bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Normal Aging Versus Hypertension, Abnormal Body Mass Index, and Diabetes Mellitus on White Matter Hyperintensity Volume
Authors: King Kevin S. , Peshock Ronald M. , Rossetti Heidi C. , McColl Roderick W. , Ayers Colby R. , Hulsey Keith M. , Das Sandeep R. 
Published: November 2013

Background and Purpose—
The natural history of white matter hyperintensity (WMH) progression resulting from normal aging versus comorbid vascular insults remains unclear. Therefore we investigated age-related differences in WMH volumes among a group with comorbid hypertension, abnormal body mass index, and diabetes mellitus to a normal aging group drawn from the same population lacking any of these comorbidities.

Methods—
WMH volumes were acquired using 3T MRI for 2011 Dallas Heart Study participants. The slope of the WMH versus age regression was compared between normal and comorbidity groups <50 and ≥50 years of age where a change in slope was demonstrated.

Results—

Aging was linearly associated with greater log WMH volume for both normal (
P
=0.02) and comorbidity (
P
<0.0001) groups. Beyond 50 years of age, more rapid increases in WMH volumes for age were seen in the group with comorbidities (
P
<0.0001) but not in the normal group (
P
=0.173). The between-group difference in slope of expected WMH for age was significantly greater in the comorbidity groups ≥50 years of age (
P
=0.0008) but not <50 years of age (
P
=0.752).

Conclusions—
After 50 years of age, but not before, comorbid hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus were associated with significantly larger WMH volumes for age compared with a normal aging group lacking these conditions. These results support the assertion that age-related differences in WMH volumes are significantly increased in the presence of comorbidities, but the effect is only detectable after 50 years of age.
Neomillspaughia hondurensis (Polygonaceae), a new species from Central America
Authors: ORTIZ-DÍAZ JUAN JAVIER , ARNELAS ITZIAR , TUN JUAN , FLORES JOSÉ SALVADOR 
Published: November 2013

