bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Well water level changes in Fairbanks, Alaska, due to the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake
Authors: Sil Samik , Freymueller Jeffrey T. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The Mw 9.3 great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of December 26, 2004 induced water level changes in Fairbanks, Alaska, at an epicentral distance of 10,800 km. Spike like water level changes followed by a step of water level rise were observed in at least four wells. We modeled the timing and magnitude of the water level rise using a combination of a linear trend and a step function. We calculated the misfit between the observed water level rises and our model by systematically shifting the timing of occurrence of step in water level. The minimum value of cumulative misfit suggested the timing of occurrence of steps. A previous study showed persistent water level rises in all these wells from the 2002 Denali fault earthquake and it’s major aftershocks. From those observations, we developed an empirical relationship between water level changes, epicentral distances and earthquake magnitude. This relationship attributed water level changes in the wells to ground shaking by seismic waves. The estimated average water level changes due to the Sumatra earthquake using that relationship was in agreement with the observed water level changes. Thus we concluded that ground shaking in Fairbanks, induced by surface waves from the Sumatra earthquake was sufficient to change water levels.
Dominant periods of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami and the estimated source size
Authors: Abe Kuniaki 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Dominant periods determined from tide gauge records of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami were used to estimate the size of the tsunami source. A period of 40 minutes dominates the initial motions and spectra are consistent with a fault width of 110 km for a sea depth of 1000 m. Another dominant period of 140 minutes in the spectra observed at the direction of fault azimuth can be explained using a fault length of 1200 km. These values taken together are consistent with source formation on the continental slope with width of 110 km and length of 1200 km along Nicobar and Andaman Islands.
Geoelectric structure in the Andaman Islands using magnetotelluric studies
Authors: Gokarn S. G. , Gupta Gautam , Dutta Shipra , Hazarika Nitu 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Magnetotelluric studies over the Middle Andaman islands have delineated a NNE-SSW trending suture, along which the Andaman flysch and the underlying Igneous crust subduct eastwards along a high angle thrust with a dip angle of about 60°. The Andaman flysch, which have thickness varying between 4 and 10 km are delineated up to depth of about 17 km along the observed thrust. The crust to the west of the suture has a high resistivity of more than 10000 Ω-m, as against a moderate resistivity of about 1000 Ω-m observed in the eastern part. The complex variations in its thickness and resistivity are indicative of the intense tectonic activity that this juvenile crust has experienced since the Cretaceous. The crust is underlain by a low resistivity, which could be due to the presence of fluids generated by the metamorphosis of the subducting crust and also expelled from the rocks at deeper levels. However the earthquake focal depths, extending up to about 150 km suggest that the lithosphere may be sufficiently solidified to permit strain accumulation at this depth. Thus the extent of the partial melt may be limited to about 1%.
Citrate anticoagulation versus systemic heparinisation in continuous venovenous hemofiltration in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: a multi-center randomized clinical trial
Authors: Schilder Louise , Nurmohamed S Azam , Bosch Frank H , Purmer Ilse M , den Boer Sylvia S , Kleppe Cynthia G , Vervloet Marc G , Beishuizen Albertus , Girbes Armand RJ , ter Wee Pieter M , Groeneveld AB Johan 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Because of ongoing controversy, renal and vital outcomes are compared between systemically administered unfractionated heparin and regional anticoagulation with citrate-buffered replacement solution in predilution mode, during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI).

Methods
In this multi-center randomized controlled trial, patients admitted to the intensive care unit requiring CVVH and meeting inclusion criteria, were randomly assigned to citrate or heparin. Primary endpoints were mortality and renal outcome in intention-to-treat analysis. Secondary endpoints were safety and efficacy. Safety was defined as absence of any adverse event necessitating discontinuation of the assigned anticoagulant. For efficacy, among other parameters, survival times of the first hemofilter were studied.

