bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic placement of depth electrodes in medically intractable epilepsy
Authors: Gonzalez-Martinez Jorge , Mullin Jeffrey , Vadera Sumeet , Bulacio Juan , Hughes Gwyneth , Jones Stephen , Enatsu Rei , Najm Imad 
Published: January 2014

Object
Despite its long-reported successful record, with almost 60 years of clinical use, the technical complexity regarding the placement of stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) depth electrodes may have contributed to the limited widespread application of the technique in centers outside Europe. The authors report on a simplified and novel SEEG surgical technique in the extraoperative mapping of refractory focal epilepsy.

Methods
The proposed technique was applied in patients with medically refractory focal epilepsy. Data regarding general demographic information, method of electrode implantation, time of implantation, number of implanted electrodes, seizure outcome after SEEG-guided resections, and complications were prospectively collected.

Results
From March 2009 to April 2012, 122 patients underwent SEEG depth electrode implantation at the Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center in which the authors' technique was used. There were 65 male and 57 female patients whose mean age was 33 years (range 5–68 years). The group included 21 pediatric patients (younger than 18 years). Planning and implantations were performed in a single stage. The time for planning was, on average, 33 minutes (range 20–47 minutes), and the time for implantation was, on average, 107 minutes (range 47–150 minutes). Complications related to the SEEG technique were observed in 3 patients. The calculated risk of complications per electrode was 0.18%. The seizure-free rate after SEEG-guided resections was 62% in a mean follow-up period of 12 months.

Conclusions
The authors report on a safe, simplified, and less time-consuming method of SEEG depth electrode implantation, using standard and widely available surgical tools, making the technique a reasonable option for extraoperative monitoring of patients with medically intractable epilepsy in centers lacking the Talairach stereotactic armamentarium.
Evolution of leaf blade anatomy in Allium (Amaryllidaceae) subgenus Amerallium with a focus on the North American species
Authors: Mashayekhi Saeideh , Columbus J. Travis 
Published: January 2014

• Premise of the study: Reconstructing ancestral states is a useful method to understand the pathway and patterns of character evolution and to test specific hypotheses within a phylogenetic context. Using a phylogenetic hypothesis of the subgenus Amerallium and related subgenera based on molecular data, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of leaf blade anatomical characters and identified those characters that are most congruent with phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, we used these character histories to investigate the evolution of terete leaves and explore a possible correlation between environment and leaf anatomy in the North American species.• Methods: Sixty‐seven North American and Old World species were sampled from all major infrageneric taxa and lineages for transectional leaf anatomy. To provide a phylogenetic framework for interpretation, representatives of Old World Amerallium and related subgenera were added to a published data matrix of North American taxa and ITS, ETS, trnL–F, and rpL32–trnL sequences.• Key results: Four anatomical characters, namely leaf‐blade shape in transection, presence versus absence of palisade mesophyll, distribution and orientation of vascular bundles, and position of laticifer cells, were found to be congruent with phylogenetic relationships and useful diagnostic traits within North American species. Character reconstructions show that terete leaves in North American species evolved from flattened leaves via a possible transition from subterete to terete leaves. Furthermore, terete leaves possess traits that are indicative of possible adaptation to xeric environments.• Conclusions: The findings from this study provide valuable information for understanding the evolution of leaf‐blade anatomy in North American Allium species.
Integrating Research, Legal Technical Assistance, and Advocacy to Inform Shared Use Legislation in Mississippi
Authors: Spengler John O. , Frost Natasha R. , Bryant Katherine A. 
Published: December 2013

Purpose. The purpose of this article was to describe the process by which research findings informed the successful passage of legislation designed to increase opportunities for physical activity in Mississippi, and discuss implications and lessons learned from this process. Design and Setting. The article is descriptive and conceptual, and addresses the collaborative process by which research, legal technical assistance, and advocacy informed and shaped shared use legislation in Mississippi. Subjects. Collaborators informing this article were an Active Living Research grantee, a staff attorney with the Public Health Law Center, the American Heart Association Mississippi Government Relations Director, and community partners. Results. The American Heart Association and Public Health Law Center developed policy guidance in the form of sample language for legislation as a starting point for states in determining policy needed to eliminate or reduce barriers to the shared use of school recreational facilities. The policy guidance was informed by evidence from Active Living Research–funded research studies. The American Heart Association, supporting a bill shaped by the policy guidance, led the effort to advocate for successful shared use legislation in Mississippi. Conclusion. Research should be policy relevant and properly translated and disseminated. Legal technical assistance should involve collaboration with both researchers and advocates so that policymakers have the information to make evidence-based decisions. Government relations directors should collaborate with legal technical staff to obtain and understand policy guidance relevant to their advocacy efforts. Effective collaborations, with an evidence-based approach, can lead to informed, successful policy change.
Uses of Research Evidence in the State Legislative Process to Promote Active Environments in Minnesota
Authors: Kite Hanna A. , Gollust Sarah E. , Callanan Rachel A. , Weisman Susan R. , Benning Sara J. , Nanney Marilyn S. 
Published: December 2013

