bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Russian Approach to Geoeconomics
Authors: Kashin Vasily , Yankova Alexandra , Kondakova Kristina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The war in Ukraine and sweeping Western sanctions introduced against Russia in 2022 have produced major changes in the Russian model of economic development and the Russian approach to economic statecraft. Under the new economic model, the Russian leadership is trying to turn the country into an “economic fortress” that will be self-sufficient in key areas of technology that are vital for national security and social stability. Major import substitution programs have been launched. External economic relations are reoriented toward cooperation with the Global South. Any dependence on the West is considered a weakness to be eliminated even if Russia still manages to secure access to some Western goods and technologies. But dependence on “friendly countries” like China in some sectors is also considered undesirable. Russian economic and industrial policies are undergoing a process of deep securitization, because Russia expects to operate in conditions of a new cold war against the West for the foreseeable future. One of the consequences of that trend is a major redistribution of economic power with Russian state-run companies as well as some domestic private companies cheaply purchasing the assets of global companies or the more “globalized” part of Russian businesses that chose to leave the country. This process will, in turn, lead to significant changes in the Russian economic and political elite, affecting future policies. In spite of the Western sanctions, Russia is still capable of using offensive economic tools to prevent certain countries from supplying weapons to Ukraine or taking other anti-Russian actions.
European Perspectives on Geoeconomics
Authors: Maher Richard 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview and critical assessment of the geoeconomic dimension of the European Union’s external relations. Its economic size and central position in global economic and financial networks have made the EU one of the leading geoeconomic actors in world politics today. It has used a variety of economic tools and instruments—such as trade policy, regulatory policy, enlargement, sanctions, and foreign aid—to advance its strategic interests in its region and beyond. At the same time, the EU currently faces several geoeconomic challenges, including foreign investments in European firms specializing in critical technologies, deglobalization, and Chinese companies’ inclusion in EU countries’ 5G network infrastructure. Given its underlying strengths in this area and the enduring obstacles to closer defense integration, the EU is likely to continue to view the use of economic instruments in pursuit of geopolitical objectives as essential for its goal of “strategic autonomy.”
French and the Languages of France
Authors: Kremnitz Georg , Broudic Fañch 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Contrary to a widespread impression, France is not a monolingual country. French may be the official language, but numerous other languages are also spoken. There are native regional languages, each of which is associated with a given territory and is deemed to be a minority, or minoritized, language. There is also French Sign Language. A considerable number of languages are also spoken in French overseas departments and territories. Given that France is also a country of both older and more recent waves of immigration, numerous other European and non-European languages are also present on French territory. The languages of France other than French saw a strong decline in numbers of speakers over the twentieth century, but also various forms of resurgence, although their status remains precarious. Before considering what their future prospects may be, we need to understand their history in relation to the history of French, and to describe the complexity of the current situation.
Multilingualism
Authors: Smith Maya Angela 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Throughout the world, French stands alongside a variety of other languages, often existing uneasily within complex multilingual societies. Scholars approach these language contact situations in various ways. Some look at language contact at the societal level to analyse phenomena such as language shift or the creation of new languages. Others focus more on the individual level to investigate how speakers use multiple languages in their linguistic repertoire such as through borrowing, code-switching, or translanguaging. Through a historical and present-day perspective, this chapter explores typologies of contact situations and their outcomes as well as typologies of multilingual practices before delving into two case studies of multilingualism in the Francophone world.
Translation and Interpreting
Authors: Froeliger Nicolas , Loock Rudy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter is an attempt to delineate in statistical terms who translates what, for which purposes/audiences, where, and how in relation to the French language, and to outline whether translated French can be considered a variety of French. It begins by explaining that ‘translation’ and ‘interpreting’ are only the best-known terms for what is increasingly called the ‘translation professions’ before recalling the strong institutional support that French still enjoys especially in France, but also in the larger international organizations. It then explores the situation of literary and pragmatic translation, as well as the somewhat novel issues of training for the translation professions and the recent networking efforts that are changing the face of translation for French in these times of rapid technological advances: strong institutional support, slow institutionalization, and fast disruption. Given the state of present statistics, however, the picture is bound to remain somewhat imprecise and focused on France, which suggests further work on the subject is required as the situation evolves.
