bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiphase Metering Experience in Russia's High-Viscous and Foamy Oil: Lessons Learned
Authors: Lachugin D. S. , Davidovskiy A. O. , Abramochkin S. A. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Russkoye field lies in the northern part of Western Siberia and has great oil reserves of over 1.3 billion tons. This is a unique field in terms of its complexity for development. Challenges include remote location of the field, surrounded by marshlands, and harsh Arctic climate, thick permafrost layer, heterogeneity and discontinuity of rocks made of poorly consolidated sandstones, presence of a large gas cap and an underlying aquifer, unique rheological properties of oil, high density, viscosity, tendency to form stable foam and emulsions. Combination of all these challenges brought considerable delays in formulation of an optimized field development plan and commissioning program.
Accurate measurements of surface flow rates are key requirements for reservoir characterization and production monitoring on any oil field. Oil production rates, gas-oil ratios, water-cut data, physical, chemical and rheological properties of oil are especially critical at the test commercial production phase on wells of the Russkoye field. These data are the basis for monitoring production trends, gas breakthrough from the gas cap and water encroachment from the underlying aquifer, for inflow profiling in horizontal sections, optimizing well performance for enhanced oil recovery, and they allowed for solving primary engineering tasks arising during development and making production prognosis over the field life.
As first effects were delivered for test commercial production on Russkoye field, some issues were encountered in collecting accurate and high-quality measurement data that would provide a good repeatability. To find the best solution for well flow rate measurements, attempts were made for some years to use test separators with different metering modules and a multi-phase flowmeter with Venturi tube and two-level gamma gage. All above equipment had been proved and certified. In addition, calibrated test tanks are used in some well pads for fluid rate measurements. The challenges associated with the accuracy of flow rate measurements are caused mainly by unique rheological properties of formation oil, in particular, its high density (940 kg/m3), viscosity at surface conditions (∼700 cP at 15 °C) and its tendency to form stable foam and emulsion. These factors, together with extreme low-temperature environments of the Arctic, forced JSC Tyumenneftegas engineers to look for an alternative engineering solution to achieve accurate flow rate measurements on Russkoye field.
Experience of Using The Technology of Trouble Prevention In LLC «Bashneft-Dobycha» Producing Wells
Authors: Karpov Al. A , Mikhailov A. G. , Zdolnik S. E. , Kulmurzin R. G. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
At the current stage of development the majority of oil fields operated by Bashneft-Dobycha are characterized by high water-cut of the produced fluids. When produced water is oversaturated with salt-forming ions scaling formation takes place not only in downhole pumping equipment of producing wells but also in the near-wellbore zone of the reservoir.
Presently the main preventive techniques against scaling or salt precipitation in wells include cyclic adding of chemicals through the annulus, continuous batching of chemicals with dosing pumps into the annulus or through a capillary tube at the suction pipe of a pump. Less common are submersible downhole containers.
These techniques have been field-proven as successfully protecting pumps and production tubings against scale formation however they are incapable of limiting salt precipitation in the interval from the near-wellbore zone in the reservoir to the suction pipe as inhibitors are injected after salt crystals start growing intensively. Squeezing of scale inhibitors into a productive reservoir is a good alternative to the techniques mentioned above as this treatment provides combined protection of the near-wellbore zone and downhole pumping equipment against scale formation.
The Choice of Strategy Development of Offshore Oil-Gas Field
Authors: Shandrygin A. N. , Dubrovsky D. A. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Offshore oil-gas and oil-gas-condensate fields with several vertically stacked reservoirs requires a special approach for a choice of strategy their development. It is explained by necessity to solve a multivariate problem of determine of sequence of oil and gas reservoirs development, as well as the construction of facilities for oil and gas gathering and transportation of production from a field.
In this paper we describe the principles and workflow of the definition a strategy for development of offshore oil-gas and oil-gas-condensate fields on the initial stage of their exploitation with a limited amount of geological information.
The proposed technology for the choice of field development strategy includes four phases: definition of types of production systems for oil and gas recovery under the terms of their applicability to the field condition; selection of production systems for oil and gas reservoirs exploitation on the basis of ensuring a maximal economic effect; estimation of a priority in oil and gas production and recommendations for time input into the development of oil and gas reservoirs in line with the already defined sequence of their development.
Implementation of proposed technology is demonstrated on the example of the choice strategy of development of hypothetical offshore oil-gas field.
