bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Path to Green and Circular Decommissioning Explored
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: August 2024

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 216338, “Path to a Green and Circular Decommissioning,” by C.H. Friederichs, Eni. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

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The author describes the operator’s development of a culture of circular decommissioning, with the main goal of establishing a structured process to improve environmental performance by implementing principles of circular economy during the engineering and execution of decommissioning projects.

Culture of Circular Decommissioning
Within the operator’s energy-transition strategy, the culture of circularity has been developed to maximize mature-asset life and ensure that decommissioning projects adhere to an environmentally friendly circular process. The process is composed of the following four main systematic steps:
- Reuse or repurposing of an asset (for example, for carbon capture, use, and storage or for hydrogen, offshore-wind, photovoltaic, or geothermal purposes)
- Reuse of a portion of an asset (for example, reuse or reconversion of part of a platform or onshore installation)
- Reuse of components (for example, pumps, valves, heat exchangers, and compressors)
- Recycling of materials (for example, steel, copper, aluminum, or rare elements)

Circular Approach for Engineering New Assets
Embedding circularity into the engineering of new assets is critical because proper setting of component design can increase the probability of future reuse and repurpose with only minor technical changes or specifications. Application of this circularity during the early stage of asset design is based on the transformation from a linear economy (take/make/dispose) to the circular economy (make/use/reuse/recycle).
The following aspects must be taken into consideration in order to embed the circular approach during the engineering of new assets:
- Reuse of preused assets for new projects
- Design for long-life assets, products, and components
- Modularization
- Design to reuse
Based on the operator’s previous experience, besides jackets and decks, the main types of preowned assets are represented by living quarters and process modules; offshore complex fields could offer considerable availability (Fig. 1). Another important concept is the reuse of huge structures such as jackup rigs or semisubmersibles and verifying their suitability for potential repurpose. To monitor possible opportunities (reuse of structures and modules to be refurbished for reuse in other projects), a continuous market inquiry is mandatory.
Numerical Rate Transient Analysis Workflow Applied to Dry Gas Wells
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: August 2024

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper URTeC 2023-4026063, “Numerical Rate Transient Analysis for Dry Gas Wells,” by Mathias L. Carlsen, SPE, Whitson; Curtis H. Whitson, SPE, Whitson and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology; and Mohamad M. Dahouk, SPE, Whitson. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

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The complete paper outlines the importance of numerical rate transient analysis (RTA) for dry gas wells. The authors write that the simple, fully penetrating planar fracture model proposed is a useful numerical symmetry element model that provides the basis for the work presented. Synthetic and field examples are used in the complete paper to illustrate the application of numerical simulation to perform rigorous RTA.

Introduction
RTA methods to correct for superposition and multiphase flow effects have been studied extensively. Analytically (In this context, “analytical” refers to linearization of partial differential equations) correcting for the combined effect of both superposition and multiphase flow at the same time is not possible because one needs to know saturations and pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) properties as a function of space for all times. Multiple cycles of hysteresis in a multiphase, complex PVT and relative permeability system are impossible to handle analytically.
The complete paper aims to achieve the following goals:
- Outline the importance of numerical RTA for dry gas wells
- Generalize the workflow for dry gas systems as opposed to only liquid-rich or oil reservoirs
- Incorporate geomechanical effects (pressure-dependent permeability) in the workflow
- Validate the workflow with both dry gas simulated data and real field data

Underlying Assumptions: 1D Reservoir Model
The theory presented in this paper assumes a “symmetry element” model, in which the underlying numerical model represents one-quarter of a fracture (Fig. 1). The model is 1D in that no flow contributions exist beyond the fracture tips or beyond the fracture height. Thus, there is only one no-flow boundary, resulting in two dominant flow regimes over time—infinite acting linear flow, followed by boundary-dominated flow. In this study, only one permeability zone is assumed. Nevertheless, most of the underlying concepts presented in the complete paper also are relevant for more-complex reservoir geometries.
The authors devote a subsection of the complete paper to a discussion of RTA fundamentals before describing their own work. They move on to subsections describing important aspects of numerically assisted RTA, including key geometric variables; relationships between modified liner flow parameter, original gas in place, and well performance; a modification of a numerically assisted workflow well-known in the literature; and geomechanical effects.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Generation in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
Authors: Sheng James J. 
Published: August 2024

