bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solar cell stacked dual‐polarised patch antenna for 5.8 GHz band WiMAX network
Authors: Yurduseven O. , Smith D. 
Published: December 2013

A novel combination of a two‐port slant ± 45° dual‐polarised microstrip patch antenna with a polycrystalline silicon (poly‐Si) solar cell operating as an RF stacked parasitic patch element is presented and discussed for 5.8 GHz band polarisation diverse multifunctional WiMAX systems. To minimise the effect of the solar operation on the RF antenna performance, an effective DC/RF isolation circuit consisting of quarter‐wavelength microstrip transmission lines is demonstrated. The proposed solar patch provides identical E‐plane and H‐plane far‐field radiation patterns for +45° and −45° polarisations with a gain of 7.8 dBi and operates at the frequency band of 5.66–5.91 GHz.
Design of high gain, broadband cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna
Authors: Wang Y.‐F. , Denidni T.A. , Zeng Q.‐S. , Wei G. 
Published: December 2013

A new high‐gain cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with a large bandwidth is proposed. A cylindrical dielectric resonator, an intermediate layer and a metallic cylinder are used to obtain a large bandwidth and a high gain. The intermediate layer structure can suppress surface wave propagation, which results in a gain improvement, and the cavity formed by the metallic cylinder provides a further higher gain. The measured results demonstrate that the proposed DRA achieves a large bandwidth of 23% from 5.4 to 6.8 GHz with a voltage standing wave ratio of < 2 and a high gain of around 11 dBi.
40 Gbit/s data routing through scalable 2D matrix of higher‐order ring resonator switches
Authors: DasMahapatra P. , Stabile R. , Rohit A. , Williams K.A. 
Published: December 2013

The first 40 Gbit/s multipath data routing is demonstrated in a two‐dimensional switch matrix composed of high‐order resonant optical switches. Broadband connectivity with on‐state bandwidths exceeding 100 GHz, chip losses below 9.0 dB and signal extinction above 20 dB is achieved through the four paths on the diagonal of the 4 × 4 matrix. 40 Gbit/s data routing is demonstrated through three of these paths with power penalties below 0.5 dB for each path.
Experimental demonstration of nonlinear waveform‐dependent metasurface absorber with pulsed signals
Authors: Wakatsuchi H. , Rushton J.J. , Lee J. , Gao F. , Jacob M. , Kim S. , Sievenpiper D.F. 
Published: December 2013

The absorbing performance of a nonlinear waveform‐dependent metasurface with pulsed signals is demonstrated. The metasurface is a periodic structure containing diodes, capacitors and resistors. These enable us to first rectify a high‐power incoming signal to a static field, then store the energy during the illumination and dissipate it before the next pulse comes in. The incident pulses contain a finite width of spectrum of around 4.2 GHz. By using the nonlinear metasurface, absorption that depends on both the power and the duty cycle of the incoming signals is measured. These measurements demonstrate the first waveform‐dependent absorbing metasurface.
Enhanced passive equaliser using open‐stub structure
Authors: Wu S.M. , Huang S.H. , Wang H.Y. , Chiu C.T. , Hung C.P. , Kuo C.W. , Wang C.C. 
Published: December 2013

An open‐stub compensation technique is proposed for passive equalisers used in high‐speed digital communication systems. By simply lumping an open stub to the conventional RL‐type passive equaliser, the frequency‐dependent channel loss from the long transmission path can be compensated, the frequency response of the channel becomes more flat and the bandwidth is wider. On comparing the proposed passive equaliser with typical RL passive equalisers, the simulation results show that the proposed technique can achieve an improvement by 1 GHz in the flat region of S21 on a 60 cm‐long differential pair. Thus, the proposed technique successfully demonstrates an improvement in electrical performance of about 57.4% in the time domain.
