bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of screening algorithms in systemic sclerosis‐related pulmonary arterial hypertension: a systematic review
Authors: Thakkar V. , Stevens W. M. , Moore O. A. , Nikpour M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a major cause of mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). There is emerging evidence that screening may enable the earlier detection and treatment of SSc‐PAH, and thereby improve survival.AimsWe undertook a systematic review to evaluate the performance of current screening algorithms in SSc‐PAH.MethodsWe searched the Medline and EMBASE databases to 31 March 2012. We selected studies if they applied a screening algorithm to consecutively enrolled SSc patients not known to have PAH; SSc‐PAH had to be confirmed on right heart catheterisation (RHC). The performance of each screening algorithm and the methodological quality of each study was evaluated.ResultsNine studies met the inclusion criteria with a total intent‐to‐screen population of 3504 participants. In studies of patients with prevalent disease, the positive predictive value (PPV) of screening for PAH was 20.4–87.0%. In studies of patients with incident disease, the PPV of screening for PAH was 20.0–30.7%. The PPV of algorithms using echocardiography alone, or in combination with other tests, was comparable. No study enabled an accurate determination of negative predictive value, sensitivity or specificity of the screening algorithm as only patients who screened positive underwent confirmatory testing with RHC. The optimal timing and frequency of repeat screening is unknown.ConclusionThe low to moderate PPV of current screening algorithms, coupled with the inability to determine accurately the negative predictive value, sensitivity and specificity, suggests that there is a need to validate further these algorithms before making recommendations regarding screening for SSc‐PAH.
Effect of Leaf Age and Etiolation of Barley on Susceptibility to Powdery Mildew Infection
Authors: Nelson Henry , Shiraishi Tomonori , Oku Hachiro 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe 48‐h infection frequency of both compatible and incompatible races of powdery mildew on a series of different‐aged first, second and etiolated first leaves of barley (cv. H.E.S. 4) was determined. Young leaves and etiolated leaves were very susceptible. The resistance which developed rapidly upon maturation of leaves out of infancy was quite pronounced. The resistance was not race‐specific.ZusammenfassungEinfluß vom Blattalter und Etiolieren bei Gerste auf die Anfälligkeit gegenüber einer Echten MehltauinfektionErmittelt wurde die 48 h‐Infektionshäufigkeit bei kompatiblen und inkompatiblen Echten Mehltaurassen auf eine Serie von Primär‐, Sekundär‐ und etiolierten Primärgerstenblätter (Sorte H.E.S. 4). Junge und etiolierte Blätter waren sehr anfällig. Die Resistenz, die sehr rasch mit dem Reifwerden der Blätter entstand, war ausgeprägt. Die Resistenz war nicht rassenspezifisch.
Occurrence of Pseudomonas viridiflava in Seedlings of Radish
Authors: Shakya Dilli D. , Vinther F. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractRadish (Raphanus sativa L.) seeds and seedlings of cv. Pyuthane from Nepal were found to be infected with pathogenic bacteria. From 22 to 52% of the seedlings were noted with cotyledonary leaf spots and 10 to 20% with black or brown discoloured roots, when grown on blotter, water agar or in soil. Based on biochemical and host range tests some of the bacteria isolated from these parts and directly from seeds were identified as Pseudomonas viridiflava.ZusammenfassungDas Vorkommen von Pseudomonas viridiflava in RadieschensämlingenEs wurde festgestellt, daß Samen und Sämlinge von Radieschen (Raphanus sativa L.) cv. Pyuthane aus Nepal mit pathogenen Bakterien infiziert waren. Wenn Sämlinge auf feuchtem Papier, auf Wasser‐Agar oder in Erde wuchsen, hatten 22 bis 52% Keimblattflecken und 10 bis 20% braun gefärbte Wurzeln. Aufgrund biochemischer und Wirtsspektrumsuntersuchungen konnten einige der aus den befallenen Pflanzenteilen sowie direkt aus Samen gewonnene Bakterien als Pseudomonas viridiflava identifiziert werden.
