bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deformable roll coating flows: steady state and
linear perturbation analysis
Authors: CARVALHO MARCIO S. , SCRIVEN L. E. 
Published: July 2002

Roll coating is distinguished by the use of one or more gaps between
rotating cylinders
to meter a continuous liquid layer and to apply it to a continuous
flexible substrate.
Of the two rolls that make a forward or reverse roll coating gap,
one is often covered
by a layer of more-or-less deformable elastomer. Liquid carried into the converging
side of the nip can develop high enough pressure to deform the resilient cover,
which changes the nip profile and thus alters the velocity and pressure field. This
elastohydrodynamic coupled action is not yet well understood. Theoretical modelling
has to take into account the viscous flow, the roll deformation and the free-surface
effects in order to predict the flow behaviour.In this work the flow between a rigid and a deformable counter-rotating roll that
shares the same angular speed is described by the lubrication approximation together
with a viscocapillary model, based in the film-flow equation, for the
film-split region.
The deformation of the elastomer layer is modelled by Hookean springs oriented
radially, which constitute a one-dimensional model. The stability of the system to
transverse perturbation is analysed by examining the time-dependent response to
infinitesimal disturbances in order to identify those that grow fastest.The corresponding system of equations is solved by Newton's method with
first-order continuation. The relationship between coating thickness,
operational parameters (loading force, gap setting, roll velocities, etc.),
liquid properties and the properties
of the cover is reported, as well as the critical capillary number for
onset of ribbing
and wavelengths of the ribbing pattern predicted by the mathematical model. The
results indicate how a deformable cover may be used in order to delay the onset of
ribbing for a desired coating thickness.In order to validate the theoretical predictions of the
viscocapillary/Hookean spring
model, the symmetric film-split flows between a pair of rigid rolls and a
pair consisting
of a deformable roll and a rigid one were also analysed experimentally.
Preface
Authors: Doenhoff M. J. , Chappell L. H. 
Published: July 2002

The papers in this volume draw attention to both
new and recent information on the mechanisms
employed by infectious pathogens to underpin their
survival in the immunocompetent host and to
facilitate their transmission between hosts. Classical
survival strategies include induction of immuno-
suppression, antigenic variety and variation, host
antigen sequestration, molecular mimicry, antibody
destruction and invasion of cells or privileged sites.
To these we can now add novel and diverse
mechanisms with which the invader may manipulate
the host for its own ends. They range from making
use of a single molecular component of the immune
system, through more sophisticated mechanisms of
evasion to modulation of the immune response in the
pathogen's favour, particularly by manipulation of T
cell subsets and cytokine fluxes. There are then
examples of pure exploitation of the adaptive
immune system by the generation of specific humoral
and cell-mediated responses that prolong the invader's survival
and aid transmission. The order of
the chapters in this volume is intended to reflect this
increasing level of complexity.It is our hope that the studies described in this
multi-disciplinary assemblage of papers will stimulate
further research in this important area. We
would like to thank all our contributing authors and
the anonymous refereees for their commitment and
help in seeing this project through to completion.
Markets, Networks and the New Welfare State:
Employment Assistance Reforms in Australia
Authors: CONSIDINE MARK 
Published: July 2002

Contemporary theoretical debates point to a transformation of societies
and social organisations away from universal forms of mass production
and consumption, organised through mass institutions, towards smaller,
diversified, entrepreneurial units linked together by new forms of market
and network co-ordination. This greater diversity is also held to be a
feature of service users who require individually fashioned solutions to
non-standard problems and tailored products for their different tastes.Applications of these accounts of social and economic transformation
to the public sector propose similar patterns to those evident in private
industry and in regional communities. The large, standardised bureaucracy
is seen to give way to de-coupled, multiple agency models of service
delivery within a new type of welfare state.The study uses interviews and surveys (n = 365) with service delivery
staff in the Australian employment assistance sector where transformations
of this type have recently been sponsored by government. These data
indicate that many of the key propositions of the post-Fordist account are
valid. Smaller, non-unionised units dominate the new order and services
are devolved to the local level. However a number of the expected patterns
of flexible specialisation, diversity and networking are not found, suggesting
marked differences and possible tensions between public and private
sector forms of organisational development in the new order.
The Juche ideology: English in North Korea
Authors: Song Jae Jung 
Published: July 2002

