bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alterations in the predicted regulatory and coding regions of the sterol 14α‐demethylase gene (CYP51) confer decreased azole sensitivity in the oilseed rape pathogen Pyrenopeziza brassicae
Authors: Carter Helen E. , Fraaije Bart A. , West Jonathan S. , Kelly Steven L. , Mehl Andreas , Shaw Michael W. , Cools Hans J. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe incidence and severity of light leaf spot epidemics caused by the ascomycete fungus Pyrenopeziza brassicae on UK oilseed rape crops are increasing. The disease is currently controlled by a combination of host resistance, cultural practices and fungicide applications. We report decreases in sensitivity of modern UK P. brassicae isolates to the azole (imidazole and triazole) class of fungicides. By cloning and sequencing the P. brassicae CYP51 (PbCYP51) gene, encoding the azole target sterol 14α‐demethylase, we identified two non‐synonymous mutations encoding substitutions G460S and S508T associated with reduced azole sensitivity. We confirmed the impact of the encoded PbCYP51 changes on azole sensitivity and protein activity by heterologous expression in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant YUG37:erg11 carrying a controllable promoter of native CYP51 expression. In addition, we identified insertions in the predicted regulatory regions of PbCYP51 in isolates with reduced azole sensitivity. The presence of these insertions was associated with enhanced transcription of PbCYP51 in response to subinhibitory concentrations of the azole fungicide tebuconazole. Genetic analysis of in vitro crosses of sensitive and resistant isolates confirmed the impact of PbCYP51 alterations in coding and regulatory sequences on a reduced sensitivity phenotype, as well as identifying a second major gene at another locus contributing to resistance in some isolates. The least sensitive field isolates carry combinations of upstream insertions and non‐synonymous mutations, suggesting that PbCYP51 evolution is ongoing and the progressive decline in azole sensitivity of UK P. brassicae populations will continue. The implications for the future control of light leaf spot are discussed.
Breastfeeding and wheeze prevalence in pre‐schoolers and pre‐adolescents: the Genesis and Healthy Growth studies
Authors: Guibas George V. , Xepapadaki Paraskevi , Moschonis George , Douladiris Nikolaos , Filippou Amalia , Tsirigoti Lydia , Manios Yannis , Papadopoulos Nikolaos G. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo date, extensive research has been undertaken on a potential link of breastfeeding (BF) to wheezing illnesses. Nevertheless, an association remains to be established, partly due to age‐dependent discrepancies and different definitions of exposures/outcomes across studies. We thus investigated the relation of diverse infantile feeding patterns with wheeze/asthma prevalence in two cohorts of children of different ages (preschool and preadolescent).MethodsWheeze ever/in the last 12 months (current) and doctor‐diagnosed asthma were retrospectively reported by parents of the participants of two cross‐sectional studies: the Genesis study (1871 children aged 1–5) and the Healthy Growth study (1884 children aged 9–13). Information on feeding practices (exclusive breastfeeding vs. mixed vs. formula feeding) and their duration (2 vs. 4 vs. 6 months) was recorded. Perinatal and anthorpometric data were also collected.ResultsIn pre‐schoolers, regimes that did not entail exclusive BF were positively correlated to current/ever wheeze, both before and after adjustment for confounders. No differences between the associations of regimes with 2, 4 or 6 months of exclusive BF with current/ever wheeze were shown. Furthermore, there was no consistent correlation of feeding practices with physician‐diagnosed asthma. In pre‐adolescents, no association of infantile feeding patterns with the wheeze/asthma outcomes was observed.ConclusionsExclusive BF is associated with reduced prevalence of current/ever wheeze in pre‐schoolers; however, this appears to wane in older children. The association of a period of exclusive BF as low as 2 months with pre‐school wheeze prevalence, appeared to be comparable with that of 6 months of exclusivity.
