bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fusion
Authors: Peponi Anastasia-Erasmia 
Published: September 2012

AbstractKêlêsisand thelxis, conveying slightly different nuances of intense auditory fascination and enchantment, are often discussed in archaic and classical texts in relation to the Sirens’ song. A re-reading of the Odyssean episode alongside passages from choral poetry illuminates the distinctive position of the Sirens’ listener, an intermediate state between pure attendance and full participation in performance. The chapter finally argues that, in archaic thought, listening to the Sirens is conceptualized as a mode of fusing the listener into the performer. This unusual model of aesthetic response further explains Odysseus’s own prominent position as a listener in the Odyssey. It also serves as an example of how Greek thought, along with more familiar perceptions of the aesthetic, envisioned the death of the listener in his blissful union with the performer. This point is further discussed in relation to brief but incisive comments by Nietzsche about substantial gaps in modern aesthetic thought.
Eros (I)
Authors: Peponi Anastasia-Erasmia 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOne of the dividing lines Kant drew between the “beautiful” and the “agreeable” was the border between the absence and the presence of desire for an object apprehended aesthetically. Several modern (and modernist) approaches to aesthetic response seem to question such convictions. Starting with Swann’s falling in love with a sonata in Proust’s In Search of Lost Time, the chapter proceeds to a discussion of the way mousikê is represented as eliciting a thoroughly mystifying type of desire in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes. Further discussion of Plato’s Philebus brings up crucial aspects of the type of aesthetic pleasure that is associated with desire and puts into new perspective an important concept surfacing in various Greek texts: the coexistence of pleasure and pain in the process of apprehending the beautiful.
Reconciliation in the Christian Tradition
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter provides a justification for the ethic of political reconciliation from the Christian tradition. It seeks to show how the Christian tradition provides a grounding for the concepts of reconciliation, justice, peace, and mercy that the previous chapters set forth. For these tasks, it turns both to an analysis of language as found in the New Testament and an analysis of God's response to evil as found in the Christian tradition.
Reconciliation in the Islamic Tradition
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter provides a justification for the ethic of political reconciliation from the Islamic tradition. It seeks to show how the Islamic tradition provides a grounding for the concepts of reconciliation, justice, peace, and mercy that the previous chapters set forth. For these tasks, it turns both to an analysis of language as found in Islamic scriptures and an analysis of God's response to evil as found in the Islamic tradition. The chapter explores musalaha rituals as rich examples of reconciliation.
Forgiveness
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter analyzes in depth the practice of forgiveness. It begins by confronting criticisms of this controversial practice. Next it sets forth five stories of forgiveness as actually practiced in the political realm. Then follows an exploration of what forgiveness is and what its practice involves. The heart of the chapter is a defense of forgiveness as a practice that reflects the ethic of political reconciliation. How forgiveness furthers the justice of reconciliation is shown through a description of its primary restorations and secondary restorations. The chapter explores questions and moral dilemmas centering on forgiveness. It then shows how forgiveness is rooted in religious traditions. Finally, it explores particular problems that pertain to forgiveness in the political realm.
Who Is the Enemy?
Authors: Firestone Reuven 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The mortal enemies of Israel become schematized in Rabbinic Judaism into two paradigmatic entities: the seven Canaanite nations and the Amalekites, both of which disappeared from history. The Amalekites, although destroyed physically, live on as a metaphor for both the external and internal evil that weakens Israel. Jewish aggression is thus redirected to imagined paradigms rather than real groups, further limiting the possibility of Jewish war in real time. A further limitation is imposed by the rabbis by insisting that a discretionary war may be prosecuted only under the authority of both the king and the Sanhedrin, a court of seventy-one rabbis.
Nahmanides’ Critique, and Other Thinkers
Authors: Firestone Reuven 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Nahmanides criticizes Maimonides for omitting the commandment to conquer the Land of Israel from his enumeration of God’s commandments. To Nahmanides, conquest of the land is an eternal command that is not restricted to the conquests of the ancient Israelites but applies in every generation. But the divine command to “conquer” can be fulfilled also by moving to the Land and settling it peacefully. Control of the Land of Israel must remain in the hands of the People of Israel. The command to conquer and possess the Land of Israel is not bound by time but is in force forever, but it is not necessarily through military triumph that one fulfils one’s divine obligation of conquest. Alternatively, settling it by establishing Jewish communities and developing the Land fulfils one’s obligation.
