bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A facile one‐pot reactive solution blending approach for main‐chain donor–acceptor polymeric materials
Authors: Nisha S. Kumari , Asha S. K. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA high‐temperature solution blending process has been used to synthesize a series of copolymers incorporating varying mole ratios of perylenebisimide (PBI) into the backbone of an engineering thermoplastic polyester [poly(1,4‐cyclohexylenedimethylene‐1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylate)] (PCCD). A random donor–acceptor copolymer incorporating oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene) (OPV) and PBI was also synthesized. The chemical incorporation of these chromophores into PCCD was confirmed by carrying out the melt condensation using 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol and 1,4‐dimethylcyclohexane dicarboxylate with hydroxyl‐functionalized PBI and OPV derivatives. Higher extent of incorporation of PBI (35 mol %) could be achieved using the blending approach retaining solubility, film‐forming ability, and higher molecular weights. The PBI polymers produced using the two different approaches exhibited structural variations. The polymers formed from the solution blending approach had a semicrystalline nature with blocks of PCCD separating the PBI units, whereas those produced using the melt condensation route were amorphous polymers. This structural variation was reflected in their photophysical properties also with the reactive solution‐blended polymers exhibiting higher fluorescence quantum yields. These results demonstrate the easy incorporation of suitably functionalized donor and acceptor moieties into a completely aliphatic polyester backbone to produce free‐standing films of hitherto nonprocessable polymers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Separation of xylose oligomers using centrifugal partition chromatography with a butanol–methanol–water system
Authors: Lau Ching-Shuan , Clausen Edgar C , Lay Jackson O , Gidden Jennifer , Carrier Danielle Julie 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Xylose oligomers are the intermediate products of xylan depolymerization into xylose monomers. An understanding of xylan depolymerization kinetics is important to improve the conversion of xylan into monomeric xylose and to minimize the formation of inhibitory products, thereby reducing ethanol production costs. The study of xylan depolymerization requires copious amount of xylose oligomers, which are expensive if acquired commercially. Our approach consisted of producing in-house oligomer material. To this end, birchwood xylan was used as the starting material and hydrolyzed in hot water at 200 °C for 60 min with a 4 % solids loading. The mixture of xylose oligomers was subsequently fractionated by a centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) with a solvent system of butanol:methanol:water in a 5:1:4 volumetric ratio. Operating in an ascending mode, the butanol-rich upper phase (the mobile phase) eluted xylose oligomers from the water-rich stationary phase at a 4.89 mL/min flow rate for a total fractionation time of 300 min. The elution of xylose oligomers occurred between 110 and 280 min. The yields and purities of xylobiose (DP 2), xylotriose (DP 3), xylotetraose (DP 4), and xylopentaose (DP 5) were 21, 10, 14, and 15 mg/g xylan and 95, 90, 89, and 68 %, respectively. The purities of xylose oligomers from this solvent system were higher than those reported previously using tetrahydrofuran:dimethyl sulfoxide:water in a 6:1:3 volumetric ratio. Moreover, the butanol-based solvent system improved overall procedures by facilitating the evaporation of the solvents from the CPC fractions, rendering the purification process more efficient.
Influence of Surfactants on the Rheology and Stability of Crystallizing Fatty Acid Pastes
Authors: Thareja Prachi , Golematis Anne , Street Carrie B. , Wagner Norman J. , Vethamuthu Martin S. , Hermanson Kevin D. , Ananthapadmanabhan K. P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractComplex fluids containing crystallizing fatty acids are important for consumer care products. The key features of these materials are their ability to support their weight under gravity due to the formation of a fatty acid crystal network, and to yield or flow beyond a critical applied strain. In model formulations comprised of two synthetic surfactants and a fatty acid in water, we have shown that the fatty acid crystal network consists of crystal aggregates linked by a non‐crystallized mixed fatty acid—surfactant mesophase. We hypothesize that this mixed surfactant—fatty acid mesophase is critical for the macroscopic stability of the formulations. Rheological measurements combined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray scattering, and polarized light microscopy (PLM) measurements show the importance of surfactant loading on the overall stability of the formulations by linking morphology to rheology. Macroscopically homogeneous formulations are realized with 7–10 wt% of fatty acid. Increasing the fatty acid content without adding surfactant leads to inhomogeneous, phase separating formulations. Although both stable and unstable formulations show the presence of a surfactant—fatty acid mixed phase, a critical loading of surfactants is found to be necessary to create macroscopically homogenous formulations. We demonstrate how the rheology, microstructure and the macroscopic stability can be tuned by varying the relative amounts of surfactants and fatty acid.