An account of the use and teaching of English in one of the world's most isolated and reclusive states.An introduction, and a brief history of English in Korea before independence from Japan in 1945, then in post–1945 North Korea, followed by a discussion first of how North Korea's ideological and political imperatives gave rise to the elimination of English from the school curriculum, then of the subsequent reinstatement and promotion of the language. In North Korea English is taught not so much as the global lingua franca but as a means of idolizing Kim Il Sung and to promote his brand of Communist ideology. The article closes with brief comments on the future of English in North Korea.
PRIORITIZATION ATTITUDES AMONG DOCTORS AND NURSES EXAMINED BY A SCENARIO METHOD
Authors: Ryynänen Olli-Pekka , Myllykangas Markku , Kinnunen Juha , Halonen Pirjo , Takala Jorma 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To investigate doctors' and nurses'
attitudes toward 14 potential prioritization criteria.Methods: This study was performed by using the random paired
scenario method. The respondents received a questionnaire with 12 pairs of
scenarios, imaginary patient cases, each of which contained two to three
different prioritization criteria (e.g., child, old patient, poor patient).
Respondents were asked which one of each scenario pair they would choose if
only one patient could be treated. The scenarios were randomly put into 30
different questionnaire sets. There was a random selection of 241 doctors and
151 nurses in Finland, with response rates of 60.3% and 50.3%, respectively.Results: Doctors prioritized young patients, severe disease,
expensive treatments and posteriorized (negatively prioritized) demented or
institutionalized patients, and patients having a self-caused disease.
Children were strongly prioritized, even over serious diseases. Expensive
treatments appeared to be favored by doctors, and this result cannot be
explained by severity of disease. Nurses' attitudes were similar to those
of doctors.Conclusions: Children were strongly prioritized. Elderly persons
were posteriorized if they had dementia or were living in institutions.
Patients having a self-caused disease are posteriorized, more often by nurses
than by doctors.
DO QOL INSTRUMENTS AGREE?
Authors: Rissanen Pekka , Søgaard Jes , Sintonen Harri 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: Several instruments for measuring health-related

quality of life (HRQOL) have been developed, and others are under

construction. The problem is whether the different HRQOL measures

show comparable results. We first compared the functional

relationship of the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and the

15-dimensional measure of HRQOL (15D) in hip and knee replacement

patients. The hypothesis was that condition or intervention does not

affect the functional relationship between NHP and 15D changes.Methods: We assessed the agreement of the instruments by

comparing observed changes in the 15D and its fitted values derived

by regressing the 15D by the NHP dimensions.

Patients (n = 452) were

recruited consecutively from seven Finnish orthopedic departments

during April 1991–May 1992. HRQOL was measured prior to surgery and

6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively.Results: There was a different functional relationship between

the HRQOL instruments in hip and knee patients; they agreed upon the

direction of changes in HRQOL in 84% and showed opposite signs in

12%. The NHP showed significantly more improvement in quality of

life than the 15D.Conclusions: The two instruments were in slight but significant

disagreement. Estimates of effectiveness can vary according to the

instrument used. Comparisons of effectiveness in healthcare programs

measured by differing instruments need information on the functional

discrepancies between the instruments in the conditions and

interventions in which they are applied.
Evaluative explanations in children's narratives of a
video sequence without dialogue
Authors: EATON JUDY H. , COLLIS GLYN M. , LEWIS VICKY A. 
Published: July 2002

