bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective Tobacco Cessation via Health Coaching: An Institutional Case Report
Authors: Sforzo Gary A. , Kaye Miranda , Ayers Gale D. , Talbert Betina , Hill Marilyn 
Published: September 2014

Background: Tobacco abuse is a well-recognized scourge on health and healthcare costs. Attempts to facilitate tobacco cessation are rarely better than marginally effective. Primary Objective: To describe an observational trial of an existing and highly successful tobacco cessation program featuring health coaching as the primary intervention. Core components of program design and data are presented and may serve as a model for other public health settings. Methods: Health coaching and three complementary program components (auriculotherapy, alpha-electrical stimulation, and relaxation techniques) are presented. Quit rates at 6 months for 161 patients over 3 years are provided featuring 30-day point prevalence smoke free and intent-to-treat values. Comparisons for telephonic vs in-clinic health coaching, free choice vs mandated participation, and program costs are provided. Results: Point prevalence quit rate was 88.7% while the more conservative intent-to-treat quit rate was 51.6%. Telephonic and in-clinic health coaching were not significantly different at any time point. Smoke-free rates at 6 and 12 months were 76.9% and 63.2%, respectively. Conclusions: Two cost-effective smoking cessation models featuring health coaching are presented. Point prevalence (30–day) above 80% and an enduring effect was seen. Personal and societal burdens (health and financial) of tobacco use might be greatly impacted if such programs were successfully implemented on a larger scale.
Two Different Strategies to Facilitate Involvement in Healthcare Improvements: A Swedish County Council Initiative
Authors: Andersson Ann-Christine , Idvall Ewa , Perseius Kent-Inge , Elg Mattias 
Published: September 2014

Background: From a management point of view, there are many different approaches from which to choose to engage staff members in initiatives to improve performance. Objective: The present study evaluated how two different types of improvement strategies facilitate and encourage involvement of different professional groups in healthcare organizations. Methods/Design: Empirical data of two different types of strategies were collected within an improvement project in a County Council in Sweden. The data analysis was carried out through classifying the participants’ profession, position, gender, and the organizational administration of which they were a part, in relation to their participation. Setting: An improvement project in a County Council in Sweden. Participants: Designed Improvement Processes consisted of n=105 teams and Intrapreneurship Projects of n=202 projects. Intervention: Two different types of improvement strategies Designed Improvement Processes and Intrapreneurship Projects. Main Outcome Measures: How two different types of improvement strategies facilitate and encourage involvement of different professional groups in healthcare organizations. Results: Nurses were the largest group participating in both improvement initiatives. Physicians were also well represented, although they seemed to prefer the less structured Intrapreneurship Projects approach. Assistant nurses, being the second largest staff group, were poorly represented in both initiatives. This indicates that the benefits and support for one group may push another group aside. Conclusions: Managers need to give prerequisites and incentives for staff who do not participate in improvements to do so. Comparisons of different types of improvement initiatives are an underused research strategy that yields interesting and thoughtful results.
Integrative Therapies for Low Back Pain that Include Complementary and Alternative Medicine Care: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kizhakkeveettil Anupama , Rose Kevin , Kadar Gena E. 
Published: September 2014

