bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy investigation on human breast cancer cells
Authors: Zhu Jichun , Zhou Jing , Guo Jianyu , Cai Weiying , Liu Bo , Wang Zugeng , Sun Zhenrong 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
Nanoparticles are potentially used for early cancer detection, accurate diagnosis, and cancer treatment.

Results
In this paper, the breast cancer cells treated with gold colloidal suspension were carefully studied by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra. Raman spectroscopy combining with high-resolution electron microscope is employed to investigate the interaction of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with the intracellular components. The TEM images show that the GNPs are taken into the living cells and enveloped into some vesicles named ‘lick up vesicles’ in the cytosol.

Conclusions
The SERS spectra and SERS mapping of cells indicate that the major Raman bands are mostly assigned to the vibration characteristics of proteins, and the C-H in-plane bending mode of the substituted benzene in Phenylalanine is remarkably enhanced. Finally, the interaction mechanisms of the GNPs with the intracellular components are further discussed in detail.
A preparation of murine liver fragments for in vitro studies: liver preparation for toxicological studies
Authors: Alfazari Ali S , Al-Dabbagh Bayan , Almarzooqi Saeeda , Albawardi Alia , Souid Abdul-Kader 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to develop liver tissue preparation suitable for investigating toxins. Hepatocyte respiration, ATP content, urea synthesis, caspase activity and morphology were measured as a function of in vitro incubation time. Mice were anesthetized by sevoflurane inhalation. Small liver fragments were then rapidly excised and incubated at 37°C in Krebs-Henseleit buffer (continuously gassed with 95% O2: 5% CO2) for up to 6 h. Phosphorescence O2 analyzer was used to determine the rate of cellular mitochondrial O2 consumption (k

c
, μM O2 min-1 mg-1). Cellular ATP was measured using the luciferin/luciferase system. The caspase-3 substrate N-acetyl-asp-glu-val-asp-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (Ac-DEVD-AMC) was used to monitor intracellular caspase activity; cleaved AMC moieties (reflecting caspase activity) were separated on HPLC and detected by fluorescence.

Findings
Respiration was inhibited by cyanide, confirming the oxidation occurred in the respiratory chain. The values of k

c
(mean ± SD) for 0≤ t ≤6 h were 0.15 ± 0.02 μM O2 min-1 mg-1 (n = 18, coefficient of variation, CV = 13%), ATP content 131 ± 69 pmol mg-1 (1≤ t ≤6 h, n = 16, CV = 53%), synthesized urea 0.134 ± 0.017 mg/dL mg-1 in 50 min (0≤ t ≤6 h, n = 14, CV = 13%), and AMC peak area 62,540 ± 26,227 arbitrary units mg-1 (1≤ t ≤6 h, n = 3, CV = 42%). Hepatocyte morphology and organelles were reasonably persevered.

Conclusions
The described liver tissue preparation demonstrates stable hepatocyte structure, ultrastructure and biomarkers for up to 6 h, permitting in vitro studies.
Deletions in the pyruvate pathway of Salmonella Typhimurium alter SPI1-mediated gene expression and infectivity
Authors: Abernathy Jason , Corkill Carolina , Hinojosa Carolee , Li Xianyao , Zhou Huaijun 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide. S. Typhimurium encodes type III secretion systems via Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI), producing the major effector proteins of virulence. Previously, we identified two genes of Salmonella pyruvate metabolism that were up-regulated during chicken cell infection: pyruvate formate lyase I (pflB) and bifunctional acetaldehyde-CoA/alcohol dehydrogenase (adhE). We were therefore interested in examining the role these genes may play in the transmission of Salmonella to humans.

Methods
Mutant strains of Salmonella with single gene deletions for pflB and adhE were created. Invasion and growth in human HCT-8 intestinal epithelial cells and THP-1 macrophages was examined. Quantitative PCR was performed on 19 SPI-1 genes.

