bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of a Holocene aquifer–lagoon system using hydrogeochemical data
Authors: Sola F. , Vallejos A. , Daniele L. , Pulido-Bosch A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe hydrogeochemical characteristics of the Cabo de Gata coastal aquifer (southeastern Spain) were studied in an attempt to explain the anomalous salinity of its groundwater. This detritic aquifer is characterised by the presence of waters with highly contrasting salinities; in some cases the salinity exceeds that of seawater. Multivariate analysis of water samples indicates two groups of water (G1 and G2). Group G1 is represented in the upper part of the aquifer, where the proportion of seawater varies between 10 and 60%, whilst G2 waters, taken from the lower part of the aquifer, contain 60−70% seawater. In addition, hydrogeochemical modelling was applied, which reveals that the waters have been subject to evaporation between 25 and 35%. There was a good agreement between the modelled results and the observed water chemistry. This evaporation would have occurred during the Holocene, in a coastal lagoon environment; the resulting brines would have infiltrated into the aquifer and due to their greater density, sunk towards the impermeable base. The characteristics of this water enabled us to reconstruct the interactions that must have occurred between the coastal aquifer and the lagoon, and to identify the environmental conditions that prevailed in the study area during the Middle Holocene.
Conditions for extreme wave runup on a vertical barrier by nonlinear dispersion
Authors: Viotti Claudio , Carbone Francesco , Dias Frédéric 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe runup of long strongly nonlinear waves impinging on a vertical wall can exceed six times the far-field amplitude of the incoming waves. This outcome stems from a precursory evolution process in which the wave height undergoes strong amplification due to the combined action of nonlinear steepening and dispersion, resulting in the formation of nonlinearly dispersive wave trains, i.e. undular bores. This part of the problem is first analysed separately, with emphasis on the wave amplitude growth rate during the development of undular bores within an evolving large-scale background. The growth of the largest wave in the group is seen to reflect the asymptotic time scaling provided by nonlinear modulation theory rather closely, even in the case of fully nonlinear evolution and moderately slow modulations. In order to address the effect of such a dynamics on the subsequent wall runup, numerical simulations of evolving long-wave groups are then carried out in a computational wave tank delimited by vertical walls. Conditions for optimal runup efficiency are sought with respect to the main physical parameters characterizing the incident waves, namely the wavelength, the length of the propagation path and the initial amplitude. Extreme runup is found to be strongly correlated to the ratio between the available propagation time and the shallow-water nonlinear time scale. The problem is studied in the twofold mathematical framework of the fully nonlinear free-surface Euler equations and the strongly nonlinear Serre–Green–Naghdi model. The performance of the reduced model in providing accurate long-time predictions can therefore be assessed.
PUPILS’ CHOICES AND SOCIAL MOBILITY AFTER THE THIRTY YEARS WAR: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY
Authors: ROSS ALAN S. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThis article presents the main findings of the first detailed reconstruction of the pattern of attendance at an early modern German school, based on the exceptionally preserved matriculation records of the Latin (grammar) school of Zwickau/Saxony in the second half of the seventeenth century. It investigates pupils’ social background, their geographical mobility, and reconstructs their educational choices. Prevailing top-down perspectives on early modern education obscure the range of choices available to pupils. This article argues that substantial social mobility into learned professions formed the backdrop to the preoccupation with rank and distinction within the Republic of Letters in the Holy Roman Empire.
Determinants of attitudes to carnivores: implications for mitigating human–carnivore conflict on South African farmland
Authors: Thorn Michelle , Green Matthew , Marnewick Kelly , Scott Dawn M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHuman–wildlife conflict is increasingly prevalent, particularly in relation to carnivores in non-protected areas of Africa. Quantifying the attitudes of land owners towards carnivores and understanding the factors that influence these attitudes are instrumental in conservation planning and reducing persecution-related threats to carnivores. However, information about attitudes to carnivores in Africa, and South Africa in particular, is scarce. To obtain such data we interviewed 170 commercial game and livestock farmers in two ecologically important rural areas of northern South Africa. Responses to statements about carnivore management, stock protection and predation were generally positive. However, 62% of respondents believed carnivores to be financially damaging and 35% thought them overly abundant. Many respondents (41%) were unwilling to tolerate even low levels of predation and considered persecution of carnivores to be the cheapest form of stock protection (31%). Attitudes were significantly more positive among respondents who did not kill carnivores than among those who did. Generalized linear regression coupled with information-theoretic analysis showed that attitudes to carnivores were determined by a combination of cultural and land-use attributes more than by economic factors such as stock holdings or predation losses. The results elucidate potential targets for mitigation activities and facilitate the development of communication, education and extension activities specifically designed to appeal to intended recipients and address prevalent motives for persecuting carnivores.
Who Was Rex Boustead? An Excursus on the Mombasa Club's First Proprietor
Authors: Frankl P.J.L. 
Published: May 2014

