bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer Log-Kill Revisited
Authors: Norton Larry 
Published: May 2014

INTRODUCTION At the root of science lie basic rules, if we can discover or deduce them. This is not an abstract project but practical; if we can understand the why then perhaps we can rationally intervene. One of the unifying unsolved problems in physics is the hypothetical “Theory of Everything.” In a similar vein, we can ask whether our own field contains such hidden fundamental truths and, if so, how we can use them to develop better therapies and outcomes for our patients. Modern oncology has developed as drugs and translational science have matured over the 50 years since ASCO's founding, but almost from that beginning tumor modeling has been a key tool. Through this general approach Norton and Simon changed our understanding of cancer biology and response to therapy when they described the fit of Gompertzian curves to both clinical and animal observations of tumor growth. The practical relevance of these insights has only grown with the development of DNA sequencing promising a raft of new targets (and drugs). In that regard, Larry Norton's contribution to this year's Educational Book reminds us to always think creatively about the fundamental problems of tumor growth and metastases as well as therapeutic response. Demonstrating the creativity and thoughtfulness that have marked his remarkable career, he now incorporates a newer concept of self-seeding to further explain why Gompertzian growth occurs and, in the process, provides a novel potential therapeutic target. As you read his elegantly presented discussion, consider how this understanding, wisely applied to the modern era of targeted therapies, might speed the availability of better treatments. But even more instructive is his personal model—not only the Norton-Simon Hypothesis—of how to live and approach science, biology, patients and their families, as well as the broader community. He shows that with energy, enthusiasm, optimism, intellect, and hard work we can make the world better. Clifford A. Hudis, MD, FACP, 2013–2014 ASCO President
Spinoza über Tiere
Authors: Perler Dominik 
Published: May 2014

Abstract:According to Spinoza, there is no categorical distinction between human and non-human animals: they all belong to the same nature and all consist of bodies with corresponding ideas. This thesis gives rise to two problems. How is it possible to distinguish different types of animals, in particular nonrational and rational ones, if all of them have the same metaphysical structure? And why does Spinoza nevertheless claim that human beings have a privileged status that gives them the right to use non-rational animals? This paper examines these two problems, arguing that the solution to both of them lies in Spinoza’s all-embracing naturalism.
Petrinetzmodell für die Formalisierung von
GRAFCET-Spezifikationen
Authors: Schumacher Frank , Fay Alexander 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
GRAFCET ist ein ausdrucksstarkes grafisches Beschreibungsmittel zur
Spezifikation von Steuerungsabläufen. Eine
implementierungsunabhängige rechnergestützte Handhabung ist bisher
allerdings nicht möglich. Der nachfolgende Beitrag
stellt einen Ansatz vor, wie
GRAFCET-Spezifikationen systematisch formalisiert
werden können. Somit wird eine automatische
Generierung von SPS-Code aus GRAFCET
möglich.
Verfahren zur Lösung von hybriden Optimalsteuerungsproblemen und deren Anwendung auf den Betrieb von Hybridfahrzeugen
Authors: Schori Markus , Böhme Thomas J. , Becker Uwe , Schultalbers Matthias 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag werden Algorithmen zur Approximation einer Lösung
von Optimalsteuerungsproblemen (OSP) für hybride Systeme
vorgeschlagen. Die Algorithmen eignen sich dabei für hybride OSPs
unterschiedlicher Komplexität. Ein Beispiel für ein solches hybrides
System stellen parallele Hybridfahrzeuge dar, die sowohl
kontinuierliche Freiheitsgrade, als auch diskrete Freiheitsgrade
aufweisen. Der kraftstoffoptimale Betrieb eines Hybridfahrzeuges kann
daher als hybrides OSP formuliert werden. Die Anwendbarkeit der
vorgeschlagenen Algorithmen wird anhand dieses Beispiels demonstriert.
Für eine neue Geschichtsphilosophie
Authors: Rohbeck Johannes 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The central idea of this paper is that our contemporary historical awareness which is increasingly turning towards the future is accessible to philosophical reflection. This raises the question whether we need a new Philosophy of History which refers less to the past, but rather aims primarily at present and future problems. If thereby a moral responsibility for future generations is addressed, Philosophy of History then goes hand in hand with Future Ethics. By means of this programme I expressly follow the Philosophy of History since the European Enlightenment. This entails an ethical perspective since progress in history is not simply predicted, but is more or less explicitly declared as desirable tendency.
