bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of boundary condition approximation on convergence and accuracy of a finite volume discretization of the transient heat conduction equation
Authors: Guillot Martin Joseph , McCool Steve C 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of numerical boundary condition implementation on local error and convergence in L2-norm of a finite volume discretization of the transient heat conduction equation subject to several boundary conditions, and for cases with volumetric heat generation, using both fully implicit and Crank-Nicolson time discretizations. The goal is to determine which combination of numerical boundary condition implementation and time discretization produces the most accurate solutions with the least computational effort.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper studies several benchmark cases including constant temperature, convective heating, constant heat flux, time-varying heat flux, and volumetric heating, and compares the convergence rates and local to analytical or semi-analytical solutions.

Findings
– The Crank-Nicolson method coupled with second-order expression for the boundary derivatives produces the most accurate solutions on the coarsest meshes with the least computation times. The Crank-Nicolson method allows up to 16X larger time step for similar accuracy, with nearly negligible additional computational effort compared with the implicit method.

Practical implications
– The findings can be used by researchers writing similar codes for quantitative guidance concerning the effect of various numerical boundary condition approximations for a large class of boundary condition types for two common time discretization methods.

Originality/value
– The paper provides a comprehensive study of accuracy and convergence of the finite volume discretization for a wide range of benchmark cases and common time discretization methods.
Numerical simulation of cavitation shedding flow around a hydrofoil using Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes model
Authors: Zhang Desheng , Shi Weidong , Pan Dazhi , Zhang Guangjian 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to predict the unstable cavitation shedding flow around a 2D Clark-y hydrofoil.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper studies Partially Averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) model which was employed in the two-phase flow with a homogeneous cavitation model.

Findings
– Maximum density ratio affects the mass transfer rate between the liquid and the vapor significantly. The cavitating flow predicted by PANS model can resolve more turbulent scales by decreasing the parameter fk.

Originality/value
– The accuracy of numerical prediction is improved by increasing the maximum density ratio and decreasing fk.
Oxidation of olive oil fortified with quercetin, caffeic acid, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol
Authors: Etherton Anne Kristine , Omaye Stanley T. 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to evaluate effects of the fortification of polyphenolic compound mixtures of quercetin, caffeic acid, tryrosol and hydroxytyrosol in olive oil oxidation.Design/methodology/approach– The authors measured olive oxidation initiated by copper using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, as an indicator of lipid peroxidation.Findings– Overall, most mixture combinations exhibited oxidation similar to olive oil alone. Some mixture combinations of polyphenolic compounds acted as antioxidants; however, as the concentrations were changed, they became prooxidant in nature.Research limitations/implications–In vitrostudies have limitations for extrapolation toin vivoand clinical studies.Practical implications– Such information will be useful in determining optimal concentrations and combinations of antioxidants for reducing rancidity and perhaps as models that could be used to modulate various chronic diseases that are associated with oxidative stress.Originality/value– Olive oil, along with fruits, vegetables and fish, are important constituents of health promoting diets, such as the Mediterranean diet. Active ingredients include monounsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid and a variety of antioxidants including various polyphenolic compounds.
Qihoo 360: building a “free” business model
Authors: Li Sun Sunny , Zhang Yanli 
Published: May 2015

Synopsis
This case discusses Qihoo 360's free business model, how it used this free model to overpower competitors, and how the model evolved over time. Qihoo 360 is a company that took just six years to become a company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (with a market value of over US$ 2 billion). At Qihoo 360's Initial Public Offering (IPO) at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Qihoo's founder Zhou Hongyi reflected on how Qihoo's free business model had brought its current success and speculates on its future challenges.

Research methodology
The authors used both secondary data and field interviews when preparing this case. After reading through various company reports, competitor information, and financial filings, the authors interviewed five top manager team (TMT) members of Qihoo 360, three TMT members of its competitors, and two partners of venture capital investors who have invested in these companies in Beijing or Shenzhen during the last three years. The authors collected 347 media reports related to these companies in Chinese covering seven years of history. This long span of data collection improves the interpretation of the company and helps construct the storyline of the case.

