bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Identification and Quantification of Phospholipids from Thermus and Meiothermus Bacteria
Authors: Lagutin Kirill , MacKenzie Andrew , Houghton Karen M. , Stott Matthew B. , Vyssotski Mikhail 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStructural identities of the major phospholipid (PL‐2), minor phospholipid (PL‐1) and trace phospholipid (PL‐0) from representative strains of the genera Thermus and Meiothermus were established. Phospholipids were quantified using phosphorus‐31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P‐NMR). The structures of the major phospholipid (PL‐2) from Thermus filiformis MOK14.7 and Meiothermus ruber WRG6.9 were identified as 2′‐O‐(1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho)‐3′‐O‐(α‐N‐acetylglucosaminyl)‐N‐glyceroyl alkylamine (GlcNAc‐PGAA) and 2′‐O‐(2‐acylalkyldiol‐1‐O‐phospho)‐3′‐O‐(α‐N‐acetylglucosaminyl)‐N‐glyceroyl alkylamine (GlcNAc‐diolPGAA). Interestingly, M. ruber contained only a diacyl form of GlcNAc‐PGAA (87 %), while T. filiformis contained both GlcNAc‐PGAA (59 %) and GlcNAc‐diolPGAA (18 %). The structures of the minor phospholipid (PL‐1) were established as 2′‐O‐(1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho)‐3′‐O‐(α‐glucosaminyl)‐N‐glyceroyl alkylamine (GlcN‐PGAA, 13 %) in T. filiformis and 2′‐O‐(1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho)‐3′‐O‐(α‐galactosaminyl)‐N‐glyceroyl alkylamine (GalN‐PGAA, 19 %) in M. ruber. This is the first reliable discovery of phosphatidylglyceroylalkylamines modified by glucosamine or galactosamine with a free amino group. No signs of diol‐based phosphatidylglyceroylalkylamines were found in PL‐1 phospholipids. Similar to PL‐2, trace phospholipid (PL‐0) from T. filiformis contained both unsubstituted diol‐based phosphatidylglyceroylalkylamine (diolPGAA) and PGAA, while M. ruber contained only free PGAA. Unlike analysis using TLC, the diol form of phosphatidylglyceroylalkylamines is clearly resolved from the diacyl form via 31P‐NMR.
A MODEST RESPONSE TO EMPIRICAL SKEPTICISM ABOUT INTUITIONS
Authors: Osborne Philip 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn his paper entitled “How to Challenge Intuitions Empirically Without Risking Skepticism,” Jonathan Weinberg challenges the practice of using intuitions to substantiate philosophical theses by appealing to the principle (defended empirically) that we ought to trust only evidence sources that are not “hopeless,” where an evidence source is hopeless when it exhibits “fallibility unmitigated by a decent capacity for detecting and correcting the errors it entails.” Since intuitions are hopeless, they ought not be trusted. I respond by appealing to an alternative principle and defend this alternative by arguing that it explains data regarding the conduct of many our epistemic practices better than Weinberg’s principle of hopefulness.
The instability of a sedimenting suspension of weakly flexible fibres
Authors: Manikantan Harishankar , Li Lei , Spagnolie Saverio E. , Saintillan David 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSuspensions of sedimenting slender fibres in a viscous fluid are known to be unstable to fluctuations of concentration. In this paper we develop a theory for the role of fibre flexibility in sedimenting suspensions in the asymptotic regime of weakly flexible bodies (large elasto-gravitation number). Unlike the behaviour of straight fibres, individual flexible filaments rotate as they sediment, leading to an anisotropic base state of fibre orientations in an otherwise homogeneous suspension. A mean-field theory is derived to describe the evolution of fibre concentration and orientation fields, and we explore the stability of the base state to perturbations of fibre concentration. We show that fibre flexibility affects suspension stability in two distinct and competing ways: the anisotropy of the base state renders the suspension more unstable to perturbations, while individual particle self-rotation acts to prevent clustering and stabilizes the suspension. In the presence of thermal noise, the dominant effect depends critically upon the relative scales of flexible fibre self-rotation compared to rotational Brownian motion.
