bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflation
Authors: Bryla Pawel 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Inflation is a process in which the general level of prices in an economy rises, which means a decline of the value of money. Inflation may be explained by an incorrect monetary policy of the central bank (monetary theory of inflation), excessive aggregate demand compared to production capacities (Keynesian theory of inflation), and by an increase in production costs which is independent of the aggregate demand for goods (â€
∼
cost‐pushâ€™ theory of inflation). The negative effects of inflation largely prevail, and they are strongly amplified if the inflation is high and not anticipated. The costs of inflation include: (i) distortion of the informative function of prices; (ii) an inefficient management of money holdings (â€
∼
shoe‐leather costsâ€™); (iii) additional effort to service economic processes (â€
∼
menu costsâ€™); (iv) arbitrary redistributions of wealth; (v) uncertainty impeding long‐term decisions; and (vi) unfavourable changes in the balance of payments.
Leadership
Authors: Dickson Marcus W. , Biermeier‐Hanson Benjamin 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article provides an overview of leadership within the management field by presenting a historical overview of leadership research alongside a discussion of the current state of the literature. Early research focused on traits and behaviors. The subsequent introduction of contingency‐based leadership theories was a critical juncture that continues to inform our thinking today, where there are four dominant perspectives: relational leadership, information‐processing, evolutionary/biological, and transformational or authentic leadership. These current perspectives are outlined here and limitations to the existing literature are discussed. It concludes with a brief description of several emerging research areas within the field.
Religion
Authors: Cafferky Michel E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Religion may be one of the most powerful influences on business in some cultures, yet talking about religion in the context of business activities is often socially unacceptable. Some religious practices have a direct impact on choices that managers, employees, and customers make in their work life. Five of the world's major religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism) illustrate the religious roots that affect management, employee, and customer behaviors. Historically organized religions have exhibited ambivalence toward business activities. Several points of tension can be experienced by believers who desire to integrate their religious faith while they work in the marketplace.
Size
Authors: Soh Christine , Carr Chris 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article defines micro, small‐, medium‐, and large‐sized firms using definitions from European, United States, and Asian laws. Micro, small, and medium firms are highly instrumental in the economic growth to a country as they make up the majority of a country's landscape and they have potential to grow into large firms. The difference between the types of firms and factors contributing to the growth in firm size are illustrated to depict the differences between firm sizes.
Subsidiary
Authors: Leih Sunyoung 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A subsidiary is defined as a company controlled by a holding company (a multinational enterprise (MNE)) and situated outside the home country of the MNE. Scholars have identified various functions of subsidiaries, including supporting the parent company's sales or production, conducting research & development, and an entrepreneurial role in terms of developing capabilities. Increasingly, research in subsidiaries is focusing on the entrepreneurial role and has found factors such as a subsidiary's strategic mandate to be antecedents of the fostering of entrepreneurship in subsidiaries.
Innovation and Information Technology
Authors: Rose Gregory M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Innovation in the domain of information technology (IT) refers to innovation within a set of objects that facilitate the acquisition, storage, processing, and delivery of information. There are three main categories of IT innovations: service, base, and process. Innovation takes place in an ecosystem. When innovation in one type spurs innovation in another, the phenomenon is known as order effects. Specific to the adopting actor, IT innovation can be classified on a continuum from incremental to radical. Two characteristics identify the degree of radicalness of innovation: novelty and uniqueness. Where there is a high barrier to learning in order to innovate, the innovation is more radical and less incremental. Uniqueness of an innovation is the extent to which the innovation can be substituted by a previously understood innovation. If no earlier innovation can act as an effective substitute for new innovation, that innovation is relatively radical.
Business Intelligence and Analytics
Authors: Power Daniel J. , Sharda Ramesh 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA business intelligence system is a data‐driven decision support system. Managing data is especially important for business intelligence and analytics. Data warehouses, marts or data‐driven decision support systems are intended to help managers transform data into information and knowledge. Routinely data is moved from source systems to a decision support data store. Some comparison reports include external data on competitors or other relevant data. Analytics refers to quantitative analysis of data. There are three components of business analytics: i) descriptive analytics, ii) predictive analytics and iii) prescriptive analytics. Besides statistical analysis techniques, data mining is the key component of predictive analytics. Data mining is a process of analyzing large amounts of data to identify data content relationships. Cloud computing and “Big” data are changing business intelligence and analytics. Columnar data bases let analysts work with data from web logs and other nonrelational data sources.
