bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History of Comparative Anatomy
Authors: Cosans Christopher E , Frampton Michael 
Published: March 2015

AbstractComparative anatomy was first developed by Greek natural philosophers and physicians. It has had a rich interplay with Western culture since that time until the present. Our understanding of how the anatomy of plants and animals varies reflects the view we have of nature and the world. Comparative anatomy can be traced back to the ancient Greeks who made scattered anatomical observations. Aristotle, the student of Plato, made the first systematic dissections. Researchers made more detailed anatomical observations throughout antiquity, while thinkers of the Middle Ages incorporated anatomical ideas within a deeply religious culture. The Renaissance began around 1400 as an interest in early texts, including those on comparative anatomy, increased. The knowledge from ancient texts, fed by the advent of printing, led to the Scientific Revolution. Since the turn of the nineteenth century, much discussion of comparative anatomy has focused on the theory of evolution.Key ConceptsAnimal is a major kind of life form that has been distinguished from plants by virtue of possessing a sensorimotor system that gives it an ability to move around.Antiquity in classical western European history is the time period from about 800bcto 450adwhen the oldest approaches to thought emerged and the oldest texts, mostly in Greek and Latin, were written.Classification is the procedure of comparing different living things and assigning them to abstract groups such as species and genera according to specific anatomical or behavioural criteria.Dissection is the procedure of intentionally cutting open a dead plant or animal in order to discern how its parts are interconnected and organised.Evolution is the process by which one species changes into other species during long periods of time.History is the process by which the ideas, beliefs, language, cultural practices and institutions of a people change over time, often in response to events, social interactions and technological inventions.Middle Ages is the historical period from aboutad450 to 1400 which saw the rise and dominance of Christian religion and culture within the boundaries of the classical Roman Empire.Nature encompasses those aspects of the world and the cosmos that exist independent of human institutions and technological contrivances, including such things as the developmental processes of plants and animal and the way bodies are.Renaissance is the historical period in Western civilisation that succeeds the Middle Ages and precedes the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century, in which there is an intense desire to retrieve ancient Greco‐Roman knowledge and learning, which was accelerated by printing, the publication of books and the influx of Greek scholars after Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire.Scientific change is the process by which scientific accounts are modified as investigators consider new texts, ideas, observations and experimental methods.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Amidation of Arenes Using Air as the Oxidant
Authors: Li Gang , Jia Chunqi , Chen Qingliang , Sun Kai , Zhao Feng , Wu Hankui , Wang Zhiyong , Lv Yunhe , Chen Xiaolan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe copper(I) bromide‐catalyzed intermolecular dehydrogenative amidation of arenes via CH bond activation assisted by a 2‐pyridyl or 1‐pyrazolyl chelating group using air as the terminal oxidant has been achieved at 140 °C. N‐Aryl amides, N‐alkyl amides, benzamide derivatives, imides, and lactams all are good coupling partners to obtain moderate to excellent yields. The amount of solvent is critical for the transformation: both increasing and decreasing the amount of solvent decreased the yield. Notably, the amidation of bimolecular 2‐phenylpyridine with the dual NH bonds of a primary amide proceeded smoothly in one‐pot to afford a good yield under the same conditions. The amidation can be performed with a good yield at the gram scale.magnified image
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Decarboxylation of Propargyl Carbonates: Reactivity Reversal of the Gold Catalyst from π‐Lewis Acidity to σ‐Lewis Acidity
Authors: Shen Ruwei , Yang Jianjun , Zhu Shugao , Chen Chao , Wu Luling 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA cationic gold(I)‐catalyzed decarboxylative etherification of propargyl carbonates to selectively produce propargyl ethers is reported. In the reaction the gold(I) catalyst shows a distinct σ‐Lewis acidity rather than the commonly observed π‐Lewis acidity, and thus catalyzes the decarboxylation of a variety of propargyl carbonates to give the corresponding propargyl ethers with high selectivity. This reaction represents a rare example of the tunable reactivity of cationic gold(I) complexes between σ‐Lewis acidity and π‐Lewis acidity.magnified image
Iron‐Catalyzed Kumada Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Pyrimidin‐2‐yl Phosphates: An Efficient Approach to C2‐Functionalized Pyrimidines
Authors: Xing Ting , Zhang Zhang , Da Yu‐Xia , Quan Zheng‐Jun , Wang Xi‐Cun 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIron‐catalyzed Kumada cross‐coupling reactions of pyrimidin‐2‐yl phosphates and Grignard reagents are described. The reaction proceeds at room temperature with a short reaction time of 15 minutes, and the corresponding products are obtained with moderate to high yields. A wide array of C2‐functionalized pyrimidines has been prepared in moderate to good yields and many functional groups are well tolerated.
Self‐Template‐Directed Synthesis of Porous Perovskite Nanowires at Room Temperature for High‐Performance Visible‐Light Photodetectors
Authors: Zhuo Sifei , Zhang Jingfang , Shi Yanmei , Huang Yi , Zhang Bin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe unique optoelectronic properties and promising photovoltaic applications of organolead halide perovskites have driven the exploration of facile strategies to synthesize organometal halide perovskites and corresponding hybrid materials and devices. Currently, the preparation of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanowires, especially those with porous features, is still a great challenge. An efficient self‐template‐directed synthesis of high‐quality porous CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanowires in solution at room temperature using the Pb‐containing precursor nanowires as both the sacrificial template and the Pb2+ source in the presence of CH3NH3Br and HBr is now presented. The initial formation of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite layers on the surface of the precursor nanowires and the following dissolution of the organic component of the latter led to the formation of mesopores and the preservation of the 1D morphology. Furthermore, the perovskite nanowires are potential materials for visible‐light photodetectors with high sensitivity and stability.
Einzigartige Härtungseigenschaften durch lebende Polymerisation in vernetzenden Materialien: Polyurethan‐Photopolymere aus Vinylether‐Synthesebausteinen
Authors: Kirschbaum Stefan , Landfester Katharina , Taden Andreas 
Published: March 2015

AbstractPhotopolymere mit einzigartigen Härtungseigenschaften können durch die Kombination von lebender kationischer Polymerisation mit engmaschiger Vernetzung und Einschränkung der molekularen Beweglichkeit hergestellt werden. Ein Vinyletherdiol wurde als funktioneller Baustein synthetisiert und mit Isophorondiisocyanat umgesetzt, um ein hochfunktionalisiertes Vinyletherpolyurethan als Modellsystem mit ausgeprägter Vernetzungsfähigkeit zu erhalten. Unter Verwendung eines kationischen Photoinitiators konnte nach kurzer Bestrahlung eine schnelle Polymerisation beobachtet werden. Die Aushärtung erfolgt ohne Sauerstoffinhibierung und läuft unter Lichtausschluss weiter. Aktive kationische Kettenenden werden bei fortschreitender Vernetzung eingeschlossen und verbleiben im Glaszustand untätig bzw. schlafend, wobei der lebende Charakter über Tage erhalten bleibt. Der Polymerisationsprozess kann durch weitere UV‐Bestrahlung und/oder thermische Behandlung wiedererweckt werden. Das Härtungsverhalten wurde mittels UV‐ und NIR‐gekoppelter Rheologie sowie Photo‐DSC im Detail untersucht, um simultan spektroskopische und mechanische Informationen zu beobachten und thermische Effekte zu erfassen.
Narcissistic Self‐Sorting in Self‐Assembled Cages of Rare Earth Metals and Rigid Ligands
Authors: Johnson Amber M. , Wiley Calvin A. , Young Michael C. , Zhang Xing , Lyon Yana , Julian Ryan R. , Hooley Richard J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractHighly selective, narcissistic self‐sorting can be achieved in the formation of self‐assembled cages of rare earth metals with multianionic salicylhydrazone ligands. The assembly process is highly sensitive to the length of the ligand and the coordination geometry. Most surprisingly, high‐fidelity sorting is possible between ligands of identical coordination angle and geometry, differing only in a single functional group on the ligand core, which is not involved in the coordination. Supramolecular effects allow discrimination between pendant functions as similar as carbonyl or methylene groups in a complex assembly process.
Synthesis of Cyclopropyl‐Substituted Furans by Brønsted Acid Promoted Cascade Reactions
Authors: Clark J. Stephen , Romiti Filippo , Hogg Kirsten F. , Hamid Malai Haniti S. A. , Richter Sven C. , Boyer Alistair , Redman Joanna C. , Farrugia Louis J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractChloroacetic acid promotes an efficient and diastereoselective intramolecular cascade reaction of electron‐deficient ynenones to deliver products featuring a 2,3,5‐trisubstituted furan bearing a fused cyclopropyl substituent at the 5‐position. Synthetically relevant polycyclic building blocks featuring rings of various sizes and heteroatoms have been synthesized in high yield using this mild acid‐catalyzed reaction.
Synergistic effects of carbon nanotubes and carbon black on the fracture and fatigue resistance of natural rubber composites
Authors: Dong Bin , Liu Chang , Lu Yonglai , Wu Youping 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTThe quasi‐static fracture and dynamic fatigue behaviors of natural rubber composites reinforced with hybrid carbon nanotube bundles (CNTBs) and carbon black (CB) at similar hardness values were investigated on the basis of fracture mechanical methods. Mechanical measurement and J‐integral tests were carried out to characterize the quasi‐static fracture resistance. Dynamic fatigue tests were performed under cyclic constant strain conditions with single‐edged notched test pieces. The results indicate that synergistic effects between CNTBs and CB on the mechanical properties, fracture, and fatigue resistance were obtained. The composite reinforced with 3‐phr CNTBs displayed the strongest fatigue resistance. The synergistic mechanisms and dominating factors of quasi‐static and dynamic failure, such as the dispersion state of nanotubes, hybrid filler network structure, strain‐induced crystallization, tearing energy input, and viscoelastic hysteresis loss, were examined. The weakest fatigue resistance of the composite filled with 5‐phr CNTBs was ascribed to its strikingly high hysteresis, which resulted in marked heat generation under dynamic fatigue conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42075.
PVA hydrogels loaded with a Brazilian propolis for burn wound healing applications
Authors: Oliveira Renata N. , McGuinness Garrett B. , Rouze Regis , Quilty Brid , Cahill Paul , Soares Gloria D. A. , Thiré Rossana M. S. M. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTPVA hydrogels offer many suitable characteristics for burn wound dressings. However, unmodified PVA gels do not act against infection. Propolis is a natural antimicrobial agent suitable for incorporation into PVA gels. PVA–propolis gels were produced by freeze–thawing method, and their microstructure, mechanical, and swelling properties (in standard PBS and a PBS‐based solution with pH 4.0) were characterized. The propolis release profiles and the gel's antibacterial and cytotoxicity properties were also investigated. The presence of propolis in the gels interfered with the PVA crystallization profile and with the mechanical properties. All samples swelled at least 400% in both media. The propolis was mostly released to the media in the first day of immersion. PVA–propolis gels with concentrations of 15% propolis or more were active against the gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which is associated with initial colonization of the wound. All PVA–propolis samples acted as barriers to microbial penetration. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42129.
Surgeons' and trainees' perceived self-efficacy in operating theatre non-technical skills
Authors: Pena G , Altree M , Field J , Thomas M J W , Hewett P , Babidge W , Maddern G J 
Published: March 2015

