bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of absorbed solar radiation by Saharan dust on hurricane genesis
Authors: Bretl Sebastian , Reutter Philipp , Raible Christoph C. , Ferrachat Sylvaine , Poberaj Christina Schnadt , Revell Laura E. , Lohmann Ulrike 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTo date, the radiative impact of dust and the Saharan air layer (SAL) on North Atlantic hurricane activity is not yet known. According to previous studies, dust stabilizes the atmosphere due to absorption of solar radiation but thus shifts convection to regions more conducive for hurricane genesis. Here we analyze differences in hurricane genesis and frequency from ensemble sensitivity simulations with radiatively active and inactive dust in the aerosol‐climate model ECHAM6‐HAM. We investigate dust burden and other hurricane‐related variables and determine their influence on disturbances which develop into hurricanes (developing disturbances, DDs) and those which do not (nondeveloping disturbances, NDDs). Dust and the SAL are found to potentially have both inhibiting and supporting influences on background conditions for hurricane genesis. A slight southward shift of DDs is determined when dust is active as well as a significant warming of the SAL, which leads to a strengthening of the vertical circulation associated with the SAL. The dust burden of DDs is smaller in active dust simulations compared to DDs in simulations with inactive dust, while NDDs contain more dust in active dust simulations. However, no significant influence of radiatively active dust on other variables in DDs and NDDs is found. Furthermore, no substantial change in the DD and NDD frequency due to the radiative effects of dust can be detected.
Context of ancient aqueous environments on Mars from in situ geologic mapping at Endeavour Crater
Authors: Crumpler L. S. , Arvidson R. E. , Bell J. , Clark B. C. , Cohen B. A. , Farrand W. H. , Gellert R. , Golombek M. , Grant J. A. , Guinness E. , Herkenhoff K. E. , Johnson J. R. , Jolliff B. , Ming D. W. , Mittlefehldt D. W. , Parker T. , Rice J. W. , Squyres S. W. , Sullivan R. , Yen A. S. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractUsing the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, we have compiled one of the first field geologic maps on Mars while traversing the Noachian terrain along the rim of the 22 km diameter Endeavour Crater (Latitude −2°16′33″, Longitude −5°10′51″). In situ mapping of the petrographic, elemental, structural, and stratigraphic characteristics of outcrops and rocks distinguishes four mappable bedrock lithologic units. Three of these rock units predate the surrounding Burns formation sulfate‐rich sandstones and one, the Matijevic Formation, represents conditions on early Mars predating the formation of Endeavour Crater. The stratigraphy assembled from these observations includes several geologic unconformities. The differences in lithologic units across these unconformities record changes in the character and intensity of the Martian aqueous environment over geologic time. Water circulated through fractures in the oldest rocks over periods long enough that texturally and elementally significant alteration occurred in fracture walls. These oldest pre‐Endeavour rocks and their network of mineralized and altered fractures were preserved by burial beneath impact ejecta and were subsequently exhumed and exposed. The alteration along joints in the oldest rocks and the mineralized veins and concentrations of trace metals in overlying lithologic units is direct evidence that copious volumes of mineralized and/or hydrothermal fluids circulated through the early Martian crust. The wide range in intensity of structural and chemical modification from outcrop to outcrop along the crater rim shows that the ejecta of large (>8 km in diameter) impact craters is complex. These results imply that geologic complexity is to be anticipated in other areas of Mars where cratering has been a fundamental process in the local and regional geology and mineralogy.
