bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birth of an idea: the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross and of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: from Solferino to the original Geneva Convention (1859–1864)
Authors: Bugnion François 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe trauma of coming face to face with the horrors of a battlefield and witnessing first-hand the abandonment of the war-wounded led Henry Dunant to two ingenious concepts: the creation of permanent volunteer relief societies and the adoption of a treaty to protect wounded soldiers and all who endeavour to come to their aid. On the initiative of Gustave Moynier, a committee was established in Geneva to implement Dunant's proposals. That committee – which soon took the name ‘International Committee of the Red Cross’ (ICRC) – convened two international conferences, the first of which laid the foundation for the future relief societies while the second adopted the initial Geneva Convention. This article considers the circumstances that led to the founding of the ICRC and then to that of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, starting with Solferino and culminating in the adoption of the Geneva Convention.
FoxO1 controls lysosomal acid lipase in adipocytes: implication of lipophagy during nutrient restriction and metformin treatment
Authors: Lettieri Barbato D , Tatulli G , Aquilano K , Ciriolo M R 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFinding new molecular pathways and strategies modulating lipolysis in adipocytes is an attractive goal of the current research. Indeed, it is becoming clear that several human age-related pathologies are caused by adipose tissue expansion and altered lipid metabolism. In the present work, we show that transcription factor forkhead homeobox type protein O1 (FoxO1) is upregulated by nutrient restriction (NR) in adipocytes and exerts the transcriptional control of lipid catabolism via the induction of lysosomal acid lipase (Lipa). An increased autophagy and colocalization of lipid droplets (LDs) with lysosomes was observed implying lipophagy in Lipa-mediated LDs degradation. Interestingly, we found that metformin (Metf), a biguanide drug commonly used to treat type-2 diabetes, exerts effects comparable to that of NR. Actually, it was able to elicit FoxO1-dependent Lipa induction as well as LDs degradation through lipophagy. Moreover, we demonstrate that, during NR or Metf treatment, free fatty acids released by Lipa are directed toward AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated mitochondrial oxidation, thus maintaining energetic homeostasis in adipocytes. In conclusion, our data show that lysosomal-mediated lipid catabolism is activated by NR in adipocytes and give further support to the use of Metf as a NR mimetic to combat age-related diseases associated with altered lipid metabolism.
Seasonal variation in the metratranscriptomes of a Thaumarchaeota population from SE USA coastal waters
Authors: Hollibaugh James T , Gifford Scott M , Moran Mary Ann , Ross Meredith J , Sharma Shalabh , Tolar Bradley B 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We used a combination of metatranscriptomic analyses and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to study seasonal changes in Thaumarchaeota populations from a salt marsh-dominated estuary. Surface waters (0.5 m depth) were sampled quarterly at Marsh Landing, Sapelo Island, GA, USA over a 3-year period. We found a mid-summer peak in Thaumarchaeota abundance measured by qPCR of either 16S rRNA or amoA genes in each of the 3 years. Thaumarchaeota were 100–1000-fold more abundant during the peak than at other times of the year, whereas the abundance of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing Bacteria varied &lt;10-fold over the same period. Analysis of the microdiversity of several highly transcribed genes in 20 metatranscriptomes from a 1-year subset of these samples showed that the transcriptionally active population consisted of 2 or 3 dominant phylotypes that differed between successive summers. This shift appeared to have begun during the preceding winter and spring. Transcripts from the same genes dominated the Thaumarchaeota mRNA pool throughout the year, with genes encoding proteins believed to be involved in nitrogen uptake and oxidation, and two hypothetical proteins being the most abundant transcripts in all libraries. Analysis of individual genes over the seasonal cycle suggested that transcription was tied more closely to variation in growth rates than to seasonal changes in environmental conditions. Day–night differences in the relative abundance of transcripts for ribosomal proteins suggested diurnal variation in Thaumarchaeota growth.
