bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Network Ambivalence
Authors: Jagoda Patrick 
Published: August 2015

The language of networks now describes everything from the Internet to the economy to terrorist organizations. In distinction to a common view of networks as a universal, originary, or necessary form that promises to explain everything from neural structures to online traffic, this essay emphasizes the contingency of the network imaginary. Network form, in its role as our current cultural dominant, makes scarcely imaginable the possibility of an alternative or an outside uninflected by networks. If so many things and relationships are figured as networks, however, then what is not a network? If a network points towards particular logics and qualities of relation in our historical present, what others might we envision in the future? In many ways, these questions are unanswerable from within the contemporary moment. Instead of seeking an avant-garde approach (to move beyond networks) or opting out of networks (in some cases, to recover elements of pre-networked existence), this essay proposes a third orientation: one of ambivalence that operates as a mode of extreme presence. I propose the concept of "network aesthetics," which can be tracked across artistic media and cultural forms, as a model, style, and pedagogy for approaching interconnection in the twenty-first century. The following essay is excerpted from Network Ambivalence (Forthcoming from University of Chicago Press).
The Round Table 02 圆桌: A Conversation with the No Name Painting Group
Authors: Minglu Gao , Eschenburg Madeline , Larson Ellen , Li Hui Dong 
Published: August 2015

The following is a transcript of a conversation between three members of the No Name Painting Group, as well as Gao Minglu, Madeline Eschenburg, Ellen Larson, and Dong Li Hui. This interview was originally conducted in Chinese and has been edited for clarity.
Modern Retailing and its Implications for Developing Countries: Insights from Retail Managers
Authors: Phambuka-Nsimbi Catherine , Makgosa Rina , Themba Godfrey , Iyanda Olukunle 
Published: August 2015

<p>This paper provides insights into modern retailing, its challenges and implications for retail management in developing countries. On average 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted with retail managers in food, furniture and clothing sectors in thirteen locations across the country. Interviews were followed by two focus groups consisting of retail managers and stakeholders from relevant government departments and support institutions. Findings reveal that influx of large foreign retailers in developing countries has made it difficult for both foreign and indigenous retailers to enjoy competitive advantage. Consumer sophistication also makes it challenging for retailers to meet consumer demands. The lack of local sources of supply, unskilled labour, small population, high rental charges, poor infrastructure, inflation and fluctuating currency increase retailers’ costs in an attempt to stay competitive. Finally, product quality declines, bureaucracy in decision-making, poor store image and pressure to meet sales targets, were perceived as common challenges by retailers.</p><p> </p><p>This study underscores the dilemma that retailers in developing countries face because of modernization. However, for a more comprehensive assessment, future research could extend to other sub-sectors like electronics, hair salons, auto repairs and the informal sector. A retail association working closely with government to explore means for overcoming retail challenges needs to be established. This study makes a unique contribution by assessing perceptions of retail managers from diverse sectors such as food, clothing and furniture, whereas other studies have concentrated on food retail. This study also focuses on implications of modern retailing in a developing country that has recently experienced substantial transformations that attracted large foreign retailers.</p>
Effect of Nurse-Led Telephone Follow ups (Tele-Nursing) on Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Kargar Jahromi Marzieh , Javadpour Shohreh , Taheri Leila , Poorgholami Farzad 
Published: August 2015

