bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland: a study of birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969
Authors: HAUKKA J. , SUVISAARI J. , VARILO T. , LÖNNQVIST J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. We investigated whether there is regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia and if so, whether it is caused by urban–rural differences, larger spatial clustering, or both. To control for the effect of migration, we examined regional variation in the incidence according to place of birth.Methods. Finnish birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969 were followed in the National Hospital Discharge Register from 1969 until 1991, and all cases of schizophrenia (ICD-8 or ICD-9 295) were identified (N = 14828). Forty-eight of the 559 municipalities were classified as urban and 25% of the Finnish population lived in these municipalities in 1960. For the analysis of spatial clustering, municipalities were grouped into 57 functional small-areas. We used Poisson regression model with the number of births of individuals who later developed schizophrenia as a response variable, and place of birth (urban/rural), birth cohort (1950–54, 1955–9, 1960–64, and 1965–9), functional small-area units, and sex as response variables.Results. The incidence was slightly higher among the rural-born in the oldest birth cohort. In the other cohorts, it was higher among the urban-born, and the difference between urban and rural born increased in the youngest cohorts. Significant spatial clustering of schizophrenia was observed in eastern Finland.Conclusions. Urban birth is a risk factor for schizophrenia in Finland in cohorts born since 1955. However, genuine spatial clustering of schizophrenia in eastern Finland was also observed, possibly caused by genetic isolation.
Twin studies of adult psychiatric and substance
dependence disorders: are they biased by differences
in the environmental experiences of monozygotic and
dizygotic twins in childhood and adolescence?
Authors: KENDLER KENNETH S. , GARDNER CHARLES O. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Twin studies have long been used to disentangle

the role of genetic and environmental
factors in the aetiology of psychiatric disorders. However, the validity

of the twin method depends
on the equal environment assumption – that monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic
(DZ) twins are
equally correlated in their exposure to environmental factors of
aetiological importance for the disorder under study.Methods. Both members of 822 female–female twin
pairs from a population-based registry
previously assessed for a range of psychiatric and substance use disorders

were asked 12 questions
assessing the similarity of their environmental experiences in childhood
and adolescence. We
examined whether the similarity of environmental experiences
predicted concordance for psychiatric
and substance abuse disorders by both a ‘pair-wise’ and
‘individual’ method utilizing logistic
regression. We also examined smoking initiation, where prior evidence suggested
a role for
adolescent social environment.Results. Three factors were derived from these items:
‘Childhood treatment’, ‘Co-socialization’
and ‘Similitude’. Members of twin pairs agreed substantially

in their recollections of these
experiences. Compared with DZ twins, MZ twins reported comparable resemblance
in their
childhood treatment, but socialized together more frequently and
reported that parents, teachers
and friends more commonly emphasized their similarities. None of
these three factors significantly
predicted twin resemblance for major depression, generalized anxiety disorder,
panic disorder,
phobias, nicotine dependence or alcohol dependence. However, co-socialization
significantly
predicted twin resemblance for smoking initiation and perhaps for bulimia.Conclusion. Differential environmental experiences of MZ and
DZ
twins in childhood and
adolescence are unlikely to represent a substantial bias in twin studies

of most major psychiatric and
substance dependence disorders but may influence twin similarity for the

