bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assays to Measure Nuclear Mechanics in Interphase Cells
Authors: Isermann Philipp , Davidson Patricia M. , Sliz Josiah D. , Lammerding Jan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe nucleus is the characteristic hallmark of all eukaryotic cells. The physical properties of the nucleus reflect important biological characteristics, such as chromatin organization or nuclear envelope composition; they can also directly affect cellular function, e.g., when cells pass through narrow constrictions, where the stiff nucleus may present a limiting factor. We present two complementary techniques to probe the mechanical properties of the nucleus. In the first, nuclear stiffness relative to the surrounding cytoskeleton is inferred from induced nuclear deformations during strain application to cells on an elastic substrate. In the second approach, nuclear deformability is deduced from the transit time through a perfusion‐based microfabricated device with constrictions smaller than the size of the nucleus. These complementary methods, which can be applied to measure nuclear stiffness in large numbers of living adherent or suspended cells, can help identify important changes in nuclear mechanics associated with disease or development. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 56:22.16.1‐22.16.21. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spectrophotometry
Authors: Morris Rob 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSpectroscopy is the study of the interaction of light with matter. By observing how light interacts with matter—through reflection, refraction, elastic scattering, absorbance, inelastic scattering, and emission—it is possible to (1) identify the wavelengths of light that interact with atoms and molecules, or (2) quantify the amount of light being absorbed, reflected, scattered, or emitted at a particular wavelength. This unit describes the background and basic principles of spectrophotometry (the study of the reflection or transmission properties of a substance as a function of wavelength), in particular, absorbance spectrophotometry. Also included is discussion of key spectrophotometer components and their functions, the relationship between absorbance and transmittance, experimental considerations, and the steps necessary in preparing a standard curve for determining absorbance concentration. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 6:2.1.1‐2.1.28. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Silyl Ketene Imines: Highly Versatile Nucleophiles for Catalytic, Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Wilson Tyler W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis Minireview provides an overview on the development of silyl ketene imines and their recent applications in catalytic, enantioselective reactions. The unique structure of the ketene imine allows a diverse range of reactivity patterns and provides solutions to existing challenges in the enantioselective construction of quaternary stereogenic carbon centers and cross‐benzoin adducts. A variety of reactions for which silyl ketene imines have been applied are presented with an overall goal of inspiring new uses for these underutilized nucleophiles.
Psychosocial Support for the Children Affected by Communal Violence in Gujarat, India
Authors: Bhadra Subhasis 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis article explores the various psychosocial problems that children and adolescents experienced due to communal violence in the Indian state of Gujarat in 2002. Five strategies were adapted to provide support and care to the children and adolescents in the relief camps as well as in the community during the rehabilitation phase. Community volunteers were used in the program to facilitate psychosocial healing by using different mediums of expression. Each medium encouraged the expression of thoughts and feelings caused by the trauma and the building of hope for the future. Various community‐oriented peace‐building measures, which are explained and outlined, were adapted to build trusting inter‐community relationships. The peace‐building measures focused on rebuilding a nurturing environment by re‐establishing community networks and social support systems. Life skills education was one of the approaches adopted for fostering psychosocial development among the children in order to restore peaceful cohabitation for a future based on mutual respect and acceptance. Ultimately, in disaster rehabilitation, rebuilding one's “sense of place” through holistic psychosocial support has been highlighted as a model for practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quinolinium‐Based Fluorescent Probes for the Detection of Thiophenols in Environmental Samples and Living Cells
