bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of People’s Behavior in and around Floodwater
Authors: Becker J. S. , Taylor H. L. , Doody B. J. , Wright K. C , Gruntfest E. , Webber D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA study was undertaken to review international literature pertaining to people’s behavior in and around floodwater. The review focused on people’s voluntary entry of floodwater. From the literature, five predominant reasons for entering floodwater were identified, including undertaking a recreational activity; attempting to reach a destination; retrieving property, livestock, or pets; undertaking employment duties; and rescuing or assisting with evacuation. Two primary influences on entering floodwater were found, namely risk perception (i.e., being unaware of or underestimating the risk from flooding) and social influences (i.e., being influenced by others). Demographics and environmental and temporal factors also played a part in decision-making about whether to enter floodwater or not. Emergency managers should take account of such factors when devising future public education strategies. Further research, including comparisons with current theoretical models, could help identify additional influences on decision-making for floodwater entry.
Operationalizing Sepsis Alert Design and Clinical Decision Support: Developing Enhanced Visual Display Models
Authors: Miller Kristen E. , Capan Muge , Wu Pan , Jackson Eric V. , Arnold Ryan C. 
Published: August 2015

It is vital that health care providers have the tools needed for early diagnosis and treatment of sepsis to achieve improved survival outcomes. Despite advances in early warning system technology, providers still lack responsiveness in recognizing and treating septic patients. The recently introduced Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services early management bundle for severe/septic shock highlights the need to promote bundles of care to improve guideline compliance and lower hospital mortality. Our objective is to determine the best way to provide a sepsis alert to drive compliance in the complex cognitive system that underlies the decision-making process in the dynamic and distributed health care work environment. Alert and warning complexity is especially prevalent in health care information technology. Despite this issue, there is little consensus on how alerts and warnings should be generated and displayed to the user. Effective presentation of an alert, including how and what is displayed, may offer better cognitive support during busy patient encounters and may help providers extract information quickly. We are creating a framework to evaluate sepsis alert presentation models with enhanced visual elements integrating a textual, graphical, and figure display of the PIRO (predisposition, infection, response, organ dysfunction) classification. Our alert presentation framework is tailored to clinicians with the goal to better equip clinicians to understand their patients' data through feature extraction and visualization embedded with different asynchronous alerts.
The evolutionary dynamics of tRNA-gene copy number and codon-use in E. coli.
Authors: McDonald Michael J. , Chou Chih-Hung , Swamy Krishna BS , Huang Hsien-Da , Leu Jun-Yi 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Background
The introduction of foreign DNA by Lateral Gene Transfer (LGT) can quickly and drastically alter genome composition. Problems can arise if the genes introduced by LGT use codons that are not suited to the host’s translational machinery. Here we investigate compensatory adaptation of E. coli in response to the introduction of large volumes of codons that are rarely used by the host genome.

Results
We analyze genome sequences from the E. coli/Shigella complex, and find that certain tRNA genes are present in multiple copies in two pathogenic Shigella and O157:H7 subgroups of E. coli. Furthermore, we show that the codons that correspond to these multi-copy number tRNA genes are enriched in the high copy number Selfish Genetic Elements (SGE’s) in Shigella and laterally introduced genes in O157:H7. We analyze the duplicate copies and find evidence for the selective retention of tRNA genes introduced by LGT in response to the changed codon content of the genome.

Conclusion
These data support a model where the relatively rapid influx of LGT genes and SGE’s introduces a large number of genes maladapted to the host’s translational machinery. Under these conditions, it becomes advantageous for the host to retain tRNA genes that are required for the incorporation of amino acids at these codons. Subsequently, the increased number of copies of these specific tRNA genes adjusts the cellular tRNA pool to the demands set by global shifts in codon usage.
Recruitment of Dorsal Midbrain Catecholaminergic Pathways in the Recovery from Nerve Injury Evoked Disabilities
Authors: Mor David , Kang James W M , Wyllie Peter , Thirunavukarasu Vignaraja , Houlton Hayden , Austin Paul J , Keay Kevin A 
Published: August 2015

