bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Venture Capital: Macroeconomic, Political, and Legal Determinants
Authors: Bonini Stefano 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThere is compelling evidence that financial activity is closely entangled with institutional setting and that this relationship is a major determinant of cross-country differences. This evidence holds particularly true for venture capital (VC) investments and portfolio companies' management, where investment outcomes are a delicate alchemy of effective investment selection, careful investment oversight, and timely exits. Such alchemy is profoundly influenced by differences in legal environments and macroeconomic and sociopolitical conditions (MPL) across countries. This article provides a framework for theoretically identifying these variables and presents empirical evidence for their impact on VC investment activity. For each factor, it discusses the critical issues associated with its measurement for econometric analyses. It then surveys the existing evidence with regard to the effects of MPL and the rule of law on the development of VC investments, the management of companies, and exits from investments.
A Comparative Analysis of Venture Capital Investment In the United States and Europe
Authors: Kräussl Roman , Krause Stefan , Manigart Sophie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines venture capital (VC) investments and exits in the United States and the EU-15 countries throughout the period 1985–2008, while further classifying firms into six distinct industries. It considers the asymmetry in VC success when separately analyzing investment in seed and start-up versus more mature firms. It also seeks to understand the institutional features and the legal environment associated with successful VC financing in the United States and in Europe. The results suggest that, inasmuch as some of the differences in performance can be explained by country-specific factors (in particular, when considering start-up/seed and early-stage firms), there are also important idiosyncratic differences across industries. Important differences across industries also emerge when considering infant versus mature firms, and their preferred exit.
The Role of Government, Venture Capital, and Banks in Closing Liquidity Gaps in the SME Sector of an Emerging Market
Authors: Klonowski Darek 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides an evaluation of the government's policy instruments for the small and medium-size enterprise (SME) sector in an emerging market, as exemplified by the case of Poland. Poland represents a good evaluation platform because it is one of the fastest growing emerging economies; the local government has decided to extend public intervention and has already unveiled numerous capital assistance programs aimed at the sector; and the European Union has directed significant capital and human resources to helping the Polish SME sector. The article is organized as follows. First, it focuses on methodological issues and outlines the project design and two hypotheses related to the financial gap and the effectiveness of government assistance programs. Then it discusses the results of the study and summarizes informal discussions with respondents from the SME sector and Polish commercial banks.
The Logic of Developmental Psychoneuroimmunology
Authors: Coe Christopher L. , Lubach Gabriele R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractResearch on young animals and children has demonstrated that the prenatal and early rearing environments can leave an indelible mark on the immature immune system. During normal development, these environmental influences can have beneficial consequences including the promotion of immune tolerance during pregnancy, help in the programming of regulatory set points in the fetus, and prime immune responses during childhood. Thus, this aspect of immunity in the young host can be viewed as a “learning system,” very amenable to change, and often in a favorable manner. However, this same flexibility may result in a vulnerability to physical and psychological insults, including to a poor diet, pathogen exposure, or parental loss and maltreatment. The take- home message of developmental psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is that the environmental context can promote resilience and immune vigor, as well as be the reason for lacunae and impairments that persist into adulthood, accounting for individual differences in morbidity and longevity.
Emotional Expression and Disclosure
Authors: Booth Roger J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWriting or talking about past emotionally laden events in our lives has been found to result in a variety of psychological, social, and physiological changes that often lead to improvements in health for those who participate in the disclosure process in particular ways. This chapter will review the range of effects reported using emotional expression and disclosure as an experimental or therapeutic tool, highlighting illnesses and patient groups for which it has been effective. It will discuss the factors required for effectiveness and consider the likely importance of such psychological theories as disinhibition, cognitive processing, self-regulation, social integration, and exposure as explanations of the process. The findings of several recent meta-analyses will also be summarized. Finally, the neuroimmune changes identified in disclosure research will be considered, and a possible psychoneuroimmune mechanism to explain this intriguing field of research will be presented.