A Tutorial on Interaction
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. , Knol Mirjam J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this tutorial, we provide a broad introduction to the topic of interaction between the effects of exposures. We discuss interaction on both additive and multiplicative scales using risks, and we discuss their relation to statistical models (e.g. linear, log-linear, and logistic models). We discuss and evaluate arguments that have been made for using additive or multiplicative scales to assess interaction. We further discuss approaches to presenting interaction analyses, different mechanistic forms of interaction, when interaction is robust to unmeasured confounding, interaction for continuous outcomes, qualitative or “crossover” interactions, methods for attributing effects to interactions, case-only estimators of interaction, and power and sample size calculations for additive and multiplicative interaction.
Living on the Edge of Queer Theory and Canada’s Uncanny Pluralism: Queer Religious Bodies as Constitutional Strangers
Authors: Blanc Nicolas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates alternative critical insights into the conflict of religion and queerness in Canadian constitutional law, through the tools offered by Queer Theories. In Canada, this implies the adoption of a critical phenomenology of pluralism as the object of Queer Theory. Adjudicating pluralism becomes a sovereign performance, and publicness a zone of national intimacy. The conflict of rights produces a typology of queer religious bodies as constitutional strangers through a range of capacities that a body can or cannot do. Will be argued that the norm of religious citizenship is heteronormativity, and the norm of queer citizenship deciphers the ascendency of male whiteness.
Diachrone Perspektiven im Historischen deutschen Valenzwörterbuch
Authors: Greule Albrecht 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe Historic German Valency Dictionary should not be only a synchronic description of the valency of a selection of Old High German, Middle High German and Early Hew High German verbs, but also illustrate the history of valency (diachronic) of these verbs within a semantic field. This paper gives an overview of the previous research undertaken in the field of the history of valency. Based on a case study, it develops a method to illustrate the history of valency by the comparison of synchronic historic cross-sections.
Quantitative analysis of Chinese characters system based on a tree model
Authors: Hu Jiajia , Wang Ning 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAs an ideographic system, Chinese writing is not based on the irreducible elements used in speaking (e.g., syllabic or alphabetic elements) as in phonetic systems. Consequently, there is a misperception that in Chinese writing, each character is treated as a separate symbol, which makes it seem very difficult to learn Chinese writing. In the modern study of Chinese ideography, the elements of Chinese writing are called components, which can play a quadruple role in composing characters. Based on this understanding of components, this paper uses the mathematical tree model to analyse the structure of Chinese characters and create a computational description of all of the character structures explained in
Synthesis of novel oxepine-containing polycyclic-fused quinoline systems
Authors: Gao Wentao , Nie Chengming , Xu Liangyu , Zhao Binbin , Li Yang 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In the present investigation, the incorporation of the oxepine ring into a polycyclic-fused quinoline system leading to a series of structurally novel hybrids benzo[h]areno[6,7]oxepino[3,4-b]quinolin-8(14H)-ones has been achieved through a simple, and economical two-step procedure that involves the one-pot synthesis of 2-(aryloxymethyl)benzo[h]quinoline-3-carboxylic acids followed by intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction using Eaton’s reagent.
Facile one-pot synthesis of chromeno[4,3-b]quinoline derivatives catalyzed by Cu(II)-Schiff base/SBA-15
Authors: Motamedi Radineh , Bardajee Ghasem Rezanejade , Shakeri Somaye 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
A novel, one-pot, simple, environmentally benign and efficient protocol has been employed for the synthesis of chromeno[4,3-b]quinoline derivatives in the presence of catalytic amounts of Cu(II)-Schiff base/SBA-15 under solvent-free conditions in excellent yields and rates.
Synthesis of pyridine derivatives as potential antagonists of chemokine receptor type 4
Authors: Mooring Suazette Reid , Gaines Theresa , Liang Zhongxing , Shim Hyunsuk 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
A series of pyridine derivatives were synthesized as potential inhibitors of chemokine receptor type 4. This chemokine receptor has been linked to various disease pathways including HIV-1 proliferation, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer metastasis. The compounds were tested for activity using an affinity binding assay and an assay that tests the ability to inhibit cell invasion. Two hit compounds (2b and 2j) have been identified for further evaluation that inhibit cell invasion by at least 50% and have an effective concentration of less than 100 nm in the binding affinity assay. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral data.
