bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Import of International Customary Law into the EU Legal Order: The Adequacy of a Direct Effect Analysis
Authors: Croquet Nicolas AJ 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe EU case law, embodied by the Racke judgment, constituted a normative compromise between the judicial treatment of international customary law and that of international treaties. Indeed, the lack of precision of an international customary norm would not prevent it from being assessed by the EU Courts on the merits of the case, albeit to a lesser degree of judicial review. The lack of precision of an international treaty provision would in contrast make it unenforceable on the facts of the case (subject to two exceptions and the doctrine of consistent interpretation), whereas when sufficiently precise, the treaty provision would be assessed in full by the EU Courts. In Air Transport Association of America, the Court of Justice projected onto the challenged EU secondary act a hybrid and alternative direct effect analysis, borrowed in part from the classical approach to direct effect and in part from the first branch of the direct concern standing requirement whilst also adopting an absolute manifest violation test due to an imprecision bias targeted at all international customary norms. The Court of Justice thereby disrupted this normative compromise: any international customary norm, provided that it or the challenged EU secondary act passes the hybrid direct effect test, would also trigger a marginal form of judicial review in validity review actions before the EU Courts, regardless of its nature and inherent qualities. This chapter aims to argue that the direct effect requirements, which emerge from the case law on the import of international treaties into the EU legal order, remain adequate to assess the judicial enforceability of ordinary international customary law in the EU legal system minus the requirement revolving around the broad logic and nature of the international customary norm. International customary norms should, accordingly, be assessed on the basis of the same direct effect criteria as those applicable to the Constitutive Treaties and EU secondary acts when assessing their relation to Member States’ national legal orders. However, the precision and unconditionality criteria ought to be appreciated with more flexibility with regard to the import of international customary norms in order to account for their unique normative character. The ‘express reference’ ‘implementation’ exceptions specific to the international treaty judicial context may also be transposed to the assessment of international customary law in validity review actions. The application of the doctrine of consistent interpretation to international customary norms and their use as interpretative tools before the EU Courts constitute judicial implications of the principle of primacy of international customary law binding upon the Union over inconsistent EU secondary acts.
Judicial Review of Measures Implementing Security Council Resolutions: The Relevance of the EU Principle of Loyal Cooperation
Authors: Nanopoulos Eva 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn recent years, the question of whether, and to what extent, measures implementing United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolutions can be subject to judicial review has stirred heated debates. This contribution takes a fresh look at the question in the context of the EU’s implementation of a series of Security Council Resolutions relating to the fight against terrorism using the well-established EU principle of loyal cooperation. It suggests that the principle could play a role in determining the appropriate standard and intensity of judicial review, and considers the value of approaching the question in that way.
Proportionality in EU Law: A Balancing Act?
Authors: Sauter Wolf 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe proportionality principle plays a key role in constitutional review of public acts. Its use legitimises the constitutional claims of EU law in the context of a multi-level polity system. The application of proportionality in the EU differs based on whether legal acts of the EU or of its Member States are concerned. In the former case, a manifestly disproportionate test is usually applied, while in the latter case, a least restrictive means test (LRM) is normally used. Both are conditioned by the degree of integration achieved. In future, the use of the principle may involve increasing attention being paid to individual rights.
New insights into sea ice nitrogen biogeochemical dynamics from the nitrogen isotopes
Authors: Fripiat F. , Sigman D. M. , Fawcett S. E. , Rafter P. A. , Weigand M. A. , Tison J.‐L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe report nitrogen (N) isotopic measurements of nitrate, total dissolved nitrogen, and particulate nitrogen from Antarctic pack ice in early and late spring. Salinity‐normalized concentrations of total fixed N are approximately twofold higher than in seawater, indicating that sea ice exchanges fixed N with seawater after its formation. The production of low‐δ15N immobile organic matter by partial nitrate assimilation and the subsequent loss of high‐δ15N nitrate during brine convection lowers the δ15N of total fixed N relative to the winter‐supplied nitrate. The effect of incomplete nitrate consumption in sea ice is thus similar to that in the summertime surface ocean, but the degree of nitrate consumption is greater in ice, leading to a higher δ15N for organic N (~3.9‰) than in the open Antarctic Zone (~0.6‰). Relative to previous findings of very high‐δ15N organic matter in sea ice (up to 41‰), this study indicates that it would be difficult for sea ice to explain the high δ15N of ice age Antarctic sediments. The partitioning of N isotopes between particulate and dissolved forms of reduced N suggests that primary production evolved from new to regenerated production from early to late spring. Even though nitrate assimilation raises the δ15N of nitrate, the δ15N of sea ice nitrate is frequently lower than that of seawater, providing direct evidence that the regeneration of reduced N in the ice includes nitrification, with mass and isotopic balances suggesting that nitrification supplies a substantial fraction (up to ~70%) of nitrate assimilated within Antarctic spring sea ice.
