bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast image enhancement based on color space fusion
Authors: Xiao Jinsheng , Peng Hong , Zhang Yongqin , Tu Chaoping , Li Qingquan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe current Retinex algorithm processes the RGB channels separately for color image enhancement. However, it changes the ratios of RGB components and also causes some serious problems, such as color distortion, color noise, and the halo artifacts. To solve these issues, we propose a novel algorithm based on color space fusion. The single scale Retinex with fast mean filtering is applied to the luminance component in hue‐saturation‐value (HSV) color space. An enhancement adjustment factor is introduced to avoid color distortion and noise amplification. Then, the surrounding function is replaced by a small scale Gaussian filter in RGB color space to eliminate the halo artifact. A parameter is involved to keep the color natural when the reflection is estimated. Finally, the enhanced color image is constructed from the weighted averaging results of these two steps. The subjective and objective evaluations of many different backlight images captured by different cameras are implemented to verify the validity of the proposed algorithm in our experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can not only significantly suppress the halo effect and noise amplification, but can also remove color distortion. Our proposed algorithm is superior to the multi‐scale Retinex with color restoration approach and other state‐of‐the‐art methods. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 22–31, 2016
Investigating the Formation Mechanism of Arene Ruthenium Metallacycles by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Garci Amine , Gupta Gajendra , Dalvit Claudio , Therrien Bruno 
Published: November 2014

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is Bruno Therrien from the University of Neuchatel, Switzerland. The cover image uses the analogy of growing a plant in a pot to show the simple mixing of different building blocks in an appropriate solvent, followed by a germination period, before harvesting the resulting metalla‐assembly. Studying this “germination period” by NMR spectroscopy has thrown light on the formation mechanism, providing insight for the design of new arene ruthenium metalla‐assemblies.
Impacts of Shale Gas Advancements on Natural Gas Utilization in the United States
Authors: Liss William E. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOver the past six years, U.S. shale gas innovations have resulted in a transformation of the U.S. energy marketplace. The impact is initially taking hold in North America but will likely be experienced throughout the world over the next two decades. Shale gas effects were most immediately impactful in terms of natural gas supply and prices, with consumers benefitting from over $ 100 billion per year in energy cost savings. New gas supplies and lower prices have spurred a wave of demand responses in the industrial, power generation, transportation, and energy export sectors. The full implications of actions underway in each of these market sectors are still unfolding. The coming decade will afford greater insights on shale gas resource base estimates and marginal production costs and ultimately lead to better knowledge of where the longer‐term U.S. natural gas supply/price/demand equilibrium point may reside. Investors across these sectors are forging ahead with major plant and market development investments in anticipation that future natural gas prices remain attractive. These sectors are projected to add as much as 147 billion cubic meters of additional demand by 2025, led by liquefied natural gas exports and power generation.
Patterns of soil water repellency change with wetting and drying: the influence of cracks, roots and drainage conditions
