bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color preference in red–green dichromats
Authors: Álvaro Leticia , Moreira Humberto , Lillo Julio , Franklin Anna 
Published: July 2015

Significance
Around 2% of males have red–green dichromacy, which is a genetic disorder of color vision that affects how well certain colors can be seen and discriminated. Humans with normal color vision are known to have systematic and reliable preferences for some colors over others (e.g., blue is liked and yellow-green is disliked). We show that red–green dichromats have a different reliable pattern of color preference in which, for example, yellow is the most, not the least, preferred color. We test current theories of color preference and provide novel evidence that how easily a color can be named is related to how much it is liked. The findings further understanding of dichromacy, color preference, and aesthetics in general.
Navigating natural variation in herbivory-induced secondary metabolism in coyote tobacco populations using MS/MS structural analysis
Authors: Li Dapeng , Baldwin Ian T. , Gaquerel Emmanuel 
Published: July 2015

Significance
The study of natural variation has profoundly advanced our understanding of plants’ phenotypic trait evolution. The analysis of intraspecific variations in metabolism, however, has lagged behind and frequently been biased toward central metabolism. To redress this bias, we present a metabolomics case study of leaf secondary metabolites of wild tobacco ecotypes subjected to simulated insect herbivory in which mass spectral maps are constructed. Navigating these maps revealed metabolic branch-specific variations and allowed the annotation of unknown metabolites of likely ecological importance. Although the profiling of entire plant metabolomes remains technically challenging due to their structural complexity, we predict that the workflow described here provides a significant advance in our ability to rapidly explore small molecules that mediate functionally important phenotypes.
Mechanically patterning the embryonic airway epithelium
Authors: Varner Victor D. , Gleghorn Jason P. , Miller Erin , Radisky Derek C. , Nelson Celeste M. 
Published: July 2015

Significance
During branching morphogenesis of the developing lung, it is generally thought that a spatial template of biochemical cues determines the airway branching pattern. Here, however, we demonstrate that physical mechanisms can control the pattern of airway branching. Using a combination of 3D culture experiments and theoretical modeling, we show that a growth-induced physical instability initiates the formation of new epithelial branches. Tuning epithelial growth rate controls the dominant wavelength of the instability, and thereby the branching pattern. These findings emphasize the role of mechanical forces during morphogenesis and indicate that lung development is not a closed genetic system. Physical cues also regulate the spatially patterned cell behaviors that underlie organ assembly in the embryo.
Harvesting entropy and quantifying the transition from noise to chaos in a photon-counting feedback loop
Authors: Hagerstrom Aaron Morgan , Murphy Thomas Edward , Roy Rajarshi 
Published: July 2015

SignificanceThe unpredictability of physical systems can depend on the scale at which they are observed. For example, single photons incident on a detector arrive at random times, but slow intensity variations can be observed by counting many photons over large time windows. We describe an experiment in which we modulate a weak optical signal using feedback from a single-photon detector. We quantitatively demonstrate a transition from single-photon shot noise to deterministic chaos. Furthermore, we show that measurements of the entropy rate of a system with small-scale noise and large-scale deterministic fluctuations can resolve both behaviors. We describe how quantifying entropy production can be used to evaluate physical random number generators.
Self-removal of condensed water on the legs of water striders
Authors: Wang Qianbin , Yao Xi , Liu Huan , Quéré David , Jiang Lei 
Published: July 2015

Significance
Condensing water droplets can be self-removed from the legs of water striders in a three-step mechanism. First, droplets migrate inside the texture and grow. Then, drops are suddenly expelled out of the hairs, owing to the elastic deformation of the network of setae by growing drops. Ultimately, condensed drops are expelled from the leg. Self-removal of condensing water prevents a major source of risk for the creature, whose hydrophobicity would reverse if setae were impregnated by water. The design of the legs therefore provides a remarkable example where the conjunction of hydrophobicity, geometry, and flexibility yields water repellency both at large and very small scales.
Evolutionary rewiring of gene regulatory network linkages at divergence of the echinoid subclasses
Authors: Erkenbrack Eric M. , Davidson Eric H. 
Published: July 2015

Significance
This work provides direct evidence of evolutionary rewiring of gene-regulatory circuitry accompanying divergence of two subclasses of echinoderm, the cidaroid and euechinoid sea urchins. These forms descend from a known common Paleozoic ancestor, and their embryos develop differently, offering an opportunity to probe the basic evolutionary process by which clade divergence occurs at the gene-regulatory network (GRN) level. We carried out a systematic analysis of the use of particular genes participating in embryonic skeletogenic cell specification, building on an established euechinoid developmental GRN. This study revealed that the well-known and elegantly configured regulatory circuitry that underlies skeletogenic specification in modern sea urchins is largely a novel evolutionary invention. The results dramatically display extensive regulatory changes in a specific developmental GRN, underlying an incidence of cladistic divergence at the subclass level.
Structures of complexes formed by H5 influenza hemagglutinin with a potent broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody
Authors: Xiong Xiaoli , Corti Davide , Liu Junfeng , Pinna Debora , Foglierini Mathilde , Calder Lesley J. , Martin Stephen R. , Lin Yi Pu , Walker Philip A. , Collins Patrick J. , Monne Isabella , Suguitan Amorsolo L. , Santos Celia , Temperton Nigel J. , Subbarao Kanta , Lanzavecchia Antonio , Gamblin Steven J. , Skehel John J. 
Published: July 2015