Wave–vortex decomposition of one-dimensional ship-track data
Authors: Bühler Oliver , Callies Jörn , Ferrari Raffaele 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe present a simple two-step method by which one-dimensional spectra of horizontal velocity and buoyancy measured along a ship track can be decomposed into a wave component consisting of inertia–gravity waves and a vortex component consisting of a horizontal flow in geostrophic balance. The method requires certain assumptions for the data regarding stationarity, homogeneity, and horizontal isotropy. In the first step an exact Helmholtz decomposition of the horizontal velocity spectra into rotational and divergent components is performed and in the second step an energy equipartition property of hydrostatic inertia–gravity waves is exploited that allows a diagnosis of the wave energy spectrum solely from the observed horizontal velocities. The observed buoyancy spectrum can then be used to compute the residual vortex energy spectrum. Further wave–vortex decompositions of the observed fields are possible if additional information about the frequency content of the waves is available. We illustrate the method on two recent oceanic data sets from the North Pacific and the Gulf Stream. Notably, both steps in our new method might be of broader use in the theoretical and observational study of atmosphere and ocean fluid dynamics.
Constructing New Expertise: Private and Public Initiatives for Safe Food (Brussels in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century)
Authors: Scholliers Peter 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn 1856, the mayor of Brussels proposed the establishment of a municipal laboratory with a chemist to analyse food and beverages to restrain fraud. His proposal was accepted and a laboratory – possibly one of the first municipal laboratories in Europe – was set up. The laboratory still exists today. This paper aims at tracing the conditions in which it emerged, situating it within thelaissez-fairecontext of the time. It was brought into existence by a liberal administration, in a period of little interventionism replete with unencumbered private interests (those of bakers, butchers, grocers, millers, pharmacists, doctors and so on). What will be considered here is the general mood with regard to food fraud, fair trade, correct price, and the quality of food in the first half of the nineteenth century. On a broader level, this contribution addresses the frictions between private and public initiative, while focusing on the process of construction of expertise. The paper makes use of contemporary documents such as reviews, newspapers, association reports and city council chronicles.
Psychotherapy and Moralising Rhetoric in Galen’s Newly DiscoveredAvoiding Distress (Peri Alypias)
Authors: Xenophontos Sophia 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn this article, I examine Galen’s credentials as an ethical philosopher on the basis of his recently discovered essayAvoiding Distress(Peri alypias). As compensation for the scholarly neglect from which Galen’s ethics suffers, I argue that his moral agenda is an essential part of his philosophical discourse, one that situates him firmly within the tradition of practical ethics of the Roman period. Galen’s engagement with Stoic psychotherapy and the Platonic-Aristotelian educational model affirms his ethical authority; on the other hand, his distinctive moralising features such as the autobiographical perspective of his narrative and the intimacy between author and addressee render hisAvoiding Distressexceptional among other essays, Greek or Latin, treating anxiety. Additionally, I show that Galen’s self-projection as a therapist of the emotions corresponds to his role as a practising physician, especially as regards the construction of authority, the efficacy of his therapy and the importance of personal experience as attested in his medical accounts. Finally, the diligence with which Galen retextures his moral advice in hisOn the Affections and Errors of the Soul– a work of different nature and intent in relation toAvoiding Distress– is a testimony to the dynamics of his ethics and more widely to his philosophical medicine.The philosopher’s lecture room is a ‘hospital’: you ought not to walk out of it in a state of pleasure, but in pain; for you are not in good condition when you arrive. Epictetus,Discourses3.23.30
