bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface morphology analysis of dental implants following insertion into bone using scanning electron microscopy: a pilot study
Authors: Deppe Herbert , Grünberg Christina , Thomas Mücke , Sculean Anton , Benner Klaus‐Ulrich , Bauer Florian J. M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundDental implants have become essential in reconstructive dentistry. Primary healing is determined by the design of their surface. The aim of this pilot study has been to investigate whether the morphology of the sandblasted and acid‐etched (SLA®) surface remains unaffected after the insertion process into human bone.Materials and MethodsTwo edentulous‐atrophied human jaw specimens were used. Six brand new Straumann Standard RN implants with an SLA® surface and having a diameter of 3.3 mm and a length of 12 mm were inserted. Another two implants of the same type, but not inserted into bone, served as a reference. After explantation, the four implants were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath and two were left uncleaned. All eight implants were inspected by SEM for qualitative surface changes.ResultsAll four implants showed relevant changes of the topography at the apical thread flanks. The non‐cleaned implants showed an almost complete coverage of the surface by a honeycomb‐like structure, consistent with bone residues. The reference implants showed no changes.DiscussionThe results indicate that, for the osseointegration of dental implants, subtractive modifications of implant surfaces are less important than the reestablishment of the destroyed TiO2 layer. Further studies of other implant surfaces are required to verify the present results.
Use of Long‐Distance Migration Patterns of an Endangered Species to Inform Conservation Planning for the World's Largest Marine Protected Area
Authors: HAYS GRAEME C. , MORTIMER JEANNE A. , IERODIACONOU DANIEL , ESTEBAN NICOLE 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLarge marine protected areas (MPAs), each hundreds of thousands of square kilometers, have been set up by governments around the world over the last decade as part of efforts to reduce ocean biodiversity declines, yet their efficacy is hotly debated. The Chagos Archipelago MPA (640,000 km2) (Indian Ocean) lies at the heart of this debate. We conducted the first satellite tracking of a migratory species, the green turtle (Chelonia mydas), within the MPA and assessed the species’ use of protected versus unprotected areas. We developed an approach to estimate length of residence within the MPA that may have utility across migratory taxa including tuna and sharks. We recorded the longest ever published migration for an adult cheloniid turtle (3979 km). Seven of 8 tracked individuals migrated to distant foraging grounds, often ≥1000 km outside the MPA. One turtle traveled to foraging grounds within the MPA. Thus, networks of small MPAs, developed synergistically with larger MPAs, may increase the amount of time migrating species spend within protected areas. The MPA will protect turtles during the breeding season and will protect some turtles on their foraging grounds within the MPA and others during the first part of their long‐distance postbreeding oceanic migrations. International cooperation will be needed to develop the network of small MPAs needed to supplement the Chagos Archipelago MPA.Uso de los Patrones de Migración a Larga Distancia de una Especie en Peligro de Extinción para Informar a la Planeación de la Conservación del Área Marina Protegida más Grande
Spatiotemporal Patterns and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in Endangered California Condors during 15 Years of Reintroduction
Authors: KELLY TERRA R. , GRANTHAM JESSE , GEORGE DANIEL , WELCH ALACIA , BRANDT JOSEPH , BURNETT L. JOSEPH , SORENSON KELLY J. , JOHNSON MATTHEW , POPPENGA ROBERT , MOEN DAVID , RASICO JAMES , RIVERS JAMES W. , BATTISTONE CARIE , JOHNSON CHRISTINE K. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLarge‐scale poisoning events are common to scavenging bird species that forage communally, many of which are in decline. To reduce the threat of poisoning and compensate for other persistent threats, management, including supplemental feeding, is ongoing for many reintroduced and endangered vulture populations. Through a longitudinal study of lead exposure in California condors (Gymnogyps californianus), we illustrate the conservation challenges inherent in reintroduction of an endangered species to the wild when pervasive threats have not been eliminated. We evaluated population‐wide patterns in blood lead levels from 1997 to 2011 and assessed a broad range of putative demographic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors for elevated lead exposure among reintroduced California condors in California (United States). We also assessed the effectiveness of lead ammunition regulations within the condor's range in California by comparing condor blood lead levels before and after implementation of the regulations. Lead exposure was a pervasive threat to California condors despite recent regulations limiting lead ammunition use. In addition, condor lead levels significantly increased as age and independence from intensive management increased, including increasing time spent away from managed release sites, and decreasing reliance on food provisions. Greater independence among an increasing number of reintroduced condors has therefore elevated the population's risk of lead exposure and limited the effectiveness of lead reduction efforts to date. Our findings highlight the challenges of restoring endangered vulture populations as they mature and become less reliant on management actions necessary to compensate for persistent threats.Patrones Espaciotemporales y Factores de Riesgo por Exposición a Plomo en Cóndores de California Durante 15 Años de Reintroducción
Severe eosinophilic infiltration in colonic biopsies predicts patients with ulcerative colitis not responding to medical therapy
Authors: Zezos P. , Patsiaoura K. , Nakos A. , Mpoumponaris A. , Vassiliadis T. , Giouleme O. , Pitiakoudis M. , Kouklakis G. , Evgenidis N. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAimEosinophils are potent proinflammatory cells that are involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). We evaluated the infiltration of eosinophils into the lamina propria in patients with active and inactive ulcerative colitis (UC) and investigated its clinical significance, among other variables, in predicting the outcome of medical treatment in active disease.MethodWe studied colorectal biopsy specimens from 18 UC patients with disease in long‐standing remission, from 22 patients with active disease who responded to therapy (12 with complete response and 10 with partial response) and from 10 patients who were nonresponders. Demographic information was obtained at baseline, and clinical, endoscopic and laboratory data were obtained at baseline and 12 weeks post‐treatment. We evaluated five histological features: mucosal ulceration; mucosal erosions; crypt abscesses; cryptitis; and eosinophilic infiltration of the lamina propria. The severity of these lesions was graded as: none or minimal; mild; moderate; or severe. Statistical analyses were performed between responders and nonresponders for differences in demographic, clinical, laboratory, endoscopic and histological parameters.ResultsLaboratory, endoscopic and histological parameters were significantly improved after treatment only in the complete responders group. Analyses of baseline data revealed no significant differences in parameters between complete or partial responders and nonresponders, except for a less severe eosinophilic infiltration of lamina propria in complete responders (P < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that severe eosinophilic infiltration in colonic biopsies was the most significant predictor of poor response to medical therapy.ConclusionAssessing the severity of eosinophilic infiltration in the lamina propria of colonic biopsies in patients with ulcerative colitis could be a valuable predictive tool of response to medical therapy.
Communicative Functions of the Museum Lobby
Authors: Mortensen Christian Hviid , Rudloff Maja , Vestergaard Vitus 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn a time with a heightened focus on how museum architecture and exhibition design shapes the museum visit, the entrance space of museums, the museum lobby, is remarkably absent from the museum literature and research. Still, the museum lobby is the first encounter visitors have with the museum and the last impression that they take home and share with others. This article analyzes museum lobbies as communication spaces in order to identify the different functions afforded by such spaces. In an explorative study of five Danish museum lobbies, we offer a preliminary categorization of these functions that can be compared at a general level. Concrete examples will be used to discuss general issues such as the adaptive borders of lobby spaces and the counteracting effects of design. We suggest that the preliminary categorization provided here can form a foundation for further studies resulting in practical suggestions for design improvements.
