bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Coming of Brahmin Migrants: The Śudra Fate of an Indian Elite in Sri Lanka
Authors: Obeyesekere Gananath 
Published: May 2015

One must be very humane to say, ‘I don't know that,’ to afford ignorance.- Friedrich Nietzsche, aphorism 229 in The Will to Power. Most Sri Lankans assume that due to the contemporary absence of a Brahmin presence there have been no Brahmins in Sri Lanka at all, particularly among the Sinhalas, except in Jaffna and other Hindu areas where a small number of Brahmin and non-Brahmin kurukkals officiate in major temples. For Sinhala Buddhist areas, there is no record of Brahmins from the nineteenth century onwards although it is evident from historical evidence that Brahmin purhitas were present in most, if not all the kingdoms of Sri Lanka. It is often assumed that Brahmins were not part of the general population, in spite of the fact that there were constant South Indian migrations throughout history. However, palm leaf manuscripts collected over the last 10 years and written from the sixteenth century onwards by village intellectuals not only refer to the mass immigration of South Indian people but also deal with Brahmin movements into Sri Lanka, and list some of the villages they were settled in. Several contain the term Brahmin or bamunu and hence village names such as Bamunugama and Kiribamuna. Texts from an important shrine for god Skanda in the Uva district mention its founding by two Brahmin brothers and their descendants who have non-Brahmin names. Dutch sources mention the existence of Brahmins in the city of Kandy during the reign of King Vimaladharmasuriya (1591–1604). The question then is: where have all the Brahmins gone? A clue is found in two palm leaf manuscripts from the mid-seventeenth and mid-eighteenth centuries that list the names of important families in the Matale district, north of Kandy. They mention several prominent goyigama/vellala (farmer caste) families with the name ‘Brahmana’ attached to it. The article suggests that given the numerical and political importance of the goyigama caste, various migrant groups, be they merchants or Brahmins, were assimilated into that caste with the more prominent Brahmins often placed in its aristocratic segment ( radala). Recent research indicates the constant movement of Brahmins from the north to the very south of India from ancient times, and it is improbable that they did not extend their journeys into Sri Lanka. The article demonstrates their movements into Sri Lanka where they were in a sense ‘demoted’ in terms of the classical varna scheme but ‘promoted’ in terms of Sri Lankan values. The speaker will also briefly discuss the local variations of the varna scheme in relation to Brahmin migratory movements.
Earnings differentials between immigrants and natives: the role of occupational attainment
Authors: Dell’Aringa Carlo , Lucifora Claudio , Pagani Laura 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis paper brings new evidence to the existing literature on earnings differentials and returns to human capital for immigrants and natives. It is the first paper analysing this topic using data drawn from the Italian Labour Force Survey, a large nationally representative dataset. We show that returns to human capital are considerably lower for immigrants as compared to natives and that there is no return to pre-immigration work experience, suggesting imperfect transferability of human capital. In the second part of the paper we explore models of occupational attainment among immigrants and the native born. Our findings suggest that, contrary to what is observed for natives, immigrants’ human capital does not contribute to getting access to high-paying occupations.JEL classificationJ31, J24, J61, F22
