bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trans‐fatty acid promotes thrombus formation in mice by aggravating antithrombogenic endothelial functions via Toll‐like receptors
Authors: Kondo Kensuke , Ishida Tatsuro , Yasuda Tomoyuki , Nakajima Hideto , Mori Kenta , Tanaka Nobuaki , Mori Takeshige , Monguchi Tomoko , Shinohara Masakazu , Irino Yasuhiro , Toh Ryuji , Rikitake Yoshiyuki , Kiyomizu Kazunobu , Tomiyama Yoshiaki , Yamamoto Junichiro , Hirata Ken‐ichi 
Published: December 2014

ScopeSince excessive intake of trans‐fatty acid (TFA) increases the risk of myocardial infarction, we investigated the effects of TFA on thrombus formation using animal and cell culture experiments.Methods and resultsC57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing TFA or cis‐fatty acid (5% each of total calories) or a chow diet for 4 weeks, and thrombus formation was induced in the carotid artery by He‐Ne laser irradiation. The high‐TFA diet significantly promoted thrombus formation in the carotid artery compared to the chow or cis‐fatty acid diet. TFA activated the inflammatory signaling pathway in cultured endothelial cells and in mice; aortic gene expression levels of antithrombogenic molecules, including thrombomodulin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, were decreased, and the expression levels of prothrombogenic molecules were increased in TFA‐treated mice. TFA markedly upregulated the prothrombogenic molecules and downregulated the antithrombogenic molecules in endothelial cells. In addition, TFA induced phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, and nuclear factor‐κB. The TFA‐activated signal pathways and prothrombogenic phenotypic changes of endothelial cells were inhibited by genetic or pharmacological inactivation of Toll‐like receptors 2 and 4.ConclusionTFA aggravates the antithrombogenic phenotypes of vascular endothelial cells via Toll‐like receptors and promotes thrombus formation in mice.
CutFEM: Discretizing geometry and partial differential equations
Authors: Burman Erik , Claus Susanne , Hansbo Peter , Larson Mats G. , Massing André 
Published: December 2014

SummaryWe discuss recent advances on robust unfitted finite element methods on cut meshes. These methods are designed to facilitate computations on complex geometries obtained, for example, from computer‐aided design or image data from applied sciences. Both the treatment of boundaries and interfaces and the discretization of PDEs on surfaces are discussed and illustrated numerically. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximum principle for optimal control problem of stochastic delay differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motions
Authors: Wang Qiuxi , Chen Feng , Huang Fushan 
Published: December 2014

