bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Net endogenous acid production and mortality in NHANES III
Authors: Huston Hunter K , Abramowitz Matthew K , Zhang Yingying , Greene Tom , Raphael Kalani L 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimLow serum bicarbonate is a strong mortality risk factor in people with low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). It may also raise mortality risk in people with normal eGFR. This study investigated whether higher net endogenous acid production (NEAP), an estimate of net dietary acid intake and a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, associates with higher mortality in people with and without low eGFR.MethodsNEAP was calculated among adult participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey as −10.2 + 54.5 x (protein intake in grams per day/potassium intake in milliequivalent per day). Cox models were performed in the (i) total population and (ii) low eGFR and (iii) normal eGFR subgroups using the lowest NEAP quartile as the reference.ResultsSixteen thousand nine hundred six participants were included in the analysis. The mortality hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for the highest NEAP quartile (72–145 mEq/day) were: (i) 0.75 (0.62–0.90) in the total population; (ii) 0.77 (0.51–1.17) in the low eGFR subgroup; and (iii) 0.75 (0.61–0.93) in the normal eGFR subgroup after adjusting for demographics, serum bicarbonate, eGFR, albuminuria and comorbidities. The mortality hazard ratios in the second and third NEAP quartiles were similar to the lowest (reference) NEAP quartile in the total population and low and normal eGFR subgroups.ConclusionsHigher NEAP is not associated with higher mortality in people with low or normal eGFR. Future studies should consider the effect of modifying dietary acid and alkali intake on mortality and CKD progression in people with reduced eGFR.
What carers and family said about music therapy on behaviours of older people with dementia in residential aged care
Authors: Tuckett Anthony G. , Hodgkinson Brent , Rouillon Lisa , Balil‐Lozoya Tania , Parker Deborah 
Published: November 2014

AimThis study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of group music therapy (MT) intervention on behaviours of older people with dementia.MethodReported here are qualitative data from five, semi‐structured focus groups; two comprising a total of seven family members and three comprising a total of 23 staff members.ResultsA number of core themes emerged: temporality, effect and policy with a number of subthemes. The MT effect is tempered by the temporality of (i) the older person's dementia state, (ii) the session and (iii) the psychosomatic effect on the older person. Music therapy is perceived to (i) evoke memories and facilitate reminiscence, (ii) act as a diversion (has an instrumental value) and it is contentious to discount the (iii) dichotomy between music and therapist in terms of the overall effect. Finally, policymakers need to know that MT is (i) highly prized and more, not less, MT is recommended.ConclusionFindings from this study illustrate that the timing of the MT session has consequences for the workflow in the residential aged care facility; MT has a psychosomatic effect and participants here evaluate this as temporal. Care providers and family members acknowledge the instrumental value of MT and its helping with cognition and exercise. They have mixed views about the effects of the music and the effect on the older person by the therapist but most definitely want policymakers to ensure more, not less, planned and better funded MT is part of ongoing care in the residential aged care context. Areas for future research and policy are also highlighted.Implications for practiceThese views on group MT in residential aged care can initiate critical reflection on current practices and systems. Research is needed exploring the timing and scheduling of MT sessions at different times in the day for older person with dementia exhibiting negative behaviours.
Automatically Analyzing Large Texts in aGISEnvironment: The Registrar General's Reports and Cholera in the 19th Century
Authors: Murrieta‐Flores Patricia , Baron Alistair , Gregory Ian , Hardie Andrew , Rayson Paul 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe aim of this article is to present new research showcasing how Geographic Information Systems in combination with Natural Language Processing and Corpus Linguistics methods can offer innovative venues of research to analyze large textual collections in the Humanities, particularly in historical research. Using as examples parts of the collection of the Registrar General's Reports that contain more than 200,000 pages of descriptions, census data and vital statistics for theUK, we introduce newly developed automated textual tools and well known spatial analyses used in combination to investigate a case study of the references made to cholera and other diseases in these historical sources, and their relationship to place‐names during Victorian times. The integration of such techniques has allowed us to explore, in an automatic way, this historical source containing millions of words, to examine the geographies depicted in it, and to identify textual and geographic patterns in the corpus.
Georeferencing Animal Specimen Datasets
Authors: van Erp Marieke , Hensel Robert , Ceolin Davide , van der Meij Marian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFor biodiversity research, the field of study that is concerned with the richness of species of our planet, it is of the utmost importance that the location of an animal specimen find is known with high precision. Due to specimens often having been collected over the course of many years, their accompanying geographical data is often ambiguous or may be very imprecise. In this article, we detail an approach that utilizes reasoning and external sources to improve the geographical information of animal finds. Our main contribution is to show that adding external domain knowledge improves the ability to georeference locations over traditional methods that focus solely on analyzing geographical information. Additionally, our system is able to output the confidence it has in its decisions through a confidence measure based on the difficulty of the instance and the steps undertaken to disambiguate it. Our results show that adding domain knowledge to the georeferencing process increases the accuracy @5km from 38.9% to 61.7% and from 47.0% to 74.5% @25km. Furthermore, we reduce the mean distance by more than half, from 251.1km to 114.5km, and decrease the number of records for which no reference can be found from 26.2% to 7.4%.
Intraoperative platelet transfusion is associated with increased postoperative sternal wound infections among type A aortic dissection patients after total arch replacement
Authors: Wu B. , Wang Y. , Wang C. , Cheng Y. , Rong R. 
Published: November 2014