The Crisis of Modernity and Jewish Responses
Authors: Firestone Reuven 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Modernity represented a crisis for Jewish continuity since it effectively challenged the authority of the tradition that had served as the glue holding most of the Jewish people together for nearly two millennia. Traditional Jewish identities in the European milieu were replaced in the religious spectrum by Reform, Conservative, neo-Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox Judaism, and in the secular spectrum by the Jewish “enlightenment” (haskalah), various political movements, and Jewish nationalisms including Zionism. For most Jews the old paradigms were re-evaluated and often rejected, and emerging Zionism began to challenge the rabbinic instruments that had hitherto prevented mass immigration of Jews to the Land of Israel. Thus erupted a conflict among religious Jews as to whether or not Zionism was an acceptable Jewish movement. Most religious (or Orthodox) Jews rejected Zionism, while a stalwart few were active in what was becoming a largely secular Jewish national movement to return Jews to the Land of Israel and develop it.
From Holocaust to Holy War
Authors: Firestone Reuven 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The overwhelming tragedy of the Holocaust changed the rules of engagement according to many Jews, convincing most that a Jewish safe-haven is more necessary than ever and only acceptable under Jewish self-government. Many Orthodox Jews who were a-Zionist or anti-Zionist changed their position on the establishment of a Jewish homeland or state. But mass immigration to the Land of Israel and creating a military force to protect the community there were considered by many to be an act of defiance against God’s dictate that Jews vow to refrain from mass immigration to Palestine. The problem was resolved for many by the Holocaust, which represented to them Gentile rebellion against their own divinely dictated vow not to persecute the Jews living among them too harshly. Historical crisis and the meaning applied to it thus began the process of breaking down the traditional rabbinic barriers to engaging in war.
1967 to 1973
Authors: Firestone Reuven 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
It was only after the extraordinary victory of the 1967 War that most religious Zionists acknowledged what they considered to be the truly messianic, redemptive nature of Zionism. Military success was often articulated in religious Zionist publications through such imagery as the “hand of God.” If it was God’s design, then was it not a holy war? The miraculous victory of the war was a clear sign to many that God intends for Jews to conquer and settle all of the Biblical Land of Israel, including those lands extending beyond the borders established by the United Nations Partition Plan and armistice agreements of 1947-48. The failure of the 1973 War actually caused an increase in rationalization and a resurgence of messianic, militant activism. Fear that the war would result in concessions of territories energized many to hold onto them. Revitalization efforts emerged among a generation of Orthodox youth disaffected with the ways in which their parents’ generation expressed its religiosity and Zionism, and the Settler Movement appropriated many of the classical symbols of classical secular Zionism that had since declined.
The Resurrection of Holy War
Authors: Firestone Reuven 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This section summarizes the research of the previous chapters and brings the historical analysis to a close. The Religious Zionist community remains tightly knit and self-reinforcing, so despite its detractors even from within, a well-organized core succeeds in sustaining what was in some ways a hermetic interpretive stance. Partly in order to remain on track in the face of opposition, frustration and anxiety, it radicalized and became even more inward-looking. While it once captured the imagination of many outside the community, its influence has since declined, but not its fervour.
Confidentiality, Transparency, and the U.S. Civil Justice System
Authors: Doherty Joseph W. , Reville Robert T. , Zakaras Laura 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The lawsuit is the cornerstone of the civil justice system in America, and an open court the foundation of American jurisprudence. In a public setting, we resolve disputes, determine liability, and compensate injuries. In recent decades, however, more civil disputes have been resolved out of court and the outcomes have been kept secret. Fewer than 5% of the tens of millions of injury claims annually are actually resolved through a public trial with a jury, and the vast majority are settled out of court or through private forums, such as mediation or arbitration, with undisclosed terms. Some argue that the confidentiality of the system keeps it working efficiently and fairly; others argue that the public is being denied information about hazards that may cause harm and that a public system with no data lacks oversight. This book approaches the issue in a multidisciplinary, nonpartisan, and empirical manner. The chapters provide empirical analyses and case studies of the impact of greater disclosure on various aspects of the system, ranging from settlement values to fraud, and propose several novel prescriptions for reform. With special attention to the emergence of modern mass litigation, the chapters identify a number of benefits to increasing access to information, including decreased fraud, improved public understanding and confidence in the system, and lower transactions costs. The chapters make policy recommendations—such as expanding access to existing databases and using technology to create new databases—that increase transparency while protecting the need for privacy.
TO THE EXTENT THAT PARTICIPATION IS A MEASURE OF SUCCESS: TRANSPARENCY IN THE SEPTEMBER 11TH VICTIM COMPENSATION FUND
Authors: Reville Robert , Goulka Jeremiah 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter investigates options and tensions in the implementation of transparency policy through a case study of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund (VCF), a federally funded administrative compensation system for the victims of the 9/11 attacks. The VCF offers a useful example of how information disclosed by a compensation program may be intended both to promote the program's democratic legitimacy through accountability—transparency's usual justification in the context of public programs—and also to encourage participation in the program. The chapter begins by discussing key concepts in transparency theory, such as the relationship between transparency and accountability. Next it describes the circumstances that forged the VCF, the nature and extent of the program's disclosure of information, and the purposes these disclosures served. It concludes by drawing implications of this case study for other government programs and for the civil justice system.
