bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inclusion of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Genetic Research: Advance the Spirit by Changing the Rules?
Authors: Knerr Sarah , Wayman Dawn , Bonham Vence L. 
Published: October 2015

As genetic and genomic research has progressed since the sequencing of the human genome, scientists have continued to struggle to understand the role of genetic and socio-cultural factors in racial and ethnic health disparities. Recognition that race and ethnicity correlate imperfectly with differences in allele frequency, environmental exposures, and significant health outcomes has made framing the relationship between genetic variation, race, ethnicity, and disease one of the most heated debates of the genome era. Because racial and ethnic identities reflect a complicated mix of social and genetic factors, critics have argued that use of racial and ethnic categories as analytical variables in biomedical research lacks rigor, leads to potentially dangerous stereotyping in medical practice, and sends harmful messages of innate racial difference to the broader public.Concerns over the current lack of diversity in human genetic and genomic studies have developed in parallel to discussions of the appropriate use of racial and ethnic categories during the research process.
Minimal Risk in Research Involving Pregnant Women and Fetuses
Authors: Strong Carson 
Published: October 2015

How should the definition of “minimal risk” in the federal research regulations be interpreted in regard to pregnant women and fetuses? Surprisingly, there has been little discussion of this question. There is, after all, a substantial amount of published work addressing the question of how “minimal risk” should be interpreted. Similarly, there is a large body of literature on the ethics of research involving pregnant women and fetuses, particularly maternal-fetal surgery. However, in neither of these bodies of work can one find an analysis of minimal risk in regard to fetuses or pregnant women.The concept of minimal risk is defined in the regulations as follows:Minimal risk means that the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.
Bias in the Evaluation of Conflict of Interest Policies
Authors: Sharek Zachariah , Schoen Robert E. , Loewenstein George 
Published: October 2015

A wide range of medical institutions have developed and implemented policies to mitigate the adverse consequences of conflicts of interest. These newly implemented policies, which include regulation of industry contact with physicians and hospitals, controls on gifts from industry, and greater transparency in industry sponsored activities, have generated considerable controversy.Formulating and evaluating policies in a neutral, unbiased fashion can be difficult for those personally affected. When people have a stake in an issue, they tend to process information in a selective fashion that supports their personal interests, a phenomenon known as “motivated reasoning.” When decision makers with preexisting opinions are exposed to information, they are inclined to selectively use the information to arrive at conclusions that justify their prior beliefs. When confronted with information that contradicts existing views, people evaluate it with greater skepticism. Additionally, once decision makers have reached a decision, they are likely to evaluate subsequent evidence in a biased manner that supports their decision.
Currents in Contemporary Bioethics
Authors: Rothstein Mark A. 
Published: October 2015

From the earliest days of the Human Genome Project, the holy grail of genomics was the ability to perform whole-genome sequencing quickly, accurately, and relatively inexpensively so that the benefits of genomics would be widely available in clinical settings. Although the mythical $1,000 genome sequence seemed elusive for many years, next-generation sequencing technologies and other recent advances clearly indicate that inexpensive whole-genome sequencing is at hand.Whole-genome sequencing has demonstrable value in elucidating the genetic etiology of rare disorders, in identifying atypical variants in common diseases, in determining pharmacogenomically appropriate drugs and dosages, in performing tumor genome sequencing, and in aiding other clinical applications for the diagnosis and treatment of individuals who are symptomatic or whose family health history places them at substantial risk. Undoubtedly, the clinical applications of wholegenome sequencing will increase in the future.
Alive and Well: The Research Imperative
Authors: Dresser Rebecca 
Published: October 2015

The government-sponsored Tuskegee syphilis study had a huge impact on U.S. research ethics and policy. Study investigators regarded subjects as “mere means” to their research ends, which led to a variety of ethical violations. Investigators used deception so that subjects would see participation as therapeutic — researchers promoted the therapeutic misconception because this advanced study objectives. The research would produce important information, and this justified lying to research subjects.Today we see this sort of intentional deception as unjustified no matter how important a study might be. But what do we make of the claim that the syphilis study had value? As James Jones reported, its objectives were to test the prevailing views that syphilis affected blacks and whites differently, and that the disease was less harmful to blacks than whites. U.S. Public Health Service researchers and officials assumed the study had sufficient value to justify not only deceiving subjects, but also depriving them of safe and effective treatment.
In Plain Sight: A Solution to a Fundamental Challenge in Human Research
Authors: Shepherd Lois , Riley Margaret Foster 
Published: October 2015

