bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allogenic controls on autogenic variability in fluvio‐deltaic systems: inferences from analysis of synthetic stratigraphy
Authors: Karamitopoulos P. , Weltje G. J. , Dalman R. A. F. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFluvio‐deltaic stratigraphy develops under continuous morphodynamic interactions of allogenic and autogenic processes, but the role and relative contribution of these processes to the stratigraphic record are poorly understood. We analysed synthetic fluvio‐deltaic deposits of several accommodation‐to‐supply cycles (sequences) with the aim to relate stratigraphic variability to autogenic and allogenic controls. The synthetic stratigraphy was produced in a series of long time‐scale (105 years) numerical experiments with an aggregated process‐based model using a typical passive‐margin topography with constant rates of liquid and solid river discharge subjected to sinusoidal sea‐level fluctuation. Post‐processing of synthetic stratigraphy allowed us to quantify stratigraphic variability by means of local and regional net sediment accumulation over equally spaced time intervals (1–10 kyr). The regional signal was subjected to different methods of time‐series analysis. In addition, major avulsion sites (>5 km from the coastline) were extracted from the synthetic stratigraphy to confirm the interpretations of our analyses. Regional stratigraphic variability as defined in this study is modulated by a long‐term allogenic signal, which reflects the rate of sea‐level fluctuation, and it preserves two autogenic frequency bands: the intermediate and high‐frequency components. The intermediate autogenic component corresponds to major avulsions with a median inter‐avulsion period of ca. 3 kyr. This component peaks during time intervals in which aggradation occurs on the delta plain, because super‐elevation of channel belts is a prerequisite for large‐scale avulsions. Major avulsions occur occasionally during early stages of relative sea‐level fall, but they are fully absent once the coast line reaches the shelf edge and incision takes place. These results are consistent with a number of field studies of falling‐stage deposition in fluvial systems. The high‐frequency autogenic component (decadal to centennial time scales) represents mouthbar‐induced bifurcations occurring at the terminal parts of the system, and to a lesser extent, partial or small‐scale avulsions (<5 km from the coastline). Bifurcation intensity correlates strongly with the rate of progradation, and thus reaches its maximum during forced regression. However, its contribution to overall stratigraphic variability is much less than that of the large‐scale avulsions, which affect the entire area downstream of avulsion nodes. The results of this study provide guidelines for predicting fluvio‐deltaic stratigraphy in the context of co‐existing autogenic and allogenic processes and underscore the fact that the relative importance and the type of autogenic processes occurring in fluvio‐deltaic systems are governed by allogenic forcing.
Patterns and organization of Japanese tourism in Canada: 1960–2010
Authors: Edgington David W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe tourism production chain is utilized to understand the major periods of emergence, growth, and decline of Japanese tourism in Canada. Interviews with personnel at airline companies, tour operators, and hotels indicate the salient features of the Japan‐Canada tourist production chain, as well as the spatial patterns of tourism circuits over the 1960–2010 period. The article argues that by the end of the study period the tourism production chain had split into two markets, comprising group tours and free independent travellers. The spatial pattern of Japanese tourists had broadened somewhat but continued to focus on the “8‐day dash,” a tour circuit involving travel across Canada to visit Niagara Falls, Banff in the Rockies, and Vancouver. To promote Canada to Japanese tourists, this analysis underscores the need to involve the Canadian Tourism Commission, provincial agencies, Air Canada, and local governments together in a “team Canada” approach, as well as including Japanese tour operators.
When vision is not an option: children's integration of auditory and haptic information is suboptimal
Authors: Petrini Karin , Remark Alicia , Smith Louise , Nardini Marko 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWhen visual information is available, human adults, but not children, have been shown to reduce sensory uncertainty by taking a weighted average of sensory cues. In the absence of reliable visual information (e.g. extremely dark environment, visual disorders), the use of other information is vital. Here we ask how humans combine haptic and auditory information from childhood. In the first experiment, adults and children aged 5 to 11 years judged the relative sizes of two objects in auditory, haptic, and non‐conflicting bimodal conditions. In , different groups of adults and children were tested in non‐conflicting and conflicting bimodal conditions. In , adults reduced sensory uncertainty by integrating the cues optimally, while children did not. In , adults and children used similar weighting strategies to solve audio–haptic conflict. These results suggest that, in the absence of visual information, optimal integration of cues for discrimination of object size develops late in childhood.
