bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intestinal mast cells and eosinophils in relation to Strongyloides ratti adult expulsion from the small and large intestines of rats
Authors: SHINTOKU Y. , KADOSAKA T. , KIMURA E. , TAKAGI H. , KONDO S. , ITOH M. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYMucosal mast cells (MMC) play a crucial role in the expulsion of Strongyloides ratti adults from the small intestine of mice. We reported the large intestinal parasitism of S. ratti in rats, and there has been no report on MMC in the large intestine of the natural host. We studied kinetics of MMC, together with eosinophils, in the upper and lower small intestines, caecum and colon of infected rats. Two distinct phases of mastocytosis were revealed: one in the upper small intestine triggered by stimulation of ‘ordinary’ adults, and the other in the colon stimulated by ‘immune-resistant’ adults that started parasitizing the colon around 19 days post-infection. In all 4 intestinal sites, the MMC peaks were observed 5–7 days after the number of adult worms became the maximum and the height of MMC peaks appeared to be dependent on the number of parasitic adults, suggesting an important role played by worms themselves in the MMC buildup.
Integrating rural development and biodiversity conservation in Central Romania
Authors: MIKULCAK FRIEDERIKE , NEWIG JENS , MILCU ANDRA I. , HARTEL TIBOR , FISCHER JOERN 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYUnlike most parts of the European Union (EU), Southern Transylvania (Central Romania) is characterized by an exceptionally high level of farmland biodiversity. This results from traditional small-scale farming methods that have maintained extensive areas of high nature value farmland. Following the post-socialist transition, Southern Transylvania faces serious challenges such as under-employment and rural population decline, which put traditional farming at risk. With Romania's accession to the EU in 2007, Southern Transylvania became part of a complex multi-level governance system that in principle provides mechanisms to balance biodiversity conservation and rural development. To this end, the most important instruments are the ‘Natura 2000’ network of protected areas and EU rural development policy. Structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with town hall representatives from 30 villages in Southern Transylvania and local EU experts revealed that EU policies are often poorly aligned with local conditions. To date, the implementation of EU rural development policy is strongly focused on economic development, with biodiversity conservation being of little concern. Moreover, relevant EU funding opportunities are poorly communicated. Bridging organizations should be strengthened to foster the implementation of a rural development strategy that integrates local needs and biodiversity conservation.
Electron Microscopy Characterization of Ni-Cr-B-Si-C Laser Deposited Coatings
Authors: Hemmati I. , Rao J.C. , Ocelík V. , De Hosson J.Th.M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDuring laser deposition of Ni-Cr-B-Si-C alloys with high amounts of Cr and B, various microstructures and phases can be generated from the same chemical composition that results in heterogeneous properties in the clad layer. In this study, the microstructure and phase constitution of a high-alloy Ni-Cr-B-Si-C coating deposited by laser cladding were analyzed by a combination of several microscopy characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy in secondary and backscatter imaging modes, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The combination of EDS and EBSD allowed unequivocal identification of micron-sized precipitates as polycrystalline orthorhombic CrB, single crystal tetragonal Cr5B3, and single crystal hexagonal Cr7C3. In addition, TEM characterization showed various equilibrium and metastable Ni-B, Ni-Si, and Ni-Si-B eutectic products in the alloy matrix. The findings of this study can be used to explain the phase formation reactions and to tune the microstructure of Ni-Cr-B-Si-C coatings to obtain the desired properties.
Employer-provided health insurance and hospital mergers
Authors: Garmon Christopher 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper explores the impact of employer-provided health insurance on hospital competition and hospital mergers. Under employer-provided health insurance, employer executives act as agents for their employees in selecting health insurance options for their firm. The paper investigates whether a merger of hospitals favored by executives will result in a larger price increase than a merger of competing hospitals elsewhere. This is found to be the case even when the executive has the same opportunity cost of travel as her employees and even when the executive is the sole owner of the firm, retaining all profits. This is consistent with the Federal Trade Commission's findings in its challenge of Evanston Northwestern Healthcare's acquisition of Highland Park Hospital. Implications of the model are further tested with executive location data and hospital data from Florida and Texas.
