bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 24‐month course of manic symptoms in children
Authors: Findling Robert L , Jo Booil , Frazier Thomas W , Youngstrom Eric A , Demeter Christine A , Fristad Mary A , Birmaher Boris , Kowatch Robert A , Arnold Eugene , Axelson David A , Ryan Neal , Hauser Jessica C , Brace Daniel J , Marsh Linda E , Gill Mary Kay , Depew Judith , Rowles Brieana M , Horwitz Sarah McCue 
Published: June 2013

ObjectivesThe Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (LAMS) study was designed to investigate phenomenology and establish predictors of functional outcomes in children with elevated manic symptoms. The purpose of this series of analyses was to determine whether the participants demonstrated different trajectories of parent‐reported manic and biphasic symptoms over the first 24 months of follow‐up and to describe the clinical characteristics of the trajectories.MethodsThe 707 participants were initially aged 6–12 years and ascertained from outpatient clinics associated with the four university‐affiliated LAMS sites. There were 621 children whose parents/guardians’ ratings scored ≥ 12 on the Parent General Behavior Inventory–10‐item Mania Form (PGBI‐10M) and a matched random sample of 86 children whose parents/guardians’ ratings scored ≤ 11 on the PGBI‐10M. Participants were seen every six months after the baseline and their parents completed the PGBI‐10M at each visit.ResultsFor the whole sample, manic symptoms decreased over 24 months (linear effect B = −1.15, standard error = 0.32, t = −3.66, p < 0.001). Growth mixture modeling revealed four unique trajectories of manic symptoms. Approximately 85% of the cohort belonged to two classes in which manic symptoms decreased. The remaining ~15% formed two classes (high and rising and unstable) characterized by the highest rates of diagnostic conversion to a bipolar disorder (all p‐values < 0.001).ConclusionsOutcomes are not uniform among children with symptoms of mania or at high risk for mania. A substantial minority of clinically referred children shows unstable or steadily increasing manic symptoms, and these patterns have distinct clinical correlates.
Developing and validating technological pedagogical content knowledge‐practical (TPACK‐practical) through the Delphi survey technique
Authors: Yeh Yi‐Fen , Hsu Ying‐Shao , Wu Hsin‐Kai , Hwang Fu‐Kwun , Lin Tzu‐Chiang 
Published: June 2013

AbstractTechnological pedagogical content knowledge TPACK refers to the knowledge set that teachers currently use to further improve the quality of their teaching and assist their students in learning. Several TPACK models have been proposed, either for discussing TPACK's possible composition or its practical applications. Considering that teachers' practical experiences should also be critical to the development of those teachers' knowledge, this study invited a research panel (six researchers) and an expert panel (54 science‐related educators) to propose and validate the framework of TPACK‐practical. After two rounds of anonymous communications that followed Delphi survey techniques, a total of eight dimensions of TPACK‐practical and corresponding indicators were identified and rated as having high levels of importance. Among these knowledge dimensions, the knowledge of direct information and communication technology uses for enhancing teachers' professionalism and students' conceptual comprehension was rated with a high level of importance. Also, disciplinary differences were found to exist between the different groups of experts. Biology teachers showed significantly higher ratings across all knowledge dimensions, whereas physics teachers' ratings were comparatively low. Such findings suggest that the structure and content of subject matter shapes not only the way they teach with technology but also the thinking logics they build longitudinally from their learning experiences.
No matrix effect in double‐blind, placebo‐controlled egg challenges in egg allergic children
Authors: Libbers L. , Flokstra – de Blok B. M. J. , Vlieg – Boerstra B. J. , van der Heide S. , van der Meulen G. N. , Kukler J. , Kerkhof M. , Dubois A. E. J. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryBackgroundDiagnostic and accidental food allergic reactions may be modified by the matrix containing the allergenic food. Previous studies of double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenges (DBPCFCs) with peanut found an effect of the fat content of the challenge matrix on the severity of the challenge reactions.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine whether the fat content of the food matrix is related to eliciting dose and reaction severity in DBPCFCs with heated hen's egg.MethodsSensitized egg allergic children (n = 59) undergoing DBPCFCs with egg as a routine diagnostic procedure in our tertiary care centre were evaluated retrospectively. Three different recipes were used for the food matrix: vanilla pudding, pancake and minced meat, containing 22.8%, 31.9% and 52.7% fat (weighted average), respectively. The eliciting dose (i.e. the highest cumulative dose to which the child reacted) was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier log‐rank statistic and by Cox regression. Reaction severity was quantified by using an index (range 1–12) and was analysed by multiple linear regression analysis.ResultsThe overall influence of type of recipe on eliciting dose was not significant (P = 0.12). The rate of response to minced meat (with the highest fat content) was not significantly different from pudding [HR = 0.61 (0.26–1.45, P = 0.26) or pancake (HR = 1.41 (0.50–3.99), P = 0.52] after adjustment for confounders. The type of recipe did not influence the severity of the challenge reaction. The severity of the challenge reaction for minced meat compared to pudding and pancake was 1.06 (0.52–2.16), P = 0.87 and 0.81 (0.32–2.01), P = 0.64, respectively, after correction for confounders.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceIn contrast to similar research with peanut, no significant influence of the fat content of the matrix was found on the eliciting dose or severity of the reaction in 59 DBPCFCs with hen's egg. Matrix fat content differences comparable to those reported here may not be an important co‐determinant of reaction severity for all allergenic foods.
