bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work organization, job insecurity, and occupational health disparities
Authors: Landsbergis Paul A. , Grzywacz Joseph G. , LaMontagne Anthony D. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundChanges in employment conditions in the global economy over the past 30 years have led to increased job insecurity and other work organization hazards. These hazards may play a role in creating and sustaining occupational health disparities by socioeconomic position, gender, race, ethnicity, and immigration status.MethodsA conceptual model was developed to guide the review of 103 relevant articles or chapters on the role of work organization and occupational health disparities identified through a comprehensive search conducted by NIOSH. A second review was conducted of employment and workplace policies and programs designed to reduce the health and safety risks due to job insecurity and other work organization hazards.ResultsThere is consistent evidence that workers in lower socioeconomic or social class positions are exposed to greater job insecurity and other work organization hazards than workers in higher socioeconomic positions. Likewise, racial and ethnic minorities and immigrants are exposed to greater job insecurity. Limited research examining the effects of interventions targeting work organization hazards on disparities has been conducted; nonetheless, intervention strategies are available and evidence suggests they are effective.ConclusionsJob insecurity and work organization hazards play a role in creating and sustaining occupational health disparities. Employment and workplace policies and programs have the potential to reduce these hazards, and to reduce disparities. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:495–515, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anwendungen der Katalyse mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen in Totalsynthesen
Authors: Izquierdo Javier , Hutson Gerri E. , Cohen Daniel T. , Scheidt Karl A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractKatalytische Umwandlungen mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen (NHCs) haben sich als effiziente Ansätze zum Aufbau komplexer Moleküle erwiesen. Seit der Veröffentlichung von Stetter 1975 zur Totalsynthese von cis‐Jasmon und Dihydrojasmon durch Carbenkatalyse hat sich die Anwendung von NHCs in der Totalsynthese, insbesondere in den letzten zehn Jahren, schnell verbreitet. Dieser Aufschwung ist zweifellos die Folge neuerer Entwicklungen bei NHC‐katalysierten Reaktionen, einschließlich der neuen Benzoin‐, Stetter‐, Homoenolat‐ und Aroylierungsprozesse. Die Umwandlungen ermöglichen ebenso typische wie auf Umpolung beruhende Bindungsbildungen und sind bereits als Schlüsselschritte in mehreren neuen Totalsynthesen aufgetreten. Dieser Kurzaufsatz beschreibt diese neuen Arbeiten und zeigt die verstärkten Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Carbenkatalyse in der Totalsynthese auf.
A Continuum of Progress: Applications of N‐Hetereocyclic Carbene Catalysis in Total Synthesis
Authors: Izquierdo Javier , Hutson Gerri E. , Cohen Daniel T. , Scheidt Karl A. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractN‐Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed transformations have emerged as powerful tactics for the construction of complex molecules. Since Stetter’s report in 1975 of the total synthesis of cis‐jasmon and dihydrojasmon by using carbene catalysis, the use of NHCs in total synthesis has grown rapidly, particularly over the last decade. This renaissance is undoubtedly due to the recent developments in NHC‐catalyzed reactions, including new benzoin, Stetter, homoenolate, and aroylation processes. These transformations employ typical as well as Umpolung types of bond disconnections and have served as the key step in several new total syntheses. This Minireview highlights these reports and captures the excitement and emerging synthetic utility of carbene catalysis in total synthesis.
