bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Persistent Occupations and Inequality
Authors: FALL FALILOU 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe paper argues that human capital is the leading force determining inequality persistence. We show that, in a context of a perfect capital market where agents inherit human capital and wealth, it is the inherited human capital level that determines agents' occupational choice and investment. The critical assumption is that the entrepreneurial activity is of increasing returns to scale. This creates a higher profile of revenue for entrepreneurs. Although every agent can choose to become an entrepreneur, and although there is no barrier of entry in entrepreneurship, only those who receive a relatively higher human capital will do so. Agents whose inherited human capital is lower than the human capital threshold, endogenously determined, are better off becoming workers. Even in the context of a perfect capital market, which allows less endowed agents to borrow and invest in education, it turns out that the agents who inherit a low level of human capital bear a greater utility cost in their education investment. So they are better off investing less in education, lending their savings, and working as workers. As a result, agents' occupational choice depends on the intergenerational transmission of human capital. In the long run, the population is polarized into the rich entrepreneurs and the poor workers, magnifying inequality persistence in human capital level and revenue.
The role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality in the growth enhancement of Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae) in laboratory culture1
Authors: Cawley Kaelin M. , Koerfer Verena , McKnight Diane M. 
Published: March 2013

Several algal species responsible for harmful algal blooms (HABs), such as Alexandrium fundyense, are mixotrophic under certain environmental conditions. The ability to switch between photosynthetic and heterotrophic modes of growth may play a role in the development of HABs in coastal regions. We examined the influence of humic dissolved organic matter (HDOM) derived from terrestrial (plant/soil) and microbial sources on the growth of A. fundyense. We found that a terrestrially derived HDOM, Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA), did enhance A. fundyense growth; however, a microbially derived HDOM, Pony Lake fulvic acid (PLFA) did not enhance growth. A. fundyense grows in association with bacteria in culture and we observed that bacterial cell densities were much lower in A. fundyense cultures than in bacteria‐only cultures, consistent with bacterial grazing by A. fundyense in culture. In bacteria‐only cultures with added algal exudates (EX), the addition of PLFA and SRHA resulted in a slight increase in bacterial cell density compared to cultures without HDOM added. Changes over time in the chemical quality of the HDOM in the A. fundyense cultures reflected contributions of microbially derived material with similar characteristics as the PLFA. Overall, these results suggest that the chemical differences between SRHA and PLFA are responsible for the greater effect of SRHA on A. fundyense growth, and that the differential effect is not a result of an effect on the growth of associated bacteria.
Larger Regional and Rural Areas in Victoria, Australia, Experience More Alcohol‐Related Injury Presentations at Emergency Departments
Authors: Coomber Kerri , Miller Peter G. , Livingston Michael , Xantidis Luke 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPurposeAlcohol consumption is higher in regional and rural areas compared to metropolitan locations, but it is unclear which areas suffer different levels of harm. The current study investigated the rates of alcohol‐related injury presentations at emergency departments (EDs) in Victoria, Australia, across metropolitan, regional, rural, and remote areas, and within coastal locations.MethodsUsing ED injury presentations data for Victorian hospitals from June 1999 to June 2011, the trends in alcohol‐related injury rates over time were investigated.FindingsCompared to metropolitan locations, alcohol‐related injuries were higher in larger regional and rural areas and similar in small rural towns. The rates of alcohol‐related injuries are also significantly increasing over time for regional and rural locations. Lastly, for males, rates of alcohol‐related injuries increased in coastal areas during November to February compared to the remaining months.ConclusionsRegional and coastal areas experience increased alcohol‐related injury rates. The causes of this have yet to be investigated and future research is required to determine why and what interventions may be most effective at reducing these harms.
Do Transient Receptor Protein (TRP) Channels Play a Role in Oral Astringency?
Authors: Carpenter Guy H. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAstringency is the dry sensation when solutions containing polyphenols are taken into the mouth. It is believed that polyphenols interact with salivary proteins to disrupt the lubricating layer, thus causing the perceived dryness. However, some recent data have suggested that the oral epithelial cells may be directly stimulated by polyphenols by activating transient receptor protein (TRP) channels. To test this theory, TRP channels in immortalized oral epithelial cells (TR146) were incubated with TRP agonists and black tea. In addition, human oral epithelial cells were collected and stimulated. Whereas the TR146 cells responded to known TRP agonists (camphor, capsaicin and menthol), they did not respond to the tea solution. In addition, nearly all the human oral epithelial cells did not respond to either the TRP agonists or the tea solution. It is concluded that human oral epithelial cells are not directly stimulated by polyphenols during the normal drinking of black tea.Practical ApplicationsThere is an increasing awareness of the role of transient receptor protein (TRP) receptors being important for various taste modalities. Because TRP channels occur in most epithelial cells, it was important to check to see if human oral epithelial cells have functional TRP channels. It appears that the top layer of cells does not, however, some sensory nerves and some deeper epithelial cells may have functional channels. This is important for any tastant that may affect TRP channels, particularly those described as having a trigeminal effect.
