bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Edward Tylor e a extraordinária evolução religiosa da humanidade
Authors: Rosa Frederico Delgado 
Published: June 2014

Contrariamente a certas ideias fei-tas sobre a Antropologia vitoriana, o presente ar-tigo procura demonstrar que Edward Tylor nãoprocurou acentuar as diferenças entre nós e os sel-vagens, mas, pelo contrário, demonstrar a comu-nhão profunda entre as religiões de uns e outros.A humanidade dita civilizada não vivia num está-dio de ciência, mas num mundo impregnado deanimismo, de caóticas contradições entre as cren-ças adaptadas pela erudição teológica, as merassobrevivências sem sentido e os ressurgimentos defenómenos espiritistas que se julgavam há muitodesaparecidos. Mais do que um exemplo de evo-lucionismo dogmático, sua obra Primitive Cultureé uma tentativa de responder à questão das repeti-ções de conteúdo e das limitações flagrantes ou bá-sicas do pensamento humano, em todos os tempose lugares, em matéria de imaginação de entidadessobrenaturais. Questão demasiado ambiciosa oudemasiado ingénua, foi abandonada pela Antropo-logia do século XX e continua sem outra resposta.
Incidence, Predictors, and Implications of Reinfarction After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Stone Samantha G. , Serrao Gregory W. , Mehran Roxana , Tomey Matthew I. , Witzenbichler Bernhard , Guagliumi Giulio , Peruga Jan Z. , Brodie Bruce R. , Dudek Dariusz , Möckel Martin , Brener Sorin J. , Dangas George , Stone Gregg W. 
Published: June 2014

Background—
Reinfarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction has negative consequences. Little is known about reinfarction after drug-eluting stents and bivalirudin anticoagulation. We, therefore, sought to determine the incidence, predictors, and implications of reinfarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the contemporary era.

Methods and Results—

Outcomes were assessed in 3202 patients undergoing stent implantation for ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction in the Harmonizing Outcomes with RevascularIZatiON and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) trial. Independent predictors of reinfarction and mortality were identified by Cox proportional hazards modeling. The cumulative incidence of reinfarction was 1.8% at 30 days, 4.0% at 1 year, and 6.9% at 3 years. Definite stent thrombosis was responsible for 76.3% of reinfarctions occurring within 30 days and 52.0% of all reinfarctions within 3 years. Independent predictors of reinfarction were current smoking, Killip class ≥2, baseline thrombocytosis, multivessel disease, symptom onset-to-balloon time, and total stent length. Randomization to bivalirudin versus heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor and use of drug-eluting versus bare metal stents were not significant predictors of reinfarction. Reinfarction was a powerful independent predictor of subsequent cardiac mortality (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]=7.65 [4.47–13.09];
P
<0.0001) and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]=2.88 [1.74–4.78];
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—
Despite advances in pharmacotherapy and stents, reinfarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention is not infrequent, in the contemporary era is most often attributable to stent thrombosis, and is strongly associated with subsequent cardiac and all-cause mortality. Further enhancements in drugs and devices to prevent reinfarction are needed to improve outcomes in high-risk patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00433966.
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Stroke Incidence Among Migrant Groups
Authors: Agyemang Charles , van Oeffelen Aloysia A. , Norredam Marie , Kappelle L. Jaap , Klijn Catharina J.M. , Bots Michiel L. , Stronks Karien , Vaartjes Ilonca 
Published: June 2014

Background and Purpose—
Low socioeconomic status has been linked to high incidence of stroke in industrialized countries; therefore, reducing socioeconomic disparities is an important goal of health policy. The evidence on migrant groups is, however, limited and inconsistent. We assessed socioeconomic inequalities in relation to stroke incidence among major ethnic groups in the Netherlands.

Methods—
A nationwide register-based cohort study was conducted (n=2 397 446) between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2010, among ethnic Dutch and ethnic minority groups. Standardized disposable household income was used as a measure of socioeconomic position.

