bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contesting Class Organization: Migrant Workers’ Strikes in China's Pearl River Delta, 1978–2010
Authors: Chan Chris King-Chi 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the process of working-class formation under the ongoing industrialization in China by studying how the trade union has been contested by migrant workers in their strikes in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) over the past three decades. The cases presented here are emblematic of workers’ struggles that have aroused public attention in the specific period of analysis. The author suggests that the trade union as a class organization has been a contested domain for migrant workers’ struggles in the PRD. Through their collective actions, workers’ class consciousness and strategies towards class organization have steadily advanced in the process of China's integration into the global economy.
The Ties Allowed to Bind: Kinship Legalities and Migration Restriction in the Interwar Americas
Authors: Putnam Lara 
Published: August 2013

AbstractNew immigration restrictions in the United States and elsewhere in the 1920s and 1930s made legal entry dependent on specific kinship formalities. This article explores the impact of the new system through a study of British Caribbean migrants. Because family patterns and the place of church and state sanction within them varied greatly by class—here, as in many parts of the world—the result was a curtailment of mobility that affected elites very little, and working-class would-be migrants enormously. In order to elucidatede factopatterns of exclusion, the author concludes, historians of transnational labor must begin paying more attention to the work “family” does.
Notes from Marikana, South Africa: The Platinum Miners’ Strike, the Massacre, and the Struggle for Equivalence
Authors: Magaziner Daniel , Jacobs Sean 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis note reflects on the August 2012 miners' strike at Marikana, South Africa in light of a century long history of violence associated with worker actions in that country and elsewhere in the Global South. It suggests that the breakaway union's allegedly ‘illegal’ strike fits within a long tradition of radical worker activism in South Africa, which is best understood in light of anticolonial efforts to short-circuit the chronologies of imperial power. The Marikana strike, like anticolonial rebellions during the early twentieth century and, critically, white worker struggles following First World War, was an effort to speed up the process by which the value of workers’ lives and labor might be made equivalent to those in power.
Strikes and Pickets in Brazil: Working-Class Mobilization in the “Old” and “New” Unionism, the Strikes of 1957 and 1980
Authors: Fontes Paulo , de Macedo Francisco Barbosa 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the role of pickets in two of the most emblematic strikes in Brazilian labor history during the twentieth century: the “strike of the 400,000,” which involved several industry categories in São Paulo and neighboring cities in 1957, and the “forty-one days strike” in 1980 involving the metalworkers of the industrial belt, known as ABC Paulista, in the metropolitan region of the city of São Paulo. Both strikes broke out at a time of profound reconfiguration of Brazilian society, marked by industrialization, migration, and urbanization processes. Although separated by a time gap of almost twenty-five years, both the “strike of the 400,000” and the “forty-one days strike” reveal important aspects of the performance of workers in that crucial period of Brazilian history.
TRAZOM'S WIT: COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES IN A ‘POPULAR’ YET ‘DIFFICULT’ SONATA
Authors: BYROS VASILI 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTVienna, 21 August 1773: Mozart signs off a letter to his sister Nannerl in his usual jocular manner: ‘oidda – gnagflow Trazom neiw ned 12 tsugua 3771’. This ‘arseways’ spelling of his signature is an early example of Mozart's well-known fondness for jesting and playing with patterns – spatial, arithmetical, linguistic and musical. Mozart appears to have been especially committed to such games in the 1770s. This was a period when he was also involved with the more serious matter of advancing his career, in which the composition of the first six so-called ‘difficult’ yet also ‘popular’ keyboard sonatas,k279–284, played an integral part. This article reads certain inexplicable gestures in the first sonata,k279,as reflecting Mozart's preoccupation with witty expressions at this time, seemingly as part of his attempt to gain the favour of prospective patrons, publishers and employers. The idiosyncrasies of the sonata result from an intersection of the syntax of phrase-level patterning and large-scale form with the semiosis of musical topics, eliciting laughter or simply a smile. Mozart's communicative strategy is situated in a broader context of the compositional play, wit and humour discussed in late eighteenth-century theory and aesthetics. It also allows us to revisit several implications arising from Danuta Mirka and Kofi Agawu'sCommunication in Eighteenth-Century Musicof 2008, including the importance of ‘context’ for successful communication, the susceptibility of eighteenth-century artefacts to present-day misreading and the problem ofKenner, Liebhaberand audiences in general.
