bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of a Geometric Formula to Improve the Radiographic Correction Achieved by the Scarf Osteotomy
Authors: O'Briain David E. , Flavin Robert , Kearns Stephen R. 
Published: September 2012

Background: Many procedures for hallux valgus treatment have high recurrence rates, often related to operative considerations such as accuracy of deformity correction, soft tissue balancing and sesamoid alignment. Inadequate distal metatarsal-articular angle (DMAA) correction is common with uni- and bi-planar osteotomies which principally address the inter-metatarsal angle (IMA). The scarf osteotomy is a tri-planar osteotomy which corrects the DMAA and IMA, thereby achieving a more anatomical correction and potentially reducing the recurrence rate. Our hypothesis was that by controlling the length and relative proximal and distal translations of the scarf with a geometric formula, more accurate correction of the IMA and DMAA is possible. Methods: A formula was generated to determine the specific adjustments required to correct the deformity. A prospective trial was performed to assess the accuracy of this formula. Thirty-four adult patients were enrolled in the study. Seventeen patients underwent a standard scarf procedure; 17 were operated on using the corrections prescribed by the formula. Results: Hallux valgus angle (HVA), IMA and DMAA corrections improved with the formula ( p = 0.036, p = 0.049, and p = 0.006, respectively). Patient and procedure selection has changed in our unit as a result of this study, which identified some preoperative deformities as beyond the capabilities of the scarf procedure. Conclusion: The formula allows precise, reproducible, anatomical correction of IMA and DMAA deformities. The degree of correction attainable with the scarf is dependent on the first metatarsal width and the preoperative deformities. The formula highlighted the limitations of the scarf, thereby aiding in appropriate patient and procedure selection. Level of Evidence: II, Prospective Comparative Series
Arthroscopic Treatment of Osteochondral Lesions of the Tibial Plafond
Authors: Cuttica Daniel J. , Smith W. Bret , Hyer Christopher F. , Philbin Terrence M. , Berlet Gregory C. 
Published: September 2012

Background: Osteochondral lesions of the distal tibial plafond (OLTPs) are an uncommon problem. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes following arthroscopic treatment of OLTPs. Methods: Retrospective chart review was performed on all patients treated arthroscopically for OLTPs. Treatment consisted of generalized synovectomy followed by curettage of the lesion and microfracture. If a cartilage cap was intact, antegrade drilling was performed. Cystic defects were treated with curettage of the cyst and filling of any defect with bone graft. Results: A total of 13 patients were included. Nine patients had isolated lesions, while four had lesions of the distal tibial plafond and talar dome. Average followup was 156 (range, 38 to 402 ± 117.9) weeks and average patient age was 32.9 (range, 14 to 50 ± 11.8) years. Eleven of 13 patients were available for followup modified AOFAS score. The average preoperative score was 35.2 (range, 24 to 49 ± 7.1). The average postoperative modified AOFAS score was 50.4 (range, 33 to 56 ± 7.6). There were four patients (30.8%) with a poor outcome. Conclusion: OLTPs can be challenging to treat. Arthroscopic treatment can lead to improved outcomes. However, the higher incidence of poor outcomes in our series may indicate less predictability in the treatment of OLTPs and that outcomes may not be equivalent to previous reported studies on OLTPs or osteochondral lesions of the talus. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Determination of the average molecular weight of sodium polystyrenesulphonate from viscosity measurement
Authors: Bhattarai Ajaya 
Published: September 2012

Precise measurements on the viscosity of aqueous solutions of sodium polystyrenesulphonate and in presence 0.1 N sodium chloride at 308.15 K were reported. The degree of substitution of sodium polystyrenesulphonate used was one. The sodium polystyrenesulphonate (NaPSS) used in these investigations was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. whose viscosity average molecular weight was 70,000. The experimental viscosity average molecular weight of polystyrenesulphonate was found 70,186.15. Scientific World, Vol. 10, No. 10, July 2012 p17-19 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v10i10.6855
Histopathological based retrospective study of oral keratotic white lesions in Manipal health systems-hospital
Authors: Gurung P , Sherchan JB , Pai K 
Published: September 2012

