bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new species of Leopoldia (Asparagaceae Scilloideae formerly Hyacinthaceae) from Iran
Authors: Jafari Azarnoosh 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLeopoldia tabriziana Jafari (Hyacinthaceae) from northwest of Iran (East Azarbaijan province) is described here and illustrated by a line‐drawing. It is similar to L. comosa Parl. but differs in having violet (not cream) pedicels in the fresh fertile flowers, oblong‐campanulate (not oblong‐urceolate) fertile flowers, triangular‐obovate (not globose‐obovate) sterile flowers, dark violet (not beige) fertile flowers and dark violet (not pale violet) sterile flowers with much shorter pedicels. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A high‐order fully explicit flux‐form semi‐Lagrangian shallow‐water model
Authors: Ullrich Paul Aaron , Lauritzen Peter Hjort , Jablonowski Christiane 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYA new approach is proposed for constructing a fully explicit third‐order mass‐conservative semi‐Lagrangian scheme for simulating the shallow‐water equations on an equiangular cubed‐sphere grid. State variables are staggered with velocity components stored pointwise at nodal points and mass variables stored as element averages. In order to advance the state variables in time, we first apply an explicit multi‐step time‐stepping scheme to update the velocity components and then use a semi‐Lagrangian advection scheme to update the height field and tracer variables. This procedure is chosen to ensure consistency between dry air mass and tracers, which is particularly important in many atmospheric chemistry applications. The resulting scheme is shown to be competitive with many existing numerical methods on a suite of standard test cases and demonstrates slightly improved performance over other high‐order finite‐volume models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit implementation of the AUSM +  and AUSM + up schemes
Authors: Colonia S. , Steijl R. , Barakos G. N. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYAt the University of Liverpool, the Helicopter Multi‐Block (HMB2) CFD code is used for studies of various subsonic and transonic flows. This paper presents the implicit implementation in HMB2 of the AUSM +  and AUSM + up, with a fully analytical Jacobian, so that a wider range of Mach numbers can be modelled, including high‐speed flows. A description of the derivation of the analytical Jacobian is given in this paper along with an evaluation of the performance of the implicit schemes for different test cases, including turbulent flows. As examples of high‐speed flows of aerospace interest, a blunt body, a single cone, a shock wave/turbulent boundary‐layer interaction and the Orion spacecraft have been considered. For the transonic regime, the RAE2822 aerofoil and the ONERA M6 wing have been used as test cases. Finally, for low Mach flows, the S809 wind turbine aerofoil and the MEXICO project wind turbine blade have been chosen. The shear stress transport and κ– ω turbulence models have been employed for the turbulent cases. The proposed implicit implementation of the AUSM +  and AUSM + up schemes proved to have good efficiency and robustness without affecting the reliability of the original schemes.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Standardized Motions in Temporal Analysis of Work Activity
Authors: Bedny Gregory Z. , Karwowski Waldemar , Voskoboynikov Fred 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article focuses on the time study of behavioral components of work activity. The method time measurement (MTM‐1) system is a powerful tool for analyzing behavioral components of activity. However, the MTM‐1 system's rules for the selection of basic elements for tasks’ description are necessary but insufficient. Professionals can use the MTM‐1 system rules effectively only after analyzing strategies of a task performance and studying the logical organization of motor and cognitive actions. The results of this study demonstrate that the MTM‐1 system can be used for analyzing behavioral components of activity only after analyzing real strategies of task performance.
Hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation practice in the United States: A nationally representative survey
Authors: Edelson Dana P. , Yuen Trevor C. , Mancini Mary E. , Davis Daniel P. , Hunt Elizabeth A. , Miller Joseph A. , Abella Benjamin S. 
