bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metallurgical Considerations for Life Assessment and the Safe Refurbishment and Re-Qualification of Gas Turbine Blades
Authors: Daleo Joseph A. , Ellison Keith A. , Boone Donald H. 
Published: August 2014

Metallurgical analysis of rotating blades operating in advanced gas turbine engines is important in establishing actual operating conditions, degradation modes, remaining life, and most importantly, the proper repair and rejuvenation techniques to be used in developing optimum component life strategics.
The elevated firing temperatures used in the latest engine designs result not only in very high metal surface temperatures but also in very high temperature gradients and concomitant thermal strains induced in part by the complex and efficient cooling systems. This has changed the primary function of today’s superalloy-coating systems from one of hot corrosion protection to moderating high temperature oxidation reactions. Furthermore, as a result of the high thermal strains induced by the cooling systems, long term metallurgical structural stability issues now revolve around optimizing both thermal mechanical fatigue (TMF) resistance and creep life. Thus the gradual change to Directionally Solidified (DS) and Single Crystal (SC) alloys throughout the industry.
The use of DS and SC alloys coated with state of the art TBC, platinum modified aluminide and MCrAlY coatings with or without subsequent aluminizing applied by vacuum plasma spray (VPS), high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), physical vapor deposition (PVD), air plasma spray (APS) and by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods along with the wide spread use of internal aluminide coatings have made today’s rotating components prohibitively expensive to replace after only one cycle of operation. It is therefore, or should now be a high priority for all cost conscience gas turbine users to help develop reliable repair and rejuvenation strategies and techniques to minimize their operating cost.
Traditional metallurgical considerations required for life assessment and the reliable refurbishment and re-qualification of gas turbine blades are reviewed along with some new exciting techniques. Examples of component degradation modes are presented. Appropriate attention to metallurgical issues allows turbine users to more successfully and economically operate their turbines.
The Design of Transient Wall Heating Experiments for the Determination of Convective Heat Transfer Using Liquid Crystal Thermography
Authors: Graham David , Rhine Jeff 
Published: August 2014

The use of liquid crystals as surface temperature sensors in transient wall heating experiments, to measure steady-state convective heat transfer coefficients, is becoming increasingly popular. This paper describes a simple graphical method to assist in the design of these experiments. The analysis assumes that the test specimen, perspex in the given example, behaves as a semi-infinite solid.
Given an expected range of convective heat transfer coefficients, the experimenter can determine the optimum combination of liquid crystal colour change temperature, bounding wall thickness and experiment duration. It is also possible to determine the sensitivity of experimental uncertainty to the operating conditions and the physical properties of the bounding wall.
Emphasis is given to the use of liquid crystal thermography but the methodology could be applied when other temperature measurement devices are employed.
A Computational Study of a Novel Turbine Rotor Partial Shroud
Authors: Harvey Neil W. , Ramsden Ken 
Published: August 2014

The over tip leakage (OTL) flow that exists between the stationary casing and the rotor tip of a shroudless HP turbine remains a major source of loss of performance for modern aero gas turbines.
To-date the principal approaches to reducing OTL loss have been to minimise the clearance gap and/ or apply a rotating shroud to the rotor. Tip clearance control systems continue to improve, but a practical limit on tip gap remains. A rotating shroud is highly effective but increases the rotor weight forcing it to run more slowly, thus increasing other aerodynamic losses. Additional means of reducing OTL loss are still needed. Partial shrouds (winglets) have been tried but none have entered commercial service to-date.
This paper presents a novel design of partial shroud derived from a review of past research. The (arbitrary) objectives were to halve the OTL loss of a shroudless rotor, at less than half the size of a full shroud. This design has been analysed using a steady flow RANS CFD code to qualitatively determine its benefits. Attention has been paid to its validation and a realistic determination of its capabilities.
The winglet is predicted to significantly improve the efficiency of a highly loaded HP turbine, by 1.2–1.8% at 2% tip gap/ span. A detailed understanding of the flow field shows this to be credible.
Complete Coding Region Sequence of a Chikungunya Virus Strain Used for Formulation of CBER/FDA RNA Reference Reagents for Nucleic Acid Testing
Authors: Añez Germán , Heisey Daniel A. , Rios Maria 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
We have sequenced the complete coding region of a chikungunya virus isolate (R91064) used in the formulation of CBER/FDA RNA reference reagents for nucleic acid technology testing.
Genome Sequence of
Streptomyces toyocaensis
NRRL 15009, Producer of the Glycopeptide Antibiotic A47934
Authors: Kwun Min Jung , Hong Hee-Jeon 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