In a previous article in History in Africa the rules and regulations of the Mombasa Club, dating from 1903 or earlier, were laid out (Frankl 2001). Since that article was written, the original Mombasa Club Rules, a booklet of sixteen pages printed in Mombasa and dated 1899, has come to light in the Public Record Office at Kew. One of the three signatories to that document was Rex Boustead, Proprietor. Edward Rodwell (1988:20) asked “Who was Rex Boustead?” This paper attempts to answer that question.Altogether there were six Boustead children, of whom Rex was the last born. The Bousteads, originally from Cumrenton in Cumberland, were connected with Ceylon from the early nineteenth century. Rex's paternal grandfather, John Boustead St., was paymaster of the Ceylon Rifles Regiment for more than half a century. Rex's father, John Boustead Jr. (1822-1904)—his occupation is given as “Army Agent” in Rex's birth certificate—was an only son, the second of five children. He married Augusta Phoebe Twentyman (1824-1911) at St Mary's Walthamstow in 1853; between 1854 and 1863 she gave birth to six children. John Boustead Jr. had several estates in Ceylon, and it is clear from his will that he was a moderately wealthy man, for he left £6662, a not inconsiderable sum in 1904.All the children of John Boustead junior were born in England, all married, and all died in England. Of the boys, all except Rex went to Harrow School. John Melvill (known as “Jack”), the oldest brother (who had east African connections), was born on 31 March 1854, at Walthamstow.
The Semolika Expedition of 1904: A Participant Account
Authors: Afeadie Philip Atsu 
Published: May 2014

British imperialism in west Africa during the late nineteenth century is known to be the product of the interrelations between expansionist forces at the center of empire and those at the periphery on the one hand, and the relationship between the peripheral forces and African circumstances on the other hand. Expansionist forces at Whitehall included nationalistic sentiments and inter-European rivalry, economic considerations, and public reactions to these motivations. Of the expansionist forces at the outposts of empire, pressure from commercial interest groups and the activities of the men on the spot are notable.Indeed, the work of the military personnel on the outposts of empire was instrumental to British territorial annexations. As officers and non-commissioned officers to the colonial army of the West African Frontier Force (WAFF), the British personnel hailed from all rungs of society, and seconded from metropolitan regiments into active service in West Africa. Their motivations largely included economic interests, sport and adventure, while the African auxiliaries enlisted out of economic considerations. Naturally, the men on the spot were indispensable to British expansion, as they particularly constituted a reliable source of information for policymakers at home. They also subscribed with their superiors to the use of force to maintain political supremacy on the frontiers of empire. The men on the spot controlled the timing, pace, and extent of British military imperialism. However, they had to reckon with indigenous response, as their prerogatives met challenges in African interests and concerns, such as territorial inviolability and non-interference in their internal affairs. This interplay of military imperialism and African response is aptly demonstrated in the British encounter with the Semolika in Northern Nigeria.
A Unique Case and Opportunity: In Favor of a Study on the UTC Label
Authors: Bender Wolfgang 
Published: May 2014

I want to concentrate on three broad themes in responding to the papers by Arlt and Collins. The first one is about archives and collecting and what I call the dilemmas of discography. Connected to these dilemmas is the question of the place of popular music within academia and the implications thereof for the distribution of funds. The second one is more concerned with concepts and ideas. And the third one relates to the position of Christianity in the African cultures and history we study and with its position in our academic field. Starting with the first theme, I want to direct our attention to the UTC record collection. For the study of popular African music the UTC series of over 700 shellac discs is of immense importance with regard to discography and content.For anyone who has done any detailed analysis of discographic research in African music, the existence of one complete set, as it might be the case with the UTC recordings, is the ideal. Such a complete set would be a resource without precedent. In the case of most record companies or series, we do not know how many records were edited and published. Lists or catalogs rarely exist and, if they do, they may cover only a particular period. Far too often we are left to speculate. If, for example, we come across a record that carries the number 104, does it mean, this is the 104th record, or is it number 4 of a series labeled with three digits? Is record number 104 the last out of these four records, or will hundreds follow? There is no obvious rationality in numbering records. A series may begin with 101 and end with 104, but it may continue with another label color and a letter added such as B101. Sometimes a complete set—or only a selection of titles—is taken over by another company and this may be recognizable by a certain letter preceding the numbers, for instance, the letter “J” for Jeronimides, the Greek owners of the NGOMA label in Léopoldville.
African Files in Portuguese Archives
Authors: Bjerk Paul 
Published: May 2014

