bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single-step method for rapid detection of Brucella spp. in soft cheese
by gene-specific polymerase chain reaction
Authors: SERPE LUIGI , GALLO PASQUALE , FIDANZA NICOLETTA , SCARAMUZZO ALFREDO , FENIZIA DOMENICO 
Published: July 2002

Brucellosis can be transmitted to man by direct contact with infected animals or
through contaminated meat, milk and dairy products (Nicoletti, 1989). The analysis
of Brucella spp. is carried out in the laboratory by microbiological or serological
assays (Alton et al. 1988). The first are more specific but are also time-consuming and
expose the analyst to the risk of infection (López-Merino, 1991). However, the latter
can result in false positives owing to cross reactivity with other Gram-negative
bacteria (Diaz-Aparicio et al. 1994). Because of these limitations, the amplification
in vitro of specific DNA regions by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) could represent
a powerful tool for rapid and specific diagnostic analysis. In recent years, several
PCR methods have been developed to amplify specific DNA sequences of Brucella
strains (Herman & de Ridder, 1992; Romero et al. 1995;
Valentino et al. 1997). In addition, direct analysis of Brucella
in contaminated abortive tissues (Fekete et al. 1992), milk and blood
(Leal-Klevezas et al. 1995; Rijpens et al. 1996) has been
reported.In this paper we describe a method for gene-specific PCR amplification of a 443
base pair (bp) fragment of Brucella DNA that belongs to a gene encoding for a 31 kDa
outer membrane protein. This protein (BCSP-31) is a membrane antigen characteristic
of the Brucella genus (Mayfield et al. 1988). The PCR method was developed
for the analysis of soft cheeses. We focused our attention on Mozzarella, Pecorino and
ricotta samples, because such products are not subjected to the natural microbial
autopurification process of maturing. They are widely consumed in Italy and a
relationship between infected foods and the areas where brucellosis is a human
zoonosis is a possibility.The analysis was performed without purification of DNA from bacteria. Indeed,
after homogenization, the sample was subjected to thermal shock by freeze–thaw
cycles that lysed bacteria and solubilized nucleic acids for subsequent PCR
amplification. Amplified DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis
and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. Several brands of soft cheeses
and ricotta contaminated at different levels with Brucella cells were analysed by our
procedure to evaluate the detection sensitivity and the repeatability of the method.
Lucien Febvre, Ecclesiastical Historian?
Authors: BURKE PETER 
Published: July 2002

Every ecclesiastical historian knows, or, dare I say, should know,
Lucien Febvre's incisive and polemical article, ‘Une question mal
posée’, first published in 1929, in which, beginning with a critique
of recent work on the origins of the Reformation, the author ended by
calling ecclesiastical history into question. The aim of this article is to
place this famous article in context by examining Febvre's main
contributions to the history of the Church, or as he preferred to say, the
history of religion. Lucien Febvre (1878–1956) was a prolific writer and,
although he has not been studied as intensively as his junior colleagues
Marc Bloch and Fernand Braudel, his scholarly work has often been
discussed. A bibliography published in 1990 listed 2,143 items either by
or about Febvre which had been published up to that time. Since the
history of religion was one of Febvre's main interests, it follows that this
article will have to be rigorously selective, discussing his major
contributions to the field together with a few studies of his achievement.In order to give some sense of his intellectual development, Febvre's
books and articles on religious history will be discussed in chronological
order of publication, before any attempt at an assessment of his reception,
cool or warm, or the significance of his work. These books and articles
appeared in three clusters, published in 1901–11, 1925–30, and 1941–9
respectively.
Reappropriating Colonial Documents in Kolhapur (Maharashtra): Variations on a Nationalist Theme
Authors: Bénéï Véronique 
Published: July 2002

The district histories should not become [. . .] a series of unrelated facts without any narrative which can be linked with national history, [. . .] the facts that raised problems should invariably come in the gazetteers if they are to be taken as faithful registers of the country. (Chaudhuri, History of the Gazetteers of India, 1964: 163)After India became free, it was felt that a new edition of the Gazetteers should be brought out. The life of a people never stands still. Any account of a country—and a gazetteer is no exception—must therefore be revised from time to time (Gazetteer of India: Indian Union, 1965: ii).How does a nation ‘imagine itself into existence’ (Anderson 1983),
particularly after it has been subjected to colonial rule? How does it
(re-)appropriate its history, and what are the means at its disposal for
creating and asserting an identity or specificity of its own? India has
since independence achieved some political and ideological unity: from
north to south and from east to west of the peninsula, although they
have contested it in a number of cases, people have developed some
consciousness of being Indians, ‘sons of Mother India’.
Briefly
Authors: Mickleburgh Simon , Morley Josephine , Fisher Martin 
Published: July 2002

