bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental Changes in the Composition of Five Anthraquinones from Rheum palmatum as Quantified by 1H‐NMR
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Wei , Wang Jun‐Song , Yang Ming‐Hua , Luo Jian‐Guang , Kong Ling‐Yi 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTIntroductionRheum palmatum is an important traditional Chinese medicine featuring anthraquinones with several activities. Generally, rhein, emodin, aloe‐emodin, physcion and chrysophanol are used as chemical markers for the quality control of rhubarb products.ObjectiveTo develop a simple protocol for the quantification of rhein, emodin, aloe‐emodin, physcion and chrysophanol in R. palmatum collected at different developmental stages.Methods1H‐NMR spectra were measured on samples dissolved in acetone‐d6, quantification was carried out using the signals of H‐4 of rhein (δH 8.36), H‐7 of emodin (δH 6.68), CH2OH of aloe‐emodin (δH 4.81), OCH3 of physcion (δH 4.02) and CH3 of chrysophanol (δH 2.50), which were well separated from other signals. Quantitative analysis was based on the relative ratio of the intensity of each compound to the known amount of internal standard maleic acid.ResultsThe quantitative 1H‐NMR (qHNMR) method developed showed good precision, trueness, linearity, repeatability and stability for the quantification of rhein, emodin, aloe‐emodin, physcion and chrysophanol. This method was applied successfully to explore the seasonal variations of the five major anthraquinones in R. palmatum, and provided quantitative results in reasonable agreement with those obtained by the HPLC–UV method.ConclusionCompared with the conventional HPLC‐based methods, the qHNMR analysis is rapid, reference‐free and convenient with less sample pre‐treatment. This technique should be a feasible choice for the quality control of R. palmatum. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New technologies in insulin delivery
Authors: Taylor MJ , Sahota TS 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe electronic age is bringing advances in the treatment of diabetes, and this is important because the complications of diabetes remain despite the availability of effective therapeutic tools such as insulin. These developments focus on the need to deliver accurately timed and sized doses for predicted blood glucose levels.In this review, blood monitoring methods are discussed since, although the chemistry remains based on the enzymic oxidation of glucose, the display, storage and manipulation of data have transformed recently to engage with smartphone users. Continuous glucose monitoring sensing (CGMS) types are described along with an appreciation of the shortcomings of sensor technology. The discussion includes responses to other barriers to CGMS use for reducing the HbA1c value safely so that hypoglycaemia can be avoided. The newer pumps and the emergence of the minimalised patch pumps and patch pens are described. This includes the moves to attract more type 2 users to pump use, addresses the perceived obtrusiveness noted by younger users, and reviews the obstacles to rolling out pump use more widely in the UK. Penultimately, after reference to islet implants, the combination of the continuous sensing and conventional pump strategies to form a closed loop system is described, including a summary of the electronic algorithms and the clinical performance of systems in research settings. The review closes with an explanation of how other closed loop systems have been developed including the peritoneal Medtronic and the DiaPort and a smart gel, non‐electronic design. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons.
Review of 3D topological insulator thin‐film growth by molecular beam epitaxy and potential applications
Authors: He Liang , Kou Xufeng , Wang Kang L. 
