bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Alkalinization and Rehydration on Plasma Potassium Concentrations in Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea
Authors: Trefz F.M. , Lorch A. , Zitzl J. , Kutschke A. , Knubben‐Schweizer G. , Lorenz I. 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundIncreased plasma potassium concentrations (K+) in neonatal calves with diarrhea are associated with acidemia and severe clinical dehydration and are therefore usually corrected by intravenous administration of fluids containing sodium bicarbonate.ObjectivesTo identify clinical and laboratory variables that are associated with changes of plasma K+ during the course of treatment and to document the plasma potassium‐lowering effect of hypertonic (8.4%) sodium bicarbonate solutions.AnimalsSeventy‐one neonatal diarrheic calves.MethodsProspective cohort study. Calves were treated according to a clinical protocol using an oral electrolyte solution and commercially available packages of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (250–750 mmol), 0.9% saline (5–10 L), and 40% dextrose (0.5 L) infusion solutions.ResultsInfusions with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solutions in an amount of 250–750 mmol had an immediate and sustained plasma potassium‐lowering effect. One hour after the end of such infusions or the start of a sodium bicarbonate containing constant drip infusion, changes of plasma K+ were most closely correlated to changes of venous blood pH, plasma sodium concentrations and plasma volume (r = −0.73, −0.57, −0.53; P < .001). Changes of plasma K+ during the subsequent 23 hours were associated with changes of venous blood pH, clinical hydration status (enophthalmos) and serum creatinine concentrations (r = −0.71, 0.63, 0.62; P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThis study emphasizes the importance of alkalinization and the correction of dehydration in the treatment of hyperkalemia in neonatal calves with diarrhea.
Influence of Disease Process and Duration on Acute Phase Proteins in Serum and Peritoneal Fluid of Horses with Colic
Authors: Pihl T.H. , Scheepers E. , Sanz M. , Goddard A. , Page P. , Toft N. , Andersen P.H. , Jacobsen S. 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundThe acute phase proteins (APP) serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, and fibrinogen are valuable blood biomarkers in equine inflammatory diseases, but knowledge of factors influencing their concentrations in blood and peritoneal fluid (PF) of horses with colic is needed.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the influence of demographics (age, sex, breed), disease process (simple obstruction, strangulating obstruction, inflammatory), disease location, disease duration, hypovolemia, and admission hospital on concentrations ofAPP, lactate and white blood cell counts (WBC) in horses with colic admitted to 2 referral hospitals.AnimalsThe study included 367 horses with colic admitted at 2 referral hospitals.MethodsProspective multicenter observational study of clinical data, as well as blood andPFbiomarkers. Associations between biomarker concentrations and clinical variables were analyzed using multivariate linear regression analysis.ResultsIncreasing pre‐admission duration of colic was associated with increased concentrations ofAPPin blood andPF. Blood concentrations ofSAAand fibrinogen were associated with disease process (inflammatory, strangulations, simple obstructions) in more colic duration groups (5–12 and >24 hours) than any of the other biomarkers. No relevant associations between demographic factors, hospital, or hydration status and the measured biomarkers were found.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIn horses with colic, concentrations ofAPPare associated mainly with disease process and duration of colic and may thus be used for assessment of disease independently of demographic or geographic factors. Serum amyloid A may be a diagnostic marker for use in colic differential diagnosis, but further evaluation is needed.