International. New signatories to CITES. The Republic of Moldova, Qatar, Sao Tome and Principe, Lithuania, and Ireland have acceded to CITES, bringing to 157 the number of Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. These accessions entered into force on 27 June, 6 August, 7 November, and 9 March 2001, and 8 April 2002, respectively.Source: TRAFFIC Bulletin (2001), 19(1), 3 (also at http://www.traffic.org, and http://www.cites.org).
Some myths are slow to die
Authors: Salin-Pascual Rafael , Gerashchenko Dmitry , Shiromani Priyattam J. 
Published: July 2002

Solms and the other authors in this series of BBS target articles accept the findings that the executive control of the REM/NREM cycle is still localized within a narrow region of the pontine brainstem. However, recent findings challenge this notion. We will review the recent data and suggest instead that the hypothalamus is the primary regulator of states of consciousness. If the hypothalamus indeed controls all the fun stuff, such as sex, eating, drinking, sleeping, and so on, then one can more easily accept Solms's argument that dreams are also generated from the forebrain.[Solms]
The development of cause-of-death registration in the Netherlands, 1865–1955
Authors: VAN POPPEL FRANS , VAN DIJK JITSE P. 
Published: July 2002

As elsewhere in Europe in the middle of the nineteenth century, general dissatisfaction among Dutch doctors with their position in society and with overall levels of public health led to an active endeavour to raise their own status and to improve the level of public hygiene.
For the most part these sanitary reformers or hygienists were inspired by the ‘Bodentheorie’ (literally ‘soil theory’) of the Munich hygienist Max von Pettenkofer, which postulated a specific relationship between chemical and biological processes in soil and air and in the human body, and by the Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet, according to whom statistics were an important means to social progress. The hygienists stressed the need for objective measures of health, including empirical research, standardization
of data collection, and increased dissemination of data.Although a national system of death registration had been functioning in the Netherlands for more than thirty years, there was no national registration of causes of death. Only local registration of causes existed and these were considered insufficient and inaccurate.
Introduction: The economic and social
aspects of the family life-cycle in
traditional and modern Japan
Authors: SAITO OSAMU 
Published: July 2002

Since the publication of the seminal book of essays Household and family
in past time in 1972, much research on the history of the family has
concentrated on the situation in western and eastern Europe, and relied
almost exclusively on census-type documents. It is, for example,
established that whereas mean household size was small, the mean age at
first marriage fairly high and neo-localism (the formation of an
independent household on marriage) dominant in western Europe, almost
the opposite applied in eastern Europe. Yet these findings do not preclude
the possibility of discovering regions where in statistical terms the mean
household size was not large and the proportion of complex households
not particularly high, but where the neo-local mode of household
formation was not the norm. Such a region could have a preference for
joint families (two or more married sons co-residing with their father) with
a low-fertility demographic regime, or stem families (one co-residing
married son) with that of intermediate to low fertility.Traditional Japan is an example of just such a stem-family society.
There the household, not the individual, was perceived as the basic social
and legal unit of society. This unit was called ie and its headship, authority
and property were expected to be handed down from the father to a
particular son, enabling the household to follow alternating stages of
‘simple’, ‘multiple’ and
‘extended’ forms over the developmental cycle,
more or less in accordance with the predictions of Lutz Berkner. As
articles in the section of Laslett and Wall's Household and family on Japan
have already shown, the mean household size in eighteenth- and
nineteenth-century Japan was not higher than that in England, but the
mean age at marriage was lower than in the English population.
Moreover, household formation and succession rules under the Japanese
ie system were not compatible with the simple family mode.
SCHEDULING OF AN INPUT-QUEUED SWITCH TO ACHIEVE MAXIMAL THROUGHPUT
Authors: Altman Eitan , Liu Zhen , Righter Rhonda 
Published: July 2002

Achieving high throughput in input-queued switches has been
found to be difficult, especially when traffic is nonuniform
in the sense that different inputs have very different
cell generation rates. We show that for general arrival
processes, 100% throughput can be achieved with a simple
algorithm that is very easy to implement.We consider a switch in which in each time slot, at most
one cell may be transmitted from each input, and at most
one cell may be received at each output. Cells that are
destined for output j arrive at input i
according to a stationary and ergodic process, and arrivals
are queued at the input. The problem is to decide which
inputs are to transmit to which outputs in each time slot
in order to maximize throughput. Necessary conditions for
stability are that the total arrival rate to each input
must be less than 1, and the total arrival rate destined
to each output must be less than 1. We propose a simple
scheduling algorithm and show that with this algorithm
the necessary conditions for stability are also sufficient.
OPTIMALITY OF CONTROL LIMIT MAINTENANCE POLICIES UNDER NONSTATIONARY
DETERIORATION
Authors: Benyamini Zvi , Yechiali Uri 
Published: July 2002

