bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daily physical activity and physical function in adult maintenance hemodialysis patients
Authors: Kim J. C. , Shapiro B. B. , Zhang M. , Li Y. , Porszasz J. , Bross R. , Feroze U. , Upreti R. , Kalantar-Zadeh K. , Kopple J. D. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundMaintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients reportedly display reduced daily physical activity (DPA) and physical performance. Low daily physical activity and decreased physical performance are each associated with worse outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients. Although daily physical activity and physical performance might be expected to be related, few studies have examined such relationships in MHD patients, and methods for examining daily physical activity often utilized questionnaires rather than activity monitors. We hypothesized that daily physical activity and physical performance are reduced and correlated with each other even in relatively healthier MHD patients.MethodsDaily physical activity, 6‐min walk distance (6‐MWT), sit‐to‐stand, and stair‐climbing tests were measured in 72 MHD patients (32 % diabetics) with limited comorbidities and 39 normal adults of similar age and gender mix. Daily physical activity was examined by a physical activity monitor. The human activity profile was also employed.ResultsDaily physical activity with the activity monitor, time‐averaged over 7 days, and all three physical performance tests were impaired in MHD patients, to about 60–70 % of normal values (p < 0.0001 for each measurement). Human activity profile scores were also impaired (p < 0.0001). MHD patients spent more time sleeping or in marked physical inactivity (p < 0.0001) and less time in ≥ moderate activity (p < 0.0001). These findings persisted when comparisons to normals were restricted to men or women separately. After adjustment, daily physical activity correlated with 6‐MWT but not the two other physical performance tests. Human activity profile scores correlated more closely with all three performance tests than did DPA.ConclusionsEven in relatively healthy MHD patients, daily physical activity and physical performance are substantially impaired and correlated. Whether training that increases daily physical activity or physical performance will improve clinical outcome in MHD patients needs to be examined.
Three-dimensional instabilities over a rectangular open cavity: from linear stability analysis to experimentation
Authors: de Vicente J. , Basley J. , Meseguer-Garrido F. , Soria J. , Theofilis V. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThree-dimensional instabilities arising in open cavity flows are responsible for complex broad-banded dynamics. Existing studies either focus on theoretical properties of ideal simplified flows or observe the final state of experimental flows. This paper aims to establish a connection between the onset of the centrifugal instabilities and their final expression within the fully saturated flow. To that end, a linear three-dimensional modal instability analysis of steady two-dimensional states developing in an open cavity of aspect ratio $L/D=2$ (length over depth) is conducted. This analysis is performed together with an experimental study in the same geometry adding spanwise endwalls. Two different Reynolds numbers are investigated through spectral analyses and modal decomposition. The physics of the flow is thoroughly described exploiting the strengths of each methodology. The main flow structures are identified and salient space and time scales are characterised. Results indicate that the structures obtained from linear analysis are mainly consistent with the fully saturated experimental flow. The analysis also brings to light the selection and alteration of certain wave properties, which could be caused by nonlinearities or the change of spanwise boundary conditions.
Nonlinear and dispersive free surface waves propagating over fluids with weak vertical and horizontal density variation
Authors: Son Sangyoung , Lynett Patrick J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe consider the change in fluid density in a depth-integrated long-wave model. By allowing horizontal and vertical variation of fluid density, a depth-integrated model for long gravity waves over a variable-density fluid has been developed, where density change effects are included as correction terms. In particular, a two-layer fluid system is chosen to represent vertical density variations, where interfacial wave effects on the free surface are accounted for through direct inclusion of the velocity component of the interfacial wave. For the numerical implementation of the model, a finite-volume scheme coupled with an approximate Riemann solver is adopted for leading-order terms while cell-centred finite-volume methods are utilized for others. Numerical tests in which the density field is configured to vary either horizontally or vertically have been performed to verify the model. For horizontal variation of fluid density, a pneumatic breakwater system is simulated and fair agreement is observed between computed and measured data, indicating that the current induced by the upward bubble flux is responsible for wave attenuation to some degree. To investigate the effects of internal motion on the free surface, a two-layer fluid system with monochromatic internal wave motion is tested numerically. Simulated results agree well with the measured and analytical data. Lastly, nonlinear interactions between external- and internal-mode surface waves are studied numerically and analytically, and the model is shown to have nonlinear accuracy limitations similar to existing Boussinesq-type models.
