bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guilt and depression: Two different factors in individuals with negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Authors: Rabany L. , Weiser M. , Levkovitz Y. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective:Depression is common among schizophrenia patients and constitutes a major risk factor for suicide. Calgary Depression Scale (CDSS) is the most widely used instrument for measuring depression in schizophrenia. CDSS has never been examined in patients with predominant negative symptoms, thus possibly hindering both accurate assessment and understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The current study is the first to examine CDSS’ structure in this population.Methods:We conducted Principal Component Analysis (n= 184) for the CDSS items. Thereafter, we correlated emerging factors with psychopathological, demographic and side effect variables. We assessed internal consistency and reliability of the emerging factors, as well as demographic correlations.Results:The analysis yielded two factors:depression-hopelessnessandguilt. Factors distinctly correlated with separate variables. Removal of item #7 (early waking) improved internal consistency. Thedepression-hopelessnessfactor had an inverse correlation with negative symptoms, and positive correlation with neuroleptic side effects.Conclusions:CDSS structure indicated of two separate factors, i.e.,depression-hopelessnessandguilt, suggesting separate underlying processes. The validity of the scale might benefit from a two-fold structure and the removal/replacement of item #7 (early waking). A noteworthy inverse correlation was found between the depression factor and negative symptoms, as well as a positive correlation between depression factor and neuroleptic side effects.
Learner interaction in a massively multiplayer online role playing game (MMORPG): A sociocultural discourse analysis
Authors: Peterson Mark 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis exploratory study investigates the linguistic and social interaction of four intermediate EFL learners during game play in a massively multiplayer online role playing game (MMORPG). Twelve illustrative episodes drawn from the participants’ text chat, collected in four 70-minute sessions held over a one-month period, are analyzed from a sociocultural perspective. Qualitative analysis reveals the presence of interactional features associated with the development of sociocultural competence. Throughout this study the learners successfully engaged in collaborative social interaction involving dialogue, conducted exclusively in the target language. Participants made appropriate use of politeness involving greetings, informal language, small talk, humor, and leave-takings, as a means to support the operation of collaborative interpersonal relationships. These relationships appeared based on reciprocity, friendship, and teamwork. They were effective in facilitating the creation of a low stress atmosphere characterized by social cohesion that was conducive to co-construction, and the consistent production of coherent target language output. The data indicates that the learners were able to jointly establish, and maintain, states of intersubjectivity through the use of continuers, and requests for assistance relevant to in-game tasks. Learner feedback was positive, and suggests that although the participants found the game play challenging, as this research progressed they became increasingly comfortable as their familiarity with the game increased. Aspects of participation identified by the learners as beneficial included opportunities for risk-taking, enhanced fluency practice, and exposure to vocabulary not normally encountered in regular language classes. The analysis suggests that the game provided access to an environment conducive to forms of collaborative target language use and social interaction identified as beneficial in the sociocultural account of language development.
Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) One Year Following the Gulf Coast Oil Spill: Alabama and Mississippi, 2011
Authors: Buttke Danielle , Vagi Sara , Schnall Amy , Bayleyegn Tesfaye , Morrison Melissa , Allen Mardi , Wolkin Amy 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundOn April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon drilling unit exploded off the coast of Louisiana, resulting in 11 deaths and the largest marine petroleum release in history. Previous oil spill disasters have been associated with negative mental health outcomes in affected communities. In response to requests from Mississippi and Alabama, potential mental health issues resulting from this event were identified by implementing a novel use of a Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) in the months immediately following the Gulf Coast oil spill.PurposeThis assessment was repeated one year later to determine long-term mental health needs and changes.MethodsA two-stage sampling method was used to select households, and a questionnaire including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) questions was administered. Weighted cluster analysis was conducted, and BRFSS questions were compared to the most recent BRFSS reports and the 2010 results.ResultsIn 2011, 8.8%-15.1% of individuals reported depressive symptoms compared to 15.4%–24.5% of individuals in 2010, with 13.2%-20.3% reporting symptoms consistent with an anxiety disorder compared to 21.4%-31.5% of individuals in 2010. Respondents reporting decreased income following the oil spill were more likely to report mental health symptoms compared to respondents reporting no change in income.ConclusionsOverall, mental health symptoms were higher in the three assessment areas compared to BRFSS reports, but lower than 2010 surveys. These results suggest that mental health services are still needed, particularly in households experiencing decreased income since the oil spill.ButtkeD, VagiS, SchnallA, BayleyegnT, MorrisonM, AllenM, WolkinA. Community assessment for public health emergency response (CASPER) one year following the Gulf Coast oil spill: Alabama and Mississippi, 2011. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(6):1-7.
International paternalism and humanitarian governance
Authors: BARNETT MICHAEL N 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article argues that paternalism is an organizing principle of the international humanitarian order. The international community is increasingly organized to preserve, protect, and promote human life, reflecting an ethics of care and impulse to intervene for the greater good. This mixture of care and control is captured by the concept of paternalism, which Gerald Dworkin famously defined as ‘the interference with a person’s liberty of action justified by reasons referring exclusively to the welfare, good, happiness, needs, interests or values of the person being coerced’. Paternalism is either present or dormant in many (if not nearly all) interventions that are designed for the betterment of people and the good of humanity. This article has four goals: 1) to reassess and examine the analytical power of this much maligned and misunderstood concept; 2) to consider the dimensions upon which paternalism varies in order to develop the concept’s value for empirical analysis; 3) to speculate how and why paternalism’s form has moved from ‘strong’ to ‘weak’ over the last hundred years; and, 4) to consider whether, why, and when paternalism might be legitimate.
Analysis of seasonality and annual mean distribution of atmospheric potential oxygen (APO) in the Pacific region
Authors: Tohjima Yasunori , Minejima Chika , Mukai Hitoshi , Machida Toshinobu , Yamagishi Hiroaki , Nojiri Yukihiro 
Published: September 2012

