bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using an explicit emission tagging method in global modeling of source‐receptor relationships for black carbon in the Arctic: Variations, sources, and transport pathways
Authors: Wang Hailong , Rasch Philip J. , Easter Richard C. , Singh Balwinder , Zhang Rudong , Ma Po‐Lun , Qian Yun , Ghan Steven J. , Beagley Nathaniel 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe introduce an explicit emission tagging technique in the Community Atmosphere Model to quantify source‐region‐resolved characteristics of black carbon (BC), focusing on the Arctic. Explicit tagging of BC source regions without perturbing the emissions provides a physically consistent and computationally efficient approach to establish source‐receptor relationships and transport pathways. Our analysis shows that the contributions of major source regions to the global BC burden are not proportional to the respective emissions due to strong region‐dependent removal rates and lifetimes, while the contributions to BC direct radiative forcing show a near‐linear dependence on their respective contributions to the burden. Arctic BC concentrations, deposition, and source contributions all have strong seasonal variations. Eastern Asia contributes the most to the wintertime Arctic BC burden, but has much less impact on lower‐level concentrations and deposition. Northern Europe emissions are more important to both surface concentration and deposition in winter than in summer. The largest contribution to Arctic BC in the summer is from Northern Asia. Although local emissions contribute less than 10% to the annual mean BC burden and deposition within the Arctic, the per‐emission efficiency is much higher than for non‐Arctic sources. The interannual variability (1996–2005) due to meteorology is small in annual mean BC burden and radiative forcing but is significant in yearly seasonal means over the Arctic. When a slow aging treatment of BC is introduced, the increase of BC lifetime and burden is source dependent. Global BC forcing‐per‐burden efficiency also increases primarily due to changes in BC vertical distributions.
Ionospheric Sounding Using Real‐Time Amateur Radio Reporting Networks
Authors: Frissell N. A. , Miller E. S. , Kaeppler S. R. , Ceglia F. , Pascoe D. , Sinanis N. , Smith P. , Williams R. , Shovkoplyas A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAmateur radio reporting networks, such as the Reverse Beacon Network (RBN), PSKReporter, and the Weak Signal Propagation Network, are powerful tools for remote sensing the ionosphere. These voluntarily constructed and operated networks provide real‐time and archival data that could be used for space weather operations, forecasting, and research. The potential exists for the study of both global and localized effects. The capability of one such network to detect space weather disturbances is demonstrated by examining the impacts on RBN‐observed HF propagation paths of an X2.9 class solar flare detected by the GOES 15 satellite. Prior to the solar flare, the RBN observed strong HF propagation conditions between multiple continents, primarily Europe, North America, and South America. Immediately following the GOES 15 detection of the solar flare, the number of reported global RBN propagation paths dropped to less than 35% that of prior observations. After the flare, the RBN showed the gradual recovery of HF propagation conditions.
Lightweight Front Suspensions: A Comparison
Authors: Chang Ming‐Yen 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The requirement for weight reduction was impelled by the growing environmental awareness of automobile consumers. Reducing energy consumption is one of the most important goals for future automobile industry development.
There are different possibilities for decreasing the weight of car. The weight of an automobile is due mainly to the body structure, power train, and the suspension. Furthermore, reducing unsprung mass of the suspension has a positive effect on comfort and dynamic driving behavior; therefore, weight reduction of the suspension is significant. This chapter concentrates on the front suspensions of different automobile classes.
The development of a systematized methodology to optimize front suspension systems will be introduced in this chapter. In search of the possibility to reduce the weight of front suspension, a comprehensive benchmarking has been conducted first, in order to study the commonly used suspension systems and to determine the design requirements. At the same time, design concepts have been developed and different weight optimized parts have been simulated. The simulations of different suspension systems are mainly done by MBS (multibody simulation, e.g., ADAMS/car). QFD (quality function deployment) is later employed as a method for estimation. The optimized front suspension systems of different automobile classes can be generated by this methodology. The Benz vehicle “Smart” is the basic model as an example in this chapter, and the CAD and FEM models were built and analyzed.
