bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MnO@Carbon Core–Shell Nanowires as Stable High‐Performance Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Xiaowei , Xiong Shenglin , Li Jingfa , Liang Xin , Wang Jiazhao , Bai Jing , Qian Yitai 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA facile method is presented for the large‐scale preparation of rationally designed mesocrystalline MnO@carbon core–shell nanowires with a jointed appearance. The nanostructures have a unique arrangement of internally encapsulated highly oriented and interconnected MnO nanorods and graphitized carbon layers forming an external coating. Based on a comparison and analysis of the crystal structures of MnOOH, Mn2O3, and MnO@C, we propose a sequential topotactic transformation of the corresponding precursors to the products. Very interestingly, the individual mesoporous single‐crystalline MnO nanorods are strongly interconnected and maintain the same crystallographic orientation, which is a typical feature of mesocrystals. When tested for their applicability to Li‐ion batteries (LIB), the MnO@carbon core–shell nanowires showed excellent capacity retention, superior cycling performance, and high rate capability. Specifically, the MnO@carbon core–shell nanostructures could deliver reversible capacities as high as 801 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 500 mA g−1, with excellent electrochemical stability after testing over 200 cycles, indicating their potential application in LIBs. The remarkable electrochemical performance can mainly be attributed to the highly uniform carbon layer around the MnO nanowires, which is not only effective in buffering the structural strain and volume variations of anodes during repeated electrochemical reactions, but also greatly enhances the conductivity of the electrode material. Our results confirm the feasibility of using these rationally designed composite materials for practical applications. The present strategy is simple but very effective, and appears to be sufficiently versatile to be extended to other high‐capacity electrode materials with large volume variations and low electrical conductivities.
Oxime Side‐Chain Cross‐Links in an α‐Helical Coiled‐Coil Protein: Structure, Thermodynamics, and Folding‐Templated Synthesis of Bicyclic Species
Authors: Haney Conor M. , Horne W. Seth 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCovalent side‐chain cross‐links are a versatile method to control peptide folding, particularly when α‐helical secondary structure is the target. Here, we examine the application of oxime bridges, formed by the chemoselective reaction between aminooxy and aldehyde side chains, for the stabilization of a helical peptide involved in a protein–protein complex. A series of sequence variants of the dimeric coiled coil GCN4‐p1 bearing oxime bridges at solvent‐exposed positions were prepared and biophysically characterized. Triggered unmasking of a side‐chain aldehyde in situ and subsequent cyclization proceed rapidly and cleanly at pH 7 in the folded protein complex. Comparison of folding thermodynamics among a series of different oxime bridges show that the cross links are consistently stabilizing to the coiled coil, with the extent of stabilization sensitive to the exact size and structure of the macrocycle. X‐ray crystallographic analysis of a coiled coil with the best cross link in place and a second structure of its linear precursor show how the bridge is accommodated into an α‐helix. Preparation of a bicyclic oligomer by simultaneous formation of two linkages in situ demonstrates the potential use of triggered oxime formation to both trap and stabilize a particular peptide folded conformation in the bound state.
Precise Size Control over Ultrafine Rutile Titania Nanocrystallites in Hierarchical Nanotubular Silica/Titania Hybrids with Efficient Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Gu Yuanqing , Huang Jianguo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractHierarchical‐structured nanotubular silica/titania hybrids incorporated with particle‐size‐controllable ultrafine rutile titania nanocrystallites were realized by deposition of ultrathin titania sandwiched silica gel films onto each nanofiber of natural cellulose substances (e.g., common commercial filter paper) and subsequent flame burning in air. The rapid flame burning transforms the initially amorphous titania into rutile phase titania, and the silica gel films suppress the crystallite growth of rutile titania, thereby achieving nano‐precise size regulation of ultrafine rutile titania nanocrystallites densely embedded in the silica films of the nanotubes. The average diameters of these nanocrystallites are adjustable in a range of approximately 3.3–16.0 nm by a crystallite size increment rate of about 2.4 nm per titania deposition cycle. The silica films transfer the electrons activated by crystalline titania and generate catalytic reactive species at the outer surface. The size‐tuned ultrafine rutile titania nanocrystallites distributed in the unique hierarchical networks significantly improve the photocatalytic performance of the rutile phase titania, thereby enabling a highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of the methylene blue dye under ultraviolet light irradiation, which is even superior to the pure anatase‐titania‐based materials. The facile stepwise size control of the rutile titania crystallites described here opens an effective pathway for the design and preparation of fine‐nanostructured rutile phase titania materials to explore potential applications.
