bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health, Personal, and Environmental Predictors of Wheelchair-Use Confidence in Adult Wheelchair Users
Authors: Sakakibara Brodie M. , Miller William C. , Eng Janice J. , Routhier François , Backman Catherine L. 
Published: May 2015

Background
There are no predictive models of wheelchair-use confidence. Therefore, clinicians and researchers are limited in their ability to screen for and identify wheelchair users who may be more prone to low wheelchair-use confidence and may benefit from clinical intervention.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to identify health-related, personal, and environmental factors that predict perceived wheelchair-use confidence in community-dwelling adults who use manual wheelchairs.

Design
A cross-sectional study was conducted.

Methods
Community-dwelling manual wheelchair users (N=124) were included in the study if they were ≥50 years of age, had ≥6 months of wheelchair use experience, and had no cognitive impairment. The Wheelchair Use Confidence Scale was used to assess wheelchair-use confidence. The sociodemographic information form, Functional Comorbidity Index, Seating Identification Tool, Interpersonal Support and Evaluation List, and Home and Community Environment Instrument captured the independent variables. Blocks of health, personal, and environmental variables were sequentially entered into the regression model.

Results
Five personal variables (age, standardized beta [β]=−0.18; sex, β=−0.26; daily hours of wheelchair occupancy, β=0.20; wheelchair-use training, β=0.20; and wheelchair-use assistance, β=−0.34) and one environmental variable (need for seating intervention, β=−0.18) were statistically significant predictors, explaining 44% of the confidence variance.

Limitations
The sample comprised volunteers and, therefore, may underrepresent or overrepresent particular groups within the population. The study's cross-sectional research design does not allow for conclusions to be made regarding causality.

Conclusion
Older women who use wheelchairs and who require assistance with wheelchair use may have low wheelchair-use confidence. The same is true for individuals who have no formal wheelchair-use training, who are in need of a seating intervention, and who report few hours of daily wheelchair use. These wheelchair users may require clinical attention and benefit from intervention.
Surveillance de la NSA : pourquoi le système des freins et contre-poids a été court-circuité
Authors: Shapiro Steven R. , Meyer Alix 
Published: May 2015

Les dernières révélations sur les activités de surveillance de la NSA aux États-Unis et dans le monde continuent de susciter le débat : leur ampleur est-elle justifiée ? Qu’est-ce que la vie privée dans un monde numérique ? Jusqu’à présent, les questions juridiques ont surtout porté sur le programme de recueil de métadonnées de connexion auprès des opérateurs de téléphonie mobile. Ces données ont été recueillies par la NSA sans que l’agence n’ait eu à cibler un suspect en particulier, à l’encontre de la tradition juridique américaine de protection de la vie privée des personnes face aux intrusions de l’État. Depuis, les médias ont révélé l’existence d’autres programmes de surveillance qui soulèvent des problèmes similaires. Cet article propose de retracer l’histoire chaotique des efforts du législateur et du juge pour contrôler les méthodes de recueil du renseignement aux États-Unis avant d’explorer plus en avant en quoi le recueil en masse de métadonnées téléphoniques par la NSA constitue une menace pour la vie privée des personnes et comment le gouvernement américain a tenté de défendre la légalité de ses actions. Enfin, il s’agira d’expliquer les dysfonctionnements majeurs des mécanismes de contrôle par le législateur et les juges dont les failles ont été aggravées par les nouvelles contraintes très fortes qui pèsent aujourd’hui sur les journalistes qui cherchent à enquêter et à informer le public sur l’appareil de sécurité nationale.
Le « complexe industriel » du renseignement américain et la préservation des libertés
Authors: Le Voguer Gildas 
Published: May 2015

Les récentes révélations effectuées par la presse à propos de l’interception de communications téléphoniques privées et de programmes de surveillance électronique activés par la National Security Agency laissent une impression de déjà-vu. Cependant, l’ampleur de ces programmes est si considérable qu’il faut bien admettre que la communauté du renseignement américaine est entrée dans une nouvelle ère, celle de la surveillance de masse. Cet article a pour objet d’analyser comment les faiblesses du renseignement humain ont progressivement conduit la communauté du renseignement américaine à privilégier le renseignement technique. Après les attentats du 11 septembre, cette évolution s’est confirmée et la communauté du renseignement s’est transformée en un véritable « complexe industriel », qui a systématisé la surveillance de masse. Mais, dans un pays comme les États-Unis, cette évolution ne pouvait pas se passer sans anicroches car le respect sacro saint accordé à la vie privée et une longue tradition de désobéissance civile invitent les lanceurs d’alerte à réagir.
Le dilemme sécurité-libertés : les contradictions de la politique américaine en Afrique
Authors: Kandel Maya 
Published: May 2015

