bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation and Change
Authors: D'Arcy Alexandra 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter notes that the ultimate concern of variationist sociolinguistics is the evolution of linguistic systems and the mechanisms which operate on them. One feature that offers particularly good insight into these issues is the quotative be like, a relatively recent and robust change that has affected varieties of English worldwide. The chapter illustrates the types of theoretical issues that be like has been used to explore, beginning with the quantitative paradigm and the analytical assumptions underlying variationist work on direct quotation. It argues that what makes be like such a useful and powerful heuristic for testing theories of language change is variation and the constraints which operate upon it.
The Study of Language and Society
Authors: Bayley Robert , Cameron Richard , Lucas Ceil 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter introduces this volume on sociolinguistics, noting how this study differs from existing work. It considers sociolinguistics as an interdisciplinary exercise, emphasizing new methodological developments, particularly the convergence of linguistic anthropology and variationist sociolinguistics. The volume cites sociolinguistic developments in areas of the world that have been relatively neglected in the major journals. While many authors include examples from English, contributors have worked in a range of languages and address sociolinguistic issues in bi- and multilingual contexts. Finally, the volume includes substantial material on the rapidly growing study of sign language sociolinguistics. The focus on bi- and multilingual contexts, and emphasis on developments in numerous areas around the world, give an appropriate place to sign languages.
Environmental Security and U.S. Politics
Authors: Matthew Richard A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the multifaceted subfield of “environmental security.” It considers the historical factors driving the consolidation and growth of this subfield, summarizes some of its key findings, assesses its policy impact, and outlines areas of future research productivity. It also summarizes major criticisms of the field. The principal focus throughout is on research and policy activity in the United States.
Defining Environmental Rule Making
Authors: Rinfret Sara R. , Furlong Scott R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article explores the underpinnings of the U.S. administrative rulemaking process. First it discusses the role of the executive branch, the importance of the Administrative Procedure Act, and the stages of the rule-making process. Next, it considers the ways in which business and professional groups have influenced the later stages of the rule-making process. It finds that ex parte or off-the-record communications between an agency and interest groups during the preproposal stage can enhance our understanding of environmental rule making. Additional pathways for rule-making research, such as regulatory rooms or rule-making gateways, are particularly fruitful areas of scholarship. The article concludes with a suggestions for future research.
Changing Economic Structures and Impacts of Shocks: Evidence from a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model for China
Authors: Mehrotra Aaron , Nuutilainen Riikka , Pääkkönen Jenni 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe present a small‐scale dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that features price rigidities, habit formation in consumption and costs in capital adjustment. We estimate the key parameters and calibrate the model with data for the Chinese economy. Our interest centres on the impact of technology and monetary policy shocks for different structures of the Chinese economy. In particular, we evaluate how a rebalancing of the economy from investment‐led to consumption‐led growth would affect the economic dynamics after a shock occurs. Our findings suggest that a rebalancing would reduce the volatility of the real economy in the event of a technology shock, which provides support for policies aiming to increase the consumption share in China.
Across time and space: Explaining variation in news coverage of the European Union
Authors: Boomgaarden Hajo G. , De Vreese Claes H. , Schuck Andreas R.T. , Azrout Rachid , Elenbaas Matthijs , Van Spanje Joost H.P. , Vliegenthart Rens 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNews about the European Union (EU) looks different in different countries at different points in time. This study investigates explanations for cross‐national and over‐time variation in news media coverage of EU affairs drawing on large‐scale media content analyses of newspapers and television news in the EU‐15 (1999), EU‐25 (2004) and EU‐27 (2009) in relation to European Parliament (EP) elections. The analyses focus in particular on explanatory factors pertaining to media characteristics and the political elites. Results show that national elites play an important role for the coverage of EU matters during EP election campaigns. The more strongly national parties are divided about the EU in combination with overall more negative positions towards the EU, the more visible the news. Also, increases in EU news visibility from one election to the next and the Europeanness of the news are determined by a country's elite positions. The findings are discussed in light of the EU's alleged communication deficit.
External dimensions of European environmental policy: An analysis of environmental treaty ratification by third states
Authors: Schulze Kai , Tosun Jale 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe European Union has become an important leader in international environmental affairs – particularly through the negotiation of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) with favourable terms. In this article, EU environmental leadership is studied from a new perspective, focusing on the ratification stage of environmental regime formation. Specifically, it investigates whether the EU is also capable of motivating third states to join its preferred MEAs. It is argued that third states join the EU's preferred MEAs to signal their compliance with EU environmental standards in an effort to become eligible for various rewards that the EU could potentially offer, including a credible membership perspective, access to its lucrative markets, and aid and assistance. The argument is tested by examining the ratification behaviour of 25 non‐EU Member States with regard to all 21 MEAs negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The results provide robust support for the theory that EU rewards motivate third states to ratify these treaties. The results withstand a number of statistical tests, even when alternative explanatory factors such as trade intensities, transnational communication and geographic proximity are controlled for. The study is the first large‐scale demonstration of the EU's external influence at the ratification stage of environmental regime formation. By identifying three different channels of EU influence, the research permits a more refined understanding of the EU's role as a promoter of environmental protection standards.
Objective estimation versus subjective perceptions of earnings patterns and post‐earnings‐announcement drift
Authors: Bathke Allen W. , Morton Richard M. , Notbohm Matthew , Zhang Tianming 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe investigate how the market's subjective estimates of autocorrelation in quarterly earnings vary with objective time‐series estimates. Our results suggest that investors increasingly underestimate the correlation as the autocorrelation level increases, and as a result, the post‐earnings‐announcement drift (PEAD) increases with the level of autocorrelation. We further show that the ability of autocorrelation to explain variation in the PEAD is robust to alternative explanations based on risk and institutional factors. Additional analysis indicates that the market's inefficiency in assessing the existence and magnitude of autocorrelation (and the related impact on PEAD) is inversely related to the richness of the information environment.
Withdrawal effect of chronic amphetamine exposure during adolescence on complex maze performance
Authors: Krall Daniel M. , Lim Stephanie L. , Cooper Abby M. , Burleson Paul W. , Rhoades Derek J. , Jacquemin Stephen J. , Willmore Daryl C. , Spears F. Martin , Willmore Catherine B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNational survey data suggest a steady increase in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in children, particularly Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). As nearly all children diagnosed with ADHD are prescribed stimulant drugs, rationale exists to quantitatively characterize behavioral responses following withdrawal from chronic stimulant dosing. These rodent experiments involved chronic administration of 7.5 mg/kg, s.c. amphetamine to subjects throughout adolescence followed by cognitive tests to gauge learning and performance during the withdrawal stage 7 to 14 days past withdrawal. Tests used a complex Stone 14‐unit multiple T‐maze, which is a robust paradigm for demonstrating age‐related differences in rodent models when behavioral cognitive endpoints are used. Results reveal that amphetamine‐treated subjects committed fewer major and retracing errors with increased minor errors and a significantly lower mean completion time. These findings suggest that pharmacotherapy aimed at adolescent‐phase treatment of ADHD does not provoke spatial memory deficits at times proximal to drug withdrawal and lends support to amphetamine use in the treatment of ADHD children.
Reflections on change: supporting people with learning disabilities in residential services
Authors: Salmon Rebecca , Holmes Nan , Dodd Karen 
Published: February 2013