Summary
To reduce carbon emissions and meet increasing energy demands, efforts are being made to seek clean energy such as hydrogen (or H2). Currently, the dominant method to generate hydrogen is steam methane reforming at a surface plant. It would be ideal to extend this method to subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs; hydrogen is separated from the other generated gases via a downhole hydrogen-selective membrane separator. By doing so, hydrogen is extracted from the wellhead, and other gases are left in the reservoir. The purpose of this paper is to provide a techno-economic analysis of this idea. The energy of generated hydrogen is compared with the energy of the hydrocarbon feedstock. The hydrogen selectivity (concentration) in the generated synthesis gas (syngas) and the amount of hydrogen generated per unit mass of oil in the literature are reviewed and discussed. The constraints to the hydrogen generation conditions in subsurface reservoirs are discussed. The effectiveness of the downhole membrane is discussed.
It is found that the energy from generated hydrogen is much less than the energy input even in a surface reactor where reactants are fully mixed for reactions. In a subsurface reservoir, injected reactants cannot fully mix with the in-situ oil and gas, and reactions may occur only near the flood-front zone of a high temperature. As injected gas (such as steam or oxygen) displaces the oil and gases ahead, the produced hydrocarbons are much higher than hydrogen. Separation of hydrogen from other gases downhole presents challenges in many aspects in reality, such as membrane permeability or separation rate, work life (mechanical and chemical stability), and so on. Therefore, unless a revolutionary technology breakthrough occurs, the generation and production of hydrogen in a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir may not be feasible.
Legal Regulation of International Trade in Cryptographic Products and Technologies: WTO Tools and Regional Agreements
Authors: Hashimy S. Q. , Magoge J. S. 
Published: August 2024

Objective: to demonstrate the complex legal landscape which is being changed under the influence of the modern digital landscape developing with the integration of cryptographic technologies into international trade and especially into the field of information and communication technology products.Methods: the study of the documents is built primarily on a set of ways of interpreting legal acts, which allows analyzing the content of primary legal sources, namely the provisions for cryptographic products circulation, and proposing solutions to fill the gaps in this area. Also, secondary sources were collected and summarized to form an idea of the study subject.Results: areas of uncertainty in the protection of digital cryptographic products under the WTO agreements have been identified, raising questions about the adequacy of existing protection measures. It is noted that in some countries this situation has led to restrictions or bans on the import and export of cryptographic technologies and encrypted data on security grounds. The authors pay attention to the concept of non-discriminatory treatment of cryptographic products, which is being developed primarily within the framework of regional trade agreements to address the shortcomings of WTO agreements. It is emphasized that regional trade agreements, although stimulating cooperation and competition in international trade, demonstrate various approaches to the regulation of cryptographic products. The authors note that this creates challenges for business and it must be prepared to take into account the specificities of regional agreements, local legislation and evolving legal requirements. A conclusion is made that it is important to balance the innovation protection with the promotion of trust and cooperation, between the cryptographic technologies development and the issues of security and intellectual property rights protection.Scientific novelty: a vision of the complex legal landscape surrounding cryptographic products is presented, showing the differences in approaches to regulating relations around digital and non-digital products under WTO agreements and approaches to regulating cryptographic products applied in regional trade agreements.Practical significance: the study results are of interest to government agencies, policy makers, commercial entities and individuals involved in international trade in cryptographic technologies, as they can help all stakeholders to make informed decisions, navigate the complexities of regulating these relationships and advocate for fair treatment in the evolving digital trade environment.
Experience of Legal Regulation of Lootboxes in Different Countries: a Comparative Analysis
Authors: Pour S. 
Published: August 2024

Objective: to show how the use of a new business model called Loot boxes, on which modern video games are based, has become a legal problem for jurisdictions in different countries.Methods: drawing on existing literature and contemporary sources, the article explores the potential negative consequences of Loot boxes, provides a comprehensive analysis of existing or proposed regulation, and compares the approaches taken in various national jurisdictions.Results: the article examines the growing concern surrounding the widespread use of a particular form of in-game purchases called Loot boxes. It is strongly criticized on the grounds that Loot boxes are presumed to be a form of gambling within a video game. On this basis, this article argues in favor of their legislative regulation. Having examined the regulatory framework in countries that have already taken action against the use of Loot boxes, such as Belgium, the Netherlands, China, Japan and the Republic of Korea, as well as in countries currently debating their regulation, the author emphasizes the need to adopt consumer protection measures in the gaming industry. This is particularly relevant for vulnerable strata exposed to gambling-related harms. In addition, there is a need to ensure the ethical and responsible use of Loot boxes, as well as to reduce the health and financial risks associated with the use of this business model.Scientific novelty: the paper presents a comparative study of the problems of current or projected social regulation of Loot boxes in video games. The author proposes to seek the solution in a balance between game industry innovations, consumer protection and user well-being, which will ultimately contribute to the creation of a healthier environment for gamers.Practical significance: the study highlights the international scope of the problem the difference in legal and ethical regulatory measures taken in different countries to address the psychological, social and financial consequences associated with the proliferation of lootboxes in video games. These measures are yet to be assessed, taking into account the findings concerning the gaming industry.
Prospects and Issues Concerning the Regulatory Regime of E-Payment System in Nigeria
Authors: Haruna I. O. , Aidonojie P. A. , Beida O. J. 
Published: August 2024