Published: January 2013

Abstractmagnified imageThin films of V–VI compound semiconductors (Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3) have been synthesized recently as three‐dimensional topological insulators (TIs). Although these materials have been used as thermoelectric materials for many years, for future studies and applications of the topological surface states, a major bottleneck remains the lack of high‐quality bulk materials that have very few defects and the Fermi level can be moved to inside the bulk bandgap. In this paper, we review the use of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique to achieve high‐quality TI materials. Furthermore, the use of layered growth in MBE affords us the fabrication of heterostructures, such as quantum wells and superlattices. Thus, it may further enable additional studies and applications, similar to those of conventional semiconductor heterostructures but with the novel properties of TI. We explore the growth mechanism, providing a detail discussion on the growth parameters of thin‐film synthesis by MBE. Then we discuss more complex cases, such as functional doping, heterostructures and superlattices. Potential new properties in such quantum structures are discussed. Finally, we give an outlook on this material system for both fundamental studies and applications. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A stochastic parametrization for deep convection using cellular automata
Authors: Bengtsson Lisa , Steinheimer Martin , Bechtold Peter , Geleyn Jean‐François 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA cellular automaton (CA) is introduced to the deep convection parametrization of the high‐resolution limited‐area model Aire Limitée Adaptation/Application de la Recherche à l'Opérationnel (ALARO). The self‐organizational characteristics of the CA allow for lateral communication between adjacent numerical weather prediction (NWP) model grid boxes and add additional memory to the deep convection scheme. The CA acts in two horizontal dimensions, with finer grid spacing than the NWP model. It is randomly seeded in regions where convective available potential energy (CAPE) exceeds a threshold value. Both deterministic and probabilistic rules, coupled to the large‐scale wind, are explored to evolve the CA in time. Case studies indicate that the scheme has the potential to organize cells along convective squall lines and enhance advective effects. An ensemble of forecasts using the present CA scheme demonstrated an ensemble spread in the resolved wind field in regions where deep convection is large. Such a spread represents the uncertainty due to subgrid variability of deep convection and could be an interesting addition to an ensemble prediction system.
Combining computer models to account for mass loss in stellar evolution
Authors: Stein Nathan M. , van Dyk David A. , von Hippel Ted , DeGennaro Steven , Jeffery Elizabeth J. , Jefferys William H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntricate computer models can be used to describe complex physical processes in astronomy such as the evolution of stars. Like a sampling distribution, these models typically predict observed quantities as a function of a number of unknown parameters. Including them as components of a statistical model, however, leads to significant modeling, inferential, and computational challenges. In this article, we tackle these challenges in the study of the mass loss that stars experience as they age. We have developed a new Bayesian technique for inferring the so‐called initial–final mass relation (IFMR), the relationship between the initial mass of a Sun‐like star and its final mass as a white dwarf. Our model incorporates several separate computer models for various phases of stellar evolution. We bridge these computer models with a parameterized IFMR in order to embed them into a statistical model. This strategy allows us to apply the full force of powerful statistical tools to build, fit, check, and improve the statistical models and their computer model components. In contrast to traditional techniques for inferring the IFMR, which tend to be quite ad hoc, we can estimate the uncertainty in our fit and ensure that our model components are internally coherent. We analyze data from three star clusters: NGC 2477, theHyades, and M35 (NGC 2168). The results from NGC 2477 and M35 suggest different conclusions about the IFMR in the mid‐ to high‐mass range, raising questions for further astronomical work. We also compare the results from two different models for the primary hydrogen‐burning stage of stellar evolution. We show through simulations that misspecification at this stage of modeling can sometimes have a severe effect on inferred white dwarf masses. Nonetheless, when working with observed data, our inferences are not particularly sensitive to the choice of model for this stage of evolution. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 6: 34–52, 2013
Periodicity detection in irregularly sampled light curves by robust regression and outlier detection
