bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pilot study of simple interventions to improve informed consent in clinical research: Feasibility, approach, and results
Authors: Kass Nancy E. , Taylor Holly A. , Ali Joseph , Hallez Kristina , Chaisson Lelia 
Published: December 2014

Background: Research suggests that participants do not always adequately understand studies. While some consent interventions increase understanding, methodologic challenges have been raised in studying consent outside of actual trial settings. This study examined the feasibility of testing two consent interventions in actual studies and measured effectiveness of interventions in improving understanding. Methods: Participants enrolling in any of eight ongoing clinical trials were sequentially assigned to one of three different informed consent strategies for enrollment in their clinical trial. Control participants received standard consent procedures for their trial. Participants in the first intervention arm received a bulleted fact sheet summarizing key study information. Participants in the second intervention arm received the bulleted fact sheet and also engaged in a feedback Q&A session. Later, patients answered closed- and open-ended questions to assess patient understanding and literacy. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon -Mann -Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were generated to assess correlations; regression analysis determined predictors of understanding. Results: 144 participants enrolled. Using regression analysis, participants receiving the second intervention scored 7.6 percentage points higher (p = .02) on open-ended questions about understanding than participants in the control, although unadjusted comparisons did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Our study supports the hypothesis that patients receiving both bulleted fact sheets and a Q&A session had higher understanding compared to standard consent. Fact sheets and short structured dialog are quick to administer and easy to replicate across studies and should be tested in larger samples.
Erythromycin is More Effective than Metoclopramide in the Treatment of Feed Intolerance in Critical Illness
Authors: Janossy Kate , Cairns Chris , Taylor Bruce 
Published: December 2014

In intensive care patients with feed intolerance, erythromycin reduces gastric residual volume more effectively than metoclopramide (NNT 4). Both drugs rapidly become ineffective. In patients who fail monotherapy, an open-label, non-controlled extension of this study suggests combination therapy may be effective. Level of evidence: 1+ (RCT with a low risk of bias)
Communication with Next-of-Kin: A Trigger for PTSD, a Cause for Compensation?
Authors: Bodenham Andrew , Bell Dominic 
Published: December 2014

Discussions with next-of-kin about the condition, prognosis and management of a patient when death or profound disability is a likely outcome, is a delicate challenge even for senior intensivists. This is compounded when the patient is young and previously fit, and the admission attributable to unanticipated complications of anaesthesia. Some three years after such an event, a civil claim was pursued against a consultant for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), allegedly induced by an inappropriately optimistic initial position on prognosis. There was neither complaint nor staff perception of communication difficulties in the intervening period. This article reviews limited case details, the growing trend of such litigation, the role of the expert witness, and gives guidance on communication and steps to protect clinicians from this new category of civil claim. This case report should be read in conjunction with the editorial entitled ‘Communication with relatives and carers – another source of litigation?’ by Dee Kotak on pages 212–13 of this journal.
Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in Ventilated Non-Hypoxaemic Patients May Reduce Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and Hypoxaemic Episodes
Authors: O'Brien Peter , Cole Stephen J 
Published: December 2014

Applying PEEP to ventilated non-hypoxaemic patients may reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and hypoxaemic episodes. Level of evidence: 1− (RCT with a high risk of bias)
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Respiratory Failure
Authors: Hawthorne Chris , McConnell Paul , Cairns Chris 
Published: December 2014

Management of severe respiratory failure in a specialist centre which is capable of delivering a complex ‘bundle’ of care including a strict acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) protocol, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) and steroids, may improve outcomes when compared with conventional care. It is difficult to comment on the value of ECMO alone based on this study. Level of evidence: 1+ (RCT with a low risk of bias)
Chest Compression-Only CPR Improves Mortality Compared to Standard CPR
Authors: Mcilmoyle Keir 
Published: December 2014

This meta-analysis shows a significantly increased chance of survival with chest-compression only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) compared to standard CPR, with an absolute increase in survival of 2.4% and a relative increase of 22%, number needed to treat (NNT)=41. Level of evidence: 1++ (Meta-analysis of RCTs with homogeneity and a very low risk of bias).
Mortality after Fluid Bolus in African Children with Severe Infection
Authors: Riste Michael , Ford Stephen 
Published: December 2014

