bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of industrial agriculture on climate change and the mitigation potential of small-scale agro-ecological farms.
Authors: Lin B. B. , Chappell M. J. , Vandermeer J. , Smith G. , Quintero E. , Bezner-Kerr R. , Griffith D. M. , Ketcham S. , Latta S. C. , McMichael P. , McGuire K. L. , Nigh R. , Rocheleau D. , Soluri J. , Perfecto I. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), agriculture is responsible for 10-12% of total global anthropogenic emissions and almost a quarter of the continuing increase of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Not all forms of agriculture, however, have equivalent impacts on global warming. Industrial agriculture contributes significantly to global warming, representing a large majority of total agriculture-related GHG emissions. Alternatively, ecologically based methods for agricultural production, predominantly used on small-scale farms, are far less energy-consumptive and release fewer GHGs than industrial agricultural production. Besides generating fewer direct emissions, agro-ecological management techniques have the potential to sequester more GHGs than industrial agriculture. Here, we review the literature on the contributions of agriculture to climate change and show the extent of GHG contributions from the industrial agricultural system and the potential of agro-ecological smallholder agriculture to help reduce GHG emissions. These reductions are achieved in three broad areas when compared with the industrial agricultural system: (1) a decrease in materials used and fluxes involved in the release of GHGs based on agricultural crop management choices; (2) a decrease in fluxes involved in livestock production and pasture management; and (3) a reduction in the transportation of agricultural inputs, outputs and products through an increased emphasis on local food systems. Although there are a number of barriers and challenges towards adopting small-scale agro-ecological methods on the large scale, appropriate incentives can lead to incremental steps towards agro-ecological management that may be able to reduce and mitigate GHG emissions from the agricultural sector.
Applications of acoustics in insect pest management.
Authors: Mankin R. W. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Acoustic technology has been applied for many years in studies of insect communication and in the monitoring of calling-insect population levels, geographic distributions and species diversity, as well as in the detection of cryptic insects in soil, wood, container crops and stored products. Acoustic devices of various sizes and power levels have been used successfully to trap insect pests that exhibit phonotaxis or other orientation behaviours, including mosquitoes, midges, mole crickets, field crickets, moths, cockroaches and Tephritid fruit flies. The attractiveness of traps depends on the behaviour, physiological state and age of the target insect, and varies with several environmental factors, including temperature and light level. Widespread adoption of acoustics for trapping has been limited by the costs of instrumentation and the relatively small segments of insect populations (e.g. mate-seeking adults of a limited age-range) that are attracted to a sound source, but trapping effectiveness often can be improved by adding swarm markers, chemical attractants or black lights, and by precisely timing temporal and frequency patterns to match the natural communication signals. There remains potential for using ultrasonic bat-cry signals to disrupt behaviour of night-flying insects, but ultrasonic signals have little effect on insects that are not normally preyed upon by bats. Potential areas for growth in the use of acoustic technology in pest management include the production of signals that disrupt vibrational communication, particularly in the Hemiptera, and the development of control treatments that combine pheromones and precisely patterned sonic or vibrational signals.
Costs of land degradation and benefits of land restoration: a review of valuation methods and suggested frameworks for inclusion into policy-making.
Authors: Quillérou E. , Thomas R. J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Land degradation has become a growing concern with the current increase in demand for arable land. Sustainable land management and land restoration practices are required in order to meet the demands to provide food and other services. Adoption of improved practices has, however, not been widespread partly because of a lack of clarity on the true economic value and setting of proper financial incentives. This review focuses on the economic costs of land degradation as a prelude to two ongoing initiatives involving the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). We review how ecosystem services derived from land have been economically valued to date. Economic valuation has mostly focused on the use value of provisioning services and cultural services, with limited valuation of non-use value of cultural services. Also, no unique valuation method has been applied following methodological developments, varying study objectives and data availability constraints. These factors impair coherent and consistent estimation of the total economic value of land degradation across countries. We identify a need to develop harmonized valuation methods to estimate total economic value under strong data and capacity constraints. We propose two alternative frameworks for harmonized total economic valuation of land degradation at country level to guide further research in making environmental valuation more relevant and practical under strong data and capacity constraints.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: options for control.
