bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lasers and Safety. Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. Part 3
Authors: Пальцев  , Paltsev Yuriy , Кибовский  , Kibovskiy V. , Рахманов  , Rakhmanov Boris , Девисилов  , Devisilov Vladimir 
Published: December 2014

Various aspects of a current state in the field of laser safety in Russia and abroad have been considered. A review of the main
normative documents in the field of laser safety and laser dosimetry has been carried out. The necessity in audit of domestic
system of laser safety for its modernization purpose has been caused first of all by a considerable expansion of laser products’
scopes. Besides, a problem of counteraction by standard and legal way to so-called &#34;laser hooliganism&#34; which is expressed in
unauthorized radiation of aircrafts’ pilots and vehicles’ drivers by laser bunches of powerful laser target indicators called in
use as &#34;laser pointers&#34; is very actual now. Control methods related to safe application of the laser products intended for work
on open spaces aren´t regulated in the existing system of laser safety, as well as there are no objective criteria for assessment
of such products’ laser radiation danger degree to the health of human beings which have got to laser bunches’ distribution
field. Respectively, there are considerable difficulties in justification of these or those legal sanctions application against &#34;laser
hooligans&#34;. Due to the beginning of development of Customs Union’s technical regulations on laser production safety it is necessary
to carry out a modernization of existing state standard specifications (GOSTs) in a part of reflection at them a modern level of laser
equipment development and accounting of Russia’s Federal Laws No. 184 and No. 52 requirements. A new system of standards
on laser safety under a general name &#34;SSBT. Lasers and Laser Setups (Systems). Laser Safety&#34; has been offered. It is supposed to
include in this system besides the upgraded GOST SSBT 12.1.040, some more documents in the rank of Russia’s national standards
and rules on metrology. Compliance of design standards to the international and regional (European) standards, and also to
national standards of the USA has been considered. The need of improvement related to methods of state regulation in the laser
safety area has been justified. Overcoming of a situation of a legal collision in the body of law related to laser safety is offered by
development of Customs Union’s laser production safety technical regulations harmonized with the Customs Union’s interstate
sanitary and hygienic legal document ESGT – 2010 and the Russian sanitary standards with simultaneous restriction related to a
standardization area of translated standards on laser safety based on the MEK standards of the IEC 60825 series that have been
put into operation in 2009–2014. The scope of these standards has to be limited only to laser production intended for export.
Air Purification Efficiency Assessment on Large City’s Street Road Network by Green Plantings and Photocatalytic Cleaners
Authors: Давыдов  , Davydov V. , Ворожнин  , Vorozhnin Vladimir , Трофименко  , Trofimenko Yuri , Зубова  , Zubova S. 
Published: December 2014

Methods for organization of air purification on Yekaterinburg city’s street road network are considered.Air pollution by motor
transport and a polluting substances stream to the car salon are estimated with a use of the received consistent patterns,
dispersive models, transport streams’ characteristics, and data on current weather conditions. On a streams’ balance basis
a permissible density of cars (on the non-exceedance of CO maximum permissible threshold) on the city’s territory (no
more than 12-12.5 cars/sq. km) taking into account their emissions and work of photocatalytic cleaners in vehicles’ salons
and photocatalytic coverings on the street road network surfaces (acoustic screens, sidewalks, buildings), and also due to
processing of the polluting substances by different types of wood vegetation (protective forest strips, parks and forest parks)
has been established. It has been defined that the removal of CO by means of available city vegetation is equivalent to
additional presence on the city’s streets of 0.2-0.4 % of cars of the operated transport’s total number without air deterioration.
A necessary area of an active surface for photocatalytic cleaners in the car salon (0.1 sq. m), bus salon (0.5 sq. m), and also a
width of protecting surfaces with the deposited photocatalytic coverings near the pedestrian zone (5m) are estimated in this
work. It has been established that sharing of the considered cleaning methods is capable to lead to annual decrease of carbon
oxide from 0.14 to 6 %, and nitrogen oxides from 0.15 to 5.78 % in average concentration around the city.
Heterogeneous radiolysis of urea. Implications
in astrobiology and prebiotic chemistry
Authors: Abigail E. Cruz-Hernández, Abigail E. , Colin-Garcia Maria , Heredia-Barbero Alejandro , Negron-Mendoza Alicia , Ramos-Bernal Sergio 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Urea is an organic molecule present in most living organisms. Historically, it was the first organic molecule synthesized in the laboratory. In prebiotic chemistry, urea readily forms in different laboratory simulations using different energy sources. Furthermore, the role of solid surfaces, particularly minerals, might have been crucial to increase the complexity of the organic matter which may have led to the subsequent emergence of life on Earth.

