bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological characteristics of frontal sinus and nasal bone focusing on bone resorption and apposition in hypophosphatemic rickets
Authors: Gjørup H. , Kjaer I. , Sonnesen L. , Beck‐Nielsen S. S. , Haubek D. 
Published: July 2013

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo characterize the size and the morphology of the frontal sinus (i.e., structure evolved by bone resorption) and the nasal bone (i.e., structure evolved by bone formation) in adults with hypophosphatemic rickets (HR) compared with controls.Setting and sample populationThirty‐six patients with HR (12 males and 24 females) aged 21–74 years were included. The control group comprised 49 healthy individuals (23 males and 26 females) aged 20–79 years.Material and methodsProfile cephalograms were obtained and the following measurements were included: height and width of the frontal sinus; length, width, and area of the nasal bone. The morphology of the nasal bone was assessed. Linear regression analyses were used to compare HR patients with controls.ResultsIn HR patients, the size of the frontal sinus was unaffected (p = 0.406 to p = 0.862). The proximal width of the nasal bone, and the ratio between the proximal width and the axial length of the nasal bone were increased in HR patients (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe size of the frontal sinus was unaffected, indicating a normal ability of bone resorption within the bone. The morphology of the nasal bone was abnormal indicating a disturbance in bone formation during growth. The disturbances in nasal bone modeling were mainly expressed in the proximal part supported by structures of cartilaginous origin.
Species, speciation and palaeontology up to theModernSynthesis: persistent themes and unanswered questions
Authors: Allmon Warren D. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAlthough it has been variously defined and discussed, the ‘species problem’ in evolutionary palaeontology actually consists of at least three separate but closely related questions: (1) What are species in living organisms? (the ‘species nature problem’); (2) To what degree can ‘species’ as recognized in living organisms be recognized in the fossil record? (the ‘species recognition problem’); (3) To the degree that species can be so recognized, to what degree can species be studied as modern species are, that is, what can we learn about the origin and evolution of species from fossils that we could not otherwise learn? This can be called the ‘species study problem’. A critical survey of the history of thinking about the nature and origin of species indicates that answers to at least two of these three questions (the first and third) have been remarkably persistent in both palaeontological and neontological views over the past 250 years, and the range of answers to them has changed remarkably little. The nature ofDarwin's ideas on these issues, which has remained controversial, is an epitome of the persistent complexity and difficulty of the questions involved. This historical survey has a number of implications for modern palaeontological views of the nature and origin of species, including that the nature of species is a substantive (as opposed to a purely semantic) issue, likely to be decided empirically and not just theoretically, and that the roles of selection and isolation in the origin of species are likely diverse and complex.
TGF‐β1 and TNF‐α differentially regulate Twist1 mediated resistance towards BRAF/MEK inhibition in melanoma
Authors: Menon Dinoop R. , Wels Christian , Bonyadi Rad Ehsan , Joshi Shripad , Knausz Heike , Lade‐Keller Johanne , Brandner Johanna M. , Schaider Helmut 
Published: July 2013

SummaryResistance to BRAF and MEK inhibition is a common phenomenon in melanoma. Cytokines and transcription factors have been attributed to contribute to the loss of sensitivity towards these inhibitors. Here, we show that transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 if combined with PLX4032, a BRAF inhibitor, or GSK1120212, a MEK inhibitor, substantially increased cell death in BRAF‐mutant melanoma cell lines. This increase was based on the combined regulatory decrease in Twist1, an antiapoptotic protein. Overexpression or silencing of Twist1 attenuated or aggravated induction of apoptosis through PLX4032 or GSK1120212, respectively. Exposure to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, however, led to increased Twist1 levels and oppositional decrease in cell death if exposed to PLX4032 or GSK1120212. This increase in drug resistance again depended on Twist1 levels. Our studies suggest that Twist1 as a common downstream target of multiple signalling cascades plays a crucial role in mediating drug resistance to BRAF‐ and MEK‐targeted molecular inhibitors.
