bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Untraditional source of starches – rhizome of Dioscorea nipponica Makino. from different geographical origins
Authors: Jiang Qianqian , Gao Wenyuan , Shi Yanpeng , Li Xia , Xia Yuzhuo , Xiao Peigen 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDifferent sources of Dioscorea nipponica Makino. were collected from different regions, Funiu, Qingyuan, and Yichun. Starches isolated from the three sources were studied regarding their morphological, physicochemical, and thermal properties. Funiu and Qingyuan starches have larger granules than Yichun starch. The swelling power (85–95°C), solubility (85–95°C), amylose leaching, moisture content, protein content, and starch content were found to be higher compared to the Yichun starch. However, the Yichun starch displayed much higher gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔHgel) (1.69 J/g), meanwhile Funiu starch presented the lowest values (0.55 J/g). To, Tp, and Tc values varied from 68.41 to 71.96°C, 73.83 to 77.76°C, and 78.92 to 82.52°C, respectively. Funiu starch with higher digestibility was more susceptible to in vitro starch digestibility than Qingyuan and Yichun starches after 40–180 min, which provided more information about the starch nutritional component.
Effect of emulsifiers on complexation, pasting, and gelling properties of native and chemically modified white sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) starch
Authors: Ali Tahira Mohsin , Hasnain Abid 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe present study investigated the effect of emulsifiers on complexation, pasting, and gelling properties of native and chemically modified white sorghum starches. Chemically modified starches demonstrated better capability to complex with glyceryl monostearate (GMS) compared to diacetyl tartaric acid ester of mono‐ and diglycerides (DATEM) and sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) due to its non‐ionic and hydrophobic nature. The results revealed that addition of emulsifiers to native and modified starches altered both the textural properties and ageing characteristics of starch gels during cold storage. Firmness rate enhanced on addition of emulsifiers to native white sorghum starch (NWSS) whereas it reduced when added to acetylated white sorghum starch (AWSS) and dual modified acetylated‐oxidized white sorghum starch (AOWSS). Cold paste viscosities of NWSS, AWSS, and AOWSS were also found to be higher in the presence of emulsifiers. The decline in paste clarity on refrigerated storage was significantly curtailed on incorporation of emulsifiers to NWSS, AWSS, and acid‐thinned white sorghum starch (ATWSS) which implies reduction in the rate of retrogradation.
Effect of shearing on functional properties of starches isolated from Indian kidney beans
Authors: Kaur Seeratpreet , Kaur Amritpal , Singh Narpinder , Sodhi Navdeep Singh 
Published: October 2014

AbstractStarches suspensions from four kidney bean lines (varying in amylose content) were sheared for different intervals (0–8 min) at 15 000 rpm at 25°C. Starches were then evaluated for granule size distribution, thermal, rheological, and structural properties. Shearing caused an increase in amylose content, paste viscosities, and small size granules containing granular fragments. Transition gelatinization temperatures: Onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), conclusion temperature (Tc), crystallinity, and short‐order range decreased upon shearing. Native starches from different lines showed unimodal and trimodal granules distribution. A change in size distribution from trimodal to unimodal was observed in starch upon shearing, starch with higher amylose content showed greater effects. Shearing of starches caused disintegration and fragmentations of granules that made them to gelatinize at lower temperature.
Thermal and photoresponsive studies on starch modified with 4‐[(E)‐2‐(3‐hydroxynaphthalen‐2‐yl)diazen‐1‐yl]benzoic acid
Authors: Chandran Ambily , Kuriakose Sunny , Mathew Tessymol 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe chemical modification of starch is of interest because the modification would not change the fundamental skeleton of starch, would keep the original physicochemical and biochemical properties and finally would bring new or improved properties. A chromophoric system 4‐[(E)‐2‐(3‐hydroxynaphthalen‐2‐yl)diazen‐1‐yl]benzoic acid was synthesized and incorporated into the biopolymeric core of starch by DCC coupling. The products were characterized by UV–visible, fluorescence, FT‐IR, and NMR spectroscopic methods and subjected to thermal and photoresponsive studies. The results show that modification enhances the light absorption and light fastening properties of the chromophoric system. Thermal stability of the polymeric system greatly enhances on attaching to chromophoric system. In this research article an attempt has been done to explore present and future industrial prospects of functionally modified starches.
