bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy Testing for Regression Coefficient of Fuzzy Numbers
Authors: Chen Cheng-Che , Lai Chun-Mei , Sun Wen-Chi 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Statistical regression analysis is one of the important statistical methods and has been widely applied to different scientific areas. Classical regression analysis models are limited to crisp data. In practice, however, data are usually imprecise because data are difficult to measure precisely or data are determined subjectively. When dealing with fuzzy data, using classical regression analysis method to test the regression coefficient would be improper and lead to an incorrect decision. Regarding the topic of fuzzy regression analysis, most of the related literature focused on presenting methods of estimating regression coefficient in order to improve the ability of data interpreting. Unfortunately, those studies ignored the significance of the regression coefficient. That is, after constructing a fuzzy linear regression model, the regression coefficient must be tested as to whether they have the statistical meaning or not. The purpose of this paper is to develop a fuzzy testing method to test the regression coefficient with fuzzy data. Under the environment of crisp hypothesis, crisp critical value, and fuzzy data, the upper bound and lower bound of α-cuts of fuzzy testing statistics can be obtained based on α-cuts of fuzzy sets and extension principle. The membership function of fuzzy testing statistics can then be constructed. Finally, based on the membership function, a fuzzy testing method is developed to analyze those fuzzy data and further to make a statistical decision. Because the proposed testing method is based on membership function, when the data are crisp, the proposed approach can degenerate to the classical testing method.
Field Performance Assessment of Porous Asphalt Pavement Under Heavy Traffic on Yan-Tong Expressway in China
Authors: Fei Chen , Yazhou Zhu , Jun Yang , Gang Xu 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
With their quick drainage, enhanced skid-resistance under wet conditions, noise-reducing effect, and lessened splashing and spraying, porous asphalt pavements are now receiving more and more attention. Since research and application of porous asphalt pavements has just started in China at present, there are no corresponding design and construction specifications. Therefore, it is essential to verify the design through actual field performance monitoring on such pavement as those of the Yan-Tong Expressway. This highway is ideal for such an investigation since it includes a section of porous asphalt surface together with stone mastic asphalt and another type of dense graded surface in the same section. The major parameters of the assessment consist of permeability and skid-resistance that are essential to porous asphalt pavements and rutting depth under heavy traffic. We use a simulation model to predict the rutting depth in the short term. The results show that porous asphalt pavement performs well under the heavy truck traffic volume on the Yan-Tong Expressway.
The Temperature Measuring and Evaluating Methods Based on Infrared Thermal Image for Asphalt-Pavement Construction
Authors: Sha Aimin , Zhang Cheng , Zhou Hao 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
To investigate the temperature segregation of asphalt mixture and the corresponding influence on construction quality, the infrared thermal imager was used to detect the loading, unloading, and paving temperature of the asphalt mixture, and a pavement-quality indicator (PQI) test was used to work out the density of pavement, and several conclusions were obtained. During the mixture delivery, the inner temperature changes little, whereas the surface temperature decreases greatly. The temperature decrease during the process from the unloading to the paving is mainly caused by the heat convection of the surface mixture. The paving mixture temperature is not consistent and obviously there is variation in features serrated. The maximum temperature of mat occurs toward the end of the paving period for a truckload of mixture, the lowest temperature appears after the beginning of the paving period of the next truckload of mixture, and the process repeats in this way. Transversal temperature segregation is more obvious than the longitudinal one. Compaction degree distribution along the transverse has the same variation tendency with temperature distribution. Finally, the evaluation criteria for asphalt-pavement temperature segregation were proposed based on the percentage of the point numbers with more than 6°C variation of average temperature.
A New High Rutting Resistance Asphalt Mixture for Intersection Maintenance under Heavy Traffic
Authors: Guan Yongsheng , Li Hao , Zhang Zhixiang , Li Xiao-yan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Intersections of asphalt pavement are easily destroyed under heavy traffic in spite of several different technologies employed to combat such damage. Traditional high modulus asphalt mixtures were optimized according to the requirement of intersection maintenance. Penetration grade 40/60 base asphalt, an anti-rutting additive, and hard basalt aggregate were used to design a new high rutting resistance asphalt mixture. The air void content, compaction characteristics, water sensitivity, high temperature performance, and low temperature performance were investigated. Laboratory test results show that the new high rutting resistance asphalt mixture has very good high temperature performance and other beneficial characteristics. From the sensitivity analysis of the material composition, it can be deduced that the performance of the new high rutting resistance asphalt mixture is stable. Field tests also show that the new asphalt mixture is suitable for intersection maintenance of asphalt pavement and can be paved in one layer 9 to 14 cm in thickness.