In this work, the radiolysis of urea in presence of a clay is studied to determine to what extent the mineral surfaces influence the decomposition of organics. The results indicate that urea is relatively stable to ionizing radiation in aqueous solutions and up to 20 kGy no decomposition is observed. Moreover, the presence of sodium montmorillonite, by a mechanism until now unknown, affects the radiolytic behavior and urea remains in the heterogeneous solution without a change in concentration even at very high doses (140 kGy). These results indicate that solids could have protected some organics, like urea, from degradation enabling them to remain in the environment on the primitive Earth.
Sterilization of bacteria suspensions and identification of radicals deposited during
plasma treatment
Authors: Puač Nevena , Miletić Maja , Mojović Miloš , Popović-Bijelić Ana , Vuković Dragana , Miličić Biljana , Maletić Dejan , Lazović Saša , Malović Gordana , Petrović Zoran Lj. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In this paper we will present results for plasma sterilization of planktonic samples of two reference strains of bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. We have used a plasma needle as a source of non-equilibrium atmospheric plasma in all treatments. This device is already well characterized by OES, derivative probes and mass spectrometry. It was shown that power delivered to the plasma is bellow 2 W and that it produces the main radical oxygen and nitrogen species believed to be responsible for the sterilization process. Here we will only present results obtained by electron paramagnetic resonance which was used to detect the OH, H and NO species. Treatment time and power delivered to the plasma were found to have the strongest influence on sterilization. In all cases we have observed a reduction of several orders of magnitude in the concentration of bacteria and for the longest treatment time complete eradication. A more efficient sterilization was achieved in the case of gram negative bacteria.
The influence of Ki-67 proliferation index on
Tc-99m-EDDA-HYNIC-TOC somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in patients with carcinoids
Authors: Vlajković Marina , Rajić Milena , Ilić Slobodan , Stević Miloš , Kojić Marko , Živković Vesna , Karanikolić Aleksandar , Matović Milovan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of Ki-67 proliferation index on somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SSRS) with Tc-99m-EDDA-HYNIC-TOC (Tc-99m-Tektrotyd) somatostatin analogue in patients with carcinoid tumors. Sixty-one patients (31 female, 30 male; age range: 33-76 years) were examined: 13 patients highly suspected of having a carcinoid, and 48 patients who had undergone the surgical removal of the tumor. Whole body SSRS at 4 h postinjection, spot scintigrams and SPECT of the selected regions were obtained for all patients. Tc-99m-Tektrotyd scintigraphy was classified as true positive in 26 out of 30 and true negative in 24 out of 28 patients. The sensitivity of Tc-99mTc-Tektrotyd scintigraphy was found to be as high as 94.74% in the group of patients with low mitotic index Ki67 (<2%), and it progressively decreased in patients with higher mitotic index (77.78% for Ki67 2-15% and 20% for Ki67% >20%). The likelihood of Tc-99m-Tektrotyd scan being positive when a carcinoid is present was found to be inversely proportional to the value of Ki67 proliferation index. The results showed that Tc-99m-Tektrotyd SSRS is a sensitive method for diagnosing and staging patients with well-differentiated carcinoid tumors. However, in poorly differentiated tumors with high Ki67 proliferation index, additional analyses are necessary for precise staging.
Electron heating modes and frequency coupling effects in dual-frequency capacitive CF4 plasmas
Authors: Derzsi Aranka , Schüngel Edmund , Donkó Zoltán , Schulze Julian 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Two types of capacitive dual-frequency discharges, used in plasma processing applications to achieve the separate control of the ion flux, Гi, and the mean ion energy, <Ei>, at the electrodes, operated in CF4, are investigated by particle-in-cell simulations: (i) In classical dual-frequency discharges, driven by significantly different frequencies (1.937 MHz + 27.12 MHz), <Ei> and Гi are controlled by the voltage amplitudes of the low-frequency and high-frequeny components, ΦLF and ΦHF, respectively. (ii) In electrically asymmetric (EA) discharges, operated at a fundamental frequency and its second harmonic
(13.56 MHz + 27.12 MHz), ΦLF and ΦHF control Гi, whereas the phase shift between the driving frequencies, θ, is varied to adjust <Ei>.

