bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do evolutionary constraints on thermal performance manifest at different organizational scales?
Authors: Phillips B. L. , Llewelyn J. , Hatcher A. , Macdonald S. , Moritz C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe two foremost hypotheses on the evolutionary constraints on an organism's thermal sensitivity – the hotter‐is‐better expectation, and the specialist–generalist trade‐off – have received mixed support from empirical studies testing for their existence. Could these conflicting results reflect confusion regarding the organizational level (i.e. species > population > individual) at which these constraints should manifest? We propose that these evolutionary constraints should manifest at different organizational levels because of differences in their underlying causes and requirements. The hotter‐is‐better expectation should only manifest across separate evolutionary units (e.g. species, populations), and not within populations. The specialist–generalist trade‐off, by contrast, should manifest within as well as between separate evolutionary units. We measured the thermal sensitivity of sprint performance for 440 rainforest sun skinks (Lampropholis coggeri) representing 10 populations, and used the resulting performance curves to test for evidence for the hypothesized constraints at two organizational levels: (i) across populations and (ii) within populations. As predicted, the hotter‐is‐better expectation was evident only at the across‐population level, whereas the specialist–generalist trade‐off was evident within, as well as across, populations. Our results suggest that, depending on the processes that drive them, evolutionary constraints can manifest at different organizational levels. Consideration of these underlying processes, and the organizational level at which a constraint should manifest, may help resolve conflicting empirical results.
Connecting thermal performance curve variation to the genotype: a multivariate QTL approach
Authors: Latimer C. A. L. , Foley B. R. , Chenoweth S. F. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThermal performance curves (TPCs) are continuous reaction norms that describe the relationship between organismal performance and temperature and are useful for understanding trade‐offs involved in thermal adaptation. Although thermal trade‐offs such as those between generalists and specialists or between hot‐ and cold‐adapted phenotypes are known to be genetically variable and evolve during thermal adaptation, little is known of the genetic basis toTPCs – specifically, the loci involved and the directionality of their effects across different temperatures. To address this, we took a multivariate approach, mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for locomotor activityTPCs in the fly,Drosophila serrata,using a panel of 76 recombinant inbred lines. The distribution of additive genetic (co)variance in the mapping population was remarkably similar to the distribution of mutational (co)variance for these traits. We detected 11TPC QTLin females and 4 in males. MultivariateQTLeffects were closely aligned with the major axes genetic (co)variation between temperatures; mostQTLeffects corresponded to variation for either overall increases or decreases in activity with a smaller number indicating possible trade‐offs between activity at high and low temperatures.QTLrepresenting changes in curve shape such as the ‘generalist–specialist’ trade‐off, thought key to thermal adaptation, were poorly represented in the data. We discuss these results in the light of genetic constraints on thermal adaptation.
Why get big in the cold? Size–fecundity relationships explain the temperature‐size rule in a pulmonate snail (Physa)
Authors: Arendt J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMost ectotherms follow a pattern of size plasticity known as the temperature‐size rule where individuals reared in cold environments are larger at maturation than those reared in warm environments. This pattern seems maladaptive because growth is slower in the cold so it takes longer to reach a large size. However, it may be adaptive if reaching a large size has a greater benefit in a cold than in a warm environment such as when size‐dependent mortality or size‐dependent fecundity depends on temperature. I present a theoretical model showing how a correlation between temperature and the size–fecundity relationship affects optimal size at maturation. I parameterize the model using data from a freshwater pulmonate snail from the genus Physa. Nine families were reared from hatching in one of three temperature regimes (daytime temperature of 22, 25 or 28 °C, night‐time temperature of 22 °C, under a 12L : 12D light cycle). Eight of the nine families followed the temperature‐size rule indicating genetic variation for this plasticity. As predicted, the size–fecundity relationship depended upon temperature; fecundity increases steeply with size in the coldest treatment, less steeply in the intermediate treatment, and shows no relationship with size in the warmest treatment. Thus, following the temperature‐size rule is adaptive for this species. Although rarely measured under multiple conditions, size–fecundity relationships seem to be sensitive to a number of environmental conditions in addition to temperature including local productivity, competition and predation. If this form of plasticity is as widespread as it appears to be, this model shows that such plasticity has the potential to greatly modify current life‐history theory.
