bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crime and Public Policy
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis introduction to the book starts by defining crime. It explains that cross-national agreement about what should and should not be considered as criminal is narrower than is sometimes recognized. Examples are given of various acts that are regarded as criminal in some countries but not others. Crime and its control raises many instrumental, expressive, emotional, and moral issues, the text states. The layout of the book is outlined and some noncontroversial conclusions are offered. Next this introductory text looks at broad public policy approaches for dealing with crime: criminal law enforcement, prevention, harm reduction, regulation, decriminalization, and nonintervention. Next rates and trends are detailed and the costs associated are analysed. Finally this introductory section of the book looks at choosing the right policies.
Sexual Violence
Authors: Sample Lisa L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews the assumptions underlying sex offender legislation and discusses the incidence, prevalence, and causes of sex offending. The current sex offender legislation assumes that sex offenders are a homogeneous group who exhibit similar offending patterns irrespective of their type. It shows the importance of assessing the degree to which these assumptions comport to empirical information available about sex offenders and sex crimes. The trends in sex offending and victimization are summarized. Recidivism information is reviewed here in terms of general reoffending, sex offenders' general reoffending rates as compared to those for non-sexual offenders, and comparisons of general and sexual reoffending across several sex offender types. Several factors that contribute to criminal offenders' behavior, including those of a sociological, psychological, and biological nature are discussed. Finally, this article mentions that sex offending is a reprehensible behavior with long-lasting consequences for victims and needs to be managed, controlled, and prevented.
Robbery
Authors: Cook Philip J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides a description of trends and patterns in robbery using police statistics and statistics from crime surveys. The focus is on data of robbery rate trends for the United States, which is the most established of the national crime surveys. The survey data support a fine-grained analysis of the age, sex, race, and number of robbers and victims involved in an incident, as well as the type of weapon and the outcomes of the confrontation with respect to theft and injury. It examines the demographics of robber perpetration and victimization and robbery outcomes (property loss, injury, and death). This article discusses robbers' strategic choices about whom to rob, how, and with what weapon and interventions aimed at preventing robberies. Policies to reduce the scope of the underground market will thus be helpful in the effort to curtail robbery.
Auto Theft
Authors: Cherbonneau Michael , Wright Richard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews our current knowledge about automobile theft. It defines crime and outlines its prevalence. It further examines the social and economic consequences of auto theft and deals with patterns of auto theft in the United States and elsewhere. Auto theft is found to be an activity of greater salience among the socially advantaged. It moves on with the discussion of forms of motor vehicle theft, including various types of offenders and offender motivations. It includes discussion about victim and offender characteristics, correlates of victimization risk, and types of vehicles stolen and motor vehicle theft offenders. Finally, it examines the ways of controlling auto theft, concluding with a discussion of policy-relevant issues and directions for future research.
Money Laundering
Authors: Levi Michael , Reuter Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMoney laundering is a very modern crime created by the late twentieth-century state to enlist the financial sector in its search of the proceeds of crime and prevention of career criminality, particularly transnational crime. This article presents examples that illustrate the variety of methods available and kind of persons involved, along with some classifications. It discusses the relationship of money laundering to corruption control and analyzes the effects of anti-money laundering controls. It provides a brief assessment of the consequences of the control system. A broad and intrusive set of controls has been erected to prevent money laundering. The system generates substantial crime or corruption control benefits which must be high on the agenda of the relevant policy-making community.
Trafficking in Cultural Artifacts
Authors: Tijhuis A. J. G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCultural artifacts encompass both antiquities and works of art. Global crime related to cultural artifacts can be divided into several types. This article discusses these types and look at the nexus with other types of crime. It focuses on art crimes that involve cross-border activities. The transnational trade in stolen art and antiquities can be placed in the context of several causal mechanisms and influences. Law enforcement efforts and other policy approaches are also described. Finally, it discusses the policy implications with focus on ratification of multilateral treaties. Police agencies specializing in art theft are few in number and typically small. On the basis of the current body of knowledge about the trade in stolen art and antiquities several tentative recommendations can be offered for both public policies and research in this field.
Hate Crimes
Authors: Jenness Valerie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHate crime is a product of civil right, disabilities rights, and crime victims' movements. This article primarily focuses on criminal justice concerns related to hate crime. Assessments of hate crime-related criminal justice policy and law enforcement practices require an understanding of the emergence of hate crime. It presents a summary of early assessments of hate crime law and concerns about bias-motivated violence as “merely symbolic politics” with minimal enforcement effects. It conceptualizes this assessment and includes a brief summary of federal and state hate crime law. The next section details the organization of hate crime enforcement and the outcomes of law enforcement practices, including data on the policing and prosecution of hate crime. Finally, it discusses the development of hate crime law and law enforcement practices beyond the United States.
