bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Could SecondaryDNATransfer Falsely Place Someone at the Scene of a Crime?,
Authors: Cale Cynthia M. , Earll Madison E. , Latham Krista E. , Bush Gay L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe occurrence of secondaryDNAtransfer has been previously established. However, the transfer ofDNAthrough an intermediary has not been revisited with more sensitive current technologies implemented to increase the likelihood of obtaining results from low‐template/low‐quality samples. This study evaluated whether this increased sensitivity could lead to the detection of interpretable secondaryDNAtransfer profiles. After two minutes of hand to hand contact, participants immediately handled assigned knives. Swabbings of the knives with detectable amounts ofDNAwere amplified with the Identifiler®Plus Amplification Kit and injected on a 3130xl.DNAtyping results indicated that secondaryDNAtransfer was detected in 85% of the samples. In five samples, the secondary contributor was either the only contributor or the major contributor identified despite never coming into direct contact with the knife. This study demonstrates the risk of assuming thatDNArecovered from an object resulted from direct contact.
Position Effect on Facial Soft Tissue Depths: A Sonographic Investigation
Authors: Baillie Louisa J. , Muirhead Jillian C. , Blyth Phil , Niven Brian E. , Dias George J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe head is positioned erect for an approximation; yet most facial soft tissue depths (FSTD) used are measured from supine subjects. Depth difference might be significant, but there is a paucity of data to verify. This study compared erect and supine values for 17 landmarks from 30 healthy New Zealand (European population affinity) women (18–30 or 40–55 years) in erect then supine positions. Height, weight, and sonographicFSTDdata, totaling 1020 measurements, were obtained. Three midline and seven averaged bilateral values were compared usingANOVA,pvalues, and Pearson's correlations. Correlative strength of age and body mass index,BMI(kg/m2), was determined by values. Results showed averaged erect and supine differences were significant for four of tenFSTDs. Between individuals, difference was various and not unidirectional. In conclusion, depth differences were observed but not all significant or unidirectional,BMIsignificantly influenced nineFSTDvalues, but age group did not.
If the British left: Agricultural policy outside the CAP?
Authors: Swinbank Alan 
Published: September 2015

SummaryIf the Conservative party wins Britain's General Election in 2015 the incoming Government intends to negotiate a new settlement with the EU, and then hold an in–out referendum. Opinion polls suggest a narrow majority would vote to leave. To exercise an informed choice the electorate would need to know what feasible alternatives are available, so that these can be assessed and debated. Furthermore, in the event of a No vote the Government must be ready to implement its alternative strategy: Plan B. This implies that both a new EU settlement, and Plan B, need to be negotiated concurrently. There has been no serious attempt to explain what Plan B would mean for UK farm policy. Would, for example, British farmers continue to receive the level of support that they currently enjoy; would support be more focussed on environmental objectives? WTO rules on most‐favoured‐nation treatment and regional trade agreements would apply. Could a WTO compatible agri‐food trade agreement be negotiated with its former EU partners, or would Irish and Brazilian beef face the same tariff barriers on imports into the British market? For the EU, the loss of a major net contributor to EU finances could result in a re‐examination of the CAP budget.
Integrating small mammal community variables into aircraft–wildlife collision management plans at Namibian airports
Authors: HAUPTFLEISCH Morgan L. , AVENANT Nico L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUnderstanding ecosystems within and around airports can help to determine the causes and possible mitigation measures for collisions between aircraft and wildlife. Small mammal communities are an important component of the semi‐arid savanna ecosystems of Namibia, its productivity and its ecosystem integrity. They are also a major direct attractant for raptors at airports. The present study compared the abundance and diversity of small mammals between Namibia's 2 main airport properties (Hosea Kutako International Airport and Eros Airport), and among areas of land used for various purposes surrounding the airports. A total of 2150 small mammals (3 orders, 11 species) were captured over 4 trapping seasons. Small mammal abundance was significantly higher at the end of the growing season than during the non‐growing season. The grass mowing regimen in current management plans at the airports resulted in a significant reduction of small mammal abundance at Hosea Kutako during the non‐growing season only, thus indicating that annual mowing is effective but insufficient to reduce the overall abundance of mammal prey species for raptors. Small mammal numbers were significantly higher at Hosea Kutako Airport compared to the cattle and game farming land surrounding the airport, while no differences in small mammal densities or diversity were found for areas with different land uses at and surrounding Eros. The study suggests that the fence around Hosea Kutako provides a refuge for small mammals, resulting in higher densities. It also indicates that different surrounding land use practices result in altered ecosystem function and productivity, an important consideration when identifying wildlife attractants at airports.
