bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventing numerical oscillations in the flux‐split based finite difference method for compressible flows with discontinuities, II
Authors: He Zhiwei , Zhang Yousheng , Li Xinliang , Tian Baolin 
Published: July 2015

SummaryProblems in the characteristic‐wise flux‐split based finite difference method when compressible flows with contact discontinuities or material interfaces are computed were presented and analyzed. The current analysis showed the following: (i) Even with the local characteristic decomposition technique, numerical errors could be caused by point‐wise flux vector splitting (FVS) methods, such as the Steger–Warming FVS or the van Leer FVS. Therefore, the Lax–Friedrichs type FVS method is required. (ii) If the isobars of a material are vertical lines, the combination of using the local characteristic decomposition and the global Lax–Friedrichs FVS can avoid velocity and pressure oscillations of contact discontinuities in this material for weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) schemes. (iii) For problems with material interfaces, the quasi‐conservative approach can be realized using characteristic‐wise flux‐split based finite difference WENO schemes if nonlinear WENO schemes in genuinely nonlinear characteristic fields can be guaranteed to be the same and the decomposition equation representing material interfaces is discretized properly. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations by the method of lines
Authors: Strumendo Matteo 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe numerical method of lines (NUMOL) is a numerical technique used to solve efficiently partial differential equations. In this paper, the NUMOL is applied to the solution of the two‐dimensional unsteady Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible laminar flows in Cartesian coordinates. The Navier–Stokes equations are first discretized (in space) on a staggered grid as in the Marker and Cell scheme. The discretized Navier–Stokes equations form an index 2 system of differential algebraic equations, which are afterwards reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), using the discretized form of the continuity equation. The pressure field is computed solving a discrete pressure Poisson equation. Finally, the resulting ODEs are solved using the backward differentiation formulas.The proposed method is illustrated with Dirichlet boundary conditions through applications to the driven cavity flow and to the backward facing step flow. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computing a Synthetic Chronic Psychosocial Stress Measurement in Multiple Datasets and its Application in the Replication of G × E Interactions of the EBF1 Gene
Authors: Singh Abanish , Babyak Michael A. , Brummett Beverly H. , Jiang Rong , Watkins Lana L. , Barefoot John C. , Kraus William E. , Shah Svati H. , Siegler Ilene C. , Hauser Elizabeth R. , Williams Redford B. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTChronic psychosocial stress adversely affects health and is associated with the development of disease [Williams, ]. Systematic epidemiological and genetic studies are needed to uncover genetic variants that interact with stress to modify metabolic responses across the life cycle that are the proximal contributors to the development of cardiovascular disease and precipitation of acute clinical events. Among the central challenges in the field are to perform and replicate gene‐by‐environment (G × E) studies. The challenge of measurement of individual experience of psychosocial stress is magnified in this context. Although many research datasets exist that contain genotyping and disease‐related data, measures of psychosocial stress are often either absent or vary substantially across studies. In this paper, we provide an algorithm to create a synthetic measure of chronic psychosocial stress across multiple datasets, applying a consistent criterion that uses proxy indicators of stress components. We validated the computed scores of chronic psychosocial stress by observing moderately strong and significant correlations with the self‐rated chronic psychosocial stress in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Cohort (Rho = 0.23, P < 0.0001) and with the measures of depressive symptoms in five datasets (Rho = 0.15–0.42, Ps = 0.005 to <0.0001) and by comparing the distributions of the self‐rated and computed measures. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this computed chronic psychosocial stress variable by providing three additional replications of our previous finding of gene‐by‐stress interaction with central obesity traits [Singh et al., ].
