bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatic CD206-positive macrophages express amphiregulin to promote the immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T cells in HBV infection
Authors: Dai Kai , Huang Ling , Sun Xiaomei , Yang Lihua , Gong Zuojiong 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Hepatitis B virus is a major cause of chronic liver inflammation worldwide. Innate and adaptive immune responses work together to restrain or eliminate hepatitis B virus in the liver. Compromised or failed adaptive immune response results in persistent virus replication and spread. How to promote antiviral immunity is a research focus for hepatitis B virus prevention and therapy. In this study, we investigated the role of macrophages in the regulation of antiviral immunity. We found that F4/80+CD206+CD80lo/+ macrophages were a particular hepatic macrophage subset that expressed amphiregulin in our mouse hepatitis B virus infection model. CD206+ macrophage-derived amphiregulin promoted the immunosuppressive activity of intrahepatic regulatory T cells, demonstrated by higher expression of CTLA-4, ICOS, and CD39, as well as stronger inhibition of antiviral function of CD8+ T cells. Amphiregulin-neutralizing antibody diminished the effect of CD206+ macrophages on regulatory T cells. In addition, we found that CD206+ macrophage-derived amphiregulin activated mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in regulatory T cells, and this mammalian target of rapamycin activation was essential for promotion of regulatory T cell activity by CD206+ macrophages. Adoptive transfer of CD206+ macrophages into hepatitis B virus-infected mice increased cytoplasmic hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocytes and also increased serum hepatitis B surface antigen. The antiviral activity of CD8+ T cells was decreased after macrophage transfer. Therefore, our research indicated that amphiregulin produced by CD206+ macrophages plays an important role in modulating regulatory T cell function and subsequently restrains the antiviral activity of CD8+ T cells. Our study offers new insights into the immunomodulation in hepatitis B virus infection.
Recent findings on the role of natural killer cells in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Spada Roberto , Rojas José M , Barber Domingo F 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic, multifactorial autoimmune disease of complex etiology, characterized by loss of tolerance to nuclear autoantigens, expansion of autoreactive T and B cell clones, polyclonal B cell activation that gives rise to hypergammaglobulinemia, and increased autoantibody production, as well as immune complex deposition and multiorgan tissue inflammation. As disease progresses, immune cells, mainly T cells and macrophages, infiltrate affected organs and amplify the local inflammatory response. Natural killer cells are large, granular lymphocytes that are an important link between the innate and adaptive immune systems; variations in their activity correlate with several autoimmune diseases. To date, the literature has disregarded natural killer cells as relevant modulators in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis, as these cells are few in number and show a dysfunctional phenotype in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. This review focuses on research that could help define the role of natural killer cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and their function in regulating this autoimmune disorder in nonlymphoid organs.
A Practical Solution for Dyspareunia in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Goetsch Martha F. , Lim Jeong Y. , Caughey Aaron B. 
Published: July 2015