Paleomagnetism and U-Pb geochronology of the late Cretaceous Chisulryoung Volcanic Formation, Korea: tectonic evolution of the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Jeong Doohee , Yu Yongjae , Doh Seong-Jae , Suk Dongwoo , Kim Jeongmin 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Late Cretaceous Chisulryoung Volcanic Formation (CVF) in southeastern Korea contains four ash-flow ignimbrite units (A1, A2, A3, and A4) and three intervening volcano-sedimentary layers (S1, S2, and S3). Reliable U-Pb ages obtained for zircons from the base and top of the CVF were 72.8 ± 1.7 Ma and 67.7 ± 2.1 Ma, respectively. Paleomagnetic analysis on pyroclastic units yielded mean magnetic directions and virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) as D/I = 19.1°/49.2° (α
95 = 4.2°, k = 76.5) and VGP = 73.1°N/232.1°E (A
95 = 3.7°, N = 3) for A1, D/I = 24.9°/52.9° (α
95 = 5.9°, k = 61.7) and VGP = 69.4°N/217.3°E (A
95 = 5.6°, N = 11) for A3, and D/I = 10.9°/50.1° (α
95 = 5.6°, k = 38.6) and VGP = 79.8°N/242.4°E (A
95 = 5.0°, N = 18) for A4. Our best estimates of the paleopoles for A1, A3, and A4 are in remarkable agreement with the reference apparent polar wander path of China in late Cretaceous to early Paleogene, confirming that Korea has been rigidly attached to China (by implication to Eurasia) at least since the Cretaceous. The compiled paleomagnetic data of the Korean Peninsula suggest that the mode of clockwise rotations weakened since the mid-Jurassic. Such interesting variation of vertical rotations in the Korean Peninsula might result from the strike-slip motions of major faults developed in East Asia (the Tancheng-Lujiang fault to the northwest and the Korea-Taiwan strait fault to the southeast), near-field tectonic forcing of the subducting Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate, and far-field expressions of the India-Asia collision.
Mobilizing Manpower for War: Toward a New History of Bolivia's Chaco Conflict, 1932–1935
Authors: Shesko Elizabeth 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe Chaco War with Paraguay represented the largest undertaking by the Bolivian state up to that point and proved to be a definitive turning point in the country's social and political history. This article exposes how little we know about the conflict and examines anew how many fought, who these soldiers were, and the mechanisms by which the state recruited and disciplined them. My examination of wartime mobilization and desertion shows that the central government adopted a multipronged approach, ceding power to local actors to enact mobilization orders, negotiating with interest groups to ensure continued production and protect particular men from recruitment, and relying on violence to enforce a documentary regime. Drawing on new archival sources, most importantly the testimony from wartime military justice proceedings, the article concludes that the oligarchic state was surprisingly successful in mobilizing and retaining soldiers as it faced the formidable challenges of modern mass warfare.
Claudin-4 is required for modulation of paracellular permeability by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in epithelial cells
Authors: Cong Xin , Zhang Yan , Li Jing , Mei Mei , Ding Chong , Xiang Ruo-Lan , Zhang Li-Wei , Wang Yun , Wu Li-Ling , Yu Guang-Yan 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
The epithelial cholinergic system plays an important role in water, ion and solute transport. Previous studies have shown that activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) regulates paracellular transport of epithelial cells; however, the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. Here, we found that mAChR activation by carbachol and cevimeline reduced the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and increased the permeability of paracellular tracers in rat salivary epithelial SMG-C6 cells. Carbachol induced downregulation and redistribution of claudin-4, but not occludin or ZO-1 (also known as TJP1). Small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated claudin-4 knockdown suppressed, whereas claudin-4 overexpression retained, the TER response to carbachol. Mechanistically, the mAChR-modulated claudin-4 properties and paracellular permeability were triggered by claudin-4 phosphorylation through ERK1/2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively). Mutagenesis assay demonstrated that S195, but not S199, S203 or S207, of claudin-4, was the target for carbachol. Subsequently, the phosphorylated claudin-4 interacted with β-arrestin2 and triggered claudin-4 internalization through the clathrin-dependent pathway. The internalized claudin-4 was further degraded by ubiquitylation. Taken together, these findings suggested that claudin-4 is required for mAChR-modulated paracellular permeability of epithelial cells through an ERK1/2, β-arrestin2, clathrin and ubiquitin-dependent signaling pathway.
