bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerobic Exercise Combined with Antioxidative Treatment does not Counteract Moderate‐ or Mid‐Stage Alzheimer‐Like Pathophysiology of APP/PS1 Mice
Authors: Xu Zhi‐Qiang , Zhang Lu‐Qing , Wang Qin , Marshall Charles , Xiao Na , Gao Jun‐Ying , Wu Ting , Ding Jiong , Hu Gang , Xiao Ming 
Published: July 2013

SummaryAimsThe present study evaluated the combined treatment effects of aerobic exercise and antioxidative stress on moderate‐stage Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsTen‐month‐old APP/PS1 mice were given antioxidative treatment with acetylcysteine, along with aerobic exercise for 6 weeks. Spatial learning and memory were tested using the Morris water maze, and β‐amyloid (Aβ) plaque deposits in the forebrain were quantified by Thioflavin‐S staining. Levels of soluble Aβ1‐42, β‐secretase enzyme, ү‐secretase enzyme, oxidative and antioxidant stress markers nitrotyrosine and peroxiredoxin‐1, glial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium‐binding adaptor molecule 1, and synaptic protein synaptophysin in the hippocampus were all measured by western blotting and/or immunohistochemistry.ResultsAPP/PS1 mice showed severe declines in spatial learning and memory compared with their wild‐type littermates, which were not attenuated by aerobic exercise combined with antioxidative treatment. The pathologic analysis revealed that Aβ deposition and production, oxidative stress, glial inflammation, and synaptic loss were not mitigated in the brain of exercised APP/PS1 mice, compared with the sedentary APP/PS1 animals.ConclusionThis study reveals that a combined treatment of aerobic exercise plus antioxidative stress does not counteract pathophysiology in the moderate‐ or mid‐stages of AD.
Innovation in youth mental health services in Australia: common characteristics across the first headspace centres
Authors: Rickwood Debra , Van Dyke Nina , Telford Nic 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimheadspace centres comprise a significant innovation in community‐based youth mental health service delivery in Australia. This paper examines the service activity of the first headspace centres to determine common and unique practice characteristics across headspace centres in this new approach to mental health service delivery.MethodsData come from quarterly progress reports provided by the first 30 headspace centres during the 2010–2011 financial year. The information from 120 reports was analysed qualitatively using thematic analysis techniques to determine the types of activities reported by centres against key performance indicators.ResultsThe main finding was the large number and wide range of centre activity. This heterogeneity may be explained in part by the diversity of communities across Australia and the importance that headspace places on addressing the specific needs of the local community as well as drawing upon the existing capacity that is available within a community. The most common activities were community engagement, building local partnerships and providing a youth friendly environment. There was a particularly strong focus by the majority of centres on establishing and supporting a Youth Reference Group to guide centre development and implementation.ConclusionsThe progressive upscaling of headspace centres across Australia provides a unique opportunity to observe how a significant reorientation in health service delivery is implemented in practice to meet the needs of diverse communities. Further investigation of the headspace experience will provide critical lessons for other countries investing in new approaches to youth mental health.
The immune system of mouse vibrissae follicles: cellular composition and indications of immune privilege
Authors: Bertolini Marta , Meyer Katja C. , Slominski Radomir , Kobayashi Ken , Ludwig Ralf J. , Paus Ralf 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAlthough vibrissae hair follicles (VHFs) have long been a key research model in the life sciences, their immune system (IS) is essentially unknown. Therefore, we have characterized basic parameters of the VHF‐IS of C57BL/6J mice by quantitative (immuno‐)histomorphometry. Murine anagen VHF harbour few CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the distal mesenchyme and sinuses but hardly any gamma‐delta T cells in their distal epithelium. MHC class II+ Langerhans cells are seeded in the VHF infundibulum, which is also surrounded by MHC class II+ and CD11b+ cells (macrophages). The number of Langerhans cells then declines sharply in the VHF bulge, and the VHF bulb lacks MHC class II+ cells. Mast cells densely populate the VHF connective tissue sheath, where they strikingly cluster around the bulge. Both the bulge and the bulb of VHF display signs of immune privilege, that is, low MHC class I and MHC class II expression and local immunoinhibitor expression (CD200, TGFβ1). This immunophenotyping study fills an important gap in the immunobiology of murine skin and identifies differences between the IS of VHF, mouse pelage and human terminal HFs. This facilitates utilizing murine VHF as a versatile organ culture model for general immunology and immune privilege research in situ.
