bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Coconut‐ and Palm‐Based Fat Blend for a Cookie Filler
Authors: Mat Yusoff Masni , Tan Chin Ping , Che Man Yaakob Bin , Miskandar Mat Sahri , Kanagaratnam Sivaruby , Nehdi Imededdine Arbi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThirteen fat blends intended for cookie filler (CF) production that consist of 20–70 % palm mid‐fraction (PMF), 20–70 % virgin coconut oil (VCO), and 0–10 % palm stearin (POs) were developed based on the solid fat contents (SFC) of the fat portions extracted from five commercial CF samples: A, B, C, D, and E. A mixture design was applied for fat blend optimization, and the combination that best approached the target SFC values was composed of 70 % PMF, 20 % VCO, and 10 % POs. The optimized coconut‐ and palm‐based fat blend (O‐CP) exhibited a steeper SFC profile, with 8.2 % (±0.2) SFC at 25 °C (room temperature) and 0.2 % (±0.2) SFC at 37 °C (body temperature); lower slip melting point of 34.0 °C (±0.0); and a lower iodine value (IV) of 40.25 g/100 g (±1.04). In addition, O‐CP contained higher proportions of medium‐chain fatty acids (MCFA) and lauric acid (C12:0) of 3.2 % (±0.18) and 9.7 % (±0.43), respectively. In terms of its thermal profile, O‐CP showed no significant difference in terms of its crystallization range, 49.7 °C (±2.66) with the exception of sample C, but it exhibited a smaller melting range, 65.8 °C (±1.47), compared to the fat portions of the commercial samples. The ranges represented the span between the onset and offset temperatures of both crystallization and melting profiles as determined by differential scanning calorimetry.
Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungus assemblages on nursery grown European beech seedlings
Authors: Pietras Marcin , Rudawska Maria , Leski Tomasz , Karliński Leszek 
Published: September 2012

Abstract• ContextAn important feature of forest nursery management is the production of first-rate planting stock, which is closely connected with an adequate development of ectomycorrhizas on seedling roots.• AimsThe aim of this study was to provide a detailed assessment of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal diversity of European beech grown in bare-root forest nursery conditions.• MethodsMorphological and molecular analyzes were used to identify ECM fungi, quantify fungal richness, and record differences in the relative abundance of individual taxa.• ResultsTwenty-seven different mycorrhizal fungal taxa were found in four tested nurseries. Of these 27, only 6 were present in more than one nursery. Taxa richness in individual nurseries ranged from 6 to 13, indicating that ECM colonization potential is nursery-dependent. The most frequent taxa were:Tubersp. 1,Cadophorasp.,Cenococcum geophilumagg.,Hebeloma sacchariolens, andLaccaria tortilis.According to the analysis of similarity, ECM fungal communities were significantly different between nurseries (R = 0.7741;p < 0.0001).• ConclusionBeech seedlings grown in bare-root nurseries are colonized by a highly diverse suite of ECM fungi; thus, artificial inoculation of seedlings is generally not necessary in nursery practice.
The ‘Open-Closed’ Settlement Model and the Interdisciplinary Formulations of Dennis Mills: Conceptualising Local Rural Change
Authors: JACKSON ANDREW J. H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article is an examination of the value of the ‘open-closed’ settlement model. The model has endured as a helpful point of reference in historical investigations of local rural change in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and in particular in the study of property and class relations and their influence on the evolution of settlement form. The article is also a consideration of the significance of the work of a chief architect of the model, the historical geographer and local historian Dennis Mills. The model and the contribution of Mills are discussed in relation to initiatives seeking to develop local history of the twentieth century, including the promotion of engagement with interdisciplinary historiographies.
The Ecology and History of the Mediterranean Olive Grove: The Spanish Great Expansion, 1750 - 2000
Authors: INFANTE-AMATE JUAN 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article argues that the landscape dominated by olive groves that is now seen as characteristic of southern Spain is a relatively recent phenomenon. In the eighteenth, nineteenth and much of the twentieth century, olives were not an industrial crop, grown on a large scale for the production of oil. Instead, olive trees were largely grown by small peasant farmers and used to produce timber and fodder as well as foodstuffs, forming one component of a diverse peasant economy. This article will analyse the changing role of the olive within the landscape of the Spanish Mediterranean, and explore the process by which production moved towards single crop cultivation by large industrial enterprises.
