bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete reorganization of the motor cortex of adult rats following long‐term spinal cord injuries
Authors: Tandon Shashank , Kambi Niranjan , Mohammed Hisham , Jain Neeraj 
Published: April 2013

AbstractUnderstanding brain reorganization following long‐term spinal cord injuries is important for optimizing recoveries based on residual function as well as developing brain‐controlled assistive devices. Although it has been shown that the motor cortex undergoes partial reorganization within a few weeks after peripheral and spinal cord injuries, it is not known if the motor cortex of rats is capable of large‐scale reorganization after longer recovery periods. Here we determined the organization of the rat (Rattus norvegicus) motor cortex at 5 or more months after chronic lesions of the spinal cord at cervical levels using intracortical microstimulation. The results show that, in the rats with the lesions, stimulation of neurons in the de‐efferented forelimb motor cortex no longer evokes movements of the forelimb. Instead, movements of the body parts in the adjacent representations, namely the whiskers and neck were evoked. In addition, at many sites, movements of the ipsilateral forelimb were observed at threshold currents. The extent of representations of the eye, jaw and tongue movements was unaltered by the lesion. Thus, large‐scale reorganization of the motor cortex leads to complete filling‐in of the de‐efferented cortex by neighboring representations following long‐term partial spinal cord injuries at cervical levels in adult rats.
A novel two‐stage model for cloud service trustworthiness evaluation
Authors: Fan Wenjuan , Yang Shanlin , Pei Jun 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we address the cloud service trustworthiness evaluation problem, which in essence is a multi‐attribute decision‐making problem, by proposing a novel evaluation model based on the fuzzy gap measurement and the evidential reasoning approach. There are many sources of uncertainties in the process of cloud service trustworthiness evaluation. In addition to the intrinsic uncertainties, cloud service providers face the problem of discrepant evaluation information given by different users from different perspectives. To address these problems, we develop a novel fuzzy gap evaluation approach to assess cloud service trustworthiness and to provide evaluation values from different perspectives. From the evaluation values, the perception–importance, delivery–importance, and perception–delivery gaps are generated. These three gaps reflect the discrepancy evaluation of cloud service trustworthiness in terms of perception utility, delivery utility, and importance utility, respectively. Finally, the gap measurement of each perspective is represented by a belief structure and aggregated using the evidential reasoning approach to generate final evaluation results for informative and robust decision making. From this hybrid two‐stage evaluation process, cloud service providers can get improvement suggestions from intermediate information derived from the gap measurement, which is the main advantage of this evaluation process.
Discovery of a novel HLA‐DRB1*04:05 variant, DRB1*04:05:15, in a Taiwanese and the probable HLA haplotype in association with DRB1*04:05:15
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Lin P. Y. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryHere, we report a novel HLA‐DRB1*04 allele, DRB1*04:05:15, found in a Taiwanese unrelated volunteer bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell donor by a sequence‐based typing (SBT) method. The DNA sequence of DRB1*04:05:15 is identical to the sequence of DRB1*04:05:01 in exon 2, except the nucleotide at the position 198 where C is substituted by T (TAC→TAT at codon 37). Due to the silent mutation, the nucleotide replacement generated no amino acid variation in comparison with DRB1*04:05:01. We postulate the allele DRB1*04:05:15 was probably derived from DRB1*04:05:01 via a nucleotide point mutation event. The probable HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 haplotype in association with DRB1*04:05:15 may be deduced as A*02:01‐B*48:01‐C*08:03‐DRB1*04:05:15‐DQB1*04:01.
