bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene expression profiles reveal that chondrogenic progenitor cells and synovial cells are closely related
Authors: Zhou Cheng , Zheng Hongjun , Seol Dongrim , Yu Yin , Martin James A. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTWe showed previously that chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPCs) from the superficial zone of articular cartilage respond vigorously to cartilage wounding by responding chemotactically to cell debris, but the physiologic functions of CPCs remain unclear. To help bridge this knowledge gap we undertook a comparative analysis of gene expression in bovine CPCs, chondrocytes, synovial fibroblasts (synoviocytes), and cells isolated from synovial fluid (SFCs). Analysis of microarrays parsed the four cell types into two distinct groups, one composed only of chondrocytes and the other of CPCs, synoviocytes, and SFCs. The groups differed with respect to metalloendopeptidase, collagen, and cytokine gene expression. Quantitative PCR showed that, relative to chondrocytes, all other cells under‐expressed cartilage matrix genes. CPCs significantly over‐expressed genes encoding the chemokines interleukin 8 (IL8), and C–C motif ligand 2, while synoviocytes over‐expressed the chemokine C–X–C motif Ligand 12. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan deposition in pellet cultures by CPCs was intermediate between chondrocytes and synoviocytes/SFCs. These results indicate that the CPC phenotype more closely resembles synoviocytes and SFCs than chondrocytes. CPCs show a tendency to over‐express chemokines that promote immune cell chemotaxis, suggesting they mediate inflammation in response to cartilage wounding. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:981–988, 2014.
Ultrasonic modification of the viscosity of vegetable, mineral and synthetic oils — effects of nucleating agents and free‐radical scavengers
Authors: Mercantili Laura , Davis Frank , Collyer Stuart D. , Higson Séamus P. J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe describe the ultrasonic initiated modification of four types of oil; sunflower oil, transformer oil, cable oil and silicone oil. Ultrasound is effective in initiating and driving reactions of the three hydrocarbon oils but ineffective in the case of silicone oil. The hydrocarbon oils showed noticeable reductions in viscosity after sonication; this reduction can be enhanced by incorporating nucleating agents such as particulate carbon. The viscosity loss is not permanent without using stabilisers and with time the viscosity approaches its initial value. The ultrasonic reaction is thought to be free radical in nature, since incorporation of a radical scavenger before sonication prevents any viscosity loss, whereas incorporation after sonication stabilises the drop in viscosity. Oxygen is proposed to be involved since purging with nitrogen diminishes any viscosity drop observed, and selected ion flow tube MS analysis of volatiles from the oils after sonication indicates an increase in the number and quantity of oxidised products. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of a constant flow valve compensated multi‐recess conical hybrid journal bearing operating with micropolar lubricant
Authors: Rajput Arvind K. , Sharma Satish C. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThe present paper investigates the influence of micropolar lubrication on the stability of a constant flow valve compensated multi‐recess conical hybrid journal bearing system. Eringen's micropolar fluid theory has been used to model the micropolar lubrication in a fluid‐film bearing system. The modified Reynolds equation of the micropolar lubricated bearing system has been solved using finite element method. Performance characteristics parameters of four pocket hybrid journal bearing system have been computed for the values of semi‐cone angle 10°, 20° and for the judiciously selected micropolar parameters. Numerically simulated results indicate that the value of stability threshold speed margin gets increased substantially with the use of micropolar lubricant vis‐à‐vis Newtonian lubricant. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cerebellar stimulation fails to modulate motor cortex plasticity in writing dystonia
Authors: Sadnicka Anna , Hamada Masashi , Bhatia Kailash P. , Rothwell John C. , Edwards Mark J. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundPrimary dystonia is characterized neurophysiologically by reduced inhibitory mechanisms and abnormal regulation of plasticity responses. The potential of anodal cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation as a therapeutic tool in writing dystonia was examined, after the observation that cerebellar stimulation reduces responses to an associative plasticity protocol in healthy subjects.MethodsTen patients with writing dystonia completed a two‐part study (sham and anodal) in which cerebellar stimulation was given simultaneously with paired associative stimulation. Electrophysiological and clinical parameters were measured before and after stimulation.ResultsClinical symptoms were unchanged by cerebellar stimulation. Patients exhibited much variability in the size and direction of their plasticity responses. Excessive or topographically abnormal plasticity responses were not observed. In the subgroup of patients with facilitatory responses to paired associative stimulation in the sham condition, anodal cerebellar stimulation retained its ability to reduce the magnitude of plasticity response.ConclusionsOur limited understanding of intersubject variability of plasticity responses in writing dystonia currently undermines cerebellar stimulation as a novel treatment in this subset of dystonia. Cerebellar stimulation may be beneficial in other neurological disorders with consistently exaggerated plasticity. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Gesucht: Kupfernachfolger für Bootslacke
Authors: Osterath Brigitte 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAlles vergiften, was vorbei schwimmt — so arbeiten derzeit die Unterwasseranstriche von Schiffen, ob Sportbootyacht oder Containerschiff. Lange wird es vermutlich nicht mehr dauern, bis solche biozidhaltigen Anstriche verboten sind. An Ideen für Alternativen fehlt es nicht — aber sie haben es schwer.
The imaginary Starobinsky model
Authors: Ferrara S. , Kehagias A. , Riotto A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe recent detection by the BICEP2 collaboration of a high level of tensor modes seems to exclude the Starobinsky model of inflation. In this paper we show that this conclusion can be avoided: one can embed the Starobinsky model in supergravity and identify the inflaton field with the imaginary (instead of the real) part of the chiral scalaron multiplet in its formulation. Once coupled to matter, the Starobinsky model may then become the chaotic quadratic model with shift symmetry during inflation and is in good agreement with the current data.
Polarons and oxygen vacancies at the surface of anatase TiO2
Authors: Deák Peter , Kullgren Jolla , Frauenheim Thomas 
Published: May 2014

