bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetron Sputtered Al‐CuO Nanolaminates: Effect of Stoichiometry and Layers Thickness on Energy Release and Burning Rate
Authors: Bahrami Mehdi , Taton Guillaume , Conédéra Véronique , Salvagnac Ludovic , Tenailleau Christophe , Alphonse Pierre , Rossi Carole 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper reports on the reaction characteristic of Al/CuO reactive nanolaminates for different stoichiometries and bilayer thicknesses. Al/CuO nanolaminates are deposited by a DC reactive magnetron sputtering method. Pure Al and Cu targets are used in argon‐oxygen gas mixture plasma and an oxygen partial pressure of 0.13 Pa. This process produces low stress multilayered materials, each layer being in the range of 25 nanometers to one micrometer. Their structural, morphological, and chemical properties were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The heat of reaction and onset temperature were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Under stoichiometric conditions, the reactivity quickly increases with the decrease of Al/CuO bilayer thickness. The burning rate is 2 m s−1 for bilayer thickness of 1.5 μm and reaches 80 m s−1 for bilayer thickness of 150 nm. At constant heating rate, the Al/CuO heat of reaction depends on both stoichiometry and bilayer thickness. When the bilayer thickness exceeds 300 nm, the heat of reaction decreases; it seems that only the region near the interface reacts. The best nanolaminate configuration was obtained for Al/CuO bilayer thickness of 150 nm.
Factors Influencing Temperature Fields during Combustion Reactions
Authors: Kappagantula Keerti , Crane Charles , Pantoya Michelle 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA unique, non‐invasive diagnostic technique for characterizing two‐dimensional thermal fields generated during the combustion of nanothermites was developed. Temperature resolved thermal images of the reactions were obtained using infrared imaging coupled with multiwavelength pyrometry. Thermal images of fuel rich aluminum/copper oxide (Al/CuO) and aluminum/polytetrafluoroethylene (Al/PTFE) mixtures embedded with different additives were analyzed and the principal factors affecting the spatial distribution of temperature during their combustion were identified. Results showed two distinct temperature zones during combustion: a hot zone surrounding the point of ignition, where the highest temperatures were recorded followed by a lower temperature region called the intermediate zone. Temperatures are plotted as a function of distance from the point of ignition such that inflection points distinguishing temperature gradients provide an indication of the range of the thermal influence. Gas generation and heat of combustion are principal factors affecting temperature fields: greater gas generation in addition to condensed phase products promotes higher temperatures in the far field. Results also indicate that faster reactions attain higher temperatures and more extensive temperature fields. This observation is attributed to greater momentum of the gas and condensed phase products projected from the hot zone that shift the inflection point farther. These results show that multiphase convection is a governing mechanism promoting thermal energy distributions.
Simple Method for Prediction of the Standard Gibbs Free Energy of Formation of Energetic Compounds
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Pouretedal Hamid Reza , Ghaedsharafi Ali Reza , Taghizadeh Seyed Ehsan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA reliable simple method for prediction of the standard Gibbs energy of formation (ΔfGθ) of energetic compounds containing nitroaromatic, acyclic, and cyclic nitramine, nitrate ester, and nitroaliphatic compounds is introduced herein. The method is based on the contribution of elemental composition (ΔfGelemθ) and the correcting function for the presence of additive and non‐additive molecular fragments (ΔfGcorrθ). In presence of some molecular moieties, ΔfGcorrθ may increase or decrease the value of ΔfGelemθ, depending on the intermolecular interactions. The experimental root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of the novel correlation (22.7 kJ mol−1) is quite good. For some energetic compounds, where the computed values of two complex models of the quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) theory were available, the experimental RMSE developed by the new method is smaller than the values obtained by QSPR method.
