bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Employing the nominal group technique to explore the views of pharmacists, pharmacy assistants and women on community pharmacy weight management services and educational resources†
Authors: Fakih Souhiela , Marriott Jennifer L , Hussainy Safeera Y 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Objectives
The objectives of this study were to investigate how pharmacists, pharmacy assistants and women feel about community pharmacy involvement in weight management, and to identify what pharmacists, pharmacy assistants and women want in weight management educational resources.

Methods
Three homogenous and one heterogeneous nominal group (NG) sessions of up to 120-min duration were conducted with nine women, ten pharmacists and eight pharmacy assistants. The NG technique was used to conduct each session to determine the most important issues that should be considered surrounding community pharmacy weight management services and development of any educational resources. The heterogeneous NG session was used to finalise what women, pharmacists and pharmacy assistants want in educational resources.

Key findings
Overall, pharmacists, pharmacy assistants and women believe that pharmacy staff have an important role in the management of overweight and obesity because of their accessibility, trust and the availability of products in pharmacy. Regarding the most suitable healthcare professional(s) to treat overweight and obesity, the majority of participants believed that no one member of the healthcare team was most suitable and that overweight and obesity needs to be treated by a multidisciplinary team. The importance of having weight management educational resources for pharmacy staff and women that come from trustworthy resources without financial gain or commercialisation was also emphasised.