Abstractmagnified imageIt is known that the two polymorphs of TiO2, rutile and anatase, show different n‐type doping behaviour: while heavy Nb‐doping makes anatase a transparent conductor, rutile remains insulating. The reason for that is electron self‐trapping by Ti(4+/3+) transitions in rutile, which is absent in bulk anatase. Using HSE06 calculations on a (101) anatase slab we show that electron self‐trapping is possible on the anatase surface. Therefore, near the surface both Nb dopants and oxygen vacancies give rise to localized polaronic states with band gap levels deeper than in the bulk. These low lying levels stabilize the near surface vacancies, and make the bridging surface vacancy significantly more favourable energetically than its bulk counterpart. We do not find subsurface vacancies with formation energy lower than at the surface bridging site. The calculated ionization energy of the surface bridging vacancy is in excellent agreement with recent observations.magnified imageNb prefers a sixfold‐coordinated site on the anatase (101) surface and, unlike in the bulk, gives rise to a deep, well localized electron–polaron state. Nb is the black sphere, Ti atoms are blue and O atoms red. The yellow lobe shows the wave function square of the occupied gap state, with dominating contribution from a nearby Ti(3+) site. Electrons of an oxygen vacancy at or near the surface can be trapped in such states, too.(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Real‐time explosive particle detection using a cyclone particle concentrator
Authors: Hashimoto Yuichiro , Nagano Hisashi , Takada Yasuaki , Kashima Hideo , Sugaya Masakazu , Terada Koichi , Sakairi Minoru 
Published: May 2014

RATIONALEThere is a need for more rapid methods for the detection of explosive particles. We have developed a novel real‐time analysis technique for explosive particles that uses a cyclone particle concentrator. This technique can analyze sample surfaces for the presence of particles from explosives such as TNT and RDX within 3 s, which is much faster than is possible by conventional methods.METHODSParticles are detached from the sample surface with air jet pulses, and then introduced into a cyclone particle concentrator with a high pumping speed of about 80 L/min. A vaporizer placed at the bottom of the cyclone particle concentrator immediately converts the particles into a vapor. The vapor is then ionized in the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source of a linear ion trap mass spectrometer.RESULTSAn online connection between the vaporizer and a mass spectrometer enables high‐speed detection within a few seconds, compared with the conventional off‐line heating method that takes more than 10 s to raise the temperature of a sample filter unit. Since the configuration enriched the number density of explosive particles by about 80 times compared with that without the concentrator, a sub‐ng amount of TNT particles on a surface was detectable.CONCLUSIONSThe detection limit of our technique is comparable with that of an explosives trace detector using ion mobility spectrometry. The technique will be beneficial for trace detection in security applications, because it detects explosive particles on the surface more speedily than conventional methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alley coppice—a new system with ancient roots
Authors: Morhart Christopher D. , Douglas Gerry C. , Dupraz Christian , Graves Anil R. , Nahm Michael , Paris Pierluigi , Sauter Udo H. , Sheppard Jonathan , Spiecker Heinrich 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Context

