bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current patterns of water and beverage consumption among Mexican children and adolescents aged 1–18 years: analysis of the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012
Authors: Piernas Carmen , Barquera Simon , Popkin Barry M 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate patterns of water consumption from plain water, beverages and foods among Mexican children and adolescents and to compare actual patterns of total daily water intake with the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI).DesignWe analysed one 24 h dietary recall from Mexican children and adolescents. We calculated intakes of total daily water and water from foods and from beverages. Actual total water intake per capita was subtracted from the DRI for water to calculate the shortfall.SettingMexican National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2012.SubjectsMexican children and adolescents (n6867) aged 1–18 years.ResultsApproximately 73 % of children and adolescents aged 1–18 years reported drinking plain water. Beverages and plain water represented 65·5 % and 26·5 % of total daily water intake, respectively. Among 1–3-year-olds, the top three main sources of water were from foods, plain water and water from plain milk. Among 4–8- and 9–13-year-olds, the main sources were from foods, plain water andagua fresca(fruit water). Among 14–18-year-olds, the main sources of water were plain water, water from foods and soda. A higher proportion of 1–3-year-olds and 4–8-year-olds met the DRI for water (38 % and 29 %, respectively). Among 9–13-year-olds and 14–18-year-olds, 13–19 % of children met the DRI for water.ConclusionsTotal daily water intakes remain below DRI levels in all age groups. Although plain water still contributes the greatest proportion to daily water intake among fluids, caloric beverages are currently major sources of water especially among older children and adolescents.
Fabrication of crystals from single metal atoms
Authors: Barry Nicolas P. E. , Pitto-Barry Anaïs , Sanchez Ana M. , Dove Andrew P. , Procter Richard J. , Soldevila-Barreda Joan J. , Kirby Nigel , Hands-Portman Ian , Smith Corinne J. , O’Reilly Rachel K. , Beanland Richard , Sadler Peter J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMetal nanocrystals offer new concepts for the design of nanodevices with a range of potential applications. Currently the formation of metal nanocrystals cannot be controlled at the level of individual atoms. Here we describe a new general method for the fabrication of multi-heteroatom-doped graphitic matrices decorated with very small, ångström-sized, three-dimensional (3D)-metal crystals of defined size. We irradiate boron-rich precious-metal-encapsulated self-spreading polymer micelles with electrons and produce, in real time, a doped graphitic support on which individual osmium atoms hop and migrate to form 3D-nanocrystals, as small as 15 Å in diameter, within 1 h. Crystal growth can be observed, quantified and controlled in real time. We also synthesize the first examples of mixed ruthenium–osmium 3D-nanocrystals. This technology not only allows the production of ångström-sized homo- and hetero-crystals, but also provides new experimental insight into the dynamics of nanocrystals and pathways for their assembly from single atoms.
Mechanics of fragmentation of crocodile skin and other thin films
Authors: Qin Zhao , Pugno Nicola M. , Buehler Markus J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFragmentation of thin layers of materials is mediated by a network of cracks on its surface. It is commonly seen in dehydrated paintings or asphalt pavements and even in graphene or other two-dimensional materials, but is also observed in the characteristic polygonal pattern on a crocodile's head. Here, we build a simple mechanical model of a thin film and investigate the generation and development of fragmentation patterns as the material is exposed to various modes of deformation. We find that the characteristic size of fragmentation, defined by the mean diameter of polygons, is strictly governed by mechanical properties of the film material. Our result demonstrates that skin fragmentation on the head of crocodiles is dominated by that it features a small ratio between the fracture energy and Young's modulus and the patterns agree well with experimental observations. Understanding this mechanics-driven process could be applied to improve the lifetime and reliability of thin film coatings by mimicking crocodile skin.
