bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of echinococcosis in Kazakhstan: an update
Authors: Abdybekova A. , Sultanov A. , Karatayev B. , Zhumabayeva A. , Shapiyeva Z. , Yeshmuratov T. , Toksanbayev D. , Shalkeev R. , Torgerson P.R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractKazakhstan is highly endemic for echinococcosis. Both Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis are widely distributed in the country. Official records of human cystic echinococcosis over the past 5–10 years suggest a stable incidence of approximately 800–1000 cases per year, which is 5 cases per 100,000 per year. This followed a rapid increase in the incidence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Between 2007 and 2013, 5949 cases were reported in the national surveillance data. The prevalence in sheep, based on slaughterhouse studies, suggests that between 30 and 50% of sheep are infected with hydatid cysts, while cattle have a prevalence of approximately 7%. Rural dogs have a high prevalence of infection of between 5 and 10%, with shepherd dogs having prevalences of over 20%. G1 and G6/7 strains of E. granulosus have been isolated from dogs in Kazakhstan. Wolves are also infected, with one prevalence estimate of approximately 20%. The incidence of human alveolar echinococcosis is less clear, although estimates from Kazakhstani expatriates living in Germany and the hospital records of a single referral centre in Almaty suggest 34 or 130 cases per year (or an annual incidence of 0.20 or 0.76 cases per 100,000), respectively, could be occurring in Kazakhstan. Studies suggest that in some rural dog populations the prevalence may be about 5%. The parasite is widely distributed in foxes and small mammals through much of Kazakhstan.
Method or madness? Sociolatry in international thought
Authors: OWENS PATRICIA 
Published: July 2015

AbstractInternational theory has a social problem. Twenty years after the so-called ‘social turn’, the historical origins of distinctly social forms of thought are not subject to scrutiny, let alone well understood. Indeed, the problem of the ahistorical social is an issue not only for predominant liberal, realist, and constructivist appropriations of social theory, but also the broad spectrum of critical and Marxist modes of theorising. In contrast to practicing sociolatry, the worship of things ‘socio’, this article addresses the historicity of the social as both a mode of thought – primarily in social theories and sociology – against the background of the emergence of the social realm as a concrete historical formation. It highlights problems with the social theoretic underpinnings of liberalism, social constructivism, and Marxism and advances an original claim for why the rise of the social was accompanied by attacks on things understood (often erroneously) as political. To fully understand these phenomena demands a closer examination of the more fundamental governance form the modern social realm was purported to replace, but which it scaled up and transformed.
Converging and competing cues in the acquisition of syntactic structures: the conjoined agent intransitive
Authors: NOBLE CLAIRE , IQBAL FARIA , LIEVEN ELENA , THEAKSTON ANNA 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIn two studies we use a pointing task to explore developmentally the nature of the knowledge that underlies three- and four-year-old children's ability to assign meaning to the intransitive structure. The results suggest that early in development children are sensitive to a first-noun-as-causal-agent cue and animacy cues when interpreting conjoined agent intransitives. The same children, however, do not appear to rely exclusively on the number of nouns as a cue to structure meaning. The pattern of results indicates that children are processing a number of cues when inferring the meaning of the conjoined agent intransitive. These cues appear to be in competition with each other and the cue that receives the most activation is used to infer the meaning of the construction. Critically, these studies suggest that children's knowledge of syntactic structures forms a network of organization, such that knowledge of one structure can impact on interpretation of other structures.
Socioeconomic burden of hand, foot and mouth disease in children in Shanghai, China
Authors: WANG Z. L. , XIA A. M. , LI Y. F. , SU H. L. , ZHAN L. W. , CHEN Y. P. , XI Y. , ZHAO L. F. , LIU L. J. , XU Z. Y. , ZENG M. 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYIn the near future, the inactivated enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine is expected to become available on the market in China. Since EV71 is a major cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), the vaccine is expected to significantly reduce the number of cases, as well as the detrimental economic effect of the disease. However, for a national vaccination strategy to be developed, policy-makers need more information on the socioeconomic burden of EV71 HFMD infection. Based on the 2011 population data, we estimated the clinical and economic effect of EV71 HFMD infection in children aged 0–9 years in Shanghai, China. The annual cost related to HFMD is >US$7.66 million for a population of 1·42 million children aged 0–9 years with an average cost of US$208.2/case. The extrapolated cost for EV71 HFMD infection was US$3.53 million, comprising 46·1% of the overall cost associated with HFMD. Around 97% of all of the HFMD-related expenses were paid for by the families creating a considerable economic burden. Our findings could provide the necessary recommendations on the most effective national EV71 vaccine implementation, as well as a baseline data for assessing the cost-effectiveness of the vaccine in China.
A Hitting Time Formula for the Discrete Green's Function
Authors: BEVERIDGE ANDREW 
Published: July 2015

