bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Ductile Fracture at Engineering Scales: A Mechanism-Based Approach
Authors: Gao Xiaosheng , Zhou Jun , Zhai Jinyuan 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper summarizes the work we conducted in recent years on modeling plastic response of metallic alloys and ductile fracture of engineering components, with the emphasis on the effect of the stress state. It is shown that the classical J2 plasticity theory cannot correctly describe the plasticity behavior of many materials. The experimental and numerical studies of a variety of structural alloys result in a general form of plasticity model for isotropic materials, where the yield function and the flow potential are expressed as functions of the first invariant of the stress tensor and the second and third invariants of the deviatoric stress tensor. Several mechanism-based models have been developed to capture the ductile fracture process of metallic alloys. Two of such models are described in this paper. The first one is a cumulative strain damage model where the damage parameter is dependent on the stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter. The second one is a modification to the Gurson-type porous plasticity models, where two damage parameters, representing void damage and shear damage respectively, are coupled into the yield function and flow potential. These models are shown to be able to predict fracture initiation and propagation in various specimens experiencing a wide range of stress states.
Oxide-Assisted Semiconductor Nanowire Growth
Authors: Lee S.T. , Wang N. , Zhang Y.F. , Tang Y.H. 
Published: February 2015

Semiconductor wires with nanometer widths have attracted much attention in recent years for their potential applications in mesoscopic research and nanodevices. Since the 1960s, Si whiskers grown from the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) reaction have been extensively studied. In the VLS reaction, Au particles are generally used as the mediating solvent on a Si substrate since Au and Si form a molten alloy at a relatively low temperature. Si in the vapor phase diffuses into the liquid-alloy droplet and bonds to the solid Si at the liquid-solid interface, which results in the growth of Si whiskers. The diameter of the whisker is determined by the diameter of the liquid-alloy droplet at its tip. Si whiskers generally grow along ⟨111⟩ directions epitaxially on Si(111) substrates in the form of single crystals by the VLS reaction.In different materials systems, however, a variety of whisker forms can be obtained. For example, GaP whiskers display rotational twins around their ⟨111⟩ growth axes, while GaAs whiskers grow in the form of the wurtzite structure.Thus far, the synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructured materials on a large scale remains a challenge. In recent years, many efforts have been made to synthesize Si nanowires by employing different methods such as photolithography and etching techniques and scanning tunneling microscopy. One method of particular interest is a recently developed laser ablation of metal-containing semiconductor targets, by which bulk quantities of semiconductor nanowires can be readily obtained. Our recent studies show that oxides play a dominant role in the nucleation and growth of high-quality semiconductor nanowires in bulk quantities by laser ablation, thermal evaporation, or chemical vapor deposition. A new growth mechanism called oxide-assisted nanowire growth has therefore been established. The ability to synthesize large quantities of high-purity (no contamination), ultra-long (in millimeters), and uniform-sized semiconductor nanowires (a few nanometers to tens of nanometers in diameter) from this new technique offers exciting possibilities in fundamental and applied research.
Surgical Complications in 1408 Primary Cleft Palate Repairs Operated at a Single Center in Guwahati, Assam, India
Authors: Schönmeyr Björn , Wendby Lisa , Campbell Alex 
Published: February 2015

Objective To analyze surgical complications after primary cleft palate repair in a setting with limited resources. Patients and Design A total of 1608 consecutive cleft palate repairs with 1408 follow-ups, operated upon between 2011 and 2013, were reviewed retrospectively through medical records. Patients were 10 months to 50 years old at the time of surgery, with a median age of 9 years. Setting Guwahati Comprehensive Cleft Care Center, Guwahati, India. Intervention Primary cleft palate repair. Main Outcome Measures Postoperative complications in terms of necrosis, dehiscence, fistula, infection, and “hanging palate” were assessed, as was perioperative bleeding. Logistic regression was used with complication (yes/no) as the binary dependent variable and with age, cleft type, and surgeon (visiting/long-term) as covariates. Results The overall incidence of postoperative complications was 16.9% with a fistula rate of 13.6%. The incidence of perioperative bleeding was 1.8%. Logistic regression analysis identified cleft severity ( P ≤ .001) and visiting surgeon ( P ≤ .01) as factors related to the incidence of postoperative complications. Age at surgery was related to both the incidence of postoperative complications ( P ≤ .001) and perioperative bleeding ( P < .05). Conclusion Due to increased risks of surgical complications, older patients with complete clefts should only be operated upon after careful consideration. In addition, these patients should be assigned to surgeons experienced with this cleft type.
Factors that influence on efficiency of educating to physical exercises of boys of junior classes
Authors: Худолій О. М. , Іващенко О. В. , Черненко С. О. 
Published: February 2015

