bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The clinical yield of SPECT/CT for the assessment of lymphatic transport disorders
Authors: Landrock S. , Wallmichrath J. , Baumeister R. G. H. , Bartenstein P. , Frick A. , Weiss M. 
Published: September 2013

ZusammenfassungZiel dieser Studie war zu untersuchen, ob die zusätzliche Bildgebung mittels SPECT/CTTechnik den diagnostischen Wert der planaren Lymphszintigraphie bei Patienten mit Lymphtransportstörungen verbessern kann. Patienten, Methoden: Über einen festgelegten Zeitraum von zwei Jahren wurden 36 konsekutive Patienten (27 Frauen, 9 Männer, Alter 27–87 Jahre) in unsere Studie eingeschlossen. Zusätzlich zur planaren Lymphszintigraphie wurden weitere ergänzende SPECT/CT-Akquisitionen der betroffenen Extremitäten oder des Körperstamms durchgeführt. Insgesamt erfolgte eine prospektive Auswertung von 48 anatomischen Lymphabflussregionen mittels planarer Szintigraphie und tomographischer SPECT/CT. Ergebnisse: In 28/48 Fällen (58%) brachte die SPECT/CTBildgebung klinisch relevante Zusatzinformationen im Vergleich zur planaren Technik; darunter 27 bezüglich der exakten anatomischen Lokalisation der Transportstörungen sowie 8 Fälle, bei denen die Ausdehnung der lymphogenen Störung mittels SPECT/CT ausgedehnter beurteilt wurde als in der alleinigen planaren Szintigraphie. In 3 Fällen konnte durch die SPECT/CT differenzialdiagnostisch zwischen Lymphknoten versus Lymphozele differenziert werden. In keinem der Fälle konnten Lymphgefäße/-transplantate durch die morphologische CT-Komponente dargestellt werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die zusätzlich zur planaren Lymphszintigraphie durchgeführte SPECT/CT präzisiert die anatomische Zuordnung lymphogen bedingter Transportstörungen und somit die Abschätzung der Ausdehnung der Pathologie. Des Weiteren löst sie Überlagerungseffekte anatomischer Strukturen durch die tomographische Akquisition auf und ermöglicht die Differenzialdiagnose von Lymphknoten versus Lymphozelen.
9. Le travail des femmes dans la France du XX e siècle
Authors: Maruani Margaret , Meron Monique 
Published: September 2013

Qu’est-il arrivé au cours du XX e siècle au travail féminin ? Compter le nombre de femmes au travail dans la France du XX e siècle et conter l’histoire de ces chiffres, tel est le propos de cet article. À partir d’une recherche sur les statistiques du travail, de l’emploi et du chômage des femmes de 1901 à 2011, les auteures tentent de répondre à quelques interrogations élémentaires, mais embarrassantes : les femmes travaillent-elles beaucoup plus en 2010 qu’en 1950, 1920 ou 1901 ? La discontinuité des trajectoires professionnelles des femmes est-elle ancrée dans l’histoire ? Comment la division sociale du travail entre hommes et femmes a-t-elle évolué ? Décryptant sociologiquement l’évolution des statistiques et de leurs définitions au fil des ans et des recensements de la population, les auteures montrent comment le travail des femmes a bien souvent suscité le doute : mécompté, décompté, et parfois recalculé à la faveur d’illusions d’optiques dues à des modifications de frontières statistiques. Réfutant, chiffres à l’appui, le soupçon d’inactivité qui, de façon récurrente, pèse sur les femmes, les auteures mettent en évidence le poids indiscutable de leur activité laborieuse dans le fonctionnement économique, sa remarquable constance, en dépit des crises et des récessions, par-delà les périodes de guerre et d’après-guerre. Jamais moins du tiers, et désormais près de la moitié de la population active : telle est la part des femmes dans le monde professionnel au XX e siècle en France.
14. Le contrat de travail unique : quid pro quo ou simple quiproquo ?
Authors: Lepage-Saucier Nicolas , Schleich Juliette , Wasmer Étienne 
Published: September 2013

