bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of food insecurity in patients with diabetes in western Kenya
Authors: Cheng S. , Kamano J. , Kirui N. K. , Manuthu E. , Buckwalter V. , Ouma K. , Pastakia S. D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimsTo determine the characteristics of patients with diabetes who reported food insecurity at three diabetes clinics in western Kenya.MethodsThis study includes routinely collected demographic data at the first presentation of patients with diabetes at clinics in western Kenya from 1 January 2006 to 24 September 2011. A validated questionnaire was used to assess food insecurity with descriptive and comparative statistics being used to analyse the food‐secure and food‐insecure populations.ResultsThe number of patients presenting to these clinics who were food‐secure and those who were food‐insecure was 1179 (68.0%) and 554 (32.0%), respectively. Comparative analysis shows a statistically significant difference in weight, BMI, the presence of a caretaker, and use of insulin between the two groups. These variables were lower in the food‐insecure group. The overall assessment of the clinic population revealed an abnormally high mean HbA1c concentration of 81 mmol/mol (9.6%).ConclusionsDespite the widely recognized contribution of caloric over‐nutrition to the development of diabetes, this study highlights the high prevalence of food insecurity amongst patients with diabetes in rural, resource‐constrained settings. Other factors, such as the lower prevalence of obesity, poor glucose control, challenges in the use of insulin because of the risk of hypoglycaemia, and varying subtypes of diabetes in this population, point to the need for additional research in understanding the aetiology, pathophysiology and optimum management of this condition, as well as understanding the effects of enhancing food security.
Evaluating a diabetes self‐management support peer leader training programme for the English‐ and Punjabi‐speaking South‐Asian community in Vancouver
Authors: Tang T. S. , Sohal P. S. , Garg A. K. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimsThe purpose of this single‐cohort study was to implement and evaluate a programme that trains peers to deliver a diabetes self‐management support programme for South‐Asian adults with Type 2 diabetes and to assess the perceived efficacy of and satisfaction with this programme.MethodsWe recruited eight South‐Asian adults who completed a 20‐h peer‐leader training programme conducted over five sessions (4 h per session). The programme used multiple instructional methods (quizzes, group brainstorming, skill building, group sharing, role‐play and facilitation simulation) and provided communication, facilitation, and behaviour change skills training. To graduate, participants were required to achieve the pre‐established competency criteria in four training domains: active listening, empowerment‐based facilitation, five‐step behavioural goal‐setting, and self‐efficacy. Participants were given three attempts to pass each competency domain.ResultsOn the first attempt six (75%), eight (100%), five (63%) and five (63%) participants passed active listening, empowerment‐based facilitation, five‐step behavioural goal‐setting, and self‐efficacy, respectively. Those participants who did not pass a competency domain on the first attempt were successful in passing on the second attempt. As a result, all eight participants graduated from the training programme and became peer leaders. Satisfaction ratings for programme length, balance between content and skills development, and preparation for leading support activities were uniformly high. Ratings for the instructional methods ranged between effective and very effective.ConclusionFindings suggest it is feasible to train and graduate peer leaders with the necessary skills to facilitate a diabetes self‐management support intervention.
Foraging in highly dynamic environments: leaf‐cutting ants adjust foraging trail networks to pioneer plant availability
Authors: Silva Paulo Sávio Damásio , Bieber Ana Gabriela Delgado , Knoch Tobias Aurelius , Tabarelli Marcelo , Leal Inara Roberta , Wirth Rainer 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMajor shifts in the availability of palatable plant resources are of key relevance to the ecology of leaf‐cutting ants in human‐modified landscapes. However, our knowledge is still limited regarding the ability of these ants to adjust their foraging strategy to dynamic environments. Here, we examine a set of forest stand attributes acting as modulating forces for the spatiotemporal architecture of foraging trail networks developed by Atta cephalotes L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini). During a 12‐month period, we mapped the foraging systems of 12 colonies located in Atlantic forest patches with differing size, regeneration age, and abundance of pioneer plants, and examined the variation in five trail system attributes (number of trails, branching points, leaf sources, linear foraging distance, and trail complexity) in response to these patch‐related variables. Both the month‐to‐month differences (depicted in annual trail maps) and the steadily accumulating number of trails, trail‐branching points, leaf sources, and linear foraging distance illustrated the dynamic nature of spatial foraging and trail complexity. Most measures of trail architecture correlated positively with the number of pioneer trees across the secondary forest patches, but no effects from patch age and size were observed (except for number of leaf sources). Trail system complexity (measured as fractal dimension; Df index) varied from 1.114 to 1.277 along the 12 months through which ant foraging was monitored, with a marginal trend to increase with the abundance of pioneer stems. Our results suggest that some leaf‐cutting ant species are able to generate highly flexible trail networks (via fine‐tuned adjustment of foraging patterns), allowing them to profit from the continuous emergence/recruitment of palatable resources.
