bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of cotton GhMKK4 enhances disease susceptibility and affects abscisic acid, gibberellin and hydrogen peroxide signalling in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Li Yuzhen , Zhang Liang , Lu Wenjing , Wang Xiuling , Wu Chang‐Ai , Guo Xingqi 
Published: August 2013

SummaryMitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in plant development, stress responses and hormonal signal transduction. MAPK kinases (MAPKKs), as the key nodes in these cascades, link MAPKs and MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs). In this study, GhMKK4, a novel group C MAPKK gene from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), was isolated and identified. Its expression can be induced by various stresses and signalling molecules. The overexpression of GhMKK4 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced its susceptibility to bacterial and fungal pathogens, but had no significant effects on salt or drought tolerance. Notably, the overexpressing plants showed increased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin A3 (GA3), and ABA and gibberellin (GA) signalling were affected on infection with Ralstonia solanacearum bacteria. Furthermore, the overexpressing plants showed more reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and stronger inhibition of catalase (CAT), a ROS‐scavenging enzyme, than control plants after salicylic acid (SA) treatment. Interestingly, two genes encoding ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC), the key enzymes in polyamine synthesis, exhibited reduced R. solanacearum‐induced expression in overexpressing plants. These findings broaden our knowledge about the functions of MAPKKs in diverse signalling pathways and the negative regulation of disease resistance in the cotton crop.
The presence of 5‐HT in myenteric varicosities is not due to uptake of 5‐HT released from the mucosa during dissection: use of a novel method for quantifying 5‐HT immunoreactivity in myenteric ganglia
Authors: Keating D. J , Peiris H. , Kyloh M. , Brookes S. J. H. , Spencer N. J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundQuantifying the relative abundance of different neurotransmitters in the myenteric plexus has proved challenging using conventional immunocytochemical approaches. Here, we present a new method of quantifying neurotransmitter content of an important enteric signalling molecule, serotonin (5‐HT), in the myenteric plexus of guinea pig colon under different experimental conditions.MethodsSections of guinea pig distal colon were exposed to different conditions including changes in temperature, dissection protocol, stimulation with faecal pellet distension and exogenous 5‐HT. Sections were fixed and immuno‐labelled for 5‐HT. 5‐HT staining density was quantified within myenteric plexus ganglia using defined settings and an analysis approach that uses threshold settings allowing for variances in background and tissue staining intensities and which calculates the area of tissue containing 5‐HT above these thresholds.Key ResultsNo differences were found in 5‐HT immunoreactivity in the myenteric plexus when compared between tissues that were freshly fixed, undissected, or with mucosa and submucous plexus dissected away at either 4 or 37 °C. Increased myenteric plexus 5‐HT density was observed in preparations repeatedly stimulated using faecal pellet stimulation prior to fixation. Furthermore, exogenous 5‐HT also increased 5‐HT density.Conclusions & InferencesWe demonstrate that quantitative differences in 5‐HT immunoreactivity can be characterized using immunohistochemistry. This approach may be applied to measuring other neurotransmitter(s) within the enteric nervous system. While 5‐HT is present in the guinea‐pig enteric ganglia, this is not due to accumulation via in vitro handling and release from the mucosa, and furthermore, repeated colonic stimulation via distension increases 5‐HT in the myenteric plexus.
