bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIF-1α and PFKFB3 Mediate a Tight Relationship Between Proinflammatory Activation and Anerobic Metabolism in Atherosclerotic Macrophages
Authors: Tawakol Ahmed , Singh Parmanand , Mojena Marina , Pimentel-Santillana María , Emami Hamed , MacNabb Megan , Rudd James H.F. , Narula Jagat , Enriquez José A. , Través Paqui G. , Fernández-Velasco María , Bartrons Ramón , Martín-Sanz Paloma , Fayad Zahi A. , Tejedor Alberto , Boscá Lisardo 
Published: April 2015

Objective—
Although it is accepted that macrophage glycolysis is upregulated under hypoxic conditions, it is not known whether this is linked to a similar increase in macrophage proinflammatory activation and whether specific energy demands regulate cell viability in the atheromatous plaque.

Approach and Results—
We studied the interplay between macrophage energy metabolism, polarization, and viability in the context of atherosclerosis. Cultured human and murine macrophages and an in vivo murine model of atherosclerosis were used to evaluate the mechanisms underlying metabolic and inflammatory activity of macrophages in the different atherosclerotic conditions analyzed. We observed that macrophage energetics and inflammatory activation are closely and linearly related, resulting in dynamic calibration of glycolysis to keep pace with inflammatory activity. In addition, we show that macrophage glycolysis and proinflammatory activation mainly depend on hypoxia-inducible factor and on its impact on glucose uptake, and on the expression of hexokinase II and ubiquitous 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase. As a consequence, hypoxia potentiates inflammation and glycolysis mainly via these pathways. Moreover, when macrophages’ ability to increase glycolysis through 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase is experimentally attenuated, cell viability is reduced if subjected to proinflammatory or hypoxic conditions, but unaffected under control conditions. In addition to this, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances anerobic glycolysis while exerting a mild proinflammatory activation.

Conclusions—
These findings, in human and murine cells and in an animal model, show that hypoxia potentiates macrophage glycolytic flux in concert with a proportional upregulation of proinflammatory activity, in a manner that is dependent on both hypoxia-inducible factor -1α and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase.
Charting the Hellenization of a Literary Culture: The Case of Syriac
Authors: Brock Sebastian 
Published: April 2015