Capturing season‐specific precipitation signals in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA, using earlywood and latewood tree rings
Authors: Crawford Christopher J. , Griffin Daniel , Kipfmueller Kurt F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDouglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) total width, earlywood, and latewood tree ring chronologies were developed from six lower forest border sites in the northern Rocky Mountain region of central Idaho and southwestern Montana, USA, to assess the potential for season‐specific moisture reconstructions. These long‐lived arid‐site trees share strong between‐tree and between‐site coherence, and subannual tree ring chronologies reliably span the past seven centuries. Mapping spatiotemporal patterns in northern Rocky Mountain precipitation highlighted winter‐ and summer‐dominated precipitation regimes that transition along a west to east gradient. When Douglas‐fir tree rings were compared with instrumental climate records, season‐specific correlations emerged between earlywood and latewood. Total width, earlywood, and latewood shared the most statistically significant monthly correlations with April–June precipitation, whereas variability in adjusted latewood was tuned to June–August precipitation. Principal component analysis indicated that the leading mode of common variance for earlywood and adjusted latewood explained 65% and 55% variance in the chronologies, respectively. Pearson's correlations between earlywood principal component one and the northern Rocky Mountain precipitation field showed that annual (July–June) and spring (April–June) precipitation exhibited the strongest pattern of significance in central Idaho and southwestern Montana valleys and the Snake River Plain. Summer precipitation (June–August) was correlated with adjusted latewood principal component one and was particularly pronounced along and east of the continental divide in southwestern Montana. These results indicate that Douglas‐fir earlywood and adjusted latewood tree rings in the northern Rocky Mountains retain season‐specific precipitation signals and may be helpful for studying historical precipitation within the winter‐summer transition zone.
Changes in seismicity before and after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake around its southern limit revealed by dense ocean bottom seismic array data
Authors: Nakatani Yukihiro , Mochizuki Kimihiro , Shinohara Masanao , Yamada Tomoaki , Hino Ryota , Ito Yoshihiro , Murai Yoshio , Sato Toshinori 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe southern limit of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake is considered to be located around off Ibaraki. However, it is not well constrained how far south the large slip extended. To give better constraints, we investigated seismicity including small earthquakes before and after the Tohoku earthquake around off Ibaraki using dense ocean bottom seismic array data. We automatically identified epicenters by backprojecting semblance values resulting in a considerable increase in the number of detected events compared with those listed in the catalog based on onshore observation. The results revealed a couple of seismicity‐activated region. The largest aftershock also occurred ~30 min after the main shock. Our detailed results suggest that this highly activated seismicity was initiated by the largest aftershock instead of the main shock. It, then, suggests that the large coseismic slip zone of the Tohoku earthquake may not have extended off Ibaraki.
In situ observations of EMIC waves in O+ band by the Van Allen Probe A
Authors: Yu Xiongdong , Yuan Zhigang , Wang Dedong , Li Haimeng , Huang Shiyong , Wang Zhenzhen , Zheng Qiao , Zhou Mingxia , Kletzing C. A. , Wygant J. R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThrough polarization and spectra analysis of the magnetic field observed by the Van Allen Probe A, we present two typical cases of O+ band electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the outer plasmasphere or plasma trough. Although such O+ band EMIC waves are rarely observed, 18 different events of O+ band EMIC waves (16 events in the outer plasmasphere and two events in the plasma trough) are found from September 2012 to August 2014 with observations of the Van Allen Probe A. We find that the preferred region for the occurrence of O+ band EMIC waves is in L = 2–5 and magnetic local time  = 03–13, 19–20, which is in accordance with the occurrence region of O+ ion torus. Therefore, our result suggests that the O+ ion torus in the outer plasmasphere during geomagnetic activities should play an important role in the generation of EMIC waves in O+ band.