‘Seeing is Believing’; the use of novel imaging approaches towards creating a greater understanding of parasite: host interactions
Authors: Mountford A. P. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThis editorial highlights some of the key points made in the six invited reviews in this special issue of Parasite Immunology on the use of contemporary imaging technologies to investigate the parasite: host interface. Three of the reviews deal with the protozoa Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium, whilst the remainder focus on helminth parasites particularly Schistosoma. The reviews cover aspects related to how the development of transgenic parasites has vastly advanced our understanding of how parasites interact with host cells, particularly as a cause of pathology. Imaging technologies have also been exploited in revealing parasite localisation within host tissues and identifying novel therapeutic targets. Combined the reviews show how ‘state of the art’ imaging technologies have resulted in a seismic advance in our understanding of parasite biology and how this has the potential to develop new, and improved, strategies to combat disease caused by parasite infections.
Induction of appropriate Th‐cell phenotypes: cellular decision‐making in heterogeneous environments
Authors: van den Ham H.‐J. , Andeweg A. C. , de Boer R. J. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryHelper T (Th)‐cell differentiation is a key event in the development of the adaptive immune response. By the production of a range of cytokines, Th cells determine the type of immune response that is raised against an invading pathogen. Th cells can adopt many different phenotypes, and Th‐cell phenotype decision‐making is crucial in mounting effective host responses. This review discusses the different Th‐cell phenotypes that have been identified and how Th cells adopt a particular phenotype. The regulation of Th‐cell phenotypes has been studied extensively using mathematical models, which have explored the role of regulatory mechanisms such as autocrine cytokine signalling and cross‐inhibition between self‐activating transcription factors. At the single cell level, Th responses tend to be heterogeneous, but corrections can be made soon after T‐cell activation. Although pathogens and the innate immune system provide signals that direct the induction of Th‐cell phenotypes, these instructive mechanisms could be easily subverted by pathogens. We discuss that a model of success‐driven feedback would select the most appropriate phenotype for clearing a pathogen. Given the heterogeneity in the induction phase of the Th response, such a success‐driven feedback loop would allow the selection of effective Th‐cell phenotypes while terminating incorrect responses.
Screening Corymbia populations for resistance to Puccinia psidii
Authors: Pegg G. S. , Brawner J. T. , Lee D. J. 
Published: July 2013

The exotic rust pathogen Puccinia psidii is now widespread along the east coast of Australia from temperate Victoria to tropical far north Queensland, with a current host range exceeding 200 species from 37 myrtaceous genera. To determine the threat P. psidii poses to plantation and native eucalypts, artificial inoculation was used to screen germplasm of spotted gum (Corymbia spp.) for resistance to the biotype of P. psidii that has become established in Australia. The objective was to characterize resistance to P. psidii within the Corymbia species complex so that management strategies for the deployment of germplasm from existing breeding programmes of these spotted gum species could be developed. Symptom development initiated 7 days after inoculation, with resistant and susceptible seedlings identified within all species, provenances and families. Inter‐ and intraspecific variability in rust resistance was observed among spotted gum species. There was no apparent relationship between climatic conditions at the provenance origin and disease resistance. The heritability estimates for all assessments are moderate to high and indicate a significant level of additive genetic variance for rust resistance within the populations. The results of this study clearly identify potential to select for resistance at the family level within the tested populations. While the potential for P. psidii to detrimentally impact upon Corymbia in the nursery and in young plantations was demonstrated, estimations of the heritability of resistance suggest that efforts to enhance this trait through breeding have reasonable prospects for success.
Endowment Differences and the Composition of Intra‐Industry Trade
Authors: Cabral Manuel , Falvey Rod , Milner Chris 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe empirical relationship between differences in endowments and different types of trade is investigated in this paper. Although net trade (NT) and vertical intra‐industry trade (IIT) are both broadly viewed as reflecting endowment differences, we suggest that there will be systematic differences in the way their shares of trade adjust as endowment differences become larger. Empirical evidence for European Union trade with its 52 major trading partners confirms this. The share of horizontal IIT (net trade) decreases (increases) for all increases in absolute endowment differences, but the share of vertical IIT can both increase and decrease with increases in endowment differences.
