bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: the essential role of the Pteridophyta in the study of land plants
Authors: Bell P. R. 
Published: October 2013

SynopsisArguments based on their technical advantages, undoubted antiquity and lack of evolutionary extravagances are advanced for promoting the study of the Pteridophyta. Sound interpretations of fundamental aspects of the land plants, together with useful knowledge, are likely to follow, and grievous errors arising from too great a concentration on the flowering plants can be avoided.
The Occurrence of a Human Skeleton in a Glacial Deposit at Ipswich
Authors: Moir J. Reid 
Published: October 2013

On Friday, October 6th, 1911, I received a message from Mr. Laughlin, of Messrs. Bolton & Laughlin, brickmakers, Ipswich, to the effect that one of his workmen, while removing some surface clay to get at the underlying glacial gravel, had turned out some human bones. I at once went down to the pit where the discovery had been made and found that a portion of a human skull attached to an almost complete cranial cast had been recovered. The workmen pointed out that two bones were protruding from the spot whence the skull had been derived, and so it was arranged for the remainder of the skeleton to be dug up on the following day. Messrs. Woolnough, Canton, and Snell accompanied me, and we afterwards drew up a short report of our observations. This report is as follows:—“We, the undersigned, were present at, and superintended, the digging out of the human remains found at Messrs. Bolton & Laughlin's pit, Ipswich, on Saturday, October 7th, 1911. We all most carefully examined the section of decalcified Boulder Clay, under which the bones lay, before any digging commenced, and were absolutely convinced that no grave had ever been dug on the spot before.
Flint Implements of Man from the Middle Glacial Gravel and the Chalky Boulder Clay of Suffolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid 
Published: October 2013

The Middle Glacial Sands and Gravel which occur over such a large portion of East Anglia are somewhat difficult to explain, and various opinions have been put forward to account for them. In Suffolk they generally occur under the Chalky Boulder Clay, and in some parts of Norfolk between that deposit and the older Contorted Drift. In the neighbourhood of Ipswich these deposits generally rest upon Red Crag, and are covered by the Chalky Boulder Clay. They are best seen where pits have been sunk upon the plateau or where streams have cut into the plateau and exposed the various beds composing it.Having discovered six years ago that the Middle Glacial Gravel is implementiferous, I have continually searched these deposits, and am led to the following views regarding them.
The Stone Age in Beechamwell
Authors: Nightingale R. C. 
Published: October 2013

The greater part of the northern side of the parish of Beechamwell consists of marl and chalk with a top-soil of from one to eighteen feet of gravelly sand. The average depth of this is about eight feet. On the top of it there is a layer of turf or of cultivable soil from three-quarters of a foot to a foot and a-half in depth. There is a narrow strip of boulder clay deposit on which ice-scratched, worked flints are found. There is also a tongue of gravel one and a-half-mile long and half-a-mile wide at its widest part. On this, generally, very few worked flints have been found; fragments of pottery in some numbers have been found all over it however. On the edge of this strip, adjacent on the west to the boulder clay, several worked flints have been picked up, and a hoard of about 200 splinters and flakes was found lying between the sand and the turf, a foot deep here.The greater part of the worked flints are found in an area of about half-a-mile square. The axes, whole or in fragments, are found scattered over the whole of the northern half of the parish. The first axe, however, I found was lying beside a path through the old fen that lies on the south side of Beechamwell. The worked flints found near the moraine are of a peculiar grey colour, and nearly all scimitar-shaped.Flints are found in beds in the chalk and are still plentiful on the surface of the soil, although many have been picked off it for building and road-mending. The small area on which the worked flints are so numerous is the highest ground in Beechamwell.
Surface Changes Since the Palæolithic Period in Kent and Surrey
Authors: Dewey Henry 
Published: October 2013

