bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XVI.—On Rhinosporidium seeberi (Wernicke, 1903), with special reference to its Sporulation and Affinities
Authors: Ashworth J. H. 
Published: January 2013

1. The investigation has been carried out on fresh and well preserved material obtained over a period of more than four years from a native of Cochin, now a graduate in medicine, who, while pursuing his medical studies in Edinburgh, had recurrences of Rhinosporidial polypi on his nasal septum (pp. 307, 308).2. Rhinosporidium is a spherical or oval non-motile Protistan, usually lying between the connective tissue cells of the polypi, but occasionally found within a cell forming part of a cell-group cut off from the base of the epidermis or in a mononuclear, probably phagocytic, cell (pp. 309, 321).
XI.—A Previllous Human Ovum, aged Nine to Ten Days (The Davies-Harding Ovum)
Authors: Davies Francis 
Published: January 2013

Within recent years several human ova in the previllous stage of development have been discovered and their study, taken in conjunction with the detailed observations of Heuser and Streeter (1941) on the development of the macaque embryo, has resulted in fundamental modifications of the views previously held concerning the early development of the human embryo.The outlook on early human embryology comprises three phases: first, the phase when only very few specimens had been discovered and the tentative conclusions drawn from their study were to a considerable extent merely surmised by analogy with the phenomena known to occur in the development of other animals; second, the phase where sufficient material has been acquired to enable investigators to verify or deny some of these postulations and even to suspect certain possibilities—like variations in the degree of development of the various elements in embryos of approximately the same age such as is known to occur in other mammals, or early histological changes indicating pathological relations between the embryonic and maternal structures which may foreshadow the failure of continued embryono-maternal relations and impending abortion; and third, a phase when the specimens will be so numerous that the conclusions of the earlier periods can be established with certainty or definitely refuted. At present, early human embryological study is in the second phase, and the early attainment of the third phase is desirable to fill gaps in the present knowledge of the stages in the development of several structures (e.g. the yolk-sac, the amnio-embryonic vesicle, etc.) and to determine details necessary for a more precise comparison of the development of the human ovum with that of other primate and of lower vertebrate forms.
XVII.—On the Homological Relations of the Cœlenterata
Authors: Allman  
Published: January 2013

Independently of the general agreement which necessitates the association of the Hydra, Actinia, and other Cœlenterate animals into one primary group of the animal kingdom, we must also expect a special morphological correspondence between the various forms of animals thus associated. In other words, a homological agreement ought to be determinable between the parts of animals included in any one subordinate section of the Cœlenterata with the parts of animals included in any other.A comparison of the two primary sections of the Cœlenterata (Actinozoa and Hydrozoa), and of the various orders of these with one another, will show that such an agreement really exists, and that it is possible, by easily understood and thoroughly consistent modifications, to convert each special type into any of the others.
VII.—The Anatomy of Follicles Producing Wool-Fibres, with special reference to Keratinization
Authors: Auber L. 
Published: January 2013

Synopsis:The mammalian hair-fibre, together with the “inner root-sheath” (i.e.the axial layers of the follicle wall), grows upward by a proximal addition of cells. Changes in the inner root-sheath are responsible for the final shape and surface sculpture of the fibre. At its distal limit the inner root-sheath disintegrates owing to the effect of a de-keratinizing chemical agent.A bent, undulated, or “crimped” fibre is due to a differentiated progress of the changes leading to keratinization of the “fibre cortex”. The cells which give rise to a “medulla” are different chemically and less compressible than cortical cells.
VIII.—Structure and Biology of the Larva and Spat ofVenerupis pullastra(Montagu)
Authors: Quayle D. B. 
Published: January 2013

