bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Psychology of Criminal Conduct
Authors: Smith Paula 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA paradigm is a term that refers to an all-encompassing way of doing science within a set of agreed-upon theoretical ideas. It was Thomas Kuhn in 1962 who first proposed that science is based on a paradigm. In criminology and other social sciences, the original idea of paradigm has been drastically altered and is now viewed as a mere synonym for a theory, perspective, or approach. This article revisits Kuhn's (1962) original meaning of the concept of paradigm in order to describe how the psychology of criminal conduct (PCC) provides the field of corrections with a treatment paradigm. After outlining the theories involved in PCC, the article looks at some macro-level psychological and criminological theories and shows how they paved the way for the development of a micro-level theory of effective correctional rehabilitation, also known as the “principles of effective correctional intervention.” It also provides a brief history of the rehabilitative ideal in corrections in order to identify the social and political factors that influenced the development of PCC.
Life-Course-Persistent Offenders
Authors: Bushway Shawn D. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractResearchers have long been trying to elucidate the nature of the criminal career by focusing on the average path or trajectory of offending over the life course. Some developmental theorists, most notably Terrie E. Moffitt (1993), proposed typologies, suggesting that people have fundamentally different paths and processes over the life course. Based on his theory, Moffitt classified individuals into non-offenders, life-course-persistent offenders and adolescence-limited offenders. Life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited offenders differ by the age of onset and by the time at which they exit from crime. In a 2003 paper, Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub debunked the notion that there are life-course persisters and concluded that crime declines with age sooner or later for all offender groups. This article examines the evidence surrounding the theory put forward by Sampson and Laub and looks at some of the issues that arise when identifying and explaining life-course-persistent offenders.
Two Approaches to Developmental/Life-Course Theorizing
Authors: Farrington David P. , Loeber Rolf 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article describes two approaches to developmental and life-course criminology (DLC): the “Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential” theory developed by David Farrington and the developmental pathways conceptualization developed by Rolf Loeber. The first theory was designed to explain results obtained in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, a prospective longitudinal survey of 411 London males ages 8 to 48–50. The second theory specifies the developmental nature of the delinquency outcomes that need to be explained by any theory, including the ICAP theory. DLC deals primarily with the development of offending and antisocial behavior from the womb to the tomb, the influence of risk and protective factors at different ages, and the effects of life events on the course of development. This article also reviews developmental pathways from minor externalizing antisocial behaviors to serious property crime, violence, and homicide.
Crime Places and Place Management
Authors: Madensen Tamara D. , Eck John E. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWhen asked whether they can predict where crime will occur, most police officers say no. However, most police officers can identify a particular neighborhood where one can possibly be mugged. In the first case, the police officers are asked about crime in general and in an unspecified area, for an undefined purpose. In the second case, they are asked about the risk of a specific crime in very small areas, for the purposes of prevention. Specificity is a key factor in crime prevention, and is evident in places which are very specific geographic locations. This article explores why crime levels are extraordinarily high in some places but low or totally absent in most places, and how place management accounts for this disparity. In particular, it reviews empirical studies and associated theory related to crime at places (that is, addresses, buildings, and land parcels) and the management of these locations. It also discusses extensions of routine activity theory, as well as displacement, diffusion of benefits, and neighborhood effects.
First Report of Box Blight Caused by Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum (C. buxicola) in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Elmhirst J. F. , Auxier B. E. , Wegener L. A. 