Ultrafast 3D spin-echo acquisition improves Gadolinium-enhanced MRI signal contrast enhancement
Authors: Han S. H. , Cho F. H. , Song Y. K. , Paulsen J. , Song Y. Q. , Kim Y. R. , Kim J. K. , Cho G. , Cho H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLong scan times of 3D volumetric MR acquisitions usually necessitate ultrafast in vivo gradient-echo acquisitions, which are intrinsically susceptible to magnetic field inhomogeneities. This is especially problematic for contrast-enhanced (CE)-MRI applications, where non-negligible T2* effect of contrast agent deteriorates the positive signal contrast and limits the available range of MR acquisition parameters and injection doses. To overcome these shortcomings without degrading temporal resolution, ultrafast spin-echo acquisitions were implemented. Specifically, a multiplicative acceleration factor from multiple spin echoes (×32) and compressed sensing (CS) sampling (×8) allowed highly-accelerated 3D Multiple-Modulation-Multiple-Echo (MMME) acquisition. At the same time, the CE-MRI of kidney with Gd-DOTA showed significantly improved signal enhancement for CS-MMME acquisitions (×7) over that of corresponding FLASH acquisitions (×2). Increased positive contrast enhancement and highly accelerated acquisition of extended volume with reduced RF irradiations will be beneficial for oncological and nephrological applications, in which the accurate in vivo 3D quantification of contrast agent concentration is necessary with high temporal resolution.
Chaperone protein involved in transmembrane transport of iron
Authors: Yanatori Izumi , Yasui Yumiko , Tabuchi Mitsuaki , Kishi Fumio 
Published: May 2014

DMT1 (divalent metal transporter 1) is the main iron importer found in animals, and ferrous iron is taken up by cells via DMT1. Once ferrous iron reaches the cytosol, it is subjected to subcellular distribution and delivered to various sites where iron is required for a variety of biochemical reactions in the cell. Until now, the mechanism connecting the transporter and cytosolic distribution had not been clarified. In the present study, we have identified PCBP2 [poly(rC)-binding protein 2] as a DMT1-binding protein. The N-terminal cytoplasmic region of DMT1 is the binding domain for PCBP2. An interaction between DMT1 and PCBP1, which is known to be a paralogue of PCBP2, could not be demonstrated in vivo or in vitro. Iron uptake and subsequent ferritin expression were suppressed by either DMT1 or PCBP2 knockdown. Iron-associated DMT1 could interact with PCBP2 in vitro, whereas iron-chelated DMT1 could not. These results indicate that ferrous iron imported by DMT1 is transferred directly to PCBP2. Moreover, we demonstrated that PCBP2 could bind to ferroportin, which exports ferrous iron out of the cell. These findings suggest that PCBP2 can transfer ferrous iron from DMT1 to the appropriate intracellular sites or ferroportin and could function as an iron chaperone.
Q‐switched thulium‐doped fibre laser operating at 1900 nm using multi‐layered graphene based saturable absorber
Authors: Saidin Norazlina , Zen Dess Iskandar Md , Ahmad Fauzan , Damanhuri Siti Sarah Ahmad , Ahmad Harith , Dimyati Kaharudin , Harun Sulaiman Wadi 
Published: May 2014

A stable passive Q‐switched thulium‐doped fibre laser (TDFL) operating at the 1900 nm region is demonstrated by using a multi‐layer graphene film‐based saturable absorber (SA). The graphene is synthesised by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite at room temperature in 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate aqueous solution. Graphene flakes obtained from the process are mixed with polyethylene oxide as the host polymer to produce free standing composite thin film which acts as a passive Q‐switcher in the TDFL ring cavity. At 793 nm pump power of 186 mW, the TDFL generates an optical pulse train with a repetition rate of 7.5 kHz, pulse width of 19.7 μs and a pulse energy of 66.6 nJ. A higher performance Q‐switched TDFL could be achieved with the optimisation of the graphene SA and the laser cavity.
