bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Potential Intensity: An improved representation of the ocean's impact on tropical cyclones
Authors: Balaguru Karthik , Foltz Gregory R. , Leung L. Ruby , Asaro Eric D' , Emanuel Kerry A. , Liu Hailong , Zedler Sarah E. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTo incorporate the effects of tropical cyclone (TC)‐induced upper ocean mixing and sea surface temperature (SST) cooling on TC intensification, a vertical average of temperature down to a fixed depth was proposed as a replacement for SST within the framework of air‐sea coupled Potential Intensity (PI). However, the depth to which TC‐induced mixing penetrates may vary substantially with ocean stratification and storm state. To account for these effects, here we develop a “Dynamic Potential Intensity” (DPI) based on considerations of stratified fluid turbulence. For the Argo period 2004–2013 and the three major TC basins of the Northern Hemisphere, we show that the DPI explains 11–32% of the variance in TC intensification, compared to 0–16% using previous methods. The improvement obtained using the DPI is particularly large in the eastern Pacific where the thermocline is shallow and ocean stratification effects are strong.
Characteristics of four SPE groups with different origins and acceleration processes
Authors: Kim R.‐S. , Cho K.‐S. , Lee J. , Bong S.‐C. , Joshi A. D. , Park Y.‐D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractSolar proton events (SPEs) can be categorized into four groups based on their associations with flare or CME inferred from onset timings as well as acceleration patterns using multienergy observations. In this study, we have investigated whether there are any typical characteristics of associated events and acceleration sites in each group using 42 SPEs from 1997 to 2012. We find the following: (i) if the proton acceleration starts from a lower energy, a SPE has a higher chance to be a strong event (> 5000 particle flux per unit (pfu)) even if its associated flare and/or CME are not so strong. The only difference between the SPEs associated with flare and CME is the location of the acceleration site. (ii) For the former (Group A), the sites are very low (∼ 1 Rs) and close to the western limb, while the latter (Group C) have relatively higher (mean = 6.05 Rs) and wider acceleration sites. (iii) When the proton acceleration starts from the higher energy (Group B), a SPE tends to be a relatively weak event (< 1000 pfu), although its associated CME is relatively stronger than previous groups. (iv) The SPEs categorized by the simultaneous acceleration in whole energy range within 10 min (Group D) tend to show the weakest proton flux (mean = 327 pfu) in spite of strong associated eruptions. Based on those results, we suggest that the different characteristics of SPEs are mainly due to the different conditions of magnetic connectivity and particle density, which are changed with longitude and height as well as their origin.
The effect of including field‐aligned potentials in the coupling between Jupiter's thermosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere
Authors: Ray L. C. , Achilleos N. A. , Yates J. N. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractJupiter's magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system drives the brightest, steadiest aurora in our solar system. This emission is the result of an electrical current system, which couples the magnetosphere to the planetary atmosphere in an attempt to enforce the corotation of the middle magnetospheric plasma. Field‐aligned currents transfer angular momentum from the atmosphere to the magnetosphere. In the equatorial plane, the field‐aligned currents diverge into radially outward currents, which exert a torque on the plasma due to the J × B forces. Equatorward ionospheric currents exert an opposite torque on the ionosphere, which interacts with the thermosphere via ion‐neutral collisions. The upward field‐aligned currents result in auroral electron precipitation, depositing energy into the high‐latitude atmosphere. This energy input is a possible candidate for explaining the large thermospheric temperature measured by the Galileo probe at equatorial latitudes; however, previous atmospheric circulation models have shown that the bulk of the energy is transported poleward, rather than equatorward. We present numerical results of Jupiter's coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system including, for the first time, field‐aligned potentials. The model is compared with three previously published works. We find that the rotational decoupling of the magnetospheric and thermospheric angular velocities in the presence of field‐aligned potentials tempers the thermospheric response to the outward transport of magnetospheric plasma, but this is a secondary effect to variations in the Pedersen conductance.
