bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous and cued gaze-following in autism and Williams syndrome
Authors: Riby Deborah M , Hancock Peter JB , Jones Nicola , Hanley Mary 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
From a young age the typical development of social functioning relies upon the allocation of attention to socially relevant information, which in turn allows experience at processing such information and thus enhances social cognition. As such, research has attempted to identify the developmental processes that are derailed in some neuro-developmental disorders that impact upon social functioning. Williams syndrome (WS) and autism are disorders of development that are characterized by atypical yet divergent social phenotypes and atypicalities of attention to people.

Methods
We used eye tracking to explore how individuals with WS and autism attended to, and subsequently interpreted, an actor’s eye gaze cue within a social scene. Images were presented for 3 seconds, initially with an instruction simply to look at the picture. The images were then shown again, with the participant asked to identify the object being looked at. Allocation of eye gaze in each condition was analyzed by analysis of variance and accuracy of identification was compared with t tests.

Results
Participants with WS allocated more gaze time to face and eyes than their matched controls, both with and without being asked to identify the item being looked at; while participants with autism spent less time on face and eyes in both conditions. When cued to follow gaze, participants with WS increased gaze to the correct targets; those with autism looked more at the face and eyes but did not increase gaze to the correct targets, while continuing to look much more than their controls at implausible targets. Both groups identified fewer objects than their controls.

Conclusions
The atypicalities found are likely to be entwined with the deficits shown in interpreting social cognitive cues from the images. WS and autism are characterized by atypicalities of social attention that impact upon socio-cognitive expertise, but, importantly, the type of atypicality is syndrome specific.
Trip12, a HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligase, targets Sox6 for proteasomal degradation and affects fiber type-specific gene expression in muscle cells
Authors: An Chung-Il , Ganio Edward , Hagiwara Nobuko 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
A sophisticated level of coordinated gene expression is necessary for skeletal muscle fibers to obtain their unique functional identities. We have previously shown that the transcription factor Sox6 plays an essential role in coordinating muscle fiber type differentiation by acting as a transcriptional suppressor of slow fiber-specific genes. Currently, mechanisms regulating the activity of Sox6 in skeletal muscle and how these mechanisms affect the fiber phenotype remain unknown.

Methods
Yeast two-hybrid screening was used to identify binding partners of Sox6 in muscle. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of one of the Sox6 binding proteins, Trip12, was used to determine its effect on Sox6 activity in C2C12 myotubes using quantitative analysis of fiber type-specific gene expression.

Results
We found that the E3 ligase Trip12, a HECT domain E3 ubiquitin ligase, recognizes and polyubiquitinates Sox6. Inhibiting Trip12 or the 26S proteasome activity resulted in an increase in Sox6 protein levels in C2C12 myotubes. This control of Sox6 activity in muscle cells via Trip12 ubiquitination has significant phenotypic outcomes. Knockdown of Trip12 in C2C12 myotubes led to upregulation of Sox6 protein levels and concurrently to a decrease in slow fiber-specific Myh7 expression coupled with an increased expression in fast fiber-specific Myh4. Therefore, regulation of Sox6 cellular levels by the ubiquitin-proteasome system can induce identity-changing alterations in the expression of fiber type-specific genes in muscle cells.

Conclusions
Based on our data, we propose that in skeletal muscle, E3 ligases have a significant role in regulating fiber type-specific gene expression, expanding their importance in muscle beyond their well-established role in atrophy.
Examining health promotion interventions for patients with chronic conditions using a novel patient-centered complexity model: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bodde Amy E , Shippee Nathan D , May Carl R , Mair Frances S , Erwin Patricia J , Murad M Hassan , Montori Victor M 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
Successful chronic care self-management requires adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors, but many healthcare-based health promotion interventions have resulted in small and unsustainable changes in patient behavior. Patients with chronic conditions may already be overwhelmed by burdensome illnesses and treatments, and not have the capacity to respond well to the additional work required of behavior modifications. To explore this phenomenon, we will apply the cumulative complexity model (CCM), a patient-centered model of patient complexity, to a systematic review and meta-analysis of healthcare-based health behavior interventions.

Methods/Design
This systematic review will include randomized trials published between 2002 and 2012 that compared healthcare-based interventions aimed at improving healthy diet and physical activity in community dwelling adult patients with chronic conditions. After extracting study and risk of bias features from each trial, we will classify the interventions according to the conceptual model. We will then use meta-analysis and subgroup analysis to test hypotheses based on the conceptual model.

