bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interfaces of Molecular Recognition Sites and Biosensors; Novel Bio-Sensing Materials
Authors: Choi Kyung M. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTWe introduce a sensing element, “Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP),” which created by “Molecular Imprinted Technique.” However, the sensitivity of MIP’s based bio-sensors limits for practical applications due to the low sensitivity. To achieve a high sensitivity of MIP’s based sensors, the synthesis of “high affinity receptor or binding sites,” such as “monoclonal particles” is a key objective. In previous studies, affinity distribution plots indicated that “high affinity binding sites” were obtained when the number of binding sites per particle decreased. It means that smaller particles are expected to have higher affinity binding sites compared to larger particles. The result motivated us to produce small-sized MIP’s particles for the achievement of higher sensitivity. Microfluidic Synthesis has taken a great attention to synthesize small particles. However, the microfluidic synthesis gave us a difficulty, especially collections of MIP’s particles from the surface of PDMS-based microchannels due to a sticking problem. Thus, we employed a new approach, which can collect MIP’s particles without any sticking problem from the surface of the reactor. It is a photopatterned MIP’s system generated on the glass surface. We prepared a photomask with micro-sized patterns and then fabricate MIP’s particles on a glass surface by photopolymerization. Uniform MIP’s patterns were printed on the glass surface. The interface between the glass surface and the MIP’s pattern was observed by SEM. Micro-sized MIP’s particles were collected from the glass surface by scratching off the photocured MIP’s patterns.
Diazotrophic Endophytes of Poplar and Willow for Growth Promotion of Rice Plants in Nitrogen‐Limited Conditions
Authors: Kandel S. L. , Herschberger N. , Kim S.H. , Doty S. L. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTRice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple food crops. Its cultivation requires a relatively high input of N fertilizers; however, rice plants do not absorb a significant proportion of added fertilizers, resulting in soil and water pollution. The use of diazotrophic (N‐fixing) endophytes can provide benefits for rice cultivation by reducing the demand of N fertilizers. Diazotrophic endophytes from the early successional plant species poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray) and willow (Salix sitchensis C. A. Sanson ex Bong.) were added to rice seedlings. Inoculated rice plants were grown in N‐limited conditions in the greenhouse, and plant physical characteristics were assessed. Endophyte‐inoculated rice plants had greater biomass, higher tiller numbers, and taller plant stature than mock‐inoculated controls. Endophyte populations were quantified and visualized in planta within rice plants using fluorescent microscopy. The endophytes colonized rice plants effectively in both roots and foliage. These results demonstrated that diazotrophic endophytes of the eudicots poplar and willow can colonize rice plants and enhance plant growth in N‐limited conditions.
Ticks on small mammals at two localities in southern Saskatchewan, Canada and the detection ofRickettsia peacockii(Rickettsiaceae) inDermacentor andersoni(Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs
Authors: Dergousoff Shaun J. , Chilton Neil B. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSeventeenMyodes gapperi(Vigors) (Rodentia: Cricetidae), 13Peromyscus maniculatus(Wagner) (Rodentia: Cricetidae), 12Microtus pennsylvanicus(Ord) (Rodentia: Cricetidae), fourZapus princepsAllen (Rodentia: Cricetidae), threeIctidomys tridecemlineatus(Mitchill) (Rodentia: Sciuridae), and eight shrews (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) collected at Blackstrap Lake (BL), and 48P. maniculatus, 15Z. princeps,15M. pennsylvanicus, and oneSorex monticolusMerriam (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) collected at Saskatchewan Landing Provincial Park (SLPP), in southern Saskatchewan, Canada were examined for ticks. Although no adult ticks were detected on small mammals at either locality,Dermacentor variabilis(Say) (Acari: Ixodidae) larvae (n=144) and nymphs (n=7) were found on four species of small mammal at BL. At SLPP, bothD. variabilislarvae (n=71) and nymphs (n=6), andDermacentor andersoniStiles (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs (n=9) were collected from small mammals. Both tick species were present onP. maniculatusandM. pennsylvanicusat SLPP, indicating an overlap in their host range and, hence, the potential for transmission of microorganisms between tick species at sites where they coexist. However, the results of polymerase chain reaction assays used to detect bacteria of the genusRickettsiada Rocha-Lima (Rickettsiaceae) in ticks, revealed thatR. peacockiiNiebylskiet al. only occurred in nymphs ofD. andersoni, whereas noRickettsiawere present in the larvae and nymphs ofD. variabilis.
Complex Stellar System ESO65SC03: Open Cluster or Remnant?
Authors: Joshi Gireesh C. , Joshi Y. C. , Joshi S. , Chowdhury S. , Tyagi R. K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe present a complete spatial and dynamical study of the poorly populated stellar system ESO65SC03. The radial distribution of the system gives a core and cluster radii of 1.10±0.63 and 5.36±0.24 arcmin, respectively. The SNDP does not show any clear enhancement of the surface stellar number density between the stars of the system and the field regions. We derive the optimum isochrone solution for a particular grid size in the CMD using the statistical cleaning procedure. Using the statistically cleaned CMDs, we find the distance modulus, (m − M)0, and reddening, E(B − V), of the system to be 11.8±0.2 and 0.45 mag, respectively. The mean proper motion of this system is − 5.37±0.81 mas yr−1 and 0.31±0.40 in RA and DEC directions, respectively. The mean proper motion of this system is found to be almost similar to the field region. The mass function for the brighter stars is found to be too high for the system to be an open cluster. These combined results place constraints on whether stellar system ESO65SC03 is a POCR or an Asterism. Our understanding is that the ESO65SC03 is in a stage of POCR by losing their main-sequence stars in the dynamic evolution processes.
The effects of spatial variability of nitrous oxide emissions from grazed pastures on the sampling distribution of chamber measurements
Authors: GILTRAP D. L. , GODFREY A. J. R. 
Published: June 2015

