bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival disparities between Māori and non‐Māori men with prostate cancer in New Zealand
Authors: Obertová Zuzana , Scott Nina , Brown Charis , Stewart Alistair , Lawrenson Ross 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveTo examine temporal trends and current survival differences between Māori and non‐Māori men with prostate cancer in New Zealand (NZ).Patients and MethodsA cohort of 37 529 men aged ≥40 years diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1996 and 2010 was identified from the New Zealand Cancer Registry and followed until 25 May 2011. Cause of death was obtained from the Mortality Collection by data linkage. Survival for Māori compared with non‐Māori men was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and Cox proportional hazard regression models, adjusted for age, year of diagnosis, socioeconomic deprivation and rural/urban residence.ResultsThe probability of surviving was significantly lower for Māori compared with non‐Māori men at 1, 5 and 10 years after diagnosis. Māori men were more likely to die from any cause [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.72–1.97] and from prostate cancer (aHR 1.94, 95% CI 1.76– 2.14). The aHR of prostate cancer death for Māori men diagnosed with regional extent was 2.62‐fold (95% CI 1.60–4.31) compared with non‐Māori men. The survival gap between Māori and non‐Māori men has not changed throughout the study period.ConclusionMāori men had significantly poorer survival than non‐Māori, particularly when diagnosed with regional prostate cancer. Despite improvements in survival for all men diagnosed after 2000, the survival gap between Māori and non‐Māori men has not been reduced with time. Differences in prostate cancer detection and management, partly driven by higher socioeconomic deprivation in Māori men, were identified as the most likely contributors to ethnic survival disparities in NZ.
Light Availability Influences Growth‐Defense Trade‐Offs in Big‐Leaf Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King)
Authors: Abdala‐Roberts Luis , Moreira Xoaquín , Cervera José Carlos , Parra‐Tabla Víctor 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe report on findings from a common garden experiment showing that the magnitude of change in the production of phenolic compounds in response to different amounts of light availability is tissue‐specific in saplings of big‐leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). Moreover, we show that trade‐offs between growth and the production of chemical defenses emerge only under light‐limited conditions. These findings emphasize the need for considering the specificity of plant defensive responses to resource availability, as well as the influence of the abiotic environment (via trade‐offs) on plant defense allocation patterns.
Effects of Historical Selective Logging on Anuran Communities in a Wet Evergreen Forest, South India
Authors: Seshadri K. S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractVast areas of tropical evergreen forests have been selectively logged in the past, and many areas continue to be logged. The impacts of such logging on amphibians are poorly understood. I examined the response of anuran communities to historical selective logging in a wet evergreen forest in south India. Anuran assemblages in unlogged forest were compared with assemblages in selectively logged forest. Forty 10 m × 10 m quadrats in forest, riparian zones, and streams of unlogged and selectively logged forests were searched at night for anurans. Species richness did not appear to be affected by logging. However, anuran density varied significantly and was 42 percent lower in selectively logged forests compared to unlogged forests. Anuran densities also varied significantly across microhabitats, with highest densities in streams of both selectively logged and unlogged forests. Patterns of niche overlap varied with selective logging as niche breadth either expanded, contracted, or remained neutral for different species. Ordination analysis explained 95 percent of the variation in species assemblage across selectively logged and unlogged forests. The assemblage in selectively logged forest was nested within unlogged forest. Among the habitat characteristics, litter thickness and water depth had the highest influence on the assemblage. This was followed by litter/water temperature, air temperature, and lastly relative humidity. It appears that species richness and composition of anurans in selectively logged forests is converging with unlogged forests, but the effects of historical logging seem to persist on anuran densities and their niche characteristics even ca 40 yr since logging ceased.
