bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Transmembrane Penetration of Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Haizhen , Ji Qiuju , Huang Changjin , Zhang Sulin , Yuan Bing , Yang Kai , Ma Yu-qiang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPhysical penetration of lipid bilayer membranes presents an alternative pathway for cellular delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) besides endocytosis. NPs delivered through this pathway could reach the cytoplasm, thereby opening the possibility of organelle-specific targeting. Herein we perform dissipative particle dynamics simulations to elucidate the transmembrane penetration mechanisms of multiple NPs. Our simulations demonstrate that NPs’ translocation proceeds in a cooperative manner, where the interplay of the quantity and surface chemistry of the NPs regulates the translocation efficiency. For NPs with hydrophilic surfaces, the increase of particle quantity facilitates penetration, while for NPs with partly or totally hydrophobic surfaces, the opposite highly possibly holds. Moreover, a set of interesting cooperative ways, such as aggregation, aggregation-dispersion and aggregation-dispersion-reaggregation of the NPs, are observed during the penetration process. We find that the penetration behaviors of multiple NPs are mostly dominated by the changes of the NP-membrane force components in the membrane plane direction, in addition to that in the penetration direction, suggesting a different interaction mechanism between the multiple NPs and the membrane compared with the one-NP case. These results provide a fundamental understanding in the underlying mechanisms of cooperative penetration of NPs and shed light on the NP-based drug and gene delivery.
Landscape of the lipidome and transcriptome under heat stress in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Higashi Yasuhiro , Okazaki Yozo , Myouga Fumiyoshi , Shinozaki Kazuo , Saito Kazuki 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEnvironmental stress causes membrane damage in plants. Lipid studies are required to understand the adaptation of plants to climate change. Here, LC-MS-based lipidomic and microarray transcriptome analyses were carried out to elucidate the effect of short-term heat stress on the Arabidopsis thaliana leaf membrane. Vegetative plants were subjected to high temperatures for one day and then grown under normal conditions. Sixty-six detected glycerolipid species were classified according to patterns of compositional change by Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Triacylglycerols, 36:4- and 36:5-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, 34:2- and 36:2-digalactosyldiacylglycerol, 34:1-, 36:1- and 36:6-phosphatidylcholine and 34:1-phosphatidylethanolamine increased by the stress and immediately decreased during recovery. The relative amount of one triacylglycerol species (54:9) containing α-linolenic acid (18:3) increased under heat stress. These results suggest that heat stress in Arabidopsis leaves induces an increase in triacylglycerol levels, which functions as an intermediate of lipid turnover and results in a decrease in membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids. Microarray data revealed candidate genes responsible for the observed metabolic changes.
Habitat stability, predation risk and ‘memory syndromes’
Authors: Dalesman S. , Rendle A. , Dall S.R.X. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHabitat stability and predation pressure are thought to be major drivers in the evolutionary maintenance of behavioural syndromes, with trait covariance only occurring within specific habitats. However, animals also exhibit behavioural plasticity, often through memory formation. Memory formation across traits may be linked, with covariance in memory traits (memory syndromes) selected under particular environmental conditions. This study tests whether the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, demonstrates consistency among memory traits (‘memory syndrome’) related to threat avoidance and foraging. We used eight populations originating from three different habitat types: i) laboratory populations (stable habitat, predator-free); ii) river populations (fairly stable habitat, fish predation); and iii) ditch populations (unstable habitat, invertebrate predation). At a population level, there was a negative relationship between memories related to threat avoidance and food selectivity, but no consistency within habitat type. At an individual level, covariance between memory traits was dependent on habitat. Laboratory populations showed no covariance among memory traits, whereas river populations showed a positive correlation between food memories and ditch populations demonstrated a negative relationship between threat memory and food memories. Therefore, selection pressures among habitats appear to act independently on memory trait covariation at an individual level and the average response within a population.
