bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors related to seatbelt-wearing among rear-seat passengers in Malaysia
Authors: Peng NG Choy , Hua LAW Teik , Voon Wong Shaw , Subramaniam Kulanthayan 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe benefit of wearing a rear seatbelt in reducing the risk of motor vehicle crash-related fatalities and injuries has been well documented in previous studies. Wearing a seatbelt not only reduces the risk of injury to rear-seat passengers, but also reduces the risk of injury to front-seat occupant who could be crushed by unbelted rear-seat passengers in a motor vehicle crash. Despite the benefits of wearing a rear seatbelt, its rate of use in Malaysia is generally low.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to identify factors that are associated with the wearing of a seatbelt among rear-seat passengers in Malaysia.MethodsThe data collection method engage in this study was a face-to-face interview for 1651 individuals from all states in Malaysia. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to analyse and identify factors related to seatbelt-wearing among rear-seat passengers in Malaysia.ResultsThe analysis revealed that rear-seat passengers who were older, female, married and more educated and who had a perception of a high level of legislation enforcement, a higher risk-aversion and more driving experience (only for passengers who are also drivers) were more likely to wear a rear seatbelt. There was also a significant positive correlation between driver-seatbelt and rear seatbelt-wearing behaviour. This implies that, in regards to seatbelt-wearing behaviour, drivers are more likely to adopt the same seatbelt-wearing behaviour when travelling as rear-seat passengers as they do when driving.SignificanceThese findings are crucial to the development of new interventions to increase the compliance rate of wearing a rear seatbelt.
Comparing paid versus earned media promotional strategies to broadly disseminate an effective teen driving intervention to Michigan parents via the web
Authors: Bingham CR , Shope JT , Zakrajsek J , Esdale A , Scarpetta L 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundEffective injury prevention programmes for teen drivers that can be broadly disseminated are needed. In this study, a university and a state department of community health partnered to translate an evidence-based, parent-oriented teen driving intervention to a website for state-wide dissemination.Aims/Objectives/PurposeCompare the effectiveness of website promotion efforts via paid or earned media.MethodsThree, 4-month sequential phases of an incremental promotional strategy were evaluated using data from Google Analytics: Phase-1) links placed on partner websites only; Phase-2) active promotion by partners and earned media added; Phase-3) paid media added.Results/OutcomeEach phase increased Website visits (2044; 3921; 9313), including a 137.5% increase due to paid media in Phase-3 ($10 000 Facebook, plus $20 000 various websites). Facebook was the leading source of Phase-3 traffic (2515 visits), but yielded average visits of only 15 s and 89.5% of visitors bounced (exited homepage without viewing other pages). In comparison, website visits increased 149.4% during a 2-week period in Phase-2 following a press release (379 visits), with average visits of 1 : 49 min and a bounce rate of 44.8%.Significance/Contribution to the FieldResults demonstrated the potential of and revealed trade-offs inherent to paid and earned media for promoting a web-based injury prevention programme. Paid media had high costs and brought high traffic volume, but website use by visitors was limited. Earned media was free, increased website traffic less than paid media, but visitors used the website more. The success of earned media is encouraging for programmes that have limited financial resources.
Access to vehicle and risk of crash in novice drivers: results from the drive study
Authors: Chen HY , Palamara P , Senserrick T , Stevenson M , Ivers RQ 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundYoung drivers who drive their own vehicle are at an increased risk of crash, which is hypothesised to be explained by more driving exposure or risky driving.PurposeThis study examined this hypothesis among a young driver cohort in Australia.MethodsThe DRIVE Study collected information on crash risk factors from 20 822 newly licensed drivers aged 17–24 years in New South Wales between 2003 and 2004, and prospectively linked responses to police-recorded crashes, licensing details, and traffic offences. Based on self report, young driver access to a vehicle was categorised as: family vehicle, own vehicle, other vehicle, and no access. Poisson regression was used to model crash risk (average follow-up=2 years) by type of vehicle access, controlling for confounders including driving exposure and risky driving behaviours.Results/OutcomesDrivers with their own vehicle were more likely to report high weekly driving hours, more risky driving behaviours and hazardous drinking. After controlling for demographics and confounders including risky driving behaviours, they had a 30% higher crash risk (RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.5) compared with those with access to a family vehicle, and dropping to 20% (RR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.4) when further controlling for driving exposure.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThis study affirms that, compared with those who have access to a shared family vehicle, young drivers with access to their own vehicle have an increased crash risk, regardless of their longer driving exposure and frequent risky driving behaviours. Further research is required to understand whether restricting car ownership is an effective intervention to reduce young driver crashes.