Birth weight and overweight or obesity risk in children under 3 years in China
Authors: Li Nan , Liu Enquing , Sun Shurong , Guo Jia , Pan Lei , Wang Ping , Liu Jin , Tan Linglin , Liu Gongshu , Hu Gang 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo investigate the association between different levels of birth weight and the risk of overweight and obesity in children aged 3 years and under.MethodsBetween 2009 and 2011, health care records of 55,925 children had been collected, and body weight and length had been measured from birth to 3 years old.ResultsPrevalence of overweight/obesity (BMI ≥85th percentiles and BMI ≥95th percentiles, referring to WHO BMI standards) at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 years of age are 34.7%/16.8%, 36.4%/17.7%, 26.6%/11.0%, 22.3%/9.3%, respectively. There was a positive association between birth weight and childhood overweight or obesity from 6 months to 3 years of age. After adjustment for gestational age, maternal age, weight gain during pregnancy, maternal history of diabetes, mother's and father's education, occupation, and health status, family income, feeding modalities, and sex, the odds ratios (ORs) of overweight or obesity were significantly higher among children whose birth weights were 3,000–3,499 g (1.35–1.53 folds), 3,500–3,999 g (2.09–2.37 folds), 4,000–4,499 g (2.80–3.32 folds), and more than 4,500 g (3.54–4.90 folds), compared with the reference group (2,500–2,999 g).ConclusionsHigher levels of birth weight were associated with an increased risk of overweight or obesity among Chinese children from 6 months to 3 years of age. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:331–336, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risks of musculoskeletal disorders among betel quid preparers in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Jer‐Hao , Wu Jyun‐De , Chen Chih‐Yong , SuMD Shih‐Bin , Yin Hsin‐I , Hsu Der‐Jen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundBetel quid chewing is common in Taiwan. The work of betel quid preparers is characterized by long hours of static work, awkward working posture and highly repetitive hand/wrist motion. However, the musculoskeletal health of betel quid preparers receives very little attention.MethodsThe Chinese version of the Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was administered, and electrogoniometers and electromyography were used in this cross‐sectional study to characterize the hand/wrist motion of the subjects. Physical examinations on the thumbs and wrists of the subjects were conducted by means of Phalen's test and Finkelstein's test, respectively.ResultsAmong the 225 participants, more than 95% attributed their musculoskeletal complaints to their work, and shoulder, neck, hand/wrist, and lower back discomfort were most frequently reported. More than 70% of the preparers did not seek medical treatment for their musculoskeletal problems. Based on the physical examination, 24% of the participants had suspected symptom of either carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) or DeQuervain's tenosynovitis. The instrumental measurements indicated that betel quid preparation is characterized by extreme angle ranges and moderate repetition of wrist motion as well as low forceful exertion.ConclusionsThis study concludes that betel quid preparers are a high risk group of developing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Future studies by electrogoniometers and detailed physical examination on betel quid preparers are needed to determine the predisposing factors for CTS. Some intervention measures to prevent MSDs and to lessen psychological stress for this group of workers are strongly suggested. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:476–485, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bis[4‐(4‐maleimidephen‐oxy)phenyl]propane/N,N‐4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethyene blend modified with diallyl bisphenol A
Authors: Qu Chunyan , Zhao Liwei , Wang Dezhi , Li Hongfeng , Xiao Wanbao , Yue Cheng'e 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, 2,2′‐bis[4‐(4‐maleimidephen‐oxy)phenyl)]propane (BMPP) resin and N,N‐4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethyene (BDM) resin blends were modified by diallyl bisphenol A (DABPA). The effects of the mole concentration of BMPP on mechanical properties, fracture toughness, and heat resistance of the modified resins were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the microstructure of the fractured modified resins. The introduction of BMPP resin improves the fracture toughness and impact strength of the cured resins, whose thermal stabilities are hardly affected. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that the modified resins can maintain good mechanical properties at 270.0°C, and their glass transition temperatures (Tg) are above 280.0°C. When the mole ratio of BDM : BMPP is 2 : 1(Code 3), the cured resin performs excellent thermal stability and mechanical property. Its Tg is 298°C, and the Charpy impact strength is 20.46 KJ/m2. The plane strain critical stress intensity factor (KIC) is 1.21 MPa·m0.5 and the plane strain critical strain energy release rate (GIC) is 295.64 J/m2. Compared with that of BDM/DABPA system, the KIC and GIC values of Code 3 are improved by 34.07% and 68.10%, respectively, which show that the modified resin presented good fracture toughness. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40395.
