bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about lung cancer in three culturally and linguistically diverse communities living in Australia: a qualitative study
Authors: Scott Nicola , Donato‐Hunt Connie , Crane Melanie , Lafontaine Mayanne , Varlow Megan , Seale Holly , Currow David 
Published: April 2014

Issue addressedKnowledge, attitudes and beliefs about lung cancer among Chinese, Vietnamese and Arabic‐speaking communities in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW) are explored.MethodsSeven focus groups were completed with a total of 51 participants (smokers and non‐smokers) from three culturally and linguistically diverse communities (CALD). Five topics were discussed and translated summaries from focus groups were thematically analysed.ResultsThere were variations in perceived susceptibility to lung cancer between the CALD groups and between smokers and non‐smokers. Fatalistic views towards lung cancer were apparent across all three CALD communities. There were low levels of awareness of lung cancer signs and symptoms, with the exception of haemoptysis. Differences in help‐seeking behaviour and levels of trust of general practitioners (GP) were apparent.ConclusionLimited awareness of the signs and symptoms of lung cancer, combined with cultural perceptions about cancer, impacted on attitudes towards help‐seeking behaviour in these three CALD communities.So what?The prevalence of smoking among Chinese men, Vietnamese men and Arabic‐speaking communities in NSW puts them at increased risk of lung cancer. Health promotion initiatives for lung cancer should be tailored for CALD communities and could focus on increasing knowledge of key symptoms, awareness that ex‐smokers are at risk and awareness of the diagnostic pathway including the importance of avoiding delays in help‐seeking.
Characterization of a yam class IV chitinase produced by recombinant Pichia pastoris X-33
Authors: Akond Muhammad Ali , Matsuda Yusuke , Ishimaru Takayuki , Iwai Ken , Saito Akira , Kato Akio , Tanaka Shuhei , Kobayashi Jun , Koga Daizo 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
A yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb) class IV chitinase, whose genomic DNA was cloned by Mitsunaga et al. (2004), was produced by the recombinant Pichia pastoris X-33 in high yields such as 66 mg/L of culture medium. The chitinase was purified by column chromatography after Endoglycosidase H treatment and then characterized. It showed properties similar to the original chitinase E purified from the yam tuber reported by Arakane et al. (2000). This Pichia-produced chitinase also showed strong lytic activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora nicotianae, wide pH and thermal stability, optimum activity at higher temperature such as 70 °C, and high substrate affinity, indicating that one can use this Pichia-produced yam chitinase as a bio-control agent.
Cloning and transcriptional expression of mouse mannosyltransferase IV/V cDNA, which is involved in the synthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides
Authors: Nishimura Yuuki , Shimono Nanae , Yoshimoto Takashi , Kamiguchi Hiroshi , Nishikawa Yoshihisa 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We cloned the mouse mannosyltransferase IV/V gene (mALG11) from FM3A cells by a bioinformatic approach. The ORF contained 1476 bp encoding 492 amino acids. The cloned mALG11 complemented the growth defect of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ALG11Δ mutant. In addition, we detected a variant cDNA by alternate splicing that had an additional four-nucleotide ATGC insertion at base 276 of the ORF. Consequently the variant cDNA encoded a truncated protein with 92 amino acids, lacking the glycosyltransferase group-1 domain. The variant cDNA occurs in many mouse strains according to EST database searches. Moreover, we detected it in FM3A cDNA, but we did not detect any such variants in the human EST database or in HeLa cDNA, although human ALG11 (hALG11) genomic DNA has the same sequence around the intron–exon boundaries as those of mALG11 genomic DNA. Hence, we concluded that there is different transcriptional control mechanism between mALG11 and hALG11.