Background The periaqueductal gray region (PAG) is one of several brain areas identified to be vulnerable to structural and functional change following peripheral nerve injury. Sciatic nerve constriction injury (CCI) triggers neuropathic pain and three distinct profiles of changes in complex behaviours, which include altered social and sleep–wake behaviours as well as changes in endocrine function. The PAG encompasses subgroups of the A10 dopaminergic and A6 noradrenergic cell groups; the origins of significant ascending projections to hypothalamic and forebrain regions, which regulate sleep, complex behaviours and endocrine function. We used RT-PCR, western blots and immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase to determine whether (1) tyrosine hydroxylase increased in the A10/A6 cells and/or; (2) de novo synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase, in a ‘ TH-naïve’ population of ventral PAG neurons characterized rats with distinct patterns of behavioural and endocrine change co-morbid with CCI evoked-pain. Results Evidence for increased tyrosine hydroxylase transcription and translation in the constitutive A10/A6 cells was found in the midbrain of rats that showed an initial 2–3 day post-CCI, behavioural and endocrine change, which recovered by days 5–6 post-CCI. Furthermore these rats showed significant increases in the density of TH-IR fibres in the vPAG. Conclusions: Our data provide evidence for (1) potential increases in dopamine and noradrenaline synthesis in vPAG cells; and (2) increased catecholaminergic drive on vPAG neurons in rats in which transient changes in social behavior are seen following CCI. The data suggests a role for dopaminergic and noradrenergic outputs, and catecholaminergic inputs of the vPAG in the expression of one of the profiles of behavioural and endocrine change triggered by nerve injury.
Characteristics of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in gout and asymptomatic hyperuricaemia: a cross‐sectional observational study
Authors: Stewart Sarah , Dalbeth Nicola , Vandal Alain C. , Rome Keith 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to identify patient‐reported outcomes and clinician‐assessed characteristics of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (1MTPJ) in people with gout and with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia by comparing them to normouricaemic controls.MethodsTwenty four people with gout (without current symptoms of acute arthritis), 29 with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia and 34 age‐ and sex‐matched controls participated in this cross‐sectional observational study. Patient‐reported outcomes included 1MTPJ pain, foot pain and disability, body pain, lower limb function, activity limitation and overall wellbeing. Clinician‐assessed characteristics of the 1MTPJ included range of motion (ROM), plantar‐ and dorsi‐flexion force, foot posture, temperature and hallux valgus severity.ResultsCompared to controls, participants with gout reported greater 1MTPJ pain (p = 0.014), greater foot pain and disability (p < 0.001), increased odds of having disabling foot pain (odds ratio (OR) 13.4, p < 0.001), decreased lower limb function for daily living (p = 0.002) and recreational (p < 0.001) activities, increased activity limitation (p = 0.002), reduced overall wellbeing (p = 0.034), reduced ROM (p < 0.001), reduced plantarflexion force (p = 0.012), increased 1MTPJ plantar (p = 0.004), dorsal (p = 0.003) and medial (p = 0.004) temperature and had increased odds of having more severe hallux valgus (OR 0.3 p = 0.041). Compared to controls, participants with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia had increased odds of having disabling foot pain (OR 4.2, p = 0.013), increased activity limitation (p = 0.033), decreased lower limb function for daily living (p = 0.026) and recreational (p = 0.010) activities, increased 1MTPJ plantarflexion force (p = 0.004) and a more pronated foot type (p = 0.036).ConclusionsPeople with gout demonstrate 1MTPJ‐specific changes indicative of subclinical inflammation, even in the absence of acute arthritis. People with asymptomatic hyperuricaemia, who exhibit no features or symptoms of gout, also report high levels of foot‐ and lower limb‐related pain and disability.
Enteral glutamine supplementation in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: van Zanten Arthur R. H. , Dhaliwal Rupinder , Garrel Dominique , Heyland Daren K. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Glutamine (GLN) has been suggested to have a beneficial influence on outcomes of critically ill patients. However, recent large-scale trials have suggested harm associated with GLN supplementation. Recently, systematic reviews on the use of parenteral GLN have been published; however, less information is available on the role of enteral GLN. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to study the effects of enteral GLN supplementation in patients with critical illness.

