bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving paediatric outreach services for urban Aboriginal children through partnerships: views of community‐based service providers
Authors: Thomas S. L. , Williams K. , Ritchie J. , Zwi K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn Australia, Aboriginal children experience significantly poorer health outcomes compared with non‐Aboriginal children. Health policies aimed at improving Aboriginal health outcomes include interventions in the early childhood period. There is a need for government health services to work in partnership with Aboriginal people and other services to achieve the highest level of health possible for Aboriginal children, who often require a range of services to meet complex needs.AimThis paper describes the views of service providers on how paediatric outreach services work in partnership with other services, Aboriginal families and the community and how those partnerships could be improved to maximize health outcomes for children.MethodsIn‐depth, semi‐structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with managers and service providers over a 6‐week period in 2010. The views and suggestions of participants were documented and a thematic analysis was undertaken.Results and DiscussionAnalysis of two focus groups with seven service providers and five individual interviews with service managers resulted in the identification of four themes: (i) using informal and formal ways of working; (ii) cultivating effective relationships; (iii) demonstrating cultural sensitivity; and (iv) forging strong leadership. Use of formal and informal approaches facilitated effective relationships between service providers and Aboriginal families and communities. Partnerships with the community were founded on a culturally appropriate model of care that recognized a holistic approach to health and wellness. Leadership emerged as an essential component of effective partnerships, cultivating the ethos of the workplace and creating an environment where collaboration is supported.ConclusionCulturally appropriate child health services, which utilize effective relationships and employ a range of informal and formal collaboration with other services and community members, are well positioned to implement health policy and improve access to services for Aboriginal children with better health outcomes as a result.
Reference values of spirometry for Finnish adults
Authors: Kainu A. , Timonen K. L. , Toikka J. , Qaiser B. , Pitkäniemi J. , Kotaniemi J. T. , Lindqvist A. , Vanninen E. , Länsimies E. , Sovijärvi A. R. A. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryBackgroundDiagnostic assessment of lung function necessitates up‐to‐date reference values. The aim of this study was to estimate reference values for spirometry for the Finnish population between 18 and 80 years and to compare them with the existing Finnish, European and the recently published global GLI2012 reference values.MethodsSpirometry was performed for 1380 adults in the population‐based FinEsS studies and for 662 healthy non‐smoking volunteer adults. Detailed predefined questionnaire screening of diseases and symptoms, and quality control of spirometry yielded a sample of 1000 native Finns (387 men) healthy non‐smokers aged 18–83 years. Sex‐specific reference values, which are estimated using the GAMLSS method and adjusted for age and height, are provided.ResultsThe predicted values for lung volumes are larger than those obtained by GLI2012 prediction for the Caucasian subgroup for forced vital capacity (FVC) by an average 6·2% and 5·1% and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) by an average 4·2% and 3·0% in men and women, respectively. GLI2012 slightly overestimated the ratio FEV1/FVC with an age‐dependent trend. Most reference equations from other European countries, with the exception of the Swiss SAPALDIA study, showed an underestimation of FVC and FEV1 to varying degrees, and a slight overestimation of FEV1/FVC.ConclusionThis study offers up‐to‐date reference values of spirometry for native Finns with a wide age range. The GLI2012 predictions seem not to be suitable for clinical use for native Finns due to underestimation of lung volumes.
Variation in body size in the giant rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus is mediated by maternal effects on egg size
Authors: KOJIMA WATARU 
Published: March 2015