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUNDIn‐hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) outcomes vary widely between hospitals, even after adjusting for patient characteristics, suggesting variations in practice as a potential etiology. However, little is known about the standards of IHCA resuscitation practice among US hospitals.OBJECTIVETo describe current US hospital practices with regard to resuscitation care.DESIGNA nationally representative mail survey.SETTINGA random sample of 1000 hospitals from the American Hospital Association database, stratified into 9 categories by hospital volume tertile and teaching status (major teaching, minor teaching, and nonteaching).SUBJECTSSurveys were addressed to each hospital's cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) committee chair or chief medical/quality officer.MEASUREMENTSA 27‐item questionnaire.RESULTSResponses were received from 439 hospitals with a similar distribution of admission volume and teaching status as the sample population (P = 0.50). Of the 270 (66%) hospitals with a CPR committee, 23 (10%) were chaired by a hospitalist. High frequency practices included having a rapid response team (91%) and standardizing defibrillators (88%). Low frequency practices included therapeutic hypothermia and use of CPR assist technology. Other practices such as debriefing (34%) and simulation training (62%) were more variable and correlated with the presence of a CPR committee and/or dedicated personnel for resuscitation quality improvement. The majority of hospitals (79%) reported at least 1 barrier to quality improvement, of which the lack of a resuscitation champion and inadequate training were the most common.CONCLUSIONSThere is wide variability among hospitals and within practices for resuscitation care in the United States with opportunities for improvement. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:353–357. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Comparison of twice refocused spin echo versus stimulated echo diffusion tensor imaging for tracking muscle fibers
Authors: Noehren Brian , Andersen Anders , Feiweier Thorsten , Damon Bruce , Hardy Peter 
Published: February 2014

PurposeTo compare the precision of measuring the pennation angle and fiber length in the vastus lateralis (VL) using two distinctly different diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequences.Materials and MethodsWe imaged the thigh of 10 normal subjects on a 3T magnetic resonance (MR) imager with twice refocused spin echo (TRSE) and stimulated echo (STEAM) DTI‐MRI techniques. Both techniques took the same total acquisition time and employed the same diffusion weighting and gradient directions. Using the diffusion tensor images produced by each sequence, muscle fiber bundles were tracked from the aponeurosis by following the first eigenvector of the diffusion tensor. From these tracks we calculated the pennation angle and fiber length.ResultsThe STEAM acquisition resulted in significantly higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), higher fractional anisotropy (FA) values, and longer fibers than TRSE. Although no difference in the pennation angle between the two acquisitions was found, the TRSE sequence had a significantly greater within‐subject dispersion in the pennation angle of tracked fibers, which may indicate a reduction in the coherence of fiber bundles.ConclusionDTI of muscle using a STEAM acquisition resulted in significant improvements in the SNR and FA, resulting in tracking a larger number of muscle fiber bundles over longer distances and with less within‐subject dispersion. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:624–632. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zinc‐deficiency resistance and biofortification in plants
Authors: Humayan Kabir Ahmad , Swaraz A. M. , Stangoulis James 
Published: February 2014

AbstractZinc (Zn) deficiency is a well‐documented problem in plants, causing decreased yields and nutritional quality. When facing a shortage in Zn supply, plants acclimatize by enhancing the Zn acquisition. In this review, we highlight recent progress in understanding of plant resistance to Zn deficiency and discuss the future challenges to fully unravel its molecular basis of regulation. Emphasis is given on the physiological and molecular basis of Zn acquisition, the long‐distance transport of Zn and the genotypic variations in Zn use efficiency of plants. Prospects of Zn biofortification strategies as well as further efforts for crop improvement to overcome Zn deficiency are also addressed.
