bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Trends in Smoking Behaviors Among Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Men and Women in the United States
Authors: Blanco Lyzette , Garcia Robert , Pérez-Stable Eliseo J. , White Martha M. , Messer Karen , Pierce John P. , Trinidad Dennis R. 
Published: March 2014

Objectives. We examined trends in smoking behaviors across 2 periods among Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans in the United States. Methods. We analyzed data from the 1992–2007 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey. We constructed 2 data sets (1990s vs 2000s) to compare smoking behaviors between the 2 periods. Results. Significant decreases in ever, current, and heavy smoking were accompanied by increases in light and intermittent smoking across periods for all Latino groups, although current smoking rates among Puerto Rican women did not decline. Adjusted logistic regression models revealed that in the 2000s, younger Mexicans and those interviewed in English were more likely to be light and intermittent smokers. Mexican and Cuban light and intermittent smokers were less likely to be advised by healthcare professionals to quit smoking. Mexicans and Puerto Ricans who were unemployed and Mexicans who worked outdoors were more likely to be heavy smokers. Conclusions. Increases in light and intermittent smoking among Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Americans suggest that targeted efforts to further reduce smoking among Latinos may benefit by focusing on such smokers.
A Systematic Review of Effective Interventions for Reducing Multiple Health Risk Behaviors in Adolescence
Authors: Hale Daniel R. , Fitzgerald-Yau Natasha , Viner Russell Mark 
Published: March 2014

We systematically searched 9 biomedical and social science databases (1980–2012) for primary and secondary interventions that prevented or reduced 2 or more adolescent health risk behaviors (tobacco use, alcohol use, illicit drug use, risky sexual behavior, aggressive acts). We identified 44 randomized controlled trials of universal or selective interventions and were effective for multiple health risk behaviors. Most were school based, conducted in the United States, and effective for multiple forms of substance use. Effects were small, in line with findings for other universal prevention programs. In some studies, effects for more than 1 health risk behavior only emerged at long-term follow-up. Integrated prevention programs are feasible and effective and may be more efficient than discrete prevention strategies.
Listening to Community Health Workers: How Ethnographic Research Can Inform Positive Relationships Among Community Health Workers, Health Institutions, and Communities
Authors: Maes Kenneth , Closser Svea , Kalofonos Ippolytos 
Published: March 2014

Many actors in global health are concerned with improving community health worker (CHW) policy and practice to achieve universal health care. Ethnographic research can play an important role in providing information critical to the formation of effective CHW programs, by elucidating the life histories that shape CHWs’ desires for alleviation of their own and others’ economic and health challenges, and by addressing the working relationships that exist among CHWs, intended beneficiaries, and health officials. We briefly discuss ethnographic research with 3 groups of CHWs: volunteers involved in HIV/AIDS care and treatment support in Ethiopia and Mozambique and Lady Health Workers in Pakistan. We call for a broader application of ethnographic research to inform working relationships among CHWs, communities, and health institutions.
A Systematic Review of the Correlates of Violence Against Sex Workers
Authors: Deering Kathleen N. , Amin Avni , Shoveller Jean , Nesbitt Ariel , Garcia-Moreno Claudia , Duff Putu , Argento Elena , Shannon Kate 
Published: March 2014

We conducted a systematic review in June 2012 (updated September 2013) to examine the prevalence and factors shaping sexual or physical violence against sex workers globally. We identified 1536 (update = 340) unique articles. We included 28 studies, with 14 more contributing to violence prevalence estimates. Lifetime prevalence of any or combined workplace violence ranged from 45% to 75% and over the past year, 32% to 55%. Growing research links contextual factors with violence against sex workers, alongside known interpersonal and individual risks. This high burden of violence against sex workers globally and large gaps in epidemiological data support the need for research and structural interventions to better document and respond to the contextual factors shaping this violence. Measurement and methodological innovation, in partnership with sex work communities, are critical.
Home Urine C-Peptide Creatinine Ratio Can Be Used to Monitor Islet Transplant Function
Authors: Oram Richard A. , Brooks Augustin M. , Forbes Shareen , Eckoldt Stephanie , Smith Richard M. , Choudhary Pratik , Rosenthal Miranda J. , Johnson Paul , Rutter Martin K. , Burling Keith A. , McDonald Timothy J. , Shaw James A.M. , Hattersley Andrew T. 
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE
Islet graft function is defined by serum C-peptide in a standardized challenge test. We assessed whether urine C-peptide creatinine ratio (UCPCR) sent from home could provide a viable alternative.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Seventeen islet recipients provided 90-min serum C-peptide (sCP90) and 120-min UCPCR (UCPCR120) samples during 68 interval posttransplant mixed-meal tolerance tests, also posting from home a 120-min postbreakfast UCPCR sample every 2 weeks. UCPCR was compared with a clinical score of islet function, derived from HbA1c and insulin dose.