Application of the theory of planned behaviour to predict young drivers' speeding behaviour
Authors: Kunnawee K , Ketphat M , Jiwattanakulpaisarn P 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundSpeeding involvement has been reported to be as high as nearly 80% of all traffic crashes on national highways in Thailand. It was found that young drivers tend to drive faster and have higher risk of road crashes than other age group of drivers.Thus, it is necessary to understand the reason of speeding in the group of young drivers by examining their intention to speed and their driving behaviours.ObjectivesThis paper attempts to understand young drivers' speeding behaviour by using the Theory of Planned behaviour (TPB) and additional variables that are related to speeding behaviour, in the context of Thailand.MethodsSelf-report survey was conducted on 800 college student drivers who intend to drive exceeding the speed limit, and tend to have higher record for speeding-related accidents.Results/OutcomeThe results show that young drivers' speeding behaviour appears to be affected by perceived behavioural control, past behaviour, personal norms, intention to speed, affective and evaluative attitude towards compliance with speed limit, and social support. Furthermore, the effect of socio-economic characteristics and the vehicle usage such as gender, age, income level, university type, and location of university etc were significant factors to report that young drivers are more likely to be speeding offenders. Interestingly, racing movies and racing also make important predictors to influence drivers to drive exceeding the speed limit.Significance/Contribution to the FieldThe results of this study can be used to suggest the need for implementing more effective countermeasure to control speeding behaviour of young drivers.
Mind wandering and driving
Authors: Lagarde E , Gabaude C , Maury B , Lemercier C , Salmi L -R , Galéra C 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDespite progresses achieved in road safety the number of lives saved is reaching a plateau in developed countries. Inattention at the wheel remains understudied.Aims/Objectives/PurposeIn order to examine new ideas about potential causal factors and targets for interventions we investigated the association between mind wandering (MW) and road traffic crash.MethodsWe performed a case-control responsibility study among 954 drivers attending the Emergency Department following road traffic crash.Results/OutcomesMW with high disturbing thought content was a statistically significant risk factor for being responsible for road-crash (24% of responsible versus 13% of non responsible; aOR=1.84 (1.26 to 2.68); Attributable Fraction of 11%) after adjustment on external distraction and a range of potential confounders including alcohol use, psychotropic medicine use, sleepiness and emotional valence.Significance/Contribution to the FieldMW behind the wheel, through intentional lapses towards external stimuli may compromise the ability to integrate road information thus threatening traffic safety. Innovative interventions should be experimented to address the issue of MW in road traffic crashes.
Active transport among Kiwi adolescents in the urban jungle: perceptions of safety and convenience
Authors: Sophia Leon De La Barra , Emily Stevens , Paula Skidmore , Sandra Mandic 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundActive transport (AT) is an effective way for increasing physical activity in adolescents. While individual, family, social, and safety factors influence transport choices to school, less is known about factors influencing means of transport within the urban setting.AimsThis study compares individual, household, and social factors associated with AT (walking and cycling) versus MT (motorised transport) to parks and playgrounds, city centre, and sport and recreational facilities among urban adolescents in Dunedin, New Zealand.MethodsIn 2009, 1182 secondary school students (age: 14.2±1.2 years; 53.6% boys) from 10 urban schools completed the online Otago School Students Lifestyle Survey. Data collected included sociodemographic and behavioural information, parental perceptions of safety, social support for AT, and usual mode of transport to parks and playgrounds, city centre, and sport and recreational facilities.ResultsMost students used AT to parks and playgrounds (70.5%), but less to city centre (20.5%) and sport and recreational facilities (19.8%). Overall, 46.5% of students met physical activity guidelines and 37.4% met screen time guidelines. Parental concern for safety was the greatest barrier for AT to parks and playgrounds (AT:4.0% vs MT:12.1%), p<0.001). Bus was perceived as a more convenient transport option to city centre (AT:61.5% vs MT:78.8%, p=0.001) and safer transport option to sport and recreational facilities (AT:53.1% vs MT:67.6%, p=0.001).Contribution to the FieldAdolescents are most likely to use AT to visit parks and playgrounds, while MT is perceived as safer and more convenient for accessing city centre and sport and recreational facilities.