Methods
We identified randomized controlled trials conducted from 1980 to 2014 with enterally administered GLN in adult critically ill patients. Studies of parenteral GLN only or combined enteral-parenteral GLN were excluded. The methodological quality of studies was scored, and trial data were statistically combined. We examined a priori the treatment effects in subgroups of trials of burn and trauma patients.

Results
A total of 11 studies involving 1079 adult critically ill patients and enteral GLN supplementation were identified. Enteral GLN supplementation was not associated with a reduction of hospital mortality (risk ratio [RR] 0.94, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.65–1.36; p =0.74), infectious complications (RR 0.93, 95 % CI 0.79–1.10; p =0.39) or stay in the intensive care unit (weighted mean difference [WMD] −1.36 days, 95 % CI −5.51 to 2.78; p =0.52). However, there was a significant reduction in hospital stay (WMD 4.73 days, 95 % CI −8.53 to −0.90; p =0.02). In the subset of studies of patients with burns, enteral GLN supplementation was associated with significant reductions in hospital mortality (RR 0.19, 95 % 0.06–0.67; p =0.010) and hospital stay (WMD −9.16, 95 % CI −15.06 to −3.26; p =0.002). There was no effect in trauma patients.

Conclusions
Enteral GLN supplementation does not confer significant clinical benefit in critically ill patients, with the exception of reduced hospital stay. There may be a significant benefit in patients with burns, but data are sparse and larger randomized trials are warranted to confirm this effect.
Timing of antibiotics, volume, and vasoactive infusions in children with sepsis admitted to intensive care
Authors: van Paridon Bregje M. , Sheppard Cathy , G Garcia Guerra , Joffe Ari R. ,   for the Alberta Sepsis Network
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Early administration of antibiotics for sepsis, and of fluid boluses and vasoactive agents for septic shock, is recommended. Evidence for this in children is limited.

Methods
The Alberta Sepsis Network prospectively enrolled eligible children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) with sepsis from 04/2012-10/2014. Demographics, severity of illness, and outcomes variables were prospectively entered into the ASN database after deferred consent. Timing of interventions were determined by retrospective chart review using a study manual and case-report-form. We aimed to determine the association of intervention timing and outcome in children with sepsis. Univariate (t-test and Fisher’s Exact) and multiple linear regression statistics evaluated predictors of outcomes of PICU length of stay (LOS) and ventilation days.

Results
Seventy-nine children, age median 60 (IQR 22–133) months, 40 (51 %) female, 39 (49 %) with severe underlying co-morbidity, 44 (56 %) with septic shock, and median PRISM-III 10.5 [IQR 6.0-17.0] were enrolled. Most patients presented in an ED: 36 (46 %) at an outlying hospital ED, and 21 (27 %) at the Children’s Hospital ED. Most infections were pneumonia with/without empyema (42, 53 %), meningitis (11, 14 %), or bacteremia (10, 13 %). The time from presentation to acceptable antibiotic administration was a median of 115.0 [IQR 59.0-323.0] minutes; 20 (25 %) of patients received their antibiotics in the first hour from presentation. Independent predictors of PICU LOS were PRISM-III, and severe underlying co-morbidity, but not time to antibiotics. In the septic shock subgroup, the volume of fluid boluses given in the first 2 hours was independently associated with longer PICU LOS (effect size 0.22 days; 95 % CI 0.5, 0.38; per ml/kg). Independent predictors of ventilator days were PRISM-III score and severe underlying co-morbidity. In the septic shock subgroup, volume of fluid boluses in the first 2 hours was independently associated with more ventilator days (effect size 0.09 days; 95 % CI 0.02, 0.15; per ml/kg).

