bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Diastereomerically Pure and Mixed (S)-PhGly/BIPHEP/Ru(II) Complexes and Their Catalytic Behavior with Li2CO3 in Asymmetric Cyanosilylation of Benzaldehyde
Authors: Kurono Nobuhito , Katayama Taiki , Ohkuma Takeshi 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
A diastereomerically mixed complex [Ru{(S)-phgly}2{(±)-biphep}] is readily prepared from achiral diphosphine BIPHEP in two steps. These diastereomers are then separated by silica gel column chromatography. A 61:39 equilibrium mixture of [Ru{(S)-phgly}2{(S)-biphep}] and [Ru{(S)-phgly}2{(R)-biphep}] with Li2CO3 is used to catalyze cyanosilylation of benzaldehyde to afford the R cyanated product in 92% ee. The enantioselectivity is just slightly lower than that by using the pure [Ru{(S)-phgly}2{(S)-biphep}]/Li2CO3 catalyst system of 96%. The high enantioselective ability of the diastereomerically mixed catalyst is revealed through a series of kinetic experiments in which the highly enantioselective [Ru{(S)-phgly}2{(S)-biphep}]/Li2CO3 system is shown to catalyze the reaction 16.8 times faster than the less selective [Ru{(S)-phgly}2{(R)-biphep}]/Li2CO3 system, affording the product in 2.6% ee. An equation is derived to approximate the relationship between the diastereomeric ratio of the catalyst and the ee value of the product.
Gaps in the Traceability Chain of Human Growth Hormone Measurements
Authors: Boulo Sébastien , Hanisch Katja , Bidlingmaier Martin , Arsene Cristian-Gabriel , Panteghini Mauro , Auclair Guy , Sturgeon Catharine , Schimmel Heinz , Zegers Ingrid 
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND
Human growth hormone (hGH) is measured for the diagnosis of secretion disorders. These measurements fall under the EU Directive 98/79/EC on in vitro diagnostic medical devices requiring traceability of commercial calibrator values to higher-order reference materials or procedures (Off J Eur Communities 1998 Dec 7;L 331:1–37). External quality assessment schemes show large discrepancies between results from different methods, even though most methods provide results traceable to the recommended International Standard (IS 98/574). The aim of this study was to investigate possible causes for these discrepancies.

METHODS
We investigated the commutability and recovery of hGH in reconstituted IS 98/574. We tested different reconstitution protocols and used 4 different serum matrices for spiking. These IS preparations were measured together with serum samples. We quantified hGH by 5 different methods in 4 different laboratories.

RESULTS
Results from the different methods correlated well for the serum samples. Mean discrepancies between results from different methods were ≤20%. None of the IS preparations was commutable for all the method comparisons. The recovery of hGH in preparations of IS 98/574 depended on the reconstitution protocol (&gt;10-fold differences) and BACKGROUND matrix (relative differences ≤17% for different serum matrices).

