bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Older Adults
Authors: Denizot Anne , Grino Michel , Oliver Charles 
Published: August 2014

ObjectivesTo compare the feasibility, safety, and outcome of parathyroidectomy in the management of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in individuals aged 75 and older with that of those younger than 50.DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingDepartment of Endocrine Surgery, Hospital Paul Desbief (Marseille, France).ParticipantsIndividuals who underwent surgery from June 2005 to February 2013 (N = 526) had a clinical examination and laboratory and imaging assessments to diagnose PHPT.MeasurementsThe clinical and biochemical characteristics and surgery outcomes of individuals younger than 50 (n = 80) were compared with the characteristics and outcomes of those aged 75 and older (n = 89).ResultsMost of the participants did not have any specific signs of PHPT, and the diagnosis of PHPT was established in some participants during routine clinical and laboratory examination. Nephrolithiasis and osteitis fibrosa cystica were observed only in the younger group. Urinary calcium decreased with age. Nine participants aged 75 and older did not undergo surgery (four declined, five had medical contraindications). Conventional surgery through transverse cervicotomy was used in the majority of participants. Cure rate was excellent (158/160), with few and reversible minor complications. The coexistence of thyroid lesions was significantly higher in the older (47.5%) than in the younger group (32.3%). Nodules and multinodular goiters were removed in the majority of participants during the parathyroidectomy procedure.ConclusionWith the exception of a few cases with severe associated comorbidities, parathyroidectomy is safe and curative and should be considered as first‐line choice for older adult with PHPT.
PUBLIC R&D POLICIES AND PRIVATE R&D INVESTMENT: A SURVEY OF THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Becker Bettina 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe importance of R&D investment in explaining economic growth is well documented in the literature. Policies by modern governments increasingly recognise the benefits of supporting R&D investment. Government funding has, however, become an increasingly scarce resource in times of financial crisis and economic austerity. Hence, it is important that available funds are used and targeted effectively. This paper offers the first systematic review and critical discussion of what the R&D literature has to say currently about the effectiveness of major public R&D policies in increasing private R&D investment. Public policies are considered within three categories, R&D tax credits and direct subsidies, support of the university research system and the formation of high‐skilled human capital, and support of formal R&D cooperations across a variety of institutions. Crucially, the large body of more recent literature observes a shift away from the earlier findings that public subsidies often crowd‐out private R&D to finding that subsidies typically stimulate private R&D. Tax credits are also much more unanimously than previously found to have positive effects. University research, high‐skilled human capital, and R&D cooperation also typically increase private R&D. Recent work indicates that accounting for non‐linearities is one area of research that may refine existing results.
Time Construction in Insurance Society
Authors: Cevolini Alberto 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis article deals with the social meaning of insurance contracts in the late medieval and modern society. Starting from the empirical analysis of one of the early marine insurance contracts which were stipulated in the second half of the 14th century, the hypothesis is suggested that the premium rate coincides with the estimated average frequency of sea accidents. By means of a proto‐probability calculus, rate was used by the early insurers for trading risks. Therefore the main thesis arises that insurance premium is a way of giving a certain price to the uncertainty of the future and that it indeed represents the cost of such observation. A comparison with the original function of money in primitive societies based on reciprocity is finally developed in order to explain how time construction is contingent on social structures.
Democratic Punishment and the Archive of Violence: Punishment, Publicity and Corporal Excess in Antebellum New York
Authors: Follis Luca 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNineteenth century American prisons were paradoxical institutions. Porous and impermeable, transparent and opaque, open to public view and occluded from sight; prisons clearly functioned as containers for raw coercion even as they were paraded as paragons of democratic transparency. How did New York State navigate between these countervailing positions and how did officials explicate the difference between them? In this essay I focus on the representation of institutional violence as a problematic of governance, I consider its impact on the development and transformation of public authority and track the role of state actors in navigating the scandals, crises and opportunities it engendered.
