bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bihemispheric stimulation over left and right inferior frontal region enhances recovery from apraxia of speech in chronic aphasia
Authors: Marangolo Paola , Fiori Valentina , Cipollari Susanna , Campana Serena , Razzano Carmelina , Di Paola Margherita , Koch Giacomo , Caltagirone Carlo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSeveral studies have already shown that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a useful tool for enhancing recovery in aphasia. However, all tDCS studies have previously investigated the effects using unihemisperic stimulation. No reports to date have examined the role of bihemispheric tDCS on aphasia recovery. Here, eight aphasic persons with apraxia of speech underwent intensive language therapy in two different conditions: real bihemispheric anodic ipsilesional stimulation over the left Broca's area and cathodic contralesional stimulation over the right homologue of Broca's area, and a sham condition. In both conditions, patients underwent concurrent language therapy for their apraxia of speech. The language treatment lasted 10 days (Monday to Friday, then weekend off, then Monday to Friday). There was a 14‐day intersession interval between the real and the sham conditions. In all patients, language measures were collected before (T0), at the end of (T10) and 1 week after the end of (F/U) treatment. Results showed that after simultaneous excitatory stimulation to the left frontal hemisphere and inhibitory stimulation to the right frontal hemisphere regions, patients exhibited a significant recovery not only in terms of better accuracy and speed in articulating the treated stimuli but also in other language tasks (picture description, noun and verb naming, word repetition, word reading) which persisted in the follow‐up session. Taken together, these data suggest that bihemispheric anodic ipsilesional and cathodic contralesional stimulation in chronic aphasia patients may affect the treated function, resulting in a positive influence on different language tasks.
Population genetic structure in a social landscape: barley in a traditional Ethiopian agricultural system
Authors: Samberg Leah H. , Fishman Lila , Allendorf Fred W. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractConservation strategies are increasingly driven by our understanding of the processes and patterns of gene flow across complex landscapes. The expansion of population genetic approaches into traditional agricultural systems requires understanding how social factors contribute to that landscape, and thus to gene flow. This study incorporates extensive farmer interviews and population genetic analysis of barley landraces (Hordeum vulgare) to build a holistic picture of farmer‐mediated geneflow in an ancient, traditional agricultural system in the highlands of Ethiopia. We analyze barley samples at 14 microsatellite loci across sites at varying elevations and locations across a contiguous mountain range, and across farmer‐identified barley types and management strategies. Genetic structure is analyzed using population‐based and individual‐based methods, including measures of population differentiation and genetic distance, multivariate Principal Coordinate Analysis, and Bayesian assignment tests. Phenotypic analysis links genetic patterns to traits identified by farmers. We find that differential farmer management strategies lead to markedly different patterns of population structure across elevation classes and barley types. The extent to which farmer seed management appears as a stronger determinant of spatial structure than the physical landscape highlights the need for incorporation of social, landscape, and genetic data for the design of conservation strategies in human‐influenced landscapes.
A test of the preference–performance hypothesis with stream insects: selective oviposition affects the hatching success of caddisfly eggs
Authors: Bovill William D. , Downes Barbara J. , Lancaster Jill 
Published: August 2013

Summary

Under the preference–performance hypothesis (PPH), oviparous females select oviposition sites that optimise the fitness of their offspring (eggs or larvae). The resulting distribution and fitness of offspring may have knock‐on effects for population distribution patterns and dynamics during larval and adult stages. We tested the PPH for Australian caddisflies from two genera (family: Hydrobiosidae) that oviposit in different flow conditions. Apsilochorema spp. oviposit in slow flowing water, whereas Ulmerochorema sp. favour fast flows. We expected hatching success to be higher in velocities favoured by ovipositing females.

In a field experiment, newly laid egg masses of each species were exposed to experimental ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ flow treatments throughout development and monitored until they hatched or died. In a second field experiment, we placed egg masses in a range of velocities (0.0–1.5 ms−1) to determine the threshold beyond which eggs were damaged by shear forces.

