bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to make a midbrain dopaminergic neuron
Authors: Arenas Ernest , Denham Mark , Villaescusa J. Carlos 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron development has been an intense area of research during recent years. This is due in part to a growing interest in regenerative medicine and the hope that treatment for diseases affecting mDA neurons, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), might be facilitated by a better understanding of how these neurons are specified, differentiated and maintained in vivo. This knowledge might help to instruct efforts to generate mDA neurons in vitro, which holds promise not only for cell replacement therapy, but also for disease modeling and drug discovery. In this Primer, we will focus on recent developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the development of mDA neurons in vivo, and how they have been used to generate human mDA neurons in vitro from pluripotent stem cells or from somatic cells via direct reprogramming. Current challenges and future avenues in the development of a regenerative medicine for PD will be identified and discussed.
The myelin proteolipid plasmolipin forms oligomers and induces liquid-ordered membranes in the Golgi complex
Authors: Yaffe Yakey , Hugger Ilan , Yassaf Inbar Nevo , Shepshelovitch Jeanne , Sklan Ella H. , Elkabetz Yechiel , Yeheskel Adva , Pasmanik-Chor Metsada , Benzing Carola , Macmillan Alexander , Gaus Katharina , Eshed-Eisenbach Yael , Peles Elior , Hirschberg Koret 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACT
Myelin comprises a compactly stacked massive surface area of protein-poor thick membrane that insulates axons to allow fast signal propagation. Increasing levels of the myelin protein plasmolipin (PLLP) were correlated with post-natal myelination; however, its function is unknown. Here, the intracellular localization and dynamics of PLLP were characterized in primary glial and cultured cells using fluorescently labeled PLLP and antibodies against PLLP. PLLP localized to and recycled between the plasma membrane and the Golgi complex. In the Golgi complex, PLLP forms oligomers based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analyses. PLLP oligomers blocked Golgi to plasma membrane transport of the secretory protein vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSVG), but not of a VSVG mutant with an elongated transmembrane domain. Laurdan staining analysis showed that this block is associated with PLLP-induced proliferation of liquid-ordered membranes. These findings show the capacity of PLLP to assemble potential myelin membrane precursor domains at the Golgi complex through its oligomerization and ability to attract liquid-ordered lipids. These data support a model in which PLLP functions in myelin biogenesis through organization of myelin liquid-ordered membranes in the Golgi complex.
Effect of Vibration Properties of a Resonance Board on Piano Timbre
Authors: Miao Yuanyuan , Liu Zhenbo , Liu Yixing , Shen Jun 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The resonance board is one of the most important components of a piano and greatly affects the piano's timbre. The vibration properties of eight resonance boards made from Picea glehnii, Picea jezoensis, Picea spinulosa, and Picea sitchensis were analyzed using the spectrum analysis method of the fast Fourier transform following vibration theory. The modulus of elasticity (E) and velocity of vibration transmission (C) of each resonance board were calculated. After the resonance boards were incorporated into pianos, the mean amplitude, ratio of maximum to minimum amplitudes, and mean ratio of successive amplitudes of resonant frequencies for 36 typical keys of each piano were obtained from the frequency spectrum. The correlation between a piano's timbre and the resonance board's vibration properties was analyzed. The results show that the piano timbre improves with increasing E and C, especially in the y direction of the resonance board.
