bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coordinated investigation of midlatitude upper mesospheric temperature inversion layers and the associated gravity wave forcing by Na lidar and Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper in Logan, Utah
Authors: Yuan Tao , Pautet P.‐D. , Zhao Y. , Cai X. , Criddle N. R. , Taylor M. J. , Pendleton W. R. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMesospheric inversion layers (MIL) are well studied in the literature but their relationship to the dynamic feature associated with the breaking of atmospheric waves in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) region are not well understood. Two strong MIL events (ΔT ~30 K) were observed above 90 km during a 6 day full diurnal cycle Na lidar campaign conducted from 6 August to 13 August Logan, Utah (42°N, 112°W). Colocated Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper observations provided key information on concurrent gravity wave (GW) events and their characteristics during the nighttime observations. The study found both MILs were well correlated with the development and presence of an unstable region ~2 km above the MIL peak altitudes and a highly stable region below, implicating the strengthening of MIL is likely due to the increase of downward heat flux by the enhanced saturation of gravity wave, when it propagates through a highly stable layer. Each MIL event also exhibited distinct features: one showed a downward progression most likely due to tidal‐GW interaction, while the peak height of the other event remained constant. During further investigation of atmospheric stability surrounding the MIL structure, lidar measurements indicate a sharp enhancement of the convective stability below the peak altitude of each MIL. We postulate that the sources of these stable layers were different; one was potentially triggered by concurrent large tidal wave activity and the other during the passage of a strong mesospheric bore.
ECMWF and GFS model forecast verification during DYNAMO: Multiscale variability in MJO initiation over the equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Kerns Brandon W. , Chen Shuyi S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractImproving understanding and prediction of the initiation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) over the equatorial Indian Ocean (IO) was a main objective of the Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO) field campaign. This study evaluates the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) operational global model forecasts of MJO‐2 in DYNAMO (November–December 2011). The model rainfall and 850 hPa zonal winds are compared with the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) rainfall and operational analysis in the equatorial IO. The ECMWF forecasts of the total equatorial rainfall were more consistent with TRMM observations. The GFS did not accurately predict the onset of equatorial convection beyond 5 day lead time. Instead, the GFS rainfall was mainly off the Equator in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The GFS did not capture synoptic scale systems that bring in dry air intrusions from the subtropics and disrupt convection in the ITCZ which is favorable for equatorial convection associated with the MJO initiation. DYNAMO observations suggest that multiscale interactions among convection, synoptic systems, and the MJO large‐scale circulations were important for the initiation of MJO‐2. The model forecasts and analysis of 850 hPa zonal wind are decomposed into mesoscale, synoptic, and large‐scale flows. Results show that (1) both models have good initial conditions and 1–2 day forecasts and (2) the ECMWF has significantly better skill than the GFS in terms of forecasting equatorial convection, synoptic systems, and the large‐scale MJO circulation at 5–15 day lead times.
Interannual variability of the Earth's spectral solar reflectance from measurements and simulations
Authors: Jin Zhonghai , Lukachin Constantin , Roberts Yolanda , Wielicki Bruce , Feldman Daniel , Collins William 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe mean solar spectral reflectance averaged over large spatiotemporal scales is an important climate benchmark data product proposed for the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory mission. The interannual variability of these reflectances over the ocean is examined through satellite‐measured hyperspectral data and through satellite instrument emulation based on model simulation. Such large domain‐averaged reflectances show small interannual variation, usually under few percent, depending on the latitude region and spatiotemporal scale used for averaging. Although the interannual variation is usually less than the absolute accuracy of model calculation, the model simulated interannual variations are consistent with the measurements because most of the modeling errors in the reflectance averaged in large climate domains are systematic and are canceled out in the interannual difference spectra. The interannual variability is also shown to decrease as the temporal and spatial scales increase. Both the observational data and the model simulations show that the natural variability in the annual mean reflectance is about 50% lower than that in the monthly mean over all spectra. The interannual variability determined from observations in large climate domains also compares favorably with that from the climate Observing System Simulation Experiment based on climate model simulations; both show a standard deviation of less than 1% of the mean reflectance across all spectra for global and annual average over the ocean.