On the accuracy of stratospheric aerosol extinction derived from in situ size distribution measurements and surface area density derived from remote SAGE II and HALOE extinction measurements
Authors: Kovilakam Mahesh , Deshler Terry 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn situ stratospheric aerosol measurements, from University of Wyoming optical particle counters (OPCs), are compared with Stratospheric Aerosol Gas Experiment (SAGE) II (versions 6.2 and 7.0) and Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) satellite measurements to investigate differences between SAGE II/HALOE‐measured extinction and derived surface area and OPC‐derived extinction and surface area. Coincident OPC and SAGE II measurements are compared for a volcanic (1991–1996) and nonvolcanic (1997–2005) period. OPC calculated extinctions agree with SAGE II measurements, within instrumental uncertainty, during the volcanic period, but have been a factor of 2 low during the nonvolcanic period. Three systematic errors associated with the OPC measurements, anisokineticity, inlet particle evaporation, and counting efficiency, were investigated. An overestimation of the OPC counting efficiency is found to be the major source of systematic error. With this correction OPC calculated extinction increases by 15–30% (30–50%) for the volcanic (nonvolcanic) measurements. These changes significantly improve the comparison with SAGE II and HALOE extinctions in the nonvolcanic cases but slightly degrade the agreement in the volcanic period. These corrections have impacts on OPC‐derived surface area density, exacerbating the poor agreement between OPC and SAGE II (version 6.2) surface areas. This disparity is reconciled with SAGE II version 7.0 surface areas. For both the volcanic and nonvolcanic cases these changes in OPC counting efficiency and in the operational SAGE II surface area algorithm leave the derived surface areas from both platforms in significantly better agreement and within the ± 40% precision of the OPC moment calculations.
Retrieval of the land surface‐air temperature difference from high spatial resolution satellite observations over complex surfaces in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Jie , Gao Shiyang , Chen Haishan , Yu Jiahui , Tang Qun 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe temperature difference between the surface and the air (dTsa) directly indicates the intensity and heat fluxes of land‐atmosphere interaction. Considering the effects of surface characteristics and air condition on the surface temperature, using 1 km data from the MOD02 thermal infrared bands of the EOS/moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) on satellite Aqua, other MODIS products and temperatures observed from weather stations at 14:00 China standard time (CST), the study analyzes the relationships between dTsa and brightness temperature in the infrared atmospheric window band (Bt31 and Bt32), the water vapor band (Bt28), the atmospheric temperature band (Bt25), and the CO2 band (Bt34). A model estimating dTsa is built. The model coefficients are estimated for 96 stations representing 96 sets of surface and atmospheric conditions, and 71 sets of coefficients among them passing 90% confidence levels of estimating dTsa are selected as references. Combined with the probabilistic neural network (PNN) method and nine parameters reflecting surface characteristics in one season and month, the Tibetan Plateau surface is classified as 71 types with 71 sets of coefficients. PNN is certified an efficient classification method for multiple parameters and mass data. Based on PNN and estimated model, estimated dTsa shows 1.36°C root‐mean‐square error and a standard deviation of 0.74°C, and dTsa distribution exhibits all centers with peak value and valley value of European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts, MYD07, and simple regression model results, showing its superiority. The model is worthy of further exploration and application in an effort to advance the retrieval of surface energy fluxes from remote sensing.
Short‐term GNSS satellite clock stability
Authors: Griggs E. , Kursinski E. R. , Akos D. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractGlobal Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) clock stability is characterized via the modified Allan deviation using active hydrogen masers as the receiver frequency reference. The high stability of the maser reference allows the GNSS clock contribution to the GNSS carrier phase variance to be determined quite accurately. Satellite clock stability for four different GNSS constellations are presented, highlighting the similarities and differences between the constellations as well as satellite blocks and clock types. Impact on high‐rate applications, such as GNSS radio occultation (RO), is assessed through the calculation of the maximum carrier phase error due to clock instability. White phase noise appears to dominate at subsecond time scales. However, while we derived the theoretical contribution of white phase modulation to the modified Allan deviation, our analysis of the GNSS satellite clocks was limited to 1–200 s time scales because of inconsistencies between the subsecond results from the commercial and software‐defined receivers. The rubidium frequency standards on board the Global Positioning System (GPS) Block IIF, BeiDou, and Galileo satellites show improved stability results in comparison to previous GPS blocks for time scales relevant to RO. The Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) satellites are the least stable of the GNSS constellations in the short term and will need high‐rate corrections to produce RO results comparable to those from the other GNSS constellations.
