bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to optimise oxygenation in anaesthetised horses – a clinical study
Authors: Mosing M. , Rysnik M. , Bardell D. , Cripps P. J. , MacFarlane P. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyHypoxaemia is a common problem during equine anaesthesia. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a ventilation mode routinely employed in man to overcome hypoxaemia but has not been objectively assessed in horses.ObjectivesTo test the effects of CPAP on oxygenation and its indices in anaesthetised horses in a clinical setting.MethodsTwenty‐four healthy horses requiring anaesthesia in dorsal recumbency were anaesthetised using a standard protocol. Following orotracheal intubation and connection to an anaesthetic machine capable of applying CPAP, horses were randomly allocated to ventilate at physiological airway pressure measured at the airway opening (Group PAP) or to receive CPAP of 8 cmH2O (Group CPAP). Arterial blood gas analysis was performed as soon as arterial cannulation was achieved and 30, 60 and 90 min after induction. If PaCO2 increased above 9.31 kPa controlled ventilation was initiated. Groups were compared using a general linear model.ResultsHorses receiving CPAP had significantly higher PaO2 and calculated oxygen indices than horses receiving PAP. No significant differences in ventilation indices were observed between the 2 groups. Eight horses receiving PAP and 5 receiving CPAP required controlled ventilation. No differences in dobutamine requirements or mean arterial pressures were recorded.ConclusionsContinuous positive airway pressure of 8 cmH2O improved oxygenation indices in dorsally recumbent horses without significantly influencing ventilation.Potential relevanceContinuous positive airway pressure reduces the incidence of hypoxaemia in anaesthetised horses. Further research is warranted to elucidate the effects of CPAP on the cardiovascular system.
Insulin solubility transitions by pH‐dependent interactions with proinsulin C‐peptide
Authors: Landreh Michael , Alvelius Gunvor , Willander Hanna , Stukenborg Jan‐Bernd , Söder Olle , Johansson Jan , Jörnvall Hans 
Published: October 2012

Proinsulin processing into insulin and C‐peptide in the secretory granules of the pancreatic β‐cells occurs under mildly acidic conditions and at high peptide concentrations (> 10 mm). Mature insulin has reduced solubility and a propensity to adopt an amyloid‐like structure, but is physiologically released as a mixture of a zinc‐containing core and a zinc‐free, C‐peptide‐rich fluid phase. C‐peptide is known to function in the insulin secretion, but its exact mode of interaction is not established. We now demonstrate that C‐peptide in sub‐stoichiometric amount versus insulin coprecipitates with insulin at the pH found in secretory vesicles. Precipitation is reversible and the precipitate is dissolved by elevation of the pH. This effect was found to be dependent on relatively conserved glutamate residues in the otherwise poorly conserved C‐peptide. Together, the data show that C‐peptide has the ability to influence insulin solubility. The physiological pH changes between insulin processing and release sites may therefore affect the quaternary structure of insulin, as well as the phase transitions during insulin sorting and secretion.Structured digital abstract
Insulin and C-peptide bind by molecular sieving (View Interaction: 1, 2)
C-peptide and Insulin bind by dynamic light scattering (View Interaction: 1, 2)
C-peptide and Insulin bind by fluorescence technology (View Interaction: 1, 2, 3, 4)
Niche incumbency, dispersal limitation and climate shape geographical distributions in a species‐rich island adaptive radiation
Authors: Algar Adam C. , Mahler D. Luke , Glor Richard E. , Losos Jonathan B. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAimTo test the role of climate, dispersal limitation and biotic interactions in limiting species' distributions within an island adaptive radiation by integrating species traits, phylogeny and estimates of dispersal cost into climate‐based species distribution models.LocationHispaniola.MethodsFocusing on 26 species of Anolis lizards, we used multivariate adaptive regression splines to evaluate the contribution of climate, species interactions, phylogenetic history and dispersal limitation to species distributional limits. For each species, we mapped the morphological similarity of congenerics using traits of known ecological import and predicted that species would be less likely to occur in climatically suitable areas if they were inhabited by ecologically similar species. Dispersal limitation was incorporated by generating spatially explicit estimates of dispersal cost, based on inferred habitat suitability. We compared models including morphological similarity, dispersal cost, phylogeny and climate with climate‐only models. Results were evaluated against a null model that conserved the spatial structure of species occurrences.ResultsClimate had a dominant role in shaping species distributions. However, for over one‐third of species we also found evidence consistent with supplemental effects of species interactions, i.e. ecological niche incumbency. These species were less likely to occur in climatically suitable areas inhabited by a morphologically similar species. Dispersal limitation also supplemented climatic limits in most species. These results were robust to co‐variation with phylogeny and to comparison with our null model.ConclusionsThese results suggest that, rather than act as mutually exclusive alternatives, multiple dimensions of the ecological niche, including climatic limits, biotic interactions and dispersal capacity, interact to shape species distributions and that local interactions can influence the broad‐scale geography of species in a predictable way.
