bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Clinical Methods for Peroneal Muscle Testing
Authors: Sarig‐Bahat Hilla , Krasovsky Andrei , Sprecher Elliot 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundManual muscle testing of the peroneal muscles is well accepted as a testing method in musculoskeletal physiotherapy for the assessment of the foot and ankle. The peroneus longus and brevis are primary evertors and secondary plantar flexors of the ankle joint. However, some international textbooks describe them as dorsi flexors, when instructing peroneal muscle testing. The identified variability raised a question whether these educational texts are reflected in the clinical field.PurposeThe purposes of this study were to investigate what are the methods commonly used in the clinical field for peroneal muscle testing and to evaluate their compatibility with functional anatomy.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted, using an electronic questionnaire sent to 143 Israeli physiotherapists in the musculoskeletal field. The survey questioned on the anatomical location of manual resistance and the combination of motions resisted.ResultsNinety‐seven responses were received. The majority (69%) of respondents related correctly to the peronei as evertors, but asserted that resistance should be located over the dorsal aspect of the fifth metatarsus, thereby disregarding the peroneus longus. Moreover, 38% of the respondents described the peronei as dorsi flexors, rather than plantar flexors. Only 2% selected the correct method of resisting plantarflexion and eversion at the base of the first metatarsus. We consider this technique to be the most compatible with the anatomy of the peroneus longus and brevis. The Fisher–Freeman–Halton test indicated that there was a significant relationship between responses on the questions (P = 0.0253, 95% CI 0.0249–0.0257), thus justifying further correspondence analysis. The correspondence analysis found no clustering of the answers that were compatible with anatomical evidence and were applied in the correct technique, but did demonstrate a common error, resisting dorsiflexion rather than plantarflexion, which was in agreement with the described frequencies.ConclusionInconsistencies were identified between the instruction method commonly provided for peroneal muscle testing in textbook and the functional anatomy of these muscles. Results reflect the lack of accuracy in applying functional anatomy to peroneal testing. This may be due to limited use of peroneal muscle testing or to inadequate investigation of the existing evaluation methods and their validity. Accordingly, teaching materials and clinical methods used for this test should be re‐evaluated. Further research should investigate the value of peroneal muscle testing in clinical ankle evaluation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lowering the symmetry group of carbon tetrachloride by high pressure
Authors: Chen Yuanzheng , Sun Shang , Wu Yongling , Gao Shuqin , Li Zuowei , Ouyang Shunli , Li Dongfei , Men Zhiwei , Zhou Mi , Sun Chenglin 
Published: August 2012

AbstractUsing the pressure‐induced polarized Raman spectra of carbon tetrachloride up to 22 GPa, a significant anomalous polarization (the depolarization ratio >0.75) was observed. We analyzed it by evaluating the antisymmetric anisotropy distribution of modes in Td and explored the corresponded molecular structure having been translated from Td into a lower symmetry. The P21/c and Pa3 structures of carbon tetrachloride were optimized as a function of pressure to further confirm that the molecules deviated from regular tetrahedra. The C2v and D2 were analyzed to be candidates of the lower symmetry based on group and Landau theory.
