bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing REDD through community‐based forest management: Lessons from Tanzania
Authors: Robinson Elizabeth J. Z. , Albers Heidi J. , Meshack Charles , Lokina Razack B. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractREDD (reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation) aims to slow carbon releases caused by forest disturbance by making payments conditional on forest quality over time. Like earlier policies to slow deforestation, REDD must change the behaviour of forest degrading actors. Broadly, it can be implemented with payments to forest users in exchange for improved forest management, thus creating incentives; through payments for enforcement, thus creating disincentives; or through addressing external drivers such as urban charcoal demand. In Tanzania, community‐based forest management (CBFM), a form of participatory forest management, was chosen by the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group, a local NGO, as a model for implementing REDD pilot programmes. Payments are made to villages that have the rights to forest carbon. In exchange, the villages must demonstrably reduce deforestation at the village level. In this paper, using this pilot programme as a case study, combined with a review of the literature, we provide insights for REDD implementation in sub‐Saharan Africa. We pay particular attention to leakage, monitoring and enforcement. We suggest that implementing REDD through CBFM‐type structures can create appropriate incentives and behaviour change when the recipients of the REDD funds are also the key drivers of forest change. When external forces drive forest change, however, REDD through CBFM‐type structures becomes an enforcement programme with local communities rather than government agencies being responsible for the enforcement. That structure imposes costs on local communities, whose local authority limits the ability to address leakage outside the particular REDD village.
Role of E2F‐1 and its involving pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Wen , Shen Luyan , Sun Yu , Dong Bin , Chen Keneng 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundEsophageal cancer is a lethal disease and the optimal therapy remains unclear. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy provides an increased chance of survival; therefore, we attempted to identify potential molecular markers that might improve evaluations of individual responses to therapy.MethodsWe recruited 109 patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The patients underwent radical esophagectomy and did not receive any other perioperative treatment. Expression of E2F‐1 and molecules involved in its targeted pathways, pERK, Bim, pRb, epidermal growth factor receptor, EZH2 and pAKT, was investigated immunohistochemically.ResultsCorrelations were observed between E2F‐1 and pRb expression; EZH2 expression was significantly correlated with the degree of carcinoma differentiation (P = 0.01). Stage III patients were found to have longer survival if they did not express pERK than if they did (23 months vs. 11 months, P = 0.01). Patients with E2F‐1 not expressing pRb were found to have longer survival times than those with E2F‐1 who expressed pRb (18.8 months vs. 8.6 months, P = 0.021). Similarly, stage III patients with E2F‐1 but not expressing pERK also survived longer than those expressing pERK (23.5 months vs. 3.9 months, P < 0.001).ConclusionsA high expression of pERK was significantly associated with poor survival in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer. Expression of a combination of molecules, rather than of individual molecules, was more predictive of disease prognosis. E2F‐1 and molecules of its targeted pathways may be candidate proteins as markers of chemosensitivity in esophageal cancer patients.
Application ofLoreau &Hector's (2001) partitioning method to complex functional traits
Authors: Grossiord Charlotte , Granier André , Gessler Arthur , Scherer‐Lorenzen Michael , Pollastrini Martina , Bonal Damien 
Published: June 2013

SummaryIn 2001,Loreau andHector proposed a method to calculate the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem‐level properties that distinguished selection effects (SE) from complementarity effects (CE). The approach was designed and has been widely used for the study of yield in mixed‐species situations taking into account the relative abundance of each species in ecosystem‐level yield. However, complex functional traits commonly used to integrate ecosystem‐level properties that cannot be analysed like yield data because the weighted contribution of each species is not determined by its relative abundance.We adapted the original method by clearly identifying ecologically meaningful weighting coefficients to represent species‐specific contributions to ecosystem function.We applied the adapted method of analysis to tree foliar carbon isotope composition in an experimental plantation in order to test the influence of species richness on plot water use efficiency (WUEplot). The appropriate weights for theWUEplotof each species are leafCO2assimilation rate.We observed a large range ofWUEplotand biodiversity effects among plots. The absence of a significantSEonWUEplotindicated that the overall net biodiversity effect was primarily driven by aCE. The net biodiversity effect andCEwere mostly negative, suggesting that interspecific interactions resulted in a decrease in the ratio between carbon acquisition and transpiration at the ecosystem level.The application of the method to complex components of ecosystem functioning provides important new insights into the practical and conceptual aspects of functional biodiversity research.
