bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geothermal Power Generation
Authors: Eghbal Mehdi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractGeothermal energy is the heat energy generated from radioactive decay of minerals and stored in the Earth. Theoretically, total geothermal resources are more than adequate to supply all human energy needs for many years. However, so far only a small portion of geothermal energy has been extracted and used either directly as a heat source or converted to electricity. Often significant drilling and exploitation costs make the energy conversion process unfeasible.Geothermal industry has been significantly developed since the first commercial geothermal plant was built in 1904 in Italy. Geothermal sources are in different forms including dry hot steam, hot water, and hot rock. Depending on the characteristics of each geothermal resource, different types of geothermal plants have been designed and installed. Single‐ or double‐flash power plants are the most common plants for hot water geothermal resources.As the technology develops and more renewable energy policies are introduced, the levelized cost of geothermal power decreases. Future technology developments, renewable energy initiatives, and availability of other sources of energy are expected to further reduce the cost of geothermal power.This article provides an overview of geothermal history and focuses on reviewing the principles of geothermal energy conversion systems. Some statistics of major past and current geothermal power plants are given; however, as new geothermal power plants become online in future, care should be taken when referring to these statistics.
Grid Connection and Power Conditioning of Wind Farms
Authors: Singh Mohit , Allen Alicia , Hodge Bri‐Mathias S. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWind power penetrations are increasing worldwide, and with these increasing penetrations come increasing worries about their impact on power systems operations. Wind interconnection studies are a very important step for maintaining grid reliability, stability, and power quality. The behavior of a wind plant during dynamic events is an important consideration in that it can impact the rest of the system, potentially compounding contingency event impacts with a suboptimal response. The response of a wind turbine to such an event is strongly influenced by the generator type, and each turbine type has different requirements in terms of low voltage ride through, reactive power requirements, and frequency control. Additional measures may also be taken to protect the generator in the case of an event, while still providing necessary services to the grid.
Energy Efficiency Index via Data Envelopment Analysis (
DEA
): Methodology and Application
Authors: Wang Ke 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Data envelopment analysis (
DEA
) has recently become a popular approach in measuring the regional energy and environmental efficiency at the macroeconomy level. Within a joint production framework of considering both desirable and undesirable outputs, as well as the separation of energy inputs and nonenergy inputs, this study proposes several energy efficiency indices based on (i) the traditional
DEA
with undesirable outputs transformation technique; (ii) the directional distance function‐based
DEA
relying on the weak disposability assumption; (iii) the range adjusted measure‐based method relying on the natural and managerial disposability assumptions; and (iv) the multidirectional efficiency analysis approach from which both the energy efficiency status and the energy efficiency patterns of different regions can be detected. The characteristics of the above
DEA
‐based energy efficiency indices will be further compared and discussed, and these methods and related indices are applied to regional energy and environmental efficiency evaluation of clean energy system.
Diagnostic and Control of Energy Systems in Power Generation Systems and Process Industries
Authors: Dahlquist Erik , Avelin Anders 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA lot of efforts are normally done to design plants in an efficient way. Still, most plants are having varying production qualities and quantities and both the diagnostics of sensors and process performance and advanced control for optimal production are essential. Useful methods and applications of these for both power plant and process industry applications are presented. The benefits of using, for example, simulators are described in connection with start‐up of new plants and the importance of diagnostics for maintenance of demand. Examples are shown where statistical methods are used to predict pulp paper quality properties and physical models to perform data reconciliation and decision support. The data reconciliation predicts true values for sensors that are drifting while decision support is giving advice when any kind of possible problem has been detected. In addition, process optimization and model‐based control are discussed.
Efficient Residential Indoor Thermal Environment Control
Authors: Deng Shiming , Li Ning 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

