bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed ancestry and admixture in Kauai's feral chickens: invasion of domestic genes into ancient Red Junglefowl reservoirs
Authors: Gering E. , Johnsson M. , Willis P. , Getty T. , Wright D. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA major goal of invasion genetics is to determine how establishment histories shape non‐native organisms' genotypes and phenotypes. While domesticated species commonly escape cultivation to invade feral habitats, few studies have examined how this process shapes feral gene pools and traits. We collected genomic and phenotypic data from feral chickens (Gallus gallus) on the Hawaiian island of Kauai to (i) ascertain their origins and (ii) measure standing variation in feral genomes, morphology and behaviour. Mitochondrial phylogenies (D‐loop & whole Mt genome) revealed two divergent clades within our samples. The rare clade also contains sequences from Red Junglefowl (the domestic chicken's progenitor) and ancient DNA sequences from Kauai that predate European contact. This lineage appears to have been dispersed into the east Pacific by ancient Polynesian colonists. The more prevalent MtDNA clade occurs worldwide and includes domesticated breeds developed recently in Europe that are farmed within Hawaii. We hypothesize this lineage originates from recently feralized livestock and found supporting evidence for increased G. gallus density on Kauai within the last few decades. SNPs obtained from whole‐genome sequencing were consistent with historic admixture between Kauai's divergent (G. gallus) lineages. Additionally, analyses of plumage, skin colour and vocalizations revealed that Kauai birds' behaviours and morphologies overlap with those of domestic chickens and Red Junglefowl, suggesting hybrid origins. Together, our data support the hypotheses that (i) Kauai's feral G. gallus descend from recent invasion(s) of domestic chickens into an ancient Red Junglefowl reservoir and (ii) feral chickens exhibit greater phenotypic diversity than candidate source populations. These findings complicate management objectives for Pacific feral chickens, while highlighting the potential of this and other feral systems for evolutionary studies of invasions.
Genetic structure, admixture and invasion success in a Holarctic defoliator, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar, Lepidoptera: Erebidae)
Authors: Wu Yunke , Molongoski John J. , Winograd Deborah F. , Bogdanowicz Steven M. , Louyakis Artemis S. , Lance David R. , Mastro Victor C. , Harrison Richard G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractCharacterizing the current population structure of potentially invasive species provides a critical context for identifying source populations and for understanding why invasions are successful. Non‐native populations inevitably lose genetic diversity during initial colonization events, but subsequent admixture among independently introduced lineages may increase both genetic variation and adaptive potential. Here we characterize the population structure of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus), one of the world's most destructive forest pests. Native to Eurasia and recently introduced to North America, the current distribution of gypsy moth includes forests throughout the temperate region of the northern hemisphere. Analyses of microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA sequences for 1738 individuals identified four genetic clusters within L. dispar. Three of these clusters correspond to the three named subspecies; North American populations represent a distinct fourth cluster, presumably a consequence of the population bottleneck and allele frequency change that accompanied introduction. We find no evidence that admixture has been an important catalyst of the successful invasion and range expansion in North America. However, we do find evidence of ongoing hybridization between subspecies and increased genetic variation in gypsy moth populations from Eastern Asia, populations that now pose a threat of further human‐mediated introductions. Finally, we show that current patterns of variation can be explained in terms of climate and habitat changes during the Pleistocene, a time when temperate forests expanded and contracted. Deeply diverged matrilines in Europe imply that gypsy moths have been there for a long time and are not recent arrivals from Asia.
Cell–cell signalling promotes ferric iron uptake in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola that contribute to its virulence and growth inside rice
Authors: Rai Rikky , Javvadi Sreegowrinadh , Chatterjee Subhadeep 
Published: February 2015