A series of implements were collected during the summer and autumn of 1914 from an area of some twenty square miles lying between the Cray Valley and Kingsdown in North Kent. The specimens were not distributed uniformly over this area, but confined more or less to a few localities where they occurred in considerable numbers. It is, moreover, significant that these localities are on high land commanding extensive views of the surrounding country, and especially of the river valleys. The sites were presumably chosen for this and another reason—the local abundance of green-coated flint, a material which was largely employed in the manufacture of implements.The sites had been inhabited by a succession of peoples who left their implements behind them. Among these the commonest are assignable to the Neolithic period, but Palæolithic implements are by no means rare. There are, moreover, localities where only Palæolithic forms are found, and these all of one pattern, namely, the pointed ovate. Many possess the familiar reversed S twist, and all are deeply patinated, either pure white, pinkish-yellow, or cream.
Foreign Relations in the Neolithic Period
Authors: Smith Reginald A. 
Published: October 2013

In discussing the points of contact between Neolithic Britain and the Continent, it is desirable from many points of view to begin at the beginning, and to conclude with the introduction of metal. I prefer this to the method adopted in our leading text-book, even though it brings us at once into an area of conflict, where nothing should be taken for granted, and general agreement is not yet in sight. In Scandinavia there seems to be a definite terminus a quo, though even there some elements of doubt can be detected. It is generally assumed that human life began in the peninsula soon after the last or Baltic glaciation came to an end; and the first question is whether the same holds good for Britain, and if so, to what extent, for an ice-free area in the south of England is recognised by most authorities even during the severe glaciation that accounted for boulder-clay at Finchley, only three miles north of the Thames.As will be seen later, intercourse with Scandinavia was lively during two phases of the Megalithic period, but there is nothing to shew that the Neolithic civilisations east and west of the North Sea had a common origin or began at the same date.
Man and the Ice Age
Authors: Marr J. E. 
Published: October 2013

Highly as I feel the honour of having been asked to occupy this Presidential chair, I accepted that honour with some diffidence, for I recognise that my studies in Pre-history.have not been carried very far. As, however, these studies have convinced me that the application of geology to prehistoric problems is even yet fraught with many difficulties, it appears to me desirable in this address to call special attention to some of these difficulties.Having devoted nearly half a century to geological researches of various kinds, I can state with confidence that those geological problems with which we are concerned are among the most difficult with which the geologist is confronted, and their investigation cannot be lightly undertaken.At present, what we above all require is the collection of facts, and I therefore hailed with pleasure the foundation of this Society, and congratulate its members upon the amount of valuable work which they have already performed. Among these members the name of Dr. Allen Sturge stands out pre-eminent. He may be regarded as the Father of the Society, and all members must deeply deplore the loss which the Society has sustained by his death.
Implements from the Glacial Deposits of North Norfolk
Authors: Cox J. 
Published: October 2013

I discovered my first flint implement, a very fine Neolithic axe, in Gresham, in the year 1883, and this find led me to investigate the neighbourhood for other specimens. I was successful in finding many Neolithic implements of various kinds, which have from time to time been exhibited at the meetings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia.Shortly after my first finds, I commenced searching the gravels in the parish for “river drift” implements, but with very little success, as I soon found out that the gravel was of glacial origin, and the sandy surface of most of the district around was also glacial.The high ground to the north of Gresham consists of what is now fairly well known as the “Cromer-Holt ridge,” and is considered by Mr. F. W. Harmer, F.G.S., to be the terminal moraine of the North Sea ice sheet, built up while the glacier remained stationary for a long period, on its northward retreat. The numerous small valleys were formed by waters from the melting ice while the glacier was in its stationary stage, and may also have been influenced by the later glacier which deposited the chalky boulder clay.
Yorkshire Gravers
Authors: Buckley Francis 
Published: October 2013