Purpose Dyspareunia is common in breast cancer survivors because of low estrogen. This study explored whether dyspareunia is introital pain, preventable with analgesic liquid. Patients and Methods In a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial, estrogen-deficient breast cancer survivors with severe penetrative dyspareunia applied either saline or 4% aqueous lidocaine to the vulvar vestibule for 3 minutes before vaginal penetration. After a 1-month blinded trial of patient-assessed twice-per-week tampon insertion or intercourse, all patients received lidocaine for 2 months in an open-label trial. The primary outcome was patient-related assessment of penetration pain on a scale of zero to 10. Secondary outcomes were sexual distress (Female Sexual Distress Scale), sexual function (Sexual Function Questionnaire), and resumption of intercourse. Comparisons were made with the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed rank test with significance set at P < .05. Results In all, 46 patients, screened to exclude those with pelvic muscle and organ pain, uniformly had clinical evidence of severe vulvovaginal atrophy, dyspareunia (median pain score, 8 of 10; interquartile range [IQR], 7 to 9), increased sexual distress scores (median, 30.5; IQR, 23 to 37; abnormal, > 11), and abnormal sexual function. Users of lidocaine reported less pain during intercourse in the blinded phase (median score of 1.0 compared with saline score of 5.3; P = .007). After open-label lidocaine use, 37 (90%) of 41 reported comfortable penetration. Sexual distress decreased (median score, 14; IQR, 3 to 20; P < .001), and sexual function improved in all but one domain. Of 20 prior abstainers from intercourse who completed the study, 17 (85%) had resumed comfortable penetrative intimacy. No partners reported penile numbness. Conclusion Breast cancer survivors with menopausal dyspareunia can have comfortable intercourse after applying liquid lidocaine compresses to the vulvar vestibule before penetration.
Cross Talk Between GH-Regulated Transcription Factors HNF6 and CUX2 in Adult Mouse Liver
Authors: Conforto Tara L. , Steinhardt George F. , Waxman David J. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Hepatocyte-enriched nuclear factor (HNF)6 and CUX2 are GH and STAT5-regulated homeobox transcription factors. CUX2 shows female-specific expression and contributes to liver sex differences by repressing many male-biased genes and inducing many female-biased genes, whereas HNF6 is expressed at similar levels in male and female liver. In cell-based transfection studies, CUX2 inhibited HNF6 transcriptional regulation of the sex-specific gene promoters CYP2C11 and CYP2C12, blocking HNF6 repression of CYP2C11 and HNF6 activation of CYP2C12. These inhibitory actions of CUX2 can be explained by competition for HNF6 DNA binding, as demonstrated by in vitro EMSA analysis and validated in vivo by global analysis of the HNF6 cistrome. Approximately 40 000 HNF6-binding sites were identified in mouse liver chromatin, including several thousand sites showing significant sex differences in HNF6 binding. These sex-biased HNF6-binding sites showed strong enrichment for correspondingly sex-biased DNase hypersensitive sites and for proximity to genes showing local sex-biased chromatin marks and a corresponding sex-biased expression. Further, approximately 90% of the genome-wide binding sites for CUX2 were also bound by HNF6. These HNF6/CUX2 common binding sites were enriched for genomic regions more accessible in male than in female mouse liver chromatin and showed strongest enrichment for male-biased genes, suggesting CUX2 displacement of HNF6 as a mechanism to explain the observed CUX2 repression of male-biased genes in female liver. HNF6 binding was sex independent at a majority of its binding sites, and HNF6 peaks were frequently associated with cobinding by multiple other liver transcription factors, consistent with HNF6 playing a global regulatory role in both male and female liver.
Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Associations between subtype and lifetime substance use – a clinical study.
Authors: Liebrenz Michael , Gamma Alex , Ivanov Iliyan , Buadze Anna , Eich Dominique 
Published: July 2015

ADHD is the one of the most prevalent childhood disorders and has been associated with impairments persisting into adulthood. Specifically, childhood ADHD is an independent clinical risk factor for the development of later substance use disorders (SUD). Moreover, adults who meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD have shown high rates of comorbid SUDs. Few studies, however, have reported on the relationship between ADHD subtypes and SUD in adult samples. The purpose of this study was to characterize a clinical sample of adults with ADHD and to identify possible associations between ADHD subtypes, lifetime substance use, and if ADHD subtypes may be preferentially associated with specific substances of abuse. We recruited 413 adult ADHD patients, performed an evaluation of their ADHD and conducted an interview on their use of psychotropic substances. Complete data was obtained for 349 patients. Lifetime substance abuse or dependence was 26% and occasional use was 57% in this sample. The inattentive subtype was significantly less likely to abuse or be dependent on cocaine than the combined subtype. Our findings underscore the high rate of comorbidity between substance use and ADHD in adults. The more frequent abuse/dependence of cocaine by adult patients with hyperactive-impulsive symptoms should be kept in mind when treating this patient group.
What’s in a Name? Exploring the Nomenclature of Science Communication in the UK
Authors: Illingworth Sam , Redfern James , Millington Steve , Gray Sam 
Published: July 2015