Results
Of the 139 patients enrolled, 66 were randomized to citrate and 73 to heparin. Mortality rates at 28 and 90 days did not differ between groups: 22/66 (33%) of citrate-treated patients died versus 25/72 (35%) of heparin-treated patients at 28 days, and 27/65 (42%) of citrate-treated patients died versus 29/69 (42%) of heparin-treated patients at 90 days (P = 1.00 for both). Renal outcome, i.e. independency of renal replacement therapy 28 days after initiation of CVVH in surviving patients, did not differ between groups: 29/43 (67%) in the citrate-treated patients versus 33/47 (70%) in heparin-treated patients (P = 0.82). Heparin was discontinued in 24/73 (33%) of patients whereas citrate was discontinued in 5/66 (8%) of patients (P < 0.001). Filter survival times were superior for citrate (median 46 versus 32 hours, P = 0.02), as were the number of filters used (P = 0.002) and the off time within 72 hours (P = 0.002). The costs during the first 72 hours of prescribed CVVH were lower in citrate-based CVVH.

Conclusions
Renal outcome and patient mortality were similar for citrate and heparin anticoagulation during CVVH in the critically ill patient with AKI. However, citrate was superior in terms of safety, efficacy and costs.

Trial registration
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00209378. Registered 13th September 2005.
Morphological and molecular studies on topotype material of Neoralfsia expansa (Phaeophyceae) reveal that Asian specimens assigned to this taxon are genetically distinct
Authors: León-Álvarez Daniel , Núñez-Resendiz Maria L. , Wynne Michael J. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The genus Neoralfsia was newly described by P.-E. Lim and Kawai on the basis of rbcL sequence data from specimens from Japan and Malaysia identified as Neoralfsia expansa, and N. expansa [Myrionema (?) expansum] from Mexico was designated as the type species. Our maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses show that specimens of N. expansa from the type locality are grouped into a new, not previously described, clade in Neoralfsiaceae, distant from that of the putative specimens attributed to N. expansa from Japan and Malaysia. We show that genuine “expansa” does not include Asian material. The distribution of the species is not as wide as has been previously recorded.
e-Polymers: The new European electronic journal
Authors: Jung Bernd 
Published: August 2014

Abstract e-Polymers has been founded under the auspices of the European Polymer Federation. It is a peer-reviewed internet journal in the area of polymer science and engineering. Its aim is to promote exchange of know-how concerning fundamental polymer science and technology, basically free of charge, for all researchers and engineers in academia and industry in Europe. Besides scientific and technical publications, this journal aims to mature into a discussion platform to promote joint research programmes and job mobility of notably young scientists within and outside of the EU.
Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of aliphatic polyesters in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Takamoto Tetsufumi , Uyama Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSynthesis of aliphatic polyesters has been examined using Candidaantarctica lipase in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). The enzymatic ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) proceeded in scCO2 to give a polymer with molecular weight higher than 104. Effects of reaction parameters such as the monomer concentration, enzyme amount and pressure have been systematically investigated. Copolymerization of ε-CL with 12-docecanolide afforded the random copolymer. The enzymatic polycondensation of divinyl adipate and 1,4-butanediol also proceeded in scCO2 to produce the corresponding polyester.
Methacrylic polymers bearing side-chain permanent dipole azobenzene chromophores spaced from the main chain by chiral moieties
Authors: Angiolini Luigi , Caretti Daniele , Giorgini Loris , Salatelli Elisabetta 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOptically active photochromic copolymers, deriving from methyl methacrylate (MMA) and the methacrylic ester of (S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine linked through the nitrogen atom to the highly conjugated photochromic 4'-(β-cyano-β- (methylsulfonyl)vinyl)-4-azobenzene moiety, have been prepared and characterized with the aim to evaluate the effect on their chiro-optical and thermal properties exerted by the insertion of inactive MMA groups along the main chain. The results indicate that these properties are still remarkable at a content of photochromic units as low as 26 mol-%.
Biodegradable copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide), polylactide and polydepsipeptide sequences with functional groups
Authors: Feng Yakai , Klee Doris , Höcker Hartwig 
Published: August 2014

