bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny And Phylogeny. To The Problem Of The Relation Of Individual And Historical Development In Organisms
Authors: Kovtun M. F. , Sheverdyukova H. V. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The theory of filembriogenesis is only an introduction to the problem’s development of ontogeny’ and phylogeny’ relation (hereinafter — «relation»). Discussions as to whether ontogeny creates phylogeny, or vice versa, are devoid of meaning. The opinion of O. Hertwig (Hertwig, 1906) that the ontogeny and phylogeny are two parallel and independent developmental processes is valid only in the first part; thesis about independence distorts the essence of «relation.» According to the authors, one of the essential characteristics of the «relation» is that ontogeny gives the material for phylogeny, and phylogeny renews ontogeny, leading away ontogeny from inbreeding; that ontogeny ensures the life continuity and phylogeny — its differentiation, that is, creates biodiversity; that ontogeny and phylogeny can exist and function only in conjunction or in parallel, changing places (in terms of priority) in the life evolution.
Distiribution Of The Spider Zelotes Azsheganovae (Aranei, Gnaphosidae) On The East European Plain
Authors: Evtushenko K. V. , Polchaninova N. Yu. , Esyunin S. L. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Data on Zelotes azsheganovae Esyunin et Efimik, 1992 distribution in the East European Plain (Ukraine, Russia) are summarized. The species occurs mainly in the wood and steppe belt, preferring plots of meadow steppe, forest edges and glades. A list of material, distribution map, photographs and drawings of male and female copulatory organs are provided.
Avian Diversity Along An Altitudinal Gradient In Highveld/Drakensberg Grasslands
Authors: Kopij G. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Temperature and rainfall related to altitudinal gradients influence ecological and evolutionary responses of organisms to physical factors. In this study, the line transect method was used during the years 1996–2001 to compare resident (potentially breeding) bird communities in three altitudinal divisions in Highveld/Drakensberg grasslands in Lesotho: lowlands (< 1700 m a. s. l.), foothills (1700–2200 m a. s. l.) and highlands (> 2200 m a. s. l.). In total, 105 resident species were recorded. The total number of species recorded in lowlands was higher than that in highlands and foothills, but this difference was not statistically significant. The highland and foothill did not differ in numbers of species. A group of five species dominated at all three sites, and the proportion of dominant species in relation to the whole assemblage was very similar. The composition of the dominant group (species with more than 5 % of pairs) and the group of species most often encountered (in more than 80 % of transects) was, however, different. Only two species, Cape Canary Serinuscanicollis and Karoo Prinia Priniamaculosa were dominant in all three study areas, and just one species, the Cape Bunting Emberizacapensis, was dominant in two plots. Similarly, only two species, the Cape Turtle-Dove Streptopelia capicola and Cape Canary had a high frequency of occurrence in all three study areas, and two otherspecies, theKaroo Prinia and Cape Bunting — in two study areas. Simpson’s Diversity Index was strikingly the same (S = 0.96) for all three avian assemblages (lowland, foothill and highland) investigated. However, proportions of breeding pairs of some congeneric species were found to change with the altitude. The granivores were more common (44–45 %) in the foothills and highlands than in lowlands (36%), while insectivores were more common in the highlands (50 %) than in foothills and lowlands (36–37 %). In general, avifauna is relatively diverse and unique in the Highveld/Drakensberg grasslands. Results presented here provide data for further investigation of the effect of the supposed climate warming on the diversity and structure of avian communities.
A Unique Colony Of The Bobak Marmot, Marmota Bobak (Rodentia, Sciuridae), In Steppes Of The Right-Bank Ukraine
Authors: Rashevska H. V. , Semeniuk S. K. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The analysis of historical data on the the bobak marmot distribution and failed attempts to reacclimatize the species in the right-bank Ukraine are presented. The article also informs about finding in Mykolaiv Region a colony of the the bobak marmot which history dates back to 1988.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Behavior of Nanostructured Copper
Particles on Graphite for Application in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Licht Björn Karl , Homeyer Fabian , Bösebeck Katharina , Binnewies Michael , Heitjans Paul 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Graphitic materials are currently the state-of-the-art anode materials
for lithium ion secondary batteries. By chemical modification, the
electrochemical performance of the pristine materials can be
improved. In this paper we report on the preparation of nanostructured
copper particles on graphite by thermal decomposition of copper
formate. With this technique a novel, simple and low cost method for
a homogeneous deposition of nanostructured copper particles on
graphite was established. Different amounts of copper were realized
and their influence on the electrochemical behavior of the active
material was investigated. The copper particles had a size
distribution between 50 nm and
300 nm. Electrochemical measurements displayed an improved
performance of the synthesized composite material compared to the
pristine material. Cyclic voltammetry showed a suppressed
cointercalation of solvated lithium and an increased formation of the
solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Battery cycling demonstrated an
increased discharge capacity and cycling stability.