Drag kings: characterizing large-scale flows in cycling aerodynamics
Authors: Hosoi A. E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn their recent publication Crouch et al. (J. Fluid Mech., this issue, vol. 748, 2014, pp. 5–35) use wind tunnel experiments to quantify the large-scale vortical structures that develop as a cyclist progresses through a full rotation of the pedals. The authors identify asymmetries in the trailing vortex wake, which intensify as one leg straightens, as the primary source of drag variation over one pedal cycle. These new data suggest that targeted approaches to mitigate asymmetries in the trailing wake present an intriguing opportunity to reduce drag in cycling strategies and technologies.
Turbulent mixing driven by spherical implosions. Part 1. Flow description and mixing-layer growth
Authors: Lombardini M. , Pullin D. I. , Meiron D. I. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe present large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent mixing at a perturbed, spherical interface separating two fluids of differing densities and subsequently impacted by a spherically imploding shock wave. This paper focuses on the differences between two fundamental configurations, keeping fixed the initial shock Mach number ${\approx }1.2$, the density ratio (precisely $|A_0|\approx 0.67$) and the perturbation shape (dominant spherical wavenumber $\ell _0=40$ and amplitude-to-initial radius of $3\, \%$): the incident shock travels from the lighter fluid to the heavy fluid or, inversely, from the heavy to the light fluid. After describing the computational problem we present results on the radially symmetric flow, the mean flow, and the growth of the mixing layer. Turbulent statistics are developed in Part 2 (Lombardini, M., Pullin, D. I. & Meiron, D. I. J. Fluid Mech., vol. 748, 2014, pp. 113–142). A wave-diagram analysis of the radially symmetric flow highlights that the light–heavy mixing layer is processed by consecutive reshocks, and not by reverberating rarefaction waves as is usually observed in planar geometry. Less surprisingly, reshocks process the heavy–light mixing layer as in the planar case. In both configurations, the incident imploding shock and the reshocks induce Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) instabilities at the density layer. However, we observe differences in the mixing-layer growth because the RM instability occurrences, Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) unstable scenarios (due to the radially accelerated motion of the layer) and phase inversion events are different. A small-amplitude stability analysis along the lines of Bell (Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Report, LA-1321, 1951) and Plesset (J. Appl. Phys., vol. 25, 1954, pp. 96–98) helps quantify the effects of the mean flow on the mixing-layer growth by decoupling the effects of RT/RM instabilities from Bell–Plesset effects associated with geometric convergence and compressibility for arbitrary convergence ratios. The analysis indicates that baroclinic instabilities are the dominant effect, considering the low convergence ratio (${\approx } 2$) and rather high ($\ell >10$) mode numbers considered.
Reduced-order representation of near-wall structures in the late transitional boundary layer
Authors: Sayadi Taraneh , Schmid Peter J. , Nichols Joseph W. , Moin Parviz 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDirect numerical simulations (DNS) of controlled H- and K-type transitions to turbulence in an $M = 0.2$ (where $M$ is the Mach number) nominally zero-pressure-gradient and spatially developing flat-plate boundary layer are considered. Sayadi, Hamman & Moin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 724, 2013, pp. 480–509) showed that with the start of the transition process, the skin-friction profiles of these controlled transitions diverge abruptly from the laminar value and overshoot the turbulent estimation. The objective of this work is to identify the structures of dynamical importance throughout the transitional region. Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) (Schmid, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 656, 2010, pp. 5–28) as an optimal phase-averaging process, together with triple decomposition (Reynolds & Hussain, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 54 (02), 1972, pp. 263–288), is employed to assess the contribution of each coherent structure to the total Reynolds shear stress. This analysis shows that low-frequency modes, corresponding to the legs of hairpin vortices, contribute most to the total Reynolds shear stress. The use of composite DMD of the vortical structures together with the skin-friction coefficient allows the assessment of the coupling between near-wall structures captured by the low-frequency modes and their contribution to the total skin-friction coefficient. We are able to show that the low-frequency modes provide an accurate estimate of the skin-friction coefficient through the transition process. This is of interest since large-eddy simulation (LES) of the same configuration fails to provide a good prediction of the rise to this overshoot. The reduced-order representation of the flow is used to compare the LES and the DNS results within this region. Application of this methodology to the LES of the H-type transition illustrates the effect of the grid resolution and the subgrid-scale model on the estimated shear stress of these low-frequency modes. The analysis shows that although the shapes and frequencies of the low-frequency modes are independent of the resolution, the amplitudes are underpredicted in the LES, resulting in underprediction of the Reynolds shear stress.