We focus on the effect of changing the control parameter for <Ei> on the electron heating and ionization dynamics and on Гi. We find that in both types of dual-frequency strongly electronegative discharges, changing the control parameter results in a complex effect on the electron heating and ionization dynamics: in classical dual-frequency discharges, besides the frequency coupling affecting the sheath expansion heating, additional frequency coupling mechanisms influence the electron heating in the plasma bulk and at the collapsing sheath edge; in EA dual-frequency discharges the electron heating in the bulk results in asymmetric ionization dynamics for values of θ around 45°, i.e., in the case of a symmetric applied
T- and H- forms of dc oxygen discharge at medium pressures: spectroscopic study
Authors: Schmiedt Lukáš , Morávek Matěj Jan , Kaňka Adolf , Hrachová Věra 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The active DC glow discharge sustained in the pure oxygen can be employed in various technological applications, such as thin layer deposition or sterilization. Considering applied pressures of hundreds of Pascals, two different forms of the positive column of the discharge can co-exist: T- and H-form. These forms are commonly distinguished according to the values of the axial electric field strength: values in the H-form are generally one order of magnitude higher compared to the T-form. However, electric measurement itself may often affect the discharge plasma. Optical emission spectroscopy as a non-invasive diagnostic was therefore employed as an alternate characterization of both forms.

We found that the H- and T-forms can be clearly recognized by values of intensities of particular oxygen spectral lines. This characterization enabled us to observe transition between the both particular forms when spatial distribution measurements were employed. Moreover, transition in the rotational temperature Trot was also observed.
Temperature stability of mercury compounds
in solid substrates
Authors: Sedlar Matej , Pavlin Majda , Popovič Arkadij , Horvat Milena 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The major aim of the newly adopted Mercury Convention is to reduce global mercury (Hg) emissions to the environment. In high temperature industrial processes, including coal combustion, Hg compounds present as impurities in solid materials are decomposed and evaporated leading to the emission of Hg to the atmosphere. The behaviour of different Hg compounds and their mixtures during heating have been the subject of numerous studies, and is the topic of the present work. Controlled heating can be used to fractionate Hg compounds in solid substrates, offering the possibility of identification and quantification of Hg compounds. In the attempt to develop a method for temperature fractionation of Hg, experiments were conducted with pure Hg compounds, and the compounds mixed with different substrates (SiO2 and CaSO4 • 2H2O), for calibration purposes. Detection was performed by two methods, namely Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CV AAS) with Zeeman background correction, and Nier-type Mass Spectrometry with a Knudsen cell (MS). Further investigation is in process.
Platinum complex catalysts immobilized on epoxy resins cured with polythiourethane hardeners
Authors: Strzelec Krzysztof , Bączek Natalia 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Some efficient polymer-supported platinum catalysts have been synthesized through
the novel application of epoxy resin D.E.R.TM332 cured with polythiourethanes. Epoxide supports were obtained as a result of the use of polythiourethane hardeners. The activity, stability and selectivity during long-term use of the investigated catalytic systems were tested in a hydrogenation reaction of cinnamaldehyde. The results of this study indicate that polythiourethanes used to cure epoxy resin can also greatly affect the catalytic properties of the epoxide-supported platinum catalysts. To fully characterize both polymeric supports and heterogenized catalysts numerous research methods like time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and nitrogen BET surface area measurements were used.
Chitosan immobilization to the polypropylene nonwoven after activation in atmospheric – pressure nitrogen plasma
Authors: Černáková Ľudmila , Černák Mirko , Tóth András , Mikulášová Mária , Tomašková Monika , Kováčik Dušan 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Atmospheric-pressure air and nitrogen plasmas generated by surface dielectric barrier discharges have been used to incorporate new functionalities at the surface of polypropylene nonwoven fabric. The main goals were to activate the polymer surfaces for subsequent immobilization of chitosan from water solution without using any crosslinking and wetting agents. The samples were analyzed by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The nitrogen plasma treatment resulted in relatively high oxygen incorporation, about 9 atomic % mainly in aliphatic C=O type bonds and about 4 at.% of nitrogen incorporation in amine and other nitrogen functionalities. Chitosan was immobilized on the fabric fibers surfaces very homogeneously in amount of
2 - 5 g m-2. The chitosan coated samples exhibited a good laundering durability and strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.
Studies on the Electrical Behaviour and Removal of Toluene with a Dielectric Barrier Discharge
Authors: Schmidt Michael , Schiorlin Milko , Brandenburg Ronny 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This contribution attempts to establish an easy-to-apply non-thermal plasma reactor for efficient toluene removal. Derived from the already established knowledge of the so called Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Stack Reactor a new model reactor was used in this work. The DBD Stack Reactor is a multi-elements reactor but in this work only one stack element was used to investigate the efficiency and efficacy of toluene removal. In case of reliable results the scalability process for industrial application is already well known. Therefore, laboratory experiments were conducted in dry and wet synthetic air with an admixture of 50 ppm toluene. Along with the toluene removal process the electrical behaviour of the discharge configuration was investigated. It was found that the electrical capacitance of the dielectric barrier changes with variations of the operating voltage. This could be due to the changes in the area of the dielectric barrier which is covered with plasma. Additionally, it was found that the power input into the plasma, at a fixed operating voltage, is proportional to the frequency, which is in agreement with the literature.

