bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Governance, Human Security, and unpko s
Authors: Howe Brendan M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The process of international organization has fundamentally, even though not exclusively, been to address the problem of interstate war. The institutionalization of multilateral security cooperation at the global level, under first the League of Nations (albeit a false dawn), and more recently and successfully, the UN system, has contributed significantly to the resolution of existing conflicts and the generation of a more peaceful international society. UN peacekeeping operations (unpko s), viewed traditionally as forces placed between parties to a conflict with the aim of preventing future breakdowns of peace and security, have played a major part. International organization can further, however, be seen as a transitional process from the international anarchic conditions which generate conflict, towards the aspiration of global governance, whereby states are actively brought together to solve common problems, reconcile conflicting interests, and generate collective good. At the intersection of the three pillars of the UN (Security, Development, and Human Rights), we find the concept of human security, which, despite being essentially contested, has become increasingly prominent not only at the organisation, but also in terms of policy prescription for other actors. This human-centring in global governance has impacted unpko s through a more complex role for peacekeepers, including, but not limited to, the expansion of conditions under which deadly force may be used, the protection of civilians and vulnerable groups in conflict affected societies, and peacebuilding, even state-building activities. These developments are not without their critics. This article, therefore, addresses first the evolution of the human security paradigm within the UN’s global governance mission. It then turns to the growing impact of human security upon unpko s. This is followed by areas of contestation and challenges to human-centred peace promotion. Finally, the article concludes with policy prescription for better operationalisation of human security at the UN and through its pko s.
Zimbabwe, Marechera, Veit-Wild
Authors: Chidora Tanaka 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this article, I explore the following relationships: the relationship between Dambudzo Marechera and Rhodesia/whiteness, Dambudzo Marechera and Zimbabwe, Dambudzo Marechera and Flora Veit-Wild, Zimbabwe and Europe/Britain, and the relationship between Zimbabwean critics and Flora Veit-Wild. These relationships are all examples of the complex conditions that shaped Marechera’s writings and their reception, and Veit-Wild’s writings (about Marechera) and their reception among Zimbabwean and African readers. Using these relationships, I want to propose a reading of Marechera and Veit-Wild’s works, together with a reading of their critics’ responses, informed by the concept of mistrust. I argue that the mistrust stems from Africa/Zimbabwe’s colonial relationship with Europe/Britain, a coloniality that continued even after independence. Thereafter, the good that Europe could bring to Africa, or Britain to Zimbabwe, or Veit-Wild to Marechera began to be regarded with suspicion and mistrust because (post)colonial relations were [still] predominantly meant to benefit the coloniser. Marechera’s writings are fraught with that kind of mistrust. However, Marechera takes the mistrust further and is suspicious of the vision of Zimbabwe that he believes is anchored on an elitist foundation, itself a product of a vanguard that had become ‘white.’ Marechera’s readers suspect him of being European because of his ‘European’ style of writing and perceived lack of commitment to the African/Zimbabwean cause. In the same vein, the readers are suspicious of Marechera’s relationship with Veit-Wild and suspect her of gaining, just as a colonialist, from her relationship with Marechera. Utilising Marechera’s writings and interviews, Veit-Wild’s They Called You Dambudzo and critical works on these writings, I argue that reading Zimbabwe, Marechera and Veit-Wild is like reading three biographies of mistrust.
Lebanon’s Endemic Power-Sharing Dilemmas and their Manifestation in the Beirut Blast
Authors: Thomsen Alessandra 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article examines how Lebanon’s power-sharing arrangements, embedded within the politics of sectarianism, entrench “recurring dilemmas” that undermine political change, reform, and accountability. The three dilemmas uncovered in this article include the propensity of Lebanon’s power-sharing system to political deadlock, its institutionalization of impunity, as well as its veritable disconnect from grassroots demands. This article focuses on the case of the Beirut blast and demonstrates how the tragedy represents a microcosm of the convergence of these power-sharing dilemmas. The analysis highlights the limitations of Lebanon’s power-sharing system. It suggests that as long as the current sectarian power-sharing system remains in place, the system’s endemic dilemmas will continue to manifest and preclude meaningful reform, effective policy making and justice.
From China Lobby Activists to Blue Team Neoconservatives: The Evolution of the gop’s Views on Taiwan Since 1949
Authors: Willadsen Brandon 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
During the 1990s, American neoconservatives grew concerned over a burgeoning People’s Republic of China (prc) threatening the newly democratic government of Taiwan. They wanted the United States to bolster Taiwan’s standing in the international community, commit to defend the island, end strategic ambiguity, and prevent further entrenchment of the prc into international organizations. Some went as far as advocating for diplomatic recognition of Taiwan and Taiwanese independence. Neoconservatives frequently employed Wilsonian rhetoric to shore up support for Taiwan. Despite this liberal veneer, their foreign policy positions and thinking built on the approach of such groups as the China Lobby and New Right. This article’s analysis of neoconservative viewpoints on U.S. policy toward Taiwan shows how the neoconservatives in the United States evolved from earlier conservative positions, rather than injecting liberalism into gop foreign policy positions on Taiwan and the prc.