Diabetes self‐management, depressive symptoms, quality of life and metabolic control in youth with type 1 diabetes in China
Authors: Guo Jia , Whittemore Robin , Grey Margaret , Wang Jing , Zhou Zhi‐Guang , He Guo‐Ping 
Published: October 2012

Aims and objectivesTo assess diabetes self‐management, depressive symptoms, quality of life and metabolic control in a cohort of youth with type 1 diabetes in mainland China. Predictors of self‐management and depressive symptoms were also explored.BackgroundStudies have shown that adaptation to childhood chronic illness is important in determining outcomes. Few studies have been reported on the behavioural, psychosocial and physiological adaptation processes and outcomes in Chinese youth with type 1 diabetes.DesignThis is a cross‐sectional study as part of a multi‐site longitudinal descriptive study. Data for this report were collected at baseline.MethodsA convenience sample of 136 eligible youth was recruited during follow‐up visits in hospitals in 14 major cities of Hunan Province (located in central southern mainland China) from July 2009–October 2010. Data were collected on socio‐demographic background, clinical characteristics, diabetes self‐management, depressive symptoms, quality of life and metabolic control.ResultsDiabetes self‐management was lower in Chinese youth compared with a US cohort and was associated with insulin treatment regimen, treatment location, depressive symptoms and gender. A total of 17·6% of youth reported high depressive symptoms, and depressive symptoms were correlated with family annual revenue, school attendance, peer relationship and parent–child relationship. The mean score of global satisfaction with quality of life was 17·14 ± 3·58. The mean HbA1c was 9·68%.ConclusionsLiving with type 1 diabetes poses considerable challenges, and Chinese youth report lower self‐management than US youth and high depressive symptoms. Metabolic control and quality of life were sub‐optimal.Relevance to clinical practiceMore clinic visits, treatment for high depressive symptoms and an intensive insulin regimen may improve diabetes self‐management for youth with type 1 diabetes in China. Culturally appropriate interventions aimed at helping them adapt to living with the disease and improving outcomes are urgently needed.
Geochemistry of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Tengchong, SW China: relationship with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Yutao , Liu Jiaqi , Meng Fanchao 
Published: October 2012

Abstract There are wide spread Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Tengchong (CVRT), Yunnan province, SW China. These rocks comprise three rock types: basalt, andesite (dominant type) and dacite. Most samples are sub‐alkaline, and among the sub‐alkaline rocks, most are high‐K calc‐alkaline. These rocks have a SiO2 range of 49.1 wt.% to 66.9 wt.%. TiO2 contents are not high and have a variation of 0.7 wt.%–1.6 wt.%. Trace element concentrations and element ratios (such as Nb/U, Ce/Pb, Nb/La, etc.) of these rocks have a large variation. 87Sr/86Sr values fall in the range of 0.7057–0.7093 and 143Nd/144Nd values change from 0.5120 to 0.5125. 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios are in the range of 17.936–19.039, 15.614–15.810, and 38.894–39.735, respectively. These geochemical characteristics of CVRT make them resemble island‐arc volcanic rocks. We suggest that the magmas were generated in the lithospheric mantle that had already been metasomatized by previous subduction processes. By the study of the uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau, we found that the beginning of the geotectonic processes to the eruption of CVRT was coeval with one uplift event. Therefore, we propose that the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau caused collapse of the collisional orogeny in Tengchong, which further triggered the generation and eruption of the CVRT magmas.
Mini‐Med School: promoting awareness of medicine as a career for suburban and rural high‐school students
Authors: Shaikh Faisal M. , Babar Mahwash , Cross K. Simon 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundThere is a global shortage of medical manpower. One approach to resolve such deficiencies is to effectively promote health careers to high‐school students. Summer programmes held by medical faculties provide ideal opportunities for pre‐medical students to examine the possible career opportunities in medicine.MethodsThe Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland has recently launched a ‘Mini‐Medical School’ (MMS) programme for suburban and rural high‐school students in the South Eastern Region of Ireland. This paper illustrates the MMS project and describes the participants' reaction and evaluation of the programme and the factors influencing their desire to practise medicine in future.ResultsA total of 90 students completed the online survey (response rate 75%). Eighty‐two per cent of the students indicated definitive and strong desire to study medicine after secondary school. There was no difference in interest between male and female students (P‐value 0.665). The main factors influencing this interest were personal. Forty‐four per cent of participants attributed this to the opportunity to help others while 30% to the intellectual challenge, whereas family, friends and other factors accounted for the rest of influential factors to study medicine. The majority agreed (60%) that the programme was quite accessible and easy to have a place. Opinions about the content of the programme focussed mainly on the interactive sessions. Forty‐seven per cent liked the live patient–doctor interaction session the most, and 43% found the live video session very informative.ConclusionThe MMS is a highly effective platform for both the medical specialties and the high‐school students.