Effects of changing cow production and fitness traits on profit and greenhouse gas emissions of UK dairy systems
Authors: BELL M. J. , GARNSWORTHY P. C. , STOTT A. W. , PRYCE J. E. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYThe aim of the present study was to compare the effect of changing a range of biological traits on farm profit and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent, CO2-eq.) in the UK dairy cow population. A Markov chain approach was used to describe the steady-state herd structure of the average milk-recorded UK dairy herd, as well as to estimate the CO2-eq. emissions per cow, and per kilogram of milk solids (MS). Effects of changing each herd production and fitness trait by one unit (e.g. 1 kg milk; 1% mastitis incidence) were assessed, with derived values for change in profit (economic values) being used in a multi-trait selection index. Of the traits studied, an increase in survival and reductions in milk volume, live weight, residual feed intake, somatic cell count, mastitis incidence, lameness incidence and calving interval were traits that would be both profitable and reduce CO2-eq. emissions per cow and per kg MS of a dairy herd. A multi-trait selection index was used to estimate the annual response in production and fitness traits and the economic response, with an estimate of annual profit per cow from selection on multiple traits. Milk volume, milk fat and protein yield, live weight, survival and dry matter intake were estimated to increase each year and body condition score, residual feed intake, somatic cell count, mastitis incidence, lameness incidence and calving interval were estimated to decrease, with selection on these traits estimated to result in an annual increase of 1% per year in GHG emissions per cow, but a reduction of 0·9% per unit product. Improved efficiencies of production associated with a reduction in milk volume (and increasing fat and protein content), live weight and feed intake (gross and metabolic efficiency, respectively), and increase in health, fertility and overall survival will increase farm annual profit of UK dairy systems and reduce their environmental impact.
Synergy of storage management with varietal productivity improvement: the case of maize in Timor-Leste
Authors: GUTERRES A. , SOARES F. , FATIMA A. , PEREIRA L. , BELO J. B. , WILLIAMS R. L. , NESBITT H. , ERSKINE W. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYMaize (Zea mays L.) is the major staple crop in Timor-Leste, but yields are low, averaging 1·0–1·7 t/ha, and losses during storage are high from maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) damage. The current research, assessing both weevil damage and management options, studied household storage of traditional and introduced maize varieties in 18 farmer groups for 33 weeks, and then evaluated the weevil damage in cobs stored for 9 months of 19 populations from different multi-location yield trials in 2007 and 2010. Storage of shelled grain in airtight containers for 33 weeks had no weevil damage on-farm. In contrast, storing shelled maize in a woven sack was the worst storage method with an average of 0·96 of grain attacked by weevils by Week 33, with local and introduced varieties damaged similarly. Shelled grain stored in a woven sack were infested significantly more than in traditional storage methods husked on the cob – above a fireplace, in a tree or an elevated house. Importantly, modern varieties were damaged more extensively by weevils than local maize types when the husked maize was stored using traditional methods. In the yield trials, grain weevil damage averaged 0·39 in both years after storage in the husk for 9 months. Varietal and location effects were significant for proportion of weevil damage, but the interaction effect was not significant in either year. The broadsense heritabilities were intermediate/high for proportion of weevil-damaged grain (H2=0·81 in 2007 and 0·59 in 2010), and there is potential that populations can be found combining a substantial yield increase with no increase in weevil susceptibility for households using traditional storage methods. For those households with access to airtight storage systems, the results emphasize the need to exploit the interaction of variety with storage method to benefit from the yield advantage of introduced varieties through the concurrent dissemination of improved seed with subsidized, airtight storage drums.