SUMMARYChamber sampling is a common method for measuring nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils. However, for grazed pastures, the patchy nature of urine deposition results in very high levels of spatial variability in N2O emissions. In the present study, the behaviour of the sample mean was examined by simulating a large number (9999) of random N2O chamber samples under different assumptions regarding the underlying N2O distribution. Using sample sizes of up to 100 chambers, the Central Limit Theorem did not apply. The distribution of the sample mean was always right-skewed with a standard deviation varying between 12·5 and 135% of the true mean. However, the arithmetic mean was an unbiased estimator and the mean of the sample mean distribution was close to the true mean of the simulated N2O distribution. The properties of the sample mean distribution (variance, skewness) were affected significantly by the assumed distribution of the emission factor, but not by distribution of the urine patch concentration. The geometric mean was also investigated as a potential alternative estimator. However, although its distribution had lower variance, it was also biased. Two methods for bias correcting the mean were investigated. These methods reduced the bias, but at the cost of increasing the variance. Neither of the bias-corrected estimators were consistently better than the arithmetic mean in terms of skewness and variance. To improve the estimation of N2O emissions from a grazed pasture using chambers, techniques need to be developed to identify urine patch and non-urine patch areas before sampling.
Exxon at Grand Bois, Louisiana: A Three-Level Analysis of Management Decision Making and Corporate Conduct
Authors: Brooke Hamilton III J. , Berken Eric J. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract:In the early 1990s, managers at Exxon decided to seek lower cost disposal in Louisiana for oil-field wastes declared hazardous in Alabama. This decision resulted in injuries to the residents of Grand Bois, Louisiana; the disposal company; Exxon; and the oil industry in the state. Given the need for business and society to manage business operations for mutual benefit, it is essential to understand why businesses injure the public so that similar incidents do not happen again. The authors use three analytical perspectives to suggest how corporations may make unethical decisions without purposefully setting out to do so: their managers may fail to understand changing social expectations for corporate behavior; they may adopt organizational structures, policies, and procedures that block ethical action in the name of efficiency; and they may follow unwritten rules of behavior for career success that exclude ethics. These perspectives suggest that individual Exxon managers may not have been making greed-based decisions, weighing corporate gains against harms to others. The situation more likely involved a failure, for the reasons discussed, to raise ethics questions in making business decisions. This explanation does not make much difference to those injured nor does it absolve those who made the decisions. It does make a difference to society and to companies seeking to understand factors that have to be overcome in any large corporation that wishes to prevent such events from occurring.
Pharmacogenomic and clinical data link non-pharmacokinetic metabolic dysregulation to drug side effect pathogenesis
Authors: Zielinski Daniel C. , Filipp Fabian V. , Bordbar Aarash , Jensen Kasper , Smith Jeffrey W. , Herrgard Markus J. , Mo Monica L. , Palsson Bernhard O. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDrug side effects cause a significant clinical and economic burden. However, mechanisms of drug action underlying side effect pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we integrate pharmacogenomic and clinical data with a human metabolic network and find that non-pharmacokinetic metabolic pathways dysregulated by drugs are linked to the development of side effects. We show such dysregulated metabolic pathways contain genes with sequence variants affecting side effect incidence, play established roles in pathophysiology, have significantly altered activity in corresponding diseases, are susceptible to metabolic inhibitors and are effective targets for therapeutic nutrient supplementation. Our results indicate that metabolic dysregulation represents a common mechanism underlying side effect pathogenesis that is distinct from the role of metabolism in drug clearance. We suggest that elucidating the relationships between the cellular response to drugs, genetic variation of patients and cell metabolism may help managing side effects by personalizing drug prescriptions and nutritional intervention strategies.
Fibres and cellular structures preserved in 75-million–year-old dinosaur specimens
