bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Microfluidic Device for Hotspot Cooling in ICS Using Electrowetting on Dielectric
Authors: Bindiganavale Govindraj Shreyas , Moon Hyejin , You Seung Mun , Amaya Miguel 
Published: July 2013

To meet the increasing demand of efficient cooling performance in small scale, this paper presents a digital microfluidics (DMF) microscale liquid cooling system which works on the principle of electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). In EWOD DMF, fluids are handled drop-wise by external electric field.
When the dispensed liquid droplet arrives at the hotspot by EWOD DMF operation, it picks up heat and removes heat when it leaves. This process can be repeated for a series of droplets by using a completely automated LabVIEW controlled system connected to the PCB package. With the help of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film resistance temperature detectors (RTD) and pre-calibrated temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) data, the temperatures of the hotspot before and after the residence of liquid droplet (i.e., cooling) can be recorded for different frequencies (dwelling time period of droplet on the hotspot) of the drop motion and varying heater power. Future work will involve RTD resistance data collection to plot the heat flux and the temperature difference (before and after cooling) for different frequencies of drop motion.
Although the primary focus is to study single phase cooling, the DI water drop will experience considerable evaporation resulting in higher cooling performance. The single phase cooling studies will help in establishing a robust platform for future two-phase cooling analysis in which evaporation effects will be considered.
Experimental Studies of Nonisothermal Binary Fluids With Phase Change in Confined Geometries
Authors: Li Yaofa , Chan Benjamin M. , Yoda Minami 
Published: July 2013

Evaporative cooling, which exploits the large latent heats associated with phase change, is of interest in a variety of thermal management technologies. Yet our fundamental understanding of thermal and mass transport remains limited. Evaporation and condensation can change the local temperature, and hence surface tension, along a liquid-vapor interface. The resulting thermocapillary stresses are dominant at small length scales in many cases.
For the vast majority of single-component coolants, surface tension decreases as temperature increases, resulting in thermocapillary stresses that drive the liquid away from hot regions, leading to dryout, for example. The direction of flow driven by thermocapillary stresses is therefore consistent with that driven by buoyancy effects due to changes in the liquid density with temperature.
However, a number of binary “self-rewetting fluids,” consisting of water-alcohol mixtures, have surface tensions that increase with temperature, leading to thermocapillary stresses that drive liquid towards hot regions, improving cooling performance. Although not all binary coolants are self-rewetting, all such coolants are subject to solutocapillary stresses, where differential evaporation of the two fluid components leads to changes in local species concentration at the liquid-vapor interface, and hence in surface tension.
Given the lack of general models of thermal and mass transport in nonisothermal two-phase flows, experimental studies of convection in simple fluids and binary alcohol-water mixtures due to evaporation and condensation driven by a horizontal temperature gradient were performed. In these initial studies, both the simple and binary fluids have thermocapillary stresses that drive liquid away from hot regions. However, the binary fluid also has solutocapillary stresses that drive liquid towards hot regions. Particle-image velocimetry (PIV) is used to nonintrusively measure the velocity and temperature fields in a layer of liquid a few mm in depth in a 1 cm × 1 cm × 4.85 cm sealed and evacuated cuvette heated on one end and cooled on the other end.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop During Condensation of Ammonia in Microchannels
Authors: Fronk Brian M. , Garimella Srinivas 
Published: July 2013

