bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Variations at Four Tetrameric Tandem Repeat Loci in Korean Population
Authors: Park SJ , Lee WG , Lee SW , Kim SH , Koo BS , Budowle B , Rho HM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Allele and genotype frequencies for four tetrameric short tandem repeat (STR) loci, HumFES/FPS, HumFOLP23, HumGABRB15, and HumCYAR04, have been determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and subsequent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from approximately 200 genetically unrelated Koreans. This method allows a single base pair resolution and rapid typing with silver staining. The allele and genotype distributions satisfy Hardy-Weinberg expectation. Also, these STR loci have proven to be useful for forensic analyses and paternity tests in which the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci have some limitations.
Co-amplification of the Amelogenin and HLA DQα Genes: Optimization and Validation
Authors: Taylor MS , Challed-Spong A , Johnson EA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
An optimized PCR-based system allowing the coamplification of the HLA DQα and the amelogenin genes has been developed and validated, enabling simultaneous identity testing and sex determination. Sensitivities below 100 pg of human DNA were obtained, using a convenient, high resolution agarose gel system and ethidium bromide staining. Comparison of several co-amplification methods revealed that the best sensitivities and most consistent results were obtained using a hotstart technique employing an inactivating antibody to Taq polymerase. HLA DQα typing results were reliably obtained using the co-amplification process. The sensitivity and ease of this system rendered it directly applicable to forensic analyses. The optimized techniques described here have been validated and successfully applied to forensic cases including People vs. Trujillo, in which the California Superior Court accepted these techniques as scientifically reliable and admissible. Work currently in progress has demonstrated that the described protocol may also be used to co-amplify the amelogenin gene with the AmpliType® PM (Polymarker) system, allowing identity testing at six loci in addition to sex determination.
Estimation of Age from Teeth by Amino Acid Racemization: Influence of Fixative
Authors: Ohtani S , Ohhira H , Watanabe A , Ogasawara A , Sugimoto H 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
To determine the age of a subject from teeth accurately utilizing the racemization rates of amino acids, standard samples of the same tooth species from the same jaw are necessary as controls, as well as data for identification. However, standard teeth are generally stored in fixatives such as ethanol and formalin. We investigated and compared the degree of progression of racemization of dentinal aspartic acid in teeth stored in 95% ethanol, 10% formalin, or 10% neutral formalin fixatives. The racemization rate of dentinal aspartic acid in teeth stored in 10% neutral formalin was the highest, followed by that for teeth stored in 10% formalin then that for teeth stored in 95% ethanol. Teeth stored in these fixatives at 15°C showed almost no progression of racemization. The racemization ratio (D/L ratio) in teeth extracted 10 years previously was almost unchanged from that at the time of extraction, and allowed an accurate evaluation of the subjects age at tooth extraction.
Gas Residues of Engine Starting Fluid in Postmortem Sample from an Arsonist
Authors: Schuberth J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Diethyl ether was found in samples of the blood, urine, and lung from a fire victim. Because the lung also carried a number of low-boiling paraffins, it was inferred that the detected compounds came from engine starting fluid, which the victim apparently had been exposed to while he intentionally used it as an accelerant to start the fire. The reported death illustrates the value of searching post mortem samples for highly volatile residues of possible arson accelerants.
Sudden Unexpected Death in Young Adult due to Right Ventricular Dysplasia
Authors: Lane CD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This case report illustrates a rare familial cardiomyopathy first reported in the medical literature in 1982 known as right ventricular dysplasia (right ventricular cardiomyopathy). The patient is a young woman with a history of cardiac arrhythmias suspected to be associated with prolapsed mitral valve who presented to the Berks County Coroner's office as a sudden unexpected death in a young adult. It is important to recognize the illustrated classic cardiac pathology of this rare entity for clinical management, as an anatomic explanation of cause of sudden death and for the accumulation of statistics to establish frequency, conditions of predisposition, response to therapy and predicted outcome.
An Electrocution Death of an Infant Who Had Received an Electric Shock from an Uncovered Oval Shaped Lamp Switch in His Mouth while in a Hospital
Authors: Yamazaki M , Bai H , Tun Z , Ogura Y , Wakasugi C 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A male infant aged one year and nine months was found dead on a bed after admission to hospital with suspected pneumonia. The patient apparently put an uncovered oval shaped lamp switch (pendant switch) into his mouth and died of electric shock after contacting the exposed wires of the switch (100 V, 60 Hz alternating current). There were extensive first- to fourth-degree burns on the inner surface of the both lips. Because the histological findings were consistent with electric burns and the burns showed vital reactions, electric shock was judged to be the cause of death. The pendant switch is normally a very convenient piece of bedside equipment for inpatients. However, when the patient is an infant who naturally puts all the objects into the mouth, such a switch should be placed out of reach, and it should be certain that the cap is not loose.
