bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRIMER ENFOQUE DEL MOVIMIENTO TRANSFRONTERIZO EFICAZ DE EQUIPOSY PERSONAL DURANTE RESPUESTAS A DERRAMES DE HIDROCARBUROS—LECCIONES APRENDIDAS DE UN DERRAME ENTRE ECUADOR Y COLOMBIA
Authors: Moyano Juan Miguel , Leal Luis Alberto 
Published: January 2013

RESUMEN
El Convenio de 1990 sobre Preparación, Cooperación y Lucka contra la Contaminación por Hidrocarburos (OPRC 90) y el Convenio y el Protocolo de Cartagena relativo a la cooperación para combatir los derrames de hidrocarburos en la Región del Gran Caribe (UNEP-CEP, 1983), entre otros, promueven la cooperación entre los pais es para responder a derrames que amenazan las costas de estados vecinos. Los medios sugeridos para lograr esta cooperación es concertar acuerdos bilaterales y multilaterales.
Aunque simple desde el punto de vista con ceptual, confrecuencia, esta cooperación debe superar—a nivel práctico—varios obstáculos, en particular el movimiento transfronterizo de personal y equipos de un país a otro. ARPEL—la Asociación Regional de Empresas de Petróleo y Gas Natural en Latinoamérica y el Caribe—con el apoyo de las organizaciones regionales e internacionales pertinentes, ha estado asistiendo en la implementación de acuerdos bilaterales de cooperación a través de una labor conjunta entre el gobierno y la industria. AI encabezar estos esfuerzos, se ha adquirido experiencia con respecto a los temas principales a ser considerados en el movimiento transfronterizo de equipos y personal.
ECOPETROL y PETROECUADOR, las empresas petroleras estatales de Colombia y Ecuador, firmaron un acuerdo de cooperación en el año 1999, con el propósito de abordar de manera eficiente los derrames de hidrocarburos en las zonas de influencia de las operaciones que tienen en ambos países.
Los procedimientos operativos del acuerdo abordan las condiciones para la entrada de equipos y personal de Ecuador en el territorio de Colombia. Estos procedimientos fueron establecidos con las autoridades gubernamentales colombianas de aduanas e inmigración, sobre la base del sistema legislativo de ese país, teniendo siempre presente la finalidad última de estos procedimientos, a saber, ofrecer acceso inmediato y eficaz a recursos externos. En la actualidad, PETROECUADOR está trabajando con las autoridades ecuatorianas para crear y establecer similares procedimientos en Ecuador para concluir el proceso.
El presente documento ofrece un primer enfoque de los asuntos a ser considerados (es decir, “mejores prácticas”) al concebir un marco legislativo, reglamentario y de procedimientos para el movimiento transfronterizo de equipos y personal durante respuestas a derrames de hidrocarburos, sobre la base de las lecciones aprendidas por ECOPETROL y PETROECUADOR al optimizar su acuerdo bilateral de cooperación. Estos asuntos incluyen aduanas, inmigración, seguros, responsabilidades del que responde, temas de movilización, tarifas de arrendamiento de equipo, riesgos financieros, asícomo temas de salud y seguridad.
THE BEHAVIOR AND DOCUMENTATION OF OIL SPILLED ON SNOW- AND ICE-COVERED SHORELINES.
Authors: Owens Edward H. , Dickins David F. , Sergy Gary A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The efficient and effective cleanup of oiled snow and ice on shorelines or riverbanks requires an understanding of the likely behavior and fate of the oil. Depending on the snow conditions, oil may remain at or near the surface or drain through the snow or into ice cracks. Much of the oil is often hidden from view. The basic principles of snow and ice and oil behavior are relatively well understood. Equations and models are available to estimate rates of infiltration, spreading, migration, or evaporation for oil in snow. There is, however, limited understanding of the mechanics of oil behaviour or transport pathways in snow. Little knowledge exists regarding how oil migrates through a non-uniform snow cover. As a consequence, it is difficult to estimate where the oil might accumulate, a critical question for responders. The few observations published from spills or field experiments indicate that oil transport and migration mechanisms are likely to be complex, particularly if the structure of the snow is not uniform. Snow thickness, snow surface topography, terrain slope, and the presence of ice layers combine with the properties of the oil to create multi-variant scenarios that are not conducive to predictive modeling. Standard techniques that have been developed to systematically describe oiling conditions for shorelines and riverbanks have recently been expanded to take into account situations where oil is spilled on snow- and ice-covered shorelines or riverbanks. This paper presents seven snow and ice categories as an aid to documenting and summarizing shore-zone conditions.
FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSIS APPLIED TO OIL CONTAINMENT BOOMS
Authors: Amini Azin , Mahzari Maziar , Bollaert Erik , Schleiss Anton 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The most important aspect of the ongoing research project is to develop numerical coupled hydraulic-structural analysis models of oil containment booms. This should be later applicable for investigation of the efficiency limits of a new system of oil spill containment booms called Cavalli system. This system consists of surrounding the oil slick with a special boom and protecting it against waves and currents. It provides the possibility to divide the encircled area in several smaller circles and to increase the thickness of the oil slick inside. The whole system consists of a two-phase fluid (oil and water) and a boom that should be structurally stable for the pressure loads imposed by the fluids. It is finally important to evaluate the behaviour of the flexible skirt under different wave and current conditions, as almost all of existing research in the field have been undertaken for rigid barriers. To assess the behaviour of a flexible barrier fluid-structure interaction analysis is to be conducted. The problem is considered as a fluid-structure interaction problem as the boom usually undergoes large deformations and rotations, which modifies the flow characteristics during operation that is not the case for a rigid boom.
Steam Jet Pump For Oil Recovery And Reformation
Authors: Fujita Isamu , Yoshie Muneo , Saito Yukihiro 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses basic performances of the steam jet suction device and its potential application to the spilled oil recovery. The experiments were carried out on suction and ejection performance of the steam-driven jet pump as well as its other benefits such as breaking emulsion or an application to a beach cleaning device. The paper additionally includes some basic topics related to the process of emulsion breaking by surface active agents. The main conclusions of the study are (1) A steam-jet pump is basically suitable to recover and transfer high viscosity spilled oil because it realizes large suction power as well as very rapid heating which resolves the difficulty related to the high viscosity caused by the emulsification, (2) A steam-jet pump is also available for reforming the nature of the spilled oil. Emulsion breaking was observed to a considerable extent even without chemical agent, (3) A steam-jet pump has a potential application to a beach cleaning equipment. The steam-driven jet pump is available for sucking well not only liquid but also sand slurry and simultaneously has some side effect that separates oil from oiled-sand very rapidly. The steam-driven jet pump will play an important roll to respond to the high viscous emulsified oil pollution.
ASSESSING DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS FOR HEAVY FUEL OILS USING SMALL-SCALE LABORATORY TESTS
Authors: Clark James , Becker Ken , Venosa Al , Lewis Alun 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Four bench-scale dispersant tests were used to evaluate three dispersants, Corexit 9500, Superdispersant 25 and Agma Super-concentrate DR 379 with an IFO (Intermediate Fuel Oil) 180 and an IFO 380. Dispersant effectiveness was assessed using the Swirling Flask Test (SFT) and Baffled Flask Test (BFT) developed by the U.S, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Exxon Dispersant Effectiveness Test (EXDET) developed by ExxonMobil, and the Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL) test utilized in the United Kingdom. This study allows comparisons among the small-scale laboratory tests and provides a basis to compare dispersant effectiveness data with findings from at-sea field trials and wave basin studies conducted with the same dispersants and oils. No single dispersant preformed with the highest effectiveness under all test methods, but the data demonstrate that viscous oils such as IFO 380s could be dispersed under the right conditions. The results show that laboratory tests with greater mixing energy yield the highest estimates of dispersant effectiveness.
THE USE OF HOVERCRAFT FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Shepherd Mark 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil exploration and production operations have expanded in the shallow and environmentally sensitive waters in the northeast area of the Caspian Sea, calling for new and innovative methods for oil spill response countermeasures. Water depths as low as 0.6 metres and ice conditions for up to 5 months of the year, present severe planning and response challenges.
Agip KCO is in the process of testing air-cushioned vehicles (ACVs)—also commonly referred to as hovercraft, for both Emergency Escape and Rescue (EER) and oil spill response operations.
Two such ACVs were sited in the Caspian Sea during 2003 for trials. Tests included boom deployments, skimming operations and general operational criteria. Further trials are planned in 2004, to assess suitability for use within reed bed areas and their benefits over other, more conventional craft in this special operating environment.
This paper describes the trials carried out 2003 and their results, together with a review of the issues that are to be addressed
RITMER NETWORK FOR THE RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN OIL AND CHEMICAL ANTIPOLLUTION TECHNOLOGY: A FRENCH TOOL FOR INNOVATIVE PROJECTS
Authors: Croquette Jean , Peigné Georges , Guillou Monique , Laurent François , Huther Michel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Technological Research and Innovation Network RITMER was created by the French Ministry of research in 2001 after the ERIKA oil spill, in order to structure the French research, and to develop links between public and private research and development in the fight against accidental pollution domain. The network is a tool created to stimulate the innovative research and is complementary to activities carried out by Ifremer and Cedre. It brings together representatives of academic research, industry and authorities responsible for spill control preparedness and operations. Ifremer and the Brest University are the moderators of the network, and Cedre is one of its most active members.