Cet article entend aborder la problématique sécurité-libertés à travers le cas particulier de la politique des États-Unis en Afrique, emblématique du dilemme entre ces deux principes et qui pourrait se résumer par cette question : comment concilier la défense des intérêts stratégiques américains avec la volonté de promouvoir la démocratie et plus largement la gouvernance ou, pour le dire autrement, comment concilier objectifs à court terme et objectifs à long terme, c’est-à-dire la défense des intérêts américains contre une menace terroriste estimée en hausse, tout en cherchant à résoudre les causes du terrorisme et à régler ce problème sur le long terme ? L’étude de la politique américaine en Afrique est particulièrement pertinente dans cette optique, car Washington a voulu faire du continent africain le laboratoire de la réorientation stratégique engagée par Barack Obama et en particulier de la nouvelle stratégie d’empreinte légère ou light footprint. Or cette approche, si elle cherche à apporter une réponse novatrice prenant en compte le dilemme sécurité-libertés, n’est pas exempte de contradictions ; dans certains cas, elle pourrait même avoir des effets contre-productifs illustrant la difficulté de dépasser les contradictions entre certains objectifs fondamentaux de la politique américaine.
Exacerbated Experimental Colitis in TNFAIP8-Deficient Mice
Authors: Sun Honghong , Lou Yunwei , Porturas Thomas , Morrissey Samantha , Luo George , Qi Ji , Ruan Qingguo , Shi Songlin , Chen Youhai H. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The TNF-α–induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8 or TIPE) is a risk factor for cancer and bacterial infection, and its expression is upregulated in a number of human cancers. However, its physiologic and pathologic functions are unclear. In this study, we describe the generation of TIPE-deficient mice and their increased sensitivity to colonic inflammation. TIPE-deficient mice were generated by germ line gene targeting and were born without noticeable developmental abnormalities. Their major organs, including lymphoid organs and intestines, were macroscopically and microscopically normal. However, after drinking dextran sodium sulfate–containing water, TIPE-deficient mice developed more severe colitis than wild type mice did, as demonstrated by decreased survival rates, increased body weight loss, and enhanced leukocyte infiltration, bacterial invasion, and inflammatory cytokine production in the colon. Bone marrow chimeric experiments revealed that TIPE deficiency in nonhematopoietic cells was responsible for the exacerbated colitis in TIPE-deficient mice. Consistent with this result, TIPE-deficient intestinal epithelial cells had increased rate of cell death and decreased rate of proliferation as compared with wild type controls. These findings indicate that TIPE plays an important role in maintaining colon homeostasis and in protecting against colitis.
De Novo–Induced Self-Antigen–Specific Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Impair the Accumulation of Inflammatory Dendritic Cells in Draining Lymph Nodes
Authors: Alissafi Themis , Hatzioannou Aikaterini , Ioannou Marianna , Sparwasser Tim , Grün Joachim R. , Grützkau Andreas , Verginis Panayotis 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg)-based immunotherapy holds promise for autoimmune diseases. However, this effort has been hampered by major caveats, including the low frequency of autoantigen-specific Foxp3+ Tregs and lack of understanding of their molecular and cellular targets, in an unmanipulated wild-type (WT) immune repertoire. In this study, we demonstrate that infusion of myelin in WT mice results in the de novo induction of myelin-specific Foxp3+ Tregs in WT mice and amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Myelin-specific Foxp3+ Tregs exerted their effect both by diminishing Ag-bearing inflammatory dendritic cell (iDC) recruitment to lymph nodes and by impairing their function. Transcriptome analysis of ex vivo–isolated Treg-exposed iDCs showed significant enrichment of transcripts involved in functional properties of iDCs, including chemotaxis-related genes. To this end, CCR7 expression by iDCs was significantly downregulated in tolerant mice and this was tightly regulated by the presence of IL-10. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel model for deciphering the Ag-specific Foxp3+ Treg-mediated mechanisms of tolerance and delineate iDCs as a Foxp3+ Treg cellular target in unmanipulated mice.
Regulation of Neutrophilic Inflammation by Proteinase-Activated Receptor 1 during Bacterial Pulmonary Infection
Authors: José Ricardo J. , Williams Andrew E. , Mercer Paul F. , Sulikowski Michal G. , Brown Jeremy S. , Chambers Rachel C. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Neutrophils are key effector cells of the innate immune response to pathogenic bacteria, but excessive neutrophilic inflammation can be associated with bystander tissue damage. The mechanisms responsible for neutrophil recruitment to the lungs during bacterial pneumonia are poorly defined. In this study, we focus on the potential role of the major high-affinity thrombin receptor, proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1), during the development of pneumonia to the common lung pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Our studies demonstrate that neutrophils were indispensable for controlling S. pneumoniae outgrowth but contributed to alveolar barrier disruption. We further report that intra-alveolar coagulation (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid thrombin–antithrombin complex levels) and PAR-1 immunostaining were increased in this model of bacterial lung infection. Functional studies using the most clinically advanced PAR-1 antagonist, SCH530348, revealed a key contribution for PAR-1 signaling in influencing neutrophil recruitment to lung airspaces in response to both an invasive and noninvasive strain of S. pneumoniae (D39 and EF3030) but that PAR-1 antagonism did not impair the ability of the host to control bacterial outgrowth. PAR-1 antagonist treatment significantly decreased pulmonary levels of IL-1β, CXCL1, CCL2, and CCL7 and attenuated alveolar leak. Ab neutralization studies further demonstrated a nonredundant role for IL-1β, CXCL1, and CCL7 in mediating neutrophil recruitment in response to S. pneumoniae infection. Taken together, these data demonstrate a key role for PAR-1 during S. pneumoniae lung infection that is mediated, at least in part, by influencing multiple downstream inflammatory mediators.
Celebrity, Scriptedness and Alleged Sexual Violence in Ghost-Written Autobiographies by Julian Assange and Samantha Geimer
Authors: Saunders Edward 
Published: May 2015