Acquiring Morphology and Syntax
Authors: Ayoun Dalila 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The morphosyntax of second language (L2) French includes a wide range of properties including verb morphology and usage, the complex pronominal system, and question formation. The present longitudinal study focuses on the acquisition of number and gender, which is crucial since it permeates French morphosyntax, semantics, and the lexicon, and contributes to discourse cohesiveness. The study uses a pre-test, repeated exposure and testing, delayed post-test design to investigate the second language (L2) acquisition of French morphosyntax by instructed learners (n = 16), enrolled in a fourth-year film and fiction college class, who formed three groups—L1 English, French heritage speakers, Spanish heritage speakers—and completed a written gender assignment task (GAT), and a free production task (essays). Results showing an improved performance on the GAT, as well as generally accurate, but inconsistent, gender and number agreement on determiners and adjectives, support the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis.
Acquiring Lexical, Sociolinguistic, and Pragmatic Competence
Authors: Tyne Henry , Howard Martin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the acquisition of lexical, sociolinguistic, and pragmatic competence in French as a second language (L2). Key constructs are considered in each area. They include dimensions of lexis, sociolinguistic variation and sociolinguistic variables, speech style, pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic competence, and speech acts. The chapter considers the principal insights in each area stemming from the existing literature on the learner’s acquisition challenge and developmental trends in L2 French. Factors impacting development are considered such as proficiency level, instruction, and language contact. Against the background of existing insights, the chapter ends with a roadmap of potential directions for consideration in future research.
French Language and Cinema
Authors: Abecassis Michaël 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Studies on language in French and Francophone cinema are scarce, with the exception of articles devoted to theoretical questions. Each film with its screenwriter, filmmaker, and actors has its uniqueness and individual particularities and is a valuable tool for analysis. This chapter explores a selection of distinctive French films chronologically, from the silent era to contemporary cinema. The films in the corpus at the heart of this analysis were selected because they represented new trends at the time of release, in which salient linguistic features can be identified. The purpose of the chapter is to highlight major prominent patterns in the spoken French used and to provide key insights into the evolution of French language from the origins of cinema to the present day.
French and its Varieties
Authors: Ayres-Bennett Wendy , McLaughlin Mairi 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents an overview of different disciplinary perspectives on the French language and highlights new directions for scholarship on French today. The chapter is divided into seven sections, each of which corresponds to one of the parts of the handbook: Structures of French; History of the French language; Axes of variation; French around the world; French in contact with other languages; Second language acquisition; and French in literature, culture, arts, and the media. Each section offers a general overview of research in that domain of work on the French language, situating it within the broader research context and highlighting the particularities of the different research paradigms and traditions for French. A final concluding section presents some of the main trends that cut across the different disciplines and areas, and identifies prominent directions for future research.
External History of French
Authors: Caron Philippe 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a survey of some key moments when external factors such as language contact, civil wars, conquests, political changes, and large-scale colonization played a major role in the evolution of the French language. It focuses on pivotal moments such as the hypothetical birth of an oral koine in Paris during the twelfth century that may, for the first time, be deemed ‘French’, or the gradual increase in the number of French-speaking people in France during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries due to the effects of education and the mass media. The chapter also deals with the growing emergence of a linguistic norm during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which leads to the reallocation of a large set of variants which had been in widespread use until they became stigmatized at this point.
Metalinguistic Texts
Authors: Walsh Olivia , Kibbee Douglas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
As French replaced Latin as the language of administration and the law and became the language of a burgeoning literature and eventually of education, scholars and other members of the social elite defined the linguistic limits of supposedly acceptable usage in metalinguistic texts: orthographic treatises, guides to pronunciation, grammars, dictionaries, and commentaries on the language. Creating a standard language was considered a necessary step in making French equal to the classical languages, a language of empire, a prestigious language of courtly society, and ultimately, of a functioning republic. These texts formalized the standard in pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. The definition of usage has included geographic, social, historical, and philosophical criteria, varying according to the societal needs of each period. Although metalinguistic texts have moved towards democratization and an increased acknowledgement—and tolerance—of variation, speakers themselves often reject variation and value adherence to a narrow norm.