Intermediate frequency atmospheric disturbances: A dynamical bridge connecting western U.S. extreme precipitation with East Asian cold surges
Authors: Jiang Tianyu , Evans Katherine J. , Deng Yi , Dong Xiquan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this study, an atmospheric river (AR) detection algorithm is developed to investigate the downstream modulation of the eastern North Pacific ARs by another weather extreme, known as the East Asian cold surge (EACS), in both reanalysis data and high‐resolution global model simulations. It is shown that following the peak of an EACS, atmospheric disturbances of intermediate frequency (IF; 10–30 day period) are excited downstream. This leads to the formation of a persistent cyclonic circulation anomaly over the eastern North Pacific that dramatically enhances the AR occurrence probability and the surface precipitation over the western U.S. between 30°N and 50°N. A diagnosis of the local geopotential height tendency further confirms the essential role of IF disturbances in establishing the observed persistent anomaly. This downstream modulation effect is then examined in the two simulations of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model version 4 with different horizontal resolutions (T85 and T341) for the same period (1979–2005). The connection between EACS and AR is much better captured by the T341 version of the model, mainly due to a better representation of the scale interaction and the characteristics of IF atmospheric disturbances in the higher‐resolution model. The findings here suggest that faithful representations of scale interaction in a global model are critical for modeling and predicting the occurrences of hydrological extremes in the western U.S. and for understanding their potential future changes.
Effects of substrate on cracking patterns and dynamics in desiccating clay layers
Authors: DeCarlo Keita F. , Shokri Nima 
Published: March 2014

AbstractDesiccation cracking is ubiquitous in many materials of practical importance, such as in mud, clay soil, pavement, and concrete, and understanding its dynamics and formation is essential for developing an effective means of its prevention or utilization. We report on a phenomenological investigation aimed at delineating the effect of a coarse‐textured substrate on the cracking dynamics and morphology of an overlying kaolinite clay layer. Drying experiments were carried out using a glass container mounted on a digital balance, packed with a thin layer of kaolinite clay overlying seven types of sand that differed in their particle size distributions. An automatic imaging system recorded the dynamics of cracking at the evaporating surface. Dynamic analysis suggests a decreased duration of cracking with increased substrate particle size and substrate‐independent initial crack propagation. Analysis of the cracking morphology indicates a decreased crack density and larger crack length, and an increased crack width mean and standard deviation with increased substrate particle size. Scanning electron microscopy results, used to study the extent of cracking over various length scales, indicate that only macroscopic cracks formed on the kaolinite clay surface. Fractal and density correlation function analysis of the final crack networks indicate the dependency of the fractal dimension on the substrate particle size, and a crossover length scale ξ that separates the fractal regime from the uniform crack density regime. For length scales greater than ξ, the density correlation function asymptotically approaches the crack density at the surface of the clay.
