bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Has the Clean Development Mechanism assisted sustainable development?
Authors: He Jingjing , Huang Yongfu , Tarp Finn 
Published: November 2014

AbstractOne of the dual objectives of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol is to assist host countries in achieving sustainable development. With various CDM indicators for 58 CDM host countries over the period 2005‐2010, this paper empirically assesses whether CDM project development fulfils its sustainable development objective. Using a unique dynamic panel data method based on the long‐differenced model, this research provides convincing evidence that CDM projects contribute to sustainable development in host countries. It sheds light on the role of the CDM in the process of global sustainability with clear policy implications for developing countries and those embracing market instruments.
POSITION AND PERFORMANCE OF FARMER COOPERATIVES IN THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN OF THE EU‐27
Authors: HÖHLER Julia , KÜHL Rainer 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTStudies on cooperatives and cooperative performance have a long empirical tradition. This study provides new data on the multifaceted positions and functions of farmer cooperatives in the food supply chains in eight sectors of EU‐27. Cooperatives in this area are facing changes in competition, institutional framework and marketing conditions. What is the significance of cooperatives in the European food supply chains and which positions do they take up? Which conclusions on their handling of the changes can be derived from the development of their functions in the supply chain and which growth and marketing strategies do they pursue? By providing insights into recent literature as well as presenting and evaluating results of the EU‐project ‘Support for Farmers’ Cooperatives’, we seek to provide answers on the questions raised above.
SHIFTING CONTROL? THE CHANGES OF INTERNAL GOVERNANCE IN AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES IN THE EU
Authors: BIJMAN Jos , HANISCH Markus , van der SANGEN Ger 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTGovernance describes a firm´s system of decision‐making, direction and control. Over the last decades agricultural cooperatives in Europe have been pursuing innovations in internal governance structures. As a response to changing market environments, cooperatives adjust the size and composition of boards, the labour division between supervision and management and the representation of members‐owners. Changes in the cooperatives´ internal governance mechanism are motivated by the need to enhance market orientation, attract professional managers, strengthen member commitment, and reinforce entrepreneurship. We present data on innovations in the internal governance mechanisms of a sample of 500 agricultural cooperatives in the EU. In addition, we present theoretical explanations for these innovations, and we discuss their implications for member control and manager accountability, as well as for performance and further development of the cooperatives.
Influence of olfactory enrichment on the exploratory behaviour of captive‐housed domestic cats
Authors: Machado JC , Genaro G 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of olfactory stimulation on the exploratory activity of captive‐housed domestic cats.MethodsTo evaluate the cats' exploratory behaviour, we devised three treatments. We placed a wooden cube (0.027 m3) covered with a cloth treated with rat scent on the floor of each cat enclosure (T3). We also used a cloth‐covered cube that did not have rat scent (T2) and observed the cats' behaviours in the same area without any object (T1). All cats participated in T1, T2, and T3. All treatments were performed equally and at the same time in two identical enclosures with 11 and 10 cats, respectively. The cats had lived in the enclosures since entering the permanent animal house. We used a continuous recording method associated with focal sampling to analyse the recordings.ResultsExploration was induced in the presence of a novel object, the cube, irrespective of whether the object was associated with the scent. In T3, we observed sex differences in exploration time: females spent more time exploring the scent‐impregnated cube than males. Female cats also spent more time exploring the scent‐impregnated cube than the scent‐free cube. Cats in T3 had shorter latency for exploration, spent more time sniffing the ground and rubbing the cube, and had a higher frequency of urine spraying than those in T2.ConclusionAlthough exploratory behaviour was induced by novelty in the form of a new object, significant effects were observed in the presence of the scent, mainly regarding latency to explore, sex differences and sniffing, rubbing and urine spraying.