A functional model for characterizing long‐distance movement behaviour
Authors: Buderman Frances E. , Hooten Mevin B. , Ivan Jacob S. , Shenk Tanya M. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryAdvancements in wildlife telemetry techniques have made it possible to collect large data sets of highly accurate animal locations at a fine temporal resolution. These data sets have prompted the development of a number of statistical methodologies for modelling animal movement.Telemetry data sets are often collected for purposes other than fine‐scale movement analysis. These data sets may differ substantially from those that are collected with technologies suitable for fine‐scale movement modelling and may consist of locations that are irregular in time, are temporally coarse or have large measurement error. These data sets are time‐consuming and costly to collect but may still provide valuable information about movement behaviour.We developed a Bayesian movement model that accounts for error from multiple data sources as well as movement behaviour at different temporal scales. The Bayesian framework allows us to calculate derived quantities that describe temporally varying movement behaviour, such as residence time, speed and persistence in direction. The model is flexible, easy to implement and computationally efficient.We apply this model to data from Colorado Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) and use derived quantities to identify changes in movement behaviour.
Rat‐strain dependent changes of dendritic and spine morphology in the hippocampus after cocaine self‐administration
Authors: Selvas Abraham , Coria Santiago M. , Kastanauskaite Asta , Fernaud‐Espinosa Isabel , DeFelipe Javier , Ambrosio Emilio , Miguéns Miguel 
Published: September 2015

AbstractWe previously showed that cocaine self‐administration increases spine density in CA1 hippocampal neurons in Lewis (LEW) but not in Fischer 344 (F344) rats. Dendritic spine morphology is intimately related to its function. Thus, we conducted a 3D morphological analysis of CA1 dendrites and dendritic spines in these two strains of rats. Strain‐specific differences were observed prior to cocaine self‐administration: LEW rats had significantly larger dendritic diameters but lower spine density than the F344 strain. After cocaine self‐administration, proximal dendritic volume, dendritic surface area and spine density were increased in LEW rats, where a higher percentage of larger spines were also observed. In addition, we found a strong positive correlation between dendritic volume and spine morphology, and a moderate correlation between dendritic volume and spine density in cocaine self‐administered LEW rats, an effect that was not evident in any other condition. By contrast, after cocaine self‐administration, F334 rats showed decreased spine head volumes. Our findings suggest that genetic differences could play a key role in the structural plasticity induced by cocaine in CA1 pyramidal neurons. These cocaine‐induced alterations could be related to differences in the memory processing of drug reward cues that could potentially explain differential individual vulnerability to cocaine addiction.
