bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
World Trade Organization and Judicial Enforcement of International Trade Law
Authors: Pelc Krzysztof J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international court of unprecedented ambition. This essay examines why countries agreed to delegate as much power as they did to this international legal body, by looking to the rise of US unilateralism during the 1970s. I then offer an overview of the DSU's functioning, which concludes that its effectiveness derives more from the way it forces countries to negotiate in the shadow of the law than from the threat of material sanctions following noncompliance. Finally, I assess some widespread concerns about how developing countries fare in the system. I show that while there does exist a cleavage between rich and poor countries in dispute settlement, it does not lie where conventional wisdom often has it.
Youth Entrepreneurship
Authors: Damon William , Bronk Kendall Cotton , Porter Tenelle 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEntrepreneurship is critical to job creation and economic growth in the United States and abroad; however, interest in pursuing entrepreneurial careers is on the decline among young people today. As a means of designing programs that effectively encourage and prepare young people to pursue entrepreneurial careers, this essay calls for increased focus on how entrepreneurs develop. An understanding of the experiences, opportunities, and interests that lead to successful entrepreneurship is needed. To that end, this essay, in addition to addressing leading process‐oriented definitions of entrepreneurship and briefly reviewing relevant empirical studies, outlines three promising areas of research on youth entrepreneurship. First, researchers have becoming increasingly interested in entrepreneurial purposes. Recent research finds that at least some young people seek out entrepreneurial careers as a means of applying their skills and talents to create organizations or businesses that solve personally meaningful problems in the broader world. This leads to the second emerging area of interest in youth entrepreneurship: the distinction between social and business entrepreneurship. The growth of new businesses and organizations that are at once highly profitable and at the same time exist to address social problems has blurred this distinction. Third, researchers are increasingly interested in identifying ways of effectively fostering entrepreneurial interests. This essay highlights key issues regarding the role that educational experiences and institutional support play in supporting the development of successful entrepreneurs.
Motherhood
Authors: Hinde Katie 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMotherhood is fundamentally the state of being a mother. In mammals this manifests as behaviorally nurturing and physiologically nourishing one's young. The state of motherhood requires substantial and dramatic changes in the mother's behavior, brain, and body. Moreover among humans, motherhood occurs within a familial, socioeconomic, and cultural context. Among many animals, to become a mother marks the transition to a new stage of life, from a period dedicated to growth and development to a period of sexual maturity and productivity. Considering trade‐offs within and across the stages of the life course, known aslife history theory, is essential to understand motherhood. Moreover, the interests of the mother and the infant overlap, but are not identical, leading to conflicts of interest. Here we will consider established and emerging topics of investigation into motherhood—from the neuron to the society—and directions for the future.
Predictive factors for difficult robotic thyroidectomy using the bilateral axillo‐breast approach
Authors: Kwak Hee Yong , Kim Hoon Yub , Lee Hye Yoon , Jung Seung Pil , Woo Sang Uk , Son Gil Soo , Lee Jae Bok , Bae Jeoung Won 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to identify predictors of difficult robotic thyroidectomy using the bilateral axillo‐breast approach (BABA) for the management of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).MethodsWe examined a database containing details of patients with PTC who had undergone robotic thyroidectomy with cervical lymph node dissection between July 2008 and June 2013. Patients were subgrouped into difficult thyroidectomy and non‐difficult thyroidectomy to identify predictors associated with difficult thyroidectomy corresponding to the time of operation. Clinicopathologic characteristics, surgical outcomes, and postoperative morbidities were investigated.ResultsMale sex was the only significantly different clinicopathologic factor between the 2 groups (p = .013). Other factors, such as age (p = .809) and body mass index (BMI; p = .202), were comparable between the 2 groups. The rates of postoperative complications, such as hypoparathyroidism, vocal cord palsy, and seroma, in the difficult thyroidectomy group were not significantly different from those in the non‐difficult thyroidectomy group. There was no hematoma or wound infection. Male sex was the only independent factor associated with difficult thyroidectomy (odds ratio [OR] = 5.379; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.052–27.502; p = .043), according to the multivariate logistic regression model.ConclusionMale sex was the only predictive factor for difficult robotic thyroidectomy using BABA. Further evaluations should be performed to ascertain additional factors associated with difficult robotic thyroidectomy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E954–E960, 2016
