bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Things in Between: Splendour and Excess in Ming China
Authors: Clunas Craig 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
There is plenty of evidence that, during the Ming dynasty in China, the enjoyment of the fruits of commerce was not so frowned upon as the texts of orthodox morality and political economy might imply. The enormous quantities of surviving Ming material culture, which are continuously being augmented by archaeology (since people were buried with goods for use in the afterlife), range from secular and religious buildings, the paintings and calligraphy produced and consumed by the elite, through printed books, furniture, metalwork, textiles, jewellery, carving in a variety of materials from jade to bamboo, and ceramics to weapons and tools. What we find in Ming texts are ways of talking about what we now call ‘consumption’ in ways that are either negative or positive, but which are never detached from a discourse of morality, of good (or bad) governance, and ultimately of a universal order that links humanity and its actions to wider cosmic matters of harmony or disjointedness. This article discusses splendour and excess in Ming China.
Luxury, the Luxury Trades, and the Roots of Industrial Growth: A Global Perspective
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Luxury and its discontents have become key areas of debate on our social condition in the late twentieth and early years of the twenty-first century. Luxury has become the common parlance of advertising and branding. It is part of the upscaling of consumer aspirations, and a turning away from the mass consumerism that underpinned consumer society from the 1960s to the 1980s. Aspirations are associated with luxury and designer goods, with lifestyle choices of affluence and distinction. Manufacturers give nearly every category of good they produce a premium brand; their products signal distinction and the pursuit of status. This phenomenon of upscaling, branding, and status-seeking through consumer goods has intensified dramatically since the 1980s, but it has also been with us a very long time. This article presents a global perspective on luxury, the luxury trades, and the roots of industrial growth. It examines luxury and consumption in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, social science theory and luxury, luxury's historical context, the debates over luxury goods, luxury and the global economy, and global export ware.
Small Shops and Department Stores
Authors: Haupt Heinz‐Gerhard 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Recent studies have carefully analysed the role of small shops and department stores, placing the emergence of department stores within the context of the broader changes that took place in the retail trade. This article looks at changes in the constellation of the retail trade, stressing the importance of consumer behaviour as both a factor influencing the trade and as a product of changes in the trade itself. It draws attention to the influence of the organization of shops upon consumers, and the effect of consumer attitudes upon the structure and appearance of the retailing trade. Furthermore, the article examines how much consumers adjusted to changing conditions of trade and the development of new retailing regimes, as well as the degree to which the trades themselves reacted to conditions in the labour market, the process of urbanization, and changes in consumer preferences. Finally, it discusses the triumph of self-service and supermarkets, the impact of retailing on time and space, the politics of retailing, and retailing as part of global history.
Saving and Spending
Authors: Calder Lendol 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Monetization, which describes the process whereby money became the dominant means of exchange in developing commercial societies, is an economic development whose profound social, political, and cultural consequences are not yet well understood. The monetization of household economic life elevated practices that once affected only the wealthy – Fan Li's ‘golden rules for business success’ – to core competencies of living, mandatory for everyone. Reflecting on the scholarship that has examined saving and spending, this article examines consumption and why historians of consumer culture have not given the financial affairs of consumers the attention the subject deserves. The historical work that has been done, though sparse, amply demonstrates the rich potential of the financial arts for generating significant problem areas for research. Few other subjects in the glittering universe of consumption lead more directly to the largest questions we can ask about desire, virtue, and the construction of the modern self. The article also considers the history of thrift, money management, and financialization.
National Socialism and Consumption
Authors: Wiesen S. Jonathan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMany important works in the field of consumer studies focus on the United States and post-World War II Western Europe, with the former often cast as the paradigmatic example of consumer society. Notwithstanding the disruptions of the Great Depression and less-severe business cycles, these societies offer plentiful images of bustling stores, widening economic opportunities, and the emergence of politicized citizen-consumers. The unique violence of the movements – whether manifested in the militant machismo of Benito Mussolini or the genocidal thrust of National Socialism – sets fascism apart from other twentieth-century developments. This article addresses some of the questions that emerge from a consideration of fascism and consumption, focusing in particular on National Socialist Germany, where consumption served a uniquely harsh end. It explores how Nazism envisioned the function of buying, selling, and consuming; the extent to which consumption was shaped by the state's ideological priorities; Nazi visions of consumption; realities of consumption and marketing in the Third Reich; and the debate on consumption and consent.
