bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of organic material
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the aerobic oxidation of organic material by microbes. Microbes account for about 50 per cent of primary production in the biosphere, but they probably account for more than 50 per cent of organic material oxidization and respiration (oxygen use). The traditional role of microbes is to degrade organic material and to release plant nutrients such as phosphate and ammonium as well as carbon dioxide. Microbes are responsible for about half of soil respiration while size fractionation experiments show that bacteria are responsible for about half of respiration in aquatic habitats. In soils, both fungi and bacteria are important, with relative abundances and activity varying with soil type. In contrast, fungi are not common in the oceans and lakes, where they are out-competed by bacteria with their small cell size. Dead organic material – detritus – used by microbes comes from dead plants and waste products from herbivores. This, and associated microbes, can be eaten by many eukaryotic organisms, forming a detritus food web. These large organisms also break up detritus to small pieces, creating more surface area on which microbes can act. Microbes in turn need to use extracellular enzymes to hydrolyze large molecular weight compounds, which releases small compounds that can be transported into cells. Photochemical reactions are also important in the degradation of certain compounds. Some compounds are very difficult to degrade and are thousands of years old.
Community structure of microbes in natural environments
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Community structure refers to the taxonomic types of various microbes and their relative abundance in an environment. Traditional methods for identifying microbes rely on biochemical test of phenotype observable in the lab. Even for cultivated microbes and larger organisms, the traditional, phenotype approach has been replaced by comparing sequences of specific genes, those for 16S rRNA (archaea and bacteria) or 18S rRNA (microbial eukaryotes). Cultivation-independent approaches based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing have revealed that natural microbial communities have a few abundant types and many rare ones. These organisms differ substantially from those that can be grown in the lab using cultivation-dependent approaches. The abundant types of microbes found in soils, freshwater lakes, and oceans all differ. The phylum Actinobacteria is abundant in soils and lakes, not in the oceans. Alphaproteobacteria are abundant in the oceans, while Betaproteobacteria are more common in lakes. Once thought to be confined to extreme habitats, Archaea are now known to occur everywhere, but are particularly abundant in the deep ocean, where they make up as much as 50 per cent of total microbial abundance. The same environmental properties known to affect the total community at the bulk level are known to affect community structure, more or less. Salinity and temperature are very important, for example, as is pH especially in soils. In addition to bottom-up factors, both top-down factors, grazing and viral lysis, also shape community structure. According to the Kill the Winner hypothesis, viruses select for fast-growing types, allowing slower-growing defensive specialists to survive.
Symbiosis and microbes
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses interactions between microbes and higher plants and animals. Symbiosis is sometimes used to describe all interactions, even negative ones. The chapter focuses on interactions that benefit both partners (mutualism) or one partner while being neutral to the other (commensalism). Microbes are essential to the health and ecology of vertebrates, including Homo sapiens. Microbial cells outnumber human cells on our bodies, aiding in digestion and warding off pathogens. In consortia similar to the anaerobic food chain of anoxic sediments, microbes are essential in the digestion of plant material by deer, cattle, and sheep. Different types of microbes form symbiotic relationships with insects and help to explain their huge success in the biosphere. Protozoa are crucial for wood-boring insects; symbiotic bacteria in the genus Buchnera provide sugars to host aphids while obtaining essential amino acids in exchange; and fungi thrive in subterranean gardens before being harvesting for food by ants. Analogous to some insect–microbe relationships, wood-boring marine invertebrates depend on microbes for digesting cellulose and other biopolymers in wood. At hydrothermal vents in some deep oceans, sulphur-oxidizing bacteria fuel an entire ecosystem where symbiotic bacteria support the growth of giant tube worms. Higher plants also have many symbiotic relationships with bacteria and fungi. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes and other plants fix more nitrogen than free-living bacteria. Fungi associated with plant roots (‘mycorrhizal’) are even more common and potentially provide plants with phosphorus as well as nitrogen.
Diet and nutrition
Authors: Rothman Jessica M. , Vogel Erin R. , Blumenthal Scott A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Primate diets contain a diversity of foods, including fruits, leaves, invertebrates, seeds, gums, lichens, bark, roots, and in some cases other vertebrates. Assessing dietary properties is important to a number of areas relevant to primatologists, including life history, ecology, and behaviour. This chapter discusses methods for collecting, preserving, and analyzing dietary items. It describes ways to examine food mechanical properties, such as Young’s modulus, yield stress, and fracture toughness. It considers methods for estimating diet nutritional properties, particularly energy and protein. It also discusses means to examine the diets of elusive primates through stable isotope analysis.