Variable Contrast in Border Uruguayan Spanish /b/
Authors: Gradoville Michael , Waltermire Mark , Engelhardt Julie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study addresses variation in the realization of intervocalic /b/ in the Spanish of Rivera, Uruguay, a border community that is bilingual in Portuguese and Spanish. While Spanish has one phoneme that corresponds to the graphemes ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩, which is normally realized as an approximant or deleted intervocalically, Portuguese contrasts a voiced bilabial stop phoneme /b/ with a voiced labiodental fricative phoneme /v/. Sociolinguistic interviews from 40 native speakers of Riverense Spanish were analyzed acoustically using a consonant-vowel intensity ratio as a correlate of the degree of constriction in the realization of intervocalic /b/. Results indicate that speakers that use more Portuguese are more likely to contrast degree of constriction in words with Portuguese /b/ and /v/ cognates. Speakers that primarily use Spanish, on the other hand, contrast constriction based on orthography, a phenomenon that has been called “pedantic v” and “orthographic loyalty” in other Spanish varieties.
Layers of Lexical Borrowing in Long-Term Contact Rooted among Ancient Crops from Mali’s Bandiagara Region
Authors: Hantgan Abbie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this research, the People and Plants method illuminates language interactions in Eastern Mali’s Bandiagara Region. Home to six linguistic groups, the Bandiagara Escarpment has sheltered two populations for at least 800 years, though their pre-cliff origins are unclear. Historical empires might have driven them to this defensible terrain, with fertile lands anchoring them. Notably, evidence points to early pearl millet domestication not far from here, a Sahelian staple, around 5,000 years ago. Examining current plant-related lexemes across local languages and contrasting with distant, unrelated languages offers insights into older forms. Merging these findings with external data depicts language contact layers. Modern Bandiagara residents, likely with pre-existing botanical knowledge, may have been influenced by the ‘Mande Expansion’ and its vast West African trade routes.
Chinese Buddhist Translations as a Locus of Grammatical Interference
Authors: Barchi Francesco 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chinese Buddhist translations are an outstanding source of information on Middle Chinese. In the last three decades, Buddhist Chinese has increasingly gained the attention of historical linguists interested in the linguistic peculiarities of the Chinese sutras. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the unusual grammatical features occurring in Buddhist translations, which have been described either as vernacular elements surfacing in the language of the translations or as the product of grammatical interference with the Indic source-texts. This paper aims to provide a concise theoretical framework for the phenomenon of grammatical interference through Chinese Buddhist translations, arguing that the vernacular hypothesis appears to be more tenable.
Decolonizing Bioarchaeology in Sudan
Authors: Schrader Sarah A. , Fushiya Tomomi , Saad Mohamed , Mohamed El Hassan Ahmed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Bioarchaeology, as a subdiscipline, has begun confronting its colonial origins and discussing how to incorporate stakeholders and ethically move forward. Here, we frame this discussion within the context of Sudan and Ancient Nubia. We argue that first we must acknowledge the sordid history of the discipline and then actively take steps to dismantle continuing systems of racism, sexism, and western-centered biases. We begin by discussing the history of the excavation, analysis, and treatment of human skeletal remains from early excavations through to current projects. We then turn to an examination of how we can further decolonize bioarchaeology in Sudan. This will certainly involve working closely with local communities and the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums, as well as a reconsideration of decision-making processes. We are working towards a best care practices document, detailing guidelines for the curation and analysis of human skeletal remains.
CARICOM as the Coordination Mechanism for Caribbean Small Island Developing States Participating in the Global Plastics Treaty Negotiations
Authors: Ambrose Kristal K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The specific processes involved in the Caribbean Community’s (CARICOM) role as a coordination mechanism for its Member States, composed of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS), participating in multilateral environmental agreement (MEA) negotiations are sparsely documented within academic literature. CARICOM Member States have increasingly suffered from the transboundary movement and deposition of plastic litter on their coastlines. The Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) convened in November 2022 to develop an international legally binding instrument to manage plastic pollution, including in the marine environment. Known as the global plastics treaty, Caribbean SIDS face inequities in their ability to adequately prepare and participate in this negotiation forum. CARICOM’s history of addressing environmental issues, notably through its participation in MEAs, has positioned CARICOM as a significant negotiating bloc in MEA meetings. This study classifies CARICOM’s systematic coordination processes for preparing its Member States for MEA negotiations and assesses opportunities, challenges and limitations for CARICOM to serve as the coordination mechanism for preparing its Member States for the ongoing global plastics treaty negotiations.