This study, via a consideration of the literature, and a survey of science communicators, presents concise and workable definitions for science outreach, public engagement, widening participation, and knowledge exchange, in a UK context. Sixty-six per cent of participants agreed that their definitions of outreach, public engagement, and widening participation aligned with those of their colleagues, whilst 64% felt that their personal definitions matched those of their institute. However, closer inspection of the open-ended questions found the respondents often differed in the use of the nomenclature. In particular, the respondents found it difficult to define knowledge exchange in this context.
Estimation of Values below the Limit of Detection of a Contemporary Sensitive Troponin I Assay Improves Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Boeckel Jes-Niels , Palapies Lars , Zeller Tanja , Reis Sophia M , von Jeinsen Beatrice , Tzikas Stergios , Bickel Christoph , Baldus Stephan , Blankenberg Stefan , Münzel Thomas , Zeiher Andreas M , Lackner Karl J , Keller Till 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The limit of detection (LoD) is the minimal amount of a substance that can be consistently detected. In the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) many patients present with troponin concentrations below the LoD of contemporary sensitive cardiac troponin I (cs-cTnI) assays. These censored values below the LoD influence the diagnostic performance of these assays compared to highly sensitive cTnI (hs-cTnI) assays. Therefore we assessed the impact of a new approach for interpolation of the left-censored data of a cs-cTnI assay in the evaluation of patients with suspected AMI.

METHODS
Our posthoc analysis used a real world cohort of 1818 patients with suspected MI. Data on cs-cTnI was available in 1786 patients. As a comparator the hs-cTnI version of the assay was used. To reconstruct quantities below the LoD of the cs-cTnI assay, a gamma regression approach incorporating the GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) score variables was used.

RESULTS
Censoring of cs-cTnI data below the LoD yielded weaker diagnostic information [area under the curve (AUC), 0.781; 95% CI, 0.731–0.831] regarding AMI compared to the hs-cTnI assay (AUC, 0.949; CI, 0.936–0.961). Use of our model to estimate cs-cTnI values below the LoD showed an AUC improvement to 0.921 (CI, 0.902–0.940). The cs-cTnI LoD concentration had a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.950. An estimated concentration that was to be undercut by 25% of patients presenting with suspected AMI was associated with an improvement of the NPV to 0.979.

CONCLUSIONS
Estimation of values below the LoD of a cs-cTnI assay with this new approach improves the diagnostic performance in evaluation of patients with suspected AMI.
Longitudinal Changes in Multiple Biomarkers Are Associated with Cardiotoxicity in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Doxorubicin, Taxanes, and Trastuzumab
Authors: Putt Mary , Hahn Virginia Shalkey , Januzzi James L , Sawaya Heloisa , Sebag Igal A , Plana Juan Carlos , Picard Michael H , Carver Joseph R , Halpern Elkan F , Kuter Irene , Passeri Jonathan , Cohen Victor , Banchs Jose , Martin Randolph P , Gerszten Robert E , Scherrer-Crosbie Marielle , Ky Bonnie 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Biomarkers may play an important role in identifying patients at risk for cancer therapy cardiotoxicity. Our objectives were to define the patterns of change in biomarkers with cancer therapy and their associations with cardiotoxicity.

METHODS
In a multicenter cohort of 78 breast cancer patients undergoing doxorubicin and trastuzumab therapy, 8 biomarkers were evaluated at baseline and every 3 months over a maximum follow-up of 15 months. These biomarkers, hypothesized to be mechanistically relevant to cardiotoxicity, included high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), myeloperoxidase (MPO), placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1 (sFlt-1), and galectin 3 (gal-3). We determined if biomarker increases were associated with cardiotoxicity at the same visit and the subsequent visit over the entire course of therapy. Cardiotoxicity was defined by the Cardiac Review and Evaluation Criteria; alternative definitions were also considered.

