bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circumarctic dispersal and long‐distance colonization of South America: the moss genus Cinclidium
Authors: Piñeiro Rosalía , Popp Magnus , Hassel Kristian , Listl Daniela , Westergaard Kristine B. , Flatberg Kjell I. , Stenøien Hans K. , Brochmann Christian 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimArctic plant phylogeography has largely focused on seed plants, and studies on other plant groups are necessary for comparison. Bryophytes have a unique life cycle and can be resistant to extreme conditions, suggesting that their phylogeographic patterns may differ from those of vascular plants. We address the history of the bryophyte genus Cinclidium in order to assess: (1) interspecific relationships, (2) whether its current broad circumarctic distribution results from recent dispersal or has been maintained by long‐term local survival under severe glacial conditions, and (3) the origin of its bipolar disjunction.LocationArctic/boreal and bipolar.MethodsWe sequenced three plastid regions (atpH–atpI, rpl32–trnL and clpP1.1–clpP1.2) in 129 accessions covering the entire geographical range of all four described species, and inferred phylogenetic relationships and phylogeographical patterns using maximum parsimony, statistical parsimony and Bayesian inference.ResultsCinclidium subrotundum was inferred to be monophyletic, in agreement with its distinct morphology and ecology. The three remaining known species (the haploids C. latifolium and C. arcticum, and the diploid C. stygium) shared a number of closely related or identical haplotypes despite their clear morphological differentiation. In all species, identical haplotypes occurred across the entire circumpolar region, including North Atlantic islands. In the bipolar species C. stygium, the haplotype observed in South America (Tierra del Fuego) was identical to one found in Iceland. Three populations originally referred to C. latifolium harboured highly divergent haplotypes and may represent a new species.Main conclusionsThe extensive haplotype sharing suggests a polyploid origin of C. stygium from C. arcticum, as well as incomplete lineage sorting and/or hybridization between the two haploids C. arcticum and C. latifolium. We interpret the finding of identical haplotypes over vast areas, including isolated islands, as a result of recent dispersal causing the circumpolar distribution of all species in the Northern Hemisphere and the extreme bipolar disjunction in C. stygium. The patterns in the bryophyte genus Cinclidium resemble those previously documented in arctic–alpine and bipolar vascular plants, suggesting that similar mechanisms have shaped species distributions in bryophytes and higher plants.
Development and validation of a novel Taqman‐based real‐time RT‐PCR assay suitable for demonstrating freedom from viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus
Authors: Jonstrup S P , Kahns S , Skall H F , Boutrup T S , Olesen N J 
Published: September 2012

AbstractViral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is a serious disease in several fish species. VHS is caused by the rhabdovirus viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). To prevent spreading of the pathogen, it is important to use a fast, robust, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool to identify the infected fish. Traditional diagnosis based on isolation in cell culture followed by identification using, for example, ELISA is sensitive and specific but slow. By switching to RT‐PCR for surveillance and diagnosis of VHS the time needed before a correct diagnosis can be given will be considerably shortened and the need for maintaining expensive cell culture facilities reduced. Here we present the validation, according to OIE guidelines, of a sensitive and specific Taqman‐based real‐time RT‐PCR. The assay detects all isolates in a panel of 79 VHSV isolates covering all known genotypes and subtypes, with amplification efficiencies of approximately 100%. The analytical and diagnostic specificity of the real‐time RT‐PCR is close to 1, and the analytical and diagnostic sensitivity is comparable with traditional cell‐based methods. In conclusion, the presented real‐time RT‐PCR assay has the necessary qualities to be used as a VHSV surveillance tool on par with cell culture assays.
