bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Macroalgal Expansion and Marine Protected Areas on Coral Recovery Following a Climatic Disturbance
Authors: Wilson Shaun K. , Graham Nicholas A. J. , Fisher Rebecca , Robinson Jan , Nash Kirsty , Chong‐Seng Karen , Polunin Nicholas V. C. , Aumeeruddy Riaz , Quatre Rodney 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDisturbance plays an important role in structuring marine ecosystems, and there is a need to understand how conservation practices, such as the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), facilitate postdisturbance recovery. We evaluated the association of MPAs, herbivorous fish biomass, substrate type, postdisturbance coral cover, and change in macroalgal cover with coral recovery on the fringing reefs of the inner Seychelle islands, where coral mortality after a 1998 bleaching event was extensive. We visually estimated benthic cover and fish biomass at 9 sites in MPAs where fishing is banned and at 12 sites where fishing is permitted in 1994, 2005, 2008, and 2011. We used analysis of variance to examine spatial and temporal variations in coral cover and generalized additive models to identify relations between coral recovery and the aforementioned factors that may promote recovery. Coral recovery occurred on all substrate types, but it was highly variable among sites and times. Between 2005 and 2011 the increase in coral cover averaged 1%/year across 21 sites, and the maximum increase was 4%/year. However, mean coral cover across the study area (14%) remained at half of 1994 levels (28%). Sites within MPAs had faster rates of coral recovery than sites in fished areas only where cover of macroalgae was low and had not increased over time. In MPAs where macroalgae cover expanded since 1998 there was no recovery. Where coral was recovering on granite reefs there was a shift in relative prevalence of colony life‐form from branching to encrusting species. This simplification of reef structure may affect associated reef fauna even if predisturbance levels of coral cover are attained.Efecto de la Expansión de Macroalgas y Áreas Marinas Protegidas sobre la Recuperación de Coral Después de una Perturbación Climática
Psychological trajectories in the year after a newly diagnosed seizure
Authors: Velissaris Sarah L. , Saling Michael M. , Newton Mark R. , Berkovic Samuel F. , Wilson Sarah J. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Underdiagnosed depression and anxiety are well‐recognized issues in chronic epilepsy, but the evolution of these symptoms after diagnosis is not well understood. We aimed to identify mood trajectories after a first seizure, and to examine factors impacting these trajectories.Methods:  Seventy‐four patients were evaluated at 1, 3, and 12 months with (1) the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and (2) a semistructured interview assessing patients’ initial psychological reaction to the seizure at 1 month (limited vs. pervasive loss of control). The SAS Institute’s TRAJ data modelling procedure was employed to delineate trajectories.Key Findings:  Two depression and three anxiety trajectories were identified, with significant overlap. The majority of patients (∼74%) followed a trajectory with low depression throughout the study, and either low or moderate anxiety. A minority followed trajectories with high depression and anxiety from diagnosis (∼16%). Patients with high levels of distress were adversely affected by seizure recurrence and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), whereas those with low levels were not. Trajectories were predicted by the patient’s sense of loss of control early after diagnosis and were weakly related to demographic and medical variables (age, gender, education, relationship status, psychiatric history, and prior epileptic events).Significance:  Methods that account for heterogeneity in patient responses are critical for developing a clinically relevant understanding of adjustment after a newly diagnosed seizure. Most patients appear to be resilient in the face of early seizures, whereas those at risk of longer‐term psychological difficulties may be evident from diagnosis. Early screening for depression and anxiety is warranted.
Financial Expertise as an Arms Race
Authors: GLODE VINCENT , GREEN RICHARD C. , LOWERY RICHARD 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTWe show that firms intermediating trade have incentives to overinvest in financial expertise. In our model, expertise improves firms’ ability to estimate value when trading a security. Expertise creates asymmetric information, which, under normal circumstances, works to the advantage of the expert as it deters opportunistic bargaining by counterparties. This advantage is neutralized in equilibrium, however, by offsetting investments by competitors. Moreover, when volatility rises the adverse selection created by expertise triggers breakdowns in liquidity, destroying gains to trade and thus the benefits that firms hope to gain through high levels of expertise.
The Meanings of Democracy in Venezuela: Citizen Perceptions and Structural Change
Authors: Canache Damarys 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThroughout Latin America, democratic political structures reflect liberal conceptualizations of democracy. Since the election of Hugo Chávez, Venezuela has emerged as an exception, with President Chávez sponsoring initiatives designed to foster participatory democracy. This article draws on the Venezuelan case in an effort to gain insight on the malleability of citizens' definitions of and attitudes toward democracy. Two key findings emerge. First, in data gathered ten years into the Chávez presidency, the vast majority of Venezuelans still define democracy in liberal terms, whereas relatively few have embraced participatory conceptualizations. Second, although Venezuelans as a whole are highly supportive of democracy as a form of government, no evidence is found that either support for Chávez or defining democracy in terms of participation corresponds with higher favorability toward democracy. Together, these findings suggest that Venezuela's political transformation has produced little or no discernible effect on mass sentiment regarding democracy.