Depressive Symptoms Are Associated with the Phenomenal Characteristics of Imagined Positive and Negative Future Events
Authors: Szőllősi Ágnes , Pajkossy Péter , Racsmány Mihály 
Published: July 2015

SummaryDepressive symptoms are often found to be associated with the number of imagined positive and negative future episodes. Whereas most previous studies investigated the number of imagined events within a limited time period, our study focused on the phenomenal nature of future episodes and their relationships to depressive symptoms, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Nonclinical participants (n = 183) rated the phenomenal qualities (vividness, contextual/sensory details, felt, importance, accessibility, and certainty) of future episodes generated in response to negative and positive cue words. We found that lower ratings on the phenomenal characteristics of the positive events were associated with higher BDI scores, while an opposite pattern was observed for the negative events. However, there was no relationship between the proportion of imagined episodes that were specific and the BDI scores. Altogether, these results suggest that depressive symptom severity is associated with a wide range of phenomenal characteristics of imagined future episodes.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Antiinflammatory Treatment on the Onset of Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Longitudinal Analysis From a Nationwide Pediatric Rheumatology Database
Authors: Tappeiner Christoph , Schenck Sandra , Niewerth Martina , Heiligenhaus Arnd , Minden Kirsten , Klotsche Jens 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveBased on a nationwide database, this study analyzed the influence of methotrexate (MTX), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, and a combination of the 2 medications on uveitis occurrence in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients.MethodsData from the National Paediatric Rheumatological Database in Germany were used in this study. Between 2002 and 2013, data from JIA patients were annually documented at the participating pediatric rheumatologic sites. Patients with a JIA disease duration of <12 months at initial documentation and ≥2 years of followup were included in this study. The impact of antiinflammatory treatment on the occurrence of uveitis was evaluated by discrete‐time survival analysis.ResultsA total of 3,512 JIA patients (mean ± SD age 8.3 ± 4.8 years, 65.7% female, 53.2% antinuclear antibody positive, and mean ± SD age at arthritis onset 7.8 ± 4.8 years) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Mean ± SD total followup time was 3.6 ± 2.4 years. Uveitis developed in a total of 180 patients (5.1%) within 1 year after arthritis onset. Uveitis onset after the first year was observed in another 251 patients (7.1%). Disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) treatment in the year before uveitis onset significantly reduced the risk for uveitis as follows: MTX: hazard ratio (HR) 0.63, P = 0.022; TNF inhibitors: HR 0.56, P < 0.001; and a combination of the 2 medications: HR 0.10, P < 0.001. Patients treated with MTX within the first year of JIA had an even a lower uveitis risk (HR 0.29, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe use of DMARDs in JIA patients significantly reduced the risk for uveitis onset. Early MTX use within the first year of disease and the combination of MTX with a TNF inhibitor had the highest protective effect.