Conceptual Design of Offshore Facilities: Objectives, Instruments and Deliverables
Authors: Gubaev A. , Gusev S. , Fedorov K. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Development of remote Arctic regions requires elaboration of perspective plans and assessment of their investment attractiveness. Therefore, rough estimations of oil and gas field development plan are performed in advance of detail design. The term "conceptual design" is used in practice and means principal scheme of field development and appropriate facilities. Conceptual design is applied as an instrument of investment attractiveness assessment and justification of field investigation.
Targets and objectives of conceptual design are considered in the paper. The appropriate tools are discussed for analyses in consensus with initial data uncertainty. The article considers different examples of conceptual design application for offshore fields on various stages of exploration and investments assessment.
With the aid of case study of Russian Arctic offshore field the main steps of conceptual design are presented including analyses of initial data, application of simplified instruments of forecast and predictions, coordination of geological information with drilling schedules, development planning, facilities and structures selection, cost estimates and sensitivity analyses.
Russian O&G Companies Face Unique Challenges in New Exploration Locations – Lukoil Offshore Exploration Deepwater Romania Black Sea
Authors: Mian Danial , Roberts Jason , Williger Mike , O'Keeffe Philip 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Lukoil Overseas has been partnering in deep water exploration campaigns since 2010. First operated deep water well was drilled in mid-2013. This well was drilled offshore Sierra Leone. Four other Lukoil operated wells were drilled successfully in Ghana and Ivory Coast after that. Lukoil utilized Ocean Rig's Eirik Raude and Transocean's GSF Jack Ryan for this multi-well campaign in West Africa. This project was managed by experienced Lukoil Overseas Offshore team based out of Houston.
At the beginning of 2014, Lukoil Overseas executive team made a decision to drill three wells offshore Romania. These wells were planned in two offshore blocks, Rapsodia and Trident. Transocean's GSF Development Driller II was contracted in early part of 2014 for this multi-well campaign. Mobilization from US GOM to Romania Black Sea in a short duration was extremely challenging. The rig needed to pass under two suspension bridges in Turkey's Bosporus Strait. It would be necessary to remove top of the dual-activity-derrick to pass the rig under the two suspension bridges. Major engineering design work and manufacturing of equipment was required. Derrick re-installation and commissioning of all the drilling equipment was planned in Constanta, Romania. Winterization of the rig was also needed to successfully operate in the harsh weather conditions of Romania. Derrick removal and rig winterization were planned at the same time to save critical path time. The whole project took over 300,000 man-hours.
On June 10th 2014 the rig arrived in Palermo to start derrick removal and winterization. On September 6th 2014 the rig arrived in Bosporus Strait to go under the bridges. Rig sailed to Constanta where the final re-installation of the derrick took place. Rig mobilized to location on October 31st 2014. Well was successfully spud on November 4th 2014. This complex project showed the experience and flexibility of both Lukoil and Transocean teams. This paper discusses the unique technologies Russian O&G Operators use to seek new exploration opportunities in harsh environments.
Technology for the Thermal Treatment of the Productive Formations of the Boca de Jaruco Field: Challenges, Opportunities, Prospects
Authors: Afanasiev I.S. , Yudin E.V. , Azimov T.A. , Kopylova E.V. , Lubnin A.A. , Grishin P.A. , Osipov A.V. , Galimova A.F. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The Pilot works (PW) with the purpose of selecting an optimal enhanced oil recovery technology began at the part of the Boca de Jaruco field in 2009. The field is being developed from the 1970-s, it has several productive intervals. Significant hydrocarbon reserves are attributed to the E1 formation. The development of this formation is challenged by the oil-wet matrix with the presence of the high permeability fractures, high viscosity of oil containing a significant amount of resins and asphaltenes, low current formation pressure. Production at many sites of the field has been suspended due to low oil flow rates, at this, large quantities of residual reserves are attributed to these sites. The performance of pilot works has been arranged for the purpose of selecting an optimal reextraction technology for these reserves. Up to date 3 wells have been drilled in the E1 formation of the PW area. This work presents the results of the performed works for the analysis of geologic features and PW area development plan.
Optimal well pattern of multifractured horizontal wells arranged in rectangular arrays
Authors: Khasanov M. M. , Ushmaev O. S. , Roshchektaev A. P. , Fuks O. M , Andrianova A. M. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the study of factors influencing the selection of optimal well pattern of the horizontal wells with multiple hydraulic fractures. The proposed analytical technical and economic model of oil filed development allowed to obtain in an explicit form the expression for the net present value (NPV) of the development project. In this context the net present value depends on the rock properties, parameters of the well pattern and different economical factors, also there was considered the dependence of the sweep efficiency of the horizontal well on the drainage area per one well. The semi-analytical method to estimate this dependence is described which is based on the statistical data of the sand body sizes for different depositional environments. Obtained model allowed to determine the sweep efficiency of the horizontal well and the optimal well spacing which ensures the maximal economic effect of the oil field development. There was derived the set of dimensionless technical and economic complexes, that characterize the specific well pattern. Then in terms of these dimensionless parameters were calculated the measuring grids which allow to determine the optimal well spacing and the maximal net present value of the field development project. The article contains the example of the application of the proposed model to the estimation of the optimal well pattern.
