bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity emergence in the Pacific islands: why understanding colonial history and social change is important
Authors: McLennan Amy K , Ulijaszek Stanley J 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveBetween 1980 and 2008, two Pacific island nations – Nauru and the Cook Islands – experienced the fastest rates of increasing BMI in the world. Rates were over four times higher than the mean global BMI increase. The aim of the present paper is to examine why these populations have been so prone to obesity increases in recent times.DesignThree explanatory frames that apply to both countries are presented: (i) geographic isolation and genetic predisposition; (ii) small population and low food production capacity; and (iii) social change under colonial influence. These are compared with social changes documented by anthropologists during the colonial and post-colonial periods.SettingNauru and the Cook Islands.ResultsWhile islands are isolated, islanders are interconnected. Similarly, islands are small, but land use is socially determined. While obesity affects individuals, islanders are interdependent. New social values, which were rapidly propagated through institutions such as the colonial system of education and the cash economy, are today reflected in all aspects of islander life, including diet. Such historical social changes may predispose societies to obesity.ConclusionsColonial processes may have put in place the conditions for subsequent rapidly escalating obesity. Of the three frameworks discussed, social change under colonial influence is not immutable to further change in the future and could take place rapidly. In theorising obesity emergence in the Pacific islands, there is a need to incorporate the idea of obesity being a product of interdependence and interconnectedness, rather than independence and individual choice.
Self-reported advertising exposure to sugar-sweetened beverages among US youth
Authors: Kumar Gayathri , Onufrak Stephen , Zytnick Deena , Kingsley Beverly , Park Sohyun 
Published: August 2014

AbstractObjectiveAccording to the Federal Trade Commission, in 2009, the top food category with teen-directed marketing expenditures was sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). The present study reports on exposure to SSB advertisements using self-report data from adolescents.DesignCross-sectional study design using descriptive statistics to assess self-reported frequency of exposure to SSB advertisements and multivariable logistic regression to examine associations between frequency of SSB advertising exposure and sociodemographic variables.SettingOnline survey conducted at home.SubjectsUS adolescents aged 12–17 years (n 847).ResultsAmong the surveyed adolescents, 42 % to 54 % reported seeing/hearing SSB advertisements ≥1 time/d. Those aged 14–15 years were more likely to report seeing/hearing soda, sports drink and energy drink advertisements ≥1 time/d than 16- to 17-year-olds. Males were more likely to report seeing/hearing sports drink advertising ≥1 time/d than females. Non-Hispanic black adolescents were more likely to report seeing/hearing fruit drink and sports drink advertisements ≥1 time/d than non-Hispanic white adolescents. Adolescents whose parents had high-school education or less were more likely to report seeing/hearing soda, fruit drink and energy drink advertisements ≥1 time/d than adolescents whose parents were college graduates.ConclusionsAlmost half of the adolescents sampled reported daily SSB advertising exposure, with higher exposure among African Americans and adolescents with less educated parents. These data can help inform potential actions that decision makers might take, such as education of adolescents and their caregivers on the potential impact of beverage advertising, especially among groups at higher risk for obesity.
Spin-Wave Resonance Model of Surface Pinning in Ferromagnetic Semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As Thin Films
Authors: Puszkarski H. , Tomczak P. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe source of spin-wave resonance (SWR) in thin films of the ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As is still under debate: does SWR stem from the surface anisotropy (in which case the surface inhomogeneity (SI) model would apply), or does it originate in the bulk inhomogeneity of the magnetic structure of the sample (and thus requires the use of the volume inhomogeneity (VI) model)? This paper outlines the ground on which the controversy arose and shows why in different conditions a resonance sample may meet the assumptions of either the SI or the VI model.
Testosterone increases renal anti-aging klotho gene expression via the androgen receptor-mediated pathway
Authors: Hsu Shih-Che , Huang Shih-Ming , Lin Shih-Hua , Ka Shuk-Man , Chen Ann , Shih Meng-Fu , Hsu Yu-Juei 
Published: August 2014

Gender is known to be associated with longevity and oestrogen administration induced longevity-associated gene expression is one of the potential mechanisms underlying the benefits of oestrogen on lifespan, whereas the role of testosterone in the regulation of longevity-associated gene expressions remains largely unclear. The klotho gene, predominantly expressed in the kidney, has recently been discovered to be an aging suppressor gene. In the present study, we investigated the regulatory effects of testosterone on renal klotho gene expression in vivo and in vitro. In testosterone-administered mouse kidney and NRK-52E cells, increased klotho expression was accompanied by the up-regulation of the nuclear androgen receptor (AR). Overexpression of AR enhanced the expression of klotho mRNA and protein. Conversely, testosterone-induced klotho expression was attenuated in the presence of flutamide, an AR antagonist. A reporter assay and a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay demonstrated that AR directly binds to the klotho promoter via androgen response elements (AREs) which reconfirmed its importance for AR binding via the element mutation. In summary, our study demonstrates that testosterone up-regulates anti-aging klotho together with AR expression in the kidney in vivo and in vitro by recruiting AR on to the AREs of the klotho promoter.
Conductive Component After Cochlear Implantation in Patients With Residual Hearing Conservation
Authors: Chole Richard A. , Hullar Timothy E. , Potts Lisa G. 
Published: August 2014