RESULTS
UCPCR120 and mean home postmeal UCPCR were strongly correlated with sCP90 (rs = 0.73, P &lt; 0.001; and rs = 0.73, P &lt; 0.01, respectively). Mean home UCPCR increased with clinical score (rs = 0.75; P &lt; 0.001) and with graft function defined both by sCP90 &gt;200 pmol/L and insulin independence. UCPCR cutoffs to detect insulin independence and poor graft function were sensitive and specific.

CONCLUSIONS
Home UCPCR provides a valid measure of C-peptide production in islet transplant recipients.
Intensive Versus Intermediate Glucose Control in Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Okabayashi Takehiro , Shima Yasuo , Sumiyoshi Tatsuaki , Kozuki Akihito , Tokumaru Teppei , Iiyama Tasuo , Sugimoto Takeki , Kobayashi Michiya , Yokoyama Masataka , Hanazaki Kazuhiro 
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE
The optimal perioperative blood glucose range to improve surgical site infection (SSI) in surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients remains unclear. We sought to determine whether the incidence of SSI is reduced by perioperative intensive insulin therapy (IT).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients were randomly assigned to receive perioperative intensive IT, with a target blood glucose range of 4.4–6.1 mmol/L, or intermediate IT, with a target blood glucose range of 7.7–10.0 mmol/L in the surgical ICU. We defined the primary end point as the incidence of SSI.

RESULTS
Study participants were randomly assigned to glucose control with one of two target ranges: for 225 patients in the intermediate IT group or for 222 patients in the intensive IT group, respectively. No patients in either group became hypoglycemic (&lt;4.4 mmol/L) during their stay in the surgical ICU. In our series, the rate of SSI after hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery was 6.7%. Patients in the intensive IT group, compared with the intermediate IT group, had fewer postoperative SSIs (9.8% vs. 4.1%, P = 0.028) and a lower incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreatic resection (P = 0.040). The length of hospitalization required for patients in the intensive IT group was significantly shorter than that in the intermediate IT group (P = 0.017).

