bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The embryogenesis of the equine femorotibial joint: The equine interzone
Authors: Jenner F. , van Osch G. J. V. M. , Weninger W. , Geyer S. , Stout T. , van Weeren R. , Brama P. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyArticular cartilage regeneration is the focus and goal of considerable research effort. Since articular chondrocytes descend from a distinct cohort of progenitor cells located in embryonic nascent joints (interzones), establishing the timing of equine interzone formation is an essential first step towards understanding equine joint and articular cartilage development.ObjectivesTo establish the time frame during which the equine femorotibial interzone forms.Study designDescriptive anatomical study.MethodsEquine embryos were harvested at 37 (E37), 40, 42, 45, 50 and 65 days' gestation. The femorotibial interzone was examined using high‐resolution episcopic microscopy of E37, E42, E45, E50 and E65. Additional histology and collagen‐II‐immunohistochemistry were performed on E42.ResultsAt E37, the femorotibial interzone is first visible as a uniform layer, while at E42 the interzone is fully formed and consists of 3 morphologically distinct layers. The first evidence of cavitation was seen at E45. At E50, the cruciate ligaments were well formed and by E65, joint formation appeared complete.ConclusionsThe embryogenesis of the equine femorotibial joint is similar to the developmental timeline of stage‐matched human and murine embryos. Further studies looking at interzone formation on a cellular and molecular level may further our understanding of the intricate developmental patterns and pathways of articular cartilage development.
Crystal structure of the antimicrobial peptidase lysostaphin from Staphylococcus simulans
Authors: Sabala Izabela , Jagielska Elzbieta , Bardelang Philip T. , Czapinska Honorata , Dahms Sven O. , Sharpe Jason A. , James Richard , Than Manuel E. , Thomas Neil R. , Bochtler Matthias 
Published: July 2014

Staphylococcus simulans biovar staphylolyticus lysostaphin efficiently cleaves Staphylococcus aureus cell walls. The protein is in late clinical trials as a topical anti‐staphylococcal agent, and can be used to prevent staphylococcal growth on artificial surfaces. Moreover, the gene has been both stably engineered into and virally delivered to mice or livestock to obtain resistance against staphylococci. Here, we report the first crystal structure of mature lysostaphin and two structures of its isolated catalytic domain at 3.5, 1.78 and 1.26 Å resolution, respectively. The structure of the mature active enzyme confirms its expected organization into catalytic and cell‐wall‐targeting domains. It also indicates that the domains are mobile with respect to each other because of the presence of a highly flexible peptide linker. The high‐resolution structures of the catalytic domain provide details of Zn2+ coordination and may serve as a starting point for the engineering of lysostaphin variants with improved biotechnological characteristics.Structured digital abstract

lysostaphin by x-ray crystallography (1, 2).
Organic and mineral imprints in fossil photosynthetic mats of an East Antarctic lake
Authors: Lepot K. , Compère P. , Gérard E. , Namsaraev Z. , Verleyen E. , Tavernier I. , Hodgson D. A. , Vyverman W. , Gilbert B. , Wilmotte A. , Javaux E. J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLacustrine microbial mats in Antarctic ice‐free oases are considered modern analogues of early microbial ecosystems as their primary production is generally dominated by cyanobacteria, the heterotrophic food chain typically truncated due to extreme environmental conditions, and they are geographically isolated. To better understand early fossilization and mineralization processes in this context, we studied the microstructure and chemistry of organo‐mineral associations in a suite of sediments 50–4530 cal. years old from a lake in Skarvsnes, Lützow Holm Bay, East Antarctica. First, we report an exceptional preservation of fossil autotrophs and their biomolecules on millennial timescales. The pigment scytonemin is preserved inside cyanobacterial sheaths. As non‐pigmented sheaths are also preserved, scytonemin likely played little role in the preservation of sheath polysaccharides, which have been cross‐linked by ether bonds. Coccoids preserved thylakoids and autofluorescence of pigments such as carotenoids. This exceptional preservation of autotrophs in the fossil mats argues for limited biodegradation during and after deposition. Moreover, cell‐shaped aggregates preserved sulfur‐rich nanoglobules, supporting fossilization of instable intracellular byproducts of chemotrophic or phototrophic S‐oxidizers. Second, we report a diversity of micro‐ to nanostructured CaCO3 precipitates intimately associated with extracellular polymeric substances, cyanobacteria, and/or other prokaryotes. Micro‐peloids Type 1 display features that distinguish them from known carbonates crystallized in inorganic conditions: (i) Type 1A are often filled with globular nanocarbonates and/or surrounded by a fibrous fringe, (ii) Type 1B are empty and display ovoid to wrinkled fringes of nanocrystallites that can be radially oriented (fibrous or triangular) or multilayered, and (iii) all show small‐size variations. Type 2 rounded carbonates 1–2 μm in diameter occurring inside autofluorescent spheres interpreted as coccoidal bacteria may represent fossils of intracellular calcification. These organo‐mineral associations support organically driven nanocarbonate crystallization and stabilization, hence providing potential markers for microbial calcification in ancient rocks.
