bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How insects overcome two‐component plant chemical defence: plant β‐glucosidases as the main target for herbivore adaptation
Authors: Pentzold Stefan , Zagrobelny Mika , Rook Fred , Bak Søren 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTInsect herbivory is often restricted by glucosylated plant chemical defence compounds that are activated by plant β‐glucosidases to release toxic aglucones upon plant tissue damage. Such two‐component plant defences are widespread in the plant kingdom and examples of these classes of compounds are alkaloid, benzoxazinoid, cyanogenic and iridoid glucosides as well as glucosinolates and salicinoids. Conversely, many insects have evolved a diversity of counter‐adaptations to overcome this type of constitutive chemical defence. Here we discuss that such counter‐adaptations occur at different time points, before and during feeding as well as during digestion, and at several levels such as the insects' feeding behaviour, physiology and metabolism. Insect adaptations frequently circumvent or counteract the activity of the plant β‐glucosidases, bioactivating enzymes that are a key element in the plant's two‐component chemical defence. These adaptations include host plant choice, non‐disruptive feeding guilds and various physiological adaptations as well as metabolic enzymatic strategies of the insect's digestive system. Furthermore, insect adaptations often act in combination, may exist in both generalists and specialists, and can act on different classes of defence compounds. We discuss how generalist and specialist insects appear to differ in their ability to use these different types of adaptations: in generalists, adaptations are often inducible, whereas in specialists they are often constitutive. Future studies are suggested to investigate in detail how insect adaptations act in combination to overcome plant chemical defences and to allow ecologically relevant conclusions.
Darwin Meets the King: Blending Sociology and Evolutionary Psychology to Explain Police Deviance
Authors: Parnaby Patrick F. , Buffone Sonya 
Published: October 2013

Ce papier utilise la perspective de Parnaby et Leyden's () qui adapte l'approche de Merton de la déviance policière en incorporant des éléments de psychologie évolutionniste. Nous proposons que l'intégration de la psychologie évolutionniste contribue à un modèle théorique plus robuste. Plus précisément, nous considérons qu'une structure sociale anomique crée les conditions sociales par lesquelles des mécanismes psychologiques adaptifs qui coïncident avec les modes d'adaptation de Merton et se manifestent dans le comportement. Nous soulignons l'importance d'une intégration de la sociologie et de la psychologie évolutionniste et adressons certains malentendus sur cette dernière.In this paper, we build on Parnaby and Leyden's () modified Mertonian approach to police deviance by incorporating elements of evolutionary psychology. It is our contention that an infusion of evolutionary psychology will lead to a more robust theoretical model. Specifically, we argue that an anomic social structure helps create the social conditions within which specific adaptive psychological mechanisms manifest behaviorally in ways that coincide with Merton's modes of adaptation. The importance of integrating sociology and evolutionary psychology is emphasized while a number of misunderstandings about the latter are addressed.
ADHD and transitions to adult mental health services: a scoping review
Authors: Swift K. D. , Sayal K. , Hollis C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThere is increased awareness that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continues into adulthood. Thus, health services are faced with a new challenge in providing a ‘smooth’ transition to adult services appropriate for young people with ADHD. This scoping review sought to identify the literature addressing transition for young people with ADHD to adult mental health services (AMHS). A scoping review, in which the search terms ‘ADHD’ and ‘Transition’ or ‘Transfer’ were entered into eight healthcare publication databases facilitated by NHS Evidence to identify both published and unpublished papers between 2000 and June 2013. Additional informal searches were also undertaken. Twenty‐three papers were selected for this review. This review confirms the lack of research explicitly tracking transition from Paediatrics/Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) to AMHS for young people with ADHD. Only four papers directly studying transition for ADHD patients were identified. Three further studies surveyed clinician perspectives. Taken together, the studies address a number of issues in relation to transition, including the developmental course of ADHD symptoms, appropriate adult care, knowledge and communication, unmet need, comorbidities, environmental demands and medication cessation/dosage during the transition period. While literature surrounding transition exists, the scope of the evidence showing successful and unsuccessful transition activity from Paediatric and CAMHS to AMHS for young people with ADHD is limited. Future quality research in the form of audits, longitudinal tracking studies and service evaluations are required if we are truly to understand and identify what is needed and currently available for successful transition to an appropriate adult service for ADHD patients.
