bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Multilayered Interlaced Network (MIN) in the sporoplasm of the Microsporidium Anncaliia algerae is derived from Golgi
Authors: Takvorian Peter M. , Buttle Karolyn F. , Mankus David , Mannella Carmen A. , Weiss Louis M. , Cali Ann 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis study provides evidence for the Golgi‐like activity of the multilayered interlaced network (MIN) and new ultrastructural observations of the MIN in the sporoplasm of Anncaliia algerae, a microsporidium that infects both insects and humans. The MIN is attached to the end of the polar tubule upon extrusion from the germinating spore. It surrounds the sporoplasm, immediately below its plasma membrane, and most likely maintains the integrity of the sporoplasm, as it is pulled through the everting polar tube. Furthermore, the MIN appears to deposit its dense contents on the surface of the sporoplasm within minutes of spore discharge thickening the plasma membrane. This thickening is characteristic of the developmental stages of the genus Anncaliia. The current study utilizes transmission electron microscopy (TEM), enzyme histochemistry, and high voltage TEM (HVEM) with 3D tomographic reconstruction to both visualize the structure of the MIN and demonstrate that the MIN is a Golgi‐related structure. The presence of developmentally regulated Golgi in the Microsporidia has been previously documented. The current study extends our understanding of the microsporidial Golgi and is consistent with the MIN being involved in the extracellular secretion in Anncaliia algerae. This report further illustrates the unique morphology of the MIN as illustrated by HVEM using 3D tomography.
Mortality related to pancreas disease in Norwegian farmed salmonid fish, Salmo salar L. and Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Stormoen M , Kristoffersen A B , Jansen P A 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHigh mortality during the salmonid seawater phase is a continuous problem for the salmonid aquaculture industry, although the mortality levels show a large variation both in farms with a disease history and those without. We wanted to examine the mortality patterns in farms with pancreas disease (PD) and compare it to farms without this diagnosis. Further, we wished to investigate the factors influencing the maximum mortality in both groups. We examined data from all salmonid farms in Norway stocked after January 2003 and slaughtered before December 2007. In total, 1884 cohorts were included, and 150 of these were diagnosed with PD. We found that season accounted for more of the variation in mortality than water temperature in PD‐positive cohorts and that infection pressure influenced the mortality in non‐PD cohorts, suggesting outbreaks of disease that are not diagnosed. We also found that the mortality in PD cohorts decreased significantly from 2003 to 2007, suggesting that increased knowledge about PD and targeted actions have been effective. Our study further suggests that crude mortality figures may be of limited use when wanting to examine a particular disease and risk factors for increased mortality. We suggest farmers and legislation should turn to a more modern approach with cause‐specific mortality records.
Combinatorial effects of administration of immunostimulatory compounds in feed and follow‐up administration of triple‐dose SLICE® (emamectin benzoate) on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis
Authors: Poley J , Purcell S L , Igboeli O O , Donkin A , Wotton H , Fast M D 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSeveral immunostimulatory feed additives have shown the ability to induce protective responses in Atlantic salmon to infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis. However, even the most encouraging results rarely surpass a 50% protective index in the host. That fact coupled with the well‐documented limitations of single‐therapy strategies in the effective management of parasitic infections generally make it imperative to identify therapies that can be combined in an integrated pest management approach for sea lice. With this in mind, we hypothesized that immunostimulatory feeds could enhance the protection provided by SLICE® emamectin benzoate (EMB). To test this hypothesis, Atlantic salmon were fed one of two different immunostimulatory feeds (CpG ODN or Aquate®) for c. 7 weeks, challenged with L. salmonis copepodids early within that immunostimulatory feed period and then placed on a triple‐dose (150 μg kg−1) feed of SLICE® for 1 week following the completion of the immunostimulatory feeding period. CpG ODN (2 mg kg−1) and the commercial yeast extract (Aquate® 0.2%) inclusion in feeds were able to successfully induce inflammatory gene expression (interleukin‐1β) in the head kidneys of infected fish at 13 and 26 days post‐exposure (DPE), and 13 DPE, respectively. Lice burdens were lower on fish fed CpG ODN (18%) or Aquate® (19%) diets; however, due to variability, these were not statistically significant over time. Despite no statistically significant reductions in lice numbers, by 33 DPE fish on immunostimulatory feeds had significantly reduced cortisol levels when compared to infected fish on control diet. Cortisol levels in fish receiving an immunostimulatory diet were no different from initial baseline levels prior to infection, whereas the levels in control diet fish were significantly elevated from all other time points. Despite the positive effects on infection of fish fed immunostimulatory feeds, no synergism was observed with follow‐up treatment with SLICE®. In fact, highest survival of lice was observed in fish with prior immunostimulation.
Factors regulating viable cell density in the intervertebral disc: blood supply in relation to disc height
Authors: Boubriak Olga. A. , Watson Natasha , Sivan Sarit. S. , Stubbens Naomi , Urban Jill P. G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe intervertebral disc is an avascular tissue, maintained by a small population of cells that obtain nutrients mainly by diffusion from capillaries at the disc–vertebral body interface. Loss of this nutrient supply is thought to lead to disc degeneration, but how nutrient supply influences viable cell density is unclear. We investigated two factors that influence nutrient delivery to disc cells and hence cell viability: disc height and blood supply. We used bovine caudal discs as our model as these show a gradation in disc height. We found that although disc height varied twofold from the largest to the smallest disc studied, it had no significant effect on cell density, unlike the situation found in articular cartilage. The density of blood vessels supplying the discs was markedly greater for the largest disc than the smallest disc, as was the density of pores allowing capillary penetration through the bony endplate. Results indicate that changes in blood vessels in the vertebral bodies supplying the disc, as well as changes in endplate architecture appear to influence density of cells in intervertebral discs.
Do Family Firms Have Better Reputations Than Non‐Family Firms? An Integration of Socioemotional Wealth and Social Identity Theories
Authors: Deephouse David L. , Jaskiewicz Peter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe draw from socioemotional wealth and social identity research to develop a theory on reputational differences among family and non‐family firms. We propose that family members identify more strongly with their family firm than non‐family members do with either a family or non‐family firm. Heightened identification motivates family members to pursue a favourable reputation because it allows them to feel good about themselves, thus contributing to their socioemotional wealth. We hypothesize that when the family's name is part of the firm's name, the firm's reputation is higher because family members are particularly motivated for their firm to have a better reputation. Family members also need organizational power to pursue a favourable reputation; thus, we hypothesize that the level of family ownership and family board presence should be associated with more favourable reputations. We find support for our theory in a sample of large firms from eight countries with disparate governance systems and cultures.
Collecting Samples from the Shelf: Does This Contribute to Shelf‐Life Knowledge?
Authors: Hough Guillermo , Subramaniam Persis , Narain Chanchal , Beeren Cindy 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSamples with different storage times were collected from supermarket shelves for three products: a strawberry fruit drink (SFD), digestive biscuits and shortbread. Sensory descriptive analysis and chemical measurements were performed on the samples. Consumers measured sensory acceptability and answered an accept/reject question for each sample. These last data were used to estimate the sensory shelf life of the SFD applying survival analysis methodology. For the digestive biscuits and shortbread, this estimation was not possible because of the low rejection probability and that acceptability differences between samples did not follow the expected trend in relation to dates. Partial least squares regressions showed the relationships between acceptability (Y‐matrix) and trained panel descriptive analysis + chemical measurements (X‐matrix). Collecting samples from the shelf could be a means of obtaining cut‐off points for shelf‐life estimations. However, in two of the three examples presented, confidence intervals were wide. This was due to the relatively low number of experimental points in the regression and/or the batch variability inherent in the sample collection method. Overall, collecting samples from the shelf contributed limited information to shelf‐life knowledge.Practical ApplicationsIf samples with different storage times could be collected from the company's deposits and/or from supermarket shelves, this would mean an important saving in resources, especially as this would mean not having to wait for the different storage times to elapse. The title of this article proposed answering the question of whether collecting samples from the shelf contributes to shelf‐life knowledge. The answer is that it does, although with limitations. Depending on the product, it can provide sensory shelf‐life estimations or establish if current “best‐before” dates are adequate. Correlations between acceptability and objective sensory or instrumental data can help in understanding modes of deterioration.
Comparative evaluation of autologous platelet‐rich fibrin and platelet‐rich plasma in the treatment of mandibular degree II furcation defects: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Bajaj Pavan , Pradeep A. R. , Agarwal Esha , Rao Nishanth S. , Naik Savitha B. , Priyanka N. , Kalra Nitish 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundThe treatment of molar furcation defects remains a considerable challenge in clinical practice. The identification of clinical measurements influential to treatment outcomes is critical to optimize the results of surgical periodontal therapy. The present study aimed to explore the clinical and radiographical effectiveness of autologous platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) and autologous platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of mandibular degree II furcation defects in subjects with chronic periodontitis.Material and MethodsSeventy‐two mandibular degree II furcation defects were treated with either autologous PRF with open flap debridement (OFD; 24 defects) or autologous PRP with OFD (25), or OFD alone (23). Clinical and radiological parameters such as probing depth, relative vertical clinical attachment level and horizontal clinical attachment level along with gingival marginal level were recorded at baseline and 9 mo postoperatively.ResultsAll clinical and radiographic parameters showed statistically significant improvement at both the test sites (PRF with OFD and PRP with OFD) compared to those with OFD alone. Relative vertical clinical attachment level gain was also greater in PRF (2.87 ± 0.85 mm) and PRP (2.71 ± 1.04 mm) sites as compared to control site (1.37 ± 0.58 mm), and relative horizontal clinical attachment level gain was statistically significantly greater in both PRF and PRP than in the control group.ConclusionsThe use of autologous PRF or PRP were both effective in the treatment of furcation defects with uneventful healing of sites.
HLA‐DRB and HLA‐DQA/HLA‐DQB allele and haplotype frequencies in Iranian patients with aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Mousavi Jazi M. , Solgi G. , Asl Roosta H. , Noshad S. , Moslemi N. , Sadrimanesh R. , Moradi B. , A. Amirzargar A. 
Published: January 2013

