bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Are We Telling Our Students? A National Survey of Clerkship Directors' Advice for Students Applying to Internal Medicine Residency
Authors: Chretien Katherine C. , Elnicki D. Michael , Levine Diane , Aiyer Meenakshy , Steinmann Alwin , Willett Laura R. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Little is known about the advice fourth-year medical students receive from their advisors as they prepare to apply for residency training.

Objective
We collected information on recommendations given to medical students preparing to apply to internal medicine residencies regarding fourth-year schedules and application strategies.

Methods
Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine conducted its annual member survey in June 2013. We analyzed responses on student advising using descriptive and comparative statistics, and free-text responses using content analysis.

Results
Of 124 members, 94 (76%) responded, and 83 (88%) advised fourth-year medical students. Nearly half (45%) advised an average of more than 20 students a year. Advisors encouraged students to take a medicine subinternship (Likert scale mean 4.84 [1, strongly discourage, to 5, strongly encourage], SD = 0.61); a critical care rotation (4.38, SD = 0.79); and a medicine specialty clinical rotation (4.01, SD = 0.80). Advisors reported they thought fourth-year students should spend a mean of 6.5 months doing clinical rotations (range 1–10, SD = 1.91). They recommended highest academic quartile students apply to a median of 10 programs (range 1–30) and lowest quartile students apply to 15 programs (range 3–100). Top recommendations involved maximizing student competitiveness, valuing program fit over reputation, and recognizing key decision points in the application process.

Conclusions
Undergraduate medical advisors recommended specific strategies to enhance students' competitiveness in the Match and to prepare them for residency. The results can inform program directors and encourage dialogue between undergraduate medical education and graduate medical education on how to best utilize the fourth year.
Triple Duty: Integrating Graduate Medical Education With Maintenance of Board Certification to Improve Clinician Communication at Hospital Discharge
Authors: Shaikh Ulfat , Slee Christina 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT

Background
Complete and accurate discharge summaries can improve communication and continuity of care between inpatient and ambulatory settings as well as reduce adverse events. However, discharge summaries commonly lack key information.

Objective
To determine if a quality improvement intervention that actively engages residents and attending physicians would improve the timeliness and quality of hospital discharge summaries at our academic children's hospital, and would help trainees and clinicians complete educational requirements.

Methods
Electronic health record queries were used to assess time to completion of discharge summaries. A total of 120 discharge summaries from 36 eligible residents were reviewed by 9 attending pediatricians using an objective discharge summary scoring instrument. Improvement was facilitated through monthly learning sessions and Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles.

Results
The proportion of summaries completed within 24 hours of discharge increased from 38% to 73%; mean discharge summary scores improved from 54% to 99%; and percentage of summaries that included all 13 elements in the scoring instrument increased from 0% to 80%. All elements most likely to be deficient at baseline showed a higher likelihood of being included in summaries following the intervention. The rate of summaries that were scored as containing appropriate detail and being an appropriate length also increased from 0% to 80%. The 9 attending pediatricians received maintenance of certification credits for their participation.

Conclusions
A multifaceted quality improvement intervention, which included stakeholder involvement, clinician education, standardization of documentation, policy changes, and provision of board certification credits, improved the quality and timeliness of discharge summaries at our academic children's hospital.
Plasma viraemia in HIV‐positive pregnant women entering antenatal care in South Africa
Authors: Myer Landon , Phillips Tamsin K , Hsiao Nei‐Yuan , Zerbe Allison , Petro Gregory , Bekker Linda‐Gail , McIntyre James A , Abrams Elaine J 
Published: July 2015