Authors: Thieler Anita Monika , Backes Michael , Fried Roland , Rhode Wolfgang 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn important task in astroparticle physics is the detection of periodicities in irregularly sampled time series, called light curves. Many periodogram methods for light curves may be characterized as fitting periodic models using least squares regression. We generalize this approach and allow robust regression and weighted regression. This gives a unified concept which includes further methods proposed in the literature, allows to create new methods and take additional information about measurement accuracies into account. We compare all these methods using simulated data. We observe that if the quality of the measurement accuracies is dubious, they should be ignored, and that robust methods can be helpful if the light curve contains outliers. Finally, we propose a new way to determine valid periods by robust fitting of a distribution to the periodogram and outlier detection. In our simulations, this leads to better detection rates for periodic fluctuations with unexpected shape and less wrong detections in light curves of pure red and white noise. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 6: 73–89, 2013
Impact of cord entanglement on perinatal outcome of monoamniotic twins: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Rossi A. C. , Prefumo F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo review the current literature concerning perinatal outcome of monoamniotic pregnancies with cord entanglement.MethodsA search in PubMed, EMBASE and MEDLINE for articles published between January 2000 and December 2011 was performed, using the following keywords: monoamniotic/monochorionic pregnancy(ies); twins; cord entanglement; fetal ultrasound/surveillance. Inclusion criteria for the study were: monoamniotic twins with documented cord entanglement at delivery, and perinatal outcome reported as proportional rates. Exclusion criteria were: higher‐order multiple pregnancy; selective feticide; presence of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence; conjoined twins; fewer than four cases in the series; and non‐English language publication. Survival rates were stratified for method of prenatal management, sonographic diagnosis of cord entanglement and delivery mode. A meta‐analysis was also performed using data from articles that stratified outcome according to the presence or absence of cord entanglement at birth. Comparison between neonates with cord entanglement and controls was deemed significant if the 95% CI of the pooled odds ratios did not encompass 1. MOOSE (Meta‐analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines were followed.ResultsNine articles met the inclusion criteria for this review, including a total of 114 monoamniotic twin sets (228 fetuses) with cord entanglement. The overall survival rate was 202/228 (88.6%). Perinatal mortality occurred in 26 (11.4%) fetuses; of these, 17 (65%) died in utero and nine (35%) died at birth. Five neonatal deaths occurred as a result of prematurity, two were related to structural abnormalities and two were caused by cord entanglement. Sonographic visualization of cord entanglement did not improve outcome. Four articles were included in the meta‐analysis, with no significant difference in mortality between controls (n = 66 fetuses) and twins with cord entanglement (n = 82 fetuses), and higher morbidity in controls.ConclusionsCord entanglement does not contribute to prenatal morbidity and mortality in monoamniotic twin pregnancies.
Atomistic simulations of nucleosomes
Authors: Biswas Mithun , Langowski Jörg , Bishop Thomas C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNearly a dozen all‐atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the nucleosome have been performed. Collectively, these simulations provide insights into the structure and dynamics of the biomolecular complex that serves as the fundamental folding unit of chromatin. Nucleosomes contain 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped in a left‐handed superhelix around a core of eight histones. This review provides a survey of what has been learned about DNA, histones, and solvent interactions based on all‐atom MD studies of the nucleosome. The longest simulations to date are on the order of 100 nanoseconds. On this time scale, nucleosomes are quite stable. DNA kinks, the histone tails, solvent, and ions are highly dynamic and can be readily investigated using equilibrium dynamics methods. Steered MD is required to observe large‐scale structural changes. The need for explicit solvent techniques is underscored by the inability of continuum solvent methods to properly describe the ion‐nucleosome radial distribution functions. The atomistic techniques reviewed here are deemed necessary for exploration of the near infinite variations in atomic composition that exists even in the canonical nucleosome octamer. Continued development of these nascent simulation efforts will enable experimentalists to utilize rational design strategies in their efforts to investigate nucleosomes and chromatin. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Dynamics and Monte-Carlo Methods
Four Coordination Polymers Constructed from 3, 5‐Bis‐oxy­acetate‐benzoic Acid and N‐donor Ligands
Authors: Tong Ying , Jiang Xian‐Rong , Feng Yun‐Long 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFour coordination polymers, [M3(boaba)2(4, 4′‐bipy)2(H2O)8] [M = Co (1), Ni (2), Mn (3)] and [Cu3(boaba)2(bimb)3]·4H2O (4) [H3boaba = 3, 5‐bis‐oxyacetate‐benzoic acid, 4, 4′‐bipy = 4, 4′‐bipyridine, bimb = 1, 4‐bis(imidazol‐1′‐yl)butane], were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and TG analyses. Compounds 1–3 are isostructural and crystallize in the triclinic P$\bar{1}$ space group. Their structures can be considered constructed from two‐dimensional layers, which consist of two neighboring 1D ladder chains and are further linked by intermolecular O–H···O hydrogen bonds into a 3D supramolecular network. Compound 4 is a 3D (3, 4, 4)‐connected topology network.