Accessible summaryWe looked at how staff think about the changes from working in a long‐stay hospital setting to working in a home for people with learning disabilities.

In homes, staff said that they were more relaxed and could spend more time and offer more choices to residents than they could when they worked in hospital settings.

With the changes, staff often had to make their own decisions about the care they provide and were worried about getting it right.

Staff felt that their managers were looking more closely at what they were doing.

Staff said that team meetings, supervision and training helped them to cope with the changes.

SummaryThis study describes research that was designed to explore the reflections and perspectives of staff who had experienced the change from institutional care to person‐centred care and learn what factors had supported the change to, and continued adoption of, person‐centred care. In‐depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with seven participants working in residential homes for people with learning disabilities. The interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Participants described positive changes, for example they were able to offer choice and spend time with residents. They perceived the work as less pressured and more relaxed. For some, this had the impact of encouraging them to work harder and freeing up their time to facilitate forming relationships with residents in the homes. Participants discussed an increased autonomy, responsibility and accountability in their work and a sense of being constantly monitored. There appeared to be reluctance amongst participants to own difficulties and anxieties associated with changes. Participants identified a number of strategies and issues that they felt had supported these changes. The research suggests some areas of consideration for implications regarding future practice in staff support and training within services for people with learning disabilities.
Motor activity affects adult skeletal muscle re‐innervation acting via tyrosine kinase receptors
Authors: Sartini Stefano , Bartolini Fanny , Ambrogini Patrizia , Betti Michele , Ciuffoli Stefano , Lattanzi Davide , Di Palma Michael , Cuppini Riccardo 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRecently, muscle expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein under activity control has been reported. BDNF is a neurotrophin known to be involved in axon sprouting in the CNS. Hence, we set out to study the effect of chronic treadmill mid‐intensity running on adult rat muscle re‐innervation, and to explore the involvement of BDNF and tropomyosin‐related kinase (Trk) receptors. After nerve crush, muscle re‐innervation was evaluated using intracellular recordings, tension recordings, immunostaining and Western blot analyses. An enhanced muscle multiple innervation was found in running rats that was fully reversed to control values blocking Trk receptors or interrupting the running activity. An increase in muscle multiple innervation was also found in sedentary rats treated with a selective TrkB receptor agonist. The expression of TrkB receptors by intramuscular axons was demonstrated, and increased muscle expression of BDNF was found in running animals. The increase in muscle multiple innervation was consistent with the faster muscle re‐innervation that we found in running animals. We conclude that, when regenerating axons contact muscle cells, muscle activity progressively increases modulating BDNF and possibly other growth factors, which in turn, acting via Trk receptors, induce axon sprouting to re‐innervate skeletal muscle.
Effect of Aluminum Content on Mechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivities of Sintered Reaction‐Bonded Silicon Nitride
Authors: Kusano Dai , Hyuga Hideki , Zhou You , Hirao Kiyoshi 
Published: February 2013

