bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future climate change under RCP emission scenarios with GISS ModelE2
Authors: Nazarenko L. , Schmidt G. A. , Miller R. L. , Tausnev N. , Kelley M. , Ruedy R. , Russell G. L. , Aleinov I. , Bauer M. , Bauer S. , Bleck R. , Canuto V. , Cheng Y. , Clune T. L. , Del Genio A. D. , Faluvegi G. , Hansen J. E. , Healy R. J. , Kiang N. Y. , Koch D. , Lacis A. A. , LeGrande A. N. , Lerner J. , Lo K. K. , Menon S. , Oinas V. , Perlwitz J. , Puma M. J. , Rind D. , Romanou A. , Sato M. , Shindell D. T. , Sun S. , Tsigaridis K. , Unger N. , Voulgarakis A. , Yao M.‐S. , Zhang Jinlun 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe examine the anthropogenically forced climate response for the 21st century representative concentration pathway (RCP) emission scenarios and their extensions for the period 2101–2500. The experiments were performed with ModelE2, a new version of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Sciences (GISS) coupled general circulation model that includes three different versions for the atmospheric composition components: a noninteractive version (NINT) with prescribed composition and a tuned aerosol indirect effect (AIE), the TCAD version with fully interactive aerosols, whole‐atmosphere chemistry, and the tuned AIE, and the TCADI version which further includes a parameterized first indirect aerosol effect on clouds. Each atmospheric version is coupled to two different ocean general circulation models: the Russell ocean model (GISS‐E2‐R) and HYCOM (GISS‐E2‐H). By 2100, global mean warming in the RCP scenarios ranges from 1.0 to 4.5°C relative to 1850–1860 mean temperature in the historical simulations. In the RCP2.6 scenario, the surface warming in all simulations stays below a 2°C threshold at the end of the 21st century. For RCP8.5, the range is 3.5–4.5°C at 2100. Decadally averaged sea ice area changes are highly correlated to global mean surface air temperature anomalies and show steep declines in both hemispheres, with a larger sensitivity during winter months. By the year 2500, there are complete recoveries of the globally averaged surface air temperature for all versions of the GISS climate model in the low‐forcing scenario RCP2.6. TCADI simulations show enhanced warming due to greater sensitivity to CO2, aerosol effects, and greater methane feedbacks, and recovery is much slower in RCP2.6 than with the NINT and TCAD versions. All coupled models have decreases in the Atlantic overturning stream function by 2100. In RCP2.6, there is a complete recovery of the Atlantic overturning stream function by the year 2500 while with scenario RCP8.5, the E2‐R climate model produces a complete shutdown of deep water formation in the North Atlantic.
Pushing the boundaries: Glacial/interglacial variability of intermediate and deep waters in the southwest Pacific over the last 350,000 years
Authors: Ronge Thomas A. , Steph Silke , Tiedemann Ralf , Prange Matthias , Merkel Ute , Nürnberg Dirk , Kuhn Gerhard 
Published: January 2015

AbstractGlacial/interglacial changes in Southern Ocean's air‐sea gas exchange have been considered as important mechanisms contributing to the glacial/interglacial variability in atmospheric CO2. Hence, understanding past variability in Southern Ocean intermediate to deep water chemistry and circulation is fundamental to constrain the role of these processes on modulating glacial/interglacial changes in the global carbon cycle. Our study focused on the glacial/interglacial variability in the vertical extent of southwest Pacific Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). We compared carbon and oxygen isotope records from epibenthic foraminifera of sediment cores bathed in modern AAIW and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW; 943–2066 m water depth) to monitor changes in water mass circulation spanning the past 350,000 years. We propose that pronounced freshwater input by melting sea ice into the glacial AAIW significantly hampered the downward expansion of southwest Pacific AAIW, consistent with climate model results for the Last Glacial Maximum. This process led to a pronounced upward displacement of the AAIW‐UCDW interface during colder climate conditions and therefore to an expansion of the glacial carbon pool.