Identification of Tool Marks of a Sickle on a Telephone Cable
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Patial Naseeb , Singh Sanjeev 
Published: September 2012

AbstractLinkage of a cutting tool (a sickle) with a telephone cable of 100 pairs of copper wires is reported in a case of theft of a telephone cable. Telephone cables contain numerous insulated copper wires of small diameter inside an outer covering and are stolen for the relatively precious copper. The cutting pattern of the cable can only point to the type of the tool but because of the large number of copper wires, it is practically difficult to make a definite linkage with the tool used to cut the cable by comparing the tool marks. The present work reports the successful attempt of the authors in establishing a definite linkage of a stolen telephone cable with a sickle recovered from the suspects. Spot microchemical test was performed for detection of copper on the blade of the sickle, and then tool mark comparison was performed to link the tool marks on the metal strip inside the outer covering of the cable to the blade of the sickle.
Assessing children's dental anxiety: a systematic review of current measures
Authors: Porritt Jenny , Buchanan Heather , Hall Melanie , Gilchrist Fiona , Marshman Zoe 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe reliable assessment of children's dental anxiety can have many benefits for the dental team, service providers and dental public health practitioners. This study aimed to identify and evaluate self‐report measures, which are available to assess children's dental anxiety. Systematic searches of the literature between 1998 and 2011 were conducted to identify relevant studies. The properties of each measure (reliability and validity) were assessed, and measures were evaluated against a theoretical framework of dental anxiety. Executing the search strategy generated 498 articles and of these 60 studies met all of the inclusion criteria. Seven ‘trait’ and two ‘state’ measures of dental anxiety had been employed to assess children's dental anxiety over the past decade. Reliability and validity estimates for the most widely used measures were good; however, many questionnaires had a limited focus in the aspects of anxiety they assessed. The paper summarizes the measures of children's dental anxiety which may be most useful for a number of different purposes and populations.
Salinity tolerance and the decoupling of resource axis plant traits
Authors: Eallonardo Anthony S. , Leopold Donald J. , Fridley Jason D. , Stella John C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractQuestionsWhat ecophysiological relationships underlie the sorting of species from freshwater to inland salt marsh communities? Which plant functional trade‐offs are present along a gradient of low to high salinity?LocationNew York State, USA.MethodsWe evaluated changes in species composition and plant functional traits along resource and salinity gradients at three sites using principal components, correlation and fourth‐corner analyses.ResultsAnalyses of plant traits suggested an axis of specialization that was related to salinity tolerance and distinct from a resource axis describing a spectrum of plant traits associated with resource acquisition and retention. Plant species with low scores on the salinity axis had highest abundance in the most saline plots and tended to have small leaf size, high leaf nitrogen per area (Narea), C4 photosynthesis and succulence. Whereas C4 photosynthesis, leaf size and leaf succulence were each linked to patterns of species presence and relative cover along soil Na:K and electrical conductivity (EC) gradients, leaf Narea was most positively correlated with salinity tolerance. Leaf size also played a key role in species sorting along each of the environmental gradients examined in this study (soil EC, Na:K, flooding duration, soil extractable calcium and magnesium and soil N concentrations).ConclusionsSalinity tolerance is an alternative axis of plant specialization. The overall trade‐off underlying salinity tolerance is inefficient N use in exchange for efficient water use and tolerance of toxic soil salinity levels. This research further elucidates the processes of community assembly along environmental gradients, trade‐offs associated with salinity tolerance, and provides baseline information for wetland restoration.
Improving the attractiveness of an emergency medicine career to medical students: An exploratory study
Authors: Celenza Antonio , Bharath Jude , Scop Jason 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectivesTo describe perceptions of medical students and emergency doctors towards careers in emergency medicine (EM), and to identify influences on career choice.MethodsA prospective, cross‐sectional questionnaire study was performed in three EDs. The instrument used Likert‐type items addressing: factors important in the choice of a career, factors offered by a career in EM, and opinions of EM. EM consultants and registrars and a cohort of final‐year medical students participated.ResultsOverall, 22 consultants, 30 registrars and 164 students completed the questionnaire (77.1% overall response). Student interest in an EM career increased from 10/161 (6.2% [95% CI 3.0–11.1%]) before, to 26/137 (19.0% [95% CI 12.8–26.6%]) after an EM attachment (P = 0.0014). The highest proportion of students chose work–life balance as being an important factor for career choice (143/163 students, 87.7% [95% CI 81.2–92.6%]). Compared with consultants and registrars, students had negative perceptions about lifestyle factors that EM offered, as well as about the future of the specialty, job security and workplace stress. Some students also preferred careers with opportunities for research, subspecialty practice, and better pay and conditions, yet perceived EM as not offering these factors. Students considered EM as an acute, procedural, public hospital specialty, with diverse patient problems and minimal continuity of care. Smaller proportions of students considered these factors important for career choice.ConclusionIncreasing the attractiveness of a career in EM requires changing student perceptions of lifestyle and satisfaction benefits, access to EM subspecialties, increasing ED research, information about job security, and improved work conditions.