Real‐time global flood estimation using satellite‐based precipitation and a coupled land surface and routing model
Authors: Wu Huan , Adler Robert F. , Tian Yudong , Huffman George J. , Li Hongyi , Wang JianJian 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA widely used land surface model, the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, is coupled with a newly developed hierarchical dominant river tracing‐based runoff‐routing model to form the Dominant river tracing‐Routing Integrated with VIC Environment (DRIVE) model, which serves as the new core of the real‐time Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS). The GFMS uses real‐time satellite‐based precipitation to derive flood monitoring parameters for the latitude band 50°N–50°S at relatively high spatial (∼12 km) and temporal (3 hourly) resolution. Examples of model results for recent flood events are computed using the real‐time GFMS (http://flood.umd.edu). To evaluate the accuracy of the new GFMS, the DRIVE model is run retrospectively for 15 years using both research‐quality and real‐time satellite precipitation products. Evaluation results are slightly better for the research‐quality input and significantly better for longer duration events (3 day events versus 1 day events). Basins with fewer dams tend to provide lower false alarm ratios. For events longer than three days in areas with few dams, the probability of detection is ∼0.9 and the false alarm ratio is ∼0.6. In general, these statistical results are better than those of the previous system. Streamflow was evaluated at 1121 river gauges across the quasi‐global domain. Validation using real‐time precipitation across the tropics (30°S–30°N) gives positive daily Nash‐Sutcliffe Coefficients for 107 out of 375 (28%) stations with a mean of 0.19 and 51% of the same gauges at monthly scale with a mean of 0.33. There were poorer results in higher latitudes, probably due to larger errors in the satellite precipitation input.
Hydrologic controls on basin‐scale distribution of benthic invertebrates
Authors: Ceola Serena , Bertuzzo Enrico , Singer Gabriel , Battin Tom J. , Montanari Alberto , Rinaldo Andrea 
Published: March 2014

AbstractStreamflow variability is a major determinant of basin‐scale distributions of benthic invertebrates. Here we present a novel procedure based on a probabilistic approach aiming at a spatially explicit quantitative assessment of benthic invertebrate abundance as derived from near‐bed flow variability. Although the proposed approach neglects ecological determinants other than hydraulic ones, it is nevertheless relevant in view of its implications on the predictability of basin‐scale patterns of organisms. In the present context, aquatic invertebrates are considered, given that they are widely employed as sensitive indicators of fluvial ecosystem health and human‐induced perturbations. Moving from the analytical characterization of site‐specific probability distribution functions of streamflow and bottom shear stress, we achieve a spatial extension to an entire stream network. Bottom shear stress distributions, coupled with habitat suitability curves derived from field studies, are used to produce maps of invertebrate suitability to shear stress conditions. Therefore, the proposed framework allows one to inspect the possible impacts on river ecology of human‐induced perturbations of streamflow variability. We apply this framework to an Austrian river network for which rainfall and streamflow time series, river network hydraulic properties, and local information on invertebrate abundance for a limited number of sites are available. A comparison between observed species density versus modeled suitability to shear stress is also presented. Although the proposed strategy focuses on a single controlling factor and thus represents an ecological minimal model, it allows derivation of important implications for water resource management and fluvial ecosystem protection.
‘Remember Who You Are Designing For’: An Interview with Baroness Sally Greengross OBE
Authors: Greengross Baroness Sally , Castle Helen 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBaroness Sally Greengross has a long and deep knowledge of issues surrounding ageing. Until 2000 she was Director General of Age Concern for 13 years, and also joint Chair of the Institute of Gerontology at King's College London and Secretary General of Eurolink Age. She is now President/Chief Executive of the International Longevity Centre‐UK (ILC‐UK), an influential think‐tank impacting policy on longevity, ageing and population change. Since 2000, she has been a crossbench (independent) member of the House of Lords and she chairs five All‐Party Parliamentary Groups: Dementia, Corporate Responsibility, Intergenerational Futures, Continence Care, and Ageing and Older People (Co‐Chair). Here, the Editor of AD, Helen Castle, interviews her on shifting attitudes to ageing and the importance of designing for the older population.
‘New Aging’: Designing Architecture for All Ages
Authors: Hollwich Matthias , Hoffman Matthew 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe US is on the brink of demographic transformation, with the bulging generation of baby boomers about to reach retirement. In 2008, New York‐based architects Hollwich Kushner (HWKN) anticipated this shift by instigating a ‘New Aging’ initiative that set out to explore imaginative solutions in architecture and urbanism to age‐related challenges. Here Matthias Hollwich with Matthew Hoffman of HWKN explain why attitudes and approaches to ageing have to change; and why old age needs to be ‘acknowledged as a state of human existence’ that fully ‘deserves preparation, anticipation and excitement’.