The results supported the PPH for one species. Apsilochorema egg masses were sheared from the substratum in fast flows, but hatched with 100% success in favoured slow flows. The threshold velocity for Apsilochorema was 0.6–0.7 ms−1, well beyond the natural oviposition range of up to 0.3 ms−1. Ulmerochorema eggs hatched in all flows, suggesting that flow‐related mortality of the egg stage is unimportant for this species. Oviposition in fast flows might enhance the fitness of Ulmerochorema larvae or ovipositing females instead.

Vulnerability to shear forces appears to explain why Apsilochorema lay eggs exclusively in slow flows. Shear may be a common cause of mortality for lotic insect eggs, and unseasonal spates or regulated flows may significantly affect recruitment of larvae. Selective oviposition affects the spatial distribution and survival of eggs and thus affects larval supply, and these supply dynamics are under‐studied in stream ecology.
Effects of ice cover on the diel behaviour and ventilation rate of juvenile brown trout
Authors: Watz Johan , Bergman Eva , Piccolo John J. , Greenberg Larry 
Published: August 2013

Summary

Winter ice conditions in boreal streams are highly variable, and behavioural responses by fish to river ice may affect overwinter survival rates. One type of ice, surface ice, stabilises water temperatures, reduces instream light levels and may provide overhead cover.

Because surface ice is believed to afford protection against endothermic predators, we predicted that metabolic costs associated with vigilance would be lower under surface ice than in areas lacking surface ice. This potentially favourable effect of ice cover was tested by observing ventilation rates of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a laboratory stream at dawn, during the day and at night in the presence and absence of real, light‐permeable surface ice. Further, we offered trout drifting prey during daylight to test whether ice cover increased daytime foraging activity.

Ice cover reduced ventilation rates during the day, but not at night or dawn. Moreover, fish made more daytime foraging attempts in the presence of ice cover than in its absence.

We suggest that the most plausible explanation for these results is that fish experience a reduced perceived predation risk under surface ice.
Integrated assessment models for ecologists: the present and the future
Authors: Harfoot Michael , Tittensor Derek P. , Newbold Tim , McInerny Greg , Smith Matthew J. , Scharlemann Jörn P. W. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimHuman impacts on the biosphere are a matter of urgent and growing concern, with ecologists increasingly being asked to project biodiversity futures. The Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is likely to comprehensively assess such projections, yet despite being widely used and potentially critical tools for analysing socio‐environmental futures, integrated assessment models (IAMs) have received little attention from ecological modellers. We aim to raise awareness and understanding ofIAMs among ecologists by describing the structure and composition ofIAMs, assessing their utility for biodiversity projections and identifying limitations that hamper greater interaction between scientists usingIAMsand those using ecological models. We also hope to inspire more accessible and applicable models by suggesting development needs forIAMs.MethodsWe conduct a systematic review of four state‐of‐the‐artIAMs, which describes and contrasts key model features and analyses six aspects ofIAMs that are of fundamental interest to ecologists.ConclusionsIAMs could be valuable for modelling biodiversity futures; however, currentIAMs were not developed for this application and challenges remain for ecologists looking to use their outputs. Separating and understanding the differences resulting fromIAMformulation and those resulting from specific scenario assumptions is currently problematic, and currentIAMs may be unable to accurately represent environmental conditions for both Earth‐system projections and for building robust models of biodiversity because key ecological processes are absent. We suggest that model intercomparisons would identify differences in model dynamics, and detailed studies of how dynamical interactions between components influence behaviour would address why such differences arise. Bio‐economic fisheries models and agriculture pollination models provide starting points for integrating key ecological feedbacks withinIAMs. Ultimately, makingIAMs more accessible within the multidisciplinary study of global change, drawing on user‐centred research, would enable more resolved, reliable and accurate assessment of how Earth's socio‐ecological system is approaching planetary boundaries.
Survival analysis of Y‐90 radiosynovectomy in the treatment of haemophilic synovitis of the knee: a 10‐year retrospective review
Authors: Turkmen C. , Kilicoglu O. , Dikici F. , Bezgal F. , Kuyumcu S. , Gorgun O. , Taser O. , Zulfikar B. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryDespite recent advances including new therapeutic options and availability of primary prophylaxis in haemophiliacs, haemophilic synovitis is still the major clinical problem in significant patient population worldwide. We retrospectively reviewed our 10‐year experience with Y‐90 radiosynovectomy to determine the outcome in the knee joints of patients with haemophilic synovitis. Between 2002 and 2012, 82 knee joints of 67 patients with haemophilic synovitis were treated with Y‐90 radiosynovectomy. The mean age was 16.8 ± 7.8 years (range: 5–39 years). The mean follow‐up period was 39.6 ± 25.6 months (range: 12–95 months). Failure of therapy represented re‐bleeding after a radiosynovectomy was used as an end point in patient time to progression (TTP) analysis. The median TTP was calculated as 72.0 ± 3.6 months (95% CI 64.8–79.1 months) in Kaplan–Meier analysis. The 1, 3 and 5‐year survival rates were 89%, 73% and 63% respectively. Longer TTP (hazard ratio for progression, 2.5; P = 0.00) was evident in patients who have greater reduction in bleeding frequency within 6 months after radiosynovectomy. We did not find a relationship between the TTP and the following variables: age, type and severity of haemophilia, the presence or absence of inhibitor, the radiological score, range of motion status of joints and the pretreatment bleeding frequency. We concluded that Y‐90 radiosynovectomy in knee joint represents an important resource for the treatment of haemophilic synovitis, markedly reducing joint bleeding and long‐term durability, irrespective of the radiographic stage and inhibitor status.
Reproducibility of current classifications of endometrial endometrioid glandular proliferations: further evidence supporting a simplified classification
Authors: Ordi Jaume , Bergeron Christine , Hardisson David , McCluggage W. Glenn , Hollema Harry , Felix Ana , Soslow Robert A , Oliva Esther , Tavassoli Fattaneh A , Alvarado‐Cabrero Isabel , Wells Michael , Nogales Francisco F 
Published: August 2013

