bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involving the Local Communities in Developing Communal Forest Management Plans in Benguet Province, Luzon, Philippines
Authors: BALANGCOD TEODORA D. , BALANGCOD SEVERINO M. 
Published: December 2014

In the Cordillera region, Luzon, Philippines, indigenous communities, suchas the Ifugao and Bontoc tribes have maintained community-owned forests,called the tayan and pinugo respectively, since time immemorial. These tribesrecognize that forests are the main source of their basic of needs such as food,shelter and clothing. Conversely, the local communities recognize the importanceof forests in providing irrigation for their payew or rice fields. To protect theirforests, there are unwritten customary laws and policies that serve as guide forthe local community. In Benguet, one of the six provinces of the CordilleraRegion, unfortunately, no similar community-owned forests were established bythe local communities hence between the 1910 to 1940s, it is the governmentwho declared 76 communal forests in Benguet province. However, since thedeclaration to date, these communal forests are not relatively protected becauseof the lack of implementing policies. Currently, one of the identified strategiesto preserve the remaining forests in Benguet is to involve the community in the validation and re-delineation communal forests through a series of communityconsultation, field work and management planning. This paper demonstrates howthe involvement of the local communities or stakeholders is being considered inthe management of the communal forests.Keywords: Forestry, Bontoc tribe, communal forest, Ifugao, pinugo, tayan, BenguetProvince, Philippines
Floristic Composition and Stand Structure of “Muyong” Systems in Banaue, Ifugao, Philippines
Authors: MAGCALE-MACANDOG DAMASA B. , BRAGAIS MILBEN A. , MOJICA LESTER P. , TINGSON KESHIA N. , LIQUIGAN MA. BERNICE CARMELA B. 
Published: December 2014

Vegetation analysis of “muyong” was done to determine the species composition and diversity of tree species in Barangays (Brgy.) Amganad and Poitan. Trees growing within the established plots (10 m x 10 m) were identifiedand described. Tree diameter at breast height (DBH), merchantable height, totalheight, and diameter of the crown were measured. Brgy. Amganad has flat tosteep slopes and elevations ranging from 1120 to 1240 m above sea level (masl),with the “muyong” located at 1240 masl. On the other hand, Brgy. Poitan hasflat to steep configuration and elevations ranging from 990 to 1200 masl, withthe “muyong” found at 1200 masl. Vegetation was comprised of 67 speciesbelonging to 22 families. The tree species common in the dominant layers offorest stands in both barangays (local communities) were pine (Pinus kesiya),tabangawon/tabangawen (Weinmannia luzoniensis) and palayon (Lithocarpussubmonticolus). Height of dominant trees in Brgy. Amganad ranged from 14to 20 m while that in Brgy. Poitan ranged from 17 to 30 m. “Muyong” forest inBrgy. Poitan showed higher diversity compared with the “muyong” forest in Brgy.Amganad. However, the latter had higher species evenness value. In general,species diversity in the two barangays was not very dissimilar.Keywords: Biodiversity, indigenous tree species, muyong forest, descriptive design, tropical forest, Philippines
The Ifugao Rice Terraces: A Socio-Cultural and Global Perspective in Heritage Conservation
Authors: Mahiwo Sylvano D. 
Published: December 2014

The paper discusses the sociocultural and global perspective in heritageconservation of the Ifugao Rice Terraces. It discusses the physical environmentand the spiritual and/or non-physical dimensions, the amphitheater sanctuaryof human-demigods-nature rendezvous, the socio-cultural transitions, gaps in traditional-modern living, the opportunities and challenges for globalization, and situating the IRT in the meta-action state cooperation dynamics.Keywords: Ecology, Ifugao Rice Terraces, heritage conservation, globalization, descriptive,Philippines
Physio-biochemical Fingerprints of the Angat River: An Environmental Investigation for Sustainable Program Development
Authors: CRUZ REYNALDO C. , NUQUI ALVIN V. , GAITE MARIBEL R. , MILAGROSO RONALDO D. 