We present a data set of atmospheric potential oxygen (APO = O2 + 1.1 × CO2) based on the atmospheric O2/N2 and CO2measurements of flask samples collected at two monitoring stations in Japan and on commercial cargo ships sailing between Japan and U.S./Canada and Australia/New Zealand. Since APO is invariant with respect to the terrestrial biotic exchange, its variation mainly reflects the spatiotemporal distribution in the air‐to‐sea gas exchange. From the observed APO for the years 2002–2008, we find: (1) elevated annual mean values near the equator, (2) elevated annual mean values and large seasonal amplitudes in the northwestern North Pacific, and (3) a deep trough of low annual mean values at latitudes 20–40°N in the Western Pacific. In addition, latitudinal distributions in the timing of the observed seasonal maximum and minimum show asymmetric patterns across the equator. Comparing these observations with a series of simulated APO generated in the NIES99 atmospheric transport model driven by a set of climatological oceanic O2 and CO2 flux fields, we find a good agreement except for the observed deep trough at the midlatitude. Simulations with different transport mechanisms and fluxes reveal that the seasonal covariation between oceanic O2 flux and atmospheric transport contribute significantly to the observed APO variations in the northern North Pacific; also the seasonal variation in the meridional transport affects the latitudinal difference in the seasonal cycle. The observed latitudinal gradient of the annual mean APO in the Southern Hemisphere is better reproduced by the model based on the recently revised ocean CO2 flux distribution than that based on the previous CO2 flux distribution. The observed APO trough at 36°N in the Western Pacific is about 10 per meg lower than the simulation with the more recent pCO2 data, suggesting the existence of additional APO sinks in that latitudinal region. Indeed, a model simulation performed with an additional ocean O2 sink flux of about 30 Tmol yr−1 within the region (30–50°N, 120–180°E) reproduces considerably well the observed APO trough.
Ice cloud depolarization for nadir and off‐nadir CALIPSO measurements
Authors: Sassen Kenneth , Kayetha Vinay Kumar , Zhu Jiang 
Published: September 2012

