bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nature et culture dans la liste du patrimoine mondial : l’expérience de Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Ribeiro Rafael Winter 
Published: June 2013

L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser la relation entre les critères naturels et culturels dans la justification de la Liste du patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco en partant de la candidature de la ville de Rio de Janeiro, inscrite sur la Liste au 1er juillet 2012 comme « paysage culturel ». Le processus de candidature de la ville devient ainsi un excellent laboratoire de réflexions sur la relation entre nature, culture et patrimoine et les images produites. Il nous permet également de réfléchir sur la façon dont l’Unesco s’approprie la catégorie « paysage culturel » identifiée comme étant associée à une forte présence d’éléments dits naturels, même s’ils sont travaillés par l’homme. Il existe donc une importante difficulté pour inclure des paysages urbains dans cette catégorie. Pourtant, pour une série de courants géographiques, ils seraient une des meilleures définitions possible de paysage culturel, compris comme un paysage modifié par l’homme. Deux courants principaux peuvent être identifiés dans les formes que prend la catégorie « paysage culturel » : un fortement associé au paysagisme et à l’aménagement paysager et un autre qui renvoie à une conception très proche de celle de Vidal de la Blache : le paysage mettrait en valeur la relation entre l’homme et son milieu. Rio de Janeiro tente d’adapter son image à ce modèle d’une ville associée au mouvement moderne dans laquelle les grandes œuvres paysagises de sa côte et le processus de reboisement des montagnes auraient un poids fondamental.
Pour le meilleur et pour le pire ! Les arbres en ville peuvent-ils faire patrimoine ? Analyse des spatialités concurrentes arbres-riverains à Grenoble
Authors: Tollis Claire 
Published: June 2013

Patrimonialiser la nature en ville ne va pas de soi. À Grenoble, l’analyse de deux mille lettres de plainte adressées au service des espaces verts et des entretiens auprès des gestionnaires de ce service nous permet de mettre au jour une concurrence spatiale entre les citadins et les arbres. Le caractère vivant des arbres urbains dérange les riverains. En miroir, leurs incivilités portent atteinte au bon développement des arbres. De plus, de nouveaux modes de gestion qui proposent de « laisser faire la nature » complexifient encore le problème. Enfin, les arbres servent souvent d’écran à des préoccupations « qui n’ont rien à voir avec eux » : les conflits dont ils font l’objet tiennent davantage à des rapports de voisinage ou à des relations élus-administrés marqués par la frustration ou l’incompréhension. Dans ce contexte, nous esquissons un processus de patrimonialisation « freiné » qui tente, sans y parvenir vraiment, de faire accepter les arbres pour ce qu’ils sont.
A Community-Based Oral Health Promotion Model for HIV Patients in Nairobi, East District in Kenya: A Study Protocol
Authors: Koyio Lucina N. , van der Sanden Wil J.M. , van der Ven Andre , Mulder Jan , Creugers Nico H.J. , Merkx Matthias A.W. , Frencken Jo E. 
Published: June 2013

Background General HIV-related orofacial lesions, most commonly oropharyngeal candidiasis, have a typical clinical appearance and can be recognised by members of the community. Although affected patients often experience pain leading to compromised eating and swallowing, barriers such as social stigma and lack of knowledge regarding available services may prevent them from seeking early care. Educating the community about these lesions through community health workers (CHWs) who are democratically elected community members may encourage individuals affected to seek early oral healthcare in the health facilities. A health facility (HF) is a health centre mainly run by clinical officers (CO), i.e. personnel with a 3-year medical training, and nurses. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a CHW training programme on: i) their knowledge and recognition of HIV-related oral-facial lesions at a community level; and ii) referral of affected patients from the community to the HFs. Design and Methods All 800 CHWs in 2 administrative divisions of Nairobi East District (test group n=400; control group n=400) will be selected. The test group will receive training. CHWs in both groups will be assessed at 4 time points: –3, 0, +3 and +6 months with reference to the training on: i) their knowledge of HIV-related orofacial lesions (using a written questionnaire); and ii) their performance in referring affected patients to the HFs (using clinical data). Expected Impact Early recognition of HIV-related orofacial lesions at a community level will prompt community members to seek early oral care, leading to early HIV testing and counselling regarding failure of antiretroviral therapy, while treatment outcomes are still favourable.
