bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of the invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as ground glass opacities on high‐resolution computed tomography
Authors: Mao Haixia , Labh Kanchan , Han Fushi , Jiang Sen , Yang Yang , Sun Xiwen 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundTo explore the diagnostic method in assessing the malignancy of pulmonary adenocarcinoma characterized by ground glass opacities (GGO) on computed tomography (CT).MethodsPreoperative CT data for preinvasive and invasive lung adenocarcinomas were analyzed retrospectively. GGO lesions that were detected on lung windows but absent using the mediastinal window were subject to adjustment of the window width, which was reduced with the fixed interval of 100 HU until the lesions were no longer evident, with a fixed mediastinal window level of 40 HU. The shape, smoking habits, size of the lesion on the lung window, and window width at which lesions disappeared were compared and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimal cut‐off of the lesion size and window width to differentiate between these invasive and preinvasive lesions.ResultsOf the 209 lung adenocarcinomas, 102 were preinvasive (25 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and 77 adenocarcinoma in situ), while 107 were invasive (78 minimally invasive adenocarcinoma and 29 invasive adenocarcinoma). The shape, lesion size, and window width at which lesions were no longer evident differed significantly between the two groups (P < 0.05). The size of 8.9 mm and a window width of 1250 HU were the optimal cut‐off to differentiate between preinvasive and invasive lesions.ConclusionThe shape, size of the lesion, and window width on high‐resolution CT may be useful in assessing the invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma that manifests as GGO. Irregular lesions that disappear at window width <1250 HU, with a diameter of > 8.9 mm are more likely to be invasive.
Predictors of participant engagement and naloxone utilization in a community‐based naloxone distribution program
Authors: Rowe Christopher , Santos Glenn‐Milo , Vittinghoff Eric , Wheeler Eliza , Davidson Peter , Coffin Philip O. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimsTo describe characteristics of participants and overdose reversals associated with a community‐based naloxone distribution program and identify predictors of obtaining naloxone refills and using naloxone for overdose reversal.DesignBivariate statistical tests were used to compare characteristics of participants who obtained refills and reported overdose reversals versus those who did not. We fitted multiple logistic regression models to identify predictors of refills and reversals; zero‐inflated multiple Poisson regression models were used to identify predictors of number of refills and reversals.SettingSan Francisco, California, USA.ParticipantsNaloxone program participants registered and reversals reported from 2010 to 2013.MeasurementsBaseline characteristics of participants and reported characteristics of reversals.FindingsA total of 2500 participants were registered and 702 reversals were reported from 2010 to 2013. Participants who had witnessed an overdose [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.53–2.66; AOR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.73–4.30] or used heroin (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI =  1.44–2.37; AOR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.54–3.13) or methamphetamine (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.37–2.15; AOR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.18–2.19) had higher odds of obtaining a refill and reporting a reversal, respectively. African American (AOR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.45–0.88) and Latino (AOR = 0.65, 95% CI =  0.43–1.00) participants had lower odds of obtaining a naloxone refill, whereas Latino participants who obtained at least one refill reported a higher number of refills [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.33 (1.05–1.69)].ConclusionsCommunity naloxone distribution programs are capable of reaching sizeable populations of high‐risk individuals and facilitating large numbers of overdose reversals. Community members most likely to engage with a naloxone program and use naloxone to reverse an overdose are active drug users.
Comparison of Buprestidae collected by Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) with those collected by purple prism traps
Authors: Nalepa Christine A. , Swink Whitney G. , Basham Joshua P. , Merten Paul 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Detection of low‐level infestations of pest Buprestidae such as emerald ash borer is crucial for their effective management, but the efficiency of trapping techniques varies. In the present study, we compare two nondestructive methods for monitoring metallic wood‐boring beetles.
Buprestidae captured by the wasp Cerceris fumipennis Say (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) were compared with those captured by USDA‐APHIS‐PPQ standard issue purple prism traps (PPTs) at three sites in North Carolina, U.S.A. At each site, four PPTs were hung on trees at the edge of a known C. fumipennis nest aggregation, and changed at 5.5–7.0‐week intervals. Buprestids were collected from hunting wasps once a week during their 5–6‐week activity period.