Sketches of emergent geometry in the gauge/gravity duality
Authors: Berenstein D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this paper three notions of emergent geometry arising from the study of gauge/gravity duals are discussed. The unifying theme behind these notions of emergent geometry is that one can derive properties of the effective action of a probe or excitation around some configuration in gauge theory which can be argued to be localized at a particular position in the gravity dual, and match this description to various degrees of accuracy in the gravity dual. The three examples discussed are giant gravitons in AdS5× S5, open strings stretching between these giants and the probe dynamics of a D0 brane in the presence of a thermal matrix configuration of the BFSS matrix model.
Holographic RG flows for gravitational couplings
Authors: Rachwał L. , Percacci R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe present the first attempt to find the holographic interpretation of running of the Newton's constant in 4‐dimensional quantum theory. We compute its scale‐dependence using functional renormalization group methods based on a Wilsonian momentum cutoff. We show the details of the corresponding holographic RG flow in 5‐dimensional spacetime with minimally coupled scalar field in the bulk. In this domain wall setup the scalar potential is found. Solutions of this theory describe RG flows of gravitational coupling with the IR threshold phenomena fully taken into account.
Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Mountain Streams with Different Streambed Stability
Authors: Zhao N. , Wang Z.‐Y. , Pan B.‐Z. , Xu M.‐Z. , Li Z.‐W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBenthic macroinvertebrates are organisms primarily living in the streambed. The stability of the streambed is of vital importance to macroinvertebrate assemblages. Measurement of the streambed stability and sampling of macroinvertebrates were performed from 2005 to 2011 in four mountain streams: the Shengou, Diaoga, Jiangjia and Dabaini Rivers, which have different stability and are all located in the Yunnan plateau in southwestern China. The Shengou, Diaoga and Jiangjia Rivers are composed of gravels and cobbles, and the Dabaini River is mainly composed of gravels. The streambed stability was determined by the ratio of time over the sum of erosion and deposition areas of sediment per unit streambed width at each measured cross‐section.The Shengou River had the highest stability, followed by the Diaoga and Jiangjia Rivers. The Dabaini River had the lowest stability. A total of 70 taxa of macroinvertebrates belonging to 45 families and 68 genera were identified in these streams. Arthropods were the dominant taxonomic group. Collector gatherers had the highest density. Taxa richness, Shannon–Weaver index and K‐dominance curve were used to assess the biodiversity of macroinvertebrates. Results showed that the Shengou River had the highest biodiversity, followed by the Diaoga and Jiangjia Rivers. The Dabaini River had the lowest biodiversity. The detrended correspondence analysis ordination indicated that the streambed stability was the main factor that influenced macroinvertebrate assemblages, counting for 22.7% of the variance. The biodiversity and wet weight of the macroinvertebrates were highly dependent on the streambed stability. The biodiversity increased with the streambed stability and reached equilibrium when the stability was over 20 year m−1. The wet weight of macroinvertebrates showed an increasing trend with the streambed stability. However, no clear relation was identified between the density of macroinvertebrates and the streambed stability. It was concluded from this study that, in order to improve the ecological condition within the mountain streams, erosion and sedimentation must be controlled to enhance the streambed stability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of tensile chord stresses on the strength of circular hollow section joints
Authors: Lipp Andreas , Ummenhofer Thomas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe current version of the Eurocode for the design of joints does not include any brace load capacity reduction for welded hollow section joints with tensile chord preloading as opposed to those without. However, the more recent 2nd edition of the CIDECT design guides or the ISO standard for welded hollow section joints includes a strength reduction due to tensile chord stresses. This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical investigations into how tensile chord stresses influence the capacity of circular hollow section X‐joints. The conclusion of this study is a new chord load function proposal for circular hollow section joints subjected to tensile chord stresses.