Designing for a Lifetime in New York and Other US Cities
Authors: Maltz Jerry , Hunter Christine , Cohen Eric , Wright Susan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn the next 30 years, the number of senior citizens in the US will increase to become larger than any other single age group. How are cities starting to prepare for this huge expansion in the numbers of over‐65s? Jerry Maltz and Christine Hunter of the Design for Aging Committee of the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects (AIANY), aided by Eric Cohen and Susan Wright, describe how New York and other US cities are laying the necessary groundwork through the World Health Organization's Age‐Friendly Cities programme, while also setting up innovative centres for senior citizens, making much‐needed modifications to the physical environment and developing new approaches to affordable housing.
Socially Inclusive Design in Denmark: The Maturing Landscape
Authors: Peters Terri 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWith a tradition of social inclusion and innovative contemporary design, Denmark leads the way internationally in its architectural provision for an older population. Architect, author and researcher Terri Peters highlights some pioneering housing schemes in Denmark that use architecture to reduce the stigma of old age in the creation of environments that are overtly ‘homey’ or domestic – breaking away from the sanitised environment of the ‘nursing home’ – and that employ nature and landscape to positive effect, as a means of promoting healing and health.
Ageing in Suburbia: Designing for Demographic Change in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Taylor Mark , Buys Laurie 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn the next half‐century, Australia's population of people aged over 65 is set to almost double. As a consequence, there is an urgent need in both Australia and New Zealand, where older people value their independence, for housing that fully supports them in their own suburban homes. With only a handful of models in place, Mark Taylor, Professor of Architecture at the University of Newcastle, Australia, and Laurie Buys, a Professor in the School of Design at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, have tracked down some promising precedents for suburban living in adapted homes and within community‐based shared housing.
Housing for the Elderly: The Changing Scenario in India
Authors: Vaidya Radhika , Raje Anjali 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLike many other countries in the world, a rise in life expectancy means that India is now facing a sharp increase in the older population; a situation that is exacerbated by other social and economic changes such as urbanisation and the erosion of the extended family that leads to greater numbers of older people living alone. Here Radhika Vaidya, an architect and town planner based in Pune, and Anjali Raje, an executive director of the International Longevity Centre – India (ILC‐I), combine their expert knowledge to profile the situation in India and to showcase some new housing solutions.
China's Concealed Crisis
Authors: Denison Edward , Ren Guang Yu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractArchitectural historian and author Edward Denison and architect and researcher Guang Yu Ren lift the lid on the complex and urgent matter of China's ageing population. The impending crisis is not only a matter of numbers – a third of China's population are projected to be over 60 by 2050 – but also one of shifting social responsibility. Whereas the care of ageing relatives has traditionally been the individual family's responsibility – filial obligation being written into the constitution – urban migration and economic development and the legacy of the One Child Policy are disrupting this, creating a greater need for state and private housing provision for the elderly.
Mediating Change: A Japanese Perspective on Adaptable Architecture
Authors: Schmidt Robert , Eguchi Toru 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAdaptable buildings that are effectively left open, in a perpetual state of making, have the greatest potential to cater for society's needs in the face of demographic change. Here Robert Schmidt III, architect and researcher, and Toru Eguchi, associate professor at Yokohama National University in Japan, explore how Japan, which has a rich tradition of adaptable architecture and also the highest life expectancy in the world, has embraced this approach.
Redesigning Domesticity: Creating Homes for the Elderly
Authors: Stewart Sally 
Published: March 2014

AbstractSally Stewart, Deputy Head of the Mackintosh School of Architecture at the Glasgow School of Art, highlights how nurturing a sense of ‘home’ can be a key ingredient in the creation of successful accommodation for the elderly and those with dementia. What, however, sets a ‘home’ apart from mere housing provision, and how can architects engender it? Stewart looks at some recent projects in the UK, Japan and the Netherlands in search of the answer.
