bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refugia in Patagonian fjords and the eastern Andes during the Last Glacial Maximum revealed by huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) phylogeographical patterns and genetic diversity
Authors: Marín Juan C. , Varas Valeria , Vila Alejandro R. , López Rodrigo , Orozco‐terWengel Pablo , Corti Paulo 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimOur aim was to determine the combined impacts of Pleistocene climatic oscillations and glacial periods with recognized biogeographical barriers on the evolutionary history of huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus).LocationSouthern Chile and Argentina's Andean forest, and Patagonian fjords.MethodsWe examined the phylogeography of huemul using 772 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region sequence from 275 samples (29 locations) collected throughout the distributional range of the species. We grouped samples into clusters based on Bayesian genetic and spatial structure analyses and reconstructed the species' phylogeographical and demographic history.ResultsWe observed 63 haplotypes that grouped into three clusters (Central Chile, North Patagonia and South Patagonia). All but five haplotypes in North and South Patagonia were distributed locally. Bayesian skyline plots showed that population sizes remained fairly constant until an increase during and after the Last Glacial Maximum. Genetic diversity was generally low, except in three populations in the eastern Andes and on Wellington Island (Patagonian fjords).Main conclusionsOur results suggest that the biogeographical separation of huemul into phylogeographical groups has been heavily influenced by Pleistocene glacial stages, and more recently by habitat fragmentation and isolation. This provides the first evidence that the region west of the Cordilleran ice field was a refugium for at least one species of large mammal during the Pleistocene in southern South America. These results have direct implications for the conservation and management of this endangered deer species.
New developments in our understanding of psoriatic arthritis and their impact on the diagnosis and clinical management of the disease
Authors: Boehncke W.H. , Kirby B. , FitzGerald O. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPsoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a spondyloarthritis with a comorbid association with psoriasis. Without appropriate treatment it can be progressive, severe, deforming and destructive. It has long been recognized that subsets of PsA patients exist, characterized by different patterns of joint involvement. Associations between development of PsA and certain human leukocyte antigens (HLA) have been established. Evidence now suggests that progression of PsA is also genetically determined. The presence of one allele (HLA‐B*27) has been associated with a distinct phenotype characterized by early joint involvement, whereas development of musculoskeletal symptoms is much slower in patients with another allele, C*06. Dermatologists need to consider what these differences in genotypes and phenotypes mean for clinical practice. Delay in the diagnosis of PsA is a significant contributor to poor patient outcomes, but there is evidence that PsA is underdiagnosed among psoriasis patients attending dermatology clinics. Dermatologists need to identify PsA symptoms among their psoriasis patients and refer for rheumatological assessment where appropriate. Treatment should address all aspects of the disease, including skin, nail and joint symptoms as well as physical functioning and quality of life. The existence of distinct phenotypic and genetic PsA subsets means dermatologists need to consider which drugs are likely to be most efficacious in which patient populations. Stratification of PsA according to susceptibility genes may in future help identify patients requiring more aggressive treatment to prevent progression. Biologic therapies show efficacy in PsA, but the patient populations of clinical trials are not always representative of patients treated with biologics in clinical practice.
Clinical efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of dermatomyositis skin lesions without muscle disease
Authors: Bounfour T. , Bouaziz J.‐D. , Bézier M. , Cordoliani F. , Saussine A. , Petit A. , Juillard C. , Bagot M. , Rybojad M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundTreating dermatomyositis (DM) with isolated skin involvement is difficult and inconsistently performed. Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) are recommended for corticoresistant or corticodependant DM, but only a few cases of IVIg use in DM with isolated skin involvement have been reported.DesignWe performed a retrospective monocentric study of 27 patients who were treated with IVIg for severe DM skin lesions (no or minor muscle involvement) after failure of photoprotection and at least one line of treatment.ResultsNineteen patients (70%) exhibited a major response, four patients exhibited a partial response and four patients exhibited no response, including two patients with grade 3 side effects (headaches). The mean number of IVIg courses was 4.8 (range 1–15). Ten patients (53%) relapsed, with a median time of 6.2 months after the last IVIg course. Six of these patients were successfully treated with a new IVIg course. Muscle disease developed in six patients.ConclusionIVIg may be an effective and safe treatment for DM with isolated skin involvement. Relapse occurred frequently, but treatment with a new course of IVIg was successful. Controlled studies are required to confirm these results.
