bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey
Authors: Medina S.-N. X. , Dzib S. A. , Urquhart J. S. , Yang A. Y. , Brunthaler A. , Menten K. M. , Wyrowski F. , Cotton W. D. , Cheema A. , Dokara R. , Gong Y. , Khan S. , Nguyen H. , Ortiz-León G. N. , Rugel M. R. , Veena V. S. , Beuther H. , Csengeri T. , Pandian J. D. , Roy N. 
Published: July 2024

Context. The GLObal view on STAR formation in the Milky Way (GLOSTAR) survey studies star formation with the Very Large Array (VLA) and the Effelsberg 100 meter radio telescope in the Galactic plane between −2° < ℓ < 60° and |b| < 1°, and the Cygnus X region (76° < ℓ < 83° and −1° < b < 2°), with unprecedented sensitivity in both flux density (1σ ~50 μJy beam−1) and the capability of detecting emission with angular scales in the range from 1.″0 to the largest radio structures in the Galaxy on the order of a few degrees in size.
Aims. Here, we provide a complete GLOSTAR-VLA D-configuration radio source catalog for the part of the Galactic disk covered. A catalog for the “pilot region” between 28° < ℓ < 36° has been published in a previous paper and here we present the complementary catalog for the area within 2° < ℓ < 28°, 36° < ℓ < 60° and |b| < 1°.
Methods. Observations were taken with the VLA in a 4–8 GHz band to image 100 square degrees of the inner Galactic disk at a reference frequency of 5.8 GHz, using a total of 260 h of telescope time. We determined spectral indices (α; Sν ∝ να) inside the observed band and in the frequency range of 1.4–5.8 GHz by complementing our results with those from The HI/OH/Recombination line survey of the inner Milky Way (THOR), which covers 1–2 GHz.
Results. The final images have an angular resolution of 18″ and an average sensitivity of 123 μJy beam−1. The sensitivity is better (~60 μJy beam−1) in areas free of extended emission. The complementary Galactic disk catalog presented in this work consists of 11 211 radio sources. Of these, 1965 are known large-scale structure sources such as star-forming region complexes, well-known supernova remnants (SNRs), SNR candidates, or parts thereof. The remaining 9227 are discrete individual sources. Source parameters–namely flux densities, sizes, spectral indices, and classifications-are reported. We identify 769 H II region candidates, 359 of which have been newly classified as such. The mean value of spectral indices of 225 H II regions is +0.14 ± 0.02, consistent with most of them emitting optically thin thermal radio emission. Combining our results with the previously published catalog of the pilot region, the final GLOSTAR-VLA D-configuration catalog contains 12 981 radio sources.
No evidence of active galactic nucleus features in the nuclei of Arp 220 from JWST/NIRSpec IFS
Authors: Perna Michele , Arribas Santiago , Lamperti Isabella , Pereira-Santaella Miguel , Ulivi Lorenzo , Böker Torsten , Maiolino Roberto , Bunker Andrew J. , Charlot Stéphane , Cresci Giovanni , Rodríguez Del Pino Bruno , D’Eugenio Francesco , Übler Hannah , Fahrion Katja , Ceci Matteo 
Published: July 2024

Context. Arp 220 is the nearest ultra-luminous infrared galaxy. It shows evidence of 100 pc scale molecular outflows that are likely connected with galaxy-scale outflows traced by ionised and neutral gas. The two highly obscured nuclei of Arp 220 are sites of intense star formation, with extreme (far-infrared based) star formation rate surface densities, ΣSFR ≳ 103 M⊙ yr−1 kpc−2. Despite extensive investigations that searched for active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity in the Arp 220 nuclei, direct evidence remains elusive.
Aims. We present JWST/NIRSpec integral field spectroscopy (IFS) observations covering the 0.9 − 5.1 μm wavelength range of the innermost (5″ × 4″, i.e. 1.8 × 1.5 kpc) regions of Arp 220. The primary goal is to investigate the potential presence of AGN signatures in the nuclear regions by analysing the spectra extracted from circular apertures with a radius of 55 pc (0.15″) around each of the two nuclei.
Methods. The analysis aims to identify highly ionised gas emission lines (with ionisation potential > 54 eV) and other spectral features indicative of AGN activity. Atomic and molecular gas kinematics were also taken into account to study the outflow signatures at < 60 pc scales.