Purpose. To describe how research evidence and non–research-based information are used in testimony and other legislative documents used in arguments for and against physical activity–related bills in Minnesota. Design. Content analysis Setting. Documents and oral testimony archived by the Minnesota State Legislature from 2007 to 2011. Subjects. Not applicable. Measures. A coding instrument was developed to measure descriptive features of materials (e.g., length, document type) and the presence or absence of certain types of research evidence and non–research-based information. Analysis. Frequencies of variables and measures of associations using Pearson χ2 tests. Results. Over a third (36%) of the sample contained research evidence, and 88% of the sample contained non–research-based information. Compared to materials related to physical activity, materials related to built environment were significantly less likely to reference research evidence. Conclusion. Despite an abundance of evidence, research evidence was present in only about one-third of the sample. There may be opportunities during legislative discussions on the built environment for obesity-related data to help make the case for sound policies.
Impact of the Boston Active School Day Policy to Promote Physical Activity among Children
Authors: Cradock Angie L. , Barrett Jessica L. , Carter Jill , McHugh Anne , Sproul Jonathan , Russo Elizabeth T. , Dao-Tran Patricia , Gortmaker Steven L. 
Published: December 2013

Purpose. To test effectiveness of Active School Day policy implementation on physical activity outcomes and estimate school-level implementation costs. Design. The design of the study was quasi-experimental (pretest–posttest matched controls). Setting. The study took place in six elementary schools with three matched pairs in Boston, Massachusetts, February to June 2011. Subjects. Subjects were 455 consenting fourth- and fifth-grade students among 467 eligible. Intervention. Active School Day policy implementation provided equipment, curricular materials, and training to physical educators and school wellness champions to promote 150 weekly minutes of quality physical education, recess, and physical activity integrated into classrooms. Measures. Accelerometer assessments of accumulated minutes and bouts of moderate, vigorous, and sedentary physical activity on 5 school days before and after implementation were used. Implementation costs were collected by record review and reported resource utilization. Analysis. Analysis was conducted using multivariate mixed models estimated with repeated measures of daily physical activity, adjusted for student demographics and other confounding and design/clustering variables. Results. Accelerometer data were provided by 201 intervention and 192 comparison students for an average of 4 days per period (84% response). During school time, students in intervention schools demonstrated greater increases in minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–6.0; p < .001) and vigorous physical activity (1.8, 95% CI.7–3.0; p < .001), and greater decreases in minutes per day of sedentary time (–10.6, 95% CI—15.3– −5.8; p < .001) than controls. Ongoing annual implementation costs totaled $4,523/school ($14/student). Conclusion. Active School Day implementation increased student moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels by 24% and decreased sedentary time during school at modest cost.
Demographic, Physical Activity, and Route Characteristics Related to School Transportation: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Lee Chanam , Li Li 
Published: December 2013