Dopamine or opioid stimulation of nucleus accumbens similarly amplify cue‐triggered ‘wanting’ for reward: entire core and medial shell mapped as substrates for PIT enhancement
Authors: Peciña Susana , Berridge Kent C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPavlovian cues [conditioned stimulus (CS+)] often trigger intense motivation to pursue and consume related reward [unconditioned stimulus (UCS)]. But cues do not always trigger the same intensity of motivation. Encountering a reward cue can be more tempting on some occasions than on others. What makes the same cue trigger more intense motivation to pursue reward on a particular encounter? The answer may be the level of incentive salience (‘wanting’) that is dynamically generated by mesocorticolimbic brain systems, influenced especially by dopamine and opioid neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) at that moment. We tested the ability of dopamine stimulation (by amphetamine microinjection) vs. mu opioid stimulation [by d‐Ala, nMe‐Phe, Glyol‐enkephalin (DAMGO) microinjection] of either the core or shell of the NAc to amplify cue‐triggered levels of motivation to pursue sucrose reward, measured with a Pavlovian‐Instrumental Transfer (PIT) procedure, a relatively pure assay of incentive salience. Cue‐triggered ‘wanting’ in PIT was enhanced by amphetamine or DAMGO microinjections equally, and also equally at nearly all sites throughout the entire core and medial shell (except for a small far‐rostral strip of shell). NAc dopamine/opioid stimulations specifically enhanced CS+ ability to trigger phasic peaks of ‘wanting’ to obtain UCS, without altering baseline efforts when CS+ was absent. We conclude that dopamine/opioid stimulation throughout nearly the entire NAc can causally amplify the reactivity of mesocorticolimbic circuits, and so magnify incentive salience or phasic UCS ‘wanting’ peaks triggered by a CS+. Mesolimbic amplification of incentive salience may explain why a particular cue encounter can become irresistibly tempting, even when previous encounters were successfully resisted before.
The Social and Occupational Functioning Scale for Epilepsy (SOFSE): A brief measure of functional status in a Taiwanese sample with epilepsy
Authors: Wang Wei‐Han , Yu Hsiang‐Yu , Yen Der‐Jen , Lin Yung‐Yang , Kwan Shang‐Yeong , Chen Chien , Hua Mau‐Sun 
Published: March 2013

SummaryPurposeTo develop and validate a scale of social functioning for people with epilepsy (PWE)—the Social and Occupational Functioning Scale for Epilepsy (SOFSE).MethodsAccording to the literature review and opinions from a panel of experts, PWE, and caregivers, a total of 31 questions were compiled. Questionnaires were analyzed from 172 adults with epilepsy.Key FindingsThe final scale had 30 items in six dimensions. The results showed that internal consistency coefficients and test–retest reliabilities for each dimension ranged from 0.70 to 0.84 and 0.72 to 0.89, respectively. Retest reliability for the total SOFSE score was 0.92. Seven factors were extracted through principal factor analysis. Moreover, criterion‐related validity was demonstrated by the significant correlations between the SOFSE and the following measures: the Mini Mental Status Examination (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), the Quality of Life in Epilepsy‐31 (r = 0.53, p < 0.001), and the Global Severity Index of the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised (r = −0.66, p < 0.001). Finally, the differences in functional competence among patients also supported the discriminant validity of the inventory.SignificanceThe SOFSE is a brief, psychometrically sound, and easy‐to‐administer measure of social functioning for use in busy clinical settings.
