bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ranger la Terre. Le nommage des domaines est-il l&#8217;expression d&#8217;une strat&#233;gie des &#201;tats-Unis de domination des r&#233;seaux ?
Authors: Lacroix Dominique 
Published: March 2015

Depuis la grande vague de libéralisation globale des années 1990, la stratégie états-unienne a consisté à pousser ses entreprises à conquérir le monde, par des moyens variés : standards, lois, facilités fiscales, commandes publiques (souvent militaires) et espionnage. En matière de nommage Internet, les entreprises états-uniennes, gagnantes au jeu dont elles ont inventé les règles, portent avec elles l’identité américaine projetée ainsi à travers le monde qu’elles tentent de réorganiser. Tout se passe pourtant comme si elles se heurtaient à des murs de résistance en Orient, des murs d’écritures.
Revendications sur le cyberespace et puissances émergentes
Authors: Ebert Hannes , Maurer Tim 
Published: March 2015

Les États-Unis ont acquis une influence croissante au sein du cyberespace et y ont donc toujours joué un rôle de premier plan. Pourtant, les puissances émergentes, dont les BRICS (Brésil, Russie, Inde, Chine, Afrique du Sud), contestent de plus en plus fortement l’ordre établi. En 2011, Chine et Russie ont soumis à l’Organisation des Nations unies une proposition conjointe sur la sécurité des informations. Depuis leur déclaration de Brasilia en 2003, Inde, Brésil et Afrique du Sud s’intéressent de plus en plus à la société de l’information. Ces initiatives démontrent que le cyberespace est de plus en plus disputé. Cependant, cette divergence reste à expliquer. Les puissances émergentes contestent-elles le rôle des États-Unis en raison de leurs intérêts nationaux et de leur empressement à maximiser leur sécurité ? Ou des facteurs tels que valeurs et structures politiques expliqueraient-ils les différences de trajectoires par rapport à cette hégémonie ? Cet article examine les politiques étrangères des BRICS, de 1995 à ce jour, afin d’expliquer l’influence de l’histoire spécifique à chaque pays, du type de système politique, de même que l’augmentation des pressions de la société civile.
Problématique de financement bancaire de l'économie : expérience du Congo-Brazzaville
Authors: Tchamba Gilles Wilème 
Published: March 2015

Le financement de l’économie révèle l’expression de l’efficacité du système bancaire dans sa fonction d’intermédiation entre les agents économiques épargnants et ceux qui ont des besoins de financement. À travers les crédits à l’économie, le système économique trouve là, un levier fondamental pour l’amélioration du produit intérieur brut. Dans ce cadre, l’expérience de l’économie congolaise révèle une situation atypique caractérisée par un secteur bancaire qui dispose de liquidés excédentaires qu’il ne parvient à pas employer alors que l’économie réelle du Congo connaît de sérieux problèmes de financement. Pour sortir le système bancaire de ses contreperformances, il faut l’amener à savoir : (1) se prémunir du risque ; (2) et permettre aux entreprises de garantir la bancabilité de leurs projets.
Impact de la dollarisation sur les activités économiques en ville de Butembo
Authors: Kambale Kapitene Héritier 
Published: March 2015

Ce texte démontre l’effet de la dollarisation sur les activités économiques à Butembo. De 2007 à 2011, les prix ont été 4,86305 fois ceux du premier trimestre 2007 en augmentant de 386,3 % par rapport au premier trimestre 2007 et ont augmenté de 266,1 % par rapport au premier trimestre. Le taux de dollarisation affecte le taux de change en 87,73 %. Le taux d’inflation est expliqué en 50,57 % par celui de dollarisation. Les mécanismes de variations des prix des produits tiennent à un certain seuil sur l’usage de l’une ou de l’autre monnaie, entre le dollar américain et le franc congolais.
Nursing homes as a case for assessing Serious Games
Authors: Cohard Philippe , Marciniak Rolande 
Published: March 2015