Here we report the draft genome sequence of
Streptomyces toyocaensis
strain NRRL 15009 which is the producer of the glycopeptide antibiotic A47934. The genome sequence is predicted to harbor a total of 26 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters including the A47934 cluster.
Impact of active coping, religion and acceptance on quality of life of patients with breast cancer in the department of radiotherapy, UCH, Ibadan
Authors: Elumelu Theresa N , Asuzu Chioma C , Akin-Odanye Elizabeth O 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundA breast cancer diagnosis as well as the treatment that follows has considerable consequences on women’s physical functioning, psychological health and overall well-being, resulting in significant interference with patients’ quality of life (QoL).PurposeThe study seeks to assess the impact of active coping, religion and acceptance on the QoL of patients with breast cancer.ParticipantsThis study, which is descriptive in nature, assessed the QoL and coping mechanism of 110 patients with breast cancer receiving treatment at the radiotherapy clinic in the University College Hospital (UCH). The patients had an age range of 25–75, an average age of 46.82 and an SD of 10.55. Male patients were 4 (3.60%), while 106 (96.40%) were female. Currently married participants were 84 (76.40%), while 26 (23.60%) were not.MethodsData was collected using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) V.4 QoL questionnaire and Carver's Brief Cope questionnaire.ResultsAnalysis of data showed that significant differences were found between participants who used active coping, religious coping and acceptance more than those who did not in the overall QoL (p<0.05) as well as in some of the QoL dimensions.ConclusionsSignificant differences exist in the QoL of patients with breast cancer based on the coping style they adopt. Patients with breast cancer should be helped to adopt coping styles that would enhance their QoL.
Spurious routes in public BGP data
Authors: Luckie Matthew 
Published: August 2014