Four Months, Three Weeks and Two Days (2007) and Beyond the Hills (2012): Romanian auteur Cristian Mungiu and the paradoxes of ‘anti-national national cinema’
Authors: Goss Brian Michael 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This discussion of Romanian director Cristian Mungiu’s internationally circulated ‘popular highbrow’ films – 4 luni, 3 saptamâni si 2 zile/Four Months, Three Weeks and Two Days (2007); and Dupa dealuri/Beyond the Hills (2012) – is grounded in the auteur theory. In particular, the analysis telescopes in on the thematic motif of surveillance that animates the two films. At the same time, on a Foucauldian view, the motif plays out in distinct forms in each cinematic text. In Four Months, Three Weeks and Two Days, surveillance in the late Ceaus¸escu-era is depicted as gaining expression through the internalized discipline of the monadic subject. In contrast, in the contemporaneous Beyond the Hills, surveillance implicates the practices of the pure community convened in distinction to an exiled other. Psychoanalytic concepts (primal crime, return of the repressed) are also summoned to tease out the social tensions in the films. Mungiu’s work vigorously cross-­examines the official mythologies of national harmony; in other words, Mungiu may be construed as engaging with what Mike Wayne calls ‘anti-national national cinema’. However laudable the practice of socially conscious critical film is, auto-problematization of ‘peripheral’ nations may also bring reproduction of marginalization in its train when the films circulate internationally.
Canonic formations and non-canonic positionings: The case of post-millennium Danish popular music
Authors: Marstal Henrik 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This article investigates ways in which canonic discourses form part of the everyday popular music culture among both audiences and music critics in the early twenty-first century. By analysing reviews in which artists and albums of the so-called New Danish Wave are juxtaposed with Danish canonic artists and albums from the 1960s to the 1980s, it is argued that canonic discourse forms an important, yet unreflected or even unnoticed vehicle for the reception of the music in question. Even though a canonical fragmentation during the turn of the millennium may be identified on a global scale, the incident shows how national agendas and positions are able to go against this trend in a small-scale nation like Denmark.
Reviews
Authors: Coventry Rachel , Goss Brian Michael , Babbington Bruce 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Roald Dahl and Philosophy: A Little Nonsense Now and Then, Jacob M. Held (ed.) (2014) 1st ed., Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield, 243 pp., ISBN: 9781442222526, p/bk, £11.95
Contemporary Romanian Cinema: The History of an Unexpected Miracle, Dominique Nasta (2013) 1st ed., London: Wallflower Press, 256 pp. ISBN: 9780231167451, p/bk, £18.00; ISBN: 9780231167444, h/bk, £55.00
From Communism to Capitalism: Nation and State in Romanian Cultural Production, Florentina C. Andreescu (2013) 1st ed., New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 200 pp., ISBN: 9781137276919, h/bk, £62.50
Sport and Film, Seán Crosson (2013) Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, ISBN: 9780415569927, h/bk; ISBN: 9780415569934, p/bk, £78.40/£22.87
Socio-economic changes in the Rybnik conurbation (Poland) as a result of economic restructuring – a case study
Authors: Spórna Tomasz , Kurpanik Monika 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The Rybnik conurbation is an example of a traditional industrial area, where, due to economic restructuring, social and economic transformations are taking place. It is located in the Silesian voivodeship (southern Poland) and its development is mostly based on intensive coal mining after the Second World War. The article presents selected aspects of social and economic transformation happening in the area of the Rybnik conurbation after 1945 and connected with its rapid economic development in the 1960s and 70s, as well as with the systematic and economic transformation in Poland after 1989. The article was prepared on the base of subject literature, statistics and own studies. Population transformations have been analysed for the period 1980-2010, in each case, in relation to selected administrative units and three zones of the conurbation - the core, the inner and the outer areas. In order to evaluate and compare the demographic situation in the Rybnik conurbation in the years 1988 and 2008, a rank method has been applied. Community classification has been based on the total value of ranks for particular communities for the following variables: birth rate, population growth, net migration rate and the participation of the population in the pre-working and post-working age. The results of population transformation indicate that until 1991, the population of the Rybnik conurbation had been increasing (up to 197.7 thousand people). In the period 1991-2012, it decreased by 26.4 thousand (i.e. by 3.8%). In the same period of time, depopulation took place in the largest mining cities of the conurbation core (Wodzisław Śląski, 56.1%, connected with its administrative division into 4 towns and 1 rural community; Jastrzębie-Zdrój - 12.3%, Żory - 7.8% and Rybnik, to a lesser degree - 2.7%). The rank method that was applied has revealed the worsened demographic condition in the western communes of the conurbation (a shift from weak to bad). Simultaneously, in the period 1990-2012, the population gradually increased in the outer zone of the conurbation, by 6.8%. This indicates the process of suburbanisation taking place in the area. Demographic and economic changes in the Rybnik conurbation after 1989, in comparison to other mining areas in Poland and in Europe, seem to be less intensive.