A total of 28 buprestids (seven species) were caught by traps, whereas 267 buprestids (35 species) were collected from C. fumipennis. Of buprestids captured by PPTs, 22 were caught during the pre‐flight period of C. fumipennis, six during their flight period and none during the post‐flight period. One species of Agrilus Curtis was captured by PPTs, while six Agrilus species were captured by wasps. Of the 38 identified buprestid species taken at these sites, only four were recovered at a given location by both methods.
Although a standardized comparison of the two techniques is not feasible, C. fumipennis captured a greater number and diversity of Buprestidae than did PPTs. A combination of both techniques may provide the most complete temporal coverage of buprestid activity in a given area, provided that a nesting aggregation of C. fumipennis is available.
The role of point‐of‐care platelet function testing in predicting postoperative bleeding following cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Corredor C. , Wasowicz M. , Karkouti K. , Sharma V. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThis systematic review and meta‐analysis appraises the utility of point‐of‐care platelet function tests for predicting blood loss and transfusion requirements in cardiac surgical patients, and analyses whether their use within a transfusion management algorithm is associated with improved patient outcomes. We included 30 observational studies incorporating 3044 patients in the qualitative assessment, and nine randomised controlled trials including 1057 patients in the meta‐analysis. Platelet function tests demonstrated significant variability in their ability to predict blood loss and transfusion requirements. Their use within a blood transfusion algorithm demonstrated a reduction in blood loss at longest follow‐up (mean difference −102.9 ml (95% CI −149.9 to −56.1 ml), p < 0.001), and transfusion of packed red cells (RR 0.86 (95% CI 0.78−0.94), p = 0.001) and fresh frozen plasma (RR 0.42 (95% CI 0.30−0.59), p < 0.001). Viscoelastic methods used in combination with other platelet function tests achieved greater reduction in blood loss (mean difference −111.8 ml (95% CI −174.9 to −49.1 ml), p = 0.0005) compared with their use alone (mean difference −90.6 ml (95% CI 166.1−15.0 ml), p = 0.02). We conclude that incorporation of point‐of‐care platelet function tests into transfusion management algorithms is associated with a reduction in blood loss and transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery patients.
Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in esophageal carcinoma
Authors: Tasioudi Konstantia E. , Sakellariou Stratigoula , Levidou Georgia , Theodorou Dimitrios , Michalopoulos Nikolaos V. , Patsouris Efstratios , Korkolopoulou Penelope , Saetta Angelica A. 
Published: April 2015

Among the numerous signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis, PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR is a key one that regulates diverse cellular functions. However, its prognostic value in esophageal carcinoma remains unclear. In our study, we examined the immunohistochemical expression of phosphorylated (p‐) AKT, mTOR, p70S6K and 4E‐BP1 along with the mutational status of PIK3CA and AKT1 genes by High Resolution Melting Analysis and Pyrosequencing in 44 esophageal carcinomas. The results were correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients in an effort to define their possible prognostic significance. Total p‐mTOR cytoplasmic expression, assessed in 10 random areas, was positively correlated with tumor stage (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, I/II vs III/IV, p = 0.0500). Μoreover, maximum p‐mTOR cytoplasmic immunoexpression, estimated in hot spot areas, was positively associated with tumor grade (Mann–Whitney U test, I/II vs III, p = 0.0565). Interestingly, p‐4E‐BP1 immunoreactivity was negatively correlated with tumor histological grade (Mann–Whitney U test, I/II vs III, p = 0.0427). No mutation was observed in exons 9 and 20 of PIK3CA gene and in exon 4 of AKT1 gene. In conclusion, our findings depict the presence of activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in esophageal cancer bringing forward p‐mTOR and p‐4E‐BP1 for their potential role in esophageal carcinogenesis. Additional studies are warranted to validate our findings.
