bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight Regain Following Sustained Weight Reduction is Predicted by Relative Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Yost Trudy J. , Jensen Dalan R. , Eckel Robert H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractYOST, TRUDY J, DALAN R JENSEN AND ROBERT H ECKEL. Weight regain following sustained weight reduction is predicted by relative insulin sensitivity. Obes Res.Ten moderately obese women (body mass index 34.9 ± 1.1 kg/m2 mean ± SEM), had previously been through a 3‐month weight loss program followed by 3 months of weight maintenance at the reduced weight. A euglycemic clamp for determination of insulin sensitivity was performed on each subject prior to weight loss, and another at the end of the weight maintenance phase. The mean weight loss for the group was 11.4 ± 2.2 kg. The women were then seen for follow‐up weights 12 months and 18 months after the conclusion of the weight maintenance period. All of the women except one had regained their weight by the time of the 12‐month visit. It was found that the amount of weight regained both at 12 months and 18 months was correlated with the change in insulin sensitivity which occurred from the baseline study to after weight loss/maintenance. The data indicate that increased insulin sensitivity following sustained weight loss in obese women predicts weight regain.
Dopamine Receptor Subtype Agonists and Feeding Behavior
Authors: Terry Philip , Gilbert David B. , Cooper Steven J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractStimulation or blockade of various dopamine receptor subtypes is associated with reduced feeding. For example, D2 receptor agonists suppress feeding in food‐deprived and free‐feeding rats, and in rats given access to a highly palatable diet Similarly, reduced food intake is associated with the actions of diverse D1 receptor agonists, and these compounds can interact synergistically with D2 receptor agonists to potentiate reductions in feeding. Using micro‐structural analysis to compare D1 and D2 agonist effects, specific differences emerge in their modes of action. D1 agonists reduce the duration of feeding, primarily by decreasing the frequency of feeding bouts, whereas D2 agonists reduce the local rate of eating. However, since D1 agonists uniquely reduce feeding in the absence of other behavioral impairments and are less disruptive of the pattern of feeding behavior, it has been suggested that D1 agonists are more likely than D2 agonists to act on central mechanisms regulating food intake. Moreover, only D1 agonists are effective in suppressing sucrose sham‐feeding, suggesting that D1 receptor stimulation may promote satiety. Nevertheless, many questions remain. For example, antagonist studies have implicated 5‐HT receptor stimulation in the anorectic effects of D1 agonists, suggesting that further pharmacological and behavioral analyses of receptor‐subtype agonist effects are required. Above all, recent developments in the classification of dopamine receptor subtypes reveal the need for new studies examining the involvement of D3, D4 and D5 receptors in feeding.
Pharmacological and Clinical Studies of Ephedrine and Other Thermogenic Agonists
Authors: Astrup Arne , Breum Leif , Toubro Søren 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWhen given as a supplement to an energy restricted diet the sympathomimetic agent ephedrine, in combination with methylxanthines such as caffeine, improves fat loss by dual actions: a central suppression of appetite and peripheral stimulation of energy expenditure covered by fat oxidation. Mean weight loss was found to be 16.6 kg after 6 months when E+C was given as an adjuvant to an efficient hypoenergetic diet, which was 3.4 kg higher than in the placebo group. An additional 24 weeks treatment with E+C prevented relapse. In the first weeks of treatment E+C offset the hypotensive effect of energy restriction and weight loss, but the effect was transient, and after 8 weeks blood pressures were indistinguishable from those of the placebo group. E+C has no adverse effect on glucose and lipid metabolism, but has been shown to prevent the decline in HDL‐cholesterol caused by weight loss. In a comparative trial the weight loss produced by E+C was similar to that of dexfenfluramine. More research on sympathomimetics and methylxanthines should be carried out to identify combinations with improved efficiency and safety. Moreover, more long‐term trials and studies in males are required.