Architecture and morphology of the human ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Mackey Scott , Petrides Michael 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA previous report identified the location of comparable architectonic areas in the ventral frontal cortex of the human and macaque brains [S. Mackey & M. Petrides (2010) Eur. J. Neurosci., 32, 1940–1950]. The present article provides greater detail with regard to the definition of architectonic areas within the ventromedial part of the human ventral frontal cortex and describes their location: (i) in Montreal Neurological Institute proportional stereotactic space; and (ii) in relation to sulcal landmarks. Structural magnetic resonance scans of four brains were obtained before the preparation of the histological specimens, so that the architectonic parcellation could be reconstructed in its original three‐dimensional volume. The areal density of individual cortical layers was sampled quantitatively in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of eight brains (16 hemispheres). The agranular cortex along the ventral edge of the corpus callosum and posterior margin of the ventromedial surface is replaced by a graded series of increasingly granular and more complexly laminated areas that succeed one another in a posterior‐to‐anterior direction. In parallel, the width of the supragranular layers (i.e. layers II and III) increases as compared with the infragranular layers (i.e. layers V and VI) from posterior to anterior. A measure of how rapidly cortical features change at areal boundaries also showed that the rate of change in the granule and pyramidal cell densities of layers IV and V, respectively, was greater at the borders between posterior areas than between anterior areas. This article will facilitate the anatomical identification and comparison of experimental data involving the human vmPFC.
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease: virus persistence and adaptation in Australia
Authors: Schwensow Nina I. , Cooke Brian , Kovaliski John , Sinclair Ron , Peacock David , Fickel Joerns , Sommer Simone 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn Australia, the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) has been used since 1996 to reduce numbers of introduced European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) which have a devastating impact on the native Australian environment. RHDV causes regular, short disease outbreaks, but little is known about how the virus persists and survives between epidemics. We examined the initial spread of RHDV to show that even upon its initial spread, the virus circulated continuously on a regional scale rather than persisting at a local population level and that Australian rabbit populations are highly interconnected by virus‐carrying flying vectors. Sequencing data obtained from a single rabbit population showed that the viruses that caused an epidemic each year seldom bore close genetic resemblance to those present in previous years. Together, these data suggest that RHDV survives in the Australian environment through its ability to spread amongst rabbit subpopulations. This is consistent with modelling results that indicated that in a large interconnected rabbit meta‐population, RHDV should maintain high virulence, cause short, strong disease outbreaks but show low persistence in any given subpopulation. This new epidemiological framework is important for understanding virus–host co‐evolution and future disease management options of pest species to secure Australia's remaining natural biodiversity.
Finite element analysis of crack mouth opening displacement compliance in crack length evaluation for clamped single edge tension specimens
Authors: Wang E. , Omiya M. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIn the unloading compliance method developed for clamped single edge tension (SE(T)) specimens, six crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD)‐based compliance equations (i.e.a/W = f(BCE′)) were proposed for the crack length evaluation without clearly clarifying the corresponding predictive accuracies. In addition, the effective elastic modulus (Ee) that reflects the actual state of stress should also be introduced in the crack length evaluation for SE(T) specimens, because the actual state of stress in the remaining ligament of the test specimen is neither plane stress (E) nor plane strain (E′). In this study, two‐dimensional (2D) plane strain and three‐dimensional (3D) finite element analyses (FEAs) are carried out to investigate predictive accuracies of the six compliance equations. In both 2D and 3D FEA, specimens with a wide range of crack lengths and geometric configurations are included. For a given specimen, the value ofEethat presents the equivalent stress state in the remaining ligament is calculated on the basis of 3D FEA data. A set of formulae for the clamped SE(T) specimen is proposed that allows to evaluateEefrom the corresponding CMOD compliance. This approach is verified using numerical data. The observations of the numerical verification suggest that the use ofEeinstead ofEorE′ in CMOD‐based compliance equations markedly improves the accuracy of the predicted crack length for clamped SE(T) specimens.
Stoichiometric and growth responses of a freshwater filamentous green alga to varying nutrient supplies: slow and steady wins the race
Authors: Middleton Colleen M. , Frost Paul C. 
