bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurogenic Participation in Essential and Renovascular Hypertension Assessed by Acute Ganglionic Blockade: Correlation with Haemodynamic Indices and Intravascular Volume
Authors: Tarazi R. C. , Dustan Harriet P. 
Published: August 2015

1. Neurogenic activity at rest was estimated from the immediate depressor response to intravenously administered trimetaphan in two groups of untreated hypertensive patients (thirty with essential hypertension and twenty with renal arterial stenosis). Responses were correlated with simultaneously determined haemodynamic functions and intravascular volume.
2. The two groups did not differ significantly in degree of response but the pattern of its correlations was different. In essential hypertension, the depressor response correlated directly with control total peripheral resistance (P < 0.005) and diastolic arterial pressure (P < 0.025) and inversely with blood volume (P < 0.02); data from seven age-matched normotensive subjects fell along the same regression lines. In renovascular hypertension, on the other hand, the response did not correlate with either pressure, resistance or volume.
The results suggest the interference in renovascular hypertension of a factor or factors not evident in essential hypertension. Further, this approach indicates that different types of hypertension may differ more by the pattern in which physiological factors interrelate than by a disturbance of a single factor alone.
The Activation of a Possible Zymogen of Renin in Rabbit Kidney
Authors: Leckie Brenda 
Published: August 2015

1. Extracts of rabbit kidney contain both active renin and a material which has a scarcely detectable pressor response in the rat at pH 7.4, but which, after adjustment of the pH to 2.5 and then back to 7.4, gives a similar pressor response to renin.
2. The material is eluted from Sephadex G-100 ahead of renin, but after acidification is eluted in the same fractions as active renin. It may be a renin zymogen.
3. The zymogen-like material has a molecular weight of around 54 000, compared with a molecular weight of 37 000 for active rabbit renin.
The Relationship of Height and Weight Velocities of Adolescent Boys to the Total Hydroxyproline:Creatinine Ratio in Their Random Urines
Authors: Wharton B. A. , Gough G. , Pennock C. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The total hydroxyproline:creatinine ratios in random urines collected every 3 months for 1 year from twenty-six adolescent boys (11–14 years) have been compared with the observed height and weight velocities of the boys during that year.
2. There were significant correlations of both height and weight velocities over 6 and 12 month periods with the ratios in the random urines collected during the same period.
3. The ratio in most boys fell from July to April and then rose during the final 3 months of the study. Sequential changes in the ratio correlated significantly with sequential changes in growth velocity (i.e. acceleration or deceleration) but the changes in the ratio occurring throughout the year could not be wholly explained by variation in growth rate.
4. The urinary total hydroxyproline:creatinine ratio is probably most useful as an index of growth rate in comparisons between children studied over the same period of time, or in sequential studies of the same child over a short period. In long-term sequential studies allowances must be made for factors other than growth velocity so that interpretation is more difficult.
Effect of Change of Posture on Blood Pressure and Plasma Renin Concentration in Men with Spinal Transections
Authors: Johnson R. H. , Park D. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Blood pressure, heart rate and changes of plasma renin concentration (PRC) have been studied in nineteen patients with traumatic transection of the spinal cord, in relation to change of posture from supine to upright.
2. When supine, subjects with cervical-cord transection had a normal blood pressure, a low heart rate and a high plasma renin concentration. On change of posture to the vertical, orthostatic hypotension developed, heart rate rose and PRC increased. Orthostatic hypotension was not a feature with change of posture in patients with transection of the thoracic spinal cord and PRC rose to a much smaller extent.
3. It is concluded that release of renin on change of posture can occur in patients with spinal-cord transection. Release of renin in man does not depend therefore upon an intact autonomic nervous system, though it is possible that reflex sympathetic pathways in the isolated spinal cord may be involved.
Mitochondrial Volume in Skeletal Muscle from Young and Old Physically Untrained and Trained Healthy Men and from Alcoholics
Authors: Kiessling K.-H. , Pilström L. , Karlsson J. , Piehl Karin 
Published: August 2015

1. Using quantitative electron microscopy, the volume fraction of mitochondria has been studied in the fibrillar and the perinuclear zones in leg muscle from young and old healthy men, physically trained and untrained, and from alcoholics with serious muscle weakness.
