bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Concise Guide toPHARMACOLOGY2013/14: Transporters
Authors: Alexander Stephen P.H. , Benson Helen E. , Faccenda Elena , Pawson Adam J. , Sharman Joanna L. , Spedding Michael , Peters John A. , Harmar Anthony J. ,   CGTP Collaborators
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe Concise Guide toPHARMACOLOGY2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found athttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full.Transporters are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others beingGprotein‐coupled receptors, ligand‐gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets.It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the websitewww.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction withNC‐IUPHARand provides the officialIUPHARclassification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately inIUPHAR‐DBand the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates.
Occluder Simplification Using Planar Sections
Authors: Silvennoinen Ari , Saransaari Hannu , Laine Samuli , Lehtinen Jaakko 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe present a method for extreme occluder simplification. We take a triangle soup as input, and produce a small set of polygons with closely matching occlusion properties. In contrast to methods that optimize the original geometry, our algorithm has very few requirements for the input— specifically, the input does not need to be a watertight, two‐manifold mesh. This robustness is achieved by working on a well‐behaved, discretized representation of the input instead of the original, potentially badly structured geometry. We first formulate the algorithm for individual occluders, and further introduce a hierarchy for handling large, complex scenes.
Mastery motivation in children with congenital hemiplegia: individual and environmental associations
Authors: Miller Laura , Ziviani Jenny , Ware Robert S , Boyd Roslyn N 
Published: December 2013

AimThe aim of this study was to examine the relationship between mastery motivation and individual and environmental characteristics in school‐aged children with congenital hemiplegia.MethodForty‐eight child–caregiver dyads (children's mean age 7y 11mo, SD 2y 4mo; 33 males, 15 females; Manual Ability Classification System [MACS] level I, n=25, and level II, n=23; predominant motor type spastic hemiplegia, n=47) were recruited to this cross‐sectional study. Children were assessed using the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function (MUUL) and the Assisting Hand Assessment. Caregivers completed the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire, the Parenting Scale, and a demographic questionnaire.ResultsConsistent and positive parental disciplinary practices were associated with higher total motivation (p=0.006) and instrumental aspect scores (p=0.009). Children with siblings and from single‐parent families experienced greater negative reactions to failure (p=0.006). Children from two‐parent families (p=0.018) and with better bimanual performance (p=0.015) demonstrated greater object‐oriented persistence. Age, sex, limitations in manual ability (MACS), and movement and body function of the impaired limb (MUUL) did not contribute significantly to mastery motivation.InterpretationInconsistent, excessively lax, and verbose parenting practices may discourage children from persevering with challenging tasks. Functional parenting styles, positive discipline practices, and autonomy‐supportive strategies for task engagement should be encouraged when intervening with children with cerebral palsy. Parents should be supported to engage in these practices in all aspects of daily activities.
Comparison of Three‐Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography and Two‐Dimensional Echocardiography for Evaluation of Left Atrial Size and Function in Healthy Volunteers (Results from the MAGYAR‐Healthy Study)
Authors: Nemes Attila , Domsik Péter , Kalapos Anita , Lengyel Csaba , Orosz Andrea , Forster Tamás 
Published: December 2013

ObjectiveNoninvasive accurate assessment of left atrial (LA) size and function is an essential requirement in daily clinical practice. Real time three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiography (RT3DE) with direct volumetric method has been found to be a highly accurate and reproducible noninvasive tool for the evaluation of LA dimensions and functional properties. Three‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) has just been introduced for volumetric assessments, which uses different, as called “block‐matching” algorithm by strain analysis. This study was designed to compare two‐dimensional (2D) echocardiography with 3DSTE for calculation of LA volumes and assessment of LA functional properties in healthy subjects.MethodsThis study comprised of randomly selected 35 healthy subjects (40.9 ± 10.9 years, 20 men) in sinus rhythm, they all had undergone standard transthoracic 2D echocardiographic Doppler study extended with 3DSTE.ResultsTwo‐dimensional echocardiography– and 3DSTE‐derived minimum (Vmin) and maximum (Vmax) LA volumes and LA volume before atrial contraction (Vpre A) did not differ significantly. Calculated functional LA properties were also compared. Good correlations were found between both techniques for Vmax (r = 0.93, P < 0.0001), Vmin (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001), and Vpre A (r = 0.74, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsIt may be stated that 3DSTE seems to be feasible in detection of cyclic changes in LA volumes and calculation of its functional properties is comparable to 2D echocardiography.