Conclusion
Pharmacists, pharmacy assistants and women feel that community pharmacies have a definite role to play in weight management. Pharmacy-specific weight management educational resources that are readily available to pharmacy staff and women are highly desirable.
Deprivation and its impact on non‐urgent Paediatric Emergency Department use: are Nurse Practitioners the answer?
Authors: Parry Yvonne Karen , Ullah Shahid , Raftos Jeremy , Willis Eileen 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimsThis article reports on the quantitative findings from a large mixed method study that determined the extent to which the provision of alternatives to an Emergency Department and Index of Relative Social Disadvantage score influenced non‐urgent paediatric Emergency Department use.BackgroundIn Australia, there is an increasing use of Emergency Departments for the provision of non‐urgent care that may be better serviced in the community. Further, despite the plethora of literature describing the characteristics of non‐urgent users of Emergency Departments the link to social and community characteristics remains under explored.DesignThis 2010 retrospective analysis of the Hospital Admission Status data from the paediatric Emergency Department provided the information on attendance types and numbers along with postcode details. The postcodes in conjunction with Australia Bureau of Statistics data provided the levels of deprivation from the Index of Relative Social Deprivation scores.MethodA logistic regression analysis determined the levels of influence of deprivation and General Practitioner or Nurse Practitioner provision on the use of Emergency Departments for non‐urgent care.FindingsRates of use for non‐urgent care is higher for populations who come from areas of deprivation and have limited primary care services, such as low levels of General Practitioners. Children from areas of high deprivation and limited access to primary care were up to six times more likely to use Emergency Department for non‐urgent care.ConclusionsDeprivation impacts on the use of paediatric Emergency Departments for non‐urgent care even in countries like Australia where there is government subsidized health care.
Possible character displacement of an introduced mongoose and native marten on Adriatic Islands, Croatia
Authors: Barun Arijana , Simberloff Daniel , Meiri Shai , Tvrtković Nikola , Tadić Zoran 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimCharacter displacement and release can occur quickly in novel environments and communities. Species introductions are ‘natural experiments’ in which evolutionary changes can be studied as community composition varies. We asked whether morphologies of the introduced small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) and the larger native stone marten (Martes foina) on Adriatic islands where they are sympatric or allopatric are consistent with hypotheses of character displacement and release, respectively.LocationThe mongoose is native to Asia and has been introduced to over 60 islands. We measured specimens from several island groups and the native region. The marten is native to Eurasia and several European islands, and we have measurements throughout most of its native range.MethodsWe measured skull length and the maximum diameter of the upper canine tooth in both species on Adriatic islands and compared these traits with those in other sites.ResultsThe mongoose has smaller canines and skulls on the three Adriatic islands it co‐occupies with the marten compared with other islands of introduction, consistent with the hypothesis of character displacement. It is not larger on the Adriatic island where it is the sole carnivore than on other Adriatic islands, which contradicts the hypothesis of character release. Marten skulls are shorter on three islands with no mongooses than on one island where the mongoose is present, consistent with the hypothesis of character release. However, marten canine diameters are similar across Adriatic islands.Main conclusionsOn Adriatic islands, interspecific competition between the mongoose and the marten is most likely what maintains small size in the mongoose and prevents the character release observed on other islands of introduction lacking mammalian competitors. The marten may have undergone character displacement because of the mongoose introduction on at least one Adriatic island and possibly all three islands where the species co‐occur.
Parkinson's disease, anxious depression and serotonin – zooming in on hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Blum Robert , Lesch Klaus‐Peter 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