Digital Networks
Authors: Snow Andrew P. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Digital networks are the glue that hold modern information systems together, allowing delivery of data, digitized voice, and digitized imagery, such as photographs and video. Digital networks are a collection of communication protocols, nodes, and links. An analogy for a digital network is a highway system, consisting of rules, interchanges, and roads. Network nodes are called switches, and the two major types of switching technology are circuit and packet switching. The Internet uses packet switching technology. Digital networks must be dependable, transparent to users, responsive, ubiquitous, and cost effective to acquire and operate. Digital networks can also be classified by geographic expansiveness and business use. Digital networks use hierarchical and layered protocols for the successful delivery of data, the most prevalent and successful of which are the TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol) suite. These protocols are used in Internet technologies and use encapsulation techniques to package data at the sending end, and unpackage data at the receiving end. The degree of error correction in these protocols depends on the application needs. The original addressing scheme used in the internet is about to deplete all the available addresses for the internet, so a new scheme has been developed which is being transitioned into usage.
IT
Platforms
Authors: Purao Sandeep 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
IT platforms are a foundation, a base on which designers can build other things. They are primarily defined by their properties, which can be simultaneously enabling and constraining. IT platforms can be hardware–software bundles as well as primarily software platforms. Over time, they have evolved to become more open although exceptions such as the Apple platforms persist. Contemporary work shows that IT platforms are important also because of their close connection to business strategy and how they can be used to seed and challenge ecosystems.
Object Orientation
Authors: McDonald David 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Object‐oriented analysis (
OOA
), design, and programming are now the norm in most organizations. This article delineates the rationale for IT departments' move to the object‐oriented methodologies, defines each of these terms affiliated with the analysis and design models, as well as provides a detailed view of how the programming languages are used to implement the applications based on the design. The three‐tiered application development model is also presented, which includes definitions and rationales of the presentation, business, and data tiers.
Crowdsourcing
Authors: Guo Wenbo 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
As a latest incarnation of outsourcing, crowdsourcing is the act of outsourcing tasks to a crowd in the form of an open call. Web 2.0 technology has enabled Internet users to be transformed from passive browsers to active contributors. Currently crowdsourcing is used across a variety of industries for different purposes. Application of crowdsourcing includes R&D, software development, idea generation, logo design, etc. Besides, e‐business crowdsourcing intermediaries have emerged in the past decade too. There are different forms of crowdsourcing marketplaces, like Amazon Mechanical Turk, elance, odesk, innocentive, etc. With an external source of workers, either professional or ordinary users, tasks are believed to be completed in an efficient manner through crowdsourcing. While there has been significant attention from researchers and practitioners, crowdsourcing should be studied more systematically as an emerging phenomenon.
Diffusion of Information Technology Innovations
Authors: Jeyaraj Anand , Sabherwal Rajiv 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDiffusion may be described as the process through which a new innovation spreads across a population of individuals over time. As individuals typically adopt an innovation at different points in time, the diffusion process may extend for a considerable period of time. Diffusion is shaped by the attributes of: the information technology (IT) innovation; the individuals; the social network in which individuals are embedded; and the environment. Research on diffusion has yielded descriptive, econometric, and causal models that provide useful insights for practitioners. Descriptive models show how the diffusion pattern may conform to an S‐shaped curve. Econometric models provide estimates of when and how fast innovations are likely to spread within a population. Causal models document contagion mechanisms such as critical mass, opinion leaders, homophily, and proximity that promote diffusion. This article reviews prior research inITdiffusion, including data collection and analysis methods, measurement and methodological issues, and implications for managers.