Insight into post-transcriptional gene regulation: stress-responsive microRNAs and their role in the environmental stress survival of tolerant animals
Authors: Biggar Kyle K. , Storey Kenneth B. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTLiving animals are constantly faced with various environmental stresses that challenge normal life, including: oxygen limitation, very low or high temperature, as well as restriction of water and food. It has been well established that in response to these stresses, tolerant organisms regularly respond with a distinct suite of cellular modifications that involve transcriptional, translational and post-translational modification. In recent years, a new mechanism of rapid and reversible transcriptome regulation, via the action of non-coding RNA molecules, has emerged into post-transcriptional regulation and has since been shown to be part of the survival response. However, these RNA-based mechanisms by which tolerant organisms respond to stressed conditions are not well understood. Recent studies have begun to show that non-coding RNAs control gene expression and translation of mRNA to protein, and can also have regulatory influence over major cellular processes. For example, select microRNAs have been shown to have regulatory influence over the cell cycle, apoptosis, signal transduction, muscle atrophy and fatty acid metabolism during periods of environmental stress. As we are on the verge of dissecting the roles of non-coding RNA in environmental stress adaptation, this Commentary summarizes the hallmark alterations in microRNA expression that facilitate stress survival.
Gait switches in deep-diving beaked whales: biomechanical strategies for long-duration dives
Authors: Martín López Lucía Martina , Miller Patrick J. O. , Aguilar de Soto Natacha , Johnson Mark 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Diving animals modulate their swimming gaits to promote locomotor efficiency and so enable longer, more productive dives. Beaked whales perform extremely long and deep foraging dives that probably exceed aerobic capacities for some species. Here, we use biomechanical data from suction-cup tags attached to three species of beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris, N=10; Ziphius cavirostris, N=9; and Hyperoodon ampullatus, N=2) to characterize their swimming gaits. In addition to continuous stroking and stroke-and-glide gaits described for other diving mammals, all whales produced occasional fluke-strokes with distinctly larger dorso-ventral acceleration, which we termed ‘type-B’ strokes. These high-power strokes occurred almost exclusively during deep dive ascents as part of a novel mixed gait. To quantify body rotations and specific acceleration generated during strokes we adapted a kinematic method combining data from two sensors in the tag. Body rotations estimated with high-rate magnetometer data were subtracted from accelerometer data to estimate the resulting surge and heave accelerations. Using this method, we show that stroke duration, rotation angle and acceleration were bi-modal for these species, with B-strokes having 76% of the duration, 52% larger body rotation and four times more surge than normal strokes. The additional acceleration of B-strokes did not lead to faster ascents, but rather enabled brief glides, which may improve the overall efficiency of this gait. Their occurrence towards the end of long dives leads us to propose that B-strokes may recruit fast-twitch fibres that comprise ∼80% of swimming muscles in Blainville's beaked whales, thus prolonging foraging time at depth.
The Role of Human Capital in Shaping Innovation Processes
Authors: Быкова  , Bykova Marina 
Published: May 2015