Age and diversity of Mediterranean dwarf shrublands: a dendrochronological approach along an altitudinal gradient on Crete
Authors: Zimowski Mateusz , Leuschner Hanns H. , Gärtner Holger , Bergmeier Erwin 
Published: March 2013

AbstractQuestionsTo what extent do Mediterranean dwarf shrub species of phrygana and mountain habitats form distinct annual growth rings and are therefore suitable for further studies on the dynamics of phrygana? How are growth ring numbers and species turnover of dwarf shrub communities distributed along an altitudinal gradient of ca. 1800 m? Is the age distribution of dwarf shrub populations in high‐mountain areas different from that in the lowlands? Which environmental factors control the beta‐diversity of East Mediterranean dwarf shrub species and communities?LocationLefka Ori (western Crete, Greece).MethodsPlots of 100 m2 at different altitudes were sampled for (1) composition of dwarf shrub species and environmental variables, and (2) wood samples of the root collar of all 24 phryganic dwarf shrub species occurring in the plots. Thin discs were cut, and in order to visualize cells and ring structure, surfaces were handled with razor blades. Additional cross‐sectional micro‐sections were cut with a sledge microtome. Growth rings were counted and box‐plotted in correlation with the altitudinal gradient. Beta‐diversity and environmental variables were analysed using gradient analyses.ResultsMost dwarf shrubs showed species‐specific distinct growth rings, and are accordingly suitable for age‐structure analyses and further research on the functional dynamics of phrygana. The oldest dwarf shrubs were found at high altitudes. Factors controlling beta‐diversity and species composition of dwarf shrublands were altitudinal and edaphic.ConclusionsGrowth ring analysis proved useful for age determination of Mediterranean dwarf shrubs. Our results show that dwarf shrub communities at higher elevations are older than those at low elevations, perhaps a general principle in plant ecology that is confirmed here for the East Mediterranean phrygana.
Mast Cells: A New Target in the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome?
Authors: Dirckx Maaike , Groeneweg George , van Daele Paul L. A. , Stronks Dirk L. , Huygen Frank J. P. M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThere is convincing evidence that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Besides inflammation, central sensitization is also an important phenomenon. Mast cells are known to be involved in the inflammatory process of CRPS and also play a role (at least partially) in the process of central sensitization. In the development of a more mechanism‐based treatment, influencing the activity of mast cells might be important in the treatment of CRPS. We describe the rationale for using medication that counteracts the effects of mast cells in the treatment of CRPS.
Lying, Deceiving, and Misleading
Authors: Stokke Andreas 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis article discusses recent work on lying and its relation to deceiving and misleading. Two new developments in this area are considered: first, the acknowledgment of the phenomenon of lying without the intent to deceive (so called ‘bald‐faced lies’), and second, recent work on the distinction between lying and merely misleading. Both are discussed in relation to topics in philosophy of language, the epistemology of testimony, and ethics. Critical surveys of recent theories are offered and challenges and open questions for further research are indicated.
Feminist Philosophy of Science: Values and Objectivity
Authors: Crasnow Sharon 
Published: March 2013

AbstractFeminist philosophy of science appears to present problems for the ideal of value‐free science. These difficulties also challenge a traditional understanding of the objectivity of science. However, feminist philosophers of science have good reasons for desiring to retain some concept of objectivity. The present essay considers several recent and influential feminist approaches to the role of social and political values in science, with particular focus on feminist empiricism and feminist standpoint theory. The similarities and difference, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches are explored. The essay concludes with suggestions for future research in the area of feminist epistemology and philosophy of science.
Anne Conway: Bodies in the Spiritual World
Authors: Lascano Marcy P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAnne Conway argues that all substances are spiritual. Yet, she also claims that all created substance has some type of body. Peter Loptson has argued that Conway didn’t carefully consider her view that all created beings have bodies for it seems God could have (and perhaps should have) created only disembodied spirits. There are several reasons to think Loptson is right. First, Conway holds that God is all‐good and will do the best for his creation. She also holds that spirit is better than body. So, how is it that creatures always have bodies? Second, although she maintains that incorporation is punishment for sin, Conway holds that some creatures can fall without acquiring visible corporality. I argue that when we examine these views more closely, we will see that not only did Conway give them careful consideration, but that there is no inconsistency. Finally, I show that Conway’s views concerning the nature and function of body provides further evidence of her carefully crafted system. Conway holds that bodies play an important role in a finite beings’ ability to change and interact with others. Even more surprising is Conway’s view that the body is the repository of thoughts, memories, and knowledge.