Peripheral contribution of NGF and ASIC1a to colonic hypersensitivity in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Matricon J. , Muller E. , Accarie A. , Meleine M. , Etienne M. , Voilley N. , Busserolles J. , Eschalier A. , Lazdunski M. , Bourdu S. , Gelot A. , Ardid D. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder associated with idiopathic colonic hypersensitivity (CHS). However, recent studies suggest that low‐grade inflammation could underlie CHS in IBS. The pro‐inflammatory mediator nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a key role in the sensitization of peripheral pain pathways and several studies have reported its contribution to visceral pain development. NGF modulates the expression of Acid‐Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs), which are proton sensors involved in sensory neurons sensitization. This study examined the peripheral contribution of NGF and ASICs to IBS‐like CHS induced by butyrate enemas in the rat colon.MethodsColorectal distension and immunohistochemical staining of sensory neurons were used to evaluate NGF and ASICs contribution to the development of butyrate‐induced CHS.Key ResultsSystemic injection of anti‐NGF antibodies or the ASICs inhibitor amiloride prevented the development of butyrate‐induced CHS. A significant increase in NGF and ASIC1a protein expression levels was observed in sensory neurons of rats displaying butyrate‐induced CHS. This increase was specific of small‐ and medium‐diameter L1 + S1 sensory neurons, where ASIC1a was co‐expressed with NGF or trkA in CGRP‐immunoreactive somas. ASIC1a was also overexpressed in retrogradely labeled colon sensory neurons. Interestingly, anti‐NGF antibody administration prevented ASIC1a overexpression in sensory neurons of butyrate‐treated rats.Conclusions & InferencesOur data suggest that peripheral NGF and ASIC1a concomitantly contribute to the development of butyrate‐induced CHS NGF‐ASIC1a interplay may have a pivotal role in the sensitization of colonic sensory neurons and as such, could be considered as a potential new therapeutic target for IBS treatment.
Acute antibody‐mediated rejection in pediatric kidney transplants: A single center experience
Authors: Twombley Katherine , Thach Lonnie , Ribeiro Annelise , Joseph Catherine , Seikaly Mouin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractaAMR is a potentially devastating complication of kidney transplantation. The incidence of aAMR in children, while thought to be rare, is not well defined, and there is a paucity of data on treatment regimens in children. We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of our pediatric patients that were treated for aAMR between 2007 and 2009. Three adolescent Hispanic males were found to have aAMR. All three received deceased donor transplants, and all three verbalized non‐adherence. Treatment consisted of rituximab, solumedrol, PE, and IVIgG in one patient, and PE, IVIgG, and bortezomib in two patients. The only side effect of therapy noted was mild hypotension with rituximab that resolved after decreasing the infusion rate. There were no reported infections two yr after treatment, and all of the viral monitoring in these patients remained negative.
Practical‐Political Jurisprudence and the Dual Nature of Law
Authors: Nason Sarah 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLaw contains many dualities, though most, if not all, of these dualities resolve into one complex puzzle: To what extent is law a matter of pure social facts, or moral value untethered to social facts? I argue that each concept of law reconciles this duality in a different way on the basis of certain beneficial consequences that might result. Instead of pitting concepts against one another universally, we should accept that the balance between law's social fact and moral value dimensions is context‐specific in relation to particular legal puzzles. This balance can be achieved only by considering both political theory and empirical data.
Bachelors, Energy, Cats and Water: Putnam on Kinds and Kind Terms
Authors: Wikforss Åsa 
Published: August 2013

Abstract:Since Hilary Putnam and Saul Kripke's first attacks on traditional, descriptivist theories of natural kind terms, it has become customary to speak of the ‘Putnam‐Kripke’ view of meaning and reference. This article argues that this is a mistake, and that Putnam's account of natural kind terms is importantly different from that of Kripke. In particular, Putnam has from the very start been sceptical of Kripke's modal claims, and in later papers he explicitly rejects the proposal that theoretical identity statements are metaphysically necessary (if true). I suggest that this is wholly in line with Putnam's earlier, Quine‐inspired writings on general terms, and his preoccupation with the philosophy of science. Moreover, I argue that the picture of general terms that emerges from Putnam's writings is more plausible than that suggested by Kripke. However, contrary to Putnam, I also suggest that Putnam's later views on natural kinds and natural kind terms do not support standard Twin Earth externalism.
