bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platelet Volume and Plateletcrit in Dogs with Presumed Primary Immune‐Mediated Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Schwartz D. , Sharkey L. , Armstrong P.J. , Knudson C. , Kelley J. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundMean platelet volume (MPV) and plateletcrit (PCT) are indices used in evaluating immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT) in humans and in dogs with congenital macrothrombocytopenia. These indices may provide clinically valuable information in acquired thrombocytopenia.Hypothesis/ObjectivesDogs with presumed primaryIMTwill have increasedMPV, and therefore platelet mass (PCT) will increase faster than platelet count (PLT) during recovery.AnimalsForty‐nine dogs with automated PLT < 30,000/μL because of presumed primaryIMTand hematocrit (HCT),PCT,MPV, and platelet distribution width determined from the same complete blood count (CBC), and 46 healthy controls.MethodsCase‐control retrospective study;PLT,PCT,MPV, and platelet distribution width (PDW) were recorded fromCBCs from 49 dogs, with 45 having data collected on the day of presentation. Fifteen were confirmed to have attained a PLT ≥ 75,000/μL on at least 1CBCwithin 15 days after admission. ThePCTequivalent to aPLTof 75,000/μL (assuming an averageMPV) was calculated for comparison withPLTin terms of time to achieve a threshold of platelet mass by the 2 measures.ResultsMean platelet volume was higher in IMT dogs (17.3 fl) than the reference population (10.5 fl) (P < .0001). The PDW was not significantly different among the groups. The median time forPCTto reach threshold in confirmed responders was faster (3 days) compared with PLT (4 days).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceImmune‐mediated thrombocytopenia is characterized by increasedMPV. Time to achieve a thresholdPCTtended to be shorter thanPLT, suggesting thatPCTmay be a useful platelet parameter for monitoring dogs withIMT.
Clinical Features and Treatment Outcomes of 41 Dogs with Sublingual Ectopic Thyroid Neoplasia
Authors: Broome M.R. , Peterson M.E. , Walker J.R. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundThyroid neoplasia is common in dogs, but there are few reports of dogs with ectopic, sublingual thyroid tumors.ObjectivesTo describe clinical features and outcomes of dogs with ectopic, sublingual thyroid neoplasia.AnimalsFive hundred and forty‐four dogs with thyroid neoplasia.MethodsThis retrospective study reviewed the medical records of dogs referred for thyroid neoplasia between 1995 and 2013. Data extracted included signalment, extent of thyroid disease (eutopic or ectopic; metastasis), serum thyroxine (T4) concentration, treatment, and survival.ResultsOf 544 dogs with thyroid neoplasia, 41 (7.5%) dogs had ectopic sublingual thyroid tumors. The clinical features of these 41 dogs were similar to the cohort group of 503 dogs with eutopic or ectopic mediastinal thyroid tumors, but dogs with sublingual tumors were younger and less likely to have metastatic disease (15% versus 30%,P < .05). Of the 41 dogs, 28 received treatment: 21 with surgery (which included partial hyoidectomy in 13), 7 with radioiodine alone, and 13 with surgery followed by administration of radioiodine. Overall median survival was 562 days (range, 1‐1,850 days).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWhen compared with eutopic thyroid carcinomas, ectopic sublingual thyroid tumors generally have a less aggressive biologic behavior. Many dogs have prolonged survival, even without treatment, although death because of local tumor invasiveness or metastasis can develop in some dogs. Surgical thyroidectomy, including partial hyoidectomy, is generally effective for control of local disease. Administration of radioiodine, alone or in combination with surgical treatment, is recommended for multifocal disease or metastasis.
