bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear interactions between the two wakes behind a pair of square cylinders
Authors: Mizushima J. , Hatsuda G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNonlinear interactions between the two wakes behind a pair of square cylinders, which are placed side by side in a uniform flow, are investigated by the linear and weakly nonlinear stability analyses and numerical simulations. It is known from the linear stability analysis that the flow past a pair of cylinders becomes unstable to a symmetric or an antisymmetric mode of disturbance, depending on the gap ratio, the ratio of the gap distance between the two cylinders to the cylinder diameter. The antisymmetric mode gives the critical condition for smaller gap ratios than a threshold value, and for larger gap ratios the symmetric mode becomes the most unstable. We focus on the flow pattern arising through the nonlinear interactions of the two modes of disturbance for gap ratios around the threshold value when both modes are growing. We derive a couple of amplitude equations for the two modes to properly describe the nonlinear interaction between them by applying the weakly nonlinear stability theory. The amplitude equations are shown to have three equilibrium solutions except the null solution such as a mixed-mode solution, symmetric and antisymmetric single-mode solutions. Examination of the stability of each equilibrium solution leads to a conclusion that the mixed-mode solution exchange its stability with both the symmetric and the antisymmetric single-mode solutions simultaneously. In the case where the mixed-mode solution is stable, both the symmetric and antisymmetric modes have finite amplitudes, and the resultant flow has an asymmetric flow pattern comprising of finite amplitudes of the two modes of disturbance superposed on the steady symmetric flow. While in the case where both the single-mode solutions are stable, either of the symmetric- and antisymmetric-mode solutions survives, overwhelming the other. Then, if the symmetric mode attains at an equilibrium finite amplitude and the antisymmetric mode vanishes, the resultant flow is symmetric, and if the antisymmetric mode survives and the symmetric mode decays out, the flow becomes asymmetric with the antisymmetric mode of disturbance superposed on the steady symmetric flow. Thus, the flow appearing due to instability differs depending on the initial condition, not uniquely determined, when both single-mode solutions are stable. We numerically delineated the region in the parameter space of the gap ratio and the Reynolds number where the mixed-mode solution is stable. The theoretical results obtained from the weakly nonlinear stability analyses are confirmed by numerical simulations. The conclusion derived from the stability analysis of the equilibrium solutions of the amplitude equations is widely applicable also to other double Hopf bifurcation problems.
Phenological synchrony betweenScaphoideus titanus(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) hatchings and grapevine bud break: could this explain the insect's expansion?
Authors: Chuche J. , Desvignes E. , Bonnard O. , Thiéry D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractScaphoideus titanusis the invasive vector of the phytoplasma causing the Flavescence dorée in European vineyards. This epidemic is a serious threat to viticulture that has been increasing for more than 60 years in Europe. We studied the effect of synchrony with the plant phenology and the effect of plant-sap quality on the individual fitness. Thus, we conducted laboratory experiments to determine if insect hatchings were synchronized with grapevine bud break. We used two natural populations: one from a cold winter vineyard and one from a mild winter vineyard. In both cases, egg hatching was synchronized with bud break and leaf appearance. The phloem quality of the young and old leaves as a food source was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the effects onS. titanusgrowth were evaluated. Phloem composition varied with the grapevine cutting's age but also varied between leaves of different ages from the same plant. The older leaves were less nutritious because they had the highest carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and the lowest content of essential amino acids. Despite diverse phloem qualities, no fitness difference was observed. We found that the synchronization of egg hatchings with bud break is well regulated. However, the nymphs are not affected by the phloem-sap quality, suggesting thatS. titanusmay accept different food qualities and that egg hatching synchrony could contribute to population expansion in vineyards.
