bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathological Findings after Long-term Sulfonylurea Therapy
Authors: Balodimos Marios C , Marble Alexander , Rippey John H , Legg Merle A , Kuwabara Toichiro , Gleason Ray E 
Published: December 2014

An evaluation was made of postmortem findings in a group of fifty-five diabetic patients who were treated with sulfonylurea compounds, primarily tolbutamide, from twenty-four to 112 months, for a total of over 2,500 patientmonths and an average of 45.7 months per patient. The results were compared in “blind” fashion to the postmortem findings in two control groups: (a) fifty-five patients, closely matched to the former as to sex, age at death, and known duration of diabetes, who had been treated with insulin and had never received oral hypoglycemic agents; and (b) nineteen patients who had been treated exclusively by dietary restriction.
The frequencies of myocardial infarcts, cerebral vascular accidents, diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, as well as neoplasms, thyroid disease, and ulcers of the stomach and duodenum were not statistically different in the three groups. Peripheral vascular disease (gangrene and/or amputations) occurred more frequently in the insulin-treatedgroup, probably because of the customary use of insulin in patients with these conditions. The findings do not provide evidence that the sulfonylureas influence the pattern ofdiseases or specific complications of diabetes when compared to suitable controls.
Islet cell tumors occurred more frequently in sulfonylurea treated patients when compared to the over-all experience of this hospital. The importance of such a finding has to be further substantiated.
Mechanisms and Management of Hyperosmolar Coma Without Ketoacidosis in the Diabetic
Authors: Johnson Robert D , Conn Jerome W , Dykman Calvin J , Pek Sumer , Starr Jerome I 
Published: December 2014

The mechanisms involved in the production, maintenance and progression of the state of nonketotic, hyperosmolar coma of mild diabetic patients are discussed; and a method is outlined for both initial therapy (before insulin activity is sufficiently increased) and subsequent therapy. Factors involved in the development of the syndrome include: (1) Persistence of enough insulin production to prevent ketoacidosis but very severe suppression of insulin release in relation to the level of blood glucose. (2) Insidious development of extreme hyperglycemia, increasingly great osmotic diuresis, severe depletion of body water and large volumes of urine. (3) Lack of appropriate response of the thirst center as the sensorium becomes inadequate.
Because the mortality of this condition now approaches 50 per cent, careful attention to details of therapy is imperative. Delay in recognition and, therefore, of therapy leads to fatalities.
Pancreatic Insulin Content of Nonpregnant, Pregnant and Postpartum Rats and the Developing Rat Fetus
Authors: Rishi Surendra , Golob Erich K , Becker Kenneth L , Shah Narendra 
Published: December 2014

A study was made of the insulin content of pancreases of nonpregnant, pregnant and postpartum rats and of their developing fetuses. The insulin content of the extracts was measured by radioimmunoassay, using crystalline rat insulin as a standard. The mean concentration of insulin in the pancreas of nonpregnant animals was 43 ± 6 μg./gm. The insulin concentration did not change significantly during late pregnancy or on day 4 postpartum. However, the weight of the pancreas was significantly greater in the pregnant and the postpartum rats. Thus, the total insulin content of the pancreas was greater in the pregnant and postpartum rats, being 23 ± 1.4 μg. and 24 ± 1.9 ng. respectively, as compared to 15 ± 0.7 μg. in the nonpregnant rats.
The fetal pancreases were obtained at five periods of gestation: daily from day 18 to day 22, and on day 4 after birth. The mean weight of the fetal pancreases progressively and significantly increased from 4.4 ± 0.3 mg. on day 18 to 14.1 ± 1.5 mg. on day 20. On day 4 after birth, the mean pancreatic weight was 15.1 ± 0.5 mg. The fetal pancreatic insulin concentration rapidly and progressively increased from 14 ± 2 μg./gm. on day 18, to 80 ± 9 μg./gm. on day 21, and by day 4 after birth was 621 ± 103 μg./gm. By day 21 the fetal pancreatic insulin concentration had reached the prenatal peak and was already twice that of the mother. The total fetal pancreatic insulin content showed a progressive increase during the fetal life from 0.07 ± 0.01 μg. on day 18, to 1.23 μg. on day 21, a seventeen fold increase.
Size of the Gallbladder in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Gitelson S , Oppenheim D , Schwartz A 
Published: December 2014