Mental Health Needs Assessment After the Gulf Coast Oil Spill—Alabama and Mississippi, 2010
Authors: Buttke Danielle , Vagi Sara , Bayleyegn Tesfaye , Sircar Kanta , Strine Tara , Morrison Melissa , Allen Mardi , Wolkin Amy 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIntroductionPrevious oil spills and disasters from other human-made events have shown that mental health effects to the affected population are widespread and can be significant.Hypothesis/ProblemThere has been concern regarding the likelihood that existing public health surveillance was not capturing the mental health effects to the population affected by the Gulf Coast oil spill. The objectives of this study were to assess the mental health needs of coastal communities in the states of Alabama and Mississippi following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.MethodsA cluster sampling methodology was used to assess the mental health status of coastal residents in three counties in Alabama four months following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and in the Gulf Coast counties in Mississippi 5.5 months after the oil spill.ResultsA total of 469 residents of the selected areas were interviewed. Between 15.4 and 24.5% of the respondents reported depressive symptoms, with 21.4-31.5% reporting symptoms consistent with an anxiety disorder, and 16.3-22.8% reporting ≥14 mentally unhealthy days within the past 30 days. Overall, there were more negative quality of life indicators and negative social context outcomes than in the state's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. Between 32.1% and 35.7% of all households reported decreased income since the oil spill, and 35.5-38.2% of all households reported having been exposed to oil.ConclusionThe proportion of respondents reporting negative mental health parameters in the affected Alabama and Mississippi coastal communities is higher than the proportion reported in the 2008 and 2009 BRFSS state reports, suggesting that the public health response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill should focus on mental health services in these communities.ButtkeD, VagiS, BayleyegnT, SircarK, StrineT, MorrisonM, AllenM, WolkinA. Mental health needs assessment after the Gulf Coast oil spill—Alabama and Mississippi, 2010. Prehosp Disaster Med.2012;27(5):1-8.
Monosodium glutamate stimulates secretion of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and reduces postprandial glucose after a lipid‐containing meal
Authors: Hosaka H. , Kusano M. , Zai H. , Kawada A. , Kuribayashi S. , Shimoyama Y. , Nagoshi A. , Maeda M. , Kawamura O. , Mori M. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBackgroundMonosodium l‐glutamate (MSG) is known to influence the endocrine system and gastrointestinal (GI) motility. The mechanism of postprandial glycemic control by food in the GI tract is mostly unknown and of great interest.AimTo investigate the effect of MSG on glucose homeostasis, incretin secretion and gastric emptying in humans after a lipid‐containing meal.MethodsThirteen healthy male volunteers (mean age, 25.5 years) and with no Helicobcter pylori infection were enrolled. A 400 mL (520 kcal) liquid meal with MSG (2 g, 0.5% wt:vol) or NaCl (control) was ingested in a single‐blind placebo‐controlled cross‐over study. Blood glucose, serum insulin, plasma glucagon, plasma glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide were measured. Gastric emptying was monitored by a 13C acetate breath test. Postprandial symptoms were assessed on a visual analogue scale.ResultsThe 30‐min postprandial glucose concentration was significantly reduced by adding MSG to the test meal. The area under the glucose concentration vs. time curve (0–60 min) was also significantly reduced by adding MSG (40.6 ± 3.51 mg·1 hr/dL with MSG vs. 49.2 ± 3.86 mg·1 hr/dL with NaCl, P = 0.047), whereas, the 30‐min postprandial plasma GLP‐1 level was significantly increased (58.1 ± 15.8 pmol/L with MSG vs. 13.4 ± 15.8 pmol/L with NaCl, P = 0.035). MSG did not affect the half gastric emptying time or postprandial symptoms.ConclusionsMonosodium l‐glutamate improved early postprandial glycaemia after a lipid‐containing liquid meal. This effect was not associated with a change in gastric emptying, but was possibly related to stimulation of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 secretion.
Long‐term efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride and placebo, all in combination with metformin in type 2 diabetes: 2‐year results from the LEAD‐2 study
Authors: Nauck M. , Frid A. , Hermansen K. , Thomsen A. B. , During M. , Shah N. , Tankova T. , Mitha I. , Matthews D. R. 