BRAF V600 co‐testing is technically feasible in conventional thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology smears and can reduce the need for completion thyroidectomy
Authors: Poller D. N. , Glaysher S. 
Published: October 2013

IntroductionWhile fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the mainstay of diagnosis in thyroid nodules, molecular markers of thyroid cancer have recently been shown to be of value in improving the diagnosis and reducing the rates of unnecessary surgery.MethodA technical method is presented for the assessment of the BRAF V600 gene mutation in thyroid cancer using a simple adaptation of a commercially available kit. After standard preparation and reporting of conventionally stained alcohol‐fixed Papanicolaou or air‐dried Giemsa‐stained slides the coverslip is removed from one slide, the DNA is extracted and submitted for PCR analysis.ResultsAssessment of the BRAF V600 mutational status is feasible in very small quantities of DNA, requiring just greater than 5 ng per case from a single pre‐stained FNA slide using this method. From the 14 cases examined thus far, one Thy4/Bethesda Class V case (suspicious of malignancy) has been identified with a BRAF V600 mutation and this patient, after multidisciplinary discussion, received a total thyroidectomy.ConclusionBased on this methodology and other published results for the BRAF mutation, we believe that it is now feasible and cost effective for the UK NHS to BRAF co‐test all Thy4/Bethesda Class V thyroid FNAs, as the additional cost of BRAF testing will still be much less than the cost of submitting all Thy4 (Bethesda Class V) patients to a partial and then a later completion thyroidectomy.
Peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte/monocyte ratio as a useful prognostic factor in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in the rituximab era
Authors: Watanabe Reina , Tomita Naoto , Itabashi Megumi , Ishibashi Daisuke , Yamamoto Eri , Koyama Satoshi , Miyashita Kazuho , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Nakajima Yuki , Hattori Yukako , Motohashi Kenji , Takasaki Hirotaka , Ohshima Rika , Hashimoto Chizuko , Yamazaki Etsuko , Fujimaki Katsumichi , Sakai Rika , Fujisawa Shin , Motomura Shigeki , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectivesThe tumor microenvironment, including tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes and myeloid‐derived cells, is an important factor in the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of malignant lymphoma. However, the prognostic significance of peripheral lymphocytes and monocytes in lymphoma remains unclear.MethodsWe evaluated the prognostic impact of the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), absolute monocyte count (AMC), and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) in 359 diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R‐CHOP).ResultsThe median follow‐up time of the surviving patients was 58 months. Low ALC and an elevated AMC were both associated with poor survival rates. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that LMR was the best predictor of survival, with 4.0 as the cutoff point. Patients with LMR ≤4.0 were more likely to have an aggressive tumor, and this was associated with poor treatment responses. Patients with LMR ≤4.0 at diagnosis had significantly poorer overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) than those with LMR >4.0. Multivariate analysis, which included prognostic factors of the International Prognostic Index, showed LMR ≤4.0 to be an independent predictor for the OS (hazard ratio [HR], 2.507; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.255–5.007; P = 0.009) and PFS (HR, 2.063; 95% CI, 1.249–3.408; P = 0.005).ConclusionsThe LMR at diagnosis, as a simple index which reflects host systemic immunity, predicts clinical outcomes in DLBCL patients treated with R‐CHOP.