Asymmetric changes of growth and reproductive investment herald altitudinal and latitudinal range shifts of two woody species
Authors: Matías Luis , Jump Alistair S. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOngoing changes in global climate are altering ecological conditions for many species. The consequences of such changes are typically most evident at the edge of the geographical distribution of a species, where range expansions or contractions may occur. Current demographical status at geographical range limits can help us to predict population trends and their implications for the future distribution of the species. Thus, understanding the comparability of demographical patterns occurring along both altitudinal and latitudinal gradients would be highly informative. In this study, we analyse the differences in the demography of two woody species through altitudinal gradients at their southernmost distribution limit and the consistency of demographical patterns at the treeline across a latitudinal gradient covering the complete distribution range. We focus on Pinus sylvestris and Juniperus communis, assessing their demographical structure (density, age and mortality rate), growth, reproduction investment and damage from herbivory on 53 populations covering the upper, central and lower altitudes as well as the treeline at central latitude and northernmost and southernmost latitudinal distribution limits. For both species, populations at the lowermost altitude presented older age structure, higher mortality, decreased growth and lower reproduction when compared to the upper limit, indicating higher fitness at the treeline. This trend at the treeline was generally maintained through the latitudinal gradient, but with a decreased growth at the northern edge for both species and lower reproduction for P. sylvestris. However, altitudinal and latitudinal transects are not directly comparable as factors other than climate, including herbivore pressure or human management, must be taken into account if we are to understand how to infer latitudinal processes from altitudinal data.
Effect of nitrogen addition on Miscanthus × giganteus yield, nitrogen losses, and soil organic matter across five sites
Authors: Davis Morgan P. , David Mark B. , Voigt Thomas B. , Mitchell Corey A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe US Department of Energy has mandated the production of 16 billion gallons (60.6 billion liters) of renewable biofuel from cellulosic feedstocks by 2022. The perennial grass, Miscanthus × giganteus, is a potential candidate for cellulosic biofuel production because of high productivity with minimal inputs. This study determined the effect of three different spring fertilizer treatments (0, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1 yr−1 as urea) on biomass production, soil organic matter (SOM), and inorganic N leaching in Illinois, Kentucky, Nebraska, New Jersey, and Virginia, along with N2O and CO2 emissions at the IL site. There were no significant yield responses to fertilizer treatments, except at the IL site in 2012 (yields in 2012, year 4, varied from 10 to 23.7 Mg ha−1 across all sites). Potentially mineralizable N increased across all fertilizer treatments and sites in the 0–10 cm soil depth. An increase in permanganate oxidizable carbon (POX‐C, labile C) in surface soils occurred at the IL and NJ sites, which were regularly tilled before planting. Decreases in POX‐C were observed in the 0 – 10 cm soil depth at the KY and NE sites where highly managed turfgrass was grown prior to planting. Growing M. × giganteus altered SOM composition in only 4 years of production by increasing the amount of potentially mineralizable N at every site, regardless of fertilization amount. Nitrogen applications increased N leaching and N2O emission without increasing biomass production. This suggests that for the initial period (4 years) of M. × giganteus production, N application has a detrimental environmental impact without any yield benefits and thus should not be recommended. Further research is needed to define a time when N application to M. × giganteus results in increased biomass production.
A New Spatial Optimization Perspective on the Delineation of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas
Authors: Tong Daoqin , Plane David A. 