Primate behavioral endocrinology
Authors: Nguyen Nga 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Humans have implicitly understood for centuries that hormones affect behaviour and behaviour can affect hormones. However, until recently, our knowledge of hormone-behaviour interactions derived almost exclusively from research and experimentation on only a handful of laboratory species. Recent advances in noninvasive techniques for measuring hormones have made comparative research on wildlife, including primates, possible. This research provides important insights into human behavioural biology and ecology and evolutionary history. This chapter provides an overview of the key historical and theoretical developments in wild primate behavioural endocrinology; summarizes how primatologists have used noninvasive techniques to monitor hormones in the wild to study the endocrinology of primate reproduction, social relationships, and stress; and reviews important methodological considerations for collecting, processing and analyzing hormones in biological materials, as well as discussing the future directions of the field.
15 Laws of physical economics
Authors: Richmond Peter , Mimkes Jürgen , Hutzler Stefan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses Fisher's approach to economic circuits and presents a representation of ‘Fisher's law’. In this representation, both circuits are characterised by inexact functions, since neither the cash flow nor the production of a company can be predicted in advance. They may only be computed at the end of the financial period, be it after a week, a month, or a year. The negative sign of the integral of production indicates that the production and monetary circuits flow in opposite directions. This equivalence forms the basis for all macroeconomic calculations that follow. Furthermore, since the chapter deals with inexact differentials, the value of the closed integrals is generally non-zero. The chapter begins with an examination of the monetary circuit via the two-dimensional calculus for inexact functions.
22 Conclusions and outlook
Authors: Richmond Peter , Mimkes Jürgen , Hutzler Stefan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis book concludes by showing how unpacking the fluctuations in financial asset prices and introducing into economics the complementary concept of entropy, which allows quantification of the amount of randomness in the system, would seem to facilitate new insights into economic and financial systems. It has been shown that the fluctuations in material systems ultimately arise from the constant motion and collision of the many molecules that form the material. In the same way, the fluctuations in social and economic systems can arise from the many exchange processes between the agents in said system. As a result, objects and money become distributed across the agents and the traditional idea of a representative agent is no longer a sensible concept. Complex systems are heterogeneous, and the key to understanding them is the use of a proper method of ensemble averaging.
Systematic evaluation of environmental and behavioural factors associated with all-cause mortality in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Patel Chirag J , Rehkopf David H , Leppert John T , Bortz Walter M , Cullen Mark R , Chertow Glenn M , Ioannidis John PA 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Background Environmental and behavioural factors are thought to contribute to all-cause mortality. Here, we develop a method to systematically screen and validate the potential independent contributions to all-cause mortality of 249 environmental and behavioural factors in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Methods We used Cox proportional hazards regression to associate 249 factors with all-cause mortality while adjusting for sociodemographic factors on data in the 1999–2000 and 2001–02 surveys (median 5.5 follow-up years). We controlled for multiple comparisons with the false discovery rate (FDR) and validated significant findings in the 2003–04 survey (median 2.8 follow-up years). We selected 249 factors from a set of all possible factors based on their presence in both the 1999–2002 and 2003–04 surveys and linkage with at least 20 deceased participants. We evaluated the correlation pattern of validated factors and built a multivariable model to identify their independent contribution to mortality.
Results We identified seven environmental and behavioural factors associated with all-cause mortality, including serum and urinary cadmium, serum lycopene levels, smoking (3-level factor) and physical activity. In a multivariable model, only physical activity, past smoking, smoking in participant’s home and lycopene were independently associated with mortality. These three factors explained 2.1% of the variance of all-cause mortality after adjusting for demographic and socio-economic factors.