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> Depressive and anxious patients on hemodialysis have a higher risk of death and hospitalizations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nurse-led telephone follow ups (tele-nursing) on depression, anxiety and stress in hemodialysis patients.</p> <p><strong>METHOD &amp; MATERIAL:</strong> The subjects of the study who were selected based on double blind randomized clinical trial consisted of 60 patients with advanced chronic renal disease treated with hemodialysis. The patients were placed in two groups of 30 individuals. Before the intervention, a questionnaire was completed by patients. There was no telephone follow up in the control group and the patients received only routine care in the hospital. The participants allocated to the intervention group received telephone follow-up 30 days after dialysis shift, in addition to conventional treatment. Every session lasted 30 minutes, as possible. Then the DASS scale was filled out by the patients after completion of study by two groups.</p> <p><strong>RESULT:</strong> Significant differences were observed between the two groups in the posttest regarding the dimensions scores of DASS scale.</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> The result of this trial is expected to provide new knowledge to support the effective follow-up for hemodialysis patient in order to improve their emotional and health status.</p>
The Study of Prescribing Errors Among General Dentists
Authors: Araghi Solmaz , Sharifi Rohollah , Ahmadi Goran , Esfehani Mahsa , Rezaei Fatemeh 
Published: August 2015

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION</strong><strong>:</strong> In dentistry, medicine often prescribed to relieve pain and remove infections .Therefore, wrong prescription can lead to a range of problems including lack of pain, antimicrobial treatment failure and the development of resistance to antibiotics.</p> <p><strong>MATERIALS &amp; METHODS</strong><strong>:</strong> In this cross-sectional study, the aim was to evaluate the common errors in written prescriptions by general dentists in Kermanshah in 2014. Dentists received a questionnaire describing five hypothetical patient and the appropriate prescription for the patient in question was asked. Information about age, gender, work experience and the admission in university was collected. The frequency of errors in prescriptions was determined. Data by SPSS 20statistical software and using statistical t-test, chi-square and Pearson correlation were analyzed (0.05&gt; P).</p> <p><strong>RESULTS</strong><strong>: </strong>A total of 180 dentists (62.6% male and 37.4% female) with a mean age of 8.23 ± 39.199 participated in this study. Prescription errors include the wrong in pharmaceutical form (11%), not having to write therapeutic dose (13%), writing wrong dose (14%), typos (15%), error prescription (23%) and writing wrong number of drugs (24%).The most frequent errors in the administration of antiviral drugs (31%) and later stages of antifungal drugs (30%), analgesics (23%) and antibiotics (16%) was observed. Males dentists compared with females dentists showed more frequent errors (P=0.046). Error frequency among dentists with a long work history (P&gt;0.001) and the acceptance in the university except for the entrance examination (P=0.041) had a statistically significant relationship.</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSION</strong><strong>:</strong> This study showed that the written prescription by general dentists examined contained significant errors and improve prescribing through continuing education of dentists is essential.</p>
Cell‐Free Expression of G Protein–Coupled Receptors
Authors: Segers Kenneth , Masure Stefan 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe large‐scale production of recombinant G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) is one of the major bottlenecks that hamper functional and structural studies of this important class of integral membrane proteins. Heterologous overexpression of GPCRs often results in low yields of active protein, usually due to a combination of several factors, such as low expression levels, protein insolubility, host cell toxicity, and the need to use harsh and often denaturing detergents (e.g., SDS, LDAO, OG, and DDM, among others) to extract the recombinant receptor from the host cell membrane. Many of these problematic issues are inherently linked to cell‐based expression systems and can therefore be circumvented by the use of cell‐free systems. In this unit, we provide a range of protocols for the production of GPCRs in a cell‐free expression system. Using this system, we typically obtain GPCR expression levels of ∼1 mg per ml of reaction mixture in the continuous‐exchange configuration. Although the protocols in this unit have been optimized for the cell‐free expression of GPCRs, they should provide a good starting point for the production of other classes of membrane proteins, such as ion channels, aquaporins, carrier proteins, membrane‐bound enzymes, and even large molecular complexes. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection of Intracellular Cytokines by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Yin Yuzhi , Mitson‐Salazar Alyssa , Prussin Calman 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIntracellular cytokine staining (ICCS), employing fluorescently labeled MAbs detected by flow cytometry, has emerged as the premier technique for studying cytokine expression at the single‐cell level. Advances in polychromatic flow cytometry have dramatically enhanced the sophistication of ICCS investigations. ICCS can simultaneously measure multiple cytokines within a single cell, allowing the detection of complex cytokine phenotypes. Additionally, cytokines can be measured with a variety of other analytes, including transcription factors, proliferation dilution dyes, activation markers, and viability dyes. This capability, combined with the high throughput inherent in the instrumentation, gives ICCS an enormous advantage over other single‐cell techniques such as ELISPOT, limiting dilution, and T cell cloning. The unit describes intracellular staining of cells that have already been stimulated in vitro and fixed. Methods for in vitro activation by PMA and ionomycin or antigens, fixation of cell suspensions, and cell surface staining are also described. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Models to Study NK Cell Biology and Possible Clinical Application
Authors: Zamora Anthony E. , Grossenbacher Steven K. , Aguilar Ethan G. , Murphy William J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes of the innate immune system, responsible for direct targeting and killing of both virally infected and transformed cells. NK cells rapidly recognize and respond to abnormal cells in the absence of prior sensitization due to their wide array of germline‐encoded inhibitory and activating receptors, which differs from the receptor diversity found in B and T lymphocytes that is due to the use of recombination‐activation gene (RAG) enzymes. Although NK cells have traditionally been described as natural killers that provide a first line of defense prior to the induction of adaptive immunity, a more complex view of NK cells is beginning to emerge, indicating they may also function in various immunoregulatory roles and have the capacity to shape adaptive immune responses. With the growing appreciation for the diverse functions of NK cells, and recent technological advancements that allow for a more in‐depth understanding of NK cell biology, we can now begin to explore new ways to manipulate NK cells to increase their clinical utility. In this overview unit, we introduce the reader to various aspects of NK cell biology by reviewing topics ranging from NK cell diversity and function, mouse models, and the roles of NK cells in health and disease, to potential clinical applications. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Merging the OSIRIS and SAGE II stratospheric aerosol records
Authors: Rieger L. A. , Bourassa A. E. , Degenstein D. A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imaging System (OSIRIS) instrument on the Odin satellite, launched in 2001 and currently operational, measures limb‐scattered sunlight from which profiles of stratospheric aerosol extinction are retrieved. The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II was launched in 1984 and provided measurements of stratospheric aerosol extinction until mid‐2005. This provides approximately 4 years of mission overlap which has allowed us to consistently extend the SAGE II version 7.00 record to the present using OSIRIS aerosol extinction retrievals. In this work we first compare coincident aerosol extinction observations during the overlap period by interpolating the SAGE II 525nm and 1020nm channels to the OSIRIS extinction wavelength of 750nm. In the tropics to midlatitudes mean differences are typically less than 10%, although larger biases are seen at higher latitudes and at altitudes outside the main aerosol layer. OSIRIS aerosol extinction retrievals at 750nm are used to create a monthly time series zonally averaged in 5°bins and qualitatively compared to SAGE II 525nm observations averaged in the same way. The OSIRIS time series is then translated to 525nm with an Ângström exponent relation and bias corrected. For most locations, this provides agreement during the overlap time period to better than 15%. Uncertainty in the resulting OSIRIS time series is estimated through a series of simulation studies over the range of aerosol particle size distributions observed by in situ balloon instruments and is found to be approximately 20% for background and moderately volcanic aerosol loading conditions for the majority of OSIRIS measurement conditions.
