bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Proceedings of The Taipei International Symposium on Forensic Sciences
Authors: Lindquist CA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The Proceedings represent a compilation of papers that were initially presented at The Taipei International Symposium on Forensic Sciences, held at Central Police University, March 24–26, 1991. Of the 26 papers, 22 are presented in English; the four remaining papers are in Chinese with an English abstract provided for each. As is usually the case with an edited volume, the contributions are quite varied—ranging from philosophical and legal considerations to the development and application of new analytical techniques. The diversity of the contributors, however, is one of the major strengths of the book. Drawing upon the expertise of researchers and practitioners from the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Israel, and Taiwan (Republic of China), the reader is presented with an excellent overview of contemporary developments in a variety of forensic science areas.
A Review of The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, Volume 1, Number 1, June, 1990
Authors: Perr IN 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Reviewing a new journal is a difficult task as one cannot focus on the content as one would a book or monograph; rather one must look at the journal as a sample of forthcoming issues and its potential worth as an addition to the various journals that deal with forensic psychiatry throughout the world.
PCR Amplification and Typing of the HLA DQα Gene in Forensic Samples
Authors: Comey CT , Budowle B , Adams DE , Baumstark AL , Lindsey JA , Presley LA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the HLA DQα gene using DNA recovered from evidentiary samples. Amplified HLA DQα DNA was then typed using sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. Slight modifications of previously published DNA extraction methods improved typing success of bloodstains and semen-containing material. Evidentiary samples, consisting of 206 known bloodstains, 26 questioned bloodstains, and 123 questioned semen-containing evidentiary materials were analyzed from 96 cases previously analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing in the FBI Laboratory. Of the known bloodstains, 98.5% yielded DQα typing results. Of the questioned samples, 102 of 149 (24/26 bloodstains and 78/123 semen-containing materials), or 68%, produced typing results. Of the 78 cases that were RFLP inclusions, 59 yielded interpretable DQα results and these were all inclusions. The remaining 19 cases could not be interpreted for DQα. Of the 18 RFLP exclusions, eleven were DQα exclusions, four were DQα inclusions, and three could not be interpreted for DQα. It is expected that because of the difference in discrimination potential of the two methods, some RFLP exclusions would be DQα inclusions. Some samples that failed to produce typing results may have had insufficient DNA for analysis. Employment of a human DNA quantification method in DQα casework would allow the user to more consistently use sufficient quantities of DNA for amplification. It also could provide a guide for determining if an inhibitor of PCR is present, thus suggesting the use of a procedure to improve amplification. This study provides support that the HLA DQα typing procedure is valid for typing forensic samples.
Detection of Prostate Specific Antigen by ELISA
Authors: Johnson ED , Kotowski TM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A method for the detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA or P30) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed. The method was evaluated for sensitivity and specificity and compared to other methods of semen identification on numerous casework samples. A sensitivity of less than 1 ng/mL PSA is routinely achieved. Numerous domestic contaminants and body fluids were tested and none were found to give a false-positive result. However, false-negative results did occur in samples contaminated with detergents. Additionally, some poorly preserved items of evidence did not give positive results where expected. In spite of these minor limitations, this method was found to be highly sensitive and specific and an efficient method for identifying semen in forensic casework.
Military Drug Positive Rates in the European Theater Drug Rates in Europe
Authors: Little JS , Lukey BJ , Shimomura ET , Fuhrmann LS 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Urine samples were collected from Air Force and Army service members within the European Theater and analyzed for drugs of abuse employing radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Data collected from January 1985 through December 1991 indicate that the total positive rate decreased from 4.67% to 0.69%. Of the drugs tested, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was the drug abused most in the European Theater during this time period.
Efficacy of 1% Sodium Fluoride as a Preservative in Urine Samples Containing Glucose and Candida albicans
Authors: Lough PS , Fehn R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Whether urine samples used in forensic science DUI testing can be compromised by endogenous ethanol production is a recurrent and yet unresolved issue. This study first assessed unpreserved urine samples that were collected, processed, and analyzed repeatedly over 13 to 41 days using a standard gas chromatographic procedure for ethanol analysis. Despite extensive microbial growth, ethanol was not detected in any test sample. The extent of ethanol production in samples supplemented with glucose, Candida albicans, or both was determined to evaluate the potential for ethanol production in urine samples associated with pathological conditions such as urinary tract yeast infections and diabetes mellitus. Ethanol production under each of the above treatment conditions was assessed in the presence and absence of 1% sodium fluoride as a microbial suppressant.