Interrelationship between Tire Contact Stress and Longitudinal Construction Joint Layout in Pavement
Authors: Xu Yifeng , Cai Yang , Li Shuming 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In reconstruction and rehabilitation expressway projects, there are a series of longitudinal construction joints between old and new semi-rigid bases. As the weak parts in the whole structure, the longitudinal construction joints have a trend to damage earlier than other parts. In this paper, based on a highway project, the finite element method was used to analyze the effect of longitudinal construction joint layout and bond conditions on mechanical response of semi-rigid base pavement under normal loading and heavy loading. Analysis results showed that maximum stress under heavy loading of 50 % larger than normal loading would increase 20 %. Bond condition was another significantly important factor. Under heavy loading, the bond between old parts and new parts need higher adhesion strength. The longitudinal construction joints should be set as far as possible away from the wheelpath. If its position was 50 cm away from the load, maximum stress in the structure will decrease more than 25 %.
Effects of Type and Content of Mineral Fillers on the Consistency Properties of Asphalt Mastic
Authors: Mwanza Aaron D. , Hao Peiwen , Wang Hainian 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Although commercial mineral fillers have become mandatory for use in asphalt concrete mixtures by many highway agencies, the consequences of such additives have shown a great effect on the consistency properties of asphalt mastic as compared to the neat asphalt binders. A detailed analysis as to whether neat asphalt binders or asphalt mastic should provide pertinent information for material characterization and construction indices for asphalt mixtures is presented. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of type and content of mineral fillers on the consistency properties of asphalt mastic to the neat asphalt binder designed to meet the JTG F40-2004 specification of China. Three different mineral fillers, namely hydrated lime, pulverized limestone, and Portland cement were separately dry mixed with neat asphalt binder at dust to binder ratios ranging from 0.0 to 1.5 in ratio increments of 0.3 % by weight of asphalt. Analysis of test results shows that asphalt mastic consistency properties are well-defined linear functions of mineral filler content. Hydrated lime mastics showed significant effects on the consistency properties of the neat binder as compared to Portland cement and limestone additives tested at the same mineral filler content. Penetration and ductility of the neat binder showed a linear reduction at increased hydrated lime content estimated at 4.8(0.1 mm) and 8.2 cm per 0.1 % of hydrated lime increment respectively while softening point and apparent viscosity increased at the rate of 4.7°C and 0.1 centipoises per 0.1 % of hydrated lime increment respectively. Asphalt mixtures mixing and compaction temperatures determined from equiviscous lines of 0.17±0.02 Pa·s and 0.280±0.03 Pa·s using hydrated lime mastics show a linear increment of 7.7°C and 7.9°C per 0.1 % increment of hydrated lime respectively.
Study of Expressway Axle Load Spectrum Based on Toll Data of Jinghu Expressway
Authors: Zhang Hongbin , Ni Fujian 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
To describe the pavement load on the expressway, based on toll data, this paper analyzes the time and space distribution of the axle load spectrum for different vehicle types and different axle-wheel types. It studies the distribution of overload rate and overload weight for all kinds of axle-wheel types. It researches the growth rules of traffic volume and axle load. Results show that the axle load spectrum is basically same in the same direction and very different in the different directions on the Jinghu expressway, and axle load distribution of each day is similar to the one of a year. Since the Jinghu expressway was opened to traffic, the overload rate is very high and the rate is similar over the years. During the process of pavement design and maintenance, using the growth rate of traffic volume instead of that of equivalent single axle loads can lead to large errors.
Analysis of the Low-Temperature Rheological Properties of Rubberized Warm Mix Asphalt Binders
Authors: Wang Hainian , Dang Zhengxia , You Zhanping , Hao Peiwen , Huang Xiaoming 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) has generated a lot of interest worldwide based on the potential to realize environmental benefits related to lower production temperature and safe disposal of crumb rubber (tires). However, barriers to complete implementation of WMA technology still exist because of the lack of understanding of how different additives affect the performance of crumb rubber modified (CRM) binders. This paper investigates the effects of three WMA additives and crumb rubber concentration on the low-temperature performance of the CRM binders. The WMA additives used in this study were Sasobit, RH, and Advera, and the ambient 40 mesh tire rubber at different concentrations of 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, and 25 % by the weight of asphalt binder were applied in this paper. Burgers model was used to describe the relationship between deformation and time for rubberized WMA binder. The models parameters such as relaxation time, delay time, creep stiffness, m-value and m/S(t)-ratio were applied to evaluate the low-temperature performance of the rubberized WMA binders. Furthermore, the statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was applied to quantify the effects of different WMA additives and crumb rubber concentrations on the rubberized asphalt binders’ low-temperature performance. It was found that Advera could be used to enhance the low-temperature performance by enhancing the stress relaxation, whereas RH and Sasobit did not exhibit this ability, thereby weakening the low-temperature performance of the CRM binders. The crumb rubber concentration could significantly increase the rubberized WMA binders’ low-temperature performance by influencing the flexural creep stiffness of the control binders.
