bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved sensor for precision detection ofin situstem water content using a frequency domain fringing capacitor
Authors: Zhou Haiyang , Sun Yurui , Tyree Melvin T. , Sheng Wenyi , Cheng Qiang , Xue Xuzhang , Schumann Henrik , Schulze Lammers Peter 
Published: November 2014

SummaryOne role of stems is that of water storage. The water content of stems increases and decreases as xylem water potential increases and decreases, respectively. Hence, a nondestructive method to measure stem water content (StWC) = (volume of water) : (volume of stem), could be useful in monitoring the drought stress status of plants.We introduce a frequency domain inner fringing capacitor‐sensor for measuring StWCwhich operates at 100MHz frequency. The capacitor‐sensor consists of two wave guides (5‐mm‐wide braided metal) that snugly fit around the surface of a stem with a spacing of 4–5 mm between guides.Laboratory measurements on analog stems reveals that theDCsignal output responds linearly to the relative dielectric constant of the analog stem, is most sensitive to water content between the waveguides to a depth ofc. 3 mm from the stem surface, and calibrations based on the gravimetric water loss of excised stems of plants revealed a resolution in StWCof < ± 0.001 v/ v.The sensor performed very well on whole plants with a 100‐fold increased resolution compared with previous frequency domain and time domain reflectometry methods and, hence, may be very useful for future research requiring nondestructive measurements of whole plants.
Sapogenin content variation in Medicago inter‐specific hybrid derivatives highlights some aspects of saponin synthesis and control
Authors: Carelli Maria , Biazzi Elisa , Tava Aldo , Losini Ilaria , Abbruscato Pamela , Depedro Claudia , Scotti Carla 
Published: November 2014

Summary

In the Medicago genus, saponins are a complex mixture of triterpene glycosides showing a broad spectrum of biological properties. Here we analyzed the variation in the sapogenin content and composition of inter‐specific hybrid Medicago sativa × Medicago arborea derivatives to highlight the pattern of this variation in plant organs (leaves/roots) and the possible mechanisms underlying it.

In Sativa Arborea Cross (SAC) leaves and roots, saponins and sapogenins were evaluated using chromatographic methods. Phenotypic correlations between sapogenin content and bio‐agronomic traits were examined. Expression studies on β‐amyrin synthase and four cytochromes P450 (CYPs) involved in sapogenin biosynthesis and sequence analysis of the key gene of the hemolytic sapogenin pathway (CYP716A12) were performed.

Chromatographic analyses revealed a different pattern of among‐family variation for hemolytic and nonhemolytic sapogenins and saponins and for the two organs/tissues. Different correlation patterns of gene expression in roots and leaves were found. Diachronic analysis revealed a relationship between sapogenin content and gene transcriptional levels in the early stages of the productive cycle.

The results suggest that there are different control mechanisms acting on sapogenin biosynthesis for leaves and roots, which are discussed. A key role for medicagenic acid in the control of sapogenin content in both the tissues is proposed and discussed.
Alveolar bone preservation subsequent to miniscrew implant placement in a canine model
Authors: Melsen B. , Huja S. S. , Chien H.‐H. , Dalstra M. 
Published: November 2014

Structured AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effects of transcortical screws on alveolar (bone) ridge preservation following extraction.DesignFour adult beagle dogs had mandibular premolars extracted bilaterally. After 6 weeks, using a split‐mouth design, two transcortical screws were inserted unilaterally below the alveolar crest on the experimental side in the region of the extraction. The dogs were killed after 12 weeks. The bone at the extraction sites was analyzed using μCT and 3D analysis. A cylindrical core was placed around the actual and a virtual screw placed in the identical location on the control side. The bone volume within the cylinders was quantified. An insertion of a dental implant was simulated bilaterally at the insertion site. The height of the clinical crown and the alveolar crest were determined on both sides. The bone turnover was assessed histomorphometrically on un‐decalcified bucco‐lingual sections stained with basic fuchsine and toluidine blue.ResultsComparison of the two sides revealed a significant difference both with regard to the bone volume and morphology. The transcortical screw caused an increase in bone density and less ridge atrophy. When simulating a dental implant placement on both sides, the bone preservation on the experimental side led to a need for a shorter clinical crown compared to the control side. A higher activity level of the bone in the experimental side was demonstrated histologically.ConclusionIn this dog model the insertion of a mini‐implant across the healing alveolar process results in increased density not only adjacent to the screws, but also in the region where a potential dental implant would be inserted. In humans, the insertion of transcortical screws may maintain bone when for various reasons insertion of a permanent dental implant has to be postponed.
