bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A network approach to response inhibition: dissociating functional connectivity of neural components involved in action restraint and action cancellation
Authors: Dambacher Franziska , Sack Alexander T. , Lobbestael Jill , Arntz Arnoud , Brugman Suzanne , Schuhmann Teresa 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe ability to inhibit action tendencies is vital for adaptive human behaviour. Various paradigms are supposed to assess action inhibition and are often used interchangeably. However, these paradigms are based on different conceptualizations (action restraint vs. action cancellation) and the question arises as to what extent different conceptualizations of inhibitory processing are mirrored in a distinct neural activation pattern. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of action restraint vs. action cancellation. Analyses of local activity changes as well as network connectivity measures revealed a strong overlap of activation within a common action inhibition network including inferior frontal, pre‐supplementary motor and thalamic brain areas as well as the anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, our findings pointed to additional neural networks that are distinct for action restraint (i.e. right superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex) and action cancellation (i.e. right middle frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, and parietal regions). Our connectivity analyses showed that different inhibitory modalities largely relied on a task‐independent global inhibition network within the brain. Furthermore, they suggested that the conceptually distinct inhibitory aspects of action restraint vs. action cancellation also activated additional specific brain regions in a task‐dependent manner. This has implications for the choice of tasks in an empirical setting, but is also relevant for various clinical contexts in which inhibition deficits are considered a diagnostic feature.
The eye contact effect in request and emblematic hand gestures
Authors: Ferri Francesca , Busiello Marianna , Campione Giovanna C. , De Stefani Elisa , Innocenti Alessandro , Romani Gian Luca , Costantini Marcello , Gentilucci Maurizio 
Published: December 2013

AbstractRequest and emblematic gestures, despite being both communicative gestures, do differ in terms of social valence. Indeed, only the former are used to initiate/maintain/terminate an actual interaction. If such a difference is at stake, a relevant social cue, i.e. eye contact, should have different impacts on the neuronal underpinnings of the two types of gesture. We measured blood oxygen level‐dependent signals, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, while participants watched videos of an actor, either blindfolded or not, performing emblems, request gestures, or meaningless control movements. A left‐lateralized network was more activated by both types of communicative gestures than by meaningless movements, regardless of the accessibility of the actor's eyes. Strikingly, when eye contact was taken into account as a factor, a right‐lateralized network was more strongly activated by emblematic gestures performed by the non‐blindfolded actor than by those performed by the blindfolded actor. Such modulation possibly reflects the integration of information conveyed by the eyes with the representation of emblems. Conversely, a wider right‐lateralized network was more strongly activated by request gestures performed by the blindfolded than by those performed by the non‐blindfolded actor. This probably reflects the effect of the conflict between the observed action and its associated contextual information, in which relevant social cues are missing.
A potassium leak channel silences hyperactive neurons and ameliorates status epilepticus
Authors: Dey Deblina , Eckle Veit‐Simon , Vitko Iuliia , Sullivan Kyle A. , Lasiecka Zofia M. , Winckler Bettina , Stornetta Ruth L. , Williamson John M. , Kapur Jaideep , Perez‐Reyes Edward 
Published: December 2013