Discussion
Healthcare providers need evidence of successful health promoting interventions for patients with chronic conditions who display common behavioral risk factors. To better understand how patients respond to interventions, we will apply the CCM, which accounts for both the capacity of patients with chronic conditions and their treatment-related workload, and posits that a balance between capacity and workload predicts successful enactment of self-care. Analysis will also include whether patients with multiple chronic conditions respond differently to interventions compared to those with single chronic conditions. The results of this review will provide insights as to how patients with chronic conditions respond to health-promoting interventions.

Review registration
PROSPERO registration number: CRD42012003428
The effects of intestinal microbial community structure on disease manifestation in IL-10-/- mice infected with Helicobacter hepaticus
Authors: Nagalingam Nabeetha A , Robinson Courtney J , Bergin Ingrid L , Eaton Kathryn A , Huffnagle Gary B , Young Vincent B 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
The aberrant inflammation that is the hallmark of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is associated with several factors, including changes in the intestinal microbiota. Here, we confirmed that an intestinal microbiota is needed for development of typhlocolitis in Helicobacter hepaticus infected IL-10-/- C57BL/6 mice, and investigated the role of the microbiota in modulating disease.

Results
We altered the murine microbiota by treatment with the antibiotics vancomycin or cefoperazone prior to H. hepaticus infection. Through surveys of the 16S rRNA encoding-gene, analyses of histology and changes in expression of host mediators, we correlated alterations in the microbiota with host responses. We found that resident microbes are essential for initiation of disease, as animals mono-associated with H. hepaticus did not develop colitis. Despite the requirement for an indigenous microbiota for the initiation of disease, the severity of disease was independent of antibiotic-induced changes in the microbial community structure. Despite differences in the expression of host inflammatory mediators associated with shifts in the microbiota, H. hepaticus infection led to similar histopathologic lesions in microbial communities exposed to either cefoperazone or vancomycin.

Conclusion
In conclusion, we demonstrate that colitis due to H. hepaticus infection can be initiated and progress in the presence of several different microbial communities. Furthermore, H. hepaticus is the main driver of inflammation in this model, while the specific structure of the microbiota may modulate the host pathways that lead to chronic inflammation.
Synthesis of multicore phenol formaldehyde microcapsules and their application in polyurethane paint formulation for self-healing anticorrosive coating
Authors: Jadhav Rajendra S , Mane Vishal , Bagle Avinash V , Hundiwale Dilip G , Mahulikar Pramod P , Waghoo Gulzar 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
This paper describes the microencapsulation of linseed oil along with drier and corrosion inhibitor in polyurethane coating.

Results
Linseed oil along with drier and corrosion inhibitor was encapsulated in phenol formaldehyde microcapsules successfully by in situ polymerization process. These microcapsules were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and their surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The particle size of the prepared microcapsules was estimated by optical microscopy and confirmed using a particle size analyzer. The self-healing properties as well as anticorrosive performance of encapsulated microcapsules were studied in polyurethane coating. Corrosion protection of coatings with microcapsules containing linseed oil, corrosion inhibitor, and drier was compared with pristine coating free from microcapsules.