Mean ethanol concentrations were determined for unpreserved samples containing urine only (0.003 ± 0.005 g%), urine plus yeast (0.006 ± 0.009 g%) and urine plus glucose (0.067 ± 0.070 g%). Unpreserved samples supplemented with both yeast and glucose attained mean ethanol concentrations of 0.164 ± 0.057 g% (P &lt; 0.01). Ethanol could not be detected in any corresponding duplicate samples, which were preserved with 1% sodium fluoride. A lack of ethanol production in any of the unpreserved urine samples indicates that false DUI convictions due to endogenous ethanol production are very unlikely. And while endogenous ethanol production is possible in the presence of both glucose and contaminating C. albicans, 1% sodium fluoride completely eliminated microbial fermentation.
Analysis of Phencyclidine and Cocaine in Human Hair by Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kidwell DA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A confirmation procedure for the analysis of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine, and phencyclidine (PCP) in human hair using tandem mass spectrometry has been developed. This procedure requires no solvent extraction and thus can examine the metabolites of drugs such as cocaine. Hairs from six cocaine users were examined and the amount of cocaine and its ratio to the metabolites was not correlated to the reported use pattern. Only PCP was detected in the hair from a PCP user, no metabolites were found. In passive exposure experiments, hair was found to tightly absorb PCP from aqueous solutions, which mimics the incorporation of PCP by the body. These results indicate that drugs may be absorbed onto the hair of nonusers and become tightly bound.
The Effect of Food on Alcohol Absorption and Elimination Patterns
Authors: Watkins RL , Adler EV 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The same nine subjects (six male, three female) were given near bolus doses of alcohol (0.69 g/kg) on two occasions separated by one week. They were instructed to consume the alcohol as rapidly as possible (12.1 min average). The alcohol was consumed after dilution to 15% with fruit punch mix. Both phases of the experiment were conducted in a similar manner with the exception of stomach condition. In Phase I the alcohol was consumed immediately after a large meal. In Phase II, the alcohol was consumed after an approximate 6 h fast. An Intoxilyzer 4011A was used to measure Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC), beginning immediately after the alcohol was consumed and ending approximately 4 h after the end of drinking. The BrACs were measured in grams per 210 L of breath, at approximate 8 min intervals over the course of the experiment. The alcohol absorption and elimination curves were plotted and evaluated for each subject in both experiments. The average time required to reach maximum BrAC was 41 min for both empty and full stomach conditions. The average elimination rate of ethanol was found to be significantly lower after a meal (0.017 BrAC/h compared to 0.020 BrAC/h) but the time required to reach zero BrAC was not significantly different (5.01 h full stomach, 5.05 h empty stomach).
A Computerized Neural Network Method for Pattern Recognition of Cocaine Signatures
Authors: Casale JF , Watterson JW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article describes a practical procedure for rapidly searching a large database of cocaine signatures to identify database entries that closely resemble a given reference cocaine exhibit using a personal computer (PC). The procedure takes advantage of the pattern recognition capability of the multilayer perceptron neural network to identify similar cocaine signatures. A PC-based software implementation is now being used on a daily basis at the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation (NCSBI) to aid forensic experts in identifying signatures that originate from the same batch. Intelligence reports generated from database searches have been useful to undercover agents in the field who are striving to build drug related conspiracy cases. This software was developed as a collaborative effort between the NCSBI and the Center for Systems and Engineering of the Research Triangle Institute.
Forensic Comparison of Household Aluminum Foils Using Elemental Composition by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Koons RD , Peters CA , Merrill RA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) provides the precision, sensitivity, and specificity for element concentration determinations required for good discrimination among sources of household aluminum foil. The concentrations of copper (Cu), gallium (Ga), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) were determined in aluminum foil by ICP-AES with analytical precisions (rsd) in the 1 to 2% range and nickel (Ni) and silicon (Si) with analytical precisions of about 5%. For these ten elements, the combined analytical uncertainties and variations along the length of a single roll of foil are much smaller than the variations from roll to roll, both within a single brand and across brands. The aluminum foils in this study exhibit measurable roll-to-roll compositional variation across the different brand names as well as across those rolls produced by the same manufacturer in different production runs. In some instances, rolls of foil produced in a single production run have analytically distinguishable compositions. Thus, a high degree of discrimination capability exists among sources of household aluminum foil.
Characteristic Features of Entrance Wounds from Hollow-Point Bullets
Authors: Smith OC , Symes SA , Berryman HE , LeVaughn MM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Several cases of gunshot wounds produced by hollow-point bullets showed characteristic central tags. These apparently arise from sparing of the skin surface by the hollow point cavity when the bullet strikes the skin tangentially. This unique feature may be helpful in assessing entrances of perforating wound tracks or other cases where the bullet is either not available or unknown.