First Clinical Studies with Orlistat: A Short Review
Authors: Drent Madeleine L. , van der Veen Eduard A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLipase inhibition, leading to decreased intestinal fat adbsorption can be used in the treatment of obesity. Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, in a dose of 50 mg three times a day leads to a significant increase in weight loss compared to placebo in moderately obese people. These results are confirmed in a multiple‐dose study using 10 mg, 60 mg and 120 mg Orlistat three times a day vs. placebo. The use of lipase inhibition has no significant influence on fasting levels of several hormonal systems, including thyroid hormones, catecholamines and IGF‐I. The same is true for the responses of several gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones after a liquid high‐fat mixed meal. In general, Orlistat is tolerated very well, although a higher occurence of gastrointestinal side effects is seen.
Insulin Resistance in Obesity and Its Molecular Control
Authors: Noguchi Tamio , Tanaka Takehiko 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe Wistar fatty rat is a model of obese non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Males, but not females, develop hyperglycemia, glucouria and polyuria within 8 weeks of age. The regulation of gene expression by insulin has been shown to be differentially impaired in the liver of the fatty rats. The genes resistant to insulin include glucokinase gene and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. In contrast, L‐type pyruvate kinase gene responds to insulin normally, raising the possibility that the signaling pathway from the insulin receptor to the insulin‐resistant genes, but not to the insulin‐sensitive genes, is defective at a point beyond the receptor kinase in the fatty rats. On the other hand, female fatty rats develop hyperglycemia only when they are given sucrose for several weeks. This treatment causes a decrease in gucokinase while enzymes involved in gluconeo genesis are increased. Chronic feeding of sucrose also leads to hypertriglycemia and visceral fat accumulation, which is more frequently associated with abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolisms. Fructose is believed to be the responsible component of sucrose for these effects. Hypertriglyceridemic effect of fructose is mainly due to an increase in hepatic production of VLDL. Most enzymes related to lipogenesis in the liver are induced by dietary fructose even in diabetes. L‐type pyruvate kinase is one of such enzymes. Cis‐acting element named PKL‐III in the 5′‐flanking region of this gene is shown to be responsive to dietary fructose as well as to dietary glucose. Thus, identification and characterization of a protein bound to this element could help in the further understanding of the molecular mechanism of the fructose actions.
Effect of Degree of Weight Loss on Health Benefits
Authors: Blackburn George 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAlthough most dieters strive to achieve “ideal” body weight, clinical and laboratory evidence clearly supports the value of a modest weight loss goalto attain health and emotional benefit. Weight loss as low as 5% has been shown to reduce or eliminate disorders associated with obesity, though several questions remain partially or completely unanswered regarding the roles of degree of weight loss, method of weight loss, distribution of fat reduction, and other variables. This paper reviews the effect of degree of weight loss on specific disease states and risk factors and discusses the impact of ethnic background at distribution, age, and mode of weight loss on outcome.
Comparison of Osborne‐Mendel and S5B/PL Strains of Rat: Central Effects of Galanin, NPY, β‐Casomorphin and CRH on Intake of High‐Fat and Low‐Fat Diets
Authors: Lin Ling , York David A. , Bray George A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe effects of central administration of galanin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), β‐casomorphin(1–7) and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) on intake of either a high‐fat or low‐fat diet have been compared in two strains of rat, the dietary fat‐sensitive Osborne‐Mendel (OM) rat and the dietary fat‐resistant S5B/Pl rat. Injection of galanin (0.1, 0.3 nmoles) into the 3rd cerebral ventricle stimulated the intake of both a high‐fat and a low‐fat diet in OM rats in a dose dependent manner but the response was significantly smaller in rats fed the low‐fat diet. In S5B/Pl rats, galanin had a small stimulatory effect on food intake but only at a high dose (2 nmole). β‐casomor‐phin(1–7) (5 nmoles), an opioid‐like peptide, increased the intake of the high‐fat but not the low‐fat diet in OM rats, whereas S5B/Pl rats fed either a high‐fat or a low‐fat diet did not respond to β‐caso‐morphin/j.yy Both strains showed a similar stimulatory response to NPY (0.1, 0.5 nmoles) on the intake of the high‐fat or the low‐fat diet, but the magnitude of the response was attenuated in S5B/Pl rats. In contrast, the anorectic effects of CRH (0.26 nmoles) on food deprived animals was similar in both strains for both diets. We speculate that the regulatory system controlling the intake of fat activated by galanin and β‐casomorphin(1–7) may be defective in S5B/Pl rats.
