bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forme et fonction des écritures d’apparat dans les manuscrits latins (VIIIe-XVe siècle)
Authors: Stirnemann Patricia , Smith Marc H. 
Published: April 2013

Les écritures d’apparat sont un objet méconnu, un angle mort au croisement des perspectives de la paléographie, de l’épigraphie et de l’histoire de l’art. C’est pourtant là une contribution fondamentale du livre médiéval à l’expressivité du verbe graphique ainsi qu’à la structuration hiérarchique de la mise en page. Elles se distinguent aussi bien par la morphologie que par l’ornementation et la couleur, et leurs transformations illustrent une constante interaction entre les différents degrés de l’écriture, de l’initiale peinte jusqu’à la minuscule. Dès l’origine, les ineffables inventions des artistes insulaires et mérovingiens pressentent toutes les potentialités de ces écritures. À leur tour, les copistes et artistes carolingiens élaborent en une combinaison neuve l’héritage insulaire et la capitale épigraphique antique, outre une disposition du texte qui fait écho dans l’ordre visuel à la majesté du verbe sacré. À l’époque romane, âge d’or des écritures d’apparat, une recherche systématique de variété mêle ou fusionne les différentes formes de l’alphabet, et l’expressivité ornementale l’emporte sur la typologie. Aux XIIIe
et xive siècles, la production commerciale des livres, en série, met pratiquement fin à cette tradition; deux inventions sont cependant issues des livres de droit italiens: une initiale filigranée fortement étirée et les «lettres juridiques» en traits dissociés et finement agrémentées à l’encre brune. La reprise de la capitale romaine par les humanistes au milieu du xve siècle et la naissance de l’imprimerie ouvrent un nouveau chapitre, où une structure simplement «bicamérale» (majuscules et minuscules) remplace les complexes hiérarchies de l’écriture médiévale.
Tradition cursive et style dans l’écriture des notaires florentins (v. 1250-v. 1350)
Authors: Ceccherini Irene 
Published: April 2013

The relationship between the cursive modus scribendi and the modus typical of books in the late Middle Ages remains to be analysed, both in terms of material facts and historical and cultural issues. This study examines the handwriting of Florentine notaries from the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth century. Whereas the main structural elements remained essentially unchanged (i. e. individual letter forms, ductus,
and rules for combining letters into words), notarial scripts show considerable variety in features of execution and style. A strong correlation between both modi scribendi may be observed in the similarity between single strokes and letters, as well as in letter combination. Moreover, notaries were able to master different kinds of execution and style, belonging on the whole to two opposite types: one written currenti calamo, and the other built up from separate strokes and quite similar to littera textualis in the manner that letters were combined in words. Therefore, writing currenti calamo should be seen as a specific option, a feature of style. In fact, the main difference between the two modi scribendi seems to amount to no more than features of execution and style: book scripts and document scripts were essentially distinguished by the
figurae of ascenders and descenders, which scribes could treat in various manners, but with hardly any effect on the fundamental rules for combining letters into words.
Typologie raisonnée des céramiques de la fin du Moyen Âge et du début de l'époque moderne provenant du Beauvaisis, de Paris et d'ailleurs, retrouvées sur les sites de consommation parisiens et franciliens
Authors: Ravoire Fabienne 
Published: April 2013

Ziel dieses Artikels ist die Presentation einer typologischen Klassifizierung der Keramikformen des späten Mittelters und der frühen Neuzeit aus städtischen und ländlichen Fundstätten in Paris und der Ile-de- France. Die hier behandelten Gefäße stammen aus der Pariser Umgebung und den benachbarten Regionen, hauptsächlich des Beauvaisis und der Normandie und in geringerem Masse auch aus dem Ausland, Italien und besonders Spanien.
Die auf einem umf angreichen Corpus basierende Klassifizierung bezieht morphologische und funktionelle Kriterien mit ein. Sie berücksichtigt die Regeln der Segmentierung sowie die durch die Funktion der Gefäßie bedingten quantitativen (Proportionen der Gefäße) und qualitativen Daten (Morphologie), soweit uns die Funktion der Gefäße bekannt ist oder vermutet werden kann. Die vorgeschlagene Typologie ist als reproduzierbares Instrument gedacht und soil es ermöglichen, die Vertriebsmechanismen der Keramik sowohl in zeitlicher als auch den raumlicher Hinsicht zu erf assen.
The level of organisational identification amongst students at a post-merged South African university
Authors: Breytenbach Nadia , Renard Michelle , Snelgar Robin 
Published: April 2013