Water Delivery Performance at Metahara Large‐Scale Irrigation Scheme, Ethiopia
Authors: Dejen Zeleke A. , Schultz Bart , Hayde Laszlo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWater distribution, delivery and hydrodynamics in manually operated gravity irrigation schemes are often complex. The nature of the hydrodynamics and its impacts on water delivery are generally not well understood by operators. The Metahara Irrigation Scheme, Ethiopia, with a gross irrigated area of 11 500 ha, is an example of such a scheme.This paper assesses water supply and demand of the scheme and evaluates the water delivery performance to 15 offtakes at head, middle and tail reaches of a 10‐km‐long canal. Adequacy, efficiency, equity and dependability were used as indicators of water delivery performance. Results indicated that average annual irrigation supply is in excess of demand by 24%. Water delivery at tertiary levels was adequate in terms of quantity, and suggests insignificant field losses. However, a significant amount is lost in the conveyance and distribution canals and to saline swamps at tail ends. Unlike claims of water shortage, the major water management challenge is lack of sound operational rules, which made the delivery inequitable and inefficient. Delivery was inferior in terms of adequacy and dependability at middle reach offtakes. Optimal water diversion and distribution not only save water, but also reduce the danger of waterlogging and salinity in the scheme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Genre Understanding on Strategy Use and Comprehension
Authors: Yoo Monica S. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis case study examines how Ashley, a ninth‐grade student, uses and applies metacognitive strategies for comprehension as she reads three different texts: a literary narrative, a history text, and a newspaper article. Interviews and think‐aloud protocols were administered to investigate how the student thought about and enacted a variety of strategies during reading. The study includes cognitive and sociocultural perspectives and applies genre theory to the literature on reading strategies and the reading process. Findings indicate that expectations regarding how to read in a genre and discipline may influence comprehension and the ways in which strategies are employed. Furthermore, implications suggest that it is important to consider how genre understandings impact key elements related to comprehension in the Common Core State Standards, such as the quantitative and qualitative components of text complexity and the reader–text fit, as students engage in reading in a variety of disciplines.
Inclusive Classrooms forLGBTQStudents
Authors: Dodge Autumn M. , Crutcher Paul A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAs teachers, it is important that we grapple with the reality that schools, teachers, and the larger social institutions that impact us are never neutral. Scholars explain that the starting place for teachers who want to enact practices for social justice and to disrupt harmful “single stories” is to readLGBTQtitles and consider how they might be integrated in curricula. The authors provide suggestions and examples of linked text sets to help answer calls for creating more socially just classrooms forLGBTQstudents. The examples provide an approach to planning curriculum to create socially just classrooms forallstudents.
The Three Little Wolves Go to College
Authors: Sun Chia‐Ho 
Published: May 2015

AbstractFor at least three decades, scholars have discussed the rationale for using picture books with English learners of all ages. Research on how older ESL and EFL learners can benefit from picture books, however, remains scarce. This study explored 25 Taiwanese university EFL learners' engagement in a predicting‐reading‐confirming‐integrating plus reflective picture book lesson featuring a wolf‐friendly version of The Three Little Pigs. Analysis of multiple data sources was based on four dimensions of engagement: affective, behavioral, cognitive, and social. The findings revealed that using a picture book and meaning‐making literacy activity with young adult EFL learners helped them interact with text, illustrations, and peers to construct meaning; developed their word knowledge and deep thinking; and infused learning with pleasure rather than pressure. The picture book lesson created a space in which the learning was active, constructive, and collaborative, and young adult EFL learners read happily ever after.