In this article, recent developments on the efficient control of residential indoor thermal environment are reported. Firstly, fundamental issues for indoor environmental control in residences are discussed. This is followed by presenting an analysis of a number of current control issues for direct expansion (
DX
) air‐conditioning (A/C) systems, including the capacity control, humidity control, and the inherent operating characteristics of a
DX
A/C system. A number of studied efficient control strategies for simultaneous controlling indoor air temperature and humidity using a
DX
A/C system, including direct digital control (
DDC
)‐based control, multi‐input multi‐output (
MIMO
) control, and artificial neural network (
ANN
)‐based control, are reported subsequently. Finally, some other related issues on residential indoor thermal environmental control using
DX
A/C systems, including a novel indoor humidity control algorithm (H–L (high–low) control algorithm), capacity control of multi‐evaporator air‐conditioning (
MEAC
) systems, and A/C for sleeping environments in the tropics and subtropics are discussed. It is expected that with the improvement on indoor thermal environmental control in residences, occupants' thermal comfort can be improved and more importantly, the energy use for A/C residential buildings reduced. This would in turn help reduce energy consumption in buildings, and thus carbon emission, contributing to sustainable development.
An Institutional Perspective on the Low Carbon Transition
Authors: Andrews‐Speed Philip 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe transition to a low carbon economy requires a change of sociotechnical regime or, in other words, a change in the way that society and technology interact. This, in turn, entails changes in economic, political, and societal institutions, the terminstitutionsreferring to the formal and informal rules and the expectations that govern the behavior of actors in a society. Tangible factors such as the availability of technology and skills and the endowment of resources and infrastructure provide significant constraints to countries seeking to undertake the transition to a low carbon economy. However, institutions also play a strong role in constraining the rate and shaping the path to a low carbon economy. As each nation is characterized by different institutions, the nature of the low carbon transition will vary from country to country, and even within individual countries. This article explains the relevance of institutions to the low carbon transition and applies this understanding to China and the United Kingdom in order to examine how different types of institution shape the way in which energy is governed, with particular reference to the consequences for the deployment of renewable energy.
Load Control and Management of Systems with Thermal Power, Hydro Power, and Wind
Authors: Söder Lennart 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
This article has the goal to provide an overview about the challenges that one may face with the integration of large‐scale wind and solar power into a hydro‐thermal power system. The aim is to provide an overview of the challenges in order to identify the most important issues. The goal is to provide a general presentation, but some descriptions are mainly relevant for systems with larger share of hydro power. The article is focused on the balancing issues, that is, how to keep the production‐consumption balance in an efficient way also in a system with larger amounts of wind and solar power. The focus is on the continuous balancing, with the two special cases of low wind+solar and high wind+solar situations. For a successful integration all situations have to be handled in a technical/economical efficient way.
Overview of Wind Energy Resource
Authors: Kaldellis John K. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
An overview of wind resource characteristics is presently undertaken, with emphasis given on the way these characteristics influence the energy performance of contemporary wind turbines. To this end, the main characteristics of wind speed patterns, represented by the scale and shape parameters of Weibull distribution, are first studied, with the effectiveness of established theoretical distributions to describe wind regimes being accordingly evaluated. Next, special attention is given to calm spells and their significance in the design of stand‐alone wind‐based installations. Frequency and intensity of wind gusts causing fatigue of wind turbines through increased loading are next investigated, followed by the study of wind shear and its implications on the wind energy yield. Finally, air density variation and the wake effect are considered, again in relation to their influence on the energy performance of contemporary wind turbines.
Modeling Energy Efficiency and

CO
2

Emissions Reduction
Authors: Miglio Rocco De , Gargiulo Maurizio , Chiodi Alessandro , Deane Paul , Gallachóir Brian Ó 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Energy efficiency and

CO
2

reduction are key concepts in defining sustainability worldwide. At the European level, for example, a binding legislation, known as
20‐20‐20 climate and energy package
, sets three objectives for 2020 among which, explicitly, the 20% improvement of energy efficiency and the cut of 20% in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 1990 levels are the most important objectives. It is generally accepted that a relationship between these two variables exists, but what is the contribution of energy efficiency to

CO
2

emissions reduction? Improving or increasing energy efficiency however does not always translate into reduced

