe l'endrolt, on observe une tendance évolutive commune à ce magmatlsme qui semble comprendre une suite d'intrusions, évoluant sans interruption du Dévonien inférieur au Carbonifère. Ces caractérlstlques, en plus de Is bimodalité du chimisme et de l'absence de polarité de composition, suggèrent que ces plutons acadeins ne furent pas formés par subduction. Pour engendrer ceux-ci, un processus lié au temps, tel que le réchauffement radioactif d'une croûte qui s'est épaissie, est plus probable.

[Traduit par le Journal]