bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Great Ormond Street Hospital treatment guidelines for use of propranolol in infantile isolated subglottic haemangioma
Authors: Bajaj Y , Kapoor K , Ifeacho S , Jephson C G , Albert D M , Harper J I , Hartley B E 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjective:Treatment options for large subglottic haemangioma include steroids, laser ablation, open excision, tracheostomy and, more recently, propranolol. This article aims to present the Great Ormond Street Hospital guidelines for using propranolol to treat infantile isolated subglottic haemangioma by ENT surgeons.Methods:The vascular malformations multidisciplinary team at Great Ormond Street Hospital has developed guidelines for treating infantile haemangioma with propranolol.Results:The Great Ormond Street Hospital guidelines for propranolol treatment for infantile subglottic haemangioma include investigation, treatment and follow up. Propranolol is started at 1 mg/kg/day divided into three doses, increasing to 2 mg/kg/day one week later. On starting propranolol and when increasing the dose, the pulse rate and blood pressure must be checked every 30 minutes for the first 2 hours. Lesion response to treatment is assessed via serial endoscopy.Conclusion:Recent reports of dramatic responses to oral propranolol in children with haemangioma and acute airway obstruction have led to increased use. We advocate caution, and have developed guidelines (including pre-treatment investigation and monitoring) to improve treatment safety. Propranolol may in time prove to be the best medical treatment for subglottic haemangioma, but at present is considered to be still under evaluation.
From Buddhist Icons to National Antiquities: Cultural Nationalism and Colonial Knowledge in the Making of Thailand's History of Art
Authors: PELEGGI MAURIZIO 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the mid 1920s Prince Damrong Rajanubhab and George Coedès jointly formulated the stylistic classification of Thailand's antiquities that was employed to reorganize the collection of the Bangkok Museum and has since acquired canonical status. The reorganization of the Bangkok Museum as a ‘national’ institution in the final years of royal absolutism responded to increasing international interest in the history and ancient art of Southeast Asia, but represented also the culmination of several decades of local antiquarian pursuits. This paper traces the origins of the art history of Thailand to the intellectual and ideological context of the turn of the twentieth century and examines its parallelism to colonial projects of knowledge that postulated a close linkage between race, ancestral territory and nationhood.
Asian Borderlands and the Legal Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions
Authors: ANTONS CHRISTOPH 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTraditional knowledge related to biodiversity, agriculture, medicine and artistic expressions has recently attracted much interest amongst policy makers, legal academics and social scientists. Several United Nations organizations, such as the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and theConvention on Biological Diversityunder the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), have been working on international models for the protection of such knowledge held by local and indigenous communities. Relevant national, regional or provincial level legislation comes in the form of intellectual property laws and laws related to health, heritage or environmental protection. In practice, however, it has proven difficult to agree on definitions of the subject matter, to delineate local communities and territories holding the knowledge, and to clearly identify the subjects and beneficiaries of the protection. In fact, claims to ‘cultural property’ and heritage have led to conflicts and tensions between communities, regions and nations. This paper will use Southeast Asian examples and case studies to show the importance of concepts such asZomia, ‘regions of refuge’ andmandalaas well as ‘borderlands’ studies to avoid essentialized notions of communities and cultures in order to develop a nuanced understanding of the difficulties for national and international lawmaking in this field. It will also develop a few suggestions on how conflicts and tensions could be avoided or ameliorated.
Chinese film exhibition in Occupied Manila (1942–1945)
Authors: TAYLOR JEREMY E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper explores the nature of film exhibition amongst the Chinese community in Manila during the Japanese Occupation of that city. Based on advertisements and film listings published in the Chinese-language press of the day (as well as on pre-war records concerning commercial Chinese entertainment in the Philippines), it explores the continuities in film exhibition practice undertaken by various theatre operators within the Binondo area of Manila both before, during, and after the war. The paper suggests not only that such practices represented a quite different trajectory from that experienced in other parts of Occupied Manila, but also that a more thorough exploration of the Manila Chinese during wartime—one which goes beyond questions of mere collaboration and/or resistance—will encourage us to question some of the assumptions that underpin recent scholarship about this community.
