bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross-Species Infectivity of H3N8 Influenza Virus in an Experimental Infection in Swine
Authors: Solórzano Alicia , Foni Emanuela , Córdoba Lorena , Baratelli Massimiliano , Razzuoli Elisabetta , Bilato Dania , Martín del Burgo María Ángeles , Perlin David S. , Martínez Jorge , Martínez-Orellana Pamela , Fraile Lorenzo , Chiapponi Chiara , Amadori Massimo , del Real Gustavo , Montoya María 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

Avian influenza A viruses have gained increasing attention due to their ability to cross the species barrier and cause severe disease in humans and other mammal species as pigs. H3 and particularly H3N8 viruses, are highly adaptive since they are found in multiple avian and mammal hosts. H3N8 viruses have not been isolated yet from humans; however, a recent report showed that equine influenza A viruses (IAVs) can be isolated from pigs, although an established infection has not been observed thus far in this host. To gain insight into the possibility of H3N8 avian IAVs to cross the species barrier into pigs,
in vitro
experiments and an experimental infection in pigs with four H3N8 viruses from different origins (equine, canine, avian, and seal) were performed. As a positive control, an H3N2 swine influenza virus A was used. Although equine and canine viruses hardly replicated in the respiratory systems of pigs, avian and seal viruses replicated substantially and caused detectable lesions in inoculated pigs without previous adaptation. Interestingly, antibodies against hemagglutinin could not be detected after infection by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test with avian and seal viruses. This phenomenon was observed not only in pigs but also in mice immunized with the same virus strains. Our data indicated that H3N8 IAVs from wild aquatic birds have the potential to cross the species barrier and establish successful infections in pigs that might spread unnoticed using the HAI test as diagnostic tool.

IMPORTANCE
Although natural infection of humans with an avian H3N8 influenza A virus has not yet been reported, this influenza A virus subtype has already crossed the species barrier. Therefore, we have examined the potential of H3N8 from canine, equine, avian, and seal origin to productively infect pigs. Our results demonstrated that avian and seal viruses replicated substantially and caused detectable lesions in inoculated pigs without previous adaptation. Surprisingly, we could not detect specific antibodies against hemagglutinin in any H3N8-infected pigs. Therefore, special attention should be focused toward viruses of the H3N8 subtype since they could behave as stealth viruses in pigs.
Reorganization of Nuclear Pore Complexes and the Lamina in Late-Stage Parvovirus Infection
Authors: Mäntylä Elina , Niskanen Einari A. , Ihalainen Teemu O. , Vihinen-Ranta Maija 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection induces reorganization of nuclear structures. Our studies indicated that late-stage infection induces accumulation of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and lamin B1 concomitantly with a decrease of lamin A/C levels on the apical side of the nucleus. Newly formed CPV capsids are located in close proximity to NPCs on the apical side. These results suggest that parvoviruses cause apical enrichment of NPCs and reorganization of nuclear lamina, presumably to facilitate the late-stage infection.
Examining the role of Scotland's telephone advice service (NHS 24) for managing health in the community: analysis of routinely collected NHS 24 data
Authors: Elliott Alison M , McAteer Anne , Heaney David , Ritchie Lewis D , Hannaford Philip C 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesTo examine the type, duration and outcome of the symptoms and health problems Scotland's nurse-led telephone advice service (NHS 24) is contacted about and explore whether these vary by time of contact and patient characteristics.DesignAnalysis of routinely collected NHS 24 data.SettingScotland, UK.ParticipantsUsers of NHS 24 during 2011.Main outcome measuresProportion of the type, duration and outcome of the symptoms and health problems NHS 24 is contacted about.Results82.6% of the calls were made out-of-hours and 17.4% in-hours. Abdominal problems accounted for the largest proportion of calls (12.2%) followed by dental (6.8%) and rash/skin problems (6.0%). There were differences in the type of problems presented in-hours and out-of-hours. Most problems (62.9%) had lasted <24 h before people contacted NHS 24. Out-of-hours calls tended to be for problems of shorter duration. Problems reported out-of-hours most commonly resulted in advice to visit an out-of-hours centre and in-hours advice to contact a general practitioner. Most of the service users were female and from more affluent areas. Use of the service declined with age in those over 35 years. The characteristics of users varied according to when NHS 24 was contacted. The number of calls made by an individual in the year ranged from 1 to 866, although most users (69.2%) made only one call. The type of problem presented varied by age and deprivation, but was broadly similar by gender, rural/urban status and geographic area. Call outcomes also varied by user characteristics.ConclusionsThis is the first study to examine how the public uses NHS 24. It has identified the patterns of problems which the service must be equipped to deal with. It has also provided important information about who uses the service and when. This information will help future planning and development of the service.