Braess's paradox in expanders
Authors: Chung Fan , Young Stephen J. , Zhao Wenbo 
Published: August 2012

AbstractExpander graphs are known to facilitate effective routing and most real‐world networks have expansion properties. At the other extreme, it has been shown that in some special graphs, removing certain edges can lead to moreefficient routing. This phenomenon is known as Braess's paradox and is usually regarded as a rare event. In contrast to what one might expect, we show that Braess's paradox is ubiquitous in expander graphs. Specifically, we prove that Braess's paradox occurs in a large class of expander graphs with continuous convex latency functions. Our results extend previous work which held only when the graph was both denser and random and for random linear latency functions. We identify deterministic sufficient conditions for a graph with as few as a linear number of edges, such that Braess's Paradox almost always occurs, with respect to a general family of random latency functions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2012
Biotemplated Synthesis of Hollow Double‐Layered Core/Shell Titania/Silica Nanotubes under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Li Dong , Mathew Bijo , Mao Chuanbin 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBacterial flagella, protein nanotubes (∼15 nm wide) detached from Salmonella typhimurium bacteria, are used to template the formation of titania/silica core/shell double‐layered nanotubes in aqueous solution under ambient conditions through a sol–gel process. The thickness of each layer is tunable by varying the concentration of precursor solutions or reaction times. Upon heating, the flagella can be removed and the inner titania layer can be transformed into a nanocrystalline layer supported by the outer silica sheath. Nanotubes with different inner pore diameters and morphologies could be templated by other bionanofibers such as M13 phage and bacterial pili. This work shows that bionanofibers can be used as a universal biotemplate for the green synthesis of nanotubes with tunable wall thicknesses.
Layer‐by‐Layer Coated Gold Nanoparticles: Size‐Dependent Delivery of DNA into Cells
Authors: Elbakry Asmaa , Wurster Eva‐Christina , Zaky Alaa , Liebl Renate , Schindler Edith , Bauer‐Kreisel Petra , Blunk Torsten , Rachel Reinhard , Goepferich Achim , Breunig Miriam 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBecause nanoparticles are finding uses in myriad biomedical applications, including the delivery of nucleic acids, a detailed knowledge of their interaction with the biological system is of utmost importance. Here the size‐dependent uptake of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) (20, 30, 50 and 80 nm), coated with a layer‐by‐layer approach with nucleic acid and poly(ethylene imine) (PEI), into a variety of mammalian cell lines is studied. In contrast to other studies, the optimal particle diameter for cellular uptake is determined but also the number of therapeutic cargo molecules per cell. It is found that 20 nm AuNPs, with diameters of about 32 nm after the coating process and about 88 nm including the protein corona after incubation in cell culture medium, yield the highest number of nanoparticles and therapeutic DNA molecules per cell. Interestingly, PEI, which is known for its toxicity, can be applied at significantly higher concentrations than its IC50 value, most likely because it is tightly bound to the AuNP surface and/or covered by a protein corona. These results are important for the future design of nanomaterials for the delivery of nucleic acids in two ways. They demonstrate that changes in the nanoparticle size can lead to significant differences in the number of therapeutic molecules delivered per cell, and they reveal that the toxicity of polyelectrolytes can be modulated by an appropriate binding to the nanoparticle surface.
Effect of Magnetic Field Intensity on Abnormal Microstructure in Fe–1.1%C Alloy
Authors: MingLong Gong , HaiDong Chen , FengFang Liu , Xiang Zhao , Liang Zuo 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe features of the abnormal microstructure during the austenitic decomposition in Fe–1.1%C alloy under different magnetic field intensity have been investigated by optical microscopy. It was found that the high magnetic field considerably affects the abnormal microstructure in Fe–1.1%C alloy. The high magnetic field increases the area fraction and width of the abnormal microstructure through remarkably decreasing the Gibbs energy needed for the ferrite transformation. Simultaneously, due to the fact that the Ae1 line shifts to high temperature side with the increase of magnetic field intensity, the abnormal microstructure transformation is imposed to stop and the pearlite transformation begins. Therefore, the area fraction of the abnormal microstructure firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of the magnetic field intensity.
