bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning Our Way Out of Unsustainability: The Role of Environmental Education
Authors: Wals Arjen E. J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter the role of education in creating a planet that is more sustainable than the one currently in prospect will be discussed from two vantage points: an instrumental one and an emancipatory one. The instrumental perspective emphasizes the potential of education in changing human environmental behavior in predetermined and more or less agreed upon directions. The emancipatory perspective, on the other hand, emphasizes the potential of education in strengthening people’s capacities and confidence to enable them to help determine how to live together in ways that do not further undermine the carrying capacity of the earth. Whereas the former, more behaviorist vantage point tends to have more support among environmentalists with a strong concern about the rapid loss of biodiversity, climate change, depletion of natural resources, and so on, the latter, more human development–oriented vantage point, tends to have more support among educators with a strong concern for self-determination, agency, and democracy. The chapter ends with the introduction of “post-normal” environmental education.
Conclusions: Directions for the Future
Authors: Clayton Susan D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis final chapter builds on the preceding ones to review the current state and future prospects of environmental and conservation psychology. Areas of shared coverage and common interest are identified, including an emphasis on interdisciplinarity, applicability, and person-in-context and a set of key theories that are utilized by many of the authors. Some directions for methodological development are identified. I conclude that environmental and conservation psychology represent different but interdependent and highly overlapping approaches to the study of people in environments.
Rehabilitation Psychology: Introduction, Review, and Background
Authors: Kennedy Paul 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the different areas of rehabilitation psychology addressed in this book. Rehabilitation psychology is a growing field in professional practice; it involves the application of psychological knowledge and skills to the understanding and treatment of individuals with physical disabilities, with the aim of optimizing outcomes in terms of health, independence, and daily functioning, and of minimizing secondary health complications. Several conceptual frameworks of disability and their relation to clinical practice are discussed. These include the biopsychosocial model (Engel, 1980), in which a combination of biological, social, and psychological factors contribute to physical health and illness; the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health; the integrated framework of Wright (1960, 1983); Trieschmann's (1988) model, based on her work on spinal cord injuries; and the ABC model of rehabilitation psychology (Cox et al., 2010). The chapter ends with an overview of this book's remaining chapters.
Psychological Models in Rehabilitation Psychology
Authors: Rath Joseph F. , Elliott Timothy R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRehabilitation psychology depends upon a broad theoretical base incorporating frameworks, theories, models, and methodologies from many different areas of psychology, as well as from other professions invested in the health and rehabilitation of persons living with disabilities and chronic health conditions. This chapter considers some illustrative models that have been influential in rehabilitation psychology—both historically and in the present—including the biopsychosocial model, and psychological models derived from learning theory and behavior modification, psychoanalytic theory, social psychology, neuropsychology, and cognitive-behavioral theory. The current status of these models, their impact on current clinical practice, and future directions—including the role of dynamic models sensitive to differential trajectories of growth, adjustment, and development over time—will be discussed.
Organization and Planning in Person-Centered Hospital-Based Rehabilitation Services
Authors: Smithson Emilie F. , Kennedy Paul 
Published: February 2013

AbstractImprovements in medical care, advanced methods of detection, and innovations in pharmacological treatment have led to decreased mortality rates following traumatic injury and increased life expectancies for people living with long-term health conditions. Recent years have seen a conversion of views from the medical and social fields as a growing body of research highlighted links among biological, psychological, and social aspects of chronic illness. In a step back from the medical model that dominated hospital care for so long, clinicians began to consider how individual differences inherent to the patient can impact on treatment, adherence, and motivation. Psychological theory has provided an ideal framework on which to structure the provision of person-centered rehabilitation and to engage the patient in taking responsibility and ownership of treatment plans under the guidance of specialists in the field.This chapter discusses issues pertinent to the organization and delivery of person-centered rehabilitation services, the theories underlying the approach, the challenges faced by hospital-based rehabilitation services, and future directions through which the provision of rehabilitation care can continue to improve.