Results
In HCT-8 cells, both mutant strains had significantly higher intracellular counts than the wild-type from 4 to 48 h post-infection. Various SPI-1 genes in the mutants were up-regulated over the wild-type as early as 1 h and lasting until 24 h post-infection. In THP-1 cells, no significant difference in internal Salmonella counts was observed; however, SPI-1 genes were largely down-regulated in the mutants during the time-course of infection. We also found five SPI-1 genes - hilA, hilC hilD, sicP and rtsA - which were up-regulated in at least one of the mutant strains in log-phase broth cultures alone. We have therefore identified a set of SPI-1 virulence genes whose regulation is effected by the central metabolism of Salmonella.
Use of remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) for salinity assessment of Vaal-Harts irrigation scheme, South Africa
Authors: Ochieng George M , Ojo Olumuyiwa I , Otieno Fredrick AO , Mwaka Beason 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background
Soil salinity is a critical environmental problem in many countries around the world especially the arid and semi-arid countries like South Africa. The problem has great impact on soil fertility which in turns has a great effect on soil productivity. This paper addresses the use of remote sensing and GIS in the assessment of salinity using Landsat enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) data of the Vaal-Harts irrigation scheme acquired with other field data sets and a topographical map to show the spectral classes and salt-affected areas for the years under assessment (1991 to 2005).

Results
The results of the study indicated that salinity problem exists and may get worse. The supervised classification maps show that most of the salinity problems are located along the entire scheme. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) tends to be higher along the irrigation canals. A plot of NDVI values and temperature trend give a correlation of 67% this is an indication that temperature is a major factor in the build up of salinity in the study area. The low salinity class increased by 4, 8618 km2, while medium and high salinity classes decreased by 4,296.4 km2 and 485.4 km2, showing an increase in the salinity trend over the years.

Conclusions
Considering the trend of salinity development in VHS, there is an urgent need for management program to be established in order to control the spread of the menace and therefore reclaim the damaged land in order to make the scheme more viable.
Semiautomated quantification of the influence of data richness on confidence in the geologic interpretation of aeromagnetic maps
Authors: Aitken A. R. A. , Holden E-J. , Dentith M. C. 
Published: February 2013

Geologic interpretations of aeromagnetic maps are highly subjective but are rarely accompanied by a quantitative confidence assessment, which is a key limitation on the usefulness of the results. Here, we outline a method with which the relative level of data richness can be assessed quantitatively, leading to an improved understanding of spatial variations in interpretational confidence. Simple rules were used to quantify the likely influence of several major sources of uncertainty. These were: (1) the level of geologic constraint, using the local abundance of outcropping rock and the quality of geologic mapping; (2) the interpretability of the aeromagnetic data, considering the strength of edge-like features and the degree of directionality of these features, a proxy for structural complexity; (3) data collection and processing errors, including gridding errors, derived from the statistical error returned during kriging, and the influence of anisotropic line data collection on the detection of gradients. From these individual sources of uncertainty, an overall data richness map was generated through a weighted summation of these grids. Weightings were assigned so as to best match the result to the interpreter’s perception of interpretational confidence. This method produced a map of data richness, which reflects the opportunity that the data provided to the interpreter to make a correct interpretation. An example from central Australia indicated that the data influences were preserved over a moderate range of weighting factors, and that strong bias was required to override these. In addition to providing a confidence assessment, this method also provides a way to test the potential benefits of additional data collection.
Pulmonary lymphangiomatosis as a cause of first trimester nuchal cysts in a euploid fetus
Authors: de la Rosa Rodríguez Margarita Alvarez , Estévez Elsa C. , Castro Candelaria García , Pérez Ana I. Padilla , Luque Juan M. Troyano 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Increased nuchal and perinuchal translucency in euploid fetuses can be due to a wide range of congenital malformations, metabolopathies or syndromes. We present a case of transient increased perinuchal fluid accumulation in a euploid female fetus that showed no anomalies in the morphological ultrasound scan on the 20th week of gestation. The lymphatic fluid accumulation resolved spontaneously but hydrothorax developed at week 29 of pregnancy. The hydrops recurred despite the placement of a pleuro-amniotic shunt, and the gestation ended in premature delivery and early neonatal death due to massive hydrops. Necropsy revealed pulmonary lymphangiomatosis. This disease had not been previously related to increased perinuchal translucency in a euploid fetus.
Feast, Famine, and History
Authors: Altmann Peter 
Published: February 2013