Influence of the Hardener Proportion on Mechanical Properties of Adhesive Bonds Used in Agriculture
Authors: Valášek P. , Müller M. , Maleček J. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Joining materials by adhesive bonding is used across all industrial branches. The occurrence of adhesive bonds in machine constructions is still more frequent because of the development of adhesives which are able to meet various requirements of designers. This trend is observable also in agriculture - in the construction of agricultural machines. There even exists a cooperation between the companies developing the adhesives and the agricultural machines producers. The production process of machines and equipment must consider a required production tact. Adhesives and the process of their hardening have to meet these requirements. In the sphere of agriculture, epoxy resins hardening based either on hardeners or heating are used. Mechanical properties of two-component epoxy resins depending on variable amount of the hardener starting crosslinking of these reactoplastics are described.
Freezing and Thawing Behavior of Internally Cured Concrete
Authors: Jones Wesley A. , Weiss W. Jason 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The paper presents results from an experimental investigation on the freezing and thawing behavior of internally cured concrete. Air-entrained internally cured concrete was tested in a series of mixtures. The internally cured concrete was designed where a portion of the normal-weight fine aggregate was replaced with an equivalent volume of pre-wetted lightweight fine aggregate. The internally cured concrete was then exposed to cyclic freezing and thawing following the ASTM C666A procedure. This work was performed to determine whether properly designed, internally cured, air-entrained concrete may have an increased susceptibility to freeze–thaw damage. It is shown that when concrete is designed with a low water/cement ratio (w/c) (approximately 0.42 or lower) and a volume of internal curing water is added to match the chemical shrinkage volume, the internally cured concrete mixtures showed a very low potential for freeze–thaw damage (comparable to that of conventional concrete). The work did show that when water remains in the lightweight aggregates (because of a higher w/c that may not draw the water from the aggregate or when substantially more internal curing water is used than necessary), freeze–thaw damage may occur.
Targeting Angiogenesis in Cancer Therapy: Moving Beyond Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Authors: Zhao Yujie , Adjei Alex A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Angiogenesis, or the formation of new capillary blood vessels, occurs primarily during human development and reproduction; however, aberrant regulation of angiogenesis is also a fundamental process found in several pathologic conditions, including cancer. As a process required for invasion and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis constitutes an important point of control of cancer progression. Although not yet completely understood, the complex process of tumor angiogenesis involves highly regulated orchestration of multiple signaling pathways. The proangiogenic signaling molecule vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its cognate receptor (VEGF receptor 2 [VEGFR-2]) play a central role in angiogenesis and often are highly expressed in human cancers, and initial clinical efforts to develop antiangiogenic treatments focused largely on inhibiting VEGF/VEGFR signaling. Such approaches, however, often lead to transient responses and further disease progression because angiogenesis is regulated by multiple pathways that are able to compensate for each other when single pathways are inhibited. The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor (PDGFR) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor (FGFR) pathways, for example, provide potential escape mechanisms from anti-VEGF/VEGFR therapy that could facilitate resumption of tumor growth. Accordingly, more recent treatments have focused on inhibiting multiple signaling pathways simultaneously. This comprehensive review discusses the limitations of inhibiting VEGF signaling alone as an antiangiogenic strategy, the importance of other angiogenic pathways including PDGF/PDGFR and FGF/FGFR, and the novel current and emerging agents that target multiple angiogenic pathways for the treatment of advanced solid tumors.

