bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Acute Injection of Corticosterone Increases Thyrotrophin‐Releasing Hormone Expression in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus but Interferes with the Rapid Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Axis Response to Cold in Male Rats
Authors: Sotelo‐Rivera I. , Jaimes‐Hoy L. , Cote‐Vélez A. , Espinoza‐Ayala C. , Charli J.‐L. , Joseph‐Bravo P. 
Published: October 2014

The activity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid (HPT) axis is rapidly adjusted by energy balance alterations. Glucocorticoids can interfere with this activity, although the timing of this interaction is unknown. In vitro studies indicate that, albeit incubation with either glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists or protein kinase A (PKA) activators enhances pro‐thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (pro‐TRH) transcription, co‐incubation with both stimuli reduces this enhancement. In the present study, we used primary cultures of hypothalamic cells to test whether the order of these stimuli alters the cross‐talk. We observed that a simultaneous or 1‐h prior (but not later) activation of GR is necessary to inhibit the stimulatory effect of PKA activation on pro‐TRH expression. We tested these in vitro results in the context of a physiological stimulus on the HPT axis in adult male rats. Cold exposure for 1 h enhanced pro‐TRH mRNA expression in neurones of the hypophysiotrophic and rostral subdivisions of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, thyrotrophin (TSH) serum levels and deiodinase 2 (D2) activity in brown adipose tissue (BAT). An i.p. injection of corticosterone stimulated pro‐TRH expression in the PVN of rats kept at ambient temperature, more pronouncedly in hypophysiotrophic neurones that no longer responded to cold exposure. In corticosterone‐pretreated rats, the cold‐induced increase in pro‐TRH expression was detected only in the rostral PVN. Corticosterone blunted the increase in serum TSH levels and D2 activity in BAT produced by cold in vehicle‐injected animals. Thus, increased serum corticosterone levels rapidly restrain cold stress‐induced activation of TRH hypophysiotrophic neurones, which may contribute to changing energy expenditure. Interestingly, TRH neurones of the rostral PVN responded to both corticosterone and cold exposure with an amplified expression of pro‐TRH mRNA, suggesting that these neurones integrate stress and temperature distinctly from the hypophysiotrophic neurones.
Polymorphism in CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, members of the cytochrome P450 mixed‐function oxidase system, in the metabolism of psychotropic drugs
Authors: Stingl J. , Viviani R. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNumerous studies in the field of psychopharmacological treatment have investigated the possible contribution of genetic variability between individuals to differences in drug efficacy and safety, motivated by the wide individual variation in treatment response. Genomewide analyses have been conducted in several large‐scale studies on antidepressant drug response. However, no consistent findings have emerged from these studies. In a recent meta‐analysis of genomewide data from the three studies capturing common variation for association with symptomatic improvement and remission revealed the absence of any strong genetic association and failed to replicate results of individual studies in the pooled data. However, there are good reasons to consider the possible importance of pharmacogenetic variants separately. These variants explain a large portion of the manifold variability in individual drug metabolism. More than 20 psychotropic drugs have now been relabelled by the FDA adding information on polymorphic drug metabolism and therapeutic recommendations. Furthermore, dose recommendations for polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes, first and foremost CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, have been issued with the advice to reduce the dosage in poor metabolizers to 50% or less (in eight cases), or to choose an alternative treatment. Beside the well‐described role in hepatic drug metabolism, these enzymes are also expressed in the brain and play a role in biotransformation of endogenous substrates. These polymorphisms may therefore modulate brain metabolism and affect the function of the neural substrates of cognition and emotion.