Performance of different rubber tree clones against South American leaf blight (Microcyclus ulei)
Authors: Silva L. G. , Junior W. C. J. , Souza A. F. , Alves F. R. , Furtado E. L. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThis study was aimed to evaluate the behaviour of eighteen clones of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) against South American leaf blight and to study progress of the disease. The experiment was conducted in Cachoeiro de Itapemirim‐ES, where 18 clones were evaluated. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates; each experimental unit consisted of three plants. Evaluations were performed at 15‐day intervals on 30 leaflets per tree. Disease incidence was quantified and infection classified according to the stages of development and type of damage. Leaf blight occurred during the entire experimental period; however, disease intensity varied with the resistance level of the clones and the time of year. Clones FX 3864, RRIM 725, RRIM 711, IAC 300 and IAN 873 exhibited the highest resistance to leaf blight.
Breaking primary dormancy in seeds of the perennial pasture legume tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa C.H. Stirt. vars albomarginata and crassiuscula)
Authors: Castello M. , Croser J. S. , Lulsdorf M. M. , Ramankutty P. , Pradhan A. , Nelson M. N. , Real D. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTedera (Bituminaria bituminosa vars. albomarginata and crassiuscula) is a perennial pasture species with agronomic characters ideally suited to Mediterranean climates. Tedera seed has a period of after‐ripening or primary dormancy typically lasting three months, which delays assessment and breeding of elite hybrid varieties. Temperature, chemical and mechanical methods were investigated in conjunction with in vitro culture to circumvent this dormancy period across a range of parental and hybrid genotypes. Temperature treatment of T5 (Tedera accession 5) and T48 (Tedera accession 48) alone was not sufficient to break dormancy (24.0% and 14.7% germination); however, when combined with soaking in gibberellic acid (GA3) and mechanical scarification resulted in 79.7% and 84.3% germination respectively. In an effort to further improve this result for valuable hybrid genotypes, we combined mechanical scarification with removal of seed coat after imbibition and in vitro culture on B5 medium until radicle emergence. This resulted in breaking dormancy from 96% to 100% of parent seeds and 100% of hybrid seeds. Hardening the germinated F1 or F2 seedlings 4 d after first transfer to in vitro culture resulted in 100% survival of plants to soil. This procedure is now used on a routine basis in the Australian tedera breeding programme.
Measuring the Containment and Spillover Effects of Urban Growth Boundaries: The Case of thePortland Metropolitan Area
Authors: Kim Jae Hong 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAlthough urban growth boundaries (UGBs) are increasingly used as a containment policy to promote contiguous and compact urban forms, little is known about howUGBs affect development within the designated area or how development is displaced to other cities. This study analyzes the UGB's containment and spillover effects, focusing on the case of the Portland metropolitan area whereUGBs have long been implemented. This is accomplished by employing a spatial market disequilibrium framework in which explicit consideration is given to the containment and spillover processes when under the influences ofUGBs. The findings suggest thatUGBs can promote development within the boundaries, but that cooperation with neighboring municipalities is necessary to effectively attain the policy goals.
Influence of ZrO2 Content on the Performances of BN‐ZrO2‐SiC Composites for Application in the Steel Industry
Authors: Chen Lei , Wang Yujin , Rao Jiancun , Zhou Yu 
Published: December 2013

BN‐ZrO2‐SiC composites were fabricated with different ZrO2 contents ranging from 0 to 40 vol%. The mechanical properties and corrosion resistance against molten steel increase with increasing ZrO2 content, while thermal shock resistance decreases gradually. When ZrO2 content is 40 vol%, the flexural strength is 346 MPa and corrosion depth is 254 μm. The improved corrosion resistance is attributed that the corrosion layer formed by residual ZrO2 hinders molten steel penetration. Nevertheless, composite with 40 vol% ZrO2 shows a sharp decline in residual flexural strength when temperature difference is more than 400°C and critical temperature difference is 520°C.
Firm Accrual Quality Following Restatements: A Signaling View
Authors: Wiedman Christine I. , Hendricks Kevin B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractWe consider whether and how firms improve their financial reporting credibility following a restatement by comparing two alternative views. The compliance view predicts that firms simply correct errors to comply with regulations; the signaling view predicts that improvements are broader to allow firms to signal higher reporting quality and thereby reduce information uncertainty. We find that accrual quality improves significantly following the restatement and that this improvement is observed for both earnings and non‐earnings error restatements. We also find that the extent of real earnings’ management decreases significantly. Further, we find that improvements in accrual quality are higher for firms with CEO turnover and higher incentives to improve, but lower for firms switching to an auditor of lower quality. Collectively, our findings suggest that firms signal improved reporting credibility following a restatement through higher accruals quality and lower real earnings management.