Incidence, Timing, and Risk Factors of Azathioprine Hepatotoxicosis in Dogs
Authors: Wallisch K. , Trepanier L.A. 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundThe use of azathioprine (AZA) in dogs is limited by the development of hepatotoxicosis and cytopenias.Hypothesis and ObjectivesTo characterize the observed incidence, timing, and risk factors for AZA hepatotoxicosis in dogs treated clinically, and to determine the relationship between the development of hepatotoxicosis and cytopenias.AnimalsFifty‐two dogs treated with AZA with clinical and biochemical follow‐up, with a subset of 34 dogs available for determination of changes in liver enzyme activities in serum.MethodsRetrospective medical record review, from January 2009 through December 2013.ResultsHepatotoxicosis (as defined by a >2‐fold increase in serum ALT) was observed in 5 of 34 dogs (15%) within a median onset of 14 days (range, 13–22 days). Dogs had a median 9‐fold increase in ALT and 8‐fold increase in ALP, which stabilized or resolved with drug discontinuation or dose reduction. German shepherds were significantly over‐represented (3 of 5 dogs with hepatotoxicosis; P = .0017). Thrombocytopenia or neutropenia were seen in 4 of 48 dogs with CBC follow‐up (8% of dogs), but occurred significantly later in treatment (median onset, 53 days; range 45–196 days) compared to hepatotoxicosis (P = .016).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThese results support the routine monitoring of liver enzymes during the first 1–4 weeks of AZA treatment in dogs, with continued monitoring of the CBC. Additional studies are warranted to characterize the apparently higher risk of AZA hepatotoxicosis in German shepherds.
Dietary Thiamin Requirement of Juvenile Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella
Authors: Jiang Ming , Huang Feng , Zhao Zhiyong , Wen Hua , Wu Fan , Liu Wei , Yang Changgeng , Wang Weiming 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDietary thiamin requirement of juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, was to investigate in this experiment. Eight purified diets were formulated with graded levels of thiamin (0.1, 0.6, 1.1, 2.1, 5.5, 9.8, 21.2, and 41.8 mg/kg, respectively). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 40 fish (initial average weight 10.7 ± 0.2 g) for 12 wk in 400‐L aquaria (R = 1 m, h = 0.6 m). Results showed that weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and hepatosomatic indice of fish increased before dietary thiamin increased to the optimum level, then remained similar thereafter (P > 0.05). Thiamin concentration in fish liver was positively correlated with dietary thiamin and it stayed in stable when dietary thiamin level exceed 5.0 mg/kg. The serum biochemical indices analysis showed that dietary thiamin had significant effects on serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, glucose, pyruvate contents, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Body composition was unaffected by dietary thiamin. Broken‐line regression analysis showed that, a dietary thiamin level of 1.3 mg/kg diet was adequate for optimum growth, and 5.0 mg/kg for maximum liver thiamin accumulation.
Use of Bacillus coagulans as a Dietary Probiotic for the Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Xu Yongjian , Wang Yanbo , Lin Junda 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEffect of viable Bacillus coagulans as a dietary probiotic on the growth performance, survivorship, immune response, and meat quality of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, was investigated. Three treatments (T‐1, T‐2, and T‐3) and a control, each with three replicates, were established. T‐1, T‐2, and T‐3 groups were fed with diets containing different levels of probiotic (1 × 107 cfu/g, 2 × 107 cfu/g, and 4 × 107 cfu/g, respectively). After 45 d, the fish fed with probiotic had significantly higher (P < 0.05) daily weight gain compared to that of the control group. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in final weight, relative weight gain rate, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, and respiratory burst activities were obtained in the T‐2 and T‐3 compared with those of the control. Fish in the control group showed the lowest (P < 0.05) content of complement component 3. Significantly (P < 0.05) improved contents of crude fat, inosine, and inosinic acid were observed in the T‐2 and T‐3. Our results indicated that the use of B. coagulans as a dietary probiotic for the common carp could improve growth performance, meat quality, and induce a positive modulation on immune response.
Seismic Risk Management of Insurance Portfolio Using Catastrophe Bonds
Authors: Goda Katsuichiro 
Published: January 2015

AbstractParametric earthquake catastrophe bonds are emerging risk transfer instruments for governments and insurers. This study extends a current station‐intensity‐based trigger method for binary payments, which utilizes direct observation of ground motions at recording stations, by promoting a more flexible multiple‐discrete payment structure. A calibration procedure of the bond trigger mechanism for the new approach is demonstrated by focusing upon a realistic portfolio of conventional wood‐frame houses in Vancouver, Canada. Numerical results indicate that the new method with a multiple‐discrete payment structure decreases the magnitude of trigger errors significantly in terms of seismic loss, and facilitates the flexible adoption of various payment structures for catastrophe bonds. Furthermore, a synergy between the calibration of parametric catastrophe bonds and the current performance‐based earthquake engineering framework is highlighted.
