bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Olig2‐lineage cells preferentially differentiate into oligodendrocytes but their processes degenerate at the chronic demyelinating stage of proteolipid protein‐overexpressing mouse
Authors: Shimizu Takahiro , Tanaka Kenji F. , Takebayashi Hirohide , Higashi Mikito , Wisesmith Wilaiwan , Ono Katsuhiko , Hitoshi Seiji , Ikenaka Kazuhiro 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn chronic demyelinating lesions of the central nervous system, insufficient generation of oligodendrocytes (OLs) is not due to a lack of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), because the accumulation of OPCs and premyelinating OLs can be observed within these lesions. Here we sought to identify the basis for the failure of OLs to achieve terminal differentiation in chronic demyelinating lesions through the utilization of plp1‐overexpressing (Plp
tg/−) mice. These mice are characterized by progressive demyelination in young adults and chronic demyelinating lesions at more mature stages. We show that neural stem cells, which are the precursors of OL‐lineage cells, are present in the Plp
tg/− mouse brain and that their multipotentiality and ability to self‐renew are comparable to those of wild‐type adults in culture. Lineage‐tracing experiments using a transgenic mouse line, in which an inducible Cre recombinase is knocked in at the Olig2 locus, revealed that Olig2‐lineage cells preferentially differentiated into OPCs and premyelinating OLs, but not into astrocytes, in the Plp
tg/− mouse brain. These Olig2‐lineage cells matured to express myelin basic protein but after that their processes degenerated in the chronic demyelinating lesions of the Plp
tg/− brain. These results indicate that in chronic demyelinated lesions more OL‐lineage cells are produced as part of the repair process, but their processes degenerate after maturation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of new soil thermophilic bacteria potentially involved in soil fertilization
Authors: Santana Margarida M. , Portillo Maria C. , Gonzalez Juan M. , Clara Maria I. E. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThermophilic bacteria were isolated from a soil of an olive grove in Alentejo (Portugal) and characterized morphologically, physiologically, and at the molecular level by partial sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA genes, followed by subsequent phylogenetic analysis. The isolates were shown to be gram‐positive rods, motile, and to belong to the Firmicutes Phylum. They were able to produce ammonium and sulfate during growth, the levels of which vary among the bacterial isolates. This ability suggests that these bacteria may have an important role in the mobilization of organic S and N in the soil and therefore in providing essential nutrients for plant growth. Tests using two isolates indicated a positive effect on initial seedling development suggesting their potential use in soil nutrient supplementation. The presence of these thermophiles in arable temperate soils might be increasingly important, particularly when the predicted global climate warming is considered, and their features are discussed in this context and considering actual strategies to improve soil fertilization.
Character‐contrast measurements on emissive displays using replica masks under uniform ambient illumination
Authors: Kelley Edward F. , Eghtesadi Caesar , Blubaugh Morgan , Reuschel William 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA replica‐mask method is presented to measure the contrast of character strokes on emissive displays under carefully controlled illumination. The method accounts for veiling glare introduced into the detector by the bright areas surrounding the dark characters. A sampling sphere is used to provide a uniform diffuse surround. Measurements of the diffuse reflectances are provided with specular included and with specular excluded. For emissive displays, the contrast depends both upon the darkroom characteristics of the emissive display and its reflective characteristics. Details are provided to replicate the measurement procedure.
On the Importance of Accurate Internal Temperature Measurements in the Microwave Dielectric Heating of Viscous Systems and Polymer Synthesis
Authors: Hayden Stephan , Damm Markus , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe relationship among viscosity and microwave absorptivity of organic solvents/polymers, the stirring rate, and the resulting errors in temperature measurement upon microwave dielectric heating is investigated. For a set of common solvents and polymers covering a broad range of viscosities and microwave absorptivities significant variations in the temperatures simultaneously recorded by external infrared sensors and internal fiber‐optic probes are experienced. The implications of these apparent difficulties in establishing the genuine reaction temperature for microwave‐heated viscous reaction systems are evaluated for a ring‐opening polymerization and for the synthesis of a surfactant.
A New Coarse Grained Particle‐To‐Mesh Scheme for Modeling Soft Matter
Authors: Zhang Guojie , Daoulas Kostas C. , Kremer Kurt 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA recently proposed model of high‐molecular‐weight polymers is employed to develop a grid‐based Monte Carlo method for efficient modeling of dense systems, for example, melts. The polymers are described as chains of soft spheres with fluctuating size. The spheres correspond to Gaussian density distributions of the microscopic segments and represent whole subchains. Their coordinates and radii are defined in continuum space and simple potentials keep the chain connectivity. A density functional defines the nonbonded interactions by mapping the density distributions onto a grid, without a neighbor list. The high accuracy of the scheme is demonstrated by comparing with data obtained from the standard potential‐based formulation of the model. Contrary to most lattice models, the method allows for NPT simulations.