When I first mentioned to David Henige my plan to go to Portugal to do some archival research, he expressed the hope that it would be a somewhat more welcoming atmosphere than he had encountered in 1971, with armed soldiers patrolling the grounds. Indeed it was. I spent three weeks in Lisbon doing archival research in modern African history, with a specific interest in Tanzania. The Arquivo Histórico Diplomàtico (AHD) and the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (AHU) both proved to be rich archival sources kept by accessible and friendly staff.This paper is a brief and informal review of my research in the archives. Unfortunately, I did not survey the holdings of either of the archives I used, so I cannot speak to their scope, but the files on Africa are vast. The AHU, for example, claims over 6000 meters of documents, and not just for Portuguese colonies. They include materials dating to the sixteenth century and extensive intelligence and diplomatic materials for the twentieth century. I hope that this paper will give interested researchers a sense of the type of material available.In going to Portugal, I had the goal of finding out what archival material existed in Lisbon concerning relations between Portugal and Tanzania. Portuguese-Tanzanian relations were largely formed through the encounter over Mozambique. When Tanzania gained independence, it began to support the Mozambican liberation movements, which was very upsetting to Portugal, especially in the context of the Cold War. The Portuguese archives proved very fruitful. I found hundreds of documents that were of great interest, including documents relating directly to my dissertation topic dealing with a diplomatic incident concerning some forged letters that implicated Portugal in a plot to overthrow the Tanzanian government.
The Archives of the Municipality and the High Court of Asmara, Eritrea: Discovering the Eritrea “Hidden from History”
Authors: Locatelli Francesca 
Published: May 2014

Eritrean independence in 1993 raised fundamental questions regarding the Eritrean past. Inevitably, scholars initially focused their analysis on the history of the Eritrean nationalist movement and liberation struggle. The long guerrilla war against the Ethiopian regime attracted the interest of numerous researchers, not only because of its implications for the redefinition of the political landscape of the Horn of Africa, but also because of the ways in which it had mobilized and reorganized Eritrean society. While this literature has shed much light upon interesting aspects of the political history of independent Eritrea, further investigation of the precolonial and colonial past is still required to gain a deeper understanding of the formation of Eritrean national identity in all its intricate facets.The question of Eritrean national identity is intimately connected to its colonial history, which in many ways remains marginalized in the analysis of Eritrean past. The Italian colonial period between 1890 and 1941 was a crucial moment in the definition of those social and political transformations which contributed to the formation of Eritrea-as-a-nation. Nevertheless, this historical phase remains underexplored. The colonial past has been an issue that European powers to varying extents have had to confront since the end of empire. Both historians of colonialism and Africanist historians have collaborated in the reconstruction of the past of colonized societies. In Italy this process remains in embryonic form. Many Africanist historians, such as Irma Taddia and Alessandro Triulzi, have already addressed the problem concerning the gaps left by Italian historiography on both the colonial past and the history of the colonized societies in its various aspects. As Triulzi points out, both practical and political reasons slowed the development of those debates that were emerging in the historiographies of other excolonial powers.
African History at Makerere in the 1960s: A Further Perspective
Authors: Bridges Roy , Posnansky Merrick 
Published: May 2014

As two expatriate academics who taught at Makerere in the 1960s (RB 1960-64; MP 1964-67), we were naturally interested in the article, “Building an African Department of History at Makerere, 1950-1972” in HA 30(2003), 253-82. The story Carol Sicherman has to tell is an important one and she has produced a well-documented and forcefully delivered account. It is to be hoped that she will be able to bring out a complete history of Makerere, which is something that is badly needed. We do, however, have some reservations about the picture of the early 1960s that emerges.Our criticism of the impression given of what was happening at Makerere in the History Department in the early 1960s, before the arrival of J. B. Webster in 1968, is in two main respects. First, it may not be fair to judge everything in terms of how far an African syllabus taught by Africans had been established; the Department and the University might have had legitimate aims in addition to this. Second, even granting that moving towards an African syllabus was an aim in the 1960s—and we think it was—Sicherman tends to underestimate on the one hand the difficulties which then had to be overcome, and on the other the extent to which the aim was realized and the essential basis laid for Webster's work.
A Note on Self-Translation
Authors: Vansina Jan 
Published: May 2014

