bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INCORPORATING REMOTE SENSING DATA INTO A GIS FOR EMERGENCY SPILL RESPONSE AND NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Muskat Judd 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In California, A GIS (Geographic Information System) is routinely employed by the Unified Command to manage, map, analyze and display convergent data during an oil spill emergency response. Collecting remote sensing data from satellite, aircraft and ground based platforms has become more common as technology advances and data acquisition expenses decrease. The California Department of Fish and Game (DFG), Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) first used aerial photographs acquired in stereo pairs in both natural color and color infra-red for the MV Stuyvesant response in 1999. The aim was to map aquaculture sites in Humboldt and Arcata Bays. OSPR used satellite radar (RADARSAT-1, ERS-2) for slick detection at the MV Stuyvesant and SS Jacob Luckenbach responses. A pilot project by OSPR in 2004/05 showed the feasibility of using the RADARSAT-1 satellite for both ship detection and suspected pollution (slick) location in near real-time. At the Suisun Marsh pipeline incident in 2004 the trustee agencies and the responsible party undertook several NRDA (natural resource damage assessment) data collection efforts and studies. One study used a multispectral digital camera that was flown over the spill site on two dates several weeks apart. Interpretations from these images helped to quantify acreage affected by the pipeline release. DFG'S air force routinely obtains aerial imagery for response purposes using a standard Nikon digital SLR (Single-Lens Reflex) camera. These aerial photographs are geo-referenced and used as “instant” accurate base maps.
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY, DISPERSIBILITY AND TOXICITY OF BIODIESELS
Authors: Hollebone B.P. , Fieldhouse B. , Landriault M. , Doe K. , Jackman P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
With increasing interest in the use of plant and animal oils as potential petroleum fuel replacements, there is the potential for accidental release of these biodiesels to the environment. While the behaviours and effects of petroleum diesels have been extensively studied, little is known about either the fate of biofuels in water or their potential effects on aquatic ecosystems.
The most important mechanism for exposure of aquatic ecosystems to biodiesels and petroleum diesels is the transfer of material from the non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) into the aqueous phase, as both soluble and dispersed components. The equilibrium levels of fuel components in the water, the water-accommodated fractions (WAF) have been measured in fresh water for biodiesels from feedstocks of soy oil, canola oil, waste fry tallow and fish wastes. Biodiesel and petroleum diesels blends of 5% (B5) and 20% (B20) are also measured.
Aqueous toxicities are also reported for pure biodiesels and petroleum diesel. Acute toxicities were assessed by 96-hour LC5os of Daphnia magna and rainbow trout and by IC5os of bioluminescent bacteria. The correlations between acute toxicity, WAF concentrations and fuel property data are examined.
Natural and chemically-enhanced dispersion of biodiesel is examined in both low- and high-energy conditions.
Biodiesels are found to have significant differences with petroleum diesels in water chemistries and in potential ecological impacts. All organisms tested show that biodiesels have less acute toxicity than petroleum diesels. Biodiesels and biodiesel-rich blends were found to be very much more dispersible in high-energy conditions than petroleum diesel.
THE APPLICATION OF THE MASSACHUSETTS LICENSED SITE PROFESSIONAL PROGRAM DURING A MARINE OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Packard Richard F. , Wozmak Richard J. , Trainer Kevin D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The response to a marine oil spill incident in the United States involves mobilization of Federal, State, Local, and Responsible Party (RP)-contracted resources, using the National Incident Management System, Incident Command System (NIMS-ICS). The NIMS-ICS utilizing a Unified Command structure provides a mechanism for responding agencies to establish response priorities and implement cleanup strategies. A recent marine oil spill response in Massachusetts demonstrated that the incorporation of specific state environmental regulatory programs within the NIMS Unified Command system could be a challenging, but advantageous element in the successful cleanup of a marine oil spill.
On April 27, 2003, a tank barge grounded in Buzzards Bay, spilling approximately 98,000 gallons of #6 fuel oil. Early in the response, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MassDEP), also the State On-Scene Coordinator (SOSC), recognized the importance of utilizing the State'S Licensed Site Professional (LSP) program to assess cleanup effectiveness, characterize residual impacts, and identify clean up endpoints. Massachusetts established the LSP program in 1993 to place greater responsibility for cleaning up sites on the private sector, reduce the burden of approvals on the MassDEP, and to accelerate the cleanup of hazardous wastes sites.
The 2003 Buzzards Bay spill was the first time that MassDEP integrated the LSP program into the early stages of a marine oil spill response and the NIMS Unified Command Structure. Including the LSP early in the process also facilitated the transition for conducting LSP-directed clean up after the NIMS Unified Command structure was deactivated. This paper describes the challenges and advantages associated with incorporating a privatized regulatory entity into this well-established and complex organizational matrix. The Massachusetts regulatory structure behind the LSP program is discussed, and recommendations are made for future application of the LSP program in marine oil spill response.