Published: December 2012

Boxwoods (Buxus spp.) are common woody ornamental hedging plants in Europe and North America, typically propagated by cuttings. In October 2011, shoot dieback and defoliation was observed on Buxus sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’ (dwarf English boxwood) and ‘Green Balloon’ in outdoor, 10-cm pots at a wholesale nursery in Chilliwack, British Columbia. Circular leaf spots with black rings occurred on leaves and black, water-soaked, cankers girdled the stems and petioles. Leaf and stem samples were collected on November 21, 2011, and incubated for 48 h in a moist chamber at room temperature. In addition to Volutella buxi, a Cylindrocladium species producing conidia on white sporodochia was observed on host tissue under the microscope. Leaves with lesions were surface-sterilized in 10% bleach for 30 to 60 s, rinsed in sterile water, and lesions were cut out and plated on PDA and carnation leaf media. The species was identified as Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum Crous, J.Z. Groenew. & C.F. Hill 2002 by comparison of conidia and phialide morphology to published descriptions. Conidia were hyaline, one-septate, cylindrical with rounded ends and 38 to 76 μm (mean 51 μm) × 4 to 6 μm on carnation leaf media and 41 to 66 μm (mean 52 μm) × 4 to 6 μm on B. sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’ leaves, comparable to the reported range of 40 to 75 × 4 to 6 μm (1,2,3,4). Conidia were produced in clusters on terminal, ellipsoid vesicles at the tips of penicillate conidiophores. Vesicles were 10.2 (7.6 to 12.8 μm) at the widest point, consistent with the 6 to 11 μm reported in (2,3) and tapered to a rounded point; stipe extensions were septate and measured an average of 130 μm (107 to 163 μm) in length to the tip of the vesicle, consistent with the 95 to 155 μm reported in (1), 89 to 170 μm reported in (2), and 95 to 165 μm in (3). Chlamydospores were not observed on host tissue but appeared in older PDA cultures as dark brown microsclerotia. DNA was extracted from single-spore colonies on PDA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4. The ITS sequence (GenBank Accession No. KC291613) was 100% identical to C. buxicola strain CB-KR001 (HM749646.1) and Calonectria pseudonaviculata strain ATCC MYA-4891 (JX174050.1). In early December 2011, box blight was identified on container-grown B. sinica var. insularis × B. sempervirens ‘Green Velvet,’ ‘Green Gem’, and ‘Green Mountain’ and B. sempervirens L. (common or American boxwood). The pathogen was identified by microscopic examination at three wholesale nurseries in the eastern Fraser Valley and one landscape planting. The isolate has been deposited in the Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures in Ottawa, Canada (DAOM 242242). References: (1) B. Henricot and A. Culham. Mycologia 94:980, 2002. (2) K. L. Ivors, et al. Plant Dis. 96:1070, 2012. (3) C. Pintos Varela, et al. Plant Dis. 93:670, 2009. (4) M. Saracchi, et al. J. Plant Pathol. 90:581, 2008.
First Report of Garlic common latent virus Infecting Garlic in Sudan
Authors: Hamed K. , Menzel W. , Mohamed M. E. , Bakheet K. A. , Winter S. 
Published: December 2012

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the most important vegetable field crops in Sudan, cultivated on an area of more than 6,000 ha with a total yield of 27,000 t in 2010 (faostat.fao.org). As part of a project which started in 2010 to improve the garlic production in Sudan, samples from local varieties showing severe mosaic and/or mottling were collected in winter 2011 from the main production areas in River Nile State, Northern State, and Darfur State. The plant material used for garlic production came from Sudan and was not imported. Because no reliable data were available on which viruses occur in garlic in Sudan, specific tests were initially omitted. In order to get an overview of the viruses present, dsRNA was prepared of a mixed leaf sample (12 leaves of different samples). This resulted in a high molecular weight dsRNA of approximately 9 kbp that served as template for a random RT-PCR followed by cloning and sequencing (3). Three identical clones originating from one PCR product covering the C-terminal part of the coat protein to the N-terminal part of the nucleic acid binding protein showed the highest sequence similarity to Garlic common latent virus (GarCLV). The nucleotide sequence identities of the 554-bp insert range from 85% to an isolate from India (Accession No. FJ154841) up to 97% to a GarCLV isolate from The Netherlands (AB004804), identifying the virus as a Sudanese isolate of GarCLV, one of the most common garlic infecting viruses. GarCLV belongs to the genus Carlavirus (1) and has previously been reported from Asia, Europe, and South America ( http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr352.htm ). In order to confirm these results, a double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA was performed with six individual garlic samples in which five samples showed a clear reaction with a GarCLV specific antiserum (AS-0230, DSMZ, Germany). The occurrence of GarCLV could be further confirmed for the ELISA positive samples by a specific RT-PCR using the primers published by Majumder and Baranwal (2). Fragments of the expected size were obtained for all five samples. In addition, one of the positive samples was examined by electron microscopy (Dr. K. Richert-Pöggeler, JKI Braunschweig); filamentous flexous particles typical for carlaviruses could be observed. The random RT-PCR sequence obtained in this study has been submitted to GenBank (KC013030). To our knowledge, this is the first report of GarCLV in garlic in Sudan and Africa. The impact of GarCLV on garlic production in Sudan needs to be evaluated, but the awareness of the occurrence of the virus and the availability of a reliable diagnostic tool will help to select virus-free propagation material. This will form the basis for a sustainable garlic production. References: (1) A. M. Q. King et al. Virus Taxonomy 924, 2012. (2) S. Majumder and V. K. Baranwal. Plant Dis. 93:106, 2009. (3) W. Menzel et al. Arch. Virol. 154:1343, 2009.