The surface of the X-ray shadow of the gallbladder was determined by a planimeter in 100 random patients examined for complaints suggesting gallbladder disease, in whom the viscus was well visualized and no gallstones were discernible. No correlation was found between the gallbladder size and body surface or sex.
The mean surface of the gallbladder shadow in thirty-two diabetic patients was significantly larger than the mean surface in forty-three nondiabetic individuals. The frequency of large gallbladders (over 24 sq. cm.) was higher among the diabetic than the nondiabetic individuals.
Elimination of twenty-seven diabetic and nondiabetic patients with clinical signs of cholecystitis, duodenal ulcer or gastroduodenitis did not alter the relationship between the gallbladder size and presence of diabetes, found for the whole group.
In some diabetic patients the large gallbladder may be a manifestation of biliary dyskinesia due to autonomic neuropathy (“diabetic neurogenie gallbladder”). A search for diabetes is justified in patients with a large gallbladder.
Estimation of Vascular Basement Membrane Thickness: Theoretical and Practical Considerations
Authors: Williamson Joseph R , Vogler Nancy J , Kilo Charles 
Published: December 2014

The major sources of error and variation in estimates of basement membrane thickness (BMT) are attributable to variations in conditions of specimen preparation, errors in magnification, and sectioning artifacts related to variation in section thickness and tangential sectioning.
A simplified method for estimating BMT, requiring only two measurements per vessel, is described and justified theoretically from analysis of a model system. The chief merits of the method are: (1) the estimate of BMT obtained closely approximates true BMT, (2) variations in measurements related to section thickness and tangential sectioning are minimized, (3) coefficients of variation are smaller than for measurements obtained by averaging multiple measurements around the circumference of the vessel, and (4) a considerable reduction in time and effort required to obtain estimates of vascular BMT. Validation of these advantages is demonstrated in estimates of vascular BMT in a group of young adult subjects.
The importance of correcting for asymmetrical distribution of basement membrane measurements prior to statistical analysis, of eliminating inhomogeneity in control groups, and of defining the normal range of basement membrane thickness statistically is discussed.
Hyperglycemia and Hyperosmolarity in a Brittle Diabetic with Thyrotoxicosis
Authors: Jacobson R , Horenstein M , Kassel L 
Published: December 2014

A thirty-six-year-old female brittle diabetic presented in a confused state complaining of intense thirst. She had a twelve-year history of known diabetes mellitus but for the previous five years had been well controlled. Four years before admission she was found to be euthyroid with a PBI of 6.8 meg. per 100 ml.
On examination she was dehydrated and without Kussmaul respirations. Blood sugar on admission was 1,590 mg./100 ml. and only a trace of acetone was detected in urine. Calculated serum osmolality was 365 milliosmols/liter. The patient responded well to 800 U. of Regular Insulin and eight liters of intravenous hypotonie solutions. However the pulse rate remained at 140/min. with no evidence of heart failure or infection; EKG showed sinus tachycardia. Evaluation of the patient's thyroid function revealed hyperthyroidism. I-131 uptake after twenty-four hours was 74 per cent. The glucocorticosteroids were found to be within normal limits.
Four months after receiving methimazole 40 mg./day the hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus were well controlled.
Platelet Phospholipids and Their Function in Patients with Juvenile Diabetes and Maturity Onset Diabetes
Authors: Nordöy Arne , Rödset J M 
Published: December 2014

Platelet factor-3 activity and availability, platelet phospholipids and their fatty acid and aldehyde composition were examined in patients with juvenile diabetes of long duration and in patients with maturity onset diabetes.
Increased coagulant activity was found in platelet rich and platelet poor plasma from patients with juvenile diabetes, whereas plasma from patients with maturity onset diabetes reacted as the control group. Platelet rich plasma exposed to ADP, kaolin or freezing and thawing three times reacted not significantly differently from the controls.
Increased amount of lipid-P was present in platelets from both patient groups. In patients with juvenile diabetes the increase was mainly caused by an increase of serine phos-phoglycerides and in the other patient group all main phos-pholipid fractions were increased. The phospholipid/protein ratio of platelets was not significantly different in the three groups. Only moderate changes were observed in the fatty acid pattern of the various phospholipids.
Diabetogenic Action of Alloxan Following Temporary Interruption of Arterial Blood Flow to Pancreas in Rats
Authors: Bilic N , Felber J-P 
Published: December 2014