Published: December 2014

River systems throughout history have been the life source and support of allknown human civilizations. From being a constant food source and a vital link to the propagation of economic trails, river systems have gone beyond what isexpected of them. Such intricate connection that bonds rivers and human beings isneither without limit nor inevitable danger. The study assessed the environmentalcondition of selected sections of the Angat River located in Calumpit, Plaridel,Pulilan, Hagonoy and Paombong. Descriptive evaluation was primarily utilizedin determining the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the AngatRiver. The findings revealed that the: 1) Calumpit-Plaridel-Pulilan-HagonoyPaombongsections werewithin the standardpH parameter but werebiologicallypollutedas shownbyits high BiologicalOxygen Demand(BOD); 2) CalumpitPlaridel-PulilansectionshaveachancetorecoveronitsownbecauseofahighDissolvedOxygen (DO) content while the downstreamsections of HagonoyPaombongmay haveless chance to recoverdue to lowDO content; 3) riversectionswerepolluted with oil, grease,and TotalSuspendedSolids(TSS);and4)Calumpit-Plaridel-Pulilansections wereteeming with E.Coli microorganismcomparedwith the Hagonoy-Paombongsections which werefreeof E-Coli.Keywords: Environmental science, physio-biochemical fingerprints, environmentalinvestigation, program development, descriptive design, Philippines
Sphincter-Saving Resection of Rectal Hemangioma Based on Doppler Transrectal Ultrasonography Findings: Report of a Case
Authors: Fujikawa Hiroyuki , Araki Toshimitsu , Hashimoto Kiyoshi , Okita Yoshiki , Tanaka Koji , Hiro Junichiro , Inoue Yasuhiro , Mohri Yasuhiko , Uchida Keiichi , Kusunoki Masato 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A 52-year-old woman was diagnosed with rectal hemangioma that had resulted in chronic bleeding. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome was diagnosed by clinical examination. She was referred 30 years later because of progressive anemia. Colonoscopy revealed multiple bluish, polypoid nodules with severe vascular congestion and varicosis that had circumferentially spread along the wall from the dentate line to the rectosigmoid lesion. Selective abdominal angiography indicated that the hemangioma fed from the sigmoid artery and superior rectal artery. Doppler transrectal ultrasonography showed heterogeneous lesions with hypoechoic areas mostly in the submucosal layer, partly forming the mosaic pattern of the color flow signal in the intersphincteric layer on the oral side from the dentate line to 1 cm. Anterior resection and coloanal anastomosis with covering ileostomy was performed. Using a transanal approach, mucosectomy and intersphincteric resection were performed based on the Doppler transrectal ultrasonography results. There were no intraoperative complications, and her anemia resolved postoperatively.
Are Fibrinogen and Complete Blood Count Parameters Predictive in Incarcerated Abdominal Hernia Repair?
Authors: Kahramanca Sahin , Kaya Oskay , Ozgehan Gulay , Guzel Hakan , Azili Cem , Gokce Emre , Kucukpinar Tevfik , Kulacoglu Hakan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Therapeutic delays in cases of external incarcerated hernias typically result in increasing morbidity, mortality, and health expenditures. We investigated the diagnostic role of blood fibrinogen level, white blood count (WBC), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet distribution width (PDW) in patients with incarcerated hernia. Two groups, each containing 100 patients, were studied. Group A underwent elective, and group B underwent incarcerated and urgent external hernia repair. We observed high fibrinogen and WBC levels but low MPV and PDW values for patients in group B. Contrary to our expectations, we found lower MPV and PDW values in the complicated group than in the elective group. The morbidity rate and cost burden were higher in group B, and the results were statistically significant. Early operation should be recommended for patients with incarcerated external hernias if their fibrinogen and WBC levels are high.
The Outcome of Laparoscopic Surgery With and Without Short Gastric Vessel Division for Achalasia
Authors: Akutsu Yasunori , Hanari Naoyuki , Kono Tsuguaki , Uesato Masaya , Hoshino Isamu , Murakami Kentaro , Natsume Toshiyuki , Isozaki Yuka , Akanuma Naoki , Toyozumi Takeshi , Suito Hiroshi , Matsubara Hisahiro 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Short gastric vessel division (SGVD) has been performed as a part of fundoplication for achalasia. However, whether or not SGVD is necessary is still unknown. Forty-six patients with achalasia who underwent a laparoscopic surgery with or without SGVD were analyzed. A questionnaire was administered to assess the postoperative improvement. Regarding improvement of dysphagia and postoperative reflux, there were no significant differences between SGVD (+) group and SGVD (−) group (P = 0.588 and P = 0.686, respectively). Nineteen patients (95%) in the SGVD (+) group and 24 (92%) in the SGVD (−) group answered that the surgery was satisfactory (P = 0.756). In the SGVD (+) group, the pre- and postsurgical body weight increase was +7.3%. In the SGVD (−) group, it was 8.2%. There was no significant difference of body weight increase between the 2 groups (P = 0.354). SGVD is not always required in laparoscopic surgery for achalasia.