Incomplete cytokinesis and re-fusion of small mononucleated Hodgkin cells lead to giant multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cells
Authors: Rengstl Benjamin , Newrzela Sebastian , Heinrich Tim , Weiser Christian , Thalheimer Frederic B. , Schmid Frederike , Warner Kathrin , Hartmann Sylvia , Schroeder Timm , Küppers Ralf , Rieger Michael A. , Hansmann Martin-Leo 
Published: December 2013

Significance
Multinucleated giant tumor cells are frequently observed in tissue sections of patients with cancer. In classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), these so-called Reed–Sternberg (RS) cells are pathognomonic for the disease. Despite the well-described disease-promoting functions of multinucleated RS cells, their development remains obscure. Long-term time-lapse microscopy and single-cell tracking of HL cell lines demonstrated that RS cells are generated by re-fusion of small mononuclear progenitors. Importantly, fusing cells share almost exclusively the same ancestor, and visualization of the microtubule network revealed a persistent connection between daughter cells in the majority of re-fusion events. Understanding the mechanisms involved in fusion-based RS cell development will further illuminate giant tumor cell formation and may lead to new therapeutic intervention strategies.
Influence of abiotic factors on the antimicrobial activity of chitosan
Authors: Tavaria Freni K. , Costa Eduardo M. , Gens Eduardo J. , Malcata Francisco Xavier , Pintado Manuela E. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn an effort to bypass the adverse secondary effects attributed to the traditional therapeutic approaches used to treat skin disorders (such as atopic dermatitis), alternative antimicrobials have recently been suggested. One such antimicrobial is chitosan, owing to the already proved biological properties associated with its use. However, the influence of abiotic factors on such activities warrants evaluation. This research effort assessed the antimicrobial activity of chitosan upon skin microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli) in vitro when subject to a combination of different abiotic factors such as pH, ionic strength, organic acids and free fatty acids. Free fatty acids, ionic strength and pH significantly affected chitosan's capability of reducing the viable numbers of S. aureus. This antimicrobial action was potentiated in the presence of palmitic acid and a lower ionic strength (0.2% NaCl), while a higher ionic strength (0.4% NaCl) favored chitosan's action upon the reduction of viable numbers of S. epidermidis and E. coli. Although further studies are needed, these preliminary results advocate that chitosan can in the future be potentially considered as an antimicrobial of choice when handling symptoms associated with atopic dermatitis.
Evaluation of the antihistamine effects of olopatadine and levocetirizine during a 24‐h period: A double‐blind, randomized, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled comparison in skin responses induced by histamine iontophoresis
Authors: Takeo Tomohiro , Kasugai Chikatoshi , Tanaka Rui , Ando Takashi , Ogawa Akina , Akita Yoichi , Watanabe Daisuke 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe antihistamine effects of olopatadine and levocetirizine, in standard‐dose application described in their information (5 mg twice a day for olopatadine; 5 mg once daily for levocetirizine), were examined from 11.5 to 24 h after application. The test was designed in a double‐blind, randomized, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled study of 12 healthy volunteers on histamine‐induced flare and wheal response using an iontophoresis technique. The suppressive effect of olopatadine on the wheals induced by a 0.1‐mA histamine iontophoresis lasted for 24 h after dosing. Both drugs inhibited flare induced by histamine iontophoresis almost completely until 24 h after the first administration. Suppression of the 0.2‐mA‐induced wheal response by levocetirizine, taken once daily, decreased with time, although 0.1‐mA‐induced flare was almost completely suppressed by the drug. Olopatadine completely suppressed even the wheal response induced by a 0.2‐mA histamine iontophoresis. Compared with the placebo, the two drugs significantly suppressed the subjective itching assessed by visual analog scale at all intervals. There were no significant differences in subjective drowsiness and objective cognitive function between drug‐ and placebo‐treated subjects. These results demonstrate that olopatadine seems to be more potent than levocetirizine when administrated in a standard dose. In conclusion, mild to moderate urticaria could be controlled by standard application as described in their information. On the other hand, severe urticaria could be managed by a standard application of olopatadine, but levocetirizine may need an additional dose to control severe urticaria.