Effect of Pain Induction or Pain Reduction on Conditioned Pain Modulation in Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Goubert Dorien , Danneels Lieven , Cagnie Barbara , Van Oosterwijck Jessica , Kolba Kim , Noyez Heleen , Meeus Mira 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivePain facilitation as well as pain inhibition might be present in chronic pain patients. A decreased efficacy of pain inhibition can be measured by conditioned pain modulation (CPM). The use of the CPM paradigm in scientific research has boosted over the last few years and is recognized for its high clinical relevance in chronic pain patients. It is, however, unclear whether the presence of pain and possible modulations of pain influences the efficacy of endogenous pain inhibition, measured by CPM. This systematic literature study aimed to provide an overview of the effects of clinical pain and experimental pain induction or pain reduction on CPM in adults.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in the databases “Pubmed” and “Web of Science”. Only full texts of original studies regarding the effect of clinical pain and experimentally induced pain and pain reduction on CPM in adults were included. The included articles were scored on methodological quality and through a CPM paradigm.ResultsTwelve articles of good to moderate quality were included in this review. Some pain inhibitory medication and oral contraceptives inhibit the CPM mechanism. Removing chronic pain by surgery results in an improved CPM response. This effect is not observed when removing acute pain.ConclusionAnalgesic medication and oral contraceptives might inhibit the CPM response, whereas there is limited evidence that pain‐relieving surgery improves CPM in chronic pain patients. However, the results merely suggest that decreased CPM values (as in chronic pain patients) can improve after elimination of pain.
Clinical Approaches to Skin Cleansing of the Diaper Area: Practice and Challenges
Authors: Coughlin Carrie C. , Frieden Ilona J. , Eichenfield Lawrence F. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCleansing and care of the diaper area require special consideration to maintain barrier function of the skin in this area and repair the barrier when it is compromised. Diaper dermatitis occurs commonly; understanding and modification of predisposing factors are imperative for caregivers. In this paper, we review important factors in diaper area care, including skin pH, the local microbiome, irritant and allergic potential of contactants, and application of topical agents.
Diaper Dermatitis: Clinical Characteristics and Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Coughlin Carrie C. , Eichenfield Lawrence F. , Frieden Ilona J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA diverse group of diseases can cause skin conditions in the diaper area including those which are directly caused by diapers or the diaper environment, some which are not directly due to, but are worsened by, the wearing of diapers, and those which are independent of the presence of the diaper or its resulting environment. Many of these conditions are limited to this area of the skin, but others extend to skin outside this area, and some are signs of systemic disease. We review many of the important causes of eruptions in the diaper area and emphasize key points in the differential diagnosis.
KL‐6 as a biomarker of respiratory complications in severely disabled children
Authors: Ochi Fumihiro , Fukuda Mitsumasa , Ohmori Hiromitsu , Yano Yoshiaki , Wakamoto Hiroyuki , Suzuki Yuka , Ishii Eiichi 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the importance of KL‐6 level in evaluating the status of stabilized chronic pneumonia in children in the severe motor and intellectual disabilities–medical care‐dependent (SMID‐MCD) category.MethodsA total of 20 SMID‐MCD children were enrolled in this study. Serum KL‐6, white blood cell count, C‐reactive protein, chest computed tomography (CT) and other factors related to respiratory complications were analyzed in all children under stable respiratory conditions.ResultsMean age was 5.8 ± 1.0 years (mean ± SE). Serum KL‐6 was significantly higher in those SMID‐MCD children with abnormal CT than in those with normal CT: 316 ± 39 U/mL versus 190 ± 11, respectively (P = 0.0075).ConclusionsMeasures of serum KL‐6 level provide valuable information for determining the respiratory management of SMID‐MCD children with occult chronic pneumonia.