Syriac literary culture became increasingly hellenized over the course of the fourth to seventh century AD. The paper sets out to indicate some of the ways by which the advance of this process can be charted. Special attention is given to two specific areas which prove to be particularly illuminating:
1. The changing attitudes to translation practice, clearly observable in successive translations of the Gospel and of certain patristic and philosophical texts, with a movement from reader-oriented to text-oriented translations, culminating in the seventh century, and a return to reader-oriented ones in the new context of the ʿAbbāsid translation movement.
2. The growing number of Greek loanwords taken over into Syriac and the dramatic increase in new adjectival forms. The marked growth in both of these can be charted diachronically, thanks to the existence of sufficient dated or datable texts.
An Intercomparison of the Spatiotemporal Variability of Satellite- and Ground-Based Cloud Datasets Using Spectral Analysis Techniques
Authors: Li Jing , Carlson Barbara E. , Rossow William B. , Lacis Andrew A. , Zhang Yuanchong 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Because of the importance of clouds in modulating Earth’s energy budget, it is critical to understand their variability in space and time for climate and modeling studies. This study examines the consistency of the spatiotemporal variability of cloud amount (CA) and cloud-top pressure (CTP) represented by five 7-yr satellite datasets from the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) cloud assessment project, and total cloud fraction observation from the Extended Edited Cloud Reports Archive (EECRA). Two spectral analysis techniques, namely combined maximum covariance analysis (CMCA) and combined principal component analysis (CPCA), are used to extract the dominant modes of variability from the combined datasets, and the resulting spatial patterns are compared in parallel. The results indicate that the datasets achieve overall excellent agreement on both seasonal and interannual scales of variability, with the correlations between the spatial patterns mostly above 0.6 and often above 0.8. For seasonal variability, the largest differences are found in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes and near the South African coast for CA and in the Sahel region for CTP, where some differences in the phase and strength of the seasonal cycle are found. On interannual scales, global cloud variability is mostly associated with major climate modes, including El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Indian Ocean dipole mode (IODM), and the datasets also agree reasonably well. The good agreement across the datasets supports the conclusion that they are describing cloud variations with these climate modes.
Contrasting Short- and Long-Term Projections of the Hydrological Cycle in the Southern Extratropics
Authors: Wu Yutian , Polvani Lorenzo M. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Analysis of model output from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) reveals that, in the zonal mean, the near-term projections of summertime changes of precipitation in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) subtropics are very widely scattered among the models. As a consequence, over the next 50 years, the CMIP5 multimodel mean projects no statistically significant trends in the SH subtropics in summer. This appears to be at odds with the widely reported, and robust, poleward expansion of the subtropical dry zones by the end of the twenty-first century.
This discrepancy between the shorter- and longer-term projections in SH summer, as shown here, rests in the recovery of the ozone hole in the coming decades, as a consequence of the Montreal Protocol. This is explicitly demonstrated by analyzing model experiments with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, version 4 (WACCM4), a high-top model with interactive stratospheric chemistry, and coupled to land, ocean, and sea ice components. Contrasting WACCM4 integrations of the representative concentration pathway 4.5 with and without trends in surface concentrations of ozone-depleting substances allows for demonstrating that stratospheric ozone recovery will largely offset the induced “wet gets wetter and dry gets drier” projections and the accompanying poleward expansion of the subtropical dry zone in the SH. The lack of near-term statistically significant zonal-mean changes in the SH hydrological cycle during summer is of obvious practical importance for many parts of the world, and it might also have implications for the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic continent.
Developing and Evaluating Drought Indicators for Decision-Making
Authors: Steinemann Anne , Iacobellis Sam F. , Cayan Daniel R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDrought indicators can help to detect, assess, and reduce impacts of drought. However, existing indicators often have deficiencies that limit their effectiveness, such as statistical inconsistency, noncomparability, arbitrary metrics, and lack of historic context. Further, indicators selected for drought plans may be only marginally useful, and relatively little prior work has investigated ways to design operationally practical indicators. This study devises a generalizable approach, based on feedback from users, to develop and evaluate indicators for decision-making. This approach employs a percentile-based framework that offers clarity, consistency, and comparability among different indicators, drought levels, time periods, and spatial scales. In addition, it characterizes the evolution of droughts and quantifies their severity, duration, and frequency. User preferences are incorporated into the framework’s parameters, which include percentile thresholds for drought onset and recovery, severity levels, anomalies, and consecutive time periods for triggering. To illustrate the approach and decision-making implications, the framework is applied to California Climate Division 2 and is used with decision-makers, water managers, and other participants in the National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) California Pilot. Stakeholders report that the framework provides an easily understood and beneficial way to assess and communicate drought conditions, validly compare multiple indicators across different locations and time scales, quantify risks relative to historic droughts, and determine indicators that would be valuable for decision-making.
Multiple Regimes and Low-Frequency Variability in the Quasi-Adiabatic Overturning Circulation
Authors: Wolfe Christopher L. , Cessi Paola 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWhen interior mixing is weak, the ocean can support an interhemispheric overturning circulation on isopycnals that outcrop in both the Northern Hemisphere and a high-latitude southern circumpolar channel. This overturning cell participates in a salt–advection feedback that counteracts the precipitation-induced surface freshening of the northern high latitudes. The net result is an increase in the range of isopycnals shared between the two hemispheres, which strengthens the overturning circulation. However, if precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere sufficiently exceeds that in the Southern Hemisphere, the overturning cell collapses and is replaced by a cell circulating in the opposite direction, whose southern end point is equatorward of the channel. This reversed cell is shallower and weaker than its forward counterpart and is maintained diffusively. For a limited range of parameters, freshwater hysteresis occurs and multiple overturning regimes are found for the same forcing. These multiple regimes are, by definition, unstable with regard to finite-amplitude disturbances, since a sufficiently large perturbation can affect a transition from one regime to the other. Both overturning regimes show pronounced, nearly periodic thermohaline variability on multidecadal and multicentennial time scales. The multidecadal oscillation is expressed in the North Hemisphere gyre and driven by a surface thermohaline instability. The multicentennial oscillation has the character of an interhemispheric loop oscillation. These oscillations mediate transitions between overturning regimes by providing an internal source of finite-amplitude disturbances. As the diffusivity is reduced, the reverse cell becomes weaker and thus less stable to a given perturbation amplitude. This causes the width of the hysteresis to decrease with decreasing diffusivity.
Surface Wave Climatology and Its Variability in the North Indian Ocean Based on ERA-Interim Reanalysis
Authors: Anoop T. R. , Kumar V. Sanil , Shanas P. R. , Johnson Glejin 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe climate over the north Indian Ocean (NIO) is one of the most dynamic in the world because of seasonally reversing monsoon winds. In this study, the climate of the NIO and the variability of its surface waves using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global atmospheric reanalysis product (ERA-Interim) for the period 1979–2012 are analyzed. Annual average significant wave height (SWH) of the NIO ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 m and the seasonal average is highest (3–3.5 m) during the monsoon period [June–September (JJAS)]. Swells propagating from the Southern Hemisphere are present in the NIO during the premonsoon [February–May (FMAM)] and postmonsoon [October–January (ONDJ)] periods. The waves are separated into wind seas and swells based on the wave energy statistical method. The results show that the NIO is swell dominated and that wind sea heights are lower compared to the swell heights. Higher wind sea and swell heights are observed during the monsoon in the western NIO because of strong cross-equatorial winds of the Somali (Findlater) jet. In the postmonsoon period, the eastern NIO shows a higher swell height than the western NIO shows. SWH shows an annual increasing trend in the western NIO. On a seasonal scale, the trends are increasing significantly in the monsoon compared to the postmonsoon period in a major part of the NIO, whereas the premonsoon period shows a decline in SWH. In the NIO, the monsoon is the dominant mode of variability and it covers 92% of the total variability. Wave climate is also influenced by the annual and interannual variability in monsoon wind and rainfall.
Performance evaluation of direct saline stool microscopy, Formol ether concentration and Kato Katz diagnostic methods for intestinal parasitosis in the absence of gold standard methods
Authors: Hailu Tadesse , Abera Bayeh 
Published: April 2015