2. There is a correlation between the volume fractions of mitochondria in the fibrillar and perinuclear zones.
3. In young untrained men, the volume fraction of mitochondria in skeletal muscle is three-quarters of that in old untrained men in both the fibrillar and the perinuclear zone. In the young men, there are few but comparatively large mitochondria, while in old men the mitochondria are small but numerous.
4. Training causes a considerable increase in the volume fraction of mitochondria in young men (approx. 100%) but only a slight increase in old men (approx. 20%). The increase in the young group is caused by an increase in the number of mitochondria without any change of their volume, but in old men it is due to an increase in size.
5. Alcoholics with serious muscle weakness in their legs have a volume fraction of mitochondria which is below that of the healthy untrained controls. The decrease is of the same order as the increase induced by training in the old healthy men.
A Function of Synovial Membrane of Normal and Diseased Humans in Relation to the Movement of Small-Molecular-Weight Ions
Authors: Kremer D. , Deodhar S. D. , Dick W. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. In a series of thirteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis and eleven control subjects clearance rates of 133Xe and 99mTc from the knee joint were monitored before and after oral administration of the anion-transport inhibitor potassium perchlorate.
2. The clearance rate of 99mTc was reduced following perchlorate administration although there was no change in the 133Xe clearance rate. This suggests the presence of a perchlorate-blockable anion-transport mechanism across the synoviocyte.
Studies on the Blood Fibrinolytic System in Congestive Cardiac Failure
Authors: Rawles J. M. , Ogston D. , Douglas A. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The major components of the blood fibrinolytic enzyme system were measured in patients with congestive cardiac failure, in control patients with heart disease but not in failure, and in control subjects without heart disease.
2. Heart disease in the absence of failure was associated with an increase in fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products and α1-antitrypsin, but not with any alteration of plasminogen activator, plasminogen, the serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation or α2-macroglobulin.
3. Compared with patients with heart disease, there were decreased amounts of plasminogen activator and plasminogen and increased amounts of the serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation and the antiplasmin α1-antitrypsin in patients with cardiac failure. Fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products and α2-macroglobulin were not significantly altered.
4. Plasminogen activator as measured by the euglobulin lysis time correlated inversely with the height of the jugular venous pressure, but not with liver size, the extent of oedema, chest X-ray appearances, amounts of blood urea or bilirubin.
5. The release of plasminogen activator in response to venous stasis was decreased in patients with cardiac failure.
The Relationship between Body Fluid Compartment Volumes, Renin Activity and Blood Pressure in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Dathan J. R. E. , Johnson D. B. , Goodwin F. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The relationship between various body fluid compartment volumes, plasma renin activity and mean arterial blood pressure was studied in twenty-six patients with chronic renal failure.
2. Mean arterial blood pressure was positively correlated with total exchangeable sodium, blood volume and plasma renin activity: there was no significant correlation with either total body water or extracellular fluid volume.
3. Multiple regression analysis revealed that plasma renin activity combined with total exchangeable sodium, blood volume, red cell mass or total body water provided a better means of predicting blood pressure than any of the variables taken alone.
4. In a second study performed after a period of regular dialysis treatment no correlation was found between mean arterial pressure and either body fluid compartment volumes or plasma renin activity.
Plasma Renin Activity, Plasma Angiotensin and Plasma and Urinary Electrolytes in Normal and Toxaemic Pregnancy, Including a Prospective Study
Authors: Gordon R. D. , Symonds E. M. , Wilmshurst E. G. , Pawsey C. G. K. 
Published: August 2015

1. In a prospective study involving fifty-six women, measurements of body weight, urinary creatinine, sodium and potassium and plasma sodium, potassium and renin activity were made in mid-pregnancy and at 36 weeks. The effect of sodium restriction and sodium loading on these measurements was assessed in mid-pregnancy.
