bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetics and plasticity of white leaf mark variegation in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
Authors: Kuo Wen-Hsi , Cunningham Eimear , Guo Emily , Olsen Kenneth M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Leaf variegation is common in plants and confers diverse adaptive functions. However, its genetic underpinnings remain largely unresolved; this is particularly true for variegation that arises through modified leaf tissue structure that affects light reflection. White clover is naturally polymorphic for structure-based white leaf mark variegation. It therefore provides a useful system in which to examine the genetic basis of this phenotype and to assess potential costs to photosynthetic efficiency resulting from modified leaf structures. In this study, we sought to map the loci controlling the white leaf mark in white clover and to evaluate the relationship between white leaf mark, leaf thickness and photosynthetic efficiency.

Methods
We generated a high-density genetic linkage map from an F3 mapping population, using reference genome-based single nucleotide polymorphism markers. White leaf mark was quantified through detailed phenotypic evaluations alongside leaf thickness to test how tissue thickness might affect the variegation phenotype. Mapping of quantitative trait loci was performed to characterize their genetic basis. Photosynthetic efficiency measurements were used to test for physiological trade-offs between variegation and photosynthetic output.

Key Results
The V locus, a major gene responsible for the white leaf mark polymorphism, was mapped to the distal end of chromosome 5, and several modifier loci were also mapped that contribute additively to the intensity of variegation. The presence and intensity of white leaf mark were associated with greater leaf thickness; however, increased variegation did not affect photosynthetic efficiency detectably.

Conclusions
We have successfully mapped the major locus governing the white leaf mark in white clover, along with several modifier loci, revealing a complex basis for this structure-based variegation. The apparent absence of compromised photosynthesis in variegated leaves challenges the notion that variegation creates fitness trade-offs between photosynthetic efficiency and other adaptive functions. This finding suggests that other factors might maintain the white leaf mark polymorphism in white clover.
Predation risk elicits a negative relationship between boldness and growth in Helisoma snails
Authors: Toscano Benjamin J , Allegue Hassen , Bauloye Daniel , Drausnik Marta , Orloff Peyton 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The relationship between risk-prone behavior and growth is central to tradeoff models that explain the existence and maintenance of among-individual variation in behavior (i.e. animal personality). These models posit positive relationships between among-individual variation in risk-prone behaviors and growth, yet how the strength and direction of such relationships depend on ecological conditions is unclear. We tested how different levels of predation risk from crayfish (Faxonius limosus) mediate the association between among-individual variation in snail (Helisoma trivolvis) boldness (emergence time) and growth in shell size. We found that crayfish predation risk reduced snail growth but that the effect of snail boldness on individual growth was context-dependent—snail boldness was unrelated to growth in the absence of risk and under high risk, but shy snails grew faster than bold snails under low predation risk. Other traits (snail size, body condition, and intrinsic growth rate measured under ad libitum food conditions) failed to explain snail growth variation under any risk level. Though opposite to the prediction of tradeoff models, enhanced growth of shy snails could function as a predator defense mechanism that protects their prospects for future reproduction consistent with the underlying premise of tradeoff models. Thus, our results highlight the importance of accounting for ecological conditions in understanding behavior–life history associations.
Down-regulation of PCBP2 suppresses the invasion and migration of trophoblasts via the WNT5A/ROR2 pathway in preeclampsia
Authors: Chen Zhenlie , Zhong Wen , Zhang Ruiqing , Li Guigui , Zhang Yuanzhen , Zhang Ming 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Impaired extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion and resulted poor placentation play a vital role in the development of preeclampsia (PE). However, the underlying mechanisms of dysregulated EVTs remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the role of poly (C)-binding protein 2 (PCBP2), a multifunctional RNA-binding protein, in the pathogenesis of PE and to investigate the detailed signaling pathway. Using qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry, we confirmed that the expression of PCBP2 significantly decreased in placentas from 18 early-onset PE and 30 late-onset PE in comparison to those from 30 normotensive pregnancies. Besides, more significant suppression of PCBP2 was observed in the early-onset type. After transfection of HTR-8/SVneo with small-interfering RNA specific to PCBP2, the cellular biological behaviors including vitality, immigration, invasiveness, and apoptosis were evaluated by CCK-8 assay, wound-healing assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry respectively. RNA-seq was applied to screen differentially expressed genes in HTR-8/SVneo upon PCBP2 silencing. GO and KEGG analysis indicated that WNT signaling pathway and the related processes such as extracellular matrix remodeling and cell adhesion were among the most enriched pathways or processes. Meanwhile, the alternative splicing of WNT5A regulated by PCBP2 was also identified by RIP-seq. Based on HTR-8/SVneo and villous explant, the regulatory roles of PCBP2 on trophoblast were confirmed to be mediated by WNT5A. Besides, it revealed that ROR2/JNK/MMP2/9 pathway was a vital pathway downstream WNT5A in trophoblast cells. In conclusion, this study suggests that down-regulated PCBP2 impaired the functions of EVTs via suppression of WNT5A-mediating ROR2/JNK/MMPs pathway, which may eventually contribute to the development of PE.
