bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF PEDESTRIAN-LEVEL WIND VELOCITY IN FOUR NEIGHBOURHOODS IN KLANG VALLEY
Authors: Abd Razak Azli , Mohd Rodzi Mohd Azhari , Jumali Amirul Hakim , Zaki Sheikh Ahmad 
Published: October 2015

Urban ventilation is important for the purpose of pollution dispersion, indoor ventilation for free running buildings and urban thermal comfort. In comparison to suburban cities, high-density cities have very low wind speeds at pedestrian level due to the densely built buildings blocking the wind and creating stagnant zones locally. Under this circumstance, field measurements were performed to investigate the performance of pedestrian wind at four major cities in Klang Valley. Mean wind speed was measured using anemometers at 1 minute data interval for 3 hours and the data collection for each case were obtained at pedestrian level. The mean wind speed ratio was plotted against the frontal area ratio and plan area ratio. The result indicates that: (1) the mean wind speed dramatically decreases with the increase of plan area ratio and (2) the mean wind speed exponentially decreases with the increase of frontal area ratio and qualitatively agrees with the power law relationship which is proposed by previous researcher. In addition, the frontal area ratio is considered as a better parameter to evaluate the performance of urban ventilation.
EFFECTS OF PALM OIL METHYL ESTER (POME) ON FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF DIESEL ENGINE OPERATING WITH BLENDED FUEL (FOSSIL FUEL + JATROPHA OIL METHYL ESTER (JOME))
Authors: Abdullah N. R. , Michael Z. , Asiah A. R. , Helmisyah A. J. , Buang S. 
Published: October 2015

Biodiesel is used widely as an alternative fuel for diesel engine due to biodegradable, oxygenated, renewable and compatible with diesel engines . In fact, biodiesel emission has decreased the levels of potentially carcinogenic compounds. However, a certain biodiesel such as Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester (JOME) has resulted in the increase of specific fuel consumption and higher NOx emissions. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME) in the blended fuel (Fossil fuel + JOME) on the fuel consumption and exhaust emission. Experiments were carried out at a constant engine speed (2000 rpm) with variable of engine loads. Results show that the addition of POME leads to the significant reduction in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), Total hydrocarbons (THCs), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NOx) emissions. This study shows a huge difference for Total hydrocarbons emission of blends with 5% POME compared to blends with 10% and 15% of POME. Carbon monoxide emission for blends with 15% POME is the lowest at constant engine speed with various engine loads which in average is 53% lower than blends of 5% POME. This is because blends with higher percentage of POME has higher cetane number hence shortened the ignition delay resulted in the lower possibility of formation of rich fuel zone and thus reduces CO emissions. Moreover, the higher percentage of POME also resulted in lower NOx emission regardless of engine loads. The blends with 15% POME had the lowest NOx emission which is 25% less compared with the blends of 5% POME. The study recommended that, additional POME to the blended fuel can be considered as a good initiative to improve blended fuel property for diesel engine due to its potential to improve engine emissions and reduce brake specific fuel consumption. In conclusion, the blends of POME into (Fossil fuel + JOME) improves engine emission without significantly increasing fuel consumption.
CODING TEMPLATE OF SENSORLESS SUN TRACKING USING AZIMUTH-ELEVATION MODE
Authors: Norain I. , Zulfattah Z. M. , Emy Zairah A. , M. Y. Halyani , Firdaus H. M. S. 
Published: October 2015

The next explosion in solar power research was in 1997 as consequence to Kyoto Protocol. This protocol outlined the effect of greenhouse emission which endangers our Earth. As the result, research in solar power field started to take its path again. This work is a part of the UTeM project to build the first CST model in South East Asia and was aimed to develop an azimuth-elevation-mode-based template using MATLAB programming for the calculation of the heliostat position with respect to the heat absorber mounted at the top of the CST. This template will serve as the calculation platform to control the movement of the heliostat using a two-axis motion system so that the sun light will be redirected perfectly to the absorber all day long. Since the heliostat normal vector depends on sun position vector, both vectors were calculated by the program and were set as the output of the program. The input from the user will be the Cartesian coordinate of the heliostat and absorber by taking the absorber tower frontal surface and its base as the origin and also the date. The result will be in vector form and will change automatically according to the Sun movement. These values will be programmed in the micro controller which will control the motion system of the heliostat, which will be done by the Control Department of UTeM. The program´s functionality was proved via several verifications and its accuracy which is 0.0005 as stated and verified via comparison with analytical calculations. From the verifications, it can be seen that difference of the numerical and analytical results varied from 0.0000 to 0.0005 which validates the statement of minimum accuracy of the numerical calculated results is 5/10,000.
LOCATING CONTAMINATED GROUND LAYER USING WAVE PROPAGATION METHOD
Authors: Awang Haryati , Yusof Dayang Affrileawatty 
Published: October 2015