AbstractFor the purpose of increasing the hydrophilicity of polylactide, new block copolymers with protected functional groups, poly(lactide-co-(S)-b-benzyl aspartate)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(lactide-co-(S)- b-benzyl aspartate), were synthesized via ring-opening polymerization of D,L-lactide and (3S, 6R,S)-3- [(benzyloxycarbonyl)methyl]-6-methylmorpholine-2,5-dione in the presence of hydroxyltelechelic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as an initiator at 140 °C for 24 h. The benzyl protective groups of the block copolymers were completely removed to give poly(lactide-co-(S)-aspartic acid)-PEO-poly(lactide-co-(S)-aspartic acid), (poly(DLLA-co-Asp)-b-PEO-b-poly(DLLA-co-Asp)). This shows lower crystallization and melting temperature compared with the polymers before deprotection. Poly(DLLA-co-Asp)-b-PEO-b-poly(DLLA-co-Asp) with 55.6 wt.-% of PEO is more hydrophilic, shows higher water absorption and is degraded faster than with 39.5 wt.-% of PEO.
Effects of finite chain extensibility on segmental orientation and stress in biaxially deformed polymers
Authors: Jarecki Leszek , Ziabicki Andrzej 
Published: August 2014

AbstractDevelopment of biaxial segmental orientation and stresses in flexible chain polymers subjected to affine deformation of end-to-end vectors or to steady biaxial extensional flow is discussed. A closed-formula theory with non-Gaussian chain statistics and a Padè approximation of the inverse Langevin function is considered. The approach accounts for finite chain extensibility and is free from the problems of weak convergence of series-expansion expressions at higher molecular deformations. Average orientation tensor, global anisotropy tensor, and axial orientation factors characterise segmental orientation. Axial orientation factors and normal stress differences, in the deformation and normal planes, are discussed for biaxial affine deformation and steady biaxial elongational flow in a wide range of molecular deformations using inverse Langevin chain statistics. Orientation characteristics predicted for biaxial flow deformation are higher, and change in a wider range, than those in affine biaxial stretch. Also sensitivity to transversal deformation is different in both types of deformation.
Development of thermal stability of polymer crystals during isothermal crystallisation
Authors: Wurm Andreas , Schick Christoph 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn classic theories of polymer crystallisation, it is assumed that only the nuclei are in thermodynamic equilibrium with the melt. In Strobl's model of polymer crystallisation, a multi-step process is discussed. At the first intermediate states, the growing lamellar crystallites are assumed to be in equilibrium with the melt. After a stabilisation step, the lamella gains final stability. We have studied the stability of growing polymer lamellae by applying short temperature pulses. Changes in morphology were detected by simultaneous shear modulus measurements. The highest temperature reached during such temperature pulses was always below the final melting temperature. For poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) at 331 K it was found that temperature pulses of 4 K height and 300 s duration every 1 800 s prevented crystallisation totally. Lower pulses only slow down the crystallisation process. For syndiotactic polypropylene at 403 K, pulses of 14 K every 7 200 s were necessary to prevent crystallization. For PCL the kinetics of the crystallisation and stabilisation processes has been determined. A temperature pulse of 4 K height after 10 000 s isothermal crystallisation at 331 K totally destroys the already formed crystalline structures although the degree of crystallisation at this time is already 17%. With ongoing annealing time, the crystalline structure becomes more stable and the impact of the pulses decreases. After main crystallisation, when the crystallinity is basically constant, the amount of stable lamellae continuously increases. This indicates the occurrence of a significant stabilisation step after formation of the lamellae in PCL.
Synthesis and properties of novel poly(p-xylylene)s with aliphatic substituents
Authors: Ishaque Michael , Agarwal Seema , Greiner Andreas 
Published: August 2014

