bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limits to sustained energy intake XIX: A test of the heat dissipation limitation hypothesis in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Yang Deng-Bao , Li Li , Wang Lu-Ping , Chi Qing-Sheng , Hambly Catherine , Wang De-Hua , Speakman John R. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryWe evaluated factors limiting lactating Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) at three temperatures (10°C, 21°C and 30°C). Energy intake and daily energy expenditure (DEE) increased with decreased ambient temperature. At peak lactation (day 14 of lactation), energy intake increased from 148.7 ± 5.7 kJ.day-1 at 30°C to 213.1 ± 8.2 kJ.day-1 at 21°C and 248.7 ± 12.3 kJ.day-1 at 10°C. DEE increased from 105.1 ± 4.0 kJ.day-1 at 30°C to 134.7 ± 5.6 kJ.day-1 at 21°C and 179.5 ± 8.4kJ.day-1 at 10°C on days 14-16 of lactation. With nearly identical mean litter sizes lactating gerbils at 30°C exported 32.0 kJ.day-1 less energy as milk at peak lactation, than those allocated to 10°C or 21°C, with no difference between the latter groups. On day 14 of lactation, the litter masses at 10°C and 30°C were 12.2 g and 9.3 g lower than those at 21°C, respectively. Lactating gerbils had higher thermal conductance of the fur, and lower UCP-1 levels in brown adipose tissue than non-reproductive gerbils, independent of ambient temperature, suggesting they were attempting to avoid heat stress. Thermal conductance of the fur was positively related to circulating prolactin levels. We implanted non-reproductive gerbils with mini-osmotic pumps that delivered either prolactin or saline. Prolactin did not influence thermal conductance of the fur, but did reduce physical activity and UCP-1 levels in BAT. Transferring lactating gerbils from warm to hot conditions resulted in reduced milk production, consistent with the heat dissipation limit theory, but transferring them from warm to cold conditions did not elevate milk production, consistent with peripheral limitation hypothesis or constraints on pup growth.
Structural resonance and mode of flutter of hummingbird tail feathers
Authors: Clark Christopher J. , Elias Damian O. , Girard Madeline B. , Prum Richard O. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryFeathers can produce sound by fluttering in airflow. This flutter is hypothesized to be aeroelastic, arising from coupling of aerodynamic forces to one or more of the feather's intrinsic structural resonant frequencies. We investigated how mode of flutter varied among a sample of hummingbird tail-feathers tested in a wind tunnel. Feather vibration was measured directly at ~100 points across the surface of the feather with a Scanning Doppler Laser Vibrometer (SLDV), as a function of airspeed, Uair. Most feathers exhibited multiple discrete modes of flutter, which we classified into types including tip, trailing vane, and torsional modes. Vibratory behavior within a given mode was usually stable, but changes in independent variables such as airspeed or orientation sometimes caused feathers to abruptly 'jump' from one mode to another. We measured structural resonance frequencies and mode shapes directly by measuring the free response of 64 feathers stimulated with a shaker and recorded with the SLDV. As predicted by the aeroelastic flutter hypothesis, the mode shape (spatial distribution) of flutter corresponded to a bending or torsional structural resonance frequency of the feather. However, the match between structural resonance mode and flutter mode was better for tip or torsional mode shapes, and poorer for trailing vane modes. Often the 3rd bending structural harmonic matched the expressed mode of flutter, rather than the fundamental. We conclude flutter occurs when airflow excites one or more structural resonance frequencies of a feather, most akin to a vibrating violin string.
Superficial neuromasts facilitate non-visual feeding by larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis)
Authors: Sampson Julia A. , Duston Jim , Croll Roger P. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryTo investigate whether mechanoreception is used in non-visual feeding, the ontogeny of superficial neuromasts along the lateral line was described using the vital stain FM1-43FX and fluorescent microscopy. The number of neuromasts visible along one flank increased from 11 at first feeding (5 to 7 days post-hatch, dph) to &gt;150 by the juvenile stage (27 dph). A neomycin dose response (0, 1, 2, 5 mmol l-1) was evaluated for neuromast ablation of bass age 10, 13, 17, and 20 dph. Using these same age groups, the ability of bass to catch Artemia salina prey in both dark and light tank-based feeding trials was compared between larvae with neuromasts ablated using neomycin (5 mmol l-1) and controls. Neomycin significantly reduced the incidence of feeding in the light and dark. Among larvae that fed, those in the dark treated with neomycin caught fewer Artemia (~5 prey h-1; p&lt;0.05) than controls (16 prey h-1 at 10 dph; 72 prey h-1 at 20 dph). In the light, by contrast, neomycin treatment had no significant effect on prey capture by larvae age 13 to 20 dph, but did inhibit feeding of 10 dph larvae. Verification that neomycin was specifically ablating the hair cells of superficial neuromasts and not affecting either neuromast innervation, olfactory pits, or taste cells was achieved by a combination of staining with FM1-43FX and immunocytochemistry for tubulin and the calcium binding proteins, S100 and calretinin.