Synopsis:This is a study of the structure and biology of the lamellibranchVenerupis pullastra(Montagu) from the early larva to the spat stage. The larva is identified, and the functional significance of the changes that occur during metamorphosis from the larva to the spat is considered. Organ development in the spat up to a length of one millimetre is described. The free swimming larva is studied from the point of view of seasonal abundance, length of pelagic period, vertical distribution and diurnal migration. Spatfalls both on artificial and natural bottom are studied, and the results indicate a possible cause for the high mortality in the early stages of marine invertebrates with this type of reproduction.
XVII.— The Ecology of Exposed Rocky Shores of Caithness
Authors: Lewis John R. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe vertical and horizontal distributions of important plants and animals on exposed rocky shores in Caithness are described, and comparisons are made with other shores of the British Isles. The environmental conditions which cause a marked uplift in the zonation of inter-tidal species in Caithness are considered.
XX.—Cytological Studies of Melaniidæ (Mollusca) with Special Reference to Parthenogenesis and Polyploidy. II. A Study of Meiosis in the Rare Males of the Polyploid Race ofMelanoides tuberculatusandMelanoides lineatus
Authors: Jacob Joseph 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisIn the rare males of the polyploid race ofMelanoides tuberculatus, which constitute about 3 per cent of the population, spermatogenesis has been studied in detail and compared with certain stages of spermatogenesis in the rare males ofM. lineatus, which constitute 0·01 per cent of the population. The occurrence of the rare males in these parthenogeneticMelanoidesprovides an exceptional opportunity for studying the pairing behaviour of the chromosomes and for obtaining a better understanding of the probable nature of the polyploidy involved. During spermatogenesis, the two usual meiotic divisions occur, but the different stages show univalents, bivalents, quadrivalents and bridge fragment configurations. Degeneration of sex cells occurs at different stages, but mostly at the spermatid stage and the sterility of the rare males may be said to be chromosomal. The significance of the various abnormal meiotic phenomena is discussed and it is suggested that autoallopolyploidy is involved. A conjectural scheme of the possible origin of the autoallopolyploidM. tuberculatusis also suggested and the interrelationships between parthenogenesis, polyploidy and hybridity discussed.
IX.—Lower Palæozoic Hyolithidæ from Girvan.
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper 
Published: January 2013

The extensive series of specimens of members of the Hyolithidæ which Mrs Elizabeth Gray has collected from the Ordovician and Silurian beds of the Girvan district, and submitted to me for investigation, forms the basis of the following memoir.Through the kindness of Dr John Horne and Professor J. W. Gregory, special facilities have been afforded me of examining the other Scotch examples in the Geological Survey Collection, Edinburgh, and the Museum of Glasgow University. My thanks are also due to Dr F. L. Kitchin for the opportunity of studying the specimens in the Jermyn Street Museum.
VII.—A Carboniferous Fauna from Nowaja Semlja
Authors: Bruce W. S. , Lee G. W. , Carruthers R. G. 
Published: January 2013

The present paper is based on the study of a suite of fossils collected in 1898 by Dr W. S. Bruce, during a cruise with Major Andrew Coats in the Barents Sea, on board the yacht Blencathra.The fossils were found in situ in a cliff at the extremity of Cape Cherney, a promontory situated on the west coast of Southern Nowaja Semlja, in Iat. 70° 49' and long. 56° 37'. Contrary to what often obtains in the case of materials collected by explorers, they are all from the same bed, a fact which greatly increases the value of the collection, as there is thus no possibility of a mixing of forms from different horizons.
XIII.—The Formation, Rupture, and Closure of Ovarian Follicles in Ferrets and Ferret-Polecat Hybrids, and some Associated Phenomena.
Authors: Robinson Arthur 
Published: January 2013