Results—
Among ethnic Dutch, the incidence of stroke was higher in the low-income group than in the high-income group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.16–1.20). Similar socioeconomic inequalities in stroke incidence were found among Surinamese (1.36; 1.17–1.58), Indonesians (1.15; 1.03–1.28), Moroccans (1.54; 0.97–2.43), Turkish (1.19; 0.97–1.46), and to a lesser extent among Antilleans (1.24; 0.84–1.84). When compared with ethnic Dutch, the incidence of stroke was lower in Moroccans, similar in Turkish, but higher in Surinamese among all income groups. The incidence of stroke was higher in Indonesian low- and high-income groups than in their ethnic Dutch counterparts. Among Antilleans, the risk of stroke was higher than ethnic Dutch but only in the low-income group.

Conclusions—
Our findings reveal socioeconomic inequalities in stroke incidence among all ethnic groups. Reduction of socioeconomic inequalities in stroke incidence among all ethnic groups may lead to a major public health improvement for all. Policy measures tackling socioeconomic inequalities should take into account the increased risk of stroke among ethnic minority populations.
Impact of Carotid Atherosclerosis on the Risk of Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients With and Without Coronary Disease
Authors: Steinvil Arie , Sadeh Ben , Bornstein Natan M. , Havakuk Ofer , Greenberg Sharon , Arbel Yaron , Konigstein Maayan , Finkelstein Ariel , Banai Shmuel , Halkin Amir 
Published: June 2014

Background and Purpose—
Carotid atherosclerosis (CA) is reportedly a strong predictor of imminent cardiac events even in the absence of established coronary artery disease (CAD). We examined the differential impact of CA on the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with and without CAD diagnosed angiographically.

Methods—
We conducted a follow-up survey of 1391 patients who underwent clinically driven coronary angiography and a same-day carotid ultrasound and Doppler study. Definitions of CAD, CA, and carotid artery stenosis were in accordance with current practice guidelines.

Results—

Of 1391 patients, angiographic CAD was present in 1105 (79%) patients. Mean and median follow-up was 1574 and 1702 days, respectively. Rates of the primary composite major adverse cardiovascular event end point were higher among patients with CAD compared with those without CAD (48% versus 20%;
P
<0.001), whereas the rates of all-cause mortality (10% versus 9%;
P
=0.81) and stroke (7% versus 5%;
P
=0.3) did not differ significantly between both groups. Carotid artery stenosis and CA were associated with an increased risk of the composite major adverse cardiovascular event end point among patients without CAD (hazard ratio=3.17 [95% confidence interval, 1.52–6.60];
P
<0.01; and hazard ratio=1.69 [0.95–3.01];
P
=0.07, respectively) though not in patients with CAD. Carotid artery stenosis was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality among patients without CAD (hazard ratio=2.93 [1.09–7.87];
P
=0.03]) though not among those with CAD.

Conclusions—
CA and carotid artery stenosis are independent predictors of major adverse cardiovascular event in patients undergoing coronary angiography. The prognostic implications of carotid disease are imparted predominantly in patients without pre-existent CAD.
A Large-Scale Pseudoword-Based Evaluation Framework for State-of-the-Art Word Sense Disambiguation
Authors: Pilehvar Mohammad Taher , Navigli Roberto 
Published: June 2014

The evaluation of several tasks in lexical semantics is often limited by the lack of large amounts of manual annotations, not only for training purposes, but also for testing purposes. Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is a case in point, as hand-labeled datasets are particularly hard and time-consuming to create. Consequently, evaluations tend to be performed on a small scale, which does not allow for in-depth analysis of the factors that determine a systems' performance. In this paper we address this issue by means of a realistic simulation of large-scale evaluation for the WSD task. We do this by providing two main contributions: First, we put forward two novel approaches to the wide-coverage generation of semantically aware pseudowords (i.e., artificial words capable of modeling real polysemous words); second, we leverage the most suitable type of pseudoword to create large pseudosense-annotated corpora, which enable a large-scale experimental framework for the comparison of state-of-the-art supervised and knowledge-based algorithms. Using this framework, we study the impact of supervision and knowledge on the two major disambiguation paradigms and perform an in-depth analysis of the factors which affect their performance.
Adaptive Generation in Dialogue Systems Using Dynamic User Modeling
Authors: Janarthanam Srinivasan , Lemon Oliver 
Published: June 2014