Effects of grain milling on starch structures and flour/starch properties
Authors: Li Enpeng , Dhital Sushil , Hasjim Jovin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMilling or grinding of cereal grains to produce flour is frequently accompanied by damage to starch granules, disruption of starch crystalline structure, and degradation of starch molecules. Amylopectin (AP) molecules are more susceptible to degradation than amylose (AM) molecules as AM molecules, present in amorphous conformation in native starch granules, are more flexible than the rigid double helical crystallites made of AP branches. The changes of starch structures caused by milling alter starch properties, including gelatinization, pasting, swelling, solubility, and digestibility, and thus affect flour quality. The changes in starch structures and properties, however, are different between the grinding of cereal grains and that of isolated starch granules as the latter ignores the influences from non‐starch components in grains. Hence, the grinding of isolated starch granules, commonly used to understand the effects of milling, does not represent the grinding of cereal grains. This review allows a better understanding in the changes of starch structures and properties by milling, which is important in the production of flour with desirable properties.
The effect of granule surface area on hydrolysis of native starches by pullulanase
Authors: Jung Kyung‐Hee , Kim Min‐Jeong , Park So‐Hae , Hwang Hye‐Sun , Lee Suyong , Shim Jae‐Hoon , Kim Myo‐Jeong , Kim Jae‐Cherl , Lee Heeseob 
Published: October 2014

AbstractVarious native starch granules were reacted as substrates for a debranching enzyme, pullulanase, from Bacillus acidopullulyticus, and the kinetic mechanism was investigated in initial rate studies. The apparent Km values of the native starch hydrolysis reactions decreased in the order of rice, corn, and potato, whereas Vmax remained constant for all starches. Assuming that starch granules were spherical, the double reciprocal of the initial rates of the hydrolysis reactions along with the surface area of the three native starch granules could be described in a linear function. Therefore, enzymatic hydrolysis of native starches during the initial stage is mainly affected by particle size of starch granules. Further, the surface area as well as particle size of granules have important effects on the initial rate at which native starch is digested by debranching enzyme. We believe that this is the first systematic study reporting kinetic data on the effect of granule surface area on hydrolysis of native starches by α‐1,6‐glucan hydrolase.
Preparation and characterization of starch/EVA composite foams with surface modified kaolin
Authors: Zheng Yuying , Zhang Youfang , Zhang Lihong , Liu Yi , Zhou Qian 
Published: October 2014

AbstractStarch/EVA (ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer)/modified kaolin nanocomposite foaming materials were prepared. The modified kaolin was obtained by γ‐methylacryloyl oxypropyl trimethoxysilane (silane coupling agent KH‐570) as the nucleating agent. The effects of the modified kaolin were analyzed by activation index, and the structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and SEM. The effects of modified kaolin on the mechanical properties and the cellular structure of the composite foams were also studied. According to the results, when 1.8 phr (parts per hundert parts of resin) silane coupling agent KH‐570 modified kaolin, the activation index was 100%. It was found that the modified kaolin played an important role in the formation of the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the composites foams. Modified kaolin could increase the amount of the cells and reduce cell size significantly. The optimum tearing strength of the composite foams was 12.78 kg/cm with 20 phr modified kaolin added. The results were attributed to the nucleation effect of the modified kaolin particles, the high melt viscosity and the complex interface interactions between EVA chains and kaolin particles.