Historical Phonetics, Phonology, and Orthography
Authors: Rainsford Thomas 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the most important changes, processes, and debates in the field of French historical phonetics, phonology, and orthography. The primary focus is on sound change, which is divided into two periods, the first covering the development of Latin into ninth-century Early Old French and the second examining sound changes during the textual history of the language. The main developments of individual sounds are summarized as in historical grammars but with a focus on how sound change causes and is conditioned by changes in syllable structure. Additionally, different approaches to palatalization, nasalization, and the emergence of distinctive vowel length are considered. The final section briefly discusses the principal tendencies of orthographic change, contrasting changes primarily driven by phonology with those that served to make the writing system more semiographic.
Historical Morphology and Syntax
Authors: Prévost Sophie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
French has undergone major upheavals in the domains of morphology and syntax. The main morphological changes are the loss of inflectional verbal and nominal richness, the regularization and simplification of paradigms, and a general tendency to systematize functional oppositions. The main syntactic changes have affected both the internal structure of noun and verb groups (with increasing contiguity and dependence between elements, resulting in a more tightly structured and hierarchical organization) and the clause, leading to a more rigid word order. The evolution is also characterized by the loss of null subjects and of the verb-second constraint, as well as by an increased use of subordinate clauses. Also notable are the increasing number of interrogative structures as well as the evolution of negation along a Jespersen’s cycle. Many of the changes started as early as Old French and most of them reached their endpoint by the seventeenth century.
Due Process and Environmental Law
Authors: Kodiveri Arpitha 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how due process requirements interact with environmental law. It looks at both procedural and substantive due process as an integral part of how to navigate the development and implementation of environmental law in India. Using due process as the lens the chapter unpacks how community-based consent and consultation requirements form a part of the procedural due process requirements. On substantive due process the chapter elucidates how public participation in environmental law making and the power of judicial review of legislative decision-making become avenues for the fulfilment of this requirement. The chapter argues that there exists a due process deficit by examining the consent provision under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (FCA) and the recent amendments being brought to the FCA. The chapter concludes by offering a few pathways to address the due process deficit identified in the examples above.
Biosafety in Synthetic Biology
Authors: K. J. Sophy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity defines ‘synthetic biology’ as ‘further development and a new dimension of biotechnology that combines science, technology and engineering to design, redesign, manufacture/construct and or modify genetic materials, living organism and biological systems’. Policy questions around the use of synthetic biology in plant genetic resources include discussions of equity, fairness and bio-safety/security. This chapter addresses these policy questions, focusing specifically on biosafety concerns of synthetic biology. It maps discussions on biosafety at international forums regulating biotech trade and its further expansion to synthetic biology and contrasts the domestic regulatory approach towards the new technology over the last two decades. It reviews recent policies governing bio-risk issues and emphasises the precautionary principle and the command-and-control approach to address the biological risks of synthetic biology.
Cross-Fertilization of Environmental Law in the SAARC
Authors: Alam Shawkat 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores environmental law within the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), comprising Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. SAARC countries share the constitutional recognition to a right to a clean environment. Whilst this is explicit in newly created constitutions (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Maldives, and Nepal), this right has been read into other existing rights (such as the right to life) in older constitutions (India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). The former have borrowed principles and ideas from the latter through shared constitutional mechanisms, that is, Directive Principles thus illustrating the cross-fertilization of environmental law within the SAARC. Furthermore, SAARC members share implementation and enforcement challenges, including a lack of technical, human and financial capacity, as well as low environmental literacy. The SAARC can overcome these challenges by improving access to justice to allow maturation of environmental law and to further regional cooperation.