Published: August 2014

Summary

We examined how the nutrient stoichiometry of the filamentous green alga, Mougeotia sp., is affected by the relative availability of dissolved nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Using a bioassay experiment, we grew Mougeotia in medium having a range of dissolved N and P concentrations and N:P ratios (0.62 to 411 by mol). After growing Mougeotia in an environmental chamber for 17 days, we measured its carbon (C), N and P content (% of dry mass), molar C:N:P ratios, mass‐specific growth rate (MSGR, day−1), chlorophyll a concentration (Chl, μg L−1) and carbon:chlorophyll a (C:Chl) ratios.

Due largely to variation in cellular %N and %P, Mougeotia C:N:P ratios varied considerably at the end of the experiment, with C:N ratios ranging from 6 to 41, C:P ratios ranging from 85 to 999 and N:P ratios ranging from 4 to 118. We found Mougeotia to be weakly homeostatic with respect to N:P content, with non‐homeostatic tendencies found for N content and P content. Despite the wide range of N and P concentrations in the medium at the start of the experiment, Mougeotia MSGR was relatively invariant. Nevertheless, high C:Chl ratios observed for N‐ and P‐limited Mougeotia largely matched those expected for algae experiencing nutrient‐limited growth.

We further compared our experimental results with stoichiometric data for Mougeotia collected from the Kawartha Lakes in southern Ontario. The high C:P and N:P ratios found in field samples matched those of laboratory Mougeotia experiencing intense and sustained P limitation and are suggestive of severe P limitation of Mougeotia in Kawartha Lakes throughout the summer.

The slow growth rates and flexible stoichiometry of this alga would enable it to continue growing even during periods of acute nutrient stress. Hence, future management and control of this nuisance alga may prove difficult if it is unlikely to respond strongly to reductions in external P loading and lower water column P concentrations.
Suture granuloma mimicking a recurrent sacro‐coccygeal pilonidal sinus after Limberg flap
Authors: Ardelt Michael , Dittmar Yves , Schulz Birte , Rauchfuss Falk , Scheuerlein Hubert , Settmacher Utz 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSacro‐coccygeal pilonidal sinus disease is classified as an asymptomatic, acutely abscess‐forming or chronic subcutaneous inflammation in the sacro‐coccygeal region featuring characteristic pits in the bottom cleft. Due to high rates of recurrence, two flap techniques have been established in the course of the past three decades. One of them is the Karydakis operation, the other option is a rotation flap named Limberg procedure. We report about a case of suture granuloma in the area of a Limberg flap after recurrent pilonidal sinus with extrusion of the suture material, thus mimicking recurrence. In case of recurrent pilonidal sinus following plastic coverage or primary closure, respectively, the differential diagnosis of suture granuloma should be considered.
Assessment of patients' wound‐related pain experiences in University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Obilor Helen N , Adejumo Prisca O , Ilesanmi Rose E 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study was necessitated by the international recognition of wound‐related pain (WRP) as a must‐address issue and patient‐centred concerns. The aim of this study was to assess patients' WRP experiences at rest and in relation to dressing change. This descriptive study utilised a WRP questionnaire which incorporated a visual analogue scale of 0–10 for data collection. A total of 109 patients participated in this study; 95·4% of the participants experienced wound pain at rest and during performance of activities of daily living, which were moderate (47·1%) and severe (30·8%) in intensity. Also, 91·7% of the participants experienced wound dressing change‐related pain, mostly as moderate (47·0%) and severe (28·0%) pain. The major factors that worsened WRP experiences were touch/handling, change in position/movement, wound cleansing, removal of dressings and usage of honey as a dressing agent, while the use of analgesic and brief rest between dressing change were considered the major strategies that can relieve WRP. WRP experiences have been reported by patients at rest, during performance of activities of daily living and at wound dressing change. A need to incorporate WRP assessment has been observed, which is vital in improving wound care outcome.