ESTIMATING BIRD INJURY FROM THE M/T ATHOS/ INCIDENT
Authors: Nixon Zachary , Michel Jacqueline , Hoff James , Forsell Doug , Krest Sherry , Hossler Robert , Clark Kathy , Nichols Ted , Dunn John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On 26 November 2004, the MIT Athos 1 incident resulted in the release of an estimated 265,000 gallons of crude oil into the Delaware River System during a very dynamic period of bird migration in the region. The unique nature of the spill area, large numbers of birds, and complicating migratory activity required a novel approach. This effort, based on a large and high-quality field data set, represents one of the most complex risk-based damage assessments performed for birds injured during an oil spill to date. The approach estimates injury, both direct and indirect, while accounting for changing populations and oiling rates across time and in different areas for multiple guilds. During and after the spill, field teams conducted extensive aerial and ground surveys. Data from ground and aerial surveys were used in a rigorous risk-based assessment to estimate the extent of bird and wildlife losses resulting from the MIT Athos 1 incident. The total number of birds present in the area was estimated from detectability-adjusted aerial survey data for nine species guilds in three time periods. The number of birds in different oiling categories for each of these same guilds and time periods was estimated from ground survey data. This oiling information was then used to estimate the number of birds that were oiled and died in the field, or that survived with sublethal impacts. These estimates, combined with data from the wildlife rescue and recovery effort, were used to determine the total number of birds impacted (i.e. direct injury). Production foregone due to the loss of future generations (i.e. indirect injury), was included in the estimation of total injury as the discounted loss of production from dead individuals, and individuals that were oiled and survived, but then failed to reproduce. Demographic and reproductive statistics for model species from each guild were used to estimate this loss with age-structured population models.
The National Oil Spill Response and Renewable Energy Test Facility
Authors: DeVitis Dave , Schmidt William , Delgado Jane , Crickard Mike , Potter Steve 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) subcommittee on skimmers recently adopted a standard methodology for measuring I skimmer performance, F 2709 - Standard Test Method for Determining Nameplate Recovery Rate of Stationary Oil Skimmer Systems. Current industry practice allows manufacturers to label skimmers with a nameplate capacity based solely on the skimmer's offload pump capability without regard to the recovery rate as a system. Additionally there is no consideration given to the degradation in recovery performance when pumping fluids with viscosities higher than water. Typically the manufacturer's claimed value is unrealistic when estimating the oil recovery rate (ORR) of a skimming system. Integrating actual performance data into the planning and regulation process is prudent from all perspectives. In the absence of third party data, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) will de-rate a manufacturer's claimed nameplate capacity by 80% or more when calculating the Effective Daily Recovery Capacity (EDRC). The USCG uses EDRC as a key component in rating and regulating the oil spill response capability of responsible parties and oil spill response organizations (OSROs).
The ASTM's new skimmer protocol has been used recently at Ohmsett to evaluate four oleophilic skimmers as potential alternatives to the skimmers currently used in Alaska's Prince William Sound (PWS) oil spill response plan. The selected skimmer has undergone a number of modifications with improvements quantified over four additional tests series. This paper focuses on the most recent test of this skimmer, conducted in cold-water conditions using both fresh and weathered Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil. During the latest testing, two newly introduced tests were performed: a 24-hour endurance test and a qualitative recovery test in the presence of seaweed.
Anticipating California Levee Failure: The State of the Delta Levees and Government Preparation and Response Strategies for Protecting Natural Resources from Freshwater Oil Spills
Authors: Port Patricia Sanderson , Hoover Samuel A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTSeismic activity and other natural and human forces significantly threaten the structural integrity of Delta levee systems. Breached levees appreciably impact fresh water resources, damage crops and livestock, destroy homes, schools, public works, businesses and wild species habitat, among other vital, sensitive areas. Levee failure often leads to oil and petroleum contamination of freshwater resources, particularly in dense residential, agricultural and commercial areas protected by levee systems that depend upon such water resources for drinking, irrigation and industrial uses.San Joaquin Delta to illustrate selected impacts to a freshwater region jeopardized by levee failure, this paper will: 1) discuss the current state of the Delta levee systems and detail the fragility of the system and the potential consequences of major impacts - earthquakes and floods likely to jeopardize this system; 2) review issues concerning levee breach preparedness, including practices to maintain levee structure and promote levee rehabilitation; and 3) suggest a coordinated federal, state and local response to contain damage caused by a levee breach, with particular focus on oil and hazardous materials spill impacts.As with many levee systems, the issues presented by a levee breach to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region are complex and require close, concerted federal, state and local participation, not only to rapidly and effectively respond to impacted areas, but to anticipate and avoid more massive levee failure. Employment of these levee protection and breach response measures will help defend, among other vital resources, domestic, agricultural and industrial water for use from oil, petroleum and other hazardous contaminants.
