bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pareto simulated annealing for the design of experiments: illustrated by a gene expression study
Authors: Sanchez Penny , Glonek Gary , Metcalfe Andrew 
Published: February 2013

Abstract Experimental design is concerned with the problem of allocating resources within an experiment to ensure that objectives of the experiment are achieved at the minimum cost. This paper focuses on the generation of optimal or near-optimal designs for large and complex experiments where it is infeasible to carry out an ex- haustive search of the design space. Optimal designs for gene expression studies, aimed at investigating the behaviour of genes, are considered, where the optimality criterion employed is Pareto optimality. We develop an adaptation of the metaheuris- tic method of Pareto simulated annealing to generate an approximation to the set of Pareto optimal designs for large and complex experiments. We develop algorithms that utilise response surface methodology to search systematically for the optimal values of parameters associated with Pareto simulated annealing and performance is evaluated using quality measures.
Bayesian-Based Methods for the Estimation of the Unknown Model’s Parameters in the Case of the Localization of the Atmospheric Contamination Source
Authors: Borysiewicz M. , Wawrzynczak A. , Kopka P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn many areas of application it is important to estimate unknown model parameters in order to model precisely the underlying dynamics of a physical system. In this context the Bayesian approach is a powerful tool to combine observed data along with prior knowledge to gain a current (probabilistic) understanding of unknown model parameters. We have applied the methodology combining Bayesian inference with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to the problem of the atmospheric contaminant source localization. The algorithm input data are the on-line arriving information about concentration of given substance registered by distributed sensor network. We have examined different version of the MCMC algorithms in effectiveness to estimate the probabilistic distributions of atmospheric release parameters. The results indicate the probability of a source to occur at a particular location with a particular release rate.
Is Usage of a Wellness Center Associated with Improved Quality of Life?
Authors: Clark Matthew M. , Jenkins Sarah M. , Limoges Katherine A. , Hagen Philip T. , Lackore Kandace A. , Harris Ann M. , Werneburg Brooke L. , Warren Beth A. , Olsen Kerry D. 
Published: February 2013

Purpose. There is limited documentation regarding the potential quality of life (QOL) benefits associated with use of a worksite wellness center. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between potential QOL change and use of a worksite wellness center during a 12-month period. Design. Analysis of an annual QOL wellness center member survey and wellness center use during a 12-month time period. Setting. A worksite wellness center. Participants. A total of 1151 employee wellness center members, average age of 39.5 years, 69.7% female, and 43.5% reported being overweight. Intervention. Members of the worksite wellness center have access to a range of fitness options, including exercise classes, water aerobics, an indoor track, strength training, and aerobic conditioning equipment. Additionally, nutritional classes are offered, and there is a wellness café. For resiliency, members can participate in wellness coaching or a stress-reduction group program. Method. Participants completed a baseline QOL survey and a second QOL survey 1 year later. An electronic entry system tracked use of the wellness center. Results. Participants were divided into four wellness center use quartiles: low users (less than once every 2 weeks), below-average users, above-average users, and high users (two to three visits per week). High users reported experiencing improvements in their physical QOL (p < .0001) compared with the low users. Additionally, low users experienced a greater decline in their mental QOL (p = .05) compared with high users. Conclusion. In a large sample of employees, use of a wellness center during a 12-month period was associated with benefits for physical QOL. QOL is an important domain of wellness; therefore, in addition to measuring physiologic changes, examining potential QOL changes may be another important outcome measure for wellness centers.
Physical Environmental Attributes and Active Transportation in Belgium: What about Adults and Adolescents Living in the Same Neighborhoods?
Authors: Van Dyck Delfien , De Meester Femke , Cardon Greet , Deforche Benedicte , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse 
Published: February 2013

Purpose. To examine if adults and adolescents living in the same high- and low-walkable neighborhoods have different environmental perceptions and if this is reflected in distinct associations between environmental perceptions and active transportation. Design. Cross-sectional study with observational design. Setting. In Ghent, 24 neighborhoods were selected, stratified on objectively assessed walkability, and matched on neighborhood income. This resulted in four walkability/income quadrants, each consisting of six neighborhoods. Subjects. Living in the 24 neighborhoods were 1166 adults (20–65 years, 52.1% women) and 477 adolescents (13–15 years, 49.7% girls). Measures. All participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the International (adults) or Flemish (adolescents) Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale. Analysis. Multilevel (two-level: participant-neighborhood) moderated regression models, using MLwiN 2.23. Results. Both adults and adolescents living in objectively high-walkable neighborhoods perceived their environment as more activity friendly than their low-walkable neighborhoods counterparts (11 out of 13 main effects walkability: p < .05). However, perceived residential density (p < .05), land use mix (p < .01), safety for cycling (p < .05), and perceived walkability (p < .001) were associated with active transportation only in adults. Conclusion. Different environmental intervention strategies are probably needed to increase active transportation in Belgian adults and adolescents living in the same neighborhoods. In adults, changing objective or perceived environmental characteristics might be effective, whereas in adolescents, the current environmental focus should be changed towards multidimensional research.
