bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Interviewing in Child Sexual Abuse Cases
Authors: Krackow Elisa 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDisclosures of child sexual abuse in clinical contexts provide mental health professionals, who are mandated reporters, with a challenge because there are often no medical indicators of sexual abuse. The clinician must conduct an interview to obtain the most accurate information from which to make a judgment as to whether the child's disclosure meets mandated reporting criteria. This entry discusses investigative interview protocols with empirical support in the children's eyewitness memory literature. Also, it reviews key literature on interviewing techniques that were developed with the intention of aiding children's eyewitness reports but have not been found to do so. The entry closes with interviewing recommendations for mental health professionals when a child makes a disclosure of sexual abuse in the context of psychological assessment or treatment.
Correlational Designs
Authors: MacDonald Danielle E. , Wong Elizabeth , Dionne Michelle M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Correlational designs are study designs that observe and describe relationships between two or more variables. There are numerous types of correlational designs used in clinical psychology, including cross‐sectional designs, case–control designs, longitudinal designs, cohort designs, and retrospective records reviews. Correlational designs are used for a variety of purposes in clinical psychology, including establishing relationships, investigating mechanistic processes, studying variables that cannot be manipulated directly, and the development and validation of psychometric tools. Because variables are not directly manipulated, the conclusions drawn from correlational designs are restricted to describing relationships rather than inferring causality. Nevertheless, correlational designs have a number of important uses in clinical psychology, including investigating naturally occurring variables, or variables that cannot be manipulated for practical or ethical reasons, as well as to establish relationships between variables before undertaking larger and more costly studies.
W
iggins,
J
erry
S
. (1931–2006)
Authors: Pincus Aaron L. , Widiger Thomas A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

This entry describes the life and major contributions of the American personality psychologist Jerry S. Wiggins (1931–2006). The development of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory content scales, the seminal text
Personality and Prediction: Principles of Personality Assessment
, contributions to interpersonal theory and measurement, and his final integrative book on the paradigms of personality assessment are highlighted.
Intoxication Defenses
Authors: Thompson John W. , Georges Hébert 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The courts have struggled for centuries with how to apply the principles of fairness and justice to people who commit crimes under the influence of alcohol or drugs. When a harmful act is committed under involuntary intoxication, the insanity standard has been used to determine culpability. However, the issue of voluntary intoxication and criminal responsibility has generated more controversy. The early courts adopted the full responsibility doctrine. This eventually softened over time due to the evolving views of society on addiction and justice. The scientific school of thought contributed to more leniency towards intoxicated offenders but the rise in the rate of crimes secondary to drugs and alcohol reversed the stance of some jurisdictions to the full responsibility doctrine of the early courts. Similar to the insanity defense, the justice system continues to have a divided approach on the use of intoxication as a defense to unlawful acts.
Technology and Delivery of Psychological Services
Authors: Gale Bruce M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In the twentieth century, technology developments paved the way for the emergence of a broad range of technology‐based approaches to help consumers. As clinicians gain new skill sets to be able to provide a range of treatments, the gap between technological advantages and policies guiding the provision of therapeutic services has hampered widespread use of such intervention approaches. Most clinicians view the use of technology as an adjunctive approach, especially for more serious mental health concerns. The type and variety of self‐help approaches has been expanding steadily, although means to maintain confidentiality remain a concern.
Ethics Code,
APA
Authors: Vasquez Melba 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

This entry describes the original development of the American Psychological Association Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (
APA
Ethics Code), and provides a description of the intent and purpose of the Ethics Code for psychologists. It is a “living document,” and various versions of the code have been produced by the
APA
Ethics Committee. The enforceable standards are written in a broad manner in an attempt to apply to all psychologists in their varied roles. Membership in the
APA
commits members to comply with the standards of the
APA
Ethics Code as well as to the Rules and Procedures used to enforce them.
Risk Management
Authors: Stewart Lindsay M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Risk management refers to the process of identifying, treating, and monitoring risk in order to minimize the likelihood of adverse consequences for patients and others with whom patients interact. Common areas of risk include the risks of self‐harm, suicide, abuse, and neglect. An important but sometimes overlooked aspect of risk management involves the process of building resilience and recovery in service users. This entry discusses the concept of positive risk management, strategies involved in risk assessment and risk management, and suggestions for incorporating these processes into everyday clinical practice.