Purpose. To investigate the demographic, physical activity, and route characteristics related to children's school trips. Design. Cross-sectional exploratory study. Setting. Eighteen elementary schools in the Austin Independent School District, Austin, Texas. Subjects. One hundred twelve children aged 7 to 12 years. Measures. Accelerometer and Global Positioning System (GPS) devices provided objective measures of school travel and physical activity. Parental survey (response rate = 34.2%) provided children's demographic and household information. Analysis. Generalized linear regression analyses were used for unadjusted and adjusted models estimating correlates of total moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and school trip–related MVPA's contribution rate. Results. Walking trips were .44 miles (.71 km) on average. Those who walked to school had about 11 more minutes of daily MVPA than nonwalkers (35.03 vs. 24.06) and higher proportions of their daily MVPA obtained from school commute trips (21.78% vs. 2.41%). School trips accounted for 11.2% of total daily MVPA on average, 12.9% for those who met the physical activity recommendation, and 35.2% for the sedentary children who belonged to the lowest MVPA quartile. Conclusion. Active school commuting appears to be a valuable means to promote physical activity, and its contributions toward total physical activity vary across different demographic groups and community settings. Objective and detailed data from GPS and accelerometer units can facilitate the assessment of route/trip characteristics and physical activity implications of school transportation.
Impacts of PEGylation on the gene and oligonucleotide delivery system
Authors: Ikeda Yutaka , Nagasaki Yukio 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTPoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is the most widely used polymer and also the gold standard in the field of drug delivery. Therapeutic oligonucleotides, for example, are modified with PEG at the terminus to increases nuclease resistance and the circulating half‐lives. The surface of nanoparticle such as micelle and liposome has been also modified with PEG. At present, one PEGylated therapeutic oligonucleotide has been approved for the market and several more PEGylated products including oligonucleotide and liposome are being tested in clinical settings. This review summarizes the methods and effects of PEGylation on gene delivery. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40293.
Evaluation of wool nanoparticles incorporation in chitosan/gelatin composite films
Authors: Eslahi Niloofar , Dadashian Fatemeh , Hemmati Nejad Nahid , Rabiee Mohammad 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work was to develop chitosan/gelatin composite films embedded with various amounts of wool nanoparticles, which were produced by an environmental friendly process. Films loaded with wool nanoparticles were subjected to physiochemical, biological, and mechanical characterization. The obtained results showed that incorporation of wool nanoparticles into chitosan/gelatin composite led to a reduction in swelling, moisture content and dissolution degree of the films. In vitro degradation test revealed that the nanoparticles‐embedded composites had a lower degradation rate than that of chitosan/gelatin composite. Besides, composite films containing wool nanoparticles showed an improvement in the stability in phosphate buffered saline. On the other hand, tensile strength and elongation at break decreased upon loading the films with wool nanoparticles. The biocompatibility of the produced composites was also confirmed by MTT test. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40294.
Application of Plackett–Burman screening design to the modeling of grafted alginate–carrageenan beads for the immobilization of penicillin G acylase
Authors: Elnashar Magdy M. M. , Wahba Marwa I. , Amin Magdy A. , Eldiwany Ahmed I. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTGrafted alginate–carrageenan beads were used to immobilize the industrial enzyme penicillin G acylase (PGA). Sixteen factors were screened with the Plackett–Burman design (PBD) to test their significance on the gel beads formation and enzyme immobilization process. The results of PBD showed a wide variation of 30‐fold in the amount of immobilized penicillin G acylase (iPGA) from 11.9 to 354.16 U/g of beads; this reflected the importance of the optimizing process. Among the 16 tested factors, only 3 were proven to be significant. These factors were the enzyme buffer pH (N), enzyme soaking time (Q) with the gel beads, and enzyme concentration (P). The Pareto chart revealed that both Q and P exerted significant positive effects on the amount of iPGA, whereas N had a negative effect. We recommend further study to optimize only these three significant, distinctive enzyme factors. The PGA covalent attachment to the gel beads were proven by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and NaCl and reusability tests. The best gel bead formula succeeded in the immobilization of 354.16 U/g of beads and proved to be reusable 14 times, retaining 84% of the initial enzyme activity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40295.
Influence of liquid media on lifetime predictions of nitrile rubber
Authors: Buckley Gary S. , Roland C. Michael 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTEvaluating a material's suitability for an application includes determination of its expected service lifetime. For alternative fuels, this entails assessing, inter alia, their effect on the durability of polymeric engine components, e.g., seals, gaskets, and O‐rings. When this is governed by thermally activated chemical deterioration, the conventional approach to characterizing aging is laboratory measurements of property changes of the polymer subjected to accelerated conditions (usually higher temperatures), with the data analyzed by an Arrhenius analysis. However, this method is inefficient and time‐consuming when the number of candidate alternative fuels is large. Herein, we test the hypothesis that the activation energy governing thermal oxidation of elastomeric engine components is independent of the fuel; thus, while the aging rate may vary, the effect of temperature is independent of the contacting liquid. Accelerated testing of the thermal oxidation of nitrile rubber O‐rings were carried out in three liquids, including a fossil fuel and a bio‐fuel. The activation energy obtained from changes in crosslink density, = 82 kJ/mol, was the same for all liquids and consistent with the broad range of literature values for similar compounds aged in air. This result suggests the possibility that estimates of the lifetime of polymeric engine components require only a single accelerated aging test, with the known activation energy used to predict the durability at the service temperature. This would represent at least an order of magnitude reduction in testing requirements. The extension of the approach to the general aging of polymers exposed to different environments is obvious. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40296.