In a large group of critically ill African children, fluid boluses significantly increased 48-hour mortality. The results were most marked in those with haemoglobin levels less than 5 g/dL. The results do not support the routine use of bolus resuscitation in severely ill febrile children with impaired perfusion in African hospitals. Level of evidence: 1B: individual randomised control trial with narrow confidence intervals.
Effect of Intravenous Haloperidol on the Duration of Delirium and Coma in Critically Ill Patients (Hope-ICU)
Authors: Drinkwater Bobbie , Billyard Thomas 
Published: December 2014

In critically ill patients the administration of regular haloperidol did not reduce the incidence of delirium or coma. Level of evidence: 1B (single-centre randomised controlled trial with low risk of bias)
Targeted Temperature Management at 33°C versus 36°C after Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Claxton Andrew , Saha Rajnish 
Published: December 2014

In unconscious survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac cause, hypothermia at a targeted temperature of 33°C did not confer a benefit compared to a targeted temperature of 36°C. Level of evidence: 1B (CEBM-RCT with narrow CIs)
Hyperglycaemic Control in Paediatric Intensive Care
Authors: Price Louisa M , Sanders Luke R , Garg Atul , Johnston Andrew McD 
Published: December 2014

In paediatric intensive care (≤16 years of age), tight glycaemic control is not associated with a mortality benefit. There is a higher risk of significant hypoglycaemia. In cardiac intensive care unit patients, this hypoglycaemia is associated with a significant increase in mortality. Level of evidence: 2B (CEBM).
Vascularized medial femoral condyle graft for management of scaphoid non-union
Authors: Elgammal A. , Lukas B. 
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to assess the results of the management of difficult scaphoid non-unions using a vascularized medial femoral condyle graft. We operated on 30 patients with necrosis of the proximal pole or with severe humpback deformity or who presented with persistent non-union despite previous surgery. Twenty-four cases in our series showed full consolidation and six cases showed persistent non-union. The free vascularized medial femoral condyle bone graft can provide not only structural support, but also a consistent and good blood supply that results in excellent rates of union. Level of evidence: IV
Flow sorting and exome sequencing reveal the oncogenome of primary Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells
Authors: Reichel Jonathan , Chadburn Amy , Rubinstein Paul G. , Giulino-Roth Lisa , Tam Wayne , Liu Yifang , Gaiolla Rafael , Eng Kenneth , Brody Joshua , Inghirami Giorgio , Carlo-Stella Carmelo , Santoro Armando , Rahal Daoud , Totonchy Jennifer , Elemento Olivier , Cesarman Ethel , Roshal Mikhail 
Published: December 2014

Key Points
We show feasibility of whole-exome sequencing on purified primary HRS cells and report recurrent genetic alterations characterizing cHL. B2M is the most frequently mutated gene in cHL, strongly associated with nodular sclerosis subtype, younger age, and better overall survival.
Silica-sol-based spin-coating barrier layer against phosphorous diffusion for crystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Uzum Abdullah , Fukatsu Ken , Kanda Hiroyuki , Kimura Yutaka , Tanimoto Kenji , Yoshinaga Seiya , Jiang Yunjian , Ishikawa Yasuaki , Uraoka Yukiharu , Ito Seigo 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The phosphorus barrier layers at the doping procedure of silicon wafers were fabricated using a spin-coating method with a mixture of silica-sol and tetramethylammonium hydroxide, which can be formed at the rear surface prior to the front phosphorus spin-on-demand (SOD) diffusion and directly annealed simultaneously with the front phosphorus layer. The optimization of coating thickness was obtained by changing the applied spin-coating speed; from 2,000 to 8,000 rpm. The CZ-Si p-type silicon solar cells were fabricated with/without using the rear silica-sol layer after taking the sheet resistance measurements, SIMS analysis, and SEM measurements of the silica-sol material evaluations into consideration. For the fabrication of solar cells, a spin-coating phosphorus source was used to form the n+ emitter and was then diffused at 930°C for 35 min. The out-gas diffusion of phosphorus could be completely prevented by spin-coated silica-sol film placed on the rear side of the wafers coated prior to the diffusion process. A roughly 2% improvement in the conversion efficiency was observed when silica-sol was utilized during the phosphorus diffusion step. These results can suggest that the silica-sol material can be an attractive candidate for low-cost and easily applicable spin-coating barrier for any masking purpose involving phosphorus diffusion.
Anti-tumor necrosis factor patent expiration and the risks of biocopies in clinical practice
Authors: Scheinberg Morton , Castañeda-Hernández Gilberto 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBiosimilars that were not compared in clinical trials with the compound innovator are not true biosimilars (biocopies) and are associated with risks that the clinical rheumatologist should be aware of before generalized use. This article comments on various aspects surrounding the use of such biocopies in clinical rheumatology.
Estrogen-Like Potentiation of Ghrelin-Stimulated GH Secretion by Fulvestrant, a Putatively Selective ER Antagonist, in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Veldhuis Johannes D. , Yang Rebecca J. , Wigham Jean R. , Erickson Dana , Miles John C. , Bowers Cyril Y. 
Published: December 2014