Diagnostic Tests in Urology: an Introduction
Authors: Breau Rodney H. , Scales Jr Charles D. , Dahm Philipp ,   on behalf of the International Evidence Based Urology Working Group
Published: October 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?In our everyday practice as urologists, we often face diagnostic uncertainty that prompts us to perform a range of diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a patient has an underlying condition. Unfortunately, some diagnostic tests do not help us ‘rule in’ our ‘rule out’ a disease. These clinically unhelpful tests are not the best allocation of our healthcare system's resources.This series will discuss the quality of evidence supporting the use of common diagnostic tests in urology. This discussion represents an important dimension of the decision‐making process and appropriate interpretation of these tests. Through this series we hope to improve patient care by encouraging and informing readers to exercise selective application of these diagnostic tests to reduce the burden of rising and ultimately unsustainable healthcare costs.
Tumour burden is an independent prognostic factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Iacovelli Roberto , Lanoy Emilie , Albiges Laurence , Escudier Bernard 
Published: October 2012

Study Type – Prognosis (cohort series)Level of Evidence 2bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?In the literature, few studies have evaluated the role of tumour burden (TB) in metastatic real cell carcinoma (mRCC), even though it has been considered as important in localized tumours. In metastatic patients the role of TB is uncertain because it was analyzed in chemotherapy treated patients or using a partial evaluation of TB.This study, first reports the independent prognostic and predictive role of TB in mRCC patients treated with targeted agents in prospective clinical trials. TB is able to predict prognosis independently to localization of metastases and prognostic class defined by MSKCC criteria, moreover it is strictly related to patient's performance status.OBJECTIVE
To investigate the possible prognostic role of baseline tumour burden (TB) in terms of progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A homogenous group of patients with mRCC enrolled in second‐line trials post‐cytokine treatment were selected for the present analysis.
The Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (the sum of the longest unidimensional diameter of each target lesion) were used to assess TB.
The PFS and OS rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared across the groups using the log‐rank test.
The association between TB and PFS or OS was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Multivariable analyses were adjusted for other prognostic variables: the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC) risk class and treatment.
RESULTS
A total of 124 patients were included in the final analysis. Of these, 66% received sorafenib or sunitinib and 34% received placebo. The median follow‐up was 80.1 month.
TB was directly related to PFS and OS and these associations remained significant after adjusting for modified MSKCC risk class and treatment,.
Each 1‐cm increase in TB increased the risk of progression by 4.5% (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.07; P < 0.001) and the risk of death by 5% (HR: 1.05; 95% CI 1.03–1.08; P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
TB is easy to calculate from standard computed tomography and significantly relates to OS in patients with mRCC.
We report for the first time the independent prognostic role of baseline TB in multivariate analysis.
We believe that this information could be translated into clinical practice.
Expression patterns of epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers in localized prostate cancer: significance in clinicopathological outcomes following radical prostatectomy
Authors: Behnsawy Hosny M. , Miyake Hideaki , Harada Ken‐Ichi , Fujisawa Masato 
Published: October 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
There have been few studies evaluating the prognostic value of epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers in prostate cancer; therefore the significance of these markers in the prognosis of patients with prostate cancer, particularly those with localized disease, remains largely unknown.
Consideration of the expression levels of potential epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers, particularly Twist and vimentin, in addition to conventional prognostic parameters would contribute to the prediction of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer.
Objective
To analyse the expression patterns of multiple molecular markers implicated in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in localized prostate cancer (PC), in order to clarify the significance of these markers in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP).
Patients and Methods
Expression levels of 13 EMT markers, namely E‐cadherin, N‐cadherin, β‐catenin, γ‐catenin, fibronectin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP‐9, Slug, Snail, Twist, vimentin, ZEB1 and ZEB2, in RP specimens from 197 consecutive patients with localized PC were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining.
Results
Of the 13 markers, expression levels of E‐cadherin, Snail, Twist and vimentin were closely associated with several conventional prognostic factors.
Univariate analysis identified these four EMT markers as significant predictors for biochemical recurrence (BR), while serum prostate‐specific antigen, Gleason score, seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), surgical margin status (SMS) and tumour volume were also significant.
Of these significant factors, expression levels of Twist and vimentin, SVI and SMS appeared to be independently related to BR on multivariate analysis.
There were significant differences in BR‐free survival according to positive numbers of these four independent factors. That is, BR occurred in four of 90 patients who were negative for risk factors (4.4%), 21 of 83 positive for one or two risk factors (25.3%) and 19 of 24 positive for three or four risk factors (79.2%).
