bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Storytelling and Media
Authors: Isbouts Jean-Pierre , Ohler Jason 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the history of human experience, one of our most pervasive and enduring reference points is our need for story. Stories help us to understand ourselves in terms of who we are, what we need, and why we behave the way we do. The more those narratives stretch across cultures and throughout the ages, the more they become touchstones of the human experience. Indeed, the need for narratives to define ourselves has never been more apropos than today, when we find ourselves in the midst of the digital revolution. Part I of this chapter, written by Jean-Pierre Isbouts, traces the relationship between storytelling and media from ancient times to today, and argues why the last decades have forced us to radically redefine the traditional Aristotelian model of storytelling. Part II, written by Jason Ohler, investigates the future of storytelling, particularly with regard to online, participatory, and multidimensional media.
Research Methods, Design, and Statistics in Media Psychology
Authors: Prot Sara , Anderson Craig A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of contemporary research methods used in the field of media psychology. Basic scientific principles are discussed. Commonly used research designs are described. Some methodological pitfalls in media psychology research are explained and suggestions are given on how to avoid them. Finally, guidelines are given on how to convey scientific methodology and findings to the general public (see Chapter 26). We hope that this chapter will aid readers from other fields in becoming informed consumers of media psychology research and aid media psychology researchers in continuing the trend toward better methodological quality in the field.
Sexual Media Practice: How Adolescents Select, Engage with, and Are Affected by Sexual Media
Authors: Shafer Autumn , Bobkowski Piotr , Brown Jane D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the role media play in the sexual socialization of adolescents and emerging adults in modern societies. The review of relevant research and theory is organized around the Sexual Media Practice Model’s core components of identity, selection, engagement, and application, which are based on the following assumptions: (1) media consumers are active participants and sometimes content producers; (2) selection and use of sexual media are motivated by the adolescent’s identity or sexual self-concept; (3) sexual media effects are a cyclical process, such that sexual content may be sought that reinforces existing tendencies that leads to further use of relevant content and further effects; and (4) friends and peers are important throughout the process in generating, sharing, and interpreting media. The discussion includes suggestions for further research and an examination of potential media-related solutions to enhance healthy adolescent sexuality.
Serious Games: What Are They? What Do They Do? Why Should We Play Them?
Authors: Blumberg Fran C. , Almonte Debby E. , Anthony Jared S. , Hashimoto Naoko 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSerious games are designed to entertain and educate players, and to promote behavioral change. This chapter reviews characterizations of serious games and the theoretical perspectives, most notably Social Cognitive Theory, that have been used to account for their effects, and game elements such as identity, immersion, and interactivity. It also surveys the diverse areas in which serious games have been used, such as health, education, civic engagement, and advertising. It concludes by identifying future directions for serious game design research and development that will promote transfer of skills and content from the game to the real world, including debriefing and explication of players’ behaviors and cognitive skills while playing.
Video Games and Attention
Authors: West Robert , Bailey Kira 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The widespread consumption of video games has led social commentators and scientists to question the effects of this medium on the human experience. Within the social and cognitive sciences, investigators have devoted considerable energy to characterizing the effects of video game experience on cognitive and social information processing and behavior (Anderson et al., 2010; Green, Li, & Bavelier, 2010). This chapter considers the emerging literature demonstrating a relationship between video game experience and clinical attention deficits, and provides an integrative review of the literature related to the association between video game experience and attention within three domains (visuospatial processing, executive function, and emotion). This literature reveals that video game experience can both enhance and disrupt various aspects of attention related to these aspects of mental life. Building on existing evidence, future research should seek to identify the boundary conditions under which effects of video game experience are observed and determine the effects of this medium on attention in natural settings.
Soviet-American Relations Through the Cold War
Authors: Pechatnov Vladimir O. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the dynamics of the United States–Soviet Union relations during the Cold War. It describes the evolution of the “strategic codes” on both sides, and how they perceived the nature and prospects of the conflict. The chapter suggests that this relationship can be divided into a number of distinct stages. These include the assessment of the nature and possible prospects of the protracted conflict in 1945–1953, the growing competitiveness of the Soviet Union in the mid-1950s to the late 1960s, the slackening of Soviet economic growth in the late 1970s to the early 1980s, and the economic crisis and economic stagnation of the Soviet Union in the mid-1980s to 1991.