Advancing Social Research Relationships in Postnatal Support Settings
Authors: Tighe Maria , Peters Jane , Skirton Heather 
Published: March 2013

AbstractGlobal trends in public health nursing (PHN) suggest the value of community‐based social research. However, it is not always clear how social research relationships may be of benefit to PHN or how such skills can best be learned and applied. To advance this understanding, we present a qualitative analysis of the development of social research relationships in PHN. Using a background literature review as a foundation, our qualitative mixed method strategy involved a comparative case‐study analysis based on the authors' participant observation in two distinct postnatal group settings. Our findings suggest that participant observation facilitates the advancement of social research relationships through practitioner‐research management of role conflict. Reflexivity and reciprocity is an emergent relational process, which relies upon a de‐professionalization of the traditional PHN role. Conversely, social research relationships help build PHN capacity for family health needs assessment. Thus, we contend that the application of participant observation enables the development of social research relationships, which advance the practice of PHN in postnatal support settings.
Relationship between airway neutrophilia and ageing in asthmatics and non‐asthmatics
Authors: Brooks Collin R. , Gibson Peter G. , Douwes Jeroen , Dalen Christine J. Van , Simpson Jodie L. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveIncreased sputum neutrophilia has been observed in asthma, but also during normal ageing in asthmatics and non‐asthmatics. It remains unclear what constitutes ‘normal’ neutrophil levels in different age groups.MethodsWe assessed the relationship between age and airway neutrophils of 194 asthmatics and 243 non‐asthmatics (age range: 6–80 years). Regression analyses were used to assess this relationship adjusted for confounders including asthma status, atopy, gender, smoking and current use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Age‐corrected reference values for different age groups were determined using the 95th percentile of non‐asthmatic participants.ResultsAge was positively associated with sputum neutrophils in both asthmatic and non‐asthmatic adults (0.46% neutrophil increase/year (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18, 0.73) and 0.44%/year (0.25, 0.64, respectively), but no association was found in the <20‐year age category. Individuals with high sputum neutrophil counts (>95th percentile of non‐asthmatic counts for any given age group) were significantly more likely to be asthmatic (odds ratio = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3, 5.0), with the greatest effect observed in the older age group. Other factors that independently associated with increased sputum neutrophil levels included atopy in non‐asthmatic adults, male gender and current use of ICS in asthmatic adults. Age‐specific reference values for neutrophil percentage were under 20 years‐76%, 20–40 years‐62%, 40–60 years‐63% and over 60 years‐67%.ConclusionsAirway neutrophilia is related to age in adults, with a neutrophilic asthma phenotype present in older adults. The use of appropriate age‐specific reference values is recommended for future studies aimed at elucidating the role of neutrophils in asthma.
Predicting Post Renal Biopsy Complications
Authors: Sethi Imran , Brier Michael , Dwyer Amy 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAt our institution, kidney biopsies are performed by an interventional nephrologist with standardized guidelines using real‐time ultrasound. We hypothesized that patient factors could predict post biopsy complications. We did a retrospective review of 100 patients who underwent renal biopsy. Prebiopsy data obtained included demographics, blood pressure, laboratory studies, and kidney size. Biopsy procedure information was also recorded. Complications and post biopsy imaging was noted. A minor complication was defined as one not requiring intervention while a major complication required interventions like readmission or blood transfusion. The average age was 47 years, 41 were men, 51 were black, 30 had diabetes, 42 were obese, and 81 had hypertension. Twenty‐six patients had a complication; 14 minor and 12 major including 1 nephrectomy. Factors predictive of a complication were thrombocytopenia (p = 0.002) and inpatient status (p = 0.04). Drop in hemoglobin at 6 hours was moderately sensitive and specific for a bleeding complication with an ROC of 0.723. Thrombocytopenia and inpatient status are risk factors for complications after renal biopsy. Serum creatinine, obesity, blood pressure, kidney size, needle size, and number of passes were not predictive of a major complication in our study.