Serum Concentrations of Gastrin after Famotidine and Omeprazole Administration to Dogs
Authors: Parente N.L. , Bari Olivier N. , Refsal K.R. , Johnson C.A. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundThe duration of antacid‐induced hypergastrinemia after cessation of administration of omeprazole and famotidine apparently has not been determined in dogs.HypothesisThat serum gastrin will return to basal concentrations by 7 days after cessation of famotidine or omeprazole administration.AnimalsNine healthy, adult, male, research colony dogs.MethodsRandomized, cross‐over design. Serum gastrin was determined daily for 7 days to establish baseline concentrations. Famotidine (1.0 mg/kg q24h) or omeprazole (1.0 mg/kg q24h) was administered PO for 7 days followed by a 14‐day washout. Serum concentrations of gastrin were determined daily during 7 days of administration and daily for 7 days after cessation of administration. Each drug was evaluated in 8 of the 9 dogs.ResultsOmeprazole caused a significant increase in serum gastrin concentration (37.2 ± 7.3 to 71.3 ± 19.0 ng/L; P = .006). Famotidine induced a transient increase in serum gastrin (37.2 ± 7.3 to 65.5 ± 38.5 ng/L; P = .02) that peaked at administration day 3 and declined thereafter. By day 7 after cessation of both drugs, there was no difference in serum gastrin concentrations compared to those before administration (famotidine P = .99; omeprazole P = .99). During or after administration, gastrin concentrations above 3 times the upper reference range were rare (12 of 224 samples).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceA 7‐day withdrawal from short‐term administration of famotidine or omeprazole is sufficient for serum gastrin to return to baseline concentrations. Withholding famotidine or omeprazole for longer before investigating pathologic causes of hypergastrinemia is unnecessary.
Genetic connectivity of the coral‐eating sea star Acanthaster planci during the severe outbreak of 2006–2009 in the Society Islands, French Polynesia
Authors: Yasuda Nina , Taquet Coralie , Nagai Satoshi , Yoshida Terutoyo , Adjeroud Mehdi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOccasional population outbreaks of the crown‐of‐thorns sea star, Acanthaster planci, are a major threat to coral reefs across the Indo‐Pacific. The presumed association between the serial nature of these outbreaks and the long larval dispersal phase makes it important to estimate larval dispersal; many studies have examined the population genetic structure of A. planci for this purpose using different genetic markers. However, only a few have focused on reef‐scale as well as archipelago‐scale genetic structure and none has used a combination of different genetic markers with different effective population sizes. In our study, we used both mtDNA and microsatellite loci to examine A. planci population genetic structure at multiple spatial scales (from <2 km to almost 300 km) within and among four islands of the Society Archipelago, French Polynesia. Our analysis detected no significant genetic structure based on mtDNA (global FST = −0.007, P = 0.997) and low levels of genetic structure using microsatellite loci (global FST = 0.006, P = 0.005). We found no significant isolation by distance patterns within the study area for either genetic marker. The overall genetically homogenized pattern found in both the mitochondrial and nuclear loci of A. planci in the Society Archipelago underscores the significant role of larval dispersal that may cause secondary outbreaks, as well as possible recent colonization in this area.
Possible paraneoplastic etiology in a case of Guillain–Barré syndrome with tumoral expression of ganglioside GM3
Authors: Nakaoku Yuriko , Ihara Masafumi , Hase Yoshiki , Okamoto Yoko , Saito Satoshi , Hishizawa Miki , Uemura Kengo , Kuwahara Motoi , Oka Nobuyuki , Kusunoki Susumu , Takahashi Ryosuke 
Published: July 2014

AbstractParaneoplastic neurological syndromes occur most frequently with small cell lung cancer. We report a 73‐year‐old man who had suffered from small cell lung cancer, with a fraction of the patient's malignant cells expressing membrane ganglioside GM3, and had developed Guillain–Barré syndrome with serum positivity for anti‐GM3 immunoglobulin G antibody when assayed with phosphatidic acid. The distribution of GM3 in myelin labeled with anti‐human GM3 antibodies corresponded well to that labeled with the patient's serum, but not with control sera. Intravenous immunoglobulins and chemotherapy for cancer resolved the symptoms of Guillain–Barré syndrome. These observations suggest that autoantibodies against conformational epitopes formed by GM3 and phosphatidic acid in cancers cross‐react with neural tissue, probably as a result of molecular mimicry, and might thus underlie paraneoplastic Guillain–Barré syndrome.