The physician-researcher conflict of interest, a long-standing and widely recognized ethical challenge of clinical research, has thus far eluded satisfactory solution. The conflict is fairly straightforward. Medical research and medical therapy are distinct pursuits; the former is aimed at producing generalizable knowledge for the benefit of future patients, whereas the latter is aimed at addressing the individualized medical needs of a particular patient. When the physician-researcher combines these pursuits, he or she serves two masters and cannot — no matter how well-intentioned — avoid the risk of compromising the duties owed in one of the professional roles assumed. Because of the necessary rigidity of a research protocol, the more demanding of the two masters is frequently the research.The problem of the physician-researcher conflict has been evident since the first attempts to regulate human research in the United States. Otto E. Guttentag, a physician at the University of California School of Medicine in San Francisco, addressed the conflict in a 1953Sciencemagazine article.
China's Urban Employment and Urbanization Rate: A Re‐estimation
Authors: Wang Xiaolu , Wan Guanghua 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe present paper argues that China's existing population and employment statistics are misleading, and have failed to include many of the migrant and labor force flows between urban and rural areas. The paper reconciles the differences between official census data and other survey statistics and attempts to recalculate China's urban population and employment figures. Our analyses indicate that official statistics of 2012 underestimate China's urban employment by approximately 47 million while overestimating rural employment by 31 million. The adjusted urbanization rate exceeded 55 percent in 2012, almost 3 percentage points higher than the official statistics. Nevertheless, there remains much potential for rural‐to‐urban migration. More specifically, if the current bottlenecks in household registration, social security and public welfare systems can be removed or relaxed, China's urbanization rate could rise by another 10 percentage points or even more over the next decade.
Neighborhood Effects and Regional Poverty Traps in Rural China
Authors: Fang Yingfeng , Zou Wei 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe present paper investigates how neighborhood effects are connected to chronic poverty. We examine a large sample of groups of households and find that neighborhood effects are significant in a majority of groups, especially in the poorest groups. People living in poor communities tend to suffer from poverty over time. It is of theoretical and empirical importance to explore how neighborhood effects are interrelated with chronic poverty and the channels through which this occurs. Unlike other econometric analyses, we establish a multilevel econometric model to show that: (i) it is difficult for an individual living in a neighborhood with a high proportion of agricultural labor, low education levels, and poor transport and telecommunication infrastructure to escape from poverty traps; (ii) neighborhood effects dominate in poor communities; and (iii) although poverty is affected by group‐level factors, individual factors still play a dominant role in regards to escaping poverty when income surpasses a threshold level. Therefore, policy priority should be given to providing social protection and public services, especially in poor rural areas.
Age at first start and racing career of a cohort of Australian Standardbred horses
Authors: Knight PK , Thomson PC 
Published: October 2015

Objective Compare the career profiles of a cohort of Standardbred horses that first raced as 2‐year‐olds with those that started their racing careers at a later age.Method Retrospective analysis of the racing records of all foals born in New South Wales in the 2000 foaling season.Results The career records of 999 horses were analysed. Almost half (43.9%) first raced as 2‐year‐olds and one‐third (33.9%) as 3‐year‐olds. The median career duration for horses that first raced as 2‐year‐olds was 2.93 years (interquartile range (IQR) 2.70–3.16), which was significantly greater than the median for horses that first raced at 3, 4 or ≥5 years old (P < 0.001). Males, and horses that first raced as 2‐year‐olds, earned significantly more prize money than females or horses that started racing aged ≥3 years (P < 0.001). The population median number of career starts was 28.0 (IQR 8‐64). Males, and horses that first raced as 2‐year‐olds, had significantly more career starts than females or horses that started racing aged ≥3 years (P < 0.001).Conclusion This study found no evidence suggesting that racing as a 2‐year‐old had a deleterious effect on a horse's racing career.
Handaxes, Concepts, and Teaching
Authors: Chazan Michael 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that teaching of concepts is deeply rooted in human phylogeny. The basis of this argument is a consideration of the type of knowledge used to make handaxes, a tool that is found in the archaeological record beginning around 1.8 million years ago. A distinction is made between the human capacity for teaching concepts, which has a deep evolutionary history, and the types of learning that take place in classrooms that can be related to the social context of early state societies.
Moore's Paradox, Defective Interpretation, Justified Belief and Conscious Belief
Authors: WILLIAMS JOHN N. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this journal, Hamid Vahid argues against three families of explanation of Moore‐paradoxicality. The first is theWittgensteinian approach; I assert thatpjust in case I assert that I believe thatp.So making a Moore‐paradoxical assertion involves contradictory assertions. The second is theepistemic approach, one committed to: if I am justified in believing thatpthen I am justified in believing that I believe thatp. So it is impossible to have a justified omissive Moore‐paradoxical belief. The third is theconscious belief approach, being committed to: if I consciously believe thatpthen I believe that I believe thatp. So if I have a conscious omissive Moore‐paradoxical belief, then I have contradictory second‐order beliefs. In their place, Vahid argues for thedefective‐interpretation approach, broadly that charity requires us to discount the utterer of a Moore‐paradoxical sentence as a speaker. I agree that the Wittgensteinian approach is unsatisfactory. But so is the defective‐interpretation approach. However, there is a satisfactory version of each of the epistemic and conscious‐belief approaches.
Traitorous Physiognomy: Photography and the Racialization of Bolivian Indians by the Créqui‐Montfort Expedition (1903)
Authors: Zamorano Gabriela 
Published: October 2015