Temperament/Animal Personality
Authors: Michael Kerry C. , Cavigelli Sonia A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn humans, the relationship between personality and immunity is an important area of inquiry to better understand mechanisms underlying the diversity of human health and illness trajectories (Segerstrom, 2000; Cohen, this volume). A recent complement to our understanding of human behavior/personality and immune function has been the study of animal immune function as it relates to individual behavioral traits (temperament, personality; Koolhaas et al., 1999; Cavigelli, 2005; Korte, Koolhaas, Wingfield, & McEwen, 2005; Capitanio, 2008). With ample evidence that reliable and stable individual behavioral differences exist in animals and that these differences seem to mimic certain human behavioral traits, we are suddenly afforded a variety of organisms in which to study universal relationships between personality and immune function. The use of animal models additionally allows for a range and depth of evolutionary, developmental, functional and mechanistic investigations that are not possible with humans. We review the utility of animal models in understanding the relationship between personality and immune function.
The Association Between Measures of Inflammation and Psychological Factors Associated with an Increased Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Hostility, Anger and Depressed Mood and Symptoms
Authors: Suarez Edward C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInflammation is acknowledged as a risk factor for the onset and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This has led some to hypothesize that inflammation is a possible mechanism that may mediate, in part, the relation of CVD to factors associated with increased CVD risk—hostility, anger, and depression. This chapter reviews the empirical evidence of the associations between biomarkers of inflammation and hostility, anger and depression, alone and in combination. Before doing so, I present a brief description and review of the role of inflammation in disease development and the methods used to measure inflammation at point-of-care and in research laboratories. Lastly, I review preliminary data suggesting that gender and adiposity may potentially mediate and moderate the relationship between depression and inflammation.
Looking into the Future: Conclusion to the Oxford Handbook of Psychoneuroimmunology
Authors: Segerstrom Suzanne C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAll authors in this volume forecast the most important work to be done in their areas, and synthesizing these forecasts reveals some old and new themes for the future of psychoneuroimmunology research. The desire to understand mechanisms of PNI relationships is a long-standing one, but new methods will advance progress toward satisfaction of this desire. The desire to understand causality and to effect meaningful clinical change underlies the calls for intervention research. This research will be advanced when more kinds of intervention become available. Good, longitudinal methodology and large samples will be required to demonstrate that immune changes mediate between psychological factors and health. Finally, forward-looking research will be examining how the many intraindividual, interpersonal, social, and developmental factors influencing immunity interact with each other.
¡Si Podemos! (Yes We Can!)
Authors: Flores Lisa Y. , Garriott Patton O. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Abstract A significant educational achievement gap exists between Latinas and their White, African American, and Asian American women counterparts (US Census Bureau, 2009 ). Sixty-three percent of Latinas over 25 years of age have graduated from high school, and only 14% have completed college. Mexican Americans are less likely than members of other Latino subgroups to graduate from high school and college, making Mexican American girls a student group that is at risk of failing to achieve their educational aspirations . In this chapter, we identify nine critical factors in promoting the educational attainment of Mexican American girls based on our review of the literature. In addition, we highlight prevention programs that were designed to improve students’ academic achievement. These programs are evaluated for their focus on the nine critical ingredients. Finally, we provide recommendations for future intervention efforts in research and practice to advance Mexican American girls’ educational attainment.
Forecasting with Mixed-Frequency Data
Authors: Andreou Elena , Ghysels Eric , Kourtellos Andros 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article, which presents a regression framework that relates the quarterly macro variable (such as GDP growth) to higher-frequency variables in a relatively simple, parsimonious way, is organized as follows. Section 2 covers mixed data sampling (MIDAS) regressions. Section 3 covers so-called nowcasting, and the Kalman filter and its relationship with MIDAS regressions. The final section discusses volatility models using mixed frequencies.
A Century of Innovation
Authors: Nelson Cary 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAmerican poetry of roughly the first half of the twentieth century is remarkable in its richness, inventiveness, and diversity. The variety of poetry written and published in the United States in the last century represents a great period that was marked by an explosion of literary creativity. Its range of forms, styles, and preoccupations are in a fundamental sense uncontainable. They exceed any single story we might try to tell about them. An overview of the book is presented. The article also provides biographical information about some of the poets who are discussed in this book; biography does matter, despite a sometimes programmatic New Critical determination to exclude it from consideration.
The Tranquillized Fifties
Authors: Thurston Michael 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article attempts to recover some of the cultural work of the more tightly constructed traditional stanzas and forms in which Robert Lowell himself had written his earlier poems. It sketches the career of closed form on the political Left during the tranquilized 1950s. Where much of the formal verse of the decade let the lyric's dream work release social tensions in managed and manageable ways, a good deal of poetry aimed at once to name and to arouse the will to change the causes of social stress. The article focuses on one exemplary Periodical—the communist magazine Masses & Mainstream—and on the work of four poets who published in the magazine and produced avowedly political poetry in conventional meters and stanzas, poetry that sought not to tranquilize but to awaken. These are Edwin Rolfe, Eve Merriam, Walter Lowenfels, and Aaron Kramer.
