bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
’n Teologie van teerheid - die alternatiewe kerk in Heinrich Böll se roman <i>Gruppenbild mit Dame</i>
Authors: Saayman C. 
Published: May 2013

A theology of tenderness - the counterchurch in Heinrich Böll's novel Gruppenbild mit DameHeinrich Böll's novel Gruppenbild mit Dame is a protest against a dehumanized German society - a society which, according to him, is solely committed to production and consumption. In the novel the way in which a certain group of people live is portrayed - a depiction forming a stark contrast with society and its corrupt values. In the novel this small group of people is positioned around the main character, Leni Pfeiffer. Boll could never rid himself of his Christian heritage - thus religious motifs are significant in this work, as they are in his whole oeuvre. In the novel it soon becomes evident that Leni has the qualities o f a new madonna and that the group surrounding her exhibits the characteristics o f a secret church or counterchurch. Not only does this church have its own madonna and its own messiah, it even has its own gospel - that of deliberate underachievement. This article attempts to analyse the above-mentioned aspects of the counterchurch in the novel and to examine the implications of such a subculture for Western civilization, not only in Germany, but also in our own African context.
Uniformly Continuous Functionals and
M-Weakly Amenable Groups
Authors: Forrest Brian , Miao Tianxuan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractLet G be a locally compact group. Let AM(G) (A0(G))denote the closure of A(G), the Fourier algebra of G in the space of bounded (completely bounded) multipliers of A(G). We call a locally compact group M-weakly amenable if AM(G) has a bounded approximate identity. We will show that when G is M-weakly amenable, the algebras AM(G) and A0(G) have properties that are characteristic of the Fourier algebra of an amenable group. Along the way we show that the sets of topologically invariant means associated with these algebras have the same cardinality as those of the Fourier algebra.
On Parseval Wavelet Frames with Two or Three Generators via the Unitary Extension Principle
Authors: Christensen Ole , Oh Kim Hong , Young Kim Rae 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe unitary extension principle (UEP) by A. Ron and Z. Shen yields a sufficient condition for the construction of Parseval wavelet frames with multiple generators. In this paper we characterize the UEP-type wavelet systems that can be extended to a Parseval wavelet frame by adding just one UEP-type wavelet system. We derive a condition that is necessary for the extension of a UEP-type wavelet system to any Parseval wavelet frame with any number of generators and prove that this condition is also sufficient to ensure that an extension with just two generators is possible.
Non Contrast-Enhanced MRA versus Ultrasound Blood Vessel Assessment to determine the Choice of Hemodialysis Vascular Access
Authors: Merkx Maarten A.G. , Bosboom E. Mariëlle H. , Bode Aron S. , Bescós Javier Oliván , Breeuwer Marcel , Tordoir Jan H.M. , van de Vosse Frans N. 
Published: May 2013

Purpose The aim of this work was to establish the relationship between traditional blood vessel mapping for vascular access (VA) creation by B-mode ultrasound (US) and novel non contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (NCE-MRA), and to study the potential influence of the diameter assessment technique on the choice of hemodialysis vascular access. Methods A total of 27 end-stage renal-disease patients were included. They received routine US and a NCE-MRA examination of the upper extremity. Diameters were measured manually on US and semi-automatically on NCE-MRA. These measurements were statistically compared for the arteries and veins and for each measurement location. Furthermore, sensitivity and specificity of both modalities to predict VA location was investigated by comparison with an experienced surgeon. This analysis gave insight into the potential influence of vessel mapping modality on decision-making. Results Comparison of NCE-MRA with US for the arteries and veins, demonstrated a bias of 9% (limits −33%-78%) and 38% (limits −36%-198%), respectively. Statistically significant differences between the modalities on the individual locations were mainly found for the venous locations. The sensitivity and specificity for US to predict VA location was 1.0 and 0.74, respectively, while for NCE-MRA this was 0.88 and 0.39, respectively. Conclusions The results obtained indicate that extreme caution should be exercised when replacing one diameter measurement modality with the other. A further need exists to improve both vessel mapping protocols to obtain a geometric description of the upper extremity vasculature regardless of acquisition modality.