From Tree to Map: Using Cognitive Learning Theory to Suggest Alternative Ways to Visualize Macroevolution
Authors: Stephens Sonia 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDiagrams can be important tools for communicating about evolution. One of the most common visual metaphors that unites a variety of diagrams that describe macroevolution is a tree. Tree-based diagrams are designed to provide a phylogenetic framework for thinking about evolutionary pattern. As is the case with any other metaphor, however, misunderstandings about evolution may either arise from or be perpetuated by how we depict the tree of life. Researchers have tried various approaches to create tree-based diagrams that communicate evolution more accurately. This paper addresses the conceptual limitations of the tree as a visual metaphor for evolution and explores the ways we can use digital tools to extend our visual metaphors for evolution communication. The theory of distributed cognition provides a framework to aid in the analysis of the conceptual affordances and constraints of tree-based diagrams, and develop new ways to visualize evolution. By combining a new map-based visual metaphor for macroevolution with the interactive properties of digital technology, a new method of visualizing evolution called the dynamic evolutionary map is proposed. This paper concludes by comparing the metaphoric affordances and constraints of tree diagrams and the dynamic evolutionary map, and discussing the potential applications of the latter as an educational tool.
Motivation von Hausärzten: Eigentlich zufrieden, aber. . .
Authors: Hänel Patricia , Herrmann Markus 
Published: October 2012

Einleitung
Der hausärztlichen Versorgung in Deutschland droht ein Versorgungsengpass. Eine Antwort darauf wäre, die hausärztlichen Arbeitsbedingungen auf ihre Passung zur ärztlichen Arbeitsmotivation zu untersuchen. Die wichtigen Motivationsfaktoren von Hausärzten sind eine hohe fachliche Herausforderung, eine intensive Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung, flexibles und selbstbestimmtes Arbeiten und ein hoher Sozialstatus. Diese Motivationsfaktoren sind jedoch im derzeitigen Versorgungssystem bedroht.
Potenziale für Gesundheitsberufe: Distance-Learning
Authors: Pundt Johanne , Grden Jakub 
Published: October 2012

Einleitung
Vor dem Hintergrund der komplexen Umstrukturierungen des Gesundheitssystems und den veränderten beruflichen Anforderungen stellt sich für viele Hochschulen die Frage, inwieweit ihre bisherigen Qualifizierungsangebote dem derzeitigen und künftigen Bedarf entsprechen. Sie haben verstanden, dass ihre Bildungsangebote den individuellen Qualifizierungsinteressen der berufstätigen Gesundheitsberuflern folgend und didaktisch stimmig vermittelt werden können, wenn aktuelle gesundheits- und bildungspolitische Zielsetzungen und Reformansätze (z.B. die interprofessionelle Kooperation) einbezogen werden können. Die Studierendengruppe der Gesundheitsberufe verlangt dabei auch ein hohes Maß an organisatorischer und didaktischer Flexibilität, spezialisierte Angebote mit der Nutzung digitalisierter Medien im Bereich des Distance-Learning ermöglichen diese Flexibilität.
Surface tension-induced global instability of planar jets and wakes
Authors: Tammisola Outi , Lundell Fredrik , Söderberg L. Daniel 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe effect of surface tension on global stability of co-flow jets and wakes at a moderate Reynolds number is studied. The linear temporal two-dimensional global modes are computed without approximations. All but one of the flow cases under study are globally stable without surface tension. It is found that surface tension can cause the flow to be globally unstable if the inlet shear (or, equivalently, the inlet velocity ratio) is strong enough. For even stronger surface tension, the flow is restabilized. As long as there is no change of the most unstable mode, increasing surface tension decreases the oscillation frequency. Short waves appear in the high-shear region close to the nozzle, and their wavelength increases with increasing surface tension. The critical shear (the weakest inlet shear at which a global instability is found) gives rise to antisymmetric disturbances for the wakes and symmetric disturbances for the jets. However, at stronger shear, the opposite symmetry can be the most unstable one, in particular for wakes at high surface tension. The results show strong effects of surface tension that should be possible to reproduce experimentally as well as numerically.