‘The Trial the World is Watching’: The 1972 Prosecution of Derk Crichton and James Watts, Abortion, and the Regulation of the Medical Profession in Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Klausen Susanne M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAfter its formation in 1910 as a self-governing dominion within the British empire, the Union of South Africa followed a combination of English and Roman-Dutch common laws on abortion that decreed the procedure permissible only when necessary to save a woman’s life. The government continued doing so after South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth and became a republic in 1961. In 1972 a sensational trial took place in the South African Supreme Court that for weeks placed clandestine abortion on the front pages of the country’s newspapers. Two men, one an eminent doctor and the other a self-taught abortionist, were charged with conspiring to perform illegal abortions on twenty-six white teenagers and young unmarried women. The prosecution of Dr Derk Crichton and James Watts occurred while the National Party government was in the process of drafting abortion legislation and was perceived by legal experts as another test of the judiciary’s stance on the common law on abortion. The trial was mainly intended to regulate the medical profession and ensure doctors ceased helping young white women evade their ‘duty’ to procreate within marriage. Ultimately, the event encapsulated a great deal about elites’ attempt to buttress apartheid culture and is significant for, among other reasons, contributing to the production of South Africa’s extremely restrictive Abortion and Sterilisation Act (1975).
Reconstructing Harry: A Genealogical Study of a Colonial Family ‘Inside’ and ‘Outside’ the Grahamstown Asylum, 1888–1918
Authors: Wilbraham Lindy 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRecent scholarship has explored the dynamics between families and colonial lunatic asylums in the late nineteenth century, where families actively participated in the processes of custodial care, committal, treatment and release of their relatives. This paper works in this historical field, but with some methodological and theoretical differences. The Foucauldian study is anchored to a single case and family as an illness narrative that moves cross-referentially between bureaucratic state archival material, psychiatric case records, and intergenerational family-storytelling and family photographs. Following headaches and seizures, Harry Walter Wilbraham was medically boarded from his position as Postmaster in the Cape of Good Hope Colony of South Africa with a ‘permanent disease of the brain’, and was committed to the Grahamstown Asylum in 1910, where he died the following year, aged 40 years. In contrast to writings about colonial asylums that usually describe several patient cases and thematic patterns in archival material over time and place, this study’s genealogical lens examines one white settler male patient’s experiences within mental health care in South Africa between 1908 and 1911. The construction of Harry’s ‘case’ interweaves archival sources and reminiscences inside and outside the asylum, and places it within psychiatric discourse of the time, and family dynamics in the years that followed. Thus, this case study maps the constitution of ‘patient’ and ‘family’ in colonial life,c.1888–1918, and considers the calamity, uncertainty, stigma and silences of mental illness.
