bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technische Entwicklungen in der pädiatrischen MRT-Diagnostik
Authors: Kellenberger Christian J , Kottke Raimund , Sirin Selma 
Published: August 2024

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) wird in der Kinderradiologie zunehmend zur definitiven Diagnosestellung, Therapieplanung oder Verlaufskontrolle nach Behandlung genutzt. In spezialisierten pädiatrischen Zentren wird die strahlungsfreie MRT meist der auf Röntgenstrahlen basierenden Computertomografie (CT) vorgezogen und hat mancherorts nuklearmedizinische Untersuchungen wie die Skelett- und Nierenszintigrafie ersetzt. Durch die fortschreitenden Entwicklungen der MR-Technologie in den letzten Jahren sind heute in allen Körperregionen relativ kurze Untersuchungen zur hervorragenden morphologischen Darstellung von Veränderungen der Weichteile und Organe möglich. Durch Synchronisierung der MR-Datenerfassung mit dem Herzschlag oder der Atmung können das Herz, die Lunge oder abdominale Organe ohne Atemartefakte abgebildet werden, auch bei kleinen Kindern, die den Atem nicht anhalten können. Mit schnellen Sequenzen können auch nicht ganz stillhaltende Kinder untersucht werden. Im Gegensatz zur CT liefert die MRT neben morphologischen auch funktionelle Informationen. So können mit speziellen MR-Sequenzen z. B. die Organperfusion, die Gefäßdurchblutung, die Nierenausscheidung oder die Herzfunktion evaluiert werden.
Bildgebende Diagnostik der kindlichen Lunge mit MRT und CT
Authors: Veldhoen Simon , Metz Corona 
Published: August 2024

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGObwohl die Röntgenaufnahme des Thorax nach wie vor das bildgebende Standardverfahren in der pädiatrischen Lungendiagnostik ist, werden die schnittbildgebenden Techniken für spezielle Fragestellungen auch im Kindes- und Jugendalter regelhaft benötigt. Durch beträchtliche technologische Fortschritte haben sich die Möglichkeiten der Lungenbildgebung mittels CT und MRT deutlich erweitert. Wenngleich Strahlenexposition und Untersuchungszeiten von CT-Untersuchungen drastisch gesenkt werden konnten, sind eine akkurate Nutzen-Risiko-Abwägung und die Erwägung strahlenfreier Alternativmethoden weiterhin von großer Wichtigkeit. In diesem Zusammenhang kommt die strahlenfreie MRT, die neben der morphologischen Darstellung der Lunge inzwischen auch funktionelle Informationen liefern kann, zunehmend zum Einsatz. Pädiatrische Schnittbildgebung, insbesondere die zeitintensivere MRT, erfordert bei jüngeren Kindern häufig eine Untersuchungsführung in Narkose. Gezielte Konzepte zur Schaffung einer kindgerechten Untersuchungsumgebung in spezialisierten kinderradiologischen Einrichtungen leisten einen Beitrag dazu, die Patientenerfahrung zu optimieren und Narkoseuntersuchungen zu reduzieren.
Neue(re) Techniken in der Pädiatrischen Sonografie
Authors: Mentzel Hans-Joachim 
Published: August 2024

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Sonografie ist häufig erstes und in der konservativen und operativen Kinder- und Jugendmedizin auch einziges bildgebendes Verfahren in der Diagnostik. Neue(re) Techniken wie die verschiedenen Methoden der Kontrastmittelsonografie, der Elastographie und des Quantitativen Ultraschalls unterstreichen diesen Anspruch. Sie erhöhen aber auch den Energieeintrag in den Organismus. Die Anwendung erfordert daher entsprechende Sorgfalt und eine rechtfertigende Indikation. Mit Einsatz innovativer Ultraschall-Anwendungen können Kindern andererseits aufwändigere Untersuchungen erspart werden wie eine Magnetresonanztomografie in Sedierung/Narkose oder eine Computertomografie mit einer nicht unerheblichen Dosis an ionisierender Strahlung. Ziel des Beitrages ist ein kurzer Überblick zu den Techniken. Anwendungen werden an Fallbeispielen gezeigt.
Was brauche ich wann in der kinderorthopädischen Bildgebung?
Authors: von Kalle Thekla 
Published: August 2024

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGNeben Anamnese und klinischer Untersuchung ist die Bildgebung eines der wichtigsten Standbeine der kinderorthopädischen Diagnostik. Radiologische Untersuchungen dienen sowohl der Diagnosestellung als auch der Quantifizierung und Verlaufskontrolle pathologischer Veränderungen. Mit ihrer Hilfe werden operative Maßnahmen geplant und deren Ergebnisse überprüft. Radiologisch technische Besonderheiten erfordern eine spezielle kinderradiologische Expertise genauso wie die altersabhängigen Normvarianten und Erkrankungen des sich noch entwickelnden muskuloskelettalen Systems. Ergebnisse der Bildgebung sind dabei immer im klinischen Kontext zu sehen, denn nur so kann es gelingen, hinter einem einzelnen Befund ein Syndrom oder eine chronische Grunderkrankung zu erkennen. Kurze Wege und niederschwellige interdisziplinäre Kommunikation zwischen Radiologie und Orthopädie sind essenziell, um unseren jungen Patienten gerecht zu werden.
Besonderheiten rheumatischer Erkrankungen im Alter
Authors: Schultz Olaf 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungAufgrund der erhöhten Lebenserwartung und anhand epidemiologischer Daten zeigt
sich eine Zunahme rheumatische Erkrankungen älterer Menschen. Diese Population
ist durch ein erhöhtes Risiko für kardiovaskuläre, infektiöse, neoplastische und
iatrogene Komplikationen betroffen. Multimorbidität in Verbindung mit
Polypharmazie und progredienten funktionellen Defiziten haben erheblichen
Einfluss auf den klinischen Verlauf und die Therapieentscheidungen bei
Altersvarianten rheumatischer Erkrankungen. Der Altersprozess des Immunsystems
ist geprägt von Immunseneszenz und „Inflammaging“ mit der Folge eines erhöhten
Risikos für Infektionen und Tumorerkrankungen, eines verringerten regenerativen
Potentials und einer verstärkten unspezifischen Entzündungskonstellation. Neben
den wenigen alterstypischen rheumatischen Erkrankungen wie der Polymyalgia
rheumatica gibt es Altersformen rheumatischer Erkrankungen, die hinsichtlich der
klinischen Symptomatik, der Pathophysiologie, Labordiagnostik und der Prognose
Besonderheiten aufweisen. Atypische Krankheitsverläufe und Mischbilder mit
degenerativen oder anderen entzündlichen Erkrankungen sind nicht ungewöhnlich.
In der Übersichtsarbeit werden die speziellen Altersvarianten verschiedener
rheumatischen Erkrankungen vorgestellt. Ältere Patienten mit rheumatischen
Erkrankungen sind durch die derzeitige Studienlage nicht adäquat erfasst. Ein
wesentlicher Schwerpunkt künftiger klinisch-rheumatologischer Forschung sollte
die stärkere Einbeziehung dieser Patienten sein, um durch angepasste und
integrative Therapiekonzepte Morbidität und Mortalität zu reduzieren.
Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Application of SF5-Compounds
Authors: Bizet Vincent , Abd El Sater Mariam , Popek Lucas , Blanchard Nicolas 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis review article outlines the literature from 2022 to 2024 covering developments in SF5 chemistry. Recent synthetic methodologies of SF5-containing building blocks are reported. These methods include the synthesis of SF5Cl and its use in pentafluorosulfanylation reactions and oxidative fluorination reactions. Moreover, the reactivity of SF5-alkynes as versatile platform to access new SF5-compounds is described. Finally, the effects of the SF5 moiety are highlighted according to its application in different fields, such as biological/medicinal chemistry, catalysis, and material sciences.1	Introduction2	Access to SF5-Containing Building Blocks2.1	By Means of SF5Cl2.1.1	Generation of SF5Cl2.2	By Means of Oxidative Fluorination2.3	By Means of SF5-Alkynes2.4	Other Miscellaneous Aromatic and Aliphatic SF5-Compounds3	Applications3.1	Medicinal and Biological Chemistry3.2	Material Science3.3	Catalysis4	Conclusion
Catalytic Intermolecular [4+2]-Cycloaddition toward the Stereo­selective C2–C3 Annulation of Indoles
Authors: Majumdar Nilanjana , Pandit Soumen 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCatalytic dearomative cycloaddition involving the C2–C3 bond of indoles is a powerful strategy for the synthesis of fused indoline scaffolds. Through dearomative cycloaddition/annulation, planar indole substrates can be readily transformed into rigid, three-dimensional polycyclic complex structures in one step. Molecules with architectural complexity are generally considered to have drug-like properties. Hence, annulation products have tremendous potential for discovering therapeutic properties, and this strategy has become an important part of the medicinal chemistry toolbox. Using appropriate catalyst control, desirable stereoselectivity can be achieved. Previous literature reports reveal that [3+2]-cycloadditions of indoles have been extensively studied. In contrast, the catalytic [4+2]-cycloaddition/dearomatization of indoles has been much less investigated. In this short review, we focus specifically on six-membered ring annulations via [4+2]-cycloaddition with the C2–C3 bond of indoles and discuss the various catalytic methods that have been developed toward this objective.1	Introduction2	[4+2]-Cycloaddition/Annulation of Indoles2.1	Electron-Rich Indoles2.1.1	Transition-Metal Catalysis2.1.2	Organocatalysis2.2	Electron-Deficient Indoles2.2.1	Transition-Metal Catalysis2.2.2	Organocatalysis3	Summary and Outlook
Malformations of the Spinal Cord: From Genetics to Diagnosis and Rehabilitation
Authors: Cacciaguerra Giovanni , Dierna Federica , Zanghì Antonio , Vecchio Michele , Praticò Elena R. , Rosa Giuliana La , Palmucci Stefano , Belfiore Giuseppe , Basile Antonio , Ruggieri Martino , Polizzi Agata 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSpinal cord malformations, known as “spinal dysraphisms” encompass a diverse range of spinal abnormalities characterized by incomplete median closure of mesenchymal, bone, and nervous tissues. They are classified as “open,” involving both the spinal cord and overlying tissues, or “occult,” affecting only nervous system structures. Neurulation abnormalities along the neural tube, from the rostral to the caudal portions, primarily cause these malformations. Clinical presentations vary, including cutaneous manifestations like hemangiomas, dimples, hair tufts, and scoliosis. “Tethered cord syndrome,” often associated with these malformations, manifests as a clinical syndrome rather than a primary anomaly. Newborns are typically asymptomatic, with malformations often identified by associated skin abnormalities. Older children may experience pain, sensory/motor disturbances, urinary/anal sphincter abnormalities, and muscle weakness affecting mobility. Neuroimaging, crucial for diagnosis and treatment planning, includes ultrasound, CT, and MRI. Surgical intervention, tailored to specific malformation subtypes, may involve the repair of myelomeningocele soon after birth or conservative management for asymptomatic occult dysraphism. Rehabilitation encompasses physical, occupational, recreational, and speech therapies. Prevention is paramount, emphasizing the role of health care professionals in prenatal care and education. This review aims to provide a systematic classification of spinal cord malformations to aid clinicians in diagnosis and management.
Atomic cluster expansion potential for large scale simulations of hydrocarbons under shock compression
Authors: Willman Jonathan T. , Perriot Romain , Ticknor Christopher 
Published: August 2024

We present an Atomic Cluster Expansion (ACE) machine learned potential developed for high-fidelity atomistic simulations of hydrocarbons, targeting pressures and temperatures near and above supercritical fluid regimes for molecular fluids. A diverse set of stoichiometries were covered in training, including 1:0 (pure carbon), 1:4 (methane), and 1:1 (benzene), and rich bonding environments sampled at supercritical temperatures, hydrogen rich, reactive mixtures where metastable stoichiometries arise, including 1:2 (ethylene) and 1:3 (ethane). A high-fidelity training database was constructed by performing large-scale quantum molecular dynamic simulations [density functional theory (DFT) MD] of diamond, graphite, methane, and benzene. A novel approach to selecting structures from DFT MD is also presented, which allows for the rapid selection of unique DFT MD frames from complex trajectories. Comparisons to DFT and experimental data demonstrate that the presented ACE potential accurately reproduces isotherms, carbon melting curves, radial distribution functions, and shock Hugoniots for carbon and hydrocarbon systems for pressures up to 100 GPa and temperatures up to 6000 K for hydrocarbon systems and up to 9000 K for pure carbon systems. This work delivers a potential that can be used for accurate, large-scale simulations of shocked hydrocarbons and demonstrates a methodology for fitting and validating machine learning interatomic potentials to complex molecular environments, which can be applied to energetic materials in future works.
Close-space sublimation of single-crystal metal films
Authors: Burton Oliver J. , Hofmann Stephan 
Published: August 2024

Cost-effective, versatile, and rapid deposition of single-crystal metal films is crucial to a wide spectrum of applications ranging from catalysis, plasmonics, electrochemistry, and optoelectronics to templating, epitaxial substrates, and integrated nanomanufacturing. High crystal quality typically implies low growth rates, which makes it challenging to achieve thicknesses in excess of 1 µm with conventional approaches. We show facile close-space sublimation of epitaxial single-crystal Au, Ag, and Cu films on MgO substrates. We demonstrate 10 μm thickness in less than 1 h while maintaining sub-5 nm rms surface roughness for a range of low- and high-index crystal film orientations. We show that the results can be captured by a simple model based on “line-of-sight” sublimation, which serves as a predictive tool and provides a basis to discuss broader potential as well as the limitations of this approach.
An on-chip photonic digital-to-analog converter with phase-change-based bit control
Authors: Li Jingxi , Sun Jigeng , Ye Ziyang , Fan Zhihua , Zhou Shaolin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we propose an N-bit optical digital-to-analog converter (DAC) by integrating N pairs of

2
×
2

phase change based on-chip photonic switches and

2
×
2

multimode interference (MMI) splitters. An on-chip photonic switch is constructed by integrating a wavelength-selectable racetrack micro-ring resonator with the phase change chalcogenide Ge2Sb2Se4Te (GSST). The GSST-integrated switch utilizes a racetrack resonator configuration for performing the accurate modulation of the resonant wavelength to prevent intercoupling between adjacent units. In order for electrothermal heating of the GSST film to trigger its phase transition for switchable control, an indium tin oxide heater with a bowtie-shaped structure is integrated into the racetrack resonator. Using numerical calculations, we demonstrate that an 8 V voltage pulse at a duration of 300 ns, with an energy consumption of 18.45 nJ, could change the optical state from an OFF state to an ON state. Another 6 V voltage pulse of 250 ns duration, followed by a 4 V pulse of varying duration, with a total energy consumption of 34.78 nJ, can switch the optical state from an ON state to an OFF state. The asymmetric structure of the

2
×
2

MMI shows ultra-high transmittance approaching 50% in the through port (connected to the next order of MMI), enabling the creation of multistage cascaded MMI splitters with an output light power ratio close to 50%. Our results show that this configuration potentially offers a feasible solution for applications of optical DACs.
Evaluation of radiation protection effectivity in a cardiac angiography room using visualized scattered radiation distribution
Authors: Fujibuchi Toshioh , Nakashima Misaki , Arakawa Hiroyuki , Miyazaki Hitoshi , Anam Choirul 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In this study, we devised a radiation protection tool specifically designed for healthcare professionals and students engaged in cardiac catheterization to easily monitor and evaluate scattered radiation distribution across diverse C-arm angles and arbitrary physician associated staff positions—scrub nurse and technologist positions. In this study, scattered radiation distributions in an angiography room were calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation of particle and heavy ion transport code system (PHITS) code. Four visualizations were performed under different C-arm angles with and without radiation protection: (1) a dose profile, (2) a 2D cross-section, (3) a 3D scattered radiation distribution, and (4) a 4D scattered radiation distribution. The simulation results detailing the scattered radiation distribution in PHITS were exported in Visualization Toolkit format and visualized through the open-source visualization application ParaView for analysis. Visualization of the scattered dose showed that dose distribution depends on the C-arm angle and the x-ray machine output parameters (kV, mAs s−1, beam filtration) which depend upon beam angulation to the patient body. When irradiating in the posterior–anterior direction, the protective curtain decreased the dose by 62% at a point 80 cm from the floor, where the physician’s gonads are positioned. Placing the protection board close to the x-ray tube reduced the dose by 24% at a location 160 cm from the floor, where the lens of the eye is situated. Notably, positioning the protection board adjacent to the physician resulted in a 95.4% reduction in incident air kerma. These visualization displays can be combined to understand the spread and direction of the scattered radiation distribution and to determine where and how to operate and place radiation protection devices, accounting for the different beam angulations encountered in interventional cases. This study showed that scatter visualization could be a radiation protection teaching aid for students and medical staff in angiography rooms.
Effects of organ dose modulation applied to a part of the scan range on radiation dose in computed tomography of the body
Authors: Inoue Yusuke , Itoh Hiroyasu , Koizumi Koji , Sekimoto Saori , Hata Hirofumi , Miyatake Hiroki , Yamane Takuro , Mitsui Kohei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
In computed tomography (CT), organ dose modulation (ODM) reduces radiation exposure from the anterior side to reduce radiation dose received by the radiosensitive organs located anteriorly. We investigated the effects of ODM applied to a part of the scan range on radiation dose in body CT. The thorax and thoraco-abdominopelvic region of an anthropomorphic whole-body phantom were imaged with and without ODM. ODM was applied to various regions, and the tube current modulation curves were compared. Additionally, the dose indices were compared with and without ODM in thoracic and thoraco-abdominopelvic CTs in 800 patients. ODM was applied to the thyroid in male patients and to the thyroid and breast in female patients. In phantom imaging of the thorax, the application of ODM below the scan range decreased the tube current, and that to the breast showed a further decrease. Decreased tube current was also observed in phantom imaging of the thoraco-abdominopelvic regions with ODM below the scan range, and the application of ODM to the whole scan range, thyroid, breast, and both thyroid and breast further reduced the tube current in the region to which ODM was applied. In patient imaging, the dose indices were significantly lower with ODM than without ODM, regardless of the scan range or sex. The absolute reduction in dose-length product was larger for thoraco-abdominopelvic CT (male, 43.2 mGy cm; female, 59.7 mGy cm) than for thoracic CT (male, 30.8 mGy cm; female, 37.6 mGy cm) in both sexes, indicating dose reduction in the abdominopelvic region to which ODM was not applied. In conclusion, The application of ODM in body CT reduces radiation dose not only in the region to which ODM is applied but also outside the region. In radiation dose management, it should be considered that even ODM applied to a limited region affects the dose indices.
Controlled electrodeposition of cobalt nanowires using iR compensation and their electron transport properties
Authors: Sotnichuk Stepan V , Skryabina Olga V , Shishkin Andrey G , Golovchanskiy Igor A , Bakurskiy Sergey V , Stolyarov Vasily S , Napolskii Kirill S 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Superconducting hybrid structures based on single nanowires are a new type of nanoscale devices with peculiar transport characteristics. Control over the nanowire structure is essential for understanding hybrid electronic phenomena arising in such complex systems. In this work, we report a technique for the fabrication of cobalt nanowires by template-assisted electrodeposition using iR compensation, which allows revealing the fundamental dependence of the preferred direction of nanowire growth on the deposition potential. Long coarse-grained cobalt nanowires with a diameter of 70 nm have been implemented into Nb/Co/Nb hybrid structures. We demonstrate that using electrode fabrication techniques that do not contaminate the surface of the nanowire leads to a high quality of devices with low-resistance interfaces. Low-temperature resistivity of 4.94 ± 0.83 µΩ cm and other transport characteristics of Co nanowires are reported. The absence of long-range superconducting proximity effect for Nb/Co/Nb systems with different nanowire length is discussed.
Phase formation and kinetic analysis of (Ba, K)Fe2As2 superconductor
Authors: Liu Xinyuan , Zhang Xianping , Dong Chiheng , Tang Minghui , Yao Chao , Li Wenchao , Wang Dongliang , Ma Yanwei 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
122-type iron-based superconductors have attracted significant attention owing to their potential for high-field applications. Therefore, the study of the reaction mechanism is indispensable. In this work, the phase formation process and reaction kinetics of the Ba–K–Fe–As system were investigated in comparison with the Fe–As and Ba–Fe–As systems. Our findings suggest two main stages of the phase formation process: formation of the iron arsenide phase and its transformation to the 122-phase. It shows that FeAs forms slowly below 300 °C in the Ba–K–Fe–As system, and the formation significantly accelerates at ∼400 °C. KFe2As2 starts to generate at ∼640 °C and gradually transforms into Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2. Furthermore, using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method and the Kissinger method, the kinetic parameters of the exothermic peak at ∼400 °C–580 °C for these three systems were obtained, including the most probable mechanism function f(α), apparent activation energy E, and apparent pre-exponential factor A. Our results suggest that all three systems exhibit complex reactions characterized by f(α) = (1 − α)
n
(1 < n < 2). The presence of the kinetic compensation effect in the three systems was discovered, implying similarities in their respective reaction mechanisms. Additionally, influence mechanism of K doping on the apparent activation energy and reaction rate was analyzed.