bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concise Review: The Bone Marrow Niche as a Target of Graft Versus Host Disease
Authors: Bonin Malte , Bornhäuser Martin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractGraft versus host disease (GvHD) remains a major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and is the main cause of transplant-related mortality. In addition to visceral organ involvement, concomitant myelosuppression has been repeatedly described and the extent of cytopenia has been introduced into GvHD scoring systems. Both hematopoietic cells and cells that form the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell niche have been identified as targets of GvHD. Although several contributing factors have been previously described, the pathophysiology of GvHD-mediated myelosuppression remains largely unclear and to date, no specific therapeutic interventions have achieved routine clinical application. This review focuses on the bone marrow as a target of GvHD, the factors that contribute to myelosuppression, and the possible therapeutic approaches. Stem Cells 2014;32:1420–1428
Developing a Moderate Sedation Policy: Essential Elements and Evidence‐Based Considerations
Authors: Caperelli‐White Louise , Urman Richard D. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDeveloping an institutional policy for moderate sedation is a multidisciplinary effort that should involve close collaboration among clinicians, administrators, and risk managers. A variety of health care providers administer moderate sedation. Sedation policy should address essential elements, such as clinician training and credentialing, equipment, preprocedure evaluation, periprocedure patient monitoring, postprocedure observation and discharge, pharmaceutical agents, and outcomes assessment. Sedation policy should comply with local, state, and national guidelines and standards. Furthermore, sedation policy should be evidence based to incorporate the latest information about best practices and outcomes. Advances in pharmacology, monitoring, medication delivery systems, and simulation training can help improve quality of care and patient safety in the administration of moderate sedation.
Ensuring Patient Safety and Optimizing Efficiency During Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Authors: Deas Tom , Sinsel Lisa 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe volume of outpatient gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy has grown dramatically in the past three decades, fueled by advancing technologies and evolving payment policies. This magnifies the need to ensure high‐quality, safe, and cost‐effective endoscopic services. In recent years, publicized breaches in standards of care for GI endoscopy have intensified the focus on patient safety. Because of these patient safety concerns and changes in regulatory policies, some ambulatory surgery center surveyors and inspectors have held GI endoscopy suites to the same standards as hospital ORs. The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and other endorsing organizations drafted the Guidelines for Safety in the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, which published in January 2014. These safety guidelines relevant to sedation, infection control, staffing, training, technical equipment, traffic patterns, and personal protective equipment differ from other published guidelines for the outpatient surgical setting.
Multi‐level gene expression signatures, but not binary, outperform Ki67 for the long term prognostication of breast cancer patients
Authors: Tobin Nicholas P. , Lindström Linda S. , Carlson Joseph W. , Bjöhle Judith , Bergh Jonas , Wennmalm Kristian 
Published: February 2014

Proliferation‐related gene signatures have been proposed to aid breast cancer management by providing reproducible prognostic and predictive information on a patient‐by‐patient basis. It is unclear however, whether a less demanding assessment of cell division rate (as determined in clinical setting by expression of Ki67) can function in place of gene profiling.We investigated agreement between literature‐, distribution‐based, as well as signature‐derived values for Ki67, relative to the genomic grade index (GGI), 70‐gene signature, p53 signature, recurrence score (RS), and the molecular subtype models of Sorlie, Hu, and Parker in representative sets of 253 and 159 breast cancers with a median follow‐up of 13 and 14.5 years, respectively. The relevance for breast cancer specific survival was also addressed in uni‐ and bivariate Cox models.Taking both cohorts into account, our broad approach identified ROC optimized Ki67 cutoffs in the range of 8–28%. With optimum signature‐reproducing cutoffs, similarity in classification of individual tumors was higher for binary signatures (72–85%), than multi‐level signatures (67–73%). Consistent with strong agreement, no prognostic superiority was noted for either Ki67 or the binary GGI, 70‐gene and p53 signatures in the Uppsala dataset by bivariate analyses. In contrast, Ki67‐independent prognostic capacity could be demonstrated for RS and molecular subtypes according to Sorlie, Hu and Parker in both datasets.Our results show that the added prognostic value of binary proliferation‐related gene signatures is limited for Ki67‐assessed breast cancers. More complex, multi‐level descriptions have a greater potential in short‐ and long‐term prognostication for biologically relevant breast cancer subgroups.
