bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynastieke transfer in de Republiek. De politieke en religieuze betekenis van de stadhouderlijke begrafenisstoet
Authors: Janssen G.H. 
Published: September 2015

Dynastic transfer in the Dutch Republic. The political and religious meaning of the Stadholders' funeral processionsThis article argues that the programme of the funeral processions of the Stadholders in the Dutch Republic can be read as a response to political and religious tensions in Dutch society after the Revolt. Basing themselves partly on the burial ceremonies of the former Habsburg sovereign, the directors of these processions created a separation between the private and public identities of the deceased. This separation between identities and institutional spheres was essential since the sovereignty of the Dutch state was no longer involved in the symbolic transfer of dynastic powers to a new heir. The first division of the parade was therefore marked by heraldic symbols referring to the princely household as a private institution and to family possessions. In the second, public section of the procession members of republican institutions participated. Religiously, the funeral processions reveal a programme which was consciously a-confessional. The Stadholders’ funerals were thus used to transcend confessional divisions in Dutch society and to create a unifying bond between participants and spectators.
Dijkenbouwers of rustverstoorders? De Vlaamse graven en de strijd tegen het water in de laatmiddeleeuwse Vlaamse kustvlakte (veertiende-zestiende eeuw)
Authors: Soens Tim 
Published: September 2015

Dike builders or disrupters of the peace? The counts of Flanders and water management in the coastal wetlands (from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries). During the late mediaeval period, water management in the coastal wetlands of the Low Countries was strongly decentralized. It remained untouched by the judicial and administrative policies pursued by Burgundian and Habsburg rulers which aimed to centralise control. In the case of Flanders, this had more to do with government indifference to the situation on the ground than with local resistance government policies. Many initiatives in the field of water management that have been traditionally attributed to the counts of Flanders, were in fact initiatives that were developed, financed and implemented locally, with only tacit support from central government. And yet in the extremely fragmented water management organisation of late medieval Flanders, a coordinating authority was vital to accommodate the divergent interests of local water boards or cities, and to overcome structural disparities in the funding of sea walls. In the absence of any obvious financial reward for themselves and constrained by the private strategies of their officials, the Flemish rulers did not dare disturb the local balances of power to overcome obvious deficiencies in coastal water management.
De menselijke canon. Het vraagstuk van de ideale mens in de Nederlandse medische wetenschap
Authors: Santing C. 
Published: September 2015

The human benchmark. The issue of the ideal human being in Dutch medical scienceIn ancient times the sculptor Polycletus constructed a statue representing the most harmonious i.e. beautiful proportions of man, which he named Canon. As the Greco-Roman physician Galen favoured Polycletus, during subsequent centuries the canon of beauty became linked with balance and health. This article follows the fate of Polycletus’ idealized canon in the works of the Dutch-Flemish physicians Andreas Vesalius, Bernhard Albinus, Petrus Camper, Gerard Sandifort and Hubertus Fock. From the middle of the sixteenth century until the second half of the eighteenth century, Polycletus’ canon was not only a didactic concept to demonstrate the functioning of a healthy human body but also a mechanism designed to subvert the taboos in anatomy that evolved around human cadavers, while it also served as an aesthetic ideal. Albinus, a professor at Leiden University, even deduced the perfect human being from canonical standard. At the end of the eighteenth-century, however, the aesthetic ideas of Burke, Winkelmann and Kant brought about a definite separation of health and beauty. The first became defined in terms of usefulness and purpose, whereas the latter came to be conceived as a matter of taste. Hubertus Fock, a physician from Utrecht who published an Anatomie canonique containing a reconstruction of Polycletus’ statue in 1866, fought a losing battle. This article is part of the special issue 'De menselijke canon en de Lage Landen'.
Verdelgen of verheffen? De evolutietheorie en de maakbaarheid van de mens
Authors: Bont R. de 
Published: September 2015

To elevate or to exterminate? Evolution theory and the ‘Man’s ability to be transformed’Around 1900, Belgian scientists from different disciplines were tempted to use the theory of evolution as a tool to make pronouncements about the ‘Man’s ability to be transformed’. Although some biologists did examine this issue, it was primarily sociologists, anthropologists, educationalists, criminologists and eugenicists who used biological language to tackle the question. In this article I argue that these commentators can be divided into two groups: the determinists and the voluntarists. The first tended to believe in an evolution that was determined by an insurmountable struggle for life. A larger group of voluntarists, however, believed human evolution could be adjusted by changing the milieu in which people lived. In spite of this difference, the two groups also had a lot in common. Both used biological terminology to argue for a new type of government, which was completely ‘objective’ and ‘scientific’. In this way, both became defenders of what can be described as a ‘depoliticization’ of politics. This article is part of the special issue 'De menselijke canon en de Lage Landen'.
'Mensen ... worden niet geboren maar gevormd': Erasmus en het principe van de opvoeding
Authors: Herwaarden J. van 
Published: September 2015