Physical gels of [BMIM][BF4] by N‐ tert‐butylacrylamide/ethylene oxide based triblock copolymer self‐assembly: Synthesis, thermomechanical, and conducting properties
Authors: Sharma Nitin , Lakhman Rubinder Kaur , Zhou Yuxiang , Kasi Rajeswari M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe report a strategy to prepare and characterize mechanically robust, transparent, thermoreversible physical gels of an ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [BMIM][BF4], to harness its good ionic conductivity and electrolytic properties for solid‐state electrolyte and lithium ion battery applications. Physical gels are prepared using a triblock copolymer comprising central polyethylene oxide block that is soluble in [BMIM][BF4] and the end blocks, poly(N‐tert‐butylacrylamide), that are insoluble in [BMIM][BF4]. Transparent, strong, physical ion‐gels with significant mechanical strength can be formed at low concentration of the triblock copolymer (∼5 wt %), unlike previous reports in which chemical gels of [BMIM][BF4] are obtained at very high polymer concentration. Our gels are thermoreversible and thermally stable, showing 1–4% weight loss up to 200°C in air. Gelation behavior, mechanical properties, and ionic conductivity of these ion‐gels can be easily tuned by varying the concentration or N‐tert‐butylacrylamide block length in the triblock copolymer. These new non‐volatile, reprocessable, mechanically robust, [BMIM][BF4]‐based physical ion‐gels obtained from a simple and convenient preparation method are promising materials for solid‐state electrolyte applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of pyridazine content and crosslinker structure on the properties of polyurethane elastomers
Authors: Oprea Stefan 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis article studies the development of a series of heterocyclic polyurethanes (PUs) with various pyridazine content and different crosslinker structure in their main chains. All of the isocyanate‐terminated PU prepolymers were prepared from poly(tetramethylene oxide) glycol of molecular weight 1400 (Terathane 1400) and 1,6‐hexamethylene diisocyanate. The properties of the obtained linear and crosslinked pyridazine‐based PU were compared with the properties of common PUs obtained by chain extension with 1,4‐butanediol. All the obtained PUs were characterized through spectral and thermal behavior. The pyridazine‐based PU showed improved thermal stability with 10% weight loss at temperatures above 370–400°C. With the increase of pyridazine content the values of Young's modulus are higher and the strain at break decreases. Increasing pyridazine content leads to increased films surface hydrophilicity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Rubber‐toughened PLA blends with low thermal expansion
Authors: Jiang Jiandi , Su Lili , Zhang Kun , Wu Guozhang 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this study, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blended with various rubber components, i.e., poly (ethylene‐glycidyl methacrylate) (EGMA), maleic anhydride grafted poly(styrene‐ethylene/butylene‐styrene) triblock elastomer (m‐SEBS), and poly(ethylene‐co‐octene) (EOR), was investigated. It was observed that EGMA is highly compatible due to its reaction with PLA. m‐SEBS is less compatible with PLA and EOR is incompatible with PLA. Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) revealed that a fine co‐continuous microlayer structure is formed in the injection‐molded PLA/EGMA blends. This leads to polymer blends with high toughness and very low linear thermal expansion both in the flow direction and in the transverse direction. The microlayer thickness of rubber in PLA blends was found to play key roles in reducing the linear thermal expansion and achieving high toughness of the blends. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Adsorption of organic amines from wastewater by carboxyl group‐modified polyacrylonitrile fibers
Authors: Sha Baofeng , Wang Jing , Zhou Lili , Zhang Xiaozhuan , Han Luoli , Zhao Liang 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this study, hexamethylenediamine (HMD) and hexamethyleneimine (HMI) were removed from a real wastewater by carboxyl group‐modified polyacrylonitrile (RPFC‐I) fibers. Adsorption of organic amines by fibrous absorbents is a new technique. Adsorption by fibers has advantages of fast kinetic, high adsorption capacity, and efficiency. Moreover, the fibers could be repeatedly used after regeneration. Batch adsorption tests were conducted to investigate adsorption comparison of the three fibers, adsorption kinetic, adsorption isotherms, regeneration, and readsorption stability. The experiments showed that RPFC‐I fibers had excellent adsorption capacity for HMI and HMD. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved very fast within about 5 min, and the removal rate of total nitrogen (TN) was above 99%. The adsorption kinetic could be well fitted by the pseudo‐second‐order equation. And the adsorption isotherm could be well fitted by the Langmuir model. The estimated maximum adsorption capacity was 105.2 mg g−1, nearly similar with cation exchange capacity (CEC) of RPFC‐I fibers. Results from adsorption stability tests demonstrated that the RPFC‐I fibers could be fully regenerated by HCl and the regenerated fibers could be repeatedly used even after 12 adsorption–desorption cycles. Analyses from Fourier transform infrared and the adsorption tests suggested that chemical reaction between carboxyl groups and organic amines was the main mechanism for removal of HMI and HMD from the wastewater. The RPFC‐I fibers prepared in the current study have a wide application in wastewater treatment and useful substance recovery. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Ontogenetic and Structural Variation of Mineralizations and Ossifications in the Integument within Ceratophryid Frogs (Anura, Ceratophryidae)
