bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotection by Sildenafil: Neuronal Networks Potentiation in Acute Experimental Stroke
Authors: Chen Xue‐Mei , Wang Nan‐Nan , Zhang Tian‐Yu , Wang Fang , Wu Chun‐Fu , Yang Jing‐Yu 
Published: August 2013

SummaryAimsSildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, has been found to produce functional recovery in ischemic rats by increasing the cGMP level and triggering neurogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate further sildenafil mechanisms.MethodsMale Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion, followed by intraperitoneal or intravenous treatment of sildenafil starting 2 h later. Behavioral tests were performed on day 1 or day 7 after reperfusion, while cerebral infarction, edema, Nissl staining, Fluoro‐Jade B staining, and electron microscopy studies were carried out 24 h poststroke. The cGMP‐dependent Nogo‐66 receptor (Nogo‐R) pathway, synaptophysin, PSD‐95/neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin‐related kinase B (TrkB), and nerve growth factor (NGF)/tropomyosin‐related kinase A (TrkA) were measured.ResultsSildenafil enhanced neurological recovery and inhibited infarction, even following delayed administration 4 h after stroke onset. Furthermore, sildenafil reduced the loss of neurons and modulated the expressions of the cGMP‐dependent Nogo‐R pathway. Moreover, sildenafil protected the structure of synapses and mediated the expressions of synaptophysin, PSD‐95/nNOS, BDNF/TrkB, and NGF/TrkA.ConclusionsSildenafil produces significant neuroprotective effects on injured neurons in acute stroke, and these are mediated by the cGMP‐dependent Nogo‐R pathway, NGF/TrkA, and BDNF/TrkB.
Going beyond taxonomic diversity: deconstructing biodiversity patterns reveals the true cost of iceplant invasion
Authors: Jucker Tommaso , Carboni Marta , Acosta Alicia T. R. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimAlthough invasion has been linked to species losses in native plant communities, it is unclear how invasive species affect other important aspects of native community biodiversity, such as the composition of functional traits or the degree of phylogenetic relatedness. Here, we ask whether declines in taxonomic diversity (TD) associated with the spread of a highly invasive South African species (iceplant) are linked to similar losses in functional (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD). Motivated by recent advances in coexistence theory, we aim to infer the mechanisms involved in driving the exclusion of native species following invasion.LocationCoastal dunes of central Italy.MethodsWe sampled 2 × 2 m vegetation plots characterized by varying degrees of abundance of iceplant (Carpobrotus spp.), and combined species occurrence data with life‐history trait information and a dated phylogeny of the native species pool. Rao's quadratic entropy index was used to quantify the TD, FD and PD of each plot, which we then related to iceplant abundance via linear models. Finally, to better understand the mechanisms driving changes in diversity, we characterized both species and communities according to phylogenetic relatedness to iceplant and functional strategy.ResultsWe found that the negative association between the level of invasion and native community TD is mirrored by quantitatively similar declines in FD, as well as a shift in community phylogenetic structure. These changes appear to result from the selective exclusion of specific functional groups/clades, likely via a combination of niche‐ and fitness‐related processes.Main conclusionsWe found that iceplant poses a greater threat to biodiversity than previously understood and that on top of causing declines in species richness invasion may also hamper ecosystem functioning and reduce evolutionary potential. Accounting for FD and PD holds promise for gaining a better understanding of how invasive species alter the structure of native communities.
Measuring and monitoring compliance in no‐take marine reserves
Authors: Bergseth Brock J , Russ Garry R , Cinner Joshua E 
Published: August 2013

AbstractNo‐take marine reserves are increasingly popular tools for conservation and fisheries management. While much attention has been paid to evaluating the effects of design aspects (size, location, etc.) in achieving reserve objectives, less emphasis has been placed on the role of stakeholder compliance. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to evaluate the state of compliance literature and examine the methods used to measure compliance in reserves. The state of compliance literature is limited, although publications with compliance information have increased sixfold in the last decade. However, most studies containing compliance information (63%) fail to provide quantitative estimates. Furthermore, most (95%) quantitative estimates of compliance were reported using a single method, which is problematic because each method has biases and limited applicability. Methods used to indicate compliance include (i) direct observation; (ii) indirect observation; (iii) law enforcement records; (iv) direct questioning; (v) expert opinion; and (vi) modelling. Our second aim was to empirically demonstrate the critical role of compliance in reserve outcomes by comparing a mixed‐effects model on compliance data synthesized from 63 marine reserves to that of a null model. The model of best fit demonstrated a negative relationship between non‐compliance and target species biomass response ratios. Thus, without incorporating any aspects of reserve design, compliance data predicted reserve response ratios of fish biomass. Accordingly, researchers should explore ways to better understand and measure non‐compliance. Therefore, future research should triangulate multiple sources of quantitative compliance data collected using standardized techniques and conduct baseline surveys before reserve implementation.