CONCLUSIONS
We found that intensive IT decreased the incidence of SSI among patients who underwent hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery: a blood glucose target of 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L resulted in lower rate of SSI than did a target of 7.7–10.0 mmol/L.
A new route of emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization for the preparation of polymer coated magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: Nguyen Q. , Quyen D. , Hoang T. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
A new route of emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization based on the homogenous mechanism was investigated to prepare magnetic nanoparticles coated by poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The experimental results confirm the formation of PMMA thin and unique layers covering magnetite cores. The polymer layer thickness, determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, increases from 4.3 nm to 6.8 nm with increasing mass ratio of MMA to magnetite from 3:1 to 11:1. The increase of the polymer thickness results in the decrease in magnetization saturation of polymeric coated magnetic particles. However, this reduction, no more than 13 emu g−1, is much lower compared to that in other studies with the presence of surfactants or emulsifiers. Besides, the dispersion stability of the prepared particles is significantly improved.
TNFR1/Phox Interaction and TNFR1 Mitochondrial Translocation Thwart Silica-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Fazzi Fabrizio , Njah Joel , Di Giuseppe Michelangelo , Winnica Daniel E. , Go Kristina , Sala Ernest , St Croix Claudette M. , Watkins Simon C. , Tyurin Vladimir A. , Phinney Donald G. , Fattman Cheryl L. , Leikauf George D. , Kagan Valerian E. , Ortiz Luis A. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Macrophages play a fundamental role in innate immunity and the pathogenesis of silicosis. Phagocytosis of silica particles is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), secretion of cytokines, such as TNF, and cell death that contribute to silica-induced lung disease. In macrophages, ROS production is executed primarily by activation of the NADPH oxidase (Phox) and by generation of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS); however, the relative contribution is unclear, and the effects on macrophage function and fate are unknown. In this study, we used primary human and mouse macrophages (C57BL/6, BALB/c, and p47phox−/−) and macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7 and IC21) to investigate the contribution of Phox and mtROS to silica-induced lung injury. We demonstrate that reduced p47phox expression in IC21 macrophages is linked to enhanced mtROS generation, cardiolipin oxidation, and accumulation of cardiolipin hydrolysis products, culminating in cell death. mtROS production is also observed in p47phox−/− macrophages, and p47phox−/− mice exhibit increased inflammation and fibrosis in the lung following silica exposure. Silica induces interaction between TNFR1 and Phox in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, TNFR1 expression in mitochondria decreased mtROS production and increased RAW 264.7 macrophage survival to silica. These results identify TNFR1/Phox interaction as a key event in the pathogenesis of silicosis that prevents mtROS formation and reduces macrophage apoptosis.
Inflammasome Priming by Lipopolysaccharide Is Dependent upon ERK Signaling and Proteasome Function
Authors: Ghonime Mohammed G. , Shamaa Obada R. , Das Srabani , Eldomany Ramadan A. , Fernandes-Alnemri Teresa , Alnemri Emad S. , Gavrilin Mikhail A. , Wewers Mark D. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Caspase-1 activation is a central event in innate immune responses to many pathogenic infections and tissue damage. The NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiprotein scaffolding complex that assembles in response to two distinct steps, priming and activation, is required for caspase-1 activation. However, the detailed mechanisms of these steps remain poorly characterized. To investigate the process of LPS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome priming, we used constitutively present pro–IL-18 as the caspase-1–specific substrate to allow study of the early events. We analyzed human monocyte caspase-1 activity in response to LPS priming, followed by activation with ATP. Within minutes of endotoxin priming, the NLRP3 inflammasome is licensed for ATP-induced release of processed IL-18, apoptosis-associated speck-forming complex containing CARD, and active caspase-1, independent of new mRNA or protein synthesis. Moreover, extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) phosphorylation is central to the priming process. ERK inhibition and small interfering RNA–mediated ERK1 knockdown profoundly impair priming. In addition, proteasome inhibition prevents ERK phosphorylation and blocks priming. Scavenging reactive oxygen species with diphenylene iodonium also blocks both priming and ERK phosphorylation. These findings suggest that ERK1-mediated posttranslational modifications license the NLRP3 inflammasome to respond to the second signal ATP by inducing posttranslational events that are independent of new production of pro–IL-1β and NOD-like receptor components.
NF90 Exerts Antiviral Activity through Regulation of PKR Phosphorylation and Stress Granules in Infected Cells