Growth‐Mediated Life History Traits of Steelhead Reveal Phenotypic Divergence and Plastic Response to Temperature
Authors: Doctor Katy , Berejikian Barry , Hard Jeffrey J. , VanDoornik Don 
Published: May 2014

AbstractGrowth‐mediated early life history traits affect an individual's fitness and reflect both evolutionary adaptations and phenotypic responses to environmental conditions. We tested for phenotypic plasticity of growth‐mediated life history traits between and within two depressed populations of steelheadOncorhynchus mykissfrom Hood Canal, Washington. We conducted a reciprocal transplant “common garden” experiment at two temperature regimes and measured individual growth rate, condition factor, proportion of age‐1 smolts and proportion of age‐1 mature males. We found phenotypic plasticity in growth rate, condition factor, and proportion of age‐1 smolts in both populations, demonstrating that genotype–temperature interaction plays an important role in determining phenotypic expression of growth and development. Growth rates were highest in the warm temperature treatment for both populations. More Dewatto River individuals smolted in their first year than Duckabush River individuals, which is consistent with data from the natural populations and provides evidence for phenotypic divergence in this life history trait. However, direct tests of neutrality provided no evidence that this divergence had resulted from diversifying selection, suggesting instead that the divergence may be largely plastic. All age‐1 mature males were observed in the warm temperature treatments for both populations, indicating that temperature plays a large role in determining age‐1 male maturation under these conditions. Broad‐sense heritability estimates for growth rate, condition factor, and smolts at age‐1 were generally high, revealing the potential opportunity for selection to act on these traits in both populations. Understanding the effect of temperature on life history differences between populations is important for management decisions and conservation, including anticipating responses to changing environmental conditions.
Effectiveness of Instream Wood Treatments to Restore Stream Complexity and Winter Rearing Habitat for Juvenile Coho Salmon
Authors: Jones Kim K. , Anlauf‐Dunn Kara , Jacobsen Paul S. , Strickland Matt , Tennant Lora , Tippery Sharon E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLarge wood and boulder placement projects have become common in the Pacific Northwest to restore complex stream habitat for juvenile Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and other salmonids. We evaluated habitat responses at 91 large wood restoration projects in western Oregon from pretreatment to 1 year and 6 years after treatment. Large logs were arranged in jams without cabling or burial in the bottom or banks of the stream. Projects commonly treated 0.5–1 km of stream, but some extended up to 2.3 km. Significant changes in the amounts of large wood, complex pools, and predicted Coho Salmon rearing capacity were observed within 1 year of treatment. Six years after treatment, the amount of large wood, complex pools, and Coho Salmon rearing capacity remained significantly higher than pretreatment levels by 100, 800, and 32%, respectively, and the surface area of pools and gravel increased significantly over pretreatment levels by 15% and 8%, respectively. However, the amount of large wood decreased in a majority of projects during the 6 years after treatment reflecting net export out of the sites and a lack of recruitment from upstream or local sources. Site‐specific responses in stream habitat were positive overall, but variability among sites suggested independent behavior. Responses of the restoration projects were weakly related to channel size, local lithology, or landscape cover, although retention of large wood was associated with lower gradient and coniferous forest cover. Despite the variability in project behavior, the findings indicate that large wood projects may play a role in maintaining and improving stream complexity and Coho Salmon rearing capacity in coast basins of Oregon, potentially compensating for the lack of natural recruitment of wood to the streams. Attention to location within the stream network and treatment details may improve performance of the restoration actions.
Developing Standardized Methods for Sampling Freshwater Fishes with Multiple Gears: Effects of Sampling Order versus Sampling Method
Authors: Poesch Mark S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDeveloping robust methodologies for sampling freshwater fishes is important for the assessment and recovery of aquatic biodiversity. Commonly, sampling protocols recommend the use of both electrofishing and seining to reduce bias when sampling freshwater fishes. The objective of this study was to determine whether sampling method, sampling order, or the combination of these influenced the assessment of diversity and abundance of common or rare freshwater fishes at both the species and assemblage level. Fifty sites were sampled in the Sydenham River, Ontario, Canada, where paired sites were sampled using both electrofishing and seine netting in close proximity but also reversing the initial sampling order. Differences in the abundance and richness of common and rare freshwater fishes were tested with two‐way ANOVA and multivariate ANOVA. Multivariate differences in the representation of species assemblages were compared using Procrustes analysis across ordinations built using differences in sampling method and sampling order. Electrofishing outperformed seine netting for maximizing the abundance of both all species caught (P = 0.004) and only those species considered rare (P = 0.049). While capture efficiencies generally decreased with subsequent sampling, the interaction between sampling method and sampling order for maximizing richness estimates of rare species was significant (P = 0.049). There were important species and assemblage differences when sampling order was reversed. The representation of either sunfishes (family Centrarchidae) or catfishes (family Ictaluridae) differed in multivariate space, given different sampling order. In addition, the capture of Blackstripe Topminnow Fundulus notatus was enhanced when seine netting was used after electrofishing. This study highlights the often neglected aspect of choosing an appropriate sampling order when developing protocols for sampling freshwater fishes with multiple methods. Overall, the combination of electrofishing, followed by seine netting, appears to maximize capture efficiencies of both common and rare fishes; however, researchers should be aware that sampling order can alter the representation of species and assemblages in multivariate assessments.