AimsTo compare the reproducibility of the current (2003) World Health Organization (WHO), endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) and European Working Group (EWG) classifications of endometrial endometrioid proliferations.Methods and resultsNine expert gynaecological pathologists from Europe and North America reviewed 198 endometrial biopsy/curettage specimens originally diagnosed as low‐grade lesions. All observers were asked to classify the cases by using the categories described in each scheme: six for WHO, four for EIN, and three for EWG. The results were evaluated by kappa statistics for more than two observations. The analysis was repeated using only two major categories (benign versus atypical/carcinoma). Both the WHO and EIN classifications showed poor interobserver agreement (κ = 0.337 and κ = 0.419, respectively), whereas the EWG classification showed moderate agreement (κ = 0.530). Full agreement between pathologists occurred in only 28% for the WHO classification, 39% for the EIN classification, and 59% for the EWG classification. With only two diagnostic categories, kappa values increased in all classifications, but only the EWG classification reached a substantial level of agreement (κ = 0.621); similarly, full agreement among all pathologists increased to 70% for the WHO classification, 69% for the EIN classification, and 72% for the EWG classification.ConclusionsA two‐tier classification of endometrial endometrioid proliferative lesions improves reproducibility, and should be considered for the diagnosis of endometrial biopsy/curettage specimens.
Are rural–urban migrants living in urban slums more vulnerable in terms of housing, health knowledge, smoking, mental health and general health?
Authors: Khan Md. Mobarak Hossain , Kraemer Alexander 
Published: August 2013

