bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transient Workspaces
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton Chakanetsa 
Published: September 2015

An account of technology in Africa from an African perspective, examining hunting in Zimbabwe as an example of an innovative mobile workspace.
In this book, Clapperton Mavhunga views technology in Africa from an African perspective. Technology in his account is not something always brought in from outside, but is also something that ordinary people understand, make, and practice through their everyday innovations or creativities—including things that few would even consider technological. Technology does not always originate in the laboratory in a Western-style building but also in the society in the forest, in the crop field, and in other places where knowledge is made and turned into practical outcomes.
African creativities are found in African mobilities. Mavhunga shows the movement of people as not merely conveyances across space but transient workspaces. Taking indigenous hunting in Zimbabwe as one example, he explores African philosophies of mobilities as spiritually guided and of the forest as a sacred space. Viewing the hunt as guided mobility, Mavhunga considers interesting questions of what constitutes technology under regimes of spirituality. He describes how African hunters extended their knowledge traditions to domesticate the gun, how European colonizers, with no remedy of their own, turned to indigenous hunters for help in combating the deadly tsetse fly, and examines how wildlife conservation regimes have criminalized African hunting rather than enlisting hunters (and their knowledge) as allies in wildlife sustainability. The hunt, Mavhunga writes, is one of many criminalized knowledges and practices to which African people turn in times of economic or political crisis. He argues that these practices need to be decriminalized and examined as technologies of everyday innovation with a view toward constructive engagement, innovating with Africans rather than for them.
Earth System Governance
Authors: Biermann Frank 
Published: September 2015

A new model for effective global environmental governance in an era of human-caused planetary transformation and disruption.
Humans are no longer spectators who need to adapt to their natural environment. Our impact on the earth has caused changes that are outside the range of natural variability and are equivalent to such major geological disruptions as ice ages. Some scientists argue that we have entered a new epoch in planetary history: the Anthropocene. In such an era of planet-wide transformation, we need a new model for planet-wide environmental politics. In this book, Frank Biermann proposes “earth system” governance as just such a new paradigm.
Biermann offers both analytical and normative perspectives. He provides detailed analysis of global environmental politics in terms of five dimensions of effective governance: agency, particularly agency beyond that of state actors; architecture of governance, from local to global levels; accountability and legitimacy; equitable allocation of resources; and adaptiveness of governance systems. Biermann goes on to offer a wide range of policy proposals for future environmental governance and a revitalized United Nations, including the establishment of a World Environment Organization and a UN Sustainable Development Council, new mechanisms for strengthened representation of civil society and scientists in global decision making, innovative systems of qualified majority voting in multilateral negotiations, and novel institutions to protect those impacted by global change. Drawing on ten years of research, Biermann formulates earth system governance as an empirical reality and a political necessity.
The Genealogy of a Gene
Authors: Jackson Myles W. 
Published: September 2015

The history of the CCR5 gene as a lens through which to view such issues as intellectual property, Big Pharma, personalized medicine, and race and genomics.
In The Genealogy of a Gene, Myles Jackson uses the story of the CCR5 gene to investigate the interrelationships among science, technology, and society. Mapping the varied “genealogy” of CCR5—intellectual property, natural selection, Big and Small Pharma, human diversity studies, personalized medicine, ancestry studies, and race and genomics—Jackson links a myriad of diverse topics. The history of CCR5 from the 1990s to the present offers a vivid illustration of how intellectual property law has changed the conduct and content of scientific knowledge, and the social, political, and ethical implications of such a transformation.
The CCR5 gene began as a small sequence of DNA, became a patented product of a corporation, and then, when it was found to be an AIDS virus co-receptor with a key role in the immune system, it became part of the biomedical research world—and a potential moneymaker for the pharmaceutical industry. When it was further discovered that a mutation of the gene found in certain populations conferred near-immunity to the AIDS virus, questions about race and genetics arose. Jackson describes these developments in the context of larger issues, including the rise of “biocapitalism,” the patentability of products of nature, the difference between U.S. and European patenting approaches, and the relevance of race and ethnicity to medical research.
Consciousness, Attention, and Conscious Attention
Authors: Montemayor Carlos , Haladjian Harry Haroutioun 
Published: September 2015