Suppression of inflammatory responses of human gingival fibroblasts by gingipains from Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Palm E. , Khalaf H. , Bengtsson T. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe interaction between human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and Porphyromonas gingivalis plays an important role in the development and progression of periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis possesses several virulence factors, including cysteine proteases, the arginine‐specific (Rgp) and lysine‐specific (Kgp) gingipains. Studying the mechanisms that P. gingivalis, and its derived virulence, use to propagate and interact with host cells will increase the understanding of the development and progression of periodontitis. In this study, we aimed to elucidate how P. gingivalis influences the inflammatory events in HGFs regarding transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), CXCL8, secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), c‐Jun and indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO). HGFs were inoculated for 6 and 24 h with the wild‐type strains ATCC 33277 and W50, two gingipain‐mutants of W50 and heat‐killed ATCC 33277. The P. gingivalis regulated CXCL8 and TGF‐β1 in HGFs, and the kgp mutant gave significantly higher immune response with increased CXCL8 (P < 0.001) and low levels of TGF‐β1. We show that HGFs express and secrete SLPI, which was significantly suppressed by P. gingivalis (P < 0.05). This suggests that by antagonizing SLPI, P. gingivalis contributes to the tissue destruction associated with periodontitis. Furthermore, we found that P. gingivalis inhibits the expression of the antimicrobial IDO, as well as upregulating c‐Jun (P < 0.05). In conclusion, P. gingivalis both triggers and suppresses the immune response in HGFs. Consequently, we suggest that the pathogenic effects of P. gingivalis, and especially the activity of the gingipains on the inflammatory and immune response of HGFs, are crucial in periodontitis.
The cell envelope proteome of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Smith K.P. , Fields J.G. , Voogt R.D. , Deng B. , Lam Y‐W. , Mintz K.P. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe cell envelope of gram‐negative bacteria serves a critical role in maintenance of cellular homeostasis, resistance to external stress, and host–pathogen interactions. Envelope protein composition is influenced by the physiological and environmental demands placed on the bacterium. In this study, we report a comprehensive compilation of cell envelope proteins from the periodontal and systemic pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans VT1169, an afimbriated serotype b strain. The urea‐extracted membrane proteins were identified by mass spectrometry‐based shotgun proteomics. The membrane proteome, isolated from actively growing bacteria under normal laboratory conditions, included 648 proteins representing 27% of the predicted open reading frames in the genome. Bioinformatic analyses were used to annotate and predict the cellular location and function of the proteins. Surface adhesins, porins, lipoproteins, numerous influx and efflux pumps, multiple sugar, amino acid and iron transporters, and components of the type I, II and V secretion systems were identified. Periplasmic space and cytoplasmic proteins with chaperone function were also identified. A total of 107 proteins with unknown function were associated with the cell envelope. Orthologs of a subset of these uncharacterized proteins are present in other bacterial genomes, whereas others are found exclusively in A. actinomycetemcomitans. This knowledge will contribute to elucidating the role of cell envelope proteins in bacterial growth and survival in the oral cavity.
ZmCPK1, a calcium‐independent kinase member of the Zea mays CDPK gene family, functions as a negative regulator in cold stress signalling
Authors: WECKWERTH PHILIPP , EHLERT BRITTA , ROMEIS TINA 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCalcium‐dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have been shown to play important roles in plant environmental stress signal transduction. We report on the identification of ZmCPK1 as a member of the maize (Zea mays) CDPK gene family involved in the regulation of the maize cold stress response. Based upon in silico analysis of the Z. mays cv. B73 genome, we identified that the maize CDPK gene family consists of 39 members. Two CDPK members were selected whose gene expression was either increased (Zmcpk1) or decreased (Zmcpk25) in response to cold exposure. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that ZmCPK1 displays calcium‐independent protein kinase activity. The C‐terminal calcium‐binding domain of ZmCPK1 was sufficient to mediate calcium independency of a previously calcium‐dependent enzyme in chimeric ZmCPK25‐CPK1 proteins. Furthermore, co‐transfection of maize mesophyll protoplasts with active full‐length ZmCPK1 suppressed the expression of a cold‐induced marker gene, Zmerf3 (ZmCOI6.21). In accordance, heterologous overexpression of ZmCPK1 in Arabidopsis thaliana yielded plants with altered acclimation‐induced frost tolerance. Our results identify ZmCPK1 as a negative regulator of cold stress signalling in maize.