An experimental investigation of condensation heat transfer and pressure drop of ammonia flowing through a single, circular, microchannel (D = 1.435 mm) was conducted. The use of ammonia in thermal systems is attractive due to its high latent heat, favorable transport properties, zero ozone depletion (ODP), and zero global warming potential (GWP). At the same time, microchannel condensers are also being adopted to increase heat transfer performance to reduce component size and improve energy efficiency. While there is a growing body of research on condensation of conventional refrigerants (i.e., R134a, R404A, etc.) in microchannels, there are few data on condensation of ammonia at the microscale. Ammonia has significantly different fluid properties than synthetic HFC and HCFC refrigerants. For example, at Tsat = 60°C, ammonia has a surface tension 3.2 times and an enthalpy of vaporization 7.2 times greater than those of R134a. Thus, models validated with data for synthetic refrigerants may not predict condensation of ammonia with sufficient accuracy.
The test section consisted of a stainless steel tube-in-tube heat exchanger with ammonia flowing through a microchannel inner tube and cooling water flowing through the annulus in counterflow. A high flow rate of water was maintained to provide an approximately isothermal heat sink and to ensure the condensation thermal resistance dominated the heat transfer process. Data were obtained at mass fluxes of 75 and 150 kg m−2 s−1, multiple saturation temperatures, and in small quality increments (Δx∼15–25%) from 0 to 1. Trends in heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops are discussed and the results are used to assess the applicability of models developed for both macro and microscale geometries for predicting the condensation of ammonia.
Waste Combustion Technology Developments for Large Scale Plants
Authors: Sohnemann Jens , Schäfers Walter , Main Armin 
Published: July 2013

For the waste disposal of urban areas and major cities at the North American market place rather large scale energy from waste (EfW) plants are needed. This implies a mechanical input of approx. 40 Mg/h [39.36 tn l./h] and thermal input by waste per unit of 110 MW [375.3 MBTU/h] and more.
There are basic design criteria that feature large scale EfW plants:
- Layout of boiler with horizontal or vertical orientation of convective part.
- Top or bottom suspension of boiler.
- Flexible design of stoker regarding large throughput figures and heating values of waste with water or air cooled grate bars.
- Design and geometry of combustion furnace in order to optimize the flow pattern.
- Optimization of boiler steel structure: integrated steel structure for boiler and boiler house enclosure.
- Optimization of corrosion protection and maintainability of large scale boilers: cladding versus refractory lining.
- Maintenance aspects of the boiler.
The paper gives information on the pros and cons regarding the design features with special focus on optimized solutions for large scale EfW plants.
For the core component of the combustion system — the grate — Fisia Babcock Environment (FBE) is using forward moving grates as well as roller grates. The moving grate in STEINMÜLLER design, which is used in the great majority of all our plants, has specific characteristics for providing uniform combustion and optimal burnout.
The automatic combustion rate control system is the key component in the combustion process in order to receive good burn out quality in slag and flue gas as well as constant steam production and oxygen content of flue gas. This paper includes a detailed report on a modern control system with focus on a simple and efficient control structure.
Besides these measures regarding the combustion process, this paper also reports about the respective aspects and concepts for the flue gas cleaning systems. In this field the FBE CIRCUSORB® process was presented in previous papers and is now compared with a multistage wet flue gas cleaning system. The latter is relevant in case of very low emission requirements.
An Introduction to the Cascading Water Management System for Sustainable Water Conservation at Waste-to-Energy Facilities
Authors: McLarty Rebecca , Going Valerie , Schauer Raymond 
Published: July 2013

Currently, there are 86 communities in the U.S. which employ waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities as a means of high quality solid waste disposal. The WTE process beneficially produces electricity while reducing the volume of landfill waste by up to 90 percent, thereby extending the remaining life of a community’s landfill more than ten-fold. However, the traditional WTE process requires a significant volume of water. This interdependency is often referred to as the “water-energy nexus.”
An innovative approach was needed to optimize water conservation for a new 3,000-ton-per-day (TPD) mass burn WTE facility in Palm Beach County (PBREF2). With this in mind, a cascading water management system (CWMS) was developed that uses alternative water supply sources and a cascading hierarchy of water systems that maximize reuse to meet the new facility’s water needs. The selection of an air-cooled condenser to be used for cooling purposes, instead of the wet cooling systems traditionally in place at these facilities will also significantly reduce the amount of water needed in the overall process.
The WTE facility will be constructed adjacent to an existing 2,000-TPD refuse-derived fuel facility (PBREF1), allowing beneficial reuse of some of the cooling tower blowdown from the RDF facility as a source of supply water in the new facility. The reuse of this process wastewater will conserve clean water sources that otherwise would have to be used as a source of makeup to the new facility, as well as reduce the amount of wastewater disposed through deep-well injection from the RDF facility. Harvested rainwater and industrial supply well water will also be used as alternative sources of supply to the new facility.
The innovative CWMS will maximize reuse and reduce the amount of makeup water needed to the system. As water conservation continues to be of high concern in all areas of the globe, this concept can be applied to other WTE and industrial facilities. This paper will provide an overview of the innovative CWMS that has been designed for the PBREF2 facility.
Applications of Acceptorless Dehydrogenation and Related Transformations in Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Gunanathan Chidambaram , Milstein David 
Published: July 2013