Dark‐field microscopy in the assessment of large colon microperfusion and mucosal injury in naturally occurring surgical disease of the equine large colon
Authors: Hurcombe S. D. , Welch B. R. , Williams J. M. , Cooper E. S. , Russell D. , Mudge M. C. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryReason for performing studyIntraoperative assessment of colonic viability can be challenging and largely subjective. Objective methods are often impractical. Viability is related to re‐establishment of colonic perfusion; particularly microvascular perfusion. This study evaluated the utility of dark‐field microscopy (DFM) of the colonic serosa as an objective method of assessing microperfusion.ObjectivesTo measure microvascular perfusion indices (MPI) of the pelvic flexure serosa in horses with surgical colonic lesions and correlate these with macroperfusion indices (MaPI) and histomorphometry.Study designProspective, clinical, case–control study.MethodsControl horses and horses with colonic volvulus (LCV), displacement, and/or simple obstruction undergoing surgery hadDFMvideo loops performed on the pelvic flexure. Total vessel density, perfused vessel density, proportion of perfusion vessels and microvascular flow index were calculated from video analysis. Macroperfusion indices (arterial blood pressure and heart rate) were recorded. Histomorphometry was used to determine a mucosal injury score. Differences between lesions forMPI,MaPIand histomorphometry were compared usingANOVAorKruskal–Wallis statistic. Spearman correlations betweenMPIwithMaPIwere performed. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship betweenMPIand histomorphometry. P<0.05 was significant.ResultsHorses withLCVhad lower perfused vessel density, proportion of microvascular perfusion vessels and flow index than horses with nonstrangulating obstructions and control horses. Macroperfusion indices were not correlated withMPIbutMPIwere correlated with histomorphometry.ConclusionsDark‐field microscopy is achievable in the operating room and can quantifyMPIfrom the colonic serosa in different colonic lesions. Macroperfusion indices were not related with colonicMPI. Microvascular perfusion indices can predict the severity of histopathological change at the pelvic flexure. Derangements ofMPImay be more useful indicators of colonic pathology and viability and offer a more objective assessment of intestinal injury than subjective methods. Further study is needed to determine the utility ofDFMin predicting survival in horses withLCV.
Climatic niche at physiological and macroecological scales: the thermal tolerance–geographical range interface and niche dimensionality
Authors: Gouveia Sidney F. , Hortal Joaquín , Tejedo Miguel , Duarte Helder , Cassemiro Fernanda A. S. , Navas Carlos A. , Diniz‐Filho José Alexandre F. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAimUnder theHutchinsonian concept of the realized niche, biotic interactions and dispersal limitation may prevent species from fully occupying areas that they could tolerate physiologically. This can hamper the translation of physiological limits into climatically defined range limits and distorts inferences of evolutionary changes of the adaptive limits (i.e. niche conservatism). In contrast, heritable physiological limits should conform more closely to the position of the niche in the climatic hyperspace. Here, we hypothesize that a measure of niche position in the climatic hyperspace is more reliable than niche boundaries to capture the variability and evolutionary pattern of physiological tolerance.LocationNeotropics andPalaeartic.MethodsWe used phylogenetic and non‐phylogenetic regressions to test the relationships between physiological requirements and macroecological niche features (i.e. based on known species distributions) among anurans. We use larval critical thermal maximum (CTmax) as a measure of physiological response and maximum temperature (Tmax), temperature variability (Tvar) and the position and breadth of niche in climatic hyperspace as measures of the realized niche in geographical space. We also compare evolutionary rates among these parameters using the phylogenetic signal representation curve.ResultsCTmaxis better correlated with niche position (r2 = 0.414) than withTvar, andCTmaxis unrelated to eitherTmaxor niche breadth.CTmaxand macroecological niche position also show similar and rapid evolutionary rates, i.e. faster thanBrownian motion, whereasTmaxandTvarevolve more slowly and niche breadth evolves at random.Main conclusionsThe transferability between thermal tolerance and realized climatic niche limits is weak. Only macroecological niche position in the multivariate climatic hyperspace correlates with physiological tolerance. It thus appears to be more suitable for describing the variability and evolutionary pattern of the species' adaptive limits. We link these results to ‘niche dimensionality’, in that multiple interacting factors outweigh single factors in demarcating the species' realized climatic niche, thereby determining the conserved upper thermal limits of the species.