Relevant courses and levels
This case is suitable for an MBA course or an advanced undergraduate course in strategic management or a technology-oriented entrepreneurship course, focussing on the topic of the free business model, business model innovation, disruptive innovation, and evolution of the business model during the entrepreneurial process.
Financing company growth at MRV Engenharia e Participacoes SA
Authors: Shahriar Khaksari , Stefan Platikanov 
Published: May 2015

Case description
The case presents a financing dilemma at a fast growing, Brazilian construction company. The growing demand for residential and commercial real estate in Brazil, coupled with the capital intensive nature of the industry generates the need for a considerable external financing. The students are invited to take the perspective of the financial manager and evaluate three financing alternatives – an issue of debentures, a seasoned equity offering, and a capital-raising ADR offering. In their evaluation and final recommendation students need to consider the implications of each of the financing alternatives on firm value, equity risk, cost of capital, financial leverage, issuance costs, and ownership structure. The case also presents a valuable opportunity to discuss the interdependence between the institutional development of an economy and the development of its capital markets.
Prevalence of celiac disease in Indian patients with irritable bowel syndrome and uninvestigated dyspepsia
Authors: Sharma Hanish , Verma Anil K , Das Prasenjit , Dattagupta Siddhartha , Ahuja Vineet , Makharia Govind K 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveThe clinical spectrum of celiac disease (CeD) is wide and its symptoms overlap with those of functional bowel diseases. This study aimed to investigate the relationship among gluten‐related disorders, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and uninvestigated dyspepsia in Indian patients.MethodsPatients with IBS and uninvestigated dyspepsia (using Rome III criteria) were tested for immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti‐tissue transglutaminase (anti‐tTG) antibody and anti‐gliadin antibody (AGA). Those with positive anti‐tTG antibody were evaluated for the presence of villous abnormalities. Patients who were only IgA AGA‐positive were considered to have gluten sensitivity and those with positive anti‐tTG antibody and villous atrophy were considered to have CeD.ResultsOf 362 patients with IBS, 22 (6.1%) had positive anti‐tTG antibody, among whom 3 (0.8%) had CeD and 19 had potential CeD. Of 358 patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia, 18 (5.0%) were anti‐tTG antibody‐positive and among them 4 (1.1%) had CeD and 14 had potential CeD. AGA was positive in 104 (28.7%) patients with IBS and 68 (19.0%) with uninvestigated dyspepsia, suggesting the presence of gluten sensitivity.ConclusionThis study highlights the relationship between IBS or dyspepsia and CeD or gluten sensitivity.
Joint associations of insomnia and sleep duration with prevalent diabetes: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
Authors: Cespedes Elizabeth M. , Dudley Katherine A. , Sotres‐Alvarez Daniela , Zee Phyllis C. , Daviglus Martha L. , Shah Neomi A. , Talavera Gregory A. , Gallo Linda C. , Mattei Josiemer , Qi Qibin , Ramos Alberto R. , Schneiderman Neil , Espinoza‐Giacinto Rebeca A. , Patel Sanjay R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundInadequate sleep quantity and quality are associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. This relationship is not well‐examined in US Hispanics/Latinos, and prior analyses may be confounded by sleep apnea. This cross‐sectional study examined joint associations of sleep duration and insomnia with diabetes among diverse US Hispanic/Latinos.MethodsBaseline data on sleep quantity and quality were obtained from 15227 participants (mean age 41; range 18–74 years) from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Complex survey multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between prevalent diabetes and six phenotypes defined by cross‐classifying sleep duration (short ≤6 h, average >6–9 h, long >9 h) and insomnia, adjusting for sex, age, site and Hispanic/Latino background interaction, education, physical activity, diet quality, and sleep apnea.ResultsIn the weighted population, 14% had diabetes, 28% had insomnia, 9% were short sleepers, and 19% were long sleepers. Compared with those with average sleep and no insomnia, those with short sleep and insomnia were more likely to have diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02, 2.11). Average sleepers with insomnia (1.28; 95% CI 1.02, 1.61) and long sleepers without insomnia (1.33; 95% CI 1.07, 1.65) also had elevated odds of diabetes. Further adjustment for body mass index attenuated associations, except with long sleep without insomnia.ConclusionsBoth decreased quantity and quality of sleep are associated with diabetes in Hispanic/Latinos, with the greatest odds among those with short sleep duration and insomnia. The association is largely explained by obesity.
Sequence types of Staphylococcus epidermidis associated with prosthetic joint infections are not present in the laminar airflow during prosthetic joint surgery
Authors: Månsson Emeli , Hellmark Bengt , Sundqvist Martin , Söderquist Bo 
Published: May 2015

Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) has demonstrated a predominance of healthcare‐associated multi‐drug resistant sequence types (ST2 and ST215). How, and when, patients acquire these nosocomial STs is not known. The aim was to investigate if sequence types of S. epidermidis associated with PJIs are found in the air during prosthetic joint surgery. Air sampling was undertaken during 17 hip/knee arthroplasties performed in operating theaters equipped with mobile laminar airflow units in a 500‐bed hospital in central Sweden. Species identification was performed using MALDI‐TOF MS and 16S rRNA gene analysis. Isolates identified as S. epidermidis were further characterized by MLST and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Seven hundred and thirty‐five isolates were available for species identification. Micrococcus spp. (n = 303) and coagulase‐negative staphylococci (n = 217) constituted the majority of the isolates. Thirty‐two isolates of S. epidermidis were found. S. epidermidis isolates demonstrated a high level of allelic diversity with 18 different sequence types, but neither ST2 nor ST215 was found. Commensals with low pathogenic potential dominated among the airborne microorganisms in the operating field during prosthetic joint surgery. Nosocomial sequence types of S. epidermidis associated with PJIs were not found, and other routes of inoculation are therefore of interest in future studies.
Prognostic model for mantle cell lymphoma in the rituximab era: a nationwide study in Japan
Authors: Chihara Dai , Asano Naoko , Ohmachi Ken , Kinoshita Tomohiro , Okamoto Masataka , Maeda Yoshinobu , Mizuno Ishikazu , Matsue Kosei , Uchida Toshiki , Nagai Hirokazu , Nishikori Momoko , Nakamura Shigeo , Ogura Michinori , Suzuki Ritsuro 
Published: May 2015

SummaryMantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is essentially incurable with conventional chemotherapy. The MCL International Prognostic Index (MIPI) is a validated specific prognostic index, but was derived from patients with advanced‐stage disease primarily in the pre‐rituximab era. We analysed 501 MCL patients (median age, 67 years; range 22–90) treated with rituximab‐containing chemotherapy, and evaluated the prognostic factors adjusted by the treatment. Five‐year overall survival (OS) in the low, intermediate and high MIPI groups was 74%, 70% and 35%, respectively. Additional to MIPI risk factors, multivariate analysis revealed that low serum albumin and bone‐marrow involvement were also significantly associated with a poor outcome. The revised‐MIPI (R‐MIPI) was constructed using six factors, namely age, performance status, white blood cell count, serum lactate dehydrogenase, bone‐marrow involvement and serum albumin, which is divided into four prognostic groups. Five‐year OS in low, low‐intermediate (L‐I), high‐intermediate (H‐I) and high R‐MIPI groups was 92%, 75%, 61% and 19%, respectively. Hazard ratio for OS of L‐I, H‐I and high risk to low risk patients were 5·4, 8·3 and 33·0, respectively. R‐MIPI, a new prognostic index with easy application to the general patient population, shows promise for identifying low‐ and high‐risk MCL patients in the rituximab era.
Activation of M3 cholinoceptors attenuates vascular injury after ischaemia/reperfusion by inhibiting the Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II pathway
Authors: Lu Xing‐Zhu , Bi Xue‐Yuan , He Xi , Zhao Ming , Xu Man , Yu Xiao‐Jiang , Zhao Zheng‐Hang , Zang Wei‐Jin 
Published: May 2015