Authors: Quinzio Silvia , Fabrezi Marissa 
Published: October 2012

AbstractCeratophryidae represent a monophyletic group of terrestrial and aquatic frogs inhabiting lowlands of South America where they are more diverse in semiarid environments of the Chaco region. Adult morphology of ceratophryids presents some features associated to terrestrial and fossorial life such as hyper‐ossified skulls, spade feet for digging, among others. For anurans, different mineralized structures have been described in the integument as calcium reservoirs and related to the terrestrial life and water balance (e.g., the calcified layer and dermal ossifications). We describe the ontogeny of the integument in the three genera of ceratophryids (Chacophrys, Ceratophrys, and Lepidobatrachus) that inhabit in semiarid environments. Data obtained demonstrated the early acquisition of metamorphic transformations in the integument layers in larvae of Ceratophrys cranwelli and Lepidobatrachus spp. and a continuous increment in the thickness of them up to old postmetamorphic stages. The integument of ceratophryids develops calcium deposits as the calcified layer during postmetamorphic stages. Furthermore, dorsal shields are also present in adult stages independently of terrestrial versus aquatic lifestyles. While the calcified layer seems to be a feature of a fully developed integument, in which their layers have acquired the adult thickness, dorsal shields develop at premetamorphic stages in L. llanensis and postmetamorphic individuals of C. cranwelli. In ceratophryids, similar to other studied taxa (e.g., Brachycephalus spp.) dorsal shields develop via an intramembranous ossification in which the calcified layer does not precede its differentiation. Within anurans, the occurrence of dorsal shields in the monophyletic ceratophryids suggested a distinctive evolutionary history in the lineage. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design for learning: Adapting the microscopic anatomy laboratory to adult learners
Authors: Jurjus Rosalyn A. , Krum Janette , Goldman Ellen F. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMedical school curricula are undergoing transformational change in response to calls for integrating content across courses and years to enable better retention and application and for individualizing learning to meet the diverse backgrounds and thus differing needs of students. To address the related teaching challenges, faculty can employ solid principles of adult learning and instructional design and use teaching strategies that stimulate different learning styles. We developed laboratory sessions that follow a learner‐centered instructional design model we refer to as “PLHET,” reflecting the steps of preparing, linking, hooking, engaging, and transferring learning, and also applied teaching strategies that reflect Kolb's four styles of learning (accommodative, divergent, assimilative, and convergent). We utilized a group learning format to promote active learning, teamwork, and self‐direction. Preliminary data based on student surveys of laboratory activity show positive responses. In the future, we will test the hypothesis that this design will improve medical students' performance. Anat Sci Educ © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
A theoretical foundation for the relationship between generalized origin–destination matrix and flow matrix based on ordinal graph trajectories
Authors: Teknomo Kardi , Fernandez Proceso 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYThis paper shows the relationship between flow, generalized origin–destination (OD), and alternative route flow from a set of ordinal graph trajectories. In contrast to traffic assignment methods that employ OD matrix to produce flow matrix, we use ordinal trajectory on a network graph as input and produce both the generalized OD matrix and the flow matrix, with the alternative and substitute route flow matrices as additional outputs. By using linear algebra‐like operations on matrix sets, the relationship between network utilization (in terms of flow, generalized OD, alternative route flow, and desire line) and network structure (in terms of distance matrix and adjacency matrix) are derived. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &#38; Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of luminescent Vibrio campbelliiLZ5 and its potential application in the detection of environmental heavy metals
Authors: Liu Zhu , Zhao Junqiao , Liang Xiaojie , Li Kongpan , Xiao Xiang , Zhu Jianqing , Sun Qun , Liang Quanfeng 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA luminescent strain was isolated and identified as Vibrio campbellii strain LZ5 by 16S rDNA analysis. It grew well in broad living conditions, and the relative fluorescence intensity was stable at pH ranging from 5 to 7.5, NaCl concentrations from 0% to 3%, KCl from 1.5% to 5%, and CaCl2 from 1% to 3%. In contrast, the relative fluorescence intensity was negatively correlated with both CdCl2 and HgCl2 concentrations from 0 to 1 mg/L. The luminescent fraction from the cell lysate was purified by ion‐exchange chromatography, and identified as a luciferase by using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the biofilm of V. campbellii LZ5 was formed constantly under different conditions, and was not affected by heavy metal ions. The data collectively reveal that strain LZ5 has the potential to be developed into a biosensor for real‐time monitoring of heavy metals.