The discrete Green's function (without boundary)$\mathbb{G}$is a pseudo-inverse of the combinatorial Laplace operator of a graphG= (V, E). We reveal the intimate connection between Green's function and the theory of exact stopping rules for random walks on graphs. We give an elementary formula for Green's function in terms of state-to-state hitting times of the underlying graph. Namely,$\mathbb{G}(i,j) = \pi_j \bigl( H(\pi,j) - H(i,j) \bigr),$where πiis the stationary distribution at vertexi,H(i, j) is the expected hitting time for a random walk starting from vertexito first reach vertexj, andH(π,j) = ∑k∈VπkH(k, j). This formula also holds for the digraph Laplace operator.The most important characteristics of a stopping rule are its exit frequencies, which are the expected number of exits of a given vertex before the rule halts the walk. We show that Green's function is, in fact, a matrix of exit frequencies plus a rank one matrix. In the undirected case, we derive spectral formulas for Green's function and for some mixing measures arising from stopping rules. Finally, we further explore the exit frequency matrix point of view, and discuss a natural generalization of Green's function for any distribution τ defined on the vertex set of the graph.
Effect of temperature on embryonic development of Melanotaenia boesemani (Allen and Cross, 1982)
Authors: Radael Marcella Costa , Cardoso Leonardo Demier , de Andrade Dalcio Ricardo , Ferreira André Veloso , da Cruz Mattos Douglas , Vidal Manuel Vazquez 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe present study aimed to provide data on the time required for Melanotaenia boesemani to complete embryonic development, and to investigate the influence that incubation at different temperatures caused in this species. The effects of temperature on the time and hatching rate are presented, as well as information related to embryonic development stages. After fertilization, the eggs were kept in incubators at 23, 26, 29 or 32°C and observed at predetermined times until the moment of hatching. Stages of development were identified and classified according to morphological and physiological characteristics. Oil droplets were visualized inside the eggs as well as filament adhesion present at the chorion. Embryonic development was similar to that observed in other species of the genus Melanotaenia with hatching and faster development in higher temperatures.
Does functional health status predict health-related quality of life in children after Fontan operation?
Authors: Dulfer Karolijn , Bossers Sjoerd S. M. , Utens Elisabeth M. W. J. , Duppen Nienke , Kuipers Irene M. , Kapusta Livia , van Iperen Gabrielle , Schokking Michiel , ten Harkel Arend D. J. , Takken Tim , Helbing Willem A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPurposeIt is important to identify those children with a Fontan circulation who are at risk for impaired health-related quality of life. We aimed to determine the predictive value of functional health status – medical history and present medical status – on both physical and psychosocial domains of health-related quality of life, as reported by patients themselves and their parents.MethodsWe carried out a prospective cross-sectional multi-centre study in Fontan patients aged between 8 and 15, who had undergone staged completion of total cavopulmonary connection according to a current technique before the age of 7 years.Functional health status was assessed as medical history – that is, age at Fontan, type of Fontan, ventricular dominance, and number of cardiac surgical procedures – and present medical status – assessed with magnetic resonance imaging, exercise testing, and rhythm assessment. Health-related quality of life was assessed with The TNO/AZL Child Questionnaire Child Form and Parent Form.ResultsIn multivariate prediction models, several medical history variables, such as more operations post-Fontan completion, lower age at Fontan completion, and dominant right ventricle, and present medical status variables, such as smaller end-diastolic volume, a higher score for ventilatory efficiency, and the presence of sinus node dysfunction, predicted worse outcomes on several parent-reported and self-reportedphysicalas well aspsychosocialhealth-related quality of life domains.ConclusionsMedical history and worse present medical status not only predicted worse physical parent-reported and self-reported health-related quality of life but also worse psychosocial health-related quality of life and subjective cognitive functioning. These findings will help in identifying patients who are at risk for developing impaired health-related quality of life.
Ubinuclein-1 confers histone H3.3-specific-binding by the HIRA histone chaperone complex
Authors: Daniel Ricketts M , Frederick Brian , Hoff Henry , Tang Yong , Schultz David C. , Singh Rai Taranjit , Grazia Vizioli Maria , Adams Peter D. , Marmorstein Ronen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHistone chaperones bind specific histones to mediate their storage, eviction or deposition from/or into chromatin. The HIRA histone chaperone complex, composed of HIRA, ubinuclein-1 (UBN1) and CABIN1, cooperates with the histone chaperone ASF1a to mediate H3.3-specific binding and chromatin deposition. Here we demonstrate that the conserved UBN1 Hpc2-related domain (HRD) is a novel H3.3-specific-binding domain. Biochemical and biophysical studies show the UBN1-HRD preferentially binds H3.3/H4 over H3.1/H4. X-ray crystallographic and mutational studies reveal that conserved residues within the UBN1-HRD and H3.3 G90 as key determinants of UBN1–H3.3-binding specificity. Comparison of the structure with the unrelated H3.3-specific chaperone DAXX reveals nearly identical points of contact between the chaperone and histone in the proximity of H3.3 G90, although the mechanism for H3.3 G90 recognition appears to be distinct. This study points to UBN1 as the determinant of H3.3-specific binding and deposition by the HIRA complex.
Hunting for dark matter with ultra-stable fibre as frequency delay system
Authors: Yang Wanpeng , Li Dawei , Zhang Shuangyou , Zhao Jianye 
Published: July 2015