In vitro Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to Prevent Dispersal of Pitch Canker Pathogen, Fusarium circinatum
Authors: Serrano Yolanda , Elvira‐Recuenco Margarita , Conde María , Troya M. Teresa , Raposo Rosa 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker disease on pines, can be disseminated by wood produced in infested areas. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of wood preservatives, commonly used against sapstain and wood‐decay fungi, on growth and sporulation of Fusarium circinatum. Seven active ingredients of antisapstain and anti‐wood‐decay preservatives were evaluated by their inhibition of mycelial growth. Propiconazole, tebuconazole, and 3‐iodo‐2‐propinyl butyl carbamate (IPBC) were effective against F. circinatum, whereas hydroxycarbonate of cooper was not. An assay was also conducted to evaluate the efficacy of three commercial antisapstain and two anti‐wood‐decay preservatives on Pinus radiata sapwood blocks that were previously inoculated with Fusarium circinatum. The product with the best efficacy was an antidecay preservative composed of tebuconazole, propiconazole, and dichlofluanid. None of the antisapstain preservatives tested was effective even though they contained fungicidal ingredients. Effects of dosage, product application, and formulation on the efficacy of these preservatives are discussed.
Antithetic Method‐Based Particle Swarm Optimization for a Queuing Network Problem with Fuzzy Data in Concrete Transportation Systems
Authors: Zeng Ziqiang , Xu Jiuping , Wu Shiyong , Shen Manbin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe aim of this article is to develop an antithetic method‐based particle swarm optimization to solve a queuing network problem with fuzzy data for concrete transportation systems. The concrete transportation system at the Jinping‐I Hydropower Project is considered the prototype and is extended to a generalized queuing network problem. The decision maker needs to allocate a limited number of vehicles and unloading equipment in multiple stages to the different queuing network transportation paths to improve construction efficiency by minimizing both the total operational costs and the construction duration. A multiple objective decision‐making model is established which takes into account the constraints and the fuzzy data. To deal with the fuzzy variables in the model, a fuzzy expected value operator, which uses an optimistic–pessimistic index, is introduced to reflect the decision maker's attitude. The particular nature of this model requires the development of an antithetic method‐based particle swarm optimization algorithm. Instead of using a traditional updating method, an antithetic particle‐updating mechanism is designed to automatically control the particle‐updating in the feasible solution space. Results and a sensitivity analysis for the Jinping‐I Hydropower Project are presented to demonstrate the performance of our optimization method, which was proved to be very effective and efficient compared to the actual data from the project and other metaheuristic algorithms.
Three genes encoding citrate synthases in Saccharopolyspora erythraea are regulated by the global nutrient‐sensing regulators GlnR, DasR, and CRP
Authors: Liao Cheng‐Heng , Yao Li‐li , Ye Bang‐Ce 
Published: October 2014

SummarySaccharopolyspora erythraea has three citrate synthases encoded by gltA‐2, citA, and citA4. Here, we characterized and identified the expression and regulatory properties of these synthases. Three pleiotropic global regulatory proteins of S. erythraea – CRP, GlnR, and DasR – are involved in carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and amino‐sugar (chitin and GlcNAc) metabolism. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), we identified these regulators as proteins that bind directly to the promoter regions of all citrate synthase genes (gltA‐2, citA, and citA4). Footprinting assays indicated the exact protect sequences of CRP, GlnR, and DasR on the promoter region of gltA‐2, revealing binding competition between GlnR and DasR. Moreover, by comparing the transcription levels of citrate synthase genes between parental and glnR mutant or dasR mutant strains, or by comparing the transcription response of citrate synthases under various nutrient conditions, we found that GlnR and DasR negatively regulated citA and citA4 transcription but had no regulatory effects on the gltA‐2 gene. Although no CRP mutant was available, the results indicated that CRP was a cAMP‐binding receptor affecting gltA‐2 transcription when the intracellular cAMP concentration increased. Thus, an overall model of CS regulation by C and/or N metabolism regulators and cAMP receptor protein was proposed.