The Acute Effects of Alcohol on Sleep Architecture in Late Adolescence
Authors: Chan Julia K. M. , Trinder John , Andrewes Holly E. , Colrain Ian M. , Nicholas Christian L. 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundAlcohol consumption is prevalent in late adolescence; however, little is known about its effect on sleep in this group. In mature adults, alcohol decreases sleep onset latency (SOL) and sleep efficiency (SE) and increases wake after sleep onset (WASO). It also increases slow wave sleep (SWS) and decreases rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the first half of the night, with the inverse occurring in the second half. Alcohol's effect on sleep during late adolescence is of interest given that this age group shows both dramatic increases in alcohol consumption and significant developmental changes in the central nervous system. This study examined the effect of alcohol on sleep architecture in women and men aged 18 to 21 years and whether previously reported sleep architecture effects may have been as an artificial result of changes to sleep cycle length.MethodsTwenty‐four (12 women) healthy 18‐ to 21‐year‐old light social drinkers (19.1 ± 1.0 years) underwent 2 conditions: presleep alcohol (target breath alcohol concentration [BAC] 0.10%) and placebo‐administered under controlled conditions, followed by standard polysomnography.ResultsIn the alcohol condition, mean BAC at lights out was 0.084 ± 0.016%. Time in bed, total sleep time, and SOL (all p > 0.05) did not differ between conditions. However, there was less REM (p = 0.011) and more stage‐2 sleep (p = 0.035) in the alcohol condition. Further, alcohol increased SWS (p = 0.02) and decreased REM sleep (p < 0.001) in the first half of the night and disrupted sleep in the second half, with increased WASO (interaction: p = 0.034), and decreased SE (p = 0.04) and SWS (p = 0.01) and no REM sleep rebound in the second half of the night (p = 0.262). Additionally, alcohol had no effect on sleep cycle length (p = 0.598).ConclusionsThe results were broadly consistent with the adult literature with the novel extension that half night sleep architecture effects could not be attributed to changes in sleep cycle length. However, alcohol did not reduce SOL, or result in a REM rebound following reduced REM in the first half of the night. The results suggest that the effects of alcohol on sleep are modified by sleep's prevailing developmental stage.
Colonic diverticulitis in young Asians: a predominantly mild and right‐sided disease
Authors: Tan Ker‐Kan , Wong Jiayi , Yan Zhiyan , Chong Choon‐Seng , Liu Jody Z. , Sim Richard 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe management of diverticulitis in young Asian patients remains challenging. This study aimed to highlight the issues of managing diverticulitis in young Asians.MethodsA retrospective review of all patients who were admitted for acute colonic diverticulitis from October 2003 to December 2008 was performed. Patients who were ≤50 year old were considered ‘young’ and formed the study group.ResultsThe study group consisted of 142 patients. The majority (n = 126, 88.7%) had right‐sided diverticulitis and most (n = 117, 82.4%) were mild in severity. Most of the patients who underwent emergency surgery were for suspected appendicitis (39/56, 69.6%). When we compared between those aged ≤50 and >50 years, the older group had worse diverticulitis (odds ratio (OR), 4.90, 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.00–11.99), been operated for indications other than suspected appendicitis (OR, 13.08, 95% CI, 5.42–31.56) and undergone a colectomy (OR, 9.96, 95% CI, 4.12–24.10). The younger group had a much higher incidence of right‐sided disease (OR: 7.80, 95% CI: 4.32–14.07). Over a median follow‐up of 40 (6–90) months, 7 (4.9%) patients were readmitted for a total of eight times for recurrent attacks of diverticulitis and all were successfully treated conservatively. Five other patients underwent elective surgery for persistent symptoms.ConclusionDiverticulitis in young Asians is often right‐sided and mild in severity. A significant proportion is only diagnosed when operated for presumed appendicitis. Recurrent attacks are uncommon and can often be treated non‐surgically.