AbstractMany cosmological observations point towards the existence of dark-matter(DM) particles and consider them as the main component of the matter content of the universe. The goal of revealing the nature of dark-matter has triggered the development of new, extremely sensitive detectors. It has been demonstrated that the frequencies and phases of optical clock have a transient shift during the DMs’ arrival due to the DM-SM(Standard Model) coupling. A simple, reliable and feasible experimental scheme is firstly proposed in this paper, based on “frequency-delay system” to search dark-matter by “self-frequency comparison” of an optical clock. During the arrival of a dark-matter, frequency discrepancy is expected between two signals with a short time difference(~ms) of the same optical clock to exhibit the interaction between atoms and dark-matter. Furthermore, this process can determine the exact position of dark-matter when it is crossing the optical clocks, therefore a network of detecting stations located in different places is recommended to reduce the misjudgment risk to an acceptable level.
Conformational thermostabilisation of corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1
Authors: Kean James , Bortolato Andrea , Hollenstein Kaspar , Marshall Fiona H. , Jazayeri Ali 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRecent technical advances have greatly facilitated G-protein coupled receptors crystallography as evidenced by the number of successful x-ray structures that have been reported recently. These technical advances include novel detergents, specialised crystallography techniques as well as protein engineering solutions such as fusions and conformational thermostabilisation. Using conformational thermostabilisation, it is possible to generate variants of GPCRs that exhibit significantly increased stability in detergent micelles whilst preferentially occupying a single conformation. In this paper we describe for the first time the application of this technique to a member of a class B GPCR, the corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1R). Mutational screening in the presence of the inverse agonist, CP-376395, resulted in the identification of a construct with twelve point mutations that exhibited significantly increased thermal stability in a range of detergents. We further describe the subsequent construct engineering steps that eventually yielded a crystallisation-ready construct which recently led to the solution of the first x-ray structure of a class B receptor. Finally, we have used molecular dynamic simulation to provide structural insight into CRF1R instability as well as the stabilising effects of the mutants, which may be extended to other class B receptors considering the high degree of structural conservation.
Explosive or Continuous: Incoherent state determines the route to synchronization
Authors: Xu Can , Gao Jian , Sun Yuting , Huang Xia , Zheng Zhigang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAbrupt and continuous spontaneous emergence of collective synchronization of coupled oscillators have attracted much attention. In this paper, we propose a dynamical ensemble order parameter equation that enables us to grasp the essential low-dimensional dynamical mechanism of synchronization in networks of coupled oscillators. Different solutions of the dynamical ensemble order parameter equation build correspondences with diverse collective states and different bifurcations reveal various transitions among these collective states. The structural relationship between the incoherent state and the synchronous state leads to different routes of transitions to synchronization, either continuous or discontinuous. The explosive synchronization is determined by the bistable state where the measure of each state and the critical points are obtained analytically by using the dynamical ensemble order parameter equation. Our method and results hold for heterogeneous networks with star graph motifs such as scale-free networks and hence, provide an effective approach in understanding the routes to synchronization in more general complex networks.
Differential protein folding and chemical changes in lung tissues exposed to asbestos or particulates
Authors: Pascolo Lorella , Borelli Violetta , Canzonieri Vincenzo , Gianoncelli Alessandra , Birarda Giovanni , Bedolla Diana E. , Salomé Murielle , Vaccari Lisa , Calligaro Carla , Cotte Marine , Hesse Bernhard , Luisi Fernando , Zabucchi Giuliano , Melato Mauro , Rizzardi Clara 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEnvironmental and occupational inhalants may induce a large number of pulmonary diseases, with asbestos exposure being the most risky. The mechanisms are clearly related to chemical composition and physical and surface properties of materials. A combination of X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) and Fourier Transform InfraRed (μFTIR) microscopy was used to chemically characterize and compare asbestos bodies versus environmental particulates (anthracosis) in lung tissues from asbestos exposed and control patients. μXRF analyses revealed heterogeneously aggregated particles in the anthracotic structures, containing mainly Si, K, Al and Fe. Both asbestos and particulates alter lung iron homeostasis, with a more marked effect in asbestos exposure. μFTIR analyses revealed abundant proteins on asbestos bodies but not on anthracotic particles. Most importantly, the analyses demonstrated that the asbestos coating proteins contain high levels of β-sheet structures. The occurrence of conformational changes in the proteic component of the asbestos coating provides new insights into long-term asbestos effects.
Black hole electrodynamics: How does unipolar induction work in Kerr black holes?
Authors: Okamoto Isao 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
It is argued that through magnetohydrodynamic couplings with the field-line angular velocity/the cross-field potential gradient ΩF, the frame-dragging angular velocity ω acquires a new role of the gravito-electric potential gradient, which produces the along-field gradient of the potential gradient. With use of the field-line angular velocity, ΩFω ≡ ΩF − ω, measured by fiducial observers living in “absolute space” circulating with ω, it is then shown that the hole's spin rate ΩH also has another side of the along-field difference of the potential gradient between the surface-at-infinity S∞ and the horizon surface SH, i.e., ΩH = ΔΩFω ≡ (ΩFω)∞ − (ΩFω)H, which gives rise to a voltage drop ΔV ∝ ΔΩFω = ΩH at the interface SN with (ΩFω)N = 0 between the outer and inner force-free domains, leading to formation of a magnetized gap under SN. The EMFs due to a pair of unipolar induction batteries, ${\cal E}_{\rm out}$ and ${\cal E}_{\rm in}$, drive currents to a pair of circuits in the two domains, and satisfy relation ${\cal E}_{\rm out}-{\cal E}_{\rm in}=\Delta V$. The eigenvalue ΩF is determined by the criticality-boundary condition in MHD wind theory in terms of ΩH, i.e., ≈ (1/2)ΩH. The present gap model with a pair of batteries and a strong voltage drop is fundamentally different from any existing pulsar gap models.
Public private partnership in Delhi Tourism – a case study of Delhi Tourism and Transport Development Corporation (DTTDC)
Authors: Sharma Yukti , Nasreen Reshma 
Published: July 2015

