bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic drift and the population history of the Irish travellers
Authors: Relethford John H. , Crawford Michael H. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe Irish Travellers are an itinerant group in Ireland that has been socially isolated. Two hypotheses have been proposed concerning the genetic origin of the Travellers: (1) they are genetically related to Roma populations in Europe that share a nomadic lifestyle or (2) they are of Irish origin, and genetic differences from the rest of Ireland reflect genetic drift. These hypotheses were tested using data on 33 alleles from 12 red blood cell polymorphism loci. Comparison with other European, Roma, and Indian populations shows that the Travellers are genetically distinct from the Roma and Indian populations and most genetically similar to Ireland, in agreement with earlier genetic analyses of the Travellers. However, the Travellers are still genetically distinct from other Irish populations, which could reflect some external gene flow and/or the action of genetic drift in a small group that was descended from a small number of founders. In order to test the drift hypothesis, we analyzed genetic distances comparing the Travellers to four geographic regions in Ireland. These distances were then compared with adjusted distances that account for differential genetic drift using a method developed by Relethford (Hum Biol 68 (1996) 29–44). The unadjusted distances show the genetic distinctiveness of the Travellers. After adjustment for the expected effects of genetic drift, the Travellers are equidistant from the other Irish samples, showing their Irish origins and population history. The observed genetic differences are thus a reflection of genetic drift, and there is no evidence of any external gene flow. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microencapsulation of nanoparticles with enhanced drug loading for pH‐sensitive oral drug delivery for the treatment of colon cancer
Authors: Wang Yichao , Li Puwang , Peng Zheng , She Feng Hua , Kong Ling Xue 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDrug‐delivery carriers must endure harsh pH conditions in the gastrointestinal tract and still maintain a high drug loading (DL) for oral therapeutic drugs to be effectively delivered to the colon area. In this research, a pH‐sensitive drug‐delivery system with an enhanced DL was developed by the coating of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐loaded poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with Eudragit S100 with an oil‐in‐oil solvent evaporation technique. The enhanced DL and encapsulation efficiency were achieved by the optimization of the fabrication parameters and by the use of particles of a proper size. A DL of 5.8% was obtained by a moderate initial drug feeding, a high volume ratio of the outer water phase to the organic phase, and by the adjustment of the pH value of the outer aqueous phase to the isoelectric point of 5‐FU. An in vitro drug‐dissolution test showed that the coating of the Eudragit S100 microspheres could effectively prevent drugs from being released in an environment with a pH lower than 7. The PLGA NPs showed an initial burst release followed by a slow and sustained release over an extended period of over 120 h at pH value of 7.4. Therefore, the prepared systems have great potential for practical applications in the treatment of colorectal cancer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Electrochemical sensing of glucose using polyaniline nanofiber dendrites‐amperometric and impedimetric analysis
Authors: Ramya R. , Sangaranarayanan M.V. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA novel electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) nanofiber dendrites on platinum electrodes using p‐toluenesulfonic acid for sensing of glucose is reported. The characterization of PANI is carried out using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectral studies. The electrochemical behavior of the PANI‐coated electrode is investigated with the help of cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and impedance spectroscopy, regarding its efficacy as a glucose sensor. The amperometric analysis shows a very low detection limit of ∼100 nM with the linear regime spanning 50 µM–12 mM, while the response time is <5 s. The Michaelis–Menten constant is estimated as 1.24 × 10−2 M indicating the high activity of the glucose oxidase enzyme. The equivalent circuit fitting of the Nyquist and Bode' plots is carried out to estimate the system parameters. The reliability of the PANI coated electrodes is demonstrated by procuring the authentic samples from the hospitals. The stability and reproducibility of the sensor is also analyzed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Evaluation of mechanical properties and physical interactions of a ternary blend of poly(ethylene‐co‐octene)/poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)/poly(vinyl chloride) in the molten state