The paper analyzes factors, responsible for shaping the organizational human
capital, and highlights the interrelation between these factors and tendencies,
affecting the key performance indicators of an organization. Specific features of
the human capital development are identified, and different views on the
“human capital” concept are considered. Further, the author analyzes the
interrelation between human capital and production level. The role of human
capital in the organizational development and in shaping its innovation
processes are also defined.
SMART Methodology As an Effective Tool to Manage a Company
Authors: Иванова  , Ivanova O. 
Published: May 2015

The paper considers one of the most popular time management systems,
namely, the SMART methodology of correct goals setting at the levels of an
organization as a whole, a particular department and a particular employee.
SMART methodology helps to avoid frequent situations, when subordinates
misunderstand the goals, set for them by their managers. These methodology
will allow the leader to master one of the crucial skills of an effective manager —
to set up concrete goals and objectives for his people.
The evolution of Brazilian forest concessions
Authors: Azevedo-Ramos Claudia , Silva José Natalino Macedo , Merry Frank 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn 2006 Brazil passed legislation allowing concessions for industrial timber harvest in public forests. This decision was part of a broader effort to control deforestation, which had spiked to its second highest level, of about 25,000 km2, in 2004. Specifically, concessions were implemented as a means to control a rampaging timber industry while providing a source of accessible timber for sustainable harvest. Timber concessions, however, are not without their critics worldwide. Here we review the process undertaken to address international concerns over concessions in the policy design, we discuss the process of implementation in Brazil from 2007 to 2014 and then attempt to provide insight into the challenges that lie ahead. Our findings suggest that even though Brazil’s policy designers had the full knowledge of the difficulties with timber concessions, and attempted to design a concession framework to address those concerns, deeper structural problems within the industry and within government itself have prevented the successful scaling up of the concession model. Key hurdles include: government overlap and duplication causing unbearable transaction costs and risks to investors; an industry ill prepared and unwilling to adapt to the stringent requirements set in the policy; and little success in curtailing illegal logging beyond concession borders. While concessions remain a potentially important tool for the management of public forests, additional resources and time will need to be invested to overcome these barriers.
A tale of two systems: comparing healthcare in the UK and China
Authors: Megson Denis Yuen 
Published: May 2015

This article aims to explore some of the issues in modern China and the impact they have on the health of the Chinese population. To understand the context, there will be a broad overview of the political structure of the country and its population. The areas to be discussed are: pollution; the infrastructure of the country; urbanisation/migration into towns and cities; and lifestyles. From the exploration of these four areas, some deductions can be made about the health needs of the Chinese people. An overview of Chinese social policies on healthcare—as detailed in the 12th Five Year Plan ( KPMG China, 2011 )—will be given to highlight the area of services that are being developed. Lastly, there will be a comparison of the delivery of healthcare services in China and the UK. Some of these insights are based on actual experiences of the Chinese healthcare system and its provisions by the author, who lived in China from August 2013 to the end of June 2014.
Adsorption of Organic Compounds Found in Human Sebum on Latvian Illitic, Kaolinitic, and Chloritic Phyllosilicates
Authors: Pura Agnese , Dusenkova Inga , Malers Juris 
Published: May 2015

AbstractClays are used widely as facial masks to remove excess sebum, an oily substance released onto the skin. Smectite, illite, kaolinite, and in some cases, chlorite, are the dominant phyllosilicates in most commonly used clay facial masks. To date, the adsorption of human sebum has been proved only on smectite clays; in the present study the adsorption of two organic compounds found in human sebum by illitic, kaolinitic, and chloritic phyllosilicates was investigated. Illitic clays are often used in cosmetic clay masks, but usually contain some fine-grained non-clay minerals. The presence of carbonate, for example, can cause skin irritation because of its alkaline nature, and iron oxides and hydroxides reduce the adsorption properties of clays. The influence of the removal of these compounds on the adsorption properties of illitic clays was also investigated. The amounts of both compounds adsorbed were established by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. All samples were characterized by mineralogical composition, particlesize distribution, specific surface area, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Oleic acid and squalene were adsorbed on all clay samples, but illitic and chloritic phyllosilicates showed the greatest adsorption capacity. After purification, the sizes of the particles decreased and the CEC values increased. Nevertheless, the dissolution of carbonates essentially had no influence on the adsorption properties, whereas the removal of iron oxides and hydroxides increased significantly the amounts adsorbed of both oleic acid and squalene.
Recalibration of Blood Analytes over 25 Years in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study: Impact of Recalibration on Chronic Kidney Disease Prevalence and Incidence
Authors: Parrinello Christina M , Grams Morgan E , Couper David , Ballantyne Christie M , Hoogeveen Ron C , Eckfeldt John H , Selvin Elizabeth , Coresh Josef 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Equivalence of laboratory tests over time is important for longitudinal studies. Even a small systematic difference (bias) can result in substantial misclassification.

METHODS
We selected 200 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study participants attending all 5 study visits over 25 years. Eight analytes were remeasured in 2011–2013 from stored blood samples from multiple visits: creatinine, uric acid, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Original values were recalibrated to remeasured values with Deming regression. Differences &gt;10% were considered to reflect substantial bias, and correction equations were applied to affected analytes in the total study population. We examined trends in chronic kidney disease (CKD) pre- and postrecalibration.