Occupational burns treated in emergency departments
Authors: Reichard Audrey A. , Konda Srinivas , Jackson Larry L. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundDespite reported declines, occupational burn injuries remain a workplace safety concern. More severe burns may result in costly medical treatment and long‐term physical and psychological consequences.MethodsWe used the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System—Occupational Supplement to produce national estimates of burns treated in emergency departments (EDs). We analyzed data trends from 1999 to 2008 and provided detailed descriptions of 2008 data.ResultsFrom 1999 to 2008 there were 1,132,000 (95% CI: ±192,300) nonfatal occupational burns treated in EDs. Burn numbers and rates declined approximately 40% over the 10 years. In 2008, men and younger workers 15–24 years old had the highest rates. Scalds and thermal burns accounted for more than 60% of burns. Accommodation and food service, manufacturing, and construction industries had the largest number of burns.ConclusionsDespite declining burn rates, emphasis is needed on reducing burn hazards to young food service workers and using job specific hazard analyses to prevent burns. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:290–298, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychosocial job factors and biological cardiovascular risk factors in Mexican workers
Authors: Garcia‐Rojas Isabel Judith , Choi BongKyoo , Krause Niklas 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundPsychosocial job factors (PJF) have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. The paucity of data from developing economies including Mexico hampers the development of worksite intervention efforts in those regions.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study of 2,330 Mexican workers assessed PJF (job strain [JS], social support [SS], and job insecurity [JI]) and biological cardiovascular disease risk factors [CVDRF] by questionnaire and on‐site physical examinations. Alternative formulations of the JS scales were developed based on factor analysis and literature review. Associations between both traditional and alternative job factor scales with CVDRF were examined in multiple regression models, adjusting for physical workload, and socio‐demographic factors.ResultsAlternative formulations of the job demand and control scales resulted in substantial changes in effect sizes or statistical significance when compared with the original scales. JS and JI showed hypothesized associations with most CVDRF, but they were inversely associated with diastolic blood pressure and some adiposity measures. SS was mainly protective against CVDRF.ConclusionAmong Mexican workers, alternative PJF scales predicted health outcomes better than traditional scales, and psychosocial stressors were associated with most CVDRF. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:331–351, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allometric scaling and locomotor function in the primate pelvis
Authors: Lewton Kristi L. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTIdentification of positional behavior adaptation in the pelvis of primates is complicated by possible confounding effects of body size and phylogeny. Previous work on primate pelvic allometry has focused primarily on sexual dimorphism and its relationship to obstetric constraints in species with large fetal size relative to maternal size. This study investigates patterns of pelvic scaling with a specific aim to understand how pelvic scaling relates to locomotor function. Patterns of scaling of nine pelvic dimensions were examined in a broad comparative sample of 40 species of primates, covering both haplorhines and strepsirrhines, while accounting for phylogenetic nonindependence. Phylogenetic reduced major axis regressions on pelvic scaling patterns suggest that primate‐wide patterns are reflected in haplorhine‐ and strepsirrhine‐specific analyses. Many measures scale isometrically with pelvis size, but notably, features of the ilium tend to scale allometrically. As predicted, ilium width and lower ilium cross‐sectional area scale with positive allometry, while lower iliac height scales with negative allometry. Further regression analyses by locomotor group suggest that these ilium measures, as well as pubic symphysis and ischium lengths, differ in their scaling patterns according to locomotor mode. These results suggest that scaling differences within primates, when present, are related to functional differences in locomotor behavior and mechanics. This study supports recent work that identifies adaptations to locomotor loading in the ilium and highlights the need for a better understanding of the relationship between pelvic structural mechanics and the mechanical requirements of primate locomotion. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:511–530, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Declining tibial curvature parallels ∼6150 years of decreasing mobility in central european agriculturalists
Authors: Macintosh Alison A. , Davies Thomas G. , Pinhasi Ron , Stock Jay T. 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTLong bones respond to mechanical loading through functional adaptation in a suite of morphological characteristics that together ensure structural competence to in vivo loading. As such, adult bone structure is often used to make inferences about past behavior from archaeological remains. However, such biomechanical approaches often investigate change in just one aspect of morphology, typically cross‐sectional morphology or trabecular structure. The relationship between longitudinal bone curvature and mobility patterns is less well understood, particularly in the tibia, and it is unknown how tibial curvature and diaphyseal cross‐sectional geometry interact to meet the structural requirements of loading. This study examines tibial curvature and its relationship with diaphyseal cross‐sectional geometry (CSG) and body size in preindustrial Central Europeans spanning ∼6150 years following the introduction of agriculture in the region. Anteroposterior centroid displacement from the proximo‐distal longitudinal axis was quantified at nine diaphyseal section locations (collectively representative of diaphyseal curvature) in 216 tibial three‐dimensional laser scans. Results documented significant and corresponding temporal declines in midshaft centroid displacement and CSG properties. Significant correlations were found between mid‐diaphyseal centroid displacement and all mobility‐related CSG properties, while the relationship weakened toward the diaphyseal ends. No significant relationship was found between centroid displacement and body size variables with the exception of the most distal section location. Results support a relationship between tibial curvature and cross‐sectional geometry among prehistoric Central European agricultural populations, and suggest that changes in mechanical loading may have influenced a suite of morphological features related to bone adaptation in the lower limb. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:260–275, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of topical agents on paranasal sinus mucosa healing: a rabbit study
Authors: Jain Ravi , Kim Raymond , Waldvogel‐Thurlow Sharon , Hwang Peter , Cornish Jillian , Douglas Richard 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundNumerous topical agents have been used intraoperatively to enhance postoperative mucosal healing or reduce scar formation. However, the histological effects of many of these treatments have not been well described. This study investigates the impact of topical mometasone furoate, acitretin, lactoferrin, and Silastic sheet (Medtronic) on sinus mucosal healing in a rabbit model.MethodsForty‐eight New Zealand white rabbits underwent defined, localized stripping of a bilateral region of maxillary sinus mucosa. One of 6 treatments was placed in 1 maxillary sinus, and the treatment carrier was applied contralaterally (0.1% mometasone furoate, 0.25% and 0.5% acitretin, lactoferrin, Silastic, and no treatment; n = 8 each group). Rabbits were euthanized after 2 weeks and histological sections were examined with light microscopy.ResultsTreatment with acitretin 0.25% and 0.5% improved cilial recovery by 0.9 ± 0.5 (p = 0.003) and 0.5 ± 0.5 (p < 0.05), respectively. Acitretin 0.25% treatment also significantly reduced collagen in healing mucosa (5.1% ± 4.8%, p = 0.04). Conversely, rabbits treated with mometasone furoate 0.1% were more likely to have reduced cilial and goblet cell recovery. Intergroup comparisons demonstrated a significant improvement in cilial recovery scores with both acitretin doses compared with mometasone furoate (p < 0.05) and less collagen deposition in rabbits treated with placebo gel over Silastic (p < 0.05). Mucosa directly underlying a blood clot had a lower cilia score and impaired epithelial recovery (p < 0.001).ConclusionIntraoperatively applied agents have the potential to significantly affect wound healing. Acitretin improved cilial recovery and reduced collagen deposition.
Surgical management of rhinosinusitis in endoscopic‐endonasal skull‐base surgery
Authors: Nyquist Gurston G. , Friedel Mark E. , Singhal Saurabh , Beahm D. David , Farrell Christopher J. , Evans James J. , Rosen Marc R. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundEndoscopic‐endonasal skull base surgery (ESBS) provides an important approach to select pathologies. There remains a paucity of data, however, regarding morbidity in patients undergoing ESBS with comorbid acute rhinosinusitis (ARS), a fungal ball (FB), or chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).MethodsA retrospective database review between January 2008 and January 2013 identified 35 patients with concurrent skull‐base pathology and refractory ARS, FB, CRS, and CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSP) who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and ESBS.ResultsTwo of 35 (5.7%) had an FB, 3 of 35 (8.6%) had ARS, 19 of 35 (54.2%) had CRSP, and 11 of 35 (31.4%) had CRS. Five of 35 (14.3%) were staged procedures whereas 30 of 35 (85.7%) underwent concurrent ESS and ESBS. Four patients (80%) who were staged carried diagnoses of an FB and ARS. Two patients in the concurrent group required revision ESS for recurrent polyposis. There were no cases of intraorbital or intracranial infectious complications.ConclusionManagement of the paranasal sinuses is paramount to maintain healthy sinonasal function in patients undergoing ESBS. In our experience, most cases of CRS and CRSP can be surgically managed at the time of ESBS without increased risk of intracranial infection. Patients with ARS at the time of surgery or an FB should be staged to avoid postoperative ESBS morbidity.