A new species Neomillspaughia hondurensis (Polygonaceae) from Honduras is described and illustrated. This species is morphologically and ecollogicaly different from the other two currently known Neomillspaughia species, being more related to N. emarginata than to N. paniculata. A comprehensive comparison and a key for the three species are provided. Se describe e ilustra la nueva especie Neomillspaughia hondurensis (Polygonaceae) de Honduras. Esta especie es morfológicamente y ecológicamente diferente de las dos únicas especies de Neomillspaughia, estando más relacionada con N. emarginata que con N. paniculata. Se proporciona información comparativa de la nueva especie con las especies relacionadas y una clave para la identificación de las mismas.
Barotropic and Baroclinic Annular Variability in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Thompson David W. J. , Woodworth Jonathan D. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The leading patterns of large-scale climate variability in the Southern Hemisphere are examined in the context of extratropical kinetic energy. It is argued that variability in the Southern Hemisphere extratropical flow can be viewed in the context of two distinct and largely independent structures, both of which exhibit a high degree of annularity: 1) a barotropic structure that dominates the variance in the zonal-mean kinetic energy and 2) a baroclinic structure that dominates the variance in the eddy kinetic energy. The former structure corresponds to the southern annular mode (SAM) and has been extensively examined in the literature. The latter structure emerges as the leading principal component time series of eddy kinetic energy and has received seemingly little attention in previous work.
The two structures play very different roles in cycling energy through the extratropical troposphere. The SAM is associated primarily with variability in the meridional propagation of wave activity, has a surprisingly weak signature in the eddy fluxes of heat, and can be modeled as Gaussian red noise with an e-folding time scale of approximately 10 days. The baroclinic annular structure is associated primarily with variations in the amplitude of vertically propagating waves, has a very weak signature in the wave fluxes of momentum, and exhibits marked quasi periodicity on time scales of approximately 25–30 days. Implications for large-scale climate variability are discussed.
Pseudo-Orbit Data Assimilation. Part I: The Perfect Model Scenario
Authors: Du Hailiang , Smith Leonard A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractState estimation lies at the heart of many meteorological tasks. Pseudo-orbit-based data assimilation provides an attractive alternative approach to data assimilation in nonlinear systems such as weather forecasting models. In the perfect model scenario, noisy observations prevent a precise estimate of the current state. In this setting, ensemble Kalman filter approaches are hampered by their foundational assumptions of dynamical linearity, while variational approaches may fail in practice owing to local minima in their cost function. The pseudo-orbit data assimilation approach improves state estimation by enhancing the balance between the information derived from the dynamic equations and that derived from the observations. The potential use of this approach for numerical weather prediction is explored in the perfect model scenario within two deterministic chaotic systems: the two-dimensional Ikeda map and 18-dimensional Lorenz96 flow. Empirical results demonstrate improved performance over that of the two most common traditional approaches of data assimilation (ensemble Kalman filter and four-dimensional variational assimilation).
The Climatology and Interannual Variability of the East Asian Winter Monsoon in CMIP5 Models
Authors: Gong Hainan , Wang Lin , Chen Wen , Wu Renguang , Wei Ke , Cui Xuefeng 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this paper the model outputs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase 5 (CMIP5) are used to examine the climatology and interannual variability of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). The multimodel ensemble (MME) is able to reproduce reasonably well the circulation features of the EAWM. The simulated surface air temperature still suffers from a cold bias over East Asia, but this bias is reduced compared with CMIP phase 3 models. The intermodel spread is relatively small for the large-scale circulations, but is large for the lower-tropospheric meridional wind and precipitation along the East Asian coast. The interannual variability of the EAWM-related circulations can be captured by most of the models. A general bias is that the simulated variability is slightly weaker than in the observations. Based on a selected dynamic EAWM index, the patterns of the EAWM-related anomalies are well reproduced in MME although the simulated anomalies are slightly weaker than the observations. One general bias is that the northeasterly anomalies over East Asia cannot be captured to the south of 30°N. This bias may arise both from the inadequacies of the EAWM index and from the ability of models to capture the EAWM-related tropical–extratropical interactions. The ENSO–EAWM relationship is then evaluated and about half of the models can successfully capture the observed ENSO–EAWM relationship, including the significant negative correlation between Niño-3.4 and EAWM indices and the anomalous anticyclone (or cyclone) over the northwestern Pacific. The success of these models is attributed to the reasonable simulation of both ENSO’s spatial structure and its strength of interannual variability.
Drag Parameter Estimation Using Gradients and Hessian from a Polynomial Chaos Model Surrogate
Authors: Sraj Ihab , Iskandarani Mohamed , Thacker W. Carlisle , Srinivasan Ashwanth , Knio Omar M. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
A variational inverse problem is solved using polynomial chaos expansions to infer several critical variables in the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model’s (HYCOM’s) wind drag parameterization. This alternative to the Bayesian inference approach in Sraj et al. avoids the complications of constructing the full posterior with Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. It focuses instead on identifying the center and spread of the posterior distribution. The present approach leverages the polynomial chaos series to estimate, at very little extra cost, the gradients and Hessian of the cost function during minimization. The Hessian’s inverse yields an estimate of the uncertainty in the solution when the latter’s probability density is approximately Gaussian. The main computational burden is an ensemble of realizations to build the polynomial chaos expansion; no adjoint code or additional forward model runs are needed once the series is available. The ensuing optimal parameters are compared to those obtained in Sraj et al. where the full posterior distribution was constructed. The similarities and differences between the new methodology and a traditional adjoint-based calculation are discussed.
Predicting the Onset of the North Australian Wet Season with the POAMA Dynamical Prediction System
Authors: Drosdowsky Wasyl , Wheeler Matthew C. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
A forecast product focusing on the onset of the north Australian wet season using a dynamical ocean–atmosphere model is developed and verified. Onset is defined to occur when a threshold rainfall accumulation of 50 mm is reached from 1 September. This amount has been shown to be useful for agricultural applications, as it is about what is required to generate new plant growth after the usually dry period of June–August. The normal (median) onset date occurs first around Darwin in the north and Cairns in the east in late October, and is progressively later for locations farther inland away from these locations. However, there is significant interannual variability in the onset, and skillful predictions of this can be valuable. The potential of the Predictive Ocean–Atmosphere Model for Australia (POAMA), version 2, for making probabilistic predictions of onset, derived from its multimember ensemble, is shown. Using 50 yr of hindcasts, POAMA is found to skillfully predict the variability of onset, despite a generally dry bias, with the “percent correct” exceeding 70% over about a third of the Northern Territory. In comparison to a previously developed statistical method based solely on El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the POAMA system shows improved skill scores, suggesting that it gains from additional sources of predictability. However, the POAMA hindcasts do not reproduce the observed long-term trend in onset dates over inland regions to an earlier date despite being initialized with the observed warming ocean temperatures. Understanding and modeling this trend should lead to further enhancements in skill.
The high cost to health and social care of managing falls in older adults living in the community in Scotland
Authors: Craig J , Murray A , Mitchell S , Clark S , Saunders L , Burleigh L 
Published: November 2013