2. Mean plasma renin activity was significantly higher throughout pregnancy than the normal non-pregnant mean level. It was lower at 36 weeks than in mid-pregnancy in those whose pregnancy was normal but not in those who developed toxaemia of pregnancy between 38 and 40 weeks. In mid-pregnancy in both groups sodium depletion was significantly elevated but sodium loading did not significantly depress plasma renin activity.
3. The urinary potassium/creatinine ratio in mid-pregnancy and urinary sodium/creatinine ratio at 36 weeks were lower in those who subsequently developed toxaemia, raising the possibility of a functional renal lesion which antedates the morphologically recognizable lesion of late pregnancy.
4. In a second study involving sixty-six different women plasma angiotensin II levels between 6 and 40 weeks of pregnancy were mostly above the normal range, and highest levels were observed between 21 and 30 weeks. The plasma angiotensin II levels in six women with established toxaemia of pregnancy were not significantly different from the levels in nine women with normal pregnancy of the same duration.
5. While the renal glomerular lesion is presumably the major determinant in the development of toxaemia, the heightened activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which is appropriate to normal pregnancy is an aggravating factor in established toxaemia, and may predispose to its development in some patients by failing to decline in late pregnancy.
Factors Affecting Plasma Clearance of [14C]Cholic Acid in Patients with Cirrhosis
Authors: Kaye M. D. , Struthers J. E. , Tidball J. S. , DeNiro Elizabeth , Kern F. 
Published: August 2015

1. Clearance of [14C]cholic acid from the systemic circulation was studied in six normal subjects and eight patients with biopsy-proven hepatic cirrhosis. In both groups, during fasting, the curve for disappearance of radioactivity from the serum during the first 100 min after [14C]cholic acid injection was double-exponential in form. During the early phase, clearance was significantly more rapid, and concentrations of conjugated and free bile acid were significantly lower, in normals than in cirrhotics.
2. Radioactivity disappeared from the systemic circulation of normals within 3 h, and neither intravenous cholecystokinin nor the ingestion of food influenced serum radioactivity. Almost all cirrhotic patients had ‘spontaneous’ rises in serum radioactivity, which began approximately 2 h after [14C]cholic acid injection. Cholecystokinin or food given 4–8 h after [14C]cholic acid administration, produced rises. Continuous aspiration of duodenal juice markedly reduced these rises. Reinfusion of duodenal juice into the upper intestine was followed by a rise in serum radioactivity.
3. All rises were due, almost exclusively, to conjugated bile acids.
4. Impaired bile acid clearance in cirrhotics may result from inefficient hepatic extraction of bile acids, increased leakage of conjugated bile acids from hepatic cells and shunting from portal to systemic circulations. The latter factor is probably responsible for elevated, fluctuating, plasma bile acid concentrations in cirrhotic patients.
The Urinary Excretion of 1-Methylimidazole-4-Acetic Acid, a Histamine Metabolite, by Healthy and Asthmatic Children
Authors: Thom Hazel , Richardson Joyce E. , Mitchell R. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The excretion of 1-methylimidazole-4-acetic acid (MeIAA) in urine was measured in three groups of asthmatic children (acute-symptoms, quiescent and steroid-treated) and a control group of hospitalized non-asthmatic children all on the same restricted diet.
2. There was no statistical difference between the excretion of MeIAA in urine in any of the groups. There was therefore no evidence of impairment of the methylation pathway of histamine metabolism in asthma.
The Lipids and Lipoproteins of Human Peripheral Lymph, with Observations on the Transport of Cholesterol from Plasma and Tissues into Lymph
Authors: Reichl D. , Simons L. A. , Myant N. B. , Pflug J. J. , Mills G. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. The lipids and lipoproteins of lymph obtained from the dorsum of the foot were examined in seven human subjects.
2. The concentration of total cholesterol in lymph was about one-tenth that in plasma and was significantly correlated with the plasma total cholesterol concentration. The ratio of esterified to total cholesterol in lymph was similar to that in plasma.
3. Triglyceride was detectable in lymph, but the concentration was less than one-tenth that in plasma and was unrelated to the plasma triglyceride concentration.