Evidence of transmission and risk factors for influenza A virus in household dogs and their owners
Authors: Ramírez‐Martínez Luis A. , Contreras‐Luna María , De la Luz Jazmín , Manjarrez María E. , Rosete Dora P. , Rivera‐Benitez José F. , Saavedra‐Montañez Manuel , Ramírez‐Mendoza Humberto 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundThe possible transmission of influenza A virus between dogs and humans is important, as in Mexico City there are approximately 1·2 million dogs. We present the first evidence of influenza A virus infection in household dogs in Mexico.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to identify the presence of antibodies against influenza A virus in dogs and their owners, as well as the presence of RNA of influenza A virus in nasal exudates of dogs and, thereby, assess the possible transmission of the virus between humans and dogs.MethodsSerum samples from household dogs and their owners were analyzed to detect the presence of antibodies against three subtypes of human influenza virus (H1N1pdm09, H1N1, and H3N2), as well as subtype H3N8 of equine influenza. We analyzed dog nasal exudates to detect influenza viral RNA. The relationship between the seropositivity of dogs and various factors (age, sex, constantly at home, and seropositivity of owners) was statistically analyzed.ResultsSeroprevalence for human influenza in dogs was 0·9% (1 of 113), and it was 4% (5 of 113) for equine influenza. In humans, seroprevalence was 22% for subtype H1N1pdm09, 20% for subtype H1N1, and 11% for subtype H3N2. No significant association (P > 0·05) was found between seropositivity and any of the assessed factors. Furthermore, no viral RNA was detected in the nasal exudate samples.ConclusionsResults revealed seroprevalence of the influenza virus in household dogs in Mexico City. It can be assumed that dogs are currently becoming infected with different subtypes of influenza viruses.
Participatory Democracy? Exploring Peru’s Efforts to Engage Civil Society in Local Governance
Authors: McNulty Stephanie 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAs institutions are created to engage citizens and civil society organizations more directly, who participates, and what effect does participation have? This article explores two of Peru’s participatory institutions, the Regional Coordination Councils and the participatory budgets, created in 2002. Specifically it asks, once these institutions are set up, do organizations participate in them? and what effect does this participation have on the organizations? The data show that the participatory processes in Peru are including new voices in decisionmaking, but this inclusion has limits. Limited inclusion has, in turn, led to limited changes specifically in nongovernmental organizations. As a result, the democratizing potential of the participatory institutions is evident yet not fully realized.
Identification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' (16SrI‐B) Causing Witches' Broom Disease of Mallotus japonicus in Korea
Authors: Han Sang‐Sub , Oh Byung‐Taek , Kamala‐Kannan Seralathan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMallotus japonicus with witches' broom disease were observed in Jeollabuk‐do, Korea. A phytoplasma from the infected leaves was identified, based on the 16S rDNA, 16S‐23S intergenic spacer region, and fragment of rp operon and tuf gene sequences. The 16S rDNA sequences exhibited maximum (99.7%) similarity with Iranian lettuce phytoplasma, the rp operon sequences exhibited 100% similarity with Goldenrain stunt phytoplasma, and the tuf gene sequences exhibited 99.8% similarity with Japanese spurge yellows phytoplasma. Results of the sequence analysis and phylogenetic studies confirmed that the phytoplasma associated with M. japonicus in Korea was an isolate of Aster Yellows group (subgroup16SrI‐B).
Recidivism after Release from a Prison Nursery Program
Authors: Goshin Lorie S. , Byrne Mary W. , Henninger Alana M. 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveTo analyze 3‐year recidivism after release from a prison nursery, a secure unit that allows imprisoned women to care for their infants.Design and SampleDescriptive study of 139 women who co‐resided with their infants between 2001 and 2007 in a New York State prison nursery.MeasuresAdministrative criminal justice data were analyzed along with prospective study data on demographic, mental health, and prison nursery policy‐related factors.ResultsResults reflect a sample of young women of color with histories of clinically significant depressive symptoms and substance dependence, who were convicted of nonviolent crimes and had multiple prior arrests. Three years after release 86.3% remained in the community. Only 4% of women returned to prison for new crimes. Survival modeling indicated that women who had previously violated parole had a significantly shorter mean return to prison time than those who were in the nursery for a new crime.ConclusionWomen released from a prison nursery have a low likelihood of recidivism. Innovative interventions are needed to address incarceration's public health effects. Nurses can partner with criminal justice organizations to develop, implement, and evaluate programs to ensure the health needs of criminal justice involved people and their families are met.