Changes in the management of deep sternal wound infections: a 12‐year review
Authors: Lonie Sarah , Hallam Jane , Yii Michael , Davis Philip , Newcomb Andrew , Nixon Ian , Rosalion Alexander , Ricketts Sophie 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBackgroundDeep sternal wound infection (DSWI) is a rare but life‐threatening complication following cardiac surgery associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Management of these patients has evolved over the years and can include sternal rewiring, mediastinal irrigation, negative‐pressure wound therapy (NPWT) dressing or repair with flaps. We reviewed changes in our management of DSWI and outcomes.MethodsUsing the Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons database, 5472 underwent cardiac surgery at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, and 42 were identified as developing DSWI requiring re‐operation between June 2002 and September 2014. Data were collected pertaining to risk factors for DSWI, management strategies and outcomes. Patients were compared from a period prior to NPWT dressing use (June 2002–February 2006, n = 14) and since the NPWT has been used regularly in the management of DSWI (from March 2006, n = 28). Patients were also compared based on the requirement for flap closure of their sternal wound.ResultsBecause of the widespread use of NPWT dressings, there is a trend towards fewer sternal infections requiring flap closure (25 versus 42.8%) and less post‐operative complications after definitive closure (7.1 versus 28.6%). Before and after widespread NPWT use, patients require similar number of re‐operations before closure and have no significant differences in time to definitive closure or length of hospital stay.ConclusionThe use of NPWT dressings as a bridge to definitive closure may reduce the need for more burdensome flap reconstruction, does not delay definitive reconstruction or prolong hospital stay and may reduce post‐reconstruction complications requiring re‐operation.
The contribution of massive fetomaternal hemorrhage to antepartum stillbirth: a 25‐year cross‐sectional study
Authors: O'Leary Bobby D. , Walsh Colin A. , Fitzgerald Joan M. , Downey Paul , McAuliffe Fionnuala M. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIntroductionFatal antepartum fetomaternal hemorrhage is a relatively uncommon clinical presentation, though one that appears quickly and without warning. The pathophysiology of this disease is unclear, and the incidence does not appear to be decreasing in line with overall antepartum mortality. This study was undertaken to analyse trends in antepartum fetal death from fetomaternal hemorrhage over a 25‐year period in a single maternity hospital in Dublin, Ireland.Material and methodsA cross‐sectional study of 192 132 nonanomalous infants weighing 500 g or more, delivered in a single tertiary‐referral university institution between 1987 and 2011. Data was compared using Fisher's exact test, univariate analysis, and Cuzick's test for trend.ResultsThere was no decrease in the rate of fatal fetomaternal hemorrhage over the past 25 years (p = 0.29), despite a decline in overall antepartum deaths (p = 0.0049). Fetomaternal hemorrhage accounted for 4.1% (34/828) of antepartum stillbirths. A higher proportion of these stillbirths occurred at term gestations (74%; 25/34) compared with other causes (40%; 321/794; p = 0.0003). Female infants were statistically more likely to be involved than males [odds ratio (OR) 2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–5.47, p = 0.02). Multiple gestations were up to six times as likely to be affected as singleton pregnancies (OR 6.52, 95% CI 1.67–18.50, p = 0.005).ConclusionsOver the past 25 years there has been no reduction in rates of fatal fetomaternal hemorrhage. Female infants and multiple gestations remain at higher risk of antepartum death from fatal fetomaternal hemorrhage.
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay developed to diagnose adult bacterial meningitis in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Chi‐Tsung , Hsiao Kuang‐Ming , Chen Jin‐Cherng , Su Cheng‐Chuan 
Published: September 2015

Acute bacterial meningitis causes high morbidity and mortality; the associated clinical symptoms often are insensitive or non‐specific; and the pathogenic bacteria are geographically diverse. Clinical diagnosis requires a rapid and accurate methodology. This study aimed to develop a new multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay to detect simultaneously six major bacteria that cause adult bacterial meningitis in Taiwan: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Species‐specific primers for the six bacteria were developed using reference strains. The specificities of the mPCRs for these bacteria were validated, and the sensitivities were evaluated via serial dilutions. The mPCR assay specifically detected all of the six pathogens, particularly with sensitivities of 12 colony forming units (CFU)/mL, 90 CFU/mL, and 390 CFU/mL for E. coli, S. pneumoniae, and K. pneumoniae, respectively. This mPCR assay is a rapid and specific tool to detect the six major bacterial pathogens that cause acute adult meningitis in Taiwan, particularly sensitive for detecting E. coli, S. pneumoniae, and K. pneumoniae. The assay may facilitate early diagnosis and guidance for antimicrobial therapy for adult patients with this deadly disease in Taiwan.
