bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fat‐free mass and calf circumference as body composition indices to determine non‐exercise activity thermogenesis in patients with diabetes
Authors: Isobe Yuki , Sakurai Masaru , Kita Yuki , Takeshita Yumie , Misu Hirofumi , Kaneko Shuichi , Takamura Toshinari 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo investigate the clinical and anthropometrical parameters that are associated with non‐exercise activity thermogenesis that is composed of basal energy expenditure (BEE) and diet‐induced thermogenesis (DIT) in patients with diabetes.Materials and MethodsBody composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance, and BEE and DIT were measured using indirect calorimetry in 40 Japanese patients with diabetes.ResultsBEE correlated positively with bodyweight, body mass index, fat mass, and fat‐free mass, and correlated negatively with age in both men and women. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, BEE correlated positively with both fat mass and fat‐free mass independently of sex and age. In addition, DIT correlated positively with bodyweight, body mass index, fat mass and fat‐free mass, and correlated negatively with age in women, but not men. Fat‐free mass contributed to DIT at least partly, and an aging‐related decrease in DIT was observed. The best anthropometric parameter that reflected fat mass and fat‐free mass was hip circumference (HC) and calf circumference (CC), respectively, in both men and women. Indeed, both HC (men β = 0.600, P < 0.001; women β = 0.752, P < 0.001) and CC (men β = 0.810, P = 0.012; women β = 0.821, P = 0.002) were correlated with BEE independently of age and sex. In addition, CC (β = 0.653, P = 0.009), but not HC was correlated with DIT significantly only in females, independently of age.ConclusionsHC reflects fat mass and was positively associated with BEE, but not with DIT. In contrast, CC reflects fat‐free mass, and was positively associated with BEE in both men and women, and with DIT in women.
Fixed, low radiant exposure vs. incremental radiant exposure approach for diode laser hair reduction: a randomized, split axilla, comparative single‐blinded trial
Authors: Pavlović M.D. , Adamič M. , Nenadić D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundDiode lasers are the most commonly used treatment modalities for unwanted hair reduction. Only a few controlled clinical trials but not a single randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared the impact of various laser parameters, especially radiant exposure, onto efficacy, tolerability and safety of laser hair reduction.ObjectiveTo compare the safety, tolerability and mid‐term efficacy of fixed, low and incremental radiant exposures of diode lasers (800 nm) for axillary hair removal, we conducted an intrapatient, left‐to‐right, patient‐ and assessor‐blinded and controlled trial.MethodsDiode laser (800 nm) treatments were evaluated in 39 study participants (skin type II–III) with unwanted axillary hairs. Randomization and allocation to split axilla treatments were carried out by a web‐based randomization tool. Six treatments were performed at 4‐ to 6‐week intervals with study subjects blinded to the type of treatment. Final assessment of hair reduction was conducted 6 months after the last treatment by means of blinded 4‐point clinical scale using photographs. The primary endpoint was reduction in hair growth, and secondary endpoints were patient‐rated tolerability and satisfaction with the treatment, treatment‐related pain and adverse effects.ResultsExcellent reduction in axillary hairs (≥76%) at 6‐month follow‐up visit after receiving fixed, low and incremental radiant exposure diode laser treatments was obtained in 59% and 67% of study participants respectively (Z value: 1.342, P = 0.180). Patients reported lower visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score on the fixed (4.26) than on the incremental radiant exposure side (5.64) (P < 0.0003). The only side‐effect was mild and transient erythema. Subjects better tolerated the fixed, low radiant exposure protocol (P = 0.03). The majority of the study participants were satisfied with both treatments.ConclusionBoth low and incremental radiant exposures produced similar hair reduction and high and comparable patient satisfaction. However, low radiant exposure diode laser treatments were less painful and better tolerated.