Bacterial Counts and Oxidative Properties of Chicken Breast Inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium Exposed to Gaseous Ozone
Authors: Muhlisin  , Cho Youngjae , Choi Ji Hye , Hahn Tae‐Wook , Lee Sung Ki 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPoultry meats are highly perishable due to bacterial contamination; thus, elimination of bacterial contaminants is a challenge for food safety industry. This study was designed to evaluate the bacterial counts and oxidative properties of chicken breast contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) exposed to gaseous ozone during refrigerated storage. Slices of chicken breast were inoculated with ST by immersing them in peptone water containing 1.0 × 107 cfu of ST per milliliter peptone water. Samples were placed in a container with normal air (no ozone) or in a container equipped with an ozone generator that produce a continuous flux of ozone (10 × 10−6 kg O3/m3/h) and negative ions. Gaseous ozone exposure significantly reduced ST and the total aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts during storage compared with the nontreatment group (P < 0.05). Gaseous ozone exposure significantly reduced CIE L* and increased CIE b* surface color values after 3 and 2 days of storage, respectively (P < 0.05). Gaseous ozone exposure significantly inhibited catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity after 3 days (P < 0.05). A higher TBARS (2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) value (P < 0.05) was found in chicken breast subjected to ozone exposure after 3 days of storage. In conclusion, gaseous ozone exposure reduced the bacterial counts in chicken breast from the beginning of the study and affected the oxidative properties on the last day of the study.Practical ApplicationsThis study shows that gaseous ozone exposure can be used as an antimicrobial agent for refrigerated meat. This information will be useful in the development of an effective ozone generator inside a refrigerator. Further studies regarding the appropriate ozone concentrations are needed.
Hot Water Shrinkage as a Post‐Lethal Intervention against Listeria Monocytogenes: Preliminary Assessment in a Turkey‐Based Virginia Ham Model
Authors: Delgado Suárez Enrique Jesús , Chairéz Espinosa Aldebarán , Sierra Gómez pedroso Luz Del Carmen , Rodas Suárez Oscar , Quiñones Ramírez Elsa Irma , Rubio Lozano María Salud 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis preliminary laboratory trial evaluated the potential of hot water shrinkage to reduce post‐lethal surface contamination by Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) in a turkey‐based Virginia ham model. We inoculated triplicate of ham slices (10 cm2, 2‐cm thick) with 105 cfu/cm2 of Lm (ATCC 19114). Subsequently, they were vacuum‐packaged and placed in a thermostated water bath at 75, 80, 85 and 90C for 0, 20, 25 and 30 s. Treatment at 75–85C for up to 30 s did not affect Lm survival, while nearly 4‐log reduction was observed at 90C for 30 s. The strong correlation (r = 0.9685–0.9891) between results and estimated lethalities (from previous inactivation data) highlights the potential of the 90C/30 s regimen as an effective post‐lethal intervention. However, these results should be used with caution as they may vary under different industry conditions. Further research is needed to develop an appropriate pathogen reduction model for this process.Practical ApplicationsHot water shrinkage has a promising application in controlling post‐lethal surface contamination by Listeria monocytogenes in some deli meats. This intervention is likely to be cheaper than regular post‐package pasteurization. It is also feasible, from a productivity standpoint, in many medium‐sized companies. The latter may work only for products with a smooth surface and a composition similar to that of the turkey‐based Virginia ham tested in this study.
Electron microscopy of quantum dots
Authors: WALTHER T. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThis brief review describes the different types of semiconductor quantum dot systems, their main applications and which types of microscopy methods are used to characterize them. Emphasis is put on the need for a comprehensive investigation of their size distribution, microstructure, chemical composition, strain state and electronic properties, all of which influence the optical properties and can be measured by different types of imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy methods in an electron microscope.