Orientation: Organisational identification (OI) refers to individuals perceiving that they belong to and are one with their organisation. Limited research has been conducted on university students’ levels of OI within the South African context.Research purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the level of OI amongst students at a post-merged university in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.Motivation for the study: Levels of OI amongst students at a post-merged university could be low, as a result of students not yet adopting the values of the merged university. Yet, no such study has been undertaken at this university since the merger.Research design, approach and method: Mixed methods were used in this study, consisting of qualitative research (N = 16) for which focus group discussions were used, as well as quantitative research (N = 603) for which an online questionnaire was sent to the student sample.Main findings: The level of OI amongst the students was found to be high. Furthermore, students’ race, campus, university tenure and residence have a significant influence on students’ levels of OI. Black students identified more with the university than other races and students who studied longer at this university had lower levels of OI. Residence students had a greater level of OI than those who stayed off-campus.Practical/managerial implications: Students should be encouraged to adopt the core values of this university to ensure that OI levels increase. In order to improve OI, university management should implement action plans for those student segments who have exhibited low levels of OI.Contribution/value-add: This research contributes to the current body of knowledge concerning OI which is under-researched within a post-merged university context.
Quantifying the Characteristics of the Acetabulum and Proximal Femur using a Semi-automated Hip Morphology Software Programme (SHIPS)
Authors: Thiagarajah Shankar , MacInnes Scott , Yang Lang , Doherty Michael , Wilkinson Jeremy M. 
Published: April 2013

Background Hip-joint shape is an important factor that affects an individual's risk of developing osteoarthritis (OA). However, validated tools to quantify these morphological characteristics on clinical plain radiographs are few. We developed a Matlab-based Semi-automated HIP Software programme (SHIPS) that measures 10 morphologic characteristics of the hip that are risk factors for OA using a plain digitised antero-posterior pelvic radiograph. In this study we validated the accuracy and repeatability of this freeware-tool. Methods Software accuracy was assessed using a test pelvic radiograph, and by repeated measurements of an AP-pelvic radiograph digitally recreated from pelvis computed-tomography images reformatted to create images rotated in 2-dimensions (2.5° increments, range −15° to +15°). Intra- and inter-observer repeatability was assessed using pelvic radiographs from 30 subjects analysed twice using the software by two readers, and expressed as coefficient of variation (CV). Clinical-repeatability was assessed by measuring sequential pelvic radiographs taken on the same day after re-positioning in 23 subjects. Results Software accuracy was within 0.1% for linear-ratios and 0.4° for angular-measurements. Changes in pelvic inclination and rotation of ±15° resulted in <14% change in linear-measurement ratios and <7° change in angular-measurements. The intra-observer CV was between 0.3 to 4.1%, and inter-observer CV 0.7 to 9.7% with the exception of horizontal-toit-externa (HTE, 14.6 and 24.2% respectively). Short-term clinical-repeatability varied from 0.4 to 6.1%, with the exception of HTE (37.4%). Conclusion The software showed good accuracy and repeatability for measurement of most hip-joint morphologic risk factors for OA apart from HTE. This tool has particular value in studying large or retrospective datasets where cross-sectional imaging is not feasible or available.
In Search of America: Sidney Robertson Cowell in Ireland in 1955–1956
Authors: Ní Chonghaile Deirdre 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the American folk music collector and ethnomusicologist Sidney Robertson Cowell (1903-1995). It considers the work she conducted in Ireland in 1955 and 1956 in light of her twenty-one-year career from 1936 to 1957, during which she collected in America, Canada, Iran, Bangladesh, Thailand, and Malaysia. It investigates how her interest in the question of the identity of American music influenced her work.
Increased Thickness of Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Occurs More Frequently in Steatohepatitis Than in Simple Steatosis
Authors: Fiel M. Isabel , Sima Hamid Reza , Desman Garrett , Azarian Amirabbas , Lento Patrick , Schiano Thomas D. 
Published: April 2013

