bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unexpected Strong Antiferromagnetic Interaction in [CuCyclam][Ni(1,2‐benzenedithiolate)2]2
Authors: Nishijo Junichi , Iwama Kazuya , Enomoto Masaya 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTwo new molecule‐based magnetic materials were prepared, namely, [CuCyclam(CH3CN)2][Ni(bdt)2]2 and [CuCyclam][Ni(bdt)2]2 (bdt = 1,2‐benzenedithiolate). The former compound is characterized by a two‐dimensional layer structure, in which axially coordinated acetonitrile molecules prevent cation–anion stacking. The weak antiferromagnetic interaction of 2J/kB = –6.2 K between the adjacent [CuCyclam(CH3CN)2]+ (S = 1/2) and [Ni(bdt)2]– (S = 1/2) moieties leads to a ferrimagnetic transition at 2.6 K. In contrast to the structure of [CuCyclam(CH3CN)2][Ni(bdt)2]2, the crystal structure of [CuCyclam][Ni(bdt)2]2 is characterized by alternately stacked [CuCyclam]2+ and [Ni(bdt)2]– units, and another [Ni(bdt)2]– anion bridges the chain to form a two‐dimensional ferrimagnetic layer. The magnetic susceptibility of [CuCyclam][Ni(bdt)2]2 reveals a quite strong intrachain antiferromagnetic interaction of 2J/kB = –66 K between the [CuCyclam]2+ and [Ni(bdt)2]– ions. The weak interchain and interlayer interactions make the crystals antiferromagnetic below 3.2 K.
An Efficient Catalytic Approach for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Siloxanes
Authors: Hreczycho Grzegorz 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe potential for expanding the variety of catalytic methods for siloxane bond formation is explored. Alkoxysilanes react with methylallylsilanes in the presence of scandium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate to yield disiloxanes and isobutene. The reaction proceeds through one‐pot hydrolysis/O‐silylation of alkoxysilanes with allylsilanes (via silanol intermediates) under mild conditions. Unsaturated siloxane products are used as substrates for further functionalization through the catalytic hydrosilylation reaction.
A cost‐effective acid degumming process produces high‐quality Jatropha oil in tropical monsoon climates
Authors: Chen Shih‐Yuan , Teerananont Nattawee , Sonthisawate Thanita , Sreesiri Piyanan , Puemchalad Chanakan , Mochizuki Takahisa , Abe Yohko , Toba Makoto , Yoshimura Yuji 
Published: November 2014

Degumming is an essential step to remove the gum from crude vegetable oil in order to produce high‐quality vegetable oil with minimum impurity for various applications, such as food or feedstock for production of biodiesel fuel (BDF). In the tropical monsoon region, degummed Jatropha oil is low‐quality and the loss on degumming is serious because the removal of the gum is a difficult task. Herein, a facile and economic process for efficient removal of the gum from crude Jatropha oil was developed with consideration for the tropical monsoon climate in Southeast Asian Nations, in which phosphoric acid (PA) was used as a degumming agent. When crude Jatropha oil was agitated with 0.025 wt% of PA and 2 vol% of water at 60°C for 30 min, followed by aging at 30°C for 60–120 min and filtering through the Teflon‐coated filter, the PA‐degummed Jatropha oil with ultra‐low contents of phosphorus (P), alkali metals and alkaline earth metals was entirely good as oil feedstock for production of high‐quality BDF based on the international fuel standards (i.e., EN 14214:2012). Moreover, the degummed Jatropha oil trapped in the unwanted gum was easily recovered by the sieving technique.Practical applications: For the first time, the degumming of crude Jatropha oil in the tropical monsoon climate is thoroughly studied. To form the gum completely, the amounts of PA and water are kept at 0.025 wt% and 2 vol% of crude Jatropha oil, respectively, and the agitation temperature is kept at 60°C. The gum is removed through the Teflon‐coated filter after aging at 30°C for 60–120 min, which is similar to the monthly mean temperatures ranging between 26 and 31°C in Thailand. The advantages of this process are that it is simple and cost effective, since expensive instruments for separation and purification are not used, such as high‐speed centrifuge or special membrane. Most of the degummed oil trapped in the unwanted gum can be easily recovered through a stainless steel sieve. Accordingly, this process is currently operating on a pilot plant scale in Thailand.A facile and economic process was developed for efficient removals of phospholipids, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals from crude and non‐edible Jatropha oil in the tropical monsoon climate, resulting in high‐quality Jatropha oil as an entirely good feedstock for production of high‐quality biodiesel fuel.