The main activity of the Ritmer is to define priority areas and to publish calls for proposals, and organize the selection of innovative projects to be supported by the French Ministries. These projects must associate research institutes or universities, with industry or other users of the R&D results, and they should have direct potential application in the fight operations.
Since 2001, 25 projects have been selected, representing more than 13 million Euros of budget and 7.7 million Euros of support by the ministries. These projects concern the main problems encountered in case of accident: detection tools, evaluation, models, recovery at sea and on the coast, waste treatment, organization, communication. Two of them deal with chemical spills.
The paper describes the main projects and gives more detailed description of seven of them which have already produced significant results after two years of work: remote sensing of sunken oil, thermal treatment of oily waste, oil biodegrading parameters, behavior of chemical products at sea.
The future priorities for the French research are also presented in relation to two Ritmer seminars organized in 2003 and 2004, respectively on detection devices and probes, and on innovative tools and methods for the response in coastal areas. Several international actions which have been conducted for the coordination of research in Europe, and in cooperation with Japan and Spain are also described.
HISTORY OF DISPERSANT DEVELOPMENT: A DISPERSANT TIMELINE
Authors: Lyons Zeke , Castaneda Xochitl 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Initial experiences with oil spill dispersants were less than positive somewhat due to the fact that dispersants began their evolution as chemical substances that were perhaps more toxic than the oil that they were intended to disperse. Through time, however, dispersants were formulated to become less toxic. Beginning with caution, testing and evaluation though the U.S. national science community, then through public workshops and hearings, the US began the process of integrating dispersant usage into its repertory of response technologies.
ENERGY AND WORK INPUT IN LABORATORY VESSELS
Authors: Fingas Merv 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Turbulent and total energy are known be a very important part of the measurement of oil spill processes. For example, energy is thought to be the single most-important variable in relation to chemical dispersion.
Two techniques have been initiated to measure energy. The measurement technique chosen to do this is Particle Image Velocimetry or PIV. In this method, seed particles are put into the fluid and the fluid is illuminated with a laser. The movement of a particle in a given cell is measured as a function of time. This can occur as fast as 30 Hz. Energy can be calculated from at least 2 successive frames. Turbulent energy can be calculated at each point in the image frame. The other method used is the method of using hot wire anemometry. This method can yield data similar to PIV, however requires the intrusion of a probe into the area.
The measurements are compared to calculations based on formulations presented in the literature. An important point is that it is shown that a single value does not represent the energy in a vessel (or at sea) because the energy level is not homogeneous throughout the field nor is it simply described. Several of the laboratory vessels have energy fields that are representative of sea conditions.
Derivation Of Spreading Parameters Of Oil At Sea For Oil Spill Modeling
Authors: Du Kemei , Kaku Vikram , Boufadel Michel C. , Weaver James 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill models are commonly used to simulate the large-scale (tens to hundreds of kilometers) transport of oil spills in the oceans. The values of the spreading parameters of these models are obtained empirically by fitting to observed slicks, thus they do not account explicitly for the effects of waves. In addition, there is little success in using these values to predict the spread at smaller scales (tens of meters to a few kilometers). This works attempts to better understand the physics of oil movement in the ocean by focusing on the small-scale mechanisms. The investigation also leads to evaluation of small-scale spreading parameters.
The Random Walk Method is used in a Monte Carlo simulation framework to track the transport of oil due to the effects of waves, buoyancy, and turbulent diffusion. The small-scale spreading parameters are then calculated using the Method of Moments. Our results indicated that the approach for using a spreading coefficient becomes after a time equal to about 30 wave periods. This corresponds to a travel of the centroid of about two wave lengths. At larger scales, the longitudinal spreading coefficient increased with distance from the initial location and the lateral spreading coefficient became equal to the turbulent diffusion coefficient. The vertical spreading coefficient reached a value that is smaller than half of the turbulent diffusion coefficient, which is due to the presence of the upper boundary (the free surface) and buoyancy.
METRICS FOR RESPONSE VELOCITY
Authors: Dix Mark , Hutley Tedd 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The rate at which a response to an incident proceeds should vary as the incident progresses. Certain factors contribute to the rate of escalation (and, eventually, demobilization) of response resources, personnel, and formation of a response organization. The rate at which a response organization grows, organizes, functions, and mobilizes resources can be described as an incident's “response velocity”. Often, the time of the arrival of equipment to the incident scene is considered the sole measure of whether the response was quick. However, a single metric such as time to arrive on scene does not speak to the speed with which the incident command is established or the sustained velocity of the response. Examination of the spending patterns, staging area volume, established encounter rate of clean up equipment and other indicators can build a better assessment of the velocity of the response. A discussion of the concept, which adapts the “best response” idea and offers metrics for measuring velocity, is presented.