Researchers depend on public BGP data to understand the structure and evolution of the AS topology, as well as the operational security and resiliency of BGP. BGP data is provided voluntarily by network operators who establish BGP sessions with route collectors that record this data. In this paper, we show how trivial it is for a single vantage point (VP) to introduce thousands of spurious routes into the collection by providing examples of five VPs that did so. We explore the impact these misbehaving VPs had on AS relationship inference, showing these misbehaving VPs introduced thousands of AS links that did not exist, and caused relationship inferences for links that did exist to be corrupted.
We evaluate methods to automatically identify misbehaving VPs, although we find the result unsatisfying because the limitations of real-world BGP practices and AS relationship inference algorithms produce signatures similar to those created by misbehaving VPs. The most recent misbehaving VP we discovered added thousands of spurious routes for nine consecutive months until 8 November 2012. This misbehaving VP barely impacts (0.1%) our validation of our AS relationship inferences, but this number may be misleading since most of our validation data relies on BGP and RPSL which validates only existing links, rather than asserting the non-existence of links. We have only a few assertions of non-existent routes, all received via our public-facing website that allows operators to provide validation data through our interactive feedback mechanism. We only discovered this misbehavior because two independent operators corrected some inferences, and we noticed that the spurious routes all came from the same VP. This event highlights the limitations of even the best available topology data, and provides additional evidence that comprehensive ground truth validation from operators is essential to scientific research on Internet topology.
Recent Oral Contraceptive Use by Formulation and Breast Cancer Risk among Women 20 to 49 Years of Age
Authors: Beaber Elisabeth F. , Buist Diana S.M. , Barlow William E. , Malone Kathleen E. , Reed Susan D. , Li Christopher I. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Previous studies of oral contraceptives and breast cancer indicate that recent use slightly increases risk, but most studies relied on self-reported use and did not examine contemporary oral contraceptive formulations. This nested case–control study was among female enrollees in a large U.S. integrated health care delivery system. Cases were 1,102 women ages 20 to 49 years diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from 1990 to 2009. Controls were randomly sampled from enrollment records (n = 21,952) and matched to cases on age, year, enrollment length, and medical chart availability. Detailed oral contraceptive use information was ascertained from electronic pharmacy records and analyzed using conditional logistic regression, ORs, and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Recent oral contraceptive use (within the prior year) was associated with an increased breast cancer risk (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3–1.9) relative to never or former OC use. The association was stronger for estrogen receptor–positive (ER+; OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3–2.1) than estrogen receptor–negative (ER−) disease (OR, 1.2, 95% CI, 0.8–1.8), although not statistically significantly different (P = 0.15). Recent use of oral contraceptives involving high-dose estrogen (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1–6.2), ethynodiol diacetate (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4–4.7), or triphasic dosing with an average of 0.75 mg of norethindrone (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.9–5.1; Pheterogeneity compared with using other oral contraceptives = 0.004) was associated with particularly elevated risks, whereas other types, including low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives, were not (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6–1.7). Our results suggest that recent use of contemporary oral contraceptives is associated with an increased breast cancer risk, which may vary by formulation. If confirmed, consideration of the breast cancer risk associated with different oral contraceptive types could impact discussions weighing recognized health benefits and potential risks. Cancer Res; 74(15); 4078–89. ©2014 AACR.
Validation and Structural Characterization of the LEDGF/p75–MLL Interface as a New Target for the Treatment of MLL-Dependent Leukemia
Authors: Čermáková Kateřina , Tesina Petr , Demeulemeester Jonas , El Ashkar Sara , Méreau Hélène , Schwaller Juerg , Řezáčová Pavlína , Veverka Vaclav , De Rijck Jan 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) fusion–driven acute leukemias represent a genetically distinct subset of leukemias with poor prognosis. MLL forms a ternary complex with the lens epithelium–derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) and MENIN. LEDGF/p75, a chromatin reader recognizing H3K36me3 marks, contributes to the association of the MLL multiprotein complex to chromatin. Formation of this complex is critical for the development of MLL leukemia. Available X-ray data represent only a partial structure of the LEDGF/p75–MLL–MENIN complex. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we identified an additional LEDGF/p75–MLL interface, which overlaps with the binding site of known LEDGF/p75 interactors—HIV-1 integrase, PogZ, and JPO2. Binding of these proteins or MLL to LEDGF/p75 is mutually exclusive. The resolved structure, as well as mutational analysis, shows that the interaction is primarily sustained via two aromatic residues of MLL (F148 and F151). Colony-forming assays in MLL–AF9+ leukemic cells expressing MLL interaction-defective LEDGF/p75 mutants revealed that this interaction is essential for transformation. Finally, we show that the clonogenic growth of primary murine MLL-AF9–expressing leukemic blasts is selectively impaired upon overexpression of a LEDGF/p75-binding cyclic peptide CP65, originally developed to inhibit the LEDGF/p75–HIV-1 integrase interaction. The newly defined protein–protein interface therefore represents a new target for the development of therapeutics against LEDGF/p75–dependent MLL fusion–driven leukemic disorders. Cancer Res; 74(18); 5139–51. ©2014 AACR.
Piperlongumine Chemosensitizes Tumor Cells through Interaction with Cysteine 179 of IκBα Kinase, Leading to Suppression of NF-κB–Regulated Gene Products
Authors: Han Jia Gang , Gupta Subash C. , Prasad Sahdeo , Aggarwal Bharat B. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRecently, two different reports appeared in prominent journals suggesting a mechanism by which piperlongumine, a pyridine alkaloid, mediates anticancer effects. In the current report, we describe another novel mechanism by which this alkaloid mediates its anticancer effects. We found that piperlongumine blocked NF-κB activated by TNFα and various other cancer promoters. This downregulation was accompanied by inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Further investigation revealed that this pyridine alkaloid directly interacts with IκBα kinase (IKK) and inhibits its activity. Inhibition of IKK occurred through interaction with its cysteine 179 as the mutation of this residue to alanine abolished the activity of piperlongumine. Inhibition in NF-κB activity downregulated the expression of proteins involved in cell survival (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, c-IAP-1, c-IAP-2, survivin), proliferation (c-Myc, cyclin D1), inflammation (COX-2, IL6), and invasion (ICAM-1, -9, CXCR-4, VEGF). Overall, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which piperlongumine can exhibit antitumor activity through downmodulation of proinflammatory pathway. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(10); 2422–35. ©2014 AACR.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Prospective Correlation Between Systemic Inflammation and Coronary Heart Disease Death in Male Twins
Authors: Wu Sheng-Hui , Neale Michael C. , Acton Anthony J. , Considine Robert V. , Krasnow Ruth E. , Reed Terry , Dai Jun 
Published: August 2014