Green synthesis method of silver nanoparticles using starch as capping agent applied the methodology of surface response
Authors: Ortega‐Arroyo Lesli , Martin‐Martinez Eduardo San , Aguilar‐Mendez Miguel A. , Cruz‐Orea Alfredo , Hernandez‐Pérez Isaias , Glorieux Christ 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe aim of this work was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (NPs) through a green synthesis method using starch as a capping agent. The influence of the glucose content, temperature, and pH on the size of the NPs was evaluated by means of a response surface methodology. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM, and the crystalline structure of the silver was determined by XRD. The optimum synthesis time was after 3 h of reaction time the colloidal solution, did not show any further significant variation in the optical absorption peak (λmax). Response surface results indicate that the reducing agent (glucose) concentration was the most important factor influencing the NPs size, which ranged from 2 to 24 nm. TEM images show that NPs had predominantly spherical shapes, but also polyhedral shapes were present in smaller quantities. Analysis of Raman spectra infers that the glucose initially reduces silver ions to elemental silver. Then the starch undergoes hydrolysis providing primary hydroxyl that contributes to the reduction of silver. The carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of glucose and hydrolyzed starch stabilize the silver NPs by passivating their surface, so that they do not aggregate and remain uniformly distributed.
Sweet potato/potato starch and Abelmoschus esculentus‐gum blends: Thermal and textural properties
Authors: Alamri Mohammed S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe effect of Abelmoschus esculentus gum, known as okra, on potato and sweet potato starches pasting, rheological, and textural properties were studied using rapid visco analyzer, Brookfield rheometer, and texture analyzer, respectively. Blends of 5, 10, and 15% okra gum (OE) based on starch were prepared by dry mixing or at 60% moisture content prior testing, where 0% is the control. Significant drop in the peak viscosity of potato starch in a nonlinear form was observed. The effect of wet mixing appeared to be more pronounced for potato starch. Sweet potato starch exhibited greater setback due to higher amylose content. The shear stress/shear rate was fitted into power law, where the flow behavior index (n) was n < 1 signifying pseudoplasticity, where the consistency coefficient (K) decreased in the presence of (OE) indicating lower viscosity. The data was also fitted into Arrhenius equation to determine the effect of temperature on the activation energy (Ea), where higher Ea was recorded for potato starch blends and lower for sweet potato starch. Higher gel hardness was noted for both control starches compared to the blends as well as springiness, gumminess, and chewiness, except for the adhesiveness and cohesiveness of potato starch.
Morphological and physicochemical properties of two starch mutants induced from a high amylose indica rice by gamma irradiation
Authors: Kong Xiangli , Sun Xiao , Xu Feifei , Umemoto Takayuki , Chen Hao , Bao Jinsong 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMorphological and physicochemical properties of two starch mutants isolated from a high amylose indica rice, Guangluai 4 (GLA4), were characterized. One is waxy mutant (GM077) with opaque endosperm, which had low amylose content (2.6%) and had a characteristic RVA pasting viscosity curve with a rapid increase and rapid breakdown in viscosity from onset to peak viscosity and during temperature holding step, respectively. The other is white‐core mutant (GM645) with a chalky endosperm in the center of the grain. The starch granules in the chalky part are round and a little smaller than those in the other part, which had polygonal shape. GM645 had an amylose content of 22.8%. RVA pasting viscosity of GM645 flour was smaller than that of its parent GLA4, while that of its starch was higher than GLA4. The gel hardness of GM645 flour and starch was less than that of GLA4. GM077 had higher peak temperature (Tp, 79°C) than GLA4 (77°C), and the GM645 had the lowest gelatinization temperature. GLA4 had the largest retrogradation percentage (34.7% for flour and 29.7% for starch), whereas GM077 had the smallest retrogradation percentage among the three rice starches (9.6% for flour and 12.8% for starch). GM077 had more chains with DP 6–10, DP 18–33, and DP ≥44 than GLA4, and GM645 had more chains with DP 6–9, DP 22–35, and DP ≥44 than GLA4. Application of the starch mutants in food processing, and identification of defect genes for functional genomics study with these two mutants were also discussed.