Jasmonic acid signalling mediates resistance of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata to its native Fusarium, but not Alternaria, fungal pathogens
Authors: LUU VAN THI , SCHUCK STEFAN , KIM SANG‐GYU , WEINHOLD ARNE , BALDWIN IAN T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe recently characterized a highly dynamic fungal disease outbreak in native populations of Nicotiana attenuata in the southwestern United States. Here, we explore how phytohormone signalling contributes to the observed disease dynamics. Single inoculation with three native Fusarium and Alternaria fungal pathogens, isolated from diseased plants growing in native populations, resulted in disease symptoms characteristic for each pathogen species. While Alternaria sp.‐infected plants displayed fewer symptoms and recovered, Fusarium spp.‐infected plants became chlorotic and frequently spontaneously wilted. Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) levels were differentially induced after Fusarium or Alternaria infection. Transgenic N. attenuata lines silenced in JA production or JA conjugation to isoleucine (JA‐Ile), but not in JA perception, were highly susceptible to infection by F. brachygibbosum Utah 4, indicating that products derived from the JA‐Ile biosynthetic pathway, but not their perception, is associated with increased Fusarium resistance. Infection assays using ov‐nahG plants which were silenced in pathogen‐induced SA accumulations revealed that SA may increase N. attenuata's resistance to Fusarium infection but not to Alternaria. Taken together, we propose that the dynamics of fungal disease symptoms among plants in native populations may be explained by a complex interplay of phytohormone responses to attack by multiple pathogens.
Orthodontic care for the behavior‐challenged special needs patient
Authors: Rada Robert , Bakhsh Heba H , Evans Carla 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTDespite having a high prevalence of functionally compromising malocclusions, individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities do not regularly receive necessary orthodontic treatment. Patients with behavior challenges are unlikely to be offered this treatment option. However, with appropriate behavior management interventions and pharmacologic sedation, orthodontic treatment becomes a possibility for clinicians to consider. Parents will likely seek out clinicians who can provide this type of advanced orthodontic care. Additional training is now becoming available as accredited Fellowship Programs in Craniofacial and Special Care Orthodontics are developed. Hopefully, the clinical examples described in this article will no longer be unique in the area of special care dentistry.
Severe events in the first 6 months of life in a cohort of HIV‐unexposed infants from South Africa: effects of low birthweight and breastfeeding status
Authors: Doherty Tanya , Jackson Debra , Swanevelder Sonja , Lombard Carl , Engebretsen Ingunn M. S. , Tylleskär Thorkild , Goga Ameena , Ekström Eva‐Charlotte , Sanders David ,   the PROMISE EBF study group
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo report on risk factors for severe events (hospitalisation or infant death) within the first half of infancy amongst HIV‐unexposed infants in South Africa.MethodsSouth African data from the multisite community‐based cluster‐randomised trial PROMISE EBF promoting exclusive breastfeeding in three sub‐Saharan countries from 2006 to 2008 were used. The South African sites were Paarl in the Western Cape Province, and Umlazi and Rietvlei in KwaZulu‐Natal. This analysis included 964 HIV‐negative mother–infant pairs. Data on severe events and infant feeding practices were collected at 3, 6, 12 and 24 weeks post‐partum. We used a stratified extended Cox model to examine the association between the time to the severe event and covariates including birthweight, with breastfeeding status as a time‐dependent covariate.ResultsSeventy infants (7%) experienced a severe event. The median age at first hospitalisation was 8 weeks, and the two main reasons for hospitalisation were cough and difficult breathing followed by diarrhoea. Stopping breastfeeding before 6 months (HR 2.4; 95% CI 1.2–5.1) and low birthweight (HR 2.4; 95% CI 1.3–4.3) were found to increase the risk of a severe event, whilst maternal completion of high school education was protective (HR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1–0.7).ConclusionsA strengthened primary healthcare system incorporating promotion of breastfeeding and appropriate caring practices for low birthweight infants (such as kangaroo mother care) are critical. Given the leading reasons for hospitalisation, early administration of oral rehydration therapy and treatment of suspected pneumonia are key interventions needed to prevent hospitalisation in young infants.
Von Willebrand factor, a versatile player in gastrointestinal bleeding in left ventricular assist device recipients?