Effects of dietary microencapsulated sodium butyrate on growth, intestinal mucosal morphology, immune response and adhesive bacteria in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) pre-fed with or without oxidised oil
Authors: Liu Wenshu , Yang Yanou , Zhang Jianli , Gatlin Delbert M. , Ringø Einar , Zhou Zhigang 
Published: April 2014

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different dietary sustained-release microencapsulated sodium butyrate (MSB) products (0 (non-supplement), 1·5 and 3·0 h) for a control or oxidised soyabean oil (SBO) diet on fish production, intestinal mucosal condition, immunity and intestinal bacteria in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Dietary MSB increased weight gain and reduced the feed conversion ratio within the control and oxidised SBO groups. Gut mucosa was damaged in the oxidised SBO group fed without MSB, in contrast to a normal appearance found in fish fed the MSB1·5 and MSB3·0 diets in the oxidised SBO group. Microvillus density increased in fish fed the MSB1·5 and MSB3·0 diets in the oxidised SBO group (P< 0·001); however, microvillus density was affected by the different pre-fed diets in the midgut (P< 0·001) and by the different sustained-release times of MSB in the distal gut (DG) (P= 0·003). The interaction between the pre-fed diets and the sustained-release times of dietary MSB was significant for the relative gene expression levels of gut heat shock protein-70 (HSP70), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor-β) within each gut segment, except for HSP70 in the DG and IL-1β in the foregut. Modulation of adherent bacterial communities within each gut segment investigated was not obvious when the common carp were fed the diets with MSB, as similarity coefficients of >0·79 were observed. These results indicated that MSB can be used as a dietary supplement to repair or prevent intestinal damage in carp fed oxidised SBO.
Intravenous lipopolysaccharide challenge alters ruminal bacterial microbiota and disrupts ruminal metabolism in dairy cattle
Authors: Jing Longhui , Zhang Ruiyang , Liu Yujie , Zhu Weiyun , Mao Shengyong 
Published: April 2014

In the present study, three primiparous lactating Holstein cows (260–285 d in lactation) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design to assess the effects of three doses (0·0, 0·4 and 0·8 μg/kg body weight) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Escherichia coli 0111:B4) on changes in ruminal microbiota and ruminal fermentation. Ruminal pH was linearly decreased (P< 0·001) by LPS challenge, and the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, total volatile fatty acids and amino N increased linearly (P< 0·001) according to the LPS dose. LPS infusion linearly decreased (P< 0·001) the organic matter degradability of alfalfa hay and soyabean meal in the rumen, but did not affect (P>0·10) the gene expression of Na+/K+-ATPase and monocarboxylic acid transporter-1, -2 and -4. A plot of principal coordinate analysis based on unweighted UniFrac values and analysis of molecular variance revealed that the structure of ruminal bacterial communities in the control was distinct from that of the ruminal microbiota in the cattle exposed to LPS. At the phylum level, when compared with the control group, LPS infusion in the tested cows linearly increased (P< 0·05) the abundance of Firmicutes, and linearly decreased (P< 0·05) the percentage of Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, Spirochaetes, Chlorobi and Lentisphaerae. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that intravenously LPS challenge altered the ruminal bacterial microbiota and fermentation profiles. The present data suggest that systemic LPS could alter ruminal environment and ruminal microbiota composition, leading to a general decrease in fermentative activity.
Red meat consumption is associated with an increased overall cancer risk: a prospective cohort study in Korea
Authors: Wie Gyung-Ah , Cho Yeong-Ah , Kang Hyun-hee , Ryu Kyoung-A , Yoo Min-Kyoung , Kim Young-A , Jung Kyu-Won , Kim Jeongseon , Lee Joo-Hyuk , Joung Hyojee 
Published: April 2014

Cancer is a leading cause of death, and the dietary pattern in Korea is changing rapidly from a traditional Korean diet to a Westernised diet. In the present study, we investigated the effects of dietary factors on cancer risk with a prospective cohort study. Among 26 815 individuals who participated in cancer screening examinations from September 2004 to December 2008, 8024 subjects who completed a self-administered questionnaire concerning demographic and lifestyle factors, and a 3 d food record were selected. As of September 2013, 387 cancer cases were identified from the National Cancer Registry System, and the remaining individuals were included in the control group. The hazard ratio (HR) of cancer for the subjects older than or equal to 50 years of age was higher (HR 1·80, 95 % CI 1·41, 2·31; P< 0·0001) than that for the other subjects. Red meat consumption, Na intake and obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were positively associated with overall cancer incidence in men (HR 1·41, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·94; P= 0·0382), gastric cancer (HR 2·34, 95 % CI 1·06, 5·19; P= 0·0365) and thyroid cancer (HR 1·56, 95 % CI 1·05, 2·31; P= 0·0270), respectively. Participants who had at least three dietary risk factors among the high intakes of red meat and Na, low intakes of vegetables and fruits, and obesity suggested by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research at baseline tended to have a higher risk of cancer than the others (HR 1·26, 95 % CI 0·99, 1·60; P= 0·0653). In summary, high intakes of red meat and Na were significant risk factors of cancer among Koreans.