Authors: Francisquetti Edson L. , Pistor Vinicios , Fiorio Rudinei , Andrade Mara Z. , Zattera Ademir J. , Jacobi Marly A. M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this work, ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate (EVA), poly(ethylene‐co‐octene) (POE), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends were processed in a molten state process using a corotating twin‐screw extruder to assess both the balance of mechanical properties and physical interactions in the melt state. Tensile measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and oscillatory rheometry were performed. By means of flow curves, the parameters of the power law as well as the distribution of relaxation times were assessed with the aid of a nonlinear regularization method. The mechanical properties for the EVA‐POE blend approximated the values for POE, while inclusion of PVC shifted the modulus values to those of neat EVA. The rise in modulus was corroborated by the PVC phase dispersion as solid particles that act as a reinforcement for the ternary blend. The rheological properties in the molten state show that the POE does not present molecular entanglement effects and so tends both to diminish the EVA mechanical properties and increase the fluidity of the blend. However, the addition of PVC both restored the EVA typical pseudoplastic feature and promoted the increase in the viscosity and the mechanical properties of the ternary blend. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Modification of tricomponent and dicomponent poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐co‐poly(ethylene glycol) with methotrexate and folic acid
Authors: Issarachot Ousanee , Suksiriworapong Jiraphong , Sripha Kittisak , Junyaprasert Varaporn Buraphacheep 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRegarding polymer‐drug conjugation, the reaction and drug characteristics are of important because they reflect the possibility of conjugation. Tri‐ and dicomponent azido‐functionalized copolymers were initially synthesized. Tricomponent copolymers consisted of caproyl, azido‐substituted caproyl, and ethylene glycol repeating units, whereas dicomponent ones contained solely the last two repeating units. In parallel, the terminal alkyne derivatives of methotrexate (MTX) and folic acid (FOL) were synthesized by coupling reaction using N,N‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4‐dimethylaminopyridine with an additional N‐hydroxysuccinimide for FOL coupling. By click reaction, MTX and FOL were successfully conjugated with tri‐ and dicomponent copolymers, respectively, without polymer chain degradation. The grafting efficiencies of MTX and FOL were higher than 77 and 68% by using CuI/1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene and CuSO4.5H2O/sodium ascorbate, respectively. According to the differential scanning calorimetry thermograms, MTX did not change the semicrystalline property of copolymers except for high % molar grafting, whereas the presence of FOL affected thermal properties of copolymer except at 5 molar grafting. The resultant copolymers could be further used as polymer‐drug conjugate delivery system for cancer therapy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Novel Dithiocarbamic Acid Esters Derived from 6‐Aminomethyl‐4‐anilinoquinazolines and 6‐Aminomethyl‐4‐anilino‐3‐cyanoquinolines as Potent EGFR Inhibitors
Authors: Zhang Xin , Li Ridong , Qiao Kang , Ge Zemei , Zhang Liangren , Cheng Tieming , Li Runtao 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTwo series of dithiocarbamic acid esters, 4‐anilinoquinazoline‐6‐ylmethylcarbamodithioic acid esters and 3‐cyano‐4‐anilinoquinolin‐6‐ylmethylcarbamodithioic acid esters, were designed and synthesized. The effect of the synthesized compounds on cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay against three human cancer cell lines: MDA‐MB‐468, SK‐BR‐3 and HCT‐116. Most of the compounds are equally or more potent than the positive control lapatinib. Three compounds (14d, 14h and 14i) were identified as dual inhibitors of the EGFR and ErbB‐2 kinases and two compounds (14b and 14c) were identified as multi‐target kinase inhibitors, and they are very worthy of further study. Installation of the dithiocarbamic acid ester group at the 6‐position of 4‐anilinoquinazoline or 3‐cyano‐4‐anilinoquinoline could improve the inhibitory activity. Different dithiocarbamic acid ester groups significantly affect the activities.
Path‐Tracking Control of a Riderless Bicycle Via Road Preview and Speed Adaptation
Authors: Dao Trung‐Kien , Chen Chih‐Keng 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this study, a genetic‐fuzzy control system is used to control a riderless bicycle where control parameters can adapt to the speed change of the bicycle. The equations of motion are developed for a bicycle with constraints of rolling‐without‐slipping contact condition between the wheels and ground. This controller consists of two loops: the inner is a roll‐angle‐tracking controller which generates steering torque to control the roll angle while guaranteeing the stability, and the outer is a path‐tracking controller which generates the reference roll angle for the inner loop. The inner loop is a sliding‐mode controller (SMC) designed on the basis of a linear model obtained from a system identification process. By defining a stable sliding surface of error dynamics and an appropriate Lyapunov function, the bicycle can reach the roll‐angle reference in a finite time and follow that reference without chattering. The outer loop determines the proper reference roll‐angle by using a fuzzy‐logic controller (FLC) in which previewing and tracking errors are taken into consideration. The robustness of the proposed controller against speed change and external disturbances is verified by simulations.
Is there a future in glycerol as a feedstock in the production of biofuels and biochemicals?
