bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tungsten Doped TiO2 with Enhanced Photocatalytic and Optoelectrical Properties via Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Sathasivam Sanjayan , Bhachu Davinder S. , Lu Yao , Chadwick Nicholas , Althabaiti Shaeel A. , Alyoubi Abdulrahman O. , Basahel Sulaiman N. , Carmalt Claire J. , Parkin Ivan P. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTungsten doped titanium dioxide films with both transparent conducting oxide (TCO) and photocatalytic properties were produced via aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition of titanium ethoxide and dopant concentrations of tungsten ethoxide at 500 °C from a toluene solution. The films were anatase TiO2, with good n-type electrical conductivities as determined via Hall effect measurements. The film doped with 2.25 at.% W showed the lowest resistivity at 0.034 Ω.cm and respectable charge carrier mobility (14.9 cm3/V.s) and concentration (×1019 cm−3). XPS indicated the presence of both W6+ and W4+ in the TiO2 matrix, with the substitutional doping of W4+ inducing an expansion of the anatase unit cell as determined by XRD. The films also showed good photocatalytic activity under UV-light illumination, with degradation of resazurin redox dye at a higher rate than with undoped TiO2.
Evolutionary food web model based on body masses gives realistic networks with permanent species turnover
Authors: Allhoff K. T. , Ritterskamp D. , Rall B. C. , Drossel B. , Guill C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe networks of predator-prey interactions in ecological systems are remarkably complex, but nevertheless surprisingly stable in terms of long term persistence of the system as a whole. In order to understand the mechanism driving the complexity and stability of such food webs, we developed an eco-evolutionary model in which new species emerge as modifications of existing ones and dynamic ecological interactions determine which species are viable. The food-web structure thereby emerges from the dynamical interplay between speciation and trophic interactions. The proposed model is less abstract than earlier evolutionary food web models in the sense that all three evolving traits have a clear biological meaning, namely the average body mass of the individuals, the preferred prey body mass and the width of their potential prey body mass spectrum. We observed networks with a wide range of sizes and structures and high similarity to natural food webs. The model networks exhibit a continuous species turnover, but massive extinction waves that affect more than 50% of the network are not observed.
Hydrazine solution processed Sb2S3, Sb2Se3 and Sb2(S1−xSex)3 film: molecular precursor identification, film fabrication and band gap tuning
Authors: Yang Bo , Xue Ding-Jiang , Leng Meiying , Zhong Jie , Wang Liang , Song Huaibing , Zhou Ying , Tang Jiang 
Published: June 2015

AbstractSb2(S1−xSex)3(0 ≤ x ≤ 1) compounds have been proposed as promising light-absorbing materials for photovoltaic device applications. However, no systematic study on the synthesis and characterization of polycrystalline Sb2(S1−xSex)3thin films has been reported. Here, using a hydrazine based solution process, single-phase Sb2(S1−xSex)3films were successfully obtained. Through Raman spectroscopy, we have investigated the dissolution mechanism of Sb in hydrazine: 1) the reaction between Sb and S/Se yields [Sb4S7]2-/[Sb4Se7]2-ions within their respective solutions; 2) in the Sb-S-Se precursor solutions, Sb, S and Se were mixed on a molecular level, facilitating the formation of highly uniform polycrystalline Sb2(S1−xSex)3thin films at a relatively low temperature. UV-vis-NIR transmission spectroscopy revealed that the band gap of Sb2(S1−xSex)3alloy films had a quadratical relationship with the Se concentration x and it followed the equation "Equation missing", where the bowing parameter was 0.118 eV. Our study provides a valuable guidance for the adjustment and optimization of the band gap in hydrazine solution processed Sb2(S1−xSex)3alloy films for the future fabrication of improved photovoltaic devices.
Arsenic(+3) and DNA methyltransferases, and arsenic speciation in tadpole and frog life stages of western clawed frogs (Silurana tropicalis) exposed to arsenate
Authors: Koch Iris , Zhang Jing , Button Mark , Gibson Laura A , Caumette Guilhem , Langlois Valerie S , Reimer Kenneth J , Cullen William R 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Western clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) embryos were exposed to control, low (nominally 0.5 mg L−1) and high (nominally 1 mg L−1) arsenate (AsV) culture water concentrations to investigate the effects of arsenic (As) on different life stages, namely tadpole (Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 56, NF56) and frog stages (NF66). The effects were assessed by measuring arsenic(+3) and DNA methyltransferases (AS3MT and DNMT1), as well as As speciation in the tissues. The As content in frog tissues increased with water As concentration. The As species observed by high performance liquid chromatography – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICPMS) were mostly inorganic, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO). With solid state X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis, arsenobetaine/tetramethylarsonium ion were also seen. AS3MT levels decreased upon low As exposure in NF56, rising again to control levels at the high As exposure. In NF66 tissues, on the other hand, AS3MT decreased only with NF66 high As exposure. DNMT1 increased with exposure, and this was statistically significant only for the high As exposure at both life stages. Thus these enzymes seem to be affected by the As exposure. Methylation of As to form monomethylarsonate (MMA), DMA and TMAO in the frogs appeared to be inversely related to AS3MT levels. A possible interpretation of this finding is that when AS3MT is higher, excretion of MMA + DMA + TMAO is more efficient, leaving lower concentrations in the tissues, with the opposite effect (less excretion) when AS3MT is lower; alternatively, other enzymes or linked genes may affect the methylation of As.
Inkjet printing of resistively loaded FSS for microwave absorbers
Authors: Zabri S.N. , Cahill R. , Conway G. , Schuchinsky A. 
Published: June 2015