Encapsulated amylosucrase‐treated starch with enhanced thermal stability: Preparation and susceptibility to digestion
Authors: Park Inmyoung , Kim You‐Kyoung , Kim Bo Hyun , Moon Tae Wha 
Published: October 2014

AbstractUnderstanding in vitro digestibility and release experiments with starch‐entrapped calcium alginate microspheres provide the possibility of controlling starch digestibility in the human gastrointestinal tract. Native and amylosucrase (AS)‐treated waxy corn starches (5000 U, 20 000 U, and control) were encapsulated with three different ratios of sodium alginate: 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0%. The slowly digestible and RS fractions of the encapsulated starch were 57.5 and 97.7%, respectively. After cooking, the proportions of these fractions still ranged from 55.7 to 96.1%, depending on the type of starch and concentration of sodium alginate, whereas the un‐encapsulated starch contained between 2.9 and 48.3% slowly digestible and RS after cooking. In vitro release was studied in both uncooked and cooked encapsulated samples. When incubated in simulated gastric fluid, the beads swelled and started to float but did not erode, even after thermal treatment. Incubation in simulated intestinal and colonic fluids caused the beads to release starch in both uncooked and cooked starch‐encapsulated samples. Encapsulated AS control and native waxy corn starch samples released much more starch than AS‐modified starches. The total amount of starch released did not exceed 20% for uncooked samples and 25% for cooked samples.
Resistant starch in food industry: A changing outlook for consumer and producer
Authors: Homayouni Aziz , Amini Amir , Keshtiban Ata Khodavirdivand , Mortazavian Amir Mohammad , Esazadeh Karim , Pourmoradian Samira 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDue to the undeniable role of starch in nutrition, 60–70% of total energy consumed by most people around the world is provided by starch‐based foods. Because of the low price and the availability of starch‐based products, people accept these kinds of products more than ever. On the other hand, the selection of appropriate dietary fiber is vital due to the sensory characteristics' importance in functional foods, which play a key role in specifying consumers' acceptance. Resistant starch (RS) is a small fraction of starch which is resistant to digestion and may be fermented in the large intestine by microbiota. The unique characteristics of RS, such as its natural sources, gentle bland flavor, white color, low water holding capacity, etc. have made it a valuable supplement in the formulation of wide range of functional foods, even in microencapsulation of probiotics. While the aim of this study is to investigate the application of RS in food technology, it briefly reviews manufacturing, determining the amount of RS in the final product and prebiotic dosage needed to exert health benefits on the human gut as well.
Cell‐free fetal DNA screening in the USA: a cost analysis of screening strategies
Authors: Evans M. I. , Sonek J. D. , Hallahan T. W. , Krantz D. A. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo determine whether implementation of primary cell‐free fetal DNA (cffDNA) screening would be cost‐effective in the USA and to evaluate potential lower‐cost alternatives.MethodsThree strategies to screen for trisomy 21 were evaluated using decision tree analysis: 1) a primary strategy in which cffDNA screening was offered to all patients, 2) a contingent strategy in which cffDNA screening was offered only to patients who were high risk on traditional first‐trimester screening and 3) a hybrid strategy in which cffDNA screening was offered to all patients ≥ 35 years of age and only to patients < 35 years who were high risk after first‐trimester screening. Four traditional screening protocols were evaluated, each assessing nuchal translucency (NT) and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) along with either free or total beta‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG), with or without nasal bone (NB) assessment.ResultsUtilizing a primary cffDNA screening strategy, the cost per patient was 1017 US$. With a traditional screening protocol using free β‐hCG, PAPP‐A and NT assessment as part of a hybrid screening strategy, a contingent strategy with a 1/300 cut‐off and a contingent strategy with a 1/1000 cut‐off, the cost per patient was 474, 430 and 409 US$, respectively. Findings were similar using the other traditional screening protocols. Marginal cost per viable case detected for the primary screening strategy as compared to the other strategies was 3–16 times greater than the cost of care for a missed case.ConclusionsPrimary cffDNA screening is not currently a cost‐effective strategy. The contingent strategy was the lowest‐cost alternative, especially with a risk cut‐off of 1/1000. The hybrid strategy, although less costly than primary cffDNA screening, was more costly than the contingent strategy. © 2014 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
