bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spiral trough diversity on the north pole of Mars, as seen by Shallow Radar (SHARAD)
Authors: Smith Isaac B. , Holt John W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe combine observations from ground penetrating radar and optical instruments to conduct a comprehensive survey of spiral troughs on the north polar layered deposits of Mars. Our survey reveals that all north polar troughs have common characteristics, but there is strong regional diversity. We divide the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) into eight regions based on observations of morphology and stratigraphy in order to classify the spiral troughs. Morphologic features that separate the regions include central promontories, topographic undulations, bedrock floors, and trough asymmetry among others. We demonstrate here that the troughs formed during two periods. The first generation of troughs formed on the main lobe and in part of Gemina Lingula during accumulation of ~600 m of ice and dust. The second generation of troughs formed stratigraphically higher and immediately after large‐scale erosion in Gemini Scopuli, which we conclude created the slopes necessary for troughs to form. We test scenarios of trough evolution and find that only three concurrent processes are required for their formation: wind transport, insolation‐induced sublimation, and atmospheric deposition. Our observations are inconsistent with other hypothesized processes to produce spiral troughs, including incision after the formation of the NPLD, fracturing due to flowing ice, and sublimation‐driven patterns from insolation.
Rising atmospheric CO2 leads to large impact of biology on Southern Ocean CO2 uptake via changes of the Revelle factor
Authors: Hauck J. , Völker C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Southern Ocean is a key region for global carbon uptake and is characterized by a strong seasonality with the annual CO2 uptake being mediated by biological carbon drawdown in summer. Here we show that the contribution of biology to CO2 uptake will become even more important until 2100. This is the case even if biological production remains unaltered and can be explained by the decreasing buffer capacity of the ocean as its carbon content increases. The same amount of biological carbon drawdown leads to a more than twice as large reduction in CO2(aq) concentration and hence to a larger CO2 gradient between ocean and atmosphere that drives the gas exchange. While the winter uptake south of 44°S changes little, the summer uptake increases largely and is responsible for the annual mean response. The combination of decreasing buffer capacity and strong seasonality of biological carbon drawdown introduces a strong and increasing seasonality in the anthropogenic carbon uptake.
Migration Discourse
Authors: Guillem Susana Martínez 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe concept of migration can be broadly defined as the movement of people from one place to another. Those involved in this kind of movement are generally referred to as migrants. This entry traces different ways in which LSI scholars engage with the topic of “migration discourse,” or the study of the specific and distinct communicative practices that accompany the phenomenon of migration. The different sections identify the main foci and contexts of this kind of research, highlighting the interdependence of the specific everyday contexts in which migrants develop their identities, as well as the more macro, institutional dimensions where the concept of “migrant” is framed in particular ways and for different kinds of purposes.
Memory in Narrative
Authors: Linde Charlotte 
Published: January 2015

