bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Animal Models in Plant Sterol and Stanol Research
Authors: Solati Zahra , Moghadasian Mohammed H 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Cholesterol-lowering properties of plant sterols were reported approximately six decades ago. However, over the past couple of decades we have learnt more about other cardiovascular benefits of regular consumption of plant sterols and/or plant stanols. In particular a series of animal studies has consistently reported that dietary plant sterols and/or plant stanols or their fatty acid esters can reduce atherogenesis to a different extent in different animal models. Such effects may be mediated not only through reductions in LDL cholesterol levels, but also through other mechanisms including anti-inflammatory effects. In this manuscript, various animal models including mice, rabbits, hamsters, and others which have been used to establish cardiovascular benefits of plant sterols are discussed.
Main controlling factors of phase evolution and charging pattern of hydrocarbons in northern Dongpu Sag
Authors: Tan Yuming , Jiang Youlu , Zhao Lijie , Mu Xiaoshui , Xu Tianwu 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Base on statistics of gas oil ratios in reservoirs, thermal-pressure simulation experiments, and analysis of oil/gas accmulation conditions, the distribution and controlling factors of hydrocarbon phases in the northern Dongpu Sag were analyzed. From shallow to deep formations in the study area, liquid hydrocarbon, gaseous hydrocarbon containing gas condensate, and gaseous hydrocarbon were found in turn. The vertical distribution and dipartite degree of hydrocarbon phase varied among different regions, and the charging characteristics during different periods were distinctive. The evolution of hydrocarbon phase was controlled by the type of organic matter in the source rock, the thermal evolution degree of the source rock, and temperature-pressure environment of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. In the deep formations, gases generated mainly form crude oil cracking. The majority of middle and shallow gas were evaporated from oils. There were three types of oil and gas source, including “single sag and single source”, “single sag and multiple sources”, and “multiple sags and multiple sources”, and the corresponding phase evolution patterns were defined as “early oil phase and late gas phase”, “early mixed phase and late oil phase”, and “horizontal oil phase in multiple stages”, “verticaloil phase in multiple stages”. These contributed to various oil and gas charging patterns in different sags.
Interhemispheric differences in ionospheric convection: Cluster EDI observations revisited
Authors: Förster M. , Haaland S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe interaction between the interplanetary magnetic field and the geomagnetic field sets up a large‐scale circulation in the magnetosphere. This circulation is also reflected in the magnetically connected ionosphere. In this paper, we present a study of ionospheric convection based on Cluster Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) satellite measurements covering both hemispheres and obtained over a full solar cycle. The results from this study show that average flow patterns and polar cap potentials for a given orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field can be very different in the two hemispheres. In particular during southward directed interplanetary magnetic field conditions, and thus enhanced energy input from the solar wind, the measurements show that the southern polar cap has a higher cross polar cap potential. There are persistent north‐south asymmetries, which cannot easily be explained by the influence of external drivers. These persistent asymmetries are primarily a result of the significant differences in the strength and configuration of the geomagnetic field between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Since the ionosphere is magnetically connected to the magnetosphere, this difference will also be reflected in the magnetosphere in the form of different feedback from the two hemispheres. Consequently, local ionospheric conditions and the geomagnetic field configuration are important for north‐south asymmetries in large regions of geospace.
Generalization of the H‐κ stacking method to anisotropic media
Authors: Kaviani Ayoub , Rümpker Georg 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe investigate the effect of anisotropy on estimates of crustal thickness H and average bulk VP/VS‐ratio κ. Here we extend the stacking approach of Zhu and Kanamori (2000) to include all 20 P‐to‐S converted waves and their crustal reverberations that are generated in the anisotropic case—instead of only five phases in the isotropic case. The ray‐based algorithm of Frederiksen and Bostock (2000) is used to calculate the amplitude and arrival time of each phase. Synthetic tests are performed to investigate the feasibility and robustness of the stacking approach. For simplicity, we assume hexagonal symmetry and a horizontal symmetry axis, but more general anisotropy may be considered. The tests reveal that the estimates of H and κ can be significantly affected by the presence of crustal anisotropy. We verify the feasibility of the stacking approach for real data by applying the method to examples from three different tectonic regions. The results show that the anisotropic stacking scheme presented here can provide a much better constraint on the estimation of H and κ than is achieved using isotropic stacking. Anisotropic stacking can also help resolve the ambiguity in determination of H and κ that arises when several maxima from stacking amplitudes of receiver functions occur in the case of complex crustal structure.