A rapid, simple and reliable HPLC‐triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer method for a simultaneous quantification of irinotecan and its active metabolite 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) in mouse plasma
Authors: Ahn Gang , Park Dong Min , Park Jun Won , Kim Hyo‐Young , Cho Joo‐Youn , Rhee Su‐jin , Jang In‐Jin , Kim Hark Kyun 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA simple, fast and reliable high‐performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method (HPLC‐MS/MS method) was developed, validated and used for the simultaneous quantification of irinotecan and 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) in heparinized mouse plasma. Camptothecin was used as the internal standard. A single‐step protein precipitation without evaporation and reconstitution steps was adopted as sample processing method. Our bioanalytical method was validated in compliance with the guidelines from the European Medicines Agency. The lower limit of quantification for both irinotecan and SN38 was 5 ng/mL. The calibration curves for both analytes fitted to a 1/x2 weighted linear regression model and ranged from 5 to 1000 ng/mL. The intra‐run and inter‐run precisions were within 8.6%, and the intra‐run and inter‐run accuracies were within 96.4−103.9%. Our validated bioanalytical method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study in mice, in which 4 mg/kg irinotecan was intraperitoneally injected. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving Firm Environmental Performance and Reputation: The Role of Employee Green Teams
Authors: Dangelico Rosa Maria 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the link between a firm's organization environmental management capability, represented by the development of green teams made up of employees, and its performance. In particular, two categories of firm performance will be analysed: environmental performance and environmental reputation.This link has been investigated in a sample made of the largest publicly traded US companies. Data about green teams have been collected through the content analysis of firm environmental/sustainability/corporate social responsibility reports and/or their websites, whereas data about environmental performance and reputation are those reported in the US 500 Newsweek's 2010 Green Ranking.Regression analysis results show that the creation of employee green teams positively affects both environmental performance and environmental reputation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Celtic marketing: Assessing the authenticity of a never ending story
Authors: McAuley Andrew , Pervan Simon 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTMany consumers around the world are familiar with Celtic‐related themes having been exposed to them in their consumption practices. Identifying who the Celts were is relatively straightforward as, despite having no language, they have left their impression on the landscape and in artefacts. In this paper, we ask whether there is such a thing as a Celtic Feeling that consumers identify with and marketers can utilize. The authenticity of Celtic Marketing Practice is assessed using indexical and iconic cues, and the pursuit of personal goals as a framework applied to three case studies—Guinness, the Irish Pub Company and the Orkadian jewellery industry. Findings suggest an authenticity to Celtic Marketing in terms of brand positioning and, to a lesser extent, marketing management philosophy. Links are made to place marketing, storytelling and experiential marketing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indium‐Bridged [1]Ferrocenophanes