Context.—The incidence of obesity is increasing and contributes to the rising incidence of fatty liver. Body mass index (BMI) is used to assess the degree of obesity but does not take into account the pattern of body fat distribution.
Objectives.—To confirm the increasing incidence of fatty liver in an autopsy study. We hypothesized that a standardized measurement of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) might be a good noninvasive method for differentiating steatohepatitis from steatosis.
Design.—Consecutive complete adult postmortem cases were studied and liver sections were assessed with a steatohepatitis scoring system. Spleen weight, ASAT, and clinical information were obtained. Spleen histology was assessed in a subset of patients having splenomegaly in the absence of cirrhosis.
Results.—Patients with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and appreciable alcohol use were excluded. Of 306 cases, the frequency of fatty liver was 51.6% with 33.3% having simple steatosis and 18.3%, having steatohepatitis. Mean ASAT was 3.7 cm in the steatohepatitis group versus 2.6 cm in the steatosis group (P &lt; .001); this difference was greater in patients with a BMI less than 25 kg/m2 (P = .05). Fibrocongestive splenomegaly was noted in 9 of 38 patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (24%) in the absence of cirrhosis.
Conclusions.—In this series of autopsy cases, a dramatic increase in the prevalence of fatty liver disease is demonstrated. Thicker ASAT is associated more with steatohepatitis than with simple steatosis, especially in patients with BMI below 25 kg/m2. Fibrocongestive splenomegaly may occur in the absence of cirrhosis in the presence of steatohepatitis.
La Franciade de Le Brun : poétique ovidienne de l’exil en Nouvelle-France
Authors: O’Brien Peter 
Published: April 2013

Dans son oeuvre intitulée Franciados libri duo, le jésuite Laurent Le Brun personnifie la Nouvelle-France (Nova Gallia). La déesse adresse quatorze élégies rédigées en latin à de puissantes personnalités françaises : ces lettres-poèmes présentent les difficultés auxquelles doivent faire face les Premières Nations en Nouvelle-France, en décrivant la vie des autochtones d’un point de vue topographique et ethnographique. L’ouvrage n’a jusqu’à présent reçu que peu d’attention. Pourtant, la manière dont l’auteur utilise les figures latines classiques et les topoï afin de rendre cet « autre » Canadien compréhensible à un public européen et humaniste mérite d’être étudiée. Parmi ses nombreuses allusions aux poètes classiques, la Franciade entretient un long dialogue intertextuel avec les Tristes et les Pontiques d’Ovide. Ce dialogue permet à Le Brun de transformer l’appel individuel d’un exilé à la clémence impériale en un plaidoyer pour la rédemption universelle d’un monde non civilisé.
Conservation status of the inland aquatic crustaceans in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico: shortcomings of a protection strategy
Authors: Mercado‐Salas Nancy F. , Morales‐Vela Benjamín , Suárez‐Morales Eduardo , Iliffe Thomas M. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

