bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Centralization versus Decentralization of Legislative Production and the Effect on Litigation: A Case Study
Authors: Di Vita Giuseppe 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This paper presents an empirical investigation into the effects on the duration of disputes of the coordination externalities that arise from the decentralization of laws and regulatory power from the state to the regions. To this aim we consider Italy, whose territory is divided into twenty regions, using a dataset derived from 800 judgements pronounced by the Italian regional administrative courts over eight years, from 2000 to 2007. The most important result of our research is that in sectors where European legislation prevails, and lower coordination externalities are observed, we find a shorter duration of disputes, whilst in economic sectors more exposed to decentralized legislation, with greater coordination externalities, disputes tend to have a longer duration.
Atomic force microscopy as an advanced tool in neuroscience
Authors: Jazvinšćak Jembrek Maja , Šimić Goran , Hof Patrick R. , Šegota Suzana 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
This review highlights relevant issues about applications and improvements of atomic force microscopy
(AFM) toward a better understanding of neurodegenerative changes at the molecular level with the hope of
contributing to the development of effective therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative illnesses. The basic
principles of AFM are briefly discussed in terms of evaluation of experimental data, including the newest
PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (QNM) and the evaluation of Young’s modulus as the crucial
elasticity parameter. AFM topography, revealed in imaging mode, can be used to monitor changes in live neurons
over time, representing a valuable tool for high-resolution detection and monitoring of neuronal morphology.
The mechanical properties of living cells can be quantified by force spectroscopy as well as by new AFM. A variety
of applications are described, and their relevance for specific research areas discussed. In addition, imaging as well
as non-imaging modes can provide specific information, not only about the structural and mechanical properties
of neuronal membranes, but also on the cytoplasm, cell nucleus, and particularly cytoskeletal components.
Moreover, new AFM is able to provide detailed insight into physical structure and biochemical interactions in
both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Zählverluste bei der Zählung von Metall-Nukliden in flüssigen Szintillatoren
Authors: Erdtmann Gerhard 
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung
Die Zählraten von Flüssigkeitsszintillator-Probenlösungen mit Metallsalzen sind oft nur kurze Zeit konstant, weil die Aktivität an der Probenflasche adsorbiert wird. Auch bei Verbindungen, in denen die Metall- Nuklide komplex gebunden sind, treten Zählverluste auf. Sie lassen sich vermeiden, wenn man der Probe Träger oder dem Szintillator hochdisperses Sillciumdioxid zusetzt. Trägerzusatz kann nachteilig sein, wenn sich stark farbige oder im Szintillator unlösliche Verbindungen bilden.
Annealing of Recoil Bromine-82 in Hexabromoethane
Authors: Collins Kenneth E. , Harbottle Garman 
Published: June 2015

