bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examination of Automobile Rubber Bumper Guards by Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy Using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
Authors: Blackledge RD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A piece from an automobile rubber bumper guard was found at the scene of a hit-and-run accident and was compared to a sample obtained from the front bumper guard of a suspect's vehicle. The samples were examined by attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with data system.
Rapid Histological Examination of Trace Evidence by Means of Cellophane Tape
Authors: Ishiyama I 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Histological and histochemical examinations of trace evidence were performed by lifting the specimens onto cellophane tape. To ensure adhesion of the samples during the staining, the surface of the tape was coated with 2% agarose after the sampling. These samples were ready for such direct stains as hematoxylin and eosin, benzidine, and periodic acid-Schiff to determine proteins and acid phosphatase. Histological analyses may be performed with the same range of smear preparations.
Detection of Phencyclidine in Hair
Authors: Baumgartner AM , Jones PF , Black CT 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP) can be detected in human hair with commercially available radioimmunoassay reagents. Hair samples of all subjects admitting PCP use were positive, while thin-layer chromatographic urine analyses were positive in only one of seven cases. Presumably the drug is incorporated into the hair during periods of drug use and then retained in that particular section of the hair for its lifetime. Earlier results in this laboratory in a more detailed study of opiate retention in hair indicated not only that nanogram levels of the drug could be measured in a single strand of hair, but also that sectional analysis of the strand could indicate the time of drug use. The PCP results again suggest that the hair sample could serve as a valuable tool in the determination of drug abuse histories. The sample accessibility and stability and the long-term retention of the drugs in hair exemplify the potential advantages of the hair sample over the body fluid sample.
Fatal Methemoglobinemia Resulting from Ingestion of Isobutyl Nitrite, a “Room Odorizer” Widely Used for Recreational Purposes
Authors: Dixon DS , Reisch RF , Santinga PH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The alkyl nitrites, specifically isobutyl nitrite, have taken a prominent place among those substances enjoying widespread recreational use, primarily in discotheques and during sexual activity. Though the usual route of administration by inhalation has not resulted in any toxicologically verified deaths, the chemical may cause fatal toxic methemoglobinemia if ingested. A case with a fatal outcome is presented, and the chemistry and toxicology of the substance are discussed.
The Use of Brain Digoxin Concentrations to Confirm Blood Digoxin Concentrations
Authors: Spiehler VR , Sedgwick P , Richards RG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recent research suggests that the cardiotoxic as well as the neurotoxic effects of digitalis may be mediated by the central nervous system. Therefore brain regions implicated in the genesis of cardiac rhythm disorders were assayed for digoxin. An 125I-labeled radioimmunoassay was used to determine blood and tissue digoxin concentrations. Digoxin was found in the optic tract and optic chiasm in each of four persons who had been taking digoxin regularly. Digoxin is apparently concentrated from blood by the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle but not by the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle. However, digoxin was present in the area postrema and nucleus of the vagus only in the two digoxin overdose cases. Digoxin was not detected in any of the other brain regions analyzed. The presence of digoxin in the area postrema (the chemoreceptor trigger zone) and the nucleus of the vagus in the toxic but not in the therapeutic cases suggests a mechanism for the emesis and cardiac arrest brought about by digoxin toxicity in humans. The digoxin content of the medulla, especially the surface of the medulla under the obex, may be useful in confirmation of elevated blood digoxin concentrations.
Identification of Bullet Particles in Bone Fragments by Electron Beam X-Ray Microanalysis
Authors: Simmelink JW , Robinson EM , Staikoff LS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Small fragments of human temporal bone from skeletal remains were examined to identify radiopaque particles associated with the bone. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive analysis, and electron probe microanalysis were used in examining both external bone surfaces and the internal bone areas that were exposed by cutting sections through the bone fragments. Elemental analysis of the bone surface showed aluminum, silicon, chlorine, potassium, calcium, and iron. Electron probe X-ray mapping of radiopaque particles embedded in the bone identified lead as the major element and antimony as the minor element. This method is useful for elemental analysis of micrometre-sized particles found in or on calcified tissues.
Ultrastructure of Human Tissues After Prolonged Interment in Metal-Lined Coffins
Authors: Torre C , Cardellini C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The ultrastructure of certain tissues is sometimes preserved after lengthy interment in metal-lined coffins. Susceptible structures of the epidermis, such as the mitochondria and nuclear envelopes, may be clearly identifiable. Electron microscopy thus permits recognition not only of individual cell types, but also of different intracytoplasmic organelles. In the same way, striped muscle fibers are well preserved, and all components of sarcomeres may be distinguished.
Evaluation of a Method Using Powder to Detect the Site of Rubber Erasures
Authors: Moore DS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Detecting the site of an erasure on a questioned document may ultimately lead to the discovery of a theft involving millions of dollars. Document examiners, particularly those who evaluate evidence in criminal matters, are frequently faced with problems involving erasures. A method of detecting the site of a mechanical abrasion made by a rubber-type eraser was tested and evaluated in comparison with the success of other methods. The method uses a chemical powder and is extremely sensitive in detecting rubber erasures even in cases where more frequently used methods had failed. Several shortcomings of the powder method were discovered during the period of evaluation and these disadvantages are discussed.
Computer-Printed Documents As Part of a Computer Crime Investigation
Authors: Winchester JM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Research related to the investigation and the prosecution of computer crime is continuing. Detailed, highly technical expertise may be required of the document examiner in the comparison, examination, and identification of computer-printed documents produced by high-speed printers. Such research in the area of the identification of computer printouts, as part of the evidence in a computer crime-related case, is continuing. It is important for the investigator, document examiner, and prosecutor to understand the basic workings of the computer, the entry of data by computer personnel, the processing of information via technological advances, and the output of data by high-speed impact or nonimpact printers and to relate such complex workings in everyday language so that the judge and jury may understand the evidence involved.
Forensic Chemical Examinations in Finland, 1979—Trends in Fatal Poisoning