Focusing on Patient Needs and Preferences May Improve Genetic Counseling for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Salemink Simone , Dekker Nicky , Kets Carolien M. , van der Looij Erica , van Zelst‐Stams Wendy A. G. , Hoogerbrugge Nicoline 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDuring cancer genetic counseling, different items which counselors consider important are discussed. However, relatively little empirical evidence exists regarding the needs and preferences of counselees. In this study needs and preferences were assessed from counselees with a personal and/or family history of colorectal cancer (CRC), who were referred for genetic counseling regarding CRC. They received a slightly modified version of the QUOTE‐GENEca questionnaire prior to their first visit to the Hereditary Cancer Clinic. Response rate was 60 % (48/80 participants). Counselees rated the importance of 45 items assessing their needs and preferences regarding the content and process of genetic counseling. Participants rated the items regarding discussion of information about their familial CRC risk (100 %) and preventive options (98 %) as important or very important. Fewer participants rated items concerning general information on genetics as important. Sensitive communication during counseling was considered very important by a large percentage of counselees. Generally, no major differences were seen between participants in relation to individual characteristics. Our data suggest that focusing on familial CRC risk and surveillance options, in combination with sensitive communication may lead to better satisfaction with genetic counseling.
Quantifying the global burden of morbidity due to unsafe abortion: Magnitude in hospital‐based studies and methodological issues
Authors: Adler Alma J. , Filippi Veronique , Thomas Sara L. , Ronsmans Carine 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe global burden of complications from unsafe abortion is thought to be high, but difficult to measure. A systematic review was conducted to describe the prevalence and type of complications of abortion among women hospitalized for treatment of abortion complications in settings where abortion is generally considered unsafe. There were 43 hospital‐based studies reporting on severity and type of complications of abortions, but definitions varied substantially. The proportion of women treated in facilities for severe complications ranged from a median of 1.6% (range, 0.1%–10.8%) for renal failure to 7.2% (range, 0.1%–43.9%) for severe trauma. Heterogeneity of study designs and definitions makes comparisons difficult. Therefore, it is recommended that standardized designs and definitions are used in future studies of abortion complications. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. on behalf of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.
Parameter rigid actions of simply connected nilpotent Lie groups
Authors: MARUHASHI HIROKAZU 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe show that for a locally free $C^{\infty }$-action of a connected and simply connected nilpotent Lie group on a compact manifold, if every real-valued cocycle is cohomologous to a constant cocycle, then the action is parameter rigid. The converse is true if the action has a dense orbit. Using this, we construct parameter rigid actions of simply connected nilpotent Lie groups whose Lie algebras admit rational structures with graduations. This generalizes the results of dos Santos [Parameter rigid actions of the Heisenberg groups. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.27(2007), 1719–1735] concerning the Heisenberg groups.
Symposium: Dynamic systems/Complexity theory as a new approach to second language development
Authors: Verspoor Marjolijn 
Published: August 2012

Presented at the 16th World Congress of Applied Linguistics (AILA), Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 24 August 2011.The goal of the symposium was to show that a Dynamic systems/Complexity theory (DST) perspective will provide important insights into the L2 developmental process. Kees de Bot (University of Groningen) introduced the symposium by outlining the basic characteristics of a dynamic system: all factors or variables involved in language development are interconnected, interact with each other over time, and affect each other differently over time on different time scales. Initial conditions such as the learner's L1, motivation or level of proficiency are crucial and systems self-organize over time. Development is not linear and learners are not all the same, so variability and variation are the norm.
Successful introduction of interventional catheterisation and other paediatric cardiology services in a developing country
Authors: Tomita Hideshi , Haneda Noriyuki , Higaki Takashi , Kataoka Koichi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundProviding care for children with cardiac disease remains a challenge in developing countries.Materials and methodsSince 2001, a team of paediatric cardiologists has been visiting Mongolia to perform children's cardiac catheterisation, as well as screening children for cardiac disease. Considering the limited medical resources, as well as cost, risk, and benefit, we focused our activities on diagnostic consultation by echocardiography, transcatheter closure of persistent arterial duct, balloon dilation of valvar pulmonary stenosis and aortic coarctation, and diagnostic catheterisation.ResultsUp to 2011, we have completed echocardiography in 1200 patients; diagnostic catheterisations in 59 patients; and catheter interventions in 255 patients, including 224 for persistent arterial duct, 23 for valvar pulmonary stenosis, 6 for aortic coarctation, and a few others. We have visited 14 rural areas to screen for children's cardiac diseases. A total of 131 persistent ducts were closed with coils and a further 93 with a duct occluder. Migration of the coil or occluder to the pulmonary artery occurred once for each device. Pulmonary valvuloplasty was successful in 23 patients and a coarctation was effectively dilated in six patients.ConclusionsThe limited healthcare resources in developing countries such as Mongolia make catheter interventional procedures an attractive alternative to surgery in treating children with simple but critical congenital heart diseases. Introduction of the duct occluder extended the application of transcatheter occlusion of persistent arterial duct in Mongolia to larger vessels and avoided the expense of coil occlusion using multiple coils.