Regeneration for All Generations: The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
Authors: Firth Kathryn , Patel Manisha 
Published: March 2014

AbstractKathryn Firth, Chief of Design at the London Legacy Development Corporation (LLDC), and Manisha Patel, a director at PRP Architects, describe how the London 2012 bid's promise to promote wellbeing and social inclusion in the Stratford area of East London is now being borne out in urban design and housing that meet ‘the evolving needs and desires of people throughout their lifetimes’. A key scheme is PRP Architects' design for multi‐generation houses at Chobham Manor, on the eastern side of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.
‘Happy Meals’: Finding Happiness with Hans Becker and the Humanitas Care Model
Authors: Birkbeck David 
Published: March 2014

AbstractHans Becker, originally a professor at the Erasmus School of Economics in Rotterdam, is a seemingly unlikely guru for elderly care. In 1992 he was appointed Chair of the Rotterdam‐based housing association Humanitas with the task of overturning the outmoded and failing commercial model of its nursing homes. He set about replacing them with ‘apartments for life’ that promoted independent living. In order to understand more about the successful Humanitas model, David Birkbeck, Chief Executive of Design for Homes in the UK, interviewed Becker and found out how the move to a new housing type was enabled by a philosophical shift that placed an emphasis on the engendering of happiness among its residents – with food and the creation of convivial on‐site restaurant facilities proving a critical tool.
Customised ‘Care‐Ready’ Living: A HAPPI‐Inspired Design for Evolutionary Housing by Walter Menteth Wren Architects
Authors: Menteth Walter 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn 2013, Walter Menteth Architects entered the 2013 Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Re‐imagine Ageing Design Competition with an entry that focused on the delivery of customised housing to suit individual specifications. Here Walter Menteth, a director of the practice, describes the research the office undertook as part of the project and how it led to a solution that radically questioned the current procurement process for development‐led retirement housing by proposing a new, distinctively ‘branded’ delivery vehicle that improves access to consumers while expanding buyer choice and engagement.
Sense‐Sensitive Design for the Ageing
Authors: Mazuch Richard 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWhen designing retirement housing and socially inclusive urban spaces, there is a great deal of emphasis on mobility and accessibility. Physical decline is, however, only one important dimension of old age. Richard Mazuch, Director of Design Research and Innovation for IBI/Nightingale, an architect with specialist expertise in evidence‐based design and healthcare, here describes how architects and designers need to be mindful of how the senses wane with age when designing environments for older people.
New Visions: Re‐imagine Ageing RIBA Design Competition 2013
Authors: Farrelly Lorraine 
Published: March 2014

AbstractLack of public funding and commercial constraints often restrict fresh thinking coming to the fore when designing housing for older people, as the potential for architects to respond innovatively in practice remains limited. In 2013, developer McCarthy & Stone and the RoyalInstitute of British Architects (RIBA) paired up to launch the Re‐imagine Ageing design competition, which asked architects to provide visionary responses to designing proposals for a typical retirement site on a brownfield plot in Bishop's Waltham, Hampshire. Guest‐Editor Lorraine Farrelly describes the work of the award‐winners and explains how this unique chance to develop and research more far‐reaching approaches to retirement housing has gone on to inform their work.
Wanted: Challenging Design Ideas for Ageing
Authors: Wilkinson Katherine 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn 2012‐13, the Design Research Institute (DRI) at the RMIT University in Melbourne hosted a Design Challenge on ageing. For the institute, which is based around trans‐disciplinary design research, the challenge provides a unique opportunity to introduce a rigorous framework and focus to its activities. Katherine Wilkinson, the Senior Manager of the DRI and initiator of the annual Design Challenge, describes how students, designers and experts from industry, business and the community were brought together by the issue of ageing to generate innovative ideas and solutions.