Air Conditioning Electronic Control Systems
Authors: Wakata Hideo 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Car air conditioning systems started with a heating function that used the engine coolant as a heat source. Modern systems have evolved to also include cooling and dehumidification functions. The purpose of recent systems is not simply to cool or heat the vehicle occupants. Mainstream air conditioning systems aim to enhance occupant comfort while saving energy, and their control systems have evolved in line with this role. This chapter describes the basic functions, concepts, and components of general air conditioning control systems.
Musculoskeletal pain among Midwest farmers and associations with agricultural activities
Authors: Fethke Nathan B. , Merlino Linda A. , Gerr Fredric , Schall Mark C. , Branch Cassidy A. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundAlthough agricultural workers experience a high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, associations between specific agricultural activities and musculoskeletal pain are not well characterized.MethodsAmong 518 regional farmers, responses to a mailed questionnaire were used to estimate (i) the 2‐week prevalence of low back, neck/shoulder, and elbow/wrist/hand pain, and (ii) associations between the average hours per week performing common agricultural activities and musculoskeletal pain.ResultsThe low back was the most common location of musculoskeletal pain (33.2%), followed by the neck/shoulder (30.8%) and elbow/wrist/hand (21.6%). Statistically significant adjusted associations were observed between performing equipment repair and maintenance and low back pain; milking animals and neck/shoulder pain; and manual material handling and elbow/wrist/hand pain, among others.ConclusionsThe observed prevalence estimates are consistent with previous literature, and the associations between agricultural activities and musculoskeletal pain provide an initial basis for targeted intervention research. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:319–330, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrafast Extraction of Proteins from Tissues Using Desorption by Impulsive Vibrational Excitation
Authors: Kwiatkowski Marcel , Wurlitzer Marcus , Omidi Maryam , Ren Ling , Kruber Sebastian , Nimer Refat , Robertson Wesley D. , Horst Andrea , Miller R. J. Dwayne , Schlüter Hartmut 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA picosecond IR laser (PIRL) can be used to blast proteins out of tissues through desorption by impulsive excitation (DIVE) of intramolecular vibrational states of water molecules in the cell in less than a millisecond. With PIRL‐DIVE proteins covering a range of a few kDa up to several MDa are extracted in high quantities compared to conventional approaches. The chemical composition of extracted proteins remains unaltered and even enzymatic activities are maintained.
Synthesis and structure control of l‐lactic acid–glycolic acid copolymer by homo‐copolymerization
Authors: Yin Huihui , Wang Rui , Ge Huan , Zhang Xiuqin , Zhu Zhiguo 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA two‐step direct melt copolymerization process of l‐lactic acid (L‐LA)/glycolic acid (GA) was developed: poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) with different molecular weight was first synthesized respectively by binary catalyst (tin chloride/p‐toluenesulfonic or tin chloride); and then poly(l‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (b‐PLGA) was produced by melt polymerization of the as‐prepared PLLA and PGA, wherein the composition and chain structure of b‐PLGA copolymers could be controlled by the molecular weight of PLLA. The chain structure and thermal properties of copolymers were studied by Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. In comparison with the random PLGA (r‐PLGA) synthesized by one‐step direct melt polymerization, the average l‐lactic blocks length (LLA) in b‐PLGA was longer while the average glycolic blocks length (LGA) in b‐PLGA was shorter which further resulted in the improved crystallinity and thermostability. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41566.