The Yucatan Peninsula (YP), Mexico, is a large karstic Neotropical system hosting a highly diverse crustacean fauna related to epigean and subterranean aquatic habitats. There are more than 40 hypogean endemic species, thus qualifying as a subterranean biodiversity hotspot.
In view of the relevance of both the YP karstic aquifer and its related crustacean fauna, the spatial distribution of 212 species from 1165 geo‐referenced records of the inland aquatic crustaceans were analysed in relation to the geographic coverage of protected natural areas (PNAs) of the YP. The data analysed were obtained from sources including the authors' own observations, published literature, and institutional and government databases.
The YP is an area with ​​a high biodiversity of continental crustaceans and is also an important area of endemism worldwide. However, most of the crustacean fauna is at risk. Only 18.5% of the crustacean species recorded in the YP and only 3.2% of the endemic forms are distributed within the limits of a protected area. In addition, only five of the 48 endemic species are listed in the Mexican Official Standard (NOM‐059‐2010) and none of them occurs in a protected area.
The groups with the highest endemism are the Remipedia and Ostracoda, each with two known YP endemic species. Peracarids are also highly endemic in the YP (62%), followed by Copepoda (27%), Decapoda (18%), and Branchiopoda (1.5%).
Currently, the areas of most concern, owing to high tourist pressures, are the ‘Corridor Tulum ‐ Puerto Morelos’ and the ‘Ring of Cenotes’, both having significant numbers of endemic forms. A revision of the PNAs' management programmes to incorporate aquatic ecosystems and biota, the expansion of selected PNAs to provide protection to critical unprotected areas, and increased research activities focused on the aquatic fauna are recommended actions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colorless to Purple–Red Switching Electrochromic Anthraquinone Imides with Broad Visible/Near‐IR Absorptions in the Radical Anion State: Simulation‐Aided Molecular Design
Authors: Chen Fengkun , Zhang Jie , Jiang Hong , Wan Xinhua 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe large redshift of near‐infrared (NIR) absorptions of nitro‐substituted anthraquinone imide (Nitro‐AQI) radical anions, relative to other AQI derivatives, is rationalized based on quantum chemical calculations. Calculations reveal that the delocalization effects of electronegative substitution in the radical anion states is dramatically enhanced, thus leading to a significant decrease in the HOMO–LUMO band gap in the radical anion states. Based on this understanding, an AQI derivative with an even stronger electron‐withdrawing dicyanovinyl (di‐CN) substituent was designed and prepared. The resulting molecule, di‐CN‐AQI, displays no absorption in the Vis/NIR region in the neutral state, but absorbs intensively in the range of λ=700–1000 (λmax≈860 nm) and λ=1100–1800 nm (λmax≈1400 nm) upon one‐electron reduction; this is accompanied by a transition from a highly transmissive colorless solution to one that is purple–red. The relationship between calculated radical anionic HOMO–LUMO gaps and the electron‐withdrawing capacity of the substituents is also determined by employing Hammett parameter, which could serve as a theoretical tool for further molecular design.
Social marketing, parental purchasing decisions, and unhealthy food in developing countries: A Nigerian typology
Authors: Mcleay Fraser James , Oglethorpe David 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTDeveloping nations are emerging from food poverty and overcoming associated externalities such as malnutrition. However, there is a growing possibility that due to the globalization of food markets and widespread use of different marketing approaches, children immediately then become exposed to a new set of externalities associated with unhealthy food choices, such as obesity. In this article, we explore the relatively under‐researched area of the influence that marketing and packaging may have on parents' food purchasing behaviour in developing countries. We present the results of a multivariate analysis of a survey of parents in Nigeria as a case study, exploring the characteristics and attitudes of parents to develop a typology of consumers whose young children may be at risk from eating unhealthy food. In addition, we consider the role that social marketing could play in encouraging segments of parents to purchase more healthy food for their children and changing children's purchasing behaviour. While older parents appear to be more susceptible to children's food purchasing requests, younger households appear to be vulnerable to forming unhealthy consumption habits, which could create further economic, social, and humanitarian development issues as countries try to raise national incomes. The importance of segmented social marketing and globalized versus local marketing differentiation is emphasized A social marketing approach may not only reduce worrying trends relating to childhood obesity but also play a role in reducing malnutrition, as it is important that corporations and governments ensure that developing nations do not emerge from one food‐health crisis only to encounter another. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total Synthesis, Proof of Absolute Configuration, and Biosynthetic Origin of Stylopsal, the First Isolated Sex Pheromone of Strepsiptera
Authors: Lagoutte Roman , Šebesta Petr , Jiroš Pavel , Kalinová Blanka , Jirošová Anna , Straka Jakub , Černá Kateřina , Šobotník Jan , Cvačka Josef , Jahn Ullrich 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe asymmetric total synthesis of the diastereomers of stylopsal establishes the absolute configuration of the first reported sex pheromone of the twisted‐wing parasite Stylops muelleri as (3R,5R,9R)‐trimethyldodecanal. The key steps for the diastereo‐ and enantiodivergent introduction of the methyl groups are two different types of asymmetric conjugate addition reactions of organocopper reagents to α,β‐unsaturated esters, whereas the dodecanal skeleton is assembled by Wittig reactions. The structure of the natural product was confirmed by chiral gas chromatography (GC) techniques, GC/MS and GC/electroantennography (EAD) as well as field tests. An investigation into the biosynthesis of the pheromone revealed that it is likely to be produced by decarboxylation of a 4,6,10‐trimethyltridecanoic acid derivative, which was found in substantial amounts in the fat body of the female, but not in the host bee Andrena vaga. This triple‐branched fatty acid precursor thus seems to be biosynthesized de novo through a polyketide pathway with two consecutive propionate‐propionate‐acetate assemblies to form the complete skeleton. The simplified, motionless and fully host‐dependent female exploits a remarkable strategy to maximize its reproductive success by employing a relatively complex and potent sex pheromone.
Total Synthesis, Stereochemical Assignment, and Biological Activity of Chamuvarinin and Structural Analogues
Authors: Florence Gordon J. , Morris Joanne C. , Murray Ross G. , Vanga Raghava R. , Osler Jonathan D. , Smith Terry K. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA highly stereocontrolled synthesis of (+)‐chamuvarinin has been completed in 1.5 % overall yield over 20 steps. The key fragment coupling reactions were the addition of alkyne 8 to aldehyde 7 (under Felkin–Anh control), followed by the two step activation/cyclization to close the C20–C23 2,5‐cis‐substituted tetrahydrofuran ring and a Julia–Kocienski olefination at C8–C9 to introduce the terminal butenolide. The inherent flexibility of our coupling strategy led to a streamlined synthesis with 17 steps in the longest sequence (2.2 % overall yield), in which the key bond couplings are reversed. In addition, a series of structural analogues of chamuvarinin have been prepared and screened for activity against HeLa cancer cell lines and both the bloodstream and insect forms of Trypanosoma brucei, the parasitic agent responsible for African sleeping sickness.
(4‐Ferrocenylethyne) phenylamine on Graphene as the Signal Amplificator to Determinate Dopamine and Acetaminophen Simultaneously
Authors: Wang Linping , Liu Meiling , Meng Yue , Li Haitao , Zhang Youyu , Yao Shouzhuo 
Published: April 2013