Optimization of Orientation of Horizontal Wells and Direction of Fractures at Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing for Low-Permeability Reservoir: Tradeoff Between Initial Oil Production and Oil Recovery
Authors: Khisamov Rais , Akhmetgareev Vadim 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The technology of multistage fracturing of horizontal wells for the development of low-permeability reservoirs has gained wide acceptance. The performance of multistage fracturing treatments may vary significantly: one treatment may yield large initial oil production rates but rapid increase of water cut and low ultimate oil recovery, while the other treatment may result in low oil production rates but moderate water cut increase and higher oil recovery.
The purpose of this study is to establish the technologies aimed at achieving the utmost production performance of low-permeability reservoirs; namely, maximum initial oil production rates and oil recoveries.
This paper considers three patented technologies which have been designed based on the results of reservoir simulation modeling and actual multistage fracturing performance data in real wells. These technologies have comprised the following research results: the most efficient wellbore orientation and well spacing, optimal angles (30° to 60°) between maximum in-situ stress vector and horizontal wellbore direction as well as between multiple hydraulic fractures, displacement front and natural fractures; appropriate number of fracturing stages N (N=1+L/100, where L is horizontal length) and induced fracture spacing (10 to 100 m), well operation conditions depending on reservoir pressure reduction in the course of reservoir development (up to 3% a year) etc.
Numerical reservoir simulation studies have shown incremental oil recoveries of 2–5% as compared to the existing technologies of multistage fracturing in horizontal wells.
Actual field data from Well 2917G penetrating the Domanic deposits of the Bavlinskoye field suggest sufficiently high oil production rates and low water cut when hydraulic fractures propagate at 45- degree angle with respect to horizontal wellbore.
In recent years, boosting production performance of low-permeability (up to 2 mD) oil reservoirs has become one of top-priority tasks in Russia owing to mineral extraction tax incentives. The proposed technologies enable enhanced oil production from such low-permeability oil-saturated reservoirs and increased production rates through improvement of sweep efficiency.
Enzymatic Generation of Oil-Displacing Systems under Conditions of Low-Temperature Viscosity-Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Altunina L.K. , Svarovskaya L.I. , Guseva Yu.Z. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of carbamide has been investigated in the composition of an oil-displacing system (OD system) at low temperatures using urease from natural sources of vegetable origin. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the carbamide proceeds with evolution of CO2, decreasing the viscosity of oil, and ammonia, forming an alkaline buffer solution; it improves the washing properties of the OD system. Thus, an efficient oil-displacing system is generated in situ. It can increase an oil-displacement factor for a low-temperature reservoir. The effect of hydrolysis products on the rheological characteristics of high-viscosity oil in Usinsk oilfield has been studied.
Socioeconomic Disparities in Weight and Behavioral Outcomes Among American Indian and Alaska Native Participants of a Translational Lifestyle Intervention Project
Authors: Jiang Luohua , Huang Haixiao , Johnson Ann , Dill Edward J. , Beals Janette , Manson Spero M. , Roubideaux Yvette ,   the Special Diabetes Program for Indians Diabetes Prevention Demonstration Project
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE
To investigate possible socioeconomic disparities in weight and behavioral outcomes among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) participants in a translational diabetes prevention project.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed data from the Special Diabetes Program for Indians Diabetes Prevention (SDPI-DP) Program, an evidence-based lifestyle intervention to prevent diabetes in 36 AI/AN grantee sites. A total of 2,553 participants started the 16-session Lifestyle Balance Curriculum between 1 January 2006 and 31 July 2008. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the relationships of participant and staff socioeconomic characteristics with weight and behavioral outcomes at the end of the curriculum.

RESULTS
A strong, graded association existed between lower household income and less BMI reduction, which remained significant after adjusting for other socioeconomic characteristics. Compared with others, participants with annual income &lt;$15,000 also had less improvement in physical activity and unhealthy food consumption in bivariate models, but the relationships were only marginally significant in multivariate regressions. Furthermore, grantee sites with fewer professionally prepared staff were less successful at improving participant BMI and healthy food consumption than the other sites. The strong association between income and BMI reduction was reduced by 20–30% in the models with changes in diet variables but was unrelated to changes in physical activity.

