bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Replication and Maintenance of Linear Phage-Plasmid N15
Authors: Ravin Nikolai V. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT

The lambdoid phage N15 of
Escherichia coli
is very unusual among temperate phages in that its prophage is not integrated into the chromosome but is a linear plasmid molecule with covalently closed ends (telomeres). Upon infection, the phage DNA circularizes via cohesive ends, and then a special phage enzyme of the tyrosine recombinase family, protelomerase, cuts at another site and joins the ends, forming hairpin telomeres of the linear plasmid prophage. Replication of the N15 prophage is initiated at an internally located
ori
site and proceeds bidirectionally, resulting in the formation of duplicated telomeres. The N15 protelomerase cuts them, generating two linear plasmid molecules with hairpin telomeres. Stable inheritance of the plasmid prophage is ensured by a partitioning operon similar to the F factor
sop
operon. Unlike the F centromere, the N15 centromere consists of four inverted repeats dispersed in the genome. The multiplicity and dispersion of centromeres are required for efficient partitioning of a linear plasmid. The centromeres are located in the N15 genome regions involved in phage replication and control of lytic development, and binding of partition proteins at these sites regulates these processes. The family of N15-like linear phage-plasmids includes lambdoid phages ɸKO2 and pY54, as well as
Myoviridae
phages ΦHAP-1, VHML, VP882, Vp58.5, and vB_VpaM_MAR of marine gamma-proteobacteria. The genomes of these phages contain similar protelomerase genes, lysogeny control modules, and replication genes, suggesting that these phages may belong to a group diverged from a common ancestor.
The CRISPR-Cas Immune System and Genetic Transfers: Reaching an Equilibrium
Authors: Samson Julie E. , Magadan Alfonso H. , Moineau Sylvain 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTHorizontal gene transfer drives the evolution of bacterial genomes, including the adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Exogenous DNA can enter a bacterial cell through transformation (free DNA or plasmids) or through the transfer of mobile genetic elements by conjugation (plasmids) and transduction (bacteriophages). Favorable genes can be acquired, but undesirable traits can also be inadvertently acquired through these processes. Bacteria have systems, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat CRISPR–associated genes (CRISPR-Cas), that can cleave foreign nucleic acid molecules. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding CRISPR-Cas system activity against mobile genetic element transfer through transformation and conjugation. We also highlight how CRISPR-Cas systems influence bacterial evolution and how CRISPR-Cas components affect plasmid replication.
The Climatic Importance of Uncertainties in Regional Aerosol–Cloud Radiative Forcings over Recent Decades
Authors: Regayre Leighton A. , Pringle Kirsty J. , Lee Lindsay A. , Rap Alexandru , Browse Jo , Mann Graham W. , Reddington Carly L. , Carslaw Ken S. , Booth Ben B. B. , Woodhouse Matthew T. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Regional patterns of aerosol radiative forcing are important for understanding climate change on decadal time scales. Uncertainty in aerosol forcing is likely to vary regionally and seasonally because of the short aerosol lifetime and heterogeneous emissions. Here the sensitivity of regional aerosol cloud albedo effect (CAE) forcing to 31 aerosol process parameters and emission fluxes is quantified between 1978 and 2008. The effects of parametric uncertainties on calculations of the balance of incoming and outgoing radiation are found to be spatially and temporally dependent. Regional uncertainty contributions of opposite sign cancel in global-mean forcing calculations, masking the regional importance of some parameters. Parameters that contribute little to uncertainty in Earth’s global energy balance during recent decades make significant contributions to regional forcing variance. Aerosol forcing sensitivities are quantified within 11 climatically important regions, where surface temperatures are thought to influence large-scale climate effects. Substantial simulated uncertainty in CAE forcing in the eastern Pacific leaves open the possibility that apparent shifts in the mean ENSO state may result from a forced aerosol signal on multidecadal time scales. A likely negative aerosol CAE forcing in the tropical North Atlantic calls into question the relationship between Northern Hemisphere aerosol emission reductions and CAE forcing of sea surface temperatures in the main Atlantic hurricane development region on decadal time scales. Simulated CAE forcing uncertainty is large in the North Pacific, suggesting that the role of the CAE in altering Pacific tropical storm frequency and intensity is also highly uncertain.
The origin of the mammalian kidney: implications for recreating the kidney in vitro
Authors: Takasato Minoru , Little Melissa H. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
The mammalian kidney, the metanephros, is a mesodermal organ classically regarded as arising from the intermediate mesoderm (IM). Indeed, both the ureteric bud (UB), which gives rise to the ureter and the collecting ducts, and the metanephric mesenchyme (MM), which forms the rest of the kidney, derive from the IM. Based on an understanding of the signalling molecules crucial for IM patterning and kidney morphogenesis, several studies have now generated UB or MM, or both, in vitro via the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Although these results support the IM origin of the UB and the MM, they challenge the simplistic view of a common progenitor for these two populations, prompting a reanalysis of early patterning events within the IM. Here, we review our understanding of the origin of the UB and the MM in mouse, and discuss how this impacts on kidney regeneration strategies and furthers our understanding of human development.
