bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Passive Modified Atmosphere Packaging Extends Shelf Life of Enzymatically and Vacuum‐Peeled Ready‐to‐Eat Valencia Orange Segments
Authors: Barrios Sofía , De Aceredo Alejandra , Chao Gabriela , De Armas Valeria , Ares Gastón , Martín Anabel , Soubes Matilde , Lema Patricia 
Published: February 2014

AbstractApplication of passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for shelf life extension of enzymatically and nonenzymatically peeled orange segments was evaluated. Oranges (Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia) were washed, sanitized and peeled by applying vacuum pulses only (vacuum peeling) and vacuum pulses followed by incubation in enzymatic solution (enzymatic peeling). Segments were packaged in polypropylene film and stored at 7C for 16 days. Package atmosphere composition, weight loss, respiration rate, color, instrumental texture, pH, soluble solids, sensory attributes, and bacterial and fungal growth were evaluated during storage. Microbiological limits (cfu/g > 106) were reached by enzymatically and vacuum‐peeled segments on days 12 and 8, respectively. Integrity and characteristic odor had significantly changed by this day. Vacuum‐peeled segments presented better texture attributes and integrity (50% higher scores in sensory evaluation). Both types of segments benefited from MAP and are an attractive alternative for commercialization of ready‐to‐eat oranges.Practical ApplicationsThe information presented in this paper can assist fresh‐cut producers in developing ready‐to‐eat oranges. Quality of segments obtained with two peeling methods was evaluated, and potentials and limitations of the segments obtained by each process were pointed out. Passive MAP in polypropylene at a reasonable storage temperature (7C) resulted to be an inexpensive technology that can extend segment shelf life in eventual cold storage of orange segments.
New fossil fruits of Carya (Juglandaceae) from the latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene in Tennessee, eastern United States
Authors: HUANG Yong‐Jiang , LIU Yu‐Sheng (Christopher) , ZAVADA Michael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFossil fruits including nuts and associated husk valves of a new species of Carya (Juglandaceae) are described from the latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene in northeastern Tennessee, eastern United States. The husk valves are elliptic, 1.2–4.5 mm thick, with a convex exterior face and a concave interior face; the nuts are globose to ovoid in shape, smooth and longitudinally ribbed on exterior surface, with a short protruding apex and a slightly 4‐angled base; inner ribs, lacunae and primary septa are well‐developed, while secondary septa are absent or weakly developed. The combination of these carpological characteristics clearly shows a close resemblance to the genus Carya in Juglandaceae. Detailed comparisons of carpological morphology and anatomy indicate that the present fossil taxon is different from both living and most other fossil species of the genus, and therefore warrants the designation of a new fossil species, Carya tennesseensis Huang et al., sp. nov. Carya tennesseensis displays a carpological similarity to C. ventricosa from the late Oligocene to early Pliocene in Europe, suggesting a potential species exchange of the genus between Europe and southeastern North America during the late Neogene. The new fossil species represents one of the few fruit fossil species of Carya from its modern distribution range in southeastern North America. It provides crucial information for better understanding the rapid diversification of the genus from the late Miocene to early Pliocene, and the origin and establishment of today's Carya biodiversity in this region.
Prevalence of photosensitivity in chronic hepatitis C virus patients and its relation to serum and urinary porphyrins