Industry Led Multi-Jurisdiction, Multi-Event Exercise
Authors: McCaffrey Patrick S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Marathon Oil gets its Corporate Emergency Response Team (CERT) together once a year in a tabletop exercise. CERT is made up of volunteers from throughout the company and the exercise serves both to hone response skills and to build teamwork. The 2009 annual exercise was held in Huntington, West Virginia. The exercise involved a diesel leak in Ohio, a worst case discharge of crude oil in Kentucky and a barge/security incident in West Virginia. These incidents pulled in responders from 3 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regions, the United States Coast Guard (USCG), West Virginia National Guard, 3 states, 4 counties and 3 business units. In all 280 people from 26 organizations were involved in the drill. The planning effort involved many of the organizations who played in the exercise and was modeled after the Spill of National Significance (SONS1) 2007 planning effort for the Evansville Venue which built from the bottom up.
Major goals of the drill were to: deeply integrate Unified Command, and stress the CERT with both traditional and nontraditional problems. The endgame was the delivery of an Incident Action Plan (IAP) which included the company's first attempt at an inland salvage plan. Unified Command was pushed down into Operations, Planning, Environmental and Joint Information. Integration in Unified Command was done in several ways: traditional jurisdictional decision making, position/task assignments, and resource pooling. A Joint Information Center (JIC) was setup for the exercise, and one of the JIC's tasks was to accommodate real media coverage. A group hotwash was held for all participants and even though 100 action items were identified, the group consensus was that the drill was valuable for both public and private responders, and their organizations.
New Tools Simplify Oil Spill Response Mapping in Oregon and Highlight the Need for National Standards
Authors: Pettit Don J. , Jett Steven M. , Christensen Jeff 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT:
The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) was an early leader in developing some of the first Oil Spill Response Plans in the Pacific Northwest, dating back to the mid-1970s. Early work culminated in the development of Geographic Response Plans (GRPs) for the Oregon Coast and major estuary systems. However, since their development in the mid-1990s, the GRPs have not been significantly updated due to a lack of resources to overcome technological hurdles and shortages of field and office personnel. Additionally, the collection of natural resource data used for plan development has lagged in Oregon. Improvements in GIS technology have made it possible for Oregon to create a state-wide platform for emergency response information (the Oregon Incident Response Information System or OR-IRIS), which can also serve as an information base for the development and revision of GRPs. With the ESRI file geodatabase as the repository for useful legacy data and newly collected geographic information, the process to create and maintain GRPs has been substantially simplified, and the required resources have been reduced. However, with these changes in the ability to store large amounts of data comes the need to organize and streamline output. The Deepwater Horizon Spill presented a unique challenge to quickly gather, process and utilize vast amounts of geographic data to satisfy response planning needs within the Gulf of Mexico response, and highlighted the need for coordinated and organized GIS services to responders. The time is now to develop regional or national GRP production templates utilizing a common spatial database structure and common map symbology, thus assuring that incident mapping needs are able to be met when a large spill such as a Spill of National Significance, or a spill which crosses state boundaries, draws multi-agency, multi-state or regional personnel to a response.
Age‐Growth Modeling
Authors: Sagary Nokoe K. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis section is on growth of nonhuman individuals. Growth of an individual or a group of organisms is generally defined as the change in dimensions over time. Growth rates vary between and within plant and animal species. They are generally influenced by both genetic and phenotypic factors, and may be negative or positive. Positive growth relates to increases in dimensions (weight, height, and number of component parts) over time, whereas decay or negative growth refers to the decline over time. Human interference, either intentionally or accidentally, environmental influences, and management practices can substantially influence the growth forms and patterns of individuals and population. Age‐growth functions constitute important analytical tools in the management of natural resources. These models are explicit expressions of both theory and empirical knowledge, and are useful for growth and yield prediction and evaluation of alternative management strategies, among others. The approach to age‐growth modeling may be based on either primary (single) unit or stand (aggregate of units). Irrespective of modeling philosophy, the goal is identification of the most parsimonious and biologically reasonable model that best describes the relationship between the response variable (which is a measure of growth) and time (age).
Agroforestry
Authors: Lund H. Gyde 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Agroforestry is the management of lands for both trees and crops. In addition to providing some income to the land owner, the practice protects the soil, fosters biodiversity, sequesters carbon, and helps restore degraded lands. Because the responsibility for surveying croplands and forest land often falls to two different ministries (agriculture and forestry), information about the amount of these lands and their resources is often lacking at the national level. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations is expanding its Global Forest Resource Assessments (FRA) to include trees outside forests (TOF), which would include those on agroforestry lands. This action will help fill the information gap for those who manage the countries' resources.