Background and aims Estimate costs for health and social care services in managing older people in the community who fall. Method and results Analyses of predominantly national databases using cost of illness methodologies. In Scotland, 294,000 (34%) of people over 65 years and living in the community fall at least once a year. Of these 20%, almost 60,000 people contacted a medical service for assistance. There were almost 30,000 attendances at GP practices, over 36,100 calls to the Scottish Ambulance Service and 46,816 people presenting at A&E, with 16,549 admitted, 30% with a hip fracture. Mortality was high, 7% during the hospital stay, rising to over 12% at 1 year. Over 20% of patients were unable to return to their homes. Associated costs were over £470 million, with 60% incurred by social services, mainly providing long-term care. Cost per person falling was over £1720, rising to over £8600 for those seeking medical assistance. A hip fracture admission cost £39,490, compared with £21,960 for other falls-related admissions. Conclusions Transparent, robust cost information demonstrates the substantial burden of falls for health and social care services and should be a driver for implementing evidence-based interventions to reduce falls.
Learning safe practice by improving care: student-led intervention on oxygen prescribing in a respiratory ward
Authors: Dolan R , Linden D , Johnston T , Paterson G , Rossi J , Lynch N , Arbuckle S , MacLean A , Davey P 
Published: November 2013

Background and objective The primary aim of this intervention was to improve oxygen prescribing in accordance with the 2008 British Thoracic Society guidelines for the prescription of emergency oxygen in adults. Methods Eight final year medical students reviewed the drug charts of all patients admitted to the respiratory ward on a daily basis in order to collect data on five audit questions: (1) Has oxygen (O2) been prescribed? (2) Has an O2 target saturation level been indicated? (3) Has O2 been prescribed as an ‘as required’ (PRN) or ‘continuous therapy’? (4) Has the prescription been signed? (5) Has O2 been signed for in every drug round since the original prescription? Following an initial audit cycle an educational poster was distributed to all clinical staff via email and hard copies of the poster were placed strategically throughout the ward before its effectiveness was measured. Results During the pre-intervention phase, compliance with all five measures varied from 0 to 25%. There was an increase in the variation in compliance after the poster intervention to 14–44%; however, this masked better overall compliance with all five investigative questions with figures of 44%, 39% and 42% being recorded in three of the four post-intervention days. Overall there was increased compliance with four of the five audit questions. Indeed compliance with question 3 rose from 14% to 83%. Conclusions The poster intervention was marginally effective while also showing that students can improve prescribing in a clinical setting.
Factors enhancing aerofoil wings for wind energy harnessing in buildings
Authors: Elbakheit Abdel Rahman 
Published: November 2013

This paper presents an approach towards enhanced building-integrated wind harnessing. It uses building forms and profiles to trigger continuous air entrainment to power turbines. Computational fluid dynamics is used for evaluating, testing, and optimizing proposed designs. Wind separation around buildings is modeled alongside an investigation into the parameters of a wing-profile to accelerate wind. Computational fluid dynamics provides a good tool for modeling, designing, and optimizing aerofoil shapes. The main parameters affecting the wing’s wind harnessing capabilities are the distance between the wing and the building and the angle of attack of the wing. The aerofoil can magnify wind velocity by a factor ranging from 0.53 to 3.5; that is, from just below Betz limit to over six times the limit, depending on incident velocities. Practical applications: The approach presented in this paper can be implemented directly into optimization of new designs of buildings to integrate wind energy harnessing. Furthermore, new proposed wing shapes or profiles can be investigated by the same procedure presented in this study. Computational fluid dynamics investigations to building-mounted wind technologies, such as the ones presented here, are becoming increasingly adopted in the design process in practice, in university courses and future research.
Hardware Removal after Osseous Free Flap Reconstruction
Authors: Day Kristine E. , Desmond Renee , Magnuson J. Scott , Carroll William R. , Rosenthal Eben L. 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveIdentifying risk factors for hardware removal in patients undergoing mandibular reconstruction with vascularized osseous free flaps remains a challenge. The purpose of this study is to identify potential risk factors, including osteocutaneous radial forearm versus fibular flap, for need for removal and to describe the fate of implanted hardware.Study DesignCase series with chart reviewSettingAcademic tertiary care medical center.Subjects and MethodsTwo hundred thirteen patients undergoing 227 vascularized osseous mandibular reconstructions between the years 2004 and 2012. Data were compiled through a manual chart review, and patients incurring hardware removals were identified.ResultsThirty‐four of 213 evaluable vascularized osseous free flaps (16%) underwent surgical removal of hardware. The average length of time to removal was 16.2 months (median 10 months), with the majority of removals occurring within the first year. Osteocutaneous radial forearm free flaps (OCRFFF) incurred a slightly higher percentage of hardware removals (9.9%) compared to fibula flaps (6.1%). Partial removal was performed in 8 of 34 cases, and approximately 38% of these required additional surgery for removal.ConclusionHardware removal was associated with continued tobacco use after mandibular reconstruction (P =. 03). Removal of the supporting hardware most commonly occurs from infection or exposure in the first year. In the majority of cases the bone is well healed and the problem resolves with removal.
A corrected formulation for marginal inference derived from two-part mixed models for longitudinal semi-continuous data
Authors: Tom Brian DM , Su Li , Farewell Vernon T 
Published: November 2013