Prisons and Religion in the Americas
Authors: Graber Jennifer 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSince the 1970s and Michel Foucault's work discipline and power, scholars of religion in the Americas have looked to prisons to track changing ideas about human behavior, wrongdoing and reconciliation, social organization, and citizenship. This article provides a brief transatlantic history of the prison and scholarship on prisons and religion. It surveys work by historians, sociologists and anthropologists, and theologians and ethicists. It shows that religions have served as not only the material from which societies construct their disciplinary forms but also a resource upon which individuals draw when labeled criminal and communities invoke when seeking reform.
Chagas disease in Australia and New Zealand: risks and needs for public health interventions
Authors: Jackson Yves , Pinto Angie , Pett Sarah 
Published: December 2013

AbstractObjectiveInternational migration has changed the global distribution of Chagas disease, with the emerging importance of non‐endemic regions. We aimed at better documenting the Australia and New Zealand risk of Chagas disease and needs for interventions.MethodsWe reviewed Chagas disease‐related evidences, policies and practices in Australia and New Zealand and calculated the estimated prevalence.ResultsAustralia hosts a rapidly growing population at risk and had 1928 infected residents in 2011; New Zealand had 98 in 2006. These figures underestimate the real situation, as they do not consider non‐permanent residents. The only existing policy in both countries is the identification of blood donors with a history of or a risk of infection via questionnaire. There is no programme of detection and care of patients. The lifetime economic burden of disease for society is potentially very high.ConclusionChagas disease is an emerging health risk with potential high human and economic costs in Australia and New Zealand in the absence of public health attention. Implementing strategies to screen high‐risk groups and prevent transmission should be considered. Moreover, migration between the Western Pacific and Chagas endemic regions and the presence of vectors means this risk applies in the whole region.
Durable HIV RNA resuppression after virologic failure while remaining on a first‐line regimen: a cohort study
Authors: Hoffmann Christopher J. , Charalambous Salome , Grant Alison D. , Morris Lynn , Churchyard Gavin J. , Chaisson Richard E. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryAdherence interventions are a recommended strategy to salvage failing antiretroviral therapy without regimen change. We assessed the durability of resuppression when using this approach. Of 300 patients who resuppressed on the same regimen (41% of all those with virologic failure), 148 (45%) remained suppressed during follow‐up for a median of 2.4 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.1, 4.0). Resuppression can be durable following viraemia without a switch in antiretroviral therapy regimen.
A new bead‐based human platelet antigen antibodies detection assay versus the monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigens assay
Authors: Porcelijn Leendert , Huiskes Elly , Comijs‐van Osselen Ilona , Chhatta Aniska , Rathore Vipul , Meyers Matthew , de Haas Masja 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundThe performance of a newly developed Luminex bead‐based platelet (PLT) antibody detection method (PAKLx) was compared with the monoclonal antibody immobilization of PLT antigens (MAIPA) assay and the LifeScreen Deluxe Luminex bead‐based HLA Class I antibody detection method (LMX).Study Design and MethodsSix sera containing anti‐human PLT antigen (HPA)‐1a (n = 2), HPA‐1b, HPA‐2b, HPA‐3a, or HPA‐5b were tested in titration. A total of 194 sera, including HPA‐1a, ‐1b, ‐2a, ‐2b, ‐3a, ‐5a, and ‐5b antibodies with or without HLA antibodies (n = 63); glycoprotein (GP) IV antibodies (n = 1); PLT autoantibodies (n = 3); HLA antibodies (n = 45); and samples with no PLT‐reactive antibodies (n = 82), were tested in both assays.ResultsComparable levels of sensitivity were obtained for the MAIPA and PAKLx. The PAKLx showed four (6%) false‐negative results in 67 sera with HPA or GP‐reactive antibodies: anti‐HPA‐3a (n = 1) or anti‐HPA‐5b (n = 3). The PAKLx showed in 10 of the total 194 samples (5%) the presence of antibodies not detected by the MAIPA. This concerned broadly GP‐reactive antibodies (n = 7), anti‐GPIIb/IIIa combined with anti‐HPA‐3a (n = 1), anti‐HPA‐1a (borderline, n = 1), and anti‐GPIV (n = 1). Testing 175 sera for anti‐HLA Class I antibodies in the PAKLx and LMX showed four discrepant results: PAKLx negative and LMX positive, n = 3 and n = 1, respectively.ConclusionFor the vast majority of the specimens tested (93%) the results of the PAKLx were in concordance with the MAIPA. The PAKLx is a fast, easy to perform, and sensitive PLT antibody screening method.