Authors: Wen Xi , Huang Xiaofeng , Mok Bobo Wing-Yee , Chen Yixin , Zheng Min , Lau Siu-Ying , Wang Pui , Song Wenjun , Jin Dong-Yan , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Chen Honglin 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
NF90 was shown to exhibit broad antiviral activity against several viruses, but detailed mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we examined the molecular basis for the inhibitory effect of NF90 on virus replication mediated through protein kinase (PKR)-associated translational regulation. We first verified the interaction between NF90 and PKR in mammalian cells and showed that NF90 interacts with PKR through its C-terminal and that the interaction is independent of NF90 RNA-binding properties. We further showed that knockdown of NF90 resulted in significantly lower levels of PKR phosphorylation in response to dsRNA induction and influenza virus infection. We also showed that high concentrations of NF90 exhibit negative regulatory effects on PKR phosphorylation, presumably through competition for dsRNA via the C-terminal RNA-binding domain. PKR activation is essential for the formation of stress granules in response to dsRNA induction. Our results showed that NF90 is a component of stress granules. In NF90-knockdown cells, dsRNA treatment induced significantly lower levels of stress granules than in control cells. Further evidence for an NF90–PKR antiviral pathway was obtained using an NS1 mutated influenza A virus specifically attenuated in its ability to inhibit PKR activation. This mutant virus replicated indistinguishably from wild-type virus in NF90-knockdown cells, but not in scrambled control cells or Vero cells, indicating that NF90’s antiviral function occurs through interaction with PKR. Taken together, these results reveal a yet-to-be defined host antiviral mechanism in which NF90 upregulation of PKR phosphorylation restricts virus infection.
Single-Cell and Deep Sequencing of IgG-Switched Macaque B Cells Reveal a Diverse Ig Repertoire following Immunization
Authors: Sundling Christopher , Zhang Zhenhai , Phad Ganesh E. , Sheng Zizhang , Wang Yimeng , Mascola John R. , Li Yuxing , Wyatt Richard T. , Shapiro Lawrence , Karlsson Hedestam Gunilla B. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The nonhuman primate model is important for preclinical evaluation of prophylactic and therapeutic intervention strategies. The recent description of the rhesus macaque germline Ig loci and establishment of a database of germline gene segments offer improved opportunities to delineate Ig gene usage in the overall B cell repertoire as well as in response to vaccination. We applied 454-pyrosequencing and single-cell RT-PCR of bulk and sorted memory B cells, respectively, to investigate IGHV gene segment expression in rhesus macaques. The two methods gave remarkably concordant results and identified groups of gene segments that are frequently or rarely used. We further examined the VH repertoire of Ag-specific memory B cells induced by immunization with recombinant HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, an important vaccine component. We demonstrate that HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein immunization activates a highly polyclonal response composed of most of the expressed VH gene segments, illustrating the considerable genetic diversity of responding B cells following vaccination.
Staphylococcus aureus Infection of Mice Expands a Population of Memory γδ T Cells That Are Protective against Subsequent Infection
Authors: Murphy Alison G. , O’Keeffe Kate M. , Lalor Stephen J. , Maher Belinda M. , Mills Kingston H. G. , McLoughlin Rachel M. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The development of vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus has consistently failed in clinical trials, likely due to inefficient induction of cellular immunity. T cell–derived IL-17 is one of the few known correlates of antistaphylococcoal immunity, conferring protection against S. aureus infections through its ability to promote phagocytic cell effector functions. A comprehensive understanding of the discrete T cell subsets critical for site-specific IL-17–mediated bacterial clearance will therefore be necessary to inform the development of vaccines that efficiently target cellular immunity. In this study, we have identified a population of CD44+CD27− memory γδ T cells, expanded upon infection of C57BL/6 mice with S. aureus, which produce high levels of IL-17 and mediate enhanced bacterial clearance upon reinfection with the bacterium. These cells are comprised largely of the Vγ4+ subset and accumulate at the site of infection subsequent to an initial Vγ1.1+ and Vγ2+ T cell response. Moreover, these Vγ4+ T cells are retained in the peritoneum and draining mediastinal lymph nodes for a prolonged period following bacterial clearance. In contrast to its critical requirement for γδ T cell activation during the primary infection, IL-1 signaling was dispensable for activation and expansion of memory γδ T cells upon re-exposure to S. aureus. Our findings demonstrate that a γδ T cell memory response can be induced upon exposure to S. aureus, in a fashion analogous to that associated with classical αβ T cells, and suggest that induction of IL-17–expressing γδ T cells may be an important property of a protective vaccine against S. aureus.
O Programa Novas Oportunidades numa agenda globalmente estruturada para a educação
Authors: Marques Marcelo , Alves Natália 
Published: March 2014

