bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A population‐based comparison of the use of acute healthcare services by older adults with and without mental illness diagnoses
Authors: Adams L. Y. , Koop P. , Quan H. , Norris C. 
Published: November 2014

Accessible summary
Older adults with mental illness (MI) are a highly vulnerable population and need to be provided healthcare services in a timely and thorough way.
Compared with older adults without MI, older adults with MI spend a great deal of time being hospitalized and hence costing millions of dollars because the care they need is often overlooked and/or not provided. While they end up spending too much time in hospital, in the emergency department and getting readmitted to hospital because of their MI, this could have been prevented or lessened if an adequate assessment and treatment regime was done by clinicians who were well informed on the topic of older adults' mental health.
Older adults with MI are also more likely to leave hospital for long‐term care settings, to die and to have more sickness compared with older adults who do not have MI. Further, they are also more likely to be admitted to hospital on an urgent, unplanned basis.
How older adults with MI use acute hospitals is important for psychiatric nurses to know and understand, as they can help to provide the care needed so they do not have to be in hospital for long periods of time. Psychiatric nurses can share much support and information on making sure older adults with MI are accurately care for when needed.
AbstractTo explore and compare predictors of hospital length of stay (LOS), acute LOS (ALOS), emergency room (ER) wait times, rate of readmission (ROR) and costs of inpatient hospital care for older adults with and without mental illness (MI) diagnoses in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL). This descriptive‐comparative study used aggregate population level data of 12 283 people aged 65 years and older admitted to an acute care hospital in the province of NL. A total of 8.3% of hospitalized older adults had MI diagnoses. Older adults with MI diagnoses had a significantly longer LOS, ALOS, ROR, ER wait time and costs compared with older adults without MI diagnoses, after controlling for medical co‐morbidities. Key variables such as patient demographics, admission indicators, discharge indicators and other medical co‐morbidities had differential impacts on observed service use. While only a small percentage of hospitalized older adults had MI diagnoses, the use and cost of acute hospitalizations was significantly greater than that of older adults without MI diagnoses.
Categorization and understanding of facial expressions in 4‐month‐old infants
Authors: Kaneshige Toshinori , Haryu Etsuko 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis study examined whether 4‐month‐olds (N = 40) could perceptually categorize happy and angry faces, and show appropriate behavior in response to these faces. During the habituation phase, infants were shown the same type of facial expressions (happy or angry) posed by three models, and their behavior in response to those faces was observed. During the test phase immediately after the habituation phase, infants saw a novel emotional expression and a familiar expression posed by a new model, and their looking times were measured. The results indicated that, although 4‐month‐olds could perceptually categorize happy and angry faces accurately, they responded positively to both expression types. These findings suggest that, although infants can perceptually categorize facial expressions at 4 months of age, they require further time to learn the affective meanings of the facial expressions.
Predicting lexical accent perception in native Japanese speakers: An investigation of acoustic pitch sensitivity and working memory
Authors: Goss Seth , Tamaoka Katsuo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSpoken language perception may be constrained by a listener's cognitive resources, including verbal working memory (WM) capacity and basic auditory perception mechanisms. For Japanese listeners, it is unknown how, or even if, these resources are involved in the processing of pitch accent at the word level. The present study examined the extent to which native Japanese speakers could make correctness judgments on and categorize spoken Japanese words by pitch accent pattern, and how verbal WM capacity and acoustic pitch sensitivity related to perception ability. Results showed that Japanese listeners were highly accurate at judging pitch accent correctness (M = 93%), but that the more cognitively demanding accent categorization task yielded notably lower performance (M = 61%). Of chief interest was the finding that acoustic pitch sensitivity significantly predicted accuracy scores on both perception tasks, while verbal WM had a predictive role only for the categorization of a specific accent pattern. These results indicate first, that task demands greatly influence accuracy and second, that basic cognitive capacities continue to support perception of lexical prosody even in adult listeners.