Objective: to reveal the legal challenges impeding the smooth operation of electronic payment systems in Nigeria, given that Nigerian official bodies and individuals have already taken some steps to regulate the electronic payment system in the country, but the said step are insufficient.Methods: the study is built on several approaches to the issues of the legal regime of electronic payments in Nigeria. Alongside with the doctrinal interpretation of the legal framework regulating the relations associated with the use of electronic payment system, the authors used sociological cognitive tools and conducted a survey of respondents residing in different geopolitical zones of Nigeria. The description and analysis of the data obtained shows the actual attitude of the respondents to the ongoing processes.Results: international regulation and national legislation on electronic payments in force in Nigeria were examined. The study revealed that e-payments are an effective means of transactions but there are some legal challenges that may hinder the smooth use of e-payments in Nigeria. It was found that although the country has enacted a number of laws relating to the regulation of banking and other financial activities, they are not sufficient to address the challenges posed by modern technologies. The article reflects the issues of electronic signature, trust in technology, data privacy, security of electronic transactions, fraud, authentication and authorization, certainty of rights and obligations, jurisdiction and platforms for resolving online disputes, taxation of electronic payments, and others. The authors note that the task of creating a secure digital environment for the smooth operation of e-commerce and e-payments in Nigeria should not be solely imposed on the government.Scientific novelty: by the example of one of the most promising African states, the authors revealed a spectrum of issues related to the work of electronic payment systems, supporting it with a survey of public opinion. They managed to find out the citizens’ attitude to a number of issues that are most often faced when using the system of electronic payments, and possible areas of change.Practical significance: the current legal issues raised in the study largely hinder the smooth use of the electronic payment system in Nigeria. Hence, the possible ways to improve it suggested by the authors are increasingly significant.
Ethical and Legal Regulation of Using Artificial Intelligence in Morocco
Authors: Jabir H. , Lagtati K. , Pohe-Tokpa D. 
Published: August 2024

Objective:to explore and identify the issues and opportunities for the ethical and legal regulation of artificial intelligence by the example of digital transformation in Morocco.Methods:the study was conducted using analytical and comparative approaches to address the emerging legal issues arising from the development of artificial intelligence. The traditional scientific method in law is based on legal analysis, which was applied to the study of legal texts, scientific literature, diagnosis of the condition of the study field at the national and international level. Along with this, the comparative approach in law was used, which made it possible to examine the Moroccan legislation comparison with that of other countries.Results:the article presents a review of scientific literature on the legal and ethical issues of using artificial intelligence. Legal texts and decrees developed at national and international level, directly or indirectly linked to the use of artificial intelligence, were reviewed. Moroccan legislation was compared with that of other countries. The findings suggest that, in the absence of a specific legal framework for artificial intelligence systems, the adoption of ethical standards in the form of guidelines, best practices and ethical charters is preferable. These mechanisms appear to be a viable alternative to legal regulation. In this sense, several initiatives were taken to promote “soft law”, which aims to encourage appropriate behavior of technological agents.Scientific novelty: the analysis of digital transformations in Morocco made it possible to present a comprehensive view on the role of ethical aspects and on the sufficiency of law to respond to the changes in the modern society, transformed by the development of artificial intelligence.Practical significance: the study allows identifying ways to find a more flexible balance between “soft” and “hard” law in the regulation of relations, taking into account the technological reality. This should encourage the appropriate behavior of technological agents and positively affect the specificity of the current situation. Today, the “hard law” slowly recognizes and addresses the problems associated with the digital technologies’ regulation and slowly takes into account the possible risks posed by artificial intelligence and the insufficiency of its regulation.
The Impact of the EU-Turkey Agreement on the Number of Lives Lost at Sea
Authors: Tafani Irene , Riccaboni Massimo 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