SummaryIn this paper, we consider the optimal control problem for delayed stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motions. Some necessary Pontryagin's type conditions are derived by considering the adjoint equations satisfying an anticipated backward stochastic differential equation driven by both fractional Brownian motions and the standard Brownian motions. Some new results on stochastic analysis about the control systems driven by fractional Brownian motions are presented. As an application, a linear quadratic problem is deduced, and a numerical example is shown to prove the effectiveness of our method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ABL and BAM Friction Analysis Comparison
Authors: Warner Kirstin F. , Sandstrom Mary M. , Brown Geoffrey W. , Remmers Daniel L. , Phillips Jason J. , Shelley Timothy J. , Reyes Jose A. , Hsu Peter C. , Reynolds John G. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) program has conducted a proficiency study for Small‐Scale Safety and Thermal (SSST) testing of homemade explosives (HMEs). Described here is a comparison of the Alleghany Ballistic Laboratory (ABL) friction data and Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) friction data for 19 HME and military standard explosives. Two methods were employed to reduce the data – modified Bruceton analysis (F50) and the threshold initiation level analysis (TIL). The study provides a full list of friction sensitivity data for the 19 materials by both ABL and BAM friction testing equipment. Specific results highlight the differences more than the similarities of the two methods. PETN and KClO3/sugar mixtures exhibit the most sensitivity of the materials studied by both testing methods. On the other hand, H2O2/fuel mixtures exhibit no sensitivity in ABL testing, but exhibit some sensitivity in BAM testing. For the UNi mixtures, the behavior was the opposite, no sensitivity in BAM but some sensitivity in ABL. KClO4/Al mixtures exhibit high sensitivity in the ABL method, but only moderate sensitivity in the BAM method. Other differences are seen in the relative sensitivities underscoring the differences in the mechanisms of how each test method operates. In some cases, data could not be attained because of the physical nature of the material. Comparison between the two friction methods on a material‐by‐material basis using absolute values not surprisingly yielded essentially no systematic correlations. Even the relative order showed little correlation between the two methods. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) funded this effort. Each participating testing laboratory uses identical test materials and preparation methods. However, the test procedures differ among the laboratories. The testing performers involved are Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology (NSWC IHEODTD), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/RXQL).
Lung Ultrasound for Critical Care Physiotherapists: A Narrative Review
Authors: Leech Maja , Bissett Bernie , Kot Marta , Ntoumenopoulos George 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn critical care, part of the physiotherapist's respiratory assessment aims to identify parenchymal pulmonary pathology, which may be amenable to respiratory physiotherapy. In addition to clinical assessment, the tools that are most readily available to the respiratory physiotherapist to distinguish between acute pulmonary pathologies include auscultation and chest Xray. The limited diagnostic accuracy of these tools may not allow for the accurate differentiation between conditions such as lung collapse, consolidation and pleural effusion. Although computed tomography allows for this differentiation, it requires patient transport and exposes the patient to increased risk and high levels of radiation. Diagnostic lung ultrasound (LUS) has emerged as a highly sensitive bedside diagnostic tool with high level evidence to support its use for the differentiation of various common acute pulmonary pathologies. In this review, the diagnostic performances of auscultation, chest Xray and LUS are reviewed, and the usefulness of LUS as an adjunct to respiratory physiotherapy assessment is discussed. The issues surrounding training physiotherapists and the implementation of LUS are also explored.MethodsThe method used is a narrative review of the literature.ConclusionTo our knowledge, LUS is not routinely utilized by critical care physiotherapists. However, its superior sensitivity and specificity would enable the physiotherapist to make an accurate, timely and point of care diagnosis of lung pathology and determine whether the pathology is amenable to respiratory physiotherapy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excitation density dependence of radiative and nonradiative recombination lifetimes in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells
Authors: Murotani Hideaki , Yamada Yoichi , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe optical properties of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) have been studied by means of photoluminescence (PL) and time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy. The radiative and nonradiative recombination lifetimes were evaluated as a function of the excitation energy density. The radiative recombination lifetime decreased and subsequently reached a nearly constant value with increasing excitation energy density, which was attributed to screening of internal electric fields by photoexcited carriers. On the other hand, the nonradiative recombination lifetime increased and subsequently decreased with increasing excitation energy density. The initial increase in the nonradiative recombination lifetime could be attributed to saturation of nonradiative recombination centers with photoexcited carriers. The nonradiative recombination lifetime was found to decrease to a considerably weaker extent than that expected for the Auger recombination process of free carriers. This indicated that the decrease in the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) at high carrier densities could not be explained only by the Auger recombination process of free carriers.
A globally asymptotically stabilizing trajectory tracking controller for fully actuated rigid bodies using landmark‐based information
Authors: Casau Pedro , Sanfelice Ricardo G. , Cunha Rita , Silvestre Carlos 
Published: December 2014

SummaryIn this paper, we address the problem of designing a control law based on sensor measurements that provides global asymptotic stabilization to a reference trajectory defined on the
. The proposed control law is a function of the angular velocity, of vector measurements characterizing the position of some given landmarks, and of their rate of change. We provide sufficient conditions for the existence of synergistic potential functions on SO(3) which are pivotal in the generation of a suitable hybrid control law. We also provide sufficient conditions on the geometry of the landmarks to solve the given problem. Finally, the proposed solution is simulated and compared with a continuous feedback control law. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete time sliding mode control with reduced switching – a new reaching law approach
Authors: Bartoszewicz Andrzej , Latosiński Paweł 
Published: December 2014

SummaryIn this paper, a novel reaching law for discrete‐time variable structure systems is proposed. It ensures that the representative point (state) of the controlled plant approaches the switching plane in finite time and then crosses it in every subsequent step. Moreover, the proposed reaching law ensures that for the nominal plant the absolute value of the sliding variable asymptotically decreases to zero, and for the perturbed plant, it converges to a smaller interval around zero than with the application of previously proposed reaching laws. The control method proposed in this paper guarantees asymptotic stability of the nominal system and uniform ultimate boundedness of the perturbed one. Furthermore, the method ensures that the sliding variable rate of change (i.e. the difference between its values at any two subsequent sampling instants) is bounded by design parameters, which do not depend on the system initial conditions. This is a highly desirable property, as it results in a priori specified, ‘almost’ constant convergence rate of the sliding variable when the system state is far off the switching plane and helps enforce state constraints in the system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bauzeitverzögerungen bei Stahlbauprojekten
Authors: Hammacher Peter 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOb ein Stahlbauprojekt konfliktfrei abgewickelt werden kann, hängt wesentlich von der Mitwirkung des Auftraggebers, z. B. der Planung, der Beistellung und der Koordination ab. Durch Änderungs‐ und Zusatzwünsche oder externe Einflüsse kann es zu Bauzeitverlängerungen und damit zu Mehrkosten für den Auftragnehmer kommen. Das Stahlbau‐Unternehmen steht in der Liefer‐ und Leistungskette weit hinten, sodass sich zeitliche Verzögerungen der vorangegangenen Werke vor allem bei ihm kumulieren. Aus der Bauzeitverzögerung resultierende Mehrkosten kann der Auftragnehmer im Wesentlichen auf drei Anspruchsgrundlagen aufbauen, die jedoch unterschiedliche Anforderungen stellen und frühzeitig – bereits baubegleitend – beachtet und erfüllt werden müssen. Vermeiden lassen sich solche Konflikte jedoch nur durch vorausschauende Vertragsgestaltung. Dabei sollte daran gedacht werden, außergerichtliche Streitbeilegungsverfahren zu vereinbaren.Delays in the steel construction progress – Legal framework, conflict prevention and conflict resolution. Steel construction heavily depends on employers‘ planning, provision of ground and material, coordination of the construction progress. Due to changes and additional requests or other interferences in the construction process, it often comes to time shifts or extensions and thus to additional costs for the contractor. Since the erection of steel construction comes at the very end precedent delays may cumulate. The Contractor may base his claims on three main legal grounds but needs to be aware of different legal requirements. An early contract management and a good documentation are essential. Conflicts resulting there from can be avoided by the forward‐looking drafting of the contract, including stipulations on alternative dispute resolutions.
Optimierter Einsatz reaktiver Brandschutzsysteme im Stahl‐ und Verbundbau
Authors: Mensinger Martin , Kraus Peter 
Published: December 2014

AbstractReaktive Brandschutzsysteme werden im Stahlbau seit über 40 Jahren erfolgreich zum Schutz von Stahlbauteilen gegen Brandeinwirkung eingesetzt. Ihre Anwendung erfordert Kenntnisse über ihre Wirkungsweise, über die erforderliche Qualitätssicherung bei der Applikation und Wartung sowie über die richtige Festlegung der erforderlichen Trockenschichtdicken. Europäische Zulassungen erlauben im Zusammenspiel mit den Regelungen der EN 1993‐1‐2 [1] und der EN 1994‐1‐2 [2] eine Optimierung der Schichtdicken. Dabei sind jedoch auch die Grenzen der durch die Zulassungen abgedeckten Anwendungsbereiche zu beachten. Neuere Forschungsarbeiten [3], [4] ermöglichen sowohl eine weitere Optimierung sowie eine Ausweitung des Anwendungsbereichs reaktiver Brandschutzsysteme.Optimized utilization of reactive fire protection systems for steel and composite constructions. Reactive fire protection systems are successfully used against fire exposure in steel construction for over 40 years. Their application requires knowledge of their mode of action, the necessary quality management in application and maintenance, and the correct definition of the necessary dry film thicknesses. European Technical Approvals (ETA’s) allow the interaction with the provisions of EN 1993‐1‐2 [1] and EN 1994‐1‐2 [2] optimizing the layer thicknesses. However, the limits of the areas covered by the ETA’s have to be considered. Recent research [3], [4] allows both further optimization as well as an expansion of the scope of reactive fire protection systems.
Using representational tools to learn about complex systems: A tale of two classrooms
Authors: Hmelo‐Silver Cindy E. , Liu Lei , Gray Steven , Jordan Rebecca 
Published: December 2014

AbstractOrchestrating inquiry‐based science learning in the classroom is a complex undertaking. It requires fitting the culture of the classroom with the teacher's teaching and inquiry practices. To understand the interactions between these variables in relation to student learning, we conducted an investigation in two different classroom settings to understand how different teachers use and appropriate the same physical and computer‐based tools into their teaching practices. Each worked with physical aquaria, function‐oriented hypermedia for background information and reference, and NetLogo (Evanston, IL) simulations for computer‐supported collaborative inquiry learning. The students engaged in inquiry as they used the NetLogo models in small groups. Because of distinct teaching styles and varying levels of comfort with the materials and content, these two enactments were extraordinarily different between the two classrooms. We present a contrasting case analysis to examine how each teacher's practices set the stage for the kinds of interactions that occurred during students' computer‐supported inquiry learning. We suggest that one teacher worked from a cognitive‐elaboration perspective whereas the other teacher took an approach to teaching that incorporated socio‐cultural perspectives. Both of the approaches to teaching supported the active engagement of learners and may account for the similar learning outcomes measured. In light of the current move toward standards‐based public education, it may seem that there is only one pathway for teaching to support of student learning. However, our results do not support this notion and we provide evidence that different instructional models, classroom norms, and appropriation of tools can support similar student learning outcomes with respect to content knowledge. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 6–35, 2015
An exploration of hispanic mothers' culturally sustaining experiences at an informal science center
Authors: Weiland Ingrid 
Published: December 2014