Rest Pain and Movement‐Evoked Pain as Unique Constructs in Hip and Knee Replacements
Authors: Sayers Adrian , Wylde Vikki , Lenguerrand Erik , Beswick Andrew D. , Gooberman‐Hill Rachael , Pyke Mark , Dieppe Paul , Blom Ashley W. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveThere is limited information about the extent to which the association between preoperative and chronic postoperative pain is mediated via pain‐on‐movement or pain‐at‐rest. We explored these associations in patients undergoing total hip replacement (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR).MethodsA total of 322 and 316 patients receiving THR and TKR, respectively, were recruited into a single‐center UK cohort (Arthroplasty Pain Experience) study. Preoperative, acute postoperative, and 12‐month pain severity was measured using self‐reported pain instruments. The association between preoperative/acute pain and chronic postoperative pain was investigated using structural equation modeling (SEM).ResultsPatients with high levels of preoperative pain were more likely to report chronic pain after THR (β = 0.195, P = 0.02) and TKR (β = 0.749, P < 0.0001). Acute postoperative pain‐on‐movement was not associated with chronic pain after TKR or THR after adjusting for preoperative pain; however, acute pain‐at‐rest was associated with chronic pain after THR (β = 0.20, P < 0.0002) but not TKR after adjusting for preoperative pain. Analysis of pain‐at‐rest and pain‐on‐movement highlighted differences between THR and TKR patients. Chronic pain‐at‐rest after THR was weakly associated with pain‐at‐rest during the preoperative (β = 0.11, P = 0.068) and acute postoperative period (β = 0.21, P < 0.0001). In contrast, chronic pain‐on‐movement after TKR was strongly associated with the severity of pain‐on‐movement during the preoperative period (β = 0.51, P = 0.001).ConclusionSEM illustrated the different patterns of association between measures of pain over time in patients undergoing THR and TKR for osteoarthritis. These findings highlight the importance of future work that explores the mechanisms underlying pain‐on‐movement and pain‐at‐rest.
Cross‐sectional structural variation relative to midshaft along hominine diaphyses. I. The forelimb
Authors: Mongle Carrie S. , Wallace Ian J. , Grine Frederick E. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesAnalyses of hominine forelimb diaphyseal structure typically employ sections located at midshaft. This study addresses three questions. First, how accurately must midshaft be defined to yield comparable data? Second, does variation in midshaft location due to alternative definitions fall within error ranges such that data gathered using different length measurements are comparable? Third, do error ranges and length metric effects differ between elements or taxa such that certain bones or species are more prone to issues of comparability?Materials and MethodsHumeri, radii, and ulnae of Homo, Pan, and Gorilla were CT‐scanned at full length and error ranges for three structural parameters (CSA, J, Imax/Imin) were calculated around midshafts.ResultsDistances proximally and distally from midshaft where structural values become significantly different from midshaft values vary between elements, taxa, and structural parameters. Error ranges are largest for the humerus and smallest for the ulna. Among taxa, error ranges for gorillas are largest and those for humans are smallest. Among structural parameters, error ranges depend on element and taxon such that no parameter consistently exhibits larger or smaller error ranges across all bones or species. Variation in midshaft locations originating from different length definitions is small and falls within error ranges defined by maximum length across all elements and taxa.DiscussionIncluding fragmentary specimens for which midshaft location is uncertain in comparisons of forelimb diaphyseal structure requires evaluation on a case‐by‐case basis, with consideration to element, taxon, and structural traits of interest. However, midshaft data for all three structural parameters considered here that are recorded using different length measurements can be reasonably compared. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:386–397, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex estimation from modern American humeri and femora, accounting for sample variance structure