Activation of TLR4 induces VEGF expression via Akt pathway in nasal polyps
Authors: Cho J.‐S. , Kang J.‐H. , Han I.‐H. , Um J.‐Y. , Lee H.‐M. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryBackgroundNasal polyposis is characterized by tissue remodelling and oedematous nasal mucosa. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a significant role in the regulation of remodelling in nasal polyps. TLR4 activation is associated with VEGF expression in murine macrophages and odontoblasts.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an inducer of TLR4, stimulates VEGF expression and to determine the mechanism underlying VEGF production in nasal polyps.MethodsNasal polyp‐derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) were isolated from 10 patients with nasal polyps and exposed to LPS. LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LRS) was used to inhibit the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and VEGF. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of TLRs, MyD88 and VEGF were determined by gene expression microarray and semiquantitative reverse transcription‐PCR. Protein expression levels of TLR4 and VEGF were analysed using western blot, immunofluorescence staining and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Activation of MAPKs (ERK, p38, and JNK) and Akt was examined using western blot analysis. The expression level of VEGF was measured by ELISA and western blot analysis in ex vivo nasal polyp organ culture.ResultsThe protein expression level of VEGF was increased in nasal polyp tissues compared with inferior turbinate tissues. LRS inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of TLR4, MyD88 and VEGF in LPS‐stimulated NPDFs. LPS‐activated MAPKs and Akt signals, whereas MAPK inhibitors did not inhibit VEGF expression, and only Akt inhibitor blocked VEGF production. LRS reduced the production of VEGF in LPS‐stimulated ex vivo organ culture.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThese results suggest that LPS stimulates the production of VEGF through the TLR4‐Akt signalling pathway in nasal polyps. LPS may be involved in the pathogenesis of nasal polyp remodelling.
Non‐radiological method for three‐dimensional implant position evaluation using an intraoral scan method
Authors: von See Constantin , Wagner Maximilian E. H. , Schumann Paul , Lindhorst Daniel , Gellrich Nils‐Claudius , Stoetzer Marcus 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIntroductionThis technical innovation presents a method that reproduces the position of a dental implant after insertion without the reuse of X‐ray radiation.Material and MethodsAn implant was inserted into the natural gap between the canines and premolars of three domestic pigs. A Straumann Scanbody was then screwed to the implant, and a digital impression of the jaw segment was made. The scanbody was scanned using a hand‐held scanner. This was followed by the radiological detection of implant position on a CBCT. On the computer, the position of the implant was calculated and compared with the radiologically detected position.ResultsThe calculated and determined position of the dental implant by the scanner is in good agreement with the radiologically controlled position.DiscussionEvaluating the position of implants using intraoral scans is an easy and radiation‐free method of three‐dimensional site assessment after superimposition over a three‐dimensional data set.
Optimization and Quantization in Gradient Symbol Systems: A Framework for Integrating the Continuous and the Discrete in Cognition
Authors: Smolensky Paul , Goldrick Matthew , Mathis Donald 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMental representations have continuous as well as discrete, combinatorial properties. For example, while predominantly discrete, phonological representations also vary continuously; this is reflected by gradient effects in instrumental studies of speech production. Can an integrated theoretical framework address both aspects of structure? The framework we introduce here, Gradient Symbol Processing, characterizes the emergence of grammatical macrostructure from the Parallel Distributed Processing microstructure (McClelland, Rumelhart, & The PDP Research Group, 1986) of language processing. The mental representations that emerge, Distributed Symbol Systems, have both combinatorial and gradient structure. They are processed through Subsymbolic Optimization–Quantization, in which an optimization process favoring representations that satisfy well‐formedness constraints operates in parallel with a distributed quantization process favoring discrete symbolic structures. We apply a particular instantiation of this framework, λ‐Diffusion Theory, to phonological production. Simulations of the resulting model suggest that Gradient Symbol Processing offers a way to unify accounts of grammatical competence with both discrete and continuous patterns in language performance.