Post‐traumatic stress symptoms in Guillain–Barré syndrome patients after prolonged mechanical ventilation in ICU: a preliminary report
Authors: Le Guennec Loïc , Brisset Marion , Viala Karine , Essardy Fatiha , Maisonobe Thierry , Rohaut Benjamin , Demeret Sophie , Bolgert Francis , Weiss Nicolas 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThirty percent of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) patients require mechanical ventilation (MV) in intensive care unit (ICU). Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is found in ICU survivors, and the traumatic aspects of intubation and MV have been previously reported as risk factors for PTSD after ICU. Our objective was to determine long‐term PTSD or post‐traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in GBS patients after prolonged MV in ICU. We assessed GBS patients who had MV for more than 2 months. PTSD was assessed using Horowitz Impact of Event Scale (IES), IES‐Revisited (IES‐R), and the Post‐traumatic CheckList Scale; functional outcome using Rankin and Barthel scales; quality of life (QoL) using Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) and depression using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and Beck questionnaire. Thirteen patients could be identified and analyzed. They had only mild disability. They were neither anxious nor depressed with an anxiety HAD at 5 (4–11.5), a depression HAD at 1 (0–3.5) and a Beck at 1 (0–5). QoL was mildly decreased in our population with a NHP at 78.5 (12.8–178.8) and mild decreased SF‐36. Compared with the French population, the SF‐36 sub‐categories were, however, not statistically different. Twenty‐two percentage of our 13 patients had PTSD and PTSS with a Horowitz IES at 12 (2–29), and an IES‐R at 16 (2–34.5). Although severe GBS patients requiring prolonged MV had good functional recovery and no difference in QoL, they had a high incidence of PTSS.
Tax Principles and Tariff‐Tax Reforms under International Oligopoly
Authors: FUJIWARA KENJI 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn a two‐country duopoly model, this paper compares destination‐ and origin‐based commodity taxes adjusted to tariff reductions so that the world price and foreign welfare remain unaltered. We first find that this tariff‐tax reform reduces domestic welfare under the destination principle while the opposite holds under the origin principle. Then, it is shown that this ranking is reversed if exports are taxed. In short, which is preferable between destination and origin taxes depends on the tax principle and which between imports and exports are taxed.
Effect of yeast with bacteriocin from rumen bacteria on laying performance, blood biochemistry, faecal microbiota and egg quality of laying hens
Authors: Wang H. T. , Shih W. Y. , Chen S. W. , Wang S. Y. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of yeast with bacteriocin from Ruminococcus albus 7 (albusin B) on physiological state and production performance of laying hens. One hundred and twenty 26‐week‐old Single Comb White Leghorn (Hyline) laying hens were assigned into five groups including: (i) control group, (ii) yeast control (YC), (iii) 0.125% yeast with bacteriocin (0.125B), (iv) 0.25% yeast with bacteriocin (0.25B) and (v) 0.5% yeast with bacteriocin (0.5B). All supplements were added to the experimental diets of the hens from 26 to 46 weeks of age. Samples were collected every 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein for blood biochemical parameters assay, and faecal samples were collected by swab for the microbiota test. The egg production performance was recorded daily, and fresh eggs were collected for quality test. The blood biochemical assay results indicated that the addition of yeast with bacteriocin decreased the AST (aspartate aminotransferase) activity and it also affects the lactate concentration in laying hen blood. The result of egg quality indicated that yeast with bacteriocin supplementation had no effect on the mass of yolk and the strength of eggshell, but it had positive effect on the laying performance under hot environment. Low concentration bacteriocin (0.125B) supplementation could decrease total yolk cholesterol. The faecal microbiota result indicated that the supplementation of bacteriocin increased the lactobacilli counts. The yeast with bacteriocin supplementation significantly decreased the clostridia counts under hot environment condition, especially in hens receiving 0.25B. Combining the data from clinic chemistry, faecal microbiota, egg production and egg quality, the 0.25B supplementation may result in the best physiological parameter and egg production performance of laying hen.