Numerical Study of a Liquid‐Liquid Slug Flow in a Capillary Microreactor
Authors: Dittmar Ina , Ehrhard Peter 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDie Hydrodynamik einer Flüssig/flüssig‐Pfropfenströmung in einem Mikrokapillarreaktor zeichnet sich durch komplexe Wirbelstrukturen in der dispersen und in der kontinuierlichen Phase aus. Die komplexe Strömung in diesem zweiphasigen Flüssig/flüssig‐System wird mithilfe der Finiten‐Volumen‐Methode und die Grenzfläche mithilfe einer modifizierten Level‐set‐Methode behandelt. Die Bewegung kleiner Katalysatorpartikel wird zudem durch die Anwendung einer Euler‐ Lagrange‐Methode erfasst. Es zeigt sich, dass die Katalysatorpartikel in dem betrachteten Bereich unter Vernachlässigung der Schwerkraft der Strömung nahezu ideal folgen. Eine Berücksichtigung der Schwerkraft bewirkt eine Relativbewegung zwischen dem Fluid und dem Partikel.
Rationale and Methodology of the Impact of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Patients With ACS and Nonsleepy OSA: The ISAACC Trial
Authors: Esquinas Cristina , Sánchez‐de‐la Torre Manuel , Aldomá Albina , Florés Marina , Martínez Montserrat , Barceló Antonia , Barbé Ferran ,   Spanish Sleep Network
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and a possible cause of increased morbidity and mortality.ObjectivesThe main objective is to determine in patients with ACS and OSA if CPAP treatment reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and hospitalization for unstable angina or transient ischemic attack). The secondary objectives are to determine the prevalence of nonsleepy OSA in patients with ACS; assess the effect of CPAP on the incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, symptoms, and quality of life; identify biomarkers of risk involved in cardiovascular complications in these patients; and conduct a cost‐effectiveness analysis of diagnosis and treatment.Population and MethodologyMulticenter, prospective, randomized and controlled study. Patients are admitted to the coronary care unit with diagnosis of ACS and without daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale ≤10) at 15 teaching hospitals in Spain. All patients undergo a sleep study by cardiorespiratory polygraphy. Patients with an apnea‐hypopnea index ≥15/hour will be randomized to treatment with CPAP (group 1, 632 patients) or conservative treatment (group 2, 632 patients). Patients with an apnea‐hypopnea index <15/hour (group 3, 600 patients) will be followed as a reference group. Patients will be monitored at baseline (T0), 1 month (T1), 3 months (T2), 6 months (T3), 12 months (T4), and every 6 months thereafter (where applicable) during the follow‐up period.ConclusionsThe ISAACC trial will contribute to evaluating the effect of CPAP treatment on cardiovascular events in patients with ACS and OSA.
Trends in the use of postprostatectomy therapies for patients with prostate cancer: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Medicare analysis
Authors: Sheets Nathan C. , Hendrix Laura H. , Allen Ian M. , Chen Ronald C. 