Background and ObjectiveGenetic backgrounds play a key role in susceptibility to and protection against a spectrum of periodontal diseases. Like other infectious diseases, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) have been found to be associated with periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate differences in allele and haplotype frequencies of HLA class II antigens in a sample of Iranian patients with aggressive periodontitis compared with a healthy control group.Material and MethodsFifty unrelated patients with aggressive periodontitis and 130 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. HLA genotyping for HLA‐DRB, HLA‐DQA1 and HLA‐DQB1 was performed using the PCR with sequence‐specific primers. Allele and haplotype frequencies were compared across groups.ResultsThe frequencies of HLA‐DQA1*03:01, HLA‐DQB1*03:02 and HLA‐DQB1*03:05 alleles, as well as that of the HLA‐DRB1*04:01 allele, were significantly higher in patients with aggressive periodontitis compared with control subjects (p = 0.01, p = 0.04, p = 0.05 and p = 0.04, respectively). In contrast, the frequency of the HLA‐DQB1*0603 allele was significantly lower in patients with aggressive periodontitis compared with control subjects (p = 0.006; odds ratio = 0.20). With regard to haplotype association, a significantly higher frequency of two haplotypes – HLA‐DRB1*04:01/HLA‐DQA1*03:01/HLA‐DQB1*03:02 and HLA‐DRB1*16:01/HLA‐DQA1*01:03/HLA‐DQB1*05:01 – was observed in patients with aggressive periodontitis compared with healthy controls (p = 0.01, odds ratio = 2.56 and p = 0.05, odds ratio = 5.38, respectively).ConclusionThese results provide additional evidence that class II HLA polymorphisms, particularly in the DQ locus, are associated with protection against and susceptibility to aggressive periodontitis.
Pharmacoeconomic assessment of therapy for invasive aspergillosis
Authors: Luong Me‐Linh , Husain Shahid , Rotstein Coleman 
Published: January 2013

SummaryInvasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised hosts. Economic expenditures prompted by this invasive fungal infection (IFI) are significant. Although, the duration and associated costs of hospitalization comprise the largest proportion of costs in large surveillance studies, the newer oral antifungal agents may impact significantly on these costs. A review of the pharmacoeconomic (PE) studies is provided focussing on primary therapy, salvage therapy, empiric therapy and prophylaxis for IA. PE evaluations have demonstrated the cost effectiveness and dominance of voriconazole for targeted primary treatment of IA compared with other available agents. Differences in the drug choice and analytic methodology of the PE analyses of empiric antifungal strategy hamper definitive conclusions about the agents employed as empiric antifungal that may be directed at suspected IA although both caspofungin and voriconazole appear to be cost effective and dominant over liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB), whereas LAmB is more costly than conventional amphotericin B. Posaconazole is the most cost‐effective agent for antifungal prophylaxis against IFI and IA.
Long‐term stem CO2 concentration measurements in Norway spruce in relation to biotic and abiotic factors
Authors: Etzold Sophia , Zweifel Roman , Ruehr Nadine K. , Eugster Werner , Buchmann Nina 
Published: January 2013

Summary

Stem CO2 concentrations (stem [CO2]) undergo large temporal variations that need to be understood to better link tree physiological processes to biosphere–atmosphere CO2 exchange.

During 19 months, stem [CO2] was continuously measured in mature subalpine Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) and jointly analysed with stem, soil and air temperatures, sap flow rates, stem radius changes and CO2 efflux rates from stem and soil on different time scales.

Stem [CO2] exhibited a strong seasonality, of which over 80% could be explained with stem and soil temperatures. Both physical equilibrium processes of CO2 between water and air according to Henry's law as well as physiological effects, including sap flow and local respiration, concurrently contributed to these temporal variations.