4. No lipase activity was detectable in lymph, either before or after intravenous injection of heparin.
5. Cholesterol-esterifying activity was detected in four samples of lymph.
6. The major lipoprotein antigens of human plasma (apo-A, apo-B and apo-C) were present in whole lymph, but their distribution in fractions of different density was different from that in plasma.
7. [14C]Cholesterol, injected intravenously, appeared in lymph within 30 min of the injection, indicating that some of the cholesterol in lymph is derived directly from plasma.
8. At intervals greater than 29 days after a single intravenous injection of [14C]-cholesterol, the specific radioactivity of lymph cholesterol was greater than that of plasma cholesterol, indicating that some of the cholesterol in lymph is derived from tissue pools of cholesterol with slow turnover.
Studies of the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Oedema: The Roles of Postural Changes in Plasma Volume, Plasma Renin Activity, Aldosterone Secretion Rate and Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Retention of Sodium and Water
Authors: Streeten D. H. P. , Dalakos T. G. , Souma M. , Fellerman H. , Clift G. V. , Schletter F. E. , Stevenson C. T. , Speller P. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. On constant high (200 mmol)- and low (10 mmol)-sodium diets, thirty-one patients with idiopathic oedema have been compared with six non-oedematous control subjects while upright from 08.00 to 20.00 hours for 3 days and while recumbent all day for 2 days.
2. The cumulative weight rise in the upright posture and fall in recumbency were ‘normal’ in five patients (‘non-orthostatic oedema’) and excessive in twenty-six (‘orthostatic oedema’).
3. Leg volume showed a cumulative rise during the upright period, which was excessive in the orthostatic oedema patients only.
4. When the orthostatic oedema patients were in the upright posture, fifteen retained sodium excessively (‘orthostatic sodium retainers’), while eleven retained ‘normal’ amounts of sodium (‘orthostatic water retainers’).
5. The ‘orthostatic sodium retainers’ experienced excessive acute orthostatic falls in inulin and para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearances. Half of them showed excessive aldosterone excretion and secretion rates and excessive potassium excretion in the upright posture on the 200 mmol of sodium diet. Plamsa volume fell excessively after 1 h in the upright posture in these patients. None of these changes was significant or consistent in the other patients with oedema.
6. Plasma renin activity and plasma protein and albumin concentrations were ‘normal’ in all patients in all circumstances.
7. Idiopathic oedema is a group of disorders each associated with: (I) orthostatic fall in filtered sodium often with orthostatic hyperaldosteronism and consequent orthostatic sodium retention; (II) orthostatic water retention possibly related to orthostatic hypervasopressinism and occasionally associated with occult heart failure; or (III) non-orthostatic factors.
Longitudinal Change in Blood Pressure in Individuals, Families and Social Groups
Authors: Johnson Benjamin C. , Karunas Thomas M. , Epstein Frederick H. 
Published: August 2015

1. As a part of the Tecumseh Health Study, blood pressure was recorded during three physical examination cycles covering a span of 8 years. Change in blood pressure was evaluated with reference to a variety of epidemiological variables.
2. A strong tendency was shown to regress toward the mean; high pressures tended to fall, and low pressures to rise.
3. In those with increasing systolic pressure, when categorized by percentage change rather than change in absolute manometer readings, steepness of rise was not different in those initially high as compared with those initially low in systolic pressure.
4. Change in pressure was not related to initial degree of obesity, but was definitely related to change in absolute weight. Those whose pressure increased tended to increase in weight, and conversely.
5. Reported medical treatment had little demonstrable effect upon the proportion of persons initially hypertensive who had a decline in blood pressure 8 years later.
6. No relationship was seen between spouses in blood pressure change. Children's pattern of change did not relate to parents' pattern although the general increase in these young ages probably obscured the comparison.
7. A variety of socioeconomic, occupational as well as physiological variables were compared with patterns of change with no definite relationships found.
Prediction of the Physiological Dead-Space in Resting Normal Subjects
Authors: Harris E. A. , Hunter Mary E. , Seelye Eve R. , Vedder Margaret , Whitlock R. M. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Two-hundred and forty duplicate estimations of physiological dead-space volume (VD) were made in forty-eight healthy subjects (twenty-four men and twenty-four women) aged from 20 to 74 years, to assess the predictive accuracy of various standards.