The effects of patellar tendon advancement on the immature proximal tibia
Authors: Patthanacharoenphon Cameron , Maples Dayle L. , Saad Christina , Forness Michael J. , Halanski Matthew A. 
Published: January 2013

Purpose The aim of this study is to examine the short-term effects of patellar tendon advancement on the proximal tibial slope in the skeletally immature patient. Methods A retrospective, non-randomized, comparative cohort design was used. Koshino indices and tibial slopes were assessed pre-operatively and post-operatively and compared with age- and sex-matched controls. Results Nine children with 17 patellar tendon advancements were analyzed for changes in Koshino indices. Of these 17 tibiae, radiographs on changes in tibial slope were available for 16 tibiae which were also compared with controls. Children aged <11 years had a greater initial posterior tibial slope (69.8° ± 3.5°) than age-matched controls (80.3° ± 2.7°). A decrease in posterior slope was seen in these younger patients (average change 10.3° ± 4.8°) at an average of 1.6 years of follow-up. Of the nine apophyses in children aged <11 years of age, seven had undergone premature closure. Conclusion Patellar tendon advancement appears to have an unreported effect on the proximal tibial growth in the young patient (<11 years old). These patients appear to be susceptible to apophyseal closure, resulting in subsequent loss of posterior tibial slope. Surgeons should be aware of this effect and monitor younger patients with radiographs if performing this procedure.
Mersey deanery ophthalmology trainees’ views of the objective assessment of
surgical and technical skills (OSATS) workplace-based assessment tool
Authors: Tsagkataki Myrto , Anshoo Choudhary Anshoo 
Published: January 2013

Objective assessment of surgical and technical skills (OSATS) workplace-based
assessment tool is now mandatory during ophthalmology speciality training in the United
Kingdom. The opinions of those undergoing this assessment have not been formally sought.
This study evaluated the views of ophthalmology trainees on OSATS assessment as applied
to cataract surgery. A questionnaire was circulated to 34 ophthalmology speciality
trainees of the Mersey deanery. A total of 28 responses were received. The most positive
aspects of the process identified were feedback, learning and opportunity for reflective
practice. The most negative aspects were time constraints, assessor’s availability and
case selection. Of the trainees, 93 % mentioned that no previous agreed action was taken
into consideration when filling in subsequent forms and their performance was not
discussed in their annual summative assessment. This study highlights important aspects
of trainees’ perceptions of OSATS. Trainees appreciate the formative aspects of OSATS
assessment. Some problems came to light, which can be resolved by specification of
standards, training of assessors, and commitment from both trainers and trainees.
Changes are needed to allow demonstration of surgical progression with time. The issues
identified here will be relevant to other specialities as well. A larger survey would be
beneficial.
Recovery from chronic fatigue syndrome after treatments given in the PACE trial
Authors: White P. D. , Goldsmith K. , Johnson A. L. , Chalder T. , Sharpe M. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundA multi-centre, four-arm trial (the PACE trial) found that rehabilitative cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) were more effective treatments for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) than specialist medical care (SMC) alone, when each was added to SMC, and more effective than adaptive pacing therapy (APT) when added to SMC. In this study we compared how many participants recovered after each treatment.MethodWe defined recovery operationally using multiple criteria, and compared the proportions of participants meeting each individual criterion along with two composite criteria, defined as (a) recovery in the context of the trial and (b) clinical recovery from the current episode of the illness, however defined, 52 weeks after randomization. We used logistic regression modelling to compare treatments.ResultsThe percentages (number/total) meeting trial criteria for recovery were 22% (32/143) after CBT, 22% (32/143) after GET, 8% (12/149) after APT and 7% (11/150) after SMC. Similar proportions met criteria for clinical recovery. The odds ratio (OR) for trial recovery after CBT was 3.36 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.64–6.88] and for GET 3.38 (95% CI 1.65–6.93), when compared to APT, and after CBT 3.69 (95% CI 1.77–7.69) and GET 3.71 (95% CI 1.78–7.74), when compared to SMC (pvalues ⩽0.001 for all comparisons). There was no significant difference between APT and SMC. Similar proportions recovered in trial subgroups meeting different definitions of the illness.ConclusionsThis study confirms that recovery from CFS is possible, and that CBT and GET are the therapies most likely to lead to recovery.