The Association of Maternal Age with Birthweight and Gestational Age: A Cross‐Cohort Comparison
Authors: Restrepo‐Méndez María Clara , Lawlor Debbie A. , Horta Bernardo L. , Matijasevich Alicia , Santos Iná S. , Menezes Ana M. B. , Barros Fernando C. , Victora Cesar G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundWe examined the associations of maternal age with low birthweight (LBW) and preterm birth in four cohorts from a middle‐ and a high‐income country, where the patterning of maternal age by socio‐economic position (SEP) is likely to differ.MethodsPopulation‐based birth cohort studies were carried out in the city of Pelotas, Brazil in 1982, 1993, and 2004, and in Avon, UK in 1991 [Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)]. Adjustment for multiple indicators of SEP were applied.ResultsLow SEP was associated with younger age at childbearing in all cohorts, but the magnitudes of these associations were stronger in ALSPAC. Inverse associations of SEP with LBW and preterm birth were observed in all cohorts. U‐shaped associations were observed between maternal age and odds of LBW in all cohorts. After adjustment for SEP, increased odds of LBW for young mothers (<20 years) attenuated to the null but remained or increased for older mothers (≥35 years). Very young (<16 years) maternal age was also associated with both outcomes even after full SEP adjustment. SEP adjusted odds ratio of having a LBW infant in women <16 years and ≥35 years, compared with 25–29 years, were 1.48 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00, 2.20] and 1.66 [95% CI 1.36, 2.02], respectively. The corresponding results for preterm birth were 1.80 [95% CI 1.23, 2.64)] and 1.38 [95% CI 1.15, 1.67], respectively.ConclusionConfounding by SEP explains much of the excess risk of LBW and preterm among babies born to teenage mothers as a whole, but not for mothers aged <16 or ≥35 years. Given that the proportion of women becoming pregnant at <16 years is smaller than for those ≥35 years, the population burden is greater for older age.
The impact of drug‐resistant cytomegalovirus in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: a prospective monitoring of UL97 and UL54 gene mutations
Authors: Choi S.‐H. , Hwang J.‐Y. , Park K.‐S. , Kim Y. , Lee S.H. , Yoo K.H. , Kang E.‐S. , Ahn J.‐H. , Sung K.W. , Koo H.H. , Kim Y.‐J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a major cause of morbidity in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (alloHCT) recipients. Little is known about the epidemiology of antiviral resistance in the pediatric population. We performed the prospective study to assess the impact of drug‐resistant CMV infections in pediatric alloHCT recipients.MethodsPediatric alloHCT recipients who developed CMV infection were consecutively enrolled from May 2009 to April 2012. CMV polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing analysis for UL97 and UL54 genes were performed at enrollment and during follow‐up.ResultsIn total, 208 sequence data from viruses in 49 recipients were eligible for the final analysis. Resistant CMV infection caused by UL97 and UL54 mutations occurred in 4.1% (2/49) and 2.0% (1/49), respectively. Known UL97 mutations, M460V and C592G, were observed in each of 2 patients. One patient with the M460V UL97 mutation had an additional T700A UL54 mutation. Drug‐resistant CMV attributable mortality was 2.0% (1/49). One or more known sequence variants (drug‐sensitive) were observed in all 49 patients. Thirty‐one (63.3%) and 28 patients (60.9%) already had known UL97 and UL54 sequence variants before antiviral therapy, respectively.ConclusionThis study provides comprehensive information on the epidemiology of both UL97 and UL54 variants and mutations in alloHCT recipients.