A sub‒domain smoothed Galerkin method for solid mechanics problems
Authors: Hu Dean , Wang Yigang , Liu G. R. , Li Tong , Han Xu , Gu Y. T. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYA sub‒domain smoothed Galerkin method is proposed to integrate the advantages of mesh‒free Galerkin method and FEM. Arbitrarily shaped sub‒domains are predefined in problems domain with mesh‒free nodes. In each sub‒domain, based on mesh‒free Galerkin weak formulation, the local discrete equation can be obtained by using the moving Kriging interpolation, which is similar to the discretization of the high‒order finite elements. Strain smoothing technique is subsequently applied to the nodal integration of sub‒domain by dividing the sub‒domain into several smoothing cells. Moreover, condensation of DOF can also be introduced into the local discrete equations to improve the computational efficiency. The global governing equations of present method are obtained on the basis of the scheme of FEM by assembling all local discrete equations of the sub‒domains. The mesh‒free properties of Galerkin method are retained in each sub‒domain. Several 2D elastic problems have been solved on the basis of this newly proposed method to validate its computational performance. These numerical examples proved that the newly proposed sub‒domain smoothed Galerkin method is a robust technique to solve solid mechanics problems based on its characteristics of high computational efficiency, good accuracy, and convergence. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal low‒thrust orbit transfers with eclipsing
Authors: Betts John T. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryBy choosing the optimal steering history of a spacecraft, it is possible to maximize the mass delivered from a park orbit to a mission orbit. A low‒thrust orbit transfer that models coasts when passing through the Earth's shadow can be formulated as a large‒scale optimal control problem with many distinct phases. This paper presents a technique that constructs an initial guess using a receding horizon algorithm. A series of large‒scale multiphase optimal control problems are then solved to refine the phase structure of the problem. The final optimal solution incorporates high fidelity physics and mesh refinement techniques within a large sparse nonlinear programming approach.
Compositional investigation of potassium doped Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with efficiencies up to 20.8%
Authors: Jackson Philip , Hariskos Dimitrios , Wuerz Roland , Wischmann Wiltraud , Powalla Michael 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe report on the interaction between intentional potassium doping of thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells, CIGS absorber composition, and device efficiency. Up to now high efficiency CIGS solar cells could not be produced with a gallium/(gallium + indium) ratio higher than 35%. The new doping process step does not only increase solar cell conversion efficiencies up to 20.8%, but also allows a shift in the CIGS absorber composition towards higher gallium content whilst maintaining this high efficiencies level. We find that the saturation of the open circuit voltages for higher gallium content that is normally observed can partially be overcome by the new doping procedure. This observation leads us to the conclusion that even on this high performance level CIGS solar cells still hold a potential for further development beyond the record values reported here. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crocetin, a Carotenoid from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Protects against Hypertension and Cerebral Thrombogenesis in Stroke‐prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Higashino Saori , Sasaki Yasuto , Giddings John C. , Hyodo Kanae , Fujimoto Sakata Shigeko , Matsuda Koichi , Horikawa Yoko , Yamamoto Junichiro 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTCrocetin is a natural carotenoid dicarboxylic acid that is found in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Cape Jasmine) and in the stamen and pistil of Crocus sativus L. (saffron). It is used worldwide as an important spice, food colorant, and herbal medicine. In the current investigation, we have examined the cardiovascular effects of crocetin using stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs). Male SHRSPs (6 weeks old) were classified into three groups: a control group and two crocetin groups (25 and 50 mg/kg/day). The animals were given crocetin for 3 weeks. Body weights in each group were not significantly different during the treatment period, but the increase in systolic blood pressures observed with age was significantly moderated by crocetin. Thrombogenesis, assessed using a He‐Ne laser technique in pial vessels, was significantly decreased. Antioxidant activity, assessed by measuring urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine levels, together with urinary nitric oxide (NO) metabolite levels, was increased significantly after treatment. Acetylcholine‐induced vasodilation was measured using the aorta and indicated that endothelial function was significantly improved by crocetin. These results strongly suggest that the antihypertensive and antithrombotic effects of crocetin were related to an increase in bioavailable NO, possibly mediated by decreased inactivation of NO by reactive oxygen species. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐temperature mass spectrometric study and modeling of thermodynamic properties of binary glass‐forming systems containing Bi2O3
Authors: Stolyarova V. L. , Shilov A. L. , Lopatin S. I. , Shugurov S. M. 