Folk Psychology
Authors: Murphy Dominic , Donovan Caitrin 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Folk psychology is the knowledge human beings have that enables them to predict and understand the behavior of other people. Modern philosophers have tended to see it as depending on the possession of a body of knowledge, akin to a scientific theory. This theory includes laws governing the interaction between beliefs, desires, and behaviors. Some philosophers have argued that the theory is false and needs to be revised or replaced with knowledge that draws more fully on the science of the mind; others have denied we even have such knowledge at all. Although the term “folk psychology” tends to be limited in scope to the attribution of belief and desire, more recent work has discussed the basis of commonsense thought about other mental states, especially affective and abnormal ones.
J
uvenile Delinquency
Authors: Watson Stuart , Tang Selina , Modecki Kathryn L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Adolescents engage in more illegal behavior than any other age group. Known as the age‐crime curve in offending, a number of theoretical perspectives attempt to account for this phenomenon. In particular, research on physiological change during adolescence has invigorated developmental perspectives on delinquency, though the court's treatment of adolescent offending does not reflect these ideas at present. In fact, there has been significant historical change in treating juvenile offenders in the United States, but the period since the mid 1990s has been characterized by punitive approaches to juvenile crime. Based on developmental, criminological, and clinical approaches to juvenile delinquency, law‐enforcement agencies, educational institutions, correctional institutions and the courts implement a wide range of treatment programs that vary in effectiveness. However, just as there is no one explanation for juvenile delinquency, there is no one approach that categorically resolves it, and continued research on the etiology and treatment of delinquency is needed.
Endogenous versus Reactive
Authors: Overstreet Cassie , Hawn Sage , Amstadter Ananda 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis entry examines the evolution of the classification of depression from the endogenous‐reactive model, which proposed that the causal sources were either internal (brain based/biological) or external (a reaction to a stressful life event) to the integrative model that is widely accepted today. The original concept's historical roots are briefly summarized, followed by a discussion of several lines of genetically informed research that have shed light on the etiologic sources of psychiatric conditions such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. More specifically, gene‐environment correlation (rGE) research has aided in the shift away from the once commonly held belief that depression was dichotomously categorized into endogenous (biological) or reactive (environmental) forms.
Endophenotype
Authors: Gottesman Irving I. , McGue Matt 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEndophenotypes, measurable components unseen by the unaided eye along the pathway between disease or other phenotypes and distal genomics, have emerged as an important concept in the study of complex neuropsychiatric diseases. The term was introduced to psychopathology in 1972 by Gottesman and Shields, and reinvigorated in 2003 by Gottesman and Gould. An endophenotype may be neurophysiological, biochemical, endocrinological, neuroanatomical, cognitive, or neuropsychological (including configured self‐report data) in nature. Endophenotypes represent simpler clues, in principle, to genetic underpinnings than the disease syndrome itself, thus promoting the prescient view embodied in the recent emphasis on new research domain criteria orRDoCthat psychiatric diagnoses can be optimally deconstructed in ways that allow discovery of their etiology by focusing on endophenotypic dimensions rather than categories. Endophenotypes differ from other biomarkers in a number of ways, most importantly, they are heritable and thus not the consequence of disease. They are heuristic in the development of animal models of psychopathology. For example, genes implicated in humans can be knocked out or in to observe their effects on animal behaviors and their endophenotypes.
Methodological versus Radical Behaviorism
Authors: Platt Tyson L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn 1913, J. B. Watson (1878–1958) proposed that psychology should be a “purely objective experimental branch of natural science.” This idea, known asbehaviorism, continues to influence the field of psychology. In the last century, the behaviorism proposed by Watson and formally known asmethodological behaviorismhas been substantially revised and expanded by a variety of authors. The foremost revision and expansion was proposed by B. F. Skinner (1904–90) and is known asradical behaviorism.Although both schools of thought place emphasis on environmental variables as causal mechanisms and view behavior as the appropriate subject matter for a scientific psychology, they differ in their conceptualization of the relationship between stimulus and response in learning, assumptions about the relevance of internal states, and analysis of language.
Addiction Treatments
Authors: Utley Joni , Najavits Lisa M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The development of addiction treatment within the context of historical perceptions of addiction and social movements (e.g., recovery movements and 12‐step approaches, such as Alcoholics Anonymous) is described. Recent trends in the addiction treatment field are addressed, including the rise of evidence‐based practice (research to define effective treatments for addiction); a focus on comorbidity (addiction treatment that occurs in the context of mental illness); adaptation of addiction treatments to subpopulations including women, adolescents, and others who have typically been more hidden in their addiction; and the development of specialized treatments for couples and families. Examples of several prominent addiction treatment models are described, including motivational enhancement, 12‐step facilitation, contingency management, cognitive behavioral therapy, relapse prevention, screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment, seeking safety, dialectical behavior therapy, behavioral couples therapy, brief strategic family therapy, and multidimensional family therapy. Common elements across models and future directions are also identified.