AbstractPoly(p-xylylene)s (PPX) with aliphatic substituents at the alpha position were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) via vapor phase pyrolysis of α-chloro-1,4-xylenes, or by base-induced dehydrohalogenation of α-chloro-1,4- xylenes (Gilch route). These PPXs are soluble under ambient conditions in organic solvents. The glass transition temperature of the tert-butyl substituted PPX is remarkably high. Good thermal stability under nitrogen was observed for the trifluoromethyl substituted PPX. A functionalized compound suitable for polymer analogous reactions is the norbornenyl substituted PPX.
Optical properties of the three polymorphic forms of isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Nedkov Emanuel , Dobreva Tatyana 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA review of the results obtained for the birefringence of different supermolecular structures of three polymorphic forms of polypropylene is presented. All known lamellar super-molecular formations of the monoclinic, hexagonal and triclinic phases are included. The observed morphology varies among negative hedrite and oval structures with axial symmetry, spherulites and typical dendrites. An attempt to explain the observed variety of the various structures’ birefringence is made in terms of the mutual orientation of the polarizability ellipsoid and crystallographic axes in the lamellar surfaces.For the α phase, the orientation of the axes of the polarizability ellipsoid relative to the orientation of the unit cell is determined. The axis Nm coincides with the a axis, the fastest growth direction. The hedritic structures, grown by branching homoepitaxy, have negative birefringence. The spherulites differ in intensity and sign of birefringence because of cross-hatching.For the β phase, the crystallographic axis b coincides with Ne, the short axis of the rotational polarizability ellipsoid. The hedritic structures can grow by the screw dislocation mechanism. Spherulites grow by an epitaxy mechanism. Both structures show negative birefringence.The long axis Ng of the polarizability ellipsoid of the γ phase coincides with the b axis. The short molecules of the γ phase are inclined 40° towards the lamellar surface. The a and b axes do not lie in the lamellar surface. The axes of the polarizability ellipsoid are also inclined towards the lamellar surface. The preferred fast growth direction of the branching lamellae is the b* direction which coincides with Ng', the longest axis in the projection of the optical indicatrix on the lamellar surface. Thus the positive birefringence of the branching lamellae in the mixed α-γ spherulites increases more than in the monoclinic positive spherulites.
Thermodegradable polycarbonates: Effect of substituents on the degradation temperature
Authors: Martelé Yves , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Waroquier Michel , Schacht Etienne 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe thermal degradation process of some new polycarbonates is investigated from an experimental and theoretical point of view, in order to obtain insight into the microscopic aspects that influence the reaction mechanism and the process of thermolysis. In particular, attention is focussed on the influence of the type of substituents in the polymer chain on the degradation temperature. A series of novel polycarbonates were designed differing from each other by the groups attached at the α and β carbon atoms. Thermal behavior was characterized by thermogravimetrical analyses. The polymers undergo rapid and complete thermolysis at different degradation temperatures depending on the structure. The degradation products were separated by gas chromatography and analyzed by mass spectroscopy. The ratio of formed dienes in the product distribution depends on the heating rate. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations were performed on a series of model compound systems for the polycarbonates under study, in particular carbonate systems differing by the groups attached at the α and β carbons. The study proves that the thermal degradation route can be controlled by tailoring the polymer backbone structure. Moreover, ab initio calculations provide further insight into the microscopic ingredients that govern the degradation process and associated reaction rates.
Statistical approach to model discrimination for the radical copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene from a posteriori data of composition
Authors: Kaim Andrzej , Oracz Paweł 
Published: August 2014

Abstract The multiresponse maximum likelihood (MML) method and statistical tests - the F-test, the t-Student test, and the sign changes test - were compared with respect to their power of discrimination between two kinetic models, the terminal and the penultimate model, for the radical copolymerization of the styrene - methyl methacrylate monomer system in bulk. The results indicate that the investigated statistical methods (except the sign changes test) are suitable for kinetic-model discrimination when they are applied to a posteriori data of copolymer composition. Although the MML method was shown to be more demanding in the error estimation of experimental data, it can serve as a proper tool for kinetic-model discrimination in copolymerization, provided the correct estimates of the ratio between errors in measured copolymer composition data are known. The main steps of the calculating scheme are given.
Determination of the degree of randomness in condensation copolymers containing both symmetrical and unsymmetrical monomer units: a theoretical study
Authors: Tessier Martine , Fradet Alain 
Published: August 2014

