bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postoperative nomogram for predicting disease‐specific death and recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Lang Brian H. H. , Wong Carlos K. H. , Yu Hyeong Won , Lee Kyu Eun 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundA nomogram could provide individualized prognostic for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The purpose of our study was to develop and validate a new nomogram.MethodsConsecutive patients with PTC from 2 different institutions were analyzed and divided into the development (n = 849) and validation (n = 275) sets. The former was used for formulating a nomogram in predicting disease‐specific death and recurrence, whereas the latter was for validation (by area under the curve [AUC]).ResultsThe nomogram had excellent discrimination in predicting 10‐year disease‐specific death and recurrence (0.984; 0.969–0.998; and 0.743; 0.658–0.828; respectively). A score <30 meant 100% of the patients survived at 10 years and those who died within 10 years had a score ≥30. A score <17 meant almost all the patients (91.04%) were disease‐free within 10 years.ConclusionUsing a competing‐risk model, a nomogram was created with excellent discriminatory ability and accuracy in predicting 10‐year disease‐specific death and recurrence for PTC. Our results implied its potential for wider use in other populations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1256–E1263, 2016
Tau phosphorylation‐associated spine regression does not impair hippocampal‐dependent memory in hibernating golden hamsters
Authors: Bullmann Torsten , Seeger Gudrun , Stieler Jens , Hanics János , Reimann Katja , Kretzschmann Tanja Petra , Hilbrich Isabel , Holzer Max , Alpár Alán , Arendt Thomas 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe microtubule‐associated protein tau, in its hyperphosphorylated form, is the major component of paired helical filaments and other aggregates in neurodegenerative disorders commonly referred to as “tauopathies”. Recent evidence, however, indicates that mislocalization of hyperphosphorylated tau to subsynaptic sites leads to synaptic impairment and cognitive decline even long before formation of tau aggregates and neurodegeneration occur. A similar, but reversible hyperphosphorylation of tau occurs under physiologically controlled conditions during hibernation. Here, we study the hibernating Golden hamster (Syrian hamster, Mesocricetus auratus). A transient spine reduction was observed in the hippocampus, especially on apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells, but not on their basal dendrites. This distribution of structural synaptic regression was correlated to the distribution of phosphorylated tau, which was highly abundant in apical dendrites but hardly detectable in basal dendrites. Surprisingly, hippocampal memory assessed by a labyrinth maze was not affected by hibernation. The present study suggests a role for soluble hyperphosphorylated tau in the process of reversible synaptic regression, which does not lead to memory impairment during hibernation. We hypothesize that tau phosphorylation associated spine regression might mainly affect unstable/dynamic spines while sparing established/stable spines. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SynCAM 1 improves survival of adult‐born neurons by accelerating synapse maturation
Authors: Doengi Michael , Krupp Alexander J. , Körber Nils , Stein Valentin 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThe survival of adult‐born dentate gyrus granule cells critically depends on their synaptic integration into the existing neuronal network. Excitatory inputs are thought to increase the survival rate of adult born neurons. Therefore, whether enhancing the stability of newly formed excitatory synapses by overexpressing the synaptic cell adhesion molecule SynCAM 1 improves the survival of adult‐born neurons was tested. Here it is shown that overexpression of SynCAM 1 improves survival of adult‐born neurons, but has no effect on the proliferation rate of precursor cells. As expected, overexpression of SynCAM 1 increased the synapse density in adult‐born granule neurons. While adult‐born granule neurons have very few functional synapses 15 days after birth, it was found that at this age adult‐born neurons in SynCAM 1 overexpressing mice exhibited around three times more excitatory synapses, which were stronger than synapses of adult‐born neurons of control littermates. In summary, the data indicated that additional SynCAM 1 accelerated synapse maturation, which improved the stability of newly formed synapses and in turn increased the likelihood of survival of adult‐born neurons. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mapping the electrophysiological and morphological properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons along the longitudinal hippocampal axis
Authors: Malik Ruchi , Dougherty Kelly Ann , Parikh Komal , Byrne Connor , Johnston Daniel 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTDifferences in behavioral roles, anatomical connectivity, and gene expression patterns in the dorsal, intermediate, and ventral regions of the hippocampus are well characterized. Relatively fewer studies have, however, focused on comparing the physiological properties of neurons located at different dorsoventral extents of the hippocampus. Recently, we reported that dorsal CA1 neurons are less excitable than ventral neurons. There is little or no information for how neurons in the intermediate hippocampus compare to those from the dorsal and ventral ends. Also, it is not known whether the transition of properties along the dorsoventral axis is gradual or segmented. In this study, we developed a statistical model to predict the dorsoventral position of transverse hippocampal slices. Using current clamp recordings combined with this model, we found that CA1 neurons in dorsal, intermediate, and ventral hippocampus have distinct electrophysiological and morphological properties and that the transition in most (but not all) of these properties from the ventral to dorsal end is gradual. Using linear and segmented regression analyses, we found that input resistance and resting membrane potential changed linearly along the V–D axis. Interestingly, the transition in resonance frequency, rebound slope, dendritic branching in stratum radiatum, and action potential properties was segmented along the V–D axis. Together, the findings from this study highlight the heterogeneity in CA1 neuronal properties along the entire longitudinal axis of hippocampus. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ecosystem services as assessment endpoints for ecological risk assessment