Patient-reported outcomes in children suffering with mild to moderate tonsillitis versus those in children with severe tonsillitis
Authors: Soni-Jaiswal A , Anderco I , Kumar B N 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjective:To quantify the impact that mild to moderate tonsillitis has on quality of life in children and compare it to that of severe tonsillitis.Methods:In this prospective study, parents of children aged 0–16 years completed the Paediatric Throat Disorders Outcome Test, and quality of life scores in the tonsillitis groups were compared.Results:A hundred children were recruited: 58 had severe tonsillitis and were offered surgery, and 42 had mild to moderate tonsillitis and were managed conservatively. The mean outcome test scores in those children undergoing surgery were 36.7 for tonsillectomy patients and 36.9 for adenotonsillectomy patients, compared with a score of 31.5 for the mild to moderate tonsillitis patients (p = 0.019).Conclusion:Children with mild to moderate disease had significantly better quality of life scores than those with severe disease. It is thought that those with mild to moderate disease have short-term improvements in general quality of life after surgery, which disappear in the medium term. This transient improvement needs to be balanced against the morbidity of the surgery and the cost burden to the National Health Service. The results of this study support the national drive towards limiting tonsillectomy to children with severe tonsillitis or obstructive sleep apnoea.
A key to the corticolous microfoliose, foliose and related crustose lichens from Rondônia, Brazil, with the description of four new species
Authors: APTROOT André , CÁCERES Marcela Eugenia da Silva 
Published: October 2014

AbstractA key is given to the foliose and squamulose lichens known so far from Rondônia, including also corticolous crustose lichens with a chlorococcoid alga. The foliicolousLecanoralesfound are also listed. The following four new corticolousLecanoralesare described from Rondônia:Calopadia granulosawith a granular, corticate thallus and ascospores 1 per ascus, 33–38×10·5–13·0 µm;Crustospathula amazonicawith irregularly capitate to nearly globose,c.0·2–0·4 mm diam. soralia on cartilaginous stalks;Flavoparmelia plicatawith a thallus containing usnic and protocetraric acids, with laminal, irregular, globose to cylindrical isidia which are often easily abraded and showing the whitish medulla, but not sorediate or postulate;Physcidia striatawith ascending squamules, without hypothallus, often with laminal isidia in defined areas towards lobe tips of some, usually sterile lobes, and often with biatorine apothecia with ascospores simple to 1-septate, (6·2–)7·5–10·0×(2·5–)3·0–3·5 µm. In the whole lichen flora of the lowland rainforest region of Rondônia, the following traits can be discerned: foliose lichens amount to only 17 species (2·7% of nearly 600), 33 (5·5%) are squamulose, while the vast majority (91·8%) are crustose. Cyanobacteria are present in only 6 (1%) species. A chlorococcoid alga present inc. 100 (16%), 12 of which (2%) have a myrmecioid alga. The remainder of the species, a staggering 83%, have trentepohlioid alga, including 6 (1%) withPhycopeltis. In neotropical lowland rainforest, the vast majority of the lichens are crustose and contain a trentepohlioid alga, and theArthoniales,Graphidaceaeand pyrenocarpous lichens are the main groups, each accounting for roughly a quarter of the lichen biodiversity.
Spatial dispersal of airborne pollutants and their effects on growth and viability of lichen transplants along a rural highway in Norway
Authors: YEMETS Olena A. , SOLHAUG Knut Asbjørn , GAUSLAA Yngvar 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study aims to quantify dispersal of airborne traffic-related elemental pollutants and concurring responses – relative growth rate (RGR), maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), and chlorophylls (Chlab) – in four epiphytic lichens (Lobaria pulmonaria,Parmelia sulcata,Ramalina farinacea,Usnea dasopoga). Lichens were transplanted from 25 September to 26 March to 1·5 m tall stands in open farmlands at 10, 15, 30, 50 and 100 m from the E6 highway (SE Norway), along three transects on each side usnea dasopoga of the road. The concentrations of most elements (Ca, Mg,Na,Fe,Al, Zn,Ba,Cu,V,Cr,Ni,Co,Sn, As, Mo) significantly increased with increasing proximity to the road. Elements inboldhad elevated concentrations relative to controls, at least in some species at 100 m. The heavy metal accumulation increased from foliose to fruticose lichens in the order:P. sulcata>L. pulmonaria>R. farinacea≫U. dasopoga.However,L. pulmonariawas the only species with strong pollutant-dependent reductions in growth,Fv/Fm, Chlab, and Chla/b-ratio. The RGR and viability parameters were adversely affected by the roadside environment near the road only (≤15 m), and only after substantial heavy metal accumulation. Measurement of metal accumulation in lichens is thus a far more sensitive way of monitoring road pollutants than recording growth and lichen viability. Despite strong species-specific contrasts in elemental concentrations, most road pollutant elements responded similarly to distance from the road in all species.