RESULTS
Across the entire cohort, all biomarkers except NT-proBNP and gal-3 demonstrated increases by 3 months; these increases persisted for GDF-15, PlGF, and hs-cTnI at 15 months. Increases in MPO, PlGF, and GDF-15 were associated with cardiotoxicity at the same visit [MPO hazard ratio 1.38 (95% CI 1.10–1.71), P = 0.02; PlGF 3.78 (1.30–11.0), P = 0.047; GDF-15 1.71 (1.15–2.55), P = 0.01] and the subsequent visit. MPO was robust to alternative outcome definitions.

CONCLUSIONS
Increases in MPO are associated with cardiotoxicity over the entire course of doxorubicin and trastuzumab therapy. Assessment with PlGF and GDF-15 may also be of value. These findings motivate validation studies in additional cohorts.
The witches of Tokyo: An investigation into the bimajyo trend
Authors: Ota Satoshi 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Recently, ‘bimajyo’ (美魔女) came into focus in Japan. Bimajyo are women 35 and above who look much younger than their actual ages. They put on nice make-up, their hair is nicely arranged, and they are very fashionable. On top of that they maintain their skin very well, hardly have wrinkles and age spots, and keep their body fit. The term was coined by the Japanese magazine Bi-STORY (美 STORY) in 2009, and became more widely recognized because of a TV variety show that introduced the concept of this female figure. Bimajyo is an extreme example of women who want to stay young, but the author has observed that many Japanese women around 40 years old, regardless of their marital status and occupation, look very young. They try to be young not only in their appearance but also try to make the way they speak and the tone of their voice young. The article also argues that the recent phenomenon of the quest of keeping young-looking among Japanese women could be one of the causes of the postponement of maturity, which is also prevalent in Japanese society and can be related to various social problems.
Through a laugh darkly: Comedy in the films of Ingmar Bergman
Authors: Lunde Arne 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This article explores comedy and comedic aspects in the Ingmar Bergman canon. Much of the focus is on films made between 1952 and 1964 that can be considered comedic in overall design and execution: the third section of Kvinnors väntan/Waiting Women (1952), En lektion i kärlek/A Lesson in Love (1954), Sommarnattens leende/Smiles of a Summer Night (1955b), Djävulens öga/The Devil's Eye (1960b) and För inte tala om alla dessa kvinnor/Now About These Women (1964). Against the grain of Bergmans international reputation as a dark, brooding and humourless existentialist, these films collectively reveal that he was in fact a master of the sophisticated comedy genre. In addition, comedic elements and devices such as animation, trick effects, parody, pastiche and meta-cinematic play are found in other films, and including some of his most interesting experiments.
Jalla! Jalla! and Import-Export: Two multicultural romantic comedies
Authors: L. Alexander Elizabeth 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Boy meets girl, the couple goes through a series of obstacles, they split, they reunite and there is a happy ending. This formula has reached international success in the genre of romantic comedy. Two immigrant Scandinavian writer-directors of non-western ethnic background, Josef Fares (Lebanese-Swedish) and Khalid Hussain (Pakistani-Norwegian), both employ this romantic comedy formula to engage their audiences with the multicultural issues second-generation Scandinavian ethnics face when falling in love with native Scandinavians. The Swedish film Jalla! Jalla! (Fares, 2000) and the Norwegian Import-eksport/Import-Export (Hussain, 2005), confront and expose stereotypes of immigrant identities in Scandinavia and explore the complexities of inter-ethnic romance. Both films also subversively reverse the hegemonic �insider/outsider� positions common to most Scandinavian film representations of the ethnic/racial outsider. In this article, I discuss how both director-writers approach multiculturalism, a relatively new phenomenon in Scandinavia, by adapting and personalizing the romantic comedy genre to reveal the unique experiences of immigrants in a way that audiences can understand. Additionally, I analyse ways in which the two films satirize the multiple stereotypes of immigrants and native Scandinavians to pose the question of what it means to be an immigrant or a Scandinavian, and sometimes both.
Both external and internal factors as an explanation of depopulation of cities on the area of Poland
