bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Behavioral Economic Incentive Design and Demographic Characteristics in Financial Incentive-Based Approaches to Changing Health Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Haff Nancy , Patel Mitesh S. , Lim Raymond , Zhu Jingsan , Troxel Andrea B. , Asch David A. , Volpp Kevin G. 
Published: April 2015

Objective. To evaluate the use of behavioral economics to design financial incentives to promote health behavior change and to explore associations with demographic characteristics. Data Source. Studies performed by the Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics at the University of Pennsylvania published between January 2006 and March 2014. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Randomized, controlled trials with available participant-level data. Studies that did not use financial incentives to promote health behavior change were excluded. Data Extraction. Participant-level data from seven studies were pooled. Data Synthesis. Meta-analysis on the pooled sample using a random-effects model with interaction terms to examine treatment effects and whether they varied by incentive structure or demographic characteristics. Results. The pooled study sample comprised 1403 participants, of whom 35% were female, 70% were white, 24% were black, and the mean age was 48 years (standard deviation 11.2 years). In the fully adjusted model, participants offered financial incentives had higher odds of behavior change (odds ratio [OR]: 3.96; p < .01) when compared to control. There were no significant interactions between financial incentives and gender, age, race, income, or education. When further adjusting for incentive structure, blacks had higher odds than whites of achieving behavior change (OR: 1.67; p< .05) with a conditional payment. Compared to lower-income participants, higher-income participants had lower odds of behavior change (OR: 0.46; p = .01) with a regret lottery. Conclusion. Financial incentives designed using concepts from behavioral economics were effective for promoting health behavior change. There were no large and consistent relationships between the effectiveness of financial incentives and observable demographic characteristics. Second-order examinations of incentive structure suggest potential relationships among the effectiveness of financial incentives, incentive structure, and the demographic characteristics of race and income.
Las aventuras de Mortimer y su proceso creativo
Authors: Gironés Sarrió Gonzalo , Tortajada Santiago Marta , Pérez Górriz Isabel , Ballesteros Alcolea Rubén 
Published: April 2015

Acometer un nuevo proyecto y hacerlo con un equipo multidisciplinar siempre supone una experiencia enriquecedora, pero si además puede tener un objetivo didáctico para el público al que se dirige, entonces el resultado será doblemente interesante. “Les aventures de Mortimer i la història del cinema d’animació” (así se denominó el proyecto) ha sido desarrollado para Espai Rambleta de Valencia para acercar de una forma didáctica y divertida la historia del cine de animación al público en general. El proyecto nace —además— de un encargo realizado en la asignatura de Ilustración Didáctica, impartida por David Heras, en el Máster en Diseño e Ilustración de la Universitat Politècnica de València. Es accesible desde la URL http://larambleta.com/mortimer.
Fifteen years of quality assessment in Iran's higher education system: Successes and failures
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Saeed , Baradaran Masoud , Khosravipour Bahman 
Published: April 2015

In response to local, national and international developments and challenges many countries
have developed quality assurance as a new approach and institutional innovation during the last
three decades. Self-assessment is considered as a base of quality assessment in higher education.
First experience of implementing self-assessment by departments was in the middle of 1990s. In
the early 2000s, National Education Measurement Organization has introduced self-assessment
nationwide. National Education Measurement Organization efforts led to hegemony of selfassessment
in the 2000s. After fifteen years these questions are raised:
1) how was the trend of implementing self-assessment?
2) Which factors affected success and/or failure as a result of implementing self-assessment?
3) What is the lost ring of quality assessment in Iran’s higher education?The research method was qualitative-quantitative mixed method design. Data have been
gathered through documents content analysis, interviews and questionnaires. Participants in the
qualitative phase were self-assessment committee members while the population of quantitative
phase consisted of all faculty members of departments who implemented self-assessment. Results
revealed that in spite of successful implementation of self-assessment in several departments,
other departments faced problems that led to delay or pause in implementing self-assessment.
Conflicts in the departments as well as losing motivation by executive committee members were
the main determinants of failure in implementing self-assessment.
Por un “derecho al olvido” para los europeos: aportaciones jurisprudenciales de la Sentencia del TJUE del caso Google Spain y su recepción por la Sentencia de la Audiencia Nacional de 29.12.2014
Authors: Azurmendi Ana 
Published: April 2015