Follow-Up Studies of Adolescent Parricide Offenders
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides long-term follow-up on eleven adolescent parricide offenders (APOs) the years after they killed one or more parents were evaluated. The chapter considers their experiences in prison and their adjustment to society following their release. Three main three conclusions are drawn based on the eleven cases. First, prison is not the best environment for APOs. Many of these youths indicated that they were exposed to criminal influences previously unknown to them. They had to figure out a way to survive in a violent, predatory world. Second, the APOs were rarely provided with treatment, even when it was explicitly ordered. Third, aftercare for APOs is critically important. Parricide offenders, perhaps more than other offenders, need help returning to the community. Issues that need to be addressed include the following: whether they should return to their home community; what they will tell others about their conviction offense; what relationship they should have with their family; what behavioral changes they need to make in order to reduce their vulnerability to re-offending; what structural supports they need in order to increase their chances of succeeding; and how they can get effective treatment.
Person (Mis)Perception? On the Biased Representation of the Human Body
Authors: Johnson Kerri L. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A considerable amount of research has shown that observers are attuned to cues in the human body—including its shape and motion—that permit them to successfully categorize others into groups (e.g., sex categories). In spite of these remarkable attunements and sensitivities, observers may nevertheless exhibit systematic perceptual biases in the social perception of bodies. This chapter considers the functional underpinnings of one such bias—the bias to categorize others to be male—and relates biases in sex categorization to self-protective motivations.
Neural Mechanisms for Action Observation
Authors: Calvo-Merino Beatriz 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The discovery of mirror neurons in the macaque monkey, or neurons in the premotor cortex that respond during the execution and perception of motor acts, established the first neurophysiological integration of action and perception. Subsequent research has identified and characterized a similar mirror neuron system in human observers that is experience-dependent in that it responds most strongly during the observation of actions that fall within the observer’s motor repertoire. Furthermore, evidence is reviewed that indicates that the mirror neuron system plays a key role in the understanding of other people’s intentions from their actions.
Neural Mechanisms for Biological Motion and Animacy
Authors: Pyles John A. , Grossman Emily D. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter reviews neuroimaging evidence that reveals several unique brain states associated with the recognition of agents engaged in biological motion. A key brain area, the human superior temporal sulcus (STS), is most strongly driven by dynamic, articulating human bodies. The STS also supports the perception of animacy, social interactions, and multimodal cues to human actions.
The How, When, and Why of Configural Processing in the Perception of Human Movement
Authors: Thompson James C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhile several different neural processes contribute to the perception of biological motion, the responsiveness of a key area, the human superior temporal sulcus (STS), to biological motion appears to be driven largely by the need to integrate motion information with configural body form information. This need reflects the fact that the human body produces complex patterns of articulated motions at multiple spatial locations that are linked by the underlying human form. Such a global integration of motion and form information would provide several advantages to observers of human movement across a variety of otherwise challenging conditions including brief durations, occlusion, and observer movement.
Britain, 350–550
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A narrative is provided stretching from the period immediately before the great attacks on Britain in the 360s up to the great Justinianic plague of the 540s. This is the period which saw the end of direct Roman authority over Britain and the settlements of the Anglo‐Saxons. It also saw the creation of a new Britannia (Brittany) in north‐west Gaul, which survived in spite of the military dominance of the Franks. In Britain, the wars between the Anglo‐Saxon settlers and the Britons extended over several centuries, whereas, south of the Channel, the Franks subdued other barbarian peoples, were converted to Christianity, and allied with the Gallo‐Romans.
Charters and Laws
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter is the first in the second part of the book, devoted to the society of early‐medieval Wales. The two principal sources are the charters associated with two Glamorganshire churches, Llandaff and Llancarfan, and one church in Carmarthenshire, Llandeilo Fawr. The Llandaff collection is the largest but also by far the most problematic. As charters benefitting Llandaff, they are forgeries, but what the forgers very probably did was take charters belonging to other churches, mainly in Gwent and Ergyng, and then pretend that the beneficiaries belonged to Llandaff. The Llancarfan collection is especially useful since it preserves the fullest details on the food‐renders paid by peasants to their lords. The laws belong to the period after 1064, but it is sometimes possible to argue that particular rules and institutions were early.
Kinship and Status
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The evidence for kinship and status is more fragmented than it is for relations between peasants and lords. There are hints in the charters, but for a broad picture one has to turn to the lawbooks of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and, in particular, to those sections which are likely to be substantially ancient — sections which cover inheritance and claims to land. There was not just one pattern of kinship, but a kinship of inheritance and succession, a kinship of status, and a kinship of alliance. The kinship of inheritance was agnatic, the kinship of status bilateral, while the kinship of alliance worked through bilateral links between agnatic lineages. Fosterage was the most important way of creating bonds of artificial kinship.
