bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children. The Belgian Luxembourg Child Study II
Authors: Guillaume Michèle , Lapidus Leif , Björntorp Per , Lambert André 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGUILLAUME, MICHÈLE, LEIF LAPIDUS, PER BJÖRNTORP, ANDRE LAMBERT. Physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular risk factors in children. The Belgian Luxembourg Child Study II.Physical activity was measured in relation to cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in a randomly selected population of 1028 children from Province de Luxembourg in Belgium, a mainly rural area with a high prevalence of such risk factors among adults and children. Physical activity was estimated as participation in sport activities, a major indicator of leisure‐time physical activity in schoolchildren, and physical inactivity was estimated as frequency and duration of television (TV) watching. Boys participated more frequently in sport activities than girls did (p=0. 001). A majority of the children watched TV daily. After age adjustment, bodyweight (girls, p<0. 012; boys, p<0. 027) and, in boys, body mass index (BMI) (p<0. 039) were related to days per week of TV watching. No significant relationships with other CV risk factors remained after adjustments for BMI. In analyses of independent contributions of age, TV watching, and sports activity on CV risk factors, age showed highly significant relationships. In boys, TV showed relationships with BMI (P<0. 04) and (borderline) with systolic blood pressure, independent of age and sports activity, whereas the latter was significantly related to subscapular skinfold (p<0. 04) and (borderline) with triceps skinfold and cholesterol. In girls, no significant independent contributions to risk factor associations were found. The father's education was directly associated with sports activities, whereas the mother being a housewife showed negative relationships to physical activity and positive to TV watching in their children, suggesting socioeconomic influence on the activity patterns of children. Furthermore, registrations suggested less physical activity in the most rural part of the area. It is concluded that children in this mainly rural area watch TV frequently. In boys, physical inactivity, measured both as TV watching and as registrations of sports activities, contributes independently to body fat mass. In girls, no contribution or weaker contributions of physical inactivity were found. This suggests that contributory factors leading to obesity might be different in girls and boys.
Changes of Islet Size and Islet Size Distribution Resulting from Protein‐Malnutrition in Lean (Fa/Fa) and Obese (fa/fa) Zucker Rats
Authors: Tse Elizabeth O. , Gregoire Francine M. , Reusens Brigitte , Remade Claude , Hoet Joseph J. , Johnson Patricia R. , Stern Judith S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTSE, ELIZABETH O, FRANCINE M GREGOIRE, BRIGITTE REUSENS, CLAUDE REMACLE, JOSEPH J HOET, PATRICIA R JOHNSON, JUDITH S STERN. Changes of islet size and islet size distribution resulting from protein malnutrition in lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats.Potential alterations in islet size and islet size distribution resulting from protein malnutrition were studied in lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. The purpose was to investigate whether the distribution of enlarged islets in obese rats was altered by low‐protein feeding. Four‐week‐old, male, lean and obese Zucker rats were fed either a diet containing 20% (w/w) protein (control diet) or a diet containing 5% (w/w) protein (low‐protein diet) for 3 weeks. Pancreata were dissected at autopsy and immunostained for insulin. Islet size and distribution were determined by morphometric analysis. Body‐weight gain, food intake, and serum insulin and glucose were also measured. After 3 weeks on the diets, serum insulin was significantly lower in both lean (‐75%) and obese (‐54%) rats fed low protein compared with that in controls. However, obese rats were still hyperinsulinemic compared with lean rats. Protein malnutrition resulted in a shift in distribution of islets to smaller size both in lean and in obese rats, with an increase in the population of small islets (100 μm2) and a decrease in the population of large islets (>20,000 μ;m2). In lean and obese rats fed low protein, β‐cell weight was significantly lower, B cell volume fraction tended to decrease, and islet number per section area was significantly elevated when compared with controls. Taken together, these results show that protein deficiency alters the endocrine pancreas in both lean and obese Zucker rats. Although the decrease in islet size and the shift in distribution to smaller islets most likely contribute to the decrease in serum insulin concentration, these changes appear insufficient to normalize hyperinsulinemia in the obese Zucker rat.