Draft Genome Sequence of Sphingobium chinhatense Strain IP26
T
, Isolated from a Hexachlorocyclohexane Dumpsite
Authors: Niharika Neha , Sangwan Naseer , Ahmad Salar , Singh Priya , Khurana J. P. , Lal Rup 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Sphingobium chinhatense
strain IP26
T
is a conducive hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) degrader isolated from a heavily contaminated (450 mg HCH/g soil) HCH dumpsite. IP26
T
degrades α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH, which are highly persistent in the environment. Here we report the draft genome sequence (~5.8 Mbp) of this strain.
Design of an ecological momentary assessment study of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and non-specific physical symptoms
Authors: Bogers Rik P , Bolte John F B , Houtveen Jan H , Lebret Erik , van Strien Rob T , Schipper C Maarten A , Alkadhimi Mehdi , Baliatsas Christos , van Kamp Irene 
Published: August 2013

IntroductionIdiopathic Environmental Intolerance (IEI) attributed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) refers to self-reported sensitivity mainly characterised by the attribution of non-specific physical symptoms to low-level EMF exposure emitted from sources such as mobile phones. Scientific studies have not provided evidence for the existence of IEI-EMF, but these studies did not resemble the real-life situation or suffered from poor exposure characterisation and biased recall of health symptoms. To improve existing methods for the study of IEI-EMF, an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study is designed.Methods and analysisThe study is an EMA study in which respondents carry personal exposure metres (exposimeters) that measure radiofrequency (RF) EMF, with frequent assessment of health symptoms and perceived EMF exposure through electronic diary registration during five consecutive days. Participants will be a selection from an epidemiological study who report to be sensitive to RF EMF. The exposimeters measure electric field strength in 12 frequency bands. Diary questions include the occurrence and severity of 10 non-specific physical symptoms, mood states and perceived exposure to (sources of) EMF. The relationship of actual and perceived EMF exposure and mood with non-specific physical symptoms will be analysed using multilevel regression analysis with time-shift models.DiscussionThe study has several advantages over previous studies, including assessment of personal EMF exposure and non-specific physical symptoms by an ecological method with a minimised chance of recall bias. The within-person design reduces confounding by time-stable factors (eg, personal characteristics). In the conduct of the study and the analysis and interpretation of its outcomes, some methodological issues including a high participant burden, reactivity, compliance to the study protocol and the potential of chance findings due to multiple statistical testing will be accounted for and limited as much as possible.
Inhibition of Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer by LY2801653, an Inhibitor of Several Oncokinases, Including MET
Authors: Wu Wenjuan , Bi Chen , Credille Kelly M. , Manro Jason R. , Peek Victoria L. , Donoho Gregory P. , Yan Lei , Wijsman John A. , Yan S. Betty , Walgren Richard A. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Purpose: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Sustained activation, overexpression, or mutation of the MET pathway is associated with a poor prognosis in a variety of tumors, including non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), implicating the MET pathway as a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer. Previously, we reported on the development of LY2801653: a novel, orally bioavailable oncokinase inhibitor with MET as one of its targets. Here, we discuss the evaluation of LY2801653 in both preclinical in vitro and in vivo NSCLC models.
Experimental Design/Results: Treatment with LY2801653 showed tumor growth inhibition in tumor cell lines and patient-derived tumor xenograft models as a single agent (37.4%–90.0% inhibition) or when used in combination with cisplatin, gemcitabine, or erlotinib (66.5%–86.3% inhibition). Mechanistic studies showed that treatment with LY2801653 inhibited the constitutive activation of MET pathway signaling and resulted in inhibition of NCI-H441 cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration, and invasion. These in vitro findings were confirmed in the H441 orthotopic model where LY2801653 treatment significantly inhibited both primary tumor growth (87.9% inhibition) and metastasis (64.5% inhibition of lymph node and 67.7% inhibition of chest wall). Tumor-bearing animals treated with LY2801653 had a significantly greater survival time (87% increase compared with the vehicle-treated mice). In the MET-independent NCI-H1299 orthotopic model, treatment with LY2801653 showed a significant inhibition of primary tumor growth but not metastasis.
Conclusions: Collectively, these results support clinical evaluation of LY2801653 in NSCLCs and suggest that differences in the MET activation of tumors may be predictive of response. Clin Cancer Res; 19(20); 5699–710. ©2013 AACR.
Novel Role of CD47 in Rat Microvascular Endothelium
Authors: Martinelli Roberta , Newton Gail , Carman Christopher V. , Greenwood John , Luscinskas Francis W. 
Published: August 2013

Objective—
Although endothelial CD47, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has been implicated in leukocyte diapedesis, its capacity for intracellular signaling and physical localization during this process has not been addressed in detail. This study examined endothelial CD47 spatiotemporal behavior and signaling pathways involved in regulating T-cell transendothelial migration.