Children's narratives consist of event clauses and contextualizing or
‘evaluative’ clauses. Bamberg & Damrad-Frye (1991) and Bamberg
(1994) claimed that young children make limited use of evaluative
clauses because they are less able to adopt a global perspective on the
narrative. In an earlier study, Karmiloff-Smith (1985) demonstrated
that the narratives of younger children have coherence only at a local
level. However, Wellman & Bartsch (1988) showed that young children
could produce evaluative-like causal explanations if given a specific
prompt. The present study on 160 young children aged five, seven, nine
and eleven years examined their production of evaluatives in narratives
of a story presented as a video sequence with no spoken dialogue, to
ensure that the children's production was not simply a re-working of
verbal input. Results indicated that prompts greatly facilitated children's
production of evaluatives and that they could adopt a global perspective
on the story when formulating evaluatives.These results indicate that limitations in the narratives of young
children are more plausibly explained by contextual factors influencing
language production and by constraints on working memory than by
children's presumed lack of understanding of the structure of events or
their inferences about the minds of the characters.
Flips arising as quotients of hypersurfaces
Authors: BROWN GAVIN 
Published: July 2002

Flips occur in the theory of minimal models of algebraic varieties. For an
introduction and references see [1, lecture no. 5]. For varieties
X− and X+, I denote the canonical class by
K− and respectively. A flip is a diagram
X−→X←X+ of normal
complex quasiprojective 3-folds satisfying the conditions:1. both morphisms are birational and projective, contracting only finitely many curves
C±⊂X±
to an isolated singular point P∈X;2. the divisors −K− and K+
are relatively ample, that is, −K−Γ>0
for any curve Γ contracted by the morphism
X−→X and similarly for K+;3. the two varieties X− and X+ have only
terminal singularities.A diagram satisfying condition 1 is called a flip diagram. It is said to be
directed by the canonical class if it also satisfies condition 2. Notice that
condition 3 is overstated since under all the other conditions X+ will
automatically have terminal singularities (see [4, 5-1-11(2)]).
Cooperation Between Dead Reckoning (Path Integration) and External

Position Cues
Authors: Etienne Ariane S. , Maurer Roland , Berlie Joëlle , Derivaz Valérie , Georgakopoulos Joséphine , Griffin Andrea , Rowe Tiffany 
Published: July 2002

Dead reckoning (also called path integration) is the
process by which a navigating organism derives its current position relative
to an
Earthbound reference point from its own locomotion. Dead reckoning requires

the continuous estimation of changes in direction and location
through self-generated
signals and the computation of position on the basis of these
signals.(i) Hymenopterous insects measure rotations and translations mainly
with the
help of optical references such as the Sun and translational visual flow.

By contrast, mammals are able to estimate their position on the basis of

purely ‘internal’ information; that is, signals generated in
the vestibular
system by inertial forces, somatosensory feedback, and efference copies

(copies of central commands that control the performance of rotations and

translations). Obviously, the assessment of the angular and linear
components of locomotion is much more precise if it is assisted by
external references than if this is not the case.(ii) Only man-made dead reckoning systems yield precise position information

through the twofold integration over time of inertial signals deriving
from
angular and linear acceleration. On the biological level, all species tested

so far seem to rely on a simplified form of path ‘integration’:
in certain
test situations, arthropods and mammals (including humans) commit
similar systematic errors. This suggests that species from unrelated taxa

update position according to a similar algorithm.
An international outbreak of Vero cytotoxin-producing
Escherichia coli O157 infection amongst tourists; a challenge
for the European infectious disease surveillance network
Authors: PEBODY R. G. , FURTADO C. , ROJAS A. , McCARTHY N. , NYLEN G. , RUUTU P. , LEINO T. , CHALMERS R. , de JONG B. , DONNELLY M. , FISHER I. , GILHAM C. , GRAVERSON L. , CHEASTY T. , WILLSHAW G. , NAVARRO M. , SALMON R. , LEINIKKI P. , WALL P. , BARTLETT C. 
Published: July 2002