Results. We identify ∼70 atomic and ∼50 molecular emission lines in the nuclear spectra of Arp 220. We used recombination line ratios to measure optical extinctions in the range AV ∼ 11 − 14 mag. High-ionisation lines are not detected, except for the [Mg IV] line at 4.49 μm, which we interpret as due to shocks rather than to AGN ionisation. We identify broadening and multiple kinematic components in the H I and H2 lines caused by outflows and shocks, with velocities up to ∼550 km s−1. Significantly higher velocities (up to ∼900 km s−1) are detected in the off-nuclear regions, but they do not conclusively represent direct evidence for AGN activity. Broad-line region components are not detected in any permitted emission line within the NIRSpec wavelength range.
Conclusions. Even with the unprecedented sensitivity of JWST/NIRSpec IFS, achieving an unambiguous identification or exclusion of the presence of an AGN in the Arp 220 system remains challenging because of its extreme dust obscuration.
Damping wings in the Lyman-α forest: A model-independent measurement of the neutral fraction at 5.4 < z < 6.1
Authors: Spina Benedetta , Bosman Sarah E. I. , Davies Frederick B. , Gaikwad Prakash , Zhu Yongda 
Published: July 2024

Context. Recent observations have positioned the end point of the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) at a redshift of z ∼ 5.3. However, observations of the Lyman-α forest have not yet been able to discern whether reionization occurred slowly and late, with substantial neutral hydrogen persisting at a redshift of ∼6, or rapidly and earlier, with the apparent late end driven by the fluctuating ultraviolet background. Gunn-Peterson (GP) absorption troughs are solid indicators that reionization is not complete until z = 5.3, but whether they contain significantly neutral gas has not yet been proven.
Aims. We aim to answer this question by directly measuring, for the first time, the neutral hydrogen fraction (xHI) at the end of the EoR (5 ≲ z ≲ 6) in high-redshift quasar spectra.
Methods. For high neutral fractions, xHI ≳ 0.1, GP troughs exhibit damping wing (DW) absorption extending over 1000 km s−1 beyond the troughs. While conclusively detected in Lyman-α emission lines of quasars at z ≥ 7, DWs are challenging to observe in the general Lyman-α forest due to absorption complexities and small-scale stochastic transmission features.
Results. We report the first successful identification of the stochastic DW signal adjacent to GP troughs at redshifts of z = 5.6 through careful stacking of the dark gaps in the Lyman-α forest (S/N = 6.3). We use the signal to present a measurement of the corresponding global xHI = 0.19 ± 0.07 (−0.16+0.11) at 1σ (2σ) at z = 5.6 and a limit of xHI < 0.44 at z = 5.9.
Conclusions. The detection of this signal demonstrates the existence of substantially neutral islands near the conclusion of the EoR, unequivocally signaling a late-and-slow reionization scenario.
Whispering in the dark
Authors: Sen K. , El Mellah I. , Langer N. , Xu X.-T. , Quast M. , Pauli D. 
Published: July 2024

Context. Recently, astrometric and spectroscopic surveys of OB stars revealed a few stellar-mass black holes (BHs) with orbital periods of as low as 10 days. Contrary to wind-fed BH high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs), no X-ray counterpart was detected, probably because of the absence of a radiatively efficient accretion disc around the BH. Nevertheless, dissipative processes in the hot, dilute, and strongly magnetised plasma around the BH (so-called BH corona) can still lead to non-thermal X-ray emission (e.g. synchrotron).
Aims. We determine the X-ray luminosity distribution from BH+OB star binaries up to orbital periods of a few thousand days.
Methods. We used detailed binary evolution models computed with MESA for initial primary masses of 10–90 M⊙ and orbital periods of 1–3000 d. We computed the X-ray luminosity for a broad range of radiative efficiencies that depend on the mass accretion rate and flow geometry.
Results. For typical conditions around stellar-mass BHs, we show that particle acceleration through magnetic reconnection can heat the BH corona. A substantial fraction of the gravitational potential energy from the accreted plasma is converted into non-thermal X-ray emission. Our population synthesis analysis predicts that at least 28 (up to 72) BH+OB star binaries in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) produce X-ray luminosities of above 1031 erg s−1, which are observable with focused Chandra observations. We identify a population of SB1 systems in the LMC and HD96670 in the Milky Way comprising O stars with unseen companions of masses of above 2.3 M⊙, which aligns well with our predictions and may be interesting sources for follow-up observations. The predicted luminosities of the OB companions to these X-ray-emitting BHs are 104.5 − 5.5 L⊙.
Conclusions. These findings advocate for prolonged X-ray observations of the stellar-mass black hole candidates identified in the vicinity of OB stars. Such long exposures could reveal the underlying population of X-ray-faint BHs and provide constraints for the evolution from single to double degenerate binaries and identify the progenitors of gravitational wave mergers.