Authors: Alha AR , Parviainen A-R , Tamminen VK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic chemical examinations done between 1968 and 1979 in Finland were analyzed. Variations were discovered in the numbers and types of poisonings by year. These results can be attributed to several factors. Some trends in the types of substances occurring in poisoning cases are discussed.
A Review of Color Atlas of Tumor Histopathology
Authors: Bowerman DL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is an excellent color atlas of tumor histopathology and represents a valuable addition to any general pathologist's reference library. Perhaps the utility is limited for the pure practice of forensic pathology, but many of us have a combined general and forensic pathology practice. Therefore this concise collection and description of common and rare neoplasms is useful. Even someone practicing strictly forensic pathology would encounter neoplasms unexpectedly and in cases of possible therapeutic misadventure. Forensic Pathology by G. Austin Gresham, published by Yearbook in the Color Atlas series in 1975, is, generally speaking, much more useful to the forensic pathologist. This addition to the Yearbook Color Atlas series is designed for “medical students, surgeons, radiotherapists and clinical oncologists.” The hematoxylin and eosin stained sections are of superior quality and the photomicrographs are clear with good choice of magnification to illustrate the salient features utilized in diagnosis. The use of gross photographs is limited but adequate. Only one radiograph is included, however, and this may be a deficiency when considering bone tumors. Pertinent electron micrographs and special stains are well chosen for certain distinctive neoplasms. The accompanying legends are concise and informative and include minimal appropriate clinical material. The neoplasms of carcinoid types arising from the foregut, midgut, and hindgut are especially well presented and include such rarities as the goblet cell and spindle cell variants of the appendiceal carcinoid. The list of carcinoid tumors includes those arising in the breast, bronchus, ovary, rectum, small intestine, stomach, testis, and thymus as well as the more commonly encountered appendiceal carcinoids.
A Review of Color Atlas of Pathology of the Nervous System
Authors: Cox WA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This atlas represents a compilation of illustrations and both gross and microscopic photographs of classic neuropathologic lesions and neuroanatomic structures. The authors have attempted to give the reader a brief photographic overview of the field of neuropathology. Indeed, many of the photographs are excellent, clearly demonstrating a pathologic process. The sections on congenital malformations, lipidoses, mucopolysaccharidoses, leukodystrophies, vascular lesions, normal anatomy of the spinal cord and brain, pathologic conditions affecting the cord, cerebral infarctions, infections, and intranuclear and intracytoplasmic bodies are especially well done. Occasionally, the magnification that was used was too low to clearly demonstrate the pathologic lesion, such as the microscopic photograph of the spinal cord illustrating loss of anterior horn cells.
A Review of The Art and Science of the Polygraph Technique
Authors: Scheve WJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This book was written by a polygraphist trained in and primarily influenced by the specific polygraph concepts, doctrine, and techniques taught by Cleve Backster at the Backster School of Lie Detection. The author also places heavy emphasis on a study, “Validity and Reliability of Detection of Deception,” prepared for the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration by Drs. Raskin, Barland, and Podlesney of the Department of Psychology at the University of Utah in 1976.
E‐cadherin can limit the transforming properties of activating β‐catenin mutations
Authors: Huels David J , Ridgway Rachel A , Radulescu Sorina , Leushacke Marc , Campbell Andrew D , Biswas Sujata , Leedham Simon , Serra Stefano , Chetty Runjan , Moreaux Guenievre , Parry Lee , Matthews James , Song Fei , Hedley Ann , Kalna Gabriela , Ceteci Fatih , Reed Karen R , Meniel Valerie S , Maguire Aoife , Doyle Brendan , Söderberg Ola , Barker Nick , Watson Alastair , Larue Lionel , Clarke Alan R , Sansom Owen J 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWnt pathway deregulation is a common characteristic of many cancers. Only colorectal cancer predominantly harbours mutations in APC, whereas other cancer types (hepatocellular carcinoma, solid pseudopapillary tumours of the pancreas) have activating mutations in β‐catenin (CTNNB1). We have compared the dynamics and the potency of β‐catenin mutations in vivo. Within the murine small intestine (SI), an activating mutation of β‐catenin took much longer to achieve Wnt deregulation and acquire a crypt‐progenitor cell (CPC) phenotype than Apc or Gsk3 loss. Within the colon, a single activating mutation of β‐catenin was unable to drive Wnt deregulation or induce the CPC phenotype. This ability of β‐catenin mutation to differentially transform the SI versus the colon correlated with higher expression of E‐cadherin and a higher number of E‐cadherin:β‐catenin complexes at the membrane. Reduction in E‐cadherin synergised with an activating mutation of β‐catenin resulting in a rapid CPC phenotype within the SI and colon. Thus, there is a threshold of β‐catenin that is required to drive transformation, and E‐cadherin can act as a buffer to sequester mutated β‐catenin.
Suicide Attempts and Childhood Maltreatment Among Street Youth: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Hadland Scott E. , Wood Evan , Dong Huiru , Marshall Brandon D.L. , Kerr Thomas , Montaner Julio S. , DeBeck Kora 
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND:Although suicide is a known leading cause of death among street youth, few prospective studies have explored childhood experiences as risk factors for future suicide attempt in this population. We examined the risk of attempted suicide in relation to childhood maltreatment among street youth.METHODS:From September 2005 to November 2013, data were collected from the At Risk Youth Study (ARYS), a prospective cohort of street youth in Vancouver, Canada. Inclusion criteria were age 14 to 26 years, past-month illicit drug use, and street involvement. Participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, an instrument measuring self-reported sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and physical and emotional neglect. Suicide attempts were assessed semiannually. Using Cox regression, we examined the association between the 5 types of maltreatment and suicide attempts.RESULTS:Of 660 participants, 68.2% were male and 24.6% were Aboriginal. Median age was 21.5 years. The prevalence of moderate to extreme childhood maltreatment ranged from 16.8% (sexual abuse) to 45.2% (emotional abuse). Participants contributed 1841 person-years, with suicide attempts reported by 35 (5.3%) individuals (crude incidence density: 1.9 per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4–2.6 per 100 person-years). In adjusted analyses, types of maltreatment associated with suicide attempts included physical abuse (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 4.47; 95% CI: 2.12–9.42), emotional abuse (adjusted HR: 4.92; 95% CI: 2.11–11.5), and emotional neglect (adjusted HR: 3.08; 95% CI: 1.05–9.03).CONCLUSIONS:Childhood maltreatment is associated with subsequent risk of suicidal behavior among street youth. Suicide prevention efforts should be targeted toward this marginalized population and delivered from a trauma-informed perspective.
Efecto de la aplicación de un vermicompost en las propiedades químicas de un suelo salino-sódico del semiárido venezolano
Authors: Mogollón Sandoval José Pastor , Martínez Alicia Elena , Torres Duilio Gilberto 
Published: August 2015