Induced systemic resistance responses in perennial ryegrass against Magnaporthe oryzae elicited by semi‐purified surfactin lipopeptides and live cells of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Authors: Rahman Alamgir , Uddin Wakar , Wenner Nancy G. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe suppressive ability of several strains of cyclic lipopeptide‐producing Bacillus rhizobacteria to grey leaf spot disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae has been documented previously; however, the underlying mechanism(s) involved in the induced systemic resistance (ISR) activity in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) remains unknown. Root‐drench application of solid‐phase extraction (SPE)‐enriched surfactin and live cells of mutant Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42‐AK3 (produces surfactin, but not bacillomycin D and fengycin) significantly reduced disease incidence and severity on perennial ryegrass. The application of the treatments revealed a pronounced multilayered ISR defence response activation via timely and enhanced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), elevated cell wall/apoplastic peroxidase activity, and deposition of callose and phenolic/polyphenolic compounds underneath the fungal appressoria in naïve leaves, which was significantly more intense in treated plants than in mock‐treated controls. Moreover, a hypersensitive response (HR)‐type reaction and enhanced expression of LpPrx (Prx, peroxidase), LpOXO4 (OXO, oxalate oxidase), LpPAL (PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase), LpLOXa (LOX, lipoxygenase), LpTHb (putative defensin) and LpDEFa (DEFa, putative defensin) in perennial ryegrass were associated with SPE‐enriched surfactin and live AK3 cell treatments, acting as a second layer of defence when pre‐invasive defence responses failed. The results indicate that ISR activity following surfactin perception may sensitize H2O2‐mediated defence responses, thereby providing perennial ryegrass with enhanced protection against M. oryzae.
A low‐cost mesocosm for the study of behaviour and reproductive potential in Afrotropical mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vectors of malaria
Authors: JACKSON B. T. , STONE C. M. , EBRAHIMI B. , BRIËT O. J. T. , FOSTER W. A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA large‐scale mesocosm was constructed and tested for its effectiveness for use in experiments on behaviour, reproduction and adult survivorship in the Afrotropical malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) in temperate climates. The large space (82.69 m3) allowed for semi‐natural experiments that increased demand on a mosquito's energetic reserves in an environment of widely distributed resources. A one‐piece prefabricated enclosure, made with white netting and vinyl, prevented the ingress of predators and the egress of mosquitoes. Daylight and white materials prompted the mosquitoes to seclude themselves in restricted daytime resting sites and allowed the easy collection of dead bodies so that daily mortality could be assessed accurately using a method that accounts for the loss of a proportion of bodies. Here, daily, age‐dependent mortality rates of males and females were estimated using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. In overnight experiments, mosquitoes successfully located plants and took sugar meals. A 3‐week survival trial with a single cohort demonstrated successful mating, blood feeding, oviposition and long life. The relatively low cost of the mesocosm and the performance of the mosquitoes in it make it a viable option for any behavioural or ecological study of tropical mosquitoes in which space and seasonal cold are constraining factors.
Source of nitrogen associated with recovery of relative growth rate in Arabidopsis thaliana acclimated to sustained cold treatment
Authors: ATKINSON LINDSEY J. , SHERLOCK DAVID J. , ATKIN OWEN K. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTo determine (1) whether acclimation of carbon metabolism to low temperatures results in recovery of the relative growth rate (RGR) of plants in the cold and (2) the source of N underpinning cold acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana, we supplied plants with a nutrient solution labelled with 15N and subjected them to a temperature shift (from 23 to 5 °C). Whole‐plant RGR of cold‐treated plants was initially less than 30% of that of warm‐maintained control plants. After 14 d, new leaves with a cold‐acclimated phenotype emerged, with the RGR of cold‐treated plants increasing by 50%; there was an associated recovery of root RGR and doubling of the net assimilation rate (NAR). The development of new tissues in the cold was supported initially by re‐allocation of internal sources of N. In the longer term, the majority (80%) of N in the new leaves was derived from the external solution. Hence, both the nutrient status of the plant and the current availability of N from external sources are important in determining recovery of growth at low temperature. Collectively, our results reveal that both increased N use efficiency and increases in nitrogen content per se play a role in the recovery of carbon metabolism in the cold.