Ligation of the superior mesenteric and the superior pancreatico-duodenal arteries just prior to alloxan treatment and their release ten minutes after treatment did not protect rats against development of alloxan diabetes. Prior incubation of alloxan in vitro for a period of ten minutes at a physiological pH value and 37° C. resulted in loss of diabetogenic activity. Identical blood flow interruption without alloxan treatment did not produce elevated blood glucose levels.
After the intravenous injection of alloxan, a substance giving a fluorescence product with alloxan reagent was detected in blood over four hours. The substance remained at higher levels when animals, prior to alloxan treatment, were injected with reduced glutathione. There was also a prolonged detection of alloxan during incubation in whole blood and in buffer containing reduced glutathione. The production of alloxan diabetes following temporary interruption of arterial blood flow is discussed in the light of the present results.
Utility of Equivocal Glucose Tolerances
Authors: Danowski T S , Aarons J H , Hydovitz J D , Wingert J P 
Published: December 2014

Interpretation of the results of an oral glucose tolerance test is simplified when the results are expressed as the Glucose Tolerance Sum for two or for three hours (GTS0-2 hr and GTS0-3 hr.).
The GTS0-2 hr value is the sum of the 0, ½, 1 and 2-hr, glucose levels in venous blood when 1.75 gm. of glucose are administered per kilogram of body weight. Data from more than 1,100 such tolerances indicate that when GTS0-2 hr is 500 or less there is a 98 to 100 per cent probability that the test is clearly normal by the standards of the World Health Organization, British Diabetic Association, United States Public Health Service, and Fajans and Conn of what is and what is not diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, when the GTS0-2 hr is 801 or higher the test would meet each of the four sets of above cited criteria for diabetes. Since those values between 501 and 800 are variably classifiable as normal or abnormal by these same four standards, this represents the equivocal zone.
The GTS0-3 hr value is based on the sum of 0, 1, 2, and 3-hr, blood glucose levels in the above tolerance tests. Using the same criteria, clearly nondiabetic tolerance tests yield GTS0-3 hr values of 450 or less, while those deemed to be diabetic have sums of 701 or higher. Intervening GTS0-3 hr values of 451 to 700 represent the equivocal zone.
Tolerance tests with GTS values in the equivocal zone should be repeated at intervals of months or years. In our experience equivocal tests generally move toward or into the abnormal range, a minority move back into the normal zone, and some remain equivocal.
Proinsulin in B Cells of Bovine Islets Demonstrated by Fluorescein or Peroxidase-Labeled Specific Antibody
Authors: Logothetopoulos J , Yip C C , Coburn M E 
Published: December 2014

Sera of guinea pigs immunized with crude bovine proinsulin, and adsorbed with a solid Sephadex-insulin immunosorbent, yielded highly specific antibodies against proinsulin.
Positive immunoreaction was obtained in the β cells of fetal and adult bovine islets with the specific antiproinsulin antibody preparations in the Coons' direct and indirect method with fluorescein- or peroxidase-labeled antibodies. It is concluded that proinsulin and/or other antigens bearing the same antigenic determinants as proinsulin are present in the β cells.
Comparative Immunology of Bovine, Porcine and Human Proinsulins and C-peptides
Authors: Rubenstein Arthur H , Welbourne W Porter , Mako Mary , Melani Franco , Steiner Donald F 
Published: December 2014

