bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preadipocyte Screening by Laminin in Porcine Stromal Vascular Cell Cultures
Authors: Yu Z.K. , Hausman G.J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: To determine if subpopulations of cells in stromal vascular (S‐V) cultures could be segregated and separated based on affinity for laminin substratum.Research Methods and Procedures: S‐V cells were seeded and allowed to attach for various times; 4 hours was found to be optimal for cell attachment. Cultures were rinsed after 4 hours of seeding, and S‐V cells were divided into three subpopulations based on affinity for laminin: (1) cells that did not attach to laminin; (2) cells that had a low affinity for laminin; and (3) cells that had a high affinity for laminin. After 24 hours, cultures were either stained for the AD‐3 antigen (a marker for preadipocytes), C/EBP‐α (a terminal differentiation marker), or C/EBP‐8 (an early preadipocyte marker). Companion cultures were treated with various media for 9 days and stained with oil red‐O.Results: Cells with a high affinity for laminin had the highest proportion of AD‐3 and C/EBP‐α positive cells and the highest proportion of fat cells after treatment with insulin ± dexamethasone. Cells with a low affinity for laminin had the1 highest proportion of C/EBP‐8 cells and the highest proportion of fat cells after treatment with fetal bovine serum+dexamethasone, followed by insulin.Discussion: These results indicate that differentiating preadipocytes adhere to laminin to a much greater degree than do non‐preadipocytes. Therefore, laminin‐coated dishes can be used to screen S‐V cells to produce preadipocyte or fibroblast‐enriched S‐V cultures.
Serum Leptin Concentration and Insulin Sensitivity in Men with Abdominal Obesity
Authors: Johannsson Gudmundur , Karlsson Cecilia , Lönn Lars , Mårin Per , Björntorp Per , Sjöström Lars , Carlsson Björn , Carlsson Lena M.S. , Bengtsson Bengt‐Åke 
Published: September 2012

AbstractJOHANNSSON, GUDMUNDUR, CECILIA KARLSSON, LARS LÖNN, PER MÅRIN, PER BJÖRNTORP, LARS SJÖSTRÖM, BJÖRN CARLSSON, LENA M.S. CARLSSON, BENGT‐ÅKE BENGTSSON. Serum leptin concentration and insulin sensitivity in men with abdominal obesity. Obes Res. 1998;6:416–421.Objective: We have examined the association between generalized adiposity, abdominal adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and serum levels of leptin in a cross‐sectional study of abdominally obese men.Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty men, 48 to 66 years of age with a body mass index (BMI) of between 25 kg/m2 and 35 kg/m2 and a waist hip ratio of <0.95, were included in the study. Serum leptin concentration was measured using radioimmunoassay. Total body fat percentage was determined from total body potassium, abdominal adiposity was measured by computed tomography, and the glucose disposal rate (GDR) was measured during an euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp.Results: Significant correlations were found between serum leptin concentration and BMI, percentage body fat, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, serum insulin, GDR, and 24‐hour urinary‐free Cortisol. In a multiple regression analysis, it was shown that abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, GDR, and BMI explained 72% of the variability of serum leptin concentration. GDR demonstrated an independent inverse correlation with serum leptin concentration.Discussion: In abdominally obese men with insulin resistance, it was demonstrated that most of the individual variability in serum leptin concentration was explained by the amount of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, insulin sensitivity, and BMI.