ResumenEn 1903, la Expedición francesa Créqui‐Montfort visitó Bolivia y sus fronteras para estudiar a la población local. La expedición transportó cámaras, instrumentos fotográficos y un sistema de fotografía prestado del método Bertillon de identificación criminal con el fin de producir y recolectar retratos pintorescos y métricos de los pueblos indígenas. Con base en este caso, este artículo explora las maneras en que la raza fue normalizada en el emergente estado liberal boliviano. Específicamente, examina cómo las ideas raciales se apoyaron en la fotografía y contribuyeron a validarla como una herramienta científica. Mediante el análisis de cuatro grupos de imágenes, el artículo explora el rol de la fotografía en la autentificación de la ciencia; los contextos políticos en los que las ideas e imágenes raciales circularon en Europa y Latinoamérica; los usos de la puesta en escena fotográfica para apoyar el argumento del potencial de las razas andinas para “salir adelante”; y el rol de los pies de foto, textos, composición y manipulación técnica para atribuir relevancia científica a las imágenes.
Status of Ground Water Banking in Idaho
Authors: Contor Bryce A. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract:In the arid western United States, most water systems are fully allocated. Water for new uses must usually be obtained through reallocation of water that has already been claimed and assigned within prior appropriation. In Idaho, new allocations of ground water were made until approximately 1990. Since then, new uses have nearly always been met by reallocation, via prior appropriation water‐rights transfers or the operation of the Idaho Water Supply Bank. Using number of allocations or reallocations per year as a proxy for the effectiveness of allocation mechanisms, it appears that transfers and the Bank have not adequately served the needs of society. This indicates that Idaho's allocation of ground water resources is inefficient; that is, that total benefit to society could be improved by mechanisms that more readily facilitate reallocation of water. It appears that improvements to ground water banking could be made within the scope of existing Idaho water‐banking statutes, to improve the allocation of resources, reduce conflict and facilitate economic growth.
Cultivating Beyond‐Capitalist Economies
Authors: Wright Sarah 
Published: October 2015

abstractConceptualizations of the economy as diverse and multiple have garnered increased attention in economic geography in recent years. Against the debilitating mantra of TINA (there is no alternative), these conceptualizations use an ontology of proliferation to insist that many viable and vital alternatives to capitalism do, in fact, exist. I aim to contribute to this project with a close reading of the diverse formal and informal economic practices associated with the village of Puno in the Philippines. In doing so, I respond to calls for work that begins in the majority world and that focuses on the broader political project associated with diverse economies. Research in this area has frequently been critiqued for not paying sufficient attention to the unstable yet persistent exclusions that may endure in, and may even be enhanced by, alternative economies. With this article, I aim to investigate the ways that power relations work through the diverse economies of Puno and the ways that residents act to transform these relations. In doing so, I draw on the experiences of three residents of Puno and their involvement in three social movement organizations. I find that the economy is usefully understood as a site of struggle in which residents work to redefine themselves and the economy. The diverse spaces of their economic lives are neither strictly alternative nor mainstream, inherently oppressive nor radical. Rather, the people of Puno are engaged in willfully cultivating spaces‐beyond‐capitalism through which they transform the very meaning of economic practice.
How Companies Can Use Hedging to Create Shareholder Value
Authors: Stulz René 
Published: October 2015

This article provides a framework for designing and evaluating corporate risk management and hedging programs. Corporate risk management has the potential to create substantial shareholder wealth by protecting companies from unexpected events that could force them to put their strategic investment plans on hold or even endanger their existence. However, assessing the performance of risk management, and how it is expected to increase the value of the enterprise, is a difficult undertaking because the costs of risk management tend to be much easier to quantify—indeed, they often appear directly on the firm's bottom line—than the benefits.The author begins by discussing how to evaluate the benefits and costs of a risk management program in general terms, and then focuses more directly on the assessment of corporate hedging programs, which are generally conducted with derivatives. In practice, there are many obstacles to designing and carrying out a successful hedging program. But one of the most common has been the tendency of top managements to insist that hedging programs be “costless.” The author argues that just as the purchase of fire insurance is not viewed as waste of funds or a bad investment if the insured house does not burn down, the use of derivatives in a well‐designed hedge should not be viewed as a mistake if the derivative position produces losses.To guard against this mistake, the people who design and implement risk management strategies must ensure that their CEOs and boards understand the possible outcomes of the strategy—including losses on derivatives position—and how the strategy itself increases the (expected) value of the firm. Further, management should attempt to communicate the principles underlying its risk management program and the value created by its hedging strategy to the investment community.
Managing Pension Risks: A Corporate Finance Perspective
Authors: Kimyagarov Gabriel , Shivdasani Anil 
Published: October 2015

