bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracellular traps and macrophages: new roles for the versatile phagocyte
Authors: Boe Devin M , Curtis Brenda J , Chen Michael M , Ippolito Jill A , Kovacs Elizabeth J 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
MΦ are multipurpose phagocytes with a large repertoire of well-characterized abilities and functions, including regulation of inflammation, wound healing, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, as well as serving as an integral component of the innate-immune defense against microbial pathogens. Working along with neutrophils and dendritic cells, the other myeloid-derived professional phagocytes, MΦ are one of the key effector cells initiating and directing the host reaction to pathogenic organisms and resolving subsequent responses once the threat has been cleared. ETs are a relatively novel strategy of host defense involving expulsion of nuclear material and embedded proteins from immune cells to immobilize and kill bacteria, fungi, and viruses. As research on ETs expands, it has begun to encompass many immune cell types in unexpected ways, including various types of MΦ, which are not only capable of generating METs in response to various stimuli, but recent preclinical data suggest that they are an important agent in clearing ETs and limiting ET-mediated inflammation and tissue damage. This review aims to summarize historical and recent findings of biologic research regarding ET formation and function and discuss the role of MΦ in ET physiology and associated pathologies.
Friction at Fingertip Surface during Water Contact Process
Authors: Nonomura Yoshimune , Saito Rina , Takahashi Akira 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Humans can sense water on a solid substrate without sliding their fingertips. In this study, 20 subjects were presented with small amounts of pure water and aqueous solutions containing various amounts of a thickener. Many subjects distinguished a watch glass containing water from those containing aqueous solutions of the thickener. The most characteristic tactile texture of water reported by participants was a non-slimy feel. Furthermore, friction evaluations and high-speed observations identified frictional resistance as a distinguishing characteristic between water and the thickened aqueous solutions. Notably, no significant fingertip movements were observed when using a high-speed camera, although the frictional coefficients for water (0.18), the 1.00 wt % thickened solution (0.10) and the 5.00 wt % thickened solution (0.05) were significantly different. A regression analysis of the relationship between the tactile evaluation and friction properties suggested that many subjects evaluated the degree of sliminess based on the fluctuation of the frictional coefficient during contact of their fingertips with the watch glasses.
The Allied Note of 23rd September and great Britain's retreat on the question of eastern Thrace
Authors: Bravos Thanassis 
Published: April 2015

<p>'Η Συμμαχική Διακοίνωση τής 23ης Σεπτεμβρίου 1922, μέ την</p><p>οποία παραδιδόταν έκ των προτέρων ή Ανατολική Θράκη στους<br />Τούρκους, άποτέλεσε πλήγμα για τή βρετανική πολιτική. Ή άπο-<br />δοχή έκ μέρους της των κεμαλικών άξιώσεων προκάλεσε βαθύτατη<br />έντύπωση, μια καί ήταν γνωστή ή θέση τού Βρετανού πρωθυπουργού<br />άναφορικά μέ τούς "Ελληνες καί ή σπουδαιότητα πού άπέδιδε<br />στήν εύόδωση των έθνικών τους στόχων, καθώς καί ή σημασία των<br />Στενών για τή διατήρηση τής ναυτικής υπεροχής τής Αύτοκρατο-<br />ρίας στή Μεσόγειο καί τή διασφάλιση, κατ’ αύτύν τον τρόπο, των<br />γραμμών έπικοινωνίας της μέ τήν Ινδία. Ούτως έχόντων των πραγμάτων,<br />μια τέτοια ένέργεια άσφαλώς δέν θά ήταν δυνατό -ούτε καί<br />θά έπρεπε- να θεωρηθεί άποτέλεσμα ενός μόνον παράγοντα ή άπόρ-<br />ροια μιας βιαστικής καί έπιπόλαιης έκτίμησης.<br />'Υπό τήν έννοια αύτή: α) ή ελληνική άποτυχία να έπιβάλει τούς </p><p>ορούς τής Συνθήκης των Σεβρών στους έθνικιστές, β) ή άναγέννη-<br />ση τής τουρκικής δύναμης και ή άναβίωση τής άπειλής της συνδυασμένη<br />μέ τ'ις σχέσεις της μέ τη νεαρή Σοβιετική "Ενωση, άλλα καί<br />τήν πολιτική τής δεύτερης άπέναντι στήν Τουρκία, γ) οί διαρκώς<br />έντεινόμενες έπαφές τών άλλων δύο Δυνάμεων τής Entente μέ τον<br />Κεμάλ — πού τελικά οδήγησαν σέ πλήρη κατάρρευση του «άρρα-<br />γούς» μετώπου τής Συμμαχίας καί σέ λιποταξία τής Γαλλίας καί<br />τής ’Ιταλίας, δ) ή έχθρότητα μέ τήν οποία άντιμετώπιζε ή βρετανική<br />κοινή γνώμη, άλλα καί οί μουσουλμανικοί πληθυσμοί τής<br />Αυτοκρατορίας, έναν νέο πόλεμο μέ τήν Τουρκία, ε) ό κίνδυνος πού<br />θά συνεπαγόταν για τήν πετρελαιοφόρο Μεσοποταμία μια τέτοια<br />σύγκρουση, καί στ) οί άντικειμενικές στρατιωτικές δυσκολίες πού<br />ήταν σύμφυτες μέ τις δυνατότητες ή μή τής Μεγάλης Βρετανίας,<br />θά μπορούσαν να θεωρηθούν ύπεύθυνες γιά τήν ταύτιση τής τελευταίας<br />μέ τά ύποσχεθέντα τής 23ης Σεπτεμβρίου. 'Η μελέτη λοιπόν<br />τών παραγόντων αύτών, όπως καί ή άνάλυση τών σχέσεων μεταξύ<br />τους, θά ήταν δυνατό να ερμηνεύσουν τή συγκεκριμένη βρετανική<br />στάση.</p>
