bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La question sociale revisitée. La configuration de la dimension sociale dans l'espace éducatif européen
Authors: Petersson Kenneth , Olsson Ulf , Krejsler John B. 
Published: August 2013

La fabrication de la question sociale est problématisée ici dans deux discours historiques sur l’intégration sociale : le discours philanthropique et celui de l’Espace Européen de l’Enseignement Supérieur (EEES). De quelle manière et sous quelles circonstances, la relation entre les sujets inclus et exclus et la société se reproduit-elle et fonctionne-t-elle d’une époque à une autre ? La méthode généalogique utilisée est inspirée de la notion de gouvernementalité de Foucault. Dans le discours contemporain, des technologies d’espoir et de peur de l’avenir sont en jeu : certains groupes sociaux sont créés pour représenter les menaces vis-à-vis de l’espoir d’avenir et l’éducation est construite comme une technologie cruciale pour la bonne inclusion de ces mêmes groupes. La comparaison avec les mécanismes éducatifs de la philanthropie montre que ce n’est pas nouveau. La société européenne au début du XIX e siècle craignait une population ayant perdu son orientation religieuse, égarée dans un ordre social prédestiné. La crainte dans l’Europe contemporaine est d’être laissée en arrière dans la course mondiale pour la société de la connaissance la plus éminente et durable.
Les fictions de la transcendance et la fabrication des valeurs dans l'éducation musicale aux États-Unis
Authors: Gustafson Ruth I. 
Published: August 2013

L’article examine l’enseignement public de la musique aux États-Unis et montre la fabrication d’une transcendance musicale qui crée des notions de mérite social et d’abjection, la relation étant inextricable entre la Musique, l’École et la Nation. À travers une mise en perspective historique –considérant l’enseignement musical comme le produit de la discipline Musique et des inquiétudes sociales– utilisant les métaphores de l’alchimie et du rhizome (Deleuze & Guattari 1987), l’auteur saisit la relation complexe entre la musique et le classement des types humains. Le programme de musique distingue citoyen digne et citoyen abject alors même que cette division produit des aspirations à renverser les limites sociales. Ainsi, au XX e siècle, inciter la population à écouter de la musique classique a permis de réévaluer les cultures régionales américaines ; développer stratégiquement l’idée de transcendance musicale dans les negro-spirituals des Afro-Américains a servi au Mouvement des droits civiques à améliorer l’égalité sociale. À chaque fois, le programme de musique est analysé comme une alchimie où les inquiétudes sociales contingentes et les idéaux esthétiques permettent de reconnaître le digne citoyen. Si ce processus alchimique cristallise les valeurs qui disqualifient certains groupes sociaux, une redistribution rhizomique des ressources matérielles et symboliques émerge aussi du programme scolaire dont la double action exprime des exclusions sociales et active les ambitions de groupes marginalisés.
L'introduction de la construction de sens dans l'implantation de politiques en éducation : apports et pistes de recherche
Authors: Dulude Éliane , Spillane James P. 
Published: August 2013

L’article présente un cadre de références théorique et empirique fondé sur des constats émanant du champ de la construction de sens et se divisant en deux grandes tendances : les approches sociocognitives et sociologiques. Les auteurs tentent ainsi d’explorer une dimension clé du processus de mise en œuvre : la construction de sens par les acteurs scolaires lors de réformes en éducation. Dans le corpus littéraire nord-américain, le cadre théorique de la construction de sens a permis plusieurs contributions importantes à l’étude du changement et de l’implantation des politiques éducatives. Certains auteurs ont pu démontrer les différentes manières dont les chefs d’établissement et les enseignants construisent du sens autour d’une politique expliquant les variations locales du changement ou de l’implantation des politiques (Spillane 2001, 2002, Coburn 2001, 2005). Elles illustrent, en particulier, que les enjeux locaux vont bien au-delà d’une résistance aux changements.
La musique autrement ? Les “musiciens intervenants” entre travail social et création artistique
Authors: Lebon Francis 
Published: August 2013