Computational Study on Thermal Spin-Crossover Behavior for Coordination Polymers Possessing trans-[Fe(NCS)2(pyridine)4] Unit
Authors: Kaneko Masashi , Nakashima Satoru 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Fe(II) spin-crossover (SCO) phenomenon for fifteen sets of coordination polymers possessing a trans-[Fe(NCS)2(pyridine)4] unit is investigated by means of density functional calculations. Constrained geometry optimization is applied to Fe(NCS)2(pyridine)4 models by fixing the dihedral angle between Fe-NCS axis and pyridine plane. Zero-point corrected energy difference between HS and LS, ΔE0HL, by TPSSh single point calculation reproduces successfully the experimental SCO-on and SCO-off behaviors for most compounds. In order to investigate the origin of whether SCO behavior occurs or not, we perform Mulliken’s overlap population analysis to wavefunction in valence region. Overlap population between d-orbital of Fe atom and all atomic orbitals of six N atoms enables us to assign the kind of d-orbital type molecular orbitals. Calculating ligand field splitting (Δo) obtained by population analysis, we find good correlation between Δo of LS and ΔE0HL indicating that the bonding of LS state depends on the switching behavior of SCO-on/off. Furthermore, combining the ligand field theory with quantum chemical calculation, we obtain the Δo value of the crossing point where ΔE0HL is zero as ca. 4.61 eV.
Navigating spheres, shifts in emphasis: The documentary, the video essay and the social
Authors: Charlesworth Amy 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The documentary is often perceived as an officiated item, a ‘public’ record of sorts. The essay is seen as a personal and introspective device. This article will argue that certain artistic practices that work within an expanded and historicised sense of the documentary – specifically, the genre of the ‘video essay’ – provide new vicissitudes through which to examine the heteronymous character of the aesthetic mode as it has developed in political art praxis of the last fifteen to twenty years. More broadly, this article will examine how works such as these re-engage with the politics of representation debates of the 1920s/1930s and 1970s, despite the tendency for the rejection of ‘representation’ in relational or, indeed, post-relational art practices of recent years.
Reviews
Authors: Morris David , Fernie Jes , Gogarty Larne Abse , Bowman Matthew 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
‘Hlysnan: The Notion and Politics of Listening’, Casino Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 17 May–7 September 2014
Direct Urbanism, Transparadiso: Barbara Holub and Paul Rajakovics, Jane Rendell, Paul O’Neill and Mick Wilson (2013) Nurnberg: Verlag fur Moderne Kunst, 216 pp., colour illustrations, ISBN-10: 3869844086 (Language: English, German), p/bk, £25
‘Announcer’, Focal Point Gallery, Southend, United Kingdom, 14 April–12 July 2014
Owning the Immaterial: Art, Technology and Culture Symposium, Firstsite, Colchester, FRIDAY 30 May 2014
Locating Simon Critchley’s ‘interstitial distance’ in the practices of The Freee Art Collective and Liberate Tate
Authors: Mahony Emma 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In the art institutional landscape, a blurring of boundaries between the state and the market is effectively transforming public art institutions into semi-private ones. In response to these developments, a New Wave of critical institutionalism has recently emerged with the goal of contesting the neo-liberalization of the public art institution. Existing literature in this field reduces the strategies these critical institutions employ to a dichotomy between attempting to reform public art institutions from within, or abandoning them completely in order to set up alternatives that exist outside the state system and its market logic. The former thinking follows a strategy of ‘engagement-with’ as theorized by Chantal Mouffe, while the latter adheres to the post-Operaist strategy of ‘exodus’. Within the field of left-wing political philosophy these strategies have been challenged by a third position put forward by Simon Critchley, which proposes that radical politics should take place at an ‘interstitial distance’ from state institutions, a strategy that involves opening spaces of opposition against the state from within state territory. Although Critchley does not apply this thinking to the field of art, it is my contention that his strategy of interstitial distance offers a third path for the critical institution, one which, I argue, is exemplified in the practices of the UK-based art collectives: Freee and Liberate Tate.
