bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mobility and Public Transport Use Abilities of Children and Young Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: Results From the 3‐Year Nordhorn Public Transportation Intervention Study
Authors: Haveman Meindert , Tillmann Vera , Stöppler Reinhilde , Kvas Štefan , Monninger Daniel 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn addition to individual mobility needs, today's society requires spatial mobility within the expected social role of a pedestrian and bus passenger. A social‐ecological model helps to identify opportunities to promote participation in traffic wayfinding by recognizing the multiple factors that influence an individual's behavior. The Nordhorn Public Transportation Intervention Study project in Germany had the aim of increasing the independent use of public transportation by students with intellectual disabilities (ID) through interventions in the social and physical environment. Success of the project was measured by the number of students who were able to independently go from home to school at the end compared with the start of the project and by the skills students evidenced with coping with barriers on their way to school at the end of the project compared with their baseline skills. This multicenter study included various types of interventions: assessment of mobility/traffic competency, mobility integrated individual educational plans, mobility and traffic curriculum, information for teachers and parents, training for bus drivers, real‐life traffic training, support by mobility trainers and trip coaches, adaptations to streets and buses, and incident management including the use of communication devices (e.g., mobile phones with Global Positioning System). At the start of the project, <1% of the 124 students with ID used public transport to get to school, 3 years later, the proportion increased to 65.3%. On 19 of 29 items, students showed relevant and statistically significant improvement of skills in public transport use and traffic wayfinding behavior compared with the situation at baseline.
Arctic root‐associated fungal community composition reflects environmental filtering
Authors: Blaalid Rakel , Davey Marie L. , Kauserud Håvard , Carlsen Tor , Halvorsen Rune , Høiland Klaus , Eidesen Pernille B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThere is growing evidence that root‐associated fungi have important roles in Arctic ecosystems. Here, we assess the diversity of fungal communities associated with roots of the ectomycorrhizal perennial herbBistorta viviparaon theArctic archipelago ofSvalbard and investigate whether spatial separation and bioclimatic variation are important structuring factors of fungal community composition. We sampled 160 plants ofB. viviparafrom 32 localities acrossSvalbard.DNAwas extracted from entire root systems, and 454 pyrosequencing ofITS1 amplicons was used to profile the fungal communities. The fungal communities were predominantly composed ofBasidiomycota (55% of reads) andAscomycota (35%), with the ordersThelephorales (24%),Agaricales (13.8%),Pezizales (12.6%) and Sebacinales (11.3%) accounting for most of the reads. Plants from the same site or region had more similar fungal communities to one another than plants from other sites or regions, and sites clustered together along a weak latitudinal gradient. Furthermore, a decrease in per‐plantOTUrichness with increasing latitude was observed. However, no statistically significant spatial autocorrelation between sites was detected, suggesting that environmental filtering, not dispersal limitation, causes the observed patterns. Our analyses suggest that while latitudinal patterns in community composition and richness might reflect bioclimatic influences at global spatial scales, at the smaller spatial scale of the Svalbard archipelago, these changes more likely reflect varied bedrock composition and associated edaphic factors. The need for further studies focusing on identifying those specific bioclimatic and edaphic factors structuring root‐associated fungal community composition at both global and local scales is emphasized.
Environmental gradients predict the genetic population structure of a coral reef fish in the Red Sea
Authors: Nanninga Gerrit B. , Saenz‐Agudelo Pablo , Manica Andrea , Berumen Michael L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe relatively recent fields of terrestrial landscape and marine seascape genetics seek to identify the influence of biophysical habitat features on the spatial genetic structure of populations or individuals. Over the last few years, there has been accumulating evidence for the effect of environmental heterogeneity on patterns of gene flow and connectivity in marine systems. Here, we investigate the population genetic patterns of an anemonefish, Amphiprion bicinctus, along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea. We collected nearly one thousand samples from 19 locations, spanning approximately 1500 km, and genotyped them at 38 microsatellite loci. Patterns of gene flow appeared to follow a stepping‐stone model along the northern and central Red Sea, which was disrupted by a distinct genetic break at a latitude of approximately 19°N. The Red Sea is characterized by pronounced environmental gradients along its axis, roughly separating the northern and central from the southern basin. Using mean chlorophyll‐a concentrations as a proxy for this gradient, we ran tests of isolation by distance (IBD, R2 = 0.52) and isolation by environment (IBE, R2 = 0.64), as well as combined models using partial Mantel tests and multiple matrix regression with randomization (MMRR). We found that genetic structure across our sampling sites may be best explained by a combined model of IBD and IBE (Mantel: R2 = 0.71, MMRR: R2 = 0.86). Our results highlight the potential key role of environmental patchiness in shaping patterns of gene flow in species with pelagic larval dispersal. We support growing calls for the integration of biophysical habitat characteristics into future studies of population genetic structure.
Hexanoic acid protects tomato plants against Botrytis cinerea by priming defence responses and reducing oxidative stress
Authors: Finiti Ivan , de la O. Leyva María , Vicedo Begonya , Gómez‐Pastor Rocío , López‐Cruz Jaime , García‐Agustín Pilar , Real Maria Dolores , González‐Bosch Carmen 
Published: December 2013