Bien que peu prisé des syndicats de salariés et des repré­sentants patronaux, le contrat unique reste parado­xa­lement au cœur du débat public. Si le contrat unique semble à première vue être une réponse séduisante pour réduire le dualisme du marché du travail, il ne règle pas pour autant les problèmes liés à la précarité et à l’impact de la protection de l’emploi. Le débat sur ce point cache un quiproquo : les propositions de contrat unique sous-entendent pour certains l’extinction des contrats temporaires, alors que d’autres envisagent au contraire l’extension de périodes d’essai ou de périodes à droits réduits dans le cadre de CDI (Contrats à durée indéterminée). Les coûts du dualisme pourraient être traités par des politiques alternatives ciblées plus efficaces. De plus, bien que réels, les coûts du dualisme sont moins évidents et moins bien démontrés que ceux engendrés par la protection de l’emploi. Enfin, la suppression des CDD (Contrats à durée déterminée) entraînerait, à protection inchangée, une perte d’emploi importante car tous ces emplois ne seraient pas remplacés par des CDI compte tenu de la prudence à l’embauche des entreprises. Un assouplissement fort de la protection de l’emploi prévue dans ce nouveau contrat unique serait alors nécessaire ( quid pro quo , échange de bons procédés au sens légal). Mais un tel assouplissement peut d’ores et déjà intervenir dans les cadres légaux actuels et n’a pas à être lié à un nouveau contrat : des contreparties en termes d’assurance-chômage ou de formation professionnelle sont également envisageables.
Preparation of Well Defined Colloidal Particles by Thermal Decomposition of Metal Chelates II. Cobalt and Nickel
Authors: SAPIESZKO RONALD S. , MATIJEVIĆ EGON 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Metal and metal oxide precipitates exhibiting different morphologies were prepared by hydrothermal aging of strongly alkaline solutions of chelated nickel (II) or cobalt (II) salts at 250 C. Triethanolamine (TEA) (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) were found to be suitable chelating agents. The oxidation state of the metal in the final product was controlled by the addition of either hydrazine (N2H4) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the reaction mixture. In some instances, particle size and morphology were affected by the concentration and type of anions present in the precipitation medium. The importance of such chelate decomposition studies to the development of suitable chemical decontamination formulations for the primary coolant circuits of nuclear reactors is discussed. In addition, the uniform solids may be of practical interest in a variety of technological areas.
The Effect of Hydrogen Evolution on Acidification in Alloy 600 and 304 Stainless Steel Crevices at 288 C
Authors: TAYLOR D. F. , SILVERMAN M. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Crevice experiments with 1 mm ID Alloy 600, 304L stainless steel, and platinum tubing have shown that to a large extent, equilibrium thermodynamics controls the mode and degree of crevice corrosion in aqueous systems at 288 C. When crevices enter a potential/pH region of thermodynamic instability for the crevice solution, direct reduction of water or hydrogen ions by the metal competes with macrocell acidification and the hydrogen fugacity strongly influences the degree of acidity which can be attained or maintained. The platinum system undergoes no such thermodynamic transition and acidification ceases only as the corrosion macrocell approaches equilibrium. Platinum crevice behavior indicates an upper limit of 0.60 V (SHE) for the Pt(II) oxide/Pt standard potential at 288 C.
Scaling Behavior of an Fe-4.54 Wt% Cu Alloy in the Range 700 to 1000 C Under 1 Atm Oxygen
Authors: NANNI P. , GESMUNDO F. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The corrosion of a Fe-4.54 Wt% Cu alloy under 1 atm. oxygen in the 700 to 1000 C range has been examined as an introduction to the study of the oxidation of the more complex two phase alloy: Fe-50 Wt% Cu. The addition of copper produces a consistent decrease of the oxidation rate of iron, while the reaction still conforms to the parabolic rate law. The preferential oxidation of iron leads to the development of a Cu rich metal phase at the alloy-scale interface, which in turn produces a decrease of the relative thickness of the wustite layer with respect to the oxidation of pure iron. The importance of these factors and the presence of copper dissolved in the iron oxides in relationship to the observed rate decrease are discussed.
Pitting Resistance of Engineering Materials in Geothermal Brines—I. Low Salinity Brine
Authors: SYRETT B. C. , MACDONALD D. D. , SHIH H. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The resistance of carbon steel, E-Brite 26-1, Type 316L stainless steel, Haynes Alloy 20 Mod, Carpenter Alloy 20 Cb-3, Inconel Alloy 625, Hastelloy Alloy G, Hastelloy Alloy C-276, Titanium 50A, and TiCode 12 to pitting in a low salinity geothermal brine (Nowlin No. 1) was determined. The behavior of coupons exposed to the “fresh,” unflashed wellhead brine was compared with the behavior of coupons exposed to unflashed brine collected at the wellhead and transported to the laboratory. Pitting potentials were also determined in laboratory tests. There was excellent agreement between laboratory and field test data. The two titanium alloys were completely resistant to pitting under all experimental conditions, Hastelloy Alloy C-276 was the nickel base alloy most resistant to pitting, and Haynes Alloy 20 Mod was the most resistant iron base alloy. The breakdown potentials for the high chromium ferrous alloys satisfy the thermodynamic requirements for pit initiation via oxidative dissolution of manganese sulfide inclusions in the passive film.
Liquid Lithium Corrosion Rate Expressions for Type 304L Stainless Steel
Authors: OLSON D. L. , RESER G. N. , MATLOCK D. K. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Corrosion rate expressions for weight loss and grain boundary penetration kinetics for Type 304L stainless steel in liquid lithium have been determined as a function of nitrogen concentration in the temperature range of 600 to 1000 C (873 to 1273 K). A list of observations which must be included in the development of a liquid lithium corrosion model for austenitic stainless steel is presented.
New Inhibitors for Crack Arrestment in Corrosion Fatigue of High Strength Steels
Authors: AGARWALA V. S. , De LUCCIA J. J. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
It has been shown that the fatigue life of a high strength Type 4340 steel exposed to high humidity is reduced by an order of magnitude when compared to dry ambient air. This has been directly attributed to the effects of corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. In the present work, the principles of process control, which affect the electrochemical reactions occurring at the tip of the advancing crack, are integrated with the metallurgical concepts of the stress cracking phenomena to develop new crack arrestment compounds. The concept of phase transfer catalysis has been used to solubilize inorganic inhibitors into an organic phase. This enabled the inhibitor ions to remain free of hydration shells and become more effective inhibitors. It has been demonstrated that a number of combinations of compounds such as those containing dichromate, borate, and nitrite, or nitrite, borate, and cerate have been very successful in retarding the fatigue crack growth rate of Type 4340 steel exposed to 90% relative humidity.
Effect of Glaucoma Filtering Surgery on Advanced Visual Fields
Authors: Gupta Vinay , Chaudhary Kulbhushan P. , Sharma Vinod , Thakur Pankaj , Singh Balraj 
Published: September 2013