IntroductionPlasma HIV viral load (VL) is the principle determinant of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission (MTCT), yet there are few data on VL in populations of pregnant women in sub‐Saharan Africa. We examined the distribution and determinants of VL in HIV‐positive women seeking antenatal care (ANC) in Cape Town, South Africa.MethodsConsecutive HIV‐positive pregnant women making their first antenatal clinic visit were recruited into a cross‐sectional study of viraemia in pregnancy, including a brief questionnaire and specimens for VL testing and CD4 cell enumeration.Results & discussionOverall 5551 pregnant women sought ANC during the study period, of whom 1839 (33%) were HIV positive and 1521 (85%) were included. Approximately two‐thirds of HIV‐positive women in the sample (n=947) were not on antiretrovirals at the time of the first ANC visit, and the remainder (38%, n=574) had initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) prior to conception. For women not on ART, the median VL was 3.98 log10 copies/mL; in this group, the sensitivity of CD4 cell counts ≤350 cells/µL in detecting VL>10,000 copies/mL was 64% and this increased to 78% with a CD4 threshold of ≤500 cells/µL. Among women on ART, 78% had VL<50 copies/mL and 13% had VL >1000 copies/mL at the time of their ANC visit.ConclusionsVL >10,000 copies/mL was commonly observed in women not on ART with CD4 cell counts >350 cells/µL, suggesting that CD4 cell counts may not be adequately sensitive in identifying women at greatest risk of MTCT. A large proportion of women entering ANC initiated ART before conception, and in this group more than 10% had VL>1000 copies/mL despite ART use. VL monitoring during pregnancy may help to identify pregnancies that require additional clinical attention to minimize MTCT risk and improve maternal and child health outcomes.
Creating a climate for ergonomic changes in the construction industry
Authors: Boatman Laura , Chaplan Debra , Teran Suzanne , Welch Laura S. 
Published: July 2015