A rigorous analysis of current empirical and theoretical work supporting the argument that consciousness and attention are largely dissociated.
In this book, Carlos Montemayor and Harry Haladjian consider the relationship between consciousness and attention. The cognitive mechanism of attention has often been compared to consciousness, because attention and consciousness appear to share similar qualities. But, Montemayor and Haladjian point out, attention is defined functionally, whereas consciousness is generally defined in terms of its phenomenal character without a clear functional purpose. They offer new insights and proposals about how best to understand and study the relationship between consciousness and attention by examining their functional aspects. The book's ultimate conclusion is that consciousness and attention are largely dissociated.
Undertaking a rigorous analysis of current empirical and theoretical work on attention and consciousness, Montemayor and Haladjian propose a spectrum of dissociation—a framework that identifies the levels of dissociation between consciousness and attention—ranging from identity to full dissociation. They argue that conscious attention, the focusing of attention on the contents of awareness, is constituted by overlapping but distinct processes of consciousness and attention. Conscious attention, they claim, evolved after the basic forms of attention, increasing access to the richest kinds of cognitive contents.
Montemayor and Haladjian's goal is to help unify the study of consciousness and attention across the disciplines. A focused examination of conscious attention will, they believe, enable theoretical progress that will further our understanding of the human mind.
Chapter 5. Morphology: Pronouns
Authors: Nesset Tore 
Published: September 2015

<p><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Have you ever wondered whether the so-called reflexive postfix ‑ся is related to the reflexive pronoun себя? Do you know the etymology of сейчас and сегодня? And do you know where the н in the pronoun comes from in prepositional phrases like к нему ‘to him’? Answers to these and many other questions are offered in this chapter, which explores the declension of personal pronouns (sections 5.1 and 5.2), demonstrative pronouns (section 5.3), possessive pronouns (section 5.4), вьсь ‘all’ (section 5.5), and interrogative pronouns (section 5.6).</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Click on the links below to learn more!</span></p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3495/160"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">5.6 Question words</span></a></p>
Chapter 6. Morphology: Adjectives
Authors: Nesset Tore 
Published: September 2015

<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">You may have asked yourself why Russian makes a distinction between short and long forms of adjectives. Why are the short forms only used in a limited number of constructions? Why do they only have nominative forms? Read this chapter and you will find answers to these and other questions regarding the history of adjectives. Section 6.1 explores the relationship between short and long forms, while sections 6.2 and 6.3 outline their declension. In section 6.4 you will find a discussion of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives. Section 6.5 sums up the main points.</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!</span></p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3496/149"><span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">6.3 Adjective long forms</span></a></p>
Chapter 10. Phonology: Pre-Slavic and Common Slavic Vowels and Diphthongs
Authors: Nesset Tore 
Published: September 2015

<p><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Now that you have learned about morphology and syntax, you are ready for phonology – the study of sound systems. Phonology is the topic of this and the following three chapters. We start with vowels and diphthongs in the Pre-Slavic and Common Slavic periods. You will learn how the difference between short and long vowels disappeared, and how a number of sound laws created a special type of syllables called “open syllables”. In addition, this chapter gives you the answer to a number of questions about Modern Russian. Why are there no words beginning with the letter ы in Contemporary Standard Russian? Why is ‘city’ represented as град in Leningrad and Stalingrad, but город in Novgorod? Why does the letter н show up in the inflected forms of nouns like имя and время (cf. nominative singular имя vs. genitive singular име<strong>н</strong>и)?</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Click on the links below to learn more!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3500/135" target="_blank">10.4 Open syllables </a> - licensed under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3500/135" target="_blank"><br /></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
Chapter 12. Phonology: From Old Rusian to Modern Russian
Authors: Nesset Tore 
Published: September 2015

<p><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Why does Modern Russian have mobile vowels, such as /o/ in сон ‘dream’, which disappear in inflected forms such as the genitive singular сна? Why can the letters к, г, х be followed by и, but not ы? Why is род ‘family’ pronounced with [t] at the end, when it is spelled with the letter д, and why is легко ‘easy’ spelled with the letter г? This chapter shows that this and many other problems you have struggled with in Modern Russian are the result of phonological changes in medieval times.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p>Click on the links below to learn more!</p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3502/136" target="_blank">12.2 Jers</a> - licensed under <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></p>
Chapter 14. A Visit from Novgorod: The Language of the Birch Bark Letters
Authors: Nesset Tore 
Published: September 2015