Retinal arterial macroaneurysms
Authors: Pitkänen Leena , Tommila Petri , Kaarniranta Kai , Jääskeläinen Juha E , Kinnunen Kati 
Published: June 2013

Abstract.Retinal arterial macroaneurysms are acquired saccular or fusiform dilatations of the large arterioles of the retina, usually within the first three orders of bifurcation. They are associated with systemic vascular conditions such as hypertension and arteriosclerotic disease occurring most commonly in elderly women. The primary reported symptom is a sudden loss of vision due to haemorrhage or oedema affecting the macula. Most of macroaneurysms regress without treatment and without causing decreased visual acuity. Poor visual outcome may occur secondary to foveal exudates and subfoveal haemorrhage.
Neuronal complications of intravitreal silicone oil: an updated review
Authors: Grzybowski Andrzej , Pieczynski Janusz , Ascaso Francisco J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract.Silicone oil (SiO) has a well‐established role as a long‐term endotamponade agent in the management of complicated retinal detachments. Complications of intraocular SiO include keratopathy, glaucoma, cataract and subretinal migration of the oil droplets. SiO tamponade can also lead to a severe optic neuropathy caused by retrolaminar migration. Nevertheless, intracranial migration of the SiO through the optic nerve posterior to the lamina cribrosa to the optic chiasm and brain is uncommon. The mechanism is still under debate, but it has been suggested elevated intraocular pressure, macrophages or optic nerve head anatomical predispositions as potential explanations. Moreover, central scotoma may develop in eyes with SiO not only at the time of oil removal, but also during the period of tamponade. We performed a PubMed search of neuronal complications of silicone oil over a period of 25 years. This review summarizes our current understanding of the specific pathogenic mechanisms of intraocular SiO neuronal side effects, concluding that pre‐existing glaucoma and optic nerve abnormalities are the main risk factors associated with this damage. In their absence, the risk of extraocular SiO penetration is so low that the use of SiO endotamponade in complex retinal detachment patients does not need to be modified. MRI images to assess extraocular SiO migration are only necessary in very few and special cases, such as patients with optic nerve abnormalities and glaucoma.
Small head circumference at birth and early age at adiposity rebound
Authors: Eriksson J. G. , Kajantie E. , Lampl M. , Osmond C. , Barker D. J. P. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimsThe adiposity rebound is the age in childhood when body mass index is at a minimum before increasing again. The age at rebound is highly variable. An early age is associated with increased obesity in later childhood and adult life. We have reported that an early rebound is predicted by low weight gain between birth and 1 year of age and resulting low body mass index at 1 year. Here, we examine whether age at adiposity rebound is determined by influences during infancy or is a consequence of foetal growth. Our hypothesis was that measurements of body size at birth are related to age at adiposity rebound.MethodsLongitudinal study of 2877 children born in Helsinki, Finland, during 1934–1944.ResultsEarly age at adiposity rebound was associated with small head circumference and biparietal diameter at birth, but not with other measurements of body size at birth. The mean age at adiposity rebound rose from 5.8 years in babies with a head circumference of ≤33 cm to 6.2 in babies with a head circumference of >36 cm (P for trend = 0.007). The association between thinness in infancy and early rebound became apparent at 6 months of age. It was not associated with adverse living conditions. In a simultaneous regression, small head circumference at birth, high mother's body mass index and tall maternal stature each had statistically significant trends with early adiposity rebound (P = 0.002, <0.001, 0.004).ConclusionWe hypothesize that the small head size at birth that preceded an early adiposity rebound was the result of inability to sustain a rapid intra‐uterine growth trajectory initiated in association with large maternal body size. This was followed by catch‐up growth in infancy, and we hypothesize that this depleted the infant's fat stores.