Activators Regenerated by Electron Transfer for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of Hydrophobically Modified Silica Aerogel Nanoparticles
Authors: Khezri Khezrollah , Alijani Hassan , Fazli Yousef 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Pristine hydrophilic silica aerogel nanoparticles surface was
functionalized with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). Then, the resultant
modified nanoparticles were used for in situ polymerization
of styrene by activators regenerated by electron transfer for atom
transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) to synthesize
well-defined polystyrene nanocomposites. Success surface modification
of hydrophilic silica aerogel nanoparticles with HMDS is demonstrated
by FTIR spectroscopy and TGA. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption
isotherm is applied to examine surface area and structural
characteristics of the synthesized hydrophobic silica aerogel
nanoparticles. Evaluation of size distribution and morphological
studies were also performed by SEM and TEM. Conversion and molecular
weight determinations were carried out using gas and size exclusion
chromatography respectively. Adding of hydrophobic silica aerogel
nanoparticles by 3 wt % results in a decrease of conversion
from 89 to 64%. Molecular weight polystyrene chains
decreases from 53991 to 42701 g · mol
–1 by
addition of 3 wt % hydrophobic silica aerogel nanoparticles;
however, polydispersity index values increases from 1.22 to
1.6. A peak around 4.15 ppm which originates from
hydrogen atom of terminal units of polystyrene chains in proton
nuclear magnetic resonance spectra can appropriately demonstrate the
living nature of the polymerization. Increasing thermal stability of
the nanocomposites is demonstrated by TGA. Differential scanning
calorimetry shows a decrease in glass transition temperature from
80.3 to 68.9 ℃ by addition of 3 wt %
hydrophobic silica aerogel nanoparticles.
Color Separation of Signature and Stamp Inks to Facilitate Handwriting Examination
Authors: Chaikovsky A , Brown S , David LS , Balman A , Barzovski A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The questioned documents laboratory often encounters cases where handwriting that is to be examined intersects with some interfering factor such as a rubber stamp, typewriting or background printing. In these cases, line direction, beginning and ending features of letters and other fine details of the handwriting may be lost in the "noise" of the intersecting ink. The purpose of this paper is to show several new digital photography methods that may be used to “subtract” the effect of the intersecting ink, thereby enhancing that of the handwriting ink in order to enable the document examiner to conduct a complete examination. These methods have the advantage of being fast and do not involve the use of expensive material or equipment.
Several new methods are described that may be used to separate the colors of the handwriting ink from that of the intersecting ink: the analog method and several digital methods such as RGB-HSB-CMYK, L*a*b color, and color separation using the Channel Mixer function of Adobe Photoshop.
Successful application of these color separation methods to specific handwriting ink/rubber stamp ink color combinations shows that the effect of the intersecting ink may indeed be minimalized if not canceled altogether. Application of the suggested methods may well make the difference between a nonconclusive handwriting examination and a full analysis of the questioned handwriting.
Novel Paternity Testing by Distinguishing Parental Alleles at a VNTR Locus in the Differentially Methylated Region Upstream of the Human H19 Gene
Authors: Naito EN , Dewa K , Fukuda M , Sumi H , Wakabayashi Y-I , Umetsu K , Yuasa I , Yamanouchi H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Conventional PCR-based genotyping is useful for forensic testing but cannot be used to determine parental origins of alleles in DNA specimens. Here we describe a novel method of combined conventional genotyping and PIA typing (parentally imprinted allele typing) at a minisatellite region upstream from the H19 locus. The PIA typing uses two sets of primers and DNA digested with methylation-sensitive Hha I enzyme. The first amplification produces only the methylated fragment of paternal H19 allele, and the second detects polymorphism in the minisatellite. Hence, this distinguishes paternal and maternal alleles by difference in the DNA methylation. Furthermore, the polymorphism in this polymorphic locus was examined using 199 unrelated Japanese and 171 unrelated Germans, their polymorphism information content being 0.671 and 0.705, respectively. Feasibility of this typing is demonstrated for six families, and the usefulness is shown by application to paternity testing.
Coexistence and Concentrations of Ethanol and Diazepam in Postmortem Blood Specimens: Risk for Enhanced Toxicity?