Protected Area Effectiveness in Reducing Conversion in a Rapidly Vanishing Ecosystem: The Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Carranza Tharsila , Balmford Andrew , Kapos Valerie , Manica Andrea 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMeasuring how far protected areas (PAs) reduce threats to nature is essential for effective conservation. This is especially important where a high degree of threat is coupled with opportunities for increasing conservation investments, such as in the Brazilian Cerrado. We examined the effectiveness of strictly protected and multiple‐use PAs as well as indigenous lands (ILs) in reducing conversion in Cerrado from 2002 to 2009 by using matching methods to sample protected and unprotected sites similarly exposed to pressures. We found that both types of PAs and ILs experienced lower habitat conversion during this period than did matched unprotected sites, whether results were analysed for individual PAs or for PA networks as a whole. Judging from their matched unprotected sites, strictly PAs had similar levels of baseline conversion to multiple‐use PAs, but were more effective at reducing it. This may be expected as multiple‐use PAs are under less restrictive land‐use rules. ILs had a strong effect in reducing conversion, though baseline rates in matched areas were also high. Our results highlight the usefulness of PAs in the Cerrado and the value of research that differentiates among PA categories.
Long‐term 4‐year safety of saxagliptin in drug‐naive and metformin‐treated patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Rosenstock J. , Gross J. L. , Aguilar‐Salinas C. , Hissa M. , Berglind N. , Ravichandran S. , Fleming D. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the safety of saxagliptin ± metformin over 4 years in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsDrug‐naive (n = 401; study 11) or metformin‐treated (n = 743; study 14) adults with HbA1c of 53–86 mmol/mol (7.0–10%) were enrolled in two randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trials of saxagliptin 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/day. Patients rescued during or completing 24 weeks of treatment could continue in a 42‐month long‐term blinded phase, for which the primary goal was assessment of safety and tolerability. Between‐group efficacy was not evaluated in the long‐term phase of study 11. Time to rescue or discontinuation because of inadequate glycaemic control, change from baseline in HbA1c and percentages of patients achieving HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (< 7.0%) were assessed in study 14.ResultsNo new safety findings were noted during the long‐term phase. Most adverse events were mild or moderate, with slightly greater frequency of upper respiratory infections with saxagliptin. Hypoglycaemic event rates were similar with saxagliptin and placebo. In study 14, time to rescue or discontinuation because of inadequate glycaemic control was longer with saxagliptin plus metformin than for placebo plus metformin. From baseline to week 154, HbA1c decreased with saxagliptin but increased with placebo.ConclusionSaxagliptin monotherapy or add‐on to metformin is generally safe and well tolerated, with no increased risk of hypoglycaemia, for up to 4 years.
Cultivating Human Capabilities in Venturesome Learning Environments
Authors: Hogan Pádraig 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe notion of competencies has been a familiar feature of educational reform policies for decades. In this essay, Pádraig Hogan begins by highlighting the contrasting notion of capabilities, pioneered by the research of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. An educational variant of the notion of capabilities then becomes the basis for exploring venturesome environments of learning: environments that are hospitable to the cultivation of such capabilities among students and their teachers. In this exploration Hogan emphasizes disclosing the kinds of relations that constitute such environments. In particular, he identifies four kinds of relations and investigates the interplay among them. In the second part of the essay, Hogan reviews an ongoing research project in Ireland that has been promoting such environments in postprimary education: Teaching and Learning for the 21st Century. Although the project avoids proffering universal claims about “what works,” its rationale and conduct nevertheless call policymakers' attention to what has worked and to the reasons why.
Predicting novel trophic interactions in a non‐native world
Authors: Pearse Ian S. , Altermatt Florian 
Published: June 2013

AbstractHumans are altering the global distributional ranges of plants, while their co‐evolved herbivores are frequently left behind. Native herbivores often colonise non‐native plants, potentially reducing invasion success or causing economic loss to introduced agricultural crops. We developed a predictive model to forecast novel interactions and verified it with a data set containing hundreds of observed novel plant–insect interactions. Using a food network of 900 native European butterfly and moth species and 1944 native plants, we built an herbivore host‐use model. By extrapolating host use from the native herbivore–plant food network, we accurately forecasted the observed novel use of 459 non‐native plant species by native herbivores. Patterns that governed herbivore host breadth on co‐evolved native plants were equally important in determining non‐native hosts. Our results make the forecasting of novel herbivore communities feasible in order to better understand the fate and impact of introduced plants.