Current production from natural forests will not satisfy future world demand for timber and fuel wood, and new land management options are required.

Aims

We explore an innovative production system that combines the production of short rotation coppice in wide alleys with the production of high-value trees on narrow strips of land; it is an alternative form of alley cropping which we propose to call ‘alley coppice’. The aim is to describe this alley coppice system and to illustrate its potential for producing two diverse products, namely high-value timber and energy wood on the same land unit.

Methods

Based on a comprehensive literature review, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of the alley coppice system and contrast the features with well-known existing or past systems of biomass and wood production.

Results

We describe and discuss the basic aspects of alley coppice, its design and dynamics, the processes of competition and facilitation, issues of ecology, and areas that are open for future research.

Conclusion

Based on existing knowledge, a solid foundation for the implementation of alley coppice on suitable land is presented, and the high potential of this system could be shown.
Alterations in connexin 43 during diabetic cardiomyopathy: Competition of tyrosine nitration versus phosphorylation 在糖尿病心肌病中间隙连接蛋白43的变化：酪氨酸硝化作用与磷酸化作用的竞争
Authors: Joshi Mandar S. , Mihm Michael J. , Cook Angela C. , Schanbacher Brandon L. , Bauer John Anthony 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundCardiac conduction abnormalities are observed early in the progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the mechanism(s) involved are undefined. Connexin 43, a critical component of ventricular gap junctions, depends on tyrosine phosphorylation status to modulate channel conductance; changes in connexin 43 content, distribution, and/or phosphorylation status may be involved in cardiac rhythm disturbances. We tested the hypothesis that cardiac content and/or distribution of connexin 43 is altered in a rat model of T1D cardiomyopathy, investigating a mechanistic role for tyrosine.MethodsElectrocardiographic analyses were conducted during the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats dosed with streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg) 3, 7, and 35 days after the induction of diabetes. Following functional analyses, we conducted immunohistochemical and immunoprecipitation studies to assess alterations in connexin 43.ResultsThere was significant evidence of ventricular conduction abnormalities (QRS complex, Q‐T interval) as early as 7 days after STZ, persisting throughout the study. Connexin 43 levels were increased 7 days after STZ and remained elevated throughout the study. Connexin 40 content was unchanged relative to controls throughout the study. Changes in connexin 43 distribution were also observed: connexin 43 staining was dispersed from myocyte short axis junctions. Connexin 43 tyrosine phosphorylation declined during the progression of diabetes, with concurrent increases in tyrosine nitration.ConclusionsThe data suggest that changes in connexin 43 content and distribution occur during experimental diabetes and likely contribute to alterations in cardiac function, and that oxidative modification of tyrosine‐mediated signaling may play a mechanistic role.
Integrating demographic data: towards a framework for monitoring wildlife populations at large spatial scales
Authors: Robinson Robert A. , Morrison Catriona A. , Baillie Stephen R. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryLandscapes are becoming increasingly intensively managed resulting in greater anthropogenic disturbance of ecosystems. Effective policies for conservation and management of wildlife populations will require a mechanistic understanding of the processes underlying the population responses to these changes. Detailed demographic studies are often of individual populations in relatively stable habitats, whereas there is a need to characterize demographic variation at larger scales in wider landscapes that are subject to environmental change.We use long‐term (18–46 years) data sets, gathered by volunteers acrossBritain, to parameterizeBayesian state‐space demographic population models for 17 widely occurring bird species. As some demographic processes were not quantified directly, we introduce a scaling parameter (ρ) to account for this unmeasured variation, and assess the extent to which this influences our ability to understand the processes driving population change.The population models provided a good fit to the population trajectory in all but one species (the nocturnal tawny owlStrix aluco). The scaling parameter generally showed little annual variation and did not make a major contribution (<12%) to population change among passerine species. For five non‐passerine species, the contribution was still not large (11–21%), but did indicate the importance of unmeasured demographic variables in these species.We were able to retrieve known demographic signals both within and across species. The importance of the nest failure rates was greater for species that construct nests in open rather than cavity situations. We also confirmed the demographic causes of population decline in two species of conservation concern, song thrush and lapwing, as changes in juvenile survival and reproductive success respectively. Furthermore, we show that population dynamics of declining species are generally driven more by recruitment than increasing species (for which variation in adult survival is more important).These analyses demonstrate that volunteer‐based monitoring programmes can provide insight into population changes at large spatial scales across a range of species. By facilitating the combination of data sets on different demographic parameters, the integrated approach adopted here allows important demographic parameters to be identified, even if they are not measured directly.
