bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between silent embolic cerebral infarction and continuous increase of P2Y12 reaction units after neurovascular stenting
Authors: Kim Bum Joon , Kwon Joo Y. , Jung Jin-Man , Lee Deok Hee , Kang Dong-Wha , Kim Jong S. , Kwon Sun U. 
Published: July 2014

Object
Endovascular procedures are one of the important treatment options for steno-occlusive arteries in ischemic stroke patients. However, embolic complications after such procedures are always a concern. The authors investigated the association between serial change of residual platelet reactivity and silent embolic cerebral infarction (SECI) after endovascular treatment.

Methods
Ischemic stroke patients undergoing stenting of intra- or extracranial arteries were recruited prospectively. Residual platelet reactivity, represented by aspirin reaction units (ARUs) and P2Y12 reaction units (PRUs), was measured serially (6 hours before, immediately after, and 24 hours after the procedure). A loading dosage of aspirin (500 mg) and/or clopidogrel (300 mg) was given 24 hours before the procedure to patients naïve to antiplatelet agents, whereas the usual dosage (aspirin 100 mg and clopidogrel 75 mg) was continued for patients who had previously been taking these agents for more than a week. Diffusion-weighted MRI was performed before and 24 hours after the procedure to detect new SECIs. Clinical characteristics, baseline ARU and PRU values, and the change in ARU and PRU values after stenting were compared between patients with and without SECIs.

Results
Among 69 consecutive patients who underwent neurovascular stent insertion, 41 patients (59.4%) had poststenting SECIs. The lesion was located only at the vascular territory of the stented vessel in 21 patients (51.2%), outside the stented vessel territory in 8 patients (19.5%), and both inside and outside in 12 patients (29.3%). The occurrence of SECIs was not associated with the baseline ARU or PRU value, but was associated with PRU increase after stenting (36 ± 73 vs -12 ± 59, p = 0.007), deployment of a longer stent (31.1 ± 16.5 mm vs 21.8 ± 9.9 mm, p = 0.01), and stent insertion in extracranial arteries (78.1% vs 45.2%, p = 0.008). Stent length (OR 1.066, p = 0.01) and PRU change (OR 1.009, p = 0.04) were independently associated with the occurrence of SECI.

Conclusions
Residual platelet reactivity after dual antiplatelet treatment measured before stenting did not predict poststenting SECI. However, the longer stent and the serial increase of PRU values after stenting were related to SECI. Continuous increase of platelet activation after endovascular procedure may be important in poststent cerebral infarction.
Multilayered Optic Disc Hemorrhages in Adolescents
Authors: Hwang Jiunn-Feng , Lin Chun-Ju 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:
To describe the clinical characteristics of multilayered optic disc hemorrhages, which are defined as subretinal, superficial retinal, and subhyaloid or vitreous hemorrhages in adolescents.

Methods:
Case records of adolescents with acute multilayered optic disc hemorrhages were identified and evaluated retrospectively from 1994 to 2012. The appearance of the hemorrhages including the size, location, extension, and disc anatomy was recorded. Fluorescein angiography, visual field examination, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were performed in select cases.

Results:
Nine boys and 7 girls were included, with a mean age of 15.0 ± 2.6 years. No precipitating factor, such as involuntary Valsalva maneuver, was identified in the majority of patients (93.75%). All eyes were myopic with an average refraction of −4.64 ± 1.88 diopters. Fifteen (93.75%) of the affected optic discs were crowded and tilted with small cups. Peripapillary subretinal hemorrhages were all crescent in shape and located at the nasal disc. Eight (50%) eyes had marked subretinal blood extension exceeding 1 disc diameter away from the disc edge. Superficial flame hemorrhages were predominantly located in the superotemporal part of the disc. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of the disc showed vitreopapillary traction and obvious subretinal hemorrhage with increased thickness. All multilayered optic disc hemorrhages resolved spontaneously.