The internal structure of an oceanic core complex: An integrated analysis of oriented borehole imagery from IODP Hole U1309D (Atlantis Massif)
Authors: Pressling Nicola , Morris Antony , John Barbara E. , MacLeod Christopher J. 
Published: August 2012

Oceanic core complexes at slow‐spreading ridges represent the uplifted footwalls of large‐offset ‘detachment’ faults that initiate at steep dips, and rotate to flatten via a ‘rolling hinge’ mechanism in response to flexural unloading. A key question is whether oceanic core complex development is accommodated entirely by displacement on the detachment fault zone, or if significant internal deformation of the footwall occurs during flexure and rotation. We investigate this by constraining the internal architecture of the Atlantis Massif oceanic core complex (Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, 30°N) using Formation MicroScanner borehole wall images and cores from the 1416 m‐deep Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Hole U1309D. Two distinct sets of structures are observed. N‐S‐striking, E‐dipping structures dominating the upper 385 m are interpreted as a brittle to semi‐brittle zone of fracturing in the footwall. Structures with this geometry occur down to 750 m below seafloor, suggesting that the detachment damage zone extends deep into the footwall. The nature of this deformation is, however, enigmatic: several cataclastic shear zones with reverse geometry in their current orientations may be rotated extensional faults or relate to shortening at the base of the flexing beam of a very weak footwall. By contrast, E‐W‐striking, N‐ and S‐dipping structures dominate the lowermost kilometer of the borehole. They likely represent conjugate fractures formed in the hanging wall of a late, E‐W normal fault zone, separating gabbroic rocks of the central dome of Atlantis Massif from serpentinized peridotite to the south, responsible for post‐detachment uplift of the southern margin of the massif.
Detailed modeling of recent severe storm tides in estuaries of the New York City region
Authors: Orton Philip , Georgas Nickitas , Blumberg Alan , Pullen Julie 
Published: August 2012

Detailed simulations, comparisons with observations, and model sensitivity experiments are presented for the August 2011 tropical cyclone Irene and a March 2010 nor'easter that affected the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area. These storms brought strong winds, heavy rainfall, and the fourth and seventh highest gauged storm tides (total water level), respectively, at the Battery, NYC. To dissect the storm tides and examine the role of various physical processes in controlling total water level, a series of model experiments was performed where one process was omitted for each experiment, and results were studied for eight different tide stations. Neglecting remote meteorological forcing (beyond ∼250 km) led to typical reductions of 7–17% in peak storm tide, neglecting water density variations led to typical reductions of 1–13%, neglecting a parameterization that accounts for enhanced wind drag due to wave steepness led to typical reductions of 3–12%, and neglecting atmospheric pressure gradient forcing led to typical reductions of 3–11%. Neglecting freshwater inputs to the model domain led to reductions of 2% at the Battery and 9% at Piermont, 14 km up the Hudson River from NYC. Few storm surge modeling studies or operational forecasting systems incorporate the “estuary effects” of freshwater flows and water density variations, yet joint omission of these processes for Irene leads to a low‐bias in storm tide for NYC sites like La Guardia and Newark Airports (9%) and the Battery (7%), as well as nearby vulnerable sites like the Indian Point nuclear plant (23%).
