bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spirituality
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This view of spirituality from traditional religion to contemporary culture reveals the common thread that joins Mahayana Buddhism and Hasidic Judaism, the Islamic Sufi poet Rumi and the Catholic St. Thomas a Kempis, people of every traditional religion and people who describe themselves as “spiritual but not religious.” This book describes spiritual life as the simple but extraordinarily difficult choice to face life's rigors and disappointments by developing certain key virtues. As we become more mindful, accepting, grateful, compassionate, and lovingly connected to others, we become more spiritual. These virtues oppose both the conventional social ego's attachment and arrogance, and any habitual, unreflective religiosity; and the spiritual path towards them can be shared equally by people inspired by belief in one God or many, the divinity of nature or the sacredness of life. The book spiritual teachings from both within and outside of traditional faiths, explains the origins and meaning of today's widespread spiritual detachment from institutional religion, and offers illuminating accounts of practices such as yoga, meditation, and prayer. The book also contains innovative and penetrating accounts of the role of spirituality in modern medicine, nature and the environmental crisis, and political activism.
Scarecrows,Up ā sakas, Fetuses, and Other Child Monastics in Middle-Period Indian Buddhism
Authors: Langenberg Amy Paris 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores children’s participation in monastic life according to texts from the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, the Avadānaśataka, the Mahāvastu, and other Sanskrit Buddhist sources, documenting the Indian Buddhist tradition’s ongoing and evolving legal and ritual accommodation of children in monastic communities. It concludes that, where it concerned children, monastic practice was a particularly porous site of interface with the lay community, borrowing from the lay ritual repertoire and adapting monastic ritual forms to the needs of parents and their offspring. Far from renouncing “the world,” Indian Buddhist monks (and nuns) of all ages engaged in a highly articulated, graduated, and complex form of Indian communal life that was thoroughly enmeshed, socially and ritually, with the world beyond the monastery gates.
The Precocious Child in Chinese Buddhism
Authors: Levering Miriam 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe stories of Buddhist children destined to be saints or monastics reflect the motif of “the precocious child” that was already evident in Chinese elite culture in the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-220 C.E.). Yet childhood is not neglected in elite Buddhist texts. Childhood appears in stories of the Buddha’s birth and infancy, in ceremonies of bathing the infant Buddha who stands in the posture of proclamation of his real nature and mission, and in the Avatamsaka and Lotus Sutras, two Indian sutras that are immensely popular in China in part because they portray children in heroic roles. Childhood takes on a larger role in indigenous Buddhist tales, where they display real filiality as Buddhists understand it. In popular indigenous Buddhist stories, children, who are not yet ordained renouncers or sexually active adults, are seen as the best persons to achieve this universal Mahayana Buddhist goal.
Children in Himalayan Monasteries
Authors: Tsomo Karma Lekshe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFor centuries, large numbers of children in Himalayan societies have grown up in Buddhist monasteries where they have received an education in Buddhist values, texts, and rituals. Life in a monastery, with its rigorous discipline and training, prepares young people, especially boys, to become religious specialists for the benefit of both the lay community and their own spiritual advancement. Monastic life is regarded as a meaningful and highly meritorious career path that offers a comfortable living, helps preserve Buddhist culture, and earns widespread respect. Buddhist monasteries are still at the heart of religious life in the Himalayan region, but Buddhist institutions cannot help but be influenced by current social, political, and cultural changes that challenge these ancient traditions. If children decide to pursue other options and do not enter monastic life, Buddhist monastic culture and the Himalayan religious heritage face an uncertain future.
The Westernization of Tulkus
Authors: Ary Elijah 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe Tulku (sprul sku) tradition, i.e., the tradition of recognizing young children, predominantly boys, as the reincarnations of defunct Tibetan masters and subsequently educated to become a sort of spiritual elite, has become one of Tibetan Buddhism’s defining characteristics. Over the years, the tradition has come to count among its members a small handful of Westerners. Contrary to tradition, many, if not all of these Western Tulkus, have chosen to lead lives outside the monastic communities of their predecessors, prompting mixed feelings from within the Tibetan Buddhist community. This chapter looks briefly at the history of Tulku institution, and at the development of recognizing Western children as re-embodiments of Tibetan Buddhist masters. Particular attention is paid to the education and upbringing these children receive, and to their subsequent choices to leave the monasteries and continue their activities in Western societies. It reflects on the implications of such an education and on the future of Westerners within the Tulku tradition.