Reference generally may be made to an article on the Classification of Burins or Gravers by Mr. Miles C. Burkitt, M.A., p. 306, Vol. III. of the Proceedings. The object of this article is to illus-trate Gravers from the Microlithic flint sites in West Yorkshire. Specimens have indeed been found in past years, but it is only recently that they have received recognition. And it is hoped that they may help to solve the problem of the age of this industry.At present there is no clear evidence to dissociate any of the implements here illustrated from the well known microlithic industry of the Pennine Chain. There is, however, some reason to believe that most, but not all, of the Gravers were made during the earlier period of the local industry; whilst the beaked graver-like tools, absent at first, undoubtedly continued to its later stages. Also that gravers associated with tools of La Madeleine type may be established, stratigraphically below the pygmy series.
Recent Excavations on the Neolithic Site of Sainte-Gertrude, Holland
Authors: Layard Nina Frances 
Published: October 2013

In 1924 at the invitation of Dr. Garson, the official delegate of the British Association, I attended the French Congress for the Advancement of Science, which was being held at Liège, and at his request took over for exhibition a large number of flint implements from various parts of East Anglia. I was much struck by the great interest taken in the exhibits, many of these English examples being apparently new to the audience. A desire was expressed by more than one of the professors present that they could oftener have the opportunity of examining typical tools from this country.While at Liège I paid a visit to the Archaeological Museum, and also to M. Hamel Nandrin's private collection, with its stores of Neolithic specimens from the ateliers of Sainte-Gertrude, Holland, and this impressed me with the necessity of having examples of tools from Continental sites more conveniently at hand in England for reference and comparison than they are at present. I therefore determined to make an effort to secure for home study, some of the abundant spoil from the Sainte-Gertrude workshops.
The Shell Mound Industry of Denmark as Represented at Lower Halstow, Kent
Authors: Burchell J. P. T. 
Published: October 2013

During the year 1924 I made some observations on the North Kent coast between Swalecliffe and Reculver for the purpose of locating the cultural horizon of the Thames pick, an implement which has been found in plenty upon the beach and sea floor in that locality, but which has not yet been indisputably classified by archæologists.The finds made up to November, 1924, were shown by me to the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia, but the paper must be considered unsatisfactory since the pivot on which any conclusions from those finds had to turn was the date of the prehistoric pottery. On this question I found there were differences of opinion. On the one hand I was advised that the pottery was of the Early Iron Age, on the other that it was Neolithic. Having made a careful study of all the comparative evidence I could trace, I found myself unable to disregard either opinion. The apparent association of flint implements with the pottery, led me to adopt a Neolithic date, as at the time I had no evidence that Iron Age Man fashioned flint implements.
The Grime's Graves Problem in the Light of Recent Researches
Authors: Armstrong A. Leslie 
Published: October 2013

The extensive prehistoric flint mining site of Grime's Graves occupïes high ground near the Southern boundary of Norfolk, at a maximum of 100 feet above O.D. It is set amidst wild undulating breck land, here and there densely clothed in bracken, the extensive belts separated by spaces of close cropped turf, or brown heath, conspicuously sprinkled with white patinated flints, a prodigious number of which are flakes of human production.Many of the hill-tops are crowned by plantations of hardwood and coniferous trees, but there is no evidence that this lonely land of wide expanses was ever more than thinly covered by native timber and one feels that the country as seen to-day is much as the ancient flint miners knew it, thousands of years ago.Though now so lonely and isolated, for neither high road nor dwelling exists within a mile radius, it was obviously once the centre of great activity, for the total mined area is not less than 34 acres in extent.Of this, 16½ acres are occupied by 366 cup-shaped hollows, varying from 12 to 70 feet in diameter, all plainly visible on the surface and each denoting an ancient mine shaft. Over the remaining 17½ acres there are no surface indications to suggest the presence of underlying shafts, but excavations during the last four years have definitely established their existence and proved the area to be closely crowded with mine shafts of small diameter.
Further Report on the Epi-Palælithic Factory Site at Lower Halstow, Kent
Authors: Burchell J. P. T. 
Published: October 2013