Comparison of 2.1–1.6 Ga fault-line alkaline metasomatic rocks and granitoids from regional fault zones on the southern framing of the Siberian craton
Authors: Kushch L.V. , Makrygina V.A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The geologic position, development stages, age, and geochemical features of metasomatic and felsic igneous rocks along the southern edge of the Siberian craton are compared. The comparison shows that all the studied metasomatic rocks are confined to the faults feathering the main suture zone of the craton. From Biryusa zone in the southwest and farther northeast, from Primor’e zone to Davan shear zone and Katugino-Ayan zone in the Aldan area, the metasomatic rocks are of similar composition but show higher mineralization. The process begins with blastocataclasis (barren stage). During the second stage, ore-bearing (Nb, Zr, Hf, and REE) potassic solutions circulate along the blastocataclastic zones. They form metasomatic potassic rocks of the early alkaline stage, expressed in subalkaline granitization. The next (acid) stage is marked by the formation of greisens with Sn, Be, Th, U, and W mineralization. The igneous stage might precede or follow the metasomatism. At the time of ongoing tectonic movements, it produces rapakivi-like granites rich in the same elements. Also, a huge volcanoplutonic belt develops along the craton edge during this time. The geochemical features of its felsic volcanics are close to those of the metasomatic rocks and granites. The age of all these rocks is within 2.1–1.6 Ga.
The rate of sedimentation in Lake Arakhlei (Central Transbaikalia), from radiogeochemical and palynological data
Authors: Ptitsyn A.B. , Chu G. , Dar’in A.V. , Zamana L.V. , Kalugin I.A. , Reshetova S.A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Chemical, radioisotopic, and palynological studies of the bottom sediments of mesotrophic Lake Arakhlei have been carried out for paleoclimatic reconstructions and estimation of the sedimentation rate.
Geophysical observations during the flight of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid
Authors: Seleznev V.S. , Liseikin A.V. , Emanov A.A. , Belinskaya A.Yu. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The paper describes the effects of the passage of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid (which exploded on 15 February 2013 over the Chelyabinsk Region), which were established from geophysical data from West Siberian stations. The trajectory and speed of the meteoric body from the start of the glow to the breakup were recorded by surveillance cameras and dashcams. Records from broadband seismic stations were used to determine the exact time of the explosion (03:20:34 UTC) from the arrival times of the surface wave produced by this event. The explosion energy was estimated from the surface-wave amplitudes at ~100 kilotons on the assumption that the wave originated from a point source similar to a high-altitude thermonuclear explosion. A database of records from seismic stations obtained during the meteoroid passage has been compiled.
In situ Determination and Imaging of Physical Properties of Soft Organic Materials by Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Matsko Nadejda B. , Schmidt Franz P. , Letofsky-Papst Ilse , Rudenko Artem , Mittal Vikas 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAnalytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM) offers great flexibility in identification of the structural—chemical organization of soft materials at the level of individual macromolecules. However, the determination of mechanical characteristics such as hardness/elasticity of the amorphous and polycrystalline organic substances by ATEM has been problematic so far. Here, we show that energy filtered TEM (EFTEM) measurements enable direct identification and study of mechanical properties in complex (bio-)polymer systems of relevance for different industrial and (bio-)medical applications. We experimentally demonstrate strong correlations between hardness/elasticity of different polymers (polycaprolactone, polylactid, polyethelene, etc.) and their volume plasmon energy. Thickness and anisotropy effects, which substantially mask the material contrast in EFTEM bulk plasmon images, can be adequately removed by normalizing the latter by carbon elemental map. EFTEM data has been validated using atomic force microscopy phase images, where phase shift related to the hardness and elastic modulus of the materials.
