bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second-order Lagrangian description of tri-dimensional gravity wave interactions
Authors: Nouguier Frédéric , Chapron Bertrand , Guérin Charles-Antoine 
Published: April 2015

We revisit and supplement the description of gravity waves based on perturbation expansions in Lagrangian coordinates. A general analytical framework is developed to derive a second-order Lagrangian solution to the motion of arbitrary surface gravity wave fields in a compact and vectorial form. The result is shown to be consistent with the classical second-order Eulerian expansion by Longuet-Higgins (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 17, 1963, pp. 459–480) and is used to improve the original derivation by Pierson (1961 Models of random seas based on the Lagrangian equations of motion. Tech. Rep. New York University) for long-crested waves. As demonstrated, the Lagrangian perturbation expansion captures nonlinearities to a higher degree than does the corresponding Eulerian expansion of the same order. At the second order, it can account for complex nonlinear phenomena such as wave-front deformation that we can relate to the initial stage of horseshoe-pattern formation and the Benjamin–Feir modulational instability to shed new light on the origins of these mechanisms.
Small States, Nationalism and Institutional Capacities: An Explanation of the Difference in Response of Ireland and Denmark to the Financial Crisis
Authors: Campbell John L. , Hall John A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis paper uses theories of small states (e.g. Katzenstein) and nationalism (e.g. Gellner) to explain why Denmark and Ireland responded to the 2008 financial crisis in different ways. In Denmark, a coordinated market economy with considerable corporatism and state intervention, the private sector shouldered much of the financial burden for rescuing the banking sector. In Ireland, a liberal market economy without much corporatism or state intervention, the state shouldered the burden. The difference stems in large part from the fact that Denmark had comparatively thick institutions and a strong sense of nationalism whereas Ireland did not. Lessons for the theories of small states and nationalism are explored.
An analysis of performance practices in African American gospel music: rhythm, lyric treatment and structures in improvisation and accompaniment
Authors: Legg Andrew , Philpott Carolyn 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAfrican American gospel music is a unique and distinctive idiom that has had a pervasive influence upon the development of contemporary popular music. While there are now many sources available on African American gospel music, the focus of the vast majority of these studies is on the sociological, historical and stylistic aspects of the genre, rather than on identifying and codifying specific musical characteristics and performance practices. This paper extends the discussion of gospel singing techniques in Andrew Legg's 2010 article ‘A taxonomy of musical gesture in African American gospel music’ (Popular Music, 29/1) by examining some of the key performance practices associated with rhythm and lyric treatment in African American gospel music, as well as common structures in gospel music improvisation and accompaniment. Through analysis of selected recordings, this research proposes a codified frame of reference for the definition and discussion of terminologies and performance practice techniques inherent within African American gospel music.
Locating music in capitalism: a view from exile Tibet
Authors: Morcom Anna 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSince the late 1990s, a thriving scene of pop music has developed among the numerically very small and globally highly dispersed Tibetan exile community. This clearly connects it with globalisation and the spread of what is termed the neoliberal phase of capitalism to India and Nepal where most Tibetan exiles live, and the related spread of digital recording technology and facilities – commodities produced by often large, multinational corporations. Yet this micro industry is not profitable, and even though it is pop music and monetised, it is not ‘commercial’, and in fact is seen and structured more as ‘community work’. Exile Tibetan pop music thus cannot be located outside of capitalism, yet at the same time it is not in and of itself capitalist. In this paper, the author explores new ways in which we can locate music in capitalism, looking beyond the ideas of commercialism or commoditisation and takeover or resistance that have dominated theoretical approaches since Adorno and have fixed popular music especially with a still-enduring ‘capitalist’ image. The author draws in particular on the historian Fernand Braudel's model of capitalism as an ‘anti-market’ that lies ‘on top’ of other social and economic layers. Thus capitalism exerts global hegemony, yet there remain uneven spaces such as exile Tibetan pop music, which are in and of themselves not capitalist, existing within it and because of it.
Developing and evaluating computational models of musical style
Authors: Collins Tom , Laney Robin , Willis Alistair , Garthwaite Paul H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractStylistic composition is a creative musical activity, in which students as well as renowned composers write according to the style of another composer or period. We describe and evaluate two computational models of stylistic composition, called Racchman-Oct2010 (random constrained chain of Markovian nodes, October 2010) and Racchmaninof-Oct2010 (Racchman with inheritance of form). The former is a constrained Markov model, and the latter embeds this model in an analogy-based design system. Racchmaninof-Oct2010 applies a pattern discovery algorithm called SIACT and a perceptually validated formula for rating pattern importance, to guide the generation of a new target design from an existing source design. A listening study is reported concerning human judgments of music excerpts that are, to varying degrees, in the style of mazurkas by Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849). The listening study acts as an evaluation of the two computational models and a third, benchmark system, called Experiments in Musical Intelligence. Judges' responses indicate that some aspects of musical style, such as phrasing and rhythm, are being modeled effectively by our algorithms. Judgments are also used to identify areas for future improvements. We discuss the broader implications of this work for the fields of engineering and design, where there is potential to make use of our models of hierarchical repetitive structure.