The immunological cross reactions of human, porcine and bovine proinsulins and C-peptides are described. In order to iodinate the C-peptides to high specific activity, tyrosine was coupled to the molecule using N-carboxytyrosyl anhydride. The tyrosylated bovine I-131-C-peptide was bound by bovine proinsulin antisera, but did not react with porcine proinsulin or insulin antisera, while the tyrosylated human-I-131-C-peptide did not react with high concentrations of these three antisera.
The cross reaction of human and porcine proinsulin with bovine proinsulin antisera was weak and resembled that of insulins of all three species. Similar results were observed with a porcine proinsulin antiserum. Removal of the insulin-binding antibodies from a proinsulin antiserumeliminated its reactivity with heterologous proinsulins.Using an assay system (bovine proinsulin antiserum: tyrosylated-I-131-C-peptide) which did not respond to insulin, human and porcine C-peptides reacted approximately 250 and 750 times less efficiently than the bovine molecule. These results indicate that the relatively large degree of variability in the amino acid sequence of the proinsulinconnecting segments gives rise to unique immunological determinants in the three species of proinsulin studied.
Enhancement of Arginine-induced Insulin Secretion in Man by Prior Administration of Glucose
Authors: Levin Seymour R , Karam John H , Hane Satoshi , Grodsky Gerold M , Forsham Peter H 
Published: December 2014

Various sequential combinations of 20 gm. of glucose and 20 gm. of arginine were given as separate, twenty-minute infusions with a thirty-minute rest interval between infusions, to six nonobese, nondiabetic subjects. The sequence of glucose preceding arginine significantly enhanced the serum immunoreactive insulin response to this amino acid. Other sequences of glucose and arginine did not result in enhancement. The effect of a separate infusion of glucose preceding arginine was quantitatively similar to enhancement of insulin secretion by glucose (20 gm.) and arginine (20 gm.) infused simultaneously over twenty minutes. The response to arginine after glucose, however, resulted in earlier peak insulin levels than did the simultaneous glucose-arginine infusion.
These results imply a difference in the insulin-releasing mechanisms of arginine and glucose. It is suggested that certain time-dependent reactions, as well as a prior elevation of blood glucose are required for the enhancing influence of glucose on arginine-induced insulin secretion.
Leucocyte Zinc in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Pidduck Heather G , Keenan John P , Evans David A Price 
Published: December 2014

Several investigations have shown that zinc metabolism is in some way abnormal in diabetes, the abnormality being characterized by a significant hyperzincuria. The present paper is the result of an investigation into the leucocyte zinc content in diabetes and in health. A method of leucocyte isolation using differential lysis with saponin and ammonium oxalate has been developed.
The results show that leucocyte zinc levels are not signi-cantly different in diabetics and in nondiabetics. Furthermore, in each group, leucocyte zinc levels were shown to be independent of sex, age, weight, and blood glucose. Plasma zinc and leucocyte zinc levels were shown not to be correlated. A “dilution effect” was found in that a decrease in zinc per unit leucocyte was observed with increasing total leucocyte count.
Differences Between Metabolic Responses to Fasting in Obese Diabetic and Obese Nondiabetic Subjects
Authors: Jackson R A , Moloney M , Lowy C , Wright A D , Hartog M , Pilkington T R E , Fraser T R 
Published: December 2014

The metabolic response to two weeks' fasting and the influence of starvation on glucose tolerance have been studied in obese diabetic and obese nondiabetic subjects.
After an overnight fast, mean concentrations of both blood glucose and plasma triglyceride were significantly greater in the diabetics than in the nondiabetics. In neither group, however, were correlations found in any combination between circulating levels of triglyceride, glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, or the degree of obesity. During the fast, concentrations of plasma triglyceride and blood glucose fell slightly in the nondiabetics, but strikingly in the diabetics, and in the latter these reductions were highly correlated.
Glucose tolerance was impaired by starvation in the nondiabetics but considerably improved in the diabetics. In the former, the rise in both serum insulin and plasma lactate concentrations was delayed following starvation. In the latter, the most striking change was a reduction in the basal glucose concentration after fasting; a rise in lactate levels was observed prior to starvation but no elevation was detected during the post-fast glucose tolerance test, while serum insulin responses remained unchanged.
It is suggested that in some obese diabetics the development of endogenous hypertriglyceridemia is dependent on increased hepatic gluconeogenesis, and that a reduction in gluconeogenesis is the principal mechanism by which both plasma triglyceride levels are decreased, and glucose tolerance improved, in such patients following starvation. It is further suggested that both diminished β-cell responsiveness and decreased muscle glycolysis contribute to the genesis of starvation diabetes.
Diurnal Serum Growth Hormone Levels in Poorly and Well-controlled Juvenile Diabetics
Authors: Johansen K , Hansen Aa P 
Published: December 2014