initiation of substance use.
An assessment of the Standardized Assessment of Personality as a
screening instrument for the International Personality Disorder
Examination: a comparison of informant and patient assessment for
personality disorder
Authors: MANN A. H. , RAVEN P. , PILGRIM J. , KHANNA S. , VELAYUDHAM A. , SURESH K. P. , CHANNABASAVANNA S. M. , JANCA A. , SARTORIUS N. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) has been developed as a
standardized interview for personality disorders. While it has good psychometric properties, its
length makes it difficult to use in the community in population research, particularly outside
psychiatric settings. The informant-based Standard Assessment of Personality (SAP), which has
been in use since 1981, could serve as a valid screen to detect likely personality disordered
individuals who would then receive a definitive diagnosis by IPDE. This study aimed to compare
the two instruments in their capacity to detect personality disorder according to ICD-10 taxonomy
and to estimate the efficiency of the use of the two together in a case-finding exercise.Method. Ninety psychiatric out-patients in Bangalore, India, were assessed for personality disorder
using the two methods. Assessment was conducted by a pair of trained interviewers in random order
and by random allocation to interviewer.Results. Overall agreement between the two instruments in the detection of ICD-10 personality
disorder was modest (kappa = 0·4). The level of agreement varied according to personality
category, ranging from kappa 07·66 (dependent) to kappa 0·09 (dyssocial). The SAP proved to have
a high negative predictive value (97%) for IPDE as the gold standard, suggesting its potential as
a screen in samples where the expected prevalence of personality disorder is low.Conclusion. A two-stage approach to epidemiological studies of personality disorder may be
practicable.
The onset of common mental disorders in primary
care attenders in Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: TODD C. , PATEL V. , SIMUNYU E. , GWANZURA F. , ACUDA W. , WINSTON M. , MANN A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This study aimed to investigate the onset
and predictors of common mental disorders
(CMD) in primary-care attenders in Harare, Zimbabwe.Method. Two (T1) and 12-month (T2) follow-up of a cohort of
primary-care attenders without a
common mental disorder (N=197) as defined by the Shona Symposium
Questionnaire (SSQ),
recruited from primary health care clinics, traditional medical practitioner
clinics and general
practitioner surgeries. Outcome measure was caseness as determined by scores
on the SSQ at follow-up.Results. Follow-up rate was 86% at 2 months and 75% at 12 months.
Onset of CMD was recorded
in 16% at T1 and T2. Higher psychological morbidity scores at recruitment,
death of a first-degree
relative and disability predicted the presence of a CMD at both follow-up
points. While female
gender and economic difficulties predicted onset only in the short-term,
belief in supernatural
causation was strongly predictive of CMD at T2. Caseness at both follow-up
points was associated
with economic problems and disability at those follow-up points.Conclusions. Policy initiatives to reduce economic deprivation
and targeting interventions to
primary-care attenders who are subclinical cases and those who have been
bereaved or who are
disabled may reduce the onset of new cases of CMD. Closer collaboration
between biomedical and
traditional medical practitioners may provide avenues for developing methods
of intervention for
persons with supernatural illness models.
Acute tryptophan depletion in healthy young women
with a family history of major affective disorder
Authors: ELLENBOGEN M. A. , YOUNG S. N. , DEAN P. , PALMOUR R. M. , BENKELFAT C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), a means
of reducing brain serotonin synthesis,
lowers mood in normal males with a multi-generational family history of
major affective disorder
(MAD) and in normal women devoid of any family history of psychiatric illness.
As both a family
history of MAD and female sex are factors predisposing to depression, the
hypothesis that a mood
lowering response to ATD may reflect a susceptibility to depression was
further investigated in
young women with an extensive, multi-generational family history of MAD.
In addition, the
temporal stability of mood change following repeated trials of ATD was
also assessed in this study.Methods. To deplete tryptophan, a tryptophan deficient amino
acid mixture was ingested on two
separate occasions. The control treatment, administered on a third occasion,
was a nutritionally
balanced amino acid mixture containing tryptophan.Results. A marked lowering of plasma tryptophan (85–90%)
was achieved by both depletions. In
comparison to the balanced condition, family history positive (FH+) women
showed no lowering
of mood to either the first or second ATD (N=13) and N=12,
respectively). Mood change
between the two ATD trials (N=13) exhibited poor temporal stability.Conclusions. These results may indicate that serotonin responsiveness
is not an important
characteristic of vulnerability to depression in these women. Alternately,
these negative results may
be due to the exclusion of a large number of FH+ women who had already
experienced an episode
of depression, resulting in the selection of a biased FH+ sample who are
resistant to the mood
lowering effects of ATD.
Apathy and depressed mood in acquired brain
damage: relationship to lesion localization and
psychophysiological reactivity
Authors: ANDERSSON S. , KROGSTAD J. M. , FINSET A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Apathy is a frequent neurobehavioural sequel
in patients with acquired brain damage
and it may seriously affect outcome of rehabilitation.Methods. Patients with traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular
insults and hypoxic brain injury,
categorized into four lesion localization groups: left hemisphere damage
(LHD); right hemisphere
damage (RHD); bilateral hemispheric damage (BHD); and subcortical damage
(SCD) were
assessed with the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) and Montgomery and Åsberg
Depression Rating
Scale (MADRS). Heart rate and electrodermal activity were recorded in an
experimental situation
that exposed the patients to mental stressors in order to measure psychophysiological
reactivity.Results. Significant differences in level of apathy were found
between diagnostic groups as well as
between localization subgroups. SCD and RHD patients displayed most apathy.
Factor analysis of
MADRS revealed a three-factor solution; depressed mood, somatic symptoms
and negative
symptoms. Apathy was significantly correlated with negative symptoms in
all localization
subgroups, except among the BHD patients. Apathy was not correlated with
depressed mood or
somatic symptoms. Moreover, apathy was significantly correlated with heart
rate reactivity, but not
with electrodermal reactivity.Conclusion. Apathy is common, its severity depending on diagnosis
and localization of lesion.
Apathy and depression in brain damaged patients share common features,
but may be differentiated.
The significant relationship between apathy and heart rate may provide
a psychophysiological
correlation of the disengagement, lack of interest and absence of emotional
responsivity typically
seen in apathy. The results have implications for the theoretical understanding
of apathy and related
negative symptoms, and for rehabilitation practice.
A new approach for explaining dreaming and REM sleep mechanisms
Authors: Khambalia Amina , Shapiro Colin M. 
Published: July 2002