Prader‐Willi Syndrome: Relationship of Adiposity to Plasma Leptin Levels
Authors: Pietrobelli Angelo , Allison David B. , Faith Myles S. , Beccaria Luciano , Bosio Laura , Chiumello Giuseppe , Campfield L. Arthur , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) is an autosomal dominant disorder involving the proximal long arm of chromosome 15, in which obesity is common. However, there is limited information on the underlying physiological mechanisms promoting obesity in this population. We tested whether there was a significant positive association between leptin and total body fat (TBF) in subjects with PWS, and whether this association was stronger among subjects with than without PWS.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied 21 PWS patients and 64 non‐PWS controls on whom we measured serum leptin, total body fat, glucose, insulin, and resting energy expenditure. We tested whether the slope of the regression line between leptin and TBF (in kg), measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, was the same for PWS patients and aon‐PWS controls.Results: Regression analyses indicated that the leptin‐TBF association was significantly stronger among PWS patients. In contrast, the slope of the leptin‐body mass index association did not significantly differ between PWS patients and non‐PWS controls. None of the other outcome variables showed associations with leptin.Discussion: Results suggest that the role of leptin in promoting obesity may be greater among subjects with PWS than among non‐PWS controls.
The Efficacy of Dietary Fat Vs. Total Energy Restriction for Weight Loss
Authors: Harvey‐Berino Jean 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: Dietary fat restriction is currently being promoted as a weight loss strategy. However, previous investigations suggest that fat restriction alone may not be more beneficial than total energy restriction for the treatment of obesity. The purpose of this project was to assess whether an energy‐restricted or fat‐restricted diet was more effective at promoting weight loss, improving eating behaviors, and reducing barriers to dietary adherence.Research Methods and Procedures: Eighty individuals (15 men and 65 women) were randomized into the two treatment conditions. Subjects were 120% to 140% of ideal body weight and 25 years to 45 years old. Treatment consisted of 24 weeks of dietary fat (22 g/day to 26 g/day) or energy restriction (4,186 kJ/day to 5,023 kJ/day), including behavior modification and exercise. Body weight change, dietary intake, eating behaviors, and barriers to adherence were measured at baseline and after treatment.Results: Results show that subjects in the energy‐restricted condition lost over twice as much weight as those in the fat‐restricted group (11.5 kg vs. 5.2 kg). Additionally, subjects in the low‐energy condition had greater improvements in eating behavior scores, enhanced feelings of wellness, a greater distaste for dietary fat, and no more pronounced feelings of deprivation than did those in the fat‐restricted condition.Discussion: An energy‐restricted diet produces greater short‐term weight loss than dietary fat restriction without many of the negative consequences commonly attributed to reducing energy intake.
The Fen‐Phen Finale: A Study of Weight Loss and Valvular Heart Disease
Authors: Wadden Thomas A. , Berkowitz Robert I. , Silvestry Frank , Vogt Renee A. , Sutton Martin G. St. John , Stunkard Albert J. , Foster Gary D. , Aber Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: To assess weight loss, as well as the prevalence of valvular heart disease, in 21 obese women who completed 2 years of treatment by fenfluramine and phentermine (fen‐phen) in June 1997.Research Methods and Procedures: Patients were 21 of 22 women who had completed a 1‐year, open‐label trial of fen‐phen combined with lifestyle modification. This study describes the results of a second year of treatment. The presence of valvular heart disease, defined as aortic regurgitation of mild or greater severity and/or mitral regurgitation of moderate or greater severity, was assessed using two‐dimensional, color Doppler and pulsed‐ and continuouswave Doppler examinations.Results: At 2 years, the 21 patients had a mean reduction in initial weight of 13.9 ±10.1%, which was significantly (p<<0.001) smaller than their 1‐year loss of 17.1 ±8.7%. Nine of 21 patients reported that they took fen‐phen irregularly during the last 4 months of the study because of fears of developing health complications. These nine patients had a 2‐year weight loss of 8.7 ± 7.5%, compared with a significantly (p<0.04) larger loss of 17.6 ± 10.5% for participants who reported taking medication regularly. Six of 20 (30%) patients met criteria for valvular heart disease. None of the six had signs or symptoms of this condition.Discussion: Fenfluramine was withdrawn from the market on September 15, 1997 because of concerns that it was associated with valvular heart disease. The present findings are discussed in terms of the potentially favorable long‐term benefits of combining lifestyle modification with weight loss medications that are both safe and effective.