Significance
Monoclonal antibody FLD194 isolated from a Vietnamese H5N1 survivor neutralizes all three clades of H5N1 viruses that have so far caused human infections. It is, therefore, a candidate for use in antiviral immunotherapy. Structural analysis of the HA-Fab complex shows the antibody-binding site is adjacent to, but does not involve, the sialic acid-binding site. The antibody neutralizes infectivity by restricting the access of receptors to HA using its Fc region in a way that may also be used by numerous other antibodies that bind at a distance from the receptor-binding site. The HA-Fab complex contains an HA subunit which has some of the features of HA in the conformation that is required for membrane fusion activity.
Targeting of mTOR catalytic site inhibits multiple steps of the HIV-1 lifecycle and suppresses HIV-1 viremia in humanized mice
Authors: Heredia Alonso , Le Nhut , Gartenhaus Ronald B. , Sausville Edward , Medina-Moreno Sandra , Zapata Juan C. , Davis Charles , Gallo Robert C. , Redfield Robert R. 
Published: July 2015

Significance
Most HIV antiretrovirals target viral proteins. Unfortunately, HIV mutates under drug pressure, which can lead to drug resistance. Targeting cellular proteins that HIV necessitates in its lifecycle may help overcome HIV drug resistance because cellular proteins have lower mutations rates than do HIV proteins. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a cellular kinase that forms two complexes (mTORC-1 and -2), regulating protein translation and transduction signaling. We demonstrate that dual targeting of mTORC-1/2 with the catalytic inhibitor INK128 blocks HIV by interfering with entry and with transcription (basal and induced). Importantly, INK128 suppressed HIV in a preclinical animal model, suggesting that mTORC-1/2 catalytic inhibitors may help control HIV in patients, particularly in those with drug-resistant HIV.
Manuscript Matrix, Modern Canon
Authors: Symes Carol 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This chapter argues that medieval processes of textual transmission have had less effect on the reception and interpretation of medieval “literature” than modern trends in preservation, proscription, and “recognition.” Due to post-medieval upheavals -- the dispersal of manuscripts due to religious reform and warfare, the advent of belligerent nationalism and the “Enlightenment,” the valorization of the author, the influence of evolutionary theory, and a host of other forces -- the components of medieval manuscripts have been further and further alienated from the original contexts of their composition, inscription, and reception. The chapter accordingly examines the relationship, both symbiotic and dysfunctional, between the medieval manuscript matrix and the modern canon by citing the case of Beowulf and juxtaposing the sole text of this poem with the Anglo-Saxon version of Judith preserved in the same manuscript, in order to highlight the unequal treatment accorded to these two poems and the degree to which iconic medieval texts like Beowulf were framed as such in a climate of intense competition over cultural patrimony in nineteenth-century Europe. It also discusses the chancy processes that dictated the survival, retrieval, and canonization of certain at the expense of others: including The Book of Margery Kempe, Chrétien de Troyes’s Arthurian romances, and the plays of Shakespeare.
Multilingualism on the Page
Authors: Baswell Christopher 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, England inherited a very complex and shifting linguistic situation. While English continued its slow and uneven ascent to political and literary prominence, French retained its important presence. Numerous manuscripts of Walter de Bibbesworth’s Tretiz de langage (also called Femina) appeared throughout the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries. Twenty copies of guides to French letter-writing, or collections of sample letters, were also produced during the same centuries. Such works illustrate the continuing practical uses of Anglo-French in the later Middle Ages in England. This article examines multilingualism on the page—occasions and usually specific written spaces where contextually unexpected languages suddenly, even dramatically, appear. It considers languages of authenticity, which shift considerably in varied settings from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries, and the broad move from authenticating French to authenticating Latin.
Translation
Authors: Warren Michelle R. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Translation is an ubiquitous practice in both literary and non-literary writing during the medieval period. It underwrote cultural and ideological transfers from distant times and places, as well as the practical transaction of daily life in much of the Middle English period. This article explores what “Middle English literature” might look like if new approaches to and definitions of translation are adopted. More specifically, it considers what might happen to the literary tradition if translated texts constituted an aesthetic grouping independent from authorial and generic categories, or if this grouping were granted the same critical value as the most prestigious authors and genres. It also discusses the possibility of locating monolingual texts in a cultural environment saturated with translating activities. To address these issues, the article focuses on translation theory, cultural studies, analyses of translatio studii et imperii, and source studies that all contribute essential elements to the repositioning of translated literature.
Books
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The book is a source of information about the past, a material result of inevitably imperfect human labor. Because they are further disordered by time, books are unstable witnesses to that past. Book history is of growing significance to the study of culture and literature. The importance of the press, and the nature of the “print culture” associated with it, has been the subject of debate between scholars who argue that the press was “an agent of change,” and Adrian Johns and others who insist that while the advent of print resulted in “fixity,” possessive authorship, the invention of copyright, a proliferation of titles, and capitalist investment in book production, they were not its inevitable result. This article focuses on “books,” particularly medieval “books.” It considers the poem “Chaucers Wordes unto Adam, His Owne Scriveyn” and Linne R. Mooney’s identification of Adam Pinkhurst as the copyist of the Hengwrt and Ellesmere manuscripts of Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales.