Effects of type 1 diabetes, sprint training and sex on skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+‐ATPase activity
Authors: Harmer A. R. , Ruell P. A. , Hunter S. K. , McKenna M. J. , Thom J. M. , Chisholm D. J. , Flack J. R. 
Published: December 2013

Key points
Skeletal muscle calcium resequestration and performance is increased in male rats with induced diabetes; and whilst muscle calcium resequestration is important during exercise, it has not been investigated in human diabetes or compared between sexes.
We show that Ca2+‐ATPase activity and Ca2+ uptake are higher among people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared with matched non‐diabetic controls (CON), but that performance during intense exercise was similar; Ca2+‐ATPase activity and Ca2+ uptake are also higher among men than women.
We show that Ca2+‐ATPase activity is reduced during intense exercise in men but not women, and is reduced by high‐intensity exercise training (HIET) in T1D and CON.
Fatigue is commonly reported by people with diabetes, but our data show that muscle calcium resequestration and performance during intense exercise and after HIET is not impaired in T1D, and hence other physiological or psychological mechanisms for fatigue in diabetes must be sought.
Sex influences muscle calcium regulation.
AbstractCalcium cycling is integral to muscle performance during the rapid muscle contraction and relaxation of high‐intensity exercise. Ca2+ handling is altered by diabetes mellitus, but has not previously been investigated in human skeletal muscle. We investigated effects of high‐intensity exercise and sprint training on skeletal muscle Ca2+ regulation among men and women with type 1 diabetes (T1D, n = 8, 3F, 5M) and matched non‐diabetic controls (CON, n = 8, 3F, 5M). Secondarily, we examined sex differences in Ca2+ regulation. Subjects undertook 7 weeks of three times‐weekly cycle sprint training. Before and after training, performance was measured, and blood and muscle were sampled at rest and after high‐intensity exercise. In T1D, higher Ca2+‐ATPase activity (+28%) and Ca2+ uptake (+21%) than in CON were evident across both times and days (P < 0.05), but performance was similar. In T1D, resting Ca2+‐ATPase activity correlated with work performed until exhaustion (r = 0.7, P < 0.01). Ca2+‐ATPase activity, but not Ca2+ uptake, was lower (−24%, P < 0.05) among the women across both times and days. Intense exercise did not alter Ca2+‐ATPase activity in T1D or CON. However, sex differences were evident: Ca2+‐ATPase was reduced with exercise among men but increased among women across both days (time × sex interaction, P < 0.05). Sprint training reduced Ca2+‐ATPase (−8%, P < 0.05), but not Ca2+ uptake, in T1D and CON. In summary, skeletal muscle Ca2+ resequestration capacity was increased in T1D, but performance was not greater than CON. Sprint training reduced Ca2+‐ATPase in T1D and CON. Sex differences in Ca2+‐ATPase activity were evident and may be linked with fibre type proportion differences.
Performance Evaluation of the Flow in Micro Junctions: Head Change Versus Head Loss Coefficients
Authors: Schmandt Bastian , Herwig Heinz 
Published: December 2013

Losses due to the flow through conduit components in a pipe system can be characterised by head loss coefficients. They basically account for the dissipation in the flow field or, in a more general sense, for the entropy generation due to the conduit component under consideration. When only one single mass flow rate is involved, an entropy based approach is straight forward and ṁ can be used as a general reference quantity. If, however, the mass flow rate is split or united like in junctions, some new aspects appear.