Cationic and hydrophobically modified chitosans as additives for water‐based drilling fluids
Authors: Lopes Grazielle , de Oliveira Thacyla Campos do Carmo , Pérez‐Gramatges Aurora , da Silva Joaquim F. M. , Nascimento Regina Sandra V. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTWater‐soluble chitosan derivatives are synthesized via a two‐step procedure that includes the hydrophobization of chitosan using different acyl chlorides, and then the alkylation of some of the amine groups. Rheology, conventional rolling, and filtration tests are performed to evaluate the effect of the modified polysaccharides on the rheological behavior of the fluid, as well as on the clays cuttings integrity and on the control of fluid loss for the geological formations. The results indicate that the product with C16 segments, 2% (wt/vol) concentration and high molar weight led to aqueous solutions with a pseudoplastic behavior equivalent to the one presented by the commercial rheology modifier used in water‐based drilling fluids. In addition, the hydrophobically modified cationic chitosan shows an excellent capacity for inhibiting the clays reactivity and for keeping the cuttings integrity. The results also show that this product can significantly decrease the volume of filtrate, leading to values comparable to the ones obtained with commercial additives, and therefore suggesting that it could be considered to replace some of the drilling fluid additives commonly used. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40300.
Montmorillonite reinforced type A gelatin nanocomposites
Authors: Panzavolta Silvia , Gioffrè Michela , Bracci Barbara , Rubini Katia , Bigi Adriana 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the structural, morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of type A gelatin/montmorillonite (MMT) films as a function of MMT concentration. The variations of the X‐ray diffraction pattern suggest that the structure of the nanocomposites turns from intercalated to exfoliated on increasing clay loading up to 20 wt %. Simultaneously, gelatin interaction with clay negative sheets during gelling provokes a reduction of the triple helix content of the composite films, in agreement with the reduction of the relative intensity of the 1.1 nm diffraction reflection of gelatin and of the values of denaturation enthalpy. On the other hand, the increase of the denaturation and decomposition temperatures, the significant rise of the Young's modulus, as well as the swelling decrease observed as clay content increases, demonstrate a relevant stabilizing effect of MMT on gelatin. The reinforcement action of MMT allows to utilize a relatively low concentration of the crosslinking agent genipin to further stabilize the films. The synergic action of clay and genipin prevents dissolution of the nanocomposites in aqueous solution and enhances their mechanical properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40301.
Predicting poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)'s solubility parameter and systematic investigation of the parameters of electrospinning with response surface methodology
Authors: Li Lu , Jiang Zhao , Xu Jie , Fang Tao 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThe solubility parameters were used to choose the solvent for poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) in electrospinning. In this study, a novel method for predicting the contribution value of the pyrrolidone group (a typical part of the PVP molecular structure) was proposed. The solubility parameters of PVP were calculated by this method, and accordingly, ethanol was chosen as the solvent for PVP. What is more, response surface methodology was used to facilitate a systematic investigation on the influence of the PVP solution concentration, feed rate, distance between the tip and collector, and operating voltage on the fiber diameter and morphology in electrospinning. The predicted fiber diameters by the response regression model, and the experimental values were in close proximity. The solution concentration and feed rate both had significant effects on the PVP fiber diameter, and there was some interaction between the solution concentration and the feed rate in this system. In addition, this study provided a train of thought for the electrospinning of polymer fibers with controllable and predictable fiber diameters. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40304.
Electrochemical supercapacitor properties of polyaniline thin films in organic salt added electrolytes
Authors: Jo Yongcheol , Cho Won‐Je , Inamdar A. I. , Kim Byung Chul , Kim Jongmin , Kim Hyungsang , Im Hyunsik , Yu Kook‐Hyun , Kim Dae‐Young 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTWe demonstrate optimized supercapacitive characteristics of electrodeposited polyaniline by adding organic salt into electrolyte. The optimum amount of the organic salt is found to be 2 wt % which provides better ionic conductivity of the electrolyte, leading to the improved specific capacitance of 259 Fg−1. This capacitance remains at up to 208 Fg−1 (80% capacity retention) after 1000 charge–discharge cycles. The optimized organic salt added electrolyte causes better rate performance and higher cyclability. Significantly reduced electrochemical charge transfer resistance at the electrode/electrolyte interface results in the increased ionic conductivity, which can be useful in electrochemically preferred power devices for better applicability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40306.
Heat‐sealing properties of soy protein isolate/polyvinyl alcohol film made compatible by glycerol
Authors: Tai Jinglei , Chen Kefu , Yang Fei , Yang Rendang 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTHeat‐sealing properties are necessary for packaging materials. Soy protein isolate/polyvinyl alcohol (SPI/PVA) blend film is a biodegradable potential packaging material. We analyzed the effects of PVA content (0–20%), glycerol content (1–3%), and sealing temperature (180–230°C) on the heat‐sealing properties of SPI/PVA blend film. Results showed that SPI/PVA film obtained the desired sealing properties when the PVA content exceeded 15%. The sealing strength increased with the PVA content, reaching a maximum upon blending with 20% PVA and 1% glycerol at 220°C. The temperature at sealing strength was approximately twice that at 180°C. However, glycerol migrated to the surface and hindered the entanglement of macromolecular chains in the sealing interface, thereby resulting in reduction of seal strength. Glycerol vaporization at 204°C led to aesthetically unacceptable blistering in the sealing area. Therefore, the optimum sealing temperature of the blended film was ∼200°C. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40308.