Conclusions
The cracks in the paint film could be successfully repaired by the release of linseed oil from microcapsules ruptured under stimulated mechanical action, while corrosion inhibitor plays an important role to prevent the corrosion in a scribed line region.
At the Bedside: CTLA-4- and PD-1-blocking antibodies in cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Callahan Margaret K , Wolchok Jedd D 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT
It is increasingly appreciated that cancers are recognized by the immune system, and under some circumstances, the immune system may control or even eliminate tumors. The modulation of signaling via coinhibitory or costimulatory receptors expressed on T cells has proven to be a potent way to amplify antitumor immune responses. This approach has been exploited successfully for the generation of a new class of anticancer therapies, “checkpoint-blocking” antibodies, exemplified by the recently FDA-approved agent, ipilimumab, an antibody that blocks the coinhibitory receptor CTLA-4. Capitalizing on the success of ipilimumab, agents that target a second coinhibitory receptor, PD-1, or its ligand, PD-L1, are in clinical development. Lessons learned from treating patients with CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathway-blocking antibodies will be reviewed, with a focus on concepts likely to inform the clinical development and application of agents in earlier stages of development. See related review At the bench: Preclinical rationale for CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade as cancer immunotherapy.
The structure of paranoia in the general population
Authors: Bebbington Paul E. , McBride Orla , Steel Craig , Kuipers Elizabeth , Radovanoviĉ Mirjana , Brugha Traolach , Jenkins Rachel , Meltzer Howard I. , Freeman Daniel 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundPsychotic phenomena appear to form a continuum with normal experience and beliefs, and may build on common emotional interpersonal concerns.AimsWe tested predictions that paranoid ideation is exponentially distributed and hierarchically arranged in the general population, and that persecutory ideas build on more common cognitions of mistrust, interpersonal sensitivity and ideas of reference.MethodItems were chosen from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II) questionnaire and the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire in the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity (n = 8580), to test a putative hierarchy of paranoid development using confirmatory factor analysis, latent class analysis and factor mixture modelling analysis.ResultsDifferent types of paranoid ideation ranged in frequency from less than 2% to nearly 30%. Total scores on these items followed an almost perfect exponential distribution (r = 0.99). Our four a priori first-order factors were corroborated (interpersonal sensitivity; mistrust;ideas of reference; ideas of persecution). These mapped onto four classes of individual respondents:a rare, severe, persecutory class with high endorsement of all item factors, including persecutory ideation; a quasi-normal class with infrequent endorsement of interpersonal sensitivity, mistrust and ideas of reference, and no ideas of persecution; and two intermediate classes, characterised respectively by relatively high endorsement of items relating to mistrust and to ideas of reference.ConclusionsThe paranoia continuum has implications for the aetiology, mechanisms and treatment of psychotic disorders, while confirming the lack of a clear distinction from normal experiences and processes.
Changes in capacity to consent over time in patients involved in psychiatric research
Authors: Palmer Barton W. , Savla Gauri N. , Roesch Scott C. , Jeste Dilip V. 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundInformed consent is a key element of ethical clinical research. Patients with serious mental illness may be at risk for impaired consent capacity. Corrective feedback improves within-session comprehension of consent-relevant information, but little is known about the trajectory of patients' comprehension after the initial enrolment session.AimsTo examine whether within-session gains in understanding after feedback were maintained between study visits and to examine stability of decisional capacity over time.MethodThis was a longitudinal, within-participants comparison of decisional capacity assessed at baseline, 1 week, 3 months, 12 months and 24 months in 161 people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.ResultsWithin-session gains from corrective feedback generally dissipated over each follow-up interval. Decisional capacity showed a general pattern of stability, but there was significant between-participant heterogeneity. Better neuropsychological performance was associated with better decisional capacity across time points. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia did not predict anyaspects of decisional capacity, but general psychopathology, negative symptoms and depression evidenced some modest associations with certain subdomains of decisional capacity.ConclusionsInformed consent may be most effectively construed as an ongoing dialogue with participants ateach study visit.
Evaluating the impact of a quality of life assessment with feedback to clinicians in patients with schizophrenia: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Boyer Laurent , Lançon Christophe , Baumstarck Karine , Parola Nathalie , Berbis Julie , Auquier Pascal 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundQuality of life (QoL) measurements are increasingly considered to be an important evaluation of the treatment and care provided to patients with schizophrenia. However, there is little evidence that assessing QoL improves patient outcomes in clinical practice.AimsTo investigate the impact of a QoL assessment with feedback for clinicians regarding satisfaction and other health outcomes in patients with schizophrenia.MethodWe conducted a 6-month, prospective, randomised and controlled open-label study. Patients withschizophrenia were assigned to one of three groups: standard psychiatric assessment; QoL assessment with standard psychiatric assessment; and QoL feedback with standard psychiatric assessment. The primary outcome was patient satisfaction at 6 months. The local ethics committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud-Métediterranéee V, France, trial number 07 067) and the French drug and device regulation agency (Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé, France, trial number A01033-50) approved this study.ResultsWe randomly assigned 124 patients into groups. Quality of life feedback significantly affectedpatient satisfaction. Global satisfaction was significantly higher in the QoL feedback group (72.5% of patients had a high level of satisfaction) compared with the standard psychiatric assessment (67.5%) and QoL assessment groups (45.2%). Despite trends towards decreased severity for all clinical outcomes and increased changes to medication in the QoL feedback group at 6-month follow-up, these effects were not significant.ConclusionsQuality of life feedback positively influences patient satisfaction, which confirms the relevance of measuring QoL in clinical practice. The absence of a significant effect of QoL feedbackon clinical outcomes also suggests that clinicians did not use these data optimally. Our findings suggest a nocebo effect of QoL assessment without feedback that should be considered by researchers and clinicians.
Selective prey avoidance learning in the predatory sea-slugPleurobranchaea californica
Authors: Noboa Vanessa , Gillette Rhanor 
Published: May 2013