Contemporary Considerations for Constructing a Genetic Risk Score: An Empirical Approach
Authors: Goldstein Benjamin A. , Yang Lingyao , Salfati Elias , Assimes Themistoclies L. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTGenetic risk scores are an increasingly popular tool for summarizing the cumulative risk of a set of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) with disease. Typically only the set of the SNPs that have reached genome‐wide significance compose these scores. However recent work suggests that including additional SNPs may aid risk assessment. In this paper, we used the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study cohort to illustrate how one can choose the optimal set of SNPs for a genetic risk score (GRS). In addition to P‐value threshold, we also examined linkage disequilibrium, imputation quality, and imputation type. We provide a variety of evaluation metrics. Results suggest that P‐value threshold had the greatest impact on GRS quality for the outcome of coronary heart disease, with an optimal threshold around 0.001. However, GRSs are relatively robust to both linkage disequilibrium and imputation quality. We also show that the optimal GRS partially depends on the evaluation metric and consequently the way one intends to use the GRS. Overall the implications highlight both the robustness of GRS and a means to empirically choose the best set of GRSs.
Storm runoff response to rainfall pattern, magnitude and urbanization in a developing urban catchment
Authors: Guan Mingfu , Sillanpää Nora , Koivusalo Harri 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis study explored the hydrological impacts of urbanization, rainfall pattern and magnitude in a developing catchment. The Stormwater Management Model was parameterized, calibrated and validated in three development phases, which had the same catchment area (12.3 ha) but different land use intensities. The model calibration and validation by using sub‐hourly hydro‐meteorological data demonstrated a good performance of the model in predicting stormwater runoff in the different development phases. Based on the results, a threshold between minor and major rainfall events was identified and conservatively determined to be about 17.5 mm in depth. Direct runoff for minor storm events has a linear relationship with rainfall; however, events with a rainfall depth greater than the threshold yield a rainfall–runoff regression line with a clearly steeper slope. The difference in urban runoff generation between minor and major rainfall events diminishes with the increase of imperviousness. Urbanization leads to an increase in the production of stormwater runoff, but during infrequent major storms, the runoff contribution from pervious surfaces reduces the runoff changes owing to urbanization. Rainfall pattern exerts an important effect on urban runoff, which is reflected in pervious runoff. With the same magnitude, prolonged rainfall events with unvarying low intensity yield the smallest peak flow and the smallest total runoff, yet rainfall events with high peak intensity produce the largest runoff volume. These results demonstrate the different roles of impervious and pervious surfaces in runoff generation, and how runoff responds to rainstorms in urban catchments depends on hyetograph and event magnitude. Furthermore, the study provides a scientific basis of the design guideline sustainable urban drainage systems, which are still arbitrary in many countries. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linguistic Cues of Deception Across Multiple Language Groups in a Mock Crime Context
Authors: Hwang Hyisung C. , Matsumoto David , Sandoval Vincent 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA recent study showed that specific linguistic and grammatical features of a technique commonly referred to as statement analysis are applicable across different language groups. One limitation of that study was that it used an eyewitness crime video paradigm, which might be different from writing a statement after committing an actual criminal act. We remedied that limitation by using a mock crime paradigm. In this study, three language groups (English, Spanish, and Chinese) produced statements after committing a mock crime, taking a check, in an experimental context. Certain linguistic features significantly discriminated truths from lies similarly across the different language groups, suggesting that statement analysis might be applicable as a reliable indicator of deception across languages. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurovascular uncoupling in resting state fMRI demonstrated in patients with primary brain gliomas
Authors: Agarwal Shruti , Sair Haris I. , Yahyavi‐Firouz‐Abadi Noushin , Airan Raag , Pillai Jay J. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundTo demonstrate that the problem of brain tumor‐related neurovascular uncoupling (NVU) is a significant issue with respect to resting state blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (rsfMRI) similar to task‐based BOLD fMRI, in which signal detectability can be compromised by breakdown of normal neurovascular coupling.MethodsWe evaluated seven de novo brain tumor patients who underwent resting state fMRI as part of comprehensive clinical fMRI exams at 3 Tesla. For each of the seven patients who demonstrated evidence of NVU on task‐based motor fMRI, we performed both an independent component analysis (ICA) and an atlas‐based parcellation‐based seed correlation analysis (SCA) of the resting state fMRI data. For each patient, ipsilesional (IL) and contralesional (CL) regions of interest (ROIs) comprising primary motor and somatosensory cortices were used to evaluate BOLD signal changes on Z score maps derived from both ICA and SCA analysis for evidence of NVU. A subsequent two‐tailed t‐test was performed to determine whether statistically significant differences between the two sides were present that were consistent with NVU.ResultsIn seven patients, overall decreased BOLD signal (based on suprathreshold voxels in ICA and SCA‐derived Z‐score maps) was noted in IL compared with CL ROIs (P < 0.01), consistent with NVU.ConclusionWe have demonstrated that NVU can result in false negative BOLD signal changes on rsfMRI comparable to previously published findings on standard motor task‐based fMRI. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2016;43:620–626.
