bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protection Works of Crossings River in the Camisea Pipeline Transport System (STD)
Authors: Tupayachi Beisaga José Luis , Hernández Chaupis Emilio A. 
Published: January 2014

The experience gained during the operation and maintenance stages of the Camisea pipeline transportation system (STD) in Peru, crossing from the Tropical jungle in the Cusco region to the coast, in Lima city, has enabled us to develop and apply techniques in construction and maintenance works focused on controlling of the vertical undermining of riverbeds and the erosion of margins at river crossings and creeks crossed by the pipeline carrying NG and NGL. According to the above, a technical assessment study was conducted of the crosses rivers and creeks that have high priority of the Camisea pipeline path, comprising — among other disciplines — hydraulic and undermining analysis, as well as an hydrologic and geo-morphological evaluation and other issues regarding general geology and geo-techniques at each crossing site.
A work program was developed using the information obtained in the three sectors travelled by the (STD) in order to develop and complement works at the crossings of rivers and valleys aiming to protect the integrity of the pipeline from erosion produced by major and extraordinary floods in riverbeds and alluvial slides in narrow valleys, by means of confinement and sedimentation works.
The jobs performed in rainforest, mountain and coastal terrain crossed by the pipeline considered different river morphology types — being the most common the straight, gravel braided and curved river travels — and regimes in both flow speed and width of the riverbed.
From the topographic follow-up and monitoring stage on — before and after the rain season — at crossings beneath the riverbeds, it was determined that the deterioration process affecting the crossing stripe corresponds to erosion consisting in the alteration of the watercourse banks that affects the piping foundations.
The works are completed considering the type of resources available at the site of the river crossing — i. e., the engineering is particular to each sector, and designing is performed upon available materials in the area.
The most utilized works at river and creeks crossings on the Camisea piping system are as follows: i) protection of riverbeds and creeks slopes using gabion mesh and pads; ii) sedimentation systems on gabion mesh; iii) Energy dissipation devices at creeks crossings; iv) rip-rap–type armoring of riverbeds; v) confinement check dams; vi) marginal protection dikes; vii) marginal protection rock fill dams; viii) protection and sedimentation breakwaters, among others.
Monitoring and Control System in an Area of Geotechnical Risk Unstable in the Camisea Gas Transport System
Authors: Velásquez Martinez Fernando A. , Acero Carlos Romero 
Published: January 2014

The experience gained during the operation and maintenance activities on the Camisea Pipeline Gas Transport System (SDT) owned by TGP in Peru — which goes from the Amazon rainforest in the region of Cusco to the Pacific coast near Lima, along 729 Km — has led to the evolution and the optimization of the design, construction and maintenance processes regarding works focused on the stabilization of the slopes along the right of way of the pipeline carrying natural gas and natural gas liquid.
This section of the right of way is 95 km long and crosses tropical mountains in the Amazon rainforest, in a transitional area between the Manugaly valley and the basin top boundary.
It was noticed since 2005 that the right of way had being affected by a land slide consisting of a horizontal crack in the ground, between both pipelines and along them. So, after number of in-site inspections, the team concluded that the area was being affected by a large ground removal event.
As a consequence, traces of geotechnical instability were found on the right side of the right of way, consisting of stress cracks, transverse settlements and leaks. All of those were affecting the stability conditions of the ground. From the annual in-site follow-up, monitoring and geotechnical testing, the team established that this process affecting the right of way was caused by a large mass removal process directly related to the increase of the imbalance rate of an old colluvial deposit below the entire area, triggered by the heavy rainfall in the area — ca. 3 500 mm a year, mainly between October and April.
It is to be mentioned that the axis of the NG and NGL pipelines is located on the top of this colluvial deposit, which is susceptible to landslides. This is noticeable because of cracks present in the place. Local geomorphology and heavy deforestation — caused by locals — triggers an increase of the rainfall water filtration rate into the ground, thus speeding up the slide processes. Piezometers installed in the area showed high levels of the local water table. Movement readings are: top length: 70 m; length: 250 m; width: 150 m.
Criteria for the construction of landslide mitigation structures in the pipeline área are being established based on a permanent land survey monitoring system — including inclinometers, piezometers and strain-gages — as this is a large regional movement. This control action allowed the operation to continue free of damages to the pipelines and under controlled costs.
Pipeline Integrity Assessment and Mitigation Techniques in Unstable Soil Conditions Based on Comparison of In Line Inspection Results
Authors: Contreras Maria F. , Vergara Carlos , Pereira Mauricio , Colonia Juan Diego , García Hugo 
Published: January 2014