Methods of estimating marine mammal diets: A review of validation experiments and sources of bias and uncertainty
Authors: Bowen W. D. , Iverson S. J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDiet estimation in marine mammals relies on indirect methods including recovery of prey hard parts from stomachs and feces, quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA), stable isotope mixing models, and identification of prey DNA in stomach contents and feces. Experimental evidence (9 species/13 studies) shows that digestion strongly influences the proportion and size of otoliths that can be recovered in feces. Number correction factors (NCF) and digestion coefficients have been experimentally determined to reduce the biases in fecal analysis. Correction factors and coefficients have not been determined for diet estimated from stomach contents. QFASA estimates which prey species and amounts must have been eaten to account for the fatty acid composition of the predator. Experimental studies on mammals and seabirds (9 species/10 studies) indicate that accurate estimates of diet can be determined using QFASA. Stable isotope mixing models provide rather coarse taxonomic resolution of diet composition. Prey DNA analysis shows promise as a method to estimate the species composition of diet, but further development and testing is needed to validate its use. Obtaining a representative sample from marine mammal populations is a significant challenge. Therefore, the use of complementary methods is recommended to obtain the most informative results.
Method for evaluating flood disaster reduction measures in alluvial plains
Authors: Taki K. , Matsuda T. , Ukai E. , Nishijima T. , Egashira S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWith attention focused on flood hazard risk from place to place on a whole flood plain before and after flood hazard reduction and mitigation countermeasures are implemented, the present study proposes a method for evaluating flood hazard risk described using a local inundation depth and its frequency of occurrence. The method is composed of a rainfall run‐off model, a 1‐D channel flow model, a depth‐integrated 2‐D flood model, and several sub‐models, such as of a potential damage curve and an evacuation rating curve. To test the applicability of the proposed method, a flood plain located in the northern lake area of Shiga prefecture is chosen for discussion. The spatial distribution of damage resulting from each flood is thus evaluated before and after countermeasures are implemented.
Embolisation of hypervascular bone tumours: A pictorial essay with literature review
Authors: Lau Vince , Sun Michael , Chu Ferdinand 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBone tumours, either primary or secondary, can present in various debilitating manners, including pain and pathological fracture. The situation is particularly problematic when the tumours are hypervascular, and located in regions where a high risk of neurological compromise is anticipated during operation, such as in the spine or sacrum. In such situations, bone tumour embolisation is a useful and effective adjunctive treatment for reducing intra‐operative blood loss. This is particularly relevant in primary bone tumours such as giant cell tumours and metastatic renal cell and thyroid tumours. With a proper pre‐embolisation angiogram and knowledge of anatomy, careful selective cannulation of the arterial supplies and experience in using embolic agents, the risks of non‐target embolisation can be kept to minimum and the best result achieved.
Existing Regulation of Exempt Wells in the United States
Authors: Richardson Jesse J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract:Exempt domestic water well provisions exist in sixteen states and allow landowners to use water wells producing relatively small amounts of water or water wells used for domestic or other specific purposes to avoid certain regulatory requirements. Exempt wells provisions apply mainly in the west, where most states use the prior appropriation rule (“first in time, first in right”) for ground water rights. Critics voice concerns over implications ranging from land use planning to water supply. This article explores existing state regulation and finds that the term “exempt well” is a misnomer. The vast majority of states impose numerous restrictions on exempt wells. Existing regulations include limitations on the quantity, location, and amount of irrigation use. Other provisions address construction standards, required filing of information and other practices. The review of regulations suggests that many steps to mitigate the impact of exempt wells are already in place.