Published: July 2014

The current method for delineating U.S. metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas (collectively referred to as core‐based statistical areas—CBSAs) is to cluster counties based on the strength of commuting interactions between outlying areas and urban cores. The social and economic integration of a metropolitan or a micropolitan statistical area is operationalized using what we believe is an outdated, monocentric perspective on functional spatial structure: one that fixates solely on inward and reverse commuting. We propose a new spatial optimization model for delineating CBSAs that can better account for polycentric urban structure by considering all intercounty commuting linkages. Our model seeks to find the boundaries that maximize the containment of entire webs of intra‐CBSA intercounty commuting. We apply the proposed method to delineate alternative sets of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas for comparison with the federal government's currently defined (2010 Office of Management and Budget [OMB] standards) official CBSAs.El método actual para delimitar áreas estadísticas micropolitanas y metropolitana en los Estados Unidos (denomidado genéricamente áreas estadísticos nucleares o core‐statistical areas‐ CBSA) consiste en agrupar condados en base a la fuerza de las interacciones de los desplazamientos residencia‐trabajo entre las zonas periféricas y los núcleos urbanos. La integración social y económica de un área estadística metro y micro politana se pone en operación usando un enfoque funcional que los autores consideran obsoleto que se basa en una estructura espacial urbana monocéntrica. Dicho enfoque se limita únicamente a los desplazamientos hacia el interior y de vuelta. Los autores proponen un nuevo modelo de optimización espacial para delinear CBSAs que respresenta mejor una estructura urbana policéntrica que considera todos los desplazamientos entre condados. El modelo busca encontrar los límites que maximizan la inclusión de redes enteras de desplazamientos intra CBSA y entre condados. El método propuesto es aplicado para delinear conjuntos alternativos de áreas estadísticas metropolitanas y micropolitanas y es comparado con los límites oficiales actuales de CBSA proporcionados por gobierno federal (de acuerdo a los lineamientos de la Oficina de Administración y Presupuesto u Office of Management Budget‐OMB) en 2010).目前用于描述美国大都市区与居住区统计区域（共同地被称为基于核心的统计区域—CBSAs）的方法，主要是基于边远地区和城市核心区间的相互作用强度对郡县进行聚类。大都市区或居住区统计区域社会与经济一体化的运作方式，采用的是一种功能空间结构上落伍的单中心视角，即仅关注内部交换或反向交换。本文提出了一种新的空间优化模型用于描述CBSAs，将所有内部通勤联系考虑在内，能更好地解释多中心城市结构。该模型力图发现能最大化包含内部CBSA通勤联系网的边界。最后，将该模型应用于大都市区和居住区的统计区域描述，并与联邦政府目前定义的官方CBSAs（管理与预算 [OMB]标准2010办公室）进行了对比研究。
The role of the health information professional
Authors: Marshall Audrey 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis virtual issue has been published to mark the CILIP Health Libraries Group 2014 Conference, taking place in Oxford on 24th and 25th July 2014. The issue's theme is to highlight the key role of the health information professional and it shines a spotlight on professional expertise, demonstrating what we can share and learn from each other. It comprises a collection of articles published in the Health Information and Libraries Journal during the last 2 years but is very much about looking forward. The articles selected embrace three main themes: new ways of working; acquiring new skills and competencies; and fine‐tuning existing skills and practices. The virtual issue mirrors the format of the regular journal, namely a review article, six original articles and the three regular features, covering Dissertations into Practice, International Perspectives and Initiatives and Learning and Teaching in Action. All articles included in this virtual issue are available free online.