Authors: Chae ChanHee Chae ChanHee 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) control has been challenging and frustrating for researchers, veterinarians and producers in the swine industry worldwide since the first discovery of the disease in 1989. The aim of PRRSV control is to reach stability among the breeding females, thereby producing non-infected offspring from a previously infected sow population. The target animals for PRRSV control are the breeding and growing pig population. The procedure for achieving PRRSV control for a breeding herd includes stabilization (mass exposure or mass vaccination), herd closure, introduction of exposed non-shedding replacement gilts (isolation and acclimation) and monitoring stabilization. The procedure for growing pigs includes vaccination and nursery depopulation. The common procedures of PRRSV control include biosecurity and a surveillance programme. This review paper describes several options for each procedure that could be implemented practically in commercial herds.
Emerging trends in the management of disasters and mass casualty incidents.
Authors: Preeti Arora Preeti Arora , Rupa Gunaseelan Rupa Gunaseelan , Rajesh Arora Rajesh Arora 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Disasters ruthlessly impact the environment, infrastructure, socio-economy and societal development, affecting the lives of individuals and community at large. A proactive disaster management approach focusing on leveraging crucial human resource is imperative to change the outcome of disasters and mass casualty incidents (MCIs). This article presents some emerging trends in disaster management, mainly from a holistic health perspective.
Nitrous oxide, climate change and agriculture.
Authors: Skiba U. M. , Rees R. M. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Nitrous oxide is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 298 times that of carbon dioxide. It is also responsible for the destruction of stratospheric ozone. Concentrations of nitrous oxide have shown continuous growth in the atmosphere over the past century, and nitrogen (N) fertilizers and manures applied to agricultural soils are the main anthropogenic source. Precise measurements of emissions from soils are difficult to undertake, as a consequence of high levels of spatial and temporal variability. For this reason, national reports on emissions are based largely on an assumption that a fixed fraction of N is released from N use in agriculture. Attempts to reduce nitrous oxide emissions, resulting from the use of N fertilizer, conflict with the need to maintain or increase food production and to support a growing world population. There is a large regional variation in the growth of emissions, with Asia contributing to the largest growth rates. More efficient management of N fertilizer and improved soil management (particularly in Asia) offer the opportunity to reduce emissions whilst maintaining food production.
Improvement of ligninolytic properties by recombinant expression of glyoxal oxidase gene in hyper lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624
Authors: Yamada Yuto , Wang Jianqiao , Kawagishi Hirokazu , Hirai Hirofumi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Glyoxal oxidase (GLOX) is a source of the extracellular H2O2 required for the oxidation reactions catalyzed by the ligninolytic peroxidases. In the present study, the GLOX-encoding gene (glx) of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was cloned, and bee2 promoter of P. sordida YK-624 was used to drive the expression of glx. The expression plasmid was transformed into a P. sordida YK-624 uracil auxotrophic mutant (strain UV-64), and 16 clones were obtained as GLOX-introducing transformants. These transformants showed higher GLOX activities than wild-type P. sordida YK-624 and control transformants harboring marker plasmid. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the increased GLOX activity was associated with elevated recombinant glx expression. Moreover, these transformants showed higher ligninolytic activity than control transformants. These results suggest that the ligninolytic properties of white-rot fungi can be improved by recombinant expression of glx.
Modeling dynamic functional relationship networks and application to ex vivo human erythroid differentiation
Authors: Zhu Fan , Shi Lihong , Li Hongdong , Eksi Ridvan , Engel James Douglas , Guan Yuanfang 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Motivation: Functional relationship networks, which summarize the probability of co-functionality between any two genes in the genome, could complement the reductionist focus of modern biology for understanding diverse biological processes in an organism. One major limitation of the current networks is that they are static, while one might expect functional relationships to consistently reprogram during the differentiation of a cell lineage. To address this potential limitation, we developed a novel algorithm that leverages both differentiation stage-specific expression data and large-scale heterogeneous functional genomic data to model such dynamic changes. We then applied this algorithm to the time-course RNA-Seq data we collected for ex vivo human erythroid cell differentiation.
Results: Through computational cross-validation and literature validation, we show that the resulting networks correctly predict the (de)-activated functional connections between genes during erythropoiesis. We identified known critical genes, such as HBD and GATA1, and functional connections during erythropoiesis using these dynamic networks, while the traditional static network was not able to provide such information. Furthermore, by comparing the static and the dynamic networks, we identified novel genes (such as OSBP2 and PDZK1IP1) that are potential drivers of erythroid cell differentiation. This novel method of modeling dynamic networks is applicable to other differentiation processes where time-course genome-scale expression data are available, and should assist in generating greater understanding of the functional dynamics at play across the genome during development.
Availability and implementation: The network described in this article is available at http://guanlab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/stageSpecificNetwork.