Regarding the decomposition process, the total removal of toluene was achieved at specific input energy densities of 55 J L-1 under dry conditions and 110 J L-1 under wet conditions. The toluene removal was accompanied by the production of nitric acid (dry conditions) and formic acid (wet conditions). The latter suggested a combination of the plasma reactor with a water scrubber as an approach for total removal of pollutant molecules.
Synthesis and Characterization of PSSA-Polyaniline Composite with an Enhanced Processability
in Thin Films
Authors: Stan Corneliu Sergiu , Popa Marcel , Olariu Marius , Secula Marius Sebastian 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis and investigation of a polymer composite based on poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA) and polyaniline (PANI) directly obtained in an aqueous PSSA medium, with improved conductivity and solubility in polar solvents. The oxidative polymerization reaction of aniline takes place in-situ with PSSA as protonating agent. The synthesis was tested at three PSSA/PANI molar ratios, an intense green colored aqueous composite solution being obtained in each case. For comparison purposes, commercially available polyaniline and PSSA were also investigated. PSSA-PANI composites, PANI and PSSA were investigated through thermal analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Thin films of PSSA/PANI complex were spin coated on glass substrates which were further investigated through Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Also, thin films of PSSA-PANI were deposited on interdigitated electrodes for dielectric measurements.
Low pressure RF plasma modification of the surface of three different nano-carbon materials
Authors: Bertóti Imre , Mohai Miklós , Balázsi Csaba , László Krisztina , Szépvölgyi János 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Well-ordered nano-carbon materials, like multi-wall carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, graphene due to their unique physical and chemical properties, are candidates for promising applications.

In this work thin multilayered graphene, single layer graphene oxide layers and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface were treated by RF activated N2 gas plasma at nominally room temperature. Negative bias in the 0–200 V range and treatment time of 10 min was applied. Surface chemical alterations were followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The applied treatments resulted in a significant build-up of nitrogen in the surface of these nano-carbon materials. The amount of nitrogen varied between 4 and 10 atomic %, depending on type of carbon and on biasing conditions. Evaluating the high-resolution N1s XP spectral region, typically three different chemical bonding states of the nitrogen were delineated. Peak component at 398.3 eV is assigned to C=N–C type, at 399.7 eV to sp2 N in melamine-type ring structure and at 400.9 eV to N substituting carbon in a graphite-like environment. Identical chemical bonding of the nitrogen was detected on the surface of HOPG treated in the same way for comparison.
Natural radioactivity in virgin soils and soils
from some areas with closed uranium
mining facilities in Bulgaria
Authors: Yordanova Ivanka I. , Banov Martin D. , Misheva Lidia G. , Staneva Donka N. , Bineva Tsvetanka K. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The natural radionuclide (238U, 226Ra, 232Th
and 40K) contents in soil were determined for three
different regions of Bulgaria using high-resolution
gamma-ray spectrometric analysis. A comparison of the
dynamics of their behavior throughout the years was
performed. Bulgaria is a country with intensive uranium
mining activities. That is why radiological monitoring
of closed uranium mining facilities in different regions
of the country are obligatory and of great interest.
This work presents results from such investigations made
in regions where remediation was necessary. The results
have been evaluated according to Bulgarian radionuclide
environment contamination legislation.
Spatially resolved spectroscopy
of an atmospheric pressure microwave
plasma jet used for surface treatment
Authors: Potočňáková Lucia , Hnilica Jaroslav , Kudrle Vít 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In this study, the variations of properties of
a microwave plasma jet (surfatron) along the discharge axis have been investigated using optical emission spectroscopy. As the argon jet is not enclosed, the spatial distribution of individual species in effluent plasma is the result of rather complicated interplay between energy loss and gradual mixing with the air. Spatial 2D relative intensity profiles of atomic lines and molecular bands at 310 nm, 336 nm, 391 nm and 656 nm are presented in the form of colour maps revealing different positions of maximum emission intensity for 310 nm and 336 nm (in the effluent plasma) and for 391 nm and 656 nm (inside the discharge tube). The plasma jet was used for surface treatment of heat resistant samples (stainless steel, aluminium, silicon wafer) and the effectiveness of the plasma treatment was evaluated by measuring the sessile drop contact angle, with water and glycerol as testing liquids. The optimal position for plasma treatment (close to the tube nozzle) combined with longer treatment time (10 s) lead to hydrophilic properties of samples with contact angles as low as 10°.
The effect of TiO2 surface modification on the photovoltaic properties of hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells based on MEH-PPV/CdS/TiO2 active layer
Authors: Duong Vu Thi Thuy , Patel Jayeshkumar , Mighri Frej , Do Trong-On , Ajji Abdellah 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn this work, we present the synthesis details of uniform shape and size-controlled titanium dioxide (TiO