China and the Cold War
Authors: Mitter Rana 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of China in the Cold War. It describes the origins of Cold War in China and the participation of nationalist China in World War 2 and the Cold War, and suggests that China played a pivotal role as the third (albeit shorter) leg of a cold war tripod. The chapter contends that the Cold War era in China is inseparable from the political supremacy Mao Zedong, and highlights the impact of the split between China and the Soviet Union on the role of China in the Cold War. It also argues that the 1972 Sino-United States rapprochement contributed to the fading of China from the Cold War narrative.
Latin America
Authors: Schoultz Lars 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of Latin America in the Cold War. It explains that Latin America did not play a significant independent role in the Cold War and largely served as a symbol whereby communist adversaries could attempt to tilt the bipolar balance of power. It discusses how Latin America's military became the U.S. government's vehicle for meeting the communist challenge and highlights America's fear that Moscow-directed local communists would consolidate their strength among important social groups, especially labor unions, and eventually seize power at a propitious moment. Thus, the U.S policy focus for Latin America turned to military aid.
Japan and the Cold War
Authors: Best Antony 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter, which examines the impact of the Cold War on Japan, investigates why Japan consistently allied itself to the West rather than the East and why it adopted a low-security posture. It discusses the contribution of Japan to the Western alliance system, its role in the Cold War in Asia, and how its economic power was used to fight the spread of communism. The chapter also argues against the claim that Japan “sat out” the Cold War and explains that every aspect of Japanese life, including political, strategic, economic, and cultural, was influenced to some extent by that ideological conflict.
Power and Culture in the West
Authors: Endy Christopher 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter, which analyzes the Cold War culture in the West, suggests that there are three major forms of western Cold War culture. These include the culture of anti-communist repression, the culture of progressive reform and inclusion, and the culture of popular resistance to elite-driven Cold War mobilization. The chapter provides a definition of culture and “west,” and highlights the role of Catholicism in Latin America in Cold War culture. It also suggests that an analysis of western Cold War culture should start in the mid-1940s when the surge in leftist politics led moderate and conservative elites to pursue appeasement, repression, or a combination of both.
Decolonization and the Cold War
Authors: Fraser Cary 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines decolonization during the Cold War. It suggests that decolonization can be considered both as a response to the globalization of European influence and as a process of globalization which paved the way for the dismantling of the North Atlantic-centered international system. The chapter contends that decolonization during the Cold War was about the rethinking of the nature of the global order and the role of race and citizenship therein. It also argues that decolonization is the proof and constant reminder that the bipolar order pursued by the superpowers and their allies after the war was never a stable framework for the management of international relations.
The End of the Cold War
Authors: Guyatt Nicholas 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of the end of the Cold War. It describes different versions of what signified the end of the Cold War, which include the demolition of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, Mikhail Gorbachev's declaration that the Soviet Union would no longer use its military to subdue the satellite states of the Warsaw Pact in 1988, and the reunification of Germany in October 1990. The chapter also considers the consequences of the end of the Cold War, which include a renewed search for international order and cooperation.
Ethical Theories of Mordecai Kaplan and Abraham Joshua Heschel
Authors: LaGrone Matthew 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the thoughts of the most significant and influential theologians in American Jewish religious life, Mordecai Kaplan and Abraham Joshua Heschel. Emerging from the pragmatism and naturalism of the early decades of the century, Kaplan fostered a fascination with humanity that led him to eschew traditional Judaism's theocentric views of morality. For him, it would be better to understand Judaism as a civilization—no better and no worse than others—and jettison mitzvoth (commandments) in favour of “folkways” so as to inspire social behaviour, for it is through the folk themselves that morality comes into being. Heschel, by contrast, favours a more mystical and theocentric approach. For him the prophets best articulated the apocalyptic dangers of even the smallest immorality and the need to rise above human communities to root morality in God's will for us.
Ethical Theories in the Conservative Movement
Authors: Cherry Shai 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines Conservative Judaism and ethic. Changing what Jews do and altering the reasons why they should do things differently was not an exclusively Reform endeavour; Conservative Judaism has also instituted innovations, especially since World War II. These changes are most evident in Conservative liturgy as well as in halakhic positions vis-à-vis women, homosexuality, and mamzerut (bastardy). Conservative thinkers and scholars of Jewish law, however, have taken diverse approaches as to how and when to make such changes, and so one cannot articulate a single “Conservative theory” of Jewish ethics. The chapter presents the author's own approach in contrast to those of some of the other representatives of Conservative Judaism, whose theories and legal rulings are discussed.