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUNDFor patients with adverse pathologic factors (positive surgical margins, extracapsular extension, or seminal vesicle invasion) on prostatectomy pathology, the use and timing of postsurgical treatments are controversial. The goal of the current study was to examine patterns of care in patients with a pathologic indication for postprostatectomy radiotherapy (RT) using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare–linked database.METHODSA total of 3460 men treated with radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer between 2000 and 2006 with at least 1 adverse pathologic factor and at least 3 years of claims data after surgery were included. Medicare claims through December 31, 2009 were examined. Rates of postprostatectomy hormonal therapy, RT, or both were examined. Logistic regression analysis examined potential factors associated with the receipt and timing of RT.RESULTSWithin 3 years after surgery, 1076 patients (31%) received some form of further therapy, including 850 (25%) who received RT. Receipt of RT was < 35% in all subgroups including every year of study. Fewer than one‐half of patients who received RT (43%) did so within 6 months of surgery. On multivariate analysis, pathologic T classification and tumor grade were associated with receipt of RT within 6 months or 3 years of surgery, as were younger age, geographic region, and population density.CONCLUSIONSRates of postprostatectomy RT remain low and the timing of RT has not appreciably changed since the publication of the randomized trials supporting the use of adjuvant RT. The use of hormone therapy is almost as common as RT, despite a relative lack of evidence supporting its use in this setting. Cancer 2013;119:3295–301. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Cingulate area 32 homologies in mouse, rat, macaque and human: Cytoarchitecture and receptor architecture
Authors: Vogt Brent A. , Hof Patrick R. , Zilles Karl , Vogt Leslie J. , Herold Christina , Palomero‐Gallagher Nicola 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTHomologizing between human and nonhuman area 32 has been impaired since Brodmann said he could not homologize with certainty human area 32 to a specific cortical domain in other species. Human area 32 has four divisions, however, and two can be structurally homologized to nonhuman species with cytoarchitecture and receptor architecture: pregenual (p32) and subgenual (s32) in human and macaque monkey and areas d32 and v32 in rat and mouse. Cytoarchitecture showed that areas d32/p32 have a dysgranular layer IV in all species and that areas v32/s32 have large and dense neurons in layer V, whereas a layer IV is not present in area v32. Areas v32/s32 have the largest neurons in layer Va. Features unique to humans include large layer IIIc pyramids in both divisions, sparse layer Vb in area p32, and elongated neurons in layer VI, with area s32 having the largest layer Va neurons. Receptor fingerprints of both subdivisions of area 32 differed between species in size and shape, although AMPA/GABAAand NMDA/GABAAratios were comparable among humans, monkeys, and rats and were significantly lower than in mice. Layers I–III of primate and rodent area 32 subdivisions share more similarities in their receptor densities than layers IV–VI. Monkey and human subdivisions of area 32 are more similar to each other than to rat and mouse subdivisions. In combination with intracingulate connections, the location, cytoarchitecture, and ligand binding studies demonstrate critical homologies among the four species. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4189–4204, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Terminal distribution of the corticospinal projection from the hand/arm region of the primary motor cortex to the cervical enlargement in rhesus monkey
Authors: Morecraft Robert J. , Ge Jizhi , Stilwell‐Morecraft Kimberly S. , McNeal David W. , Pizzimenti Marc A. , Darling Warren G. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTTo further our understanding of the corticospinal projection (CSP) from the hand/arm representation of the primary motor cortex (M1), high‐resolution anterograde tracing methodology and stereology were used to investigate the terminal distribution of this connection at spinal levels C5 to T1. The highest number of labeled terminal boutons occurred contralaterally (98%) with few ipsilaterally (2%). Contralaterally, labeled boutons were located within laminae I–X, with the densest distribution found in lamina VII and, to a lesser extent, laminae IX and VI. Fewer terminals were found in other contralateral laminae. Within lamina VII, terminal boutons were most prominent in the dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and ventrolateral subsectors. Within lamina IX, the heaviest terminal labeling was distributed dorsally. Ipsilaterally, boutons were found in laminae V–X. The most pronounced distribution occurred in the dorsomedial and ventromedial sectors of lamina VII and fewer labeled boutons were located in other ipsilateral laminae. Segmentally, contralateral lamina VII