Trauma Admission CT as a Road Map for IVC Filters
Authors: McKenney Kyle , Boneva Dessilava , Deeter Matthew , Barquist Erik , Ang Darwin , Kaye Marc 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if admission abdominal/pelvic CT on trauma patients can be used as a novel method to evaluate the inferior vena cava (IVC) anatomy and facilitate potential IVC filter placement. Consecutive trauma admission CT's were reviewed. The potential landing zone for filters was determined by the IVC mid portion between the renal and iliac veins. The IVC landmarks were described anatomically using the thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies as reference points. The IVC diameter and anatomic anomalies which would affect filter placement were also evaluated from the CT. The records of 610 Trauma patients were reviewed. There were 518 (84.9%) that had an admission CT, forming the basis of the study. The CT for 500 of 518 (96.5%) was of sufficient quality to accurately evaluate the IVC. The third lumbar location of the IVC was a safe landing zone in 476 of 500 (95.2%). Anatomic anomalies were present in 47 of 500 (9.4%). We had the following three conclusions. The admission CT in over 96% of trauma patients can be used to determine the IVC filter landing zone. The third lumbar region of the IVC was a safe landing zone in over 95%. Anatomical anomalies affecting IVC filter placement were revealed in 9.4%.
Role of the Enteric Nervous System in the Elongated Sigmoid Colon of Patients With Sigmoid Volvulus
Authors: Tomita Ryouichi , Sugitou Kiminobu , Sakurai Kenichi , Fujisaki Shigeru , Ikeda Taro , Koshinaga Tsugumichi 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
To clarify the physiologic function of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the elongated sigmoid colon (ESC) of patients with sigmoid volvulus (SV), we examined the enteric nerve responses in lesional and normal longitudinal muscle strips (LMS) derived from patients with ESC and patients who underwent colon resection for colonic cancers. Thirty preparations of LMS were taken from the lesional sigmoid colons of 10 ESC patients with SV (8 men and 2 women, aged 53 to 80 years, mean 66.2 years). Forty preparations of LMS were taken from the normal sigmoid colons (NSC) of 20 patients with colonic cancer (12 men and 8 women, aged 55 to 76 years, mean 62.3 years). A mechanographic technique was used to evaluate in vitro muscle responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) before and after treatment with various autonomic nerve blockers. Response to EFS before blockade of the adrenergic and cholinergic nerves was as follows: NSC and ESC significantly demonstrated relaxation reaction rather than contraction reaction (P = 0.0253, P &lt; 0.0001, respectively). ESC showed relaxation reaction more than NSC (P = 0.1138). Response to EFS after blockade of the adrenergic and cholinergic nerves was as follows: NSC and ESC significantly demonstrated relaxation reaction via nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) inhibitory nerves rather than contraction reaction via NANC excitatory nerves (P &lt; 0.0001, P &lt; 0.0001, respectively). ESC with SV significantly showed relaxation reaction more than NSC (P = 0.0092). An increased response of relaxation mediated NANC inhibitory nerves may play a role in impaired motility in the ESC of patients with SV.
A New Anterolateral Approach for Type C Fractures of the Distal Femur
Authors: Bin Zhang , Song Luo , Binghua Wu , Ping Qiu , Min Dai 
Published: December 2014

AbstractTo provide an anatomic basis for treating type C distal femoral fractures by a new anterolateral approach. Twenty surgical procedures were performed in 10 adult cadaveric specimens using a new anterolateral approach followed by dissection of all lower limbs. The main anterolateral muscles and ligaments were observed. Vessels and nerves related to the new anterolateral approach were also evaluated. Full exposure of the distal femur was achieved. The iliotibial band was protected, and damage to the quadriceps femoris was reduced. The distance between the common peroneal nerve and the new incision line at the level of the lateral epicondyle of the femur was (χ̄ ± s) 8.19 ± 0.79 cm (range, 7.48–9.57 cm). This new anterolateral approach to the distal femur is safe. Although it induces slight soft tissue damage, its exposure is excellent. Knee rehabilitation can be performed in the early postoperative period.