Purpose
Changes in auditory thresholds following cochlear implantation are generally assumed to be due to damage to neural elements. Theoretical studies have suggested that placement of a cochlear implant can cause a conductive hearing loss. Identification of a conductive component following cochlear implantation could guide improvements in surgical techniques or device designs. The purpose of this study is to characterize new-onset conductive hearing losses after cochlear implantation.

Method
In a prospective study, air- and bone-conduction audiometric testing were completed on cochlear implant recipients. An air–bone gap equal to or greater than 15 dB HL at 2 frequencies determined the presence of a conductive component.

Results
Of the 32 patients with preoperative bone-conduction hearing, 4 patients had a new-onset conductive component resulting in a mixed hearing loss, with air-conduction thresholds ranging from moderate to profound and an average air–bone gap of 30 dB HL. One had been implanted through the round window, 2 had an extended round window, and 1 had a separate cochleostomy.

Conclusions
Loss of residual hearing following cochlear implantation may be due in part to a conductive component. Identifying the mechanism for this conductive component may help minimize hearing loss. Postoperative hearing evaluation should measure both air- and bone-conduction thresholds.
Magnetic nanoparticles solid phase extraction based on the formation of supramolecular mixed hemimicelle aggregates for the determination of naproxen in biological fluids using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐UV
Authors: Pourghazi Kamyar , Amoli‐Diva Mitra 
Published: August 2014

A novel, fast, sensitive and practically solvent‐free solid phase extraction method based on the adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide onto the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticle adsorbent was developed for the quantitative determination of naproxen in biological fluids. The adsorbent was characterised by a transmission electron microscope, an X‐ray diffractometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. The main factors affecting the adsorption efficiency of the analyte such as the surfactant amount, pH value, desorption conditions, extraction and desorption time, sample volume, amount of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and ionic strength were evaluated and optimised. No clean‐up steps were necessary for the determination of the drug in biological matrices because of the direct analysis of the eluate by liquid chromatography/UV, which is matrix‐effect free. Under optimum conditions, naproxen was quantitatively determined and the linear range of the method was 0.1–700 ng ml−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9993. An enrichment factor of 198 was obtained by extracting 200 ml of the sample solution. The detection limit was 0.01 ng ml−1 and relative standard deviations (RSD %) for 20 and 150 ng ml−1 were obtained as 2.9 and 2.3%, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of naproxen in human plasma and urine samples.
Optimal Duration of Conservative Management Prior to Surgery for Cervical and Lumbar Radiculopathy: A Literature Review
Authors: Alentado Vincent J. , Lubelski Daniel , Steinmetz Michael P. , Benzel Edward C. , Mroz Thomas E. 
Published: August 2014

Study Design Literature review. Objective Since the 1970s, spine surgeons have commonly required 6 weeks of failed conservative treatment prior to considering surgical intervention for various spinal pathologies. It is unclear, however, if this standard has been validated in the literature. The authors review the natural history, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness studies relating to the current standard of 6 weeks of nonoperative care prior to surgery for patients with spinal pathologies. Methods A systematic Medline search from 1953 to 2013 was performed to identify natural history, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness studies relating to the optimal period of conservative management prior to surgical intervention for both cervical and lumbar radiculopathy. Demographic information, operative indications, and clinical outcomes are reviewed for each study. Results A total of 5,719 studies were identified; of these, 13 studies were selected for inclusion. Natural history studies demonstrated that 88% of patients with cervical radiculopathy and 70% of patients with lumbar radiculopathy showed improvement within 4 weeks following onset of symptoms. Outcomes and cost-effectiveness studies supported surgical intervention within 8 weeks of symptom onset for both cervical and lumbar radiculopathy. Conclusions There are limited studies supporting any optimal duration of conservative treatment prior to surgery for cervical and lumbar radiculopathy. Therefore, evidence-based conclusions cannot be made. Based on the available literature, we suggest that an optimal timing for surgery following cervical radiculopathy is within 8 weeks of onset of symptoms. A shorter period of 4 weeks may be appropriate based on natural history studies. Additionally, we found that optimal timing for surgery following lumbar radiculopathy is between 4 and 8 weeks. A prospective study is needed to explicitly identify the optimal duration of conservative therapy prior to surgery so that costs may be reduced and patient outcomes improved.
Single-molecule spectroscopy reveals chaperone-mediated expansion of substrate protein
Authors: Kellner Ruth , Hofmann Hagen , Barducci Alessandro , Wunderlich Bengt , Nettels Daniel , Schuler Benjamin 
Published: August 2014