Inkjet printing is proposed as a means to create the resistively loaded elements of a frequency selective surface (FSS) which suppresses radar backscatter when placed above a metal ground plane. Spectral transmission and reflection measurements from 9 to 18 GHz show that the dot density of the printed features and the volume ratio of an aqueous vehicle and nano‐silver (Ag) ink mixture can be selected to obtain surface resistances in the range 1.2–200 Ω/sq.
Eco‐driving strategies in battery electric vehicle use – how do drivers adapt over time?
Authors: Neumann Isabel , Franke Thomas , Cocron Peter , Bühler Franziska , Krems Josef F. 
Published: June 2015

Eco‐driving is of high importance when driving battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in terms of prolonging the vehicle's limited range. A longitudinal field study with 40 participants was conducted to examine which eco‐driving strategies users know before and after driving a BEV for 3 months. Furthermore, participant's knowledge regarding eco‐driving strategies with BEVs against internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) was compared. After 3 months of BEV usage, a driving test was applied in order to investigate the strategies drivers apply to drive energy efficiently and to estimate the effectiveness of these strategies. Results reveal that reported eco‐driving strategies for BEVs and ICEVs differ significantly. Users reported significantly more BEV eco‐driving strategies after experiencing the BEV for 3 months than before. Furthermore, drivers were able to significantly reduce energy consumption by applying eco‐driving strategies in the driving test. Reported eco‐driving strategies proved to be effective. The results imply that eco‐driving strategies for ICEVs have to be adapted for BEV eco‐driving and that drivers gain a deeper understanding of factors that influence energy consumption by experiencing the BEV for a longer period of time. Based on the results, support of the driver through training or assistance systems is recommended.
The Business of Prostitution in Early Renaissance Venice*
Authors: Clarke Paula C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBetween 1360 and 1460 the Venetian government established a system of legalized prostitution under the supervision of government officials and confined, in theory, to a limited area of the city. The authorities also attempted to concentrate the management of licit brothels in the hands of women, who thereby emerged as the effective entrepreneurs of the sex trade. This article describes the organization of Venetian prostitution in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries and the relations among government officials, brothel-keepers, and prostitutes. It illustrates the mechanisms of debt and credit used in the sex trade, which often kept the prostitutes subservient to the brothel-keepers and to their other creditors. An effort is made to assess the degree to which sex workers might become integrated into local society and to suggest the general trends in Venetian policy toward prostitution into the sixteenth century.
Multipliers for noncommutative Walsh-Fourier series
Authors: Wu Lian 
Published: June 2015

We consider multipliers for noncommutative Walsh-Fourier series. Let

R

\mathcal {R}

be the type

I

I
1

II_1

hyperfinite factor. For

x
∈

L
1

(

R

)

x \in L_1(\mathcal {R})

,

0
>
α
>
1

0>\alpha >1

, the multiplier transformation of

x
x

is defined by setting
\[

J
α

x
=

∑

γ
∈

F

2

−
γ
(
1
)
α

x
^

(
γ
)

w
γ

,

J^\alpha x = \sum _{\gamma \in \mathcal {F}}2^{-\gamma (1)\alpha }\hat {x}(\gamma )w_\gamma ,