Antimicrobial effect of an ultrasonic levitation washer disinfector with silver electrolysis and ozone oxidation on methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Tamai Mariko , Matsushita Shigeto , Miyanohara Hiroaki , Imuta Naoko , Ikeda Ryuji , Kawai Kazuhiro , Nishi Junichiro , Sakamoto Akihiro , Shigihara Takanori , Kanekura Takuro 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMethicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has rapidly emerged as a cause of severe and intractable skin infection. At present, there are no effective topical treatments, and infection or colonization by MRSA of the skin raises serious medical problems. We developed an ultrasonic levitation washer that generates silver ions (Ag+) and ozone (O3) to clean and sterilize medical devices. We report the effect of ultrasonic levitation (levitation) with Ag+ and O3 on MRSA in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrobial effect against six MRSA strains of all agr types was examined under three in vitro conditions; cells floating in a water tank, cells infiltrating‐, and cells forming a biofilm on an atelocollagen membrane. In the in vivo studies, we assayed the number of MRSA organisms that survived treatment on murine skin ulcers and evaluated the ulcer size. Levitation with Ag+ dramatically decreased the survival of MRSA floating in a water tank. Levitation with Ag+ and O3 significantly decreased the viability of MRSA that had infiltrated or formed a biofilm on atelocollagen membranes regardless of the level of biofilm production. In vivo studies showed that the number of MRSA on murine skin ulcers was significantly decreased when 15‐min treatment was performed for 7 consecutive days and that the ulcer size was significantly decreased after the seventh treatment course. Levitation with Ag+ and O3 may be a valuable tool for treating MRSA infestation of the skin and for accelerating wound healing.
Expression of midkine in normal human skin, dermatitis and neoplasms: Association with differentiation of keratinocytes
Authors: Monma Fumiko , Hozumi Yutaka , Ikematsu Shinya , Kawaguchi Masakazu , Kadomatsu Kenji , Suzuki Tamio 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMidkine is a 13‐kDa heparin‐binding growth factor. It promotes growth, survival, migration and gene expression of various target cells and play roles in many diseases. In normal adult tissues, midkine expression is highly restricted; however, midkine expression levels are high in various malignant tumors. The major biological roles of midkine can be categorized into three areas, namely, the nervous system, cancer and inflammation. Thus far, midkine has not been studied extensively in diseased human skin. We performed immunohistochemistry tests by using anti‐midkine antibodies to study the expression of midkine in normal skin and skin samples of 26 different cutaneous diseases. In addition, we investigated the expression pattern of the midkine gene in cultured keratinocytes. In normal skin, midkine expression was observed in the secretory coils of the eccrine sweat glands, outer root sheath and inner root sheath. Among the cutaneous tumors, the majority of keratinocyte‐derived neoplasms were positive for midkine. Tumors that were not derived from keratinocytes were negative for midkine. In cultured keratinocytes, the midkine gene was expressed earlier than the genes required for keratinization, for example, cytokeratin 10 and transglutaminase 1. Because midkine is expressed in the keratinized areas of normal skin, neoplasms and inflammation, it may play a role as a modulator of keratinization in the skin.
Factors involved in the development of diaper‐area granuloma of the aged
Authors: Isogai Rieko , Yamada Hidekazu 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAn infant skin disease with clusters of nodules in the diaper contact area was reported as granuloma gluteale infantum. Recently, the number of elderly patients with this condition has increased, and it has been reported as diaper‐area granuloma of the aged. These lesions are presumably caused by irritation from feces and urine. We observed similar cutaneous symptoms in six elderly patients, five of whom revealed clusters of nodules arranged in a circular pattern in the gluteal region presenting a peculiar clinical picture. They were all bedridden and wore cloth diapers. We speculate that wearing a cloth diaper seems to be a major factor behind this condition. Another factor was sitting during the day. A subject had lesions with nodules on the scrotum. The distribution of nodules appeared to be related to the body position and vigorous movement of the patient. In all cases, topical steroid therapies were not effective. They were all positive for bacteriuria. Chronic urinary tract infection further irritates the skin. It is necessary to reduce urine contact and keep the lesion clean.
