bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological substrates of addiction
Authors: Joffe Max E. , Grueter Carrie A. , Grueter Brad A. 
Published: January 2014

This review is an introduction to addiction, the reward circuitry, and laboratory addiction models. Addiction is a chronic disease hallmarked by a state of compulsive drug seeking that persists despite negative consequences. Most of the advances in addiction research have centered on the canonical and contemporary drugs of abuse; however, addictions to other activities and stimuli also exist. Substances of abuse have the potential to induce long‐lasting changes in the brain at the behavioral, circuit, and synaptic levels. Addiction‐related behavioral changes involve initiation, escalation, and obsession to drug seeking and much of the current research is focused on mapping these manifestations to specific neural pathways. Drug abuse is well known to recruit components of the mesolimbic dopamine system, including the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. In addition, altered function of a wide variety of brain regions is tightly associated with specific manifestations of drug abuse. These regions peripheral to the mesolimbic pathway likely play a role in specific observed comorbidities and endophenotypes that can facilitate, or be caused by, substance abuse. Alterations in synaptic structure, function, and connectivity, as well as epigenetic and genetic mechanisms are thought to underlie the pathologies of addiction. In preclinical models, these persistent changes are studied at the levels of molecular pharmacology and biochemistry, ex vivo and in vivo electrophysiology, radiography, and behavior. Coordinating research efforts across these disciplines and examining cell type‐ and circuit‐specific phenomena are crucial components for translating preclinical findings to viable medical interventions that effectively treat addiction and related disorders. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:151–171. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1273Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Behavior
Neuroscience > Physiology
Neuroscience > Plasticity
Three‐Dimensional Self‐Penetrated 4‐Connected Network derived from a Three‐Interpenetrating 63‐hcb Two‐Dimensional Subnet: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Luminescent Property
Authors: Jia Huali , Li Yanxia 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe coordination polymer [Zn(bpdc)(bimb)(H2O)]n (1) [H2bpdc = biphenyl‐3,4′‐di carboxylate, bimb = 1,4‐bis(1‐imidazol‐yl)‐2,5‐dimethyl benzene] was constructed under hydrothermal conditions. The structure of complex 1 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and further characterized by elemental analysis, XRD, IR spectroscopy, and TG analysis. Complex 1 shows an exceptional self‐penetrating 4‐connected net derived from a threefold interpenetrating 63‐hcb subnet. Furthermore, the luminescent property of complex 1 is investigated
Continuous positive airway pressure therapy converted atrial fibrillation in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Senthong Vichai , Chindaprasirt Jarin , Makarawate Pattarapong , Limpawattana Panita , Timinkul Akkaranee , Domthong Aonchuma , Chumjan Somchit , Chotmongkol Verajit , Aekphachaisawat Noppadol , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the possible causes of atrial fibrillation (AF). Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy may lower the recurrence rate of AF after cardioversion to normal sinus rhythm. We report a case of AF caused by OSA and successfully converted by CPAP therapy.CaseA 65‐year‐old man presented with AF of unidentified causes. After severe OSA was diagnosed, he was treated with CPAP for 2 months and his cardiac rhythm returned to sinus rhythm without any antiarrhythmic drugs or cardioversion.ConclusionAF caused by OSA may be converted to sinus rhythm by CPAP treatment.
ESR and 230Th/234U dating of speleothems from Aladağlar Mountain Range (AMR) in Turkey
Authors: Ulusoy Ülkü , Anbar Gül , Bayarı Serdar , Uysal Tonguç 
Published: January 2014