Abstract“Memory” and “narrative” are terms describing how individuals and groups represent past events in the present. Children must learn what events are narratable; this is also training in what kinds of events should be remembered. Adults also must learn what stories are appropriate when they join new institutions, or convert to a new religion or ideology. Individuals' narratives change through the life course, altered by new events and new understandings of past events. Groups also represent their past in narrative. Collective memory is studied in anthropology, business, cognitive science, computer science, folklore, oral history, linguistics, literary studies, management studies, and sociology. The study of collective memory must distinguish between resources for memory, such as files, databases, archives, and so forth, and acts of remembering. New developments include uses of the Internet: archives, as well as social networking sites, blogs, computer games, personal and shared websites, and many other forms whose social conventions are still developing.
Discursive Psychology
Authors: te Molder Hedwig 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDiscursive psychology was established in the United Kingdom by the end of the 1980s, mainly in response to the dominant cognitivist approach in social psychology. While it borrowed notions from poststructuralism and sociology of science, it is most akin to conversation analysis. Discursive psychologists are interested in how participants do psychology in their talk rather than use the psychological thesaurus themselves as a start point for the analysis. This article discusses three current emphases in research: managing mind/world relationships, institutional talk, and analysis of online interaction. Discursive psychology is further developing its relationship with conversation analysis through the emerging areas of epistemics‐in‐action research and participants' practical psychology in institutional interaction.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: Tracy Karen 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Language and social interaction (LSI) is an area of communication that studies how text and talk accomplish a variety of functions in social life. After narrating the history of LSI, the article describes its seven main approaches: cultural, critical, ethnomethodological–conversation analysis (CA), practice, pragmatics, multimodal, and social psychological. The next sections illustrate a set of influential concepts and discourse devices and overview the kinds of interaction and texts that have been analyzed, providing examples that evidence LSI's range. The article concludes with reflections on future LSI research.
Evidence of hydrogen sulfide involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Davoli Alessandro , Greco Viviana , Spalloni Alida , Guatteo Ezia , Neri Cristina , Rizzo Giada Ricciardo , Cordella Alberto , Romigi Andrea , Cortese Claudio , Bernardini Sergio , Sarchielli Paola , Cardaioli Gabriela , Calabresi Paolo , Mercuri Nicola B. , Urbani Andrea , Longone Patrizia 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease whose pathophysiological deficits, causing impairment in motor function, are largely unknown. Here we propose that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as a glial‐released inflammatory factor, contributes to ALS‐mediated motor neuron death.MethodsH2S concentrations were analyzed in the cerebrospinal fluid of 37 sporadic ALS patients and 14 age‐ and gender‐matched controls, in tissues of a familial ALS (fALS) mouse model, and in spinal cord culture media by means of a specific and innovative high‐performance liquid chromatography method. The effects of H2S on motor neurons cultures was analyzed immunohistochemically and by patch clamp recordings and microfluorometry.ResultsWe found a significantly high level of H2S in the spinal fluid of the ALS patients. Consistently, we found increased levels of H2S in the tissues and in the media from mice spinal cord cultures bearing the fALS mutation SOD1G93A. In addition, NaHS, an H2S donor, added to spinal culture, obtained from control C57BL/6J mice, is toxic for motor neurons, and induces an intracellular Ca2+ increase, attenuated by the intracytoplasmatic application of adenosine triphosphate. We further show that H2S is mainly released by astrocytes and microglia.InterpretationThis study unravels H2S as an astroglial mediator of motor neuron damage possibly involved in the cellular death characterizing ALS. Ann Neurol 2015;77:697–709
Thalamotemporal alteration and postoperative seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Keller Simon S. , Richardson Mark P. , Schoene‐Bake Jan‐Christoph , O'Muircheartaigh Jonathan , Elkommos Samia , Kreilkamp Barbara , Goh Yee Yen , Marson Anthony G. , Elger Christian , Weber Bernd 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveThere are competing explanations for persistent postoperative seizures after temporal lobe surgery. One is that 1 or more particular subtypes of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) exist that are particularly resistant to surgery. We sought to identify a common brain structural and connectivity alteration in patients with persistent postoperative seizures using preoperative quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).MethodsWe performed a series of studies in 87 patients with mTLE (47 subsequently rendered seizure free, 40 who continued to experience postoperative seizures) and 80 healthy controls. We investigated the relationship between imaging variables and postoperative seizure outcome. All patients had unilateral temporal lobe seizure onset, had ipsilateral hippocampal sclerosis as the only brain lesion, and underwent amygdalohippocampectomy.ResultsQuantitative imaging factors found not to be significantly associated with persistent seizures were volumes of ipsilateral and contralateral mesial temporal lobe structures, generalized brain atrophy, and extent of resection. There were nonsignificant trends for larger amygdala and entorhinal resections to be associated with improved outcome. However, patients with persistent seizures had significant atrophy of bilateral dorsomedial and pulvinar thalamic regions, and significant alterations of DTI‐derived thalamotemporal probabilistic paths bilaterally relative to those patients rendered seizure free and controls, even when corrected for extent of mesial temporal lobe resection.InterpretationPatients with bihemispheric alterations of thalamotemporal structural networks may represent a subtype of mTLE that is resistant to temporal lobe surgery. Increasingly sensitive multimodal imaging techniques should endeavor to transform these group‐based findings to individualize prediction of patient outcomes. Ann Neurol 2015;77:760–774
Norepinephrine deficiency with normal blood pressure control in congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
Authors: Norcliffe‐Kaufmann Lucy , Katz Stuart D. , Axelrod Felicia , Kaufmann Horacio 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveCongenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is caused by mutations in the NKTR1 gene. This affects the development of nerve growth factor (NGF)‐dependent neurons including sympathetic cholinergic neurons in the skin, causing anhidrosis. Cardiovascular and blood pressure regulation appears normal, but the integrity of sympathetic adrenergic neurons has not been tested.MethodsWe examined the effect of posture on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma concentration of catecholamines, vasopressin, endothelin, and renin activity in 14 patients with CIPA, 10 patients with chronically deficient sympathetic activity (pure autonomic failure), and 15 normal age‐matched controls.ResultsIn all 14 patients with CIPA, plasma norepinephrine levels were very low or undetectable and failed to increase when the patient was upright, yet upright blood pressure was well maintained. Plasma epinephrine levels were normal and increased when the patient was upright. Plasma renin activity also increased appropriately when the patient was upright and after furosemide‐induced volume depletion. Nitric oxide–mediated endothelial function was intact. Patients with pure autonomic failure also had very low levels of plasma norepinephrine both supine and upright, but in contrast to patients with CIPA failed to maintain blood pressure upright.InterpretationThe results indicate that postganglionic sympathetic neurons are severely depleted in CIPA, but chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are spared. This confirms the differential effect of NGF signaling for sympathetic neural and chromaffin cell development. The finding that patients with CIPA maintain blood pressure well on standing challenges current concepts of the role of norepinephrine in the regulation of arterial pressure. Ann Neurol 2015;77:743–752
New alkaline lipase from Rhizomucor variabilis: Biochemical properties and stability in the presence of microbial EPS
Authors: Bancerz Renata , Osińska‐Jaroszuk Monika , Jaszek Magdalena , Janusz Grzegorz , Stefaniuk Dawid , Sulej Justyna , Janczarek Monika , Jarosz‐Wilkołazka Anna , Rogalski Jerzy 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA new strain of Rhizomucor variabilis producing an active extracellular lipase was identified and characterized in the present studies. The culture conditions were optimized and the highest lipase production amounting to 136 U/mL was achieved after 4 days of cultivation. The optimum pH (5.5) and temperature (28 °C) were determined as the best conditions for R. variabilis lipase production. The isolated enzyme preparation exhibited maximum activity at 40 °C and pH 8.0. Lipase from R. variabilis was stable up to 50 °C during 2 H retaining 80% of its initial activity. The enzyme was highly stable in the pH range of 7.0–9.0. Moreover, the addition of naturally obtained exopolysaccharides (EPS) significantly enhanced lipase activity. The presence of EPS derived from Ganoderma applanatum and Rhizobium leguminosarum enhanced the lipase activity, which was 22% and 31%, respectively, higher than that in the control experiments. Simultaneously, the pH activity profiles remained unchanged. The Michaelis–Menten constant and the turnover number of the enzyme for p‐nitrophenyl palmitate in the standard assay conditions were estimated at a level of 0.631 mM and 0.674 Sec−1. In conclusion, the results obtained in this work present a newly isolated lipase preparation stabilized with EPS or without modification as a very effective tool for industrial application.
Optical innovations in surgery
Authors: de Boer E , Harlaar N J , Taruttis A , Nagengast W B , Rosenthal E L , Ntziachristos V , van Dam G M 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background
In the past decade, there has been a major drive towards clinical translation of optical and, in particular, fluorescence imaging in surgery. In surgical oncology, radical surgery is characterized by the absence of positive resection margins, a critical factor in improving prognosis. Fluorescence imaging provides the surgeon with reliable and real-time intraoperative feedback to identify surgical targets, including positive tumour margins. It also may enable decisions on the possibility of intraoperative adjuvant treatment, such as brachytherapy, chemotherapy or emerging targeted photodynamic therapy (photoimmunotherapy).