Authors: Urbanek Emilia , Walsh Rory P. D. , Shakesby Richard A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLaboratory experiments were used to investigate the influence of simulated cracks and roots on soil water repellency (SWR) dynamics with and without basal drainage impedance in wetting–drying cycles. Observations and measurements were taken following water application equivalent to 9.2‐mm rainfall and then periodically during 80 h of drying. In total, 180 experiments were carried out using 60 samples of three homogeneous, reconstituted soils with different organic matter contents and textures, but of similar initial severity of SWR [18% molarity of an ethanol droplet (MED)]. Water flowing down the cracks and roots left the soil matrix largely dry and water repellent except for vertical zones adjacent to them and a shallow surface layer. A hydrophilic shallow basal layer was produced in experiments where basal drainage was impeded. During drying, changes in SWR were largely confined to the zones that had been wetted. Soil that had remained dry retained the initial severity of SWR, while wetted soil re‐established either the same or slightly lower severity of SWR. In organic‐rich soil, the scale of recovery to pre‐wetting MED levels was much higher, perhaps associated with temporarily raised levels (up to 36% MED) of SWR recorded during drying of these soils. With all three soils, the re‐establishment of the original SWR level was less widespread for surface than subsurface soil and with impeded than unimpeded basal drainage.Key findings are that as follows: (1) with unimpeded basal drainage, the soils remained at pre‐wetting repellency levels except for a wettable thin surface layer and zones close to roots and cracks, (2) basal drainage impedance produced hydrophilic basal and surface layers, (3) thorough wetting delayed a return to water‐repellent conditions on drying, and (4) temporarily enhanced SWR occurred in organic‐rich soils at intermediate moisture levels during drying. Hydrological implications are discussed, and the roles of cracks and roots are placed into context with other influences on preferential flow and SWR under field conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating tectonic uplift of the Cape Fear Arch (south‐eastern United States) using reconstructions of Holocene relative sea level
Authors: VAN DE PLASSCHE ORSON , WRIGHT ALEX J. , HORTON BENJAMIN P. , ENGELHART SIMON E. , KEMP ANDREW C. , MALLINSON DAVID , KOPP ROBERT E. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTWe use relative sea‐level (RSL) reconstructions and a spatiotemporal statistical model to estimate the rate of uplift of the Cape Fear Arch, a Mesozoic structural high, during the last ∼4000 years. We reconstructed RSL using 12 radiocarbon‐dated samples of basal salt‐marsh sediment preserved at Elizabeth Creek Marsh on the Cape Fear River. The new data show that RSL rose by ∼3 m during the past ∼4.6 ka at an average rate of 0.67 ± 0.12 mm a−1. RSL reconstructions from other sites in southern North Carolina (which have rates of 0.91 ± 0.10 to 0.84 ± 0.24 mm a−1) probably show (P > 0.9) higher rates of regional RSL rise for the same period, while sites from northern South Carolina (which have rates of 0.72 ± 0.17 to 0.80 ± 0.21 mm a−1) probably (P > 0.67) show the same. We attribute the differences between Elizabeth Creek Marsh and neighboring regions to uplift of the Cape Fear Arch, which we estimate to be 0.24 ± 0.15 mm a−1. Uplift of the arch may be responsible for lower rates of 20th century RSL rise recorded by the Wilmington tide gauge relative to rates measured elsewhere along the US mid‐Atlantic coast.
Presence of cave bears in western Austria before the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum: new radiocarbon dates and palaeoclimatic considerations
Authors: SPÖTL CHRISTOPH , REIMER PAULA J. , RABEDER GERNOT , SCHOLZ DENIS 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTTischoferhöhle and Pendling‐Bärenhöhle near Kufstein, Tyrol, are among the only locations where remains of cave bear, Ursus spelaeus‐group, were found in the western part of Austria. One sample from each site was radiocarbon‐dated four decades ago to ca. 28 14C ka BP. Here we report that attempts to date additional samples from Pendling‐Bärenhöhle have failed due to the lack of collagen, casting doubts on the validity of the original measurement. We also unsuccessfully tried to date flowstone clasts embedded in the bone‐bearing sediment to provide maximum constraints on the age of this sediment. Ten cave bear bones from Tischoferhöhle showing good collagen preservation were radiocarbon‐dated to 31.1–39.9 14C ka BP, again pointing towards an age underestimation by the original radiocarbon‐dated sample from this site. These new dates from Tischoferhöhle are therefore currently the only reliable cave bear dates in western Austria and constrain the interval of cave occupation to 44.3–33.5 cal ka BP. We re‐calibrate and re‐evaluate dates of alpine cave bear samples in the context of available palaeoclimate information from the greater alpine region covering the transition into the Last Glacial Maximum, eventually leading to the demise of this megafauna.