Global patterns of freshwater species diversity, threat and endemism
Authors: Collen Ben , Whitton Felix , Dyer Ellie E. , Baillie Jonathan E. M. , Cumberlidge Neil , Darwall William R. T. , Pollock Caroline , Richman Nadia I. , Soulsby Anne‐Marie , Böhm Monika 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAimGlobal‐scale studies are required to identify broad‐scale patterns in the distributions of species, to evaluate the processes that determine diversity and to determine how similar or different these patterns and processes are among different groups of freshwater species. Broad‐scale patterns of spatial variation in species distribution are central to many fundamental questions in macroecology and conservation biology. We aimed to evaluate how congruent three commonly used metrics of diversity were among taxa for six groups of freshwater species.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe compiled geographical range data on 7083 freshwater species of mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fishes, crabs and crayfish to evaluate how species richness, richness of threatened species and endemism are distributed across freshwater ecosystems. We evaluated how congruent these measures of diversity were among taxa at a global level for a grid cell size of just under 1°.ResultsWe showed that although the risk of extinction faced by freshwater decapods is quite similar to that of freshwater vertebrates, there is a distinct lack of spatial congruence in geographical range between different taxonomic groups at this spatial scale, and a lack of congruence among three commonly used metrics of biodiversity. The risk of extinction for freshwater species was consistently higher than for their terrestrial counterparts.Main conclusionsWe demonstrate that broad‐scale patterns of species richness, threatened‐species richness and endemism lack congruence among the six freshwater taxonomic groups examined. Invertebrate species are seldom taken into account in conservation planning. Our study suggests that both the metric of biodiversity and the identity of the taxa on which conservation decisions are based require careful consideration. As geographical range information becomes available for further sets of species, further testing will be warranted into the extent to which geographical variation in the richness of these six freshwater groups reflects broader patterns of biodiversity in fresh water.
The Indian Ocean during the Cold War: Thinking through a Critical Geography
Authors: Lee Christopher J. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAs part of a forum on the Indian Ocean, this article argues for the continued importance of the region during the Cold War. It describes how this period introduced new great power rivalries – namely, the United States and Soviet Union – but, as a result, reflected continuities with preceding centuries. This recent era is consequently indispensable for understanding ongoing patterns of history, in addition to providing a vital backdrop to our political present.
Prognostic significance of immunohistochemistry‐based markers and algorithms in immunochemotherapy‐treated diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients
Authors: Culpin Rachel E , Sieniawski Michal , Angus Brian , Menon Geetha K , Proctor Stephen J , Milne Paul , McCabe Kate , Mainou‐Fowler Tryfonia 
Published: July 2013

AimsTo reassess the prognostic validity of immunohistochemical markers and algorithms identified in the CHOP era in immunochemotherapy‐treated diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients.Methods and resultsThe prognostic significance of immunohistochemical markers (CD10, Bcl‐6, Bcl‐2, MUM1, Ki‐67, CD5, GCET1, FoxP1, LMO2) and algorithms (Hans, Hans*, Muris, Choi, Choi*, Nyman, Visco‐Young, Tally) was assessed using clinical diagnostic blocks taken from an unselected, population‐based cohort of 190 patients treated with R‐CHOP. Dichotomizing expression, low CD10 (<10%), low LMO2 (<70%) or high Bcl‐2 (≥80%) predicted shorter overall survival (OS; P = 0.033, P = 0.010 and P = 0.008, respectively). High Bcl‐2 (≥80%), low Bcl‐6 (<60%), low GCET1 (<20%) or low LMO2 (<70%) predicted shorter progression‐free survival (PFS; P = 0.001, P = 0.048, P = 0.045 and P = 0.002, respectively). The Hans, Hans* and Muris classifiers predicted OS (P = 0.022, P = 0.037 and P = 0.011) and PFS (P = 0.021, P = 0.020 and P = 0.004). The Choi, Choi* and Tally were associated with PFS (P = 0.049, P = 0.009 and P = 0.023). In multivariate analysis, the International Prognostic Index (IPI) was the only independent predictor of outcome (OS; HR: 2.60, P < 0.001 and PFS; HR: 2.91, P < 0.001).ConclusionsResults highlight the controversy surrounding immunohistochemistry‐based algorithms in the R‐CHOP era. The need for more robust markers, applicable to the clinic, for incorporation into improved prognostic systems is emphasized.