Oral keratotic white lesions are a common problem that is encountered on routine clinical examination. Clinical appearance of the lesion may belie the true nature of the lesion. So a biopsy followed by histopathological diagnosis is the gold standard in evaluating these lesions for malignant potential or dysplasias. Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinicopathologic findings of oral keratotic lesions. Materials and Methods: Oral biopsies of 61 cases of oral keratotic white lesions during the period from January 2006 to July 2009 were studied retrospectively at the Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal by microscopy. Clinical details and records were obtained from the medical records department. Results: In 61 cases of oral keratotic white lesions the age distribution ranged from 29 to 86 years. 66% were males while 34% were females and most lesions occurred between 31 and 70 years. The buccal mucosa was the most common site of lesion in 35% patients. Only 15 cases had some personal habits and 8/15 cases (53%) showed dysplasia. 12/ 54 cases (22%) of homogenous leukoplakia displayed dysplasia, of which 11 cases (92%) showed mild dysplasia and 1 case (8%) showed moderate dysplasia. Of the 4 cases of speckled leukoplakia, 75% showed dysplasia- mild, moderate and severe. 2/3 cases (66%) of verrucous leukoplakia displayed dysplasia- moderate and severe. There were 41 cases consistent with leukoplakia (67%), of which 22% showed epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, 12 cases showed mild dysplasia, 3 cases moderate dysplasia and 2 cases showed severe dysplasia. Benign keratosis formed the largest group (35%) among the 61 cases. Of the 61 cases 17 (27%) showed dysplasia of which 19% was mild dysplasia, 5% was moderate dysplasia and 3% was severe dysplasia. Most frequent histomorphological feature seen in this study was nuclear pleomorphism in 21/ 27 cases (78%). There were 12 cases (71%) of dysplasia in males and 5 cases (28%) of dysplasia in females. There was 1 case of Progressive verrucous leukoplakia in an 86 year old female patient. There were 3 cases (5%) each of oral lichen planus, lichenoid dysplasia and lichenoid keratosis in the present study. 6 cases (9%) of candidiasis was seen among the 61 biopsies. In the study there was 1 case (2%) each of verrucous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and micro-invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions: Oral keratotic white lesions demonstrate a wide spectrum of histopathological features from benign lesions to dysplastic lesions to carcinoma in situ to invasive ones. Scientific World, Vol. 10, No. 10, July 2012 p70-76 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v10i10.6866
Ultrasound-assisted convection-enhanced delivery to the brain in vivo with a novel transducer cannula assembly
Authors: Lewis George K. , Schulz Zachary R. , Pannullo Susan C. , Southard Teresa L. , Olbricht William L. 
Published: September 2012

Object
In convection-enhanced delivery (CED), drugs are infused locally into tissue through a cannula inserted into the brain parenchyma to enhance drug penetration over diffusion strategies. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of ultrasound-assisted CED (UCED) in the rodent brain in vivo using a novel, low-profile transducer cannula assembly (TCA) and portable, pocket-sized ultrasound system.

Methods
Forty Sprague-Dawley rats (350–450 g) were divided into 2 equal groups (Groups 1 and 2). Each group was divided again into 4 subgroups (n = 5 in each). The caudate of each rodent brain was infused with 0.25 wt% Evans blue dye (EBD) in phosphate-buffered saline at 2 different infusion rates of 0.25 μl/minute (Group 1), and 0.5 μl/minute (Group 2). The infusion rates were increased slowly over 10 minutes from 0.05 to 0.25 μl/minute (Group 1) and from 0.1 to 0.5 μl/minute (Group 2). The final flow rate was maintained for 20 minutes. Rodents in the 4 control subgroups were infused using the TCA without ultrasound and without and with microbubbles added to the infusate (CED and CED + MB, respectively). Rodents in the 4 UCED subgroups were infused without and with microbubbles added to the infusate (UCED and UCED + MB) using the TCA with continuous-wave 1.34-MHz low-intensity ultrasound at a total acoustic power of 0.11 ± 0.005 W and peak spatial intensity at the cannula tip of 49.7 mW/cm2. An additional 4 Sprague-Dawley rats (350–450 g) received UCED at 4 different and higher ultrasound intensities at the cannula tip ranging from 62.0 to 155.0 mW/cm2 for 30 minutes. The 3D infusion distribution was reconstructed using MATLAB analysis. Tissue damage and morphological changes to the brain were assessed using H & E.

