bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy Options for the World's Primary Forests in Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Authors: Mackey Brendan , DellaSala Dominick A. , Kormos Cyril , Lindenmayer David , Kumpel Noelle , Zimmerman Barbara , Hugh Sonia , Young Virginia , Foley Sean , Arsenis Kriton , Watson James E.M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe identify policies that would provide a solid foundation in key international negotiations to ensure that primary forests persist into the 21st Century. A novel compilation of primary forest cover and other data revealed that protection of primary forests is a matter of global concern being equally distributed between developed and developing countries. Almost all (98%) of primary forest is found within 25 countries with around half in five developed ones (USA, Canada, Russia, Australia, and NZ). Only ∼22% of primary forest is found in IUCN Protected Areas Categories I–VI, which is approximately 5% of preagriculture natural forest cover. Rates of deforestation and forest degradation are rapid and extensive, and the long‐term integrity of primary forest cannot be assumed. We recommend four new actions that could be included in climate change, biodiversity, and sustainable development negotiations: (1) recognize primary forests as a matter of global concern within international negotiations; (2) incorporate primary forests into environmental accounting; (3) prioritize the principle of avoided loss; and (4) universally accept the important role of indigenous and community conserved areas. In the absence of specific policies for primary forest protection, their unique biodiversity values and ecosystem services will continue to erode.
Occupational palmoplantar psoriasis: a clinical case series with consideration of the S1 guidelines on expert medical assessments of occupational psoriasis
Authors: Angelovska Irena , Mahler Vera 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBackgroundConstitutional diseases represent a challenge in the expert assessment of occupational diseases. It is necessary to distinguish professional causes from the spontaneous course of the disease. Recently, a guideline for the assessment of work‐related psoriasis has been consented in Germany. We present a case series in which it was applied.Patients and Methods129 expert assessments from the Department of dermatology University hospital Erlangen and court cases in established juridical databases were researched for cases with psoriasis and the applicability of the guideline.ResultsThe guideline was applicable in the n = 6 (3.6 %) identified medical expert opinions. They were fully recognized by the workers compensation boards. The search for law sentences on work‐related psoriasis in German court cases yielded a total of four sentences, in one of which the psoriasis was recognized as an occupational disease (BK 5101).ConclusionsIn comparison with hand eczema psoriasis of the hands is rare. As has been demonstrated in our case series psoriasis as a constitutional disease may be recognized as an occupational disease (BK 5101) according to the legal system in Germany, if the influence of occupational exposure can be made sufficiently probable and other legal conditions of an occupational disease are met.
Characterizing the information content of a newly hatched chick's first visual object representation
Authors: Wood Justin N. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHow does object recognition emerge in the newborn brain? To address this question, I examined the information content of the first visual object representation built by newly hatched chicks (Gallus gallus). In their first week of life, chicks were raised in controlled‐rearing chambers that contained a single virtual object rotating around a single axis. In their second week of life, I tested whether subjects had encoded information about the identity and viewpoint of the virtual object. The results showed that chicks built object representations that contained both object identity information and view‐specific information. However, there was a trade‐off between these two types of information: subjects who were more sensitive to identity information were less sensitive to view‐specific information, and vice versa. This pattern of results is predicted by iterative, hierarchically organized visual processing machinery, the machinery that supports object recognition in adult primates. More generally, this study shows that invariant object recognition is a core cognitive ability that can be operational at the onset of visual object experience.
Sentence repetition is a measure of children's language skills rather than working memory limitations
Authors: Klem Marianne , Melby‐Lervåg Monica , Hagtvet Bente , Lyster Solveig‐Alma Halaas , Gustafsson Jan‐Eric , Hulme Charles 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSentence repetition tasks are widely used in the diagnosis and assessment of children with language difficulties. This paper seeks to clarify the nature of sentence repetition tasks and their relationship to other language skills. We present the results from a 2‐year longitudinal study of 216 children. Children were assessed on measures of sentence repetition, vocabulary knowledge and grammatical skills three times at approximately yearly intervals starting at age 4. Sentence repetition was not a unique longitudinal predictor of the growth of language skills. A unidimensional language latent factor (defined by sentence repetition, vocabulary knowledge and grammatical skills) provided an excellent fit to the data, and language abilities showed a high degree of longitudinal stability. Sentence repetition is best seen as a reflection of an underlying language ability factor rather than as a measure of a separate construct with a specific role in language processing. Sentence repetition appears to be a valuable tool for language assessment because it draws upon a wide range of language processing skills.