Les musiciens intervenants constituent un segment professionnel méconnu, à mi-chemin entre création musicale et éducation des enfants. Proche de l’animation dans les années 1970, la définition officielle du métier s’appuie à présent sur le Diplôme universitaire de musicien intervenant (Dumi), créé en 1984, et sur une littérature qui, critiquant l’enseignement traditionnel de la musique, prône des méthodes d’éducation collective et inventive fondées sur le jeu rythmique, vocal et corporel. Alors que les musiciens intervenants sont relativement invisibles, leur revendication de créativité artistique et pédagogique est-elle un atout professionnel ? L’inflation du culturel et l’accroissement de la division du travail en éducation musicale (ces agents spécialisés dans l’éveil en sont l’expression) contribuent-ils à diversifier la figure de l’artiste ?
La revendication éthique des établissements de l'enseignement catholique sur le marché des prépas. Une enquête dans l'académie de Nantes
Authors: Houdeville Gérald 
Published: August 2013

Un tiers des classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE) de l’académie de Nantes sont hébergées dans des établissements de l’enseignement secondaire privé sous contrat catholique. L’article s’interroge sur la manière dont les personnels de ces établissements (chefs d’établissement, responsables des études, enseignants) appréhendent ce type de formation. La rencontre entre enseignement catholique et classes prépas ne va pas de soi : si celui-ci est historiquement très présent sur ce territoire, les CPGE privées y souffrent d’un déficit de crédibilité (taux de passage et bacheliers plus faibles que dans le public) et les principes de sélection, de compétition, etc., sont souvent décriés par ceux qui y enseignent ou en sont responsables. Ce secteur est confronté à la construction d’une légitimité dans la tension entre les exigences d’authentiques CPGE et la volonté affichée d’en faire “des prépas pas comme les autres”.
Reduced T-Dependent Humoral Immunity in CD20-Deficient Mice
Authors: Morsy Deyaa El Deen , Sanyal Ratna , Zaiss Anne K. , Deo Rucha , Muruve Dan A. , Deans Julie P. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
CD20 is a tetraspanning membrane protein expressed on B lymphocytes. CD20 deficiency in both mice and humans has recently been shown to have deleterious effects on Ab responses to T-independent Ags; however, no effect on T-dependent immunity has been reported. In this study, we used a Cd20−/− mouse line to evaluate Ab responses to adeno-associated virus and SRBCs. The neutralizing Ab response to adeno-associated virus was significantly reduced by CD20 deficiency; both primary (IgM) and secondary (IgG1 and IgG2b) responses to SRBC were also reduced in Cd20−/− mice, and this was associated with a reduction in the number of germinal center B cells. A successful humoral response requires the integration of intracellular signaling networks that critically rely on calcium mobilization. In this article, we confirm that BCR-mediated calcium mobilization is reduced in Cd20−/− murine B cells after BCR stimulation in vitro, and further show that the reduction is due to an effect on calcium influx rather than calcium release from intracellular stores. Calcium-dependent upregulation of CD69 was impaired in CD20-deficient B cells, as was upregulation of CD86. Altogether, this study demonstrates a role for CD20 in B cell activation and T-dependent humoral immunity.
Human CD1c+ Myeloid Dendritic Cells Acquire a High Level of Retinoic Acid–Producing Capacity in Response to Vitamin D3
Authors: Sato Takayuki , Kitawaki Toshio , Fujita Haruyuki , Iwata Makoto , Iyoda Tomonori , Inaba Kayo , Ohteki Toshiaki , Hasegawa Suguru , Kawada Kenji , Sakai Yoshiharu , Ikeuchi Hiroki , Nakase Hiroshi , Niwa Akira , Takaori-Kondo Akifumi , Kadowaki Norimitsu 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) plays a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis. Mouse intestinal CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) produce a high level of RA by highly expressing retinal dehydrogenase (RALDH)2, an enzyme that converts retinal to RA, and induce gut-homing T cells. However, it has not been identified which subset of human DCs produce a high level of RA. In this study, we show that CD1c+ blood myeloid DCs (mDCs) but not CD141high mDCs or plasmacytoid DCs exhibited a high level of RALDH2 mRNA and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity in an RA- and p38-dependent manner when stimulated with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) in the presence of GM-CSF. The ALDH activity was abrogated by TLR ligands or TNF. CD103− rather than CD103+ human mesenteric lymph node mDCs gained ALDH activity in response to VD3. Furthermore, unlike in humans, mouse conventional DCs in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes gained ALDH activity in response to GM-CSF alone. RALDH2high CD1c+ mDCs stimulated naive CD4+ T cells to express gut-homing molecules and to produce Th2 cytokines in an RA-dependent manner. This study suggests that CD1c+ mDCs are a major human DC subset that produces RA in response to VD3 in the steady state. The “vitamin D – CD1c+ mDC – RA” axis may constitute an important immune component for maintaining tissue homeostasis in humans.