Authors: Bagh Bidraha , Sadeh Saeid , Green Jennifer C. , Müller Jens 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIndium‐bridged [1]ferrocenophanes ([1]FCPs) and [1.1]ferrocenophanes ([1.1]FCPs) were synthesized from dilithioferrocene species and indium dichlorides. The reaction of Li2fc⋅tmeda (fc=(H4C5)2Fe) and (Mamx)InCl2 (Mamx=6‐(Me2NCH2)‐2,4‐tBu2C6H2) gave a mixture of the [1]FCP (Mamx)Infc (41), the [1.1]FCP [(Mamx)Infc]2 (42), and oligomers [(Mamx)Infc]n (4n). In a similar reaction, employing the enantiomerically pure, planar‐chiral (Sp,Sp)‐1,1′‐dibromo‐2,2′‐diisopropylferrocene (1) as a precursor for the dilithioferrocene derivative Li2fciPr2, equipped with two iPr groups in the α position, gave the inda[1]ferrocenophane 51 [(Mamx)InfciPr2] selectively. Species 51 underwent ring‐opening polymerization to give the polymer 5n. The reaction between Li2fciPr2 and Ar′InCl2 (Ar′=2‐(Me2NCH2)C6H4) gave an inseparable mixture of the [1]FCP Ar′InfciPr2 (61) and the [1.1]FCP [Ar′InfciPr2]2 (62). Hydrogenolysis reactions (BP86/TZ2P) of the four inda[1]ferrocenophanes revealed that the structurally most distorted species (51) is also the most strained [1]FCP.
Functionalized Graphene‐Based Cathode for Highly Reversible Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Kim Jin Won , Ocon Joey D. , Park Dong‐Won , Lee Jaeyoung 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this article, we highlight the salient issues in the development of lithium–sulfur battery (LSB) cathodes, present different points of view in solving them, and argue, why in the future, functionalized graphene or graphene oxide might be the ultimate solution towards LSB commercialization. As shown by previous studies and also in our recent work, functionalized graphene and graphene oxide enhance the reversibility of the charge–discharge process by trapping polysulfides in the oxygen functional groups on the graphene surface, thus minimizing polysulfide dissolution. This will be helpful for the rational design of new cathode structures based on graphene for LSBs with minimal capacity fading, low extra cost, and without the unnecessary weight increase caused by metal/metal oxide additives.
Energetic Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Battery Based on Na2CuFe(CN)6–NaTi2(PO4)3 Intercalation Chemistry
Authors: Wu Xian‐yong , Sun Meng‐ying , Shen Yi‐fei , Qian Jiang‐feng , Cao Yu‐liang , Ai Xin‐ping , Yang Han‐xi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAqueous rechargeable sodium‐ion batteries have the potential to meet growing demand for grid‐scale electric energy storage because of the widespread availability and low cost of sodium resources. In this study, we synthesized a Na‐rich copper hexacyanoferrate(II) Na2CuFe(CN)6 as a high potential cathode and used NaTi2(PO4)3 as a Na‐deficient anode to assemble an aqueous sodium ion battery. This battery works very well with a high average discharge voltage of 1.4 V, a specific energy of 48 Wh kg−1, and an excellent high‐rate cycle stability with approximately 90 % capacity retention over 1000 cycles, achieving a new record in the electrochemical performance of aqueous Na‐ion batteries. Moreover, all the anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials are low cost and naturally abundant and are affordable for widespread applications.
Alkylamine‐Tethered Stable Metal–Organic Framework for CO2 Capture from Flue Gas
Authors: Hu Yingli , Verdegaal Wolfgang M. , Yu Shu‐Hong , Jiang Hai‐Long 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDifferent alkylamine molecules were post‐synthetically tethered to the unsaturated CrIII centers in the metal–organic framework MIL‐101. The resultant metal–organic frameworks show almost no N2 adsorption with significantly enhanced CO2 capture under ambient conditions as a result of the interaction between amine groups and CO2 molecules. Given the extraordinary stability, high CO2 uptake, ultrahigh CO2/N2 selectivity, and mild regeneration energy, MIL‐101‐diethylenetriamine holds exceptional promise for post‐combustion CO2 capture and CO2/N2 separation.