“Middle East conflict in Berlin schools”: on the affectability of “fake news”
Authors: Haritaworn Jin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The article revisits my older work on moral panics over “Muslim homophobia” and youth crime to make sense of the arrival of a new criminalized figure: the Palestinian school kid who becomes prone to terrorism and antisemitism after consuming “fake news” on social and Arabic-language media. It addresses the current outbreak of anti-Palestinian racism in Germany as the latest expansion of an archive of criminalization that targets young people who, far from innocent and deserving of care and education, are constructed as folk devils that require heavy-handed punishment, segregation and deportation. While former panics have singled out the problematic heterosexualities of Muslim populations that fail to catch up with women-and-LGBT-friendly communities that care about diversity, the debate about the “Middle East conflict in Berlin schools” foregrounds media use as a central determinant of cultural pathology. This departure from languages of care and diversity, the article argues, reflects a dehumanizing tendency in racial capitalism that appears increasingly undisguised.
Developing a framework for equitable media literacy practice: Voices from the field
Authors: Johnson Patrick R , Tully Melissa , Foster Bobbie , Mihailidis Paul , Ramasubramanian Srividya , Burth Shannon K , Riewestahl Emily 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The article presents a framework for equitable media literacy practice (EMLP), which changes structure, action, and agency in service of an imagined and inclusive future and makes space for equitable civic and educational experiences. We derived this framework from 28 in-depth interviews with media literacy practitioners across the US. We asked these practitioners what EMLP would mean to them and what challenges and opportunities for EMLP emerge within their individual and organizational contexts. Interviewees acknowledge that equity is difficult to achieve given daily individual, community, and social concerns but is an important component of civic engagement.
High segregation and diminished global integration in large-scale brain functional networks enhances the perceptual binding of cross-modal stimuli
Authors: Shyamchand Singh Soibam , Mukherjee Abhishek , Raghunathan Partha , Ray Dipanjan , Banerjee Arpan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Speech perception requires the binding of spatiotemporally disjoint auditory–visual cues. The corresponding brain network-level information processing can be characterized by two complementary mechanisms: functional segregation which refers to the localization of processing in either isolated or distributed modules across the brain, and integration which pertains to cooperation among relevant functional modules. Here, we demonstrate using functional magnetic resonance imaging recordings that subjective perceptual experience of multisensory speech stimuli, real and illusory, are represented in differential states of segregation–integration. We controlled the inter-subject variability of illusory/cross-modal perception parametrically, by introducing temporal lags in the incongruent auditory–visual articulations of speech sounds within the McGurk paradigm. The states of segregation–integration balance were captured using two alternative computational approaches. First, the module responsible for cross-modal binding of sensory signals defined as the perceptual binding network (PBN) was identified using standardized parametric statistical approaches and their temporal correlations with all other brain areas were computed. With increasing illusory perception, the majority of the nodes of PBN showed decreased cooperation with the rest of the brain, reflecting states of high segregation but reduced global integration. Second, using graph theoretic measures, the altered patterns of segregation–integration were cross-validated.
Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 Guidance on the Treatment of Antimicrobial-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections
Authors: Tamma Pranita D , Heil Emily L , Justo Julie Ann , Mathers Amy J , Satlin Michael J , Bonomo Robert A 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) is committed to providing up-to-date guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections. This guidance document focuses on infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), AmpC β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (AmpC-E), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), Pseudomonas aeruginosa with difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR P. aeruginosa), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. This updated document replaces previous versions of the guidance document. A panel of 6 infectious diseases specialists with expertise in managing antimicrobial-resistant infections formulated questions about the treatment of infections caused by ESBL-E, AmpC-E, CRE, DTR P. aeruginosa, CRAB, and S. maltophilia. Because of differences in the epidemiology of AMR and availability of specific anti-infectives internationally, this document focuses on the treatment of AMR infections in the United States. Preferred and alternative suggested treatment approaches are provided with accompanying rationales, assuming the causative organism has been identified and antibiotic susceptibility results are known. Approaches to empiric treatment, transitioning to oral therapy, duration of therapy, and other management considerations are discussed briefly. Suggested approaches apply for both adult and pediatric populations, although suggested antibiotic dosages are provided only for adults. The field of AMR is highly dynamic. Consultation with an infectious diseases specialist is recommended for the treatment of AMR infections. This document is current as of December 31, 2023 and will be updated periodically. The most current version of this document, including date of publication, is available at www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/amr-guidance/.