Latin Learning in Wales, c. 400–1100
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Latin learning was mainly sustained in Wales by the firm expectation that a church community should have a teacher as one of its office‐holders. After c. 700 such teachers had to instruct monolingual British‐speakers in Latin, and thus Latin grammars and word‐lists were essential. The performance of the liturgy and knowledge of the Bible and the Fathers depended upon the effectiveness of such teachers. Epigraphic evidence confirms that British Latin had died as a spoken language but also shows that the teaching of Latin provided by the major churches was very uneven. The evidence of the few surviving books written in Wales in the period shows that the scripts used long remained the same as those employed in Ireland and, to a lesser extent, in England. They also show the continuing intellectual links between Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany, and between all these British territories and Ireland.
Why Meaning Intentions are Degenerate
Authors: Bilgrami Akeel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter spells out what the normativity of intentions (and intentionality) consists in for Wittgenstein and then argues that the intentions that go into the production of meaning (for instance, in the production of meaningful linguistic speech) are degenerate forms of intention in which the normativity that, in general, holds of intentions, is missing. This has the effect, in turn, of undermining the assumption that meanings are normative. The argument makes central use (a) of the Gricean framework for relating meaning with intentions and (b) of the role of a Fregean notion of sense in our understanding of linguistic meaning.
Conclusion
Authors: Stobart Jon 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The conclusion returns to the five key themes outlined in the introduction. Overall, it argues that retailing and shopping were important in engendering wider changes in consumption: the grocery trade was dynamic and responsive to consumer demand, and was an active agent in making shopping an everyday activity, effectively tying consumers into the market. In these ways, the impact of groceries went beyond that envisaged in many established interpretations. At the same time, new groceries were sold, bought and consumed alongside a more established set of goods, especially other groceries. This mixing of new and old tempered the revolutionary impact of colonial groceries, both in the shop and the home, and added layers of nuance to the practices and attitudes of consumers.
Ranking Devices: The Socio-Materiality of Ratings
Authors: Pollock Neil 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Despite the growing importance of formal rankings within the economy, we still have relatively little understanding of the materiality of rankings. By this it is meant the various “devices” that go into their generation and communication. Once materiality is put at the center of the lens, it brings into focus how devices can come to shape ranking as well as the domain these rankings report on. To demonstrate this, the chapter takes an example from within the information technology arena of a visual ranking device. The chapter shows how this is more than a simple vehicle for the communication of rankings but that its properties and affordances can have a constitutive relationship to modes of behavior and practice within this domain. The chapter draws on observations and interviews carried out over several years with those who produce a visual ranking device called the “magic quadrant.”
TheEndoxonMystique: WhatEndoxaAre And What They Are Not
Authors: Frede Dorothea 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe article contradicts recent tendencies to treat the approach via endoxa as Aristotle’s ubiquitous method of justification in his ethics. It points out that the use in Nicomachean Ethics VII 1-2 is the exception rather than the rule in making use of the dialectic treatment of reputable but not necessarily true premises as recommended in the Topics. Aristotle makes use of that elaborate and unusual method in order to clarify the relation of incontinence and continence and related conditions to virtue and vice proper by sorting out what is right and what is wrong about the prevalent views about these states. That Aristotle makes sparing use of the term ‘endoxon’ is, then, no accident, and hence it is advisable to discriminate carefully between that method and his treatment of well-known phenomena or other generally accepted standards in developing and justifying his own views.
Toward the Present: How Spirituality Became Modern
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines key cultural changes which have allowed spiritual insights, values, and practices to detach from traditional religious beliefs about the literal truth of belief in God or particular scriptures. John Locke's theory of toleration and the privatization of religion following the Enlightenment are discussed. There is an extended examination of Kierkegaard's concept of faith as developed in Fear and Trembling, and his more general concept of subjectivity, and it is shown that these concepts provide a model of contemporary spirituality's emphasis on acceptance and gratitude, and do not require belief in any particular theology. The conclusion is that metaphysics are dispensable. If they help to orient you to a Godly life, to prayer “with the entire passion of the infinite,” they have done their job. If you have not reached that level of passion, you will be worshipping an idol no matter what you say you believe.
The Integrative Meaning of Emotion
Authors: Siegel Daniel J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Jaak Panksepp's chapter offers a view of the role of subcortical processes in the generation of affective states in humans and how they relate to not only our primate cousins but also, even broader, our mammalian classmates. Our experience of “animalian” emotional life is shaped by our membership in the animal kingdom, a membership that reveals what it means to be an emotional being on this planet. The chapter provides a summary of Panksepp's groundbreaking work on affective neuroscience and the view of how subcortical circuits play a dominant role in affective life.