Authors: Esmat Serag , Elgendy Dina , Ali Mohamed , Esmat Samia , El‐Nabarawy Eman A. , Mahmoud Sara B. , Shaker Olfat 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsHCV is a major cause of chronic liver disease in Egypt. The aim was to study the prevalence of photosensitivity among asymptomatic HCV‐infected patients and its possible relation to porphyrins levels and whether it can be considered an alarm for early diagnosis of the disease, which is the most important goal in the management.MethodsThis study included 100 accidentally discovered HCV positive cases and 100 HCV negative healthy controls. All patients and controls were subjected to: Detailed history and clinical examination, dermatological examination including evaluation of reaction to solar exposure, measurement of serum AST, ALT, albumin, bilirubin, serum and urinary porphyrins levels.ResultsThe prevalence of photosensitivity among HCV‐positive cases (33%) was significantly higher compared to 10% in the control group. Serum porphyrins were positive in 46 cases (46%), twenty‐three cases (23%) had positive urinary porphyrins, while only four controls (4%) showed positive serum porphyrins and one (1%) showed positive urinary porphyrins, the difference was statistically significant. Cases with photosensitivity showed significantly higher prevalence of serum and urinary porphyrins existence as well as serum porphyrins levels. Levels of viraemia showed statistically significant relation to levels of porphyrins.ConclusionAsymptomatic chronic HCV infection cases showed significantly high prevalence of photosensitivity, which is related to the associated disturbance of porphyrins metabolism. Photosensitivity can thus be considered an early marker of HCV infection. Patients discovered to have recently acquired photosensitivity should be screened for HCV infection especially in endemic areas like Egypt.
Potential non‐T cells source of interleukin‐4 in food allergy
Authors: Caubet Jean‐Christoph , Masilamani Madhan , Rivers Neisha A. , Mayer Lloyd , Sampson Hugh A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundRecently, a study from the Consortium of Food Allergy Research (CoFAR) showed that allergen‐induced IL‐4 expression in CD25+ mononuclear cells was increased in allergic patients. However, they did not find the expected increase in GATA‐3 expression, suggesting that allergen‐induced IL‐4 might not be of T‐cell origin. We sought to determine whether other cell types were responsible for the increased IL‐4 expression in the CD25+ cell population.MethodsComparing six allergic patients and six healthy controls, we analyzed the CD25+ isolated population from PBMC for the presence of potential IL‐4‐expressing non‐T cells. We also compared spontaneous expression levels of surface markers (CD203c, CD63, CD25, and HLA‐DR) on basophils from whole blood of 42 peanut‐allergic patients and from 12 non‐atopic controls. Expression of these markers was also evaluated following basophil activation in eight peanut‐allergic patients selected from the previous cohort.ResultsIn addition to CD4+ T cells, a substantial proportion of non‐T cells were found in the CD25+‐isolated cell population: basophils, NK, and NK‐T cells with a mean percentage ± s.e.m. of 5.24 ± 0.63%, 6.65 ± 1.01%, and 6.01 ± 1.04%, respectively. The majority of these cells exhibited positive intracytoplasmic staining for IL‐4. Expression of CD63 and CD25 was significantly higher in allergic patients compared with controls (p < 0.05). Interestingly, we found a significantly higher proportion of activated basophils expressing HLA‐DR, compared with non‐activated basophils (p < 0.05).ConclusionsOur results support the suggested key role of non‐T cells secreting IL‐4 in food allergy, particularly basophils, which may also play a central role in antigen presentation.
Vitamin C, B5, and B6 contents of segregating potato populations detected byGC‐MS: a method facilitating breeding potatoes with improved vitamin content
Authors: Juhász Zsófia , Dancs Gábor , Marincs Ferenc , Vossen Maarten , Allefs Sjefke , Bánfalvi Zsófia 
Published: February 2014