Phylogenetic niche conservatism and the evolutionary basis of ecological speciation
Authors: Pyron R. Alexander , Costa Gabriel C. , Patten Michael A. , Burbrink Frank T. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTPhylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) typically refers to the tendency of closely related species to be more similar to each other in terms of niche than they are to more distant relatives. This has been implicated as a potential driving force in speciation and other species‐richness patterns, such as latitudinal gradients. However,PNChas not been very well defined in most previous studies. Is it a pattern or a process? What are the underlying endogenous (e.g. genetic) and exogenous (e.g. ecological) factors that cause niches to be conserved? What degree of similarity is necessary to qualify asPNC? Is it possible for the evolutionary processes causing niches to be conserved to also result in niche divergence in different habitats? Here, we revisit these questions, codifying a theoretical and operational definition ofPNCas a mechanistic evolutionary process resulting from several factors. We frame this both from a macroevolutionary and population‐genetic perspective. We discuss how different axes of physical (e.g. geographic) and environmental (e.g. climatic) heterogeneity interact with the fundamental process ofPNCto produce different outcomes of ecological speciation. We also review tests forPNC, and suggest ways that these could be improved or better utilized in future studies. Ultimately,PNCas a process has a well‐defined mechanistic basis in organisms, and future studies investigating ecological speciation would be well served to consider this, and frame hypothesis testing in terms of the processes and expected patterns described herein. The process ofPNCmay lead to patterns where niches are conserved (more similar than expected), constrained (divergent within a limited subset of available niches), or divergent (less similar than expected), based on degree of phylogenetic relatedness between species.
Acoustic sequences in non‐human animals: a tutorial review and prospectus
Authors: Kershenbaum Arik , Blumstein Daniel T. , Roch Marie A. , Akçay Çağlar , Backus Gregory , Bee Mark A. , Bohn Kirsten , Cao Yan , Carter Gerald , Cäsar Cristiane , Coen Michael , DeRuiter Stacy L. , Doyle Laurance , Edelman Shimon , Ferrer‐i‐Cancho Ramon , Freeberg Todd M. , Garland Ellen C. , Gustison Morgan , Harley Heidi E. , Huetz Chloé , Hughes Melissa , Hyland Bruno Julia , Ilany Amiyaal , Jin Dezhe Z. , Johnson Michael , Ju Chenghui , Karnowski Jeremy , Lohr Bernard , Manser Marta B. , McCowan Brenda , Mercado Eduardo , Narins Peter M. , Piel Alex , Rice Megan , Salmi Roberta , Sasahara Kazutoshi , Sayigh Laela , Shiu Yu , Taylor Charles , Vallejo Edgar E. , Waller Sara , Zamora‐Gutierrez Veronica 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTAnimal acoustic communication often takes the form of complex sequences, made up of multiple distinct acoustic units. Apart from the well‐known example of birdsong, other animals such as insects, amphibians, and mammals (including bats, rodents, primates, and cetaceans) also generate complex acoustic sequences. Occasionally, such as with birdsong, the adaptive role of these sequences seems clear (e.g. mate attraction and territorial defence). More often however, researchers have only begun to characterise – let alone understand – the significance and meaning of acoustic sequences. Hypotheses abound, but there is little agreement as to how sequences should be defined and analysed. Our review aims to outline suitable methods for testing these hypotheses, and to describe the major limitations to our current and near‐future knowledge on questions of acoustic sequences. This review and prospectus is the result of a collaborative effort between 43 scientists from the fields of animal behaviour, ecology and evolution, signal processing, machine learning, quantitative linguistics, and information theory, who gathered for a 2013 workshop entitled, ‘Analysing vocal sequences in animals’. Our goal is to present not just a review of the state of the art, but to propose a methodological framework that summarises what we suggest are the best practices for research in this field, across taxa and across disciplines. We also provide a tutorial‐style introduction to some of the most promising algorithmic approaches for analysing sequences. We divide our review into three sections: identifying the distinct units of an acoustic sequence, describing the different ways that information can be contained within a sequence, and analysing the structure of that sequence. Each of these sections is further subdivided to address the key questions and approaches in that area. We propose a uniform, systematic, and comprehensive approach to studying sequences, with the goal of clarifying research terms used in different fields, and facilitating collaboration and comparative studies. Allowing greater interdisciplinary collaboration will facilitate the investigation of many important questions in the evolution of communication and sociality.