Intra‐articular administration of lidocaine in anaesthetized dogs: pharmacokinetic profile and safety on cardiovascular and nervous systems
Authors: Di Salvo A. , Bufalari A. , De Monte V. , Cagnardi P. , Marenzoni M. L. , Catanzaro A. , Vigorito V. , della Rocca G. 
Published: November 2014

The intra‐articular administration of lidocaine is a frequent practice in human orthopaedic surgical procedures, but an eventual absorption of the drug into the bloodstream can lead to toxicity, mainly concerning the central nervous system and the cardiovascular systems. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile and the safety, in terms of cardiovascular and CNS toxicity, of lidocaine after intra‐articular administration to anesthetized dogs undergoing arthroscopy. Lidocaine 2% was administered to eight dogs before surgery in differing amounts, depending on the volume of the joints involved, and blood samples were taken at predetermined time points. The maximum serum concentration of lidocaine ranged from 0.50 to 3.01 μg/mL (mean ± SD: 2.18 ± 0.91 μg/mL), and the time to reach it was 28.75 ± 15.74 min. No signs of cardiac toxicity were detected during the entire procedure, and possible signs of CNS toxicity were masked by the anaesthesia. However, concentrations reported in literature as responsible for neurotoxicity in dog were achieved in three of eight investigated subjects. Pending further studies, veterinarians should consider the possibility of side effects occurring following the intra‐articular administration of local anaesthetics.
Pharmacokinetics and physiologic effects of alprazolam after a single oral dose in healthy mares
Authors: Wong D. M. , Davis J. L. , Alcott C. J. , Hepworth‐Warren K. L. , Galow‐Kersh N. L. , Rice S. , Coetzee J. F. 
Published: November 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and physiologic effects of a single oral dose of alprazolam in horses. Seven adult female horses received an oral administration of alprazolam at a dosage of 0.04 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected at various time points and assayed for alprazolam and its metabolite, α‐hydroxyalprazolam, using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic disposition of alprazolam was analyzed by a one‐compartmental approach. Mean plasma pharmacokinetic parameters (±SD) following single‐dose administration of alprazolam were as follows: Cmax 14.76 ± 3.72 ng/mL and area under the curve (AUC0–∞) 358.77 ± 76.26 ng·h/mL. Median (range) Tmax was 3 h (1–12 h). Alpha‐hydroxyalprazolam concentrations were detected in each horse, although concentrations were low (Cmax 1.36 ± 0.28 ng/mL). Repeat physical examinations and assessment of the degree of sedation and ataxia were performed every 12 h to evaluate for adverse effects. Oral alprazolam tablets were absorbed in adult horses and no clinically relevant adverse events were observed. Further evaluation of repeated dosing and safety of administration of alprazolam to horses is warranted.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin nicotinate in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and crucian carp (Carassius auratus) after oral administration
Authors: Xu N. , Ai X. , Liu Y. , Yang Q. 
Published: November 2014

Comparative pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin nicotinate (NFXNT) was investigated in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and crucian carp (Carassius auratus) after a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Analyses of plasma samples were performed using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with fluorescence detection. After oral dose, plasma concentration–time curves of common carp and crucian carp were best described by a two‐compartment open model with first‐order absorption. The pharmacokinetic parameters of common carp were similar to those of crucian carp. The distribution half‐life (t1/2α), elimination half‐life (t1/2β), peak concentration (Cmax), time‐to‐peak concentration (Tmax), and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) of common carp were 1.58 h, 26.33 h, 6069.79 μg/L, 1.08 h, and 103072.36 h·μg/L, respectively, and those corresponding to crucian carp were 1.36 h, 26.55 h, 9586.06 μg/L, 0.84 h, and 126604.4 h·μg/L, respectively. These studies demonstrated that 10 mgNFXNT/kg body weight in common carp and crucian carp following oral dose presented good pharmacokinetic characteristics.