Design and synthesis of novel active phosphonate esters and their application in preparation of ceftriaxone
Authors: Ren Hui-xue , Sun You-min , Wu Dao-ji , Ma Yong-shan , Ying Han-jie , Ma Yan 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
For a series of active phosphonate esters, the anhydride abbreviated as ANPTA (6a) exhibits the highest reactivity in the preparation of ceftriaxone. The synthesis of ceftriaxone was optimized with the pilot-scale yield reaching 95.7%. The results were explained from the structural viewpoint and supported by analysis of the calculated Mulliken atomic charge distribution.
Synthesis and reactivity of heterocyclic hydroxylamine-O-sulfonates
Authors: Sączewski Jarosław , Korcz Martyna 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The heterocyclic hydroxylamine-O-sulfonates constitute a novel family of formal O-substituted hydroxyguanidines and hydroxyamidines that serve as functional precursors to a variety of fused heterocyclic ring systems incorporating N-N, N-O, N-S, or N-N+ moiety. They are readily accessible from the reaction of 2-chloroazoles, 2-chloroazines, and 2-chlorodiazines with hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid. They have a rich chemistry exemplified by tandem reactions, such as nucleophilic addition-electrophilic amination, nucleophilic addition-electrophilic 5-endo-trig cyclization or fluorogenic Mannich-electrophilic amination reaction. The heterocyclic hydroxylamine-O-sulfonates have significant potential for use in synthesis of anticancer, antiviral, and antimicrobial agents. The newly discovered fluorogenic reaction and fluorescent dyes (Safirinium-P and Safirinium-Q) have found applications in fluorescent detection and labeling.
New strategy for firm ventricular wall tap
Authors: Hayashi Toshiaki , Tominaga Teiji 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Purpose: We report the effectiveness of a new strategy for ventricular cannulation that allows for easy insertion into the firm ventricular wall.

Method: The new ventricular needle consisting of an outer needle, a dull inner needle, and a sharp inner needle was used for a firm ventricular wall tap in five patients. The dull inner needle was used for the brain mantle tap, whereas the sharp needle was used for penetrating the ventricular wall. The outer needle with the insertion of the dull inner needle was set for initial puncture. If the operator felt that the ventricular wall was firm or confirmed that the tip of the cannula indented the wall of the ventricle using real-time ultrasound monitoring before penetrating the ventricle wall, then the inner needle was changed to the sharp one to penetrate the ventricular wall. After confirming that the trajectory was now passing into the ventricle, the ventricular catheter was placed using the trajectory.

Result: There was no perioperative complication associated with insertion of the device. All catheters were inserted with a single pass through the brain mantle.

Conclusion: The new ventricular tap strategy is safe and effective for firm ventricular wall tap and ventricular catheter insertions.
Water scarcity, water reuse, and environmental safety
Authors: Shevah Yehuda 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
In the arid and semi-arid regions, being the most water-deprived regions of the world, water scarcity is the most pressing challenge. The dry climate and the effects of the global warming are leading to increased pressure on the meager water resources causing a rapid quality degradation of chronically depleted water resources, while the use and disposal of numerous biological and chemical pollutants endangers the water bodies to a degree that part of the resources are not safe to use for human consumption, posing a health risk to the population. The degradation of water resources is magnified by the fast-growing population and the increase in domestic and irrigation water demand, which is impossible to meet from available natural resources. Such adverse development is already apparent in the Near East region (Israel, Palestine, and Jordan) where the shared water resources are already in a deteriorated state unable to satisfy the basic needs. To satisfy current and future needs, a new water resources management strategy is suggested, aiming at the sustainable use of available water resources, supplemented by the development of water reuse and desalination of brackish groundwater and seawater, cautiously considering the associated health and environmental safety, as discussed herewith.