Pharmacological inhibition of caspase‐8 limits lung tumour outgrowth
Authors: Terlizzi Michela , Di Crescenzo Vincenzo Giuseppe , Perillo Giuseppe , Galderisi Antonio , Pinto Aldo , Sorrentino Rosalinda 
Published: April 2015

Background and PurposeLung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Despite advances in therapy, conventional therapy is still the main treatment and has a high risk of chemotherapy resistance. Caspase‐8 is involved in cell death and is a recognized marker for poor patient prognosis.Experimental ApproachTo elucidate the role of caspase‐8 in lung carcinoma, we used human samples of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a mouse model of carcinogen‐induced lung cancer.Key ResultsHealthy and cancerous NSCLC samples had similar levels of the active form of caspase‐8. Similarly, lung tumour‐bearing mice had high levels of the active form of caspase‐8. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase‐8 by z‐IETD‐FMK robustly reduced tumour outgrowth and this was closely associated with a reduction in the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐6, TNF‐α, IL‐18, IL‐1α, IL‐33, but not IL‐1β. Furthermore, inhibition of caspase‐8 reduced the recruitment of innate suppressive cells, such as myeloid‐derived suppressor cells, but not of regulatory T cells to lungs of tumour‐bearing mice. However, despite the well‐known role of caspase‐8 in cell death, the apoptotic cascade (caspase‐3, caspase‐9 and Bcl‐2 dependent) was not active in lungs of z‐IETD‐treated tumour‐bearing mice, but instead higher levels of the short segment of c‐FLIP (c‐FLIPs) were detected. Similarly, human healthy lung samples had higher levels of c‐FLIPs than cancerous samples.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur data suggest that caspase‐8 is an important orchestrator of cancer‐associated inflammation and the presence of short segment of c‐FLIP determines whether caspase‐8 induces tumour proliferation or tumour arrest/regression in the lung.
Factory to Faculty: Socioeconomic Difference and the Educational Experiences of University Professors
Authors: Haney Timothy J. 
Published: April 2015

Numerous essays exist on the lived experiences of academics from working‐class or poverty‐class origins. Yet, to date, there exists no systematic analysis of the class origins of university faculty members. This study utilizes surveys from a random sample of full‐time university professors at all 95 Canadian universities affiliated with the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC) to analyze the ways in which socioeconomic background impacts experiences within university and graduate school. Findings indicate that several measures of socioeconomic background are indeed significant predictors of this experience. Qualitative data reveal that working‐class faculty members are hyper‐aware of the ways in which their class backgrounds affected their educational trajectories; while conversely, academics from middle‐class backgrounds were also reflective about the ways in which they were privileged. The paper concludes with implications for developing public policy that shifts focus away from apolitical discussions of diversity, toward promoting inclusivity for those from working‐class or lower‐income backgrounds.Il existe de nombreux travaux concernant les expériences vécues par des académiques qui font parties de différentes classes sociales, particulièrement les classes ouvrières. Par contre, jusqu’à date, il n'existe aucune analyse systématique concernant les classes d'origines des membres du corps professoral qui travaillent aux universités. Cette étude utilise des enquêtes qui ont été obtenues avec un échantillon aléatoire de professeurs qui travaillent à temps plein aux 95 universités Canadiennes affiliées avec “L'association des Universités et Collèges du Canada” (AUCC). Cette étude analyse les façons que le statut socio‐économique de la famille affecte les expériences à l'université et aux études supérieures. Les résultats quantitatifs démontrent que plusieurs mesures de statut socio‐économique prédisent ces expériences. En plus, les résultats qualitatifs démontrent que les membres du corps professoral qui viennent la classe ouvrière sont très conscients des façons que leur statut socio‐économique affecte leurs trajectoires académiques. Par contre, les membres du corps professoral qui viennent la classe moyenne sont aussi conscients et même réfléchissant des façons qu'ils sont privilégiés à cause de leur statut socio‐économique. Les résultats indiquent la nécessité de développer des politiques publiques qui détourne l'attention et les discussions apolitiques sur la diversité, aux discussions sur les façons de promouvoir, aux universités, l'inclusion de ceux qui viennent des milieux socio‐économiques inférieurs et défavorisés.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Kojic Acid Derivatives Containing 1,2,4‐triazole as Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitors
Authors: Xie Wenlin , Zhang Jingai , Ma Xiaojing , Yang Wenqian , Zhou Ying , Tang Xufu , Zou Yan , Li Hui , He Jingjing , Xie Shimin , Zhao Yunhui , Liu Fengping 
Published: April 2015