This article explores issues relating to the way scripts of sexual violence are employed or rejected in auto/biographical writing. It addresses ghost-written autobiographical responses to two famously unresolved cases of alleged male–female rape: those of Julian Assange and Roman Polanski. In both cases, the alleged perpetrator was a famous man and the allegation of rape has not conclusively been proven in court. The article looks at rape as a narratological problem beyond the definition or symbolic meaning of the crime, and contrasts the narration from the perspective of an alleged perpetrator (Assange) with that of a victim (Samantha Geimer), addressing the way the act of sexual violence becomes a point of orientation in the lives of both – perhaps disproportionately so. In both cases, the management of the autobiographical account through the use of ghost-writers focuses attention on the constructed nature of the life narrative. In cases relating to famous men, reflecting the impact of media reporting is a necessary counterpart to the consideration of the auto/biographical text. This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on 7 July 2014 and published on 2 May 2015.
Glandular Lesions of the Cervix in Clinical Practice: A Cytology, Histology, and Human Papillomavirus Correlation Study From 2 Institutions
Authors: Miller Ross A. , Mody Dina R. , Tams Kimberlee C. , Thrall Michael J. 
Published: May 2015

ContextThe Papanicolaou (Pap) test has indisputably decreased cervical cancer mortality, as rates have declined by up to 80% in the United States since its implementation. However, the Pap test is considered less sensitive for detecting glandular lesions than for detecting those of squamous origin. Some studies have even suggested an increasing incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma, which may be a consequence of a relatively reduced ability to detect glandular lesions with cervical cancer screening techniques.ObjectiveTo evaluate the detection rate of glandular lesions with screening techniques currently used for cervical cancer screening and to provide insight as to which techniques are most efficacious in our study population.DesignWe retrospectively reviewed any available cytology, human papillomavirus (HPV), and histologic malignancy data in patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma in situ and adenocarcinoma from 2 geographically and socioeconomically disparate hospital systems. Identified patients having had a negative/unsatisfactory Pap test within 5 years of adenocarcinoma in situ or adenocarcinoma tissue diagnosis were considered Pap test screening failures. Patients with negative HPV tests on cytology samples were considered HPV screening failures.ResultsOne hundred thirty cases were identified (age range, 22–93 years); 39 (30%) had no Pap history in our files. Eight of 91 remaining cases (8.8%) were screening failures. The detected sensitivity for identifying adenocarcinoma in situ/adenocarcinoma in this study was 91.2% by cytology alone and 92.3% when incorporating HPV testing. The most common cytologic diagnosis was atypical glandular cells (25 cases), and those diagnosed with adenocarcinoma were 7.4 years older than those diagnosed with adenocarcinoma in situ (50.3 versus 42.9 years). Nine of 24 HPV-tested cases (37.5%) were called atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance on cytology.ConclusionsOur results highlight the importance of combined Pap and HPV cotesting. Although the number of cases identified is relatively small, our data suggest screening for squamous lesions facilitates the recognition of glandular lesions in the cervix. Additionally, increased use of combined Pap and HPV cotesting may decrease detection failure rates with regard to glandular lesions.
Anogenital HIV RNA in Thai men who have sex with men in Bangkok during acute HIV infection and after randomization to standard vs. intensified antiretroviral regimens
Authors: Phanuphak Nittaya , Teeratakulpisarn Nipat , van Griensven Frits , Chomchey Nitiya , Pinyakorn Suteeraporn , Fletcher James LK , Trichavaroj Rapee , Pattanachaiwit Supanit , Michael Nelson , Phanuphak Praphan , Kim Jerome H , Ananworanich Jintanat ,   on behalf of the RV254/SEARCH 010 Study Group
Published: May 2015