AbstractA novel (4‐ferrocenylethyne) phenylamine functionalized graphene sheets (FEPA‐GR), coupling with chitosan (CS) were used as a signal amplification platform for simultaneous and sensitive determination of dopamine (DA) and acetaminophen (AC). In this work, FEPA used as electron transfer mediator can be immobilized on GR surface via strong π‐π stacking interaction between the conjugate chain of FEPA and GR, which effectively prevents FEPA electron mediator leaking from the electrode surface and amplified the signal. Transmission electron microscopy, FT‐IR spectroscopy, UV‐vis spectroscopy and electrochemical experiments results are all demonstrated the strong π‐π stacking interaction between FEPA and GR. The resulted biosensor exhibited a fast response, remarkable electrocatalytic activity, perfect anti‐interference ability and good stability for simultaneous detection of DA and AC. Under the optimum conditions, the oxidation peak currents of DA and AC were linearly correlated to their concentrations in the range of 2.0–135.0 µmol·L−1 and 0.3–80.0 µmol·L−1, respectively. The lower detection limits for DA and AC were 0.30 and 0.05 µmol·L−1, respectively. The feasibility of the proposed method was validated by successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of DA and AC in serum samples with the standard addition method.
Morphology Control of Bi2S3 Nanostructures and the Formation Mechanism
Authors: Kim HeeJin , Park Ji‐eun , Kim Kyung , Han Mi‐Kyung , Kim Sung‐Jin , Lee Wooyoung 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBismuthinite (Bi2S3) nanostructures were prepared by a hydrothermal method with sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA‐Na2). The morphology of Bi2S3 nanostructures was changed from a nanorod to a nanoplate by presence of the EDTA‐Na2. The altered morphology was caused by the capping effect of EDTA‐Na2 with Bi3+ ions, which induces the suboptimal growth direction due to partially blocking the preferential orientation direction. When the EDTA‐Na2/Bi3+ molar ratio=1, the growth of Bi2S3 nanostructures was not allowed due to the chelating effect of EDTA‐Na2. The obtained Bi2S3 nanorods, stacked nanorods, nanoplates and nanoparticles were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern. A possible formation mechanism of these morphologies was proposed. The successful synthesis of various morphologies of nanostructured Bi2S3 may open up new possibilities for thermoelectric, electronic and optoelectronic uses of nanodevices based on Bi2S3 nanostructure.