Drought shocks and labour reallocation in rural Africa: evidence from Ethiopia
Authors: Musungu Arnold L , Kubik Zaneta , Qaim Matin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We study how rural households in Ethiopia adapt to droughts through labour reallocation. Using three waves of panel data and exploiting spatio-temporal variations in drought exposure, we find that households reduce on-farm work and increase off-farm self-employment in response to both short-term and persistent droughts, without abandoning family farming. Diversification into off-farm activities is driven by drought-related productivity declines in agriculture and contributes to consumption smoothing and food security. Households with better access to financial services are more likely to reallocate labour off-farm. Our results highlight the importance of strengthening the rural non-farm economy to enhance rural households’ climate resilience.
Are educational aspirations associated with susceptibility to smoking, e-cigarette use, and smokeless tobacco use in adolescence?
Authors: Ollila Hanna , Konttinen Hanna , Ruokolainen Otto , Karvonen Sakari 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The early socio-economic differences in smoking build on the interplay between individual-, family-, peer-, and school-related factors. The present study aimed to add knowledge to this by examining susceptibility to smoking (S-SM), electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use (S-EC), and smokeless tobacco (snus) use (S-SN) by educational aspirations in a country with advanced tobacco control policies. National cross-sectional School Health Promotion study survey was conducted among 8.–9. grade students (av. 15-year-olds) in 2017 with no prior smoking (n = 47 589), e-cigarette use (n = 49 382), or snus use (n = 53 335). Gender-stratified, age-adjusted multilevel logistic regression analyses with S-SM, S-EC, and S-SN were considered as outcomes and student- and school-level (aggregated) factors were considered as independent variables. The highest prevalence was observed for S-EC (girls 29%, boys 35%), followed by S-SM (16%, 15%) and S-SN (10%, 16%). Compared to those planning for general upper secondary education, S-SM was the highest for those without educational aspirations (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.04–1.40), S-EC for those planning for vocational education [1.15 (1.05–1.25)], and S-SN for those planning for extra year/discontinuation [1.65 (1.04–2.60)] among girls. Among boys, both S-SM [1.37 (1.23–1.52)] and S-EC [1.19 (1.09–1.29)] were the highest among those planning for vocational education, with no clear associations with S-SN. Current other tobacco/e-cigarette use [OR range 1.27–8.87], positive attitude towards product use in one’s age group [3.55–6.63], and liking school [0.58–0.68] consistently associated with susceptibility. Students not planning for academically oriented education had higher susceptibility to different nicotine products. High S-EC warrants monitoring to strengthen policy evaluation and prevention.
Isolation and characterization of novel acetogenic Moorella strains for employment as potential thermophilic biocatalysts
Authors: Böer Tim , Engelhardt Lisa , Lüschen Alina , Eysell Lena , Yoshida Hiroki , Schneider Dominik , Angenent Largus T , Basen Mirko , Daniel Rolf , Poehlein Anja 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Thermophilic acetogenic bacteria have attracted attention as promising candidates for biotechnological applications such as syngas fermentation, microbial electrosynthesis, and methanol conversion. Here, we aimed to isolate and characterize novel thermophilic acetogens from diverse environments. Enrichment of heterotrophic and autotrophic acetogens was monitored by 16S rRNA gene-based bacterial community analysis. Seven novel Moorella strains were isolated and characterized by genomic and physiological analyses. Two Moorella humiferrea isolates showed considerable differences during autotrophic growth. The M. humiferrea LNE isolate (DSM 117358) fermented carbon monoxide (CO) to acetate, while the M. humiferrea OCP isolate (DSM 117359) transformed CO to hydrogen and carbon dioxide (H2 + CO2), employing the water–gas shift reaction. Another carboxydotrophic hydrogenogenic Moorella strain was isolated from the covering soil of an active charcoal burning pile and proposed as the type strain (ACPsT) of the novel species Moorella carbonis (DSM 116161T and CCOS 2103T). The remaining four novel strains were affiliated with Moorella thermoacetica and showed, together with the type strain DSM 2955T, the production of small amounts of ethanol from H2 + CO2 in addition to acetate. The physiological analyses of the novel Moorella strains revealed isolate-specific differences that considerably increase the knowledge base on thermophilic acetogens for future applications.