Patient and organisational variables associated with pressure ulcer prevalence in hospital settings: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Bredesen Ida Marie , Bjøro Karen , Gunningberg Lena , Hofoss Dag 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesTo investigate the association of ward-level differences in the odds of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) with selected ward organisational variables and patient risk factors.DesignMultilevel approach to data from 2 cross-sectional studies.Settings4 hospitals in Norway were studied.Participants1056 patients at 84 somatic wards.Primary outcome measureHAPU.ResultsSignificant variance in the odds of HAPUs was found across wards. A regression model using only organisational variables left a significant variance in the odds of HAPUs across wards but patient variables eliminated the across-ward variance. In the model including organisational and patient variables, significant ward-level HAPU variables were ward type (rehabilitation vs surgery/internal medicine: OR 0.17 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.66)), use of preventive measures (yes vs no: OR 2.02 (95% CI 1.12 to 3.64)) and ward patient safety culture (OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.96 to 0.99)). Significant patient-level predictors were age >70 vs <70 (OR 2.70 (95% CI 1.54 to 4.74)), Braden scale total score (OR 0.73 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.80)) and overweight (body mass index 25–29.99 kg/m2) (OR 0.32 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.62)).ConclusionsThe fact that the odds of HAPU varied across wards, and that across-ward variance was reduced when the selected ward-level variables entered the explanatory model, indicates that the HAPU problem may be reduced by ward-level organisation of care improvements, that is, by improving the patient safety culture and implementation of preventive measures. Some wards may prevent pressure ulcers better than other wards. The fact that ward-level variation was eliminated when patient-level HAPU variables were included in the model indicates that even wards with the best HAPU prevention will be challenged by an influx of high-risk patients.
E-cigarette use in Canada: prevalence and patterns of use in a regulated market
Authors: Shiplo Samantha , Czoli Christine D , Hammond David 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveCanada is among the few countries in which e-cigarettes containing nicotine are prohibited. To date, there is little evidence on the prevalence and patterns of use of e-cigarettes in markets with product bans. The current study examines e-cigarette use among a sample of non-smokers and smokers in Canada.DesignOnline cross-sectional survey.SettingConducted in October 2013 using a commercial panel of Canadians from Global Market Insite, Inc (GMI).ParticipantsIn total, 1095 Canadians were included in the analysis: 311 non-smokers aged 16–24 years (younger non-smokers), 323 smokers aged 16–24 years (younger smokers) and 461 smokers 25 years and older (older smokers).Primary and secondary outcome measuresE-cigarette ever and current use, types of products used, and reasons for use.ResultsApproximately 79% of younger non-smokers, 82% of younger smokers and 81% of older smokers were aware of e-cigarettes. Ever trial of e-cigarettes was reported by 10% of younger non-smokers, 42% of younger smokers and 27% of older smokers. Moreover, current use of an e-cigarette, which was defined as use in the last 30 days, was reported by 0.3% of younger non-smokers, 18% of younger smokers and 10% of older smokers. Among those who had ever tried an e-cigarette, approximately 10% of younger non-smokers, 46% of younger smokers and 43% of older smokers reported trying an e-cigarette that contained nicotine. The most popular e-cigarette flavours were fruit followed by menthol, and the most common reason for using e-cigarettes was to help them quit smoking.ConclusionsIn the context of previous research, it appears that the prevalence of e-cigarette trial has increased in Canada. Although a considerable proportion of non-smokers have tried e-cigarettes, current use is almost entirely concentrated among smokers. Further research should be conducted to monitor e-cigarette use by Canadians.