Product developments in the bio‐based chemicals arena
Authors: de Jong Ed , Higson Adrian , Walsh Patrick , Wellisch Maria 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAround the world, significant able steps are being taken to move from today's fossil‐based economy to a more sustainable economy based on biomass. A key factor in the realization of a successful bio‐based economy will be the development of biorefinery systems allowing highly efficient and cost‐effective processing of biological feedstocks to a range of bio‐based products, and successful integration into existing infrastructure. The recent climb in oil prices and consumer demand for environmentally friendly products has now opened new windows of opportunity for bio‐based chemicals and polymers. Industry is increasingly viewing chemical and polymer production from renewable resources as an attractive area for investment. Within the bio‐based economy and the operation of a biorefinery, there are significant opportunities for the development of bio‐based building blocks (chemicals and polymers) and materials (fiber products, starch derivatives, etc.). In many cases this happens in conjunction with the production of bioenergy or biofuels. The production of bio‐based products could generateUS$10–15 billion ofrevenue for the global chemical industry. The economic production of biofuels is often a challenge. The co‐‐production of chemicals, materials food and feed can generate the necessary added value. This paper highlights all bio‐based chemicals with immediate potential as biorefinery ‘value added products’. The selected products are either demonstrating strong market growth or have significant industry investment in development and demonstration programs. The fullIEABioenergy Task 42 report is available fromhttp://www.iea-bioenergy.task42-biorefineries.com© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2012
Altered infant feeding patterns in boys with acquired nonsyndromic cryptorchidism
Authors: Barthold Julia Spencer , Hossain Jobayer , Olivant‐Fisher Alicia , Reilly Anita , Figueroa T. Ernesto , BaniHani Ahmad , Hagerty Jennifer , González Ricardo , Noh Paul H. , Manson Jeanne M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Genetic and environmental factors likely influence susceptibility to nonsyndromic cryptorchidism, a common disease presenting at birth or in later childhood. We compared cases and controls to define differential risk factors for congenital versus acquired cryptorchidism. METHODS: We compared questionnaire and clinical data from cases of congenital cryptorchidism (n = 230), acquired cryptorchidism (n = 182) and hernia/hydrocele (n = 104) with a group of healthy male controls (n = 358). Potential predictor variables (p < 0.2 in univariable analysis) were included in stepwise multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: Temporary (odds ratio [OR], 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4–0.8) or exclusive (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4–0.9) breastfeeding was reduced and soy formula feeding increased (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2–2.9) in acquired but not congenital or hernia/hydrocele groups. The highest risk estimates were observed for primary soy formula feeding with limited or no breastfeeding (OR 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4–4.3; adjusted OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4–5.4) in the acquired group. Primary feeding risk estimates were equivalent or strengthened when multivariable models were limited to age greater than 2 years, full‐term or not small for gestational age, or Caucasian subjects. Pregnancy complications and increased maternal exposure to cosmetic or household chemicals were not consistently associated with either form of cryptorchidism in these models. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support reduced breastfeeding and soy formula feeding as potential risk factors for acquired cryptorchidism. Although additional studies are needed, hormonally active components of breast milk and soy formula could influence the establishment of normal testis position in the first months of life, leading to apparent ascent of testes in childhood. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolic profile of glyburide in human liver microsomes using LC‐DAD‐Q‐TRAP‐MS/MS