SummaryTreatment with the resistance priming inducer hexanoic acid (Hx) protects tomato plants from Botrytis cinerea by activating defence responses. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying hexanoic acid‐induced resistance (Hx‐IR), we compared the expression profiles of three different conditions: Botrytis‐infected plants (Inf), Hx‐treated plants (Hx) and Hx‐treated + infected plants (Hx+Inf). The microarray analysis at 24 h post‐inoculation showed that Hx and Hx+Inf plants exhibited the differential expression and priming of many Botrytis‐induced genes. Interestingly, we found that the activation by Hx of other genes was not altered by the fungus at this time point. These genes may be considered to be specific targets of the Hx priming effect and may help to elucidate its mechanisms of action. It is noteworthy that, in Hx and Hx+Inf plants, there was up‐regulation of proteinase inhibitor genes, DNA‐binding factors, enzymes involved in plant hormone signalling and synthesis, and, remarkably, the genes involved in oxidative stress. Given the relevance of the oxidative burst occurring in plant–pathogen interactions, the effect of Hx on this process was studied in depth. We showed by specific staining that reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in Hx+Inf plants was reduced and more restricted around infection sites. In addition, these plants showed higher ratios of reduced to oxidized glutathione and ascorbate, and normal levels of antioxidant activities. The results obtained indicate that Hx protects tomato plants from B. cinerea by regulating and priming Botrytis‐specific and non‐specific genes, preventing the harmful effects of oxidative stress produced by infection.
Perfluorooctanoate Exposure in a Highly Exposed Community and Parent and Teacher Reports of Behaviour in 6–12‐Year‐Old Children
Authors: Stein Cheryl R. , Savitz David A. , Bellinger David C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractBackgroundIn toxicology studies, perfluorinated compounds affect fetal growth, development, viability, and postnatal growth. There are limited epidemiologic studies on child development.MethodsWe recruited and evaluated 321 children who participated in the C8 Health Project, a 2005–06 survey in a mid‐Ohio Valley community highly exposed to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) through contaminated drinking water. We examined associations between measured childhood PFOA serum concentration and mother and teacher reports of executive function (Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)‐like behaviour (Conner's ADHD Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV Scales), and behavioural problems (Behaviour Assessment System for Children) assessed 3 to 4 years later at ages 6–12 years.ResultsOverall, neither reports from mothers nor teachers provided clear associations between exposure and child behaviour. Mother reports, however, did suggest favourable associations between exposure and behaviour among boys and adverse associations among girls. On the composite scale from the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (n = 318), PFOA exposure had a favourable association among boys (highest vs. lowest quartile β = −6.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] −11.43, −1.35) and an adverse association among girls (highest vs. lowest quartile β = 4.42; 95% CI −0.03, 8.87; interaction P = 0.01). Teacher reports (n = 189) replicated some, but not all of the sex interactions observed in mothers' reports.ConclusionsAggregate results did not suggest adverse effects of PFOA on behaviour, but sex‐specific results raise the possibility of differing patterns by sex. Results are not consistent between mothers' and teachers' reports. Effect modification by sex may warrant further investigation.
On the Quantitative Doctrine of the Mean
Authors: Mintoff Joe 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAristotle's doctrine of the mean is expressed in quantitative terms, but this has been hard for some people to take literally, its more elaborate versions sometimes being described as “extremely silly.” Roughly two books of the Nicomachean Ethics are permeated with talk of character traits which are either deficient or excessive, however, and the aim of this paper is to examine how the doctrine might meet the objections of its critics.
The PpCMT chromomethylase affects cell growth and interacts with the homolog of LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 in the moss Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Dangwal Meenakshi , Kapoor Sanjay , Kapoor Meenu 
Published: December 2013