Horizontal Merger Guidelines
Authors: Becker Gilbert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article provides an examination of the four sets of guidelines, regarding mergers between rival firms, which have been provided to the business community by the US antitrust authorities during the past half century. These guidelines identify the conditions under which a proposed merger is considered to be sufficiently anticompetitive that the antitrust authorities will challenge the merger in court. The development of, and economic rationale behind, the first set of guidelines issued in 1968 is presented. The article then presents the three sets of guidelines subsequently developed by the US Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission, including those issued in 2010 that are in force today. The differences in the economic methodology behind each set of guidelines are presented. The article then provides a discussion of the ongoing policy debate among several prominent economics scholars as to the relative merits of the early and newer guides.
Efficacy of thigh volume ratios assessed via stereovision body imaging as a predictor of visceral adipose tissue measured by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lee Jane J. , Freeland‐Graves Jeanne H. , Pepper M. Reese , Yu Wurong , Xu Bugao 
Published: January 2015

ObjectivesThe research examined the efficacy of regional volumes of thigh ratios assessed by stereovision body imaging (SBI) as a predictor of visceral adipose tissue measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Body measurements obtained via SBI also were utilized to explore disparities of body size and shape in men and women.MethodOne hundred twenty‐one participants were measured for total/regional body volumes and ratios via SBI and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue areas by MRI.ResultsThigh to torso and thigh to abdomen‐hip volume ratios were the most reliable parameters to predict the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue depots compared to other body measurements. Thigh volume in relation to torso [odds ratios (OR) 0.44] and abdomen‐hip (OR 0.41) volumes were negatively associated with increased risks of greater visceral adipose tissue depots, even after controlling for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Irrespective of BMI classification, men exhibited greater total body (80.95L vs. 72.41L), torso (39.26L vs. 34.13L), and abdomen‐hip (29.01L vs. 25.85L) volumes than women. Women had higher thigh volumes (4.93L vs. 3.99L) and lower‐body volume ratios [thigh to total body (0.07 vs. 0.05), thigh to torso (0.15 vs. 0.11), and thigh to abdomen‐hip (0.20 vs. 0.15); P < 0.05].ConclusionsThe unique parameters of the volumes of thigh in relation to torso and abdomen‐hip, by SBI were highly effective in predicting visceral adipose tissue deposition. The SBI provided an efficient method for determining body size and shape in men and women via total and regional body volumes and ratios. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:445–457, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of the olfactory bulb volume and olfactory threshold in patients with nasal polyps and impact of functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a longitudinal study
Authors: Sadeghi Mohammad , Amali Amin , Ezabadi Sara Rahavi , Motiee-Langroudi Maziar , Farshchi Samireh , Mokhtari Zahra 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundDebate still persists on the relation between olfactory bulb volume (OBV) and olfactory function. Many studies suggest that olfactory deprivation decreases the OBV. The aim of this study was to compare the olfactory threshold and OBV of patients with nasal polyps to healthy individuals and to evaluate the impact of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) on OBV and olfactory threshold.MethodsA longitudinal study was carried out in Tehran between 2011 and 2012. Twenty‐two patients with nasal polyps were compared with 37 healthy individuals. Olfactory threshold test and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed on all participants. Twenty‐two patients in case group were followed for 6 months after FESS. OBV and olfactory threshold were measured after 6 months.ResultsThere was no significant difference between the age, gender, and OBV of the 2 groups. However, the difference between olfactory threshold was significant (p = 0.005). The olfactory threshold showed no significant relation with OBV (p > 0.05). The correlation between Lund‐Mackay score and the mean total OBV and left OBV was significant (r = −0.15, p = 0.045; r = −0.22, p = 0.047; respectively). The decrease in olfactory threshold measured after FESS was statistically significant. Right, left, and total OBV significantly increased after FESS.ConclusionThe results of our study show that FESS has a significant impact on OBV increment and olfactory threshold decrement. The olfactory bulb is a plastic structure and improvement in peripheral olfactory function results in increase in OBV. However, further studies are mandated, in order to establish this result.