A structured exercise programme during haemodialysis for patients with chronic kidney disease: clinical benefit and long-term adherence
Authors: Anding Kirsten , Bär Thomas , Trojniak-Hennig Joanna , Kuchinke Simone , Krause Rolfdieter , Rost Jan M , Halle Martin 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveLong-term studies regarding the effect of a structured physical exercise programme (SPEP) during haemodialysis (HD) assessing compliance and clinical benefit are scarce.Study designA single-centre clinical trial, non-randomised, investigating 46 patients with HD (63.2±16.3 years, male/female 24/22, dialysis vintage 4.4 years) performing an SPEP over 5 years. The SPEP (twice/week for 60 min during haemodialysis) consisted of a combined resistance (8 muscle groups) and endurance (supine bicycle ergometry) training. Exercise intensity was continuously adjusted to improvements of performance testing. Changes in endurance and resistance capacity, physical functioning and quality of life (QoL) were analysed over 1 year in addition to long-term adherence and economics of the programme over 5 years. Average power per training session, maximal strength tests (maximal exercise repetitions/min), three performance-based tests for physical function, SF36 for QoL were assessed in the beginning and every 6 months thereafter.Results78% of the patients completed the programme after 1 year and 43% after 5 years. Participants were divided—according to adherence to the programme—into three groups: (1) high adherence group (HA, >80% of 104 training sessions within 12 months), (2) moderate adherence (MA, 60–80%), and 3. Low adherence group (LA, <60%)) with HA and MA evaluated quantitatively. One-year follow-up data revealed significant (p<0.05) improvement for both groups in all measured parameters: exercise capacity (HA: 55%, MA: 45%), strength (HA: >120%, MA: 40–50%), QoL in three scores of SF36 subscales and physical function in the three tests taken between 11% and 31%. Moreover, a quantitative correlation analysis revealed a close association (r=0.8) between large improvement of endurance capacity and weak physical condition (HA).ConclusionsThe exercise programme described improves physical function significantly and can be integrated into a HD routine with a high long-term adherence.
First-borns have greater BMI and are more likely to be overweight or obese: a study of sibling pairs among 26 812 Swedish women
Authors: Derraik José G B , Ahlsson Fredrik , Lundgren Maria , Jonsson Björn , Cutfield Wayne S 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundA number of large studies have shown phenotypic differences between first-borns and later-borns among adult men. In this study, we aimed to assess whether birth order was associated with height and BMI in a large cohort of Swedish women.MethodsInformation was obtained from antenatal clinic records from the Swedish National Birth Register over 20 years (1991–2009). Maternal anthropometric data early in pregnancy (at approximately 10–12 weeks of gestation) were analysed on 13 406 pairs of sisters who were either first-born or second-born (n=26 812).ResultsEarly in pregnancy, first-born women were of BMI that was 0.57 kg/m2(2.4%) greater than their second-born sisters (p<0.0001). In addition, first-borns had greater odds of being overweight (OR 1.29; p<0.0001) or obese (OR 1.40; p<0.0001) than second-borns. First-borns were also negligibly taller (+1.2 mm) than their second-born sisters. Of note, there was a considerable increase in BMI over the 18-year period covered by this study, with an increment of 0.11 kg/m2per year (p<0.0001).ConclusionsOur study corroborates other large studies on men, and the steady reduction in family size may contribute to the observed increase in adult BMI worldwide.
