bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polarization phenomena in light emission from C‐plane Al(In)GaN heterostructures
Authors: Durnev M. V. , Karpov S. Yu. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe polarization degree and emission pattern anisotropy of light emitted from strained (0001)Al(In)GaN heterostructures are studied by modelling. The model considers accurately the nonparabolicity of heavy, light, and split‐off hole bands, the relevant modification of their densities of states, as well as the optical matrix element dispersion in the k‐space. Accounting for all the above factors provides good agreement of the theoretical predictions with the data reported for both bulk AlGaN alloys grown on sapphire substrates and UV LED structures with Al(In)GaN quantum wells serving as the active regions of the devices. The band‐structure modification in Al(In)GaN materials under variation of their composition and elastic strain are found to be the primary factors controlling the polarization degree and emission patterns of TE‐ and TM‐polarized light. The anisotropy of the TM‐polarized emission pattern (dependence of the emission intensity on the direction of photon release) and polarization degree of the emitted light are found to be remarkably influenced by the nonparabolicity of the hole bands. magnified imageComparison of the experimental polarization degrees (symbols) with the theoretical ones (lines) calculated for different in‐plane strains in light‐emitting Al(In)GaN heterostructures.
A Novel Heat Treatment for Excavator Dipper Teeth Manufactured from Low‐Carbon Low‐Alloy Steel
Authors: Zhao Ming‐Chun , Li Jing‐Li , Zhao Ying‐Chao , Huang Xiao‐Fang , Li Jin‐Zhu , Atrens Andrej 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis research examined the metallurgy of production of forged excavator teeth manufactured from low‐carbon low alloy steel. A novel partial forging‐remnant‐heat hardening technology was proposed. The critical temperature of isothermal annealing for 40 Cr steel was determined experimentally to be 650°C. Production dipper teeth were produced using this novel technology. Their properties were compared with dipper teeth produced by the alternative routes. The novel technology provided optimum microstructure, good mechanical properties, and a lower economical cost, congruent with the low carbon economy.
Evolution of homeobox genes
Authors: Holland Peter W. H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMany homeobox genes encode transcription factors with regulatory roles in animal and plant development. Homeobox genes are found in almost all eukaryotes, and have diversified into 11 gene classes and over 100 gene families in animal evolution, and 10 to 14 gene classes in plants. The largest group in animals is the ANTP class which includes the well‐known Hox genes, plus other genes implicated in development including ParaHox (Cdx, Xlox, Gsx), Evx, Dlx, En, NK4, NK3, Msx, and Nanog. Genomic data suggest that the ANTP class diversified by extensive tandem duplication to generate a large array of genes, including an NK gene cluster and a hypothetical ProtoHox gene cluster that duplicated to generate Hox and ParaHox genes. Expression and functional data suggest that NK, Hox, and ParaHox gene clusters acquired distinct roles in patterning the mesoderm, nervous system, and gut. The PRD class is also diverse and includes Pax2/5/8, Pax3/7, Pax4/6, Gsc, Hesx, Otx, Otp, and Pitx genes. PRD genes are not generally arranged in ancient genomic clusters, although the Dux, Obox, and Rhox gene clusters arose in mammalian evolution as did several non‐clustered PRD genes. Tandem duplication and genome duplication expanded the number of homeobox genes, possibly contributing to the evolution of developmental complexity, but homeobox gene loss must not be ignored. Evolutionary changes to homeobox gene expression have also been documented, including Hox gene expression patterns shifting in concert with segmental diversification in vertebrates and crustaceans, and deletion of a Pitx1 gene enhancer in pelvic‐reduced sticklebacks. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:31–45. doi: 10.1002/wdev.78This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics
Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Comparative Development and Evolution > Body Plan Evolution
Hydrolysis and fermentation for cellulosic ethanol production
Authors: Xiros Charilaos , Topakas Evangelos , Christakopoulos Paul 
Published: September 2012