Fractal features of soil particle size distribution in newly formed wetlands in the Yellow River Delta
Authors: Yu Junbao , Lv Xiaofei , Bin Ma , Wu Huifeng , Du Siyao , Zhou Mo , Yang Yanming , Han Guangxuan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe characteristic of particle size distribution (PSD) in the newly formed wetlands in coast has seldom been studied. We applied fractal-scaling theory in assessing soil particle size distribution (PSD) features of newly formed wetlands in the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China. The singular fractal dimensions (D) values ranged from 1.82 to 1.90, the capacity dimension (D0) values ranged from 0.84 to 0.93 and the entropy dimension (D1) values ranged from 0.66 to 0.84. Constrained corresponding analysis revealed that 43.5% of the variance in soil PSD can be explained by environmental factors, including 14.7% by seasonal variation, 8.6% by soil depth and 8.0% by vegetation type. The fractal dimensions D and D1 were sensitive with fine particles with size ranging less than 126 μm and D0 was sensitive with coarse particles with size ranging between 126 μm to 2000 μm. Fractal analysis makes full use of soil PSD information and offers a useful approach to quantify and assess the soil physical attributes in the newly formed wetland.
Giant Electroresistive Ferroelectric Diode on 2DEG
Authors: Kim Shin-Ik , Jin Gwon Hyo , Kim Dai-Hong , Keun Kim Seong , Choi Ji-Won , Yoon Seok-Jin , Jung Chang Hye , Kang Chong-Yun , Kwon Beomjin , Bark Chung-Wung , Hong Seong-Hyeon , Kim Jin-Sang , Baek Seung-Hyub 
Published: May 2015

AbstractManipulation of electrons in a solid through transmitting, storing and switching is the fundamental basis for the microelectronic devices. Recently, the electroresistance effect in the ferroelectric capacitors has provided a novel way to modulate the electron transport by polarization reversal. Here, we demonstrate a giant electroresistive ferroelectric diode integrating a ferroelectric capacitor into two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at oxide interface. As a model system, we fabricate an epitaxial Au/Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3/LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure, where 2DEG is formed at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface. This device functions as a two-terminal, non-volatile memory of 1 diode-1 resistor with a large I+/I− ratio (>108 at ±6 V) and Ion/Ioff ratio (>107). This is attributed to not only Schottky barrier modulation at metal/ferroelectric interface by polarization reversal but also the field-effect metal-insulator transition of 2DEG. Moreover, using this heterostructure, we can demonstrate a memristive behavior for an artificial synapse memory, where the resistance can be continuously tuned by partial polarization switching and the electrons are only unidirectionally transmitted. Beyond non-volatile memory and logic devices, our results will provide new opportunities to emerging electronic devices such as multifunctional nanoelectronics and neuromorphic electronics.
Spin Polarization Inversion at Benzene-Absorbed Fe4N Surface
Authors: Zhang Qian , Mi Wenbo , Wang Xiaocha , Wang Xuhui 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe report a first-principle study on electronic structure and simulation of the spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy graphic of a benzene/Fe4N interface. Fe4N is a compound ferromagnet suitable for many spintronic applications. We found that, depending on the particular termination schemes and interface configurations, the spin polarization on the benzene surface shows a rich variety of properties ranging from cosine-type oscillation to polarization inversion. Spin-polarization inversion above benzene is resulting from the hybridizations between C pz and the out-of-plane d orbitals of Fe atom.
Fast immuno-labeling by electrophoretically driven infiltration for intact tissue imaging
Authors: Li Jun , Czajkowsky Daniel M. , Li Xiaowei , Shao Zhifeng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRecently developed tissue clearing techniques, where the tissue is embedded within a hydrogel, have revolutionized our ability to resolve fine cellular structures in nearly intact tissues. However, the slow rate of penetration of antibodies within this hydrogel-tissue matrix has become a significantly limiting factor in many experiments, as thick tissues often require weeks to months to be adequately labeled. Increasing the pore size of this matrix has been investigated as a possible solution, but with only modest success. Here, we have systematically examined the diffusional behavior of antibodies and other typically used immuno-labels within this hydrogel-tissue matrix and, surprisingly, found that infiltration occurs at rates similar to those of diffusion in free solution. Therefore, changing the pore size of the matrix would be expected to afford only limited improvement and, instead, some means of active transport is necessary. We show that an electrophoretically-driven approach decreases the delivery time of antibodies by more than 800-fold over simple diffusion, without incurring structural damage. These results, together with the high quality of the images obtained with this method, demonstrate the advantage of this approach, thus significantly broadening the practical range of samples that can now be investigated by whole-mount tissue clearing methods.