Is There a Controversy Concerning the Morality of the Occupation and Its Implications?1
Authors: Dascal Marcelo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the nature of the interrelations between morality and occupation. It leaves open the possibility that the implications of this are not a result of one-way causal relations, but perhaps of a two-way interaction. Dascal presents an open-ended, innovative, multi-perspective and multi-disciplinary approach that could pave the way to progress in finding a resolution to a conflict that has been described as “an ostensibly intractable ethno-national conflict”.
The Nature and Impact of Risk and Protective Influences on Children’s Development in Low-Income Countries
Authors: Wachs Theodore D. , Rahman Atif 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOver 200 million children from low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries show compromised neural, cognitive, and social-emotional functioning due to exposure to preventable developmental risks. Understanding how exposure to developmental risks adversely influences child functioning is complex. The impact of developmental risks varies, depending upon many factors, including the extent and type of protective influences children encounter. Because risk factors often cluster, children living in poverty have particularly high exposure to cumulative bioecological and psychosocial developmental risks. This has clear evidence-based implications for intervention programs to promote the development of such children, including starting interventions early in life; designing integrated bioecological and psychosocial interventions; targeting specific risks that increase the likelihood of exposure to additional risks (maternal depression); promoting exposure to specific protective influences that increase the likelihood of exposure to additional protective influences (maternal education); and identifying societal, community, and individual characteristics that can weaken the impact of interventions.
Culture and Early Childhood Development
Authors: Sara Harkness , Super Charles M. , Mavridis Caroline Johnston , Barry Oumar , Zeitlin Marian 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Universal aspects of early childhood development (ECD) are recognized globally, but cultural expectations of children’s competence vary widely across different domains, such as literacy and domestic responsibilities. The core challenge of ECD programs and policies is to integrate interventional goals with the biologically based developmental agendas of young children and the cultural expectations that shape their daily lives. This chapter presents a theoretical framework—the developmental niche—to help to clarify the issues involved in ECD across various cultural contexts, particularly in economically developing societies. We begin with a brief review of concept of culture as it applies to children and families, drawing from recent scholarship in psychology and anthropology. We then provide a description of the developmental niche as a framework for informing policy and improving program effectiveness. The final section illustrates the relevance of the developmental niche for ECD policy, using examples from several cultural regions.
Education-Based Approaches to Early Childhood Development
Authors: O’Gara Chloe 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A learning crisis exists, despite almost universal school enrollment. Learning failure is concentrated in the first years of school, and reinforces patterns of social and economic inequities. Poor and minority children who would benefit most from preschool are least likely to have access to it; they are also less likely to have access to primary schools that speak their language, orient them to literacy, have good teachers, and use developmentally appropriate methods and learning materials. This chapter uses an early childhood development (ECD) lens to examine the state of preprimary and early primary (grades 1 and 2) education today, and to discuss the effects, implications, and potential for education to improve the development of children 4–8 years old.
Early Education for All is there a role for the private sector?
Authors: Woodhead Martin , Streuli Natalia 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe “private-for-profit” sector is a significant provider of global early childhood care and education (ECCE). This chapter explores how this trend contributes to policy goals, focusing especially on the risks that a growing private-for-profit sector may amplify inequities in access and quality. We review the government financing and regulation required to harness private sector providers to achieve comprehensive ECCE goals, recognizing that the private sector varies in respect to finance, management, and client group. We offer a taxonomy of four major functions for the private-for-profit sector in its relationship to public policies and services, drawing on case studies in Peru, Ethiopia, and India. The potential of public-private partnerships (PPPs) has been widely discussed in relation to early childhood, but less commonly implemented fully. We also discuss the risks of current laissez-faire approaches, favoring positive, pro-equity policies, including adequate governance of the private sector, which is not an alternative to quality publicly funded services.
Liberal Theology in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Knight John Allan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe first chapter provides background for the later discussion (in chapters three and four) of liberal theology in the twentieth century. By describing three central concerns of liberal theological method in the nineteenth century, it provides evidence that the theologians described in later chapters as representative of the liberal tradition truly are representative. The first of these three concerns is a turn to the subject, exemplified by Schleiermacher. The chapter describes briefly his two major works, the Speeches and The Christian Faith. Ritschl exemplifies the second concern, the search for historical corroboration of claims about Jesus. Finally, the search for the essence of Christianity can be seen clearly in Harnack’s What is Christianity? These three characteristic themes of nineteenth-century liberal theology will carry forward into the twentieth century and identify the theologians discussed in chapter four (especially Bultmann and Ogden) as standing squarely in the liberal tradition in theology.