Second‐generation bioethanol produced from various lignocellulosic materials, such as wood, agricultural, or forest residues, has the potential to be a valuable substitute for, or a complement to, gasoline. At least three major factors—rapidly increasing atmospheric CO2 levels, dwindling fossil fuel reserves, and their rising costs—suggest that we now need to accelerate research plans to make greater use of plant‐based biomass for energy production and as a chemical feedstock as part of a sustainable energy economy. Optimizing the production of bioethanol to be competitive with petrochemical fuels is the main challenge for the underlying process development. The exhaustive research on enzyme technology during the latest years, resulting in significant advances in the field, show the importance of the enzymatic hydrolysis for a profitable ethanol production process. On the other hand, the persisting challenges in biomass pretreatment, which are the initial steps in most process designs, show the remarkable recalcitrance of the lignocellulosic materials to biological degradation. The recent scientific trends show toward an integrated overall bioconversion process in which fermentation technology and genetic engineering of ethanologenic microorganisms aim not only at maximizing yields and productivities but also at widening the range of fermentation products and applications.This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials
DNA‐based programing of quantum dot properties
Authors: Ma Nan , Kelley Shana O. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNucleic acid molecules can serve as robust ligands for aqueous synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs). QD properties including size, morphology, dispersity, emission maximum, and quantum yield are highly dependent on the sequences and structures of nucleic acids used for the synthesis. This synthetic strategy provides a novel facile means of constructing compact, stable, and biofunctionalized QDs in one step, which is of particular interest for a variety of applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, and self‐assembly. This article summarizes recent advances in nucleic acid‐templated QD synthesis with an emphasis on the nucleic acids‐based programing of quantum dots properties. A variety of applications based on DNA‐passivated QDs are also discussed. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:86–95. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1191This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Quantification of Microcrack Anisotropy in Quartzite – A Comparison between Experimentally Undeformed and Deformed Samples
Authors: Mamtani Manish A. , Vishnu C. S. , Basu Arindam 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
In this paper, microcrack patterns in a quartzite are quantified using fractal geometry based methods. Since the quartzite does not show a mesoscopic foliation, the fabric was recognized using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analysis. Microcracks were investigated in thin sections prepared along the three principal planes of the AMS ellipsoid. Point load tests were performed on cores drilled parallel as well as perpendicular to the magnetic foliation. After experimental deformation, thin sections were prepared in two orientations – (a) parallel to the plane of failure (i.e., parallel to the direction of loading), (b) perpendicular to the plane of failure (i.e., perpendicular to the direction of loading), and microcrack patterns in these sections were investigated. The box-counting method of fractal analysis was first applied to microcracks traced from SEM images from each thin section of the experimentally undeformed as well as deformed samples to establish the fractal nature of the microcrack pattern. It was found that in thin sections perpendicular to the direction of loading, the box (fractal) dimension tends to marginally increase. This is inferred as a manifestation of the increase in complexity of the pattern. The software AMOCADO, which is based on the modified Cantor Dust method of fractal analysis, was applied to microcrack pattern from each thin section in order to quantify the pattern anisotropy. It is noted that the anisotropy significantly reduces in sections perpendicular to the loading direction. SEM data are presented to demonstrate that this reduction in anisotropy is on account of generation and/or growth of new cracks in random orientations. It is envisaged that the approach adopted in this investigation maybe useful in rock mechanics and mineral-resource applications in future.
Geochemistry and Tectonic Setting of Tuting Metavolcanic Rocks of Possible Ophiolitic Affinity from Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis
Authors: Saha Puspendu , Acharyya S.K. , Balaram V. , Roy Parijat 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Geochemistry of Tuting metavolcanic rocks is being reported for the first time. Narrow slivers of mafic volcanic rocks, as those at Tuting, also occur in close association with slivers of more complete sections of ophiolites at the Tsangpo river section upstream of Tuting and skirt round the Namche Barwa antiform. These detached slivers of the mafic volcanic rocks and the ophiolites represent the easternmost components of the Yarlung Tsangpo Ophiolite, and also define the arcuate shape of the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The metavolcanic rocks exposed at the apex of the Siang river dome at Tuting (Tsangpo River named Siang down stream of Tuting) is the only exposure of such rocks from the Himalayan syntaxial area in India.
