bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IgA Enhances NETosis and Release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps by Polymorphonuclear Cells via Fcα Receptor I
Authors: Aleyd Esil , van Hout Miel W. M. , Ganzevles Sonja H. , Hoeben Kees A. , Everts Vincent , Bakema Jantine E. , van Egmond Marjolein 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils) are the first cells that arrive at sites of infections. According to the current dogma, they are involved in eliminating bacteria, after which they die through apoptosis. We now demonstrate that enhanced IgA-induced phagocytosis of bacteria or beads by neutrophils led to increased cell death. Nuclear changes and positivity for the general cell death marker 7-aminoactinomycin D were observed, but the absence of annexin V membrane staining supported that neutrophils did not die via apoptosis, in contrast to neutrophils that had not phagocytosed bacteria. Moreover, increased release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was observed, which was most likely due to augmented production of reactive oxygen species after uptake of IgA-opsonized particles. Blocking the IgA Fc receptor FcαRI abrogated phagocytosis and NET formation. Thus, FcαRI triggering on neutrophils resulted in a rapid form of cell death that is referred to as NETosis, as it is accompanied by the release of NETs. As such, IgA may play a prominent role in mucosal inflammatory responses, where it is the most prominent Ab, because it enhanced both phagocytosis of bacteria and formation of NETs, which are effective mechanisms that neutrophils employ to eliminate pathogens.
Coexpression of TLR2 or TLR4 with HLA-DR Potentiates the Superantigenic Activities ofMycoplasma arthritidis–Derived Mitogen
Authors: Shio Marina T. , Hassan Ghada S. , Shah Waris A. , Nadiri Amal , El Fakhry Youssef , Li Hogmin , Mourad Walid 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMycoplasma arthritidis–derived mitogen (MAM) is a member of the superantigen family that structurally differs from other members while still capable of initiating cognate APC/T cell interaction. In addition to the critical role of MHC class II molecules, it has been suggested that TLR2 and TLR4 may cooperate with MHC class II during MAM-induced responses. In this study, we investigated the direct involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 in MAM binding and presentation to T cells. Our results showed that MAM fails to bind to TLR2- and TLR4-transfected cells. However, coexpression of TLR2 or TLR4 with HLA-DR significantly increases MAM binding and the subsequent T cell activation compared with cells expressing HLA-DR alone. The upregulated MAM binding and activity in HLA-DR/TLR–transfected cells is abrogated by an anti–HLA-DR Ab. Interestingly, we also found that MAM complexed with soluble HLA-DR is capable of binding to both TLR2 and TLR4. The enhancing effect of TLR2 or TLR4 on MAM-induced T cell proliferation was not due to TLR ligand contamination in the MAM preparation. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that binding of MAM to HLA-DR leads to a conformational change in MAM structure allowing its interaction with TLR2 and TLR4 and a better recognition by T cells.
Lymphatic Specific Disruption in the Fine Structure of Heparan Sulfate Inhibits Dendritic Cell Traffic and Functional T Cell Responses in the Lymph Node
Authors: Yin Xin , Johns Scott C. , Kim Daniel , Mikulski Zbigniew , Salanga Catherina L. , Handel Tracy M. , Macal Mónica , Zúñiga Elina I. , Fuster Mark M. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent APCs essential for initiating adaptive immunity. Following pathogen exposure, trafficking of DCs to lymph nodes (LNs) through afferent lymphatic vessels constitutes a crucial step in the execution of their functions. The mechanisms regulating this process are poorly understood, although the involvement of certain chemokines in this process has recently been reported. In this study, we demonstrate that genetically altering the fine structure (N-sulfation) of heparan sulfate (HS) specifically in mouse lymphatic endothelium significantly reduces DC trafficking to regional LNs in vivo. Moreover, this alteration had the unique functional consequence of reducing CD8+ T cell proliferative responses in draining LNs in an ovalbumin immunization model. Mechanistic studies suggested that lymphatic endothelial HS regulates multiple steps during DC trafficking, including optimal presentation of chemokines on the surface of DCs, thus acting as a co-receptor that may function “in trans” to mediate chemokine receptor binding. This study not only identifies novel glycan-mediated mechanisms that regulate lymphatic DC trafficking, but it also validates the fine structure of lymphatic vascular-specific HS as a novel molecular target for strategies aiming to modulate DC behavior and/or alter pathologic T cell responses in lymph nodes.