Purpose:
To evaluate the effect of glaucoma filtering surgery on advanced visual fields.

Materials and Methods:
We conducted a cohort study of 17 cases of glaucoma with advanced visual field defects and performed trabeculectomy or its modification. We followed this cohort and reviewed their Intraocular pressure (IOP) & visual fields preoperatively and then postoperatively on days seven, six weeks, three & six months.

Results:
The mean IOP after six months of follow up dropped to 14.12 ± 1.50 mmHg (range 6 to 16) (p=0.001) from preoperative level of 45.77 ± 16.38 mmHg. Visual fields improved in four (23.5%) cases, stabilized in eight (47.1%) and deteriorated in five cases (29.4%). The preoperative Average Mean Meridian of 12.13. ± 8.84 (range 4.29 to 40.83) increased to 12.58± 7.48 (range 2.08 to 22.92) at six month follow up and no wipeout phenomenon was observed

Conclusions:
Glaucoma filtering surgery has a beneficial effect in the vast majority of patients with advanced visual field defects and elevated IOP. Wipeout phenomenon was observed in none.
Molecular Evolution: Rates
Authors: Bromham Lindell 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

The rate of molecular evolution varies dramatically between taxa, for example, some viruses have a rate of genome evolution a million times faster than mammals. Although some rate variation may be due to random fluctuations or locus‐specific effects, studies have revealed strong and predictable patterns in the differences in the rate of molecular evolution between species. In particular, large, long‐lived organisms with low reproductive output tend to have slower rates of molecular evolution than related species with shorter lives, faster generations or higher fecundity. Studies of the variation in the rate of molecular evolution between species may reveal the mechansims underlying these differences, and can inform analyses that seek to derive information on evolutionary history and processes from molecular data.