The Tuting metavolcanic rocks correspond to andesite and basaltic andesite as per TAS diagram. The mobility of major elements possibly has affected their classification. As per Zr/TiO2 – Nb/Y diagram of Winchester and Floyd (1977), proposed for classification of altered igneous rocks, the Tuting samples mainly correspond to ‘sub-akaline basalt’ and one sample plot as ‘andesite/basalt’. These have a flat chrondrite-normalised REE pattern. MORB-normalized multi-elemental plot shows enrichment in large ion lithophile (LIL) and the light rare earth elements (LREE), and depletion in several high field strength elements (HFSE). Based on these trace element patterns and a few discrimination plots, the Tuting metavolcanic rocks are inferred to have generated in supra-subduction zone environment in an intra-oceanic arc, back arc setting, or in a mid-ocean ridge process that resembles the Chile Ridge spreading centre.
Coralline Algae from the Aramda Reef Member of the Chaya Formation, Mithapur, Gujarat
Authors: Kishore S. , Misra P. K. , Pandey D. K. , Jauhri A. K. , Bahadur Tej , Singh S. K. , Chauhan R.S. , Tripathi S. K. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Quaternary sediments of the Aramda Reef Member of the Chaya Formation exposed in the Mojap coast near Mithapur, Gujarat are characterized by well-developed coralline algal build-ups. These algal build-ups are exceptionally rich in coralline algae and corals. In the present paper, thirteen species belonging to eight genera of coralline algae are described. Out of these, seven species (Titanoderma nataliae, Lithophyllum nitorum, Lithophyllum quadratum, Spongites sp. Brandano et al., 2005, Sporolithon lvovicum, Mesophyllum fructiferum and Lithothamnion praefruticulosum) are the new records for India. Four species (Titanoderma pustulatum, Sporolithon intermedium, Mesophyllum commune and Phymatolithon sp.) are first time recorded from the study area. Among the major framework builders of coralline algae of the Aramda Reef Member are Lithophyllum, Titanoderma, Sporolithon, Mesophyllum and Lithothamnion.
Two associations of the coralline algal assemblages can be distinguished: one indicating shallow water, high-energy conditions is developed in the upper part, while the other suggesting deposition in low-energy conditions is characteristic of the lower part of the succession. These algal associations, together with their growth-forms (encrusting, warty to fruticose, layered) come from stratigraphically separate beds. They indicate that the temperature, depth and hydrodynamic energy conditions also fluctuated during deposition of the Aramda Reef Member. It is concluded that the lower Hapalidiaceae-Sporolithaceae association dominated during warmer interval, whereas the upper lithophylloids association flourished in relatively low-temperature conditions. The associated corals indicate that minimum winter sea surface temperature remained above 18°-20° C.
Aeromagnetic Data Analysis of the Southern Aravalli Fold Belt: Its Implications in Understanding the Inter-relationship Among the Migmatites and Gneissic Rocks, Aravalli Supracrustals and Godhra Granite
Authors: Sahu B. K. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Southern Aravalli Fold Belt represents a geologically complex terrain comprising migmatites, gneisses, low-grade metasediments and intrusive granites. Processing and interpretation of the existing aeromagnetic data using modern techniques has helped in understanding the geological complexity of the area. High quality aeromagnetic maps – total intensity, vertical derivative, analytic signal and 3D Euler depth – have been produced from the digitally processed data to augment visualisation and interpretation of the data. Strong east-west to northeast-southwest long strike-length anomalies in the southern part within the gneissic/granitic terrain indicate presence of narrow bands of high-susceptibility (magnetic) materials probably along regional lineaments. The thick sequence (&gt; 1 km) of magnetically transparent sedimentary cover in the Rajgad basin is better visualised in the analytic signal and Euler Depth maps. The sediments in the northern part of the basin are deposited in a grabben formed by a northwest-southeast trending marginal fault in the north and an intrabasinal east-west fault in the south as demonstrated in the Euler 3D map. The Lunavada and Champaner Groups are separated by a shear zone comprising en-echelon shears clearly indicated in the shaded relief and vertical derivative maps. Interpretation of magnetic relief of the aeromagnetic data reveals that the area comprises of five distinct litho-tectonic units. This study demonstrates that the old aeromagnetic data acquired few decades back can provide valuable geological information, if processed using modern techniques.