Context:
Hyposomatotropism in healthy aging women reflects in part physiological estrogen (estradiol [E2]) depletion associated with menopause.

Objective and Design:
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that low concentrations of endogenous E2 after menopause continue to drive GH secretion.

Setting:
The study was performed at the Mayo Center for Clinical and Translational Science.

Participants:
The participants were 24 postmenopausal women (aged 50–77 years with body mass index of 19–32 kg/m2).

Interventions:
This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-cohort treatment study with placebo (PL) (n = 14) or the antiestrogen fulvestrant (FUL) (n = 10) for 3 weeks, followed by infusion of l-arginine with saline, GHRH, ghrelin, or both peptide secretagogues.

Outcomes:
GH concentrations were measured over 6 hours with 10-minute sampling and mass spectrometry measures of testosterone, E2, and estrone.

Results:
Concentrations of testosterone, E2, estrone, SHBG, IGF-I, LH, and FSH were not influenced by antiestrogen treatment. In contrast, GH rose from 0.096 ± 0.018 (PL) to 0.23 ± 0.063 μg/L (FUL, P = .033), and IGF-I binding protein type 3 (IGFBP-3) from 3.6 ± 0.18 to 4.0 ± 2.0 mg/L (P = .041). Conversely, prolactin fell from 7.1 ± 0.69 (PL) to 5.5 ± 0.57 μg/L (FUL) (P = .05), and IGF-I binding protein type 1 (IGFBP-1) fell from 44 ± 9.4 to 27 ± 4.3 μg/L (P = .048). Moreover, FUL vs PL potentiated mean GH responses to l-arginine/saline (P = .007), l-arginine/ghrelin (P = .008), and l-arginine/GHRH + ghrelin (P = .031), but not l-arginine/GHRH.