Flow cytometry applications for the analysis of chemokine receptor expression and function
Authors: Anselmo Achille , Mazzon Cristina , Borroni Elena Monica , Bonecchi Raffaella , Graham Gerard J. , Locati Massimo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractChemokine receptors play an important role in leukocyte migration, both in physiological and pathological conditions, and the interest in new methodologies for their detection is increasing. In this review, we focused on chemokine receptors detection through flow cytometric approaches, including the use of specific antibodies and fluorescent chemokines, and on approaches aimed at the analysis of their functions, from intracellular trafficking to signaling activities. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Neuroendocrine responses to social isolation and paternal deprivation at different postnatal ages in mandarin voles
Authors: Wang Lu , Zhang Wei , Wu Ruiyong , Kong Lingzhe , Feng Weige , Cao Yan , Tai Fadao , Zhang Xia 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTNeonatal isolation and paternal deprivation have long lasting effects on the behavior and neuroendocrine system at adulthood. Whether these effects at adulthood are induced by neonatal changes in relevant neuroendocrine parameters lead by these early‐life social experiences is not well understood. Whether monogamous rodents exhibit a stress hypo‐responsive period (SHRP) also remains unclear. Using the monogamous mandarin vole, we found that 30 min of isolation did not affect levels of corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) at postnatal days 8, 10, and 12 displaying a SHRP, but increased these at postnatal days 4, 14, 16, and 18. Isolation increased vasopressin (AVP)‐ir neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) from postnatal days 4 to 12, and up‐regulated oxytocin (OT)‐ir neurons in the PVN at postnatal days 4 and 8 and SON at postnatal day 4. Paternally deprived pups showed increase in ACTH and CORT after 30 min of social isolation from postnatal days 8 to 14, increase in AVP‐ir neurons in the PVN from postnatal days 10 to 14, reduction in OT‐ir neurons in the PVN from postnatal days 10 to 14 and in the SON at postnatal days 12 and 14. These results indicate that monogamous mandarin voles display a short SHRP which can be disrupted by paternal deprivation. Central AVP and OT levels may also be altered by paternal deprivation and social isolation. We propose that changes in these neuroendocrine parameters induced by early‐life social experiences such as those tested here persist and result in altered behavior at adulthood. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1214–1228, 2014.
Effect of linagliptin compared with glimepiride on postprandial glucose metabolism, islet cell function and vascular function parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving ongoing metformin treatment
Authors: Forst Thomas , Anastassiadis Ernestos , Diessel Stephan , Löffler Andrea , Pfützner Andreas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe goal of this study was to investigate the effects of linagliptin compared with glimepiride on alpha and beta cell function and several vascular biomarkers after a standardized test meal.MethodsThirty‐nine patients on metformin alone (age, 64 ± 7 years; duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 7.8 ± 4.5years, 27 male, 12 female; HbA1c, 57.2 ± 6.9 mmol/mol; mean ± SD) were randomized to receive linagliptin 5 mg (n = 19) or glimepiride (n = 20) for a study duration of 12 weeks. Glucagon‐like peptide 1, blood glucose, insulin, intact proinsulin, glucagon, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), cyclic guanosinmonophosphat and asymetric dimethylarginin levels were measured in the fasting state and postprandial at 30‐min intervals for a duration of 5 h. The areas under the curve (AUC0−300 min) were calculated for group comparisons.ResultsHbA1c, fasting and postprandial glucose levels improved in both groups. An increase in postprandial insulin (22595 ± 5984 pmol/L*min), postprandial intact proinsulin (1359 ± 658 pmol/L*min), postprandial glucagon (317 ± 1136 pg/mL*min) and postprandial PAI‐1 levels (863 ± 467 ng/mL*min) could be observed during treatment with glimepiride, whereas treatment with linagliptin was associated with a decrease in postprandial insulin (−8007 ± 4204 pmol/L*min), intact proinsulin (−1771 ± 426 pmol/L*min), postprandial glucagon (−1597 ± 1831 pg/mL*min) and PAI‐1 levels (−410 ± 276 ng/mL*min).ConclusionsDespite an improvement in blood glucose control in both groups, linagliptin reduced postprandial insulin, proinsulin, glucagon and PAI‐levels. These results indicate an improvement in postprandial alpha and beta cell function, as well as a reduced postprandial vascular risk profile during treatment with linagliptin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.