Background The parasite load within the sample and the amount of sample taken during examination greatly compromise the sensitivity of direct saline stool microscopy. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2011 in Bahir Dar city among 778 fresh single stool samples to evaluate the performance of direct saline (DS), Kato Katz (KK) and Formol ether concentration (FEC) methods against the ‘Gold’ standard. Result Among 778 stool samples from school age children, the highest prevalence of intestinal parasites was recorded by FEC (55.1%). The sensitivity of DS, FEC and KK were 61.1%, 92.3% and 58.7%, respectively. Conclusion FEC is more sensitive than DS and KK. Hence, use of the latter is preferred.
Functional and Histological Evaluation following Canine Vocal Fold Reconstruction Using Composite Thyroid Ala Perichondrium Flaps
Authors: Hoffman Matthew R. , Glab Rachel , Gunderson McLean , Maytag Allison L. , Yang David T. , Jiang Jack J. , Dailey Seth H. 
Published: April 2015

Objectives/HypothesesWe evaluated the effects of vocal fold reconstruction using a composite thyroid ala perichondrium flap (CTAP) after unilateral vocal fold stripping in beagles. We hypothesized that CTAP would improve glottic closure, decrease phonation threshold pressure, and decrease perturbation. In addition, vocal folds with CTAP would exhibit neovascularization and fat with increased von Willebrand factor (vWF) and smooth muscle actin (SMA), reflecting neoangiogenesis and flap viability.Study DesignRandomized controlled trial using beagles.SettingUniversity laboratory.MethodsTen beagles underwent unilateral vocal fold stripping. Dogs in the scar‐only group (n = 5) were sacrificed at 1 month. Dogs in the CTAP group (n = 5) underwent ipsilateral reconstruction with CTAP at 1 month and were sacrificed at 2 months. Excised larynx experiments evaluated vocal fold vibration using aerodynamic, acoustic, and mucosal wave measurements. Qualitative evaluation of vocal fold morphology and quantitative analysis of elastin, collagen, glycosaminoglycans, vWF, SMA, and hyaluronic acid were performed.ResultsPhonation threshold pressure (P =. 005), percent jitter (P =. 010), percent shimmer (P =. 007), and open quotient (P =. 007) were lower in the CTAP group. Neovascularization (P =. 0079) and fat (P =. 1667) occurred more with CTAP, although the difference in fat was not significant. von Willebrand factor was higher with CTAP vs contralateral normal fold (P =. 110), although not statistically significant. Smooth muscle actin was higher with CTAP vs contralateral normal fold (P =. 038) and scarred vocal folds (P =. 022).ConclusionsComposite thyroid ala perichondrium flap restored glottic closure and vibratory periodicity following vocal fold scarring. Additional investigation on biologic response is warranted. Composite thyroid ala perichondrium flap offers an autologous, vascularized implant that can improve both vocal fold structure and function.
Does Montelukast Have an Effect on Post‐tonsillectomy Pain Control in Children? A Randomized Trial Study
Authors: Ince Ilker , Yoruk Ozgur , Ahiskalioglu Ali , Aksoy Mehmet , Dostbil Aysenur , Celik Mine 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveTonsillectomy surgery is associated with severe postoperative pain that usually requires analgesics including opioids. Pain control is still a big problem after tonsillectomy surgery. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of preemptive analgesia using montelukast for pediatric post‐tonsillectomy pain management. This is the first‐time use of montelukast in post‐tonsillectomy pain.Study DesignDouble‐blind, controlled‐randomized study.SettingsUniversity teaching and research hospital.Subjects and MethodsA total of 60 children, aged 5 to 15 years, American Society of Anesthesiologist class I‐II, scheduled for elective tonsillectomy were enrolled in this clinical trial study. The patients were randomized into 2 groups: the montelukast group (group M, n = 30) and control group (group C, n = 30). Group M recieved an oral montelukast tablet and group C recieved placebo at 2400pm on the morning before surgery. Post‐tonsillectomy pain was evaluated with the Wong‐Baker FACES Scale during the 24 hours after surgery. Patients’ intraoperative hemodynamic parameters and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences between group C and group M for Wong‐Baker FACES pain rating scale scores (P <. 05). In the 24 hours after surgery, the total number of patients using rescue analgesics was higher in group C than in group M, and the difference was statistically significant (P <. 001). There was no significant difference in demographic parameters (P >. 05). There were no significant differences in postoperative nausea and vomiting, otalgia, trismus, fever, or halitosis between the groups (P >. 05).ConclusionPreemptive montelukast can be used safely to reduce the serious pain caused by tonsillectomy in children.
Secondary ablation of saphenous veins: The reasons and the ratios
Authors: Aktas Aykut Recep , Ozkan Ugur 
Published: April 2015