Survey and Risk Factors for Lower Urinary Tract Storage Symptoms in Middle‐Aged and Older Stroke Patients in Urban China
Authors: TIAN Yudong , GUAN Yanbin , WEN Jianguo , SHANG Xiaoping , LI Jinsheng , WANG Yan 
Published: November 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in people with stroke. This was the first study that systematically surveyed the risk factors for LUTS in people with various lengths of stroke history in urban Chinese communities.MethodsA community‐based, cross‐sectional study was performed on 1404 residents aged over 40 years, randomly selected in the urban area of Zhengzhou, China. A questionnaire including the subjects' general health information, sociodemographic background, medical history, and the overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) was filled by the subjects on site.ResultsData from 706 (63.8.9 ± 8.9 years old) stroke subjects and 698 non‐stroke subjects were analyzed. The prevalence of LUTS in stroke subjects was 62.6%, significantly higher than non‐stroke subjects. The prevalence in men was higher than women (P < 0.01). The stroke subjects with diabetes mellitus had higher odds for LUTS than those without diabetes (P < 0.05). The prevalence of LUTS was also significantly correlated with increasing age, high educational level, living alone, snoring, hypertension and coronary heart diseases (P < 0.01).ConclusionsOur study identified not only putative risk factors for LUTS in middle‐aged and elderly stroke patients, but genuine factors including snoring, living environment and educational background that increased the odds of storage symptoms as well. We identified that regular exercise and living with their children were protective factors for storage symptoms in stroke patients.
Population structure over a broad spatial scale driven by nonanthropogenic factors in a wide‐ranging migratory mammal, Alaskan caribou
Authors: Mager Karen H. , Colson Kevin E. , Groves Pam , Hundertmark Kris J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWide‐ranging mammals face significant conservation threats, and knowledge of the spatial scale of population structure and its drivers is needed to understand processes that maintain diversity in these species. We analysed DNA from 655 Alaskan caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) from 20 herds that vary in population size, used 19 microsatellite loci to document genetic diversity and differentiation in Alaskan caribou, and examined the extent to which genetic differentiation was associated with hypothesized drivers of population subdivision including landscape features, population size and ecotype. We found that Alaskan caribou are subdivided into two hierarchically structured clusters: one group on the Alaska Peninsula containing discrete herds and one large group on the Mainland lacking differentiation between many herds. Population size, geographic distance, migratory ecotype and the Kvichak River at the nexus of the Alaska Peninsula were associated with genetic differentiation. Contrary to previous hypotheses, small Mainland herds were often differentiated genetically from large interconnected herds nearby, and genetic drift coupled with reduced gene flow may explain this pattern. Our results raise the possibility that behaviour helps to maintain genetic differentiation between some herds of different ecotypes. Alaskan caribou show remarkably high diversity and low differentiation over a broad geographic scale. These results increase information for the conservation of caribou and other migratory mammals threatened by population reductions and landscape barriers and may be broadly applicable to understanding the spatial scale and ecological drivers of population structure in widespread species.
Structure‐Based Algorithms for Microvessel Classification
Authors: Smith Amy F. , Secomb Timothy W. , Pries Axel R. , Smith Nicolas P. , Shipley Rebecca J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveRecent developments in high‐resolution imaging techniques have enabled digital reconstruction of three‐dimensional sections of microvascular networks down to the capillary scale. To better interpret these large data sets, our goal is to distinguish branching trees of arterioles and venules from capillaries.MethodsTwo novel algorithms are presented for classifying vessels in microvascular anatomical data sets without requiring flow information. The algorithms are compared with a classification based on observed flow directions (considered the gold standard), and with an existing resistance‐based method that relies only on structural data.ResultsThe first algorithm, developed for networks with one arteriolar and one venular tree, performs well in identifying arterioles and venules and is robust to parameter changes, but incorrectly labels a significant number of capillaries as arterioles or venules. The second algorithm, developed for networks with multiple inlets and outlets, correctly identifies more arterioles and venules, but is more sensitive to parameter changes.ConclusionsThe algorithms presented here can be used to classify microvessels in large microvascular data sets lacking flow information. This provides a basis for analyzing the distinct geometrical properties and modelling the functional behavior of arterioles, capillaries, and venules.