Evaluation and Improvement of Methods for Detecting Intergranular Corrosion Susceptibility in Aluminum Alloys
Authors: KETCHAM SARA J. , BECK WALTER 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Present methods for determining susceptibility to intergranular corrosion in aluminum-zinc alloys were considered inadequate and attempts were made to improve or refine them. NaCl-H2O2 and electrolytic tests and modifications were studied. Results obtained with electrolytic method showed good correlation with results of NaCl-H2O2 test. The latter is believed to be more sensitive under optimum conditions, but the variables inherent in the use of H2O2 are difficult to control. Electrochemical processes by which the various methods accelerate intergranular corrosion are discussed. Modification of the present inspection method is recommended, and a quantitative method for assessing degree of severity of intergranular penetration suggested.
2.3.5
Corrosion Problems in a Refinery Diethanolamine System
Authors: MOORE KENNETH L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Various corrosion problems are described which have occurred in a large diethanolamine (DEA) system that removes hydrogen sulfide from refinery gas streams and a liquid propane-butane stream. These include reboiler corrosion, rich DEA corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion-erosion. The effect of the problems on system operation is discussed, as well as the means of minimizing the problems. Electrical resistance measuring device data indicate the importance of keeping the solution loading below 0.34 mol of acid gas (H2S + CO2) per mol of DEA to minimize the corrosion in the rich DEA. Data from this source also show the relationship between general reboiler corrosion and solution contamination. 8.4.3
Corrosion of Metals in Tropical Environments
Authors: SOUTHWELL C. R. , FORGESON B. W. , ALEXANDER A. L 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper discusses the corrosion of Aston process wrought iron when exposed to five natural environments in the tropics. Data are reported covering an exposure period of eight years during which the metal was immersed at mean tide and continuously in fresh water and in the sea. Data are presented also from atmospheric exposures including both marine and inland atmospheres. Results indicate that corrosion (measured by weight loss) in fresh water is about equal to that which occurs at mean tide, while corrosion proceeds at the greatest rate during continuous immersion in the sea. Millscale on wrought iron accelerates pitting most severely on metal immersed continuously in the sea, although to a lesser degree than structural steel similarly exposed. It is suggested further that during the earlier exposure of wrought iron and mild steel to tropical water there is little difference in the rates at which the two metals corrode. After eight years, however, the steel shows a significantly greater weight loss. The corrosion of metallic couples of wrought iron and carbon steel in both fresh water and sea water is discussed. 4.2.7
New Developments in the Mitigation of Corrosion Sn the Utility Field
Authors: THALMANN E. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The use of distributed high silicon cast iron anodes for corrosion protection of an underground lead-covered cable distribution system is discussed. Electrolytic zinc cells for use on pipe-type cables and for control of induced voltages on pipelines also are considered.
The use of well-type ground beds for cathodic protection of buried metallic structures at generating stations is described, and methods of protection of silicon rectifiers from damage because of surges are explained. The use of concrete as a coating on steel structures in shielded areas of cathodically protected complex systems is described. Other topics discussed include condenser water-box corrosion and dangers from stray current discharges.
The use of zinc rich paint for protection of steel in certain situations is covered. Comparisons are made with conventional primers. 5.2.1
Use of High Silicon Cast Iron for Anodes
Authors:   A Report of Technical Unit Committee T-2B, Prepared by NACE Task Group T-2B-4 On High Silicon Cost Iron Amodles
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Data are tabulated from questionnaire replies received from more than 100 companies pertaining to use of high silicon cast iron for anodes. Of the 230 installations for which data were reported, 53 percent concerned ground bed applications, 37 percent fresh water and 10 percent salt water.