Summary
The effect of pre-irradiation of hexabromoethane with gamma rays upon subsequent thermal annealing of recoil bromine-82 has been examined: the doses given ranged from 2 to 2 X 107
r. The results reveal a complex pattern which is discussed in terms of trapped defects having a variety of activation energies for release, and the interaction of the released defects with the recoil atoms. The results of both pre- and postirradiation (radiation annealing) were found to depend on radiation intensity. In the former case the higher the intensity the greater the effectiveness in promoting annealing while in the latter the reverse was true.
Aktivierungsanalytische Bestimmung von Verunreinigungen in Aluminium
Authors: Kiesl W. 
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die aktivierungsanalytische Bestimmung von Vanadium und Nickel in Aluminium beschrieben. Für beide Elemente werden Extraktionsmethoden angewendet, wobei das Vanadium aus salzsaurer Lösung als Cupferronat, das Nickel aus ammoniakalischer Lösung als Nickeldimethylglyoximat mit Chloroform extrahiert wird. Für die quantitative Bestimmung werden der 1,40- MeV-Peak von 52V bzw. der 1,09-MeV-Peak von 65Ni benützt.
Radiochemical Studies of Fission Induced by 14.7 MeV Neutrons
Authors: James R. H. , Martin G. R. , Silvester D. J. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Measurements have been made of the yields of 19 nuclides from the fission of natural uranium (essentially 238U) induced by neutrons of 14.7 ± 0.2 MeV. A peak-to-valley ratio of 9.4 is found with the yield at the maximum of the light peak measured as 6.5%. The maxima of the light and heavy peaks fall respectively at masses 99 and 136, the peak width at half height being 14 mass units.
Measurements of the yields at masses 133 and 135 (made by gas counting the xenon members of the decay chains) provide evidence for 'fine structure' in the yield/mass curve in this region.
A Convenient Carrier-free Separation of Niobium from Zirconium
Authors: Lyle S. J. , Shendrikar A. D. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
A solvent extraction method is presented for the separation of 95Nb in a carrier-free form from Zr. Nb is extracted into a chloroform solution of N-benzoyl-N-phenyl-hydroxylamine from an aqueous hydrochloric acid phase 0.05 M in hydrofluoric acid. By following the recommended procedure a decontamination factor of about 104 from Zr is achieved and up to 1 mg per ml of Zr in the aqueous phase does not impair the separation. The Nb may be back extracted into aqua regia, ammoniacal hydrogen peroxide, or aqueous ammonia, from all of which aqueous solutions of different chemical compositions can readily be prepared. The complete procedure need not take longer than 30 minutes.
Separation of Americium (III) from Lanthanides by Quaternary Ammonium Salt Extraction
Authors: Gerontopulos P. Th. , Rigali L. , Barbano P. G. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
The extraction of americium (III) and the rare earth elements from ammonium thiocyanate solutions into xylene solutions of a quaternary ammonium salt (Aliquat-336) has been investigated. It was found that good separation of americium from rare earths can be achieved by using moderately concentrated ammonium thiocyanate solutions. Extraction coefficients for americium and R. E. were directly proportional to the amine concentration in the solvent. Extraction coefficients were affected by temperature changes, by the presence of various contaminant anions and by the nature of the solvent used, but separation factors between americium and R. E. remained essentially constant. Moderately high separation factors were obtained within the lanthanide group.
Plutonium(IV) Extraction from Nitric Acid Solutions by Mixtures of Long-Chain Ammonium Nitrates
Authors: Bac R. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
The liquid-liquid extraction of tracer amounts of Pu(IV) from 0.5 and 3 M nitric acid solutions by a mixture A + B, of two quaternary ammonium nitrates of a high molecular weight, or of one such nitrate with a long-chain tertiary amine nitrate in chloroform and in the octanol containing solvents n-dodecane or o-xylene has been studied.
The Pu(IV) distribution coefficients D observed are not widely different from the values calculated for D = (DA
1/q
+ DB
1/q) q where DA
and DB
represent the Pu(IV) distribution coefficients for each of the components alone, and q denotes the slope value of the extraction curve, log DA
vs. log [A]initial.
The extracting agents used are: trilaurylamine (TLA), trilauryl-methylammonium nitrate (TLMA) and hexadecyl-dimethyl-benzyl ammonium nitrate (HDDMBA).
Thermodifferential molecular weight determinations of quaternary ammonium nitrates and their Th(IV) and U(VI) nitrate complexes in benzene show a higher degree of association for the metal complexes than for the extracting agents. By saturation of solutions of different quaternary ammonium nitrates in benzene with Th(NO3)4 · 6H2O the thorium loading is lower in both light- and heavy organic phase than would correspond with a ratio of two quaternary ammonium nitrate molecules to one thorium atom.
Zur Kristallchemie des Radiums
Authors: Weigel F. , Trinkx A. 
Published: June 2015

Zusammenfassung
Im Rahmen kristallchemischer Untersuchungen an Radiumverbindungen wurden eine Reihe von Salzen des Typs RaXO4 im Mikromaßstab dargestellt und röntgenographisch untersucht. Die folgenden physikalischen Daten wurden bestimmt:
[xxx]
Alle Salze sind mit den homologen Bariumsalzen isotyp.
La identificación entre la razón práctica y la idea de Dios en el Opus Postumum de Kant
Authors: Calvo Portela Ruth 
Published: June 2015