Amyloid β in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type
Authors: Kamp Juliette A. , Moursel Laure Grand , Haan Joost , Terwindt Gisela M. , Lesnik Oberstein Saskia A.M.J. , van Duinen Sjoerd G. , van Roon-Mom Willeke M.C. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis – Dutch type is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease caused by a point mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene on chromosome 21. The mutation causes an amino acid substitution at codon 693 (E22Q), the ‘Dutch mutation’. Amyloid β, the product after cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein, is secreted into the extracellular space. The Dutch mutation leads to altered amyloid β cleavage and secretion, enhanced aggregation properties, higher proteolysis resistance, lowered brain efflux transporter affinity, and enhanced cell surfaces binding. All these result in amyloid β accumulation in cerebral vessel walls, causing cell death and vessel wall integrity loss, making cerebral vessel walls in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type more prone to rupture and obstruction, leading to hemorrhages and infarcts. Studying the effects of altered amyloid β metabolism due to mutations like the ‘Dutch’ provides us with a better understanding of amyloid β toxicity, also in other amyloid β diseases like sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer’s disease.
A polynomial algorithm for the quadratic programming problem
Authors: Bereznev Valentin A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn approach based on projection of a vector onto a pointed convex polyhedral cone is proposed for solving the quadratic programming problem with a positive definite matrix of the quadratic form. It is proved that this method has polynomial complexity. A method is said to be of polynomial computational complexity if the solution to the problem can be obtained in N
Energy equation for certain approximate models of long-wave hydrodynamics
Authors: Fedotova Zinaida I. , Khakimzyanov Gayaz S. , Dutykh Denys 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA new derivation of completely nonlinear weakly-dispersive shallow water equations is given without assumption of flow potentiality. Boussinesq type equations are derived for weakly nonlinear waves above a moving bottom. It is established that the total energy balance condition holds for all nonlinear dispersion models obtained here.
Simulation of a kink movement in homogeneous and heterogeneous DNA sequences taking into account the dissipation
Authors: Yakushevich Ludmila V. , Grinevich Andrey A. , Ryasik Artem A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe problem of modelling the movement of a nonlinear conformational perturbation (i.e., kink) along a DNA molecule is considered taking into account the dissipation. The study of movement peculiarities is performed using a homogeneous sequence of nucleotides and a heterogeneous one consisting of two homogeneous parts separated by a boundary. Using analytic and numerical methods, it is shown that the effect of dissipation leads to a decrease of the energy of kink E, its velocity v, and the mass M. It is also shown that the consideration of the dissipation near the boundary leads to a smoothing of kink motion trajectories in the plane {z, t} in comparison with trajectories calculated without taking into account the dissipation and characterized by a sharp bend on the boundary caused by effects of reflection from the boundary or by a passage through the boundary with an increase or decrease of motion velocity.
Asymptotic results for the regression function estimate on continuous time stationary and ergodic data
Authors: Didi Sultana , Louani Djamal 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This paper is devoted to the study of asymptotic properties of the
regression function kernel estimate in the setting of continuous time
stationary and ergodic data. More precisely, considering the Nadaraya–Watson
type estimator, say m̂
T
(x), of the l-indexed regression function m(x) =𝔼 (l(Y)|X = x) built upon continuous time stationary and ergodic data (X

t
, Y

t
)0≤t≤T
, we establish its pointwise and uniform, over a dilative compact set, convergences with rates. Notice that the ergodic setting covers and completes various situations as compared to the mixing case and stands as more convenient to use in practice.
Prediction of regionalized car insurance risks based on control variates
Authors: Christiansen Marcus C. , Hirsch Christian , Schmidt Volker 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
We show how regional prediction of car insurance risks can be
improved for finer subregions by combining explanatory modeling
with phenomenological models from industrial practice. Motivated
by the control-variates technique, we propose a suitable combined
predictor when claims data are available for regions but not for
subregions. We provide explicit conditions which imply that the
mean squared error of the combined predictor is smaller than the
mean squared error of the standard predictor currently used in
industry and smaller than predictors from explanatory modeling.
We also discuss how a non-parametric random forest approach may be
used to practically compute such predictors and consider an
application to German car insurance data.
Vergleich der Scan-Performance bei
Nanopositioniersystemen mit großem
Bewegungsbereich
Authors: Zschäck Stephan , Hesse Steffen , Amthor Arvid , Katzschmann Michael , Schäffel Christoph , Ament Christoph 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei Nanopositioniersysteme in Bezug auf
ihre Positioniergenauigkeit während der Bewegung verglichen. Beide
Systeme besitzen einen planaren Bewegungsbereich von ≥ 100 mm, werden
durch Linearmotoren angetrieben und die Position wird durch
Laserinterferometer gemessen. Große Unterschiede existieren jedoch im
mechanischen Aufbau. Das erste Positioniersystem ist ein zweiachsiger
Demonstrator dessen zwei Läufer auf Wälzkörpern gelagert sind.