AbstractVitamin C, B5, and B6 contents of potato tubers were measured by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Two diploid potato populations derived from two different crosses were analyzed. Plants were grown at two locations under different environmental conditions. Measurements of vitamin content of tubers showed high variation in both populations. A weak correlation was found between the vitamin concentrations of tubers harvested at the two locations. Correlations between the mean values of vitamins in field‐grown tubers and in different tissues derived fromin vitroor greenhouse‐grown potato plants were also determined. A very high correlation between the vitamin content of field‐ and greenhouse‐grown tubers, and between field‐grown tubers and sink leaves of greenhouse‐grown plants was detected. This finding can facilitate breeding by preselection of individuals with improved vitamin content under greenhouse conditions at their early developmental stage.
Model-Based Development of Health Monitoring Functions for Aircraft Hydraulic Systems
Authors: Poole Kevin , Thielecke Frank , Maediger Cornelia 
Published: February 2014

Unforeseen failures of hydraulic power generation systems can cause costly operation interruptions of aircraft. To overcome this, a health monitoring of the system components is desirable but not yet available. In this paper, a method is presented that allows a model-based development of such a capability.
This method uses physics-based models of system components in order to derive their behavior at considered fault modes with several extents. The gained knowledge is transferred into a model of the entire hydraulic system. This model is used to determine the fault effects on the system states in order to find candidate positions for sensors. The method allows finding an optimal set of sensors that enables the detection and isolation of system component faults. The system model is used further for the creation of a simplified steady-state nominal model, which is required for feature generation. On the basis of these features, support vector machines are trained for fault detection and isolation as well as the diagnosis of the actual fault extent. The developed health monitoring functions are validated on a test rig.
Measurements of Air Absorption and Air Release Characteristics in Hydraulic Oils at Low Pressure
Authors: Schrank Katharina , Murrenhoff Hubertus , Stammen Christian 
Published: February 2014

The improvement in accuracy of one dimensional fluid power system simulations is the objective of many research projects. On one hand the accuracy depends on the underlying physical models describing the system behavior. On the other hand the equations to calculate pressure and temperature, depending on fluid properties like bulk modulus and viscosity, play an important role. Especially the consideration of impurities like air bubbles in system simulation raises a challenge in terms of fluid properties and system behavior description. The content of entrained and dissolved air in hydraulic pressure fluids are determined by the equilibrium conditions, which depend on the fluid and on the static pressure. Considering the effects of entrained air in fluid power systems and air release phenomena, like gas cavitation, the time dependency of the diffusion process and the available time to reach the saturation state has to be taken into account.
In this paper the release and the absorption of entrained air in oil is investigated. The basic objective hereby is to characterize the air release and absorption speeds. Mass conservative measurements are presented on a volume variable test-rig permitting the accurate examination of air release and absorption in pressure regions above and below atmospheric pressure. A standard mineral oil commonly used in fluid power industry as well as an ester based oil are taken for the investigations. The effect of different driving pressure gradients is analyzed by varying the velocity of the volume change of the test chamber.
Calculation of Laminar Flame Speed and Autoignition Delay at High Temperature and Pressures
Authors: Xu Hui , LaPointe Leon A. 
Published: February 2014

Recent developments in emissions regulations, costs of conventional fuels, and new gas extraction drilling technologies have resulted in an increased emphasis in gaseous fueled spark ignited engine development. However the composition of gaseous fuels can vary greatly. Homogenous Charge Spark Ignited (HCSI) engine performance is heavily dependent upon fuel properties, and robust engine design to utilize gaseous fuels must accommodate these fuel property variances. Accurate prediction of fuel energy release characteristics and knock tendency is critical in the process of HCSI engine development.
Combustion characteristics, such as Laminar Flame Speed (LFS) and Autoignition Interval (AI), are used to characterize performance of various gaseous fuels in HCSI engine applications. Combustion duration is related to the LFS. The likelihood of Knock is related to the AI. Overall engine performance is estimated by appropriately incorporating these parameters into cycle simulation software.
Experimental data of LFS is often at low temperature and low pressure and thus does not represent the high temperature and pressure conditions typically prevalent in HCSI engine combustion chambers at the time of ignition. Lack of reliable LFS data at high temperature and pressures represents a major opportunity of development for better engine performance simulations [1].
In this paper, the commercially available chemical kinetics solver Chemkin Pro using an appropriate mechanism was employed to compute LFS and AI at typical HCSI engine in-cylinder conditions.
It is challenging to compute LFS at such extreme conditions mainly because of autoignition as a competing process.
This paper describes development of a robust methodology to compute LFS over a wide range of Temperature (up to 1300 K), Pressure (up to 250 bar), Relative Humidity, and Lambda for Methane. A regression for LFS with Pressure, Temperature, Lambda, and Relative Humidity as independent variables was generated for Methane. Methodology robustness was suggested with similar LFS calculations using other fuels. The form of the regression is similar for all of the fuels investigated.
Fully Nitrided Valves for Medium and Heavy Duty Engines
Authors: Lerman Pedro , Ruch Roland , Almeida Rómulo 
Published: February 2014