Beauty
Authors: Nolan Maura 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In On Beauty and Being Just, Elaine Scarry argues that error is part and parcel of the human understanding of beauty. Medieval writers regarded beauty with some suspicion; in the modern era, it is typically associated with “taste” and judgement. This article examines the notion of beauty as depicted in medieval literature by focusing on Geoffrey Chaucer’s poem “Miller’s Tale” and his description of the main actor, Alisoun. It considers how a new aesthetic enters the poem and with it an attempt to redefine both poetry and beauty.
Vernacular Theology
Authors: Gillespie Vincent 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Vernacular theology was first used by Ian Doyle in relation to Middle English texts in 1953. Doyle comments that “there was little or no original thought in the vernacular.” While Doyle’s model of vernacular theology embraced both catechetic and contemplative texts, “vernacular theology” has recently been associated with attempts to explore complex ideas and articulate advanced spiritual experiences. This article examines the history of vernacular theology in England and its connection with religious literature. It considers the advanced and highly sophisticated vernacular theology of Julian of Norwich as well as Nicholas Watson’s influential discussions of the English instantiation of vernacular theology in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. Furthermore, it analyzes William Langland’s poem Piers Plowman and its progressive and sequential dramatization of the difficulties and rewards of vernacular theology. Finally, it discusses the Oxford debate on translation as an issue in pastoral theology, with reference to Thomas Arundel’s 1409 decrees against the use of the vernacular in religious speculation and against translation of religious texts into English.
Learning to Live
Authors: Trigg Stephanie 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries witnessed the proliferation of conduct books, an indication of the growing instability of class boundaries as well as concern about maintaining or acquiring the manners and customs of “courtesy.” Such books, especially those dealing with table manners and social decorum, contain principles that are akin to those of modern social governance. Jonathan Nicholls argued that conduct texts must be read as a way to better understand medieval literature. A radically different approach has been proposed by Kathleen Ashley and Robert L. A. Clarke in their edited collection of essays, Medieval Conduct. Ashley and Clarke put equal emphasis on “texts, theories, and practices,” rather than using conduct and courtesy texts to illuminate “literature.” This article examines the representation of nurture and conduct in the medieval period and the reality of medieval behavior, thought, and feeling about the proper conduct of the self. It discusses recent theories of ritual practice and social behavior, particularly those outlined by Pierre Bourdieu, Michel de Certeau, Norbert Elias, and Michel Foucault.
Naucratis
Authors: Malouta Myrto 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of Naucratis and highlights the city’s main characteristics, arranged thematically. Naucratis represents the first instance of organized Greek presence recorded in Egypt, dating to the seventh century BC. While another three poleis were founded later in Egypt, the uniqueness of Naucratis lies in its status as the first Greek settlement and only emporion in Egypt, and thus the main focus is on its position as the cultural crossroads between Egypt and the Greek world. Archaeological, literary, epigraphic, and papyrological evidence is critically appraised, as are the main current debates on the foundation and function of the city and formation of its citizens’ cultural identity in the pharaonic and Greco-Roman periods.
Why you Can’t Find a Taxi in the Rain and Other Labor Supply Lessons from Cab Drivers*
Authors: Farber Henry S. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
I replicate and extend the seminal work of Camerer et al. (“Labor Supply of New York City Cabdrivers: One Day at a Time,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112 [1997], 407–441), who find that the wage elasticity of daily hours of work for New York City taxi drivers is negative and conclude that their labor supply behavior is consistent with reference dependence. In contrast, my analysis of the complete record of all trips taken in NYC taxi cabs from 2009 to 2013 shows that drivers tend to respond positively to unanticipated as well as anticipated increases in earnings opportunities. Additionally, using a discrete choice stopping model, the probability of a shift ending is strongly positively related to hours worked but at best weakly related to income earned. I find substantial heterogeneity across drivers in their elasticities, but the estimated elasticities are generally positive and rarely substantially negative. I find that new drivers with smaller elasticities are more likely to exit the industry, whereas drivers who remain quickly learn to be better optimizers (have positive labor supply elasticities that grow with experience). These results are consistent with the neoclassical optimizing model of labor supply and suggest that consideration of gain-loss utility and income reference dependence is not an important factor in the daily labor supply decisions of taxi drivers.
Epidemiology of Pediatric Fractures Presenting to Emergency Departments in the United States
Authors: Naranje Sameer M. , Erali Richard A. , Warner William C. , Sawyer Jeffrey R. , Kelly Derek M. 
Published: July 2015

