bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Estimation of Oil Reserves
Authors: Washburne Chester W. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 52, 1916, pages 645–648.
At present it is impossible to estimate closely the amount of oil obtainable from a given area of land. However, after the completion of a few properly distributed prospect wells, one can calculate the approximate yield of the sands penetrated, with a probable error of say 50 per cent. Even rough predictions of this kind are of value in large operations.
Without wells upon it, one can never be absolutely certain that an area will produce any oil whatever, and one can only indulge in wild guesses of the probable productive area, before the geological structure has been carefully contoured and the top of the basal water plotted on a map. This requires wells.
At times it is desirable to form an idea of the possible yield of oil in advance of drilling, as in cases where the price asked for undeveloped land seems too high, but where the probability of finding oil is furnished by neighboring development, supported by the geology. In such cases the most one can do is to make an estimate of possible maximum yield, which may of course far exceed results, and which is of use mainly in the prevention of excessive initial investment.
The method is very significant in a general way, as in regions like the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming where the productive sands in the Cretaceous shale are so few and so think and fine that they cannot develop very great production, although the high quality of the oil probably will counterbalance this defect sufficiently to give local profit in favorable areas.
Reservoir Capacity of Sands - The porosity of a stratum is the measure of its maximum reservoir capacity for liquids and gases. The porosity may be determined experimentally and must be used in connection with the total volume of the sand.
T.P. 051–45
A Review of the Exploration at Belle Isle, Louisiana
Authors: Lucas A.F. 
Published: January 2015

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 57, 1917, pages 1034–1049.

Introduction
Belle Isle, located in the low sea marshes near Atchafalaya Bay, is the southeasternmost of the famous Five Salt Islands of Louisiana. Rising about 80 ft. (24 m.) above the level of the surrounding marsh and being some 800 acres (323 ha.) in extent, it constitutes a striking land- mark on the low Gulf coast, and since the eighteenth century, when it played an important part in the operation of the buccaneers, it has been intermittently frequented by man. In 1897, the writer discovered the great mass of salt that underlies the island and shortly afterward published a brief account of the geology of Belle Isle and the neighboring salt islands.' In that paper he described principally the salt, but pointed out also the occurrence of petroleum and of sulphur in the strata above the salt. Since that time the island has been extensively explored by the drill, and the developments up to 1908 have been described by Veatch and Harris, and Knapp.
The writer's early conclusions as to the probable presence of sulphur in considerable quantity have been confirmed by the later drilling, some of the wells having found quantities of gas containing hydrogen sulphide and a number of sulphur-bearing strata as well. Under the stimulus of the present keen demand for sulphur for war purposes, a syndicate of New York capitalists was recently formed to explore the sulphur resources of the island in more detail. Under the writer's direction, six wells were drilled for this syndicate during the winter of 1916–17: The present paper presents briefly the results of this work and sums up the present knowledge of the geology of this highly interesting locality.
T.P. 057–51
Noise Mapping of the Flyover Highway in Genoa: comparison of different methods
Authors: Borelli Davide , Repetto Simona , Schenone Corrado 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn urban noise mapping the accuracy of the simulation tools is often challenged by the complexity of the modeled scenario, particularly when its extent coincide with the whole city. In this paper, a meaningful case study is reported concerning the flyover highway “Aldo Moro” in Genoa. The particular morphology of the city and the location of the highway make it a significant test for analyzing the effectiveness of current modeling tools in simulating complex urban areas. Noise mapping has been implemented in accordance with the standardNMPB-Routes- 2008. Results have been then analyzed complying with the END. Next diverse computational methods have been compared, considering ISO 9613-2, NMPB-Routes-1996, and Harmonoise, and even different frequency partitions (octave band or one-third octave band) for the last two standards. The computational time for the different calculation methods has been analyzed. In order to get a reciprocal validation, the simulated noise maps have been finally compared with maps coming from on field measurements. In this way a case study helpful for public administrations and stakeholders facing similar issues is provided, defining the state of the art and the forthcoming perspectives.
Metallurgical characteristics and machining performance of nanostructured TNN-coated tungsten carbide tool
Authors: Kumar Thepperumal Sampath , Prabu Shanmugavel Balasivanandha , Vasu Kuraganti , Krishna Mamidipudi Ghanashyam 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The effect of depositing Nb-rich Ti1–x
Nb
x
N coatings on the metallurgical characteristics and machining performance of tungsten carbide tools is investigated. The direct current reactive magnetron sputter deposited Ti1–