New species of Neoapenesia (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) from Japan, with special remarks on female morphology and bionomics
Authors: Sawada Hikaru , Terayama Mamoru , Mita Toshiharu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA bethylid wasp is described as Neoapenesia makiharai n. sp. based on adults obtained from dead wood collected from the Ryukyus, Japan. The male is distinguishable from N. leytensis Terayama, the monotypic species of the genus, on the basis of the following characteristics: presence of short 2Rs vein, rounded propodeum, absence of sculpture on propodeum, widened subgenital plate, and apically rounded aedeagus. The female of Neoapenesia is described for the first time. Its morphological characteristics closely resemble those of Apenesia, but sex association was confirmed by the following facts: partial mitochondrial COI gene sequences (582 bp) of males and females were identical, and mating behavior was often observed. The female is easily distinguishable from females of Apenesia on the basis of the following characteristics: distinctly short antenna (not reaching posterior margin of head) and a disproportionately large head (head width about twice the dorsal pronotal width). Although females were active at night, males were active in the daytime and copulation was observed during this period. Since the female is larger than the male, phoretic copulation may not occur. Dead wood was collected and kept in plastic bags, from which a total of 16 species of coleopteran wood‐borers and two predators were obtained together with N. makiharai n. sp. Many individuals of N. makiharai n. sp. were reared from dead wood severely affected by Cerecium longicorne and it was the most common species obtained from our wood samples. Therefore, the cerambycid species is considered a potential host species.
A taxonomic review of Rhabdocosma Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Ypsolophidae) with description of a new species from Japan
Authors: Sohn Jae‐Cheon , Gershenson Zlata S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Ypsolophid genus Rhabdocosma Meyrick is reviewed. It comprises two known species: R. aglaophanes Meyrick and R. dolini Gershenson, and one new species from Japan, R. nematopogonites Sohn, sp. nov. Photos of imagoes and male genitalia are provided for all three species of Rhadocosma. A close relationship between R. dolini and the new species, and its significance in the biogeography and world species diversity of Rhabdocosma, are discussed.
Dispersal in Kin Coalition Throughout the Non‐Breeding Season to Facilitate Fine‐Scale Genetic Structure in the Breeding Season: Evidence From a Small Passerine
Authors: Wang Chen , Lu Xin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEvidence shows that social cooperation among kin may evolve even in birds with extensive dispersal. In such cases, maintaining kinship during dispersal is essential to the subsequent expression of kin cooperation. This hypothesis has not been examined for most bird species. We addressed it in the ground tit (Parus humilis), a passerine where kin frequently interact in terms of cooperative polygamy and extra‐pair mating despite fast annual turnover of the breeding population. Pedigree and genotype data showed that while groups varied in composition throughout the non‐breeding season due to continual individual emigration and immigration, they always contained kin coalitions consisting of either local or immigrant individuals of different age and sexes. The first‐order kin coalitions, according to the information from local individuals, stemmed from single‐family lineages (siblings and their parents), and the lower‐order ones from neighbouring, related family lineages that merged after fledging. It was probable that immigrants had formed kin coalitions in similar ways before dispersing. Groups broke up in the breeding season. Pairing between unrelated individuals from different coalitions within a group was more likely, whereas related individuals from the same coalition tended to nest near each other. The resulting fine‐scale population genetic structure is expected to facilitate breeding interactions among kin. Our findings give clues to understanding the evolution of social cooperation in relation to dispersal.
The effects of sample handling andN‐phenylmaleimide on concentration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone in equine plasma
Authors: Rendle D. I. , Litchfield E. , Gough S. , Cowling A. , Hughes K. J. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyPrevious reports suggest that adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) degrades rapidly, limiting its use as a diagnostic test.ObjectivesThis study quantified effects of processing delays onACTHconcentrations and investigated the addition ofN‐phenylmaleimide (maleimide), a protease inhibitor, as a means of reducingACTHdegradation.Study designExperimental study.MethodsVenous blood was collected from 8 healthy horses and 8 horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) with a range ofACTHconcentrations. BaselineACTHconcentrations were established immediately using a chemiluminescent assay. Plasma samples were then: 1) centrifuged immediately, 2) centrifuged immediately with the addition of maleimide, or 3) allowed to separate by gravity followed by the addition of maleimide, before all samples were stored at 22°C and analysed at 4, 8, 24 and 48 h post collection. A linear mixed effects model and Bland‐Altman analyses were performed. Significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsNo significant effect of plasma treatment (P = 0.1) on change inACTHconcentration was identified. However, significant effects of horse health status (P<0.001) and time (P<0.001) on change inACTHconcentration were identified. No significant interactions were found. Significant decreases inACTHconcentration occurred in horses withPPIDbetween 4 and 8 h after blood collection. In non‐PPIDhorses, the decrease inACTHconcentration over time was not significant. Agreement with baseline values decreased over time and was greater for non‐PPIDhorses than forPPIDhorses.ConclusionsClinically useful results are still obtained ifACTHconcentration is measured up to 48 h after sample collection. Allowing samples to separate by gravity rather than centrifugation did not have a significant effect onACTHconcentration, and the addition of maleimide was of no benefit.