Genetic diversity of inorganic carbon uptake systems causes variation in CO2 response of the cyanobacterium Microcystis
Authors: Sandrini Giovanni , Matthijs Hans C P , Verspagen Jolanda M H , Muyzer Gerard , Huisman Jef 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Rising CO2 levels may act as an important selective factor on the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) of cyanobacteria. We investigated genetic diversity in the CCM of Microcystis aeruginosa, a species producing harmful cyanobacterial blooms in many lakes worldwide. All 20 investigated Microcystis strains contained complete genes for two CO2 uptake systems, the ATP-dependent bicarbonate uptake system BCT1 and several carbonic anhydrases (CAs). However, 12 strains lacked either the high-flux bicarbonate transporter BicA or the high-affinity bicarbonate transporter SbtA. Both genes, bicA and sbtA, were located on the same operon, and the expression of this operon is most likely regulated by an additional LysR-type transcriptional regulator (CcmR2). Strains with only a small bicA fragment clustered together in the phylogenetic tree of sbtAB, and the bicA fragments were similar in strains isolated from different continents. This indicates that a common ancestor may first have lost most of its bicA gene and subsequently spread over the world. Growth experiments showed that strains with sbtA performed better at low inorganic carbon (Ci) conditions, whereas strains with bicA performed better at high Ci conditions. This offers an alternative explanation of previous competition experiments, as our results reveal that the competition at low CO2 levels was won by a specialist with only sbtA, whereas a generalist with both bicA and sbtA won at high CO2 levels. Hence, genetic and phenotypic variation in Ci uptake systems provide Microcystis with the potential for microevolutionary adaptation to changing CO2 conditions, with a selective advantage for bicA-containing strains in a high-CO2 world.
Using environmental niche models to test the ‘everything is everywhere’ hypothesis for Badhamia
Authors: Aguilar María , Fiore-Donno Anna-Maria , Lado Carlos , Cavalier-Smith Thomas 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
It is often discussed whether the biogeography of free-living protists is better explained by the ‘everything is everywhere’(EiE) hypothesis, which postulates that only ecology drives their distribution, or by the alternative hypothesis of ‘moderate endemicity’ in which geographic barriers can limit their dispersal. To formally test this, it would be necessary not only to find organisms restricted to a geographical area but also to check for their presence in any other place with a similar ecology. We propose the use of environmental niche models to generate and test null EiE distributions. Here we have analysed the distribution of 18S rDNA variants (ribotypes) of the myxomycete Badhamia melanospora (belonging to the protozoan phylum Amoebozoa) using 125 specimens from 91 localities. Two geographically structured groups of ribotypes congruent with slight morphological differences in the spores can be distinguished. One group comprises all populations from Argentina and Chile, and the other is formed by populations from North America together with human-introduced populations from other parts of the world. Environmental climatic niche models constructed separately for the two groups have significant differences, but show several overlapping areas. However, only specimens from one group were found in an intensively surveyed area in South America where both niche models overlap. It can be concluded that everything is not everywhere for B. melanospora. This taxon constitutes a complex formed by at least two cryptic species that probably diverged allopatrically in North and South America.
Medication‐Wide Association Studies
Authors: Ryan PB , Madigan D , Stang PE , Schuemie MJ , Hripcsak G 
Published: October 2013

