bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S1 nerve is the most efficient nerve rootlet innervating the anal canal and rectum in rats
Authors: Fu Kai , Luo Pengbo , Zheng Xianyou , Zhu Xiaozhong , Wang Lei , Chai Yimin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAutonomic and somatic components participate in the defecation process in mammals, combining signals from the brainstem and forebrain. The innervation pattern involved in micturition in rats has been well studied, while defecation has been less studied. The aim of the present study was to identify the most important sensory and motor nerves of the anal canal and rectum involved in defecation. The amplitudes of evoked potential of the anal canal and rectum were higher when L6 and S1 ventral rootlets were stimulated, compared with the other segments (ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test, all P < 0.05). The S1 segment was more strongly cholera toxin subunit B conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CB-HRP) positive compared with the other segments (ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test, P < 0.05). Ventral spinal rootlets of L6 and S1 mainly contributed to the pressure change in the anal canal and rectum when the ventral spinal rootlets from L5 to S3 were stimulated electrically. In conclusion, many afferent and efferent nerves innervate the anal canal and rectum and are involved in defecation, but the S1 nerve rootlet could be the most efficient one. These results could provide a basis for defecation reconstruction, especially for patients with spinal cord injuries.
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of 1,3-diaminopropane, a three carbon diamine
Authors: Chae Tong Un , Kim Won Jun , Choi Sol , Park Si Jae , Lee Sang Yup 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBio-based production of chemicals from renewable resources is becoming increasingly important for sustainable chemical industry. In this study,Escherichia coliwas metabolically engineered to produce 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-DAP), a monomer for engineering plastics. Comparing heterologous C4and C5pathways for 1,3-DAP production by genome-scalein silicoflux analysis revealed that the C4pathway employingAcinetobacter baumannii datandddcgenes, encoding 2-ketoglutarate 4-aminotransferase and L-2,4-diaminobutanoate decarboxylase, respectively, was the more efficient pathway. In a strain that has feedback resistant aspartokinases, theppcandaspCgenes were overexpressed to increase flux towards 1,3-DAP synthesis. Also, studies on 128 synthetic small RNAs applied in gene knock-down revealed that knocking outpfkAincreases 1,3-DAP production. Overexpression ofppcandaspCgenes in thepfkAdeleted strain resulted in production titers of 1.39 and 1.35 g l−1of 1,3-DAP, respectively. Fed-batch fermentation of the final engineeredE. colistrain allowed production of 13 g l−1of 1,3-DAP in a glucose minimal medium.
Lack of association between type 2 diabetes and major depression: epidemiologic and genetic evidence in a multiethnic population
Authors: Samaan Z , Garasia S , Gerstein H C , Engert J C , Mohan V , Diaz R , Anand S S , Meyre D 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe positive association between depression and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been controversial, and little is known about the molecular determinants linking these disorders. Here we investigated the association between T2D and depression at the clinical and genetic level in a multiethnic cohort. We studied 17 404 individuals from EpiDREAM (3209 depression cases and 14 195 controls) who were at risk for T2D and had both phenotypic and genotypic information available at baseline. The glycemic status was determined using the 2003 American Diabetes Association criteria and an oral glucose tolerance test. Major depressive episode during the previous 12 months was diagnosed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnostic criteria. Twenty single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with T2D were genotyped using the cardiovascular gene-centric 50-K SNP array and were analyzed separately and in combination using an unweighted genotype score (GS). Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity and body mass index were performed. Newly diagnosed impaired fasting glucose (IFG)/impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), T2D and dysglycemia status were not associated with major depression (0.30⩽P⩽0.65). Twelve out of twenty SNPs and the GS were associated with IFG/IGT, T2D and/or dysglycemia status (6.0 × 10−35⩽P⩽0.048). In contrast, the 20 SNPs and GS were not associated with depression (P⩾0.09). Our cross-sectional data do not support an association between T2D and depression at the clinical and genetic level in a multiethnic population at risk for T2D.
Serum keratan sulphate levels rise in rheumatoid arthritis patients, but fall in ankylosing spondylitis patients compared with normal controls
Authors: WILL ROB , ELSWOOD JUDITH , EDMUNDS LAUREL , CALIN ANDREI 
Published: August 2015