imageThis Editorial highlights a study by Deusser et al. (2015) published in this issue of J Neurochem. In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), the authors observed a topographically restricted reduction in serotonergic fibres in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. This phenotype was observed close to the neurogenic niche and was accompanied by an impaired fluoxetine response of hippocampal neuroblasts. In conclusion, alpha‐synuclein inclusions in the serotonergic system may account for anxiety and depression symptoms in PD. DCX, doublecortin; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein.
Blood–brain barrier and brain fatty acid uptake: Role of arachidonic acid and PGE2
Authors: Murphy Eric J. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
image
How do fatty acids enter the brain and what role, if any, do membrane and cytosolic fatty acid binding proteins have on facilitating this process? This is a fundamental question that many lipid neurochemists will freely admit they cannot answer in any kind of definitive manner. A study by Dalvi and colleagues in this issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry now adds to our knowledge in this field. Among other important observations, their experiments demonstrate that a physiological level of arachidonic acid (ARA), that could be associated with many different physiological and pathophysiological states, increases permeability in a model of the human blood brain barrier (BBB) in the absence of cytokines. This last point is very important as it suggests increases in BBB permeability may occur in situations other than those associated with increases in tumor necrosis factor a (TNF) and interleukin1b (IL1), giving additional options for developing drugs impacting BBB permeability.
Treatment of Small Vessel Disease With the Paclitaxel Drug‐Eluting Balloon: 6‐Month Angiographic and 1‐Year Clinical Outcomes of the Spanish Multicenter Registry
Authors: Vaquerizo Beatriz , Miranda‐Guardiola Faustino , Fernández Eduardo , Rumoroso José Ramón , Gómez‐Hospital Josep Antoni , Bossa Francisco , Iñiguez Andrés , Oategui Imanol , Serra Antonio 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundSmall vessel disease (SMD) remains a major challenge because of the increased risk of restenosis. We sought to assess the efficacy and safety of a paclitaxel‐eluting balloon (PEB) in patients with SMD.Methods and ResultsOne‐hundred and four patients with native coronary lesions in small vessels treated by using a PEB were included in this prospective multicenter registry. In each case, after regular balloon dilatation, a larger PEB was inflated for a minimum of 45–60 seconds. Patients were 65 ± 10 years old, 43% diabetic, and 58% presented acutely. Angiographic success was 93% (7% bailout BMS implantation due to coronary dissection). The rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 12 months was 4.8% (1.9% cardiac death, 1.0% MI, and 2.9% TLR). One definite stent thrombosis was reported at 6 months in a patient with bailout BMS implantation. At 7 months, late loss was 0.31 ± 0.2 mm. Bail‐out BMS after DEB use, was an independent predictor of MACE, HR 18.74, 95%CI (2.58–135.84) and TLR, HR 30.99, 95%CI (2.79–344.07).ConclusionThe use of this PEB for the treatment of SMD provides excellent 1‐year outcomes with only 4.8% MACE. The need for a bailout BMS was a strong predictor of MACE and TLR. (J Interven Cardiol 2015;28:430–438)
Institutions and Foreign Subsidiary Growth in Transition Economies: The Role of Intangible Assets and Capabilities
Authors: Kafouros Mario , Aliyev Murod 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAlthough transition economies experience significant institutional transformations that vary in their degree and pace, scholarly knowledge of what distinguishes more successful foreign subsidiaries from less successful ones in such environments is limited and inconsistent. We enhance the understanding of this subject by examining how variations in the institutional development of transition economies influence the usefulness of a subsidiary's intangible assets and capabilities and, in turn, their effectiveness in enhancing its growth. Prior research assumes that foreign subsidiaries that operate in any given environment are always better off when they possess strong intangible assets and capabilities. Our analysis of more than 33,000 observations in 14 transition economies challenges this view and enables us to explain why some subsidiaries grow more quickly in less‐developed institutional environments, whereas others more quickly in countries with institutions that are more developed. More specifically, we show that although a subsidiary's intangible assets enhance its growth in transition economies with stronger institutions, these effects are particularly weak or insignificant in transition countries with less developed institutional environments. Conversely, a completely different pattern emerges for subsidiary capabilities, with their marginal effects on subsidiary growth being significantly higher in countries that are institutionally less developed than in transition countries with more developed institutions.