Erythrodermic mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome treated with extracorporeal photopheresis as part of a multimodality regimen: A single‐centre experience
Authors: Atzmony L. , Amitay‐Laish I. , Gurion R. , Shahal‐Zimra Y. , Hodak E. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundExtracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is recommended for the erythrodermic mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS) alone or in combination with other therapies. The possibility of a differential response in the blood and skin has hardly been addressed in the literature.ObjectivesTo evaluate the clinical response rate of patients with erythrodermic MF and SS to ECP as part of a multimodality approach and to compare the kinetics of the blood and skin responses in the presence of leukaemic involvement.MethodsTwenty patients were treated with ECP and other modalities at a tertiary medical centre in 2003–2013. Ten patients had SS, 1 CD8‐positive patch‐stage MF with leukaemic involvement and nine erythrodermic MF. Clinical and outcome data were collected retrospectively from the medical files. Response was evaluated overall and for blood and skin separately.ResultsAdjunctive therapies were interferon‐α, narrow‐band ultraviolet B, psoralen and ultraviolet A, isotretinoin, acitretin, methotrexate, prednisone, topical nitrogen mustard and total skin or localized hands/feet electron beam radiotherapy. Overall response was documented in 13 patients (65%) – complete 30%, partial 35% – and maintained for >2 years in 38.5%. In patients with leukaemic involvement (n = 11), the blood response occurred earlier than skin response (P = 0.008) and was maintained longer (P = 0.03). In three of the patients with a complete blood response, the skin response was partial (n = 2) or absent (n = 1).ConclusionExtracorporeal photopheresis as part of a multimodality approach yields a high durable clinical response in patients with erythrodremic MF and SS. The kinetics of the response differ between the blood and skin. The blood response occurs earlier and lasts longer; it does not necessarily predict the clinical skin response. Further studies are needed to determine if there is a survival advantage to a blood response in the absence of a skin response.
Phenotypic plasticity is not affected by experimental evolution in constant, predictable or unpredictable fluctuating thermal environments
Authors: Manenti T. , Loeschcke V. , Moghadam N. N. , Sørensen J. G. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe selective past of populations is presumed to affect the levels of phenotypic plasticity. Experimental evolution at constant temperatures is generally expected to lead to a decreased level of plasticity due to presumed costs associated with phenotypic plasticity when not needed. In this study, we investigated the effect of experimental evolution in constant, predictable and unpredictable daily fluctuating temperature regimes on the levels of phenotype plasticity in several life history and stress resistance traits in Drosophila simulans. Contrary to the expectation, evolution in the different regimes did not affect the levels of plasticity in any of the traits investigated even though the populations from the different thermal regimes had evolved different stress resistance and fitness trait means. Although costs associated with phenotypic plasticity are known, our results suggest that the maintenance of phenotypic plasticity might come at low and negligible costs, and thus, the potential of phenotypic plasticity to evolve in populations exposed to different environmental conditions might be limited.
Rapid evolution of elaborate male coloration is driven by visual system in Australian fairy‐wrens (Maluridae)
Authors: Friedman N. R. , Remeš V. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe interplay between colour vision and animal signalling is of keen interest to behavioural ecologists and evolutionary biologists alike, but is difficult to address in terrestrial animals. Unlike most avian lineages, in which colour vision is relatively invariant among species, the fairy‐wrens and allies (Maluridae) show a recent gain of ultraviolet sensitivity (UVS). Here, we compare the rates of colour evolution on 11 patches for males and females across Maluridae in the context of their visual system. We measured reflectance spectra for 24 species, estimating five vision‐independent colour metrics as well as metrics of colour contrast among patches and sexual dichromatism in a receiver‐neutral colour space. We fit Brownian motion (BM) and Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) models to estimate evolutionary rates for these metrics and to test whether male coloration, female coloration or dichromatism was driven by selective regimes defined by visual system or geography. We found that in general male coloration evolved rapidly in comparison with females. Male colour contrast was strongly correlated with visual system and expanded greatly in UVS lineages, whereas female coloration was weakly associated with geography (Australia vs. Papua New Guinea). These results suggest that dichromatism has evolved in Maluridae as males and females evolve at different rates, and are driven by different selection pressures.