1. The egg size of insects can vary depending on maternal body size or resource status, and it may influence offspring body size by determining initial resource level.2. The giant rhinoceros beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus exhibits considerable variation in body size, some of which is attributed to the variation in larval food (humus) quality, although a substantial amount of variation in body size remains unexplained. In the present study, changes in the egg size and offspring body size in response to several maternal variables were examined (i.e. body size, age, and, nutritional status).3. Nutritional intake of the females during the adult stage did not affect the egg size. Larvae hatched from small eggs partially recovered from the initial disadvantage during their ontogenetic processes by increasing growth rate (i.e. compensatory growth); however, there was still a positive relationship between egg size and pupal body size.4. Older females produced small eggs, but because of compensatory growth, the pupae were no longer small. By contrast, due to a lack of compensatory growth, small females produced small eggs as well as small pupae.5. These results suggest that maternal body size affects offspring body size through effects on egg size. This transgenerational effect may account for some of the variation in adult body size of T. dichotomus.
Regular theta‐firing neurons in the nucleus incertus during sustained hippocampal activation
Authors: Martínez‐Bellver Sergio , Cervera‐Ferri Ana , Martínez‐Ricós Joana , Ruiz‐Torner Amparo , Luque‐García Aina , Blasco‐Serra Arantxa , Guerrero‐Martínez Juan , Bataller‐Mompeán Manuel , Teruel‐Martí Vicent 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper describes the existence of theta‐coupled neuronal activity in the nucleus incertus (NI). Theta rhythm is relevant for cognitive processes such as spatial navigation and memory processing, and can be recorded in a number of structures related to the hippocampal activation including the NI. Strong evidence supports the role of this tegmental nucleus in neural circuits integrating behavioural activation with the hippocampal theta rhythm. Theta oscillations have been recorded in the local field potential of the NI, highly coupled to the hippocampal waves, although no rhythmical activity has been reported in neurons of this nucleus. The present work analyses the neuronal activity in the NI in conditions leading to sustained hippocampal theta in the urethane‐anaesthetised rat, in order to test whether such activation elicits a differential firing pattern. Wavelet analysis has been used to better define the neuronal activity already described in the nucleus, i.e., non‐rhythmical neurons firing at theta frequency (type I neurons) and fast‐firing rhythmical neurons (type II). However, the most remarkable finding was that sustained stimulation activated regular‐theta neurons (type III), which were almost silent in baseline conditions and have not previously been reported. Thus, we describe the electrophysiological properties of type III neurons, focusing on their coupling to the hippocampal theta. Their spike rate, regularity and phase locking to the oscillations increased at the beginning of the stimulation, suggesting a role in the activation or reset of the oscillation. Further research is needed to address the specific contribution of these neurons to the entire circuit.
Fish community dynamics (1985–2010) in multiple reaches of a large river subjected to flow restoration and other environmental changes
Authors: Daufresne Martin , Veslot Jacques , Capra Hervé , Carrel Georges , Poirel Alain , Olivier Jean‐Michel , Lamouroux Nicolas 
Published: March 2015

Summary

To assess how climate warming, flow regulation and flow restoration affect community dynamics, we analysed long‐term (15–25 years) series of fish community data from four restored and two unrestored reaches of the Rhône River. Environmental variables (low and high flow hydraulics, temperature, sediment flushing operations) were measured in all reaches. Five of the reaches were bypassed by artificial channels, downstream from diversion dams whose construction finished in 1984. Minimum flows in four of these reaches were restored (i.e. increased by factors up to 10) between 2000 and 2006.

We examined hypotheses concerning the inter‐annual response of fish community guilds and size structure to flow restoration, climate warming and dam completions. We also performed a principal component analysis (PCA) to explore observed community changes at the river scale (all reaches pooled). We used mixed‐effects linear models to infer potential environmental effects not included in our hypotheses.

Our results indicated an inter‐annual effect of flow restoration in the two reaches where minimum flows were most modified (higher percentages of ‘midstream’ species preferring deep and fast water). They also revealed effects of climate warming in the two warmed reaches (higher percentages of southern and small individuals and higher total density). These effects were consistent with our hypotheses. In contrast, dam construction had no consistent effects across reaches.

The first PCA axis indicated that the longitudinal organisation of fish communities at the river scale was unchanged, but independent inter‐annual effects of flow restoration and climate change were apparent along the second and third axes. Observed annual variations within sites were weakly related to annual variation in environmental variables. This may be due to the presence of long‐term or time‐lagged environmental effects and the difficulty of estimating community structure of large river fishes accurately enough for this kind of analysis.