Authors: Boldsen Jesper L. , Milner George R. , Boldsen Søren K. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesA new procedure for skeletal sex estimation based on humeral and femoral dimensions is presented, based on skeletons from the United States. The approach specifically addresses the problem that arises from a lack of variance homogeneity between the sexes, taking into account prior information about the sample's sex ratio, if known.Material and methodsThree measurements useful for estimating the sex of adult skeletons, the humeral and femoral head diameters and the humeral epicondylar breadth, were collected from 258 Americans born between 1893 and 1980 who died within the past several decades.ResultsFor measurements individually and collectively, the probabilities of being one sex or the other were generated for samples with an equal distribution of males and females, taking into account the variance structure of the original measurements. The combination providing the best estimates correctly classifies 88.3% of the skeletons, with 10.8% considered unknown and 0.9% assigned to the wrong sex.DiscussionProbabilities of correct assignments are a better means of categorizing individuals as male or female than the sectioning points commonly used in skeletal studies. That is because it is possible to estimate the observer's certainty that the individual represented by measured bones was one sex or the other. A computer program is available that simultaneously considers samples of unequal sex composition. It is useful when there is contextual information available about the nature of skeletal samples (e.g., a mass burial from a battle or genocide). Am J Phys Anthropol 158:745–750, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photocatalytic Formic Acid Conversion on CdS Nanocrystals with Controllable Selectivity for H2 or CO
Authors: Kuehnel Moritz F. , Wakerley David W. , Orchard Katherine L. , Reisner Erwin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFormic acid is considered a promising energy carrier and hydrogen storage material for a carbon‐neutral economy. We present an inexpensive system for the selective room‐temperature photocatalytic conversion of formic acid into either hydrogen or carbon monoxide. Under visible‐light irradiation (λ>420 nm, 1 sun), suspensions of ligand‐capped cadmium sulfide nanocrystals in formic acid/sodium formate release up to 116±14 mmol H2 gcat−1 h−1 with >99 % selectivity when combined with a cobalt co‐catalyst; the quantum yield at λ=460 nm was 21.2±2.7 %. In the absence of capping ligands, suspensions of the same photocatalyst in aqueous sodium formate generate up to 102±13 mmol CO gcat−1 h−1 with >95 % selectivity and 19.7±2.7 % quantum yield. H2 and CO production was sustained for more than one week with turnover numbers greater than 6×105 and 3×106, respectively.
Katalytische Silylierung von Alkoholen: von einfachen Schutzgruppenstrategien zu leistungsfähigen enantioselektiven Synthesemethoden
Authors: Xu Li‐Wen , Chen Yun , Lu Yixin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren gab es bemerkenswerte Fortschritte bei der enantioselektiven Silylierung von Alkoholen. Durch die erfolgreiche Anwendung in der regio‐ und stereoselektiven Funktionalisierung von Hydroxygruppen verwandelte sich die Silyletherbildung von einer einfachen Reaktion zum Schutz funktioneller Gruppen in ein leistungsfähiges enantioselektives Verfahren. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst die jüngsten Ergebnisse in diesem aufstrebenden Gebiet zusammen.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Dialkenylation of Cage BH Bonds in o‐Carboranes through Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Lyu Hairong , Quan Yangjian , Xie Zuowei 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed direct dialkenylation of cage B(4,5)H bonds in o‐carboranes has been achieved with the help of a carboxylic acid directing group, leading to the preparation of a series of 4,5‐[trans‐(ArCHCH)]2‐ocarboranes in high yields with excellent regioselectivity. The traceless directing group, eliminated during the course of the reaction, is responsible for controlling regioselectivity and dialkenylation. A possible catalytic cycle is proposed, involving a tandem sequence of PdII‐initiated cage BH activation, alkene insertion, β‐H elimination, reductive elimination, and decarboxylation.
Direct Epoxidation of Propylene over Stabilized Cu+ Surface Sites on Titanium‐Modified Cu2O
Authors: Yang Xiaofang , Kattel Shyam , Xiong Ke , Mudiyanselage Kumudu , Rykov Sergei , Senanayake Sanjaya D. , Rodriguez José A. , Liu Ping , Stacchiola Dario J. , Chen Jingguang G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDirect propylene epoxidation by O2 is a challenging reaction because of the strong tendency for complete combustion. Results from the current study demonstrate that by generating highly dispersed and stabilized Cu+ active sites in a TiCuOx mixed oxide the epoxidation selectivity can be tuned. The TiCuOx surface anchors the key surface intermediate, an oxametallacycle, leading to higher selectivity for epoxidation of propylene.
Redox‐Active NOxLigands in Palladium‐Mediated Processes
Authors: Fairlamb Ian J. S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis Minireview highlights the redox and non‐innocent behavior of NOxligands (x=1, 2, or 3) in selected Pd‐mediated processes, for example, alkene and aromatic oxidation processes. A focus is placed on mechanistic understanding and linking recent transformations, such as CH bond activation/functionalization and Wacker oxidation, with previous work on the functionalization of aromatics and alkenes by PdIIsalts.