EMPIRICAL POLYCENTRICITY: THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT CENTERS
Authors: Craig Steven G. , Kohlhase Janet E. , Perdue Adam W. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTOur paper empirically demonstrates that employment subcenters in large urban areas have important economic relationships with each other, and not solely with the central business district (CBD). Using data from Houston, Texas, we estimate polycentric density functions and show that “total” gradients differ from gradients using only own‐center coefficients. We model asymmetry by showing density is very different for centers with overlapping areas of influence. We conclude that subcenters have important yet heterogeneous linkages to each other in addition to the CBD, and that therefore the polycentric city is more complex than simply having additional centers mimicking the CBD.
Effects of calcium oxide treatment at varying moisture concentrations on the chemical composition, in situ degradability, in vitro digestibility and gas production kinetics of anaerobically stored corn stover
Authors: Shi H. T. , Cao Z. J. , Wang Y. J. , Li S. L. , Yang H. J. , Bi Y. L. , Doane P. H. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for calcium oxide (CaO) treatment of anaerobically stored corn stover by in situ and in vitro methods. Four ruminally cannulated, non‐lactating, non‐pregnant Holstein cows were used to determine the in situ effective degradabilities of dry matter (ISDMD), organic matter (ISOMD), neutral detergent fibre (ISNDFD), in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) and gas production in 72 h (GP72h) of corn stover. A completely randomized design involving a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement was adopted. Ground corn stover was treated with different levels of CaO (3%, 5% and 7% of dry stover) at varying moisture contents (40%, 50% and 60%) and stored under anaerobic conditions for 15 days before analysis. Compared with untreated corn stover, the CaO‐treated stover had increased ash and calcium (Ca) contents but decreased aNDF and OM contents. The moisture content, CaO level and their interaction affected (p < 0.01) the content of aNDF, ash and OM, and the ratio of aNDF/OM. The greatest ISDMD, ISOMD and ISNDFD were observed when stover was treated with 7% CaO and 60% moisture, while no differences (p > 0.01) in these in situ degradability parameters were observed between the stover treated with 5% CaO at 60% moisture content and those treated with 7% CaO at 60% moisture content. Corn stover treated with 5% CaO at 50% moisture had the maximum IVOMD and GP72 h among the treatments, and there was no difference (p > 0.01) between 50% and 60% moisture. Results from this study suggested that 5% CaO applied at 60% moisture could be an effective and economical treatment combination.
The influence of urbanization on the behaviour of an Australian lizard and the presence of an activity–exploratory behavioural syndrome
Authors: Moule H. , Michelangeli M. , Thompson M. B. , Chapple D. G. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractUrbanization is rapidly converting natural landscapes into habitats dominated by man‐made structures. Urbanized areas possess a range of novel stressors such as increased human disturbance, different suites of predators, new food types and altered habitats and complexity. Species may need to adjust aspects of their behaviour to cope with these novel stressors and persist in areas following urbanization. Sydney, Australia's largest city, has undergone rapid population and geographic expansion over two centuries, but remains a mosaic of natural and heavily urbanized habitats. We adopted a behavioural syndrome approach to investigate whether urbanization has influenced the behaviour of the delicate skink Lampropholis delicata in the Sydney region. Lizards from one of the urban populations were more active, and more likely to forage for food, than individuals from the other three populations, but there was no difference in activity or foraging behaviour between urban and non‐urban populations overall. Skinks from urban and non‐urban habitats did not differ in their exploratory or basking behaviours. Activity, exploratory behaviour and foraging behaviour were all repeatable, and a behavioural syndrome linking high activity with increased exploration was evident. Our study documents the impact of urbanization on an understudied taxonomic group in the Southern Hemisphere, where urbanization has occurred relatively recently, and suggests that the influence on behaviour might be related to the degree of urbanization that has occurred.