Mapping biopsy with punch biopsies to determine surgical margin in extramammary Paget's disease
Authors: Kato Takeshi , Fujimoto Noriki , Fujii Norikazu , Tanaka Toshihiro 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIt is difficult to determine the appropriate resection margin of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD). A high recurrence rate is reported in spite of using Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS), which is performed commonly. Preoperative mapping biopsy is easier to perform than MMS. In Japan, the following method is recommended instead of MMS: well‐defined border and margins histologically confirmed by mapping biopsy should be resected with 1‐cm margin and ill‐defined border with 3‐cm margin. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the Japanese guideline and to assess our mapping biopsy method compared with MMS. Preoperative mapping biopsy specimens were obtained beyond the clinical border for at least four directions in each patient. To confirm the presence of residual Paget's cells postoperatively, narrow specimens were obtained along the surgical margin. Retrospective evaluation of 17 EMPD patients was conducted concerning histological spread of Paget's cells and recurrence ratio. There were 86 directions showing a well‐defined border, and in 9.3% (8/86), Paget's cells were still observed at 1‐cm resection line. On the other hand, there were 21 directions showing an ill‐defined border, and unnecessary radical resection was performed in 90% (19/21) of directions with 3‐cm resection line. Although postoperative histological examination showed residual Paget's cells in 47% (8/17) of patients and additional resections were not performed, recurrence rate was only 5.9% (1/17). The resection line of EMPD should be based not on clinical features, but on mapping biopsy. Mapping biopsy is equivalent to MMS concerning recurrence rate and, though conventional, is useful method to treat EMPD.
Assessment of intelligibility using children's spontaneous speech: methodological aspects
Authors: Lagerberg Tove B. , Åsberg Jakob , Hartelius Lena , Persson Christina 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundIntelligibility is a speaker's ability to convey a message to a listener. Including an assessment of intelligibility is essential in both research and clinical work relating to individuals with communication disorders due to speech impairment. Assessment of the intelligibility of spontaneous speech can be used as an overall indicator of the severity of a speech disorder. There is a lack of methods for measuring intelligibility on the basis of spontaneous speech.AimsTo investigate the validity and reliability of a method where listeners transcribe understandable words and an intelligibility score is calculated on the basis of the percentage of syllables perceived as understood.Methods & ProceduresSpontaneous speech from ten children with speech‐sound disorders (mean age = 6.0 years) and ten children with typical speech and language development (mean age = 5.9 years) was recorded and presented to 20 listeners. Results were compared between the two groups and correlation with percentage of consonants correct (PCC) was examined.Outcomes & ResultsThe intelligibility scores obtained correlated with PCC in single words and differed significantly between the two groups, indicating high validity. Inter‐judge reliability, analysed using intra‐class correlation (ICC), was excellent in terms of the average measure for several listeners.Conclusions & ImplicationsThe results suggest that this method can be recommended for assessing intelligibility, especially if the mean across several listeners is used. It could also be used in clinical settings when evaluating intelligibility over time, provided that the same listener makes the assessments.
Relative clause constructions in children with specific language impairment
Authors: Frizelle Pauline , Fletcher Paul 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundIt is well documented that children with specific language impairment (SLI) experience significant grammatical deficits. While much of the focus in the past has been on morphosyntactic difficulties, less is known about their acquisition of multi‐clausal constructions such as those containing relative clauses.AimsTo investigate relative clause constructions in English‐speaking, school‐aged children with SLI using a sentence‐recall task.Methods & ProceduresChildren with SLI (mean age = 6;10; n = 32) and two control groups, a typically developing group matched for age (AM‐TD; mean age = 6;11; n = 32) and a younger typically developing group (YTD; mean age = 4;9; n = 20), repeated sentences that contained relative clauses which represented a range of syntactic roles. The relative clauses were attached either to the predicate nominal of a copular clause or to the direct object of a transitive clause.Outcomes & ResultsChildren with SLI showed significantly greater difficulty than both the AM‐TD and the YTD groups overall, but found some relative clause types easier than others, displaying a similar profile to typically developing children but at a lower level of performance.Conclusions & ImplicationsChildren with SLI who are close to 7 years of age have significantly greater difficulty with relative clauses than their age peers and typically developing children who are on average 2 years younger. Their performance is influenced by the matrix clause type, the role of the relativized element within the relative clause, and in object relative clauses, lexical choices within the matrix clause and the relative clause.