The Andes Mountains, rich in geographical features and diversity, poses a significant threat to the integrity of oil and gas pipelines due to geohazards. Land movement and unstable soil conditions can trigger changes in the original trajectory of the pipeline resulting in undesired bending strain which can result on failure of the facility.
OCENSA – Oleoducto Central S.A. from Colombia assesses the pipeline condition in geotechnical unstable places by comparison of In Line inspection results taking into account pipeline movements and bending strains changes along the zone of study. Bending strains in the pipe are compared against allowable values and emergency values which constitute the criteria to execute mitigation and/or remediation activities that must be done in order to maintain the pipe integrity. To project the pipeline behavior in time, 3D finite element models are developed, allowing the programming of future activities. This paper presents results obtained in a study case to show how pipeline is assessed and how different mitigation activities are developed. Mitigation Techniques such as stress relief procedures and EPS (Expanded Poly-Styrene) blocks incorporations are explained. These techniques are executed in order to reduce the pipe response due to soil displacements during landslide events and creeping slopes, with the final scope of assuring a safe operation.
Determination of the Separation of Diverter Berms for Erosion Control
Authors: Pineda Carlos Eduardo Rodríguez , Rodríguez Paula Andrea , Gómez Juan Sebastián Gutiérrez 
Published: January 2014

Diverter berms are structures that are intended to control erosion by means of the reduction of the dragging forces due to runoff. In a hillside, as the slope and length increases, the towing capacity of the runoff increases; diverter berms aim to reduce the flow length and with this the water potential erosion.
In Colombia is common to determine the separation of diverter berms based in the graphics presented in the NIO 0802 standard (Ecopetrol, 2001), in which separation is function of the slope of the hillside, the type of soil and the rainfall intensity.
In this paper the equations proposed by Morgan (1995) and Mirtskhoulava (2001) are applied to determine the separation of diverter berms based on the maximum non-eroding velocity, the discharge flow, the surface roughness and the slope steepness.
In order to compare the results of the application of the Morgan (1995) and Mirtskhoulava (2001) models, with those curves of the NIO 0802 standard (Ecopetrol, 2001), an application was made to the right-of-way for the Medellín-Cartago pipeline, along the called Sinifana variant. The information regarding topography, soils and coverage was provided by Civil and Tech SAS.
Emergency due to Rain Event on OSPAR Pipeline Right-of-Way: Lessons Learnt From the Rapid Approach in March, 2011
Authors: Oliveira Hudson Régis , de Paula Henrique Xavier 
Published: January 2014

Nowadays, natural disasters have become much frequently in Brazil, having as result serious consequences such as social, economic and environmental damages and losses.
The aim of this paper is evaluate the actions provided by TRANSPETRO in emergency span occurred in OSPAR right-of-way due to intense and heavy rains that occurred in March 2011 in the Serra do Mar Hills, in Parana State, southern Brazil.
The geotechnical phenomenon affected three pipelines:
• OSPAR Oil Pipeline, which is responsible for supplying the Presidente Getulio Vargas Refinery - REPAR with crude oil;
• OPASC Oil Pipeline: used for distribute derivatives from REPAR to Santa Catarina State;
• GASBOL Gas Pipeline: supplies Southern Brazil with natural gas from Bolivia.
After several days of heavy and steady rain, on 11th March 2011 the rainfall reached the peak of 180mm in 24 hours what generated more than 50 geotechnical and hydrotechnical occurrences in OSPAR stream at Serra do Mar crossing,.
The actions, necessary to reducing the hazard, required stopping of oil pipelines, decrease of internal pressure in the gas pipeline, rearrangement of internal staff and machinary structure, and support of external companies structure, such as partnerships companies and new emergency contracts including heavily aircraft support, staffs and machines.
The emergency works, carried out in the occasion, leaded to the return of pipeline operations in less than five days. The total pipeline security was established with the stabilization of more than 50 geotechnical and hydrotechnical occurrences.
Geotechnical Aspects of a Pipeline Rupture in Ecuador: Factors and Mitigation
Authors: Oswell James M. , Chiriboga Gualberto 
Published: January 2014