Serum growth hormone, free fatty acids and blood glucose have been measured half-hourly for twenty-four hours in seven male patients with juvenile diabetes. Three of the patients had newly diagnosed diabetes and the four other patients had had diabetes for six to nine years. In five of the patients the studies were made during good as well as poor control.
The serum growth hormone level was high and fluctuating in the newly diagnosed diabetics as well as in the diabetics with diabetes of some years duration when compared with the growth hormone level of nondiabetics. The three newly diagnosed diabetics had significantly lower diurnal serum growth hormone concentration during good control compared with poor control. In the two patients with diabetes for some years the diurnal serum growth hormone concentration was unaltered in one and higher in the other in good compared with poor control.
Improvement in Both Insulin Sensitivity and Release Following Diabetic Coma
Authors: Alford F P , Martin F I R , Pearson Margaret J 
Published: December 2014

Serial estimations of both plasma insulin following intravenous glucose and the hypoglycemic potency of intravenous insulin were performed on two patients following hyperosmolar coma and in one after diabetic ketoacidosis.
In all, plasma insulin and insulin sensitivity were initially low and both increased markedly over several months. Concurrently the clinical control of diabetes was possible by either oral agents or diet alone.
Labeled Insulin Catabolism in Chronic Renal Failure and in the Anephric State
Authors: Corvilain J , Brauman H , Delcroix C , Toussaint C , Vereerstraeten P , Franckson J R M 
Published: December 2014

The influence of the kidney in the catabolism of insulin was investigated by comparing the metabolic clearance rate of labeled insulin in control subjects, in patients with chronic renal failure and in anephric patients, both groups being treated for several months by iteral dialysis. The methodology involved the constant infusion (23 ng./kg./min.) of mildly iodinated (mean iodination degree inferior to 0.2 atom/molecule) I-125-insulin, the estimation of the plasma content in labeled insulin by chromatoelectrophoresis, and the use of an analog and a digital computer for the calculation of the metabolic clearance rate.
In patients with chronic renal insufficiency and in anephric patients a marked reduction of the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) was observed and the extent of this reduction was comparable in these two groups of patients.
The findings confirm the part played by the kidneys in the metabolism of insulin anddemonstrate that in serious chronic nephropathies, the kidneys have completely lost their ability to catabolize insulin. They also provide an explanation for the reduced insulin requirements observed in certain cases of diabetes complicated with a nephropathy.
Effect of High Protein Feeding on Gluconeogenesis in Rat Liver
Authors: Eisenstein Albert B , Strack Inge 
Published: December 2014

Although alanine (A) is the major substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis, it is utilized less effectively than pyruvate or lactate, thus suggesting that glutamic alanine transaminase (GAT) regulates A conversion to glucose. To test this hypothesis incorporation of A and pyruvate into glucose, glycogen and protein by isolated livers of rats fed a high protein (HP) diet was determined and compared with that by liver of normally fed animals. Effect of HP feeding on transport of α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), a nonutiliz-able amino acid, into liver was investigated. Liver GAT and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities were determined. HP feeding produced a twofold increase in conversion of A to glucose when perfusate A-concentration was physiological (0.5 mM) and when excess A was present. Liver glycogen synthesis from A was less than that of glucose and was unaffected by HP feeding. Incorporation of A into protein by control and HP livers was negligible. Hepatic conversion of pyruvate to glucose was markedly enhanced by the HP diet whereas glycogen synthesis from pyruvate was limited and not affected by HP feeding. AIB transport by liver of HP fed rats was double that of control liver. Liver GAT and PEPCK activities were greatly increased by HP feeding.
Increased gluconeogenesis in HP liver at physiological and excess perfusate A concentrations indicates that amino acid transport and transamination are stimulated since other investigations have demonstrated that at low A levels transport is rate limiting and at high A concentrations, transamination controls gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, we observed increased AIB transport and elevated GAT activity in HP liver, thus it is clear that the GAT does not alone control conversion of A to glucose. Increased gluconeogenesis from pyruvate and elevated PEPCK activity were found suggesting that HP feeding stimulates conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate. The effects produced by the HP diet also occur after glucagon administration thus HP feeding probably influences gluconeogenesis by stimulating glucagon secretion.