Genetic and Behavioral Determinants of Waist‐Hip Ratio and Waist Circumference in Women Twins
Authors: Rose Kathryn M. , Newman Beth , Mayer‐Davis Elizabeth J. , Selby Joseph V. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractROSE, KATHRYN M, BETH NEWMAN, ELIZABETH J. MAYER‐DAVIS, JOSEPH V. SELBY. Genetic and behavioral determinants of waist‐hip ratio and waist circumference in women twins.Obes Res. 1998;6:383–392.Objectives: This study examines genetic and behavioral determinants of waist‐hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference among women twins.Research Methods and Procedures: Six hundred eighty participants from the second examination of the Kaiser‐Permanente Women Twins Study (1989 to 1990) were included. Women ranged in age from 31 to 90 years, and included 59% monozygotic and 41% dizygotic twins. Heritabilities of WHR and waist circumference were estimated (range = 0 to 1) using three different statistical methods. Linear regression models that adjusted for the lack of independence within twin pairs were used to assess associations between behavioral variables, WHR, and waist circumference.Results: Age and body mass index‐adjusted heritability estimates ranged from 0.36 to 0.61 for WHR and 0.72 to 0.82 for waist circumference. When considered individually, after adjusting for age and body mass index, all behavioral characteristics, except calorie‐adjusted fat intake, were significantly (p<0.10) associated with waist circumference and WHR. Greater central adiposity was associated with lower education, higher alcohol consumption, lower physical activity, current cigarette smoking, higher parity, and postmenopausal status without hormone replacement therapy. In multivariate models, these associations persisted, except neither educational attainment nor alcohol intake was significantly associated with waist circumference. In longitudinal analyses, both measures were positively associated with current or recent‐past smoking; infrequent or inconsistent physical activity; and long‐term, daily consumption of alcohol.Discussion: These cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations are consistent with genetic and behavioral predictors of waist circumference and WHR. Whereas the evidence for genetic influences is stronger for waist circumference, both body fat measures may be similarly influenced by the behavioral factors considered.
Prediction of Visceral Adipose Tissue from Simple Anthropometric Measurements in Youths with Obesity
Authors: Owens Scott , Litaker Mark , Allison Jerry , Riggs Sharon , Ferguson Michael , Gutin Bernard 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOWENS, SCOTT, MARK LITAKER, JERRY ALLISON, SHARON RIGGS, MICHAEL FERGUSON, AND BERNARD GUTIN. Prediction of visceral adipose tissue from simple anthropometric measurements in youths with obesity. Obes Res. 1999;7:16–22.Objective: Although visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is the component of body composition most highly associated with cardiovascular risk factors, its measurement requires expensive procedures, such as magnetic resonance imaging. This study examined the ability of simple demographic and anthropometric measurements to predict magnetic resonance imaging‐derived VAT in 76 apparently healthy, black and white youths with obesity who were 7 years to 16 years of age.Research Methods and Procedures: Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to develop a prediction equation for VAT based on 13 simple anthropometric variables (height, weight, body mass index, triceps skinfold, calf skinfold, sagittal diameter, waist circumference, hip circumference, thigh circumference, waist/hip ratio, waist/thigh ratio, sagittal diameter/thigh ratio, and percent body fat from the sum of calf and triceps skinfolds) and three demographic variables (age, gender and ethnicity).Results: The stepwise multiple regression procedure yielded a final model that included two anthropometric variables (sagittal diameter and waist/hip ratio) and one demographic variable (ethnicity). The prediction equation was: VAT = −124.06+16.67 (ethnicity)+4.15 (sagittal diameter)‐+17.89 (waist/hip ratio), where ethnicity was coded as 0 = black and 1 = white. The model explained 63% of the variance in VAT and was associated with a measurement error of 23.9%.Discussion: Although the model seems to lack sufficient explanatory power for routine use in clinical settings with individual patients, it may have some utility in epidemiological studies given its relatively small (<25%) standard error of estimate.