Do cattle (Bos taurus) retain an association of a visual cue with a food reward for a year?
Authors: Hirata Masahiko , Takeno Nozomi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractUse of visual cues to locate specific food resources from a distance is a critical ability of animals foraging in a spatially heterogeneous environment. However, relatively little is known about how long animals can retain the learned cue–reward association without reinforcement. We compared feeding behavior of experienced and naive Japanese Black cows (Bos taurus) in discovering food locations in a pasture. Experienced animals had been trained to respond to a visual cue (plastic washtub) for a preferred food (grain‐based concentrate) 1 year prior to the experiment, while naive animals had no exposure to the cue. Cows were tested individually in a test arena including tubs filled with the concentrate on three successive days (Days 1–3). Experienced cows located the first tub more quickly and visited more tubs than naive cows on Day 1 (usually P < 0.05), but these differences disappeared on Days 2 and 3. The performance of experienced cows tended to increase from Day 1 to Day 2 and level off thereafter. Our results suggest that Japanese Black cows can associate a visual cue with a food reward within a day and retain the association for 1 year despite a slight decay.
All‐trans retinoic acid improves goat oocyte nuclear maturation and reduces apoptotic cumulus cells during in vitro maturation
Authors: Pu Yong , Wang Zhangfan , Bian Yani , Zhang Fei , Yang Pan , Li Yunsheng , Zhang Yunhai , Liu Ya , Fang Fugui , Cao Hongguo , Zhang Xiaorong 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAll‐trans retinoic acid (t‐RA) is a natural component and representative physiologically active metabolite of vitamin A, having multiple physiologic functions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of t‐RA on goat oocyte maturation and cumulus cell apoptosis during in vitro maturation (IVM). Immature goat cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in vitro in the absence or presence of t‐RA at concentrations of 10 nmol/L, 100 nmol/L and 1000 nmol/L. Oocyte maturation and embryo development were assessed by polar body formation and parthenogenetic activation, respectively. Oocyte survival was checked by Trypan blue staining. Apoptosis of cumulus cells was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling staining and quantitative real‐time PCR. In comparison with the control group, 100 nmol/L and 10 nmol/L t‐RA significantly improved goat nuclear oocyte maturation and survival (P < 0.05). Addition of 1000 nmol/L t‐RA improved nuclear maturation (P < 0.05), but had no effect on survival of goat oocytes. t‐RA had no positive effect on goat parthenogenetic embryonic cleavage, blastocyst formation or total cell numbers. However, t‐RA inhibits the apoptosis of cumulus cells (P < 0.01). t‐RA treatment up‐regulated the expression of B‐cell lymphoma 2 (BCL‐2), catalase (CAT) (P < 0.05) and down‐regulated the expression of Caspase‐8 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, t‐RA has positive effects on goat oocyte nuclear maturation and reduces apoptotic cumulus cells during IVM.
Effect of increasing levels of seven tree species extracts added to a high concentrate diet on in vitro rumen gas output
Authors: Salem Abdelfattah Z. M. , Kholif Ahmed E. , Elghandour Mona M. Y. , Hernandez Saul R. , Domínguez‐Vara Ignacio A. , Mellado Miguel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing levels of extracts of Byrsonima crassifolia, Celtis pallida, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Fraxinus excelsior, Ficus trigonata, Phoradendrom brevifolium and Prunus domestica on in vitro gas production (GP) and ruminal fermentation of a high concentrate diet. Plant extracts were prepared at 1 g dry matter (DM)/8 mL of solvent mixture (methanol : ethanol : water, 1:1:8) and added at levels of 0, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mL/g DM of a high concentrate diet. In vitro GP was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. Increasing addition of extracts linearly increased (P < 0.001), the GP24, GP48 and GP72 (mL/g DM), and linearly decreased (P < 0.001), the discrete GP lag time. Moreover, increasing extract doses linearly increased (P < 0.001) the asymptotic GP and decreased (P < 0.001) the rate of GP. GP6 was not impacted by treatments and GP12 increased linearly (P = 0.01) with increasing addition of extracts. Rumen pH declined linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing doses of extracts added. As no interactions (P > 0.05) occurred between the extracts and doses, it could be conclude that all extracts positively modified rumen fermentation at doses of 1.2 to 1.8 mL extract/g diet DM.
The predictive validity of bipolar at‐risk (prodromal) criteria in help‐seeking adolescents and young adults: a prospective study
Authors: Bechdolf Andreas , Ratheesh Aswin , Cotton Sue M , Nelson Barnaby , Chanen Andrew M , Betts Jennifer , Bingmann Tiffany , Yung Alison R , Berk Michael , McGorry Patrick D 
Published: May 2014