L’évaluation des serious games de formation (SG) est une étape cruciale pour garantir le succès de ces logiciels qui suscitent de la part des organisations, un intérêt grandissant. Les Etablissements d’Hébergement pour Personnes Agées Dépendantes (EHPAD) d’une part, pâtissent d’un déficit d’image et d’autre part, leurs personnels ont un rythme de travail élevé. Les SG peuvent alors représenter une solution intéressante de formation. Le SG étudié utilise les technologies de la simulation 3D pour trois situations de formation à destination des personnels hôteliers et soignants des EHPAD : (1) l’accueil du résident, (2) la prise de repas et (3) le refus de soins. L’évaluation du SG est basée sur une approche qualitative permettant d’appréhender, par l’observation, les modalités de l’utilisation du serious game par les personnels et d’opérer une comparaison entre ce SG et les facteurs rapportés par la littérature sur les SG.
Prostaglandin Release During Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery: Main Inducer
Authors: Schultz Tim , Joachim Stephanie C. , Stellbogen Mathias , Dick H. Burkhard 
Published: March 2015

PURPOSE:
To investigate a possible correlation between intraocular prostaglandin concentrations and partial steps of laser-assisted cataract surgery.

METHODS:
Aqueous humor was collected from 67 patients after laser-assisted cataract surgery pretreatment (only capsulotomy, only fragmentation, or both) and at the beginning of routine cataract surgery. Total prostaglandin levels were measured in all four groups using an enzyme-linked immunoassay.

RESULTS:

Significantly higher levels of aqueous humor prostaglandins were detected right after the full treatment (capsulotomy and fragmentation [330.6 ± 110.6 pg/mL;
P
= .01] or only laser capsulotomy [362.4 ± 117.5 pg/mL;
P
= .01]), whereas the control group showed lower values (52.5 ± 8.1 pg/mL). By itself, laser-assisted cataract surgery fragmentation did not lead to a prostaglandin increase (186.8 ± 114.0 pg/mL;
P
= .14).

CONCLUSIONS:
This study identified the anterior capsulotomy as the main trigger for an increase of prostaglandins in the aqueous humor immediately after laser-assisted cataract surgery. Optimized energy settings in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs might help reduce the phenomenon of laser-induced miosis.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2015;31(2):78–81.]
Stem-group stick insects (Phasmatodea) in the early Eocene at McAbee, British Columbia, Canada, and Republic, Washington, United States of America
Authors: Archibald S. Bruce , Bradler Sven 
Published: March 2015

AbstractStem-group Phasmatodea, known as the Susumanioidea, are previously established from the Jurassic through the Paleocene. Here, we extend this record to the early Eocene with five new fossils: two forewings from the Klondike Mountain Formation exposures at Republic, Washington, United States of America, and three partially complete specimens from the McAbee locality in southern British Columbia, Canada. We assign both of the Republic specimens to the new genus and species Eoprephasma hichensinew genus, new species. Two of the McAbee fossils appear to represent two further new species, which we refer to as Susumanioidea species A and B for lack of clearly preserved diagnostic species-level character states. The third might belong to one of these two species, but this is unclear. In all three, the mesothorax and metathorax are not notably extended, the forewings are not shortened, the foreleg femur is straight, and species A possesses an extended, external ovipositor with an operculum (unknown in the other specimens). These conditions are rare and never found in combination in Euphasmatodea. All other stem-group Phasmatodea younger than the Early Cretaceous of China are only known from isolated wings.
Bridging the Gap between SERS Enhancement and Reproducibility by Salt Aggregated Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Mehigan Sam , Smyth Ciarán A. , McCabe Eithne M. 
Published: March 2015

