bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolution pattern for mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Fagerer Stephan R. , Römpp Andreas , Jefimovs Konstantins , Brönnimann Rolf , Hayenga Gerd , Steinhoff Robert F. , Krismer Jasmin , Pabst Martin , Ibáñez Alfredo J. , Zenobi Renato 
Published: April 2015

RationaleUp to now, there is no 'gold standard' for determining the resolution of a mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) setup (comprising the instrument, the sample preparation, the sample and the instrument settings). A standard sample in combination with a standard protocol to define the MSI resolution would be desirable in order to compare the setups of different laboratories, and as a regular quality control/performance check.MethodsMicrostructured resolution patterns were fabricated that can be used to determine the spatial resolution in MSI experiments, down to the range of a few µm. Two different strategies were employed, one where the resolution pattern is laser machined into a thin metal foil, which can be placed over a sample to be imaged, and a second one where hydrophilic grooves are machined into an omniphobic coating covering the surface of an indium tin oxide covered glass slide. When dragging a sample solution over the slide's surface, the sample is automatically retained in the hydrophilic grooves, but repelled by the omniphobic coating.ResultsThe technology was tested on a commercial matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging instrument, and a spatial resolution in the vicinity of 50 µm was determined. The finest features of the microstructured resolution patterns are compatible with the best spatial resolution of MALDI imaging systems available to date.ConclusionsThe use of metal resolution grids or glass slides with hydrophilic/hydrophobic structures is suitable for the convenient determination of the resolution limit of the MALDI imaging instrument as determined by its hardware. These structures are straightforward both to produce and to use. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrimination factors of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from diet to hair and scat in captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and snow leopards (Uncia uncia)
Authors: Montanari Shaena , Amato George 
Published: April 2015

RationaleIn order to use stable isotope ratio values obtained from wild animal tissues, we must accurately calculate the differences in isotope ratios between diet and consumer (δtissue – δdiet). These values, called trophic discrimination factors (TDFs, denoted with ∆), are necessary for stable isotope ecology studies and are best calculated in controlled environments.MethodsScat, hair, and diet samples were collected from captive tigers (n = 8) and snow leopards (n = 10) at the Bronx Zoo. The isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen, the two most commonly used in ecological studies, of the samples were measured by continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The trophic discrimination factors were calculated for both carbon (δ13C values) and nitrogen (δ15N values).ResultsIt was found that the only significant TDFs in this study were diet‐hair, ∆13CHair, for snow leopards (5.97 ± 1.25‰) and tigers (6.45 ± 0.54‰), and diet‐scat, ∆15NScat, in snow leopards (2.49 ± 1.30‰). The other mean isotope ratios were not significantly different from that of the premixed feline diet. The ∆15NHair values for both species were unusually low, potentially due to the protein content and quality of the feline diet.ConclusionsThe discrimination factors of the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen calculated in this study can be applied to ecological studies of wild, non‐captive terrestrial mammals. The effect of protein quality in isotope discrimination is also worthy of further investigation to better understand variation in TDFs. Carnivore scat is shown to be a valuable material for isotopic analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishing proper scanning conditions in atomic force microscopy on polyimide and polyurethane samples and their effect on 3D surface texture parameters
Authors: Stoica Iuliana , Hitruc Elena Gabriela , Timpu Daniel , Barboiu Virgil , Vasilescu Dan Sorin 
Published: April 2015

SummarySeveral atomic force microscopy (AFM) tests have been carried out on both smooth (polyimide) and rough (polyurethane) surfaces so that to obtain the best results; subsequently, the optimization of experiments performed is presented. A special emphasis has been put on the effect of tip geometry, image pre‐processing procedure, scanning area, resolution, pixel size, and cantilever oscillation amplitude in tapping mode, as well as on the quality of the topographical images and 3D surface texture parameters. After viewing the scanning tip and finding out its sharpness, degradation, and contamination, a simultaneous calibration in X, Y, and Z directions, lateral calibration of SPM scanners and detection of lateral non‐linearity, hysteresis, creep, and cross‐coupling effects has been made. We have established the following experimental parameters: proper scanning resolution (512 × 512 pixels), adequate pixel size (between 2.9 and 19.5 nm) and suitable intermittent contact region (moderate tapping) for which the AFM images present good contrast and resolution. Using these parameters, the values of 3D texture parameters remain constant. These kinds of measurements are extremely important to conduct further AFM experiments on polyimide and polyurethane surfaces under optimal conditions, thus avoiding unwanted artifacts on the morphological images or unrealistic values for the 3D surface texture parameters that might occur. SCANNING 37:335–349, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histological Correlates of Penile Sexual Sensation: Does Circumcision Make a Difference?
