bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Afforestation effects on soil carbon stocks of low productivity grassland in New Zealand
Authors: Hewitt A. , Forrester G. , Fraser S. , Hedley C. , Lynn I. , Payton I. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSoil carbon stock change between two major land uses in New Zealand was measured by sampling paired plots across the boundaries of low productivity grassland and forest planted pre‐1990. The national soil carbon monitoring system uses low productivity grassland as a benchmark to evaluate soil carbon stock change for other land uses. The goal was to validate earlier estimates of the effect of pre‐1990 afforestation and to reduce their level of uncertainty. We selected a set of sites to represent the national stocks of forests planted pre‐1990. Previous studies derived estimates of the land‐use effect on soil carbon for afforestation ranging from +1.6 to −8.5 t/ha to 30 cm depth. For all estimates, the 95% confidence interval spanned zero. Our study used nine of the previous paired‐plot sites and sampled and analysed 21 new sites. The land‐use effect of change from grassland to forest planted pre‐1990 was estimated at −17.4 t/ha. The 95% confidence interval ranged from −10.1 to −24.6 t/ha and did not include zero change. The result supported the soil carbon monitoring system assumption that forests planted pre‐1990 have significantly lower soil carbon stocks than the low‐productivity‐grassland standard. Evidence of stock change occurred in depth increments to 0.2 m but with no significant change for the 0.2–0.3 m increment. This suggests that the sampling depth of 0.3 m was adequate for the estimation of soil carbon stock change.
Air‐oxidized linalool–a frequent cause of fragrance contact allergy
Authors: Bråred Christensson Johanna , Andersen Klaus E. , Bruze Magnus , Johansen Jeanne D. , Garcia‐Bravo Begoña , Gimenez Arnau Ana , Goh Chee‐Leok , Nixon Rosemary , White Ian R. 
Published: August 2012

Background. Linalool is a common fragrance terpene that, in pure form, is not allergenic or is a very weak allergen. However, linalool autoxidizes on air exposure, and the oxidation products can cause contact allergy. In a Swedish study, oxidized linalool 6.0% in petrolatum (pet.) gave 5% positive patch test reactions in 2500 dermatitis patients.Objectives. To investigate whether oxidized linalool 6%, with a stable concentration of the main haptens, the linalool hydroperoxides (Lin‐OOHs) in pet., could be a useful tool for the detection of contact allergy in an international setting.Methods. Oxidized linalool 6.0% (Lin‐OOHs 1%) pet. was tested in 2900 consecutive dermatitis patients in Denmark, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, and Australia.Results. Overall, 6.9% (range 3–13%) of the patients showed positive patch test reactions to oxidized linalool. Doubtful reactions were found in 9.2% of the patients (range 0–36%). Few irritant reactions were seen.Conclusions. In an international setting, oxidized linalool has been shown to be a common allergen. Oxidized linalool 6.0% (Lin‐OOHs 1%) pet. is a useful, standardized and stable tool for the detection of contact allergy in dermatitis patients. Many patients showing positive patch test reactions to oxidized linalool would not have been informed of their fragrance allergy if this specific test had not been performed.
Development of the Parental Modelling of Eating Behaviours Scale (PARM): links with food intake among children and their mothers
Authors: Palfreyman Zoe , Haycraft Emma , Meyer Caroline 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis study aimed to develop a self‐report questionnaire to explore parental modelling of eating behaviours and then to use the newly developed measure to investigate associations between parental modelling with healthy and unhealthy food intake in both mothers and their children. Mothers (n = 484) with a child aged between 18 months and 8 years completed the Parental Modelling of Eating Behaviours Scale (PARM), a new, self‐report measure of modelling, as well as a food frequency questionnaire. Principal components analysis of the PARM identified 15 items grouped into three subscales: verbal modelling (modelling through verbal communication); unintentional modelling (UM) (children adopting eating behaviours that parents had not actively modelled); and behavioural consequences (children's eating behaviours directly associated with parental modelling). The PARM subscales were found to be differentially related to food intake. Maternally perceived consequences of behavioural modelling were related to increased fruit and vegetable intake in both mothers and children. UM was related to higher levels of savoury snack intake in both mothers and their children. This study has highlighted three distinct aspects of parental modelling of eating behaviours. The findings suggest that mothers may intentionally model healthy food intake while unintentionally acting as role models for their children's less healthy, snack food intake.