On the question of whether lubricants fluidize in stick–slip friction
Authors: Rosenhek-Goldian Irit , Kampf Nir , Yeredor Arie , Klein Jacob 
Published: May 2015

SignificanceThe costs to developed economies of friction and wear in technology are some 4–6% of their gross national product, so improved understanding of frictional dissipation can lead to substantial benefits. A widespread mode of friction is the intermittent motion (stick–slip) between sliding solid surfaces (such as the squeak of hinges, or a bow running over a cello string), which can persist even on adding lubricants, but its origins are not well understood. We now show directly, by capturing the fleeting, individual slip events at millisecond and subnanometer resolution, that, in contrast to accepted and long-standing belief, shear melting (fluidization) of thin lubricant layers does not occur in stick–slip sliding. This new insight may open the way to improved lubricant design.
Algorithmic lattice kirigami: A route to pluripotent materials
Authors: Sussman Daniel M. , Cho Yigil , Castle Toen , Gong Xingting , Jung Euiyeon , Yang Shu , Kamien Randall D. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
How can flat surfaces be transformed into useful three-dimensional structures? Recent research on origami techniques has led to algorithmic solutions to the inverse design problem of prescribing a set of folds to form a desired target surface. The fold patterns generated are often very complex and so require a convoluted series of deformations from the flat to the folded state, making it difficult to implement these designs in self-assembling systems. We propose a design paradigm that employs lattice-based kirigami elements, combining the folding of origami with cutting and regluing techniques. We demonstrate that this leads to a pluripotent design in which a single kirigami pattern can be robustly manipulated into a variety of three-dimensional shapes.
Large-scale serum protein biomarker discovery in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Hathout Yetrib , Brody Edward , Clemens Paula R. , Cripe Linda , DeLisle Robert Kirk , Furlong Pat , Gordish-Dressman Heather , Hache Lauren , Henricson Erik , Hoffman Eric P. , Kobayashi Yvonne Monique , Lorts Angela , Mah Jean K. , McDonald Craig , Mehler Bob , Nelson Sally , Nikrad Malti , Singer Britta , Steele Fintan , Sterling David , Sweeney H. Lee , Williams Steve , Gold Larry 
Published: May 2015

SignificanceDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare and devastating muscle disease caused by mutations in the X-linkedDMDgene (which encodes the dystrophin protein). Serum biomarkers hold significant potential as objective phenotypic measures of DMD disease state, as well as potential measures of pharmacological effects of and response to therapeutic interventions. Here we describe a proteomics approach to determine serum levels of 1,125 proteins in 93 DMD patients and 45 controls. The study identified 44 biomarkers that differed significantly between patients and controls. These data are being made available to DMD researchers and clinicians to accelerate the search for new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic approaches.
Human HLA-G+ extravillous trophoblasts: Immune-activating cells that interact with decidual leukocytes
Authors: Tilburgs Tamara , Crespo Ângela C. , van der Zwan Anita , Rybalov Basya , Raj Towfique , Stranger Barbara , Gardner Lucy , Moffett Ashley , Strominger Jack L. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Fetal extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) invade uterine tissue and interact with maternal immune cells during pregnancy. EVT express human leukocyte antigen-C (HLA-C) and -G (HLA-G). Although polymorphic HLA-C can elicit a maternal immune response, HLA-G has been associated with induction of immune tolerance. We have succeeded in isolating all maternal immune cell types as well as EVT from human placental tissue. These methods were used to elucidate the unique charateristics of EVT as well as their interaction with maternal immune cells. We demonstrate that EVT are specialized cells whose properties are not imitated by HLA‐G–expressing surrogate cell lines. Studies using primary EVT are crucial for understanding maternal–fetal tolerance and development of pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and miscarriages.