Fish community responses to flow restoration and other environmental changes may be consistent across multiple reaches when the degree of environmental change is taken into account. Our results support the effectiveness of flow restoration on communities of large rivers subjected to multiple environmental changes.
Extreme water quality degradation following a catastrophic forest fire
Authors: Dahm Clifford N. , Candelaria‐Ley Roxanne I. , Reale Chelsea S. , Reale Justin K. , Van Horn David J. 
Published: March 2015

Summary

Global change is impacting the forests of the western United States through rising temperatures, earlier snowmelt, more rain and less snow, greater vapour pressure deficits in spring and autumn, forest dieback and increasing forest fire frequency and severity.

A catastrophic forest fire (Las Conchas fire) occurred in central NM, USA, in 2011 burning c. 634 km2 with c. 46% of the fire being of severe or moderate intensity.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) next‐generation radar data (NEXRAD) were used to link precipitation events occurring in the burn scar to extreme water quality excursions observed in the Rio Grande. At four sites, in situ sensors captured the response of water temperature, specific conductance, pH, turbidity and dissolved oxygen to flood events following the fire.

Runoff from burn scars caused turbidity peaks (to 2500 NTU), dissolved oxygen sags (to 0.0 mg L‐1), pH sags (up to 0.75 units) and conductivity changes (both increases and decreases). These water quality excursions extended at least 50 km downstream, with significant implications for the ecosystem health of this crucial river that supplies water to cities and agriculture.

Sudden, dramatic changes to forested catchments from severe forest fires and forest dieback are very likely to be among the strongest impacts of global change on stream and river ecosystems throughout the western United States.
Movement and early survival of age‐0 brown trout
Authors: Vatland Shane , Caudron Arnaud 
Published: March 2015

SUMMARYComplementary data on survival and movement are often missing for early life stages that are logistically challenging to track.Previous studies observed significant declines in the density of age‐0 brown trout between summer and autumn in tributaries of Lake Geneva, but the cause of these declines was unknown. We hypothesised that mortality, dispersal within tributaries, early emigration to the lake or a combination of these factors was driving these seasonal declines.To evaluate these hypotheses, we used a combination of electrofishing andPIT‐tag mark–recaptures from stationary and portable antennae to quantify summer‐to‐autumn variation in the abundance, dispersal and emigration of age‐0 brown trout.Mortality was the primary cause of the reduction in abundance between summer and autumn. A small proportion (mean = 0.10) of age‐0 trout emigrated to Lake Geneva between July and mid‐October, while the movement of trout within the study streams was minimal. True survival estimates for this same time period were relatively low at all but one site (mean = 0.63).The seasonal resolution of survival estimates, paired with environmental data, allowed us to develop additional hypotheses on what factors were affecting survival.Understanding animal movement at early life stages can elucidate important aspects of population ecology while concomitantly improving the reliability of demographic data.
Life in the unthinking depths: energetic constraints on encephalization in marine fishes