Regulation of human telomerase splicing by RNA:RNA pairing
Authors: Wong Mandy S. , Shay Jerry W. , Wright Woodring E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTelomerase adds telomeric repeats onto chromosome ends and is almost universally upregulated in human cancers. Here we demonstrate that RNA:RNA pairing regulates splicing of the catalytic subunit of human telomerase (TERT). Human alleles contain a variable number of 38 bp repeats within TERT intron 6 (>1 kb from exon–intron junctions). At least nine repeats are required for generating the major non-functional ‘minus beta’ isoform, which skips exons 7 and 8. RNA:RNA pairing between the repeats and the pre-mRNA might bring exons 6 and 9 closer, thereby promoting exon skipping. To demonstrate this, we show that mutations within the repeat that abolish exon skipping are corrected by compensatory mutations in the pre-mRNA. This study thus identifies RNA:RNA pairing by repetitive sequences as a novel form of alternative splicing regulation in a gene crucial for cancer survival and sheds new light on functional roles for short repetitive sequences embedded deep within introns throughout the genome.
Children's Responses to Telegraphic and Grammatically Complete Prompts to Imitate
Authors: Bredin-Oja Shelley L. , Fey Marc E. 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine whether children in the early stage of combining words are more likely to respond to imitation prompts that are telegraphic than to prompts that are grammatically complete and whether they produce obligatory grammatical morphemes more reliably in response to grammatically complete imitation prompts than to telegraphic prompts.

Method
Five children between 30 and 51 months of age with language delay participated in a single-case alternating treatment design with 14 sessions split between a grammatical and a telegraphic condition. Alternating orders of the 14 sessions were randomly assigned to each child. Children were given 15 prompts to imitate a semantic relation that was either grammatically complete or telegraphic.

Results
No differences between conditions were found for the number of responses that contained a semantic relation. In contrast, 3 of the 5 children produced significantly more grammatical morphemes when presented with grammatically complete imitation prompts. Two children did not include a function word in either condition.

Conclusion
Providing a telegraphic prompt to imitate does not offer any advantage as an intervention technique. Children are just as likely to respond to a grammatically complete imitation prompt. Further, including function words encourages children who are developmentally ready to imitate them.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170204
Interrogative structures in Croatian Sign Language: Polar and content questions
Authors: Kuhn Ninoslava Šarac , Wilbur Ronnie B. 
Published: February 2014

In this study, we investigate the interrogative structures in Croatian Sign Language (HZJ) with respect to the word order, manual question words, and nonmanual markers and their scope. Both polar and content questions mainly use specific nonmanual markers to indicate interrogative function. Polar questions use chin down and content questions use chin up as their prominent nonmanual markers. In addition to these markers, brows up occurs in both constructions leading to the suggestion that brows up may be a general question marker in HZJ. Brows down can also occur, particularly in content questions. Other nonmanual markers that appear in polar questions are head forward, and eyes wide open and those in content questions are head forward, headshake, shoulders up, and eyes closed.Both interrogative constructions use manual question words. Polar questions can use an optional manual sign je-li that was probably introduced to HZJ through Signed Croatian. je-li is not connected to the peak intensity of the nonmanual markers and we consider it to be an adjunct to the question structure. Content words are used in most HZJ content interrogatives. Question words can be represented by specific signs or can be formed by the content sign ‘5’ (i.e. handshape 5 or b-th moving side-to-side). This ‘5’ sign is further specified by mouthing the particular question word from spoken Croatian. Content words can appear in sentence initial, sentence final or both positions. In content questions, question words bear the highest peak of nonmanual intensity, thus we consider them to be operating as operators.Recent research shows that HZJ shares some features with Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS) because in the 19th century, Croatian deaf students attended Vienna’s Institute for the Deaf (Schalber this volume; Šarac 2003; Šarac et al in press). Upon finishing their education, they would return back to Croatia. Similarities between HZJ and ÖGS are found in their interrogative nonmanual markings but not in their syntactic structures. This can be seen by the fact that these two sign languages do not have the same canonical word order.