Dose‐dependent effects of isoflavone exposure during early lifetime on the rat mammary gland: Studies on estrogen sensitivity, isoflavone metabolism, and DNA methylation
Authors: Blei Tina , Soukup Sebastian T. , Schmalbach Katja , Pudenz Maria , Möller Frank Josef , Egert Björn , Wörtz Nadine , Kurrat Anne , Müller Dennis , Vollmer Günter , Gerhäuser Clarissa , Lehmann Leane , Kulling Sabine E. , Diel Patrick 
Published: November 2014

ScopeIsoflavone (ISO) exposure during adolescence modulates 17β‐estradiol (E2) sensitivity of the adult mammary gland. The present study investigated the dose dependency of these effects focusing on proliferation, estrogen receptor dependent and independent gene expression, as well as DNA methylation and ISO metabolism.Methods and resultsFemale Wistar rats were lifelong exposed to an ISO‐depleted diet or to diets enriched with a soy ISO extract (ISO‐rich diet (IRD)) causing plasma concentrations as observed minimally (IRDlow) and maximally (IRDhigh) in Asian women. The extract was characterized by both phytochemical analysis and E‐Screen. Rats were ovariectomized at postnatal day (PND) 80 and treated with E2 from PND94 to 97. In contrast to uterine response, body weight and visceral fat mass were affected by ISO. In the mammary gland, both E2‐induced proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining) and estrogen receptor activation (progesterone receptor staining) were significantly reduced by IRDhigh but not by IRDlow, which however attenuated Gdf15 mRNA expression. DNA methylation analysis revealed significant differences in the promoter regions of Aldhl1, Extl1, and WAP between IRDhigh and ISO‐depleted diet.ConclusionLifelong exposure to ISO results in dose‐dependent differential effects on proliferation, gene expression, and DNA methylation in rat mammary glands. Yet, a decrease in estrogen responsiveness was only achieved by IRDhigh.
The role of GSH in microcystin‐induced apoptosis in rat liver: Involvement of oxidative stress and NF‐κB
Authors: Chen Liang , Li Shangchun , Guo Xiaochun , Xie Ping , Chen Jun 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTMicrocystins (MCs) are potent and specific hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria in eutrophic waters, representing a health hazard to animals and humans. The objectives of this study are to determine the relationship between oxidative stress and NF‐κB activity in MC‐induced apoptosis in rat liver and the role of glutathione (GSH). Sprague‐Dawley rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR) at 0.25 and 0.5 LD50 with or without pretreatment of buthionine‐(S,R)‐sulfoximine (BSO), a specific GSH synthesis inhibitor. MC‐LR induced time‐dependent alterations of GSH levels in rat liver. Increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and significant changes of antioxidant enzymes including GSH peroxidase (GPX) and GSH reductase (GR) were also observed, particularly at 24 h post‐exposure. The results indicated that acute exposure to MC‐LR induced oxidative stress, and GSH depletion (BSO pretreatment) enhanced the level of oxidative stress. Furthermore, the modulation of pro‐apoptotic gene p53 and Bax and anti‐apoptotic gene Bcl‐2 was observed in 0.5 LD50 group at 24 h, and the alteration was more pronounced by BSO injection before MC‐LR treatment, suggesting that GSH played a protective role against MC‐induced toxicity. Additionally, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that NF‐κB was induced at 0.25 LD50 but inhibited at 0.5 LD50. The above results indicated that the possible crosstalk of oxidative stress and NF‐κB activity was associated with MC‐LR‐induced hepatocytes apoptosis in vivo. Our data will provide a new perspective for understanding the mechanisms of MC‐induced liver injury. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 552–560, 2016.
Lexical categories and conceptualization of olfaction in Amis
Authors: LEE AMY PEI-JUNG 
Published: November 2014

abstractAs one of the Austronesian languages spoken in Taiwan, Amis exhibits abundant lexical items for describing odors. This paper investigates the lexical representations of olfaction across the Amis dialects, showing that Amis possesses more than a dozen abstract odor terms, and uses the proclitic hala=/hali=/ha= plus reduplication of a noun as the source-oriented construction for manifesting olfactory perception. This study also incorporates controlled elicitation by using the booklet of ‘The Smell Identification Test™’ to elicit spontaneous descriptions for the perceived odors. The methodology provides further information to shed light on the categories of verbal responses for odors and the degree of perceptual consistency based on culturally dependent experiences.