Incidence of dental trauma among obese adolescents – a 3‐year‐prospective study
Authors: Basha Sakeenabi , Noor Mohammad Roshan , Shivalinga Swamy Hiremath 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe main objective of the present investigation was to estimate the incidence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI), in particular crown fractures in a 3‐year follow‐up of obese adolescents.Materials and methodsSeven hundred and eighty‐five 13‐year‐old school children were selected randomly. The crown fracture was classified according to Andreasen's criteria by visual examination without radiographs. Body mass index of the study subjects was determined. Increased overjet was considered as a risk factor when it presented values higher than 3 mm, while lip coverage was classified as adequate or inadequate. With appropriate sample weighting, relationships between TDI and other variables were assessed using the chi‐squared test, Kruskal–Wallis H‐test and multivariable logistic regression.ResultsAt baseline, 131 (17.15%) adolescents presented with TDI. The accumulated incidence of TDI during the 3‐year period of study was 9.03%. Children with obesity and overweight were 2.78 times greater chance suffering TDI after adjusting for socioeconomic status, lip coverage, incisal overjet and previous history of trauma. Both at baseline and follow‐up examination, most frequently affected tooth is right maxillary central incisor and most frequent type of TDI was enamel fracture (44.68%).ConclusionAdolescents with obesity and overweight were a greater chance of TDI in a 3‐year follow‐up.
Between Mere Tolerance and Robust Respect: Mutuality as a Basis for Civic Education in Pluralist Democracies
Authors: Rosenblith Suzanne , Bindewald Benjamin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis essay by Suzanne Rosenblith and Benjamin Bindewald is motivated by the question of how do those who value civic liberalism give the religiously orthodox a reason to engage in pluralist democratic deliberations in a manner that does not allow intolerance to undermine the foundations of liberal democracy. Introducing the idea of tolerance as mutuality — that is, a will to relationship — the authors argue, strikes a balance between those theories that are too demanding of the religiously orthodox and those that are not exacting enough. Applying the principle of tolerance as mutuality to the special space of public schools allows for a new way to conceptualize civic education in pluralist democracies.
Effect of an oral healthcare protocol in nursing homes on care staffs' knowledge and attitude towards oral health care: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial
Authors: Janssens Barbara , De Visschere Luc , van der Putten Gert‐Jan , de Lugt–Lustig Kersti , Schols Jos M.G.A. , Vanobbergen Jacques 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveTo explore the impact of a supervised implementation of an oral healthcare protocol, in addition to education, on nurses' and nurses' aides' oral health‐related knowledge and attitude.Materials and methodsA random sample of 12 nursing homes, accommodating a total of 120–150 residents, was obtained using stratified cluster sampling with replacement. The intervention included the implementation of an oral healthcare protocol and three different educational stages. One of the investigators supervised the implementation process, supported by a dental hygienist. A 34‐item questionnaire was developed and validated to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of nurses and nurses' aides at baseline and 6 months after the start of the intervention. Linear mixed‐model analyses were performed to explore differences in knowledge and attitude at 6 months after implementation.ResultsAt baseline, no significant differences were observed between the intervention and the control group for both knowledge (p = 0.42) and attitude (p = 0.37). Six months after the start of the intervention, significant differences were found between the intervention and the control group for the variable knowledge in favour of the intervention group (p < 0.0001) but not for the variable attitude (p = 0.78). Out of the mixed model with attitude as the dependent variable, it can be concluded that age (p = 0.031), educational level (p = 0.009) and ward type (p = 0.014) have a significant effect. The mixed model with knowledge as the dependent variable resulted in a significant effect of the intervention (p = 0.001) and the educational level (p = 0.009).ConclusionThe supervised implementation of an oral healthcare protocol significantly increased the knowledge of nurses and nurses' aides. In contrast, no significant improvements could be demonstrated in attitude.