Authors: Iglesias T. L. , Dornburg A. , Brandley M. C. , Alfaro M. E. , Warren D. L. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSeveral hypotheses have been proposed to explain the limitation of brain size in vertebrates. Here, we test three hypotheses of brain size evolution using marine teleost fishes: the direct metabolic constraints hypothesis (DMCH), the expensive tissue hypothesis and the temperature‐dependent hypothesis. Our analyses indicate that there is a robust positive correlation between encephalization and basal metabolic rate (BMR) that spans the full range of depths occupied by teleosts from the epipelagic (< 200 m), mesopelagic (200–1000 m) and bathypelagic (> 4000 m). Our results disentangle the effects of temperature and metabolic rate on teleost brain size evolution, supporting the DMCH. Our results agree with previous findings that teleost brain size decreases with depth; however, we also recover a negative correlation between trophic level and encephalization within the mesopelagic zone, a result that runs counter to the expectations of the expensive tissue hypothesis. We hypothesize that mesopelagic fishes at lower trophic levels may be investing more in neural tissue related to the detection of small prey items in a low‐light environment. We recommend that comparative encephalization studies control for BMR in addition to controlling for body size and phylogeny.
Kisspeptin1 modulates odorant‐evoked fear response via two serotonin receptor subtypes (5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2) in zebrafish
Authors: Nathan Fatima M. , Ogawa Satoshi , Parhar Ishwar S. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractKiss1, a neuropeptide predominantly expressed in the habenula, modulates the serotonin (5‐HT) system to decrease odorant cue [alarm substance (AS)]‐evoked fear behaviour in the zebrafish. The purpose of this study was to assess the interaction of Kiss1 with the 5‐HT system as well as to determine the involvement of the 5‐HT receptor subtypes in AS‐evoked fear. We utilized 0. 28 mg/kg WAY 100635 (WAY), a selective 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist, to observe the effects of Kiss1 administration on AS‐evoked fear. We found WAY significantly inhibited the anxiolytic effects of Kiss1 (p < 0.001) with an exception of freezing behaviour. Based on this, we utilized 92.79 mg/kg methysergide, a 5‐HT1 and 5‐HT2 receptor antagonist, and found that methysergide significantly blocked the anxiolytic effects of Kiss1 in the presence of the AS (p < 0.001). From this, we conclude that Kiss1 modulates AS‐evoked fear responses mediated by the 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2 receptors.
image
Kiss1 peptide intracranially (IC) administrated has been shown to decrease olfactory, alarm substance (AS)‐evoked fear response. Blockade of the 5‐HT1A receptor utilizing WAY 100635 (0.28 mg/kg) and the 5‐HT1 and 5‐HT2 receptor utilizing methysergide (92.79 mg/kg) produced increased AS‐evoked fear responses that were unable to be overcome even during the recovery period. Blockade of this 5‐HT system followed by Kiss1 administration showed that the peptide was unable to recover the anxiolytic effects upon 5‐HT1A blocking using WAY 100635 with the exception of freezing behaviour while methysergide significantly blocked all the anxiolytic effects of Kiss1. These findings implicate that Kiss1 could modulate AS‐evoked fear responses mediated by 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2 receptors.
Three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy for inoperable massive hepatocellular carcinoma in six dogs
Authors: Mori T. , Ito Y. , Kawabe M. , Iwasaki R. , Sakai H. , Murakami M. , Maruo K. 
Published: March 2015