In March 1997, an outbreak of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichi coli O157 (VTEC)
infection occurred amongst holidaymakers returning from Fuerteventura, Canary Islands. For
the investigation, a confirmed case was an individual staying in Fuerteventura during March
1997, with either E. coli O157 VTEC isolated in stool, HUS or serological evidence of recent
infection; a probable case was an individual with bloody diarrhoea without laboratory
confirmation. Local and Europe-wide active case finding was undertaken through national
centres, Salm-Net and the European Programme of Intervention Epidemiology, followed by a
case-control study.Fourteen confirmed and one probable case were identified from England (7), Finland (5),
Wales (1), Sweden (1) and Denmark (1) staying in four hotels. Three of the four hotels were
supplied with water from a private well which appeared to be the probable vehicle of
transmission. The case-control study showed illness was associated with consumption of raw
vegetables (OR 8·4, 95% CI 1·5–48·2) which may have been washed in well water.
This investigation shows the importance of international collaboration in the detection and
investigation of clusters of enteric infection.
The benefits of exercise for the health of older people
Authors: Bassey E. Joan 
Published: July 2002

Active lifestyles are associated with better health and lower rates of mortality from all causes. Increasing activity levels also have positive effects on many of the risk factors for developing chronic disease and on mortality rates (see Figure 1). Evidence to support these claims, at least for middle-aged men, has accumulated steadily over the last 20 years. This review presents evidence that physical activity can contribute to health and wellbeing in old age.
On Compound Poisson Approximation for Sequence Matching
Authors: MÅNSSON MARIANNE 
Published: July 2002

Consider sequences {Xi}mi=1 and
{Yj}nj=1 of independent random variables,
taking values in a finite alphabet, and assume that the variables X1, X2, …
and Y1, Y2, … follow the
distributions μ and v, respectively. Two variables Xi and
Yj are said to match if Xi = Yj.
Let the number of matching subsequences of length k between the two sequences, when r,
0 [les ] r < k, mismatches are allowed, be denoted by W.In this paper we use Stein's method to bound the total variation distance between the
distribution of W and a suitably chosen compound Poisson distribution. To derive rates
of convergence, the case where E[W] stays bounded away from infinity, and the case
where E[W] → ∞ as m, n → ∞,
have to be treated separately. Under the assumption that
ln n/ln(mn) → ρ ∈ (0, 1), we give conditions on the rate at which
k → ∞, and on the distributions μ and v, for which the variation distance tends to zero.
Markov Processes Involving q-Stirling Numbers
Authors: CRIPPA D. , SIMON K. , TRUNZ P. 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we consider the Markov process defined byP1,1=1,
Pn,[lscr ]=(1−λn,[lscr ])
·Pn−1,[lscr ]
+λn,[lscr ]−1
·Pn−1,[lscr ]−1for transition probabilities
λn,[lscr ]=q[lscr ]
and
λn,[lscr ]=qn−1.

We give closed forms for the distributions and the moments of the underlying

random variables. Thereby we observe
that the distributions can be easily described in terms of q-Stirling

numbers of the second
kind. Their occurrence in a purely time dependent Markov process allows
a natural
approximation for these numbers through the normal distribution. We also
show
that these
Markov processes describe some parameters related to the study of random
graphs
as well as to the analysis of algorithms.
Extremal Problems for Affine Cubes of Integers
Authors: GUNDERSON DAVID S. , RÖDL VOJTÉCH 
Published: July 2002