First molecular characterization ofCryptosporidiumin Yemen
Authors: ALYOUSEFI N. A. , MAHDY M. A. K. , LIM Y. A. L. , XIAO L. , MAHMUD R. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis a protozoan parasite of humans and animals and has a worldwide distribution. The parasite has a unique epidemiology in Middle Eastern countries where the IId subtype family ofCryptosporidium parvumdominates. However, there has been no information onCryptosporidiumspecies in Yemen. Thus, this study was conducted in Yemen to examine the distribution ofCryptosporidiumspecies and subtype families. Fecal samples were collected from 335 patients who attended hospitals in Sana'a city.Cryptosporidiumspecies were determined by PCR and sequence analysis of the 18 s rRNA gene.Cryptosporidium parvumandC. hominissubtypes were identified based on sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Out of 335 samples, 33 (9·9%) were positive forCryptosporidium. Of them, 97% were identified asC. parvumwhilst 1 case (3%) was caused byC. hominis. All 7C. parvumisolates subtyped belonged to the IIaA15G2R1 subtype. The common occurrence of the zoonotic IIa subtype family ofC. parvumhighlights the potential occurrence of zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis in Yemen. However, this postulation needs confirmation with future molecular epidemiological studies of cryptosporidiosis in both humans and animals in Yemen.
Characterization of the novelTrypanosoma bruceiinosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase
Authors: BESSHO TOMOAKI , MORII SHOKO , KUSUMOTO TOSHIHIDE , SHINOHARA TAKAHIRO , NODA MASANORI , UCHIYAMA SUSUMU , SHUTO SATOSHI , NISHIMURA SHIGENORI , DJIKENG APPOLINAIRE , DUSZENKO MICHAEL , MARTIN SAMUEL K. , INUI TAKASHI , KUBATA KILUNGA B. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYThere is an alarming rate of human African trypanosomiasis recrudescence in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, the disease has no successful chemotherapy.Trypanosomalacks the enzymatic machinery for thede novosynthesis of purine nucleotides, and is critically dependent on salvage mechanisms. Inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is responsible for the rate-limiting step in guanine nucleotide metabolism. Here, we characterize recombinantTrypanosoma bruceiIMPDH (TbIMPDH) to investigate the enzymatic differences between TbIMPDH and host IMPDH. Size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation sedimentation velocity experiments reveal that TbIMPDH forms a heptamer, different from type 1 and 2 mammalian tetrameric IMPDHs. Kinetic analysis reveals calculatedKmvalues of 30 and 1300 μmfor IMP and NAD, respectively. The obtainedKmvalue of TbIMPDH for NAD is approximately 20–200-fold higher than that of mammalian enzymes and indicative of a different NAD binding mode between trypanosomal and mammalian IMPDHs. Inhibition studies showKivalues of 3·2 μm, 21 nM and 3·3 nM for ribavirin 5′-monophosphate, mycophenolic acid and mizoribine 5′-monophosphate, respectively. Our results show that TbIMPDH is different from its mammalian counterpart and thus may be a good target for further studies on anti-trypanosomal drugs.
Role of kairomones in host location of the pennellid copepod parasite, Lernaeocera branchialis (L. 1767)
Authors: BROOKER A. J. , SHINN A. P. , SOUISSI S. , BRON J. E. 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYThe life cycle of the parasitic copepod Lernaeocera branchialis involves 2 hosts, typically a pleuronectiform host upon which development of larvae and mating of adults occurs and a subsequent gadoid host, upon which the adult female feeds and reproduces. Both the copepodid and adult female stages must therefore locate and identify a suitable host to continue the life cycle. Several mechanisms are potentially involved in locating a host and ensuring its suitability for infection. These may include mechano-reception to detect host movement and chemo-reception to recognize host-associated chemical cues, or kairomones. The aim of this study was to identify the role of kairomones in host location by adult L. branchialis, by analysing their behaviour in response to fish-derived chemicals. Experiments demonstrated that water conditioned by immersion of whiting, Merlangius merlangus, elicited host-seeking behaviour in L. branchialis, whereas cod- (Gadus morhua) conditioned water did not. Lernaeocera branchialis are considered a genetically homogeneous population infecting a range of gadoids. However, their differential response to whiting- and cod-derived chemicals in this study suggests that either there are genetically determined subspecies of L. branchialis or there is some form of environmental pre-conditioning that allows the parasite to preferentially recognize the host species from which it originated.
Genetic and environmental risk factors in males for self-report externalizing traits in mid-adolescence and criminal behavior through young adulthood
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Patrick C. J. , Larsson H. , Gardner C. O. , Lichtenstein P. 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundExternalizing traits or behaviors are typically assessed by self-report scales or criminal records. Few genetically informative studies have used both methods to determine whether they assess the same genetic or environmental risk factors.MethodWe examined 442 male Swedish twin pairs with self-reported externalizing behaviors at age 16–17 years [externalizing traits (EXT), self-reported delinquency (SRD), impulsivity (IMP), grandiosity (GRD) and callousness (CLS)] and criminal behavior (CB) from the National Suspect Registry from age 13 to 25 years. Multivariate structural equation modeling was conducted with Mx.ResultsThe best-fit model contained one genetic, one shared environmental and two non-shared environmental common factors, and variable specific genetic and non-shared environmental factors. The risk for CB was influenced substantially by both genetic (a2 = 0.48) and familial–environmental factors (c2 = 0.22). About one-third of the genetic risk for CB but all of the shared environmental risk was indexed by the self-report measures. The degree to which the individual measures reflected genetic versus familial–environmental risks for CB varied widely. GRD and CLS were correlated with CB mainly through common genetic risk factors. SRD and CB covaried largely because of shared familial–environmental factors. For EXT and IMP, observed correlations with CB resulted in about equal parts from shared genetic and shared familial–environmental factors.ConclusionsIn adolescence, measures of grandiose and callous temperament best tap the genetic liability to CB. Measures of antisocial behaviors better index familial–environmental risks for CB. A substantial proportion of the genetic risk to CB was not well reflected in any of the self-report measures.