Contact: gyuanfan@umich.edu or engel@umich.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Projected ocean warming creates a conservation challenge for river
herring populations
Authors: Lynch Patrick D. , Nye Janet A. , Hare Jonathan A. , Stock Charles A. , Alexander Michael A. , Scott James D. , Curti Kiersten L. , Drew Katherine 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The term river herring collectively refers to alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (A. aestivalis), two anadromous fishes distributed along the east coast of North America. Historically, river herring spawning migrations supported important fisheries, and their spawning runs continue to be of cultural significance to many coastal communities. Recently, substantial declines in spawning run size prompted a petition to consider river herring for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The ESA status review process requires an evaluation of a species’ response to multiple stressors, including climate change. For anadromous species that utilize a range of habitats throughout their life cycle, the response to a changing global climate is inherently complex and likely varies regionally. River herring occupy marine habitat for most of their lives, and we demonstrate that their relative abundance in the ocean has been increasing in recent years. We project potential effects of ocean warming along the US Atlantic coast on river herring in two seasons (spring and fall), and two future periods (2020–2060 and 2060–2100) by linking species distribution models to projected temperature changes from global climate models. Our analyses indicate that climate change will likely result in reductions in total suitable habitat across the study region, which will alter the marine distribution of river herring. We also project that density will likely decrease for both species in fall, but may increase in spring. Finally, we demonstrate that river herring may have increased sensitivity to climate change under a low abundance scenario. This result could be an important consideration for resource managers when planning for climate change because establishing effective conservation efforts in the near term may improve population resiliency and provide lasting benefits to river herring populations.
Genetic analyses of ling (Molva molva) in the Northeast Atlantic reveal patterns relevant to stock assessments and management advice
Authors: Blanco Gonzalez Enrique , Knutsen Halvor , Jorde Per Erik , Glover Kevin Alan , Bergstad Odd Aksel 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe ling, Molva molva, is a commercially exploited demersal gadid fish distributed throughout the Northeast Atlantic. Here, we provide the first study of population genetic structure by genotyping 6 geographically distinct samples with 11 microsatellite DNA markers. The results rejected the hypothesis of a single ling stock in the Northeast Atlantic, and rather suggested the existence of two or more groups, with the main grouping represented by a western (comprising Rockall and Iceland) and an eastern group (Faroe Bank, Norway). Significant genetic differences coincide with an expanse of deep water that probably limits connectivity facilitated by migration. Retention in gyres and directional oceanic circulation may also prevent drift and admixture during planktonic life stages. On the other hand, the apparent absence of genetic differentiation within the eastern part of the distribution range indicates gene flow, perhaps by larval drift and migration, over considerable distances. Our findings should contribute to improving stock assessments and monitoring and thus fisheries management advice for the ling.
High‐ and Low‐Dose Oral Delayed‐Release Mesalamine in Children With Mild‐to‐Moderately Active Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Winter Harland S. , Krzeski Piotr , Heyman Melvin B. , Ibarguen‐Secchia Eduardo , Iwanczak Barbara , Kaczmarski Maciej , Kierkus Jaroslaw , Kolaček Sanja , Osuntokun Bankole , Quiros J. Antonio , Shah Manoj , Yacyshyn Bruce , Dunnmon Preston M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the study was to assess the safety and efficacy of high‐ and low‐dose oral, delayed‐release mesalamine in a randomized, double‐blind, active control study of children with mild‐to‐moderately active ulcerative colitis.Methods:Patients ages 5 to 17 years, with a Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI) score of ≥10 to ≤55 and a truncated Mayo Score of ≥1 for both rectal bleeding and stool frequency, were enrolled. They received body weight–dependent doses of oral, delayed‐release mesalamine for 6 weeks in a low‐ (27–71 mg · g−1 · day−1) or high‐dose group (53–118 mg · g−1 · day−1). The primary endpoint was treatment success, defined as the proportion of patients who achieved remission (PUCAI score <10) or partial response (PUCAI score ≥10 with a decrease from baseline by ≥20 points). Secondary endpoints included truncated Mayo Score and global assessment of change of disease activity.Results:The modified intent‐to‐treat population included 81 of 83 patients enrolled. Treatment success by PUCAI was achieved by 23 of 41 (56%) and 22 of 40 (55%) patients in the mesalamine low‐ and high‐dose groups, respectively (P = 0.924). Truncated Mayo Score (low‐dose 30 [73%] and high‐dose 28 [70%] patients) and other efficacy results did not differ between the groups. The type and severity of adverse events were consistent with those reported in previous studies of adults with ulcerative colitis and did not differ between groups.Conclusions:Both low‐ and high‐dose oral, delayed‐release mesalamine doses were equally effective as short‐term treatment of mild‐to‐moderately active ulcerative colitis in children, without a specific benefit or risk to using either dose.
Application of Failure Mode Effect Analysis to Improve the Care of Septic Patients Admitted Through the Emergency Department
Authors: Alamry Ahmed , Al Owais Souzan M. , Marini Abdellatif M. , Al-Dorzi Hasan , Alsolamy Sami , Arabi Yaseen 
Published: August 2014