Published: September 2012

AimsTo investigate efficacy and safety of dual therapy with liraglutide and metformin in comparison to glimepiride and metformin, and metformin monotherapy over 2 years in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsIn the 26‐week the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD)‐2 core trial, patients (n = 1091) were randomized (2 : 2 : 2 : 1: 2) to liraglutide (0.6, 1.2 or 1.8 mg once‐daily), placebo or glimepiride; all with metformin. Patients were enrolled if they were 18–80 years old with HbA1c 7.0–11.0% (previous monotherapy ≥3 months), or 7.0–10.0% (previous combination therapy ≥3 months), and body mass index ≤40 kg/m2. Patients completing the 26‐week double‐blinded phase could enter an 18‐month open‐label extension.ResultsHbA1c decreased significantly with liraglutide (0.4% with 0.6 mg, 0.6% with 1.2 and 1.8 mg) versus 0.3% increase with metformin monotherapy (p < 0.0001). HbA1c decrease with liraglutide was non‐inferior versus 0.5% decrease with glimepiride. Liraglutide groups experienced significant weight loss (2.1, 3.0 and 2.9 kg with 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mg, respectively) compared to weight gain (0.7 kg) with glimepiride (p < 0.0001). Weight loss with liraglutide 1.2 and 1.8 mg was significantly greater than with metformin monotherapy (1.8 kg; p = 0.0185 and p = 0.0378 for 1.2 and 1.8 mg, respectively). The occurrence of minor hypoglycaemia was <5.0% in all liraglutide groups, significantly less than with glimepiride (24.0%; p < 0.0001). Liraglutide was well tolerated overall: gastrointestinal events were more common than with glimepiride or metformin monotherapy, but occurrence decreased with time.ConclusionsLiraglutide provided sustained glycaemic control over 2 years comparable to that provided by glimepiride. Liraglutide was well tolerated, and was associated with weight loss and a low rate of hypoglycaemia.
Prevalence of infection as a predictor of multiple genotype infection frequency in parasites with multiple‐host life cycle
Authors: Louhi Katja‐Riikka , Karvonen Anssi , Rellstab Christian , Louhi Risto , Jokela Jukka 
Published: September 2012

SummaryIn nature, parasites commonly share hosts with other conspecific parasite genotypes. While adult parasites typically show aggregated distribution in their final hosts, aggregation of clonal parasite genotypes in intermediate hosts, such as those of trematodes in molluscs, is not generally known. However, infection of a host by multiple parasite genotypes has significant implications for evolution of virulence and host–parasite coevolution. Aggregated distribution of the clonal stages can increase host mortality and reduce larval output of each infecting genotype through interclonal competition, and therefore have significant implications for parasite epidemiology.The aim of this study was (i) to find out how common multiple genotype infections (MGIs) are in aquatic snails serving as intermediate hosts for different trematode species; (ii) to find out whether the prevalence of infection could be used to predictMGIfrequencies and (iii) to use the relationship to infer whetherMGIs aggregate in molluscan hosts.We determined the prevalence of trematode (Diplostomum pseudospathaceum) infections and the frequency ofMGIs in snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) host populations as well as compiled corresponding literature data from a range of snail‐trematode systems. We used Bayesian simulations to explore the relationship between prevalence of infection andMGIfrequency in these data, and tested whether genotypes aggregate in snails by comparing the simulated relations with null model (Poisson and demographic Poisson) expectations.Our results show thatMGIs are common in aquatic snails with up to 90% of the infected snails carryingMGIs. Parasite prevalence is a good predictor ofMGIfrequencies at a range of prevailing natural prevalences of infection (0–50%). The frequency ofMGIs was higher than expected by both null models, indicating parasite aggregation at genotype level.These findings are in sharp contrast with the absence of multiple infections in snails at level of trematode species, suggesting that co‐infections by multiple species and multiple genotypes of one species are controlled by different biological processes. Aggregation ofMGIs in snail hosts appears to be widespread across different snail‐trematode systems.