Fracture Load Before and After Veneering Zirconia Posterior Fixed Dental Prostheses
Authors: Rodríguez Verónica , Castillo‐Oyagüe Raquel , López‐Suárez Carlos , Gonzalo Esther , Peláez Jesús , Suárez‐García María‐Jesús 
Published: September 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the fracture load of 3‐unit zirconia‐based posterior fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) before and after veneering the frameworks.Materials and MethodsForty standardized stainless‐steel master dies were fabricated (height: 5 mm, convergence: 6º, chamfer: 1 mm) and randomly screwed in pairs onto metal bases. The bases were randomly divided into two groups (n = 20 each) according to the zirconia CAD/CAM system used for constructing 3‐unit structures for FDPs: group 1 (L): Lava All‐ceramic, group 2 (Z): IPS e.max ZirCAD. Half of the zirconia structures per group were randomly selected and veneered, while the remaining half was left unveneered. The specimens were luted in standard fashion onto the stainless steel master dies using conventional glass ionomer cement. All specimens were tested for fracture load (FL). Specimens were subjected to a three‐point bending test until fracture by applying an axial compressive load at the central fossa of the pontics with a universal testing machine at a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. Wilcoxon's rank‐sum test and Weibull statistics were used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05).ResultsL structures recorded significantly higher values of load to fracture than the Z group both before and after veneering. Within each ceramic group, no differences were found between unveneered and veneered frameworks.ConclusionsAlthough further studies are necessary to corroborate these findings, both zirconia systems could be recommended for restoring posterior teeth on the basis of the fracture load values recorded in this experiment (>1000 N). The veneering procedure did not affect the overall load to fracture in any group.
HIDDEN REGRET IN INSURANCE MARKETS
Authors: Huang Rachel J. , Muermann Alexander , Tzeng Larry Y. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe examine insurance markets with two‐dimensional asymmetric information on risk type and on preferences related to regret. In contrast to Rothschild and Stiglitz (), the equilibrium can be efficient; that is, it can coincide with the equilibrium under full information. Furthermore, we show that pooling, semipooling, and separating equilibria can exist. Specifically, there exist separating equilibria that predict a positive correlation between the level of insurance coverage and risk type, as in the standard economic models of adverse selection, but there also exist separating equilibria that predict a negative correlation between the level of insurance coverage and risk type. Since optimal choice of regretful customers depends on foregone alternatives, the equilibrium includes a contract that is offered but not purchased.
Melatonin attenuates Leishmania (L.) amazonensis infection by modulating arginine metabolism
Authors: Laranjeira‐Silva Maria Fernanda , Zampieri Ricardo A. , Muxel Sandra M. , Floeter‐Winter Lucile Maria , Markus Regina P. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAcute inflammatory responses induced by bacteria or fungi block nocturnal melatonin synthesis by rodent pineal glands. Here, we show Leishmania infection does not impair daily melatonin rhythm in hamsters. Remarkably, the attenuated parasite burden and lesion progression in hamsters infected at nighttime was impaired by blockage of melatonin receptors with luzindole, whereas melatonin treatment during the light phase attenuated Leishmania infection. In vitro studies corroborated in vivo observations. Melatonin treatment reduced macrophage expression of Cat‐2b, Cat1, and ArgI, genes involved in arginine uptake and polyamine synthesis. Indeed, melatonin reduced macrophage arginine uptake by 40%. Putrescine supplementation reverted the attenuation of infectivity by melatonin indicating that its effect was due to the arrest of parasite replication. This study shows that the Leishmania/host interaction varies in a circadian manner according to nocturnal melatonin pineal synthesis. Our results provide new data regarding Leishmania infectiveness and show new approaches for applying agonists of melatonin receptors in Leishmaniasis therapy.
Eaten but not always beaten: winners and losers along a red deer herbivory gradient in boreal forest
Authors: Hegland Stein J. , Rydgren Knut 
Published: September 2015