Medical Education in the Field of Communication as a Value and a Means of Health Quality Improvement
Authors: Goriup Jana , Kodrič Kleopatra 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The article discusses the issues of communication between a doctor and a patient as one of the main approaches within the patients' medical treatment. This approach, which includes the field of communication in medicine as a value, more and more appears as obligatory not only in the field of profession itself, but also in the field of the patients’ needs. Communication covers a huge part of our social as well as intimate lives. Our social functioning is based on communication. The transfer and preserving of values is based on communication. Especially in the field of medicine, the function of communication appears to be one of the key elements to allow a better and complete treatment of the patient. The article discusses studies which have shown that communication skills have to be developed, it is advisable to introduce them into the educational programmes for med students and medical staff. Researches have shown that students, who were taught the field of communication skills, later as doctors or medical staff obtained a lot more information about patients than those who were not given such education.
Fostering Internationalisation in Higher Education by Virtual Mobility
Authors: Tereseviciene Margarita , Volungeviciene Airina , Dauksiene Estela 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The concept of virtual mobility and its characteristics are presented. Most definitions which consider virtual mobility from the educational perspective describe it as a form of learning, research, communication, and collaboration, but also as a form of mobility, which can be a supplement or substitute for physical mobility. Based on the theoretical dispositions a study module “Learning in Higher Education” was created and delivered by an international, multiinstitutional group of teachers to an international, multi-institutional group of students. The virtual mobility case, research design, and data analysis, are presented. The results demonstrate the importance of virtual mobility in promoting international communication and developing communication skills with people from other countries, cultures as well as impact of internationalisation on higher educational institutions
Clinical relevance and contemporary methods for counting blood cells in body fluids suspected of inflammatory disease
Authors: Fleming Chérina , Russcher Henk , Lindemans Jan , de Jonge Robert 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn many inflammatory diseases, the cellular components in body fluids [cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serous fluids] are increased, rendering essential diagnostic information. The diagnostic value of the total white blood cell count (WBC) and differential count has been evaluated extensively over the years, and a remarkable amount of knowledge has been gained; yet, there is a great deal of clinical uncertainty whether the diagnosis should be based solely on these variables. In some diseases, such as peritonitis, the total WBC and differential count has high sensitivity; whereas, in differentiating pleural effusions, it lacks the sensitivity required to be clinically useful. Nevertheless, many guidelines consider these tests as cornerstone parameters, and in combination with clinical variables, they can successfully guide clinical decision making in initiating or postponing a treatment course for infection and/or inflammatory diseases while awaiting culture results. Although other methods are available for detecting and differentiating WBCs in body fluids, manual microscopy is still considered the gold standard despite its many limitations. During the last decade, automated analyzers have become a popular method for first line screening. Continued progress in their design has led to major improvements including their speed, improved accuracy and lower variability compared with microscopy. Disadvantages of this method include high imprecision in low ranges (depending on the method) and interfering factors. In a time where automation is at the front line in clinical laboratories, it is essential the results obtained are precise, accurate and reproducible. This review provides an overview of the relevance for cell counting in a variety of diagnostic body fluids, and highlights the current technologies used.