Background and PurposeThe activation of M3 cholinoceptors (M3 receptors) by choline reduces cardiovascular risk, but it is unclear whether these receptors can regulate ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)‐induced vascular injury. Thus, the primary goal of the present study was to explore the effects of choline on the function of mesenteric arteries following I/R, with a major focus on Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) regulation.Experimental ApproachRats were given choline (10 mg·kg−1, i.v.) and then the superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 60 min (ischaemia), followed by 90 min of reperfusion. The M3 receptor antagonist, 4‐diphenylacetoxy‐N‐methylpiperidine methiodide (4‐DAMP), was injected (0.12 μg·kg−1, i.v.) 5 min prior to choline treatment. Vascular function was examined in rings of mesenteric arteries isolated after the reperfusion procedure. Vascular superoxide anion production, CaMKII and the levels of Ca2+‐cycling proteins were also assessed.Key ResultsCholine treatment attenuated I/R‐induced vascular dysfunction, blocked elevations in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the up‐regulated expression of oxidised CaMKII and phosphorylated CaMKII. In addition, choline reversed the abnormal expression of Ca2+‐cycling proteins, including Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase and phospholamban. All of these cholinergic effects of choline were abolished by 4‐DAMP.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur data suggest that inhibition of the ROS‐mediated CaMKII pathway and modulation of Ca2+‐cycling proteins may be novel mechanisms underlying choline‐induced vascular protection. These results represent a significant addition to the understanding of the pharmacological roles of M3 receptors in the vasculature, providing a new therapeutic strategy for I/R‐induced vascular injury.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Chinese Innovation in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-23
Standardizing terms, definitions and concepts for describing and interpreting unwanted immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals: recommendations of the Innovative Medicines Initiative ABIRISK consortium
Authors:   ABIRISK Consortium, Rup B , Pallardy M , Sikkema D , Albert T , Allez M , Broet P , Carini C , Creeke P , Davidson J , De Vries N , Finco D , Fogdell-Hahn A , Havrdova E , Hincelin-Mery A , Holland M C , Jensen P E H , Jury E C , Kirby H , Kramer D , Lacroix-Desmazes S , Legrand J , Maggi E , Maillère B , Mariette X , Mauri C , Mikol V , Mulleman D , Oldenburg J , Paintaud G , Pedersen C R , Ruperto N , Seitz R , Spindeldreher S , Deisenhammer F 
Published: May 2015

Summary
Biopharmaceuticals (BPs) represent a rapidly growing class of approved and investigational drug therapies that is contributing significantly to advancing treatment in multiple disease areas, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, genetic deficiencies and cancer. Unfortunately, unwanted immunogenic responses to BPs, in particular those affecting clinical safety or efficacy, remain among the most common negative effects associated with this important class of drugs. To manage and reduce risk of unwanted immunogenicity, diverse communities of clinicians, pharmaceutical industry and academic scientists are involved in: interpretation and management of clinical and biological outcomes of BP immunogenicity, improvement of methods for describing, predicting and mitigating immunogenicity risk and elucidation of underlying causes. Collaboration and alignment of efforts across these communities is made difficult due to lack of agreement on concepts, practices and standardized terms and definitions related to immunogenicity. The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI; www.imi-europe.org), ABIRISK consortium [Anti-Biopharmaceutical (BP) Immunization Prediction and Clinical Relevance to Reduce the Risk; www.abirisk.eu] was formed by leading clinicians, academic scientists and EFPIA (European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations) members to elucidate underlying causes, improve methods for immunogenicity prediction and mitigation and establish common definitions around terms and concepts related to immunogenicity. These efforts are expected to facilitate broader collaborations and lead to new guidelines for managing immunogenicity. To support alignment, an overview of concepts behind the set of key terms and definitions adopted to date by ABIRISK is provided herein along with a link to access and download the ABIRISK terms and definitions and provide comments (http://www.abirisk.eu/index_t_and_d.asp).
Endocrine sequelae beyond 10 years in survivors of medulloblastoma
Authors: Uday Suma , Murray Robert D. , Picton Susan , Chumas Paul , Raju Midhu , Chandwani Manju , Alvi Sabah 
Published: May 2015