Significance
Molecular chaperones are a group of proteins that are essential for avoiding the aggregation of other proteins in the crowded cellular environment. Chaperones function by interacting with these substrate proteins in different ways. However, it has remained a challenge to measure the changes that occur in the substrate proteins and understand how these changes prevent misfolding or aggregation. Here we investigate a chaperone system that keeps the substrate protein denatured by clamping the polypeptide chain. We observe an expansion of the substrate protein chain up to 30-fold in volume owing to steric repulsion between multiple copies of the chaperone bound to a single substrate protein. In this way, unwanted interactions within or between substrate proteins can be prevented.
More closely related plants have more distinct mycorrhizal communities
Authors: Reinhart Kurt O , Anacker Brian L 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Neighbouring plants are known to vary from having similar to dissimilar arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities. One possibility is that closely related plants have more similar AMF communities than more distantly related plants, an indication of phylogenetic host specificity. Here, we investigated the structure of AMF communities among dominant grassland plants at three sites in the Northern Great Plains to test whether the pairwise phylogenetic distance among plant species was correlated with pairwise AMF community dissimilarity. For eight dominant and co-occurring grassland plant species, we reconstructed a phylogeny based on DNA data and characterized the AMF communities of their roots at each site. Community analyses revealed that AMF communities varied among sites and among plant species. Contrary to expectations for phylogenetic host specificity, we found that within a site more closely related plants had more distinct AMF communities despite their having similar phenologies. Associations with unique AMF communities may enhance the functional complementarity of related species and promote their coexistence.
Estimating biomass, fishing mortality, and “total allowable discards” for surveyed non-target fish
Authors: Shephard Samuel , Reid David G. , Gerritsen Hans D. , Farnsworth Keith D. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Demersal fisheries targeting a few high-value species often catch and discard other “non-target” species. It is difficult to quantify the impact of this incidental mortality when population biomass of a non-target species is unknown. We calculate biomass for 14 demersal fish species in ICES Area VIIg (Celtic Sea) by applying species- and length-based catchability corrections to catch records from the Irish Groundfish Survey (IGFS). We then combine these biomass estimates with records of commercial discards (and landings for marketable non-target species) to calculate annual harvesting rates (HR) for each study species. Uncertainty is incorporated into estimates of both biomass and HR. Our survey-based HR estimates for cod and whiting compared well with HR-converted fishing mortality (F) estimates from analytical assessments for these two stocks. Of the non-target species tested, red gurnard (Chelidonichthys cuculus) recorded some annual HRs greater than those for cod or whiting; challenging “Pope’s postulate” that F on non-target stocks in an assemblage will not exceed that on target stocks. We relate HR for each species to two corresponding maximum sustainable yield (MSY) reference levels; six non-target species (including three ray species) show annual HRs ≥ HRMSY. This result suggests that it may not be possible to conserve vulnerable non-target species when F is coupled to that of target species. Based on biomass, HR, and HRMSY, we estimate “total allowable catch” for each non-target species.
Attraction of Walnut Twig Beetle Pityophthorus juglandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to the Fungus Geosmithia morbida
Authors: Luna Emily , Cranshaw Whitney , Tisserat Ned 
Published: August 2014

Geosmithia morbida causes thousand cankers disease of Juglans nigra and it is transmitted by the walnut twig beetle (WTB, Pityophthorus juglandis). Along with WTB, an ambrosia beetle, Xyleborinus saxeseni, is commonly associated with thousand cankers disease in the later stages of J. nigra decline, although X. saxeseni is not a known vector of G. morbida. We initiated studies to determine whether WTBs or X. saxeseni were attracted to volatiles produced by G. morbida and other bark fungi in a laboratory choice-test setting. There was no difference between the numbers of emerged WTB adults that were collected in tubes containing potato dextrose agar colonized by G. morbida and those in tubes containing agar only. More adult X. saxeseni were collected in tubes containing agar only compared with G. morbida. Walnut twig beetle larvae migrated more frequently toward an agar plug colonized by G. morbida and Fusarium solani compared with an un-colonized agar plug. No larval preference was observed when agar plugs colonized by F. solani and G. morbida, or G. morbida and Penicillium solitum, were placed in the same petri dish. These results suggest that WTB larvae are attracted to bark fungi in general, but not specifically to G. morbida. Accepted 27 June 2014. Published 13 August 2014.
Survey of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Kansas and Eastern Colorado Wheat Fields
Authors: Todd T. C. , Appel J. A. , Vogel J. , Tisserat N. A. 
Published: August 2014