CO
2

emissions; the savings depend on the situation and the energy system. If the energy is supplied from fossil fuels—such as electricity from a coal‐fueled plant—then improved efficiency will cut emissions. However, if the energy is supplied by a low carbon source such as electricity from low carbon renewables, then improving efficiency may have a limited impact on overall emissions reduction. An energy systems model is a suitable tool to allow decision makers to estimate the effects of comprehensive, as well as sectoral‐specific, commitments and measures in the medium–long term, and may also be seen as a useful platform for testing different policies, supporting the comparative assessment of energy and environmental performances in the system under investigation.
Bioenergy Potential from Forest Biomass
Authors: Leduc Sylvain , Kindermann Georg , Forsell Nicklas , Kraxner Florian 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Forestry‐based biomass has become a valuable resource for mitigating emissions and conversion production of bioenergy. It can be converted into heat, power, and advanced transport fuel. It has been a major fuel for household heating, but its industrial use for heat and power has been increasing in forest‐rich countries such as Scandinavia or Austria. It has the advantage of not competing for the land for food crop resources and has lower end‐use emissions compared to conventional energy feedstock. Moreover, due to the mandatory energy targets set by each country in the European Union (
EU
), the use of woody biomass is expected to increase and play a major role in the share of the energy fuel mix. This article presents the forest potential dedicated for bioenergy for the
EU
based on the linkage between a forest and a techno‐economic model.
The Revealed Relationships between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Causality, Macroeconomics, New Trend, and Implications
Authors: Chang Youngho , Li Yanfei 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe literature of the “energy–economy” relationship presents mixed conclusions. Such conclusions could attribute mainly to the differences in methodology (econometrics), the selection of the data (period, frequency, length, time series vs panel data), the variety of possible explanatory variables employed in the model, different dynamics (lag structure) modeled, heterogeneity in the behavior of different sectors in the economy, heterogeneity in climate conditions, and various levels of development and economic structure. Even for the same countries, as its economy develops and its structure changes, the short‐run and long‐run relationships between energy consumption and economic growth may also change.This article reviews the literature on the “energy–economy” relationship and presents the evidence from studies that apply various methodologies and raise the research question at different levels of details and with different perspectives. It presents the relationships in four distinct hypotheses: a unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption, a unidirectional causality from energy consumption to economic growth, a bidirectional feedback between energy consumption and economic growth, and no relationship at all (i.e., the neutrality hypothesis). This article also dives into the role played by other macroeconomic factors such as population, capital stock, prices, and technologies in revealing the true relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. The literature has started to pay more attention to sectoral characteristics of energy consumption and economic growth as well as the characteristics of different types of energy such as oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, and renewable energy. These factors could reveal the new details of the hypotheses that drive a causality in either direction. Finally, this article presents relevant policy implications derived from the revealed relationships.
Polygeneration Microgrids for Residential Applications
Authors: Kyriakarakos George , Papadakis George 
Published: July 2015

AbstractConsiderable research is taking place globally concerning the energy consumption in residential buildings. The effort is aimed toward the creation of zero energy buildings or even positive energy ones. In order to accomplish this, energy production is needed at the building level. Electrical energy, thermal energy for space heating and cooling, and domestic hot water production are common needs globally, whereas water pumping, water desalination, and onsite fuel production are also of rising interest. The polygeneration microgrid topology aims at unifying all the energy systems in a building and through advanced energy management approaches to optimize the energy flows in the building managing to provide optimum indoor comfort, meeting of all the energy needs of the residents and minimizing the environmental impact of the building. This article presents this topology in detail and also proposes a methodology for the design and sizing of such systems.
Introduction: Sustainability of Energy Systems
Authors: Chou S. K. , Wei Yi‐Ming , Yan Jinyue 
Published: July 2015