Application of Enzyme‐linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) to Detection of Lettuce Mosaic Virus in Lettuce Seeds
Authors: Dolores‐Talens A. C. , Hill J. H. , Durand D. P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractEnzyme‐linked fluorescence assay (ELFA) was evaluated for detection of lettuce mosaic virus (LMV). The assay, which could detect 1 ng/ml of purified virus, was approximately equivalent in sensitivity to results obtained with biotin‐avidin ELISA. The immunoassay detected LMV antigen in contrived seed lots containing LMV‐infected seeds where virus concentrations were presumably at low levels.ZusammenfassungDie Anwendung eines enzymgekoppelten Fluoreszenzassays (ELFA) bei der Entdeckung des Lettuce Mosaik Virus in SalatsamenEin enzymgekoppelter Fluoreszenzassay (ELFA) wurde auf seine Tauglichkeit bei der Entdek‐kung des Lettuce Mosaik Virus (LMV) geprüft. Der Assay, der 1 ng/ml gereinigtes Virus feststellen konnte, war in seiner Sensitivität mit den Ergebnissen nach Biotin‐Avidin ELISA ungefähr gleich einzustufen. Der Immunoassay entdeckte LMV‐Antigene in Samenproben, die LMV‐infizierte Samen enthielten, bei denen die Viruskonzentrationen aber wahrscheinlich sehr niedrig waren.
Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb., Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Sacc. and Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. — Cultural Characteristics, Toxinogenicity and Pathogenicity Towards Cereals
Authors: Chelkowski J. , Manka Malgorzata , Kwasna Hanna , Visconti A. , Golinski P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractTaxonomy, toxinogenicity and pathogenicity of 26 isolates of Fusarium‐Sporotricbiella section were studied. Strains of Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. isolated in Poland from cereals have been found severely pathogenic towards cereal seedlings. They produced significant amounts of T‐2 toxin (up to 600 mg/kg) and other trichothecenes under laboratory conditions. The investigated strains of F. tricinctum (Corda) Sacc. and F. poae (Peck) Wollenw. proved to be nonpathogenic and nontoxigenic under the same conditions.ZusammenfassungFusarium sporotrichoides Sherb., F. tricinctum (Corda) Saco und F. poae (Peck) Wollenw. — Kulturmerkmale, Toxinogenität und Pathogenität gegenüber GetreideUntersucht wurde die Taxonomie, Toxinogenität und Pathogenität von 26 Fusarium‐lsolaten aus der Sporotrichiella‐Sektion. Fusarium sporotnchoides‐Sümme, die von Getreide in Polen isoliert wurden, zeigten sich als sehr pathogen gegenüber Getreidesämlingen. Unter Laborbedingungen produzierten diese Stämme bedeutende Mengen an T‐2 Toxin (bis zu 600 mg/kg) und anderen Trichothecenen. Die untersuchten F. tricinctum‐ und F. poae‐Sämme zeigten sich unter den gleichen Bedingungen als nicht pathogen und nicht toxinogen.
Ampelomyces quisqualis for Biological and Integrated Control of Powdery Mildews in Israel
Authors: Sztejnberg A. , Galper S. , Mazar Shlomit , Lisker N. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAn isolate of Ampelomyces quisqualis obtained from a Oidium sp. infecting Catha edulis in Israel, proved to be infective to several powdery mildew fungi belonging to the genera Oidium, Erysiphe, Sphaerotheca, Podosphaera, Uncinula, and Leveillula. In field trials, A. quisqualis parasitized the powdery mildews of cucumber, carrot and mango and reduced the disease. Hyperparasitism on Oidium mangiferae is reported for the first time. A. quisqualis was tolerant to many fungicides currently used to control powdery mildews and/or other plant diseases. In one experiment, treating powdery mildew of cucumber (cv. Hazera 205) with spores of A. quisqualis alone, significantly decreased disease severity and increased cucumber yields by approximately 50%. However, a greater increase in yield was obtained by using the fungicide pyrazophos alone or in combination with the hyperparasite. In a second experiment, using cv. Dalila, all treatments increased the yield over the untreated control which did not produce fruits.ZusammenfassungAmpelomyces quisqualis in der biologischen und integrierten Bekämpfung des Echten Mehltaus in IsraelFestgestellt wurde, daß ein Ampelomyces quisqualis‐Stimm, der aus einer Oidium sp. an Catha edulis in Israel isoliert wurde, einige der Pilze des Echten Mehltaus der Gattungen Oidium, Erysiphe, Sphaerotheca, Podosphaera, Uncinula und Leveillula parasitisieren konnte. In Feldversuchen konnte A. quisqualis Gurken‐, Möhren‐ und Mangomehltau parasitisieren und dadurch den Krankheitsbefall reduzieren. Der Hyperparasitismus an Oidium mangifera wird zum ersten Mal dokumentiert. Es wurde auch festgestellt, daß A. quisqualis gegen einige Fungizide, die ihren Einsatz als Mehltaufungizide oder auch gegen andere Krankheiten finden, unempfindlich ist. In einem Versuch wurde ermittelt, daß nach der Anwendung von A. quisqualis‐Sporen gegen Gurkenmehkau (Sorte Hazera 205) eine deutliche Reduzierung der Befallsintensität und eine Erhöhung des Gurkenertrages um 50% erzielt wurde. Jedoch wurden noch höhere Erträge erzielt, wenn entweder das Fungizid Pyrazophos alleine oder in Kombination mit dem Hyperparasit angewandt wurde. In einem zweiten Versuch mit der Sorte Dalila wurden bessere Erträge mit allen Behandlungen erzielt als in der unbehandelten Kontrolle, wo keine Gurken wuchsen.