Background:
Fractures in children are an important public health issue and a frequent cause of emergency room visits. The purpose of this descriptive epidemiological study was to identify the most frequent pediatric fractures per 1000 population at risk in the United States using the 2010 National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database and 2010 US Census information.

Methods:
The NEISS database was queried for all fractures in 2010 in children between the ages of 0 and 19 years. The NEISS national estimates were compared with the 2010 US Census data to extrapolate national occurrence rates.

Results:
The annual occurrence of fractures increased from ages 0 to 14, peaking in the 10 to 14 age range (15.23 per 1000 children). The annual occurrence rate for the entire pediatric population (0 to 19 y) was 9.47 per 1000 children. Fractures of the lower arm (forearm) were the most common among the entire study population, accounting for 17.8% of all fractures, whereas finger and wrist fractures were the second and third most common, respectively. Finger and hand fractures were most common for age groups 10 to 14 and 15 to 19 years, respectively. The overall risk of a fracture occurring throughout childhood and adolescence was 180 per 1000 children, or just under 1 in every 5 children.

Conclusions:
Pediatric fractures represent a significant proportion of pediatric emergency department visits in the United States. Children between 10 and 14 years of age have the highest risk of having fractures. Overall, forearm fractures were the most common pediatric fractures. Most pediatric fractures can be treated on outpatient basis, with only 1 of 18 fractures requiring hospitalization or observation.

Level of Evidence:
Level III–Retrospective comparative study.
Poor Physician Performance in the Netherlands: Characteristics, Causes, and Prevalence
Authors: van den Goor Myra M.P.G. , Wagner Cordula C. , Lombarts Kiki M.J.M.H. 
Published: July 2015

Introduction
Poor physician performance has a profound impact on patient safety and society's trust in the health care system. The attention that this topic has received in the media suggests that it is a large-scale issue. However, research about physician performance is still scant; there is little evidence regarding its prevalence. In terminology, characteristics and causes of poor performance seem to be used synonymously. The aim of this study was to describe (i) characteristics of poor performance, (ii) causes contributing to its onset and continuation, and (iii) prevalence of poor performance among physicians in the Netherlands.

Methods
This is a mixed-methods study involving literature review of 10 electronic databases, review of disciplinary law verdicts, and 12 expert interviews. Each of the 3 methods contributes to the aims of our study.

Results
Characteristics of poor performance are predominantly described by deficits in individual physician knowledge, skills, and behavior. Causes of poor performance include aspects such as poor collaboration, lack of criticism, insufficient leadership, and lack of professional development. A prevalence rate of 5% was judged by the experts to be realistic; evidence to underpin this number is lacking.

Conclusions
This study discriminates between characteristics and causes of poor performance. Characteristics of poor performance are related to individual physician aspects. Causes contributing to the onset and continuation of poor performance include not only individual components but also work environment and professional development. Our findings therefore underscore the importance of considering poor performance on a system level rather than as a pure individual physician issue.
Gctf: real-time CTF determination and correction
Authors: Zhang Kai 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAccurate estimation of the contrast transfer function (CTF) is critical for a near-atomic resolution cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) reconstruction. Here, I present a GPU-accelerated computer program, Gctf, for accurate and robust, real-time CTF determination. Similar to alternative programs, the main target of Gctf is to maximize the cross-correlation of a simulated CTF with the power spectra of observed micrographs after background reduction. However, novel approaches in Gctf improve both speed and accuracy. In addition to GPU acceleration, a fast ‘1-dimensional search plus 2-dimensional refinement (1S2R)’ procedure significantly speeds up Gctf. Based on the global CTF determination, the local defocus for each particle and for single frames of movies is accurately refined, which improves CTF parameters of all particles for subsequent image processing. Novel diagnosis method using equiphase averaging(EFA) and self-consistency verification procedures have also been implemented in the program for practical use, especially for aims of near-atomic reconstruction. Gctf is an independent program and the outputs can be easily imported into other cryoEM software such as Relion and Frealign. The results from several representative datasets are shown and discussed in this paper.