bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of laser‐induced damage with forward‐firing and diffusing optical fiber during laser‐assisted lipoplasty
Authors: Kim Changhwan , Park Hoyong , Lee Ho 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLaser‐assisted lipoplasty is made possible by using an optical fiber that delivers light endoscopically to subcutaneous fat tissue. Most optical fibers for laser‐assisted lipoplasty are designed to be irradiated in a forward direction. In this study, we compared forward‐firing fiber and diffusing fiber for use in laser‐assisted lipoplasty. The effective parameters of the ablation pattern which resulted from the laser‐induced damage are discussed for both systems. In particular, we note the effect resulting from the different beam emission patterns and the contours of laser fluence.MethodsWe used two different laser delivery systems (a forward‐firing fiber and a diffusing fiber) to examine how the beam emission pattern affects the laser‐assisted coagulation and damage pattern of in vitro fat tissues. A porcine liver tissue (water‐rich tissue) was used as a secondary laser target to investigate how the laser‐assisted coagulation pattern depends on both the type of tissue (water‐rich and lipid‐rich tissue) as well as the delivery system. An evaluation using a digital camera and a thermal camera was conducted for the tissue ablation processes in order to observe the generated heat transfer in fat and liver.ResultsThe overall shape of the laser‐assisted coagulation zone was different from the beam emission pattern in the case where a forward‐firing fiber was used within fat tissue. The center of the laser‐affected zone is characterized by the formation of a reservoir of melted fat. In the thermal image analysis, there existed a discrepancy between the temperature distribution of the fat tissue and the liver tissue during the forward‐firing fiber irradiation. In the liver tissue ablation process, the temperature distribution during the laser ablation also demonstrated an elongated ellipse that matches well with the laser‐induced damage zone. The temperature distribution in fat tissue adhered to a more discoid pattern that corresponded to the laser‐induced damage zone.ConclusionsBased on our findings, we have proposed mechanisms that can explain the laser‐induced damage in both tissues when a forward firing fiber is employed as the delivery system. In the case of fat tissue, the ablation mechanism can be characterized by the reservoir formation of melted lipids while the ablation is characterized as the well‐known drilling effect for liver tissue. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:437–449, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of Polymer Solar Cells Based on the Conjugated Copolymer of Poly(phenylenevinylene‐alt‐4,7‐diphenyl‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole) (PP‐DBT)
Authors: Liu Leijing , Pei Jianing , Wen Shanpeng , Li Jiyang , Yao Bin , Tian Wenjing 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPolymer solar cells based on poly(phenylenevinylene‐alt‐4,7‐diphenyl‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole) (PP‐DBT):[6,6]‐phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl‐ester (PC71BM) blend films are optimized. The results show that the solar cell has a better performance at a 1:4 blend ratio than at 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:5 blend ratios, due to the higher hole mobility of active layer and the optimized morphology. The device prepared from chlorobenzene (CB) has a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) than the devices prepared from chloroform and o‐dichlorobenzene, because the former has a much higher short‐circuit current density (Jsc) resulting from the morphology with proper phase separation. The solar cell modified with two layers of ZnO nanocrystals achieves the best performance with an open‐circuit voltage of 0.9 V, a Jsc of 7.46 mW cm−2, fill factor (FF) of 0.50, and PCE of 3.36%.magnified image
Analysis of genome‐wide association study‐linked loci in Parkinson's disease of Mainland China
Authors: Liu Jun , Xiao Qin , Wang Ying , Xu Zhi‐Min , Wang Ying , Yang Qiong , Wang Gang , Tan Yu‐Yan , Ma Jian‐Fang , Zhang Jin , Huang Wei , Chen Sheng‐Di 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundGenome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can modulate the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodsWe investigated the association of previously identified loci in a Mainland Chinese population to identify a possible ethnic‐specific effect with GWAS analysis. Seventeen SNPs were genotyped from those loci using case–control methodology to analyze a total of 1,737 individuals.ResultsStrong evidence of an association for reference SNP 894278 (rs894278) and rs11931074 on 4q22 throughout the α synuclein (SNCA) region was observed in our study. The SNP rs894278 confers risk via a dominant model and an additive model, whereas the minor allele G of rs11931074 reduces the risk of PD progression. The minor allele frequency of rs11724635 produced weaker signals for PD, but this was not replicated in the genotype after adjusting for age and sex.ConclusionsThis study yields new clues about GWAS‐linked data in patients with PD from Mainland China. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Locality, Mobility and Governmentality in Colonial/Postcolonial New Caledonia: The case of the Kouare tribe (xûâ Xârâgwii), Thio (Cöö)
Authors: Le Meur Pierre‐Yves 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe colonial history of New Caledonia has been one of dispossession, alienation, and racial segregation. Indigenous people did not experience a life of all‐embracing confinement and immobility. Instead, Kanak localities were historically shaped by the interplay of colonial projects, ideas, tensions, power relations, practices, representations, values, norms, and emotions. Based on the example of Thio, located on the south‐east coast of New Caledonia, this article explores these transformations, focusing on processes of localization and mobility in the colonial and postcolonial eras. The first section focuses on the encounter with and the interplay between different organisations in Thio: the missionary, mining, pastoral, and administrative frontiers. The second section explores the multilayered history of the landscape and settlement patterns in Xârâgwii/Kouare (a tribe located in the mountainous part of Thio), and the third section analyses the interplay of locality and mobility since World War II. The final section examines the ‘invention’ of the tribe as part of colonial governmental projects. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the meaning of this evolving dialectic in the current context of decolonization.