En el trabajo se evaluó el efecto de un vermicompost, elaborado con lombriz roja californiana (Eisenia foetida), y sustrato de restos de alimento, broza de café, pseudotallos de plátano y estiércol equino en las propiedades de un suelo salino-sódico del Cebollal de Coro, municipio Miranda, estado Falcón, Venezuela. Para el efecto en un experimento de incubación se compararon tres dosis del producto (tratamientos, T1 = testigo, T2 = 1%, T3 = 5%, T4 = 10%) durante 28 días de incubación, con mediciones los días 7, 14, 21 y 28. Se midió el pH, la conductividad eléctrica (CE), los cationes intercambiables (Ca, Mg, Na y K), y el porcentaje de sodio intercambiable (PSI). Todas las variables disminuyeron durante el ensayo; la CE en T4 se redujo 62% con respecto al valor promedio inicial (3.48 dS/m), el pH inicial en el suelo (8.30) se redujo a 7.5 en el mismo tratamiento, igualmente el PSI se redujo 50%. La adición de este producto orgánico demostró ser una buena estrategia para la recuperación integral de suelos salino-sódicos en la región de estudio.
The Prognostic Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Early Cervical Cancer in Asia
Authors: Kuo Hung-Yang , Lin Zhong-Zhe , Kuo Raymond , Shau Wen-Yi , Lai Chiu-Lin , Yang Yen-Yun , Shao Yu-Yun , Hsu Chiun , Cheng Wen-Fan , Cheng Ann-Lii , Yang James Chih-Hsin , Lai Mei-Shu 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Background.
Many studies have shown that type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk for several types of cancer but not cervical cancer (CC). Although DM and insulin-like growth factor 1 have preclinical and clinical implications for CC, less is known about the prognostic impact of DM on patients with early stage CC.