UNDERSTANDING MASS TORT DEFENDANT INCENTIVES FOR CONFIDENTIAL SETTLEMENTS: LESSONS FROM BAYER’S CERIVASTATIN LITIGATION STRATEGY
Authors: Anderson James 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
This chapter describes the product liability case brought against Bayer for the cholesterol-lowering drug cerivastatin (Baycol), a powerful statin that was discovered to cause a muscular deterioration (rhabdomyolysis) that caused extreme pain and, in rare cases, death. After withdrawing it from the market, Bayer faced over 12,000 claims, which could have evolved into a mass tort. Instead of pressing for secret settlement agreements, as is common in such cases, Bayer chose to settle nearly all its cases according to a fixed schedule, without confidentiality. The chapter describes the benefits of such a strategy for both defendants and plaintiffs, arguing that it resembles “most-favored nation clauses” that prevent one contracting party in a trade agreement from reaching a separate agreement that offers a third party better terms than the initial contract. It was attractive to Bayer because it reduced the overall costs of a mass tort, and it was attractive to plaintiffs, who were assured that they were getting the same treatment as others with similar injuries.
TRANSPARENCY AND EXPERT EVIDENCE IN MASS TORTS: INSIGHT FROM SILICA LITIGATION
Authors: Dixon Lloyd , Carroll Stephen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Reliable expert evidence is critical to the performance of the civil justice system. A major sea change in the treatment of expert evidence occurred with the Daubert decision in 1993. While research has suggested that the Daubert decision has increased the scrutiny of expert evidence, troubling examples continue to surface in which expert evidence appears to be of very low reliability. The recent silica litigation provides such an example. In the early 2000s, the number of people filing claims for silica-related injuries skyrocketed. In 2003, U.S. District Court Judge Janis Graham Jack (in the Southern District of Texas) was assigned to preside over a consolidated action that included over 10,000 silica claims, and in June 2005, she issued an order questioning the validity of virtually every claim. The court explicitly criticized the procedures used by the doctors who diagnosed the vast majority of the plaintiffs and concluded that thousands of silicosis claims had been manufactured for money. Judge Jack found that the testimony of experts raised “great red flags of fraud”. The findings of Judge Jack have been widely accepted, and as a result, both the number of pending silica cases and the number of new filings plummeted following the proceedings in her court. This chapter draws on the experience with silica litigation to explore the role that increased transparency can play in improving the quality of expert evidence in mass personal injury litigation. It identifies the key factors that contributed to, or hindered, the discovery of fraud in diagnosing injuries. It then explores how increased transparency might be able to create the conditions in other settings that work in favor of uncovering fraud and to limit the influence of factors that work against such outcomes.
Functional Characterization of a Silicon Transporter Gene Implicated in Silicon Distribution in Barley
Authors: Yamaji Naoki , Chiba Yukako , Mitani-Ueno Namiki , Feng Ma Jian 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element for plant growth. In barley (Hordeum vulgare), Si uptake by the roots is mainly mediated by a Si channel, Low Silicon1 (HvLsi1), and an efflux transporter, HvLsi2. However, transporters involved in the distribution of Si in the shoots have not been identified. Here, we report the functional characterization of a homolog of HvLsi1, HvLsi6. HvLsi6 showed permeability for Si and localized to the plasma membrane. At the vegetative growth stage, HvLsi6 was expressed in both the roots and shoots. The expression level was unaffected by Si supply. In the roots, HvLsi6 was localized in epidermis and cortex cells of the tips, while in the leaf blades and sheaths, HvLsi6 was only localized at parenchyma cells of vascular bundles. At the reproductive growth stage, high expression of HvLsi6 was also found in the nodes. HvLsi6 in node I was polarly located at the transfer cells surrounding the enlarged vascular bundles toward the numerous xylem vessels. These results suggest that HvLsi6 is involved in Si uptake in the root tips, xylem unloading of Si in leaf blade and sheath, and intervascular transfer of Si in the nodes. Furthermore, HvLsi2 was found to be localized at the parenchyma cell layer adjacent to the transfer cells with opposite polarity of HvLsi6, suggesting that the coupling of HvLsi6 and HvLsi2 is involved in the intervascular transfer of Si at the nodes. Si translocated via the enlarged vascular bundles is unloaded to the transfer cells by HvLsi6, followed by HvLsi2 to reload Si to the diffuse vascular bundles, which are connected to the upper part of the plant, especially the panicles, the ultimate Si sink.