Immunophenotyping of selected hematologic disorders – focus on lymphoproliferative disorders with more than one malignant cell population
Authors: Porwit A. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryCurrently, clinical laboratories face increasing demand for flow cytometry testing combined with limited funding. Therefore, many laboratories search for panels that would provide sufficient immunophenotyping information and meet economical requirements. At the Flow Cytometry Laboratory, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, we apply two 10‐color tubes of surface markers for diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs). These tubes contain most of the mandatory B‐ and T‐cell markers according to European Leukemia Net (www.leukemia-net.org) recommendations. The B‐cell‐oriented panel includes the following antibodies: Kappa‐FITC/lambda‐PE/CD19‐ECD/CD38‐PC5.5/CD20‐PC7/CD34‐APC/CD23 APC‐AF700/CD10 APC‐AF750/CD5‐PB/CD45‐KO. A different combination is applied to detect cytoplasmic Ig light chain expression and aberrant immunophenotype of plasma cells. The T‐cell panel allows enumeration of various T‐ and NK‐cell subsets: CD57‐FITC/CD11c‐PE/CD8‐ECD/CD3‐PC5.5/CD2‐PC7/CD56‐APC/CD7‐APC‐AF700/CD4‐APC‐AF750/CD5‐PB/CD45‐KO. The reported overall incidence of B‐cell chronic LPDs presenting with more than one aberrant population is approximately 5%. Multicolor analysis facilitates the detection of multiple aberrant populations in the same sample because expression of multiple antigens can be studied simultaneously in each defined population. Examples of LPDs with multiple aberrant populations are presented.
Acute myeloid leukemia: advances in diagnosis and classification
Authors: Hasserjian R. P. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryAcute myeloid leukemia is an aggressive myeloid neoplasm characterized by ≥20% myeloblasts in the blood or bone marrow. Current treatment strategies for acute myeloid leukemia are based on both patient‐related parameters such as age and performance status as well as the intrinsic characteristics of particular disease subtypes. Subtyping of acute myeloid leukemia requires an integration of information from the patient's clinical history (such as any prior preleukemic myeloid neoplasm or cytotoxic potentially leukemogenic therapy), the leukemia morphology, cytogenetic findings, and the mutation status of particular genes (NPM1, FLT3, and CEBPA). In recent years, a barrage of information has become available regarding gene mutations that occur in acute myeloid leukemia and their influence on prognosis. Future therapies for acute myeloid leukemia will increasingly rely on the genetic signatures of individual leukemias and will adjust therapy to the predicted disease aggressiveness as well as employ therapies targeted against particular deregulated genetic pathways. This article reviews current standards for diagnosing and classifying acute myeloid leukemia according to the 2008 WHO Classification. Data that have subsequently accumulated regarding newly characterized gene mutations are also presented. It is anticipated that future leukemia classifications will employ a combination of karyotypic features and the gene mutation pattern to stratify patients to increasingly tailored treatment plans.
Factor VII assay performance: an analysis of the North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratory Association proficiency testing results
Authors: Zantek N. D. , Hsu P. , Refaai M. A. , Ledford‐Kraemer M. , Meijer P. , Van Cott E. M. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe performance of factor VII (FVII) assays currently used by clinical laboratories was examined in North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratory Association (NASCOLA) proficiency tests. Data from 12 surveys conducted between 2008 and 2010, involving 20 unique specimens plus four repeat‐tested specimens, were analyzed. The number of laboratories per survey was 49–54 with a total of 1224 responses. Numerous reagent/instrument combinations were used. For FVII > 80 or <40 U/dL, 99.5% of results (859/863) were correctly classified by laboratories as normal/abnormal. Classification of specimens with 40–73 U/dL FVII was heterogeneous. Interlaboratory precision was better for normal specimens (coefficient of variation (CV) 10.7%) than for FVII<20 U/dL (CV 33.1%), with a mean CV of 17.2% per specimen. Intralaboratory precision for repeated specimens demonstrated no significant difference between the paired survey results (mean absolute difference 2.5–5.0 U/dL). For specimens with FVII >50 U/dL, among commonly used methods, one thromboplastin and one calibrator produced results 5–6 U/dL higher and another thromboplastin and calibrator produced results 5–6 U/dL lower than all other methods, and human thromboplastin differed from rabbit by +7.6 U/dL. Preliminary evidence suggests these differences could be due to the calibrator. For FVII <50 U/dL, differences among the commonly used reagents and calibrators were generally not significant.