Less is more: The availability heuristic in early childhood
Authors: Geurten Marie , Willems Sylvie , Germain Sophie , Meulemans Thierry 
Published: September 2015

This study examined whether young children are influenced by the subjective experience associated with an easy or difficult recall when making memory decisions. Seventy‐one children, aged 4, 6, and 8 years, were asked to generate either a small (easy condition) or large (hard condition) number of first names. Statistical analyses revealed that participants in the hard condition were more likely to infer that they did not know many names than participants in the easy condition, contrary to what would be expected if children based their memory judgement on the objective number of recalled items. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that children as young as 4 years old rely on the subjective experience of ease to regulate their decision‐making processes. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Patterns of prescription and adherence to European Association of Urology guidelines on androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: an Italian multicentre cross‐sectional analysis from the Choosing Treatment for Prostate Cancer (CHOICE) study
Authors: Morgia Giuseppe , Russo Giorgio Ivan , Tubaro Andrea , Bortolus Roberto , Randone Donato , Gabriele Pietro , Trippa Fabio , Zattoni Filiberto , Porena Massimo , Mirone Vincenzo , Serni Sergio , Del Nero Alberto , Lay Giancarlo , Ricardi Umberto , Rocco Francesco , Terrone Carlo , Pagliarulo Arcangelo , Ludovico Giuseppe , Vespasiani Giuseppe , Brausi Maurizio , Simeone Claudio , Novella Giovanni , Carmignani Giorgio , Leonardi Rosario , Pinnarò Paola , De Paula Ugo , Corvò Renzo , Tenaglia Raffaele , Siracusano Salvatore , Mantini Giovanna , Gontero Paolo , Savoca Gianfranco , Ficarra Vincenzo ,   (Members of the LUNA Foundation, Società Italiana d'Urologia)
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate both the patterns of prescription of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and the adherence to European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines for ADT prescription.MethodsThe Choosing Treatment for Prostate Cancer (CHOICE) study was an Italian multicentre cross‐sectional study conducted between December 2010 and January 2012. A total of 1 386 patients, treated with ADT for PCa (first prescription or renewal of ADT), were selected. With regard to the EAU guidelines on ADT, the cohort was categorized into discordant ADT (Group A) and concordant ADT (Group B).ResultsThe final cohort included 1 075 patients with a geographical distribution including North Italy (n = 627, 58.3%), Central Italy (n = 233, 21.7%) and South Italy (n = 215, 20.0%). In the category of patients treated with primary ADT, a total of 125 patients (56.3%) were classified as low risk according to D'Amico classification. With regard to the EAU guidelines, 285 (26.51%) and 790 patients (73.49%) were classified as discordant (Group A) and concordant (Group B), respectively. In Group A, patients were more likely to receive primary ADT (57.5%, 164/285 patients) than radical prostatectomy (RP; 30.9%, 88/285 patients), radiation therapy (RT; 6.7%, 19/285 patients) or RP + RT (17.7%, 14/285 patients; P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted for clinical and pathological variables, showed that patients from Central Italy (odds ratio [OR] 2.86; P < 0.05) and South Italy (OR 2.65; P < 0.05) were more likely to receive discordant ADT.ConclusionEAU guideline adherence for ADT was low in Italy and was influenced by geographic area. Healthcare providers and urologists should consider these results in order to quantify the inadequate use of ADT and to set policy strategies to overcome this risk.