Abstract

Background
An important factor that may influence an individual's performance is self-efficacy, a personal judgement of capability to perform a particular task successfully. This prospective study explored newly qualified surgeons' and surgical trainees' self-efficacy in non-technical skills compared with their non-technical skills performance in simulated scenarios.

Methods
Participants undertook surgical scenarios challenging non-technical skills in two simulation sessions 6 weeks apart. Some participants attended a non-technical skills workshop between sessions. Participants completed pretraining and post-training surveys about their perceived self-efficacy in non-technical skills, which were analysed and compared with their performance in surgical scenarios in two simulation sessions. Change in performance between sessions was compared with any change in participants' perceived self-efficacy.

Results
There were 40 participants in all, 17 of whom attended the non-technical skills workshop. There was no significant difference in participants' self-efficacy regarding non-technical skills from the pretraining to the post-training survey. However, there was a tendency for participants with the highest reported self-efficacy to adjust their score downwards after training and for participants with the lowest self-efficacy to adjust their score upwards. Although there was significant improvement in non-technical skills performance from the first to second simulation sessions, a correlation between participants' self-efficacy and performance in scenarios in any of the comparisons was not found.

Conclusion
The results suggest that new surgeons and surgical trainees have poor insight into their non-technical skills. Although it was not possible to correlate participants' self-belief in their abilities directly with their performance in a simulation, in general they became more critical in appraisal of their abilities as a result of the intervention.
Computer‐based simulation development of a design course project in electrical engineering
Authors: Zavalani Orion 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTComputer‐based simulation (CBS) is a powerful tool in engineering education. In the article, the findings of a study designed to evaluate the impact of CBS for the development of a design course project (DCP) in the framework of the Electrical Applications course taught at electrical engineering master degree are presented. The study is based on an experimental approach to evaluate the impact of CBS on student results during the first year. Then, during three subsequent years, surveys were collected to analyze students’ perception of the impact that CBS had on the student's learning efficacy and level of motivation during the development of the DCP. The main finding of this work is that students who used CBS as an additional tool during the development of the DCP achieved significantly higher results than their colleagues who did not use it. Analysis of the surveys indicates that students perceived an impact of CBS on their learning efficacy and level of motivation near the high levels of the scoring system used. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:587–595, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21629
Subverting the market to help other consumers: The ‘la repasse’ phenomenon
Authors: Fuschillo Gregorio , Cova Bernard 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper aims to broaden our perspective on Consumer‐to‐Consumer (C‐to‐C) interactions. Recent studies on consumption have striven to shed light on the grey zone between market economies and moral economies. Our research goes one step further by focusing on C‐to‐C helping behaviours such as passing on tickets in public places (on the underground, in car parks, during city package tours, etc.). The hermeneutic analysis of these fraudulent practices shows that consumers undertake these microsubversions of the marketplace for the sake of citizenship. They act as contemporary Robin Hoods who turn market materials into flash token gifts for other consumers. In doing so, they daily reshape the boundaries of market/moral economies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What's past is prologue
Authors: Schainfeld Robert M. , Rajachandran Manu 
Published: March 2015