We address the problem of dynamically modeling and adapting to unknown users in resource-scarce domains in the context of interactive spoken dialogue systems. As an example, we show how a system can learn to choose referring expressions to refer to domain entities for users with different levels of domain expertise, and whose domain knowledge is initially unknown to the system. We approach this problem using a three step process: collecting data using a Wizard-of-Oz method, building simulated users, and learning to model and adapt to users using Reinforcement Learning techniques.We show that by using only a small corpus of non-adaptive dialogues and user knowledge profiles it is possible to learn an adaptive user modeling policy using a sense-predict-adapt approach. Our evaluation results show that the learned user modeling and adaptation strategies performed better in terms of adaptation than some simple hand-coded baseline policies, with both simulated and real users. With real users, the learned policy produced around a 20% increase in adaptation in comparison to an adaptive hand-coded baseline. We also show that adaptation to users' domain knowledge results in improving task success (99.47% for the learned policy vs. 84.7% for a hand-coded baseline) and reducing dialogue time of the conversation (11% relative difference). We also compared the learned policy to a variety of carefully hand-crafted adaptive policies that employ the user knowledge profiles to adapt their choices of referring expressions throughout a conversation. We show that the learned policy generalises better to unseen user profiles than these hand-coded policies, while having comparable performance on known user profiles.We discuss the overall advantages of this method and how it can be extended to other levels of adaptation such as content selection and dialogue management, and to other domains where adapting to users' domain knowledge is useful, such as travel and healthcare.
Safety in simultaneous EEG-fMRI at 3 T: temperature measurements
Authors: Kuusela Linda , Turunen Sampsa , Valanne Leena , Sipilä Outi 
Published: June 2014

Background In simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), safety of the EEG equipment is ensured by the manufacturer only for localizers and fMRI sequences. To conduct a clinically feasible simultaneous EEG-fMRI study, other sequences, e.g. anatomical and B0-correction sequences, have to be acquired in the same imaging session. Purpose To measure the temperature increase of the electrodes in different size EEG caps in a phantom and volunteers during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences typically used in clinical studies. Material and Methods A phantom with EEG caps of size 52, 56, and 60 was imaged using several sequences in two 3 T MRI scanners to determine the maximum and average temperature increases in the electrodes. Additionally, three volunteer studies were performed for the EEG caps of sizes 56 and 60. The sequences were gradient echo based echo planar imaging sequence, T2-weighted turbo spin echo (T2-TSE), spin echo multiecho for B0-correction, diffusion tensor imaging and T1-weighted 3D sequences. Results In phantom studies the maximum temperature increase was 4.1℃ with a mean of 1.2 ± 1.1℃. In volunteer studies, the maximum temperature measured was 35.6℃ and the maximum temperature rise was 2.1℃ with a mean of 0.9 ± 0.7℃. Both were observed with a T2-TSE sequence. Conclusion The temperature of the electrodes did not exceed the limits set by the IEC 60601-1 standard (43℃) or manufacturer (45℃), thus indicating a safe EEG-fMRI protocol in this respect.
A focal marked hypoechogenicity within an isoechoic thyroid nodule: is it a focal malignancy or not?
Authors: Ha Eun Ju , Baek Jung Hwan , Lee Jeong Hyun , Lee Ha Young , Song Dong Eun , Kim Jae Kyun , Shong Young Kee , Hong Suck Joon 
Published: June 2014