Conclusions Our association study suggests that, of the set of 249 factors in NHANES, physical activity, smoking, serum lycopene and serum/urinary cadmium are associated with all-cause mortality as identified in previous studies and after controlling for multiple hypotheses and validation in an independent survey. Whereas other NHANES factors may be associated with mortality, they may require larger cohorts with longer time of follow-up to detect. It is possible to use a systematic association study to prioritize risk factors for further investigation.
Knowledge management
Authors: Shokri-Ghasabeh Morteza , Chileshe Nicholas 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– A research study has been undertaken at the University of South Australia to introduce application of lessons learned process in construction contractors ' bidding process in the context of knowledge management. The study aims to identify barriers to effectively capture lessons learned in Australian construction industry and how knowledge management can benefit from lessons learned application.Design/methodology/approach– The research study has been undertaken through conducting a “methodological triangulation” and “interdisciplinary triangulation”. This involved an extensive literature review of knowledge management, organisation learning, lessons learned and associated processes and administration of a questionnaire to a sample of construction contractors operating in Australia to elicit opinions on the main barriers to capturing lessons learned, practices such as existence and retention of documentation procedures. A total of 81 useable responses were received from 450 organisations. Response data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics with correlation analysis to examine the strength of relationship among the barriers.Findings– The top-3 barriers to the effective capturing of lessons learned were “lack of employee time”, “lack of resources” and “lack of clear guidelines”, whereas, “lack of management support” was the least ranked barrier. The study established that despite the majority of the ACCs having formal procedures for recording the tenders submitted and their outcomes, only a minority actually retained the lessons learned documentation for each project. The larger contractors were found to be more aware of the importance of lessons learned documentation. A comparative analysis with previous studies also found a disparity in the ranking of the barriers.Research limitations/implications– The majority of the participants were small construction contractors in Australia. The reason is that the researchers were not aware of the contractors ' size prior to inviting them for participation in the research study. Second the findings may not generalize to other industries or to organisations operating in other countries.Originality/value– The findings of this survey help ACCs to understand the importance of lessons learned documentation as part of lessons learned implementation and identify the barriers to effectively document their lessons learned. The study provides insights on the barriers and proposes advocated solutions in form of drivers and enablers (critical success factors) of organisational learning capturing among the Australian construction contractors. By reviewing the current literature, “post-project reviews” and “lessons learned” as important elements of organisation learning knowledge transfer, are addressed. Finally, contribution of this study to knowledge and practice has been discussed in this paper.
How an organization's ethical climate contributes to customer satisfaction and financial performance
Authors: Koo Moon Hyoung , Kwon Choi Byoung 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– Researchers in the field of business ethics have posited that an organization's ethical climate can benefit for employees as well as organizations. However, most of the prior research has been conducted at the level of the individual, not organization. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine how an organization's ethical climate has a positive influence on two its performance indicators – customer satisfaction and financial performance – with a perspective of organizational innovation.Design/methodology/approach– The data were collected from 29 subsidiaries of a conglomerate in South Korea. Hypotheses were tested using the partial least squares (PLS).Findings– The result showed that an organization's ethical climate was positively related to customer satisfaction as well as financial performance, and this relationship was mediated by perceived organizational innovation. Additionally, the positive influence of an ethical climate on employees’ perceived organizational innovation was mediated by their organizational commitment and the climate for innovation.Originality/value– With a focus on innovation, the study explained how an organization's ethical climate influences customer satisfaction and financial performance. Furthermore, as was the case in studies conducted in other developed countries, the results derived from South Korea sample demonstrated that an ethical climate is critical for organizational performances in developing countries.
An organizational competence model for innovation intermediaries
Authors: Janssen Wil , Bouwman Harry , van Buuren René , Haaker Timber 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to address the role of intermediaries in open innovation networks in achieving ICT-enabled innovations. The ultimate goal of open innovation networks is to create value for endusers and providers, and to share the risks and rewards. The aim of this paper is to analyse the competences that intermediaries in open innovation networks need to master and exploit during the exploration and exploitation phases of an innovation process.