Hierarchical Bayesian Space‐Time Analysis
Authors: Berliner L. Mark 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This article introduces the hierarchical Bayesian (HB) approach to modeling the spatial‐temporal structure and dependence as well as the model uncertainty. Many problems in the environmental sciences involve inferences for space‐time‐varying physical processes, which can be summarized in three stages: Data model, process model and prior on parameters. The HB approach allows for combining observations with physical models.
Bayesian Methods and Modeling
Authors: Gelfand Alan E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In the past 20 years, we have seen a remarkable rejuvenation of the Bayesian inference paradigm. Novel computational tools in conjunction with inexpensive high‐speed computing have enabled the fitting of challenging Bayesian models. As a result, a more integrated view of inference, using observational data, synthesizing multiple sources of information, specifying multilevel models, has emerged to explain complex processes. Environmental processes provide an exceptionally rich source of application for this full and exact inference paradigm.
Biomarkers
Authors: Thurston Sally W. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Biomarkers are cellular, biochemical, or molecular changes in a biological system. Biomarkers are often broadly classified as markers of exposure (either of internal dose or of the biologically effective dose), markers of preclinical biological effects, markers of susceptibility, or markers of disease. Biomarkers of exposure that are known to be on the causal pathway to cancer have been used to help identify environmental carcinogens. Biomarkers of disease are often associated with a premalignant condition, but recently epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation have been proposed as disease biomarkers. Markers of susceptibility include genetic polymorphisms that affect the probability of proceeding from one disease state to the next. Challenges in using biomarkers in cancer research include the inability to measure biomarker levels in the target tissue of controls, and the possibility that the disease process may alter biomarker levels. Established and well‐validated biomarkers, as well as new biomarkers, hold promise for a better understanding of the cancer process and for identifying individuals at increased cancer risk.
Biomonitoring
Authors: Conquest Loveday L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn its ecological sense, biomonitoring refers to the recording of observations of animal or plant populations, often over space and time. Owing to the possible presence of spatially and temporally correlated observations, the “what, where, when, and how” of biomonitoring studies must be carefully considered, beginning with the choice of appropriate response variables to measure. There are many available methods to analyze data from biomonitoring field studies or experiments. The standard toolbox of statistical techniques, particularly in the area of regression analysis, now includes generalized linear models and generalized additive models. These allow the incorporation of non‐Gaussian (non‐normal) error terms, and can describe nonlinear relationships using nonparametric smoothing functions. Analysis of a single dataset may include liberal use of graphics, handling of data with heterogeneous variances and below detection limits, and dealing with irregular coverage through space and time. A multipronged approach to analysis of complex datasets that often arise from biomonitoring studies is not unusual.
Three‐State Carcinogenicity Model
Authors: Dinse Gregg E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

A common stochastic model for animal carcinogenicity data has three states: N (alive with no tumor), T (alive with tumor), and D (dead from natural causes). The intensity rates for N → T, T → D, and N → D transitions at time
t
are denoted by λ(
t
), α(
t
), and β(
t
), respectively, which correspond to the hazard rates for times from birth to tumor onset, from tumor onset to natural death, and from birth to natural death without a tumor. Carcinogenesis refers to the development of new tumors; so analyses of carcinogenicity data should focus on the tumor incidence rate, λ(
t
). Three factors complicate tumor incidence analyses: all onset times are censored if tumors are occult; tumor lethality makes censoring informative; and differential mortality exacerbates biases arising from inadequate survival or lethality adjustment. The most appropriate analysis of tumor incidence data depends on what information is available and what assumptions are reasonable. This article describes a variety of scenarios and, in each case, outlines approaches for comparing tumor incidence rates across treatment groups.
Censored Data Analysis
Authors: Portnoy Stephen 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Censoring is a special form of missing data that arises in a wide variety of situations. Censoring occurs whenever the measurement is restricted to some specific range, but the values being measured can lie outside the range. Proper statistical analysis of such data requires specific adjustments, some of which are described here. Serious errors in inference can be made if censoring is not taken into account properly.
Chemometrics
Authors: Hopke Philip K , Spiegelman Clifford H. , Park KWANG‐Su 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Chemometrics is a chemical discipline that uses mathematics, statistics, and formal logic (i) to design or select optimal experimental procedures; (ii) to provide maximum relevant chemical information by analyzing chemical data; and (iii) to obtain knowledge about chemical systems. In applications in industry, (iii) can be changed as follows: to obtain knowledge about chemical systems for monitoring or controlling operation of systems. This article focuses on areas of chemometrics that are most relevant to environmetrics.