The “Impossible Trinity” Hypothesis in an Era of Global Imbalances: Measurement and Testing
Authors: Aizenman Joshua , Chinn Menzie David , Ito Hiro 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe outline new metrics for measuring the trilemma aspects: exchange rate flexibility, monetary independence, and capital account openness, taking into account substantial international reserve accumulation that has taken place since the 2000s. Since 1990, the trilemma variables in emerging markets have converged towards intermediate levels, characterizing by managed flexibility, using sizable international reserves as a buffer while retaining some degree of monetary autonomy. We test the linearity of the trilemma, and find that the weighted sum of the three trilemma variables adds up to a constant. Thus, a rise in one trilemma variable should be traded‐off with a drop of the weighted sum of the other two.
An Economic Evaluation of Model Risk in Long‐term Asset Allocations
Authors: Boucher Christophe , Jannin Gregory , Kouontchou Patrick , Maillet Bertrand 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFollowing the recent crisis and the revealed weakness of risk management practices, regulators of developed markets have recommended that financial institutions assess model risk. Standard risk measures, such as the value‐at‐risk (VaR), emerged during the 1990s as the industry standard for risk management and become today a key tool for asset allocation. This paper illustrates and estimates model risk, and focuses on the evaluation of its impact on optimal portfolios at various time horizons. Based on a long sample of US data, the paper finds a non‐linear relation between VaR model errors and the horizon that impacts optimal asset allocations.
US Ethanol Trade Policy: Pollution Reduction or Domestic Protection
Authors: Devadoss Stephen , Bayham Jude 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTo mitigate dependence on fossil fuel and reduce pollution, the US government has undertaken several policies—an import tariff, tax credit, and mandate—to augment domestic ethanol production and increase ethanol in the fuel supply. This study uses a general equilibrium model to analyze the effects of the US ethanol import tariff on welfare by internalizing the externality and incorporating US fuel and ethanol policies and to determine the optimal tariff. The results show that because of the environmental benefits of imported ethanol, the adverse effects of domestic ethanol on the environment, the need for the imported ethanol to boost the blended gasoline production, and the economy‐wide interactions of various markets, the optimal trade policy may call for subsidizing rather than taxing ethanol imports.
Sediment geochemistry as a provenance indicator: Unravelling the cryptic signatures of polycyclic sources, climate change, tectonism and volcanism
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Pe‐Piper Georgia , Piper David J.W. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractInterpretation of bulk‐sediment geochemistry is one of several approaches for determining sediment provenance. This study investigates the value added by bulk‐sediment geochemical analysis in interpreting provenance in a passive margin clastic basin, the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous deltaic sediments of the Scotian Basin. Provenance studies in this basin are challenging because source tectonic terranes are parallel to the basin margin and polycyclic sediment sources are abundant. More than 400 samples of mudstone and sandstone representing the geographical and stratigraphic range of interest were analysed for 57 elements. Diagenetic processes added calcium to many samples and removed potassium in rocks buried below 3 km, thus impacting principal component analysis and published weathering indices. However, multiple geochemical approaches to assessing the degree of weathering showed climatically controlled changes in weathering in the Tithonian and Barremian, and changes in supply from major tectonic events, such as the top‐Aptian uplift in the Labrador rift. Covariance of elements in heavy minerals demonstrates the varying magnitude of polycyclic supply and stratigraphic changes in sources. Geochemical analyses revealed a previously unsuspected Tithonian alkali volcanic sediment source, characterized by high niobium and tantalum. The lack of highly contrasting sources means that geochemistry alone is inadequate to determine sediment provenance. Published discrimination diagrams are of limited value. Statistical analysis of geochemical data is strongly influenced by diagenetic processes, episodic volcanic inputs and polycyclic concentration of resistant heavy minerals in sandstones. Single indicator elements for particular sources are generally lacking. Nevertheless, careful consideration of geochemical variability on a case by case basis, integrated with detrital mineral studies, provides new insights into palaeoclimate, sediment provenance and, hence, regional tectonics. Although there is no simple template for such analysis, this study demonstrates an approach that can be used for other basins.