A series of 5‐substituted‐3‐[5‐hydroxy‐4‐pyrone‐2‐yl‐methymercapto]‐4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole derivatives were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of 5‐hydroxy‐2‐chloromethyl ‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one with 5‐substituted‐3‐mercapto‐4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole, and their inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase were evaluated. The results indicated that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity. Specifically, 5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐[5‐hydroxy‐4‐pyrone‐2‐yl‐methymercapto]‐4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (6j) exhibited the most potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 4.50 ± 0.34 μm. The kinetic studies of the compound (6j) demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of the compound on the tyrosinase were belonging to competitive inhibitors. Meanwhile, the structure–activity relationship was also discussed.
Retention Forces between Titanium and Zirconia Components of Two‐Part Implant Abutments with Different Techniques of Surface Modification
Authors: von Maltzahn Nadine Freifrau , Holstermann Jan , Kohorst Philipp 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe adhesive connection between titanium base and zirconia coping of two‐part abutments may be responsible for the failure rate. A high mechanical stability between both components is essential for the long‐term success.PurposeThe aim of the present in‐vitro study was to evaluate the influence of different surface modification techniques and resin‐based luting agents on the retention forces between titanium and zirconia components in two‐part implant abutments.Materials and MethodsA total of 120 abutments with a titanium base bonded to a zirconia coping were investigated. Two different resin‐based luting agents (Panavia F 2.0 and RelyX Unicem) and six different surface modifications were used to fix these components, resulting in 12 test groups (n = 10). The surface of the test specimens was mechanically pretreated with aluminium oxide blasting in combination with application of two surface activating primers (Alloy Primer, Clearfil Ceramic Primer) or a tribological conditioning (Rocatec), respectively. All specimens underwent 10,000 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C in a moist environment. A pull‐off test was then conducted to determine retention forces between the titanium and zirconia components, and statistical analysis was performed (two‐way anova). Finally, fracture surfaces were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy.ResultsNo significant differences were found between Panavia F 2.0 and RelyX Unicem. However, the retention forces were significantly influenced by the surface modification technique used (p < 0.001). For both luting agents, the highest retention forces were found when adhesion surfaces of both the titanium bases and the zirconia copings were pretreated with aluminium oxide blasting, and with the application of Clearfil Ceramic Primer.ConclusionSurface modification techniques crucially influence the retention forces between titanium and zirconia components in two‐part implant abutments. All adhesion surfaces should be pretreated by sandblasting. Moreover, a phosphate‐based primer serves to enhance long‐term retention of the components.
Intratympanic therapy in Meniere's syndrome or disease: up to date evidence for clinical practice
Authors: Syed M.I. , Ilan O. , Nassar J. , Rutka J.A. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundMeniere's syndrome or disease (MS/D) is typically characterised by episodic vertigo, aural fullness, tinnitus and fluctuating hearing loss. There are multiple options available for treatment with variation in consensus on the best intervention.ObjectiveTo evaluate the evidence on the efficacy of intratympanic therapies [steroids, gentamicin, antivirals and other therapies] on the frequency and severity of vertigo and other symptoms of MS/D.Search strategyA literature search was performed on AMED, EMBASE, HMIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, BNI, CINAHL, HEALTH BUSINESS ELITE, CENTRAL and Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat disorders group trials register using various MeSH. The search was restricted to English and human subjects, and the last date of search was December 2014.Selection criteriaRandomised controlled trials of intratympanic therapies [steroids, gentamicin antivirals and latanoprost] versus a placebo or another treatment.ResultsWe analysed 8 RCT's comparing intratympanic steroids, gentamicin, ganciclovir (antiviral) and latanoprost versus another form of intratympanic treatment or placebo.ConclusionsOn the basis of 6 RCT's (n = 242), there is evidence to support the effectiveness of intratympanic steroids and gentamicin to control symptoms of vertigo in MS/D albeit with a risk of hearing loss with gentamicin. However, there was no consensus found on doses or treatment protocols. There was no evidence to support the use of other forms of intratympanic therapy (antivirals and latanoprost) in MS/D.
