bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical Breakdown Properties and Space Charge Formation in High Temperature Region in Ultraviolet Ray Irradiated PVC
Authors: Miura Masakazu , Fukuma Masumi , Kishida Satoru 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYPolyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the most popular insulating material for electric wiring instruments. However, an exothermic reaction above 150 °C may cause deterioration of the insulating properties of PVC. Therefore, it is important to clarify the heat degradation in PVC, not only to investigate the ignition of electrical wiring products but also to use electrical products safely. It is known that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes chemical deterioration of PVC and an increase in its conductivity. Generally, it has been thought that the electrical breakdown properties, electrical conduction, and insulating performance are affected by space charge accumulation in an insulating material. A high temperature pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) system usable up to 250 °C has been developed, and the PEA system can measure the space charge distribution and conduction current in the high temperature range simultaneously. In this investigation, the space charge distribution and conduction current were measured up to electrical breakdown in a non‐UV irradiated sample (normal PVC) and in 353 nm and 253 nm UV‐irradiated PVC samples in the range from room temperature to 200 °C in a DC electric field. In the short wavelength UV irradiated PVC sample (253 nm, 300 h), a deterioration of breakdown strength at 90 °C to 150 °C and negative packet‐like charges were observed at 60 °C and 100 °C, a positive charge accumulated in front of both the anode and cathode above 90 °C, and a higher electric field near the cathode side because the positive charge of the cathode side was greater.
Pressure Rise and Propagation Phenomena Due to Fault Arc in Container with Opened Pipe
Authors: Miyagi Tsukasa , Tanaka Shin‐ichi , Iwata Mikimasa , Amakawa Tadashi 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYThis paper describes experimental and analytic studies on pressure rise and propagation phenomena due to high current arcs in a container with opened pipes. The shape of the experimental container was chosen taking into account underground common ducts. First, arcs were ignited in the container with varying diameter D and length L of the opened pipes and at arc currents of 4 kA to 12.5 kA and an arc duration of 0.1 s. Based on measured waveforms, the maximum pressure rise and the pressure oscillation frequency were obtained. It was found that there is a tendency for to increase with decreasing D and increasing L, and that D has a much greater impact on . In addition, the tendencies of with changing D and L can be approximately explained by Helmholtz resonance. Second, a CFD model for the container with opened pipe was developed based on the experimental results, and simulations were performed. The simulation results were found to correspond to the experimental pressure rise.
Negative First Return‐Stroke Current Peaks and Impulse Charge Transfer
Authors: Michishita Koji , Sato Hiroaki , Yokoyama Shigeru , Furukawa Seiji 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYFor the effective and efficient insulation design of a power line, the return‐stroke current waveform parameters are indispensable. Charge transfer is one of the important parameters when damage to equipment on a power line due to the energy of lightning is discussed. The amount of charge transfer associated with a lightning flash or individual strokes can be estimated by using the electric field change obtained with a slow antenna. The authors observed the electric field waveforms in south Kyushu for the purpose of efficient acquisition of return‐stroke current parameters. In this paper, the authors discuss the relation between the negative first return‐stroke current peaks and the impulse charge transfer based on the observed electric field waveforms.
Discussion of paper ‘Development of a family of unconditionally stable explicit direct integration algorithms with controllable numerical energy dissipation’ by Chinmoy Kolay and James M. Ricles, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2014; 43:1361–1380
Authors: Chang Shuenn‐Yih 
Published: November 2014

SummaryIt seems that the explicit KR‐α method (KRM), which was developed by Kolay and Ricles, is promising for the step‐by‐step integration because it simultaneously integrates unconditional stability, explicit formulation, and numerical dissipation together. It was shown that KRM can inherit the numerical dispersion and energy dissipation properties of the generalized‐α method [1] for a linear elastic system, and it reduces to CR method (CRM), which was developed by Chen and Ricles [2] if ρ∞ = 1 is adopted, where ρ∞ is the spectral radius of the amplification matrix of KRM as the product of the natural frequency and the step size tends to infinity. However, two unusual properties were found for KRM and CRM, and they might limit their application to solve either linear elastic or nonlinear systems. One is the lack of capability to capture the structural nonlinearity, and the other is that it is unable to realistically reflect the dynamic loading. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic Simulation Tools for Post‐Genome Wide Association Studies of Complex Diseases
Authors: Chen Huann‐Sheng , Hutter Carolyn M. , Mechanic Leah E. , Amos Christopher I. , Bafna Vineet , Hauser Elizabeth R. , Hernandez Ryan D. , Li Chun , Liberles David A. , McAllister Kimberly , Moore Jason H. , Paltoo Dina N. , Papanicolaou George J. , Peng Bo , Ritchie Marylyn D. , Rosenfeld Gabriel , Witte John S. , Gillanders Elizabeth M. , Feuer Eric J. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTGenetic simulation programs are used to model data under specified assumptions to facilitate the understanding and study of complex genetic systems. Standardized data sets generated using genetic simulation are essential for the development and application of novel analytical tools in genetic epidemiology studies. With continuing advances in high‐throughput genomic technologies and generation and analysis of larger, more complex data sets, there is a need for updating current approaches in genetic simulation modeling. To provide a forum to address current and emerging challenges in this area, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored a workshop, entitled “Genetic Simulation Tools for Post‐Genome Wide Association Studies of Complex Diseases” at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland on March 11–12, 2014. The goals of the workshop were to (1) identify opportunities, challenges, and resource needs for the development and application of genetic simulation models; (2) improve the integration of tools for modeling and analysis of simulated data; and (3) foster collaborations to facilitate development and applications of genetic simulation. During the course of the meeting, the group identified challenges and opportunities for the science of simulation, software and methods development, and collaboration. This paper summarizes key discussions at the meeting, and highlights important challenges and opportunities to advance the field of genetic simulation.