How Selective Are Real Wage Cuts? A Micro‐analysis Using Linked Employer–Employee Data
Authors: Hirsch Boris , Zwick Thomas 
Published: August 2015

AbstractUsing linked employer–employee panel data for Germany, we investigate whether firms implement real wage reductions in a selective manner. In line with insider–outsider and several strands of efficiency wage theory, we find strong evidence for selective wage cuts with high‐productivity workers being spared even when controlling for permanent differences in firms' wage policies. In contrast to some recent contributions stressing fairness considerations, we also find that wage cuts increase wage dispersion among peers rather than narrowing it. Notably, the same selectivity pattern shows up when restricting our analysis to firms covered by collective agreements or having a works council.
Isolation of oxalotrophic bacteria associated with Varroa destructor mites
Authors: Maddaloni M. , Pascual D.W. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Bacteria associated with varroa mites were cultivated and genotyped by 16S RNA. Under our experimental conditions, the cultivable bacteria were few in number, and most of them proved to be fastidious to grow. Cultivation with seven different media under O2/CO2 conditions and selection for colony morphology yielded a panel of species belonging to 13 different genera grouped in two different phyla, proteobacteria and actinobacteria. This study identified one species of actinobacteria that is a known commensal of the honey bee. Some isolates are oxalotrophic, a finding that may carry ramifications into the use of oxalic acid to control the number of phoretic mites in the managed colonies of honey bees.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Oxalic acid, legally or brevi manu, is widely used to control phoretic Varroa destructor mites, a major drive of current honey bees' colony losses. Unsubstantiated by sanctioned research are rumours that in certain instances oxalic acid is losing efficacy, forcing beekeepers to increase the frequency of treatments. This investigation fathoms the hypothesis that V. destructor associates with bacteria capable of degrading oxalic acid. The data show that indeed oxalotrophy, a rare trait among bacteria, is common in bacteria that we isolated from V. destructor mites. This finding may have ramifications in the use of oxalic acid as a control agent.
Visible‐IR and Raman microspectroscopic investigation of three Itokawa particles collected by Hayabusa: Mineralogy and degree of space weathering based on nondestructive analyses
Authors: Bonal L. , Brunetto R. , Beck P. , Dartois E. , Dionnet Z. , Djouadi Z. , Duprat J. , Füri E. , Kakazu Y. , Montagnac G. , Oudayer P. , Quirico E. , Engrand C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractHayabusa‐returned samples offer a unique perspective for understanding the link between asteroids and cosmomaterials available in the laboratory, and provide insights on the early stages of surface space weathering. This study characterizes the mineralogy and the extent of space weathering of the three Itokawa particles RA‐QD02‐0163, RA‐QD02‐0174, and RA‐QD02‐0213 provided by JAXA to our consortium. We report here a series of results based on nondestructive analyses through visible‐near‐infrared reflectance and Raman spectroscopy. Results were obtained on the raw particles, both in their original containers and deposited on diamond windows. Identification of the minerals, characterization of their elemental compositions, and measurements of their relative abundances were led through Raman spectroscopy in punctual and automatic mode. Reflectance spectra in the visible and near‐IR wavelengths constrain the mineralogy of the grains and allow direct comparison with the surface of Itokawa. The spectra reflect the extent of space weathering experienced by the three particles. Particle RA‐QD02‐0163 consists of a heterogeneous mixture of minerals: olivine (Fo76) dominates an assemblage with both Ca‐rich (En50, Wo50) and Ca‐poor (En85) pyroxenes. The elemental compositions of the silicates are consistent with those previously reported for distinct Hayabusa particles. Particles RA‐QD‐0174 and RA‐QD02‐0213 are solely composed of olivine, whose chemical composition is similar to that observed in RA‐QD02‐0163. It has been previously shown that the S‐type asteroid 25143 Itokawa is a breccia of poorly equilibrated LL4 and highly equilibrated LL5 and LL6 materials. The three particles studied here can be related to the least metamorphosed lithology (LL4) based on the high forsterite content of the olivine. Neither carbonaceous matter nor hydrated minerals were detected through Raman on the three allocated particles. The NIR‐VIS reflectance (incidence = 45°, light collection at e = 0°) spectra of the three particles, in particular the 1 μm band, are consistent with the presence of both olivine and pyroxene detected via Raman. The spectra of particles RA‐QD02‐0163 and RA‐QD02‐0213 are also fully compatible with the ground‐based observations of asteroid (25143) Itokawa in terms of both spectral features and slope. By contrast, particle RA‐QD02‐0174 has a similar 1 μm band depth but higher (redder) spectral slope than the surface of Itokawa. This probably reveals a variable extent of space weathering among the regolith particles. RA‐QD02‐0174 may contain a higher amount of nanophase metallic iron and nanophase FeS. Such phases are products by space weathering induced by solar wind, previously detected on other Itokawa particles.