Value of coastal habitats for exploited species: introduction to a theme set of articles
Authors: Seitz Rochelle D. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Many exploited fish and invertebrate species use coastal habitats during one or more life-history stages as spawning, feeding, and nursery areas; yet, the value of these habitats has not been adequately characterized. As habitat availability can be a bottleneck for many populations, concerns about habitat effects on exploited species have been increasing. We have compiled nine articles presenting the state of knowledge and future research priorities regarding the importance of habitat for exploited species. Reviews from European habitats and several geographical locations throughout the United States demonstrate the influence of coastal habitats on survival, growth, and movement, especially during the early life-history stages, in a wide variety of species, spatial scales, and habitats. Moreover, many of these species contribute substantially to commercial landings, highlighting the importance of coastal habitats to population persistence and fishery yields. Management of fishery species can also be enhanced through modelling efforts incorporating habitat. Finally, there is a need for more effort in quantifying population demographics rates, creating comprehensive habitat maps, and developing better census techniques for complex hard bottom habitats; thus, future work is needed on the value of coastal habitats for exploited species.
Social Science and the Study of Indigenous People’s Politics
Authors: Bruyneel Kevin 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
As a discipline, political science, particularly in the United States, takes indigenous politics for granted. This chapter examines the relative invisibility and distortion of indigenous politics in American political science, with an emphasis on sovereignty and the state on the one hand, and race and ethnicity politics on the other. In particular, it looks at scholars’ inability to recognize the value and importance of indigenous politics, their emphasis on sovereignty as an exclusive characteristic of the state, and their inability to account for or understand the political identity and politics of Indigenous people. It also considers the role of settler-colonialism in political life. The chapter concludes by suggesting ways of situating indigenous politics as its own distinct subfield of political science.
Voting Rights and Electoral Representation in the United States
Authors: McCool Daniel 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Since America’s westward expansion from the East Coast and its usurpation of Indian lands, the citizenship and political participation of indigenous people have been a major source of conflict. This chapter examines the voting rights and electoral representation of Indians in the United States. It first looks at the controversy over Indian citizenship and the efforts of states to prohibit Indians from voting, then discusses the efforts of state and local governments to prevent Indians from voting on an equal basis with non-Indians, the Voting Rights Act and its impact on Indian voting, and Indian political power today. The chapter argues that Indian people have become effective participants in American politics by overcoming tremendous odds, although they still face challenges and resistance.
Jonson’s Patrons
Authors: Scott Alison V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn a landmark essay published in 1984, Stanley Fish offered a reading of Jonson’s non-dramatic works in which he argued that Jonson persistently sought to imagine an alternate economy of patronage in his poetry and prose; one in which the value of poet and patron were mutually and interactively defined, and the patronage relation was imagined to transcend the calculation and indiscrimination of the marketplace. In 1991, Katharine Eisaman Maus presented an analogous reading of Jonson’s dramatic satire as reliant on the idea of an alternate system of exchange which transcends the marketplace. While it is a critical commonplace to note Jonson’s hypocrisy in that regard—he adopted, after all, a remarkably systematic approach to circulating his works in the commercial economies he satirised—this essay questions whether we can really think of Jonson’s idealised model of patronage exchange as ‘alternate’ to that of the market at all. Specifically, it argues that Jonson’s patrons are pivotal in the poet’s attempts to recognise a new commercial reader—capable of recognising the value of his work amidst the dross of the Protean marketplace—and that Jonson’s writing to and about his patrons invariably traversed two interrelated economies at once.
Paul among Jews, Greeks, and Romans
Authors: Trebilco Paul 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPaul was at home in the three worlds of the title of this chapter, which formed a complex and variegated whole. Paul presents us with a range of his Jewish credentials, including that he is ‘a Hebrew born of Hebrews’ and a Pharisee. We have no reason to doubt that he was born in Tarsus and received some education in Jerusalem (Acts 22: 3). A number of dimensions of Paul’s theology can be seen to have come from his Jewish framework of thought, even as he reworks that thought in the light of his new experience in Christ. Dimensions of Paul’s language and thought can also be seen to reflect the all-pervasive Graeco-Roman culture of the day, in which Paul was thoroughly at home. He had received some elements of Hellenistic education and was both a citizen of Tarsus and a Roman citizen. All three contexts are important when we are interpreting Paul’s letters, and we would be wrong to ask if any one context should be given absolute priority. He was ideally suited then to take a Jewish Gospel to the Graeco-Roman world.
