bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the Polarization Technique To Study Corrosion in Aqueous Ammonia Systems
Authors: DVORACEK L. M. , NEFF L L 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Severe internal corrosion of certain carbon steel storage tanks in Honolulu which contained aqueous ammonia solutions, 25 percent by weight ammonia, prompted investigation of this unusual corrosion problem in the laboratory by the polarization technique. Interpretation of polarization curves obtained with steel electrodes exposed to different environments indicated that oxygen is the major factor in the corrosion of steel by aqueous ammonia solutions. However, corrosion of carbon steel can occur in both oxygen-containing and oxygen-depleted solutions. Corrosion of carbon steel in oxygen-containing solutions is caused by activation through removal of oxygen, or by the presence of large areas of mill scale on carbon steel in oxygen-depleted solutions. Anodic polarization curves revealed that carbon steel in both oxygen-containing and oxygen-depleted ammonia solutions can be made passive. A stable passive potential or state was observed for carbon steel in the oxygen-containing system, but not in the oxygen-depleted system. Laboratory data for these environments indicated that anodic or cathodic protection can be applied to control the corrosion. 2.3.5, 4.3.3
Performance of Titanium vs Other Materials In Chemical Plant Exposures
Authors: SHEPPARD R. S. , HISE D. R. , GEGNER P. J. , WILSON W. L 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Corrosion tests involving titanium and other metals were reported in a previous article by Gegner and Wilson.1 This investigation was continued; results of additional exposures yielding corrosion rates on 49 different materials are shown herein.
Corrosion spool results were confirmed in a number of instances by testing titanium equipment. Valves, reboilers, heating coils, cooling coils, steam tracer tubing, atomizer wheels, pump impellers, equipment plates and thermowells were installed in environments such as calcium chloride liquors, hypochlorous acid, wet chlorine gas, calcium hypochlorite solution, chlorine-containing sodium chloride brine, and nitric acid. Failures of titanium equipment were rare. Permanent use of titanium appeared to be justified in the majority of installations.
6.3.15
Evaluation of Nuclear Reactor Decontaoninants
Authors: WEED R. D. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Water-cooled nuclear reactors require periodic chemical decontamination so that preventive maintenance for continuity of operation can be performed at minimum cost and with minimum exposure of personnel to radiation. Testing of these chemical decontaminants is required so that optimum conditions can be established for maximum cleaning efficiency and lowest possible corrosion rates on carbon steel.
Sequence of testing begins with laboratory beaker scanning and progresses through dynamic loop scanning, grossly contaminated system studies, cyclic corrosion evaluations and in-reactor loop decontamination tests. A typical process is described in which a cleaning compound consisting primarily of sulfamic acid is evaluated. Results of evaluation in the various stages of the process are reported.
8.4.5
Statistical Distribution of Stress Corrosion Endurance
Authors: BOOTH F. F. , TUCKER G. E. G. , GODARD H. P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article describes a statistical analysis of certain stress corrosion endurances, made with a view to identifying the type of frequency distribution to which they belonged and hence to recommending appropriate methods of treatment of stress corrosion results.
It was found that the logarithms of the endurances of stress corrosion specimens of aluminum alloys tested in salt peroxide solution are normally distributed and that the variance of the logarithm of endurance is independent of the mean but not constant. It was concluded that the most meaningful representative endurance is the geometric mean, of which the median is a good approximation.
Other estimates, which may show a saving in testing time or cost, can be found which are only slightly, if at all, less efficient than the geometric mean. These other estimates use linear functions of the logarithms of endurance in a censored (i.e., incompletely tested) sample The relative merits of various procedures are discussed by way of example and the corresponding time savings are quoted using a standard deviation, which is representative of the present results. The method of calculation is given in the Appendix so that it can be applied for other values of the standard deviation.
Anodic Polarization Characteristics Of Gold and Silver In Chloride and Sulfate Media
Authors: ROBINSON F. P. A. , FROST F. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The anodic polarization characteristics of gold and silver in chloride and sulfate media have been studied, employing potentiostatic techniques.