The Presence of the “fa” Gene in Heterozygous (FA/fa) Lean Female Rats: Effects on Body Weight, Body Fat and Serum Leptin
Authors: Cleary Margot P. , Phillips Frederick C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCLEARY, MARGOT P., AND FREDERICK C. PHILLIPS. The presence of the “fa” gene in heterozygous (FA/fa) lean female rats: effects on body weight, body fat and serum leptin. Obes Res.Objective: In previous studies, suckling lean heterozygous (FA/fa) pups had higher body fat levels in comparison to lean homozygous (FA/FA) pups. However, in older male rats fed either low‐ or high‐fat diets, we found no effects of the “fa” gene in heterozygous lean rats compared to homozygous lean rats. Other studies have reported effects of the “fa” gene on aspects of insulin metabolism for lean heterozygous female rats compared to their homozygous counterparts. In the present study, the effect of the “fa” gene on body weight and body fat in lean female rats was investigated.Research Methods and Procedures: Homozygous lean female rats were obtained by mating homozygous lean male and female rats. Heterozygous lean female rats were obtained by mating homozygous obese male rats with heterozygous lean female rats. Following weaning, rats were maintained on a standard laboratory diet until 10 weeks of age when they were killed after an overnight fast.Results: Body weight (p<0. 03) and inguinal (p = 0. 01) and combined retroperitoneal+parametrial (p = 0. 06) fat pad weights were heavier in heterozygous lean compared to homozygous lean female rats. Combined fat pad‐to‐body weight ratio (p = 0. 05) and fat cell sizes (p = 0. 06) were also higher in the heterozygous lean compared to homozygous lean rats. No differences in serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol, glucose, or insulin concentrations were found between the two groups, but serum leptin levels were significantly higher (p<0. 004) in heterozygous lean rats.Discussion: These results indicate that effects of the “fa” gene are present during the postweaning period in lean female rats. Implications for increased body fat and leptin with respect to sexual maturation and fertility are discussed.
Binge Eating, Body Image, Depression, and Self‐Efficacy in an Obese Clinical Population
Authors: Cargill Byron R. , Clark Matthew M. , Pera Vincent , Niaura Raymond S. , Abrams David B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCARGILL, BRIAN R., MATTHEW M. CLARK, VINCENT PERA, RAYMOND S. NIAURA, AND DAVID B. ABRAMS. Binge eating, body image, depression, and self‐efficacy in an obese clinical population. Obes Res.Objective: Binge eating disorder appears to be an important factor in obesity treatment. Researchers have proposed that specialized treatment programs be developed to address chronic binge eating behavior. This study was conducted to examine the relationships between binge eating, depression, body image, and self‐efficacy. Based on related research, it was hypothesized that depression and negative body image would be greater for binge eaters whereas weight self‐efficacy would be lower.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 159 clinic patients participating in a multidisciplinary weight management program. Baseline measurements of binge eating status, body image and related eating behaviors, depression, and self‐efficacy were obtained, whereas follow‐up measures consisted of weight loss and attendance. Exploratory factor analyses were performed to obtain factors for items contained in the Eating Habits Questionnaire. Chi‐square, t‐tests, and logistic regression analyses determined relationships between binge eating, body image, depression, and self‐efficacy.Results: Univariate comparisons indicated that increased perceptions of poor body image were significantly related to binge eating. Higher levels of depression and lower weight self‐efficacy were related to binge eating, but the results were qualified after applying corrective statistics for multiple comparisons. A stepwise regression analysis indicated that body image, particularly characterized by a sense of shame and concern with public appearance, had the strongest relationship to binge eating among all the factors examined in this study.Discussion: These findings extend current understanding of the relationships between binge eating, body image, depression, and self‐efficacy. The significance of body image, especially in relation to negative social consciousness, was determined when comparing several psychological and behavioral factors thought to influence binge eating. Further research is needed to determine the causal relationships between binge eating and the other factors examined in this study.