Objective—
Because of lack of evidence, we aimed to examine to what degree low-grade systemic inflammation and coronary heart disease (CHD) death shared common genetic and environmental substrates.

Approach and Results—

From the 41-year prospective National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study, we included 950 middle-aged male twins at baseline (1969–1973). Low-grade systemic inflammation was measured with plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein. Univariate and bivariate structural equation models were used, adjusted for a risk score for CHD death. The score-adjusted heritability was 19% for IL-6, 27% for C-reactive protein, and 22% for CHD death. The positive phenotypic correlation of IL-6 with CHD death (
r
adjusted
=0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08–0.43) was driven by additive genetic factors (contribution [relative contribution], 0.30 [111%]) but attenuated by unique environment (–0.03 [–11%]). The genetic correlation between IL-6 and CHD death was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.21–1.00), whereas the unique environmental correlation was –0.05 (95% CI, –0.35 to 0.25). The proportion of genetic variance for CHD death shared with that for IL-6 was 74%. The phenotypic correlation of C-reactive protein with CHD death (
r
adjusted
=0.10; 95% CI, –0.02 to 0.22) was explained by additive genetic factors (0.20 [149%]) but was attenuated by the unique environment (–0.09 [–49%]). The genetic correlation of C-reactive protein with CHD death was 0.63 (95% CI, –0.07 to 1.00), whereas the unique environmental correlation was –0.07 (95% CI, –0.29 to 0.17).

Conclusions—
Low-grade systemic inflammation, measured by IL-6, and long-term CHD death share moderate genetic substrates that augment both traits.
Variation in Restarting Antithrombotic Drugs at Hospital Discharge After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Pasquini Marta , Charidimou Andreas , van Asch Charlotte J.J. , Baharoglu Merih I. , Samarasekera Neshika , Werring David J. , Klijn Catharina J.M. , Roos Yvo B. , Al-Shahi Salman Rustam , Cordonnier Charlotte 
Published: August 2014

Background and Purpose—
Whether intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) survivors should restart antithrombotic drugs is unknown. We analyzed the frequency of restarting antithrombotic drugs in ICH survivors who had taken prophylactic antithrombotic drugs in atrial fibrillation or after thromboembolic disease in 5 cohorts and explored factors associated with doing so.

Methods—
We compared the characteristics and proportions of patients taking antithrombotic drugs at ICH onset and discharge in 4 hospital-based cohorts (Lille, France, n=542; Utrecht, The Netherlands, n=389; multicenter Clinical Relevance of Microbleeds in Stroke-2 (CROMIS-2) ICH, United Kingdom, n=667; and Amsterdam, The Netherlands, n=403) and 1 community-based study (Lothian, Scotland, n=137), using bivariate analyses. We sought characteristics associated with restarting using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses.