This study builds upon recent composition-critical analysis of Deut 26,1–15 and highlights the importance of the festive meal topos for the interpretation of the section. This motif, shown to have developed new contours from its use in historically earlier texts of Deut, now accompanies the ritual utterances of vv. 5–10 and vv. 12–15. Eating in Deut 26,1–15 carries two related themes: celebration of a bountiful harvest in contrast to the memory of the perishing ancestor, and satisfaction for those in similarly precarious circumstances. When considered in light of the dangers associated with eating in Deut 6–11, the satisfaction and celebration in Deut 26 offer a positive ritual context for feasting in connection with the story of Yhwh’s provision in the exodus and gift of the land (cf. vv. 7–9).
Cette étude, basée sur les récentes analyses diachroniques de la composition de Deut. 26,1–15, met en évidence l’importance du motif du repas rituel pour l’interprétation de ce passage. La présentation du motif se distingue de celle des textes plus anciens du Deutéronome, car ce dernier est maintenant combiné avec les discours rituels des vv. 5–10 et vv. 12–15. »Manger« en Deut. 26 est rattaché à deux thèmes liés entre eux: la célébration de la moisson abondante qui contraste avec le souvenir de l’ancêtre en péril et le rassasiement de ceux qui se trouvent dans les mêmes circonstances précaires que lui. En plus, en regard des dangers concernant l’alimentation en Deut. 6–11, les motifs du rassasiement et de la célébration en Deut. 26 offrent un contexte rituel positif pour la narration de la sollicitude de Yhwh pendant l’exode et du don du pays de Canaan (cf. vv. 7–9).
Diese Untersuchung stützt sich auf jüngere kompositionskritische Analysen zu Dtn 26,1–15 und beleuchtet hier den Topos der Festmahlzeit. Die Ausgestaltung des Motivs weist aufgrund der Verbindung mit den rituellen Reden in V. 5–10 und V. 12–15 im Vergleich mit den älteren Texten des Dtn neue Akzente auf. Essen in Dtn 26,1–15 steht im Zeichen zweier miteinander verbundener Themen: Feiern einer großzügigen Ernte im Gegensatz zum Gedenken an den dem Untergang nahen Ahnherrn, und körperliche Sättigung für jene, die sich in ähnlich prekären Umständen wie dieser befinden. Mit Blick auf die in Dtn 6–11 mit der Nahrungsaufnahme verbundenen Gefahren bieten die Motive des Sattwerdens und des Feierns in Deut 26 zudem einen positiven rituellen Kontext für die Erzählung der Fürsorge Jhwhs während des Exodus und der Gabe des Landes (vgl. V. 7–9).
On the Biblical »Hidden« Calendar
Authors: Nodet Étienne 
Published: February 2013

The Damascus Document claims that Israel has lost the true Biblical calendar, but a new community, called the Covenant, has been able to restore it. A Book of the division of Times (Jubilees) is cited as an authority. It displays a »solar« calendar of 52 weeks or 364 days. The year begins on a Wednesday of full moon and equinox, and the days are reckoned from the morning. This matches the Creation week and most Biblical dates, with numbered, unnamed months. However, the natural year contains ca. 365.25 days, but since nothing is said of the necessary adjustment for a perpetual system, we conclude that it was just a literary device, somewhat hidden. The Covenanters were able to restore it in awkward ways. The starting point was on Wednesday, March 23rd, 156 BCE, with equinox and full moon, an exceptional occurrence.
Le Document de Damas affirme qu’Israël a perdu le vrai calendrier biblique, mais une nouvelle communauté, l’Alliance, l’a restitué. Il est cité un Livre de la division des temps (Jubilés), qui s’appuie sur un calendrier »solaire« de 52 semaines ou 364 jours. L’année commence un mercredi de pleine lune et d’équinoxe, et les jours sont comptés du matin. Cela concorde avec la semaine de Création et la plupart des dates bibliques, qui sont à mois numérotés. Mais l’année tropique fait 365,25 jours env. et rien n’est dit de l’ajustement nécessaire dès l’an 2. Il s’agit en réalité d’une fiction littéraire, mais les sectaires de l’Alliance l’ont laborieusement reconstitué; le point de départ fut le mercredi 23 mars 156 BCE, avec équinoxe et pleine lune, conjonction très rare.
Die Damaskusschrift (CD) behauptet, dass Israel den wahren biblischen Kalender verloren, aber eine neue Gemeinschaft, der sog. »Bund«, diesen wiederhergestellt habe. Als Autorität wird das Jubiläenbuch zitiert, das einen »solaren« Kalender mit 52 Wochen oder 364 Tagen vertritt. Das Jahr beginnt mit einem Mittwoch bei Vollmond zur Tag-und-Nachtgleiche, und die Tage werden mit dem Morgen beginnend gezählt. Das passt zur Schöpfungswoche und den meisten biblischen Datumsangaben, in denen die Monate nummeriert sind. Aber das tropische Jahr hat ca. 365,25 Tage, und vom nötigen Ausgleich von Jahr 2 an wird nichts gesagt. In Wirklichkeit handelt es sich bei diesem Kalender um eine literarische Fiktion, doch haben die Angehörigen des »Bundes« diese mühsam wiederhergestellt. Als Ausgangspunkt diente dabei Mittwoch, der 23. März 156 v. Chr., mit Tag- und Nachtgleiche und Vollmond, einem sehr seltenen Zusammentreffen.
Ps 44,15; 57,10; 108,4; 149,7: בלאמים or בל־אמים
Authors: Barbiero Gianni , Pavan Marco 
Published: February 2013