Migrants, Slums and the Construction of Citizenship in Gandhi's Ahmedabad (1915 - 1930)
Authors: BOBBIO TOMMASO 
Published: October 2014

Abstract*This article explores Gandhi's engagement with the industrial workers of Ahmedabad city and his effort to integrate them into urban society. As the emergence of a large textile industrial sector shaped Ahmedabad as one of the first industrial cities in India, migrants flowed into the city in search of work, and settled in makeshift slums surrounding the textile mills. Concepts such as citizen and citizenship were progressively redefined so as to place the whole city in counterpoint to the countryside. For the migrants, becoming a citizen meant conforming to a lifestyle which reflected the ideal model of urbanity. In 1918, one year before launching the first national satyagraha, Gandhi led the mill workers of Ahmedabad in a ‘righteous struggle’ in opposition to the city's industrialists. While he led the workers in their quest for higher wages, Gandhi also acted on a broader level to help workers integrate in the city as ‘citizens’.
ROW CONVEX TABLEAUX AND BOTT–SAMELSON VARIETIES
Authors: FOTH PHILIP , KIM SANGJIB 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBy using row convex tableaux, we study the section rings of Bott–Samelson varieties of type A. We obtain flat deformations and standard monomial type bases of the section rings. In a separate section, we investigate a three-dimensional Bott–Samelson variety in detail and compute its Hilbert polynomial and toric degenerations.
Palliative treatment of thiamine-related encephalopathy (Wernicke's encephalopathy) in cancer: A case series and review of the literature
Authors: Isenberg-Grzeda Elie , Hsu Alan John , Hatzoglou Vaios , Nelso Christian , Breitbart William 
Published: October 2014

AbstractObjective:Thiamine-related encephalopathy (Wernicke's encephalopathy) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by a vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency often associated with alcoholism. Cancer predisposes patients to thiamine deficiency unrelated to alcoholism, though many cases are missed clinically. The present report adds to the literature on thiamine as a palliative tool for thiamine-related encephalopathy (TRE) in cancer.Method:From a larger series of TRE in cancer, we report on three cases with terminal illness.Results:Case 1. A 61-year old woman with Hodgkin's lymphoma developed TRE over 13 days. Precipitants included a hypermetabolic state in the background of subacute thiamine deficiency. Diagnosis was supported by abnormal serum thiamine and positive MRI findings. Mental status improved within 36 hours of initiating thiamine 500 mg IV t.i.d. Case 2. A 68-year-old man with colon cancer metastatic to liver and bone developed TRE precipitated by C. difficile–related diarrhea superimposed on 3 months of low appetite and weight loss. Diagnosis was supported by abnormal serum thiamine, and thiamine 500 mg IV t.i.d. was initiated. Improvements in mental status began within 36 hours. Case 3. An 80-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma developed TRE precipitated by systemic infection in the context of three weeks of dysphagia. Antibiotic treatment did not reverse his cognitive symptoms, and a diagnosis of TRE was made based on operationalized criteria. Thiamine 100 mg IV daily did not reverse his symptoms. On his 30th day of admission, thiamine was increased to 500 mg IV t.i.d., resulting in a rapid reversal of altered mental status.Significance of Results:This report adds to the list of cancer types in which TRE/Wernicke's encephalopathy has been reported. It supports the use of higher doses of thiamine than are typically recommended in North America. Improvement following treatment allowed patients to engage with family and treatment teams prior to death.