Implications for Practice:
Significant advances in cancer treatment have been achieved with the development of antiangiogenic agents, the majority of which have focused on inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. VEGF targeting alone, however, has not proven to be as efficacious as originally hoped, and it is increasingly clear that there are many interconnected and compensatory pathways that can overcome VEGF-targeted inhibition of angiogenesis. Maximizing the potential of antiangiogenic therapy is likely to require a broader therapeutic approach using a new generation of multitargeted antiangiogenic agents.
Effect of Feeding with Algae on Fatty Acid Profile of Goat’S Milk
Authors: Kouřimská L. , Vondráčková E. , Fantová M. , Nový P. , Nohejlová L. , Michnová K. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The study was conducted to determine whether the inclusion of algae Chlorella vulgaris in dairy goats’ diets would change the fatty acid profile and increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in goat’s milk. White short-haired dairy goats on 2nd and 3rd lactations were fed 5 and 10 g of dried algae supplementation for six weeks. The fatty acids profile of milk was analyzed using gass chromatography (flame ionization detector (FID)). The addition of dried algae caused changes of the profile of fatty acids in the milk. The more algae were added to the diet, the greater the changes in the fatty acids profile of milk were found. A statistically significant effect (P = 0.0390) was found between the control group and the group supplemented with 10 g of Chlorella vulgaris per goat per day. The greatest effect of dietary treatment was seen in the relative reduction of palmitic acid content and increased oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids content. Results suggested that the addition of algae also increased the nutritional quality of goat’s milk. There was a positive change in the ratio of SFA:MUFA:PUFA in terms of reducing the proportion of saturated fatty acids, as well as a change in the ratio of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs
The Miocene to Pleistocene colonization of the Philippine archipelago by Begonia sect. Baryandra (Begoniaceae)
Authors: Hughes Mark , Rubite Rosario Rivera , Blanc Patrick , Chung Kuo‐Fang , Peng Ching‐I 
Published: May 2015

• Premise of the study: One third of the species‐rich Philippine flora is endemic, and most of the islands in the archipelago have never been connected to a continental region. We currently lack any well‐sampled angiosperm phylogenies that span the archipelago, prohibiting the formation of informed hypotheses as to the evolution of this rich and highly endemic flora.• Methods: We produced time‐calibrated phylogenetic trees from both nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (ndhA intron, ndhF–rpl32 spacer, rpl32–trnL spacer, trnC–trnD spacer) regions of 41 species of Begonia sect. Baryandra, all except one endemic to the Philippines. Historical biogeography was reconstructed across the chloroplast phylogeny using a Bayesian binary method of character optimization. Comparison of phylogenies from the two genomes permitted insight into the prevalence of hybridization in the group.• Key results: The Philippine archipelago was colonized by Begonia sect. Baryandra in the late Miocene, via long‐distance dispersal from western Malesia and a point of entry likely to be in the northwestern region of the archipelago. Palawan, Luzon, and Panay all bear early‐branching lineages from this initial colonization. There have been Plio‐Pleistocene dispersals from these islands into Borneo and Mindanao. Hybridization was common between species as evidenced by haplotype sharing and phylogenetic incongruence.• Conclusions: The phylogenies show a high degree of geographic structure, which millions of years of exposure to typhoons have not blurred, showing long‐term species and population stability. The recent dispersals to Mindanao are congruent with the geologically recent arrival of the island at its current latitude in the southern Philippines.