The following review summarizes and examines Mark Solms's article Dreaming and REM Sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms, which argues why the understanding of REM sleep as the physiological equivalent of dreaming needs to be re-analyzed. An analysis of Solms's article demonstrates that he makes a convincing argument against the paradigmatic activation-synthesis model proposed by Hobson and McCarley and provides provocative evidence to support his claim that REM and dreaming are dissociable states. In addition, to situate Solms's findings in concurrent research, other studies are mentioned that are further elucidated by his argument.[Solms]
Standard orbit factors and entropy-free Vershik equivalence
Authors: FELDMAN J. 
Published: July 2002

1. Let ${\bf r}=(r_1,r_2,\dots)$ be a sequence of integers greater than one. Then every ${\bf r}$-adic reverse filtration has a maximal standard orbit factor.2. For ‘entropy-free’ ${\bf r}$, $a\geqq 0$, and any free action $A$ of the group $G=(Z/r_1Z)+(Z/r_2Z)+\dotsb$, there is a free ergodic action $A'$ of $G$ with $h(A')=a$ and such that the reverse filtration produced by $A'$ is isomorphic to that produced by $A$.
Aesthetic education and the practice of music teaching
Authors: Plummeridge Charles 
Published: July 2002

Over the past three decades it has become customary to regard music education as a form of aesthetic education. Recently a number of writers have expressed some objections to this view which they maintain has acquired the status of an accepted orthodoxy. In a healthy educational climate it is right that any orthodoxy should be questioned and aesthetic education has often become the subject of an international debate The purpose of this paper is not to add another voice to that debate but to re-examine the concept of aesthetic education with reference to the teaching and learning of music in educational institutions.Many discussions on this issue become clouded because the term ‘aesthetic education’ is used in different ways and in different contexts In a broad sense the aesthetic is not necessarily associated with the arts and is taken to be a dimension of experience in any discipline; accordingly, aesthetic education is across the curriculum. Most frequently, it implies an education in the fine arts, the aim of which is the development in children of a particular style of thinking or mode of intelligence. A third view arises from the notion of aesthetics as a form of enquiry best described as the philosophy of art; aesthetic education thus conceived involves the study of topics such as artistic meanings, judgements and values.An examination of these different conceptions of aesthetic education raises a number of philosophical and educational issues that have implications not only for the organisation and practice of music education in schools but also for the education and professional development of teachers.
Fruiting phenology and seed dispersal syndromes in caatinga, a tropical dry forest in the northeast of Brazil
Authors: GRIZ LUCIANA MARIA SOBRAL , MACHADO ISABEL CRISTINA S. 
Published: July 2002