Site and mechanism of morphine tolerance in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Akbarali H. I. , Inkisar A. , Dewey W. L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOpioid‐induced constipation is a major clinical problem. The effects of morphine, and other narcotics, on the gastrointestinal tract persist over long‐term use thus limiting the clinical benefit of these excellent pain relievers. The effects of opioids in the gut, including morphine, are largely mediated by the μ‐opioid receptors at the soma and nerve terminals of enteric neurons. Recent studies demonstrate that regional differences exist in both acute and chronic morphine along the gastrointestinal tract. While tolerance develops to the analgesic effects and upper gastrointestinal motility upon repeated morphine administration, tolerance does not develop in the colon with chronic opioids resulting in persistent constipation. Here, we review the mechanisms by which tolerance develops in the small but not the large intestine. The regional differences lie in the signaling and regulation of the μ‐opioid receptor in the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The differential role of β‐arrestin2 in tolerance development between central and enteric neurons defines the potential for therapeutic approaches in developing ligands with analgesic properties and minimal constipating effects.
Molecular characterization of two isoforms of a farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene in wheat and their roles in sesquiterpene synthesis and inducible defence against aphid infestation
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Zhi‐Xia , Yu Xiu‐Dao , Fan Jia , Pickett John A. , Jones Huw D. , Zhou Jing‐Jiang , Birkett Michael A. , Caulfield John , Napier Johnathan A. , Zhao Guang‐Yao , Cheng Xian‐Guo , Shi Yi , Bruce Toby J. A. , Xia Lan‐Qin 
Published: January 2015

SummaryAphids are important pests of wheat (Triticum aestivum) that affect crop production globally. Herbivore‐induced emission of sesquiterpenes can repel pests, and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) is a key enzyme involved in sesquiterpene biosynthesis. However,fpsorthologues in wheat and their functional roles in sesquiterpene synthesis and defence against aphid infestation are unknown.Here, twofpsisoforms,Tafps1andTafps2, were identified in wheat. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) andin vitrocatalytic activity analyses were conducted to investigate expression patterns and activity. Heterologous expression of these isoforms inArabidopsis thaliana, virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) in wheat and aphid behavioural assays were performed to understand the functional roles of these two isoforms.We demonstrated thatTafps1andTafps2played different roles in induced responses to aphid infestation and in sesquiterpene synthesis. Heterologous expression inA. thalianaresulted in repulsion of the peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Wheat plants with these two isoforms transiently silenced were significantly attractive to grain aphid (Sitobion avenae).Our results provide new insights into induced defence against aphid herbivory in wheat, in particular, the different roles of the twoTafpsisoforms in both sesquiterpene biosynthesis and defence against aphid infestation.
Desipramine inhibits salivary Ca2+ signaling and aquaporin translocation
Authors: Lee K , Choi S , Choi L‐M , Lee J , Kim JH , Chung G , Lee G , Choi S‐Y , Park K 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveDesipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant with a negative side effect of dry mouth. The Na+/H+ exchanger was suggested to be a target of desipramine in salivary gland cells. However, it is unclear whether desipramine has other targets in the salivary secretion pathway. Here, we studied the effect of desipramine on salivary Ca2+ signaling.Materials and MethodsCytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was determined with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura‐2/AM. Aquaporin translocation was analyzed by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry of confocal microscopy.ResultsDesipramine inhibited the carbachol‐ and histamine‐mediated increase in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in a concentration‐dependent manner. However, desipramine did not affect increases in [Ca2+]i mediated by extracellular ATP, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate, or thapsigargin. The adrenergic receptor blockers prazosin and propranolol did not reverse the desipramine‐mediated inhibition of carbachol‐ and histamine‐induced increases in [Ca2+]i. We also found that desipramine inhibits the increase in membrane aquaporin‐5 level triggered by carbachol and histamine treatments.ConclusionsThese results imply that desipramine blocks muscarinic and histamine receptor‐mediated Ca2+ signaling and the subsequent translocation of aquaporin‐5 in human salivary gland cells, suggesting a novel mechanism for the xerogenic effects of desipramine.