IntroductionHIV transmission risk is highest during acute HIV infection (AHI). We evaluated HIV RNA in the anogenital compartment in men who have sex with men (MSM) during AHI and compared time to undetectable HIV RNA after three‐drug versus five‐drug antiretroviral therapy (ART) to understand risk for onward HIV transmission.MethodsMSM with AHI (n=54) had blood, seminal plasma and anal lavage collected for HIV RNA at baseline, days 3 and 7, and weeks 2, 4, 12 and 24. Data were compared between AHI stages: 1 (fourth‐generation antigen‐antibody combo immunoassay [IA]–, third‐generation IA–, n=15), 2 (fourth‐generation IA+, third‐generation IA–, n=9) and 3 (fourth‐generation IA+, third‐generation IA+, western blot–/indeterminate, n=30) by randomization to five‐drug (tenofovir+emtricitabine+efavirenz+raltegravir+maraviroc, n=18) versus three‐drug (tenofovir+emtricitabine+efavirenz, n=18) regimens.ResultsMean age was 29 years and mean duration since HIV exposure was 15.4 days. Mean baseline HIV RNA was 5.5 in blood, 3.9 in seminal plasma and 2.6 log10 copies/ml in anal lavage (p<0.001). Blood and seminal plasma HIV RNA were higher in AHI Stage 3 compared to Stage 1 (p<0.01). Median time from ART initiation to HIV RNA <50 copies/ml was 60 days in blood, 15 days in seminal plasma and three days in anal lavage. Compared with the three‐drug ART, the five‐drug ART had a shorter time to HIV RNA <1500 copies/ml in blood (15 vs. 29 days, p=0.005) and <50 copies/ml in seminal plasma (13 vs. 24 days, p=0.048).ConclusionsAmong MSM with AHI, HIV RNA was highest in blood, followed by seminal plasma and anal lavage. ART rapidly reduced HIV RNA in all compartments, with regimen intensified by raltegravir and maraviroc showing faster HIV RNA reductions in blood and seminal plasma.
Temperature, oxygen, and vegetation controls on decomposition in a James Bay peatland
Authors: Philben Michael , Holmquist James , MacDonald Glen , Duan Dandan , Kaiser Karl , Benner Ronald 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe biochemical composition of a peat core from James Bay Lowland, Canada, was used to assess the extent of peat decomposition and diagenetic alteration. Our goal was to identify environmental controls on peat decomposition, particularly its sensitivity to naturally occurring changes in temperature, oxygen exposure time, and vegetation. All three varied substantially during the last 7000 years, providing a natural experiment for evaluating their effects on decomposition. The bottom 50 cm of the core formed during the Holocene Climatic Optimum (~7000–4000 years B.P.), when mean annual air temperature was likely 1–2°C warmer than present. A reconstruction of the water table level using testate amoebae indicated oxygen exposure time was highest in the subsequent upper portion of the core between 150 and 225 cm depth (from ~2560 to 4210 years B.P.) and the plant community shifted from mostly Sphagnum to vascular plant dominance. Several independent biochemical indices indicated that decomposition was greatest in this interval. Hydrolysable amino acid yields, hydroxyproline yields, and acid:aldehyde ratios of syringyl lignin phenols were higher, while hydrolysable neutral sugar yields and carbon:nitrogen ratios were lower in this zone of both vascular plant vegetation and elevated oxygen exposure time. Thus, peat formed during the Holocene Climatic Optimum did not appear to be more extensively decomposed than peat formed during subsequent cooler periods. Comparison with a core from the West Siberian Lowland, Russia, indicates that oxygen exposure time and vegetation are both important controls on decomposition, while temperature appears to be of secondary importance. The low apparent sensitivity of decomposition to temperature is consistent with recent observations of a positive correlation between peat accumulation rates and mean annual temperature, suggesting that contemporary warming could enhance peatland carbon sequestration, although this could be offset by an increasing contribution of vascular plants to the vegetation.