Gambling
Authors: Dombrink John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPolicy contests over gambling have turned to issues of problem gamblers, economic development, and ancillary crime. This article discusses the scope and scale of legal gambling in the United States and examines various issues during this history, contextualizing U.S. treatment with continued toleration of gambling and its flourish in illegal forms. It details current forms of legal gambling and its symbolism. The article provides a critiques of legal gambling together with analyses of their salience and success in current discussions and legalization efforts. It presents a number of unresolved issues in the legalization of gambling, including the capacity of communications technology to change the forms of gambling. Due to the role of the state in allowing and promoting gambling, the progress of gambling in all these dimensions has been uncoupled from other victimless crimes.
Cyclades
Authors: Renfrew Colin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article argues that the Cyclades have played a central role in the prehistory of the Aegean. Even in the late Upper Palaeolithic period, before there is evidence of permanent settlement in the islands, the volcanic glass known as obsidian—and very suitable as a raw material for chipped stone tools—was being brought from its principal Aegean source on the island of Melos to Franchthi Cave in the Argolid. From the Neolithic period onward, interactions between the Cycladic Islands and neighboring lands were frequent. The Cyclades were significant in the Archaic period of Greece's civilization. In the Early Bronze Age, the inhabitants of the Cyclades took an active part in the trade and commerce of the time. Cycladic sources of lead and copper were economically significant. The influence of the Early Cycladic cultures was felt in settlements, and notably in cemeteries, in northern Crete and in Attica and Euboea.
Cyclades
Authors: Barber Robin L. N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses adjustments in what may be termed “cultural geography.” The name Cyclades, derived in the Classical period from the islands that formed a loose circle (kyklos) around the sacred centre of Delos, nowadays signifies a modern administrative region—from Andros and Tenos in the north to Melos and Thera in the south. In the Byzantine and Mediaeval periods, the boundaries of the region were different at different times. Some of these have, on occasion, been dubbed “colonies,” but it can be suggested, with perhaps greater plausibility, that they belonged to a Cycladic cultural area, dissimilar to that with which one is now familiar and about whose extent there is undoubtedly more to be learnt. If defined in this way, Middle Cycladic geography seems to show yet another grouping since no sites with similarly strong island characteristics have so far been located outside the area known today as the Cyclades.
Minoan Architecture
Authors: Hitchcock Louise A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMinoan architecture is characterized by both tradition and innovation. Although regionalism was more typical of the tomb architecture of the Early Bronze Age, there are also some regional distinctions among Minoan palatial buildings. These distinctions are frequently overshadowed by the emphasis placed on the organization of the palaces around a central court, resulting in the use of the essentialist term “court-centered building.” Houses were characterized by a radial plan with rooms organized around a squarish hall. A preference for corner doorways and a liberal use of corridors and staircases in the palaces and villas enhanced their complexity. Greater cultural uniformity with mainland Greece at the end of the Bronze Age is indicated by the predominance of rectilinear halls with entry on the short side throughout the Aegean.
Cretan Hieroglyphic and Linear A
Authors: Tomas Helena 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe existence of Bronze Age literacy in the Aegean was first recognized thanks to Arthur Evans's insightful study of seals and other inscribed objects that he saw or purchased while traveling through Crete. The seals bore signs of a script thereafter called Hieroglyphics or Pictographs—the name was based on Evans's interpretation of the appearance of the signs but was also influenced by his awareness of other Bronze Age hieroglyphics known at the. Evans established the existence of two other linear-looking scripts, Linear A and Linear B. Although the very first inscriptions are of Prepalatial date and may have had symbolic value which enhanced power of élites, wider use of Cretan Hieroglyphics and Linear A is best explained as a result of expanding economic activities that accompanied the growth of Cretan palatial centers and a consequent need for a well-structured administrative system.
Cypro-Minoan
Authors: Hirschfeld Nicolle 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article shows that there are approximately 200 identified Cypro-Minoan inscriptions. They are impressed, incised, or painted on a variety of objects and materials in an assortment of lengths and formats and are found in a diversity of contexts widely dispersed across the island of Cyprus and at Ras Shamra-Ugarit on the mainland. They span the entire Late Bronze Age and perhaps continue into the very early Iron Age. The earliest discoveries were made at the end of the nineteenth century; most recently, Cypro-Minoan has been recognized at Ras Shamra-Ugarit and perhaps at Ashkelon. The script has not been deciphered, and any claims to have done so are premature, for the extant corpus is too limited, and there is no bilingual. The greatest concentration of Cypro-Minoan writing has been found at Enkomi.