Cyclin A1 expression predicts progression in pT1 urothelial carcinoma of bladder: a tissue microarray study of 149 patients treated by transurethral resection
Authors: Munari Enrico , Chaux Alcides , Maldonado Leonel , Compérat Eva , Varinot Justine , Bivalacqua Trinity J , Hoque Mohammad O , Netto George J 
Published: July 2014

AimsTo evaluate the immunoexpression of cyclin A1 in pT1 urothelial carcinomas of the bladder (UC) from a cohort of patients treated by transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB), to determine its value in predicting tumour recurrence, tumour progression, or systemic metastases.Methods and resultsFive tissue microarrays (TMAS) were constructed from representative paraffin blocks of high‐grade pT1 UC from 149 consecutive patients. Cyclin A1 immunoexpression was evaluated as the percentage of tumour cells with positive nuclear staining estimated at each TMA spot. The cutoff for cyclin A1 positivity was set at 10% of cells. Outcome variables included tumour recurrence and tumour progression as the primary endpoints. Cyclin A1 positivity was associated with tumour progression but not with tumour recurrence or the presence of adjacent carcinoma in situ in the biopsy. Also, patients with pT1b at biopsy and cyclin A1 expression showed higher progression rates than patients with pT1a at biopsy and without cyclin A1 expression, respectively. Combining pT1 stage at biopsy and cyclin A1 expression more accurately predicted tumour progression than pT1 stage at biopsy alone and cyclin A1 expression alone.ConclusionsCyclin A1 immunoexpression is of potential utility in predicting disease progression in patients with pT1 UC.
Detection of Ischemic Penumbra Using Combined Perfusion and T2* Oxygen Challenge Imaging
Authors: Robertson Craig A. , McCabe Christopher , Lopez-Gonzalez M. Rosario , Deuchar Graeme A. , Dani Krishna , Holmes William M. , Muir Keith W. , Santosh Celestine , Macrae I. Mhairi 
Published: July 2014

Background Acute ischemic stroke is common and disabling, but there remains a paucity of acute treatment options and available treatment (thrombolysis) is underutilized. Advanced brain imaging, designed to identify viable hypoperfused tissue (penumbra), could target treatment to a wider population. Existing magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography-based technologies are not widely used pending validation in ongoing clinical trials. T2* oxygen challenge magnetic resonance imaging, by providing a more direct readout of tissue viability, has the potential to identify more patients likely to benefit from thrombolysis – irrespective of time from stroke onset – and patients within and beyond the 4·5 h thrombolysis treatment window who are unlikely to benefit and are at an increased risk of hemorrhage. Aims This study employs serial multimodal imaging and voxel-based analysis to develop optimal data processing for T2* oxygen challenge penumbra assessment. Tissue in the ischemic hemisphere is compartmentalized into penumbra, ischemic core, or normal using T2* oxygen challenge (single threshold) or T2* oxygen challenge plus cerebral blood flow (dual threshold) data. Penumbra defined by perfusion imaging/apparent diffusion coefficient mismatch (dual threshold) is included for comparison. Methods Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 6) prior to serial multimodal imaging: T2* oxygen challenge, diffusion-weighted and perfusion imaging (cerebral blood flow using arterial spin labeling). Results Across the different methods evaluated, T2* oxygen challenge combined with perfusion imaging most closely predicted 24 h infarct volume. Penumbra volume declined from one to four-hours post-stroke: mean ± SD, 77 ± 44 to 49 ± 37 mm3 (single T2* oxygen challenge-based threshold); 55 ± 41 to 37 ± 12 mm3 (dual T2* oxygen challenge/cerebral blood flow); 84 ± 64 to 42 ± 18 mm3 (dual cerebral blood flow/apparent diffusion coefficient), as ischemic core grew: 155 ± 37 to 211 ± 36 mm3 (single apparent diffusion coefficient threshold); 178 ± 56 to 205 ± 33 mm3 (dual T2* oxygen challenge/cerebral blood flow); 139 ± 30 to 168 ± 38 mm3 (dual cerebral blood flow/apparent diffusion coefficient). There was evidence of further lesion growth beyond four-hours (T2-defined edema-corrected infarct, 231 ± 19 mm3). Conclusions In conclusion, T2* oxygen challenge combined with perfusion imaging has advantages over alternative magnetic resonance imaging techniques for penumbra detection by providing serial assessment of available penumbra based on tissue viability.