Dementia-Sensitive Environmental Design of Living Units in
German Nursing Homes: First Results of the German Environmental Audit Tool
(G-EAT)
Authors: Fahsold Anne , Schmüdderich Kathrin , Verbeek Hilde , Palm Rebecca , Holle Bernhard 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Background The built environment is a key component of dementia-specific
care. Little is known about the characteristics of dementia-sensitive
environmental elements in living units of nursing homes in Germany. The German
Environmental Audit Tool (G-EAT) is a systematic assessment tool for describing
these elements in detail. Aim of the study: To describe the extent of
dementia-sensitive design principles and environmental elements in a regionally
limited sample of living units in Germany.
Methods The built environment was assessed using G-EAT and analysed
quantitatively and descriptively. Definitions of living units were developed
based on site visits and analysed using qualitative content analysis.
Results The 42 participating living units were heterogeneous in terms of
space and composition. Dementia-sensitive design principles varied greatly in
their implementation in the built environment; on average, 87.7% of the
environmental elements were oriented towards a familiar environment. In
contrast, visual accessibility was much less frequently enabled by the built
environment (mean 37.3%).
Conclusions The characteristics of various dementia-sensitive
environmental elements need to be further investigated against the background of
the nursing home care concept and the homogeneity of the resident group to
enable the initiation of tailored environmental adaptation that can be
implemented by interdisciplinary teams in nursing homes. This also requires a
follow-up study with a larger sample of living units to identify the factors
that promote and inhibit the development of a dementia-sensitive
environment.
Advances in the Intermolecular Asymmetric Allylic Functionalization of Unreactive Acyclic Alkenes
Authors: Chen Liang-An , Dai Qiang , Zhang Mingyue , Zhang Mengmeng , Li Changsheng , Wang Wenyang , Shi Guohui , Luo Shipeng 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAllylic C(sp
3)–H functionalized architectures are not only widely present in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional organic materials, but also serve as versatile building blocks to furnish important functionalized molecules in synthetic chemistry. Accordingly, various strategies to access allylic functionalized alkenes in a stereoselective manner have been developed. However, chemo-, regio- and stereoselective intermolecular asymmetric allylic functionalization (AAF) of unreactive acyclic alkene (UAA) from readily available materials, representing a highly atom- and step-economic approach toward the generation of structural complexity, remains elusive and challenging. Herein, we review all intermolecular asymmetric catalyzed methods, with emphasis on the construction of chiral allylic units by activation of allylic C–H bonds of UAAs. Our analysis serves to document the considerable and rapid progress within the field, while also highlighting the limitations of current methods.1	Introduction2	Asymmetric Allylic Oxygenation3	Asymmetric Allylic Amination4	Asymmetric Allylic Carbonization5	Asymmetric Allylic Sulfuration6	Conclusion and Outlook
Thiuram Disulfide Mediated Copper-Catalyzed C–S Cross-Coupling: Synthesis of S-Thiocarbamate Compounds
Authors: Saha Amit , Mondal Sourav , Patra Debabrata 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThiuram disulfides undergo a Cu(I)-catalyzed C–S cross-coupling with aryl iodides through Cu(OAc)2·H2O-assisted desulfurization to produce the S-thiocarbamate ester compounds efficiently. Various aryl iodides containing diverse substituents underwent a smooth reaction with a series of cyclic and acyclic secondary amine-based thiuram disulfides under an open-air atmosphere. A probable mechanistic pathway has been suggested based on control experiments and reports from the literature.
Palladium-Catalyzed γ-C–H Arylation of Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds: An Emerging Remote Buchwald–Hartwig–Miura Arylation
Authors: Li Dashan , Peng Yan-Ping , Shao Li-Dong 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAs an important complement to the Buchwald–Hartwig–Miura arylation, Pd-catalyzed γ-C–H arylations, including γ-C(sp3)–H and γ-C(sp2)–H arylations, provide a more direct route to install an aryl group on the less reactive γ-site of unsaturated carbonyl compounds, and have attracted considerable interest from the chemistry community in recent years. This review summarizes the applications of this method with both cyclic and linear unsaturated carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, ketones, esters, amide, and nitriles), as well as in the total synthesis of natural products (NPs), natural product skeletons, and bioactive analogues.1	Introduction2	γ-C–H Arylation of Cyclic Unsaturated Carbonyl Substrates2.1	Exocyclic γ-Arylation2.1.1	Unsaturated Ketones and the Corresponding Silyl-Dienol Ethers2.1.2	Unsaturated Lactones2.2	Endocyclic γ-C–H Arylation2.2.1	Unsaturated Ketones and the Corresponding Silyl-Dienol Ethers2.2.2	Unsaturated Lactones2.2.3	Unsaturated Nitriles3	γ-C–H Arylation of Linear Unsaturated Carbonyl Substrates3.1	Unsaturated Aldehydes3.2	Unsaturated Ketones3.3	Unsaturated Amides3.4	Unsaturated Nitriles3.5	Silyl Ketene Acetals of α,β-Unsaturated Esters4	Conclusion
Comparison of Isometric and Dynamic Bridging Exercises on Low Back
Muscle Oxygenation
Authors: Lin Cheng-Feng , Liao Jen-Chieh , Hernandez Manuel , Sadruddin Rahil , Pappu Suguna , Jan Yih-Kuen 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBridging exercises are commonly performed by people with low back pain (LBP).
However, the effect of the contraction mode in a bridging exercise on the
hemodynamics of the low back muscle has not been investigated in people with and
without LBP. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the mode of
bridging exercise on oxygenation of the low back muscle. A near-infrared
spectroscopy was used to measure hemodynamic responses of the erector spinae
between isometric and dynamic bridging exercises in 16 healthy participants. The
results demonstrated that during exercise, the isometric bridging exercise
significantly decreased oxyhemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin compared to the
dynamic bridging exercise (oxyhemoglobin, t=− 3.109, p=0.007,
Cohen’s d=0.68 and deoxy-hemoglobin, t=− 2.193, P=0.046,
Cohen’s d=0.60). The results also demonstrated that after exercise, the
dynamic bridging exercise induced a significantly higher oxygenation response
(oxygenation, t=− 2.178, P=0.048, Cohen’s d=0.43). This
study indicates that the dynamic bridging exercise is more effective in
improving oxygenation of low back muscles.
Brazilian version of the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded: cross-cultural adaptation and validation
Authors: Moura Ana Carolina Monteiro Lessa de , Carvalhais Marina Belisário , Sampaio Gabriela Palhares Campolina , Pinhati Clara Catharino , Montes Jacqueline , Gurgel-Giannetti Juliana 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Background The Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE) has been widely used to assess the motor function of patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) older than 2 years, with the ability to sit and/or walk.
Objective To translate, cross-culturally adapt and validate the HFMSE to Brazilian Portuguese.
Methods The translation process and cross-cultural adaptation followed international guidelines recommendations. The reliability and applicability of the Brazilian version consisted of the application of the HFMSE (in Brazilian Portuguese) to 20 patients with types 2 and 3 SMA. Two examiners assessed the participants for interrater reliability, through the analysis of Kappa reliability agreement (k) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).
Results The HFMSE was successfully translated and cross culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Twenty participants with types 2 and 3 SMA were enrolled in the study (type 2 = 6; type 3 = 14). The ICC for the total score showed very high reliability (ICC =1.00), and the reliability of each of the items individually was considered excellent (Kappa > 0.80).
Conclusion The Brazilian version of the HFMSE proved to be valid and reliable for the evaluation of SMA patients older than 2 years with the ability to sit and/or walk.
A scintillating-fiber detector for making high-time-resolution secondary D–T neutron measurements in KSTAR
Authors: Ogawa Kunihiro , Jo Jungmin , Kim Junghee , Liao Longyong , Sangaroon Siriyaporn , Takada Eiji , Isobe Mitsutaka 
Published: July 2024

A scintillating fiber (Sci-Fi) detector for the middle neutron flux range was installed in KSTAR as part of a collaboration between the National Institute for Fusion Science and the Korea Institute of Fusion Energy. The detector could make relatively high-time-resolution measurements of secondary deuterium (D)–tritium (T) neutron fluxes to investigate the degradation of D–D-born triton confinement, which is crucial for demonstrating alpha particle confinement, particularly above 0.9 MA in KSTAR. The pulse-height spectrum of the Sci-Fi detector exhibited two peaks, the higher of which corresponded to D–T neutrons. A discrimination technique was applied to extract the D–T neutron signal, revealing the time evolution of the D–T neutron flux during relatively high plasma current discharges with a 50 ms temporal resolution. Future research will involve investigating the causes of the degradation of the triton burnup ratio above 0.9 MA in KSTAR.