Approach and Results—
By biochemical methods, transmigration assays, and live-cell microscopy techniques, we show that endothelial CD47 engagement results in intracellular calcium mobilization, increased permeability, and activation of Src and AKT1/phosphoinositide 3-kinase in brain microvascular endothelial cells. These signaling pathways converge to induce cytoskeleton remodeling and vascular endothelial cadherin phosphorylation, which are necessary steps during T-cell transendothelial migration. In addition, during T-cell migration, transmigratory cups and podo-prints enriched in CD47 appear on the surface of the endothelium, indicating that the spatial distribution of CD47 changes after its engagement. Consistent with previous findings of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, blockade of CD47 results in decreased T-cell transmigration across microvascular endothelium. The overlapping effect of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and CD47 suggests their involvement in different steps of the diapedesis process.

Conclusions—
These data reveal a novel role for CD47-mediated signaling in the control of the molecular network governing endothelial-dependent T-cell diapedesis.
Revealing the Winds under the Rain. Part I: Passive Microwave Rain Retrievals Using a New Observation-Based Parameterization of Subsatellite Rain Variability and Intensity—Algorithm Description
Authors: Hristova-Veleva S. M. , Callahan P. S. , Dunbar R. S. , Stiles B. W. , Yueh S. H. , Huddleston J. N. , Hsiao S. V. , Neumann G. , Vanhoff B. A. , Gaston R. W. , Rodriguez E. , Weissman D. E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractScatterometer ocean surface winds have been providing very valuable information to researchers and operational weather forecasters for over 10 years. However, the scatterometer wind retrievals are compromised when rain is present. Merely flagging all rain-affected areas removes the most dynamic and interesting areas from the wind analysis. Fortunately, the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite II (ADEOS-II) mission carried a radiometer [the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR)] and a scatterometer, allowing for independent, collocated retrievals of rain. The authors developed an algorithm that uses AMSR observations to estimate the rain inside the scatterometer beam. This is the first in a series of papers that describe their approach to providing rain estimation and correction to scatterometer observations. This paper describes the retrieval algorithm and evaluates it using simulated data. Part II will present its validation when applied to AMSR observations. This passive microwave rain retrieval algorithm addresses the issues of nonuniform beam filling and hydrometeor uncertainty in a novel way by 1) using a large number of soundings to develop the retrieval database, thus accounting for the geographically varying atmospheric parameters; 2) addressing the spatial inhomogeneity of rain by developing multiple retrieval databases with different built-in inhomogeneity and rain intensity, along with a “rain indicator” to select the most appropriate database for each observed scene; 3) developing a new cloud-versus-rain partitioning that allows the use of a variety of drop size distribution assumptions to account for some of the natural variability diagnosed from the soundings; and 4) retrieving atmospheric and surface parameters just outside the rainy areas, thus providing information about the environment to help decrease the uncertainty of the rain estimates.
Effects of Resolution of Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimates on Hydrologic Modeling Skill at Different Scales
Authors: Vergara Humberto , Hong Yang , Gourley Jonathan J. , Anagnostou Emmanouil N. , Maggioni Viviana , Stampoulis Dimitrios , Kirstetter Pierre-Emmanuel 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Uncertainty due to resolution of current satellite-based rainfall products is believed to be an important source of error in applications of hydrologic modeling and forecasting systems. A method to account for the input’s resolution and to accurately evaluate the hydrologic utility of satellite rainfall estimates is devised and analyzed herein. A radar-based Multisensor Precipitation Estimator (MPE) rainfall product (4 km, 1 h) was utilized to assess the impact of resolution of precipitation products on the estimation of rainfall and subsequent simulation of streamflow on a cascade of basins ranging from approximately 500 to 5000 km2. MPE data were resampled to match the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission’s (TRMM) 3B42RT satellite rainfall product resolution (25 km, 3 h) and compared with its native resolution data to estimate errors in rainfall fields. It was found that resolution degradation considerably modifies the spatial structure of rainfall fields. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was designed to effectively isolate the error on hydrologic simulations due to rainfall resolution using a distributed hydrologic model. These analyses revealed that resolution degradation introduces a significant amount of error in rainfall fields, which propagated to the streamflow simulations as magnified bias and dampened aggregated error (RMSEs). Furthermore, the scale dependency of errors due to resolution degradation was found to intensify with increasing streamflow magnitudes. The hydrologic model was calibrated with satellite- and original-resolution MPE using a multiscale approach. The resulting simulations had virtually the same skill, suggesting that the effects of rainfall resolution can be accounted for during calibration of hydrologic models, which was further demonstrated with 3B42RT.