Pragmatismus und Historismus
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This article explores the similarities between American pragmatism and (mostly German) historicism in the nineteenth century - similarities that were often ignored because of cultural differences between the U. S. and Germany and a different status of the natural sciences or the humanities in the two cultures. The main claim of this text is that American pragmatism developed ideas that allow us to overcome the dichotomy between objectivism and relativism in historiography. Joas identifies conceptual tools in the works of Josiah Royce, Mead, and Dewey that can account both for the intersubjective and the temporal nature of human experience and the processes of the formation of ideals. By bringing Ernst Troeltsch, the most sophisticated thinker from the historicist tradition, into the picture, Joas demonstrates that in the 1920s one could almost speak of the beginning of a process of convergence between Mead’s “temporalized pragmatism” and Troeltsch’s “existential historicism.” For contingent reasons this convergence never took place, but remains a challenge to which this paper responds.
Synthesis of quinazolines and quinazolinones via palladium-mediated approach
Authors: Abdou Ibrahim M. , Al-Neyadi Shaikha S. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Quinazoline derivatives have drawn attention in the field of heterocyclic chemistry because of their unique skeleton and interesting biological applications. This review summarizes the recent palladium-catalyzed reactions used to construct quinazoline and its related 4(3H)-quinazolinone analogues. The mechanisms of some Pd-catalyzed reactions are also discussed.
A population-based comparison between actual maternal weight gain and the Institute of Medicine weight gain recommendations in singleton pregnancies
Authors: Tul Natasa , Bregar Andreja Trojner , Steblovnik Lili , Verdenik Ivan , Lucovnik Miha , Blickstein Isaac 
Published: April 2015

AbstractTo compare the actual maternal weight gain to that recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in term singleton gestations.We used data from the Slovenian National Perinatal Information System to select singleton pregnancies born at ≥38 weeks during the period from 2003 to 2012. We calculated the frequencies of mothers who gained less than, more than, and as recommended by the IOM according to their pregravid body mass index (BMI). We also compared the fetal size parameters in under- and over-gainer to those who gained weight as recommended by the IOM.We selected 173,715 patients who delivered at ≥38 weeks. Of these patients, the recommended weight gain was achieved by 56,868 (32.7%, 95% CI 32.5, 32.9) only, 82,617 (47.6%, 95% CI 47.3, 47.8) were over-gainers, and 34,230 (19.7%, 95% CI 19.5, 19.8) gained less than recommended. Neither undergaining nor overgaining were always synonymous with adverse fetal outcomes.Roughly two-thirds of singleton mothers did not gain weight during pregnancy according to the IOM recommendations. Inappropriate maternal weight gain, however, was not always associated with adverse fetal outcomes and this implies that a tailored approach rather than strict adherence to the IOM recommendations may be more practical.
Immunodeficiency and Immunomonitoring
Authors: Renz Harald 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Immunological diagnostics is a rapidly developing area in laboratory medicine. Most recently, major developments in the area of immunodeficiency and the monitoring of chronic inflammatory diseases have been observed. Regarding immuno-monitoring, recently a consensus panel for basic flow cytometry has been published together with age-related reference values. In the USA, the search for severe inherited immunodeficiency diseases (such as severe combined immunodeficiency disease, SCID) is part of neonatal screening procedures. Recently, several US states published first results which are based on the measurement of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs). Furthermore, age-dependent reference values for the measurement of IgG subclasses and subclass-specific vaccination antibodies have been published. Monitoring of chronic inflammatory disease focuses on asthma. A novel classification based on the cellular distribution of neutrophils versus eosinophils in induced sputum has been developed. Furthermore, novel biomarkers, such as periostin, are currently under evaluation. Such novel approaches of phenotyping are now the basis of individualized therapeutic approaches in patients with (severe) asthma, who respond to certain biologicals.