AbstractOver the decade, sustainable low carbon future has become the focus for contemporary policy discussions. The path toward decoupling economic growth with energy, especially fossil energy is a challenging one. It requires top‐down, coordinated effort among public institutions to establish a supportive policy and political environment; and bottom‐up, the deployment of technological measures through efficient financing instruments. Recent years have seen an increasing use of the integrated energy‐economic‐environment modeling framework for facilitating the decision‐making process. These include the macroeconomic modeling framework, the process‐driven modeling framework, and a combination of both frameworks. While the energy analysis and modeling tools are useful in understanding the evolution of the energy systems, the global energy policy and geopolitics are receiving more and more influence from the development of unconventional resources. Essentially, it is uncertain what the future of the global and regional dynamics could evolve as more unconventional resources become recoverable outside the oil exporting economies. Nonetheless, sustainable development toward a low carbon future cannot be achieved by an individual country. Moving forward, it requires transnational cooperation beyond Kyoto Protocol and climate change negotiations if, indeed, nations worldwide are serious about making the Earth a better living place.
Between Climate Change and Energy Security Objectives: The Potential Role of Shale Gas
Authors: Gracceva Francesco , Zeniewski Peter 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe increasing interest in developing unconventional hydrocarbon resources will have important interactions with the transition to a low carbon energy system. The purpose of this article is to explore the uncertainty around the future development of shale gas and to study the complex relationship between climate change policies and energy security, using a methodology accounting for the multidimensional and systemic nature of energy security. Using a complex multiregional model of the global energy system, a scenario analysis has been developed to answer two questions: (i) to what extent and under which conditions is the deployment of shale gas consistent with a low carbon system? (ii) as a low carbon energy system prompts a number of structural changes along the whole energy supply chain, can shale gas help to dampen the negative impact on energy security of these changes? The structure of this article is as follows. Section 1 will conceptualize the links between energy security and low carbon policies and will introduce a methodological framework to assess their interactions. Section 2 will outline the modeling tools used for this assessment, and will elaborate on the input assumptions guiding the scenario analysis. Section 3 will present the results and discuss them in the context of the methodological framework set out in the first section. This will be followed by a conclusion and recommendation for future research.
Compact Heat Exchangers in Clean Energy Systems
Authors: Tu Shan‐Tung , Zhou Guo‐Yan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWith the increase of awareness of energy shortage, saving energy and reducing environment pollution have become the major principle of industrial production. Developing more sustainable energy systems is perhaps the most critical issue that today's society must address. During the development of the new generation of energy systems, such as aero engine, and nuclear power system, it is found that applying compact heat exchangers (CHEs) considerably increases the efficiency of the systems. This article provides a brief introduction ofCHEsused in clean energy systems. The structures of theCHEsare illustrated, and their heat transfer enhancement mechanisms and their advantages and limitations are summarized. Moreover, the design methodology, heat transfer, and friction correlations for four types of CHEs are provided in detail.CHEstechnologies are expected to play an even more important role in the cleaner energy systems.
Mobilized Thermal Energy Storage (M‐TES) Technology for Industry Heat Recovery
Authors: Wang Weilong , Yan Jinyue 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA new so‐called mobilized thermal energy storage (M‐TES) system for the recovery of industrial waste heat for supplying heat for distributed users, for example, detached houses or other applications is presented. The M‐TESis a technology that uses the thermal energy storage materials, often phase‐change materials (PCMs), to store waste heat and then transport the stored energy to another location for releasing heat for distributed users. The advantages of this system will enable the efficient use of waste heat in an economically variable way to deliver heat without pipeline as normally done in a district heat network. Experimental tests of different storage materials and the dimension and structure of the storage tank and heat exchangers in the M‐TESare presented in this article. Feasibility study to identify the economic and energy benefits of the M‐TESof some industrial cases has also been performed. This article provides optimized materials and system design for distributed users.
Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems for Grid and Community Applications
Authors: Melaina Marc W. , Steward Darlene , Eichman Joshua , Zuboy Jarett 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHydrogen energy storage systems can provide multiple energy services, including bulk storage for grid support, ancillary services, and distributed energy storage for vehicle refueling or other end uses. Each of these services is reviewed in this article, drawing upon a variety of studies to characterize or quantify each service. The distributed storage discussion elaborates on a case study of distributedPV‐connected distributed storage to supply hydrogen to fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Cost estimates consider hourly and seasonal prices and demand fluctuations and draw comparisons to distributedPVelectricity supply for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The analysis suggests that distributed hydrogen storage systems can be economically competitive with battery electricity storage for vehicles at larger scales.
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Energy Systems
Authors: Hammond Geoffrey P. , Jones Craig I. , O'Grady Áine 
Published: July 2015

AbstractConcerns about the environmental impacts associated with consumer products led to the development of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) from the early 1990s and its codification by theInternational Standards Organization(ISO). This was followed by the realization of the consequences of other devices and systems. The need for the energy analysis and environmental appraisal of energy systems to be conducted on a life cycle basis, therefore, became evident. In a full or detailedLCA, the energy and materials used and pollutants or wastes released into the environment as a consequence of an activity or service are quantified over the whole life cycle, typically “from cradle‐to‐grave.” Such studies are often geographically diverse; that is, the energy and material inputs associated with the activity may be drawn from any continent or geopolitical region of the world. However, they enable a wide range of key environmental consequences to be examined as part of the device or system design process. There are four main stages ofLCA, which follow a logical sequence of goal definition and scoping, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation.LCAmethodology is critically reviewed from a state‐of‐the‐art perspective and illustrated using several energy sector case studies. These examples concern specific energy technologies, as well as the “whole systems” appraisal of national energy sectors and transition pathways. The current strengths and weaknesses ofLCAare identified for energy practitioners and policy analysts. Material has been incorporated on life cycle embodied energy and carbon accounting and comparisons made with related approaches, such as carbon and environmental footprinting.