Study Design: Systematic review of the literature. Objective: To evaluate whether an integrated approach that includes different Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) therapies combined or CAM therapies combined with conventional medical care is more effective for the management of low back pain (LBP) than single modalities alone. Summary of Background Data: LBP is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, yet its optimal management is still unresolved. Methods: The PRISMA Statement guidelines were followed. The Cochrane Back Review Group scale was used to rate the quality of the studies found. Results: Twenty-one studies were found that met the inclusion criteria. The CAM modalities used in the studies included spinal manipulative therapy, acupuncture, exercise therapy, physiotherapy, massage therapy, and a topical ointment. Twenty studies included acupuncture and/or spinal manipulative therapy. Nine high quality studies showed that integrative care was clinically effective for the management of LBP. Spinal manipulative therapy combined with exercise therapy and acupuncture combined with conventional medical care or with exercise therapy appears to be promising approaches to the management of chronic cases of LBP. Conclusions: There is support in the literature for integrated CAM and conventional medical therapy for the management of chronic LBP. Further research into the integrated management of LBP is clearly needed to provide better guidance for patients and clinicians.
Experimental modeling of infrasound emission from slug bursting on volcanoes
Authors: Sánchez C. , Álvarez B. , Melo F. , Vidal V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe acoustic signal produced by gas slugs bursting at volcano vents is investigated by means of laboratory experiments. In order to explore the transition between linear and nonlinear acoustics, we model the bubble by an overpressurized cylindrical cavity closed by a membrane. We find that the acoustic waveform inside and outside the cavity, produced by the membrane bursting, is well described by the linear acoustics equations and a monopole source model up to an initial overpressure inside the cavity of about 24 kPa. For higher overpressure, the amplitude inside the conduit is smaller than the linear prediction, whereas the amplitude measured outside is larger. The frequency content remains harmonic, even at high initial overpressure. Changing the bursting depth in the conduit does not change the scaling of the amplitudes but affects the waveform and energy partitioning. We show that the energy of the first signal period is about 30% of the total acoustic energy and can be used as a good estimate, with a geometrical correction to account for the bursting depth.
Detection of detached dust layers in the Martian atmosphere from their thermal signature using assimilation
Authors: Navarro T. , Forget F. , Millour E. , Greybush S. J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAirborne dust modifies the thermal structure of the Martian atmosphere. The Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) first revealed local maxima of dust mass mixing ratio detached from the surface, not reproduced by global climate models (GCM). In this paper, the thermal signature of such detached layers is detected using data assimilation, an optimal combination of a GCM and observations. As dust influences the atmospheric temperatures, MCS temperature profiles are used to estimate the amount of dust in the atmosphere. Data assimilation of only MCS temperature information reproduces detached dust layers, independently confirming MCS's direct observations of dust. The resulting analyzed state has a smaller bias than an assimilation that does not estimate dust. This makes it a promising technique for Martian data assimilation, which is intended to support weather forecasting and weather research on Mars.
Using the kappa function to investigate hot plasma in the magnetospheres of the giant planets
Authors: Carbary J. F. , Kane M. , Mauk B. H. , Krimigis S. M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPlanetary magnetospheres contain two general classes of charged particles: low energy “thermal” particles (generally E < 1 keV) usually described by a Maxwellian distribution and “hot” particles (E > 10 keV), variously called superthermal or “energetic” particles, which are described by a power law distribution. The kappa or κ function combines aspects of both Maxwellian and power law forms to provide a reasonably complete description of the particle distribution from low to high energies. Fits of the data to the kappa distribution can reveal particle density, temperature, pressure, and convection velocity, all of which are key parameters of magnetospheric physics. This paper summarizes the use of the kappa distribution and its variants to investigate the plasma properties of the magnetospheres of the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. While the κ function was used to derive convective motions in previous investigations, temperatures, and pressures at Jupiter and Saturn, it was not an optimum fit for hot plasmas at Uranus and Neptune, and in many instances may not be the optimum representation of magnetospheric plasmas.
Swell dissipation by induced atmospheric shear stress
Authors: Perignon Y. , Ardhuin F. , Cathelain M. , Robert M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObservations of swell dissipation across oceans reveal a significant loss of energy that can be the result of many of processes. Among these candidate mechanisms, this paper examines the properties of the viscous air‐sea boundary layer driven by swells in order to characterize the induced atmospheric flow regime and its associated viscous dissipation over swells. A series of 3‐D numerical experiments is carried out with a RANS model and appropriate turbulence closure. These experiments reveal a laminar to turbulent transition in the near free‐surface region for a common range of characteristic amplitudes and periods of swells under stationary conditions. At low Reynolds number, laminar conditions prevail and computed decay rates conform to the analytical formulation μν of the Stokes interfacial boundary layer for this problem. The turbulent regimes are characterized as well, and the new decay rates follow a nondimensional relation
above
(e.g., amplitude larger than 1.1 m for a 14 s monochromatic wave period). Typical decay rates are up to 4 times above the laminar values, which is a factor 10 less than the largest rates estimated for oceanic conditions. A sensitivity analysis is finally conducted to evaluate the influence of the stationary hypothesis. It demonstrates a short setup length and low relative variations of the unsteady decay rates for laminar, transitioning and developed turbulent conditions, which confirms the evaluation of steady decay rates.
Water vapor turbulence profiles in stationary continental convective mixed layers
Authors: Turner D. D. , Wulfmeyer V. , Berg L. K. , Schween J. H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program's Raman lidar at the ARM Southern Great Plains site in north central Oklahoma has collected water vapor mixing ratio (q) profile data more than 90% of the time since October 2004. Three hundred (300) cases were identified where the convective boundary layer was quasi‐stationary and well mixed for a 2 h period, and q mean, variance, third‐order moment, and skewness profiles were derived from the 10 s, 75 m resolution data. These cases span the entire calendar year, and demonstrate that the q variance profiles at the mixed layer (ML) top changes seasonally and is strongly related to the gradient of q across the interfacial layer. The q variance at the top of the ML shows only weak correlations (r &#60; 0.3) with sensible heat flux, Deardorff convective velocity scale, and turbulence kinetic energy measured at the surface. The median q skewness profile is most negative at 0.85 zi, zero at approximately zi, and positive above zi, where zi is the depth of the convective ML. The spread in the q skewness profiles is smallest between 0.95 zi and zi. The q skewness at altitudes between 0.6 zi and 1.2 zi is correlated with the magnitude of the q variance at zi, with increasingly negative values of skewness observed lower down in the ML as the variance at zi increases, suggesting that in cases with larger variance at zi there is deeper penetration of the warm, dry free tropospheric air into the ML.
Transfer
RNA
Synthesis and Regulation
Authors: Hori Hiroyuki , Tomikawa Chie , Hirata Akira , Toh Yukimatsu , Tomita Kozo , Ueda Takuya , Watanabe Kimitsuna 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA)
, which is primarily transcribed from tRNA genes by RNA polymerase, matures via several steps: processing, splicing, CCA addition and post‐transcriptional modifications. Primary transcripts of tRNA genes contain extra 5′ and 3′ sequences, which are removed by a set of nucleases. In addition, some primary transcripts contain introns, which are spliced out by specific endonucleases or in self‐splicing reactions. The ligation of exons generally requires a tRNA ligase. In some species, the CCA sequences present at the 3′‐termini of all mature tRNAs are not encoded in the tRNA genes, but are added post‐transcriptionally by a CCA‐adding enzyme. All mature tRNA molecules contain modified nucleotides, generated by specific tRNA modification enzymes or guide RNA systems. These modified nucleotides are involved in stabilisation of tRNA structure, decoding, tRNA quality control, regulation of subcellular localisation of tRNAs and immune responses against infectious organisms.