This study describes the fruiting phenology of woody plants and their dispersal syndromes in caatinga
(semi-arid region in the northeast of Brazil). The fruiting phenology of 42 species with different dispersal modes and
life-forms was followed over a period of 1 y. Animal dispersal was the most commonly observed dispersal mode (36%),
followed by anemochory (33%), ballistic dispersal (19%) and barochory (12%). Overall, a greater number of species
fruited during the rainy season. Zoochorous species were the most representative in the rainy season, whereas
anemochorous species predominated during the dry season. Five different life-forms were observed, and the occurrence of
dispersal modes was discussed for each of them. In the caatinga plant community studied the patterns of life-forms,
fruiting phenology and seed dispersal syndromes were similar to other tropical seasonal ecosystems.Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal descrever como se comportam as
espécies de caatinga (região semi-árida do Nordeste
brasileiro) com relação ao modo de dispersão durante as
estações seca e chuvosa. Foram observados também os
modos de dispersão apresentados em cada forma de vida. A fenofase de
frutificação foi acompanhada em 10 indivíduos de
42 espécies durante um intervalo de um ano. A zoocoria representou o
modo de dispersão mais observado (36%), seguido da anemocoria (33%),
balística (19%) e barocoria (12%). Um maior número de
espécies frutificou durante a estação de chuvas, sendo
a zoocoria mais representativa nesta estação, enquanto que a
anemocoria foi mais representativa na época de estiagem. Foram
observadas várias formas de vida, discutindo-se o modo de dispersão
em cada uma delas. Constatou-se que as espécies de caatinga estudadas
encontram-se dentro dos padrões gerais de época de dispersão
dos diásporos e representatividade das síndromes de dispersão
observados em outros ecossistemas com sazonalidade.
On Ext2 between Weyl modules for quantum GLn
Authors: COX ANTON , ERDMANN KARIN 
Published: July 2002