Synthese polycyclischer tertiärer Carbinamine durch Samariumdiiodid‐vermittelte Cyclisierungen von Indolylsulfinyliminen
Authors: Rao Chintada Nageswara , Lentz Dieter , Reißig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSamariumdiiodid‐vermittelte Cyclisierungen von N‐acylierten Indolderivaten mit Sulfinyliminmotiv lieferten polycyclische tertiäre Carbinamine in mäßigen bis exzellenten Diastereoselektivitäten. Lithiumbromid und Wasser erwiesen sich als die geeignetsten Additive, um gute Ausbeuten bei dieser Transformation zu erzielen. Bei Einsatz enantiomerenreiner Sulfinylimine hing das Resultat maßgeblich von der Reaktivität der Indolyleinheit ab. Nicht aktivierte Indolderivate erfuhren eine Desulfinylierung und ergaben racemische Produkte, wogegen die Verwendung von Indolen mit elektronenanziehenden Substituenten an C‐3 polycyclische Produkte mit intakter N‐Sulfinylgruppe mit sehr guten Diastereoselektivitäten lieferte, was letztlich die Herstellung enantiomerenreiner tertiärer Carbinamine ermöglichte. Die Mechanismen dieser Prozesse werden diskutiert.
C‐H‐Funktionalisierung von Phenolen durch kombinierte Ruthenium‐ und Photoredoxkatalyse mit sichtbarem Licht: In‐situ‐Erzeugung des Oxidationsmittels
Authors: Fabry David C. , Ronge Meria A. , Zoller Jochen , Rueping Magnus 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEine Kombination von Ruthenium‐ und Photoredoxkatalysatoren ermöglicht die ortho‐Olefinierung von Phenolen. Mithilfe von sichtbarem Licht kann die direkte C‐H‐Funktionalisierung von o‐(2‐Pyridyl)phenolen erfolgen, wobei diverse Phenolether in guten Ausbeuten erhalten werden. Die Regenerierung des Rutheniumkatalysators erfolgt durch einen photoredoxkatalysierten oxidativen Prozess.
Modulation of Benzene or Naphthalene Binding to Palladium Cluster Sites by the Backside‐Ligand Effect
Authors: Ishikawa Yuki , Kimura Seita , Takase Kohei , Yamamoto Koji , Kurashige Yuki , Yanai Takeshi , Murahashi Tetsuro 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe backside‐ligand modulation strategy to enhance the substrate binding property of Pd clusters is reported. The benzene or naphthalene binding ability of Pd3 or Pd4 clusters is enhanced significantly by the backside cyclooctatetraene ligand, leading to the formation of the first solution‐stable benzene‐ or naphthalene Pd clusters. The present results imply that the ligand design of the metal clusters, especially for the backside ligand of the metal cluster site, is crucial to acquire a desired reactivity of metal clusters.
Intramolecular CH Activation through Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Reaction of Iodoalkynes
Authors: Morán‐Poladura Pablo , Rubio Eduardo , González José M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe cycloisomerization reaction of 1‐(iodoethynyl)‐2‐(1‐methoxyalkyl)arenes and related 2‐alkyl‐substituted derivatives gives the corresponding 3‐iodo‐1‐substituted‐1H‐indene under the catalytic influence of IPrAuNTf2 [IPr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropyl)phenylimidazol‐2‐ylidene; NTf2=bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate]. The reaction takes place in 1,2‐dichloroethane at 80 °C, and the addition of ttbp (2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylpyrimidine) is beneficial to accomplish this new transformation in high yield. The overall reaction implies initial assembly of an intermediate gold vinylidene upon alkyne activation by gold(I) and a 1,2‐iodine‐shift. Deuterium labeling and crossover experiments, the magnitude of the recorded kinetic primary isotopic effect, and the results obtained from the reaction of selected stereochemical probes strongly provide support for concerted insertion of the benzylic CH bond into gold vinylidene as the step responsible for the formation of the new carbon–carbon bond.