Key Concepts:

tRNA is transcribed from tRNA genes by RNA polymerase, and matures through processing, splicing, CCA addition and post‐transcriptional modification.

Synthesis of tRNA is regulated by promoter activity and specific factors (ppGpp and/or pppGpp in prokaryotes, and Maf1 in eukaryotes), depending on the nutrient conditions of the cell.

The relative amounts of tRNA are regulated by several factors: copy number of tRNA genes, transcriptional activity, and degradation by various nucleases.

Primary transcripts of tRNA genes contain extra 5′ and 3′ sequences, which are removed by a set of nucleases.

In some cases, tRNA transcripts contain introns, which are spliced out by specific endonuclease or the group I intron reaction. The two resultant fragments are joined by RNA ligase or the self‐splicing reaction.

CCA‐adding enzyme regulates the amount of active tRNA by introducing the CCA sequence at the
C
‐terminus of tRNA.

tRNA possesses a variety of modified nucleotides, which are introduced by specific tRNA modification enzymes.

Several modifications of tRNA play important roles in the translation process: promotion, expansion, restriction, and/or alteration of codon–anticodon interactions; stabilisation of tRNA structure; recognition by translation factors and aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases; etc.

Several modified nucleotides in tRNA are involved in RNA quality control systems, regulation of tRNA transport, infection and immune responses.
Transfer
RNA
Recognition and Aminoacylation by Synthetases
Authors: Giegé Richard , Eriani Gilbert 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Fidelity of
transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA)
charging by amino acids ensures correct translation of the genetic code into proteins. Charging is catalysed by a set of enzymes known as aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases. Owing to the degeneracy of the genetic code, some of the different tRNAs have the same amino acid attached to them. Specificity of charging obeys universal rules and is ensured by positive elements, the identity determinants unique to each tRNA and responsible for its recognition by the cognate synthetase, and negative elements, the antideterminants that prevent false recognitions. To fulfil the aminoacylation specificity and prevent noncognate aminoacyl‐tRNA delivery to the ribosome, some synthetases also mediate proofreading reactions that increase fidelity of the tRNA charging. In such reactions, misactivated amino acids or mischarged tRNAs are checked in specific sites and noncognate products are hydrolysed. However, mischarging is beneficial under certain stress circumstances or when catalysed by nondiscriminatory synthetases, and represents a driving force in evolution.

Key Concepts:

Translational expression of the genetic code refers to aminoacyl‐tRNA‐ and ribosome‐dependent decoding of genes into proteins, a process highly dependent on fidelity of tRNA aminoacylation by synthetases.

The rules that account for the aminoacylation identity of tRNAs are referred to as the second genetic code.

The RNA operational code is encoded in the acceptor stem of tRNA and is crucial for recognition by aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases and specific aminoacylation.

Allostery in tRNA‐synthetase systems concerns long‐range transfer of chemical information (up to 75 Å) to the synthetase catalytic site (through the body of tRNA and/or synthetase) triggered by contacts of tRNA identity determinants with the synthetase.