Gender differences in health-related quality of life in patients undergoing coronary angiography
Authors: Gijsberts Crystel M , Agostoni Pierfrancesco , Hoefer Imo E , Asselbergs Folkert W , Pasterkamp Gerard , Nathoe Hendrik , Appelman Yolande E , de Kleijn Dominique P V , den Ruijter Hester M 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundHealth-related quality of life (HRQOL) reflects the general well-being of individuals. In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), HRQOL is compromised. Female patients with CAD have been reported to have lower HRQOL. In this study, we investigate gender differences in HRQOL and in associations of patient characteristics with HRQOL in patients with coronary angiography (CAG).MethodsWe cross-sectionally analysed patients from the Utrecht Coronary Biobank undergoing CAG. All patients filled in an HRQOL questionnaire (RAND-36 and EuroQoL) on inclusion. RAND-36 and EuroQoL HRQOL measures were compared between the genders across indications for CAG, CAD severity and treatment of CAD. RAND-36 HRQOL measures were compared with the general Dutch population. Additionally, we assessed interactions of gender with patient characteristics in their association with HRQOL (EuroQoL).ResultsWe included 1421 patients (1020 men and 401 women) with a mean age of 65 in our analysis. Women reported lower HRQOL measures than men (mean EuroQoL self-rated health grade 6.84±1.49 in men, 6.46±1.40 in women, p<0.001). The reduction in RAND-36 HRQOL as compared with the general Dutch population was larger in women than in men. From regression analysis, we found that diabetes, a history of cardiovascular disease and symptoms of shortness of breath determined HRQOL (EuroQoL) more strongly in men than in women.ConclusionsWomen reported lower HRQOL than men throughout all indications for CAG and regardless of CAD severity or treatment. As compared with the general population, the reduction in HRQOL was more extreme in women than in men. Evident gender differences were found in determinants of HRQOL in patients undergoing CAG, which deserve attention in future research.Trial registrationNCT02304744 (clinicaltrials.gov).
Cost and availability of gluten-free food in the UK: in store and online
Authors: Burden Mitchell , Mooney Peter D , Blanshard Rebecca J , White William L , Cambray-Deakin David R , Sanders David S 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective
Coeliac disease (CD) is a lifelong condition requiring strict adherence to a gluten-free (GF) diet and good availability of GF foods is critical to this. Patients with CD from lower socioeconomic groups are recognised to have higher treatment burden and higher food costs may impact this. Therefore, we aimed to assess the availability and cost of GF food in supermarkets and via the internet.

Design
Supermarkets and internet shops delivering to homes in a single city (UK) were analysed between February and March 2014. Stores were identified with comprehensive internet searches. Ten commonly purchased items were analysed for cost and compared with standard non-GF alternatives. Direct measurement of the number of GF foods available was compared between stores which were categorised according to previously published work.

Setting
Supermarkets covering the whole of Sheffield, UK.

Results
None of the budget supermarkets surveyed stocked any GF foods. Quality and regular supermarkets stocked the greatest range, each stocking a median of 22 (IQR 39) items (p&lt;0.0001). All GF foods were at least four times more expensive than non-GF alternatives (p&lt;0.0001). GF products are prevalent online, but 5/10 of the surveyed products were significantly more expensive than equivalents in supermarkets.

Conclusions
There is good availability of GF food in regular and quality supermarkets as well as online, but it remains significantly more expensive. Budget supermarkets which tend to be frequented by patients from lower socioeconomic classes stocked no GF foods. This poor availability and added cost is likely to impact on adherence in deprived groups.
Accuracy and Efficiency in Fixed-Point Neural ODE Solvers
Authors: Hopkins Michael , Furber Steve 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Simulation of neural behavior on digital architectures often requires the solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) at each step of the simulation. For some neural models, this is a significant computational burden, so efficiency is important. Accuracy is also relevant because solutions can be sensitive to model parameterization and time step. These issues are emphasized on fixed-point processors like the ARM unit used in the SpiNNaker architecture. Using the Izhikevich neural model as an example, we explore some solution methods, showing how specific techniques can be used to find balanced solutions.
