bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of LiY(CN2)2, Having a Structure Related to That of NiAs
Authors: Unverfehrt Leonid , Ströbele Markus , Meyer H.‐Jürgen 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe new ternary carbodiimide LiY(CN2)2 was synthesized by solid state metathesis reaction between YF3 and Li2(CN2) in a silica tube at 550 °C. The X‐ray single‐crystal structure determination yielded an orthorhombic crystal system (Pbcn, Z = 4, a = 982.0(3), b = 698.5(2), c = 613.4(2) pm). The crystal structure can be considered related to the NiAs structure. The carbodiimide ions are arranged in layers following the motif of a hexagonal closest packing of sticks. Lithium and yttrium cations occupy all octahedral voids in an ordered fashion, alternating on top of each other along the hcp stacking direction.
Higher spectral flow and an entire bivariant JLO cocycle
Authors: Benameur Moulay-Tahar , Carey Alan L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFor a single Dirac operator on a closed manifold the cocycle introduced by Jaffe-Lesniewski-Osterwalder [19] (abbreviated here to JLO), is a representative of Connes' Chern character map from the K-theory of the algebra of smooth functions on the manifold to its entire cyclic cohomology. Given a smooth fibration of closed manifolds and a family of generalized Dirac operators along the fibers, we define in this paper an associated bivariant JLO cocycle. We then prove that, for any l ≥ 0, our bivariant JLO cocycle is entire when we endow smoooth functions on the total manifold with the Cl+1 topology and functions on the base manifold with the Cl topology. As a by-product of our theorem, we deduce that the bivariant JLO cocycle is entire for the Fréchet smooth topologies. We then prove that our JLO bivariant cocycle computes the Chern character of the Dai-Zhang higher spectral flow.
How does a xylem-feeder maximize its fitness?
Authors: Walczyńska A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe current case study concerns evaluation of the life history of an insect species living in a demanding habitat, namely a xylem-feeder Aredolpona rubra (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) representing the wood-feeding guild. Growth rate, development time and body size at maturity were studied at different temperature regimes with discreteness of insect growth pattern, associated with moultings, taken into account. Moreover, the temperature effect on reproductive strategy of females was tested, and the general life history was compared with available data within the wood-feeding guild. The results show that: (i) the growth of A. rubra is slow but compensated by prolonged development; (ii) size dimorphism is probably caused by the longer development time of females; (iii) fecundity is at least partly determined by the temperature experienced during the egg-laying period; and (iv) interspecific comparisons reveal that the life strategy of a wood-feeder depends on the niche occupied within the tree, whilst its breeding strategy (whether capital or income) is controlled at a taxonomic level. Control of all the main life history traits at one time provided a unique opportunity to understand the selection pressures on A. rubra species. Moreover, comparison within a feeding guild broadens this context and identifies the sources of heterogeneity in the ‘inside-wood’ habitat. The knowledge so gathered may be applied to pest control in forestry science, as well as to the conservation of rare and endangered insect species living within trees.
Longitudinal study of Salmonella shedding in naturally infected finishing pigs
Authors: PIRES A. F. A. , FUNK J. A. , BOLIN C. A. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYA 3-year longitudinal study was conducted on a multi-site farrow-to-finish production system. For each of 18 cohorts at three finishing sites, 50 pigs were randomly selected. Faecal samples were collected every 2 weeks for 16 weeks. Salmonella was cultured from 453 (6·6%) of 6836 faecal samples. The pig-level incidence of Salmonella was 20·8% (187/899 pigs). Salmonella prevalence varied between cohorts and within pigs. The adjusted Salmonella prevalence decreased over the finishing period from 6·4% to 0·8%. Intermittent detection of Salmonella was found in more than 50% of pigs that were positive at more than one collection. The finding that the majority of pigs shed intermittently has implications for surveillance and research study design when determining Salmonella status. The variability in shedding over time, as well as between and within cohorts and pigs suggests that there may be time-variant risk factors for Salmonella shedding in swine.
Epidemiology and aetiology of encephalitis in Canada, 1994–2008: a case for undiagnosed arboviral agents?
Authors: KULKARNI M. A. , LECOCQ A. COMTOIS , ARTSOB H. , DREBOT M. A. , OGDEN N. H. 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYEncephalitis is a clinical syndrome often associated with infectious agents. This study describes the epidemiology and disease burden associated with encephalitis in Canada and explores possible associations with arboviral causes. Encephalitis-associated hospitalizations, 1994–2008, were analysed according to aetiological category (based on ICD-9/ICD-10 codes) and other factors using multivariate logistic regression for grouped (blocked) data and negative binomial regression. A discrete Poisson model tested spatio-temporal clustering of hospitalizations associated with unclassified and arboviral encephalitis aetiologies. Encephalitis accounted for an estimated 24028 hospitalizations in Canada (5·2/100 000 population) and unknown aetiologies represented 50% of these hospitalizations. In 2003, clusters of unclassified encephalitis were identified in the summer and early autumn months signifying potential underlying arboviral aetiologies. Spatio-temporal patterns in encephalitis hospitalizations may help us to better understand the disease burden associated with arboviruses and other zoonotic pathogens in Canada and to develop appropriate surveillance systems.
Single-Subject Experimental Design for Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Byiers Breanne J. , Reichle Joe , Symons Frank J. 
Published: November 2012