Bioethics Methods in the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project Literature
Authors: Walker Rebecca L. , Morrissey Clair 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWhile bioethics as a field has concerned itself with methodological issues since the early years, there has been no systematic examination of how ethics is incorporated into research on the Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) of the Human Genome Project. Yet ELSI research may bear a particular burden of investigating and substantiating its methods given public funding, an explicitly cross‐disciplinary approach, and the perceived significance of adequate responsiveness to advances in genomics. We undertook a qualitative content analysis of a sample of ELSI publications appearing between 2003 and 2008 with the aim of better understanding the methods, aims, and approaches to ethics that ELSI researchers employ. We found that the aims of ethics within ELSI are largely prescriptive and address multiple groups. We also found that the bioethics methods used in the ELSI literature are both diverse between publications and multiple within publications, but are usually not themselves discussed or employed as suggested by bioethics method proponents. Ethics in ELSI is also sometimes undistinguished from related inquiries (such as social, legal, or political investigations).
LITAF, a BCL6 target gene, regulates autophagy in mature B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Bertolo Cristina , Roa Sergio , Sagardoy Ainara , Mena‐Varas Maria , Robles Eloy F. , Martinez‐Ferrandis Jose I. , Sagaert Xavier , Tousseyn Thomas , Orta Alberto , Lossos Izidore S. , Amar Salomon , Natkunam Yasodha , Briones Javier , Melnick Ari , Malumbres Raquel , Martinez‐Climent Jose A. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryWe have previously reported that LITAF is silenced by promoter hypermethylation in germinal centre‐derived B‐cell lymphomas, but beyond these data the regulation and function of lipopolysaccharide‐induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF) factor (LITAF) in B cells are unknown. Gene expression and immunohistochemical studies revealed that LITAF and BCL6 show opposite expression in tonsil B‐cell subpopulations and B‐cell lymphomas, suggesting that BCL6 may regulate LITAF expression. Accordingly, BCL6 silencing increased LITAF expression, and chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays demonstrated a direct transcriptional repression of LITAF by BCL6. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments in different B‐cell lymphoma cell lines revealed that, in contrast to its function in monocytes, LITAF does not induce lipopolysaccharide‐mediated TNF secretion in B cells. However, gene expression microarrays defined a LITAF‐related transcriptional signature containing genes regulating autophagy, including MAP1LC3B (LC3B). In addition, immunofluorescence analysis co‐localized LITAF with autophagosomes, further suggesting a possible role in autophagy modulation. Accordingly, ectopic LITAF expression in B‐cell lymphoma cells enhanced autophagy responses to starvation, which were impaired upon LITAF silencing. Our results indicate that the BCL6‐mediated transcriptional repression of LITAF may inhibit autophagy in B cells during the germinal centre reaction, and suggest that the constitutive repression of autophagy responses in BCL6‐driven lymphomas may contribute to lymphomagenesis.
When to perform lymph node dissection in patients with renal cell carcinoma: a novel approach to the preoperative assessment of risk of lymph node invasion at surgery and of lymph node progression during follow‐up
Authors: Capitanio Umberto , Abdollah Firas , Matloob Rayan , Suardi Nazareno , Castiglione Fabio , Di Trapani Ettore , Capogrosso Paolo , Gallina Andrea , Dell'Oglio Paolo , Briganti Alberto , Salonia Andrea , Montorsi Francesco , Bertini Roberto 
Published: June 2013

Objective
To identify preoperatively patients who might benefit from lymph node dissection (LND).
Patients and Methods
We assessed lymph node invasion (LNI) at final pathology and lymph node (LN) progression during the follow‐up for 1983 patients with RCC, treated with either partial or radical nephrectomy. LN progression was defined as the onset of a new clinically detected lymphadenopathy (>10 mm) in the retroperitoneal lymphatic area. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the effect of each potential clinical predictor (age, body mass index, tumour side, symptoms, performance status, clinical tumour size, clinical tumour‐node‐metastasis stage, and albumin, calcium, creatinine, haemoglobin and platelet levels) on the outcome of interest. The most parsimonious multivariable predictive model was developed, and discrimination, calibration and net benefit were calculated.
Results
The prevalence of LNI was 6.1% (120/1983 patients) and during the follow‐up period, 82 patients (4.1%) experienced LN progression. On multivariable analyses, the most informative independent predictors were tumour stage (cT3–4 vs cT1–2, odds ratio [OR] 1.52, P = 0.05), clinical nodal status [cN1 vs cN0, OR 7.09, P < 0.001], metastases at diagnosis (OR 3.04, P < 0.001) and clinical tumour size (OR 1.14, P < 0.001). The accuracy of the multivariable model was found to be 86.9%, with excellent calibration and net benefit at decision‐curve analyses.