BackgroundErgonomic solutions that have gained acceptance in other industries are often considered not applicable to a construction work environment, even though the industry is characterized by high physical work demands.MethodsWe conducted 50 key informant interviews with 23 contractor representatives and 27 union staff, plus 4 focus groups with a total of 48 workers.ResultsMany workers hold the belief that WMSDs are inevitable as part of the job, and did not consistently believe that changing the nature of the work could prevent that injury or pain. The interviewees reported limited availability and accessibility of tested and effective tools that both reduce physical demand and also get the job done efficiently and effectively. Yet for each major obstacle to implementation of ergonomics in the industry identified, the construction professionals we interviewed offered a variety of solutions.ConclusionsContractors, unions, and workers need to work together to find actions that work within the parameters of the current economic environment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:858–869, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation, necessity, and sufficiency: Common errors in the scientific reasoning of undergraduate students for interpreting experiments
Authors: Coleman Aaron B. , Lam Diane P. , Soowal Lara N. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractGaining an understanding of how science works is central to an undergraduate education in biology and biochemistry. The reasoning required to design or interpret experiments that ask specific questions does not come naturally, and is an essential part of the science process skills that must be learned for an understanding of how scientists conduct research. Gaps in these reasoning skills make it difficult for students to become proficient in reading primary scientific literature. In this study, we assessed the ability of students in an upper‐division biochemistry laboratory class to use the concepts of correlation, necessity, and sufficiency in interpreting experiments presented in a format and context that is similar to what they would encounter when reading a journal article. The students were assessed before and after completion of a laboratory module where necessary vs. sufficient reasoning was used to design and interpret experiments. The assessment identified two types of errors that were commonly committed by students when interpreting experimental data. When presented with an experiment that only establishes a correlation between a potential intermediate and a known effect, students frequently interpreted the intermediate as being sufficient (causative) for the effect. Also, when presented with an experiment that tests only necessity for an intermediate, they frequently made unsupported conclusions about sufficiency, and vice versa. Completion of the laboratory module and instruction in necessary vs. sufficient reasoning showed some promise for addressing these common errors. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(5):305–315, 2015.
Effects of Cosolvents on the Folding and Catalytic Activities of the Hammerhead Ribozyme
Authors: Nakano Shu‐ichi , Kitagawa Yuichi , Yamashita Hirofumi , Miyoshi Daisuke , Sugimoto Naoki 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe RNA cleavage activity of the hammerhead ribozyme has been compared in various mixed aqueous solutions containing cosolvents. Kinetic analysis revealed that the tested cosolvents enhanced the ribozyme activity, particularly at low MgCl2 concentrations. These enhancements, in some cases of more than tenfold, resulted from a reduction in the Mg2+ concentration required for substrate cleavage. An inverse correlation was found between the MgCl2 concentration essential for efficient catalysis and the dielectric constant values. In contrast, FRET measurements showed no substantial influence of cosolvents on the Mg2+‐induced structural transitions. The results suggest that the solution environment has various effects on the Mg2+ interactions involved in the catalysis and global folding of the ribozyme.
Examination of a Structural Model of Peptidomimicry by Cyclic Acyldepsipeptide Antibiotics in Their Interaction with the ClpP Peptidase
Authors: Carney Daniel W. , Schmitz Karl R. , Scruse Anthony C. , Sauer Robert T. , Sello Jason K. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe cyclic acyldepsipeptide (ADEP) antibiotics act by binding the ClpP peptidase and dysregulating its activity. Their exocyclic N‐acylphenylalanine is thought to structurally mimic the ClpP‐binding, (I/L)GF tripeptide loop of the peptidase's accessory ATPases. We found that ADEP analogues with exocyclic N‐acyl tripeptides or dipeptides resembling the (I/L)GF motif were weak ClpP activators and had no bioactivity. In contrast, ADEP analogues possessing difluorophenylalanine N‐capped with methyl‐branched acyl groups—like the side chains of residues in the (I/L)GF motifs—were superior to the parent ADEP with respect to both ClpP activation and bioactivity. We contend that the ADEP's N‐acylphenylalanine moiety is not simply a stand‐in for the ATPases' (I/L)GF motif; it likely has physicochemical properties that are better suited for ClpP binding. Further, our finding that the methyl‐branching on the acyl group of the ADEPs improves activity opens new avenues for optimization.
Three‐Dimensional Interconnected Network of Graphene‐Wrapped Silicon/Carbon Nanofiber Hybrids for Binder‐Free Anodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Ming‐Shan , Song Wei‐Li , Fan Li‐Zhen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA three‐dimensional (3D) silicon/carbon nanofiber–graphene (Si/CNF‐G) nanostructure is constructed by encapsulating Si nanoparticles in carbon nanofibers, followed by wrapping with graphene nanosheets. The graphene‐wrapped silicon/carbon nanofibers hybrids have the advantages of good dispersion of Si nanoparticles inside the 3D carbon network. Meanwhile, the 3D carbon network can also act as a current collector to promote charge transfer and maintain stable electrical contact of the Si nanoparticles. The resulting Si/CNF‐G composites can be used directly as binder‐free electrodes. The composite exhibits a stable capacity retention and a reversible capacity of 878 mAh g−1 for up to 100 cycles, along with a high rate capacity (514 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1). These results provide a promising research platform for fabricating stable electrodes with improved electrochemical performance.