Kohl and surma eye cosmetics as significant sources of lead (Pb) exposure
Authors: Tiffany-Castiglioni Evelyn , Barhoumi Rola , Mouneimne Youssef 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Kohl (surma) is a traditional eye cosmetic used in the Middle East, India, Pakistan, and parts of Africa that often contains high levels of lead (Pb), a developmental neurotoxicant. Many researchers have called for stricter governmental regulations of kohl trade and quality control and improved public education regarding its hazards and some governments have adopted import controls and educational campaigns to alert users to the hazards of using Pb-­-containing kohl. However, users remain unaware of the hazards of kohl usage, and some authorities minimize its potential danger. In this review, we summarize available data from the peer-­-reviewed literature on prevalence and attitudes regarding kohl use, Pb content of kohl samples from many sources, potential routes of entry of Pb into the body from kohl, and epidemiologic evidence that kohl is a source of Pb exposure in infants and women. Chemical analyses show that kohl has a wide range of formulae, with some containing PbS as the principal ingredient and others based on carbon and often Pb-­-free. Ocular, dermal, or gastrointestinal routes of entry of Pb into the body from kohl had been insufficiently studied to rule any of them out. The preponderance of epidemiologic evidence supports the conclusion that Pb-­-based kohl is associated with increased PbB in women who use kohl and their children.
The Use of Fish‐Derived Cell Lines for Investigation of Environmental Contaminants: An Update Following OECD's Fish Toxicity Testing Framework No. 171
Authors: Dayeh Vivian R. , Bols Niels C. , Tanneberger Katrin , Schirmer Kristin , Lee Lucy E. J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractProtocols for evaluating chemical toxicity at the cellular level using fish cell lines are described in this unit. Routine methodologies for growing salmonid cell lines, and using them in aquatic toxicology studies that support the mandate of the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) to reduce the use of whole animals in toxicity testing, are presented. Rapid, simple, cost‐effective tests evaluating viability of cells with three indicator dyes per sample provides a broad overview of the sensitivity of cells to chemical contaminants. This fluorometric assay involves: (1) alamar blue for metabolic activity, (2) CFDA‐AM for membrane integrity, and (3) neutral red for lysosomal function. These protocols are conveniently performed in semi‐unison within the same multiwell plates and read at three different wavelengths. Detailed step‐by‐step descriptions of the assays, parameters to consider, troubleshooting, and guidelines for data interpretation are provided as essential tools for investigating environmental aquatic contaminants at the cellular level. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 56:1.5.1‐1.5.20. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biology
Authors: Heinemann Stefan H. , Schönherr Roland , Hoshi Toshinori 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe sections in this article areBiomolecules: Building Blocks of Living MatterNucleic Acids: Storage of Genetic InformationStructureEnzymes forDNAandRNAprocessingMutations, Damage and Repair ofDNAUVAbsorption and Fluorescent Nucleic AcidsProteins: Scaffolds and Molecular MachinesAmino AcidsProtein Translation – the Standard Genetic CodePeptide Bonds, Polymerization, and Secondary StructureTertiary and Quaternary Protein StructurePost‐translational Modifications: Dynamics of Protein Structure and FunctionNoncovalent Structural RegulationUVAbsorption and Fluorescence of ProteinsCarbohydrates: Energy Storage and Structural ElementsSugars, Monosaccharides, and PolysaccharidesGlycosylation of Proteins and LipidsLipids and MembranesLipids: Fatty Acids and Head GroupsFormation of Membranes and VesiclesLipids as Signaling MoleculesInteraction of Lipids with LightSpecial‐Purpose Proteins: Cofactors and Prosthetic GroupsOpsins Exemplified by RhodopsinPorphyrin ProteinsLiving Colors: Fluorescent and Phosphorescent ProteinsLow Molecular Weight MoleculesAdenosine PhosphatesNicotinamide Adenine DinucleotideGlutathioneCellsCompartments of a Human CellThe Plasma Membrane and Its Transport ProteinsThe NucleusEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER)The Golgi ComplexMitochondria are the “Power Plants” of the CellPeroxisomesLysosomesThe CytoskeletonTransport Vesicles, Exocytosis and EndocytosisThe Differentiated CellCell Lineage and Tissue TypesBlood CellsCell Contacts and Extracellular MatrixEpithelial CellsNerve Cells and Glial CellsMuscle CellsThe Biological Diversity of CellsBiological Diversity and TaxonomyPlant CellsBacterial CellsCell SignalingElectrical and Rapid Chemical SignalingIons and Membrane PotentialAction Potentials – Coding of InformationIon Channels, Transporters and PumpsSynapses and Chemical SignalingLigands, Receptors and Second MessengersSecond MessengersGProtein‐Coupled ReceptorsReceptor Kinases, Hormones, and Transcription RegulationReceptor Tyrosine KinasesSmallGProteins – Intracellular Bimodal SwitchesMitogen‐Activated Protein KinaseNuclear ReceptorsGene RegulationSignaling PathwaysSome Examples of DiseasesCancer – Loss of Proliferation ControlCell DivisionCell DeathCancer – Diagnosis and TherapyCardiovascular DiseaseMalfunction of the Immune SystemImmune Cells and Their FunctionsAdaptive Immune ResponseFailure of the Immune SystemInfectious DiseasesBacterial InfectionViral InfectionDegenerative Diseases Exemplified by Neurodegenerative DiseasesDiabetes: Malfunction of Blood Sugar RegulationPersonalized Medicine and Outlook
High Relaxivities and Strong Vascular Signal Enhancement for NaGdF4 Nanoparticles Designed for Dual MR/Optical Imaging
Authors: Naccache Rafik , Chevallier Pascale , Lagueux Jean , Gossuin Yves , Laurent Sophie , Vander Elst Luce , Chilian Cornelia , Capobianco John A. , Fortin Marc‐André 
Published: May 2013

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR)‐to‐NIR upconverting NaY(Gd)F4:Tm3+,Yb3+ paramagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are efficiently detected by NIR imaging techniques. As they contain Gd3+ ions, they also provide efficient “positive” contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Water‐dispersible small (≈25 nm, “S‐”) and ultrasmall (<5 nm diam., “US‐”) NaY(Gd)F4:Tm3+,Yb3+ NPs are synthesized by thermal decomposition and capped with citrate. The surface of citrate‐coated US‐NPs shows sodium depletion and high Gd elemental ratios, as confirmed by a comparative X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)/neutron absorption analysis study. US‐NaGd0.745F4:Tm0.005,Yb0.25 NPs have hydrodynamic diameters close to that measured by TEM, with the lowest relaxometric ratios (r2/r1 = 1.18) reported for NaGdF4 nanoparticle suspensions (r1 = 3.37 mM−1 s−1 at 1.4 T and 37 °C). Strong relaxivity peaks in the range of 20 (0.47 T) ‐ 300 MHz (7.05 T) are revealed in nuclear magnetic resonance dispersion profiles, with high r2/r1 ratios at increasing field strengths for S‐NPs. This indicates the superiority of US‐NPs over S‐NPs for achieving high positive contrast at clinical MRI field strengths. I.‐v. injected citrate‐coated US‐NPs evidence long blood retention times (>90 min) in mice. Biodistribution studies (48 h, 8 d) show elimination through the reticuloendothelial and urinary systems, similarly to other citrate‐capped US‐NP systems. In summary, upconverting NaY(Gd)F4:Tm3+,Yb3+ nanoparticles have promising luminescent, relaxometric and blood‐retention properties for dual MRI/optical imaging.
Die Zukunft der Partikelreplikation in nicht benetzenden Templaten (PRINT)
Authors: Xu Jing , Wong Dominica H. C. , Byrne James D. , Chen Kai , Bowerman Charles , DeSimone Joseph M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDie Partikelreplikation in nicht benetzenden Templaten (PRINT) ist ein kontinuierliches, hochauflösendes Roll‐to‐Roll‐Abgussverfahren zur Herstellung von präzise definierten Mikro‐ und Nanopartikeln. Die Technik greift Lithographietechniken aus der Mikroelektronikindustrie auf und kombiniert diese mit den Roll‐to‐Roll‐Verfahren der Photofilmindustrie. Das Resultat ist eine exzellente und in dieser Form beispiellose Steuerung von Größe, Form, chemischer Zusammensetzung, Beladung, Modul und Oberflächeneigenschaften der Partikel. Zudem ist PRINT mit der GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) kompatibel und daher auch für die großtechnische Partikelherstellung geeignet. In diesem Kurzaufsatz beschreiben wir unsere neuesten Arbeiten zur Anwendung der PRINT‐Technologie in den Bio‐ und Materialwissenschaften.