Testing a simple model of gas bubble dynamics in porous media
Authors: Ramirez Jorge A. , Baird Andy J. , Coulthard Tom J. , Waddington J. Michael 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBubble dynamics in porous media are of great importance in industrial and natural systems. Of particular significance is the impact that bubble‐related emissions (ebullition) of greenhouse gases from porous media could have on global climate (e.g., wetland methane emissions). Thus, predictions of future changes in bubble storage, movement, and ebullition from porous media are needed. Methods exist to predict ebullition using numerical models, but all existing models are limited in scale (spatial and temporal) by high computational demands or represent porous media simplistically. A suitable model is needed to simulate ebullition at scales beyond individual pores or relatively small collections (<10−4 m3) of connected pores. Here we present a cellular automaton model of bubbles in porous media that addresses this need. The model is computationally efficient, and could be applied over large spatial and temporal extent without sacrificing fine‐scale detail. We test this cellular automaton model against a physical model and find a good correspondence in bubble storage, bubble size, and ebullition between both models. It was found that porous media heterogeneity alone can have a strong effect on ebullition. Furthermore, results from both models suggest that the frequency distributions of number of ebullition events per time and the magnitude of bubble loss are strongly right skewed, which partly explains the difficulty in interpreting ebullition events from natural systems.
Fingolimod treatment promotes regulatory phenotype and function of B cells
Authors: Grützke Berit , Hucke Stephanie , Gross Catharina C. , Herold Martin V. B. , Posevitz‐Fejfar Anita , Wildemann Brigitte T. , Kieseier Bernd C. , Dehmel Thomas , Wiendl Heinz , Klotz Luisa 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of Fingolimod treatment on B‐cell subset composition and function in multiple sclerosis patients and its potential clinical relevance.MethodsSubset composition and cytokine production of B cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients under Fingolimod treatment, untreated multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls were analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA. Migration of lymphocyte subsets across primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells was assessed in an in vitro transmigration assay. Cell numbers and composition of B‐cell subsets in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry. Regulatory B‐cell frequencies were correlated with parameters of disease stability.ResultsWithin the peripheral B‐cell compartment of Fingolimod‐treated patients, the proportion of regulatory B cells (CD38+CD27−CD24+CD5+) was significantly increased as compared to treatment‐naïve multiple sclerosis patients and to healthy controls, and significantly more regulatory B cells produced Interleukin‐10. Fingolimod treatment enhanced the capacity of regulatory B cells to transmigrate across brain endothelial cells in an in vitro model of the blood‐brain‐barrier. In line with these findings, the cerebrospinal fluid/blood ratio of total B cells and regulatory B cells was strongly increased by Fingolimod treatment, and patients exhibited increased regulatory B‐cell frequencies in the cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, elevated regulatory B‐cell percentages in the periphery significantly correlated with clinical and paraclinical disease stability.InterpretationThese data suggest a novel and as yet unrecognized role of Fingolimod in correction of the imbalance between regulatory and effector B‐cell functions in multiple sclerosis both by direct effects and indirect partitioning effects on B‐cell subpopulations.
Ion‐Pair‐Catalyzed Sodium Borohydride Reduction in Aprotic Organic Solvents
Authors: Ning Xiao‐Shan , Dong Xue‐Jiao , Xiao Zu‐Feng , Yao Chuan‐Zhi , Kang Yan‐Biao 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSodium borohydride reduction in aprotic solvents has always been an unsolved problem. In this work a ion‐pair‐catalyzed sodium borohydride reduction in aprotic solvents was kinetically and mechanistically studied. Finally sodium borohydride reduction could be carried out in common aprotic solvents efficiently under mild conditions. A large quantity of water or methanol as the solvent or co‐solvent has been avoided. The generation of stoichiometric or excess organic ammonium waste has also been avoided. The normal acidic work‐up is not necessary and the catalyst was recycled.