Post‐grazing and post‐fire vegetation dynamics: long‐term changes in mountain bogs reveal community resilience
Authors: Clarke Peter J. , Keith David A. , Vincent Ben E. , Letten Andrew D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractQuestionsAre Australian Sphagnum bogs compositionally stable or undergoing long‐term change in response to grazing legacies or environmental change along a climatic gradient? Are these Sphagnum bogs resilient to discrete fire events, and over what time scales does recovery from disturbance take place? How does fire disturbance influence species composition in the assembly of fire‐prone Australian bog communities?LocationAlpine and subalpine bogs in mainland eastern Australia (Kosciuszko National Park).MethodFull floristic sampling over ca. 50 yr (1960s, 1990, 2005, 2007, 2013) at 11 sites; each site sampled with 25 quadrats (0.1 m2) haphazardly placed during each successive survey. Sites were stratified over alpine and subalpine elevations, in burned and unburned areas. Changes in species composition over space and time were examined with multivariate and univariate analyses.ResultsThe Sphagnum bogs of the subalpine and alpine regions show progressive increases in cover of Sphagnum over the last 40–50 yr. Overall species richness and frequency of dominant woody species declined. These trends were not strongly related to the climate gradient. Fire temporarily reduced the frequency of most species but initial floristic composition was regained a decade after fire. There was fire‐dependent variation related to regeneration of hygrophyllous woody species through seed germination and seedling growth in open ground.ConclusionOur results show a degree of community resilience to both grazing and fire, although some observed changes appear directional and the recovery time for grazing was much longer than that for fire. The increase in Sphagnum frequency across subalpine and alpine bogs is likely to reflect progressive recovery of Sphagnum from the grazing era, possibly enhanced by the changing atmosphere. Concurrently, there have been declines in species richness and woody species frequency. The bogs exhibited resilience to infrequent pulse disturbance related to fires, which appear to drive community assembly through cycles of compositional change.
Disturbance legacies and paludification mediate the ecological impact of an intensifying wildfire regime in theClayBelt boreal forest of easternNorthAmerica
Authors: Terrier Aurélie , Girardin Martin P. , Cantin Alan , de Groot William J. , Anyomi Kenneth Agbesi , Gauthier Sylvie , Bergeron Yves 
Published: November 2014

AbstractQuestionsHigh moisture levels and low occurrences of wildfires have contributed during recent millennia to the accumulation of thick layers of organic soil and to a succession into open black spruce (Picea mariana)–Sphagnum‐dominated forests in the Clay Belt boreal landscapes of eastern North America. In these forests, the anticipated increase in drought frequency with climate change could lead to a shift in forest structure and composition via increased fire disturbance. Here, we quantify the expected changes in fire behaviour, biomass burning and vegetation composition in the Clay Belt forest of North America that could arise under climate change over the next century.LocationA managed forest unit in the Clay Belt boreal forest of eastern North America.MethodsThe impact of a changing climate from 1971 to 2100 on fire regime characteristics (i.e. rate of spread, fuel consumption, fire intensity, type of fire and depth of burn) and vegetation dynamics (mortality and recruitment) was investigated using the Canadian Fire Effects Model (CanFIRE). Vegetation dynamics were governed by the fire danger and behaviour that affect tree mortality and post‐fire recruitment of species, and by long‐term successional pathways that are driven by post‐fire recruitment and forest age. An ensemble of two climate models forced by three scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions was used to drive CanFIREsimulations.ResultsResults from multiple scenarios suggested that fire danger will increase significantly during the 21st century in the Clay Belt forest. The burn rate was projected to change from 4.2% decade−1during 1971–2000 to 18.6% decade−1during 2071–2100. Stand mortality, fire intensity and areas affected by crown fires were also projected to increase. A shift in forest composition did not occur over the simulation period across most of our fire regime scenarios. Dominance of open black spruce–Sphagnumforests was projected to remain in future landscapes.ConclusionsMoist and cool conditions in these forests prevent high depth of burn and contribute to the ecological resistance of these forests to increasing fire danger.