CONCLUSIONS
The use of different protocols for reconstitution and spiking of hGH reference preparations affects quantification by immunoassays, potentially leading to a bias between commercial methods, despite the use of calibrators with values claimed to be traceable to the same higher-order reference material.
Reconstituted Cement Kiln Dust–Rice Husk Ash Stabilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement as Highway Pavement Material
Authors: Edeh Joseph Ejelikwu , Ameh Augustine Ameh , Osinubi Kolawole Juwonlu 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
A large volume of cement kiln dust is generated as a solid waste by-product from the pre-heater by-pass systems during the manufacture of Portland cement clinker. It is disposed of on production sites, and sometimes in landfills. Pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction also generate a large volume of reclaimed asphalt pavement waste that is disposed of along road alignments, and rice husk ash is generated by the combustion of rice husk and disposed of as waste in large quantities in rice mills. This paper presents the results of a laboratory evaluation of the characteristics of reclaimed asphalt pavements stabilized using reconstituted cement kiln dust and rice husk ash waste with a view to determining its suitability for use as a flexible pavement material. The mixtures were subjected to British Standard light (standard Proctor) compactive efforts to determine the compaction characteristics and California bearing ratio. The test results show that the properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement waste improved with reconstituted cement kiln dust–rice husk ash waste treatment. The maximum dry density decreased and the optimum moisture content increased with increasing rice husk ash (RHA) content and decreasing cement kiln dust (CKD) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) contents in the mixes. Optimum California bearing ratio values of 34.0 % (unsoaked) and 54.0 % (soaked for 24 h) were recorded for 50 % RAP + 50 % (50 % CKD + 50 % RHA) mix. With the potential for time-dependent increases in strength in view, the optimum mixture satisfied durability requirements with insignificant water absorption and can be used as sub-base material in flexible pavement construction. This research provides results of the evaluation of RAP waste stabilized using reconstituted CKD and RHA wastes as highway construction material, as based on California bearing ratio determination. Further work is encouraged to assess the resilient modulus of this material under cyclic load.
Identification and Mapping of Adult Plant Stripe Rust Resistance in Soft Red Winter Wheat VA00W‐38
Authors: Christopher Mark D. , Liu Shuyu , Hall Marla D. , Marshall David S. , Fountain Myron O. , Johnson Jerry W. , Milus Eugene A. , Garland‐Campbell Kimberly A. , Chen Xianming , Griffey Carl A. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe Virginia Tech experimental wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) line VA00W‐38 has adult plant resistance to race PST‐100, which was the predominant race of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) in the United States from 2003 to 2006. Resistance was characterized in a cross between VA00W‐38 and Pioneer Brand ‘26R46’. The mapping population consisted of 182 recombinant inbred lines, which were evaluated in field tests for stripe rust infection type (IT) in Georgia in 2008 and 2009 and for IT and severity in North Carolina in 2009 and 2010. A genome‐wide molecular screen with 143 simple sequence repeat and 405 diversity arrays technology markers was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for stripe rust resistance. QTL on chromosomes 2AS and 4BL of VA00W‐38 were identified; they explained 58.9 and 19.3% of the variation for IT and 51.9 and 12.1% of the variation for severity, respectively. QTL on chromosomes 6BL and 3BL of Pioneer 26R46 were identified and explained 8.9 and 2.1% of the variation for IT and 11.7 and 3.9% of the variation for severity. Markers Xgwm296b, Xbarc163, and Xwmc756 were most tightly linked to QTL on chromosomes 2AS, 4BL, and 6BL. Use of these markers and development of additional diagnostic markers will facilitate the incorporation and pyramiding of stripe rust resistance into soft red winter wheat lines via marker‐assisted selection.
Expression of Key Genes of the Isoflavonoid Pathway in Hypocotyls and Cotyledons During Soybean Seed Maturation
Authors: Artigot Marie‐Pierre , Daydé Jean , Berger Monique 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTSoybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] seed accumulates large amounts of isoflavones, which are known for their phytoestrogenic activities. Three isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) are found in the seed. They are 4 to 10 times more concentrated in hypocotyls than in cotyledons. Isoflavone composition markedly diverges between these two seed parts and their accumulation begins in cotyledons at 40 d after flowering (DAF) once completed in hypocotyls. The relation between the genes of the isoflavonoid pathway and the isoflavone content has been investigated through (i) the variability of isoflavone synthase (IFS) genomic sequences in six cultivars with contrasted isoflavone content and (ii) the expression of key genes in two cultivars at 25, 40, and 60 DAF in hypocotyls and cotyledons.IFS1andIFS2polymorphism was not related to the isoflavone content. The expression of chalcone synthases (CHS7andCHS8) was related to isoflavone accumulation kinetics in the cotyledons but not with the total content at maturity.CHS9was the most expressedCHSisoform and the only one correlated with the hypocotyl isoflavone accumulation kinetics. The chalcone reductase (CHR) andCHIexpression profiles were significantly different between the two seed parts. These results indicate that the regulation of the isoflavone pathway is controlled differently in cotyledons and hypocotyls during seed maturation. This discrepancy should be taken into account in the studies on genetic and environmental effects on isoflavone contents.
Comparison of Two Perennial Grass Breeding Systems with Switchgrass
Authors: Vogel K. P. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTTwo breeding systems, between‐ and within‐family selection (BWFS) and multistep family selection (MFS), were compared using three switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) populations to determine which system was the most effective in improving biomass yield and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). With BWFS, half‐sib families are produced and evaluated on a family basis and then the best plants within the best families are selected for crossing to produce a new strain. With MFS, parent genotypes of the half‐sib families being evaluated in the BWFS selection nursery are maintained and the genotypes whose progeny were the best in the BWFS evaluation trial are selected and polycrossed to produce a new strain. Methods were compared using two populations in which improved biomass yield and IVDMD were the selected traits and with a population for which improved IVDMD and winter survival were the selected traits. For the populations for which yield was a selection criteria, the BWFS breeding system produced strains with significantly greater biomass yields than the MFS system. For one of these populations, the BWFS and MFS systems did not differ for IVDMD but the MFS system produced a strain with higher IVDMD for the other population. For the population in which IVDMD and winter survival were the selection criteria, the BWFS strain had greater IVDMD than the MFS strain. Overall, the BWFS system was superior and required less work.
Dose-dependent relationship between prenatal exposure to fine particulates and exhaled carbon monoxide in non-asthmatic children. A population-based birth cohort study
Authors: Jędrychowski Wiesław , Maugeri Umberto , Spengler John , Mróz Elżbieta , Flak Elżbieta , Klimaszewska-Rembiasz Maria , Jacek Ryszard , Sowa Agata 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Combined open microsurgical and endoscopic resection of hypothalamic hamartomas
Authors: Roth Jonathan , Bercu Marian M. , Constantini Shlomi 
Published: March 2013

Hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs) are typically located within the vicinity of the third ventricle. They can be attached to the walls of the third ventricle, within the interpeduncular cistern (third ventricle floor), and/or attached to the mammillary bodies and hypothalamus. Depending on their location, resection is performed either through the third ventricle, approaching from above, or via a frontotemporal craniotomy (pterional or frontoorbital), approaching from below. “Above” approaches typically include the transcallosal–anterior interforniceal approach, and recently, purely endoscopic approaches performed transforaminally.
The authors present a combined open and endoscopic approach for resection of HHs located within the third ventricle. They used this approach in 2 young girls with relatively small lateral and third ventricles. Following an interhemispheric, transcallosal approach and exposure of the right foramen of Monro, an endoscope was inserted through the foramen, which enabled safe resection of the HH.
The main advantage of the combined approach is when the lateral and third ventricles are relatively small, making a purely endoscopic approach more challenging and possibly riskier.
Microsatellite markers in the western prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera praeclara (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Ross Andrew A. , Aldrich‐Wolfe Laura , Lance Stacey , Glenn Travis , Travers Steven E. 
Published: March 2013

• Premise of the study: Primers for 31 microsatellite‐containing loci were developed for the threatened orchid Platanthera praeclara to enable characterization of the population genetics of this tallgrass prairie native.• Methods and Results: Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified from four populations. Six of these loci were not in linkage disequilibrium. The average number of alleles per locus per population ranged from 6.4 to 8.9.• Conclusions: The results indicate that six of the polymorphic loci will be useful in future studies of population structure, gene flow, and genetic diversity.
REDUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL ERROR IN COCONUT WITH ADJUSTMENT BY AN INTEGRATED INDEX DEVELOPED THROUGH PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS USING VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERS
Authors: MATHES D. T. , GUNATHILAKA H. A. J. , FERNANDO D. N. S. 
Published: March 2013