In February 2009 a pipeline rupture occurred along a sloped section of the Oleoducto de Crudos Pesados (OCP) Ecuador S.A. pipeline. The spill resulted in crude oil flowing down the hillside and into the Rio Santa Rosa.
Post rupture investigations were initiated to identify the geotechnical factors that may have contributed to the incident and what mitigation may be necessary to ensure future pipeline integrity. The investigation consisted of several activities including detailed site reconnaissance by a geotechnical engineering team and installation of slope inclinometers to assess ground movements. The intent of the slope inclinometers was to determine the depth, areal extent and rate of ground movement, if any.
The post rupture site reconnaissance identified a number of terrain features consistent with shallow ground movement mechanisms. The presence of hummocky terrain could be the result of ground movement or an artifact of the use of the slope as cattle pasture.
Five slope inclinometers were installed to assess the slope movements within the project site. Four slope indicators were installed up-slope of the pipeline right-of-way to provide some lateral boundary to the ground movement area. The slope inclinometers showed that in the months following the pipeline rupture the terrain upslope of the pipeline right-of-way was moving at a relative constant rate of about 0.45 mm/day.
As a result of the geotechnical investigations an integrity mitigation plan was developed. This included ongoing slope movement monitoring, regular site reconnaissance and placement of the pipeline above ground on “sleepers” to isolate the pipeline from the underlying creeping slope. To-date, these mitigations have been successful in reducing strain on the pipeline.
The Use of Similarity Concepts to Represent Subgrid Variability in Land Surface Models: Case Study in a Snowmelt-Dominated Watershed
Authors: Newman Andrew J. , Clark Martyn P. , Winstral Adam , Marks Danny , Seyfried Mark 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper develops a multivariate mosaic subgrid approach to represent subgrid variability in land surface models (LSMs). The k-means clustering is used to take an arbitrary number of input descriptors and objectively determine areas of similarity within a catchment or mesoscale model grid box. Two different classifications of hydrologic similarity are compared: an a priori classification, where clusters are based solely on known physiographic information, and an a posteriori classification, where clusters are defined based on high-resolution LSM simulations. Simulations from these clustering approaches are compared to high-resolution gridded simulations, as well as to three common mosaic approaches used in LSMs: the “lumped” approach (no subgrid variability), disaggregation by elevation bands, and disaggregation by vegetation types in two subcatchments. All watershed disaggregation methods are incorporated in the Noah Multi-Physics (Noah-MP) LSM and applied to snowmelt-dominated subcatchments within the Reynolds Creek watershed in Idaho. Results demonstrate that the a priori clustering method is able to capture the aggregate impact of finescale spatial variability with O(10) simulation points, which is practical for implementation into an LSM scheme for coupled predictions on continental–global scales. The multivariate a priori approach better represents snow cover and depth variability than the univariate mosaic approaches, critical in snowmelt-dominated areas. Catchment-averaged energy fluxes are generally within 10%–15% for the high-resolution and a priori simulations, while displaying more subgrid variability than the univariate mosaic methods. Examination of observed and simulated streamflow time series shows that the a priori method generally reproduces hydrograph characteristics better than the simple disaggregation approaches.
Reproducing the September 2013 Record-Breaking Rainfall over the Colorado Front Range with High-Resolution WRF Forecasts
Authors: Schwartz Craig S. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Four convection-permitting Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) forecasts were produced in an attempt to replicate the record-breaking rainfall across the Colorado Front Range between 1200 UTC 11 September and 1200 UTC 13 September 2013. A nested WRF domain with 4- and 1-km horizontal grid spacings was employed, and sensitivity to initial conditions (ICs) and microphysics (MP) parameterizations was examined. Rainfall forecasts were compared to gridded observations produced by National Weather Service River Forecast Centers and gauge measurements from the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS). All 1-km forecasts produced 48-h rainfall exceeding 250 mm over portions of the Colorado Front Range and were more consistent with observations than the 4-km forecasts. While localized sensitivities to both ICs and MP were noted, systematic differences were not attributable to the varied ICs or MP schemes. At times, the 1-km forecasts produced precipitation structures similar to those observed, but none of the forecasts successfully captured the observed mesoscale evolution of the entire rainfall event. Nonetheless, as all 1-km forecasts produced torrential rainfall over the Colorado Front Range, these forecasts could have been useful guidance for this event.
Targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) but not CDK4/6 or CDK2 is selectively lethal to MYC-dependent human breast cancer cells
Authors: Kang Jian , Sergio C Marcelo , Sutherland Robert L , Musgrove Elizabeth A 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Although MYC is an attractive therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment, it has proven challenging to inhibit MYC directly, and clinically effective pharmaceutical agents targeting MYC are not yet available. An alternative approach is to identify genes that are synthetically lethal in MYC-dependent cancer. Recent studies have identified several cell cycle kinases as MYC synthetic-lethal genes. We therefore investigated the therapeutic potential of specific cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibition in MYC-driven breast cancer.