It was found that gold produces an active-passive S-shaped curve, the form of which is not seriously affected by the presence of oxygen in the electrolyte. The stability of the passive state was greater in the sulfate than in the chloride media.
Silver does not give a typical anodic polarization curve in NaCl solution, because formation of an AgCl film is the primary anode reaction. This film thickens and exfoliates at a current density of 2 a/sq ft. For this reason, silver could not be used as an inexpendable anode in an impressed current system containing chloride ions.
Observations on the Dissolution Behavior Of Iron Whiskers
Authors: SEASTROM C. C. , BECK F. H. , FONTANA M. G. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The dissolution behavior of iron whiskers has been studied in the solutions: 1N sulfuric acid + 0.2N potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), a 4 percent solution of picric acid in alcohol, and a 2 percent solution of nitric acid in alcohol. Most whiskers were composed of a distinct shell or overgrowth surrounding the core. The shells ranged in thickness from less than one micron up to several microns. The thickness of the shell was a major factor in determining the size of the etch pits. Etch pits in the shell were usually smaller and better defined than pits in the whisker core. This variation in the shape of pits in different layers of the whisker, even though etched in the same solution, is attributed to a change in concentration of an internal poison.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Columbium Alloy Corrosion In Superheated Steam
Authors: DOUGLASS D. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Screening tests of numerous binary, ternary, and quaternary columbium alloys in superheated steam, up to 704 C, showed that Nb-V binary alloys had the greatest corrosion resistance.1 The binary alloys were studied in detail and were observed to follow initially low power rate laws varying from quartic to parabolic behavior. A rate transition occurred after longer exposures to a linear rate law which was associated with spalling and cracks in the oxide films. The corrosion product was shown to be different than that formed in air or oxygen for Nb-3.5V and was a complex unknown phase. An increase in vanadium content to 10 atomic percent (a/o) enabled beta-Nb2O5 to form with the unknown phase, and Nb02 also formed as a third phase on Nb-15V. A change in oxide morphology was noted as the vanadium increased from 3.5 to 8.9 a/o, the latter forming oxide “fingers” which grew into the substrate.
The activation energy for corrosion, 13 kcal/mol, was the same for binary Nb-V alloys which formed either the unknown oxide phase or NbO2 at temperatures below 482 C, and was considerably less than that for oxygen diffusion in Nb2O5 containing 1 mol percent V2O5. The apparent diffusion-controlled process, according to the kinetics, and low corrosion activation energy strongly suggest oxide grain boundary diffusion as a rate-limiting step during the pretransition period.
Oxygen contamination of the substrate occurred readily, the tolerance for oxygen decreasing with increasing vanadium. Cracks which formed in the oxide due to volume mismatch at the oxide-metal interface were observed to have propagated through the embrittled substrate. Spoiling and contamination characteristics appear to be limiting properties for corrosion limetime.
Effects of Hydrogen Halides On Anodic Polarization of Stainless Steel
Authors: RIGGS OLEN L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The anodic polarization of stainless steel in 10 moles/liter sulfuric acid with various concentrations of HF, HCl and HBr has been investigated. At sufficiently high concentrations all of these hydrogen halide ions make it more difficult to establish and maintain passivity. They did not change the potential at which passivation was established, but they narrowed the passive potential range by increasing the potential at which breakdown occurred. They all accelerated the decay of passivity when the applied currents were interrupted. Effective protection from corrosion can still be obtained in these systems. In the presence of 1 mole per liter hydrogen fluoride, there was a substantial increase in current to maintain passivity without any corresponding loss of metal.
Zirconium Alloy Corrosion In High-Temperature Halide Solutions
Authors: BERRY W. E. , WHITE E. L. , FINK W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-4 has been studied in 680 F halide solutions adjusted to pH 10.5 with LiOH or NH4OH. No accelerated corrosion was observed after 56 days' exposure to 0.01 M solutions of LiCI, Lil, NH4Cl or NH4l, with or without Fe3O4 suspensions in the solutions. Severe attack occurred in Fe3O4-free 0.01 M LiF and NH4F solutions. Although large quantities of Fe3O4 in suspension decreased attack by decreasing the fluoride concentration of the solution, thin surface deposits of Fe3O4 on the Zircaloy-4 surface did not appear to increase or retard attack in the 0.01 M fluoride solutions. No unusual corrosion occurred in 0.001 M LiF or 0.0001 M NH4F solutions.