Employee Assistance Programs
Authors: Younger Beverly 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Employee assistance programs (
EAPs
) consist of professional services provided primarily by licensed clinicians offering problem identification and/or assessment, referral, short‐term counseling, treatment coordination, and follow‐up to employees affected by a variety of personal concerns. Other
EAP
technologies are aimed at organizational level needs, including management or supervisor training and consultation. Employee assistance program service models have largely shifted from internal or workplace‐based service delivery to external
EAP
firms or consultants providing contractual services. Standardization of the
EAP
field has been achieved through the support of professional associations who created certification for
EAP
professionals and accreditation of established programs. A growing body of
EAP
outcome literature reveals evidence of positive clinical and work‐related outcomes, as well as cost savings to employers. Emerging trends in the
EAP
field include an increasingly dual focus on employee and organizational well‐being and functioning, and expansion into global markets through transnational companies.
Cross‐Cultural Issues in Assessment
Authors: Braje Sopagna Eap , Nagayama Hall Gordon C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A nuanced understanding of psychological assessment may be an important avenue for reducing observed disparities between ethnic groups. Psychological assessment plays an important role in clinical, educational, and legal settings. Bias inherent in clinical, intellectual, and neuropsychological assessment may contribute to disparate prevalence rates and invalidate the results for diverse populations. Excluding or ignoring diverse psychological experiences can affect the validity of assessment outcomes. Gaining a better understanding of how cultural issues relate to the assessment of mental health, intellectual, and cognitive functioning may increase diagnostic accuracy, as well as help address educational and mental health disparities.
Culture‐Bound Syndromes
Authors: Alarcón Renato D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Culture‐bound syndromes (CBSs) are defined as sets of symptoms and signs unique to specific regions or countries around the world. They are understood as characteristic responses to a variety of pathogenic agents and are explained in the context of beliefs, traditions, and moral or religious perspectives from their societies of origin. Over many decades, CBSs have become a subject of research and didactic interest in academic centers, leading to growing points of contact among cultural psychiatry, social sciences, and established medical and psychiatric practice. This entry includes a listing of CBSs described in different regions of the world. It enumerates their main clinical characteristics and causal (etio‐pathogenic) factors; presents cultural explanations of these conditions' origin, nature, and degree and type of accompanying emotional and physical distress; and attempts to locate each nosologically. The entry closes with the new set of concepts proposed in the
DSM‐5
, which will probably guide future research efforts in this area.
L
ykken,
D
avid T. (1928–2006)
Authors: Iacono William G. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
David T. Lykken (1928–2006) was a seminal figure in American psychology. His interests were diverse and widespread, leading to publications in behavior genetics, research methods, personality, psychophysiology, and psychopathology. Key contributions included advancing a theory of psychopathy that has profoundly influenced the field for over a half century, generating the concept of emergenesis to explain why some traits are heritable yet do not run in families, exposing how conventional lie detector tests were biased against truthful people, developing the guilty knowledge test to assess recognition memory, introducing the “set‐point” theory of happiness to explain why wellbeing is trait‐like despite changes in life circumstances, establishing standards for electrodermal measurement, and characterizing what constitutes meaningful replication of experimental results in psychology.
Expert Testimony and Cross‐Examination
Authors: Meyer Donald , Drogin Eric Y. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Expert mental health testimony is the last stage of a multiphase process in the investigation of a mental health issue that the trier of fact cannot assess without assistance. The expert, though typically retained by a side, serves as an educator of the trier of fact, not a member of the advocacy team. Expert witnesses commence examinations without bias and proceed with objectivity, independence, and scientific accuracy. Testimony that is admissible as evidence should have a foundation guided by the requirements articulated in
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
,
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael
, and
General Electric Co. v. Joiner
and meet the standard of reasonable scientific certainty. Thoughtful, thorough preparation for testimony under oath is ultimately the best intrapsychic and intellectual ballast that an expert can bring to the stand to counter the external forces of an adversarialized legal environment.