Colcemid treatment during oocyte maturation improves preimplantation development of cloned pig embryos by influencing meiotic progression and cytoplasmic maturation
Authors: Lee Joohyeong , Park Jong‐Im , Lee Geun‐Shik , Choi Jung Hoon , Lee Seung Tae , Park Choon‐Keun , Kim Dae Young , Hyun Sang‐Hwan , Lee Eunsong 
Published: May 2015

SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to examine the effects of colcemid treatment during oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) and embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation (PA) and somatic‐cell nucleus transfer (SCNT) in pigs. Immature oocytes were treated with colcemid from 0 to 22, 38 to 42, or 0 to 22 hr followed by 38 to 42 hr during IVM (designated as COL0‐22, COL38‐42, and COL0‐22/38‐42, respectively). The proportion of oocytes reaching the germinal vesicle (GV)/GV breakdown (GVBD) stage after 22 hr of IVM was higher in COL0‐22 (98.4%) than in controls not exposed to colcemid (68.7%). The proportion of metaphase‐II (MII) oocytes after 30 hr of IVM was higher in control (79.6%) than in COL0‐22 oocytes (61.7%); overall nuclear progression to the MII stage was not influenced by colcemid treatment by the end of the IVM period (93.8, 86.7, 86.8, and 84.8% for control, COL0‐22, COL38‐42, and COL0‐22/38‐42, respectively). COL0‐22 oocytes showed higher intra‐oocyte glutathione content (1.7 vs. 1.0–1.3 pixels/oocyte) and increased blastocyst formation after PA (68.7% vs. 42.5–52.2%) and SCNT (39.4% vs. 16.3–28.6%) than control, COL38‐42, and COL0‐22/38‐42 oocytes. Colcemid treatment for 0–22 and 0–22/38‐42 hr of IVM also stimulated the expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) mRNAs. Our results thus demonstrate that the presence of colcemid during the early stage of IVM stimulates preimplantation development of PA and SCNT porcine embryos by improving the cytoplasmic microenvironment. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 489–497, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What happens to thyroid function in long‐term type 1 diabetes? A Winchester cohort study
Authors: Brooks AP , Barbour H , Li Voon Chong JSW , Kibble S , Schapira D , White G , Williams E 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn a cross‐sectional analysis of 655 people with type 1 diabetes of a wide age range and duration of diabetes up to 50 years, the most common form of thyroid dysfunction was treated clinical hypothyroidism (under‐activity) in 69 of 313 females (22%) and 26 of 342 males (7.6%). Only four patients (two of each sex) had episodes of thyroid over‐activity. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH mU/L) in 493 patients (208 females and 285 males) who maintained normal thyroid function was remarkably steady.After 10 years’ duration of type 1 diabetes the prevalence of treated clinical hypothyroidism in females increased from 1 in 6 for 10–29.9 years’ duration up to 1 in 3 for over 30 years, and respectively from 1 in 10 to 1 in 6 in males. Thyroid dysfunction, usually hypothyroidism, should be screened for annually using a serum TSH assay in all type 1 diabetes patients after 10 years’ duration.In the first 10 years of type 1 diabetes thyroid dysfunction is rarer, but more variable, and must not be misdiagnosed because of its possible more severe consequences. Five of nine females who were hypothyroid were so at diagnosis of their diabetes; the other four became so in the first 12–24 months, and two had thyroid over‐activity (one recurrent). Three males were already hypothyroid when diabetes was diagnosed and two developed over‐activity.New cases of type 1 diabetes should have their thyroid function assessed clinically with thyroid hormone levels, serum TSH and antithyroid antibodies, say six‐monthly, for the first three years after diagnosis and on suspicion at any time thereafter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons.
Commercial weight‐loss programmes: are they effective for people with type 2 diabetes?