Improving the Quality of Host Country Ethical Oversight of International Research: The Use of a Collaborative ‘Pre‐Review’ Mechanism for a Study of Fexinidazole for Human African Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Coleman Carl H. , Ardiot Chantal , Blesson Séverine , Bonnin Yves , Bompart Francois , Colonna Pierre , Dhai Ames , Ecuru Julius , Edielu Andrew , Hervé Christian , Hirsch François , Kouyaté Bocar , Mamzer‐Bruneel Marie‐France , Maoundé Dionko , Martinent Eric , Ntsiba Honoré , Pelé Gérard , Quéva Gilles , Reinmund Marie‐Christine , Sarr Samba Cor , Sepou Abdoulaye , Tarral Antoine , Tetimian Djetodjide , Valverde Olaf , Van Nieuwenhove Simon , Strub‐Wourgaft Nathalie 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDeveloping countries face numerous barriers to conducting effective and efficient ethics reviews of international collaborative research. In addition to potentially overlooking important scientific and ethical considerations, inadequate or insufficiently trained ethics committees may insist on unwarranted changes to protocols that can impair a study's scientific or ethical validity. Moreover, poorly functioning review systems can impose substantial delays on the commencement of research, which needlessly undermine the development of new interventions for urgent medical needs. In response to these concerns, the Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), an independent nonprofit organization founded by a coalition of public sector and international organizations, developed a mechanism to facilitate more effective and efficient host country ethics review for a study of the use of fexinidazole for the treatment of late stage African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). The project involved the implementation of a novel ‘pre‐review’ process of ethical oversight, conducted by an ad hoc committee of ethics committee representatives from African and European countries, in collaboration with internationally recognized scientific experts. This article examines the process and outcomes of this collaborative process.
Recent trends in cerebral palsy survival. PartII: individual survival prognosis
Authors: Brooks Jordan C , Strauss David J , Shavelle Robert M , Tran Linh M , Rosenbloom Lewis , Wu Yvonne W 
Published: July 2014

AimThe aim of the study was to determine survival probabilities and life expectancies for individuals with cerebral palsy based on data collected over a 28‐year period in California.MethodWe identified all individuals with cerebral palsy, aged 4 years or older, who were clients of the California Department of Developmental Services between 1983 and 2010. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were constructed for 4‐year‐old children, and the estimated survival probabilities were adjusted to reflect trends in mortality by calendar year. For persons aged 15, 30, 45, and 60 years, separate Poisson regression models were used to estimate age‐, sex‐, and disability‐specific mortality rates. These mortality rates were adjusted to reflect trends of improved survival, and life expectancies were obtained using life table methods.ResultsThe sample comprised 16 440, 14 609, 11 735, 7023, and 2375 persons at ages 4, 15, 30, 45, and 60 years, respectively. In 1983, 50% of 4‐year‐old children who did not lift their heads in the prone position and were tube fed lived to age 10.9 years. By 2010, the median age at death had increased to 17.1 years. In ambulatory children the probability of survival to adulthood did not change by more than 1%. Life expectancies for adolescents and adults were lower for those with more severe limitations in motor function and feeding skills, and decreased with advancing age. Life expectancies for tube‐fed adolescents and adults increased by 1 to 3 years, depending on age and pattern of disability, over the course of the study period.InterpretationOver the past three decades in California there have been significant improvements in the survival of children with very severe disabilities. There have also been improvements to the life expectancy of tube‐fed adults, though to a lesser extent than in children.
Does Special Care Dentistry undergraduate teaching improve dental student attitudes towards people with disabilities?
Authors: Mac Giolla Phadraig C. , Nunn J. H. , Tornsey O. , Timms M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroductionUndergraduate dental curricula increasingly aim to address student attitudes towards people with disabilities. This study reports the effectiveness of a comprehensive, blended learning Special Care Dentistry undergraduate programme to change attitudes towards people with disabilities.MethodsA validated psychometric instrument (ATDP‐Form 0) was given as a course evaluation to third‐year dental students in the Dublin Dental University Hospital over 3 years from 2010 to 2013, immediately before and after the delivery of a brief comprehensive curriculum in Special Care Dentistry.ResultsFrom a population of 109 students, 100 (91.7%) pre‐test and 83 (76.1%) retest responses were analysed. Mean score before the course, for all years, was 74.8 (SD = 14.7), compared with 76.8 (SD = 14.0) for all years after the course.ConclusionsDental students in our study had neither particularly positive, or negative attitudes towards people with disabilities. There was no statistically significant difference in student attitudes before and after the educational intervention. This study, therefore, shows that a comprehensive undergraduate blended learning module, which aimed to improve attitudes towards people with disabilities, did not do so, using the described measures within the selected timeframe.