Does training in motivational interviewing for community pharmacists improve outcomes for methadone patients? A cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Jaffray Mariesha , Matheson Catriona , Bond Christine M , Lee Amanda J , McLernon David J , Johnstone Allan , Skea Lucy , Davidson Bruce 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Objectives
Feasibility of pharmacist delivered motivational interviewing (MI) to methadone patients has been demonstrated, but its efficacy is untested. This study aimed to determine whether pharmacists trained in MI techniques can improve methadone outcomes.

Methods
A cluster randomised controlled trial by pharmacy, with community pharmacies across Scotland providing supervised methadone to &gt;10 daily patients, aged &gt;18 years, started on methadone &lt;24 months. Pharmacies were randomised to intervention or control. Intervention pharmacists received MI training and a resource pack. Control pharmacists continued with normal practice. Primary outcome was illicit heroin use. Secondary outcomes were treatment retention, substance use, injecting behaviour, psychological/physical health, treatment satisfaction and patient feedback. Data were collected via structured interviews at baseline and 6 months.

Key findings
Seventy-six pharmacies recruited 542 patients (295 intervention, 247 control), mean age 32 years; 64% male; 91% unemployed; mean treatment length 9 months. No significant difference in outcomes between groups for illicit heroin use (32.4% cf. 31.4%), although within-groups use reduced (P &lt; 0.001); treatment retention was higher in the intervention group but not significantly (88% cf. 81%; P = 0.34); no significant difference between groups in treatment satisfaction, although this improved significantly in intervention (P &lt; 0.05). More intervention than control patients said pharmacists had ‘spoken more,’ which approached statistical significance (P = 0.06), and more intervention patients found this useful (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
Limited intervention delivery may have reduced study power. The intervention did not significantly reduce heroin use, but there are indications of positive benefits from increased communication and treatment satisfaction.
Exploring nurses' and patients' perspectives of limit setting in a forensic mental health setting
Authors: Maguire Tessa , Daffern Michael , Martin Trish 
Published: July 2013

AbstractLimit setting is an intervention that is frequently used by mental health nurses. However, limit setting is poorly conceptualized, its purpose is unclear, and there are few evidence‐based guidelines to assist nurses to set limits in a safe and effective manner. What is known is that the manner in which nurses set limits influences patients' perceptions of the interactions and their emotional and behavioural responses. In this qualitative study, 12 nurses and 12 patients participated in personal, semistructured interviews that aimed to explore limit setting and to propose principles to guide practice. The findings suggested that: (i) limit setting is important to safety in mental health hospitals; (ii) engaging patients in an empathic manner is necessary when setting limits (when nurses engage in an empathic manner, the therapeutic relationship is more likely to be preserved and the risk of aggressive responses is reduced); and (iii) an authoritative (fair, respectful, consistent, and knowledgeable), rather than authoritarian (controlling and indifferent), limit‐setting style enhances positive outcomes with regards to adherence, reduced likelihood of aggression, and preservation of the therapeutic relationship. In conclusion, a limit‐setting style characterized by empathic responding and an authoritative, rather than authoritarian interpersonal, style is recommended. Elucidating the components of this style is critical for effective training and best practice of mental health nurses, and to reduce aggressive responses from limit setting.