Haemodynamics during dialysis and cognitive performance
Authors: Wolfgram Dawn F. , Sunio Lily , Vogt Elisabeth , Smith Heather M. , Visotcky Alexis , Laud Purushottam , Whittle Jeff 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackground and AimsPersons receiving haemodialysis (HD) are at increased risk of cognitive impairment (CI). Since blood pressure (BP) fluctuations during HD may affect cerebral perfusion – and subsequently cognitive function – we examined the relationship between dialytic BP fluctuation and cognitive outcomes.MethodsWe included HD patients without diagnosed dementia who were 50 years or older. Using established methods, we classified participants' in CI categories (none to mild and moderate to severe) based on results of a neurocognitive battery. We collected demographic and laboratory data from dialysis unit records, as well as all BP measurements from 12 dialysis sessions. We tested the association between CI and BP fluctuation, adjusting for demographic and laboratory variables.ResultsOur study enrolled 39 patients; 25 had moderate to severe CI. The normal to mild CI group and the moderate to severe patients had similar degrees of BP fluctuation (average minimum systolic BP (SBP): 107.6 ± 18.7 vs 110.2 ± 18.6 mmHg, maximum drop in SBP: 32.6 ± 10.2 vs 35.4 ± 15.0 mmHg; proportion of sessions with SBP < 90 mmHg: 0.2 ± 0.3 vs 0.2 ± 0.3; average change in SBP, pre to post HD: 10.2 ± 12.4 vs 11.8 ± 16.4 mmHg, all P > 0.55). There was no association between BP variables and performance on individual cognitive tests. Multivariable analysis showed that older age and non‐Caucasian race were associated with a reduction in cognitive scores.ConclusionsThere was no cross‐sectional association between dialytic BP changes and cognitive performance.
Early withdrawal of calcineurin inhibitor from a sirolimus‐based immunosuppression stabilizes fibrosis and the transforming growth factor‐β signalling pathway in kidney transplant
Authors: Rivelli Regiane F , Gonçalves Renato T , Leite Maurilo , Santos Marcos André R , Delgado Alvimar G , Cardoso Lucio R , Takiya Christina M 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimThe focus in renal transplantation is to increase long‐term allograft survival. One of the limiting factors is calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)‐induced fibrosis. This study attempted to examine the histological aspect of interstitial fibrosis and the modulation of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) canonical signalling pathway following early withdrawal of CNI from sirolimus‐based immunosuppressive therapy.MethodsForty‐five kidney transplant recipients with low‐medium immunologic risk were randomized and underwent protocol biopsies obtained at the time of transplantation and at 3 and 12 months thereafter. The recipients were taking tacrolimus, sirolimus and prednisone. After the 3rd month, patients were randomized into two groups: sirolimus (SRL) (removed CNI and increased sirolimus) and tacrolimus (TAC) (maintained CNI). Renal biopsies were analyzed according to Banff's 2007 criteria. The sum of Banff's ct and ci constituted the chronicity index. Fibrosis was evaluated by the histomorphometrical analysis of the total collagen and myofibroblast deposition. Immunohistochemical characterization and quantification of TGF‐β, TGF‐β receptor 1 (TGF‐β‐R1), receptor 2 (TGF‐β‐R2) and phospho‐Smad2/3 (p‐Smad2/3) were performed.ResultsMaintenance of CNI was associated with the increase of the surface density of collagen and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), (P = 0.001). Furthermore, increased TGF‐β (P = 0.02), TGF‐β‐R1 (P = 0.02), p‐Smad2/3 (P = 0.03) and stabilized TGF‐β‐R2. On the other hand, the removal of CNI with increase in the dose of sirolimus limited the enhancement of the chronicity index at 12 m (SRL, 2.18 vs TAC, 3.12, P = 0.0007), diminished the deposition of fibrosis and promoted the stabilization of TGF‐β, TGF‐β‐R2, p‐Smad2/3 and myofibroblasts as well as the reduction of TGF‐β‐R1 (P = 0.01).ConclusionThe early withdrawal of CNI limited the fibrosis progression through the stabilization of chronicity index and of the canonical TGF‐β signalling pathway.