bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating convective parameterization closures using cloud‐resolving model simulation of tropical deep convection
Authors: Suhas E. , Zhang Guang J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractClosure is an important component of a mass flux‐based convective parameterization scheme, and it determines the amount of convection with the aid of a large‐scale variable (closure variable) that is sensitive to convection. In this study, we have evaluated and quantified the relationship between commonly used closure variables and convection for a range of global climate model (GCM) horizontal resolutions, taking convective precipitation and mass flux at 600 hPa as measures for deep convection. We have used cloud‐resolving model simulation data to create domain averages representing GCM horizontal resolutions of 128 km, 64 km, 32 km, 16 km, 8 km, and 4 km. Lead‐lag correlation analysis shows that except moisture convergence and turbulent kinetic energy, none of the other closure variables evaluated in this study show any relationship with convection for the six subdomain sizes. It is found that the correlation between moisture convergence and convective precipitation is largest when moisture convergence leads convection. This correlation weakens as the subdomain size decreases to 8 km or smaller. Although convective precipitation and mass flux increase with moisture convergence at a given subdomain size, as the subdomain size increases, the rate at which they increase becomes smaller. This suggests that moisture convergence‐based closure should scale down the predicted mass flux for a given moisture convergence as GCM resolution increases.
Observation of sea‐salt fraction in sub‐100 nm diameter particles at Cape Grim
Authors: Cravigan Luke T. , Ristovski Zoran , Modini Robin L. , Keywood Melita D. , Gras John L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractVolatility‐hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer measurements were used to infer the composition of sub‐100 nm diameter Southern Ocean marine aerosols at Cape Grim in November and December 2007. This study focuses on a short‐lived high sea spray aerosol (SSA) event on 7–8 December with two externally mixed modes in the Hygroscopic Growth Factor (HGF) distributions (90% relative humidity (RH)), one at HGF > 2 and another at HGF~1.5. The particles with HGF > 2 displayed a deliquescent transition at 73–75% RH and were nonvolatile up to 280°C, which identified them as SSA particles with a large inorganic sea‐salt fraction. SSA HGFs were 3–13% below those for pure sea‐salt particles, indicating an organic volume fraction (OVF) of up to 11–46%. Observed high inorganic fractions in sub‐100 nm SSA is contrary to similar, earlier studies. HGFs increased with decreasing particle diameter over the range 16–97 nm, suggesting a decreased OVF, again contrary to earlier studies. SSA comprised up to 69% of the sub‐100 nm particle number, corresponding to concentrations of 110–290 cm−3. Air mass back trajectories indicate that SSA particles were produced 1500 km, 20–40 h upwind of Cape Grim. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray spectrometry measurements of sub‐100 nm aerosols collected from the same location, and at the same time, displayed a distinct lack of sea salt. Results herein highlight the potential for biases in TEM analysis of the chemical composition of marine aerosols.
Children's Depression Inventory (
CDI
and
CDI
2)
Authors: Kovacs Maria 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The absence of tools to assess depression in juveniles prompted the development of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) several decades ago. The initial CDI included 27 items; a shorter version and versions to be completed by parents and teachers about a child also were developed. The CDI suite of tools was recently updated and is now called the CDI 2. The CDI 2 was administered to a new, nationally representative, normative U.S. sample, aged 7–17 years (and their parents), and a separate clinically referred sample. Just like their predecessors, the CDI 2 questionnaires have excellent psychometric properties. They can be administered and scored in paper‐and‐pencil, computer‐based, and online versions. Standardized
t
‐scores serve to compare a child's profile to similarly aged, same‐sexed peers in the standardization sample. The CDI 2 tools are being used in school, clinical, and research settings, for the reliable, fast, inexpensive, multiperspective assessment of pediatric depressive symptoms.
Scholar–Practitioner Model
Authors: Foley Kimberly P. , McNeil Cheryl B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe American Psychological Association has identified four primary training models in the fields of clinical, counseling, and educational psychology: bench scientist, clinical scientist (Indiana model), scientist–practitioner (Boulder model), and scholar–practitioner (Vail model). Historically, these training models have been conceptualized as divergent approaches to the study and application of scientific psychological principles. However, these training models may most appropriately be viewed on a continuum with each training model invested in varying degrees of research and professional clinical practice. The primary focus of this article is the scholar–practitioner model, including information regarding the historical evolution of this training model, approaches to clinical practice and research endeavors, the development of professional psychology programs, compliments and criticisms of this model, and alternative training models.