In our study the general approach for these kind of conduit components is discussed. Like for single mass flow rates losses are accounted for by determining the entropy generation rates. New aspects for the branched flows are an additional parameter, the splitting ratio, and the fact that there is an energy transfer between the single branches that has to be accounted for appropriately. It turns out that this energy transfer changes the total head in each flow brach in addition to a sole loss of total head. Therefore, the coefficients should be named head change coefficients when this effect occurs.
As an example the flow through a T-shaped junction is considered, for which head loss coefficients are determined for both branches and discussed with respect to their physical meaning.
Computational Analysis of Conjugate Heat Transfer in Gaseous Micro Channels
Authors: Croce Giulio , Rovenskaya Olga , D’Agaro Paola 
Published: December 2013

A fully conjugate heat transfer analysis of gaseous flow, within slip flow regime, in short microchannel is presented. A Navier Stokes code, coupled with Maxwell and Smoluchowski slip and temperature jump model, is adopted.
Due to the link between temperature and velocity field in highly compressible flows, results are presented for Nusselt number, heat sink thermal resistance and resulting wall temperature as well as Mach number profiles for different conditions, commenting on the relative importance of wall conduction, rarefaction and compressibility. Compressibility plays a major role, and the reduction in heat transfer rate due to axial conduction is quite remarkable.
Integrated Microfluidic Pumping for Cooling Applications
Authors: Frijns Arjan J. H. , Liu Zhipeng , Derks Roy J. S. , Speetjens Michel F. M. , van Steenhoven Anton A. 
Published: December 2013

Temperature management in microsystems is a technical problem with an increasing importance: although the power consumption of integrated circuits is not increasing, due to further miniaturization the local power density is still increasing. Moreover, in the near future more and more micro components will be integrated in flexible system-in-foil (SIF) packages. These packages can contain ultra-thin (8–50 micron) flexible embedded silicon chips combined with polymer electronics, optical systems and microfluidic channels e.g. for point-of-care diagnostics. However, the low thermal conductivity of the polymeric package is aggravating the heat management problem. The life span of micro components, but also the performance of some micro components, like (O)LEDs, can be strongly temperature dependent. Therefore an adequate temperature control is required.
The thermal management problems can potentially be addressed by embedding micro-channels containing a flowing cooling medium in close proximity and preferably directly underneath the electronic circuit. However, many applications do not allow for external pumps and therefore pumping needs to be integrated in these channels as well.
In this paper some promising integrated micro pumping techniques, like AC-electro osmosis and ferrofluidic pumping, will be described and discussed. The multi-physics modeling approach will be presented and the numerical results will be analyzed and compared with flow fields that are measured by 3D astigmatism micro particle tracking velocimetry (3D micro-PTV).
Effect of Micro-Structured Surface on Dropwise Condensation Heat Transfer
Authors: Tokunaga Atsushi , Mizutani Masaki , Nagayama Gyoko , Tsuruta Takaharu 
Published: December 2013

The micro/nano scale phase change phenomena become more and more important because the MEMS technology develops rapidly in the fields of electro- and bio-devices [1][2] and the MEMS enable us to control the surface wettability. In the dropwise condensation on the hydrophobic surface, the heat transfer coefficient is determined by the departing droplet size. In our previous paper, it was found that the droplets in radius around 7 μm made more significant contribution to the condensation heat transfer under the low-pressure conditions. That is, when the smaller droplets less than 7 μm cover the condensing surface, the higher condensing heat flux would be achieved than that of the ordinary dropwise condensation. However, it is still very difficult to keep the droplets to be continuous condensed within 7 μm at the surface.
A challenging work has been conducted to fabricate a droplets exclusion structure on the condensing surface for the purpose of the enhancement of condensation heat transfer in our previous experiment [3]. By using the MEMS technology, we made the hybrid-condensing surface with hydrophobic and hydrophilic patterns in order to remove the grown droplets effectively. It was found that the hybrid-surface has a possibility to increase the condensation heat transfer coefficient but its drainage-ability of the condensate has the limitation due to the occurrence of the flooding over the surface structures. In order to reduce the flooding at the hydrophobic area, in this study, the new design of the condensing surface has been proposed and the condensation heat transfer coefficient is evaluated.