A Commentary on the BBNJ Agreement Using the History of the Making of UNCLOS and Its Implementation Agreements
Authors: Dalaker Kristine Elfrida 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the wake of the recent adoption of the BBNJ Agreement, the commentary has focused on the final agreed text of the Agreement. This commentary takes a different approach and considers the BBNJ Agreement within the broader context of UNCLOS and its implementation agreements, namely, the Part XI Agreement and the UN Fish Stocks Agreement, given that when the BBNJ Agreement enters into force, it will take its place as the third implementation agreement under UNCLOS. As the point of departure, this commentary uses the work and words of one of the key architects of the UNCLOS regime, the late Ambassador Satya Nandan, as a historical lens through which to comment on the BBNJ Agreement. This commentary considers how the BBNJ Agreement was influenced by the history of the making of UNCLOS and its implementation agreements, how that history may inform the BBNJ Agreement’s entry into force, and how the BBNJ Agreement may further develop the UNCLOS regime. This commentary concludes that the making of the BBNJ Agreement is not only a continuation of that shared history—but that the BBNJ Agreement “rhymes” with that history in such a way that progresses the law of the sea.
A Commentary and Critique on Progress in Ocean and Climate Change Action at Recent COP Meetings
Authors: Ricketts Peter J. , Olutoke Dotun 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The ocean was finally recognized within the formal UN climate change negotiations at COP 25 in 2019. This result was due to a decades long multinational, collaborative effort spearheaded by the Global Ocean Forum under the inspired leadership of Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain. This article describes some of the major events leading up to COP 25 and the developments in ocean-climate change activities at the following two COP meetings in Glasgow, Scotland (COP 26) and Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt (COP 27). Observations about each of the COP meetings are presented, and successes and failures are identified along the way. In particular, the importance of the formal dialogues on ocean and climate change are assessed, and the urgency of translating hopes and aspirations into real climate action for the ocean is highlighted in preparation for the COP 28 in Dubai in 2023.
Conceptualizing Mi’kmaw Aboriginal and Treaty-Based Fisheries: Legal Constructs or Value-Based Way of Life?
Authors: Denny Shelley K. , Fanning Lucia M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Indigenous peoples’ resurgence to use their own ways, laws, and political and intellectual traditions is becoming synonymous with fisheries governance in Canada. On the east coast, a Mi’kmaw perspective was garnered to enhance understanding of the Mi’kmaq image of their fisheries based on Aboriginal and treaty rights to fish to inform governance design. Using semi-structured interviews exploring governance challenges and opportunities with Mi’kmaw participants and desktop research, an image of the Mi’kmaw fisheries was derived. Based on content analysis of the transcripts, historical, legal, and current perspectives of Aboriginal and treaty rights-based fisheries, Mi’kmaq fisheries is described as one that supports the individual’s and collective’s physical, spiritual, cultural, and economic needs yet is self-governed, ethical, shared, responsible, conservative, respectful, and intermittent. This image of the Mi’kmaw fisheries was found to conflict with the current fisheries image held by the federal government and thus requires a shift of federal understanding of the role of the legal and historic interdependency as one fishery. Such understandings would require changes to federal policy to reflect an integrated understanding and image of the Mi’kmaw Aboriginal and treaty rights-based fisheries.
Regulatory Obsolescence in the Technological Age: Analyzing whether Autonomous Vessels Have Sovereign Immunity at Sea
Authors: Bemelen Benjamin J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In 2016, an American autonomous underwater glider was seized by the Chinese navy in the South China Sea. The United States considered this a hostile act as the glider was sovereign immune. The Chinese maintained they were merely detaining an unknown craft to properly identify it. The glider was subsequently returned to the United States. Despite this incident ending somewhat peacefully, the issues that led to and stem from it are far from resolved. Was China right in detaining an unidentified object? Or was the United States right asserting that all craft are covered by sovereign immunity if so declared? Can autonomous vessels even have sovereign immunity? These issues are symptomatic of the technological age and the struggle of law to keep pace with constant advancements: new types of vessels do not fit neatly into the definitions of current international law, putting them in regulatory limbo. If not addressed, this could lead to an escalated incident in the future. This article considers the challenges of classifying autonomous vessels under international law, the function of sovereign immunity at sea, and whether it can apply to autonomous vessels. It will also consider potential methods for clarifying the issue at law.