SUMMARYBackgroundBlood transfusion and its impact upon clinical outcomes of cardiac surgery have been extensively discussed, especially in the post‐aprotinin era. This study compared clinical outcomes and perioperative blood utilisation among acute type A aortic dissection (AAD) patients with or without intraoperative platelet transfusion during total arch replacement, thus intending to investigate prognostic value of platelet transfusion during major aortic surgeries.Materials and MethodsAcute AAD patients undergoing total arch replacement and stented elephant trunk procedure under hypothermic circulatory arrest with and without intraoperative platelet transfusion at our institute from January 2008 to December 2012 were retrospectively included. Patients were categorised into PLT (n = 74) and non‐PLT (n = 85) groups to compare the in‐hospital mortality and complications, as well as blood components utilisation.ResultsBaseline characteristics and operational features were all comparable between two groups. In PLT group, in‐hospital survival was not improved and intraoperative utilisation of red blood cell RBC, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and cryoprecipitate was not reduced. Postoperative RBC transfusion [2·0(0–4·0) vs 0(0–4·0) U, p = 0·026; 64·9 vs 43·5%, p = 0·007] was significantly increased in PLT group, parallel with the prolonged postoperative hospitalisation time [(24·0 ± 12·7) vs (20·8 ± 10·9) days, p = 0·093] and elevated incidence of sternal wound infections (16·2 vs 5·9%, p = 0·035). Intraoperative platelet transfusion [odds ratio (OR): 3·10, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1·04–9·25, p = 0·043] was identified as independent risk factor of postoperative sternal wound infections by multivariate logistic regression analysis.ConclusionIntraoperative platelet transfusion did not improve in‐hospital prognosis among AAD patients after total arch replacement. The incidence of postoperative sternal wound infections increased among those who received intraoperative platelet transfusion.
Virtual leak channels modulate firing dynamics and synaptic integration in rat sympathetic neurons: implications for ganglionic transmission in vivo
Authors: Springer Mitchell G. , Kullmann Paul H. M. , Horn John P. 
Published: November 2014

Key points
The synaptic organization of paravertebral sympathetic ganglia enables them to relay activity from the spinal cord to the periphery and thereby control autonomic functions, including blood pressure and body temperature.
The present experiments were done to reconcile conflicting observations in tissue culture, intact isolated ganglia and living animals. By recording intracellularly from dissociated neurons and intact ganglia, we found that when electrode damage makes cells leaky it could profoundly distort cellular excitability and the integration of synaptic potentials.
The experiments relied on the dynamic clamp method, which allows the creation of virtual ion channels by injecting current into a cell based upon a mathematical model and using rapid feedback between the model and cell.
The results support the hypothesis that sympathetic ganglia can produce a 2.4‐fold amplification of presynaptic activity. This could aid understanding of the neural hyperactivity that is believed to drive high blood pressure in some patients.
AbstractThe excitability of rat sympathetic neurons and integration of nicotinic EPSPs were compared in primary cell culture and in the acutely isolated intact superior cervical ganglion using whole cell patch electrode recordings. When repetitive firing was classified by Hodgkin's criteria in cultured cells, 18% displayed tonic class 1 excitability, 36% displayed adapting class 2 excitability and 46% displayed phasic class 3 excitability. In the intact ganglion, 71% of cells were class 1 and 29% were class 2. This diverges from microelectrode reports that nearly 100% of superior cervical ganglion neurons show phasic class 3 firing. The hypothesis that the disparity between patch and microelectrode data arises from a shunt conductance was tested using the dynamic clamp in cell culture. Non‐depolarizing shunts of 3–10 nS converted cells from classes 1 and 2 to class 3 dynamics with current–voltage relations that replicated microelectrode data. Primary and secondary EPSPs recorded from the intact superior cervical ganglion were modelled as virtual synapses in cell culture using the dynamic clamp. Stimulating sympathetic neurons with virtual synaptic activity, designed to replicate in vivo recordings of EPSPs in muscle vasoconstrictor neurons, produced a 2.4‐fold amplification of presynaptic activity. This gain in postsynaptic output did not differ between neurons displaying the three classes of excitability. Mimicry of microelectrode damage by virtual leak channels reduced and eventually obliterated synaptic gain by inhibiting summation of subthreshold EPSPs. These results provide a framework for interpreting sympathetic activity recorded from intact animals and support the hypothesis that paravertebral ganglia function as activity‐dependent amplifiers of spinal output from preganglionic circuitry.
Characteristics of Droplet Formation During Spout Process of Water Ingress Accident
Authors: Zheng Yanhua , Sun Jun , Chen Zhipeng , Shi Lei 
Published: November 2014