Summary
Serum levels of keratan sulphate (KS) were found to be significantly elevated in patients with destructive and predominantly seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with a control population. Levels in RA did not correlate with clinical or laboratory indices of joint activity or damage. Conversely levels were depressed in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) compared with controls.
A progress report on the crystallographic studies on the B800–850 antenna complex from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 10050
Authors: Cogdell Richard J. , Halloren Evelyn , Hawthornthwaite Anna M. , Thunnissen Marjolein M. G. M. , Freer Andy A. , McDermott Gerry , Guthrie Neil , Isaacs Neil , Lindsay J. Gordon , Papiz Miroslav 
Published: August 2015

Summary
Large single crystals (up to 1 mm in each dimension) of the B800–850 antenna complex from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 10050 have been grown in the presence of β-octyl-glucoside. These crystals have the space group R32 and unit cell dimensions of a = b = 119.9 Å and c = 297.0 Å. Recently we have improved our crystallization procedures so that all crystals now diffract reliably to beyond 3.5 Å, with some diffracting to below 3 Å. A range of isomorphous heavy atom derivatives have been prepared and we are now engaged in locating the heavy atom sites within the unit cell.
S-Adenosylmethionine: jack of all trades and master of everything?
Authors: Loenen W.A.M. 
Published: August 2015

SAM (S-adenosylmethionine, also known as AdoMet) is well known as the methyl donor for the majority of methyltransferases that modify DNA, RNA, histones and other proteins, dictating replicational, transcriptional and translational fidelity, mismatch repair, chromatin modelling, epigenetic modifications and imprinting, which are all topics of great interest and importance in cancer research and aging. In total, 15 superfamilies of SAM-binding proteins have been identified, with many additional functions varying from methylation of phospholipids and small molecules such as arsenic to synthesis of polyamines or radical formation. SAM is regenerated from demethylated SAM via the methionine cycle, which involves folate. Imbalance of this cycle in humans, e.g. through folate shortage via dietary insufficiency, alcohol abuse, arsenic poisoning or hereditary factors, leads to depletion of SAM and human disease. In addition to its role as a methyl donor to modification enzymes that protect bacterial DNA against cognate restriction, SAM also serves as a co-factor for nucleases such as the type I restriction enzyme EcoKI, which is unable to restrict DNA in the absence of SAM. Finally, on a completely different tack, SAM can bind to certain RNA structures called riboswitches that control transcription or translation. In this way, expression of multiple genes can be regulated in a SAM-dependent manner, an unexpected finding that opens up new avenues into gene control. This minireview discusses some of these diverse and amazing roles of this small metabolite.
Requirements for a successful defence reaction by the CRISPR–Cas subtype I-B system
Authors: Stoll Britta , Maier Lisa-Katharina , Lange Sita J. , Brendel Jutta , Fischer Susan , Backofen Rolf , Marchfelder Anita 
Published: August 2015

Uptake of foreign mobile genetic elements is often detrimental and can result in cell death. For protection against invasion, prokaryotes have developed several defence mechanisms, which take effect at all stages of infection; an example is the recently discovered CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)–Cas (CRISPR-associated) immune system. This defence system directly degrades invading genetic material and is present in almost all archaea and many bacteria. Current data indicate a large variety of mechanistic molecular approaches. Although almost all archaea carry this defence weapon, only a few archaeal systems have been fully characterized. In the present paper, we summarize the prerequisites for the detection and degradation of invaders in the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. H. volcanii encodes a subtype I-B CRISPR–Cas system and the defence can be triggered by a plasmid-based invader. Six different target-interference motifs are recognized by the Haloferax defence and a 9-nt non-contiguous seed sequence is essential. The repeat sequence has the potential to fold into a minimal stem–loop structure, which is conserved in haloarchaea and might be recognized by the Cas6 endoribonuclease during the processing of CRISPR loci into mature crRNA (CRISPR RNA). Individual crRNA species were present in very different concentrations according to an RNA-Seq analysis and many were unable to trigger a successful defence reaction. Recognition of the plasmid invader does not depend on its copy number, but instead results indicate a dependency on the type of origin present on the plasmid.
The subtype I-F CRISPR–Cas system influences pathogenicity island retention in Pectobacterium atrosepticum via crRNA generation and Csy complex formation
Authors: Richter Corinna , Fineran Peter C. 
Published: August 2015