Systematic transcriptome analysis reveals tumor-specific isoforms for ovarian cancer diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Barrett Christian L. , DeBoever Christopher , Jepsen Kristen , Saenz Cheryl C. , Carson Dennis A. , Frazer Kelly A. 
Published: May 2015

Significance
Identifying molecules that are specific to tumors for use in early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy is both a primary goal and a key discovery challenge across diverse areas of oncology. To discover ovarian tumor-specific molecules, we developed custom bioinformatics algorithms to analyze transcriptome sequence data of 296 ovarian cancer and 1,839 normal tissues and validated putative tumor-specific mRNA isoforms by RT–quantitative PCR. The results revealed multiple candidate diagnostic and therapeutic targets with unique sequences that were expressed in most of the cancers examined but not in normal tissues. The process we developed can be readily applied to identify diagnostic and therapeutic targets for any of the 30 or more tumor types for which large amounts of transcriptome data now exist.
hnRNP U protein is required for normal pre-mRNA splicing and postnatal heart development and function
Authors: Ye Junqiang , Beetz Nadine , O’Keeffe Sean , Tapia Juan Carlos , Macpherson Lindsey , Chen Weisheng V. , Bassel-Duby Rhonda , Olson Eric N. , Maniatis Tom 
Published: May 2015

SignificanceWe studied the physiological function of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNP U) by generating a conditional knockout mouse in which theHnrnpugene is deleted in the heart. We found that hnRNP U is required for normal pre-mRNA splicing and postnatal heart development and function. Mutant mice develop severe dilated cardiomyopathy and die 2 wk after birth. Phenotypic characterization of mutant hearts coupled with RNA-seq data analyses revealed that mutant hearts display multiple cardiac defects as a result of misregulated gene expression and abnormal pre-mRNA splicing. We also identified the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane protein Junctin as a splicing target of hnRNP U and provide an interesting example of alternative splicing in controlling the modification and function of proteins.
Estimating the Riverine Abundance of Green Sturgeon Using a Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar
Authors: Mora E. A. , Lindley S. T. , Erickson D. L. , Klimley A. P. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
To determine the total number of Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris present in the Rogue River, Oregon, we compared plot sampling using a dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON), a density-based estimation technique combining the number of individuals detected and the area sampled, to a concurrent mark–recapture estimate. Using the DIDSON-based method, we estimated the total abundance of Green Sturgeon to be 223 (95% confidence interval = 180–266). The mark–recapture method resulted in an estimate of 236 individuals (150–424). The noninvasive DIDSON transect estimates resulted in tighter confidence intervals and required fewer technician hours to collect the data than did the mark–recapture method (37 h versus 232 h, respectively). Precise estimates of the abundance and distribution of Green Sturgeon are important components to species recovery and management. Thus, this new technique has the potential to greatly improve population monitoring and is an excellent tool to identify occupied habitats.
Received June 9, 2014; accepted January 28, 2015
A Strategy for Increasing Gill-Net Catch Rates and Minimizing Sampling Mortality of Alligator Gars
Authors: Bodine Kristopher A. , Daugherty Daniel J. , Schlechte J. Warren , Binion Greg R. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Management of the Alligator Gar Atractosteus spatula has been hampered by the lack of sampling methods that can efficiently reveal population characteristics or minimize incidental sampling mortality. In a 3-year evaluation of the Alligator Gar population in Choke Canyon Reservoir, Texas, we documented changes in sampling methodology that produced an eightfold increase in multifilament gill-net catch rates (from 0.66 to 5.10 fish/h). The increased sampling efficiency was attributed to the development of an aggressive-predator sampling strategy over the study period; our highest catch rates were achieved by (1) observing surfacing fish before net deployment and (2) relocating to a new sampling site when catch rates were less than 1 fish/h. This aggressive strategy resulted in shorter net soak times, which reduced incidental net mortalities; nets soaking less than 30 min produced zero mortalities. Our results suggest that the aggressive-predator strategy is suitable for the majority of Alligator Gar sampling objectives (e.g., collection for age and growth and mark–recapture), which will improve the ability to manage Alligator Gar populations.