In Ps 149,7, the Leningrad Codex (L), which is reproduced faithfully in BHS, offers the strange reading בל־אמים instead of the expected בלאמים, attested at Qumran and in the Aleppo Codex (A), which is followed by the ancient versions and by modern translations. This is not a case of a scribal error because the same reading occurs in Ps 44,15; 57,10; 108,4 L. According to the present contribution, a phonetic explanation of this phenomenon seems somewhat improbable. Probably what we have here is a semantic game, a kind of midrash on the consonants בלאמים, in which the authors of Codex L suggest the possibility of an alternative reading: »among the peoples« could be read also as »(among) the non-peoples«. This second reading receives support from Deut 32,21 בל־אמים.
En Ps. 149,7, le Codex de Léningrad (L), qui est fidèlement repris par la BHS, offre l’étrange lecture: בל־אמים, au lieu de: בלאמים, selon Qumrân et le Codex d’Alep (A), suivis par les versions anciennes et les traductions modernes. Il ne s’agit pas d’une erreur de scribe, puisque la même lecture revient en Pss. 44,15; 57,10; 108,4 L. Une explication phonétique de ce phénomène paraît cependant improbable. Il s’agit plutôt d’un jeu sémantique, une sorte de midrash, sur les consonnes de בלאמים, où les auteurs du Codex L suggèrent la possibilité d’une autre lecture: »parmi les peuples« pourrait être lu également: »(parmi) les non-peuples«. Cette lecture alternative se trouve confortée par: בל־אמים en Deut. 32,21.
In Ps 149,7 bietet der Codex L, welchem die BHS folgt, die seltsame Lesung בל־אמים, statt der erwarteten בלאמים, welche von Qumran, vom Aleppo-Codex (A), von den alten Versionen und den modernen Übersetzungen fast einmütig unterstützt wird. Es handelt sich kaum um einen Schreibfehler, denn dieselbe Lesart erscheint in Ps 44,15; 57,10; 108,4 L. Eine phonetische Erklärung des Phänomens ist nach dem vorliegenden Beitrag unwahrscheinlich. Wir haben es vielmehr mit einem semantischen Spiel zu tun, einer Art Midrasch über die Konsonanten בלאמים. Dadurch möchten die Autoren von L die Möglichkeit einer alternativen Lesung nahe legen: »unter den Völkern« könnte auch als »(unter) den Nicht-Völkern« verstanden werden. Der zweiten Lesung könnte Dtn 32,21 בל־אמים Pate gestanden haben.
Phraseologie im Wörterbuch
Authors: Dobrovol’skij Dmitrij 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The overarching aim of the present paper is to formulate the central phraseographicparameters that can enable researchers to analyze and measurethe efficiency of every dictionary containing phrasemes of all possibletypes.
This paper considers the various ways in which phraseology is represented.Although issues of this kind have been a matter of discussion for acouple of decades, most crucial problems remain unsolved. Rather thandelivering an overview of the relevant works or a critical analysis of existingphraseological dictionaries, the present paper concentrates on somegeneral questions of phraseography. Of special interest are the ways inwhich phrasemes are presented in so-called active dictionaries, i. e., dictionariesthat aim at speech production. The discussion focuses on innovativetechniques for explaining meaning. First, rather than just pointing to anear-synonymous word, descriptions of idiom semantics must take into accountall relevant distinctive features. Second, definitions need to includethe image component of idiom semantics. This task relates to the nature ofidiom motivation. The image component is central to the mental representationas well as to the grammatical and discursive behavior of idioms.Moreover, the lexicographic relevance of this part of the meaning explanationis based on the fact that it can potentially evoke and convey culturespecificchunks of knowledge. To meet these two conditions, lexicographershave to analyze authentic contexts using large text corpora. In other words,the lexicographic definition of idiom semantics has to be substantiatedthrough detailed analyses of the usage of a given phraseme. Besides purelysemantic issues, questions arise as to how dictionaries should present boththe pragmatic and stylistic aspects and the combinatorial behavior ofidioms. As for bilingual idiom dictionaries, the crucial idea is that fullequivalence between seemingly congruent idioms from different languages hardly exists. Although certain idioms may reflect close formal and semanticcorrespondences, in most of the cases their actual use shows subtle differences.A specific focus is put on aspects of variation. This section develops asystematic typology for the forms of idiom variation. It can be consideredthe general foundation for both theoretical discussions and practical, lexicographicallyoriented analyses. Objects of attention include habitualizedword play, i. e., generally known and frequently used modifications of theidiom structure based on puns. This phenomenon has not been satisfactorilyclassified in traditional approaches to phraseology. However, it is importantfrom the lexicographical point of view as well because this kind of idiomvariation reveals the inherent creativity that characterizes many idioms.
