bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Junctionless nanowire transistor fabricated with high mobility Ge channel
Authors: Yu Ran , Georgiev Yordan M. , Das Samaresh , Hobbs Richard G. , Povey Ian M. , Petkov Nikolay , Shayesteh Maryam , O'Connell Dan , Holmes Justin D. , Duffy Ray 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe junctionless nanowire metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor (JNT) has recently been proposed as an alternative device for sub‐20‐nm nodes. The JNT architecture eliminates the need for forming PN junctions, resulting in simple processing and competitive electrical characteristics. In order to further boost the drive current, alternative channel materials such as III–V and Ge, have been proposed. In this Letter, JNTs with Ge channels have been fabricated by a CMOS‐compatible top–down process. The transistors exhibit the lowest subthreshold slope to date for JNT with Ge channels. The devices with a gate length of 3 μm exhibit a subthreshold slope (SS) of 216 mV/dec with an ION/IOFF current ratio of 1.2 × 103 at VD = –1 V and drain‐induced‐barrier lowering (DIBL) of 87 mV. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Observer‐based decentralized adaptive control for large‐scale pure‐feedback systems with unknown time‐delayed nonlinear interactions
Authors: Yoo Sung Jin 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThis paper presents an approximation design for a decentralized adaptive output‐feedback control of large‐scale pure‐feedback nonlinear systems with unknown time‐varying delayed interconnections. The interaction terms are bounded by unknown nonlinear bounding functions including unmeasurable state variables of subsystems. These bounding functions together with the algebraic loop problem of virtual and actual control inputs in the pure‐feedback form make the output‐feedback controller design difficult and challenging. To overcome the design difficulties, the observer‐based dynamic surface memoryless local controller for each subsystem is designed using appropriate Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functionals, the function approximation technique based on neural networks, and the additional first‐order low‐pass filter for the actual control input. It is shown that all signals in the total controlled closed‐loop system are semiglobally uniformly bounded and control errors converge to an adjustable neighborhood of the origin. Finally, simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed decentralized control scheme. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of renewable hydrogen by reformation of biofuels
Authors: Panagiotopoulou Paraskevi , Papadopoulou Christina , Matralis Haris , Verykios Xenophon 
Published: October 2013

Environmental concerns and sustainability issues dictate the production of energy carriers from renewable resources. Hydrogen is thought to be the most appropriate energy carrier in this respect, especially in combination with fuel cell technologies and distributed power generation schemes. Although renewable hydrogen can be produced from excess renewable electricity, this approach imposes difficulties related to storage, handling, and transportation. The use of biomass has been proposed for production of renewable hydrogen. The most effective way is to utilize biofuels as intermediates in the hydrogen and power production sequence. Appropriate biofuels are bioethanol, biogas, bio‐oil, and glycerol. These molecules can be catalytically reformed, most efficiently with steam, at elevated temperatures, to yield hydrogen and carbon dioxide. For this purpose, appropriate catalysts have been developed, which exhibit high activity, selectivity toward hydrogen production and long‐term stability. Stability of operation is very critical as deposition of coke on the catalyst surface is thermodynamically feasible and kinetically favorable in many cases and operating envelopes. Although noble metals are active and rather resistant to coke deposition, they are rare and expensive. Nickel and other transition metals have been investigated and significant research efforts have been extended to improve catalytic characteristics by appropriate choice of support material, metal dispersion, and additives in the metal or the carrier phases. Furthermore, elucidation of mechanistic aspects of the reformation reactions, other reactions which occur in sequence or in parallel as well as carbon deposition routes, is also utilized toward the development of appropriate catalytic materials and processes.This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen > Science and Materials
Injectable foams for regenerative medicine
Authors: Prieto Edna M. , Page Jonathan M. , Harmata Andrew J. , Guelcher Scott A. 