A systematic study was conducted of the effect of Al impurities on the mechanical and thermal properties of sintered reaction‐bonded silicon nitrides (SRBSNs). 2 mol.% Y2O3 and 5 mol.% MgSiN2 were added as sintering aids to high‐purity raw Si powder, followed by respective additions of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mass% of Al relative to Si. The prepared powder mixes were press formed and nitrided in a 0.1 MPa nitrogen atmosphere at 1400°C for 8 h. Postsintering of the nitrides was conducted under a pressurized nitrogen atmosphere of 0.9 MPa at 1900°C for 6 h. The SRBSN specimens exhibited hardly any difference in their four‐point bending strength, which ranged from 800 to 850 MPa. However, their fracture toughness clearly decreased with increasing additive Al content. This is thought to be due to a reduction in the proportion of coarse prismatic grains improving the toughness with increasing additive Al content. A significant reduction in the thermal conductivity was also observed with increasing additive Al content. This is conjectured to be due to the formation of SiAlON through a substituted solid solution of aluminum (Al) and oxygen (O) in β‐Si3N4 crystals. An inductively coupled plasma and hot gas extraction method were employed to directly analyze Al and O in β‐Si3N4 particles. Approximately half of the additive Al was confirmed to be in solid solution in β‐Si3N4 particles along with the solid solution of O in a chemical formula that nearly corresponds to β‐Si6–zAlzOzN8–z. The chemical analysis results give a Z value range of 0.0006–0.024.
High caries prevalence and risk factors among young preschool children in an urban community with water fluoridation
Authors: Hong Catherine H. L. , Bagramian Robert A. , Hashim Nainar S. M. , Straffon Lloyd H. , Shen Liang , Hsu Chin‐Ying S. 
Published: February 2013