SummaryPredator-prey interactions involving aposematic signaling, where predators learn the warning cues of well-defended prey, are clear examples of cost-benefit decisions in foraging animals. However, knowledge of the selectivity of predator learning and the natural conditions where it occurs is lacking for those foragers simpler in brain and body plan. We pursued the question in the sea-slug Pleurobranchaea californica, a generalist forager of marked simplicity of body form, nervous system and behavior. This predator exploits many different types of prey, some of which are costly to attack. When offered Flabellina iodinea, an aeolid nudibranch with a stinging defence, biting attack was followed by rapid rejection and aversive turns. The predator sea-slug rapidly learned avoidance. Notable exceptions were animals with extremely high or low feeding thresholds that either ignored Flabellina or completely consumed it, respectively. Experienced slugs showed strong avoidance of Flabellina for days after exposure. Aposematic odor learning was selective: Avoidance was not linked to changesin feeding thresholds, and trained animals readily attacked and consumed a related aeolid, Hermissenda crassicornis. Aposematic learning could be related within a framework for cost-benefit decision in which effects of memory, motivation and odor sum in appetitive state to direct behavioral choice.
Religion and Beliefs about Treating Medically Unexplained Symptoms: A Survey of Primary Care Physicians and Psychiatrists
Authors: Lawrence Ryan E. , Rasinski Kenneth A. , Yoon John D. , Curlin Farr A. 
Published: May 2013

Objective: Historical evidence and prior research suggest that psychiatry is biased against religion, and religious physicians are biased against the mental health professions. Here we examine whether religious and non-religious physicians differ in their treatment recommendations for a patient with medically unexplained symptoms. Method: We conducted a national survey of primary care physicians and psychiatrists. We presented a vignette of a patient with medically unexplained symptoms, and experimentally varied whether the patient was religiously observant. We asked whether physicians would recommend six interventions: antidepressant medication, in-office counseling, referral to a psychiatrist, referral to a psychologist or licensed counselor, participation in meaningful relationships and activities, and involvement in religious community. Predictors included the physician's specialty and the physician's attendance at religious services. Results: The response rate was 63% (896 of 1427) primary care physicians and 64% (312 of 487) psychiatrists. We did not find evidence that religious physicians were less likely to recommend mental health resources, nor did we find evidence that psychiatrists were less likely to recommend religious involvement. Primary care physicians (but not psychiatrists) were more likely to recommend that the patient get more involved in their religious community when the patient was more religiously observant, and when the physician more frequently attended services. Conclusions: We did not find evidence that mental health professionals are biased against religion, nor that religious physicians are biased against mental health professionals. Historical tensions are potentially being replaced by collaboration.
Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder in Cancer Patients: A Review
Authors: Guan Ng Chong , Sulaiman Ahmad Hatim , Zainal Nor Zuraida , Boks Marco P. M. , de Wit Niek J. 
Published: May 2013

Objectives: The lack of universal criteria makes diagnosing clinical depression in cancer patients a challenging task. We therefore review the current state of evidence regarding such diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder in cancer patients. Methods: We conducted a literature search for studies which compare two or more sets of diagnostic criteria for depression in cancer patients. The results were extracted and summarized. Results: Three original studies were included in this review. One study supported the use of substitutive (Endicott) criteria. Another study showed the potential of an increased threshold approach and one had no conclusive findings. Conclusion: There was no standard reference test and precise definition of alternative criteria in these studies. There are no recognized diagnostic criteria for depression in cancer patients despite an apparent need for such criteria.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in CKD
Authors: Garg Neha , Thomas George , Jackson Gregory , Rickard John , Nally Joseph V. , Tang W.H. Wilson , Navaneethan Sankar D. 
Published: May 2013

Summary

Background
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) confers morbidity and mortality benefits to selected patients with heart failure. This systematic review examined effects of CRT in CKD patients (estimated GFR [eGFR] <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2).

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
MEDLINE and Scopus (from 1990 to December 2012) and conference proceedings abstracts were searched for relevant observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Studies comparing the following outcomes were included: (1) CKD patients with and without CRT and (2) CKD patients with CRT to non-CKD patients with CRT. Mortality, eGFR, and left ventricular ejection fraction data were extracted and pooled when appropriate using a random-effects model.

Results
Eighteen studies (14 observational studies and 4 RCTs) were included. There was a modest improvement in eGFR with CRT among CKD patients (mean difference 2.30 ml/min per 1.73m2; 95% confidence interval, 0.33 to 4.27). Similarly, there was a significant improvement in left ventricular ejection with CRT in CKD patients (mean difference 6.24%; 95% confidence interval, 3.46 to 9.07). Subgroup analysis of three RCTs reported lower rates of death or hospitalization for heart failure with CRT (versus other therapy) in the CKD population. Survival outcomes of CKD patients (compared with the non-CKD population) with CRT differed among observational studies and RCTs.

Conclusions
CRT improves left ventricular and renal function in the CKD population with heart failure. Given the increasing use of cardiac devices, further studies examining the effects of CRT on mortality in CKD patients, particularly those with advanced kidney disease, are warranted.