From mutualism to moral transcendence
Authors: Atran Scott 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBaumard et al. attribute morality to a naturally selected propensity to share costs and benefits of cooperation fairly. But how does mundane mutualism relate to transcendent notions of morality critical to creating cultures and civilizations? Humans often make their greatest exertions for an idea they form of their group. Primary social identity is bounded by sacred values, which drive individuals to promote their group through non-rational commitment to actions independently of likely risks and rewards.
“Fair” outcomes without morality in cleaner wrasse mutualism
Authors: Bshary Redouan , Raihani Nichola 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBaumard et al. propose a functional explanation for the evolution of a sense of fairness in humans: Fairness preferences are advantageous in an environment where individuals are in strong competition to be chosen for social interactions. Such conditions also exist in nonhuman animals. Therefore, it remains unclear why fairness (equated with morality) appears to be properly present only in humans.
Heterogeneity in fairness views: A challenge to the mutualistic approach?
Authors: Cappelen Alexander W. , Tungodden Bertil 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis commentary argues that the observed heterogeneity in fairness views, documented in many economic experiments, poses a challenge to the partner choice theory developed by Baumard et al. It also discusses the extent to which their theory can explain how people consider inequalities due to pure luck.
A strange(r) analysis of morality: A consideration of relational context and the broader literature is needed
Authors: Clark Margaret S. , Boothby Erica 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBaumard et al.'s definition of morality is narrow and their review of empirical work on human cooperation is limited, focusing only on economic games, almost always involving strangers. We suggest that theorizing about mutualisms will benefit from considering extant empirical behavioral research far more broadly and especially from taking relational context into account.
Evidence for partner choice in toddlers: Considering the breadth of other-oriented behaviours
Authors: Dunfield Kristen A. , Kuhlmeier Valerie A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWhen do humans become moral beings? This commentary draws on developmental psychology theory to expand the understanding of early moral behaviours. We argue that by looking at a broader range of other-oriented acts than what has been considered by Baumard et al., we can find support for the mutualistic approach to morality even in early instances of other-oriented behaviours.
Mutualism is only a part of human morality
Authors: Gintis Herbert 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBaumard et al. mischaracterize our model of individual and social choice behavior. We model individuals who maximize preferences given their beliefs, and subject to their informational and material constraints (Fehr & Gintis 2007). Individuals thus must make trade-offs among self-regarding, other-regarding, and character virtue goals. Two genetic predispositions are particularly crucial. The first isstrong reciprocity. The second is the capacity tointernalize normsthrough the socialization process. Our model includes the authors' model as a subset.
Beyond economic games: A mutualistic approach to the rest of moral life
Authors: Graham Jesse 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMutualism provides a compelling account of the fairness intuitions on display in economic games. However, it is not yet clear how well the approach holds up as an explanation of all human morality. The theory needs to be tested outside the methodological neighborhood it was born in; such testing has the potential to greatly improve our understanding of morality in general.
Bargaining power and the evolution of un-fair, non-mutualistic moral norms
Authors: Guala Francesco 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMutualistic theory explains convincingly the prevalence of fairness norms in small societies of foragers and in large contemporary democratic societies. However, it cannot explain the U-shaped curve of egalitarianism in human history. A theory based on bargaining power is able to provide a more general account and to explain mutualism as a special case. According to this approach, social norms may be more variable and malleable than Baumard et al. suggest.
Biological evolution and behavioral evolution: Two approaches to altruism
Authors: Rachlin Howard , Locey Matthew L. , Safin Vasiliy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAltruism may be learned (behavioral evolution) in a way similar to that proposed in the target article for its biological evolution. Altruism (over social space) corresponds to self-control (over time). In both cases, one must learn to ignore the rewards to a particular (person or moment) and behave to maximize the rewards to a group (of people or moments).
From partner choice to equity – and beyond?
