bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty in Patients With Hereditary Multiple Exostoses
Authors: Mesfin Addisu , Goddard Maria S. , Tuakli-Wosornu Yetsa A. , Khanuja Harpal S. 
Published: December 2012

To the authors’ knowledge, few reports have been published in the English literature of using total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of hereditary multiple exostoses. This article describes 2 patients with hereditary multiple exostoses, 1 treated with total hip arthroplasty and 1 treated with total knee arthroplasty. Bony deformities make arthroplasty uniquely challenging in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty. An expanded metaphysis of the proximal femur, coxa valga deformity, and the presence of hardware from previous reconstructive surgeries can make total hip arthroplasty technically difficult. Substantial bony deformity of the distal femur, valgus deformity of the knee, and sizing issues that necessitate custom implants can make total knee arthroplasty difficult. The most common bony deformities in hereditary multiple exostoses are short stature, limb-length discrepancy, valgus deformity at the knee and ankle, and asymmetry of the pectoral and pelvic girdles. Most reported surgical treatments for patients with hereditary multiple exostoses focus on the pediatric population or the management of malignant transformation of exostoses. Studies that specifically address the conditions associated with knee deformities focus on extra-articular deformity correction rather than arthroplasty.
When arthroplasty is necessary in this patient population, an understanding of the commonly occurring deformities can help with preoperative planning and surgical management. All painful lesions must be evaluated for malignant transformation. Bone scans can be useful during workup. All specimens should be sent for pathologic evaluation. Such patients are challenging because of the distorted hip anatomy and valgus knee deformity. The current 2 cases illustrate specific challenges that can be anticipated and underscore key principles for arthroplasty in the management of hereditary multiple exostoses.
The Meta-Utopian Metatext: The Deconstructive Dreams of Ulysses and Finnegans Wake
Authors: Charles Alec 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Ulysses is a novel of immense and endless structuration, but one that resists structure itself, which eschews the closure and determinism of stereotypically Utopian mythologization. Joyce's work acknowledges that we continue to cling to our Utopian dreams, despite all the material evidence. Yet Joyce advances a mode of Utopianism that, in recognizing the tensions inherent to its relationship with the real, not only self-consciously deconstructs but also therefore sustains itself. If the Utopian breaks down upon its contact with material history, then perhaps by inscribing—and, more importantly, integrating—its antithesis and its own absurdity within itself, it might achieve a balance and a self-awareness sufficient to sustain it beyond the moment of its conception, the revolutionary or revelatory moment, and to translate its abstraction into the very materiality that had originally threatened to extinguish it. Joyce reveals Utopian literature's potential for self-deconstruction while at the same time rehearsing the hypocrisy and tyranny of literalist political interpretations of that discourse. Ulysses explores this process at a literary-political level; but it is Finnegans Wake that, in its dissolution of the dictatorship of the aesthetic, enacts the innate failure of the project of perfectibility at the level of language itself.
“A Monument of Union”: Social Change and Personal Experience at the Manea Fen Community, 1839–1841
Authors: Langdon John 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This case study uses the nineteenth-century community of Manea Fen as an example to explore the differing ways community was viewed and the issues this raised. Manea Fen was one of a number of British communities influenced by the communitarian ideas of Robert Owen. The study first considers the national context, locating Manea Fen and its founder, William Hodson, in the debates on community within the Owenite movement. It then focuses on the individuals involved in the community, considering their expectations of community life and their reaction to its realities. By focusing on two families whose lives, most unusually for rank-and-file Owenites, can be traced for many years after Manea Fen, the study attempts to show the failed venture's value and place within their broader life histories. This examination of a single community reveals the dual nature of a community, at once inward and outward looking, a blend of social engagement and more personal motivations.
Gene action for pre and post harvest traits in F2 wheat populations
Authors: Jadoon Sultan Akbar , Mohammad Fida , Ullah Hidayat , Khalil Iftikhar H 
Published: December 2012

The inheritance mechanism for plant height, days to heading, spike length, grains spike− 1 and biological yield traits in 8 × 8 half diallel F2 wheat populations was studied at Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan, during 2006-07. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block (RCB) design having four replications. Each experimental unit was assigned a four-row plot of 5 m length with row-row space of 30 cm. Analyses of variance displayed significant genotypic differences for studied traits. Diallel analyses reflected significance of both additive and non-additive components in the inheritance of these traits, however, genetic components revealed the importance of a non-additive component. The average degree of dominance being greater than unity indicated involvement of over-dominance for phenotypic expression of all traits studied. Broad-sense heritability values were much higher than narrow-sense and thus delayed selection till advance generations are suggested.
Waiting times and decision-making behind acute plastic surgery referrals in the UK
Authors: Gorman Mark , Lochrin Chris , Khan Muhammad Adil Abbas , Urso-Baiarda Fulvio 
Published: December 2012