Anatomy of the anterolateral ligament of the knee
Authors: Claes Steven , Vereecke Evie , Maes Michael , Victor Jan , Verdonk Peter , Bellemans Johan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn 1879, the French surgeon Segond described the existence of a ‘pearly, resistant, fibrous band’ at the anterolateral aspect of the human knee, attached to the eponymous Segond fracture. To date, the enigma surrounding this anatomical structure is reflected in confusing names such as ‘(mid‐third) lateral capsular ligament’, ‘capsulo‐osseous layer of the iliotibial band’ or ‘anterolateral ligament’, and no clear anatomical description has yet been provided. In this study, the presence and characteristics of Segond's ‘pearly band’, hereafter termed anterolateral ligament (ALL), was investigated in 41 unpaired, human cadaveric knees. The femoral and tibial attachment of the ALL, its course and its relationship with nearby anatomical structures were studied both qualitatively and quantitatively. In all but one of 41 cadaveric knees (97%), the ALL was found as a well‐defined ligamentous structure, clearly distinguishable from the anterolateral joint capsule. The origin of the ALL was situated at the prominence of the lateral femoral epicondyle, slightly anterior to the origin of the lateral collateral ligament, although connecting fibers between the two structures were observed. The ALL showed an oblique course to the anterolateral aspect of the proximal tibia, with firm attachments to the lateral meniscus, thus enveloping the inferior lateral geniculate artery and vein. Its insertion on the anterolateral tibia was grossly located midway between Gerdy's tubercle and the tip of the fibular head, definitely separate from the iliotibial band (ITB). The ALL was found to be a distinct ligamentous structure at the anterolateral aspect of the human knee with consistent origin and insertion site features. By providing a detailed anatomical characterization of the ALL, this study clarifies the long‐standing enigma surrounding the existence of a ligamentous structure connecting the femur with the anterolateral tibia. Given its structure and anatomic location, the ALL is hypothesized to control internal tibial rotation and thus to affect the pivot shift phenomenon, although further studies are needed to investigate its biomechanical function.
The P2X7 receptor–inflammasome complex has a role in modulating the inflammatory response in primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Baldini C. , Rossi C. , Ferro F. , Santini E. , Seccia V. , Donati V. , Solini A. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveInnate and adaptive immunity may contribute to gland dysfunction in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R)–NLRP3 inflammasome complex modulates the release of the inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐18. The presence of P2X7R in salivary glands suggests an interesting scenario for the initiation and amplification of the innate immune response in pSS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the role of the P2X7R–NLRP3 inflammasome in pSS.Subjects and MethodsTwenty‐one consecutive patients with pSS according to the American–European Consensus Group criteria and 15 patients with sicca syndrome (i.e. without Sjögren's syndrome, non‐SS) were enrolled in this study, together with six control (CTL) subjects. Expression of the P2X7R‐NLRP3 platform and IL‐18 was determined by real‐time PCR and western blotting in gland specimens and peripheral lymphomonocytes; data were related to patients\x92 clinical, serological and histopathological characteristics. The presence of IL‐18 was determined in gland and saliva samples.ResultsP2X7R expression was significantly higher in salivary glands from individuals with pSS than in those from non‐SS and CTL subjects. Accordingly, the gene expression levels of the inflammasome components NLRP3, ASC and caspase‐1 were significantly higher in pSS gland specimens, and this was paralleled by an increased expression of mature IL‐18 in pSS saliva samples. The expression of both the P2X7R and the inflammasome components was a marker of disease‐related glandular involvement, being increased in patients with anti‐Ro/SSA positivity and correlated with focus score.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest an involvement of the P2X7R–inflammasome–caspase‐1–IL‐18 axis in the development of pSS exocrinopathy. This finding provides the basis for studying the complex mechanisms underlying pSS, as well as for developing novel potential therapeutic strategies.
