bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of subarachnoid hemorrhage using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample: the NIS-SAH Severity Score and Outcome Measure
Authors: Washington Chad W. , Derdeyn Colin P. , Dacey Ralph G. , Dhar Rajat , Zipfel Gregory J. 
Published: June 2014

Object
Studies using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), a large ICD-9–based (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision) administrative database, to analyze aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have been limited by an inability to control for SAH severity and the use of unverified outcome measures. To address these limitations, the authors developed and validated a surrogate marker for SAH severity, the NIS-SAH Severity Score (NIS-SSS; akin to Hunt and Hess [HH] grade), and a dichotomous measure of SAH outcome, the NIS-SAH Outcome Measure (NIS-SOM; akin to modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score).

Methods
Three separate and distinct patient cohorts were used to define and then validate the NIS-SSS and NIS-SOM. A cohort (n = 148,958, the “model population”) derived from the 1998–2009 NIS was used for developing the NIS-SSS and NIS-SOM models. Diagnoses most likely reflective of SAH severity were entered into a regression model predicting poor outcome; model coefficients of significant factors were used to generate the NIS-SSS. Nationwide Inpatient Sample codes most likely to reflect a poor outcome (for example, discharge disposition, tracheostomy) were used to create the NIS-SOM.
Data from 716 patients with SAH (the “validation population”) treated at the authors' institution were used to validate the NIS-SSS and NIS-SOM against HH grade and mRS score, respectively.
Lastly, 147,395 patients (the “assessment population”) from the 1998–2009 NIS, independent of the model population, were used to assess performance of the NIS-SSS in predicting outcome. The ability of the NIS-SSS to predict outcome was compared with other common measures of disease severity (All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Group [APR-DRG], All Payer Severity-adjusted DRG [APS-DRG], and DRG).

Results
The NIS-SSS significantly correlated with HH grade, and there was no statistical difference between the abilities of the NIS-SSS and HH grade to predict mRS-based outcomes. As compared with the APR-DRG, APSDRG, and DRG, the NIS-SSS was more accurate in predicting SAH outcome (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.69, 0.71, 0.71, and 0.79, respectively).
A strong correlation between NIS-SOM and mRS was found, with an agreement and kappa statistic of 85% and 0.63, respectively, when poor outcome was defined by an mRS score > 2 and 95% and 0.84 when poor outcome was defined by an mRS score > 3.

Conclusions
Data in this study indicate that in the analysis of NIS data sets, the NIS-SSS is a valid measure of SAH severity that outperforms previous measures of disease severity and that the NIS-SOM is a valid measure of SAH outcome. It is critically important that outcomes research in SAH using administrative data sets incorporate the NIS-SSS and NIS-SOM to adjust for neurology-specific disease severity.
Major Harvey Cushing's difficulties with the British and American armies during World War I
Authors: Carey Michael E. 
Published: June 2014

This historical review explores Harvey Cushing's difficulties with both the British and American armies during his World War I service to definitively examine the rumor of his possible court martial. It also provides a further understanding of Cushing the man.While in France during World War I, Cushing was initially assigned to British hospital units. This service began in May 1917 and ended abruptly in May 1918 when the British cashiered him for repeated censorship violations. Returning to American command, he feared court martial. The army file on this matter (retrieved from the United States National Archives) indicates that US Army authorities recommended that Cushing be reprimanded and returned to the US for his violations. The army carried out neither recommendation, and no evidence exists that a court martial was considered. Cushing's army career and possible future academic life were protected by the actions of his surgical peers and Merritte Ireland, Chief Surgeon of the US Army in France. After this censorship episode, Cushing was made a neurosurgical consultant but was also sternly warned that further rule violations would not be tolerated by the US Army. Thereafter, despite the onset of a severe peripheral neuropathy, probably Guillian Barré's syndrome, Cushing was indefatigable in ministering to neurosurgical needs in the US sector in France.Cushing's repeated defying of censorship regulations reveals poor judgment plus an initial inability to be a “team player.” The explanations he offered for his censorship violations showed an ability to bend the truth. Cushing's war journal is unclear as to exactly what transpired between him and the British and US armies. It also shows no recognition of the help he received from others who were instrumental in preventing his ignominious removal from service in France. Had that happened, his academic future and ability to train future neurosurgical leaders may have been seriously threatened.Cushing's foibles notwithstanding, all realized that he contributed greatly to both British and US war neurosurgery. United States Army surgeons who operated upon brain wounds in France recognized Cushing as their leader.
Superior performance of cone-beam CT angiography in characterization of intracranial atherosclerosis
Authors: Safain Mina G. , Rahal Jason P. , Patel Samir , Lauric Alexandra , Feldmann Edward , Malek Adel M. 
Published: June 2014