The masculinization of dressing-up
Authors: Brownie Barbara 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
‘Dressing-up’ has often been seen as a gendered activity. In particular, costuming – the design and creation of costumes – has been viewed as a female pursuit. However, contemporary events and artefacts, particularly those related to fandom, frame dressing-up in contexts that are more acceptable to male audiences. Via cosplay, historical re-enactment, and the personalization of characters in online games such as World of Warcraft, a new generation of men are becoming more engaged with costume. This article will identify contemporary influences on the perception of the wearing and construction of costume, particularly with regards to costume as an expression of masculine ideals. It will discuss the costume as a marker of hypermasculinity, authority or preparedness, and identify how traditionally feminine domestic spaces and activities have been coopted by a new generation of males. It will present domestic activities such as sewing as rights-of-passage on the path towards masculinity.
The desire for the heel: Male fetishism and pop-fan culture around Prince
Authors: Schriever Carla 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
High heels represent femininity, seduction – a binary gender system, in which the wearer longs for the recognition of the gazer. Once connoted as signifiers of power, high heels have been transformed in a gendered fashion accessory designed for women. The singer and songwriter Prince has continuously worn them for almost four decades. His anti-normative dressing and gender expression techniques evoked an audience, which consist of a majority of fans who define themselves as heterosexual and male. The starting point for my research was the hypothesis that the artist’s non-normativity led to an anti-normative desire angle: a heterosexual male fan desiring his heterosexual male fan-object by fetishizing the artist’s high heels.
Thermal analysis of N-carbamoyl benzotriazole derivatives
Authors: Kos Ivan , Weitner Tin , Grgac Sandra Flinčec , Jablan Jasna 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Thermal properties of N-carbamoyl benzotriazole derivatives and N,N’,N’’-tribenzyloxyisocyanuric acid were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The results revealed a difference between structural analogs of N-carbamoyl benzotriazole derivatives. They seem to be in agreement with the previously proposed formation of N,N’,N’’-tribenzyloxyisocyanuric acid from 1-(N-benzyloxycarbamoyl) benzotriazole, via an intermediary N-benzyloxyisocyanate acid, during heating. Substantially different thermal properties were observed for structural analogues, 1-(N-methoxycarbamoyl) benzotriazole and 1-(N-ethoxycarbamoyl) benzotriazole. In contrast to N-benzyloxyisocyanate, no corresponding reactions were observed for their decomposition products, i.e., methoxyisocyanate and ethoxyisocyanate.
Rational application of fructose-1,6-diphosphate: From the perspective of pharmacokinetics
Authors: Li Ting-Ting , Xie Jian-Zhong , Wang Ling , Gao Yang-Yang , Jiang Xue-Hua 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP), a glycolytic metabolite, has been reported to protect susceptible organs during hypoxia or ischemia. However, there is paucity of human data on its pharmacokinetics after being exogenously administered. In the current study, the preliminary pharmacokinetics of FDP given orally to humans was investigated, and no typical peak was observed in the serum drug-time curve. Then, the pharmacokinetic studies were performed following multiple doses of FDP in rats, and the Caco-2 monolayer model was used to study the absorption of FDP in vitro. The results suggested that plasma FDP concentration was significantly increased after oral multiple doses of 180 mg kg-1 but not 90 mg kg-1 of FDP, and FDP was partly depleted during the absorption, which was supposed to be consumed by the intestinal epithelium cells. Thus, we conclude that a high dose of FDP should be orally administered in order to get an effective plasma level.
Modeling data acquisition during electrochemical noise measurements for corrosion studies
Authors: Curioni Michele , Monetta Tullio , Bellucci Francesco 
Published: May 2015

AbstractElectrochemical noise measurement and analysis enable one to obtain information on corroding systems without applying any potential or current perturbation to the corroding surface, and they are thereby nondestructive techniques, suitable for corrosion monitoring. The measurement process requires converting the analog potential or current signal in a digital dataset that can be used to perform mathematical operations with a variety of approaches. The analog-to-digital conversion is a critical step since, after the conversion has been performed, it is impossible to correct for artefacts that occurred during the conversion. Additionally, the electrochemical noise generated during corrosion is generally overlapped to the instrumental noise and to the electrical interference that are present in the environment where the measurement is performed. In this work, the process of analog-to-digital conversion of electrochemical noise signals is analyzed in detail by simulating the conversion of a representative simulated noise signal. With this approach, the possible issues arising from the analog-to-digital conversion process are highlighted and the key features arising from instrumental noise, aliasing, and electrical interference are identified.