Conclusions:
Multilayered optic disc hemorrhages in adolescents more commonly affect myopic eyes with crowded and tilted discs. The visual outcome is excellent.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2014;51(5):313–318.]
Effect of General Anesthesia and Muscle Relaxants on Keratometry Measurements Using a Handheld Keratometer
Authors: Al-Haddad Christiane , Jurdy Lama , Farhat Abeer , Farah Fadi , Aouad Marie 
Published: July 2014

Purpose:
Keratometry measurements are often obtained under general anesthesia in the supine position in difficult patients and pediatric procedures. This study investigates the effect of general anesthesia and muscle relaxants on keratometry readings using a handheld keratometer.

Methods:
Fifty patients (with no history of intraocular surgery or corneal pathology) undergoing general anesthesia were prospectively enrolled. Keratometry readings were obtained using the Nidek KM-500 handheld keratometer (Nidek, Inc., Fremont, CA). in three settings: when the patient was awake in the upright and supine positions, and after general anesthesia. Readings were averaged in each eye and compared among the three settings; patients were also subgrouped by whether muscle relaxants were administered at induction. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated and Bland–Altman analysis was performed.

Results:

Keratometry readings were comparable between the upright and supine positions before anesthesia in all groups. In the muscle relaxant group, keratometry readings were flatter after anesthesia and this was statistically significant for right eyes (
P
= .02), but not for left eyes (
P
= .16). In the group with no muscle relaxant, no significant differences were noted. Intraclass correlation coefficients of the differences were high (≥ 0.97) for all eyes in both groups and Bland–Altman plots showed most of the differences to be within the limits of agreement.

Conclusions:
Keratometry readings using the handheld keratometer obtained under general anesthesia were as reliable as readings obtained in the awake state, regardless of posture; administration of muscle relaxants at induction may produce flatter keratometry readings.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2014;51(5):308–312.]
Role of MR spectroscopy in musculoskeletal imaging
Authors: Deshmukh Swati , Subhawong Ty , Carrino John A , Fayad Laura 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMagnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is an imaging approach that allows for the noninvasive molecular characterization of a region of interest. By detecting signals of water, lipids, and other metabolites, MRS can provide metabolic information for lesion characterization and assessment of treatment response. Although MRS has been routinely used in the brain, clinical applications within the musculoskeletal system have only more recently emerged. The aim of this article is to review the technical considerations for performing MRS in the musculoskeletal system, focusing on proton MRS, and to discuss its potential roles in musculoskeletal tumor imaging and the assessment of muscle physiology and disease.
Sharp spectral bounds on starlike domains
Authors: Laugesen Richard S. , Siudeja Bartłomiej A. 
Published: July 2014