Rhythmic Accent and the Absolute: Sulzer, Schelling and theAkzenttheorie
Authors: MCAULEY TOMAS 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT1770s Berlin saw the birth of a new theory of rhythm, first stated in Johann Georg Sulzer'sAllgemeine Theorie der schönen Künste(1771–1774), and later labelled theAkzenttheorie(theory of accents). Whereas previous eighteenth-century theories had seen rhythm as built up from the combination of distinct units, theAkzenttheoriesaw it as formed from the breaking down of a continual flow, achieved through the placing of accents on particular notes. In hisPhilosophie der Kunst(1802–1803) the philosopher Friedrich Schelling used Sulzer's definition of rhythm to suggest, astonishingly, that music can facilitate knowledge of the absolute, a philosophical concept denoting the ultimate ground of all reality. In this article I show how Schelling could come to interpret theAkzenttheoriein such extravagant terms by examining three theories of time and their relationships to rhythm: that of Sulzer and his predecessor Isaac Newton, that of Immanuel Kant and that of Schelling. I conclude by arguing that in Schelling's case – an important one, since his is the earliest systematic presentation of a view of music that came to predominate in the decades after 1800 – his view of music was driven neither by developments in contemporary music nor by changes in the philosophy of art as a discrete intellectual enterprise, but by revolutions in philosophy by and large unconcerned even with art in general.
Mechanisms of RNA-induced toxicity in CAG repeat disorders
Authors: Nalavade R , Griesche N , Ryan D P , Hildebrand S , Krauß S 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSeveral inherited neurodegenerative disorders are caused by CAG trinucleotide repeat expansions, which can be located either in the coding region or in the untranslated region (UTR) of the respective genes. Polyglutamine diseases (polyQ diseases) are caused by an expansion of a stretch of CAG repeats within the coding region, translating into a polyQ tract. The polyQ tract expansions result in conformational changes, eventually leading to aggregate formation. It is widely believed that the aggregation of polyQ proteins is linked with disease development. In addition, in the last couple of years, it has been shown that RNA-mediated mechanisms also have a profound role in neurotoxicity in both polyQ diseases and diseases caused by elongated CAG repeat motifs in their UTRs. Here, we review the different molecular mechanisms assigned to mRNAs with expanded CAG repeats. One aspect is the mRNA folding of CAG repeats. Furthermore, pathogenic mechanisms assigned to CAG repeat mRNAs are discussed. First, we discuss mechanisms that involve the sequestration of the diverse proteins to the expanded CAG repeat mRNA molecules. As a result of this, several cellular mechanisms are aberrantly regulated. These include the sequestration of MBNL1, leading to misregulated splicing; sequestration of nucleolin, leading to reduced cellular rRNA; and sequestration of proteins of the siRNA machinery, resulting in the production of short silencing RNAs that affect gene expression. Second, we discuss the effect of expanded CAG repeats on the subcellular localization, transcription and translation of the CAG repeat mRNA itself. Here we focus on the MID1 protein complex that triggers an increased translation of expanded CAG repeat mRNAs and a mechanism called repeat-associated non-ATG translation, which leads to proteins aberrantly translated from CAG repeat mRNAs. In addition, therapeutic approaches for CAG repeat disorders are discussed. Together, all the findings summarized here show that mutant mRNA has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of CAG repeat diseases.
Angiomotin prevents pluripotent lineage differentiation in mouse embryos via Hippo pathway-dependent and -independent mechanisms
Authors: Leung Chuen Yan , Zernicka-Goetz Magdalena 
Published: August 2013

AbstractCell identity is specified in the early mammalian embryo by the generation of precursors for two cell lineages: the pluripotent inner cell mass and differentiating trophectoderm. Here we identify Angiomotin as a key regulator of this process. We show that the loss of Angiomotin, together with Angiomotin-like 2, leads to differentiation of inner cell mass cells and compromised peri-implantation development. We show that Angiomotin regulates localization of Yap, and Yap-binding motifs are required for full activity of Angiomotin. Importantly, we also show that Angiomotin function can compensate for the absence of Lats1/2 kinases, indicating the ability of Angiomotin to bypass the classical Hippo pathway for Yap regulation. In polarized outside cells, Angiomotin localizes apically, pointing to the importance of cell polarity in regulating Yap to promote differentiation. We propose that both Hippo pathway-dependent and Hippo pathway-independent mechanisms regulate Yap localization to set apart pluripotent and differentiated lineages in the pre-implantation mouse embryo.
One zero‐voltage‐switching three‐transistor push–pull converter
Authors: Yuan Yisheng , Wu Qunfang 
Published: August 2013

One three‐transistor push–pull (TTPP) converter is proposed in this study. In this TTPP converter, an extra transistor is inserted between the input power supply and midpoint of two primary windings. On the secondary side, a saturable inductor and an extra freewheeling diode are employed. Adopting the proposed pulse‐width modulation method for three power switches, two original transistors can achieve zero‐voltage‐switching (ZVS) easily in a wide range of load current, the extra transistor can also realise ZVS assisted by the saturable inductor. Each operation mode of the proposed TTPP converters is discussed in detail. The soft‐switching conditions are explained. One 83.3 kHz, 800 W prototype has been built. Its peak efficiency reaches 94.87%. The experimental result is provided to verify the analysis.