El teísmo moral que defiende Kant es un eje crucial de su filosofía. Pero las ideas de Dios y de la inmortalidad del alma como postulados de la razón práctica conllevan una serie de problemas, como, por ejemplo, la cosificación de lo noúmeno, el antropomorfismo de la noción de Dios y la relación entre inmanencia y transcendencia. El intento por parte de Kant de dar una respuesta a estas cuestiones le lleva en las últimas obras a replantearse el papel de la divinidad. De ahí que se dé una paulatina identificación entre la razón práctica universal y la idea de Dios, que llegará a defenderse claramente en su Opus Postumum. Me propongo hacer un estudio de dicha identificación a través de la comparación entre Kant y la postura de Fichte en los textos de la polémica del ateísmo.DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/ag.34.2.1752
On Meaning and Measuring: A philosophical and historical View
Authors: Trillas Enric , Seising Rudolf 
Published: June 2015

This paper just tries to revisit the view on meaning, and particularly in meaningless statements, hold by the thinkers inscribed in the famous "Vienna Circle". It is done under the typically scientific form of measuring empirically adquired concepts that can be considered in the same tradition of the Circle. In addition, it also contains some historical notes, as well as some related reflexions on Karl Menger's thought on the lack of a suitable geometry for the microworld.DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/ag.34.2.2096
Lichtung: el claro del ser. Un estudio a raíz de las meditaciones de Holzwege
Authors: Garrido Periñán Juan José 
Published: June 2015

Lichtung es una expresión que ha vertebrado el pensamiento de Martin Heidegger desde prácticamente sus comienzos como estudiante en la Universidad de Friburgo. En este sentido, dilucidaremos una de las primeras interpretaciones de Lichtung, en tanto claro del ser, que encontramos, dentro de la prolija obra del autor, en la obra Holzwege. Aquí, Heidegger intentar desprenderse de aquella percepción que pensaba el fenómeno de Lichtung como iluminación intencional del Dasein, a favor de otra, de menos compromisos para con la subjetividad humana, que la piensa como el lugar de espaciamiento de la diferencia ontológica o el acontecimiento apropiador del ser, y que viene a ser unos de los modos en que se resuelve lo que se ha venido a llamar Kehre.DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/ag.34.2.2188
Application of Linear Discriminant Analysis to the Long-term Averaged Spectra of Simulated Disorders of Oral-Nasal Balance
Authors: De Boer Gillian , Bressmann Tim 
Published: June 2015

Objective Acoustic studies of oral-nasal balance disorders to date have focused on hypernasality. However, in patients with cleft palate, nasal obstruction may also be present, so that hypernasality and hyponasality co-occur. In this study, normal speakers simulated different disorders of oral-nasal balance. Linear discriminant analysis was used to create a tentative diagnostic formula based on the long-term averaged spectra (LTAS) of the speech stimuli. Materials and Methods Eleven female participants were recorded while reading nonnasal and nasal speech stimuli. LTASs of the recordings were run for their normal oral-nasal balance and their simulations of hyponasal, hypernasal, and mixed oral-nasal balance. The amplitude values (in decibels) were extracted in 100-Hz intervals over a range of 4 kHz. Results A repeated-measures analysis of variance of the normalized amplitudes revealed a resonance condition–frequency band amplitude interaction effect ( P < .001). A linear discriminant analysis of the participants’ LTAS led to formulas correctly classifying 80.7% of the oral-nasal balance conditions. Conclusion The simulations produced distinctive spectra enabling the creation of formulas that predicted the oral-nasal balance above chance level. Future research with speakers with oral-nasal balance disorders will be needed to investigate the potential of this approach for the clinical diagnosis of disorders of oral-nasal balance.
Safer Roads Owing to Higher Gasoline Prices: How Long It Takes
Authors: Chi Guangqing , Brown Willie , Zhang Xiang , Zheng Yanbing 
Published: June 2015