C
attell,
R
aymond
B
. (1905–98)
Authors: Revelle William 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Raymond Bernard Cattell (1905–98) was one of the most prolific and important psychologists of the twentieth century. His contributions to theories of personality, intelligence, and psychometrics were and remain very influential to this day. He and Hans Eysenck (1916–97) were the two major contributors to the scientific study of personality in the mid‐ to late twentieth century. The distinctions he drew between crystallized and fluid intelligence, and between state and trait personality, as well as the multitude of psychometric innovations he developed have become embedded in the psychological armamentarium, perhaps without recognition.
Anti‐Consumption
Authors: Hennigs Nadine , Seegebarth Barbara 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In contrast to traditional consumer behavior research dedicated to why consumers decide to buy a certain brand or product, studies on anti‐consumption focus more generally on what motivates consumers' not to choose or avoid specific products and brands. On a macro‐level, anti‐consumption can be understood as being against consumption in general, while on a micro‐level, specific actions against consumption or specific products become apparent.
Attachment
Authors: Prete Irene 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAttachment, originally studied in psychological literature, represents the emotional bond between a person and a specific figure. In a wider perspective, attachment goes beyond relations between individuals and affects the relationships consumers form with objects around them, such as products, preferred things, celebrities, and, most of all, brands. As those who are closely attached to a person are more disposed to commit themselves, to invest in and make sacrifices for that person, similarly, attachment to a brand can reveal consumers' loyalty and will to make financial sacrifices in order to get that product. Besides an emotional component, characterized by the dimensions of affection, passion and connection (emotional attachment), and a material component, which is connected with possessiveness, nongenerosity and envy (material attachment), brand attachment can also have a spiritual dimension, a bond consisting, on the one hand, in repetitive behaviors (purchase habits) and adherence to shared values and, on the other, in the appreciation of hedonic features in purchases, connected with the reliable recognition of their being far‐sighted, which is a delight to talk of and diffuse (fervid attachment).
Attribution Theory
Authors: Schmitt Julien 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Attribution theory attempts (i) to explain how people attribute the causes of events or behavior and (ii) to analyze the impact of such attribution on their future behavior. In the first part, this article explains the nature of attribution theory. More specifically, it describes how attribution theory is derived from “naïve psychology” and has been developed through two main theoretical models: Kelley's model and Weiner's model. In the second part, several attribution biases are reviewed and an explanation is provided as to how individuals misattribute the causes of certain events, either to protect their self‐esteem or to keep up the illusion of having effective control over their life. Finally, this article shows how attribution theory has spread out of the field of social psychology field to be adopted by, among others, the marketing field.
Behavioral Decision Theory
Authors: Saad Gad 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Behavioral decision theory describes how individuals actually make decisions rather than how they ought to if they were conforming to axioms of rational choice (as is the case with normative and prescriptive theories). Three main areas of research have been to identify violations of rational choice (e.g., intransitivity of preferences), document a wide range of decision rules used in arriving at a final choice (e.g., the Lexicographic rule), and uncover the stopping strategies used in deciding when to terminate the information search process and commit to a choice. Recent work has sought to explore the evolutionary origins of our decision making proclivities.
Celebrity Endorsement
Authors: Kerrigan Finola , Hewer Paul , Brownlie Douglas 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article outlines key theory related to celebrity endorsement. In doing so, we consider the benefits and challenges involved in deploying the symbolic capital associated with celebrity onto other brands. We consider psychological, economic, and cultural logics which inform key celebrity endorsement perspectives within the literature and suggest a need to develop the cultural approach further to incorporate the notion of brandscape and the implicit importance of temporality of meaning in the area of celebrity endorsement.
Conspicuous Consumption
Authors: Saad Gad 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Conspicuous consumption is the means by which individuals signal their social standing via a wide range of ostentatious products, services, and pursuits. Consumers scholars have explored many issues dealing with conspicuous consumption such as the development of a scale to capture one's proclivity to engage in the behavior and situational variables that might accentuate one's desire to be showy. On the other hand, evolutionary‐minded researchers recognize that conspicuous consumption is rooted in a biological imperative, namely sexual signaling in the mating arena. Deleterious outcomes of conspicuous consumption include deceptive signaling via counterfeit products, as well as the ecological harm caused by the dogged pursuit of the high life (e.g., the hunting of nearly extinct species as a high‐status badge of honor).