Sponge‐Like Cathode Material Self‐Assembled from Two‐Dimensional V2O5 Nanosheets for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhu Kai , Zhang Chaofeng , Guo Shaohua , Yu Haijun , Liao Kaiming , Chen Gang , Wei Yingjin , Zhou Haoshen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA sponge‐like V2O5 nanomaterial is prepared by a freeze–drying method and evaluated as a cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries. The sponge‐like structure is self‐assembled from V2O5 nanosheets that can sustain high pressure (400 times their own weight), thus leading to a high structure stability. The numerous macropores in the spongy structure can effectively soak up the electrolyte. Moreover, the exposed (001) facet of the nanosheets is favorable for charge transfer at the electrolyte/electrode interface. The thin nanosheets along the [001] axis provide short diffusion pathways for sodium ions. Electrochemical experiments show that the material has a high discharge capacity of 216 mAh g−1 at a current density of 20 mA g−1. In addition, the material shows a good capacity retention of 73 % in 100 charge–discharge cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1.
Self‐Assembly of a Tripod Aromatic Rod into Stacked Planar Networks
Authors: Kim Ho‐Joong , Kim Yongju , Cho Sung , Lee Myongsoo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThreefold symmetric rigid‐core molecules with an internally grafted poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chain were synthesized, and their self‐assembled structures were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, TEM, and 1D and 2D X‐ray scatterings in the solid state. The tripod compounds based on short PEO chains (n=8, 13, 17, 21), self‐assemble into 2D channel‐like network structures, whereas the compound with the longest PEO chain (n=34) forms a lamellar liquid crystalline phase. The interiors of the channel structures are filled with flexible PEO chains along the double‐walled aromatic circumference. In these channel‐like networks, three aromatic rods connected in the meta‐position to each other are superimposed in parallel to other adjacent molecules to form the double‐walled aromatic frameworks stacked perpendicular to the resulting channels. These are novel examples of supramolecular channel‐like structures developed using amphiphilic diblock molecules based on a threefold symmetric rigid scaffold.
A comparison of salvage infusional chemotherapy regimens for recurrent/refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Griffin Patrick T. , Ho Viet Q. , Fulp William , Nishihori Taiga , Shain Kenneth H. , Alsina Melissa , Baz Rachid C. 
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUNDDespite the impact of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory agents, infusional chemotherapy regimens continue to be used for patients with multiple myeloma. To the authors' knowledge, contemporary data regarding salvage chemotherapy regimens are sparse, with no direct comparisons.METHODSThe authors performed a single‐institution study comparing 3 salvage chemotherapy regimens in 107 patients with recurrent/refractory multiple myeloma: dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and cisplatin (DCEP) in 52 patients; bortezomib, thalidomide, dexamethasone, cisplatin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide (VTD‐PACE) in 22 patients; and cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (CVAD) in 33 patients.RESULTSDifferences between treatment groups existed, including higher baseline creatinine for patients treated with CVAD (P<.001) and greater prior use of infusional chemotherapy for those receiving VTD‐PACE (P<.001). There was no significant difference in response noted among the 3 regimens: 55% overall (P = .18). For the intent‐to‐transplant population, a similar percentage were successfully bridged to transplant without further therapy (62%; P = .9). There was no difference in survival observed across the 3 regimens, with an overall median progression‐free survival of 4.5 months (95% confidence interval, 3.6‐5.5 months [P = .8]) and a median overall survival of 8.5 months (95% confidence interval, 6.1‐11 months [P = .8]). Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference noted among clinically relevant adverse events, although there was a suggestion of fewer adverse events with DCEP. Patients treated with the intent to transplant had superior outcomes for response (odds ratio, 3.40; P = .01), progression‐free survival (hazard ratio, 0.28; P<.001), and overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.19; P<.001).CONCLUSIONSThe 3 salvage regimens demonstrated similar responses, survival, and adverse events. Given the short response durations observed in the recurrent/refractory disease setting, infusional chemotherapy is best suited for cytoreduction before more definitive therapy is administered. Cancer 2015;121:3622–3630. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
State disparities in colorectal cancer rates: Contributions of risk factors, screening, and survival differences
Authors: Lansdorp‐Vogelaar Iris , Goede S. Lucas , Ma Jiemin , Xiau‐Cheng Wu , Pawlish Karen , van Ballegooijen Marjolein , Jemal Ahmedin 