‘People... are not born but formed’: Erasmus and the principle of educating young peopleIn Erasmus’ opinion human beings ware created by God with the propensity for reason that enables them to develop the potential that nature has given them. Breeding and education should be initiated as soon as possible after birth and should focus on making the child think and act independently, within the framework of christian pietas. Language and letters - the bonae litterae - were indispendable instruments for what was named the studia humanitatis, which moulded people into citizens of the world, marked by an acute awareness of their obligations to the Christian community. This article is part of the special issue 'De menselijke canon en de Lage Landen'.
Repliek
Authors: Woud A. van der 
Published: September 2015

ResponseThe main theme of my book is the rapid development of a modern infrastructure for communication and mobility during the second half of the nineteenth century in the Western world in general and in the Netherlands in particular. The end-result is not an example of the history of technology in the standard sense. Rather, the book explains that the new technology fundamentally changed the idea of reality, simply because totally new standards of communication and mobility revolutionized the age-old characteristics of space and time. Its focus on the social consequences of the new technology affords the book a place between a history of technology and a history of culture: the prior history of the technological society in which we live today, where social norms and values and standards have been dominant since the middle of the nineteenth century. This response is part of the discussion forum 'Een nieuwe wereld' (A. van der Woud).
Ligamenten van de staat? Over regionale identiteit en de taaiheid van de provincie
Authors: Duijvendak M. 
Published: September 2015

Ligaments of the State? On Regional Identity and the Tenacity of the ProvincesWithin the public forum, voices have recently been heard expressing the view that regional and national identities should be considered to be key features. Apparently, they possess a central core that has been handed down from the far distant past. There is, however, little support for this position within scientific circles. Generally, regional and national identities are seen as constructions based on group culture, group binding and image building. In this process of group formation an important role is taken on by ‘identitybuilders’. Historians and others working in the sphere of cultural heritage are included in this group. In this article, recent provincial histories and regional cultural and economic policies are discussed in this light. This article is part of the forum 'De taaiheid van de provincie'.
Limburg bestaat niet. Paradoxen van een sterke identiteit
Authors: Knotter A. 
Published: September 2015

Where is Limburg? The Paradoxes of a Strong Regional Identity Limburg is a good example of the tensions that exist in the Dutch provincesLimburg is a good example of the tension that exist in the Dutch provinces between administrative territoriality, regional identity and spatial functionality. Right up to the present day, strong regional sentiments have hampered territorial restructuring based on more rational or functional criteria. Limburg was formed in 1815, much later than the other Dutch provinces, from different territories on both sides of the river Meuse. After the Belgian Revolt (1830- 1839) it was divided into a western (Belgian) part and an eastern (Dutch) part. This is how the Dutch part of Limburg acquired its odd elongated shape. In spite of its recent formation, the inhabitants of the Dutch part developed a strong provincial identity. The identification with the province of Limburg as a territorial unity can, however, not be based on any objective characteristics, but is in itself a result of its progressive integration into the Dutch state, which made the inhabitants aware of their divergent dialect, religion, culture, and, last but not least, interests. The paper argues that this provincial regionalism will become more and more obsolete as state borders gradually become ‘denationalised’ through the process of European integration. As Limburg participates in two Euregios, Meuse-Rhine in the south and Rhine-Meuse North in the north, a growing administrative division within the province into a northern and southern part seems inevitable. This article is part of the forum 'De taaiheid van de provincie'.
De politie in de Lage Landen en haar confrontatie met het nazisme
Authors: Doorslaer R. van 
Published: September 2015

C. Fijnaut, De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie. Een staatsinstelling in de maalstroom van de geschiedenis; G. Meershoek, De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie. De gemeentepolitie in een veranderende samenleving; J. Smeets, De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie. Verdeeldheid en eenheid in het rijkspolitieapparaat; R. van der Wal, De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie. De vakorganisatie en het beroepsonderwijs; C. Fijnaut, De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie [samenvattend deel]The Police Force in the Low Countries and its Confrontation with NazismIn responce to the publication De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie by Cyrille Fijnaut, this contribution examines the World War II period and thereby shifts the focus to a comparison between the Netherlands and Belgium. The initial conclusion is that the level of cooperation with the occupational forces was greater in the Netherlands than in Belgium. Yet, despite the monumental nature of Fijnaut’s study, a lot of grey areas and unresolved questions remain concerning both countries. In our view, international comparative research is the correct path to follow in order to make progress on this important theme about the history of the German Occupation and the police force. Its importance is partly supported by the social relevance of this unique confrontation of police services in liberal-democratic countries with a dictatorial system of government. This review is part of the discussion forum 'De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse politie' (Cyrille Fijnaut).
Hirschfeld als zondebok of heilige
Authors: Fennema M. 
Published: September 2015