Lactate dehydrogenase and Haemolysis Index as quality control markers of haemolysis in intra‐operative cell salvage
Authors: Sullivan I. J. , Faulds J. N. 
Published: July 2013

SummaryObjectivesThe aim of this investigation was to explore the potential use of the tests lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Haemolysis Index as haemolysis markers in intra‐operative cell salvage (ICS) blood in comparison to plasma free haemoglobin levels.BackgroundQuality control (QC) should be seen as a fundamental part of any ICS blood conservation programme, however, due to lack of available knowledge, familiarity and experience, QC is still a comparatively new subject. A QC pilot scheme is currently being undertaken by the Royal Cornwall Hospital in association with the UK Cell Salvage Action Group to explore potential markers that can be used to assess the quality of blood obtained from ICS. This test list should be available to all ICS users and achievable within financial budgets. Currently this proposed test list includes a full blood count, a protein marker such as urine albumin/microalbumin and heparin monitoring. Haemolysis testing is another key marker.Methods/MaterialsSamples were collected from ICS processed blood and allogeneic SAGM leucodepleted red cell units and processed for plasma free haemoglobin, LDH and Haemolysis Index.ResultsThere was a very strong correlation between plasma free haemoglobin and LDH (0·960), and plasma free haemoglobin and the Haemolysis Index (0·944).ConclusionWe have shown that the LDH and Haemolysis Index tests are suitable and reliable alternatives for measuring haemolysis from samples obtained from ICS or allogeneic blood. We have incorporated the LDH test into our Hospital's ICS QC package and recommend that this test is considered for all ICS QC samples.
An APETALA3 homolog controls both petal identity and floral meristem patterning in Nigella damascena L. (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Gonçalves Beatriz , Nougué Odrade , Jabbour Florian , Ridel Céline , Morin Halima , Laufs Patrick , Manicacci Domenica , Damerval Catherine 
Published: July 2013

SummaryFlower architecture mutants provide a unique opportunity to address the genetic origin of flower diversity. Here we study a naturally occurring floral dimorphism in Nigella damascena (Ranunculaceae), involving replacement of the petals by numerous sepal‐like and chimeric sepal/stamen organs. We performed a comparative study of floral morphology and floral development, and characterized the expression of APETALA3 and PISTILLATA homologs in both morphs. Segregation analyses and gene silencing were used to determine the involvement of an APETALA3 paralog (NdAP3–3) in the floral dimorphism. We demonstrate that the complex floral dimorphism is controlled by a single locus, which perfectly co‐segregates with the NdAP3–3 gene. This gene is not expressed in the apetalous morph and exhibits a particular expression dynamic during early floral development in the petalous morph. NdAP3–3 silencing in petalous plants perfectly phenocopies the apetalous morph. Our results show that NdAP3–3 is fully responsible for the complex N. damascena floral dimorphism, suggesting that it plays a role not only in petal identity but also in meristem patterning, possibly through regulation of perianth organ number and the perianth/stamen boundary.