Serum Leptin and Weight Gain Over 8 Years in African American and Caucasian Young Adults
Authors: Folsom Aaron R. , Jensen Michael D. , Jacobs David R. , Hilner Joan E. , Tsai Albert W. , Schreiner Pamela J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFOLSOM, AARON R., MICHAEL D. JENSEN, DAVID R. JACOBS, JR., JOAN E. HILNER, ALBERT W. TSAI, AND PAMELA J. SCHREINER. Serum leptin and weight gain over 8 years in African American and Caucasian young adults. Obes Res. 1999;7:1–8.Objective: There is considerable interest in how to prevent weight gain in adulthood. Leptin, a peptide hormone expressed in adipose tissue, is believed to signal the central nervous system about the level of body fat stores, and thereby may control appetite. Little information exists on whether the serum leptin concentration influences long‐term weight changes in the free‐living population.Research Methods and Procedures: From an ongoing cohort study of young African American and white adults, we selected a sample of participants (n=492), stratified on sex, race, and weight changes over 8 years. Serum leptin was measured on stored specimens using a radioimmunoassay. Weight change was modeled in relation to baseline leptin concentrations.Results: Cross‐sectionally, leptin concentration was associated positively with body mass index, negatively with physical activity level, and was higher in women than men. These variables explained 72% of the variance in serum leptin. Over the 8 years, the sample gained an average of 7.8 kg (standard deviation = 10.8). There was no evidence that 8‐year weight change was associated with initial leptin concentration: 8‐year weight change was only 0.5 kg less (95% confidence interval = −1.8 to 0.8, p = 0.47) per each 10 ng/ mL increment (approximately one standard deviation) of baseline leptin. In contrast, leptin change correlated highly (r = 0.62) with weight change.Discussion: Our data corroborate evidence that adiposity determines leptin levels but do not support the hypothesis that leptin deficiency plays an important role in obesity in the general population.
Energy Expenditure Determined by Self‐Reported Physical Activity Is Related to Body Fatness
Authors: Buchowski Maciej S. , Townsend Karen M. , Chen Kong Y. , Acra Sari A. , Sun Ming 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBUCHOWSKI, MACIEJ S., KAREN M. TOWNSEND, KONG Y. CHEN, SARI A. ACRA, AND MING SUN. Energy expenditure determined by self‐reported physical activity is related to body fatness. Obes. Res. 1999;7:23–33.Objective: Activity self‐reports are a commonly used tool in assessing daily physical activity (PA) and associated energy expenditure (EE). This study examined the effect of relative body fatness (%BF) on differences between self‐reported and measured duration and associated EE in healthy adults. Research Methods and Procedures: Men and women (n= 115, age 38±9 years), ranging in %BF from 7.9% to 58.9%, spent two separate days (normal and exercise) in a whole‐room indirect calorimeter where EE was measured. While in the room calorimeter, subjects reported the type, intensity, and duration of each performed PA. The Compendium of Physical Activity was used to calculate the energy cost of each reported activity. The EE of all self‐reported activities (EEr) was categorized into four intensity levels, synchronized, and compared with EE from the room calorimeter (EEm).Results: With increasing %BF, subjects significantly overestimated duration of more strenuous activities (≥4.5), while underestimating moderate activities (2.5 to 4.4 metabolic equivalents (METs)). Misreporting of duration and/or intensity caused an overestimation or underestimation of PA‐associated EE at these levels. Reported EE sleep was lower than measured EE sleep, although both had similar durations. As a result, total EEr was similar to EEm.Discussion: Individual variability of daily total PA and associated EE generated from self‐reports in adults is high. Persons with a higher %BF report duration and/or intensity of moderate to high levels of PA with lower accuracy than leaner individuals. We conclude using the Compendium of Physical Activity is not suitable for the accurate estimation of self‐reported EE of AA in adults with a higher %BF.
Predictors of Weight Maintenance
Authors: Pasman Wilrike J. , Saris Wim H.M. , Westerterp‐Plantenga Margriet S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPASMAN, WILRIKE J., WIM H.M. SARIS, AND MARGRIET S. WESTERTERP‐PLANTENGA. Predictors of weight maintenance. Obes Res. 1999;7:43–50.Objective: To obtain predictors of weight maintenance after a weight‐loss intervention.Research Methods and Procedures: An overall analysis of data from two‐long intervention studies [n = 67 women; age: 37.9±1.0 years; body weight (BW): 87.0±1.2 kg; body mass index: 32.1±0.5 kg‐m−2; % body fat: 42.4±0.5%]. Subjects were measured before a very low energy diet (month 0), after the very low energy diet of 2 months (month 2) and after a 14‐month follow‐up phase (at 16 months), in which fiber or a carbohydrate‐containing food supplement was supplied. The baseline measurements and the changes in parameters induced by the diet intervention were used to predict the changes in BW in the follow‐up phase [ΔBW(2–16)].Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that 50% (p<0.71) of the variability in weight regain could be explained by pphysiological and behavioral factors. These were: frequency of previous dieting (r2 = 0.27, p<0.05), hunger score (measured with the three‐factor eating behavior questionnaire), and change in 24‐hour resting metabolic rate (RMR). Frequent dieters showed significantly more weight regain than less frequent dieters (8.8±1.0 kg vs. 5.1 ±0.8 kg, p<0.01). Subjects having parents with obesity regained almost significantly more weight than subjects with lean parents (8.5±0.2 kg vs. 5.1±1.5 kg, respectively; p = 0.06).Discussion: Physiological (ΔRMR‐24 hours) and behavioral factors (previous frequency of dieting and hunger score) predicted failure of weight maintenance and, as such, can be used to identify women who are at risk for weight regain.