Through the generosity of the Trustees of the Percy Sladen Fund I have been enabled to continue the investigation of the factory site, the preliminary examination of which was reported in the Proceedings of this Society last year. The “floor” there described was situated on the right bank of the “Sunk Channel” of the River Medway, at a point one mile north of the Church at Lower Halstow. It rested, in part, upon the surface of the London Clay, and, in part, upon the surface of an alluvium which is older than the gravels of the 10-ft. terrace. The covering deposits, consisting of rainwash, peats, and marsh clays, amounted to a thickness of just over six feet.In area the “floor” occupied some 100 feet by 60 feet and comprised a series of circular patches 3 feet to 4 feet wide and 3 ins. to 4 ins. deep, sunk below the surface of the London Clay. The patches consisted of blackened earth and calcined flints (see Plate I., fig. 2). The flint implements, together with the waste and raw material, occurred more numerously in these patches.This year the hearths of a further factory site revealed themselves at a point ¼ of a mile north of the Church. They rested upon the surface of the London Clay and were covered by strata, similar both in composition and sequence to those of the northern site.
St. Acheul Implements from High-Level Gravel at Denham, Bucks
Authors: Marsden John G. 
Published: October 2013

Three-quarters of a mile N. by W. of the Railway Station at Denham, Bucks., a small rounded promontory juts out into the Valley of the Colne. The Geological Survey map shows this promontory as composed of Reading beds, capped by Glacial Gravel, part of a spread covering all the higher ground between the rivers Misbourne and Colne. In the G. S. memoir on sheet No. 255, the following observation is made:—“In the large embayment between the Thames and the Colne, the Glacial Gravel appears to have been subsequently resorted in places.” A well-known example of this occurs at Croxley Green, 4¼ miles N. by E. of this site. It has been fully described by Messrs. R. A. Smith and H. Dewey (Archæologia, vol. lxvi., pp. 195–214).Late last autumn I heard that palæoliths had been picked up in the neighbourhood of Denham. On going there to investigate, I found that a cutting of over 200 yards, for a new road running N. and S., had been made through the promontory. Unfortunately the excavation work at this spot was practically finished, and both sides of the cutting had been battered.
The Mutual Relations of the British Neolithic Ceramics
Authors: Piggott Stuart 
Published: October 2013

In 1932 the writer published a catalogue of and a commentary on the Neolithic Pottery of the British Isles, in which emphasis was laid on the essential division, first distinguished by Kendrick nearly ten years ago, into the Windmill Hill (Neolithic A) and Peterborough (Neolithic B) groups, and it was claimed that “evidence is consistent in pointing to a late date for Peterborough ware, with constant contacts with the beakers, while the Windmill Hill antedates this.” Since the publication of this paper, however, re-examination of the material, certain new evidence, and above all a most valuable discussion with Mr. E. Thurlow Leeds have made it clear that this claim for a difference of date all over Britain was unfounded. The most convincing, and indeed almost startling evidence was in the form of certain sherds from the recent excavations by Dr. Cecil Curwen in the causewayed camp of Whitehawk, near Brighton. Dr. Curwen invited the writer to examine and describe the pottery, and a brief commentary was contributed to the report on the excavations. Owing to the exigencies of space and other considerations it was thought advisable to omit from this report any discussion of the wider implications suggested, and to deal with them in a separate paper.Since the Whitehawk sherds form the real basis of the revised views presented in this paper, it is well to consider them in some detail, at the risk of partial repetition of the account already published elsewhere. (Fig. 1.)
A Bronze Age Spear-head found in Methwold Fen, Norfolk
Authors: Godwin H. , Godwin M. E. , Clark J. G. D. , Clifford M. H. 
Published: October 2013