Siderophores in environmental research: roles and applications
Authors: Ahmed E. , Holmström S. J. M. 
Published: February 2014

SummarySiderophores are organic compounds with low molecular masses that are produced by microorganisms and plants growing under low iron conditions. The primary function of these compounds is to chelate the ferric iron [Fe(III)] from different terrestrial and aquatic habitats and thereby make it available for microbial and plant cells. Siderophores have received much attention in recent years because of their potential roles and applications in various areas of environmental research. Their significance in these applications is because siderophores have the ability to bind a variety of metals in addition to iron, and they have a wide range of chemical structures and specific properties. For instance, siderophores function as biocontrols, biosensors, and bioremediation and chelation agents, in addition to their important role in weathering soil minerals and enhancing plant growth. The aim of this literature review is to outline and discuss the important roles and functions of siderophores in different environmental habitats and emphasize the significant roles that these small organic molecules could play in applied environmental processes.
Sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: An ethnic Asian subpopulation analysis for safety and efficacy
Authors: Lee Se‐Hoon , Bang Yung‐Jue , Mainwaring Paul , Ng Christina , Chang John W‐C , Kwong Philip , Li Rubi K , Sriuranpong Virote , Toh Chee‐Keong , Yuan Jinyu , Pitman Lowenthal Susan , Chung Hyun C 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimsWe evaluated and compared the safety and efficacy of sunitinib in Asian and non‐Asian patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma enrolled in a previously reported global expanded access program.MethodsPreviously treated and treatment‐naïve patients received open‐label sunitinib at a starting dose of 50 mg/day for 4 weeks, followed by 2 weeks off treatment, in repeated 6‐week cycles. Safety was assessed regularly, tumor measurements were performed per local practice, and survival data collected where possible.ResultsData were available for 212 Asian patients from Asian sites (Asian‐A), 113 Asian patients from non‐Asian sites (Asian‐O) and 4046 non‐Asian patients. The most common grade 3/4 treatment‐related adverse events were neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hand–foot syndrome, diarrhea, asthenia and fatigue. The incidence of many adverse events was greater in Asian‐A than in Asian‐O or non‐Asian patients. Sunitinib efficacy was comparable between Asian and non‐Asian patients, with an objective response rate of 18% versus 14%; median progression‐free survival of 8.7 versus 10.9 months; and overall survival of 18.9 versus 18.4 months, respectively.ConclusionsSunitinib demonstrated tolerable safety and similar efficacy in Asian and non‐Asian patients. Geographic differences in the reported frequency of specific adverse events were noted across Asian patients.
MiR‐22 is Frequently Downregulated in Medulloblastomas and Inhibits Cell Proliferation via the Novel Target PAPST1
Authors: Xu Qing‐Fu , Pan Ya‐Wen , Li Li‐Chao , Zhou Zheng , Huang Qi‐Lin , Pang Jesse Chung‐sean , Zhu Xiao‐Peng , Ren Yong , Yang Hui , Ohgaki Hiroko , Lv Sheng‐Qing 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMedulloblastoma is the most frequent malignant central nervous system tumor in children. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, non‐coding RNAs that target protein‐coding and non‐coding RNAs, and play roles in a variety of cellular processes through regulation of multiple targets. In the present study, we analyzed miR‐22 expression and its effect in cell proliferation and apoptosis in medulloblastomas. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‐PCR) revealed significantly lower expression of miR‐22 in 19 out of 27 (70%) medulloblastomas, D341, DAOY, ONS‐76 medulloblastoma cell lines, compared with normal cerebellum. Forced expression of miR‐22 by lentiviral vector transfection reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, while knockdown of miR‐22 increased proliferative activity in DAOY and ONS‐76 cells. DAOY cells with miR‐22 overexpression in nude mice yielded tumors smaller than those originated from control DAOY cells. Microarray analysis in DAOY cells with forced miR‐22 expression showed significant changes in expression profiles, PAPST1 being the most significantly (10 folds) downregulated gene. Quantitative RT‐PCR revealed PAPST1 mRNA upregulation in 18 out of 27 (67%) medulloblastomas. In addition, a luciferase reporter assay in ONS‐76 and DAOY cells suggested that miR‐22 directly targets the PAPST1 gene, and lentivirus‐mediated knockdown of PAPST1 suppressed proliferation of DAOY and ONS‐76 medulloblastoma cells. These results suggest that frequently downregulated miR‐22 expression is associated with cell proliferation in medulloblastomas, and this may be at least in part via PAPST1, which is a novel target of miR‐22.