<p><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Today, Novgorod is a small provincial town in northwestern Russia. However, in medieval times Novgord was a major city that served as a contact point between Rus’ and Scandinavia, and later between Rus’ and the Hanseatic League, the organization of German merchants that became an important trading partner for Rus’. From the perspective of Old Rusian language and literature, Novgorod is important because most of the birch bark letters have been found here. In section 2.3.7, you learned that these letters are a unique source of information about daily life in the Middle Ages. While birch bark letters can be fun to read, they display a number of dialect features that make them hard to penetrate. This chapter prepares you for the reading of birch bark letters by providing a survey of important dialect features. We explore orthography (section 14.1), phonology (sections 14.2–14.4), morphology (sections 14.5–14.6), and syntax (section 14.7). In section 14.8, we briefly discuss the role of the Old Novgorod dialect in the formation of the Russian language. This chapter is mainly based on Zaliznjak’s monograph <em>Drevne­novgorodskij dialekt</em> (2004), which contains much more information than could be included in this short chapter.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p>Click on the links below to learn more!</p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3504/151">14.2 Birch bark letter 247 and the second palatalization</a></p>
Chapter 8 – Hands wet: counting the fish
Authors: Santos Jorge 
Published: September 2015

<p>QUESTIONS ASKED</p><ul><li>How do biologists count organisms in the field?</li><li>How do they design their sampling?</li><li>How can one scale or extrapolate observations to other areas?</li></ul><p> </p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3604/178">Sampling design scaling</a></p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3604/179">Direct counting (general)</a></p>
Chapter 11 – Competing with predators: multispecies and stakeholder interactions in fluctuating environments
Authors: Santos Jorge 
Published: September 2015