Morphological and Thermodynamic Comparison of the Lesions Created by 4 Open‐Irrigated Catheters in 2 Experimental Models
Authors: MORENO JAVIER , QUINTANILLA JORGE G. , MOLINA‐MORÚA ROBERTO , GARCÍA‐TORRENT MARÍA JESÚS , ANGULO‐HERNÁNDEZ MARÍA JOSÉ , CURIEL‐LLAMAZARES CAROLINA , RAMIRO‐BARGUEÑO JULIO , GONZÁLEZ PABLO , CAAMAÑO ANTONIO J. , PÉREZ‐CASTELLANO NICASIO , ROJO‐ÁLVAREZ JOSÉ LUIS , MACAYA CARLOS , PÉREZ‐VILLACASTÍN JULIÁN 
Published: August 2014

Thermodynamic Evaluation of 4 Open‐Irrigated CathetersIntroductionNew generation open‐irrigated catheters aim to improve irrigation efficiency. This may change lesion patterns, challenging operators. Indeed, safety issues have recently arisen. We aimed to experimentally assess 4 open‐irrigated catheters, comparing lesion size, safety, and heat transfer.MethodsThe thigh lesion model was employed in 6 anesthetized pigs to assess the morphology of perpendicular and tangential lesions (n = 140) created by the newer catheters ThermoCool® SF, CoolFlex™, and Blazer™ Open‐Irrigated, and the standard ThermoCool®, at a constant power of 30 W (60 seconds). To evaluate the propensity for deep‐tissue overheating, a set of 120 applications were performed at 50 W (180 seconds) comparing pop rates. Thermal assessment of the lesion generation process (20 W, 60 seconds, n = 32) was performed with an infrared camera on bovine ventricular tissue.ResultsAt 30 W, the newer catheters showed lower temperature readings compared with the ThermoCool®. No major efficacy or safety differences were found at tangential applications; however, at perpendicular applications: (1) the SF at 17 mL/min better preserved the superficial layers and focused its maximum thermal effect deeper, but at recommended flow rates (8 mL/min) it generated the largest superficial lesions; (2) CoolFlex™ created smaller lesions than SF and readily induced steam pops at 50 W without temperature control; and (3) no major differences were found comparing Blazer™ Open‐Irrigated and ThermoCool®.ConclusionsThe lower temperature readings in the newer catheters make them more prone to deliver the maximum programmed power. Under experimental conditions, the SF catheter focuses its maximum effect deeper and the CoolFlex™ can be more prone to induce steam pops at high power settings.
Contrasting Effects of Geriatric Versus General Medical Multimorbidity on Quality of Ambulatory Care
Authors: Min Lillian , Kerr Eve A. , Blaum Caroline S. , Reuben David , Cigolle Christine , Wenger Neil 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesTo determine whether greater burden of geriatric conditions would have contrasting effects on quality of care (QOC) than nongeriatric, general medical conditions.DesignCross‐sectional observation over 1 year of ambulatory care.SettingThe Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders‐2 study.ParticipantsOlder adults prospectively screened for falls, incontinence, and dementia (N = 644).MeasurementsParticipant‐level QOC in absolute percentage points calculated using 65 ambulatory care care‐process quality indicators (QIs) for 13 general medical and geriatric conditions (#QIs provided/#QIs eligible). Secondary outcomes were geriatric QOC (a subset of 38 geriatric care QIs) and medical QOC (the 27 remaining nongeriatric QIs). Exposure variables were number of six medical conditions (medical comorbidity) and six geriatric conditions (geriatric comorbidity), controlling for age, sex, number of primary care visits, and site.ResultsMedical and geriatric comorbidity were unrelated to each other (correlation coefficient = 0.04, P = .27) yet had opposite effects on QOC. Each additional medical condition was associated with a 3.2‐percentage point (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.3–4.2 percentage point) increment in QOC, and each additional geriatric condition was associated with 4.9‐percentage point (95% CI = 3.5–6.5 percentage point) decrement in QOC. Participants with greater geriatric comorbidity received poorer medical and geriatric QOC.ConclusionGreater burden of geriatric conditions, or geriatric multimorbidity, is associated with poorer QOC. Geriatric multimorbidity should be targeted for better care using a comprehensive approach.