Undiscovered side effects of drugs can have a profound effect on the health of the nation, and electronic health‐care databases offer opportunities to speed up the discovery of these side effects. We applied a “medication‐wide association study” approach that combined multivariate analysis with exploratory visualization to study four health outcomes of interest in an administrative claims database of 46 million patients and a clinical database of 11 million patients. The technique had good predictive value, but there was no threshold high enough to eliminate false‐positive findings. The visualization not only highlighted the class effects that strengthened the review of specific products but also underscored the challenges in confounding. These findings suggest that observational databases are useful for identifying potential associations that warrant further consideration but are unlikely to provide definitive evidence of causal effects.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e76; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.52; published online 18 September 2013
Theoretical study of transport property in InAsSb quantum well heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Yuwei , Zhang Yang , Guan Min , Cui Lijie , Wang Chengyan , Zeng Yiping 
Published: October 2013

Theoretical studies of transport properties in InAsSb-based quantum well heterostructures are presented. The concentration of two-dimensional electron gas is calculated self-consistently from our improved Schrödinger-Poisson model by taking into account of nonparabolicity effect and strain effect, and the results are used to obtain the electron mobility. All major scattering mechanisms by acoustic phonon, polar optical phonon, remote ionized impurity, background impurity, interface roughness, and alloy disorder have been included in our calculation. Particularly, dislocation scattering, intrasubband scattering, and intersubband scattering, which are always neglected in heterostructure systems, are considered. The calculated electron mobility is proved to be in good agreement with the experimental data for modulation-doped AlSb/InAsSb quantum well heterostructures. With a view to optimize the transport property, quantum well width, spacer thickness, barrier thickness, and remote doping concentration for AlSb/InAsSb heterostructures are discussed to examine their effect on total electron mobility. Intrinsic electron mobility exceeding 40 000 cm2/Vs is predicted at 300 K for AlSb/InAs0.4Sb0.6 heterostructures which is dominated by a combination of polar optical phonon scattering, remote ionized impurity scattering, and interface roughness scattering.
The evolution of New Zealand's fisheries science and management systems under ITQs†
Authors: Mace Pamela M. , Sullivan Kevin J. , Cryer Martin 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Mace, P. M., Sullivan, K. J., and Cryer, M. 2014. The evolution of New Zealand's fisheries science and management systems under ITQs. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 204–215. New Zealand implemented a comprehensive management system using individual transferable quotas in 1986 that has been instrumental in guiding the roles, responsibilities, and accountabilities of fisheries science, fisheries management, and the fishing industry ever since. However, at the time of the initial design, a number of issues were not adequately considered. These relate mainly to the dynamic nature of fish stocks, multispecies considerations, and environmental and other externalities. Subsequent efforts to address these issues have been challenging and many are not yet fully resolved. The outcomes for fisheries science, stock status, multispecies management, ecosystem effects, and fishing industry accountability have been mixed, although mostly positive. Fisheries science, fisheries management, and the fishing industry have all become much more professionalized and their activities have been increasingly streamlined. New initiatives to further improve the system continue to be researched and implemented. Overall, we believe that the positives considerably outweigh the negatives. The initial design has proved to be a system that can be built upon. Comparing New Zealand with most of the rest of the world, key positive outcomes for preventing overfishing are the current lack of significant overcapacity in most fisheries, the development of biological reference points and a harvest strategy standard, the favourable stock status for the majority of stocks with known status, and the development and implementation of comprehensive risk assessments and management plans to protect seabirds and marine mammals.
Optimal money creation in “pure currency” economies: a conjecture
*