The Crank-Nicolson Hermite Cubic Orthogonal Spline Collocation Method for the Heat Equation with Nonlocal Boundary Conditions
Authors: Bialecki B. , Fairweather G. , López-Marcos J.C. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe formulate and analyze the Crank-Nicolson Hermite cubic orthogonal spline collocation method for the solution of the heat equation in one space variable with nonlocal boundary conditions involving integrals of the unknown solution over the spatial interval. Using an extension of the analysis of Douglas and Dupont [23] for Dirichlet boundary conditions, we derive optimal order error estimates in the discrete maximum norm in time and the continuous maximum norm in space. We discuss the solution of the linear system arising at each time level via the capacitance matrix technique and the package COLROW for solving almost block diagonal linear systems. We present numerical examples that confirm the theoretical global error estimates and exhibit superconvergence phenomena.
The Method of Fundamental Solutions for Solving Exterior Axisymmetric Helmholtz Problems with High Wave-Number
Authors: Chen Wen , Lin Ji , Chen C.S. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) for solving exterior Helmholtz problems with high wave-number in axisymmetric domains. Since the coefficient matrix in the linear system resulting from the MFS approximation has a block circulant structure, it can be solved by the matrix decomposition algorithm and fast Fourier transform for the fast computation of large-scale problems and meanwhile saving computer memory space. Several numerical examples are provided to demonstrate its applicability and efficacy in two and three dimensional domains.
B-Spline Gaussian Collocation Software for Two-Dimensional Parabolic PDEs
Authors: Li Zhi , Muir Paul 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this paper we describe newB-spline Gaussian collocation software for solving two-dimensional parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) defined over a rectangular region. The numerical solution is represented as a bi-variate piecewise polynomial (using a tensor productB-spline basis) with time-dependent unknown coefficients. These coefficients are determined by imposing collocation conditions: the numerical solution is required to satisfy the PDE and boundary conditions at images of the Gauss points mapped onto certain subregions of the spatial domain. This leads to a large system of time-dependent differential algebraic equations (DAEs) which is solved using the DAE solver, DASPK. We provide numerical results in which we use the new software, called BACOL2D, to solve three test problems.
Modelling Hospital Materials Management Processes
Authors: Iannone Raffaele , Lambiase Alfredo , Miranda Salvatore , Riemma Stefano , Sarno Debora 
Published: June 2013

Materials management is an important issue for healthcare systems because it influences clinical and financial outcomes. Before selecting, adapting and implementing leading or optimized practices, a good understanding of processes and activities has to be developed. In real applications, the information flows and business strategies involved are different from hospital to hospital, depending on context, culture and available resources; it is therefore difficult to find a comprehensive and exhaustive description of processes, even more so a clear formalization of them. The objective of this paper is twofold. First, it proposes an integrated and detailed analysis and description model for hospital materials management data and tasks, which is able to tackle information from patient requirements to usage, from replenishment requests to supplying and handling activities. The model takes account of medical risk reduction, traceability and streamlined processes perspectives. Second, the paper translates this information into a business process model and mathematical formalization. The study provides a useful guide to the various relevant technology-related, management and business issues, laying the foundations of an efficient reengineering of the supply chain to reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of care.