Permeability to Hydrogen of Metals with Metallic Coatings
Authors: STEIGERWALD E. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The ability of hydrogen to permeate through composite systems consisting of metallic coatings on Type 304 stainless steel and Haynes 25 alloy as base metals was evaluated. Results indicate that the effectiveness of a particular coating-base metal system in retarding hydrogen passage can often be predicted qualitatively from knowledge of the metallurgical interaction between the coating and base metal. In systems where virtually no interaction or extensive solid solution effects occur, the coating produces a relatively small change in permeability. In systems where a continuous intermetallic layer is formed between the coating and base metal, e.g., aluminum, silicon, or metal-silicide coatings on Haynes 25 alloy, a significant decrease in permeability to hydrogen takes place.
Kinetics of Corrosion in a Two-Phase Mercury System
Authors: NEJEDLIK J. F. , VARGO E. J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The kinetics of mercury corrosion of various conventional materials of construction were studied in glass, reflux-type capsules with two-phase mercury at temperatures from 600 to 1000 F (316 to 538 C). These studies have shown that although corrosion may proceed initially at a linear rate, steady-state corrosion is essentially diffusion rate-controlled for metals which develop a corrosion layer barrier.
Penetration and weight loss plots are presented for representative alloys. Arrhenius-type plots of parabolic corrosion rate constants show essentially linear behavior with temperature for a given material. These results were substantiated in thermal convection two-phase natural circulation loop tests.
Effects of Impurities in Some Refractory Metal-Alkali Metal Systems
Authors: DiSTEFANO J. R. , LITMAN A. P. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Impurities such as oxygen, nitrogen or carbon in either the refractory metal or the alkali metal can have a significant effect on compatibility in refractory metal-alkali metal systems. In some cases the impurity concentration levels sufficient to cause deleterious effects are only several hundred parts per million, and these levels might be present in “high-purity” metals.
Results have been reported which show that the presence of nitrogen in lithium greatly influences the solubility of some of the refractory metals. Experiments conducted at relatively low temperatures have also indicated that oxygen in sodium has a detrimental effect on the corrosion resistance of niobium and tantalum.
The migration of impurities between solid and liquid metal will occur in almost any system because of the tendency for each element to attain the same chemical potential in the two metals. Existing information indicates the problem of impurity transfer can be considered as the distribution of a common solute between two relatively immiscible solvents. A distribution coefficient can then be defined for each impurity in the system and should be a constant at a specified temperature. Data are presented which compare calculated values of distribution coefficients with experimental values obtained from studies conducted on Nb-O-Li, Nb-O-K and Zr-O-K systems. Experiments are described which show that there is a strong temperature effect on oxygen transfer in the Nb-O-K system. The ramifications of oxygen redistribution on the operation of an engineering system are also discussed.
Pitting of 18-8 Stainless Steel in Ferric Chloride Inhibited by Nitrates
Authors: UHLIG H. H. , GILMAN J. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Pitting of 18-8 stainless steel in 1–15 percent FeCl3 solutions is completely inhibited by NaNO3 additions. The critical activity of NO3- required for inhibition is related to Cl- activity by the relation: log(Cl-) = 1.92 log(NO3-) + 1.34. This equation can be derived on the view that competitive adsorption occurs between NO3- and Cl- for sites on the passive surface. Adsorbed NO3- increases anodic overvoltage for metal ion dissolution, but adsorbed Cl- reduces anodic overvoltage by displacing adsorbed oxygen of which the passive film is composed. The mechanism can also be viewed as one of NO3- shifting the critical potential for breakdown of passivity in the noble direction. When the critical potential reaches the oxidation-reduction potential of FeCl3 solutions, the operating potential is no longer sufficient to break down passivity, and FeCl3 + NaNO3 solutions are, therefore, unable to initiate pitting. Increasing chloride concentrations, on the other hand, shift the critical potential in the opposite or active direction, hence increased nitrate is required as FeCl3 concentration increases in order to return the critical potential to the value of the oxidation-reduction potential.