Regulatory science promotes the translation of transcatheter tricuspid valve repair/replacement devices
Authors: Cheng Maobo , Xu Yun , Liu Wei , Mu Lanlan , Lian Xiaoqi , Gao Guobiao , Sun Lei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
For patients with symptomatic and severe tricuspid regurgitation but inoperable with open surgery, transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention (TTVI) is a procedure of great clinical value. TTVI products include repair and replacement devices. TTVI products are one of the hotspots of investigation now, with different innovative biomaterials and structural designs in trials to satisfy divergent indications and reduce complications. With the emerging biomaterials, the technical difficulty of structural design will be greatly reduced, spurring further product innovation and development. The innovativeness and complexity of TTVI products have brought challenges to academia, industry, and regulatory agencies. Regulatory science provides a bridge to address these difficulties and challenges. This perspective article introduces the latest development of the TTVI products. With traditional methods, regulatory agencies face challenges in evaluating the safety and efficacy of TTVr/TTVR devices given the uncertainty of clinical use and the diversity of innovative structural design. This perspective article analyzes the regulatory challenges and discusses regulatory science that can be developed to assess the safety, efficacy, quality and performance of such products: including new approaches for innovative devices, pre-review path, computer modeling and simulation, accelerated wear testing methods for transcatheter heart valves and evidence-based research. This article reveals for the first time how to apply regulatory science systematically to TTVI products, which is of great relevance to their development and translation.
‘Imitate the Motions of Those that are Infected’: Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost in Margaret Cavendish’s The Convent of Pleasure
Authors: Taylor Caroline 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Despite a Restoration vogue for adapted—or ‘improved’—productions of Shakespeare’s plays, Love’s Labour’s Lost (c.1594) fell out of the theatrical repertoire after 1660. The play’s immediate afterlife exists solely in Margaret Cavendish’s inversion of the play in her closet drama The Convent of Pleasure (1668). This essay argues that both plays respond to the virulent plague outbreaks which immediately preceded them in their depiction of single-sex cloistering, and engage with contemporaneous debates around the efficacy of household quarantine as a public health response. Love’s Labour’s Lost offers a complicated defence of public theatre in the face of quarantine restrictions which saw the playhouses forcibly closed for 11 months. Convent repurposes Shakespeare’s portrayal of infection risk in a public theatre for the closet environment. But transferring a play predicated upon the fear of contagious bodies from the commercial stage to the ‘Stage of Imagination’ has potentially dangerous consequences for its readers. Cavendish’s vitalist materialism renders the recreation of the public stage within the mind an act of potential self-harm. Yet Cavendish’s adaptation of a Shakespearean play preoccupied with plague allows her to think through her own theory of imitation as the driving force behind both contagion and sympathetic inclination.
The Prevalence of Acute Compartment Syndrome in Pediatric Tibial Tubercle Fractures
Authors: Martinez Victor H. , Pluta Natalia , Tadlock Joshua C. , Cognetti Daniel J. 
Published: July 2024

Objective:
Tibial tubercle fractures are a unique class of pediatric orthopaedic injuries that frequently necessitate surgical treatment and strict monitoring due to the associated risk of acute compartment syndrome (ACS). However, current literature is conspicuously limited in its ability to estimate the risk of ACS after these fractures. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to utilize a nationwide database to estimate the prevalence of ACS after pediatric tibial tubercle fractures.

Methods:
We utilized the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s Kids’ Inpatient Database (2019) to identify all pediatric patients, 18 years of age and under, with isolated tibial tubercle fractures (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision Clinical Modification S82.151-S82.156) and ACS (T79.A0, T79.A2, T79.A29). Patients were excluded if they had additional lower extremity injuries (ie, tibial shaft, plateau, etc). A subanalysis was conducted for those undergoing fasciotomy, with and without an ACS diagnosis.

Results:
Among the 591 isolated tibial tubercle fractures, there were 8 ACS cases for a prevalence of 1.35%. There were 22 (3.72%) additional cases of fasciotomy without an ACS diagnosis. All ACS cases were diagnosed during the original hospitalization; all were male and had closed fractures. The cohort included 469 teenagers (13+ years) and 77 pre-teens, with 40 females and 506 males. Racial demographics: 132 white, 232 black, 112 Hispanic, 15 Asian, 4 Native American, 23 unknown, and 28 others. No significant associations were found between ACS and age, race, insurance status, mechanism of injury, or hospital region.

Conclusion:
The rate of ACS in pediatric tibial tubercle fractures appears to be much lower than previously reported, at 1.35%. However, the nearly three-fold higher prevalence of fasciotomy without an ACS diagnosis, suggests a generous use of prophylactic fasciotomies and/or an undercharacterization of actual ACS cases from miscoding. This is the first and largest study to employ a nationally representative database to investigate the prevalence of ACS after tibial tubercle fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.