Elimination of Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus from Axillary Bud Cultures of Red Raspberry Cv. Lloyd George by Antiviral Compounds
Authors: KUDELL A. R. , BUCHENAUER H. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractRaspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) is common in red raspberry cvs in West Germany. Attempts to eliminate the virus from infected raspberry stock by means of heat therapy or meristem culture mostly failed because of its heat stability and its presumed property to colonize the meristems. Therefore, a combined method of tissue culture with chemotherapy was developed to eliminate RBDV from axillary bud cultures of red raspberry, cv. Lloyd George. The antiviral compounds ribavirin and dodecyl‐N‐methylephedrinium bromide (DMEB) were added to the nutrient medium in different concentrations.After application of ribavirin and DMEB at non phytotoxic concentrations, e. g. 2 × 10−4 to 4 × 10−5 mol, RBDV could not be detected in any explant tested by ELISA.ZusammenfassungEliminierung von raspberry bushy dwarf virus aus Triebknospen‐Kulturen der Himbeersorte ‘Lloyd George’ durch AntiviralsubstanzenRaspberry bushy virus (RBDV) wird verbreitet in deutschen Himbeersortimenten gefunden. Die Eliminierung aus infizierten Himbeersträuchern mittels Wärmebehandlung oder Meristemkultur bereitet Schwierigkeiten, da das Virus zum einen hitzestabil ist und zum anderen auch die Meristeme der Wirtspflanzen zu besiedeln scheint. Daher wurde eine kombinierte Methode zur Virus‐eliminierung, bestehend aus Gewebekulturen mit Triebknospen der Himbeersorte “Lloyd George” und Chemotherapie, entwickelt. Die Antiviralsubstanzen Ribavirin und Dodecyl‐N‐methylephe‐driniumbromid (DMEB) wurden dem Nährmedium in verschiedenen Konzentrationen zugesetzt.Nach der Applikation von Ribavirin und DMEB in nicht phytotoxischen Konzentrationen (z. B. 2 × 10‐4 bis 4 × 10‐5 Mol) konnte im ELISA‐Test in allen untersuchten Explantaten kein RBDV nachgewiesen werden.
Prevention of early childhood caries: a public health perspective
Authors: Weintraub Jane A. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract—This paper proposes strategies for preventing early childhood caries (ECC), preferably for the greatest number of children at the lowest cost. Population‐based, public health approaches are more likely to reach the target population groups at risk of developing ECC than individual, private practice‐based approaches. Different prevention and early intervention strategies are discussed and the following recommendations are made: 1) Continue to promote community water fluoridation. 2) Evaluate the effectiveness of other public health oriented measures to prevent ECC. 3) Develop a national ECC and rampant caries registry. 4) Link oral health screening and easily implemented, low‐cost interventions with immunization schedules and public health nursing activities. 5) Increase opportunities for community‐based interventions conducted by dental hygienists. 6) Change insurance reimbursement schedules to provide incentives for dentists to prevent disease. 7) Include dentistry in new child health insurance legislation for children as well as parents of infants and preschool children.