Effect of Plastic Deformation On the Corrosion of Iron and Steel
Authors: GREENE N. D. , SALTZMAN G. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Cold work markedly decreases the corrosion resistance of steel in acid solutions. This effect has been studied by electrochemical measurements and weight loss tests on zone-refined iron and carbon steels exposed to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. The mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed in detail.
The Oxidation off Iron, Nickel and Cobalt-Base Alloys Containing Aluminum
Authors: HAGEL W. C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
By conducting continuous weight-gain measurements from 500 to 1300 C on a variety of Fe-Al, Fe-Cr-Al, Ni-Al and Co-Al alloys in oxygen at 100 torr and examining the reaction products which form, reasons for the enexpected ineffectiveness of preferential aluminum oxidation have been explored.
With Fe-4.4 percent Al and Fe-12 percent Al, there are two different regions of parabolic growth- these are associated with the appearance of γ-A12O3 below 900 C and α-Al2O3 above. The latter is normally more protective but possesses a greater tendency for cracking and spalling; adding 24.6 percent chromium promotes its formation at lower temperatures. With Ni-5.0 percent Al, two displaced regions are also found; here, nickel penetrates alumina to provide intermediate NiO · Al2O3 and an outer layer of NiO. With Co-4 percent Al, somewhat less cobalt penetrates γ-Al2O3 to provide CoQ · Al2O3 and an outer layer of Co3O4. When both CoO and α-Al2O3 are stable phases, the latter grows mainly by internal oxidation and offers little protection.
The Effect of Cold Work on the Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Type 302 Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: GREELEY P. J. , RUSSO V. J. , SAXER R. K. , MYERS J. R. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The effect of cold work on stress-corrosion cracking of Type 302 austenitic stainless steel wire exposed to boiling (154 C, 309 F) 42 weight-percent aqueous magnesium chloride solution was determined. Wire specimens of 0.02-in diameter were stressed in uniaxial tension using specially designed glass test cells containing the corrosive environment. Tests were conducted at five applied stresses over the range 10,000 to 30,000 psi with laboratory-annealed wire and as-received (bright-annealed) material which had been cold worked 10, 20 and 30 percent.
It was established that: (1) failure generally occurred in the vapor phase above the boiling MgCl2 solution, (2) the time-to-failure varied inversely with the applied stress, (3) the 10 percent cold-worked material exhibited the shortest time-to-failure, and (4) the 30 percent cold-worked material had the maximum resistance to stress-corrosion cracking. The short times-to-failure recorded for the 10 percent cold-worked material were attributed to introduction of large amounts of localized residual stresses in the bright-annealed material by the cold-working process. The longer times-to-failure associated with the more heavily cold-worked material were explained by the transformation of austenite to “quasi-martensite”.
Crack propagation rates, nearly independent of the applied stress, were greatest for 10 percent cold-worked material. Average crack depth decreased with increasing degrees of applied stress and cold work. In general, a positive correlation existed between the crack density (cracks/inch) and the applied stress.
Effect of Grain Size on Carbide Precipitation and Intergranuiar Corrosion in AISI Type 201 Stainless Steel
Authors: DOSHI C. P. , AUSTIN W. W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The grain size of the austenitic stainless steel affects the rate of intergranular attack at high temperatures. While the effect of grain size has been studied for 18-8 chromium-nickel austenitic steels, little work has been done on chromium-nickel-manganese austenitic steels. It is the purpose of this investigation to correlate intergranuiar attack with grain size in these steels.
A commercially available alloy (AISI Type 201) was selected for study. Effect of four different grain sizes (ASTM Grain Size Numbers 1, 2, 3 and 5) at four different sensitization times and four temperatures was studied. Results obtained in terms of weight loss in the boiling nitric acid test and through photomicrography were used to correlate intergranuiar attack with grain size.