Methods
This article reviews the use of optical imaging for intraoperative guidance and decision-making.

Results
Image-guided cancer surgery has the potential to be a powerful tool in guiding future surgical care. Photoimmunotherapy is a theranostic concept (simultaneous diagnosis and treatment) on the verge of clinical translation, and is highlighted as an effective combination of image-guided surgery and intraoperative treatment of residual disease. Multispectral optoacoustic tomography, a technique complementary to optical image-guided surgery, is currently being tested in humans and is anticipated to have great potential for perioperative and postoperative application in surgery.

Conclusion
Significant advances have been achieved in real-time optical imaging strategies for intraoperative tumour detection and margin assessment. Optical imaging holds promise in achieving the highest percentage of negative surgical margins and in early detection of micrometastastic disease over the next decade.
Surgery in the era of the 'omics revolution
Authors: Beggs A D , Dilworth M P 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Background
Surgery is entering a new phase with the revolution in genomic technology. Cheap, mass access to next-generation sequencing is now allowing the analysis of entire human genomes at the DNA and RNA level. These data sets are being used increasingly to identify the molecular differences that underlie common surgical diseases, and enable them to be stratified for patient benefit.

Methods
This article reviews the recent developments in the molecular biology of colorectal, oesophagogastric and breast cancer.

Results
The review specifically covers developments in genetic predisposition, next-generation sequencing studies, biomarkers for stratification, prognosis and treatment, and other 'omics technologies such as metabolomics and proteomics.