Over the past decade, Accident and Emergency (A&E) departments in the United Kingdom have struggled to cope with a doubling in patient attendances and the combined impacts of the ‘four-hour rule’, the European Working Time Directive and Modernising Medical Careers. Our previous prospective study suggested that A&E referrals to Plastic Surgery may not always be clinically motivated, but could have been affected by lack of blinding to the Plastic Surgery department participating in the study. The current study aims to corroborate those findings retrospectively, thereby overcoming this bias, and to conduct a detailed analysis of the reasons for observed referral behaviours. Medical notes of one hundred consecutive A&E referrals to a single Plastic Surgery Unit were retrospectively reviewed, documenting patient demographics, referral reason, time taken for referral and review, patient transfer time and referral appropriateness, defined by the need for hospital admission, surgery or senior review. ‘Appropriate’ and ‘inappropriate’ referrals were compared statistically for Referral Time, Transfer Time and Review Time using the independent samples t-test. To explore the reasons for observed referral patterns, six semi-structured interviews were carried out with all grades of A&E staff members using the previously-documented ‘framework analysis method’ of deductive analysis to investigate emerging and assumed themes systematically. 73 referrals from A&E to Plastic Surgery were included in the study, most commonly for adult males with upper limb injuries. The most frequent treatment outcomes were conservative management or wound exploration with no identifiable deep injury. Mean Referral Time and Review Time was 1:53 hours and 0:58 hours respectively. 69% of referrals were considered Appropriate according to the study definition. As in the previous study, inappropriate referrals were referred significantly more quickly than appropriate ones, whereas review time was similar irrespective of referral appropriateness. Interview themes analaysis revealed junior doctor inexperience, resource constraints and unintended consequences of targets and protocols to be major non-clinical determinants of whether a referral was made. This study confirms that priorities other than clinical need may influence A&E referral behavior and provides valuable insights into the challenges and drivers determining it. A significant proportion of referrals from A&E to Plastic Surgery are inappropriate and quicker referrals are more likely to be inappropriate. Many junior doctors currently lack the confidence and competence to manage routine cases that fall under the remit of Plastic Surgery. Significant change is needed to address the current situation. The insights of this study may help to inform such change.
A Practical and Efficient Cellular Substrate for the Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adults: Blood-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Geti Imbisaat , Ormiston Mark L. , Rouhani Foad , Toshner Mark , Movassagh Mehregan , Nichols Jennifer , Mansfield William , Southwood Mark , Bradley Allan , Rana Amer Ahmed , Vallier Ludovic , Morrell Nicholas W. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to generate patient-specific tissues for disease modeling and regenerative medicine applications. However, before iPSC technology can progress to the translational phase, several obstacles must be overcome. These include uncertainty regarding the ideal somatic cell type for reprogramming, the low kinetics and efficiency of reprogramming, and karyotype discrepancies between iPSCs and their somatic precursors. Here we describe the use of late-outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells (L-EPCs), which possess several favorable characteristics, as a cellular substrate for the generation of iPSCs. We have developed a protocol that allows the reliable isolation of L-EPCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparations, including frozen samples. As a proof-of-principle for clinical applications we generated EPC-iPSCs from both healthy individuals and patients with heritable and idiopathic forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension. L-EPCs grew clonally; were highly proliferative, passageable, and bankable; and displayed higher reprogramming kinetics and efficiencies compared with dermal fibroblasts. Unlike fibroblasts, the high efficiency of L-EPC reprogramming allowed for the reliable generation of iPSCs in a 96-well format, which is compatible with high-throughput platforms. Array comparative genome hybridization analysis of L-EPCs versus donor-matched circulating monocytes demonstrated that L-EPCs have normal karyotypes compared with their subject's reference genome. In addition, &gt;80% of EPC-iPSC lines tested did not acquire any copy number variations during reprogramming compared with their parent L-EPC line. This work identifies L-EPCs as a practical and efficient cellular substrate for iPSC generation, with the potential to address many of the factors currently limiting the translation of this technology.
Nomothetai
Authors: Rubinstein Lene 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