Proteasome-Mediated Turnover of Arabidopsis MED25 Is Coupled to the Activation of FLOWERING LOCUS T Transcription
Authors: Iñigo Sabrina , Giraldez Adrián N. , Chory Joanne , Cerdán Pablo D. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The Mediator complex is a greater than 1-megadalton complex, composed of about 30 subunits and found in most eukaryotes, whose main role is to transmit signals from DNA-bound transcription factors to RNA Polymerase II. The proteasome is emerging as an important regulator of transcription during both initiation and elongation. It is increasing the number of cases where the proteolysis of transcriptional activators by the proteasome activates their function. This counterintuitive phenomenon was called “activation by destruction.” Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), PHYTOCHROME AND FLOWERING TIME1 (PFT1), the MEDIATOR25 (MED25) subunit of the plant Mediator complex, is degraded by the proteasome and that proteasome-mediated PFT1 turnover is coupled to its role in stimulating the transcription of FLOWERING LOCUS T, the plant florigen, which is involved in the process of flowering induction. We further identify two novel RING-H2 proteins that target PFT1 for degradation. We show that MED25-BINDING RING-H2 PROTEIN1 (MBR1) and MBR2 bind to PFT1 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in vitro, and they promote PFT1 degradation in vivo, in a RING-H2-dependent way, typical of E3 ubiquitin ligases. We further show that both MBR1 and MBR2 also promote flowering by PFT1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Our findings extend the phenomenon of activation by destruction to a Mediator subunit, adding a new mechanism by which Mediator subunits may regulate downstream genes in specific pathways. Furthermore, we show that two novel RING-H2 proteins are involved in the destruction of PFT1, adding new players to this process in plants.
Researching the adoption of ICT in Ethiopia: a case study of small hotels in Addis Ababa
Authors: Demeke Wegene , Olden Anthony 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the difficulties encountered when researching the adoption of information and communications technology (ICT) by small hotels in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and to indicate how some of these difficulties were overcome.Design/methodology/approachThe background and theoretical framework of the research project is described, and the research difficulties analysed in the context of the literature and of experience elsewhere in Africa. Issues such as informed consent are considered from different cultural perspectives.FindingsThe conclusion is that an understanding of the political, economic and cultural context is essential to the carrying‐out of a successful research project in Ethiopia, and that these same factors are likely to have a major influence on the diffusion of ICT within the country.Practical implicationsAn Ethiopian case study is of particular interest because unlike Tanzania, Kenya and much of the rest of Africa, the country's telecommunications industry remains in government hands, a broadband connection is very expensive, and the percentage of Ethiopians using the internet is very small – no more than 0.75 percent of the population in 2010 according to the figures of the International Telecommunication Union.Originality/valueLittle has been written about small hotels and other small and micro businesses in Addis Ababa, and little or nothing about the setbacks that can occur when researching them. This paper fills some of the gaps in the literature.
A review on dimensional tolerance synthesis: paradigm shift from product to process
Authors: Karmakar Sandipan , Maiti Jhareswar 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a state‐of‐the‐art review of dimensional tolerance synthesis and to demonstrate the evolution of tolerance synthesis from product to process‐oriented strategy, as well as to compare the same for single stage and multistage manufacturing systems (MMS). The main focus is in delineating the different approaches, methods and techniques used with critical appraisal of their uses, applicability and limitations, based on which future research directions and a generic methodology are proposed.Design/methodology/approachStarting with issues in tolerancing research, the review demonstrates the critical aspects of product and process‐oriented tolerance synthesis. The aspects considered are: construction of tolerance design functions; construction of optimization functions; and use of optimization methods. In describing the issues of process‐oriented tolerance synthesis, a comparative study of single and multistage manufacturing has been provided.FindingsThis study critically reviews: the relationship between the tolerance variables and the variations created through manufacturing operations; objective functions for tolerance synthesis; and suitable optimization methods based upon the nature of the tolerance variables and the design functions created.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is limited to dimensional tolerance synthesis problems and evolution of process‐oriented tolerance synthesis to counteract dimensional variation problems in assembly manufacturing.Originality/valueThe paper provides a comprehensive and step‐by‐step approach of review of dimensional tolerance synthesis.
Coping with unpredictable supply: the role of flexibility and adaptation
Authors: Dreyer Bent , Grønhaug Kjell 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to address how firms cope when input due to primary uncertainty is unpredictable, and thus timely and adequate supply to customers are impossible to guarantee.Design/methodology/approachTwo sets of data are applied to capture uncertainties, flexibilities and adaption strategies amongst suppliers and producers respectively.FindingsThe findings show that flexibility is a prerequisite to cope when faced with unpredictable supply. Flexibility comes in many forms. They are partly firm‐specific and can be conceived as a valuable resource.Research limitations/implicationsThe present study is limited to one industry only.Practical implicationsUnpredictability imposes the need for adaptations, which requires flexibility. However, adjustment to the new landscape is a prerequisite to succeed.Originality/valueThis paper offers insight on how firms cope when needed input to operate is unpredictable, i.e. an almost neglected topic in the marketing literature, where adequate supply in most cases is seen as unproblematic.