Authors: Bertazzo Sergio , Maidment Susannah C. R. , Kallepitis Charalambos , Fearn Sarah , Stevens Molly M. , Xie Hai-nan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractExceptionally preserved organic remains are known throughout the vertebrate fossil record, and recently, evidence has emerged that such soft tissue might contain original components. We examined samples from eight Cretaceous dinosaur bones using nano-analytical techniques; the bones are not exceptionally preserved and show no external indication of soft tissue. In one sample, we observe structures consistent with endogenous collagen fibre remains displaying ∼67 nm banding, indicating the possible preservation of the original quaternary structure. Using ToF-SIMS, we identify amino-acid fragments typical of collagen fibrils. Furthermore, we observe structures consistent with putative erythrocyte remains that exhibit mass spectra similar to emu whole blood. Using advanced material characterization approaches, we find that these putative biological structures can be well preserved over geological timescales, and their preservation is more common than previously thought. The preservation of protein over geological timescales offers the opportunity to investigate relationships, physiology and behaviour of long extinct animals.
Macroscopic quantum tunnelling in spin filter ferromagnetic Josephson junctions
Authors: Massarotti D. , Pal A. , Rotoli G. , Longobardi L. , Blamire M. G. , Tafuri F. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe interfacial coupling of two materials with different ordered phases, such as a superconductor (S) and a ferromagnet (F), is driving new fundamental physics and innovative applications. For example, the creation of spin-filter Josephson junctions and the demonstration of triplet supercurrents have suggested the potential of a dissipationless version of spintronics based on unconventional superconductivity. Here we demonstrate evidence for active quantum applications of S-F-S junctions, through the observation of macroscopic quantum tunnelling in Josephson junctions with GdN ferromagnetic insulator barriers. We show a clear transition from thermal to quantum regime at a crossover temperature of about 100 mK at zero magnetic field in junctions, which present clear signatures of unconventional superconductivity. Following previous demonstration of passive S-F-S phase shifters in a phase qubit, our result paves the way to the active use of spin filter Josephson systems in quantum hybrid circuits.
A novel cysteine desulfurase influencing organosulfur compounds in Lentinula edodes
Authors: Liu Ying , Lei Xiao-Yu , Chen Lian-Fu , Bian Yin-Bing , Yang Hong , Ibrahim Salam A. , Huang Wen 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOrganosulfur compounds are the basis for the unique aroma ofLentinula edodesand cysteine sulfoxide lyase (C-S lyase) is the key enzyme in this trait. The enzyme fromAlliium sativumhas been crystallized and well-characterized; however, there have been no reports of the characterization of fungi C-S lyase at the molecular level. We identified aL. edodesC-S lyase (Lecsl), cloned a gene ofCslencoded Lecsl and then combined modeling, simulations and experiments to understand the molecular basis of the function of Lecsl. Our analysis revealed Lecsl to be a novel cysteine desulfurase and not a type of cysteine sulfoxide lyase. The pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) molecule bonded tightly to Lecsl to form a Lecsl-PLP complex. Moreover, the Lecsl had one active center that served to bind two kinds of substrates, S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide and L-cysteine and had both cysteine sulfoxide lyase and cysteine desulfurase activity. We found that the amino acid residue Asn393 was essential for the catalytic activity of Lecsl and that the geneCslencoded a novel cysteine desulfurase to influence organosulfur compounds inL. edodes. Our results provide a new insight into understanding the formation of the unique aroma ofL. edodes.
The aftereffect of perceived duration is contingent on auditory frequency but not visual orientation
Authors: Li Baolin , Yuan Xiangyong , Huang Xiting 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRecent sensory history plays a critical role in duration perception. It has been established that after adapting to a particular duration, the test durations within a certain range appear to be distorted. To explore whether the aftereffect of perceived duration can be constrained by sensory modality and stimulus feature within a modality, the current study applied the technique of simultaneous sensory adaptation, by which observers were able to simultaneously adapt to two durations defined by two different stimuli. Using both simple visual and auditory stimuli, we found that the aftereffect of perceived duration is modality specific and contingent on auditory frequency but not visual orientation of the stimulus. These results demonstrate that there are independent timers responsible for the aftereffects of perceived duration in each sensory modality. Furthermore, the timer for the auditory modality may be located at a relatively earlier stage of sensory processing than the timer for the visual modality.
Rewetting of drained boreal spruce swamp forests results in rapid recovery of Sphagnum production
Authors: Maanavilja Liisa , Kangas Laura , Mehtätalo Lauri , Tuittila Eeva‐Stiina 
Published: June 2015