Water ingress is one of the peculiar accidents of high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTR). Since the pressure of the secondary circuit is higher than that of the primary circuit, when the break of heating tubes of the SG occurs, liquid water and steam will enter the primary circuit from the secondary side, and then enter the reactor core together with the helium coolant. This will result in introduction of a certain positive reactivity, rising of the primary pressure and corrosion of the in-core fuel elements and graphite components. Therefore, water ingress is a complex physical processes involving water spout, flash evaporation, multi-phase flow, heat transfer and other phenomena, and in-depth research of this accident will benefit further understanding of the characteristics of HTRs.
Based on the preliminary design of the Chinese high temperature gas-cooled reactor pebble-bed modular (HTR-PM), assuming that the break of steam generator (SG) heating tube can be considered as a round pressure nozzle, the characteristics of the flow line at breaks with different diameters, as well as the property of the droplet spectrum are studied. According to the analysis of droplet properties of flow and evaporation in the primary circuit, the preliminary result shows that under the design basis accidents of water ingress, the water will enters the reactor core in the form of steam. This analysis result can provide a basis for the further research of water ingress of HTR in the future.
Materials and Stress Analysis of Fuel-Channel of a Generic 1200-MWel Pressure-Channel Reactor With Nuclear Steam Reheat
Authors: Abdullah Rand , Baldock Matthew , Vincze Andrei , Sidawi Khalil , Pioro Igor 
Published: November 2014

The objective of this paper is to modify the current existing CANFLEX® fuel-bundle design to examine its ability to withstand high-temperature conditions of a proposed generic reactor with nuclear steam reheat. One of this reactor’s characteristics is having Super-Heated Steam (SHS) channels in addition to Pressurized-Water (PW) channels in order to increase the thermal efficiency of the plant by about 7–12%. This increase may be attained by raising the outlet temperature of the SHS-channels coolant to about 550°C. Operating at the higher temperatures will definitely have an effect on the mechanical and neutronic properties of fuel-channel materials, specifically on fuel-sheath and pressure-tube materials.
This paper compares Inconel-600 and SS-304 in order to determine the most suitable material for SHS-channel’s sheath and pressure tube. This is achieved by comparing strength of materials by performing stress- and displacement-analysis simulation using NX8.5 software (NX8.5, 2009).
The analysis in this paper can also be applied to other Nuclear-Power Plants (NPPs) that require operating at higher temperatures such as Super-Critical Water-cooled Reactors (SCWRs).
Studies on Maintainability and Repairability for Japan Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (JSFR)
Authors: Isono Kenichi , Kubo Shigenobu , Chikazawa Yoshitaka , Dozaki Koji , Oya Takeaki , Yui Masahiro 
Published: November 2014

Aiming at enabling maintenance and repair of almost all components in JSFR demonstration reactor to a level equivalent to that attained for the light water reactors, we identified a number of parts which have difficulty in maintenance and repair in main components of the reactor structure and the primary/secondary main coolant system. And we defined the criteria for design improvement and then provided candidates of improvement measures for the identified parts.
Furthermore, we made a modification of the plant design in a consistent manner integrating the improvements investigated for each major component. A series of evaluations were conducted to check the feasibility as a power plant. As the result, we found that the concept could be adopted not only to the demonstration reactor (750MWe) but to the commercial one (1500MWe).
Experimental Study of the Characteristics of Heat Transfer and HLMC Cross-Flow Around Tubes
Authors: Chernysh Aleksei , Iarmonov Mikhail , Makhov Kirill , Beznosov A. V. 
Published: November 2014