Low‐temperature ductility and structural behaviour of cold‐formed hollow section structures – progress during the past two decades
Authors: Ritakallio Pekka , Björk Timo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractCold‐formed hollow sections are a widely used tubular construction material. The applicability, weldability and reliability of cold‐formed rectangular hollow sections are sometimes questioned because of the consequences of cold forming and inhomogeneous cross‐sections. One of the main concerns is related to the cold‐formed corner areas and possible loss of toughness due to strain ageing in the vicinity of the welds. Conventional hot‐rolled C‐Mn steels are susceptible to strain ageing, and Eurocode 3 includes restrictions on welding in the cold‐formed corner area. Both steelmaking and hot rolling have undergone crucial developments and this has had an impact on cold‐formed hollow sections. Thermomechanically rolled fine‐grain steels became state of the art at the end of the 1990s. This study confirms that cold‐formed EN 10219 hollow sections made of suitable fine‐grain steels have a similar Charpy‐V toughness on the flat face and in the corner, and that even after ageing the transition temperature T40J in the corner area is at a very low level, typically below –50 °C. The load and deformation capacities of X‐ and K‐joints fulfil the requirements without any noticeable ageing effects. The advances in steelmaking and hot rolling enable the manufacturing of reliable and versatile cold‐formed EN 10219 hollow sections for welded structures with good low‐temperature ductility even in the cold‐formed corner area.
Response of steel tubes under concentrated lateral loads
Authors: Gresnigt A. M. (Nol) , Karamanos Spyros A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSteel tubes may be loaded by concentrated lateral loads such as support or impact loads. Impact loading, for example, is an important load case for buried pipelines that are struck during excavation activities, or large‐diameter tubes during transportation (handling accidents). This paper presents an analytical model based on shell theory to determine the elastic‐plastic load deformation behaviour. Test results are given as well as the results of finite element calculations. The finite element results and the model equations are in good agreement with the experimental results and illustrate the tube denting response.
Lazika Pier Sculpture
Authors: Helbig Thorsten , Kamp Florian , Oppe Matthias 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLazika is a new city in Georgia located on the Black Sea coast. The one‐hundred meter long Lazika Pier with its 31 m high landmark sculpture is one of the first structures to mark the beginning of the development of this new metropolis.The sculpture designed by German architect Jürgen Mayer H. consists of stacked oval elements – so called blobs – organized in seven levels. The blobs are subdivided into vertical plain levels running in an orthogonal direction with a distance of 90 cm. Due to the exposed position, tough requirements concerning corrosion resistance and a pretty tight timetable for design, fabrication and erection, structural steel has been chosen as the building material. The sculpture consists of steel plates with varying thicknesses of 5 to 10 mm. Elements composed of plasma‐cut plates were pre‐fabricated within a site workshop and installed using mobile cranes. Exterior and interior lighting features provide a dynamic and pulsating look to the sculpture.
Energy efficient bipedal robots walking in resonance
Authors: Bauer F. , Fidlin A. , Seemann W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis contribution presents a method to improve the energy efficiency of walking bipedal robots over 50% in a range of speed from 0.3 to 2.3 m/s by the use of constant elastic couplings. The method consists of modeling the robot as underactuated system – so that it is making use of its natural dynamics instead of fighting against it – controlling its joint‐angle trajectories with input‐output feedback linearization and optimizing the joint‐angle trajectories as well as the elastic couplings numerically. The mechanism of minimizing energy expenditure consists of reducing impact losses by choosing smaller steps, which gets favorable by a higher natural frequency due to elastic couplings. The method is applied to a planar robot with upper body, two stiff legs, two actuators in the hip joints and one simple rotational spring between the legs as elastic coupling. The mechanism of energy expenditure is investigated for the robot with and without elastic coupling between legs in detail.