Common helminth infections of donkeys and their control in temperate regions
Authors: Matthews J. B. , Burden F. A. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryRoundworms and flatworms that affect donkeys can cause disease. All common helminth parasites that affect horses also infect donkeys, so animals that co‐graze can act as a source of infection for either species. Of the gastrointestinal nematodes, those belonging to the cyathostomin (small strongyle) group are the most problematic in UK donkeys. Most grazing animals are exposed to these parasites and some animals will be infected all of their lives. Control is threatened by anthelmintic resistance: resistance to all 3 available anthelmintic classes has now been recorded in UK donkeys. The lungworm, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, is also problematical, particularly when donkeys co‐graze with horses. Mature horses are not permissive hosts to the full life cycle of this parasite, but develop clinical signs on infection. In contrast, donkeys are permissive hosts without displaying overt clinical signs and act as a source of infection to co‐grazing horses. Donkeys are also susceptible to the fluke, Fasciola hepatica. This flatworm can be transmitted, via snails and the environment, from ruminants. As with cyathostomins, anthelmintic resistance is increasing in fluke populations in the UK. A number of the anthelmintic products available for horses do not have a licence for use in donkeys, and this complicates the design of parasite control programmes. As no new equine anthelmintic classes appear to be near market, it is important that the efficacy of currently effective drugs is maintained. It is important that strategies are used that attempt to preserve anthelmintic efficacy. These strategies should be based on the concept that the proportion of worms in a population not exposed to anthelmintic at each treatment act as a source of ‘refugia’. The latter is an important factor in the rate at which resistance develops. Thus, it is imperative that parasite control programmes take into account the need to balance therapy to control helminth‐associated disease with the requirement to preserve anthelmintic effectiveness.
Drip, drip, drip
Authors: Coomer R. 
Published: March 2013

SummaryA unique complication to castration is published in the preceding Case Report in this issue, whereby a 2‐year‐old Thoroughbred racehorse gelding suffered chronic haemoperitoneum weeks after standing castration. The causes and treatment of post castration haemorrhage are reviewed along with haemoperitoneum and the use of laparoscopy. Supplementary explanations are discussed.
Quantification of diagenesis impact on the reservoir properties of the Jurassic Arab D and C members (Offshore, U.A.E.)
Authors: Nader F. H. , De Boever E. , Gasparrini M. , Liberati M. , Dumont C. , Ceriani A. , Morad S. , Lerat O. , Doligez B. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAn increasing need exists to quantify the impact of diagenesis on complex and heterogeneous geological reservoirs and to predict the related field‐scale porosity‐permeability distribution. Development of approaches to quantify diagenetic events is an important step towards the construction of integrated numerical reservoir models predicting the impact of successive diagenetic events on petrophysical properties at various scales. This article describes two distinct approaches, which allow capturing, quantifying and explaining reservoir heterogeneities of the Jurassic Arab Formation (offshore oilfield in Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.) at the field and plug scale. Based on a classical diagenesis study, whereby the major diagenetic phases were characterized, distribution patterns were highlighted to further explain reservoir heterogeneities through a set of 2D interpolation diagenesis maps across the field. The best reservoir properties are encountered in the central‐northern (grainstones with syntaxial calcite overgrowth cement – typical of Arab D) and south‐western (dolostones – typical of Arab C) parts of the oilfield. Following another independent approach at the scale of the plug, quantification of rock components and description of the pore space connectivity and geometry are obtained by 2D and 3D image analyses, μ‐CTand pore network modelling. This latter approach resulted in a better understanding of the effect of anhydrite dissolution on the pore structure of the investigated dolostone. The overall, presented workflow provides valuable constraints for assessing reservoir heterogeneities in statistical field‐scale models.