Authors: Cox Guy , Krieger John N. , Morris Brian J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe question of whether removal of sensory receptors in the prepuce by circumcision affects sensitivity and/or sexual pleasure is often debated.AimsTo examine histological correlates relevant to penile sensitivity and sexual pleasure.MethodsSystematic review of the scientific literature on penile structures that might affect sensitivity and sexual sensation. Articles were included if they contained original data on human male penile histology or anatomy. Individual articles, including reference lists, were evaluated. They were then considered in relation to physiological data from articles retrieved by a previous systematic review.ResultsWe retrieved 41 publications on penile structure. Considered in the light of 12 reporting physiological measurements, our evaluation finds that sexual response is unlikely to involve Meissner's corpuscles, whose density in the prepuce diminishes at the time of life when male sexual activity is increasing. Free nerve endings also show no correlation with sexual response. Because tactile sensitivity of the glans decreases with sexual arousal, it is unrelated to sexual sensation. Thermal sensitivity seems part of the reward mechanism of intercourse. Vibrational sensitivity is not related to circumcision status. Observations that penile sexual sensation is higher post circumcision are consistent with greater access of genital corpuscles to sexual stimuli after removal of the prepuce. This is based on the distribution of these corpuscles (which are located in the glans) and, in uncircumcised men, the position of the retracted prepuce during intercourse, rather than any change in the number of genital corpuscles. The scientific literature suggests that any sexual effect of circumcised men may depend solely on exposure of the glans and not on the absence of the prepuce.ConclusionBased on histological findings and correlates of sexual function, loss of the prepuce by circumcision would appear to have no adverse effect on sexual pleasure. Our evaluation supports overall findings from physiological measurements and survey data.
Towards early‐age performance control in precast concrete immersed tunnels
Authors: Jiang Wei , Liu Xian , Yuan Yong , Wang Shengnian , Su Quanke , Taerwe Luc 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn engineering practice, the prevention of early‐age cracking in massive concrete structures is of great importance to their serviceability during the whole life cycle. From the scientific viewpoint, this engineering concern requires the control of the early‐age performance of concrete structures. Following earlier research projects against the background of the Hong Kong‐Zhuhai‐Macao Link, the focus of this work is to obtain insights into the evolution of the early‐age behaviour of precast concrete in an immersed tunnel. To this end, a full‐scale test was performed, from which the behaviour of early‐age concrete could be observed directly. After validating the constitutive model developed with the test results, the early‐age performance during the entire fabrication process of the precast concrete immersed tunnel is evaluated numerically. It was also found that stress relaxation plays a major role in stress development in the immersed tunnel, although the thermal strain is the main source of early‐age stresses. This in‐depth investigation resulted in a comprehensive understanding of the early‐age behaviour of an actual precast concrete immersed tunnel. What is more important, the early‐age performance of concrete structures can be accurately evaluated and further adjusted or controlled with the help of the validated numerical modelling, which is no doubt beneficial for the control of early‐age cracking in massive concrete structures in engineering.
The dynamics of vulnerability: why adapting to climate variability will not always prepare us for climate change
Authors: Dilling Lisa , Daly Meaghan E. , Travis William R. , Wilhelmi Olga V. , Klein Roberta A. 