Consumption, Consumerism, and Japanese Modernity
Authors: Gordon Andrew 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The experience of people in Japan offers a rich body of evidence for a comparative and global study of consumption from early modern, through modern times, and to the postmodern period. One finds ample grist for the mill of economic historians seeking to measure the extent and the shifts in consumption of all manner of goods and services. One also finds sources in abundance from the seventeenth century onwards speaking to the politics and culture of regulating, lamenting, and celebrating consumption. Building on early modern foundations, consumption expanded in the era of self-conscious modernization that followed the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate (1868), with a turn to new goods alongside more widespread use of customary ones. As this happened, attitudes in Japan evolved as part of a global dialogue on consumer life. This article explores consumption, consumerism, modernity, and the post-war ascendance of consumers in Japan.
Domesticity and Beyond: Gender, Family, and Consumption in Modern Europe
Authors: Asquer Enrica 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the relationship between gender history and the history of the family, especially in the field of consumer studies, and examines works that consider the rise of a ‘modern’ public sphere, structured around mass consumption and potentially more inclusive with respect to women. Reframing Jürgen Habermas's account with a gender-conscious approach and recognizing the power of the discourse in shaping historical processes, some of the studies it considers critically utilize the Habermasian assumption that commercial culture caused a radical transformation of the classic bourgeois public realm. Focusing on the contemporary debate about women shoppers and the challenge they posed to the masculine public sphere, these works explore the tensions between different ‘publics’ that were emerging in the nineteenth century within European societies and the changing ways in which domesticity and motherhood were linked to consumer culture. The article also looks at the politicization of everyday life in twentieth-century Europe.
Children's Consumption in History
Authors: Cook Daniel Thomas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The academic study of children as consumers took root in the 1960s and did not begin in earnest until the 1970s, when the paradigm of ‘consumer socialization’ took hold among psychologically oriented business scholars. In the 1980s, some discussion of the history of children's consumption and popular culture began to appear in edited volumes and journal articles, with full treatments of some aspects of that history coming into view in the 1990s. Even as children's consumer culture takes centre stage in contemporary media reports, political punditry, and academic scholarship, the history of children's consumption remains largely unrecognized in, or otherwise marginal to, both histories of childhood and histories of consumption. Children's consumer lives or the popular culture of childhood most often occupy a side or subsidiary position in the overall historiography of childhood as in, for instance, recent works by Steven Mintz and Hugh Cunningham. It appears that, in a time of severe economic depression, both parents and commercial actors looked to childhood and the ‘child’ as promising bearers of hope for the future.
Land and Sea: The Environment
Authors: Smout T. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century topographers spoke of the Scottish environment as though it were a given, a gift from a good, but often incomprehensible, God. The food of all life on earth rests ultimately on photosynthesis, the process by which vegetable growth is able to capture solar energy. Compared to other parts of the British Isles, Scotland suffered from two interlinked disadvantages in garnering photosynthetic energy. The first was altitude and slope, and the second was climate. The most critical developments in the environmental history of Scotland after 1750 related to energy supply. Two forces were at work: a change in the availability of food energy and a revolution in the application of thermal energy. Since 1950, there have been changes in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries; advances in pollution control; and the rise of an environmental movement. What happens on land is always better studied than what happens invisibly below the surface of the sea. Marine fisheries provide the example of the most profligate of all resource exploitations, not only in Scotland but throughout the globe.
Mythical Scotland
Authors: Kidd Colin , Coleman James 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Historically, Scotland's myths have been subject to the fickleness and changing whims of ideological fashion, and turn out to have had much less staying power than the nation, whose supposed enduring essence they are meant to represent. It is possible to discern at least four distinct ‘moments’ of national mythmaking in Scotland between the sixteenth century and the present. These comprise the refashioning in the sixteenth century by the humanist Hector Boece and the humanist reformer George Buchanan of the origin legend of the Scottish nation inherited from the late medieval era; the replacement of this spurious account of Celtic antiquity in the 1760s by an equally fabulous account derived from what was believed to be epic poetry composed by a blind bard by the name of Ossian in the third century AD; the emergence of another romantic myth of Scots highlandism in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century; and, finally, in the nineteenth century, the myth of a democratic, Whig-Liberal Presbyterian tradition.