On selective laser melting of ultra high carbon steel: Effect of scan speed and post heat treatment
Authors: Taha M. A. , Yousef A. F. , Gany K. A. , Sabour H. A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSelective laser melting is a laser‐based additive manufacturing process applying layer manufacturing technology and is used to produce dense parts from metallic powders. The application of selective laser melting on carbon steels is still limited due to difficulties arising from carbon content. This experimental investigation aims at gaining an understanding of the application of the process on ultra high carbon steel, which is a special alloy with remarkable structural properties suitable for different industrial applications. The feedstock ultra high carbon steel (2.1% C) powder, 20 μm to 106 μm was prepared by water atomizing technique. This powder was used for the selective laser melting to build specimens 10×10×40 mm in dimensions. To decrease the thermal stresses during layer by layer building, laser scanning was done through 5×5 mm random island patterns while layer thickness was 30 μm. Laser beam diameter, maximum power output, layer thickness and scan speed range were 0.2 mm, 100 W, 30 μm and 50–200 mm/s respectively. The process was done inside high purity nitrogen environment, with less than 0.5% oxygen content. The results illustrate the influence of scan speed from 50 to 200 mm/s on product geometry and dimensions, surface roughness, internal porosity and cracks, microstructure and surface hardness. The effect of post heat treatment by heating and holding for one hour (annealing) at different temperatures of 700°C, 750°C, 950°C is studied. The results indicate that selective laser melting is able to produce near to 95% density of ultra high carbon steel parts with acceptable geometry and surface quality. Porosity cracks, and microstructure formed during the process could be controlled through proper selection of process parameters and post heat treatment. Industrial ultra high carbon steel products can be rapidly fabricated by selective laser melting.
Rheological properties of aqueous alumina suspensions
Authors: Majić Renjo M. , Lalić M. , Ćurković L. , Matijašić G. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe aim of the present work was to investigate rheological behaviour of alumina suspensions, considering different amounts of polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) as a binder. Three different aqueous suspensions were prepared, containing 60, 70 and 80 wt.% of alumina powder. Spinel was added as a sintering agent and Darvan 821‐A as a dispersant, in an amount of 0.08 and 0.4 wt.% of dry powder weight, respectively. The alumina suspensions flow curves were recorded and fitted satisfactorily to the power law, Herschel‐Bulkley and Bingham models. Obtained results indicate that apparent viscosity of alumina suspensions increases with increasing Al2O3 and polyvinyl alcohol amount.
Influence of cooling rates on temperatures phase transitions and on microstructure of aluminium alloy EN AW‐5083
Authors: Dolić N. , Medved J. , Mrvar P. , Unkić F. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe casting of different forms and dimensions of aluminium alloy EN WA‐5083 test samples and the usage of different types of mould materials resulted in achieving different cooling rates of samples. The methods used were simple thermal analysis, using casting into a measuring cell made by the Croning process and using casting into a cone‐shaped measuring cell, as well as simultaneous thermal analysis using the method of differential scanning calorimetry. Significant temperature phase transitions and times of solidification were determined, and the dependence model of the solidification time on the sample cooling rate was obtained. Determining the mean number of grains per unit area on samples after having performed the simple thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry makes it possible to develop a dependence model of the mean number of grains per unit area on the cooling rate. These models are the basis for carrying out numerical simulations of solidification and microstructure development in the cone‐shaped measuring cell, and the comparison of the distribution of the mean number of grains per unit area obtained by simulation with the one obtained experimentally. The obtained results represent a part of the preliminary tests of the microstructure development of industrially cast ingots of EN AW‐5083 alloy depending on the local ingot cooling rate.