SummaryChromomethylases (CMTs) are plant‐specific cytosine DNA methyltransferases that are involved in maintenance of CpNpG methylation. In seed plants, histone methylation and interaction of CMT with LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (LHP1) is essential for recruitment of CMT to target sites. LHP1 has been characterized as a putative component of the POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 (PRC1) in plants, and functions downstream of PRC2 to maintain genes in repressed state for orchestrated development. In the present study, we show that targeted disruption of PpCMT results in an approximately 50% reduction in global cytosine methylation levels. This affects growth of apical cells, predominantly growth of side branch initials emerging from chloronema cells. In some places, these cells develop thick walls with plasmolyzed cellular contents. Transcript accumulation patterns of genes involved in apical cell extension and metabolism of hemicelluloses, such as xyloglucans, in the primary cell walls decreased many fold in ppcmt mutant lines, as determined by real‐time PCR. Using yeast two‐hybrid method and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, we show that PpCMT and PpLHP1 interact through their chromo domains, while PpLHP1 homodimerizes through its chromo shadow domain. The results presented in this study provide insight into the role of the single chromomethylase, PpCMT, in proliferation of protonema filaments, and shed light on the evolutionary conservation of proteins interacting with these methylases in the early land plant, Physcomitrella patens.
Real-Time Detection of Processing Flaws During Inertia Friction Welding of Critical Components
Authors: Hartman Daniel A. 
Published: December 2013

Outside of statistical process control, current manufacturing quality control is founded upon a “make-then-inspect” mindset [1]. While this approach is an important part of the quality control process, post-process inspection is labor intensive, a bottleneck to continuous production throughput, costly, subject to human interpretation, and susceptible to missing subtle defects. This paper presents the application of in-process quality control (IPQC) during inertia friction welding of critical components.
This paper is a follow-on to a preliminary investigation into a new sensing technique for real-time inspection of product quality during friction welding [2]. The previous effort explored the feasibility of modeling the approach that an experienced friction welding operator uses to distinguish anomalous process behavior during friction welding. In particular, a non-contact, audio-based sensor was used to capture the audible process dynamics during inertia friction welding of a dual-alloy component. The previous work employed a neural-network-based data mining technique to locate and identify features within the audio data that can be used to discriminate acceptable from unacceptable process behavior. This paper extends the previous work by providing a formal methodology for automatic, real-time, nondestructive, inspection of rotary friction welding.
Alstom’s Reconditioning Technologies for Film Cooled Single Crystal (SX) Turbine Blading
Authors: Kissel Harald Peter , Shahin Hosam , Stankowski Alexander , Ambrosy Guenter , Bissig Hans 
Published: December 2013

Increased availability, reliability and performance combined with reduced maintenance costs are key factors for the success of gas turbine users. Alstom reconditioning answers to this market demand by providing advanced and competitive repair techniques and an increasing broad reconditioning portfolio to its customers.
This paper focuses on the reconditioning of film cooled SX components used in the GT24 and GT26 fleet and the latest enabling technologies. The general reconditioning strategy is based on a thorough analysis of the accumulated field experience with SX parts and a controlled, step-wise introduction of new techniques. Taking advantage of the broad interdisciplinary OEM product and design know-how, as well as Alstom’s rich engineering experience in advanced reconditioning, state of the art reconditioning processes have been developed for different damage scenarios for components. This would include the most technically challenging SX “heavy” scope reconditioning.
This paper gives an overview about the reconditioning sequence for SX components and some of its key process steps. As an example, the crack braze repair process is described in detail and several novel SX welding techniques for crack repairs, blade tip and temperature controlled leading edge wall thickness restoration are shown. This covers different processes such as TIG welding or laser metal forming (LMF) of SX components.
During the last few years, highly automated production solutions and innovative production tools have been implemented, which enable high capacity and consistently high quality of reconditioning. After their successful validation and a limited phase of monitored production, these techniques are applied on rotating and stationary SX turbine parts. Validation criteria and the experience gained during the first years of commercial production and operation in the field will be presented.
Developing a Reduced-Order Model to Understand Non-Synchronous Vibration (NSV) in Turbomachinery
Authors: Clark Stephen T. , Kielb Robert E. , Hall Kenneth C. 
Published: December 2013

This paper demonstrates the potential of using a multi-degree-of-freedom, traditional van der Pol oscillator to model Non-Synchronous Vibration (NSV) in turbomachinery. It is shown that the two main characteristics of NSV are captured by the reduced-order, van der Pol model. First, a stable limit cycle oscillation (LCO) is maintained for various conditions. Second, the lock-in phenomenon typical of NSV is captured for various fluid-structure frequency ratios. The results also show the maximum amplitude of the LCO occurs at an off-resonant condition, i.e., when the natural shedding frequency of the aerodynamic instability is not coincident with the natural modal frequency of the structure. This conclusion is especially relevant in preliminary design in industry because it suggests that design engineers cannot treat NSV as a normal Campbell-diagram crossing as they would for preliminary design for forced response; it is possible that by redesigning the blade, the response amplitude of the blade may actually be higher.
The goal of future research will be to identify values and significance of the coupling parameters used in the van der Pol model, to match these coefficients with confirmed instances of experimental NSV, and to develop a preliminary design tool that engineers can use to better design turbomachinery for NSV. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) CFD techniques and coefficient tuning from experimental instances of NSV have been considered to identify the unknown coupling coefficients in the van der Pol model. Both the modeling of experimental NSV and preliminary design development will occur in future research.
Financial Considerations of Using Pumped Hydroelectric Storage to Increase the Penetration of Wind and Solar Generation
Authors: Richards S. , Perez-Blanco H. 
Published: December 2013