Hirschfeld as a Scapegoat or SaintThe discussions focus almost exclusively on Hirschfeld’s role during the German Occupation of the Netherlands. Why is there such an obsession with this brief part of Hirschfeld’s carreer as Secretary General during the German occupation? Why are De Keizer and van der Zwan so keen to expose him to public contempt, and De Bruin so determined to exonerate him of all blame? Why is not one of the discussants interested in the time he spent in Batavia as head of the Department for Economic Statistics at the Bank of Java; the vital role he played in developing the European Regeneration Program in 1947 and implementing it; his significance as a negotiator for the Netherlands with Indonesia in 1949? And how he performed as High Commissioner in Jakarta? Why is there not a single shred of interest for the 18 commissioner’s posts that he held between 1952 and 1961? Meindert Fennema argues that most historians are still locked in the resistance-collaboration mindset which makes a Gesinnungsethik of historiography. The lack of interest in economic issues is related to this. This response is part of the discussion forum 'Dr. Max Hirschfeld. Man van het grote geld' (Meindert Fennema en Johan Rhijnsburger).
Edelen in het laatmiddeleeuwse graafschap Zeeland. Een analyse van hun politieke en sociaal-economische positie rond het jaar 1475
Authors: Steensel A. van 
Published: September 2015

Noblemen in the Late Medieval County of Zeeland. An Analysis of their Political and Socio-Economic Position around the Year 1475The late medieval period is often portrayed as a period of crisis or transition for the nobility. This contribution represents a first step towards testing this assumption empirically. The political power and feudal property of the noblemen in the county of Zeeland around the year 1475 are mapped for this purpose. The analysis shows that the noblemen had a strong grip on the county through their offices and the Estates of Zeeland and that their income came primarily from their feudal rights. The growing power of the prince and the towns did not affect the position of the noblemen fundamentally. The long-term development of the composition and power of the noble population can be established by constructing a number of such snapshots. A regional perspective on the history of the nobility also counterbalances the emphasis placed by some historians on the importance of state service for noblemen. This article is part of the special issue 'The history of the nobility in the Netherlands and Belgium'.
Opstand adelt? De rechtvaardiging van het politieke verzet van de adel in de Vlaamse Opstand (1482-1492)
Authors: Haemers Jelle 
Published: September 2015

Can a Revolt be Ennobling? Justification of the Political Opposition of the Nobility during the Flemish Revolt (1482-1492)This article analyses the political ideas of the late mediaeval nobility. In 1491, Archduke Maximilian of Austria accused three noblemen, Louis of Bruges, Adolf of Cleves and his son Philip, of lese majesty. The pleas made by the above-mentioned noblemen in this particular case are used to reconstruct their political ideology. The three noblemen maintained that service to the sovereign was one the most noble virtues of a nobleman, but they also considered that this political service had to be reciprocal. Using customary law, judicial treatises and political practices, they argued that the sovereign was the keystone of the political order, as long as he obtained advice from the noblemen when setting out his policies. He was also not allowed to violate any laws, traditions or privileges. These ideas had a long history in mediaeval political thought, and they would continue to dominate sixteenth-century society. This article is part of the special issue 'The history of the nobility in the Netherlands and Belgium'.
'Andere katholieken': een nieuwe visie
Authors: Luykx P. 
Published: September 2015

‘Other Catholics’: A New VisionThe title of my response to De Rooy’s text sums up the crux of our discussion. Andere katholieken, a volume of essays published in the year 2000, offers ‘a new vision’ of the history of Dutch Catholicism in the twentieth century. Contrary to the prevailing idea of an unshakable unity and a closed front, recent studies demonstrate more and more clearly variation and differentiation in mentality and behaviour, above all under the influence of a progressive modernization of state and society. It is the so-called pillarization theory, in particular, which was put forward by a group of politicologists (notably A. Lijphart), that seems to influence the view of my opponent. According to that theory, passivity and docility of, among others, Catholic people is unjustly assumed. Last but not least, my response aims to correct some inaccuracies and clear up some misunderstandings in my opponent’s critique. This article is part of the forum 'Recent studies about Dutch Catholicism'.
Re-Minding the Dutch
Authors: Pols H. 
Published: September 2015