Changes in the Salmonine Community of Lake Michigan and Their Implications for Predator–Prey Balance
Authors: Tsehaye Iyob , Jones Michael L. , Brenden Travis O. , Bence James R. , Claramunt Randall M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe combined statistical stock assessment methods with bioenergetic calculations to assess historical changes in abundance and consumptive demand of the hatchery‐supported salmonine community in Lake Michigan, with the goal of providing information needed to examine the lake's predator–prey balance. Especially for Chinook SalmonOncorhynchus tshawytscha, the most dominant salmonine predator in the lake, our analysis revealed density‐dependent changes in growth, survival, production levels, consumptive demand, and fishery characteristics, suggesting that increased salmonine abundance possibly had substantial impacts on prey abundance that led to predators being food limited. Indeed, the estimated changes in the salmonine community were consistent with historical changes in prey abundances that were previously documented for Lake Michigan. Specifically, higher salmonine abundance and consumption were estimated for the early 1980s, during which time AlewifeAlosa pseudoharengusabundance experienced a marked decline, leading to a Chinook Salmon mass mortality event in 1987. Similarly, increased salmonine abundance and consumption were estimated for the years since the early 2000s, and the Alewife population in Lake Michigan has been driven to historically low levels during these years. Increased salmonine abundance estimates in recent years were attributable to improved survival rates and natural reproduction of Chinook Salmon. Although past revisions to stocking rates may have been reasonable measures taken to stabilize the predator–prey system, our analysis suggests that recent reductions in stocking have not been sufficient to reduce predatory pressure on the Alewife population; however, they may have ameliorated potential effects of increased natural reproduction of Chinook Salmon. Along with a complementary assessment of the production dynamics of key prey species, our retrospective assessment of the dynamics of the Lake Michigan predator community and their consumptive demands can provide the basis for making future fishery management decisions from an ecosystem perspective.
Notes on the Reproductive Biology of Female Salmon Sharks in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Conrath Christina L. , Tribuzio Cindy A. , Goldman Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLittle is known about the reproductive biology of the Salmon Shark Lamna ditropis from the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Female Salmon Shark specimens were collected from Alaskan waters in the summer, autumn, and winter to examine reproductive seasonality, the reproductive interval, fecundity, and embryonic development. Female Salmon Sharks were found to ovulate during the autumn months of September and October, and those captured in July were either in a resting or postpartum state, indicating a short gestation time of 9–10 months. The presence of two mature reproductive states in both the summer and autumn months indicates a biennial reproductive cycle and a resting period of at least 14 months between parturition and ovulation. This study found mean fecundity was 3.88 pups per litter (n = 8; SE = 0.13), with the majority of pregnant Salmon Sharks having a fecundity of four sharks per litter. These results provide new information on the reproductive biology of Salmon Sharks and will aid in the development of stock assessments for this species.