SummaryCell–cell communication mediated by diffusible signal factor (DSF) plays an important role in virulence of several Xanthomonas group of plant pathogens. In the bacterial pathogen of rice, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, DSF is required for virulence and in planta growth. In order to understand the role of DSF in promoting in planta growth and virulence, we have characterized the DSF deficient mutant of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. Mutant analysis by expression analysis, radiolabelled iron uptake studies and growth under low‐iron conditions indicated that DSF positively regulates ferric iron uptake. Further, the DSF deficient mutant of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola exhibited a reduced capacity to use ferric form of iron for growth under low‐iron conditions. Exogenous iron supplementation in the rice leaves rescued the in planta growth deficiency of the DSF deficient mutant. These data suggest that DSF promotes in planta growth of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola by positively regulating functions involved in ferric iron uptake which is important for its virulence. Our results also indicate that requirement of iron uptake strategies to utilize either Fe3+ or Fe2+ form of iron for colonization may vary substantially among closely related members of the Xanthomonas group of plant pathogens.
Randomized trial investigating the safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis
Authors: Jeffs Lisa S , Peh Chen Au , Jose Matthew D , Lange Kylie , Hurtado Plinio R 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimThis study evaluated the safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination in patients with anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis.MethodsThirty‐one patients who were in remission were randomized to receive either a trivalent influenza vaccine or no vaccine. Vaccine efficacy was assessed at 28 days. Patients were followed for 6 months for signs of reactivation of disease. In addition, 67 healthy individuals were randomized to receive either the influenza vaccine or no vaccine to assess its potential for triggering the formation of autoantibodies.ResultsCompared with patients who did not receive the vaccine, vaccinated patients achieved effective responses to all three influenza vaccine antigens. There was no significant change in levels of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody post‐vaccination. There was no significant change in disease activity in vaccinated patients compared with non‐vaccinated patients. Among vaccinated healthy individuals, we did not observe any significant change in the level of autoantibodies measured.ConclusionThis study shows that the administration of influenza vaccine to patients in remission with anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis is both safe and modestly efficacious.
An Analysis of Intrinsicality
Authors: Marshall Dan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe leading account of intrinsicality over the last thirty years has arguably been David Lewis's account in terms of perfect naturalness. Lewis's account, however, has three serious problems: i) it cannot allow necessarily coextensive properties to differ in whether they are intrinsic; ii) it falsely classifies non‐qualitative properties like being Obama as non‐intrinsic; and iii) it is incompatible with a number of metaphysical theories that posit irreducibly non‐categorical properties. I argue that, as a result of these problems, Lewis's account should be rejected and replaced with an alternative account, which also analyses intrinsicality in terms of perfect naturalness, but which avoids these problems.
Secondary metabolites in plant innate immunity: conserved function of divergent chemicals
Authors: Piasecka Anna , Jedrzejczak‐Rey Nicolas , Bednarek Paweł 
Published: February 2015

SummaryPlant secondary metabolites carry out numerous functions in interactions between plants and a broad range of other organisms. Experimental evidence strongly supports the indispensable contribution of many constitutive and pathogen‐inducible phytochemicals to plant innate immunity. Extensive studies on model plant species, particularly Arabidopsis thaliana, have brought significant advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning pathogen‐triggered biosynthesis and activation of defensive secondary metabolites. However, despite the proven significance of secondary metabolites in plant response to pathogenic microorganisms, little is known about the precise mechanisms underlying their contribution to plant immunity. This insufficiency concerns information on the dynamics of cellular and subcellular localization of defensive phytochemicals during the encounters with microbial pathogens and precise knowledge on their mode of action. As many secondary metabolites are characterized by their in vitro antimicrobial activity, these compounds were commonly considered to function in plant defense as in planta antibiotics. Strikingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that at least some of these compounds alternatively may be involved in controlling several immune responses that are evolutionarily conserved in the plant kingdom, including callose deposition and programmed cell death.

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
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II.
Phytoanticipins: the guardians that never sleep
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III.
Phytoalexins: the troops arrive
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IV.
In the right place at the right time
956