Ignoring Versus Exploring Differences Between Groups: Effects of Salient Color‐Blindness and Multiculturalism on Intergroup Attitudes and Behavior
Authors: Sasaki Stacey J. , Vorauer Jacquie D. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMulticulturalism and color‐blindness represent distinct, and in many ways conflicting, approaches to intergroup relations. We provide a review of the research and theory guiding use of these ideologies as prejudice reduction strategies: Is it best for individuals to ignore category memberships and focus on fundamental human qualities that everyone shares, as color‐blindness would suggest? Or should people adhere to multicultural ideals, recognizing and indeed celebrating differences between groups? After describing these ideologies and their respective theoretical underpinnings, we examine their effects on attitudes, perceptions, and intergroup interaction behavior. We emphasize in particular the link from color‐blindness to self‐focus and prevention orientation and from multiculturalism to an other‐focused learning orientation. Although color‐blindness can have positive effects in the short term, the efforts that it prompts to inhibit and suppress negative responses can be taxing and difficult to sustain. Multiculturalism triggers more positive intergroup attitudes and behavior in nonconflictual circumstances, but has the opposite effect in threatening situations. Nonetheless, because it leads to a focus on learning about others in intergroup situations multiculturalism has the virtue of generally fostering greater attention and responsiveness to outgroup members.
Lack of recognition of HLA class I mismatches outside α1/α2 domains by CD8+ alloreactive T lymphocytes: the HLA‐B44 paradigm
Authors: Bettens F. , Schanz U. , Tiercy J.‐M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTransplantation with hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from a donor with a single human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch can be proposed to those patients lacking an HLA identical sibling donor or an unrelated donor matched for the HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, DRB1, DQB1 loci. Incompatibilities at HLA classes I and II loci are associated with an increased risk of graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) and mortality, although no consensus exists yet on the relative importance of specific allele disparities on clinical outcome. Donor search algorithms are now complicated by the growing number of new HLA alleles, in particular those that differ outside the peptide‐binding site of the HLA molecules. We report here an in vitro cellular assay to quantify CD8+CD137+ alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in a one‐way mixed lymphocyte reaction. Two unique combinations with a single HLA mismatch in the HLA‐B44 serotype differing by one amino acid in the α3 domain were investigated. We show that the B*44:27 versus B*44:02 mismatch was not recognized by CTLs in both directions. At days 10 and 20, the frequency of CD8+CD137+T cells was comparable to that measured in the autologous stimulation (0.3–3.9%). A B*44:02 versus B*44:03 mismatch was, however, well recognized at day 10 (7.2%) and day 20 (17.8%). This is the first demonstration that a single HLA‐B mismatch involving a residue outside the peptide‐binding site is not recognized in an in vitro functional assay and may probably be considered as a permissive incompatibility in vivo.
A Conserved Region of Leptospiral Immunoglobulin-Like A and B Proteins as a DNA Vaccine Elicits a Prophylactic Immune Response against Leptospirosis
Authors: Forster Karine M. , Hartwig Daiane D. , Seixas Fabiana K. , Bacelo Kátia L. , Amaral Marta , Hartleben Cláudia P. , Dellagostin Odir A. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins LigA and LigB possess immunoglobulin-like domains with 90-amino-acid repeats and are adhesion molecules involved in pathogenicity. They are conserved in pathogenicLeptospiraspp. and thus are of interest for use as serodiagnostic antigens and in recombinant vaccine formulations. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the LigA and LigB proteins are identical, but the C-terminal sequences vary. In this study, we evaluated the protective potential of five truncated forms of LigA and LigB proteins fromLeptospira interrogansserovar Canicola as DNA vaccines using the pTARGET mammalian expression vector. Hamsters immunized with the DNA vaccines were subjected to a heterologous challenge withL. interrogansserovar Copenhageni strain Spool via the intraperitoneal route. Immunization with a DNA vaccine encoding LigBrep resulted in the survival of 5/8 (62.5%) hamsters against lethal infection (P< 0.05). None of the control hamsters or animals immunized with the other vaccine preparations survived. The vaccine induced an IgG antibody response and, additionally, conferred sterilizing immunity in 80% of the surviving animals. Our results indicate that the LigBrep DNA vaccine is a promising candidate for inclusion in a protective leptospiral vaccine.
The p53 Protein Does Not Facilitate Adenovirus Type 5 Replication in Normal Human Cells
Authors: Chahal Jasdave S. , Flint S. J. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT
Although several adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) proteins prevent deleterious consequences of activation of p53, it has been reported that viral replication proceeds more efficiently when human tumor cells produce wild-type compared to mutant p53. We have now exploited RNA interference and lentiviral vectors to achieve essentially complete knockdown of p53 in normal human cells: no effects on the kinetics or efficiency of viral gene expression or production of infectious particles were observed.