Age, growth and mortality of the garfish, Belone belone (L. 1761) in the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Zorica Barbara , Keč Vanja Čikeš 
Published: October 2012

A sample of 3393 garfish, Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) was captured using a seine net between January 2003 and December 2008, along the eastern Adriatic Sea. The range in total length was 20.8–75.4 cm and in weight was 12.21–639.25 g. Length–length equations for converting size measurements (standard length and fork length to total length (TL)) were linear. In the length–weight relationship, positive allometry was established (b = 3.4818). Age, determined from sagittal otoliths, ranged from 1+ to 8+ years. The estimated von Bertalanffy model growth parameters for garfish were L∞ = 90.3 cm, K = 0.158 year−1, t0 = −0.109. Otolith weight was endorsed as a possible age predictor, as it showed highly exponential correlation with total garfish length and age (Wo = 0.0012 TL2.189; Wo = 0.568t1.486). These findings were used to examine mortality rates and exploitation in order to improve conservation and management of this pelagic species.
Idealism, Imperialism, and Internationalism: Opium Politics in the Colonial Philippines, 1898–1925
Authors: WERTZ DANIEL J. P. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWhile establishing a framework for colonial governance in the Philippines, American policymakers had to confront the issue of opium smoking, which was especially popular among the Philippine Chinese community. In 1903, the Philippine Commission proposed a return to the Spanish-era policy of controlling the opium trade through tax farming, igniting outrage among American Protestant missionaries in the Philippines and their supporters in the United States. Their actions revived a faltering global anti-opium movement, leading to a series of international agreements and domestic restrictions on opium and other drugs. Focusing mostly on American policy in the Philippines, this paper also examines the international ramifications of a changing drug control regime. It seeks to incorporate the debate over opium policy into broader narratives of imperial ideology, international cooperation, and local responses to colonial rule, demonstrating how a variety of actors shaped the new drug-control regimes both in the Philippines and internationally.
Increased stress reactivity: a mechanism specifically associated with the positive symptoms of psychotic disorder
Authors: Lataster T. , Valmaggia L. , Lardinois M. , van Os J. , Myin-Germeys I. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAn increased reactivity to stress in the context of daily life is suggested to be an independent risk factor underlying the positive symptoms of psychotic disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate whether positive symptoms moderate the association between everyday stressful events and negative affect (NA), known as stress reactivity. This hypothesis was put to the test in patients with a diagnosis of psychotic disorder.MethodThe Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess positive and negative symptoms. The experience sampling method (ESM), a structured diary technique, was used to measure stress reactivity and psychotic symptoms in daily life.ResultsHigher levels of positive symptoms (CASH:B = 0.14,p = 0.005; PANSS:B = 0.05,p = 0.000; ESM:B = 0.03,p = 0.000) and lower levels of negative symptoms (PANSS:B = − 0.05,p = 0.001) significantly moderate the association between unpleasant events and NA. No significant moderating effect was found for CASH negative symptoms. Moreover, the moderating effect of lifetime and current symptoms on the stress–NA association was significantly larger for those patients with predominantly positive symptoms (CASH:B = 0.09,p = 0.000; PANSS:B = 0.08,p = 0.000; ESM:B = 0.13,p = 0.000).ConclusionsPatients with a ‘psychotic syndrome’ with high levels of positive symptoms and low levels of negative symptoms show increased reactivity to stress in daily life, indicating that stress reactivity is a possible risk factor underlying this syndrome.