Conclusion:
The potent antiestrogen, FUL, amplifies fasting and secretagogue-driven GH secretion and IGFBP-3 concentrations in postmenopausal women without altering SHBG or sex steroid levels. FUL also suppresses prolactin and IGFBP-1, without altering IGF-I. Thus, a major antiestrogen mediates 3 actions of estrogen: agonism (GH), neutral effects (sex steroids), and estrogen antagonism (prolactin and IGFBP-1).
ESR Measurement of Hydroxyl Radicals in Micro-nanobubble Water
Authors: Tada Kaori , Maeda Masayuki , Nishiuchi Yusuke , Nagahara Jyunko , Hata Takashi , Zhuowei Zhao , Yoshida Yukihiro , Watanabe Shousuke , Ohmori Michio 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Many scientists have elucidated that characteristics of micro-nanobubbles are distinctly different from those of normal bubbles. However, the physicochemical properties of micro-nanobubble water have not been sufficiently examined. In the present study, in order to generate free radicals by self-collapse phenomenon of micro-nanobubbles, an ESR measurement was conducted. As a result, micro-nanobubbles collapsed only with any physical forces while the self-collapse phenomenon of the micro-nanobubbles was not observed in the experiment.
Synthesis and Properties of Low-surface-energy Polyimides
Authors: Wang Hai-zhong , Ye Qian , Wang Xiao-Long 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
An aromatic diamine monomer, 1H,1H-perfluorooctyl 3,5-diaminobenzoate (PFD), was synthesized in three steps, which was used to prepare the polyimides containing pendant perfluoroalkyl chains via the polymerization of PFD with commercial 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride. Various characterization techniques including thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the new polyimides with perfluoroalkyl chains. The resulting polyimide film exhibits hydrophobicity with a contact angle of 95° for water, and the calculated surface free energy is 37.4 mN m−1. Superhydrophobic surfaces were also demonstrated by coating the polyimide containing pendant perfluorooctyl chains on rough alumina substrate.
Bimetallic IrRh/CeO2–ZrO2 as a Highly Active Catalyst for NO–CO–C3H6–H2–O2 Reactions under Stoichiometric Conditions
Authors: Haneda Masaaki , Kaneko Takahiro , Kamiuchi Naoto , Ozawa Masakuni 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The catalytic activity of Rh/CeO2–ZrO2 for NO–CO–C3H6–H2–O2 reactions under stoichiometric conditions was significantly improved by the addition of Ir. The optimum Ir/Rh atomic ratio was 1/9. The improvement was ascribed to the formation of finely divided Ir species on the surface of Rh particles. IrRh/CeO2–ZrO2 with an IrRh loading of 0.3 wt % showed high catalytic performance, which is comparable with that of 0.5 wt % Rh/CeO2–ZrO2, leading to minimize the Rh usage.
Synthesis and Optical-electronic Properties of a Novel Star-shaped Benzodithiophene Molecule
Authors: Sheng Ruiying , Liu Qian , Qiu Meng , Gu Chuantao , Zhou Yuanhang , Ren Junzhen , Sun Mingliang , Yang Renqiang 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Benzodithiophene (BDT)-based star-shaped molecule (12TBDT) was synthesized by Stille coupling reactions. The star-shaped molecule shows high decomposition temperature (447 °C), low-lying HOMO level (−5.52 eV), and wide UV–vis absorption between 300 and 530 nm (Eg = 2.36 eV). DFT results show that the electron density of the HOMO and LUMO are localized on the thiophene and BDT groups. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the earliest reports on star-shaped benzodithiophene molecules.
Emulsification by Phosphorylcholine-type Gemini Amphiphile as Active Interfacial Modifier
Authors: Sakai Kenichi , Fukushima Asako , Misono Takeshi , Endo Takeshi , Sakamoto Kazutami , Sakai Hideki , Abe Masahiko 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
We prepared oil-in-water emulsions with a phosphorylcholine-type gemini amphiphile (abbreviated as 18P-2-18N). The key emulsification process was found to be control of temperature; i.e., relatively stable emulsions were obtained when 18P-2-18N, hexadecane, and water were homogenized at 80 °C. We suggest that a liquid-crystalline 18P-2-18N phase stabilizes the oil/water interface at 80 °C, and then the transition to the gel phase at low temperature achieves further stabilization in a manner similar to the Pickering emulsion.
Epitypification of the name Colchicum montanum L. (Colchicaceae)
Authors: Rico Enrique , Martínez-Ortega M. Montserrat 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe identity of the illustration previously selected as the lectotype of Colchicum montanum L. is shown to be demonstrably ambiguous. An epitype is designated that affixes the application of the name to the common “quitameriendas” that is widely distributed in the Iberian Peninsula.
Lunar Park: From ashes to ashes
Authors: Loewy Monika 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Lunar Park opens with a sentence repeated from a previous novel: he states, ‘You do an awfully good impression of yourself’, thus setting the satirical and deceptive tone of the text. In this article, I will focus on two themes implicit in this sentence: that Lunar Park tracks Bret Easton Ellis’s search for his true identity and past and that this is impossible. I suggest that it is this inability to know an author, text or oneself within the context of a nation founded upon illusory ideals and their underlying fragmentation on which this book is centred.