Background
Failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) is a proactive multistep tool used to analyze risks, identify failures before they occur, and prioritize preventive measures.

Methods
A multidisciplinary team trained on FMEA methodology analyzed the process of treatment of septic patients and recorded processes under 3 major phases (recognition of severe sepsis, referral, and resuscitation). The team identified potential failure modes in each process; assigned severity, occurrence, and detection scores for each; and calculated the risk priority numbers (RPNs). Finally, higher-priority failure modes (RPN of ≥300) were analyzed to redesign the care process.

Results
We identified 27 processes and 48 failure modes with a mean RPN of 270. Twenty-two high-risk failures were identified by RPN of 300 or higher. All identified critical processes were related to phase 1 (recognition of sepsis) and phase 3 (resuscitation). The most critical process seemed to be related to the initial workup and treatment of septic patients, with 4 potential failure modes and a total RPN of 1485.

Conclusions
Patient safety and care reliability issues are a major concern in health care. This study suggests that tools such as FMEA can enable a detailed analysis of the care process of septic patients by outlining potential failure modes and guiding improvement efforts.
Sociocultural Factors Influencing Incident Reporting Among Physicians and Nurses: Understanding Frames Underlying Self- and Peer-Reporting Practices
Authors: Hewitt Tanya , Chreim Samia , Forster Alan 
Published: August 2014

Objectives
Voluntary reporting of incidents is a common approach for improving patient safety. Reporting behaviors may vary because of different frames within and across professions, where frames are templates that individuals hold and that guide interpretation of events. Our objectives were to investigate frames of physicians and nurses who report into a voluntary incident reporting system as well as to understand enablers and inhibitors of self-reporting and peer reporting.

Methods
This is a qualitative case study—confidential in-depth interviews with physicians and nurses in General Internal Medicine in a Canadian tertiary care hospital.

Results
Frames that health care practitioners use in their reporting practices serve as enablers and inhibitors for self-reporting and peer reporting. Frames that inhibit reporting are shared by physicians and nurses, such as the fear of blame frame regarding self-reporting and the tattletale frame regarding peer reporting. These frames are underpinned by a focus on the individual, despite the organizational message of reporting for learning. A learning frame is an enabler to incident reporting. Viewing the objective of voluntary incident reporting as learning allows practitioners to depersonalize incident reporting. The focus becomes preventing recurrence and not the individual reporting or reported on.

Conclusions
Physicians and nurses use various frames that bound their views of self and peer incident reporting—further progress should incorporate an understanding of these deep-seated views and beliefs.
Organizational, Cultural, and Psychological Determinants of Smart Infusion Pump Work Arounds: A Study of 3 U.S. Health Systems
Authors: Dunford Benjamin B. , Perrigino Matthew , Tucker Sharon J. , Gaston Cynthia L. , Young Jim , Vermace Beverly J. , Walroth Todd A. , Buening Natalie R. , Skillman Katherine L. , Berndt Dawn 
Published: August 2014

Objectives
We investigated nurse perceptions of smart infusion medication pumps to provide evidence-based insights on how to help reduce work around and improve compliance with patient safety policies. Specifically, we investigated the following 3 research questions: (1) What are nurses' current attitudes about smart infusion pumps? (2) What do nurses think are the causes of smart infusion pump work arounds? and (3) To whom do nurses turn for smart infusion pump training and troubleshooting?

Methods
We surveyed a large number of nurses (N = 818) in 3 U.S.-based health care systems to address the research questions above. We assessed nurses' opinions about smart infusion pumps, organizational perceptions, and the reasons for work arounds using a voluntary and anonymous Web-based survey. Using qualitative research methods, we coded open-ended responses to questions about the reasons for work arounds to organize responses into useful categories.

Results
The nurses reported widespread satisfaction with smart infusion pumps. However, they reported numerous organizational, cultural, and psychological causes of smart pump work arounds. Of 1029 open-ended responses to the question “why do smart pump work arounds occur?” approximately 44% of the causes were technology related, 47% were organization related, and 9% were related to individual factors. Finally, an overwhelming majority of nurses reported seeking solutions to smart pump problems from coworkers and being trained primarily on the job.

Discussion and Conclusions
Hospitals may significantly improve adherence to smart pump safety features by addressing the nontechnical causes of work arounds and by providing more leadership and formalized training for resolving smart pump–related problems.