The “Ins” and “Outs” of Physical Activity Policy Implementation: Inadequate Capacity, Inappropriate Outcome Measures, and Insufficient Funds
Authors: Howie Erin K. , Stevick E. Doyle 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDDespite broad public support and legislative activity, policies intended to promote physical activity in schools have not produced positive outcomes in levels of physical activity or student health. What explains the broad failure of Physical Activity Policies (PAPs)? Thus far, PAP research has used limited quantitative methods to assess PAP outcomes. New paradigms of qualitative policy implementation research can make important contributions to explaining the causes of policy failure and to the future design of more efficacious PAP legislation.METHODSThis analysis is a case study of South Carolina's 2005 Student Health and Fitness Act (SHFA). Written documents, investigators' observation and experience, and an interview with a key stakeholder were analyzed to for themes based on theoretical frameworks from education implementation research including (1) bottom‐up and top‐down perspectives, (2) conceptualizing policy as practice, and (3) the implementer as learner.RESULTS“Weak policy signals” in SHFA undermined the implementation of PAP in 3 problematic areas: inadequate capacity development for implementers, inappropriate measures of implementation, and insufficient funding.CONCLUSIONSThese findings illustrate the contributions of qualitative research and establish the need for further qualitative research into PAP implementation processes. To ensure successful future physical activity policies, policymakers, and stakeholders need to consider implementation, evaluation, and funding from the beginning phases of policy development.
Classroom Carbon Dioxide Concentration, School Attendance, and Educational Attainment
Authors: Gaihre Santosh , Semple Sean , Miller Janice , Fielding Shona , Turner Steve 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWe tested the hypothesis that classroom carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is inversely related to child school attendance and educational attainment.METHODSConcentrations of CO2 were measured over a 3‐5 day period in 60 naturally ventilated classrooms of primary school children in Scotland. Concentrations of CO2 were related to the class average annual attendance and proportions attaining a national standard for reading, writing, and numeracy, adjusted for socioeconomic status and class size.RESULTSThe median (interquartile range, IQR) CO2 concentration averaged over the school day was 1086 ppm (922, 1310). In the model, Time Weighted Average CO2 concentrations were inversely associated with school attendance but not academic attainments. An increase of 100 ppm CO2 was associated with a reduced annual attendance of 0.2% (0.04, 0.4) roughly equivalent to 1 half day of school per annum, assuming schools are open on 190 days per year. Indoor temperature and relative humidity were not related to attendance or academic attainment.CONCLUSIONSInadequate classroom ventilation, as evidenced by CO2 concentration exceeding 1000 ppm, is not uncommon and may be associated with reduced school attendance. A relationship between inadequate classroom ventilation and adverse health outcomes in children may be present and this needs to be explored.
Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among School Employees: Assessing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors
Authors: de Perio Marie A. , Wiegand Douglas M. , Brueck Scott E. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDInfluenza can spread among students, teachers, and staff in school settings. Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent influenza. We determined 2012‐2013 influenza vaccination coverage among school employees, assessed knowledge and attitudes regarding the vaccine, and determined factors associated with vaccine receipt.METHODSWe surveyed 412 (49%) of 841 employees at 1 suburban Ohio school district in March 2013. The Web‐based survey assessed personal and work characteristics, vaccine receipt, and knowledge and attitudes regarding the vaccine.RESULTSOverall, 238 (58%) respondents reported getting the 2012‐2013 influenza vaccine. The most common reason for getting the vaccine was to protect oneself or one's family (87%). Beliefs that the vaccine was not needed (32%) or that it was not effective (21%) were the most common reasons for not getting it. Factors independently associated with vaccine receipt were having positive attitudes toward the vaccine, feeling external pressure to get it, and feeling personal control over whether to get it.CONCLUSIONSInfluenza vaccine coverage among school employees should be improved. Messages encouraging school employees to get the vaccine should address misconceptions about the vaccine. Employers should use methods to maximize employee vaccination as part of a comprehensive influenza prevention program.