SummaryObjectiveTo develop a constitutively active K+ leak channel using TREK‐1 (TWIK‐related potassium channel 1; TREK‐M) that is resistant to compensatory down‐regulation by second messenger cascades, and to validate the ability of TREK‐M to silence hyperactive neurons using cultured hippocampal neurons. To test if adenoassociated viral (AAV) delivery of TREK‐M could reduce the duration of status epilepticus and reduce neuronal death induced by lithium‐pilocarpine administration.MethodsMolecular cloning techniques were used to engineer novel vectors to deliver TREK–M via plasmids, lentivirus, and AAV using a cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐enhanced GABRA4 promoter. Electrophysiology was used to characterize the activity and regulation of TREK–M in human embryonic kidney (HEK‐293) cells, and the ability to reduce spontaneous activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Adult male rats were injected bilaterally with self‐complementary AAV particles composed of serotype 5 capsid into the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Lithium‐pilocarpine was used to induce status epilepticus. Seizures were monitored using continuous video–electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. Neuronal death was measured using Fluoro‐Jade C staining of paraformaldehyde‐fixed brain slices.ResultsTREK‐M inhibited neuronal firing by hyperpolarizing the resting membrane potential and decreasing input resistance. AAV delivery of TREK‐M decreased the duration of status epilepticus by 50%. Concomitantly it reduced neuronal death in areas targeted by the AAV injection.SignificanceThese findings demonstrate that TREK‐M can silence hyperexcitable neurons in the brain of epileptic rats and treat acute seizures. This study paves the way for an alternative gene therapy treatment of status epilepticus, and provides the rationale for studies of AAV‐TREK‐M's effect on spontaneous seizures in chronic models of temporal lobe epilepsy.
Effects of epilepsy treatments on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness: An evidence‐based review of objective sleep metrics
Authors: Jain Sejal V. , Glauser Tracy A. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryObjectiveSleep is considered restorative, and good quantity and quality sleep is required for memory consolidation and synaptic plasticity. Sleep disorders are common in patients with epilepsy. Poor sleep quality or quantity may worsen seizure control. On the other end, seizures and epilepsy may worsen the sleep quality and set a vicious cycle. In addition, antiepileptic drugs have an effect on sleep architecture. We performed a systemic literature review with a goal to evaluate the effect of antiepileptic drugs and nondrug treatments for epilepsy on sleep architecture to help better understand treatment effects, especially in patients with epilepsy and sleep problems.MethodsWe searched PubMed and identified studies that evaluated objective sleep outcomes for an antiepileptic drug. We also searched for studies with objective sleep outcomes that evaluated other epilepsy treatments such as epilepsy surgery, vagus nerve stimulation, and ketogenic diet.ResultsThe studies were categorized based on evidence class and study population for an individual antiepileptic drug or treatment. We identified that most antiepileptic drugs and nondrug treatments for epilepsy affect sleep architecture.SignificanceWe identified that gabapentin, tiagabine, pregabalin, clobazam, and carbamazepine reduce sleep latency and/or improve sleep efficiency. Phenobarbital, valproic acid, and higher‐dose levetiracetam aggravate daytime sleepiness, whereas topiramate and zonisamide do not. Vagus nerve stimulation reduces daytime sleepiness, and ketogenic diet improves slow‐wave sleep. Epilepsy surgery may improve nocturnal sleep only in a subgroup of patients with improved seizure frequency. Further studies are needed to evaluate the dose‐dependent sleep effects of antiepileptic drugs and nondrug treatments independent of the improvement of epilepsy, and to identify if these changes are clinically significant.
Does aspartic acid racemization constrain the depth limit of the subsurface biosphere?
Authors: Onstott T. C. , Magnabosco C. , Aubrey A. D. , Burton A. S. , Dworkin J. P. , Elsila J. E. , Grunsfeld S. , Cao B. H. , Hein J. E. , Glavin D. P. , Kieft T. L. , Silver B. J. , Phelps T. J. , van Heerden E. , Opperman D. J. , Bada J. L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPrevious studies of the subsurface biosphere have deduced average cellular doubling times of hundreds to thousands of years based upon geochemical models. We have directly constrained the in situ average cellular protein turnover or doubling times for metabolically active micro‐organisms based on cellular amino acid abundances, D/L values of cellular aspartic acid, and the in vivo aspartic acid racemization rate. Application of this method to planktonic microbial communities collected from deep fractures in South Africa yielded maximum cellular amino acid turnover times of ~89 years for 1 km depth and 27 °C and 1–2 years for 3 km depth and 54 °C. The latter turnover times are much shorter than previously estimated cellular turnover times based upon geochemical arguments. The aspartic acid racemization rate at higher temperatures yields cellular protein doubling times that are consistent with the survival times of hyperthermophilic strains and predicts that at temperatures of 85 °C, cells must replace proteins every couple of days to maintain enzymatic activity. Such a high maintenance requirement may be the principal limit on the abundance of living micro‐organisms in the deep, hot subsurface biosphere, as well as a potential limit on their activity. The measurement of the D/L of aspartic acid in biological samples is a potentially powerful tool for deep, fractured continental and oceanic crustal settings where geochemical models of carbon turnover times are poorly constrained. Experimental observations on the racemization rates of aspartic acid in living thermophiles and hyperthermophiles could test this hypothesis. The development of corrections for cell wall peptides and spores will be required, however, to improve the accuracy of these estimates for environmental samples.
A New Package in MODFLOW to Simulate Unconfined Groundwater Flow in Sloping Aquifers
Authors: Wang Quanrong , Zhan Hongbin , Tang Zhonghua 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe nonhorizontal‐model‐layer (NHML) grid system is more accurate than the horizontal‐model‐layer grid system to describe groundwater flow in an unconfined sloping aquifer on the basis of MODFLOW‐2000. However, the finite‐difference scheme of NHML was based on the Dupuit‐Forchheimer assumption that the streamlines were horizontal, which was acceptable for slope less than 0.10. In this study, we presented a new finite‐difference scheme of NHML based on the Boussinesq assumption and developed a new package SLOPE which was incorporated into MODFLOW‐2000 to become the MODFLOW‐SP model. The accuracy of MODFLOW‐SP was tested against solution of Mac Cormack (1969). The differences between the solutions of MODFLOW‐2000 and MODFLOW‐SP were nearly negligible when the slope was less than 0.27, and they were noticeable during the transient flow stage and vanished in steady state when the slope increased above 0.27. We established a model considering the vertical flow using COMSOL Multiphysics to test the robustness of constrains used in MODFLOW‐SP. The results showed that streamlines quickly became parallel with the aquifer base except in the narrow regions near the boundaries when the initial flow was not parallel to the aquifer base. MODFLOW‐SP can be used to predict the hydraulic head of an unconfined aquifer along the profile perpendicular to the aquifer base when the slope was smaller than 0.50. The errors associated with constrains used in MODFLOW‐SP were small but noticeable when the slope increased to 0.75, and became significant for the slope of 1.0.
Investigating Schizotypy and Crime‐Based Reasoning with Qualitative Methods
Authors: Wilkinson Dean J. , Caulfield Laura S. , Jones Tim 
Published: December 2013