Results
The application of ultrasound during infusion (UCED and UCED + MB) improved the volumetric distribution of EBD in the brain by a factor of 2.24 to 3.25 when there were no microbubbles in the infusate and by a factor of 1.16 to 1.70 when microbubbles were added to the infusate (p < 0.001). On gross and histological examination, no damage to the brain tissue was found for any acoustic exposure applied to the brain.

Conclusions
The TCA and ultrasound device show promise to improve the distribution of infused compounds during CED. The results suggest further studies are required to optimize infusion and acoustic parameters for small compounds and for larger molecular weight compounds that are representative of promising antitumor agents. In addition, safe levels of ultrasound exposure in chronic experiments must be determined for practical clinical evaluation of UCED. Extension of these experiments to larger animal models is warranted to demonstrate efficacy of this technique.
Subcortical surgical anatomy of the lateral frontal region: human white matter dissection and correlations with functional insights provided by intraoperative direct brain stimulation
Authors: De Benedictis Alessandro , Sarubbo Silvio , Duffau Hugues 
Published: September 2012

Object
Recent neuroimaging and surgical results support the crucial role of white matter in mediating motor and higher-level processing within the frontal lobe, while suggesting the limited compensatory capacity after damage to subcortical structures. Consequently, an accurate knowledge of the anatomofunctional organization of the pathways running within this region is mandatory for planning safe and effective surgical approaches to different diseases. The aim of this dissection study was to improve the neurosurgeon's awareness of the subcortical anatomofunctional architecture for a lateral approach to the frontal region, to optimize both resection and postoperative outcome.

Methods
Ten human hemispheres (5 left, 5 right) were dissected according to the Klingler technique. Proceeding lateromedially, the main association and projection tracts as well as the deeper basal structures were identified. The authors describe the anatomy and the relationships among the exposed structures in both a systematic and topographical surgical perspective. Structural results were also correlated to the functional responses obtained during resections of infiltrative frontal tumors guided by direct cortico-subcortical electrostimulation with patients in the awake condition.

Results
The eloquent boundaries crucial for a safe frontal lobectomy or an extensive lesionectomy are as follows: 1) the motor cortex; 2) the pyramidal tract and premotor fibers in the posterior and posteromedial part of the surgical field; 3) the inferior frontooccipital fascicle and the superior longitudinal fascicle posterolaterally; and 4) underneath the inferior frontal gyrus, the head of the caudate nucleus, and the tip of the frontal horn of the lateral ventricle in the depth.

Conclusions
Optimization of results following brain surgery, especially within the frontal lobe, requires a perfect knowledge of functional anatomy, not only at the cortical level but also with regard to subcortical white matter connectivity.
Shunting with gravitational valves—can adjustments end the era of revisions for overdrainage-related events?
Authors: Freimann Florian Baptist , Sprung Christian 
Published: September 2012

Object
Overdrainage of CSF remains an unsolved problem in shunt therapy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate treatment options on overdrainage-related events enabled by the new generation of adjustable gravity-assisted valves.

Methods
The authors retrospectively studied the clinical course of 250 consecutive adult patients with various etiologies of hydrocephalus after shunt insertion for different signs and symptoms of overdrainage. Primary and secondary overdrainage were differentiated. The authors correlated the incidence of overdrainage with etiology of hydrocephalus, opening valve pressure, and patient parameters such as weight and size. Depending on the severity of overdrainage, they elevated the opening pressure, and follow-up was performed until overdrainage was resolved.

Results
The authors found 39 cases (15.6%) involving overdrainage-related problems—23 primary and 16 secondary overdrainage. The median follow-up period in these 39 patients was 2.1 years. There was no correlation between the incidence of overdrainage and any of the following factors: sex, age, size, or weight of the patients. There was also no statistical significance among the different etiologies of hydrocephalus, with the exception of congenital hydrocephalus. All of the “complications” could be resolved by readjusting the opening pressure of the valve in one or multiple steps, avoiding further operations.