The Critical Incident Technique
Authors: Gremler Dwayne D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The Critical Incident Technique (
CIT
), a research method that relies on a set of procedures to collect, content analyze, and classify observations of human behavior, was introduced to the social sciences by Flanagan (1954) 60 years ago. Bitner, Booms, and Tetreault (1990), who introduced CIT to the marketing discipline, define an incident as an observable human activity that is complete enough to allow inferences and predictions to be made about the person performing the act. A critical incident is described as one that makes a significant contribution, either positively or negatively, to an activity or phenomenon. Critical incidents can be gathered in various ways, but the approach generally asks respondents to tell a story about an experience they have had. In the past 25 years the CIT method has been used frequently in marketing and management, and more recently in service research, to study a wide range of topics.
Customer Equity
Authors: Groeger Lars , Buttle Francis 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Customer equity is defined as the sum of the discounted lifetime values of all of the firm's current and potential customers. The customer equity concept recognizes customers as the primary source of both current and future cash‐flows and thus as one of the firm's most valuable assets. As such, customer equity is a forward‐looking concept that measures the future value of a firm's customer base. Customer equity provides a customer‐centered measure of a firm's performance that is considered more significant than past and current sales or market share.
Customer Lifetime Value
Authors: Groeger Lars , Buttle Francis 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

A customer's lifetime value (
CLV
) is an estimate of the present value of the future cash flows associated with a particular customer or group of customers.
CLV
is a forward‐looking concept that takes a long term perspective on a supplier's relationship with a customer and is the same unit of measurement that creates customer equity. The aggregated
CLV
of a firm's entire customer base equals the firm's customer equity. To compute the
CLV
of a specific customer, a firm needs to estimate net profits generated by the customer, expected purchasing life, and acquisition costs.
Database Marketing
Authors: Kasabov Edward 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
“Database marketing” is a form of direct marketing whereby customer data are used to generate personalized interactions with customers. Database marketing is predicated on the use of technology to acquire, organize, systematize, and manage data for purposes of more effective management of knowledge held in corporate databases. Knowledge discovery and data augmentation tools are applied to extract and systematize complex and voluminous customer or business data, so that to obtain a “360‐degree view” of customers. Although in existence for half a century, the concept has been promoted since the 1980s by the wider adoption of computer technology. Availability and importance of customer data are increasing, with data on incomes, transaction history, biographical data, and other personal details captured internally from customers or bought from other companies. Database marketing is comparable to transactional marketing, and not relationship marketing, although some academics have recently noted that “evolutionary database marketing” approaches are appropriate to building longer term relations with customers. Critical marketing scholars describe database marketing practices as controlling and disciplinary mechanisms which help marketers observe, document, individualize, categorize, and target their customers.
Emotional Dissonance
Authors: Vella Joe 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEmotional dissonance takes place when individuals' behavior is incongruent with their true feelings. Such situations typically occur when professional service providers, mostly front‐line employees, communicate with arduous customers, particularly during face‐to‐face interactions. Research shows that emotional dissonance may lead to both short‐term as well as long‐term negative effects, including absenteeism, burnout, and depression.
Empirical Generalization in Marketing
Authors: Wright Malcolm 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEmpirical generalization seeks patterns that can be reproduced across diverse data sets to support the development of higher order theory. It values parsimonious explanation and extensive replication rather than the regression methods commonly used in marketing. This approach has led to many discoveries about consumer behavior, most of which are summarized by the NBD‐Dirichlet model of purchase incidence and brand choice.
Human–Computer Interface in Marketing
Authors: Wang Wan Chen , Moutinho Luiz 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHuman–computer interaction (HCI) is a study of interaction between people (users) and computers. Generally, it is considered as the intersection of computer science, behavioral sciences, design, and other domains of study. Interaction between users and computers takes place at the user interface, which includes both software and hardware. The aggregate of means by which people – the users – interact with a system – a particular machine, device, computer program, or other complex tool is the human–computer interface. Academic research on HCI combines the experimental methods and intellectual framework of cognitive psychology with effective tools from computer science. It emphasizes a controlled experiment, which yields more objective and reliable results.
Jaycustomer
Authors: Daunt Kate L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The term Jaycustomer refers to customers who “behave stupidly, irrationally, or illegally toward service personnel, facilities, and other customers”. Services marketer Christopher Lovelock identifies six types of jaycustomer behavior labeled; ‘the thief’, ‘the rulebreaker’, ‘the belligerent’, ‘the family feuders’, ‘the vandal’ and ‘the deadbeat’. The label jaycustomer is often used interchangeably within the marketing literature with terms including ‘consumer misbehavior’ and ‘dysfunctional customer behavior’ when describing the unwanted and undesirable behaviors by customers in consumption settings.