Automatic determination of the planetary boundary layer height using lidar: One‐year analysis over southeastern Spain
Authors: Granados‐Muñoz M. J. , Navas‐Guzmán F. , Bravo‐Aranda J. A. , Guerrero‐Rascado J. L. , Lyamani H. , Fernández‐Gálvez J. , Alados‐Arboledas L. 
Published: August 2012

The planetary boundary layer (PBL) height is a key variable in climate modeling and has an enormous influence on air pollution. A method based on the wavelet covariance transform (WCT) applied to lidar data is tested in this paper as an automated and non‐supervised method to obtain the PBL height. The parcel and the Richardson number methods applied to radiosounding data and the parcel method applied to microwave radiometer temperature profiles are used as independent measurements of the PBL height in order to optimize the parameters required for its detection using the WCT method under different atmospheric conditions. This optimization allows for a one‐year statistical analysis of the PBL height at midday over Granada (southeastern Spain) from lidar data. The PBL height showed a seasonal cycle, with higher values in summer and spring while lower values were found in winter and autumn. The annual mean was 1.7 ± 0.5 km a.s.l. during the study period. The relationship of the PBL height with aerosol properties is also analyzed for the one‐year period.
Conservation Genetics of Remnant Coastal Brook Trout Populations at the Southern Limit of Their Distribution: Population Structure and Effects of Stocking
Authors: Annett Brendan , Gerlach Gabriele , King Timothy L. , Whiteley Andrew R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe examined genetic variation within and among a group of remnant coastal brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations along the coast of the northeastern United States. These populations occur at the southern limits of anadromy for this species and could form the foundation of a restored anadromous metapopulation. We also tested for genetic introgression between these populations and the hatchery source that has been used to stock these sites. The overall FST for the natural populations at 12 microsatellite loci was 0.145 (95% confidence interval, 0.108–0.183), and D was 0.225 (0.208–0.243). On average, 94.6% of individuals were correctly assigned to the population where they were collected. Our results suggest that there is little gene flow even between geographically proximate populations. We found little evidence that repeated historic stocking from a known hatchery source has led to genetic introgression into these wild coastal brook trout populations. One hybrid individual appeared to be a backcross between an F1 and a hatchery individual. Another hybrid individual could not be classified. Our results suggest that nonintrogressed and potentially locally adapted populations of brook trout persist in several small coastal New England streams. These populations should be the focus of future efforts to restore anadromous brook trout in this region.
The Impact of Stocking on the Current Ancestry in Twenty Native and Introduced Muskellunge Populations in Minnesota
Authors: Miller Loren M. , Mero Steven W. , Younk Jerry A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFish stocking, often from multiple source populations, is a common management practice frequently conducted without the means or effort to determine the reproductive contributions of stocked fish. Historically, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MNDNR) has stocked four strains of muskellunge Esox masquinongy, but the contribution of these strains to current populations was unknown. Two strains came from Minnesota lakes, Shoepack Lake and Leech Lake, and the other strains came from Wisconsin and Iowa hatcheries and were of uncertain origin. The MNDNR discontinued stocking the Shoepack strain in the 1980s when that strain displayed poor growth in stocked waters. Managers were concerned that ancestry from this strain might be limiting the genetic potential for muskellunge to attain trophy size in stocked populations. Using 13 microsatellite DNA markers, we determined the ancestry of muskellunge in 10 supplemented native populations and 10 introduced populations. The ancestry from each of the four stocked strains of muskellunge was detected in some populations, but the level of ancestry was unrelated to the amount of stocking of a strain. Ancestry from native populations persisted in six of the supplemented populations despite years of stocking. The potential effects of Shoepack strain ancestry on fish size were limited in most lakes because of its low persistence. All stocked strains reproduced in at least some of the lakes, but some lakes had no evidence of reproduction by any stocked strain. Our results will help MNDNR manage genetic diversity among muskellunge populations and direct efforts toward appropriate actions to improve size structure. This study reinforces how genetic data are often useful for evaluating ancestry in stocked fish populations, whereas stocking histories may be poor indicators of current genetic composition.