A model of plant community dynamics based on replacement networks
Authors: Alcántara Julio M. , Rey Pedro J. , Manzaneda Antonio J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractQuestionsWhen a tree or a shrub dies, the space it occupied can be overtaken by plants that were recruiting beneath it or colonized by new species. Such replacement processes can drive the temporal change in species abundance in a plant community. Can we predict the dynamics of a real plant community using observational data on plant–plant recruitment interactions? What would be the relative importance of recruitment interactions vs life‐history traits in determining community dynamics?LocationForest communities dominated by Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex in SE Spain.MethodsWe develop a continuous time non‐linear model that can be easily parameterized with empirical data for the interactions between adult and juvenile plants recruiting beneath them. These interactions form a complex replacement network (or matrix) that is the backbone of the model. We parameterize the model with life‐history data from the literature and from recruitment interactions observed in a successional community 12 yr after a forest fire. We explore the behaviour of the model under different intensities of chronic disturbance, and after modifications of the structure of the replacement network and the values of the parameters.ResultsThe model predicts that the current community of the burned area will develop into a forest very similar quantitatively to the surrounding mature forests, as long as the rates of chronic disturbance remain very low. For increasingly higher levels of chronic disturbance, the community would reach stable states resembling a mixed pine–oak forest, a degraded oak forest, an oak dehesa and, finally, a steppe‐like vegetation. All these types of plant assemblages can currently be found throughout the study area. These predictions are less sensitive to variation in the estimates of species' life history (i.e. growth, death and colonization rates) than to variation in the structure of the recruitment matrix.ConclusionsThe model projects realistic community dynamics. The analysis of the model suggest that understanding the structure of replacement networks and how they are assembled can contribute significantly to our knowledge of the dynamics and stability of forest plant communities.
Shrub cover regulates population dynamics of herbaceous plants at individual shrub scale on the Mongolian steppe
Authors: Koyama A. , Sasaki T. , Jamsran U. , Okuro T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractQuestionsDo shrubs regulate herbaceous plant community by modifying seed and plant distributions at the individual shrub scale? Do the magnitude and extent of effects at this scale change with shrub cover?LocationA desert steppe, Mandalgobi, Mongolia.MethodsWe compared soil properties, seed accumulation and the establishment of plants of three functional types (annual forb, perennial forb and perennial graminoid) between shrub microsites (on mounds vs mound interspace) at sites differing in shrub coverage (high and low).ResultsShrub patches (a legume Caragana microphylla) promoted seed accumulation but inhibited plant establishment on mounds, relative to the mound interspace, for all functional types. However, the effects varied with shrub cover, particularly in the mound interspace, with responses specific to each functional type. The accumulation of soil and annual forb seeds increased with shrub cover at both microsites. Additionally, the density of annual forbs was positively related to shrub cover in the mound interspace. In contrast, the density of perennial forbs and graminoids decreased with increasing shrub cover at both microsites, possibly because of enhanced sand accumulation.ConclusionShrubs shape herbaceous plant community by causing differences at the individual shrub scale in seed and plant distributions. Additionally, we showed that individual shrub effects are shrub cover‐dependent: dense shrub stands enhanced the dominance of annual forbs in spite of the negative effect found at the individual shrub scale, whereas perennial forbs and graminoids were less abundant in denser shrub stands. Shrubs can play an important role in structuring plant communities via shrub cover‐dependent variation at microsites.
Influence of rock‐pool characteristics on the distribution and abundance of inter‐tidal fishes
Authors: White Gemma E. , Hose Grant C. , Brown Culum 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRock pools can be found in inter‐tidal marine environments worldwide; however, there have been few studies exploring what drives their, fish species composition, especially in Australia. The rock‐pool environment is highly dynamic and offers a unique natural laboratory to study the habitat choices, physiological limitations and adaptations of inter‐tidal fish species. In this study rock pools of the Sydney region were sampled to determine how the physical (volume, depth, rock cover and vertical position) and biological (algal cover and predator presence) parameters of pools influence fish distribution and abundance. A total of 27 fish species representing 14 families was observed in tide pools at the four study locations. The five most abundant species were Bathygobius cocosensis, Centropogon australis, Enneapterygius atrogulare, Lepidoblennius haplodactylus and Microcanthus strigatus, which together represented 71% of the total number of fish recorded. Larger rock pools containing more algal and rock ledge cover hosted a larger and more diverse population of fish. Furthermore, certain species were only found in pools with specific characteristics, such as the presence of loose shells, a variety algae or rock cover, suggesting a high degree of habitat specificity. By contrast, some species were ubiquitous and thus can likely tolerate a wide variety of physical conditions.