Abstract Expressions for the degree of randomness, B, and for the number- and weight-average block lengths of condensation copolymers containing both symmetrical (AA + BB) and unsymmetrical (AB) monomer units are established through an approach based on functional group probabilities. Several parameters introduced in literature to characterize randomness in AA + BB condensation copolymers are also calculated using this approach and compared to B, showing that they are simple linear or rational functions of B. A method for calculating functional group probabilities from the dyad and triad number-fractions determined by NMR spectroscopy is described for poly(ethylene terephthalate)-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolyesters. This method obviously applies to any AA + BB + AB polycondensation and is easily generalizable to other types of condensation copolymers.
Micro-thermal field-flow fractionation in the characterization of macromolecules and particles: Effect of the steric exclusion mechanism
Authors: Janča Josef , Ananieva Irina A. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract The influence of the steric exclusion mechanism on the dependence of the retention on the thickness of the micro-TFFF channel was studied theoretically. A good agreement of theory with experimental data was found. In order to preserve the use of micro-TFFF within an extended range of molar masses and particle sizes, the thickness of the channel cannot be reduced without taking into account a possible deterioration of the separation due to the contribution of steric exclusion to the separation mechanism.
Methacrylic polymers bearing side-chain permanent dipole azobenzene chromophores spaced from the main chain by chiral moieties, 3 a Synthesis and chiroptical properties of the homopolymer of (R)-3-methacryloyloxy-1-(4’-nitro-4-azobenzene)- pyrrolidine and of copolymers with the enantiomeric monomer (S)-3-methacryloyloxy-1-(4’-nitro-4-azobenzene)- pyrrolidine
Authors: Angiolini Luigi , Giorgini Loris , Salatelli Elisabetta 
Published: August 2014

Abstract The optically active photochromic homopolymer deriving from radical polymerization of the monomer (R)-3-methacryloyloxy-1-(4’-nitro-4-azobenzene)- pyrrolidine, containing a chiral group of one prevailing configuration interposed between the methacrylic moiety and the photochromic azoaromatic chromophore, has been synthesized and characterized. Copolymers with the enantiomeric monomer (S)-3-methacryloyloxy-1-(4’-nitro-4-azobenzene)pyrrolidine have also been prepared in order to evaluate the effect on the overall optical activity of side chain chiral groups of opposite configuration in various ratios. The spectroscopic and chiroptical properties in solution of the polymeric derivatives have been assessed.
Interfacial interactions-controlled thermoelastic behaviour of synthetic rubber/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Privalko Valery P. , Ponomarenko Sergiy M. , Privalko Eleonora G. , Schön Frank , Gronski Wolfram 
Published: August 2014

Abstract Thermoelastic measurements of synthetic rubber/organoclay nanocomposites provided the first experimental evidence for the dramatic dependence on interfacial interactions of the scale of nanoparticle displacements within filler aggregates of synthetic rubber/organoclay nanocomposites at high uniaxial extensions.
Synthesis and characterization of a polyurethane prepared by frontal polymerization
Authors: Mariani Alberto , Bidali Simone , Fiori Stefano , Malucelli Giulio , Sanna Ester 
Published: August 2014

Abstract Frontal polymerization (FP) has been successfully applied to the preparation of a polyurethane (PU) having practical interest. By comparing the classical PU synthetic route with FP, the latter allowed for the obtainment of both higher molecular weights and yields. Furthermore, reaction times have been significantly reduced. Eventually, FP materials are characterized by higher glass transition temperature and lower melting point than their batch counterparts.