Not so long ago this journal published an excellent overview of the issues related to the reliability of translations. But neither this, nor apparently any other study, considered the case of a text translated by its own author, hence a note on this topic may have some use. As I just finished translating of my own Le Rwanda ancien (Paris, 2001), I have been prompted to do so. The issues still are: how reliable is this sort of translation to the original? Is it really equivalent to the original?Translations of modern works can be grouped in three categories according to the knowledge an author has about the language in which his or her work is being translated: the author does not know the language of the translation at all; the author knows that language well enough to check on the reliability of a translation; or the author knows that language to the point that he or she can translate the work him-or herself. In the first case, even the author has no idea how faithful the translation is to the original. In the second case the overall reliability of the translation can be guaranteed by the author, but his or her limited knowledge of the language in question means that he or she may be unaware that some parts of the translation may not be faithful in the sense that readers might understand them in ways the author did not intend. Moreover, the great majority of translations by others will still strike native readers of the language into which it is translated as stilted because its rhetorical devices, and perhaps its syntax, do not wholly conform to the usual practice in that language. Indeed some passages may seem quaint or even especially striking merely because standard idioms or metaphors have been too literally translated. But surely self-translation should be completely reliable, especially when the translated text has been also copy-edited by a native speaker of the language in which it is translated?
Atypical atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia in a child with polyvalvular dysplasia
Authors: Johnson Jonathan N. , Ackerman Michael J. , Cannon Bryan C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA 10-year-old boy with polyvalvular dysplasia and severe involvement of both atrioventricular valves presented with palpitations. Concern was raised for atrial tachyarrhythmia due to biatrial enlargement; however, ambulatory monitoring discovered a reentrant mechanism. Electrophysiology study revealed atypical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia involving two components of the slow pathway, with inputs in the posterior septum around his dysplastic tricuspid valve. He underwent successful modification of the slow pathway using cryoablation.
An interpretative phenomenological analysis exploring the lived experience of individuals dying from terminal cancer in Ireland
Authors: McTiernan Kara , O'Connell Michael 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjective:The experience of living with dying has attracted limited research. We utilized interpretive phenomenological analysis to explore the lived experience of individuals with terminal cancer receiving palliative care in Ireland.Method:Participants were purposely selected from public interviews that had been conducted between 2006 and 2011. The study included the accounts of eight participants (N= 8; six females and two males) with a diagnosis of terminal cancer. Participant ages ranged from 36 to 68 years.Results:Three master themes emerged from the analysis: the personal impact of diagnosis, the struggle in adjusting to change, and dying in context. The results revealed that participants were still living while simultaneously dying. Interestingly, participants did not ascribe new meaning to their lives. The terminal illness was understood within the framework of the life that had existed before diagnosis. They strove to maintain their normal routines and continued to undertake meaningful activities. Management of unfinished business and creation of a legacy were salient tasks. Social withdrawal was not present; rather, participants engaged in emotional labor to sustain valued roles. However, we found that within the public domain there is a paucity of education and discourse supporting individuals at the end of life. The hospice was noted as an important external resource. Each participant experienced a unique dying process that reflected their context.Significance of Results:Healthcare professionals need to recognize the subjectivity of the dying process. Dying individuals require support and options to maintain their personhood.
Endocrine and Mood Responses to two Working Days in Female Teachers
Authors: Serrano Miguel Angel , Moya-Albiol Luís , Salvador Alicia 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCurrently, a considerable amount of work stress is present in school teachers,
one of the occupational groups with the highest levels of job strain and
burnout. As chronic stress produces significant modifications in emotional
adjustment and neuroendocrine functioning, we aimed to investigate the role of
these work stress constructs in the endocrine and mood responses of a group of
female teachers during two working days (WD) at different moments in the
academic year. We studied mood as well as levels of cortisol and testosterone,
representative of a predominant catabolic or anabolic balance. Our results
showed that higher “control” was associated with higher
positive mood (p = .028 on WD1 and
p = .057 on WD2) and salivary testosterone (Tsal)
(p = .022 on WD1), whereas
“demands” and “total job strain”
were related to negative mood (p = .011 and
p = .015, respectively). Participants with
higher scores on “total burnout” and “emotional
exhaustion” also had higher negative mood (p
< .05 in all cases). Depersonalization correlated positively with
negative mood (p = .019 and p
= .006 on WD1 and WD2, respectively). Finally, personal
accomplishment showed an inverse relationship with negative mood
(p = .038 on WD2). These results are useful for job
risk prevention and interventions that should focus on the control dimension of
the job strain questionnaire and on personal accomplishment from the burnout
scale.