Chinese school teachers' organizational citizenship behavior (OCB): Predictors and outcomes
Authors: Li Xia 
Published: July 2013

AbstractTeacher's organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is a multifaceted construct that is critical to school effectiveness and to the education enterprise. Four hundred ninety‐three teachers in eight different cities on the Chinese mainland were surveyed using the OCB scale developed by Bo Shiuan Cheng, a Taiwanese scholar. The antecedent and outcome variables of OCB were examined in this study. The results showed that the teachers' attitudinal characteristics of career satisfaction and career commitment, and the dispositional characteristic of locus of control, influenced teachers' OCB. In addition, teachers' OCB influenced their work performance as well as their career and organizational turnover intention. The implications of this study suggest a base of knowledge from which school administrators could enhance their school's organizational function and retain teachers.
The Importance of Natural Variability in Lake Areas on the Detection of Permafrost Degradation: A Case Study in the Yukon Flats, Alaska
Authors: Chen Min , Rowland Joel C. , Wilson Cathy J. , Altmann Garrett L. , Brumby Steven P. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTLong‐term lake area change has previously been measured to detect the temporal rate and spatial extent of permafrost degradation. However, the natural intra‐ and interannual variability of lake areas has not been considered explicitly and quantitatively, which can substantially interfere with the detection of long‐term lake area change associated with permafrost degradation. In order to better understand the natural background variability of lake areas, we used Landsat 7 images obtained on 11 dates from 1999 to 2002 to quantify the intra‐ and interannual lake area variability for a 4224 km2 study area within the Yukon Flats, Alaska. Total lake areas ranged from 179 km2 (22 August 1999) to 326 km2 (6 June 2000). Even within a single year (year 2000), the total lake area decreased by 42 per cent from 6 June to 16 August, well exceeding the previously reported trends for long‐term decrease (14% and 18%) for the Yukon Flats. Both intra‐ and interannual area variability in August and September were smaller than in June and July, suggesting that images from later in summer are more reliable for detecting long‐term change in lake area. Variability of no‐closure lakes was twice that of closed‐basin lakes. Intra‐annual area changes in closed‐basin lakes can be explained by the intra‐annual water balance, defined as cumulative precipitation minus evaporation between two consecutive dates within the same year. For a given period, the total lake area was correlated more strongly with the water balance since the preceding October than with the water balance in the preceding 12 months. Spatial heterogeneity in the intra‐annual area change of individual lakes was observed, which might be caused by different topographical, geological and permafrost characteristics around and beneath the lakes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel Fabrication of Plasmonic Nanocone Sensing Arrays
Authors: Horrer Andreas , Schäfer Christian , Broch Katharina , Gollmer Dominik A. , Rogalski Jan , Fulmes Julia , Zhang Dai , Meixner Alfred J. , Schreiber Frank , Kern Dieter P. , Fleischer Monika 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA fully parallel approach for the fabrication of arrays of metallic nanocones and triangular nanopyramids is presented. Different processes utilizing nanosphere lithography for the creation of etch masks are developed. Monolayers of spheres are reduced in size and directly used as masks, or mono‐ and double layers are employed as templates for the deposition of aluminum oxide masks. The masks are transferred into an underlying gold or silver layer by argon ion milling, which leads to nanocones or nanopyramids with very sharp tips. Near the tips the enhancement of an external electromagnetic field is particularly strong. This fact is confirmed by numerical simulations and by luminescence imaging in a confocal microscope. Such localized strong fields can amongst others be utilized for high‐resolution, high‐sensitivity spectroscopy and sensing of molecules near the tip. Arrays of such plasmonic nanostructures thus constitute controllable platforms for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy. A thin film of pentacene molecules is evaporated onto both nanocone and nanopyramid substrates, and the observed Raman enhancement is evaluated.
Maturity assessment and process improvement for information security management in small and medium enterprises
Authors: Cholez Hervé , Girard Frédéric 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYInformation security is a central concern inside organisations, but it remains quite difficult for most small entities to implement and maintain information security. In this context, the Public Research Centre Henri Tudor and the Luxembourg's Ministry of Economy and Foreign Trade decided to enhance information security awareness and management in Luxembourg's small and medium enterprises. Therefore, our research work aims to propose a method adapted to small and medium enterprises to conduct a first assessment of the enterprises information security maturity and improve their process accordingly. This paper describes the framework developed and presents its validation in industry. The results of applying the method in industry are positive and show a lack in organisational maturity for the information security. The future challenge of this assessment method is to be integrated into an information security web platform and use the large amount of statistics to continuously improve and contextualise the proposed tool. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biliary tree stem cells, precursors to pancreatic committed progenitors: Evidence for possible life-long pancreatic organogenesis
Authors: Wang Yunfang , Lanzoni Giacomo , Carpino Guido , Cui Cai-Bin , Dominguez-Bendala Juan , Wauthier Eliane , Cardinale Vincenzo , Oikawa Tsunekazu , Pileggi Antonello , Gerber David , Furth Mark E. , Alvaro Domenico , Gaudio Eugenio , Inverardi Luca , Reid Lola M. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Peribiliary glands (PBGs) in bile duct walls, and pancreatic duct glands (PDGs) associated with pancreatic ducts, in humans of all ages, contain a continuous, ramifying network of cells in overlapping maturational lineages. We show that proximal (PBGs)-to-distal (PDGs) maturational lineages start near the duodenum with cells expressing markers of pluripotency (NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2), proliferation (Ki67), self-replication (SALL4), and early hepato-pancreatic commitment (SOX9, SOX17, PDX1, and LGR5), transitioning to PDG cells with no expression of pluripotency or self-replication markers, maintenance of pancreatic genes (PDX1), and expression of markers of pancreatic endocrine maturation (NGN3, MUC6, and insulin). Radial-axis lineages start in PBGs near the ducts' fibromuscular layers with stem cells and end at the ducts' lumens with cells devoid of stem cell traits and positive for pancreatic endocrine genes. Biliary tree-derived cells behaved as stem cells in culture under expansion conditions, culture plastic and serum-free Kubota's Medium, proliferating for months as undifferentiated cells, whereas pancreas-derived cells underwent only approximately 8–10 divisions, then partially differentiated towards an islet fate. Biliary tree-derived cells proved precursors of pancreas' committed progenitors. Both could be driven by three-dimensional conditions, islet-derived matrix components and a serum-free, hormonally defined medium for an islet fate (HDM-P), to form spheroids with ultrastructural, electrophysiological and functional characteristics of neoislets, including glucose regulatability. Implantation of these neoislets into epididymal fat pads of immunocompromised mice, chemically rendered diabetic, resulted in secretion of human C-peptide, regulatable by glucose, and able to alleviate hyperglycemia in hosts. The biliary tree-derived stem cells and their connections to pancreatic committed progenitors constitute a biological framework for life-long pancreatic organogenesis.
System Security Requirements Analysis:A Smart Grid Case Study
Authors: Zafar Nauman , Arnautovic Edin , Diabat Ali , Svetinovic Davor 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTOne of the main concerns in development and operation of mission‐critical systems is system security. It is of critical importance to properly specify and implement system security requirements. In this paper, we apply a system security requirements analysis method to elicit, specify, categorize, and prioritize the system security requirements on the smart grid as a complex system‐of‐systems case study. In particular, we apply the Security Quality Requirements Engineering (SQUARE) method as a representative system security requirements analysis method. The main contributions of this research are the smart grid customer domain security requirements specification and its analysis from the system‐of‐systems perspective. We elicited a large proportion of system and system‐of‐systems vulnerabilities and requirements, and used them to specify secure smart grid intersystem interactions.
Service‐Oriented Architecture (SOA) Instantiation within a Hard Real‐Time, Deterministic Combat System Environment
Authors: Moreland James D. , Sarkani Shahram , Mazzuchi Thomas 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the instantiation of a Service‐Oriented Architecture (SOA) within a hard real‐time (stringent time constraints), deterministic (maximum predictability) combat system (CS) environment. There are numerous stakeholders across the U.S. Department of the Navy who are affected by this development and who have a direct or indirect influence on the system requirements. The research focuses on two‐way, transparent, secure track data exchange between the command and control (C2) and CS domains. Exchange and management of data between these domain networks is accomplished using configurable universal gateway capabilities. These capabilities include the provision for data mediation and boundary defense requirements within a web services publish‐and‐subscribe framework. The gateways’ performance is assessed with respect to operational loading, architecture and provisioning requirements to evaluate gateway component performance, and resource utilization. The universal gateway prototype evaluated in this limited technology experiment (LTE) demonstrated interoperability as a key step in satisfying Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6 criteria, based on its successful performance in a representative environment. Data latency was minimal at the largest message loads with typical end‐to‐end gateway latencies under 15 milliseconds with the application of rule set filters on message queues, and data throughput across the universal gateway was not limited by universal gateway components. These results allow proven architectural principles to be applied in new ways to enable rapid development and insertion of new capabilities, lower‐risk system integration and evolution, and more reliable operations. At the same time, multiple integrators and vendors can actively design and compete for business, lowering acquisition and life‐cycle costs.
A novel method to improve low‐voltage ride‐through capability of wind turbine generators
Authors: Cheng Miao‐miao , Kato Shuhei , Shimada Ryuichi 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWith increasing penetration of wind farms, power grids have responded by developing specific grid codes to maintain their stability. One of the main grid codes is the low‐voltage ride‐through (LVRT) capability, which requires the wind generator to remain connected when the grid voltage sags for a certain time period. A wind farm with squirrel cage induction generators suffers this LVRT problem the most because of their direct connection to the grid and reactive power consumption. In this paper, a new method is proposed to solve this problem by shunt‐connecting a motor‐driven mechanical load to the cage wind generator. For driving mechanical loads, the induction motor is most widely used in industries. This paper studies the terminal voltage holding effect of an induction machine during grid voltage sag due to the magnetic flux holding effect and the saturation characteristic. Taking advantage of this effect, the induction motor that is used for driving mechanical load is then proposed to improve the LVRT capability of wind turbine generators. Furthermore, the change of the rotating speed or slip of the induction machine is found to have a great impact on improving the LVRT. By adding some inertia to the motor‐driven mechanical load, an enhanced voltage holding effect, and therefore LVRT improvement, is expected for the wind farm. Both simulation and experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Theoretical studies of nucleic acids folding
Authors: Kara Mahmut , Zacharias Martin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe mechanism of how RNA and DNA molecules fold into defined three‐dimensional (3D) structures is still not well understood. Molecular simulation approaches are increasingly being used to study structure formation processes of nucleic acids and to understand the driving forces for folding. It is possible to use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on a classical force field to follow the dynamics of nucleic acids at atomic resolution and high time resolution and including surrounding solvent molecules and ions explicitly. Recent studies indicate that it is possible to investigate folding of small motifs such as hairpin structures using MD simulations. However, this approach is still limited by the currently accessible time scales and force field accuracy. Advanced sampling methods such as the replica‐exchange MD (REMD) approach allow significant enhancement of conformational sampling of nucleic acids and could help to systematically study structure formation processes and to refine force fields. In case of large RNAs or RNA containing macromolecular structures, coarse‐grained representations can help to overcome current computational limitations. In combination with experimentally derived constraints and predicted secondary structure, several approaches have been developed to fold RNA molecules into possible 3D structures. Such structural model can often be helpful to plan experiments or to interpret experimental results.This article is categorized under:Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
Mathematical modeling of kidney transport
Authors: Layton Anita T. 
Published: July 2013

In addition to metabolic waste and toxin excretion, the kidney also plays an indispensable role in regulating the balance of water, electrolytes, nitrogen, and acid–base. In this review, we describe representative mathematical models that have been developed to better understand kidney physiology and pathophysiology, including the regulation of glomerular filtration, the regulation of renal blood flow by means of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms and of the myogenic mechanism, the urine concentrating mechanism, epithelial transport, and regulation of renal oxygen transport. We discuss the extent to which these modeling efforts have expanded our understanding of renal function in both health and disease. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2013, 5:557–573. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1232This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Physiology > Physiology of Model Organisms
Synthese und Struktur von N,N′‐Diisopropylamidinat‐substituierten Oligogallanen GanRnI2 (n ≤ 4)
Authors: Zessin Thomas , Anton Julian , Linti Gerald 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe reaction of galliumsubiodide with lithiumamidinates Li(NR)2CR′ results in formation of oligogallanes Gan{(NR)2CR′}nI2. The chains are built from up to four gallium atoms depending on the steric demand of the amidinates. All new compounds were characterized by NMR and crystal structure analysis and DFT calculations were used to evaluate structural variations.
‘STRUGGLING BUT FAILING TO MASK’: THE MUSIC OF MARK R. TAYLOR
Authors: Maw David 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe music of Mark R. Taylor (b. 1961) is as yet little known. In part, this derives from his unusual profile in the current musical scene. The initial characterization of his work given in this article takes his own remarks from a note inscribed at the end of a piano fragment from the mid-1990s as a framework. From his earliest compositions onwards, the handling of musical materials has depended on strictly controlled processes that are conveyed through a notable ‘simplicity of presentation’. This gives the work a semblance of postmodernism; but Taylor distances himself from the allusiveness, playfulness and irony of this movement, preferring to recognize a ‘personal expressivity’ characteristic of ‘the better kind of postmodernism’. These opposing tendencies to objectivity on the one hand and to expressivity on the other are components of a dialectical musical expression in which the music is ‘struggling but failing to mask profound inner turmoil’.