M
achiavellism
Authors: Prete Irene 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Machiavellism
(or
Machiavellianism
) refers to the political doctrine and principles of general conduct stated by the Italian diplomat and writer Niccolò Machiavelli who, in one of his works,
Il Principe
, proposes, in contrast to the moral doctrine of the orthodox belief, the innovative concept of virtue as the propensity and capacity to act so that to preserve what one has obtained.
Artificial Neural Networks in Marketing
Authors: Silva Maria , Moutinho Luiz 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article is designed to give the reader the key insights into the world of artificial neural networks (ANNs), seen here as generalized mathematical models that emulate human cognition. The inner workings of ANNs are highlighted such as the topology itself, activation function, connection weights, combination function, distribution of outputs, sigmoid function, network architecture, its multilayer nature, high‐order statistics, feedforward networks, learning process, training patterns, the perceptron model, backpropagation (BP) algorithm, among many other technical issues. The entry also includes many multiple academic research applications in marketing. The entry concludes with an overview of key developments in this area like Hopfield neural networks.
Perceptual Mapping
Authors: Grundström Christina 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Perceptual mapping is used to establish a product's or a brand's position and can provide a comprehensive picture of the competitive situation and how differentiated the product or brand is in the minds of the established target group. A perceptual map is a type of diagram, where the two axes depict the criteria, and their relative importance, the target group uses when selecting a product or brand to satisfy a certain need. Several maps must be drawn to get a full picture of how a certain product or brand is positioned. Any position is to be established in relation to any competitor, direct or one providing substitutes, satisfying the same need for the established target group. Market research (or otherwise obtained equal data) is required to find out the selection criteria – and their relative importance – of the target group. The position in perceptual maps is a relative one. To judge a position, the market share size for each competing product or brand should be included in the map. A product or brand with a small market share in the close proximity of a product or brand with a large market share should consider repositioning.
Push/Pull Marketing Strategy
Authors: Grundström Christina 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Push/pull marketing strategy concerns how an organization offering products (goods and or services) views the market. Organizations can be found just about anywhere on a scale from a pure push marketing strategy to a pure pull marketing strategy. A push marketing strategy focuses on what resources, competences and capacity the organization has, while a pull marketing strategy focuses on the needs of the market. Most organizations apply a mix of push and pull marketing strategy. Any adaptation of offerings to customer needs must reasonably fit the competences and capabilities within the firm or its network or such competences and capabilities, which within a reasonable time and at reasonable cost, can be obtained. An organization thus balances between what it reasonably can offer (push) and what the market demands (pull). For several types of organization, in particular within fast‐moving consumer goods, the increased data on customers have aided a shift toward a more pull‐oriented marketing strategy. The risk with applying a total pull marketing strategy is that the company may listen too much to too many types of customer resulting in too low a ratio between revenue and the production cost of the offerings to remain in the market.
R
asch Model
Authors: Salzberger Thomas 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The Rasch model is a measurement model providing linear measures derived from an observed sum score across items forming a unidimensional scale. The data analysis allows for empirically assessing whether reponse categories work as intended, whether items are locally independent and whether responses reflect a unidimensional latent variable. The Rasch model can be derived from fundamental principles of measurement, such as invariance. The Rasch philosophy therefore takes precedence over the data, which is in contrast to Classical Test Theory and also to general Item Response Theory models.
Service Models
Authors: Mascio Rita Di 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

A service model is how a frontline employee (
FLE
) interprets the term “customer service.” Three distinct service models exist among
FLE
serving retail customers: (i) the act of giving customers what they ask for, courteously and efficiently, (ii) a means to accomplishing immediate objectives, such as sales quotas, and (iii) the formation of mutually beneficial relationships with customers through problem solving. These models are termed “efficiency,” “means,” and “win‐win,” respectively. Service models vary across four attributes that described the employee–customer encounter: the
FLEs
' perception of themselves, their perception of their customers, their objective during the encounter, and how they assess the quality of service they provide. Service models are related to
FLEs
' customer orientation, competence, surface and deep acting, and interpersonal values of friendliness and detachment.
Service Separation
Authors: Keh Hean Tat 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article traces the development of the concept of service separation within the field of services marketing. Pioneering research indicates that one of the characteristics distinguishing services from goods is inseparability, which denotes that production and consumption of the service occur simultaneously. More recently, however, some scholars observe that some services are separable, and contend that inseparability is not a satisfying descriptor of services in general. As service providers can often choose to provide separated and/or unseparated modes of services, it is important to understand the implications of service separation in theory and practice.