Detection of Alprazolam in Three Cases of Methadone/Benzodiazepine Overdose
Authors: Rogers WO , Hall MA , Brissie RM , Robinson CA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Benzodiazepine abuse is common among clients at methadone maintenance clinics. Diazepam and lorazepam are readily detected by immunological screening methods and confirmed by GC/MS. Alprazolam has been relatively difficult to confirm. We recently reported a modification of an existing serum HPLC procedure which allows us to analyze whole blood. We report here three cases of fatal drug overdose caused by co-ingestion of methadone and alprazolam. In all three cases, alprazolam was detected by HPLC and could not be identified by alkaline extraction GC/MS. Postmortem blood concentrations of methadone were at the lower range or below the concentrations previously identified in methadone overdose fatalities, suggesting an increased risk from co-ingestion of methadone and alprazolam.
Fatal Ephedrine Intoxication
Authors: Backer R , Tautman D , Lowry S , Harvey CM , Poklis A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A 28-year-old white female with a history of two prior suicide attempts was found dead in her home by her common law husband. Autopsy findings were unremarkable except for partially dissolved ephedrine tablets in the stomach contents. Quantitation of ephedrine was by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) following liquid/liquid extraction from alkaline samples and pentafluoropropionic acid derivatization. Significant toxicological finding included ephedrine; blood, 11 mg/L; liver, 24 mg/kg; kidney, 14 mg/kg; brain, 8.9 mg/kg; and amitriptyline; blood, 0.33 mg/kg; liver 7.8 mg/kg. The ephedrine values found far exceed those associated with therapeutic administration and are consistent with the few reported cases of severe ephedrine intoxication. The cause of death was determined to be fatal ephedrine intoxication and manner of death suicide.
Cyril H. Wecht, M.D., J.D., Honoree of the 1996 Career Achievements Award, New York Society of Forensic Sciences at Lehman College
Authors: Taff ML , Boglioli LR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In honor of the 65th meeting of the New York Society of Forensic Sciences (NYSFS) at Lehman College, Bronx, New York on April 17, 1996, Dr. Cyril H. Wecht was the recipient of the 6th career achievements award for his contributions to forensic pathology and legal medicine (Fig. 1). About 50 members of the organization turned out for the dinner and lecture in honor of Dr. Wecht.
Review of Scientific Evidence in Civil and Criminal Cases (Fourth Edition)
Authors: Snyder JW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Media coverage of the O.J. Simpson trial focused global attention on the forensic sciences and the role of scientific and medical evidence in the courtroom. There was little discussion, however, of books that present a scholarly overview of the subject. Scientific Evidence in Civil and Criminal Cases is one of those texts. Now in its fourth edition, this treatise has more than doubled in size, scope, and value since publication of the original manuscript by Moenssens, Moses, and Inban in 1973. Substantial additions and revisions in the 1995 text appropriately reflect not only developments in the field but also the wisdom and insight gained from the authors' nearly 100 years of combined experience in legal practice and scholarship.
Review of Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (Fourth Edition)
Authors: Levine B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
It has been over 15 years since the first edition of Baselt's “Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man” was published and it is hard to imagine the practice of forensic toxicology without this valuable resource. Over the years, from the first edition to the current fourth edition, several changes have occurred. The organization of the book has changed, from a two volume set divided into centrally acting drugs and peripherally acting/other toxicants to its current alphabetical listing of toxicants. Beginning with the third edition and continuing with this edition, Robert Cravey has joined Dr. Baselt as a co-editor. Most dramatically, the number of toxic substances has more than doubled, from less than 200 in the first edition to over 400 in the fourth edition.
Review of Genetic Data Analysis II. Method for Discrete Population Genetic Data, (Bruce Weir) (Second Edition)
Authors: Wenk RE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The second, expanded edition of this single-authored treatise was written to serve geneticists who have limited statistical training and for statisticians who have been asked to apply quantitative methods to the rapid advances in fields such as molecular, population and evolutionary genetics, genomic mapping, sequencing and linkage analyses and forensic sciences. The paperback book is also a shelf reference and serves as a simple and useful review of concepts and applications. The book appears to be well-edited and without errors of notation, logic or typography because the prepublished material was already extensively reviewed by experts, and the author's students.
Review of Studies in Crime: An Introduction to Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Froede SM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The subject of this book, written primarily by members of the faculty of Bradford University in England, is the value of archaeological and anthropological techniques in the field of forensic science. Although not a step-by-step guide of procedures, the methods used in forensic archaeology and forensic anthropology are thoroughly discussed. Though most case examples are from the United Kingdom, the information may have world wide application. This book could be useful to a university anthropology department library, especially one called upon by law enforcement agencies to aid in locating and/or recovering and identifying human remains. It might also be a useful reference for medical examiner/coroner offices.