Published: February 2014

RATIONALEBinary glass‐forming systems containing bismuth(III) oxide, especially the Bi2O3‐SiO2 system, are of great importance in modern materials science: preparation of thin films, fiber optics, potential solar converters, and radiation shields in nuclear physics. Information on vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties obtained in the present study and the results of modeling of this system will be useful for optimization of the synthesis and applications of Bi2O3‐containing materials at high temperatures.METHODSHigh‐temperature Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry was used to study the vaporization processes and to determine the partial pressures of components of the Bi2O3‐SiO2 system. Measurements were performed with a MS‐1301 mass spectrometer. Vaporization was carried out using two iridium‐plated molybdenum effusion cells containing the sample under study and pure bismuth(III) oxide (reference substance). Modeling of the thermodynamic properties and structure of glasses and melts in the Bi2O3‐SiO2 and Bi2O3‐B2O3 systems was performed using a modified approach based on the generalized lattice theory of associated solutions (GLTAS).RESULTSAt a temperature of 1000 K, Bi and O2 were found to be the main vapor species over the samples studied. The Bi2O3 activity as a function of composition of the Bi2O3‐SiO2 system was obtained from the measured partial pressures of the vapor species. The thermodynamic properties of mixing from oxides in this system were calculated. The advantages of GLTAS for modeling of glasses and melts in the binary systems containing Bi2O3 were demonstrated.CONCLUSIONSThe thermodynamic functions of mixing in glasses and melts of the Bi2O3‐SiO2 system determined at 1000 K in the present study, as well as in the Bi2O3‐B2O3 system, demonstrated negative deviations from ideality. Modeling of the obtained experimental data using GLTAS allowed a correlation to be found between the thermodynamic properties and the relative number of bonds of various types formed in the glasses and melts of these systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation and Decomposition of Iron Nitrides Observed by in situ Powder Neutron Diffraction and Thermal Analysis
Authors: Widenmeyer Marc , Hansen Thomas C. , Meissner Elke , Niewa Rainer 
Published: February 2014

Abstract In order to gain more information on the formation and decomposition behavior of various iron nitrides from different starting materials in situ neutron diffraction and thermal analysis under application of different gas atmospheres and heating rates were carried out. The following phases were observed during these investigations: crystalline α‐Fe, γ‐FeNz, γ′‐Fe4Ny, ϵ‐Fe3N1+x, ζ‐Fe2N, FeCl2, [Fe(NH3)6]Cl2, Fe(NH3)2Cl2, and amorphous Fe(NH3)Cl2. In situ neutron diffraction data were collected in high quality, due to an optimized experimental setup with a time resolution of two minutes on D20 (Institut Laue‐Langevin) allowing for detailed Rietveld analyses. For all phase transitions, decomposition and formation temperatures a strong dependency from the heating rate, thermal history of the sample, gas flow conditions, and particle size exists. The nitrogen contents observed during thermal decomposition of ζ‐Fe2N were related to the binary phase diagram Fe‐N. At low temperatures (< 400 °C) ϵ‐ and ζ‐phase are non‐equilibrated. However, through annealing equilibrium state is reached. For γ′‐Fe4Ny formed in situ at higher temperatures an expansion of the homogeneity range towards lower nitrogen content is observed above 600 °C. For the formation of ϵ‐Fe3N1+x from FeCl2 and NH3 a previously proposed reaction sequence involving different ammoniates was confirmed. This reaction occurs via formation of amorphous Fe(NH3)Cl2. The therein observed in situ formed ammoniates were additionally characterized by IR spectroscopy.
An Unprecedented 5‐Connected Self‐penetrated Cadmium(II) Coordination Polymer: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Luminescent Property
Authors: Zhang Shuxin , Liu Daofu 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe CdII coordination polymer, [Cd(BDC)(L)1.5] (1) [H2BDC = isophthalic acid and L = 1,4‐bis(2‐methylimidazol‐3‐ium‐1‐yl)biphenyl], was synthesized by the assembly of CdII ion, L ligand, and isophthalic acid, respectively. Complex 1 was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analyses, FT‐IR spectroscopy, and power X‐ray diffraction (PXRD). X‐ray structural analysis reveals that complex 1 is a 5‐connected self‐penetrated net with point symbol (42.68). Furthermore, the luminescent property of the title complex is investigated.