Authors: Munns Wayne R , Rea Anne W , Suter Glenn W , Martin Lawrence , Blake-Hedges Lynne , Crk Tanja , Davis Christine , Ferreira Gina , Jordan Steve , Mahoney Michele , Barron Mace G 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Ecosystem services are defined as the outputs of ecological processes that contribute to human welfare or have the potential to do so in the future. Those outputs include food and drinking water, clean air and water, and pollinated crops. The need to protect the services provided by natural systems has been recognized previously, but ecosystem services have not been formally incorporated into ecological risk assessment practice in a general way in the United States. Endpoints used conventionally in ecological risk assessment, derived directly from the state of the ecosystem (e.g., biophysical structure and processes), and endpoints based on ecosystem services serve different purposes. Conventional endpoints are ecologically important and susceptible entities and attributes that are protected under US laws and regulations. Ecosystem service endpoints are a conceptual and analytical step beyond conventional endpoints and are intended to complement conventional endpoints by linking and extending endpoints to goods and services with more obvious benefit to humans. Conventional endpoints can be related to ecosystem services even when the latter are not considered explicitly during problem formulation. To advance the use of ecosystem service endpoints in ecological risk assessment, the US Environmental Protection Agency's Risk Assessment Forum has added generic endpoints based on ecosystem services (ES-GEAE) to the original 2003 set of generic ecological assessment endpoints (GEAEs). Like conventional GEAEs, ES-GEAEs are defined by an entity and an attribute. Also like conventional GEAEs, ES-GEAEs are broadly described and will need to be made specific when applied to individual assessments. Adoption of ecosystem services as a type of assessment endpoint is intended to improve the value of risk assessment to environmental decision making, linking ecological risk to human well-being, and providing an improved means of communicating those risks. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:522–528. Published 2015 SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the USA.
An Active Asset Management Investment Process for Drawdown‐Averse Investors
Authors: Reveiz‐Herault Alejandro 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe contribution of this article is to present an investment process that allows the asset manager to limit risk exposure to macro‐factors – including expectations on correlation dynamics – whilst allowing for selective exposure to risk factors using factor‐portfolios that emulate the risk and return profile of market micro‐factors.The design of the process provides the ability to explicitely limit risk exposures to macro‐factors based on forward‐looking narratives allowing the investor to reflect – in the resulting active allocation – expectations of financial or systemic crises by, say, restricting the overall exposure to the credit macro‐factor that includes the risk factor exposures (micro‐level) arising, for example, from corporate and supranational spreads whilst simultaneously increasing the exposure to flight‐to‐safety macro‐factors under a local or global crisis. This process is better suited to drawdown‐averse investors that are willing to forgo some upside in order to effectively limit significant portfolio losses from crises, systemic or otherwise.In order to improve the optimization over the rugged solution space resulting from superimposing macro‐factors' risk envelopes on the factor‐portfolios' tracking error allocation, a genetic‐algorithm‐based optimization is proposed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deletion of the Distal Tnfsf11 RL-D2 Enhancer That Contributes to PTH-Mediated RANKL Expression in Osteoblast Lineage Cells Results in a High Bone Mass Phenotype in Mice
Authors: Onal Melda , St. John Hillary C , Danielson Allison L , Pike J Wesley 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like cytokine that is necessary for osteoclast formation and survival. Elevated RANKL synthesis is associated with both increased osteoclast number and bone resorption. Earlier studies identified an enhancer 76 kb upstream of the Tnfsf11 transcriptional start site (TSS) termed RL-D5 or the distal control region (DCR) that modulates RANKL expression in response to PTH, 1,25(OH)2D3,, and an array of cytokines. Mice lacking RL-D5 exhibit high bone mass associated with decreased RANKL expression in bone, spleen, and thymus. In addition to RL-D5, genome-wide studies have identified 9 additional Tnfsf11 enhancers residing upstream of the gene's TSS, which provide RANKL cell type-specificity and responsiveness to local and systemic factors. ChIP-chip analyses has revealed inducible vitamin D receptor (VDR) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) binding at an enhancer termed RL-D2 23 kb upstream of the Tnfsf11 TSS in osteoblastic ST2 cells. Herein, we use ChIP-seq analyses to confirm this finding and then delete this enhancer from the