Silver colloid based nanostructures are a very common means of achieving strong SERS signals. This is due to the hot spots that are formed in between the nanoparticles, as well as their ease of synthesis. They are frequently dismissed, however, as irreproducible when compared to other metal nanostructures, due to the random nature of their formation in a solution. Silver nanoparticle substrates or carefully constructed arrays can be made to be uniform, but they often require a large amount of time to produce, as well as expensive equipment. We will show that by making some adjustments to the experimental setup, silver colloids that have been aggregated to form large flakes can offer both the enhancement factor and reproducibility of many other more expensive and complicated SERS techniques. Silver colloids aggregated into large flake-like structures have been investigated for their surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) properties. These flakes have been imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and have also been characterized using UV/Vis spectroscopy. They have been highlighted as a cheap and simple means or achieving large Raman enhancement with strong reproducibility, especially when compared to many common methods of substrate fabrication that are more difficult to fabricate. Detection of Rhodamine 6G at a concentration of 5×10−13M has been achieved, as well as xanthopterin at a concentration of 5×10−9M.
Dust devil signatures in infrasound records of the International Monitoring System
Authors: Lorenz Ralph D. , Christie Douglas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe explore whether dust devils have a recognizable signature in infrasound array records, since several Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty verification stations conducting continuous measurements with microbarometers are in desert areas which see dust devils. The passage of dust devils (and other boundary layer vortices, whether dust laden or not) causes a local temporary drop in pressure: the high‐pass time domain filtering in microbarometers results in a “heartbeat” signature, which we observe at the Warramunga station in Australia. We also observe a ~50 min pseudoperiodicity in the occurrence of these signatures and some higher‐frequency infrasound. Dust devils do not significantly degrade the treaty verification capability. The pipe arrays for spatial averaging used in infrasound monitoring degrade the detection efficiency of small devils, but the long observation time may allow a useful census of large vortices, and thus, the high‐sensitivity infrasonic array data from the monitoring network can be useful in studying columnar vortices in the lower atmosphere.
Toner Technology and Fusing Concepts
Authors: Tyagi Dinesh 
Published: March 2015