A few words of explanation are necessary at the outset in connection with the terms used in association with the animals upon which these investigations were made.Dealers in ferrets supply two types of animals—one with yellowish-white fur and pink eyes, which they call “ferrets,” and a second type in which the yellowish fur is intermingled with a varying admixture of brownish or brown-black hairs; the second type they call “polecats.” The polecats of the ferret-dealers are not, however, true polecats, for Miss Frances Pitt, who has bred ferrets and polecats and ferret-polecat hybrids in a scientific manner, and to whom I am indebted for the greater and best part of my information on this subject, points out that the so-called polecat of the dealers is never so dark and handsome in colour as the true polecat. Moreover, as Miss Pitt states, in the true polecat the light marks in front of the ears do not usually join across the forehead, whereas in the polecat of the dealers they form a band across the face; further, when viewed from in front and above, the head of the true polecat has the form of a fairly equilateral triangle, whilst in ferrets and the so-called polecats of the dealers the head, on the whole, has the form of an isosceles triangle.
XIV.—The Functional Morphology and Feeding Mechanism of the Chydorid CladoceranEurycercus lamellatus(O. F. Müller)
Authors: Fryer Geoffrey 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisOutstanding structural features related to habits of life in the chydorid cladoceranEurycercus lamellatusare described. Crawling is as important as swimming in this deposit-feeding species. The nature of the food, its collection and subsequent manipulation, are described. Both cephalic and trunk appendages are involved in this process. Their structure and mode of action are described and illustrated in detail. Many hitherto unknown structural features are described and the functional significance of these and other morphological peculiarities is explained.
Observations on Carboniferous seeds of Mitrospermum, Conostoma and Lagenostoma
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisMitrospermum bulbosum sp. nov. is described from a single specimen found in the Lower Carboniferous Cementstone Group of Berwickshire. It is a platyspermic seed about 14 mm diameter. The nucellus is free from the integument laterally and contains a single megaspore above which is a pollen chamber and well-developed apical beak. The integument is cordate at the base around a bulbous chalazal region with two membranous wings which terminate above as two flat lobes having a V-shaped sinus between. At the base of this sinus is the micropyle which surrounds the apex of the nucellar beak.Mitrospermum compressum Arber has been re-investigated from 21 specimens and evidence adduced to show that the micropylar canal expands upwards and opens between two short apical lobes.Conostoma oblongum Will, has been re-investigated from 20 specimens. It possesses four integumental bundles; sometimes there are two basal lobes but no integumental flanges; no free apical lobes have been seen and the seed was sessile, not having a wide pedicel.A specimen of Lagenostoma ovoides Will, with a mature prothallus is briefly described from longitudinal sections. At the upper end the prothallus has three archegonia and a circular trough surrounding the ‘tent-pole’.
The Devonian actinopterygianCheirolepisAgassiz
Authors: Pearson D. Michael , Westoll T. Stanley 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe structure of the fishes constituting the Devonian genusCheirolepisis investigated. Articulated remains from the Scottish Old Red Sandstone and the Canadian Upper Devonian were studied and two species are recognised, the Middle DevonianC. trailliand the Upper DevonianC. canadensis.Recently described fragmentary material from Europe assigned to the genus is best regarded asincertae sedis. Cheirolepisis the earliest actinopterygian genus with extensive material. Neurocranial remains are described, with a crossopterygian-like parasphenoid. There seems to have been a mobile rostral region with several small bones between premaxilla and postrostral extending to the anterior corner of the small dermal orbit. New palatoquadrate and pectoral girdle material is described. The apparently primitive nature of the head skeleton is related to the cranial dynamics and the likely mode of life. The small scales and the elongate-fusiform body shape are a corollary of the method of swimming. The ecology of the fishes is touched upon. A taxonomic investigation of the two species was carried out but although interesting variation in the scale-row numbers came to light no changes at the specific level were deemed necessary. Revised generic and specific diagnoses are given.
On the Carboniferous shark Tristychius arcuatus Agassiz from Scotland
Authors: Dick John R. F. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisSkeletal remains of Tristychius arcuatus commonly occur in ironstone nodules from the Scottish Upper and Lower Oil Shale Groups. This material is clearly distinguishable from the small shark from Glencartholm described by Traquair, Woodward and Moy-Thomas under this name. Study of the latter shows that its finspines are distinctly different from the holotype of T. arcuatus and, therefore, it has been renamed.Tristychius arcuatus sensu stricto is a medium-sized hybodont shark with a short gape, a functionally heterocercal tail and narrow-based, tribasal pectoral fins. Its most unusual feature is a well developed opercular gill cover composed of long hyoid rays. Evidence suggests that this character was present in several Palaeozoic sharks, although it is absent in all Recent elasmobranchs. It is not clear whether it was primitively present in chondrichthyans or evolved separately in several lineages.Hybodonts and ctenacanths are recognised as separate, specialised shark radiations, neither of which can be directly ancestral to Recent sharks. Of the two, hybodonts appear to be more closely related to Recent forms, although the presence of typical hybodont finspines in Tristychius arcuatus indicates that they had diverged from ancestral euselachians before the beginning of the Carboniferous.
A deep resistivity sounding at Rookhope, Northern England
Authors: Habberjam G. M. , Thanassoulas C. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisA method of conducting a resistivity sounding, up to a maximum spacing of 5 kilometres, is described. By conducting measurements, in a symmetrical fashion, about the sounding centre and in two perpendicular directions, it is possible to obtain results which are relatively insensitive to the orientation of the electrode array used and entirely related to the local area around the sounding centre. By choice of the progression of spacing used, it is also possible to express the results in terms of resistivity measures suitable for subsequent interpretation.A resistivity sounding curve, conducted in this manner at Rookhope, shows the existence a highly resistive basement at interpreted depths which are in reasonable accord with the known depth to the Weardale granite in this area.
XXXI.—Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: A Contribution to the Histology of the Central Nervous System of the Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii).
Authors: Haig Harold Axel 
Published: January 2013