AbstractScience education reform focuses on learner‐centered instruction within contexts that support learners' sociocultural experiences. The purpose of this study was to explore Hispanic mothers' experiences as accompanying adults at an informal science center within the context of culturally sustaining experiences, which include the fluidity and plurality of cultural and linguistic diversity, and support multilingualism and multiculturalism in practice and perspective for learners. Through a phenomenological approach, eight Hispanic mothers were observed with their children at a science center and then interviewed to elicit an understanding of their experiences. Results indicate that mothers were largely unfamiliar with museums in general, yet the science center supported their socio‐cultural ways of learning and engaging with their children. Nevertheless, from the perspective of the mothers, opportunities exist for the science center to provide more cultural/linguistic access to the exhibits. While prior research has shown that informal science education can encompass culturally meaningful experiences by affirming cultural identities, results from this study suggest that this inclusive and affirming approach be extended to all informal science venues using a multi‐modal approach to learning, and should include cultural sustainability to support negotiations between prior and current cultural contexts. This could include, but is not limited to, targeted outreach and programming that values parents as intellectual resources and involving diverse community members not only in the design process but also in the operations of the center. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 84–106, 2015
Identifying transcriptional cis‐regulatory modules in animal genomes
Authors: Suryamohan Kushal , Halfon Marc S. 
Published: December 2014

Gene expression is regulated through the activity of transcription factors (TFs) and chromatin‐modifying proteins acting on specific DNA sequences, referred to as cis‐regulatory elements. These include promoters, located at the transcription initiation sites of genes, and a variety of distal cis‐regulatory modules (CRMs), the most common of which are transcriptional enhancers. Because regulated gene expression is fundamental to cell differentiation and acquisition of new cell fates, identifying, characterizing, and understanding the mechanisms of action of CRMs is critical for understanding development. CRM discovery has historically been challenging, as CRMs can be located far from the genes they regulate, have few readily identifiable sequence characteristics, and for many years were not amenable to high‐throughput discovery methods. However, the recent availability of complete genome sequences and the development of next‐generation sequencing methods have led to an explosion of both computational and empirical methods for CRM discovery in model and nonmodel organisms alike. Experimentally, CRMs can be identified through chromatin immunoprecipitation directed against TFs or histone post‐translational modifications, identification of nucleosome‐depleted ‘open’ chromatin regions, or sequencing‐based high‐throughput functional screening. Computational methods include comparative genomics, clustering of known or predicted TF‐binding sites, and supervised machine‐learning approaches trained on known CRMs. All of these methods have proven effective for CRM discovery, but each has its own considerations and limitations, and each is subject to a greater or lesser number of false‐positive identifications. Experimental confirmation of predictions is essential, although shortcomings in current methods suggest that additional means of validation need to be developed. WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:59–84. doi: 10.1002/wdev.168This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics
Technologies > Analysis of the Transcriptome
Cattle make two‐stage discriminations in patch choice
Authors: Hirata Masahiko , Tajiri Yuko , Murakami Kozue , Ikeda Kazuki , Oka Kanako , Tobisa Manabu 
Published: December 2014

AbstractDiscrimination among vegetation patches differing in quantity and quality is crucial to the foraging success of grazing animals living in grasslands. Animals are assumed to discriminate preferred patches from others first, before they visit patches to eat, and then when they are eating patches. We conducted six experiments to test the ability of cattle (Bos taurus) to discriminate among vegetation patches at these two stages during foraging. In each experiment, a group of Japanese Black cows was allowed to graze a tropical grass (Paspalum notatum) for 30 min in a 20 × 20 m area comprising 4, 6 or 9 types of patches. Animals almost always visited and grazed the patches selectively, with a longer residence (grazing) time per visit in more frequently visited patches. Allocation of grazing time was correlated more closely with allocation of visits than with residence time per visit. Faced with patchy vegetation, cattle can discriminate preferred patches from less‐preferred and non‐preferred patches at two stages during foraging. The first‐stage discrimination (pre‐visit‐and‐eating discrimination) is more important than the second (eating discrimination) as a determinant of grazing time allocation to patches.