ObjectivesThere are no established tools to identify individuals at risk for developing bipolar disorder. We developed a set of ultra‐high‐risk criteria for bipolar disorder [bipolar at‐risk (BAR)]. The primary aim of the present study was to determine the predictive validity of the BAR criteria.MethodsThis was a 12‐month prospective study that was conducted at Orygen Youth Health Clinical Program, a public mental health program for young people aged 15–24 years in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. At intake, BAR screen‐positive individuals and a matched group of individuals who did not meet BAR criteria were observed over a period of 12 months. The BAR criteria include general criteria such as being in the peak age range for the onset of the disorder, as well as sub‐threshold mania, depression plus cyclothymic features, and depression plus genetic risk. Conversion to first‐episode mania/hypomania was defined by the presence of DSM‐IV manic symptoms for more than four days, in line with the DSM‐IV definition of hypomania/mania.ResultsA total of 559 help‐seeking patients were screened. Of the eligible participants, 59 (10.6%) met BAR criteria. Thirty‐five participants were included in the BAR group and 35 matched participants were selected to be in the control group. During the follow‐up, five BAR patients out of 35 (14.3%) converted to first‐episode hypomania/mania as opposed to none in the non‐BAR group [χ2(1) = 5.38, p = 0.020]. Four out of these five converters had a DSM‐IV diagnosis of bipolar I or bipolar II disorder.ConclusionsThese findings support the possibility of identification of persons prior to the onset of mania/hypomania. The proposed criteria need further evaluation in larger, prospective studies with longer follow‐up periods.
Should every patient diagnosed with a phaeochromocytoma have a 123I‐MIBG scintigraphy?
Authors: van Berkel A. , Pacak K. , Lenders J.W.M. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryLocalization of phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) should involve functional imaging as anatomical imaging modalities can either fail to locate the tumour or can be suboptimal due to an anatomical abnormality or previous surgery. Functional imaging is particularly useful to fully delineate the extent of disease using the whole‐body scan and the evaluation of multifocality, metastatic or recurrent disease. An increasing number of radiolabeled tracers have become available for tumour visualization during the past decade. 123I‐meta‐iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy is the most widely used functional imaging modality, and its sensitivity to identify chromaffin cell tumours varies from 85 to 88% for phaeochromocytomas and 56–76% for paragangliomas, while specificity ranges between 70 and 100% and 84–100%, respectively.