Published: April 2015

Recent reports and scholarship suggest that adapting to current climate variability may represent a ‘no regrets’ strategy for adapting to climate change. Addressing ‘adaptation deficits’ and other approaches that target existing vulnerabilities are helpful for responding to current climate variability, but we argue that they may not be sufficient for adapting to climate change. Through a review and unique synthesis of the natural hazards and climate adaptation literatures, we identify why the dynamics of vulnerability matter for adaptation efforts. We draw on vulnerability theory and the natural hazards and climate adaptation literatures to outline how adaptation to climate variability, combined with the shifting societal landscape can sometimes lead to unintended consequences and increased vulnerability. Moreover, we argue that public perceptions of risk associated with current climate variability do not necessarily position communities to adapt to the impacts from climate change. We suggest that decision makers faced with adapting to climate change must consider the dynamics of vulnerability in a connected system—how choices made in one part of the system might impact other valued outcomes or even create new vulnerabilities. We conclude by suggesting the need for greater engagement with various publics on the tradeoffs involved in adaptation action and for improving communication about the complicated nature of the dynamics of vulnerability. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:413–425. doi: 10.1002/wcc.341This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Near‐infrared light‐responsive nanomaterials for cancer theranostics
Authors: Kim Heejung , Chung Kyungwha , Lee Seungjin , Kim Dong Ha , Lee Hyukjin 
Published: April 2015

AbstractEarly diagnosis and effective cancer therapy are required, to properly treat cancer, which causes more than 8.2 million deaths in a year worldwide. Among various cancer treatments, nanoparticle‐based cancer therapies and molecular imaging techniques have been widely exploited over the past decades to overcome current drawbacks of existing cancer treatments. In particular, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), and upconversion nanocrystals (UNCs) have attracted tremendous attention from researchers due to their near‐infrared (NIR) light‐responsive behaviors. These nanomaterials are considered new multifunctional platforms for cancer theranostics. They would enable on‐demand control of drug release or molecular imaging in response to a remote trigger by NIR light exposure. This approach allows the patient or physician to adjust therapy precisely to a target site, thus greatly improving the efficacy of cancer treatments, while reducing undesirable side effects. In this review, we have summarized the advantages of NIR light‐responsive nanomaterials for in vivo cancer treatments, which includes NIR triggered photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Furthermore, recent developments, perspectives, and new challenges of NIR light‐responsive nanomaterials are discussed for cancer theranostic applications. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2015, 8:23–45. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1347This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of a Hexanuclear Copper(II) Carboxylate
Authors: Adner David , Korb Marcus , Lochenie Charles , Weber Birgit , Lang Heinrich 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe synthesis and characterisation of the hexanuclear copper(II) carboxylate complex [Cu(O2CCHPhOC2H4OC2H4OCH3)2]6 (1) is described. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis reveals that the copper(II) ions are arranged in a six‐membered ring which adopts a chair‐like conformation. The copper(II) ions are bridged by μ2‐ and μ3‐coordinating carboxylates. The magnetic behavior of 1 was measured between 2 and 300 K, revealing at low temperature a weak antiferromagnetic interaction. The χM(T) dependency was fitted mathematically with one coupling constant J1 and a paramagnetic impurity α.
The Role of Racial Discrimination in the Economic Value of Education Among Urban, Low‐Income Latina/o Youth: Ethnic Identity and Gender as Moderators
Authors: Mroczkowski Alison L. , Sánchez Bernadette 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe present study used resilience theory to explore relationships among perceived racial discrimination, ethnic identity, gender, and economic value of education (EVE) among urban, low‐income, Latina/o youth. It was expected that racial discrimination would predict poorer perceptions of the EVE among Latina/o adolescents. Ethnic identity was hypothesized to buffer the negative effect of racial discrimination on Latina/o students’ EVE. The participants in this study were 396 urban, low‐income Latina/o high school students from a large, Midwestern city who completed surveys in both 9th‐ and 10th‐grade. Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships among racial discrimination, ethnic identity, and EVE. Results supported a protective model of resilience. Specifically, ethnic identity served as a protective factor by buffering the negative effect of perceived racial discrimination on EVE for male participants. The present study is the first to examine ethnic identity as a buffer of racial discrimination on EVE among Latina/o high school students. Future directions and implications are discussed.