Conclusions
Modern adjustable and gravity-assisted valves enable surgeons to set the opening pressure relatively low to avoid underdrainage without significantly raising the incidence of overdrainage and to treat overdrainage-related clinical and radiological complications without surgical intervention.
Persistence of Novel First-Line Antiretroviral Regimes in a Cohort of HIV-Positive Subjects, Coris 2008–2010
Authors: Jarrin Inma , Hernández-Novoa Beatriz , Alejos Belén , Riera Melchor , Navarro Gemma , Bernardino Jose Ignacio , Rivero Maria , del Amo Julia , Moreno Santiago ,   CoRIS
Published: September 2012

Background The aim of this study was to estimate the persistence of the most commonly used first-line combined antiretroviral regimens (cART) in HIV-infected adults in the CoRIS cohort. Methods CoRIS is an open prospective multicentre cohort of HIV-infected adults naive to cART at entry. Patients enrolled between January 2008 and June 2010 were included. The main outcome was treatment persistence, defined as time from cART initiation to first treatment change (TC). Cox models taking into account competing risks to estimate sub-hazard ratios (sHR) were performed. Results Of 1,512 patients, 919 (60.8%) initiated cART with the backbone tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) plus emtricitabine (FTC) plus efavirenz (EFV), 252 (16.7%) plus lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), 129 (8.5%) plus atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r), 110 (7.3%) plus darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) and 102 (6.7%) plus nevirapine (NVP). Among 414 patients who switched therapy, reason for switching was available for 393. The most frequent reasons were toxicity (40%), simplification (14%) and treatment failure/resistance (13%). In multivariate analyses, there were significant differences in the risk of TC according to initial cART regimen ( P<0.001). Initiating TDF plus FTC with NVP (sHR 1.94, 95% CI 1.38, 2.72) or LPV/r (sHR 1.89, 95% CI 1.45, 2.47) was associated with higher risk of TC than initiating with TDF plus FTC plus EFV. No differences in TC were found between initiating EFV versus ATV/r (sHR 1.29, 95% CI 0.89, 1.86) or DRV/r (sHR 0.98, 95% CI 0.59, 1.65) with TDF plus FTC as backbone. Conclusions Switching from initial cART regimens is frequent, toxicity being the main reason for it. The significantly greater persistence of some combinations may be useful for making decisions when initiating cART.
Plasma Microrna Profile as a Predictor of Early Virological Response to Interferon Treatment in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients
Authors: Zhang Xiaonan , Chen Cuncun , Wu Min , Chen Liang , Zhang Jiming , Zhang Xinxin , Zhang Zhanqin , Wu Jingdi , Wang Jiefei , Chen Xiaorong , Huang Tao , Chen Lixiang , Yuan Zhenghong 
Published: September 2012

Background Interferon (IFN) and pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) treatment of chronic hepatitis B leads to a sustained virological response in a limited proportion of patients and has considerable side effects. To find novel markers associated with prognosis of IFN therapy, we investigated whether a pretreatment plasma microRNA profile could be used to predict early virological response to IFN. Methods We performed microRNA microarray analysis of plasma samples from 94 patients with chronic hepatitis B who received IFN therapy. The microRNA profiles from 13 liver biopsy samples were also measured. The OneR feature ranking and incremental feature selection method were used to rank and optimize the number of features in the model. Support vector machine prediction engine and jack-knife cross-validation were used to generate and evaluate the prediction model. Results The optimized model consisting of 11 microRNAs yielded a 74.2% overall accuracy in the training group and was independently confirmed in the test group (71.4% accuracy). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses confirmed its independent association with early virological response (OR=7.35; P=2.12x10-5). Combining the microRNA profile with the alanine aminotransferase level improved the overall accuracy from 73.4% to 77.3%. Co-transfection of an HBV replicative construct with microRNA mimics revealed that let-7f, miR-939 and miR-638 were functionally associated with the HBV life cycle. Conclusions The 11 microRNA signatures in plasma, together with basic clinical variables, might provide an accurate method to assist in medication decisions and improve the overall sustained response to IFN treatment.
Les acteurs de la contrainte
Authors: Jabko Nicolas 
Published: September 2012