Research aim — to define factors that influence on efficiency of educating to physical exercises of boys of junior classes.Methods and organization of research. In research such methods of research as analysis of scientific and methodical literature, pedagogical supervisions, testing of motive preparedness, probabilistic going are used near the estimation of process of educating, methods of mathematical statistics. Conclusions. The rationed coefficients of canonical discriminator allow to define correlation of deposit of variables in the result of function. With a most contribution to the first canonical function variables № enter 12 «Level of train, exercise 1» (0,645), № 1 «Height, cm» (- 0,432), № 13 «Level of train, exercise 2» (0,393), № 3 broad «Jump, a cm» (- 0,303) : over the increase of level of train brings to the increase of value of the first function. With a most contribution to the second canonical function variables № enter 14 «Level of train, exercise 3» (1,251), №7 «Undercutting in mixed висе on a rope, times» (- 0,876), №4 «At run 300 meters, with» (- 0,386), than the best results of these indexes, the greater value of function. Foregoing testifies to influence of level of developing co-ordinating flairs on efficiency of educating to physical exercises. Structural coefficients of canonical discriminator, because and in a factor analysis allow to carry out interpretation of canonical function. Most influence on the value of canonical function has a level of обучености to physical exercises, level of developing co-ordinating and power flairs. Consequently in classification of motive preparedness of boys of junior classes a leading place occupies the level of train to physical exercises. Developing motive flairs is effective, if they become the constituent of the mastered motive skills.
Use of exercises of strong-willed gymnastics in the course of physical training of senior pupils
Authors: Кравчук Т. М. , Чуркін О. В. 
Published: February 2015

Research aim: to ground expediency of the use of exercises of volitional gymnastics in the process of P.E of senior pupils and check their efficiency. For the decision of the tasks put in-process, the next methods of research were used: analysis of pedagogical and scientifically-methodical literature; conversations are with specialists; pedagogical supervision; pedagogical testing; methods of mathematical statistics. Conclusions. Exercises of volitional gymnastics, that extraordinarily simple in mastering, do not require the presence of the specially equipped place and the implementations of various exercises based on principle without a burden, with conscious tension of corresponding muscles, can be fruitfully used in P.E of senior pupils. The use of exercises of volitional gymnastics in the process of P.E of students of higher forms assists the increase of level of development of flexibility and force, that it was experimentally well-proven during research. A most increase was observed in development of force (25%) and flexibility (24,49%) for senior pupils that executed exercises of volitional gymnastics on the lessons of physical culture and independently at home.
Automated software test control of speed-power capabilities
Authors: Корягин В. М. , Блавт О. З. 
Published: February 2015

An aim of work is development of electronic CAS of monitoring of speed-power possibilities engaging in a physical culture and sport. The questions test the level of speed-power capacity in the process of fitness. The technique of determining the level of speed-power capabilities using the touch electronic non-contact measurement. First demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of its use in sports and physical culture to enable rapid collection of reliable test data. In the presented work new approach is offered qualitatively to the problem of estimation of speed-power capabilities engaging in a physical culture and sport. Introduction and use of modern electronic technologies in a training process are powerful methodological basis for scientifically reasonable his purposeful continuous correction on the basis of the integral going near development of physical qualities, that allows to attain his quality improvement.
A Four-Phase Flow Model to Simulate Chemical EOR with Gas
Authors: Lotfollahi Mohammad , Varavei Abdoljalil , Delshad Mojdeh , Farajzadeh Rouhi , Pope Gary A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The need for improved models to simulate chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) methods involving either free gas or solution gas has increased in recent years as it has become more common to inject surfactants to recover live oils using surfactant-polymer or alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding, or to inject gas with the surfactant solution (low-tension gas flooding or foam). A four-phase flow and transport formulation is needed to accurately model these EOR methods. New experimental data are now available to help in the development and validation of such models. In particular, the effect of pressure and solution gas on microemulsion phase behavior is now much better understood because of new and much more systematic experimental data. New low-tension gas or alkali surfactant foam experiments have also recently been published.
In this paper, we present a four-phase flow formulation implemented in the numerical reservoir simulator UTCHEM, a compositional model developed specifically to simulate both lab-scale and field-scale chemical EOR. UTCHEM includes a third-order TVD finite-difference method to improve numerical accuracy of the extremely non-linear chemical processes. A black-oil model for oil/water/gas is coupled with the surfactant/oil/water (microemulsion) phase behavior model through a new formulation. The new formulation includes water, oil, gas, surfactant, polymer and electrolyte components in the aqueous, oleic, microemulsion and gas phases. The PVT properties are calculated for each phase using this model. The impact of pressure and solution gas on the optimum salinity and interfacial tension will be discussed.
The four-phase flow simulator has been used to model low tension gas flooding taking into account process mechanisms. The results aid in the understanding and interpretation of four-phase flow chemical EOR processes. The simulator can be used to evaluate chemical EOR methods involving solution gas and/or free gas, to scale up lab experiments to the field and to optimize chemical EOR process design for field tests among other applications. The need for a reliable mechanistic simulator has greatly increased due to more field applications of chemical EOR with gas and the expected further increase of this type of EOR.
Comparing Five Year Out-Come in Two Cohorts of Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis – A BARFOT Study
Authors: Andersson Maria L.E , Forslind Kristina , Hafström Ingiäld 
Published: February 2015