Authors: Liu Xiu‐Ling , Duan Xue‐You , Du Xiao‐Jiao , Song Qin‐Hua 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA new type of fluorescent probes for thiophenols, 6HQM‐DNP and 7HQM‐DNP, containing 6‐ or 7‐hydroxy quinonlinium as fluorophore and 2,4‐dinitrophenoxy (DNP) as nucleophilic recognition unit were constructed. As ethers, these non‐fluorescent probe molecules can release the corresponding fluorescent quinolinium (6HQM and 7HQM) through aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) by thiolate anions from thiophenols. The sensing reaction is highly sensitive (detection limit of 8 nM for 7HQM‐DNP) and highly selective to thiophenols over aliphatic thiols and other nucleophiles under neutral conditions (pH 7.3). The probes respond rapidly to thiophenols, with second‐order rate constants k=45 M−1 s−1 for 7HQM‐DNP and 24 M−1 s−1 for 6HQM‐DNP. Furthermore, the selective detection of thiophenols in living cells by 7HQM‐DNP was demonstrated by confocal fluorescence imaging. In addition, these quinolinium salts show excellent chemical and thermal stability. In conclusion, this type of probes may find use in the detection of thiophenols in environmental samples and biosystems.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Fe3O4 Micron‐Spheres and Their Application in Removing Toxic Cr Ions from Polluted Water
Authors: Liu Gang , Deng Quan , Wang Huimin , Kang Shenghong , Yang Yong , Ng Dickon H. L. , Cai Weiping , Wang Guozhong 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe present a simple and effective method for the synthesis of nanostructured Fe3O4 micron‐spheres (NFMSs) by annealing hydrothermally formed FeCO3 spheres in argon. The phase structure, particle size, and magnetic properties of the product have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and by means of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The results have shown that the as‐obtained NFMSs have a diameter of about 5 μm and are composed of nanometer‐sized porous lamellae. The NFMSs have a large specific surface area (135.9 m2 g−1), reductive Fe2+ incorporated into their structure, and intense magnetic properties. These properties suggest that NFMSs have potential application in removing toxic Cr6+ ions from polluted water. At 25 °C, each gram of NFMSs product can remove 43.48 mg of Cr6+ ions, as compared to just 10.2 mg for nanometer‐sized Fe3O4 and 1.89 mg for micron‐sized Fe3O4. The enhanced removal performance can be ascribed to the structural features. Moreover, the Cr6+ ion removal capacity of the NFMSs can reach up to 71.2 mg g−1 at 50 °C. The influencing parameters in the removal of Cr6+ ions, such as contact time, pH, and temperature, have been evaluated. The Cr6+‐removal mechanism has been investigated. We have found that the NFMSs product not only serves as an effective adsorbent to remove toxic Cr6+ ions from polluted water, but also as an effective reductant in reducing the adsorbed toxic Cr6+ ions to much less toxic Cr3+ through the Fe2+ incorporated into its structure.
Controlling the Regioselectivity of the Hydrosilylation Reaction in Carbon Nanoreactors
Authors: Solomonsz William A. , Rance Graham A. , Suyetin Mikhail , La Torre Alessandro , Bichoutskaia Elena , Khlobystov Andrei N. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHollow graphitized carbon nanofibres (GNF) are employed as nanoscale reaction vessels for the hydrosilylation of alkynes. The effects of confinement in GNF on the regioselectivity of addition to triple carbon–carbon bonds are explored. A systematic comparison of the catalytic activities of Rh and RhPt nanoparticles embedded in a nanoreactor with free‐standing and surface‐adsorbed nanoparticles reveals key mechanisms governing the regioselectivity. Directions of reactions inside GNF are largely controlled by the non‐covalent interactions between reactant molecules and the nanofibre channel. The specific π–π interactions increase the local concentration of the aromatic reactant and thus promote the formation of the E isomer of the β‐addition product. In contrast, the presence of aromatic groups on both reactants (silane and alkyne) reverses the effect of confinement and favours the formation of the Z isomer due to enhanced interactions between aromatic groups in the cis‐orientation with the internal graphitic step‐edges of GNF. The importance of π–π interactions is confirmed by studying transformations of aliphatic reactants that show no measurable changes in regioselectivity upon confinement in carbon nanoreactors.