Precursors to aggression are evident by 6 months of age
Authors: Hay Dale F. , Waters Cerith S. , Perra Oliver , Swift Naomi , Kairis Victoria , Phillips Rebecca , Jones Roland , Goodyer Ian , Harold Gordon , Thapar Anita , van Goozen Stephanie 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that developmental precursors to aggression are apparent in infancy. Up to three informants rated 301 firstborn infants for early signs of anger, hitting and biting; 279 (93%) were assessed again as toddlers. Informants' ratings were validated by direct observation at both ages. The precursor behaviours were significantly associated with known risk factors for high levels of aggressiveness. Individual differences were stable from early infancy to the third year and predicted broader conduct problems. These findings suggest that some individuals set forth on the trajectory to high levels of aggression by 6 months of age. The findings have implications for developmental studies of aggression, clinical prevention and intervention strategies, and theoretical considerations regarding the detection of precursors in different domains of development.
Linagliptin treatment in subjects with type 2 diabetes with and without mild‐to‐moderate renal impairment
Authors: Groop P.‐H. , Del Prato S. , Taskinen M.‐R. , Owens D. R. , Gong Y. , Crowe S. , Patel S. , von Eynatten M. , Woerle H.‐J. 
Published: February 2014

AimsRenal disease is a frequent comorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and an important factor complicating the choice of glucose‐lowering drugs. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)‐4 inhibitor linagliptin (5 mg/day) in mono, dual or triple oral glucose‐lowering regimens in subjects with T2DM and mild or moderate renal impairment (RI).MethodsIn this pooled analysis of three 24‐week, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 trials, subjects with mild (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 60–<90 ml/min/1.73 m2, n = 838) or moderate RI (30–<60 ml/min/1.73 m2, n = 93) were compared with subjects with normal renal function (≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2, n = 1212).ResultsSubjects with RI were older, had longer duration of diabetes, and increased prevalence of diabetes‐related comorbidities. After 24 weeks, linagliptin achieved consistent placebo‐corrected mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) changes across the three renal function categories: normal (−0.63%; p < 0.0001), mild RI (−0.67%; p < 0.0001) and moderate RI (−0.53%; p < 0.01), with no inter‐group difference (p = 0.74). Renal function with linagliptin remained stable across all categories. In linagliptin‐treated subjects, overall adverse event (AE) rates and serious AE rates were similar to placebo. The incidence of hypoglycaemia with linagliptin and placebo was 11.1 versus 6.9%, 11.9 versus 9.0% and 15.9 versus 12.0% in the normal, mild RI and moderate RI categories, respectively.ConclusionsThis pooled analysis provides evidence that linagliptin is an effective, well‐tolerated and convenient treatment in subjects with T2DM and mild or moderate RI.
Gender differences in self‐assessed clinical competence– a survey of young dentists in Finland
Authors: Karaharju‐Suvanto T. , Näpänkangas R. , Koivumäki J. , Pyörälä E. , Vinkka‐Puhakka H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIntroductionNewly licensed dentists are a promising group to evaluate the compatibility of dental education with working life. The aim of this study was to evaluate gender differences amongst young dentists in their self‐assessed competence and perceived compatibility of their undergraduate education with working life.Materials and methodsThis study was a part of a national survey of young dentists. Altogether, 90 young dentists (46%) answered the questionnaire; 72 women (80%) and 18 men (20%). For this study, two questions from the questionnaire were analysed.ResultsUndergraduate dental education has met the needs of dental practice in almost every field of dentistry. Females wished for more education in paediatric dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery and oral medicine, whilst males wished for more in preventive dentistry and cariology. The results also implicated that female dentists felt that they would have benefitted from more time spent learning clinical skills. When asked about confidence in doing certain dental procedures, male dentists were more confident in most of the procedures, the most significant differences being in surgical procedures and competence to make a 3–4‐unit fixed partial denture. The only area where male dentists were more often unsure was in diagnosis of malocclusions in developing dentition.ConclusionsThe gender differences in young dentists' confidence—which favoured male dentists—require further inquiries. More attention should be paid in dental education to constructively support students with differences in learning clinical skills.