Key Concepts:

The number of genetic differences between lineages increases with the time since their separation, but differences do not accrue in the same rate in all lineages.

Variation in the rate of molecular evolution can be compared between species by comparing absolute rates, derived from laboratory experiments or estimated by comparing sequences where the age of the divergence is known.

A more common approach is to compare the relative rate differences between species by comparing the number of sequence changes that have accumulated since they last shared a common ancestor.

Mutation rate varies between species, at least in part due to the action of selection finding a balance between the competing costs of DNA repair and mutation.

Many mutations arise from DNA replication errors, so the more times DNA is copied per unit time, the higher the mutation rate will be.

Rates of molecular evolution in many taxa scale with body size, possibly because smaller‐bodied taxa go through more genome replications per unit time, a hypothesis referred to as the generation time effect.

Metabolic rate has been suggested to play a role in species differences in mutation rate, on the assumption that species with higher mass‐specific metabolic rate will suffer more DNA damage per unit time, though there is little direct evidence for this hypothesis.

Natural selection might play a role in fine‐tuning mutation rates to fit different life history strategies, for example, reducing mutation rates in large, long‐lived organisms.
Control of Plant Organ Size
Authors: Egea‐Cortines Marcos , Weiss Julia 
Published: September 2013

AbstractLateral aerial organs are produced from the primordia initiated in the shoot apical meristem. Early stages of lateral organ growth require cell division and a sharp transition occurs late in development towards a cell expansion‐based growth. A current hypothesis indicates that cytokinin signalling in meristematic cells is downregulated to allow differentiation. Increased local auxin levels promoting growth accompany this event. The later stage coincides with jasmonic acid signalling required for flower maturarion. Within one organism, lateral organs of the same type can change in size and shape during ontogeny, a feature called heteroblasty. The developmental programme leading to final organ size may be modulated by environmental cues including photoperiod, temperature and abiotic stress. These environmental signals are integrated into the morphogenetic programme allowing better adaptation as a result of developmental plasticity.Key Concepts:Initial growth of lateral organs requires the downregulation of cytokinins allowing morphogenesis and differentiation.Early developmental stages are characterised by cell division, whereas later stages show a rapid transition to growth caused by cell expansion.There seems to be a compensation mechanism at the organ size level allowing increased cell expansion when cell division is compromised and vice versa, giving as a result lower organ size variation.A given species may develop lateral organs differing in size and shape during development, a phenomenon called heteroblasty. A coordination between a basic growth programme and the timing of organ formation seems to be responsible for this phenomenon.Plant organ size is the result of an underlying genetic programme and the interaction with environmental conditions that fine tune the final size of an organ.
Comparing the Human and Fish Genomes
Authors: Nakatani Yoichiro , Qu Wei , Morishita Shinichi 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Comparing human and fish genomes has been proven useful to understand vertebrate evolution. To demonstrate this, two major questions and related findings are addressed here. In 1970, based on limited observations, Ohno postulated that whole genome duplication events took place in early vertebrates and were essential to increasing complexity of vertebrates over the past 600 My. For providing conclusive support to Ohno's hypothesis, comparative genomics of the fish and human genomes was indispensable. Another question is whether
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
sequence variation might reflect germ line genetic activity, underlying chromatin structure and DNA methylation. Analysis of the medaka fish and human genomes uncovered two important properties. Nucleosome positioning is correlated with periodic sequence variation downstream of transcription start sites in germ line cells, and genome‐wide genetic variations are highly correlated with proximal DNA methylation patterns. These findings suggest the potential for genetic activity (transcription), chromatin structure and DNA methylation to contribute to moudling the DNA sequence on an evolutionary timescale.

Key Concepts:

In 1970, based on limited observations, Ohno postulated that whole genome duplication events took place in early vertebrates and were essential to increasing complexity of vertebrates over the past 600 My.

Comparative genomics of the fish and human genomes was indispensable to provide conclusive support to Ohno's hypothesis.

Nucleosome positioning is correlated with periodic sequence variation downstream of transcription start sites in germ line cells.

Genome‐wide genetic variations are highly correlated with proximal DNA methylation patterns.