AbstractFrom desktop printing at home and small offices to high speed commercial printing, toner applications and uses can be found in everyday life. Although all toner particles have to perform well in the electrophotographic system, the major requirements for toners are ultimately dictated by the end‐use application of the imaged substrate they help create. Hence, toner composition is often uniquely tailored to provide that function. In addition to a polymer binder, the composition of the toner typically includes colorant, charge control agent, and release additives. In most cases, the polymer binder is selected from styrene–acrylate or polyester resin. Both have their advantages but the toner manufacturing methods also dictate the binder choice. Toner particles are predominately manufactured by the conventional melt pulverized process but the use of chemical toners continues to increase in printers. Chemically prepared toners offer an easier way to produce smaller toner particles and allow control of toner shape to help simplify the printer design. For fixing a toner image to a substrate, heat is typically applied to fuse it to paper or other substrates. There are many different methods of fusing or fixing used, but a nip‐forming roller system is predominantly used in printers. The composition of the toner and degree of fusing determine many image qualities and print physical behaviors. Attempts are being made to make toner composition safer and environmentally responsible.
Inkjet Print Engines
Authors: Askeland Ronald A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPiezoelectric, thermal, continuous, mechanical, and electrostatic drop ejectors are used in nonimpact digital printers for consumer, office, commercial, and industrial applications. Continuous inkjet generates a stream of droplets that are selectively used for printing. Drop on demand technologies use deflection of a piezoelectric material, superheating of a fluid, pressurized ink controlled by mechanical valves, or electrostatic forces to eject ink. An inkjet print engine consists of the printhead, ink supply, carriage, and service station. Essential components of an inkjet printer are the print engine, media transport, carriage motion, power supply, and data input. Consumer and office printers use piezoelectric or thermal inkjet technology to print with aqueous inks on office papers, whereas large format printers use a range of ink types to print across a wide media set. Continuous and mechanical inkjet are used in industrial applications. Continuous, piezoelectric, and thermal inkjet page wide arrays have recently been incorporated in high speed, single pass, web press configurations.
Physical Evaluation of the Quality of Color Halftone
Authors: Yang Li 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis chapter presents the fundamental aspects for quantitative quality evaluations of color halftone. It begins with the basics of ink transfer and ink setting of printing technologies. Ink–paper interaction in the forms of ink spreading and ink penetration and their impacts on color reproduction are specially addressed. This is followed by brief description of color measurement, explaining the fundamental principles and devices. Then, a through illustration of how lateral light scattering inside a turbid substrate leading to the optical dot gain is given. Finally, details about how to determine physical dot gain and optical dot gain, by means of model‐aided approaches or imaging‐processing techniques, are presented.
Digital Photo Forensics
Authors: Krawetz Neal 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe abundance of graphics applications has made it easy for anyone to modify digital pictures. However, modified pictures can cause problems for fields where altered photographs may give the wrong impression. Issues arise when altered images are used to convey misleading news, alter a product's performance in advertisements and scientific research, or are associated with identity theft or court proceedings. Forensic imaging provides algorithms, tools, and techniques for detecting image tampering. This chapter focuses on the problem space and some of the more common approaches to address problems in this field.
Formation of a Fluorous/Organic Biphasic Supramolecular Octopus Assembly for Enhanced Porphyrin Phosphorescence in Air
Authors: Yang Chi , Arvapally Ravi K. , Tekarli Sammer M. , Salazar Gustavo A. , Elbjeirami Oussama , Wang Xiaoping , Omary Mohammad A. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe trinuclear triangle‐shaped system [tris{3,5‐bis(heptafluoropropyl)‐1,2,4‐triazolatosilver(I)}] (1) and the multi‐armed square‐shaped metalloporphyrin PtOEP or the free porphyrin base H2OEP serve as excellent octopus hosts (OEP=2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18‐octaethyl‐21H,23H‐porphine). Coupling of the fluorous/organic molecular octopi 1 and H2OEP or PtOEP by strong quadrupole–quadrupole and metal–π interactions affords the supramolecular assemblies [1⋅PtOEP] or [1⋅H2OEP] (2 a), which feature nanoscopic cavities surrounding the upper triangular and lower square cores. The fluorous/organic biphasic configuration of [1⋅PtOEP] leads to an increase in the phosphorescence of PtOEP under ambient conditions. Guest molecules can be included in the biphasic double‐octopus assembly in three different site‐selective modes.
A Defined α‐Helix in the Bifunctional O‐Glycosylated Natriuretic Peptide TcNPa from the Venom of Tropidechis carinatus
Authors: Reeks Timothy , Jones Alun , Brust Andreas , Sridharan Sindhuja , Corcilius Leo , Wilkinson Brendan L. , Thaysen‐Andersen Morten , Payne Richard J. , Kini R. Manjunatha , Daly Norelle L. , Alewood Paul F. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractNatriuretic peptides (NP) play important roles in human cardiac physiology through their guanylyl cyclase receptors NPR‐A and NPR‐B. Described herein is a bifunctional O‐glycosylated natriuretic peptide, TcNPa, from Tropidechis carinatus venom and it unusually targets both NPR‐A and NPR‐B. Characterization using specific glycosidases and ETD‐MS identified the glycan as galactosyl‐β(1‐3)‐N‐acetylgalactosamine (Gal‐GalNAc) and was α‐linked to the C‐terminal threonine residue. TcNPa contains the characteristic NP 17‐membered disulfide ring with conserved phenylalanine and arginine residues. Both glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms were synthesized by Fmoc solid‐phase peptide synthesis and NMR analysis identified an α‐helix within the disulfide ring containing the putative pharmacophore for NPR‐A. Surprisingly, both forms activated NPR‐A and NPR‐B and were relatively resistant towards proteolytic degradation in plasma. This work will underpin the future development of bifunctional NP peptide mimetics.
Polymersomes Prepared from Thermoresponsive Fluorescent Protein–Polymer Bioconjugates: Capture of and Report on Drug and Protein Payloads
Authors: Wong Chin Ken , Laos Alistair J. , Soeriyadi Alexander H. , Wiedenmann Jörg , Curmi Paul M. G. , Gooding J. Justin , Marquis Christopher P. , Stenzel Martina H. , Thordarson Pall 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPolymersomes provide a good platform for targeted drug delivery and the creation of complex (bio)catalytically active systems for research in synthetic biology. To realize these applications requires both spatial control over the encapsulation components in these polymersomes and a means to report where the components are in the polymersomes. To address these twin challenges, we synthesized the protein–polymer bioconjugate PNIPAM‐b‐amilFP497 composed of thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and a green‐fluorescent protein variant (amilFP497). Above 37 °C, this bioconjugate forms polymersomes that can (co‐)encapsulate the fluorescent drug doxorubicin and the fluorescent light‐harvesting protein phycoerythrin 545 (PE545). Using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and Förster resonance energy transfer (FLIM‐FRET), we can distinguish the co‐encapsulated PE545 protein inside the polymersome membrane while doxorubicin is found both in the polymersome core and membrane.
Transformation of Atmospheric CO2 Catalyzed by Protic Ionic Liquids: Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Oxazolidinones
Authors: Hu Jiayin , Ma Jun , Zhu Qinggong , Zhang Zhaofu , Wu Congyi , Han Buxing 
Published: March 2015