Old and in pain: Enduring and situational effects of cultural aging stereotypes on older people's pain experiences
Authors: Bernardes S.F. , Marques S. , Matos M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the interplay between enduring and situational aging stereotype (AS) effects in older adults' self‐reports of clinical and experimentally induced pain. We expected that, as compared with the situational activation of positive AS or a neutral condition, the activation of negative AS would lead to more severe self‐reports of clinical pain (H1, hypothesis 1), higher cold pressor task (CPT) pain threshold (H2) and lower CPT pain tolerance (H3), especially among older adults who more strongly endorsed AS.MethodsThis was a prospective study across two moments in time. At time 1 (T1), 52 older adults (Mage = 74.7; 51.9% women) filled out measures of cultural AS endorsement, clinical pain severity and interference. Three months afterwards (T2), some of these participants collaborated in an experimental study on the effects of AS activation on reported clinical pain (n = 40) and experimentally induced (using CPT) pain threshold and tolerance (n = 35).ResultsOur results supported H2, i.e., as compared with the activation of positive AS or a neutral condition, when negative AS were activated older adults showed higher CPT pain thresholds, but this effect was more salient among those who more strongly endorsed AS at T1.ConclusionsThis study stresses the influence of cultural AS in older adults' pain experiences showing that the situational activation of negative AS greatly increases experimentally induced pain thresholds of elders who more strongly endorse those stereotypes. It also highlights the relevance of interventions at the level of the physical and/or social environments surrounding elders in pain.
Intramuscular pain modulatory substances before and after exercise in women with chronic neck pain
Authors: Karlsson L. , Gerdle B. , Ghafouri B. , Bäckryd E. , Olausson P. , Ghafouri N. , Larsson B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn peripheral tissue, several substances influence pain and pain modulation. Exercise has been found to decrease pain and improve function for chronic pain conditions, but how and why exercise produces beneficial effects remains unclear. This study investigates whether aspects of pain and concentrations of substances with algesic, analgesic and metabolic functions differ between women with chronic neck shoulder pain (CNSP) and healthy women (CON) and whether changes are found after an exercise intervention for CNSP.MethodsForty‐one women with CNSP and 24 CON subjects were included. The participants attended two microdialysis sessions with 4–6 months between the experiments. During this period, the CNSP subjects underwent an exercise intervention. Expression levels of substance P, beta‐endorphin, cortisol, glutamate, lactate and pyruvate as well as pain intensity and pressure pain thresholds were analysed.ResultsAt baseline, higher concentrations of glutamate and beta‐endorphin and lower concentrations of cortisol in CNSP than CON were found. After exercise, decreased levels of substance P and possibly of glutamate, increased levels of beta‐endorphin and cortisol as well as decreased pain intensity and increased pain pressure thresholds were found for CNSP.ConclusionsThe findings at baseline indicated algesic and analgesic alterations in the painful trapezius muscles. The findings for CNSP after the exercise intervention, with changes in peripheral substances and decreased pain intensity and sensitivity, could reflect a long‐term physiological effect of the exercise.
Characterizing friction in sliding isolation bearings
Authors: Kumar Manish , Whittaker Andrew S. , Constantinou Michael C. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThe force–displacement behavior of the Friction Pendulum™ (FP) bearing is a function of the coefficient of sliding friction, axial load on the bearing and effective radius of the sliding surface. The coefficient of friction varies during the course of an earthquake with sliding velocity, axial pressure and temperature at the sliding surface. The velocity and axial pressure on the bearing depend on the response of the superstructure to the earthquake shaking. The temperature at an instant in time during earthquake shaking is a function of the histories of the coefficient of friction, sliding velocity and axial pressure, and the travel path of the slider on the sliding surface. A unified framework accommodating the complex interdependence of the coefficient of friction, sliding velocity, axial pressure and temperature is presented for implementation in nonlinear response‐history analysis. Expressions to define the relationship between the coefficient of friction and sliding velocity, axial pressure, and temperature are proposed, based on available experimental data. Response‐history analyses are performed on FP bearings with a range of geometrical and liner mechanical properties and static axial pressure. Friction is described using five different models that consider the dependence of the coefficient of friction on axial pressure, sliding velocity and temperature. Frictional heating is the most important factor that influences the maximum displacement of the isolation system and floor spectral demands if the static axial pressure is high. Isolation system displacements are not significantly affected by considerations of the influence of axial pressure and velocity on the coefficient of friction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Better Health With More Friends: The Role of Social Capital in Producing Health
Authors: Ho Cheuk Yin 
Published: November 2014

SummaryThis paper estimates the effect of an individual's number of friends on own health outcomes. The identification strategy exploits the panel structure of the friendship data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to estimate individual fixed effects in the likelihood of friendship formation and then uses the fixed effect estimates as a control function in a model relating health outcomes to number of friends. Empirical results show that having a larger number of friends improves physical and mental health and also lowers the frequency of smoking cigarettes. Specifically, making one more friend increases an individual's general health measure by 6.6% of a standard deviation. This suggests that accumulating social capital through friendship interactions is beneficial to health. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lagged response of nutrient leaching to reduced surpluses at the field and catchment scales