Sinus floor elevation utilizing the transalveolar approach
Authors: Pjetursson Bjarni E. , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA transalveolar approach for sinus floor elevation with subsequent placement of dental implants was first suggested by Tatum in 1986. In 1994, Summers described a different transalveolar approach using a set of tapered osteotomes with increasing diameters. The transalveolar approach of sinus floor elevation, also referred to as ‘osteotome sinus floor elevation’, the ‘Summers technique’ or the ‘Crestal approach’, may be considered as being more conservative and less invasive than the conventional lateral window approach. This is reflected by the fact that more than nine out of 10 patients who experienced the surgical procedure would be willing to undergo it again. The main indication for transalveolar sinus floor elevation is reduced residual bone height, which does not allow standard implant placement. Contraindications for transalveolar sinus floor elevation may be intra‐oral, local or medical. The surgical approach utilized over the last two decades is the technique described by Summers, with or without minor modifications. The surgical care after implant placement using the osteotome technique is similar to the surgical care after standard implant placement. The patients are usually advised to take antibiotic prophylaxis and to utilize antiseptic rinses. The main complications reported after performing a transalveolar sinus floor elevation were perforation of the Schneiderian membrane in 3.8% of patients and postoperative infections in 0.8% of patients. Other complications reported were postoperative hemorrhage, nasal bleeding, blocked nose, hematomas and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Whether it is necessary to use grafting material to maintain space for new bone formation after elevating the sinus membrane utilizing the osteotome technique is still controversial. Positive outcomes have been reported with and without using grafting material. A prospective study, evaluating both approaches, concluded that significantly more bone gain was seen when grafting material was used (4.1 mm mean bone gain compared with 1.7 mm when no grafting material was utilized). In a systematic review, including 19 studies reporting on 4388 implants inserted using the transalveolar sinus floor elevation technique, the 3‐year implant survival rate was 92.8% (95% confidence interval: 87.4–96.0%). Furthermore, a subject‐based analysis of the same material revealed an annual failure rate of 3.7%. Hence, one in 10 subjects experienced implant loss over 3 years. Several of the included studies demonstrated that transalveolar sinus floor elevation was most predictable when the residual alveolar bone height was ≥ 5 mm and the sinus floor anatomy was relatively flat.
Short implant in limited bone volume
Authors: Nisand David , Renouard Franck 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRehabilitation of severely resorbed jaws with dental implants remains a surgical and prosthetic challenge for clinicians. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the available data on short‐length implants and discuss their indications and limitations in daily clinical practice. A structured review of MEDLINE and a manual search were conducted. Thirty‐two case series devoted to short‐length implants, 14 reviews and 3 randomized controlled trials were identified. Of this group of papers, we can conclude that short‐length implants can be successfully used to support single and multiple fixed reconstructions in posterior atrophied jaws, even in those with increased crown‐to‐implant ratios. The use of short‐length implants allows treatment of patients who are unable to undergo complex surgical techniques for medical, anatomic or financial reasons. Moreover, the use of short‐length implants in daily clinical practice reduces the need for complex surgeries, thus reducing morbidity, cost and treatment time. The use of short implants promotes the new concept of stress‐minimizing surgery, allowing the surgeon to focus more on the correct three‐dimensional positioning of the implant.
Etiology and treatment of periapical lesions around dental implants
Authors: Temmerman Andy , Lefever David , Teughels Wim , Balshi Thomas J. , Balshi Stephen F. , Quirynen Marc 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe widespread use of oral implants in recent years has resulted in various types of complications. One of those complications is the periapical implant lesion. Different factors have been proposed to play a role in the development and emergence of a periapical implant lesion. To date, there is no consensus on the etiology and therefore periapical lesions around dental implants are considered to have a multifactorial etiology. The diagnosis of an implant periapical lesion should be based on both clinical and radiological findings. Additionally, in order to apply the best treatment strategy the evolution of the lesion should be taken into account. The treatment of this kind of lesion, however, is still empiric. Data, primarily from case reports, seem to indicate that the removal of all granulation tissue is a first step to arrest the progression of the bone destruction. The removal of the apical part of the implant seems a valuable treatment strategy.