Summary

Peatland rewetting aims to restore biomass accumulation from peat‐forming plants for climate change mitigation, biotope conservation and water purification purposes. Boreal spruce swamp forests in Europe have suffered heavily from drainage for forestry and are now a focus of restoration efforts.

We measured Sphagnum height and biomass increment by allowing Sphagnum to grow through mesh nets located in nine undrained, nine drained and 18 rewetted boreal spruce swamp forests.

At the moss patch level, rewetting led to a recovery of Sphagnum growth: height increment and biomass increment at the rewetted sites (5·9 ± 0·7 cm year−1 and 147 ± 15 g m−2 year−1, mean ± SE) were similar to increment at the undrained sites (4·9 ± 0·5 cm year−1 and 128 ± 12 g m−2 year−1), while remnant patches of Sphagnum at the drained sites showed smaller increment (2·8 ± 0·8 cm year−1 and 76 ± 19 g m−2 year−1). Sphagnum in the ditches at the drained sites showed similar increment as the moss at the undrained and rewetted sites, while ditches at the rewetted sites had the greatest increment (8·7 ± 0·7 cm year−1 and 183 ± 16 g m−2 year−1). A higher water‐table increased Sphagnum growth, and Sphagnum riparium grew more rapidly than the other species.

At the ecosystem level, where information on moss cover was utilized, rewetting had increased Sphagnum production to values close to the undrained sites. At the drained sites, biomass production was 8 ± 17 g (mean ± SE) m−2 year−1, at the rewetted sites 42 ± 15 g m−2 year−1 and at the undrained sites 66 ± 12 g m−2 year−1. Sphagnum cover was the most important variable that determined Sphagnum production in the ecosystem.