Best resistance to corrosion was obtained at a sensitization temperature of 800 F (426 C) for all grain sizes. At elevated temperatures [1000 and 1200 F (537 and 649 C)] corrosion rate increased with increasing sensitization time. Upon comparison of sensitization behavior at 1400 F (760 C) for all grain sizes it was found that exposure for 48 hours produced less severe corrosive attack than did the 16-hr exposure. This was explained in terms of increase in size of carbide particles.
Corrosivity of Cesium
Authors: WINSLOW P. M. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Cesium used as a propellant for ion engines was evaluated for compatibility with container materials. These studies were directed toward the corrosive effects on the materials of containment as well as the extent of propellant contamination by the corrosion reactions. The exposures were made in both liquid and vapor environments at a temperature of 400 C for 500 hours. From this investigation a number of alloys were selected that had adequate corrosion resistance. A preponderance of evidence indicated that the chief reaction was oxidation-reduction between cesium oxide in the cesium and the metals under test.
General Corrosion of Stainless Steels and Nickel Base Alloys Exposed Isothermally in Superheated Steam
Authors: WOZALDO G. P. , PEARL W. L. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Results are reported for a comprehensive corrosion study sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission on commercially available materials that might be suitable for nuclear superheat fuel cladding application. Several nickel alloys (Inconel 600, Inconel 625, Incoloy 800, Incoloy 825 and Hastelloy X) and two stainless steels (Types 304 and 406) were exposed isothermally to 1050 and 1150 F (656–621 C) superheated steam in a dynamic corrosion facility. Hydrogen and oxygen content of the steam was controlled to simulate that found in boiling-water reactor steam. Generally an initially high corrosion rate decreased to a lower constant rate. Initial corrosion rate period appeared to vary in time for different materials although most seemed to reach a linear rate in the first 1000 hours.
Hastelloy X, Incoloy 825, Inconel 625 and Incoloy 800 had low initial and long-time linear corrosion rates and formed good protective and tenacious oxides up to 1150 F. Type 406 stainless steel (SS) had a high initial but low long-time linear corrosion rate and formed a protective and tenacious oxide up to 1150 F. Inconel 600 had adequate corrosion resistance to 1050 F but formed a nonprotective oxide film, a significant portion of which was lost to the system at 1150 F. Type 304 SS had significant corrosion rates at 1050 and 1150 F but formed a relatively tenacious oxide at both temperatures that eventually reached a limiting thickness with subsequent spalling.
Superheated Steam Of Zirconium Alloys Containing Small Amounts Of Iron and Copper or Nickel
Authors: GREENBERG S. , YOUNGDAHL C. A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Alloys of zirconium containing small amounts of iron and copper or nickel have corrosion resistance in superheated steam superior to that of the Zircaloys. At 540 C (1004 F) and 600 psi lowest rates are about 4 mdd (2.4 mpy) and at 650 C (1202 F) and 600 psi rates are about 6.8 mdd (4.1 mpy). High initial rates lead to an extrapolated intercept of about 4 mg/sq cm at 650 C (1202 F). The thickening films are subject to cracking at sharp radii. Absorption of corrosion product hydrogen decreases markedly as exposure temperature is raised from 540 to 650 C (1004 to 1202 F). This phenomenon is not understood. Metal embrittlement due to oxygen absorption becomes an increasingly serious problem as temperature is raised. Corrosion rate at 650 C (1202 F) is not affected by flow rate (300 ft/sec) or by presence of oxygen or oxygen-hydrogen mixtures in the steam.
Hydrogen Uptake of Zirconium And Its Alloys During Early Stages Of Corrosion in Steam
Authors: FREER D. W. , SILVESTER D. R. , WANKLYN J. N. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Hydrogen uptakes during initial stages of corrosion of Van Arkel zirconium and of two zirconium alloys in steam at 500 C (932 F) and 1 atmosphere pressure are reported. Percentage uptake remains low down to the lowest weight gains examined (~1 mg/sq dm), suggesting that control of hydrogen entry resides in reactions at the oxide/steam interface.