Results—

A total of 942 (44%) patients with ICH took antithrombotic drugs at hospital admission (no difference between cohorts). Antithrombotic drugs were restarted in 96 (20%) of the 469 survivors who had taken antithrombotic drugs for secondary prevention or atrial fibrillation, but this proportion differed when stratified by the cohort of origin (Lille, 18%; Utrecht, 45%; Lothian, 15%; CROMIS-2 ICH, 11%; Amsterdam, 20%;
P
<0.001) and by type of antithrombotic drug pre-ICH (14% in patients with previous antiplatelet drugs versus 26% in patients with previous vitamin K antagonists and 41% in patients with both drugs;
P
<0.001). We did not find other consistent, independent associations with restarting antithrombotic drugs.

Conclusions—
The variation in clinical practice and lack of consistent associations with restarting antithrombotic drugs after ICH reflect current knowledge and support the need for randomized controlled trials to resolve this dilemma.
Cultivation and detection of endophytic aerobic methanotrophs isolated from Sphagnum species as a perspective for environmental biotechnology
Authors: Stępniewska Zofia , Kuźniar Agnieszka 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Enriched cultures of microorganisms are an essential step in the production of inoculum of these organisms for biotechnology and bioengineering. The potential application of methanotrophic microorganisms for removal of methane produced from landfills and coal mines as well as biodegradation of toxic compounds has been widely studied. Therefore, searching for new sources of methanotrophs can contribute to increasing the possibilities of biotechnology and bioengineering.
Enrichment cultures of endophytic methanotrophs from Sphagnum sp. were initiated in NMS medium, a most widely used medium for cultivation of methanotrophic bacteria from various environments proposed in 1970 by Whittenbury. Incubation was carried out at 10, 20, 30, and 37°C with vigorous shaking on a shaker (180 rpm). The source of carbon and energy for endophytes were methane at the concentration range between 1-20%.
It appeared that the consortium of endophytic bacteria grew only at the temperature of 20 and 30°C. During the culture of endophytes, the measurements of gas concentration showed a steady loss of methane and oxygen, as well as accumulation of carbon dioxide as a CH4 oxidation product.
The use of FISH has made characterization of endophytic consortia possible. It turned out that the population of endophytes consists of type I and II methanotrophs as well as associated non-methanotrophic bacteria.
Furthermore, we determined the potential of the examined bacteria for methane oxidation, which ranged up to 4,7 μMCH4 per ml of the population of endophytes per day.
Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and autistic symptoms in young children: another red herring?
Authors: Petersen Irene , Evans Stephen , Nazareth Irwin 
Published: August 2014

SummaryIn this issue, El Marroun et al suggest an association between prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure and autistic traits in children, as well as an association with prenatal depressive symptoms. However, SSRIs may be mere markers of severity of underlying illnesses and it may be premature to reach such conclusions about effects of treatment. Studies like this raise concerns as this may fuel further anxiety and guilt among women who are faced with depression in pregnancy and possibly leave some women without treatment.
Too similar, too different: the paradoxical dualism of psychiatric stigma
Authors: Gergel Tania Louise 
Published: August 2014

SummaryChallenges to psychiatric stigma fall between a rock and a hard place. Decreasing one prejudice may inadvertently increase another. Emphasising similarities between mental illness and ‘ordinary’ experience to escape the fear-related prejudices associated with the imagined ‘otherness’ of persons with mental illness risks conclusions that mental illness indicates moral weakness and the loss of any benefits of a medical model. An emphasis on illness and difference from normal experience risks a response of fear of the alien. Thus, a ‘likeness-based’ and ‘unlikeness-based’ conception of psychiatric stigma can lead to prejudices stemming from paradoxically opposing assumptions about mental illness. This may create a troubling impasse for anti-stigma campaigns.
The demonisation of psychiatrists in fiction (and why real psychiatrists might want to do something about it)
Authors: Hopson Jacqueline 
Published: August 2014

SummaryTo encourage psychiatric practitioners to be aware of and to work to counteract the representations of the profession as evil manipulators in fiction, film and popular culture. A wide-ranging number of representative sources portraying psychiatrists are explored. It is demonstrated that psychiatry is overwhelmingly presented in a damagingly negative light.