HMGB1 genetic polymorphisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral lichen planus patients
Authors: Supic G , Kozomara R , Zeljic K , Stanimirovic D , Magic M , Surbatovic M , Jovic N , Magic Z 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesThis study examined the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) gene in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral lichen planus (OLP).Materials and methodsThe study was conducted on 93 patients with OSCC, 53 patients with OLP, and 100 controls, all Caucasians of the same ethnicity, matched by age. HMGB1 genotypes for 4 SNPs, 2262G/A (rs1045411), 1177G/C (rs3742305), 3814C/G (rs2249825), and rs4540927, were assessed using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays, Applied Biosystems.ResultsThe HMGB1 1177GG genotype was associated with lymph‐node metastasis and tumor stage in OSCCs (P = 0.016 and P = 0.030, respectively). Genotype 1177GG resulted in poorer recurrence‐free survival (RFS), P = 0.000. The 1177G/C polymorphism was an independent predictor of RFS compared to GG genotype, P = 0.001. The three polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium (LD). The AGC and GGC haplotypes were associated with an increased oral cancer risk, determined over the haplotype odds ratios (HOR = 13.316, P = 0.015, and HOR = 5.769, P = 0.029, respectively). The AGC haplotype was related to erosive OLP progression to OSCC (HOR = 12.179, P = 0.001).ConclusionsHMGB1 polymorphism 1177G/C could be associated with tumor progression and recurrence‐free survival in patients with OSCC. The haplotypes of HMGB1 gene might be associated with susceptibility to OSCC and OLP progression to OSCC.
HPV for the oral surgeon
Authors: Kennedy R.A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimThe role of HPV (human papilloma virus) in cervical cancer and its sexual mode of transmission have made this virus an emotive and widely discussed topic. There has been significant confusion and a number of misleading articles in the media regarding the role of HPV in cancers at other sites. This article reviews the role of HPV in pathologies of the oral cavity and oropharynx.Materials and methodsThe literature is reviewed together with current trials and vaccination programmes.Results and conclusionHigh‐risk HPV types are associated with more than 50% of squamous cell carcinomas affecting the oropharynx, specifically the tonsils and tongue base. In contrast, results regarding oral squamous cell carcinoma have been variable but emerging data indicate that less than 6% are HPV associated. Within the oral cavity, the most common expression of HPV infection is the benign squamous papilloma associated with low‐risk types.
Maternal preeclampsia and childhood asthma in the offspring
Authors: Liu Xiaoqin , Olsen Jørn , Agerbo Esben , Yuan Wei , Wu Chun Sen , Li Jiong 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundPreeclampsia is a possible risk factor for childhood asthma in the offspring. Our aim was to find whether preeclampsia is associated with childhood asthma. We also aimed to study whether a possible association can be explained by factors shared by siblings.MethodsAll eligible live singletons born in Denmark during 1993–2007 were identified (N = 923,533), and the occurrence of preeclampsia during the index pregnancy was determined. The children were followed from their 3rd birthday to the first hospitalization, outpatient contact or prescription for asthma, emigration, death, their 18th birthday, or the end of 2010, whichever came first. We carried out a nested case‐control and a case‐sibling study with density sampling to estimate incidence rate ratio (IRR) of asthma as a function of maternal preeclampsia, using conditional logistic regression.ResultsA total of 115,522 asthma cases were identified during 1996–2010. In the case‐control analysis, the overall IRR of asthma for those exposed to maternal preeclampsia was 1.19 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 1.24). The IRRs for asthma according to early and late onset preeclampsia were 1.88 (95% CI: 1.67, 2.11) and 1.14 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.19). In the case‐sibling analysis, the corresponding IRRs were 1.06 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.14), 1.15 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.29), and 1.02 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.11), respectively.ConclusionsEarly onset preeclampsia was associated with an increased risk of asthma in the offspring, but part of this association may be due to confounding by factors shared by siblings.