In Situ Hybridization to Identify Gut Stem Cells
Authors: Gregorieff Alex , Clevers Hans 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn recent years, considerable effort has been directed toward identifying the repertoire of genes specifically expressed in adult stem cells. In this unit, we describe an in situ hybridization protocol adapted for the analysis of gene expression in the intestinal mucosa. This methodology allows researchers to quickly visualize the expression profile of putative stem cell markers with a high degree of sensitivity and resolution. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Infant Rabbit Model for Diarrheal Diseases
Authors: Abel Sören , Waldor Matthew K. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the agent of cholera, a potentially lethal diarrheal disease that remains a significant threat to populations in developing nations. The infant rabbit model of cholera is the only non‐surgical small animal model system that closely mimics human cholera. Following orogastric inoculation, V. cholerae colonizes the intestines of infant rabbits, and the animals develop severe cholera‐like diarrhea. In this unit, we provide a detailed description of the preparation of the V. cholerae inoculum, the inoculation process and the collection and processing of tissue samples. This infection model is useful for studies of V. cholerae factors and mechanisms that promote its intestinal colonization and enterotoxicity, as well as the host response to infection. The infant rabbit model of cholera enables investigations that will further our understanding of the pathophysiology of cholera and provides a platform for testing new therapeutics. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Production of Furin‐Cleaved Papillomavirus Pseudovirions and Their Use for In Vitro Neutralization Assays of L1‐ or L2‐Specific Antibodies
Authors: Wang Joshua W. , Matsui Ken , Pan Yuanji , Kwak Kihyuck , Peng Shiwen , Kemp Troy , Pinto Ligia , Roden Richard B.S. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractImmunization with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) L1 virus‐like particles or L2 capsid protein elicits neutralizing antibodies that mediate protection. A high‐throughput and sensitive in vitro neutralization assay is therefore valuable for prophylactic HPV vaccine studies. Over several hours during infection of the genital tract, virions take on a distinct intermediate conformation, including a required furin cleavage of L2 at its N‐terminus. This intermediate is an important target for neutralization by L2‐specific antibody, but it is very transiently exposed during in vitro infection of most cell lines resulting in insensitive measurement for L2, but not L1‐specific neutralizing antibodies. To model this intermediate, we describe a protocol to generate furin‐cleaved HPV pseudovirions (fc‐PsV), which deliver an encapsidated reporter plasmid to facilitate infectivity measurements. We also describe a protocol for use of fc‐PsV in a high‐throughput in vitro neutralization assay for the sensitive measurement of both L1 and L2‐specific neutralizing antibodies. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection and Isolation of Epichloë Species, Fungal Endophytes of Grasses
Authors: Florea Simona , Schardl Christopher L. , Hollin Walter 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Epichloë species (including former Neotyphodium species) are endophytic fungi that significantly affect fitness of cool‐season grass hosts, potentially by increasing nutrient uptake and resistance to drought, parasitism and herbivory. Epichloë species are obligately biotrophic, living in the intercellular spaces of their plant hosts, and spreading systemically throughout host aerial tissues. The reproduction of Epichloë species is versatile; some strains have both sexual and asexual modes of reproduction, but others are restricted to one or the other mode. The reproduction mode determines the dissemination mechanism, and the asexual species most important to agriculture are strictly seed‐borne, cause no signs or symptoms, and are undetectable except by specialized microscopic, molecular or antigenic procedures. These procedures can be used to identify endophytes in a variety of plant tissues. Similar protocols can be modified to detect less common symbionts, such as the penicillate “p‐endophytes,” when they occur by themselves or together with Epichloë species. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Qualitative Study Exploring the Meaning of Knee Symptoms to Adults Ages 35–65 Years
Authors: MacKay Crystal , Sale Joanna , Badley Elizabeth M. , Jaglal Susan B. , Davis Aileen M. 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveWhile osteoarthritis (OA) has mainly been viewed as a disease affecting older people, its prevalence in younger adults is substantial. However, there is limited research on how younger adults understand knee symptoms. This article explores the meaning of knee symptoms to adults ages 35–65 years.MethodsThis qualitative study comprised 6 focus groups and 10 one‐on‐one interviews with 51 participants (median age 49, 61% female), who self‐reported knee OA or reported knee symptoms (i.e., pain, aching, or stiffness) on most days of the past month. Constructivist grounded theory guided the sampling, data collection, and analysis. Data were analyzed using a constant comparative method.ResultsCentral to participants’ understanding of knee symptoms was the perception that symptoms were preventable, meaning that there was the potential to prevent the onset of symptoms and to alter the course of symptoms. This understanding was demonstrated in participants’ explanation of symptoms. Participants commented on the cause, prevention, and course of symptoms. Moreover, participants reflected on their experience with symptoms, indicating that symptoms made them feel older than their current age. However, they did not perceive their symptoms as normal or acceptable.ConclusionParticipants interpreted knee symptoms as potentially preventable, suggesting that they may be open to primary and secondary prevention strategies.