mouse genome to determine its physiological role in vivo. RL-D2-/- primary stromal cells showed decreased RANKL-induction by both forskolin and 1,25(OH)2D3 ex vivo. Consistent with this, the parathyroid hormone (PTH) induction of RANKL expression was significantly blunted in RL-D2-/- mice in vivo. In contrast, lack of RL-D2 had no effect on 1,25(OH)2D3 induction of RANKL in vivo. Similar to the results found in RL-D5-/- mice, lack of RL-D2 led to decreased skeletal RANKL expression, resulting in decreased osteoclast numbers and a progressive increase in bone mineral density. Lack of RL-D2 increased cancellous bone mass in femur and spine but did not alter femoral cortical bone thickness. These results highlight the role of distal enhancers in the regulation of RANKL expression by PTH and perhaps 1,25(OH)2D3 and suggest that the RL-D2 and RL-D5 enhancers contribute in either an additive or synergistic manner to regulate bone remodeling. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Adsorption of raw and treated by membranes fermentation brines from table olives processing for phenolic compounds separation and recovery
Authors: Ferrer‐Polonio Eva , Mendoza‐Roca José A , Iborra‐Clar Alicia , Pastor‐Alcañiz Laura 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDFermentation brines from table olive processing are effluents characterized by very high salinity and high organic matter concentration, which includes phenols of high value as hydroxytyrosol that is used by pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.RESULTSIn this work the adsorption with a phenols‐selective resin (MN200) of fermentation brine (raw and pre‐treated by ultrafiltration or by ultrafiltration plus nanofiltration) has been studied. The study included the adsorption and desorption process, and the useful life of the resin was evaluated. Results indicated that resin MN200 above 20 g L−1 yielded phenols separation efficiencies higher than 90%. However, the adsorption of nanofiltrated effluent separated phenols more selectively. Adsorption kinetics fitted properly to a pseudo‐second‐order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm correctly model the adsorption process. Results of the intra‐particle diffusion model show that the pore diffusion is not the only rate limiting step. Desorption was carried out with ethanol. More than 85% of phenolic compounds were recovered. The use of the resin during ten cycles showed that the nanofiltrated effluent increased the useful time of the resin.CONCLUSIONThe MN200 resin was a viable alternative to phenols removing and further recovering, in FTOP effluents. The optimal conditions were obtained for nanofiltrated effluents. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Modeling of noise and distortion associated with ultra‐high‐speed modulation of VCSEL with slow‐light feedback
Authors: Ahmed Moustafa , Bakry Ahmed , Alghamdi Mohamed S. , Koyama Fumio 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper presents numerical modeling on the noise properties and signal distortion associated with millimeter‐frequency modulation of vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser (VCSEL) under with a transverse‐coupled cavity. The study is based on a time‐delay rate equation model that takes into account the multiple round trips in the feedback cavity and the optical loss and phase delay in each round trip. Strong slow‐light feedback is found to boost the modulation bandwidth to frequencies approaching 70 GHz and induce resonance modulation due to photon–photon resonance (PPR) over passbands centered on frequencies reaching 90 GHz. We show that the relative intensity noise of the VCSEL with resonance modulation is enhanced when the noise frequency approaches the corresponding PPR frequency VCSEL. The same effect applies for the VCSEL with extended carrier‐photon resonance (CPR) at the CPR frequency. The low‐frequency part is characterized by flat (white) noise of level nearly equal to −140 dB/Hz. The second‐harmonic distortion (2HD) values are smaller than −10 dB under small‐signal modulation and increase to lower than −5 dB when the modulation index becomes 0.3. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visible Light Induced Emulsion Polymerization: An Improved Photoinitiation System Based on Amphiphilic Tertiary Amine N‐Oxides
Authors: Shen Kaihua , Jiang Yanfeng , Liu Zhengxue , Qi Debang , Wang Haiyang , Li Yang 
Published: September 2015

A new method for visible‐induced emulsion polymerization is successfully demonstrated. Photo­initiators are used upon irradiation with visible light to undergo sequential photodecomposition, demonstrating an effective way to generate radicals with octadecylamine ethoxylates N‐oxide (AO‐1805, EO = 5). AO‐1805, acting both as a surfactant and mediator simultaneously, is proposed for free radical generation through synergistic effects with the photoinitiator, which differs greatly from organoboron compounds, especially in emulsions. Comparative experiments are carried out with nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP‐10, EO = 5) upon irradiation with UV and visible light in order to examine the nature of the photoinitiated emulsion polymerization with AO‐1805. The laser flash photolysis method is then used to study the interaction between AO‐1805 and free radicals. The emulsion photopolymerization of styrene may be successfully mediated by AO‐1805, with good control over molecular weight. A synergistic effect between radicals and AO‐1805 is observed in the UV irradiation process that can further mediate radical polymerization. In visible light‐induced emulsion polymerization, AO‐1805 also has a novel stabilizing role because of the interaction between D1 and AO‐1805. Moreover, it is hard to see such a trend with the NP‐10/D1 combination, indicating that the functional group (N‐oxide) of AO‐1805 plays an important role in photoinitiation and has an influence on the overall polymerization rate.
