bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends and Characteristics of the State and Local Public Health Workforce, 2010–2013
Authors: Beck Angela J. , Boulton Matthew L. 
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We assessed state and local public health workforce characteristics by occupational category from 2010 to 2013. We also examined health department characteristics to determine whether workforce size and composition varied across these domains. Methods. We analyzed Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (2010, 2012) and National Association of County and City Health Officials (2010, 2013) profile study data, including 47 state health departments and 2005 and 1953 local health departments (LHDs) in 2010 and 2013, respectively. We determined number of workers and percentage of change by occupation, population size, geographic region, and governance structure. Results. The LHD workforce remained stable between 2010 and 2013. In states, the workforce decreased by 4%, with notable decreases in public information (−33%) and public health informatics (−29%); state health departments in small (−9%), New England (−13%), and centralized (−7%) states reported the largest decrease in number of workers. Conclusions. Study findings provide evidence of a shifting public health workforce profile, primarily at the state level. Future research should seek to explain changing workforce patterns and determine whether they are planned or forced responses to changing budgets and service priorities.
Building the Evidence for Decision-Making: The Relationship Between Local Public Health Capacity and Community Mortality
Authors: Schenck Anna P. , Meyer Anne Marie , Kuo Tzy-Mey , Cilenti Dorothy 
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We examined associations between local health department (LHD) spending, staffing, and services and community health outcomes in North Carolina. Methods. We analyzed LHD investments and community mortality in North Carolina from 2005 through 2010. We obtained LHD spending, staffing, and services data from the National Association of City and County Health Officials 2005 and 2008 profile surveys. Five mortality rates were constructed using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention mortality files, North Carolina vital statistics data, and census data for LHD service jurisdictions: heart disease, cancer, diabetes, pneumonia and influenza, and infant mortality. Results. Spending, staffing, and services varied widely by location and over time in the 85 North Carolina LHDs. A 1% increase in full-time-equivalent staffing (per 1000 population) was associated with decrease of 0.01 infant deaths per 1000 live births (P < .05). Provision of women and children’s services was associated with a reduction of 1 to 2 infant deaths per 1000 live births (P < .05). Conclusions. Our findings, in the context of other studies, provide support for investment in local public health services to improve community health.
Local Health Department Food Safety and Sanitation Expenditures and Reductions in Enteric Disease, 2000–2010
Authors: Bekemeier Betty , Yip Michelle Pui-Yan , Dunbar Matthew D. , Whitman Greg , Kwan-Gett Tao 
Published: February 2015

Objectives. In collaboration with Public Health Practice–Based Research Networks, we investigated relationships between local health department (LHD) food safety and sanitation expenditures and reported enteric disease rates. Methods. We combined annual infection rates for the common notifiable enteric diseases with uniquely detailed, LHD-level food safety and sanitation annual expenditure data obtained from Washington and New York state health departments. We used a multivariate panel time-series design to examine ecologic relationships between 2000–2010 local food safety and sanitation expenditures and enteric diseases. Our study population consisted of 72 LHDs (mostly serving county-level jurisdictions) in Washington and New York. Results. While controlling for other factors, we found significant associations between higher LHD food and sanitation spending and a lower incidence of salmonellosis in Washington and a lower incidence of cryptosporidiosis in New York. Conclusions. Local public health expenditures on food and sanitation services are important because of their association with certain health indicators. Our study supports the need for program-specific LHD service-related data to measure the cost, performance, and outcomes of prevention efforts to inform practice and policymaking.
Public Health Accreditation: Rubber Stamp or Roadmap for Improvement
Authors: Carman Angela L. , Timsina Lava 
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We identified the characteristics of local health departments (LHDs) that intended to seek accreditation, and also examined the association between that intent and a complete community health assessment (CHA), community health improvement plan, agency strategic plan, or other specific accreditation requirements. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2010 profile survey of LHDs conducted by the National Association of County and City Health Officials (n = 267). Results. Those LHDs that conducted a CHA (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.38, 1.00; P = .05) and developed a strategic plan (AOR = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.12, 0.74; P = .01) were less likely to have an intent to pursue accreditation in the first 2 years of the program. By contrast, those LHDs that were engaged in quality improvement (QI) activities were approximately 2.6 times more likely to pursue accreditation compared with those LHDs that did not have any QI activities (P < .001). Conclusions. Based on our findings, national public health accreditation might be the vehicle LHDs could use to improve their operating environments, better manage their resources, and reap the rewards associated with meeting national industry standards.
Experience and Perspectives of Deepwater Smart Fields Management
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: February 2015

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper OTC 24078, ’Smart Fields Management in Deepwater Field: Experience and Perspectives,’ by Emmanuel Udofia, SPE, Olatunbosun Oni, Abdul Samad Chaker, and Ogbole Oghedegbe, Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company, prepared for the 2013 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 6-9 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Smart Fields, Shell’s version of the digital oil field, aims to provide an operating field with the capabilities to optimize production in the short term and maximize lifecycle value in the long term. This paper describes field experiences and perspectives on a Smart Fields implementation for the Bonga deepwater field and uses the results of a post-implementation study to evaluate the business effects and lessons learned after 5 years.
Introduction
The digital-oilfield process involves continuous production optimization of an asset or group of assets through integration of people, tools, and process.
Shell’s version of the digital-oilfield process is called Smart Fields. Smart Fields began with the installation and monitoring of control systems in wells. This has expanded to cover field management and has been formulated as a value loop, as shown in Fig. 1.
The value-loop concept describes how the respective components that make up the Smart Fields (technology, people, and process) are linked to meet business objectives. In the production and operation phase, Smart Fields covers diverse solutions. However, the standard solution comes in the form of the Smart Fields Foundation Mark 1, which forms the building blocks for smartness of the field for real-time well monitoring and optimization, data acquisition and model- based optimization, virtual metering, production allocation, and integrated-production-system modeling (IPSM).
The standard Smart Fields Foundation Mark 1 architecture (Fig. 2) gives a clear description of the structure that makes up this system. The architecture is divided into the process and office domains with the data-acquisition-and-control architecture (DACA), which is the cybersecurity system that provides the secure link between office and the field. Customized work flows guide the staff with the proper steps in executing the process and collaboration at the right moment and thereby assist the assets in obtaining the overall benefit of Smart Fields deployment.
Use of Dynamic Simulations To Prepare a Dual-Gradient-System Field Trial
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: February 2015

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 25360, ’Dynamic Simulations of New Well-Control Procedures Used To Prepare a Dual-Gradient-System Field Trial,’ by J.H. Cohen and R. Stave, Enhanced Drilling, and E. Hauge, J.M. Godhavn, and D.O. Molde, Statoil, prepared for the 2014 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 5-8 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper reports results of a well-control study for a program to develop a dual-gradient- drilling (DGD) system known as controlled mud pressure (CMP). Conventional well control may not be possible when using dual-gradient systems, because a chokeline full of heavy mud may fracture the formation, making well control a major obstacle to implementing DGD offshore. The project developed several well-control methods, and one was selected for field testing after a risk-assessment process with the operator.
Introduction
While DGD solves many deepwater drilling problems relating to wellbore pressure (please see the complete paper for a discussion of the principles and applications of DGD), it may require new procedures for well control. This depends on water depth and how much the mud weight is increased. New well-control procedures will be necessary because the heavier drilling fluid in the well will exceed the formation’s fracture- pressure gradient if allowed to fill the chokeline and create a full column back to the surface. This potentially dangerous condition can result in formation breakdown and potential loss of well control.
It is also possible to apply DGD without extending casing depth. In this case, DGD will provide increased margins, and in some cases conventional well-control procedures may be applied.
DGD Well Control
Well-control procedures for DGD vary depending on the equipment and the exact nature of the DGD process, but for seafloor subsea-pump-based systems, the basics are well-documented in the literature. CMP uses a subsea pump to return drilling fluid and cuttings exiting the well to the surface.
Technology Focus: Oilfield Chemistry (September 2014)
Authors: Wylde Jonathan 
Published: February 2015

Technology Focus
Sulfide scales are becoming more prevalent in the oilfield environment. There are several reasons for this, including higher-pressure and -temperature fields being developed, which can be associated with the formation of zinc and lead sulfide; fields maturing, with iron sulfide being often associated with old mature waterflooded fields; and sour production becoming more commonplace, resulting in more-challenging integrity management.
Little comprehensive research has been conducted on sulfide scales when compared to that concerning conventional carbonate- and sulfate-scale species. Perhaps this is partly because of the challenge of studying these materials in the laboratory and the perception that iron sulfide formation in the oil field is protective of tubulars and production equipment.
As the prevalence of these scales increases, so too does the focus being placed on them by the industry, academia, and independent research groups. However, a lot of space remains for innovation and understanding.
Today, the correct mitigation and cleanup methods can be selected most appropriately only on the basis of accurate root-cause-of-failure analysis. Generally, no single solution can be applied to all systems because the root causes differ from system to system. Commonality exists, however, insofar as a combination of dissolver/chelant and surfactant is nearly always needed for cleanup of the typically oil-wet scale.
Control methods have focused very much on indirect techniques of removing one of the scaling species, such as chelation and sequestration of either the metal cation or the sulfide in order to reduce supersaturation. However, as the formation environments become more severe, these methods are being found to be increasingly challenging as they typically involve stoichiometric amounts of preventive chemicals. More recently, however, threshold inhibitors are starting to be reported in the literature, including some very promising chemistry evaluations from several research groups. Critical to success here is the accurate testing in the laboratory that best approximates field conditions. Unlike with conventional scale types, this is very easy to get wrong, so great care must be taken when intending to realize conformity between laboratory testing and success in the field. One thing is certain: More work needs to be performed by the industry before it can be said that control of these scales is understood and is as easy to manage as it is for conventional scale species. JPT
Kinetics and Inhibition of Ferrous Sulfide Nucleation and Precipitation
Authors: Denney Dennis 
Published: February 2015

This article, written by Dennis Denney, contains highlights of paper SPE 169748, ’Kinetics and Inhibition of Ferrous Sulfide Nucleation and Precipitation,’ by Qiliang Wang, Zhang Zhang, Amy Kan, SPE, and Mason Tomson, SPE, Rice University, prepared for the 2014 SPE International Oilfield Scale Conference and Exhibition, Aberdeen, 14-15 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Ferrous sulfide (FeS) precipitation increases during shale-gas and -oil production because of increased biologically and thermally induced sulfide production. Although FeS scale is abundant, little is understood about its precipitation and inhibition properties. A plug-flow apparatus adds reliable data to the limited database of scaling kinetics in flowing pipes, and it provides a new method to study the effect of inhibitors in oil-production systems.
Introduction
During oil production, mineral-salt precipitation (scale) builds up inside wellbores. It is very difficult to study the formation and inhibition of FeS because the experiments must be performed under rigorous anoxic conditions and the induction time is very short. Compared with common oilfield scales, FeS scale has distinctive characteristics. FeS can cause galvanic corrosion in the presence of water. FeS has several crystalline forms with different sulfur/iron ratios that result in different solubilities of FeS. Additionally, FeS particles are oil-wet and can be coated easily with oil or hydrocarbons; these coatings can act as a diffusion barrier that retards acid reaction with the scale.
To evaluate the risk of scaling in pipes, a plug-flow apparatus was used to investigate CaCO3-scale precipitation on stainless-steel tubes. In the study of CaCO3, a precoated plug-flow reactor provided a constant composition at the tubing exit, including constant pH, saturation index (SI), ionic strength, and surface area. The plug-flow system provided a feasible approach to study the kinetics of initial attachment and crystal growth. FeS had not been studied with a plug-flow system; therefore, it was important to develop a plug-flow setup to investigate FeS formation and precipitation, enhancing the limited database of scaling kinetics in flowing pipes.
To eliminate the influence of scale on oil production, scale inhibitors often are needed to minimize the scale buildup. The controlling method of scale inhibitors is to delay, reduce, or prevent scale formation. Scale inhibitors can prevent further growth of scale crystals by adsorbing onto the surface of the crystals. In addition to scale inhibitors, dispersants and chelating agents are applied to sequester metal cations, preventing them from reacting with anions. The objectives of this research were to investigate the effects related to the driving force on FeS precipitation in batch and plug-flow systems, and to conduct a series of laboratory studies on scale-inhibition approaches for FeS by use of commercial scale inhibitors and chelating agents.
Estimation of local cyclic plasticity based on a coupled EBSD and TEM analysis*
Authors: Bouquerel Jeremie , Léaux Foriane , Vogt Jean-Bernard , Palleschi Frederic 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
In the present work, a novel approach is adopted to evaluate the low cycle fatigue (LCF) damage at a mesoscopic scale. The fatigue behavior of a ferritic steel has been studied and damage criteria were assessed by a metallurgical approach that combines two analysis techniques: transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). After characterizing the cyclic behavior of the material for different loading parameters at a total strain range varying from 0.3 % to 0.7 %, the microstructure evolution induced by the cyclic plasticity was studied in a multi-scale investigation. Here, TEM and SEM-EBSD give complementary information about the link between macroscopic fatigue behavior and microstructure changes. TEM shows a clear indication of the dislocations structures related to fatigue damage. SEM-EBSD completes the investigation by giving quantitative data associated to local deformation. This relation enables to determine plastic strain assessment, for example, of industrial components.
Prolific Faltering in F. X. Svoboda’s Prose and Its International Context [Fertile questionnement dans la prose de F. X. Svoboda et le contexte international]
Authors: Pospíšil Ivo 
Published: February 2015

Fertile questionnement dans la prose de F. X. Svoboda et le contexte international
L’auteur étudie les premiers textes en prose de F. X. Svoboda (1860-1943) situés à la frontière entre le réalisme et le modernisme, entre une présentation traditionnelle de la réalité et des tendances novatrices. Il attire l’attention sur leur orientation générique, marquée par l’influence des chroniques, et évoque des parallèles de ce genre de narration dans les littératures allemande, anglaise, scandinaves et slaves. Il prend en considération leur ouverture vers des réflexions psychologiques connues d’un réalisme tardif, mais parfois proches également du préroman- tisme et du sentimentalisme. L’oeuvre de Svoboda correspond à l’atmosphère de la littérature tchèque de l’époque, qui, en s’inspirant de divers courants littéraires européens, a pu rappeler la situation en Russie sous Pierre le Grand, où la littérature classique a commencé à se rattacher à la sphère culturelle occidentale. La fonction emblématique de Prague et de la campagne tchèque de même que la représentation de personnages complexes et neurasthéniques, avec la mise en valeur de motifs sexuels, aboutissent dans les premières chroniques de Svoboda, la Floraison (Rozkvět, 1898) et la Rivière
(Řeka, 1903-1905), à une conception de la vie plus ou moins décadente, caractéristique des contradictions de la littérature tchèque entre le Renouveau national et le modernisme. En même temps elles annoncent, quoique discrètement, un avenir artistique prometteur.
Hydraulic Monitoring and Well Control Event Detection Using Model Based Analysis
Authors: Todorov D. , Thonhauser G. 
Published: February 2015

During the past decades the challenges involved in the petroleum exploration and production have dramatically increased. Extreme operating conditions such as highly deviated wells, deep water drilling or narrow pressure windows force the necessity for automatic and smart systems in order to successfully and safely accomplish all tasks. Solutions for such issues are provided by automatic monitoring and well control event detection systems which can significantly simplify the drilling process and unfold a new level of response time. The major challenge in hydraulic modeling is mainly due to the fact, that representing real conditions in a mathematical model is difficult to achieve. Careful parameter selection and required mathematical approximations is critical for the success of the model.
This paper presents a new approach, supporting the driller in monitoring the hydraulic system and in the recognition of well control events at an early stage such, that proper counteractions can be initiated before any damage occurs. In this respect, a hydraulic real-time monitor based on sensor data has been developed, using artificial neural networks to compute, recognize and predict abnormal events in the wellbore. Preceding the numerical simulation, a data reliability and quality routine is initiated which assures the best use of the provided source data.
The results of these advanced modeling techniques are presented to the driller, providing a detailed real time wellbore hydraulic overview including information on pump requirements, fracture and pore pressure limitations and hole cleaning requirements. Additionally the stand pipe pressure readings are overlaid on the calculated safe operating window, thus giving clear and accurate information of the hydraulic status in real time. The sufficient level of accuracy combined with a clear interface enables the driller to initiate immediate counteractions. In addition, the abnormal event recognition option contributes significantly to the drilling performance optimization.
Successful management of pregnancy and hepatic toxicity in a CML female patient treated with nilotinib : a case report and a review
Authors: Santorsola Domenico , Abruzzese Elisabetta 
Published: February 2015

We report a case of a young patient with HBV hepatopathy, diagnosed with CML in March 2006 and treated with imatinib 400mg/die as first line therapy with concomitant Lamivudine. Patient obtained a complete hematologic response (CHR) in 2 months, complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) in six months and major molecular response (MMR) at 24 months. After three years of treatment she became imatinib intolerant and resistant. In November 2009 patient started nilotinib 400mg/BID. Patient tolerated well the new molecule never experiencing hepatic impairment. After switching to nilotinib she reached in 12 months transcript reduction more than 3 log (MMR). Even if patient had been informed of the need of continuous therapy and to use effective methods of contraception during TKI treatment, in 2012 she decided to plan a pregnancy. In August 2012 a MR4 was documented and treatment discontinued before starting pregnancy. She was observed throughout her pregnancy. The disease remained stable achieving an undetectable transcript level; she delivered a healthy boy in September 2013. Treatment with nilotinib was re-started three months after delivery and she is still in molecular remission (MR5). A complete discussion of the case and the available literature will be presented.
EFFECTS OF BIOPOLYMER KERATIN WASTE SOURCES IN XNBR COMPOUNDS
Authors: Prochoń MirosŁawa , Ntumba Yves Hervé Tshela 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
The properties of three prepared biopolymers were compared for use as fillers for XNBR: cattle hair keratin derived from tanning industry wastes, its hydrolysate, and the hydrolysate of bird feathers obtained from poultry wastes. The incorporation of the prepared biopolymers into XNBR elastomer results in new composites that have good strength parameters, ranging from 13 to 16 MPa, and that are resistant to thermal aging and the action of oils and fuels. An additional feature of these composites is their increased susceptibility to the action of microorganisms; consequently, they are more easily biodegradable.