Dental students' reflective habits: is there a relation with their academic achievements?
Authors: Tricio J. , Woolford M. , Escudier M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroductionReflection is regarded as an important and essential component of healthcare professionals' education and practice. This cross‐sectional study aimed to explore the levels of reflection habits of dental students and clinical and PhD postgraduate trainees and to establish the relationship between students' reflection and their academic performance.Materials and MethodsA total of 324 subjects (208 females, 56% ≥23 years of age) from King's College London Dental Institute, consisting of 281 undergraduate and 43 postgraduate trainees, responded to the invitation to participate and completed an online self‐reported Reflection Questionnaire; this assesses two levels of non‐reflective actions (Habitual Action and Understanding) and two levels of reflective actions (Reflection and Critical Reflection). Reflection results were compared amongst different cohorts and correlated with students' academic performance.ResultsReflection Questionnaire mean scores were 10.7 for Habitual Action, 17.3 for Understanding, 17.0 for Reflection and 14.4 for Critical Reflection, with significant differences between cohorts of undergraduate students, clinical postgraduates and PhD trainees. Reflection and Critical Reflection mean scores were higher as students climbed courses. Further, those ≥24 years of age and those with previous university degrees demonstrated higher reflective habits, whilst there was no gender difference. Additionally, the assessment programme methods correlated differently to the Reflection Questionnaire scores.DiscussionThe Reflection Questionnaire's internal reliability was acceptable. The most common approaches used by both students and trainees were Understanding and Reflection, whilst those with high Understanding scores also tended to have good Reflective scores. Further, multiple choice questions encouraged students to ‘understand’, whilst ill‐defined problems, such as those from essays to clinical reasoning cases, increased this to the reflection scale.ConclusionTo foster reflective thinking, tutoring should primarily be focused on younger students (≤23 years old) and those without a previous university degree. Further, a wide variety of assessment methods is suggested to stimulate different reflective constructs.
Combining animal movements and behavioural data to detect behavioural states
Authors: Nams Vilis O. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAnimal movement paths show variation in space caused by qualitative shifts in behaviours. I present a method that (1) uses both movement path data and ancillary sensor data to detect natural breakpoints in animal behaviour and (2) groups these segments into different behavioural states. The method can also combine analyses of different path segments or paths from different individuals. It does not assume any underlying movement mechanism. I give an example with simulated data. I also show the effects of random variation, # of states and # of segments on this method. I present a case study of a fisher movement path spanning 8 days, which shows four distinct behavioural states divided into 28 path segments when only turning angles and speed were considered. When accelerometer data were added, the analysis shows seven distinct behavioural states divided into 41 path segments.
Feasibility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in acute stroke patients
Authors: Horstmann S. , Rizos T. , Rauch G. , Arden C. , Veltkamp R. 