Authors: Holmgren P , Jones AW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Both ethanol and diazepam are classified as depressants of the central nervous system and exert their effects via the GABAA receptor complex. We report the coexistence and concentrations of ethanol, diazepam, and its primary metabolite nordiazepam in a case series of 234 forensic autopsies collected over a ten-year period. Diazepam, nordiazepam, and ethanol were determined in femoral venous blood by highly selective gas chromatographic methods. The mean (median) femoral blood concentrations were ethanol 0.24 g/100 mL (0.25 g/100 mL), diazepam (D) 0.23 μg/g (0.10 μg/g), nordiazepam (ND) 0.24 μg/g (0.20 μg/g), sum (D + ND) 0.43 μg/g (0.30 μg/g), and the ratio D/ND was 1.19 (1.0). When cause of death was attributed to alcohol and/or drug intoxication (N = 50), the mean and median blood-ethanol concentration was higher, being 0.36 g/100 mL and 0.38 g/100 mL, respectively, whereas the mean (median) and range of blood-diazepam concentrations were about the same, 0.23 μg/g (0.10 μg/g) and 0.05 to 1.2 μg/g. The femoral-blood concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam were highly correlated (r = 0.73), but there was no correlation between the concentrations of ethanol and diazepam (r = -0.15). In another 114 fatalities (all causes of death) with diazepam and/or nordiazepam as the only drugs present, the mean (median) and range of blood-diazepam concentrations were 0.22 μg/g (0.10 μg/g) and 0.03 to 3.5 μg/g. The pathologists report showed that none of these deaths were classed as drug intoxications. The impression gleaned from this study of ethanol-diazepam deaths is that high blood-ethanol concentration is the major causative factor. We found no evidence that concurrent use of diazepam enhanced the acute toxicity of ethanol, although interpretation is complicated by the high blood-ethanol concentration (median 0.38 g/100 mL), making it difficult to discern an added effect of diazepam.
The Gander Disaster: Dental Identification in a Military Tragedy
Authors: Brannon RB , Morlang WM , Smith BC 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors record the contributions of dentistry to the identification of victims of one of the most significant disasters in aviation and U.S. military history-the December 1985 crash of a DC-8 charter airliner near Gander, Newfoundland (now known as Newfoundland and Labrador), Canada, which killed 248 Army personnel and 8 crewmembers. Most of the dental records of the military victims were destroyed in the crash, and, as a result, this loss hampered dental identification. Nevertheless, dental identification was the primary means of identification for many because a very high percentage of the bodies were severely burned and fragmented. Many phases of the U.S. identification efforts have been reported, but the dental-investigation aspects have been mentioned only in passing. Therefore, this article documents the dental team's organization, methodology, and a variety of remarkable problems that the team encountered.
Discriminant Function Sexing of the Calcaneus of the South African Whites
Authors: Bidmos MA , Asala SA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The skull and some postcranial elements, such as the humerus, femur, and tibia, have been used in their intact states for sex determination in forensic and archaeological cases. But, in practice, these bones are often recovered in fragmented states, which render them unsuitable for use in sex determination. The calcaneus is a compact bone that is able to withstand high tensile forces. Some of its parameters have been used for sex determination in American whites and blacks (1) and Italians (2). This bone has not been used for sex determination in the South African white population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the degree of sexual dimorphism of the calcaneus of the South African white population sample, derive discriminant function score equations for use in sex determination, and determine the level of accuracy of its sex-determining ability. Nine parameters were measured on each pair of 53 male and 60 female calcanei of known South African white skeletons, obtained by a random sampling technique from the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Basic statistic and discriminant function analysis was performed on the acquired data. The basic statistics showed that all measured parameters were sexually dimorphic. Discriminant function score equations were generated for use in sex determination. The average accuracy of sex classification ranged from 73 to 86% for the univariate method, 81 to 91% for the stepwise method, and 82 to 92% for the direct method. It is concluded that the calcaneus is useful for sex determination in the South African white population.
3D Surface and Body Documentation in Forensic Medicine: 3-D/CAD Photogrammetry Merged with 3D Radiological Scanning
Authors: Thali MJ , Braun J , Wirth J , Vock P , Dirnhofer R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A main goal of forensic medicine is to document and to translate medical findings to a language and/or visualization that is readable and understandable for judicial persons and for medical laymen. Therefore, in addition to classical methods, scientific cutting-edge technologies can and should be used. Through the use of the Forensic, 3-D/CAD-supported Photogrammetric method the documentation of so-called "morphologic fingerprints" has been realized. Forensic, 3-D/CAD-supported Photogrammetry creates morphologic data models of the injury and of the suspected injury-causing instrument allowing the evaluation of a match between the injury and the instrument. In addition to the photogrammetric body surface registration, the radiological documentation provided by a volume scan (i.e., spiral, multi-detector CT, or MRI) registers the sub-surface injury, which is not visible to Photogrammetry. The new, combined method of merging Photogrammetry and Radiology data sets creates the potential to perform many kinds of reconstructions and postprocessing of (patterned) injuries in the realm of forensic medical case work. Using this merging method of colored photogrammetric surface and gray-scale radiological internal documentation, a great step towards a new kind of reality-based, high-tech wound documentation and visualization in forensic medicine is made. The combination of the methods of 3D/CAD Photogrammetry and Radiology has the advantage of being observer-independent, non-subjective, non-invasive, digitally storable over years or decades and even transferable over the web for second opinion.