Centaurea cyanus as a biological indicator of segetal species richness in arable fields
Authors: BELLANGER S , GUILLEMIN J‐P , BRETAGNOLLE V , DARMENCY H 
Published: September 2012

Bellanger S, Guillemin J‐P, Bretagnolle V & Darmency H (2012). Centaurea cyanus as a biological indicator of segetal species richness in arable fields. Weed Research52, 551–563.SummaryAgricultural intensification has resulted in a loss of biological diversity within European agroecosystems. Biological indicator species are important tools for monitoring species diversity. The aim of this study was to determine whether cornflower, Centaurea cyanus, an arable land specialist segetal species that is easily identified in the countryside, is an appropriate indicator of weed species diversity in the Poitou‐Charentes region of western France. The study zones selected were those in which C. cyanus was present in agricultural fields when monitoring was conducted in both 2006 and 2007. All plant species in sample fields sown with winter crops (cereals and oilseed rape) within the study zones were then inventoried in two consecutive years: 2008 and 2009. For these winter crops, C. cyanus presence was not a good indicator of overall species richness within the fields. However, C. cyanus presence did correlate with the presence of other arable land specialists, herein called segetal species. Reciprocally, the presence of most other segetal species found at low frequencies in the study zones also correlated with higher segetal richness. We discuss the conditions for using C. cyanus as an indicator of segetal diversity with regards to conservation and ecosystem services.
Effect of habitat disturbance on pollination biology of the columnar cactus Stenocereus quevedonis at landscape‐level in central Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez‐Oseguera A. G. , Casas A. , Herrerías‐Diego Y. , Pérez‐Negrón E. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractStenocereus quevedonis (‘pitire’) is a columnar cactus endemic to central Mexico, grown for its edible fruit. Phenology, pollination biology and behaviour of flower visitors of this species were compared in six conserved and disturbed sites, hypothesising that: (i) pitire pollination is self‐incompatible, requiring animal vectors; (ii) higher incidence of radiation on plants in cleared forest may lead to a higher number of flowers per pitire plant and longer blooming season, and disturbing and differential spatial availability of flower resources may determine differential attraction of pollinators to conserved and disturbed areas; (iii) if pitire pollination system is specialised, reproductive success would decrease with pollinator scarcity, or other species may substitute for main pollinators. In all sites, pitire reproduction started in January, flowering peak occurring in April, anthesis duration was 15 h and predominantly nocturnal (9 h), pollen was released at 23:00 h, nectar was produced throughout anthesis, and breeding system was self‐incompatible. Flower production per plant was similar in disturbed and conserved sites, but flower availability was higher (because of higher tree density) and longer in disturbed sites. Pollination is nocturnal, the most frequent legitimate pollinator being the bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae; diurnal pollination is rare but possible, carried out by bee species. Fruit and seed set in control and nocturnal pollination treatments at disturbed sites were higher than in conserved sites. Frequency of L. yerbabuenae visits was similar among site types, but more visits of complementary nocturnal and diurnal pollinators were recorded in disturbed sites, which could explain differences in reproductive success.
Spatial genetic structure of aquatic bryophytes in a connected lake system
Authors: Korpelainen H. , von Cräutlein M. , Kostamo K. , Virtanen V. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUsing genetic markers, we investigated the genetic structure of three clonal aquatic moss species,Calliergon megalophyllumMikut.,Fontinalis antipyreticaHedw. andF. hypnoidesHartm. on two scales: among populations in a connected lake system (large‐scale spatial genetic structure) and among individuals within populations (fine‐scale spatial genetic structure). Mean genetic diversities per population were 0.138, 0.247 and 0.271, respectively, and total diversities equalled 0.223, 0.385 and 0.421, respectively. Relative differentiation levels (FSTvalues of 0.173, 0.280 and 0.142, respectively) were significant but showed that there is a moderate amount of gene flow taking place within the lake system connected with narrow streams. Bayesian STRUCTURE analysis provided some indication that the direction of water flow influences population genetic structuring in the studied aquatic mosses. We propose that dispersal leading to gene flow inC. megalophyllum, F. antipyreticaandF. hypnoidestakes place both along waterviaconnecting streams and by animal vectors, such as waterfowl. Nevertheless, the slight genetic structuring pattern along the direction of water flow suggests that dispersal of shoots or their fragments along water is a means of dispersal in these mosses. The absence of sexual reproduction and spores may have caused the observed spatial genetic structure within populations, including aggregations of similar genotypes (clones or closely related genotypes) at short distances in populations otherwise showing an isolation by distance effect. Regardless of the results pointing to the dominance of vegetative propagation, it is impossible to completely rule out the potential role of rare long‐distance spore dispersal from areas where the species are fertile.