Unexpected Luminescence Properties of Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2:Eu2+—A Narrow Blue Emitting Oxonitridosilicate with Cation Ordering
Authors: Seibald Markus , Rosenthal Tobias , Oeckler Oliver , Fahrnbauer Felix , Tücks Andreas , Schmidt Peter J. , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOwing to a parity allowed 4f6(7F)5d1→4f7(8S7/2) transition, powders of the nominal composition Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2:Eu2+ (2 mol % Eu2+) show surprising intense blue emission (λem=472 nm) when excited by UV to blue radiation. Similarly to other phases in the system Sr1−xBaxSi2O2N2:Eu2+, the described compound is a promising phosphor material for pc‐LED applications as well. The FWHM of the emission band is 37 nm, representing the smallest value found for blue emitting (oxo)nitridosilicates so far. A combination of electron and X‐ray diffraction methods was used to determine the crystal structure of Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2:Eu2+. HRTEM images reveal the intergrowth of nanodomains with SrSi2O2N2 and BaSi2O2N2‐type structures, which leads to pronounced diffuse scattering. Taking into account the intergrowth, the structure of the BaSi2O2N2‐type domains was refined on single‐crystal diffraction data. In contrast to coplanar metal atom layers which are located between layers of condensed SiON3‐tetrahedra in pure BaSi2O2N2, in Sr0.25Ba0.75Si2O2N2:Eu2+ corrugated metal atom layers occur. HRTEM image simulations indicate cation ordering in the final structure model, which, in combination with the corrugated metal atom layers, explains the unexpected and excellent luminescence properties.
A Wetland Network Design for Water Allocation Based on Environmental Flow Requirements
Authors: Yang Ranran , Cui Baoshan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractExcessive water use with economic development has led to the shortage of environmental flow requirements (EFRs) for different wetlands in the past years, a number of wetlands become degraded or disappeared. A suitable water allocation used for wetland restoration has become focus in the field. This article presents a wetland network design approach to achieve the objective of water allocation. First, a wetland network was designed by linking linear wetlands (as edges) and patch wetlands (as nodes), the EFRs were then calculated for restoration of wetlands under three scenarios (normal years, dry years, and extremely dry years) defined by annual precipitation; second, the water trade‐off between human use and wetland network was determined, and after that water allocation was arranged within the designed wetland network based on certain priorities. Finally, the satisfaction proportion of EFRs, flood‐control capacity, and connectivity for the designed wetland network were assessed by two functional indicators and one structural indicator. The results showed that the designed network with three new patch wetlands and water trade‐off scenarios made additional water available to wetlands. This additional water amount ranges from 56.1 to 79.4 million m3 in different scenarios. The three assessment indicators reflect the improved performance of the designed wetland network. This article can promote the understanding of wetland network and serve as water management tool that goes beyond conservation of individual wetland.
The Changes of Wetland Network Pattern Associated with Water Quality in the Pearl River Delta, China
Authors: Fan Xiaoyun , Cui Baoshan , Zhao Hui , Zhang Zhiming 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the last 30 years, water environment and wetland patterns have been experiencing dramatic changes resulted from rapid urbanization, industrialization and population growth in the Pearl River Delta. To investigate the changes of wetland network pattern associated with water quality in this region, the structure indices and intercepting amount of pollutant of wetland network were calculated in this paper. The results showed that there were four type corridor wetland networks, “inverted V”, “#”, “main river‐way”, “man‐made ditch” according to river wetlands distribution characteristics. During the period of 1979–2009, river channel indices (Dr, α, β, γ) of all the four type networks showed a decreased tendency. For water quality parameter CODMn, NON, NHN, TP, the “inverted V” type had the largest intercepted amount, the second is “#” type, then is “main river‐way” type. The “man‐made ditch” type also had higher intercepted amount. As to “inverted V” wetland network, amount of pollutants intercepted by per unit area wetland (ΔAW) was positive correlated with river corridor density, complexity, connectivity, linkage, and near index of paddy field and reservoir. There were significant positive correlations between ΔAW and corridor density, connectivity, linkage in the “#” wetland network; but significant negative correlation existed between ΔAW and paddy field density. Similar results also appeared in “main river‐way” wetland network besides the significant positive correlation between ΔAW and near index of reservoir.