Time Since Discharge of Shotgun Shells
Authors: Wilson JD , Tebow JD , Moline KW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A technique for the estimation of time since discharge of a given class of spent shotgun shells is presented. The technique involved the use of SPME (Solid Phase Microextraction) sampling from the atmosphere inside spent shotgun shells. Compounds absorbed on the SPME fiber were desorbed and analyzed with GC-MS. The decrease in concentration of the combustion product naphthalene was monitored in all shells over a two-month period. Three conditions were examined to prevent naphthalene from escaping prior to testing the shells. A glass vial was successfully incorporated to halt the dissipation of naphthalene. At room temperature the naphthalene peak can be measured for several months and the curvefitting data can lead to an estimation of time since discharge.
Meningitis Following Gunshot Wound of the Neck
Authors: Spitz DJ , Ouban A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It is generally assumed that a missile fired from a gun is subjected to sufficient heat to render it sterilized (1,2). For this reason, retained bullets are not usually considered a source of infection. The infectious complications associated with gunshot wounds are typically attributed to perforation of a hollow viscus with leakage of gastrointestinal contents causing peritonitis or intra-abdominal abscess. There are several reports of bacterial meningitis involving the spinal cord in gunshot wounds that perforate the intestine prior to involving the thoracic or lumbar vertebral column (3–6); however, there are no published reports of cerebral meningitis resulting from a retained projectile in the spinal canal in which there was no injury to the gastrointestinal tract. This manuscript describes a woman who died as a result of unsuspected acute bacterial meningitis which developed secondary to a gunshot wound of the neck. The projectile fractured the first thoracic vertebra, lacerated the dura and contused the spinal cord at the C7-T1 junction. Meningitis developed at the C7-T1 level and ascended along the cervical spinal cord to the brain. The infection caused acute neurologic deterioration and death four days following the initial injury.
Enhancing Contrast of Fingerprints on Plastic Tape
Authors: Steele CA , Ball MS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Many of the currently available fingerprinting methods have limited ability to visualize fingerprints on plastic tape without expensive equipment or significant handling of the sample. This is especially true for visualizing fingerprints on black electrical tape. This study sought a hands-off method to produce easy visualization of fingerprints on different types of plastic tape, including black electrical tape, without the need for expensive equipment. The methods selected were to sublime disperse dyes into the tape, both with and without the fuming of cyanoacrylate, everywhere except for where the fingerprint was applied. The resulting color contrasts provided enough differentiation to visualize fingerprints on plastic tape under ambient light. Sequential fuming with cyanoacrylate followed by disperse dyes provided the best visualizations on all tapes, and cyanoacrylate followed by disperse yellow 211 clearly visualized fingerprints on black electrical tape.
Allele Diversities and Haplotypes of Two Novel Y-STR in a Chinese Population
Authors: Dai HL , Wang XD , Dong JG , Zhang HJ , Hou YP , Li YB , Wu J , Zhang J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A total 107 EDTA-blood samples was collected from unrelated males of Han population in Chengdu of China. DNA was extracted utilizing the Chelex-100 method (1). The allelic variation at the two Y-STR loci named as DYS544 and DYS587 were analyzed by PCR amplification. Each PCR reaction contained 2-5 ng human genome, 1 × Taq buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 μM each dNTP (Pharmacia Biotech, Sweden), 2 U Taq polymerase (Promega Corporation), 0.3 μM each primer, in a total volume of 37.5 μL. PCR amplifications were carried out in a GeneAmp PCR System 9600 (Perkin-Elmer) with pre-denaturing for 2 min at 94°C, followed by 33 cycles of denaturing for 30 s at 94°C, annealing for 60 s at 58°C, and extension for 30 s at 72°C.
Review of: Practical Aspects of Interview and Interrogation, 2nd Edition
Authors: Horvath F , Blair JP 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Interviewing and interrogation, two of the most important tasks of an investigator, are skills that are developed over time. Proper development requires well-directed, systematic and appropriate training. Although there are principles that feature in such training, how those are applied depends on several circumstantial factors, including, of course, the interrogators' personal characteristics. There are a number of books now available on the market that purport to "teach" investigators how to conduct interviews and interrogations. This book, a revision of an earlier edition by the same authors, is one of them.
Commentary on: Wu AHB, Bellantoni NF. Stability of cholesterol gall stones after 165 years of burial. J Forensic Sci 2003;48(3):633-634.
Authors: Sturner WQ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The paper of Wu and Bellantoni on the stability of gallstones after long term burial brings to mind one of the most famous and notorious forensic cases of the century-the "Acid Bath" murders by John George Haigh in 1949 in England (1).