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) arrays and Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins confer acquired resistance against mobile genetic elements in a wide range of bacteria and archaea. The phytopathogen Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 encodes a single subtype I-F CRISPR system, which is composed of three CRISPR arrays and the cas operon encoding Cas1, Cas3 (a Cas2–Cas3 fusion), Csy1, Csy2, Csy3 and Cas6f (Csy4). The CRISPR arrays are transcribed into pre-crRNA (CRISPR RNA) and then processed by Cas6f to generate crRNAs. Furthermore, the formation of Cas protein complexes has been implicated in both the interference and acquisition stages of defence. In the present paper, we discuss the development of tightly controlled ‘programmable’ CRISPR arrays as tools to investigate CRISPR–Cas function and the effects of chromosomal targeting. Finally, we address how chromosomal targeting by CRISPR–Cas can cause large-scale genome deletions, which can ultimately influence bacterial evolution and pathogenicity.
Targeting the 18-kDa translocator protein: recent perspectives for neuroprotection
Authors: Da Pozzo Eleonora , Giacomelli Chiara , Barresi Elisabetta , Costa Barbara , Taliani Sabrina , Passetti Federico Da Settimo , Martini Claudia 
Published: August 2015

The translocator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa), mainly localized in the outer mitochondrial membrane of steroidogenic tissues, is involved in several cellular functions. TSPO level alterations have been reported in a number of human disorders, particularly in cancer, psychiatric and neurological diseases. In the central nervous system (CNS), TSPO is usually expressed in glial cells, but also in some neuronal cell types. Interestingly, the expression of TSPO on glial cells rises after brain injury and increased TSPO expression is often observed in neurological disorders, gliomas, encephalitis and traumatic injury. Since TSPO is up-regulated in brain diseases, several structurally different classes of ligands targeting TSPO have been described as potential diagnostic or therapeutic agents. Recent researches have reported that TSPO ligands might be valuable in the treatment of brain diseases. This review focuses on currently available TSPO ligands, as useful tools for the treatment of neurodegeneration, neuro-inflammation and neurotrauma.
Developing Brain Injury Interventions on Both Ends of the Treatment Continuum Depends Upon Early Research Partnerships and Feasibility Studies
Authors: Sohlberg McKay Moore , Kucheria Priya , Fickas Stephen , Wade Shari L. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
The purpose of this research article is to describe two very different lines of brain injury treatment research, both of which illuminate the benefits of implementation science.

Method
The article first describes the development and pilot of a computerized cognitive intervention and highlights how adherence to implementation science principles improved the design of the intervention. Second, the article describes the application of implementation science to the development of assistive technology for cognition.

Results
The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR; Damschroder et al., 2009) and the menu of implementation research strategies by Powell et al. (2012) provide a roadmap for cognitive rehabilitation researchers to attend to factors in the implementation climate that can improve the development, usability, and adoptability of new treatment methods.

Conclusion
Attention to implementation science research principles has increased the feasibility and efficacy of both impairment-based cognitive rehabilitation programs and assistive technology for cognition.
Risk and Outcomes of Substance Use Disorder among Anesthesiology Residents
Authors: Warner David O. , Berge Keith , Sun Huaping , Harman Ann , Hanson Andrew , Schroeder Darrell R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAbstract
In a nested, matched case-cohort design of 384 anesthesia residents who developed substance use disorder (SUD) and 768 controls who did not, receiving medical education in the United States, but not anesthesia knowledge early in residency, was associated with risk of developing SUD. By the end of follow-up, 54 anesthesiology residents (14.1%) with SUD and 10 controls (1.3%) were dead. Those with SUD were 15-, 10-, and 7-fold more likely to not complete residency, to not become board certified, or have adverse medical licensure actions, respectively.