AbstractElectron spin resonance (ESR) and 230Th/234U ages of speleothem samples collected from karstic caves located around 3000 m elevation in the Aladağlar Mountain Range (AMR), south-central Turkey, were determined in order to provide new insight and information regarding late Pleistocene climate. ESR ages were validated with the 230Th/234U ages of test samples. The ESR ages of 21 different layers of six speleothem samples were found to range mostly between about 59 and 4 ka, which cover the Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages (MIS) MIS 3 to MIS 1. Among all, only six layers appear to have deposited during MIS 8 and 5. Most of the samples dated were deposited during the late glacial stage (MIS 2). It appears that a cooler climate with a perennial and steady recharge was more conducive to speleothem development rather than a warmer climate with seasonal recharge in the AMR during the late Quaternary. This argument supports previous findings that suggest a two -fold increase in last glacial maximum mean precipitation in Turkey with respect to the present value.
The Faraday threshold in small cylinders and the sidewall non-ideality
Authors: Batson W. , Zoueshtiagh F. , Narayanan R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this work we investigate, by way of experiments and theory, the Faraday instability threshold in cylinders at low frequencies. This implies large wavelengths where effects from mode discretization cannot be ignored. Careful selection of the working fluids has resulted in an immiscible interface whose apparent contact line with the sidewall can glide over a tiny film of the more wetting fluid, without detachment of its actual contact line. This unique behaviour has allowed for a system whose primary dissipation is defined by the bulk viscous effects, and in doing so, for the first time, close connection is seen with the viscous linear stability theory for which a stress-free condition is assumed at the sidewalls. As predicted, mode selection and co-dimension 2 points are observed in the experiment for a frequency range including subharmonic, harmonic, and superharmonic modes. While agreement with the predictions are generally excellent, there are deviations from the theory for certain modes and these are explained in the context of harmonic meniscus waves. A review of previous work on single-mode excitation in cylinders is given, along with comparison to the viscous model and analysis based upon the conclusions of the current experiments.
A prospective, single-blind, randomised, crossover study comparing three nasal hygiene systems and corresponding patient preference for such devices
Authors: Elmiyeh B , Heywood R L , Prasad V M N , Chatrath P , Bassett P , Quiney R 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjective:To assess subjective preference using three nasal hygiene systems: Stérimar Original®, Emcur® and Sinus Rinse™.Design:We used a prospective, single-blind, randomised, crossover study to compare three nasal hygiene systems: Stérimar Original, Emcur and Sinus Rinse.Subjects:Eighteen adult volunteers were recruited and were asked to rate their experience over three days using three well-established nasal hygiene systems. A standard visual analogue scale was used to assess five criteria: (1) simplicity of instructions; (2) ease of use; (3) comfort; (4) perceived nasal clearance (effectiveness) and (5) single best overall system.Results:Stérimar Original was found to have the easiest instructions to understand compared to the other two systems. There was no significant difference between Stérimar Original and Sinus Rinse with regards to ease of use but they were both significantly easier to use than Emcur (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the three systems when comparing the last three criteria. There was no alteration in preference when the cost of each treatment was disclosed to the subjects, and no significant side effects were reported.Conclusion:The instructions accompanying Stérimar Original appeared to be the easiest to understand, while Stérimar Original and Sinus Rinse were easier to use than Emcur.
Biotic Interactions in Lichen Community Development: A Review
Authors: Lawrey James D. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe extent to which biotic factors (competition, predation/disease, longevity) regulate lichen community development can be addressed by considering a number of general trends expected in higher plant successions and searching for supporting evidence from lichen studies. Four of the most frequently observed (or predicted) trends during succession are that: (1) superior competitors replace poor competitors; (2) ecologically specialized species replace generalists; (3) chemically well-defended species replace poorly-defended species; (4) long-lived species replace ephemeral species. Available evidence suggests that, for many lichen communities, competitive exclusion rarely occurs once thalli are established. This is especially true for communities that develop on the most stable habitats. An absence of competitive exclusion suggests that lichen successions are driven more by additions of colonists than by species replacements, and replacement trends observed in higher plant successions are therefore observed less frequently inlichen successions.
Double blanket effect caused by two layers of black carbon aerosols escalates warming in the Brahmaputra River Valley
Authors: Rahul P. R. C. , Bhawar R. L. , Ayantika D. C. , Panicker A. S. , Safai P. D. , Tharaprabhakaran V. , Padmakumari B. , Raju M. P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFirst ever 3-day aircraft observations of vertical profiles of Black Carbon (BC) were obtained during the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) conducted on 30th August, 4th and 6th September 2009 over Guwahati (26°11′N, 91°44′E), the largest metropolitan city in the Brahmaputra River Valley (BRV) region. The results revealed that apart from the surface/near surface loading of BC due to anthropogenic processes causing a heating of 2 K/day, the large-scale Walker and Hadley atmospheric circulations associated with the Indian summer monsoon help in the formation of a second layer of black carbon in the upper atmosphere, which generates an upper atmospheric heating of ~2 K/day. Lofting of BC aerosols by these large-scale circulating atmospheric cells to the upper atmosphere (4–6 Km) could also be the reason for extreme climate change scenarios that are being witnessed in the BRV region.
Increasing BMI is associated with a progressive reduction in physical quality of life among overweight middle-aged men
Authors: Derraik José G. B. , de Bock Martin , Hofman Paul L. , Cutfield Wayne S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe assessed whether increasing body mass index (BMI) affects health-related quality of life in a group of 38 overweight (BMI 25–30 kg/m2) middle-aged (45.9 ± 5.4 years) men, recruited in Auckland (New Zealand). Health-related quality of life was assessed with SF-36v2 at 0, 12 and 30 weeks. Increasing BMI was associated with a progressive reduction in physical component summary score (p = 0.008), as well as lower general health (p = 0.036), physical functioning (p = 0.024) and bodily pain (p = 0.030) scores. Stratified analyses confirmed these findings: participants who were more overweight (n = 19; BMI 27.5–30 kg/m2) had poorer physical component summary (p = 0.005), physical functioning (p = 0.040), bodily pain (p = 0.044) and general health (p = 0.073) scores than the less overweight (n = 19; BMI 25–27.5 kg/m2). Increasing BMI is associated with a progressive reduction in physical quality of life, even within a relatively narrow BMI range encompassing only overweight middle-aged men.
Modulation of the action of insulin by angiotensin-(1–7)
Authors: Dominici Fernando P. , Burghi Valeria , Muñoz Marina C. , Giani Jorge F. 
Published: January 2014