Nakatani
et al.
suggest a contrast between the slow karyotype evolution after the second WGD and the rapid, lineage‐specific genome reorganisations that occurred in the ancestral lineages of major taxonomic groups such as teleost fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and marsupials.
Lipoxygenase Pathway of the Arachidonate Cascade
Authors: Kobe Matthew J , Newcomer Marcia E 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are iron‐containing enzymes that catalyse the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In mammals, LOX products and their metabolites are potent lipid mediators that provoke diverse biological responses. These eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid, play important roles in inflammation and the resolution of inflammation. Moreover, they have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. Although several LOX isoforms are expressed in individual organisms, each generates a specific product. How structurally and mechanistically related enzymes generate different products from a common substrate is not fully understood. In addition, the biological effects of many of the lipid mediators produced through LOX pathways remain to be uncovered.

Key Concepts:

Arachidonic acid is a substrate for lipoxygenases, iron enzymes that catalyse the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Mammalian lipoxygenases transform the common substrate (arachidonic acid) to a unique stereo‐ and regiospecific product.

Leukotriene synthesis is initiated by 5‐lipoxygenase.

Lipoxygenase products and their downstream metabolites are potent signalling molecules, some of which play roles in inflammation or its resolution.

Lipoxygenase products are associated with cardiovascular diseases, but their molecular mechanism of action remains unclear.
Genetics of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Baker Jessica H , Trace Sara E , Janson Lauren E , Bulik Cynthia M 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a heritable disorder characterised by an extremely low body weight and food restriction that frequently onsets during adolescence. However, AN is observed across the lifespan. A majority of twin studies reveal that genetic factors, on average, account for between 40% and 60% of the liability to AN. Candidate gene studies exploring the molecular genetic basis of AN have primarily focussed on genes in the serotoninergic and dopaminergic pathways. Although no pathway or gene has been unequivocally demonstrated to play a causal role in AN,
5‐HTTLPR
,
5HT2A
,
DRD2
and
DRD4
are noteworthy candidates from the serotonin and dopamine systems. Genome‐wide association studies have not yet revealed any genes meeting genome‐wide significance for AN. However, sample sizes have been small and underpowered, underscoring the need for much larger samples.

Key Concepts:

Anorexia nervosa is, on average, estimated to be 40–60% heritable.

Chromosome 1 has received some support for harbouring a region of interest for AN.

Candidate gene studies of AN have provided inconclusive results.

Genes in the serotonin, dopamine and opioid systems have shown some positive associations with AN.

Genome‐wide association studies have not revealed significant findings for AN, although they have been underpowered.

The genetic architecture of AN is likely complex, representing a synergistic interaction between many genetic and environmental factors.
Hyphenated Methods for Speciation Analysis
Authors: Michalski Rajmund , Jabłońska‐Czapla Magdalena , Łyko Aleksandra , Szopa Sebastian 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSpeciation analysis, understood as research into various element forms, is gaining importance in environmental protection, biochemistry, geology, medicine, pharmacy, and food quality control. It is popular because what frequently determines the toxicological properties of a compound or element is not its total content. In many cases, it is the presence of its various forms. Studying low analyte concentrations, particularly in complex matrix samples, requires meticulous and sophisticated analytical techniques. The latest trends embrace the so‐called hyphenated methods, which combine different separation and detection methods. The following article describes the role and importance of hyphenated methods in speciation analyses of selected elements.
Cognitive Restructuring
Authors: Clark David A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractCognitive restructuring is the core therapeutic ingredient of cognitive therapy that was first introduced to the psychotherapy community by A. T. Beck and colleagues. This chapter provides a detailed breakdown and elaboration of cognitive restructuring and how it is implemented to effect symptom change. The nature of cognitive restructuring and its multifaceted therapeutic components are discussed. A critical review of the empirical research on its treatment efficacy is presented, as well as the evidence for cognitive mediation from component and mediation process research. It is concluded that cognitive restructuring is an effective treatment strategy for psychological disorders, especially anxiety and depression. However, superiority to other “less cognitive” interventions has not been demonstrated, even though the effectiveness of cognitive restructuring does occur by inducing cognitive change. Various research issues are raised that would advance a greater understanding of the mechanisms of change associated with cognitive restructuring. With greater knowledge of the change processes that characterize cognitive restructuring, clinicians will be better equipped to employ this powerful therapeutic intervention.