Pharmacotherapy in bipolar disorders during hospitalization and at discharge predicts clinical and psychosocial functioning at follow‐up
Authors: Pompili Maurizio , Innamorati Marco , Gonda Xenia , Serafini Gianluca , Erbuto Denise , Ricci Federica , Fountoulakis Kostas N. , Lester David , Vazquez Gustavo , Rihmer Zoltan , Amore Mario , Girardi Paolo 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveIndividuals with bipolar disorder (BD) usually report significant disability and psychosocial impairment. Both the nature and causes associated with this impairment are poorly understood. In particular, research examining the impact of pharmacotherapy on the different aspects of psychosocial functioning in bipolar patients is currently lacking. The aim of this study was to assess to what extent the psychotropic medications used during psychiatric hospitalization and at discharge can predict clinical psychosocial functioning and the severity of the illness at follow‐up in inpatients with bipolar disorder (BD).MethodsPatients were 71 adult BD patients contacted on average 31 months after discharge who completed at the follow‐up a telephone interview based on the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS).ResultsAll the subjects completed the follow‐up assessment between 5 and 75 months after discharge. The mean raw score for the HoNOS‐6 was 5.70 ± 5.37. Patients with more severe behavior problems more often had been prescribed atypical antipsychotics and anticonvulsants at discharge. Patients with more severe psychosocial functioning problems more often had a history of suicide attempts, and were more often prescribed anxiolytics during hospitalization and less often prescribed lithium at discharge.ConclusionsHaving been prescribed anxiolytics and atypical antipsychotics during hospitalization predicted reduced psychosocial functioning, whereas prescription of lithium at discharge was associated with better psychosocial functioning at follow‐up. Future studies are needed in order to investigate how psychosocial functioning may be related in the long‐term to pharmacological treatment in patients after discharge. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of rainfall and slope on runoff, soil erosion and rill development: an experimental study using two loess soils
Authors: Fang Haiyan , Sun Liying , Tang Zhenghong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRunoff generation and soil loss from slopes have been studied for decades, but the relationships among runoff, soil loss and rill development are still not well understood. In this paper, rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in two neighbouring plots (scale: 1 m by 5 m) with four varying slopes (17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4% and 46.6%) and two rainfall intensities (90 and 120 mm h−1) using two loess soils. Data on rill development were extracted from the digital elevation models by means of photogrammetry. The effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on runoff, soil loss and rill development were different for the two soils. The runoff and soil loss from the Anthrosol surface were generally higher than those from the Calcaric Cambisol surface. Higher rainfall intensity produced less runoff and more sediment for almost each treatment. With increasing slope gradient, the values of cumulative runoff and soil loss peaked, except for the treatments with 90 mm h−1 rainfall on the slopes with Anthrosol. With rainfall duration, runoff discharge decreased for Anthrosol and increased for Calcaric Cambisol for almost all the treatments. For both soils, sediment concentration was very high at the onset of rainfall and decreased quickly. Almost all the sediment concentrations increased on the 17.6% and 26.8% slopes and peaked on the 36.4% and 46.6% slopes. Sediment concentrations were higher on the Anthrosol slopes than on the Calcaric Cambisol slopes. At 90 mm h−1 rainfall intensity, increasingly denser rills appeared on the Anthrosol slope as the slope gradient increased, while only steep slopes (36.4% and 46.6%) developed rills for the Calcaric Cambisol soil. The contributions of rill erosion ranged from 36% to 62% of the cumulative soil losses for Anthrosol, while the maximum contribution of rill erosion to the cumulative soil loss was only 37.9% for Calcaric Cambisol. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WORLD CLASS SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Authors: Brill James H. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTIncreased competitive forces in domestic and foreign markets continue to cause government and industry to pursue strategies to achieve a competitive edge in the global marketplace. The premise of this paper is that an essential element for achieving a competitive edge is the practice of “World Class Systems Engineering” (WCSE).This author's view is that WCSE is a prerequisite to delivering total quality products and services. Less than WCSE can be expected to manifest itself in diminished “bottom‐line” results.This paper: (1) offers some observations on the current state of Systems Engineering; (2) provides a description of five essential elements of WCSE; and (3) asserts nine actions to achieve WCSE.To achieve WCSE, requires total quality management, or in the words of Dr. Malcolm Currie, Chairman and CEO, Hughes Aircraft Company “cmi” (Continuous Measurable Improvement).