2. The VD/VT (physiological dead-space volume/tidal volume) ratio standard was least precise, but could be improved by allowing for sex and age.
3. The best prediction could be made by multiple regression of VD on age, height, tidal volume (VT) and the reciprocal of respiratory frequency (f), which gave an estimate with a standard deviation of 24·7 ml.
4. Theoretical and practical arguments favour the abandonment of the VD/VT ratio standard. Simple regression of VD on VT also is unsatisfactory, giving a much less precise estimate of VD than a multiple regression on VT and other variables.
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytosis and Lymphopenia in Acute Renal Failure and Metabolic Acidosis in the Rat
Authors: Simon D. , Luke R. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Peripheral blood leucocytes were studied before, and 48 h after acute induction in the rat of either uraemia (by bilateral ureteric ligation or bilateral nephrectomy) or of metabolic acidosis in the absence of uraemia (by ingestion of NH4Cl).
2. A significant, fourfold increase in polymorphonuclear leucocyte count was seen after bilateral ureteric ligation, but no increase occurred in sham-operated animals nor after bilateral nephrectomy, despite equivalent uraemia and acidosis. A lesser degree of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was also seen after unilateral ureteric ligation. A significant but also lesser degree of polymorphonuclear leucocytosis was seen after metabolic acidosis in the absence of uraemia. Correction of acidosis in another group of animals with bilateral ureteric ligation did not prevent polymorphonuclear leucocytosis.
3. Significant lymphopenia, of approximately equal degree, was seen after bilateral nephrectomy, and after metabolic acidosis, but did not occur in control groups.
4. These findings support the hypothesis that polymorphonuclear leucocytosis in acute uraemia or ureteric obstruction may be due to a direct renal mechanism, such as release of a leucopoietin, whereas lymphopenia may be due to metabolic changes associated with uraemia or metabolic acidosis.
A Comparison of Double-Isotope Derivative and Radioimmunological Estimation of Plasma Aldosterone Concentration in Man
Authors: Fraser R. , Guest Sheena , Young Jessie 
Published: August 2015

1. Two techniques for estimating plasma aldosterone concentration are compared by means of repeated assays of a plasma pool and also by analysis of a wide range of plasma samples.
2. No significant difference was found in the results obtained by the methods. Radioimmunoassay required only one tenth of the volume of plasma needed for the double-isotope derivative method.
3. Its rapidity and relative inexpensiveness makes radioimmunoassay at present the most suitable technique for large-scale population screening.
Free Water Clearance in Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Mees E. J. Dorhout , de Graaf H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Free water clearance (CH2O) was measured in sixteen normal subjects and twenty-five patients with uncomplicated hypertension at different levels of salt intake.
2. In normal subjects CH2O and Na+ excretion were related thus: log Na+ excretion = 0·1685 + 0·1508 × CH2O. At a given value for Na+ excretion the standard deviation for CH2O was ±1·5 ml min−1.
3. The mean value for the ratio CH2O/creatinine clearance was higher in the hypertensive patients than in controls at all levels of Na+ excretion.
4. Most previous studies reporting decreased values for CH2O in hypertension can be explained by the exponential relationship between CH2O and Na+ excretion.
Urinary Excretion of Water and Electrolytes in Normal Females during the Follicular and Luteal Phases of the Menstrual Cycle: The Effect of Posture
Authors: Edwards Owen M. , Bayliss R. I. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Water and electrolyte excretion has been measured in both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in eight normal females undergoing a sustained water diuresis.
2. When the subjects were supine, no differences were found in urinary excretion during the follicular and luteal phases.
3. When the subjects were tilted to the upright position, the urine volume, excretion of sodium and potassium and the osmolar and free water clearances fell, suggesting an alteration in proximal tubular function. These changes were statistically greater in the luteal than in the follicular phase of the cycle.
4. It is postulated that the enhanced retention of electrolytes and water in response to tilting in the luteal phase is a compensatory mechanism for the decreased effective blood volume at that time.