New paleointensity results from rapidly cooled Icelandic lavas: Implications for Arctic geomagnetic field strength
Authors: Cromwell G. , Tauxe L. , Halldórsson S. A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe Earth's magnetic field is assumed to be a geocentric axial dipole (GAD) when averaged over sufficient time (105–106 years). Recent investigations of global paleosecular variation and time‐averaged field behavior on million year timescales generally support a predominantly dipole field in the Northern Hemisphere, but unique field structures at high southern latitudes suggest the presence of a substantial quadrupolar component. Average paleointensity results from Antarctica are approximately half the value predicted by a GAD field; this behavior has not been sufficiently investigated because there is a paucity of absolute paleointensity data from the high latitudes of the Arctic and Antarctic, so no adequate comparisons have been made between the two regions. We collected glassy volcanic material from 129 subaerial and subglacial volcanic units in Iceland in order to provide a suitable intensity data set at high northern latitudes. Forty‐four sites met our very strict specimen and site level selection criteria. Four Holocene sites have a median intensity value of 55.8 ± 15.6μT (virtual axial dipole moment = 78.1 ± 22.0 ZAm2), consistent with the present‐day field. Thirty‐seven sites are between 11 ka and 3.35 Ma with a median intensity of 33.1 ± 8.3 μT (47.0 ± 11.6 ZAm2). This median intensity is indistinguishable from some long‐term global field strength estimates. Reevaluation of existing high‐latitude data suggests a general agreement with our Iceland results, but there are still too few Antarctic sites to adequately compare Arctic and Antarctic field behaviors.
Simulated solar cycle effects on the middle atmosphere: WACCM3 Versus WACCM4
Authors: Peck E. D. , Randall C. E. , Harvey V. L. , Marsh D. R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 4 (WACCM4) is used to quantify solar cycle impacts, including both irradiance and particle precipitation, on the middle atmosphere. Results are compared to previous work using WACCM version 3 (WACCM3) to estimate the sensitivity of simulated solar cycle effects to model modifications. The residual circulation in WACCM4 is stronger than in WACCM3, leading to larger solar cycle effects from energetic particle precipitation; this impacts polar stratospheric odd nitrogen and ozone, as well as polar mesospheric temperatures. The cold pole problem, which is present in both versions, is exacerbated in WACCM4, leading to more ozone loss in the Antarctic stratosphere. Relative to WACCM3, a westerly shift in the WACCM4 zonal winds in the tropical stratosphere and mesosphere, and a strengthening and poleward shift of the Antarctic polar night jet, are attributed to inclusion of the QBO and changes in the gravity wave parameterization in WACCM4. Solar cycle effects in WACCM3 and WACCM4 are qualitatively similar. However, the EPP‐induced increase from solar minimum to solar maximum in polar stratospheric NOy is about twice as large in WACCM4 as in WACCM3; correspondingly, maximum increases in polar O3 loss from solar min to solar max are more than twice as large in WACCM4. This does not cause large differences in the WACCM3 versus WACCM4 solar cycle responses in temperature and wind. Overall, these results provide a framework for future studies using WACCM to analyze the impacts of the solar cycle on the middle atmosphere.