Adolescent age moderates genetic and environmental influences on parent–adolescent positivity and negativity: Implications for genotype–environment correlation
Authors: Marceau Kristine , Knopik Valerie S. , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Lichtenstein Paul , Spotts Erica L. , Ganiban Jody M. , Reiss David 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe examined how genotype–environment correlation processes differ as a function of adolescent age. We tested whether adolescent age moderates genetic and environmental influences on positivity and negativity in mother–adolescent and father–adolescent relationships using parallel samples of twin parents from the Twin and Offspring Study in Sweden and twin/sibling adolescents from the Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development Study. We inferred differences in the role of passive and nonpassive genotype–environment correlation based on biometric moderation findings. The findings indicated that nonpassive gene–environment correlation played a stronger role for positivity in mother– and father–adolescent relationships in families with older adolescents than in families with younger adolescents, and that passive gene–environment correlation played a stronger role for positivity in the mother–adolescent relationship in families with younger adolescents than in families with older adolescents. Implications of these findings for the timing and targeting of interventions on family relationships are discussed.
The effect of pre-maturation culture using phosphodiesterase type 3 inhibitor and insulin, transferrin and selenium on nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of bovine oocytes
Authors: Guimarães A.L.S. , Pereira S.A. , Kussano N.R. , Dode M.A.N. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThis study aims to evaluate if a pre-maturation culture (PMC) using cilostamide as a meiotic inhibitor in combination with insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS) for 8 or 24 h increases in vitro embryo production. To evaluate the effects of PMC on embryo development, cleavage rate, blastocyst rate, embryo size and total cell number were determined. When cilostamide (20 μM) was used in PMC for 8 or 24 h, 98% of oocytes were maintained in germinal vesicles. Although the majority of oocytes resumed meiosis after meiotic arrest, the cleavage and blastocyst rates were lower than the control (P < 0.05). When the cilostamide concentration was lowered (10 μM) and oocytes were arrested for 8 h, embryo development was improved (P < 0.05) and was similar (P > 0.05) to the control. The deleterious effect of 20 μM cilostamide treatment for 24 h on a PMC was confirmed by lower cumulus cell viability, determined by trypan blue staining, in that group compared with the other groups. A lower concentration (10 μM) and shorter exposure time (8 h) minimized that effect but did not improve embryo production. More studies should be performed to determine the best concentration and the arresting period to increase oocyte competence and embryo development.
Practical Issues for Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of III-Nitride Semiconductor Materials
Authors: Tang Fengzai , Moody Michael P. , Martin Tomas L. , Bagot Paul A.J. , Kappers Menno J. , Oliver Rachel A. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractVarious practical issues affecting atom probe tomography (APT) analysis of III-nitride semiconductors have been studied as part of an investigation using ac-plane InAlN/GaN heterostructure. Specimen preparation was undertaken using a focused ion beam microscope with a mono-isotopic Ga source. This enabled the unambiguous observation of implantation damage induced by sample preparation. In the reconstructed InAlN layer Ga implantation was demonstrated for the standard “clean-up” voltage (5 kV), but this was significantly reduced by using a lower voltage (e.g., 1 kV). The characteristics of APT data from the desorption maps to the mass spectra and measured chemical compositions were examined within the GaN buffer layer underlying the InAlN layer in both pulsed laser and pulsed voltage modes. The measured Ga content increased monotonically with increasing laser pulse energy and voltage pulse fraction within the examined ranges. The best results were obtained at very low laser energy, with the Ga content close to the expected stoichiometric value for GaN and the associated desorption map showing a clear crystallographic pole structure.
New insights into the causes of human illness due to consumption of azaspiracid contaminated shellfish
Authors: Chevallier O. P. , Graham S. F. , Alonso E. , Duffy C. , Silke J. , Campbell K. , Botana L. M. , Elliott C. T. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAzaspiracid (AZA) poisoning was unknown until 1995 when shellfish harvested in Ireland caused illness manifesting by vomiting and diarrhoea. Further in vivo/vitro studies showed neurotoxicity linked with AZA exposure. However, the biological target of the toxin which will help explain such potent neurological activity is still unknown. A region of Irish coastline was selected and shellfish were sampled and tested for AZA using mass spectrometry. An outbreak was identified in 2010 and samples collected before and after the contamination episode were compared for their metabolite profile using high resolution mass spectrometry. Twenty eight ions were identified at higher concentration in the contaminated samples. Stringent bioinformatic analysis revealed putative identifications for seven compounds including, glutarylcarnitine, a glutaric acid metabolite. Glutaric acid, the parent compound linked with human neurological manifestations was subjected to toxicological investigations but was found to have no specific effect on the sodium channel (as was the case with AZA). However in combination, glutaric acid (1mM) and azaspiracid (50nM) inhibited the activity of the sodium channel by over 50%. Glutaric acid was subsequently detected in all shellfish employed in the study. For the first time a viable mechanism for how AZA manifests itself as a toxin is presented.
Self-organized alternating chimera states in oscillatory media
Authors: Haugland Sindre W. , Schmidt Lennart , Krischer Katharina 
Published: April 2015