The age-thickening of sweetened condensed milk: I. Rheological properties
Authors: Samel Ruth , Muers M. M. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe viscosity and flow properties of fresh and age-thickened separated sweetened condensed milk have been investigated using a rotating cylinder viscometer. The rheological properties, and the changes therein brought about by stirring, were studied by means of flow curves obtained by plotting stress against the corresponding rate of shear. Condensed milk during age-thickening is shown to develop thixotropic properties, with a high initial viscosity or ‘gel strength’ which, however, is easily reduced by stirring. On prolonged stirring the viscosity reaches a minimum (the ‘permanent’ viscosity), which becomes progressively higher as the age-thickening process continues. On storage subsequent to stirring there is only an insignificant recovery of the lost viscosity at room temperature, but a substantial recovery at higher temperature.Sweetened condensed whey shows no age-thickening, and the casein-free supernatant liquids obtained by centrifuging dilutions of both fresh and age-thickened condensed milk have the same nitrogen contents and the same viscosities. This is interpreted to mean that the whey proteins play no significant part, directly or in association with casein, in the age-thickening process. Also the sedimentation rate of the casein during centrifuging is greater with age-thickened than with fresh condensed milk, which indicates an increase in casein particle size during agethickening.The following working hypothesis is suggested to account for this behaviour. During age-thickening a slow irreversible change occurs in the size or shape of the casein micelles, probably by aggregation, which produces the rise in ‘permanent’ viscosity. These micelles orient themselves in such a way as to form a loose network enclosing some of the dispersion medium, thereby producing the large increase in the initial viscosity. On stirring, this network is broken down, and although it can reform in time at high temperatures, such recovery is greatly retarded at room temperature by the high viscosity of the aqueous phase containing the soluble constituents of the condensed milk.
Momentum Effect as Part of a Market Equilibrium
Authors: Choi Seung Mo , Kim Hwagyun 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDoes the momentum effect arise naturally from the determination of asset prices in market equilibrium? We calibrate a standard endowment model of multiple assets under recursive preferences. The momentum effect partly comes from investors’ aversion to consumption risks. An unexpected dividend increase generates a positive return and increases the asset’s proportion of consumption, raising the correlation between its future dividend growth and consumption growth. This is compensated by a higher expected return, generating the momentum effect. The cross-sectional difference in expected returns is also a key contributor. The quantified model produces sizable momentum profits, often close to the observed profits.
Can host ecology and kin selection predict parasite virulence?
Authors: GLEICHSNER ALYSSA M. , MINCHELLA DENNIS J. 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYParasite virulence, or the damage a parasite does to its host, is measured in terms of both host costs (reductions in host growth, reproduction and survival) and parasite benefits (increased transmission and parasite numbers) in the literature. Much work has shown that ecological and genetic factors can be strong selective forces in virulence evolution. This review uses kin selection theory to explore how variations in host ecological parameters impact the genetic relatedness of parasite populations and thus virulence. We provide a broad overview of virulence and population genetics studies and then draw connections to existing knowledge about natural parasite populations. The impact of host movement (transporting parasites) and host resistance (filtering parasites) on the genetic structure and virulence of parasite populations is explored, and empirical studies of these factors usingPlasmodiumand trematode systems are proposed.