Currently approaching its sixth year in space, the CALIPSO satellite collects lidar linear depolarization ratios δ from 0.532 μm laser backscatter, an indicator of particle phase, shape, and orientation. We examine one‐yearδaverages for day and night periods when the lidar was pointing close to the nadir (0.3°) and off‐nadir (3.0°), in terms of geographic location and zonal height averages. For the first time, also given is the dependency ofδon temperature versus latitude for ice clouds. The analysis involves all ice clouds with a cloud top temperature of <−40°C, which include mainly cirrus and altostratus, as well as some polar stratospheric clouds identified by CALIPSO. We find significant differences from ∼−10° to −30°C between the nadir and off‐nadir data, consistent with the effects of horizontally oriented plate crystals: overall the off‐nadirδ are increased by ∼0.05 globally. Strong dependencies of δ also occur with latitude and height. Day minus night δ differ by 0.02–0.03. The global average day plus night δfor nadir and off‐nadir data are 0.318 and 0.365, respectively. As expected from ground‐based studies,δ increase steadily with decreasing temperature, which is particularly apparent in the nadir data because of oriented plate effects. These findings have implications for the modeling of radiative transfer through ice clouds.
Propagation in longitude and altitude of wave 4 thermospheric perturbations from WINDII data at low and high latitudes
Authors: Cho Young‐Min , Shepherd Gordon G. 
Published: September 2012

The diurnal eastward propagating nonmigrating tide of wave number 3 (DE3) has been observed as wave 4 from slowly precessing satellites, for both the ionized and neutral atmospheres. This tide has been identified as arising from deep tropical convection, propagating into the thermosphere and ionosphere, where it has been observed at equatorial latitudes. This feature was previously identified in the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) O(1S) 557.7 nm emission rate measurements at 250 km in the high‐latitude region as well as the equatorial region. The WINDII wind measurements presented here provide detailed vertical structure from the MLT (Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere) region to the thermosphere, 100 km to 250 km altitude, the first time that the DE3 winds have been measured over this vertical range. In the present work, the longitudinal propagation of wave 4 at different altitudes is discussed for the daytime and nighttime. The seasonal variations of wave 4 amplitude are compared for different altitudes and latitude regions.
Vital effects in coccolith calcite: Cenozoic climate‐pCO2 drove the diversity of carbon acquisition strategies in coccolithophores?
Authors: Bolton Clara T. , Stoll Heather M. , Mendez‐Vicente Ana 
Published: September 2012

Coccoliths, calcite plates produced by the marine phytoplankton coccolithophores, have previously shown a large array of carbon and oxygen stable isotope fractionations (termed “vital effects”), correlated to cell size and hypothesized to reflect the varying importance of active carbon acquisition strategies. Culture studies show a reduced range of vital effects between large and small coccolithophores under high CO2, consistent with previous observations of a smaller range of interspecific vital effects in Paleocene coccoliths. We present new fossil data examining coccolithophore vital effects over three key Cenozoic intervals reflecting changing climate and atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). Oxygen and carbon stable isotopes of size‐separated coccolith fractions dominated by different species from well preserved Paleocene‐Eocene thermal maximum (PETM, ∼56 Ma) samples show reduced interspecific differences within the greenhouse boundary conditions of the PETM. Conversely, isotope data from the Plio‐Pleistocene transition (PPT; 3.5–2 Ma) and the last glacial maximum (LGM; ∼22 ka) show persistent vital effects of ∼2‰. PPT and LGM data show a clear positive trend between coccolith (cell) size and isotopic enrichment in coccolith carbonate, as seen in laboratory cultures. On geological timescales, the degree of expression of vital effects in coccoliths appears to be insensitive topCO2 changes over the range ∼350 ppm (Pliocene) to ∼180 ppm (LGM). The modern array of coccolith vital effects arose after the PETM but before the late Pliocene and may reflect the operation of more diverse carbon acquisition strategies in coccolithophores in response to decreasing Cenozoic pCO2.
Modeling Interindividual Variability in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics and Its Link to Mechanistic Covariate Modeling
Authors: Huisinga W , Solms A , Fronton L , Pilari S 
Published: September 2012