Affect, Motivation, Working Memory, and Mathematics
Authors: Moore Alex M. , Rudig Nathan O. , Ashcraft Mark H. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This article reviews the topics of affect, motivation, working memory, and their relationships to mathematics learning and performance. The underlying factors of interest, motivation, self-efficacy, and maths anxiety, as well as an approach concerning people’s beliefs about fixed versus malleable intelligence, can be grouped into an approach and an avoidance constellation of attitudes and beliefs, with opposite relationships to outcome measures of learning and mastery in maths. This article then considers the research on working memory, showing it to be central to arithmetic and maths processing, and also the principle mental component being disrupted by affective and emotional reactions during problem solving. After discussing the disruptive effects of maths anxiety, choking under pressure, and stereotype threat, the article closes with a brief consideration of how these affective disruptions might be minimized or eliminated.
Approximate Arithmetic Abilities in Childhood
Authors: Gilmore Camilla 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This article reviews recent research exploring children’s abilities to perform approximate arithmetic with non-symbolic and symbolic quantities, and considers what role this ability might play in mathematics achievement. It has been suggested that children can use their approximate number system (ANS) to solve approximate arithmetic problems before they have been taught exact arithmetic in school. Recent studies provide evidence that preschool children can add, subtract, multiply, and divide non-symbolic quantities represented as dot arrays. Children can also use their ANS to perform simple approximate arithmetic with non-symbolic quantities presented in different modalities (e.g. sequences of tones) or even with symbolic representations of number. This article reviews these studies, and consider whether children’s performance can be explained through the use of alternative non-arithmetical strategies. Finally, it discusses the potential role of this ability in the learning of formal symbolic mathematics.
Developing Conceptual and Procedural Knowledge of Mathematics
Authors: Rittle-Johnson Bethany , Schneider Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Mathematical competence rests on developing knowledge of concepts and of procedures (i.e. conceptual and procedural knowledge). Although there is some variability in how these constructs are defined and measured, there is general consensus that the relations between conceptual and procedural knowledge are often bi-directional and iterative. The chapter reviews recent studies on the relations between conceptual and procedural knowledge in mathematics and highlights examples of instructional methods for supporting both types of knowledge. It concludes with important issues to address in future research, including gathering evidence for the validity of measures of conceptual and procedural knowledge and specifying more comprehensive models for how conceptual and procedural knowledge develop over time.
Individual Differences in Children’s Paths to Arithmetical Development
Authors: Jordan Julie-Ann , Wylie Judith , Mulhern Gerry 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCross-sectional and longitudinal data consistently indicate that mathematical difficulties are more prevalent in older than in younger children (e.g. Department of Education, 2011). Children’s trajectories can take a variety of shapes such as linear, flat, curvilinear, and uneven, and shape has been found to vary within children and across tasks (J Jordan, Mulhern, and Wylie, 2009). There has been an increase in the use of statistical methods which are specifically designed to study development, and this has greatly improved our understanding of children’s mathematical development. However, the effects of many cognitive and social variables (e.g. working memory and verbal ability) on mathematical development are unclear. It is likely that greater consistency between studies will be achieved by adopting a componential approach to study mathematics, rather than treating mathematics as a unitary concept.
Intuition in Mathematical and Probabilistic Reasoning
Authors: Morsanyi Kinga , Szucs Denes 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Many people have a fragmented knowledge and understanding of the rules of mathematics and probability. As a consequence, they struggle with selecting the appropriate strategies to solve problems, and they often rely on intuitive solutions instead of normative rules. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce some typical intuitive strategies that people might apply when they solve mathematical or probability problems. Then the chapter describes the notions of primary and secondary intuitions, and gives an overview of the factors that might affect the selection of a particular intuitive strategy (such as certain individual differences variables and task characteristics). Finally, the chapter discusses the implications of these findings for researchers and educators.