Evaluating contemporary pollen dispersal in two common grassland species Ranunculus bulbosus L. (Ranunculaceae) and Trifolium montanum L. (Fabaceae) using an experimental approach
Authors: Matter P. , Kettle C. J. , Ghazoul J. , Hahn T. , Pluess A. R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPollen flow is a key biological process that connects plant populations, preventing genetic impoverishment and inbreeding. Pollen‐mediated long‐distance dispersal (LDD) events are especially important for plant species in increasingly fragmented landscapes. Patterns of pollen dispersal were directly estimated and dispersal kernels modelled in an experimental population of Ranunculus bulbosus and Trifolium montanum to determine the potential for LDD. Eight and 11 microsatellite markers were used for R. bulbosus and T. montanum, respectively, to run a likelihood‐based paternity analysis on randomly chosen offspring (Ntotal = 180 per species) from five maternal plants. High rates of selfing were found in R. bulbosus (average 45.7%), while no selfing was observed in T. montanum. The majority (60%) of mating events occurred at very short distances: the median of the observed dispersal distances was 0.8 m in both species, and the average distances were 15.9 and 10.3 m in R. bulbosus and T. montanum, respectively. Modelling the pollen dispersal kernel with four different distribution functions (exponential‐power, geometric, 2Dt and Weibull) indicated that the best fit for both species was given by a Weibull function. Yet, the tail of the T. montanum pollen dispersal kernel was thinner than in R. bulbosus, suggesting that the probability for LDD is higher in the latter species. Even though the majority of pollen dispersal occurred across short distances, the detection of several mating events up to 362 m (R. bulbosus) and 324 m (T. montanum) suggests that pollen flow may be sufficient to ensure population connectivity in these herb species across fragmented grasslands in Swiss agricultural landscapes.
Relationship of interleukin‐1β levels and gastroesophageal reflux disease in Korea
Authors: Kim Jin Joo , Kim Nayoung , Hwang Sungwook , Kim Jae Yeon , Kim Ji Yeon , Choi Yoon Jin , Lee Dong Ho , Jung Hyun Chae 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground and AimGastric mucosal expression of interleukin (IL)‐1β may alter acid secretion and influence the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The relationship of gastric mucosal IL‐1β level and GERD was evaluated in the Korean population.MethodsGenotypes of IL‐1B‐511 and IL‐1RN VNTR polymorphism and clinical characteristics were analyzed in 44 patients with erosive esophagitis (EE), 32 patients with minimal change lesions (MCL), 54 patients with non‐erosive reflux disease (NERD) and 113 controls. Gastric mucosal IL‐1β levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsSignificant differences were found between the EE and the control group with respect to sex, body mass index, and Helicobacter pylori infection. On the other hand, the MCL and the NERD group showed similar characteristics to that of the control group. IL‐1B‐511 genetic polymorphism showed relationship with gastric mucosal IL‐1β levels. That is, T/T group (112.4 ± 14.3 pg/mg) had higher IL‐1β level than C/C group (59.5 ± 11.6, P = 0.011). T carriers (92.8 ± 7.6 pg/mg) showed higher level than T non‐carrier group (P = 0.050). In addition, mucosal IL‐1β level of the EE group (52.3 ± 9.9 pg/mg) was lower than that of the control (107.8 ± 12.6 pg/mg, P = 0.001), the MCL (103.1 ± 13.5 pg/mg, P = 0.004), and the NERD group (83.8 ± 14.5 pg/mg, P = 0.079). However, genetic polymorphisms of IL‐1B‐511 and IL‐1RN VNTR did not reach statistical significance among four groups.ConclusionGastric mucosal IL‐1β level might be one factor in the development of GERD.