Recruitment of Arf1-GDP to Golgi by Glo3p-Type ArfGAPs Is Crucial for Golgi Maintenance and Plant Growth
Authors: Min Myung Ki , Jang Mihue , Lee Myounghui , Lee Junho , Song Kyungyoung , Lee Yongjik , Choi Kwan Yong , Robinson David G. , Hwang Inhwan 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor1 (Arf1), a member of the small GTP-binding proteins, plays a pivotal role in protein trafficking to multiple organelles. In its GDP-bound form, Arf1 is recruited from the cytosol to organelle membranes, where it functions in vesicle-mediated protein trafficking. However, the mechanism of Arf1-GDP recruitment remains unknown. Here, we provide evidence that two Glo3p-type Arf GTPase-activating proteins (ArfGAPs), ArfGAP domain8 (AGD8) and AGD9, are involved in the recruitment of Arf1-GDP to the Golgi apparatus in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). RNA interference plants expressing low levels of AGD8 and AGD9 exhibited abnormal Golgi morphology, inhibition of protein trafficking, and arrest of plant growth and development. In RNA interference plants, Arf1 was poorly recruited to the Golgi apparatus. Conversely, high levels of AGD8 and AGD9 induced Arf1 accumulation at the Golgi and suppressed Golgi disruption and inhibition of vacuolar trafficking that was caused by overexpression of AGD7. Based on these results, we propose that the Glo3p-type ArfGAPs AGD8 and AGD9 recruit Arf1-GDP from the cytosol to the Golgi for Arf1-mediated protein trafficking, which is essential for plant development and growth.
In Planta Stage-Specific Fungal Gene Profiling Elucidates the Molecular Strategies of Fusarium graminearum Growing inside Wheat Coleoptiles
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Wei , Jia Lei-Jie , Zhang Yan , Jiang Gang , Li Xuan , Zhang Dong , Tang Wei-Hua 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The ascomycete Fusarium graminearum is a destructive fungal pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum). To better understand how this pathogen proliferates within the host plant, we tracked pathogen growth inside wheat coleoptiles and then examined pathogen gene expression inside wheat coleoptiles at 16, 40, and 64 h after inoculation (HAI) using laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis. We identified 344 genes that were preferentially expressed during invasive growth in planta. Gene expression profiles for 134 putative plant cell wall–degrading enzyme genes suggest that there was limited cell wall degradation at 16 HAI and extensive degradation at 64 HAI. Expression profiles for genes encoding reactive oxygen species (ROS)–related enzymes suggest that F. graminearum primarily scavenges extracellular ROS before a later burst of extracellular ROS is produced by F. graminearum enzymes. Expression patterns of genes involved in primary metabolic pathways suggest that F. graminearum relies on the glyoxylate cycle at an early stage of plant infection. A secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene cluster was specifically induced at 64 HAI and was required for virulence. Our results indicate that F. graminearum initiates infection of coleoptiles using covert penetration strategies and switches to overt cellular destruction of tissues at an advanced stage of infection.