Methods
Using small interfering RNA (siRNA), MYC expression was depleted in 26 human breast cancer cell lines and cell proliferation evaluated by BrdU incorporation. MYC-dependent and MYC-independent cell lines were classified based on their sensitivity to siRNA-mediated MYC knockdown. We then inhibited CDKs including CDK4/6, CDK2 and CDK1 individually using either RNAi or small molecule inhibitors, and compared sensitivity to CDK inhibition with MYC dependence in breast cancer cells.

Results
Breast cancer cells displayed a wide range of sensitivity to siRNA-mediated MYC knockdown. The sensitivity was correlated with MYC protein expression and MYC phosphorylation level. Sensitivity to siRNA-mediated MYC knockdown did not parallel sensitivity to the CDK4/6 inhibitor PD0332991; instead MYC-independent cell lines were generally sensitive to PD0332991. Cell cycle arrest induced by MYC knockdown was accompanied by a decrease in CDK2 activity, but inactivation of CDK2 did not selectively affect the viability of MYC-dependent breast cancer cells. In contrast, CDK1 inactivation significantly induced apoptosis and reduced viability of MYC-dependent cells but not MYC- independent cells. This selective induction of apoptosis by CDK1 inhibitors was associated with up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic molecule BIM and was p53-independent.

Conclusions
Overall, these results suggest that further investigation of CDK1 inhibition as a potential therapy for MYC-dependent breast cancer is warranted.
The centella asiatica juice effects on DNA damage, apoptosis and gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Authors: Hussin Faridah , Eshkoor Sima Ataollahi , Rahmat Asmah , Othman Fauziah , Akim Abdah 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis paper is to investigate the effects ofCentella asiaticaon HepG2 (human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line).Centella asiaticais native to the Southeast Asia that is used as a traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the chemopreventive effects of theCentella asiaticajuice on human HepG2 cell line.MethodsDifferent methods including flow cytometry, comet assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to show the effects of juice exposure on the level of DNA damage and the reduction of cancerous cells. MTT assay is a colorimetric method applied to measure the toxic effects of juice on cells.ResultsTheCentella asiaticajuice was not toxic to normal cells. It showed cytotoxic effects on tumor cells in a dose dependent manner. Apoptosis in cells was started after being exposed for 72 hr of dose dependent. It was found that the higher percentage of apoptotic cell death and DNA damage was at the concentration above 0.1%. In addition, the juice exposure caused the reduction of c-myc gene expression and the enhancement of c-fos and c-erbB2 gene expressions in tumor cells.ConclusionsIt was concluded that theCentella asiaticajuice reduced liver tumor cells. Thus, it has the potential to be used as a chemopreventive agent to prevent and treat liver cancer.
Improving accountability through alignment: the role of academic health science centres and networks in England
Authors: Ovseiko Pavel V , Heitmueller Axel , Allen Pauline , Davies Stephen M , Wells Glenn , Ford Gary A , Darzi Ara , Buchan Alastair M 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundAs in many countries around the world, there are high expectations on academic health science centres and networks in England to provide high-quality care, innovative research, and world-class education, while also supporting wealth creation and economic growth. Meeting these expectations increasingly depends on partnership working between university medical schools and teaching hospitals, as well as other healthcare providers. However, academic-clinical relationships in England are still characterised by the “unlinked partners” model, whereby