The objective of the study was to compare disease characteristics over the first 5 years of disease in patients with RA, with disease onset in 1990s and 2000s, respectively.Methods :All 2235 patients with early RA (disease duration ≤12 months) were recruited from the BARFOT prospective observational study. These patients were divided into group 1 included 1992 to 1999 (N=1084, 66% women) and group 2 included 2000 to 2006 (N=1151, 69% women). Disease Activity Score (DAS28), VAS pain and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) were assessed during 5 years. Remission was defined as DAS28 <2.6.Results :At inclusion, both women and men in group 2 had higher mean DAS28 (SD) than group 1, 5.42 (1.22)vs5.26 (1.19), p=0.004 and 5.28 (1.22)vs5.00 (1.27), p=0.004, respectively, mainly dependant on pain and not on inflammatory related measures. Over time DAS28 decreased and was in both genders, from 6 months to the 5-year follow-up, significantly lower in group 2. At 5-year, both women and men in group 2 had higher rate of remission than women and men in group 1. However, despite reduction of VAS pain and HAQ there were no differences in pain and HAQ between groups at any time point.Conclusion :Patients included in the 2000s achieved higher frequency of remission at the 5 year follow-up compared with those included in the 1990s, suggested to reflect the more active medical treatment. Interestingly, however, improvement in pain and HAQ did not differ between the two patient cohorts.
Incidence of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Tears and Associated Risk Factors After Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Injections§
Authors: Empeslidis Theodoros , Vardarinos Athanasios , Konidaris Vasileios , Ch'ng Soon Wai , Kapoor Bharat , Deane James , Tsaousis Konstantinos T 
Published: February 2015

Purpose :
To study the incidence and risk factors for retinal pigment epithelium tears following intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections.

Methods :
Retrospective longitudinal study. 4027 intravitreal anti-VEGF injections in 628 patients (676 eyes) for choroidal neovascularisation associated with age related macular degeneration in a period of 18 months were studied.

Results :
Seventeen patients (mean age 83.95±5.84) developed retinal pigment epithelium tears. The incidence rate was 0.4%. Fibrovascular pigment epithelium detachment (PED) was previously observed in all cases. In 88 % (15/17) of AMD patients that had a RPE tear, PED height was found to be less than 400 microns at presentation. In 5 of 7 patients with RPE tear grade <4, continuing of anti-VEGF treatment resulted to improvement of visual acuity.