Authors: Dyson Pamela 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWeight loss is advocated as a primary therapy for the 90% of people with type 2 diabetes who are overweight or obese, but the capacity of the NHS to provide an integrated, cost‐effective weight management service limits application.It has been reported that conventional weight loss services within the NHS are less effective than group‐based commercial interventions including Rosemary Conley, Slimming World and WeightWatchers. These commercial organisations now offer weight management services in many areas of the UK through slimming on referral. There is evidence from randomised controlled trials and from audit demonstrating the efficacy of commercial groups for people without diabetes, but little evidence for those with diabetes.The aim of this review is to explore the evidence for these commercial providers in people with diabetes. Both Slimming World and WeightWatchers, but not Rosemary Conley, have published evidence of efficacy in their general groups. Only Slimming World has audited those with type 2 diabetes but this was a small, self‐reported study. Independent head‐to‐head trials and audit data from those without diabetes suggest that commercial programmes are effective for weight loss.Extrapolating these data to those with type 2 diabetes suggests that there is little to choose between the main commercial providers, that individuals can expect to lose 3–5kg over 12 weeks, and that attrition rates over 12 months or less are approximately 40–60%.Commercial groups are probably effective for those with diabetes, but there is little published evidence available about the effects on weight loss, glycaemic control and attrition rates. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons.
Eighteen Year Record of Forest Fire Effects on Ground Thermal Regimes and Permafrost in the Central Mackenzie Valley, NWT, Canada
Authors: Smith Sharon L. , Riseborough Daniel W. , Bonnaventure Philip P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGround thermal conditions following a forest fire in 1994 were investigated along a hillslope transect in the discontinuous permafrost zone adjacent to a pipeline right of way in the central Mackenzie Valley, NWT, Canada. The intensity of the burn and damage to the forest and organic layer were more severe in the upper part of the slope than the bottom. Analysis of ground temperature records between 1995 and 2012 indicates that post‐fire changes to the surface altered the ground temperature regime, likely by allowing more snow to accumulate on the ground in winter (as interception by coniferous trees ceased) and decreasing albedo and evapotranspiration in summer. Active layer thickness at the affected site doubled between 1995 and 1998, before stabilising. Permafrost degradation likely occurred at the top of the slope, where burning was most severe. Towards the end of the study period, ground surface temperatures in the upper portion of the slope were lower than they were post fire (1997), whereas the surface temperatures were higher in the lower portion of the slope. In contrast, little to no change in surface temperature was observed for the Unburnt site. These changes in the burned sites are attributed to the increased re‐establishment of aspen, willow and tamarack in the upper part of the transect. Permafrost appears to be recovering at all burned sites in response to ongoing vegetation succession (except at the top of the slope), which is important for maintaining permafrost under conditions of projected climate warming in this boreal environment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric pressure anion mass spectrometry: electron affinities and activation energies of thermal electron attachment – perfluoromethylcyclohexane, C7F14
Authors: Chen Edward S. , Chen Edward C. M. , Barrera Louis K. , Herder Charles 
Published: May 2015