RESUMEN La Sentenciadel Tribunal de Justicia Europeo de 13 de mayo de 2014 (Caso C-131/12) Google Spain, S.L., Google, Inc./Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD), Mario Costeja González ha significado el respaldo definitivo de la Unión Europea al derecho al olvido. En medio de la reforma de la actual Directiva 95/46 de Protección de Datos Personales, y en el contexto de una crisis diplomática entre Estados Unidos y Europa por las revelaciones sobre espionaje masivo en Internet, los argumentos del Tribunal de Justicia representan una búsqueda de mayor protección frente a los también mayores riesgos para la privacidad en este entorno. El derecho al olvido pretende ser una fórmula de equilibrio entre los derechos fundamentales a la vida privada y a la protección de datos personales (art. 7 y 8 de la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea, mencionados por la Sentencia) y el derecho de acceso a la información y a la obtención de beneficios económicos promovidos por los gestores de motores de búsqueda como Google. La Sala de lo Contencioso-administrativo de Audiencia Nacional en Sentencia de 29 de diciembre de 2014, sobre el caso Costeja, ha asumido los planteamientos dela Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia y ha fijado los criterios de ponderación para aplicar el derecho al olvido.ABSTRACT The European Court of Justice’s sentence, of May 13th, 2014 (Case C-131/12) Google Spain, S.L., Google, Inc./Spanish Data Protection Agency (SDPA), Mario Costeja González has the significance of a definitive support of the European Union to the Right to be forgotten. In the middle of the reform process of the Directive 95/46 on Data Protection, and in a context of diplomacy crisis among America and Europe motivated by the leaks on massive espionage on Internet, the argumentation of the Court of Justice represents the looking for a better protection facing the bigger risks for privacy. The right to be forgotten tries to be a recipe of balance between privacy and data protection (art. 7 and 8, Charter of Fundamental Rights, EU, mentioned by the sentence) and the right to information and the economic interest promoted by search engines like Google. The Spanish Audiencia Nacional in its Sentence of December 29th, 2014, on the Costeja case, has assumed the argumentations from the European Court of Justice and, at the same time, has set the balancing rights criteria in order to apply the right to be forgotten.
Phosphodiesterase 7 Inhibition Induces Dopaminergic Neurogenesis in Hemiparkinsonian Rats
Authors: Morales-Garcia Jose A. , Alonso-Gil Sandra , Gil Carmen , Martinez Ana , Santos Angel , Perez-Castillo Ana 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Parkinson's disease is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in a specific brain region, the ventral midbrain. Parkinson's disease is diagnosed when approximately 50% of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) have degenerated and the others are already affected by the disease. Thus, it is conceivable that all therapeutic strategies, aimed at neuroprotection, start too late. Therefore, an urgent medical need exists to discover new pharmacological targets and novel drugs with disease-modifying properties. In this regard, modulation of endogenous adult neurogenesis toward a dopaminergic phenotype might provide a new strategy to target Parkinson's disease by partially ameliorating the dopaminergic cell loss that occurs in this disorder. We have previously shown that a phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) inhibitor, S14, exerts potent neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in different rodent models of Parkinson's disease, indicating that this compound could represent a novel therapeutic agent to stop the dopaminergic cell loss that occurs during the progression of the disease. In this report we show that, in addition to its neuroprotective effect, the PDE7 inhibitor S14 is also able to induce endogenous neuroregenerative processes toward a dopaminergic phenotype. We describe a population of actively dividing cells that give rise to new neurons in the SNpc of hemiparkinsonian rats after treatment with S14. In conclusion, our data identify S14 as a novel regulator of dopaminergic neuron generation.