Purpose
Single-subject experimental designs (SSEDs) represent an important tool in the development and implementation of evidence-based practice in communication sciences and disorders. The purpose of this article is to review the strategies and tactics of SSEDs and their application in speech-language pathology research.

Method
The authors discuss the requirements of each design, followed by advantages and disadvantages. The logic and methods for evaluating effects in SSED are reviewed as well as contemporary issues regarding data analysis with SSED data sets. Examples of challenges in executing SSEDs are included. Specific exemplars of how SSEDs have been used in speech-language pathology research are provided throughout.

Conclusion
SSED studies provide a flexible alternative to traditional group designs in the development and identification of evidence-based practice in the field of communication sciences and disorders.
Reaction time and anticipatory skill of athletes in open and closed skill‐dominated sport
Authors: Nuri Leila , Shadmehr Azadeh , Ghotbi Nastaran , Attarbashi Moghadam Behrouz 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn sports, reaction time and anticipatory skill are critical aspects of perceptual abilities. To date, no study has compared reaction time and anticipatory skill of athletes from open and closed skill‐dominated sport. Accordingly, the present study investigated whether a difference exists in sensory‐cognitive skills between these two different sport domains. Eleven volleyball players and 11 sprinters participated in this experiment. Reaction time and anticipatory skill of both groups were recorded by a custom‐made software called SART (speed anticipation and reaction time test). This software consists of six sensory‐cognitive tests that evaluate visual choice reaction time, visual complex choice reaction time, auditory choice reaction time, auditory complex choice reaction time, and anticipatory skill of the high speed and low speed of the ball. For each variable, an independent t‐test was performed. Results suggested that sprinters were better in both auditory reaction times (P<0.001 for both tests) and volleyball players were better in both anticipatory skill tests (P = 0.007 and P = 0.04 for anticipatory skill of the high speed and low speed of the ball, respectively). However, no significant differences were found in both visual choice reaction time tests (P > 0.05 for both visual reaction time tests). It is concluded that athletes have greater sensory‐cognitive skills related to their specific sport domain either open or closed.
THE SEASICK CHOROID
Authors: Arias Juan D. , Kumar Nishant , Fulco Enzo A. M. , Spaide Richard , Yannuzzi Lawrence , Shields Jerry A. , Shields Carol L. 
Published: November 2012

Purpose:
To describe previously unreported imaging features of choroidal lymphoma using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Methods:
Enhanced depth imaging OCT was performed before and after the therapy.