Authors: Fischer Quentin , Huisse Marie‐Geneviève , Voiriot Guillaume , Caron Claudine , Lepage Laurent , Dilly Marie‐Pierre , Nataf Patrick , Ajzenberg Nadine , Kirsch Matthias 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundBleeding originating in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the most common adverse events after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. In these patients, GI bleeding appears to be the consequence of altered hemostasis on the one hand and alterations of the GI microvasculature on the other.Case ReportWe report the case of a patient who suffered repeated, severe GI bleeding early after implantation of a HeartMate II continuous‐flow LVAD.ResultsAfter failure of conventional treatment strategies, GI bleeding was controlled using repeated transfusions of a purified von Willebrand factor (VWF) concentrate, almost devoid of Factor VIII (Wilfactin, LFB). No episodes of pump thrombosis were noted. Subsequent to VWF transfusions, we observed a progressive normalization of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor levels.ConclusionsOur data raise the possibility that, in addition to its hemostatic properties, transfusions of VWF might have acted as an antiangiogenic factor.
Immunophenotypic characterization of canine malignant lymphoma: a retrospective study of cases diagnosed in Poland Lower Silesia, over the period 2011–2013
Authors: Pawlak A. , Rapak A. , Drynda A. , Poradowski D. , Zbyryt I. , Dzimira S. , Suchański J. , Obmińska‐Mrukowicz B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLymphoma is the most frequently diagnosed cancer of the canine haematopoietic system. In this study, the flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were used to characterize a series of canine lymphomas in detail. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of B‐ and T‐cell high‐grade lymphomas and their immunophenotypic characterization in Lower Silesia, Poland. The results show that the frequency of each type of lymphoma is 71% for B‐cell and 17% for T‐cell lymphomas. In two cases the PCR techniques confirmed the presence of simultaneous double gene rearrangements of the BCR and TCR receptors.
Bacterial contamination
Authors: Benjamin R. J. 
Published: July 2014

Background and ObjectivesBlood components may be contaminated with commensal, pathogenic or environmental bacteria during collection, manufacture or storage. The outcome of transfusion is dependent on the ability of the specific strain to multiply to clinically relevant titres during storage, the pathogenicity of the strain and the patients' situation. Platelets in particular are stored in conditions conducive to bacterial growth, and septic reactions to these products are the most frequently documented infectious risk of transfusion.Materials and MethodsThis update will use recent reports and unpublished data to describe our current understanding of the role of bacteria in platelet transfusion safety.ResultsHistorical data suggest that ~1:1–3000 platelet products are contaminated with bacteria, and septic transfusion reactions occurred in 1:15 000–100 000 transfusions. Clinical awareness of the danger and a 2004 AABB standard requiring blood centres ‘to limit and detect bacteria’ in platelet products have driven the development of safety systems. The last decade has seen the implementation of optimal skin disinfection techniques and sample diversion strategies to reduce contamination, and many centres have implemented either bacterial culture testing or pathogen inactivation processes. Prerelease culture testing can reduce but cannot eliminate the risk of exposure to contaminated components. Pathogen inactivation technologies show variable efficacy at killing bacteria. Alternatively, assays performed on the day of transfusion prevent the transfusion of high concentrations of bacteria that are associated with the most severe adverse reactions.ConclusionsBacterial contamination and sepsis remain the greatest infectious risks of transfusion. Enhanced testing or pathogen inactivation should be implemented to ensure patient safety.
The immune system as seen through the eyes of a platelet
Authors: Semple J. W. 
Published: July 2014

Background and ObjectivesThe primary hemostatic nature of platelets closely links these cellular fragments with the immune system. Platelet aggregation and activation on damaged endothelium initiates secretion of their granule contents and expression of both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory molecules. This review will highlight some of the major non‐hematologic functions of platelets.ResultsFor example, the platelet secretome affects many local innate immune responses by, for example, attracting neutrophils to sites of inflammation. On the other hand, secretion and expression of platelet molecules such as CD40/CD40L may directly regulate adaptive immune responses. Perhaps more striking is that platelets express molecules that have no obvious hemostatic function such as Toll‐Like Receptors. This allows platelets to bind infectious agents causing both direct destruction via thrombocidins and enhanced presentation to neutrophils and other professional phagocytes for engulfment.ConclusionTo date, there are many published reports of platelet‐immune interactions suggesting that they significantly regulate immunity. It appears that platelets play a much more active role as non‐hemostatic immune‐regulators than was previously thought.