Geometric Morphometrics of Hominoid Infraspinous Fossa Shape
Authors: Green David J. , Serrins Jesse D. , Seitelman Brielle , Martiny Amy R. , Gunz Philipp 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTRecent discoveries of early hominin scapulae from Ethiopia (Dikika, Woranso‐Mille) and South Africa (Malapa) have motivated new examinations of the relationship between scapular morphology and locomotor function. In particular, infraspinous fossa shape has been shown to significantly differ among hominoids. However, this region presents relatively few homologous landmarks, such that traditional distance and angle‐based methods may oversimplify this three‐dimensional structure. To more thoroughly assess infraspinous fossa shape variation as it relates to function among adult hominoid representatives, we considered two geometric morphometric (GM) approaches—one employing five homologous landmarks (“wireframe”) and another with 83 sliding semilandmarks along the border of the infraspinous fossa. We identified several differences in infraspinous fossa shape with traditional approaches, particularly in superoinferior fossa breadth and scapular spine orientation. The wireframe analysis reliably captured the range of shape variation in the sample, which reflects the relatively straightforward geometry of the infraspinous fossa. Building on the traditional approach, the GM results highlighted how the orientation of the medial portion of the infraspinous fossa differed relative to both the axillary border and spine. These features distinguished Pan from Gorilla in a way that traditional analyses had not been able to discern. Relative to the wireframe method, the semilandmark approach further distinguished Pongo from Homo, highlighting aspects of infraspinous fossa morphology that may be associated with climbing behaviors in hominoid taxa. These results highlight the ways that GM methods can enhance our ability to evaluate complex aspects of shape for refining and testing hypotheses about functional morphology. Anat Rec, 298:180–194, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of mercury(II) by DNA templated gold nanoclusters based on forming thymidine–Hg2+–thymidine duplexes
Authors: Zhu Shanshan , Zhuo Yan , Miao Hong , Zhong Dan , Yang Xiaoming 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWe have successfully synthesized gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) templated with DNA (5′‐CCCCCCCCCCCCTTTTTT‐3′), and subsequently employed the fluorescent DNA‐AuNCs as a novel probe for sensitive detections of mercury ions (Hg2+). Basically, the procedure is due to the formation of thymidine–Hg2+–thymidine duplexes between DNA‐AuNCs and Hg2+, thus leading to aggregations of DNA‐AuNCs described here occurring, and facilitating their fluorescence decrease. Significantly, this decrease of fluorescent signals permitted sensitive detection of Hg2+ in a linear range of 0.1–100 µmol L−1, with a detection limit of 0.083 µmol L−1 at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3. Additionally, the practicality of this probe for assaying Hg2+ in human urine and lake water samples was further validated, and showed various advantages including simplicity, selectivity, sensitivity and low cost, demonstrating its potential to broaden ways for assaying Hg2+ in real samples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association between serious psychological distress and health care use and expenditures by cancer history
Authors: Han Xuesong , Lin Chun Chieh , Li Chunyu , de Moor Janet S. , Rodriguez Juan L. , Kent Erin E. , Forsythe Laura P. 
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUNDSerious psychological distress (SPD) is associated with adverse health outcomes such as poor quality of life and shorter survival in cancer survivors, but to the authors' knowledge, the relationship between SPD and health care use and medical expenditures is not clear.METHODSA total of 4326 cancer survivors and 57,109 noncancer participants were identified from the 2008 through 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationwide population‐based survey, and their psychological distress was assessed with the 6‐item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (SPD defined by a score ≥13). The association between SPD and use and medical expenditures of various types of health care (office‐based, outpatient, hospital inpatient, emergency department, dental, and prescriptions) was examined using a 2‐part modeling approach that adjusted for demographic, personal, and comorbidity factors. The marginal effects of SPD on health care use and expenditures were calculated for cancer survivors and were compared with those of noncancer participants.RESULTSThe weighted prevalence of SPD in cancer survivors was 8.2% compared with 4.8% in the noncancer participants. SPD was significantly associated with higher use of all care types except dental care in cancer survivors. Cancer survivors with SPD spent $4431 (95% confidence interval, $3419‐$5443) more than survivors without SPD on medical services each year, whereas this extra expenditure associated with SPD for participants without cancer was $2685 (95% confidence interval, $2099‐$3271).CONCLUSIONSIn a national representative sample of cancer survivors, SPD was found to be associated with higher health care use and medical expenditures. Distress screening and psychosocial care in cancer survivors may help reduce the economic burden of cancer in the United States. Cancer 2015;121:614–622. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Spiroimines by Asymmetric Decarboxylative Alkylation/Isomerization/[3+2]‐Cycloaddition Reaction of Azidoalkenes
Authors: Rambla Matt , Duroure Leslie , Chabaud Laurent , Guillou Catherine 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of chiral spiroimines, one of the pharmacophores of the marine neurotoxin gymnodimine A is described. The approach relies on a three‐step sequence that includes a palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative alkylation, an isomerization and a [3+2]‐cycloaddition reaction of an azidoalkene to build the imine.