Functional roles of bladder α1‐adrenoceptors in the activation of single‐unit primary bladder afferent activity in rats
Authors: Aizawa Naoki , Sugiyama Rino , Ichihara Koji , Fujimura Tetsuya , Fukuhara Hiroshi , Homma Yukio , Igawa Yasuhiko 
Published: September 2015

ObjectivesTo clarify the involvement of bladder α1‐adrenoceptors (α1‐ARs) in afferent pathways by investigating the effects of silodosin and BMY7378, selective α1A‐ or α1D‐AR antagonists, respectively, on single‐unit afferent nerve fibre activity (SAA) of the primary bladder afferent nerves and their relationship with bladder microcontractions in rats.Materials and MethodsA total of 63 female Sprague–Dawley rats were anaesthetized with urethane. The SAA of Aδ and C fibres generated from the left L6 dorsal roots was determined using electrical stimulation of the left pelvic nerve and bladder distension. After measuring baseline SAA during constant filling cystometry, the procedure was repeated with i.v. (0.3–30 μg/kg) or intravesical (10 μm) administration of each antagonist. In separate rats, the bladder was filled with saline until the intravesical pressure reached 30 cmH2O, and was kept under isovolumetric conditions, then the recording was performed with i.v.‐administered vehicle and silodosin (0.3 μg/kg).ResultsA total of Aδ fibres and 33 C fibres were isolated from 63 rats. The SAA of Aδ fibres, but not C fibres, were dose‐dependently decreased after both i.v. and intravesical administrations of each of the antagonists. In the experiments under bladder isovolumetric conditions, silodosin administration significantly decreased the SAA of Aδ fibres, but not C fibres, compared with vehicle administration. There were no significant effects on either the mean basal bladder pressure or microcontractions.ConclusionThe present study suggests that both α1A‐ or α1D‐ARs in the rat bladder are involved in the activation of the bladder mechanosensory Aδ fibres during bladder filling, and that this activation may not be related to bladder microcontractions.
High‐density lipoprotein inhibits human M1 macrophage polarization through redistribution of caveolin‐1
Authors: Lee Man K S , Moore Xiao‐Lei , Fu Yi , Al‐Sharea Annas , Dragoljevic Dragana , Fernandez‐Rojo Manuel A , Parton Robert , Sviridov Dmitri , Murphy Andrew J , Chin‐Dusting Jaye P F 
Published: September 2015

Background and PurposeMonocyte‐derived macrophages are critical in the development of atherosclerosis and can adopt a wide range of functional phenotypes depending on their surrounding milieu. High‐density lipoproteins (HDLs) have many cardio‐protective properties including potent anti‐inflammatory effects. We investigated the effects of HDL on human macrophage phenotype and the mechanisms by which these occur.Experimental ApproachHuman blood monocytes were differentiated into macrophages in the presence or absence of HDL and were then induced to either an inflammatory macrophage (M1) or anti‐inflammatory macrophage (M2) phenotype using LPS and IFN‐γ or IL‐4, respectively.Key ResultsHDL inhibited the induction of macrophages to an M1‐phenotype, as evidenced by a decrease in the expression of M1‐specific cell surface markers CD192 and CD64, as well as M1‐associated inflammatory genes TNF‐α, IL‐6 and MCP‐1 (CCL2). HDL also inhibited M1 function by reducing the production of ROS. In contrast, HDL had no effect on macrophage induction to the M2‐phenotype. Similarly, methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, a non‐specific cholesterol acceptor also suppressed the induction of M1 suggesting that cholesterol efflux is important in this process. Furthermore, HDL decreased membrane caveolin‐1 in M1 macrophages. We confirmed that caveolin‐1 is required for HDL to inhibit M1 induction as bone marrow‐derived macrophages from caveolin‐1 knockout mice continued to polarize into M1‐phenotype despite the presence of HDL. Moreover, HDL decreased ERK1/2 and STAT3 phosphorylation in M1 macrophages.Conclusions and ImplicationsWe concluded that HDL reduces the induction of macrophages to the inflammatory M1‐phenotype via redistribution of caveolin‐1, preventing the activation of ERK1/2 and STAT3.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Inflammation: maladies, models, mechanisms and molecules. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2016.173.issue-4