CHANGES IN WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE FOLLOWING HAEMODIALYSIS: A BRIEF REPORT
Authors: Parsons Trisha L. , Rombough Rosemarié E. , King‐VanVlack Cheryl E. , Toffelmire Edwin B. 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYBackgroundWaist circumference (WC) is a known indicator of cardiovascular disease in the haemodialysis (HD) population. However it is not known if HD results in clinically significant changes in WC.ObjectiveThe study purpose was to quantify the degree of change in WC induced by HD.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study with 27 patients on HD. Height, body weight, WC, hip circumference (HC), body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were measured immediately prior to and following HD over three consecutive treatments. Differences between three‐day average pre‐ and post‐HD weight, BMI, WC, HC and WHR were assessed.ResultsPost‐HD WC was significantly lower than that measured pre‐HD. Differences in pre‐post HD body weight, BMI, HC and WHR were also observed.ConclusionsAll of the traditional clinical indicators of body composition (WC, HC, WHR, body weight and BMI) were lower following HD.
Evaluation of passage of fetal erythrocytes into maternal circulation after invasive obstetric procedures
Authors: Meleti Daniela , De Oliveira Leandro Gustavo , Araujo Júnior Edward , Caetano Ana Carolina Rabachini , Boute Tatiane , Nardozza Luciano Marcondes Machado , Moron Antonio Fernandes 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAim The aim of this study was to evaluate the passage of fetal erythrocytes into the maternal circulation after invasive obstetric procedures, using the Kleihauer–Betke test, flow cytometry and α‐fetoprotein concentration in maternal blood.Material and MethodsThis was a prospective descriptive study on patients who underwent: amniocentesis, cordocentesis, chorionic villus sample, amniotic infusion, bladder drainage and ventricular–amniotic shunt to investigate the karyotype; treatment for hydrocephalus, oligohydramnios, obstructive uropathy and polyhydramnios; and investigation of lung maturity. Maternal blood samples were collected before and 60 min after the invasive obstetric procedure in order to evaluate the passage of fetal erythrocytes using the Kleihauer–Betke test, flow cytometry and α‐fetoprotein concentration.ResultsIn total, 43 invasive obstetric procedures were performed. The procedures performed were: 27 cases of amniocentesis (62.7%), seven cases of cordocentesis (16.2%), four chorionic villus samples (9.4%), two amniotic infusions (4.7%), two ventricular–amniotic shunts and one bladder drainage (2.3%). After one case of cordocentesis with two puncture attempts via the placenta, a significant increase in fetal erythrocytes was detected using the three methods. After another cordocentesis with one puncture via the placenta, a significant increase in fetal erythrocytes was detected using flow cytometry and α‐fetoprotein concentration, but not through the Kleihauer–Betke test. The other 41 samples did not show any significant increase in fetal erythrocytes in the maternal blood.ConclusionInvasive obstetric procedures performed during prenatal care are safe when performed by experienced professionals with the proper technique, with minimal chance of passage of fetal erythrocytes into the maternal compartment.
Effect of feeding fine maize particles on the reticular pH, milk yield and composition of dairy cows
Authors: De Nardi R. , Marchesini G. , Stefani A.‐L. , Barberio A. , Andrighetto I. , Segato S. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe particle size of cereal grains has been found to modulate the rate of passage from the rumen and the digestibility of starch and neutral detergent fibre (NDF), but few studies have examined its impact on reticular pH. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding finely ground maize on the risk of ruminal acidosis, milk yield and composition. Twelve Holstein‐Friesian cows were assigned to one of two experimental groups and fed according to a cross‐over design. Diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and were characterised by the same NDF and ADF, differing only in maize particle size. In the control diet (Ct), the maize meal was ground to 1.0 mm, whereas in the experimental diet, it was finely ground (Fg) to 0.5 mm. The pH and temperature of the reticulum were continuously measured in eight cows throughout the trial using indwelling sensors. Dry matter intake was higher in cows offered Fg diet than in Ct (19.0 vs. 20.3 kg/day; p = 0.067). However, milk yield (p = 0.855) and the 3.5% fat‐corrected milk (FCM) (p = 0.724) did not show any differences between the diets. Casein (2.48 vs. 2.57%; p = 0.035) and crude protein (CP) (3.18 vs. 3.31%; p = 0.021) resulted higher in Fg. Similarly, starch digestibility increased in animals offered Fg diet versus Ct (0.94 vs. 0.98; p = 0.078). Among the reticular parameters, the Fg‐fed cows spent a significantly higher time below the 5.5 pH threshold (15 vs. 61 min/day; p = 0.047) and had an average daily variation in reticular pH characterised by a lower nadir pH (5.95 vs. 5.72; p < 0.001) and a higher pH range (0.79 vs. 0.94; p = 0.003). In this study, grain particle size affected the risk of the onset of ruminal acidosis. Therefore, it should be carefully considered when formulating rations.