Key Points

Above knee and below knee patency for synthetic endografts are vastly different.
Long‐term data is encouragingly similar to synthetic bypass grafting.
Optimize use of synthetic endografts in above knee femoropopliteal segments in non‐critical limb ischemia patients.
Percutaneous coronary intervention: Ever closer to real world silver bullets!?
Authors: Hillegass William B. , Brott Brigitta C. 
Published: March 2015

Key Points

Bare metal and early drug eluting stents have not meaningfully reduced subsequent rates of death and myocardial infarction compared to balloon angioplasty.
Second generation drug eluting stents are associated with meaningful reductions in death and myocardial infarction compared to first generation drug eluting stents.
Radial artery occlusion: Preventing Insult to Injury
Authors: Chandrasekhar Jaya , Mehran Roxana 
Published: March 2015

Key Points

Intra‐arterial nitroglycerin prior to transradial sheath removal may reduce the incidence of radial artery occlusion (RAO).
Operators must observe careful attention to all aspects of transradial catheterization, particularly patent hemostasis; as well as independently monitor the institutional incidence of RAO to prompt improvements in practice.
Future studies on the impact of pre‐puncture ultrasound, novel sheaths, hemostatic devices, and potent oral and intravenous antithrombotic therapy on 30‐day RAO diagnosed by ultrasound may allow further reduction of RAO in a real‐world practice.
Salt‐Induced Adaptation of a Dynamic Combinatorial Library of Pseudopeptidic Macrocycles: Unraveling the Electrostatic Effects in Mixed Aqueous Media
Authors: Atcher Joan , Moure Alejandra , Bujons Jordi , Alfonso Ignacio 
Published: March 2015

AbstractDynamic combinatorial libraries are powerful systems for studying adaptive behaviors and relationships, as models of more complex molecular networks. With this aim, we set up a chemically diverse dynamic library of pseudopeptidic macrocycles containing amino‐acid side chains with differently charged residues (negative, positive, and neutral). The responsive ability of this complex library upon the increase of the ionic strength has been thoroughly studied. The families of the macrocyclic members concentrating charges of the same sign showed a large increase in its proportion as the ionic strength increases, whereas those with residues of opposite charges showed the reverse behavior. This observation suggested an electrostatic shielding effect of the salt within the library of macrocycles. The top‐down deconvolution of the library allowed us to obtain the fundamental thermodynamic information connecting the library members (exchange equilibrium constants), as well as to parameterize the adaptation to the external stimulus. We also visualized the physicochemical driving forces for the process by structural analysis using NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling. This knowledge permitted the full understanding of the whole dynamic library and also the de novo design of dynamic chemical systems with tailored co‐adaptive relationships, containing competing or cooperating species. This study highlights the utility of dynamic combinatorial libraries in the emerging field of systems chemistry.
Determination of Trantinterol Enantiomers in Human Plasma by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using Vancomycin Chiral Stationary Phase and Solid Phase Extraction and Stereoselective Pharmacokinetic Application
Authors: Qin Feng , Wang Yanjuan , Wang Lijuan , Zhao Longshan , Pan Li , Cheng Maosheng , Li Famei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractA sensitive and enantioselective vancomycin chiral stationary phase high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of trantinterol enantiomers in human plasma. Baseline resolution was achieved using the vancomycin chiral stationary phase known as Chirobiotic V with polar ionic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile–methanol (60:40, v/v) containing 0.01% ammonia and 0.02% acetic acid at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Waters Oasis HLB C18 solid phase extraction cartridges were used in the sample preparation of trantinterol samples from plasma. The detection was performed on a triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring mode via electrospray ionization. The calibration curve was linear in a concentration range from 0.0606 to 30.3 ng/mL in plasma, with the lower limit of quantification of 0.0606 ng/mL. The intra‐ and interday precision (relative standard deviation) values were within 9.7% and the accuracy (relative error) was from −6.6 to 7.2% at all quality control levels. The method was successfully applied to a study of stereoselective pharmacokinetics in human. Chirality 27:327–331, 2015.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.