<p>QUESTIONS ASKED</p><ul><li>How does the climate influence a fishery?</li><li>How to conciliate the interests of predators?</li><li>How to conciliate the interests of different industries?</li></ul><p> </p><p> </p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3607/184">Corrumane dam ecosystem Mono</a></p><p><a href="/index.php/SapEdu/article/downloadSuppFile/3607/185">Corrumane dam ecosystem Multi</a></p>
Recent decadal trends in global phytoplankton composition
Authors: Rousseaux Cecile S. , Gregg Watson W. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIdentifying major trends in biogeochemical composition of the oceans is essential to improve our understanding of biological responses to climate forcing. Using the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model combined with ocean color remote sensing data assimilation, we assessed the trends in phytoplankton composition (diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophores, and chlorophytes) at a global scale for the period 1998–2012. We related these trends in phytoplankton to physical conditions (surface temperature, surface photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), and mixed layer depth (MLD)) and nutrients (iron, silicate, and nitrate). We found a significant global decline in diatoms (−1.22% yr−1, p < 0.05). This trend was associated with a significant (p < 0.05) shallowing of the MLD (−0.20% yr−1), a significant increase in PAR (0.09% yr−1), and a significant decline in nitrate (−0.38% yr−1). The global decline in diatoms was mostly attributed to their decline in the North Pacific (−1.00% yr−1, p < 0.05), where the MLD shallowed significantly and resulted in a decline in all three nutrients (p < 0.05). None of the other phytoplankton groups exhibited a significant change globally, but regionally there were considerable significant trends. A decline in nutrients in the northernmost latitudes coincided with a significant decline in diatoms (North Pacific, −1.00% yr−1) and chlorophytes (North Atlantic, −9.70% yr−1). In the northern midlatitudes (North Central Pacific and Atlantic) where nutrients were more scarce, a decline in nutrients was associated with a decline in smaller phytoplankton: cyanobacteria declined significantly in the North Central Pacific (−0.72% yr−1) and Atlantic (−1.56% yr−1), and coccolithophores declined significantly in the North Central Atlantic (−2.06% yr−1). These trends represent the diversity and complexity of mechanisms that drives phytoplankton communities to adapt to variable conditions of nutrients, light, and mixed layer depth. These results provide a first insight into the existence of trends in phytoplankton composition over the maturing satellite ocean color era and illustrate how changes in the conditions of the oceans in the last ~15 years may have affected them.
An efficient and general approach for implementing thermodynamic phase equilibria information in geophysical and geodynamic studies
Authors: Afonso Juan Carlos , Zlotnik Sergio , Díez Pedro 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe present a flexible, general, and efficient approach for implementing thermodynamic phase equilibria information (in the form of sets of physical parameters) into geophysical and geodynamic studies. The approach is based on Tensor Rank Decomposition methods, which transform the original multidimensional discrete information into a separated representation that contains significantly fewer terms, thus drastically reducing the amount of information to be stored in memory during a numerical simulation or geophysical inversion. Accordingly, the amount and resolution of the thermodynamic information that can be used in a simulation or inversion increases substantially. In addition, the method is independent of the actual software used to obtain the primary thermodynamic information, and therefore, it can be used in conjunction with any thermodynamic modeling program and/or database. Also, the errors associated with the decomposition procedure are readily controlled by the user, depending on her/his actual needs (e.g., preliminary runs versus full resolution runs). We illustrate the benefits, generality, and applicability of our approach with several examples of practical interest for both geodynamic modeling and geophysical inversion/modeling. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method is a competitive and attractive candidate for implementing thermodynamic constraints into a broad range of geophysical and geodynamic studies. MATLAB implementations of the method and examples are provided as supporting information and can be downloaded from the journal's website.
Improvement in Admicellar Polymerization of Polypyrrole on Cotton Fabric Using Precationization to Achieve High Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Khajavi Ramin , Berendjchi Amirhosein 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis study aims to modify admicellar polymerization (AP) of polypyrrole (PPy) by increasing the adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on cotton fabric. The PPy films were formed on the pristine and precationized cotton samples using the AP method. The samples were characterized by UV–Vis and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the standard two‐probe method. The adsorbed amounts of SDS showed an increase up to 37% in the cationized samples. Both infrared spectroscopy and SEM images confirmed the formation of PPy layers on uncationized and cationized cotton samples. The agglomeration of PPy particles was also appeared on the uncationized fibers. However, a uniform distribution of PPy films was observed for the cationized cotton fabrics. Furthermore, the conductivity of these samples enhanced up to 49% (with a 0.0212 S/cm electrical conductivity). It was concluded that cotton precationization could result in a fabric with a very low resistance or improved conductivity.
Asymmetric Ring‐Opening of Cyclopropyl Ketones with Thiol, Alcohol, and Carboxylic Acid Nucleophiles Catalyzed by a Chiral N,N′‐Dioxide–Scandium(III) Complex
Authors: Xia Yong , Lin Lili , Chang Fenzhen , Fu Xuan , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA highly efficient asymmetric ring‐opening reaction of cyclopropyl ketones with a broad range of thiols, alcohols and carboxylic acids has been first realized by using a chiral N,N′‐dioxide–scandium(III) complex as catalyst. The corresponding sulfides, ethers, and esters were obtained in up to 99 % yield and 95 % ee. This is also the first example of one catalytic system working for the ring‐opening reaction of donor–acceptor cyclopropanes with three different nucleophiles, let alone in an asymmetric version.
Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially, Planar, and Helical Chiral Compounds
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Liu Shiyao , Kaneko Shiho 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAxially, planar, and helical chiral compounds are indispensable building blocks in modern organic synthesis. A wide variety of chiral ligands and catalysts were designed based on these chiral scaffolds, and these chiral ligands and catalysts were used for various catalytic asymmetric transformations to produce important chiral compounds in an optically enriched form. Furthermore, these chiral skeletons are found in the structure of biologically active natural products. Thus, the development of efficient enantioselective methods for the synthesis of these chiral compounds is an important task in the field of organic chemistry. In the last few years, organocatalyzed approaches, which are one of the most reliable catalytic asymmetric methods, became a hot topic. This Focus Review summarizes asymmetric organocatalytic methods for the synthesis of axially, planar, and helical chiral compounds as useful chiral building blocks.