Conclusions
By relying on a unique approach, combining the risk of harbouring LNI and/or LN progression during the follow‐up period, we have provided the first clinical presurgery model predicting the need for LND.
Emergent ureteric stent vs percutaneous nephrostomy for obstructive urolithiasis with sepsis: patterns of use and outcomes from a 15‐year experience
Authors: Goldsmith Zachariah G. , Oredein‐McCoy Olugbemisola , Gerber Leah , Bañez Lionel L. , Sopko David R. , Miller Michael J. , Preminger Glenn M. , Lipkin Michael E. 
Published: June 2013

Objectives
To characterize the use of emergent JJ ureteric stent placement and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) for patients with obstructive urolithiasis with sepsis, and to determine whether outcomes differ between the two treatment methods.
Patients and Methods
A total of 130 patients with obstructive urolithiasis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria were identified retrospectively from a single health system database from 1995 to 2011.
Primary outcomes included stone‐related and clinical variables which predicted the use of each treatment method.
Secondary outcomes included the length of hospital stay, risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and surgical approach used for definitive stone management.
Results
The overall rate of failed procedures was 2.3% (3/130), with one in‐hospital death (0.8%).
Patients treated with PCN had larger stones (10 vs 7 mm, P = 0.031), and were more acutely ill (acute physiology, age, chronic health evaluation [APACHE] II scores of 15 vs 11, P = 0.036) than those treated with JJ stent placement.
Patients treated with PCN were more likely to require ICU admission (odds ratio: 3.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–8.41, P = 0.016), and demonstrated longer length of hospital stay (β: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.20–0.74, P = 0.001), even when adjusting for age, APACHE II score, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score.
After resolution of sepsis, patients treated with PCN were more likely to be treated definitively with a percutaneous approach, while patients treated with JJ stent placement were more likely to be treated ureteroscopically.
Conclusions
Both JJ stent placement and PCN drainage appear effective.
Patients with larger stones and who are more acutely ill are more likely to be treated with PCN.
Additional randomized clinical trials of adequate power are warranted to define the optimum management of these often complex cases.
Transurethral enucleation and resection of the prostate vs transvesical prostatectomy for prostate volumes >80 mL: a prospective randomized study
Authors: Ou Rubiao , Deng Xiangrong , Yang Wenjun , Wei Xinghua , Chen Hui , Xie Keji 
Published: June 2013

Objectives
To compare the efficacy and safety of transurethral enucleation and resection of the prostate (TUERP) and transvesical prostatectomy (TVP) for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate volumes >80 mL.
Patients and Methods
A total of 100 patients with urodynamic obstruction and prostate volume >80 mL were prospectively randomized and enrolled in the study at a tertiary hospital.
Patients underwent TVP or TUERP performed by one of two surgeons with experience of a large number of cases.
All patients were preoperatively evaluated using patient age, prostate volume measurement, clinical characteristics of digital rectal examination, self‐assessment using the International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS) questionnaire, a quality‐of‐life (QoL) questionnaire, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), post‐void residual urine volume (PVR), urine analysis, blood sample analysis, including determination of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and haemoglobin concentration.
All patients were assessed peri‐operatively and postoperatively at 3 and 12 months. All complications were documented.
Results
Of 100 patients eligible to participate, 92 patients completed 12 months of follow‐up.
Patients who underwent TUERP had shorter catheterization times and hospital stays. Operation duration was not significantly different between the two surgical groups (P = 0.107).
The resected adenoma weight in the TVP group was more than that in the TUERP group, but the difference was not significant (P = 0.062).
There were no significant differences in IPSS, PVR, Qmax or QoL scores between the groups at 3 and 12 months. The patients in the TVP group appeared to have a better Qmax at 3 months, however, the difference was not significant (P = 0.081).
Adverse events were similar in the two groups.
Conclusion
We found that TUERP had efficacy and safety equivalent to that of TVP for patients with BPH and prostate volume >80 mL.