CLUBB as a unified cloud parameterization: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Guo H. , Golaz J.‐C. , Donner L. J. , Wyman B. , Zhao M. , Ginoux P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCLUBB (Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals) is a higher‐order closure (HOC) method with an assumed joint probability density function (PDF) for the subgrid variations in vertical velocity, temperature, and moisture. CLUBB has been implemented in the atmospheric component (AM3) of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory general circulation model AM3‐CLUBB and successfully unifies the treatment of shallow convection, resolved clouds, and planetary boundary layer (PBL). In this study, we further explore the possibility for CLUBB to unify the deep convection in a new configuration referred as AM3‐CLUBB+. AM3‐CLUBB+ simulations with prescribed sea surface temperature are discussed. Cloud, radiation, and precipitation fields compare favorably with observations and reanalyses. AM3‐CLUBB+ successfully captures the transition from stratocumulus to deep convection and the modulated response of liquid water path to aerosols. Simulations of tropical variability and the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) are also improved. Deficiencies include excessive tropical water vapor and insufficient ice clouds in the midlatitudes.
Overriding plate thickness control on subducting plate curvature
Authors: Holt Adam F. , Buffett Bruce A. , Becker Thorsten W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSubducting plate (SP) curvature exerts a key control on the amount of bending dissipation associated with subduction, and the magnitude of the subduction‐resisting bending force. However, the factors controlling the development of SP curvature are not well understood. We use numerical models to quantify the role of SP rheology on the minimum radius of curvature, Rmin. We find that Rmin depends strongly on the SP thickness when the rheology is viscous. This dependence is substantially reduced when the SP behaves plastically, in line with the lack of correlation between Rmin and SP thickness on Earth. In contrast, plasticity leads to a strong positive correlation between Rmin and the overriding plate (OP) thickness. Using an analysis of Rmin versus OP thickness, we show that such a positive correlation exists on Earth. This suggests that OP structure, in conjunction with SP plasticity, is crucial in generating slab curvature systematics on Earth.
Coupling surface and mantle dynamics: A novel experimental approach
Authors: Kiraly Agnes , Faccenna Claudio , Funiciello Francesca , Sembroni Andrea 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRecent modeling shows that surface processes, such as erosion and deposition, may drive the deformation of the Earth's surface, interfering with deeper crustal and mantle signals. To investigate the coupling between the surface and deep process, we designed a three‐dimensional laboratory apparatus, to analyze the role of erosion and sedimentation, triggered by deep mantle instability. The setup is constituted and scaled down to natural gravity field using a thin viscous sheet model, with mantle and lithosphere simulated by Newtonian viscous glucose syrup and silicon putty, respectively. The surface process is simulated assuming a simple erosion law producing the downhill flow of a thin viscous material away from high topography. The deep mantle upwelling is triggered by the rise of a buoyant sphere. The results of these models along with the parametric analysis show how surface processes influence uplift velocity and topography signals.
Latitudinal dependence of static mesospheric E fields above thunderstorms
Authors: Kabirzadeh R. , Lehtinen N. G. , Inan U. S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractElectrostatic fields generated by thunderclouds can significantly heat and modify the lower ionospheric electrons at altitudes of 70–80 km. These fields can map to higher altitudes along the geomagnetic field lines and have been proposed as the mechanism for generation of whistler ducts. Previous 2‐D modeling of these fields have been limited to azimuthally symmetric cases which requires a vertical magnetic field. We have developed a 3‐D model of the electrostatic thundercloud fields which allows the consideration of effects of the geomagnetic field dip angle on the mapping of the fields to high altitudes. The results show stronger electric fields at altitudes of 70–110 km with an equatorward and eastward shift of tens of kilometers at lower geomagnetic latitudes. These stronger fields are mapped into the magnetosphere and may therefore be important for whistler duct generation. The fields also indicate a more significant contribution of the quiescent heating on VLF early/fast events.