Pain status and sedation level in Chinese children after cardiac surgery: an observational study
Authors: Bai Jinbing , Hsu Lily 
Published: September 2012

Aims and objectives.  This study explored current pain status, sedation level and their trajectories in Chinese children after cardiac surgery.Background.  Pain and sedation management are fundamental care practices in the critical care setting, yet they both are frequently under‐implemented for children after major surgery.Design.  Repeated observational design.Methods.  This study was conducted in a paediatric medical centre in Shanghai, China where 170 children who underwent cardiac surgery were recruited. Pain was measured with the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability scale and sedation levels with the COMFORT Behaviour Scale at 18 fixed time‐points for three consecutive postoperative days.Results.  The study indicated that 95 children (55·9%) received continuous opioids for pain relief, and 61 children (35·9%) received no analgesics. Multiple sedatives were used for these children, including bolus phenobarbital for 117 children (68·8%), phenergan for 81 children (47·6%) and midazolam for three children (1·8%). The mean pain scores significantly decreased throughout the operation day (POD‐0) to the 2nd postoperative day (POD‐2) with the lowest score on POD‐2. Less than 5% of pain assessments were identified as moderate to severe across all 2815 observations. The sedation scores significantly increased through POD‐0 to POD‐2 with the highest score on POD‐2. The rate of over‐sedation was 50·3% with <1% under‐sedation occurring among all the observations. Results also suggested that the length of stay in the cardiac intensive care unit was a predictor of increased analgesic usage in the critical care setting (odds ratio: 1·72).Conclusions.  Usage of analgesic and sedative agents in cardiac intensive care unit was variable and children experienced low pain scores but a high rate of over‐sedation, indicating that healthcare providers should address ways to improve postoperative pain and sedation management in this population.Relevance to clinical practice.  The pain and sedation status for children after cardiac surgery changed across the postoperative days. Healthcare providers should be trained in the use of reliable tools to accurately monitor children’s pain and sedation levels.
Transplantation material bovine pericardium: biomechanical and immunogenic characteristics after decellularization vs. glutaraldehyde‐fixing
Authors: Hülsmann Jörn , Grün Katja , El Amouri Sonya , Barth Mareike , Hornung Katrin , Holzfuß Carlheinz , Lichtenberg Artur , Akhyari Payam 
Published: September 2012

Hülsmann J, Grün K, El Amouri S, Barth M, Hornung K, Holzfuß C, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P. Transplantation material bovine pericardium: biomechanical and immunogenic characteristics after decellularization vs. glutaraldehyde‐fixing. Xenotransplantation 2012; 19: 286–297. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: Background: Today, bovine pericardium (BP) is extensively investigated as a biomaterial for the generation of various bioimplants. But despite the commercial distribution, and the development of methods either to remove (decellularization) or to mask (chemical cross‐linking, for example by glutaraldehyde [GA] treatment) the xenogeneic antigen epitopes, yet questions around the immunogenic reactivity of BP remain. The aim of this study is the comparison of crucial tissue characteristics, that is, biomechanical properties, the presence of αGal epitopes, and residual DNA in acellular vs. GA‐fixed BP.Methods: Bovine pericardium was either cross‐linked with 0.6% GA or decellularized according to two common protocols using either sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and desoxycholic acid (DCA) or trypsin and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The resulting extracellular matrix was prone to one‐dimensional tensile testing. The tissue content for αGal was evaluated by immunoblotting, and residual DNA was determined by a commercial assay. Untreated BP served as control.Results: In contrast to previous reports, we found a pronounced decrease in the elastic modulus (E‐Modulus) for common GA treatment and overall smaller values for the elastic moduli after decellularization (P < 0.05). In parallel, we observed an overall increased ultimate elongation of acellular and cross‐linked BP, although ultimate stress values did not significantly differ. SDS/DCA decellularized BP revealed a dramatic reduction in the DNA content and an almost complete removal of αGal epitopes, whereas the trypsin/EDTA protocol retained a residual DNA content of almost 50% and with a great trail of αGal signal. GA‐treated tissue had a remarkable content of DNA and αGal.Conclusions: Although chemically fixated BP is clinically still in wide use, for example, for biological heart valve engineering, our results suggest that an improved biomaterial preparation may be provided by appropriate decellularization. SDS/DCA decellularized BP shows similar biomechanical characteristics as GA treatment, paired with reduced potential immunogenic reactivity. Furthermore, decellularized BP holds the potential of cellular repopulation in vivo or in vitro, to enable an endogenous regenerative capacity in contrast to the toxic effects of GA fixing.