Conclusion
Higher volume of early fluid boluses in children with sepsis and septic shock was independently associated with longer PICU LOS and ventilator days. More study on the benefits and harms of fluid bolus therapy in children are needed.
Intralesional injection of adipose-derived stem cells reduces hypertrophic scarring in a rabbit ear model
Authors: Zhang Qi , Liu Li-Na , Yong Qi , Deng Jing-Cheng , Cao Wei-Gang 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Introduction
Redundant collagen deposition at sites of healing dermal wounds results in hypertrophic scars. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) exhibit promise in a variety of anti-fibrosis applications by attenuating collagen deposition. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of an intralesional injection of ADSCs on hypertrophic scar formation by using an established rabbit ear model.

Methods
Twelve New Zealand albino rabbits were equally divided into three groups, and six identical punch defects were made on each ear. On postoperative day 14 when all wounds were completely re-epithelialized, the first group received an intralesional injection of ADSCs on their right ears and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) on their left ears as an internal control. Rabbits in the second group were injected with conditioned medium of the ADSCs (ADSCs-CM) on their right ears and DMEM on their left ears as an internal control. Right ears of the third group remained untreated, and left ears received DMEM. We quantified scar hypertrophy by measuring the scar elevation index (SEI) on postoperative days 14, 21, 28, and 35 with ultrasonography. Wounds were harvested 35 days later for histomorphometric and gene expression analysis.

Results
Intralesional injections of ADSCs or ADSCs-CM both led to scars with a far more normal appearance and significantly decreased SEI (44.04 % and 32.48 %, respectively, both P <0.01) in the rabbit ears compared with their internal controls. Furthermore, we confirmed that collagen was organized more regularly and that there was a decreased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen type Ι in the ADSC- and ADSCs-CM-injected scars according to histomorphometric and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. There was no difference between DMEM-injected and untreated scars.

Conclusions
An intralesional injection of ADSCs reduces the formation of rabbit ear hypertrophic scars by decreasing the α-SMA and collagen type Ι gene expression and ameliorating collagen deposition and this may result in an effective and innovative anti-scarring therapy.
Association between Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and Primary Resistance to Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Secondary Analysis of the HERO Trial
Authors: Badve Sunil V. , Zhang Lei , Coombes Jeff S. , Pascoe Elaine M. , Cass Alan , Clarke Philip , Ferrari Paolo , McDonald Stephen P. , Morrish Alicia T. , Pedagogos Eugenie , Perkovic Vlado , Reidlinger Donna , Scaria Anish , Walker Rowan , Vergara Liza A. , Hawley Carmel M. , Johnson David W. 
Published: August 2015