Optimisation of wheat flour‐based sponge cake formulation containing tapioca starch and xanthan gum
Authors: Chaiya Busarawan , Pongsawatmanit Rungnaphar , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe optimum formulation for wheat flour (WF)‐based sponge cakes containing tapioca starch (TS) and xanthan gum (Xan) was determined using the central composite design with two factors and response surface methodology (RSM). Effects of partial substitution of TS (5–15%) for WF in a 20% total flour blend and Xan (0.1–0.3%) on specific volume, parameters of texture profile analysis and sensory liking scores of baked sponge cakes were investigated. A second‐order polynomial response surface was used to explain the influence of TS and Xan on the dependent variables. Coefficients of determination (R2 ≥ 0.75) of the response variables and significant regression models were used for RSM optimisation. Based on the RSM contour plots, the cake formulation containing 16% butter with desired physical properties (maximum specific volume; minimum hardness, gumminess and chewiness) and sensory quality (maximum overall liking) was found to be 11.09–11.88% TS and 0.10–0.11% Xan.
Sexual dysfunction in psoriasis: a systematic review
Authors: Molina‐Leyva A. , Jiménez‐Moleón J.J. , Naranjo‐Sintes R. , Ruiz‐Carrascosa J.C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundPsoriasis has been associated with numerous psychological disorders such as low self‐esteem, depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunction or suicidal ideation. Recently, there has been a progressive increase in studies examining the impact of psoriasis on sexual function. This alteration seems to be considerable and can cause significant changes in quality of life.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to elaborate recommendations for psoriasis and sexual function supported by a systematic review, to facilitate the application of new scientific findings into clinical practice and to serve as a basis for conducting future research.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of the available studies on psoriasis and sexual dysfunction.ResultsScientific evidence shows that psoriasis patients have a higher risk of sexual dysfunction as compared to the general population. The risk of erectile dysfunction is also higher in psoriasis patients. The risk factors associated with sexual dysfunction in psoriasis patients are disease severity, female gender, psoriatic arthritis and age.
Technological Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Protease Isolated from Traditional Chinese Fermented Milk
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Zhang Lanwei , Jiao Yuehua , Luo Xue , Li Hongbo , Xin Liang , Xue Chaohui , Zhang Yingchun , Yi Huaxi , Han Xue , Ma Chunli 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe proteolysis activity, texture, viscosity, particle size and sensory evaluation of 12 isolates identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis, which were screened from 123 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Chinese traditional fermented milk, were evaluated. Proteolytic activity of these selected strains ranged from 2.43 to 11.60 mmol Leu/L of milk. Texture analysis indicated that yogurts of Streptococcus thermophilus were of higher value than those of Lactobacillus delbrueckii at all levels of measurement. Apparent viscosity of yogurt varied considerably among the strains, with values ranging from 4790 to 9870 mPa·s. All the strains showed excellence in firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, viscosity and little difference in the particle size. L. delbrueckii CH9‐3 4.0, SB3 and SB25 provided excellent protease activity and could be used as yogurt culture to improve the curd quality. S. thermophilus LBH, Q10 and L. delbrueckii SP1.1 showed high viscosity, and could be mixed with other LAB strains to obtain thick yogurts.Practical ApplicationsThe different technological characterizations of lactic acid bacteria could contribute to the different physicochemical and sensorial properties of the fermented dairy products. The studied strains with different properties would provide a well‐adapted tool for producing new dairy products or possibly assign to the same traditional products with different physicochemical and sensorial properties through the new specified proteolytic activity, viscosity and flavor.