Characterization and Piezoelectric Properties of Reactively Sputtered (Sc, Al)N Thin Films on Diamond Structure
Authors: Wu Sean , Wu Meng Ying , Huang Jow‐Lay , Lii Ding‐Fwu 
Published: October 2013

Highly oriented wurtzite (Sc, Al)N films were deposited on a diamond/silicon by a co‐sputtering system. The results showed that the formation of ScxAl1−xN alloys causes a lattice distortion during the phase transition, and this intermediate phase induces a large piezoelectric response. When the scandium concentration increased up to the solution limit of scandium in aluminum nitride (measured data are about 12 at.%), the piezoelectric coefficient of (Sc, Al)N film is four times larger than pure AlN layer. After annealing process, the d33 value of (Sc, Al)N can be increased to a maximum of 20.073 pC/N.
Oral health education and therapy reduces gingivitis during pregnancy
Authors: Geisinger Maria L. , Geurs Nicolaas C. , Bain Jennifer L. , Kaur Maninder , Vassilopoulos Philip J. , Cliver Suzanne P. , Hauth John C. , Reddy Michael S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundPregnant women demonstrate increases in gingivitis despite similar plaque levels to non‐pregnant counterparts.AimTo evaluate an intensive protocol aimed at reducing gingivitis in pregnant women and provide pilot data for large‐scale randomized controlled trials investigating oral hygiene measures to reduce pregnancy gingivitis and alter maternity outcomes.Materials and MethodsOne hundred and twenty participants between 16 and 24 weeks gestation with Gingival Index (GI) scores ≥2 at ≥50% of tooth sites were enrolled. Plaque index (PI), gingival inflammation (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were recorded at baseline and 8 weeks. Dental prophylaxis was performed at baseline and oral hygiene instructions at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks. Pregnancy outcomes were recorded at parturition. Mixed‐model analysis of variance was used to compare clinical measurements at baseline and 8 weeks.ResultsStatistically significant reductions in PI, GI, PD, and CAL occurred over the study period. Mean whole mouth PI and GI scores decreased approximately 50% and the percentage of sites with PI and GI ≥2 decreased from 40% to 17% and 53% to 21.8%, respectively. Mean decreases in whole mouth PD and CAL of 0.45 and 0.24 mm, respectively, were seen.ConclusionsIntensive oral hygiene regimen decreased gingivitis in pregnant patients.
Spontaneous peer conversation in preschoolers with high‐functioning autism spectrum disorder versus typical development
Authors: Bauminger‐Zviely Nirit , Karin Eynat , Kimhi Yael , Agam‐Ben‐Artzi Galit 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundIn typical development, early peer talk is crucial for pragmatic development. The pragmatic deficit, reflected in remarkably deficient conversational capabilities, is considered the hallmark of the language deficit in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); yet, spontaneous peer talk in preschoolers withASDwas rarely explored.MethodWe conducted comparative assessment of spontaneous peer talk during 10‐min free‐play scenarios in preschoolers with high‐functioningASD(HFASD;n = 27) versus those with typical development (n = 30). Groups were matched onSES, verbal/nonverbalMA,IQ, andCA. Correlations withCA,IQ,VMA, andNVMAwere examined. We compared the two groups' interactions with a friend‐partner versus a nonfriend partner; in addition, in theHFASDgroup, we examined interactions with a typical partner (mixed dyads) versus a partner withHFASD(nonmixed dyads). Children's conversations were videotaped and coded to tap pragmatic capabilities and conversational quality.ResultsFindings revealed group differences in pragmatic abilities and conversational quality, with the typical group showing more intact capacities than the HFASD group. However, in theHFASDgroup, interactions with friends surpassed interactions with nonfriends on several key pragmatic capabilities and on all conversational quality measures (meshing, assertiveness, and responsiveness), thus suggesting that friendship may enable children to converse in a more socially complex and coregulated way. Also, children with higher cognitive capabilities, especially in theHFASDgroup, demonstrated more intact pragmatic capacities.ConclusionDespite the robust pragmatic deficit inHFASD, reflected in conversational capabilities, involvement in friendship relationships and high cognitive capabilities were linked to more intact pragmatic capacities. Theoretical and therapeutic implications are discussed.