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the activity and tolerability of three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D‐CRT) in dogs with massive hepatocellular carcinoma.MATERIALS AND METHODSSix dogs with massive hepatocellular carcinoma that were ineligible for surgical resection or with owners who declined surgical resection, and underwent 3D‐CRT were retrospectively reviewed. 6 to 10 Gy per fraction was prescribed at isocentre of planning target volume to a total dose of 18 to 42 Gy with 1 to 2 fractions per week for a total of 3 to 7 fractions. Follow‐up examinations included physical examination, contrast‐enhanced CT scan and blood analysis (complete blood count, electrolytes and serum biochemical panel).RESULTSThe median follow‐up time after 3D‐CRT was 534 (range, 281 to 1057) days. An objective response was observed in five of six cases. Radiation‐induced liver disease developed in one dog but was asymptomatic and reversible. Toxicity was not noted in any other dog.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE3D‐CRT appears to be a viable treatment option for dogs with inoperable massive hepatocellular carcinoma.
An Open‐label Phase 1 Dose‐escalation Clinical Trial of a Single Intravenous Administration of Gemcitabine in Dogs with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Marconato L. , Finotello R. , Bonfanti U. , Dacasto M. , Beatrice L. , Pizzoni S. , Leone V.F. , Balestra G. , Furlanello T. , Rohrer Bley C. , Aresu L. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundA broad range of gemcitabine dosages have been used in dogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo determine maximally tolerated dose (MTD), dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT), and preliminary antitumor activity of intravenous administration of gemcitabine in dogs with advanced solid tumors.AnimalsTwenty‐two client‐owned dogs.MethodsDogs with advanced cancer were prospectively enrolled in an open‐label Phase 1 study of gemcitabine. Gemcitabine was administered as a 30‐minute intravenous bolus starting at 800 mg/m2, using escalation of 50 mg/m2 increments with 3 dogs per dose level. MTD was established based on the number of dogs experiencing DLT assessed after 1 cycle. Treatment continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicosis. Additional dogs were enrolled at MTD to better characterize tolerability, and to assess the extent and duration of gemcitabine excretion.ResultsTwenty‐two dogs were treated at 4 dose levels, ranging from 800 to 950 mg/m2. Neutropenia was identified as DLT. MTD was 900 mg/m2. DLT consisting of grade 4 febrile neutropenia was observed at 950 mg/m2 in 2 dogs. There were no nonhematologic DLTs. Twenty dogs received multiple doses, and none had evidence of severe toxicosis from any of their subsequent treatments. At 900 mg/m2, 2 complete and 5 partial responses were observed in dogs with measurable tumors. The amount of gemcitabine excreted in urine decreased over time, and was undetectable after the first 24 hours.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe recommended dose of gemcitabine for future Phase 2 studies is weekly 900 mg/m2. In chemotherapy‐naïve dogs with advanced solid tumor this dose level merits further evaluation.
Glucocorticoid Receptor Density and Binding Affinity in Healthy Horses and Horses with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Authors: Hoffman C.J. , McKenzie H.C. , Furr M.O. , Desrochers A. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundDysregulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis occurs in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Peripheral resistance to glucocorticoids has not been investigated in horses.ObjectiveTo determine if glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function in horses can be measured using flow cytometry, and to use this information to evaluate HPA axis dynamics.AnimalsEleven healthy adult horses in parts 1 and 2. Ten horses with SIRS and 10 age and sex matched controls in part 3.MethodsFlow cytometry was used to evaluate GR density and binding affinity (BA) in 3 healthy horses in part 1. In part 2, exogenous ACTH was administered to eight healthy horses. Their cortisol response and GR properties were measured. In part 3, CBC, serum biochemistry, cortisol and ACTH, and GR properties were compared between controls without SIRS (n = 10) and horses with SIRS (n = 10), and between survivors and nonsurvivors (n = 4 and n = 6 respectively).ResultsFlow cytometry can be used to measure GR properties in equine PBMCs. No correlation was observed between plasma cortisol concentration and GR density or BA in healthy horses (r = −0.145, P = .428 and r = 0.046, P = .802 respectively). Nonsurvivors with SIRS had significantly decreased GR BA (P = .008). Horses with triglyceride concentration > 28.5 mg/dL had increased odds of nonsurvival (OR=117; 95% CI, 1.94–7,060). GR BA <35.79% was associated with nonsurvival (OR = 30.33; 95% CI, 0.96–960.5).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTissue resistance to glucocorticoids contributes to HPA axis dysfunction in adult horses with SIRS. These horses might benefit from treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids.
Tracheobronchial Brush Cytology and Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Dogs and Cats with Chronic Cough: 45 Cases (2012–2014)
Authors: Zhu B.Y. , Johnson L.R. , Vernau W. 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundAnimals with chronic cough can have normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology when small airway disease is absent. Cytology of a tracheobronchial brushing can detect inflammation in larger airways; however, evaluation of this technique has been limited in veterinary medicine.ObjectiveTo compare airway brush cytology to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in dogs and cats with chronic cough.AnimalsForty dogs and five cats undergoing bronchoscopic investigation of chronic cough.MethodsProspective study. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed followed by tracheobronchial brushing of central airways. Results of cytologic assessment ofBALfluid and brush cytology were compared for the presence or absence of inflammation and concordance of inflammatory cell type.ResultsBrush cytology detected central airway inflammation in 34 of 40 (85%) dogs with inflammatoryBALfluid. However, the type of inflammation reported differed in 23 of 34 dogs. In five cats with inflammation inBALfluid, brush cytology detected inflammation in four; the type of inflammation was discordant in all cats.Conclusions and clinical relevanceBrush cytology has good agreement withBALregarding the presence of inflammation, although the type of inflammation detected with the different sampling techniques commonly varies. Brush cytology can provide supplementary information toBAL, and additional studies will provide further information on the role of tracheobronchial brush cytology in the diagnosis and management of respiratory conditions.