Background:
The goal of this work is to evaluate selected risk factors and outcomes for substance use disorder (SUD) in physicians enrolled in anesthesiology residencies approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.

Methods:
For each of 384 individuals with evidence of SUD while in primary residency training in anesthesiology from 1975 to 2009, two controls (n = 768) who did not develop SUD were identified and matched for sex, age, primary residency program, and program start date. Risk factors evaluated included location of medical school training (United States vs. other) and anesthesia knowledge as assessed by In-Training Examination performance. Outcomes (assessed to December 31, 2013, with a median follow-up time of 12.2 and 15.1 yr for cases and controls, respectively) included mortality and profession-related outcomes.

Results:
Receiving medical education within the United States, but not performance on the first in-training examination, was associated with an increased risk of developing SUD as a resident. Cases demonstrated a marked increase in the risk of death after training (hazard ratio, 7.9; 95% CI, 3.1 to 20.5), adverse training outcomes including failure to complete residency (odds ratio, 14.9; 95% CI, 9.0 to 24.6) or become board certified (odds ratio, 10.4; 95% CI, 7.0 to 15.5), and adverse medical licensure actions subsequent to residency (hazard ratio, 6.8; 95% CI, 3.8 to 12.2). As of the end of follow-up, 54 cases (14.1%) were deceased compared with 10 controls (1.3%); 28 cases and no controls died during residency.

Conclusion:
The attributable risk of SUD to several adverse outcomes during and after residency training, including death and adverse medical license actions, is substantial.
Concurrence of Intraoperative Hypotension, Low Minimum Alveolar Concentration, and Low Bispectral Index Is Associated with Postoperative Death
Authors: Willingham Mark D. , Karren Elliott , Shanks Amy M. , O’Connor Michael F. , Jacobsohn Eric , Kheterpal Sachin , Avidan Michael S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAbstract
In a retrospective study of nearly 14,000 patients from three clinical trials, the likelihood of 30- and 90-day mortality was increased approximately 10% for every 15 cumulative minutes in the triple low state, after controlling for known confounders for perioperative death.

Background:
An intraoperative concurrence of mean arterial pressure less than 75 mmHg, minimum alveolar concentration less than 0.8, and bispectral index less than 45 has been termed a “triple low” state. An association between triple low and postoperative mortality has been reported but was not replicated in a subsequent study. The authors pooled existing data from clinical trials to further evaluate the purported association in an observational study.

Methods:
This retrospective observational study included 13,198 patients from three clinical trials: B-Unaware, BAG-RECALL, and Michigan Awareness Control Study. Patients with greater than 15 not necessarily consecutive minutes of triple low were propensity matched to controls with similar characteristics and comorbidities. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the association between triple low duration and postoperative mortality.

Results:
Thirty-day mortality was 0.8% overall, 1.9% in the triple low cohort, and 0.4% in the nontriple low cohort (odds ratio, 5.16; 95% CI, 4.21 to 6.34). After matching and adjusting for comorbidities, cumulative duration of triple low was significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality at 30 days (hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.11, per 15 min) and 90 days (hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.11, per 15 min).

Conclusion:
There is a weak independent association between the triple low state and postoperative mortality, and the propensity-matched analysis does not suggest that this is an epiphenomenon.
Raising the bar
Authors: Ozarow Daniel , Gibson Trevor , Batra Arun , Mercer Sam 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– Argues that merely complying with legislation is not sufficient to accomplish genuine diversity and that, rather than assuming its benefits will naturally be derived and accepted, diversity must be approached strategically and its advantages communicated effectively to stakeholders to ensure desired outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach
– Considers the business case for diversity, presents a case study of barristers and examines the role of the national equality standard.

Findings
– Advances the view that multi-layered approaches to diversity are essential for its successful implementation.