Subject area
Management Strategy.

Study level/applicability
Management Graduates and Post-Graduates.

Case overview
Today, tourism is one of the fastest growing industries throughout the world. The tourism industry plays a very crucial role in the country’s economy, as it not only contributes towards the national income but also brings beneficial spillover directly or indirectly on the other industries. Tourism is the most important source of income for many emerging countries. India, a newly emerging economy, also depends, to a great extent, on tourist income. However, this sector continues to not make optimal contribution in India. In today’s competitive arena, the state tourism corporations must use all possible means to maximise growth and profitability through pegging up the rate of tourist arrivals. There is a general agreement in the tourism industry at the theoretical level about the imperative of a public – private partnership (PPP) in serving this objective. PPP aims to synergise the efforts of the two components in the general development of society and increase in competitiveness. The public–private partnership in tourism industry is at an emerging stage and could be developed in various ways. This case study highlights the key learning from Delhi Tourism’s experience on how PPP can be implemented in the tourism sector. This case study discusses an opportunity for Delhi Tourism which can alter the landscape of the tourism industry of India and also the rejuvenation of Delhi Tourism, a public sector corporation, through PPP.

Expected learning outcomes
The case will give a clear understanding of the dynamics and environmental factors governing a mixed economy like India. The reasons for the PPP can be analysed through the case. Students can understand the strategic choice of taking a private partner by a public sector in a very dynamic industry, i.e. the tourism sector.

Supplementary materials
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The journey of Chumbak: from mail to mall – leveraging social media networks for on-going dialogue with customers
Authors: Kudeshia Chetna , Mittal Arun 
Published: July 2015

Subject area
Marketing.

Study level/applicability
Undergraduate and postgraduate management students.

Case overview
Small scale business in India employ almost 30 million people contributing 50 per cent to industrial and 45 per cent to the total exports of the country. The rapid growth of internet has made it possible for the small scale start ups to reach its existing and potential customers without investing much. The case highlights this fact describing the journey of “Chumbak” a small scale business from an unknown brand to the foremost favourable funky product of India. Through this case the authors have tried to relinquish a synoptic view of how Chumbak has used varied social media platforms, to engage and connect with its customers. A survey of 147 customers of Chumbak customers shows that engagement through Facebook fan page of Chumbak positively impacts its purchase intention, brand image and leads to positive word of mouth.

Expected learning outcomes
The case highlights numerous dynamics of social media marketing and shows the recent social media promoting methods being used by the little scale businesses to ascertain on-going dialogues with their customers. The Case would facilitate the scholars in learning how these platforms may be used alone as a promotional tool not solely to reach the purchasers but additionally to type a higher complete awareness of the products with reference to Chumbak. The case explains that communication happening at varied social media platforms got to be tailored considering the sort of users.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.