Jewish Political Ethics in Israel
Authors: Hammer Reuven 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter addresses the following questions: Who is a Jew to qualify for immediate citizenship under Israel's Law of Return? Who may be married or buried as a Jew? How can Israel be both a Jewish state and a democratic state open to non-Jews as well as Jews? What authority, if any, should classical Jewish law have in the Jewish state in contrast to laws legislated by the Knesset (the Israeli Parliament) and precedents used by judges (based largely on British Common Law together with decisions of Israeli courts from 1948 on)? How should Israel respond to the Palestinians claiming to be refugees driven from their lands in 1948, and what should it do with the large Arab population living in the West Bank that Israel conquered in the 1967 war? Can it remain a Jewish state and also a democracy if it retains the West Bank and then, in the not-too-distant future, the majority of the population is no longer Jewish?
Judaism and Criminal Justice
Authors: Levenson Laurie L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores Jewish criminal justice, first discussing the rationales that make punishment moral and not just an exercise of sovereign power. It then addresses capital punishment, decreed for thirty-six different offenses in the Torah but made virtually inoperative by the Rabbis. Next, the chapter turns to what makes a defendant criminally liable, describing the conceptions of causation, joint offenders, criminal intent, and defences in Jewish law; with that as a foundation, it asks whether there is anything like a victimless crime in Jewish law. Finally, it describes the lessons that Western criminal justice can learn from both the content and the processes of Jewish criminal law.
Linguistic Anthropology
Authors: Shibamoto-Smith Janet S. , Chand Vineeta 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the development of linguistic anthropology as it relates to sociolinguistics, including some particulars of the concept of fieldwork and ethnography, as well as some of the changes in the nature of field sites that have occurred over the last few decades. It also looks at some of the new strands of empirical work and theorizing that have emerged as a result of these changes. The chapter ends with some thoughts on how socially oriented linguistics of all sorts might productively work together toward meshing the concerns of quantitative sociolinguistics in the population-wide, emergent patterns of language use that characterize a community of speakers with the historical, discursive, and ideological understandings of on-the-ground speaking events, which remain the core concern of linguistic anthropology.
Doers and Makers
Authors: McAll Christopher 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe problem of interdisciplinary frontiers comes out in the parallel stories of sociology and the study of language. This chapter considers these interwoven stories in relation to four major paradigms: social evolutionism, biologically inspired organic functionalism, the technical-system approach, and a social constructivism that places emphasis on individual and collective responsibility for outcomes. To look more closely at this question in relation to sociology and the study of language, it begins with the “certainties” of nineteenth-century social evolutionism and with the profound effects of the following century’s two world wars on the history of social thought. The chapter explores the relationship between sociology and sociolinguistics. Drawing examples from bi- and multilingual settings, the discussion shows how the sociology of language is a key part of the sociological enterprise.
Interdisciplinary Approaches
Authors: Mallinson Christine , Kendall Tyler 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHistoriographers often have narrated sociolinguistics as an interdisciplinary field that originated at the intersection of sociology, anthropology, and linguistics. This chapter reviews interdisciplinary literature that speaks to the topics, techniques, and extent to which sociolinguists, other linguists, and other scholars have converged. It focuses on three sites of inquiry: (1) language, computation, and the mind; (2) language, identity, and culture; and (3) language and social stratification. Sociolinguistics can expect to continue to integrate and align with these interests through continuing advancements in technology, mathematical and computational methods, databases of available data, and knowledge of cognition.
Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Gorman Kyle , Johnson Daniel Ezra 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA sociolinguist who has gathered so much data that it has become difficult to make sense of the raw observations can turn to graphical presentation, and to descriptive statistics, techniques for distilling a collection of data into a few key numerical values, allowing the researcher to focus on specific, meaningful properties of the data set. A sociolinguist evaluates hypotheses about the connections between linguistic behavior, speakers, and society. The researcher begins this process by gathering data with the potential to falsify the hypotheses under consideration. Inferential statistics allow the researcher to compute the probability that a hypothesized property of the data is due to chance, and to estimate the magnitude of the hypothesized effect. This chapter compares inferential methods appropriate for sociolinguistic data in terms of these assumptions. It examines elements of qualitative analysis and methods for binary analysis, multinomial variables, and continuous variables.