Control limit type policies are widely discussed in the
literature, particularly regarding the maintenance of deteriorating
systems. Previous studies deal mainly with stationary
deterioration processes, where costs and transition probabilities
depend only on the state of the system, regardless of its
cumulative age. In this paper, we consider a nonstationary
deterioration process, in which operation and maintenance
costs, as well as transition probabilities “deteriorate”
with both the system's state and its cumulative age.
We discuss conditions under which control limit policies
are optimal for such processes and compare them with those
used in the analysis of stationary models.Two maintenance models are examined: in the first (as in
the majority of classic studies), the only maintenance
action allowed is the replacement of the system by a new
one. In this case, we show that the nonstationary results
are direct generalizations of their counterparts in stationary
models. We propose an efficient algorithm for finding the
optimal policy, utilizing its control limit form. In the
second model we also allow for repairs to better states
(without changing the age). In this case, the optimal policy
is shown to have the form of a 3-way control limit
rule. However, conditions analogous to those used
in the stationary problem do not suffice, so additional,
more restrictive ones are suggested and discussed.
On the Effect of Plotting Performance
by the Errors of Pointing
Targets in the ARPA System
Authors: Pedersen Egil , Arai Yasuo , Sato Naoto 
Published: July 2002

The content of this paper was presented at the International Maritime
Association
of the Mediterranean, 8th International Congress on Marine Technology in
Istanbul,
November 1997.The effect of different measurement points on an acquired
target is theoretically investigated
with respect to the ARPA plotting performance. The target is described
by simple
geometrical figures and the echo is simplified. The actual measurement
position is generally
not at the centre of the target. This may cause errors in the standard
plotting results. The
characteristics of these errors are discussed from a nautical viewpoint.
Copulation by the barnacle Tetraclita japonica under natural conditions
Authors: Murata A. , Imafuku M. , Abe N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMoulting and copulation by the barnacle Tetraclita japonica attached to an intertidal concrete pier were observed continuously with a video camera housed in a plastic case in summer 1996 and 1997. In a total of 779 individual‐day observations, 10 individuals became sexually receptive as functional females and 14 moulted. Copulation occurred not only immediately after, but also before moulting. Duration of receptivity varied from 2 min to nearly 12 h, during which functional females accepted between two to 582 penis insertions by between one to 11 surrounding males. Each insertion time was short, ranging from 0.6 to 42 s, with a median of 2.4 s. Sex role changes were observed between two animals located close to each other, the shortest interval for which was 3.3 h. No significant size differences were detected between functional males and females. A temporal pattern of copulation, with a high frequency of penis insertions of short durations, is discussed in relation to natural habitat conditions.
Two new species of Geoplanidae (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola) of south Brazil
Authors: Leal‐Zanchet Ana Maria , Carbayo Fernando 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwo new species of terrestrial planarians in the family Geoplanidae, Geoplana franciscana and Notogynaphallia guaiana, from the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, are described. Both species have a multilayered lining in the female atrium. The study of specimens of N. goetschi, aimed at comparing it to N. guaiana, reveals the need for a re‐description and review of N. goetschi.
Could the indirect competition hypothesis explain inter‐sexual site segregation in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.)?
Authors: Conradt L. , Gordon I. J. , Clutton‐Brock T. H. , Thomson D. , Guinness F. E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInter‐sexual segregation between habitats or between sites within a habitat is very widespread in sexually dimorphic ungulates. As an explanation, it has been suggested that males, because of their larger forage requirements, are driven from preferred, high quality forage habitats into marginal habitats of lower forage quality but higher forage biomass by female competition (‘indirect competition hypothesis’). However, this hypothesis has hardly been tested. In the present study, we tested the indirect competition hypothesis for site segregation of red deer on the Isle of Rum, Scotland, within two vegetation communities: short Agrostis/Festuca grassland and Calluna heath. We predicted that: (1) males should choose sites within each vegetation community that are of higher forage biomass but lower forage quality, than sites selected by females; (2) the degree of inter‐sexual site segregation should be highest within the vegetation community in which indirect competition was most intense. We found that the sexes were significantly segregated between sites within both vegetation communities, but males did not use sites of lower forage quality or of higher forage biomass than did females. Moreover, degree of site segregation was not significantly higher in the vegetation community in which competition was more intense (i.e. short Agrostis/Festuca grassland). We conclude that the indirect competition hypothesis cannot explain site segregation in red deer on the Isle of Rum.
Swimming speed and foraging strategies of New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri)
Authors: Crocker D. E. , Gales N. J. , Costa D. P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLactating New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) have recently been reported to be the longest and deepest‐diving otariid. An unusually large proportion of dives exceeded a theoretical aerobic dive limit, predicted from estimated oxygen stores and measurements of diving metabolic rate. We investigated swimming speed, a key variable in both the management of oxygen stores and foraging strategies, and its relation to diving behaviour in New Zealand sea lions. Diving behaviour was nearly continuous with short inter‐dive intervals. Mean diving swimming speeds ranged from 1.6 to 2.4 m/s. Mean surface swimming speeds ranged from 0.9 to 1.8 m/s and were significantly lower than diving speeds in all subjects. New Zealand sea lions spend significant but variable amounts of time resting at the surface. Diving and swimming speed patterns were consistent with foraging on the benthos. Time in the foraging zone was maintained in deeper dives by increasing dive duration. This increased duration cannot be accounted for by a decreased metabolic rate resulting from slower swimming speeds, as speeds increased with the maximum depth of dives. Patterns of swimming speed and acceleration suggest the use of a gliding phase during descent. For most females, the extended duration of deeper dives did not impact on surface times, suggesting the use of aerobic metabolism. Females exhibited significantly slower swim speeds during the bottom segments of foraging dives than during descent or ascent. These findings suggest that swimming behaviour should be considered a critical component when modelling energetic costs for diving animals.
Professor A. J. E. Cave 1900–2001
Authors: Walls Eldred 
Published: July 2002

Few have served the Zoological Society of London longer or more faithfully than Alexander Cave who died on 17 May at the great age of 100.As a Fellow, his record is outstanding: Member of Council, Vice President, Silver Medallist of the Society, Honorary Research Associate; and withal, an unending stream of original papers on various aspects of comparative anatomy. Unending? Well, almost, for he was still being published in his 95th year. Nor should be forgotten the great volume of work that he did in refereeing papers for the Journal of Zoology– an onerous and time‐consuming task that he dealt with meticulously.
Carapace dentition patterns, morphometrics and allozyme differentiation amongst two toothed freshwater crab species (Potamonautes warreni and P. unispinus) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamonautidae) from river systems in South Africa
Authors: Daniels Savel R. , Stewart Barbara A. , Ridgway Tyrone M. , Florence Wayne 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe taxonomic relationship between two toothed South African river crabs, Potamonautes warreni and P. unispinus, is unclear. The problem stems from the widespread variation in carapace dentition patterns amongst P. warreni individuals over its biogeographic range, where single toothed individuals may appear similar in carapace morphology to P. unispinus. Ten populations of P. warreni and 18 populations of P. unispinus were collected and the morphometric and genetic differentiation between the two taxa quantified. Patterns of morphometric and genetic variation were examined using multivariate statistics and protein gel electrophoresis, respectively. Principal component analyses of carapace characters showed that the two species are morphologically indistinguishable. However, discriminate functions analyses and additional statistical results corroborate the morphological distinction between the two taxa. Allozyme electrophoresis of 17 protein coding loci, indicated a close genetic similarity between the two species (I = 0.92). A fixed allelic difference at one locus (LT‐2) and extensive genetic variability at another locus (PGM‐1) indicate that two gene pools are present and that the two taxa are genetically isolated. Intraspecific genetic I values for both species were >0.97 and indicated no apparent genetic structuring on a micro or macro‐geographic scale. The variation in carapace dentition among P. warreni populations possesses no genetic basis and may possibly be the product of ecogenesis. The value of dentition patterns in the systematics of river crabs is discussed. Dentition patterns among river crab species appear to be conserved and reliable as species specific diagnostic markers, but should ideally be used in combination with other morphological data sets and genetic evidence.
Form and function of the selenodont molar in southern African ruminants in relation to their feeding habits
Authors: Archer Debbie , Sanson Gordon 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe general aim of the present study was to test whether there are differences in the occlusal design of the ruminant selenodont molar, and by examining correlations between tooth form and diet, improve our understanding of the function of the selenodont molar within the Bovidae. Twenty‐six species of bovid ruminants were grouped into the three feeding types established by Hofmann (1968) – i.e. browsers, grazers and intermediate feeders. The characteristics of the shape, number, width and length of the enamel ridges were found to correlate with the hypothesized function of the molar occlusal surface. These follow the principles applied to non‐bovid species where adaptation of the occlusal surface has been investigated in some detail. Thirteen characteristics of the occlusal surface were scored. ANOSIM results reject the null hypothesis that there are no differences in the selenodont molar occlusal surface. SIMPER results showed that all the characteristics scored contributed to the differences between groups, and crown height was not explaining the major dissimilarity between feeding groups. Differences in enamel ridge characteristics between feeding types suggest that food is being processed in essentially different ways by the browsers and grazers. Intermediate feeding species cluster within the other feeding types, depending on what the major component of the diet is. The grouping produced by the MDS, based on dental characters, closely agrees with Hofmann's classification based on gut structure.