Engineering the identity of tRNA‐synthetase systems allows reprogramming the genetic code.
DNADamage
Authors: Limpose Kristin , Corbett Anita H , Doetsch Paul W 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)is composed of bases that code for all functions of life. Biochemical and physical events that alter DNA include base damage and single‐ and double‐strand break (DSB) induction. Cellular DNA damage is induced through exposure to environmental chemicals and radiation, as well as from endogenous sources including normal cellular metabolism. Notably, DNA damage can occur in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Damaged DNA can lead to deleterious biological outcomes including cancer development and other diseases. Whether biological consequences arise from DNA damage largely depends on the DNA repair capacity of the cell and the interactions of the DNA damage and DNA replication machinery. Detection and measurement of cellular DNA damage is accomplished through methods that vary in sensitivity and DNA damage context.Key Concepts:Estimated rates of induction of various deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) lesions, including spontaneous hydrolysis and oxidative DNA damage, have been determined.Potential biological outcomes of DNA damage include physiological conditions such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease and ageing.Various exogenous and endogenous sources induce DNA base lesions and strand breaks that can be detected by various molecular and biochemical methods.Incorporation of damaged deoxyribonucleotides during DNA synthesis can occur owing to errors committed by DNA polymerases and/or disruptions of nucleotide pool balance.Many of the features resulting from DNA packing into chromatin, including DNA–protein interactions and sequence context, greatly affect the manner in which damage is distributed within the genome.Cancer mutational signatures arise from context‐dependent DNA damage, and certain signatures can be attributed to specific types of DNA damage.DNA is often the target of chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer, resulting in tumour cell death.Mitochondrial DNA damage can increase reactive oxygen species, leading to cell death, and in certain instances give rise to mutations that contribute to cancer phenotypes.
Plant Gums
Authors: BeMiller James N 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

The term gum is commonly applied to water‐soluble, non‐starch polysaccharides of commerce. The plants from which plant gums are obtained are both higher land plants and red and brown marine algae/seaweeds. Those from higher land plants may be cell‐wall constituents, energy‐storing/carbon‐storing substances that can be extracted from plant tissues, or exudates from wounds in the bark. Plant and other gums are used in practical applications primarily to thicken or gel aqueous systems and to control water. They may also function as adhesives, crystallisation inhibitors, emulsifying agents, emulsion stabilisers, encapsulating agents, film formers, foam stabilisers, suspending agents, suspension stabilisers or syneresis inhibitors and impart other specific properties.

Key Concepts:

Water‐soluble, non‐starch polysaccharides from plants and other sources are generally referred to as gums when used commercially.

Certain hydrophobic substances, such as chicle and resinous saps, are also called gums.

Plant gums do not have common functional roles in the plants from which they are obtained.

Each of the multitude of plant gums is unique in terms of chemical structure and physical properties.

Some plant gums find applications in aqueous systems for a variety of purposes, among which are as thickening, gel‐forming and water‐holding agents and emulsion and suspension stabilisers.
Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Bradshaw Jeremy P 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Neutron diffraction, a technique analogous to X‐ray diffraction, is well‐suited to the study of biological materials. By differentiating between hydrogen and its heavier isotope, deuterium, neutron diffraction is able to provide detailed information about the hydrogen atoms within biological macromolecules. It allows biologists to study solvation effects, protonation–deprotonation equilibria, hydrogen bonding and other types of chemistry, all of which are invisible to X‐ray techniques. Recent years have seen the construction of new neutron research facilities, notably the Spallation Neutron Source in the USA, the World's brightest neutron source. Even with such high‐flux sources, the intensity of neutrons hitting the sample is several orders of magnitude lower than a typical X‐ray experiment. However, the nonionizing nature of neutrons means that beam damage to the specimen is low, even over extended exposure times.

Key Concepts:

Neutron diffraction is closely related to the complementary technique of X‐ray crystallography, a method that led to a revolution in biological sciences.

Hydrogen plays a central role in many biological processes, but is invisible to X‐rays.

Neutrons are able to distinguish between hydrogen and deuterium, so selective deuteration of a single molecule or group can be used to locate it within a complex macromolecular assembly.

The neutron scattering contrast of samples can be controlled by changing the deuterium content of the solvent (water–heavy water exchange).

Neutrons have the ability to discriminate between nitrogen, carbon and oxygen, which can be difficult with X‐rays.

Neutron experiments are carried out at large scale, national or international neutron research centres, because production of the neutrons requires a nuclear reactor or a spallation source.

Animal behaviourists must participate in conservation planning to protect the future of biodiversity.

Lipid bilayers provide the fundamental architecture of biological membranes.