Authors: Ravindran Selvan , Basu Sudipta , Gorti Santosh Kapil Kumar , Surve Prashant , Sloka Navya 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThe sulfonylurea urea drug glyburide (glibenclamide) is widely used for the treatment of diabetes milletus and gestational diabetes. In previous studies monohydroxylated metabolites were identified and characterized for glyburide in different species, but the metabolite owing to the loss of cyclohexyl ring was identified only in mouse. Glyburide upon incubation with hepatic microsomes resulted in 10 metabolites for human. The current study identifies new metabolites of glyburide along with the hydroxylated metabolites that were reported earlier. The newly identified drug metabolites are dihydroxylated metabolites, a metabolite owing to the loss of cyclohexyl ring and one owing to hydroxylation with dehydrogenation. Among the 10 identified metabolites, there were six monohydroxylated metabolites, one dihydroxylated metabolite, two metabolites owing to hydroxylation and dehydrogenation, and one metabolite owing to the loss of cyclohexyl ring. New metabolites of glyburide were identified and characterized using liquid chromatography–diode array detector–quadruple‐ion trap–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC‐DAD‐Q‐TRAP‐MS/MS). An enhanced mass scan–enhanced product ion scan with information‐dependent acquisition mode in a Q‐TRAP‐MS/MS system was used to characterize the metabolites. Liquid chromatography with diode array detection was used as a complimentary technique to confirm and identify the metabolites. Metabolites formed in higher amounts were detected in both diode array detection and mass spectrometry detection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low dose aspirin estimation: an application to a human pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Vijaya Bharathi D. , Hotha Kishore Kumar , Kolagatla Pandu Ranga Reddy , Venkateswarlu V. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTLow dose to very high dose aspirin is used to prevent heart attack. We have developed and validated a sensitive and robust method that could detect low levels of aspirin and salicylic acid in plasma and also a novel sample collection procedure to carry out sample preparation at room temperature. The total run time was 3.00 min; the developed method was validated in human plasma with a lower limit of quantitation of 0.99 ng/mL for aspirin and 2.01 ng/mL for salicylic acid. A linear response function was established for the range of concentrations 0.99–756.20 ng/mL (r > 0.998) for aspirin and 2.01–2486.86 ng/mL for salicylic acid. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision values for aspirin and salicylic acid met the acceptance as per FDA guidelines. The developed assay method was applied to an oral pharmacokinetic study in humans. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereospecific analytical method development and preliminary in vivo pharmacokinetic characterization of pinostrobin in the rat
Authors: Sayre Casey L. , Zhang Yangmiao , Martinez Stephanie E. , Takemoto Jody K. , Davies Neal M. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThe complete pharmacokinetic disposition of the chiral flavonoid (±) pinostrobin remains unknown without the development of an analytical method of detection and quantitation of its individual enantiomers. Resolution of the enantiomers of pinostrobin was achieved using as simple high‐performance liquid chromatographic method. A Chiralpak® AD‐RH column was employed to perform baseline separation with UV detection at 287 nm. The standard curves were linear ranging from 0.5 to 100 µg/mL for each enantiomer. The limit of quantification was 0.5 µg/mL. Precision and accuracy of the assay was < 15% (RSD) and was with a bias <15% for all points on the calibration curve. The assay was applied successfully to stereoselective serum disposition of pinostrobin enantiomers in rats. Both enantiomers had a serum half‐life of ~7 h. They also shared similar values of volume of distribution (Vd S‐pinostrobin, 8.2 L/kg; Vd R‐pinostrobin, 8.9 L/kg), total clearance (S‐pinostrobin CLtotal, 0.959 L//h/kg; R‐pinostrobin CLtotal, 1.055 L//h/kg), and area under the curve (S‐pinostrobin AUCinf, 23.16 µg h/mL; R‐pinostrobin AUCinf, 21.296 µg h/mL). The large volume of distribution suggests extensive distribution of pinostrobin into tissues. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Zierane‐ and Guaiane‐Type Sesquiterpenes from the Root of Melicope denhamii
Authors: Nakashima Ken‐ichi , Oyama Masayoshi , Ito Tetsuro , Witono Joko Ridho , Darnaedi Dedy , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Murata Jin , Iinuma Munekazu 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTwo novel zierane‐type sesquiterpenes, named melicodenones A and B (1 and 2, resp.), and three new guaiane‐type sesquiterpenes, named melicodenones C–E (3–5), were isolated from the root of Melicope denhamii (Seem.) T. G. Hartley together with zierone (6). Their structures were established by extensive NMR‐spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1–6 were tested for cytotoxicity using human colon cancer DLD‐1 cells, and melicodenone A (1) was found to exhibit moderate activity.