bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimated Consumption of Petroleum Products in the United States after the War
Authors: Burrill C.L. 
Published: June 2014

The forecasts presented in this paper constitute an attempt by the writer topredict the pattern of the consumption of petroleum products in the UnitedStates during the period of transition from war to peace. Although, inpreparing the estimates, secular trends were not overlooked, greater emphasiswas placed upon considerations of a cyclical character, or upon influenceswhich might be peculiar to parts of the period. The estimates do not extendbeyond the year 1950 because by then conditions in the industry should havereturned to normal.
The consumption of petroleum products is affected, of course, by changes in thecondition of business in general. Before estimates of petroleum consumptioncould be prepared, therefore, it was necessary to predict the pattern ofgeneral business during the period under review, particularly the economicseries that in the past have shown the closest relationships with petroleumconsumption.
It is the writer's view that business activity in this country (as measured byindustrial production) will be higher on the average during the period betweenthe end of the war and the year 1950 than it ever was before during a peacetimeperiod of the same duration. When the war is over, consumers will have savedamounts of money that will be very large as compared with any previousaccumulations. There is little question, therefore, as to the financial abilityof consumers to purchase goods. The production of many durable consumers'goods, such as automobiles, refrigerators and radios, has been completelystopped since early in the war; also, many semidurable and nondurableconsumers' goods have not been available in the quantities or the qualitiesdesired. There is considerable need, therefore, for consumers to purchase goodsafter the war. The important question is whether consumers will purchase goodsin large enough quantities to keep our economy running at a high level. Thewriter answers this question in the affirmative. The mere existence of verylarge consumer savings lends considerable support to this view because, withsuch backlogs of "security," consumers can afford to spend more oftheir current earnings than they otherwise could. Also, several polls have beentaken, which indicate that consumers expect to buy large quantities of avariety of goods. Some of the savings, therefore, probably will go into currentconsumption. Even though this percentage is relatively small, so that the bulkof the funds accumulated by consumers during the war continues to remain assavings during the period under review, spending should be great enough tostart the production cycle and keep it going at a relatively high rate for afairly extensive period.
T.P. 1730
An Empirical Method of Interpretation of Earth-resistivity Measurements
Authors: Moore R. Woodward 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
A graphical method of analyzing the data obtained from shallowearth-resistivity depth tests is presented. The method is based upon empiricalresults and has no theoretical basis. The usual apparent resistivity-electrodespacing curve is used together with a cumulative resistivity-electrode spacingcurve plotted on the same sheet. The greatly reduced scale required forplotting the cumulative values of resistivity together with the effect of thesummation of the individual resistivity values serves to minimize the effect ofpurely local surface anomalies and inadvertent errors of measurement. The pointof intersection of tangents or straight lines drawn to intersect at zones ofmaximum curvature in the cumulative curve indicates the depth to the underlyingmaterial. Numerous figures are presented in which data from published reportsand from recent field studies are analyzed and the results compared with actualdepths established by borings or with depth values obtained by the use oftheoretical methods of analysis. Smoothly rounded curves of apparentresistivity such as are often obtained in the field, and which have been aserious drawback to attempts to analyze the data empirically heretofore, appearto be susceptible to rather accurate analysis by the method described.
The method is best suited to analyses involving shallow two-layerformations. It has been applied successfully, however, in analyzing the dataobtained from tests made over shallow three-layer formations. As with mostempirical methods, its chief advantage is its simplicity and ease ofapplication.

Introduction
There have been published many papers that discuss the interpretation ofdata obtained from earth-resistivity tests when using the four-terminal methodof electrode spacing developed by Wenner. The majority of these have dealt withtheoretical analyses for two-layer and three-layer formations. Some sets of"master curves" have been presented for use in analyzing field data todetermine the depth to the first and possibly the second horizon below theearth's surface. Although practically all of these theoretical methods ofanalysis have appeared to have particular merit and some have been usedsuccessfully in practice, they have been found to be of little value where thelocal conditions surrounding the test failed to conform to those assumed in thetheory.
In certain fields, particularly in civil engineering, relatively shallowexplorations are often involved and geophysical methods of test must competewith the direct methods of exploration ordinarily used. Only when it can bedemonstrated that geophysical methods of test can materially reduce the timeand cost of a given exploration project will the civil engineer abandon directmethods in favor of the interpretations of geophysical exploration data.
T.P. 1743
Case Histories and Quantitative Calculations in Gravimetric Prospecting
Authors: Barton Donald C. 
Published: June 2014