Measuring School Climate in High Schools: A Focus on Safety, Engagement, and the Environment
Authors: Bradshaw Catherine P. , Waasdorp Tracy E. , Debnam Katrina J. , Johnson Sarah Lindstrom 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchool climate has been linked to multiple student behavioral, academic, health, and social‐emotional outcomes. The US Department of Education (USDOE) developed a 3‐factor model of school climate comprised of safety, engagement, and environment. This article examines the factor structure and measurement invariance of the USDOE model.METHODSDrawing upon 2 consecutive waves of data from over 25,000 high school students (46% minority), a series of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses examined the fit of the Maryland Safe and Supportive Schools Climate Survey with the USDOE model.RESULTSThe results indicated adequate model fit with the theorized 3‐factor model of school climate, which included 13 subdomains: safety (perceived safety, bullying and aggression, and drug use); engagement (connection to teachers, student connectedness, academic engagement, school connectedness, equity, and parent engagement); environment (rules and consequences, physical comfort, and support, disorder). We also found consistent measurement invariance with regard to student sex, grade level, and ethnicity. School‐level interclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.04 to .10 for the scales.CONCLUSIONSFindings supported the USDOE 3‐factor model of school climate and suggest measurement invariance and high internal consistency of the 3 scales and 13 subdomains. These results suggest the 56‐item measure may be a potentially efficient, yet comprehensive measure of school climate.
Pharmacological characterisation of the mechanisms underlying the relaxant effect of adrenomedullin in the rat carotid artery
Authors: Passaglia Patrícia , Gonzaga Natália A , Tirapelli Daniela P C , Tirapelli Luis F , Tirapelli Carlos R 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives
We investigated the mechanisms underlying the relaxant effect of adrenomedullin (AM) in the rat carotid artery and verified the expression of AM system components in this tissue.

Methods
The carotid artery was isolated from male Wistar rats and immunohistochemical, Western immunoblotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction and functional assays were conducted.

Key findings
Protein and mRNA expression of AM, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP)1, 2, 3 were detected in carotid segments from male Wistar rats. Immunohistochemical assays showed that AM and CRLR receptors are expressed in the endothelium and smooth muscle cells. Functional assays showed that AM concentration dependently relaxed carotid rings with intact endothelium. Endothelial removal reduced, but not abolished, the relaxation induced by AM. AM22–52 (selective antagonist for AM receptors) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)8–37 (selective CGRP receptor antagonist) reduced AM-induced relaxation in endothelium-intact rings. Pre-incubation of endothelium-intact rings with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one or Rp-8-Bromo-?-phenyl-1,N2-ethenoguanosine 3′,5′cyclic monophosphorothioate reduced AM-induced relaxation. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and protein kinase A (PKA) reduced AM-induced relaxation. The relaxation induced by AM was attenuated by the K+ channel blockers apamin and glibenclamide. AM increased nitrate levels and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (stable product of prostacyclin) in the rat carotid. In endothelium-denuded rings, AM22–52, glibenclamide and PKA inhibition by H89 reduced AM-induced relaxation.

Conclusions
The novelty of this work is that it first demonstrated functionally that AM-induced relaxation is mediated by AM and CGRP receptors located on the endothelium and AM receptors located on smooth muscle of rat carotid arteries. AM-induced relaxation involves the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway, a vasodilator prostanoid, the opening of K+ channels and the activation of PKA.