We have investigated a number of important and related issues, such as introducing explicit solver reduction (ESR) for merging an explicit ODE solver and autonomous ODE into one algebraic formula, with benefits for both accuracy and speed; a simple, efficient mechanism for cancelling the cumulative lag in state variables caused by threshold crossing between time steps; an exact result for the membrane potential of the Izhikevich model with the other state variable held fixed. Parametric variations of the Izhikevich neuron show both similarities and differences in terms of algorithms and arithmetic types that perform well, making an overall best solution challenging to identify, but we show that particular cases can be improved significantly using the techniques described.
Using a 1 ms simulation time step and 32-bit fixed-point arithmetic to promote real-time performance, one of the second-order Runge-Kutta methods looks to be the best compromise; Midpoint for speed or Trapezoid for accuracy. SpiNNaker offers an unusual combination of low energy use and real-time performance, so some compromises on accuracy might be expected. However, with a careful choice of approach, results comparable to those of general-purpose systems should be possible in many realistic cases.
Eutrema racemosum (Eutremeae, Brassicaceae), a new tetraploid species from southwest China
Authors: Hao Guoqian , Al-Shehbaz Ihsan , Wang Qian , Liang Qianlong , Liu Jianquan 
Published: August 2015

The new species Eutrema racemosum is described, and its relationship to the closely related E. heterophyllum and E. edwardsii are discussed based on morphological, cytological, and molecular data. The novelty differs from E. heterophyllum by having elongated racemes and from E. edwardsii by somewhat reflexed fruiting pedicels. Four chloroplast DNA fragments and nuclear ITS region were sequenced for multiple individuals of each species. Three species show distinct and stable sequence variations. Eutrema racemosum and E. heterophyllum form a clade sister to that of E. edwardsii in phylogenetic analyses of sequence variations. Our cytological studies revealed that E. heterophyllum is a diploid with the small genome size, while E. racemosum is a tetraploid with duplicate genomes. These available data support the recognition of E. racemosum as a distinct species well differentiated morphologically and genetically, as well as well-isolated reproductively from its sister species E. heterophyllum. We further found some interspecific triploid hybrids between tetraploid E. racemosum and diploid E. heterophyllum, which seem to be sterile according to our germination experiments.
An Observational, Spatially Explicit, Stability-Based Estimate of the Wind Resource off the Shore of North Carolina
Authors: Thomas N. , Seim H. , Haines S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAs part of ongoing studies of the feasibility of utility-scale wind energy off the shore of North Carolina, winds at 80-m elevation are estimated with a stability-based height-adjustment scheme. Data sources are level-3 daily Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) 10-m wind fields as measured by the MetOp-A satellite, North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) estimates of near-surface atmospheric temperature and humidity, and the National Climatic Data Center’s optimally interpolated Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR-OI) sea surface temperature (SST). A height-adjustment assuming neutral atmospheric stability provides reference conditions. The SST from AVHRR-OI was more accurate than SST from NARR and was used with NARR atmospheric data to represent atmospheric stability in the study region. The 5-yr average of the ASCAT 10-m winds is 6.5–9.0 m s−1 off the shore of North Carolina, with the strongest winds found over the Gulf Stream. Neutral-scheme 80-m wind speeds are 7.5–10.5 m s−1 and follow the same spatial pattern. The stability-based scheme produces an 80-m wind field with significantly different spatial wind patterns, with greater wind speeds than the neutral scheme in coastal regions where stable atmosphere conditions occur and lesser wind speeds than the neutral scheme farther offshore where unstable conditions are prevalent. The largest differences between the schemes occur in winter and spring when and where stable atmospheric conditions are most common. Estimated power inshore from the 100-m isobath with the neutral scheme yields average values of 400–800 W m−2, whereas the stability-based-scheme values are 600–800 W m−2. Capacity factors vary between 30% and 55%, with values in excess of 40% common in coastal areas off North Carolina.