Of the four papers that comprise this TECHNICAL PUBLICATION, three are casehistories of individual geophysical prospects, subsequently tested bydrilling.
The bibliography of Dr. Barton's published scientific papers includesinvestigations in physiography and surface geological mapping, as well as hisgeophysical papers, and from this list it is to be observed that he earlyrecognized the place of different types of geophysical prospecting methods inthe search for geological structures of economic importance. Moreover, hisviewpoint was not merely that the structures should be found, but that thegeophysical data should be examined quantitatively to determine the geometry ofthe structures. In other words, that although these data are insufficient todeduce a unique form for the structure that caused the effects measured in thedata, the engineering computations should be carried out to give as much of adefinite configuration to the structure as the data permitted, in order thatthe testing of the structures could be conducted in the most economical mannerand with the idea that the experience so gained could be later incorporated inthe study of structures subsequently found.
Dr. Barton continually emphasized the quantitative use of geophysicalobservations, whereas at the time that he began his specialization ingeophysics it was considered sufficient to use observations only qualitatively.He, more than anyone else, was responsible for the first volume on geophysicalprospecting issued by the Institute in 1929, and his three articles in thatvolume stressed the quantitative use of geophysical prospecting.
The fourth article in this present TECHNICAL PUBLICATION is a furthercontribution to this branch of geophysical interpretation, and is a supplementto the paper in the 1929 volume, "Calculations in the Interpretation ofObservations with the Eotvos Torsion Balance."
T.P. 1760
Gravity Drainage in Oil Fields
Authors: Lewis James O. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Gravity drainage is the self-propulsion of oil downward in the reservoir rock.Under favorable natural and operational conditions, it has been found to effectrecoveries comparable to water displacement. With modern technical knowledge, the operator can often make a choice between dissolved gas drive, water driveand gravity drainage as the principal recovery agent in a reservoir. It isdesirable that the operator be able to determine which of the three agents willbe most effective under each set of conditions. So far, gravity drainage hasreceived less consideration than the other two. In this paper an endeavor ismade to set forth some of the principles of gravity drainage, to point out thetypes of reservoirs favorable for it, and to show how it may be applied inthem. Field examples are described and discussed.

Introduction
Since early in the history of the oil industry, it has been recognized thatgravity is one of the three important natural forces for expelling oil from thereservoir rock. As knowledge of the technology of oil recovery progressed, ideas changed with respect to the relative importance of the three forces andwith respect to the manners in which they functioned. For a time, disproportionate emphasis was placed on the importance and function of gas andthe need for conserving gas pressures. More recently, disproportionate emphasishas been placed on encroaching edge water. Only lately has there been evidencethat the function and importance of gravity was to receive dueconsideration.
Study of this 'neglected phase of oil recovery is needed to round out ourknowledge of reservoir behaviors and to gain a balanced viewpoint of theinterplay of forces that may operate in varying importance in reservoirs. Thepurpose of this paper is to discuss mainly in a qualitative way, the functionsof gravity, to present some concrete instances where it has been important andto raise some questions that should be investigated further.