In general, data indicate high silicon cast iron anodes are at least equal to graphite anodes in ground bed applications where coke breeze backfill is utilized and superior in marshland and other areas where backfill is impractical. In fresh water applications high silicon cast iron anodes perform very well so long as the temperature does not exceed 125 F. At high temperatures the molybdenum containing alloy is preferred as is also the case in many brackish or salt water applications where the temperature may exceed 100 F. 6.2.2
Effects of Velocity on Corrosion
Authors: COPSON H. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Discusses effects of velocity of fluids on corrosion rate of metals. Explains relation between corrosion rate factors and velocity and velocity effect on corrosion of iron and other metals. Also discusses galvanic effects produced by changes in velocity. Includes discussion of erosion corrosion of iron, copper alloy and other alloys plus explanation of cavitation corrosion. 3.5.11
Application of Anodic Protection in the Chemical Industry
Authors: SHOCK D. A. , RIGGS O. L , SUDBURY J. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper presents the factors which are important to consider in evaluating a given metal-electrolyte system for the application of anodic protection. The general requirements are discussed first, and then a number of examples are given. The anodic protection process is applicable to highly conductive solutions which exhibit the property of establishing a passive range with the metal in question. In general, the oxy acids, the bases and the salts are applicable. The greatest class exclusion are those solutions containing the halogens. The effects of temperature, type of alloy and economic aspects of the system are discussed. Data is presented to show that used with the 18/8 stainless steels the anodic protection process could be applied to HNO3, H3PO4, NaOH. Al3(SO4)2 and NH4 NO3 solutions.
5.9.4
Influence of Cold Work on Hydrogen Behavior in Steel
Authors: HUDSON R. M. , RIEDY K. J. , STRAGAND G. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Discusses an investigation which shows that cold work markedly affects hydrogen's entry, solubility and desorption rate in steel. Also clarifies effect of processing variables on hydrogen behavior in steel. Includes discussion of materials, apparatus, environmental conditions and procedures used in experiments. 3.7.3
The Analysis and Composition Of Aluminum Corrosion Products
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-3Bon Corrosion Products
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The various techniques applicable to investigation of aluminum corrosion products are discussed. Analytical procedures suitable for the determination of the various constituents in aluminum products are outlined. Methods reported include X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescense, differential thermal analysis,, electrographic methods, spectrographs analysis, microscopic examination, and qualitative and quantitative tests. Analytical data are presented for a number of corrosion products investigated. A study is made of corrosion products found in the following environments: fresh water, sea water and the atmosphere. Other topics discussed include presence of copper and mercury in aluminum corrosion products, pH of surface and water extract, and effect of chlorides. Data reported include effect of sea velocity on composition of corrosion products formed in 99.5 percent aluminum tubing, constituent/alumina ratios for sea water pipe products and composition of corrosion products of different alloys exposed in various industrial atmospheres. 3.4.3
Kinetics of Absorption by Metals of Hydrogen From Water and Aqueous Solutions
Authors: OWE BERG T. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The kinetics of absorption of hydrogen in corrosion is treated on the basis of a mechanism previously proposed for the absorption of hydrogen from H2 gas. Rate formulae are derived and compared with experimental data. On certain simple assumptions, a parabolic or a cubic rate law is derived for an initial period, during which absorption of hydrogen occurs. This rate law is succeeded by a linear rate law when the metal is saturated with hydrogen. The rate in acid solutions is proportional to the square root or the cube root of the acid concentration. The rate in water vapor is proportional to the square root of the water vapor pressure or independent of the water vapor pressure. 3.8.4
Current and Potential Relations For the Cathodic Protection of Steel In a High Resistivity Environment
Authors: SCHWERDTFEGER W. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In order to evaluate potential and current criteria for the cathodic protection of bare low-carbon steel in a high-resistivity environment, specimens were exposed in the laboratory for a period of two months to a soil having a resistivity of about 20,000 ohm-centimeter. Previous work in low-resistivity environments has shown that corrosion can be reduced to a negligible degree by polarizing a steel structure to —0.85 volt (protective potential) with reference to a copper-copper sulfate electrode. In such studies, cathodic polarization curves have also been shown to be useful in indicating the current density required for cathodic protection.
In the present study the above criteria were again evaluated. In addition to protecting the steel at the protective potential (free of IR drop), the effect on protection of including IR drop caused by the protective current was also noted. Also, cathodic polarization curves were obtained on a recorder in conjunction with a bridge circuit to eliminate the IR drop.
The results show that the best degree of protection was achieved on the specimen controlled at —0.77 volt (without IR) with reference to a saturated calomel half-cell. This is approximately equivalent to the protective potential —0.85 volt with reference to the copper-copper sulfate electrode. Applied current indicated by the break (change-in-slope) in the cathodic polarization curve agreed reasonably well with the actual current necessary to maintain polarization at —0.77 volt (free of IR).