Predictive factors for pancreatitis and cholecystitis in endoscopic covered metal stenting for distal malignant biliary obstruction
Authors: Shimizu Shuya , Naitoh Itaru , Nakazawa Takahiro , Hayashi Kazuki , Miyabe Katsuyuki , Kondo Hiromu , Yoshida Michihiro , Yamashita Hiroaki , Umemura Shuichiro , Hori Yasuki , Ohara Hirotaka , Joh Takashi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground and AimPancreatitis and cholecystitis are major complications after self‐expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement in distal malignant biliary obstruction. We aimed to clarify predictive factors for pancreatitis and cholecystitis after covered SEMS placement.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 74 consecutive patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction who underwent initial endoscopic drainage using covered SEMS. Predictive factors for pancreatitis and cholecystitis were evaluated in the 74 patients described above and in 66 patients who had not undergone cholecystectomy.ResultsThe incidences of pancreatitis and cholecystitis were 10.8% (8/74) and 6.1% (4/66), respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that non‐pancreatic cancer (P = 0.018) and contrast injection into the pancreatic duct (P = 0.030) were significant predictive factors for pancreatitis. Multivariate analysis revealed that non‐pancreatic cancer (odds ratio [OR], 4.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63–14.18; P = 0.007) and contrast injection into the pancreatic duct (OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.33–9.60; P = 0.016) were significant independent predictive factors for pancreatitis. On the other hand, univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that tumor involvement to the orifice of the cystic duct (OCD) was a significant independent predictive factor for cholecystitis (OR, 5.85; 95% CI, 1.91–27.74; P = 0.005).ConclusionsNon‐pancreatic cancer and contrast injection into the pancreatic duct were predictive factors for pancreatitis, and tumor involvement to the OCD was a positive predictive factor for cholecystitis after endoscopic covered SEMS placement for distal malignant biliary obstruction.
Reproductive morphology of Gastroclonium pacificum (Champiaceae, Rhodymeniales) from Japan
Authors: Suzuki Masahiro , Hashimoto Tetsuo , Nozaki Hisayoshi 
Published: September 2012

SummaryMorphological studies were undertaken on Gastroclonium pacificum (E.Y. Dawson) C.F. Chang et B.M. Xia (Champiaceae, Rhodymeniales) from Japan. We describe the details of male reproductive structures, the procarp and early post‐fertilization stages. This species has a solid axis, with both tetrasporangia and polysporangia, spermatangia are cut off from spermatangial parent cells, and a procarp is composed of a 4‐celled carpogonial branch and two 2‐celled auxiliary cell branches. The mature cystocarp lacks a conspicuous ostiole, a characteristic of the genus Gastroclonium. The most distinctive characteristic of the species is the tela arachnoidea, which is lacking in other species of Gastroclonium.
Labour in Global Value Chains: Work Conditions in Football Manufacturing in China, India and Pakistan
Authors: Lund‐Thomsen Peter , Nadvi Khalid , Chan Anita , Khara Navjote , Xue Hong 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTA critical challenge facing developing country producers is to meet international labour standards and codes of conduct in order to engage in global value chains. Evidence of gains for workers from compliance with such standards and codes remains limited and patchy. This article focuses on the global football industry, a sector dominated by leading global brands that manage dispersed global value chains. It assesses the working conditions for football stitchers engaged in different forms of work organization, factories, stitching centres and home‐based settings in Pakistan, India and China. It draws on detailed qualitative primary field research with football‐stitching workers and producers in these three countries. The article explains how and why work conditions of football stitchers differ across these locations through an analytical framework that interweaves both global and local production contexts that influence work conditions. In doing so, it argues that current debates on the role of labour in global value chains have to go beyond a narrow focus on labour standards and corporate social responsibility compliance and engage with economic, technological and social upgrading as factors that could generate sustained improvements in real wages and workers’ conditions.
Legal Literacy and Immovable Property: Laws, Norms and Practices in Colombia
Authors: Friedemann‐Sánchez Greta 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTAn equitable gender distribution of property ownership may be enhanced or limited by family law, individual knowledge of the law, and social norms. South America's laws of equal inheritance by sex and birth order and equal distribution of property upon divorce provide the basis of a gender‐equitable distribution of property ownership. This report of a qualitative case study exploring the gendered knowledge of immovable property laws and the practice of patterns of property ownership in central Colombia provides insights into the gap between law and practice caused by lack of information, social norms, gendered access to legal titles, a complex legal system and high transaction costs. It argues for greater attention to titling, legal procedures, legal education and legal advice to secure effective immovable property ownership for women.