IL-7 Modulates In Vitro and In Vivo Human Memory T Regulatory Cell Functions through the CD39/ATP Axis
Authors: Younas Mehwish , Hue Sophie , Lacabaratz Christine , Guguin Aurélie , Wiedemann Aurélie , Surenaud Mathieu , Beq Stéphanie , Croughs Thérèse , Lelièvre Jean-Daniel , Lévy Yves 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The heterogeneity of human regulatory T cells (Tregs) may explain the discrepancies between studies on Tregs in physiology and pathology. Contrasting effects of IL-7 on the expansion and survival of human Tregs were reported. Therefore, we investigated the effects of IL-7 on the phenotype and function of well-characterized populations of human Tregs. We show that IL-7 signals via the CD127 receptor on naive, memory, and activated memory Tregs sorted from the blood of healthy donors, but it does not affect their proliferation. In contrast, IL-7 affects their suppressive capacities differently. This effect was modest on naive Tregs but was dramatic (90%) on memory Tregs. We provide evidence that IL-7 exerts a synergistic effect through downmodulation of the ectoenzyme CD39, which converts ATP to ADP/AMP, and an increase in ATP receptor P2X7. Both effects lead to an increase in the ATP-mediated effect, tipping the balance to favor Th17 conversion. Using an IL-7 therapeutic study, we show that IL-7 exerts the same effects in vitro and in vivo in HIV-infected individuals. Globally, our data show that IL-7 negatively regulates Tregs and contributes to increase the number of tools that may affect Treg function in pathology.
Human SAP Is a Novel Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein That Induces Complement-Independent Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: An Jang-Hyun , Kurokawa Kenji , Jung Dong-Jun , Kim Min-Jung , Kim Chan-Hee , Fujimoto Yukari , Fukase Koichi , Coggeshall K. Mark , Lee Bok Luel 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
The human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for many community-acquired and hospital-associated infections and is associated with high mortality. Concern over the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains has renewed interest in the elucidation of host mechanisms that defend against S. aureus infection. We recently demonstrated that human serum mannose-binding lectin binds to S. aureus wall teichoic acid (WTA), a cell wall glycopolymer—a discovery that prompted further screening to identify additional serum proteins that recognize S. aureus cell wall components. In this report, we incubated human serum with 10 different S. aureus mutants and determined that serum amyloid P component (SAP) bound specifically to a WTA-deficient S. aureus ΔtagO mutant, but not to tagO-complemented, WTA-expressing cells. Biochemical characterization revealed that SAP recognizes bacterial peptidoglycan as a ligand and that WTA inhibits this interaction. Although SAP binding to peptidoglycan was not observed to induce complement activation, SAP-bound ΔtagO cells were phagocytosed by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in an FcγR-dependent manner. These results indicate that SAP functions as a host defense factor, similar to other peptidoglycan recognition proteins and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–like receptors.
The Experience of Engaging in Occupation following Stroke: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis
Authors: Williams Shoshannah , Murray Carolyn 
Published: August 2013

Introduction: A meta-synthesis is a means of extracting data from multiple qualitative studies about the same topic, re-analysing the findings and bringing them together as a collective whole. Data from six qualitative studies that investigated the experience of engaging in occupation following a stroke were extracted and reanalysed with the purpose of gaining a greater understanding of the subjective experience to inform occupational therapy practice. Methods: Six databases were systematically searched for literature published in English during 1990–2011. Seven studies were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool; six of these were included in the meta-synthesis. Findings: Five conceptual themes regarding occupational engagement emerged from the review: an emotional response, impact on identity, role of significant others, community access and the process of occupational adaptation. Conclusion: Engagement in occupation following a stroke is linked to self-identity and an emotional response; both of these, in turn, have an impact on capacity for occupational adaptation. Individuals are situated within a context of significant others and community. These findings give occupational therapists greater insight into the experience of older people following stroke in community settings.
La gouvernance multiniveau et la nouvelle gestion publique : des idées nouvelles à intégrer aux approches traditionnelles du fédéralisme dans le contexte de l’étude des relations intergouvernementales
Authors: Turkewitsch Lisa , Stein Michael 
Published: August 2013