Predicting the Amount of Intraperitoneal Fluid Accumulation by Computed Tomography and Its Clinical Use in Patients With Perforated Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Ishiguro Toru , Kumagai Youichi , Baba Hiroyuki , Tajima Yusuke , Imaizumi Hideko , Suzuki Okihide , Kuwabara Koki , Matsuzawa Takeaki , Sobajima Jun , Fukuchi Minoru , Ishibashi Keiichiro , Mochiki Erito , Ishida Hideyuki 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The correlation between the amount of peritoneal fluid and clinical parameters in patients with perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) has not been investigated. The authors' objective was to derive a reliable formula for determining the amount of peritoneal fluid in patients with PPU before surgery, and to evaluate the correlation between the estimated amount of peritoneal fluid and clinical parameters. We investigated 62 consecutive patients who underwent emergency surgery for PPU, and in whom prediction of the amount of accumulated intraperitoneal fluid was possible by computed tomography (CT) using the methods described by Oriuchi et al. We examined the relationship between the predicted amount of accumulated intraperitoneal fluid and that measured during surgery, and the relationship between the amount of fluid predicted preoperatively or measured during surgery and several clinical parameters. There was a significant positive correlation between the amount of fluid predicted by CT scan and that measured during surgery. When patients with gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer were analyzed collectively, the predicted amount of intraperitoneal fluid and the amount measured during surgery were each associated with the period from onset until CT scan, perforation size, the Mannheim peritoneal index, and the severity of postoperative complications according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. Our present results suggest that the method of Oriuchi et al is useful for predicting the amount of accumulated intraperitoneal fluid in patients with PPU, and that this would be potentially helpful for treatment decision-making and estimating the severity of postoperative complications.
Prognostic Role of Gastrectomy in Patients With Gastric Cancer With Positive Peritoneal Cytology
Authors: Suzuki Okihide , Fukuchi Minoru , Mochiki Erito , Ishiguro Toru , Sobajima Jun , Onozawa Hisashi , Imaizumi Hideko , Kumagai Youichi , Baba Hiroyuki , Kumamoto Kensuke , Tsuji Yoshitaka , Ishibashi Keiichiro , Ishida Hideyuki 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This retrospective study identified the optimal treatment strategy for patients with gastric cancer with positive peritoneal cytology. We analyzed clinicopathologic and survival data for 54 patients who had undergone gastrectomy and/or chemotherapy for treatment of gastric cancer with positive peritoneal cytology with (n = 40) or without (n = 14) metastatic disease. The median overall survival did not differ significantly between patients with gastric cancer with positive peritoneal cytology with and without metastatic disease (19 versus 13 months, respectively). Among 14 clinicopathologic variables, the lack of gastrectomy was the only significant independent unfavorable factor for survival (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–2.57; P = 0.03). The median overall survival significantly differed among patients who had undergone gastrectomy plus chemotherapy, chemotherapy alone, and gastrectomy alone (25, 10, and 17 months, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Gastrectomy may be optimal for patients with (gastric cancer with positive peritoneal cytology), considering its favorable prognostic effect with respect to perioperative chemotherapy.