Published: October 2013

The design of injectable biomaterials has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Many injectable biomaterials, such as hydrogels and calcium phosphate cements (CPCs), have nanoscale pores that limit the rate of cellular migration and proliferation. While introduction of macroporosity has been suggested to increase cellular infiltration and tissue healing, many conventional methods for generating macropores often require harsh processing conditions that preclude their use in injectable foams. In recent years, processes such as porogen leaching, gas foaming, and emulsion‐templating have been adapted to generate macroporosity in injectable CPCs, hydrogels, and hydrophobic polymers. While some of the more mature injectable foam technologies have been evaluated in clinical trials, there are challenges remaining to be addressed, such as the biocompatibility and ultimate fate of the sacrificial phase used to generate pores within the foam after it setsin situ. Furthermore, while implantable scaffolds can be washed extensively to remove undesirable impurities, all of the components required to synthesize injectable foams must be injected into the defect. Thus, every compound in the foam must be biocompatible and noncytotoxic at the concentrations utilized. As future research addresses these critical challenges, injectable macroporous foams are anticipated to have an increasingly significant impact on improving patient outcomes for a number of clinical procedures.This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging TechnologiesImplantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement
Detecting short‐term responses to weekend recreation activity: Desert bighorn sheep avoidance of hiking trails
Authors: Longshore Kathleen , Lowrey Chris , Thompson Daniel B. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTTo study potential effects of recreation activity on habitat use of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni), we placed Global Positioning System collars on 10 female bighorn sheep within the Wonderland of Rocks–Queen Mountain region of Joshua Tree National Park (JOTR), California, USA, from 2002 to 2004. Recreation use was highest from March to April and during weekends throughout the year. Daily use of recreation trails was highest during midday. By comparing habitat use (slope, ruggedness, distance to water, and distance to recreation trails) of female bighorn sheep on weekdays versus weekends, we were able to detect short‐term shifts in behavior in response to recreation. In a logistic regression of bighorn sheep locations versus random locations for March and April, female locations at midday (1200 hours) were significantly more distant from recreation trails on weekends compared with weekdays. Our results indicate that within this region of JOTR, moderate to high levels of human recreation activity may temporarily exclude bighorn females from their preferred habitat. However, the relative proximity of females to recreation trails during the weekdays before and after such habitat shifts indicates that these anthropogenic impacts were short‐lived. Our results have implications for management of wildlife on public lands where the co‐existence of wildlife and recreational use is a major goal. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Overexpression of NADH-dependent fumarate reductase improves d-xylose fermentation in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Salusjärvi Laura , Kaunisto Sanna , Holmström Sami , Vehkomäki Maija-Leena , Koivuranta Kari , Pitkänen Juha-Pekka , Ruohonen Laura 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Deviation from optimal levels and ratios of redox cofactors NAD(H) and NADP(H) is common when microbes are metabolically engineered. The resulting redox imbalance often reduces the rate of substrate utilization as well as biomass and product formation. An example is the metabolism of d-xylose by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase encoding genes from Scheffersomyces stipitis. This pathway requires both NADPH and NAD+. The effect of overexpressing the glycosomal NADH-dependent fumarate reductase (FRD) of Trypanosoma brucei in d-xylose-utilizing S. cerevisiae alone and together with an endogenous, cytosol directed NADH-kinase (POS5Δ17) was studied as one possible solution to overcome this imbalance. Expression of FRD and FRD + POS5Δ17 resulted in 60 and 23 % increase in ethanol yield, respectively, on d-xylose under anaerobic conditions. At the same time, xylitol yield decreased in the FRD strain suggesting an improvement in redox balance. We show that fumarate reductase of T. brucei can provide an important source of NAD+ in yeast under anaerobic conditions, and can be useful for metabolic engineering strategies where the redox cofactors need to be balanced. The effects of FRD and NADH-kinase on aerobic and anaerobic d-xylose and d-glucose metabolism are discussed.
Systematic review of the efficacy and tolerability of Clozapine in the treatment of youth with early onset schizophrenia
Authors: Schneider C. , Corrigall R. , Hayes D. , Kyriakopoulos M. , Frangou S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe use of clozapine (CLZ) for treatment-resistant schizophrenia is well established in adults. However, it is seldom used in youth with early onset schizophrenia (EOS) largely because of lack of clarity about its risk benefit ratio. This review synthesises and evaluates available evidence regarding the efficacy and tolerability of CLZ in EOS with the aim to assist clinical decision-making.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of the primary literature on the clinical efficacy and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) observed during CLZ treatment in EOS. We also identified relevant practice guidelines and summarised current guidance.ResultsCLZ showed superior efficacy than other antipsychotics in treating refractory EOS patients; short-term clinical trials suggest an average improvement of 69% on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale that was sustained during long-term follow-up (up to 9 years). No fatalities linked to CLZ treatment were reported. Sedation and hypersalivation were the most common complaints, reported by over 90% of patients. Other common ADRs (reported in 10-60% of patients) were enuresis, constipation, weight gain, and non-specific EEG changes. Less common ADRs (reported in 10-30% of patients) were akathisia, tachycardia and changes in blood pressure. Neutropenia was reported in 6–15% of cases but was usually transient while agranulocytosis was rare (< 0.1%). Seizures were also uncommon (< 3%). Metabolic changes were relatively common (8–22%) but emergent diabetes was not frequently observed (< 6%). Overall the rate of discontinuation was low (3–6%). Current guidelines recommend the use of CLZ in EOS patients who have failed to respond to two adequate trials with different antipsychotics and provide detailed schedules of assessments to evaluate and assess potential ADRs both prior to initiation and throughout CLZ treatment.ConclusionAvailable data although limited in terms of number of studies are consistent in demonstrating that CLZ is effective and generally safe in the treatment of refractory EOS provided patients are regularly monitored
Limit sets of stable cellular automata
Authors: BALLIER ALEXIS 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe study limit sets of stable cellular automata from a symbolic dynamics point of view, where they are a special case of sofic shifts admitting a steady epimorphism. We prove that there exists a right-closing almost-everywhere steady factor map from one irreducible sofic shift onto another one if and only if there exists such a map from the domain onto the minimal right-resolving cover of the image. We define right-continuing almost-everywhere steady maps, and prove that there exists such a steady map between two sofic shifts if and only if there exists a factor map from the domain onto the minimal right-resolving cover of the image. To translate this into terms of cellular automata, a sofic shift can be the limit set of a stable cellular automaton with a right-closing almost-everywhere dynamics onto its limit set if and only if it is the factor of a full shift and there exists a right-closing almost-everywhere factor map from the sofic shift onto its minimal right-resolving cover. A sofic shift can be the limit set of a stable cellular automaton reaching its limit set with a right-continuing almost-everywhere factor map if and only if it is the factor of a full shift and there exists a factor map from the sofic shift onto its minimal right-resolving cover. Finally, as a consequence of the previous results, we provide a characterization of the almost of finite type shifts (AFT) in terms of a property of steady maps that have them as range.