CONCLUSIONS
Significant socioeconomic disparities exist in weight outcomes of lifestyle intervention at both participant and site staff levels. Helping low-income participants choose more affordable healthy foods and increasing the proportion of professionally trained staff might be practical ways to maximize the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions implemented in “real-world” settings.
Elevated Circulating S100A12 Associates with Vascular Disease and Worse Clinical Outcome in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Isoyama Naohito , Machowska Anna , Qureshi Abdul Rashid , Yamamoto Tae , Anderstam Björn , Heimburger Olof , Barany Peter , Stenvinkel Peter , Lindholm Bengt 
Published: October 2015

Background The pro-inflammatory receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE)-ligand S100A12 is thought to promote, whereas anti-inflammatory soluble RAGE (sRAGE) may protect against, vascular disease. We evaluated circulating S100A12 and sRAGE in relation to vascular disease, inflammation, nutritional status, and mortality risk in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods Plasma S100A12 and sRAGE, biomarkers of inflammation, nutritional status, and comorbidities were analyzed in 82 prevalent PD patients (median age 65 years; 70% men; median vintage 12 months) and, for comparative analysis, also in 190 hemodialysis (HD) patients and 50 control subjects. Associations between mortality risk and concentrations of S100A12 and sRAGE were assessed in PD and HD patients after a mean follow-up period of 31 and 29 months respectively using a competing risk Cox regression model. Results In PD patients, median S100A12, sRAGE and S100A12/sRAGE were markedly higher than in controls, and S100A12 was 1.9 times higher and median sRAGE 14% lower compared with HD patients. In PD patients, S100A12 associated with C-reactive protein (ρ = 0.46; p < 0.001) and interleukin-6 (ρ = 0.38; p < 0.001), and, negatively, with s-albumin (ρ = -0.27; p < 0.05) whereas sRAGE associated negatively with body mass index (ρ = -0.37; p < 0.001), fat body mass index (ρ = -0.34; p < 0.001), and lean body mass index (ρ = -0.36; p < 0.001). Peripheral vascular disease or cerebrovascular disease (PCVD) was present in 28% of PD patients and, in multivariate analysis, associated mainly with high S100A12 (odds ratio [OR] 3.52, p = 0.04). In both PD and HD patients, the highest versus other tertiles of S100A12 associated with increased mortality. In contrast, sRAGE did not associate with PCVD or mortality in PD and HD patients. Conclusions Plasma S100A12 and sRAGE are markedly elevated in PD patients. Soluble RAGE was inversely related to body mass indices while S100A12 associated with increased inflammation, PCVD, and mortality, suggesting that S100A12 may identify PD patients at high risk for vascular disease and increased mortality.
Erythrocytes as Volume Markers in Experimental PD Show that Albumin Transport in the Extracellular Space Depends on PD Fluid Osmolarity
Authors: Braide Magnus , Delbro Dick , Waniewski Jacek 
Published: October 2015

Background Macromolecules, when used as intraperitoneal volume markers, have the disadvantage of leaking into the surrounding tissue. Therefore, 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes were evaluated as markers of intraperitoneal volume and used in combination with 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin to study albumin transport into peritoneal tissues in a rat model of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods Single dwells of 20 mL of lactate-buffered filter-sterilized PD fluid at glucose concentrations of 0.5%, 2.5%, and 3.9% were performed for 1 or 4 hours. Tissue biopsies from abdominal muscle, diaphragm, liver, and intestine, and blood and dialysate samples, were analyzed for radioactivity. Results The dialysate distribution volume of labeled erythrocytes, measured after correction for lymphatic clearance to blood, was strongly correlated with, but constantly 3.3 mL larger than, drained volumes. Erythrocyte activity of rinsed peritoneal tissue biopsies corresponded to only 1 mL of dialysate, supporting our utilization of erythrocytes as markers of intraperitoneal volume. The difference between the distribution volumes of albumin and erythrocytes was analyzed to represent the albumin loss into the peritoneal tissues, which increased rapidly during the first few minutes of the dwell and then leveled out at 2.5 mL. It resumed when osmotic ultrafiltration turned into reabsorption and, at the end of the dwell, it was significantly lower for the highest osmolarity PD fluid (3.9% glucose). Biopsy data showed the lowest albumin accumulation and edema formation in abdominal muscle for the 3.9% fluid. Conclusion Labeled erythrocytes are acceptable markers of intraperitoneal volume and, combined with labeled albumin, provided novel kinetic data on albumin transport in peritoneal tissues.