Preliminary results on crashes in a validation study for a new simulated assessment of driving performance for novice teen drivers
Authors: McDonald CC , Lee Y -C , Tanenbaum JB , Seacrist T , Winston FK 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundDriving simulators offer a safer alternative to on-road driving for driving performance evaluation. However, few protocols for novice teen drivers have been validated for ability to differentiate safe from unsafe driving performance.AimsTo test the construct validity of a new simulated driving assessment by comparing count of crashes among novice teen and experienced adult drivers.MethodsWe recruited and enrolled novice teen (age 16–17, ≤90 days licensure) and experienced adult (age 25–50, ≥5 years licensure) drivers to complete 3 experimental drives which were designed to reflect the situations that led to the most prevalent types of teen crashes (left-turn, rear-end, and run-off-road events) identified in the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey. Using a fixed-base high fidelity driving simulator (160° field of view) we collected simulator data and derived variables for crashes (collisions with vehicles and run-off-road events). We describe results from initial participants with evaluable data (n=9 novice teen and n=7 adult experienced drivers).ResultsPreliminary results indicate the 9 novice teens had a total of 10 crashes (range per teen=0–3) and the 7 adult experienced drivers had a total of 4 crashes (range per adult=0–3). In the sample, 56% of the novice teen and 29% of the experienced adults drivers were involved in one or more crashes.SignificanceThe results from our initial participants indicate support for the construct validity of our simulated driving assessment. With further validation, it has potential to facilitate cross-cultural comparisons of standardised evaluation of driver trainee strategies.
UNDERSTANDING ANATOMICAL INJURY SEVERITY OF FATAL ROAD CRASHES
Authors: Hashim H , Jamaluddin S , Mohamed N 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRoad crashes are regarded as an important cause of mortality due to the increasing number of vehicles, changes in lifestyle and the risk behaviours among general population.Aims/Objectives/PurposeThis study aims to understand anatomical injury severity for fatal road crashes.MethodsRetrospective analysis of medical autopsies was conducted between April 2010 and March 2011 for six governmental hospitals within Klang Valley, Malaysia.Results/OutcomesOut of 898 autopsies conducted, 70% of victims sustained at least 1 injury to the head and followed by thorax by 44%. Intracranial injury accounts for 52% of head injury and 31% with skull fracture. 94% of intracranial injury involved the cerebrum. On the other hand, 22% of victims sustained injuries to more than 3 different body regions. 45.2% of patients who died in hospital required ICU admission. The mean duration of stay in ICU for patients who died in hospital was 7–8 days. Occupants of motorized two wheelers (62.4%), passenger vehicle occupants (15.7%) and pedestrians (10%) were the common victims of fatal road crashes.Significance/Contribution to the fieldIn view of the above findings, it provides valuable insights to medical practitioner to strengthen emergency healthcare and response. In addition, these findings will enable better vehicle designs and safety equipment to avoid or reduce injury in road crashes.
Risk factors for motor vehicle crashes involving civilian drivers and emergency vehicles in use
Authors: Drucker C , Gerberich S , Alexander B , Manser M , Church T , Ryan A 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundTransportation-related events are the leading cause of death among emergency medical services personnel. Previous research has focused, primarily, on factors associated with emergency vehicle (EV) drivers; however, factors associated with civilian drivers involved in EV-related crashes have not been examined adequately.Aims/Objectives/PurposeIdentify internal (driver-specific) and external (environmental-related) risk factors associated with civilian drivers involved in crashes with an EV in use.MethodsUsing 2002–2010 data from the US National Automotive Sampling System, multivariate logistic regression enabled identification of potential risk factors, based on internal and external exposures of interest for EV- versus non-EV civilian-related crashes. Potential confounders were selected using directed acyclic graphs.Results/OutcomesRespective ORs and 95% CIs for internal factors identified increased risks for civilian drivers who were distracted (1.9, 1.6 to 2.3) and under the influence of substances (4.6, 1.9 to 11.3). For external factors, risks increased for drivers when: their vision was obscured by buildings, billboards or other structures (36.4, 18.4 to 71.9), parked vehicles (3.4, 2.2 to 5.2), and trees, crops and vegetation (4.5, 1.7 to 12.0); traffic control devices were controlled by persons (eg, flagmen) (6.7, 3.1 to 14.2), and automatic traffic signals (2.5, 2.1 to 2.9); driving straight through an intersection (3.1, 1.3 to 7.0), and one that contains four or more points (2.1, 1.3 to 3.4). Consequences for civilian drivers in EV- versus non-EV crashes included increased risks for sustaining an injury (1.8, 1.4 to 2.3) and receiving violations for failing to yield the right-of-way (3.0, 2.5 to 3.6).Significance/Contribution to the FieldResults suggest areas in which interventions can be targeted to reduce motor vehicle crashes with emergency vehicles.