Future of the Particle Replication in Nonwetting Templates (PRINT) Technology
Authors: Xu Jing , Wong Dominica H. C. , Byrne James D. , Chen Kai , Bowerman Charles , DeSimone Joseph M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractParticle replication in nonwetting templates (PRINT) is a continuous, roll‐to‐roll, high‐resolution molding technology which allows the design and synthesis of precisely defined micro‐ and nanoparticles. This technology adapts the lithographic techniques from the microelectronics industry and marries these with the roll‐to‐roll processes from the photographic film industry to enable researchers to have unprecedented control over particle size, shape, chemical composition, cargo, modulus, and surface properties. In addition, PRINT is a GMP‐compliant (GMP=good manufacturing practice) platform amenable for particle fabrication on a large scale. Herein, we describe some of our most recent work involving the PRINT technology for application in the biomedical and material sciences.
Polyamide 12 (PA12)/clay nanocomposites fabricated by conventional extrusion and water‐assisted extrusion processes
Authors: Stoeffler Karen , Utracki Leszek A. , Simard Yves , Labonté Sylvain 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis work aims at comparing the efficiency of three melt compounding methods for preparing polyamide 12 (PA12)/untreated clay composites. Conventional extrusion was compared with two water‐assisted extrusion methods previously described in the literature and respectively involving injection of water in the polymer/clay stream or injection of aqueous clay slurry in the polymer stream. The dispersion of the clay in the composites was analyzed at the microscale and at the nanoscale using microscopy (optical and electronic) and wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The tensile properties of the composites were evaluated. The results showed that injection of aqueous clay slurry in the polymer stream was the most efficient method for preparing PA12/untreated clay composites, although clay particles remained mainly dispersed at the microscale. This method allowed for a drastic size reduction of the microparticles, accompanied by enhancements of ca. +10 % in tensile modulus and tensile strength (compared with equivalent composites obtained by conventional extrusion). The influence of the pH of the aqueous clay slurry was also investigated: neutralization of the clay slurry generated finer dispersions, probably resulting from a better pre‐exfoliation of the clay in the water medium. PA12/organophilic clay composites were also prepared as control samples. When an adequate surface treatment was selected, nanoscale dispersion of the clay platelets was easily achieved. In this case, composites prepared by conventional extrusion showed overall similar properties as their equivalents prepared using injection of water in the polymer/clay stream. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1959–1974, 2013
Synthesis of New N‐Substituted 5‐Arylidene‐2,4‐thiazolidinediones as Anti‐Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Nastasă Cristina , Tiperciuc Brînduşa , Pârvu Alina , Duma Mihaela , Ionuţ Ioana , Oniga Ovidiu 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA novel series of 5‐arylidene‐2,4‐thiazolidinediones (TZDs) 2a–p was synthesized from the condensation of 3‐((2‐phenylthiazol‐4‐yl)methyl)thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione with different benzaldehyde derivatives. All the structures were confirmed by their spectral (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass) and elemental analytical data. The new molecules were evaluated in vivo as anti‐inflammatory agents in an acute experimental inflammation, evaluating the acute phase bone marrow response and phagocyte activity. All compounds, excepting one, reduced the absolute leukocytes count due to the lower neutrophil percentage. Phagocytary index was decreased by the same molecules, while only half of them reduced the phagocytary activity. The effect was superior to meloxicam, the reference anti‐inflammatory drug, for the majority of the TZD derivatives. The new molecules were also investigated for their antimicrobial properties on Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria and one fungal strain. Two compounds (2e and 2n) manifested growth inhibition capacity on all the tested strains.
Oligonorbornenes with Hammock‐Like Crown Ether Pendants as Artificial Transmembrane Ion Channel
Authors: Lin Nai‐Ti , Xie Chen‐Yu , Huang Shou‐Ling , Chen Chung‐Hsuan , Luh Tien‐Yau 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTrimeric oligonorbornenes with hammock‐like crown ether pendants 3b and 3c were selectively synthesized by cascade metathetical cyclopolymerization upon treatment with the first generation Grubbs catalyst. These crown‐ether‐containing oligonorbornenes are impregnated in egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) liposome as an artificial ion channel. The efficiency of the sodium ion transport properties has been examined. Oligomer 3c having a polar hydroxy end group exhibits the highest transport efficiency, which is comparable with the best efficiencies reported in literature. The orientation of the crown ether moieties in these oligomers may be critical for the ion transport properties.