Diffuse miliary nodules in the bronchial mucosa observed by bronchoscopy: sarcoidosis or tuberculosis?
Authors: Jin Xiaoyan , Yu Jialun , Yan Jin , Chen Shujing 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackground and AimsMiliary tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis that is characterized by a wide dissemination into lung fields. So far, no report has shown a miliary tuberculosis case where diffuse miliary nodules can be observed in airways by bronchoscopy. Here we reported a case of military tuberculosis that can easily be misdiagnosed as sarcoidosis.MethodsReport of one case.ResultsBronchoscopy showed the presence of diffuse miliary nodules in the mucosa of bilateral bronchi. Pathological examination revealed non‐caseating necrotic granuloma. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was not detected. Our case was extremely difficult to differentiate sarcoidosis from tuberculosis. With patient's safety in mind, we finally administered anti‐tuberculosis therapy and obtained satisfactory results.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first report of a miliary tuberculosis case where diffuse miliary nodules were observed by bronchoscopy. Therefore, when diffused miliary nodules are observed during bronchoscopy, all of the patient's test results should be thoroughly analyzed to rule out miliary tuberculosis. If the diagnosis is very difficult, anti‐tuberculosis therapy should be considered first to ensure patient safety.
Changes in lung volumes and gas trapping in patients with large hiatal hernia
Authors: Naoum Christopher , Kritharides Leonard , Ing Alvin , Falk Gregory L. , Yiannikas John 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackground and AimsStudies assessing hiatal hernia (HH)‐related effects on lung volumes derived by body plethysmography are limited. We aimed to evaluate the effect of hernia size on lung volumes (including assessment by body plethysmography) and the relationship to functional capacity, as well as the impact of corrective surgery.MethodsSeventy‐three patients (70 ± 10 years; 54 female) with large HH [mean ± standard deviation, intra‐thoracic stomach (ITS) (%): 63 ± 20%; type III in 65/73] had respiratory function data (spirometry, 73/73; body plethysmography, 64/73; diffusing capacity, 71/73) and underwent HH surgery. Respiratory function was analysed in relation to hernia size (groups I, II and III: ≤50, 50%–75% and ≥75% ITS, respectively) and functional capacity. Post‐operative changes were quantified in a subgroup.ResultsTotal lung capacity (TLC) and vital capacity (VC) correlated inversely with hernia size (TLC: 97 ± 11%, 96 ± 13%, 88 ± 10% predicted in groups I, II and III, respectively, P = 0.01; VC: 110 ± 17%, 111 ± 14%, 98 ± 14% predicted, P = 0.02); however, mean values were normal and only 14% had abnormal lung volumes. Surgery increased TLC (93 ± 11% vs 97 ± 10% predicted) and VC (105 ± 15% vs 116 ± 18%), and decreased residual volume/total lung capacity (RV/TLC) ratio (39 ± 7% vs 37 ± 6%) (P < 0.01 for all). Respiratory changes were modest relative to the marked functional class improvement. Among parameters that improved following HH surgery, decreased TLC and forced expiratory volume in 1 s and increased RV/TLC ratio correlated with poorer functional class pre‐operatively.ConclusionsIncreasing HH size correlates with reduced TLC and VC. Surgery improves lung volumes and gas trapping; however, the changes are mild and within the normal range.