V.
Mode of action
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VI.
Conclusions
960

Acknowledgements
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References
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Using Spatial Disease Patterns and Patient‐Level Characteristics to Describe Prevalence Elastic Behavior in Treatment for Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI)
Authors: Fluegge Kyle R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveIndividual adherence to a 9‐month regimen of isoniazid (9INH) for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was hypothesized to reflect a prevalent elastic health behavior pattern, or prevention behavior correlated with relevant disease burden.MethodLog‐rank tests were used to compare survival functions among raw prevalence tertiles for diseases including TB, diabetes, and obesity. Own and cross‐prevalence elasticities were calculated and spatially characterized behavioral response to diseases that may impact TB re‐infection and/or re‐activation. Discrete choice models were used to assess the significance of the spatial elasticities among an ethnically diverse clinic population of 552 patients in an urban American county in 2010.ResultsLog‐rank results revealed a statistical association between dropout and chronic disease prevalence (p < .01), but not TB prevalence (p = .13). Discrete choice models incorporating spatial elasticities and controlling for patient‐ and treatment‐level characteristics demonstrated significant associations with adherence (p < .01), an effect robust to various alternative treatment definitions.ConclusionIndividual LTBI adherence tracks a prevalence elastic pattern that may represent a potential risk for re‐infection and re‐activation.
Serosorting Sexual Partners by Gay and Bisexual Men to Prevent HIV Infection: Implications for Public Health Clinicians
Authors: Blackwell Christopher W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe most recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention epidemiological statistics in the United States demonstrate that gay and bisexual men are at most risk for acquiring new HIV infections. While public health campaigns aimed at gay and bisexual males have resulted in improved HIV screening and greater awareness of the need for safer sex practices, barebacking has become a practice of increasing incidence. This act carries the highest risk of HIV transmission and acquisition; and data suggest HIV disease burden is higher among ethnic minorities. Serosorting—purposely seeking HIV serocordant partners—to help lower risk of HIV infection is common. While this can be a positive step in preventing the spread of HIV, it carries serious threats that must be acknowledged. The purpose of this article was to explore the positive and negative aspects of serosorting in the prevention of HIV, describe ways in which health care providers can approach the topic with clients, provide clinical practice implications, and suggest some direction for future research.
Gaps, ghosts and gapless relatives in spoken English
Authors: Collins Chris , Radford Andrew 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper looks at the syntax of so‐calledgaplessrelative clauses in spoken English. §1 contrastsgap relatives(like that italicised in ‘somethingwhich I said’, in which there is a gap internally within the relative clause associated with the relativised constituent) withgaplessrelatives (like that italicised in ‘They were clowning around,which I didn't really care until I found out they had lost my file’, in which there is no apparent gap within the relative clause). In §2, we note that a number of recent analyses takewhichto function as a subordinating conjunction in gapless relatives, but we argue against this view and provide evidence that the wh‐word in such clauses is indeed a relative pronoun. In §3, we argue that the relative pronoun in gapless relatives serves as the object of a ‘silent’ preposition. In §4, we present an analysis under which a preposition can be silent when it undergoes a type of deletion operation calledGhosting. §5 discusses gapless relatives which have a Topic‐Comment interpretation, and argues for an extended Ghosting analysis under which aTPcontaining a predicate ofsayingassociated with the ghosted preposition is also ghosted. Our overall conclusion is that supposedly ‘gapless’ relatives are more properly analysed as containing a gap created by relativization of the object of a ghosted preposition.
Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) gene diversity in a population naturally exposed to malaria in Porto Velho, Northern Brazil
Authors: Perce‐da‐Silva D. S. , Silva L. A. , Lima‐Junior J. C. , Cardoso‐Oliveira J. , Ribeiro‐Alves M. , Santos F. , Porto L. C. M. S. , Oliveira‐Ferreira J. , Banic D. M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractKiller cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) are expressed mainly in natural killer cells and specifically recognize human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules. The repertoire of KIR genes and KIR–HLA pairs is known to play a key role in the susceptibilities to and the outcomes of several diseases, including malaria. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of KIR genes, KIR genotypes and KIR–HLA pair combinations in a population naturally exposed to malaria from Brazilian Amazon. All 16 KIR genes investigated were present in the studied population. Overall, 46 KIR genotypes were defined. The two most common genotypes in the Porto Velho communities, genotypes 1 and 2, were present at similar frequencies as in the Americas. Principal component analysis based on the frequencies of the KIR genes placed the Porto Velho population closer to the Venezuela Mestizos, USA California hispanic and Brazil Paraná Mixed in terms of KIR gene frequencies. This analysis highlights the multi‐ethnic profile of the Porto Velho population. Most of the individuals were found to have at least one inhibitory KIR–HLA pair. Seventy‐five KIR–HLA pair combinations were identified. The KIR‐2DL2/3_HLA‐C1, KIR3DL1_HLA‐Bw4 and KIR2DL1_HLA‐C2 pairs were the most common. There was no association between KIR genes, KIR genotypes or KIR–HLA pair combinations and malaria susceptibility in the studied population. This is the first report on the distribution of KIR and known HLA ligands in the Porto Velho population. Taken together, these results should provide baseline information that will be relevant to population evolutionary history, malaria and other diseases studies in populations of the Brazilian Amazon.
Computing separable isogenies in quasi-optimal time
Authors: Lubicz David , Robert Damien 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLet $A$ be an abelian variety of dimension $g$ together with a principal polarization ${\it\phi}:A\rightarrow \hat{A}$ defined over a field $k$. Let $\ell$ be an odd integer prime to the characteristic of $k$ and let $K$ be a subgroup of $A[\ell ]$ which is maximal isotropic for the Riemann form associated to ${\it\phi}$. We suppose that $K$ is defined over $k$ and let $B=A/K$ be the quotient abelian variety together with a polarization compatible with ${\it\phi}$. Then $B$, as a polarized abelian variety, and the isogeny $f:A\rightarrow B$ are also defined over $k$. In this paper, we describe an algorithm that takes as input a theta null point of $A$ and a polynomial system defining $K$ and outputs a theta null point of $B$ as well as formulas for the isogeny $f$. We obtain a complexity of $\tilde{O} (\ell ^{(rg)/2})$ operations in $k$ where $r=2$ (respectively, $r=4$) if $\ell$ is a sum of two (respectively, four) squares which constitutes an improvement over the algorithm described in Cosset and Robert (Math. Comput. (2013) accepted for publication). We note that the algorithm is quasi-optimal if $\ell$ is a sum of two squares since its complexity is quasi-linear in the degree of $f$.
Operation of Combustion Turbines on Alternate Fuel Oils
Authors: Johnson K. W. 
Published: February 2015