Diagnostic imaging, surgical treatment and histopathological findings of a vascular hamartoma in a 2‐year‐old horse
Authors: Musterle B. , Hagen R. , Grest P. , Kümmerle J. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryWe describe a case of a 2‐year‐old mare that presented with a large firm swelling on the lateral aspect of the right tarsus. Diagnostic ultrasound demonstrated a fluid filled cavernous mass that was not clearly demarcated from the surrounding subcutaneous tissue. Contrast radiography with intralesional injection of contrast medium showed accumulation of the medium in the caverns of the mass and in the saphenous vein. Contrast enhanced computed tomography demonstrated 2 vascular meshes, one deep and one more superficially, closely associated with the mass. Surgical excision of the mass was performed and a vascular hamartoma was diagnosed based on histopathology. The horse showed no signs of recurrence 7 months after surgery.
Prediction of the likelihood of drug interactions with kinase inhibitors based on in vitro and computational studies
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Xin , Sun Jiazhi , Howell Caitlin E. , Zhou Qing‐Yu , He Zhi‐Xu , Yang Tianxin , Chew Helen , Duan Wei , Zhou Zhi‐Wei , Kanwar Jagat R. , Zhou Shu‐Feng 
Published: February 2014

AbstractKinase inhibitors (KIs) represent an important group of anticancer drugs, and many of them are substrates and inhibitors of human cytochrome P450s (CYPs), raising the potential of harmful drug interactions. This study investigated the effect of a library of KIs (n = 91) including 11 FDA‐approved KIs on human CYP1A2, 2D6, 2C9, and 3A4 using high‐throughput screening kits and the binding modes with CYPs using the Discovery Studio program 3.1. The KIs exhibited differential inhibitory effect on CYP1A2, 2D6, 2C9, and 3A4, while some of them showed activating effect on CYP2C9 and 3A4. For example, SP 600125 was a potent inhibitor for CYP1A2, but enhanced the activity of CYP2C9 fourfolds. Among the 80 KIs that are not used clinically, about 13% showed significant inhibition to CYPs. Nilotinib, sunitinib, and imatinib were found to be potent CYP1A2 inhibitor. Our docking studies have demonstrated the importance of multiple amino acid residues in the active sites of CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 in binding with various KIs. Finally, the in vitro data were used to predict potential KI–drug interactions. These findings indicate that many KIs can serve as CYP inhibitors, and further studies are needed to examine the clinical impact.
Larvae of the coral eating crown‐of‐thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci in a warmer‐high CO2 ocean
Authors: Kamya Pamela Z. , Dworjanyn Symon A. , Hardy Natasha , Mos Benjamin , Uthicke Sven , Byrne Maria 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOutbreaks of crown‐of‐thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, contribute to major declines of coral reef ecosystems throughout the Indo‐Pacific. As the oceans warm and decrease in pH due to increased anthropogenic CO2 production, coral reefs are also susceptible to bleaching, disease and reduced calcification. The impacts of ocean acidification and warming may be exacerbated by COTS predation, but it is not known how this major predator will fare in a changing ocean. Because larval success is a key driver of population outbreaks, we investigated the sensitivities of larval A. planci to increased temperature (2–4 °C above ambient) and acidification (0.3–0.5 pH units below ambient) in flow‐through cross‐factorial experiments (3 temperature × 3 pH/pCO2 levels). There was no effect of increased temperature or acidification on fertilization or very early development. Larvae reared in the optimal temperature (28 °C) were the largest across all pH treatments. Development to advanced larva was negatively affected by the high temperature treatment (30 °C) and by both experimental pH levels (pH 7.6, 7.8). Thus, planktonic life stages of A. planci may be negatively impacted by near‐future global change. Increased temperature and reduced pH had an additive negative effect on reducing larval size. The 30 °C treatment exceeded larval tolerance regardless of pH. As 30 °C sea surface temperatures may become the norm in low latitude tropical regions, poleward migration of A. planci may be expected as they follow optimal isotherms. In the absence of acclimation or adaptation, declines in low latitude populations may occur. Poleward migration will be facilitated by strong western boundary currents, with possible negative flow‐on effects on high latitude coral reefs. The contrasting responses of the larvae of A. planci and those of its coral prey to ocean acidification and warming are considered in context with potential future change in tropical reef ecosystems.