SummaryIntroductionSurvival following treatment of paediatric medulloblastomas has significantly improved over the past few decades, but as a consequence, late effects, particularly endocrine sequelae, have been recognized. The complete picture of late effects, however, has been limited by short duration of follow‐up.AimTo establish the evolution of endocrine sequelae in patients treated for medulloblastoma.MethodsSingle‐centre analysis of medulloblastoma treatment and endocrine sequelae in patients diagnosed between 1982 and 2002.ResultsA total of 109 patients were treated for medulloblastoma, with various treatment modalities involving radio‐ and chemotherapy. Only 45 (41%) patients remained alive, and details of treatment and late effects were available for 35 (25 m). The median age at diagnosis was 8 (range 2–14) years, and the median follow‐up was 18 (range 10–28) years. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) was the most prevalent hormone deficiency (97%), followed by primary hypothyroidism (60%) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) deficiency (45·5%). The median time from end of treatment to loss of growth hormone was 1·7 (range 0·7–15) years, ACTH deficiency 2·9 (range 0·75–7·5) years and hypothyroidism 4·1 (range 0·7–11·4) years. Twenty‐three percentage developed hypogonadism (17% primary and 6% secondary), whilst precocious puberty was seen in 20%. Endocrinopathies appeared to be more prevalent in those treated with concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy.ConclusionsPrevalence of endocrine sequelae in medulloblastoma survivors is high, and evolution of endocrine dysfunction can occur as late as 15 years from treatment completion; hence, long‐term close monitoring of growth, puberty and gonadal function is essential.
Assessing climate change impacts for vertebrate fauna across the West African protected area network using regionally appropriate climate projections
Authors: Baker D. J. , Hartley A. J. , Burgess N. D. , Butchart S. H. M. , Carr J. A. , Smith R. J. , Belle E. , Willis S. G. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimWe conduct the first assessment of likely future climate change impacts for biodiversity across the West African protected area (PA) network using climate projections that capture important climate regimes (e.g. West African Monsoon) and mesoscale processes that are often poorly simulated in general circulation models (GCMs).LocationWest Africa.MethodsWe use correlative species distribution models to relate species (amphibians, birds, mammals) distributions to modelled contemporary climates, and projected future distributions across the PA network. Climate data were simulated using a physically based regional climate model to dynamically downscale GCMs. GCMs were selected because they accurately reproduce important regional climate regimes and generate a range of regional climate change responses. We quantify uncertainty arising from projected climate change, modelling methodology and spatial dependency, and assess the spatial and temporal patterns of climate change impacts for biodiversity across the PA network.ResultsSubstantial species turnover across the network is projected for all three taxonomic groups by 2100 (amphibians = 42.5% (median); birds = 35.2%; mammals = 37.9%), although uncertainty is high, particularly for amphibians and mammals, and, importantly, increases across the century. However, consistent patterns of impacts across taxa emerge by early to mid‐century, suggesting high impacts across the Lower Guinea forest.Main conclusionsReducing (e.g. using appropriate climate projections) and quantifying uncertainty in climate change impact assessments helps clarify likely impacts. Consistent patterns of high biodiversity impacts emerge in the early and mid‐century projections, while end‐of‐century projections are too uncertain for reliable assessments. We recommend that climate change adaptation should focus on earlier projections, where we have most confidence in species responses, rather than on end‐of‐century projections that are frequently used. In addition, our work suggests climate impact should consider a broad range of species, as we simulate divergent responses across taxonomic groups.