Received August 18, 2014; accepted February 4, 2015
Bioethics as Missionary Work
Authors: De Vries Raymond , Rott Leslie 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter uses the analogy of “missionary” bioethics and highlights some of the unintentional harms of exporting “the gospel” of good clinical and research ethics theory and practice into the developing world. Western bioethicists have followed a similar shift taken by religious missionaries, from import to indigenous “evangelization”. Now bioethics is attempting “indigenization”, which brings citizens from developing countries to the West to train and import the missionary message back into their own local cultures.
How the Numbers Count
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter presents a philosophical discussion of Thomas M. Scanlon's Contractualist Formula, which says we ought to follow the principles that no one could reasonably reject. Scanlon makes various claims about what are admissible grounds for rejecting principles. According to his Individualist Restriction, we must appeal to their implications only for ourselves, or for other single people. This restriction is given some support by his appeal to the idea of justifiability to each person. In proposing his Individualist Restriction, one of Scanlon's aims is to avoid certain Utilitarian conclusions. According to Utilitarianism, it can be right to impose a great burden on one person, if we can thereby give small benefits to a large enough number of other people. Scanlon assumes that Utilitarians go astray by adding together these people's benefits. On Scanlon's view, in such cases, the numbers don't count. This chapter argues that, rather than denying that the numbers count, Scanlon should return to a stronger version of one of his earlier claims, known as the Contractualist Priority View.
The Triviality Objection
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter is about Triviality Objection. It first examines normative concepts and natural properties, including the concept of the natural property that makes acts right and the concept of being blameworthy. It then considers the Naturalists' use of analogies with scientific discoveries, such as the discovery that water is H2O or that heat is molecular kinetic energy, and argues that such analogies partly fail. It also tackles the Non-Analytical Naturalism belief that any true normative claim states some fact that is both normative and natural. If this fact were natural, it could also be stated by some non-normative claim. If these claims stated the same fact, they would give us the same information. Such claims could not state facts that are both normative and natural. When we say that we ought to act in some way, we are making a substantive claim, which might state a positive substantive normative fact. If these forms of Naturalism were true, such claims would not be substantive, but would be trivial. So these forms of Naturalism cannot be true.
Non-Cognitivism and Quasi-Realism
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter considers Non-Cognitivism and Quasi-Realism. According to Non-Cognitivists, normative claims are not intended to state facts, except perhaps in some minimal sense. Morality essentially involves certain kinds of desire, or other conative attitude. For Expressivists, such attitudes are expressed by moral claims. In his Argument for Non-Cognitivism, John Hume states that if moral convictions were beliefs, we might have moral convictions that did not motivate us. Since that is inconceivable, moral convictions cannot be beliefs, but must be desires or other conative attitudes. This chapter also considers the Naturalist Argument for Non-Cognitivism, the Naturalist Argument for Nihilism, and Samuel Blackburn's defence of Quasi-Realism. Finally, it explores the arguments of Quasi-Realists in support of Non-Cognitivist Expressivism.
Metaphysics
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis chapter relates metaphysics and ontology with Non-Metaphysical Cognitivism. If some things matter, then there are some irreducibly normative truths. This notion is denied by Allan Gibbard and other proponents of Metaphysical Naturalism who believe that all properties and facts must be natural properties and facts, and that irreducibly normative truths are incompatible with a scientific world-view. When we consider either morality or practical and epistemic reasons, there are several fundamental questions that we haven't answered. Some of these questions are about normativity while others are wider questions about the nature and status of necessary truths. This chapter also examines Possibilism and Non-Metaphysical Non-Naturalist Normative Cognitivism, or Rationalism.