Molecular characterization of allergens in raw and processed kiwifruit
Authors: Uberti Francesca , Peñas Elena , Manzoni Yuri , di Lorenzo Chiara , Ballabio Cinzia , Fiocchi Alessandro , Terracciano Luigi , Restani Patrizia 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of allergy to kiwifruit is increasing in Europe since the last two decades. Different proteins have been identified as kiwifruit allergens; even though with geographic differences, Act d 1, a cysteine protease protein of 30 kDa, and Act d 2, a thaumatin‐like protein of 24 kDa, are normally considered the most important. The aim of this study was (i) to identify at molecular level the sensitization pattern in a group of well‐characterized patients allergic to kiwifruit and (ii) to assess the role of technological treatments on kiwifruit allergenic potential.MethodsThe differences in the pattern of antigenicity between fresh and processed kiwifruit were evaluated by both immunoelectrophoretic techniques and clinical tests.ResultsIn the group of patients included in this study, three proteins were identified as major allergens in fresh kiwifruit, as the specific sensitization was present in ≥50% of the subjects. These proteins corresponded to actinidin (Act d 1), pectin methyl aldolase (Act d 6), and thaumatin‐like protein (Act d 2). Kiwellin (Act d 5) and proteins of Bet v 1 family (Act d 8/act d 11) were also recognized as minor allergens. Immunoreactivity was totally eliminated by industrial treatments used for the production of kiwifruit strained derivative.ConclusionsIn this group of allergic children, the technological treatments used in the production of kiwifruit strained product reduced drastically the allergenic potential of kiwifruit.
An alternative pathway for the effective production of the omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturates EPA and ETA in transgenic oilseeds
Authors: Ruiz‐Lopez Noemi , Haslam Richard P. , Usher Sarah , Napier Johnathan A. , Sayanova Olga 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe synthesis and accumulation of omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic Camelina sativa is demonstrated using the so‐called alternative pathway. This aerobic pathway is found in a small number of taxonomically unrelated unicellular organisms and utilizes a C18 Δ9‐elongase to generate C20 PUFAs. Here, we evaluated four different combinations of seed‐specific transgene‐derived activities to systematically determine the potential of this pathway to direct the synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in transgenic plants. The accumulation of EPA and the related omega‐3 LC‐PUFA eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) was observed up to 26.4% of total seed fatty acids, of which ETA was 9.5%. Seed oils such as these not only represent an additional source of EPA, but also an entirely new source of the bona fide fish oil ETA. Detailed lipidomic analysis of the alternative pathway in Camelina revealed that the acyl‐substrate preferences of the different activities in the pathway can still generate a substrate‐dichotomy bottleneck, largely due to inefficient acyl‐exchange from phospholipids into the acyl‐CoA pool. However, significant levels of EPA and ETA were detected in the triacylglycerols of transgenic seeds, confirming the channelling of these fatty acids into this storage lipid.
Floral induction and flower formation—the role and potential applications of miRNAs
Authors: Hong Yiguo , Jackson Stephen 
Published: January 2015

SummaryThe multiple regulatory pathways controlling flowering and flower development are varied and complex, and they require tight control of gene expression and protein levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act at both the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional level to regulate key genes involved in flowering‐related processes such as the juvenile–adult transition, the induction of floral competence and flower development. Many different miRNA families are involved in these processes and their roles are summarized in this review, along with potential biotechnological applications for miRNAs in controlling processes related to flowering and flower development.
A Case of Eczematid‐Like Purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis in a Child
Authors: Vedak Priyanka , Nazarian Rosalynn M. , Kroshinsky Daniela 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEczematid‐like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis is a subtype of the pigmented purpuric dermatoses, a group of uncommon dermatoses of unclear etiology characterized by purpura, petechiae, and hyperpigmentation. The Doucas and Kapetanakis subtype is rare in children, and its subtle findings can initially be overlooked and mistaken for other, more common dermatologic disorders in this age group. We present a case eczematid‐like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis in an 11‐year‐old boy initially treated as eczema.
Intractable Nodulocystic Acne in a Patient with Trisomy 13
Authors: Peart Jenna M. , Licht Daniel J. , Prange Erin O'Connor , Treat James R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe report the case of a boy with trisomy 13 who developed severe nodulocystic acne with sinus tract formation that has been unresponsive to multiple courses of systemic antibiotics and isotretinoin.