Blocking the QB‐binding site of photosystem II by tenuazonic acid, a non–host‐specific toxin of Alternaria alternata, activates singlet oxygen‐mediated and EXECUTER‐dependent signalling in Arabidopsis
Authors: CHEN SHIGUO , KIM CHANHONG , LEE JE MIN , LEE HYUN‐AH , FEI ZHANGJUN , WANG LIANGSHENG , APEL KLAUS 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNecrotrophic fungal pathogens produce toxic compounds that induce cell death in infected plants. Often, the primary targets of these toxins and the way a plant responds to them are not known. In the present work, the effect of tenuazonic acid (TeA), a non–host‐specific toxin of Alternaria alternata, on Arabidopsis thaliana has been analysed. TeA blocks the QB‐binding site at the acceptor side of photosystem II (PSII). As a result, charge recombination at the reaction centre (RC) of PSII is expected to enhance the formation of the excited triplet state of the RC chlorophyll that promotes generation of singlet oxygen (1O2). 1O2 activates a signalling pathway that depends on the two EXECUTER (EX) proteins EX1 and EX2 and triggers a programmed cell death response. In seedlings treated with TeA at half‐inhibition concentration 1O2‐mediated and EX‐dependent signalling is activated as indicated by the rapid and transient up‐regulation of 1O2‐responsive genes in wild type, and its suppression in ex1/ex2 mutants. Lesion formation occurs when seedlings are exposed to higher concentrations of TeA for a longer period of time. Under these conditions, the programmed cell death response triggered by 1O2‐mediated and EX‐dependent signalling is superimposed by other events that also contribute to lesion formation.
Within‐plant distribution of 1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐ones contributes to herbivore niche differentiation in maize
Authors: KÖHLER ANGELA , MAAG DANIEL , VEYRAT NATHALIE , GLAUSER GAÉTAN , WOLFENDER JEAN‐LUC , TURLINGS TED C. J. , ERB MATTHIAS 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPlant defences vary in space and time, which may translate into specific herbivore‐foraging patterns and feeding niche differentiation. To date, little is known about the effect of secondary metabolite patterning on within‐plant herbivore foraging. We investigated how variation in the major maize secondary metabolites, 1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one derivatives (BXDs), affects the foraging behaviour of two leaf‐chewing herbivores. BXD levels varied substantially within plants. Older leaves had higher levels of constitutive BXDs while younger leaves were consistently more inducible. These differences were observed independently of plant age, even though the concentrations of most BXDs declined markedly in older plants. Larvae of the well‐adapted maize pest Spodoptera frugiperda preferred and grew better on young inducible leaves irrespective of plant age, while larvae of the generalist Spodoptera littoralis preferred and tended to grow better on old leaves. In BXD‐free mutants, the differences in herbivore weight gain between old and young leaves were absent for both species, and leaf preferences of S. frugiperda were attenuated. In contrast, S. littoralis foraging patterns were not affected. In summary, our study shows that plant secondary metabolites differentially affect performance and foraging of adapted and non‐adapted herbivores and thereby likely contribute to feeding niche differentiation.
Interspecific Variation in the Repair of UV Damaged DNA in the Genus Xiphophorus as a Factor in the Decline of the Rio Grande Platyfish
Authors: Mitchell David , Paniker Lakshmi , Lin Kevin , Fernandez André 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe fish genus Xiphophorus consists of 26 species distributed along the eastern slopes of mountain ranges extending from northern Mexico to Belize and Nicaragua. We analyzed light‐dependent repair of UV‐induced DNA damage in at least two species from each of the four monophyletic Xiphophorus groups. We found that the northern platyfish had significantly reduced photoenzymatic repair compared to the other three groups, including the northern swordtails, southern platyfish and southern swordtails. All of the species of the northern platyfish, including the Marbled (meyeri), Northern (gordoni) and Monterrey Platyfish (couchianus) are the northernmost species in the genus and are the only three species in the genus that are currently found on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Satellite data from the past 30 years (1979–2008) correlate greater increases in shorter wavelength UVB with higher latitudes within the Xiphophorus range. We suggest that, combined with other consequences of human population growth, anthropogenic deozonation resulting in a disproportionate increase in UVB in temperate latitudes may be a contributing factor in the decline and extirpation of the northern platyfish.