The bush dogSpeothos venaticus: area requirement and habitat use in cultivated lands
Authors: Lima Edson S. , Jorge Maria Luisa S. P. , Jorge Rodrigo S. P. , Morato Ronaldo G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe radio-tracked a pack of bush dogsSpeothos venaticus(7–10 individuals) near Água Boa in Mato Grosso, Brazil, for 18 months to investigate their use of habitat in cultivated land. The pack's home range was 709 km2(fixed-kernel 95%), which exceeds estimates of home range for the largest Neotropical carnivore, the jaguarPanthera onca. Of the 245 locations where the dogs were recorded 95% were within native vegetation (savannah and forest), even though these habitats comprised only 34% of the pack's home range. This indicates a preference for native vegetation, and this was reinforced by composition analysis of habitat use, which showed that the pack used savannah and forest more than expected and cultivated areas less than expected. Analysis of activity showed that the bush dogs were moving quickly in more than half of the locations in cultivated areas, foraging in most savannah locations and resting in most forest locations. Our results indicate that bush dogs can live in areas with a high proportion of cultivated land (66%), possibly because of the structural connectivity of the landscape (80% of the native habitat is within a single patch). However, their home range appears to be inflated compared to that of other carnivores, which may have a negative effect on the species in the long term.
Monepantel: the most studied new anthelmintic drug of recent years
Authors: LECOVÁ L. , STUCHLÍKOVÁ L. , PRCHAL L. , SKÁLOVÁ L. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYMonepantel (MOP), a new anthelmintic drug from a group of amino-acetonitrile derivatives, has been intensively studied during last years. Many authors examined this new drug from different perspectives, e.g. efficacy against different species and stages of parasites, mode of action, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, resistance, ecotoxicity, etc. MOP is an anthelmintic for livestock (currently only sheep and goats), with molecular mode of action which is different to all other anthelmintics. MOP has a broad-spectrum of activity against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, including adults and L4 larvae of the most important species. The key feature of MOP is its full effectiveness against strains of nematodes resistant to benzimidazoles, levamisole, macrocyclic lactones and closantel. After oral administration, MOP is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and quickly metabolized to MOP sulfone that has a similar efficacy as the parent molecule. Several other MOP metabolites formed in ovine hepatocytes were described. MOP and its metabolites are considered to be non-toxic to environment and its components, such as soil microflora, aquatic organisms, dung organisms, vegetation, etc. The aim of the presented review was not to collect all reported data but to bring an overview of various approaches in the study of MOP and to evaluate their principal results.
The longer-run performance effects of agencification: theory and evidence from Québec agencies
Authors: Vining Aidan R. , Laurin Claude , Weimer David 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAlthough governments worldwide are increasingly choosing to deliver services through organisations with greater autonomy than traditional bureaus, the implicit assumption that such agencification contributes to long-run efficiency remains largely untested. Agencification gives agency managers more autonomy and access to incentive mechanisms that lead to greater efficiency if they are not offset by inefficiencies resulting from managerial discretion. We test the hypothesis that agencification improves efficiency by examining the longer-run performance of 13 agencies in the province of Québec, Canada over approximately 10 years. We find that these agencies experienced long-term productivity gains, but that these gains reached a plateau over the time period studied. In addition, we describe changes in several measures of performance. A survey of the managers of these agencies indicates that they perceive agencification as having a substantive impact, but worry about the sustainability of autonomy and their capacity to show continued gains in measured performance over time.
Preschool executive functions, single-parent status, and school quality predict diverging trajectories of classroom inattention in elementary school
Authors: Sasser Tyler R. , Beekman Charles R. , Bierman Karen L. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA sample of 356 children recruited from Head Start (58% European American, 25% African American, and 17% Hispanic; 54% girls; Mage = 4.59 years) were followed longitudinally from prekindergarten through fifth grade. Latent profile analyses of teacher-rated inattention from kindergarten through third grade identified four developmental trajectories: stable low (53% of the sample), stable high (11.3%), rising over time (16.4%), and declining over time (19.3%). Children with stable low inattention had the best academic outcomes in fifth grade, and children exhibiting stable high inattention had the worst, with the others in between. Self-regulation difficulties in preschool (poor executive function skills and elevated opposition–aggression) differentiated children with rising versus stable low inattention. Elementary schools characterized by higher achievement differentiated children with declining versus stable high inattention. Boys and children from single-parent families were more likely to remain high or rise in inattention, whereas girls and children from dual-parent families were more likely to remain low or decline in inattention.