The effect of model uncertainty on the pricing of critical illness insurance
Authors: (Ozkok) Dodd Erengul , Streftaris George , Waters Howard R. , Stott Andrew D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this paper we calculate and compare diagnosis and net premium rates for critical illness insurance using different models for the claim delay distribution (CDD). The choice of CDD affects the diagnosis rates and hence the net premium rates in two ways: through the estimation of missing dates of diagnosis and through the adjustment of the exposure to allow for claims diagnosed but not settled in the observation period. We consider two CDDs: a three-parameter Burr distribution and a lognormal distribution. Our conclusion, based on a single, but extensive, data set, is that net premium rates are not significantly affected by the choice of CDD.
Professionelle Unterrichtswahrnehmung von Lehramtsstudierenden
Authors: Jahn Gloria , Stürmer Kathleen , Seidel Tina , Prenzel Manfred 
Published: October 2014

Zusammenfassung. Im Rahmen einer deutschlandweiten Scaling-up Studie wurde eine Prüfung des Kompetenzmodells der Professionellen Unterrichtswahrnehmung mit dem Tool Observer an einer Stichprobe von N = 1029 Lehramtsstudierenden vorgenommen. Als Teil der Validierung des Instruments wurde untersucht, inwieweit das Instrument bei Studierenden unterschiedlicher Lehramtsstudiengänge vergleichbar eingesetzt werden kann. Analog zu den Befunden der Skalierungsstudie (N = 152) kann Professionelle Unterrichtswahrnehmung empirisch als eine Gesamtfähigkeit abgebildet werden, die sich in die drei Aspekte Beschreiben, Erklären und Vorhersagen differenzieren lässt. Diese Kompetenzstruktur wird bei Studierendengruppen verschiedener Lehramtsstudiengänge repliziert, wobei die Interpretation der Itemschwierigkeiten mit Blick auf die verschiedenen Lehramtsstudiengänge erfolgen muss.
A Smoothened receptor agonist is neuroprotective and promotes regeneration after ischemic brain injury
Authors: Chechneva O V , Mayrhofer F , Daugherty D J , Krishnamurty R G , Bannerman P , Pleasure D E , Deng W 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIschemic stroke occurs as a result of blood supply interruption to the brain causing tissue degeneration, patient disabilities or death. Currently, treatment of ischemic stroke is limited to thrombolytic therapy with a narrow time window of administration. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway has a fundamental role in the central nervous system development, but its impact on neural cell survival and tissue regeneration/repair after ischemic stroke has not been well investigated. Here we report the neuroprotective properties of a small-molecule agonist of the Shh co-receptor Smoothened, purmorphamine (PUR), in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke. We found that intravenous administration of PUR at 6 h after injury was neuroprotective and restored neurological deficit after stroke. PUR promoted a transient upregulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator in injured neurons, which was associated with a reduction of apoptotic cell death in the ischemic cortex. We also observed a decrease in blood–brain barrier permeability after PUR treatment. At 14 d postinjury, attenuation of inflammation and reactive astrogliosis was found in PUR-treated animals. PUR increased the number of newly generated neurons in the peri-infarct and infarct area and promoted neovascularization in the ischemic zone. Notably, PUR treatment did not significantly alter the ischemia-induced level of Gli1, a Shh target gene of tumorigenic potential. Thus our study reports a novel pharmacological approach for postischemic treatment using a small-molecule Shh agonist, providing new insights into hedgehog signaling-mediated mechanisms of neuroprotection and regeneration after stroke.
Emerging evidence of coding mutations in the ubiquitin–proteasome system associated with cerebellar ataxias
Authors: Ronnebaum Sarah M , Patterson Cam , Schisler Jonathan C 
Published: October 2014

AbstractCerebellar ataxia (CA) is a disorder associated with impairments in balance, coordination, and gait caused by degeneration of the cerebellum. The mutations associated with CA affect functionally diverse genes; furthermore, the underlying genetic basis of a given CA is unknown in many patients. Exome sequencing has emerged as a cost-effective technology to discover novel genetic mutations, including autosomal recessive CA (ARCA). Five recent studies that describe how exome sequencing performed on a diverse pool of ARCA patients revealed 14 unique mutations in STUB1, a gene that encodes carboxy terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP). CHIP mediates protein quality control through chaperone and ubiquitin ligase activities and is implicated in alleviating proteotoxicity in several neurodegenerative diseases. However, these recent studies linking STUB1 mutations to various forms of ataxia are the first indications that CHIP is directly involved in the progression of a human disease. Similar exome-sequencing studies have revealed novel mutations in ubiquitin-related proteins associated with CA and other neurological disorders. This review provides an overview of CA, describes the benefits and limitations of exome sequencing, outlines newly discovered STUB1 mutations, and theorizes on how CHIP and other ubiquitin-related proteins function to prevent neurological deterioration.
Conidia of the insect pathogenic fungus,
Metarhizium anisopliae
, fail to adhere to mosquito larval cuticle
Authors: Greenfield Bethany P. J. , Lord Alex M. , Dudley Ed , Butt Tariq M. 
Published: October 2014

Adhesion of conidia of the insect pathogenic fungus,
Metarhizium
anisopliae
, to the arthropod host cuticle initially involves hydrophobic forces followed by consolidation facilitated by the action of extracellular enzymes and secretion of mucilage. Gene expression analysis and atomic force microscopy were used to directly quantify recognition and adhesion between single conidia of
M. anisopliae
and the cuticle of the aquatic larval stage of
Aedes aegypti
and a representative terrestrial host,
Tenebrio molitor
. Gene expression data indicated recognition by the pathogen of both hosts; however, the forces for adhesion to the mosquito were approximately five times lower than those observed for
Tenebrio
. Although weak forces were recorded in response to
Aedes
,
Metarhizium
was unable to consolidate firm attachment. An analysis of the cuticular composition revealed an absence of long-chain hydrocarbons in
Aedes
larvae which are thought to be required for fungal development on host cuticle. This study provides, to our knowledge, the first evidence that
Metarhizium
does not form firm attachment to
Ae. aegypti
larvae
in situ
, therefore preventing the normal route of invasion and pathogenesis from occuring.
Automated placement of stereotactic injections using a laser scan of the skull
Authors: Henderson Margaret , Pinskiy Vadim , Tolpygo Alexander , Savoia Stephen , Grange Pascal , Mitra Partha 
Published: October 2014

AbstractStereotactic targeting is a commonly used technique for performing injections in the brains of mice and other animals. The most common method for targeting stereoscopic injections uses the skull indentations bregma and lambda as reference points and is limited in its precision by factors such as skull curvature and individual variation, as well as an incomplete correspondence between skull landmarks and brain locations. In this software tool, a 3D laser scan of the mouse skull is takenin vitroand registered onto a reference skull using a point cloud matching algorithm, and the parameters of the transformation are used to position a glass pipette to place tracer injections. The software was capable of registering sample skulls with less than 100 micron error, and was able to target an injection in a mouse with error of roughly 500 microns. These results indicate that using skull scan registration has the potential to be widely applicable in automating stereotactic targeting of tracer injections.
Levels of social trust among men from refugee backgrounds after the 2011 Queensland floods
Authors: Correa-Velez Ignacio , McMichael Celia , Conteh Augustine 
Published: October 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between flood exposure and levels of social trust among a cohort of adult men from refugee backgrounds who were affected by the 2011 floods in Queensland, Australia.Design/methodology/approach– A quantitative questionnaire was administered to 141 men from refugee backgrounds almost two years after the 2011 Queensland floods. The survey was administered in-person by trained peer interviewers, and included a number of standardized instruments assessing respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, levels of social trust toward and from neighbors, the police, the wider Australian community and the media and exposure to and impact of the floods. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between flood exposure and social trust adjusting for pre-disaster levels of trust and other potentially confounding variables.Findings– Participants with higher levels of flood exposure were significantly more likely to report greater levels of trust both toward and from their neighbors, the wider Australian community and the media, and they were also more likely to believe that most people can be trusted.Research limitations/implications– Although the study reports on data collected two years after the floods, the analysis has adjusted for pre-disaster measures of social trust and other socio-demographic variables.Originality/value– This paper has highlighted the important place of social trust and social capital for refugee communities in a post-disaster setting. Disaster responses that support social capital among marginalized populations are critical to increasing community resilience and supporting recovery.