Identifying the Crystalline Orientation of Black Phosphorus Using Angle‐Resolved Polarized Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Wu Juanxia , Mao Nannan , Xie Liming , Xu Hua , Zhang Jin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAn optical anisotropic nature of black phosphorus (BP) is revealed by angle‐resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy (ARPRS), and for the first time, an all‐optical method was realized to identify the crystal orientation of BP sheets, that is, the zigzag and armchair directions. We found that Raman intensities of Ag1, B2g, and Ag2 modes of BP not only depend on the polarization angle α, but also relate to the sample rotation angle θ. Furthermore, their intensities reach the local maximum or minimum values when the crystalline orientation is along with the polarization direction of scattered light (es). Combining with the angle‐resolved conductance, it is confirmed that Ag2 mode intensity achieves a relative larger (or smaller) local maximum under parallel polarization configuration when armchair (or zigzag) direction is parallel to es. Therefore, ARPRS can be used as a rapid, precise, and nondestructive method to identify the crystalline orientation of BP layers.
Stabile Heterocyclopentan‐1,3‐diyle
Authors: Hinz Alexander , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDiphosphadiazandiyl, [(μ‐NR)P]2 (R=Ter=2,6‐Dimesitylphenyl), ist für seine Fähigkeit, kleine Moleküle mit Mehrfachbindungen zu aktivieren, bekannt. CO ist ein besonders vielversprechendes Molekül für die Aktivierung, da sowohl 1,1‐ als auch 1,2‐Verbrückung von Interesse sind, denn es würde entweder ein [1.1.1]Bicyclus oder ein Carben gebildet. Die Reaktion von CO mit dem Diphosphadiazandiyl läuft bereits bei 1 bar und 25 °C ab. Dabei durchläuft CO unter Erhaltung des Biradikalcharakters eine präzedenzlose Ringerweiterung, die zur Bildung des ersten stabilen Heterocyclopentan‐1,3‐diyls führt, das seinerseits Merkmale eines molekularen Schalters aufweist.
Untersuchungen zur biologischen Aktivität des Zeise‐Salzes und seiner Derivate
Authors: Meieranz Sandra , Stefanopoulou Maria , Rubner Gerhard , Bensdorf Kerstin , Kubutat Dominic , Sheldrick William S. , Gust Ronald 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIm Rahmen der Entwicklung neuer biologisch aktiver Organometallverbindungen mit Aspirin‐Teilstruktur, deren Wirkmechanismus die Hemmung der Cyclooxygenase(COX)‐Enzyme einschließt, wurden auch entsprechende Derivate des Zeise‐Salzes synthetisiert. In In‐vitro‐Untersuchungen konnte dann gezeigt werden, dass neben den Zeise‐Aspirin‐Derivaten auch das Zeise‐Salz selbst einen sehr potenten Hemmstoff der COX‐Enzyme darstellt. Kaliumtetrachloroplatinat(II) und Cisplatin haben in vergleichbaren Konzentrationen keinen Einfluss auf die Enzymaktivität. Für die COX‐1 konnte mittels LC‐ESI‐Tandem‐Massenspektrometrie nachgewiesen werden, dass das Zeise‐Salz mit den Aminosäuren Tyr385 (aktives Zentrum des Enzyms) und Ser516 (Acetylierungsstelle des Aspirins) essenzielle Zentren des Enzyms platiniert, was dessen Funktion stark beeinträchtigt. Damit konnte erstmals nachgewiesen werden, dass das Zeise‐Salz selbst pharmakologisch aktiv ist und einen potenten Enzyminhibitor darstellt.
Alternating Copolymerization of Propylene Oxide with Biorenewable Terpene‐Based Cyclic Anhydrides: A Sustainable Route to Aliphatic Polyesters with High Glass Transition Temperatures
Authors: Van Zee Nathan J. , Coates Geoffrey W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide with terpene‐based cyclic anhydrides catalyzed by chromium, cobalt, and aluminum salen complexes is reported. The use of the Diels–Alder adduct of α‐terpinene and maleic anhydride as the cyclic anhydride comonomer results in amorphous polyesters that exhibit glass transition temperatures (Tg) of up to 109 °C. The polymerization conditions and choice of catalyst have a dramatic impact on the molecular weight distribution, the relative stereochemistry of the diester units along the polymer chain, and ultimately the Tg of the resulting polymer. The aluminum salen complex exhibits exceptional selectivity for copolymerization without transesterification or epimerization side reactions. The resulting polyesters are highly alternating and have high molecular weights and narrow polydispersities.