Pediatric sarcoma in Central America
Authors: Friedrich Paola , Ortiz Roberta , Strait Kelly , Fuentes Soad , Gamboa Yéssica , Arambú Ingrid , Ah‐Chu‐Sanchez María , London Wendy , Rodríguez‐Galindo Carlos , Antillón‐Klussmann Federico , Báez Fulgencio ,   for the Central American Association of Pediatric Hematologists Oncologists (AHOPCA)
Published: September 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Children with cancer in middle‐income countries have inferior outcomes compared with similar children in high‐income countries. The magnitude and drivers of this survival gap are not well understood. In the current report, the authors sought to describe patterns of clinical presentation, magnitude of treatment abandonment, and survival in children with sarcoma in Central America.METHODS:A retrospective review was conducted of hospital‐based registries from national pediatric oncology referral centers. Patients with newly diagnosed osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), and soft tissue sarcoma (STS) between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2009 were included. Survival analyses were performed first using standard definitions of overall survival (OS) and event‐free survival (EFS) and then with abandonment included as an event (abandonment‐sensitive OS and abandonment‐sensitive EFS).RESULTS:In total, 785 new cases of pediatric sarcoma were reported (264 diagnoses of osteosarcoma, 175 diagnoses of Ewing sarcoma, 240 diagnoses of RMS, and 106 diagnoses of STS). The rate of metastatic disease at presentation was high (osteosarcoma, 38%; Ewing sarcoma, 39%; RMS, 29%; and STS, 21%). The treatment abandonment rate also was high, particularly among patients with extremity bone sarcomas (osteosarcoma, 30%; Ewing sarcoma, 15%; RMS, 25%; and STS, 15%). Of 559 patients who experienced a first event, 59% had either recurrent or progressive disease. The 4‐year OS rate (±standard error) was 40% ± 3%, and the EFS rate was 30% ± 2%; however, these rates decreased further to 31% ± 2% and 24% ± 2%, respectively, when abandonment was taken into account.CONCLUSIONS:The current results indicated that high rates of metastases and treatment abandonment and difficulty with upfront treatment effectiveness are important contributors to the poor survival of children with pediatric sarcomas in Central America. Initiatives for early diagnosis, psychosocial support, quality improvement, and multidisciplinary care are warranted to improve outcomes. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
High‐voltage power amplifier for flexible paper speaker applications
Authors: Chiu Huang‐Jen , Lo Yu‐Kang , Chang Yu‐Chen , Tseng Po‐Jung , Liu Yu‐Chen 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis letter presents a high‐voltage power amplifier for driving flexible paper speaker. Simple circuit complexity and high signal quality can be achieved. The operating principles and design considerations of the studied paper speaker power amplifier are analyzed and discussed. A laboratory prototype is built and tested. The experimental results are shown to verify the studied scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental tracing of luteinizing hormone β‐subunit gene expression using green fluorescent protein transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes) reveals a putative novel developmental function
Authors: Hildahl Jon , Sandvik Guro K. , Lifjeld Rikke , Hodne Kjetil , Nagahama Yoshitaka , Haug Trude M. , Okubo Kataaki , Weltzien Finn Arne 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground: Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), produced in gonadotrope cells in the adenohypophysis are key regulators of vertebrate reproduction. The differential regulation of these hormones, however, is poorly understood and little is known about gonadotrope embryonic development. We developed a stable transgenic line of medaka with the LH beta subunit gene (lhb) promotor driving green fluorescent protein (gfp) expression to characterize development of LH‐producing gonadotropes in whole larvae and histological sections. Additionally, developmental and tissue‐specific gene expression was examined. Results: The lhb gene is maternally expressed during early embryogenesis. Transcript levels increase by stage 21 (36 hours post fertilization [hpf]) and then decrease during continued larval development. Examination of the expression of pituitary marker genes show that LH‐producing cells are initially localized outside the primordial pituitary, and they were localized to the developing gut tube by 32 hpf. At hatching, lhb‐GFP is clearly detected in the gut epithelium and in the anterior digestive tract. lhb‐GFP expression later consolidate in the developing pituitary by 2 weeks postfertilization. Conclusions: During embryonic development, lhb is primarily expressed outside the central nervous system and pituitary. The novel expression of lhb in the embryonic gut suggests that LH has a hitherto unidentified developmental function. Developmental Dynamics 241:1665–1677, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The First Tetradentate μ‐1κ2:2κ2‐Sn2Se6 Ligand to a Lanthanide(III) Center: Solvothermal Syntheses and Characterizations of Lanthanide Selenidostannate Polymers with Tetraethylenepentamine as a Second Ligand