An Emerging Role for the Rehabilitation Psychologist in Community Rehabilitation Service Delivery
Authors: Ravesloot Craig , Seekins Tom 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMost people with disabilities have used community services to meet their needs as they engage the community for work and leisure. These services include independent living, vocational, health care and educational services. Some individuals depend on these services to participate as full citizens in the community, and, without them, would be institutionalized. As rehabilitation evolves toward an ecological model that recognizes participation as the ultimate goal, the rehabilitation psychologist is uniquely positioned to maximize these outcomes. Working in a traditional role, the rehabilitation psychologist can make knowledgeable referrals to community services that improve participation outcomes. Working in a new role that we label “community rehabilitation psychologist,” psychologists may use community psychology concepts and methods to deliver “treatments” at the community level, to make the local community accessible to the full participation of all people with disabilities.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Tate Robyn L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the current clinical and research literature on traumatic brain injury (TBI), as it pertains to rehabilitation psychology. The background context is provided first, describing the epidemiology of TBI, mechanisms of the injury, recovery process, and outcome. The section concludes with the role of assessment in rehabilitation, drawing on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. The next section focuses on the psychological rehabilitation of TBI, initially by describing principles of evidence-based clinical practice and resources such as PsycBITE (http://www.psycbite.com) to facilitate rapid identification of relevant research and critical appraisal. Inpatient and community models of rehabilitation are described, and the final section of the chapter reports results of systematic reviews on the types and effectiveness of interventions for cognitive, behavioral, and emotional disorders commonly encountered after TBI.
Ethics in Psychology: Expanding Horizons
Authors: Kerkhoff Thomas R. , Hanson Stephanie L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter considers ongoing challenges in applied health care ethics from an international perspective. The nature of these challenges focuses upon fundamental ethical processes such as clinical and surrogate decision-making and informed consent, considers duty to provide care in difficult circumstances, discusses issues involved in health care research, and moves into the realm of applying technological advances. Additionally, consideration of cultural diversity presents serious issues of relevance in attempting to apply ethical concepts within the Western philosophical tradition. Finally, we consider the emerging professional competence movement within psychology and the role of ethics in developing and maintaining functional practice competencies.
The Expert Patient and the Self-Management of Chronic Conditions and Disabilities
Authors: Meade Michelle A. , Cronin Linda A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractExpert patient refers to the inherent knowledge that individuals living with disabilities or chronic conditions have about their condition, its impact on their life, and what decisions they feel comfortable making. Self-management refers to the ability of these individuals to manage their health and its physical and psychosocial consequences. However, just because an individual has a chronic condition or disability does not imply that they have expertise in dealing with it, and, in fact, some chronic conditions result from difficulty in performing health management behaviors. This chapter reviews some of the theories, programs, components, and issues that inform or support the development of self-management skills. At the end, the various roles that rehabilitation psychologists may take in supporting the development and application of self-management skills are discussed.
Rehabilitation Psychology and Global Health
Authors: MacLachlan Malcolm 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter considers the role of rehabilitation psychology in the context of global health. It begins by reviewing the relationship between rehabilitation psychology and disability, public health, and global health. We then consider the situation of people with disabilities in low-income countries. Having described the scale of the difficulties facing rehabilitation within the broader context of global health, we then explore the international aid and development “architecture”—the organizations and policies—that seek to assist people with disabilities in low-income countries. Given the scale of the demand and the resources available to address them, much of the rehabilitation psychology–related work undertaken has been at the level of policy, systems strengthening, and organizational development, rather than at the level of individual interventions. We review work on improving access to health care, on how the human resources for the health crisis affects rehabilitation in low-income countries, and how advocacy and networking are being used to provide a stronger and more effective evidence base for addressing the challenges facing people with disabilities in low-income countries in general, and Africa in particular. Finally, we consider how rehabilitation psychology can address content, process, and context challenges of working in low- income countries and suggest that closer collaboration with the emerging field of humanitarian work psychology may be fruitful.
Microinsurance: A Case Study of the Indian Rainfall Index Insurance Market
Authors: Giné Xavier , Menand Lev , Townsend Robert W. , Vickery James 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEfforts have been made in India and other countries in recent years to develop formal insurance markets to improve diversification of weather-related income shocks. This article aims to survey the features of one of these markets, the Indian rainfall index insurance market. “Index insurance” refers to a contract whose payouts are linked to a publicly observable index; in this case, the index is cumulative rainfall recorded on a local rain gauge during different phases of the monsoon season. This form of insurance is now available at a retail level in many parts of India, although these markets are still in their relative infancy in terms of product design and distribution.