Este artigo apresenta uma análise crítica da criação e implementação da mais emblemática medida política para o campo de jovens e adultos pouco escolarizados em Portugal: o Programa Novas Oportunidades. Recorrendo à proposta de Roger Dale sobre a agenda globalmente estruturada para a educação, discutiu-se a fabricação desta medida a partir de um cenário de regulação transnacional. Através da análise documental de um conjunto de documentos europeus e nacionais entre o período de 2000 e 2010 para o campo da educação de jovens e adultos, verificou-se que Programa Novas Oportunidades é consequência de um fortalecimento do processo de regulação das políticas educativas, levado a cabo pela União Europeia. Este fortalecimento resultou na construção de um programa político para o campo da educação de jovens e adultos em Portugal que comunga não só das mesmas ideologias instrumentais para a educação da União Europeia, como de uma gestão tecnocrática das políticas educativas, assente na procura de resultados.
Educação, pobreza e emprego: uma análise a partir das categorias escolaridade, gênero e cor
Authors: De Oliveira Ramon 
Published: March 2014

A partir da crítica aos pressupostos da Teoria do Capital Humano, objetiva-se mostrar que as variáveis sexo, cor e escolaridade têm pesos diferentes na defi nição da entrada e permanência dos trabalhadores no mercado de trabalho, bem como têm repercussão direta nas condições da ocupação, quando são levados em conta o salário e os direitos trabalhistas. Analisando informações do mercado de trabalho, conclui-se que a desigualdade estabelecida no trato de negros e mulheres inibe a infl uência dos ganhos que possam ser decorrentes do aumento de escolarização, principalmente entre as mulheres negras e que, por conseguinte, a articulação direta entre escolarização e diminuição do quadro de pobreza não encontra sustentação empírica.
Docência inovadora na universidade: percursos e princípios organizadores
Authors: Tauchen Gionara , Borges Daniele Simões 
Published: March 2014

O presente artigo discute as experiências, as possibilidades e os princípios de inovação no ensino universitário. Para tanto, investiga-se a compreensão a respeito das inovações e das práticas de ensino de seis professores atuantes nos cursos de licenciatura da área de Ciências da Natureza (Ciências Biológicas e Física) e de Pedagogia de uma universidade do sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, por meio da metodologia de investigação narrativa. Tal estratégia foi escolhida porque objetiva, em suas bases, o entendimento da ação docente. A partir das análises, o estudo aponta que a possibilidade de um ensino inovador inicia pelas inovações no ensino. As narrativas revelam um esforço para a mudança do ensino universitário, manifestando emergências que subsidiaram a criação de quatro princípios de um ensino inovador: a interação e religação, o planejamento, a ação estratégica e a auto-hetero-avaliação.
Release Kinetics of Anti-inflammatory Drug, and Characterization and Bioactivity of SiO2+PCL Hybrid Material Synthesized by Sol-gel Processing
Authors: Catauro Michelina , Bollino Flavia 
Published: March 2014

Background Controlled and local drug delivery systems of anti-inflammatory agents are drawing increasing attention thanks to their possible pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. These systems have extended therapeutic effects and reduced side effects. Methods A single-step sol-gel process was used to prepare organic-inorganic hybrid materials based on silica (SiO2) and poly-ε-caprolactone, containing ketoprofen for controlled drug delivery applications. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis proved formation of H-bonds among the carbonyl groups of the polymer chains and Si-OH group of the inorganic matrix. X-ray diffraction analysis highlighted the amorphous nature of the synthesized materials. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscope topography showed their homogeneous morphology and nanostructure nature. Results The bioactivity of the synthesized hybrid materials was shown by the formation of a layer of hydroxyapatite on the surface of samples soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF). Conclusion Release kinetics in SBF were subsequently investigated by means of UV-VIS spectroscopy. A large amount of drug release occurred during the first few hours, then a slower drug release supplied a maintenance dose until the end of the experiment.
3D Archaeology: New Perspectives and Challenges—The Example of Çatalhöyük
Authors: Forte Maurizio 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe project “3D Digging at Çatalhöyük” started in 2009 as an on-site digital experiment to record every phase of an archaeological excavation in 3D, using different technologies such as laser scanning, computer vision, and photogrammetry. The end goal was to make the excavation process virtually reversible in a simulated environment from laptop computers to virtual immersive systems. In addition, the project has introduced 3D stereo visualization systems on-site for real-time analysis and with the advent of tablet PCs, all documentation switched to a completely digital format. The use of 3D technologies for teaching and research as well as the post-processing and implementation of data generate a new digital workflow for archaeological interpretation.