Objective To assess recurrence of saphenous veins and their tributaries following endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) and define primary or secondary ablation ratios as a result of misinterpretation, new incompetency formation, and re-canalization. Methods The EVLA procedure was applied for vein insufficiency to 50 symptomatic patients (range, 22–78 years; mean age 45 ± 14 years; gender, 18 [36%] men, and 32 [64%] women). Before and after the procedure, a total of 80 legs were prospectively evaluated for recanalization of the great and small saphenous vein, anterolateral, posteromedial, intersaphenous thigh, and the calf veins by Doppler ultrasonography. EVLA was performed on the saphenous veins along with their tributaries, and was defined as the primary ablation. EVLA and alcohol ablation after the first procedure was defined as the secondary ablation. We evaluated the veins according to re-canalization and secondary ablation, and also measured the primary and secondary ablation ratios. Results Seventy-three (97.0%) VSM and 39 (95.0%) VSP were treated with primary ablation and 2(3.0%) VSM and 2 (5.0%) VSP were treated with secondary ablation because of newly developed incompetency. In addition, 15 (71.0%) saphenous tributaries were treated with primary and 6 (29.0%) with secondary ablation. After primary or secondary ablation, 9 (12.0%) misinterpretation or new incompetency formation was found during a one-year follow-up. Seven (9.0%) VSM were re-canalized at the mean length of 46 ± 15 cm (range 32–65 cm) in one year. The laser energy in the re-canalized VSM was 78 ± 25 joules/cm (range 61–83) and all were retreated with laser or foam sclerotherapy. Conclusions VSM re-canalization and new vessel incompetency formation are reasons for secondary ablation, which is not a rare condition. Follow-up examinations and anatomical mapping are crucial for detecting new vessel formation or miss-interpretation after sclerotherapy or EVLA treatment.
A quasi-experimental controlled evaluation of the impact of a hospice rapid response community service for end-of-life care on achievement of preferred place of death
Authors: Holdsworth Laura M , Gage Heather , Coulton Simon , King Annette , Butler Claire 
Published: April 2015

Background: Rapid response services operating 24 h a day have been advocated in UK health policy to support dying patients at home, though there is limited evidence of their effectiveness. Aim: To assess the impact of a rapid response hospice at home service (intervention) on people dying in their preferred place, and carer quality of life, compared to usual care (control). Design: Quasi-experimental multi-centred controlled evaluation. Patient data were collected from hospice records; carers completed postal questionnaires to report quality of life, anxiety and depression. Setting and participants: Community served by one hospice (three contiguous sites) in South East England; 953 patients who died with a preferred place of death recorded and 64 carers who completed questionnaires. Results: There was no significant difference between control and intervention groups in proportions achieving preferred place of death (61.9% vs 63.0% (odds ratio: 0.949; 95% confidence interval: 0.788–1.142)). People living at home alone were less likely to die where they wanted (0.541; 95% confidence interval: 0.438–0.667). Carers in the intervention group reported worse mental health component summary scores (short form-12, p = 0.03) than those in the control group; there were no differences in other carer outcomes. Conclusion: The addition of a rapid response hospice at home service did not have a significant impact on helping patients to die where they wanted in an area already well served by community palliative care. Recording preferences, and changes over time, is difficult and presented challenges for this study.
‘Drive Safe’ initiatives: An analysis of improvements in mental health practices (2005–2013) to support safe driving
Authors: Dun Carolyn , Baker Kristan , Swan Jodie , Vlachou Voula , Fossey Ellie 
Published: April 2015

Statement of context Driving can be important for enabling community participation. Mental illness and its treatment may disrupt fitness to drive, or people’s opportunities for learning to drive. This paper reflects on practice improvements in an Australian mental health organization. Critical reflection on practice Occupational therapists identified gaps in knowledge among the multi-disciplinary workforce about service users’ driver status, how to identify and manage driving issues, and how to support their beginning or resuming driving during recovery. Implications for practice The key initiatives: policy and practice guidelines, workforce training, driver assessment and consultation services, and service user information resources — have become embedded supports within the organization for promoting safe driving.