Midtarsal break variation in modern humans: Functional causes, skeletal correlates, and paleontological implications
Authors: DeSilva J.M. , Bonne‐Annee R. , Swanson Z. , Gill C.M. , Sobel M. , Uy J. , Gill S.V. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThe midtarsal break was once treated as a dichotomous, non‐overlapping trait present in the foot of non‐human primates and absent in humans. Recent work indicates that there is considerable variation in human midfoot dorsiflexion, with some overlap with the ape foot. These findings have called into question the uniqueness of the human lateral midfoot, and the use of osteological features in fossil hominins to characterize the midfoot of our extinct ancestors. Here, we present data on plantar pressure and pedal mechanics in a large sample of adults and children (n = 671) to test functional hypotheses concerning variation in midfoot flexibility. Lateral midfoot peak plantar pressure correlates with both sagittal plane flexion at the lateral tarsometatarsal joint, and dorsiflexion at the hallucal metatarsophalangeal joint. The latter finding suggests that midfoot laxity may compromise hallucal propulsion. Multiple regression statistics indicate that a low arch and pronation of the foot explain 40% of variation in midfoot peak plantar pressure, independent of age and BMI. MRI scans on a small subset of study participants (n = 19) reveals that curvature of the base of the 4th metatarsal correlates with lateral midfoot plantar pressure and that specific anatomies of foot bones do indeed reflect relative midfoot flexibility. However, while the shape of the base of the 4th metatarsal may reliably reflect midfoot mobility in individual hominins, given the wide range of overlapping variation in midfoot flexibility in both apes and humans, we caution against generalizing foot function in extinct hominin species until larger fossils samples are available. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:543–552, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Controlling Internal Pore Sizes in Bicontinuous Polymeric Nanospheres
Authors: McKenzie Beulah E. , Friedrich Heiner , Wirix Maarten J. M. , de Visser Joël F. , Monaghan Olivia R. , Bomans Paul H. H. , Nudelman Fabio , Holder Simon J. , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractComplex polymeric nanospheres were formed in water from comb‐like amphiphilic block copolymers. Their internal morphology was determined by three‐dimensional cryo‐electron tomographic analysis. Varying the polymer molecular weight (MW) and the hydrophilic block weight content allowed for fine control over the internal structure. Construction of a partial phase diagram allowed us to determine the criteria for the formation of bicontinuous polymer nanosphere (BPN), namely for copolymers with MW of up to 17 kDa and hydrophilic weight fractions of ≤0.25; and varying the organic solvent to water ratio used in their preparation allowed for control over nanosphere diameters from 70 to 460 nm. Significantly, altering the block copolymer hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance enabled control of the internal pore diameter of the BPNs from 10 to 19 nm.
Efficient Solid‐State Light‐Emitting CuCdS Nanocrystals Synthesized in Air
Authors: Khan Ali Hossain , Dalui Amit , Mukherjee Soham , Segre Carlo U. , Sarma D. D. , Acharya Somobrata 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSemiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) possess high photoluminescence (PL) typically in the solution phase. In contrary, PL rapidly quenches in the solid state. Efficient solid state luminescence can be achieved by inducing a large Stokes shift. Here we report on a novel synthesis of compositionally controlled CuCdS NCs in air avoiding the usual complexity of using inert atmosphere. These NCs show long‐range color tunability over the entire visible range with a remarkable Stokes shift up to about 1.25 eV. Overcoating the NCs leads to a high solid‐state PL quantum yield (QY) of ca. 55 % measured by using an integrating sphere. Unique charge carrier recombination mechanisms have been recognized from the NCs, which are correlated to the internal NC structure probed by using extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. EXAFS measurements show a Cu‐rich surface and Cd‐rich interior with 46 % CuI being randomly distributed within 84 % of the NC volume creating additional transition states for PL. Color‐tunable solid‐state luminescence remains stable in air enabling fabrication of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs).
Struktur der Sulfoxid‐Synthase EgtB aus der Ergothionein‐ Biosynthese
Authors: Goncharenko Kristina V. , Vit Allegra , Blankenfeldt Wulf , Seebeck Florian P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDas eisenhaltige Nicht‐Häm‐Enzym EgtB katalysiert die sauerstoffabhängige Bildung einer Kohlenstoff‐Schwefel‐Bindung zwischen γ‐Glutamylcystein und N‐α‐Trimethylhistidin als zentralen Schritt der Ergothionein‐Biosynthese. Sowohl die katalytische Aktivität als auch die 3D‐Struktur von EgtB unterscheiden sich von bisher bekannten Schwefel‐Transferasen oder Thiol‐Dioxygenasen. Die Kristallstruktur von EgtB aus Mycobacterium thermoresistibile im Komplex mit γ‐Glutamylcystein und N‐α‐Trimethylhistidin zeigt die zwei Substrate und drei Histidinreste als Liganden der oktaedrischen Eisenbindestelle. Diese Geometrie des aktiven Zentrums passt zu einem katalytischen Mechanismus, in dem die Bildung der Kohlenstoff‐Schwefel‐Bindung von einem Eisen(III)‐komplexierten Thiyl‐Radikal initiiert wird, indem dieses den Imidazolring des N‐α‐Trimethylhistidins angreift.
Two‐Dimensional Spatial Resolution of Concentration Profiles in Catalytic Reactors by Planar Laser‐Induced Fluorescence: NO Reduction over Diesel Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Zellner Alexander , Suntz Rainer , Deutschmann Olaf 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPlanar laser‐induced fluorescence (PLIF) enables noninvasive in situ investigations of catalytic flow reactors. The method is based on the selective detection of two‐dimensional absolute concentration maps of conversion‐relevant species in the surrounding gas phase inside a catalytic channel. Exemplarily, the catalytic reduction of NO with hydrogen (2 NO+5 H2→2 H2O+2 NH3) is investigated over a Pt/Al2O3 coated diesel oxidation catalyst by NO PLIF inside an optically accessible channel reactor. Quenching‐corrected 2D concentration maps of the NO fluorescence above the catalytic surface are obtained under both, nonreactive and reactive conditions. The impact of varying feed concentration, temperature, and flow velocities on NO concentration profiles are investigated in steady state. The technique presented has a high potential for a better understanding of interactions of mass transfer and surface kinetics in heterogeneously catalyzed gas‐phase reactions.
Enhanced Photoreversible Color Switching of Redox Dyes Catalyzed by Barium‐Doped TiO2 Nanocrystals
Authors: Wang Wenshou , Ye Yifan , Feng Ji , Chi Miaofang , Guo Jinghua , Yin Yadong 
Published: January 2015

AbstractColloidal barium‐doped TiO2 nanocrystals have been developed that enable the highly reversible light‐responsive color switching of redox dyes with excellent cycling performance and high switching rates. Oxygen vacancies resulting from the Ba doping serve as effective sacrificial electron donors (SEDs) to scavenge the holes photogenerated in TiO2 nanocrystals under UV irradiation and subsequently promote the reduction of methylene blue to its colorless leuco form. Effective color switching can therefore be realized without relying on external SEDs, thus greatly increasing the number of switching cycles. Ba doping can also accelerate the recoloration under visible‐light irradiation by shifting the absorption edge of TiO2 nanocrystals to a shorter wavelength. Such a system can be further casted into a solid film to produce a rewritable paper on which letters and patters can be repeatedly printed using UV light and then erased by heating; this process can be repeated for many cycles and does not require additional inks.
Orchestrated Triple CH Activation Reactions Using Two Directing Groups: Rapid Assembly of Complex Pyrazoles
Authors: Yang Weibo , Ye Shengqing , Fanning Dewey , Coon Timothy , Schmidt Yvonne , Krenitsky Paul , Stamos Dean , Yu Jin‐Quan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA sequential triple CH activation reaction directed by a pyrazole and an amide group leads to the well‐controlled construction of sterically congested dihydrobenzo[e]indazole derivatives. This cascade reaction demonstrates that the often problematic competing CH activation pathways in the presence of multiple directing groups can be harvested by design to improve step economy in synthesis. Pyrazole as a relatively weak coordinating group is shown to direct CH activation for the first time.
Crystal violet dye sorption and transport in/through biobased PVA cryogel membranes
Authors: Papancea Adina , Patachia Silvia , Dobritoiu Rodica 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTCryogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol) [PVA] and three types of bioinsertions such as scleroglucan, cellulose microfibers, and zein, respectively, have been prepared using capacity of PVA to crosslink by repeated freezing–thawing cycles. The effect of the incorporation of biopolymers on the properties of PVA cryogel has been studied by using several techniques such as: scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared studies. The obtained biobased cryogel membranes were subjected to sorption and to diffusion experiments using Crystal Violet (CV), a dye commonly used in the textile industry and in medicine. Image analysis with CIELAB system was used both to monitor the cryogels loading with CV and to gain insight in the dye state into the gel, in correlation with the bioinsertion type and gels morphology. Dye diffusion but also sorption capacity of the cryogels was found to be closely related to the type of biopolymer. In this article the equilibrium (sorption isotherms) and transport properties (diffusion and permeability coefficients) of CV, in/through physical cross‐linked PVA hydrogel membranes with bioinsertions has been reported. The highest efficiency for the CV removal from aqueous solutions was obtained for the PVA/Scl cryogels. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41838.
Chitosan/gelatin porous bone scaffolds made by crosslinking treatment and freeze‐drying technology: Effects of crosslinking durations on the porous structure, compressive strength, and in vitro cytotoxicity
Authors: Lou Ching‐Wen , Wen Shih‐Peng , Lin Jia‐Horng 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, freezing was used to separate a solute (polymer) and solvent (deionized water). The polymer in the ice crystals was then crosslinked with solvents, and this diminished the linear pores to form a porous structure. Gelatin and chitosan were blended and frozen, after which crosslinking agents were added, and the whole was frozen again and then freeze‐dried to form chitosan/gelatin porous bone scaffolds. Stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, compressive strength testing, porosity testing, in vitro biocompatibility, and cytotoxicity were used to evaluate the properties of the bone scaffolds. The test results show that both crosslinking agents, glutaraldehyde (GA) and 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, were able to form a porous structure. In addition, the compressive strength increased as a result of the increased crosslinking time. However, the porosity and cell viability were not correlated with the crosslinking times. The optimal porous and interconnected pore structure occurred when the bone scaffolds were crosslinked with GA for 20 min. It was proven that crosslinking the frozen polymers successfully resulted in a division of the linear pores, and this resulted in interconnected multiple pores and a compressively strong structure. The 48‐h cytotoxicity did not affect the cell viability. This study successfully produced chitosan/gelatin porous materials for biomaterials application. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41851.
Performance of PAM/PEI gel system for water shut‐off in high temperature reservoirs: Laboratory study
Authors: ElKarsani Khalid S. M. , Al‐Muntasheri Ghaithan A. , Sultan Abdulla S. , Hussein Ibnelwaleed A. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTA polymer gel is one of the common remediate methods to either reduce or totally block excessive water production in oilfields. Some systems demonstrated an excellent performance in treating the problem like polyacrylamide tert‐butyl acrylate (PAtBA)/polyethylenimine (PEI). In this study, polyacrylamide (PAM) was introduced as a cheap alternative to PAtBA that can tolerate high salinity reservoirs. The thermal stability of the PAM/PEI polymeric gel in saline water was examined at 150°C (302F). Samples prepared in sea water showed better stability compared with distilled and field water. Dynamic rheology and core‐flooding experiments were used to evaluate the PAM / PEI gel system at high temperatures. NaCl and NH4Cl were evaluated as a possible retarders for delaying the gelation time in order to achieve a successful placement. NH4Cl was found to be more effective retarder. Core‐flooding tests were conducted in sandstone and carbonate cores. The subject polymer gel was injected at rates typical of those in field applications. The injectivity of PAM/PEI was tested in Berea sandstone cores with initial permeability of ∼45 mD. The post‐treatment of the system showed a permeability reduction of ∼94% for a period of two weeks. The injectivity in low permeability carbonate cores required more retardation compared with the injectivity in sandstone cores. The gel reduced the permeability to brine in Indiana limestone core by 99.8% for more than 5 months. Rheology of cured gel samples indicated that the gel strength needs about one day of curing in the core for the strength to stabilize. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41869.
Preparation and characterization of benzoxazine based nanocomposites: Comprehensive study in curing kinetics and enhanced thermal stabilities
Authors: Lin Yue , Stone Corinne A. , Shaw Steve J. , Song Mo 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTSeveral bisphenol‐A benzoxazine (BEN) based nanocomposites incorporated with several polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and clays, were prepared successfully. The influences of the nanofillers on curing kinetics, network formation, and thermal stability of the BEN were investigated comprehensively. The addition of the nanofillers showed different influence on curing kinetics of BEN. Furthermore, the incorporation of the nanofillers showed good improvement on thermal stability of BEN. An increase of 70 and 336°C at the onset and the half‐life decomposition temperature were observed with the addition of 5 wt % 30B clay in nitrogen atmosphere. With the incorporation of 5 wt % POSS, the half‐life of decomposition and char yield enhanced by 280°C and 13 wt % in nitrogen atmosphere. For the 4 wt % MWCNT‐COOH/BEN nanocomposite, the half‐life of decomposition and char yield at 800°C increased by 286°C and 14 wt % in nitrogen atmosphere, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41903.