The specimens submitted for examination were:(a) Portions of the brain (labelled Specimen XXXI.).(b) Portions of spinal cord (labelled Specimen XXIV.).Both were in excellent condition as regards fixation and hardening, having been preserved for many years in a fluid composed of formol and 95 per cent. alcohol (the fluid was also injected into the cerebral vessels). They were, previous to histological examination, submitted to the following processes:—i. Comparatively thin slices were taken from various regions and placed for twenty-four hours in absolute alcohol.ii. Then transferred to acetone for twelve hours.iii. Placed in xylol until permeated.iv. Embedded in paraffin of melting-point 52° C. Sections were then taken with an improved form of the Cambridge rocking microtome, and fixed to slides by means of the albumen method.
XI.—The Corals of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition.
Authors: Gardiner J. Stanley 
Published: January 2013

The collection of Scotia corals is naturally small, since the main work of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition was in high Southern latitudes, but, during the outward and homeward journeys of the Scotia, collections were made, when opportunity presented itself.The species are interesting distributionally, but their soft parts are largely decayed. There are five species, of which one is a known species; three dead masses, generically determinable; and the last, a new species, which may in future prove of even greater interest than at the present time.
II.—On the Heteromyarian Condition in the Bivalvia with Special Reference toDreissena polymorphaand Certain Mytilacea
Authors: Yonge C. M. , Campbell J. I. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe adaptive character and possible course of evolution—following permanent byssal attachment—of the heteromyarian form in the Bivalvia is considered in relation to the eulamellibranch Dreissenacea and the filibranch Mytilacea. In both it assumes the extreme condition of ventral (anterior) flattening representing a high degree of adaptation for epifaunal life. The presence of a shell shelf in the umbonal regions ofDreissenaandSeptiferis associated with the greatest degree of ventral flattening; it permits retention of the anterior adductor and its attachment to parallel surfaces. Enlargement of the posterior regions of the visceropedal mass and the posterior territory of the mantle/shell involves formation of an elongated opisthodetic ligament. That of the Dreissenacea, here initially described, is of unique complication. In primitive infaunal isomyarians an organ of locomotion through soft substrates, in these heteromyarians the foot becomes essentially concerned with byssal attachment with which much the greatest part of the small anterior and large posterior retractors becomes exclusively concerned. Although strikingly similar to the Mytilacea, the Dreissenacea which now inhabit slowly moving or still, silt-laden freshwaters would seem most probably to have evolved under very different marine conditions prior to their relatively recent migration into freshwaters.
VII.—Eurystoma trigonasp. nov., a Pteridosperm ovule borne on a frond ofAlcicornopterisKidston
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisOvules ofEurystoma trigonasp. nov. are described. Over 330 unpollinated ovules were found attached to a petrified megasporophyll which appears to be a juvenile form ofAlcicornopterisKidston. Each ovule is triangular in cross section and has three wing-like extensions of the integument. None shows a female prothallus. The possibility thatAlcicornopterisrepresents the fertile foliage ofStenomyelonis discussed.
VIII.—On the Schizochroal Eyes of Three Species of Reedops (Trilobita: Phacopidae) from the Lower Devonian of Bohemia
Authors: Clarkson Euan N. K. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisBohemian specimens of the phacopacean trilobites Reedops cephalotes (Hawle and Corda,) R. sternbergi (Hawle and Corda) and R. bronni (Barrande) have very well preserved schizochroal eyes. The sizes and distribution patterns of the eye lenses were studied and in R. sternbergi and R. bronni the angular bearings of all the lenses were measured, giving the visual range of the whole eye.The internal anatomy of the eyes was also investigated, mainly from cut and polished sections. In many respects their morphology was comparable with that described previously in the Silurian and Devonian phacopaceans Phacops latifrons (Bronn) and Ananaspis communis (Barrande). The intralensar structures, however, are unlike those of P. latifrons and A. communis but bear a strong resemblance to the intralensar bowls of the Ordovician Zeliszkellinae, an early group believed to have been ancestral both to dalmanitaccan and post-Ordovician phacopacean stocks.A brief history of the evolution of schizochroal eyes is given, some distinctive evolutionary trends are noted and the relationship of the structural pattern in Reedops is discussed with reference to that in other Phacopina.
XXII.—The Peripheral Innervation of the Uterus
Authors: Fleming Amy M. 
Published: January 2013