Variation in training regimens in professional showjumping yards
Authors: Lönnell A. C. , Bröjer J. , Nostell K. , Hernlund E. , Roepstorff L. , Tranquille C. A. , Murray R. C. , Oomen A. , van Weeren R. , Bitschnau C. , Montavon S. , Weishaupt M. A. , Egenvall A. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryReasons for performing studyTraining regimens of showjumping horses under field conditions are largely undocumented.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to quantify and compare training regimens used in professional‐level showjumping yards, with respect to time exercised and type of activity.Study designProspective cohort study.MethodsA prospective 6‐month cohort study of showjumping horses in 4 European countries (The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Great Britain) was designed to analyse training and health data, in yards with several horses in training and riders competing at professional level. Riders documented the daily frequency and duration of all physical activities of the horses. Variation in training routines were compared between riders, location and time. Mixed‐models analysis was used to examine factors associated with total time exercised and time spent in flatwork.ResultsIn 4 countries, the 31 participating riders trained 263 European Warmbloods. The total days at risk (e.g. days in which the horses were considered fit for exercise) was 39,262. Mean time spent in daily exercise, including ridden work, lungeing and treadmill exercise, varied between riders from 19–52 min/day at risk. There was considerable variation in activities and level of heavy work and light exercise, i.e. turnout. Total time exercised and time spent in flatwork differed with month, country and proportion of days lost to training. Low variation of activities was associated with decreased total time trained and increased time spent in flatwork.ConclusionsRiders at this elite professional level of showjumping used training regimens that vary substantially in time spent training and other physical activities and showjumping horses are challenged differently during training despite competing at the same level. Whether all training regimens prepare the horses equally for the demands of competition remains to be determined.
Gimme shelter – the relative sensitivity of parasitic nematodes with direct and indirect life cycles to climate change
Authors: Molnár Péter K. , Dobson Andrew P. , Kutz Susan J. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractClimate change is expected to alter the dynamics of host–parasite systems globally. One key element in developing predictive models for these impacts is the life cycle of the parasite. It is, for example, commonly assumed that parasites with an indirect life cycle would be more sensitive to changing environmental conditions than parasites with a direct life cycle due to the greater chance that at least one of their obligate host species will go extinct. Here, we challenge this notion by contrasting parasitic nematodes with a direct life cycle against those with an indirect life cycle. Specifically, we suggest that behavioral thermoregulation by the intermediate host may buffer the larvae of indirectly transmitted parasites against temperature extremes, and hence climate warming. We term this the ‘shelter effect’. Formalizing each life cycle in a comprehensive model reveals a fitness advantage for the direct life cycle over the indirect life cycle at low temperatures, but the shelter effect reverses this advantage at high temperatures. When examined for seasonal environments, the models suggest that climate warming may in some regions create a temporal niche in mid‐summer that excludes parasites with a direct life cycle, but allows parasites with an indirect life cycle to persist. These patterns are amplified if parasite larvae are able to manipulate their intermediate host to increase ingestion probability by definite hosts. Furthermore, our results suggest that exploiting the benefits of host sheltering may have aided the evolution of indirect life cycles. Our modeling framework utilizes the Metabolic Theory of Ecology to synthesize the complexities of host behavioral thermoregulation and its impacts on various temperature‐dependent parasite life history components in a single measure of fitness,R0. It allows quantitative predictions of climate change impacts, and is easily generalized to many host–parasite systems.
Late Pleistocene colonization of South Georgia by yellow‐billed pintails pre‐dates the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: McCracken Kevin G. , Wilson Robert E. , Peters Jeffrey L. , Winker Kevin , Martin Anthony R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimGlacial cycles had a major influence on the distribution of high‐latitude species, and while genetic consequences of these cycles have been well studied in the Circumpolar North, notably fewer studies have been undertaken in the Antarctic. Here, we use multilocus genetic data from the South Georgia pintail (Anas georgica georgica) as a proxy to study the presence and timing of ice‐free refugia on South Georgia, a glaciated subantarctic island in the South Atlantic Ocean that has been the subject of intense geomorphological and palaeoenvironmental study.LocationSouth Georgia.MethodsMultilocus DNA sequence data from five nuclear loci and the mitochondrial DNA control region were analysed for South Georgia pintails (n = 60) and the neighbouring population of yellow‐billed pintails (A. georgica spinicauda) in Argentina (n = 64). Population genetic structure and gene flow were examined using ΦST, assignment tests, and multilocus coalescent analyses.ResultsIsolation‐with‐migration (IM) analysis revealed that the South Georgia pintail population was founded by pintails dispersing from South America. Although the confidence intervals on divergence dates inferred from genetic data are generally wide and there may be time‐dependency in rate calibrations, our analysis suggests that this founding event probably occurred c. 34,000 years ago, prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Our findings further suggest that South Georgia pintails might have experienced a bottleneck coinciding with complete replacement of mitochondrial DNA prior to 8700 years ago following the final advance of glaciers.Main conclusionsThese findings suggest that ice‐free refugia existed earlier in the chronology of deglaciation in contrast with earlier studies, but in agreement with observations that the plant community was also established on South Georgia prior to the end of the Pleistocene. Like other recent studies that have utilized genetic data to date dispersal and vicariance events in the Antarctic, our results provide a constraint on the extent of ice sheets, suggesting that past ice coverage on South Georgia through the LGM was overestimated.