Widely Applicable Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Tertiary Alkyl‐Containing 1‐Alkanols by Zirconium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Carboalumination of Alkenes and Palladium‐ or Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Xu Shiqing , Lee Ching‐Tien , Wang Guangwei , Negishi Ei‐ichi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA highly enantioselective and widely applicable method for the synthesis of various chiral 2‐alkyl‐1‐alkanols, especially those of feeble chirality, has been developed. It consists of zirconium‐catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes (ZACA), lipase‐catalyzed acetylation, and palladium‐ or copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling. By virtue of the high selectivity factor (E) associated with iodine, either (S)‐ or (R)‐enantiomer of 3‐iodo‐2‐alkyl‐1‐alkanols (1), prepared by ZACA reaction of allyl alcohol, can be readily purified to the level of ≥99 % ee by lipase‐catalyzed acetylation. A variety of chiral tertiary alkyl‐containing alcohols, including those that have been otherwise difficult to prepare, can now be synthesized in high enantiomeric purity by Pd‐ or Cu‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of (S)-1 or (R)-2 for introduction of various primary, secondary, and tertiary carbon groups with retention of all carbon skeletal features. These chiral tertiary alkyl‐containing alcohols can be further converted into the corresponding acids with full retention of the stereochemistry. The synthetic utility of this method has been demonstrated in the highly enantioselective (≥99 % ee) and efficient syntheses of (R)‐2‐methyl‐1‐butanol and (R)‐ and (S)‐arundic acids.
Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of Polygalolide A
Authors: Yamada Hitomi , Adachi Masaatsu , Isobe Minoru , Nishikawa Toshio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe total synthesis of polygalolide A, a secondary metabolite that was isolated from a Chinese medicinal plant, is reported. A key issue in this synthesis was construction of an oxabicyclo[3.2.1] skeleton, which was solved by the development of an intramolecular Ferrier‐type C‐glycosylation of a glucal with siloxyfuran as an internal nucleophile. The substrate was prepared from D‐glucal by the introduction of trimethylsilylacetylene and siloxyfuran groups. Although C‐glycosylation did not occur under the conditions found from model experiments, further examination revealed that the combination of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) and 2,4,6‐collidine successfully afforded the desired product as a single diastereomer. The siloxy group at the C3 position played a crucial role in the stereocontrol of this reaction. The product was further transformed into a tetracyclic compound as follows: The vinyl ether and acetylenic moieties were reduced and the siloxy group was removed with a Barton–McCombie reaction. The construction of the six‐membered ether and the γ‐lactone provided the tetracyclic compound. Finally, a phenolic moiety was introduced by using a Mukaiyama aldol reaction to furnish polygalolide A.
Seed‐Assisted, One‐Pot Synthesis of Hollow Zeolite Beta without Using Organic Structure‐Directing Agents
Authors: Iyoki Kenta , Itabashi Keiji , Okubo Tatsuya 
Published: May 2013

AbstractHollow aluminosilicate zeolite beta was successfully synthesized by adding CIT‐6, that is, zincosilicate zeolite, which has the same topology as beta, as seeds to the Na‐aluminosilicate gel without the need for organic structure‐directing agents. One important factor in the successful organic structure‐directing agent (OSDA)‐free synthesis of hollow beta crystals is the solubility of the seed crystals in alkaline media. CIT‐6 was less stable than aluminosilicate zeolite beta in alkaline media and the solubility changed depending on whether the crystals were calcined or not. The hollow beta could be obtained by using the uncalcined CIT‐6 seed crystals. The volumes of intra‐crystalline voids were tuned by changing the reaction time and the initial gel compositions, such as the SiO2/Al2O3 and Na2O/SiO2 ratios. We estimated that the intra‐crystalline voids were formed through the dissolution of the seed crystals, just after the crystal growth of new beta on the outer surface of the seeds. In addition, new crystal growth toward inside of the void was also observed by TEM. On the basis of the characterization data, such as chemical analysis, N2‐adsorption/desorption measurements, and TEM observation, a formation mechanism of the intra‐crystalline voids is proposed and discussed.