Le concept de gouvernance multiniveau peut aider àreconnaître et à comprendre de nouvelles tendances dansles relations intergouvernementales et l’élaboration depolitiques. Dans cet article, nous nous penchons sur les liens quiexistent entre la littérature sur l’administrationpublique, particulièrement celle portant sur la nouvelle gestionpublique, et la gouvernance multiniveau. Ces deux approches sontsusceptibles d’améliorer les approches traditionnellesutilisées pour comprendre le fonctionnement interne desrelations intergouvernementales dans les régimesfédéraux. Nous fournissons des exemples tirés detrois fédérations : l’Australie, le Canada etles États-Unis. Nous nous concentrons sur la façon dontla gouvernance multiniveau peut mettre en lumière leschangements dans les relations intergouvernementales (entre leséchelons supranational, fédéral,étatique/provincial et municipal) ainsi quel’élargissement horizontal de la gouvernance dans cesmêmes régimes à des organisations nongouvernementales et à d’autres acteurs.
Bougainville à la lumière de ses lectures : les références classiques dans les Écrits sur le Canada
Authors: Richard Jean-Olivier 
Published: August 2013

La valeur historique du témoignage de Bougainville sur le Canada durant la guerre de Sept Ans est reconnue, mais historiens et biographes ont peu cherché à mettre en lumière la façon dont différents genres littéraires en colorent le contenu. Cette étude démontre l’importance d’expliciter la rhétorique et la culture classique de Bougainville dans les Écrits sur le Canada, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne les observations « ethnographiques » de l’officier, sa représentation de lui-même et de l’armée française, de même que sa critique de l’administration coloniale.
Ownership Structure, Institutional Environment, and the Economic Consequences of Corporate Social Responsibility Information Disclosure: Evidence from Analysts’ Earnings Forecasts
Authors: He Xianjie , Xiao Tusheng , Zhu Hongjun 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
In recent years, as corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been drawing increasing public attention, the regulatory authorities in China have implemented a series of regulations and rules on the disclosure of CSR which have required listed companies to disclose CSR reports since 2008. This paper examines whether the disclosure of CSR-related information can provide useful information to investors. Specifically, we examine the impact of CSR disclosure on the accuracy and dispersion of analysts’ earnings forecasts. The results show that higher quality CSR disclosure by firms leads to smaller analysts’ earnings forecast errors and dispersion. The conclusions still hold after eliminating the endogenous concerns. In a further analysis, we find that the impact of CSR disclosure on the accuracy and dispersion of analysts’ earnings forecasts is stronger for firms which are ultimately controlled by private enterprises, located in regions with a good institutional environment, and in industries with high CSR concern. Collectively, our findings suggest that the disclosure of CSR-related information provides useful information to investors and decreases the degree of information asymmetry. Meanwhile, the relationship between CSR disclosure and forecast accuracy is also affected by the structure of corporate ownership, institutional environment, and industry characteristics.
A structural reinterpretation of the Tummel Belt and a
transpressional model for evolution of the Tay Nappe in the
Central Highlands of Scotland
Authors: TREAGUS JACK E. 
Published: July 2002

Structural mapping from the Flat Belt into the Tummel Steep Belt of the Dalradian
Supergroup of the Central Highlands provides evidence for a new interpretation of the relationship
between the two belts and their evolution. The open upright D3 major folds of the Flat Belt intensify
into the Steep Belt and are responsible for the steeper dips. These D3 folds refold four newly recognized
D2 major folds. It is the recognition of the interference of these two sets of folds that leads to the radically
revised structural interpretation presented here. A reconstruction of the pre-D3 structural history
shows that the stack of major D2 folds, on the lower limb of the Tay Nappe, originally verged to the
northwest, as did three D1 fold-pairs.A model is proposed for the D2 deformation in a transpressional setting, simplified as partitioned
into two sub-horizontal zones. The lower zone is represented by the pure-shear-dominated Tummel
Belt with extension parallel to the regional orogenic trend; the upper zone is represented by the simple-shear-dominated Flat Belt where extension is perpendicular to that trend. The curvature of the minor
D2 fold hinges supports a more refined model of smoothly continuous partitioning of transpressive
deformation between the basement and high-level, southeast-propagating nappes above the Flat Belt.
Accuracy of the neutron probe for measuring changes in soil water storage under potatoes
Authors: GAZE S. R. , STALHAM M. A. , ALLEN E. J. 
Published: July 2002