Candida-Elicited Murine Th17 Cells Express High CTLA-4 Compared with Th1 Cells and Are Resistant to Costimulation Blockade
Authors: Krummey Scott M. , Floyd Tamara L. , Liu Danya , Wagener Maylene E. , Song Mingqing , Ford Mandy L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Effector and memory T cells may cross-react with allogeneic Ags to mediate graft rejection. Whereas the costimulation properties of Th1 cells are well studied, relatively little is known about the costimulation requirements of microbe-elicited Th17 cells. The costimulation blocker CTLA-4 Ig has been ineffective in the treatment of several Th17-driven autoimmune diseases and is associated with severe acute rejection following renal transplantation, leading us to investigate whether Th17 cells play a role in CD28/CTLA-4 blockade-resistant alloreactivity. We established an Ag-specific model in which Th1 and Th17 cells were elicited via Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans immunization, respectively. C. albicans immunization elicited a higher frequency of Th17 cells and conferred resistance to costimulation blockade following transplantation. Compared with the M. tuberculosis group, C. albicans–elicited Th17 cells contained a higher frequency of IL-17+IFN-γ+ producers and a lower frequency of IL-10+ and IL-10+IL-17+ cells. Importantly, Th17 cells differentially regulated the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway, expressing similarly high CD28 but significantly greater amounts of CTLA-4 compared with Th1 cells. Ex vivo blockade experiments demonstrated that Th17 cells are more sensitive to CTLA-4 coinhibition and therefore less susceptible to CTLA-4 Ig. These novel insights into the differential regulation of CTLA-4 coinhibition on CD4+ T cells have implications for the immunomodulation of pathologic T cell responses during transplantation and autoimmunity.
Multiparametric Bioinformatics Distinguish the CD4/CD8 Ratio as a Suitable Laboratory Predictor of Combined T Cell Pathogenesis in HIV Infection
Authors: Buggert Marcus , Frederiksen Juliet , Noyan Kajsa , Svärd Jenny , Barqasho Babilonia , Sönnerborg Anders , Lund Ole , Nowak Piotr , Karlsson Annika C. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
HIV disease progression is characterized by numerous pathological changes of the cellular immune system. Still, the CD4 cell count and viral load represent the laboratory parameters that are most commonly used in the clinic to determine the disease progression. In this study, we conducted an interdisciplinary investigation to determine which laboratory parameters (viral load, CD4 count, CD8 count, CD4 %, CD8 %, CD4/CD8) are most strongly associated with pathological changes of the immune system. Multiparametric flow cytometry was used to assess markers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation (CD38, HLA-DR), exhaustion (PD-1, Tim-3), senescence (CD28, CD57), and memory differentiation (CD45RO, CD27) in a cohort of 47 untreated HIV-infected individuals. Using bioinformatical methods, we identified 139 unique populations, representing the “combined T cell pathogenesis,” which significantly differed between the HIV-infected individuals and healthy control subjects. CD38, HLA-DR, and PD-1 were particularly expressed within these unique T cell populations. The CD4/CD8 ratio was correlated with more pathological T cell populations (n = 10) and had a significantly higher average correlation coefficient than any other laboratory parameters. We also reduced the dimensionalities of the 139-unique populations by Z-transformations and principal component analysis, which still identified the CD4/CD8 ratio as the preeminent surrogate of combined T cell pathogenesis. Importantly, the CD4/CD8 ratio at baseline was shown to be significantly associated with CD4 recovery 2 y after therapy initiation. These results indicate that the CD4/CD8 ratio would be a suitable laboratory predictor in future clinical and therapeutic settings to monitor pathological T cell events in HIV infection.
Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency Ultrasonography Program Curriculum
Authors: Mendez Melissa , Cardwell Michael S 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Ultrasound skills—technical and interpretive—are essential to the practice of obstetrics and gynecology. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education provides guidance, though limited, on what an obstetrics and gynecology residency ultrasonography program curriculum should include. A review of several educational institutions’ approaches to the ultrasonography curriculum is presented. A detailed discussion of the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, obstetrics and gynecology residency ultrasonography program curriculum is provided for additional consideration.

How to cite this article
Cardwell MS, Mendez M. Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency Ultrasonography Program Curriculum. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(1):16-21.
Pelvic Ultrasound Simulation Training Models and Case Scenarios
Authors: Plavsic Sanja Kupesic , Sarmiento Jorge , Stewart Kevan , Aguila Jorge , Bagherpour Arya 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT
Pelvic ultrasound simulation training using high-fidelity mannequins can provide a safe and controlled learning environment to foster the ultrasound education of medical students, residents and faculty. The instruction can be tailored to the specific needs of the learners. Topics for instruction range from teaching basic anatomy and ultrasound scanning techniques to common and advanced obstetrics and gynecology disease presentations and pathological processes. Simulation can closely approximate patient encounters using case based scenarios which will aid in developing knowledge and skills that can be transferred to the clinical environment. The goal of simulation is to help the learners to become more confident and competent to care for their patients.

How to cite this article
Sarmiento J, Stewart K, Aguila J, Bagherpour A, Kupesic Plavsic S. Pelvic Ultrasound Simulation Training Models and Case Scenarios. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(1):22-30.
Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)‐Induced Colitis in Mice
Authors: Chassaing Benoit , Aitken Jesse D. , Malleshappa Madhu , Vijay‐Kumar Matam 
Published: February 2014

AbstractInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), mainly comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn's Disease, are complex and multifactorial diseases with unknown etiology. For the past 20 years, to study human IBD mechanistically, a number of murine models of colitis have been developed. These models are indispensable tools to decipher underlying mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis as well as to evaluate a number of potential therapeutics. Among various chemically induced colitis models, the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis model is widely used because of its simplicity and many similarities with human ulcerative colitis. This model has both advantages and disadvantages that must be considered when employed. This protocol describes the DSS‐induced colitis model, focusing on details and factors that could affect DSS‐induced pathology. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 104:15.25.1‐15.25.14. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Distinguishing high surf from volcanic long‐period earthquakes
Authors: Lyons John J. , Haney Matthew M. , Fee David , Paskievitch John F. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractRepeating long‐period (LP) earthquakes are observed at active volcanoes worldwide and are typically attributed to unsteady pressure fluctuations associated with fluid migration through the volcanic plumbing system. Nonvolcanic sources of LP signals include ice movement and glacial outburst floods, and the waveform characteristics and frequency content of these events often make them difficult to distinguish from volcanic LP events. We analyze seismic and infrasound data from an LP swarm recorded at Pagan volcano on 12–14 October 2013 and compare the results to ocean wave data from a nearby buoy. We demonstrate that although the events show strong similarity to volcanic LP signals, the events are not volcanic but due to intense surf generated by a passing typhoon. Seismo‐acoustic methods allow for rapid distinction of volcanic LP signals from those generated by large surf and other sources, a critical task for volcano monitoring.
Photoelectron‐mediated spacecraft potential fluctuations
Authors: Wang X. , Malaspina D. M. , Ergun R. E. , Horányi M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractElectric field fluctuations such as those due to plasma waves in Earth's magnetosphere may modulate photoelectrons emitted from spacecraft surface, causing fluctuations in spacecraft potential. We experimentally investigate such photoelectron‐mediated spacecraft potential fluctuations. The photoelectric charge of a spacecraft model is found to increase with increasing applied electric field as more photoelectrons escape the spacecraft model surface and dissipates with a decrease in the electric field through collection of ambient plasma electrons. When the applied electric field is driven to oscillate at a frequency lower than the response frequency of the spacecraft model, the surface potential follows the electric field oscillations. The spacecraft model maintains an approximately constant potential if the electric field oscillations are driven at a much higher frequency. When a high‐frequency electric field modulated by a low‐frequency envelope is applied, rectified oscillations in the potential of the spacecraft model are observed. Our experimental results indicate that photoelectron‐mediated wave rectifications must be taken into account when spacecraft potential fluctuations are used to infer plasma density structures.
