bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Epidemiology’ of sheathing (ecto-) mycorrhizas in unsterile soils: a case study of Betula pendula
Authors: Last F. T. , Mason P. A. , Wilson J. , Ingleby K. , Munro R. C. , Fleming L. V. , Deacon J. W. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisSequential observations were made of the effects on root development of inoculating Betula pendula seedlings during propagation with sheathing mycorrhizal fungi, Amanita muscaria, Hebeloma sacchariolens or Paxillus involutus. After propagation, the seedlings were grown for two seasons in four different soils (two mineral soils and two peats) which were not sterilised.While all inoculated seedlings had similar numbers of mycorrhizas at planting, numbers subsequently increased most rapidly with P. involutus and least rapidly with A. muscaria. From the end of the first season onwards, the uninoculated controls had as many mycorrhizas as seedlings inoculated with either A. muscaria or H. sacchariolens. These numbers were, however, usually exceeded on plants inoculated with P. involutus.The mycorrhizas developing on the controls, and on seedlings inoculated with A. muscaria, were attributable after planting into the unsterile soils, to naturally occurring soil-borne inocula of species of Cenococcum, Hebeloma, Inocybe, Laccaria, Paxillus and Thelephora etc. Those developing on seedlings inoculated with P. involutus were all attributable to this inoculant fungus in the first year but, in the second year, the proportions decreased to 19—14%. With H. sacchariolens, at least 90% of the mycorrhizas in the two mineral soils and one of the peats (a sedge peat) were attributable in years 1 and 2 to the inoculant fungus. In the other peat (Sphagnum peat), the proportion of mycorrhizas attributable to H. sacchariolens decreased to 25% by the end of the first year and totally disappeared in the second.The continued ability of H. sacchariolensto form mycorrhizas in a range of unsterile soils, to the virtual exclusion of mycorrhizas attributable to other fungi, is thought to be characteristic of fungi that occur early in mycorrhizal successions. In contrast,A. muscaria(a late-stage fungus), was unable to form mycorrhizas after inoculated seedlings were transferred from controlled axenic conditions to unsterilised field soils.Two arbiters of root growth were measured—numbers of roots and their dry weights. Whereas inoculations with H. sacchariolens significantly decreased numbers in the latter part of the first season, they either had no effects on dry weights as in the mineral soils or significantly increased them as in the peats. In the second season, there was further evidence, sometimes contradictory, showing that inoculations can appreciably alter the structure of developing root systems.
The fauna of sandy beaches in Orkney: a review
Authors: Atkins S. M. , Jones A. M. , Simpson J. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe physical and biological characteristics of a variety of sandy shores in Orkney are described using transect data from 7 sites within Scapa Flow and 7 sites from the Mainland and North Isles. Shore profiles are described and discussed, shores ranging in length from 80 m to 1200 m. Median grain size of the sediments was generally between 180 and 300 μm (fine to medium grade sands) and the sediments were very clean. The fauna was dominated numerically by polychaetes and amphipods on all shores, Pygospio elegans, Capitella capitata and Bathyporeia spp. being the dominant forms; molluscs were notably insignificant on most shores. Tables giving the maximum densities of every species recorded together with the maximum densities of dominant species at each station on all shores are presentThe results are compared with a range of North European shores which comprise basically similar communities but with much higher population densities in Orkney. A site of unique interest at the Bay of Quoys, Hoy, is described and discussed.
Fisheries in the Orkney area
Authors: Mason James , Newton A. W. , McKay D. W. , Kinnear J. A. M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisFishing has long played an important part in the economy of Orkney. Local vessels are all small, and fish predominantly inshore for shellfish. Demersal and pelagic fish are abundant in the offshore waters around Orkney, but these exposed waters can be fished only by large vessels from more distant ports, so that few fish are landed in the islands.Gadoids, especially haddock, cod and whiting, form the bulk of the demersal fish caught at Orkney. Stocks of all three are giving cause for concern, with declining spawning stock biomass and reduced recruitment. With the coming of processing, more local landing of demersal fish might occur. The closure of the herring fishery in 1977 was followed by a great expansion of mackerel fishing, but with the lifting of the ban west of 4CW in 1981, herring catches have once again become valuable. Because of fishing pressure, landings of both species are subject to quota restrictions.In recent years, the traditional fisheries for lobsters and crabs have been supplemented by a new fishery for scallops. Lobster stocks are now under some pressure. Conditions around Orkney appear suited to farming filter-feeding bivalve molluscs, and culture and marketing of Pacific oysters has started.
Orkney's seabirds and coastal otters
Authors: Reynolds Peter 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe size and distribution of Orkney's breeding seabird populations are relatively well known, with cliff-nesting species having been monitored annually since 1976. Conditions for these monitored species appear to be less favourable now than they were at the beginning of the study.Nationally significant populations of seaducks and waders winter in Orkney. With exceptions, the population size, distribution and ecology of these birds is only poorly understood.Otters appear to be widespread; however, spraint surveys suggest that these animals may not be as numerous in Orkney as they are in Shetland, the Western Isles and Highland Region.
Food and drink in Scotland: the economic base
Authors: Houston G. F. B. , Smith L. D. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisWhile food and drink expenditure per head in Scotland is much the same as in the rest of the U.K., primary food production is at a relatively higher level, food processing is slightly less important and alcoholic drink production very much higher. Food production in Scotland is almost 80% of food consumption but probably less than 40% of what we cat has remained within the country all the way from farm or sea to the Scottish consumer. Over half of Scottish consumers' food expenditure goes to processing and distribution and around a quarter to the farming and fishing industry; the balance is spent on imports. Farm output has roughly doubled over the past 30 years while farm prices (relative to other prices) have roughly halved. In recent years food manufacturing has regained the production levels of 1979 while other manufacturing has declined by over 10%. The alcoholic drink industry has suffered much more from the recession. The relatively stable domestic demand for food conceals changes in the pattern of that demand and the development of all sections of the Scottish food and drink economy depends on their adapting to these changes as well as exploiting opportunities to replace imports or develop export markets.
Scotland's land and soils
Authors: West T. S. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe range of foodstuffs that can be produced by Scottish agriculture depends chiefly on the nature of the soils and the prevailing climate. The landform of Scotland and some of its physical features are discussed in terms of its geology, and the nature of its present-day soils in relation to parent materials is summarized. The agriculturally useful soils have been mapped, inventoried and characterized by the Soil Survey of Scotland and other departments of the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research. The limitations imposed by the soils, their geographical latitude, altitude, aspect, slope, the prevailing weather in their locality, etc., are taken into account in the Land Capability for Agriculture (LCA) assessment. Examples are given of several physical and chemical characteristics which are dominant in Scottish soils and which are of particular significance to the production of foodstuffs.
The sea and fresh waters
Authors: Mclntyre A. D. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe pattern of the current Scottish sea fishery is described in terms of landings, value and species. The contribution from fresh water and from aquaculture is also outlined and the possibilities of distant water fisheries noted. The stability of the resource base is examined, and the effects of pollution assessed. For the future of fisheries, the importance of adequate management arrangements coupled with an understanding of how fishing pressure and fluctuations affect the stocks is emphasised.
Horticultural food crops
Authors: Taylor C. E. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisIn Scotland horticultural food crops occupy about 1·4% of the tillage land, and contribute about 4% of the total Scottish agricultural output. Climate, soil type and factors such as distance to markets and availability of labour have influenced the location of horticultural crops. This has changed with time, particularly because of the influence of the processing industry. Soft fruit production (3,630 hectares), with raspberries being the dominant crop, is concentrated in the Tayside region; more than 90% of the raspberry crop is processed by pulping (for jam, etc.), freezing or canning. Vegetable production (6,130 hectares) is somewhat more dispersed from the Border region to the Moray Firth; more than half the total area is occupied by peas for canning and freezing. Glasshouse production of tomatoes is now only 25 hectares located mainly in the Clyde Valley.The future for Scottish horticultural food production will continue to be influenced by the requirements of the processing industry, but there is also an increasing outlet for fresh fruit and vegetables in supermarkets. Expansion of the production of horticultural food crops in Scotland depends on the ability of the industry to meet market demands in terms of quality and continuity of supply. Increasing reference to the need for an improved British diet may stimulate the consumption of fruit and vegetables on the home market and there continue to be opportunities for increasing the export of processed and fresh produce. Scotland has the land resources, crop production expertise and processing and marketing facilities to respond to these opportunities.
The Scottish Research Institutes
Authors: Hamilton L. P. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe organisations concerned with agricultural and fisheries research and development in Scotland are outlined and the institutional and funding arrangements are explained. The role of DAFS is presented in an AFRS context and the operation of the customer/contractor principle discussed. The overall objective is to improve the efficiency of plant and animal production in northern Britain, taking account of social, environmental and welfare considerations. Flexibility to respond to changing requirements is an important factor. The remits of the institutes and colleges are set out and are appropriate to the major agricultural sectors. The integrative and collaborative strengths of the commissioned work are illustrated with selected examples of relevance to produce yield, food quality, shelf-life and human diet. Advice on research and development priorities and the allocation of budgets is provided by the new Priorities Board and there is close liaison between DAFS, MAFF and AFRC to ensure co-ordination of effort.Reference is also made to the main elements of the fisheries research programme. Revised review procedures to monitor research progress and respond to changing industry needs are described. The paper concludes by examining the problems arising from reduced funding.
The Scottish universities
Authors: Morrison William R. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisOnly two Scottish universities are directly involved in education in the food area. At Strathclyde students can read for a BSc with honours in Food Science, and for an MSc in Food Science and Microbiology. At Heriot-Watt students can read for a BSc in Brewing, a BSc with honours in Brewing and Microbiology or Biochemistry, and for an MSc in Brewing. Food education in the universities is almost entirely dependent on UGC funding, and sponsorship is rare except for students from overseas. The food industry in Britain has a poor record for supporting university education. In recent years the centralisation of the activities of large manufacturing companies in the South has reduced career prospects for graduates in Scotland. Although few in number, the staff at Strathclyde and Heriot-Watt have earned a high reputation for their research, ranging from basic to applied studies. A significant proportion of doctoral students are from overseas countries, as are most MSc students. Funding for research has always been difficult, except for support from the brewing and distilling industries. However, moves to reorganise and rationalise publicly funded support for R & D in the food and drinks industry are beginning to have an effect, and in some respects the prospects for university food research have never been brighter. There are, however, several unsatisfactory aspects in this situation. Current government policy is to cut-back university funding to the detriment, inter alia, of staffing for food science, thereby restricting the number of research supervisors in a declared area of national priority! This is also harmful in that staff can no longer handle small enquiries and problems from industry, so impairing relations which are already tenuous. Finally, inability to recruit replacement and new staff is preventing the universities from leading the way into new applications of molecular biology and biotechnology in foodstuffs.
The brewing industry
Authors: Slaughter J. C. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisAt the moment Scotland has of the order of 15 commercial breweries and these represent a range of production capacities from under 100 barrels per year for the smallest one-man operations to over 2–5 million barrels per year for the largest modern plant. All the main beer types, ale, lager and stout, are produced and lager is a more important component than for the United Kingdom generally. There is 1 Scottish-based United Kingdom national brewer and production is also carried out in Scotland by 3 other of the United Kingdom nationals. These 4 account for most of the beer produced with the rest contributed mainly by 2 Scottish regional brewers and 1 brewery owned by an English regional brewer.The essentials for beer production, water, malt, hops, yeast, finings and energy, can all be had from Scottish sources with the exception of hops and finings. The last decade has seen a massive increase in the area of barley grown in Scotland and along with this has gone a large increase in malting capacity, so that the supply situation for malt has been transformed. However, brewers may still buy malt from other sources to obtain specific properties or to ensure a more stable blend. In addition, brewers commonly employ a certain amount of unmalted cereal adjuncts, e.g. barley, maize, wheat, and sugar to increase economically the strength of their worts. In cases where beer is meant to keep longer or travel further than the traditional ales, brewers use a variety of filter materials such as cellulose and kieselguhr, stabilizing aids such as PVPP and alginates, and in many modern plants industrial enzymes are used as remedial aids and as established items in the production schedules. None of these quantitatively minor materials seem to be produced by Scottish companies.
Studies of a benthic time series: reproductive biology of benthic invertebrates in the Rockall Trough
Authors: Tyler P. A. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe reproductive biology of a wide variety of deep-sea echinoderms from the northeast Atlantic has been examined. Time series samples of asteroids, ophiuroids, echinoids and holothurians are available from Station “M” and the Scottish Marine Biological Association's Permanent Station in the Rockall Trough and from opportunistic sampling in other areas of the northern Rockall Trough. Examination of these time series samples has established three main reproductive patterns in these taxa and one example of protandric hermaphroditism. The dominant reproductive pattern is the aperiodic production of relatively few large eggs usually in excess of 600μm diameter. Although the oogenic pattern is similar in most of these species, the follicle cell distribution and breakdown of relict oocytes vary considerably, particularly at family level. A second reproductive pattern is the production of numerous small eggs c. 100μm diameter, indicative of planktotrophic development. The five species exhibiting this pattern show intra- and interspecific synchrony of egg production with a proliferation of young oocytes in February to April of each year, vitellogenesis during summer and autumn and a synchronous spawnout in January–April of each year. In the apparent constant conditions of the deep sea, this synchrony of reproduction is related to the rapid descent of surface primary production. Two rarer reproductive patterns observed are the production of intermediate sized eggs (c. 300–400μm diameter) suggesting the formation of a lecithotrophic larva, and lastly a single case of protandric hermaphroditism, and the subsequent production of a large egg. In none of the species examined have we found any evidence of brooding. The variation in the reproductive pattern of individual species is discussed in relation to the constancy of the physico-chemical environment of the deep-sea.
The dynamics of organic production in the Rockall Channel area
Authors: Zeitzschel B. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisFor the onset of the phytoplankton spring bloom in temperate waters, the irradiance, the concentration of accumulated nutrients and the stability of the water column are of great importance. The “new” production in spring is produced mainly by chain forming diatoms.The dissipation of the spring bloom is due to nutrient depletion in the stabilised surface layer, loss of cells by sinking and grazing by herbivorous zooplankton. After the nutrient concentration is lowered, the rate of production will depend primarily on the rate of replenishment of nutrients. In open ocean environments we find “regenerated production” which is due to exudated and excreted nutrient salts e.g. ammonium. The dominating group of phytoplankters are small flagellates. It is argued that a substantial part of the phytoplankton standing stock in spring is lost from the euphotic zone due to direct sinking of cells or accelerated sinking of cell-aggregates. It is postulated that faecal pellets of micro- and mesozooplankton are retained and recycled in the mixed layer, whereas macrozooplankton faecal strings transport a considerable amount of organic matter to the benthal.
Shetland and the building of the Sullom Voe crude oil terminal
Authors: Fenwick M. 
Published: March 2014

The Sullom Voe crude oil terminal has already been almost seven years in the making. I would like to take you all back through those seven years to the halcyon days before Shetland found herself face to face with the unveiling of a geological event which occurred millions of years ago.Imagine yourself a Shetlander. You are a member of a community of about 17,000 independent, resourceful folk, who had only just stabilised their traditional fishing/agricultural/knitting economy and their population after a century of decline. During that century, or as much of it as you have lived through, you have seen friends and relatives leaving on the 'Clair' with monotonous regularity bound for any place between Aberdeen and Australia. You may have lost some of those friends and relatives on whalers in the wastes of the South Atlantic. You have seen crofts left to go derelict and to waste, and most of your able bodied menfolk having to leave the islands in order to find gainful employment. Latterly, you have just been successful in combating the proposals of the Wheatley Commission to absorb the islands into a Highland Region.
Anti-oil pollution strategy in Sullom Voe—environmental considerations
Authors: Syratt W. J. , Richardson M. G. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThis paper describes briefly the history behind oil pollution contingency planning for Sullom Voe. It describes in detail the environmental factors which have been considered when drawing up the Sullom Voe Harbour Oil Spill Plan. These factors are:1. The nature of the sea zones within the Oil Spill Control Area.2. The nature of the coastline within the Oil Spill Control Area.In both cases accessibility of the various zones, and how this will affect contingency planning, is discussed.3. Wildlife and conservation interests including: (a) ornithological interests; (b) mammals; (c) inshore fisheries; (d) salt marshes and soft mud shores; (e) houbs and other sensitive shallow water areas; (f) Sites of Special Scientific Interest SSSI's and Nature Reserves; (g) secondary beach structures; (h) sand amenity beaches and (i) other amenity areas, e.g. harbours.Finally the strategy, based on the factors summarized above, and its effectiveness in the light of an oil spill, is discussed.
Monitoring seabirds in Shetland
Authors: Richardson M. G. , Dunnet G. M. , Kinnear P. K. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe programme for ornithological monitoring in Shetland has concentrated on selected species of cliffnesting seabirds and inshore waterfowl. Sample study sites throughout Shetland have been selected and standard counting methods derived. These have taken account of factors such as logistics and accessibility, the effects of weather and observer error and of the seasonal and diurnal variations in the numbers of birds.Changes in seabird and waterfowl numbers between 1975–79 have been observed. These, with the exception of the bird mortality following the Esso Bernicia oil spill, have been attributed to natural variation. From the scale and local differences between these as yet short-term observations, estimates are presented of the minimum percentage change required in either numbers of birds or their nests before such natural variation is exceeded.The problems of interpreting changes in numbers are discussed.The number of dead birds picked up in Sullom Voe after the Esso Bernicia spill corresponded closely to that estimated from the monitoring counts before and after the incident.
The macrobenthos of Sullom Voe
Authors: Addy J. M. 
Published: March 2014

SynopsisThe macrobenthos of Sullom Voe was investigated by grab sampling in 1976, 1977 and 1978. These surveys have provided data for future comparisons and have enabled a description to be made of the natural soft bottom macrobenthos of Sullom Voe in terms of species composition and abundance.The most common species encountered were Thyasira flexuosa, Glycera ?alba, Nephtys hombergi, Myriochele oculata and Rhodine gracilior, which are widely distributed throughout Sullom Voe. Other species such as Owenia fusiformis and Prionospio malmgreni were restricted to the outer regions whilst Scalibregma inflatum and Venus ovata were largely confined to the inner stations. The most intensive sampling was carried out around the proposed ballast water discharge site and in this area it was possible to define four faunal areas corresponding to the sediment characteristics. This subjective analysis based on species distribution maps was borne out by multivariate ordination and classification of the data.The macrobenthic diversity of Sullom Voe is compared with other coastal areas such as Milford Haven and some Scottish sea lochs. Sullom Voe supports a relatively diverse community which in terms of species richness compares with the benthos of other sheltered, undisturbed areas elsewhere in Scotland.