MULTIPASS, a rice R2R3‐typeMYBtranscription factor, regulates adaptive growth by integrating multiple hormonal pathways
Authors: Schmidt Romy , Schippers Jos H. M. , Mieulet Delphine , Obata Toshihiro , Fernie Alisdair R. , Guiderdoni Emmanuel , Mueller‐Roeber Bernd 
Published: July 2013

SummaryGrowth regulation is an important aspect of plant adaptation during environmental perturbations. Here, the role ofMULTIPASS(OsMPS), an R2R3‐typeMYBtranscription factor of rice, was explored.OsMPSis induced by salt stress and expressed in vegetative and reproductive tissues. Over‐expression ofOsMPSreduces growth under non‐stress conditions, while knockdown plants display increased biomass.OsMPSexpression is induced by abscisic acid and cytokinin, but is repressed by auxin, gibberellin and brassinolide. Growth retardation caused byOsMPSover‐expression is partially restored by auxin application. Expression profiling revealed that OsMPS negatively regulates the expression ofEXPANSIN(EXP) and cell‐wall biosynthesis as well as phytohormone signaling genes. Furthermore, the expression of OsMPS‐dependent genes is regulated by auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid. Moreover, we show that OsMPS is a direct upstream regulator ofOsEXPA4,OsEXPA8,OsEXPB2,OsEXPB3,OsEXPB6and the endoglucanase genesOsGLU5andOsGLU14. The multiple responses ofOsMPSand its target genes to various hormones suggest an integrative function of OsMPSin the cross‐talk between phytohormones and the environment to regulate adaptive growth.
On the Differential Behaviour of National and Multinational Firms: A Within‐ and Across‐sectors Approach
Authors: Latorre María C. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThis paper looks for different patterns of behaviour of national firms and multinational enterprises (MNEs). Its main contribution is the use of a computable general equilibrium perspective to analyse firms’ performance. The model is calibrated for the case of theCzechRepublic, which has been a very attractive foreign direct investment location in the last three decades. We replicate the arrival ofMNEs to different sectors of this country in turn and analyse the responses of both types of firms across the 20 different sectors in which theCzech economy has been split. Our results grasp the short‐run impact. The higher labour intensity of national firms leads them to different patterns of production and labour demand, compared withMNEs operatingwithinthe same sector. The demand side of the model (particularly, exports and private consumption) drives the evolution of production and labour demandacrosssectors. Regarding prices, we also find a differential pattern between both types of firmswithinandacrosssectors. Our analysis offers detailed evidence on how the impact ofMNEs will differ depending on the sector to which they arrive. Finally, the aggregate results suggest that a completely different microeconomic panorama may underlie rather similar macroeconomic outcomes.
Active Outer Ring Cooling of High Loaded and High Speed Ball Bearings
Authors: Flouros Michael , Hirschmann Markus , Cottier Francois , Gloeckner Peter , Dullenkopf Klaus 
Published: July 2013

Bearings for aero engine applications are subjected to a high thermal impact because of the elevated speeds and loads. The high rate of heat generation in the bearing cannot be sustained by the materials used and in the absence of lubrication will fail within seconds. For this reason aero engine bearings have to be lubricated and cooled by a continuous oil stream. The heat which is generated in the bearings through friction is transferred into the oil. Oil itself has not unlimited capabilities and can only remove heat as long as its temperature does not reach critical limits. When the critical limits have been reached or even exceeded the oil will suffer chemical decomposition (coking) with loss of its properties and subsequently causing a detrimental impact on the rotating machinery. Oil is normally transferred into the bearings through holes in the inner ring thus taking advantage of the centrifugal forces due to the rotation.
In its way through the bearing the oil continuously removes heat from the inner ring, the rolling elements and the bearing cage until it reaches the outer ring. Since the oil has already been heated up its capability to remove heat from the outer ring is considerably reduced. The idea to provide the bearing with an “unlimited” quantity of oil to ensure proper cooling cannot be considered since an increase in the oil quantity leads to higher parasitic losses (churning) in the bearing chamber and increased requirements on the engine’s lubrication system in terms of storage, scavenging, cooling, weight, etc, not mentioning the power needed to accomplish all these.
In this sense, the authors have developed a method which would enable active cooling of the outer ring. Similar to fins which are used for cooling electronic devices, a spiral groove engraved in the outer ring material would function as a fin body with oil instead of air as the cooling medium. The number of “threads” and the size of the groove design characteristics were optimized in a way that enhanced heat transfer is achieved without excessive pressure losses.
An experimental set up was created for this reason and a 167.5mm PCD (Pitch Circle Diameter) ball bearing was investigated. The bearing was tested with and without the outer ring cooling. A reduction of 50% of the lubricant flow through the inner ring associated with a 30% decrease in heat generation was achieved.