Authors: Kantor-Pietraga Iwona 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The aim of this paper is an attempt of explanation basic factors of depopulation in case of cities in Poland in the 20st and in the beginning of 21st century. Author takes into consideration only large urban centers with population more than 50 thousands inhabitants. Population changes are described according to historical periods: 1900-1946 (including World War II), postwar period (1946-1989) and period socio-economic and political changes in Poland (1990-2010). A key question is basic thesis that different determinants of depopulation have two sources: internal as well as external ones. Some of them arise only in defined periods and social-economic conditions. The most important have been underlined in this paper. It has been highlighted that is visible different between simply depopulation of cities as consequence of military operations, for example and contemporary urban shrinkage as an effect of compound social-economic background. Paper gives some reflections on different possibilities for defense of cities not only against consequences of the second demographic transition but also functional changes, especially in case of larger post-industrial centers. Important question that have been underlined in paper is problem of urban shrinkage as contemporary dimension of depopulation. Presented information clearly shows that in demographic terms process of contemporary shrinkage is comparable with urban demographic decline of the WW2 period.
Environmental aspects of relief transformation (Silesian Upland, Southern Poland)
Authors: Pełka-Gościniak Jolanta 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The geological structure and the occurrence of mineral resources in the Silesian Upland in a significant way influenced the development of industry and caused transformation of every landscape element, among others changes in relief and therefore the formation of anthropogenic landforms. The paper focuses on environmental aspects of relief transformation in the Silesian Upland. The author described aesthetic, geomorphological, hydrological, climatological, pedological and biological aspects on the base of representatives of two groups of landforms–consciously created by human being and being an unintentional effect of human activity (of secondary character). All analysed landforms are new elements in relief, in majority of cases being in disharmony with their neighbourhood. They are alien to the landscape and disturb the equilibrium in the nature. It was proved that they strongly influence water and climatological conditions and soil cover. But sometimes the anthropogenic landforms can be perceived as advantageous for the nature, especially in case of subsidence depressions because of development of aquatic and hydrophilous species and in case of spoil tips due to spontaneous development of vegetation cover. The nature easily adapts to new environmental conditions (process of natural succession and independent introduction of species for new habitats). In these terrains the increase in biodiversity was observed.
Micromorphological study (ultrastructure of lamina surface, seeds, ultrasculpture of pollen grains) of Gladiolus L. species (Iridaceae Juss.) of Ukrainian flora
Authors: Zhygalova Svitlana L. , Futorna Oksana A. , Levanets Anatoliy 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Micro-morphological characteristics of the four Gladiolus L. species of the Ukrainian flora (G. imbricatus L., G. italicus Mill., G. palustris Gaudin and G. tenuis M. Bieb.) as regards leaves, seeds and pollens are presented with this investigation in a detailed way. An examination of the surface structure of the leaves, seeds and pollen grains of the Gladiolus species indicates that the characteristics of the ultrastructure of leaves and of pollen grains are not diagnostic for distinguishing species, but they could be important at genus level (leaves: features such as being amphistomatic, having the same quantity of immersed stomata on both surfaces and having a high stomata index, the presence and localisation of papillae, the shape of epidermal cells; pollen grains: monosulcate type with two operculums). However, the type of surface ultrastructure of the seed coat is a diagnostic feature as at genus level so for species. It can be mentioned that propose the use of features such as the shape and position of the cicatricle, the type of cuticle, the shape and boundaries of cells of testa, and the anticlinal cell walls as diagnostic features at genera level. The shape of seeds, the presence and disposition of wing, the level of the periclinal cell walls of the seed coat and types of relief are additional diagnostic features for distinguishing of Gladiolus species.