Topographic controls on gravity currents in porous media
Authors: Pegler Samuel S. , Huppert Herbert E. , Neufeld Jerome A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractWe present a theoretical and experimental study of the propagation of gravity currents in porous media with variations in the topography over which they flow, motivated in part by the sequestration of carbon dioxide in saline aquifers. We consider cases where the height of the topography slopes upwards in the direction of the flow and is proportional to the$n\text{th} $power of the horizontal distance from a line or point source of a constant volumetric flux. In two-dimensional cases with$n\gt 1/ 2$, the current evolves from a self-similar form at early times, when the effects of variations in topography are negligible, towards a late-time regime that has an approximately horizontal upper surface and whose evolution is dictated entirely by the geometry of the topography. For$n\lt 1/ 2$, the transition between these flow regimes is reversed. We compare our theoretical results in the case$n= 1$with data from a series of laboratory experiments in which viscous glycerine is injected into an inclined Hele-Shaw cell, obtaining good agreement between the theoretical results and the experimental data. In the case of axisymmetric topography, all topographic exponents$n\gt 0$result in a transition from an early-time similarity solution towards a topographically controlled regime that has an approximately horizontal free surface. We also analyse the evolution over topography that can vary with different curvatures and topographic exponents between the two horizontal dimensions, finding that the flow transitions towards a horizontally topped regime at a rate which depends strongly on the ratio of the curvatures along the principle axes. Finally, we apply our mathematical solutions to the geophysical setting at the Sleipner field, concluding that topographic influence is unlikely to explain the observed non-axisymmetric flow.
Experimental evidence of new three-dimensional modes in the wake of a rotating cylinder
Authors: Radi A. , Thompson M. C. , Rao A. , Hourigan K. , Sheridan J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA recent numerical study by Rao et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 717, 2013, pp. 1–29) predicted the existence of several previously unobserved linearly unstable three-dimensional modes in the wake of a spinning cylinder in cross-flow. While linear stability analysis suggests that some of these modes exist for relatively limited ranges of Reynolds numbers and rotation rates, this may not be true for fully developed nonlinear wakes. In the current paper, we present the results of water channel experiments on a rotating cylinder in cross-flow, for Reynolds numbers $200\leqslant \mathit{Re}\leqslant 275$ and non-dimensional rotation rates $0\leqslant \alpha \leqslant 2. 5$. Using particle image velocimetry and digitally post-processed hydrogen bubble flow visualizations, we confirm the existence of the predicted modes for the first time experimentally. For instance, for $\mathit{Re}= 275$ and a rotation rate of $\alpha = 1. 7$, we observe a subharmonic mode, mode C, with a spanwise wavelength of ${\lambda }_{z} / d\approx 1. 1$. On increasing the rotation rate, two modes with a wavelength of ${\lambda }_{z} / d\approx 2$ become unstable in rapid succession, termed modes D and E. Mode D grows on a shedding wake, whereas mode E consists of streamwise vortices on an otherwise steady wake. For $\alpha \gt 2. 2$, a short-wavelength mode F appears localized close to the cylinder surface with ${\lambda }_{z} / d\approx 0. 5$, which is presumably a manifestation of centrifugal instability. Unlike the other modes, mode F is a travelling wave with a spanwise frequency of ${\mathit{St}}_{3D} \approx 0. 1$. In addition to these new modes, observations on the one-sided shedding process, known as the ‘second shedding’, are reported for $\alpha = 5. 1$. Despite suggestions from the literature, this process seems to be intrinsically three-dimensional. In summary, our experiments confirm the linear predictions by Rao et al., with very good agreement of wavelengths, symmetries and the phase velocity for the travelling mode. Apart from this, these experiments examine the nonlinear saturated state of these modes and explore how the existence of multiple unstable modes can affect the selected final state. Finally, our results establish that several distinct three-dimensional instabilities exist in a relatively confined area on the $\mathit{Re}$–$\alpha $ parameter map, which could account for their non-detection previously.