AbstractQuestionsHow does the understorey plant community in a boreal forest respond to variations in red deer herbivory intensity? Do the conclusions depend on the organizational level (taxon, growth form or functional trait) used for the analyses, and does red deer herbivory create more winners or losers?LocationSvanøy, western Norway.MethodsWe modelled the abundance of all understorey plant taxa, growth forms and functional trait categories along a red deer herbivory gradient in old growth pine–bilberry forest by means of Huisman‐Olff‐Fresco (HOF) modelling. The herbivory gradient spanned from zero (deer excluded for 10 yr), via natural variation in plots open to wild red deer, to a maximum in forested parts of a red deer farm.ResultsTwelve taxa had optima at zero to low herbivory intensity (losers), while 25 species had optima at intermediate to high herbivory intensity (winners), with most species peaking at intermediate intensity. The growth forms young trees and dwarf shrubs were losers, and ferns, forbs, bryophytes and juvenile trees were winners. At the functional trait level, woody species were the only losers, whereas clonal, prostrate and non‐palatable species were more abundant towards the high end of the herbivory gradient.ConclusionsWoody species were found to be herbivory losers irrespective of the level of analysis (taxa, growth form or trait category). In contrast, the identities of winners depended on level of analysis: more growth forms and functional trait categories than species peaked at the high end of the gradient. Species analysis gave high resolution and better ecological explanations, while analysis of growth forms and functional traits offered management‐relevant interpretations of herbivory‐driven shifts in the forest ecosystem.
Evaluation of vector competence for West Nile virus in Italian Stegomyia albopicta (=Aedes albopictus) mosquitoes
Authors: FORTUNA C. , REMOLI M. E. , SEVERINI F. , DI LUCA M. , TOMA L. , FOIS F. , BUCCI P. , BOCCOLINI D. , ROMI R. , CIUFOLINI M. G. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic arboviral pathogen transmitted by mosquitoes in a cycle that involves wild birds as reservoir hosts. The virus is responsible for outbreaks of viral encephalitis in humans and horses. In Europe, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) is considered to be the main vector of WNV, but other species such as Stegomyia albopicta (=Aedes albopictus) (Diptera: Culicidae) may also act as competent vectors of this virus. Since 2008 human cases of WNV disease have been reported in northeast Italy. In 2011, new areas of southern Italy became involved and a first outbreak of WNV lineage 1 occurred on the island of Sardinia. On the assumption that a potential involvement of St. albopicta in WNV transmission cannot be excluded, and in order to evaluate the competence of this species for the virus, an experimental infection of an St. albopicta laboratory colony, established from mosquitoes collected in Sardinia, was carried out. The results were compared with those obtained in a colony of the main vector Cx. pipiens. The study showed St. albopicta collected on Sardinia to be susceptible to WNV infection, which suggests this Italian mosquito species is able to act as a possible secondary vector, particularly in urban areas where the species reaches high levels of seasonal abundance.
Appropriateness of care and moral distress among neonatal intensive care unit staff: repeated measurements
Authors: de Boer Jacoba (Coby) , van Rosmalen Joost , Bakker Arnold B. , van Dijk Monique 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundPerceived constraints to providing patient care in their own morally justified way may cause moral distress (MD) in neonatal nurses and physicians. Negative long‐term effects of MD include substandard patient care, burnout and leaving the profession.AimTo assess the immediate impact of perceived inappropriate patient care on nurses' and physicians' MD intensity, and explore a possible moderating effect of ethical climate.DesignIn a repeated measures design, after baseline assessment, each participant completed self‐report questionnaires after five randomly selected shifts. Data were analysed with logistic and Tobit regression.ParticipantsData were collected among 117 of 147 eligible nurses and physicians (80%) in a level‐III neonatal intensive care unit in the Netherlands.ResultsAt baseline, overall MD was relatively low; in nurses, it was significantly higher than in physicians. Few morally distressing situations were reported in the repeated measurements, but distress could be intense in these cases; nurses' and physicians' scores were comparable. Physicians were significantly more likely than nurses to disagree with their patients' level of care (p = 0·02). Still, perceived overtreatment, but not undertreatment, was significantly related to distress intensity in both professional groups; ethical climate did not moderate this effect. Substandard patient care due to lack of continuity, poor communication and unsafe levels of staffing were rated as more important causes of MD than perceived inappropriate care.ConclusionsAlthough infrequently perceived, overtreatment of patients caused considerable distress in nurses and physicians. Our unit introduced multidisciplinary medical ethical decision making 5 years ago, which may partly explain the low MD at baseline.Relevance to clinical practiceMD might be prevented by improved continuity of care, safe levels of staffing and better team communication, along with other targeted interventions with demonstrated effectiveness, such as palliative care programs and facilitated ethics conversations.
Weak tradeoff between xylem safety and xylem‐specific hydraulic efficiency across the world's woody plant species
Authors: Gleason Sean M. , Westoby Mark , Jansen Steven , Choat Brendan , Hacke Uwe G. , Pratt Robert B. , Bhaskar Radika , Brodribb Tim J. , Bucci Sandra J. , Cao Kun‐Fang , Cochard Hervé , Delzon Sylvain , Domec Jean‐Christophe , Fan Ze‐Xin , Feild Taylor S. , Jacobsen Anna L. , Johnson Daniel M. , Lens Frederic , Maherali Hafiz , Martínez‐Vilalta Jordi , Mayr Stefan , McCulloh Katherine A. , Mencuccini Maurizio , Mitchell Patrick J. , Morris Hugh , Nardini Andrea , Pittermann Jarmila , Plavcová Lenka , Schreiber Stefan G. , Sperry John S. , Wright Ian J. , Zanne Amy E. 
Published: September 2015

Summary

The evolution of lignified xylem allowed for the efficient transport of water under tension, but also exposed the vascular network to the risk of gas emboli and the spread of gas between xylem conduits, thus impeding sap transport to the leaves. A well‐known hypothesis proposes that the safety of xylem (its ability to resist embolism formation and spread) should trade off against xylem efficiency (its capacity to transport water).

We tested this safety–efficiency hypothesis in branch xylem across 335 angiosperm and 89 gymnosperm species. Safety was considered at three levels: the xylem water potentials where 12%, 50% and 88% of maximal conductivity are lost.

Although correlations between safety and efficiency were weak (r2 < 0.086), no species had high efficiency and high safety, supporting the idea for a safety–efficiency tradeoff. However, many species had low efficiency and low safety. Species with low efficiency and low safety were weakly associated (r2 < 0.02 in most cases) with higher wood density, lower leaf‐ to sapwood‐area and shorter stature.

There appears to be no persuasive explanation for the considerable number of species with both low efficiency and low safety. These species represent a real challenge for understanding the evolution of xylem.