A unified approach to risk assessment for fetal aneuploidies
Authors: Wright D. , Wright A. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine the potential impact of combining measures from cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) testing with maternal age and first‐trimester biomarkers in screening for fetal trisomies.MethodsThis was a theoretical study using Bayes' theorem to combine the a priori risk for fetal trisomy 21 derived from maternal age with likelihoods from nuchal translucency thickness, serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A, serum free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin and plasma cfDNA. We adopted a binomial counting model for the cfDNA likelihoods and developed a model to account for errors in estimating fetal fraction.ResultsWhen Bayes' theorem was used to combine the a priori risk for trisomy 21 derived from the first‐trimester combined test with likelihoods from the cfDNA test, and when the true fetal fraction was known, the detection rate increased from 62% at a fetal fraction of 4% to 100% at a fetal fraction of ≥ 9%; the positive likelihood ratio (trisomic/euploid) increased from 620 to 1000 and the negative likelihood ratio (euploid/trisomic) increased from 3 to > 10 000. When the fetal fraction is < 4%, the cfDNA test has traditionally been considered to be a failure, but the cfDNA results can be used to improve the performance of screening by the combined test.ConclusionsIn contingent policies that use the first‐trimester combined test for first‐line screening to select the subgroup for cfDNA testing, the data from the latter should be used to update the risk from the former. Individual patient results from cfDNA testing depend crucially on the fetal fraction and the precision of its measurement. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Bilirubin adsorption property of mesoporous silica and amine-grafted mesoporous silica
Authors: Zhang L. X. , Zhu M. , Guo L. M. , Li L. , Shi J. L. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Nephritic, hepatic and immune failures would lead to the overload of endogenous toxic molecules (e.g. bilirubin, cholic acid, uric acid, creatinine etc.) in human bodies. It is fatal in most cases and extracorporeal blood purification (ECBP) is powerful first-aid therapy. Adsorbents are key parts of ECBP apparatus. Mesoporous silicas should be promising candidates for these medical adsorbents, but there is no report about this. Herein, pure and amine-grafted mesoporous silicas have been applied to adsorb bilirubin, cholic acid, uric acid, creatinine and phenobarbital for the first time. These mesoporous materials show high adsorption capacities for bilirubin and uric acid in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Effects of pore sizes, amine-modification, temperature and ionic strength on their bilirubin adsorption capacities have been studied in detail.
Graded doped structure fabricated by vacuum spray method to improve the luminance of polymer light-emitting diodes
Authors: Mo X. , Mizokuro T. , Heck C. , Tanigaki N. , Hiraga T. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
An increase in luminance of a polymer light-emitting diode (PLED) was obtained by fabricating a graded doping structure using a vacuum spray method. The small electron transport molecule, Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum(III)(Alq3), was graded dispersed along the film in the direction of growth in the hole transport polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT, regiorandom) layer of the PLED, despite being dissolved in the same organic solvent as the polymer. The PLED reported here, which is composed of a graded structure, emitted brighter light than PLEDs composed of pure polymer or of a blend of active layers prepared by spin coating and/or vacuum spray methods.
Synthesis of Ni nanowires via a hydrazine reduction route in aqueous ethanol solutions assisted by external magnetic fields
Authors: Zhang L. Y. , Wang J. , Wei L. M. , Liu P. , Wei H. , Zhang Y. F. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
One-dimensional Ni nanostructures were synthesized via a hydrazine reduction route under external magnetic fields. The mixture of de-ionized water and ethanol was used as the reaction solvent and hydrazine hydrate as reducing agents. The morphology and properties of Ni nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). It was found that the magnetic field strength, concentration of Ni ions, reaction time and temperature as well as pH values played key roles on formation, microstructures and magnetic properties of Ni nanowires. The optimal wires have diameter of ∼200 nm and length up to ∼200 μm. And their coercivity is ∼260 Oe, which is much larger than the commercial Ni powders of 31 Oe. This work presents a simple, low-cost, environment-friendly and large-scale production approach to fabricate one-dimensional magnetic materials. The resulting materials may have potential applications in conductive filters, magnetic sensors and catalytic agents.