Seismic wave refraction method is a field test that normally uses to determine ground or subsurface profile particularly the depth of bedrock under the ground surface. However, due to rapid development in ground exploration the function of this test increased rapidly with the growth of urbanisation development especially for environmental sustainability purposes. In Malaysia the need of this test is in high demand due to rapid development especially in urban area as it is a cost and time effective method. The increase in demand for this kind of ground exploration is because it is a non-destructive method where no drilling is required in order to obtain the unseen underground profile and information. One of the most significant uses of seismic wave test is for detecting the unseen underground contamination layer. This paper presents result of a study that was carried out to detect the ground layer contaminated with leachate. Contaminated ground with leachate sometimes solidifies to form solid plum. These hazardous substances may seep through loose soil spreading to the lower gradient downwards until it reaches impermeable stratum or bedrock. In order to achieve the objective, this study was carried out using seismic refraction method to locate the contamination layer under the ground surface. A physical model by a wooden tank was constructed and filled in with contaminated ground layers as a simulation to real condition on field. The two layers of different types of ground material; sand and concrete are the main medium where the time of travelling wave was measured. Findings of this study shows that it is reliable to use wave propagation technique in detecting layer of contamination underground as the actual profile and seismic wave profile matched to each other.
EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE FIBRED LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE (EPSF-LWC) AS A LOAD BEARING WALL PANEL
Authors: Abd Rahim Jamilah , Hamzah Siti Hawa , Mohd Saman Hamidah 
Published: October 2015

This study was conducted to determine the optimum mix proportion of lightweight concrete (LWC) containing expanded polystyrene (EPS) and steel fiber which is designated as Expanded Polystyrene Fibred Lightweight Concrete (EPSF-LWC) for load bearing wall application. In order to produce LWC, EPS beads were chosen as lightweight aggregate because it gives advantages in term of energy absorbing capacity which suitable for structure that would be exposed to impact like shear wall. However, EPS beads possess zero strength. Therefore, steel fibre was added to improve LWC strength and also to reduce occurrence of micro and macro crack. In the mix design method, the percentage of EPS beads adding to the mix are differ while the percentage of steel fibre is same. The result showed optimum mix design was the one that contained 30% of EPS and 0.5 % of steel fibre and is designated as M8. The compressive strength EPSF-LWC of mix proportion designated as M8 is 19.51 MPa with density 1939 kg/m3. It is greater than 17 MPa as the requirement for structure component application that stated in the BS8110. Hence, reinforced and unreinforced EPS-LWC wall panels were constructed to determine the maximum loading that wall can sustain and deflection profile EPSF-LWC wall panel for the loaded to failure. The wall was set up under pinned-fixed end support condition. The sample was modelled using finite element analysis (FEA) for validation with experimental programme. The maximum loading capacity was found to be 908.20 kN and 853.40 kN for each reinforced (WR5) and unreinforced (WUR5) of EPSF-LWC wall panel. These loading were 31% to 35% less than finite element analysis. However, WR5 and WUR5 EPSF-LWC wall panel was deformed in single curvature profile for both experimental and FEA. Maximum deflection for WR5and WUR5 of EPSF-LWC recorded is 10.27 mm and 12.95 mm occurred at 0.7 heights (H) of wall panel. According to Euler buckling load theory, the location of maximum lateral displacement of wall panel sample is influenced by the type of fixity at end support of the sample.
ASSESSMENT OF DELAYS AT ROUNDABOUT
Authors: Che Puan Othman , Muhamad Nor Nur Syahriza , Peay Sien Tan 
Published: October 2015

Traffic delay is the additional travel time that experienced by a road user beyond what would reasonably be desired for a given trip. It is also a standard parameter that used to measure the performance of an intersection. This study concerns with the delay experienced by the drivers at a roundabout. The main objective is to evaluate the applicability of the existing theoretical delay models to estimate delays. Data pertaining to the analysis of delay was collected at a conventional roundabout in a sub-urban area. The t-test were conducted. The result shows that the observed delay at a conventional roundabout can be estimated using Akcelik & Troutbecks theory as there is no significant different between both observed and theoretical delay at 95% confident level. Whereas the observed delay has significant different if compared with theoretical delay estimated using Kimber & Hollis theory and CETUR formula. On the other hand, all of the theoretical and observed delay at the roundabout falls in the LOS A. However, more data are required in order to validate the result of this study.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN FOR ROBOT-AIDED ANKLE REHABILITATION DEVICE
Authors: Shahrol Aman Muhammad Nazrin Shah , Basah Shafriza Nisha , Wan Ahmad Wan Khairunzam , Abu Bakar Shahriman 
Published: October 2015

Ankle injury is one of physical injury that can happen whether in sports or in domestic accidents. The injury can take from weeks to months to recover and requires physiotherapy treatment for effective recovery. Currently, there are established treatments for ankle rehabilitation in hospital such as endurance training and range-of-motion training. However, the success of rehabilitation for ankle injury directly depends on physiotherapy administered by experts. This conventional therapy treatment requires patients to frequently visit to hospital which is tedious and costly. To solve this, researchers have introduced a number of robot-aided ankle rehabilitation devices which has been developed in the last decade. However, those devices are bulky and do not designed for portability and configurability – which is an important feature for patients undergoing rehabilitation at home. In this paper, we proposed a concept based on robot-aided ankle rehabilitation device to assist patients undergo rehabilitation procedures. We focused on all patients’ need especially based on important features such as portability and configurability of the device. Standard design process were followed including concept generation and concept selection according to all relevant criteria using Morphological Charts and Pugh Method. A Pulley Driven Cable Based Parallel Mechanism robot-aided ankle rehabilitation device has been selected based on selections from 5 different concept design generated. We show that a design based on parallel mechanisms should provide the needed portability and configurability. This result provides an insight for a portable and configurable robot-aided ankle rehabilitation device.
INFLUENTIAL VARIABLES INDUCING AERONAUTICAL REVENUES AT REGIONAL AIRPORTS
Authors: Wan Mohamed Wan Mazlina , Jaffar Ahmed , Shuib Adibah 
Published: October 2015

Maximising revenues is one of the main objectives for regional airports to achieve in order to sustain their business, especially after the introduction of deregulation and privatisation of airports. Optimising aeronautical revenues has always been considered as a straightforward method and airport managers generally overlooked on the importance of daily operational factors that could influence the generation of aeronautical revenues. Thus, the objective of this paper is to validate whether the identified influential factors such as type of flight services offered, type of aircraft that airlines utilised, time of the day, day of the week the flights arrives or departs, and the number of passenger the airlines ferry in and out of the airport have an effect on the generation of aeronautical revenues. This study has adopted a quantitative approach using regression analysis to investigate the influence of these selected variables on the generation of aeronautical revenues. The findings indicate that the selected variables have positive and negative significant influence on the generation of aeronautical revenues at regional airports
Development and Application of a Global Satellite Database of Wind and Wave Conditions
Authors: Young I. R. , Zieger S. , Babanin A. V. 
Published: October 2015

Oceanographic satellites have now been in operation for almost 30 years, collecting global data on oceanic winds and waves. During this period, a variety of satellites have been operational. These include altimeters (wind speed and wave height), SSMI radiometers (wind speed), scatterometers (wind speed and direction) and Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR (full directional wave spectrum). Data from these instruments potentially represents an invaluable resource for offshore engineering design and facilities operation. This paper describes the development of a unique database containing data from all these instruments over their full periods of operation. The paper will describe the calibration and cross-validation of all instruments. This analysis shows the limitations of individual instruments and the relative accuracies. Instruments are calibrated against a very comprehensive buoy data set from the United States, Canada, UK, France, Spain, Australia and New Zealand. The extensive buoy dataset means that it is possible to have individual calibration buoys and independent validation sites. Further validation is provided by examining cross-over points between different satellite instruments where they image the same region of ocean at the same time.
The paper will also demonstrate the application of this database. These applications include the evaluation of seasonal wind and wave climate on a global scale, the determination of extreme value statistics (100 year return values) for wind speed and wave height, long term trends in wind speed and wave height and potential trends in extreme values.
Numerical Investigation on 3-D Two Collinear Cracks in Offshore Pipelines Under Bending
Authors: Zhang Yanmei , Xiao Zhongmin , Ariffin Mohammad Zaidi Bin , Zhang Wengang 
Published: October 2015

Under complicated loading conditions, small yet closely located cracks can grow and coalesce into a large crack which may pose a significant threat to the reliability of marine structures. A lot of research work has been carried out for the investigation of multiple cracks’ stress intensity factors and estimation of fatigue growth of multiple cracks. However, there is a lack of information on nonlinear elastic plastic analysis on fracture behavior of ductile materials.
In this study, 3-D finite element analyses are conducted on offshore pipelines with two collinear cracks (a semi-elliptical surface crack and an elliptical embedded crack). The nonlinear elastic-plastic investigations are performed on fracture behaviors of these two interacting cracks subjected to large plastic strains. A comparison of fracture response (in terms of CTOD value) has been made between the current numerical results and the computational outcomes derived from BS7910: 2005. Last but not least, strain-based CTOD estimation formulas are proposed for assessing the fracture response of flawed pipelines with two collinear cracks under large plastic strain conditions.
Observations on Shallow Water Wave Distributions at an Ocean Energy Site
Authors: Vögler Arne , Venugopal Vengatesan 
Published: October 2015

The paper analyses the changes in wave conditions during wave propagation between intermediate and shallow water depths at a potential wave energy deployment location.
The Outer Hebrides of Scotland in the United Kingdom are home to the world’s largest fully consented wave power project and hence a detailed understanding of the local resource is important to the developer to inform annual yield forecasting, technology refinements, and installation and operational plans. To support wave power projects and to reduce uncertainty and risk associated with yield production and performance estimates of energy developments, a sensor network was installed in the area from 2011–2013. Consisting of three floating buoys in intermediate depth and two combined acoustic and pressure sensors in the nearshore region, the data obtained from the different sensors at different locations in close proximity to each other have given a valuable insight in the hydrodynamic wave processes in the area.
Data of the two acoustic sensors and one wave buoy are analysed in this paper for a period covering the full range of sea states to be expected throughout a calendar year. Distributions of maximum and significant wave heights, wave steepness and wave direction during a range of different meteorological conditions are examined and a comparison between the different sensor locations is included. The analysis also considers different distributions of both wave power and period observed during the measurement campaign.
Analytical Methodology for Wave Fatigue Analysis on Riser Suspended and Moored by Chains (RSAA) Configurations
Authors: Pereira Victor Milanez da Silva , Queija Marcos , Dantas Claudio Marcio Silva , Ellwanger Gilberto Bruno 
Published: October 2015

As oil exploration moves into fields located in deep water, the need for developing new concepts of riser systems aiming at reducing the influence of environmental loads consequently increases. Therefore, a new riser configuration called RSAA (riser suspended and moored by chains - in Portuguese) is proposed. This structure consists on a rigid vertical riser connected on its top to a floating unit and on its bottom to flexible and mooring lines segments. This new configuration improves the structural response for some of the most critical points in riser design: top tensions and bending moments at the touch down zone.
Feasibility analyses have shown that the vertical riser is the most critical part of the proposed system due to the high level of vertical motions and dynamic tension. Therefore, a parametric study is vital in order to understand the system’s behavior as well as to establish the main parameters which influence its structural behavior. Analytical methods may require some slight simplifications of the problem to be applicable, but they generally lead to compact formulas that do explain which parameters influence the results and why and how it does so.
This work proposes an analytical model that evaluates the vertical motions and axial tension along the vertical riser subjected to wave loads applied to the floating unit. This procedure could enable parametric studies and the evaluation of the stress amplitudes and, consequently, the fatigue damage along the vertical riser of the RSAA configurations. Furthermore, this work aims to show that this methodology is a fast and effective pre-design tool by comparing it with a nonlinear time domain finite element method analysis.
Global Buckling Analysis of Stem Pipe During Side-Step in J-Lay Tower
Authors: van der Heijden Bob (H. E. J.) , Liu Richard , Perez Gabriel Vazquez , Smienk Henk 
Published: October 2015

Within Heerema Marine Contractors’ (HMC) global installation analysis scope, the sidestep procedure of structures (e.g. in-line tee structure, 2nd end FLET structure or upper riser assembly structure) is identified that might require global buckling analysis. During a side-step procedure a structure is skidded out of the J-Lay tower while free-standing via the stem pipe on the hang off collar of the last hex-joint. While skidding the tower cannot support the structure vertically, only horizontally via a side step clamp higher up in the tower. Hence the stem pipe could buckle globally under the structure weight. The weight of the structure causes compression in the stem pipe and a center of gravity offset of the structure with respect to the pipe centerline causes a bending moment leading to potential global buckling.
A global buckling analysis must be performed to check this load case. The purpose of this paper is to provide validation for the use of Flexcom for performing global buckling analysis for the side-step procedure of structures in the J-Lay tower. In order to prove that Flexcom can indeed model global buckling behavior with sufficient accuracy, the critical buckling load obtained is validated using the FE packages Abaqus and Ansys. This comparison serves as validation, not only for the use of Flexcom, but also for the method used to determine the critical buckling load in Flexcom.
The analysis methodology used to assess a pipeline or riser for global buckling behavior is updated using the benefits of Flexcom. The use of Flexcom for global buckling analysis is more efficient, due to the ease and simplicity of modeling, and allows dynamic load cases, due to environmental loads and vessel motions, to be analyzed. Hence the potential benefit of performing global buckling analysis in Flexcom.