x

Nb
x
N thin film was crystalline in the as-deposited state. The surface of the film is characterized by a dense granular structure with very few voids and lower roughness than the pristine tungsten carbide surface. Nanoindentation studies revealed that the Ti1–x
Nb
x
N coating enhanced the hardness and Young's modulus of the tungsten carbide tool to 35 GPa and 703 GPa, respectively, as compared to 20 GPa and 550 GPa respectively, for the uncoated tool. Scratch tests showed that the Ti1–x
Nb
x
N coating increased the adhesion strength on the tungsten carbide tool. Similarly, the tool wear, surface roughness and cutting force in turning an EN24 alloy steel component displayed significant improvement due to the Ti1–x
Nb
x
N coating. The minimum surface roughness, minimum tool flank wear and minimum cutting forces were predicted for Ti1–x
Nb
x
N coated tools based on the Taguchi experimental design.
HBV Carrying Drug-Resistance Mutations in Chronically Infected Treatment-Naive Patients
Authors: Gomes-Gouvêa Michele S , Ferreira Ariana C , Teixeira Rosangela , Andrade José R , Ferreira Adalgisa SP , Barros Lena MF , Rezende Rosamar EF , Nastri Ana CS Santos , Leite Andrea GB , Piccoli Leonora Z , Galvan Josiane , Conde Simone RSS , Soares Manoel CP , Kliemann Dimas A , Bertolini Dennis A , Kunyoshi Aline SO , Lyra André C , Oikawa Marcio K , De Araújo Luciano V , Carrilho Flair J , Mendes-Corrêa Maria CJ , Pinho João R Rebello 
Published: January 2015

Background Nucleoside/nucleotide analogue (NA) treatment causes selection pressure for HBV strains carrying mutations conferring NA resistance. Drug-resistance mutations occur in the reverse transcriptase (RT) region of the HBV polymerase gene and spontaneously arise during viral replication. These mutations can also alter the hepatitis B surface (HBs) protein and in some cases reduce binding to HBs antibodies. The spread of NA-resistant HBV may impact the efficacy of antiviral treatment and hepatitis B immunization programmes. In this study, we used direct sequencing to assess the occurrence of HBV carrying known mutations that confer NA resistance in the largest cohort of treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) to date. Methods HBV DNA samples isolated from 702 patients were sequenced and the RT region subjected to mutational analysis. Results There was high genetic variability among the HBV samples analysed: A1 (63.7%), D3 (14.5%), A2 (3.3%), A3 (0.1%), B1 (0.1%), B2 (0.1%), C2 (0.9%), D1 (0.9%), D2 (4.6%), D4 (5.1%), D unclassified sub-genotype (0.7%), E (0.6%), F2a (4.6%), F4 (0.4%) and G (0.4%). HBV strains harbouring mutations conferring NA resistance alone or combined with compensatory mutations were identified in 1.6% (11/702) of the patients. Conclusions HBV strains harbouring resistance mutations can comprise the major population of HBV quasispecies in treatment-naive patients. In Brazil, there is a very low frequency of untreated patients who are infected with these strains. These findings suggest that the spread and natural selection of drug-resistant HBV is an uncommon event and/or most of these strains remain unstable in the absence of NA selective pressure.
Euroscepticism and the 2014 European Parliamentary Elections
Authors: FitzGibbon John 
Published: January 2015