Multiband time‐of‐arrival positioning technique using an ultra‐high‐frequency bandwidth availability model for cognitive radio
Authors: Thomas Robin Rajan , Maharaj Bodhaswar T. , Zayen Bassem , Knopp Raymond 
Published: August 2013

In this study, the authors present a multiband time‐of‐arrival (TOA) positioning model and validate the performance in a practical dynamic spectrum access scenario according to results obtained from an ultra‐high‐frequency (UHF) spectrum occupancy measurement campaign. The statistical analysis of the measured data shows a distinguishable difference between the unoccupied and occupied portion of the UHF band. The bandwidth availability for the UHF band is shown to follow a Gaussian distribution according to the measurement results. The positioning model is verified using the non‐linear least squares, linear least squares and two‐step maximum‐likelihood location estimation algorithms. The root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) performance evaluation of the proposed model revealed the advantage of utilising five discrete bands to perform TOA estimation, especially in poor signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) conditions ranging from − 10 to 0 dB. At a fixed SNR of 0 dB, an average RMSE improvement of 74 and 82% was observed for a double‐ and triple‐band system when compared with a conventional single‐band TOA system. This particular positioning technique can enable improved location estimation in a dynamic spectrum access environment.
Individual‐Based Modeling of Delta Smelt Population Dynamics in the Upper San Francisco Estuary: I. Model Description and Baseline Results
Authors: Rose Kenneth A. , Kimmerer Wim J. , Edwards Karen P. , Bennett William A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMany factors have been implicated in the decline of Delta Smelt Hypomesus transpacificus in the upper San Francisco Estuary, and the importance of each factor is difficult to determine using field data alone. We describe a spatially explicit, individual‐based population model of Delta Smelt configured for the upper estuary. The model followed the reproduction, growth, mortality, and movement of individuals over their entire life cycle on the same spatial grid of cells as the Delta Simulation Model (DSM2) hydrodynamics model. Daily values of water temperature, salinity, and densities of six zooplankton prey types were represented on the spatial grid. Reproduction was evaluated daily, and new individuals were introduced into the model as yolk sac larvae. Growth of feeding individuals was based on bioenergetics and zooplankton densities. Mortality sources included natural mortality, starvation, and entrainment in water diversion facilities. Movement of larvae was determined using a particle tracking model, while movement of juveniles and adults was based on salinity. Simulations were performed for 1995–2005. The baseline simulation was generally consistent with the available data. Predicted daily fractions of larvae entrained and annual fractions of adults entrained were similar in magnitude to data‐based estimates but showed less interannual variation. Interannual differences in mean length at age 1 had large effects on maturity and subsequent egg production. Predicted and observed spatial distributions in the fall showed moderately good agreement for extremely low‐ and high‐outflow years. As indicated by the population growth rate, 1998 was the best year and 2001 was the worst year. Water year 1998 (i.e., October 1997–September 1998) was characterized by fast growth in fall 1997, low entrainment, and high stage‐specific survival rates, whereas water year 2001 had opposite conditions. Our analysis further shows how multiple factors can operate simultaneously to result in the decline in abundance of Delta Smelt.
Individual‐Based Modeling of Delta Smelt Population Dynamics in the Upper San Francisco Estuary: II. Alternative Baselines and Good versus Bad Years
Authors: Rose Kenneth A. , Kimmerer Wim J. , Edwards Karen P. , Bennett William A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWe used a previously described individual‐based population model to further explore the population dynamics of Delta Smelt Hypomesus transpacificus in the upper San Francisco Estuary. We formulated four alternative baseline configurations of the model and used a factorial design to systematically isolate the effects of factors that determined a good versus bad year. The alternative baseline conditions were obtained by substituting different assumptions about growth, maturity, and mortality into the original baseline configuration. In the simulation experiment, we varied five factors by setting each value to its 1998 (best year) or 2001 (worst year) value: salinity, temperature, zooplankton densities, hydrodynamics, and eggs per age‐1 individual at spawning. Although some of the alternative baselines resulted in lower January abundances, estimated finite population growth rates were very similar for all versions. The simulation experiment showed that juvenile growth in the winter prior to spawning (i.e., eggs per age‐1 individual) was the most important single factor in making 2001 a bad year, although no single factor alone was sufficient to fully account for the poor conditions in 2001 relative to 1998. Temperature played an important secondary role, and hydrodynamics played a more minor role. The results of the simulation experiment were robust, as similar results were obtained under the four alternative baselines. We compare our results with previous modeling and statistical analyses of the long‐term monitoring data; we also discuss some implications of our results for Delta Smelt management and suggest future directions for analyses.