Adding a cost of resistance description extends the ability of virus–host model to explain observed patterns in structure and function of pelagic microbial communities
Authors: Våge Selina , Storesund Julia E. , Thingstad T. Frede 
Published: December 2012

SummaryBy adding a generic description of cost of resistance (COR) to the existing ‘killing‐the‐winner’ model, we show how this expands the model's explanatory power to include rank‐abundance relationships in the host population. The model can predict a counter‐intuitive relationship previously suggested in the literature, where abundant viruses are associated with rare hosts and vice versa. The model explains the observed dominance of slow‐growing prokaryotes as the result of successful defence strategies, rather than as dormancy of hosts lacking essential substrates. In addition to these important conceptual aspects, the model is able to reproduce realistic values for virus : host ratios and partitioning of bacterial production between predatory loss and viral lysis. A high COR is also shown to increase the community's richness and Shannon diversity index. This model thus not only couples life strategies at the cellular level with system properties, but it also links the two system level properties of biogeochemical flows and diversity to each other. The model operates with host groups, and consequences for biodiversity when interpreting these groups in terms of species and strains are discussed.
Cyst fluid carcinoembryonic antigen concentration and cytology by endosonography‐guided fine needle aspiration in predicting malignant pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms
Authors: Zhan Xian Bao , Wang Bin , Liu Feng , Ye Xiao Fei , Jin Zhen Dong , Li Zhao Shen 
Published: December 2012

ObjectiveTo assess the value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level and cytology examination obtained by endosonography‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) in predicting the malignancy of pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN).MethodsThe data of patients with pancreatic MCN who underwent EUS‐FNA in Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Shanghai, China) from November 2005 to April 2010 were collected and analyzed. The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of cyst fluid CEA, sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the cytology as well as cyst fluid CEA were determined.ResultsOf the 20 MCNs confirmed by surgical pathology, 10 were malignant and the remainder were premalignant. Cytology had some value in differentiating malignant from premalignant MCN with a sensitivity of 60.0%, specificity of 100.0%, PPV of 100.0% and NPV of 71.4%. CEA of > 692.8 ng/mL was able to predict malignancy (P = 0.007) with sensitivity of 80.0%, specificity of 90.0%, PPV of 88.9% and NPV of 81.8%, and its area under ROC curve was 0.855.ConclusionCyst fluid CEA level and cytology obtained by EUS‐FNA are useful for predicting the malignancy of pancreatic MCN.
Choroid plexus tumours: Classification, MR imaging findings and pathological correlation
Authors: Yan Chenggong , Xu Yikai , Feng Jie , Sun Chongpeng , Zhang Ge , Shi Jie , Hao Peng , Wu Yuankui , Lin Bingquan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIntroductionChoroid plexus tumours (CPTs) are extremely rare intraventricular neoplasms and are prone to bleeding during surgery. The purpose of this study was to summarise the MR imaging characteristics of 13 CPT cases.MethodsMagnetic resonance images of 13 patients (six men and seven women; mean age 21.1 years) with pathologically proved CPTs were retrospectively reviewed. MR findings of the tumours were evaluated, with emphasis on their location, size, shape, internal architecture, margin and pattern and degree of enhancement. Differences in signal intensity characteristics were also investigated on MR images and analysed according to histological subtypes.ResultsLesions were in the lateral ventricles (n = 7), fourth ventricle (n = 5) and cisterna magna (n = 1), with a mean size of 5.0 cm (range 2.0–7.9 cm). The tumour parenchyma was a mixture of nodular or patchy areas of inhomogeneous isointense to slightly hyperintense signal on T2‐weighted images. On postcontrast MR images, all lesions, except for one, had moderate to marked contrast enhancement. Multiple tortuous areas of ‘flow void’ signal extended through all the tumours except for two. A thin capsule could be seen in six cases.ConclusionObservation of large intraventricular tumours with inhomogeneity on T2‐weighted images and flow void is suggestive of CPTs. Checking for signs of a thin capsule, extensive peritumoural oedema and necrosis may be useful when classifying CPTs.
In vivo monitoring of Yersinia ruckeri in fish tissues: progression and virulence gene expression
Authors: Méndez J. , Guijarro J. A. 