Résumé Le discours politique tend à appréhender les contraintes économiques sur un mode incantatoire, comme résultant des « forces du marché » ou encore de la « spéculation ». Cet article s’attache à mieux identifier les agents économiques et les organisations qui imposent des contraintes aux États. Loin de comploter ou de spéculer activement contre ces derniers, la plupart de ces acteurs vivent en symbiose avec eux. Leurs logiques d’action sont différentes, selon leur statut privé ou public. Les acteurs privés s’attachent avant tout à poursuivre leurs intérêts économiques, tandis que les organisations publiques défendent les logiques institutionnelles qui les définissent.
La marge de manœuvre des États. Des démocraties sans souveraineté ?
Authors: Fitoussi Jean-Paul 
Published: September 2012

Résumé Les gouvernements ont-ils encore des marges de manœuvre ? Cette question ne peut que comporter une réponse positive. Les gouvernements n’ont-ils pas sauvé les marchés financiers d’une faillite annoncée en 2008 ? C’est donc de l’Europe qu’il s’agit : les pays membres de la zone euro se retrouvent dans la situation d’États fédérés orphelins d’un État fédéral. Il en résulte un déficit de puissance, reflet du déficit démocratique de l’Europe : d’un côté, une légitimité sans instruments, celle des États « fédérés », de l’autre, des instruments dont l’usage est limité par des traités internationaux. C’est donc d’une politique de l’impuissance plutôt que d’une impuissance du politique qu’il s’agit.
Differential Formulation of Discontinuous Galerkin and Related Methods for the Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Gao Haiyang , Wang Z. J. , Huynh H. T. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA new approach to high-order accuracy for the numerical solution of conservation laws introduced by Huynh and extended to simplexes by Wang and Gao is renamed CPR (correction procedure or collocation penalty via reconstruction). The CPR approach employs the differential form of the equation and accounts for the jumps in flux values at the cell boundaries by a correction procedure. In addition to being simple and economical, it unifies several existing methods including discontinuous Galerkin, staggered grid, spectral volume, and spectral difference. To discretize the dif-fusion terms, we use the BR2 (Bassi and Rebay), interior penalty, compact DG (CDG), and I-continuous approaches. The first three of these approaches, originally derived using the integral formulation, were recast here in the CPR framework, whereas the I-continuous scheme, originally derived for a quadrilateral mesh, was extended to a triangular mesh. Fourier stability and accuracy analyses for these schemes on quadrilateral and triangular meshes are carried out. Finally, results for the Navier-Stokes equations are shown to compare the various schemes as well as to demonstrate the capability of the CPR approach.
Wave Propagation Across Acoustic/Biot’s Media: A Finite-Difference Method
Authors: Chiavassa Guillaume , Lombard Bruno 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNumerical methods are developed to simulate the wave propagation in heterogeneous 2D fluid/poroelastic media. Wave propagation is described by the usual acoustics equations (in the fluid medium) and by the low-frequency Biot’s equations (in the porous medium). Interface conditions are introduced to model various hydraulic contacts between the two media: open pores, sealed pores, and imperfect pores. Well-posedness of the initial-boundary value problem is proven. Cartesian grid numerical methods previously developed in porous heterogeneous media are adapted to the present context: a fourth-order ADER scheme with Strang splitting for time- marching; a space-time mesh-refinement to capture the slow compressional wave predicted by Biot’s theory; and an immersed interface method to discretize the interface conditions and to introduce a subcell resolution. Numerical experiments and comparisons with exact solutions are proposed for the three types of interface conditions, demonstrating the accuracy of the approach.
Measuring the Spontaneous Curvature of Bilayer Membranes by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Wang Han , Hu Dan , Zhang Pingwen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe propose a mathematically rigorous method to measure the spontaneous curvature of a bilayer membrane by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, which provides description of the molecular mechanisms that cause the spontaneous curvature. As a main result, for the membrane setup investigated, the spontaneous curvature is proved to be a constant plus twice the mean curvature of the membrane in its tensionless ground state. The spontaneous curvature due to the built-in transbilayer asymmetry of the membrane in terms of lipid shape is studied by the proposed method. A linear dependence of the spontaneous curvature with respect to the head-bead diameter difference and the lipid mixing ratio is discovered. The consistency with the theoretical results provides evidence supporting the validity of our method.