Endocrine Regulation of Fetal Adipose Tissue Metabolism in the Pig: Interaction of Porcine Growth Hormone and Thyroxine
Authors: Hausman D.B. , Hausman G.J. , Martin R.J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHAUSMAN, D.B., G.J. HAUSMAN, AND R.J. MARTIN. Endocrine regulation of fetal adipose tissue metabolism in the pig: interaction of porcine growth hormone and thyroxine. Obes Res. 1999;7:76–82.Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that combined treatment of thyroxine (T4) and growth hormone (GH) could normalize cellular and metabolic aspects of adipose tissue development of hypophysectomized fetal pigs.Research Methods and Procedures: On day 70 of gestation, pig fetuses were hypophysectomized by microcauterization or remained intact. Hypophysectomized fetuses remained untreated or were treated from day 90 to day 105 of gestation with T4, GH, or a combination of both hormones.Results: Body weights were unaffected by hypophysectomy or hormone treatment. De novo lipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue was increased 10‐fold by hypophysectomy, consistent with our previous results. This increase was abolished by GH treatment in the hypophysectomized fetuses. In contrast, T4 treatment of the hypophysectomized fetuses resulted in a 12‐fold further increase in adipose tissue lipogenesis, an effect that was negated by concomitant administration of GH. Lipolytic response to isoproterenol was decreased by hypophysectomy, unaffected by GH treatment, and restored to intact values by T4 or by T4+GH treatment in the hypophysectomized fetuses.Discussion: In contrast to T4, GH does not influence serum insulin‐like growth factor‐I or adipose tissue lipolysis, but decreases lipogenesis in the fetal pig. However, replacing both T4 and GH normalized hypophysectomized fetuses to a greater extent than either GH or T4 alone. Thus, any influence of thyroid hormones on stimulating adipose tissue lipogenesis in the developing fetal pig may be normally counterregulated by pituitary‐derived growth hormone.
Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Clinical Trials with Non‐Prescription Medications for the Treatment of Obesity
Authors: Greenway Frank , Heber David , Raum William , Morales Silvia 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGREENWAY, FRANK, DAVID HEBER, WILLIAM RAUM, AND SILVIA MORALES. Double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trials with non‐prescription medications for the treatment of obesity. Obes Res.Objective: Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) and benzocaine are non‐prescription medications approved for treating obesity. The dose of PPA for weight loss is 75 mg/day. PPA has the same chemical similarity to pseudoephedrine that amphetamine has to methamphetamine. Because benzocaine causes weight loss by altering taste and PPA by central appetite suppression, they may induce additional weight loss when combined. These studies explore the safety and efficacy of low‐dose PPA, pseudoephedrine, and PPA with benzocaine in causing weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures: Study 1 compared PPA 12. 5 mg tid with 25 mg tid and placebo in a 6‐week trial in 108 obese subjects. Study 2 compared pseudoephedrine 120 mg/day and a placebo in a 12‐week trial with 72 obese subjects. Study 3 compared 4 groups of 20 obese subjects using PPA 75 mg/day, benzocaine gum 96 mg/day, PPA with benzocaine gum, and a placebo over 12 weeks.Results: Both doses of PPA gave twice the weight loss of placebo, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Pseudoephedrine was no different than placebo in inducing weight loss. The PPA with benzocaine group had more adverse events than the benzocaine group (p = 0. 03), the placebo group (p = 0. 03), or the PPA group (p = 0. 09) without additional weight loss.Discussion: We conclude that further studies with low‐dose PPA for weight loss are indicated, that pseudoephedrine is not effective for weight loss, and that adding benzocaine to phenylpropanolamine increases adverse effects without increasing weight loss.