An Overview of QT Interval Assessment in Safety Pharmacology
Authors: Guillaume Philippe , Goineau Sonia , Froget Guillaume 
Published: June 2013

AbstractMedicinal products that prolong cardiac repolarization, as assessed in terms of prolongation of the QT interval of the electrocardiogram, may trigger torsade de pointe, a potentially fatal arrhythmia. The lethality of this risk necessitates a detailed preclinical evaluation before initiating clinical trials. The strategy for assessing the potential of new chemical entities to cause QT interval prolongation involves two complementary approaches. An in vivo test provides information on the potential of the agent to prolong the QT interval under near‐physiological conditions. The results are mostly descriptive, providing little insight into the mechanisms of action. In vitro experiments provide more mechanistic data, although the test procedure is far removed from the clinical situation. While both approaches have reasonable predictive value, the results may depend largely on the experimental conditions employed. Discussed in this unit are experimental issues that should be considered when testing agents for their potential to cause arrhythmias, as well as general strategies for understanding the problems associated with this cardiovascular risk. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 61:10.7.1‐10.7.14 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nitrogen‐Rich Porous Adsorbents for CO2 Capture and Storage
Authors: Li Pei‐Zhou , Zhao Yanli 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe construction of physical or chemical adsorbents for CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) is a vital technology in the interim period on the way towards a sustainable low‐carbon future. The search for efficient materials to satisfy the increasing demand for CCS has become extremely important. Porous materials, including porous silica, porous carbons, and newly developed metal–organic frameworks and porous organic polymers, possessing regular and well‐defined porous geometry and having a high surface area and pore volume, have been widely studied for separations on laboratory scale. On account of the dipole–quadrupole interactions between the polarizable CO2 molecule and the accessible nitrogen site, the investigations have indicated that the incorporation of accessible nitrogen‐donor groups into the pore walls of porous materials can improve the affinity to CO2 and increase the CO2 uptake capacity and selectivity. The CO2‐adsorption process based on solid nitrogen‐rich porous adsorbents does generally not require heating of a large amount of water (60–70 wt %) for regeneration, while such a heating approach cannot be avoided in the regeneration of amine‐based solution absorption processes. Thus, nitrogen‐rich porous adsorbents show good regeneration properties without sacrificing high separation efficiency. As such, nitrogen‐rich porous materials as highly promising CO2 adsorbents have been broadly fabricated and intensively investigated. This Focus Review highlights recent significant advances in nitrogen‐rich porous materials for CCS.
Synthesis of Phenanthridinones from N‐Methoxybenzamides and Aryltriethoxysilanes through RhIII‐Catalyzed CH and NH Bond Activation
Authors: Senthilkumar Natarajan , Parthasarathy Kanniyappan , Gandeepan Parthasarathy , Cheng Chien‐Hong 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAn efficient method for the one‐pot synthesis of substituted phenanthridinone derivatives from N‐methoxybenzamides and aryltriethoxysilanes through rhodium‐catalyzed dual CH bond activation and annulation reactions is described. A double‐cycle mechanism is proposed to account for this catalytic reaction. In addition, isotope‐labeling studies were performed to understand the intimate mechanism of the reaction.
Metabolic costs of amino acid and protein production in Escherichia coli
Authors: Kaleta Christoph , Schäuble Sascha , Rinas Ursula , Schuster Stefan 
Published: June 2013

AbstractEscherichia coli is the most popular microorganism for the production of recombinant proteins and is gaining increasing importance for the production of low‐molecular weight compounds such as amino acids. The metabolic cost associated with the production of amino acids and (recombinant) proteins from glucose, glycerol and acetate was determined using three different computational techniques to identify those amino acids that put the highest burden on the biosynthetic machinery of E. coli. Comparing the costs of individual amino acids, we find that methionine is the most expensive amino acid in terms of consumed mol of ATP per molecule produced, while leucine is the most expensive amino acid when taking into account the cellular abundances of amino acids. Moreover, we show that the biosynthesis of a large number of amino acids from glucose and particularly from glycerol provides a surplus of energy, which can be used to balance the high energetic cost of amino acid polymerization.