The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus is predicted to increase dramatically over the coming years and the clinical implications and healthcare costs from this disease are overwhelming. In many cases, this pathological condition is linked to a cluster of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, systemic hypertension and dyslipidaemia, defined as the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance has been proposed as the key mediator of all of these features and contributes to the associated high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although the molecular mechanisms behind insulin resistance are not completely understood, a negative cross-talk between AngII (angiotensin II) and the insulin signalling pathway has been the focus of great interest in the last decade. Indeed, substantial evidence has shown that anti-hypertensive drugs that block the RAS (renin–angiotensin system) may also act to prevent diabetes. Despite its long history, new components within the RAS continue to be discovered. Among them, Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)] has gained special attention as a counter-regulatory hormone opposing many of the AngII-related deleterious effects. Specifically, we and others have demonstrated that Ang-(1–7) improves the action of insulin and opposes the negative effect that AngII exerts at this level. In the present review, we provide evidence showing that insulin and Ang-(1–7) share a common intracellular signalling pathway. We also address the molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of Ang-(1–7) on AngII-mediated insulin resistance. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches leading to modulation of the ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)/Ang-(1–7)/Mas receptor axis as a very attractive strategy in the therapy of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes-associated diseases.
Discrete mechanisms of mTOR and cell cycle regulation by AMPK agonists independent of AMPK
Authors: Liu Xiaona , Chhipa Rishi Raj , Pooya Shabnam , Wortman Matthew , Yachyshin Sara , Chow Lionel M. L. , Kumar Ashish , Zhou Xuan , Sun Ying , Quinn Brian , McPherson Christopher , Warnick Ronald E. , Kendler Ady , Giri Shailendra , Poels Jeroen , Norga Koenraad , Viollet Benoit , Grabowski Gregory A. , Dasgupta Biplab 
Published: January 2014