RationalePerfluorocarbons such as perfluoromethylcyclohexane (c‐C6F11‐CF3) are important man‐made chemicals that have many uses including plasma processing, blood substitutes and atmospheric tracers. It is important to know the kinetics and thermodynamics of the reactions of thermal electrons with these molecules since they are potentially harmful greenhouse gases that can accumulate in the atmosphere.MethodsThe least‐squares fits of the temperature dependence of electron‐capture detection and atmospheric pressure negative ion mass spectrometry to a kinetic model are used to determine the electron affinities of c‐C6F11‐CF3, activation energies for the formation of c‐C6F10‐CF3, and c‐C6F11 anions and single bond dissociation energies. These are supported by semi‐empirical quantum mechanical calculations. These techniques were previously used to characterize superoxide, NO and SF6 anions.ResultsThe literature electron affinities: (eV) c‐C6F11‐CF3, 1.06, c‐C6F10‐CF3, 3.9, c‐C6F11, 3.5 and D(R1‐CF3), 3.8; D(R‐F), 4.3 are supported. Additional electron affinities for c‐C6F11‐CF3, from 0.5 to 1.5 eV are assigned to excited states. The ground state electron affinity is 3.0(2) eV from the photodetachment threshold. Pseudo one‐dimensional anionic Morse potentials illustrating the mechanism for the reaction of thermal electrons with c‐C6F11‐CF3 are presented. The major anion peaks in perfluorokerosene‐L are identified. An experimental setup for studying thermal electron capture reactions at variable temperatures, pressures and concentrations proposed by Herder in 2004 is presented.ConclusionsThere are multiple anions of c‐C6F11‐CF3 more stable than the neutral. Electron‐capture detection and atmospheric pressure negative ion mass spectrometry are effective general methods for determining multiple electron affinities similar to the photodetachment, flowing afterglow, magnetron, negative surface ionization, swarm and beam procedures. Semi‐empirical theoretical calculations support experimental results. Additional mass analysis studies of reactions of c‐C6F11‐CF3 with electrons over a wide range of temperatures, pressures and electron energies are desirable. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of molecule variations in human xanthelasma skin based on confocal micro‐raman spectroscopy
Authors: Qiu Xuejun , Xiong Ke , Ye Xiangping , Huang Zhitong , Chen Ying , Su Chengkang , Zhuang Zhengfei , Guo Zhouyi , Liu Songhao 
Published: May 2015

SummaryConfocal micro‐Raman spectroscopy was used to distinguish human xanthelasma skin (HXS) from the human normal skin (HNS). Results showed that intensive Raman peaks at 1,269, 1,336, 1,448, and 1,656 cm−1 increased obviously. Both 1,269 and 1,656 cm−1 peaks showed that the proteins in HXS were mostly in the anti‐parallel ß sheet conformation. While the intensities of bands at 1,032, 1,087, 1,300, and 1,448 cm−1 belonged to lipids were enhanced in HXS spectrum compared to those in HNS spectrum. There were main intercellular lipids alkyl chains with minor proteins contribution at 1,087 cm−1 and phenylalanine at 1,032 cm−1. To quantitative analysis of the difference, the ratio of was calculated, which was 1:1.04 ± 0.04 and 1:1.11 ± 0.02 for HNS and HXS (p < 0.01), respectively. The data indicated that some tyrosine residues, which form a hydrogen bond with H2O prior to aggregation, were captured by strong hydrogen‐bond acceptors in the aggregate. The decreased ratio of indicated more hydrophobic in HXS than HNS. Principal component analysis showed a one‐to‐one relationship between human xanthelasma skin and the corresponding Raman spectra. It could be given useful help for the diagnostication of xanthelasma. SCANNING 37:307–312, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outcomes after cesarean myomectomy versus cesarean alone among pregnant women with uterine leiomyomas
Authors: Topçu Hasan O. , İskender Can T. , Timur Hakan , Kaymak Oktay , Memur Tuba , Danışman Nuri 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether myomectomy during cesarean delivery is safe and feasible among pregnant women with leiomyomas.MethodsIn a retrospective study, data were reviewed from pregnant women with uterine leiomyomas who delivered by cesarean at a center in Turkey between May 1, 2007, and April 30, 2014. Women were divided into two groups: cesarean myomectomy (CM) or cesarean only (CO). Data were analyzed for characteristics of the uterine leiomyomas, hematologic changes occurring between the preoperative and postoperative periods, duration of the operation, and length of hospital stay.ResultsOverall, 76 women formed the CM group and 60 formed the CO group. The mean diameter of the leiomyomas did not differ between CM and CO groups (4.6 ± 2.5 cm vs 5.2 ± 2.2 cm; P = 0.175). More patients in the CM group than in the CO group had subserous (24 [31.6%] vs 7 [11.7%]; P = 0.006) and uterine corpus (57 [75.0%] vs 30 [50.0%]; P = 0.003) leiomyomas. Fewer patients in the CM group had intramural (44 [57.9%] vs 49 [81.7%]; P = 0.003) and fundal (15 [19.7%] vs 25 [41.7%]; P = 0.005) leiomyomas.ConclusionSurgeons were more likely to remove corporal and subserous leiomyomas than other types; size did not seem to affect decision making. CM can be a safe operation for some patients.