\]
where

(

w
γ

)

γ
∈

F

(w_\gamma )_{\gamma \in \mathcal {F}}

is the noncommutative Walsh system in

R

\mathcal {R}

and

∑

γ
∈

F

x
^

(
γ
)

w
γ

\sum _{\gamma \in \mathcal {F}}\hat {x}(\gamma )w_\gamma

is the Walsh-Fourier series of

x
x

. It is shown that
\[

‖

J
α

x

‖

L

1

/

(
1
−
α
)
,
∞

(

R

)

≤
c
‖
x

‖

L
1

(

R

)

,

\|J^\alpha x\|_{L_{1/(1-\alpha ),\infty }(\mathcal {R})}\leq c \|x\|_{L_1(\mathcal {R})},

\]
where

c
c

is a constant depending only on

α
\alpha

. Via interpolations, we deduce that

J
α

J^\alpha

is bounded from

L

p

(

R

)

L_{p}(\mathcal {R})

into

L

q

(

R

)

L_{q}(\mathcal {R})

where

1
>
p
>
q

1>p>q

and

α
=
1

/

p
−
1

/

q

\alpha =1/p-1/q

, thus providing a noncommutative analogue of a classical result of Watari.
Assembling short reads from jumping libraries with large insert sizes
Authors: Vasilinetc Irina , Prjibelski Andrey D. , Gurevich Alexey , Korobeynikov Anton , Pevzner Pavel A. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Motivation: Advances in Next-Generation Sequencing technologies and sample preparation recently enabled generation of high-quality jumping libraries that have a potential to significantly improve short read assemblies. However, assembly algorithms have to catch up with experimental innovations to benefit from them and to produce high-quality assemblies.
Results: We present a new algorithm that extends recently described exSPAnder universal repeat resolution approach to enable its applications to several challenging data types, including jumping libraries generated by the recently developed Illumina Nextera Mate Pair protocol. We demonstrate that, with these improvements, bacterial genomes often can be assembled in a few contigs using only a single Nextera Mate Pair library of short reads.
Availability and implementation: Described algorithms are implemented in C++ as a part of SPAdes genome assembler, which is freely available at bioinf.spbau.ru/en/spades.
Contact: ap@bioinf.spbau.ru
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
TiQuant: software for tissue analysis, quantification and surface reconstruction
Authors: Friebel Adrian , Neitsch Johannes , Johann Tim , Hammad Seddik , Hengstler Jan G. , Drasdo Dirk , Hoehme Stefan 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Motivation: TiQuant is a modular software tool for efficient quantification of biological tissues based on volume data obtained by biomedical image modalities. It includes a number of versatile image and volume processing chains tailored to the analysis of different tissue types which have been experimentally verified. TiQuant implements a novel method for the reconstruction of three-dimensional surfaces of biological systems, data that often cannot be obtained experimentally but which is of utmost importance for tissue modelling in systems biology.
Availability and implementation: TiQuant is freely available for non-commercial use at msysbio.com/tiquant. Windows, OSX and Linux are supported.
Contact: hoehme@uni-leipzig.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A young stellar environment for the superluminous supernova PTF12dam
Authors: Thöne C. C. , de Ugarte Postigo A. , García-Benito R. , Leloudas G. , Schulze S. , Amorín R. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The progenitors of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) are still a mystery. Hydrogen-poor SLSN hosts are young, highly star-forming dwarf galaxies and the majority belongs to the class of ‘extreme emission line galaxies’. Here we present a resolved long-slit study of the host of the hydrogen-poor SLSN PTF12dam probing the kiloparsec environment of the SN site to determine the age of the progenitor. The SN occurred in a star-forming region in the head of a ‘tadpole’ galaxy with largely uniform properties. The galaxy experienced a recent starburst superimposed on an underlying old stellar population (SP). We determine a very young SP at the SN site of ∼3 Myr and a metallicity of 12+log(O/H)=8.0 but do not observe any Wolf–Rayet features. The progenitor of PTF12dam was likely a massive star of &gt;60 M⊙ and one of the first stars exploding as an SN in the most recent starburst episode.
Shaping the X-ray spectrum of galaxy clusters with AGN feedback and turbulence