Renewable power production is both variable and difficult to forecast accurately. These traits can make its integration into an electric grid problematic. But because its “fuel” is free, it makes economic sense to utilize renewable energy whenever it is available. When a power grid is unable to accommodate low marginal cost renewable energy due to a generator fleet that lacks sufficient flexibility, the energy is usually wasted and dispatchable fossil fuel generators are utilized instead. However, if a pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS, see the glossary for definitions of select terms) facility is used to time shift the renewable power production, the energy is transformed into a dispatchable resource. Because of this dispatchability, the power can be sold as “firm” generation which typically gets a higher price on the wholesale electricity market. This paper will address the financial aspects of using PHS to firm and time shift the inherently variable wind and solar power generation in the Mid-Atlantic States.
The benefits that a PHS facility can offer to renewable power generators are many, but the biggest drawback to doing so is the high capital cost of PHS. In order to study the revenue streams of both PHS facilities and renewable power generators a computer model with one minute granularity was constructed. Electricity demand, power prices and wind power production were obtained from PJM’s website for the year 2010. The NREL program PVWatts v.1 was used to generate the simulated solar power production which was combined with the PJM data and used as input to the model. Currently, various PHS configurations are being tested in order to determine their effects on the profits of the PHS facility and the profits of renewable generators. Preliminary results show that the relationship between PHS owners and renewable power generators could be beneficial for both parties. The extents of the financial benefits are largely determined by the dynamics of the applicable wholesale electricity market, the accuracy of the power production forecast for renewable generators, the power capacity, the energy capacity and the round trip efficiency of the PHS facility.
Development of Design Method for Supersonic Turbine Aerofoils Near the Tip of Long Blades in Steam Turbines: Part 1—Overall Configuration
Authors: Senoo Shigeki 
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this paper is development of the design method for supersonic turbine aerofoils. In particular, a design method is established for four fundamental parameters which determine the overall configuration of the aerofoils: inlet angle, outlet angle, pitch-to-chord ratio, and stagger angle.
The developed design method is constructed as follows. Three parameters of a velocity triangle, the inlet flow angle, inflow Mach number and pressure ratio, are selected as predetermined design parameters. The inlet angle is coincident with the inlet flow angle. The outlet angle is formulated as a function of the three design parameters using aerodynamic theory. An allowable design space between the pitch-to-chord ratio and the stagger angle is clarified by formulating three geometrical constraints to accelerate supersonic flow smoothly. The three geometrical constraints are the inlet and outlet flow passage areas derived from the design parameters and the no-inflection-point condition on the aerofoil surface. Good performance of supersonic turbine aerofoils designed by the developed method is confirmed using computational fluid dynamics. There is no strong shock wave.
When there is no solution in the theoretical allowable design space because of the large pitch-to-chord ratio required for low centrifugal stress, the following two methods enable the feasible design space to be enlarged without a large increase in the energy loss. One is to ease the restriction of the outlet flow passage area. The other is to increase the outlet flow angle of the pressure surface by about 10 deg in the axial direction from the theoretical angle. Their effectiveness is also validated by computational fluid dynamics.
Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of a Mixed Flow Turbine Wheel
Authors: Roclawski Harald , Böhle Martin , Gugau Marc 
Published: December 2013

Designing turbine wheels for automotive turbochargers one is faced with a multidisciplinary design problem with many input and output parameters. Especially in the automotive industry short development cycles for high quality products in a competitive environment are daily routine.
For meeting these requirements optimization algorithms can be a powerful tool in the design process. This paper presents the multidisciplinary optimization of an automotive mixed flow turbine wheel used in a 4 cylinder 1.6 l spark ignition engine. Before describing the optimization workflow in detail, the requirements for turbines operating in an automotive environment under pulsating flow conditions and during an engine load step are discussed. From there objectives for a multidisciplinary optimization are derived.
The turbine wheel is optimized with respect to maximizing efficiency in two design points and minimizing its moment of inertia. For the optimization process, an algorithm based on evolution theory is used. As constraints, the operating points are fixed and the natural frequencies are limited to ensure the mechanical strength of the turbine. To speed up the optimization process meta models based on neural networks are applied. Three designs of the Pareto frontier are chosen and their characteristics are discussed. Using statistical methods, the interaction of the input variables and their impact on turbine performance are presented.