Results:
A 32-year-old white man with a 4-month history of blurred vision in the right eye was found to have a macular fold. There was no visible intraocular tumor. There were no signs of anterior segment inflammation, vascular abnormalities, or infiltrative disease. Visual acuity was 20/150 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Enhanced depth imaging OCT demonstrated a macular retinal fold and marked thickening of the choroid with striking choroidal surface undulation and folds imparting an appearance similar to a “sea storm” (seasick appearance). Deep choroidal structures could not be visualized, and the sclerochoroidal interface could not be identified. Overlying subretinal fluid and intraretinal fluid was noted. Ultrasonography demonstrated diffuse, relatively smooth thickening of the choroid (4.0-mm thickness) with minor extraocular hypoechoic area. Based on these findings, choroidal lymphoid proliferation was suspected, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy confirmed B-cell lymphoma. Results of systemic evaluation were unremarkable. After external beam radiotherapy with dose of 40 Gy, visual acuity returned promptly to 20/40 and the lymphoid infiltration resolved with flattening of the macular fold and resolution of subretinal and intraretinal fluids. The enhanced depth imaging OCT returned to a more normal appearance with the resolution of the retinal fold and reduction of the choroidal mass with retinal pigment epithelial–choroidal surface features to a “calm sea” appearance.

Conclusion:
Enhanced depth imaging OCT is a useful tool for subclinical monitoring of choroidal infiltration from lymphoma before and after therapy.
TREATMENT OF CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA IN A PATIENT WITH BIRDSHOT CHORIORETINOPATHY WITH BEVACIZUMAB
Authors: Hager Jon L. , Lewis Richard A. , Lambert H. Michael 
Published: November 2012

Purpose:
Birdshot chorioretinopathy is currently treated with either systemic immune modulation or intravitreal polytherapy. These regimens pose challenges to the clinician and patient such as adverse effects, chronic treatment and compliance, and failure of therapy. In a patient with birdshot chorioretinopathy and juxtaposed cystoid macular edema, the authors assessed the efficacy of bevacizumab for treatment after systemic therapy had failed.

Methods:
A 48-year-old woman was injected with intravitreal bevacizumab 10 times in her right eye with 4 weeks to 6 weeks intervening between injections. Improvement was monitored by best-corrected visual acuity and ocular coherence tomography.

Results:
Visual acuity improved from 20/200 to 20/30 in the right eye, and foveal thickness improved from 638 μm to 200 μm. Visible signs of macular edema and inflammation completely disappeared.

Conclusion:
Bevacizumab monotherapy may improve visual acuity with resolution of macular edema in patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy that is refractory to traditional systemic therapy.
Eukaryotic versus prokaryotic marine picoplankton ecology
Authors: Massana Ramon , Logares Ramiro 
Published: November 2012

SummaryMarine microorganisms contribute markedly to global biomass and ecosystem function. They include a diverse collection of organisms differing in cell size and in evolutionary history. In particular, microbes within the picoplankton are similar in size but belong to two drastically different cellular plans, the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. Compared with larger organisms, prokaryotes and picoeukaryotes share ecological features, such as high specific activity, large and constant abundances, and high dispersal potential. Still, there are some aspects where their different cell organization influences their ecological performance. First, prokaryotes have a huge metabolic versatility and are involved in all biogeochemical cycles, whereas picoeukaryotes are metabolically less flexible but can exploit diverse predatory life strategies due to their phagocytic capacity. Second, sexual reproduction is absent in prokaryotes but may be present in picoeukaryotes, thus determining different evolutionary diversification dynamics and making species limits clearer in picoeukaryotes. Finally, it is plausible that picoeukaryotes are less flexible to enter a reversible state of low metabolic activity, thus picoeukaryote assemblages may have fewer rare species and may be less resilient to environmental change. In summary, lumping together pico‐sized microbes may be convenient for some ecological studies, but it is also important to keep in mind their differences.
TRPV1 and SP: key elements for sepsis outcome?
Authors: Bodkin Jennifer Victoria , Fernandes Elizabeth Soares 
Published: November 2012