Covariate modeling is a key step in the analysis of clinical data and is essential for establishing dosing recommendations for specific populations, e.g., in obese individuals and children. So far, no systematic approach exists to leverage the knowledge inherent in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in this context. We introduce (i) a novel approach to model interindividual variability in PBPK models based on lean body weight (LBW); and (ii) a systematic approach to translate interindividual variability into the design of mechanistic covariate models. We derive a new covariate relation for the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) that seamlessly integrates body weight and LBW as covariates, with a weighting factor depending on the physicochemical properties of the drug. We further show that for children, PBPK‐based extrapolation and allometric scaling result in very similar predictions for Vss and blood clearance.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e4; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.3; advance online publication 26 September 2012
Basic Concepts in Population Modeling, Simulation, and Model‐Based Drug Development
Authors: Mould DR , Upton RN 
Published: September 2012

Modeling is an important tool in drug development; population modeling is a complex process requiring robust underlying procedures for ensuring clean data, appropriate computing platforms, adequate resources, and effective communication. Although requiring an investment in resources, it can save time and money by providing a platform for integrating all information gathered on new therapeutic agents. This article provides a brief overview of aspects of modeling and simulation as applied to many areas in drug development.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e6; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.4; advance online publication 26 September 2012
A Semi‐Mechanistic Metabolism Model of CYP3A Substrates in Pregnancy: Predicting Changes in Midazolam and Nifedipine Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Quinney SK , Mohamed AN , Hebert MF , Haas DM , Clark S , Umans JG , Caritis SN , Li L ,   For the Obstetric‐fetal Pharmacology Research Unit Network
Published: September 2012

Physiological changes in pregnancy, including changes in body composition and metabolic enzyme activity, can alter drug pharmacokinetics. A semi‐mechanistic metabolism model was developed to describe the pharmacokinetics of two cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) substrates, midazolam and nifedipine, in obstetrics patients. The model parameters were optimized to fit the data of oral midazolam pharmacokinetics in pregnant women, by increasing CYP3A‐induced hepatic metabolism 1.6‐fold in the model with no change in gut wall metabolism. Fetal metabolism had a negligible effect on maternal plasma drug concentrations. Validation of the model was performed by applying changes in volume of distribution and metabolism, consistent with those observed for midazolam, to the pharmacokinetics parameters of immediate‐release nifedipine in healthy volunteers. The predicted steady‐state areas under the concentration–time curve (AUCs) for nifedipine were within 15% of the data observed in pregnant women undergoing treatment for preterm labor. This model predicts the pharmacokinetics of two CYP3A substrates in pregnancy, and may be applicable to other CYP3A substrates as well.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e2; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.5; advance online publication 26 September 2012
Bridging Clinical Outcomes of Canakinumab Treatment in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis With a Population Model of IL‐1β Kinetics
Authors: Ait‐Oudhia S , Lowe PJ , Mager DE 
Published: September 2012