Metabolite changes during the life history of Porphyra haitanensis
Authors: Wang X. , Zhao P. , Luo Q. , Yan X. , Xu J. , Chen J. , Chen H. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractPlant metabolomics is essentially the comprehensive analysis of complex metabolites of plant extracts. Metabolic fingerprinting is an important part of plant metabolomics research. In this study, metabolic fingerprinting of different stages of the life history of the red alga Porphyra haitanensis was performed. The stages included conchocelis filaments, sporangial branchlets, conchosporangia, discharged conchospores and conchosporangial branchlets after conchospore discharge. Metabolite extracts were analysed with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation quadrupole‐time of flight mass spectrometry. Analyses profiles were subjected to principal components analysis and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis using the SIMCA‐P software for biomarker selection and identification. Based on the MS/MS spectra and data from the literature, potential biomarkers, mainly of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine, were identified. Identification of these biomarkers suggested that plasma membrane phospholipids underwent major changes during the life history of P. haitanensis. The levels of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine increased in sporangial branchlets and decreased in discharged conchospores. Moreover, levels of sphingaine (d18:0) decreased in sporangial branchlets and increased in discharged conchospores, which indicates that membrane lipids were increasingly synthesised as energy storage in sporangial branchlets, while energy was consumed in sporangial branchlets to discharged conchospores. A metabolomic study of different growth phases of P. haitanensis will enhance our understanding of its physiology and ecology.
Anti‐Mullerian Hormone Concentration and Antral Ovarian Follicle Population in Murrah Heifers Compared to Holstein and Gyr Kept Under the Same Management
Authors: Baldrighi JM , Sá Filho MF , Batista EOS , Lopes RNVR , Visintin JA , Baruselli PS , Assumpção MEOA 
Published: October 2014

ContentsThis study was performed to evaluate plasma concentrations of anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) and the ovarian antral follicle population (AFP) in different genetic groups. Cyclic heifers (13 Bubalus bubalis [Murrah]; 15 Bos taurus [Holstein] and 10 Bos indicus [Gyr]) were maintained under the same management and were synchronized with two doses of 150 μg IM d‐cloprostenol administered 14 days apart. After the second d‐cloprostenol treatment, heifers had their ovaries scanned daily by ultrasound to define the day of ovulation. On the same day, the AFP was determined and a plasma sample was collected to measure AMH. Murrah heifers had less AFP (25.6 ± 2.1 follicles; p = 0.01) and plasma AMH concentration (0.18 ± 0.03 ng/ml; p < 0.001) than Gyr (60.0 ± 12.2 follicles and 0.60 ± 0.12 ng/ml of AMH); however, data were similar when compared to Holstein (35.9 ± 6.8 follicles and 0.24 ± 0.06 ng/ml of AMH) heifers. Regardless of genetic background, there was a positive relationship between the AFP and plasmatic AMH concentration (Murrah [r = 0.62; p < 0.01], Holstein [r = 0.66; p < 0.001] and Gyr [r = 0.88; p < 0.001]). Also, when heifers were classified according to high‐ or low‐AMH concentration based on the average within each genetic group, high‐AMH heifers had greater (p < 0.0001) AFP than low‐AMH heifers. In conclusion, both Murrah and Holstein heifers presented lower plasma AMH concentration and AFP when compared to Gyr.