An analytical solution to electromagnetically coupled duct flow in MHD
Authors: Bluck Michael J. , Wolfendale Michael J. 
Published: April 2015

The flow of an electrically conducting fluid in an array of square ducts, separated by arbitrary thickness conducting walls, subject to an applied magnetic field is studied. The analytical solution presented here is valid for thick walls and is based on the homogeneous solution obtained by Shercliff (Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., vol. 49 (01), 1953, pp. 136–144). Arrangements of ducts arise in a number of applications, most notably in fusion blankets, where liquid metal is used both as coolant and for tritium generation purposes. Analytical solutions, such as those presented here, provide insight into the physics and important benchmarking and validation data for computational magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), as well as providing approximate flow parameters for 1D systems codes. It is well known that arrays of such ducts with conducting walls exhibit varying degrees of coupling, significantly affecting the flow. An important practical example is the so-called Madarame problem (Madarame et al., Fusion Technol., vol. 8, 1985, pp. 264–269). In this work analytical results are derived for the relevant hydrodynamic and magnetic parameters for a single duct with thick walls analogous to the Hunt II case. These results are then extended to an array of such ducts stacked in the direction of the applied magnetic field. It is seen that there is a significant coupling affect, resulting in modifications to pressure drop and velocity profile. In certain circumstances, counter-current flow can occur as a result of the MHD effects, even to the point where the mean flow is reversed. Such phenomena are likely to have significant detrimental effects on both heat and mass transfer in fusion applications. The dependence of this coupling on parameters such as conductivities, wall thickness and Hartmann number is studied.
Evolutionary Models for Type Ib/c Supernova Progenitors
Authors: Yoon Sung-Chul 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSNe Ib/c mark the deaths of hydrogen-deficient massive stars. The evolutionary scenarios for SNe Ib/c progenitors involve many important physical processes including mass loss by winds and its metallicity dependence, stellar rotation, and binary interactions. This makes SNe Ib/c an excellent test bed for stellar evolution theory. We review the main results of evolutionary models for SN Ib/c progenitors available in the literature and their confrontation with recent observations. We argue that the nature of SN Ib/c progenitors can be significantly different for single and binary systems, and that binary evolution models can explain the ejecta masses derived from SN Ib/c light curves, the distribution of SN Ib/c sites in their host galaxies, and the optical magnitudes of the tentative progenitor candidate of iPTF13bvn. We emphasise the importance of early-time observations of light curves and spectra, accurate measurements of helium mass in SN Ib/c ejecta, and systematic studies about the metallicity dependence of SN Ib/c properties, to better constrain theories.
Dietary intake in Australian children aged 4–24 months: consumption of meat and meat alternatives
Authors: Mauch Chelsea Emma , Perry R. A. , Magarey A. M. , Daniels L. A. 