Addressing Environmental Protection Gaps in Sino-African Bilateral Investment Treaties
Authors: Andemariam Senai W. , Berhe Isaias T. , Gebrezgabiher Henok G. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article examines the scope and depth of environmental protection in Sino-African BITs. Chinese investment in Africa and the steps taken to include or enhance environmental concerns in these Sino-African treaties are comparatively discussed to show that they are generally as inadequate as other investment treaties to provide the necessary protection. Lessons drawn from the coverage of environmental provisions in nearly 125 BITs, some involving African states, are presented to give context to the key argument in this article. Written in the context of the ‘Africanization’ of international investment law, this article argues, taking into account Africa’s overall capacity as well as the amount of Chinese investment in Africa and its environmental impact, that this concern is best addressed through the adoption of aggressive national reform processes that are built into regional and finally a continental policy for ensuring sustainable development and environmental protection in relation to investments in Africa.
Inter-State Human Rights Disputes
Authors: Lawry-White Merryl 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper maps the factors that States consider when deciding whether to raise inter-State disputes to an international dispute resolution body. It focuses particularly on these factors in the context of human rights disputes, including whether such disputes will be brought before the mechanisms provided for under the universal human rights treaties, and notably conciliation commissions. While traditionally negotiation has been seen as the most appropriate way to resolve inter-State disputes, there are times that human rights disputes may benefit from a different approach. It discusses (i) the general trend to negotiate or mediate disputes; (ii) the importance of taking a contextual perspective; (iii) the patchwork of international norms; (iv) key legal and factual considerations; (v) choice of mechanism/process; and (vi) palatability of the potential dispute resolution options. The paper concludes by providing a roadmap for States deciding whether to commence an international dispute and which forum to choose.
Inter-State Complaints under the African Human Rights System: a Breeze of Change?
Authors: Viljoen Frans 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An inter-state procedure is provided for explicitly in the 1981 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, on which the African regional human rights system is based, but the mechanism remains underused. Exploring the question why such a small number of inter-state cases have been submitted under the Africa system, the article points to the influence of a general culture of non-intervention and a preference for non-confrontational dispute mechanisms among African States; the existence of alternative channels to resolve cases involving massive or widespread violations cases; African States have over the years placed growing confidence in the icj; the delays associated with the drc decision; and a pervasive ignorance of inter-state complaints processes under the African system. To overcome some of these impediments, the article notes, inter-states cases may be masked as cases brought by individuals or ngo s whose interests overlap with those of States.
Greed is Good: A Look at the Mercantile World of Third/Ninth Century Baghdad
Authors: Marmer David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
According to an anecdote in al-Tanūkhī’s Nishwār al-Muḥāḍara, a merchant by the name of Ibn Abī ʿAwf (d.297/910) realized every capitalist’s fantasy: he monopolized the market for olive oil in the Abbasid capital of Baghdad, and manipulated market prices for immense personal profit. By examining a series of related anecdotes, this article poses several questions regarding Baghdadi society: What was Ibn Abī ʿAwf’s background? What was the source of his capital, and what social relations did he develop in order to become a prominent merchant? What financial tools were available to him in his mercantile activity? What social norms governed the pursuit of profit? And what sources can we mine for analyzing such socio-economic norms? We will see that the financial world of third/ninth century Baghdad had a variety of tools for debt financing; that an ambitious merchant needed to maneuver a complex web of relationships in order to succeed; and that contemporary sources reflect an ambivalent attitude — a grudging appreciation but also discomfort — with the pursuit of profit.
Choosing perennial plants for extensive green roofs in a semi-arid climate
Authors: Rottenberg Aaron 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The main challenge in establishing and maintaining shallow, extensive (non-irrigated) green roofs in semi-arid climate is plant selection. The chosen species should cover the roof and remain green all-year round and at the same time to survive the long, hot and dry summer in this harsh microhabitat. Three perennial species were selected for the present study conducted on a green roof at Haifa University, Israel: Sedum sediforme, Carpobrotus edulis and Portulacaria afra. These succulents were planted in non-irrigated plots, in a 17 cm deep substrate that consisted a mixture of 90% perlite and 10% compost. All three species have survived two consecutive summers and manifested notable spreading ability. Their groundcover area has increased between 3-5 times during the 18 months monitoring period of this study. These results suggest that they are suitable for the design of extensive green roofs in the semi-arid areas of Israel. Two additional species Aptenia cardifolia and Malephora crocea showed varying results, but nevertheless should be regarded as reasonable candidates. In contrast, ten other perennial plant species that were tested in the same conditions did not survive the dry summer. The results suggest, that a main factor of extensive green roofs design in semi-arid areas is species selection, namely identifying, choosing and monitoring of the fittest plant species for this harsh microhabitat.