For certain applications in the world of internal combustion engines (ICE), it has been found that nitrided valves have a better performance against wear than those which are seat hard faced and chrome plated. This alternative has not been significantly explored in the Medium Duty (MD) and Heavy Duty (HD) markets.
Fully nitrided MD/HD valves, mostly hard faceless, would be less expensive than chromed ones. They may become a cost effective product with better tribological performance, higher fatigue strength and improved resistance to thermal shock. In addition to this, a proper selection of the counterpart materials, those of the valve seat insert (VSI) and the valve guide (VG) will have a synergetic effect on the valve set performance, also leading to its cost improvement.
Not less important is the replacement of the well-known salt bath nitriding by the gas nitriding technique, an environmentally friendly process that maintains valve performance with the advantage of employing a lower nitriding temperature providing a higher tip end and seat hardness combined with a lower distortion level in the final product.
The aim of this work is to present the development and introduction of fully nitrided valves as a reliable solution for nowadays MD/HD applications. It is based on a deep process and product validation including the development of the gas nitriding process, wear, fatigue and engine tests.
High-Performance Lead-Free Electroplated Composite Bearing Overlay for Heavy Duty Applications
Authors: Gorges Roger , Brock Ronald 
Published: February 2014

Material selection for engine internal components, e.g. bearings, is becoming increasingly more complex and demanding as the operating environments become more aggressive with the introduction of new technologies for the reduction of CO2 emissions. Historically, engine bearings contained lead, which has excellent fundamental bearing properties such as compatibility (run satisfactorily under conditions of marginal lubrication), conformability (deform and accept small scale geometrical inaccuracies of the crankshaft), and embeddablity (tolerance to dirt and other foreign materials) whilst being readily alloyed to achieve good wear and fatigue resistance. However, facing new challenges, many Original Equipment Manufacturers have started development programs to replace lead-containing with lead-free engine components in order to comply with new end-of-life vehicle directives or anticipated future directives. For more than fifteen years, MAHLE has been successfully supplying the light, medium and heavy duty market, with premium electroplated leaded composite bearings, which are designed to improve wear resistance. Some of this market now demands a switch to lead-free materials, while maintaining or exceeding its aforementioned requirements on bearing material properties. Composites of hard particles in a softer metal matrix are in this context ideally suited bearing materials as they can be tailored to obtain the optimal mix between soft and hard properties for the individual application. Typical hard particles that are commonly used comprise of metal oxides, nitrides or carbides.
In addition to higher load carrying capabilities and longer service life, new engine technology trends demand that bearings also must operate under mixed or boundary lubrication conditions without having any adverse effect on the performance and integrity of the engine system. Boundary lubrication is commonly observed upon starting the engine before the elastohydrodynamic oil film is fully established. In this state, load is carried by surface asperities rather than by the lubricant. So far, the incorporation and even distribution of the hard particles into an electroplated lead-free matrix was not achievable using conventional direct current electroplating techniques. MAHLE, therefore, has developed a patented pulse plating technique in order to incorporate hard particles into the overlay metal matrix. The refined and modified crystal structure of the resulting lead-free overlay, with incorporated hard particles, yields a premium electroplated bearing with superior wear and fatigue resistance. Corresponding rig and engine test results have been completed to support the material development.
NOx Emissions Characterization During Transient Spark Assisted Compression Ignition (SACI) Engine Operation
Authors: Lin Weiyang , Sterniak Jeff , Bohac Stanislav V. 
Published: February 2014