Mycenaean Pottery
Authors: Rutter Jeremy B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMycenaean pottery, the ceramic assemblage characteristic chiefly of the central and southern Greek mainland during the Aegean Late Bronze Age, began within a decade of the first discovery of substantial quantities of this artifactual class in the initial exploration of the chamber tomb cemeteries at Ialysos on Rhodes by A. Billiotti and A. Salzmann, and Heinrich Schliemann's better-known excavations at Troy, Mycenae, Tiryns, and Orchomenos. However, it was Carl Blegen's careful stratigraphic excavations of 1915–1916 at the Corinthian coastal site of Korakou that first permitted virtually the full temporal range of Mycenaean ceramics to be outlined by employing a tripartite system modeled after that devised by Sir Arthur Evans for the Bronze Age pottery of Minoan Crete less than twenty years earlier.
Jewelry
Authors: Laffineur Robert 
Published: February 2013

AbstractJewelry, usually designating both gold and silver work, is undoubtedly one of the most significant classes among the so-called small finds in the prehistoric Aegean. The corpus of finds is especially rich between these two extremes in all periods of development and in the various areas of expansion of Aegean cultures, the Cycladic islands, Crete, western Asia Minor, and the Greek mainland. Two important finds deserve special attention: the famous “bee pendant” from the necropolis of Chrysolakkos at Malia and the so-called Aegina treasure in the British Museum. The Malia pendant, which is dated to late Prepalatial or Protopalatial times, is another masterpiece of craftsmanship, with a highly skilful use of granulation, a sophisticated composition, and a likely symbolic meaning that has inspired many comments—beginning with the identification of the insects—bees, hornets, or wasps.
The Trojan War
Authors: Bryce Trevor 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe story of Troy's war with the Greeks is one of the best-known narrative episodes from the Greek and Roman literary tradition. To the ancient Greeks and Romans, it provided the inspiration for a wide range of artistic representations in the fields of painting, sculpture, poetry, drama, and philosophy. Ancient Greek writers proposed widely varying dates for the Trojan War, ranging from as early as 1334 to as late as the tenth century bc. In the interval between the war and the earliest written records of it, traditions about the conflict were kept alive and orally transmitted by a succession of storytellers, no doubt like the bards and minstrels who, according to Homer, entertained the courts of kings and noblemen in Mycenae. By far the most famous version of the tale is that narrated by Homer in the Iliad.
Knossos
Authors: MacDonald Colin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractKnossos was the main prehistoric settlement of the island of Crete and is best known for its monumental palace, the so-called Minos Palace. The earliest settlement of Knossos in the prepottery or Aceramic Neolithic may have been the earliest formal settlement in the whole of Crete. While new discoveries and a wide range of archaeological methods are helping to clarify and challenge the views of early human habitation on Crete, it is important to note that the earliest signs of human activity on the island are found precisely where the ceremonial center of Knossos, the palace, was later built. The Bronze Age palace itself was, among other things, both a monument to the ancient religious ceremonies that had taken place on this spot and an expression of the new authority that was in place, initially at the Knossian level and later at a regional and perhaps even an island-wide level.
Central and Southern Peloponnese
Authors: Cavanagh William G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Peloponnese, the heartland of Mycenaean civilization, covers about 19,000 square kilometers. Of this, the Argolid, so prominent in accounts of the Bronze Age Aegean, forms only eleven percent, while the region considered here is four times larger than the Argolid and only slightly smaller than the whole of the island of Crete. In a later period its agricultural wealth underwrote Sparta, the dominant Classical power: it occupies the wetter, western part of Greece, making it less subject to drought and unpredictable harvests. In addition to the farming base, there are mineral resources, notably metals in the area of Neapolis. This article stresses that at no time in prehistory was this a unified territory, and imposes generalizations that mask important regional differences.
Lerna
Authors: Wiencke Martha Heath 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAncient Lerna forms a low mound of some 12,000 square meters on the west shore of Argos Bay, beside an abundant spring. The inhabitants had easy access to good farmland, timber, and main routes north to Argos and south into Arcadia. Excavation at the site was carried out in the 1950s by the American School of Classical Studies under the direction of John L. Caskey, when some twenty percent of the mound was excavated. Most of the deposits belong to the Neolithic and Early and Middle Bronze Ages; the preserved finds are kept in the Archaeological Museum of Argos. The Neolithic occupation at Lerna left three-meter-deep deposits, of which only little could be excavated. Some ten percent of the Neolithic ceramic material, most frequently the painted Urfi rnis (Urf), was preserved for study by Karen D. Vitelli.