QVAE SAGA, QVIS MAGVS: ON THE VOCABULARY OF THE ROMAN WITCH
Authors: Paule Maxwell Teitel 
Published: November 2014

The Latin language is uncharacteristically rich when it comes to describing witches. A witch may be called acantatrixorpraecantrix, asacerdosorvates. She may bedocta,divina,saga, andmaga, avenefica,malefica,lamia,lupula,strix, orstriga. She may be simplyquaedam anus. The available terms are copious and diverse, and the presence of such an abundant differential vocabulary might suggest (incorrectly, I shall argue) that Latin made clear linguistic distinctions between various witch types. It would seem a reasonable expectation thatpraecantrices, a word evocative of those who sing of events before they happen (prae + cantare), would be concerned with divinatory practices, whileveneficae, given the term's close relationship to the word for poison (venenum), would deal in potions or philtres, leaving thelamiae(a Latinization of the Greek demon Lamia) orstriges(personifications of the rapacious screech owl) to function as quasi-demonic bogeys posing threats to the lives of small children. However, this expectation of semantic and morphological concordance remains unfulfilled following any concerted attempt to correlate a witch's title with her function. Because of this disjuncture, this paper proposes to demonstrate not only the inaccuracy of the Latin vocabulary in articulating the functional differences between various witches, but also to assert the essential uniformity of witch characters in so far as each witch is, in essence, a blank canvas onto which a myriad of fears and anxieties may be mapped.
Foreshocks: Local Origins of Nanjing's Qingming Demonstrations of 1976
Authors: Guoqiang Dong , Walder Andrew G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Nanjing Incident of late March 1976 was a precursor of, and according to some analysts a trigger for, the more famous Tiananmen Square demonstrations of 4–5 April. The two protests have widely been interpreted as spontaneous outpourings of dissent from Cultural Revolution radicalism, expressed through mourning for the recently deceased premier, Zhou Enlai. A closer look at the background to these demonstrations in Nanjing reveals that the protests there occurred in the midst of, and in response to, a vigorous public offensive by former leaders of rebel factions to overthrow civilian cadres for reversing Cultural Revolution policies. The outpouring of respect for Zhou – and criticism of Politburo radicals – mobilized enormous numbers of ordinary citizens onto the city streets, far larger numbers than the rebel leaders were able to muster. This demonstrated the disappearance of the popular support rebel leaders had briefly enjoyed a decade before. While the Nanjing protests were unanticipated by either the rebel leaders or the Party officials they sought to overthrow, they were only the latest in a series of local political confrontations.
Seasonal variation of acute toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy in the United States
Authors: CONTOPOULOS-IOANNIDIS D. , TALUCOD J. , MALDONADO Y. , MONTOYA J. G. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYWe describe the seasonal variation of acute toxoplasmosis in the United States. Acute toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy (ATL) can be a surrogate of acute toxoplasmosis in patients in whom the date of onset of lymphadenopathy matches the window of acute infection predicted by serological tests performed at a reference laboratory. We used the electronic database of the Palo Alto Medical Foundation Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory (PAMF-TSL) (1997–2011) to identify cases of ATL. We tested the uniformity of distribution of ATL cases per month, across the 12 calendar months, using circular statistics uniformity tests. We identified 112 consecutive cases of ATL. The distribution of cases was not uniform across the 12 calendar months. We observed the highest peak of cases in December and a second highest peak in September. Similar months were identified in patients with acute toxoplasmosis in rural areas in France. The results were similar when we performed weighted analyses, weighting for the total number of Toxoplasma gondii IgG tests performed per month in the PAMF-TSL laboratory. This is the largest study to date of the seasonal variation of ATL in the United States. Physicians should advise high-risk individuals to avoid risk factors associated with T. gondii infections especially around those months.
Containers, monads and induction recursion
Authors: GHANI NEIL , HANCOCK PETER 
Published: November 2014

Induction recursion offers the possibility of a clean, simple and yet powerful meta-language for the type system of a dependently typed programming language. At its crux, induction recursion allows us to define a universe, that is a setUofcodesand a decoding functionT : U → Dwhich assigns to every codeu : U, a valueT, uof some typeD, e.g.the large type Set of small types or sets. The name induction recursion refers to the build-up of codes inUusing inductive clauses, simultaneously with the definition of the functionT, by structural recursion on codes.Our contribution is to (i) bring out explicitly algebraic structure which is less visible in the original type-theoretic presentation – in particular showing how containers and monads play a pivotal role within induction recursion; and (ii) use these structures to present a clean and high level definition of induction recursion suitable for use in functional programming.