Evidence that hippocampal–parahippocampal dysfunction is related to genetic risk for schizophrenia
Authors: Di Giorgio A. , Gelao B. , Caforio G. , Romano R. , Andriola I. , D'Ambrosio E. , Papazacharias A. , Elifani F. , Bianco L. Lo , Taurisano P. , Fazio L. , Popolizio T. , Blasi G. , Bertolino A. 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundAbnormalities in hippocampal–parahippocampal (H-PH) function are prominent features of schizophrenia and have been associated with deficits in episodic memory. However, it remains unclear whether these abnormalities represent a phenotype related to genetic risk for schizophrenia or whether they are related to disease state.MethodWe investigated H-PH-mediated behavior and physiology, using blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI), during episodic memory in a sample of patients with schizophrenia, clinically unaffected siblings and healthy subjects.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia and unaffected siblings displayed abnormalities in episodic memory performance. During an fMRI memory encoding task, both patients and siblings demonstrated a similar pattern of reduced H-PH engagement compared with healthy subjects.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the inability of patients with schizophrenia to properly engage the H-PH during episodic memory is related to genetic risk for the disorder. Therefore, H-PH dysfunction can be assumed as a schizophrenia susceptibility-related phenotype.
Contact mechanics for soft robotic fingers: modeling and experimentation
Authors: Bakhy Sadeq H. , Hassan Shaker S. , Nacy Somer M. , Dermitzakis K. , Arieta Alejandro Hernandez 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYHuman fingers possess mechanical characteristics, which enable them to manipulate objects. In robotics, the study of soft fingertip materials for manipulation has been going on for a while; however, almost all previous researches have been carried on hemispherical shapes whereas this study concentrates on the use of hemicylindrical shapes. These shapes were found to be more resistant to elastic deformations for the same materials. The purpose of this work is to generate a modified nonlinear contact-mechanics theory for modeling soft fingertips, which is proposed as a power-law equation. The contact area of a hemicylindrical soft fingertip is proportional to the normal force raised to the power of γcy, which ranges from 0 to 1/2. Subsuming the Timoshenko and Goodier (S. P. Timoshenko and J. N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, 3rd ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970) pp. 414–420) linear contact theory for cylinders confirms the proposed power equation. We applied a weighted least-squares curve fitting to analyze the experimental data for different types of silicone (RTV 23, RTV 1701, and RTV 240). Our experimental results supported the proposed theoretical prediction. Results for human fingers and hemispherical soft fingers were also compared.
Attractors of directed graph IFSs that are not standard IFS attractors and their Hausdorff measure
Authors: BOORE G. C. , FALCONER K. J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFor directed graph iterated function systems (IFSs) defined on ℝ, we prove that a class of 2-vertex directed graph IFSs have attractors that cannot be the attractors of standard (1-vertex directed graph) IFSs, with or without separation conditions. We also calculate their exact Hausdorff measure. Thus we are able to identify a new class of attractors for which the exact Hausdorff measure is known.
On conjugacy growth of linear groups
Authors: BREUILLARD EMMANUEL , CORNULIER YVES , LUBOTZKY ALEXANDER , MEIRI CHEN 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe investigate the conjugacy growth of finitely generated linear groups. We show that finitely generated non-virtually-solvable subgroups of GLd have uniform exponential conjugacy growth and in fact that the number of distinct polynomials arising as characteristic polynomials of the elements of the ball of radius n for the word metric has exponential growth rate bounded away from 0 in terms of the dimension d only.
Risk of invasive pneumococcal disease varies by neighbourhood characteristics: implications for prevention policies
Authors: FEEMSTER K. A. , LI Y. , LOCALIO A. R. , SHULTS J. , EDELSTEIN P. , LAUTENBACH E. , SMITH T. , METLAY J. P. 