Sensory neurons play important roles in many disorders, including inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis. Sepsis is a potentially lethal systemic inflammatory reaction to a local bacterial infection, affecting thousands of patients annually. Although associated with a high mortality rate, sepsis outcome depends on the severity of systemic inflammation, which can be directly influenced by several factors, including the immune response of the patient. Currently, there is a lack of effective drugs to treat sepsis, and thus there is a need to develop new drugs to improve sepsis outcome. Several mediators involved in the formation of sepsis have now been identified, but the mechanisms underlying the pathology remain poorly understood. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor and the neuropeptide substance P (SP) have recently been demonstrated as important targets for sepsis and are located on sensory neurones and non‐neuronal cells. Herein, we highlight and review the importance of sensory neurones for the modulation of sepsis, with specific focus on recent findings relating to TRPV1 and SP, with their distinct abilities to alter the transition from local to systemic inflammation and also modify the overall sepsis outcome. We also emphasize the protective role of TRPV1 in this context.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Neuropeptides. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue‐7
Ethnic differences in intraocular pressure reduction and changes in anterior segment biometric parameters following cataract surgery by phacoemulsification
Authors: Lee Roland Y , Kasuga Toshimitsu , Cui Qi N , Huang Guofu , Wang Sophia Y , Lin Shan C 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundTo determine the association between ethnicity and changes in intraocular pressure and anterior segment biometric parameters following cataract surgery by phacoemulsification in nonglaucomatous subjects.DesignProspective clinical cohort study.ParticipantsCaucasian and Asian subjects.MethodsCustomized software was used to calculate parameters from anterior segment optical coherence tomography images obtained preoperatively and at 3 months following cataract surgery by phacoemulsification. The percentage changes in intraocular pressure and anterior segment biometric parameters following cataract surgery by phacoemulsification were modelled as a function of ethnicity using linear mixed‐effects regression, a likelihood ratio test function that adjusted for age, sex and the use of both eyes in the same subject, to determine the association between ethnicity and postoperative outcomes.Main Outcome MeasuresIntraocular pressure, angle opening distance, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume, and angle recess area.ResultsFifty Asian and 23 Caucasian nonglaucomatous eyes were analysed. Postoperative decrease in intraocular pressure and increases in angle opening distance, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume and angle recess area were observed within each ethnic group (P < 0.005). The percent changes in intraocular pressure, angle opening distance, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume and angle recess area did not differ between ethnic groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsIn this study, regardless of ethnic classification, subjects who received cataract surgery by phacoemulsification experienced a significant postoperative decrease in intraocular pressure and increases in angle opening distance, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume and angle recess area. The percent changes in postoperative outcomes did not differ significantly by ethnicity.
Aetiology and outcome of open and closed globe eye injuries in children
Authors: Kadappu Subhashini , Silveira Sue , Martin Frank 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis paper reports on the aetiology and outcome of childhood open and closed globe eye injuries presenting to the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia from January 2000 to December 2008.DesignHospital‐based retrospective study.ParticipantsTwo hundred three cases of childhood eye injuries identified in a nine‐year period, comprising 81 open globe and 122 closed globe injuries.MethodsHospital records were examined for demographic data and injuries were classified into open globe and closed globe, based on the Ocular Trauma Classification.Main Outcome MeasuresParameters affecting the final visual outcome such as type of injury, zone of injury, initial visual acuity, wound length (only in open globe injuries) and lens injury were assessed.ResultsMost of the eye injuries resulted from the child poking itself or being poked accidentally (26%), with the home being the most common place of injury. A favourable visual outcome was noted with closed globe injuries as compared with open globe injuries (P < 0.01). Parameters that indicated a poor visual outcome included globe ruptures, zone 3 injuries, poor initial visual acuity, wound length >10 mm and lens trauma. Final visual acuity of 6/12 or better was observed in 68% of injured eyes.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated improved visual outcomes when compared with previous studies. However, many unsalvageable childhood eye injuries with little useful vision were evident, and most disconcerting is that the majority of childhood eye injuries in this study were preventable.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of adjunctive topiramate in infants (1–24 months) with refractory partial‐onset seizures: A randomized, multicenter, open‐label phase 1 study
Authors: Manitpisitkul Prasarn , Shalayda Kevin , Todd Mike , Wang Shean S. , Ness Seth , Ford Lisa 
Published: November 2012