SAD1, an RNA polymerase I subunit A34.5 of rice, interacts with Mediator and controls various aspects of plant development
Authors: Li Weiqiang , Yoshida Akiko , Takahashi Megumu , Maekawa Masahiko , Kojima Mikiko , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Kyozuka Junko 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe DWARF14 (D14) gene of rice functions within the signaling pathway of strigolactones, a group of plant hormones that inhibits shoot branching. We isolated a recessive mutant named super apical dormant (sad1‐1) from a suppressor screen of d14‐1. The growth of tillers (vegetative shoot branches) is suppressed in both the d14‐1 sad1‐1 double mutant and the sad1‐1 single mutant. In addition, the sad1‐1 mutant shows pleiotropic defects throughout development. SAD1 encodes an ortholog of RPA34.5, a subunit of RNA polymerase I (Pol I). Consequently, the level of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is severely reduced in the sad1‐1 mutant. These results indicate that proper ribosome function is a prerequisite for normal development in plants. The Arabidopsis ortholog of SAD1 was previously isolated as a Mediator‐interacting protein. Here we show that SAD1 interacts physically with the Mediator complex through direct binding with OsMED4, a component of the middle module of the Mediator complex in rice. It is known that Mediator interacts with Pol II, which transcribes mRNAs and functions as a central regulator of transcription. This study indicates a novel aspect of Mediator function in Pol I‐controlled rRNA transcription. TFIIF2 and RPC53 are the counterparts of RPA34.5 in Pol II and Pol III, respectively. We demonstrate that the rice orthologs of these proteins also interact with OsMED4. Our results suggest that interaction with MED4 in the Mediator complex is a common feature of the three types of RNA polymerases.
Arabidopsis DOK1 encodes a functional dolichol kinase involved in reproduction
Authors: Kanehara Kazue , Cho Yueh , Lin Ying‐Chen , Chen Chia‐En , Yu Chao‐Yuan , Nakamura Yuki 
Published: November 2014

SummaryDolichol phosphate (Dol‐P) serves as a carrier of complex polysaccharides during protein glycosylation. Dol‐P is synthesized by the phosphorylation of dolichol or the monodephosphorylation of dolichol pyrophosphate (Dol‐PP); however, the enzymes that catalyze these reactions remain unidentified in Arabidopsis thaliana. We performed a genome‐wide search for cytidylyltransferase motif‐containing proteins in Arabidopsis, and found that At3g45040 encodes a protein homologous with Sec59p, a dolichol kinase (DOK) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At3g45040, designated AtDOK1, complemented defects in the growth and N‐linked glycosylation of the S. cerevisiae sec59 mutant, suggesting that AtDOK1 encodes a functional DOK. To characterize the physiological roles of AtDOK1 in planta, we isolated two independent lines of T‐DNA‐tagged AtDOK1 mutants, dok1‐1 and dok1‐2. The heterozygous plants showed developmental defects in male and female gametophytes, including an aberrant pollen structure, low pollen viability, and short siliques. Additionally, the mutations had incomplete penetrance. These results suggest that AtDOK1 is a functional DOK required for reproductive processes in Arabidopsis.
DIVINE GLORY IN A DARWINIAN WORLD
Authors: Southgate Christopher 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFaced with the ambiguities of this world, in which ugliness and suffering co‐exist with beauty, the article rejects the attribution of disvalues to a Fall‐event. Instead it faces God's involvement even in violence and ugliness. It explores the concept of divine glory, understood principally as a sign of the divine reality. This includes both the great theophanies of the Hebrew Bible and Jesus’ glorification in his Passion and Crucifixion. It then considers the contemplation of the natural world, using the terminology of “inscape” and “instress.” Divine glory can be discerned even in events as tragic as the Indian Ocean tsunami or the activity of the malarial mosquito. A full Christian contemplation of these events will include scientific understanding and poetic apprehension, and consideration of soteriology and eschatology as well as the theology of creation. Glory is understood to include God's power and sovereignty, and also the divine humility and sacrifice.
CHALLENGES TO THE TRADITIONAL CHRISTIAN CONCEPT OF HISTORY
Authors: Henriksen Jan‐Olav 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPresent knowledge of evolutionary history challenges traditional concepts of the Christian salvation history. In order to overcome these challenges, theology needs to articulate a wider, more open and more universal approach to the understanding of God's salvific action. One way of doing this is to employ the notion of “deep incarnation” suggested by Danish theologian Niels Henrik Gregersen. His suggestion may also blur the lines that mark a sharp distinction between the history of creation and the history of salvation, in a way that safeguards some of the basic tenets of classical theology.