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUNDNortheastern states of the United States have shown more progress in reducing colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality rates than Southern states, and this has resulted in considerable disparities. This study quantified how the disparities in CRC rates between Louisiana (a Southern state) and New Jersey (a Northeastern state) would be affected if differences in risk factors, screening, and stage‐specific CRC relative survival between the states were eliminated.METHODSThis study used the Microsimulation Screening Analysis Colon microsimulation model to estimate age‐adjusted CRC incidence and mortality rates in Louisiana from 1995 to 2009 under the assumption that 1) Louisiana had the same smoking and obesity prevalence observed in New Jersey, 2) Louisiana had the same CRC screening uptake observed in New Jersey, 3) Louisiana had the same stage‐specific CRC relative survival observed in New Jersey, or 4) all the preceding were true.RESULTSIn 2009, the observed CRC incidence and mortality rates in Louisiana were 141.4 cases and 61.9 deaths per 100,000 individuals, respectively. With the same risk factors and screening observed in New Jersey, the CRC incidence rate in Louisiana was reduced by 3.5% and 15.2%, respectively. New Jersey's risk factors, screening, and survival reduced the CRC mortality rate in Louisiana by 3.0%, 10.8%, and 17.4%, respectively. With all trends combined, the modeled rates per 100,000 individuals in Louisiana became lower than the observed rates in New Jersey for both incidence (116.4 vs 130.0) and mortality (44.7 vs 55.8).CONCLUSIONSThe disparities in CRC incidence and mortality rates between Louisiana and New Jersey could be eliminated if Louisiana could attain New Jersey's levels of risk factors, screening, and survival. Priority should be given to enabling Southern states to improve screening and survival rates. Cancer 2015;121:3676–3683. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Xenbase: Core features, data acquisition, and data processing
Authors: James‐Zorn Christina , Ponferrada Virgillio G. , Burns Kevin A. , Fortriede Joshua D. , Lotay Vaneet S. , Liu Yu , Brad Karpinka J. , Karimi Kamran , Zorn Aaron M. , Vize Peter D. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryXenbase, the Xenopus model organism database (www.xenbase.org), is a cloud‐based, web‐accessible resource that integrates the diverse genomic and biological data from Xenopus research. Xenopus frogs are one of the major vertebrate animal models used for biomedical research, and Xenbase is the central repository for the enormous amount of data generated using this model tetrapod. The goal of Xenbase is to accelerate discovery by enabling investigators to make novel connections between molecular pathways in Xenopus and human disease. Our relational database and user‐friendly interface make these data easy to query and allows investigators to quickly interrogate and link different data types in ways that would otherwise be difficult, time consuming, or impossible. Xenbase also enhances the value of these data through high‐quality gene expression curation and data integration, by providing bioinformatics tools optimized for Xenopus experiments, and by linking Xenopus data to other model organisms and to human data. Xenbase draws in data via pipelines that download data, parse the content, and save them into appropriate files and database tables. Furthermore, Xenbase makes these data accessible to the broader biomedical community by continually providing annotated data updates to organizations such as NCBI, UniProtKB, and Ensembl. Here, we describe our bioinformatics, genome‐browsing tools, data acquisition and sharing, our community submitted and literature curation pipelines, text‐mining support, gene page features, and the curation of gene nomenclature and gene models. genesis 53:486–497, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Artificial Diiron Enzymes with a De Novo Designed Four‐Helix Bundle Structure
Authors: Chino Marco , Maglio Ornella , Nastri Flavia , Pavone Vincenzo , DeGrado William F. , Lombardi Angela 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA single polypeptide chain may provide an astronomical number of conformers. Nature selected only a trivial number of them through evolution, composing an alphabet of scaffolds, that can afford the complete set of chemical reactions needed to support life. These structural templates are so stable that they allow several mutations without disruption of the global folding, even having the ability to bind several exogenous cofactors. With this perspective, metal cofactors play a crucial role in the regulation and catalysis of several processes. Nature is able to modulate the chemistry of metals, adopting only a few ligands and slightly different geometries. Several scaffolds and metal‐binding motifs are representing the focus of intense interest in the literature. This review discusses the widespread four‐helix bundle fold, adopted as a scaffold for metal binding sites in the context of de novo protein design to obtain basic biochemical components for biosensing or catalysis. In particular, we describe the rational refinement of structure/function in diiron–oxo protein models from the due ferri (DF) family. The DF proteins were developed by us through an iterative process of design and rigorous characterization, which has allowed a shift from structural to functional models. The examples reported herein demonstrate the importance of the synergic application of de novo design methods as well as spectroscopic and structural characterization to optimize the catalytic performance of artificial enzymes.
Valuing Stuff
Authors: Randall Régine , Mercurio Mia Lynn 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRecent interest in materials culture and artifactual literacies has helped the authors of this article rethink how they teach preservice and inservice teachers and collaborate with K–12 teachers. Each discipline has its own stuff that can help students understand the products and practices of a field beyond what they might be able to glean from text. To that end, every teacher should see their classroom and content area as a “place for my stuff” because objects speak and communicate more messages through form, color, size, and texture than print alone.