Spontaneous Focusing On Numerosity and its Relation to Counting and Arithmetic
Authors: Hannula-Sormunen Minna M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter reviews recent research investigating children’s Spontaneous Focusing On Numerosity (SFON) and considers the role it might play in the development of counting and arithmetical skills. SFON refers to a process of spontaneously (i.e. not prompted by others) focusing attention on the exact number of a set of items or incidents. This attentional process triggers exact number recognition and using the recognized exact number in action. The chapter describes how SFON tendency can be assessed, and suggests the measures of it to be indicators of the amount of a child’s self-initiated practice in using exact enumeration in his or her natural surroundings. The studies show that SFON tendency in early childhood is positively and domain-specifically related to the development of numerical skills up to the end of primary school. Promoting SFON tendency could be a potential way of preventing learning difficulties in mathematics.
Linking Numbers to Space
Authors: van Dijck Jean-Philippe , Ginsburg Véronique , Girelli Luisa , Gevers Wim 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSeveral psychophysical and neuropsychological investigations suggest that the processing of number and spatial information is strongly associated. A popular account argues that this association has its origin in the underlying mental representation of numbers taking the form of a horizontally-orientated mental number line, which is isomorphic to the representation of physical lines. Recently, however, several alternative explanations have been put forward. We describe those theories and argue that no current account is on itself able to explain the full range of observations. To do this, a hybrid account is proposed which takes into account the underlying representation, but emphasizes the processing mechanisms required by the task at hand.
Accurate parallax measurement toward the symbiotic star R Aquarii
Authors: Min Cheulhong , Matsumoto Naoko , Kim Mi Kyoung , Hirota Tomoya , Shibata Katsunori M. , Cho Se-Hyung , Shizugami Makoto , Honma Mareki 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Multiepoch phase-referencing VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) observations with VERA (VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry) were performed for the symbiotic star R Aquarii (R Aqr) from 2005 September to 2006 October. Tracing one of the v = 2, J = 1–0 SiO maser spots, we measured an annual parallax of π = 4.59 ± 0.24 mas, corresponding to a distance of $218_{-11}^{+12}\:$pc. Our result is consistent with earlier distance measurements, but yields the highest accuracy of ∼ 5% level. Applying our distance, we derived an absolute K-band magnitude of MK = −7.71 ± 0.11, which is consistent with the recent period–luminosity relation by VLBI parallax measurements for five OH-Mira variables. In addition, the expansion age of an inner nebula around R Aqr is found to be ∼ 240 yr, corresponding to about the year 1773.
O i fluorescent line contamination in soft X-ray diffuse background obtained with Suzaku/XIS
Authors: Sekiya Norio , Yamasaki Noriko Y. , Mitsuda Kazuhisa , Takei Yoh 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The quantitative measurement of O VII line intensity is a powerful method for understanding the soft X-ray diffuse background. By systematically analyzing the O VII line intensity in 145 high-latitude Suzaku/XIS observations, the flux of O I fluorescent line in the XIS spectrum, contaminating the O VII line, is found to have an increasing trend with time especially after 2011. For these observations, the O VII line intensity would be overestimated unless taking into consideration the O I fluorescent line contamination. Since the O I line emission originates from solar X-rays, this increase suggests that the flux of incident solar X-rays at the O I fluorescence energy tend to be larger than that in the early phase of Suzaku observations (2005–2010).