Laboratory Test and Numerical Simulation of Bond Performance between Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer Rebar and Concrete
Authors: Gu Xingyu , Dong Qiao 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Because of its high strength and durability, basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) rebar is a promising alternative to the steel counterpart in reinforced concrete. Using BFRP rebar in continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) allows one to avoid the rusting of traditional steel bars caused by water that infiltrates through cracks. A sufficient bond between BFRP rebar and concrete is critical in order to apply BFRP rebar in CRCP. This paper investigates the effects of different ribs and anchorage lengths on the bond performance of BFRP rebar and concrete through a series of pull-out tests. The finite element method (FEM) is utilized to simulate the bond between BFRP rebar and concrete. The pull-out test results indicate that the bond strength changes with rib depth and rib spacing. The highest bond strength can be achieved when the rib depth is 10 % of the diameter of the BFRP rebar and the rib spacing is 80 % of the diameter. The bond strength of BFRP rebar with an anchorage length of 10 times the diameter is greater than that of BFRP rebar with an anchorage length of 5 times the diameter. The developed FEM models could provide the same bond-sliding relationship as the results of pull-out tests.
Choice of Crack Repairing Material for Asphalt Pavement Based on AHP
Authors: Bian Fenglan , Cai Haiquan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In the past decades, little attention was paid to the study on evaluation indexes of the performance of asphalt pavement crack repairing materials. In this paper, the indexes of material performance and economic evaluation based on the analysis of requirements for the crack repairing materials and the regulations are proposed. The indexes are subjected to interact, which will lead to inaccurate evaluation on the selection of crack repairing materials. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is employed to rank the indexes and select proper crack repairing material according to the evaluation result. The concrete steps of the AHP based model for the selection of asphalt pavement crack repairing materials is given. Finally, a practical example is employed to check the feasibility of this method.
A Study of the Semi-Perpetual Pavement Performance in Queensland
Authors: Chai Gary , Lewer Giles , Loo Yew-Chaye 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This paper presents the characteristics of a long-term pavement performance site constructed with semi-perpetual materials. The design life of a perpetual pavement is normally specified as greater than 40 years. The design requires asphalt overlays at the tenth, 20th, and 30th year for extending the life of the pavement structure. A case study of a semi-perpetual pavement with an application of the stage construction technique will be presented. The study shows that the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) central deflection of the semi-perpetual pavement was reported to be between 230 to 240 microns and the deflection curvature is less than 100 microns. The horizontal tensile strain of the semi-perpetual structure varies from 102 to 187 micro-strains and the vertical compressive strain was analyzed to be between 65 to 98 micro-strains. For the structural overlay at the 30th year of service life would improve the tensile and compressive strains of the structure to the levels which would satisfy the fatigue endurance limit and limiting subgrade strains of that of a perpetual pavement. The non-linearity behaviour of the subgrade material of the semi-perpetual pavement was analyzed by computing the surface modulus using Boussinesq’s equation and material constant of subgrade material model. The results obtained from both methods showed that the subgrade material of the semi-perpetual pavement exhibits linear elastic behaviour.
Research on the Design of AR-AC13S Mixtures
Authors: Gao Ying , Cao Rongji 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Lists of requirements for asphalt concrete (AC)–asphalt rubber (AR) mixture designs and construction have been published by many countries. The criteria indicated by other countries needed to be evaluated when AR-AC mixtures were used in China. This study has produced mixture design requirements for AR-AC13S mixtures (AR-AC mixtures with a 13 mm nominal maximum aggregate size and an S-shaped gradation curve) based on laboratory tests and field application in Jiangsu Province, China. The molding method of the mixture specimen, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), air voids, mineral filler content, and gradation of the mixture are discussed. Recommendations for 5.5 % air voids and 20 % minimum VMA were made. The ratio of mineral filler to AR should be greater than 0.3 for good high temperature stability. The low temperature performance degrades with an increasing ratio of mineral filler to AR. The gradation of AR-AC13S mixture is recommended based on the analysis of VMA, voids in coarse aggregate, and mineral filler content.