Types of fruits and vegetables used in commercial baby foods and their contribution to sugar content
Authors: Garcia Ada Lizbeth , McLean Kimberley , Wright Charlotte M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFruits and vegetables (F&V) are often featured in names of commercial baby foods (CBFs). We aimed to survey all available CBFs in the UK market with F&V included in the food name in order to describe the amount and types of F&V used in CBF and their contribution to total sugar content. Food labels were used to identify F&V and total sugar content. Fruits were more common than vegetables in names of the 329 CBFs identified. The six most common F&V in the names were all relatively sweet: apple, banana, tomato, mango, carrot and sweet potato. The percentage of F&V in the foods ranged from a median of 94% for sweet‐spoonable to 13% for dry‐savoury products. Fruit content of sweet foods (n = 177) was higher than vegetable content of savoury foods (n = 152) with a median (IQR) of 64.0 g/100 g (33.0–100.0) vs. 46.0 g/100 g (33–56.7). Fruit juice was added to 18% of products. The proportion of F&V in CBF correlated significantly with sugar content for all the food types except dry‐savoury food (sweet‐spoonable r = 0.24, P = 0.006; savoury‐spoonable r = 0.65, P < 0.001; sweet‐dry r = 0.81, P < 0.001; savoury‐dry r = 0.51, P = 0.06) and explained up to two‐thirds of the variation in sugar content. The F&V content of CBFs mainly consists of fruits and relatively sweet vegetables which are unlikely to encourage preferences for bitter‐tasting vegetables or other non‐sweet foods. F&V contribute significantly to the total sugar content, particularly of savoury foods.
Positive selection underlies the species‐specific binding of Plasmodium falciparum RH5 to human basigin
Authors: Forni Diego , Pontremoli Chiara , Cagliani Rachele , Pozzoli Uberto , Clerici Mario , Sironi Manuela 
Published: August 2015

AbstractPlasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the deadliest form of malaria, is a member of the Laverania subgenus, which includes ape‐infecting parasites. P. falciparum is thought to have originated in gorillas, although infection is now restricted to humans. Laverania parasites display remarkable host‐specificity, which is partially mediated by the interaction between parasite ligands and host receptors. We analyse the evolution of BSG (basigin) and GYPA (glycophorin A) in primates/hominins, as well as of their Plasmodium‐encoded ligands, PfRH5 and PfEBA175. We show that, in primates, positive selection targeted two sites in BSG (F27 and H102), both involved in PfRH5 binding. A population genetics–phylogenetics approach detected the strongest selection for the gorilla lineage: one of the positively selected sites (K191) is a major determinant of PfRH5 binding affinity. Analysis of RH5 genes indicated episodic selection on the P. falciparum branch; the positively selected W447 site is known to stabilize the interaction with human basigin. Conversely, we detect no selection in the receptor‐binding region of EBA175 in the P. falciparum lineage. Its host receptor, GYPA, shows evidence of positive selection in all hominid lineages; selected codons include glycosylation sites that modulate PfEBA175 binding affinity. Data herein provide an evolutionary explanation for species‐specific binding of the PfRH5‐BSG ligand–receptor pair and support the hypothesis that positive selection at these genes drove the host shift leading to the emergence of P. falciparum as a human pathogen.