Main Factors Affecting the Consumer Acceptance of Argentinean Fermented Sausages
Authors: López Constanza M. , Bru Elena , Vignolo Graciela M. , Fadda Silvina G. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMicrobiological, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of most popular Argentinean fermented sausages were evaluated in order to detect drivers of consumer liking. As a first step, a detailed description of instrumental parameters and consumer liking for fermented sausages was carried out. Furthermore, two multivariate mappings were performed: (1) cluster analysis to identify accepted fermented sausages based on overall acceptance and liking of appearance, aroma, taste and texture and (2) standard discriminant analysis to graphically recognize instrumental parameters that better described acceptance clusters. From these results, three fermented sausages groups with different acceptance patterns were segmented; taste and texture emerged as key sensory parameters and water activity, lightness, total protein, molds and enterococci among the physicochemical and microbiological variables were correlated with consumer liking.Practical ApplicationsGetting insight into the factors involved in the consumer liking is a relevant task for food scientists who want to establish official standards in terms of sensory quality. From the results obtained herein, instrumental parameters linked to consumer acceptance can be proposed as quality criteria. These guidelines could be profited by manufacturers and technologists to improve fermented sausage production.
Detection of Brettanomyces spp. in Red Wines Using Real‐Time PCR
Authors: Tofalo Rosanna , Schirone Maria , Corsetti Aldo , Suzzi Giovanna 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  The question if the “Brett character” is a favorable wine attribute is one of the most controversial issues and it is currently addressed by many researches. Actually, the presence of Brettanomyces/Dekkera in wine during barrel aging is often associated to detrimental organoleptic characteristics depending on the release of volatile phenols (for example, 4‐ethylphenol and 4‐ethylguaiacol); for that reason the possibility to rapidly detect the yeast at the early stage of wine production could allow preventive actions to reduce wine spoilage. In this work, 25 and 5 samples from conventional and organic vineyards, respectively, all suspected to be spoiled by Brettanomyces/Dekkera spp., were analyzed using both culture‐dependent and culture‐independent techniques. In particular, a DNA extraction protocol and a real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to directly detect and quantify B. bruxellensis were optimized. Results showed that B. bruxellensis was present in 22 of 30 samples, ranging from 10 to 104 CFU/mL, lower values being found in organic wines (10 to 102 CFU/mL). Overall, qPCR was proved to be a useful and valuable wine control system, since 12 samples were recorded as positive for yeast presence when analyzed by qPCR and negative in case of plate count analyses.Practical Application:  Brettanomyces cells were detected using a qPCR method, optimized in this study, which allows to obtain results quickly.
The effects of perineural and intrasynovial anaesthesia of the equine foot on subsequent magnetic resonance images
Authors: Black B. , Cribb N. C. , Nykamp S. G. , Thomason J. J. , Trout D. R. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryReasons for performing studyArtefacts caused by regional anaesthesia can influence image interpretation of ultrasonography and nuclear scintigraphy. Perineural and intrasynovial anaesthesia are commonly performed prior to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and the effects on MR images, if any, are unknown.ObjectivesTo determine if perineural and intrasynovial anaesthesia of structures in the equine foot cause iatrogenic changes detectable with MRI.MethodsA baseline MRI examination of both front feet was performed on 15 horses, 2–6 days prior to mepivacaine injection adjacent to the lateral and medial palmar digital nerves, and into the podotrochlear bursa, digital flexor tendon sheath and distal interphalangeal joint of one randomly assigned forelimb. Magnetic resonance imaging was repeated at 24 and 72 h post injection; then qualitative and quantitative assessments of MRI findings were performed.ResultsMagnetic resonance imaging findings associated with the palmar digital nerves, podotrochlear bursa and distal interphalangeal joint at 24 and 72 h after mepivacaine injection did not alter significantly from those at baseline. Compared with baseline, a significant increase in synovial fluid volume of the digital flexor tendon sheath was detected with MRI at 24 and 72 h post injection.ConclusionsPerineural anaesthesia of the palmar digital nerves and intrasynovial anaesthesia of the podotrochlear or distal interphalangeal joint did not interfere with the interpretation of MR images acquired at 24 or 72 h after injection. However, intrasynovial anaesthesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath caused an iatrogenic increase in synovial fluid, detectable on MR images for at least 72 h.Potential relevanceAlthough a definite time frame for resolution of digital flexor tendon sheath distension was not determined, we recommend waiting more than 3 days between intrasynovial anaesthesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath and evaluation with MRI.