Media analysis of road safety communication in China
Authors: Pan Shuming , DU Wei , Powis Brent , GE Xiaoli , HE Jinglin 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRoad crashes are a leading cause of death and injuries in China. Rapid motorisation and mounting road crash casualties attract considerable media interest. However, the pattern of how the Chinese mass media frames road safety news remains unreported in the literature.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate media topics and prominence of road safety communication; identify existing gaps in media coverage; and thus to inform future media strategy reform from a public health perspective.MethodsDuring the period December 2011 to January 2012, we searched online mass media resources including print and/or web-based media, Youku (Chinese version of youtube) and similar, and Weibo (Chinese version of twitter), for various road safety and road traffic injury terms. We selected relevant articles using pre-described criteria and coded them to identify common themes and frames.ResultsWe identified fewer articles describing road safety research evidence and even fewer providing solutions to the audience, compared to the number of articles describing road crash scenes or road safety educational activities. News coverage of road crashes was highly concentrated in criticising convictions, while road safety campaigns primarily emphasised that the activities themselves were consistent with commonsense perceptions.SignificanceThe captured mass media in China is largely silent about research evidence and appropriate solutions central to advocate for evidence-based policies and public engagement. As an important knowledge-translation platform, mass media needs proactive framing of training and public engagement strategies to improve road safety communication in China.
Characteristics of casualty crashes in the Republic of Botswana: identifying evidence-based prevention opportunities
Authors: Sebego M , Paledi V , Kestler A , Fitzharris M , Bowman D 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundRoad traffic accidents are a leading cause of death and disability in the Republic of Botswana. Fatality rates increased by 383% (per 10 000 vehicles) from 1975–1998, with recent estimates indicating a 50% higher fatality rate per population than the global average. Few studies have systematically examined the characteristics of crashes in Botswana with a view of guiding road safety policy.AimsTo document the characteristics and severity of crashes in Botswana so as to inform road safety priorities.MethodsA retrospective analysis of the National Traffic Police Data of Botswana for the period 1994–2008 inclusive was performed.ResultsDuring the 14-year study period, there were 235 456 recorded crashes and over the period, the number of crashes increased 116%. The increase in fatality crashes and serious injury crashes was, however, 18% and 0.9%. Overall 2.3% of crashes involved a fatality crashes, 6% were serious injury crashes, and 16.8% were minor injury crashes; the majority were property damage only crashes (74.8%). Of the fatality crashes, 31.8% involved a pedestrian (25%≤9 years), followed by run-off-road crashes into a fixed object (29%) and rollover crashes (11.5%). Passengers account for approximately 40% of all persons killed.SignificanceThe results highlight the need for road safety countermeasures aimed at addressing the high level of pedestrian crashes, particularly young children. Analysis of crash types also indicates a need for improved seat-belt use and speed enforcement. The high number of rollover crashes and run-off-road crashes highlights a key role for infrastructure investment in policy development.
The contribution of fate to under-reporting of road crashes and associated road trauma in Pakistan
Authors: Fleiter JJ , Kayani A , King MJ 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundUnder-reporting of road crashes and associated fatalities and injuries is a significant problem. The WHO estimates that levels of under-reporting can be as high as 50% in developing countries. The reasons for this are many and complex. It is critical to properly understand the true extent of road trauma so that appropriate resources can be allocated to crash and injury prevention.PurposeTo explore the role of fatalistic beliefs in risky road use in Pakistan to better understand the issues of under- and non-reporting of road crashes and related road trauma.MethodsIn-depth interviews were conducted with 30 participants in Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Lahore. Participants were professional drivers, car drivers, police officers, policy makers and religious orators.ResultsA strong link between fatalism and risky road use emerged as well as between fatalistic beliefs and non-reporting of crashes. Those killed or injured can go unreported in some cases because the tragedy of a road crash is considered predestined and beyond personal control. Fate was also described as related to drivers reconciling after a crash without police involvement and the seeking and granting of pardon for a road death, both of which can result in non-reporting of crashes and deaths.SignificanceThis is the first instance of fatalistic beliefs being directly linked to non-reporting of crashes and fatalities. In a country such as Pakistan where fatalism is linked to Islamic faith, properly recording and addressing road crashes and associated trauma is an immense challenge requiring urgent attention.
Making global road safety collaborations work: stakeholders' perceptions
Authors: Hoe C , Bicaksiz P , Puvanachandra P , Özkan T , Lajunen T , Hyder AA 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundThe WHO has called for increased global collaborations on road traffic injury prevention. Despite their stated importance, there is limited empirical understanding about how to forge effective global road safety collaborations in low-and-middle-income countries.AimsTo understand the key elements of effective global road safety collaborations from the perspective of domestic stakeholders.MethodsUsing purposive sampling, 19 key informants from the Bloomberg Global Road Safety Project (RS10) in Turkey were interviewed.ResultsThe RS10 project was successful at bringing together the diverse set of players involved in road safety. Challenges, however, included the lack of clarity, inadequate communication, frequent changes in governmental representatives for the project, and international players' inadequate awareness of the local context. It was recommended that effective global road safety collaborations should have very clear roles and responsibilities for all the organisations involved, frequent communication and information exchange, as well as key local personnel to assist with implementation.SignificanceResults from this study highlighted the need for more investment in the management and evaluation of these collaborations. Best practices should be developed such that stakeholders can work effectively together to tackle this growing public health epidemic.