RESULTS
Repeat measures were highly correlated with original values [Pearson r &gt; 0.85 after removing outliers (median 4.5% of paired measurements)], but 2 of 8 analytes (creatinine and uric acid) had differences &gt;10%. Original values of creatinine and uric acid were recalibrated to current values with correction equations. CKD prevalence differed substantially after recalibration of creatinine (visits 1, 2, 4, and 5 prerecalibration: 21.7%, 36.1%, 3.5%, and 29.4%, respectively; postrecalibration: 1.3%, 2.2%, 6.4%, and 29.4%). For HDL cholesterol, the current direct enzymatic method differed substantially from magnesium dextran precipitation used during visits 1–4.

CONCLUSIONS
Analytes remeasured in samples stored for approximately 25 years were highly correlated with original values, but 2 of the 8 analytes showed substantial bias at multiple visits. Laboratory recalibration improved reproducibility of test results across visits and resulted in substantial differences in CKD prevalence. We demonstrate the importance of consistent recalibration of laboratory assays in a cohort study.
Knowledge on Climate Change and Energy Saving Renovations by Apartment Owners in Bulgaria and Latvia. A Qualitative Study
Authors: Bartiaux Françoise , Gosselain Véronique , Vassileva Dobrina , Stamova Grozdanka , Ozoliņa Līga , Gara Evita 
Published: May 2015

Abstract:
Do apartment owners in Bulgaria and Latvia carry out energy-saving practices in their homes, and what are the justifications thereof? Do they relate these practices to climate change or to their environmental knowledge? These are the main questions investigated in this research. Data are drawn from a qualitative survey of dwellers’ renovation activities and the motivations thereof. Results indicate that the poor conditions of multi-apartment buildings and the feeling of being cold or uncomfortable are sufficient levers driving energy-related renovations in privately-owned apartments. Environmental concern is never expressed as a lever for undertaking renovation, either in Bulgaria or in Latvia and there exist some scepticism and misunderstanding concerning climate change.
The Response of the Hermeneutic Social Sciences to a ‘Post Carbon World’
Authors: Redclift Michael 
Published: May 2015

Abstract:
Sociology has taken a ‘back seat’ in much of the debate, within policy and social science circles, about ‘post-carbon’ societies, in which our dependence on hydrocarbons is significantly reduced. The low profile of sociology does not reflect a lack of relevance, but rather an inability to follow up on the debates being generated in several congruent areas, including geography, international relations and particularly environmental economics. Sociology has much to contribute to the discussion of societal alternatives, not least in the work being undertaken on utopias and governance. It is suggested that sociologists can enhance the role of the social science disciplines, and that of sociology in particular, by re-engaging in the wider discussions, lending a hermeneutic understanding to the current policy debates about responding to climate change.
Perspectives of Social Entrepreneurship in Portugal: Comparison and Contrast with International Theoretical Approaches
Authors: Parente Cristina , Santos Mónica , Marcos Vanessa , Costa Daniel , Veloso Luísa 
Published: May 2015

Abstract:
The aim of this article is to present and discuss the perspectives of social entrepreneurship conveyed by third sector organizations in Portugal in the context of the main international theoretical approaches. As part of a research project on social entrepreneurship in Portugal, the article analyses the content of 20 semi-structured interviews with key actors within the Portuguese third sector. It is assumed that the roles these actors play are a clear indicator of the importance their views can hold in defining the social entrepreneurship field in Portugal. This analysis enables us to conclude that heterogeneous views and blurred defined boundaries frame the debate on social entrepreneurship’s processes and definitions, with some actors even rejecting it in favour of other concepts such as “social economy” or “solidarity economy”. Nevertheless, the central issues that arose are associated with the individual qualities of the entrepreneur, as well as the sustainability of the initiatives.