Authors: Tang Weiwei , Chen Ruihong , Jiang Wenqing , Zhang Yong , Jia Dingxian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNovel lanthanide selenidostannate polymers containing the soft‐base Sn2Se6 ligand, (H3O)n[La(tepa)(μ‐1κ2:2κ2‐Sn2Se6)]n (1), [{Nd(tepa)(μ‐OH)}2(μ‐1κ:2κ‐Sn2Se6)]n (2), and [{Gd(tepa)(μ‐OH)}2(μ‐1κ:2κ‐Sn2Se6)]n·nH2O (3) (tepa = tetraethylenepentamine) were prepared by treating lanthanide oxides with Sn and Se using pentadentate polyamine tepa as a second ligand under solvothermal conditions. In 1, the La3+ ion is coordinated by a tepa ligand to form an unsaturated [La(tepa)]3+ unit, and the [Sn2Se6]4– anion acts as a tetradentate bridging ligand with four terminal Se atoms to connect the [La(tepa)]3+ units into a coordination polymeric anion [La(tepa)(μ‐1κ2:2κ2‐Sn2Se6)–]n. The μ‐1κ2Se1,Se2:2κ2Se5,Se6 bridging mode in 1 is a new coordination mode for the Sn2Se6 unit to LnIII centers. In 2 and 3, the lanthanide ion is coordinated by a tepa ligand, and two [Ln(tepa)]3+ (Ln = Nd, Gd) ions are joined by two μ‐OH bridges to form dinuclear cations. Behaving as a bidentate μ‐Sn2Se6 ligand with the trans‐terminal Se atoms, the Sn2Se6 units connect the [{Ln(tepa)(μ‐OH)}2]4+ cations into neutral coordination polymers [{Ln(tepa)(μ‐OH)}2(μ‐Sn2Se6)]n. The coordination modes μ‐1κ2Se1,Se2:2κ2Se5,Se6 in 1 and μ‐1κSe1:2κSe5 in 2 and 3 are related to the metal size of the lanthanide(III) ions. In addition, as an ethylenepolyamine with higher denticity, the pentadentate tepa exhibits a significantly different influence on the structures of the solvothermally synthesized Ln selenidostannates compared to the bidentate ethylenediamine and tridentate diethylenetriamine. Compounds 1–3 are semiconductors with well‐defined band gaps of 1.95–2.34 eV.
Comparison of catabolism rate of fatty acids to carbon dioxide in mice
Authors: Shibata Ryosuke , Gotoh Naohiro , Kubo Atsushi , Kanda Jota , Nagai Toshiharu , Mizobe Hoyo , Yoshinaga Kazuaki , Kojima Koichi , Watanabe Hiroyuki , Wada Shun 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe catabolism rates of a medium chain fatty acid (octanoic acid), an even‐numbered fatty acid (palmitic acid), and odd‐numbered fatty acids (pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid) in mice were compared using stable isotope (13C) labeled fatty acids and isotope‐ratio MS (IRMS). The catabolism rates of respective fatty acids were evaluated by the ratio of 13C and 12C in carbon dioxide expired from mice. The results show that the catabolism rate of octanoic acid is three times faster than that of palmitic acid. This result is in agreement with previous knowledge that medium chain fatty acids are easily beta‐oxidized as compared to long chain fatty acids. The catabolism rates of odd‐numbered fatty acids such as pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid were significantly lower as compared to those of even‐numbered fatty acids such as palmitic acid. This finding supports our previous report that odd‐numbered fatty acids are easily accumulated into body fat. The high accumulation of odd‐numbered fatty acids in body fat would be a direct result of their low beta‐oxidizability.Practical applications: 13C‐labeled fatty acids were administered to mice and the rates of 13CO2 formation were compared among medium chain, even‐numbered, and odd‐numbered fatty acids using IRMS. We found that the catabolism rates of odd‐numbered fatty acids such as pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid were significantly lower in comparison to those of even‐numbered fatty acids such as palmitic acid. These findings could be valuable for the development of the lipid metabolism field.
Recent Progress in Nickel‐Catalyzed Biaryl Coupling
Authors: Yamaguchi Junichiro , Muto Kei , Itami Kenichiro 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNickel catalysis for biaryl coupling reactions has received significant attention as a less expensive and less toxic alternative to “standard” palladium catalysis. Here we describe recent developments in nickel‐catalyzed biaryl coupling methodology, along with mechanistic studies and applications. In particular we focus on nickel‐catalyzed coupling reactions in which “unreactive” bonds such as C–H, C–O, and C–C bonds are converted into biaryl moieties.