Characteristics of Patients With Spontaneous Splenic Rupture
Authors: Kocael Pinar Cigdem , Simsek Osman , Bilgin Ismail Ahmet , Tutar Onur , Saribeyoglu Kaya , Pekmezci Salih , Goksoy Ertugrul 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In the present study, we aim to share our clinical experience in patients with spontaneous splenic rupture. Splenic rupture without trauma is known as spontaneous splenic rupture. The major problems in the management of spontaneous splenic rupture are missed or delayed diagnosis due to the lack of trauma in most cases. The records of all patients, who were admitted to Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, were retrospectively reviewed from January 2000 to March 2013. Twelve patients were admitted to the emergency department and they were diagnosed with spontaneous splenic rupture. The mean age was 47.6 years. All patients had complaints of abdominal pain. The mean hematocrit value was 22%. Radiologic assessment revealed hemoperitoneum and/or subcapsular hematoma in 8 patients while splenic abscess was diagnosed in 2 patients. Eleven patients underwent splenectomy whereas one was managed conservatively. The most common cause of spontaneous splenic rupture was determined to be use of anticoagulants. Etiology was considered to be idiopathic in 1 patient. Two patients died in the postoperative period. Although rare, spontaneous splenic rupture must be suspected in emergency patients who have used especially anticoagulants and antiaggregants and who have had no recent history of trauma. One of the important causes of mortality is missed or delayed diagnosis.
Quantifying the relative contributions of substorm injections and chorus waves to the rapid outward extension of electron radiation belt
Authors: Su Zhenpeng , Zhu Hui , Xiao Fuliang , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Zong Q.‐G. , He Zhaoguo , Shen Chao , Zhang Min , Wang Shui , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Funsten H. O. , Blake J. B. , Baker D. N. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractWe study the rapid outward extension of the electron radiation belt on a timescale of several hours during three events observed by Radiation Belt Storm Probes and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellites and particularly quantify the contributions of substorm injections and chorus waves to the electron flux enhancement near the outer boundary of radiation belt. A comprehensive analysis including both observations and simulations is performed for the first event on 26 May 2013. The outer boundary of electron radiation belt moved from L = 5.5 to L > 6.07 over about 6 h, with up to 4 orders of magnitude enhancement in the 30 keV to 5 MeV electron fluxes at L = 6. The observations show that the substorm injection can cause 100% and 20% of the total subrelativistic (∼0.1 MeV) and relativistic (2–5 MeV) electron flux enhancements within a few minutes. The data‐driven simulation supports that the strong chorus waves can yield 60%–80% of the total energetic (0.2–5.0 MeV) electron flux enhancement within about 6 h. Some simple analyses are further given for the other two events on 2 and 29 June 2013, in which the contributions of substorm injections and chorus waves are shown to be qualitatively comparable to those for the first event. These results clearly illustrate the respective importance of substorm injections and chorus waves for the evolution of radiation belt electrons at different energies on a relatively short timescale.
Excess‐Of‐Loss Reinsurance
Authors: Splitt Andrea 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Excess‐of‐loss covers belong to the category of nonproportional reinsurance treaties. They provide protection against individual loss events, exceeding a certain agreed amount or level, known as the
deductible
. The types of excess‐of‐loss cover are distinguished depending on the event definition applied: per‐risk excess‐of‐loss (per‐risk XL) and per‐event excess‐of‐loss (per‐event XL). Apart from a cover limit, that is, the maximum coverage per loss (event), further limitations of cover have to be defined to limit the overall loss burden from several losses occurring during the treaty period. These are referred to as
reinstatement
or the
annual aggregate limit
(AAL). The following peculiarity of long‐tail business is of particular importance to the design and pricing of nonproportional reinsurance arrangements: the increase in the money amount of the claim during the run‐off, known as
claims inflation
. Index clauses serve to ensure that this increase is not borne by the reinsurer alone, but is divided between the primary insurer and the reinsurer.
Nonproportional Reinsurance
Authors: Splitt Andrea 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Whereas in proportional reinsurance the claims and the premium are divided between the primary insurer and the reinsurer in the ratio of their shares in the coverage granted for the individual risks, nonproportional reinsurance focuses on claims. The reinsurer pays a claim if the loss incurred by the primary insurer exceeds a certain agreed amount or level, known as the deductible. The cover granted for a portfolio may be broken into several segments known as layers. The various types of nonproportional treaties differ according to whether the cover applies to individual or to aggregate claims and, in the latter case, depending on the rules used to arrive at the aggregate: excess‐of‐loss cover, aggregate excess‐of‐loss cover, and largest‐claims cover. The premium for a nonproportional treaty is calculated on the basis of risk theory.
Nonproportional reinsurance is an effective way of improving the ratio between the primary insurer's loss burden and premium income, as it passes specifically the peak losses on to the reinsurer.