For semi-continuous data which are a mixture of true zeros and continuously distributed positive values, the use of two-part mixed models provides a convenient modelling framework. However, deriving population-averaged (marginal) effects from such models is not always straightforward. Su et al. presented a model that provided convenient estimation of marginal effects for the logistic component of the two-part model but the specification of marginal effects for the continuous part of the model presented in that paper was based on an incorrect formulation. We present a corrected formulation and additionally explore the use of the two-part model for inferences on the overall marginal mean, which may be of more practical relevance in our application and more generally.
Updates in Antiplatelet Agents Used in Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Cheng Judy W. M. 
Published: November 2013

Background: Antiplatelet therapy is a cornerstone in coronary artery disease management. However, patients with acute coronary syndrome still remain at risk of recurrent cardiovascular events despite the advance of medical therapy. Objective: This article provides a review of antiplatelet agents used in cardiovascular diseases and focus on updates in the past 5 years. Method: Peer-reviewed clinical trials and relevant treatment guidelines were identified from MEDLINE and Current Content database (from 1966 to April 15, 2013) using search terms aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, antiplatelet agents, coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndrome, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Citations from the available articles were also reviewed for additional references. Results: In unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI), dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel) demonstrated a reduction in death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal MI, or stroke (relative risk 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.90). In ST-segment elevation MI, dual antiplatelet therapy reduced the rate of occluded infarct-related artery/death or recurrent MI (95% CI, 24%-47%). Newer agents such as prasugrel, when compared to clopidogrel, reduced death from vascular causes, MI, or stroke in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI; hazard ratio [HR], 0.81; 95% CI 0.73-0.90) but not in those receiving medical management only. When compared to clopidogrel, ticagrelor reduces death from vascular causes, MI, or stroke (HR: 0.84; 95% CI, 0.77-0.92) in patients undergoing PCI or receiving medical management only. Both the agents, however, increase the risk of bleeding in certain patient population. Conclusions: In the last 5 years, newer antiplatelet agents, including prasugrel and ticagrelor, have been demonstrated to reduce recurrent cardiovascular events compared to standard therapy and, however, also caused increase bleeding in selected patient populations. Newer agents including shorter acting P2Y12 inhibitor or antiplatelets that target other receptors are being evaluated to improve/maintain therapeutic efficacy yet minimize the risk of bleeding.
Initial Results of Transradial Iliac Artery Stenting
Authors: Shinozaki Norihiko , Ogata Nobuhiko , Ikari Yuji 
Published: November 2013

Aims: Iliac artery stenting is commonly performed via the ipsilateral or contralateral femoral artery. However, transradial intervention is less invasive than the transfemoral approach. We evaluated initial results of transradial iliac artery stenting. Methods and Results: We implanted stents in 32 iliac arteries of 30 patients via the radial artery. Transradial intervention was attempted at the discretion of the operator. Clinical data were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were excluded using a scheduled bidirectional approach. Twenty-one patients were male. In all, 8, 20, 16, and 9 patients had diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking habit, respectively. In all, 30 lesions were stenosed and only 2 were occluded. A total of 39 stents were inserted, of which 36 were E-Luminexx stents and the other 3 were SMART control stents. All lesions were successfully treated with a good final angiographic result via a 6F radial access system. Ankle brachial index significantly improved from 0.68 ± 0.13 to 0.92 ± 0.15 ( P < .01). Hospital stay was 2.09 ± 1.12 days. None of the patients had any procedural or access site-related complications (hematoma, major bleeding, blood transfusion, stroke, cholesterol embolism, aortic dissection, or arterial perforation). Conclusions: Transradial iliac artery stenting is a feasible and safe alternative in carefully selected patients.
Human circadian system causes a morning peak in prothrombotic plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) independent of the sleep/wake cycle
Authors: Scheer Frank A. J. L. , Shea Steven A. 
Published: November 2013

Key Points
The human circadian system causes a morning peak in circulating levels of PAI-1, independent of any behavioral or environmental influences. The circadian system determines to a large extent the PAI-1 rhythm observed during a regular sleep/wake cycle.
Why does the bone marrow fail in Fanconi anemia?
Authors: Garaycoechea Juan I. , Patel K. J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe inherited bone marrow failure (BMF) syndromes are a rare and diverse group of genetic disorders that ultimately result in the loss of blood production. The molecular defects underlying many of these conditions have been elucidated, and great progress has been made toward understanding the normal function of these gene products. This review will focus on perhaps the most well-known and genetically heterogeneous BMF syndrome: Fanconi anemia. More specifically, this account will review the current state of our knowledge on why the bone marrow fails in this illness and what this might tell us about the maintenance of bone marrow function and hematopoiesis.