Patients and Methods.
We used the nationwide Taiwan Cancer Registry database to collect the characteristics of stage I–IIA cervical cancer patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2008. DM and other comorbidities were retrieved from the National Health Insurance database. Cervical cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) times of patients according to DM status were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for the effects of DM and other risk factors on mortality.

Results.
A total of 2,946 patients had primary stage I–IIA CC and received curative treatments, and 284 (9.6%) had DM. The 5-year CSS and OS rates for patients with DM were significantly lower than those without DM (CSS: 85.4% vs. 91.5%; OS: 73.9% vs. 87.9%). After adjusting for clinicopathologic variables and comorbidities, DM remained an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for CSS (adjusted HR: 1.46) and OS (adjusted HR: 1.55).

Conclusion.
In Asian patients with early cervical cancer, DM is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor influencing both OS and CSS, even after curative treatments.

Implications for Practice:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the incidence of several types of cancer but not cervical cancer (CC); however, less is known about the impact of DM on patients who already have CC. This study suggests that DM may increase the risk of cancer recurrence and death for early stage CC patients, even after curative treatments. Incorporating DM control should be considered part of the continuum of care for early stage CC patients, and close surveillance during routine follow-up in this population is recommended.
Continuous Trastuzumab Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients With Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Dysfunction
Authors: Yu Anthony F. , Yadav Nandini U. , Eaton Anne A. , Lung Betty Y. , Thaler Howard T. , Liu Jennifer E. , Hudis Clifford A. , Dang Chau T. , Steingart Richard M. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Background.
Adjuvant trastuzumab is a highly effective targeted treatment that improves survival for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. However, trastuzumab interruption is recommended for patients who develop treatment-induced cardiotoxicity (i.e., decline in left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], with or without symptoms) and can lead to an incomplete course of treatment. We studied the cardiac safety of continuous trastuzumab therapy among patients with asymptomatic declines in LVEF.