Fungal primary and opportunistic pathogens: an ecological perspective
Authors: de Hoog Sybren , Tang Chao , Zhou Xin , Jacomel Bruna , Lustosa Bruno , Song Yinggai , Kandemir Hazal , A Ahmed Sarah , Zhou Shaoqin , Belmonte-Lopes Ricardo , Quan Yu , Feng Peiying , A Vicente Vania , Kang Yingqian 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Fungal primary pathogenicity on vertebrates is here described as a deliberate strategy where the host plays a role in increasing the species’ fitness. Opportunism is defined as the coincidental survival of an individual strain in host tissue using properties that are designed for life in an entirely different habitat. In that case, the host's infection control is largely based on innate immunity, and the etiologic agent is not transmitted after infection, and thus fungal evolution is not possible. Primary pathogens encompass two types, depending on their mode of transmission. Environmental pathogens have a double life cycle, and tend to become enzootic, adapted to a preferred host in a particular habitat. In contrast, pathogens that have a host-to-host transmission pattern are prone to shift to a neighboring, immunologically naive host, potentially leading to epidemics. Beyond these prototypical life cycles, some environmental fungi are able to make large leaps between dissimilar hosts/habitats, probably due to the similarity of key factors enabling survival in an entirely different niche, and thus allowing a change from opportunistic to primary pathogenicity. Mostly, such factors seem to be associated with extremotolerance.
The effect of nursing interventions applied at home to improve rational use of medicines and awareness of elderly individuals: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Salbur Tugce , Altinel Busra , Cal Ayse 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nursing interventions applied to elderly individuals to improve rational use of medicines (RUM) and awareness through home visits. It was carried out in a prospective, randomized controlled experimental design with the pretest–post-test control group. The study was completed with 74 elderly individuals aged ≥65 years living in a rural area. The intervention group received education, counselling, brochures and pill boxes through home visits to increase RUM and awareness. The study data were collected between September and December 2022 using the face-to-face interview method, the elderly identification form, the Rational Use of Medicines Scale and the Rational Drug Use Awareness Scale. After nursing interventions were applied at home, it was determined that, the mean scores of RUM and Awareness of RUM of the intervention group increased compared to the control group and that, interventions to improve RUM and awareness were effective. In line with these results, training sessions on RUM should be organized periodically for elderly individuals and home visits should be planned by nurses at regular intervals to ensure the sustainability of RUM in the home environment.
Floral volatile benzenoids/phenylpropanoids: biosynthetic pathway, regulation and ecological value
Authors: Lv Mengwen , Zhang Ling , Wang Yizhou , Ma Linlin , Yang Yong , Zhou Xian , Wang Liangsheng , Yu Xiaonan , Li Shanshan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Benzenoids/phenylpropanoids, the second most diverse group of plant volatiles, exhibit significant structural diversity and play crucial roles in attracting pollinators and protecting against pathogens, insects, and herbivores. This review summarizes their complex biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms, highlighting their links to plant growth, development, hormone levels, circadian rhythms, and flower coloration. External factors like light, humidity, and temperature also influence their biosynthesis. Their ecological value is discussed, offering insights for enhancing floral scent, pollinator attraction, pest resistance, and metabolic engineering through genetic modification.
Spatio-temporal larval abundance dynamics of a depleted Baltic Sea herring ecotype
Authors: Ojaveer Henn , Huwer Bastian , Bekkevold Dorte , Einberg Heli , Clausen Lotte Worsøe , MacKenzie Brian R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Fish stocks composed of several populations are considered to have more stable productivity than stocks containing only one or few populations. This stability is attributed to complementary or independent dynamics among the populations within the stock—the so-called portfolio effect. Declines of populations within stocks that have delayed recovery potentially increase risk to productivity and local extinctions. Portfolio effects may be relevant in the Baltic Sea, where autumn-spawning herring was the dominant herring ecotype until the early/mid-20th century. The current fishery assessment and management in the area assumes that the abundance of autumn spawning herring has been negligible since the 1970s; the share of spring spawning herring has become dominant and is considered to be the only ecotype. Data from a multi-annual ichthyoplankton survey in the southern Baltic Sea (Bornholm Basin) during autumn 2002–2019 show that abundance and spatial distribution of the smallest larval stages have increased significantly. This pattern could be due to an increase in autumn spawners in the area. Genetic studies confirm that these larval herring are offspring from true autumn spawners. Preserving intraspecific diversity is critical for a species’ future abilities to adapt to and survive in changing environmental conditions. Thus, our results not only provide new insights to the temporal dynamics of herring ecotypes and challenge the current understanding of central Baltic herring stock processes in general, but are also important in the context of monitoring, assessment, and spatial management of herring in the Baltic Sea.
Infinitude of Palindromic Almost-Prime Numbers
Authors: Tuxanidy Aleksandr , Panario Daniel 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
It is proven that, in any given base, there are infinitely many palindromic numbers having at most six prime divisors, each relatively large. The work involves equidistribution estimates for the palindromes in residue classes to large moduli, offering upper bounds for moments and averages of certain products closely related to exponential sums over palindromes.