Reducing Bloodstream Infection Risk in Central and Peripheral Intravenous Lines: Initial Data on Passive Intravenous Connector Disinfection
Authors: DeVries Michelle , Mancos Patricia S. , Valentine Mary J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackground: Although few facilities focus on it, bloodstream infection (BSI) risk from peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVs) may exceed central line-related risk. Over a 6-year period, Methodist Hospitals substantially reduced BSIs in patients with central lines but not in patients with PIVs. A practice audit revealed deficiencies in manual disinfection of intravenous connectors, thereby increasing BSI risk. Methodist thus sought an engineered approach to hub disinfection that would compensate for variations in scrubbing technique.Methods: Our institution involved bedside nurses in choosing new hub disinfection technology. They selected 2 devices to trial: a disinfection cap that passively disinfects hubs with isopropyl alcohol and a device that friction-scrubs with isopropyl alcohol. After trying both, nurses selected the cap for use in the facility's 3 intensive care units. After no BSIs occurred during a 3-month span, we implemented the cap throughout the hospital for use on central venous catheters; peripherally inserted central catheters; and peripheral lines, including tubing and Y-sites.Results: Comparing the postintervention period (December 2011-August 2013) to the preintervention span (September 2009–May 2011), the BSI rate dropped 43% for PIVs, 50% for central lines, and 45% overall (PIVs + central lines). The central line and overall results are statistically significant. The PIV BSI rate drop is attributable to cap use alone because the cap was the only new intervention during the postimplementation period. The other infection reductions appear to be at least partly due to cap use.Conclusions: Our institution achieved substantial BSI reductions, some statistically significant, by applying a disinfection cap to both PIVs and central lines.
STATISTICAL CAUSALITY AND MARTINGALE REPRESENTATION PROPERTY WITH APPLICATION TO STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors: PETROVIĆ LJILJANA , VALJAREVIĆ DRAGANA 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe paper considers a statistical concept of causality in continuous time between filtered probability spaces, based on Granger’s definition of causality. This causality concept is connected with the preservation of the martingale representation property when the filtration is getting smaller. We also give conditions, in terms of causality, for every martingale to be a continuous semimartingale, and we consider the equivalence between the concept of causality and the preservation of the martingale representation property under change of measure. In addition, we apply these results to weak solutions of stochastic differential equations. The results can be applied to the economics of securities trading.
GENERALISATION OF KEITH’S CONJECTURE ON 9-REGULAR PARTITIONS AND 3-CORES
Authors: LIN BERNARD L. S. , WANG ANDREW Y. Z. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRecently, Keith used the theory of modular forms to study 9-regular partitions modulo 2 and 3. He obtained one infinite family of congruences modulo 3, and meanwhile proposed an analogous conjecture. In this note, we show that 9-regular partitions and 3-cores satisfy the same congruences modulo 3. Thus, we first derive several results on 3-cores, and then generalise Keith’s conjecture and get a stronger result, which implies that all of Keith’s results on congruences modulo 3 are consequences of our result.
High-grain feeding alters caecal bacterial microbiota composition and fermentation and results in caecal mucosal injury in goats
Authors: Liu Junhua , Xu Tingting , Zhu Weiyun , Mao Shengyong 
Published: May 2014

The effect of high-grain (HG) feeding on caecal bacterial microbiota composition and fermentation and mucosa health is largely unknown. In the present study, ten male goats were randomly assigned to either a group fed a hay diet (0 % grain;n5) or a group fed a HG diet (65 % grain;n5) to characterise the changes in the composition of the bacterial community and mucosal morphology in the caecum. After 7 weeks of feeding, the HG diet decreased the caecal pH (P< 0·001) and increased (P< 0·001 toP< 0·004) the caecal digesta concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pyrosequencing of the16Sribosomal RNA gene revealed that HG feeding increased (P= 0·001 toP= 0·009) the abundance of predominant generaTuricibacterandClostridiumin the caecal lumen and in the caecal mucosa and decreased (P< 0·001 toP< 0·009) the proportion ofBacteroidesin the lumen andMucispirillumin the mucosa compared with the hay diet. Furthermore, the HG diet-fed goats exhibited intense epithelial damage and up-regulation (P< 0·001 toP< 0·025) of the relative mRNA expression ofIL-1β,IL-6,IL-12and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the caecal mucosa. The correlation analysis revealed that alterations in caecal pH, LPS concentration and mucosa-associated microbiota abundance during HG feeding might partly contribute to local inflammation. Collectively, these results provide insight into the adaptive response of caecal bacterial populations to HG feeding in goats and reveal that the fermentable substrates that flow into the caecum may cause dramatic alterations in microbial compositions and play a significant role in caecal dysfunction.