Seismic performance of a 1 : 15‐scale 25‐story RC flat‐plate core‐wall building model
Authors: Lee Han Seon , Hwang Kyung Ran , Kim Youn Ho 
Published: October 2014

SummaryEarthquake simulation tests were conducted on a 1 : 15‐scale 25‐story building model to verify the seismic performance of high‐rise reinforced‐concrete flat‐plate core‐wall building structures designed per the recent seismic code KBC 2009 or IBC 2006. The following conclusions can be drawn from the test results: (1) The vertical distribution of acceleration during the table excitations revealed the effect of the higher modes, whereas free vibration after the termination of the table excitations was governed by the first mode. The maximum values of base shear and roof drift during the free vibration are either similar to or larger than the values of the maximum responses during the table excitation. (2) With a maximum roof drift ratio of 0.7% under the maximum considered earthquake in Korea, the lateral stiffness degraded to approximately 50% of the initial stiffness. (3) The crack modes appear to be a combination of flexure and shear in the slab around the peripheral columns and in the coupling beam. Energy dissipation via inelastic deformation was predominant during free vibration after the termination of table excitation rather than during table excitation. Finally, (4) the walls with special boundary elements in the first story did not exhibit any significant inelastic behavior, with a maximum curvature of only 21% of the ultimate curvature, corresponding to an ultimate concrete compressive strain of 0.00638 m/m intended in the displacement‐based design approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the high‐temperature behavior and rehydration characteristics of hardened cement paste
Authors: Wang Guiming , Zhang Chao , Zhang Bin , Li Qiu , Shui Zhonghe 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe high‐temperature behavior and rehydration characteristics of the hardened cement paste and their mechanisms have been studied in this paper. X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetry are used to establish the effect of elevated temperatures on the mineralogical changes that occurred in the hardened cement paste. The change of microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that with the temperature increased, the compressive strength of hardened cement paste first increased and then decreased. According to micromeasurements, at 400°C, the porosity and average pore diameter of hardened cement paste increased slightly, while at 800°C, the porosity and average pore diameter of hardened cement paste increased sharply. When hardened cement paste was cured after exposing to 400°C, its pore structure and phase composition had no change, while when hardened cement paste was cured after exposing to 800°C, there are new hydration products, and its pore structure may be finer, but it cannot fully recover to the original state. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subsyndromal depression among older adults in the USA: prevalence, comorbidity, and risk for new‐onset psychiatric disorders in late life
Authors: Laborde‐Lahoz Pilar , El‐Gabalawy Renée , Kinley Jolene , Kirwin Paul D. , Sareen Jitender , Pietrzak Robert H. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundPopulation‐based data are lacking on the prevalence and comorbidity of subsyndromal depression (SSD) and its associated risk for incident psychiatric disorders in older adults.MethodsUsing nationally representative data from 10,409 US adults aged 55 years and older who participated in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, we evaluated associations between lifetime SSD at Wave 1, and lifetime and incident mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders over a 3‐year period.ResultsSome 13.8% of older adults met criteria for SSD, and 13.7% met criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, older adults with SSD at Wave 1 had significantly increased odds of lifetime mood (adjusted odds ratios (AORs) = 3.65–10.55), anxiety (AORs = 1.61–2.50), and any personality (AOR = 1.62) disorders. After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbid psychiatric disorders, older adults with SSD at Wave 1 had significantly increased odds of developing new‐onset MDD (AOR = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–2.05), as well as an anxiety disorder (AOR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.04–2.20) at Wave 2.ConclusionIn