The magnitude of rural–urban migration in Bangladesh is increasing. Rapid urbanisation and a growing number of slums (dominated by migrants) pose many challenges to health. To our knowledge, studies regarding internal migration and health are scarce and results are mixed. Therefore, we compared several aspects, namely: housing, health knowledge, smoking, mental and general health, for three groups of migrants, designated urban natives/urban to urban migrants (UN/UU), rural to urban migrants (RU) and rural natives/rural to rural migrants (RN/RR). Results based on a sample of 5,136 adults indicated that the majority of respondents were less than 50 years old, female, married and uneducated. The percentages of UN/UU, RU and RN/RR migrants were 9.6, 69.2 and 21.3, respectively. As both bivariable and multivariable analyses indicated greater vulnerability among RU migrants in terms of the above‐mentioned aspects, this particular group deserves more attention from policy‐makers and other stakeholders. Some implications are also discussed.Key Practitioner Message: ● This study provides information regarding internal migration and explains push–pull factors in Bangladesh; ● It provides evidence regarding greater vulnerability in terms of health and other determinants among rural–urban migrants living in Dhaka slums; ● Lastly, the study justifies the importance of intervention strategies targeting poor migrants in urban slums in developing countries.
Positive margins in excised dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: a study of 58 cases treated with slow‐Mohs surgery
Authors: Serra‐Guillén C. , Llombart B. , Nagore E. , Requena C. , Traves V. , Llorca D. , Kindem S. , Alcalá R. , Guillén C. , Sanmartín O. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundDermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is characterized by unpredictable subclinical extension, meaning that positive margins are frequently detected following conventional surgical excision.ObjectiveTo study the presence or absence of residual tumour in DFSP with positive margins after conventional surgery and identify possible predictors of residual tumour or clear margins following a single Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) stage.MethodsA retrospective study of patients with DFSP and positive margins following conventional excision referred for MMS was performed. We studied gender, age, tumour site, time from presentation to diagnosis, and affected margins.ResultsWe studied 58 cases, 35 (60.3%) of which had histological evidence of residual tumour. Tumours of the head and neck were significantly associated with the persistence of tumour. A single MMS stage was sufficient to achieve clearance in the majority of cases (n = 46). All tumours with lateral involvement only were resolved with a single Mohs stage.ConclusionsDFSPs with positive margins after conventional surgical excision should undergo re‐excision because the majority have histologic evidence of residual tumour. Re‐excision with 1‐cm margins beyond the scar could be an option in certain tumour sites, particularly when it is known which margins are involved.
Simultaneous Evaluations of Material Toxicity and Ease of Disassembly during Electronics Design
Authors: Chang Hsiang‐Tang , Lu Chien‐Han 
Published: August 2013