Potential of Hymenopteran larval and egg parasitoids to control stored-product beetle and moth infestation in jute bags
Authors: Adarkwah C. , Ulrichs C. , Schaarschmidt S. , Badii B.K. , Addai I.K. , Obeng-Ofori D. , Schöller M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe control of stored-product moths in bagged commodities is difficult because the developmental stages of the moths are protected by the bagging material from control measures such as the application of contact insecticides. Studies were carried out to assess the ability of Hymenopteran parasitoids to locate their hosts inside jute bags in the laboratory. The ability of different parasitoids to penetrate jute bags containing rice was investigated in a controlled climate chamber. Few Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) passed through the jute material while a high percentage of Lariophagus distinguendus (Förster), Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Theocolax elegans (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were able to enter the Petri-dishes. Significantly more L. distinguendus and T. elegans entered compared to H. hebetor. There was significant difference in the mean percentage parasitoids invading depending on species. Head capsules and/or thorax widths were measured in order to determine whether the opening in the jute material would be large enough for entry of the parasitoids. These morphometric data differed depending on parasitoid species and sex. The parasitoid Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) did not enter the bags, but located host larvae inside the jute bags and parasitized rice moths Corcyra cephalonica larvae by stinging through the jute material. Venturia canescens significantly reduced the number of C. cephalonica adults emerging from the bagged rice; therefore, it could be released in storage rooms containing bagged rice for biological control of C. cephalonica. The use of parasitoids to suppress stored-product insect pests in bagged commodities could become a valuable supplement to the use of synthetic pesticides.
An evaluation of contrasting C32 alkane dosing and faecal sampling regimes to estimate herbage dry matter intake by beef cattle
Authors: RICHMOND A. S. , WYLIE A. R. G. , LAIDLAW A. S. , LIVELY F. O. 
Published: May 2014

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out to evaluate different dosing and sampling regimes for estimating the dry matter intake (DMI) of vegetation by grazing beef cattle. Experiment 1 compared the DMI of a perennial ryegrass pasture by 48 grazing beef cattle dosed with C32n-alkane and faecally sampled at different time intervals. The cattle, of dairy and suckler origin, were balanced by origin and allocated to one of three alkane-dosing treatments (n=16): T1, dosed once daily (10.30 h) with two 500 mg boluses of C32 alkanes; T2, dosed twice daily (09.00 and 16.00 h) with a 500 mg bolus of C32n-alkane; and T3, dosed twice daily (07.00 and 19.00 h) with a 500 mg bolus of C32n-alkane. Faecal samples were collected concurrently with dosing in each treatment. Dosing interval had no effect on estimated DMI, when calculated using the n-alkane content of faeces sampled concurrently with dosing, suggesting that once-daily dosing with concurrent faecal sampling is adequate to estimate DMI by beef cattle. The objective of Expt 2 was to compare the accuracy of herbage DMI estimated using a once-daily C32 alkane dosing regime and n-alkane concentrations in faeces sampled at 09.00, 13.00, 17.00 and 21.00 h, against DMI measured directly. Twelve Holstein-Friesian bulls (mean body weight 265 kg) were housed individually in digestibility stalls and offered harvested perennial ryegrass or harvested semi-natural upland vegetation, both ad libitum. The DMI estimated by once-daily dosing with n-alkane and concurrent per rectum faecal sampling did not differ significantly from the directly measured DMI for either herbage type. It is concluded that a once-daily alkane dosing and concurrent faecal sampling protocol is adequate to reliably estimate the DMI of both upland and lowland pasture vegetation by beef cattle.