Background
Acceptorless dehydrogenation (AD) reactions can result not only in simple removal of hydrogen gas from various substrates but also, importantly, in surprisingly efficient and environmentally benign (“green”) synthetic methodologies when intermediates resulting from the initial dehydrogenation process undergo further reactions.

Advances
Traditionally, dehydrogenation/oxidation reactions of organic compounds have been performed using stoichiometric amounts of inorganic oxidants, in addition to employing various additives, cocatalysts, and catalytic systems that result in generation of copious stoichiometric, often toxic, waste. Catalytic transfer hydrogenation methods, in which stoichiometric amounts of sacrificial organic acceptor compounds are used, also generate stoichiometric amounts of organic waste. Recent developments in catalysis by metal complexes have resulted in acceptorless dehydrogenation reactions that release hydrogen gas and in related reactions in which dehydrogenation is followed by in situ consumption of the generated hydrogen equivalents and no net hydrogen gas is liberated. These reactions circumvent the need for conventional oxidants or sacrificial acceptors and provide an assortment of applications in organic synthesis, including several methods based on further reactivity of the dehydrogenated intermediate compounds. Moreover, the evolved hydrogen gas is valuable in itself.

Outlook
Further development of new ADs for green, efficient chemical synthesis is expected to be greatly influenced by fundamental organometallic chemistry as a basis for catalyst design. Such processes are highly desirable and are expected to gradually displace elaborate conventional laboratory and industrial synthetic methods. They may also provide opportunities for hydrogen storage cycles, because the dehydrogenation reactions can be reversed under hydrogen pressure using the same catalyst. In general, AD and related dehydrogenative coupling reactions have the potential for redirecting synthetic strategies to the use of sustainable resources, devoid of toxic reagents and deleterious side reactions, with no waste generation.
Lethal Aggression in Mobile Forager Bands and Implications for the Origins of War
Authors: Fry Douglas P. , Söderberg Patrik 
Published: July 2013

Ancient Warriors or Murderers?Some have suggested that the human predilection for war is ancient, perhaps dating back to the emergence of our species, while others maintain that evidence for such early warring is scant. Past studies that looked at nomadic foraging bands as models of early humans and their potential for conflict concluded that war is in our blood.Fry and Söderberg(p.270), however, reexamined the standard cross-cultural sample, the main repository for behavioral data on forage bands, and found little evidence for large-scale conflicts or wars. Instead, the majority of incidences of lethal aggression in these societies were homicides driven by a variety of factors relevant at the individual or family scale.
Long-Term Protective Immunity from an Influenza Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Administered with a Microneedle Patch
Authors: Quan Fu-Shi , Kim Yeu-Chun , Song Jae-Min , Hwang Hye Suk , Compans Richard W. , Prausnitz Mark R. , Kang Sang-Moo 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
Skin vaccination with influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) using microneedles has been shown to induce protection similar to or better than that induced by intramuscular immunization. In this study, we examined the long-term protective efficacy of influenza (H1N1 A/PR/8/34) VLPs after skin vaccination using microneedle patches coated with the vaccine. Microneedle vaccination of mice in the skin induced 100% protection against lethal challenge infection with influenza A/PR/8/34 virus 14 months after a single vaccine dose. Influenza virus-specific total IgG response and hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers were maintained at high levels for over 1 year after microneedle vaccination. Microneedle vaccination also induced substantial levels of lung IgG and IgA antibody responses, and antibody-secreting plasma cells from spleen and bone marrow, as well as conferring effective control of lung viral loads, resulting in complete protection 14 months after vaccination. These strong and long-lasting immune responses were enabled in part by stabilization of the vaccine by formulation with trehalose during microneedle patch fabrication. Administration of the stabilized vaccine using microneedles was especially effective at enabling strong recall responses measured 4 days after lethal virus challenge, including increased HAI and antibody-secreting cells in the spleen and reduced viral titer and inflammatory response in the lung. The results in this study indicate that skin vaccination with VLP vaccine using a microneedle patch provides long-term protection against influenza in mice.
Description of an Unusual Neisseria meningitidis Isolate Containing and Expressing Neisseria gonorrhoeae-Specific 16S rRNA Gene Sequences
Authors: Walcher Marion , Skvoretz Rhonda , Montgomery-Fullerton Megan , Jonas Vivian , Brentano Steve 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