An Evaluation of Trauma Outcomes Related to Insurance Status in Patients Requiring Prehospital Helicopter Transport
Authors: Gurien Lori A. , Chesire David J. , Koonce Stephanie L. , Burns J. Bracken 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIntroductionDisparities in access to medical care and outcomes of medical treatment related to insurance status are documented. However, little attention has been given to the effect of health care funding status on outcomes in trauma patients.Hypothesis/ProblemThis study evaluated if adult trauma patients who arrived by air transport to a trauma center had different clinical outcomes based on their health insurance status.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed of all adult trauma patients arriving by prehospital flight services to a Level I Trauma Center over a 5-year period. Patients were classified as unfunded or funded based on health insurance status. Injury severity scores (ISS) were compared, while the end points evaluated in the study included duration of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), duration of hospitalization, and mortality.ResultsA total of 1,877 adult patients met inclusion criteria for the study, with 14% (n = 259) classified as unfunded and 86% (n = 1,618) classified as funded. Unfunded patients compared to funded patients had a significantly lower average ISS (12.82 vs 15.56; P < .001) but a significantly higher mortality rate (16.6% vs 10.7%; P < .01) and a 1.54 relative risk of death (95% CI, 1.136-2.098). Neither mean ICU stay (3.44 days vs 4.98 days; P = .264) nor duration of hospitalization (11.18 days vs 13.34 days; P = .382) was significantly different when controlling for ISS.ConclusionUnfunded health insurance status is associated with worse outcomes following less significant injury. Further investigation of baseline health disparities for identification and early intervention may improve outcomes. Additionally, these findings may have implications for the health systems of other countries that lack universal health care coverage.GurienLA, ChesireDJ, KoonceSL, BurnsJBJr. An evaluation of trauma outcomes related to insurance status in patients requiring prehospital helicopter transport. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):1-4.
Activation of volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying chloride channel by ROS contributes to ER stress and cardiac contractile dysfunction: involvement of CHOP through Wnt
Authors: Shen M , Wang L , Wang B , Wang T , Yang G , Shen L , Wang T , Guo X , Liu Y , Xia Y , Jia L , Wang X 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurring in stringent conditions is critically involved in cardiomyocytes apoptosis and cardiac contractile dysfunction (CCD). However, the molecular machinery that mediates cardiac ER stress and subsequent cell death remains to be fully deciphered, which will hopefully provide novel therapeutic targets for these disorders. Here, we establish tunicamycin-induced model of cardiomyocyte ER stress, which effectively mimicks pathological stimuli to trigger CCD. Tunicamycin activates volume-sensitive outward rectifying Cl− currents. Blockade of the volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying (VSOR) Cl− channel by 4,4'-diisothiocya-natostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), a non-selective Cl− channel blocker, and 4-(2-butyl-6,7-dichlor-2-cyclopentyl-indan-1-on-5-yl) oxybutyric acid (DCPIB), a selective VSOR Cl− channel blocker, improves cardiac contractility, which correlates with suppressed ER stress through inhibiting the canonical GRP78/eIF2α/ATF4 and XBP1 pathways, and promotes survival of cardiomyocytes by inverting tunicamycin-induced decrease of Wnt through the CHOP pathway. VSOR activation of tunicamycin-treated cardiomyocytes is attributed to increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our study demonstrates a pivotal role of ROS/VSOR in mediating ER stress and functional impairment of cardiomyocytes via the CHOP-Wnt pathway, and suggests the therapeutic values of VSOR Cl− channel blockers against ER stress-associated cardiac anomalies.
Transcriptome-wide Variability in Single Embryonic Development Cells
Authors: Piras Vincent , Tomita Masaru , Selvarajoo Kumar 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMolecular heterogeneity of individual molecules within single cells has been recently shown to be crucial for cell fate diversifications. However, on a global scale, the effect of molecular variability for embryonic developmental stages is largely underexplored. Here, to understand the origins of transcriptome-wide variability of oocytes to blastocysts in human and mouse, we examined RNA-Seq datasets. Evaluating Pearson correlation, Shannon entropy and noise patterns (η2vs.μ), our investigations reveal a phase transition from low to saturating levels of diversity and variability of transcriptome-wide expressions through the development stages. To probe the observed behaviour further, we utilised a stochastic transcriptional model to simulate the global gene expressions pattern for each development stage. From the model, we concur that transcriptome-wide regulation initially begins from 2-cell stage and becomes strikingly variable from 8-cell stage due to amplification and quantal transcriptional activity.