Design, characterization, and modeling of the Charge eXchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CXRS) suite at the SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART)
Authors: Cruz-Zabala D. J. , Viezzer E. , Rodriguez-Gonzalez A. , Segado-Fernandez J. , Alvarado-Reyes A. , Perez-Gonzalez J. , Garcia-Munoz M. , Dux R. 
Published: July 2024

Ion temperature, rotation, and density are key parameters to evaluate the performance of present and future fusion reactors. These parameters are critical for understanding ion heat, momentum, and particle transport, making it mandatory to properly diagnose them. A common technique to measure these properties is charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS). For characterizing positive and negative triangularity plasmas at the small aspect ratio tokamak, a poloidal array of gas puff based CXRS diagnostics will be measuring the ion properties in different poloidal positions. In this work, the modeling of the expected signal and spatial coverage using the FIDASIM code is presented. Furthermore, the design and characterization of the low field side midplane CXRS diagnostic are described. Each diagnostic is composed of a gas injection system, an optical system that collects the light emitted by the plasma, and a spectrometer. These systems will provide ion temperature, rotation, and density with a radial resolution of 3.75 mm and a temporal resolution of 2.2 ms.
Patient experiences and outcomes in a South Australian stand-alone Hospital in the Home program
Authors: Schultz Timothy J. , Oster Candice , Pincombe Aubyn , Partington Andrew , Taylor Alan , Gray Jodi , Murray Alicia , McInnes Jennifer , Ryan Cassandra , Karnon Jonathan 
Published: July 2024

Objectives This study aimed to compare clinical outcomes for patients admitted to Hospital in the Home (HITH) and traditional (bricks-and-mortar) hospitals and explore patient and carer experiences. Methods A mixed methods approach including triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data was used. Quantitative outcomes were compared using augmented inverse propensity weighting to adjust for differences in patient characteristics between groups. Qualitative data was collected by focus groups and interviews and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. The study took place in metropolitan Adelaide and one adjacent regional health network in 2020–22. Participants were patients discharged from either hospital setting with 1 of 22 eligible diagnoses. Hospital administrative data informed a comparison of outcomes that included mortality, rate of emergency department re-presentations and re-admissions, length of stay and incidence of complications. Results Patients treated in HITH were less unwell than traditional hospital patients. There were no safety or quality concerns identified in the clinical outcomes. Of 2095 HITH patients, the in-patient mortality rate was 0.2%, and 2.3% experienced a return to a bricks-and-mortar hospital during the HITH admission. For HITH patients, the mortality rate after 30 days was lower (−1.3%, 95% CI −2 to −0.5, P = 0.002), as were re-presentations in 28 days (−7.2%, 95% CI −9.5 to −5, P < 0.0001), re-admissions in 28 days (−4.9%, 95% CI −6.7 to −3.2, P < 0.001) and complications (−0.6%, 95% CI −0.8 to −0.5, P < 0.001). Interviews of 35 patients and six carers found that HITH was highly accepted and preferred by patients. HITH was perceived to free up resources for other, more acutely unwell patients. Conclusions HITH was preferred by patients and at least as effective in delivering quality health care as a traditional hospital, although the potential for unobserved confounding must be acknowledged.
Sediment preference of coastal horseshoe crab (Tachypleus gigas) in an artificial spawning ground
Authors: Abdul Halim Anis Syahira , Ikhwanuddin Mhd , Ismail Noraznawati , Taib Mariam , Mohamad Faridah 
Published: July 2024

Context Spawning beaches are important for coastal horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus gigas (Müller, 1785), to sustain their population. Over time, T. gigas natural spawning area has gradually diminished owing to human and natural causes. T. gigas is being artificially bred in captivity to enhance its population. Aims The study aims to determine the T. gigas spawning preference for three different sediment sizes. Methods Spawning experiments were carried out in an indoor concrete tank representing an artificial spawning ground, consisting of three combinations of sediment sizes: coarse, medium and fine. The spawning of 45 pairs of T. gigas samples was observed within 3 h, the nests were marked and excavated on the next day. The number of eggs per nest was counted individually after being cleaned. Key results The 45 pairs of T. gigas produced 27,266–30,859 eggs. Among these, on the basis of the number of nests produced, T. gigas prefers to spawn in medium to coarse sediment with a particle-size range of 0.25–1.00 mm. Conclusions Our findings indicated that medium to coarse sediments are optimal for T. gigas spawning in artificial spawning grounds, because they could produce a high number of nests and eggs, increasing the number of juveniles released. Implications These results could be used as a baseline for the conservation management of T. gigas in captivity.