Published: July 2014

Background and purposeCognitive deficits are common following stroke. Cognitive function in the acute stroke setting is a predictive factor for mid‐term outcome. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a screening tool for cognitive impairment. The feasibility of MoCA in the acute phase of stroke was evaluated and factors predictive of cognitive impairment were determined.MethodsIn this prospective, single‐centre, explorative and observational study consecutive patients with ischaemic (IS) or haemorrhagic (ICH) stroke were enrolled between March 2011 and September 2012. The routine work‐up for each patient encompassed assessment of cardiovascular risk factors, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the pre‐morbid modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. Cognitive performance was measured using the German version of the MoCA within the first days of admission. A MoCA score of <26 was considered to indicate cognitive impairment.ResultsBetween March 2011 and September 2012 a total of 842 patients with IS (89.0%) and ICH (11.0%) were enrolled in our study. MoCA was feasible in 678/842 patients (80.5%). Factors independently associated with non‐feasibility were stroke severity (NIHSS), pre‐morbid functional status (mRS), age and lower educational level. Mean MoCA was 21.4 (SD 5.7). A total of 498/678 (73.5%) patients appeared cognitively impaired (<26/30). Independent predictive factors for a lower MoCA score were age, educational level, stroke severity (NIHSS) and pre‐morbid functional status (mRS).ConclusionsIn the acute phase of stroke, MoCA is feasible in about 80% of eligible patients. At this stage, MoCA identifies a cognitive impairment in 75% of patients.
A Novel Method of Assessing Dominance Hierarchies Shows Nuance, Linearity and Stability in the Dinosaur AntDinoponera quadriceps
Authors: Grainger Daniel P. , Asher Claire L. , Jones Julia C. , Nascimento Fabio S. , Sumner Seirian , Hughes William O. H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMany social species with relatively simple societies have dominance hierarchies of individuals, with dominant individuals achieving fitness and subordinate individuals either queuing to obtain fitness or achieving only indirect fitness by helping relatives. Assessing the dominance hierarchy in a social group is generally based upon observing dyadic interactions as and when they occur spontaneously within the whole‐group setting. However, this method can be very time‐consuming because many dyads interact only very rarely, necessitating either extremely long observation periods or many dyadic relationships being unresolved. Here, we report an alternative method using the queenless dinosaur antDinoponera quadriceps, which lives in colonies containing tens of individuals. We removed all individuals from their nest and observed the dominance behaviours expressed in isolated dyadic interactions for every pairwise combination of individuals. Individuals showed a classic dominance behaviour in this setting, and the rapid nature of the assay allowed us to observe every dyadic relationship on a weekly basis over 4 weeks. The dominance hierarchies based on these isolated dyadic interactions correlated well with those produced by the conventional method of colony observations. They showed the hierarchies to be highly linear and stable, and also revealed that dominance relationships may extend further down the hierarchy than previously thought. Although highly manipulative, the isolated dyadic interaction method works well and will likely make more feasible the study of other social species in which pairs of individuals can be isolated together.
Variation in Melanism and Female Preference in Proximate but Ecologically Distinct Environments
Authors: Culumber Zachary W. , Bautista‐Hernández Christian E. , Monks Scott , Arias‐Rodriguez Lenin , Tobler Michael 
Published: July 2014

AbstractVariation in pigmentation traits is an effective window to evolutionary processes due to their importance for survival and reproduction. In particular, one of the leading hypotheses for the maintenance of conspicuous pigmentation in natural populations is its signaling function in mate choice. Here, we demonstrate the occurrence of melanism in poeciliid fishes of the genus Poecilia that inhabits toxic, hydrogen sulfide springs in southern Mexico and the absence of melanism from closely related populations in reference habitats lacking hydrogen sulfide. Assays of female mate preference in both habitat types were used to examine whether divergence in female preference for melanism contributes to its maintenance in hydrogen sulfide springs. We found significant variation in female preferences for melanistic males. Specifically, melanistic females from the toxic spring exhibited a significant preference for melanistic males, while non‐melanistic females from the same population exhibited no preference. Females from the non‐sulfidic reference population discriminated strongly against melanistic males. Preferences of melanistic females appear to be a significant force in the maintenance of melanism in sulfidic habitats and suggest a change in preference as the divergence from non‐sulfidic ancestors. Potential polymorphism in preference within the hydrogen sulfide spring indicates that preference for melanistic males may not be environmentally controlled. Thus, a change in preference following divergence can promote the maintenance of variation in pigmentation within populations and between divergent habitats.