BackgroundSingapore is unique in that it is a 100% urban community with majority of the population living in a homogeneous physical environment. She, however, has diverse ethnicities and cultures as such; there may be caries risk factors that are unique to this population.AimThe aims were to assess the oral health of preschool children and to identify the associated caries risk factors.DesignAn oral examination and a questionnaire were completed for each consenting child–parent pair.ResultsOne hundred and ninety children (mean age: 36.3 ± 6.9 months) were recruited from six community medical clinics. Ninety‐two children (48.4%) were caries active. The mean d123t and d123s scores were 2.2 ± 3.3 and 3.0 ± 5.6, respectively. Higher plaque scores were significantly (P < 0.0005) associated with all measures of decay (presence of decay, dt, ds). The risk factors for severity of decay (i.e., dt and ds) include child's age, breastfeeding duration, and parents' ability to withhold cariogenic snacks from their child.ConclusionsThe high caries rate suggests that current preventive methods to reduce caries in Singapore may have reached their maximum effectiveness, and other risk factors such as child's race, and dietary and breastfeeding habits need to be addressed.
How much does an Illegal Insider Trade?
Authors: Frino Alex , Satchell Stephen , Wong Brad , Zheng Hui 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the choice of trade size by an illegal insider. Previous literature (i.e. Meulbroek 1992) tends to focus on the price impact of such a trader. Using a unique data set hand‐collected from the litigation reports of the Securities and Exchange Commission and court cases, we provide evidence, which suggests that the size of an illegal insider's trade is a function of the value of his private information, the probability of detection and the expected penalty if detected. Our results have important implication for security market regulators.
Podiatrist care and outcomes for patients with diabetes and foot ulcer
Authors: Gibson Teresa B , Driver Vickie R , Wrobel James S , Christina James R , Bagalman Erin , DeFrancis Roy , Garoufalis Matthew G , Carls Ginger S , Gatwood Justin 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe examined whether outcomes of care (amputation and hospitalisation) among patients with diabetes and foot ulcer differ between those who received pre‐ulcer care from podiatrists and those who did not. Adult patients with diabetes and a diagnosis of a diabetic foot ulcer were found in the MarketScan Databases, 2005–2008. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models estimated the hazard of amputation and hospitalisation. Logistic regression estimated the likelihood of these events. Propensity score weighting and regression adjustment were used to adjust for potentially different characteristics of patients who did and did not receive podiatric care. The sample included 27 545 patients aged greater than 65+ years (Medicare‐eligible patients with employer‐sponsored supplemental insurance) and 20 208 patients aged lesser than 65 years (non Medicare‐eligible commercially insured patients). Care by podiatrists in the year prior to a diabetic foot ulcer was associated with a lower hazard of lower extremity amputation, major amputation and hospitalisations in both non Medicare‐eligible commercially insured and Medicare‐eligible patient populations. Systematic differences between patients with diabetes and foot ulcer, receiving and not receiving care from podiatrists were also observed; specifically, patients with diabetes receiving care from podiatrists tend to be older and sicker.
Cohort study of atypical pressure ulcers development
Authors: Jaul Efraim 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAtypical pressure ulcers (APU) are distinguished from common pressure ulcers (PU) with both unusual location and different aetiology. The occurrence and attempts to characterise APU remain unrecognised. The purpose of this cohort study was to analyse the occurrence of atypical location and the circumstances of the causation, and draw attention to the prevention and treatment by a multidisciplinary team. The cohort study spanned three and a half years totalling 174 patients. The unit incorporates two weekly combined staff meetings. One concentrates on wound assessment with treatment decisions made by the physician and nurse, and the other, a multidisciplinary team reviewing all patients and coordinating treatment. The main finding of this study identified APU occurrence rate of 21% within acquired PU over a three and a half year period. Severe spasticity constituted the largest group in this study and the most difficult to cure wounds, located in medial aspects of knees, elbows and palms. Medical devices caused the second largest occurrence of atypical wounds, located in the nape of the neck, penis and nostrils. Bony deformities were the third recognisable atypical wound group located in shoulder blades and upper spine. These three categories are definable and time observable. APU are important to be recognisable, and can be healed as well as being prevented. The prominent role of the multidisciplinary team is primary in identification, prevention and treatment.
New species of the lace bug genus Lasiacantha Stål (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) from Western Australia
Authors: Symonds Celia L , Cassis Gerasimos 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFive new species of the lace bug genus Lasiacantha are described herein, L. adamah n. sp., L. caneriverensis n. sp., L. meedo n. sp., L. ningaloo n. sp. and L. spinosa n. sp., bringing the current number of Australian Lasiacantha species to 24. All new species of Lasiacantha are from the Carnarvon and Pilbara bioregions of Western Australia, where previously only one species was known. Further, half the Australian Lasiacantha species now known are from Western Australia. One of the new species, L. spinosa, has also been found in inland southern Queensland. This work also contains new collection and host plant records for L. pilbara Cassis and Symonds, corrections to the larval morphology of L. aureolus Cassis and Symonds and L. luritja Cassis and Symonds, a revised key to all representatives of Australian Lasiacantha, and a discussion of Lasiacantha host associations. Also provided are photos and mapped distributions of the new species and some habitat and host plant photos.
New species of Resseliella (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), injurious to Dianella and Phormium (Xanthorrhoeaceae) in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Kolesik Peter , Baker Greg 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLarvae of an undescribed gall midge species were found feeding within leaf sheaths and between leaves of potted plants of flax lilies Dianella revoluta, D. tasmanica, D. caerulea (all native to Australia) and New Zealand flax Phormium tenax (native to New Zealand) in South Australia. The larvae were previously recorded infesting Phormium tenax in New Zealand. The new species is described and named Resseliella xanthorrhoeae Kolesik. Larvae, pink when young and red when mature, feed gregariously, causing extensive tissue necrosis. Pupation takes place in the soil. Large necrotic areas remain visible after the fully grown larvae exit the sheaths until the end of the infested leaves’ life, temporarily decreasing ornamental value of the plants. Infested plants recover from the injury by shedding off infested leaves and producing fresh leaves. The new species is the first Resseliella Seitner reported from Australia and New Zealand and the first species of this genus known to infest plants from the family Xanthorrhoeaceae.
A Wavelet‐Based Bayesian Approach to Regression Models with Long Memory Errors and Its Application to fMRI Data
Authors: Jeong Jaesik , Vannucci Marina , Ko Kyungduk 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThis article considers linear regression models with long memory errors. These models have been proven useful for application in many areas, such as medical imaging, signal processing, and econometrics. Wavelets, being self‐similar, have a strong connection to long memory data. Here we employ discrete wavelet transforms as whitening filters to simplify the dense variance–covariance matrix of the data. We then adopt a Bayesian approach for the estimation of the model parameters. Our inferential procedure uses exact wavelet coefficients variances and leads to accurate estimates of the model parameters. We explore performances on simulated data and present an application to an fMRI data set. In the application we produce posterior probability maps (PPMs) that aid interpretation by identifying voxels that are likely activated with a given confidence.