Vertical grid spacing necessary for simulating tropical cirrus clouds with a high‐resolution atmospheric general circulation model
Authors: Seiki Tatsuya , Kodama Chihiro , Satoh Masaki , Hashino Tempei , Hagihara Yuichiro , Okamoto Hajime 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe distribution of simulated cirrus clouds over the tropics is affected by the particular model's vertical grid spacing. To examine this effect, we use a high‐resolution atmospheric general circulation model with 28 km and 14 km horizontal meshes. We show that a vertical grid spacing of 400 m or less is necessary to resolve the bulk structure of cirrus clouds. As one reduces the vertical grid spacing below about 1000 m, the visible cirrus cloud fraction decreases, the cloud thins (optically and geometrically), the cloud top height lowers, and consequently, the outgoing longwave radiation increases. These effects are stronger over the tropics. When using a vertical grid spacing of 400 m or less, the vertical profiles of effective radii and ice water content converge toward measurements (CloudSat satellite and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation).
The origins of perchlorate in the Martian soil
Authors: Carrier Brandi L. , Kounaves Samuel P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPerchlorate (ClO4−) has been detected on Mars, but its production and distribution are unclear. Mechanisms requiring atmospheric chlorine are insufficient for measured concentrations. We conducted studies under Mars conditions using halite (NaCl) alone, soil simulants consisting of silica (SiO2), Fe2O3, Al2O3, and TiO2. After 170 h irradiation, samples analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) showed ClO4− and ClO3− present in all samples. When SiO2 was added, yield increased from 2 to 42 nmol and 0.4 to 2.6 nmol, respectively. We attribute this to SiO2 and metal oxides acting as photocatalysts, generating O2− radicals from O2 which react with chloride. Results show ClO4− and ClO3− can be produced photochemically on Cl minerals without atmospheric chlorine or aqueous conditions, and explain high concentration of ClO4− and ClO4−/Cl− ratios detected by Phoenix. They provide evidence that its distribution on Mars is dictated by distribution of chlorine and provide insight into the oxidizing nature of the soil and its potential effects on organics.
Linkages between rapid climate variability and deep‐sea benthic foraminifera in the deep Subantarctic South Atlantic during the last 95 kyr
Authors: Diz Paula , Barker Stephen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe present a high‐resolution record of benthic foraminifera fauna from a sediment core retrieved from the South Cape Basin (Subantarctic South Atlantic) spanning the last glacial cycle (95 kyr). Information provided by benthic foraminiferal assemblages together with paleoclimate proxies from the same core allow us to interpret changes in the style of primary production (episodic versus sustained) in relation to abrupt climate oscillations. Our results indicate that fluctuations in the abundance of the phytodetritus‐related species, Epistominella exigua, are concomitant with millennial‐scale high‐latitude climate perturbations. Episodic phytoplankton blooms increased during a negative mode of the bipolar seesaw, irrespective of the magnitude of the perturbation (i.e., Heinrich stadial versus non‐Heinrich stadial events). We provide a hypothesis linking the frequency and intensity of these events to atmospheric perturbations, interhemispheric climate variability, and millennial‐scale changes in atmospheric CO2. A notable exception to the overall pattern is the generally high abundance of E. exigua across the globally synchronous onset of glacial marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 4, a period generally characterized by increased dustiness and low‐quality organic carbon as inferred by the percentage of the nonphytodetritus species. This highlights the special characteristics governing the onset of MIS 4 in the Subantarctic.