Effectiveness of Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Decreasing Fatigue in Adults With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review
Authors: del Pino‐Sedeño Tasmania , Trujillo‐Martín María M. , Ruiz‐Irastorza Guillermo , Cuellar‐Pompa Leticia , de Pascual‐Medina Ana M. , Serrano‐Aguilar Pedro ,   The Spanish Systemic Lupus Erythematosus CPG Development Group
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveSurvival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has significantly improved over the past decades. As SLE patients live longer they inevitably experience a range of clinical manifestations and somatic symptoms. Quality of life may also be impacted through a range of subjective indicators. Among these parameters, fatigue is the most prevalent complaint. Nonpharmacologic strategies seem regularly utilized for fatigue management in SLE; however, their real effects are not known.MethodsA systematic review was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic interventions to reduce fatigue in SLE patients. Medline/PreMedline, Embase, PsycINFO, SCI‐EXPANDED, Social Sciences Citation Index, and the Cochrane Library were searched (June 2014). Studies were included and assessed for quality if they fulfilled prespecified criteria.ResultsA total of 12 studies were finally included (n = 549): 7 randomized trials, 1 nonrandomized trial, and 4 prospective observational studies. They assessed 5 main intervention categories: exercise, behavioral and psychological approaches, diets, acupuncture, and phototherapy. All interventions produced reductions in fatigue, as measured using at least 1 instrument. Aerobic exercise was found to be effective and suitable for reducing fatigue, but results were not always consistent across instruments used. The diversity of psychological interventions limits the significance of the results; however, data point to a positive impact on fatigue. There are still few data on the effect of acupuncture, diets, and ultraviolet A radiation.ConclusionStudies are few and heterogeneous; however, nonpharmacologic interventions applied to SLE patients can be effective in reducing fatigue.
Investigations of Potential Phenotypes of Foot Osteoarthritis: Cross‐Sectional Analysis From the Clinical Assessment Study of the Foot
Authors: Rathod Trishna , Marshall Michelle , Thomas Martin J. , Menz Hylton B. , Myers Helen L. , Thomas Elaine , Downes Thomas , Peat George , Roddy Edward 
Published: August 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate the existence of distinct foot osteoarthritis (OA) phenotypes based on pattern of joint involvement and comparative symptom and risk profiles.MethodsParticipants ages ≥50 years reporting foot pain in the previous year were drawn from a population‐based cohort. Radiographs were scored for OA in the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, first and second cuneometatarsal, navicular first cuneiform, and talonavicular joints according to a published atlas. Chi‐square tests established clustering, and odds ratios (ORs) examined symmetry and pairwise associations of radiographic OA in the feet. Distinct underlying classes of foot OA were investigated by latent class analysis (LCA) and their association with symptoms and risk factors was assessed.ResultsIn 533 participants (mean age 64.9 years, 55.9% female) radiographic OA clustered across both feet (P < 0.001) and was highly symmetrical (adjusted OR 3.0, 95% confidence interval 2.1, 4.2). LCA identified 3 distinct classes of foot OA: no or minimal foot OA (64%), isolated first MTP joint OA (22%), and polyarticular foot OA (15%). After adjustment for age and sex, polyarticular foot OA was associated with nodal OA, increased body mass index, and more pain and functional limitation compared to the other classes.ConclusionPatterning of radiographic foot OA has provided insight into the existence of 2 forms of foot OA: isolated first MTP joint OA and polyarticular foot OA. The symptom and risk factor profiles in individuals with polyarticular foot OA indicate a possible distinctive phenotype of foot OA, but further research is needed to explore the characteristics of isolated first MTP joint and polyarticular foot OA.