Conclusion
There are unique opportunities over the next decade to change the management of surgical disease radically, using these technologies. The directions that this may take are highlighted, including future advances such as the 100 000 Genomes Project.
Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD Statement
Authors: Collins G S , Reitsma J B , Altman D G , Moons K G M 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundPrediction models are developed to aid healthcare providers in estimating the probability or risk that a specific disease or condition is present (diagnostic models) or that a specific event will occur in the future (prognostic models), to inform their decision-making. However, the overwhelming evidence shows that the quality of reporting of prediction model studies is poor. Only with full and clear reporting of information on all aspects of a prediction model can risk of bias and potential usefulness of prediction models be adequately assessed. The Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) Initiative developed a set of recommendations for the reporting of studies developing, validating or updating a prediction model, whether for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. This article describes how the TRIPOD Statement was developed.MethodsAn extensive list of items based on a review of the literature was created, which was reduced after a web-based survey and revised during a 3-day meeting in June 2011 with methodologists, healthcare professionals and journal editors. The list was refined during several meetings of the steering group and in e-mail discussions with the wider group of TRIPOD contributors.ResultsThe resulting TRIPOD Statement is a checklist of 22 items, deemed essential for transparent reporting of a prediction model study.ConclusionThe TRIPOD Statement aims to improve the transparency of the reporting of a prediction model study regardless of the study methods used. The TRIPOD Statement is best used in conjunction with the TRIPOD explanation and elaboration document. A complete checklist is available at http://www.tripod-statement.org.
High‐throughput salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction with acetonitrile for the determination of anandamide in plasma of hemodialysis patients with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Xiong Xin , Zhang Lei , Cheng Litao , Mao Wei 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTAnandamide (AEA) is an endocannabinoid present in human plasma that is associated with several physiological functions and disease states. However, low AEA plasma levels pose challenges in terms of analytical characterization. Classical liquid‐based lipid extraction and solid‐phase extraction require complicated procedures and the drying down of relatively large volumes of solvents, making them unsuitable for high‐throughput analysis. Here a high‐throughput salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) method with acetonitrile and mass spectrometry compatible salts for liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) analysis of AEA in human plasma has been developed and validated. The seamless interface of SALLE and LC‐MS eliminated the drying‐down step, only 100 μL of plasma is required and minimal volumes of organic solvent are used. Good reproducibility, accuracy and precision were demonstrated during the method validation. The method is linear up to 10 ng/mL with a lower limit of quantitation of 0.1 ng/mL for AEA, the accuracy for AEA was from 93.3 to 96.7% and the precision was <8.57%. This new methodology was successfully applied to analysis of clinical samples from maintenance hemodialysis patients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a RP‐HPLC method for the quantitation of tofacitinib in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: S Vijay Kumar , Dhiman Vinay , Giri Kalpesh Kumar , Sharma Kuldeep , Zainuddin Mohd , Mullangi Ramesh 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA novel, simple, specific, sensitive and reproducible high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay method has been developed and validated for the estimation of tofacitinib in rat plasma. The bioanalytical procedure involves extraction of tofacitinib and itraconazole (internal standard, IS) from rat plasma with a simple liquid–liquid extraction process. The chromatographic analysis was performed on a Waters Alliance system using a gradient mobile phase conditions at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and C18 column maintained at 40 ± 1 °C. The eluate was monitored using an UV detector set at 287 nm. Tofacitinib and IS eluted at 6.5 and 8.3 min, respectively and the total run time was 10 min. Method validation was performed as per US Food and Drug Administration guidelines and the results met the acceptance criteria. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 182–5035 ng/mL (r2 = 0.995). The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were in the range of 1.41–11.2 and 3.66–8.81%, respectively, in rat plasma. The validated HPLC method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Usefulness and Safety of Intracoronary Administration of Nicorandil for Evaluating Fractional Flow Reserve in Japanese Patients
Authors: Tanaka Nobukiyo , Takahashi Yuya , Ishihara Hiroki , Kawakami Tohru , Ono Hiroyoshi 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundFractional flow reserve (FFR) is useful for determining the functional significance of epicardial coronary stenosis and may facilitate clinical decision making in patients with an equivocal coronary stenosis for coronary revascularization. Therefore, determining an efficient and safe method to achieve hyperemia is important for evaluating FFR. We investigated the usefulness and safety of intracoronary bolus administration of nicorandil compared with intravenous administration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for evaluating FFR in Japanese patients with suspected angina pectoris.MethodsFirst, we evaluated the most appropriate hyperemic dose of nicorandil in the first 11 consecutive patients out of 101 Japanese patients. Next, we compared the FFR induced by ATP and by 2 mg of nicorandil in 130 vessels of the 101 patients.ResultsFFR was measured according to nicorandil dose in 14 vessels among 11 of the 101 patients; 92.9% of the patients achieved hyperemia with 2 mg of nicorandil. The FFR values obtained with ATP were significantly correlated with those obtained with 2 mg of nicorandil (regression coefficient = 0.974, R2 = 0.933, P < 0.001). There were no hypotension cases needing a vasopressor after ATP or nicorandil administration, and there was 1 case of transient second‐degree atrioventricular block after ATP administration. The time taken to achieve hyperemia after nicorandil administration (18.9 ± 9.6 seconds) was significantly shorter than that after ATP administration (197.9 ± 23.8 seconds) (P < 0.001).ConclusionsIntracoronary nicorandil administration is more useful than and as safe as intravenous administration of ATP for evaluating FFR in Japanese patients.