Effect of Filter Designs on Hydraulic Properties and Well Efficiency
Authors: Kim Byung‐Woo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTo analyze the effect of filter pack arrangement on the hydraulic properties and the well efficiency of a well design, a step drawdown was conducted in a sand‐filled tank model. Prior to the test, a single filter pack (SFP), granule only, and two dual filter packs (DFPs), type A (granule‐pebble) and type B (pebble‐granule), were designed to surround the well screen. The hydraulic properties and well efficiencies related to the filter packs were evaluated using the Hazen's, Eden‐Hazel's, Jacob's, and Labadie‐Helweg's methods. The results showed that the hydraulic properties and well efficiency of the DFPs were higher than those of a SFP, and the clogging effect and wellhead loss related to the aquifer material were the lowest owing to the grain size and the arrangement of the filter pack. The hydraulic conductivity of the DFPs types A and B was about 1.41 and 6.43 times that of a SFP, respectively. In addition, the well efficiency of the DFPs types A and B was about 1.38 and 1.60 times that of the SFP, respectively. In this study, hydraulic property and well efficiency changes were observed according to the variety of the filter pack used. The results differed from the predictions of previous studies on the grain‐size ratio. Proper pack‐aquifer ratios and filter pack arrangements are primary factors in the construction of efficient water wells, as is the grain ratio, intrinsic permeability (k), and hydraulic conductivity (K) between the grains of the filter packs and the grains of the aquifer.
Influence of Seasonal Variations in Sea Level on the Salinity Regime of a Coastal Groundwater–Fed Wetland
Authors: Wood Cameron , Harrington Glenn A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSeasonal variations in sea level are often neglected in studies of coastal aquifers; however, they may have important controls on processes such as submarine groundwater discharge, sea water intrusion, and groundwater discharge to coastal springs and wetlands. We investigated seasonal variations in salinity in a groundwater‐fed coastal wetland (the RAMSAR listed Piccaninnie Ponds in South Australia) and found that salinity peaked during winter, coincident with seasonal sea level peaks. Closer examination of salinity variations revealed a relationship between changes in sea level and changes in salinity, indicating that sea level–driven movement of the fresh water‐sea water interface influences the salinity of discharging groundwater in the wetland. Moreover, the seasonal control of sea level on wetland salinity seems to override the influence of seasonal recharge. A two‐dimensional variable density model helped validate this conceptual model of coastal groundwater discharge by showing that fluctuations in groundwater salinity in a coastal aquifer can be driven by a seasonal coastal boundary condition in spite of seasonal recharge/discharge dynamics. Because seasonal variations in sea level and coastal wetlands are ubiquitous throughout the world, these findings have important implications for monitoring and management of coastal groundwater–dependent ecosystems.