Mating system variation and assortative mating of sympatric bromeliads (Pitcairnia spp.) endemic to neotropical inselbergs
Authors: Palma‐Silva Clarisse , Cozzolino Salvatore , Paggi Gecele Matos , Lexer Christian , Wendt Tânia 
Published: May 2015

• Premise of the study: The mating system is an important component of the complex set of reproductive isolation barriers causing plant speciation. However, empirical evidence showing that the mating system may promote reproductive isolation in co‐occurring species is limited. The mechanisms by which the mating system can act as a reproductive isolation barrier are also largely unknown.• Methods: Here we studied progeny arrays genotyped with microsatellites and patterns of stigma–anther separation (herkogamy) to understand the role of mating system shifts in promoting reproductive isolation between two hybridizing taxa with porous genomes, Pitcairnia albiflos and P. staminea (Bromeliaceae).• Key results: In P. staminea, we detected increased selfing and reduced herkogamy in one sympatric relative to two allopatric populations, consistent with mating system shifts in sympatry acting to maintain the species integrity of P. staminea when in contact with P. albiflos.• Conclusions: Mating system variation is a result of several factors acting simultaneously in these populations. We report mating system shifts as one possible reproductive barrier between these species, acting in addition to numerous other prezygotic (i.e., flower phenology and pollination syndromes) and postzygotic barriers (Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller genetic incompatibilities).
Icacinaceae from the Eocene of western North America
Authors: Allen Sarah E. , Stull Gregory W. , Manchester Steven R. 
Published: May 2015

• Premise of the study: The Icacinaceae are a pantropical family of trees, shrubs, and climbers with an extensive Paleogene fossil record. Our improved understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the family provides an excellent context for investigating new fossil fruit and leaf material from the Eocene of western North America.• Methods: We examined fossils from early and middle Eocene sediments of western Wyoming, northeastern Utah, northwestern Colorado, and Oregon and compared them with extant species of Iodes and other icacinaceous genera as well as previously described fossils of the family.• Key results: Three new fossil species are described, including two based on endocarps (Iodes occidentalis sp. nov. and Icacinicaryites lottii sp. nov.) and one based on leaves (Goweria bluerimensis sp. nov.). The co‐occurrence of I. occidentalis and G. bluerimensis suggests these might represent detached organs of a single species. A new genus, Biceratocarpum, is also established for morphologically distinct fossil fruits of Icacinaceae previously placed in Carpolithus. Biceratocarpum brownii gen. et comb. nov. resembles the London Clay species “Iodes” corniculata in possessing a pair of subapical protrusions.• Conclusions: These fossils increase our knowledge of Icacinaceae in the Paleogene of North America and highlight the importance of the Northern Hemisphere in the early diversification of the family. They also document interchange with the Eocene flora of Europe and biogeographic connections with modern floras of Africa and Asia, where Icacinaceae are diverse today. The present‐day restriction of this family to tropical regions offers ecological implications for the Eocene floras in which they occur.
Evidence for natural hybridization between native and introduced lineages of Phragmites australis in the Chesapeake Bay watershed
Authors: Wu Carrie A. , Murray Laura A. , Heffernan Kevin E. 
Published: May 2015

• Premise of the study: The introduction of nonnative taxa into areas occupied by conspecifics can lead to local extinction of native taxa via habitat modification and competitive dominance, and be exacerbated by outbreeding depression or the formation of invasive hybrid lineages following intraspecific gene flow. The expansion of Eurasian Phragmites australis into tidal wetlands of North America has been accompanied by a dramatic decline of native P. australis, with few relic populations remaining along the Atlantic coastline of the United States, particularly in the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake Bay.• Methods: We sampled populations from the York River and its two major tributaries to determine the pattern of Phragmites invasion and identify remnant native populations that warrant conservation. We used chloroplast DNA haplotypes and nuclear DNA microsatellite profiles to classify individuals as belonging to the native or introduced lineage.• Key results: Although native Phragmites stands were identified in the brackish upstream reaches of the two York River tributaries, the majority of Phragmites stands surveyed contained the introduced lineage. We also identified a single putative hybrid plant, based on its microsatellite profile. This plant possessed the native cpDNA haplotype and was located in an otherwise native Phragmites stand that is adjacent to an isolated patch of introduced Phragmites.• Conclusions: Although evidence of field hybridization between native and introduced lineages of Phragmites in North America is still relatively rare, the continued encroachment of the introduced lineage into native wetlands may increase the likelihood of future hybrid formation. Careful genetic monitoring to identify remnant native and potential hybrid Phragmites is essential for prioritizing ongoing management efforts.