Methods.
We retrospectively evaluated patients with HER2-positive breast cancer treated with adjuvant trastuzumab at our institution between 2005 and 2010. Treatment-induced cardiotoxicity was defined by an absolute decrease in LVEF of ≥10% to below 55% or an absolute decrease of ≥16%. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between candidate risk factors and treatment-induced cardiotoxicity.

Results.
Among 573 patients, 92 (16%) developed treatment-induced cardiotoxicity. Trastuzumab was continued without interruption in 31 of 92 patients with treatment-induced cardiotoxicity—all were asymptomatic with LVEF of ≥50% at cardiotoxicity diagnosis with median LVEF of 53% (range, 50%–63%), and none developed heart failure during follow-up. Risk factors associated with treatment-induced cardiotoxicity included age (p = .011), anthracycline chemotherapy (p = .002), and lower pretrastuzumab LVEF (p &lt; .001).

Conclusion.
Among patients who develop asymptomatic treatment-induced cardiotoxicity with LVEF of ≥50%, continuous trastuzumab therapy appears to be safe.

Implications for Practice:
Cardiotoxicity is the most common reason for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer to receive an incomplete course of life-saving trastuzumab therapy. Data from this study suggest that continuous trastuzumab may be safe in patients with asymptomatic cardiotoxicity and left ventricular ejection fraction of ≥50%. Given the substantial oncologic benefit of trastuzumab, increasing efforts are needed to ensure that patients complete the full course of treatment without interruption. Current recommendations for trastuzumab interruption in patients who develop cardiotoxicity should be re-evaluated.
Algorithms in the First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma—Analysis Using Diagnostic Nodes
Authors: Rothermundt Christian , Bailey Alexandra , Cerbone Linda , Eisen Tim , Escudier Bernard , Gillessen Silke , Grünwald Viktor , Larkin James , McDermott David , Oldenburg Jan , Porta Camillo , Rini Brian , Schmidinger Manuela , Sternberg Cora , Putora Paul M. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Background.
With the advent of targeted therapies, many treatment options in the first-line setting of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) have emerged. Guidelines and randomized trial reports usually do not elucidate the decision criteria for the different treatment options. In order to extract the decision criteria for the optimal therapy for patients, we performed an analysis of treatment algorithms from experts in the field.

Materials and Methods.
Treatment algorithms for the treatment of mccRCC from experts of 11 institutions were obtained, and decision trees were deduced. Treatment options were identified and a list of unified decision criteria determined. The final decision trees were analyzed with a methodology based on diagnostic nodes, which allows for an automated cross-comparison of decision trees. The most common treatment recommendations were determined, and areas of discordance were identified.

Results.
The analysis revealed heterogeneity in most clinical scenarios. The recommendations selected for first-line treatment of mccRCC included sunitinib, pazopanib, temsirolimus, interferon-α combined with bevacizumab, high-dose interleukin-2, sorafenib, axitinib, everolimus, and best supportive care. The criteria relevant for treatment decisions were performance status, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center risk group, only or mainly lung metastases, cardiac insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency, age, and “zugzwang” (composite of multiple, related criteria).

Conclusion.
In the present study, we used diagnostic nodes to compare treatment algorithms in the first-line treatment of mccRCC. The results illustrate the heterogeneity of the decision criteria and treatment strategies for mccRCC and how available data are interpreted and implemented differently among experts.

Implications for Practice:
The data provided in the present report should not be considered to serve as treatment recommendations for the management of treatment-naïve patients with multiple metastases from metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma outside a clinical trial; however, the data highlight the different treatment options and the criteria used to select them. The diversity in decision making and how results from phase III trials can be interpreted and implemented differently in daily practice are demonstrated.