Authors: Bauer Fredric , Hulteberg Christan 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGlycerine is a chemical with a wide variety of uses. There are over 2000 known applications in cosmetics, foodstuffs, fine chemicals, and other industries. With the recent boom for liquid biofuels however, glycerine – which is a by‐product mainly of biodiesel production – has become abundant. New uses for the chemical are being researched, but little attention has been paid to the production and supply of glycerine. This perspective shows that the development of liquid biofuels is a key point for the future glycerine market. Glycerine could become available in large volumes from the production not only of biodiesel but also bioethanol. Second‐generation biofuels, cellulose‐based bioethanol, and algal biodiesel will continue to produce large quantities of glycerine. However, new technology pathways such as glycerine‐to‐methanol and glycerine‐to‐ethanol could rapidly change the market situation. Instead of viewing glycerine as a waste, biofuel producers may come to view the by‐product as a valuable resource for their own production processes. This could rapidly change the market situation for other industries which now rely on the glycerine supply from the biofuels industry. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Environmental Policy, Company Environment Protection, and Stock Market Performance: Evidence from China
Authors: Kong Dongmin , Liu Shasha , Dai Yunhao 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the impact of environmental protection efforts on the market values of firms using the carbon emission rights trading scheme (CERTS) in China as an exogenous shock. We find that the environmental policy of CERTS increases the market values of firms in the environment industry, the efforts of firms on environmental protection further enhance their market values, and the market values of firms located in the regions with CERTS are further improved. Our findings suggest that firms in the environment industry could improve their market values and obtain benefits by strengthening their environmental protection activities. We offer an important policy implication that the government should enact appropriate policies to improve the activities of firms on environmental protection and the sustainable development of the economy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Task coalition formation and self‐adjustment in the wireless sensor networks
Authors: Yang Yang , Qiu Xuesong , Meng Luoming , Long Keping 
Published: November 2012

SUMMARYCoalition is an essential mechanism in the multi‐agent systems in the research of task‐oriented area. Self‐interested agents coordinate their behaviors in a coalition to pursue a common goal and obtain payoffs. We propose the clustering‐based coalition formation and self‐adjustment mechanisms for tasks in the wireless sensor network. Before coalition formation, the management center clusters attributes of sensors to reduce the scale of searching space during coalition formation. And then an improved MAX–MIN ant colony optimization algorithm is adopted to resolve the problem of coalition formation. If a coalition member fails to fulfill a task, it can sponsor a negotiation with some noncoalition nodes to execute coalition self‐repairing autonomously. The stimulus‐response mechanism of wasp colony is introduced to determine the probability of response to the task invitation to avoid consuming extra energy. Simulation results show that our model efficiently reduces energy consumption and network traffic, decreases the number of dead nodes, and prolongs the lifetime of the networks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global variation of ULF geomagnetic fields and detection of anomalous changes at a certain observatory using reference data
Authors: Hattori Katsumi , Han Peng , Huang Qinghua 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBy using multiple reference stations, we have developed a method to get reliable ULF global geomagnetic variations. This background is extremely useful for detecting local anomalous behaviors. In this paper we report on variable tools developed to identify the anomalies in two frequency ranges: daily variations and variations of 10‐ to 1000‐second span. For estimating background daily variations, the periodical model has been applied for data observed at three reference stations and a study station. Comparison between the first principal component of the periodical data from the reference stations and the periodical data derived from the target station generally provides high correlation. For data with 100‐second periods after wavelet filtering, the nighttime energy variations have been investigated among three reference stations and a study station. Similar principal component analysis as the diurnal variation has been performed and results also show high correlation between the variation at the target and the global background. These tendencies suggest that the two proposed methods are effective in automatically identifying the anomalous patterns. Examining the original data, we can obtain details of waveforms and distinguish whether the anomalies are related to underground activities or simply to some artificial noises. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(3): 9–18, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22299
A single‐switch equalization charger using multiple stacked buck‐boost converters for series‐connected energy‐storage modules