Object
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) carries a high risk of stroke. Evaluation of ICAD has focused on assessing the absolute degree of stenosis, although plaque morphology has recently demonstrated increasing relevance. The authors provide the first report of the use of ultra-high-resolution C-arm cone-beam CT angiography (CBCT-A) in the evaluation of vessel stenosis as well as plaque morphology.

Methods
Between August 2009 and July 2012, CBCT-A was used in all patients with ICAD who underwent catheter-based angiography at the authors' institution (n = 18). Lesions were evaluated for maximum degree of stenosis as well as plaque morphological characteristics (ulcerated, calcified, dissected, or spiculated) via digital subtraction angiography (DSA), 3D-rotational angiography (3DRA), and CBCT-A. The different imaging modalities were compared in their assessment of absolute stenosis as well as their ability to resolve different plaque morphologies.

Results
Lesions were found to have similar degrees of stenosis when utilizing CBCT-A compared with 3DRA, but both 3DRA and CBCT-A differed from DSA in their assessment of the absolute degree of stenosis. CBCT-A provided the most detailed resolution of plaque morphology, identifying a new plaque characteristic in 61% of patients (n = 11) when compared with DSA and 50% (n = 9) when compared with 3DRA. CBCT-A identified all lesion characteristics visualized on DSA and 3DRA.

Conclusions
CBCT-A provides detailed spatial resolution of plaque morphology and may add to DSA and 3DRA in the evaluation of ICAD. Further prospective study is warranted to determine any benefit CBCTA-A may provide in clinical decision making and risk stratification over existing conventional imaging modalities.
Adaptive remodeling at the pedicle due to pars fracture: a finite element analysis study
Authors: İnceoğlu Serkan , Mageswaran Prasath , Modic Michael T. , Benzel Edward C. 
Published: June 2014

Object
Spondylolysis is a common condition among the general population and a major cause of back pain in young athletes. This condition can be difficult to detect with plain radiography and has been reported to lead to contralateral pars fracture or pedicle fracture in the terminal stages. Interestingly, some patients with late-stage spondylolysis are observed to have radiographic or CT evidence of a sclerotic pedicle on the side contralateral to the spondylolysis. Although computational studies have shown stress elevation in the contralateral pedicle after a pars fracture, it is not known if these changes would cause sclerotic changes in the contralateral pedicle. The objective of this study was to investigate the adaptive remodeling process at the pedicle due to a contralateral spondylolysis using finite element analysis.

Methods
A multiscale finite element model of a vertebra was obtained by combining a continuum model of the posterior elements with a voxel-based pedicle section. Extension loading conditions were applied with or without a fracture at the contralateral pars to analyze the stresses in the contralateral pedicle. A remodeling algorithm was used to simulate and assess density changes in the contralateral pedicle.

Results
The remodeling algorithm demonstrated an increase in bone formation around the perimeter of the contralateral pedicle with some localized loss of mass in the region of cancellous bone.

Conclusions
The authors' results indicated that a pars fracture results in sclerotic changes in the contralateral pedicle. Such a remodeling process could increase overall bone mass. However, focal bone loss in the region of the cancellous bone of the pedicle might predispose the pedicle to microfractures. This phenomenon explains, at least in part, the origin of pedicle stress fractures in the sclerotic contralateral pedicles of patients with unilateral spondylolysis.
La psycholinguistique face à la phonétique : la phonétique adulte et la phonologie enfantine du portugais brésilien
Authors: Cavalcante-Albano E 
Published: June 2014