Mechanical reduction of the intracanal Enterococcus faecalis population by Hyflex CM, K3XF, ProTaper Next, and two manual instrument systems: an in vitro comparative study
Authors: Tewari Rajendra K. , Ali Sajid , Mishra Surendra K. , Kumar Ashok , Andrabi Syed Mukhtar‐Un‐Nisar , Zoya Asma , Alam Sharique 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimIn the present study, the effectiveness of three rotary and two manual nickel titanium instrument systems on mechanical reduction of the intracanal Enterococcus faecalis population was evaluated.MethodsMandibular premolars with straight roots were selected. Teeth were decoronated and instrumented until 20 K file and irrigated with physiological saline. After sterilization by ethylene oxide gas, root canals were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis. The specimens were randomly divided into five groups for canal instrumentation: Manual Nitiflex and Hero Shaper nickel titanium files, and rotary Hyflex CM, ProTaper Next, and K3XF nickel titanium files. Intracanal bacterial sampling was done before and after instrumentation. After serial dilution, samples were plated onto the Mitis Salivarius agar. The c.f.u. grown were counted, and log10 transformation was calculated.ResultsAll instrumentation systems significantly reduced the intracanal bacterial population after root canal preparation. ProTaper Next was found to be significantly more effective than Hyflex CM and manual Nitiflex and Hero Shaper. However, ProTaper Next showed no significant difference with K3XF.ConclusionCanal instrumentation by all the file systems significantly reduced the intracanal Enterococcus faecalis counts. ProTaper Next was found to be most effective in reducing the number of bacteria than other rotary or hand instruments.
Penile Doppler Ultrasound in Men with Stuttering Priapism and Sickle Cell Disease—A Labile Baseline Diastolic Velocity Is a Characteristic Finding
Authors: Patel Uday , Sujenthiran Arunan , Watkin Nick 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Introduction
Stuttering priapism (SP) is seen in sickle cell disease (SCD) and characterized by short-lived painful erections. Imbalanced vascular tone is the postulated cause and this may be reflected in changes in baseline penile blood flow as measured using penile Doppler ultrasound (PDU).

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate the baseline penile blood flow characteristics in men with SCD and SP, by comparing with men without SP.

Methods
PDU findings were retrospectively analyzed in 100 men during flaccid state. Nine men had SP (age range 20–40 years), 4 had Peyronie's disease (PD) (35–48 years), 67 men had erectile dysfunction (16–67 years), and 20 men had normal erectile function (18–42 years).

Main Outcome Measures
The variables measured were peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities, and the Doppler velocity waveform. Values in men with SP were compared with those in the other groups.

Results
Median systolic and diastolic velocity was significantly higher in men with SP (systolic/diastolic velocity was 26/4 cm/second in men with SP vs. 13/0 cm/second, 14/0 cm/second, and 16/0 cm/second in men with PD, ED, and normal erectile function, respectively; P = 0.0001). Men with SP had a characteristic low peripheral resistance (PR) waveform with fluctuating velocities; the diastolic velocity was consistently positive (2–7 cm/second) and fluctuated between +2 and +8 cm/second. In comparison, the other 91 men had high PR waveform and consistently negative diastolic velocity (range 0 to −2 cm/second).

Conclusions
Men with SP had a unique baseline Doppler ultrasound waveform, with a low PR waveform and an elevated, variable cavernosal artery velocity. We propose that this may be the sonographic manifestation of a reduced, fluctuating smooth muscle tone and that PDU may have a role for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of SP.
Loss of mammalian species from the South American Gran Chaco: empty savanna syndrome?
Authors: Periago Maria E. , Chillo Verónica , Ojeda Ricardo A. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The Gran Chaco in central South America is a major savanna woodland ecosystem. Accelerated changes in land use within it have resulted in a complex matrix of areas with varying capabilities for sustaining wildlife. Furthermore, hunting and habitat loss increasingly threaten the functional diversity of mammals found there.
We assess the potential consequences of the loss of large and medium‐sized native mammalian herbivores and frugivores on Chacoan ecosystem functioning, focusing on their role and conservation status in the Argentine Chaco.
Our review shows that almost 50% of the largest frugivorous mammals present in the Argentine Chaco are threatened and exhibit declining population trends. Their decline may cause changes in vegetation composition, since almost 53% of the Chacoan woody plant species display endozoochory as their seed dispersal mechanism. Moreover, 80% of the largest herbivores are threatened, which may also lead to a compositional change in savanna vegetation.
There is a significant void of information regarding the population status of native mammals in the Argentine Chaco and the functional roles they play in the ecosystem, and there are few studies examining the consequences of their potential loss.
We express our concern with the major changes taking place in this subtropical region due to significant and rapid habitat transformations and emphasize the important role of ecological functionality in restoration and conservation planning in the Gran Chaco.