New Perspectives on Pre-union Scotland
Authors: Bowie Karin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractScotland before the Union of 1707 can be difficult to assess, for three reasons. First, views of the century before 1707 have been shaped by attitudes towards the Union itself. Most historians writing between 1707 and the mid-twentieth century saw the Union in a positive light. In the 1970s, the Oxford historian Hugh Trevor-Roper (later Lord Dacre) sought to defend the Union against rising interest in Scottish devolution. Trevor-Roper insisted that the seventeenth century represented ‘the darkest age of Scottish history’, marked by the ‘feudal power of the nobility’, the ‘fanaticism of the clergy’, and an ‘arrested economy’. By 1707, he argued, the Scots' desperate situation gave them no choice but to sacrifice their ‘feeble’ Parliament and embrace incorporating union with England. This article analyses recent work to provide a fresh appraisal of pre-Union Scotland, focusing on three areas of supposed backwardness highlighted by Trevor-Roper: Scotland's society and politics; its intellectual culture; and its economy and trade.
The Barbarous North? Criminality in Early Modern Scotland
Authors: Kilday Anne‐Marie 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The notion that Scotland has long been depicted as a lawless, ‘uncivilized’ nation by its more ‘civilized’ southern counterpart is a historical red herring. Rather, it was not until the nineteenth century, when a general moral panic regarding crime and criminal activity took hold across Britain as a whole, that Scotland, in particular, was portrayed as a bad example to its neighbours south of the Tweed. By the mid-nineteenth century, the link between rising crime and social disintegration was strongly felt in a Scottish context. This article discusses the historiography of crime and criminality (including violence) in early modern Scotland. It also examines the extent to which the nineteenth-century concept of the ‘Barbarous North’ was applicable to Scotland during the early modern era. The article analyses nearly 6,500 criminal prosecutions brought before the Scottish Justiciary Court between 1700 and 1830.
Immigrants
Authors: Braber Ben 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
As the nation transformed between 1760 and 1914, large numbers of immigrants settled in Scotland. Several hundred thousand came from Ireland and England. Smaller but still significant groups arrived from India, the British colonies and dependencies, the German and Italian states, and the Russian Empire. The 1911 Census recorded the presence in Scotland of almost 400,000 persons born outside the country, accounting for about 9 per cent of the total population. No comprehensive study has been made of the history of immigrants and their descendants in Scotland. This article compares the experiences of immigrants in Scotland, focusing on four of the largest groups in the main settlement area before and during World War I: the Irish, Germans, Russians, and Italians in central Scotland. It looks at Irish Catholics and Protestants, along with Jews and Lithuanians.
The Impact of the Victorian Empire
Authors: Breitenbach Esther 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
If we look for evidence of the impact of the British Empire on Victorian Scotland, we can find it everywhere: in offering economic opportunities and imperial careers; in patterns of migration from Scotland; in changing patterns of consumption and in advertising; in the military contribution of Scots and the iconic imagery of the highland soldier; in the commitment of churches to foreign missions; in the achievements of famous Scots whether as colonial administrators, generals, or missionaries; in commercial, industrial, and business connections; in the press, periodicals, and literature; and in politics. Home and empire exerted mutual influences on one another, as Scottish culture informed the practice of Scots abroad, and they in turn transmitted their images of empire back home. This interconnectedness is central to understanding the impact of Empire on Scotland in the Victorian period, and how multifaceted this impact was, manifesting itself within politics, economy, military, religion, culture, civil society, and press.
A New Scotland? The Economy
Authors: Peden George 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In the late twentieth century, Scotland's economy underwent restructuring no less radical than in the Industrial Revolution. Whereas almost one in three Scots was in industrial employment in 1979, by 1986, fewer than one in four were. On the other hand, Christopher Harvie's characterization of the Scottish experience under Margaret Thatcher's government of 1979–1990 as ‘instant post-industrialization’ is open to two modifications. First, economists were discussing what they already called de-industrialization before she became prime minister, and second, the decline in industrial employment continued long after she resigned. This article examines the nature of de-industrialization and how it fits into long-term trends in Scottish history. It also considers how Scottish industries and services have fared since 1965, and how economic restructuring affected the different regions of Scotland.