Classification of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Ball Tali Manber , Stein Murray B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the current diagnostic criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Areas of specificity and overlap with major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder are discussed. Despite significant overlap in symptom criteria, clinicians can reliably distinguish between these conditions. The chapter then discusses boundaries of the PTSD diagnosis as it currently stands, specifically focusing on the relationship and comorbidity between PTSD and complicated bereavement, dissociative disorders, personality disorders particularly borderline personality disorder, somatoform disorders, and chronic pain. The proposed syndrome of complex PTSD, designed to capture reactions to prolonged interpersonal trauma, is also described. Finally, issues relating to the cross-cultural validity of PTSD are raised. Topics relevant to the upcoming revision to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) are highlighted throughout.
Future of Classification in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Keane Terence M. , Miller Mark W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews the status of modifications to the definition of PTSD and proposed changes for DSM-5. We include a brief history of the diagnosis and trace its evolution in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). We discuss some of the current controversies related to the definition of PTSD including its location among the anxiety disorders, the utility of Criterion A and its subcomponents, and the factor structure of the symptoms. We review the rationale for the addition of new symptoms and modifications to existing criteria now and conclude with comments on future directions for research on PTSD.
Information Processing in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Ehlers Anke , Ehring Thomas , Kleim Birgit 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe chapter reviews the contribution of information processing models to understanding the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder. Individual differences in cognitive processing during the trauma and basic memory mechanism, such as priming and associative learning, may help explain why people with PTSD involuntarily re-experience parts of the trauma in a wide range of situations. Individual differences in how people remember traumatic events may influence the likelihood of developing PTSD. Attentional bias to trauma-related cues and threatening interpretations of the trauma or its aftermath help explain why people with PTSD have many symptoms of anxiety even though the trauma is over. Cognitive strategies people use to deal with memories of the trauma, such as effortful suppression of trauma memories and rumination, help explain why some develop chronic PTSD whereas many recover from trauma. Finally, there may be cognitive vulnerability factors that increase the probability of developing PTSD in response to trauma. Directions for future research are outlined.
Assessing Acute Traumatic Stress Symptoms
Authors: Bryant Richard A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThere is significant change in acute stress reactions in the weeks after exposure to a traumatic event, which raises challenges for assessing the responses in the acute posttraumatic period. This chapter reviews the assessment tools and strategies that are appropriate in the acute period. It focuses initially on acute stress disorder (ASD) as a description of acute posttraumatic stress and as a predictor of subsequent PTSD. Psychometrically-validated scales are reviewed for both diagnostic and symptom responses in the acute period, with a critique of the limited ability of these measures to identify most people who are at high risk for subsequent PTSD. Finally, this chapter identifies mechanisms that may enhance our ability to identify maladaptive responses in the acute phase, and specific populations that need particular attention in the immediate period following trauma exposure. The weeks following exposure to a traumatic event are often characterized by considerable distress, fluctuating emotions, and changing environmental factors. This lack of emotional and contextual stability raises significant challenges for assessment of psychological states shortly after trauma. This chapter aims to provide an overview of assessment of psychological responses in the weeks after trauma. It commences with a review of the current evidence about the nature of acute posttraumatic stress reactions and discusses the different goals of assessment at this stage. Established psychometric instruments are then reviewed, including structured clinical interviews, self-report measures, and other tools relevant to acute reactions. The review then turns to other factors that can be assessed, including cognitive and biological factors, occurring in the acute posttraumatic period. Finally, the chapter outlines other procedural issues that need to be considered when assessing trauma survivors in the acute phase.
Treating Trauma-related Symptoms in Special Populations
Authors: Hinton Devon E. , Nickerson Angela 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThough there is much research on the treatment of posttraumatic psychological reactions in survivors of civilian trauma, there is much less empirical evidence to drive interventions with survivors of other kinds of trauma, including persecution, torture, and sexual abuse, particularly in other cultural groups. This chapter illustrates some of the factors that should be taken into consideration when treating such populations. The chapter is divided into sections that address key issues relevant to special populations of trauma survivors: type of trauma, current stressors, comorbidity, anger, cultural issues such as culturally specific interpretations of trauma-related symptoms, and bereavement. We examine the implications for the treatment of refugees and asylum seekers of these issues. As this chapter indicates, the treatment of traumatic distress in special populations warrants more research to ensure that the optimal psychological interventions are available to such highly traumatized groups.