Precision in estimation and accuracy of the results from experiments is dependenton the nature of experimental variation. Controlling variation through calibration,.other than through local control, is a well defined concept since 1953.It is important that the choice of a calibrating variate or variates to be, costeffective, less time consumsing in recording, and efficient in reducing theexperimental error. For experiments in coconut, one and two years pre-experimentalyield is used as calibrating variates. Collecting yield data over a period of one or two years to use as a calibrating variate is a long wait before commencement of anexperiment: Financially too it is high.* This paper explores the merits of using, an 'Integrated Index' (incorporating thevegetative and reproductive characters) as a calibrating variate evaluated through thetechnique of 'Principal Component Analysis'. The characters were, .'Trunk Girth(X,)', 'Number of Inflorescences (Xj)', and Number of nuts per bunch (X3)', and'Number of green fronds QQ\ The Integrated Index - I' developed throughprincipal component analysis reflects the 'Vigour of the Pahn'.The eigen vectors of the four characters and the eigen values of the four vectorswere evaluated through Principal Component Analysis. The standardized, vectorscores for each palm was taken as the Integrated Index for each palm. The averageof these values for a given experimental plot was taken as the Index for each.plotand was used as the calibrating variate.The results suggest that, the overall range in the values for the coefficient ofvariation' when adjusted for T was 7.05 to 10.78% as compared to the range, 8.35to 21.02% observed without adjustment.The recording of variables X, to X« was completed within 3 to 4 days before the53commencement of the trial. Thus recording of the characters was less timeconsuming and cost effective.
Unexpectedly high among-habitat spider (Araneae) faunal diversity from the Arctic Long-Term Experimental Research (LTER) field station at Toolik Lake, Alaska, United States of America
Authors: Sikes Derek S. , Draney Michael L. , Fleshman Brandi 
Published: March 2013

AbstractA comparison is made between a three-year structured-sampling study that compared spider faunas of two tundra habitats and a single-year unstructured-sampling study, both within the Arctic Long-Term Experimental Research (LTER) field station at Toolik Lake, Alaska, United States of America. The three-year study documented 51 species and predicted a total of 60 species for the area. Our one season study documented 39 species, of which 24, or 62%, are not shared by the three-year study, raising the total count for the LTER to 75 species. These findings emphasise limitations of species richness estimation methods and help dispel the perception that Arctic tundras are homogeneous and species poor.
Risk factors associated with death among influenza A (H1N1) patients, Tamil Nadu, India, 2010
Authors: Balaganesakumar SR , Murhekar MV , Swamy KK , Kumar MR , Manickam P , Pandian PRT 
Published: March 2013

Background:
Limited information is available about the risk factors associated with death among patients of influenza A (H1N1) in India.

Aims:
To describe the epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed influenza A (H1N1) patients and identify risk factors associated with death.

Settings and Design:
We reviewed the surveillance data of laboratory-confirmed patients in Tamil Nadu, India, for the year 2010. We conducted a case-control study by comparing 70 laboratory-confirmed A (H1N1) patients who died (cases) with 210 A (H1N1) patients who recovered (controls) to identify the risk factors for deaths.

Materials and Methods:
We interviewed the controls and immediate care-takers of the influenza patients who died to collect information about socio-demographic details and co-morbid conditions. We used an abstraction form to collect the information about the clinical details from the case records of the hospitals where the cases and controls received treatment.

Statistical Analysis:
We analysed the surveillance data by time, place and person. We conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for identifying factors associated death.

Results:
During 2010, 1302 laboratory-confirmed cases were reported to the Tamil Nadu surveillance unit. Of these, 72 patients died (case fatality=5.5%). About 2/3 of the cases and 40% of the deaths were from three districts. On multivariate analysis, past history of diabetes, treatment in private hospitals, treatment with corticosteroids during illness, visit to >1 healthcare facility before laboratory confirmation and delay of >48 h in starting antivirals were found to be independently associated with the deaths.

Conclusions:
Influenza patients with previous history of diabetes, who had treatment with corticosteroids during illness, and started with antivirals after 48 h of onset of symptoms, were at higher risk of adverse outcome. In order to reduce the risk of death during future waves of influenza in Tamil Nadu, the physicians need to be sensitised regarding (1) higher risk of adverse outcomes among A (H1N1) patients with diabetes; (2) adherence to the national protocol for categorisation of cases; (3) prompt initiation of antivirals for severe cases; and (4) avoidance of systemic corticosteroids during management.
Detection of fetal mutations causing hemoglobinopathies by non-invasive prenatal diagnosis from maternal plasma
Authors: D′Souza E , Sawant PM , Nadkarni AH , Gorakshakar A , Ghosh K , Colah RB 
Published: March 2013

Background:
Prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies enables couples at risk to have a healthy child. Currently used fetal sampling procedures are invasive with some risk of miscarriage. A non-invasive approach to obtain fetal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for diagnosis would eliminate this risk.