Platelets: bridging hemostasis, inflammation, and immunity
Authors: Jenne C. N. , Urrutia R. , Kubes P. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryAlthough the function of platelets in the maintenance of hemostasis has been studied in great detail, more recent evidence has highlighted a central role for platelets in the host inflammatory and immune responses. Platelets by virtue of their large numbers and their ability to rapidly release a broad spectrum of immunomodulatory cytokines, chemokines, and other mediators act as circulating sentinels. Upon detection of a pathogen, platelets quickly activate and begin to drive the ensuing inflammatory response. Platelets have the ability to directly modulate the activity of neutrophils (phagocytosis, oxidative burst), endothelium (adhesion molecule and chemokine expression), and lymphocytes. Due to their diverse array of adhesion molecules and preformed chemokines, platelets are able to adhere to leukocytes and facilitate their recruitment to sites of tissue damage or infection. Furthermore, platelets directly participate in the capture and sequestration of pathogens within the vasculature. Platelet–neutrophil interactions are known to induce the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to either bacterial or viral infection, and platelets have been shown to internalize pathogens, sequestering them in engulfment vacuoles. Finally, emerging data indicate that platelets also participate in the host immune response by directly killing infected cells. This review will highlight the central role platelets play in the initiation and modulation of the host inflammatory and immune responses.
An investigation of prescription and over-the-counter supply of ophthalmic chloramphenicol in Wales in the 5 years following reclassification
Authors: Du Hank C T , John Dai N , Walker Roger 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The aims of the study were to (i) quantify the sales of over-the-counter (OTC) ophthalmic chloramphenicol from all community pharmacies in Wales and investigate the impact on primary care prescriptions up to 5 years after reclassification and (ii) investigate the temporal relationship between items supplied OTC and on NHS primary care prescriptions.

Methods
Primary care prescription data (2004–2010) and OTC sales data (2005–2010) for ophthalmic chloramphenicol were obtained. The quantity sold OTC was calculated from pharmacy wholesale records and sales data from a large pharmacy multiple. Spearman’s rank correlation for prescription and OTC supplies of ophthalmic chloramphenicol was calculated for data from January 2008 to December 2010.

Key findings
OTC supply of chloramphenicol eye drops and ointment were both highest in 2007–2008 and represented 68% (57 708/84 304) and 48% (22 875/47 192) of the corresponding prescription volume, respectively. There was a steady year-on-year increase in the combined supply of OTC ophthalmic chloramphenicol and that dispensed on prescription from 144 367 items in 2004–2005 to 210 589 in 2007–2008 before stabilising in 2008–2009 and 2009–2010. A significant positive correlation was observed between prescription items and OTC sales of chloramphenicol eye drops and ointment combined (r = 0.7, P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
OTC availability increased the total quantity of ophthalmic chloramphenicol supplied in primary care compared to that seen prior to reclassification. Although growth in the sales of ophthalmic chloramphenicol OTC has stabilised and the supply pattern mirrors primary care prescribers, further work is required to investigate whether use is appropriate and whether the publication of updated practice guidance has changed this.
The Dynamics of Age and Sex in the Development of Mother–Infant Vocal Communication Between 3 and 11 Months
Authors: Sung Jihyun , Fausto‐Sterling Anne , Garcia Coll Cynthia , Seifer Ronald 
Published: April 2013

We followed the nondistressed vocalization dynamics of 30 mother–infant dyads observed in a naturalistic setting using multiple time points between 3 and 11 months to identify subtle relationships between age, sex and maternal behavior ending by 1 year of age with diverging trajectories of nondistressed vocalization. We observed no mean differences between boys and girls in frequency or duration of nondistressed vocalizations at any one time period. However, while these parameters were essentially static for boys, girls showed a quadratic developmental curve, declining in frequency and duration between 6 and 8 months and climbing above their early starting point by 9–11 months. Mothers of boys showed a linear decrease in the duration of their speech over the 9 months of our study. In contrast, mothers of girls showed quadratic patterns of ultimately increasing vocalization frequency and duration, over the months 3–11 of development. Finally, boys' and girls' vocalization contingent to maternal speech revealed no differences. Mothers of boys, however, did not change significantly over time, while mothers of girls showed an increase in contingent responsiveness from 3–5 months to 9–11 months and from 6–8 months to 9–11 months. A similar pattern was followed for object‐related maternal vocal responses.