Authors: Warneken Felix 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBaumard et al. provide an intriguing model where morality emerges from the dynamics of partner choice in mutualistic interactions. I discuss evidence from human and nonhuman primates that supports the overall approach, but highlights a gap in explaining the human specificity of moral cognition. I suggest that an essential characteristic of human fairness is to override concerns about merit in favor of promoting the welfare in others who are needy.
Modeling justice as a natural phenomenon
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAmong other things, Baumard et al.'s “A Mutualistic Approach to Morality” considers the enforcement and establishment of moral norms, the interpersonal comparison of welfare, and the structure of fairness norms. This commentary draws attention to the relevance of the game theory literature to the first and second topic, and the social psychology literature to the third topic.
The paradox of the missing function: How similar is moral mutualism to biofunctional understanding?
Authors: Iran-Nejad Asghar , Bordbar Fareed 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe explain here how the natural selection theory of people's mutualistic sense of fairness and the biofunctional theory of human understanding are made for each other. We welcome the stage that the target article has already set for this convergence, and invite the authors to consider moving the two independently developed approaches a step closer to the natural selection level of biofunctional understanding.
The role of language system in context-dependent language use in Turkish-speaking versus English-speaking older adults
Authors: MARCH EVRIM G. , PATTISON PHILIPPA 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTDeixis is a linguistic bridge between spoken language and communicative context, and its use is intrinsically dependent on the context as well as the language system itself. This cross-linguistic study examined the impact of two distinct language systems, English and Turkish, on the uses of nouns, spatial deixis, and person deixis in 26 Turkish versus 26 Anglo Australian healthy older adults. The study revealed a predilection for spatial deictic use in Turkish versus person deictic use in English speakers at task-specific levels, and the pattern of relationships between language use forms were partially distinct between the two languages. The study provided empirical evidence to deictic theories regarding the role of language structure in discourse production, with implications on brain–language relationships.
Commissioning social care for older people: influencing the quality of direct care
Authors: CHESTER HELEN , HUGHES JANE , CHALLIS DAVID 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTThe delivery of personalised support to vulnerable older people is largely contingent on those staff who provide direct care. These care workers play an invaluable role in supporting vulnerable older people that may have increasingly complex needs either at home or in care homes. Internationally, concern has been raised both about the recruitment and retention of care workers; and their skills and competencies because of their importance in the delivery of quality care services. Using both primary and secondary data, this paper explores commissioning and contracting arrangements for domiciliary care and care home provision in England and their influence on the recruitment and retention of staff in these services. The implications of the findings are discussed in the context of two factors which influence continuity of care, a proxy for quality services for older people: training opportunities for staff and factors affecting the supply of labour from which direct carers are traditionally recruited. It is suggested that some of the drivers of quality in the provision of care may not be susceptible to the influence of commissioners and providers. Nevertheless, training may aid the recruitment and retention of care workers and provide one way in which they can promote a higher standard of care for older people.
Excitation of large amplitude wake electron oscillations in adiabatic plasma
Authors: Wang Youmei , Yu M.Y. , Chen Z.Y. , Lu Gaimin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractElectron plasma waves excited and/or modified by finite objects such as laser and charged particle pulses are investigated nonperturbatively using a simple model where the driver is unaffected by the interaction. It is shown that smooth as well as sharply peaked electron plasma wake waves of large amplitude can exist. In particular, two charged pulses moving in tandem can excite a highly localized electron plasma wave without producing the expected long wake wave, a configuration that should be particularly useful for efficient trapping and acceleration of electrons to high energies.
Restructuring a Rehabilitation Program for Older Adults: Effects on Patient Outcomes and Staff Perspectives
Authors: Klein Jennifer , Hopper Tammy 
Published: February 2013

RÉSUMÉL’objectif de cette étude utilisant des méthodes mixtes était d’examiner l’impact du changement organisationnel sur les résultats pour les patients et les expériences du personnel dans un programme de réadaptation pour les personnes âgées. La restructuration du programme a mis l’accent sur la réduction de la longueur du séjour des patients et l’augmentation de l’admission dans le programme de réhabilitation. Les résultats de cette étude ont révélé que les patients admis après la restructuration, par rapport à la periode avant cette restructuration, ont connu des séjours plus courts, et pourtant ont réalisé des progrès similaires vers la réadaptation. Les scores moyens à la décharge, Mesure d’indépendence fonctionnelle (MIF), ne diffèrent pas significativement entre ces deux périodes. Pourtant, les scores d’efficience MIF sont améliorés après la restructuration. Avec cette réorganisation, le personnel de réadaptation ont déclaré travailler plus fort pour aider les patients à obtenir des résultats, même si, au départ, le personnel a signalé un abaissement de moral. Ces résultats étendent la littérature actuelle et offrent des implications pratiques pour les professionnels de la santé qui sont intéressés à faciliter le changement organisationnel réussi.