The ‘Urban Age’ in Question
Authors: Brenner Neil , Schmid Christian 
Published: December 2013

AbstractForeboding declarations about contemporary urban trends pervade early twenty‐first century academic, political and journalistic discourse. Among the most widely recited is the claim that we now live in an ‘urban age’ because, for the first time in human history, more than half the world's population today purportedly lives within cities. Across otherwise diverse discursive, ideological and locational contexts, the urban age thesis has become a form of doxic common sense around which questions regarding the contemporary global urban condition are framed. This article argues that, despite its long history and its increasingly widespread influence, the urban age thesis is a flawed basis on which to conceptualize world urbanization patterns: it is empirically untenable (a statistical artifact) and theoretically incoherent (a chaotic conception). This critique is framed against the background of postwar attempts to measure the world's urban population, the main methodological and theoretical conundrums of which remain fundamentally unresolved in early twenty‐first century urban age discourse. The article concludes by outlining a series of methodological perspectives for an alternative understanding of the contemporary global urban condition.
Happy Tinbergen: Switzerland's New Direct Payment System
Authors: Mann Stefan , Lanz Simon 
Published: December 2013

SummarySince the 1990s, Switzerland's agricultural policy has relied on land‐ and animal‐based direct payments being subject to cross‐compliance. Both scientists, environmentalists and industry representatives have criticised this system for handing out support without a strict orientation on the constitutional goals of Swiss agriculture. The Swiss Parliament has recently enacted a new direct payment system which, from 2014, assigns societal objectives to each kind of payment, paying tribute to the Tinbergen principle according to which each objective has to be followed by at least one instrument. Payments for Ensuring Food Supplies, for example, will be paid per hectare dependent on the production capacity, Biodiversity Payments will be paid only for land with a lot of species on it. Animal‐based payments which still play an important role today are being abandoned. Although the new system is neither changing the amount of money transferred to farmers nor expected to rapidly change the structure of Swiss agriculture, it is argued that the system change may well be historic, because it makes societal transfers to agriculture more prone to critical analysis and evaluation and because it shows for the first time what the application of the Tinbergen principle to multifunctionality policy design could look like.
Children's resistance to parents' smoking in the home and car: a qualitative study
Authors: Rowa‐Dewar Neneh , Amos Amanda , Cunningham‐Burley Sarah 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackground and AimsReducing second‐hand smoke exposure in the home is a key tobacco control goal, yet few studies have explored children's views and experiences of this. This study aimed to explore children's accounts of family members' smoking in the home and car and the impact of their socio‐economic circumstances.DesignIndividual and friendship group interviews using topic guides and visual stimulus methods.SettingTwo communities in Edinburgh, Scotland, one socio‐economically advantaged, one socio‐economically disadvantaged.ParticipantsThirty‐eight children aged 10–15 years who had a close family member who smoked.MeasurementsFocus group and interview topic guides.FindingsParticipants in both communities expressed a strong dislike of family members' smoking and concern about the potential impact on the smoker's health. Participants described overt and covert acts of resistance, including challenging relatives about their smoking, expressing disgust and concern, hiding or destroying cigarettes. Some acts were carried out in collusion with a non‐smoking parent and/or sibling. Resistant acts were constrained by expectations of negative responses, which appeared to increase with age, wider social norms around smoking and whether or not the young person smoked.ConclusionsSome children and young people in the United Kingdom, irrespective of socio‐economic status, may actively oppose parents' smoking in the home and car, although their influence may be limited by their position in the family and social norms.