Detection of Fatal Therapeutic Misadventures by an Urban Medico-Legal System
Authors: Perper JA , Kuller LH , Shim YK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Very few population-based studies have evaluated fatal therapeutic misadventures, in particular the adequacy of their detection. We therefore assessed the adequacy of the reporting and detection of fatal therapeutic misadventures in an urban setting medicolegal system. The coroner's files and the related hospital records were reviewed as to the circumstances of the incidents and the adequacy of notification by the care providers in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, for the period of January 1, 1982 through December 31, 1991. The annual average rate of fatal misadventures was 2.2 per 100 000 hospital admissions or 4.7 per million inhabitants (total 63 cases). The survival time from the occurrence of the misadventure was within 24 h in 60% of the cases. University-related hospitals had double the rate of misadventure fatalities (118.2 per 100 000 beds per year), compared to that in community-based hospitals (53.9 per 100 000 bed per year). In more than half of the cases, the hospitals reported the incidents within an hour from the pronouncement of death, 28.6% within 5 h, and 19% after more than 5 h. In 10 cases (15.9%), the notification by the hospitals was clearly deficient in determining the manner of death. In a few cases, the incident was initially reported by the relatives, by the hospital pathologists, or by the media.
A high likelihood of under-reporting of fatal misadventures to the medico-legal system is substantiated by comparing with the results reported by others. The possible measures to increase the monitoring and reporting, and to reduce the related mortality are further discussed.
Atypical Gunshot Exit Defects to the Cranial Vault
Authors: Smith OC , Berryman HE , Symes SA , Francisco JT , Hnilica V 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Cranial exit wounds typically display external beveling, however, variation has been noted in the literature due to keyhole phenomena and pre-existent fractures. Two cases of atypical exit morphology are presented with features mimicking blunt trauma. In both instances radial fractures created by the exiting impact allowed passage without producing exit beveling. A working knowledge of the biomechanics of bone fracture, radiographs and low power microscopy are essential elements for the proper interpretation of such exit wound fractures.
Asphyxial Deaths Due to Hanging in Children
Authors: Clark MA , Feczko JD , Hawley DA , Pless JE , Tate LR , Fardal PM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A review of the records for five years from the Coroner's Offices of Marion County, Indiana and Franklin County, Ohio, which have a combined population of 2.4 million, yielded 12 cases of hanging deaths in children 13 years of age or younger. The age range was 2½ to 13 years and only two of the 12 victims were female. There were three unequivocal suicides, five accidental deaths and four cases where, despite extensive investigation, the manner of death remained undetermined. The scene and autopsy findings are presented and the cases discussed with regard to determination of manner of death. Additionally, the significance and pathophysiology of petechiae are discussed.
Deaths Caused by Lightning
Authors: Lifschultz BD , Donoghue ER 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Though a rare cause of death, lightning is reported to be responsible for more fatalities each year in this country than any other type of natural disaster. Lightning injuries differ significantly from other high voltage electrical injuries because of the high current flow, but extremely short duration, of the lightning stroke. We present a series of cases over the period of 1985 to 1991 in Cook County, Illinois in which lightning was the direct cause of death. Our discussion reviews the nature of lightning, the effects it may have on humans, and the ways in which deaths due to lightning might be prevented.
Autoerotic Fatalities with Power Hydraulics
Authors: O'Halloran RL , Dietz PE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
We report two cases in which men used the hydraulic shovels on tractors to suspend themselves for masochistic sexual stimulation. One man developed a romantic attachment to a tractor, even giving it a name and writing poetry in its honor. He died accidentally while intentionally asphyxiating himself through suspension by the neck, leaving clues that he enjoyed perceptual distortions during asphyxiation. The other man engaged in sexual bondage and transvestic fetishism, but did not purposely asphyxiate himself. He died when accidentally pinned to the ground under a shovel after intentionally suspending himself by the ankles. We compare these cases with other autoerotic fatalities involving perceptual distortion, cross-dressing, machinery, and postural asphyxiation by chest compression.