Authors: Gaspari M. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The hot plasma filling galaxy clusters emits copious X-ray radiation. The classic unheated and unperturbed cooling flow model predicts dramatic cooling rates and an isobaric X-ray spectrum with constant differential luminosity distribution. The observed cores of clusters (and groups) show instead a strong deficit of soft X-ray emission: dLx/dT ∝ (T/Thot)α = 2 ± 1. Using 3D hydrodynamic simulations, we show that such deficit arises from the tight self-regulation between thermal instability condensation and AGN outflow injection: condensing clouds boost the AGN outflows, which quench cooling as they thermalize through the core. The resultant average distribution slope is α ≃ 2, oscillating within the observed 1 &lt; α &lt; 3. In the absence of thermal instability, the X-ray spectrum remains isothermal (α ≳ 8), while unopposed cooling drives a too shallow slope, α &lt; 1. AGN outflows deposit their energy inside-out, releasing more heat in the inner cooler phase; radially distributed heating alone induces a declining spectrum, 1 &lt; α &lt; 2. Turbulence further steepens the spectrum and increases the scatter: the turbulent Mach number in the hot phase is subsonic, while it becomes transonic in the cooler phase, making perturbations to depart from the isobaric mode. Such increase in dln P/dln T leads to α ≈ 3. Self-regulated AGN outflow feedback can address the soft X-ray problem through the interplay of heating and turbulence.
The dust mass in z &gt; 6 normal star-forming galaxies
Authors: Mancini Mattia , Schneider Raffaella , Graziani Luca , Valiante Rosa , Dayal Pratika , Maio Umberto , Ciardi Benedetta , Hunt Leslie K. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
We interpret recent ALMA observations of z &gt; 6 normal star-forming galaxies by means of a seminumerical method, which couples the output of a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation with a chemical evolution model which accounts for the contribution to dust enrichment from supernovae, asymptotic giant branch stars and grain growth in the interstellar medium. We find that while stellar sources dominate the dust mass of small galaxies, the higher level of metal enrichment experienced by galaxies with Mstar &gt; 109 M⊙ allows efficient grain growth, which provides the dominant contribution to the dust mass. Even assuming maximally efficient supernova dust production, the observed dust mass of the z = 7.5 galaxy A1689-zD1 requires very efficient grain growth. This, in turn, implies that in this galaxy the average density of the cold and dense gas, where grain growth occurs, is comparable to that inferred from observations of quasar (QSO) host galaxies at similar redshifts. Although plausible, the upper limits on the dust continuum emission of galaxies at 6.5 &lt; z &lt; 7.5 show that these conditions must not apply to the bulk of the high-redshift galaxy population.
Rehabilitation of motor dysfunction in primary brain tumor patients†
Authors: Kushner David S. , Amidei Christina 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
In 2010 it was estimated that >688 000 Americans were living with a primary brain tumor (PBT) corresponding to a U.S. prevalence rate of approximately 221.8 per 100 000 people. Five-year survival is 96.1% in nonmalignant PBTs, 34% in malignant PBTs for all ages, and 71% in children [1985–2005]. Case fatality rates have decreased in the U.S. since the 1970's for nonmalignant PBTs and for medulloblastoma, oligodendroglioma, and astrocytoma. Statistics of increasing survival highlight the importance of rehabilitation interventions to improve function and quality of life in survivors. PBT motor dysfunction is multifactorial, occurring as a result of direct effects of tumor and/or swelling or as a result of treatments; etiologies include encephalopathy, myopathy, neuropathy, infection, poor nutrition, metabolic factors, emotional factors, impaired perception/vision/cognition and complications of immobility. Motor dysfunction may lead to: impaired mobility, impaired activities of daily living, risk for complications of immobility, falls, pain, anxiety/depression, and loss of functional independence and quality of life. Rehabilitation treatment strategies target specific causes of motor dysfunction to improve functional independence and quality of life. This article reviews current knowledge and controversy regarding the role of rehabilitation for motor disorders in PBT patients.
Incidence and Costs of Clostridium difficile Infections in Canada
Authors: Levy Adrian R. , Szabo Shelagh M. , Lozano-Ortega Greta , Lloyd-Smith Elisa , Leung Victor , Lawrence Robin , Romney Marc G. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Background.  Limited data are available on direct medical costs and lost productivity due to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in Canada.