The effect of spray drying on sucrose–glycine caramel powder preparation
Authors: Huang Kai , Zhang Ping‐Jun , Hu Biao , Yu Shu‐Juan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDCaramel is used as food colorant in many parts of the world. However, there have been no studies investigating the effects of spray drying on sucrose and glycine solutions. In this study, model sucrose and glycine solutions at different pH levels (pH 4, 3, 2 and 1) were treated with different inlet air temperatures (160, 180, 200, 220 and 240 °C) for durations of 50 s in the spray drying process.RESULTSWith increasing inlet temperatures and decreasing pH, the morphology of the caramel agglomerates tended to be more scattered; however, the solubility of the caramel decreased. With increasing inlet temperature, the glycine and sucrose contents decreased but the fructose and glucose contents increased.CONCLUSIONThe content of the intermediate products, browning intensity and amount of 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furaldehyde (HMF) increased with increasing inlet temperature and decreasing pH. Therefore, the amount of sucrose degradation and the change in pH can be used to evaluate caramel properties in the spray drying process. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Fiber‐based laser speckle imaging for the detection of pulsatile flow
Authors: Regan Caitlin , Yang Bruce Y. , Mayzel Kent C. , Ramirez‐San‐Juan Julio C. , Wilder‐Smith Petra , Choi Bernard 
Published: July 2015

Background and ObjectiveIn endodontics, a major diagnostic challenge is the accurate assessment of pulp status. In this study, we designed and characterized a fiber‐based laser speckle imaging system to study pulsatile blood flow in the tooth.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTo take transilluminated laser speckle images of the teeth, we built a custom fiber‐based probe. To assess our ability to detect changes in pulsatile flow, we performed in vitro and preliminary in vivo tests on tissue‐simulating phantoms and human teeth. We imaged flow of intralipid in a glass microchannel at simulated heart rates ranging from 40 beats/minute (bpm) to 120 bpm (0.67–2.00 Hz). We also collected in vivo data from the upper front incisors of healthy subjects. From the measured raw speckle data, we calculated temporal speckle contrast versus time. With frequency‐domain analysis, we identified the frequency components of the contrast waveforms.ResultsWith our approach, we observed in vitro the presence of pulsatile flow at different simulated heart rates. We characterized simulated heart rate with an accuracy of and >98%. In the in vivo proof‐of‐principle experiment, we measured heart rates of 69, 90, and 57 bpm, which agreed with measurements of subject heart rate taken with a wearable, commercial pulse oximeter.ConclusionsWe designed, built, and tested the performance of a dental imaging probe. Data from in vitro and in ­vivo tests strongly suggest that this probe can detect the presence of pulsatile flow. LSI may enable endodontists to noninvasively assess pulpal vitality via direct measurement of blood flow. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:520–525, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study on Self‐Assembled Well‐Defined PEG Graft Copolymers as Efficient Drug‐Loaded Nanoparticles for Anti‐Inflammatory Therapy
Authors: Maksym‐Bębenek Paulina , Neugebauer Dorota 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe core‐shell micelles in aqueous solutions were prepared at low CAC values (<0.1 mg · mL−1) from amphiphilic graft copolymers consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) backbone (120–165 units) with loosely grafted (17–40%) hydroxyl‐capped PEG (9 vs 6 units in side chain) for drug loading. Hydrophobic indomethacin (IMC) was loaded into the micelles with content of 22–88%. Hydrodynamic diameters of particles were ranged in 110–200 nm. In vitro release experiments at various pH indicated faster releasing of IMC at pH 7.4 than that at pH 5.0. The studies on micellization, drug loading and release profiles verified the cumulative influence of hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance, degree of grafting, length of PEG side chains giving advantages in macromolecular design of nanocarriers in drug delivery.