Published: December 2012

SummaryIn this study, the utilization of bioluminescence imaging (BLI) allowed us to define the progression of Yersinia ruckeri during the infection of rainbow trout. A luminescent Y. ruckeri 150 strain was engineered using the pCS26‐Pac plasmid containing the lux operon from Photorhabdus luminescens. Two different models of infection of rainbow trout were defined depending on the route in which bacteria were administered, being the gut the major organ affected following bath immersion. This indicates that this organ is important for bacterial dissemination inside the fish and the establishment of the infection. Moreover, the expression of three previously selected operons by in vivo expression technology (IVET) was analysed, the yhlBA involved in the production of a haemolysin, the cdsAB related to the uptake of cysteine and the yctCBA implicated in citrate uptake. Apart from these factors, the expression of yrp1 encoding a serralysin metalloprotease involved in pathogenesis was also analysed. The results indicated that all of the assayed promoters were expressed during infection of rainbow trout. In addition to these findings, the methodology described in this work constitutes a useful model for studying the infection process in other fish pathogenic bacteria.
Fully thoracoscopic versus conventional open resection for esophageal carcinoma: A perioperative comparison
Authors: Wu Xiangsheng , He Jingkang , Jiang Huichuan , Song Xinyu , Tang Xing , Shen Jian , Xu Chengcheng 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundTo compare the efficacy of patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer in video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) versus traditional open surgery (TOS) in the perioperative period, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 108 patients, who underwent esophagectomy between September 2011 and February 2012 in our department, was performed. Patients were divided into two groups based on operative technique (VATS vs. TOS), with 50 patients in the VATS group and 58 patients in the TOS group. Operative duration, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative blood transfusion, number of lymph nodes harvested, postoperative pain score, period of time requiring chest tube drainage, complications, hospital stay, and hospital costs, were all statistically analyzed between the two groups.ResultsThere was no statistical difference between the two groups with regard to operative duration or number of lymph nodes harvested. The VATS group had significantly less intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative blood transfusion, postoperative pain, earlier ambulation, shorter postoperative hospital stay, and a shorter period of time requiring chest tube drainage. The amount of drainage was significantly lower in the TOS group (P < 0.05). Pulmonary complication (pneumonia and pleural effusion) was less prevalent among the VATS group.ConclusionCompared with TOS, VATS‐assisted esophagectomy is less traumatic with lower intraoperative blood loss, faster recovery, and a better overall outcome.
Ambulant 24‐h glucose rhythms mark calendar and biological age in apparently healthy individuals
Authors: Wijsman Carolien A. , van Heemst Diana , Hoogeveen Evelien S. , Slagboom P. Eline , Maier Andrea B. , de Craen Anton J. M. , van der Ouderaa Frans , Pijl Hanno , Westendorp Rudi G. J. , Mooijaart Simon P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractGlucose metabolism marks health and disease and is causally inferred in the aging process. Ambulant continuous glucose monitoring provides 24‐h glucose rhythms under daily life conditions. We aimed to describe ambulant 24‐h glucose rhythms measured under daily life condition in relation to calendar and biological age in apparently healthy individuals. In the general population and families with propensity for longevity, we studied parameters from 24‐h glucose rhythms; glucose levels; and its variability, obtained by continuous glucose monitoring. Participants were 21 young (aged 22–37 years), 37 middle‐aged (aged 44–72 years) individuals from the general population, and 26 middle‐aged (aged 52–74 years) individuals with propensity for longevity. All were free of diabetes. Compared with young individuals, middle‐aged individuals from the general population had higher mean glucose levels (5.3 vs. 4.7 mmol L−1, P < 0.001), both diurnally (P < 0.001) and nocturnally (P = 0.002). Glucose variability was higher in the middle‐aged compared with the young (standard deviation 0.70 vs. 0.57 mmol L−1, P = 0.025). Compared with middle‐aged individuals from the general population, middle‐aged individuals with propensity for longevity had lower overall mean glucose levels (5.2 vs. 5.4 mmol L−1, P = 0.047), which were more different nocturnally (4.8 vs. 5.2 mmol L−1, P = 0.003) than diurnally (5.3 vs. 5.5 mmol L−1, P = 0.14). There were no differences in glucose variability between these groups. Results were independent of body mass index. Among individuals without diabetes, we observed significantly different 24‐h glucose rhythms depending on calendar and biological age.