Pemphigus vulgaris‐associated Kaposi's sarcoma: response to paclitaxel and review of the literature
Authors: Balighi K. , Daneshpazhooh M. , Aghazadeh N. , Hejazi P. , Aryanian Z. , Azizpour A. , Rahbar Z. , Goodarzi A. , Chams‐Davatchi C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSystemic corticosteroids have long been the mainstay of treatment for pemphigus patients. However, the necessity of their high‐dose and long‐term administration has brought about a number of complications, sometimes causing significant morbidities. Maintaining a balance between therapeutic and undesirable effects of medications is not always easily achievable. Therefore, additional treatment modalities are frequently needed to control side‐effects. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a rare, potentially life‐threatening complication in this setting. Due to the rarity of data on pemphigus‐associated KS treatment, the best therapeutic approach is still undecided. Here, we report two cases of pemphigus patients who had developed extensive KS as a result of severe immunosuppressive therapy and were successfully treated with paclitaxel. In addition, we performed a review of literature to assess the results of the previously employed treatment modalities in this setting.
Transferring the Emergence Profile from the Provisional to the Final Restoration
Authors: Papadopoulos Ioannis , Pozidi Georgia , Goussias Hercules , Kourtis Stefanos 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn implant restorations, the ability to manage the response of soft tissue properly and achieve a proper emergence profile is a primary goal for the clinician. The desirable emergence profile can be formed by the use of the provisional restorations. Once this task is achieved, the soft tissue contour must be transferred accurately to the final restoration. In this technique article, four different methods are presented for transferring the emergence profile: the modification of the impression post by adding composite resin intraorally or extraorally, the fabrication of a working cast mimicking the soft tissue contour, and the use of CAD/CAM technology. Each technique presents certain advantages and disadvantages. The choice, therefore, relies on the clinician's judgment depending on the available materials, time, and familiarization with the necessary steps. The aim of this technique article is to describe, evaluate, and compare with the use of clinical examples these four techniques presented for the transfer of the emergence profile from the provisional to the final restoration.Clinical SignificanceThe application of these simple, yet important, techniques can not only help achieve optimal esthetics but also contribute to the maintenance of peri‐implant health. Especially in esthetically demanding cases—such as in implant restorations in the anterior area or in cases with high lip line—their application can lead to a more predictable final result.
Evaluation of a stranger safety training programme for adults with Williams syndrome
Authors: Fisher M. H. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with Williams syndrome (WS) are reported to display increased sociability towards strangers, leading to increased social vulnerability. No research has examined real life interactions of adults with WS towards strangers and no interventions have been implemented to teach stranger safety skills to this population.MethodTwenty‐one adults with WS participated in 3 days of behaviour skills training to learn how to respond to a stranger lure. Skill acquisition was assessed in situ; confederate strangers approached participants, presented a lure and recorded the participants' response.ResultsPrior to intervention, 14% of participants walked away from a stranger. Participants were able to accurately use the skills in role play. After training, 62% of participants said ‘no’ and walked away and only 14% agreed to leave with the stranger during in situ assessments.ConclusionsIndividuals with WS are at‐risk but can learn how to appropriately respond to lures from strangers. Further research is needed to increase use of safety skills in various conditions.
The Taste of Conquest: Colonialism, Cosmopolitics, and the Dark Side of Peru's Gastronomic Boom
Authors: García María Elena 
Published: December 2013

ResumenLiderada por el chef Gastón Acurio, en el Perú se está llevando a cabo una “revolución gastronómica.” Planteado como un movimiento culinario y social, este boom gastronómico conlleva una promesa cosmopolita: unir a una nación fragmentada y exportar la comida y cultura peruana al mundo. Este artículo sostiene que la celebración de este boom oculta un lado oscuro: la marginalización y violencia hacia los indígenas y cuerpos no‐humanos. En él examino el cosmopolitanismo de la cocina novoandina utilizando el enfoque cosmopolítico de Stengers y Latour, el cual sustituye la premisa de reconciliar conflictos en “un mundo” (la promesa cosmopolita) por la de examinar los conflictos que surgen en las conexiones parciales de varios mundos (la propuesta cosmopolítica de Stengers). Más allá del escenario urbano de Lima, este artículo contempla las consecuencias del boom gastronómico para el mundo indígena y el mundo menos visible de los animales andinos como cuyes y alpacas.
Zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotope compositions of migmatites from the North Qinling terrane and their geological implications
Authors: Liu Q. , Wu Y.‐B. , Wang H. , Gao S. , Qin Z.‐W. , Liu X.‐C. , Yang S.‐H. , Gong H.‐J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractMigmatites are predominant in the North Qinling (NQ) orogen, but their formation ages are poorly constrained. This paper presents a combined study of cathodoluminescence imaging, U–Pb age, trace element and Hf isotopes of zircon in migmatites from the NQ unit. In the migmatites, most zircon grains occur as new, homogeneous crystals, while some are present as overgrowth rims around inherited cores. Morphological and trace element features suggest that the zircon crystals are metamorphic and formed during partial melting. The inherited cores have oscillatory zoning and yield U–Pb ages ofc. 900 Ma, representing their protolith ages. The early Neoproterozoic protoliths probably formed in an active continental margin, being a response to the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia. The migmatite zircon yields Hf model ages of 1911 ± 20 to 990 ± 22 Ma, indicating that the protoliths were derived from reworking of Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic crustal materials. The anatexis zircon yields formation ages ranging from 455 ± 5 to 420 ± 4 Ma, with a peak atc. 435 Ma. Combined with previous results, we suggest that the migmatization of theNQterrane occurred atc. 455–400 Ma. The migmatization wasc. 50 Ma later than thec. 490 Ma ultra‐high‐P(UHP) metamorphism, indicating that they occurred in two independent tectonic events. By contrast, the migmatization was coeval with the granulite facies metamorphism and the granitic magmatism in the NQ unit, which collectively argue for their formation due to the northward subduction of the Shangdan Ocean. UHP rocks were distributed mainly along the northern margin and occasionally in the inner part of the NQ unit, indicating that they were exhumed along the northern edge and detached from the basement by the subsequent migmatization process.
Metabolic stress and cancer: is autophagy the common denominator and a feasible target?
Authors: Giuliani Charlett M , Dass Crispin R 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Objectives
Autophagy facilitates the degradation of proteins or organelles into recyclable molecules, which are released into the cell to foster cell survival under energetic stress. Furthermore, autophagy has been associated with cancer cell survival and chemoresistance, and as such, it is an area of increasing interest. As autophagic activity and its regulation are related to metabolism and energy stress, it is critical to elucidate the exact molecular mechanisms that drive it.

Key findings
Cancer is recognised to have specific metabolic changes, which include the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. Although the exact rationale is yet to be determined, it is proposed to limit hypoxic stress and generate substrates for biosynthesis. The various forms of energetic stress including hypoxia, glucose and amino acid deprivation have been reviewed in relation to their effect on autophagy and certain key molecules identified to date. These key molecules, which include AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, adenosine triphosphate and reactive oxygen species, are all implicated as key stimuli of autophagic activity, as will be discussed in this review.

Summary
These findings indicate that autophagic regulation could be a means to better cancer treatment.
Which Family Physicians Work Routinely With Nurse Practitioners, Physician Assistants or Certified Nurse Midwives
Authors: Peterson Lars E. , Blackburn Brenna , Petterson Stephen , Puffer James C. , Bazemore Andrew , Phillips Robert L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPurposeFacing rising numbers of insured with implementation of the Affordable Care Act, policy makers are interested in building teams of providers that can accommodate a growing demand for primary care services. Nurse Practitioners (NPs), Physician Assistants (PAs), and Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs) already augment the physician workforce, particularly in rural areas. Our objective was to determine what physician and areal‐level characteristics were associated with working with NPs, PAs or CNMs.MethodsThe sample consisted of a convenience sample of physicians through the American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) website in the fall of 2011. We linked these data to demographic and practice information collected by the ABFM and with provider information supplied from the National Provider Identifier file aggregated at the Primary Care Service Area level. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to determine variables associated with working with NPs, PAs, or CNMs.FindingsOf the 3,855 family physicians in our sample, 60% reported routinely working with NPs, PAs, or CNMs. In regression analysis, characteristics positively associated with working with NPs, PAs, or CNMs were providing gynecological care (Odds Ratio = 1.23 [95% confidence interval, 1.06‐1.42]), multispecialty group practice (OR = 1.72 [1.36‐2.18]), any rural setting, and higher availability of PAs (OR = 1.40 [1.10‐1.79]). Restrictive NP scope of practice laws failed to reach significance (OR = 0.86 [0.71‐1.05]).ConclusionsThis study suggests that the number of family physicians routinely working with NPs, PAs, and CNMs continues to increase, which may allow for improved access to health care, particularly in rural areas.