Clinical, biochemical and imaging characteristics of Cushing's macroadenomas and their long‐term treatment outcome
Authors: Kakade Harshal Ramesh , Kasaliwal Rajeev , Khadilkar Kranti S. , Jadhav Swati , Bukan Amol , Khare Shruti , Budyal Sweta R. , Goel Atul , Lila Anurag R. , Bandgar Tushar , Shah Nalini S. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryObjectiveCushing's macroadenoma as a cause of Cushing's disease is less common than microadenoma. The data on nature and behaviour of Cushing's macroadenoma are limited to a few case series. We studied clinical, biochemical and imaging characteristics of macroadenoma and their long‐term treatment outcomes.MethodRetrospective analysis of 40 patients with macroadenoma managed at our centre from 1997 to 2013.ResultsOf 40 patients, there were 15 (37·5%) males and 25 (62·5%) females. Mean age at presentation was 26·7 ± 9·3 years. Visual field defects and/or cranial nerve palsies were found in 15 cases at presentation. Mean maximum tumour dimension was 20·83 ± 10·74 mm, and parasellar extension was seen in 25 (62·5%) patients. Plasma ACTH/maximum tumour dimension and 8 am serum cortisol/maximum tumour dimension decreased with increasing tumour size. Sixteen patients (40%) had remission (4: immediate, 12: delayed) after first transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). Larger tumour size and parasellar extension were predictors of failure to achieve remission. Four patients relapsed; noticeably all of them had delayed remission. Among the persistent and relapsed cases, second TSS was successful in two of eight patients, whereas 11 of 16 patients achieved remission after a mean duration of 12·14 ± 8·41 months postradiotherapy.ConclusionYounger age at presentation and larger tumour size compared with previous series were distinctive features of our series. Large tumour size and parasellar extension were negative predictors of surgical remission. Delayed remission was seen in significant proportion of patients, but one‐third later relapsed. Radiotherapy was an effective second‐line treatment modality.
Decreased CCR2 and CD62L expressions on peripheral blood classical monocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Cui Yi Wen , Kawano Yuji , Yamasaki Ryo , Shi Nan , Masaki Katsuhisa , Isobe Noriko , Yonekawa Tomomi , Matsushita Takuya , Tateishi Takahisa , Hayashi Shintaro , Kira Jun‐ichi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveRecent evidence has suggested the importance of an aberrantly activated monocyte system in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis. However, the roles of each monocyte subset, namely CD14+CD16− classical monocytes, CD14dimCD16+ non‐classical monocytes and CD14+CD16+ intermediate monocytes, in ALS remain unknown. We aimed to clarify the alterations in the monocyte subset proportions and the surface marker expressions on each monocyte subset in ALS.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 19 ALS patients and 28 healthy controls (HC). The surface expressions of CCR2, CX3CR1, CD64 and CD62L were measured in the three monocyte subsets (classical, non‐classical and intermediate) by flow cytometry.ResultsThe percentages of CCR2 and CD62L on CD14+CD16− classical monocytes were significantly lower in ALS patients than in HC (P = 0.0012 and P = 0.0296, respectively). No differences were found in CX3CR1 and CD64 on each monocyte subset. The percentage of intermediate monocytes showed a significant negative correlation with the revised ALS functional rating scale score (r = −0.631, P = 0.0038).ConclusionsReductions in chemotaxis‐ and adhesion‐related molecules on classical inflammatory monocytes are present in ALS, further suggesting the involvement of an aberrant innate immune system in ALS pathogenesis.