Breastfeeding during the first year promotes satiety responsiveness in children aged 18–24 months
Authors: Brown A. , Lee M. 
Published: August 2012

Summary
What is already known about this subject?
Infants who are formula fed have an increased risk of overweight and obesity compared to breastfed infants.
Individuals who are satiety responsive, matching their intake of energy to need, are more likely to be a healthy weight.
Breastfeeding may promote satiety responsiveness as the infant has greater opportunity to regulate their intake of milk in comparison to being fed with a bottle. However little research has been conducted on this relationship.

What this study adds?
Children who were breastfed during the first year show increased satiety responsiveness during the second year compared to those who were formula fed.
At least six weeks of breastfeeding was needed for infants to be more satiety responsive than infants who were formula fed.
The infant – led nature of breastfeeding may enable infants to develop increased satiety responsiveness compared to formula feeding which is open to greater caregiver manipulation.
AimBreastfeeding may reduce childhood risk of overweight. One explanation for this is that the baby‐led nature of breastfeeding promotes appetite regulation as the infant has increased control of the amount consumed. However, the relationship between breastfeeding and later child eating style is largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to examine the association between infant milk feeding and later child appetite responsiveness.MethodsTwo hundred and ninety‐eight mothers reported breastfeeding duration and exclusivity up to 6 months post‐partum when their infant was aged 6–12 months old. In phase 2, mothers completed the satiety responsiveness and food responsiveness scales of the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire and the Child Feeding Questionnaire. Infant's birth and current weight were collected.FindingsInfants who were breastfed for a longer duration were rated as more satiety responsive (P = 0.001), although no difference was seen for feeding method at birth. Compared to infants who were formula fed from birth, at least 6 weeks of breastfeeding was required for increased satiety responsiveness to emerge. This relationship was independent of the current maternal child feeding style. Food responsivity was unrelated to any breastfeeding behaviour.ConclusionsBreastfeeding may promote satiety responsiveness potentially through the baby‐led nature of feeding.
S‐Glutathionylation underscores the modulation of the heteromeric Kir4.1–Kir5.1 channel in oxidative stress
Authors: Jin Xin , Yu Lei , Wu Yang , Zhang Shuang , Shi Zhenda , Chen Xianfeng , Yang Yang , Zhang Xiaoli , Jiang Chun 
Published: August 2012

Key points
K+ channels are the primary regulators of membrane potentials and cellular excitability, dysfunction of which may occur under several pathophysiological conditions affecting cellular function and stress responses, such as oxidative stress known to play an important role in the inflammation state.
In the study, we find evidence for the modulation of a K+ channel by several oxidants. The underlying mechanism for the oxidant‐mediated channel modulation appears to be mediated by S‐glutathionylation, a newly recognized protein modification process.
A cysteine residue in the second transmembrane domain of the channel protein seems to be the target of S‐glutathionylation.
Abstract  The Kir4.1 channel is expressed in the brainstem, retina and kidney where it acts on K+ transportation and pH‐dependent membrane potential regulation. Its heteromerization with Kir5.1 leads to K+ currents with distinct properties such as single‐channel conductance, rectification, pH sensitivity and phosphorylation modulation. Here we show that Kir5.1 also enables S‐glutathionylation to the heteromeric channel. Expressed in HEK cells, an exposure to the oxidant H2O2 or diamide produced concentration‐dependent inhibitions of the whole‐cell Kir4.1–Kir5.1 currents. In inside‐out patches, currents were inhibited strongly by a combination of diamide/GSH or H2O2/GSH but not by either alone. The currents were also suppressed by GSSG and the thiol oxidants pyridine disulfides (PDSs), suggesting S‐glutathionylation. In contrast, none of the exposures had significant effects on the homomeric Kir4.1 channel. Cys158 in the TM2 helix of Kir5.1 was critical for the S‐glutathionylation, which was accessible to intracellular but not extracellular oxidants. Site‐directed mutagenesis of this residue (C158A or C158T) abolished the Kir4.1–Kir5.1 current modulation by oxidants, and eliminated almost completely the biochemical interaction of Kir5.1 with GSH. In tandem Kir4.1–Kir5.1 constructs, the channel with a single Cys158 was inhibited to the same degree as the wild‐type channel, suggesting that one glutathione moiety is sufficient to block the channel. Consistent with the location of Cys158, GSSG inhibited the channel only when the channel was open, indicating that the channel inhibition was state dependent. The finding that the heteromeric Kir4.1–Kir5.1 channel but not the homomeric Kir4.1 is subject to the S‐glutathionylation thus suggests a novel Kir4.1–Kir5.1 channel modulation mechanism that is likely to occur in oxidative stress.