SignificanceCancer cells reprogram their metabolism for optimal growth and survival. AMPK-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key energy sensor that controls many metabolic pathways including metabolic reprogramming. However, its role in cancer is poorly understood. Some studies claim that it has a tumor suppressor role while others show its protumor role. Two AMPK-activating compounds (including metformin, now in many clinical trials) are widely used to suppress cancer cell proliferation. We found that AMPK is abundantly expressed in high-grade gliomas and, in contrast to popular belief, these two AMPK activators suppressed glioma cell proliferation through unique AMPK-independent mechanisms.
Evaluative and hedonic wellbeing among those with and without children at home
Authors: Deaton Angus , Stone Arthur A. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Most people think of their children as making their lives better. Yet many studies have found that those without children value their lives more than those with children. We also find a (small) negative effect, but only once we take into account that people with children have more favorable circumstances that predispose them to have better lives. Parents also experience more daily joy and more daily stress than nonparents. Interpreting such results requires that we think about who chooses to be a parent. If parents choose to be parents, and nonparents choose to be nonparents, there is no reason to expect that one group will be better or worse off than the other once other circumstances are controlled.
Cyclin D2 is a GATA4 cofactor in cardiogenesis
Authors: Yamak Abir , Latinkić Branko V. , Dali Rola , Temsah Rana , Nemer Mona 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Cyclin D2 is a cell cycle regulator with spatially restricted expression. Loss and gain of function in animal models also revealed a role in cell differentiation, but the mechanisms underlying this are incompletely understood. The cardiogenic transcription factor GATA4 is an upstream regulator of cyclin D2. We show that GATA4 and cyclinD2 are part of a forward reinforcing loop in which cyclin D2 feeds back to enhance GATA4 activity through direct interaction. Mutations in GATA4 that abrogate cyclin D2 interactions are associated with human congenital heart disease. The results unravel a unique transcriptional role of cyclin D2 that may underlie its cell specificity. The finding that cyclin D2 is a cardiogenic GATA4 cofactor may be exploitable therapeutically for heart repair.
Primate energy expenditure and life history
Authors: Pontzer Herman , Raichlen David A. , Gordon Adam D. , Schroepfer-Walker Kara K. , Hare Brian , O’Neill Matthew C. , Muldoon Kathleen M. , Dunsworth Holly M. , Wood Brian M. , Isler Karin , Burkart Judith , Irwin Mitchell , Shumaker Robert W. , Lonsdorf Elizabeth V. , Ross Stephen R. 
Published: January 2014

SignificanceMeasurements of daily energy expenditure indicate that primates, including humans, expend only half of the calories expected for mammals of similar body size. As energy expenditure is central to organismal biology, these results hold important implications for life history, evolutionary biology, and foraging ecology for primates and other mammals. Specifically, we show that primates’ remarkably low metabolic rates account for their distinctively slow rates of growth, reproduction, and aging.
Prestimulus oscillatory power and connectivity patterns predispose conscious somatosensory perception
Authors: Weisz Nathan , Wühle Anja , Monittola Gianpiero , Demarchi Gianpaolo , Frey Julia , Popov Tzvetan , Braun Christoph 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Experimental use of near-threshold stimuli is regarded as an important approach to study neural processes leading to conscious access (defined in operational terms as “reportability”). Looking to what extent prestimulus periods contribute to the variability of perceptual states has become increasingly popular, frequently pointing to an increased excitability of relevant sensory regions. Here, we aim to extend this “local” perspective by a network approach. A framework called “Windows to Consciousness” is introduced. We postulate that along with an enhanced excitability, preestablished pathways of information flow are a crucial ingredient, determining whether an upcoming near-threshold stimulus will be consciously perceived. Using magnetoencephalography combined with state-of-the-art source-imaging approaches, we are able to report supportive evidence.
In situ sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy of electrochemical interfaces with surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Liu Wei-Tao , Shen Y. Ron 
Published: January 2014