Oil-Recovery Agents
The important natural agents for effecting oil recovery that may be originallyavailable in a reservoir are gas, both dissolved in the oil and free in gascaps, encroaching edge water and gravity. Each of these agents can act in adual capacity-physically to overcome the surface energies that hold the oilwithin the pores and mechanically to overcome viscous resistance and to propelthe oil through the porous reservoir 'rock to the wells.
Advancing edge water displaces the oil from the pores and lifts it up dip tostructurally lower wells. Gravity drains the oil from the pores and flows itdown dip to the wells. Gas displaces oil from the pores, entrains it in the gasstream and flows it to the wells, but gas in solution also affects the physicalproperties of the oil and thus can influence oil recovery by the other agents, whether or not the mechanical energy in the gas is utilized.
T.P. 1664
Vapor-liquid Equilibria of Natural Gas-Crude Oil Systems
Authors: Standing M.B. , Katz D.L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Equilibrium data are reported on the composition and densities of coexistingvapor and liquid phases as a function of pressure and temperature for fourhydrocarbon systems prepared from crude oil and natural gas. The data wereobserved over a range of pressures from 1000 to 8220 lb. per sq. in. and attemperatures ranging from 35? to 250?F.
The compositions of the hydrocarbon systems were such that the criticaltemperatures of the mixtures were lower than the range of the investigation.Under these conditions, it is shown that the composition of the systems has amarked effect upon both the absolute value of the equilibrium constants and thechange of the constants with pressure for the several components comprising thesystem. From weight-balance considerations, it has been possible to constructthe partial phase diagram of a mixture of a 49.9? A.P.I. crude oil and naturalgas having a gas-oil ratio of 3660 cu. ft. per barrel. Descriptions of theapparatus used, the analytical procedure, the material used, and theequilibrium measurements are included.
A knowledge of the physical behavior of naturally occurring hydrocarbonmixtures is fundamental to the treatment of many problems in the production, transportation and refining of petroleum. The recent discoveries of poolshaving formation pressures up to 7500 lb. per sq. in. and higher, and the development of full-scaleequipment to operate at pressures of 5000 lb. per sq. in. or more have greatlyincreased the need for knowledge of the composition, temperature, pressure anddensity relationships of coexisting vapor and liquid hydrocarbon phases.
The following paper presents the results of investigations upon 22 mixtures ofnatural gas and crude oil of known composition that had been brought toequilibrium under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. Data arepresented upon the densities and compositions of the coexisting vapor andliquid phases for four different systems containing hydrocarbon material havingboiling points from minus 258?F. to well over 1000?F. The data were observedover a pressure range from 1000 lb. per sq. in. to 8220 lb. per sq. in. and atemperature range from 35? to 250?F.
The accepted method of computing the physical relationship between twocoexisting phases of a hydrocarbon mixture is by use of the "equilibriumconstant" K as proposed by Souders, Selheimer, and Brown.
T.P. 1651
Selective Adsorption of Hydrocarbon and Water Vapor on Alumina at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Ku Chen Chun , Huntington R.L. , Reid L.S. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The simultaneous adsorption of water and hydrocarbon vapor from natural gas bythree grades of alumina has been studied at atmospheric pressure andtemperature. Results of this investigation reveal that the presence of watervapor in the gas inhibits the adsorption of hydrocarbon vapor, although thepresence of the latter does not have a pronounced effect upon the adsorption ofwater vapor. Adsorption of water-hydrocarbon mixtures from gas is divided intothree phases. In the first, both water and hydrocarbon vapor are adsorbed; inthe second, adsorption of water vapor proceeds while desorption of hydrocarbontakes place; in-the third phase, the adsorbent approaches complete saturationwith respect to both water and hydrocarbon vapors. Both theory and experimentaldata can be applied to design and operation of commercial dehydration plants, and an illustration is presented.

Introduction
Dehydration of natural gas becomes increasingly important as the operatingpressures employed in gas processing and transmission are increased above 500lb. per sq. in. Gas produced from high-pressure wells is saturated with watervapor when it leaves the reservoir and it continues into the processing plantor transmission system in a saturated condition because of the substantialdecrease in temperature due to expansion at the wellhead. Usually this gas isaccompanied by liquid water and hydrocarbons that have condensed with thechange in temperature and pressure.
Without dehydration, gas temperatures must be held at relatively high levels toprevent solidification of gas hydrates. According to Hammerschmidt's data onthe relationship of pressure to the freezing point of natural-gas hydrates, theminimum safe operating temperatures range from 55? to 90?F for pressuresranging from 500 to 3000 lb. per sq. in., respectively. Often it is difficultto maintain gas temperatures above the hydrate-freezing temperature because ofclimatic conditions, unless flow-line heaters are installed. Also, inprocessing gas for its gasoline content at high pressures, it is desirable toemploy operating temperatures lower than the hydrate-freezing point. Indistributing high-pressure gas, the large pressure drop from line pressure totown-gate pressure often produces sufficient cooling to freeze the regulatorsand disrupt consumer service. Therefore, it is highly essential to dehydratehigh-pressure natural gas if smooth and economical operation is to bemaintained at all times.
Few published data are available on the simultaneous adsorption of water andhydrocarbon vapors.
T.P. 1628
Petroleum Engineering Education and the Quantitative Approach
Authors: Power Harry H. 
Published: June 2014

The specific purposes of formal engineering education include training inthe basic sciences, the engineering-problem method, the rudimentary developmentof technical skills, an appreciation of values and costs, and an understandingof the art of engineering as distinguished from its science. Two majordivisions of an educational program in engineering are recognized:thescientific technological, andthe humanistic-social.
Hence, the entirecurriculum for the four-year program in specialized petroleum engineeringschools must be designed to give the student an initial impetus in thedirections indicated. In accordance with suggestions from the EngineeringCouncil for Professional Development, more attention is being given to thefundamental approach in the undergraduate curriculum.
This paper presents a cross-sectional viewpoint of the various educators in thepetroleum engineering schools concerning course contents in the specializedcurricula. An outline is suggested for the content of the specialized courseswherein the engineering problem method or quantitative approach is emphasized.Although the particular viewpoints of the author have been stressed, yet dueacknowledgment is made to a considerable number of petroleum engineeringeducators and engineers in industry interested in educational work, for theircontribution of course outlines or helpful suggestions with respect to programsthat will be of maximum value to students, institutions, and the industry theyserve.
Although ‘standardization’ of course material is not suggested, the advantageto be gained by cooperative determination of purpose and scope are apparent, particularly from the standpoint of the proper accreditment of petroleumengineering schools by petroleum engineering educators who have laid a basisfrom which to measure educational values. Petroleum engineering has ?come ofage? and deserves the same careful attention with respect to curricula that hasbeen accorded other engineering branches.
T.P. 1815
Average Permeabilities of Heterogeneous Oil Sands
Authors: Cardwell W.T. , Parsons R.L. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This paper discusses the practical problem of estimating a single equivalentpermeability for an oil reservoir, or a portion thereof, whose actualpermeability varies in an irregular manner. Limiting averages for general typesof permeability. variation are developed, and illustrated by examples involvingimportant, specific types of variation.