Dies führt zu dem Problem der besonders im Nanometerbereich stark
nichtlinearen Reibung. Bei dem zweiten Positioniersystem kommen Luftlager
zum Einsatz und darüber hinaus handelt es sich nur um einen Läufer,
welcher drei Freiheitsgrade besitzt. Es wird gezeigt, dass durch
regelungstechnische Methoden der Reibkraftkompensation die
Positioniergenauigkeit beider Systeme bis zu einer Geschwindigkeit von ca.
1 mm/s vergleichbar ist.
Bestimmung der Auslenkung von Mikrotastern mit optischen Methoden
Authors: Dierke Hanno , Fischer Marc , Schrader Christian , Nitsche Jan Erik , Abd-Elmageed Alaa-Eldin , Tutsch Rainer 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
Zur Verringerung des Aufwands bei der Erfassung mikromechanischer Merkmale mit taktilen Messgeräten werden mehrere in einem Array angeordnete Taststifte benutzt, um mehrere gleichartige, auf einem Wafer angeordnete, Strukturen gleichzeitig zu messen. Normalerweise erfolgt das Auslesen des Sensorsignals elektrisch. In den hier beschriebenen Untersuchungen wurden verschiedene optische Methoden verwendet, um die spiegelnde Rückseite des Tasterarrays zu beobachten und die Auslenkung der Taststifte simultan zu detektieren. Dazu wurden ein Hartmann-Shack-Wellenfrontsensor sowie die Auswertung über Streifenprojektionsverfahren genutzt. In beiden Fällen führt eine Auslenkung der Taststifte zu einer Deformation der spiegelnden Rückseite des Tasterarrays und damit zu einer sichtbaren Veränderung im optischen Signal. Durch Vergleich mit einem Bild des unverformten Arrays als Referenz kann die Auslenkung der Taststifte bestimmt werden.
Ultra-präzise Lageregelung mittels interferometrischer
Positionsdetektion und Tauchspulenantrieb
Authors: Köchert Paul , Flügge Jens , Köning Rainer , Weichert Christoph , Manske Eberhard 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag beschreibt ein Mess- und Regelungssystem für einachsige
Positionieranwendungen mit Stabilitäten im Sub-Nanometerbereich. Das
Positioniersystem besteht aus einem luftgelagerten Linearschlitten, welcher
mit einer Tauchspule gestellt, dessen Position laser-interferometrisch
gemessen und unter Verwendung einer FPGA-gestützten Lageregelung mit
hoher Bandbreite geregelt wird. Eine selbstentwickelte Auswerteelektronik
zur Phasendemodulation wurde realisiert, um Positionen hochgenau zu
detektieren und dem Regelungssystem mit geringer Verzögerung bereit zu
stellen. Erste Messungen ergaben Positionsstabilitäten im Bereich von
0.1 nm.
Quasistatisch-resonanter Mikroscanner zur adaptiven
Auflösungssteuerung einer 3D ToF-Kamera
Authors: Sandner Thilo , Grasshoff Thomas , Schrödter Richard , Schwarzenberg Markus 
Published: May 2014

Zusammenfassung
Um zukünftig eine aktive, teilautonome Interaktion
von Robotern mit ihrer Umgebung zu gewährleisten, werden neuartige
3D-Sensoren benötigt, die eine hinreichend genaue Erfassung ihrer
Umgebung in Echtzeit ermöglichen und sich durch hohe Robustheit und
Miniaturisierung auszeichnen. Laserscanner ermöglichen zwar eine
präzise und robuste Entfernungsmessung über große Entfernungen
sind aber bzgl. ihrer Messrate auf etwa 1 MVoxel/s begrenzt. In diesem
Beitrag wird eine neuartige MEMS basierte 3D-Kamera vorgestellt, die durch
den Einsatz von quasistatisch-resonanten Mikroscannern eine schnelle und
situationsbezogene Steuerung der Scanbewegung und somit in Analogie zum
menschlichen Auge eine adaptive Anpassung der räumlichen Auflösung
im Scanbereich ermöglicht.