The issues of drainage of discussed mines in the Katowice conurbation, Poland
Authors: Lamparska Marzena 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The Katowice conurbation is situated in the Upper-Silesian Coal Basin, in a region which had high rate of water inflow in the pre-mining period. In order to make deposits of mineral resources accessible, it was, and still is, necessary provide mines with a draining system, which now reaches as deep as 1200 m. The area of the depression sink which was thus created is about 1200 km2. Currently, all metal ore mines within the conurbation, as well as part of coal mines, have been closed down, but water which flows into them is still pumped out due to the legal obligation to protect neighbouring operating mines. After the operation and drainage of mines cease, water coming to abandoned excavations will begin restoring static reserves in the orogen, which, depending on hydrological conditions, will take between several and a few dozen years. As the level of underground water rises, the process of subsidence of old shallow mining excavations will intensify, and many depressions may appear in highly urbanized areas. In areas of mining subsidence, the underground water-table will be close to the surface, causing flooding of basements and building foundations, and the deepest subsidence basins will probably be completely flooded. Current location of operating mines on the northern and southern sides of the conurbation with the central belt of drained excavations is unfavourable for its sustainable development. A solution, which would make it possible for the conurbation to grow, would be to close down and flood the mines on the northern side as soon as their mining concessions expire, which will be in early 2020s. Then, the area would regain its original stability within a decade and all kinds of construction activities could be carried out there. That, however, requires authorities of municipalities to object to the extension of concessions for mines, which may be impossible to obtain due to fears of social discontent resulting from miners - residents of those municipalities - being made redundant.
The influence of water level fluctuations in the Ust-Ilimsk water reservoir in Russia on the action of some geological processes
Authors: Tashlykova Tatiana A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The Ust-Ilimsk water reservoir is located in the taiga zone in the Central-Siberian Upland. It was created between 1975-1977 as a result of storage of flood waters and water from the higher located Bratsk Reservoir. With an area of 1873 km2 and a water capacity amounting to 59.4 km3 it belongs to the group of largest water reservoirs in the world. It is the third level of the Angara cascade, projected as a multifunctional object - for the efficient functioning of the Ust-Ilimsk Hydroelectric Power Station, to streamline navigation on the lower Angara, to fulfil municipal and industrial water needs and also for floating timber. On the basis of the author’s own investigations and source materials obtained from the Irkutskgidromet and the Institute of the Earth’s Crust in Irkutsk, the fluctuations of the water level and the volumes of water outflow in the period 1975-2007 and the volume of processed material at the selected water shores in the period 1977-1990 were analysed. In addition, the data of seismic events in the region of the Ust-Ilimsk water reservoir were compiled. During this period the functioning changes of the reservoir in terms of the capacity of the water mass occurred under the influence of both natural and anthropogenic factors. It was determined that the creation of this natural-technical water object activated two geological processes in its shore zone - abrasion and induced seismicity. It was stated that the especially large transformations of the reservoir shore zone by these dangerous processes occurred in the first years of its intensive exploitation, in the period of small water resources in the drainage basin of Yenisei - Angara, which forced specific conditions of reservoir functioning. At rocky shores the predominating process is abrasion of their waterside parts, whereas at shores built of loose deposits the complete transformation of underwater parts of shallows takes place.
Exogenous and endogenous functions of mining towns of the Silesian voivodeship, Poland
Authors: Heder Arkadiusz 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Towns are of particular interest to geography which examines them in various objective and theoretical aspects. The concept of function is associated with the role which a particular town plays in the area, and this function is the entirety of socio-economic activity carried out in the town. The concept of the economic base of towns, which is used in this paper, distinguishes two groups of town inhabitants, namely such whose work directly contributes to the development of the town, the so-called primary builders (exogenous), and secondary builders (endogenous) who support the first group. This article presents the results of the study of changes in the function of 30 towns in the Silesian voivodeship in which coal mining is still carried out or has ended (18 mining towns and 12 post-mining towns). These towns have different sizes: small ones (up to 20,000 inhabitants; n=6), medium (20 to 100 thousand inhabitants; n=15), and large (with population of over 100,000 inhabitants; n=9). The study was conducted with the use of the indirect measurement of economic base method based on the location ratio, but in a modified form - i.e. the employee surplus rate. The analysis of functional changes in the mining towns of the Silesian voivodeship was performed in five aspects, in relation to: 1) the opening of the economy indicator, with the use of data concerning employment in the exogenous and endogenous group; 2) the employee surplus rate, determining the functional type of towns according to the dominant PKD [Polish Classification of Business Activities] section on the basis of the exogenous group; 3) the structure of exogenous functions of towns; 4) change of the exogenous function of towns; 5) the employee surplus rate, determining the share of section C (mining) in the exogenous function of towns. The analysis showed that in the period of 1996-2009 there has been a change in the functional type, from industrial to service type, in 8 towns; however, mining is still the primary branch of business activity in 11 towns studied, especially in small ones. Today, many service-based towns specialise in trade (n=7), and a small group of towns specialises in non-market services (n=4), which shows that the process of changes in this respect is still ongoing and the towns studied cannot be regarded as towns having a substantial share of higher-order services.