Research issues in early childhood caries
Authors: Horowitz Herschel S. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract—Research 3 needed to establish what nomenclature and case definition for early childhood caries (ECC) are most relevant to health care professionals and to the public. Profiles or indexes for predicting the prevalence of ECC in communities should be developed on the basis of the socioeconomic factors, immigrant status and ethnic/racial backgrounds of populations. Future research should target risk factors of ECC, particularly prenatal and perinatal histories, nutritional status and microbiologic factors. Determining the relation of malnutrition of infants and young children, low birthweight, complicated pregnancies and traumatic births with the development of enamel linear hypoplasia deserves research attention. Factors that affect how and when infants and young children are colonized by mutans streptococci also need further study. The evaluation of chemotherapeutic preventive agents will likely yield more fruitful interventions for prevention than trying to change behaviors. Research in young children to prevent ECC, however, has particular ethical considerations. Withholding treatments or administering placebos to vulnerable subjects is not acceptable. Consequently, future clinical research likely will determine the relative rather than the absolute effectiveness of preventive regimens; the former requires large sample sizes and may necessitate multi‐center studies. Human studies may be hampered by problems of recruitment, compliance and transiency of subjects. Because federal support for research on dental caries has declined in recent years, a special initiative that focuses specifically on ECC may be necessary to obtain adequate funding for research on the disease.
Response to Horowitz: Research issues in early childhood caries
Authors: Johnsen David C. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract—Interest in early childhood caries (ECC) remains strong internationally, yet a name remains elusive. Baby bottle tooth decay (BBTD) was widely recognized by non‐dental health professionals — a factor to consider in choosing a more appropriate name. Due to limits in historic data, progress against the disease remains difficult to determine. As reflected by Dr Horowitz's list of recommendations, a focused agenda is not at hand on research leading to specific interventions. We also struggle to develop a specific set of interventions suitable for public health settings. In the absence of research‐based effective interventions, I hope we do not withdraw from efforts to reduce ECC.
Effect of Continuing Nursing Education on Nurses' Attitude Toward and Accuracy of Nursing Diagnosis
Authors: Collins Anita 
Published: April 2013

PurposeTo test the effectiveness of a 12‐hr educational course on nursing diagnosis, critical thinking, and clinical reasoning.MethodThis two‐group, quasi‐experimental study was conducted with 100 practicing nurses, 50 in each group. Attitude was measured by the Positions on Nursing Diagnosis scale. Accuracy of nursing diagnosis was measured with three valid and reliable case studies, and the Lunney scoring method.FindingsAfter completion, there was a significant difference in the mean attitude between control and experimental groups, and in the accuracy of nursing diagnosis.ConclusionsContinuing education can improve clinical reasoning, as shown by improved attitudes toward and accuracy of nursing diagnosis.Practice ImplicationsNurse educators should create educational strategies for practicing nurses to improve clinical reasoning skills.
Exploring Patterns of Unwanted Behaviours in Adults with Prader–Willi Syndrome
Authors: Pignatti Riccardo , Mori Ileana , Bertella Laura , Grugni Graziano , Giardino Daniela , Molinari Enrico 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundObsessive‐compulsive (O‐C) traits, and excessive food intake are well known behavioural manifestations among individuals with Prader–Willi Syndrome (PWS). Other unwanted behaviours are also frequently observed, but they need a more specific investigation, especially in the adult population.MethodsThe behaviour of 31 PWS adults was investigated via the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised (SCL‐90‐R), the Yale‐Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist (Y‐BOCS‐SC), and the Prader–Willi Behavioural Checklist (PBC). The PBC is a quick screening questionnaire prompted specifically for the investigation on adults with PWS.ResultsStatistical clustering revealed two patterns of unwanted behaviours from the PBC. Behaviours belonging to the first cluster (e.g. Excessive food intake, Skin picking) appear to be linked to the usual phenotypic manifestation of PWS. By contrast, many other behaviours (e.g. some O‐C symptoms and aggressive actions) could show a relationship also to individual psychopathologies.ConclusionsBoth internal (Anxiety and Depression) and external (Hostility) difficulties in managing impulses should account for individually distinct behaviours in adults with PWS.