Evaluation of co‐oximetry for the measurement of methemoglobin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and values in 3 salmonid species
Authors: Saunders Janet , Speare David J. , McConkey Sandra 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundMethemoglobin (metHb) is oxidized hemoglobin that cannot reversibly bind oxygen, and concentrations in healthy fish have been reported to be 0.6–24.8% compared with 0–3% in healthy mammals. In fish, metHb has been measured using spectrophotometric methods using potassium cyanide (KCN), but not using co‐oximetry, which is the preferred method for human samples.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to evaluate co‐oximetry as a method for measuring metHb in Oncorhynchus mykiss, compare co‐oximetry with a KCN spectrophotometric method, and establish reference values for metHb concentrations as measured using co‐oximetry in O mykiss, Salmo salar, and Salvelinus fontinalis.MethodsBlood samples from healthy female O mykiss, female S salar, and female and male S fontinalis were prepared by separation and washing of erythrocytes in Tris/NaCl/EDTA buffer followed by lysis in Tris/EDTA buffer. MetHb concentrations were measured using an IL‐682 co‐oximeter. Moderate and high metHb concentrations were produced in vitro using NaNO2.ResultsAt low concentrations of methemoglobin, CVs for intraday precision were 10.3% and 53.9% using co‐oximetry and the KCN spectrophotometric method, respectively. The CV for interday precision using co‐oximetry was 11.9%. MetHb concentrations were stable in whole blood stored at 4°C for 7 days. MetHb concentrations were linear up to 58.2% (r = .99) using co‐oximetry and 27.5% (r = .94) using the KCN method. The lower limit of detection for metHb was 0.02 g/dL using co‐oximetry. Reference values for metHb concentrations using co‐oximetry in O mykiss, S salar, and S fontinalis (n = 40 of each species) were 0.6–1.8%, 1.1–1.9%, and 1.1–4.0%, respectively.ConclusionsCo‐oximetry can be used to measure methemoglobin in blood from fish, in particular in O mykiss, and is better than the KCN spectrophotometric method. Reference values for methemoglobin concentrations in O mykiss, S salar, and S fontinalis are similar to those in mammals.
XBP1 depletion precedes ubiquitin aggregation and Golgi fragmentation in TDP‐43 transgenic rats
Authors: Tong Jianbin , Huang Cao , Bi Fangfang , Wu Qinxue , Huang Bo , Zhou Hongxia 
Published: September 2012

AbstractProtein inclusion is a prominent feature of neurodegenerative diseases including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) that is characterized by the presence of ubiquitinated TDP‐43 inclusion. Presence of protein inclusions indicates an interruption to protein degradation machinery or the overload of misfolded proteins. In response to the increase in misfolded proteins, cells usually initiate a mechanism called unfolded protein response (UPR) to reduce misfolded proteins in the lumen of endoplasmic reticules. Here, we examined the effects of mutant TDP‐43 on the UPR in transgenic rats that express mutant human TDP‐43 restrictedly in the neurons of the forebrain. Over‐expression of mutant TDP‐43 in rats caused prominent aggregation of ubiquitin and remarkable fragmentation of Golgi complexes prior to neuronal loss. While ubiquitin aggregates and Golgi fragments were accumulating, neurons expressing mutant TDP‐43 failed to up‐regulate chaperones residing in the endoplasmic reticules and failed to initiate the UPR. Prior to ubiquitin aggregation and Golgi fragmentation, neurons were depleted of X‐box‐binding protein 1 (XBP1), a key player of UPR machinery. Although it remains to determine how mutation of TDP‐43 leads to the failure of the UPR, our data demonstrate that failure of the UPR is implicated in TDP‐43 pathogenesis.
Cytopathology of Tomato torrado virus Infection in Tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Zielińska Lidia , Byczyk Julia , Rymelska Natalia , Borodynko Natasza , Pospieszny Henryk , Hasiów‐Jaroszewska Beata 
Published: September 2012

AbstractElectron microscopy studies were carried out to investigate the cytopathological changes induced in tomato leaves by Tomato torrado virus (ToTV) that infects tomato plants worldwide causing severe necrotic symptoms. Plants infected with one of the Polish isolates of ToTV were used for cytopathological research. The results revealed severe cellular alterations, especially in Solanum lycopersicum. Moreover, it was shown that crystalline aggregates of virions occurred not only within the phloem cells as it has been previously reported.
Colony growth of corals transplanted for restoration depends on their site of origin and environmental factors
Authors: Forrester Graham E. , Taylor Kerianne , Schofield Stephanie , Maynard Amy 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe determined that growth differences among coral fragments transplanted for restoration were influenced by both source population and environmental factors. In two common garden experiments, storm‐generated fragments of Acropora palmata were transplanted from two source populations in the British Virgin Islands to a restoration site (a ‘common garden’) that lacked A. palmata. In the first experiment, colonies from different sources grew at different rates in the first year after transplanting, suggesting either genetic differences among source populations or enduring acclimation to conditions at the source site. No differences in growth among source populations were detected in the second common garden experiment. To isolate environmental effects on growth, we subdivided fragments from three source populations to create genetically identical pieces that were attached separately at both source and restoration sites. Genetically identical pieces from all source populations grew slightly faster at their source than at the restoration site, implying a subtle home‐site advantage. Overall, our results suggest that matching environmental conditions at source and restoration sites may increase the success of restoration projects.