I'll try to show, through the analysis of a few data taken from the
acquisition and microphonetics of Brazilian Portuguese that it is useless
to consider as rigid the relation existing between the phonetic and
phonologic levels of speech.
We'll relate this type of argument to the central question of
psycholinguistics i.e. that of the nature of mental representation.
I'll then try to set out the conclusion between symbolic models (rooted in
phonology) and quantitative models rooted in phonetics to describe
phonic regularities.
My arguments can be divided into three parts : first I'll try to show the
reason for which phonetics and phonology are so imprecisely parted :
both of them are approached in a psychological way instead of
stressing for the former the physical aspects and the logical ones for the
latter.
Then, I'll do a "reduction ad absurdum" of the usual process consisting in
unceasingly enriching the phonetical "representation". A very
particular type of cooperation between phonetics and psycholinguistics
will then be suggested through some conceptual problems suggested by
the description of regular phonetic characters also found in the
acquisition of language.
As a conclusion, I'll show how the limits set to the excuses of linguistic
mentalism give back to psycholinguistics its vocation of empirical
science of the psychological speaker.
La monovalence de la négation et l'hypothèse de "complétude"
Authors: Martin Robert 
Published: June 2014

La thèse défendue est que la négation linguistique est une négation monovalente : au positif, elle oppose strictement le négatif.
Le principal obstacle à une telle conception est la nécessité de recourir à la valeur intermédiaire du "plus ou moins vrai". Si Pierre est plutôt jeune est vrai, alors Pierre est jeune est "plus ou moins vrai".
L'hypothèse avancée est une "hypothèse de complétude". De même qu'une prédication complexe peut être niée en tant que telle, en laissant dans le "non-dit" la valeur de vérité des propositions plus simples qui la composent (Pierre ne viendra pas seul est compatible avec une situation où Pierre viendra est vrai - il viendra accompagné - et une autre où Pierre viendra est faux), de même une prédication floue ou approximative est invalidée dans sa complétude : Pierre ne fume pas (au sens générique) est vérifié si Pierre ne fume pas du tout ou bien s'il fume si peu que ce n'est plus ce qui s'appelle fumer. Cette alternative est laissée dans le "non-dit". Ce qui est nié dans l'un et l'autre cas - ce qui est binairement rejeté -, c'est que Pierre soit un vrai fumeur.
La négation et les théories de l'illocutoire
Authors: Callebaut Bruno 
Published: June 2014

This paper discusses the different interactions between negation and the illocutionary acts. It analyses the illocutionary values of negative utterances according to the classical taxonomy proposed by Searle. Some sentences show a rejection or, on the contrary, an affinity with negation, not indifferent to their illocutionnary status. The results confirm the interest of the initial distinction between performative and other acts, and between explicit and primary ones and so sheds some light on the functioning of negation in general.
The second part focusses attention on "speech act verbs" under negation, and hints to the diversity of semantic and pragmatic aspects involved.
La négation en arabe
Authors: Djebli Moktar 
Published: June 2014

La négation arabe s'effectue différemment suivant deux facteurs : le type dd phrase et le temps exprimé.
I - Dans une phrase verbale, on fait appel à de nombreuses particules ainsi :
A) Pour l'accompli [le passé] : la particule la plus fréquemment utilisée est [ma] ou [lam] (ne... pas) (ex. 6).
B) Avec un verbe à l'inaccompli (le présent ou le futur) : deux autres particules sont souvent employées [là] et [lan], avec cependant une nuance ; car cette dernière exprime une négation catégorique certaine (ex. 10 & 13).
II - En ce qui concerne la phrase nominale, différentes formes de négation sont usitées :
A) Au présent, la négation s'effectue à l'aide du morphème [ma], ou du verbe [laysa] qui exprime une négation d'existence (ne pas être) (ex. 18).
B) Au passé, la négation s'obtient, essentiellement, par le biais de la particule [ma], accompagnée d'un verbe d'état [kâna] employé à l'accompli comme exposant temporel et rendu souvent, en français, par le verbe être à l'imparfait ou au plus-que-parfait (ex. 20).
C) Pour le futur : on a souvent recours au même verbe [kâna], mais conjugué à l'inaccompli et accompagné de la particule [là] ou bien [lan], s'il s'agit d'une négation catégorique et irrévocable (ex. 21 & 22).
L'oralisation des sigles en anglais
Authors: Diamond K 
Published: June 2014

Les sigles peuvent être oralisés de deux façons - par épellation ou par lecture. Comme je le démontrerai, ce choix est régi par des règles formelles, en plus de facteurs historiques ou de considérations de style de diction, etc. L'oralisation par lecture est particulièrement intéressante parce qu'elle nous renseigne sur la forme minimale - exprimable en termes de contraintes structurelles et de contraintes de taille - des mots nouvellement créés en anglais contemporain.
Accessoirement, j'étudierai l'application des règles d'accentuation aux sigles lus et les correspondances entre la graphie et la phonie.
Langues et enseignement technique et professionnel en Mauritanie
Authors: Lecointre Simone , Nicolau Jean-Paul 
Published: June 2014

La politique d'arabisation conduite en Mauritanie depuis plus de 20 ans, notamment dans l'Éducation Nationale, a aujourd'hui pour conséquence l'accroissement du nombre d'élèves non francophones. Le récent projet de rénovation de l'Enseignement Technique et de la Formation Professionnelle, pourtant très ambitieux, n'a pas pris en compte jusqu'ici la dimension linguistique. Pour des raisons idéologiques et - surtout - pratiques, les futurs techniciens ne reçoivent pas de cours de français : de ce fait la formation (professionnelle) dispensée en français est mal reçue, et les élèves n'ont pas d'accès à la documentation technique ; ils sont dans l'incapacité de répondre aux attentes de l'entreprise, où le français est la langue de travail et vraisemblablement le restera dans la perspective du développement économique.
La formation professionnelle privilégie actuellement un "savoir- faire" technique mal maîtrisé par des apprenants privés de "savoir" technique, et peu en mesure de comprendre et produire un discours argumenté sur leur pratique. La simple question des connecteurs argumentatifs s'avère déjà représenter pour eux une difficulté majeure. Or l'appréhension des relations nécessaires qui définissent une technologie repose sur cette capacité d'argumentation, seule garante de la qualité de la formation.
Il semble que les responsables prennent actuellement la mesure des conséquences de ces carences et, dans la perspective d'une double efficacité - au plan de la formation comme au plan du développement - s'interrogent sur l'opportunité de redonner à l'apprentissage du français une nouvelle importance.
Avoir a non : étude diachronique de quelques expressions qui prédiquent le nom
Authors: Lagorgette Dominique 
Published: June 2014

A partir de l'étude diachronique des expressions prédiquant le nom en latin, ancien français et moyen français, on précisera les fonction et sens à donner à "avoir (a) nom X', "estre X, "estre nommé X\ "estre apelé X" et enfin "se nommer X" et "s'appeler X" .
On soulignera ainsi le décalage dans la pronominalisation de ces deux verbes, dont les significations, souvent analysées comme identiques seront précisées, en tentant de nuancer les analyses de Jean Stéfanini. On questionnera enfin la forme peu logique a priori "je m'appelle X", dont la première occurrence n'a pu être datée.
Privatisation des visas
Authors: Knaebel Rachel 
Published: June 2014

La France et d’autres États confient à des prestataires privés une partie de la procédure des demandes de visas. De la prise de rendez-vous au recueil des données biométriques, ce n’est plus à un fonctionnaire que l’on s’adresse mais à une société privée. Un marché monopolisé par quelques entreprises. Conséquences : hausse du coût pour les demandeurs et risques pour la sécurité des données. Avec la généralisation du visa biométrique et la privatisation des procédures, la possibilité de voyager et les flux migratoires seront-ils bientôt sous le contrôle des multinationales ? Enquête * .
Marché juteux en Libye
Authors: Prestianni Sara 
Published: June 2014

Des accords d’amitié et de coopération passés entre l’Italie et la Libye de Kadhafi aux accords de coopération conclus dans la période de transition qui a suivi la chute du dictateur, une entreprise sort gagnante des marchés ainsi ouverts : Finmeccanica. Gagnante encore lorsque l’Union européenne externalise le contrôle de ses frontières extérieures aux derniers pays traversés par les migrants avant de franchir la Méditerranée. Et dans ce domaine, la Libye s’est toujours montrée un collaborateur zélé... au plus grand profit de ses partenaires commerciaux.
Passagers clandestins, les assureurs s'en mêlent
Authors: Maquet Paloma 
Published: June 2014

Les armateurs sont juridiquement responsables des passagers embarqués clandestinement sur leur bateau. Mais du fait du risque pénal et du coût des contraventions, les mutuelles d’assurance maritimes font de la gestion des retours de ces migrants une prestation commerciale lucrative. Au mépris des droits ?
« Vous sentez que la procédure vous échappe ? »
Authors: Moyon Richard 
Published: June 2014

Le 17 février 2014, comparaissaient devant le TGI de Paris les deux seules personnes à avoir été interpellées lors de l’incendie du centre de rétention de Paris (Vincennes) survenu trois jours plus tôt. Compte rendu d’une audience emblématique de la justice appliquée aux étrangers.
1996-1997 : l'épopée des Saint-Bernard
Authors: Morice Alain 
Published: June 2014

Le surgissement, en 1996, sur la scène médiatique et politique d’un mouvement de sans-papiers, bientôt désigné comme celui des « Saint-Bernard », surprend presque tout le monde, associations comprises. À force de solidarité et de cohésion entre ses membres autour d’un objectif unique – la régularisation, ce mouvement va s’étendre à l’ensemble du territoire avec des conséquences inattendues.
The Ground State of Innate Immune Responsiveness Is Determined at the Interface of Genetic, Epigenetic, and Environmental Influences
Authors: Huang Edward , Wells Christine Anne 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages form the major cellular component of the innate immune system, with roles in tissue development, homeostasis, and host defense against infection. Environmental factors were shown to play a significant part in determining innate immune responsiveness, and this included systemic conditions, such as circulating glucose levels, gut microflora, time of year, and even diurnal rhythm, which had a direct impact on innate immune receptor expression. Although the underlying molecular processes are just beginning to emerge, it is clear that environmental factors may alter epigenetic states of peripheral blood monocytes and resident tissue macrophages. We conclude that some measure of cellular ground state must become an essential part of the analysis of myeloid responsiveness or infectious susceptibility.
Scale‐dependent energy conservation and its connection to flow field instability in porous media
Authors: Deinert M. R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIt has been known for decades that isothermal flow fields in porous media can become unstable, resulting in the growth of preferential flow paths and nonmonotonic moisture profiles. The standard approach to modeling isothermal fluid transport in a porous systems is to use Richards equation with equilibrium relationships for the driving potential and monotonic transport coefficients. However, it is well known that under these conditions, solutions to Richards' equation are unconditionally stable. This has left open the question of whether Richards' equation could predict the onset of flow field instability, and what is required to model it. Importantly, past work has shown that pore scale processes can actually cause nonequilibrium driving potentials to arise in unsaturated media. How these can lead to flow field instability can be understood using a form of spectral perturbation theory. Here the driving potential is represented using a Fourier expansion, which is then substituted into Richards equation. The result shows that the evolution of perturbations to the flow field are affected by the interaction between different wavelength components in the Fourier expansion. In particular, there are situations where nonequilibrium driving potentials can set up conditions that would allow the onset of instability in solutions to Richards' equation.
Modular Hydroxyamide and Thioamide Pyranoside‐Based Ligand Library from the Sugar Pool: New Class of Ligands for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones
Authors: Coll Mercè , Pàmies Oscar , Diéguez Montserrat 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA large library of pyranoside‐based hydroxyamide and thioamide ligands has been synthesized for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation in an attempt to expand the scope of the substrates to cover a broader range of challenging heteroaromatic and aryl/fluoroalkyl ketones. These ligands have the advantage that they are prepared from commercial D‐glucose, D‐glucosamine and α‐amino acids, inexpensive natural chiral feedstocks. By carefully selecting the ligand components (substituents/configurations at the amide/thioamide moiety, the position of amide/thioamide group and the configuration at C‐2), we found that pyranoside‐based thioamide ligands provided excellent enantioselectivities (in the best cases, ees of >99% were achieved) in a broad range of ketones, including the less studied heteroaromatics and challenging aryl/fluoroalkyls. Note that both enantiomers of the reduction products can be obtained with excellent enantioselectivities by simply changing the absolute configuration of the thioamide substituent.magnified image