Attribution of Foot Bones to Sex and Population Groups
Authors: Smith SL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Although cranial and pelvic bones are the preferred skeletal material used by forensic anthropologists to assign unknown individuals to their most probable sex and population (racial) groups, these remains may be unavailable. This paper presents models for classification using metatarsals, proximal pedal phalanges, and the first distal phalanx of the foot. Measurements include lengths and mediolateral and dorsoplantar widths of these foot bones. Four samples of 40 individuals each (black and white males and females) comprise the dataset. Models were developed separately for right and left sides. Three models are provided for each side: a metatarsal model, a proximal phalangeal model, and a combination model involving selected metatarsal and phalangeal measurements. A stepwise discriminant procedure was used for variable selection, with some highly correlated (r &gt; 0.85) variables subsequently removed. The metatarsal models correctly assign approximately 77–84% of individuals to their correct sex and population groups; proximal phalangeal models yield correct assignments in 70–72% of cases, and the combination models give correct classifications in 87% of cases. Models exchanging variables selected from one side for corresponding variables on the other show discriminating power ranging from approximately 67–86%. More conservative “jackknife” estimates give correct assignments in 64–82% of cases. When these models are used for classification of sex alone, 86.2–93.7% (“jackknife” range, 84.3–91.2%) of cases are correctly classified; for race alone, 78.6–96.2% (“jackknife” range, 75.5–92.4%).
Skeletal Evidence for Child Abuse: A Physical Anthropological Perspective
Authors: Walker PL , Cook DC , Lambert PM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Analysis of the skeletal remains of abused children can prove challenging for forensic pathologists and radiographers who are inexperienced in the direct examination of bones. In such cases, radiographically invisible skeletal lesions that document a history of trauma can often be identified by a physical anthropologist with appropriate osteological experience. This is illustrated by cases in which skeletal remains of four murdered children and a mentally handicapped adult produced evidence of antemortem trauma and perimortem injuries that was critical in developing murder cases against the assailants. In these cases, well-healed areas of subperiosteal new bone formation were identified that were below the threshold of radiographic detection. Such injuries provide strong evidence for a history of physical abuse.
The Search for Father Bachelot: First Catholic Missionary to the Hawaiian Islands (1827–1837)
Authors: Pietrusewsky M , Willacker LM 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The main objective of this study is to determine if the remains of Father Bachelot, leader of the first Catholic missionary group to the Hawaiian Islands, can be identified among the commingled human skeletal remains brought back from Pohnpei, Caroline Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, in 1977. An osteological/forensic examination of these remains, a review of the literature, interviews with leaders of the expedition, and ancillary considerations suggest that, in all probability, none of the skeletal remains from Pohnpei are those of Father Bachelot.
Father Alexis Bachelot, born in France, in 1796, was leader of the first Catholic missionary group to the Hawaiian Islands. He died in 1837, after being exiled from the Hawaiian Kingdom. His remains were buried on the small islet of Na, off the coast of Pohnpei, the same year. An expedition to Pohnpei in 1977, to recover the remains of Father Bachelot, resulted in the recovery of several sets of commingled remains which are the subject of this study.
A detailed osteological/forensic study of these remains indicates the presence of at least ten individuals, including two subadults, two adult females, and six adult males. Stature estimates, the presence of osseous changes suggestive of treponemal disease, and other cranial, dental, and skeletal features are more consistent with Pohnpean than European ancestry. The presence of shell beads and other mortuary features strengthens this assertion. Recommendations for any future attempts to recover the remains of this famous personage are made.
Evaluation of Independence Assumptions for PCR-Based and Protein-Based Genetic Markers in New Jersey Caucasians
Authors: Budowle B , Jankowski LB , Corey HW , Swec NT , Freck-Tootell S , Pino JA , Schwartz R , Kelley CA , Tarver ML 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Allele frequencies for six PCR-based loci and three protein-based (i.e., enzyme systems) loci were determined in a Caucasian sample population from New Jersey. The loci are LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, Gc, HLA-DQA1, PGM1, ESD, and EAP. All loci meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations. In addition, there is little evidence for association of alleles among the nine loci. The allelic frequency data generally are similar to another Caucasian population database.
The Effect of Ethnic and Racial Population Substructuring on the Estimation of Multi-Locus Fixed-Bin VNTR RFLP Genotype Probabilities
Authors: Hartmann JM , Houlihan BT , Keister RS , Buse EL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Four East Asian ethnic and four racial VNTR RFLP Southern California databases were used to determine the impact of population substructure on fixed-bin genotype probability estimates. Two calculations were used for population-level probabilities: Stratified sampling, which takes substructuring into account, and pooling, which ignores it. Using 1000 four-locus genotypes, the relative difference between probabilities calculated with the stratified and the pooled methods did not exceed one order of magnitude out of about 11 orders of magnitude for East-Asian racial genotypes. Pooled estimates differed from cognate ethnic values by less than one order of magnitude out of about six. These findings suggest substructuring of races by major ethnic groups does not lead to large errors. Racial genotype probability variances were on average about twice the ethnic variances. Multi-racial total population probabilities calculated by the pooled and stratified methods differed by less than one order of magnitude out of five.