Labeling Theory
Authors: Ruscio John 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThomas Scheff's labeling theory entails a two‐stage relationship between aberrant behaviors and diagnostic labels. First, behaviors that violate implicit rules, which Scheff refers to as primary deviance, can lead to a diagnostic label. Second, this label can cause others to react in ways that elicit additional behavioral disturbance known as secondary deviance that contributes to mental illness. The novelty of labeling theory lies in the importance given to secondary deviance. The theory is evaluated first by critically examining not only three studies frequently held to be supportive, but also the broader empirical literature. Research seldom addresses, and ultimately fails to substantiate, the impact of secondary deviance in causing or exacerbating mental illness. Though diagnostic labels are often confounded with the behaviors they denote, which increases the apparent influence of “mere labels” on participants' judgments, it still seems that aberrant behaviors exert a stronger influence on judgments than do labels.
Bayesian Analysis
Authors: Wetzels Ruud , van Ravenzwaaij Don , Wagenmakers Eric‐Jan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA Bayesian analysis concerns the quantification and updating of knowledge according to the laws of probability theory. A Bayesian analysis allows researchers to estimate parameters (e.g., how effective is a new treatment?) or to conduct hypothesis testing and model selection (e.g., is the new treatment more effective than the standard treatment?). The Bayesian paradigm offers concrete advantages for the practical research worker; one of these is the ability to attach probabilities to hypotheses and parameters, and another is the ability to collect data until the evidence conclusively supports the null hypothesis or the alternative hypothesis.
VeteransAffairs (VA)
Authors: Zeiss Antonette M. , Zeiss Robert A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPsychology has had profound growth and impact in the delivery of mental health care in the Department of Veterans Affairs health‐care system, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). The profession has helped to foster mental health care integration, interdisciplinary practice, recovery‐oriented care, and service innovation. In so doing, psychology staffing and training positions have grown to historic high levels, to support delivery of mental health care inVHA.
Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy
Authors: Weinstock Lauren M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOver the past several decades, in response to a growing awareness that pharmacotherapy alone is often suboptimal in preventing recurrence of mood episodes in bipolar disorder, researchers and clinicians have become increasingly interested in the potential for psychotherapy to enhance clinical outcomes in bipolar disorder. Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) is an adjunctive, manual‐driven psychotherapy that emerged during the 1990s in response to this clinical need. Grounded in an integrated psychosocial and chronobiological model of bipolar disorder, IPSRT was developed to intervene on three major pathways to the recurrence of bipolar disorder: (a) medication nonadherence, (b) stressful life events, and (c) disruptions in social rhythms. In the period since, the efficacy of IPSRT for the acute and prophylactic treatment of bipolar mood episodes has been supported by two large clinical trials, and more recent research has expanded its application to the treatment of other indications within bipolar disorder.
Clinical Science Model
Authors: McFall Richard M. , Treat Teresa A. , Simons Robert F. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The clinical science (CS) model was created to guide all aspects of clinical psychology as it pursues its mission of promoting psychological science in the interest of advancing knowledge, improving health care, and serving the public. The basic premise of the CS model is that a scientific epistemology should be the centerpiece of clinical psychology and is the best way forward in the advancement of psychological knowledge in the research, service, and education domains. The CS model is a strong version of the older Boulder model and a reaction to the more recent scholar–practitioner model. Adherents of the CS model have developed a robust supporting infrastructure that includes the Society for a Science of Clinical Psychology, the Academy of Psychological Clinical Science, and the Psychological Clinical Science Accreditation System. Not surprisingly, the model also has stirred criticisms among some clinical psychologists; the most common of these are discussed briefly.
Delusional Disorder
Authors: Blaney Paul H. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The term “delusional disorder” encompasses a group of psychotic conditions in which the individual holds a belief that others judge to be false. For example, affected individuals may believe without evidence that some distant celebrity is in love with them (erotomanic), that they have superior attributes (grandiose), that their spouse is unfaithful (jealous), that another person is targeting them for harm (persecutory), or that they have some physical illness or impairment (somatic).
Dual Relationship/ Conflict of Interest
Authors: Cohen‐Filipic Jessye 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAs part of a larger discussion about the ethical practice of psychologists, much attention has been devoted to dual relationships and conflict of interest. Ethical guidelines for psychologists are designed to protect the welfare of the public served by the profession of psychology. Dual relationships and conflicts of interest are two possible sources of harm or exploitation for the public. Conflicts of interest occur within psychology when a psychologist has interests or relationships that may interfere with his or her ability to perform professional roles. Dual or multiple relationships exist when a psychologist is in a professional role with a person (e.g., therapist and client) as well as another relationship with that person or someone close to that person. This entry reviews the relevant ethical guidelines for psychologists, current controversies in the literature, and several ethical decision‐making models regarding dual relationships and conflict of interest.