SummaryPurpose:  To characterize the pharmacokinetics of adjunctive topiramate in infants (1–24 months) with refractory partial‐onset seizures (POS); also to evaluate safety and tolerability of topiramate in the dose range of 3–25 mg/kg/day.Methods:  In this open‐label phase 1 study, infants (N = 55) with refractory POS receiving at least one concurrent antiepileptic drug (AED) were enrolled. Infants were stratified by age and randomly assigned to one of four topiramate target dose groups (3‐, 5‐, 15‐, or 25 mg/kg/day). Treatment was initiated at 3 mg/kg/day with titration to the target dose by weekly dose escalation. Topiramate was administered daily in two divided doses as oral liquid (5 mg/ml for infants <9 kg or those who could not tolerate solid foods) or sprinkle capsule (25 mg) formulations. Following seven consecutive days of topiramate administration at the target dose, four blood samples were collected from each infant for pharmacokinetic assessments (predose, 1–3, 4–6, and 8–10 h postdose).Key Findings:  Fifty‐five infants (mean [SD] age in months: 11.4 [5.79]) with POS were enrolled, of whom 33% had seizures with or without secondary generalization. Complete pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained in 35 infants in whom mean plasma topiramate concentration–time profiles demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics (predose topiramate concentrations [Ctrough] and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 through 12 h [AUC12 h]) of topiramate over the dose range studied). Apparent steady state oral clearance (CLss/F) remained similar across all topiramate target dose groups and was independent of creatinine clearance, age, and weight. Mean values for CLss/F were approximately twofold greater in infants receiving concomitant enzyme‐inducing AEDs versus enzyme‐inhibiting AEDs. Topiramate was well tolerated and safety findings were consistent with previous reports in children and adults. Most common treatment emergent adverse events (≥10%) were upper respiratory tract infection, fever, vomiting, somnolence, and anorexia.Significance:  In infants (1–24 months), topiramate exhibited linear steady state pharmacokinetics over the dose range 3–25 mg/kg/day, and CLss/F of topiramate was independent of dose. Moreover, the concomitant enzyme‐inducing AEDs doubled the clearance of topiramate. Topiramate was generally well tolerated as adjunctive therapy at doses up to 25 mg/kg/day.
Inborn errors of creatine metabolism and epilepsy
Authors: Leuzzi Vincenzo , Mastrangelo Mario , Battini Roberta , Cioni Giovanni 
Published: November 2012

SummaryCreatine metabolism disorders include guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency, and the creatine transporter (CT1‐encoded by SLC6A8 gene) deficiency. Epilepsy is one of the main symptoms in GAMT and CT1 deficiency, whereas the occurrence of febrile convulsions in infancy is a relatively common presenting symptom in all the three above‐mentioned diseases. GAMT deficiency results in a severe early onset epileptic encephalopathy with development arrest, neurologic deterioration, drug‐resistant seizures, movement disorders, mental disability, and autistic‐like behavior. In this disorder, epilepsy and associated abnormalities on electroencephalography (EEG) are more responsive to substitutive treatment with creatine monohydrate than to conventional antiepileptic drugs. AGAT deficiency is mainly characterized by mental retardation and severe language disorder without epilepsy. In CT1 deficiency epilepsy is generally less severe than in GAMT deficiency. All creatine disorders can be investigated through measurement of creatine metabolites in body fluids, brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS), and molecular genetic techniques. Blood guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) assessment and brain H‐MRS examination should be part of diagnostic workup for all patients presenting with epileptic encephalopathy of unknown origin. In girls with learning and/or intellectual disabilities with or without epilepsy, SLC6A8 gene assessment should be part of the diagnostic procedures. The aims of this review are the following: (1) to describe the electroclinical features of epilepsy occurring in inborn errors of creatine metabolism; and (2) to delineate the metabolic alterations associated with GAMT, AGAT, and CT1 deficiency and the role of a substitutive therapeutic approach on their clinical and electroencephalographic epileptic patterns.