In the study of highest weight categories, the class of Weyl modules Δ(λ) and their
duals ∇(λ) are of central interest; this is for example motivated by the problem of
finding the characters of the simple modules. Weyl modules form the building blocks
for the category [Fscr ](Δ), whose objects have a filtration
0 = M0 [les ] M1 [les ] … [les ]
Mi−1 [les ] Mi = M
with quotients isomorphic to Δ(λ) for various λ. Knowing
Extr(Δ(λ), Δ(μ))
is essential for the understanding of this category.In [3, 13], we determined Ext1 for Weyl modules
of SL(2, k) and q-GL(2, k) over
an infinite field k of characteristic p > 0.
Here we are able to extend these results to
determine Ext2 for Weyl modules in both these cases (see Theorem 4 · 6). Moreover,
this also gives Ext2 between any pair of Weyl modules
Δ(λ), Δ(μ) for q-GL(n, k)
(where n [ges ] 2) such that both λ and μ have at most two rows or two columns, or
where they differ by some multiple of a simple root (see Section 7).Consider (for simplicity) polynomial representations of degree d
for GL(n, k). A
partition of d which has at most two rows is uniquely determined by the difference
in the row lengths, which we use as a label for the partition. In this case our main
result is
Home‐range use by the tufted capuchin monkey (Cebus apella nigritus) in a subtropical rainforest of Argentina
Authors: Di Bitetti Mario S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe pattern of home‐range use by seven groups of tufted capuchin monkeys Cebus apella nigritus is described in the Iguazú National Park, Argentina, during 1991–94. The seasonal changes in home‐range use by one of these groups between August 1997 and December 1998, are correlated with changes in food distribution and availability. Fruit availability was estimated with fruit traps, and the abundance and distribution of food was experimentally changed within the home range of one group by using feeding platforms filled with bananas. Average home‐range size is 161 ± 77 ha (range = 81–293 ha, n= 7). There is a positive relationship between the number of females per group and home‐range size. Neighbouring groups have partially overlapping home ranges and aggressive relationships. Fruit abundance is scarce during the winter and peaks during the spring and early summer. The pattern of home‐range use by the main study group of capuchins was consistent with the hypothesis that fruit distribution and availability is the most important factor affecting the spatial use of their range. This is evidenced by the changes in range size and in range use as the distribution and abundance of their main fruit sources change seasonally. Range use shifted dramatically during the experimental phase of this study; the capuchins reduced their range and most frequently visited the areas where the feeding platforms were located. For most populations of frugivorous monkeys, fruit distribution and availability are the main factors that determine the pattern of home‐range use. However, in some populations the availability of water sources and sleeping sites can have some effect on range use. For capuchin monkeys in particular, within‐species variation in home‐range size, degree of range overlap and interactions between neighbouring groups are large and do not serve to characterize any species of Cebus monkeys.
Diets for fat sets
Authors: ERWIG MARTIN 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we describe the discrete interval encoding tree
for storing subsets of
types having a total order and a predecessor and a successor function. In the
following, we consider for simplicity only the case for integer sets; the generalization
is not difficult.The discrete interval encoding tree is based on the observation that the set of
integers {i[mid ]a[les ]i[les ]b}
can be perfectly represented by the closed interval [a, b].
The general idea is to represent a set by a binary search tree of integers in which
maximal adjacent subsets are each represented by an interval. For example, inserting
the sequence of numbers 6, 9, 2, 13, 8, 14, 10, 7, 5 into a binary search tree, respectively,
into a discrete interval encoding tree results in the tree structures shown in figure 1.The efficiency of the interval representation, both in terms of space and time,
improves with the density of the set, i.e. with the number of adjacencies between set
elements. So what we propose is a ‘diet’ (discrete interval encoding tree)
for ‘fat’ sets in the sense of ‘the same amount of information
with less nodes’.
Physical therapy to improve movement performance and functional ability poststroke.
Part 2. A research direction.
Authors: Pomeroy VM , Tallis RC 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionPhysical therapy forms a large part of the multi-professional package of stroke
care which has been shown to save lives and reduce disability, effects
which may be maintained in the longer term. More specifically, physical
therapy may improve performance of movement and functional ability poststroke, especially
in the form of exercise-based interventions, and increased
intensity of physical therapy may bring increased benefit. However,
there is little evidence on which to base clinical decisions about what interventions
to give to which patients, in what intensity and at what stage in the recovery process.
In short, much of physical therapy practice remains based on clinical belief rather
than objective evidence and robust research is needed.
Mitochondrial damage in human aging
Authors: Brierley Elizabeth J 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionAging is a detrimental, progressive process that affects all human beings fortunate to live long enough. This indistinct process renders an individual increasingly susceptible to disease, disability and death. For this reason, aging is expensive, both personally for an individual and financially for society as a whole. Aging is probably the result of damage to several different mechanisms. There are numerous potential contenders, one of which is the involvement of mitochondria. Harman in 1972 was one of the first to suggest that mitochondria may have a central role in aging. Linnane in 1989 proposed that the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations during life is a major cause of age-related disease. With the explosion of molecular biology in the last decade, our understanding of mitochondrial aging has advanced, raising many questions as to if and how mtDNA mutations may be involved in aging.
Total Path Length for Random Recursive Trees
Authors: DOBROW ROBERT P. , FILL JAMES ALLEN 
Published: July 2002

Total path length, or search cost, for a rooted tree is defined as the sum of all
root-to-node distances. Let Tn be the total path
length for a random recursive tree of order n. Mahmoud [10] showed that
Wn := (Tn −
E[Tn])/n converges almost surely
and in L2 to a nondegenerate limiting random variable W.
Here we give recurrence relations for the moments of Wn and of
W and show that Wn converges to W in
Lp for each 0 < p < ∞. We confirm the
conjecture that the distribution of W is not normal. We also show that the
distribution of W is characterized among all distributions having zero mean and finite
variance by the distributional identityformula herewhere [Escr ](x) := − x ln x −
(1 minus; x) ln(1 − x) is the binary entropy function, U
is a uniform (0, 1) random variable, W* and W have the same
distribution, and U, W and W* are mutually independent.
Finally, we derive an approximation for the distribution of W using a Pearson
curve density estimator.