An apparently rare
Neisseria meningitidis
isolate containing one copy of a
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
16S rRNA gene is described herein. This isolate was identified as
N. meningitidis
by biochemical identification methods but generated a positive signal with Gen-Probe Aptima assays for the detection of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
. Direct 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the purified isolate revealed mixed bases in signature regions that allow for discrimination between
N. meningitidis
and
N. gonorrhoeae
. The mixed bases were resolved by sequencing individually PCR-amplified single copies of the genomic 16S rRNA gene. A total of 121 discrete sequences were obtained; 92 (76%) were
N. meningitidis
sequences, and 29 (24%) were
N. gonorrhoeae
sequences. Based on the ratio of species-specific sequences, the
N. meningitidis
strain seems to have replaced one of its four intrinsic 16S rRNA genes with the gonococcal gene. Fluorescence
in situ
hybridization (FISH) probes specific for meningococcal and gonococcal rRNA were used to demonstrate the expression of the rRNA genes. Interestingly, the clinical isolate described here expresses both
N. meningitidis
and
N. gonorrhoeae
16S rRNA genes, as shown by positive FISH signals with both probes. This explains why the probes for
N. gonorrhoeae
in the Gen-Probe Aptima assays cross-react with this
N. meningitidis
isolate. The
N. meningitidis
isolate described must have obtained
N. gonorrhoeae
-specific DNA through interspecies recombination.
Invasive Fungal Infection Due to Triadelphia pulvinata in a Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Edathodu Jameela , Al-Abdely Hail M. , AlThawadi Sahar , Wickes Brian L. , Thompson Elizabeth H. , Wiederhold Nathan P. , Madrid Hugo , Guarro Josep , Sutton Deanna A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Triadelphia pulvinata
is a rare dematiaceous fungus found in soil. We report the first case of invasive disease in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia who had a bloodstream infection with possibly both lung and brain involvement. Identification was by combined phenotypic features and fungal ribosomal DNA sequence analysis.
Comparison of Xpert MRSA/SA Nasal and MRSA/SA ELITe MGB Assays for Detection of the
mecA
Gene with Susceptibility Testing Methods for Determination of Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates
Authors: Belmekki Mohamed , Mammeri Hedi , Hamdad Farida , Rousseau Florence , Canarelli Brigitte , Biendo Maurice 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

In a series of 82
Staphylococcus
strains isolated from culture, 100% were identified as
Staphylococcus aureus
by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS); 99.9% (77/82) of them were resistant to benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin, and 6.1% (5/82) were susceptible to methicillin. Xpert MRSA/SA assay results were concordant with the phenotypic results in 76.8% (63/82) of cases and discordant in 23.2% (19/82) of cases. The MRSA/SA ELITe MGB kit results were concordant with phenotypic results in 100% of the cases. When comparing the Xpert MRSA/SA assay results with the MRSA/SA ELITe MGB kit results, 78% (64/82) of the cases were concordant, while 22% (18/82) of the cases were discordant. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two techniques. The PCR protocol that was used to validate the results of these two methods gave the following results: 49 were conventional methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) isolates (
mecA
positive and

mecA
LGA251

negative), and 25 were phenotypic MRSA isolates (
mecA
negative and

mecA
LGA251

positive).
UV-Fixed-Thick-Blotch Preparation Improves Sensitivity of Auramine Staining
Authors: Cejudo-García M. A. , Munoz-Davila M. J. , Martinez-Lirola M. J. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