Ellis’s semi-autobiography playfully describes America’s cultural and physical landscape as being ruptured and repressed, emphasizing the way this context has structured his own life. The novel chronicles the author’s fame and family and takes place in a suburban town outside New York City, which is under the threat of terrorist acts in a post-9/11 America. Here, the fictional character Patrick Bateman from Ellis’s previous novel American Psycho begins to haunt Ellis’s home. Since American Psycho is renowned for its critique of the American dream, in Lunar Park, Bateman can be seen as allegorizing a romanticized identity that disavows imperialism, a notion central to American Exceptionalism. It is this, I suggest, that haunts Ellis throughout the Lunar Park.
In this article, I will discuss how Lunar Park embodies Ellis’s movement towards avowal, towards recognizing those fantasies that have structured Americans’ reactions to trauma, specifically 9/11. By fabricating the past, Ellis gestures towards the impossibility of ever remembering it, as based upon his identity and book having been formed through a meaningless world where ‘publishing a shiny booklike object was simply an excuse for parties and glamour’ (Ellis 2005: 9). In so doing, I suggest that the text also invites the reader to ‘enter the fiction of America, enter America as fiction’ (Baudrillard 2010: 29) in order to break down their own illusions. Lunar Park thus materializes the falling monument it represents, exposing post-9/11 America as catastrophic while revealing its own erasure. This article will trace Ellis’s frustrated search to find and illuminate his identity as an American and author in an idea of the New World.
Stern-Vergleich und menschliches Verhalten Zu Alkmans Partheneion (fr. 1,60–63)
Authors: Adorjáni Zsolt 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper deals with a notorious interpretive crux of Alcman’s Louvre-Partheneion: the identity of the Πεληάδες and the meaning and function of the φᾶρος. The article attempts to make sense of the debated verses in their context, highlighting Alcman’s subtle praise of human beings against the foil of the divine.
P.Oxy. LXIV 4410, Fr. 1 and 2.1–5
Authors: Bartol Krystyna 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article discusses Marco Perale’s readings in P.Oxy. LXIV 4410, fr. 1 and 2.1-5. It also suggests another possible reading and presents an alternative explanation of the meaning of the text.
Fragmente mit nummerierten und ethnischen Hipparchien (P.UB Trier S 77-43)
Authors: Scheuble-Reiter Sandra 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis fragmentary papyrus contains the first evidence for the hipparchy of the Macedonians and documents for the first time the hierarchy of the ethnic hipparchies. The text probably deals with the collection of taxes from the cavalrymen (of the numered and ethnic hipparchies) by military officials, most likely by military logeutai. So the papyrus records the names of 12 or 13 military logeutai.
Mathematical Modeling, Verification and Optimization for Catalytic Membrane Esterification Micro-reactor
Authors: El-Zanati E. , Ritchie S.M.C. , Abdallah H. , Elnashaie S. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractAnalysis of efficient production of ethyl acetate utilizing aCatalyticMembraneMicro-Reactor(CMMR)was theoretically investigated and verified using published results for the esterification reaction. Grafted sulfonic groups in the pores of a polyethersulfone membrane catalyzed the reaction. Theoretical analysis of the catalytic membrane reactor was achieved through development of a lumped parameter model to describe the CMMR behavior and performance. The developed model was solved numerically for different design and operating conditions using MATLAB Simulink software. The model parameters were verified and validated using the experimental results to achieve a reliable tool for design, replication, scaling-up, and optimization. The approach to maximum conversion was simulated. Cumulative yield per unit time was investigated to determine the optimum process time. Membrane regeneration was conducted and the regeneration time was determined as well in order to reuse the membrane for other cycles. Reactor scaling-up was studied using the model for process design.
Simulation of Soot Size Distribution in a Counterflow Flame
Authors: He Z. , Zhou K. , Xiao M. , Wei F. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Soot formed during the rich combustion of fossil fuels is an undesirable pollutant and health hazard. A newly developed Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the soot formation in a counterflow diffusion flame of ethylene. The simulation uses a new reaction mechanism available in literature, which focuses on modeling the formation of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) up to coronene (C24H12). Nascent soot particles are assumed to form from the collision of eight different PAH molecules. Soot surface growth includes the hydrogen-abstraction-C2H2-addition mechanism and the condensation of the PAHs. Soot coagulation is in the free-molecular regime because particles are small (not more than a hundred nanometer). The coupling between vapor consumption and soot formation is handled by an interpolative moment method. Soot particle diffusion is found negligible throughout the counterflow flame, except for a very narrow region right around the stagnation plane. The soot particle size distribution (PSD) generally exhibits a bimodal shape. The first peak corresponds to a large number of nascent particles, while the second peak results from the competition between nucleation and coagulation. Surface growth affects the PSD quantitatively, but does not change the modality. A comparison with experimental data is also provided.