Determination of the beam quality index of high‐energy photon beams under nonstandard reference conditions
Authors: Palmans Hugo 
Published: August 2012

Purpose:At some modern radiotherapy machines it is not possible to achieve reference conditions for the measurement of beam quality indices used in dosimetry codes of practice, such as IAEA TRS‐398 and AAPM TG‐51. This work aims at providing self‐consistent and simpler expressions and more accurate fits for a limited range of beams of interest than have been proposed previously for deriving these beam quality indices from measurements.Methods:The starting point is a formula proposed by Sauer [Med. Phys.36, 4168–4172 (2009)] for deriving the beam quality index used in IAEA TRS‐398, TPR20,10, from a measurement of the tissue phantom ratio at depths of 20 cm and 10 cm in water for an s × s cm2 (equivalent) square field, TPR20,10(s). First, a self‐consistent version of this formula is established followed by a simpler version by making a linear approximation. A similar approach is proposed to derive the beam quality index used in AAPM TG‐51, %dd(10)X, from a measurement of PDD10(s), the percentage depth dose at 10 cm for a square field with size s. All models were fitted to subsets of relevant data from BJR supplement 25.Results:The linear models forTPR20,10(s) and exponential models for PDD10(s) as a function of the (equivalent) square field size can reproduce the beam quality within 0.3% and beam quality correction factors within 0.05% for square field sizes ranging from 4 cm to 12 cm and nominal photon energies from 4 MV to 12 MV. For higher energy beams the errors are only slightly worse but for %dd(10)X, an additional uncertainty component has to be considered for the electron contamination correction.Conclusions:The models proposed here can be used in practical recommendations for the dosimetry of small and nonstandard fields.
Toxicity Mechanisms of Amphotericin B and Its Neutralization by Conjugation with Arabinogalactan
Authors: Kagan Sarah , Ickowicz Diana , Shmuel Miriam , Altschuler Yoram , Sionov Edward , Pitusi Miriam , Weiss Aryeh , Farber Shimon , Domb Abraham J. , Polacheck Itzhack 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTAmphotericin B (AMB) is an effective antifungal agent. However, its therapeutic use is hampered by its toxicity, mainly due to channel formation across kidney cell membranes and the disruption of postendocytic trafficking. We previously described a safe injectable AMB-arabinogalactan (AG) conjugate with neutralized toxicity. Here we studied the mechanism of the toxicity of free AMB and its neutralization by conjugation with AG. AMB treatment of a kidney cell line modulated the trafficking of three receptors (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 [CXCR4], M1 receptor, and human transferrin receptor [hTfnR]) due to an increase in endosomal pH. Similar data were also obtained in yeast but with an increase in vacuolar pH and the perturbation of Hxt2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) trafficking. The conjugation of AMB with AG neutralized all elements of the toxic activity of AMB in mammalian but not in fungal cells. Based on these results, we provide an explanation of how the conjugation of AMB with AG neutralizes its toxicity in mammalian cells and add to the knowledge of the mechanism of action of free AMB in both fungal and mammalian cells.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Piperacillin at Two Dose Levels: Influence of Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics on the Pharmacodynamic Profile
Authors: Landersdorfer Cornelia B. , Bulitta Jurgen B. , Kirkpatrick Carl M. J. , Kinzig Martina , Holzgrabe Ulrike , Drusano George L. , Stephan Ulrich , Sörgel Fritz 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Piperacillin in combination with tazobactam is one of the most commonly used intravenous antibiotics. There is evidence for a possible saturable elimination of piperacillin. Therefore, the saturable elimination and its impact on the choice of optimal dosage regimens were quantified. In a randomized crossover study, 10 healthy volunteers received 1,500 mg and 3,000 mg of piperacillin as 5-min intravenous infusion. Population pharmacokinetics based on plasma and urine data were determined utilizing NONMEM and S-ADAPT. Probabilities of target attainment (PTAs) were compared for different models and dosage regimens, based on the target time of the non-protein-bound concentration above the MIC of at least 50% of the dosing interval. Total clearance of piperacillin was 18% (geometric mean ratio, 90% confidence interval, 11 to 24%) lower (