Bayesian parentage analysis with systematic accountability of genotyping error, missing data and false matching
Authors: Christie Mark R. , Tennessen Jacob A. , Blouin Michael S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Motivation: The goal of any parentage analysis is to identify as many parent–offspring relationships as possible, while minimizing incorrect assignments. Existing methods can achieve these ends, but they require additional information in the form of demographic data, thousands of markers and/or estimates of genotyping error rates. For many non-model systems, it is simply not practical, cost-effective or logistically feasible to obtain this information. Here, we develop a Bayesian parentage method that only requires the sampled genotypes to account for genotyping error, missing data and false matches.
Results: Extensive testing with microsatellite and SNP datasets reveals that our Bayesian parentage method reliably controls for the number of false assignments, irrespective of the genotyping error rate. When the number of loci is limiting, our approach maximizes the number of correct assignments by accounting for the frequencies of shared alleles. Comparisons with exclusion and likelihood-based methods on an empirical salmon dataset revealed that our Bayesian method had the highest ratio of correct to incorrect assignments.
Availability: Our program SOLOMON is available as an R package from the CRAN website. SOLOMON comes with a fully functional graphical user interface, requiring no user knowledge about the R programming environment. In addition to performing Bayesian parentage analysis, SOLOMON includes Mendelian exclusion and a priori power analysis modules. Further information and user support can be found at https://sites.google.com/site/parentagemethods/.
Contact: christim@science.oregonstate.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Sensory Hyperalgesia is Characteristic of Nonspecific Arm Pain
Authors: Moloney Niamh , Hall Toby , Doody Catherine 
Published: January 2013

Objectives:
Nonspecific arm pain (NSAP) is a common clinical entity, the pathophysiological mechanisms of which are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate sensory profiles in individuals with nonspecific arm pain compared with cervical radiculopathy and pain-free controls.

Methods:
Forty office workers with NSAP, 17 people with cervical radiculopathy, and 40 pain-free controls were assessed by means of quantitative sensory testing (thermal and vibration detection thresholds; thermal and pressure pain thresholds), tests for neural tissue sensitivity, and questionnaires. Between-group comparisons were conducted using Kruskal-Wallis tests. An exploratory factor analysis was used to determine characteristic features in NSAP.

Results:
Both patient groups demonstrated cold and pressure pain sensitivity (P<0.003; P<0.05) and neural tissue sensitivity (P<0.001). The NSAP group also demonstrated heat pain sensitivity (P<0.001). Both patient groups demonstrated hypoaesthesia to vibration thresholds (P<0.05), whereas thermal hypoaesthesia was only evident in the cervical radiculopathy group (P<0.05). Exploratory factor analysis revealed pressure and thermal pain sensitivity as the key characteristics of this NSAP group.

Discussion:
Sensory profiles in NSAP and cervical radiculopathy differ. NSAP is characterized by widespread sensitivity to thermal and pressure pain in the absence of thermal hypoaesthesia, whereas cervical radiculopathy is characterized by the presence of thermal and vibratory hypoaesthesia as well as more localized cold and pressure pain sensitivity. The identification of widespread sensory hypersensitivity in NSAP has important implications for clinical decision making.