Traumatic Stress Disorders: Looking Back and Moving Forward
Authors: Sloan Denise M. , Beck J. Gayle 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter highlights some of the advances in traumatic stress disorders that have been described by contributors of this volume. The chapter also describes areas that will be important for the field to address in the years to come. These areas include advances in the classification of traumatic stress disorders, advances in biological and genetic markers of traumatic stress disorder, advances in assessment measures, especially measures developed for use with children and older adults, and advances in prevention and interventions.
Divine Knowledge and Human Freedom
Authors: Hasker William 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the problem of divine foreknowledge and human freedom, which has been the most discussed problem in this area in recent philosophy. It begins with a formal statement of the standard historical argument for the incompatibility of divine foreknowledge and human free will, an argument based on the idea that if God has foreknowledge of all future events and God's foreknowledge is infallible, then agents cannot act other than they actually do. It examines the most prominent proposed solutions to this problem, including the Eternalist solution, which appeals to the notion that God's knowledge is timeless; the Ockhamist solution, which holds that God's past beliefs are not accidentally necessary; and the Molinist solution, which relies on God's “middle knowledge” that every creature would freely choose to do in any situation of libertarian free choice.
Chaos, Indeterminism, and Free Will
Authors: Bishop Robert C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article begins with a discussion of modern efforts to clarify and define the meaning of physical determinism. It distinguishes four features of the Laplacean vision of physical determinism—differential dynamics, unique evolution, value determinateness, and absolute prediction—and the relevance of each to free-will debates. It then turns to the role of indeterminism in quantum mechanics and discusses current philosophical debates about the nature of indeterministic or probabilistic causation. It also considers debates about the possible relevance of chaos theory and nonlinear dynamics in physical systems to free will as well as the possible relevance of recent research on far-from equilibrium physical systems pioneered by Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine. The article concludes with some general remarks about the causal completeness of physical explanations and the possibility of emergent phenomena in physical systems.
The Causal Closure of Physics and Free Will
Authors: Bishop Robert C. , Atmanspacher Harald 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on the thesis known as the causal closure (or causal completeness) of physics (CoP)—that all physical events can be fully explained by physical causes governed by the fundamental laws of physics. This thesis raises well-known questions central to free-will debates about the nature and possibility of the “mental causation” of physical events (e.g., beliefs, desires, intentions). If all causes are physical causes, as CoP implies, it would seem that psychological states or events must be fully reducible to physical events or they would be epiphenomenal. The discussion also introduces a notion of “contextual emergence” (according to which lower-level descriptions of events in physical terms contain necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for higher-level descriptions in mental terms) and argues that such a notion of contextual emergence allows one to answer objections to the possibility of mental causation.
The Consequence Argument Revisited
Authors: Speak Daniel 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article surveys the most recent versions of the Consequence Argument and objections to them. It considers objections made to some of the more well-known versions of the argument and recent attempts by defenders to answer these objections by offering reformulated versions of it. Many objections involve a principle van Inwagen called “Beta,” which is regarded by many as the most controversial assumption of the argument. Beta is a “transfer of powerlessness” principle, which states, roughly, that if you are powerless to change something “p” (e.g., the past or the laws of nature), then you are also powerless to change any of the logical consequences of “p.” The discussion considers various formulations of Beta as well as purported counterexamples to it and responses to these counterexamples by current defenders of the Consequence Argument.
Moral Sense and the Foundations of Responsibility
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses another important class of new compatibilist theories of agency and responsibility, frequently referred to as reactive attitude theories. Such theories have their roots in another seminal essay of modern free-will debates, P. F. Strawson's “Freedom and Resentment” (1962). This article disentangles three strands of Strawson's argument—rationalist, naturalist, and pragmatic. It also considers other recent reactive attitude views that have attempted to remedy flaws in Strawson's view, focusing particularly on the view of R. Jay Wallace. Wallace supplies an account of moral capacity, which is missing in Strawson's view, in terms of an account of what Wallace calls “reflective self-control.” The article concludes with suggestions of how a reactive attitude approach to moral responsibility that builds on the work of Strawson, Wallace, and others might be successfully developed.