Large‐scale impact of Saharan dust on the North Atlantic Ocean circulation
Authors: Serra N. , Martínez Avellaneda N. , Stammer D. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe potential for a dynamical impact of Saharan mineral dust on the North Atlantic Ocean large‐scale circulation is investigated. To this end, an ocean general circulation model forced by atmospheric fluxes is perturbed by an idealized, seasonally varying, net shortwave flux anomaly, as it results from remote sensing observations of aerosol optical thickness representing Saharan dust load in the atmosphere. The dust dynamical impact on the circulation is assessed through a comparison between perturbed and an unperturbed run. Results suggest that, following the dust‐induced shortwave irradiance anomaly, a buoyancy anomaly is created in the Atlantic offshore the African coast, which over the course of the time propagates westward into the interior Atlantic while progressively subducting. Changes in the large‐scale barotropic and overturning circulations are significant after 3 years, which coincides with the elapsed time required by the bulk of the buoyancy perturbation to reach the western boundary of the North Atlantic. Although small in amplitude, the changes in the meridional overturning are of the same order as interannual‐to‐decadal variability. Variations in the amplitude of the forcing lead to changes in the amplitude of the response, which is almost linear during the first 3 years. In addition, a fast, but dynamically insignificant, response can be observed to propagate poleward along the eastern boundary of the North Atlantic, which contributes to a nonlinear response in the subpolar region north of 40°N.
Solar control of sodium escape from Io
Authors: Grava Cesare , Schneider Nicholas M. , Leblanc François , Morgenthaler Jeffrey P. , Mangano Valeria , Barbieri Cesare 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe report ground‐based spectroscopic observations of the Io sodium cloud before and after eclipse by Jupiter, in a search for possible effects of sunlight on the total atomic sodium content in Io's exosphere. These observations test the importance of the Sun in maintaining the supply of atoms from the thicker atmosphere, which lies close to the surface, to the thinner, more extended, sodium cloud. We performed ground‐based spectroscopy of the sodium doublet at 589 nm with a high‐resolution échelle spectrograph on the Italian National Telescope Galileo on La Palma Island. We find that the total atomic sodium content immediately after eclipse falls by a factor of ~4 during eclipse and recovers to preeclipse values on a timescale of ~5 h. We evaluate potential causes of the precipitous drop including condensation of the atmosphere, collapse of the ionosphere, and changes in atmospheric chemistry. We conclude that most plausible cause of the drop in atomic sodium production is the interruption of photodissociation of sodium‐bearing molecules during eclipse. We discuss further implications of this change in atmospheric chemistry.
Mortality Trends in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Over 20 Years: Results From the Norfolk Arthritis Register
Authors: Humphreys J. H. , Warner A. , Chipping J. , Marshall T. , Lunt M. , Symmons D. P. M. , Verstappen S. M. M. 
Published: February 2014

ObjectiveTo examine mortality rates in UK patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from 1990–2011 and compare with population trends.MethodsThe Norfolk Arthritis Register (NOAR) recruited adults with ≥2 swollen joints for ≥4 weeks: cohort 1 (1990–1994), cohort 2 (1995–1999), and cohort 3 (2000–2004). At baseline, serum rheumatoid factor and anti–citrullinated protein antibody were measured and the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism RA classification criteria were applied. Patients were followed for 7 years, until emigration or death. The UK Office for National Statistics notified the NOAR of the date and cause of deaths, and provided mortality rates for the Norfolk population. All‐cause and cardiovascular‐specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated. Poisson regression was used to compare mortality rate ratios (MRRs) between cohorts and then, with cubic splines, to model rates by calendar year. Analyses were performed in patients 1) with early inflammatory arthritis, 2) classified as having RA, and 3) autoantibody positive.ResultsA total of 2,517 patients were included, with 1,639 women (65%) and median age 55 years, and 1,419 (56%) fulfilled the 2010 RA criteria. All‐cause and cardiovascular‐specific SMRs were significantly elevated in the antibody‐positive groups. There was no change in mortality rates over time after accounting for changes in the population rates. In RA patients, all‐cause MRRs, compared to cohort 1, were 1.13 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.84–1.52) and 1.00 (95% CI 0.70–1.43) in cohorts 2 and 3, respectively.ConclusionMortality rates were increased in patients with RA and SMRs were particularly elevated in those who were autoantibody positive. Compared to the general population, mortality rates have not improved over the past 20 years.