Significance
Electrochemical (EC) reactions play vital roles in many disciplines of modern science and technology, but their molecular-level understanding is still very poor. This is due to a lack of analytical tools that can access interfaces between metals and liquids, and identify unknown surface species. By exploiting surface plasmon resonant enhancement at EC interfaces, we demonstrate, with relevant examples at gold electrodes, the feasibility of using surface-specific sum-frequency spectroscopy to measure in situ and real-time vibrational spectra during EC reactions. The success of this approach is significant as it could bring us more insight and better understanding of EC reactions at the molecular level.
Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B1 is critical for antibody-dependent dengue
Authors: Chan Kuan Rong , Ong Eugenia Z. , Tan Hwee Cheng , Zhang Summer Li-Xin , Zhang Qian , Tang Kin Fai , Kaliaperumal Nivashini , Lim Angeline Pei Chiew , Hibberd Martin L. , Chan Soh Ha , Connolly John E. , Krishnan Manoj N. , Lok Shee Mei , Hanson Brendon J. , Lin Chao-Nan , Ooi Eng Eong 
Published: January 2014

SignificanceDengue virus (DENV) infects almost 400 million people annually and some of these infections result in life threatening disease. An incomplete understanding of pathogenesis, particularly on how non- or subneutralizing levels of antibody augments DENV infection of cells expressing Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs), has hampered vaccine development. Here, we show that, to overcome the activating FcγR-dependent expression of type-I interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), DENV binds and activates the inhibitory receptor, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor-B1 (LILRB1). LILRB1 signals through its immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif cytoplasmic tail to inhibit the expression of ISGs required for successful antibody-dependent DENV infection. Inhibition of DENV activation of LILRB1 could hence be a strategy for vaccine or therapeutic design.
Germ-line activation of the luteinizing hormone receptor directly drives spermiogenesis in a nonmammalian vertebrate
Authors: Chauvigné François , Zapater Cinta , Gasol Josep M. , Cerdà Joan 
Published: January 2014

Significance
In vertebrates, the transition of postmeiotic spermatids into spermatozoa (spermiogenesis) is believed to occur indirectly in response to androgens released by the somatic Leydig cells after activation of the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR). In contrast to this indirect model, here we show that distantly related fishes express the homolog of the tetrapod LHCGR (Lhcgrba) also in germ cells, which directly drives spermiogenesis in response to the luteinizing hormone. Our findings reveal a nonsteroidal role of the Lhcgrba pathway in vertebrate germ cells with potential implications for the causes of male infertility.
Efficient and directed peptide bond formation in the gas phase via ion/ion reactions
Authors: McGee William M. , McLuckey Scott A. 
Published: January 2014

Significance
The generation of peptide bonds is of longstanding interest both from the standpoints of the origin of life and for synthesis. We describe here a general approach for forming peptide linkages in the gas phase via ion/ion reactions. Examples of the addition of a single amino acid to the N terminus of a peptide and the addition of a polypeptide to the N terminus of a peptide are demonstrated. This work constitutes a unique means for generating peptide linkages that are fast (<1 s), efficient (tens of percent), and flexible. Possible application areas include the generation of peptide libraries for the generation of tandem MS data and for the soft landing of peptide products for microarrays.
Dynamics of axonal regeneration in adult and aging zebrafish reveal the promoting effect of a first lesion
Authors: Graciarena Mariana , Dambly-Chaudière Christine , Ghysen Alain 
Published: January 2014

Significance
The posterior lateral line of zebrafish is a suitable system to study axonal regeneration in vivo because of the superficial location of neurons and targets, allowing one to follow reinnervation in live fish on a daily basis. Here we demonstrate the effectiveness and fidelity of regeneration throughout adulthood. We show that the latency before the nerve regenerates increases with age but is reduced after a second nerve cut at all ages, suggesting that a regeneration-promoting factor induced by the first cut facilitates regeneration on a second cut. We provide evidence that this factor remains present at the site of the first lesion for several days and is intrinsic to the neurons themselves.