Ascorbic acid synthesis and metabolism in maize are subject to complex and genotype‐dependent feedback regulation during endosperm development
Authors: Sanahuja Georgina , Farré Gemma , Bassie Ludovic , Zhu Changfu , Christou Paul , Capell Teresa 
Published: June 2013

AbstractL‐ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an antioxidant and electron donor whose metabolism in plants is under strict feedback control. The factors that influence L‐ascorbic acid accumulation in staple crops are only partially understood. One way to gain insight into the regulation of L‐ascorbic acid metabolism is to investigate the endogenous pathways in various genetic backgrounds and characterize their interactions with transgenes encoding relevant enzymes. In an initial step, we investigated the developmental profile of L‐ascorbic acid accumulation in the endosperm of three diverse maize genotypes and a transgenic line expressing rice dehydroascorbate reductase, which enhances L‐ascorbic acid recycling. We determined the transcript levels of all the key genes in the L‐ascorbic acid metabolic pathways as well as the specific levels of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbate. L‐ascorbic acid levels were high 20 days after pollination and declined thereafter. We found significant genotype‐dependent variations in the transcript levels of some genes, with particular complexity in the ascorbic acid recycling pathway. Our data will help to elucidate the complex mechanisms underlying the regulation of L‐ascorbic acid metabolism in plants, particularly the impact of genetic background on the strict regulation of ascorbic acid metabolism in endosperm cells.
Enzymatic activity preservation and protection through entrapment within degradable hydrogels
Authors: Mariani Angela M. , Natoli Mary E. , Kofinas Peter 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTThis work aims to develop a repeatable enzyme entrapment method that preserves activity within an amicable environment while resisting activity reduction in the presence of environmental challenges. Advances in such methods have wide potential use in biosensor applications. In this work β‐galactosidase (lactase) enzyme was entrapped within hydrogel matrices of acrylamide (ACR) crosslinked with N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (BIS, non‐degradable) or poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, degradable) to create “biogels.” Diffusivity studies of control, enzyme free, hydrogel constructs showed near‐Fickian swelling behavior in PBS regardless of crosslinker type or density. As expected, the swelling rate, Ks, decreased when increasing the crosslink density from 78.6 to 14.7 min−1 over a range of 1–20 mol% PEGDA indicating that diffusivity into the matrix is dependent on crosslink density. Fabricated biogels were evaluated for maintained enzyme activity in the 7 and 8 pH range. PEGDA crosslinked gels consistently showed improved enzymatic activity retention as compared to BIS crosslinked gels. As PEGDA crosslink density increased from 5 to 10 mol%, enzymatic activity retention post‐initial entrapment increased. Higher PEGDA crosslink densities between 15% and 40% decreased enzymatic activity due to assumed steric hindrance of the entrapped enzyme and also decreased substrate and product diffusion. Increased enzymatic stability was observed in 40 mol% PEGDA crosslinked gels. The biogels were pH challenged to 8.0 and stability, measured as retention of activity, was observed to be 91%. Free, non‐entrapped, solution based enzyme conversion only retained 23% activity under the same pH challenge conditions. No significant loss of active enzyme was determined to elute out of the biogels during storage in PBS or during biogel wash and recycling. This entrapment method illustrates the potential to sterically hinder and diffusively impede enzymes from performing their function. Degradation of the network crosslinks can then potentially enable the reactivation of the enzyme at a site and time dictated by the user. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2994–3002. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐Solid‐Content Emulsions of PVC: Scale‐Down of an Industrial Process for Enhanced Understanding of Particle Formation Part 2: Preliminary Analysis of Seed Production
Authors: McKenna T. F. L. , Pascal T. , Lys T. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA scale‐down study of an industrial reactor for the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) via an emulsion polymerization process was performed in order to understand the source of batch‐to‐batch variations in product quality. In Part 2 of this series of three papers, it is demonstrated that a large excess of base is required to control the particle size distribution of the seed process. Although differences exist between the critical micelle concentration and the surface area occupied by a surfactant molecule for linear and branched isomers of the surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, the characteristics of the molecules from different suppliers were reasonably similar.
Bright Mono‐aqua Europium Complexes Based on Triazacyclononane That Bind Anions Reversibly and Permeate Cells Efficiently
Authors: Butler Stephen J. , McMahon Brian K. , Pal Robert , Parker David , Walton James W. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA series of five europium(III) complexes has been prepared from heptadentate N5O2 ligands that possess a brightness of more than 10 mM−1 cm−1 in water, following excitation over the range λ=330–355 nm. Binding of several oxy anions has been assessed by emission spectral titrimetric analysis, with the binding of simple carboxylates, lactate and citrate involving a common ligation mode following displacement of the coordinated water. Selectivity for bicarbonate allows the rapid determination of this anion in human serum, with Kd=37 mM (295 K). The complexes are internalised quickly into mammalian cells and exhibit a mitochondrial localisation at early time points, migrating after a few hours to reveal a predominant lysosomal distribution. Herein, we report the synthesis and complexation behaviour of strongly emissive europium (III) complexes that bind oxy‐anions in aqueous media with an affinity and selectivity profile that is distinctively different from previously studied systems.