The Falsification Challenge
Authors: Knight John Allan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides a description of the theology and falsification controversy that erupted in the middle of the twentieth century. In addition, it contextualizes the debate, describing the assumptions derived from analytic philosophy of language that drove the controversy. The chapter describes the most influential writings on language of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell, including the puzzles that animated their positions on reference. Frege’s investigation of the meaning of coreferential terms, and Russell’s investigations of how to understand negative existential sentences, led them to place great importance on descriptive senses of terms in accounting for reference and meaning. The chapter then describes the epistemological commitments Russell derived from his position on reference. The chapter then shows how the falsification theorists’ (especially John Wisdom’s and Antony Flew’s) challenge to theology depends on Russell’s descriptivist program and the epistemological positions he derived from it.
Allies for Barth’s Heirs
Authors: Knight John Allan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIf descriptivism is at the heart of liberalism’s method, then, at least for postliberals, rejecting the method of liberal theology requires a rejection of the descriptivist understanding of language. This is what postliberal theologians like Frei and Lindbeck do. They turn to the later Wittgenstein and those ordinary language philosophers, such as Gilbert Ryle, he influenced. In his later years, Wittgenstein abandoned the project of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus on which he had embarked in his earlier years as both a follower and a critic of Russell. This chapter describes the project of the Tractatus in order to understand Wittgenstein’s later rejection of it and what he thought the proper approach to language should be. The chapter discusses Wittgenstein’s later reflections on following a rule, the role of the community in establishing the proper uses of language, and the relationship of such ruled use to linguistic meaning. The chapter then discusses Ryle’s rejection of a “third realm” of abstract objects, his distinction between “knowing that” and “knowing how,” as well as his rejection of the “ghost in the machine” as part of an understanding of human identity. All these philosophical reflections provide crucial allies to postliberal development of Barth’s project.
Earlier Postliberalism
Authors: Knight John Allan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter analyzes Hans Frei’s two major works, The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative and The Identity of Jesus Christ, which shaped the postliberal movement. It describes his attempt to use the later Wittgenstein to carry forward the Barthian program in theology. In doing so, he enlists literary assistance from Erich Auerbach’s Mimesis. The chapter thus describes Auerbach’s identification of the most important aspects of biblical narratives. In The Eclipse, Frei argues that liberal theology distorts these aspects of biblical narratives by taking their meaning to be their reference to some extratextual reality. Frei’s critique is thus sustained by his reliance on Wittgenstein and ordinary language philosophy. The chapter then turns to The Identity of Jesus Christ, Frei’s constructive attempt to remain faithful to the central insights of his mentors. Following Barth, he prioritizes ontology over epistemology, seeking an interpretation of Jesus’ identity that is faithful to Auerbach’s understanding that the biblical texts seek to overcome our reality with their own. This effort utilizes both Wittgenstein and Ryle in an attempt to carry out to the Barthian project described in chapter five.
A method for estimating population sex ratio for sage‐grouse using noninvasive genetic samples
Authors: Baumgardt J. A. , Goldberg C. S. , Reese K. P. , Connelly J. W. , Musil D. D. , Garton E. O. , Waits L. P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPopulation sex ratio is an important metric for wildlife management and conservation, but estimates can be difficult to obtain, particularly for sexually monomorphic species or for species that differ in detection probability between the sexes. Noninvasive genetic sampling (NGS) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become a common method for identifying sex from sources such as hair, feathers or faeces, and is a potential source for estimating sex ratio. If, however, PCR success is sex‐biased, naively using NGS could lead to a biased sex ratio estimator. We measured PCR success rates and error rates for amplifying the W and Z chromosomes from greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) faecal samples, examined how success and error rates for sex identification changed in response to faecal sample exposure time, and used simulation models to evaluate precision and bias of three sex assignment criteria for estimating population sex ratio with variable sample sizes and levels of PCR replication. We found PCR success rates were higher for females than males and that choice of sex assignment criteria influenced the bias and precision of corresponding sex ratio estimates. Our simulations demonstrate the importance of considering the interplay between the sex bias of PCR success, number of genotyping replicates, sample size, true population sex ratio and accuracy of assignment rules for designing future studies. Our results suggest that using faecal DNA for estimating the sex ratio of sage‐grouse populations has great potential and, with minor adaptations and similar marker evaluations, should be applicable to numerous species.
Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in the Presence of Left Anterior Fascicular Block: A Reexamination of the 2009 AHA/ACCF/HRS Guidelines
Authors: Ravi Sandeep , Rukshin Vladimir , Lancaster Gilead , Zarich Stuart , McPherson Craig 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundThe 2009 “AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram” state that left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) criteria that include R‐wave amplitude in leads I and aVL are not likely reliable in the presence of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB). This statement was referenced to three relatively small studies. The present study reexamines the utility of selected electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria for LVH in the presence of LAFB.MethodsWe identified 185 ECG tracings with LAFB from patients in whom echocardiogram had been performed within 30 days of the ECG. These ECGs were evaluated for the presence of selected LVH criteria: (1) Sokolow index (R‐wave‐aVL > 11 mm); (2) Cornell criteria (R‐wave‐aVL + S‐wave‐V3 > 28 mm in men (>20 mm in women); (3) Gertsch criterion (S‐wave‐III + (R + S) maximal precordial >30 mm); and (4) Bozzi criterion (SV1 or SV2 + (RV6 + SV6) > 25 mm). The “gold standard” for LVH was left ventricular mass index on echocardiogram.ResultsAlthough the aVL‐based LVH criteria demonstrated lower sensitivity (45–68%) and a trend toward higher specificity (67–81%) compared to non‐aVL‐based criteria, the four studied criteria demonstrated similar diagnostic accuracy.ConclusionsIn the presence of LAFB, the aVL‐based Sokolow index and Cornell criteria, which were excluded from 2009 multisociety ECG guidelines, identify LVH with similar diagnostic accuracy as the non‐aVL‐based criteria that were included. Moreover, they are easier to calculate and are included in some of the computer‐assisted ECG interpretation software presently in use. Their exclusion from the 2009 guidelines was unnecessary.
Multiple in silico tools predict phenotypic manifestations in congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Hing Zachary A. , Schiller Tal , Wu Andrew , Hamasaki‐Katagiri Nobuko , Struble Evi Budo , Russek‐Cohen Estelle , Kimchi‐Sarfaty Chava 
Published: January 2013

SummaryCongenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (cTTP) is a rare, recessively inherited genetic disorder with varying clinical presentation that is caused by ADAMTS13 mutations. Several studies have found limited associations between ADAMTS13 mutations and cTTP phenotype. The use of in silico tools that examine multiple mutation characteristics may better predict phenotype. We analysed 118 ADAMTS13 mutations found in 144 cTTP patients reported in the literature and examined associations of several mutation characteristics, including N‐terminal proximity, the evolutionary conservation of the affected amino acid position, as well as amino acid charge/phosphorylation and genetic codon usage to disease phenotype. Structure‐altering mutations were examined for their impact on ADAMTS13 function based on existing ADAMTS13 crystallographic data (AA 77‐685). Our in silico data indicate that: (i) The position of the mutation in the N‐ or C‐terminus, (ii) evolutionary conservation and (iii) codon usage of the affected mutation position are associated with disease parameters, such as age of onset, organ damage and fresh frozen plasma prophylaxis. In conclusion, the usage of multiple in silico tools presents a promising strategy in refining predictions for the diverse presentation of cTTP. Enhancing our utilization of in silico tools to find genotype‐phenotype associations will create better‐tailored approaches for individual patient treatment.
TREM2: a new risk factor for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Singaraja RR 
Published: January 2013

TREM2 variants in Alzheimer's diseaseGuerreiro et al. (2013)The New England Journal of Medicine 368:117–127Variant of TREM2 associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease.Jonsson et al. (2013)The New England Journal of Medicine 368:107–116
In vivocomparison between laser‐treated and grit blasted/acid etched titanium
Authors: Prodanov Ljupcho , Lamers Edwin , Wolke Joop , Huiberts Richard , Jansen John A. , Frank Walboomers X. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveLaser profiling of titanium has been of considerable interest in the field of oral implantology. However, very few pre‐clinical and clinical studies have been performed with laser‐treated implants, especially focusing on isotropic roughness topography. The aim of the study was to compare the cortical bone response of Ti‐implants discs treated with pico‐sec pulsed laser (LAS) and conventional grit‐blasted/acid‐etched (GAE) method.Materials and methodsPrior to thein vivoexperiment,in vitrocell viability testing of theLASsurface treatment was preformed. Then, 5 mm diameter Titanium (Ti) discs treated withLASandGAEmethod were implanted in a pre‐validated rabbit tibia cortical bone model and assessed with histology and histomorphometric measurements. In total, eight New Zealand White adult female rabbits were used.ResultsThein vitrocell viability testing with osteoblast‐like cells confirmed cytocompatibility of theLASsurface treatment. Further, the rabbit experiment demonstrated a bone‐to‐implant contact of 68% (±17) for the laser‐treated discs and 49% (±21) for theGAEdiscs 8 weeks after the implantation, which was statistically not different.ConclusionLaser surface treatment gives the same results to the grit‐blasting/acid‐etched method and thus is a valid alternative to conventional roughening for dental implant materials.