Conclusion
Measurement of expression levels of potential EMT markers, particularly Twist and vimentin, in RP specimens, in addition to conventional prognostic parameters, would contribute to the accurate prediction of the biochemical outcome in patients with localized PC following RP.
Weight of the resected specimen after transurethral resection as a new predictive variable for recurrence of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder tumour
Authors: De La Peña Enrique , Hernández Virginia , Blázquez Cristina , Martin Maria D. , Díaz Francisco J. , Capitán Carlos , Alemany Isabel , Llorente Carlos 
Published: October 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Size is one of the currently used variables for predicting recurrence and progression of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder tumour (NMIBT), but size is subjective and not easy to measure.We evaluate a new and objective variable to replace size, not previously reported. We assess the weight of the transurethral resection specimen as a predictor of recurrence and progression and conclude that this outperforms size as a predictor of recurrence of NMIBT.OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the role of the weight of the resected specimen after transurethral resection as a predictive factor for recurrence and progression of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder tumour (NMIBT).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The weight of the resected tumour was measured consecutively in 144 subjects who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumours at our institution. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) follow‐up was 58 (61.3) months.
The probability of recurrence and progression at 1 and 5 years were calculated using the currently accepted variables.
Thresholds for the specimen weight were determined according to percentiles and receiver–operating characteristic curves.
RESULTS
The median (IQR) weight of the specimen was 6 (16) g.
Multivariate analysis showed that the weight of the resected specimen was an independent predictive risk factor for recurrence at a threshold value of 6 g with a hazard ratio of 1.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.048–2.761) P= 0.03.
Progression was not associated with the weight of the resected specimen.
CONCLUSIONS
The weight of the resected specimen is a new variable for predicting the risk of recurrence of NMIBT.
Tumours weighing >6 g, according to the present data, have a 1.7‐fold higher likelihood of recurrence than those tumours that weigh less.
Relationship between overactive bladder and irritable bowel syndrome: a large‐scale internet survey in Japan using the overactive bladder symptom score and Rome III criteria
Authors: Matsumoto Seiji , Hashizume Kazumi , Wada Naoki , Hori Jyunichi , Tamaki Gaku , Kita Masafumi , Iwata Tatsuya , Kakizaki Hidehiro 
Published: October 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?
There is known to be an association between overactive bladder (OAB) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
The study investigates the association between OAB and IBS using an internet‐based survey in Japan. It is the first to investigate the prevalence and severity of OAB in the general population using the OAB symptom score questionnaire.
Objective
To investigate the association between overactive bladder (OAB) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) by using an internet‐based survey in Japan.
Subjects and Methods
Questionnaires were sent via the internet to Japanese adults.
The overactive bladder symptom score was used for screening OAB, and the Japanese version of the Rome III criteria for the diagnosis of IBS was used for screening this syndrome.
Results
The overall prevalence of OAB and IBS was 9.3% and 21.2%, respectively.
Among the subjects with OAB, 33.3% had concurrent IBS.
The prevalence of OAB among men was 9.7% and among women it was 8.9%, while 18.6% of men and 23.9% of women had IBS.
Concurrent IBS was noted in 32.0% of men and 34.8% of women with OAB.
Conclusion
Taking into account a high rate of concurrent IBS in patients with OAB, it seems to be important for physicians to assess the defaecation habits of patients when diagnosing and treating OAB.
The Fit Families pilot study: preliminary findings on how parental health and other family system factors relate to and predict adolescent obesity and depressive symptoms
Authors: Hooper Lisa M. , Burnham Joy J. , Richey Rachel , DeCoster Jamie , Shelton Mitch , Higginbotham John C. 
Published: October 2012

This study, undergirded by family systems theory, examined the extent to which parent and family‐level factors correlate with adolescent obesity and depressive symptoms. We also considered whether these variables predict unique variance in adolescent obesity and depressive symptoms. The participants were a convenience sample of 77 racially diverse, predominantly early adolescents (aged 12 to 17) and their parents. Results from a series of linear and logistic regression analyses indicated that three of the study factors (parental weight history, family resources and adolescent weight history) significantly contributed to the variance in adolescents' body mass indexes and only one of the study factors (parental depressive symptomatology) significantly contributed to the variance in adolescents' rates of depressive symptomatology. These preliminary findings clarify how parent and family system factors might inform family and school‐based intervention and treatment efforts for adolescent health outcomes.Practitioner points
Family environment (measured in this study as family conflict and cohesion) should continue to be evaluated as a risk factor for obesity and depressive symptoms in racial and ethnic minority and non‐minority families.
Family therapists as well as other practitioners (for example, primary care providers) should assess for family conflict when adolescents present with physical and psychological distress and disturbances.
Family therapists and other practitioners could be more effective if they established whether adolescent patients and their family members have the resources (for example, knowledge, financial ability and skills) needed to live a healthy lifestyle, as well as the coping strategies for maintaining their physical and psychological health.