Endozoochorous seed dispersal and germination strategies of Serengeti plants
Authors: Anderson T. Michael , Schütz Martin , Risch Anita C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractQuestionsHow do rates of endozoochory change across gradients of environmental variation, grazing intensity and herbivore body size? Is there evidence that plants experience a trade‐off in successful germination in dung vs soil, and if so, are opposing strategies associated with traits indicative of evolutionary grazing history?LocationSerengeti National Park, Tanzania and a greenhouse in Birmensdorf, Switzerland.MethodsWe compared rates of seedling emergence from the dung of six grazing herbivore species and soil collected across an environmental gradient in the Serengeti; we experimentally exposed both dung and soil to smoke to test for the effects of breaking seed dormancy. We analysed overlap in plant composition of seedlings germinated from dung and soil and asked whether species found in dung (but not soil) or soil (but not dung) differed in traits that are associated with evolutionary grazing history, such as leaf height and seed head height.ResultsSpatially, dung samples collected in the heavily grazed Serengeti plains contained more seeds than more northern sites. Median seedling emergence from dung varied among herbivores: hartebeest and wildebeest had the most, topi and zebra had intermediate numbers and Thomson's and Grant's gazelle the fewest, with Grant's gazelle dung being composed almost entirely of herbaceous dicots. Smoke failed to induce a germination response when applied to dung, but the composition of plant species germinating in ‘dung only’ or ‘soil only’ was surprisingly distinct. Moreover, seed head heights and leaf heights were shorter for plant species that germinated from dung compared to those that germinated from soil. Finally, the abundance of seeds germinating in dung and soil showed opposite patterns across the transition from short‐grass, historically grazed sites in the south to tall‐grass, fire‐prone sites in to the north.ConclusionsTogether, our results suggest that some Serengeti plant species may be specialized to disperse via the dung of large herbivores. Consequently, endozoochory may be an important, and thus far overlooked, ecological process in Serengeti and in tropical savannas dominated by large herbivores more generally.
Genetic and ecological consequences of interactions between three banksias in mediterranean‐type shrubland
Authors: He Tianhua , Lamont Byron B. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractQuestionsRecent research has revealed that genotypic diversity may have a similar role to species diversity in understanding competitive relations and ecological functioning of a community. Despite theoretical advancement in how competition and co‐existence influence the pattern of genetic diversity between interacting species/genotypes, this topic has received little empirical attention. The key question is how the distribution of a given species/genotype is influenced by inter‐specific interactions.LocationA sclerophyll shrubland (kwongan) at Beekeepers Nature Reserve, 300 km north of Perth, Western Australia.MethodsWe examined whether there are any genetic or ecological consequences arising from the interspersion of three Banksia species. We investigated patterns of local abundance, mortality after environmental stress (viz. severe drought) and microsatellite allelic richness for populations of the three co‐occurring banksias distributed on the crests and slopes of a mosaic of sand dunes.ResultsLocal abundance of the fire‐killed Banksia hookeriana was positively correlated with that of the lignotuberous resprouter B. attenuata, which has similar shrub morphology, but negatively with that of the less similar clonal resprouter, B. candolleana. In contrast, population allelic richness of B. attenuata and B. hookeriana were negatively correlated, while allelic richness of B. candolleana and the other two banksias were uncorrelated. Positive correlation between local abundance of B. attenuata and B. hookeriana was likely a consequence of a similar response to the same environmental resources, while B. candolleana has greater environmental tolerances than the other banksias but a slower dispersal rate as it rarely produces seedlings. Negative correlation in allelic richness between the ecologically similar B. attenuata and B. hookeriana was likely the result of competition for niche space at the genotype level. While local exclusion of inferior genotypes might occur by competition, exclusion of entire species is avoided and stable co‐existence is achieved.ConclusionsOur results indicate that mechanisms of co‐existence and isolation among plant species may operate at several genetic scales, and that subtle genotypic variation is of potential importance in maintaining co‐existence among ecologically matched species.
From Female Accomplishment To Botanical Science: Mary Delany's “Paper Mosaicks”
Authors: Babilas Dorota 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMary Delany (1700–1788, nee Granville, I voto Pendarves) was an English gentlewoman of many talents. She wrote and illustrated a novella; she designed gardens, furniture and textiles; she left an impressive body of work in different artistic and decorative media. Most importantly, she invented an entirely new art form of “paper mosaicks” (i.e. botanical collages), producing nearly a thousand cut‐out images of various flowers, now kept at the British Museum. Mrs Delany's extensive correspondence and autobiographical writings were published posthumously and have ever remained an important source of insights on women's history of the 18th century. Highly regarded by her contemporaries, Mrs Delany's legacy was often dismissed by later critics who perceived her works as examples of mere fashionable accomplishments, ladylike pastimes of no artistic significance. In the article, I would like to draw the readers' attention to the great skill and exceptional accuracy with which the mosaicks were executed, pointing to Mrs Delany's substantial botanical knowledge and her awareness of scientific debates of her times, especially those regarding Linnaeus's botanical taxonomy.