Objectives. We investigated how much time passes before gasoline price changes affect traffic crashes.Methods. We systematically examined 2004 to 2012 Mississippi traffic crash data by age, gender, and race. Control variables were unemployment rate, seat belt use, alcohol consumption, climate, and temporal and seasonal variations.Results. We found a positive association between higher gasoline prices and safer roads. Overall, gasoline prices affected crashes 9 to 10 months after a price change. This finding was generally consistent across age, gender, and race, with some exceptions. For those aged 16 to 19 years, gasoline price increases had an immediate (although statistically weak) effect and a lagged effect, but crashes involving those aged 25 to 34 years was seemingly unaffected by price changes. For older individuals (≥ 75 years), the lagged effect was stronger and lasted longer than did that of other age groups.Conclusions. The results have important health policy implications for using gasoline prices and taxes to improve traffic safety.
Assessing Proposals for New Global Health Treaties: An Analytic Framework
Authors: Hoffman Steven J. , Røttingen John-Arne , Frenk Julio 
Published: June 2015

We have presented an analytic framework and 4 criteria for assessing when global health treaties have reasonable prospects of yielding net positive effects. First, there must be a significant transnational dimension to the problem being addressed. Second, the goals should justify the coercive nature of treaties. Third, proposed global health treaties should have a reasonable chance of achieving benefits. Fourth, treaties should be the best commitment mechanism among the many competing alternatives. Applying this analytic framework to 9 recent calls for new global health treaties revealed that none fully meet the 4 criteria. Efforts aiming to better use or revise existing international instruments may be more productive than is advocating new treaties.
Results of the Field Operation of a Distributed-Flux Burner in a Heater Treater in a Northern Canada Heavy Oil Field: Thermal Performance and Firetube Life
Authors: Gotterba James A. , Bartz David F. 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Horizontal heater treaters are commonly used to separate oil/water emulsions from enhanced oil recovery in heavy oil reservoirs. Conventional burners used in these heaters can cause hot spots that result in coking of the viscous emulsion on the outer surface of the firetube. This coking layer acts as an insulator and results in high tube-wall temperatures, leading to an early failure of the firetube. The problem may be exacerbated when polymer injection is used in the recovery fluid because of the increased viscosity of the fluid and the thermal breakdown of the polymer, which create a thicker insulating layer along the firetube.
To reduce the coking and the resulting firetube failures, a conventional burner can be replaced with a radiant distributed-flux burner that spreads the heat over a much larger area, with a very uniform flame shape. The distributed-flux burner consists of a porous-ceramic cylindrical surface that provides surface-stabilized premixed combustion, such that combustion characteristics at every point along the cylindrical burner surface are nearly identical. This reduces the peak heat flux within the combustion zone significantly, reducing the likelihood of hot spots and the potential for coking compared with conventional burners. At the same time, more heat is distributed farther down the length of the firetube, increasing heat transfer in the rear section of the heater and improving its overall efficiency and heater throughput. Firetube life is increased because of the lower peak temperatures of the tube wall, and because less heat may be needed to achieve the required process throughput and water cut.
This paper presents data from both pilot tests and field tests of a recent burner retrofit of a horizontal heater treater at an oil sands field in northern Canada. The retrofit was completed in a 2-day effort. On the basis of recent field data, thermal analysis, and measurements made in laboratory tests, the distributed-flux burner is compared with a conventional burner with respect to thermal efficiency and tube-wall temperatures.
Effect of Biological and Mass Transfer Parameter Uncertainty on N2O Emission Estimates from WRRFs
Authors: Song Kang , Harper Willie F. , Takeuchi Yuki , Hosomi Masaaki , Terada Akihiko 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT: This research used the detailed activated sludge model (ASM) to investigate the effect of parameter uncertainty on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from biological wastewater treatment systems. Monte Carlo simulations accounted for uncertainty in the values of the microbial growth parameters and in the volumetric mass transfer coefficient for dissolved oxygen (kLaDO), and the results show that the detailed ASM predicted N2O emission of less than 4% (typically 1%) of the total influent loading. Uncertainties in kLaDO were further investigated in experiments, which showed that lower values of kLaDO generated higher soluble N2O levels. The detailed ASM likely requires revision to account for abiotic reactions and other factors that cause higher levels of N2O emission.
Microsoft's Foreign Earnings: Tax Strategy
Authors: Kyj Larissa S. , Romeo George C. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
The high corporate tax rate and the complexity of the U.S. tax code provide U.S. multinationals with the incentives and opportunities to shift income to foreign low-tax jurisdictions. In theory, U.S. corporations are taxed at the statutory rate of 35 percent on their worldwide income, but income earned by an active Controlled Foreign Corporation (CFC) is usually not taxed until it is repatriated to the parent company in the U.S. As a result, trillions of dollars in cash and investments sit in offshore companies, awaiting a repatriation tax holiday. Much of these earnings are held by technology companies. The case looks at Microsoft Corporation, a company with $60.8 billion in unrepatriated earnings as of 2012. The case considers tax havens, nonrepatriation of earnings, cost-sharing arrangements, and transfer pricing and is intended to expose students to the subtleties and complexities of corporate tax strategies. Although the case is set in 2012, the goal of the case is to demonstrate to the students the complex environment in which multinational corporations operate and is independent of any particular tax regime.
Collusive Accounting Supervision and Economic Culture
Authors: Cieslewicz Joshua K. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT
Supervisors who manipulate accounting information to their advantage may seek the cooperation of subordinates, who depend on them for career advancement and direction, in order to navigate their way through their organization's controls. In this way, accounting supervisors influence not only the end users of accounting information, but also subordinates who learn about the accounting profession from them. In investigating collusive supervision, I utilize a field-based instrument and a sample of practicing accounting supervisors. I find that accounting supervisors' behavioral intentions to encourage their subordinates to collude in manipulating accounting information are influenced by attitudes, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and materialism. I investigate cultural influences on these relationships. I find that power distance and collectivism increase the likelihood that an accounting supervisor will encourage subordinates to collude in manipulating accounting information. Uncertainty avoidance, or rule orientation, decreases the likelihood. Partial least squares (PLS) path modeling illustrates direct and indirect cultural effects. The findings suggest that adding relevant cultural variables to the Theory of Planned Behavior and considering related mediation effects can increase the framework's capacity to explain behaviors in international or cross-cultural settings. Ramifications for subordinates, educators, the accounting profession, organizations, and policy makers are discussed.
Latex and nonlatex orthodontic elastics: In vitro and in vivo evaluations of tissue compatibility and surface structure
Authors: Martínez-Colomer Sara , Gaton-Hernández Patrícia , Romano Fábio Lourenço , De Rossi Andiara , Fukada Sandra Yasuyo , Nelson-Filho Paulo , Consolaro Alberto , Silva Raquel Assed Bezerra , Silva Lea Assed Bezerra 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between latex and nonlatex orthodontic elastics with respect to tissue compatibility and surface structure.