In recent years there has been an increased interest in the burning of ash forming liquid fuel oils including applications where fuel treatment is required.
The final decision of fuel type to use depends on several economic factors. These include the delivered price, cost of fuel treatment, cost of modifying the fuel handling system, and the increased maintenance costs associated with the grade of fuel. The ultimate decision on the burning of any fuel, including those fuel oils which require treatment is generally an economic choice, rather than a technical choice. There is however a broad end user lack of knowledge and understanding of the implications of burning ash forming liquid fuel oils. There is only limited documentation available detailing the considerations required to allow the upper and lower economic factors to be bounded.
It has been demonstrated that with careful attention to the fuel treatment process and the handling and operating practices, combustion turbines can, within certain limitations, successfully burn a wide range of liquid fuels.
Gas Turbine Firing Medium BTU Gas From Gasification Plant
Authors: Zanello Piero , Tasselli Andrea 
Published: February 2015

IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) plants for large scale power generation are becoming more and more attractive.
For a gas turbine generating set to operate on Medium BTU gas, it takes dedicated design of both engine and auxiliaries.
A new combustion section, with extensive test support, has been developed. Alternative options to reduce inlet air flow and NOx emissions have been compared and appropriate solutions adopted. All auxiliaries systems have been modified according to the gas fuel characteristics.
Integration between plant systems has been carefully evaluated and a control system implemented in order to reach maximum reliability.
The paper deals with different technical aspects of the engine as well as the plant design.
GE MS7001 Gas Turbine Advanced Technology Uprate
Authors: Cocca Michael A. , Stappenbeck Arthur , Van Wormer James 
Published: February 2015

Today’s competitive world of Independent Power Producers and electric wheeling has increased demand for lower operating and maintenance costs and increased revenues. This need is driving gas turbine research and development. Application of advanced technology to operating units can increase output, improve total plant efficiency, increase steam production and reduce maintenance costs. Cogen Technologies is one owner that has applied advanced technology to uprate five Frame 7EA gas turbines at its Linden plant and one unit at its Camden facility. At the Linden plant, total plant efficiency was improved by more than 2%.
This paper will discuss the components included in these advanced technology uprates, the gas turbine and combined-cycle plant performance improvements that were realized, and an economic model that can be used to evaluate the potential benefits of an uprate.
The Advanced Cooling Technology for the 1500 °C Class Gas Turbines: The Steam Cooled Vanes and the Air Cooled Blades
Authors: Nomoto H. , Koga A. , Ito S. , Fukuyama Y. , Otomo F. , Shibuya S. , Sato M. , Kobayashi Y. , Matsuzaki H. 
Published: February 2015

It is very essential to raise the thermal efficiency of combined cycle plants from the viewpoint of energy saving and environmental protection. Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc. and Toshiba Corporation in Japan have jointly studied the next generation of combined cycle system using 1500 °C class gas turbine.
A promising cooling technology for the vanes using steam was developed. The blades are cooled by air, adopting the impingement cooling, the film cooling and so on. The cooling effectiveness was confirmed both for the vanes and the blades using hot wind tunnel. This paper describes the design features of the vanes and the blades, and the results of the verification tests using hot wind tunnel.
Repowering Fossil Steam Power Plants With Combustion Turbine-Based Technologies
Authors: Pace Stanley , Walters Arden 
Published: February 2015

Increased competition fostered by changes in legislation governing power generation entities has engendered a need to closely assess the economics of operating older-electric generating units. Decisions must be made as to whether these units should be retired and replaced with new, greenfield generation capacity, whether capacity should be purchased from other generation companies, or whether such units should be repowered in some way. The repowering alternative has merit when economic factors and environmental considerations show it to project the least cost of electricity over other choices. The chief advantages of repowering, include use of existing real estate and infrastructure, existing transmission facilities and staffing. Since the repowered plant usually emits less stack gas pollutants per unit of energy generated then the original plant, environmental benefits can also accrue.
Various types of gas turbine based repowering options for steam electric plants are presented. All the approaches discussed involve the addition of gas turbines to the cycle and the consequent benefit of some form of combined cycle operation. This option includes boiler retirement (and replacement with combined cycle), hot or warm windbox repowering (the boiler is retained and a gas turbine topping cycle is added), feedwater heating repowering (the gas turbine exhaust heats feedwater), and site repowering (only the site infrastructure is re-used as the site for a combined cycle). Business considerations are discussed in terms of their impact on the decision to repower and technology selection. An example involving feedwater heater repowering is used to illustrate the interaction between the business and technical aspects of repowering.