Ethical challenges of whole genome sequencing in translational research and answers by the EURAT-project
Authors: Winkler Eva C. , Schickhardt Christoph 
Published: April 2015

Abstract:
The use of whole genome sequencing in translational research not only holds promise for finding new targeted therapies but also raises several ethical and legal questions. The four main ethical and legal challenges are as follows: (1) the handling of additional or incidental findings stemming from whole genome sequencing in research contexts; (2) the compatibility and balancing of data protection and research that is based on broad data sharing; (3) the responsibility of researchers, particularly of non-physician researchers, working in the field of genome sequencing; and (4) the process of informing and asking patients or research subjects for informed consent to the sequencing of their genome. In this paper, first, these four challenges are illustrated and, second, concrete solutions are proposed, as elaborated by the interdisciplinary Heidelberg EURAT project group, as guidelines for the use of genome sequencing in translation research and therapy in Heidelberg.
What’s the risk? Assessment of patients with stable chest pain
Authors: Cubukcu Arzu , Murray Ian , Anderson Simon 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In 2010, the National Institute for Heath and Clinical Excellence published guidelines for the management of stable chest pain of recent onset. Implementation has occurred to various degrees throughout the NHS; however, its effectiveness has yet to be proved. A retrospective study was undertaken to assess the impact and relevance of this guideline, comparing the estimated risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) with angiographic outcomes. Findings were compared with the recently published equivalent European guideline. A total of 457 patients who attended a Rapid Access Chest Pain Clinic were retrospectively reviewed. CAD risk was assessed according to NICE guidelines and patients were separated into typical, atypical and non-anginal chest pain groups. Risk stratification using typicality of symptoms in conjunction with NICE risk scoring and exercise tolerance testing was used to determine the best clinical course for each patient. The results include non-anginal chest pain–92% discharged without needing further testing; atypical angina–15% discharged, 40% referred for stress echocardiography, 35% referred for angiogram and significant CAD revealed in 8%; typical angina–4% discharged, 19% referred for stress echocardiography, 71% referred for angiogram and 40% demonstrated CAD. Both guidelines appear to overestimate the risk of CAD leading to an excessive number of coronary angiograms being undertaken to investigate patients with typical or atypical sounding angina, with a low pick up rate of CAD. Given the high negative predictive value of stress echocardiography and the confidence this brings, there is much scope for expanding its use and potentially reduce the numbers going for invasive angiography.
Comparison of chemical risk assessment methods in South Korea and the United Kingdom
Authors: Kim Min‐Uk , Shin Saemi , Byeon Sang‐Hoon 
Published: April 2015

Comparison of chemical risk assessment methods in South Korea and the United Kingdom: Min‐Uk Kim, et al. Department of Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Republic of KoreaObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare Control of Substances Hazard to Health (COSHH) Essentials (a chemical risk assessment method in the UK) with Chemical Hazard Risk Management (CHARM) (a chemical risk assessment method in South Korea). The differences between the two processes were explored with a particular focus on their features and distinctions.MethodsThe results obtained from applying COSHH Essentials and CHARM to 59 carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic (CMR) substances were analyzed. The outcomes of the working environment assessments and the collated information about the usage of CMR chemicals were used for the analysis.ResultsAmong the 59 substances tested, 56 substances were rated at a risk level lower than 2, when evaluated with CHARM. However, with COSHH, all 59 substances were rated at risk level 3 or higher. With COSHH Essentials, the highest hazard group of 4 was automatically assigned to category E substances, regardless of the exposure level assessment. However, for CHARM, the risk could be adjusted according to the exposure level assessment, even for hazard group of 4.ConclusionsCHARM allocated lower risk levels to hazardous substances than COSHH Essentials. Ultimately, COSHH Essentials assesses exposure level through the physical properties and overall handling, and considers hazard with H‐statements and R‐phrases. COSHH Essentials was deemed more conservative than CHARM. CHARM may have underestimated the risk according to exposure level, even though the chemicals were highly hazardous. Therefore, CHARM can be used for the localized risk assessment of chemicals used in individual workplaces.