Methods for Studying Sign Languages
Authors: Lucas Ceil 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter begins by sharing an anecdote involving recruiting members of the Houston black Deaf community for a project on Black ASL to participate in the filming. The anecdote serves as an example of the kinds of methodological issues that can arise when collecting sociolinguistic data in Deaf communities. Many of these issues are of course not unique to Deaf communities—researchers who work in spoken-language communities encounter many of the same issues. The chapter discusses methods for the sociolinguistic studies in sign language communities. It includes four main topics: data collection, defining variables and constraints, data reduction, and dissemination of the findings.
Pidgins and Creoles
Authors: Webb Eric Russell 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPidgin and creole languages are found throughout the world, with relatively greater concentrations in the Caribbean basin, the Indian Ocean, the coast of Western and Central Africa, and Oceania. In most literature, pidgins and creoles are grouped according to respective lexifiers, from which the bulk of their vocabulary derives. Emerging in contact environments, pidgins and creoles have been profoundly influenced by sociolinguistic forces and offer compelling evidence of the extent to which extra-grammatical factors contribute to the shape of language. This chapter pursues two questions. What is the interest of these languages to contemporary sociolinguistics? And how can the adoption of a sociolinguistic posture better address the distinction of creole from non-creole?
Codeswitching
Authors: Li Wei 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMany psycholinguists maintain that bilinguals operate between monolingual modes and a bilingual mode. What this means is that bilinguals can behave as if they were monolingual by using only one of the languages they know. It is only when they are using more than one language in the same episode of interaction that they are in a bilingual model. Codeswitching is a term used to describe a range of linguistic behavior that involves the use of more than one language or language variety in the same interaction. This chapter focuses on some of the key issues of codeswitching for sociolinguists, beginning with a discussion of the terminological and methodological issues. Then, it provides a review of the studies on the motivations and structural patterns of codeswitching. Lastly, the chapter presents an alternative approach to codeswitching that views it as a creative performance rather than as simply a combination of linguistic structures.
Sign Language Contact
Authors: Quinto-Pozos David , Adam Robert 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter argues that language contact is the norm in Deaf communities, and that deaf people are typically multilingual. They use signed, written, and, in some cases, spoken languages for daily communication, which means that aspects of the spoken and/or written languages of the larger communities are in constant interaction with the signed languages. If one considers the contact that results from users of two different signed languages interacting, various comparisons can be made to contact that occurs across two or more spoken languages. The term unimodal contact, or that which comes about because of two languages within the same modality, can be used to characterize such contact. However, if one considers the contact that results from interaction between a signed and a spoken or written language, the term bimodal (or even multimodal) contact is more appropriate.
Sociophonetics
Authors: Baranowski Maciej 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe term sociophonetics refers to the interface of sociolinguistics and phonetics, and specifically to the use of modern phonetic methods in the quantitative analysis of language variation and change. Although its definition can be quite broad, including any sociolinguistic study involving sounds analysed impressionistically, it usually implies the use of instrumental techniques. This chapter takes the view of sociophonetics as a tool contributing to the understanding of the nature of language variation and change. Assuming a basic knowledge of acoustic phonetics, it focuses on sociophonetic methodology, particularly in the practice of acoustic vowel analysis.
Phonology and Sociolinguistics
Authors: Nagy Naomi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the fields of phonology and sociolinguistics, focusing on examples that bring their domains closer. It reviews instances where data organized by variationists have served to further develop Lexical Phonology, Optimality Theory, and Exemplar Theory (ET). This transition requires reexamining certain fundamental assumptions of traditional models of generative phonology. The discussion considers ways in which these developments have influenced sociolinguistic research design and interpretation, particularly regarding which gradient aspects are relevant to social perception and categorization. It also provides the groundwork for a unified linguistic model to be developed by collaboration across sociolinguistics, phonology, and other fields.
Morphosyntactic Variation
Authors: King Ruth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter first reviews early methodological and theoretical debates regarding the nature of variation above the level of phonology. These debates include whether or not the notion of the linguistic variable can be legitimately extended to morphosyntactic variation; the nature of the relationship between quantitative data and the statistical results based on them and linguistic competence; and what role linguistic introspection should play. The discussion deals with current trends in modeling morphosyntactic variation, or, put differently, with the emerging field of socio-syntax. There are two main responses to the question of where morphosyntactic variation comes from. One perspective involves the postulation of multiple grammars, most prominently in Kroch’s Competing Grammars model. The other relies on the Minimalist operations of feature interpretation and feature checking.