Authors: Wallace Neil 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In a pure-currency economy, money is the only durable object and people have private histories. In such economies, taxation is not feasible and in some of them trade is enhanced through the use of money. For economies of that kind in which a nondegenerate distribution of money, part of the state of the economy, affects trades and real outcomes, and in which trades affect the state at the next date, the conjecture is that there are transfer schemes financed by money creation that improve ex ante representative-agent welfare relative to what can be achieved holding the stock of money fixed.
Incidence and Phenotypic Characteristics of Pediatric IBD in Northeastern Slovenia, 2002–2010
Authors: Urlep Darja , Trop Tina K. , Blagus Rok , Orel Rok 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:The purpose of the present study was to determine the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its subgroups in children in northeastern Slovenia (NE Slovenia) during the period 2002–2010, and to assess the phenotypic characteristics at the diagnosis and during the follow‐up.Methods:A retrospective investigation was conducted on a cohort of newly diagnosed children and adolescents with IBD ages 0 to 18 years between 2002 and 2010 and residing in NE Slovenia. The phenotypic characteristics were determined at presentation and during follow‐up. The location of Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) was assessed according to the Paris classification at diagnosis, and later in patients who had a follow‐up period >2 years. The type of therapy at diagnosis and during follow‐up, and the need for surgery were determined. The study covered approximately one‐third of the total pediatric population (0–18 years).Results:In total, 107 cases of IBD were diagnosed during the study period. The mean annual incidence (per 100,000) was 7.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.3–9.2) for all IBD, 4.6 (95% CI 3.6–5.9) for CD, and 2.8 (95% CI 1.9–3.8) for UC. The incidences of total IBD, CD, and UC increased from 5.7 (3.8–8.2), 3.9 (2.3–6.1), and 1.8 (0.8–3.5) in the period 2002–2004, respectively, to 8.9 (6.3–12.2), 5.0 (3.1–7.6), and 3.4 (1.9–5.6) in the period 2008–2010, respectively. During the follow‐up, the proportion of complicated CD disease behavior (stricturing/penetrating) had doubled. A total of 18.5% of patients with CD underwent bowel surgery.Conclusions:The incidence of childhood IBD in the northeastern part of the country is high and comparable with that reported from the developed western countries of Europe, and is probably still increasing. This increase may be the result of changes in the lifestyle, especially in dietary habits during the last 20 years.
Prebiotic Oligosaccharides in Premature Infants
Authors: Underwood Mark A. , Kalanetra Karen M. , Bokulich Nicholas A. , Mirmiran Majid , Barile Daniela , Tancredi Daniel J. , German J. Bruce , Lebrilla Carlito B. , Mills David A. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the study was to determine the impact of increasing doses of 2 prebiotic oligosaccharides and of an “all‐human diet” on the intestinal microbiota of premature infants.Methods:Twelve premature infants receiving formula feedings were randomly assigned to receive either galacto‐oligosaccharide (F+GOS) or a pooled concentrated donor human milk product containing human milk oligosaccharides (F+HMO) in increasing doses during a 5‐week period. A second group of 15 premature infants received their mother's own milk fortified with either a concentrated donor human milk product (H+H) or a bovine powdered fortifier (H+B). Serial stool specimens from each infant were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for bacterial composition.Results:All of the infants studied had relatively low levels of bifidobacteria and no measurable Lactobacilli. Infants from the F+GOS and F+HMO groups demonstrated an increase in relative numbers of Clostridia with increasing doses. Compared with the H+B group, the infants in the F+HMO and the H+H groups showed an unexpected trend toward an increase in γ‐Proteobacteria over time/dose. Principal coordinate analyses and Shannon diversity scores were not significantly different among the 4 groups. Infants in the H+H group received more antibiotics during the study period than those in the other groups. Two of the infants receiving GOS developed feeding intolerance.Conclusions:None of the prebiotic interventions resulted in significant increases in bifidobacteria compared with baseline specimens or the H+B group; however, many of the infants did not receive the highest doses of GOS and HMO, and antibiotic use in the H+H group was high.
Forward Looking
Authors: Ahamer Gilbert , Mayer Johannes 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– Structural economic shifts are a key sign of development in all stages globally; and these shifts may also result in the changing roles of institutions. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively analyse trends that may be used for so-called forward looking and makes use of them to recommend strategies for reorganising institutions.