AbstractOscillatory media can exhibit the coexistence of synchronized and desynchronized regions, so-called chimera states, for uniform parameters and symmetrical coupling. In a phase-balanced chimera state, where the totals of synchronized and desynchronized regions, respectively, are of the same size, the symmetry of the system predicts that interchanging both phases still gives a solution to the underlying equations. We observe this kind of interchange as a self-emerging phenomenon in an oscillatory medium with nonlinear global coupling. An interplay between local and global couplings renders the formation of these alternating chimeras possible.
Optical Control of Fluorescence through Plasmonic Eigenmode Extinction
Authors: Xu Xiaoying , Lin Shih-Che , Li Quanshui , Zhang Zhili , Ivanov Ilia N. , Li Yuan , Wang Wenbin , Gu Baohua , Zhang Zhenyu , Hsueh Chun-Hway , Snijders Paul C. , Seal Katyayani 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe introduce the concept of optical control of the fluorescence yield of CdSe quantum dots through plasmon-induced structural changes in random semicontinuous nanostructured gold films. We demonstrate that the wavelength- and polarization dependent coupling between quantum dots and the semicontinuous films, and thus the fluorescent emission spectrum, can be controlled and significantly increased through the optical extinction of a selective band of eigenmodes in the films. This optical method of effecting controlled changes in the metal nanostructure allows for versatile functionality in a single sample and opens a pathway to in situ control over the fluorescence spectrum.
Critical role of evolutionarily conserved glycosylation at Asn211 in the intracellular trafficking and activity of sialyltransferase ST3Gal-II
Authors: Ruggiero Fernando M. , Vilcaes Aldo A. , Iglesias-Bartolomé Ramiro , Daniotti José L. 
Published: April 2015