A Molecular Toolkit for the Functionalization of Titanium‐Based Biomaterials That Selectively Control Integrin‐Mediated Cell Adhesion
Authors: Rechenmacher Florian , Neubauer Stefanie , Mas‐Moruno Carlos , Dorfner Petra M. , Polleux Julien , Guasch Judith , Conings Bert , Boyen Hans‐Gerd , Bochen Alexander , Sobahi Tariq R. , Burgkart Rainer , Spatz Joachim P. , Fässler Reinhard , Kessler Horst 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe present a click chemistry‐based molecular toolkit for the biofunctionalization of materials to selectively control integrin‐mediated cell adhesion. To this end, α5β1‐selective RGD peptidomimetics were covalently immobilized on Ti‐based materials, and the capacity to promote the selective binding of α5β1 was evaluated using a solid‐phase integrin binding assay. This functionalization strategy yielded surfaces with a nine‐fold increased affinity for α5β1, in comparison to control samples, and total selectivity against the binding of the closely related integrin αvβ3. Moreover, our methodology allowed the screening of several phosphonic acid containing anchoring units to find the best spacer–anchor moiety required for establishing an efficient binding to titanium and to promote selective integrin binding. The integrin subtype specificity of these biofunctionalized surfaces was further examined in vitro by inducing selective adhesion of genetically modified fibroblasts, which express exclusively the α5β1 integrin. The versatility of our molecular toolkit was proven by shifting the cellular specificity of the materials from α5β1‐ to αvβ3‐expressing fibroblasts by using an αvβ3‐selective peptidomimetic as coating molecule. The results shown here represent the first functionalization of Ti‐based materials with α5β1‐ or αvβ3‐selective peptidomimetics that allow an unprecedented control to discriminate between α5β1‐ and αvβ3‐mediated adhesions. The role of these two integrins in different biological events is still a matter of debate and is frequently discussed in literature. Thus, such bioactive titanium surfaces will be of great relevance for the study of integrin‐mediated cell adhesion and the development of new biomaterials targeting specific cell types.
ChemInform Abstract: Click Chemistry with 2‐Ethynyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroindoles: Towards Functionalized Tetrahydroindole—Triazole Ensembles.
Authors: Sobenina Lyubov N. , Tomilin Denis N. , Ushakov Igor A. , Mikhaleva Albina I. , Ma J. Sh. , Yang G. , Trofimov Boris A. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of the azide anion with internal alkynes of type (I) bearing an acyl or ester moiety offers a direct synthesis of the target scaffolds under very mild conditions.
Characterisation of petrologic end members of oil sands from the athabasca region, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Osacky M. , Geramian M. , Dyar M. D. , Sklute E. C. , Valter M. , Ivey D. G. , Liu Q. , Etsell T. H. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe aim of this study was to perform mineral and chemical characterisation of the four petrologic end members of Alberta oil sands in order to better understand the mineralogical and geochemical factors affecting bitumen extraction. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the petrologic end members contain a variable amount of quartz, clay minerals, carbonates, K‐feldspar, TiO2minerals and pyrite and the Fe‐containing phases were also observed in Mössbauer spectra. Scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray (SEM‐EDX) analysis also showed the presence of Fe–Ti oxide minerals. Mössbauer results also indicated the presence of lepidocrocite in the fine fractions in amounts below the detection limit of XRD. Interstratified illite–smectite was found only in clay‐rich petrologic end members. Calcite and dolomite were primarily concentrated in the fine fractions of marine petrologic end members. Conversely, siderite was found mainly in the coarse fraction of estuarine petrologic end members.The relative amount of toluene insoluble organics was higher in the fine fractions of marine petrologic end members.