Limb ischaemia and below-knee amputation following life-saving patent ductus arteriosus stent in a critically ill infant
Authors: Bharmanee Apinya , Gowda Srinath , Singh Harinder R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLimb ischaemia is a rare but catastrophic complication related to cardiac catheterisation. We report an infant weighing 3 kg with unrepaired tricuspid atresia type 1b, small patent ductus arteriosus, and ventricular septal defect presenting with cardiogenic shock owing to progressively reduced pulmonary blood flow from closing ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. An emergency palliative ductal stent was successfully placed with marked clinical improvement. However, acute limb ischaemia developed necessitating above-knee amputation, despite medical management and vascular surgery. The cause of limb loss in our patient was catheterisation-related vascular injury causing arterial dissection–arterial thrombosis in the presence of shock and coagulopathy. This report emphasises the complexity in managing limb ischaemia associated with coagulopathy and highlights the importance of early recognition of reduced pulmonary flow in a single ventricle patient. Timely elective placement of a surgical systemic to pulmonary shunt would prevent catastrophic clinical presentation of compromised pulmonary flow and avoid the need for an emergent life-saving intervention and its associated complications.
THE CATENARY AND TAME DEGREES ON A NUMERICAL MONOID ARE EVENTUALLY PERIODIC
Authors: CHAPMAN SCOTT T. , CORRALES MARLY , MILLER ANDREW , MILLER CHRIS , PATEL DHIR 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLet $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}M$ be a commutative cancellative monoid. For $m$ a nonunit in $M$, the catenary degree of $m$, denoted $c(m)$, and the tame degree of $m$, denoted $t(m)$, are combinatorial constants that describe the relationships between differing irreducible factorizations of $m$. These constants have been studied carefully in the literature for various kinds of monoids, including Krull monoids and numerical monoids. In this paper, we show for a given numerical monoid $S$ that the sequences $\{c(s)\}_{s\in S}$ and $\{t(s)\}_{s\in S}$ are both eventually periodic. We show similar behavior for several functions related to the catenary degree which have recently appeared in the literature. These results nicely complement the known result that the sequence $\{\Delta (s)\}_{s\in S}$ of delta sets of $S$ also satisfies a similar periodicity condition.
Designing innovative productive cropping systems with quantified and ambitious environmental goals
Authors: Colnenne-David Caroline , Doré Thierry 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAgriculture must face a number of very pressing environmental issues. We used the prototyping method to design three innovative cropping systems, each satisfying three ambitious goals simultaneously: (1) overcoming a major environmental constraint, which represents a major break regarding objectives to be reached in current cropping systems (differing between systems: a ban on all pesticides but with chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer permitted; reducing fossil energy consumption by 50%; or decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 50%), (2) meeting a wide range of environmental criteria and (3) maximizing yields, given the major constraint and environmental targets. A fourth cropping system was designed, in which the environmental and yield targets were achieved with no major constraint (the productive high environmental performance cropping system (PHEP) system). The performances of these innovative cropping systems were compared to a conventional system in the Ile-de-France region. We used a three-step prototyping method: (1) new cropping systems were designed on the basis of scientific and expert knowledge, (2) these system prototypes were assessed with tools and a model (ex ante assessment) adjusted to the set of constraints and targets, with optimization by an iterative process until the criteria were satisfied and (3) evaluation in a long-term field experiment (ex post assessment), which is currently underway. We describe only the first two steps here, together with the results of the prototypes assessment with tools and a model. The pesticide, energy and GHG constraints were fulfilled. All these innovative systems satisfied environmental criteria in terms of nitrogen and phosphorus management, pesticide use, energy consumption and crop diversity. For the pesticide-free system, the soil organic matter indicator was lower than expected due to frequent plowing (every 2 years) and yields were 20–50% lower than for the PHEP system, depending on the crop considered. We focus our discussions on the design methodology and the availability of scientific knowledge and tools for projects of this type.