The process of heat transfer in a heavy liquid-metal coolant (HLMC) cross-flow around heat-transfer tubes is not yet thoroughly studied. Therefore, it is of great interest to carry out experimental studies for determining the heat transfer characteristics in a lead coolant cross-flow around tubes. It is also interesting to explore the velocity and temperature fields in a HLMC flow.
To achieve this goal, experts of the R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University performed the work aimed at the experimental determination of the temperature and velocity fields in high-temperature lead coolant cross-flows around a tube bundle.
The experimental studies were carried out in a specially designed high-temperature liquid-metal facility. The experimental facility is a combination of two high-temperature liquid-metal setups, i.e., FT-2 with a lead coolant and FT-1 with a lead-bismuth coolant, united by an experimental site.
The experimental site is a model of the steam generator of the BREST reactor facility. The heat-transfer surface is an in-line tube bank of a diameter of 17×3.5 mm, which is made of 10H9NSMFB ferritic-martensitic steel. The temperature of the heat-transfer surface is measured with thermocouples of a diameter of 1 mm being installed in the walls of heat-transfer tubes. The velocity and temperature fields in a high-temperature HLMC flow are measured with special sensors installed in the flow cross section between the rows of heat-transfer tubes.
The characteristics of heat transfer and velocity fields in a lead coolant flow were studied in different directions of the coolant flow: the vertical (“top-down” and “bottom-up” [1]) and the horizontal ones. The studies were conducted under the following operating conditions: the temperature of lead was t=450–500°C, the thermodynamic activity of oxygen was a=10−5−100, and the lead flow through the experimental site was Q = 3–6 m3/h, which corresponds to coolant velocities of V = 0.4–0.8 m/s.
Comprehensive experimental studies of the characteristics of heat transfer in a lead coolant cross-flow around tubes have been carried out for the first time and the dependences NU = f(Pe) for a controlled and regulated content of the thermodynamically active oxygen impurity and sediments of impurities have been obtained.
The effect of the oxygen impurity content in the coolant and characteristics of protective oxide coatings on the temperature and velocity fields in a lead coolant flow is revealed. This is because the presence of oxygen in the coolant and oxide coatings on the surface, which restrict the liquid-metal flow, leads to a change in the characteristics of the wall-adjacent region.
The obtained experimental data on the distribution of the velocity and temperature fields in a HLMC flow permit studying the heat-transfer processes and, on this basis, creating program codes for engineering calculations of HLMC flows around heat-transfer surfaces.
Experience Gained From the Living PSA Project for Dukovany NPP
Authors: Hust’ák Stanislav 
Published: November 2014

PSA specialists in ÚJV Řež, a. s. maintain a Living Probabilistic Safety Assessment (Living PSA) program for Dukovany Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), a four-unit VVER-440 plant type, which is operated in the Czech Republic. This project has been established as a broad framework for all plant activities related to risk assessment and as a support for risk-informed decision making carried out at this plant. In addition to recommendations for design and operation measures in order to increase the plant safety, it provides a basis and platform for all PSA applications at Dukovany NPP.
The Living PSA model for Dukovany NPP is an integrated model representing the complete scope of Level 1 and Level 2 PSA for all plant operational modes. It produces the unit specific outputs for any Dukovany NPP unit. The RiskSpectrum® PSA software has been used for development and quantification of the PSA model. It is continuously updated and extensively used for various PSA applications at Dukovany NPP (e.g. risk monitoring, evaluation of plant Technical Specification changes, support for procedure development and training process, event analysis, etc.).
The paper focuses on the important features of the Living PSA project for Dukovany NPP. It also discusses the broad experience gained during model development and update as well as possible future enhancements.
Visualization Investigation of Secondary Flow on Heat Transfer Deterioration in Horizontal Heat Tube
Authors: Wu Chao , Li Hui-xiong , Zhang Qian 
Published: November 2014

Mixed convection heat transfer in heated tubes has been studied extensively in the past decades, which is widely used in various industrial fields such as cooling of a nuclear reactor core. The secondary flow, which is induced by buoyancy force, has been found in previous research to have profound influence on the heat transfer difference on circumferential position and occurrence of heat transfer deterioration in horizontal heated channel. Therefore, understanding the secondary flow velocity field has important implications to prevent heat transfer deterioration and ensure the safe operation of nuclear power plants. Numerical methods have been adopted in literature to analyze the complex interaction between secondary flow and heat transfer deterioration. However, to the knowledge of the author, experimental measurement of secondary flow in the radial cross-section of a horizontal tube does not exist.
In this paper, a novel measurement method, which combines the transparent heating and PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technology, has been adopted to experimentally investigate the secondary flow velocity field on the radial cross-section in a horizontal heated tube. The heat transfer deterioration mechanism is revealed through analysis of the distribution of secondary flow along circumference direction at low mass flow rates and high heat flux conditions. We found that the buoyancy force lead the hot fluid to rise along the tube wall from bottom to top. While the secondary flow is most intensive near the middle of the interface, the secondary velocities are high at the bottom of the cross-section, where the tube wall is well cooled by cold fluid descends from the central part of the cross-section. Near the top of the tube wall, the secondary velocities are very small and the thermal acceleration effect makes the fluid rise. As a result, the mixed convection of top and center part of cross-section is weak and heat is primarily transferred by conduction, which leads the occurrence of thermal stratification of fluid. Consequently, the thermal accumulation of fluid in the top leads to heat transfer deterioration. Moreover, thermal properties differences between Freon (FC-72) and water, especially the Prandtl number (Pr), make the occurrence of heat transfer deterioration much easier for FC-72 than water with same working conditions.