Assessing prevention measures and sin nombre hantavirus seroprevalence among workers at Yosemite National Park
Authors: Wilken Jason A. , Jackson Rebecca , Materna Barbara L. , Windham Gayle C. , Enge Barryett , Messenger Sharon , Xia Dongxiang , Knust Barbara , Buttke Danielle , Roisman Rachel ,   for the Yosemite Hantavirus Outbreak Investigation Team
Published: May 2015

BackgroundDuring 2012, a total of 10 overnight visitors to Yosemite National Park (Yosemite) became infected with a hantavirus (Sin Nombre virus [SNV]); three died. SNV infections have been identified among persons with occupational exposure to deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus).MethodsWe assessed SNV infection prevalence, work and living environments, mice exposures, and SNV prevention training, knowledge, and practices among workers of two major employers at Yosemite during September–October, 2012 by voluntary blood testing and a questionnaire.ResultsOne of 526 participants had evidence of previous SNV infection. Participants reported frequently observing rodent infestations at work and home and not always following prescribed safety practices for tasks, including infestation cleanup.ConclusionAlthough participants had multiple exposures to deer mice, we did not find evidence of widespread SNV infections. Nevertheless, employees working around deer mice should receive appropriate training and consistently follow prevention policies for high‐risk activities. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:658–667, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural Effects of Multiple Pathogenic Mutations Suggest a Model for the Initiation of Misfolding of the Prion Protein
Authors: Singh Jogender , Udgaonkar Jayant B. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA molecular understanding of the prion diseases requires delineation of the origin of misfolding of the prion protein (PrP). An understanding of how different disease‐linked mutations affect the structure and dynamics of native monomeric PrP can provide a clue about how misfolding commences. In this study, hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry was used to show that several disease‐linked mutant variants, which are thermodynamically destabilized, share a common structural perturbation in their native states: helix 1 is destabilized to an extent that correlates well with the destabilization of the native protein. The mutant variants misfold and form oligomers faster than does the wild‐type protein, at rates that increase exponentially with the extent to which helix 1 is destabilized in the native protein. It appears, therefore, that the loss of helix 1 structure marks the beginning of PrP misfolding and oligomerization.
Logisches Mehrschrittgatter auf Basis eines Aptamersensors mit verstärktem Sensorsignal
Authors: Feng Lingyan , Lyu Zhaozi , Offenhäusser Andreas , Mayer Dirk 
Published: May 2015

AbstractKonventionelle Elektronik kann mehrere Logikoperationen hintereinander ausführen; für bioelektronische Logikgatter wurde diese Fähigkeit bisher jedoch selten nachgewiesen. Zudem ist die Fragestellung, wie man die technologische Lücke zwischen biochemischen Prozessen und Silicium‐basierten elektrischen Schaltungen schließt, eine Schlüsselproblematik der Bioelektronik. Hier untersuchen wir ein neuartiges, Aptamer‐basiertes Mehrschrittgatter, zusammengesetzt aus INHIBIT‐ und AND‐Gattern, das eine Netto‐XOR‐Analyse ausführt und ein elektrochemisches Ausgabesignal erzeugt. Durch die Bindung des Zielmoleküls an ein Aptamer wird ein Ladungstransfer zwischen Elektrode und Redoxsonden in der Lösungsphase ermöglicht, der das Sensorsignal verstärkt und eine direkte und zuverlässige Diagnose erlaubt. Wir zeigen eine neue Möglichkeit auf, bioelektronische logische Mehrschrittgatter zu entwerfen, mit dem Ziel, eine komplexe Diagnose basierend auf mehreren Eingangssignalen in eine Ja‐ oder Nein‐Entscheidung zu vereinfachen.
Selective Endo and Exo Binding of Mono‐ and Ditopic Ligands to a Rhomboidal Diporphyrin Prism
Authors: Jayamurugan Govindasamy , Roberts Derrick A. , Ronson Tanya K. , Nitschke Jonathan R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCopper(I) can preferentially form heteroleptic complexes containing two phosphine and two nitrogen donors due to steric factors. This preference was employed to direct the self‐assembly of a porphyrin‐faced rhomboidal prism having two parallel tetrakis(4‐iminopyridyl)porphyrinatozinc(II) faces linked by eight 1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene pillars. The coordination preferences of the CuI ions and geometries of the ligands come together to generate a slipped‐cofacial orientation of the porphyrinatozinc(II) faces. This orientation enables selective encapsulation of 3,3′‐bipyridine (bipy), which bridges the ZnII ions of the parallel porphyrins, whereas 4,4′‐bipy exhibits weaker external coordination to the porphyrin faces. Reaction with 2,2′‐bipy, by contrast, results in the displacement of the tetratopic porphyrin ligand and formation of [{(2,2′‐bipy)CuI}2(diphosphine)2]. The differing strengths of interactions of bipyridine isomers with the system allows for a hierarchy to be deciphered, whereby 4,4′‐bipy may be displaced by 3,3′‐bipy, which in turn is displaced by 2,2′‐bipy.