Materials and Methods:
Latex and nonlatex elastics were implanted in the subcutaneous connective tissue of 45 Wistar rats. In the control groups, no material was implanted (sham). After 24 hours, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days, the animals were euthanized; tissue samples were processed and analyzed by descriptive and semi-quantitative microscopic analysis and quantification of plasma extravasation. The surface structure of elastics was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level.

Results:
Peri-implant plasma extravasation was significantly higher (P &lt; .05) in the animals that received latex elastics compared with those with nonlatex elastics and those that were control animals. The microscopic analysis revealed a more intense inflammatory infiltrate in the initial periods without statistically significant difference (P &gt; .05) between the experimental and control groups. The SEM analysis revealed that the latex elastics presented microspheres and porosities, while the nonlatex elastics exhibited crystals on their surface and absence of porosities.

Conclusion:
The null hypothesis was rejected since the latex elastics were more irritating to the connective tissue than the nonlatex elastics in the initial periods and presented a more porous surface.
Enfant et Société : l'exemple des Provinces Unies
Authors: Van de Louw Gilbert 
Published: June 2015

"Child and society, the example of the United Provinces".
The child is moulded by the upbringing and the teaching it receives. The concept of "bourgeois" is operative in the first case, but is it operative also in the second ? In the United Provinces, it is obviously so, since the whole society is "bourgeoise", and since the "regents" did not replace the aristocracy. In France, the social structure is quite different. The "bourgeoisie" is enclosed in a whole system of competition which entices them "to become aristocrats". The child plays, in each case a very different role. It seems thus quite impossible to illustrate by Dutch art French sentiments, and to explain French sensibility. In Vondel's work, the child is "the joy of the neighbourhood". In Malherbe 's it keeps the vividness of a rose too quickly blooming - and fading.