We prove sharp bounds on eigenvalues of the Laplacian that complement the Faber–Krahn and Luttinger inequalities. In particular, we prove that the ball maximizes the first eigenvalue and minimizes the spectral zeta function and heat trace. The normalization on the domain incorporates volume and a computable geometric factor that measures the deviation of the domain from roundness, in terms of moment of inertia and a support functional introduced by Pólya and Szegó.
Additional functionals handled by our method include finite sums and products of eigenvalues. The results hold on convex and starlike domains, and for Dirichlet, Neumann or Robin boundary conditions.
Investigation of Synthetic Fingerprint Solutions★
Authors: EISLER STANLEY J. , FAIGEN HARRY L. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The object of this work was to investigate the validity of use of the synthetic fingerprint solution specified in present military establishment specifications. This was accomplished by comparisons with natural fingerprints and other synthetic solutions.
Two or three subjects with the most corrosive fingerprints were selected from the laboratory staff and their fingerprints were used for further comparative tests.
The specification synthetic print was found more difficult to remove than the most active natural print encountered during the tests conducted.
The specification synthetic fingerprint solution and other synthetic solutions investigated, despite moderate differences of concentration and constituency, were equally effective in evaluating fingerprint removing compounds.
On the basis of the limited evidence available, the specification synthetic fingerprint solution corresponds more closely to the concentration and pH of hand secretions normally encountered than do other synthetic solutions, which, in the main, are based on analyses of general body sweat.
Corrosion of Bronze Oil-Sealing Sleeves In Centrifugal Gas Compressors★
Authors: GRECO EDWARD C. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Pipe line dust was suspected as the reason for the frequent failure of phosphor bronze oil-sealing sleeves in centrifugal gas compressors when analyses of oil from the sealing systems showed appreciable quantities of iron sulfide. This was picked up, along with iron oxide and silica, from pipe line dust created by the passage through the line of steel wirebrush scrapers. Corrosion product resulting from the attack by this dust clogged up oil passages and caused failure of the sleeves.
Laboratory tests with oil from the seal oil system were made with copper strips. These tests indicated the dusts picked up by the oils were responsible for the corrosion.
Tests with both seal oil and scrubber oils on mild steel, aluminum, Monel, Inconel and nickel showed these suffered no attack. A cellulose-type filter was substituted for the previously used Fuller's earth filter in the seal oil system and after 7 months' observation was found to be substantially more efficient than the Fuller's earth. Meehanite oil seal rings were substituted for the phosphor bronze sleeves and the failures due to iron sulfides were eliminated.
Radiometric Study of Phosphate Coatings Formed on Steel in Pretreatment Baths★
Authors: BOYD THOMAS F. , GALAN MICHAEL , MARKOWITZ LEONARD 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An investigation has been made of the amount of phosphate coating formed on steel by various rustinhibiting solutions. The treatments used were phosphoric acid, phosphoric acid with sodium dichromate and sodium nitrite with diammonium phosphate and with sodium phosphates. No correlation was found between the amount of phosphate coating formed and corrosion resistance. The nature of the coating appears to be the significant factor. The most corrosion resistant coatings were formed by diammonium phosphate-sodium nitrite and sodium phosphate-sodium nitrite treatments, the least by phosphoric acid alone.
Corrosion Control in Gas Lift Wells★
Authors: SHOCK D. A. , SUDBURY J. D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Conditions in gas lift wells producing appreciable proportions of water are reviewed. Principal corrodent is reported to be carbon dioxide and certain peculiarities of gas lift wells are enumerated. Because of the importance of the ionic composition and chemical content of produced waters, especially those of Gulf Coast wells, the scaling problem associated with these wells is an important consideration in devising inhibitive practices.
Because a current statistical analysis indicates about 4000 Gulf Coast gas lift wells probably are already corrosive and because it is expected that 16,000 ultimately will be corrosive the authors point out a potential corrosion damage of as much as $16,000,000 annually.
Chemicals used to inhibit corrosion in these wells must have the faculty of penetrating the column of oil and water standing in the well. Laboratory experiments using a model gas lift well and actual produced fluids are described. Some currently available inhibitors have the disadvantage of forming insoluble salts with the calcium and magnesium ions and thus their use is precluded. Furthermore these compounds have not proved stable at reservoir temperatures.
Arsenical inhibitors consisting of solutions of sodium arsenite and sodium polyphosphate which proved in tests to be an adequate inhibitor, subsequently were the cause of such difficulties, their use was abandoned generally. Continued tests in two wells indicated they could be used when properly diluted if treatment was continuous and batch fed. Arsenic precipitation was seen as a possible bad effect but reversion of polyphosphates was not encountered. Further there was some suspicion arsenic from these inhibitors resulted in the poisoning of the catalyst in a catalytic cracker. Subsequently it was learned the standard electrical desalting process effectively removes the arsenic.
Investigations of organic polar compounds weighted with ethylene glycol resulted in the Continental Oil Company developing its own inhibitors. One of these is being tested in a 7600-foot well.
Effect of Minor Constituents on the Intergranular Corrosion Of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: HEGER J. J. , HAMILTON J. L 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Results of standard laboratory tests of the corrosion resistance of 18-8 stainless steel indicate the precipitation of minor constituents other than chromium carbide may be significant. Results achieved appear to disagree with those of Bain, Rutherford and Aborn and indicate freedom from intergranular corrosion may be expected only if carbon content is below 0.009 percent, instead of the 0.02 percent they predicted.
Tests showed sensitized 18-8 Mo steel containing 0.03 percent maximum carbon content to be corroded in nitric acid at about the same rates as higher carbon 18-8 Mo steels. Metallographic studies using the corroding solution as an etchant indicated that the delta ferrite-austenite grain boundaries were severely attacked with complete loss of some delta ferrite grains. It is postulated that during sensitization some minor constituent forms at grain boundaries of low carbon 18-8 Mo steels and apparently greater at the boundaries separating the delta ferrite from the austenite.
The need for an instrument capable of making microchemical analyses is mentioned.
Cathodic Protection of Open Box Coolers
Authors: ZUTPHEN J. P. H. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Application of cathodic protection to exterior surfaces of tubes used to cool ammonia gas at pressures of 280 to 300 atmospheres is described. Because of space and other considerations, graphite anodes and impregnated graphite anodes were employed.
Heavy deposits of salts occurred initially on tube areas nearest anodes but little on surfaces farther away because of close spacing of anodes and tubes. When current was reduced, deposits diminished and heat transfer rates improved. A seasonal variation in the salt content of the cooling water resulted in an increase in resistance of the water and a corresponding decrease in the polarization of the tubes. This allowed corrosion of tubes farthest from anodes which was stopped when the anodes were relocated outward from tube surfaces to give better current distribution and output of selenium rectifiers was increased to return potential to design —850 millivolts.
Success of initial experiments with the coolers resulted in application of cathodic protection to new and larger coolers when plant capacity was inreased.
Material Selection for Condenser Tubes★
Authors: TODHUNTER HAROLD A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Factors involved in the design and operation of sea water condensers are discussed. These include water conditions and design factors which may affect condenser tubes life. Effect of water velocity is surveyed and a study is given of relative costs of cooling water systems for different velocities. Specific cases are cited involving Los Angeles Harbor water including methods considered and used to regulate animal and plant life. Effects of chemicals, galvanic action and design of tubes of various alloys are explored. Economic data involved are cost of fuel, generating capacity, expectant life of plant and other criteria. An appendix gives a brief history of 1500 tubes installed in a sea water condenser in August, 1947.
Design Against Atmospheric Corrosion★
Authors: RUDOLF HENRY T. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Specific recommendations for construction of metallic surfaces exposed to corrosion are made. The author points out total exposed areas may be reducd by adopting the proper shapes of structural members, by enclosing with planar plates structures including angles and braces. Seal welding is recommended.
The design engineer is warned to keep in mind structures exposed to atmosphere ultimately require surface preparation and that an effort should be made to minimize inaccessible areas. Consideration should be given to the need for ultimate painting by providing as many plane surfaces as possible. Welding is favored over riveting. Specific recommendations are made concerning design which offer the best possible way of minimizing corrosion damage.
Corrosion of Gasoline Engine Exhaust Valve Steels★
Authors: ALLEN C. H. , TAUSCHEK M. J. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The corrosive environment surrounding the exhaust valves in gasoline engines is considered in connection with the types of corrosion that can occur there. Included in the discussion are valve face, valve head, valve stem and weld junction corrosion.
A method of evaluating the corrosion resistance of exhaust valve steels is given. The effect of analysis variation in the chromium-nickel, chromium-nickel-manganese and chromium-nickel-cobalt steels as it influences corrosion is presented. Other matters discussed include the influence of silicon on the corrosion of valve steels, the effect of a variation in nickel-iron content on aircraft valves, and the use of valve rotators in reducing exhaust valve corrosion.
Potential Criteria for the Cathodic Protection Of Lead Cable Sheath★
Authors: COMPTON K. G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
A report is made of the study of the static and dynamic potentials of lead cable sheath in 48 soils from various sections of the United States. Soils have been selected as representative of those actually in contact with cable sheaths. Anodic and cathodic polarization curves in representative soils, using a null bridge technique, are given to illustrate the potential changes accompanying corrosion and cathodic protection. Data indicate that significant corrosion may occur at potentials near the static potential of the lead sheath for that particular soil. To achieve cathodic protection it appears that the lead sheath should be polarized about 100 millivolts more negative than its static potential in the particular soil. In most soils this would require polarization to about 700 millivolts negative to the saturated copper-copper sulfate, electrode. 5.2.4
The Determination of the Effect of A New Grass Killer on Application Equipment★
Authors: KELLY J. A. , FALKENSTEIN W. J. , CARR J. P. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Laboratory tests have been conducted to determine the possible corrosive effect of aqueous solutions of Dalapon sodium salt (sodium 2,2-dichloropropionate), a new grass killer, on the metals present in typical agricultural field sprayers. From preliminary study, it was concluded that solutions of the chemical could be used in agricultural field sprayers of standard construction with little effect on the materials of construction. In order to corroborate these findings, a standard production model agricultural field sprayer was obtained from the John Bean Division, Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation, for test purposes. The sprayer was operated for a period of four weeks using standard concentrations of Dalapon sodium salt in water and observations were made. From these data and from observation of the disassembled sprayer after testing, it is concluded that the chemical exhibited slight but not significant effect on the materials of construction.
Navy Experimental Work with Cathodic Protection★
Authors: GESSOW IRVING D. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
An account is given of work done by the Navy Bureau of Ships with cathodic protection of active and reserve ships. Because it is difficult to dissociate costs for maintenance and corrosion protection it is impossible to say whether or not the cost of cathodic protection of active ships is merited. Because corrosion damage to hulls seldom is considered except when perforations occur, or in destroyers and sub-marines where plates are thinner and original dimensions more critical, there is some belief that cathodic protection for all ships cannot be justified on a cost basis.
With inactive ships, however, the reverse is true. Indefinite extension of drydocking times, the interval contingent on the exhaustion of anti-fouling paints, is anticipated. Initial cost of cathodic protection of active destroyers, submarines, and five types of reserve ships is tabulated. Details of cathodic protection systems for reserve ships are given. Criteria of protection differ somewhat from the accepted standards. In polluted waters inactive ships may require a potential in excess of 1 volt, while in other high resistivity waters 0.85 to 0.95 volts are sufficient. Some data are given on the cathodic protection of active ships. Merits of sacrificial anodes versus impressed current are listed. Extensive further activity in cathodically protecting active ships is contingent on the outcome of trials now under way.
Positive-Polarity Grounding of Direct Current Supply Requirements In Mining Traction Systems★
Authors: GIBSON SIDNEY A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Serious corrosion of mine traction systems using positive-polarity grounding of direct current supply equipment is described. Abnormally increased costs from excessive trolley insulator failures and a safety hazard resulting from possible formation of pure metallic sodium or potassium in corrosion products are reported.
As a consequence of these conditions, Tennessee Coal and Iron Division of U. S. Steel Corporation has converted the only two of its mines in which the traction systems were designed for positive-polarity grounding of negative-polarity trolleys.
Reasons for the installation in mines of positive-polarity systems are given. Illustrations show how the corrosive electrolysis destroys the rock in which trolley supports are fastened.
Tests indicate the presence of pure sodium or potassium in corrosion products. These metals will cause skinburns and when bits of the crusty deposit formed on the insulator fell into pools of water on the mine floor an explosive reaction accompanied by flame occurred.
The extent of possible economic effects of these corrosive reactions on the mine transport systems are given.