Mycenae
Authors: French Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Mycenae was inhabited for several millennia before the start of the Bronze Age and remained occupied, if not prosperous, for at least a millennium after its end. The site lies on a rocky knoll between two hills in the northeast corner of the Argive plain some eight miles from the sea. It is probable that the environment of the Bronze Age was similar to that of the earlier part of the twentieth century ad, as it seems that the north and east sections of the Argolid suffered less than other areas from poor land management in the Early Bronze Age, which caused major changes in the landscape. Mycenae was identified through both legend and Homer at least until Roman times, with the walls and Lion Gate remaining visible. All recent interpretive work is based on these excavations.
Thorikos
Authors: Laffineur Robert 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Thorikos is located in the southeastern part of Attica, some three kilometers north of the modern town of Lavrio, to the east of the Laurion ridge with its metalliferous resources, and facing the island of Makronisos. At Thorikos, the earliest find of litharge so far has been made in sector I53 on the Velatouri, where a long sequence could be revealed between the Final Neolithic and the Archaic period. Fragments of litharge were found on a soil that the excavator has dated to the end of the sixteenth century. This find has great importance since it is very close in time to the period of the first main monumental development at Thorikos in the early Mycenaean phase. It suggests that metallurgy could have given an impetus to local development and that those prerequisite conditions of development were indeed present at the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age.
Cyprus
Authors: Steel Louise 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCyprus occupies a strategic position between the western Asiatic and European landmasses in the East Mediterranean. The geographical location and physical landscape had a distinct influence on the development of the island's Bronze Age societies and ensured that it played an increasingly important role in international maritime trade of the later second millennium. In antiquity the fertile Mesaoria plain, which lies between the Troodos and the Kyrenia mountain ranges, was probably covered by open cypress woodland. Despite the undoubted importance of timber, exploitation of this resource by Bronze Age communities has not been fully explored. This might be extrapolated from later sources that demonstrate religious and royal control of timber to sustain various industries—metallurgy, ceramic production, and shipbuilding. Timber is itemized among the tributes sent from the ruler of Alashiya (ancient Cyprus) to Thutmose III, which further illustrates the economic importance of this resource in antiquity.
Uluburun Shipwreck
Authors: Pulak Cemal 
Published: February 2013

AbstractExcavation of the Uluburun shipwreck near Kaş in southern Turkey has yielded one of the largest and richest assemblages of Bronze Age trade goods and raw materials ever found. The finds provide significant insight into, and the clearest glimpse of, Late Bronze Age maritime and terrestrial trade in the Mediterranean. The 1984–1994 excavation of the shipwreck, under the auspices of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University, revealed an immense cargo of raw materials, manufactured goods, a collection of premium, exotic items, personal effects, items for shipboard use, ship's equipment, and a small portion of the hull. The conservation and analysis of nearly seventeen tons of artifacts recovered from the site demonstrate the diversity and complexity of the assemblage.
Western Anatolia
Authors: Greaves Alan M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWestern Anatolia is often overlooked in discussions of the Bronze Age Aegean, despite its physical proximity to the region. This is partly due to a lack of identified sites and perhaps also to a tendency among scholars to retroject the modern Greek-Turkish political border onto past societies. The excavation of some key coastal, multiperiod sites is also hampered by the overburden of later deposits. This article highlights and critiques those core themes that scholars most frequently revisit. These include the date and nature of the earliest contact between the cultures of the Aegean and those of western Anatolia, the Minoan “colonization” of Miletus, Mycenaean pottery and materials in the region, and questions of the historical-archaeological interface.
Western Mediterranean
Authors: Vagnetti Lucia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
During the Early and Middle Bronze Age, Minoan Crete plays the most active role, looking mainly eastward and developing a local network inside the Aegean, in particular with the Cyclades and the Peloponnese. The evidence for the western interconnection is supported almost entirely by archaeological finds, as there is no significant reference to this part of the world in Linear B texts, and writing was not yet in use among the communities of the Central and Western Mediterranean. The great explorations by Paolo Orsi in Sicily resulted in the discovery of several Bronze Age necropolis in which Mycenaean pottery was fairly common. In 1899–1900, the important Bronze Age settlement of Scoglio del Tonno near Taranto was excavated by Q. Quagliati. The large quantity and variety of Mycenaean pottery from these early discoveries remain a substantial source of information today.