Wie viel Wissen steckt in Wörterbüchern? Eine frame-semantische Perspektive
Authors: Boas Hans C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In this paper I argue that it is often not possible to systematically distinguishbetween linguistically relevant knowledge and linguistically irrelevantknowledge. Based on a discussion of various meanings of words and thecontexts in which they can occur I propose, following Fillmore (1982), aframe-semantic approach to the description and analysis of word meanings.Presenting a number of examples from the FrameNet lexicographic databasefor English, I discuss the types of different knowledge necessary toproperly interpret a word’s meaning in context. Finally, I claim that theFrameNet approach to lexical description is also advantagous for the descriptionof other languages and domains.
Sicherheit im öffentlichen Raum: Eine sprach- und kulturvergleichende Diskursanalyse am Beispiel des Körperscanners (2009–2012)
Authors: Habscheid Stephan , Thörle Britta , Wilton Antje 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This contribution explores the discursive practices employed in public discussionabout security in three European countries: Germany, France andthe UK. Initiated by a thwarted terrorist attack on a flight from Amsterdamto Detroit, European parliaments as well as the media discussed the(re)introduction of body scanners as part of the airport security measures.The focus of attention in this study lies on the cultural and linguistic comparisonof discursively constructed concepts of security and safety, the criteriaand selection procedures for scanning air passengers and the representationof public checkpoints including the deployed new technologies basedon ubiquitous computing.
Die Sprach(un)abhängigkeit von Textproduktionskompetenz: Translation als Werkzeug der Schreibprozessforschung und Schreibdidaktik
Authors: Göpferich Susanne , Nelezen Bridgit 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In order to explore in which respects the ability of advanced universitystudents of English to express themselves in their L2 (English) differs fromtheir ability to do so in their L1 (German) and for which aspects of writingthe implementation of translation exercises is useful as a tool to improvewriting skills, a pilot study was conducted in which 6 students with L1German had to produce a German version of a text they had composed intheir L2 English. The methods of data collection used were think-aloud andkeystroke logging. In the analysis, special emphasis was placed on textlevelerrors as opposed to formal, lexical and grammatical errors. In theirL1 versions, students were consistently able to avoid errors of implicitnessand sense but displayed no improvements in other areas such as text coherenceand functional sentence perspective. Although some of the errors couldbe attributed to the special requirements of the translation assignment,translation was also found to possess certain advantages that make it auseful tool in writing didactics.
Prenatal Substance Abuse: Short- and Long-term Effects on the Exposed Fetus
Authors: Behnke Marylou , Smith Vincent C. ,   COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE,   COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN, Behnke Marylou , Smith Vincent C. , Levy Sharon , Ammerman Seth D. , Gonzalez Pamela Kathern , Ryan Sheryl Ann , Smith Vincent C. , Wunsch MD Martha J. , Papile Lu-Ann , Baley Jill E. , Carlo Waldemar A. , Cummings James J. , Kumar Praveen , Polin Richard A. , Tan Rosemarie C. , Watterberg Kristi L. 
Published: February 2013

This Technical Report was retired March 2019.
Prenatal substance abuse continues to be a significant problem in this country and poses important health risks for the developing fetus. The primary care pediatrician’s role in addressing prenatal substance exposure includes prevention, identification of exposure, recognition of medical issues for the exposed newborn infant, protection of the infant, and follow-up of the exposed infant. This report will provide information for the most common drugs involved in prenatal exposure: nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, opiates, cocaine, and methamphetamine.