Adrenalectomy Reduces Adiposity by Decreasing Feed Efficiency, Not Direct Effects on White Adipose Tissue
Authors: Edens N. K. , Moshifar A. , Potter G. M. , Fried S. K. , Castonpay T. W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEDENS, N. K., A. MOSHIRFAR, G. M. POTTER, S. K. FRIED, AND T. W. CASTONGUAY. Adrenalectomy reduces adiposity by decreasing feed efficiency, not direct effects on white adipose tissue. Obes Res.Objective: This study was conducted to establish the effects of adrenalectomy (ADX) on adipose tissue metabolism in male Sprague—Dawley rats fed a standard chow diet.Research Methods and Procedures: The effects of adrenalectomy on adipose cell size, lipoprotein lipase activity, and basal and insulin‐stimulated glucose conversion to lipid and lipolysis were measured.Results: ADX decreased body weight gain during the postoperative period in the absence of changes in food intake; feed efficiency was decreased significantly. ADX decreased adipocyte size by 30%. ADX increased adipocyte response to the effect of submaximal concentrations of insulin on lipid synthesis and lipolysis. ADX decreased maximally insulin‐stimulated lipid synthesis, but this effect was accounted for by decreased adipocyte size. In contrast, ADX had no effect on maximally insulin‐inhibited lipolysis. ADX did not affect heparin‐releasable LPL. The small effect of ADX on residual extractable adipose tissue LPL activity was accounted for by decreased fat cell size.Discussion: ADX decreased adiposity in the absence of changes in food intake, lipoprotein lipase activity, and adipocyte lipid metabolism. The effect is best attributed to decreased feed efficiency.
Weight Loss and Leptin Changes in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Williams Katherine V. , Mullen Monica , Lang Wei , Considine Robert V. , Wing Rena R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWILLIAMS, KATHERINE V., MONICA MULLEN, WE1 LANG, ROBERT V. CONSIDINE, AND RENA R. WING. Weight loss and leptin changes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Obes Res.Objective To identify variables associated with leptin change in subjects with type 2 diabetes after 3 weeks and 20 weeks of weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures Subjects with type 2 diabetes treated with diet or sulfonylureas (n = 54) were enrolled in a 20‐week behavioral weight control program. Sulfonylureas were stopped ≥2 weeks before study entry. Seven subjects who restarted sulfonylureas after week 3 had their data analyzed separately after this point.Results Leptin, fasting plasma glucose, and insulin levels were measured at baseline and at 3, 10, and 20 weeks. After 3 weeks, subjects lost 2.7±2.0 kg (p<0.001), and had significant decreases in leptin (5.2±7.0 ng/mL, p<0.001), fasting plasma glucose (1.8±1.8 mmol/L, p<0.001), and insulin (23±60 pmol/L, p<0.03). Between week 3 and week 20, subjects lost an additional 6.3±4.4 kg (P<0.001), but had no further changes in leptin. The primary determinants of leptin change at all time‐points were weight loss and initial leptin level. Changes in insulin were not related to changes in leptin after controlling for the effects of weight loss. At week 20, more recent weight loss (week 10 to week 20) was as strong a predictor of overall change in leptin as overall weight loss (baseline to 20 week). Subjects who restarted sulfonylureas had an increase in both leptin levels (+1.9±9.0 ng/mL, p<0.05) and insulin levels (+23±65 pmol/L, p<0.05), despite significant overall weight loss (‐7.4±4.0 kg, p<0.01). Initial changes in leptin (0 weeks to 3 weeks) did not affect subsequent ability to lose weight.Discussion Both short‐ and long‐term changes in weight had an effect on leptin changes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Although physiological insulin changes did not independently influence changes in leptin concentration with weight loss, increases in insulin levels with sulfonyl‐urea therapy were associated with increases in leptin levels despite weight loss.