Adaptive introgression in animals: examples and comparison to new mutation and standing variation as sources of adaptive variation
Authors: Hedrick Philip W. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAdaptive genetic variation has been thought to originate primarily from either new mutation or standing variation. Another potential source of adaptive variation is adaptive variants from other (donor) species that are introgressed into the (recipient) species, termed adaptive introgression. Here, the various attributes of these three potential sources of adaptive variation are compared. For example, the rate of adaptive change is generally thought to be faster from standing variation, slower from mutation and potentially intermediate from adaptive introgression. Additionally, the higher initial frequency of adaptive variation from standing variation and lower initial frequency from mutation might result in a higher probability of fixation of the adaptive variants for standing variation. Adaptive variation from introgression might have higher initial frequency than new adaptive mutations but lower than that from standing variation, again making the impact of adaptive introgression variation potentially intermediate. Adaptive introgressive variants might have multiple changes within a gene and affect multiple loci, an advantage also potentially found for adaptive standing variation but not for new adaptive mutants. The processes that might produce a common variant in two taxa, convergence, trans‐species polymorphism from incomplete lineage sorting or from balancing selection and adaptive introgression, are also compared. Finally, potential examples of adaptive introgression in animals, including balancing selection for multiple alleles for major histocompatibility complex (MHC), S and csd genes, pesticide resistance in mice, black colour in wolves and white colour in coyotes, Neanderthal or Denisovan ancestry in humans, mimicry genes in Heliconius butterflies, beak traits in Darwin's finches, yellow skin in chickens and non‐native ancestry in an endangered native salamander, are examined.
Chronic treatment with otilonium bromide induces changes in L‐type Ca2+channel, tachykinins, and nitric oxide synthase expression in rat colon muscle coat
Authors: Traini C. , Cipriani G. , Evangelista S. , Santicioli P. , Faussone‐Pellegrini M.‐S. , Vannucchi M.‐G. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundOtilonium bromide (OB) is a quaternary ammonium derivative used for the treatment of intestinal hypermotility and is endowed with neurokinin2 receptor (NK2r) antagonist and Ca2+channel blocker properties. Therefore, the possibility that OB might play a role in the neurokinin receptor/Substance‐P/nitric oxide (NKr/SP/NO) circuit was investigated after chronic exposition to the drug.MethodsRats were treated with OB 2–20 mg kg−1 for 10 and 30 days. In the proximal colon, the expression and distribution of muscle NOsynthase 1 (NOS1), NK1r, NK2r, SP and Cav 1.2 subunit (for L‐type Ca2+channel) and the spontaneous activity and stimulated responses to NK1r and NK2r agonists were investigated.Key ResultsImmunohistochemistry showed a redistribution of NK1r and L‐type Ca2+channel in muscle cells with no change of NK2r at 30 days, a significant increase in muscle NOS1 expression at 10 days and a significant decrease in the SP content early in the ganglia and later in the intramuscular nerve fibers. Functional studies showed no change in spontaneous activity but a significant increase in maximal contraction induced by NK1r agonist.Conclusions & InferencesChronic exposition to OB significantly affects the NKr/SP/NO circuit. The progressive decrease in SP‐expression might be the consequence of the persistent presence of OB, the increase of NOS1 expression in muscle cells at 10 days in an attempt to guarantee an adequate NO production, and, at 30 days, the redistribution of the L‐type Ca2+channel and NK1r as a sign to compensate the drug channel block by re‐cycling both of them. The physiological data suggest NK1r hypersensitivity.
Current UK practice of pediatric supraglottic airway devices – a survey of members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: Bradley Anthony E.D. , White Michelle C. , Engelhardt Thomas , Bayley Guy , Beringer Richard M. 
Published: August 2013

SummaryObjectivesOver half of general anesthetics in the UK involve supraglottic airway devices (SADs). The National Audit Project 4 undertaken by the Royal College of Anaesthetists demonstrated that aspiration was the most frequent complication relating to SAD use. SADs designed to reduce this risk (second‐generation devices) are increasingly recommended in both adults and children. As well as routine use, SADs are recommended for use in cases of ‘difficult airway’. This survey assessed current usage of SADs in routine practice and difficult airways. Sixteen questions, approved by the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (APAGBI) survey committee, were distributed to all its members.ResultsTwo hundred and forty‐four members responded. Eighty‐eight percent preferentially use first‐generation rather than second‐generation devices. The most important design feature was the availability of a complete range of sizes (84%). Seventy‐seven percent felt that randomized controlled trials assessing SAD safety in children are needed. In cases of failed intubation, classically shaped SADs are preferred (79%). Three percent of responders intubate via an SAD routinely. Eighteen percent have employed this technique in an emergency. Thirty‐six percent of responders have found an SAD to function poorly.ConclusionPediatric anesthesiologists appear slow to embrace second‐generation SADs. The role of SADs in the management of difficult airways is widely accepted. Research currently has little influence over the choice of which SAD to use, which is more likely determined by personal choice and departmental preference. There is a risk that some SADs are unsafe.