Troponin T autoantibodies correlate with chronic cardiomyopathy in human Chagas disease
Authors: Nunes Daniela Ferreira , Guedes Paulo Marcos da Matta , de Mesquita Andrade Cléber , Câmara Antonia Cláudia Jácome da , Chiari Egler , Galvão Lúcia Maria da Cunha 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the potential involvement of anti‐Trypanosoma cruzi and cardiac protein antibody (IgG total and isotypes) production and their possible association with different clinical forms of human chronic Chagas disease.MethodsIgG total and isotypes were measured by ELISA, using epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi as antigens and human cardiac proteins (myosin and troponin T) in sera of patients with indeterminate (IND, n = 72), cardiac (CARD, n = 47) and digestive/cardiodigestive (DIG/CARD‐DIG, n = 12) clinical forms of the disease. Samples from uninfected health individuals (CONT, n = 30) and patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ISCH, n = 15) were used as controls. Autoantibody levels were correlated with parameters of cardiac function obtained by electrocardiographic, radiographic and echocardiographic examinations.ResultsFifty five per cent of patients were classified as IND, 35.9% as CARD and 9.1% as DIG/CARD‐DIG. Greater total IgG production was observed in IND, CARD and DIG/CARD‐DIG chagasic patients than in CONT and ISCH, using trypomastigote, epimastigote and cardiac antigens. Moreover, patients with CARD and DIG/CARD‐DIG presented greater total IgG production (trypomastigote and epimastigote antigen) than IND, and a negative correlation was determined between total IgG and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Patients with IND and CARD presented similar higher levels of total IgG specific to troponin T and myosin than CONT and ISCH individuals. Patients with chronic Chagas disease presented a negative correlation between left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and the production of anti‐myosin and troponin T autoantibodies. When grouped as low and high antibody producers and compared with LVEF, we observed that high anti‐troponin T (P = 0.042) and myosin (P = 0.013) producers presented lower LVEF than low producers. Moreover, there was a positive correlation (r = 0.9508, P = 0.0001) between the production of troponin T and myosin autoantibodies.ConclusionThese findings indicate that increased production of anti‐cardiac troponin T and myosin autoantibodies probably influences the left ventricular ejection fraction and could be related to chagasic cardiomyopathy.
Markers of lipid peroxidation and α‐tocopherol levels in the blood and neoplastic tissue of dogs with malignant mammary gland tumors
Authors: Karayannopoulou Maria , Fytianou Anna , Assaloumidis Nikolaos , Psalla Dimitra , Constantinidis Theodoros C. , Kaldrymidou Eleni , Koutinas Alexander F. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundExcess reactive oxygen species due to oxidative stress and the ensuing lipid peroxidation are believed to be involved in mammary gland tumor (MGT) pathogenesis.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of lipid peroxidation as evidenced by thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and the concentration of α‐tocopherol as an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, in blood and neoplastic tissue of dogs with malignant MGT. The correlation between inflammatory cell infiltration score and TBARS or α‐tocopherol in MGT was also evaluated.MethodsSixteen intact female dogs with malignant MGT and 12 clinically healthy and age/weight‐matched controls were included in the study. In all dogs, serum TBARS, α‐tocopherol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured. Tissue TBARS and α‐tocopherol levels were determined in 1 cm3 sized tissue samples collected from MGT and adjacent, ipsilateral, normal mammary gland tissue from the 16 affected dogs. The degree of inflammatory cell tumor infiltration was evaluated histologically.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in serum levels of TBARS, α‐tocopherol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides between dogs with and without malignant MGT. TBARS were significantly higher, whereas α‐tocopherol was lower in neoplastic tissue when compared with normal mammary gland tissue. There was no correlation between TBARS or α‐tocopherol concentration and the inflammatory cell infiltration score in neoplastic tissue.ConclusionThe increased level of TBARS suggests oxidative stress induction in canine malignant MGT. The origin of this phenomenon is not clear, as a potential oxidative burst could not be attributed to inflammatory cells infiltrating the tumors.
Mast cell tumor invading the cornea in a horse
Authors: Halse Stacey , Pizzirani Stefano , Parry Nicola M. A. , Burgess Kristine E. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA 3‐year‐oldMarwari mare was presented for evaluation of an irregular, reddish mass protruding from behind the right third eyelid. The mass appeared to arise at the ventral limbal area, involved the perilimbal bulbar conjunctiva and widely extended into corneal tissue. No other ocular or systemic abnormalities were detected at the time of presentation. The mass was surgically removed by lamellar keratectomy, with defocusedCO2laser used as adjunctive therapy to treat the surgical exposed area and its surroundings. Histopathologic evaluation showed sheets of densely packed, well‐differentiated neoplastic mast cells separated by fibrovascular connective tissue. Nuclear staining forKi‐67 was performed, and an average of 370 cells were positive per 1000 counted cells. Two months postoperatively, the surgical site was filled with flat fibrovascular and pigmented tissue, while the surrounding cornea was transparent with no superficial vascularization around the fibrotic scar. Thirty‐two months after treatment, no recurrence of the neoplasia was reported.