Mapping Potential Groundwater‐Dependent Ecosystems for Sustainable Management
Authors: Gou Si , Gonzales Susana , Miller Gretchen R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEcosystems which rely on either the surface expression or subsurface presence of groundwater are known as groundwater‐dependent ecosystems (GDEs). A comprehensive inventory of GDE locations at an appropriate management scale is a necessary first‐step for sustainable management of supporting aquifers; however, this information is unavailable for most areas of concern. To address this gap, this study created a two‐step algorithm which analyzed existing geospatial and remote sensing data to identify potential GDEs at both state/province and aquifer/basin scales. At the state/province scale, a geospatial information system (GIS) database was constructed for Texas, including climate, topography, hydrology, and ecology data. From these data, a GDE index was calculated, which combined vegetative and hydrological indicators. The results indicated that central Texas, particularly the Edwards Aquifer region, had highest potential to host GDEs. Next, an aquifer/basin scale remote sensing‐based algorithm was created to provide more detailed maps of GDEs in the Edwards Aquifer region. This algorithm used Landsat ETM+ and MODIS images to track the changes of NDVI for each vegetation pixel. The NDVI dynamics were used to identify the vegetation with high potential to use groundwater—such plants remain high NDVI during extended dry periods and also exhibit low seasonal and inter‐annual NDVI changes between dry and wet seasons/years. The results indicated that 8% of natural vegetation was very likely using groundwater. Of the potential GDEs identified, 75% were located on shallow soil averaging 45 cm in depth. The dominant GDE species were live oak, ashe juniper, and mesquite.
Radionuclide Transport Behavior in a Generic Geological Radioactive Waste Repository
Authors: Bianchi Marco , Liu Hui‐Hai , Birkholzer Jens T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe performed numerical simulations of groundwater flow and radionuclide transport to study the influence of several factors, including the ambient hydraulic gradient, groundwater pressure anomalies, and the properties of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ), on the prevailing transport mechanism (i.e., advection or molecular diffusion) in a generic nuclear waste repository within a clay‐rich geological formation. By comparing simulation results, we show that the EDZ plays a major role as a preferential flowpath for radionuclide transport. When the EDZ is not taken into account, transport is dominated by molecular diffusion in almost the totality of the simulated domain, and transport velocity is about 40% slower. Modeling results also show that a reduction in hydraulic gradient leads to a greater predominance of diffusive transport, slowing down radionuclide transport by about 30% with respect to a scenario assuming a unit gradient. In addition, inward flow caused by negative pressure anomalies in the clay‐rich formation further reduces transport velocity, enhancing the ability of the geological barrier to contain the radioactive waste. On the other hand, local high gradients associated with positive pressure anomalies can speed up radionuclide transport with respect to steady‐state flow systems having the same regional hydraulic gradients. Transport behavior was also found to be sensitive to both geometrical and hydrogeological parameters of the EDZ. Results from this work can provide useful knowledge toward correctly assessing the post‐closure safety of a geological disposal system.
Compilation and Review of 87Sr/86Sr and Stable Isotopes from Groundwater, Calcite Fracture Fillings, Mineral, and Whole‐Rock Sampling at Äspö, Sweden
Authors: Wallin Bill , Peterman Zell 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIntegrated isotopic and hydrochemical studies of groundwater at Äspö, Sweden, support mixing models involving deep saline water, low‐solute infiltration, and Baltic Sea water. Carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope analyses of calcite fracture fillings indicate that paleohydrologic conditions were different than those of today in terms of the isotopic composition of water flowing through fractures. Sr isotopes of whole‐rock and mineral (plagioclase, microcline, biotite, and epidote) samples are used to assess the effects of water‐rock interaction. Biotite is a major reactant in the early stages of water‐rock interaction. Strontium isotope systematics of groundwater from deep in the Hard Rock Laboratory, and underground research facility, and from low conductivity zones revealed a first order mixing line defined by a high‐chloride saline component with 66 mg/L Sr and an ancient sea water component with approximately 4.5 mg/L. Dilution with low salinity recharge has produced groundwater with variable Sr contents and 87Sr/86Sr values between 0.7186 and 0.7160. Differences between Äspö and Laxemar groundwater are shown by trends in Sr concentrations plotted against 87Sr/86Sr. The Äspö trend shows increasing 87Sr/86Sr values with increasing concentrations of Sr, whereas the Laxemar groundwater trend shows little variability in 87Sr/86Sr with increasing Sr concentrations. These trends are controlled by the differences in 87Sr/86Sr composition of the saline end members in the two areas.