Lack of protein kinase C‐delta (PKCδ) disrupts fertilization and embryonic development
Authors: Ma Wei , Baumann Claudia , Viveiros Maria M. 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYThis study tested the function of protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) during fertilization and embryonic development using gene‐knockout (Prkcd−/−) mice. Fertility analysis revealed that Prkcd−/− mating pairs produce significantly fewer pups per litter than wild‐type pairs (P < 0.05), and exhibit a high incidence of embryonic loss post‐implantation. Both Prkcd−/− male as well as Prkcd−/− female mice mated to Prkcd+/+ controls also showed reduced litter sizes, with a selective loss of Prkcd‐null pups. Further analysis of the females demonstrated comparable in vitro fertilization outcomes between control and Prkcd−/− oocytes fertilized with wild‐type sperm. Pregnant Prkcd−/− females, however, exhibited a reduced number of total implantations, suggesting a possible disruption in early embryo quality and/or implantation. In turn, male gamete analysis revealed that Prkcd−/− sperm demonstrated a decreased capacity to penetrate the zona pellucida (P < 0.05), necessary for successful fertilization. Moreover, we identified phosphorylated PKCδ as a component of the sperm acrosome, indicating a potential role for this kinase in acrosome exocytosis. Therefore, loss of PKCδ disrupts key reproductive functions in both males and females that limit fertility. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 797–808, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of incobotulinumtoxina for upper‐limb post‐stroke spasticity
Authors: Elovic Elie Paul , Munin Michael C. , Kaňovský Petr , Hanschmann Angelika , Hiersemenzel Reinhard , Marciniak Christina 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA in post‐stroke upper‐limb spasticity were studied. Methods: Subjects randomized 2:1 to incobotulinumtoxinA (fixed dose 400 U) or placebo, with fixed doses for the primary target clinical pattern (PTCP; flexed elbow, 200 U; flexed wrist, 150 U; clenched fist, 100 U). Doses for non‐primary patterns were flexible within predefined ranges. Results: At week 4, incobotulinumtoxinA led to larger improvements in PTCP Ashworth scale (AS) scores than placebo [least‐squares mean change ± standard error: –0.9 ± 0.06 (n = 171) vs. –0.5 ± 0.08 (n = 88); P < 0.001], and more subjects were PTCP AS responders (≥1‐point improvement) with incobotulinumtoxinA (69.6%) than with placebo (37.5%; P < 0.001). Investigator's Global Impression of Change confirmed superiority of incobotulinumtoxinA vs. placebo (P = 0.003). IncobotulinumtoxinA was associated with functional improvements, as demonstrated in responder rates for Disability Assessment Scale principal target at week 4 (P = 0.007). Adverse events were mainly mild/moderate, and were reported by 22.4% (incobotulinumtoxinA) and 16.8% (placebo) of subjects. Conclusions: IncobotulinumtoxinA significantly improved upper‐limb spasticity and associated disability, and was well‐tolerated. Muscle Nerve 53: 415–421, 2016
Reduced skeletal muscle quantity and quality in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy assessed by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Moore Colin W. , Allen Matti D. , Kimpinski Kurt , Doherty Timothy J. , Rice Charles L. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The aim of this study was to determine whether diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is associated with reduced muscle quality using MRI. Methods: MRIs of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle were recorded from 9 individuals (5 men) with DPN (∼65 years) and 8 (4 men) age‐ and gender‐matched controls. A magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) and T2 relaxation times of the TA were calculated. Results: Despite equal voluntary activation, the DPN group was ∼37% weaker than controls, with a significantly lower proportion (∼8%) of contractile tissue and lower MTR (0.28 ± 0.03 vs. 0.32 ± 0.02 percent units). T2 relaxation time was significantly longer in the DPN group (77 ± 16 ms) compared with controls (63 ± 6 ms). Conclusions: These findings indicate a reduction in the structural integrity and myocellular protein density in the TA of those with DPN. Thus, muscle weakness in DPN is likely due to both a loss of muscle mass and a reduction in contractile quality. Muscle Nerve 53: 726–732, 2016
Magnetic stimulation supports muscle and nerve regeneration after trauma in mice