The Effect of Sampling Error and Measurement Error and Its Correlation on the Estimation of Multi-Locus Fixed-Bin VNTR RFLP Genotype Probabilities
Authors: Hartmann JM , Houlihan BT , Thompson LD , Chan C , Baldwin RA , Buse EL 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Bootstrapping was used to examine the effect of sampling error and measurement error and its correlation on fixedbin genotype probabilities. Bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) were made relative to the point estimate using the log of the inverse of the probabilities. From databases of 200–250 genotypes, sampling error alone yielded median relative 95% CIs of from one order of magnitude out of five for one locus to one out of ten for four loci. Measurement error of the test genotype fragments increased the latter to about one order of magnitude out of eight. Database measurement error and its correlation had only a slight effect on multi-locus probability uncertainty. Together, these uncertainties are several orders of magnitude greater than error due to population substructuring of a race by its major component ethnic groups.
Lesser Alkaloids of Cocaine-Bearing Plants. Part I: Nicotinoyl-, 2′-Pyrroloyl, and 2′- and 3′-Furanoylecgonine Methyl Ester—Isolation and Mass Spectral Characterization of Four New Alkaloids of South American Erythroxylum coca Var. coca
Authors: Moore JM , Casale JF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Four new trace-level alkaloids of South American coca leaf, Erythroxylum coca var. coca, have been isolated from the bulk leaf/alkaloids matrix and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and synthesis. These alkaloids, nicotinoyl-, 2′-pyrroloyl- and 2′- and 3′-furanoylecgonine methyl ester, were detected in Peruvian coca leaf and/or in a commercial, industrial-grade extract of South American coca. Alkaloid isolation methodology included toluene extraction of the leaf followed by dilute acid/Celite and alumina column chromatography and recrystallization. This methodology also allowed for the detection and partial characterization of an additional 125–150 new tropane alkaloids in coca leaf. Forensic implications are discussed.
The Filtering Effects of Various Household Fabrics on the Pollen Content of Hash Oil (Cannabis Extract)
Authors: Horrocks M , Bedford KR , Morgan-Smith RK 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Hash oil samples were analyzed for pollen before and after filtration through 12 different household fabrics, to determine to what extent such samples can be shown to have come from the same source despite having undergone these different treatments. Unfiltered hash oil samples extracted from the same batch of cannabis leaf material showed similar pollen values. An unstirred portion of the extraction solution showed differences in some pollen values to those of stirred samples, suggesting differential rates of pollen settling. However, the presence of some of the same uncommon pollen types in unstirred and stirred samples suggests a common source. Of 12 filter fabrics, ten (a bath towel, two tea towels, a bedsheet, two pillowcases, three stockings and a t-shirt) had a minor effect on the pollen content of the hash oil by slightly reducing the frequencies of some of the larger sized pollen types. Only two of the fabrics had a major effect on the pollen content of the hash oil. The nappy markedly reduced the proportion of the larger sized pollen types resulting in a marked increase in the proportion of some smaller pollen types whereas the calico filtered out virtually all pollen. Illicit hash oil samples recovered from different people or places may therefore in many cases be compared to determine a common source despite samples from the same batch having undergone different filtration treatments and despite differential settling rates of pollen. Also, hash oil samples may be compared to samples of untreated cannabis leaf material to establish a common source.
Suicidal Terrorist Bombings in Israel—Identification of Human Remains
Authors: Kahana T , Freund M , Hiss J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Positive identification of human remains is one of the most important tasks in mass disaster investigations. Religious and jurisdictional demands in Israel, require the identification process to be completed in the shortest possible time. In the 18 suicidal terrorist bombings that took place in Israel between the years 1993–1996, 127 victims and 19 perpetrators were killed, and their severely fragmented bodies were identified within 24 h. The efficient completion of the identification endeavor was enabled by the implementation of a variety of techniques and the close collaboration in the investigation between the different emergency and forensic agencies. This paper presents the mass disaster identification policy and techniques currently used in Israel. The importance of an interdisciplinary approach for the identification of extremely fragmented human remains from mass disasters and the creation of a central data bank of fingerprints and genetic markers is emphasized.
Death Registration: History, Methods, and Legal Issues
Authors: Hanzlick R 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This article includes a brief discussion of the evolution death registration as it changed from records of church burial ceremonies to the recording of vital events by government in defined registration areas; today's death registration system in the United States; classification and coding procedures; limitations of data derived from death registration; educational materials; legal issues involving death certificates; and the re-engineering of the death registration process.