Significance
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain. Currently, no cure and no effective disease-modifying therapy are available for Parkinson's disease; therefore, an urgent medical need exists to discover new pharmacological targets and novel drugs for the treatment of this disorder. The present study reports that an inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase 7 (S14) induces proliferation in vitro and in vivo of neural stem cells, promoting its differentiation toward a dopaminergic phenotype and therefore enhancing dopaminergic neuron generation. Because this drug is also able to confer neuroprotection of these cells in animal models of Parkinson's disease, S14 holds great promise as a therapeutic new strategy for this disorder.
Mechanisms underlying the prereversal enhancement of the vertical plasma drift in the low‐latitude ionosphere
Authors: Eccles J. V. , St. Maurice J. P. , Schunk R. W. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe evening prereversal enhancement (PRE) of the vertical plasma drift has important consequences for the Appleton density anomaly and the stability of the nighttime ionosphere. Simplified simulations were used to review the three competing theories of the PRE origin, to explore their relative importance, and to indentify their interdependence. The mechanisms involved in the generation and climatology of the PRE are, first, a curl‐free electric field response to rapid changes in the vertical electric field associated with the nighttime F region dynamo; second, a divergence of Hall currents in the E region away from the magnetic equator; and, third, the moderating effect of the large Cowling conductivities in the equatorial E region. The simulations indicate that the equatorial Cowling conductivity creates an important current path that limits the other two mechanisms prior to equatorial sunset and releases them after equatorial sunset. The curl‐free mechanism is the dominant mechanism when the terminator and magnetic meridian are aligned in part due to the accelerating F region zonal wind. When the solar terminator is not aligned with the magnetic meridian, there is an interaction involving all three mechanisms contributing to the magnitude and timing of the PRE. Finally, the altitude profile of the PRE decays more quickly with altitude when the curl‐free mechanism dominates as compared to when the Hall current mechanism dominates.
Laboratory‐developed contact models controlling instability on frictional faults
Authors: Selvadurai Paul A. , Glaser Steven D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLaboratory experiments were performed on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)‐PMMA frictional interface in a direct shear apparatus in order to gain understanding of fault dynamics leading to gross rupture. Actual asperity sizes and locations along the interface were characterized using a pressure‐sensitive film. Slow aseismic slip accumulated nonuniformly along the fault and showed dependency on the applied normal force—increased normal force resulted in higher slip gradients. The slow slip front propagated from the trailing (pushed) edge into a region of more densely distributed asperities at rates between 1 and 9.5 mm/s. Foreshocks were detected and displayed impulsive signals with source radii ranging between 0.21 and 1.09 mm; measurements made using the pressure‐sensitive film were between 0.05 and 1.2 mm. The spatiotemporal clustering of foreshocks and their relation to the elastodynamic energy released was dependent on the normal force. In the region where foreshocks occurred, qualitative optical measurements of the asperities along the interface were used to visualize dynamic changes occurring during the slow slip phase. To better understand the nucleation process, a quasi‐static asperity finite element (FE) model was developed and focused in the region where foreshocks clustered. The FE model consisted of 172 asperities, located and sized based on pressure‐sensitive film measurements. The numerical model provides a plausible explanation as to why foreshocks cluster in space and observed a normal force dependency and lend credence to Ohnaka's nucleation model.
Designing Twist‐Beam Axles
Authors: Held Veit , Hiemenz Rüdiger 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Since the mid‐1970s, the twist‐beam axle has been the mainstream rear suspension for small and compact passenger cars. It combines a compact design, low mass, and robustness with a very good ride and handling performance and a reasonable, but acceptable good noise isolation. High camber stiffness and low roll camber are advantages in particular for handling. However, because of the highly integrated design, every part has to take multiple functions, turning the design process into an iterative optimization problem. In this chapter, the main design parameters of twist‐beam axles and the main steps to quantify them will be explained. The basic concept can be further improved by adding a Watt linkage to the body of the twist‐beam axle. With a bent crossmember, the twist‐beam axle even becomes all‐wheel‐drive capable.
Chassis Control Systems
Authors: Klapper Gerhard , Leiter Ralf 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The future of chassis control systems is strongly dependent on the development of sensors, electronic controllers, and the intelligence of the engineers to find useful solutions to improve driving safety and driving comfort.
Chassis control is structured into the three degrees of freedom: longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamics. According to this, the vehicle aggregates under consideration are the brakes, the drive train with the traction forces, the steering systems at the front and the rear axles, and the springs and dampers.
Following this systematic approach, this chapter deals with the different parts of the cars and their applications, the possibilities to influence these functions, and finally, the necessary electronic systems to have the networking of the systems/functions.
New technological solutions such as electronic power steering, electric drive trains, and electronic control systems allow the impressive improvements for the future.
The chapter discusses the communication between the systems and the technical solutions, which are already used. The high exchange rate of data requires special bus systems and gateways to connect the systems and the busses with each other. It is shown how the different domains will be connected to the required functions of today and the future.
System Simulation in

DSH
plus

, What Applications are Possible?
Authors: von Grabe Christian , Reinertz Olivier , von Dombrowski René , Murrenhoff Hubertus 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This chapter presents the basic principles of modern system simulation tools with focus on the modeling of fluid power systems. The general modeling procedure and the creation of user‐specific component models are presented, which in combination are leading to reliable simulation models. In addition, the basic mathematical equations of the simulation process are presented.

In this chapter, the system simulation tool DSH
plus
developed by FLUIDON GmbH is used to demonstrate the strengths and application possibilities of one‐dimensional system simulation tools. Furthermore, ssto illustrate the wide field of applications, two rather uncommon simulation examples are presented in detail.

The first example shows the usage of DSH
plus
for the simulation of a pneumatically actuated comfort system, which is used for the dynamic contour adjustment of automotive seats. Within this example, the implementation of realistic component behavior is realized by characteristic fields within the simulation. The required steps from measuring the single system components, such as the cushions, to processing the measured data into characteristic fields are stated. Finally, the simulation results are compared to measurements to validate the simulation model.