Effects of two different rearing protocols for Holstein bull calves in the first 3 weeks of life on health status, metabolism and subsequent performance
Authors: Maccari P. , Wiedemann S. , Kunz H.‐J. , Piechotta M. , Sanftleben P. , Kaske M. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of weight gain of calves within the first 3 weeks of life on health status and subsequent performance. Holstein bull calves were reared either intensively (IR; individual hutches and ad libitum milk feeding for the first 3 weeks of life; n = 24), or according to the established protocol [ER; 4 l milk/day in hutches during week 1 and 720 g/day milk replacer (MR) from day 8 to 21 in a group pen; n = 24]. Water, hay and concentrates were freely available to all calves. From week 4, calves of both groups were housed together in a group pen and fed 720 g MR/day; step‐down weaning was performed between week 5 and 10. Key metabolic blood parameters were analysed on day 2, 12, 21 and 70 of life. After weaning, all animals were fed concentrates and corn silage until slaughter at an age of 8 months. Within the first 3 weeks, average daily weight gain was threefold higher in IR calves in relation to ER calves (1.28 vs. 0.38 kg/day, p < 0.001). Neither incidence nor duration of scouring differed significantly between groups. Starter intake (week 4–10) was higher in IR calves in relation to ER calves (49.7 vs. 38.0 kg/calf, p = 0.006). Serum glucose, urea, albumin and insulin were higher at an age of 21 days in IR calves in relation to ER calves; no differences were obvious at an age of 70 days. Plasma GH and IGF‐I concentrations revealed an uncoupling of the somatotropic axis in ER calves within the first 3 weeks of life. At slaughter, body weight of IR calves tended to be higher than that of the ER calves (320 vs. 309 kg, p = 0.07). In conclusion, intensive feeding and individual housing during the first 3 weeks of life had positive long‐term effects on subsequent performance.
Perceived group identity of outgroup members and anticipated rejection: People think that strongly identified group members reject non‐group members
Authors: Nawata Kengo , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMany studies of intergroup relations have examined the effects of group identity on various types of intergroup cognition and behavior. However, few studies have focused on the perceived group identity of outgroup members. This study examined the effects of perceptions of outgroup identity on anticipated rejection by an outgroup. In Study 1, we administered a questionnaire pertaining to 30 social groups to Japanese undergraduate and vocational students. The collective images and intra‐individual processes relating to perceived outgroup identity were investigated by applying correlation analysis and multilevel structural equation modeling. In Study 2, we conducted an experiment in which we manipulated the participants' perceptions of relative levels of outgroup members' identity. Both studies demonstrated, as predicted, that people anticipated rejection by strongly identified outgroup members more than by weakly identified outgroup members. Furthermore, in Study 2, anticipated same‐group favoritism mediated the relationship between the manipulation of perceived outgroup identity and anticipated rejection. These findings suggest the important role of perceived outgroup identity in intergroup cognition.
Can home heal worn out parents?
Authors: Hata Tomoko Doi , Hanyu Kazunori , Kawata Manabu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the conditions that make residences function as restorative environments for parents with young children. We analyzed how perceived restorativeness factors (being away, fascination, coherence, scope, and compatibility), the evaluation of the residence, interpersonal support, and the number of children contribute to actual psychological restoration in the residence using stepwise multiple regression. The results showed that perceived restorativeness factors needed for actual psychological restoration in residences depend on the working status and parental role. For nonworking mothers, fascination and interpersonal support significantly contributed to the prediction of their actual psychological restoration in the residence. For working mothers, only being away contributed significantly to predicting actual psychological restoration in the residence. For fathers, only compatibility contributed significantly to predicting actual psychological restoration in the residence. A need for future studies to examine whether the differences were caused by the fact that one is engaged in paid work or by the fact that potential stressors are distributed both inside and outside the residence was discussed.
Toward Defining the Causal Role of Consciousness: Using Models of Memory and Moral Judgment from Cognitive Neuroscience to Expand the Sociological Dual‐Process Model
Authors: Vila‐Henninger Luis Antonio 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWhat role does “discursive consciousness” play in decision‐making? How does it interact with “practical consciousness?” These two questions constitute two important gaps in strong practice theory that extend fromPierreBourdieu's habitus toStephenVaisey's sociological dual‐process model and beyond. The goal of this paper is to provide an empirical framework that expands the sociological dual‐process model in order to fill these gaps using models from cognitive neuroscience.In particular, I use models of memory and moral judgment that highlight the importance of executive functions and semantic memory. I outline each model as it pertains to the aforementioned gaps in strong practice theory. I then use the models from cognitive neuroscience to create an expanded dual‐process model that addresses how and when conscious mental systems override and interact with subconscious mental systems in the use of cultural ends for decision‐making. Finally, using this expanded model I address the sociological debate over the use of interview and survey data. My analysis reveals that surveys and interviews both elicit information encoded in declarative memory and differ primarily in the process of information retrieval that is required of respondents.