Aim:
To develop and evaluate a non-invasive prenatal diagnostic approach for hemoglobinopathies using cell-free fetal DNA circulating in the maternal plasma.

Settings and Design:
Couples referred to us for prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies where the maternal and paternal mutations were different were included in the study.

Materials and Methods:
Maternal peripheral blood was collected at different periods of gestation before the invasive fetal sampling procedure was done. The blood was centrifuged to isolate the plasma and prepare DNA. A size separation approach was used to isolate fetal DNA. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based protocols were developed for detection of the presence or absence of the paternal mutation.

Results and Conclusions:
There were 30 couples where the parental mutations were different. Of these, in 14 cases the paternal mutation was absent and in 16 cases it was present in the fetus. Using cell-free fetal DNA from maternal plasma, the absence of the paternal mutation was accurately determined in 12 of the 14 cases and the presence of the paternal mutation was correctly identified in 12 of the 16 cases. Thus, this non-invasive approach gave comparable results to those obtained by the conventional invasive fetal sampling methods in 24 cases giving an accuracy of 80.0%. Although the nested PCR approach enabled amplification of small quantities of cell-free DNA from maternal plasma at different periods of gestation after size separation to eliminate the more abundant maternal DNA, an accurate diagnosis of the presence or absence of the paternal mutation in the fetus was not possible in all cases to make it clinically applicable.
A comparison of the quality of the information available on the internet on interventional radiology, vascular surgery, and cardiology
Authors: Alsafi A , Kaya G , Patel H , Hamady MS 
Published: March 2013

Context and Aims:
Internet use is rapidly expanding and increasingly plays a substantial role in patient education. We sought to evaluate and compare the quality of information available to patients online on three closely linked specialties: Interventional radiology (IR), cardiology, and vascular surgery.

Materials and Methods:
We searched the leading three search engines for the terms: "Interventional Radiology", "cardiology," and "vascular surgery," collating the top 50 hits from each search. After excluding duplicates and irrelevant sites, 43, 25, and 36 sites remained, respectively. Sites were analyzed using the LIDA instrument (an online tool for assessing health-related websites) and Fleisch Reading Ease Scores (FRES) were compared across the different search terms and correlated with the country of origin and certification by the Health on the Net (HON) Foundation.

Results:
There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the total LIDA, accessibility, usability or reliability scores between the three specialties. HONCode certification was associated with higher LIDA (83.1±1.6 vs. 71.53±0.8 (P<0.0001)), reliability (75.7±3.6 vs. 49.0±1.6 (P<0.0001)) and FRES (37.4±4.0 vs. 29.7±1.4 (P=0.0441)).

Conclusion:
Websites are generally well designed and easy to use; the majority however, lacks currency and reliability. Despite similarity in quality of online information, there is a disparity in knowledge of IR; this may be due to low web-traffic figures of IR sites. Wikipedia's user-generated content, ranks highly in major search engines, as such; this could serve as means of disseminating reliable health information to patients.
Les vérificateurs internes « sur la crête » : idéologie, politique, éthique et lutte contre la fraude et la corruption
Authors: Everett Jeff , Neu Dean , Rahaman Abu Shiraz 
Published: March 2013

Cet article examine certains défis idéologiques, politiques et moraux auxquels font face les vérificateurs internes dans leur lutte contre la fraude et la corruption. Plus particulièrement, il considère l’influence de ces trois facteurs sur les définitions de la fraude et de la corruption et sur la perception des objectifs des vérifications internes. Les deux cas très connus de fraude et de corruption (le scandale des commandites au Canada et l’effondrement de WorldCom) sont abordés de manière à montrer comment ces facteurs peuvent nuire à l’indépendance, à l’intégrité et au jugement professionnel des vérificateurs. Ces deux cas d’espèce illustrent bien le phénomène des dénonciateurs et à quel point la foi de ceux-ci en l’intégrité du système peut en faire des victimes d’injustices et d’aliénation, ou même des « héros tragiques ». Finalement, les meilleures politiques d’intervention dans ces situations et les ressources didactiques que la profession a rendues disponibles et qui permettraient d’assister les personnes aux prises avec ces divers enjeux sont décrites.