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TRAINING PROGRAM
Authors: Carlson Harry 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe importance of Systems Engineering in the Aerospace Industry makes training in this field vital. Since such training is limited at Colleges, the industry must do it. The Lockheed two year training program includes courses to broaden the technical knowledge base, Systems Engineering Process training & on‐the‐job training assignments. The program includes careful student selection, the use of mentors, key subject seminars, and special student group events.
CAN SYSTEM ENGINEERING SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT?
Authors: Martin Frederick 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe Environmental Impact Report (EIR) and the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) are the lawyer's version of system engineering. But System engineering is a disciplined methodology for managing the risks and decisions involved in designing and implementing systems of optimum capability within the constraints of resources and time. Although it has come into widespread use in the defense industry and in some segments of the commercial industry this methodology has not been widely adopted by municipal governments as a tool for making decisions and managing complex projects. In this article I present a framework in which local governments can use the methods of system engineering to evaluate the environmental consequences of their projects. I shall illustrate this process by analyzing the tradeoffs in solid waste disposal. This analysis will show that by incorporating into the decision making process the environmental consequences of either landfilling or the conversion of solid waste to energy the public interest is best served with conversion to energy.
THE NEXT GENERATION OF SYSTEMS MODELING AND PROTOTYPING
Authors: Havlark Arlene E. , Mansfield Bruce M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe engineering of large, complex systems is a difficult task. In the increasingly competitive arena of defense contracting, there is a need for easy‐to‐use tools to analyze tasks quickly. A multi‐year project at Boeing uses hierarchical model‐based reasoning and distributed systems to develop tools for early analysis of complex systems. These tools assist the earliest efforts of systems engineers to test alternative concepts, to derive system requirements, to identify potential problems, and to explore key system design issues.The Process Flow modeling tool (pFlow) is a hierarchical, graphics‐based modeling and simulation tool. A Systems Prototyping Environment (SysPro) provides virtual communications, a thread‐based computing paradigm for the UNIXTM operating system, and computer language wrappers to assist engineers in evolving new systems. Moreover, it provides a formalized specification and migration path toward a final system design.
On Definition and Use of Systems Engineering Processes, Methods and Tools
Authors: Stone Arthur , Scott Charles , Rahmani Shawn 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a case study on the development, and deployment of a systems engineering process for use on commercial avionics systems. The systems engineering process is presented in the context of the overall product development process, called the Common Process (CP) which identifies goals, objectives, major milestones and top level activities for the systems engineering, hardware engineering, software engineering, project management and authorization/budgeting processes. The systems engineering development plan is described. The scope of the systems engineer process, and its major activities are described. Emphasis is on using techniques that reduce cultural and organizational impact and improve the likelihood that the changes are accepted.
APPLICATION OF A SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE THE DOD PROGRAM MANAGEMENT PROCESSES
Authors: Brewer Harold R. , Martin Patricia T. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) has utilized a traditional, functional systems engineering approach for weapon system development. However, the advent of the concurrent engineering philosophy highlighted that the success of a defense program could be enhanced by applying a systems engineering approach to managing or determining programmatic requirements. A Process Action Team was established at MICOM to develop an optimized systems engineering process for weapon systems development, which includes the philosophy of concurrent engineering. This paper presents a case study of the team's findings.
SEMP‐ET: A New Approach In Evaluating Systems Engineering Management Plans
Authors: Kuehl C. Stephen 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper will address the creation of a MIL‐STD‐499B SEMP Evaluation Technique (ET) that can be objectively applied to any tailored SEMP DID structure. SEMP‐ET focuses upon the MIL‐STD‐499B Draft specification of a systems engineering process and expands its metrics definition around a practical contractor implementation. Often contractors go to DID boilerplates to produce program plans that can not be efficiently and effectively reviewed for approval.SEMP‐ET is an attempt to standardize a technique for providing a timely approval feedback loop to the contractor. Based upon five quality levels (each having generically defined metrics), the SEMP‐ET provides an approval authority a flexible capability to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate a contractor's SEMP in a concise and consistent manner.By using the five quality level scoring approach, strengths and weaknesses of the plan can be graphically displayed to determine whether the plan has to be modified for customer satisfied acceptance. SEMP‐ET embodies the direction given by the revised DoD 5000 series guidelines. However, more importantly, SEMP‐ET offers consistency in DID reviewing that can be data based and tracked for identification of good, sound System Engineering Management Plans.