An experimental analysis of species sorting and mass effects in freshwater bacterioplankton
Authors: Souffreau Caroline , Pecceu Bert , Denis Carla , Rummens Koen , De Meester Luc 
Published: July 2014

Summary

While metacommunities of bacterioplankton are generally considered to be structured primarily by local environmental conditions (through species sorting), additional ecological processes such as dispersal limitation, neutral dynamics or mass effects can influence community structure. Under the mass effects paradigm, continuous or large influxes of organisms, not self‐maintaining in the target environment, affect community structure.

We used communities of freshwater bacterioplankton to quantify the outcome of mass effects and species sorting in a laboratory experiment in which we exchanged cells between two communities from contrasting ponds (eutrophic and mesotrophic) at a rate of 0.025, 0.25, 2.5 and 12.5% of the cells present per day.

When cells were exchanged only once on day 1 of the experiment, the reciprocally exchanged communities in all dispersal treatments remained as divergent, after 20 days, as the unexchanged control communities, reflecting strong species sorting and no strong influences of dispersal limitation and neutral dynamics on the observed bacterioplankton.

Under daily cell exchange, however, community similarity between the reciprocally exchanged communities increased significantly with increasing dispersal rate, indicating an increasing influence of mass effects relative to species sorting. The responses differed at the level of community composition and ecosystem processes, and depended on pond identity. At the community level, a daily exchange of 2.5% was necessary to increase community similarity compared with the unexchanged controls, while at the ecosystem process level (Biolog GN2 metabolic profiles), a daily exchange rate of 0.25% was sufficient.

Mass effects can evidently overcome species sorting in freshwater bacterioplankton, but only under relatively high dispersal rates that are unlikely to occur in nature among habitats without a direct hydrological connection. Mass effects in the freshwater bacterioplankton acted differently at the community composition and ecosystem process level.
Airborne contact dermatitis: common causes in the USA
Authors: Schloemer Julie A. , Zirwas Matthew J. , Burkhart Craig G. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAirborne contact dermatitis (ABCD) is an inflammatory reaction involving the skin upon exposure to allergenic agents or irritants suspended in air. In allergic ABCD, the hypersensitivity is classified as a type IV reaction. Substances responsible for such reactions can be of plant or non‐plant origin. Commonly reported plants include those of the Compositae family, which includes ragweed, goldenrod, and sunflowers. Establishing an accurate diagnosis is critical for preventing exposure and improving symptoms in patients. Obtaining a detailed history and performing a physical examination to determine the sites of involvement, as well as patch testing to establish the causative allergen, are the main methods of arriving at the correct diagnosis. Treatment often involves avoidance of the allergens or irritants when possible and may also include the application of topical barrier creams or systemic therapy in more severe cases. This article reviews the topic of ABCD and highlights its most common etiologies in the USA.
Antioxidative enzyme activity and internal browning of 1‐methylcyclopropene‐treated European pear fruits (cv. ‘Shahmiveh’ and ‘Sebri’)
Authors: Yazdani Navid , Arzani Kazem , Mostofi Younes , Shekarchi Maryam 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe effects of 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) on antioxidative enzyme and internal browning (IB) incidence of two European pear cultivars ‘Shahmiveh’ and ‘Sebri’ stored at 0.5 °C were investigated. Ethylene production of ‘Sebri’ was delayed by 1‐MCP but suppressed in ‘Shahmiveh’. IB increased in both cultivars, with a higher level of the incidence in ‘Shahmiveh’, and was reduced by 1‐MCP. Activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase, but not superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased in untreated fruit during the first 40 days. 1‐MCP had little effect on SOD activity or on total phenolics. Polyphenoloxidase activity did not increase over time in 1‐MCP‐treated fruit of the IB sensitive ‘Shahmiveh’, and the effect was inconsistent for ‘Sebri’. Ascorbic acid (AA) levels in 1‐MCP‐treated fruit of both cultivars declined at a lower rate compared with untreated fruit during storage, but the reduction in AA levels was faster in ‘Shahmiveh’ compared with ‘Sebri’. Also, the effects of 1‐MCP on antioxidative systems may be related to IB development.