On the subclasses in Swift long gamma-ray bursts: A clue to different central engines
Authors: Tsutsui Ryo , Shigeyama Toshikazu 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Analyzing light curves of a complete sample of bright Swift long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) of which the peak photon fluxes constructed with the bin width of one second in the Swift 15–350 keV energy band exceed 2.6 photons cm−2 s−1, we confirm that there does exist the third class of GRBs in addition to short and long GRBs. Being different from previous works based on the duration, fluence, etc., our classification method is based on two properties both quantified with light curve shapes of the prompt emission: the Absolute Deviation from the Constant Luminosity of their cumulative light curve ADCL, and the ratio of the mean counts to the maximum counts$\bar{C}/C_{\rm max}$. These are independent of the distance and the jet opening angle. A cluster analysis via the Gaussian mixture model detects three subclasses: one consisting of LGRBs with small ADCL and large $\bar{C}/C_{\rm max}$ values referred to as Type I, one with large ADCL and large $\bar{C}/C_{\rm max}$ referred to as Type II, and one with intermediate ADCL and small $\bar{C}/C_{\rm max}$, which is composed of contaminating short GRBs with the extended emission. This result is reinforced by different temporal and spectral indices of their X-ray afterglows. The difference is prominent in the temporal index of the steep decay phase in particular; the indices for Type I LGRBs distribute between −6 and −3 while those for Type II LGRBs are between −3 and −2. From these properties, we propose a possible scenario with different central engines: an accreting black hole and a magnetar.
Point source calibration of the AKARI/FIS all-sky survey maps for stacking analysis
Authors: Arimatsu Ko , Doi Yasuo , Wada Takehiko , Takita Satoshi , Kawada Mitsunobu , Matsuura Shuji , Ootsubo Takafumi , Kataza Hirokazu 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Investigations of the point spread functions (PSFs) and flux calibrations for stacking analysis have been performed with the far-infrared (wavelength range of 60 to 140 μm) all-sky maps taken by the Far-Infrared Surveyor (FIS) on board the AKARI satellite. The PSFs are investigated by stacking the maps at the positions of standard stars with their fluxes of 0.02–10 Jy. The derived full widths at the half maximum (FWHMs) of the PSFs are ∼ 60′′ at 65 and 90 μm and ∼ 90′′ at 140 μm, which are much smaller than those of the previous all-sky maps obtained with the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS (∼ 6′). Any flux dependence in the PSFs is not seen on the investigated flux range. By performing the flux calibrations, we found that absolute photometry for faint sources can be carried out with constant calibration factors, which range from 0.6 to 0.8. After applying the calibration factors, the photometric accuracies for the stacked sources in the 65, 90, and 140 μm bands are 9%, 3%, and 21%, respectively, even below the detection limits of the survey. No systematic dependence between the observed flux and model flux is found. These results indicate that the FIS map is a useful dataset for the stacking analyses of faint sources at far-infrared wavelengths.
Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities in multi-sized dust layers
Authors: Hasegawa Yukihiko , Tsuribe Toru 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We examine the effect of the dust size distribution on Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities in the protoplanetary disk with dust sedimentation. Newly taking into account the dust size distribution, the growth rate of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability is calculated using linear stability analysis with a dust density distribution consistent with sedimentation. The dust abundance required for gravitational instabilities before the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability is derived from the linear stability analysis, and it is found that the required dust abundance significantly coincides with that estimated from the Richardson number. It is also found that when the dust size distribution is taken into account, the critical Richardson number for the onset of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability tends to increase with dust abundance. This result is different from that in the case without the dust size distribution.
Radiation hydrodynamical wind revisited: Nonrelativistic regime
Authors: Fukue Jun 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We re-examine the radiatively-driven spherical wind under the diffusion and local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) approximations, while focusing our attention on the topological nature of critical points. We first consider the nonrelativistic case, where there is no radiation drag and advection luminosity. We find that under the diffusion approximation almost all critical points (loci) are of the nodal type, which is higher order singular points, which makes the solutions stiff. On the other hand, under the LTE approximation, where the diffusive terms do not exist in the source terms, the critical points are of the saddle type, and transonic solutions are not stiff. Although the loci of critical points are quite similar for both approximations in the nonrelativistic regime, the types of critical points are found to be quite different.