The current required for protection was about three times the magnitude of the corrosion current; therefore, the corrosion reaction was either under anodic control (unlike previous studies) or an equivalent type of control which was caused by high resistance at anodic areas. 5.2.4
Effect of Chromium Depleted Surface On Corrosion Behavior of Type 430 Stainless Steel
Authors: TRAX R. V. , HOLZWARTH J. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Loss of chromium during steel mill processing is discussed together with the effect of this chromium depleted surface on atmospheric corrosion. A bench test for rapidly identifying the presence of chromium depleted surface is described and correlated with outdoor exposure tests. From laboratory studies cited several methods of overcoming this chromium depleted condition in Type 430 stainless steel are apparent. These methods include the use of a longer annealing cycle, a more complete pickling treatment alter each high speed anneal, and mechanical abrasion of the surface. 8.8.5
Corrosion Control in Petroleum Refineries Processing Western Canadian Crude Oils
Authors: EASTON C. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion problems encountered m petroleum refineries processing Western Canadian crude oils, and the methods used to overcome them, are outlined. Hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur compounds, together with hydrochloric acid formed from chlorides in the water associated with the crude oils, are the chief factors in the corrosion of crude distillation units. Preventive measures include desalting, use of alloy materials, neutralization of the hydrochloric acid, and the use of film forming organic inhibitors.
Corrosion in catalytic cracking light ends equipment is attributed to nitrogen compounds and cyanides. Water washing to reduce cyanide concentration,, the use of film-forming inhibitors, and the use of corrosion resistant materials are used with success to reduce the severity of the attack.
In catalytic reforming units, the problem of high temperature hydrogen sulfide corrosion is overcome by removing the sulfur in a feed preparation unit. Embrittlement of carbon steel by high temperature, high pressure hydrogen is a potential hazard in reforming units, but can be prevented by the use of refractory linings or low alloy steels containing chromium and molybdenum. Under certain conditions, strong acids are formed in these units creating further corrosion problems at temperatures below the dew point. 8.4.3
Hydrogen Corrosion in Organic Reactor Coolants
Authors: TROUTNER V. H. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Zirconium and Zircaloy-2 were exposed to organic reactor coolants at temperatures up to 400 C under various conditions of constant hydrogen partial pressure and low water concentration. The hydriding of zirconium was found to be independent of the presence of the organic coolant and dependent on the temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, and the presence of an oxide film on the metal. 6.3.20
High Temperature Corrosion Problems In the Reduction of Nickel Copper Ores
Authors: LAW R. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
A review is given of certain high temperature corrosion problems involved in the reduction of Canadian-mined nickel copper ores. Emphasis is placed on the proper selection of materials for various pieces of mining and processing equipment. Among the pieces of equipment discussed are roasters (superimposed on reverberatory furnaces), converters, lute caps, piping, drag line conveyors, sinter machines and hot crusher rolls. Materials of construction tested include cast iron, cast 28 chromium-3 nickel, 25 chromium-12 nickel, ductile iron, 13 chromium-0 nickel, 26 chromium-46 nickel-5 tungsten, and Types 431 and 410 stainless steels. 8.10.3
Cathodic Protection of Prestressed Concrete Pipe
Authors: UNZ M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Prestressed concrete pipe has the reinforcement either partly embedded in the concrete core or totally placed over the core under a cement mortar cover. Lines of the latter type are bonded at the steel joint rings to provide for electrical continuity. With the aid of insulating joints at junction points, adequate control of galvanic currents is ensured. The lines also have the advantage of being suitable for cathodic protection.
From an analysis of the line constants it follows that higher drainage current densities are required for this kind of pipe than in bituminous coated systems. The feeding points must be spaced closer due to stronger attenuation. Nevertheless cathodic protection can be economically applied under corrosive conditions. A field example has been described; constructional details also are given and design methods numerically discussed. 5.2.1
Industrial Maintenance Painting Program
Authors:   A Report of NACE Technical Unit Committee T-6D,   On Industrial Maintenance Painting, Prepared by Task Group T-SD-3 on Paint Programs
Published: February 2013

Abstract
An outline is given of current industrial practices in establishing and sustaining industrial maintenance painting programs. Specific areas of the program covered in detail include administration, specification (materials, equipment and methods), application, inspection and evaluation. Attention is given here to such matters as organization for industrial maintenance painting, cost factors, supply of materials, training programs, safety, and evaluation of environment. Data received from questionnaire replies are tabulated. Organizational charts used in carrying out actual painting programs are reproduced.
Correlation of Corrosion In a Crude Distillation Unit With Chemistry of the Crudes
Authors: PIEHL R. L 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Of the many factors affecting corrosion rates in a crude distillation unit, the one of greatest importance is the tendency for a crude oil to liberate hydrogen sulfide upon being heated. A test procedure has been developed in which the hydrogen sulfide evolution from a crude is quantitatively measured as a function of temperature. Data are presented correlating corrosion rates in various parts of a crude unit with the hydrogen sulfide evolution characteristics of the crude being processed. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that corrosion rates in many parts of a crude distillation unit can be predicted with reasonable accuracy on the basis of hydrogen sulfide evolution and other chemical characteristics of the crude oil. 8.4.3