Upper respiratory
Streptococcus pneumoniae
colonization among working-age adults with prevalent exposure to overcrowding
Authors: Parker Anna M. , Jackson Nicole , Awasthi Shevya , Kim Hanna , Alwan Tess , Wyllie Anne L. , Kogut Katherine , Holland Nina , Mora Ana M. , Eskenazi Brenda , Riley Lee W. , Lewnard Joseph A. 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Most pneumococcal disease occurs among infants and older adults and is thought to be driven by the transmission of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
from young children to these vulnerable age groups. However, pneumococcal disease outbreaks also affect non-elderly adults living or working in congregate, close-contact settings. Little is known about pneumococcal carriage in such populations. From July to November 2020, we collected saliva from low-income adult farmworkers in Monterey County, California, and tested for pneumococcal carriage following culture enrichment via quantitative PCR assays targeting the pneumococcal
lytA
and
piaB
genes. Participants were considered to carry pneumococci if
lytA
and
piaB
cycle threshold values were both below 40. Among 1,283 participants enrolled in our study, 117 (9.1%) carried pneumococci. Carriers tended more often than non-carriers to be exposed to children aged <5 years [odds ratio (OR) = 1.45 (0.95–2.20)] and overcrowding [OR = 1.48 (0.96–2.30) and 2.84 (1.20–6.73), respectively, for participants in households with >2–4 and >4 persons per bedroom vs ≤2 persons per bedroom]. Household overcrowding remained associated with increased risk of carriage among participants not exposed to children aged <5 years [OR = 2.05 (1.18–3.59) for participants living in households with >2 vs ≤2 persons per bedroom]. Exposure to children aged <5 years and overcrowding were each associated with increased pneumococcal density among carriers [
piaB
c

T

difference of 2.04 (0.36–3.73) and 2.44 (0.80–4.11), respectively]. While exposure to young children was a predictor of pneumococcal carriage, associations of overcrowding with increased prevalence and density of carriage in households without young children suggest that transmission also occurs among adults in close-contact settings.

IMPORTANCE

Although infants and older adults are the groups most commonly affected by pneumococcal disease, outbreaks are known to occur among healthy, working-age populations exposed to overcrowding, including miners, shipyard workers, military recruits, and prisoners. Carriage of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
is the precursor to pneumococcal disease, and its relation to overcrowding in adult populations is poorly understood. We used molecular methods to characterize pneumococcal carriage in culture-enriched saliva samples from low-income adult farmworkers in Monterey County, CA. While exposure to children in the household was an important risk factor for pneumococcal carriage, living in an overcrowded household without young children was an independent predictor of carriage as well. Moreover, participants exposed to children or overcrowding carried pneumococci at higher density than those without such exposures, suggesting recent transmission. Our findings suggest that, in addition to transmission from young children, pneumococcal transmission may occur independently among adults in overcrowded settings.