P
< 0.01), and renal clearance was 24% (9 to 37%) lower (
P
= 0.02) at the high compared to the low dose. The final model included first-order nonrenal elimination and parallel first-order and mixed-order renal elimination. Nonrenal clearance was 5.44 liter/h (coefficient of variation, 18%), first-order renal clearance was 4.42 liter/h (47%), and the maximum elimination rate of mixed-order renal elimination was 219 mg/h (84%), with a Michaelis-Menten constant of 36.1 mg/liter (112%). Compared to models with saturable elimination, a linear model predicted up to 10% lower population PTAs for high-dose short-term infusions (6 g every 8 h) and up to 4% higher population PTAs for low-dose continuous infusions (6 g/day). While renal elimination of piperacillin was saturable at therapeutic concentrations, the extent of saturation of nonrenal clearance was small. The influence of saturable elimination on PTAs for clinically relevant dosage regimens was relatively small.
Antibiotic Resistance and Substrate Profiles of the Class A Carbapenemase KPC-6
Authors: Lamoureaux Toni L. , Frase Hilary , Antunes Nuno T. , Vakulenko Sergei B. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

The class A carbapenemase KPC-6 produces resistance to a broad range of β-lactam antibiotics. This enzyme hydrolyzes penicillins, the monobactam aztreonam, and carbapenems with similar catalytic efficiencies, ranging from 10
5
to 10
6
M
−1
s
−1
. The catalytic efficiencies of KPC-6 against cephems vary to a greater extent, ranging from 10
3
M
−1
s
−1
for the cephamycin cefoxitin and the extended-spectrum cephalosporin ceftazidime to 10
5
to 10
6
M
−1
s
−1
for the narrow-spectrum and some of the extended-spectrum cephalosporins.
Determinants of Intrinsic Aminoglycoside Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Krahn Thomas , Gilmour Christie , Tilak Justin , Fraud Sebastien , Kerr Nicholas , Lau Calvin Ho-Fung , Poole Keith 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Screening of a transposon insertion mutant library of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
for increased susceptibility to paromomycin identified a number of genes whose disruption enhanced susceptibility of this organism to multiple aminoglycosides, including tobramycin, amikacin, and gentamicin. These included genes associated with lipid biosynthesis or metabolism (
lptA
,
faoA
), phosphate uptake (
pstB
), and two-component regulators (
amgRS
, PA2797-PA2798) and a gene of unknown function (PA0392). Deletion mutants lacking these showed enhanced panaminoglycoside susceptibility that was reversed by the cloned genes, confirming their contribution to intrinsic panaminoglycoside resistance. None of these mutants showed increased aminoglycoside permeation of the cell envelope, indicating that increased susceptibility was not related to enhanced aminoglycoside uptake owing to a reduced envelope barrier function. Several mutants (
pstB
,
faoA
, PA0392,
amgR
) did, however, show increased cytoplasmic membrane depolarization relative to wild type following gentamicin exposure, consistent with the membranes of these mutants being more prone to perturbation, likely by gentamicin-generated mistranslated polypeptides. Mutants lacking any two of these resistance genes in various combinations invariably showed increased aminoglycoside susceptibility relative to single-deletion mutants, confirming their independent contribution to resistance and highlighting the complexity of the intrinsic aminoglycoside resistome in
P. aeruginosa
. Deletion of these genes also compromised the high-level panaminoglycoside resistance of clinical isolates, emphasizing their important contribution to acquired resistance.