DEVELOPMENT OF REAL-TIME DATA MONITORING SYSTEM FOR COASTAL MARGIN RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Shah Kinjal , Bonner James , Page Cheryl , Kelly Frank 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Coastal margins are of enormous economic, environmental, and societal value. However, coastal margin growth, land-use practices, and deleterious anthropogenic and natural processes impact overall coastal margin health. Events such as storms, accidental oil spills, and harmful algal blooms lead to increased water column particle suspension and ecological degradation. An anthropogenic oil spill stresses the biological species present, as the petroleum contamination can travel as slicks and continue as contaminant sources over time. Several state and federal programs address contaminant effect on estuarine health; however, the data monitoring systems currently available are collecting basic trends on sparse datasets and cannot reflect the overall environmental condition of the coastal margin. The desired support system should incorporate scientific, industrial, and other stakeholder needs by utilizing a network of real-time, synthesized sensor data, as no single parameter can accurately relate the overall conditions.
To better understand conditions in the coastal margin, “smart sampling” should be invoked. This combines remote and continuous monitoring with detailed discrete studies during episodic events, such as oil spills. To measure real-time in situ data from the water column, fixed platforms in Corpus Christi Bay include sensors to measure salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen, petroleum concentrations, current and wave profiles, and others. The development of sophisticated cyber infrastructure is needed to provide integrated datasets to end users such as research scientists, policy makers, educators, and the general public. This paper presents details on the needed cyber infrastructure, which includes provisions for in situ real-time data acquisition, the capability of transferring very high frequency of data, desired operation and maintenance with minimal human intervention, and highly-flexible, customizable, modular in-house-built software. Expected results focus on integrated information that can be used by coastal region stake holders with confidence in making public policy decisions. Real time data visualization would make it possible to track chemical and oil spills, to detect harmful algal blooms, to monitor ship channels, water level changes, intra-coastal waterways, freshwater diversion, and other human activities.
A MULTI-SENSOR APPROACH FOR OIL SPILL AND SEA SURFACE MONITORING, IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Authors: Bentz Cristina Maria , Barros Josemá Oliveira de 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since May 2001 PETROBRAS is using spaceborne multi-sensor remote sensing for its sea surface monitoring program at the Campos, Santos and Espirito Santo Basins, southeastern Brazilian coast. This area is presently responsible for about 80% of all the Brazilian oil and gas production. Ocean color (SeaWiFS and MODIS), thermal infrared (NOAA/AVHRR), scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (RADARSAT-1 and ENVISAT) data were integrated in order to detect and characterize different sorts of marine pollution and meteo-oceanographic phenomena. The near real time processing and delivery of the SAR data allowed the timely in-situ verification and sampling of the remotely detected events. Satellite sensors operating in the visible part of the spectrum are used to monitor ocean color variations and associated biomass changes. Thermal infrared radiometers are ideal to monitor features like oceanic fronts and upwelling plumes. However, the major limitation for both types of sensors is the extensive and persistent presence of clouds in the monitored area. Fortunately, microwave sensors such imaging spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) permit the acquisition of oceanic scenes, regardless cloud coverage. With the spaceborne SAR systems available it is possible to have almost a daily synoptic view of large areas with suitable spatial resolution for the detection of different natural and men-made events. The integrated analysis of these dataset presents an important decision tool for emergencies, as well for the elaboration of contingency plans and evaluation of the oil industry activity impacts.
DETERMINING THE VISCOSITY LIMITS FOR EFFECTIVE CHEMICAL DISPERSION: RELATING OHMSETT RESULTS TO THOSE FROM TESTS AT-SEA
Authors: Trudel B.K. , Belore R.C. , Guarino A. , Lewis A. , Mullin J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This study compared dispersant performance at the U.S. Minerals Management Service facility, Ohmsett, with dispersant performance at sea. In 2003, at-sea dispersant tests were conducted in the United Kingdom with Intermediate Fuel Oils (IFO) of differing viscosities aimed at determining the viscosity of oil that limits chemical dispersion. These tests were repeated at Ohmsett using identical combinations of oils, dispersants and DORs. The at-sea tests showed that the oil viscosity limit for dispersion at relatively low wave energies (winds = 7 to 14 knots) lay in the range between the viscosities of IFO 180 (viscosity = 2075 cP at 16°C) and IFO 380 (viscosity = 7100 cP at 16°C). Tests at Ohmsett at a wave paddle frequency of 33.3 cpm were consistent with this finding. These tests also suggested that “limiting viscosity” is not a single value, but is a variable that is influenced by wave energy and dispersant type. Results also showed that Ohmsett tests at a wave paddle frequency of 33.3 cycles per minute (cpm) produced levels of effectiveness somewhat higher than at sea while tests 30 cpm waves produced results that were lower than at sea. Tests in 33.3-cpm waves showed effects of dispersant type on dispersant performance that were consistent with those observed at sea.