Re-Minding the DutchVerward van Geest is commended because of its careful, balanced, detailed, meticulously researched, and comprehensive approach of the development of the psychiatric profession in the Netherlands. The authors relate Dutch developments to initiatives abroad, some of which were taken up by Dutch psychiatrists and developed further. The development of the extensive network of out-patient mental health facilities in particular, which makes the Dutch system stand apart from that of most others, receives a lot of attention. Unfortunately, the history of psychiatry in the former Dutch colonial empire is not covered. The study is applauded for providing a wealth of material that could give a new impulse to discussions about the nature of mental health in the Netherlands, such as the following: How are supply and demand in mental health care related to each other? Do individuals with a lower socio-economic status have adequate access to care? How did the relationship between biological, social, and psychological approaches to mental illness and individual distress change over time? This review is part of the discussion forum 'Verward van geest en ander ongerief' (H. Oosterhuis, M. Gijswijt-Hofstra).
'De strijd om Amsterdam'. Een nieuwe benadering in het onderzoek naar de NSB
Authors: Damsma Josje , Schumacher Erik 
Published: September 2015

‘The Fight for Amsterdam’. A New Approach in Research into the NSBThe main characteristics of the members of the Dutch Nazi-movement (Nationaal- Socialistische Beweging, NSB) are constructed by historians De Jong and De Jonge. Both labeled the members of the NSB as ‘opportunistic’ and ‘isolated’. Up until now, that image has remained unchallenged. Inspired by Aristotle Kallis, Roger Griffin and Robert Paxton, we analyzed the behavior and social position of members of the NSB in Amsterdam during the Second World War in a new way. By focusing on their actions instead of on ideology, their isolated position can be brought into doubt along with opportunism as the main motivational factor. It is more likely that a combination of idealism, opportunism and social networks led to membership of the NSB. The interaction pattern differed from person to person and per political, economic or social level of communication. The results of this research show that Dutch political history and identity is complex and a lot of research still has to be done in this field. This article is part of the special issue 'A New Historiography of the Collaboration'.
'Enkel en alleen in dit geval'. Pleidooien voor de vrijlating van voormalig collaborateurs na de Tweede Wereldoorlog in Nederland
Authors: Grevers Helen 
Published: September 2015

‘Only and Exclusively in this Case’. Pleas for the Release of Former Collaborators after the Second World War in the NetherlandsAfter the Second World War ended in the Netherlands, more than 100.000 people suspected of collaborating were arrested. It was long argued that during and after the war the (former) national socialist families who were ‘in the wrong’ stood isolated against the ‘good’ Dutchmen. This article examines the mentality of the population by making use of the letters of support which were written by family, friends or neighbours to the police and judicial bodies in defense of those who were accused of collaboration. No political arguments were given in the letters, the social-psychological elements of collaboration were put first. The guilt was reduced by for example pointing at the restoration of the family, a poor education, bad social and economic circumstances and poor intellectual development. In this way, the suspects were individualized and disconnected from the group that was seen as being ‘in the wrong’. This article is part of the special issue 'A New Historiography of the Collaboration'.
'Ons populairste vervoermiddel'. De Nederlandse fietshistoriografie in internationaal perspectief
Authors: Oosterhuis Harry , Stoffers Manuel 
Published: September 2015

R. Filarski, G. Mom, Van transport naar mobiliteit, [I], De transportrevolutie, 1800-1900, [II], De mobiliteitsexplosie, 1895-2005 ‘Our Most Popular Means of Transportation’. Dutch Bicycle Historiography from an International PerspectiveThe Netherlands has a long-standing and well-deserved reputation as a bicycling nation. However, until now cycling history has received little attention by Dutch academic historians. In contrast, we observe an efflorescence of cycling history abroad which can serve as a source of inspiration for future research on the history of the bicycle in Dutch society. This article, while highlighting the significance of cycling history in general, provides an overview of the publications on the history of cycling in the Netherlands in the light of recent international research. It does so by focussing on four main themes: technology and transportation history, economic and business history, sports history and social-cultural history.
Inleiding. De internationalisering van de nationale geschiedenis en de verzuiling
Authors: Velde H. te 
Published: September 2015

Introduction. The Internationalization of the National History and the PillarizationEfforts to approach Dutch political history from an international perspective have been going on for a long time. This has worked rather well for the early modern period, before the national state existed in a modern form. Nevertheless, applying this to the last few centuries remains a challenge. This is because this period was dominated by the national state and historiography was focussed on the state from the very beginning. Eliminating the national aspect from historiography altogether would not be a desirable course of action. However, it is necessary to be aware of the effects it has, and each generation has its own way of doing this. Nowadays, international comparisons and the history of transfers offer new opportunities. It is against this backdrop that the introduction explains how pillarization expanded to become the Dutch Sonderweg and how a new approach towards political history can compensate for the disadvantages of this perspective. This article is part of the special issue 'The Internationalization of the National History and the Pillarization'.