AbstractQualitative data are presented following a series of four studies where participants completed a quantitative reasoning task followed by either an interview or an audio diary. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke 2006) with three main themes emerging: emotions; reasoning approach; and justifications. High schizotypal scorers demonstrated limited emotional responses compared with low scorers, and where emotions were expressed, individuals made these in relation to themselves rather than the presented scenario. Results contribute to a better understanding of the biases that high‐scoring individuals experience and provide further evidence for ‘jump to conclusions’ biases in reasoning about crime.
Escape from parasitism by the invasive alien ladybird, Harmonia axyridis
Authors: Comont Richard F. , Purse Bethan V. , Phillips William , Kunin William E. , Hanson Matthew , Lewis Owen T. , Harrington Richard , Shortall Christopher R. , Rondoni Gabriele , Roy Helen E. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Alien species are often reported to perform better than functionally similar species native to the invaded range, resulting in high population densities, and a tendency to become invasive. The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) explains the success of invasive alien species (IAS) as a consequence of reduced mortality from natural enemies (predators, parasites and pathogens) compared with native species. The harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, a species alien to Britain, provides a model system for testing the ERH.

Pupae of H. axyridis and the native ladybird Coccinella septempunctata were monitored for parasitism between 2008 and 2011, from populations across southern England in areas first invaded by H. axyridis between 2004 and 2009. In addition, a semi‐field experiment was established to investigate the incidence of parasitism of adult H. axyridis and C. septempunctata by Dinocampus coccinellae.