Le résultat des élections parlementaires européennes de 2014 est largement perçu comme ayant été une victoire pour l’euroscepticisme et les acteurs politiques qui veulent la sortie de leurs pays de l’UE. Le récit des médias a mis l’accent en particulier sur le succès des eurosceptiques (Szczerbiak & Taggart : 2004) de l’UKIP en Grande-Bretagne et du Front national (FN) en France, qui ont émergé comme les plus grands partis, dans leur pays respectif, avec le vote des élections européennes. Cet article soutient, cependant, que ce récit spécifique débouche sur une conclusion trop nuancée du résultat des élections. Il souligne que le résultat des élections est la nature différenciée des euroscepticismes qui ont émergé à travers l’UE. En examinant plusieurs cas – le cas de l’Irlande, de la France, de la Grèce, de la Pologne, de l’Espagne et du Royaume-Uni – il montre que la nature de l’opposition à l’intégration européenne exprimée par les partis « vainqueurs » des élections européennes dans chaque État varie de façon significative. Voir ces résultats à travers le prisme du ‘withdrawalist’ du FN et de l’UKIP conduit à exclure l’émergence des opposants à l’intégration européenne dont la position est fondée sur une critique des politiques adoptées par l’UE pour faire face à la crise économique et financière européenne. L’article conclut en replaçant l’émergence de cet euroscepticisme dans le contexte de l’impact catastrophique de la crise sur l’économie européenne, et comment elle n’est pas seulement compréhensible, mais peut-être même mise en sourdine compte tenu de la dévastation causée par la crise.
Apprécier des attitudes et des manières d'agir
Authors: Jackiewicz Agata 
Published: January 2015

L’étude s’intéresse aux jugements d’évaluation de nature axiologique exprimés par les adverbes orientés vers le sujet. Menée sur corpus, elle explore plusieurs questions étroitement liées : (i) la polyfonctionnalité et la polysémie des lexiques potentiellement évaluatifs, (ii) les rapports entre la signification des adverbes et leur polarité, (iii) les paradigmes de valeurs sémantiques encodées par les adverbes orientés vers le sujet, ainsi que (iv) le fonctionnement de ces adverbes dans trois configurations discursives spécifiques.
Approche textuelle pourle traitement automatique du discours évaluatif
Authors: Valette Mathieu , Eensoo Egle 
Published: January 2015

Nous formulons, dans cet article, l’hypothèse que le discours évaluatif peut être caractérisé linguistiquement par les interactions entre différentes composantes sémantiques (déroulement aspectuel, rôles et interactions entre acteurs, modalités énonciatives, thématiques et univers sémantiques exprimés dans les textes). Nous nous démarquons de la sorte des travaux en analyse du discours qui posent l’existence d’un vocabulaire évaluatif ou de segments prédicatifs dévolus. Nous nous appuyons à des fins de validation sur une application en fouille d’opinion. Notre corpus d’application est relatif aux perceptions de la communauté Rom par les internautes français, en 2013.
Legacy, sustainability and Olympism: crafting urban outcomes at London 2012
Authors: Gold John R. , Gold Margaret M. 
Published: January 2015