Reduced postpartum hemorrhage after implementation of active management of the third stage of labor in rural Honduras
Authors: Low Lisa Kane , Bailey Joanne Motino , Sacks Emma , Robles Chayla , Medina Lilian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess outcomes after auxiliary nurses were trained and given resources to use active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) for all women giving birth in a low‐resource, low‐risk, rural, public birth center setting in northern rural Honduras.MethodsAuxiliary nurses received training on estimation of blood loss before the preintervention phase of the study (July 2004 through April 2005) and AMTSL, including use of intramuscular oxytocin, and estimation of blood loss prior to the intervention phase (July 2007 through June 2008). Preintervention and intervention data on use of oxytocin, blood loss postpartum, hemorrhage rates, and management interventions were collected and compared.ResultsAfter nurses received training on AMTSL using intramuscular oxytocin, the use of intramuscular oxytocin during the third stage of labor increased from 63.8% to 96.5%. Postpartum hemorrhage rates decreased from 14.8% to 5.9% (P = 0.001). Use of intrapartum oxytocin, which can have adverse effects, also increased: from 6.1% to 22.7% (P < 0.001).ConclusionTraining auxiliary nurses to perform AMTSL using oxytocin in this birth center setting was effective in reducing the rate of postpartum hemorrhage; however, increased use of intrapartum oxytocin may be an unintended outcome of the increased accessibility of oxytocin.
MicroRNA-130b and microRNA-374b mediate the effect of maternal dietary protein on offspring lipid metabolism in Meishan pigs
Authors: Pan Shifeng , Zheng Yating , Zhao Ruqian , Yang Xiaojing 
Published: September 2012

To investigate whether the effect of maternal dietary protein on offspring lipid metabolism is mediated by microRNA (miRNA), fourteen Meishan sows were fed either low-protein (LP, half of standard protein (SP) level,n7) or SP (n7) diets throughout gestation and lactation periods. PPAR-γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBP-β) protein expression was evaluated. The expression of miRNA predicted to directly target PPAR-γ and C/EBP-β in the subcutaneous fat of offspring at weaning age was determined, and the functions of these potential miRNA were verified. The results showed that piglet body weight and back fat thickness were significantly decreased in the LP group compared with the SP group (P< 0·05). The protein level of PPAR-γ was significantly decreased and C/EBP-β protein expression was also decreased, though not significantly (P= 0·056), in the subcutaneous fat of the LP group. Furthermore, miRNA expression analysis showed that miR-130b, targeting the PPAR-γ 3′-untranslated region (UTR), and miR-374b, targeting the C/EBP-β 3′-UTR, were significantly increased in the LP group compared with the SP group; other candidate regulatory miRNA were expressed similarly in both groups. Dual luciferase activity assay results indicated that miR-130b directly recognised and bound to the 3′-UTR of PPAR-γ and thereby suppressed PPAR-γ gene expression. Similar results were found for miR-374b and the 3′-UTR of C/EBP-β. The present study showed that miR-130b and miR-374b are involved in the effect of maternal dietary protein on offspring lipid metabolism in pigs. These results shed new light on our understanding of the maternal effect on offspring lipid deposition.
BIRTH SPACING AND CHILD MORTALITY: AN ANALYSIS OF PROSPECTIVE DATA FROM THE NAIROBI URBAN HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Authors: FOTSO JEAN CHRISTOPHE , CLELAND JOHN , MBERU BLESSING , MUTUA MICHAEL , ELUNGATA PATRICIA 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe majority of studies of the birth spacing–child survival relationship rely on retrospective data, which are vulnerable to errors that might bias results. The relationship is re-assessed using prospective data on 13,502 children born in two Nairobi slums between 2003 and 2009. Nearly 48% were first births. Among the remainder, short preceding intervals are common: 20% of second and higher order births were delivered within 24 months of an elder sibling, including 9% with a very short preceding interval of less than 18 months. After adjustment for potential confounders, the length of the preceding birth interval is a major determinant of infant and early childhood mortality. In infancy, a preceding birth interval of less than 18 months is associated with a two-fold increase in mortality risks (compared with lengthened intervals of 36 months or longer), while an interval of 18–23 months is associated with an increase of 18%. During the early childhood period, children born within 18 months of an elder sibling are more than twice as likely to die as those born after an interval of 36 months or more. Only 592 children experienced the birth of a younger sibling within 20 months; their second-year mortality was about twice as high as that of other children. These results support the findings based on retrospective data.