Parent and youth report of youth anxiety: evidence for measurement invariance
Authors: Dirks Melanie A. , Weersing V. Robin , Warnick Erin , Gonzalez Araceli , Alton Megan , Dauser Christine , Scahill Lawrence , Woolston Joseph 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundWe characterized parent‐youth disagreement in their report on the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) and examined the equivalence of this measure across parent and youth report.MethodsA clinically referred sample of 408 parent‐youth dyads (M age youth = 14.33, SD = 1.89; 53.7% male; 50.0% Non‐Hispanic White (NHW), 14.0% Hispanic, 29.7% African‐American) completed the SCARED. We examined (a) differences between parents and youth in the total number of symptoms reported (difference scores) and in their ratings of specific symptoms (q correlations), (b) demographic factors associated with these indices, and (c) equivalence of the pattern and magnitude of factor loadings (i.e., configural and metric invariance), as well as item thresholds and residual variances, across informants.ResultsThe mean difference score was −2.13 (SD = 14.44), with youth reporting higher levels of symptoms, and the mean q correlation was .32 (SD = .24). Difference scores were greater for African‐American dyads than NHW pairs. We found complete configural, metric, and residual invariance, and partial threshold invariance. Differences in thresholds did not appear to reflect systematic differences between parent and youth report. Findings were comparable when analyses were conducted separately for NHW and ethnic minority families.ConclusionFindings provide further evidence for the importance of considering youth report when evaluating anxiety in African‐American families. The SCARED was invariant across informant reports, suggesting that it is appropriate to compare mean scores for these raters and that variability in parent and youth report is not attributable to their rating different constructs or using different thresholds to determine when symptoms are present.
Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse
Authors: Chang Zheng , Lichtenstein Paul , Halldner Linda , D'Onofrio Brian , Serlachius Eva , Fazel Seena , Långström Niklas , Larsson Henrik 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundThere are persistent concerns of long‐term effects of stimulant ADHD medication on the development of substance abuse.MethodsUsing Swedish national registers, we studied all individuals born between 1960 and 1998 and diagnosed with ADHD (26,249 men and 12,504 women). We investigated the association between stimulant ADHD medication in 2006 and substance abuse during 2009. Substance abuse was indexed by substance‐related death, crime, or hospital visits.ResultsADHD medication was not associated with increased rate of substance abuse. Actually, the rate during 2009 was 31% lower among those prescribed ADHD medication in 2006, even after controlling for medication in 2009 and other covariates (hazard ratio: 0.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.57–0.84). Also, the longer the duration of medication, the lower the rate of substance abuse. Similar risk reductions were suggested among children and when investigating the association between stimulant ADHD medication and concomitant short‐term abuse.ConclusionsWe found no indication of increased risks of substance abuse among individuals prescribed stimulant ADHD medication; if anything, the data suggested a long‐term protective effect on substance abuse. Although stimulant ADHD medication does not seem to increase the risk for substance abuse, clinicians should remain alert to the potential problem of stimulant misuse and diversion in ADHD patients.
Proximal nail fold intralesional steroid injection responsible for Hoigné syndrome
Authors: Baran R. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundHoigné syndrome is the most common name given to a condition which has been called in different ways.ObjectiveWe want to show that an intralesional injection of prednisolone into the proximal nail fold may produce dorsal pain, dyspnoea and headaches within the 2 min following the injection and to explain the pathophysiology of his condition.MethodsWe studied the different drugs responsible for Hoigné syndrome by comparing the size of the crystals taking into account the diameter of pulmonary capillaries. The drug Company informed us that the size of the microcrystals were 2–4 μm vs. the 8 μm on average of the diameter of the pulmonary capillaries.ConclusionAll the symptoms of Hoigné syndrome can be explained, especially the neuropsychiatric and neuropulmonary ones. Therefore, dermatologists should be aware of this phenomenon when they inject steroids in psoriatic nail patients.