Racial Differences in Metabolic Predictors of Obesity among Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Nicklas Barbara J. , Berman Dora M. , Davis Dawn C. , Dobrovolny C. Lynne , Dennis Karen E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNICKLAS, BARBARA S., DORA M. BERMAN, DAWN C. DAVIS, C. LYNNE DOBROVOLNY, AND KAREN E. DENNIS. Racial differences in metabolic predictors of obesity among postmenopausal women. Ober Res.Objective: This study determined whether there are racial differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR), fat oxidation, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO,max) in obese [body mass index (BMI = 34±2 kg/m2)], postmenopausal (58±2 years) women.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty black and 20 white women were matched for fat mass and lean mass (LM), as determined by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. RMR and fat oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry in the early morning after a 12‐hour fast using the ventilated hood technique. VO2max was measured on a treadmill during a progressive exercise test to voluntary exhaustion.Results: RMR, adjusted for differences in LM, was 5% higher in white than black women (1566±27 and 1490±26 kcal/day, respectively; p<0. 05); and fat oxidation rate was 17% higher in white than black women (87±4 and 72±3 g/day, respectively; p<0. 01). VO2max (L/minute) was 150 mL per minute (8%) higher (p<0. 05) in white than black women. VO2max correlated with LM in black (r = 0. 44, p = 0. 05) and white (r=0. 53, p<0. 05) women, but the intercept of the regression line was higher in white than black women (p<0. 05), with no significant difference in slopes. In a multiple regression model including race, body weight, LM, and age, LM was the only independent predictor of RMR (r2 = 0. 46, p<0. 0001), whereas race was the only independent predictor of fat oxidation (r2 = 0. 18,p<0. 05). The best predictors of VO,max were LM (r2 = 0. 22, p<0. 05) and race (cumulative r2 = 0. 30, p<0. 05).Discussion: These results show there are racial differences in metabolic predictors of obesity. Determination of whether these ethnic differences lead to, or are an effect of, obesity status or other lifestyle factors requires further study.
Serum Leptin in Elderly People: Associations with Sex Hormones, Insulin, and Adipose Tissue Volumes
Authors: Baumgartner Richard N. , Ross Robert R. , Waters Debra L. , Brooks William M. , Morley John E. , Montoya George D. , Garry Philip J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBAUMGARTNER, RICHARD N., ROBERT R. ROSS, DEBRA L. WATERS, WILLIAM M. BROOKS, JOHN E. MORLEY, GEORGE D. MONTOYA, AND PHILIP J. GARRY. Serum leptin in elderly people: associations with sex hormones, insulin, and adipose tissue volumes. Obes Res.Objective There are few data for associations of serum leptin with body fat, fat distribution, sex hormones, or fasting insulin in elderly adults. We hypothesized that the sex difference in serum leptin concentrations would disappear after adjustment for subcutaneous, but not visceral body fat. Serum leptin would not be associated with sex hormone concentrations or serum fasting insulin after adjusting for body fat and fat distribution.Research Methods and Procedures Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volumes were measured using magnetic resonance imaging in a cross‐sectional sample of 56 nondiabetic, elderly men and women aged 64 years to 94 years. Serum leptin, sex hormones (testosterone and estrone), sex hormone‐binding globulin, and fasting insulin were also measured. Nine women were taking hormone replacement, and five men were clinically hypogonadal.Results Leptin was significantly associated with both SAT and VAT in each sex. Adjustment for SAT reduced the sex difference in leptin by 56%, but adjustment for VAT increased the difference by 25%. Leptin was not associated with serum estrone or hormone replacement therapy in the women, but had a significant, negative association with testosterone in the men that was independent of SAT, but not VAT. Leptin was significantly associated with fasting insulin in both sexes independent of age, sex hormones, sex hormone‐binding globulin, VAT and SAT.Discussion Sex difference in serum leptin is partly explained by different amounts of SAT. Studies including both men and women should adjust for SAT rather than total body fat that includes VAT. The sex difference in serum leptin is not due to estrogen, but may be partly explained by testosterone. Testosterone is negatively associated with leptin in men, but the association is confounded with VAT. Leptin is associated with fasting insulin in non‐diabetic elderly men and women independent of body fat, fat distribution. or sex hormones.