Authors: Ulén Barbro , Johansson Göran , Kyllmar Katarina , Stjernman Forsberg Lovisa , Torstensson Gunnar 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLag times in reduced nutrient leaching after improved agricultural practices must be assessed to inform management decisions and evaluate their cost‐effectiveness. This study estimated the leaching of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) at two scales, a 33.8‐ha nested field (data from 1973 to 2011) and an 820‐ha agricultural catchment (data from 1992 to 2010). Field management was evaluated along with long‐term nutrient trends. Estimates including and excluding nutrient concentrations in the stream under dry catchment conditions (mean 2.5 months year−1) revealed that wastewater contributed 10% of the total P (TP) catchment leaching, mostly in dissolved reactive (DRP) form. More recent flow‐proportional sampling at the two scales demonstrated 45% higher particulate P leaching from the field than with discrete water sampling, whereas a past discrete sampling strategy may have overestimated DRP contributions to the stream. The accumulated field P balance was increasingly negative after 1987, whereas crop yields increased. From 1998, the measured accumulated TP leaching from the field was lower than the mean accumulated leaching, considering the estimated downward trend (−10%) over the 38‐year study period (p < 0.05).The average total N (TN) field leaching of 28 kg ha−1 year−1 (1973–2011) was 10% higher than the catchment leaching (1992–2010). The rates and timing of fields N and P fertilization became better adapted to crop requirements over time, and thereafter, a 14% reduction in TN leaching was estimated. No significant trends were estimated for catchment leaching for either TP or TN over the 18‐year period, demonstrating an extended lag period for reduced nutrient leaching and the need for long‐term monitoring of the effects of pollution mitigation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Highlights

Time lag in P and N leaching responses to reduce nutrient surpluses
Close relationship with N export at nested scale
Scale effects in Q indices and PP transport
Point sources of pollution prolonging the time lag for DRP leaching mitigation
Micromorphology of immature stages of Sarcophaga (Liopygia) cultellataPandellé, 1896 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), a forensically important fly
Authors: Ubero‐Pascal Nicolás , Paños Ángela , García María‐Dolores , Presa Juan‐José , Torres Belén , Arnaldos María‐Isabel 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe Sarcophagidae are one of the most numerous groups of Diptera in the world, consisting of many species of forensic interest, whose immature stages are useful in the estimation of postmortem interval. The immature stages of some species of forensic importance still remain unknown or undescribed, like in the case of Sarcophaga (Liopygia) cultellata Pandellé, 1986, a species restricted to the Iberian Peninsula, south of France and north of Italy, which shares a ecological niche with species of the same subgenus, e.g., Sarcophaga (Liopygia) argyrostoma (Robineau‐Desvoidy, 1830) and Sarcophaga (Liopygia) crassipalpis Macquart, 1839, making it necessary to lay the groundwork for a proper specific differentiation before it can be successfully applied in forensic practice. This study provides the first micromorphological description of all preimaginal stages of S. (L.) cultellata using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the results of which allow the morphology of the main features to be followed during the immature life cycle. We propose a combination of features for distinguishing Liopygia from other sarcophagid subgenera, based on the current level of morphological knowledge of immature stages. S. (L.) cultellata can be differentiated from S. (L.) argyrostoma and S. (L.) crassipalpis in every immature stage by both light microscopy and SEM. The presence of tegumental warts and a fan‐shaped anterior spiracle with a single row of 15–18 respiratory papillae allow distinguishing the third instar larvae of S. (L.) cultellata from other Sarcophaga species described hitherto by SEM. Identification keys based on light microscopy observations are provided, covering all the immature stages of Liopygia subgenus occurring in the Iberian Peninsula. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:148–172, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Closing the Gender and Socio‐economic Gaps in Educational Attainment: a Need to Refocus
Authors: Jones Gavin W. , Ramchand Divya S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper summarizes the evidence on trends in gender and socio‐economic gaps in educational attainment in different parts of the world, and in the discourse on these trends. There remains a significant emphasis given to gender gaps in spite of much evidence pointing towards the rapidly narrowing, and in many cases, reversal in gender gaps in educational attainment, versus evidence of widening socioeconomic gaps. The paper moves on to consider factors influencing these trends and some policy implications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐model and multi‐sensor estimations of evapotranspiration over the Volta Basin, West Africa
Authors: Andam‐Akorful S. A. , Ferreira V. G. , Awange J. L. , Forootan E. , He X. F. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe estimation of large‐scale evapotranspiration (ET) is complex, and typically relies on the outputs of land surface models (LSMs) or remote sensing observations. However, over some regions of Africa, inconsistencies exist between different estimations of ET fluxes, which should be investigated. In this study, we evaluate and combine different ET estimates from moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and terrestrial water budget (TWB) approaches over the Volta Basin, West Africa. ET estimates from water balance equation are obtained as residuals from monthly terrestrial water‐storage (TWS) changes derived from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM)'s rainfall data, and in situ discharge from Akosombo Dam (Ghana). An averaged estimation of ET time series is derived from all the ET estimations under study, while taking into account their uncertainties. The resulting ensemble‐averaged ET was then used to assess each of the individual ET estimates. Overall, out of the seven investigated ET estimates (two from the water balance approach of which one considers water storage using GRACE‐derived TWS and the other ignoring it, four from GLDAS and one from MODIS), only MODIS (28.12 mm month–1), GLDAS–NOAH (32.74 mm month–1) and TWB (32.84 mm month–1) were found to represent the range of variability close to the computed averaged reference ET (30.25 mm month–1). ET estimations inferred from MODIS were also found to represent relatively lower magnitude of uncertainties, that is, 3.99 mm month–1 over the Volta Basin (cf. 7.06 and 18.85 mm month–1 for GLDAS‐NOAH and TWB‐based ET estimations, respectively).