Harmonia axyridis pupae were parasitised at a much lower rate than conspecifics in the native range, and both pupae and adults were parasitised at a considerably lower rate than C. septempunctata populations from the same place and time (H. axyridis: 1.67%; C. septempunctata: 18.02%) or in previous studies on Asian H. axyridis (2–7%). We found no evidence that the presence of H. axyridis affected the parasitism rate of C. septempunctata by D. coccinellae.

Our results are consistent with the general prediction that the prevalence of natural enemies is lower for introduced species than for native species at early stages of invasion. This may partly explain why H. axyridis is such a successful IAS.
Effectiveness of sampling methods and further sampling for accessing spider diversity: a case study in a Brazilian Atlantic rainforest fragment
Authors: Azevedo Guilherme H. F. , Faleiro Bárbara T. , Magalhães Ivan L. F. , Benedetti Alípio R. , Oliveira Ubirajara , Pena‐Barbosa João P. P. , Santos Marcus T. T. , Vilela Paula F. , de Maria Mário , Santos Adalberto J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

The current biodiversity crisis makes the quantification of the diversity and the description of organism distribution particularly pressing. Biological inventories are among the most effective ways to improve the knowledge about local biota, but they can be very time and money‐consuming. The determination of adequate sampling effort and the selection of cost‐effective collecting methods are critical issues.

In this article, a spider diversity inventory in an Atlantic semi‐deciduous forest fragment in Brazil was used to compare the efficiency of three collecting methods in two different seasons in order to propose an optimised sampling protocol. The worthiness of increasing sampling effort in the target area and similar tropical ecosystems was estimated and evaluated in terms of its cost‐effectiveness.

For a better sampling of the spider community, it is suggested that a proportion of 55, 29 and 16% of total sampling hours should be dedicated to nocturnal hand collecting (NHC), pitfall traps and beating trays, respectively, in the rainy season. If only one method can be applied, the most efficient in terms of species per sampling is the NHC.

A completeness of 70% of the estimated spider species richness (as predicted by the Chao1 estimator) was observed in the complete inventory and increasing sampling effort in the studied area may be highly ineffective when the costs involved are considered.

Other studies in similar tropical rainforest areas also presented completeness around 70%, which might be a threshold from which the sampling effort necessary to raise the observed species richness substantially starts to be ineffective.
Autotransplantation of mesiodens for missing maxillary lateral incisor with cone‐beam CT‐fabricated model and orthodontics
Authors: Lee Y. , Chang S. W. , Perinpanayagam H. , Yoo Y. J. , Lim S. M. , Oh S. R. , Gu Y. , Ahn S. J. , Kum K.‐Y. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimAutotransplantation is a viable treatment option for a missing tooth when there is a suitable donor, especially in adolescents with remaining facial growth. This report presents the aesthetic restoration of a missing maxillary lateral incisor through orthodontic treatment and autotransplantation of a mesiodens using a CBCT‐fabricated rapid‐prototyping model.SummaryA 14‐year‐old male patient with a congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisor was referred from the Department of Orthodontics. The teeth were moved orthodontically to regain space for the missing lateral incisor and to close the space of the mesiodens after transplantation. A replica of the donor tooth was fabricated from a cone‐beam computed tomography scan through a rapid‐prototyping machine before autotransplantation surgery. The model was used to create a socket for the graft tooth, thereby shortening the extra‐oral time and minimizing the damage to the root surface. After transplantation and orthodontic tooth movement, the mesiodens was finally restored with an aesthetic laminate restoration. Over 3 years, the aesthetics remained excellent, and the transplant functioned normally without any signs or symptoms of root resorption.Key learning point