Specific amino acids inhibit food intake via the area postrema or vagal afferents
Authors: Jordi Josua , Herzog Brigitte , Camargo Simone M. R. , Boyle Christina N. , Lutz Thomas A. , Verrey François 
Published: July 2013

Key points
Proteins are more satiating than fats or lipids. Proteins are built by the 20 proteogenic amino acids.
Here, we identified l‐arginine, l‐lysine and l‐glutamic acid as the most potent anorectic amino acids in rats.
l‐Arginine and l‐glutamic acid require intact neurons in the area postrema to inhibit food intake, whereas l‐lysine requires intact afferent fibres of the vagus nerve. All three mediate their effect by the blood stream.
All three amino acids induce gastric distension by delaying gastric emptying and inducing secretion. However, the gastric phenotype does not mediate the anorectic response.
These results unravel amino acid‐specific mechanisms regulating digestion and eating behaviour and thereby contribute to the understanding of nutrient sensing in vivo.
Abstract  To maintain nutrient homeostasis the central nervous system integrates signals that promote or inhibit eating. The supply of vital amino acids is tuned by adjusting food intake according to its dietary protein content. We hypothesized that this effect is based on the sensing of individual amino acids as a signal to control food intake. Here, we show that food intake was most potently reduced by oral l‐arginine (Arg), l‐lysine (Lys) and l‐glutamic acid (Glu) compared to all other 17 proteogenic amino acids in rats. These three amino acids induced neuronal activity in the area postrema and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Surgical lesion of the area postrema abolished the anorectic response to Arg and Glu, whereas vagal afferent lesion prevented the response to Lys. These three amino acids also provoked gastric distension by differentially altering gastric secretion and/or emptying. Importantly, these peripheral mechanical vagal stimuli were dissociated from the amino acids’ effect on food intake. Thus, Arg, Lys and Glu had a selective impact on food processing and intake suggesting them as direct sensory input to assess dietary protein content and quality in vivo. Overall, this study reveals novel amino acid‐specific mechanisms for the control of food intake and of gastrointestinal function.
Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis for Gas Turbine Cooled Stator
Authors: Ho Kuo-San , Urwiller Christopher , Konan S. Murthy , Liu Jong S. , Aguilar Bruno 
Published: August 2013

This paper explores the conjugate heat transfer (CHT) numerical simulation approach to calculate the metal temperature for the gas turbine cooled stator. ANSYS CFX12.1 code was selected to be the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) tool to perform the CHT simulation. The 2-equation RNG k-ε turbulence model with scalable modified wall function was employed. A full engine test with thermocouple measurement was performed and used to validate the CHT results.
Metal temperatures calculated with the CHT model were compared to engine test data. The results demonstrated good agreement between test data and airfoil metal temperatures and cooling flow temperatures using the CHT model. However, the CHT calculations in the outer end wall had a discrepancy compared to the measured temperatures, which was due to the fact that the CHT model assumed an adiabatic wall as a boundary condition.
This paper presents a process to calculate convection heat transfer coefficient (HTC) for cooling passages and airfoil surfaces using CHT results. This process is possible because local wall heat flux and fluid temperatures are known. This approach assists in calibrating an in-house conduction thermal model for steady state and transient thermal analyses.
Computational Extrapolation of Turbine Sealing Effectiveness From Test Rig to Engine Conditions
Authors: Teuber Roy , Wilson Mike , Li Yan Sheng , Lock Gary , Maltson John , Owen J. Michael 
Published: August 2013

The commercial computational fluid dynamics code ANSYS CFX 12.1 has been employed to carry out Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) computations to investigate the fluid mechanics of two different rim-seal geometries in a 3D model of a turbine stage. The mainstream annulus, seal and wheel-space geometries are based on an experimental test rig used at the University of Bath. The calculated peak-to-trough pressure difference in the annulus, which is the main driving mechanism for ingestion, is in good agreement with experimental measurements. There is also good agreement between the computed and measured swirl ratios in the wheel-space.
Computed values of concentration-based sealing effectiveness are obtained over a range of sealing flow rates for both an axial-clearance and a radial clearance rim-seal. Good agreement with gas concentration measurements is found for the axial-clearance seal over a certain range of sealing flow rates. Some under-prediction of the amount of ingestion for the radial-clearance seal is obtained.
The computed mainstream pressure coefficient increases progressively with mainstream Mach number in moving from quasi-incompressible experimental rig conditions to the compressible flow conditions encountered in engines. It is shown that the minimum sealing flow rate required to prevent ingestion increases as mainstream Mach number increases. A scaling method is proposed to allow sealing flow rates to prevent ingestion obtained from low Mach number experiments to be extrapolated to engine-representative conditions.
An Investigation Into Numerical Analysis Alternatives for Predicting Re-Ingestion in Turbine Disc Rim Cavities
Authors: Valencia Antonio Guijarro , Dixon Jeffrey A. , Da Soghe Riccardo , Facchini Bruno , Smith Peter E. J. , Muñoz Julien , Eastwood Daniel , Long Christopher A. , Coren Daniel D. , Atkins Nicholas R. 
Published: August 2013

Reliable means of predicting ingestion in cavities adjacent to the main gas path are increasingly being sought by engineers involved in the design of gas turbines. In this paper, analysis is to be presented that results from an extended research programme, MAGPI, sponsored by the EU and several leading gas turbine manufactures and universities. Extensive use is made of CFD modelling techniques to understand the aerodynamic behaviour of a turbine stator well cavity, focusing on the interaction of cooling air supply with the main annulus gas. The objective of the study has been to benchmark a number of CFD codes and numerical techniques covering RANS and URANS calculations with different turbulence models in order to assess the suitability of the standard settings used in the industry for calculating the mechanics of the flow travelling between cavities in a turbine through the main gas path.
The modelling methods employed have been compared making use of experimental data gathered from a dedicated two-stage turbine rig, running at engine representative conditions. Extensive measurements are available for a range of flow conditions and alternative cooling arrangements. The limitations of the numerical methods in calculating the interaction of the cooling flow egress and the main stream gas, and subsequent ingestion into downstream cavities in the engine (i.e. re-ingestion), have been exposed. This has been done without losing sight of the validation of the CFD for its use for predicting heat transfer, which was the main objective of the partners of the MAGPI Work-Package 1 consortium.
Multi-Dimensional Platform for Cooling Design of Air-Cooled Turbine Blades
Authors: Chi Zhongran , Wang Songtao , Ren Jing , Jiang Hongde 
Published: August 2013

Progresses in conjugate heat transfer simulation method provide a new approach for turbine blade cooling design. The procedure of air-cooled blade design introduced in this paper consists of two levels, a schematic design using 1D flow network calculation method, and a detailed design based on CFX conjugate heat transfer simulation.
The program platform for the design method was developed, including an air-cooled blade design program, a 1D cooling structure flow network solver, and conjugate mesh generation tools for air-cooled blade.
The design platform contains parametric methods for blade profile, cooling channel, and various cooling structures. The key parametric algorithm named Element Design Method was invented and introduced, which brings about parametric design for complex cooling channel, and accelerates the calculation model generation during the schematic design and detailed design.
The flow network solver for schematic design consists of a pressure solving program, a temperature solving program, and a film cooling solving program. The pressure solving program uses linear method to solve the momentum equation, so higher stability of the flow network solver can be achieved. In detailed design, CFD pre-treatment using the commercial software is time-consuming. The mesh generation tools, combined with parametric design programs, can automatically create hexahedron/mixed mesh for turbine cascade and cooling structures with considerable speed and quality, which significantly reduces the difficulty of pre-treatment during detailed design.