Observations on the prevalence and abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from soil and root samples collected from 2,640 wheat fields in Kansas and Colorado during 2007-2010. Stunt nematodes (predominately Merlinius brevidens and Quinisulcius acutus), root-lesion nematodes (predominately Pratylenchus neglectus), and pin nematodes (Paratylenchus projectus) were the most commonly encountered taxa. Maximum soil population densities of 6,520 and 1,880 nematodes/100 cm3 soil were observed for pin and stunt nematodes, respectively, while a maximum root population density of 90,309 nematodes/g dry root was observed for root-lesion nematodes. Lower nematode densities were associated with wheat following corn, grain sorghum, or soybean for pin and stunt nematodes, and with wheat following fallow for root-lesion nematodes. Based on the results of this survey, 6% and 8% of wheat acreage in the central Great Plains are estimated to be at risk for significant (>5%) yield loss due to stunt nematodes and root-lesion nematodes, respectively. The number of fields with high population densities of both stunt and root-lesion nematodes was negligible (1%); therefore, the total wheat acreage with nematode populations above provisional economic thresholds is estimated to be ∼13%. Damage relationships with greater accuracy, precision, and relevance are necessary to establish reliable yield loss estimates for this region. 3 June 2014. 11 August 2014.
A Microfluidic Assay for Identifying Differential Responses of Plant and Human Fungal Pathogens to Tobacco Phylloplanins
Authors: Mattupalli Chakradhar , Spraker Joseph E. , Berthier Erwin , Charkowski Amy O. , Keller Nancy P. , Shepherd Ryan W. 
Published: August 2014

Phylloplanins are defensive glycoproteins secreted onto leaf surfaces by trichome-bearing plants such as tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). They are of interest because of their antimicrobial properties, but like other natural product bioactives, the assessment and screening of phylloplanins biological activity is impeded by limited availabilities of active compounds. Here we report an inexpensive microfluidic approach that requires ≤ 20 microliters of tobacco phylloplanins to assess spore germination inhibition of plant and human fungal pathogens. Spores of Colletotrichum coccodes and Aspergillus fumigatus suspended in solutions containing tobacco phylloplanins did not germinate at 48 and 30 h post-treatment, respectively. Tobacco phylloplanins transiently inhibited spore germination of Fusarium sambucinum, but had no detectable activity against Alternaria solani or Verticillium albo-atrum at the concentrations tested, demonstrating differential sensitivity of fungi to tobacco phylloplanins. 4 August 2014. 14 August 2014.
Effect of Foliar Fungicides on Late-season Anthracnose Stem Blight on Soybean
Authors: Bestor Nathan R. C. , Robertson Alison E. , Mueller Daren S. 
Published: August 2014

Anthracnose stem blight, caused by Colletotrichum truncatum, is responsible for soybean (Glycine max) yield losses in subtropical and tropical growing regions. There are inadequate data regarding the effect of anthracnose stem blight on yield in Iowa, and it is unknown if fungicide application can manage this disease. Field studies were conducted from 2008 to 2010 to determine the effect of fungicide application timing on late-season development of this disease. We also investigated the effect of anthracnose stem blight on yield and specific yield components. Fungicides reduced late-season symptom development when compared to the untreated control; however, there were no differences in yield and yield components. While foliar fungicides can reduce late-season disease development, anthracnose stem blight typically should not affect crop management decisions involving use of foliar fungicides on soybean in Iowa. Accepted 7 July 2014. Publication 14 August 2014.
Effect of Fusarium tricinctum on Growth of Soybean and a Molecular-based Method of Identification
Authors: Chitrampalam Periasamy , Nelson Berlin D. 
Published: August 2014

Infection of soybean seedlings by Fusarium tricinctum and effects of isolates on growth and yield were evaluated in laboratory and field experiments in Fargo, North Dakota. Twenty one isolates from soybean roots collected in the field-infected cortical root tissue of soybean seedlings within 40 h at 23°C. In two field experiments conducted in 2012 and 2013, selected isolates significantly reduced emergence by 38 to 59% at three weeks after planting compared with noninoculated control. In 2013, isolates 91-1-8 and 91-319-3 significantly reduced plant height, number of plants with trifoliate leaves, and root biomass, but the reduction was significantly greater with isolate 91-1-8. Percent yield reduction with isolate 91-1-8 was significantly higher (90%) than with isolate 91-319-3 (31%) compared with noninoculated control. Primers specific for F. tricinctum were developed, and the presence of the pathogen in roots was verified in PCR. The problems associated with identification of F. tricinctum are discussed and a method for verifying identification of this species is suggested to aid identification of this pathogen from field samples. Results indicate F. tricinctum may have an important role in soybean root health in the northern soybean production area. 4 August 2014. 15 August 2014.