Protracted oogenesis and annual reproductive periodicity in the deep‐sea pennatulacean Halipteris finmarchica (Anthozoa, Octocorallia)
Authors: Baillon Sandrine , Hamel Jean‐François , Mercier Annie 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHalipteris finmarchica is one of the most common species of deep‐sea pennatulacean corals in the Northwest Atlantic; it was recently determined to act as a biogenic substrate for other species and as a nursery for fish larvae. Its reproductive cycle was investigated in colonies sampled in 2006 and 2007 along the continental slope of Newfoundland and Labrador (Canada). Halipteris finmarchica exhibits large oocytes (maximum diameter of 1000 μm), which are consistent with lecithotrophic larval development. Female potential fecundity based on mature oocytes just before spawning was ~6 oocytes · polyp−1 (500–6300 oocytes · colony−1); male potential fecundity was 16 spermatocysts · polyp−1 (5500–57,400 spermatocysts · colony−1). Based on statistical analysis of size‐probability frequency distributions, males harboured one cohort of spermatocysts that matured inside 8–11 months, whereas females harboured two distinct cohorts of oocytes; a persistent pool of small ones (≤400 μm) and a small number (~20%) of larger ones that grew from ~400 to >800 μm over a year. Despite this difference in the tempo of oogenesis and spermatogenesis, a synchronic annual spawning was detected. A latitudinal shift in the spawning period occurred from south (April in the Laurentian Channel) to north (May in Grand Banks and July–August in Labrador/Lower Arctic), following the development of the phytoplankton bloom (i.e. sinking of phytodetritus). Prolonged oogenesis with the simultaneous presence of different oocyte classes in a given polyp is likely not uncommon in deep‐sea octocorals and could hamper the detection of annual/seasonal reproduction when sample sizes are low and/or time series discontinued or brief.
Vibrio cholerae MARTX toxin heterologous translocation of beta‐lactamase and roles of individual effector domains on cytoskeleton dynamics
Authors: Dolores Jazel S. , Agarwal Shivani , Egerer Martina , Satchell Karla J. F. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe Vibrio cholerae MARTXVc toxin delivers three effector domains to eukaryotic cells. To study toxin delivery and function of individual domains, the rtxA gene was modified to encode toxin with an in‐frame beta‐lactamase (Bla) fusion. The hybrid RtxA::Bla toxin was Type I secreted from bacteria; and then Bla was translocated into eukaryotic cells and delivered by autoprocessing, demonstrating that the MARTXVc toxin is capable of heterologous protein transfer. Strains that produce hybrid RtxA::Bla toxins that carry one effector domain in addition to Bla were found to more efficiently translocate Bla. In cell biological assays, the actin cross‐linking domain (ACD) and Rho‐inactivation domain (RID) are found to cross‐link actin and inactivate RhoA, respectively, when other effector domains are absent, with toxin autoprocessing required for high efficiency. The previously unstudied alpha‐beta hydrolase domain (ABH) is shown here to activate CDC42, although the effect is ameliorated when RID is also present. Despite all effector domains acting on cytoskeleton assembly, the ACD was sufficient to rapidly inhibit macrophage phagocytosis. Both the ACD and RID independently disrupted polarized epithelial tight junction integrity. The sufficiency of ACD but strong selection for retention of RID and ABH suggests these two domains may primarily function by modulating cell signaling.