Methods.  We developed an economic model to estimate the costs of managing hospitalized and community-dwelling patients with CDI in Canada. The number of episodes was projected based on publicly available national rates of hospital-associated CDI and the estimate that 64% of all CDI is hospital-associated. Clostridium difficile infection recurrences were classified as relapses or reinfections. Resource utilization data came from published literature, clinician interviews, and Canadian CDI surveillance programs, and this included the following: hospital length of stay, contact with healthcare providers, pharmacotherapy, laboratory testing, and in-hospital procedures. Lost productivity was considered for those under 65 years of age, and the economic impact was qua.jpegied using publicly available labor statistics. Unit costs were obtained from published sources and presented in 2012 Canadian dollars.
Results.  There were an estimated 37 900 CDI episodes in Canada in 2012; 7980 (21%) of these were relapses, out of a total of 10 900 (27%) episodes of recurrence. The total cost to society of CDI was estimated at $281 million; 92% ($260 million) was in-hospital costs, 4% ($12 million) was direct medical costs in the community, and 4% ($10 million) was due to lost productivity. Management of CDI relapses alone accounted for $65.1 million (23%).
Conclusions.  The largest proportion of costs due to CDI in Canada arise from extra days of hospitalization. Interventions reducing the severity of infection and/or relapses leading to rehospitalizations are likely to have the largest absolute effect on direct medical costs.
Appearance of the prolate and the toroidal magnetic field dominated stars: Analytic approach
Authors: Fujisawa Kotaro , Eriguchi Yoshiharu 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
We have analyzed magnetized equilibrium states and shown a condition for the appearance of the prolate and the toroidal magnetic field-dominated stars using analytic approaches. Both observations and numerical stability analysis support that the magnetized star would have prolate and large internal toroidal magnetic fields. In this context, many investigations concerning magnetized equilibrium states have been tried to obtain the prolate and the toroidal dominant solutions, but many of them have failed to obtain such configurations. Since the Lorentz force is a cross-product of current density and magnetic field, the prolate-shaped configurations and the large toroidal magnetic fields in stars require a special relation between current density and the Lorentz force. We have analyzed simple analytical solutions and found that the prolate and the toroidal-dominant configuration require non-force-free toroidal current density that flows in the opposite direction with respect to the bulk current within the star. Such current density results in the Lorentz force which makes the stellar shape prolate. Satisfying this special relation between the current density and the Lorentz force is a key to the appearance of the prolate and the toroidal magnetic field-dominated magnetized star.
Chemical feature of Eu abundance in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Authors: Tsujimoto Takuji , Ishigaki Miho N. , Shigeyama Toshikazu , Aoki Wako 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The chemical abundance of r-process elements in nearby dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies is a powerful tool to probe the site of r-process since their small-mass scale can assess the potential rarity of events associated with the r-process production. A merger of binary neutron stars is a promising candidate for such a site. In faint, or less-massive, dSph galaxies such as the Draco, a few binary neutron star mergers are expected to have occurred at most over the whole past. We have measured the chemical abundance, including Eu and Ba, of three red giants in the Draco dSph by Subaru High-Dispersion Spectrograph observation. The Eu detection for one star with [Fe/H] = −1.45 confirms a broadly constant [Eu/H] of ∼ −1.3 for stars with [Fe/H] ${\buildrel {&gt;} \over \sim}-2$. This feature is shared by other dSphs with similar masses, i.e., the Sculptor and the Carina, and suggests that a neutron star merger is the origin of r-process elements in terms of the rarity of this event. In addition, two very metal-poor stars with [Fe/H] = −2.12 and −2.51 are found to exhibit very low Eu abundances, such as [Eu/H] &lt; −2, with the suggestion of a sudden increase of Eu abundance by more than 0.7 dex at [Fe/H] ≈ −2.2 in the Draco dSph. The detection of Ba abundances for these stars suggests that the r-process enrichment began no later than the time when only a few percent of stars in the present-day Draco dSph were formed. Though identifying the origin of an early Eu production inside the Draco dSph should be left until more abundant data of stars with [Fe/H] ${\buildrel {&lt;} \over \sim }$−2 in Draco, as well as other faint dSphs, become available, the implied early emergence of an Eu production event might be reconciled with the presence of extremely metal-poor stars enriched by r-process elements in the Galactic halo.