We describe here a very simple modification of the auramine staining procedure based on preparation of a UV-fixed thick blotch which allowed us to reach an overall sensitivity of 0.82 (592 acid-fast bacillus [AFB]-positive specimens/722 initial respiratory specimens with positive mycobacterial culture) and sensitivities of 0.93 (526 AFB-positive specimens/564 culture-positive specimens) for
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex and 0.42 (66 AFB-positive specimens/158 culture-positive specimens) for nontuberculous mycobacteria.
High Coxiella burnetii DNA Load in Serum during Acute Q Fever Is Associated with Progression to a Serologic Profile Indicative of Chronic Q Fever
Authors: Wielders C. C. H. , Wijnbergen P. C. A. , Renders N. H. M. , Schellekens J. J. A. , Schneeberger P. M. , Wever P. C. , Hermans M. H. A. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

PCR is very effective in diagnosing acute Q fever in the early stages of infection, when bacterial DNA is present in the bloodstream but antibodies have not yet developed. The objective of this study was to further analyze the diagnostic value of semiquantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in diagnosing acute Q fever in an outbreak situation. At the Jeroen Bosch Hospital, in 2009, qPCR testing for
Coxiella burnetii
DNA was performed for 2,715 patients suspected of having acute Q fever (positive,
n
= 385; negative,
n
= 2,330). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the qPCR assay were calculated for patients with negative qPCR results with a follow-up sample obtained within 14 days (
n
= 305) and qPCR-positive patients with at least one follow-up sample (
n
= 369). The correctness of the qPCR result was based on immunofluorescence assay results for samples submitted for qPCR and follow-up testing. The sensitivity of the Q fever qPCR assay was 92.2%, specificity 98.9%, PPV 99.2%, and NPV 89.8%. Patients who later developed serologic profiles indicative of chronic Q fever infection had significantly higher
C. burnetii
DNA loads during the acute phase than did patients who did not (
P
< 0.001). qPCR testing is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of acute Q fever and should be used in outbreak situations when the onset of symptoms is <15 days earlier. Special attention is needed in the follow-up monitoring of patients with high
C. burnetii
DNA loads during the acute phase, as this might be an indicator for the development of a serologic profile indicative of chronic infection.
Methylation of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 CpG Sites at E2-Binding Site 1 (E2BS1), E2BS2, and the Sp1-Binding Site in Cervical Cancer Samples as Determined by High-Resolution Melting Analysis–PCR
Authors: Jacquin Elise , Baraquin Alice , Ramanah Rajeev , Carcopino Xavier , Morel Adrien , Valmary-Degano Séverine , Bravo Ignacio G. , de Sanjosé Silvia , Riethmuller Didier , Mougin Christiane , Prétet Jean-Luc 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
High-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated carcinogenesis is driven mainly by the overexpression of E7 and E6 oncoproteins following viral DNA integration and the concomitant loss of the E2 open reading frame (ORF). However, the integration of HR-HPV DNA is not systematically observed in cervical cancers. The E2 protein acts as a transcription factor that governs viral oncogene expression. The methylation of CpGs in the E2-binding sites (E2BSs) in the viral long control region abrogates E2 binding, thus impairing the E2-mediated regulation of E7/E6 transcription. Here, high-resolution melting (HRM)–PCR was developed to quantitatively analyze the methylation statuses of E2BS1, E2BS2, and the specificity protein 1 (Sp1)-binding site in 119 HPV16-positive cervical smears. This is a rapid assay that is suitable for the analysis of cervical samples. The proportion of cancer samples with methylated E2BS1, E2BS2, and Sp1-binding site CpGs was 47%, whereas the vast majority of samples diagnosed as being within normal limits, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) harbored unmethylated CpGs. Methylation levels varied widely, since some cancer samples harbored up to 60% of methylated HPV16 genomes. A pyrosequencing approach was used as a confirmation test and highlighted that quantitative measurement of methylation can be achieved by HRM-PCR. Its prognostic value deserves to be investigated alone or in association with other biomarkers. The reliability of this single-tube assay offers great opportunities for the investigation of HPV16 methylation in other HPV-related cancers, such as head and neck cancers, which are a major public health burden.