labeling was highest at levels C5–C7. In contrast, lamina IX labeling was highest at C7–T1 and more widely dispersed among the quadrants at C8–T1. Our findings suggest dominant contralateral influence of the M1 hand/arm CSP, a contralateral innervation pattern in lamina VII supporting Kuypers (1982) conceptual framework of a “lateral motor system,” and a projection to lamina IX indicating significant influence on motoneurons innervating flexors acting on the shoulder and elbow rostrally (C5–C7), along with flexors, extensors, abductors and adductors acting on the digits, hand and wrist caudally (C8–T1). J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4205–4235, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tau–amyloid interactions in the rTgTauEC model of early Alzheimer's disease suggest amyloid‐induced disruption of axonal projections and exacerbated axonal pathology
Authors: Pooler Amy M. , Polydoro Manuela , Wegmann Susanne K. , Pitstick Rose , Kay Kevin R. , Sanchez Laura , Carlson George A. , Gomez‐Isla Teresa , Albers Mark W. , Spires‐Jones Tara L. , Hyman Bradley T. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTEarly observations of the patterns of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease suggested a hierarchical vulnerability of neurons for tangles, and a widespread nonspecific pattern of plaques that nonetheless seemed to correlate with the terminal zone of tangle‐bearing neurons in some instances. The first neurofibrillary cortical lesions in Alzheimer's disease occur in the entorhinal cortex, thereby disrupting the origin of the perforant pathway projection to the hippocampus, and amyloid deposits are often found in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, which is the terminal zone of the entorhinal cortex. We modeled these anatomical changes in a transgenic mouse model that overexpresses both P301L tau (uniquely in the medial entorhinal cortex) and mutant APP/PS1 (in a widespread distribution) to examine the anatomical consequences of early tangles, plaques, or the combination. We find that tau uniformly occupies the terminal zone of the perforant pathway in tau‐expressing mice. By contrast, the addition of amyloid deposits in this area leads to disruption of the perforant pathway terminal zone and apparent aberrant distribution of tau‐containing axons. Moreover, human P301L tau‐containing axons appear to increase the extent of dystrophic axons around plaques. Thus, the presence of amyloid deposits in the axonal terminal zone of pathological tau‐containing neurons profoundly impacts their normal connectivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4236–4248, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel prefrontal pathways reach distinct excitatory and inhibitory systems in memory‐related rhinal cortices
Authors: Bunce Jamie G. , Zikopoulos Basilis , Feinberg Marcia , Barbas Helen 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTTo investigate how prefrontal cortices impinge on medial temporal cortices we labeled pathways from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and posterior orbitofrontal cortex (pOFC) in rhesus monkeys to compare their relationship with excitatory and inhibitory systems in rhinal cortices. The ACC pathway terminated mostly in areas 28 and 35 with a high proportion of large terminals, whereas the pOFC pathway terminated mostly through small terminals in area 36 and sparsely in areas 28 and 35. Both pathways terminated in all layers. Simultaneous labeling of pathways and distinct neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons, followed by analyses of appositions of presynaptic and postsynaptic fluorescent signal, or synapses, showed overall predominant association with spines of putative excitatory neurons, but also significant interactions with presumed inhibitory neurons labeled for calretinin, calbindin, or parvalbumin. In the upper layers of areas 28 and 35 the ACC pathway was associated with dendrites of neurons labeled with calretinin, which are thought to disinhibit neighboring excitatory neurons, suggesting facilitated hippocampal access. In contrast, in area 36 pOFC axons were associated with dendrites of calbindin neurons, which are poised to reduce noise and enhance signal. In the deep layers, both pathways innervated mostly dendrites of parvalbumin neurons, which strongly inhibit neighboring excitatory neurons, suggesting gating of hippocampal output to other cortices. These findings suggest that the ACC, associated with attention and context, and the pOFC, associated with emotional valuation, have distinct contributions to memory in rhinal cortices, in processes that are disrupted in psychiatric diseases. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4260–4283, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collateral branching of long‐distance cortical projections in monkey