The second example shows the use of DSH
plus
to simulate and optimize automotive lines for power steering units. In this example, a system optimization is performed by an automated parameter variation in DSH
plus
. A validation of the simulation results by measurements completes this second simulation example.
Diesel and DieselLTCCombustion
Authors: Andersson Öivind , Miles Paul C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractConventional and low temperature diesel combustion systems are reviewed from a broad perspective, beginning with a summary of practical design considerations. This material will provide practicing engineers a comprehensive review, and for those new to the field, an overview of what is essential and references for further information. The practical considerations are followed by a description of the fundamental physical processes controlling the combustion process. With this background, an overview of the evolution of the combustion process is provided and the impact of various design parameters on this evolution is discussed. Our objective is to provide the combustion system designer a strong physical understanding to guide his development of modern, low emission, high efficiency diesel combustion systems.
Fundamentals, Basic Principles in Road Vehicle Aerodynamics and Design
Authors: Sebben Simone , Walker Tim , Landström Christoffer 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe objective of this chapter is to briefly explain some of the basic principles of fluid mechanics applied to road vehicle aerodynamics. It introduces the main concepts of drag, lift, boundary layer, wake separation, and so on. It also describes the importance and relevance of aerodynamics in the development process of new car models. Aerodynamics has a significant influence on other road vehicle properties such as performance, handling, contamination, and comfort. These aspects are highlighted in the chapter. An overview of a typical aerodynamic development process for high volume production cars is given. It explains the need for attribute balancing, engineering compromises, and other considerations such as costs and manufacturing. Interaction effects of different areas of the body are described in a general way in this chapter. Finally, we discuss some future styling trends and the need of reducing cooling air, increasing under body paneling, and methods for flow control.
Human Machine Interface Design in Modern Vehicles
Authors: Becker Stefan , Hanna Parrish , Wagner Verena 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

The human machine interface (
HMI
) in a vehicle is subject to constant change. The growth in number and complexity of technical systems in the vehicle cockpit confronts the driver with new displays, components, and interaction logic. Automotive
HMI
deals with three different scopes including infotainment, comfort features, and driver assistance features. The chapter starts at the basis of psychological and physiological needs of the user and describes, based on the user's needs, an
HMI
development process that results in an interactive system that is safe and easy to use. Therefore, research (from market segmentation to personas), the definition of goals, use cases, and functions and the importance of requirements as well as of the validation process are described in detail. On the basis of these, classifications of displays and controls (interface design) as well as the definition of the interaction design can be carried out. Also, a short overview of future trends will give the reader some indication of emerging technologies and interactive paradigms that will influence the next generation of automotive
HMIs
.
Transcription
Authors: Roberts Felicia 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Transcription is an analytic process that embodies an intellectual stance toward the matter studied. As an artifact and source for data, the transcript represents not just the participants' verbal and physical actions, but also the theoretical concerns and commitments of the researcher. Since the 1950s, the goal has been to capture naturally occurring interaction, with the definition of what constitutes the components of that interaction changing along with available technologies. Over time, attention has turned from verbal to vocal and most recently to visually available content. Technologies for recording and managing multimodal data have allowed for greater precision in representation, but theoretical arguments have developed that increasingly focus on the rhetorical and political nature of transcripts and transcription.
Veterinarian–Client Discourse
Authors: Bauer Amy E. , Roberts Felicia 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Companion animals, food production animals, and wildlife have a significant presence in the lives of modern humans. However, very little empirical research addresses the interaction between humans and the veterinarians who provide health care for these animals. Although similar to the pediatric setting in interactional terms, the veterinary clinic presents a unique set of communication, economic, and ethical dilemmas to be managed through talk in interaction. Available empirical research is largely composed of ethnographic, interview, and coding studies, but a small set of conversation‐analytic studies examine the context in terms of both pet‐directed and client‐directed talk.
War Discourse
Authors: Hodges Adam 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

War discourse
refers to the use of language and social interaction as a mediating element in the outbreak, conduct, and disputation of armed political conflict. This article identifies and outlines key elements of war discourse, which include call to arms rhetoric, the discursive construction of social identities, and the use of legitimating devices in language to make the actions associated with war appear appropriate, reasonable, and justifiable.
Synthetic Personalization
Authors: Patrona Marianna 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The concept of synthetic personalization was introduced by critical discourse analyst Norman Fairclough in 1989 to refer to the simulation of private, face‐to‐face discourse for institutional purposes in mass media discourse, as well as advertising, political, public administration, and interview discourse. This article traces the origins of the concept, its development, and its applications in sociolinguistic discourse‐analytic research to date, as well as the related concept of conversationalization of public discourse.