SummaryDesign for environment (DfE) has become an important strategy for sustainable development. However, tools used for designing and tools used to conduct environmental evaluations are currently independent, and therefore the data these tools rely on are not easily communicated and integrated. In this research, we have developed a new software tool (EcoCAD) to provide support for DfE. The primary aim is to enable designers to spend less time on complicated environmental evaluations and independently and quickly develop products that have improved material toxicity and ease‐of‐disassembly characteristics.Fraunhofer‐Institut für Zuverlässigkeit und Mikrointegration's method for developing toxic potential indicators (TPIs) was used to create a Taiwanese TPI database from information contained in the United Nations’ globally harmonized system's material safety data‐sheet databases, and EcoCAD was developed and embedded on a commercial computer‐aided design (CAD) software platform. In addition to common industrial materials, the toxicity of materials in generic printed circuit boards and in generic electric/electronic components is built into EcoCAD.EcoCAD not only provides designers with a functionality for monitoring TPIs during the design process, but also provides the designer with suggestions for reducing the toxicity and improving the ease of disassembly of their products. EcoCAD is an extremely practical tool because a designer is able to understand the material toxicity and ease‐of‐disassembly characteristics of the product during the CAD modeling stage itself, thereby saving time and cost and inspiring better designs.At the present time, EcoCAD focuses on toxicity of materials and ease of disassembly, but our concept could be extended to other environmental characteristics. For example, if a suitable life cycle assessment database was integrated with commercial CAD software, greenhouse gas emissions or European Union energy‐related product directives could be considered.
Executive functioning in individuals with intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Roelofs R. L. , Visser E. M. , Berger H. J. C. , Prins J. B. , Van Schrojenstein Lantman‐De Valk H. M. J. , Teunisse J. P. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundExecutive functioning (EF) is important for adequate behavioural functioning and crucial for explaining symptoms of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in individuals with normal intelligence, but is scarcely studied in individuals withASDand intellectual disabilities (ID). We therefore studyEFin anIDpopulation by comparing performances on three frequently studied executive functions (shifting, inhibition and updating) between individuals withASDand individuals withoutASD. When studyingIDpopulations, one should be aware ofSpearman'sLaw ofDiminishingReturns (SLODR), as it questions the possibility of measuring separate cognitive functions inIDpopulations.MethodsSixEFtasks were administered to 50 individuals with mild to borderlineID, of which half was diagnosed withASD. In order to investigate the distinctness of the three executive functions in thisIDsample, the results on the sixEFtasks were subjected to principal components analysis (PCA). Subsequently, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to assess differences between theASDand non‐ASDgroup on shifting, inhibition and updating.ResultsThePCArevealed the hypothesisedEFtrichotomy.MANOVAanalysis showed no significant group differences onEF‐performance.ConclusionsThree separate executive functions were measured in thisIDpopulation, but despite much evidence that individuals withASDdisplay more behavioural problems and the proven relevance ofEFin behavioural functioning, no significant group difference was found on shifting, inhibition or updating. After this first effort to achieve more insight intoEFof individuals withASDandIDthe relation between behavioural problems andEFwill require further study.
Ultrasonographic examination in non‐human primates with acute abdomen signs
Authors: de Souza Andressa Cristina , Lange Rogério Ribas , Guerios Simone Domit , Froes Tilde Rodrigues 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe acute abdomen is any abdominal disorder resulting in pain, shock, or sepsis. Although it has a multifactorial etiology, the primary cause is gastrointestinal tract pathology. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of abdominal ultrasound as a complementary diagnostic tool in non‐human primates with an acute abdomen.MethodsThree different non‐human primates with clinical signs of acute abdomen were evaluated as follows: a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), a tufted capuchin (Cebus apella), and a black‐tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata).ResultsUltrasonographic examination assisted in the identification of a variety of differential diagnoses and was used in decision‐making for exploratory laparotomy, which was performed in two animals. Ultrasound examination confirmed the source of the acute abdomen as the gastrointestinal tract in the three animals studied.ConclusionsAbdominal ultrasound is a useful technique for the investigation of signs of acute abdomen in non‐human primates.
The context of learning anatomy: does it make a difference?
Authors: Smith Claire F. , Martinez‐Álvarez Concepción , McHanwell Stephen 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis study set out to ascertain whether the context in which anatomy is learnt made a difference to students' perceptions of learning. An Approach to Learning Inventory (ASSIST) and a 31‐item Anatomy Learning Experience Questionnaire (ALE) were administered to 224 students (77 dental, 132 medical and 19 speech and language) as a multi‐site study. Results revealed that 45% adopted a strategic, 39% a deep and 14% a surface approach. Trends between professions are similar for a deep or strategic approach (both ~ 40%). However, a surface approach differed between professions (7% dentistry, 16% medicine, 26% speech and language science). Dental students responded more to being able to use their knowledge than did other groups (P = 0.0001). Medical students found the dissecting environment an intimidating one and subsequently reported finding online resources helpful (P = 0.015 and P = 0.003, respectively). Speech and language science students reported that they experienced greater difficulties with learning anatomy; they reported finding the amount to learn daunting (P = 0.007), struggled to remember what they did last semester (P = 0.032) and were not confident in their knowledge base (P = 0.0001). All students responded strongly to the statement ‘I feel that working with cadaveric material is an important part of becoming a doctor/dentist/health care professional’. A strong response to this statement was associated with students adopting a deep approach (P = 0.0001). This study has elucidated that local curriculum factors are important in creating an enabling learning environment. There are also a number of generic issues that can be identified as being inherent in the learning of anatomy as a discipline and are experienced across courses, different student groups and institutions.