Multiphase method for analysing online discussions
Authors: Häkkinen P. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSeveral studies have analysed and assessed online performance and discourse using quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative measures have typically included the analysis of participation rates and learning outcomes in terms of grades. Qualitative measures of postings, discussions and context features aim to give insights into the nature of learning activities taking place in the online learning environment. No matter what the particular method, one of the critical aspects in these analyses is the coherence between theory and methodology as well as the explicit focus on the unit(s) of analysis. Technology‐enhanced learning (TEL) settings typically involve processes (e.g. cognitive or social) at different levels, and these processes are often intertwined with each other in a way that is not reducible to any one level only. In this article, a short review on the challenges of research‐based evaluation of TEL, and computer‐supported collaborative learning in particular, is made. With these challenges in the background, the integration of different levels of analysis is demonstrated with the aid of the method developed for analysing the level and reciprocity of discussions in a Web‐based learning setting.
THE EFFECTS OF AGGLOMERATION ON WAGES: EVIDENCE FROM THE MICRO‐LEVEL
Authors: Fingleton Bernard , Longhi Simonetta 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper estimates individual wage equations to test two rival non‐nested theories of economic agglomeration, namely New Economic Geography (NEG), as represented by the NEG wage equation and urban economic (UE) theory, in which wages relate to employment density. In the U.K. context, we find that for male respondents, there is no significant evidence that wage levels are an outcome of the mechanisms suggested by NEG or UE theory, but this is not the case for female respondents. We speculate on the reasons for the gender difference.
Carfilzomib: a novel agent for multiple myeloma
Authors: Redic Kimberly 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Objectives
Carfilzomib is a new agent for the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM). This article presents a comprehensive overview of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, dosing schedule, safety, efficacy, preparation and administration of carfilzomib, and its role in treating MM patients.

Key findings
Carfilzomib is a selective proteasome inhibitor that differs structurally and mechanistically from bortezomib. In patients' whole-blood and peripheral-blood mononuclear cells, carfilzomib inhibited proteasomal and immunoproteasomal activity by 70–80%. Approved carfilzomib dosing is based on body surface area, and is given on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16 of a 28-day cycle (20 mg/m2 in cycle 1; 27 mg/m2 in cycle 2+). Premedication with dexamethasone and adequate hydration are recommended to reduce the risk of adverse events. The median t1/2 of carfilzomib is short (0.29–0.48 h), with no accumulation detected between doses. In clinical studies in relapsed and refractory MM. and in combinations in newly diagnosed MM, single-agent carfilzomib demonstrated significant durable activity, good tolerability and a favourable safety profile, supporting its extended use.

Conclusions
Carfilzomib represents an important addition to the treatment armamentarium for patients with relapsed and/or refractory MM, and studies are underway evaluating the role of single-agent carfilzomib in additional clinical settings as well as in different combinations.
Acute infection of avian malaria impairs concentration of haemoglobin and survival in juvenile altricial birds
Authors: Krams I. A. , Suraka V. , Rantala M. J. , Sepp T. , Mierauskas P. , Vrublevska J. , Krama T. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBlood parasites are often considered as indicators of immunity in birds, and data on parasite prevalence and intensity of infections are essential to reveal information about the condition of both individuals and populations. We prevented parasite vectors from biting and infecting nestling great tit Parus major by using insect repellent inside nest boxes. We found that in the absence of blood parasites, great tit nestlings had higher concentrations of haemoglobin, and they survived at significantly higher rates through the nestling phase and also during the first weeks of their fledgling period. This is the first demonstration so far of the impact these parasites have on haemoglobin levels of the hosts, which reveals one mechanism of adverse impact by blood parasites. This study shows that the effects of blood parasites can be assessed without using anti‐malaria drugs, which can cause additional risk of oxidative stress.
The Linguistic Cycle and the Language Faculty
Authors: van Gelderen Elly 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBecause there has been a recent surge of interest in the linguistic cycle, this article presents a survey of cyclical change and shows how that change provides a unique perspective on the language faculty. The article provides a general background to the linguistic cycle and cyclical change. It reviews some of the cycles that we know and provides a possible account for them. © 2013 The Author. Language and Linguistics Compass © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Experimental Methods for Linguists
Authors: Arunachalam Sudha 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLinguists are increasingly using experiments to provide insight into linguistic representations and linguistic processing. But linguists are rarely trained to think experimentally, and designing a carefully controlled study is not trivial. This paper provides a practical introduction to experiments. We examine issues in experimental design and survey several methodologies. The goal is to provide readers with some tools for understanding and evaluating the rapidly growing literature using experimental methods, as well as for beginning to design experiments in their own research. © 2013 The Author. Language and Linguistics Compass © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.