A rare case of gingival myiasis in a 2‐year‐old child
Authors: Arslan Selçuk , İslamoğlu Ayla , Çobanoğlu Bengü 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundMyiasis is the infestation of live human and vertebrate animal with larvae of Diptera fly which feed on the host dead or living tissue. Gingival myiasis is a very rare disease and associated with poor oral hygiene, senility, suppurative oral lesions, mental retardation and other conditions.Case ReportA case of gingival myiasis in a 2‐year‐old otherwise healthy child is reported. Treatment consisted of mechanical removal of larvae, extraction of the adjacent devitalized teeth and debridment of necrotic tissues.ConclusionClinicians dealing with oral medicine should be aware of this very rare condition in children.
How to assess the prediction accuracy of species presence–absence models without absence data?
Authors: Li Wenkai , Guo Qinghua 
Published: April 2013

It is very common that only presence data are available in ecological niche modeling. However, most existing methods for evaluating the accuracy of presence–absence (binary) predictions of species require presence–absence data. The aim of this study is to present a new method for accuracy assessment that does not rely on absence data.Two new statistics Fpb and Fcpb were derived based on presence–background data. With generated six virtual species, we used DOMAIN, generalized linear modeling (GLM), and maximum entropy (MAXENT) to produce different species presence–absence predictions. To investigate the effectiveness of the new statistics in accuracy assessment, we used Fpb, Fcpb, the traditional F‐measure (F), kappa coefficient, true skill statistic (TSS), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and the contrast validation index (CVI) to evaluate the accuracy of predictions, and the behaviors of these accuracy measures were compared. The effectiveness of Fpb for threshold selection and estimation of species prevalence was also investigated.Experimental results show that Fcpb is an estimate of F. The Pearson's correlation coefficient (COR) between Fcpb and F is 0.9882, with a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 0.0171. In general, Fpb, Fcpb, F, kappa coefficient, TSS, and CVI can sort models by the accuracy of binary prediction, but AUC is not appropriate to evaluate the accuracy of binary prediction. For DOMAIN, GLM, and MAXENT, finding the threshold by maximizing Fpb and by maximizing F result in similar accuracies. In addition, the estimation of species prevalence based on binary output with maximizing Fpb as the thresholding method is significantly more accurate than simply averaging the original continuous output. The best estimate of prevalence is provided by the binary output of MAXENT, with an RMSE of 0.0116.Finally, we conclude that the new method is promising in accuracy assessment, threshold selection, and estimation of species prevalence, all of which are important but challenging problems with presence‐only data. Because it does not require absence data, the new method will have important applications in ecological niche modeling.
Abusive supervision and subordinate emotional labor: The moderating role of openness personality
Authors: Wu Tsung‐Yu , Hu Changya 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe investigated the differential relationships between abusive supervision and two emotional labor strategies used by subordinates (surface acting and deep acting). Furthermore, we examined whether subordinates' openness personality moderated the above relationships. Using the questionnaire survey method, we collected data from 210 employees in China. The results of hierarchical regression showed that abusive supervision related positively to surface acting (regulating facial expression) but negatively to deep acting (regulating inner feeling). Openness personality moderated the relationships between abusive supervision and the two emotional labor strategies, such that the relationships were stronger for employees with lower openness. Findings of our study contribute to the literature on workplace emotions and negative leadership.