Effect of formalin fixation on biexponential modeling of diffusion decay in prostate tissue
Authors: Bourne Roger , Bongers Andre , Charles Ned , Power Carl , Sved Paul , Watson Geoffrey 
Published: November 2012

PurposeTo evaluate the effect of formalin fixation on biexponential modeling of diffusion decay in prostate tissue.MethodsThree whole prostate specimens were imaged unfixed immediately postsurgery, and again after formalin fixation. Diffusion‐weighted imaging was performed over an extended range of b‐values and a biexponential model fitted to the signal decay curves.ResultsTissue fixation resulted in a 35%, 20%, and 20% reduction in mean apparent diffusion coefficient of the higher diffusivity fit component for the three organs, respectively, and a 64%, 57%, and 45% reduction in mean apparent diffusion coefficient of the lower diffusivity component. The mean signal fraction of the higher diffusivity component was increased by 23%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. The effect of fixation did not appear to vary according to tissue type or glandular zone.ConclusionFormalin fixed tissue appears to provide a stable model for detailed investigation of the microscopic biophysical basis of diffusion phenomena observed in vivo. Diffusivity changes that result from fixation may provide information about the microscopic environments of the biexponential components. Magn Reson Med, 70:1160–1166, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new insight into modelling the behaviour of unsaturated soils
Authors: Arairo Wahib , Prunier Florent , Djéran‐Maigre Irini , Darve Félix 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYUnderstanding the response of partially saturated soils under different loads is important for the design and construction of economical and safe geotechnical engineering structures. This paper presents a coupled elastoplastic constitutive model for predicting the hydraulic and stress–strain–strength behaviour of unsaturated soils. The model proposed is built according to the following principle. A constitutive relation is given for each phase (solid, liquid and gas) and coupling relations between each phases are also derived. In the present case, we assume that each phase is not miscible and that pressure in voids not filled by water remains more or less constant, which is reasonable for most geotechnical problems. Therefore, the model is written in a classical manner with a non associated elastoplastic model for the granular skeleton behaviour;an incompressible liquid phase;a water retention description; andan assumption of the existence of an effective stress concept defined by Bishop.According to the strong hypotheses made earlier about the fluid phases, the perfect gas law is not written for the gas phase. Therefore, the gas volume is defined as being the same as the void volume not filled by water. The main originality of this work is in the description of the water retention behaviour and in that of the coupling parameter using the Bishop relationship. A discussion on this parameter and the description of the so called loading‐collapse phenomenon are provided. We demonstrate that this paradox can be explained without introducing suction in the expression of the plastic yield surface. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiphonon ionization of traps formed in hafnium oxide by electrical stress
Authors: Danilyuk A. L. , Migas D. B. , Danilyuk M. A. , Borisenko V. E. , Wu X. , Raghavan N. , Pey K. L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe have investigated behavior of traps formed in hafnium oxide (HfO2) by electrical stress and their influence on the charge carrier transport through Si/SiO2/HfO2/poly‐Si nanostructures. The traps govern the transport process assuming a capture of charge carriers followed by their ionization via the multiphonon transition mechanism. The multiphonon transitions via the Poole–Frenkel effect or electron tunneling as well as the multiphonon tunneling ionization of neutral traps have been carefully considered for charged traps. We also provide a set of parameters including the trap concentration, ionization energy, the frequency factor, the effective mass of charge carriers, optical energy, and phonon energy in order to reproduce and reasonably fit available experimental data.
Generation of mountain wave‐induced mean flows and turbulence near the tropopause
Authors: McHugh John , Sharman Robert 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGravity waves interacting with the tropopause are investigated using linear and nonlinear numerical simulations. The tropopause is modelled as the interface between two layers of constant Brunt–Väisälä frequency. The simulations are two‐dimensional with uniform horizontal flow, the background rotation is ignored, and the gravity waves are generated by flow over an idealized isolated obstacle shape at the surface. The nonlinear simulation results show a horizontal wave‐induced mean flow at the tropopause similar to previous results treating horizontally periodic internal waves impinging on a density‐gradient interface. The mean flow created by the impinging gravity waves is increased over the background wind below the tropopause and decreased above the tropopause. This effect is not present in the linear simulations. The nonlinear effect is felt more strongly for cases with higher mountain heights and larger values of the stability in the upper layer. The final steady mountain‐wave flow appears to permanently retain this mean‐flow change. The deceleration region above the tropopause results in a patch of slow‐moving fluid near the interface which induces local regions of reduced Richardson number and may help explain some observational results of higher turbulence intensities near the tropopause over mountainous regions.
Understanding advances in the simulation of intraseasonal variability in the ECMWF model. Part I: The representation of the MJO
Authors: Hirons L. C. , Inness P. , Vitart F. , Bechtold P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAs a major mode of intraseasonal variability, which interacts with weather and climate systems on a near‐global scale, the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a crucial source of predictability for numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Despite its global significance and comprehensive investigation, improvements in the representation of the MJO in an NWP context remain elusive. However, recent modifications to the model physics in the ECMWF model led to advances in the representation of atmospheric variability and the unprecedented propagation of the MJO signal through the entire integration period.In light of these recent advances, a set of hindcast experiments have been designed to assess the sensitivity of MJO simulation to the formulation of convection. Through the application of established MJO diagnostics, it is shown that the improvements in the representation of the MJO can be directly attributed to the modified convective parametrization. Furthermore, the improvements are attributed to the move from a moisture‐convergent‐ to a relative‐humidity‐dependent formulation for organized deep entrainment. It is concluded that, in order to understand the physical mechanisms through which a relative‐humidity‐dependent formulation for entrainment led to an improved simulation of the MJO, a more process‐based approach should be taken. The application of process‐based diagnostics to the hindcast experiments presented here will be the focus of Part II of this study.