Sociodemographic and meteorological correlates of sudden infant death in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Hua‐Pin , Li Chung‐Yi , Chang Ya‐Hui , Hwang Shiow‐Li , Su Ying‐Hwa , Chen Chi‐Wen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundThis study was designed, using three national datasets including the Taiwan Death Registry, Taiwan Birth Registry, and National Meteorological Dataset, to examine the sociodemographic, geographic and meteorological correlates of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).MethodsOne thousand, six hundred and seventy‐one cases of SIDS occurring between 1994 and 2003, and 8355 matched controls were included in this nested case–control study.ResultsOver the study period, the annual rate of SIDS declined only slightly, with an average annual rate of 57.9/105. Male infants (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–1.33), preterm births (AOR, 1.69; 95%CI: 1.33–2.13), low birthweight (AOR, 2.87; 95%CI: 2.30–3.59), and birth order ≥3 (AOR, 1.62; 95%CI: 1.37–1.92) were the demographic risk factors for SIDS. Additionally, paternal age <25 years (AOR, 1.37; 95%CI: 1.09–1.71), urbanization (AOR, 1.46; 95%CI: 1.20–1.78), lower paternal education (elementary and less; AOR, 1.28; 95%CI: 1.01–1.64), and parental age difference >10 years (AOR, 1.72; 95%CI: 1.24–2.39) were also associated with increased risk of SIDS. It was also noted that daily average temperature ranging from 9.2°C to 14.2°C (AOR, 2.10; 95%CI: 1.67–2.64) was associated with the most increased risk, while temperature ≥26.4°C (AOR 0.60, 0.61) was significantly associated with the most reduced risk.ConclusionSociodemographic, geographic and meteorological data can be used to identify families in greater need of early guidance and to promote various prevention measures to avoid the occurrence of SIDS.
Novel treatment strategy for Japanese newborns with high serum unbound bilirubin
Authors: Yokota Tomoyuki , Morioka Ichiro , Kodera Takayuki , Morisawa Takeshi , Sato Itsuko , Kawano Seiji , Koda Tsubasa , Matsuo Kiyomi , Fujioka Kazumichi , Morikawa Satoru , Miwa Akihiro , Shibata Akio , Yokoyama Naoki , Yonetani Masahiko , Yamada Hideto , Nakamura Hajime , Iijima Kazumoto 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundSerum unbound bilirubin (UB) is a measure of bilirubin not bound to albumin, and has been reported to be better than total bilirubin level at identifying infants at risk of developing bilirubin‐induced neurotoxicity, including auditory abnormalities. A detailed treatment strategy for newborns with high serum UB has not been established. The aim of this study was to assess auditory outcomes in newborns with serum UB ≥1.00 μg/dL who were treated according to a novel treatment protocol.MethodsA prospective clinical study was conducted in newborns weighing >1500 g with serum UB ≥1.00 μg/dL who were admitted to Kobe University Hospital and Kakogawa Municipal Hospital, Japan from 2006 to 2011. Enrolled newborns were treated as follows: (i) if serum UB was 1.00–1.50 μg/dL, phototherapy and infusion were given with or without albumin or immunoglobulin therapy; and (ii) if serum UB was >1.50 μg/dL, exchange transfusion was performed immediately. Auditory brainstem responses were evaluated at the time of discharge.ResultsA total of 89 Japanese newborns with UB ≥1.00 μg/dL were enrolled at a median age of 4 days. Of these, 85 had UB 1.00–1.50 μg/dL and four had UB >1.50 μg/dL. After being treated according to the protocol, no newborns were diagnosed with auditory brainstem response abnormalities.ConclusionsThe present treatment protocol for Japanese newborns with serum UB ≥1.00 μg/dL may be useful for the prevention of bilirubin‐induced auditory abnormalities.
Unravelling the Relationships between Used‐Clothing Imports and the Decline of African Clothing Industries
Authors: Brooks Andrew , Simon David 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTAfrican clothing industries have declined since the implementation of economic liberalization policies in the early 1980s whilst used‐clothing imports to Africa have increased. The general effects of economic liberalization on African clothing industries are well documented, although little research has been conducted on the particular impact of increased imports of second‐hand clothes on the local manufacturing sectors. Whether these two processes are causally related is difficult to determine due to limitations in official data sets. In this article, the used‐clothing trade is explored in detail and a broad range of cultural and local economic processes are investigated. Trends such as declining local purchasing power and the opening of African markets to cheap new clothing imports, as well as imports of used‐clothing, are examined, along with the converse boost to African clothing export production resulting from preferential trade agreements in the 2000s. With respect to the differential legal and illegal imports of second‐hand clothing to selected African countries, it is demonstrated that official trade data sets often fail to capture the nuances of contemporary social and economic processes.