Background: Erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA)-resistant anemia is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objectives: To evaluate the determinants of severity of ESA resistance in patients with CKD and primary ESA-resistance. Design: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (the Handling Erythropoietin Resistance with Oxpentifylline, HERO) Setting and patients: 53 adult patients with CKD stage 4 or 5 and primary ESA-resistant anemia (hemoglobin ≤120 g/L, ESA resistance index [ERI] ≥1.0 IU/kg/week/gHb for erythropoietin or ≥0.005 μg/kg/week/gHb for darbepoeitin, no cause for ESA-resistance identified). Measurements: Iron studies, parathyroid hormone, albumin, liver enzymes, phosphate or markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Methods: Participants were divided into tertiles of ERI. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse the determinants of ERI tertiles. Results: All patients, except one, were receiving dialysis for end-stage kidney disease. The mean ± SD ERI values in the low ( n = 18), medium ( n = 18) and high ( n = 17) ERI tertiles were 1.4 ± 0.3, 2.3 ± 0.2 and 3.5 ± 0.8 IU/kg/week/gHb, respectively ( P < 0.001). There were no significant differences observed in age, gender, ethnicity, cause of kidney disease, diabetes, iron studies, parathyroid hormone, albumin, liver enzymes, phosphate or markers of oxidative stress and inflammation between the ERI tertiles. The median [inter-quartile range] serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations in the low, medium and high ERI tertiles were 89 [64,121], 99 [76,134 and 148 [87,175] U/L, respectively ( P = 0.054). There was a weak but statistically significant association between ERI and serum alkaline phosphatase (R2 = 0.06, P = 0.03). Using multinomial logistic regression, the risk of being in the high ERI tertile relative to the low ERI tertile increased with increasing serum alkaline phosphatase levels ( P = 0.02). No other variables were significantly associated with ERI. Limitations: Small sample size; bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, other markers of bone turnover and bone biopsies not evaluated. Conclusions: Serum alkaline phosphatase was associated with severity of ESA resistance in ESA-resistant patients with CKD. Large prospective studies are required to confirm this association. (Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry 12608000199314)
Progesterone and the Repression of Myometrial Inflammation: The Roles of MKP-1 and the AP-1 System
Authors: Lei K. , Georgiou E. X. , Chen L. , Yulia A. , Sooranna S. R. , Brosens J. J. , Bennett P. R. , Johnson M. R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractProgesterone (P4) maintains uterine quiescence during pregnancy and its functional withdrawal is associated with increased prostaglandin synthesis and the onset of labor. In primary human myometrial cells, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) rather than the P4 receptor mediates P4 antagonism of IL-1β-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis. We now report that P4 also acts via GR to induce MAPK phosphatase (MKP)-1 and knockdown of MKP-1 impairs the ability of P4 to repress IL-1β-dependent COX-2 induction. Microarray analysis revealed that P4 repressed preferentially activator protein-1-responsive genes in response to IL-1β. Consistent with these observations, we found that the ability of P4 to reduce c-Jun activation was lost upon GR as well as MKP-1 knockdown. Interestingly, c-Jun levels in human myometrial cells declined upon GR and MKP-1 knockdown, which suggests the presence of an activator protein-1 feedback loop. This is supported by our observation that c-Jun levels declined after an initial rise in primary myometrial cells treated with phorbol 12-myrisatate 13-acetate, a potent activator of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Finally, we show that MKP-1 is an intermediate in P4-mediated repression of some but not all IL-1β-responsive genes. For example, P4 repression of IL11 and IRAK3 was maintained upon MKP-1 knockdown. Taken together, the data show that P4 acts via GR to drive MKP-1 expression, which in turn inhibits IL-1β-dependent c-Jun activation and COX-2 expression.
Chemotactic Amoeboid-Like Shape Change of a Vesicle under a pH Gradient
Authors: Nawa Erika , Yamamoto Daigo , Shioi Akihisa 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A vesicle that exhibited the extrusion and contraction of a pseudopod-like structure under a pH gradient was studied. The vesicle is composed of oleate and oleic acid, and transforms from a double-spherical shape to a disk-like shape after numerous cyclic shape changes, including the reversal and rotation of the double-spherical vesicle. A pseudopod-like structure is extruded from the vesicle toward a pH gradient, created by NaOH diffusion, and is then contracted. This reversible motion is repeated many times. Notably, NaCl diffusion produces a monotonic and irreversible extrusion. The difference between the two systems could be explained by the cation permeability across the membrane. A mathematical model that accounted for this characteristic reproduced the experimental results semi-quantitatively. Vesicles exhibiting amoeboid-like behaviors, which may be useful in the design of amphiphilic molecular assemblies with biomimetic characteristics, have rarely been reported and are poorly understood. The present study may provide significant insight into the design of such biomimetic vesicles.
Conflict Resolution, Public Goods, and Patent Thickets
Authors: Harhoff Dietmar , von Graevenitz Georg , Wagner Stefan 
Published: August 2015

Postgrant validity challenges at patent offices rely on the private initiative of third parties to correct mistakes made by patent offices. We hypothesize that incentives to bring postgrant validity challenges are reduced when many firms benefit from revocation of a patent and when firms are caught up in patent thickets. Using data on opposition to patents at the European Patent Office we show that opposition decreases in fields in which many others profit from patent revocations. Moreover, in fields with a large number of mutually blocking patents, the incidence of opposition is sharply reduced, particularly among large firms and firms that are caught up directly in patent thickets. These findings indicate that postgrant patent review may not constitute an effective correction device for erroneous patent grants in technologies affected by either patent thickets or highly dispersed patent ownership. This paper was accepted by Lee Fleming, entrepreneurship and innovation.