Complex Polyanionic Nets in RbAu4.01(2)Ga8.64(5) and CsAu5Ga9: The Role of Cations in the Formation of New Polar Intermetallics
Authors: Smetana Volodymyr , Corbett John D. , Miller Gordon J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTwo new alkali metal‐poor phases with gold and gallium have been synthesized and structurally characterized using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. RbAu4.01(2)Ga8.64(5) (I) crystallizes in a new tetragonal structure type (tI163.8; I4/m, a = 8.806(1), c = 40.561(8) Å, Z = 12). The structure of I contains two types of (defect) icosahedra and three types of Rb‐centered distorted snub cubes composed of gold and gallium atoms, so that it is a novel tetragonal superstructure of the defect NaZn13‐type structure. The defect icosahedra, which are fully centered by Ga atoms, show distortions that minimize the number of Au–Au contacts as well as having a distribution of vacancies that create 12‐atom, 11‐atom, and 10‐atom polyhedra. CsAu5Ga9 (II) crystallizes with a hexagonal unit cell (hP30; P63/mmc, a = 7.635(1), c = 12.279(3) Å, Z = 2) in the BaNi9P5 structure type and is the first intermetallic compound of this type. This structure involves a 3‐d network of gold atoms, gallium atoms, and Ga–Ga dimers that form Cs@Au12Ga18 polyhedra, which share hexagonal faces along the c‐axis and pentagonal bipyramids in the ab‐plane. Its structure shares a resemblance with the hexagonal ZrBeSi structure type. Both compounds exhibit unusually large coordination polyhedra of gold and gallium atoms surrounding each alkali metal with up to 30 near neighbors and a reasonably dense packing. Tight‐binding electronic structure calculations on CsAu5Ga9 indicate that although the average Ga–Ga orbital interactions are optimized at the Fermi level, the specific interactions are not.
A Three‐dimensional Homochiral Camphorate Coordination Polymer Based on Two Types of Dinuclear Cadmium Clusters and a Flexible Bis(benzimidazole)‐based Ligand
Authors: Zhang Ju‐Wen , Kan Xiao‐Min , Li Xiao‐Hui , Gong Chun‐Hua , Tian Ai‐Xiang , Wang Xiu‐Li 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA three‐dimensional (3D) homochiral metal‐organic coordination polymer with a 6‐connected 412.63 topology was synthesized hydrothermally, Cd4(D‐cam)4(bbbm)2 (1) [D‐H2cam = D‐(+)‐camphoric acid and bbbm = 1,1‐(1,4‐butanediyl)bis‐1H‐benzimidazole], which represents the first example of metal‐camphorate coordination polymers constructed from two types of dinuclear cadmium clusters [Cd2(O2C–)4] and a flexible bis(benzimidazole)‐based ligand. The thermal and photoluminescent properties of 1 were investigated.
Interaction of gypsum and the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides plays an important role in anti-allergic effects of byakkokakeishito in mice
Authors: Makino Toshiaki , Shiraki Yusaku , Mizukami Hajime 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Gypsum is a crude mineral drug used in the formulas of Japanese kampo medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-allergic effect of byakkokakeishito extract (BKT), which consists of gypsum (natural hydrous calcium sulfate), Anemarrhena Rhizome (rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides), Cinnamon Bark (bark of trunk of Cinnamomum cassia), Oriza Seed (seed of Oryza sativa), and Glycyrrhiza (root and stolon of Glycyrrhiza uralensis), and to clarify the role of gypsum in the formula. We prepared BKT by boiling a mixture of various quantities of gypsum and fixed amounts of the other four crude drugs in water. We evaluated the anti-allergic activity of the formulations using three different murine models of allergy: contact dermatitis induced by painting hapten onto skin; allergic dermatitis-like symptoms induced by cutaneous injection of mite-antigen; and skin passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction using ovalbumin as antigen. The calcium content in the various BKT samples was dose-dependently increased up to 60 g/day of human dosage. BKT significantly suppressed the allergic symptoms in the three different experimental models. The effect of BKT was augmented by increasing the gypsum dosage only in the PCA reaction model. The extract prepared from a mixture of Anemarrhena Rhizome and gypsum exhibited an effect comparable to that of BKT. BKT exhibits an anti-allergic effect in several animal models, which may provide experimental evidence for the clinical use of BKT in allergic diseases. Gypsum may augment the anti-allergic activity of BKT, presumably through increasing intestinal absorption of Anemarrhena Rhizome-derived active constituents.