To germinate or not to germinate: a question of dormancy relief not germination stimulation
Authors: Finch-Savage William E. , Footitt Steven 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA common understanding of the control of germination through dormancy is essential for effective communication between seed scientists whether they are ecologists, physiologists or molecular biologists. Vleeshouwerset al.(1995) realized that barriers between disciplines limited progress and through insightful conclusions in their paper ‘Redefining seed dormancy: an attempt to integrate physiology and ecology’, they did much to overcome these barriers at that time. However, times move on, understanding develops, and now there is a case for ‘Redefining seed dormancy as an integration of physiology, ecology and molecular biology’. Finch-Savage and Leubner-Metzger (2006) had this in mind when they extended and re-interpreted the definition of dormancy proposed by Vleeshouwerset al.(1995), by considering dormancy as a having a number of layers that must be removed, with the final layer of dormancy being synonymous with the stimulation/induction of germination.
Managing a traumatic ventricular septal defect with atrial septal defect occluder device
Authors: Alidoosti Mohammad , Hoseini Seyed K. , Shafiee Akbar 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTraumatic ventricular septal defects are rare complications of blunt and penetrating chest trauma. Patients are usually referred because of shock or cardiac tamponade. Focusing on the critical condition of the patient leads to missing the presence of traumatic ventricular septal defects. In this case report, we introduce a patient with a large traumatic ventricular septal defect, which was diagnosed 40 days after a penetrating cardiac trauma and was finally treated with transcatheter closure.
Successful MitraClipTM implantation in a 15-year-old patient with multiple prior cardiac surgeries
Authors: Gorenflo Matthias , Katus Hugo A. , Bekeredjian Raffi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPercutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair using the MitraClipTM has not been used in children. The patient in this reported case was a 15-year-old male adolescent who presented postnatally with severe aortic valve stenosis and dysplasia of the mitral valve. The boy underwent surgical valvuloplasty at the age of 3 months and an aortoventriculoplasty with three re-operations. At the age of 15 years, he developed severe mitral valve regurgitation. Owing to high surgical risks, a MitraClipTM was implanted with a reduction of mitral regurgitation from grade 4+ to 2+, translating into a rapid clinical improvement.
The role of wind on the detachment of low salinity water in the Changjiang Estuary in summer
Authors: Xuan Ji‐Liang , Huang Daji , Zhou Feng , Zhu Xiao‐Hua , Fan Xiaopeng 
Published: September 2012

Two detachment processes of low salinity water (LSW) in the Changjiang Estuary in July 2006, and the role of wind on detaching the LSW in particular, are explored with a three‐dimensional numerical model. The real‐case simulation and the sensitivity experiments results show that wind plays a crucial role in the detachment events and is highlighted in three aspects. First, wind is the most important dynamic factor in the two detachment processes of the LSW. Wind mixing, wind‐driven northward current and wind‐induced upwelling are three driving forces on detaching the LSW, which increase the salinity in the upper layer in the detachment region along the 30 m isobath and separate the offshore LSW from the nearshore main body of LSW. The diagnostic analysis further indicates that the increase of salinity in the detachment region is mainly due to northward current which transports high salinity water from the south. Second, a critical wind speed, namely a southeasterly wind above 8.0 m/s, is found to be related to the timing of the detachment events. A sensitivity experiment further confirms this critical wind speed and no detachment occurs when the wind speed is below 8.0 m/s. Third, the southwesterly wind plays a key role in the magnitude of the spatial size of the detached LSW. Before the detachment occurs, a persistent southwesterly wind induces northeastward expansion of the LSW and consequently forms larger LSW offshore after detachment, which is verified by another sensitivity experiment with modified wind direction.