Dès le départ, l’organisation de Jeux olympiques a été censée avoir des effets positifs et durables, mais, au fil des années, on a vu le mouvement olympique et les villes qui accueillent ces Jeux moduler leurs plans en fonction de leurs propres valeurs et de leurs propres besoins. À partir de cette observation, le présent article jette d’abord un regard d’historien sur la période qui débute à la restauration des Jeux olympiques, en 1896, jusqu’à 2012. Il s’attache à la manière dont quatre notions : mémoire, renouveau, développement durable et tradition ont progressivement émergé comme thèmes prédominants dans la recherche d’un urbanisme meilleur, tout en explorant l’évolution de la relation dynamique, permanente mais aussi difficile entre le « développement durable » et l’omniprésent concept de « tradition ». La dernière partie de l’article donne une illustration de ces idées dans le cadre des Jeux olympiques et paralympiques d’été de Londres 2012. Elle analyse le concept de « Jeux planétaires » ; comment ce concept a été présenté dans le dossier de candidature et comment il a été, par la suite, mis en pratique. Elle comprend notamment des commentaires sur la question de l’empreinte de carbone, la création du Parc olympique (en tant qu’héritage à caractère de développement durable) et la promotion d’un mode de vie écologique. La conclusion traite des défis permanents rencontrés lorsqu’il s’agit de conserver un développement durable visible tout en restant sur le long terme fidèle à un héritage traditionnel.
Allelic Interaction between CRELD1 and VEGFA in the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Atrioventricular Septal Defects
Authors: Redig Jennifer K. , Fouad Gameil T. , Babcock Darcie , Reshey Benjamin , Feingold Eleanor , Reeves Roger H. , Maslen Cheryl L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAtrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) are highly heritable, clinically significant congenital heart malformations. Genetic and environmental modifiers of risk are thought to work in unknown combinations to cause AVSD. Approximately 5–10% of simplex AVSD cases carry a missense mutation in CRELD1. However, CRELD1 mutations are not fully penetrant and require interactions with other risk factors to result in AVSD. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) is a well-characterized modulator of heart valve development. A functional VEGFA polymorphism, VEGFA c.−634C, which causes constitutively increased VEGFA expression, has been associated with cardiac septal defects suggesting it may be a genetic risk factor. To determine if there is an allelic association with AVSD we genotyped the VEGFA c.−634 SNP in a simplex AVSD study cohort. Over-representation of the c.−634C allele in the AVSD group suggested that this genotype may increase risk. Correlation of CRELD1 and VEGFA genotypes revealed that potentially pathogenic missense mutations in CRELD1 were always accompanied by the VEGFA c.−634C allele in individuals with AVSD suggesting a potentially pathogenic allelic interaction. We used a Creld1 knockout mouse model to determine the effect of deficiency of Creld1 combined with increased VEGFA on atrioventricular canal development. Morphogenic response to VEGFA was abnormal in Creld1-deficient embryonic hearts, indicating that interaction between CRELD1 and VEGFA has the potential to alter atrioventricular canal morphogenesis. This supports our hypothesis that an additive effect between missense mutations in CRELD1 and a functional SNP in VEGFA contributes to the pathogenesis of AVSD.
Effect of the height of the observation line on the the diffraction curve in GPR prospecting
Authors: Persico Raffaele , Leucci Giovanni , Matera Loredana , de Giorgi Lara , Soldovieri Francesco , Cataldo Andrea , Cannazza Giuseppe , De Benedetto Egidio 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the shape of the GPR diffraction curve in dependence of the distance of the measurement line from to the air/soil interface. It will be shown that the diffraction curve changes with respect to the case of data gathered at the air‐soil interface, and the calculation of the diffraction curve requires the solution of a fourth degree algebraic equation. The solution in closed form of this equation will be presented, and a physical discussion of the effects of the non‐null height of the observation line will be provided.
Seismic velocity model and near‐surface geology at Mycenaean Tiryns, Argive Basin, Peloponnese, Greece
Authors: Hinojosa-Prieto H.R , Hinzen K.-G 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA near‐surface seismic refraction tomography survey was completed in the surroundings of the Mycenaean citadel of Tiryns in the Argive Basin, Peloponnese, Greece. The survey encompassed 11 hectares at the Tiryns citadel, an archaeological site listed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as world heritage with over 120 years of excavation history. Site characterization of the shallow subsurface was performed using two‐dimensional seismic refraction tomography of compressional (P) and horizontally polarized shear (SH) wave data along 12 and 9 profiles, respectively. The interpretation of the seismic refraction results is complemented by available archaeological stratigraphy, stratigraphic logs, and new structural data of the exposed bedrock. The tomograms show a transition from unconsolidated fine alluvium at the surface to consolidated clays and silts to hard limestone bedrock. The soil–bedrock boundary dips away from the citadel, influencing the geometry of overlying soils into wedges. Based on twodimensional tomograms of P‐and SH‐wave velocities, the Poisson ratio, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, and bulk modulus were estimated for a four‐layer geotechnical model, which will be used to study seismic site effects. The rock mass quality index of the bedrock at Tiryns is classified as fair to very poor.
PD-1 Suppresses Protective Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae through a B Cell–Intrinsic Mechanism
Authors: McKay Jerome T. , Egan Ryan P. , Yammani Rama D. , Chen Lieping , Shin Tahiro , Yagita Hideo , Haas Karen M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Despite the emergence of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1):PD-1 ligand (PD-L) regulatory axis as a promising target for treating multiple human diseases, remarkably little is known about how this pathway regulates responses to extracellular bacterial infections. We found that PD-1−/− mice, as well as wild-type mice treated with a PD-1 blocking Ab, exhibited significantly increased survival against lethal Streptococcus pneumoniae infection following either priming with low-dose pneumococcal respiratory infection or S. pneumoniae-capsular polysaccharide immunization. Enhanced survival in mice with disrupted PD-1:PD-L interactions was explained by significantly increased proliferation, isotype switching, and IgG production by pneumococcal capsule-specific B cells. Both PD-L, B7-H1 and B7-DC, contributed to PD-1–mediated suppression of protective capsule-specific IgG. Importantly, PD-1 was induced on capsule-specific B cells and suppressed IgG production and protection against pneumococcal infection in a B cell–intrinsic manner. To our knowledge, these results provide the first demonstration of a physiologic role for B cell–intrinsic PD-1 expression in vivo. In summary, our study reveals that B cell–expressed PD-1 plays a central role in regulating protection against S. pneumoniae, and thereby represents a promising target for bolstering immunity to encapsulated bacteria.
Near-Field Imaging of Interior Cavities
Authors: Li Peijun , Wang Yuliang 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA novel method is developed for solving the inverse problem of reconstructing the shape of an interior cavity. The boundary of the cavity is assumed to be a small and smooth perturbation of a circle. The incident field is generated by a point source inside the cavity. The scattering data is taken on a circle centered at the source. The method requires only a single incident wave at one frequency. Using a transformed field expansion, the original boundary value problem is reduced to a successive sequence of two-point boundary value problems and is solved in a closed form. By dropping higher order terms in the power series expansion, the inverse problem is linearized and an explicit relation is established between the Fourier coefficients of the cavity surface function and the total field. A nonlinear correction algorithm is devised to improve the accuracy of the reconstruction. Numerical results are presented to show the effectiveness of the method and its ability to obtain subwavelength resolution.
Tissue factor pathways linking obesity and inflammation
Authors: Samad F. , Ruf W. 
Published: January 2015