Design/methodology/approach
– The requirements and opportunities of environmental administrations in high-income countries are used as case studies to illustrate the overall context of institutional restructuring. Luxembourg, as a present-day centre of political and strategic power within the European Union and Austria, as a neutral country formerly situated between military blocks are shown to exhibit structural and strategic similarities.

Findings
– Two types of quantitative assessments may support any type of institutional restructuring: first, analyses of mega-trends within the global techno-socio-economic evolution and second, options for specific action at the local site of previously industrial settlements that may be converted into centres of innovative service orientation.

Practical implications
– On the occasion of the recent resettlement of the Luxembourg Environmental Administration at a new site in Esch-sur-Alzette – in an area of bolder modern urbanisation built on the foundations of the former local industrial use considered – this text deliberates options to propose strategically pioneering innovations on administrative levels.

Originality/value
– The paper combines global analyses and local experiences in an action-oriented manner.
TSI metamodels-based multi-objective robust optimization
Authors: Marco Congedo Pietro , Geraci Gianluca , Abgrall Rémi , Pediroda Valentino , Parussini Lucia 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– This paper aims to deal with an efficient strategy for robust optimization when a large number of uncertainties are taken into account.

Design/methodology/approach
– ANOVA analysis is used in order to perform a variance-based decomposition and to reduce stochastic dimension based on an appropriate criterion. A massive use of metamodels allows reconstructing response surfaces for sensitivity indexes in the design variables plan. To validate the proposed approach, a simplified configuration, an inverse problem on a 1D nozzle flow, is solved and the performances compared to an exact Monte Carlo reference solution. Then, the same approach is applied to the robust optimization of a turbine cascade for thermodynamically complex flows.

Findings
– First, when the stochastic dimension is reduced, the error on the variance between the reduced and the complete problem was found to be roughly estimated by the quantity (1−T¯

TSI
)×100, where T¯

TSI
is the summation of TSI concerning the variables respecting the TSI criterion. Second, the proposed strategy allowed obtaining a converged Pareto front with a strong reduction of computational cost by preserving the same accuracy.

Originality/value
– Several articles exist in literature concerning robust optimization but very few dealing with a global approach for solving optimization problem affected by a large number of uncertainties. Here, a practical and efficient approach is proposed that could be applied also to realistic problems in engineering field.
Academic employment and gender equity legislation in Australia and Japan, 1970-2010
Authors: Rawstron Kirsti 
Published: October 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the rate of change of men and women's employment as university academic staff in Australia and Japan; and, drawing on quantitative methods, show differences in the rate of change since the introduction of anti-sex discrimination legislation. The author also includes a discussion of programmes designed to increase female participation in academic positions to provide background to the existing changes.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using statistics published by the Ministries of Education of both countries, a time series of female participation at each level of academic staff was constructed. Breakpoint analysis is used to model the changes in the rate of change before and after the legislation was introduced.

Findings
– Both Australia and Japan have seen an increase in female participation rates in academic employment at all levels since the introduction of anti-sex discrimination legislation. In addition, the rate of increase of female participation has increased at almost every level of academic staff in both countries between 1970 and 2010.

Originality value
– Through setting out the changes in female participation at individual levels of academic staff in Japan and Australia, this study sets the stage for future qualitative work exploring why differences in the numbers of female and male staff continue. A further use is the provision of a clear data set for use in teaching and policy construction through showing the increases in female participation in academia between 1970 and 2010.
Does a better business environment stimulate corporate investment in India?
Authors: Tokuoka Kiichi 
Published: October 2013

Purpose– The paper aims to examine empirically whether the business environment, especially costs of doing business, affects corporate investment in India.Design/methodology/approach– The paper uses a firm-level panel data set (Prowess provided by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy) and estimates the impact of costs of doing business on corporate investment with panel regressions.Findings– The analysis of micro panel data suggests that improving the business environment by reducing costs of doing business, improving financial access, and developing infrastructure could stimulate corporate investment. More specifically, the estimates suggest that reducing the average of each cost of doing business to the lowest among Indian cities could boost aggregate corporate investment by as much as 10 percent.Practical implications– The government could play a role in reviving corporate investment in India, by improving the business environment.Originality/value– To the best of the author ' s knowledge, this paper is the first to examine the impact of costs of doing business (reported by the World Bank) on corporate investment, using firm-level micro data.