In the quest for high efficiency IC engine operation, spark assisted compression ignition (SACI) can fill the gap between homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) operation at low load and spark ignited (SI) operation at high load. SACI combustion utilizes a combination of flame propagation and auto-ignition to achieve ignition when unburned temperatures are too low for reliable auto-ignition and the mixture is too dilute for flame propagation with sufficient speed. Stoichiometric SACI combustion with cooled external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) offers improved thermal efficiency compared to stoichiometric SI operation. It also reduces combustion temperatures and therefore NOx emissions, while still allowing for the use of a three-way catalyst (TWC).
This study investigates NOx spikes that can occur during transitions between different SACI operating points as a result of system time lags or mixture deviation from stoichiometry. Load transitions at various stoichiometric SACI operating points are investigated and NOx emissions before and after the TWC are reported. Significant engine-out NOx spikes are observed. A 1200 ppm NOx spike occurs during a load increase from 3 to 6 bar BMEP at 1800 rpm in 2 cycles (0.13 seconds), which is representative of a faster load change in the FTP-75 drive cycle. Observed NOx spikes are attributed to a time lag in external EGR during the transitions. NOx emissions after the TWC are reduced to below 50 ppm, indicating that NOx emissions during these transients can be handled effectively by a TWC.
Diesel Engine Combustion Sensing Methodology Based on Vibration Analysis
Authors: Ponti F. , Ravaglioli V. , Cavina N. , De Cesare M. 
Published: February 2014

The increasing request for pollutant emissions reduction spawned a great deal of research in the field of combustion control and monitoring. As a matter of fact, newly developed low temperature combustion strategies for Diesel engines allow obtaining a significant reduction both in particulate matter and NOx emissions, combining the use of high EGR rates with a proper injection strategy. Unfortunately, due to their nature, these innovative combustion strategies are very sensitive to in-cylinder thermal conditions. Therefore, in order to obtain a stable combustion, a closed-loop combustion control methodology is needed.
Many works demonstrate that a closed-loop combustion control strategy can be based on real-time analysis of in-cylinder pressure trace, that provides important information about the combustion process, such as start of combustion, center of combustion and torque delivered by each cylinder. Nevertheless, cylinder pressure sensors on-board installation is still uncommon, due to problems related to unsatisfactory measurement long term reliability and cost.
This paper presents a newly developed approach that allows extracting information about combustion effectiveness through the analysis of engine vibrations. In particular, the developed methodology can be used to obtain an accurate estimation of the indicated quantities of interest combining the information provided by engine speed fluctuations measurement and by the signals coming from acceleration transducers mounted on the engine.
This paper also reports the results obtained applying the whole methodology to a light-duty turbocharged Common Rail Diesel engine.
Modern Design Methods Applied to the Redesign of a Legacy Large Bore, Two-Stroke Cycle, Spark Ignited Gas Engine
Authors: Etcheverry John , Patterson Mark , Grauer Diana 
Published: February 2014

Large bore, spark ignited, reciprocating, gas engines have been the workhorse of the pipeline industry for many years when it comes to transmission of gas. Recently, the US government has released an update to the NSPS and RICE NESHAP regulating emissions from many of these engines to [1]:
• 1gbhp·hgbhp-hrNOX
• 2gbhp·hCO
• 0.7gbhp·hVOCs (Non-methane, non-ethane hydrocarbons)
This new rule leaves many of these legacy engines out of compliance with the standard. Because of this, engine operators are left with the choice of decommissioning these engines as they come due for compliance based retrofit or working with engine OEMs to implement an emissions reduction strategy.
For many years, the traditional methods and tools used for engine design were more than enough to create a successful engine. But with tightening restrictions and higher expectations for customers and the amount of improvement that can be extracted from design changes shrinking with every redesign, these methods by themselves are no longer sufficient. This paper will examine modern design methods and tools available to an engine designer as well as their integration with more traditional testing methods. A comparison of results for the redesigned COOPER BESSEMER® GMVH-6C3 will also be presented for analysis.