Conclusion :
Critical risk factors for RPE tears are presence of PED as well as advanced age. Visual improvement appears to depend more on the extent and location of the RPE tear and less on the PED height.
Consideration of Drug Therapy in Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Authors: G. Diamantis , V. Tode 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) has become a major global health problem both in its frequency by which it determines the complications and the problems of diagnosis and treatment it requires. BPH is a heterogeneous disease. The symptoms attributed to BPH may have other coexisting causes and growth factors both androgen-dependent and independent, which promotes prostate enlargement. It is well known that prostate size correlates poorly with the symptoms so that reducing prostate using 5-alphareductase or alphablocants inhibitors may not always be sufficient. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of BPH and its interactions with other drugs will help the development of new substances with a better efficiency. This present work aims to be a modest contribution related to medical treatment in benign prostatic hyperplasia and the role that the generalist practitioner should play in managing of this urinary disease quite common in elderly men.
Achilles Tendon Ruptures: Comparison between the Clinical Results of Classical Versus Mini-Invasive or Percutaneous Surgical Treatment
Authors: B. Obada , Al. O. Serban 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The aim of the study is to evaluate the surgical treatment comparing the results obtained with different techniques. We revised 68 cases with acute Achilles tendon rupture who underwent surgical correction between 2004 and 2011, with a 40 month average follow-up. 34 of these were submitted to a classical open repair using the Kessler or Krakow technique, 25 to a mini-invasive technique (Achilon) and 9 to a percutaneous technique (Tenolig). We report a 29% rate of complications when using the classical technique: the major complications were one re-rupture, two surgical wound dehiscences, one infection and one sural nerve injury. In the mini-invasive/percutaneous techniques, two re-ruptures occurred (5.9% total, one in each technique) and one fistula at the needle insertion location. In regards to the percutaneous and mini-invasive techniques, the functional results and degree of satisfaction were higher, with fewer complications, reflecting a trend that has been expressed in the international literature.
Anderson-Fabry Disease in Females
Authors: Kes Petar , Furic-Curko Vesna , Basic-Jukic Nikolina 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD) is the second most common lysosomal storage disease. This is an X-linked disorder due to lysosomal enzyme deficiency of a-galac-tosidasae A, that results in accumulation of globotriaosyl-ceramide in various tissues leading to organ damage, and resulting in a variety of cardiovascular, renal, neural, der-matological, psychological signs and symptoms. Despite being X-linked, heterozygous females can suffer from symptoms equally severe as male hemizygotes. This paper presents signs, symptoms, specific diagnostic approach and treatment possibilities of AFD in female patients.
Rethinking slum tourism: tourism in South Africa’s rural slumlands
Authors: Rogerson Christian M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Slum tourism is an expanding domain of research focused on organized tours to poorer areas of cities in the global South, such as South Africa’s urban townships. The aim is to contribute towards a reframing of scholarship on slum tourism by directing attention to the phenomenon of tourism development occurring in rural slums or poverty areas of South Africa, namely the former rural Bantustan or Homeland areas. These rural areas are presently the focus of government attention for tourism promotion as part of economic upgrading and employment creation. The key findings are that the expanding tourism economy of these rural slumlands is dominated by domestic tourists rather than international visitors with most tourists engaged in VFR travel including trips to rural second homes. In addition, these areas are important foci for religious pilgrimage. In terms of international scholarship on slum tourism the paper offers the significant observation that the largest share of tourists originate in the country’s urban township areas which are the attractions for international slum tourists. The destinations for visits by international slum tourists are therefore the essential source regions of tourists for visits to the rural poverty areas or slumlands of South Africa. This points to an imperative for broadening the research agenda of slum tourism to incorporate research which examines the tourism mobilities of ordinary residents of townships or favelas.
‘The Mkuze River it has crossed the fence’ (1) – communities on the boundary of the Mkuze protected area
Authors: Burgoyne Christopher N. , Kelso Clare J. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Restricting access to wilderness and wildlife resources is a contested topic in a time when developing nations are seeking to increase quality of life for their citizens. A case in point is the Mkuze Game Reserve which encompasses rich biodiversity and is surrounded by under-resourced rural communities. A history of exclusion from land and resources has left local residents feeling negative about western conservation ideals. Perceptions of protected areas and conservation objectives are important if management authorities are to affect a meaningful buy-in to conservation and sustainable resource use among local residents. In this paper, part of a larger mixed-methods study, we set out to explore the perceptions three rural communities have of 1) local land-cover and livelihood change and 2) the socio-economic benefits expected and derived from living adjacent to Mkuze Game Reserve, a publicly administered protected area in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. People living around the reserve felt they receive few benefits from living near to a protected area. Management countered that they are not well funded enough to provide much development support. In addition to this, the community sees a contrast between this lack of benefit sharing and the successful benefit sharing experienced by a neighbouring community which borders a private reserve. This has added to their negative view of the way Mkuze Game Reserve management has been engaging with communities. Effective engagement with communities and understanding their expectations will be important for strengthening conservation initiatives and community engagement objectives in the area.
Community-based ecotourism: Its socio-economic impacts at Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary, Ghana
Authors: Eshun Gabriel , Tonto Joycelyn Naana Pokuaa 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
There is a lacuna in literature from Western Africa on how issue of participation influence socio-economic impacts at ecotourism destinations. This paper investigates the socio-economic impacts of ecotourism based on Boabeng- Fiema Monkey Sanctuary in Ghana. The paper is based on primary data generated from Boabeng and Fiema communities. Seventy mainly opened-ended questionnaires were administered face-to-face to purposively selected residents from the two communities, alongside, in-depth interviews with the management of the Sanctuary and focus group with purposively selected individuals from Boabeng and Fiema. The study reveals that the residents of the communities face burgeoning challenges such as shrinking livelihood options, inadequate involvement of community in the ecotourism, poor state of the visitor centre, inadequate government support and poor roads.