A collection H of integers is called an
affine d-cube if there exist
d+1 positive integers
x0,x1,…,
xd so thatformula hereWe address both density and Ramsey-type questions for
affine d-cubes. Regarding density
results, upper bounds are found for the size of the largest
subset of {1,2,…,n} not
containing an affine d-cube. In 1892 Hilbert
published the first Ramsey-type result for
affine d-cubes by showing that, for any positive
integers r and d, there exists a least number
n=h(d,r) so that, for
any r-colouring of {1,2,…,n},
there is a monochromatic affine d-cube. Improvements
for upper and lower bounds on h(d,r)
are given for d>2.
Effect of anthropogenic low‐frequency noise on the foraging ecology of Balaenoptera whales
Authors: Croll Donald A. , Clark Christopher W. , Calambokidis John , Ellison William T. , Tershy Bernie R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe human contribution to ambient noise in the ocean has increased over the past 50 years, and is dominated by low‐frequency (LF) sound (frequencies <1000 Hz) from shipping, oil and gas development, defence‐related and research activities. Mysticete whales, including six endangered species, may be at risk from this noise pollution because all species produce and probably perceive low‐frequency sound. We conducted a manipulative field experiment to test the effects of loud, LF noise on foraging fin blue (B. musculus) and (Balaenoptera physalus) whales off San Nicolas Island, California. Naive observers used a combination of attached tracking devices, ship‐based surveys, aerial surveys, photo‐identification and passive monitoring of vocal behaviour to examine the behaviour and distribution of whales when a loud LF source (US Navy SURTASS LFA) was and was not transmitting. During transmission, 12‐30% of the estimated received levels of LFA of whales in the study area exceeded 140 dB re 1 μPa. However, whales continued to be seen foraging in the region. Overall, whale encounter rates and diving behaviour appeared to be more strongly linked to changes in prey abundance associated with ceanographic parameters than to LF sound transmissions. In some cases, whale vocal behaviour was significantly different between experimental and non‐experimental periods. However, these differences were not consistent and did not appear to be related to LF sound transmissions. At the spatial and temporal scales examined, we found no obvious responses of whales to a loud, anthropogenic, LF sound. We suggest that the cumulative effects of anthropogenic LF noise over larger temporal and spatial scales than examined here may be a more important consideration for management agencies.
Aggregation and habitat use by Lucilia blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in pasture
Authors: Cruickshank I. , Wall R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe spatial distribution of blowflies of the genus Lucilia within fields in south west England was examined in 1999 and 2000. Blowflies are economically important agents of sheep myiasis in the UK and understanding local aggregation is an essential step in the development of appropriate sampling and fly control regimes. Fifty, 20 × 20 cm, non-odour-baited, sticky traps were used to catch flies, at randomized, 10 × 10 m grid co-ordinates in fields of permanent pasture. Clear aggregations were evident in all Lucilia distributions. All values of the σ2:mean ratio were greater than 1. The catches were shown to be highly aggregated using Morisita’s index of aggregation. Generalized linear modelling of binary presence/absence catch data was used to relate aggregation to microclimate and habitat. Deletion testing was used to identify significant terms in the models. In general, Lucilia blowflies were predominantly caught around the edges, in warmer and more humid areas of the field. The relationship between microhabitat and the distribution of Lucilia collected in 1999 was used as predictive model to explain the catches made in two fields in 2000. This gave a highly significant fit in one field (P = 0.001) and a relationship which approached significance in the second (P = 0.08). However, these regressions suggest that the relationships between abundance and microhabitat are complex and that ‘hot spots’ of blowfly catches were not necessarily found in the most extreme microclimate conditions. Nevertheless, microhabitat features do give a relatively good guide to presence or absence of Lucilia in the trap catches, thereby providing important information about the most appropriate location of traps to maximize and standardize sampling and control regimes.
Outbreaks of forest defoliating insects in Japan, 1950–2000
Authors: Kamata N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn Japan, several forest-defoliating insects reach outbreak levels and cause serious defoliation. Stand mortality sometimes occurs after severe defoliation. However, in general, tree mortality caused by insect defoliation is low because of the prevailing moist climate in Japan. Evergreen conifers are more susceptible to tree mortality as a result of insect defoliation whereas deciduous broad-leaved trees are seldom killed. Insect defoliation occurs more frequently in man-made environments such as among shade trees, orchards, and plantations than in natural habitats. Outbreaks of some defoliators tend to occur in stands of a particular age: e.g. outbreaks of the pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus spectabilis Butler (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) occur more frequently in young pine plantations. In contrast, defoliation caused by outbreaks of lepidopterous and hymenopterous pests in larch plantations is more frequent with stand maturation. There is a relationship between outbreaks of some defoliators and altitude above sea level. Most outbreaks of forest defoliators were terminated by insect pathogens that operated in a density-dependent fashion. Since the 1970s, Japan has been prosperous and can afford to buy timber from abroad. More recently, there has been an increasing demand for timber in Japan, that coincides with a huge demand internationally, so that the country will need to produce more timber locally in the future. The increasing pressure on the forestry industry to meet this demand will require more sophisticated methods of pest control coupled with more sustainable methods of silviculture.