The neutron probe (NP) is used widely to measure changes in soil water storage in research and more recently to aid irrigation scheduling. Its accuracy is rarely questioned and most of the relationships between soil water changes and productivity are based on its use. A field experiment was conducted at Cambridge University Farm in 1999 to address whether the NP could accurately measure changes in soil water content (SWC) under irrigation or substantial rain (>10 mm). The experiment was a replicated split-plot design with four irrigation treatments allocated to the main plots, and surface profile (ridge, flat) and crop (potato cv. Saturna, bare soil) treatments allocated to the subplots. The mean results from four NP access tubes per plot installed to measure soil moisture deficit (SMD) across the row-width were analysed. The NP was inconsistent in measuring known irrigation or rainfall input. In relatively dry soil (SMD>40 mm), the NP generally measured 93 to 110% of 18 mm of irrigation within 4 h of irrigation. The NP recorded much less water applied as irrigation in wetter soil, and often only 40 to 70% of the applied irrigation (18 or 36 mm) was measured. There were occasions when the NP did not measure all the water input even when the SMDs before irrigation were greater than the water subsequently applied. Some of the ‘missing’ water might be attributed to drainage, however, results from an additional experiment using an open-topped tank of soil showed that the NP was unable to detect all the water added to the soil, particularly where the water was largely confined close to the soil surface. Replicated measurements of the change in SMD in the field experiment were precise for a given event and treatment (mean S.E. = 1·3 mm) but were not accurate when compared against the input measured in rain gauges. It was concluded, that the NP could not be used reliably to measure changes in soil water storage after irrigation or substantial rain. For periods when there were minimal inputs of water, there was a closer correlation between changes in SMD measured by the NP and those predicted by a modified Penman–Monteith equation than after substantial inputs of water. However, for predicted changes in SMD of c. 20 mm, there was a range of c. ±5 mm in the changes in SMD measured by the neutron probe.The value of the NP for monitoring SMDs where there is irrigation, or substantial rain, must be seriously doubted. Consequently, its limitations for scheduling irrigation, testing models or quantifying the effects of treatments on crop water use in potatoes must be appreciated, especially where the areal sampling limitations of single access tubes positioned only in the ridge centre have not been addressed.
Field experimentation on rough land: the method of Papadakis reconsidered
Authors: PEARCE S. C. 
Published: July 2002

Much of the error in field experiments comes from environmental

differences, which traditional
methods (e.g. blocks or rows and columns) sometimes fail to control,
especially if the fertility pattern
is complex or unexpected. In 1937 Papadakis proposed an alternative approach
in which the
performance of each plot was judged by that of its neighbours.
If a plot was situated in an area of
generally high cropping, its own high crop was partly discounted but if
surrounding plots were
yielding poorly, it was given special weight. Adjustment was by the analysis
of covariance. The
method has not been much used, partly because it still lacks a
mathematical basis and partly because
it is suspected of bias in the estimation of contrasts between treatments.It has been studied here by simulation, i.e. bodies of data have
been generated on the computer with
known characteristics and then analysed by Papadakis's method
to see if a correct answer was
returned. Also, an improvement in the covariate is suggested and an
iterative procedure developed to ensure more consistent results.It emerges that the suspicion of bias was unjustified. Also, the
method can be extremely effective
in reducing experimental error. In all its variant forms it
has difficulty with outside plots, and for that
reason is more effective on compact areas than on strips.
Also, interference between plots is especially
serious, because the neighbours affected are those needed to form the adjusting
covariate.
Discontinuities arising from past use of the land can cause
problems but a method is suggested for minimizing their effect.