Moisture migration by magnetic resonance imaging during eggplant drying: a preliminary study
Authors: Adiletta Giuseppina , Iannone Gerardo , Russo Paola , Patimo Giovanni , De Pasquale Salvatore , Di Matteo Marisa 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe paper investigated the effect of hot‐air drying (50, 60 °C) on the physical properties of cylindrical eggplant samples. Drying kinetics, water profiles along longitudinal and transversal sample sections through nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and volumetric shrinkage were determined. During the drying process at 50 °C, the volume of removed water was found lower than the reduction in sample volume, while at 60 °C it was higher. MRI showed that the water migration mainly occurs transversally than longitudinally. The curves of mass water loss obtained by both the standard weighting method and MRI showed conformity. Experimental data of moisture ratio and of shrinkage volume were fitted using empirical models available in the literature. This preliminary study showed that the nondestructive MRI technique offers the possibility to study water distribution in food during drying processes. The quantitative moisture distribution maps allow future development and verification of models for prediction of mass transport phenomena in foods during drying.
Influence of the malaxation time and olive ripening stage on oil quality and phenolic compounds of virgin olive oils
Authors: Jiménez Brigida , Sánchez‐Ortiz Araceli , Rivas Ana 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the malaxation time (Mt) and ripening stage on oil quality and phenolic compounds of Hojiblanca and Picual virgin olive oils. In both varieties of oil, phenolic content and oxidative stability decreased as ripening progressed. The total level of tocopherols diminished by up to 40% as fruit ripened. The compositions of palmitic, stearic, lignoceric, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were significantly influenced by the ripening process. The present work shows that an increased Mt promoted the increase of free acidity (up to 13.3%) and tocopherols (up to 11.6%) and negatively affected the oxidative stability and the concentration of phenols. Further research is required to determine ripening stages and malaxation conditions for all olive oil varieties to achieve a satisfactory balance between the improvement of both oil yield and oil quality and composition.
Are penile prostheses a viable option to recommend for gay men?
Authors: Gebert Sam 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTWhen talking to a gay men's prostate cancer support group on erectile dysfunction a question was asked of the author if he had evidence that a penile prosthesis would be rigid enough for anal sex. As a heterosexual male with no knowledge of a homosexual man with a prosthesis, the author could not answer the question. The local representative could not give the author a definitive answer either and there was no specific literature on this subject. However, testing of the rigidity of penile prosthesis demonstrated buckling forces of 800 g. On the basis of reported values that anal penetration requires 33% more rigidity than vaginal sex, the minimum rigidity required for vaginal sex is 500 g. Based on this figure a minimum rigidity of 634 mg is required for anal sex. A rigidity of 800 mg should therefore facilitate anal sex. This article considers current literature on the difference between heterosexual and homosexual prosthesis needs to aid health practitioners in decision‐making.
Is the Tonic Decerebrate Inhibition of Reflex Paths Mediated by Monoaminergic Pathways?
Authors: Engberg I. , Lundberg A. , Ryall R. W. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn unanesthetized decerebrate cats the effect of monoamine blockers has been investigated on the decerebrate tonic inhibitory control of transmission from the FRA (flexor reflex afferents) to motoneurones. No certain effect is obtained after injection of phenoxybenzamine but S‐hydroxytryptamine antagonists (BOL or Deseril) give a partial release from the tonic descending control of transmission from the FRA. The monoamine oxidase inhibitor, nialamide, increased the effectiveness of the tonic control. The tonic decerebrate control may in part remain after complete destruction of the raphae nuclei. It is tentatively suggested that a 5‐hydroxytryptaminergic pathway descending from the raphae nuclei may contribute to, but probablv is not solely responsible for, the tonic decerebrate control of transmission from the FRA.
Transmembrane Electrical Potential Differences and Ionic Composition of Mucosal Cells of Rat Colon
Authors: Edmonds C. J. , Nielsen O. E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUsing glass microelectrodes, stable electrical potential differences (p.d.) have been measured across the cell membranes of mucosal cells of rat colon in vivo and in vitro in tissue mounted in a chamber. The intracellular content of Na, K, Cl and water has been determined under similar conditions.The serosal transmembrane p.d. was slightly greater than the luminal transmembrane p.d., in both cases the inside of the cell being negative with respect to the exterior. The cell Na content was low and cell K high when compared with extracellular fluid but the transmembrane p.d. measurements were considerably less than expected if they were simply K diffusion potentials.The present results have been considered in the relationship to the known ionic fluxes and it is suggested that a) Na and K ‘pumps’ are present on the serosal side of the mucosal cells and b) that, since the transmembrane fluxes of Na and Cl are inconsistent with the observed transmembrane potentials and the mucosal ionic composition, the bulk of these ions cross the mucosa either through special cells or by pathways between the cells.