Reversals in Wine Auction Prices
Authors: McManus Ginette , Sharma Rajneesh , Tezel Ahmet 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper investigates reversals in wine auction prices following a series of strong positive and negative returns. Using the Chicago Wine Company's auction data, we find evidence of reversals after extreme wine price changes. There is a clear asymmetry in the market reaction to wine price increases and declines. Wine price declines after strong price increases are not, in general, as significant as wine price increases after strong price declines. The strongest reversal occurs for wines that have declined in price by more than 30 percent. (JEL Classifications: D44, G14)
Seeking Observable Imprints of Small-Scale Structure on the Properties of Dark Matter Haloes
Authors: Power C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe characteristic prediction of the Cold Dark Matter (CDM) model of cosmological structure formation is that the Universe should contain a wealth of small-scale structure—low-mass dark matter haloes and subhaloes. However, galaxy formation is inefficient in their shallow potential wells and so we expect these low-mass haloes and subhaloes to be dark. Can we tell the difference between a Universe in which these low-mass haloes are present but dark and one in which they never formed, thereby providing a robust test of the CDM model? We address this question using cosmological N-body simulations to examine how properties of low-mass haloes that are potentially accessible to observation, such as their spatial clustering, rate of accretions and mergers onto massive galaxies, and the angular momentum content of massive galaxies, differ between a fiducial ΛCDM model and dark matter models in which low-mass halo formation is suppressed. Adopting an effective cut-off mass scale Mcut below which small-scale power is suppressed in the initial conditions, we study dark matter models in which Mcut varies between 5×109h−1M⊙ and 1011h−1M⊙, equivalent to the host haloes of dwarf and low-mass galaxies. Our results show that both the clustering strength of low-mass haloes around galaxy-mass primaries and the rate at which they merge with these primaries are sensitive to the assumed value of Mcut; in contrast, suppressing low-mass halo formation has little influence on the angular momentum content of galaxy-mass haloes—it is the quiescence or violence of a halo's assembly history that has a more marked effect. However, we expect that measuring the effect on spatial clustering or the merger rate is likely to be observationally difficult for realistic values of Mcut, and so isolating the effect of this small-scale structure would appear to be remarkably difficult to detect, at least in the present day Universe.
Lost in Translation? Nonstate Actors and the Transnational Movement of Procedural Law
Authors: Brake Benjamin , Katzenstein Peter J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn recent years U.S. legal norms and practices reconfigured important elements of how law is thought of and practiced in both common and civil law countries around the world. With specific focus on the spread of American procedural practices (class action and pretrial discovery), this article applies a transactional view of law that emphasizes the private practice of law and nonstate actors. Such an approach highlights important aspects of world politics overlooked by traditional analyses of international legalization, conventionally understood as the direct spread of law by and among states. We find that the movement of law is a dynamic process involving diffusion, translation, and the repeated transnational exchanges of legal actors. Through our examination of this process, we offer insights into how aspects of American law moved into unlikely jurisdictions to reshape legal theory, pedagogy, procedure, and the organizing structure of the legal profession.
Effect of storage and preservation of milk samples on the response of microbial inhibitor tests
Authors: Llopis Milagro Borràs , Marugón Marta Roca , Althaus Rafael Lisandro , Pons Maria Pilar Molina 
Published: October 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage time (4 °C) on milk samples and the use of azidiol as preservative on the results of microbial inhibitor tests used to detect antimicrobials in milk. For this purpose, 16 milk bulk samples divided into two aliquots, preservative-free and with azidiol, spiked with 12 concentrations of amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G and oxytetracycline, were used. The milk samples were analysed using the BRT MRL, Delvotest MCS Accelerator and Eclipse 100 at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h stored at 4 °C. The logistic regression model was applied to study the effect of storage time (ST), preservative (P) and their interaction (ST×P). At a concentration equivalent to the Detection Limit (DL), the positive results of microbial inhibitor tests do not remain stable during storage time. These results are more reproducible if samples are stored with a preservative. At Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) concentration microbial inhibitor tests can detect penicillin for up to 72 h of storage. For oxytetracycline, the BRT MRL and Delvotest MCS tests presents DL exceeding the MRL, therefore they are not sensitivity to this tetracycline (0% positive results). By contrast Eclipse 100, whose DL is lower than the MRL, gave 100% positive results during the 72 h storage period. It can be concluded that it would be convenient to store milk samples with azidiol at 4 °C and to carry out analyses within the first 48 h since milk sampling.