Published: October 2012

SUMMARYThis study investigates neighbourhood variation in rates of pneumococcal bacteraemia and community-level factors associated with neighbourhood heterogeneity in disease risk. We analysed data from 1416 adult and paediatric cases of pneumococcal bacteraemia collected during 2005–2008 from a population-based hospital surveillance network in metropolitan Philadelphia. Cases were geocoded using residential address to measure disease incidence by neighbourhood and identify potential neighbourhood-level risk factors. Overall incidence of pneumococcal bacteraemia was 36·8 cases/100 000 population and varied significantly (0–67·8 cases/100 000 population) in 281 neighbourhoods. Increased disease incidence was associated with higher population density [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1·10/10 000 people per mile2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·0–1·19], higher percent black population (per 10% increase) (IRR 1·07, 95% CI 1·04–1·09), population aged ⩽5 years (IRR 3·49, CI 1·8–5·18) and population aged ⩾65 years (IRR 1·19, CI 1·00–1·38). After adjusting for these characteristics, there was no significant difference in neighbourhood disease rates. This study demonstrates substantial small-area variation in pneumococcal bacteraemia risk that appears to be explained by neighbourhood sociodemographic characteristics. Identifying neighbourhoods with increased disease risk may provide valuable information to optimize implementation of prevention strategies.
Single-Molecule Localization Super-Resolution Microscopy: Deeper and Faster
Authors: Herbert Sébastien , Soares Helena , Zimmer Christophe , Henriques Ricardo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractFor over a decade fluorescence microscopy has demonstrated the capacity to achieve single-molecule localization accuracies of a few nanometers, well below the ∼200 nm lateral and ∼500 nm axial resolution limit of conventional microscopy. Yet, only the recent development of new fluorescence labeling modalities, the increase in sensitivity of imaging hardware, and the creation of novel image analysis tools allow for the emergence of single-molecule-based super-resolution imaging techniques. Novel methods such as photoactivated localization microscopy and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy can typically reach a tenfold increase in resolution compared to standard microscopy methods. Their implementation is relatively easy only requiring minimal changes to a conventional wide-field or total internal reflection fluorescence microscope. The recent translation of these two methods into commercial imaging systems has made them further accessible to researchers in biology. However, these methods are still evolving rapidly toward imaging live samples with high temporal resolution and depth. In this review, we recall the roots of single-molecule localization microscopy, summarize major recent developments, and offer perspective on potential applications.
Energetic radiation belt electron precipitation showing ULF modulation
Authors: Brito T. , Woodger L. , Hudson M. , Millan R. 
Published: October 2012

The energization and loss processes for energetic radiation belt electrons are not yet well understood. Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) waves have been correlated with both enhancement in outer zone radiation belt electron flux and modulation of precipitation loss to the atmosphere. This study considers the effects of ULF waves in the Pc‐4 to Pc‐5 period range (45 s–600 s) on electron loss to the atmosphere on a time scale of several minutes. Global simulations using magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model fields as drivers provide a valuable tool for studying the dynamics of these ∼MeV energetic particles. ACE satellite measurements of the MHD solar wind parameters are used as the upstream boundary condition for the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) 3D MHD code calculation of fields, used to drive electrons in a 3D test particle simulation that keeps track of attributes like energy, pitch‐angle and L‐shell. The simulation results are compared with balloon observations obtained during the January 21, 2005 CME‐shock event. Rapid loss of 20 keV to 1.5 MeV electrons was detected by balloon‐borne measurements ofbremsstrahlungX‐rays during the MINIS campaign following the shock arrival at Earth. The global precipitation response of the radiation belts to this CME‐shock driven storm was investigated focusing on their interaction with ULF waves. A primary cause for the precipitation modulation seen in both the simulation and the MINIS campaign is suggested based on the lowering of mirror points due to compressional magnetic field oscillations.
Unusually short period in electrons at Saturn
Authors: Carbary J. F. , Mitchell D. G. , Krimigis S. M. , Krupp N. 
Published: October 2012

When subject to Lomb periodogram analyses, fluxes of energetic electrons (27–496 keV) observed during the first 245 days of 2012 exhibit both mono and dual periods depending on energy. For E < 100 keV electrons, dual periods at 9.95 hours and 10.64 hours are evident, with the strongest signal at the shortest period. For higher energy electrons, only the period at 10.64 hours is evident. The 9.95 hour period is the shortest period ever measured for Saturn's magnetosphere, and is even shorter than the ∼10.5 hour period suggested by studies of Saturn's gravity field and cloud vorticity. If Saturn's magnetospheric periodicities are driven by ionospheric vortices, as suggested by some models, then their speeds would need to be super‐rotational to sustain the 9.95 hour period reported here.