Paradoxical Growth of Candida albicans in the Presence of Caspofungin Is Associated with Multiple Cell Wall Rearrangements and Decreased Virulence
Authors: Rueda Cristina , Cuenca-Estrella Manuel , Zaragoza Oscar 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT

In the last decade, echinocandins have emerged as an important family of antifungal drugs because of their fungicidal activity against
Candida
spp. Echinocandins inhibit the enzyme β-1,3-
d
-glucan synthase, encoded by the
FKS
genes, and resistance to echinocandins is associated with mutations in this gene. In addition, echinocandin exposure can produce paradoxical growth, defined as the ability to grow at high antifungal concentrations but not at intermediate concentrations. In this work, we have demonstrated that paradoxical growth of
Candida albicans
in the presence of caspofungin is not due to antifungal degradation or instability. Media with high caspofungin concentrations recovered from wells where
C. albicans
showed paradoxical growth inhibited the growth of a
Candida krusei
reference strain. Cells exhibiting paradoxical growth at high caspofungin concentrations showed morphological changes such as enlarged size, abnormal septa, and absence of filamentation. Chitin content increased from the MIC to high caspofungin concentrations. Despite the high chitin levels, around 23% of cells died after treatment with caspofungin, indicating that chitin is required but not sufficient to protect the cells from the fungicidal effect of caspofungin. Moreover, we found that after paradoxical growth, β-1,3-glucan was exposed at the cell wall surface. Cells grown at high caspofungin concentrations had decreased virulence in the invertebrate host
Galleria mellonella
. Cells grown at high caspofungin concentrations also induced a proinflammatory response in murine macrophages compared to control cells. Our work highlights important aspects about fungal adaptation to caspofungin, and although this adaptation is associated with reduced virulence, the clinical implications remain to be elucidated.
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Antibacterial Activities of Omadacycline, a Novel Aminomethylcycline
Authors: Macone A. B. , Caruso B. K. , Leahy R. G. , Donatelli J. , Weir S. , Draper M. P. , Tanaka S. K. , Levy S. B. 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACT

Omadacycline is the first intravenous and oral 9-aminomethylcycline in clinical development for use against multiple infectious diseases including acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI), community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP), and urinary tract infections (UTI). The comparative
in vitro
activity of omadacycline was determined against a broad panel of Gram-positive clinical isolates, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), vancomycin-resistant
Enterococcus
(VRE), Lancefield groups A and B beta-hemolytic streptococci, penicillin-resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(PRSP), and
Haemophilus influenzae
(
H. influenzae
). The omadacycline MIC
90
s for MRSA, VRE, and beta-hemolytic streptococci were 1.0 μg/ml, 0.25 μg/ml, and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively, and the omadacycline MIC
90
s for PRSP and
H. influenzae
were 0.25 μg/ml and 2.0 μg/ml, respectively. Omadacycline was active against organisms demonstrating the two major mechanisms of resistance, ribosomal protection and active tetracycline efflux.
In vivo
efficacy of omadacycline was demonstrated using an intraperitoneal infection model in mice. A single intravenous dose of omadacycline exhibited efficacy against
Streptococcus pneumoniae
,
Escherichia coli
, and
Staphylococcus aureus
, including
tet
(M) and
tet
(K) efflux-containing strains and MRSA strains. The 50% effective doses (ED
50
s) for
Streptococcus pneumoniae
obtained ranged from 0.45 mg/kg to 3.39 mg/kg, the ED
50
s for
Staphylococcus aureus
obtained ranged from 0.30 mg/kg to 1.74 mg/kg, and the ED
50
for
Escherichia coli
was 2.02 mg/kg. These results demonstrate potent
in vivo
efficacy including activity against strains containing common resistance determinants. Omadacycline demonstrated
in vitro
activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and select Gram-negative pathogens, including resistance determinant-containing strains, and this activity translated to potent efficacy
in vivo
.