Introduction
Authors: Solan Lawrence M. , Tiersma Peter M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe relationship between language and law raises a variety of questions, such as: What is it about legal language that sounds so different, even though it must be some dialect of natural language or we would not understand it at all? What linguistic features of laws and other legal documents make them susceptible to lawyerly manipulation, and is there a way to combat this practice? How does the language of police interaction with citizens, or interaction within the courtroom, reflect the power relationships that people experience when they enter those realms, whether voluntarily or otherwise? Can the explosion of learning about language and cognition be harnessed to produce reliable expert evidence in the courtroom on such matters as identifying people by the way they speak or write? If intellectual property consists of language, does that mean that a person or company can literally own a part of our linguistic heritage? The study of law has become comfortably interdisciplinary in the past thirty years. The major infiltrators were not the language sciences, but rather economics and sociology.
Text And Genre
Authors: Gotti Maurizio 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA number of features distinguish legal texts not only from those with general language, but also from other specialized texts. The avoidance of the use of standard textual norms in favor of ‘deviant’ options is not at all arbitrary, but derives from the main pragmatic principles typical of the legal field. The most important of these principles concerns avoidance of ambiguity and precision of interpretation. This criterion also explains the high degree of conservatism typical of the law. The reverence for tradition observed in legal language also reflects its close link with the ancient practice of using special formulae for oaths or appointments, for drafting edicts and statutes, for issuing laws, conferring honors, or assigning property. This article focuses on legal text and genre. It discusses the complexity of legal texts, the use of anaphoric reference to increase textual cohesion, textual mapping, use of conjunctions, performative texts, drafting conventions, textual schematization, semantics of legal genres, and intertextuality.
Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Bennett Robert W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractContemporary debates about constitutional interpretation in the United States seem fixated on what is called ‘originalism’, the view that, regardless of when some constitutional issue arises, guidance for resolving it is to be sought in ‘original’ sources, those which accompanied the promulgation of the constitutional language in question. The apparent alternative is ‘living constitutionalism’, in which a large dose of judicial discretion keeps constitutional interpretation in touch with a changing world. This is seen by originalists as relegating ill-defined responsibility to the doubtful authority of the judiciary. Originalists invoke the writtenness of the Constitution, the desirability of stability in the law, specific constitutional provision for amendments as signaling the acceptable mechanism for change, and the tenuous democratic credentials of life-tenured federal judges to depict originalism as the right approach to constitutional interpretation, and living constitutionalism as misbegotten. This article provides an overview of originalism and living constitutionalism. It first discusses constitutional language and original intention before focusing on the summing problem, degrees of generality of language, degrees of generality of intentions, unforeseen problems, and constitutional amendments.
Ambiguity And Vagueness In Legal Interpretation
Authors: Poscher Ralf 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFew topics in the theory of language are as closely related to legal interpretation as the linguistic indeterminacy associated with ambiguity and vagueness. Significant portions of the institutional legal system, especially courts at the appellate level and supreme courts, are for the most part concerned not with disentangling the facts of cases but with the indeterminacies of the law. In a colloquial sense, both vagueness and ambiguity are employed generically to indicate indeterminacy. This is the sense in which vagueness is understood in the ‘void for vagueness’ doctrine, according to which a statute is considered void if it is framed in terms so indeterminate that its meaning can only be guessed at. Vagueness may relate to individuation or classification. There are at least four different vantage points from which to address the problems caused by vagueness: logic, ontology, epistemology, and semantics. This article explores ambiguity and vagueness in legal interpretation, and discusses other forms of indeterminacy, kinds of vagueness, and vagueness and the rule of law.
Language And Law In The European Union: The Multilingual Jurisprudence Of The Ecj
Authors: McAuliffe Karen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUnlike other international organizations, which appear to function smoothly using only a few official languages, the European Union (EU) currently has twenty-three. There are numerous historical and political reasons for this policy of multilingualism. The most important reason, however, lies in the nature of EU law: the activity of the institutions of the EU is such that it creates a whole new ‘EU law’ in the form of regulations, decisions, and recommendations, which is applicable in each Member State, to each citizen and legal person. This article considers the production of multilingual law in the EU, and in particular the multilingual jurisprudence produced by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). After discussing the language regime at the ECJ, it examines the drafting of the jurisprudence of the Court, judges' référendaires, advocates general's référendaires, the translation of judgments and orders of the Court into all of the EU official languages, and that translation of the ECJ jurisprudence by lawyer-linguists. The article concludes by looking at some difficulties in the production of a multilingual jurisprudence at the ECJ.