Design/methodology/approach
– Based on 14 cases, all of which are examples of collaborative multi-party projects with a focus on ICT-enabled innovations, the paper inductively develops a competence model for intermediaries that can be applied at different stages in the innovation.

Findings
– The research shows that intermediaries can play an effective role in open innovation, provided they have the right set of competences. It can be concluded that the role of innovation intermediary is most relevant in the creation and development phases.

Research limitations/implications
– This study certainly has its limitations. The researchers were involved in several cases, which may have biased their views, even though an external expert who was familiar with the case and the work of the intermediary was involved to minimize the risk. Most importantly, the cases all involved of a single intermediary, albeit with many different private and public partners. The cases were primarily located in the Netherlands. It would be interesting to complement this study with results from other innovation intermediaries.

Practical implications
– The paper identified which competences of organizations in innovation are required, and how to balance the competences between the different partners, including the innovation intermediary. The study allows to link the type of goal of the collaboration to a number of best practices, including the competences and roles that are required at different stages.

Originality/value
– The paper combines the core innovation competences with the innovation value chain concept developed, and evaluate the resulting model in 14 different cases. The model is new and relevant in practice.
Intellectual capital reporting: a longitudinal study of New Zealand companies
Authors: De Silva Tracy-Anne , Stratford Michelle , Clark Murray 
Published: December 2013

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine intellectual capital reporting patterns of New Zealand companies over a longitudinal period, comparing knowledge intensive companies with traditional product-based companies.

Design/methodology/approach
– Content analysis was used to examine the intellectual capital reporting of five knowledge intensive companies and five traditional product-based companies listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange during 2004-2010.

Findings
– The longitudinal study found that although there was an increase in intellectual capital reporting from 2004 to 2010, there was no strong pattern reflecting a marked increase in reporting over the time period. The findings also show that the level of intellectual capital reporting cannot be determined by the type of organisation. Further, the majority of intellectual capital reporting was found to be in discursive form and only a small percentage of reporting conveyed negative news.

Research limitations/implications
– The results of this study are limited by the small sample size overall and the small number of companies in both the knowledge intensive and the traditional product-based groups.

Practical implications
– The research suggests areas that could be considered by regulatory bodies and policy makers when developing more informed intellectual capital reporting guidelines.

Originality/value
– This research provides a basis for further research, debate and action regarding intellectual capital in both academia and practice. Longitudinal intellectual capital reporting research and distinctions between knowledge intensive and traditional product-based companies have seldom been undertaken. Consequently little is known about the changes in intellectual capital reporting over time or the differences in intellectual capital reporting, if any, between type of company.
15 years of theJournal of Intellectual Capitaland counting
Authors: Dumay John 
Published: December 2013

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to review and critique the current status of intellectual capital (IC) research as published in theJournal of Intellectual Capital(JIC) as it heads into its 15th year with a view to understanding the past and possible direction of future IC research.Design/methodology/approach– Articles published in theJICare reviewed building on prior IC research and analysis by Guthrieet al.(2012) and Dumay and Garanina (2013). To help understand the impact of articles in theJICthe analysis is supplemented by including citation data from google scholar, journal impact data from the SCImago Journal & Country Rank portal, and the 2013 Australian Business Dean's Council (ABDC) journal ranking list. Also included is commentary from theJIC's senior editors based on their responses to questions asked via e-mail relating to their involvement in, and the future of, theJIC.Findings– TheJICfaces a challenge as it is most recognised as an accounting journal despite its focus on managing IC. The research published in theJICis multidisciplinary as it comes from a wide range of perspectives. However, there appears to be a paucity of research emanating from different perspectives, most notably from North American academics, and a lack of focus on the private and public sectors. However, new perspectives of IC, especially that associated with IC praxis and the third stage of IC research are emerging as transformational opportunities for future IC research, along with the opportunity to experiment with transdisciplinary research.Originality/value– The paper presents a comprehensive critical review of the articles published in theJICalong with measuring the impact of the articles using citation data from google scholar. Using this approach, the type of research and its impacts can be simultaneously assessed to offer insights into future transformational IC research opportunities, and how IC researchers and theJICcan also be transformational.