Comparing the effects of ketotifen fumarate eye drops and ketotifen oral pills on symptom severity and quality of life in patients with allergic rhinitis: a double‐blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: Akhavan Asghar , Karimi‐Sari Hamidreza , Khosravi Mohammad Hossein , Arefzadeh Esmaeil , Yavarahmadi Mohammadhosein 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of nasal mucosa. Previous studies have shown the therapeutic effects of ketotifen eye drops on allergic conjunctivitis and rhinitis patients. This study was designed to compare the effects of ketotifen drops and oral ketotifen pills on symptoms and quality of life in allergic rhinitis patients.MethodsIn this double‐blind randomized clinical trial, patients with mild allergic rhinitis who were referred to the allergy clinic of Baqiyatallah Hospital from March to April 2014 were randomly allocated to 2 groups; the first group received ketotifen drops (1 drop every 12 hours) with placebo pills (2 pills daily), and the second group received placebo eye drops with ketotifen pills for 4 weeks. Symptoms (sneezing, runny nose, itching, and nasal obstruction) severity were examined and Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) scores were evaluated in the second and fourth weeks.ResultsA total of 140 patients were evaluated in 2 groups. The mean age was 30.33 years. There were no significant differences in demographic data between the groups (p > 0.05). Both groups showed a significant improvement in rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, nasal itching, coughing, sneezing, RQLQ, and nasal smear eosinophil percent compared to baseline amounts (p < 0.05). Improvements were significantly more in the drops group (p < 0.05).ConclusionBecause of the absence of systemic complications in ketotifen eye drops in patients with allergic rhinitis and their easy availability in Iran, using this medication instead of systemic therapies is suggested. Nevertheless, more studies are required to evaluate the long‐term effects of using this drug and the recurrence rate of symptoms.
Das Yin und Yang in der Entwicklung von katalytischen Prozessen: Katalyseforschung und Reaktionstechnik
Authors: Prieto Gonzalo , Schüth Ferdi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFür die Umsetzung von kommerziell genutzten katalytischen Prozessen müssen Katalysatorentwicklung, Reaktorkonzept und Reaktortechnologie Hand in Hand gehen. Da alle drei Bereiche wechselseitig voneinander abhängen, war eine Koevolution von Katalysatoren und chemischen Reaktoren historisch der richtige Weg hin zu erfolgreichen Großtechnologien. Während des 150‐jährigen Bestehens der BASF sind deren Beiträge zur Entwicklung verschiedener kommerzieller katalytischer Prozesse eine perfekte Illustration dieses erforderlichen und synergetischen Wechselspiels zwischen Katalysewissenschaft und Reaktortechnologie gewesen.
Sensing Remote Chirality: Stereochemical Determination of β‐, γ‐, and δ‐Chiral Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Tanasova Marina , Anyika Mercy , Borhan Babak 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDetermining the absolute stereochemisty of small molecules bearing remote nonfunctionalizable stereocenters is a challenging task. Presented is a solution in which appropriately substituted bis(porphyrin) tweezers are used. Complexation of a suitably derivatized β‐, γ‐, or δ‐chiral carboxylic acid to the tweezer induces a predictable helicity of the bis(porphyrin), which is detected as a bisignate Cotton Effect (ECCD). The sign of the ECCD curve is correlated with the absolute stereochemistry of the substrate based on the derived working mnemonics in a predictable manner.
Die σ‐aromatischen Cluster [Zn3]+ und [Zn2Cu] – kleinste molekulare Bausteine für Messing
Authors: Freitag Kerstin , Gemel Christian , Jerabek Paul , Oppel Iris M. , Seidel Rüdiger W. , Frenking Gernot , Banh Hung , Dilchert Katharina , Fischer Roland A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDie dreieckigen Cluster [Zn3Cp*3]+ und [Zn2CuCp*3] wurden durch Addition der in situ generierten, elektrophilen und isolobalen Spezies [ZnCp*]+ und [CuCp*] an das Carmona‐Reagens [Cp*ZnZnCp*] synthetisiert, wobei die Zn‐Zn‐Bindung des Letzteren erhalten blieb. Die Verwendung von nichtkoordinierenden fluorierten aromatischen Lösungsmitteln ist dabei essenziell. Die Bindungssituation der ligandenstabilisierten Cluster wurde mit quantenchemischen Methoden untersucht, wobei sich ein hohes Maß an σ‐Aromatizität zeigte, ähnlich der Bindungssituation im Triwasserstoffkation [H3]+. Die neuen Spezies dienen als molekulare Bausteine für CunZnm‐Cluster (Nanomessing), die auch im LIFDI‐Massenspektrum der neuen Verbindungen detektiert werden können.