Authors: StÖlting Meline N.L. , Arnold Anne Sophie , Haralampieva Deana , Handschin Christoph , Sulser Tullio , Eberli Daniel 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Magnetic stimulation (MS) has the ability to induce muscle twitch and has long been proposed as a therapeutic modality for skeletal muscle diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its means of action have not been defined. Methods: Muscle regeneration after trauma was studied in a standard muscle injury mouse model. The influence of MS on the formation of motor units, posttrauma muscle/nerve regeneration, and vascularization was investigated. Results: We found that MS does not cause systemic or muscle damage but improves muscle regeneration by significantly minimizing the presence of inflammatory infiltrate and formation of scars after trauma. It avoids posttrauma muscle atrophy, induces muscle hypertrophy, and increases the metabolism and turnover of muscle. It triples the expression of muscle markers and significantly improves muscle functional recovery after trauma. Conclusions: Our results indicate that MS supports muscle and nerve regeneration by activating muscle–nerve cross‐talk and inducing the maturation of neuromuscular junctions. Muscle Nerve 53: 598–607, 2016
Ultrasound combined with electrodiagnosis improves lesion localization and outcome in posterior interosseous neuropathy
Authors: Wininger Yevgeniya Dvorkin , Buckalew Neilly A. , Kaufmann Robert A. , Munin Michael C. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) syndrome is a rare compression neuropathy. Electrodiagnostic studies (EDx) combined with neuromuscular ultrasound (US) enable precise lesion localization and may improve patient outcome. Methods: In 4 patients with finger extension weakness, US was used to accurately localize concentric electromyographic (EMG) needle placement in PIN muscles and to visualize the lesion site. Results: EMG with US guidance showed decreased recruitment with abnormal configuration in PIN muscles. Active denervation was not always observed. US scanning demonstrated larger PIN diameter in the affected arm. All patients had surgical intervention to confirm EDx and US findings and had improved outcome on follow‐up. Conclusion: These cases demonstrate the benefits of augmenting EDx with US by guiding accurate electrode localization and providing diagnostic information about lesion location. Muscle Nerve 52: 1117–1121, 2015
Mapping hydraulic fractures from tiltmeter data using the ensemble Kalman filter
Authors: Pandurangan Venkataraman , Chen Zuorong , Jeffrey Robert G. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryHydraulic fracturing involves the initiation and propagation of fractures in rock formations by the injection of pressurized fluid. The largest use of hydraulic fracturing is in enhancing oil and gas production. Tiltmeters are sometimes used in the process to monitor the generated fracture geometry by measuring the fracture‐induced deformations. Fracture growth parameters obtained from tiltmeter mapping can be used to study the effectiveness of such stimulations. In this work, we present a novel scheme that uses the ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) to assimilate tiltmeter data using a simple process model to describe the evolution of fracture growth parameters, and an observation model that maps the fracture geometry with the observed tilt. The forward observation model is based on the analytical solution for computing the displacements and tilts due to a point source displacement discontinuity in an elastic half‐space developed by Okada . The displacement and tilts for any given fracture geometry are then obtained by numerical integration of this solution, by considering multiple point sources to be located at the quadrature points. The proposed method is validated using synthetic data sets generated from polygon and elliptical shaped fracture geometries. Finally, real data from a field site, where asymmetry was measured from the intersections of the hydraulic fracture with offset boreholes, have been analyzed. Preliminary results show that, in addition to extracting the fracture dip, orientation, and volume, the procedure is able to satisfactorily predict fracture growth parameters when the fracture is relatively close to the tiltmeter array and provides some insight into the development of asymmetry when the measurements are relatively far from the fracture plane. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.