VALUING OUR FOOD: MINIMIZING WASTE AND OPTIMIZING RESOURCES
Authors: Finn Steven M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe magnitude of the global food waste problem is staggering, yet it receives little mainstream attention. We waste nearly half of all food produced—more than one billion tons annually—yet nearly one billion global citizens are hungry. Our values are out of balance; we need to properly value our food. Urgent change is needed, beginning with heightened awareness and a sense of responsibility to people and planet.Feeding nine billion people by 2050 is a tremendous challenge, but also a tremendous opportunity to develop new levels of innovation and collaboration to eradicate hunger, improve the environment for future generations, and create a more unified, secure world.A new, durable, multifaceted approach to reducing food waste is needed in the form of a global network. This global network should be anchored by a sense of shared responsibility among consumers, businesses, governments, and global institutions to optimize resources in the quest to provide for nine billion people by 2050.
WHY WE NEED RELIGION TO SOLVE THE WORLD FOOD CRISIS
Authors: Whitney Sanford A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractScholars and practitioners addressing the global food crisis have rarely incorporated perspectives from the world's religious traditions. This lacuna appears in multiple dimensions: until recently, environmentalists have tended to ignore food and agriculture; food justice advocates have focused on food quantities, rather than its method of production; and few scholars of religion have considered agriculture. Faith‐based perspectives typically emphasize the dignity and sanctity of creation and offer holistic frameworks that integrate equity, economic, and environmental concerns, often called the three legs of sustainability. Faith‐based perspectives can provide new paradigms through which to assess food, consumption, and production and the attendant social relations; assess our scientific, economic, and social approaches; and acknowledge the moral and religious dimensions of the world food crisis.
FOOD: ITS MANY ASPECTS IN SCIENCE, RELIGION, AND CULTURE
Authors: Raman Varadaraja V. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFood is a sine qua non for life on Earth. It has more significance than nutrition and sustenance, more variety than many aspects of human culture. Food has religious as well as historical dimensions. The complexity of the food chain and of the related ecological balance is one of the wonders of the biological world. In the human context, food has found countless expressions and regional richness. Food has provoked feasts, as its lack and maldistribution have caused famines. While being a source of physical satisfaction food has also had environmental impacts. Some of these matters are explored in these reflections.
UNCERTAINTY AND GOD: A JAMESIAN PRAGMATIST APPROACH TO UNCERTAINTY AND IGNORANCE IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION
Authors: Petersen Arthur 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article picks up from William James's pragmatism and metaphysics of experience, as expressed in his “radical empiricism,” and further develops this Jamesian pragmatist approach to uncertainty and ignorance by connecting it to phenomenological thought. The Jamesian pragmatist approach avoids both a “crude naturalism” and an “absolutist rationalism,” and allows for identification of intimations of the sacred in both scientific and religious practices—which all, in their respective ways, try to make sense of a complex world. Analogous to religious practices, emotion and the metaphysics of experience play a central role in science, especially the emotion of wonder. Engaging in scientific or religious practices may create opportunities for individuals to realize that they are co‐creators of the world in partnership with God, in full awareness of uncertainty and ignorance and filled with the emotion of wonder.
Diffusion Bonded Heat Exchangers (PCHEs) in Fuel Gas Heating to Improve Efficiency of CCGTs
Authors: Shiferaw Dereje , Broad Robert 
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this paper is to show how compact heat exchanger technology can offer energy savings and hence cycle efficiency improvements on new and existing gas turbine installations by being utilised for fuel gas heating.
After a brief introduction to high temperature compact heat exchanger technology and comparison to traditional equipment, thermodynamic cycle analysis for a combined cycle gas turbine plant (CCGT) is used show the advantages of compact technology over conventional technology, analysing the fuel gas heating, to illustrate the overall savings. A case study is used to demonstrate an increase in net LHV electric efficiency in the range of 0.5 to 1.17 % achievable using high effectiveness compact diffusion bonded heat exchangers in fuel gas heating. Intermediate pressure and high pressure feed water heating is considered for increasing the fuel gas inlet temperature to the combustor. The model is built in Excel and is extended to a capital expenditure overview based on new or a retrofitting in existing plants.