Synthesis and applications. Drained spruce swamp forests appear to be a suitable target for restoration as they respond readily to rather inexpensive rewetting. The result points out that even in boreal conditions, restoration results can be achieved in a time‐scale of years rather than decades. At the ecosystem level, rewetting had resulted in a biomass gain of 34 g m−2 year−1 when compared to drained sites.
The greenhouse gas balance of European grasslands
Authors: Chang Jinfeng , Ciais Philippe , Viovy Nicolas , Vuichard Nicolas , Sultan Benjamin , Soussana Jean‐François 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of European grasslands (EU‐28 plus Norway and Switzerland), including CO2, CH4 and N2O, is estimated using the new process‐based biogeochemical model ORCHIDEE‐GM over the period 1961–2010. The model includes the following: (1) a mechanistic representation of the spatial distribution of management practice; (2) management intensity, going from intensively to extensively managed; (3) gridded simulation of the carbon balance at ecosystem and farm scale; and (4) gridded simulation of N2O and CH4 emissions by fertilized grassland soils and livestock. The external drivers of the model are changing animal numbers, nitrogen fertilization and deposition, land‐use change, and variable CO2 and climate. The carbon balance of European grassland (NBP) is estimated to be a net sink of 15 ± 7 g C m−2 year−1 during 1961–2010, equivalent to a 50‐year continental cumulative soil carbon sequestration of 1.0 ± 0.4 Pg C. At the farm scale, which includes both ecosystem CO2 fluxes and CO2 emissions from the digestion of harvested forage, the net C balance is roughly halved, down to a small sink, or nearly neutral flux of 8 g C m−2 year−1. Adding CH4 and N2O emissions to net ecosystem exchange to define the ecosystem‐scale GHG balance, we found that grasslands remain a net GHG sink of 19 ± 10 g C‐CO2 equiv. m−2 year−1, because the CO2 sink offsets N2O and grazing animal CH4 emissions. However, when considering the farm scale, the GHG balance (NGB) becomes a net GHG source of −50 g C‐CO2 equiv. m−2 year−1. ORCHIDEE‐GM simulated an increase in European grassland NBP during the last five decades. This enhanced NBP reflects the combination of a positive trend of net primary production due to CO2, climate and nitrogen fertilization and the diminishing requirement for grass forage due to the Europe‐wide reduction in livestock numbers.
СИСТЕМА ПІДТРИМКИ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ РІШЕНЬ ПРИ ПРОВЕДЕННІ ВІТРЕКТОМІ У ХВОРИХ НА ДІАБЕТИЧНУ ПРОЛІФЕРАТИВНУ РЕТИНОПАТІЮ
Authors: Ruban А. M. 
Published: June 2015

The article presents the some approaches to create a system support of making decision during miniinvasive diabetic vitrectomy in patients with diabetic proliferative retinopathy, promotes objective assessment of individual risk-management for patient and allows optimize ophthalmological care for them. This was a retrospective study of 145 patients (145 eyes) who underwent combined sutureless vitrectomy for the complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The study and analysis of the clinical characteristics (N-145) and 60 kinds of complications have selected 33 factors, characterizing the general condition of the patient, ophthalmic status which have been integrated into the risk map. Prediction of surgical intervention was determined by the amount of points. Total risk was studied in three samples of “training” (145 patients), «control» (50 patients) and the “examination” (30 cases). Based on 225 observations determined the dependence of an adverse operation of points of risk and identified 4 risk levels: low risk (first stage), the likelihood of an adverse outcome is less than 0.05; average risk is the likelihood of an adverse outcome is 0.05-0.4; high risk-the probability of an adverse up 0.41-0.9 and extreme risks, the likelihood of an adverse outcome is greater than 0.9.
КОРЕКЦІЯ ПОТЕНЦІЙНО МОДИФІКОВАНИХ ФАКТОРІВ РИЗИКУ ПРИ ЛІКУВАННІ МЕТОДОМ ГЕМОДІАЛІЗУ: СТАНДАРТИ ЛІКУВАННЯ І ІНДИВІДУАЛЬНІ ДІАЛІЗНІ ПРОГРАМИ
Authors: Kuchma I. L. 
Published: June 2015

<p>In the effect prognosis of dialysis a possible adjustment of the modified potential death risk factors of patients who are on renal replacement therapy by hemodialysis techniques are discussed. The conclusions about the possibility of modern dialysis techniques to effectively influence on arterial hypertension of patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 - D and the need for further study in order to develop treatment standards using mathematical models for individualised dialysis programs.</p>
Uniform Metal-assisted Chemical Etching and the Stability of Catalysts
Authors: Li Liyi , Holmes Colin M. , Hah Jinho , Hildreth Owen J. , Wong Ching P. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTRecently, metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE) has been demonstrated as a promising technology in fabrication of uniform high-aspect-ratio (HAR) micro- and nanostructures on silicon substrates. In this work, MaCE experiments on 2 μm-wide line patterns were conducted using Au or Ag as catalysts. The performance of the two catalysts show sharp contrast. In MaCE with Au, a HAR trench was formed with uniform geometry and vertical sidewall. In MaCE with Ag, shallow and tapered etching profiles were observed, which resembled the results from isotropic etching. The sidewall tapering phenomena can be explained by the dissolution and re-deposition of the Ag catalyst in the etchant solution. The existence of Ag that was redeposited on the sidewall was further confirmed by energy dispersive spectrum. Also, etchant composition is found to play a profound role in influencing the etching profile by the Ag catalysts.