On the “Wolfsberg–Helmholz Conjecture” of “Extended‐Hückel Theory”
Authors: Koch Wolfhard H. G. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAfter having reviewed some pioneer integral approximations closely related to Rüdenberg's expansions of one‐ and two‐electron orbital products, we apply the previously described “Implicit Multi‐Center Integration” techniques on Roothaan's “restricted” Fock‐matrix components over standard atomic orbital bases. The resulting compact forms are very similar to the well‐known “Wolfsberg–Helmholz Conjecture” of “Extended‐Hückel Theory,” which relates the various off‐diagonal matrix elements of “restricted” Fock‐type to their corresponding diagonal counterparts. In this way, a “nonempirical Extended‐Hückel Theory” can be created. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pathological gambling among men: an overview
Authors: Dhillon Jasbir , Bowden‐Jones Henrietta 
Published: November 2012

AbstractProblem gambling is on the increase in the UK, particularly among young men. The authors explain how the behaviour can have a strong impact on the quality of life of family members and can lead to difficulties in close relationships, as well as affecting the physical and mental health of the gambler. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Unmet demand for and satisfaction with a community‐based prostate cancer detection programme
Authors: Lophatananon Artitaya , Fulford Graham , Fulford Susan , Baxter‐Smith Dorothy , Smith David , Baxter‐Smith David , Muir Kenneth 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA community programme was conducted to raise men's awareness about prostate health and to provide free prostate‐specific antigen testing. In this article, the authors assess men's experiences of these sessions and their satisfaction with the process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Chemotherapy for bladder cancer: an update
Authors: Payne Heather A. , McMenemin Rhona , Green James , Lamb Benjamin W. , Thomas Carys , Ansari Jawaher , Battley Jodie 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis report is based on a workshop seminar held during the 8th Annual Meeting of the British Uro‐oncology Group. The workshop covered a range of topics in bladder chemotherapy, from a discussion of the use of multidisciplinary teams in this area, to a review of UK practice and an international update on second‐line treatment of metastatic bladder cancer. The session closed with the presentation of two bladder cancer case histories. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Periodic arrays of M2-branes
Authors: Jeon Imtak , Lambert Neil , Richmond Paul 
Published: November 2012

AbstractWe consider periodic arrays of M2-branes in the ABJM model in the spirit of a circle compactification to D2-branes in type IIA string theory. The result is a curious formulation of three-dimensional maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in terms of fermions, seven transverse scalars, a non-dynamical gauge field and an additional scalar ‘dual gluon’. Upon further T-duality on a transverse torus we obtain a non-manifest- Lorentz-invariant description of five-dimensional maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills. Here the additional scalar field can be thought of as the components of a two-form along the torus. This action can be viewed as an M-theory description of M5-branes on${{\mathbb{T}}^3}$.
Arm, aber glücklich?
Authors: Vangermain Dirk , Brauchle Gernot 
Published: November 2012

Zusammenfassung
In einer deutschlandweiten postalischen Fragebogenstudie wurden 371 approbierte psychologische Psychotherapeuten sowie Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapeuten hinsichtlich ihrer Berufszufriedenheit und ihrer finanziellen Situation befragt. Von diesen hatten 303 eine Kassenzulassung, und 68 arbeiteten freiberuflich ohne Kassenzulassung. Bei denjenigen Befragungsteilnehmern, die 1997 auch schon freiberuflich psychotherapeutisch tätig waren, wurden zusätzlich ihr erinnertes Einkommen und ihre Berufszufriedenheit im Jahr 1997 erhoben. Den Ergebnissen nach erzielen die Psychotherapeuten ohne Kassenzulassung überwiegend niedrigere Einkommen aus ihrer psychotherapeutischen Tätigkeit als die untersuchten Kassenpsychotherapeuten. Die Einkommen der Kassenpsychotherapeuten sind seit 1997 deutlich gestiegen, liegen jedoch immer noch erheblich unter denen vergleichbarer Facharztgruppen. Die beiden befragten Psychotherapeutengruppen unterscheiden sich wenig hinsichtlich ihrer überwiegend großen Berufszufriedenheit. Diese ist jedoch insgesamt bei den Kassenpsychotherapeuten seit 1997 erheblich gestiegen, während sie bei den Psychotherapeuten ohne Kassenzulassung etwa konstant blieb. Mit ihrer materiellen Situation sind die Kassenpsychotherapeuten erwartungsgemäß zufriedener als jene ohne Kassenzulassung. Fast alle Befragten beider Gruppen bereuen ihre Berufswahl nicht, sondern würden sich erneut für den Psychotherapeutenberuf entscheiden.