THE END OF ‘NOBLESSE OBLIGE’ IN GERMAN REALISM? SOCIAL MOBILITY AND SOCIAL OBLIGATION IN THE WRITING OF LOUISE VON FRANÇOIS
Authors: Bland Caroline 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTLouise von François stands out amongst German nineteenth‐century women authors as one of the few who were able to acquire and retain a place in the realist canon, yet her writing about social dynamism in the decades before Germany's Unification has remained largely unrecognised. In her historical fiction, as well as in her more topical novellas, François demonstrated an abiding fascination with questions of social mobility and the moral obligations imposed upon the individual by social status. She subjected the lesser nobility, in particular, to a critical scrutiny which would be unsurpassed until the work of Theodor Fontane in the final stages of German realism. This article argues that these preoccupations remained a constant throughout François's writing life, being at the heart of two of the early novellas which helped to establish her reputation (Hellstädt and Der Erbe von Saldeck) and forming the cornerstone of her final novel, Stufenjahre eines Glücklichen, a ‘Bildungsroman’ in which she addresses the psychological and moral challenge of social mobility in greater depth. These works, hitherto neglected by modern scholarship, offer us new insights into realist literary responses to social change in the emerging German nation.Obwohl Louise von François zu den wenigen deutschsprachigen Autorinnen des Realismus gehört, die bis heute einen Platz im Kanon behaupten, sind ihre Texte aus den Jahrzehnten vor der Reichsgründung, welche die Probleme des gesellschaftlichen Wandels zum Thema haben, von der Forschung bislang unberücksichtigt geblieben. François zeigte sowohl in ihren historischen Romanen und Novellen als auch in ihren Texten mit einem konkreteren Gegenwartsbezug ein anhaltendes Interesse für die Problematik des gesellschaftlichen Auf‐ bzw. Abstiegs sowie der moralischen Verpflichtung, die mit einem hohen gesellschaftlichen Status einhergeht. Ihre kritische Prüfung der Rolle vor allem des Kleinadels findet ihresgleichen erst in den Werken Theodor Fontanes in der Endphase des deutschen Realismus. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es zu zeigen, dass François’ Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Themen eine Konstante in ihrem Werk bildet – von den frühen Novellen, die ihren Ruf begründeten (Hellstädt und Der Erbe von Saldeck), bis zum späten Bildungsroman, Stufenjahre eines Glücklichen, der die psychische und moralische Problematik des Statuswandels einer tiefergehenden Analyse unterzieht. Diese von der Forschung vernachlässigten Schriften bieten einen neuen Einblick in das von den Autoren des Realismus vermittelte Bild vom gesellschaftlichen Wandel in der Reichsgründungsära.
Determinants of training and technique failure in home hemodialysis
Authors: Schachter Michael E. , Tennankore Karthik K. , Chan Christopher T. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractHome hemodialysis (HHD) has clinical and economic advantages compared with in‐center conventional hemodialysis. Many health systems wish to broaden the population to which this modality can be successfully offered. However, determinants of successful HHD training and technique survival are unknown. We hypothesize that both medical and social factors play a role when patients fail to successfully adopt HHD.We examined characteristics of consecutive patients who initiated training for HHD between 2003 and 2011. Patients were classified as “failure” if they failed to complete HHD training or experienced technique failure (TF) within the first year of treatment. Remaining patients were classified as “success.”One hundred seventy‐seven patients initiated HHD training. In the “failure” group (n = 32), 24 did not finish training and 8 had TF. In the “success” group (n = 145), 65 (45%) patients remained on NHD, 49 (34%) discontinued HHD because of renal transplantation and 21 (14%) because of death, while only 10 (7%) eventually transferred to another dialysis modality. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, the strongest predictors of “failure” were end‐stage renal disease because of diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–10.3, P = 0.008) and use of rental housing (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3–6.0, P = 0.01).Both medical and social factors are associated with failure to adopt HHD. Enhanced supports or a customized education strategy for these vulnerable patients should be considered.