ST3Gal-II, a type II transmembrane protein, is the main mammalian sialyltransferase responsible for GD1a and GT1b ganglioside biosynthesis in brain. It contains two putative N-glycosylation sites (Asn92 and Asn211). Whereas Asn92 is only conserved in mammalian species, Asn211 is highly conserved in mammals, birds and fish. The present study explores the occupancy and relevance for intracellular trafficking and enzyme activity of these potential N-glycosylations in human ST3Gal-II. We found that ST3Gal-II distributes along the Golgi complex, mainly in proximal compartments. By pharmacological, biochemical and site-directed mutagenesis, we observed that ST3Gal-II is mostly N-glycosylated at Asn211 and that this co-translational modification is critical for its exit from the endoplasmic reticulum and proper Golgi localization. The individual N-glycosylation sites had different effects on ST3Gal-II enzymatic activity. Whereas the N-glycan at position Asn211 seems to negatively influence the activity of the enzyme using both glycolipid and glycoprotein as acceptor substrates, the single N-glycan mutant at Asn92 had only a moderate effect. Lastly, we demonstrated that the N-terminal ST3Gal-II domain containing the cytosolic, transmembrane and stem region (amino acids 1–51) is able to drive a protein reporter out of the endoplasmic reticulum and to retain it in the Golgi complex. This suggests that the C-terminal domain of ST3Gal-II depends on N-glycosylation to attain an optimum conformation for proper exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, but it does not represent an absolute requirement for Golgi complex retention of the enzyme.
Interaction of chromatin with a histone H1 containing swapped N- and C-terminal domains
Authors: Hutchinson Jordana B. , Cheema Manjinder S. , Wang Jason , Missiaen Krystal , Finn Ron , Gonzalez Romero Rodrigo , Th’ng John P. H. , Hendzel Michael , Ausió Juan 
Published: April 2015

Although the details of the structural involvement of histone H1 in the organization of the nucleosome are quite well understood, the sequential events involved in the recognition of its binding site are not as well known. We have used a recombinant human histone H1 (H1.1) in which the N- and C-terminal domains (NTD/CTD) have been swapped and we have reconstituted it on to a 208-bp nucleosome. We have shown that the swapped version of the protein is still able to bind to nucleosomes through its structurally folded wing helix domain (WHD); however, analytical ultracentrifuge analysis demonstrates its ability to properly fold the chromatin fibre is impaired. Furthermore, FRAP analysis shows that the highly dynamic binding association of histone H1 with the chromatin fibre is altered, with a severely decreased half time of residence. All of this suggests that proper binding of histone H1 to chromatin is determined by the simultaneous and synergistic binding of its WHD–CTD to the nucleosome.
Are reactive oxygen species still the basis for diabetic complications?
Authors: Marco Elyse Di , Jha Jay C. , Sharma Arpeeta , Wilkinson-Berka Jennifer L. , Jandeleit-Dahm Karin A. , de Haan Judy B. 
Published: April 2015

Despite the wealth of pre-clinical support for a role for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in the aetiology of diabetic complications, enthusiasm for antioxidant therapeutic approaches has been dampened by less favourable outcomes in large clinical trials. This has necessitated a re-evaluation of pre-clinical evidence and a more rational approach to antioxidant therapy. The present review considers current evidence, from both pre-clinical and clinical studies, to address the benefits of antioxidant therapy. The main focus of the present review is on the effects of direct targeting of ROS-producing enzymes, the bolstering of antioxidant defences and mechanisms to improve nitric oxide availability. Current evidence suggests that a more nuanced approach to antioxidant therapy is more likely to yield positive reductions in end-organ injury, with considerations required for the types of ROS/RNS involved, the timing and dosage of antioxidant therapy, and the selective targeting of cell populations. This is likely to influence future strategies to lessen the burden of diabetic complications such as diabetes-associated atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy.
Intercellular chaperone transmission via exosomes contributes to maintenance of protein homeostasis at the organismal level
Authors: Takeuchi Toshihide , Suzuki Mari , Fujikake Nobuhiro , Popiel H. Akiko , Kikuchi Hisae , Futaki Shiroh , Wada Keiji , Nagai Yoshitaka 
Published: April 2015

Significance
The heat shock response (HSR), a transcriptional response that up-regulates molecular chaperones upon heat shock, is known to be activated in a cell type-specific manner. Despite such imbalanced HSR upon stress, it is unclear as to how organismal protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is maintained. Here, we show that elevated expression of molecular chaperones in cells non-cell autonomously improves proteostasis in other cells. We further show that exosome-mediated secretion and intercellular transmission of chaperones are responsible for this non–cell-autonomous improvement of proteostasis. Our study reveals a molecular mechanism of non–cell-autonomous maintenance of organismal proteostasis that could functionally compensate for the imbalanced HSR among different cells, and also provides a novel physiological function of exosomes that contributes to maintenance of proteostasis.
Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into functional osteoblasts by defined factors
Authors: Yamamoto Kenta , Kishida Tsunao , Sato Yoshiki , Nishioka Keisuke , Ejima Akika , Fujiwara Hiroyoshi , Kubo Toshikazu , Yamamoto Toshiro , Kanamura Narisato , Mazda Osam 
Published: April 2015

Significance
Osteoblasts produce bone matrix and contribute to bone remodeling. We have established a procedure to directly convert human fibroblasts into osteoblasts by transducing some defined factors and culturing in osteogenic medium. Osteoblast-specific transcription factors, Runx2 and Osterix, in combination with Oct4 and L-Myc, drastically induced fibroblasts to produce calcified bone matrix and express osteoblast-specific markers. The directly converted osteoblasts (dOBs) showed similar gene expression profiles as normal osteoblasts and contributed to bone repair after transplantation into mice with bone defects. Furthermore, dOBs did not require continuous expression of the exogenous genes to maintain their phenotype. These findings strongly suggest successful direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into osteoblasts, which may be applicable to bone regeneration therapy.
How a well-adapted immune system is organized
Authors: Mayer Andreas , Balasubramanian Vijay , Mora Thierry , Walczak Aleksandra M. 
Published: April 2015

SignificanceThe adaptive immune system uses the experience of past infections to prepare its limited repertoire of specialized receptors to protect organisms from future threats. What is the best way of doing this? Building a theoretical framework from first principles, we predict the composition of receptor repertoires that are optimally adapted to minimize the cost of infections from a given pathogenic environment. A naive repertoire can reach these optima through a biologically plausible competitive mechanism. Our findings explain how limited populations of immune receptors can self-organize to provide effective immunity against highly diverse pathogens. Our results also inform the design and interpretation of experiments surveying immune repertoires.
Event representations constrain the structure of language: Sign language as a window into universally accessible linguistic biases
Authors: Strickland Brent , Geraci Carlo , Chemla Emmanuel , Schlenker Philippe , Kelepir Meltem , Pfau Roland 
Published: April 2015

SignificanceOne key issue in the study of human language is understanding what, if any, features of individual languages may be universally accessible. Sign languages offer a privileged perspective on this issue because the visual modality can help implement and detect certain properties that may be present but unmarked in spoken languages. The current work finds that fine-grained aspects of verb meanings visibly emerge across unrelated sign languages using identical mappings between meaning and visual form. Moreover, nonsigners lacking prior exposure to sign languages can intuit these meanings from entirely unfamiliar signs. This is highly suggestive that signers and nonsigners share universally accessible notions of telicity as well as universally accessible “mapping biases” between telicity and visual form.