The European Union is facing a major challenge: irregular migration. Our aim in this paper is to shed light on a past EU migration policy through the lens of a rigorous analysis of its impact. To this end, we look at the EU-Turkey statement, an agreement reached in March 2016 to contrast irregular migration from Turkey to the EU. Despite the intention to curb migration flows, combat smuggling and improve border security, the implementation of the EU-Turkey deal has raised questions about its effectiveness and humanitarian impact. Drawing on existing literature and empirical data, this study examines the causal impact of the EU-Turkey statement on migration patterns and fatalities in the Mediterranean. Using a matrix completion estimator for panel data, we assess the diversion effect of the agreement by quantifying the number of migrants diverted to alternative routes and estimating the lives lost at sea as a result. Our results show a significant diversion effect from the Eastern Mediterranean to the Central route, which undermines the core objective of the agreement to reduce border crossings. We estimate an increase of 1976 ± 102 migrants on the central route due to the agreement from April to December 2016. We also find a correlation between the diversion effect and the risk of death on the main migration routes, resulting in a net increase of 44 ± 3 lives lost at sea. We highlight the unintended consequences of bilateral migration agreements and emphasize the need for a broader perspective when designing future policies.
A Deterministic Modeling Approach in Identifying the Optimal Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Management
Authors: Ogunmola Adeniyi Oyewole , Jolayemi Emmanuel Tejuola 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

The enormous success made in the development of drugs for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection to suppress the viral load of the disease, avert death and suffering due to the disease, no HIV individual is supposed to experience morbidity or death due to the disease. However, most affected people only avail themselves for HIV test at symptomatic stage which leads to morbidity and mortality due to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In the absence of HIV vaccine for the prevention against HIV infection, HIV screening test would be the next close to vaccination. This aim of this study was to developed a model that determine the optimal HIV screening sequence as intervention for HIV in a population. The concept of screening was brought into system of non-linear differential equations to obtain the deterministic model. The screening sequence and the varying population proportions were used in determining the optimal screening. The findings were that; when the systematic HIV screening of the population was done in six years, mortality and morbidity occurrences were reduced, and subsequent systematic screening reduced morbidity and mortality more in the population; and screening thirty percent of the population every year saved the lives of ninety percent HIV individuals and forestalled ninety percent of them from experiencing morbidity. It was noted also that screening fifty percent of the population three times within six years produced the same effect.
Visualising the Voices of Nursing: A Co-Designed Video's Impact on Understanding Nurses' COVID- 19 Experiences
Authors: Blair Carolyn , Rafferty Anne-Marie , Murphy Paul , Brown Michael , Bowes Karen , Thompson Ruth , Reid Joanne 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background –
Nurses were at the forefront of managing the COVID-19 pandemic. In response, Royal College of Nursing in Northern Ireland commissioned a longitudinal qualitative survey using the Cognitive Edge SenseMaker® tool to capture nurses' experiences of delivering care from April 2020 to March 2021.
Aim -
To explore the impact of a co-designed video based on the findings of SenseMaker® the lived experience of nurses in Northern Ireland during the 2020/2021 global pandemic.
Method -
Quotes were systematically selected from the SenseMaker® report of nurses’ (n = 676) experiences during COVID-19. Two co-design workshops were conducted (1) Content development and script writing and (2) Feedback and revisions. The video was filmed and edited in the School of Drama, Queen’s University Belfast. The live launch event took place in the Royal College of Nursing conference venue on 8th February 2024. Data to gauge the impact of the video was gathered via audience participation, MS Teams Version 1.7. chat participation, Mentimeter poll and MS forms survey. The link for the video and survey was accessible to the public via the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University Belfast website after the launch event. The findings were analysed using systematic text condensation using NVivo version 1.6. The study was approved by the Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences research committee at Queen’s University Belfast following peer review (REC Reference: MHLS 23_100).
Results −
28 participants completed the survey; 30 participants attended the live event. Overall, the video-based monologues effectively conveyed the emotional impact and lived experiences of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four themes emerged - personal reflection and emotional impact, connection and solidarity amidst disappointment, moral injury and resentment, lessons learned and the need for change.
Conclusion -
Wider dissemination of the co-created video-based narratives, with focus on advocacy to policy makers is needed to prioritise the emotional well-being of nurses and other professionals. There is potential in using video-based monologies to facilitate positive change and better support for professionals, including nursing students in future crises. Further research is needed to assess the broader impact of such healthcare-related research methodologies.