Survival of U.S. Sugar Beet Plants from 1897 to 2011
Authors: Risch Corey C. , Boland Michael A. , Crespi John M. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe objective of this research is to identify determinants that influence sugar beet plant survival. Important determinants identified from the literature are hypothesized to include capacity, market concentration, ownership, government policies, and historical industry events unique to this industry. As suggested by industrial organization theory, plants with greater capacity and multi‐plant firms have lower rates of closure. Likewise, the use of a high tariff on imports of refined sugar, the use of quotas on imports of sugar from various countries, and a price support program that encouraged plants to become more cost efficient have lessened the rates of closure.
Chiral 1,1′‐Binaphthyl‐2,2′‐Disulfonic Acid (BINSA) and Its Derivatives for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Hatano Manabu , Ishihara Kazuaki 
Published: February 2014

AbstractChiral Brønsted acid catalysts, which are derived from commercially available (R)‐ or (S)‐ 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL), have found widespread application as chiral organocatalysts and chiral ligands for metal species. The Brønsted acidity of these catalysts is considered to be associated with their catalytic activity. Therefore, due to the rapid development of asymmetric organocatalysis, chiral 1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid (BINSA) and the corresponding chiral binaphthyl disulfonimides are highly attractive as stronger chiral Brønsted acid catalysts than carboxylic acids, phosphoric acids, and phosphoramides. This Focus Review summarizes the latest achievements in chiral BINSA chemistry, particularly in the field of asymmetric organocatalysis.
Tuning Ground States of Bis(triarylamine) Dications: From a Closed‐Shell Singlet to a Diradicaloid with an Excited Triplet State
Authors: Su Yuanting , Wang Xingyong , Zheng Xin , Zhang Zaichao , Song You , Sui Yunxia , Li Yizhi , Wang Xinping 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThree bis(triarylamine) dications were isolated by using weakly coordinating anions. Their electronic structures in the ground state were investigated by various experiments in conjunction with theoretical calculations. The ground‐state electronic structures of these species were tunable by substituent effects, with two of them as closed‐shell singlets and one of them as an open‐shell singlet in the solid state. The excited state of the latter is thermally accessible, indicated by EPR and SQUID measurements. The work provides a new and stable diradicaloid structure motif with an excited triplet sate.
Synthesis of polypropylene‐grafted graphene and its compatibilization effect on polypropylene/polystyrene blends
Authors: You Feng , Wang Dongrui , Li Xinxin , Liu Meijing , Dang Zhi‐Min , Hu Guo‐Hua 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTPolypropylene‐graft‐reduced graphene oxide (PP‐g‐rGO) was synthesized and used as a novel compatibilizer for PP/polystyrene (PP/PS) immiscible polymer blends. SEM observation revealed an obvious reduction of the average diameter for the dispersed PS phase with the addition of PP‐g‐rGO into a PP/PS (70/30, w/w) blend. The compatibilization effect of PP‐g‐rGO will subsequently lead to the enhancement of the tensile strength and elongation at break of the PP/PS blends. The compatibilizing mechanism should be ascribed to the fact that PP‐g‐rGO can not only adsorb PS chains on their basal planes through π‐π stacking but also exhibit intermolecular interactions with PP through the grafted PP chains. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40455.