Defined benefit (DB) pension plans of both U.S. and European companies are significantly underfunded because of the low interest rate environment and prior decisions to invest heavily in equities. Additional contributions and the recovery of stock markets since the end of the crisis have helped a bit but pension underfunding remains significant. Pension underfunding has substantial corporate finance implications. The authors show that companies with large pension deficits have historically delivered weaker share price performance than their peers and also trade at lower valuation multiples. Large deficits also reduce financial flexibility, increase financial risk, particularly in downside economic scenarios, and contribute to greater stock price volatility and a higher cost of capital.The authors argue that the optimal approach to managing DB pension risks relates to the risk tolerance of specific companies and their short and long‐term strategic and financial priorities. Financial executives should consider the follow pension strategies:

Voluntary Pension Contributions: Funding the pension gap by issuing new debt or equity can provide valuation and capital structure benefits—and in many cases is both NPV‐positive and EPS‐accretive. The authors show that investors have reacted favorably to both debt‐ and equity‐financed contributions.
Plan de‐risking: Shifting the pension plan's assets from equity to fixed income has become an increasingly popular approach. The primary purpose of pension assets is to fund pension liabilities while limiting risk to the operating company. The pension plan should not be viewed or run as a profit center.
Plan Restructuring: Companies should also consider alternatives such as terminating and freezing plans, paying lump sums, and changing accounting reporting.
Seasoned Equity Offerings: Stock Market Liquidity and the Rights Offer Paradox
Authors: Ginglinger Edith , Matsoukis Laure , Riva Fabrice 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of market liquidity on seasoned equity offerings (SEO) characteristics in France. We find that, besides blockholders’ takeup, liquidity is an important determinant of SEO flotation method choice. We document higher direct equity offering flotation costs, but also improved stock market liquidity after public offerings and standby rights relative to uninsured rights. After controlling for endogeneity in the choice of SEO flotation method, we find that pure public offerings and standby rights are comparable in terms of direct costs and liquidity improvement. Our results provide new insights as to why firms choose public offerings despite apparently higher costs.
Liquidity and Returns to Target Shareholders in the Market for Corporate Control: Evidence from the US Markets
Authors: Lee Kaun Y. , Chung Kee H. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this paper we analyze how stock market liquidity affects the abnormal return to target firms in mergers and tender offers. We predict that target firms with poorer stock market liquidity receive larger announcement day abnormal returns based on the following considerations. First, target firms with poorer stock market liquidity receive greater liquidity improvements after a merger or tender offer. Second, deals that involve less liquid targets are less anticipated and/or more likely to be completed. Third, less liquid stocks have more diverse reservation prices across shareholders and thus require a higher takeover return. Consistent with these expectations, we show that abnormal returns to target firms’ shareholders are significantly and positively related to the difference in liquidity (measured by the bid‐ask spread) between acquirers and targets as well as the magnitude of target firms’ liquidity improvement.
The Emergence of Second‐Tier Auditors in the US: Evidence from Investor Perceptions of Financial Reporting Credibility
Authors: Cassell Cory A. , Giroux Gary , Myers Linda A. , Omer Thomas C. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe examine changes in the association between auditor type (Big 4, Second‐Tier, and Other non‐Big 4) and perceived financial reporting credibility in the wake of events (e.g., Andersen's failure, the implementation of SOX, creation of the PCAOB, etc.) which led to significant growth in Second‐Tier client portfolios and increased scrutiny of Second‐Tier audit practices. Our results reveal that financial reporting credibility of Second‐Tier clients was lower than that of Big 4 clients and was indistinguishable from that of Other non‐Big 4 clients pre‐Andersen. However, post‐Andersen, we find that financial reporting credibility of Second‐Tier clients is higher than that of Other non‐Big 4 clients and is indistinguishable from that of Big 4 clients. We expect that our results will be of interest to regulators, both in the United States and in the European Union, who have expressed concerns about the current state of competition in the audit market, management and boards of directors that are contemplating switching to a Second‐Tier audit firm, and academics investigating quality differences among audit firm types.