Authors: Rockland Kathleen S. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTCollateralization of individual cortical axons is well documented for rodents but less so for monkeys, where double retrograde tracer experiments have tended to find only small numbers of neurons projecting to two different injection sites. Evidence from both double label and single axon studies, however, suggests that in specific projection systems the number of neurons with collateralized axons can be 10% or greater. These include feedback projections from temporal areas (but less so those from V4 and MT/V5). Single‐axon analyses show that many parietal neurons branch to multiple targets. Except for giant Meynert cells in area V1, feedforward projections from early visual areas have only a small number of neurons with branching axons. Why only some neurons collateralize, what determines branch points and projection foci, and how this impacts network organization are largely unknown. Deciphering the branching code might offer new perspectives on space‐time organization at the network level. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4112–4123, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subicular–parahippocampal projections revisited: Development of a complex topography in the rat
Authors: O'Reilly Kally C. , Gulden Dahl Annelene , Ulsaker Kruge Ingvild , Witter Menno P. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe subicular–parahippocampal projection has been proposed as the major output pathway of the hippocampus. This projection shows a striking topographic organization along its three‐dimensional axes. Here we aimed to study the development of this projection system. We found that an adult‐like topography of subiculum‐to‐parahippocampal projections is present by postnatal day 7 (P7). The cellular morphology in the subiculum is immature at this age, reaching maturity by P15–19. The density of projections increases from P7 to P15–19 but does so within the constraints of the adult topography. Projections to the entorhinal cortex show a clear arrangement in line with the adult data, in that distal portions of the subiculum project to the medial entorhinal cortex, whereas proximal portions project to the lateral entorhinal cortex. Our results add new details to the proximodistal organization of projections to the pre‐ and parasubiculum. We show that these projections arise exclusively from the more distal part, sharing their origin with that of medial entorhinal projections. Within this distal portion of the subiculum, a proximodistal gradient of origin maps onto a presubicular termination gradient starting in proximal presubiculum and extending gradually until it covers the proximodistal extent. Proximally located neurons in the distal part of the subiculum target the distal portion of the parasubiculum, and distal subicular neurons target the proximal most portion of parasubiculum. Given the specificity of the known topographic projections this early in development, we expect that these newly described topographic features will be maintained in the adult. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4284–4299, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Photogenerated Electrons in CdS Nanocluster Multilayers Assembled on Solid Substrates: Effects of Assembly and Electrode Potential
Authors: Yagi Ichizo , Mikami Kensuke , Okamura Masayuki , Uosaki Kohei 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe ultrafast dynamics of photogenerated electrons in multilayer assemblies of CdS nanoparticles prepared on quartz and indium–tin oxide (ITO) substrates were followed by femtosecond (fs) visible‐pump/mid‐IR probe spectroscopy. Based on the observation of the photoinduced transient absorption spectra in the broad mid‐IR range at the multilayer assembly of CdS nanoparticles, the occupation and fast relaxation of higher electronic states (1Pe) were clarified. As compared with the electron dynamics of isolated (dispersed in solution) nanoparticles, the decay of photoexcited electrons in the multilayer assembly was clearly accelerated probably due to both electron hopping and scattering during interparticle electron tunneling. By using an ITO electrode as a substrate, the effect of the electric field on the photoelectron dynamics in the multilayer assembly was also investigated in situ. Both the amplitude and lifetime of photoexcited electrons gradually reduced as the potential became more positive. This result was explained by considering the reduction of the interparticle tunneling probability and the increase in the electron‐transfer rate from the CdS nanoparticle assembly to the ITO electrode.
Opal Shell Structures: Direct Assembly versus Inversion Approach
Authors: Deng Tian‐Song , Sharifi Parvin , Marlow Frank 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOpal shell structures can be fabricated in two ways: By direct assembly from hollow spheres (hs‐opal) or by infiltration of precursors into opal templates and inversion. The resulting lattice disturbances were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, and transmission spectra. The hs‐opal system shows much lower disturbances, for example, a lower number of cracks and lattice deformations. The strong suppression of crack formation in one of these inverse opal structures can be considered as promising candidates for the fabrication of more perfect photonic crystals.