In connection with the restoration of their democracy in 403/2
bce
, the Athenians introduced new measures establishing a distinction between
nomoi
(”laws”) and
psephismata
(”decrees”). While the assembly was still fully authorized to ratify
psephismata,
the enactment of a
nomos
now required the assembly to submit any proposed change or addition to the existing laws to ratification by a board of
nomothetai
(”legislators”). It is widely assumed that the designation
nomos
was normally applied to enactments of general and permanent validity, whereas the designation
Psephisma
referred to enactments of limited duration, or which concerned only specific and named individuals.
Oikistes
Authors: Tsetskhladze Gocha R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWhether a colony was established as an act of state by a mother‐city or as the private venture of a group or individual, the foundation process had, it is widely claimed, a certain pattern, essential to which was the appointment of a founder(oikistes,anglicized as oikist) with the requisite abilities or connections. He then consulted the Delphic oracle in order to obtain the gods’ approval for the venture – in the Classical period, specifically, the blessing of Apollo in his attribute ofArchegetes(”leader of expeditions”) – as the colony would be a new home both for Greeks and for the Greek gods(seeAPOiKiA(Overseas Settlement)); and to receive general guidance on where to settle. This process achieved a certain panhellenic uniformity, itself suggesting a narrative of later confection. The uniformity of procedure was also a matter of self‐interest for Delphi: an essential element of this scheme was the explanation that failed expeditions had done badly because the oracle was not consulted or had been misinterpreted (as e.g., in the case of Dorieus in North Africa).
Panionion
Authors: Boffo Laura 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPanionion is the name of a sanctuary on Mount Mykale in Ionia, which was dedicated to Poseidon Helikonios (after Mount Helikon in Boiotia). This “sacred area” without a temple was the place of the communal meetings of the Ioniandodekapolis(group of twelve cities) and the site of its religious Panionian festivals (Hdt. 1.142, 143.3, 148.1).
Patrios politeia
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia 
Published: December 2012

AbstractPatrios politeia(”constitution of the ancestors”) was a political slogan forged in Athens during the last phase of the Peloponnesian War: it is first attested in a fragment from a work of Thrasymachus of Chalcedon (DK 85 F 1), dated ca. 411bce. A well‐attested variant ispatrioi nomoi(”ancestors' laws”). This type of formation is based on the principle that what is ancient and in accordance with constitutional tradition is in all cases better and deserves to be preserved or restored.
Sicilian expedition
Authors: Samotta Iris 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe Sicilian expedition of 415–413BCEwas the most ambitious and also the most disastrous military operation of thePELOPONNESIAN WAR, claiming the lives of ca. 45,000 Athenians and their allies (Thuc. 7.87; Bleckmann 2007: 85).
Sophocles
Authors: Lloyd Michael 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSophocles (ca. 496–406/5BCE) was one of the three great fifth‐century Athenian tragic dramatists, along withAESCHYLUSandEURIPIDES, and a leading figure in Athenian public life. He wrote around 120 plays, seven of which survive. He competed in the CityDIONYSIAfor the first time in 468BCE, defeating the old master Aeschylus.
Walls, city, Greece
Authors: Lindenlauf Astrid 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCity‐walls enclosed either the city proper (e.g., Athens) or the city and part of its hinterland. They consisted of a stone socle on which a mud‐brick superstructure rested (e.g., at Mantinea in Arcadia) or they were entirely built of stone (e.g., at Palairos in Akarnania).
Apocalypticism in Early Christianity
Authors: Royalty Robert M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractApocalypticism is a dualistic religious world‐view that encompasses belief in the imminent end of the world (eschatology), accompanied by natural and social disasters, via divine agency. Apocalypticism typically includes the final struggle with the evil force and its agents in the world by God and angels, the resurrection and judgment of all human‐kind, and a restored world ruled directly by God. It includes a historical dimension in its eschatology and spatial dimension in the interconnectedness, and eventual melding, of the transcendent and earthly realms. As with early Christianity itself, apocalypticism derived from Second Temple Judaism. Apocalypticism has been called “the mother of Christian theology” (Käsemann 1969).
Bullion
Authors: Hollander David B. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBullion – uncoined gold, silver, or other metals – functioned as a store of wealth, means of payment, and standard of value in the ancient Near East, Greece, and Rome prior to and even after the advent of coinage. While bullion was certainly an important currency in many Mediterranean economies, a lack of evidence makes it difficult to gauge the scale of its use.
Coinage, Roman Empire
Authors: Meyers Rachel 
Published: December 2012