Informal Sector and the Developing World: Relating Theory and Evidence to India
Authors: Marjit Sugata , Kar Saibal 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article aims to account for the pattern of structural transformation seen in the Indian economy during the period 1970–2007. It develops a three-sector general equilibrium model consisting of agriculture, industry, and services. Output in each sector is produced using capital, labor, and land (in agriculture). The production function in each sector is assumed to be Cobb-Douglas, and different values of capital and labor shares are allowed for as well as different growth rates of total factor productivity (TFP) across the sectors. Using sectoral data, sector-specific TFP growth rates are calculated which are fed exogenously into the model with the objective of examining the model's performance with respect to the evolution of sectoral value-added shares as well as sectoral employment shares over the sample period.
Domestic Financial Sector Reforms
Authors: Gangopadhyay Subhashis , Shanthi S. K. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses domestic financial sector reforms in India since 1991. It discusses banking sector reforms at length and argues that although Indian financial markets have increased their efficiency in the postreform phase, India still needs to develop an active and more dynamic bond market and make the bankruptcy market more efficient. This article also discusses the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 and how Indian financial markets behaved during that time. This crisis was especially significant because this was the first time that a liberalized Indian financial market was facing an external shock. The article suggests that the chain of causation during the crisis was more from the real sector to the financial sector rather than the other way round (as in the United States). The article discusses what form financial regulation will take going into the future.
Knowledge Representation
Authors: Markman Arthur B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTheories in psychology make implicit or explicit assumptions about the way people store and use information. The choice of a format for knowledge representation is crucial, because it influences what processes are easy or hard for a system to accomplish. In this chapter, I define the concept of a representation. Then, I review three broad types of representations that have been incorporated into many theories. Finally, I examine proposals for the role of body states in representation as well as proposals that the concept of knowledge representation has outlived its usefulness.
Analogy and Relational Reasoning
Authors: Holyoak Keith J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAnalogy is an inductive mechanism based on structured comparisons of mental representations. It is an important special case of role-based relational reasoning, in which inferences are generated on the basis of patterns of relational roles. Analogical reasoning is a complex process involving retrieval of structured knowledge from long-term memory, representing and manipulating role-filler bindings in working memory, identifying elements that play corresponding roles, generating new inferences, and learning abstract schemas. For empirical analogies, analogical inference is guided by causal knowledge about how the source analog operates. Simpler types of relation-based transfer can be produced by relational priming. Human analogical reasoning is heavily dependent on working memory and other executive functions supported by the prefrontal cortex, with the frontopolar subregion being selectively activated when multiple relations must be integrated to solve a problem.
Cognitive Hierarchies and Emotions in Behavioral Game Theory
Authors: Camerer Colin F. , Smith Alec 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUntil recently, game theory was not focused on cognitively plausible models of choices in human strategic interactions. This chapter describes two new approaches that do so. The first approach, cognitive hierarchy modeling, assumes that players have different levels of partially accurate representations of what others are likely to do, which vary from heuristic and naïve to highly sophisticated and accurate. There is reasonable evidence that this approach explains choices (better than traditional equilibrium analysis) in dozens of experimental games and some naturally occurring games (e.g., a Swedish lottery, auctions, and consumer reactions to undisclosed quality information about movies). Measurement of eye tracking and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity during games is also suggestive of a cognitive hierarchy. The second approach, psychological games, allows value to depend upon choice consequences and on beliefs about what will happen. This modeling framework can link cognition and emotion, and express social emotions such as “guilt.” In a psychological game, guilt is modeled as the negative emotion of knowing that another person is unpleasantly surprised that your choice did not benefit her (as she had expected). Our hope is that these new developments in a traditionally cognitive field (game theory) will engage interest of psychologists and others interested in thinking and social cognition.
The Human Enigma
Authors: Penn Derek C. , Povinelli Daniel J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWhy is there such an enormous gap between human and nonhuman minds? Humans have been asking themselves this question for millennia. But if anything, the question has only become more enigmatic since Darwin and the genetic revolution. In the present chapter, we review the various answers that have been proposed to this question in recent years—from a “language instinct” and a “Theory of Mind” to the “massively modular” hypothesis—and argue that none of them provides a satisfactory solution to the enigma of the human mind.