Disordered Eating: Can Women Accurately Recall Their Ringing and Purging Behaviors 10 Years Later?
Authors: Field Alison E. , Colditz Graham A. , Herzog David B. , Heatherton Todd F. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: To test women's ability to recall their past binging and purging behaviors. Design: Ten‐year follow‐up study of women who had participated in a cross‐sectional survey during college. Subjects: In 1982, a sample of freshman and senior women at a large university in the Boston area were questioned about their weight, dieting history, bulimic symptoms, and eating patterns, attitudes, and concerns. In 1992, all subjects who responded to the 1982 survey were followed up to assess changes in bulimic symptoms and ability to recall past behaviors. Results: Among the 476 women who responded to both surveys, the percentage in 1992 who reported having ever binged and/or purged was less than the percentage in 1982, indicating that the recall of past behaviors was less than perfect. Denial in 1992 of ever having engaged in the behaviors ranged from 22% among the women who were self‐inducing vomiting in 1982 to 64% among the women who had reported current fasting or strict dieting in 1982. Recall of past behaviors in 1992 was better among the women who had been current bingers or purgers in 1982.Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that ability to recall past binging and purging is only modest. Therefore to better understand the mental and physical health consequences of these behaviors this information should be collected prospectively.
Role of Intraduodenally Administered Enterostatin in Rats: Inhibition of Food
Authors: Mei Jie , Erlanson‐Albertsson Charlotte 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCentral and peripheral administration of enterostatin have been reported to reduce fat or high‐fat food intake in rats. Enterostatin is formed in the intestinal lumen by tryptic cleavage of pancreatic procolipase during intraluminal fat digestion. The present experiments were designed to test if enterostatin following intraintestinal infusion would affect food intake in a similar way as intracerebraventricularly or intravenously administered enterostatin.Female Sprague‐Dawley rats were fitted with a duodenal catheter and adapted to a feeding schedule for 6 hours each day. After 10 days enterostatin (5.65 and 11.3 nmol/kg/min) or saline were infused into the duodenum and food intake measured. Enterostatin significantly reduced high‐fat food intake during the 6 hours of feeding, but had no inhibitory effect on low‐fat food intake. Addition of tetracaine to the enterostatin infusates blocked the satiating potency of intestinal enterostatin. These results support the hypothesis of a preabsorptive site of action for enterostatin.
A Double‐Blind Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Sibutramine
Authors: Bray George A. , Ryan Donna H. , Gordon Douglas , Heidingsfelder Sylvia , Cerise Frederick , Wilson Krause 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSibutramine is a β‐phenethylamine which blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. In this clinical study, a group of 173 patients were randomized to treatment with sibutramine at doses of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 30 mg/d and were compared with placebo in a 24‐week double‐blind trial. There was a dose‐dependent reduction in body weight, with doses of 10, 15, 20 and 30 mg being significantly greater than placebo. Weight loss was still continuing in the highest three doses at the end of the study. When drugs were discontinued patients regained weight, as expected. Side effects were generally mild and were most evident in the group treated with the highest dose. These studies suggest that sibutramine may be a valuable new drug for treatment of obesity.
Factors Related to Body Weight Changes During and After Pregnancy: The Stockholm Pregnancy and Weight Development Study
Authors: Ölin Agneta , Rössner Stephan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe Stockholm Pregnancy and Weight Development Study is a prospective study of body weight changes in women, whose maternity unit charts were reviewed and who were then invited for a 1‐year follow‐up, including weigh‐in sessions and questionnaires on dietary habits, physical activity and socio‐demographic factors. Total weight gain during pregnancy was related to weight gain already during the first trimester. Women reporting previous weight cycling had slightly higher weight gain during pregnancy. Successful return towards pre‐pregnancy weight was found more often in women with regular breakfast and lunch habits. Lactation had only a small effect on weight loss after delivery, independent of eating habits. Lack of physical activity was more common in women who had low lactation scores. Twenty‐eight percent reported an increased interest in sweets during pregnancy; these women increased 1 to 2 kg more than others in weight during pregnancy. Postpartum weight retention was more affected by lifestyle changes during and after pregnancy than by factors before pregnancy.