Canakinumab, an anti‐interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) monoclonal antibody, is approved for cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndromes and is under investigation for the management of other inflammatory disorders. In this study, population‐based pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic models were developed to understand responses to canakinumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Total canakinumab and total IL‐1β concentrations were obtained from four clinical trials (n = 472). In contrast to traditional models, free IL‐1β concentrations were calculated and used to link canakinumab to changes in C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) scores of 20, 50, and 70% improvement. Temporal patterns of total canakinumab, total IL‐1β, CRP, and ACR scores were all well described. Simulations confirmed that 150 mg every 4 weeks improved ACR scores in patients with RA, but no additional benefit was provided by higher doses or more frequent administration. Integrating predicted endogenous free ligand concentrations with biomarkers and clinical outcomes could be extended to new therapies of anti‐inflammatory diseases.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e5; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.6; advance online publication 26 September 2012
Size-Dependent Effects of Coded Wire Tags on Mortality and Tag Retention in Redtail Culter Culter mongolicus
Authors: Lin Mingli , Xia Yuguo , Murphy Brian R. , Li Zhongjie , Liu Jiashou , Zhang Tanglin , Ye Shaowen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Redtail culter Culter mongolicus, a threatened piscivorous fish species in China's inland waters, has exhibited serious population decline. As part of a stock enhancement research project in shallow lakes of the Yangtze River basin, China, we evaluated the performance of coded wire tags (CWTs) for marking juvenile redtail culter. Through a short-term indoor experiment, we marked hatchery-reared juveniles from three size groups (mean ± SE, small: 46.85 ± 0.67 mm, intermediate: 53.76 ± 0.62 mm, large: 63.42 ± 1.05 mm) in the dorsal muscle with CWTs and tested whether marking effects on tag retention and mortality were size-specific. Tag retention was more than 98% in all the three size groups and appeared to be unaffected by fish size. Tag losses were found only within 3 d of marking. Tagging-induced mortality of small marked juveniles (58%) was significantly higher than those of intermediate (5%) and large (1%) marked juveniles and was also significantly higher than small unmarked ones (17%). The relationship of marked mortality and total length was quantitatively described by an exponential decay model. Mortality in small marked juveniles occurred mainly within 24 h after marking, which accounted for 71% of the mortality in this marked size. In order to avoid high posttagging mortality and biases in stocking assessment programs, we suggest it is worth the extra fish-culture costs to use juveniles of at least 57 mm (which displayed 90% survival in our experiment) for stocking assessment programs that utilize CWTs for a handling-sensitive species like redtail culter.
Received December 1, 2011; accepted June 28, 2012
Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Iliac Screws
Authors: Wang Michael Y. , Williams Seth , Mummaneni Praveen V. , Sherman Jonathan D. 
Published: September 2012

Summary of Background Data:
Percutaneous pedicle screws have become accepted as an effective method for segmental fixation in a variety of settings. However, fixation to the pelvis, which offers unique biomechanical advantages, had remained elusive from a minimally invasive approach.

Objective:
To ascertain the safety of percutaneous iliac screws implanted placement using fluoroscopic guidance.

Methods:
In an effort to verify the accuracy of a fluoroscopically guided technique for safe iliosacral screw placement, we reviewed the imaging results from 24 consecutive patients undergoing this procedure. Percutaneous iliac screw placement was accomplished using primarily x-ray–guided screw insertion (obturator outlet view technique) without frameless image-guidance and with limited exposure of bony landmarks or tactile feedback. Indications for surgery included infection, neoplasia, trauma, and deformity. All patients underwent early postoperative computed tomography scanning to determine the accuracy of screw positioning.

Results:
A total of 24 patients had 47 screws placed for fixation at the lumbosacral junction. No cases required abortion of the procedure or conversion to an open operation. All of the percutaneous screws were placed appropriately as verified by postoperative computed tomography scanning with 3-dimensional reconstruction. There were no hardware-related complications. However, one 75-year-old patient suffering a sacral fracture died of medical comorbidities on postoperative day 10.

Conclusions:
A minimally invasive technique for iliac screw placement can be performed safely with a low likelihood of bony violation. This technique offers the unique biomechanical advantages of iliac fixation without the soft-tissue exposure traditionally needed for safe hardware insertion. The technique relies on high-quality intraoperative fluoroscopic imaging.