Research on Design Method for Heavy-Duty Asphalt Pavements and Its Application
Authors: Sun Lijun , Liu Liping 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Premature damage is currently the main problem with heavy-duty asphalt pavements. In order to decrease such premature damage, it is necessary to develop a new design system meeting the requirements of heavy-duty pavements. Based on considerable field investigations and mechanistic analysis, a five-phase design procedure, including data collection, structural combination design, structural thickness design, material testing and examination, and a final decision, was established. The procedure is a comprehensive design tool employing performance-related structural design consideration and mechanistic-based material design consideration that can link performance analysis, structural design, and material design (tests). After consideration of the extensive pavement performance data collected and subsequent analysis, relevant design equations and design criteria were proposed, including whole life asphalt pavement structural behavior equations, life cycle cost analysis models, field fatigue equations, and a shear-based rutting prediction model. As research progressed, test roads and pilot roads were constructed in ten provinces of China, and the first test road has been used successfully for 15 years.
Evaluation of Adult Body Adiposity, Size, and Shape by Stereovision Imaging
Authors: Pepper M. Reese , Freeland-Graves Jeanne H. , Yu Wurong , Stanforth Phillip R. , Xu Bugao 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Overweight and obesity status is often categorized by body mass index (BMI), although this is not a measurement of body fat. Adiposity, especially in the abdominal area, is a better predictor of obesity-related diseases. However, current methods for assessment of body composition have limitations of bulkiness and expense. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a stereovision imaging system for analysis of body fat. A sample of 105 subjects was measured for body volume using the stereovision imaging system, as compared to air displacement plethysmography and hydrodensitometry. Body density was calculated from total body volume via stereovision imaging, air displacement plethysmography, and hydrodensitometry with weight. Then fat was computed via the Siri equation, and compared to body fat measurements via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Mean volume and fat measurements by stereovision and air displacement plethysmography did not differ significantly (mean differences −0.07 ± 0.17 L, −0.36 ± 0.82 kg, respectively, P &gt; 0.05). Stereovision measurements of regional body volumes, lengths, and circumferences were used to develop a prediction equation via internal cross-validation for improved estimation of fat mass. This prediction equation reduced variation in individuals and improved effectiveness of the stereovision imaging system.
Performance Characterization of Bituminous Mixtures With Dolomite Sand Waste and BOF Steel Slag
Authors: Haritonovs Viktors , Zaumanis Martins , Brencis Guntis , Smirnovs Juris 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The rapid growth of transport load in Latvia increases the demands for asphalt carrying capacity on large motorways. The limestone and sandstone that can be found in Latvia lack the mechanical strength and, for most of the large motorways, the aggregates are imported from other countries causing increase of the costs and growth of emissions from transportation. On the other hand, large amounts of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel slag aggregates with good qualities are being produced in Latvia and put to waste. During recent decades, the dolomite sand waste has been accumulating and its quantity has reached a million tons and is rapidly increasing. This huge quantity of technological waste needs to be recycled with maximum efficiency. The lack of experience on the use of steel slag and sand waste requires an accelerated evaluation of the asphalt performance-based characteristics. This paper presents the testing results of different combinations of steel slag, dolomite sand waste, and local limestone aggregates that were proportioned to develop a mixture that would satisfy the requirements of permanent deformation and fatigue. Analysis of the results showed that mixes with steel slag and local limestone in coarse portion and dolomite sand waste in sand and filler portions had high resistance to plastic deformations and good resistance to fatigue failure. These mixes can fully satisfy and, in some cases, significantly overcome the requirements of local asphalt specifications for highly loaded motorways.
Analysis of Colombian Bitumen Modified With a Nanocomposite
Authors: Quintero Luz S. , Sanabria Luis E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Nanotechnology is giving to materials science new opportunities to develop even further all engineering materials. This paper details the preparation of a nanocomposite aimed to be used as a bitumen modifier, the modification itself, and evaluation of some rheological properties of the modified asphalts intended to build long life asphalt pavements. The bitumen was modified with a polymer nanocomposite and its conventional material (without nanostructure) at three different compositions, while their rheological behavior was compared with the asphalt conditioned under the same temperature and stirring time than the modified binders. Evaluation of the binders was carried out to the samples as prepared and to their residues after Aging—Rolling Thin Film Oven Test. According to the experimental results, the Colombian bitumen modified with the new polymer nanocomposite could undergo much less mass loss under aging conditions than the bitumen modified with its standard material getting, at the same time, higher mechanical resistance, and less accumulated strain without being stress sensitive at high temperatures.
Application of ASTM E2691 Standard Practice for Job Productivity Measurement
Authors: Daneshgari Perry , Moore Heather 
Published: January 2013

Description
This comprehensive manual describes the user’s experience with ASTM E2691, Standard Practice for Job Productivity Measurement (JPM). This manual includes individual efficiencies of labor and other resources, general contractor vs. subcontractor models, scheduling, planning, jobsite flow, on-site correction to reduce waste, and case studies.
Topics cover: