bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methodology for Vintage Pipelines Assessment
Authors: Phelippon Mélissandre , Hertz-Clemens Stéphane , Notarianni Philippe 
Published: July 2013

During inspection and maintenance operations, pipeline operators may encounter pipes showing incomplete records. However, data such as pipe tensile properties and toughness are essential to perform a realistic pipeline fitness for service analysis.
These situations most often occur with older pipelines, in a period where line pipe quality control and quality assessment were not as stringent as today. In order to avoid a cut and a replacement of the pipe, introducing transit interruption and high expenses for the operator, a methodology for determining mechanical properties has been developed.
The methodology described in this paper relies on data obtained from many tests performed on this specific type of line. The study and analysis of these database information led to working out correlations between parameters measured on field, and missing recorded mechanical properties.
The first data that can be obtained quite easily is the chemical composition of steel, which can be analyzed in a laboratory from samples directly removed from parent material of the line pipe.
Using the result of the previous analyses, the following correlations have been determined from the database information, and have been compared to correlations given in international standards (API 579, BS7910,…):
- Charpy V energy measured at 0°C versus Charpy U energy pleasured at 20°C,
- Charpy V energy versus sulfur content,
- Fracture toughness versus Charpy V energy,
- Fracture toughness versus sulfur content.
A practical experiment of these results have been performed, as chemical composition analysis from samples were made on 5 removed test pieces issued from line pipes. These tests aimed at comparing the results given by correlations with the mechanical properties of the line pipes, and validating the feasibility of this methodology on the field.
At the same time, database information was also used to check the theoretical behavior of parent metal regarding to the design temperature, by using a relation between steel toughness value, and its transition temperature at 28 J, issued from toughness transition curves.
Data Smoothing for Leak Detection
Authors: Gao Jianping , Lewis Chris , Rizwan Tania 
Published: July 2013

Noise is prevalent in all pipeline instrumentation and measurement system data and is perhaps one of the biggest environmental factors, which determines if a system will operate reliably in practice. Noise present in data can be random or repetitive, occurring continuous or in isolated bursts and can have a multitude of sources. At Enbridge, the leak detectability of Computational Pipeline Modeling (CPM) based leak detection (LD) systems is notably affected by the presence of noise in the pipeline data. Data smoothing of noisy pipeline data is a non-trivial process; these techniques are used not only to eliminate “noise” from the operating data, but also to extract real trends and patterns within the data, and to maintain important characteristics of the signal itself, particularly during transient time periods. Finding an effective data smoothing methodology has, therefore, become an important and challenging task for the Leak Detection team at Enbridge.
This paper presents an innovative approach on data smoothing with the aim of improving data quality and detectability of the CPM based LD systems using the Wavelet analysis method which is incorporated in the MATLAB toolbox. Wavelet-based algorithms have proved to be quite an effective tool for the analysis, synthesis, denoising, and compression of signals and provide more precise information about signal data than other signal analysis techniques, such as Fourier Transform. In this paper the Wavelet analysis technique has been reviewed and is shown to be effective in manipulation and smoothing of pipeline data, both during the transient and steady state conditions. Based on the algorithm and utilities developed, extensive tests have been performed and comparison studies have been made to validate the methodology using simulated leak test data, fluid withdrawal test data, and API 1130/1149 calculations etc. The test results indicate that data smoothing technique employed has a substantial effect on the data quality which in turn has significantly improved the detectability of Enbridges current leak detection system.
Influence of Alloying Elements on the Toughness in the HAZ of DSAW-Welded Large-Diameter Linepipes
Authors: Stallybrass Charles , Dmitrieva Olga , Liessem Andreas , Schröder Jens 
Published: July 2013

There is a strong interest worldwide to transport large gas volumes from remote areas and hostile environments to the market. Pipe producers are therefore faced with increasingly demanding requirements both with regard to the toughness of the base material and the heat-affected zone. The toughness of the base material depends primarily on the steel composition and the TM processing conditions. Impressive levels of toughness in the base material were achieved by extensive alloy and process development over the past decades. These were realised by balancing the steel composition and processing parameters to give an optimum microstructure with a low grain size and homogeneous distribution of phases. During double submerged arc welding (DSAW) in the production of large-diameter linepipes, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) undergoes severe changes in the microstructure that include grain coarsening by about one order of magnitude and phase transformation during cooling and intercritical reheating. These have a negative impact on the toughness close to the fusion line. The higher austenite grain size close to the fusion line leads to a coarser structure after the phase transformation with larger carbon-rich M/A-phase particles than are typically observed in the base material in the as-rolled condition. This causes a drop of the toughness close to the fusion line compared to the base material.
Classically, the carbon equivalent is an empirical measure for the weldability of steels and is known to correlate with the maximum hardness. However, its purpose is not to reflect the effect of individual alloying elements on the HAZ-toughness. The present paper addresses the relationship between base material composition and the HAZ-toughness of linepipe steels. An experimental investigation was carried out at EUROPIPE GmbH in cooperation with Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung GmbH in which the chemical composition of laboratory heats was varied systematically. These heats were thermomechanically rolled to a wall thickness of 30 mm and subsequently used for submerged arc welding trials. The processing parameters during rolling and welding were held constant in the trials in order to ensure that the effect of the alloying elements could be isolated. The fusion line toughness was tested at −30°C and the microstructure was investigated by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. This was complemented by microstructure investigations in the HAZ of large-diameter pipe material between the X65 and X80 strength levels. It was found that the influence of alloying elements on the HAZ-toughness is only reflected to some degree by the commonly used carbon equivalents, especially at similar strength levels. The results of the investigation were used for optimisation of the HAZ-toughness in production.
Identification of Coincident Features in Pipelines Using ILI Data
Authors: Dawson Jane , Weller Rodger , Rao Girish 
Published: July 2013

Many pipelines are vulnerable to multiple threats and damage types such as internal and/or external corrosion, axial and/or circumferential cracking, laminations, gouging, dents, ovalities and wrinkles. These different types of damage may occur in isolation or can occur coincidental at the same location in the pipeline. Whilst two or more of these feature types may be coincident in the pipeline, the different feature types often require detection by different ILI technologies which are quite often run at different times and even by different ILI vendors.
It is important to identify where different types of features are coincident:
• Discrimination and sizing of certain feature types can be adversely affected and hence uncertainties may be higher at these locations.
• Evaluation of feature severity should account for the types of feature present and any interaction between features.
• To aid the excavation and repair planning processes.
It can be difficult and time consuming to identify the exact location where multiple features may be coincident with each other because this requires accurate alignment, accounting for positional tolerances, matching and overlay of data from ILI runs of different technologies and often from several years apart.
This paper describes an approach to identify where coincidental features occur within a pipeline by:
• Combining and overlaying multiple ILI technologies and data sets in a common interface.
• Allowing different proximity tolerances to be used to account for positional accuracy in the determination of coincident feature groups.
• Enabling the identification of the ILI reported features (e.g., cracks, internal and external corrosion, dents, mill faults including laminations, gouges etc.) that could be coincident and therefore may interact.
Case studies are used to illustrate the approach and to evaluate the results obtained.
“Show-Stopper” — Effectively Managing Project Social Risks: Improved Approaches to Aboriginal Engagement and Consultation
Authors: Mathewson Andrew 
Published: July 2013

A number of proposed pipelines in western and northern Canada have highlighted critical path social risks associated with effectively engaging and consulting with impacted Aboriginal rightsholders along pipeline rights-of-way. Opening up new markets for Canada’s oil sands, shale and off-shore gas resources will require an expansion of the pipeline system in northern British Columbia, Alberta and the Northwest Territories. While navigating the regulatory approval process can be a formidable hurdle, a far greater challenge is how proponents manage the process of building relationships and consulting with affected Aboriginal communities. Failing to earn Aboriginal support for proposed projects can be a “show-stopper”.
Exploration of new basins in Canada, driven by increased demand for energy in Asia, may compete with other land uses and constitutionally-protected rights and practices of indigenous peoples. Public, media and environmental response to new pipelines is often lead by the reaction of impacted communities. The task of identifying the social risks to a project, understanding the engagement process, fulfilling the regulatory consultation requirements of different jurisdictions, balancing impacts with benefits, managing issues and resolving disputes, communicating with the public and media effectively all require improved skills and approaches.
The paper surveys the stakeholder engagement experience and differences in approaches for recently proposed major arctic gas and western oil pipeline projects, as well as pipelines to service Liquefied Natural Gas export facilities on the Pacific north coast, providing practical insights with possibly international application. Utilizing decision and risk analysis and scenario planning methodologies, applied to development of an Aboriginal engagement and consultation strategy, the paper examines how multi-billion dollar investments in new pipelines can be better secured by integrating stakeholder engagement into a project’s risk management design. With greater precision and improved approaches proponents can effectively manage social risks, reduce stakeholder conflict and associate project uncertainties.
Acoustic Leak Detection Technology Assessment
Authors: Garcia-Hernandez Augusto , Siebenaler Shane 
Published: July 2013

Leak detection systems are a vital part of a pipeline integrity management program. For liquid hydrocarbon pipelines, these leak detection systems can take the form of measuring conditions inside the pipeline (internal detection) or by use of hardware installed outside of the pipe (external detection). One internally-based technology is acoustic leak detection, sometimes known as rarefaction-wave monitoring. This technology is based on detecting transient pressure waves that are generated when a sudden leak occurs. Acoustic pressure waves travel in the pipeline at the speed of sound of the fluid that is being transported and can be detected by dynamic pressure sensors. Various filters and algorithms can be used to identify this disturbance and distinguish it from other pressure events on the pipeline. This architecture can even be used for noise and for signal pattern recognition to allow for automatic alarming of potential leak events. Each manufacturer of such technology applies unique algorithms or processing methods to capture and analyze the pressure signals that are used to later predict leaks and their locations.
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the technical basis and methodology employed by acoustic leak detection systems in order to further understand their capabilities and limitations. This work included a vast amount of hydraulic modeling aimed at understanding the physics of wave propagation caused by leak events. Diverse parameters, such as initial pressure wave amplitude, signal attenuation, flow and pressure dependence, speed of sound effects, and sensor locations were evaluated. This modeling was conducted for a variety of simulated fluids. A proportional relationship between leak rate and the initial pressure disturbance caused by a leak was obtained. This linear trend can be used in combination with an attenuation model to calculate sensor location limitations. The work determined that the uncertainty in the speed of sound for a pipeline fluid segment significantly impacts the error bands of leak location. The modeling was used to generate correlations for signal attenuation over distance as a function of pipeline conditions.
Experiences in Establishing Trustworthy Digital Repositories Within a Large Multi-National Pipeline Company
Authors: Weir David A. , Murray Stephen , Bhawnani Pankaj , Rosenberg Douglas 
Published: July 2013

Traditionally business areas within an organization individually manage data essential for their operation. This data may be incorporated into specialized software applications, MS Excel or MS Access etc., e-mail filing, and hardcopy documents. These applications and data stores support the local business area decision-making and add to its knowledge. There have been problems with this approach. Data, knowledge and decisions are only captured locally within the business area and in many cases this information is not easily identifiable or available for enterprise-wide sharing. Furthermore, individuals within the business areas often keep “shadow files” of data and information. The state of accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of the data contained within these files is often questionable. Information created and managed at a local business level can be lost when a staff member leaves his or her role. This is especially significant given ongoing changes in today’s workforce.
Data must be properly managed and maintained to retain its value within the organization.
The development and execution of “single version of the truth” or master data management requires a partnership between the business areas, records management, legal, and the information technology groups of an organization. Master data management is expected to yield significant gains in staff effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity.
In 2011, Enbridge Pipelines applied the principles of master data management and trusted data digital repositories to a widely used, geographically dispersed small database (less than 10,000 records) that had noted data shortcomings such as incomplete or incorrect data, multiple shadow files, and inconsistent usage throughout the organization of the application that stewards the data.
This paper provides an overview of best practices in developing an authoritative single source of data and Enbridge experience in applying these practices to a real-world example. Challenges of the approach used by Enbridge and lessons learned will be examined and discussed.
Novel High Performance Elastomers: New, Recyclable Materials for Oil and Gas From In-Line Inspection to Pipe Coating
Authors: Magerstädt Michael , Schmidt Holger , Blitz Gunther , Dopieralla Ralf , Schellbach Frank 
Published: July 2013

Starting out from the need for polyurethanes with higher abrasion and tear resistance for pipeline inspection, an entire class of new high performance elastomers were developed. Within a few years materials were synthesized which did not only extend the mechanical properties of polyurethane elastomers, but also led to the development of completely new products. Applications range from intelligent plastic solutions combining elastomers and electronics via highly abrasion resistant pipe coatings to a new process for recycling and reuse of crosslinked polyurethanes.
Fundamental to these successful developments is the “building-block” chemistry of polyurethanes. A very high number of permutations of the up to 7 components used in the synthesis of a polyurethane elastomer is possible. By choosing the right combinations and the right reaction conditions, specific material properties can be designed.
Materials exhibiting the following material properties, hitherto not found in polyurethanes, were developed:
• An operating temperature range from −50 to +135°C.
• Chemical resistance to highly acidic and alkaline media, e.g., pure ammonia.
• Significantly higher abrasion and tear resistance than standard polyurethanes.
• Exactly adjustable visco-elastic damping (rebound resilience).
• Adhesion to steel higher than reported with any other polyurethane elastomer.
• A novel polyurethane elastomer with more than 90% share of recycled material reaching mechanical properties in the same range as virgin material.
This presentation will detail the materials and their properties and give application examples from pipeline cleaning, pipe protection, and pipe coating to mechanical protection devices made from recycled polyurethane elastomer.
Development of an Ultrasonic Phased Array Testing System That Can Evaluate Quality of Weld Seam of High-Quality ERW Pipes
Authors: Matsui Yutaka , Iizuka Yukinori , Suzuki Masahito , Urahata Eiichi , Inoue Tomohiro , Kumazawa Shintarou , Oka Masaru 
Published: July 2013