A COMPUTER‐AIDED METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING THE RELIABILITY OF EMBEDDED SOFTWARE
Authors: Warren Bruce A. , Dynamics General 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTAs today's systems become more and more complex, software plays an increasingly important role. Complicated, high‐criticality functions, which were previously performed by cumbersome hardware systems, are now performed by software. As software becomes more important, it also becomes more important to develop techniques and tools to ensure that this software is safe and reliable. This paper describes a computer‐aided analysis methodology which was developed and implemented by Systems Engineers, in the analysis of a complex real‐time embedded software system.
SYSTEM ENGINEERING OF NAVAL AIR ASW SYSTEMS
Authors: Pariseau Richard J. , Stuebing Henry G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper describes system engineering of Air Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) Systems at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division Warminster. These Combat Systems are examples of time‐critical airborne applications that use distributed computer configurations. Structured interviews with the responsible system engineers were conducted to map working level processes(e.g. the time‐line method) into the formal Navy processes. The paper reports the results of these interviews. The paper concludes with an identification of areas where automation has the potential of significantly improving the system engineering process.
USING RDD TO SUPPORT THE SYSTEM ENGINEERING PROCESS
Authors: Mixon Hugh 
Published: November 2014

AbstractImplementing a computer‐based System Engineering tool that changes the way an organization performs System Engineering poses challenges for that organization. Those challenges are magnified when the initial use of the tool is for a major military system development program and it involves implementing the tool by major subcontractors and the military project office. Potential payoffs from using such a tool, especially in the early phases of system development, are quite high. Using the RDD‐100 Requirements Driven Development tool (from Ascent Logic Corporation, San Jose, California) during the system engineering process can enhance engineering productivity by injecting structure into the requirements definition activities, providing a structured approach for high level system behavior modeling, allowing traceability between system requirements and system behavior, allowing individual users at various organizations to work on parts of the process, and facilitating the documentation of the system engineering process. This paper describes the process of implementing the RDD environment, establishing program development structure, and transferring externally generated engineering data into the RDD system.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING: A DATA MODEL VIEW
Authors: Crawford James I. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTDuring the late 70's the U.S. Air Force sponsored a program called Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing or ICAM. The term ICAM Definition arose and was abbreviated to IDEF. Three IDEF modeling techniques were developed: IDEFO (process modeling), IDEF1 (data modeling) and IDEF2 (dynamics modeling). IDEF1X is an outgrowth of IDEF1. See Reference 1.This paper presents an IDEF1X data model view of systems engineering. It shows some of the fundamental data elements of Systems Engineering and their logical relationships. The data model is applicable to any product development, from toys to space ships.The model uses two particular data constructs (FUNCTION RELATION, and BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTIC) that provide the flexibility needed to use the highly structured world of databases to provide a tool for the highly unstructured and creative world of Systems Engineering. The model evolved over the past two years as a result of the author's participation in Martin Marietta's efforts to develop an integrated data base.The lack of a widely accepted view of Systems Engineering data may partly account for the shortage of good Computer Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) tools and/or the lack of user acceptance of some of the CASE tools. The author hopes this paper will help stimulate dialog that will result in one or more widely accepted views upon which CASE tools can proliferate. The paper is organized into 6 topics:
Data modeling tutorial
A data model view of systems engineering
Anatomy of a performance requirement
Relation between data models and CASE tool functionality
Conclusions
Recommendation
BUILDING AND MANAGING THE REQUIREMENTS/VERIFICATION DATABASE
Authors: Sailor J. Douglas 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe use of automated requirements management tools has become mandatory in current systems due to their size and complexity, and the need to insure that all requirements will be fulfilled. Traceability of requirements from the system level to the hardware or software “box” level forms the basis for any requirements manage system, and is accomplished by use of a Project Unique Identifier (PUID). Attached to each requirement statement are a number (50‐75) of attributes that relate to the nature, relationship, and verification of that requirement. This single electronic requirements database is used to produce specifications directly, provide requirement audit reports and error checking, provide requirement traceability matrices, provide critical resource summaries, and provide the status of verification and change activities. It forms an integral part of the closed‐loop verification process, and is therefore active throughout the entire system acquisition cycle.