Statistical downscaling of monthly reservoir inflows for Kemer watershed in Turkey: use of machine learning methods, multiple GCMs and emission scenarios
Authors: Okkan Umut , Inan Gul 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, statistical downscaling of general circulation model (GCM) simulations to monthly inflows of Kemer Dam in Turkey under A1B, A2, and B1 emission scenarios has been performed using machine learning methods, multi‐model ensemble and bias correction approaches. Principal component analysis (PCA) has been used to reduce the dimension of potential predictors of National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data. Then, the reasonable GCMs were selected by investigating the rank correlations between the selected predictors in NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and those in GCMs for 20C3M scenario between periods 1979 and 1999. Upon the training of feedforward neural network (FFNN), least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) and relevance vector machine (RVM) downscaling models, the general performance of the downscaled predictions using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for Kemer watershed showed that the trained RVM model produced adequate results. The effectiveness of RVM model was illustrated by its integration with 20C3M scenario between periods 1979 and 1999 and A1B, A2, and B1 future climate scenarios between periods 2010 and 2039. Afterwards, the flow forecasts were obtained by building a multi‐model ensemble through the selected GCMs followed by a bias correction approach. Finally, the significance of the probable changes in trends was identified through statistical tests based on the corrected forecasts. Results showed that decreasing flows trends in winter, spring and fall seasons have been foreseen over the study area for the period between 2010 and 2039.
Tree‐ring‐based temperature reconstruction for the Wolong Natural Reserve, western Sichuan Plateau of China
Authors: Li Zongshan , Liu Guohua , Wu Xing , Wang Xiaochun 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTHigh‐resolution tree‐ring records covering past centuries in the western Sichuan Plateau of China are scarce, yet essential for developing a complete understanding of the regional patterns of climate change for the Tibetan plateau. This paper presents a temperature reconstruction for the Wolong Natural Reserve of the western Sichuan Plateau based on a tree‐ring width chronology of a cypress species (Sabina saltuaria) endemic to the Tibetan plateau. The annual (prior October to current September) temperature reconstruction, which spans from 1840 to 2011, was developed using a linear regression model. The reconstruction explains 54.1% of the actual temperature variance during the calibration period from 1956 to 2010. The noteworthy warming periods of the reconstruction occurred between 1864–1882 and 1927–1960, while the most pronounced cold episodes were found between 1886–1926, 1788–1822, and 1961–1996. Spectral analysis revealed the existence of multi‐decadal, decadal, and annual cycles that might correspond to the related cycles of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, solar activity, and ENSO‐type variability, respectively.
A real time quality control application for animal production by image processing
Authors: Sungur Cemil , Özkan Halil 
Published: November 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDStandards of hygiene and health are of major importance in food production, and quality control has become obligatory in this field. Thanks to rapidly developing technologies, it is now possible for automatic and safe quality control of food production. For this purpose, image‐processing‐based quality control systems used in industrial applications are being employed to analyze the quality of food products. In this study, quality control of chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs was achieved using a real time image‐processing technique.RESULTSIn order to execute the quality control processes, a conveying mechanism was used. Eggs passing on a conveyor belt were continuously photographed in real time by cameras located above the belt. The images obtained were processed by various methods and techniques. Using digital instrumentation, the volume of the eggs was measured, broken/cracked eggs were separated and dirty eggs were determined. In accordance with international standards for classifying the quality of eggs, the class of separated eggs was determined through a fuzzy implication model.CONCLUSIONAccording to tests carried out on thousands of eggs, a quality control process with an accuracy of 98% was possible. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry