Overview of physics results from MAST upgrade towards core-pedestal-exhaust integration
Authors: Harrison J.R. , Aboutaleb A. , Ahmed S. , Aljunid M. , Allan S.Y. , Anand H. , Andrew Y. , Appel L.C. , Ash A. , Ashton J. , Bachmann O. , Barnes M. , Barrett B. , Baver D. , Beckett D. , Bennett J. , Berkery J. , Bernert M. , Boeglin W. , Bowman C. , Bradley J. , Brida D. , Browning P.K. , Brunetti D. , Bryant P. , Bryant J. , Buchanan J. , Bulmer N. , Carruthers A. , Cecconello M. , Chen Z.P. , Clark J. , Cowley C. , Coy M. , Crocker N. , Cunningham G. , Cziegler I. , Da Assuncao T. , Damizia Y. , Davies P. , Day I.E. , Derks G.L. , Dixon S. , Doyle R. , Dreval M. , Dunne M. , Duval B.P. , Eagles T. , Edmond J. , El-Haroun H. , Elmore S.D. , Enters Y. , Faitsch M. , Federici F. , Fedorczak N. , Felici F. , Field A.R. , Fitzgerald M. , Fitzgerald I. , Fitzpatrick R. , Frassinetti L. , Fuller W. , Gahle D. , Galdon-Quiroga J. , Garzotti L. , Gee S. , Gheorghiu T. , Gibson S. , Gibson K.J. , Giroud C. , Greenhouse D. , Hall-Chen V.H. , Ham C.J. , Harrison R. , Henderson S.S. , Hickling C. , Hnat B. , Howlett L. , Hughes J. , Hussain R. , Imada K. , Jacquet P. , Jepson P. , Kandan B. , Katramados I. , Kazakov Y.O. , King D. , King R. , Kirk A. , Knolker M. , Kochan M. , Kogan L. , Kool B. , Kotschenreuther M. , Lees M. , Leonard A.W. , Liddiard G. , Lipschultz B. , Liu Y.Q. , Lomanowski B.A. , Lonigro N. , Lore J. , Lovell J. , Mahajan S. , Maiden F. , Man-Friel C. , Mansfield F. , Marsden S. , Martin R. , Mazzi S. , McAdams R. , McArdle G. , McClements K.G. , McClenaghan J. , McConville D. , McKay K. , McKnight C. , McKnight P. , McLean A. , McMillan B.F. , McShee A. , Measures J. , Mehay N. , Michael C.A. , Militello F. , Morbey D. , Mordijck S. , Moulton D. , Myatra O. , Nelson A.O. , Nicassio M. , O’Mullane M.G. , Oliver H.J.C. , Ollus P. , Osborne T. , Osborne N. , Parr E. , Parry B. , Patel B.S. , Payne D. , Paz-Soldan C. , Phelps A. , Piron L. , Piron C. , Prechel G. , Price M. , Pritchard B. , Proudfoot R. , Reimerdes H. , Rhodes T. , Richardson P. , Riquezes J. , Rivero-Rodriguez J.F. , Roach C.M. , Robson M. , Ronald K. , Rose E. , Ryan P. , Ryan D. , Saarelma S. , Sabbagh S. , Sarwar R. , Saunders P. , Sauter O. , Scannell R. , Schuett T. , Seath R. , Sharma R. , Shi P. , Sieglin B. , Simmonds M. , Smith J. , Smith A. , Soukhanovskii V. A. , Speirs D. , Staebler G. , Stephen R. , Stevenson P. , Stobbs J. , Stott M. , Stroud C. , Tame C. , Theiler C. , Thomas-Davies N. , Thornton A.J. , Tobin M. , Vallar M. , Vann R.G.L. , Velarde L. , Verhaegh K. , Viezzer E. , Vincent C. , Voss G. , Warr M. , Wehner W. , Wiesen S. , Wijkamp T.A. , Wilkins D. , Williams T. , Wilson T. , Wilson H.R. , Wong H. , Wood M. , Zamkovska V. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Recent results from MAST Upgrade are presented, emphasising understanding the capabilities of this new device and deepening understanding of key physics issues for the operation of ITER and the design of future fusion power plants. The impact of MHD instabilities on fast ion confinement have been studied, including the first observation of fast ion losses correlated with Compressional and Global Alfvén Eigenmodes. High-performance plasma scenarios have been developed by tailoring the early plasma current ramp phase to avoid internal reconnection events, resulting in a more monotonic q profile with low central shear. The impact of m/n = 3/2, 2/1 and 1/1 modes on thermal plasma confinement and rotation profiles has been quantified, and scenarios optimised to avoid them have transiently reached values of normalised beta approaching 4.2. In pedestal and ELM physics, a maximum pedestal top temperature of ∼350 eV has been achieved, exceeding the value achieved on MAST at similar heating power. Mitigation of type-I ELMs with n = 1 RMPs has been observed. Studies of plasma exhaust have concentrated on comparing conventional and Super-X divertor configurations, while X-point target, X-divertor and snowflake configurations have been developed and studied in parallel. In L-mode discharges, the separatrix density required to detach the outer divertors is approximately a factor 2 lower in the Super-X than the conventional configuration, in agreement with simulations. Detailed analysis of spectroscopy data from studies of the Super-X configuration reveal the importance of including plasma-molecule interactions and D2 Fulcher band emission to properly quantify the rates of ionisation, plasma-molecule interactions and volumetric recombination processes governing divertor detachment. In H-mode with conventional and Super-X configurations, the outer divertors are attached in the former and detached in the latter with no impact on core or pedestal confinement.