Practical implications
– Highlights the strong business case for diversity in the workforce, as well as possible social repercussions from failing to ensure that workforces are diverse.

Social implications
– Underlines how young people in European and Anglo-Saxon countries are increasingly demanding to work with colleagues from varied ethnicities, nationalities and sexual orientations who are similar to the peers they socialize with. Diverse workforces have thus become central to talent attraction.

Originality/value
– Presents an interesting case study of barristers and diversity.
The generation game
Authors: Chatrakul Na Ayudhya Uracha 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– Explores the limited value of concepts such as Baby-Boomer, Generation X (Gen X) and Generation Y (Gen Y) and advances the view that life course is more valuable.

Design/methodology/approach
– Examines how young adults in Britain, born between 1975 and 1982, conceptualized the notion of work-life balance as they were about to leave university and enter full-time paid employment.

Findings
– Reveals that the notion of individual choice strongly underpins young adults’ conceptualization of work-life balance and expectations of work-life balance support; while young British and Asian adults largely considered it to be a matter of individual choice, there were variations in their preferences for how to prioritize their impending employment and personal lives; and four emerging patterns of work-life balance orientation preferences were found – balancer, careerist, career-sacrificer and integrator.

Practical implications
– Provides support for the argument that the work-life balance perceptions of young adults who would belong to the so-called Gen Y cannot be generalized and simplified as being either work-centric or life-centric. The picture is a lot more complex given the diversity within this group of young adults.

Social implications
– Highlights how, instead of looking for generational differences (or age-related differences) which can be divisive, it is more useful to look at the issue of multi-generations in a broader way.

Originality/value
– By using a life-course approach instead of a generational approach, is able to take into account how past transitions have shaped the way work-life balance was discussed by the young adults and how anticipated future transitions were expected by the young adults to change their needs and therefore expectations of employer and government support.
Water and carbon storage capacity in Isolatocereus dumortieri (Cactaceae) in an intertropical semiarid zone in Mexico
Authors: Pavón Numa P. , Ayala Christian O. , Martínez‐Falcón Ana Paola 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn the biosphere reserve Barranca de Metztitlán in Mexico, there is an extensive area with a semiarid scrub. The dominant species is the cactus Isolatocereus dumortieri. This is a key species in the ecosystem, because many species of birds, bats and insects are feeding from its nectar, pollen and fruits during the dry season thanks to their capacity to store water and carbon. However, there is no information about their potential to store water and carbon. The purpose of this study was to estimate the ability of I. dumortieri to store water and carbon. Water content per plant was estimated as 537.64 ± 71.59 L during the dry season and 692.24 ± 92.18 L during the wet season. In the same way the carbon stored per cactus was 16.75 kg ± 7.07 corresponding to 1.25 kg C m2. The results shows the importance of I. dumortieri in maintaining the ecosystem services of the scrub vegetation.
Ancestry and BMI Influences on Facial Soft Tissue Depths for A Cohort of Chinese and Caucasoid Women in Dunedin, New Zealand
Authors: Baillie Louisa J. , Mirijali Seyed Ali , Niven Brian E. , Blyth Phil , Dias George J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study measured and assessed facial soft tissue depths (FSTDs) in adult female Chinese and New Zealand (NZ) Europeans (Caucasoids). Ultrasound was used to obtain depths at nine landmarks on 108 healthy subjects (51 Chinese, 57 NZ European), erect positioned, of same age group (18–29 years). Height and weight were also recorded. Statistical analysis focused on comparison of tissue depth between the two ancestry groups and the influence of Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2). Results showed mean depth differences at Supra M2 and Infra M2 landmarks significantly greater for Chinese than Caucasoid women for all three BMI Classes (BMI <20, 20 ≤ BMI < 25, 25 ≤ BMI < 30), even BMI <20. For both groups BMI positively correlated with FSTD values at all landmarks except Labrale superius. This study enabled ancestry and BMI influence on FSTDs to be observed and compared for two distinct groups. Results add to knowledge about facial tissue depth variation.