The present investigation was undertaken to throw some light upon the nature and mode of action of the peripheral nervous mechanism of the uterus.Previous work has demonstrated that the organ, like other viscera, has an autonomic action. That the uterus and vagina can function independently of the central nervous system has been shown both clinically and experimentally by Sir J. Y. Simpson (1), Goltz (2), Riemann (3), Rein (4), Kabierske and Heidenhain (5), Masius (6), and Kurdinowsky (7).The nervous mechanism of the uterus may be divided into a central and a peripheral part.
XXXII.—Studies on the Scottish Marine Fauna: Quantitative Distribution of the Echinoderms and the Natural Faunistic Divisions of the North Sea
Authors: Stephen A. C. 
Published: January 2013

The first part (5) of a study of the quantitative distribution of the bottom-fauna in Scottish waters, and of the natural faunistic divisions of the North Sea and adjacent areas, dealt with the distribution of the molluscs in the North Sea. In this paper the echinoderms from the same area are treated on similar lines. In addition the natural faunistic divisions, as shown by the distribution of the dominant species of molluscs and echinoderms, and the validity of Petersen's community concept as applied to the North Sea, are discussed.Reference should be made to the earlier paper for information concerning the methods of collecting, the area covered by the Scottish surveys, similar surveys carried out by other workers in the remaining parts of the North Sea, the number of hauls in each square, and other introductory matters.
XX.—On Hæmonais laurentii, n. sp., a Representative of a little-known Genus of Naididæ.
Authors: Stephenson J. 
Published: January 2013

In the year 1900 Bretscher (1) published a short account of a new aquatic Oligochæte belonging to the family Naididæ, which was assigned by him to a new genus, Hæmonais, under the name H. waldvogeli. Its chief peculiarity lay in the complicated blood-vascular system, to an account of which Bretscher devotes about half of his description. No further account of any representative of the genus has since appeared.Some months ago I was surprised to find, in Lahore, specimens which were certainly referable to the same genus as the Swiss worms, though manifesting a few differences, sufficient to distinguish them as a separate species. Since my first discovery of the present form I have had the advantage, which did not fall to Bretscher's lot, of being able to observe sexual individuals; and as the worms are remarkable in other respects than that of the vascular system, and since moreover the somewhat curt description which he gives is perhaps scarcely sufficient to satisfy legitimate curiosity in regard to a new genus, I give below a fairly complete account of the Lahore specimens.