addition to the 13.7% of US older adults with lifetime MDD, an additional 13.8% have lifetime SSD, which is not a formally recognized diagnosis. In addition to its high prevalence, SSD is associated with elevated rates of comorbid mood, anxiety, and personality disorders, as well as the development of a new‐onset MDD and anxiety disorder. These results underscore the importance of dimensional approaches to assessing depressive symptoms in older persons, as diagnostic approaches that rely on rigorous categorical classifications may fail to identify a substantial proportion of at‐risk individuals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical mapping of metabolites in the medial wall of the brain: A proton echo planar spectroscopic imaging study
Authors: Niddam David M. , Tsai Shang‐Yueh , Lin Yi‐Ru 
Published: October 2014

AbstractWith magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), it is possible to simultaneously map distributions of several brain metabolites with relatively good spatial resolution in a short time. Although other functional imaging modalities have taken advantage of population‐based inferences using spatially extended statistics, this approach remains little utilized for MRSI. In this study, statistical nonparametric mapping (SnPM) was applied to two‐dimensional MRSI data from the medial walls of the human brain to assess the effect of normal aging on metabolite concentrations. The effects of different preprocessing steps on these results were then explored. Short echo time MRSI of left and right medial walls was acquired in conjunction with absolute quantification of total choline, total creatine (tCr), glutamate and glutamine, myo‐inositol, and N‐acetyl‐aspartate. Individual images were spatially warped to a common anatomical frame of reference. Age effects were assessed within SnPM as were the effects of voxel subsampling, variance smoothing, and spatial smoothing. The main findings were: (1) regions in the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate and in the left posterior cingulate exhibited higher tCr concentrations with age; (2) voxel subsampling but not spatial smoothing enhanced the cluster‐level statistical sensitivity; and (3) variance smoothing was of little benefit in this study. Our study shows that spatially extended statistics can yield information about regional‐specific changes in metabolite concentrations obtained by short echo time MRSI. This opens up the possibility for systematic comparisons of metabolites in the medial wall of the brain. Hum Brain Mapp 36:852–861, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ye Xibiao , Casaclang Natalie , Mahmud Salaheddin M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEpidemiological study findings regarding the association between use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have been inconsistent. We aimed to systematically review epidemiological studies of the association and calculate pooled relative risks using meta‐analytic methods. We searched eight electronic literature databases and three clinical trial registers to identify all studies (including observational studies and randomized clinical trials) of the association published prior to October 2013. Identified studies were independently reviewed by two researchers. We used a random effects model to calculate pooled odds ratio (PORs). Heterogeneity amongst studies was examined using Cochran's Q and I‐squared (I2) tests; and sources of heterogeneity were explored using subgroup and meta‐regression analyses. A total of 17 studies (12 case‐control studies and five cohort studies), all adult studies, were included. Use of NSAIDs was not associated with overall risk of NHL [POR = 1.05, and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.90–1.22] or NHL subtypes including B‐cell lymphoma, T‐cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). Aspirin use was associated with reduced risk of CLL/SLL (POR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.54–0.91) but not with the risk of all NHLs (POR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.89–1.17). Use of non‐aspirin NSAIDs was associated with increased risk of NHL (POR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.01–1.97) amongst females only. The epidemiologic evidence remains inconclusive. Effects of NSAIDs may differ by drug type, NHL subtype, and sex and more studies taking into consideration these differences are needed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.