Background A marked hypoechogenicity is a reliable criterion for a malignant nodule, whereas isoechogenicity is considered to be a benign ultrasonographic (US) finding. However, there have been no reports to demonstrate whether a focal marked hypoechogenicity within an isoechoic nodule is a focal malignancy. Purpose To evaluate whether a focal marked hypoechogenicity within an isoechoic nodule on US examination is a focal malignancy and to correlate US histologic findings using surgical or core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens. Material and Methods From January 2010 to August 2011, 28 consecutive patients (25 women, 3 men; mean age, 52.2 years) with 29 thyroid nodules, which showed a focal marked hypoechogenicity within an isoechoic nodule on US, underwent US-guided CNB for a suspicion of a focal malignancy. All nodules were confirmed by surgery ( n = 6) or more than two consecutive US-guided biopsies ( n = 23). We evaluated the risk of malignancy, and analyzed histological components which correlated with a focal marked hypoechogenic area within an isoechoic nodule on US. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test. Results Of the 29 nodules, 25 were benign (86.2%) and four were malignant (13.8%). The peripheral location of focal marked hypoechogenicity within an isoechoic nodule was the only significant US finding that suggested malignancy ( P = 0.03). All benign focal marked hypoechogenicities were histologically composed of severe fibrosis with a few follicular cells with varying frequencies of hemosiderin, calcification, infarction, and granulation tissue. Conclusion Although a focal marked hypoechogenicity within an isoechoic nodule is usually benign, the peripheral location of a focal marked hypoechogenicity may be a malignancy. The histologic information obtained by CNB specimen may reduce the needs for repetitive fine needle aspirations or diagnostic surgery.
Temporal changes in hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities after ischemia and reperfusion in a rat liver ischemia model
Authors: Saïdi SA , Abdelkafi S , Jbahi S , van Pelt J , El-Feki A 
Published: June 2014

This study investigated the hypothesis that administration of tilapia fish oil diet would attenuate warm liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) and whether fish oil modulates prooxidant/antioxidant status. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 30 min of approximately 70% hepatic ischemia followed by 1, 12, and 24 h reperfusion. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated group (SO), control–warm hepatic ischemia (WI) group, and Oil–WI group given tilapia oil for 3 weeks followed by liver IRI. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured in the plasma. Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured in liver fractions. In the sham group, there was no enzymatic or histological change. I/R caused significant increase in serum AST, ALT, and tissue TBARS levels. As compared to the control group, animals treated with tilapia oil experienced a significant decrease ( p < 0.05) in AST and ALT levels in reperfusion periods. Tissue TBARS levels in Oil–WI group were significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced as compared to control group at 60 min after reperfusion. After ischemia, 1, 12, and 24 h of reperfusion, CAT, SOD, and GPx values were the lowest in the Oil–WI group and highest in the control group and were statistically significant ( p < 0.05). Histological analysis also revealed that fish oil provided some protection compared with the control group. Tilapia oil exerts a protective effect during the early phase of reperfusion, and it modulates prooxidant/antioxidant status of rat liver subjected to warm IRI.
Attitudes Toward and Experiences in End-of-life Care Education in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Chen Elaine , McCann Judith J. , Lateef Omar B. 
Published: June 2014

Introduction: Resident physicians provide the most physician care to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The body of literature about residents’ palliative and end-of-life care (PC/EOLC) experiences in the ICU is limited. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess resident physicians in multiple specialties regarding PC/EOLC in the ICU. Methods: A Web-based survey was developed and administered to all resident physicians in a single academic institution who had completed at least 1 dedicated ICU rotation. Results: Residents reported moderate comfort in dealing with end-of-life (EOL) issues and felt somewhat prepared to care for critically ill patients at the EOL. Feedback should be provided to residents regarding their PC/EOLC skills, and education should be tailored to residents rotating in the ICU.
Wishes of Patients With Terminal Cancer and Influencing Factors Toward the Use of Antibiotics in Taiwan
Authors: Yao Chien-An , Hsieh Meng-Yun , Chiu Tai-Yuan , Hu Wen-Yu , Hung Shou-Hung , Chen Ching-Yu , Lee Long-Teng 
Published: June 2014