Introduction
The theory of the flow of fluids through porous media is becoming increasinglyimportant in predictions of oil-reservoir behavior. In practical applications, however, reservoirs are seldom found.to which simple theory strictly applies.Actual reservoirs have complicated shapes and non-uniform permeabilities andporosities.
This paper discusses the problem of estimating a single equivalent permeabilityfor an oil reservoir, or a segment of an oil reservoir, whose actualpermeability varies in an irregular manner. The equivalent permeability of areservoir segment is defined as the permeability of a homogeneous segment ofthe same dimensions that would pass the same flux under the same pressure drop.It is the permeability value that can be used in simple theoretical formulas tocalculate the reservoir behavior.
To the authors' knowledge, previous theoretical calculations on systems ofnon-uniform permeability have been carried out only by Muskat and he has notdealt with irregular variations, except in writing down the generaldifferential equation for the pressure in variably permeable systems. a
In practical work, many calculations necessarily have been made to estimateequivalent permeabilities from the permeability profiles obtained by coreanalyses. Regarding such calculations, Johnston and Sherborne say:
Simple arithmetic and weighted averages have been tried on many wells and ithas been found that, where frequent sampling has occurred, the arithmeticaverage is as satisfactory as a weighted average. It is possible that theapplication of statistical methods to the analysis of permeability data asrecently presented by Laws may prove fruitful.
Law has made a valuable contribution in showing how statistical analyses mayaid in picturing the characteristics of a reservoir from those of a necessarilylimited number of core samples. It is believed however that the particularproblem of the estimation of equivalent permeabilities can be most directlyapproached from a fluid dynamical viewpoint as given in the present paper. Anexample is presented of the use of the conclusions herein in conjunction withLaw's method.
T.P. 1852
Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Oil and Gas from Paloma Field
Authors: Olds R.H. , Sage B.H. , Lacey W.N. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Samples of liquid and gas were obtained from the primary separator of a well inthe Paloma field. The volumetric properties of the samples and of sixsystematically chosen mixtures of the samples were experimentally determined at100?, 190?, and 250?F. at pressures up to 5000 lb. per sq. inch.
From these data the influence of pressure and temperature upon the compositionand specific volume of the bubble-point liquid and of the retrograde dew-pointgas was established. The formation volumes and gas-oil ratios of the mixturesinvestigated were calculated on the basis of the plant-product oil, which isdefined as the isobutane and less volatile portion of each mixture. The resultsare presented in graphical and tabular form.
The volumetric behavior of the mixture corresponding to that produced by thewell at the time of sampling was determined for 235?F., the reported reservoirtemperature, by graphical interpolation of the experimental data with respectto composition and temperature. The results indicate that the well-productionmixture probably existed as a gas at its retrograde dew point under theconditions of temperature and pressure believed to prevail in the producingzone at the time of sampling.
The effect upon the phase behavior occasioned by the omission from thewell-production mixture of certain components of intermediate molecular weightwas investigated. In the first case, all of the isobutane and n-butane, andsubstantially all of the isopentane, were removed from the mixture of trapsamples corresponding to the well production. In the second case, all thepropane, isobutane and n-butane, and substantially all of the isopentane, wereremoved. Both modifications led to considerable increases in the retrogradedew-point pressure at 235?F.; an increase of 558 lb. per sq. in. above that ofthe unmodified well-production mixture in the first case, and an increase of1208 lb. per sq. in. in the second.
It was concluded that-the materials remaining after the removal of certaincomponents of intermediate molecular weight could not be injected back into thereservoir in the same proportion in which they were produced without entailingappreciable loss of liquid material through condensation within theformation.

Introduction
Under the usual conditions of production practice, petroleum arrives at thesurface of the earth in a physical state considerably different from that inwhich it existed in the underground reservoir. The relative rates of productionand the properties of oil and gas measured at surface conditions do notconstitute, in general, even a qualitative description of the fluids existingin the reservoir.
The estimation of reserves and the attainment of optimum efficiency with regardto rate, quantity, and cost of production require accurate data concerning thephysical properties of petroleum throughout large changes in pressure andtemperature.
T.P. 1861