Resting Energy Expenditure in Obese African American and Caucasian Women
Authors: Foster Gary D. , Wadden Thomas A. , Vogt Renee A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe prevalence of obesity among African American women approaches 50% and greatly exceeds rates for Caucasian women. In addition, black women lose less weight than white during obesity treatment and gain more weight when untreated. This study assessed resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition in obese white (n=122) and black (n=44) women to explore the relationship between biological variables and these observed differences. REE and body composition were assessed by indirect calorimetry and densitometry, respectively, before weight loss. REE was significantly lower in black subjects (1637.6 ± 236.9 kcal/d) than in white (1731.4 ± 262.0) (p=0.04). REE remained significantly lower in blacks than whites after adjusting for body weight (p=0.02). REE, adjusted for fat‐free mass, was also significantly lower in blacks than whites (p<0.0001), although the overestimation of fat‐free mass by densitometry in blacks may have contributed to this finding. There were no differences between the groups in respiratory quotient. These results suggest that a decreased REE may exist in obese black women, and it may be related to the observed differences between black and white women in the prevalence of obesity and in the response to weight loss treatment. These crosssectional findings await confirmation in longitudinal studies.
Running Exercise Improves Metabolic Abnormalities and Fat Accumulation in Sucrose‐Induced Insulin‐Resistant Rats
Authors: Nam Makoto , Takahashi Masaki , Kanda Tsugiyasu , Shimomura Younosuke , Kobayashi Isao 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNARA, MAKOTO, MASAKI TAKAHASHI, TSUGIYASU KANDA, YOUNOSUKE SHIMOMURA, ISAO KOBAYASHI. Running exercise improves metabolic abnormalities and fat accumulation in sucrose‐induced insulin‐resistant rats.Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are observed in rats fed a high sucrose diet. Insulin resistance is thought to be related to abnormal fat distribution. We previously reported the metabolic characteristics and the fat distribution in rats with sucrose‐induced insulin resistance. This study was designed to examine the effects of exercise in these rats. The rats were divided into three groups: those receiving a starch‐based diet (control), those receiving a high‐sucrose diet (sucrose fed), and those receiving a high‐sucrose diet and wheel‐running exercise (exercised). Animals were killed after 4 weeks or 12 weeks. After 4 weeks, the three groups did not differ with respect to gain in adipose tissues. The portal vein (PV) insulin concentration was significantly increased in the sucrose‐fed and the exercised rats compared with the control rats. The inferior vena cava (IVC) glucose concentration and the PV free fatty acid (FFA) were significantly lower in the exercised rats than in the sucrose‐fed rats. After 12 weeks, the exercised rats had significantly lower mesenteric fat (MS) and subcutaneous fat (SC) and a lower MS:SC ratio than the sucrose‐fed rats. The glucose levels in IVC, PV, and FFA in PV were significantly reduced in the exercised rats as compared with the sucrose‐fed rats. These findings suggest that long‐term exercise improves insulin resistance by reducing the accumulation of MS as well as SC. It is also suggested that short‐term exercise improves glucose metabolism without change of fat accumulation.