Plant sexual systems correlated with morphological traits: Reflecting reproductive strategies of alpine plants
Authors: PENG De‐Li , OU Xiao‐Kun , XU Bo , ZHANG Zhi‐Qiang , NIU Yang , LI Zhi‐Min , SUN Hang 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPlant sexual systems can be affected by various environmental factors, and thus show a range of morphological differences. The associations between plant sexual systems and morphology are unique, for example, the subnival belt of the Hengduan Mountains has harsh climatic conditions, but hosts remarkable biodiversity. However, these associations have received surprisingly little attention. We analyzed the associations in this region, and compared the pattern of sexual systems with that of other floras, and we also reviewed the breeding system of 36 alpine species. Information on plant sexual systems and these traits were mainly based on published information, herbarium collections, and field observations. The results showed that there was a high proportion of hermaphroditic species and a low proportion of dioecious and monoecious species. Hermaphroditism was strongly associated with showy floral displays, specialist entomophily, and perennial forbs. Dioecy was strongly associated with inconspicuous, pale‐colored flowers, anemophily, and shrubs, whereas monoecy was strongly associated with inconspicuous, pale‐colored flowers, generalist entomophily, and perennial grasses. Although no association was found between sexual systems and fruit type, plants with dry fruits (98.1%) were predominant in our study region. With respect to the plant breeding systems in the alpine region of southwest China, we predicted that pollination service might be particularly low; most of the plants lacked enough outcrossing pollinators. Our data revealed that 97.1% of the hermaphroditic species were self‐compatible, and 88.2% of them showed autonomous or facilitated selfing. The plant sexual systems identified might serve to optimize the probability of pollination and thus ensure reproductive success.
Concept analysis of concussion
Authors: Snedden Traci R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPurposeConcussion has been estimated to occur in 1.6–3.8 million adolescent athletes in the United States each year. However, because of conceptual ambiguity regarding its definition, the true incidence is estimated to be significantly higher. This article seeks to identify and support a single definition for the term concussion.ConclusionsDefining attributes, antecedents, and consequences of concussion allow for a better understanding of this concept. Sample cases from pediatric clinical practice further clarify the concept as it applies to pediatric nursing.Practice ImplicationsA clear definition has the potential to increase knowledge and recognition of concussion injury, leading to strategies that would decrease the risk of long‐term effects and devastating outcomes.
Twin‐arginine translocation system (tat) mutants of Salmonella are attenuated due to envelope defects, not respiratory defects
Authors: Craig Maureen , Sadik Adam Y. , Golubeva Yekaterina A. , Tidhar Avital , Slauch James M. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe twin‐arginine translocation system (Tat) transports folded proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane and is critical to virulence in Salmonella and other pathogens. Experimental and bioinformatic data indicate that 30 proteins are exported via Tat in Salmonella Typhimurium. However, there are no data linking specific Tat substrates with virulence. We inactivated every Tat‐exported protein and determined the virulence phenotype of mutant strains. Although a tat mutant is highly attenuated, no single Tat‐exported substrate accounts for this virulence phenotype. Rather, the attenuation is due primarily to envelope defects caused by failure to translocate three Tat substrates, the N‐acetylmuramoyl‐l‐alanine amidases, AmiA and AmiC, and the cell division protein, SufI. Strikingly, neither the amiA amiC nor the sufI mutations alone conferred any virulence defect. Although AmiC and SufI have previously been localized to the divisome, the synthetic phenotypes observed are the first to suggest functional overlap. Many Tat substrates are involved in anaerobic respiration, but we show that a mutant completely deficient in anaerobic respiration retains full virulence in both the oral and systemic phases of infection. Similarly, an obligately aerobic mutant is fully virulent. These results suggest that in the classic mouse model of infection, S. Typhimurium is replicating only in aerobic environments.