AbstractProtic ionic liquids (PILs), such as 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]‐7‐undecenium 2‐methylimidazolide [DBUH][MIm], can catalyze the reaction of atmospheric CO2 with a broad range of propargylic amines to form the corresponding 2‐oxazolidinones. The products are formed in high yields under mild, metal‐free conditions. The cheaper and greener PILs can be easily recycled and reused at least five times without a decrease in the catalytic activity and selectivity. A reaction mechanism was proposed on the basis of a detailed DFT study which indicates that both the cation and anion of the PIL play key synergistic roles in accelerating the reaction.
Copper‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Carboetherification of Unactivated Alkenes by Alkyl Nitriles and Alcohols
Authors: Chatalova‐Sazepin Claire , Wang Qian , Sammis Glenn M. , Zhu Jieping 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA three‐component carboetherification of unactivated alkenes has been developed allowing the rapid building of complexity from simple starting materials. A wide range of α‐substituted styrenes underwent smooth reactions with unactivated alkyl nitriles and alcohols to afford γ‐alkoxy alkyl nitriles with concomitant generation of a quaternary carbon center. A radical clock experiment provided clear‐cut evidence that the reaction proceeds through a tertiary alkyl radical intermediate.
In situ studies of bovine serum albumin adsorption onto functionalized polystyrene latices monitored with a quartz crystal microbalance technique
Authors: Beragoui Manel , Aguir Chadlia , Khalfaoui Mohamed , Enciso Eduardo , Torralvo Maria José , Duclaux Laurent , Reinert Laurence , Vayer Marylène , Ben Lamine Abdelmottaleb 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe adsorbability of bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto poly(styrene‐co‐itaconic acid) (PS–IA), poly(styrene‐co‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PS–HEMA), poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid) (PS–AA), and poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid) (PS–MAA) latices were investigated with a quartz crystal microbalance. The amount adsorbed onto the functionalized latices, except for PS–MAA, was greater than that adsorbed onto polystyrene (PS) latex. To explain this result, two kinds of interaction forces were considered, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, whereas electrostatic interaction was assumed to be small. When comparing the two extremes of hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding, the latter was stronger. The corrected adsorption mass suggested that the BSA molecules were adsorbed onto the PS–MAA latex in a side‐on mode. However, in the case of the PS, PS–IA, PS–HEMA, and PS–AA latices, the BSA molecules were probably adsorbed in multiple layers. The presence of the BSA in the latex particle surface was verified by attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42055.
Tongue and Hyoid Musculature and Functional Morphology of a Neonate Gray Whale (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Eschrichtius robustus)
Authors: Kienle Sarah S. , Ekdale Eric G. , Reidenberg Joy S. , Deméré Tom A. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the anatomy and musculature of the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), especially related to the anatomy of the tongue and hyoid region. The recovery of an extremely fresh head of a neonatal female gray whale provided an opportunity to conduct the first in‐depth investigation of the musculoskeletal features of the tongue and hyoid apparatus. Unlike other mysticetes, the gray whale tongue is strong, muscular, and freely mobile inside the buccal cavity. In particular, the genioglossus and hyoglossus muscles are extremely large and robust making up the majority of the body of the tongue. In addition, the genioglossus had a unique position and fiber orientation in the tongue compared to other mammals. The structure of the hyoid apparatus differs between E. robustus and other mysticete species, although there are similarities among individual elements. We provide the first documentation of fungiform papillae that may be associated with taste buds in Mysticeti. The highly mobile, robust tongue and the presence of well‐defined tongue and hyoid musculature are in keeping with observations of gray whale feeding that suggest this group of whales utilize oral suction to draw benthic prey into the buccal cavity. Anat Rec, 298:660–674, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.