The combined effects of land‐use legacies and novel fire regimes on bird distributions in the Mediterranean
Authors: De Cáceres Miquel , Brotons Lluís , Aquilué Núria , Fortin Marie‐Josée 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAimWe investigate first whether fire regimes resulting from the combination of climate change and fire‐fighting policy may affect species distributions in Mediterranean landscapes, and second to what extent distributional dynamics may be constrained by the spatial legacy of historical land use.LocationCatalonia (north‐eastern Spain).MethodsWe modelled the distributional responses of 64 forest and open‐habitat bird species to nine fire‐regime scenarios, defined by combining different levels of climate change and fire suppression efficiency. A fire‐succession model was used to stochastically simulate land‐cover changes between 2000 and 2050 under these scenarios. We used species distribution models to predict habitat suitability and occupancy dynamics under either no dispersal or full dispersal assumptions.ResultsUnder many simulated scenarios, the succession from shrubland to forest dominated over the creation of new low‐vegetation areas derived from wildfires. Consequently, open‐habitat specialists were the group most affected by losses of suitable habitat. Fire regimes obtained under scenarios including high fire suppression efficiency resulted in a larger number of bird species experiencing reductions in their distribution area.Main conclusionsAnthropogenic factors, such as historical land‐use change and fire suppression, can drive regional distribution dynamics in directions opposite to those expected from climatic trends. This raises the question of what drivers and interactions should be given priority in the prediction of biodiversity responses to global change at the regional scale.
Clinical profile of generalized vitiligo patients with associated autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases
Authors: van Geel N. , Speeckaert M. , Brochez L. , Lambert J. , Speeckaert R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe significance of associated autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases in generalized vitiligo patients with respect to their clinical profile has not yet been completely established.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of associated autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases in generalized vitiligo patients with respect to some general clinical variables, distribution pattern, disease activity and treatment response.MethodsSeven hundred generalized vitiligo patients were included in this retrospective observational cohort study.ResultsAssociated autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases were present in 15.4% of the patient population and were more common in women compared with men, especially concerning thyroid disease. Only vitiligo patients with thyroid disease had clear different clinical characteristics. The percentage of total body surface area involvement was significantly (P = 0.005) higher in the presence of thyroid disease which was more pronounced in women compared with men. Patients with thyroid disease had a particular predisposition to acral and joint depigmentations. No clear differences in disease activity or response to therapy were observed in vitiligo patients with or without autoimmune/autoinflammatory disorders.ConclusionThe presence of associated autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases seems to influence the clinical profile of generalized vitiligo patients. Our results support the hypothesis that in the presence of a thyroid disorder, the disease activity of vitiligo is more extensive, in particular on areas prone to friction.
Myriocin, a Serine Palmitoyltransferase Inhibitor, Blocks Cytokinesis in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Promastigotes
Authors: Castro Erica V. , Yoneyama Kelly G. , Haapalainen Edna F. , Toledo Marcos S. , Takahashi Helio K. , Straus Anita H. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe studied the effect of myriocin, an inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase, on cultured Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis promastigotes. Myriocin significantly reduced synthesis of inositol phosphorylceramide, the major sphingolipid expressed in promastigotes as characterized by thin layer chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Log‐phase promastigotes treated with 1 μM myriocin showed a 52% reduction in growth rate and morphological alterations such as more rounded shape and shorter flagellum. Promastigotes treated with myriocin also displayed a variety of aberrant cell phenotypes. The percentage of cells with one nucleus and one kinetoplast (1N1K), following treatment with 1 or 5 μM myriocin, decreased from 89% (control value) to 27% or 3%, respectively. The percentage of cells with two nuclei (2N2K) varied from 7% (control value) to 19% and 6% for 1 or 5 μM myriocin‐treated parasites, respectively. High percentage of myriocin‐treated parasites exhibited large atypical cells presenting three or more nucleus (32% and 89% for 1 or 5 μM myriocin, respectively). Transmission electron microscopy following treatment with 1 μM myriocin showed the presence of 4N parasites possibly as a result of an incomplete cytokinesis. Addition of 3‐ketodihidrosphingosine to myriocin‐treated promastigotes rescue parasite growth and morphology. Addition of ethanolamine did not rescue the myriocin effect on parasite. Our findings indicate that sphingolipids are essential for the completion of cytokinesis, and may play a major role in cell proliferation in L. (V.) braziliensis, thus, differing from data described for Leishmania major sphingolipid‐free mutant, where addition of ethanolamine rescue wild‐type parasite characteristics.