Presidential Address: Political Pawns in an Educational Endgame: Reflections on Bryant, Briggs, and Some Twentieth-Century School Questions
Authors: Graves Karen 
Published: March 2013

The whole question of whether or not homosexual teachers should be allowed in the classroom is academic. Wearein the classroom, in virtually every school in the country, teaching effectively at every level in both public and private schools.—Michael Greene, 1977Newsweekran an article on “The Homosexual Teacher” in December 1978. At the end of a tumultuous two-year period framed by Anita Bryant's anti-gay campaign in South Florida and John Briggs' proposition to bar gay and lesbian educators from working in California public schools, reporters concluded, “Most homosexual teachers are deeply plagued by job anxiety.” That observation likely came as no surprise.
Plaque‐removing efficacy of new and used manual toothbrushes – a professional brushing study
Authors: Rosema NAM , Hennequin‐Hoenderdos NL , Versteeg PA , van Palenstein Helderman WH , van der Velden U , van der Weijden GA 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe present study assessed whether 3‐month‐old used manual toothbrushes are less effective in reducing plaque scores compared with new toothbrushes with or without the use of dentifrice.Material and methodsThe present study was performed employing a single‐use, examiner‐blinded, professional brushing model. Four brushing modalities were randomly allocated to one of four quadrants, that is, 3‐month‐old used toothbrushes and new toothbrushes both with and without the use of dentifrice. Prebrushing and post‐brushing plaque scores (Quigley Hein plaque index) and gingival abrasion (GA) scores were obtained. A dental hygienist performed the professional brushing procedure. The 3‐month‐old used toothbrushes were assessed for wear.ResultsNo significant differences were observed among the treatments with regard to the prebrushing scores. The post‐brushing plaque scores ranged from 1.59 for the new brush with dentifrice to 1.76 for the old brush with dentifrice. There was a significant difference (P = 0.036) among the four treatments regarding the old brush with dentifrice, which removed less plaque than the other treatment modalities. Regarding GA scores, no significant differences were observed. With regard to toothbrush wear after 3 months of use, the scores varied widely among the individually evaluated brushes.ConclusionThe present study did not show a clinically relevant difference in plaque score reductions following a 2‐minute brushing exercise among 3‐month‐old used and new manual toothbrushes. However, the wear rate of the brushes seemed to be the determining factor in loss of efficacy, rather than the age of the toothbrush. Furthermore, dentifrice did not show an additional effect on instant plaque removal.
Embedding or Uprooting? The Effects of International Labour Migration on Rural Households in Armenia
Authors: Agadjanian Victor , Sevoyan Arusyak 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe impact of international labour migration on human wellbeing and socioeconomic development in communities of origin is an important yet understudied issue in contemporary migration research. This study examines whether men's labour migration from rural Armenia to Russia and other international destinations enhances the economic and social connections of the left‐behind households to their communities or, on the contrary, undermines those connections and encourages household members' own migration. Using survey data, it compares families of migrants and non‐migrants with respect to ownership of productive and major non‐productive assets in the community and women's non‐farm labour force participation, their social engagement in the village, and their desires to migrate abroad. The results of statistical tests indicate that men's migration is negatively associated with households' asset ownership and with women's non‐farm employment. The results for women's social engagement in their villages are less consistent. Finally, regardless of economic attachment, social engagement, and a host of other factors, wives of migrants were significantly more likely to wish to move abroad than women married to non‐migrants, and the difference in propensity to emigrate between migrants' and non‐migrants' wives increases with duration of husband's migration. We situate these findings in the context of Central Eurasia's international labour migration system and discuss their implications for future migration trends and for socioeconomic development of Armenia and similar settings.
Financial Inflexibility and the Value Premium
Authors: Poulsen Michael , Faff Robert , Gray Stephen 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper tests whether and to what extent the value premium is induced by financial inflexibility. In this context, financial flexibility refers to the ability of a firm to alter investment expenditure to mitigate exogenous shocks, so as to generate a smooth dividend stream. Consistent with a literature that identifies three related sources of inflexibility, we create a composite inflexibility index, based on the proportion of fixed assets and measures of total leverage and financial constraints. A positive relation is documented between inflexibility and the book‐to‐market ratio, and between the returns of inflexible firms and value firms. However, the value premium retains explanatory power independent of inflexibility, suggesting that it is not a proxy for inflexibility alone.