Few regions have yielded so many bronzes as the East Anglian fens, yet accurate records of the circumstances of their discovery exist for a small fraction only of the finds. This is very regretable since this evidence is usually of far more importance been than the objects found. In the case of the Methwold spear-head it has to some extent recovered by the diligence of Major Gordon Fowler, F.S.A., who interviewed the discoverer, Mr. John Harrod of Methwold, and obtained the object for the University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Cambridge. The only completely satisfactory method is an immediate visit to the site of a discovery, and in this the Fenland Research Committee, which is vitally interested in such finds, is always keen to co-operate.The site of the discovery may be found immediately below the “un” of Queen's Ground, Methwold Fen (Norfolk 6 in. sheet LXXXI, S.E., 1906 edtn.; Long. 0° 28′ 57″, Lat. 52° 30′ 29″). The spear-head itself (fig. 1) has loops at the junction of the socket and wings. Mr. Estyn Evans, F.S.A., to whom a photograph has been submitted, is of the opinion that this type marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age in Britain, in which case it would date from approximately 1000 B.C.It would, perhaps, be more conventional to ascribe the spear-head to the end of the Middle Bronze Age.
Dealing with Ebstein's anomaly
Authors: Geerdink Lianne M. , Kapusta Livia 
Published: October 2013

AbstractEbstein's anomaly is a complex congenital disorder of the tricuspid valve. Presentation in neonatal life and (early) childhood is common. Disease severity and clinical features vary widely and require a patient-tailored treatment. In this review, we describe the natural history of children and adolescents with Ebstein's anomaly, including symptoms and signs presenting at diagnosis. Current classification strategies of Ebstein's anomaly are discussed. We report on diagnostic methods for establishing the severity of disease that might enhance decision on the timing of surgical intervention. Furthermore, we describe different surgical options for severely ill neonates and multiple surgical interventions after infancy. Only with ample knowledge and understanding of the above, this complex and diverse group of patients can be correctly treated in order to improve not only duration, but also quality of life.
Parallel and nested decomposition for factoid questions
Authors: BOGURAEV BRANIMIR , PATWARDHAN SIDDHARTH , KALYANPUR ADITYA , CHU-CARROLL JENNIFER , LALLY ADAM 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTypically, automatic Question Answering (QA) approaches use the question in its entirety in the search for potential answers. We argue that decomposing complex factoid questions into separate facts about their answers is beneficial to QA, since an answer candidate with support coming from multiple independent facts is more likely to be the correct one. We broadly categorize decomposable questions as parallel or nested, and we present a novel question decomposition framework for enhancing the ability of single-shot QA systems to answer complex factoid questions. Essential to the framework are components for decomposition recognition, question rewriting, and candidate answer synthesis and re-ranking. We discuss the interplay among these, with particular emphasis on decomposition recognition, a process which, we argue, can be sufficiently informed by lexico-syntactic features alone. We validate our approach to decomposition by implementing the framework on top of IBM Watson™, a state-of-the-art QA system, and showing a statistically significant improvement over its accuracy.
The monetary value of diets consumed by British adults: an exploration into sociodemographic differences in individual-level diet costs
Authors: Timmins Kate A , Hulme Claire , Cade Janet E 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the diet costs of adults in the National Diet and Nutrition Study (NDNS) and explore patterns in costs according to sociodemographic indicators.DesignCross-sectional diet diary information was matched to a database of food prices to assign a cost to each food or non-alcoholic beverage consumed. Daily diet costs were calculated, as well as costs per 10 MJ to improve comparability across differing energy requirements. Costs were compared between categories of sociodemographic variables and health behaviours. Multivariable regression assessed the effects of each variable on diet costs after adjustment.SettingThe NDNS is a rolling dietary survey, recruiting a representative UK sample each year. The study features data from 2008–2010.SubjectsAdults aged 19 years or over were included. The sample consisted of 1014 participants.ResultsThe geometric mean daily diet cost was £2·89 (95 % CI £2·81, £2·96). Energy intake and daily diet cost were strongly associated. The mean energy-adjusted cost was £4·09 (95 % CI £4·01, £4·18) per 10 MJ. Energy-adjusted costs differed significantly between many subgroups, including by sex and household income. Multivariable regression found significant effects of sex, qualifications and occupation (costs per 10 MJ only), as well as equivalized household income, BMI and fruit and vegetable consumption on diet costs.ConclusionsThis is the first time that monetary costs have been applied to the diets of NDNS adults. The findings suggest that certain subgroups in the UK – for example those on lower incomes – consume diets of lower monetary value. Observed differences were mostly in the directions anticipated.