Examining the Effectiveness of Consumer Diet Sampling as a Nonnative Detection Tool in a Subtropical Estuary
Authors: Boucek Ross E. , Rehage Jennifer S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn aquatic systems, developing effective detection and monitoring methods is of the utmost importance in nonnative species management. One complement to monitoring that may increase nonnative capture probabilities is to sample the diets of consumers. However, no study has yet tested whether consumer diet sampling can be an effective tool in nonnative fish detection and monitoring. Recently, an extreme cold front swept through South Florida, severely impacting nonnative fishes and resetting invasion trajectories throughout Everglades habitats. Using the loss of nonnatives from the cold front as a natural experiment, we tested whether we would first find tropical nonnative fishes impacted by the 2010 cold front with consumer diet sampling or by electrofishing. We sampled consumer diets and electrofished monthly from 2010 to 2013 in the oligohaline reaches of an Everglades estuary. Three years after the cold front, we detected six nonnative fish species. All six were found in consumer diets, while only three were found via electrofishing. Two of the three nonnatives found in both electrofishing and diet samples were detected approximately 30 d from each other, while one was detected much sooner with electrofishing. Our findings show that consumer diet sampling can be an effective complement to conventional nonnative detection and monitoring efforts.
Maternal Control over Offspring Life History in a Partially Anadromous Species, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Berejikian Barry A. , Bush Richard A. , Campbell Lance A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEnvironmental variability among freshwater habitats may influence migratory decisions in partially anadromous salmonids through (1) proximate effects on individual fish development and condition and (2) longer‐term genetic adaptations of populations to the various environments. However, the relative importance of the two factors has been difficult to sort out. We used the gonadosomatic index as an indicator of maturation—and therefore residency—in age‐1 and age‐2 parr collected from eight partially anadromous Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout/steelhead) populations occupying a diversity of freshwater habitats. Substantial environmental variability among the eight Hood Canal (Washington) streams had little effect on life history pathways in male and female offspring of anadromous females (hereafter, ANAD parr), with the exception of significantly higher maturation rates in male ANAD parr from one population (Little Quilcene River). Between 0% and 8% of the female ANAD parr had initiated maturation, whereas 33% (Duckabush River) or 53% (Hamma Hamma River) maturation was observed among the female offspring of resident females (hereafter, RES parr) in the two populations with substantial resident components. The results indicate strong maternal control over offspring life history pathways in systems where resident and anadromous forms are sympatric. The RES parr that were collected above and below barriers to anadromy showed similar likelihoods of maturation. The expression of residency and anadromy in Hood Canal populations appears to reflect genetic adaptations to the diverse freshwater habitats (including the effects of O. mykiss sequestered above anadromy barriers) and, to some degree, the phenotypically plastic responses of male parr to the environmental variability among streams.
Growth and Survival of Sea Lampreys from Metamorphosis to Spawning in Lake Huron
Authors: Swink William D. , Johnson Nicholas S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLarval Sea Lampreys Petromyzon marinus live burrowed in stream bottoms and then metamorphose into their parasitic stage. Among larvae that metamorphose in a given year (i.e., parasitic cohort), autumn out‐migrants (October–December) to the Laurentian Great Lakes can feed on fish for up to 6 months longer than spring out‐migrants (March–May), which overwinter in streams without feeding. We evaluated whether the season of out‐migration affected growth or survival of newly metamorphosed Sea Lampreys in Lake Huron. Newly metamorphosed individuals (n = 2,718) from three parasitic cohorts were netted during their out‐migration from Black Mallard Creek, Michigan, to Lake Huron during autumn 1997 through spring 2000; each out‐migrant was injected with a sequentially numbered coded wire tag and was released back into the creek. After up to 18 months of feeding in the Great Lakes, 224 (8.2%) Sea Lampreys were recaptured (in 1999–2001) as upstream‐migrating adults in tributaries to Lakes Huron and Michigan. Recovery rates of autumn and spring out‐migrants as adults were 9.4% and 7.8%, respectively, and these rates did not significantly differ. Overwinter feeding (i.e., as parasites) by autumn out‐migrants did not produce adult mean sizes greater than those of spring out‐migrants. Because we detected no growth or survival differences between autumn and spring out‐migrants, the capture of newly metamorphosed Sea Lampreys at any point during their out‐migration should provide equal reductions in damage to Great Lakes fisheries. The absence of a difference in growth or survival between autumn and spring out‐migrants is an aspect of Sea Lamprey life history that yields resiliency to this invasive parasite and complicates efforts for its control in the Great Lakes.