Context: The use of antibiotics is a common ethical dilemma in palliative care, thus identifying the concerns of patients with terminal cancer and respecting their wishes are important in making an ethically justified decision. Objectives: The aim of this study was to understand wishes of patients with terminal cancer and determine influencing factors toward the use of antibiotics. Methods: Two hundred and one patients with terminal cancer, admitted to a palliative care unit in Taiwan, completed a structured questionnaire interview, including demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes on antibiotics, the health locus of control, subjective norms, and the wishes to use antibiotics. Results: The most common misconception was “Antibiotics use is helpful to all terminal patients with infection,” which only 13.4% respondents disagreed. Of the 201patients, 92 (45.8%) expressed their wishes to use antibiotics even in the very terminal stage, and around one-fourth (26.4%) of patients wished not to use antibiotics, the remaining 27.8% were unclear. The most influential persons were medical professionals. The results of logistic regression analysis that showed familiarity with antibiotics, subjective norms, and the attitude toward burdens of antibiotics were the most significant predicting variables for those wishing to use antibiotics (odds ratio [OR] = 4.133, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.012-16.880; OR = 1.890, 95% CI = 1.077-3.317; and OR = 1.255, 95% CI = 1.047-1.503). Conclusion: This study indicated the responsibility of medical professionals to convey burdens of using antibiotics to patients and family. Otherwise, by enhancing professional training and performing effective communication with patients, we can reach a more appropriate decision in the use of antibiotics.
Feasibility of using the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer Antiemesis Tool for assessment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting at the Tom Baker Cancer Centre
Authors: Warr Julia K , Chambers Carole R , Cusano Frances L , Cuthbert Colleen A , Mah Michelle S 
Published: June 2014

Introduction Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) has been shown to adversely impact patient anxiety, quality of life, treatment adherence, and use of health care resources. CINV control still remains a challenge, and lack of effective communication between the patient and clinician has been highlighted in the literature as the main barrier to optimal control. The Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) has developed a tool (MASCC Antiemesis Tool (MAT)) to improve assessment and subsequent management of CINV by enhancing communication between patients and their clinicians. This study assessed the feasibility of using the MAT in patients at the Tom Baker Cancer Centre. The secondary objective was to describe the incidence of CINV as identified by the tool. Methods and materials This study involved a prospective survey using the MAT in patients receiving intravenous chemotherapy. Subjects completed the MAT twice post-chemotherapy regarding CINV symptoms and returned it at their next clinic appointment. Participants were also surveyed to evaluate feasibility with regard to using the MAT. Results Of the 50 patients recruited, 56% returned surveys. The majority of patients reported that the MAT facilitated communication with their clinician, particularly those who had experienced CINV. Fifty-four percent of patients who returned the MAT reported CINV; however, less than half of them had received American Society of Clinical Oncology-recommended antiemetic regimens. Only four patients with CINV had antiemetic changes made for subsequent cycles. Conclusion The MAT is a feasible tool which can improve communication of CINV symptoms between patients and clinicians, a foundational step toward improving CINV management.
The role of radiotherapy and intrathecal CNS prophylaxis in extralymphatic craniofacial aggressive B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Murawski Niels , Held Gerhard , Ziepert Marita , Kempf Barbara , Viardot Andreas , Hänel Mathias , Witzens-Harig Mathias , Mahlberg Rolf , Rübe Christian , Fleckenstein Jochen , Zwick Carsten , Glass Bertram , Schmitz Norbert , Zeynalova Samira , Pfreundschuh Michael 
Published: June 2014

Key PointsThe results of this retrospective analysis do not support intrathecal prophylaxis or radiotherapy to ECFI patients in complete remission/unconfirmed complete remission.