Moreover, the explanatory power of potential biological drivers (stem radius changes, sap flow and soil respiration) varied strongly with season and temporal resolution. We conclude that seasonal and daily courses of stem [CO2] in spruce trees are a combined effect of physical equilibrium and tree physiological processes. Furthermore, we emphasize the relevance of axial diffusion of CO2 along air‐filled spaces in the wood, and potential wound response processes owing to sensor installation.
Attenuation of auditory ERPs to action‐sound coincidences is not explained by voluntary allocation of attention
Authors: Horváth János 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe event‐related potential (ERP) correlates of sound detection are attenuated when eliciting sounds coincide with our own actions. The role of attention in this effect was investigated in two experiments by presenting tones separated by random intervals. In the homogeneous condition of Experiments 1 and 2, the same tone was repeated, whereas in the mixed condition of Experiment 1, tones with five different frequencies were presented. Participants performed a time‐interval production task by marking intervals with keypresses in Experiment 1, and tried to produce keypress‐tone coincidences in Experiment 2. Although the auditory ERPs were attenuated for coincidences, no modulation by the multiplicity of tone frequencies in Experiment 1, or by the task‐relevancy of tones and coincidences in Experiment 2, was found. This suggests that coincidence‐related ERP attenuation cannot be fully explained by voluntary attentional mechanisms.
Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder reduces automatic attention in young adults
Authors: Sable Jeffrey J. , Knopf Kristin L. , Kyle Marie R. , Schully Lauren T , Brooks Megan M. , Parry Kelly H. , Thompson Ivy A. , Suna Elise B. , Stowe Rachel , Flink Laura A. , Diamond Rebecca E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPrevious ERP studies have provided mixed information about ADHD, especially in adults and when conscious attention to stimuli is not required. We used the auditory N1 to assess automatic attention in adults with and without ADHD. While participants watched a silent video, trains of 5 tones (400‐ms onset‐to‐onset time) were presented with intertrain intervals (ITIs) of 1 or 5 s. The P1, N1, P2, and N2 were analyzed. Compared to controls, participants with ADHD had relatively little N1 attenuation after the 5‐s ITI, which was driven by uniformly small N1s to all tones. However, after the 1‐s ITI, the ADHD group had relatively large N2s to all 5 tones in the train. The reduced N1 in adults with ADHD indicated reduced automatic attention to salient sound stimuli, which may be due to reduced function of brain‐stem arousal mechanisms. However, the increased N2 in these participants suggests they had developed certain compensatory mechanisms.
Multiple object individuation during numerical Stroop
Authors: Pagano Silvia , Mazza Veronica 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTo investigate whether semantic information relative to numbers is retained during multiple object individuation, we recorded N2pc—a neural measure of selection/individuation—during a numerical version of the Stroop task. Participants enumerated a varying number of target digits (1 to 4) whose identity was either congruent or incongruent with their numerosity. N2pc amplitudes increased as a function of target numerosity but were little affected by congruency, suggesting that multiple object individuation is a prenumeric stage that does not encode for the number magnitude of the numerosity of the individuated objects.
Microbial dynamics and natural remediation patterns of Fusarium‐infested watermelon soil under 3‐yr of continuous fallow condition
Authors: Wu H.‐S. , Gao Z.‐Q. , Zhou X.‐D. , Shi X. , Wang M.‐Y. , Shang X.‐X. , Liu Y.‐D. , Gu D.‐L. , Wang W.‐Z. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLong‐term monoculture of watermelon results in inhibited growth and decreased crop yields, possibly because of imbalance in microbial ecology caused by accumulation of the pathogen in soil. This results in serious problems in the economics of watermelon production. We investigated the build‐up of Fusarium in soil under watermelon cultivation and changes over 3 yr of fallow in a microcosm. We focused on changes in the microbial community of Fusarium‐infected soil, including the diversity of the microfloral species composition, and species abundance. Long‐term monoculture of watermelon leads to changes in microbial diversity and community structure. The microbes most readily cultured from infested soil were suppressed by watermelon wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON). Of 52 isolated and identified culturable microbes, 83.3% of bacteria, 85.7% of actinomycetes, 31.6% of fungi and 20.0% of Fusarium sp. were inhibited by FON on bioassay plates. Prior to fallowing, infested soil was a transformed ‘fungus‐type’ soil. After 3 yr of fallow, the infested soil had remediated naturally, and soil microbial diversity recovered considerably. Abundance of dominant bacterial populations was increased by 118–177%, actinomycetes, fungi and FON were decreased by 23–32, 33–37 and 50%, respectively. The ratio of bacteria: actnomycetes: fungus: Fusarium sp. in infested soil changed from 24 000:100:4:1 prior to fallow to 57 000:100:3.5:1 after fallowing, nearer to the 560 000:400:8:1 ratio of healthy soil not used for watermelon cultivation. This suggests the ‘fungus‐type’ soil was converting to ‘bacteria‐type’ soil and that disrupted microbial communities in infested soil were restored during fallow.