universities and their partner teaching hospitals are neither fiscally nor structurally linked, creating bifurcating accountabilities to various government and public agencies.DiscussionThis article focuses on accountability relationships in universities and teaching hospitals, as well as other healthcare providers that form core constituent parts of academic health science centres and networks. The authors analyse accountability for the tripartite mission of patient care, research, and education, using a four-fold typology of accountability relationships, which distinguishes between hierarchical (bureaucratic) accountability, legal accountability, professional accountability, and political accountability. Examples from North West London suggest that a number of mechanisms can be used to improve accountability for the tripartite mission through alignment, but that the simple creation of academic health science centres and networks is probably not sufficient.SummaryAt the heart of the challenge for academic health science centres and networks is the separation of accountabilities for patient care, research, and education in different government departments. Given that a fundamental top-down system redesign is now extremely unlikely, local academic and clinical leaders face the challenge of aligning their institutions as a matter of priority in order to improve accountability for the tripartite mission from the bottom up. It remains to be seen which alignment mechanisms are most effective, and whether they are strong enough to counter the separation of accountabilities for the tripartite mission at the national level, the on-going structural fragmentation of the health system in England, and the unprecedented financial challenges that it faces. Future research should focus on determining the comparative effectiveness of different alignment mechanisms, developing standardised metrics and key performance indicators, evaluating and assessing academic health science centres and networks, and empirically addressing leadership issues.
Dry eye management in a Sjögren’s syndrome mouse model by inhibition of p38-MAPK pathway
Authors: Ma Xiaoyun , Zou Jun , He Linping , Zhang Yun 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
To investigate the therapeutic effect of p38-MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, on dry eye in a mouse model of Sjögren’s syndrome (MRL/lpr mice).

Methods
18 female BALB/c mice and 44 female MRL/lpr mice were included. Mice were randomly assigned to the control or treatment group. The expression of phospho-p38 MAPK in lacrimal glands of BALB/c mice was determined by Western blot analysis following IL-1β treatment at various time points. Different doses of SB203580 were injected into lacrimal glands of MRL/lpr mice and phenol red thread test was performed seven days post-injection. Moreover, the levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine expression in lacrimal glands of MRL/lpr mice were measured using spectrofluoremetric assay and the histopathology of lacrimal glands was also evaluated.

Results
The expression of p-p38 MAPK in lacrimal glands of BALB/c mice gradually increased following incubation with IL-1β ex vivo. Injection of SB203580 into lacrimal glands significantly improved the results of phenol red thread test in MRL/lpr mice. In addition, the secretions of acetylcholine and norepinephrine increased significantly compared to the control group. Less lymphocytes infiltration was observed in pathological section of lacrimal glands following SB203580 injection.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that the activation of p38-MAPK pathway plays an important role in dry eye of a Sjögren’s syndrome mouse model. Inhibition of p38-MAPK pathway by SB203580 might have potential therapeutic effect on Sjögren’s syndrome associated dry eye.

Virtual slides
The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1256849631103092.