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Marinopyrroles: Unique Drug Discoveries Based on Marine Natural Products
Authors: Li Rongshi 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNatural products provide a successful supply of new chemical entities (NCEs) for drug discovery to treat human diseases. Approximately half of the NCEs are based on natural products and their derivatives. Notably, marine natural products, a largely untapped resource, have contributed to drug discovery and development with eight drugs or cosmeceuticals approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency, and ten candidates undergoing clinical trials. Collaborative efforts from drug developers, biologists, organic, medicinal, and natural product chemists have elevated drug discoveries to new levels. These efforts are expected to continue to improve the efficiency of natural product‐based drugs. Marinopyrroles are examined here as a case study for potential anticancer and antibiotic agents.
Microtubule‐Binding Proteins as Promising Biomarkers of Paclitaxel Sensitivity in Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Xie Songbo , Ogden Angela , Aneja Ritu , Zhou Jun 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMicrotubules, tirelessly animated and highly dynamic structures, are vital for most cellular processes and their intricacies are still being revealed even after a century since their discovery. The importance of microtubules as chemotherapeutic targets cannot be overstated, and their clinical role is unlikely to abate in the near future. Indeed, improved understanding of microtubule biology could herald a new epoch of anticancer drug design by permitting fine‐tuning of microtubule‐targeting agents, the clinical utility of which is presently often limited by primary or acquired resistance. Paclitaxel, one such agent belonging to the taxane family, has proven a resoundingly successful treatment for many cancer patients; however, for too many others with paclitaxel‐refractory tumors, the drug has offered nothing but side effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that microtubule‐binding proteins (MBPs) can regulate paclitaxel sensitivity in a wide range of cancer types. Improved understanding of how these proteins can be assayed to predict treatment responses or manipulated pharmacologically to improve clinical outcomes could transform modern chemotherapy and is urgently awaited.
Improved MRI thermometry with multiple‐echo spirals
Authors: Marx Michael , Butts Pauly Kim 
Published: September 2015

PurposeLow‐bandwidth PRF shift thermometry is used to guide HIFU ablation treatments. Low sampling bandwidth is needed for high signal‐to‐noise ratio with short acquisition times, but can lead to off‐resonance artifacts. In this work, improved multiple‐echo thermometry is presented that allows for high bandwidth and reduced artifacts. It is also demonstrated with spiral sampling, to improve the trade‐off between resolution, speed, and measurement precision.MethodsFour multiple‐echo thermometry sequences were tested in vivo, one using two‐dimensional Fourier transform (2DFT) sampling and three using spirals. The spiral sequences were individually optimized for resolution, for speed, and for precision. Multifrequency reconstruction was used to correct for off‐resonance spiral artifacts. Additionally, two different multiecho temperature reconstructions were compared.ResultsWeighted combination of per‐echo phase differences gave significantly better precision than least squares off‐resonance estimation. Multiple‐echo 2DFT sequence obtained precision similar to single‐echo 2DFT, while greatly increasing sampling bandwidth. The multiecho spiral acquisitions achieved 2× better resolution, 2.9× better uncertainty, or 3.4× faster acquisition time, without negatively impacting the other two design parameters as compared to single‐echo 2DFT.ConclusionMultiecho spiral thermometry greatly improves the capabilities of temperature monitoring, and could improve transcranial treatment monitoring capabilities. Magn Reson Med 76:747–756, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Roles of chain stiffness and segmental rattling in ionomer glass formation
Authors: Ruan Dihui , Simmons David S. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTIonomers–polymers with bound ionic moieties—have received interest for their exceptional properties including high toughness and ion conductivity. One of the primary effects of introduction of covalently bound ions to a polymer is alteration of its glass transition and segmental dynamics. The standard model for these alterations attributes them to a covalent ‘tethering’ effect in which segments near ionic aggregates are immobilized within a range related to the chain persistence length. Here, results from molecular dynamics simulations of glass formation in model ionomers of varying chain stiffness indicate that chain persistence length does not play a central role in ionic‐aggregate‐induced suppression of local segmental dynamics. Instead, these alterations are found to accord with more universal interface‐induced alterations in glass‐forming liquids, consistent with a recent study in which the present authors found a correlation between near‐aggregate mobility suppression and the scale of segmental cooperative rearrangements. In this case, results indicate that shifts in the overall segmental relaxation times of these polymers can be quantitatively rationalized in terms of alterations in the Debye‐Waller factor, reflecting changes in the local picosecond‐timescale segmental rattling. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1458–1469