Development of Quantitative Thinking
Authors: Opfer John E. , Siegler Robert S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFor understanding development of quantitative thinking, the distinction between nonsymbolic and symbolic thinking is fundamental. Nonsymbolic quantitative thinking is present in early infancy, culturally universal, and similar across species. These similarities include the ability to represent and compare numerosities, the representations being noisy and increasing logarithmically with actual quantity, and the neural correlates of number representation being distributed in homologous regions of frontoparietal cortex. Symbolic quantitative thinking, in contrast, emerged recently in human history, differs dramatically across cultural groups, and develops over many years. As young children gain experience with symbols in a given numeric range and associate them with nonverbal quantities in that range, they initially map them to a logarithmically-compressed mental number line and later to a linear form. This logarithmic-to-linear shift expands children's quantitative skills profoundly, including their ability to estimate positions of numbers on number lines, to estimate measurements of continuous and discrete quantities, to categorize numbers by size, to remember numbers, and to estimate and learn answers to arithmetic problems. Thus, while nonsymbolic quantitative thinking is important and foundational for symbolic numerical capabilities, the capacity to represent symbolic quantities offers crucial cognitive advantages.
Gesture in Thought
Authors: Goldin-Meadow Susan , Wagner Cook Susan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe spontaneous gestures that speakers produce when they talk about a task reflect aspects of the speakers' knowledge about that task, aspects that are often not found in the speech that accompanies the gestures. But gesture can go beyond reflecting a speaker's current knowledge—it frequently presages the next steps the speaker will take in acquiring new knowledge, suggesting that gesture may play a role in cognitive change. To investigate this hypothesis, we explore the functions gesture serves with respect to both communication (the effects gesture has on listeners) and cognition (the effects gesture has on speakers themselves). We also explore the mechanisms that underlie the production of gesture, and we provide evidence that gesture has roots in speech, visuospatial thinking, and action. Gesturing is not merely hand waving, nor is it merely a window into the mind. It can affect how we think and reason and, as such, offers a useful tool to both learners and researchers.
Impact of Aging on Thinking
Authors: McGillivray Shannon , Friedman Michael C. , Castel Alan D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the impact of aging on judgment and decision making, problem solving, reasoning, induction, memory, and metacognition, as well as the influence of expertise, training, and wisdom. In addition, the chapter presents theories of cognitive aging and addresses the ways in which changing goals (such as emotional goals) in old age can alter the processes and outcomes associated with cognitive operations. There is a wealth of research documenting age-related cognitive declines and impairments in areas such as decision making, reasoning, problem solving, category learning, and memory. However, in addition to addressing the potential difficulties older adults may experience when performing demanding cognitive operations, this chapter also examines certain situations and variables that have been shown to lessen or ameliorate age-related differences in performance. Lastly, the impact of training, expertise, and wisdom are discussed as they relate to successful cognitive aging.
Legal Reasoning
Authors: Spellman Barbara A. , Schauer Frederick 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe legal profession has long claimed that there are process-based differences between legal reasoning—that is, the thinking and reasoning of lawyers and judges—and the reasoning of those without legal training. Whether those claims are sound, however, is a subject of considerable debate. We describe the importance in the legal system of using categorization and analogy, following rules and authority, and the odd task of “fact finding.” We frame these topics within the debate between two views of legal reasoning: the traditional view—that when deciding a case, judges are doing something systematic and logical that only legally trained minds can do; and the Legal Realist view—that judges reason in much the same way as ordinary people do, and that they first come to conclusions and then go back to justify them with the law rather than using the law to produce their conclusions in the first place.
Songs of Japanese Schoolchildren during World War II
Authors: Manabe Noriko 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the songs that Japanese schoolchildren learned during World War II and their impact on children’s lives. These songs were filled with propaganda such as Japan’s superiority over other nations, the glory of dying for the country, and the joys of working in weapons factories. The study addresses questions such as: what values were these songs reinforcing? What behaviors were being encouraged? What legacy did they leave in the minds of the children who sang them, after the war had ended? Personal stories were obtained from individuals who attended elementary school during World War II. It is shown that the children who grew up during the war internalized the values promoted by these wartime songs and acted upon them as adults; they also passed it on to their own children.