Social Networking Phenomenon and Its Use in Libraries / Fenomen društvenih mreža i njegova primjena u knjižnicama
Authors: Hebrang Grgić Ivana , Mučnjak Dorja 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSocial media phenomenon has changed the way people communicate. Facebook has become the world’s most popular social networking site. It did not take long for libraries, as cultural and educational institutions, to recognize its importance and start using it for the promotion of their activities and improvement of their services. The purpose of this research is to determine the frequency and types of Croatian public libraries’ presence on Facebook. The paper analyses the nature of their presence, metric indicators, and activities on selected Facebook applications. The results are compared to previous studies conducted in Croatia and in the world. The conclusion brings a number of fundamental recommendations concerning the presence of public libraries on Facebook. Key words: Croatia; Facebook; public libraries; Social Networking Sites.---SažetakFenomen društvenih medija promijenio je način komunikacije pojedinaca, ali i ustanova. Facebook je postao najkorištenija svjetska društvena mreža, a knjižnice, kao kulturne i obrazovne ustanove, ubrzo su prepoznale njegovu važnost i počele ga koristiti kako bi promicale svoje aktivnosti i unaprijedile poslovanje. Cilj je istraživanja utvrditi učestalost i načine na koje se hrvatske narodne knjižnice koriste Facebookom. Analizirane su vrsta prisutnosti, metrički pokazatelji i aktivnosti knjižnica na pojedinim aplikacijama. Rezultati su uspoređeni s prethodnim istraživanjima provedenim u Hrvatskoj i u svijetu. U zaključku se daje nekoliko temeljnih preporuka vezanih uz prisutnost narodnih knjižnica na Facebooku.Ključne riječi: društvene mreže; Facebook; Hrvatska; narodne knjižnice.
The Gestalt Intuition Model: Theory and Practice in Teaching / Gestalt intuicijski model: teorija i praksa u nastavi
Authors: Kërënxhi Svjetllana , Gjoci Pranvera 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article presents the Gestalt Intuition Model, designed as a theoretical and practical model to improve the way of teaching of mathematics in elementary education. Gestalt Intuition Model includes dual treatments and is aimed at the formation of integrating perceptions and gestalt intuition in students. The model has a clear and logical basis. It is based on the instructions of math curricula for elementary education. It is in accordance with all the instructions and knowledge included in the school program. This model is simple and easy to implement in the examples found in math textbooks and could easily be implemented in teaching, following the rules of the teaching process. The model has become trustworthy, reliable, and accepted by experimenting teachers and continues to be applied in their teaching process. The model is easily grasped and comprehended by the students, thus generating new results in teaching. As a model that influences positive critical thinking, Gestalt Intuition Model increases the effectiveness of learning among students, offering teachers a new alternative to achieving effective teaching.Key words: dual treatment; elementary education; integrating perception; teaching method. ---SažetakU ovom je radu predstavljen Gestalt intuicijski model, osmišljen kao teorijski i praktični model za unapređenje nastave matematike u osnovnoškolskom obrazovanju. Gestalt intuicijski model uključuje dvojnu obradu i usmjeren je na formaciju integrativne percepcije i Gestalt intuicije kod učenika. Model ima jasan i logički temelj. Temelji se na nastavi matematičkog kurikula za osnovnoškolsko obrazovanje. U skladu je s izvođenjem nastave i znanjem u školskom programu. Može se jednostavno i lako primijeniti na primjerima koje nalazimo u matematičkim udžbenicima i u nastavi, slijedeći pravila nastavnog procesa. Navedeni model postao je pouzdan i vjerodostojan te je prihvaćen od nastavnika koji su bili uključeni u eksperiment, a koji su ga nastavili primjenjivati u vlastitom nastavnom procesu. Model je shvatljiv i razumljiv i učenicima, pa se može reći da ostvaruje neke nove rezultate u nastavi. Kao model koji pozitivno utječe na kritičko razmišljanje, Gestalt intuicijski model jača učinkovitost učenja kod učenika, a nastavnicima nudi novu alternativu za postizanje učinkovite nastave.Ključne riječi: dvojna obrada; integrativna percepcija; nastavna metoda osnovnoškolsko obrazovanje.