Smart Scribbles for Sketch Segmentation
Authors: Noris G. , Sýkora D. , Shamir A. , Coros S. , Whited B. , Simmons M. , Hornung A. , Gross M. , Sumner R. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe present ‘Smart Scribbles’—a new scribble‐based interface for user‐guided segmentation of digital sketchy drawings. In contrast to previous approaches based on simple selection strategies, Smart Scribbles exploits richer geometric and temporal information, resulting in a more intuitive segmentation interface. We introduce a novel energy minimization formulation in which both geometric and temporal information from digital input devices is used to define stroke‐to‐stroke and scribble‐to‐stroke relationships. Although the minimization of this energy is, in general, an NP‐hard problem, we use a simple heuristic that leads to a good approximation and permits an interactive system able to produce accurate labellings even for cluttered sketchy drawings. We demonstrate the power of our technique in several practical scenarios such as sketch editing, as‐rigid‐as‐possible deformation and registration, and on‐the‐fly labelling based on pre‐classified guidelines.
Unifying Moral Methodology
Authors: Mcpherson Tristram 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article argues that the best way to pursue systematic normative ethical theorizing involves metaethical enquiry. My argument builds upon two central claims. First, I argue that plausible metaethical accounts can have implications that can help to resolve the methodological controversies facing normative ethics. Second, I argue that metaethical research is at least roughly as well supported as normative ethical research. I conclude by examining the implications of my thesis.Inter alia, it shows that the common practice of engaging in systematic normative theorizing uninformed by metaethical commitments offers a significant and troubling hostage to metaethical fortune.
The Rise of Ethnicity underChina's Market Reforms
Authors: Wu Jiaping 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article investigates the dynamic relationship between economic development and the identification of ethnic minorities and argues that identification ofChina's ethnic minorities manifests itself at various levels. At the national level, the introduction of market mechanisms and economic growth initiatives have been concentrated predominantly in the coastal areas and metropolises, and are thus increasingly distant from ethnic minorities, a disproportionate majority of which reside in the western parts of the country. This growing regional disparity has placed ethnic regions and populations in a distinctly unfavourable position in terms of economic engagement and development. Regional development in the ethnic‐minority homelands has been characterized by the representation and reinvention of ethnic cultural traditions and the production of cultural economies. Unequal economic growth has resulted in a massive migration of ethnic minorities to the cities. Simultaneously, urban development has reinforced ethnic identity, particularly through urban labour‐market development. Urban and regional development has, in turn, led to the production, activation and magnification of ethnic identity at individual and group levels.
In search of legitimacy – registered nurses’ experience of providing palliative care in a municipal context
Authors: Törnquist Agneta , Andersson Magdalena , Edberg Anna‐Karin 
Published: September 2012

Background:  The palliative care approach was originally developed for hospice care and for persons with cancer diseases, but has gradually expanded to embrace other contexts and people of all ages, with various life‐threatening diseases. The palliative care concept thus also applies to older people and the context of municipal care, where Registered Nurses (RNs) hold key care provision positions. The municipal context is not, however, focused primarily on advanced nursing care, and it is important to highlight RNs’ prerequisites for care provision.Aim:  The study’s aim was to describe RNs’ experience of providing palliative care for older people in a municipal context. Data were collected through focus group discussions with 20 RNs from four different municipalities in southern Sweden and were analysed using conventional content analysis.Findings:  The results showed that the nurses experienced that it was they who cushioned the effects of unclear responsibilities between different organizations, but had limited legitimacy in the municipal context and in relation to other care providers. The results also showed that nurses lacked proper support and prerequisites for providing high‐quality palliative care to older dying patients.Conclusion:  The results pinpoint the importance of increased acknowledgement of nurses’ knowledge and skills and a critical view on the effects of moving towards an organization composed of different consultants, which can lead to even more unclear responsibility for nursing care provision.