Published: April 2015

Meat/meat alternatives (M/MA) are key sources of Fe, Zn and protein, but intake tends to be low in young children. Australian recommendations state that Fe-rich foods, including M/MA, should be the first complementary foods offered to infants. The present paper reports M/MA consumption of Australian infants and toddlers, compares intake with guidelines, and suggests strategies to enhance adherence to those guidelines. Mother–infant dyads recruited as part of the NOURISH and South Australian Infants Dietary Intake studies provided 3 d of intake data at three time points: Time 1 (T1) (n482, mean age 5·5 (sd1·1) months), Time 2 (T2) (n600, mean age 14·0 (sd1·2) months) and Time 3 (T3) (n533, mean age 24 (sd0·7) months). Of 170 infants consuming solids and aged greater than 6 months at T1, 50 (29 %) consumed beef, lamb, veal (BLV) or pork on at least one of 3 d. Commercial infant foods containing BLV or poultry were the most common form of M/MA consumed at T1, whilst by T2 BLV mixed dishes (including pasta bolognaise) became more popular and remained so at T3. The processed M/MA increased in popularity over time, led by pork (including ham). The present study shows that M/MA are not being eaten by Australian infants or toddlers regularly enough; or in adequate quantities to meet recommendations; and that the form in which these foods are eaten can lead to smaller M/MA serve sizes and greater Na intake. Parents should be encouraged to offer M/MA in a recognisable form, as one of the first complementary foods, in order to increase acceptance at a later age.
Choline is required in the diet of lactating dams to maintain maternal immune function
Authors: Dellschaft Neele S. , Ruth Megan R. , Goruk Susan , Lewis Erin D. , Richard Caroline , Jacobs René L. , Curtis Jonathan M. , Field Catherine J. 
Published: April 2015

Choline demands during lactation are high; however, detailed knowledge is lacking regarding the optimal dietary intake during this critical period. The present study was designed to determine the effects of varying intakes of choline on maternal immune function during lactation. Primiparous Sprague–Dawley rats (n42) were randomised 24-48 h before birth and fed the following diets for 21 d: choline-devoid (0 g choline/kg diet; D,n10); 1·0 g choline/kg diet (C1,n11); 2·5 g choline/kg diet (C2·5,n10); 6·2 g choline/kg diet (C6,n11). Splenocytes were isolated and stimulatedex vivowith concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CD3/CD28. D and C6 dams had lower final body weight, spleen weight and average pup weight than C1 dams (P< 0·05). There was a linear relationship between free choline concentration in pup stomach contents with maternal dietary choline content (P< 0·001,r20·415). Compared with C1 and C2·5, D spleens had a lower proportion of mature T cells and activated suppressor cells, and this resulted in reduced cytokine production after stimulation (P< 0·05). Feeding 6·2 g choline/kg diet resulted in a higher cytokine production after stimulation with CD3/CD28 (P< 0·05). Except for a higher IL-6 production after LPS stimulation with cells from the C2·5 dams (P< 0·05), there were no differences between the C1 and C2·5 dams. For the first time, we show that feeding lactating mothers a diet free of choline has substantial effects on their immune function and on offspring growth. Additionally, excess dietary choline had adverse effects on maternal and offspring body weight but only minimal effects on maternal immune function.
Population dynamics of Western corn rootworm beetles on different varieties of maize identified using pheromone and floral baited traps
Authors: BEREŚ P. K. , DRZEWIECKI S. , NAKONIECZNY M. , TARNAWSKA M. , GUZIK J. , MIGULA P. 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYThe present paper presents details of the population dynamics of Diabrotica v. virgifera LeConte beetles on six maize varieties of three different maturity classes, i.e. early (FAO 190), medium-early (FAO 250) and medium-late (FAO 280–300), grown in Central and Eastern Europe. The study was conducted in 2009/10 in the south-eastern part of Poland. The D. virgifera beetles were captured using two types of trap: pheromone (PTs) and floral-baited (FTs). Significant differences in beetle counts were found between: (i) the first and second year of the study (higher in 2009 than in 2010); (ii) the varieties of maize and their different growth stages; (iii) early and medium-late varieties of maize. Initially, depending on the availability of maize silk and pollen, the most numerous D. virgifera beetles were found on the early varieties followed by the medium-late varieties. The study also revealed a significant difference in the performance of the two types of trap used to monitor the number of adults, particularly during the initial period when arrival rates were high. Pheromone traps were more effective in catching D. virgifera beetles, especially during the flowering stage of maize. Floral-baited traps were most effective at the end of the active growth of maize, when the preferred food of D. virgifera was unavailable.