Effects of Targeting Higher Vancomycin Trough Levels on Clinical Outcomes and Costs in a Matched Patient Cohort
Authors: Kullar Ravina , Davis Susan L. , Taylor Thomas N. , Kaye Keith S. , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: September 2012

Study ObjectiveTo compare clinical outcomes and costs in patients treated with the new vancomycin guidelines recommending goal serum trough concentrations of 15–20 mg/L versus patients treated with vancomycin doses targeting trough concentrations 5–20 mg/L prior to the new guidelines.DesignRetrospective quasi‐experimental study.SettingUrban level I trauma center.PatientsA total of 200 patients treated with vancomycin for at least 72 hours for confirmed, complicated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia during one of two study phases relative to the implementation of the vancomycin dosing guidelines targeting serum trough concentrations of 15–20 mg/L: 2005–2007 (preperiod phase) and 2008–2010 (postperiod phase). One hundred patients in each phase were matched in a 1:1 ratio according to diagnosis, any concomitant nephrotoxic agents (e.g., aminoglycosides, colistin, acyclovir), and age ± 5 years.Measurements and Main ResultsPatients in the preperiod had significantly lower success rates with vancomycin than those in the postperiod (45% vs 60%, p=0.034). Median length of stay (LOS) was not significantly higher in patients in the preperiod versus postperiod (15 days vs 13.5 days; p=0.28), and patients in the preperiod received a longer median duration of vancomycin versus those in the postperiod (13 days vs 8.5 days; p<0.001). No statistically significant difference was noted in total hospital costs for patients treated with vancomycin during the preperiod versus the postperiod ($32,754 vs $27,709, p=0.147). However, total drug and monitoring costs of vancomycin were significantly higher for patients in the postperiod. Initial vancomycin trough levels were significantly lower in patients in the preperiod versus postperiod (12.3 mg/L vs 15.8 mg/L, p=0.02). Patients in the preperiod had lower rates of nephrotoxicity than those in the postperiod, although this difference was not statistically significant (15% vs 18%; p=0.85). Median (interquartile range) LOS was significantly longer in patients who developed nephrotoxicity compared with patients who did not develop nephrotoxicity (17 days [11.5–36.5 days] vs 14 days [9–24 days], p=0.017). Costs associated with measurement of serum creatinine concentrations and vancomycin trough levels as well as labor were significantly higher in patients who developed nephrotoxicity.ConclusionHigher vancomycin trough concentrations improved outcomes in patients with complicated MRSA bacteremia. In addition, more aggressive dosing was shown to significantly decrease overall duration of vancomycin therapy, which may affect total hospital LOS and cost. Patients who experienced nephrotoxicity had a significantly longer hospital LOS. Additional studies evaluating optimal therapy for MRSA bacteremia in a larger cohort of matched patients are warranted.
Probable Interaction Between Lycium barbarum (Goji) and Warfarin
Authors: Rivera Claudio A. , Ferro Carol L. , Bursua Adam J. , Gerber Ben S. 
Published: September 2012

Lycium barbarum (also called goji berry), a Chinese herb used as a supplement for health benefits, is traditionally consumed by the Chinese in the form of a tea. Goji juice, a widely available beverage in the United States, also contains this herb. We describe a 71‐year‐old Ecuadorean‐American woman who was taking warfarin and was hospitalized for a markedly elevated, indeterminate international normalized ratio (INR) (prothrombin time > 120 sec) after consumption of goji juice. She had undergone knee surgery approximately 3 months earlier at which time warfarin therapy was started. She reported no changes in dietary habits or lifestyle other than drinking goji juice for 4 days before hospitalization. On presentation to the emergency department, she described symptoms of epistaxis, bruising, and rectal bleeding. After discontinuation of the goji juice and warfarin, the patient was treated with phytonadione, and her INR decreased to 2.6 over 2 days. Application of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a probable relationship (score of 6) between the patient's elevated INR with associated bleeding and her concomitant use of L. barbarum and warfarin. Two other published reports have described similar interactions between warfarin and a tea containing L. barbarum. Patients should be educated about avoiding popular herbal drinks, such as goji juice, that contain L. barbarum while they are taking warfarin. In addition, clinicians should question patients about their use of herbal therapies and document such use in their medical records before prescribing drugs such as warfarin.