A high sensitivity ultrasonic testing system for inspection of the weld seam of ERW pipes was developed. The factors that affect the quality of the weld seam were investigated using an ultrasonic C-scan method with a focused probe and samples sliced from weld seams. As the result, it was found that a scattered-type penetrator consisting of micro oxides is a key factor in the quality of the weld seam. Absorbed energy in the Charpy impact test can be evaluated by the ultrasonic echo amplitude with the optimized focused beam size (about 1mm2) to detect the scattered-type penetrator.
In order to evaluate the density of the scattered-type penetrator in weld seams with the optimum focused beam size for pipe, a point focused beam tandem method was developed by applying the ultrasonic phased array technique. The sensitivity of the developed method is 20dB higher for a standard artificial through drilled hole whose diameter is 1.6mm. A precise seam tracking system was also developed for application of the point focused beam tandem method to the actual ERW pipe manufacturing process. Since the allowance for applying the focused beam to the weld seam is very narrow, i.e., about 1mm, a circumference multi-point simultaneous receiving technique and thermal image-type seam detection technique were developed. The developed ultrasonic testing system has been in operation at the 24″ ERW mill at East Japan Works (Keihin District) of JFE Steel Corporation since March 2011. The combination of the ultrasonic testing system and an oxide control technique now contributes to production of high-performance, high-quality ERW pipe “Mighty Seam®” for use in frigid environments.
Predicting the Failure Pressure of SCC Flaws in Gas Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Fessler Raymond R. , Batte David , Rosca Gabriela , Van Boven Greg , Vervake Gary , Limon Sergio 
Published: July 2013

An important requirement for the management of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in natural gas transmission pipelines is the ability to predict accurately the burst failure pressure of flaws that have been discovered, particularly those found by crack detection in-line inspection (ILI). ASME B31.8S contains guidance for categorization of SCC based on predicted failure pressure for the cracks. Assessment of the segments is based on the severity category of SCC.
As part of a Joint Industry Project (JIP) addressing the management of SCC in gas transmission pipelines, eight operators have assembled information relating to 85 in-service failures, hundreds of hydrostatic test failures, and dozens of pipe burst tests in which failure was due to SCC. Within the database are a wide range of pipe grades and sizes. Failures are due to both high pH and near-neutral pH SCC, and the flaws that initiated failure range from simple thumbnails to complex groups of cracks in a three-dimensional cluster.
This paper presents some of the results from a comprehensive comparative study of the failure pressure predictions obtained using API 579 Level II, ln-secant, CorLAS® and PAFFC methods for around 40 of the best-characterized datasets within the above database. From the results obtained, the sensitivities of the calculations to the calculation method used and to the input data, such as flaw profile, are examined. The results provide useful guidance to all those involved in predicting failure pressures as part of their threat management activities.
The Effects of Temper Bead Welding Technique on Weld Integrity for In-Service Welding of Carbon Steels
Authors: Meszaros K. , Vrolyk C. , Pepin J. , Yarmuch M. , Mah-Paulson T. 
Published: July 2013

The maintenance of pipeline infrastructure is a significant integrity consideration for the pipeline industry. Employing traditional repair techniques, whereby to conduct repairs when the pipeline is shut-down and drained, can result in significant losses to revenue and production. There is industry demand for repair techniques that allow both scheduled and emergency ‘in-service’ weld repair techniques to be developed. As a result, in-service welding with the temper bead technique is becoming increasingly common for repair operations.
During in-service welding, the two most prevalent metallurgical concerns are burn-through and hydrogen induced cracking (HIC). The risk of burn-through can be limited through appropriate welding parameter and heat input control during welding. The temper bead welding technique utilizes special bead placement to ensure appropriate heat flow throughout the weld zone to metallurgically improve resistance to HIC.
In this study, a series of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) coupons were produced on 0.250″ thick carbon steel plates subjected to water-cooling. Single and double-layer deposits were made. The second layer tempering bead heat input was purposely varied from plate to plate. The first layer of the welds were all performed using similar welding parameters, so the “tempering” effect from the second weld layer on the metallurgical properties of the resultant welds could be examined. To further expand the understanding of important procedural variables for in-service welding applications, this study investigates the effect of welder technique on the weldment properties achieved during temper bead welding.