SummaryObesity is a major cause for a spectrum of metabolic syndrome-related diseases that include insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and steatosis of the liver. Inflammation elicited by macrophages and other immune cells contributes to the metabolic abnormalities in obesity. In addition, coagulation activation following tissue factor (TF) upregulation in adipose tissue is frequently found in obese patients and particularly associated with diabetic complications. Genetic and pharmacological evidence indicates that TF makes significant contributions to the development of the metabolic syndrome by signaling through G protein-coupled protease activated receptors (PARs). Adipocyte TF-PAR2 signaling contributes to diet-induced obesity by decreasing metabolism and energy expenditure, whereas hematopoietic TF-PAR2 signaling is a major cause for adipose tissue inflammation, hepatic steatosis and inflammation, as well as insulin resistance. In the liver of mice on a high fat diet, PAR2 signaling increases transcripts of key regulators of gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis and inflammatory cytokines. Increased markers of hepatic gluconeogenesis correlate with decreased activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a known regulator of these pathways and a target for PAR2 signaling. Clinical markers of a TF-induced prothrombotic state may thus indicate a risk in obese patient for developing complications of the metabolic syndrome.
Nehirowisiw Kiskeritamowina
Authors: Éthier Benoit 
Published: January 2015

Le savoir réfère à un ensemble d’éléments que la personne intègre pour interpréter le monde et pour agir au sein de celui-ci (Barth 1995, 2002). Chaque système de savoirs est basé sur des valeurs et des règles de conduite qui sont au fondement d’un complexe culturel particulier. En prenant appui sur ses recherches auprès des Nehirowisiwok de Manawan, l’auteur s’intéresse à certaines des valeurs et règles de conduite qui font partie d’un « savoir commun », d’un savoir culturel cohésif et structurant. En s’attardant aux relations de réciprocité, aux formes d’autorité socialement reconnues, aux processus d’acquisition, d’utilisation et de transmission des savoirs, il tente d’expliciter ici certains fondements sur lesquels repose en partie la socialité nehirowisiw contemporaine et il démontre que ces processus présentent à la fois des aspects d’ordre pratique, éthique et politique.