Authors: Uno Masatoshi , Tanaka Koji 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSeries connections of energy‐storage modules such as electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) and lithium‐ion batteries result in voltage imbalance because of the nonuniform properties of individual modules. Conventional voltage equalizers based on traditional DC‐DC converters require numerous switches and/or transformers, and therefore their costs and complexity tend to increase. This paper proposes a novel single‐switch equalization charger using multiple stacked buck‐boost converters. The single‐switch operation not only reduces the circuit complexity but also contributes to increasing the reliability. The fundamental operating principles and design procedures of key components are presented in detail. An experimental charge test using a 25‐W prototype of the proposed equalization charger was performed for four series‐connected EDLC modules whose initial voltages were intentionally imbalanced. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed equalization charger could charge the series‐connected modules preferentially in the order of increasing module voltage and that all the modules could be charged up to a uniform voltage level. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(3): 57–67, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22332
Restraint method of voltage total harmonic distortion in distribution network by power conditioner systems using measured data from IT switches
Authors: Kawasaki Shoji , Shimoda Kazuki , Tanaka Motohiro , Taoka Hisao , Matsuki Junya , Hayashi Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe amount of distributed generation (DG) such as photovoltaic systems and wind power generator systems installed in distribution systems has been increasing because of reduction of the effects on the environment. However, harmonic problems in the distribution system are a concern in the context of increased connection of DGs through inverters and the spread of power electronics equipment. This paper proposes a method for the restraint of voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) in a whole distribution network by active filter (AF) operation of multiple power conditioner systems (PCSs). It also proposes a method for determination of the optimal gain of AF operation so as to minimize the maximum value of voltage THD in the distribution network by real‐time feedback control with measured data from information technology (IT) switches. In order to verify the validity of the proposed method, numerical calculations are carried out using an analytical model of a distribution network of interconnected DGs with PCSs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 182(3): 19–29, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22354
Synthesis of Guanosine 5′‐Monophosphate (GMP)‐Mediated Ag/CdS Nanohybrids: Their Self‐Assembly and Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Kumar Anil , Chaudhary Vidhi , Kumar Vinit 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGuanosine 5′‐monophosphate (GMP)‐mediated Ag/CdS nanohybrids have been synthesized in the quantum‐confined region. The presence of Ag in the nanohybrid and its binding with GMP has been ascertained by XRD, IR spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. GMP is attached to the surface of Ag/CdS through its various functionalities, namely, –NH2, –C=O, –NH–, –OH, N‐7–C‐8 + C‐8–H, PO32–, P–O–5′‐sugar, and sugar ring, through supramolecular interactions and brings a change in their optical and electronic properties. The presence of Ag at the interface of GMP‐mediated CdS introduces several additional surface states at the interface of the two colloids, which enhances the radiative transition to cause an increase in the quantum efficiency of fluorescence from 0.005 in the absence of Ag to 0.039 in its presence. It is also evidenced by an increase in the fluorescence lifetime from 40 to 160 ns. In this time domain, different intermediates are understood to be produced by the relaxation of charge within the surface states of varied energies from 220–367 eV. The nature of the surface states could be controlled kinetically by optimizing the amount of Ag in the nanohybrid. Aging of the Ag/CdS nanohybrids induces self‐assembly, which changes its morphology from quantum dots to nanowires over a period of one month unlike GMP‐mediated CdS, which forms nanorods. These changes in morphology are also reflected by a significant increase in the rotational correlation time from 42.99 to 167 ns.
Platinum Complexes of 5,6‐Dihydroacenaphtho[5,6‐cd]‐1,2‐dichalcogenoles
Authors: Benson Callum G. M. , Schofield Catherine M. , Randall Rebecca A. M. , Wakefield Lucy , Knight Fergus R. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSix bis(phosphane)platinum complexes bearing dichalcogen acenaphthene ligands have been prepared by metathesis from cis‐[PtCl2(PR3)2] (R3 = Ph3, Ph2Me, PhMe2) and the dilithium salts of the parent 5,6‐dihydroacenaphtho[5,6‐cd]‐1,2‐dichalcogenoles (AcenapE2, L1 E = S, L2 E = Se). For their synthesis, the appropriate disulfide or diselenide species was treated with super hydride [LiBEt3H] to afford the dilithium salt by in situ reduction of the AcenapE2 E–E bond. Further reaction, by metathetical addition to the cis‐platinum precursor afforded the respective platinum(II) complexes [Pt(5,6‐AcenapE2)(PR3)2] (R3 = Ph3: E = S 1, Se 2; R3 = Ph2Me: E = S 3, Se 4; R3 = PhMe2: E = S 5, Se 6). All six complexes have been fully characterised, principally by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and MS. The selenium complexes 4 and 6 provide examples of AA′X spin systems, as displayed by their 31P{1H} NMR spectra. The X‐ray structures of L1, L2, 1, 2, 5 and 6 were determined and, where appropriate, the platinum metal geometry, peri‐atom displacement, splay angle magnitude, acenaphthene ring torsion angles and E···E interactions were analysed. The platinum atoms were found to adopt a distorted square‐planar geometry in all four complexes, and the nature of the AcenapE2 ligand plays little part in the conformation of the substituents bound to the trivalent phosphorus atoms.