Enterostatin‐A Peptide Regulating Fat Intake
Authors: Erlanson‐Albertsson Charlotte , Yorkf David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractERLANSON‐ALBERTSSON, CHARLOTTE, DAVID YORK. Enterostatin‐a peptide regulating fat intake.A high fat intake, together with an inability to match lipid oxidation to fat intake, has been found to be correlated with obesity in humans. This review describes our current understanding of enterostatin, a peptide that selectively reduces fat intake. Enterostatin is formed in the intestine by the cleavage of secreted pancreatic procolipase, the remaining colipase serving as an obligatory cofactor for pancreatic lipase during fat digestion. Enterostatin is also produced in the gastric mucosa and the mucosal epithelia of the small intestine. Procolipase gene transcription and enterostatin release into the gastrointestinal lumen are increased by high‐fat diets. After feeding, enterostatin appears in the lymph and circulation. Enterostatin will selectively inhibit fat intake during normal feeding and in experimental paradigms that involve dietary choice. Its anorectic effect has been demonstrated in a number of species. Both peripheral and central sites of action have been proposed. The peripheral mechanism involves an afferent vagal signaling pathway to hypothalamic centers. The central responses are mediated through a pathway that includes both serotonergic and opioidergic components. Chronically, enterostatin reduces fat intake, bodyweight, and body fat. This response may involve multiple metabolic effects of enterostatin, which include a reduction of insulin secretion, an increase in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion. A possible pathophysiological role is suggested by studies that have linked low enterostatin production and/or responsiveness to strains of rat that become obese and prefer dietary fat. Humans with obesity also exhibit a lower secretion of pancreatic procolipase after a test meal, compared with persons of normal weight.
The Fat‐Sucrose Seesaw in Relation to Age and Dietary Variety of French Adults
Authors: Drewnowski Adam , Henderson Susan Ahlstrom , Shore Amy Beth , Fischler Claude , Preziosi Paul , Hercberg Serge 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDREWNOWSKI, ADAM, SUSAN AHLSTROM HENDERSON, AMY BETH SHORE, CLAUDE FISCHLER, PAUL PREZIOSI, SERGE HERCBERG. The fatsucrose seesaw in relation to age and dietary variety of French adults.Guidelines for a healthy diet often recommend limiting dietary sugars and fats. Some researchers have called these aims mutually incompatible, suggesting that fat and sugar intakes, when expressed as percent dietary energy, are inversely linked. Others have argued that sugar, more specifically sucrose, acts as a vehicle for dietary fat and serves to suppress the overall quality of the diet. This study examined the relationship between age, sucrose and fat intakes, body mass index (BMI), and measures of dietary diversity and variety in a communitybased sample of 837 French adults. Consistent with other studies, high consumption of added sucrose (in g/day or g/1000 kcal per day) was associated with higher consumption of energy and fat and lower consumption of vegetables and fruit. However, eating patterns were strongly influenced by age. High‐sucrose consumers were significantly younger and had lower BMI values than did low‐sucrose consumers, who were both older and had higher BMIs. High‐sucrose diets had minimal effect on the diet diversity score and were associated with more varied diets, as evidenced by a higher dietary variety score.
Varying Body Mass Index Cutoff Points to Describe Overweight Prevalence Among U. S. Adults: NHANES III (1988 to 1994)
Authors: Kuczmarski Robert J. , Carroll Margaret D. , Flegal Katherine M. , Troiano Richard P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractKUCZMARSKI, ROBERT J, MARGARET D CARROLL, KATHERINE M FLEGAL, RICHARD P TROIANO. Varying body mass index cutoff points to determine overweight prevalence among U. S. adults: NHANES III (1988 to 1994).Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) distributions are commonly reported in the scientific literature to describe weight for stature. These data are collected for various groups of subjects in local health and body composition studies, and comparisons with national distributions are often desirable. Tabular data for population prevalence estimates from thethird National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1994) at selected gender‐ and age‐specific BMI levels ranging from <18. 0 to >45. 0 are presented and compared with various examples of BMI criteria reported in the scientific literature. NHANE HI was a statistically representative national probability sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States in which height and weight were measured as part of a more comprehensive health examination. The implications of varying population prevalence estimates based on varying BMI cutoff points are briefly discussed for selected examples including World Health Organization overweight/obesity criteria and the U. S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The median BMI for U. S. adults aged 20 years and older is 25. 5 kg/m2. Median stature and weight for men are 175. 5 cm and 80. 0 kg and for women are 161. 6 cm and 65. 6 kg, respectively. The percentage of the population with BMI <19. 0 is 1. 6% for men, 5. 7% for women; BMI 19. 0 to <25. 0 is 39. 0% for men, 43. 6% for women; BMI 25. 0 is 59. 4% for men, 50. 7% for women. An estimated 97. 1 million adults have a BMI 25. 0. Additional prevalence estimates based on other BMI cutoff points and ages are presented.