Multi‐Level Logic Gate Operation Based on Amplified Aptasensor Performance
Authors: Feng Lingyan , Lyu Zhaozi , Offenhäusser Andreas , Mayer Dirk 
Published: May 2015

AbstractConventional electronic circuits can perform multi‐level logic operations; however, this capability is rarely realized by biological logic gates. In addition, the question of how to close the gap between biomolecular computation and silicon‐based electrical circuitry is still a key issue in the bioelectronics field. Here we explore a novel split aptamer‐based multi‐level logic gate built from INHIBIT and AND gates that performs a net XOR analysis, with electrochemical signal as output. Based on the aptamer–target interaction and a novel concept of electrochemical rectification, a relayed charge transfer occurs upon target binding between aptamer‐linked redox probes and solution‐phase probes, which amplifies the sensor signal and facilitates a straightforward and reliable diagnosis. This work reveals a new route for the design of bioelectronic logic circuits that can realize multi‐level logic operation, which has the potential to simplify an otherwise complex diagnosis to a “yes” or “no” decision.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydroaminocarbonylation of Alkenes with Amines: A Strategy to Overcome the Basicity Barrier Imparted by Aliphatic Amines
Authors: Zhang Guoying , Gao Bao , Huang Hanmin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA novel and efficient palladium‐catalyzed hydroaminocarbonylation of alkenes with aminals has been developed under mild reaction conditions, and allows the synthesis of a wide range of N‐alkyl linear amides in good yields with high regioselectivity. On the basis of this method, a cooperative catalytic system operating by the synergistic combination of palladium, paraformaldehyde, and acid was established for promoting the hydroaminocarbonylation of alkenes with both aromatic and aliphatic amines, which do not react well under conventional palladium‐catalyzed hydroaminocarbonylation.
Production of non‐crosslinked thermoplastic foams with a controlled density and a wide range of cellular structures
Authors: Lopez‐Gil Alberto , Saiz‐Arroyo Cristina , Tirado Josias , Rodriguez‐Perez Miguel Angel 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTA novel foaming route, with respect to existing industrial foaming processes, called “Improved Compression Molding” (ICM), which allows producing non‐crosslinked thermoplastic foams in a wide density range, is described in this work. This process is different from others because it is possible to control independently density and cellular structure and therefore, tailored cellular polymers can be produced. To understand the process, a collection of polypropylene foams, with relative densities ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 were produced. The influence of foaming parameters, on foams microstructure and mechanical response was analyzed. Results revealed that for similar densities, foams with different open cell content and cell size can be achieved. In addition, it was proved that mechanical behavior strongly depends on the degree of interconnectivity of the cells. The analysis of the relative mechanical properties allowed determining the influence of microstructure on mechanical behavior as well as quantifying the efficiency of the foaming process to produce light‐weight stiff materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42324.
Thermogravimetric study of thermal degradation of polyetherimide
Authors: Zaragoza Sonia , Álvarez Ana , Álvarez Begoña , López‐Beceiro Jorge , Naya Salvador , Forcén Patricia , Artiaga Ramón 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThermal stability in nonoxidizing atmosphere of a polyetherimide (PEI) is investigated by thermogravimetry (TG). It is observed that thermal degradation of this product consists of two overlapping processes, which are conveniently separated by fitting the TG curves to mixtures of generalized logistic functions. Thus, each process is represented by a single function. The analysis of the fitting parameter values obtained for the main degradation process in different isothermal and heating ramp conditions allows to obtain insightful kinetic parameters (critical temperature, energy barrier, and reaction‐order) which allow to make predictions in both isothermal and nonisothermal contexts. There is a minimum temperature for each process to occur and a ramp‐energy barrier related to the process rate. In the ramp context, the values of these two parameters explain that, although one process starts at lower temperature, it proceeds at a very low rate until reaching temperatures at which the other process goes much faster. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42329.