Missing anterior teeth may be replaced through a combination of orthodontics, autotransplantation with a rapid‐prototyping model and prosthodontic restoration, in growing patients.
Effect of the pro‐resolution lipid mediator Resolvin E1 (RvE1) on pulp tissues exposed to the oral environment
Authors: Dondoni L. , Scarparo R. K. , Kantarci A. , Van Dyke T. E. , Figueiredo J. A. P. , Batista E. L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effects of topical Resolvin E1 (RvE1) application on infected dental pulps.MethodologyForty‐two male Wistar rats (n = 6 per three groups/and two time periods) were used. To induce inflammation, pulps in mandibular right first molars were accessed and then left exposed to the oral environment for 24 h. After this period, topical medication with a corticosteroid/antibiotic blend, or RvE1, or its vehicle (Ethanol 0.1%) was directly applied onto the pulp tissue and teeth were restored with silver amalgam. The effects of the protocols were evaluated histologically and compared with control pulps not exposed to the oral environment. The inflammatory changes after 24 and 72 h were assessed through a scoring method and analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's. Differences were considered significant if P < 0.05 (CI = 95%).ResultsEthanol and corticosteroid/antibiotic treatment were not effective in arresting severe inflammatory alterations of exposed pulps at 24 and 72 h (P < 0.05, CI = 95%). At both time periods, RvE1 treatment led to a reduction of tissue cellularity and extent of inflammation, whose changes were not different from control pulps (P > 0.05, CI = 95%).ConclusionsA protective role for RvE1 in pulp inflammation was observed even in the presence of contamination, suggesting that it may be a candidate for a novel therapeutic strategy for conservative dental pulp treatment.
The 1918 influenza pandemic in New York City: age‐specific timing, mortality, and transmission dynamics
Authors: Yang Wan , Petkova Elisaveta , Shaman Jeffrey 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundThe 1918 influenza pandemic caused disproportionately high mortality among certain age groups. The mechanisms underlying these differences are not fully understood.ObjectivesTo explore the dynamics of the 1918 pandemic and to identify potential age‐specific transmission patterns.MethodsWe examined 1915–1923 daily mortality data in New York City (NYC) and estimated the outbreak duration and initial effective reproductive number (Re) for each 1‐year age cohort.ResultsFour pandemic waves occurred from February 1918 to April 1920. The fractional mortality increase (i.e. ratio of excess mortality to baseline mortality) was highest among teenagers during the first wave. This peak shifted to 25‐ to 29‐year‐olds in subsequent waves. The distribution of age‐specific mortality during the last three waves was strongly correlated (r = 0·94 and 0·86). With each wave, the pandemic appeared to spread with a comparable early growth rate but then attenuate with varying rates. For the entire population, Re estimates made assuming 2‐day serial interval were 1·74 (1·27), 1·74 (1·43), 1·66 (1·25), and 1·86 (1·37), respectively, during the first week (first 3 weeks) of each wave. Using age‐specific mortality, the average Re estimates over the first week of each wave were 1·62 (95% CI: 1·55–1·68), 1·68 (1·65–1·72), 1·67 (1·61–1·73), and 1·69 (1·63–1·74), respectively; Re was not significantly different either among age cohorts or between waves.ConclusionsThe pandemic generally caused higher mortality among young adults and might have spread mainly among school‐aged children during the first wave. We propose mechanisms to explain the timing and transmission dynamics of the four NYC pandemic waves.
AFTER THE HITTITES: THE KINGDOMS OF KARKAMISH AND PALISTIN IN NORTHERN SYRIA
Authors: WEEDEN MARK 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The disappearance and weakening of the Late Bronze Age territorial empires in the Eastern Mediterranean shortly after 1200 BC is traditionally held to be followed by a so-called Dark Age of around 300 years, characterized by a lack of written sources. However, new sources are appearing, mainly in the medium of Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions, which help us to understand events and, more importantly, political and geographical power constellations during the period. The new sources are briefly situated within the framework of the current debates, with special regard given to the territories of Karkamish and Palistin. Emphasis is laid on the apparent continuation of local idioms for the articulation of power, largely persisting from the Hittite Empire, in spite of any changes in population, social structure, or political institutions that may have occurred.