Hibernation alters the diversity and composition of mucosa‐associated bacteria while enhancing antimicrobial defence in the gut of 13‐lined ground squirrels
Authors: Dill‐McFarland Kimberly A. , Neil Katie L. , Zeng Austin , Sprenger Ryan J. , Kurtz Courtney C. , Suen Garret , Carey Hannah V. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe gut microbiota plays important roles in animal nutrition and health. This relationship is particularly dynamic in hibernating mammals where fasting drives the gut community to rely on host‐derived nutrients instead of exogenous substrates. We used 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and caecal tissue protein analysis to investigate the effects of hibernation on the mucosa‐associated bacterial microbiota and host responses in 13‐lined ground squirrels. The mucosal microbiota was less diverse in winter hibernators than in actively feeding spring and summer squirrels. UniFrac analysis revealed distinct summer and late winter microbiota clusters, while spring and early winter clusters overlapped slightly, consistent with their transitional structures. Communities in all seasons were dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, with lesser contributions from Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Tenericutes and Actinobacteria. Hibernators had lower relative abundances of Firmicutes, which include genera that prefer plant polysaccharides, and higher abundances of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia, some of which can survive solely on host‐derived mucins. A core mucosal assemblage of nine operational taxonomic units shared among all individuals was identified with an average total sequence abundance of 60.2%. This core community, together with moderate shifts in specific taxa, indicates that the mucosal microbiota remains relatively stable over the annual cycle yet responds to substrate changes while potentially serving as a pool for ‘seeding’ the microbiota once exogenous substrates return in spring. Relative to summer, hibernation reduced caecal crypt length and increased MUC2 expression in early winter and spring. Hibernation also decreased caecal TLR4 and increased TLR5 expression, suggesting a protective response that minimizes inflammation.
A γ‐butyrolactone‐sensing activator/repressor, JadR3, controls a regulatory mini‐network for jadomycin biosynthesis
Authors: Zou Zhengzhong , Du Deyao , Zhang Yanyan , Zhang Jihui , Niu Guoqing , Tan Huarong 
Published: August 2014

SummaryTwo regulatory genes, jadR2 and jadR3, in the jadomycin (jad) biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces venezuelae encode homologues of γ‐butyrolactone receptor. JadR2 was previously shown to be a pseudo γ‐butyrolactone receptor. jadR3 is situated at the upstream of jadW123 encoding putative enzymes for γ‐butyrolactone biosynthesis. Disruption of jadR3 resulted in markedly decreased production of jadomycin. Transcriptional analysis revealed that JadR3 represses jadW1, jadR2 and jadR3 but activates jadR1, the key activator gene for jadomycin biosynthesis. DNase I footprinting showed that JadR3 has four binding sites in the intergenic regions of jadR2–jadR1 and jadR3–jadW1. A JadR3 interactive molecule, SVB1, was purified from a large‐scale fermentation and its structure found to be the same as SCB3, a γ‐butyrolactone from Streptomyces coelicolor, and was absent from a jadW123 mutant lacking jadomycin production. Addition of SVB1 or extract from S. coelicolor to the mutant restored jadomycin production. Overall, our results revealed that the association of JadR3 and SVB1 plays an important role in controlling a regulatory mini‐network governing jadomycin biosynthesis, providing new insights into the ways in which γ‐butyrolactone/receptor systems modulate antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces.