bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeding preferences of an invasive Ponto‐Caspian goby for native and non‐native gammarid prey
Authors: Błońska Dagmara , Grabowska Joanna , Kobak Jarosław , Jermacz Łukasz , Bącela‐Spychalska Karolina 
Published: July 2015

Summary

When an invasive predator encounters native and invasive prey, two scenarios are possible: the predator may benefit from the presence of naïve native prey or choose prey from its region of origin, reflecting their common evolutionary history.

To determine interactions between an invasive predator and native and invasive prey, we used the Ponto‐Caspian racer goby Babka gymnotrachelus as predator and gammarids as prey: native Gammarus fossarum and Ponto‐Caspian Dikerogammarus villosus and Pontogammarus robustoides. We hypothesised that prey origin would affect fish preferences and growth rate and conducted a series of laboratory experiments on fish predation and growth and estimated profitability of prey of different origin.

The goby preferred native prey to the Ponto‐Caspian gammarids, irrespective of prey motility, the presence of shelters or waterborne chemical cues. Moreover, fish grew better when fed native prey.

Thus, we suggest that fish selectivity was based on the assessment of prey quality during direct contact with gammarids. A diet consisting of Ponto‐Caspian gammarids did not facilitate an invader originating from the same region, which benefited more from the presence of a local prey species.

Ponto‐Caspian gammarids and gobies are successful invaders in inland waters, usually main rivers. The gobies, in contrast to the invasive gammarids, enter smaller tributaries that serve as refugia for native gammarids. We show that the gobies may benefit from the presence of native prey species in such locations.
Identifying the Flypaper Effect in the Presence of Spatial Dependence: Evidence from Education inChina's Counties
Authors: Yu Yihua , Wang Jing , Tian Xi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn the context ofChina without a median voter system, this study examines whether the “flypaper effect,” an unconditional lump‐sum grant from the upper governments to the county governments increases spending in a greater proportion than an equivalent rise in local income, holds true inChina. UsingChina's county‐level education data during 2007, the models have been estimated using a spatial econometric technique that accounts for spatial interaction behavior on public education expenditure across local governments. We find that, in the presence of spatial interdependence, there is no evidence of a “flypaper effect” when different spatial weighting schemes and the endogeneity problem of education grants are accounted for. Rather, the “anti‐flypaper effect” is found. Important policy implications are drawn forChina's fiscal decentralization reform.
The Rise of Urban Entrepreneurs in China: Capital Endowments and Entry Dynamics
Authors: Liu Cathy Yang , Huang Xi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe rapid expansion of self‐employment has accompanied the rise of a market economy in urban China. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the state‐owned enterprises' share of the country's gross domestic product has declined from over 90 percent in 1978 to below 50 percent in 2005. Urban entrepreneurship and self‐employment is an emerging force that is shaping the economic and physical form of Chinese cities but is understudied in the academic literature. Using the 2007 Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) data, we investigate the rate and scale of urban entrepreneurship across Chinese cities, as well as the characteristics and earnings associated with self‐employment as compared to wage employment. We pay particular attention to the financial capital, human capital, and social capital factors underlying entrepreneurial entry and distinguish between “necessity entrepreneurs” and “opportunity entrepreneurs” and their respective socioeconomic characteristics.
Purulent pericarditis and pericardiac tamponade in a pregnant hemodialysis patient: A case report
Authors: Adam Fatma Ulku , Avci Begum , Koc Mevlut 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBacterial pericarditis is rare in chronic hemodialysis and has poor prognosis. In this case, we report a pregnant hemodialysis patient who developed purulent bacterial pericarditis and pericardiac tamponade in the 28th week of her pregnancy, and who had delivered a healthy living baby.
A maintenance hemodialysis diabetic patient with unexplained pulmonary and gastrointestinal involvement
Authors: Yuvaraj Anand , Abraham Georgi , Kurien Abraham , Koshy Priyanka , Nair Sanjeev , Ghosh Sudhakshina 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA 50‐year‐old man with diabetes mellitus with diabetic retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, and end‐stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis, presented with persistent cough and hiccups, continued to be unwell with weight loss, poor appetite, and recurrent respiratory symptoms such as wheezing and cough. Whole body positron emission tomography‐computed tomography scan showed metabolically active lesions in liver, stomach/lesser sac, pancreas, and left sixth rib. As he had repeated bilateral transudative pleural effusion, left mini thoracotomy with pleural biopsy showed no evidence of granuloma or malignancy. Upper gastroscopy showed tiny gastric polyp; biopsy revealed benign lesion. Left posterior rib biopsy from the lesion and iliac crest biopsy showed no evidence of malignancy or granuloma. Further evaluation showed plasma chromogranin A −5737 μg/L (<100 μg/L) with a repeat value of 6950 μg/L (<100 μg/L). He was initiated on oral sunitinib 25 mg once a day and injection octreotide 20 mg subcutaneously once a month. The plasma chromogranin A level and his symptoms, however, showed an initial improvement, but gradually worsened after 4 months despite being on treatment. After 6 months, the patient developed a gangrenous lesion of his glans penis with necrosis. Due to severe pain on conservative measures, penectomy with perineal urethrostomy was performed. Biopsy of the lesion showed blood vessels with intimal calcifications and thrombosis suggesting penile necrosis.
Lopinavir and atazanavir in pregnancy: comparable infant outcomes, virological efficacies and preterm delivery rates
Authors: Perry MEO , Taylor GP , Sabin CA , Conway K , Flanagan S , Dwyer E , Stevenson J , Mulka L , McKendry A , Williams E , Barbour A , Dermont S , Roedling S , Shah R , Anderson J , Rodgers M , Wood C , Sarner L , Hay P , Hawkins D , deRuiter A 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to identify differences in infant outcomes, virological efficacy, and preterm delivery (PTD) outcome between women exposed to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) and those exposed to atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r).MethodsA retrospective case note review was carried out. The case notes of 493 women who conceived while on LPV/r or ATV/r or initiated LPV/r or ATV/r during pregnancy and who delivered between 1 September 2007 and 30 August 2012 were reviewed. Data collected included demographics, antiretroviral use, HIV markers, and pregnancy and infant outcomes. Infant outcomes, virological efficacies and PTD rates for LPV/r and ATV/r were compared.ResultsA total of 306 women received LPV/r (82 conceiving while on the drug and 224 commencing it post‐conception) and 187 received ATV/r (96 conceiving while on the drug and 91 commencing it post‐conception). Comparing the two protease inhibitors (PIs), viral suppression rates were similar and, in women starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) post‐conception, the median times to first undetectable HIV viral load were not significantly different (P = 0.64). PTD rates did not differ by therapy overall (ATV/r, 13%; LPV/r, 14%) or when considering the timing of first exposure (conceiving on ART, P = 0.81; commencing ART in pregnancy, P = 0.08). Poor fetal outcomes were very uncommon. There were two transmissions, giving a mother‐to‐child transmission (MTCT) rate of 0.4% (95% confidence interval 0.05–1.5%).ConclusionsBoth ART regimens were well tolerated and successful in preventing MTCT. No significant differences in tolerability or in pregnancy or infant outcomes were observed, which supports the provision of a choice of PI in pregnancy.
Do adolescents who are night owls have a higher risk of dental caries? – a case–control study
Authors: Lundgren A‐M , Öhrn K , Jönsson B 
Published: July 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe aim was to evaluate the association between circadian rhythm and the risk of caries in adolescents, as well as their dietary and toothbrushing habits.MethodsA group of 196 adolescents (15 and 16 years old) were divided into two equal groups based on caries risk (case = high risk; and control = low risk). Before their dental examinations, they were asked to complete a questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions on circadian rhythm, dietary and oral self‐care habits, and demographic variables. The participants were divided into three circadian types: evening types who are alert in the evening and tired in the morning; morning types who are the opposite; and neutral types who are neither particularly alert in the evening nor extremely tired in the morning.ResultsThe most common sleep‐cycle group type was neutral (50%). After this came evening types (37%) and finally morning types (13%). Morning and neutral types reported more frequently than evening types that they had breakfast every morning and brushed their teeth twice a day. More evening types were categorized as at high risk of caries. Circadian rhythm, breakfast habits and toothbrushing frequency were associated with a high risk of caries. The predicted probability of being at high risk of caries was almost four times higher for evening types than for morning types (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.3–10.9).ConclusionAdolescents who belonged to the evening circadian rhythm group brushed their teeth more seldom, ate breakfast less regularly and had a higher risk of caries than morning types. A patient's circadian rhythm should be considered when planning oral health education for adolescents with a high risk of caries.
Multiple periradicular radiolucencies mimicking endodontic lesions in renal osteodystrophy of the mandible: a case report
Authors: Jalali P. , Kim S. G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo report a finding of multiple periapical radiolucencies mimicking endodontic lesions in a patient with renal osteodystrophy of the mandible.SummaryA 47‐year‐old woman was referred by her general dentist to the postgraduate endodontic clinic for assessment and root canal treatment of multiple teeth with associated periapical radiolucencies. The patient's medical history included chronic renal failure. All mandibular teeth with periapical radiolucencies except tooth 37 had positive responses to pulp sensibility testing. A diagnosis of pulpal necrosis and associated periapical periodontitis was made on tooth 37, and root canal treatment was carried out. To determine the possible relationship between the patient's renal disease and the multiple periapical radiolucencies, an additional physician consultation and laboratory tests were requested. Secondary hyperparathyroidism was confirmed with the laboratory report showing an elevated level of parathyroid hormone and a normal serum calcium level. Renal osteodystrophy of the mandible caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism was the probable aetiology of the multiple mandibular periapical radiolucencies, and no root canal treatment was required.
Key learning points

Renal osteodystrophy of the mandible caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism can present as multiple periapical radiolucencies but is a rare finding.

Diverse orofacial manifestations such as loss of lamina dura, widening of periodontal ligament and demineralization of bone can be observed in renal osteodystrophy.

Thorough clinical and radiographic assessment along with the review of patient's medical history and haematological analysis is essential for the diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy.
The use of a single‐step regenerative approach for the treatment of a replanted mandibular central incisor with severe resorption
Authors: Chaniotis A. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo report the clinical and radiographic treatment outcome of an immature replanted mandibular incisor with severe inflammatory external root resorption following a single‐step regenerative approach.SummaryA 7‐year‐old female patient was referred 1 week following an extrusion injury to her mandibular central incisor (tooth 31). There was a history of a 6 months previous avulsion injury to the same tooth, which had been replanted after 20 min of extra‐oral time. On clinical examination, all teeth were asymptomatic and there was an arch wire splint placed on the mandibular incisors. Radiographic examination revealed severe inflammatory external root resorption of tooth 31. A diagnosis of necrotic pulp and asymptomatic apical periodontitis was made. Under local anaesthesia and rubber dam isolation, an access cavity was prepared. The canal was irrigated using 6% NaOCl solution delivered through the EndoVac negative pressure irrigation system (Endo Vac, Axis/SybronEndo, Coppell, TX, USA). A 17% EDTA solution was used for 5 min followed by a final rinse of sterile water. The periapical tissues were probed using a K‐file, and bleeding was induced. A blood clot was allowed to form filling the entire canal. A thick plug of MTA was placed in direct contact with the blood clot. The tooth was restored with composite resin. All procedures were performed in a single visit. The splint was removed 2 weeks later. Recall examination after 24 months revealed healthy soft tissues with normal periodontal probing and mobility. The 24 months radiographic evaluation revealed healing of the severe inflammatory external root resorption and continuous root development/dentine wall thickening of the apical third. No signs of ankylosis or significant discoloration was present.
Guided access cavity preparation using cone‐beam computed tomography and optical surface scans – an ex vivo study
Authors: Buchgreitz J. , Buchgreitz M. , Mortensen D. , Bjørndal L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate ex vivo, the accuracy of a preparation procedure planned for teeth with pulp canal obliteration (PCO) using a guide rail concept based on a cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan merged with an optical surface scan.MethodologyA total of 48 teeth were mounted in acrylic blocks. An apical canal preparation was created to simulate remnants of an apical root canal that acted as the target for a drill path. The test blocks were surface scanned, and merged with a CBCT scan, and a guide rail was made. A pathway for the bur was created through a metal sleeve within the guide rail into dentine. The distance was measured between the centres of the performed drill path and the apical target by two examiners. A maximum distance of 0.7 mm was defined based on the radius of the bur (0.6 mm) and the radius of a root canal just visible on a radiograph (0.1 mm). The t‐test was used for evaluation, and intra‐ and inter‐examiner reproducibility was expressed by intraclass correlation coefficients.ResultsThe mean distance between the drill path and the target was significantly lower than 0.7 mm, and null hypothesis H0: μ = 0.7 was rejected (CI 95%: 0.31;0.49, P < 0.001). Intra‐ and inter‐examiner agreements reached excellent levels.ConclusionsThe combined use of CBCT and optical scans for the precise construction of a guide rail led to a drill path with a precision below a risk threshold. The present technique may be a valuable tool for the negotiation of partial or complete pulp canal obliteration.
Single and combined effects of body composition phenotypes on carotid intima‐media thickness
Authors: Melo X. , Santa‐Clara H. , Santos D. A. , Pimenta N. M. , Pinto R. , Minderico C. S. , Fernhall B. , Sardinha L. B. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryBackgroundCentral fatness might be a more sensitive predictor of atherosclerotic changes in children than are total body fat measures. However, it is unclear whether a total body fat measure coupled with an estimate of a more central pattern of fat accumulation predicts increased carotid intima‐media‐thickness (cIMT) better than either measure alone.ObjectiveThe objective of the study is to identify the ability of a combination of simple anthropometric screening tools or a combination of objective measures of body composition to predict cIMT.MethodscIMT was assessed on the common carotid artery in 349 children aged 11–12 years old (183 girls). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) were dichotomized according to established criteria and indices of total body (TBFI) and abdominal (ABFMI) fat were assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and categorized (increased risk ≥85%). Single and combined associations among anthropometric and laboratorial measures with the risk of having increased cIMT (≥85%) and discriminatory performance were tested with logistic regression analysis and Receiver Operator Curve analysis.ResultsChildren with higher total fatness (BMI and TBFI) or higher central pattern of fat accumulation (WC, WHtR and BFMI) were in higher risk for increased cIMT [odds ratio (OR): 2.08–3.24). The risk for increased cIMT was not higher among children who coupled high total and high central fatness (OR: 2.27–3.10).ConclusionsCombination of total and central measures of fat does not improve the prediction of increased cIMT in children. Simple surrogate measures of fatness can be used to predict increased cIMT urging special attention to those children who exhibit increased abdominal fat.
The Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN): a new platform to describe the epidemiology of severe influenza
Authors: Puig‐Barberà Joan , Tormos Anita , Trushakova Svetlana , Sominina Anna , Pisareva Maria , Ciblak Meral A. , Badur Selim , Yu Hongjie , Cowling Benjamin J. , Burtseva Elena ,   the GIHSN Group
Published: July 2015

BackgroundInfluenza is a global public health problem. However, severe influenza only recently has been addressed in routine surveillance.ObjectivesThe Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN) was established to study the epidemiology of severe influenza in consecutive seasons in different countries. Our objective is to describe the GIHSN approach and methods.MethodsThe GIHSN uses prospective active surveillance to identify consecutive influenza admissions in permanent residents of well‐defined geographic areas in sites around the world. A core common protocol is followed. After consent, data are collected on patient characteristics and clinical outcomes, respiratory swabs are obtained, and the presence of influenza virus and subtype or lineage is ascertained by polymerase chain reaction. Data are collated and analyzed at the GIHSN coordination center.ResultsThe GIHSN has run its activities for two consecutive influenza seasons, 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, and hospitals in Brazil, China, France, Russian Federation, Turkey, and Spain have been involved in one or both seasons. Consistency on the application of the protocol and heterogeneity for the first season have been addressed in two previous publications. During both seasons, 19 677 eligible admissions were recorded; 11 843 (60%) were included and tested, and 2713 (23%) were positive for influenza: 991 (37%) A(H1N1); 807 (30%) A(H3N2); 583 (21%) B/Yamagata; 56 (2%) B/Victoria and 151 (6%) influenza A; and 125 (5%) influenza B were not characterized.ConclusionsThe GIHSN is a platform that provides information on severe influenza worldwide, applying a common core protocol and a consistent case definition.
Developing a diagnostic tool and policy instrument for the realization of decent work
Authors: WEBSTER Edward , BUDLENDER Deborah , ORKIN Mark 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBased on nine of the indicators identified by the ILO's 2008 Tripartite Meeting of Experts on the Measurement of Decent Work, the authors develop a questionnaire, supplemented by in‐depth interviews, to assess job quality in the security, farming and hospitality industries in South Africa's Gauteng province. Their diagnostic tool differs from the standard ILO index in that it focuses on individual workers at industry level rather than conditions at country level. This approach, the authors argue, can be used to monitor progress towards decent work while enabling key actors at industry level to develop evidence‐led strategies to overcome decent work deficits.
Employment effects of trade in intermediate and final goods: An empirical assessment
Authors: JIANG Xiao 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe steady growth of international trade in intermediate goods and services has made the relationship between trade and the international division of labour more complex. For 39 countries, the author decomposes the employment effects of international trade into five components, namely, the labour content of – or employment generated by – (1) exports; (2) imports; (3) the import content of exports; (4) the export content of imports; and (5) the third‐country import content of imports. He shows that in 2009, trade in intermediate goods accounted for some 88 million jobs – 14 per cent of all jobs generated by international trade – while the import content of exports accounted for 44 million jobs.
More but not better jobs in Chile? The fundamental importance of open‐ended contracts
Authors: RUIZ‐TAGLE Jaime , SEHNBRUCH Kirsten 
Published: July 2015

AbstractChilean governments since 1990 have relied on economic growth to generate employment, higher wages and better conditions of employment. But the results of this policy have been mixed: quantitative improvements in employment and wages have not been matched by improvements in job quality. Contrasting Chile's seemingly rigid regulatory framework with its actual labour market flexibility, the authors stress the importance of employment conditions in assessing labour market performance. They empirically explore the effects of individual and job characteristics on employment and income‐generating capabilities, whose most powerful determinant, they find, is employment under an open‐ended contract. They conclude with a discussion of policy implications.
A facultative endosymbiont in aphids can provide diverse ecological benefits
Authors: Heyworth E. R. , Ferrari J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEcologically important traits of insects are often affected by facultative bacterial endosymbionts. This is best studied in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, which is frequently infected by one or more of eight facultative symbiont species. Many of these symbiont species have been shown to provide one ecological benefit, but we have little understanding of the range of effects that a single strain can have. Here, we describe the phenotypes conferred by three strains of the recently discovered bacterium known as X‐type (Enterobacteriaceae), each in their original aphid genotype which also carries a Spiroplasma symbiont. All comparisons are made between aphids that are coinfected with Spiroplasma and X‐type and aphids of the same genotype that harbour only Spiroplasma. We show that in all cases, infection with X‐type protects aphids from the lethal fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis, and in two cases, resistance to the parasitoid Aphidius ervi also increases. X‐type can additionally affect aphid stress responses – the presence of X‐type increased reproduction after the aphids were heat‐stressed. Two of the three strains of X‐type are able to provide all of these benefits. Under benign conditions, the aphids tended to suffer from reduced fecundity when harbouring X‐type, a mechanism that might maintain intermediate frequencies in field populations. These findings highlight that a single strain of a facultative endosymbiont has the potential to provide diverse benefits to its aphid host.