Birth and the First Postnatal Hour
Authors: Trevathan Wenda R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlthough there are many aspects of childbirth in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) that would not be beneficial or desirable today (e.g., complications that result in high maternal and infant mortality and morbidity), there are a number of practices that, if adopted for contemporary low-risk births, may improve not only maternal and neonatal health but also parental satisfaction with the experience. This chapter discusses five practices that were likely used in the EEA and that may improve health of mothers and infants. The potentially beneficial practices include emotional support from a doula, delivery in the upright position, delayed clamping of the umbilical cord, little or no separation of mother and infant during the first postnatal hour, and initiation of breastfeeding soon after birth. Additionally, potential negative consequences of elected cesarean section are addressed.
Touch and Pain Perception in Infants
Authors: Field Tiffany , Hernandez-Reif Maria 
Published: January 2013

AbstractResearch is reviewed on early touch perception (temperature, texture, and weight perception) and infants’ behavioral and physiological responses to pain, as well as effective touch interventions including nonnutritive sucking, kangaroo care, and massage therapy. The limited literature on affectionate touch and touch deprivation is also reviewed. Potential underlying mechanisms for touch effects and future research directions are proposed.
The Law of Belligerent Occupation as a System of Control: Dressing Up Exploitation in Respectable Garb
Authors: Kretzmer David 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes the way in which laws have been used and, in effect, misused, as a system of control, discrimination and exploitation of the occupied territories and their Palestinian residents. Thus in establishing settlements and exploiting the resources in the occupied territories for the good of Israel and Israeli Jews, the formal legal norms have been ignored. However, in justifying restrictions on the rights and liberties of the Palestinian residents, the formal norms of belligerent occupation have been cited time and again. Kretzmer calls this situation “legal hypocrisy”, because the territories themselves are not regarded by Israel as occupied; their Palestinian residents are, however, subjected to the law of occupation.
Geographical Ramifications of the Occupation for Israeli Society
Authors: Schnell Izhak 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The chapter explores how the State of Israel has related with duplicity to the occupied territories. On the one hand it has preserved their legal status as occupied territories, while on the other hand it has activated a wide variety of practices whose purpose has been to include the territories within a territory identified with the Jewish nation. In effect, the State and the settlers set in motion a wide variety of practices intended to annex the land to the national territory. These included the practice of rebuilding the territories through their Judaization, and reconstructing the territorial awareness of the nation in a way that incorporates them as an integral part of the homeland, all in contradiction to the recognized status of the territories as occupied.
Routes and Realms
Authors: Antrim Zayde 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This book explores the ways in which Muslims expressed attachment to land from the ninth through the eleventh centuries, the earliest period of intensive written production in Arabic. The conceptual innovation at the heart of the book is its identification of a “discourse of place,” a framework for approaching formal texts devoted to the representation of territory across genres. The discourse of place included such varied works as topographical histories, literary anthologies, religious treatises, world and regional geographies, poetry, travel literature, and maps. By subjecting these works to close reading and analysis, this book argues that their authors imagined plots of land primarily as homes, cities, and regions and associated them with a range of claims to religious and political authority. The discourse of place constitutes evidence of the powerful ways in which the geographical imagination was tapped to declare loyalty and invoke belonging in the early Islamic world. Now more than ever, when the competing forces of nationalism and globalism inspire new notions of rootedness, it is vital to ponder the changing ways in which land has mattered over the centuries.
Nutrition-Based Approaches to Early Childhood Development
Authors: Yousafzai Aisha K. , Yakoob Mohammad Y. , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Undernutrition during pregnancy and early childhood is a major public health issue in low- and middle-income countries, accounting for 35% of all child deaths. For every child who survives, persistent malnutrition can have serious, sometimes irreparable, consequences on development. This chapter presents the burden and impact of nutritional risk factors in mothers and children for child underdevelopment and discusses the effects of complications like low birth weight/intrauterine growth restriction and stunting on child development. A life-cycle approach to mitigate these risks is described, particularly food and health care in adolescent girls and pregnancy, birth spacing, micronutrient supplementation, exclusive breastfeeding promotion, and social safety nets for children, with special emphasis on integrated nutrition and psychosocial stimulation. Recommendations for health policies and programs in developing countries are made, and knowledge gaps in this field are highlighted. We conclude that an approach in which nutrition is integrated with a broader package of family-based services is effective in improving early child development.