Physical inactivity and muscle oxidative capacity in humans
Authors: Gram Martin , Dahl Rannvá , Dela Flemming 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPhysical inactivity is associated with a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and is an independent predictor of mortality. It is possible that the detrimental effects of physical inactivity are mediated through a lack of adequate muscle oxidative capacity. This short review will cover the present literature on the effects of different models of inactivity on muscle oxidative capacity in humans. Effects of physical inactivity include decreased mitochondrial content, decreased activity of oxidative enzymes, changes in markers of oxidative stress and a decreased expression of genes and contents of proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation. With such a substantial down‐regulation, it is likely that a range of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐dependent pathways such as calcium signalling, respiratory capacity and apoptosis are affected by physical inactivity. However, this has not been investigated in humans, and further studies are required to substantiate this hypothesis, which could expand our knowledge of the potential link between lifestyle‐related diseases and muscle oxidative capacity. Furthermore, even though a large body of literature reports the effect of physical training on muscle oxidative capacity, the adaptations that occur with physical inactivity may not always be opposite to that of physical training. Thus, it is concluded that studies on the effect of physical inactivity per se on muscle oxidative capacity in functional human skeletal muscle are warranted.
Graph-based peak alignment algorithms for multiple liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry datasets
Authors: Wang Jijie , Lam Henry 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the dominant technological platform for proteomics. An LC-MS analysis of a complex biological sample can be visualized as a ‘map’ of which the positional coordinates are the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and chromatographic retention time (RT) of the chemical species profiled. Label-free quantitative proteomics requires the alignment and comparison of multiple LC-MS maps to ascertain the reproducibility of experiments or reveal proteome changes under different conditions. The main challenge in this task lies in correcting inevitable RT shifts. Similar, but not identical, LC instruments and settings can cause peptides to elute at very different times and sometimes in a different order, violating the assumptions of many state-of-the-art alignment tools. To meet this challenge, we developed LWBMatch, a new algorithm based on weighted bipartite matching. Unlike existing tools, which search for accurate warping functions to correct RT shifts, we directly seek a peak-to-peak mapping by maximizing a global similarity function between two LC-MS maps. For alignment tasks with large RT shifts (&gt;500 s), an approximate warping function is determined by locally weighted scatterplot smoothing of potential matched features, detected using a novel voting scheme based on co-elution. For validation, we defined the ground truth for alignment success based on tandem mass spectrometry identifications from sequence searching. We showed that our method outperforms several existing tools in terms of precision and recall, and is capable of aligning maps from different instruments and settings.
Availability: Available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/rt-alignment/.
Contact: kehlam@ust.hk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Filling the gap: a new class of old star cluster?
Authors: Forbes Duncan A. , Pota Vincenzo , Usher Christopher , Strader Jay , Romanowsky Aaron J. , Brodie Jean P. , Arnold Jacob A. , Spitler Lee R. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
It is not understood whether long-lived star clusters possess a continuous range of sizes and masses (and hence densities) or if rather, they should be considered as distinct types with different origins. Utilizing the Hubble Space Telescope to measure sizes and long exposures on the Keck 10 m telescope to obtain distances, we have discovered the first confirmed star clusters that lie within a previously claimed size–luminosity gap dubbed the ‘avoidance zone’ by Hwang et al. The existence of these star clusters extends the range of sizes, masses and densities for star clusters, and argues against current formation models that predict well-defined size–mass relationships (such as stripped nuclei, giant globular clusters or merged star clusters). The red colour of these gap objects suggests that they are not a new class of object but are related to faint fuzzies observed in nearby lenticular galaxies. We also report a number of low-luminosity ultracompact dwarfs with sizes of up to 50 pc. Future, statistically complete, studies will be encouraged now that it is known that star clusters possess a continuous range of structural properties.
Incongruity of the unified scheme with a 3CRR-like equatorial strong-source sample
Authors: Singal Ashok K. , Singh Raj Laxmi 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
We examine the consistency of the unified scheme of the powerful extragalactic radio sources with the 408 MHz BRL sample (Best, Röttgering & Lehnert) from the equatorial sky region, selected at the same flux-density level as the 3CRR sample. We find that, unlike in the 3CRR sample, a foreshortening in the observed sizes of quasars, expected from the orientation-based unified scheme model, is not seen in the BRL sample, at least in different redshift bins up to z ∼ 1. Even the quasar fraction in individual redshift bins up to z ∼ 1 does not match with that expected from the unified scheme, where radio galaxies and quasars are supposed to belong to a common parent population at all redshifts. This not only casts strong doubts on the unified scheme, but also throws up an intriguing result that in a sample selected from the equatorial sky region, using almost the same criteria as in the 3CRR sample from the Northern hemisphere, the relative distribution of radio galaxies and quasars differs qualitatively from the 3CRR sample.