Quality of Life after Surgical Decompression for Space-Occupying Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction: Systematic Review
Authors: van Middelaar Tessa , Nederkoorn Paul J. , van der Worp H. Bart , Stam Jan , Richard Edo 
Published: July 2014

Background and Purpose In patients with space-occupying middle cerebral artery infarction, surgical decompression strongly reduces risk of death and increases the chance of a favorable outcome. This comes at the expense of an increase in the risk of survival with (moderately) severe disability. We assessed quality of life, depression, and caregiver burden in these patients. Summary of Review We systematically reviewed the literature by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO up to March 2014. We included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case–control studies, and case series with quality of life, depression, or caregiver burden as primary or secondary outcome. Seventeen articles reporting on 459 patients were included. At final follow-up at 7 to 51 months, 1344 patients (30%) had died, and 34 (11%) were lost to follow up. Data on 291 patients were available, of whom 81 of 213 survivors (39%) achieved good functional outcome at final follow-up (modified Rankin Scale ⩽3). Mean quality of life was 46% to 67% of the best possible score when based on questionnaires or visual analogue scales. At final follow-up, 143 of 189 patients (76%) would in retrospect again choose for surgical decompression. Severe depressive symptoms were present in 14 of 113 patients (16%). Three studies investigated caregiver burden and reported substantial burden. Patients more than 60 years old had a lower quality of life in comparison with younger patients. Conclusions Most patients treated with surgical decompression for space-occupying infarction have a reasonable quality of life at long-term follow-up and are satisfied with the treatment received. Severe depressive symptoms are uncommon.
Comparative Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs on Stroke Outcome in China
Authors: Heeley Emma L. , Wei Jade W. , Wang Ji-Guang , Arima Hisatomi , Huang Yining , Wong Lawrence K. S. , Anderson Craig S. ,   for the ChinaQUEST Investigators
Published: July 2014

Background Antihypertensive drugs are useful in the prevention of stroke; however, much debate surrounds which class of agent provides the most benefit post-stroke. Aims The aim of this study was to examine the impact of different classes of antihypertensive agent on stroke outcome using data from the ChinaQUEST study, a prospective, hospital-based stroke registry undertaken across 62 hospitals in China. Methods Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the comparative associations of different antihypertensive medications when initiated in-hospital post-stroke on the following poor outcomes in stroke survivors at three- and 12 months post-stroke: ( 1 ) death and dependency, based on modified Rankin Scale scores 3–5; ( 2 )death; and( 3 ) dependency. Results Of the 6416 patients with baseline data, 3986 (62%) were on at least one antihypertensive agent. After adjustment for baseline characteristics and concomitant therapies, there were no differences in outcomes between therapies at three- and 12 months, but at 12 months, calcium channel blocker use was associated with reduced risks of death/dependency (odds ratio 0·78, P = 0·001) and death (odds ratio 0·66, P < 0·001). In addition, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor antagonist use was associated with reduced risk of death (odds ratio 0·76, P = 0·009), whereas both beta-blockers and diuretics were shown to increase the risk of death/dependency and death but had no effect on the risk of dependency. Conclusion This study suggests that early initiation of calcium channel blockers is associated with improved outcome after stroke. Further randomized studies are warranted to confirm these findings and to delineate differential beneficial effects of antihypertensive therapy in stroke prevention.
Long‐term outcome of hand‐assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for T1 renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Hongo Fumiya , Kawauchi Akihiro , Ueda Takashi , Fujihara Atsuko , Naitoh Yasuyuki , Nakamura Terukazu , Naya Yoshio , Kamoi Kazumi , Okihara Koji , Miki Tsuneharu 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesTo investigate the long‐term outcomes of hand‐assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy compared with those of open nephrectomy.MethodsHand‐assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was carried out in 132 patients with T1 renal cell carcinoma (between November 1999 and November 2008). Their outcomes were compared with those of 61 patients treated with open nephrectomy. The durations of follow up were 6–121 months (median 65 months) and 7–146 months (median 84 months) in the hand‐assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and open nephrectomy groups, respectively.ResultsThe 7‐year recurrence‐free rates were 88.5 and 85.6% in the hand‐assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and open nephrectomy groups, respectively, showing no significant difference between the two groups. The 7‐year cancer‐specific survival rates were 92.3 and 91.4% in the hand‐assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and open nephrectomy groups, respectively, showing no significant difference between the two groups. Also, the 10‐year recurrence‐free rates were 85.4 and 78.1% in the hand‐assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and open nephrectomy groups, respectively. When changes in the recurrence‐free rate were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. The 10‐year cancer‐specific survival rates were 91.8 and 87.9% for hand‐assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and open nephrectomy, respectively, showing no significant difference between the groups.ConclusionsHand‐assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy might be comparable with open nephrectomy with regard to long‐term cancer control.