The National Crime Information Center (NCIC) Missing and Unidentified Persons System Revisited
Authors: Haglund WD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This report analyzes the dynamics that influence the reporting and handling of missing and unidentified persons and reviews the current capability of the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) Computer to provide accurate matches. Since its inception investigators have become aware of many problems with the missing and unidentified person component of NCIC. Major problems stem from lack of compliance by investigating agencies regarding information entered into the NCIC database and failures of the system itself. The major compliance issue is the low number of dental records that accompany missing entries (1.91% nationwide). Multiple remedies for these problems are offered. Law enforcement needs to establish sound operating procedures for handling missing persons, educate its users, and improve the quality of data entered into the system. Medical examiners and coroners would benefit from better terminal access to missing and unidentified person data. Both law enforcement and death investigation agencies should periodically validate their entries into the system. The NCIC system would be further improved if entry forms were refined to eliminate subjective choices. A system for evaluating the utility of the NCIC system should be implemented. Above all, changes are needed to increase the ability the NCIC system to achieve matches between unidentified and missing persons.
The A.B.F.O. Study of Third Molar Development and Its Use as an Estimator of Chronological Age
Authors: Mincer HH , Harris EF , Berryman HE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Radiographs depicting third molars (M3s) have been used to estimate chronological age in juvenile and adult suspects, but accuracy of the method has been in question. This study provides age benchmarks for American whites (age range: 14 to 24 years) based on cases (n = 823) drawn from diplomates of the American Board of Forensic Odontologists in the United States and Canada. Maxillary M3 formation was slightly advanced over mandibular M3s, and root formation occurred earlier in males than females. Mean and median ages for M3 formation are tabled using Demirjian's eight-grade classification. Regression formulas and empirical probabilities are provided relative to the medicolegal question of whether an individual is at least 18 years of age. The M3 is the most variable tooth in the dentition, but situations arise where M3 formation is the only usable datum for age estimation.
Magnetic Flake Powders for Fingerprint Development
Authors: James JD , Pounds CA , Wilshire B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Different types of fine magnetic flake powders, which could be applied to latent fingerprints using a standard magnetic applicator, were produced with the aim of identifying product ranges suitable for bright fingerprint development on dark surfaces. Impressive bright print qualities were achieved with the smooth-surfaced flake manufactured by milling of spherical carbonyl iron and austenitic stainless steel powders. Compared with the results obtained for commercial aluminum fingerprint powders, these new magnetic flake products proved almost equivalent for print development on smooth surfaces and superior for print detection on rough surfaces.
Forgery II—Tracing
Authors: Leung SC , Fung HT , Cheng YS , Poon NL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A total of 189 volunteers were asked to trace 21 handwriting symbols consisting of single strokes, geometric figures, printed English alphabets, and simple Chinese characters. Each of these handwriting symbols contained target features and the ability of the participants to incorporate them in the tracing was assessed. It was found that the ‘threshold superimposability’ for tracing was about 50%, above which the probability of a questioned sample being produced by tracing was high. The subjects also signed and conducted tracing of signatures on a writing pressure meter that detected and recorded pen pressure. The writing pressure variation patterns of natural and traced signatures demonstrated that those signatures produced by tracing were highlighted by the presence of slow, measured strokes accompanied with hesitation, pen pause and the absence of vigor and spontaneity. To conclude, in traced forgeries, the general shape and pictorial effect of the model were closely followed but details were neglected.
Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Section Prize Winning Papers
Authors: Schultz-Ross RA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Work as a psychiatrist in a correctional setting involves a difficult interface of the theories of psychiatry, the law, and corrections. The coexistence of models of punishment, rehabilitation and mental health treatment in this work create ethical and practical challenges for the psychiatrist. The lack of a singular or clear theoretical framework may contribute to a potential for countertransference issues to play a determinant role in psychiatric decisions. These difficulties are based on the intersection of the theoretical issues involved.
A Comparison of Sexual Victimization in the Childhoods of Pedophiles and Hebephiles
Authors: Greenberg DM , Bradford JMW , Curry S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The association between perpetration of sexual abuse and the offender's own victimization as a child has been well documented in the literature. Various researchers have examined this relationship by assessing the exclusiveness of the sexual abuser's behavior, the gender of his victims and the gender of his own childhood abuser. This study was designed to assess the differences between pedophiles and hebephiles in features of their own childhood victimization. Subjects were 135 pedophiles and 43 hebephiles who admitted to their offences. A total of 42% of pedophiles and 44% of hebephiles reported being sexually victimized in their own childhoods. Pedophiles reported being molested at a younger age than hebephiles. Both groups appear to chose their age specific victims in accordance with the age of their own experience of sexual victimization. Although the cause of child molestation remains undetermined these results support social learning and modeling theories.
A Technique for Comparing Soil Colors in the Forensic Laboratory
Authors: Antoci PR , Petraco N 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The implementation of a simple aid that facilitates the designation and comparison of color in forensic soil cases is presented. The aid, a mount for forensic soil samples, when used in conjunction with the Munsell® Soil Color Charts allows the color of forensic soil samples to be accurately described and compared.