AbstractDuring the Roman imperial period, coinage was modified a number of times through the introduction of new denominations and the debasement of the metals. By studying the coins, we can also learn about the organization of the empire and the increasing concentration of power in the hands of one supreme ruler. The imperial portraits, always identified by name on the obverse, have long assisted in identifying sculpted portraits, but the images on the reverse side can be of even greater importance. For there we find the messages and accomplishments that were deemed worthy of circulation throughout the empire.
Economic performance
Authors: Ray Nick M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractEconomic performance is a construct for indicating and, where empirical data permits, measuring the productivity and growth (or contraction) of economies. It refers to the functioning of an economy in terms of the stability and level of production, and is reflected in the circulation and Consumption of goods. In the past “the ancient economy” has been described in terms of institutional structure, placing it on a primitive‐to‐modern scale. Modern scholars remain subject to discrepant experience but have moved to discuss both structure and performance as codependents, resulting in comparative and contextual theoretical models that incorporate quantifiable evidence.
Fodder
Authors: Carlà Filippo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractFodder was generally variated and included legumes, acorn, hay, green fodder (CatoAgr. 69.60; Columella 6.3); widely used were also turnips (Plin.HN18.126), alfalfa, fenugreek (e.g., Columella 2.7.1–2), shrub trefoil (Plin.HN13.130), clover.
Incuse coinage
Authors: Cunnally John 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
A coin is said to be incuse when the impression on one side is concave or intaglio instead of in relief, in contrast to the double‐relief fabric commonly used for coins throughout antiquity and still employed today. In one area of the Hellenic world — the Greek colonies of southern Italy — the early silver coinage displayed an idiosyncratic format, a relief image on the obverse repeated in a concave impression on the reverse. These incuse coins of Magna Graecia are also distinguished by a wider, flatter body than corresponding denominations struck by other Greek cities.
Indemnities
Authors: Stern Gaius 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe precedent whereby the Allies made Germany pay a ruinous price for the expenses of World War I harks back to the treaties ending the first two Punic Wars, when the Romans made the Carthaginians endure heavy financial burdens to cover the Roman expenses of the wars. This punishment was also inflicted upon Philip V, Antiochos III, and Mithradates VI in the Second Macedonian, Syrian, and the First Mithradatic wars respectively, but is infrequently reported thereafter.
India, trade with
Authors: Tomber Roberta 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBetween the first centuryBCEand at least the sixth centuryCE, Rome played an important role in Indian Ocean trade that was primarily facilitated through its Egyptian Red Sea ports. This trade was important both economically and culturally, as it built on the interest in India established by Alexander the Great's overland India campaign of 327–325BCE, during which he traveled to the Indus from the northwest.
Labor, Greece and Rome
Authors: Sobak Robert B. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Labor refers to the use of human beings as factors of production within the organization of an economic system. Labor production in the Greco‐Roman world was performed by three main groups: slaves, wage‐laborers, and independent craftsmen. Wage‐labor was employed both for the long‐term and from season to season. Independent, free producers tended toward skilled labor, especially within urban contexts. The shape of labor in Greco‐Roman antiquity, however, was dominated by chattel slavery, both because of the sheer numbers of slaves involved, and because of an anti‐labor mentality that the dominance of slavery within the ancient economy had engendered. The fact that so many laboring individuals were un‐free meant that the act of laboring itself carried with it a slavish tinge, regardless of the legal status of the individual in question.
Landscapes, Greek
Authors: Pettegrew David K. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe countryside was central to the life of the Greekpolisbut was routinely ignored by ancient writers more interested in cities and urban affairs than the mundane arenas of work and toil. Since the 1960s, historians and archaeologists have met the neglect of textual sources with regional programs of archaeological research aimed at reconstructing the ancient territories of Greece. Today scholars use the conceptual framework of “landscape” for describing the natural environment that shaped Greek history, the local unit of town and territory that formed thepolis, and patterns of habitation, human activity, and meaning visible at a regional level.
Metronomoi
Authors: Efsthathiou Athanasios 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

Metronomoi
(controllers of measures) were the public officials who oversaw the weights and measures (
metra kai stathma
) in Athens, five for the city, five for Peiraeus elected by lot for one year ([Arist.]
Ath. Pol
. 51.2 with lexicographers Harp. s.v. and Phot.
Lex. Seg
. s.v.).
Oikos(family)
Authors: Schaps David M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe wordoikosin early Greek referred to a building (see Oikos(House)) or to the aggregate of a person's possessions. In the Classical period it came to be used also for what we should call the nuclear family: a husband, wife, their dependents (both children and retired parents) and their property, including slaves and animals. The family in this sense both predated and outlasted thePolis, and although the laws took its existence for granted, it seems never to have received a strict legal definition in Athens or anywhere else known to us.
Pentakosiomedimnoi
Authors: Taylor Claire 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThepentakosiomedimnoiwere the wealthiest group in Athens as defined by Solon's reforms. Classified by agricultural produce, the name indicates that one's land needed to produce (perhaps annually under “normal” circumstances) at least 500medimnoiof grain to qualify for this group ([Arist.]Ath. Pol. 7.3–4). Estimates suggest individual estates would need to be at least 40 ha in size in order to produce this much barley, and larger to produce the equivalent measure of wheat, olive oil, or wine, but it is likely that the “wet” measures (oil, wine) mentioned in theAthenaion Politeiawere a later addition to the solonian division. The wealth of this group meant that they played an important role in political life: all offices were open to them and some financial offices only open to them. But by the end of the fourth century, although these rules remained law, they were no longer enforced ([Arist.]Ath. Pol. 47.1). Changes in patterns of landholding and the growth of a politically important group whose wealth was not derived solely from land meant that solonian assessments had become so unrealistic in the fourth century that it was impossible to prescribe access to office in these terms.