The evolution of active vibrissal sensing in mammals: evidence from vibrissal musculature and function in the marsupial opossumMonodelphis domestica
Authors: Grant Robyn A. , Haidarliu Sebastian , Kennerley Natalie J. , Prescott Tony J. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryFacial vibrissae, or whiskers, are found in nearly all extant mammal species and are likely to have been present in early mammalian ancestors. A sub-set of modern mammals, including many rodents, move their vibrissae back-and-forth at high speed whilst exploring in a behaviour known as "whisking". It is not known whether the vibrissae of early mammals moved in this way. The gray short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica, is considered a useful species from the perspective of tracing the evolution of modern mammals. Interestingly, these marsupials engage in whisking bouts similar to those seen in rodents. To better assess the likelihood that active vibrissal sensing was present in ancestral mammals we examined the vibrissal musculature of the opossum using digital miscroscopy to see if this resembles that of rodents.&#x2028;Although opossums have fewer whiskers than rats, our investigation found that the vibrissal musculature is similar in both species. In particular, in both rats and opossums, the musculature includes both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles with the intrinsic muscles positioned as slings linking pairs of large vibrissae within rows. We identified some differences in the extrinsic musculature which, interestingly, matched with behavioural data obtained through high-speed video recording, and indicated additional degrees of freedom for positioning the vibrissae in rats. These data show that the whisker movements of opossum and rat exploit similar underlying mechanisms. Paired with earlier results suggesting similar patterns of vibrissal movement, this strongly implies that early therian (marsupial and placental) mammals were whisking animals that actively controlled their vibrissae.
Long-day photoperiod interacts with vasopressin and food restriction to modulate reproductive status, and vasopressin receptor expression of male Golden spiny mice
Authors: Ben-Zaken Israel , Haim Abraham , Zubidat Abed E. 
Published: June 2013

Summary
We tested the effects of photoperiod, water and food availability on body-mass, reproductive status, and vasopressin mRNA receptor 1a (Avpr1a) expression in males of desert-adapted golden spiny mice, Acomys russatus. In experiment 1, Males were acclimated to short-day (SD; 16D:8L) or long-day (LD; 8D:16L) with either saline (control) or vasopressin treatment for three weeks. The results of this experiment revealed that under control conditions, SD-mice increased body-mass by ~5% while LD-mice decreased it by ~4%. SD had no effect on reproductive status and leptin levels, whereas LD-males increased testes mass and serum testosterone, but had no effect on leptin levels. Vasopressin administration decreased LD-induced reproductive enhancement. Since no consistent effect of SD treatment was found on reproductive status, experiment 2 was carried out only on LD-acclimated males kept under 75% food restriction from ad libitum, with saline or leptin treatment. Body-mass, testes mass, serum testosterone, leptin concentrations, and Avpr1a mRNA expression, were measured. Food restriction remarkably decreased body-mass with more potent effect in leptin-treated males showing enhanced reproductive status and significant increase in serum leptin compared with controls. Avpr1a expression was significantly up-regulated in LD, vasopressin, and food restricted males, with higher hypothalamic levels compared with testes. We conclude that in A. russatus LD-photoperiod interacts with water and food availability to advance reproductive responses. Avpr1a is suggested to integrate nutritional and osmotic signals to optimize reproduction by modulating reproductive and energetic neuroendocrine axes at the central level. The interaction between photoperiod and other environmental cues is of an adaptive value to desert-adapted small rodents for timing reproduction in unpredicted ecosystems as extreme deserts.
Uncertainty Analyses of Basement Fracture Reservoir Performances Using Proxy Models with High-Quality History Matching
Authors: Jeong Daein , Jeong Kwangseok , Baik Ho 
Published: June 2013

This paper presents a methodology to evaluate the degree of uncertainty of basement fracture reservoir performances when a reservoir has special events like water-breakthrough. Basement fracture reservoir is a particular feature with water-cut performances compared to other common reservoirs due to extremely high fracture permeability and heterogeneity of reservoir properties. Proxy models are used in this paper to estimate production history and uncertainty. They are useful to reduce the uncertainty contained in a simulation model due to unknown parameters such as reservoir permeability, aquifer size and influx rate, and so on. From a real field application of the proposed methodology, we conclude that the uncertainty of estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) can be significantly reduced when we have water-breakthrough data and proxy models can be utilized to extract probabilistic ranges of EUR with high confidence. This paper proposes to use only high quality history matching (HQHM) models to configure neural network for a proxy modeling to estimate the uncertainty of EUR. The proxy model to be extracted from HQHM model will reduce the error of estimation and reveal real uncertainty due to uncertain parameters not from the proxy model itself.
Wakes Calculation in a Offshore Wind Farm
Authors: Crasto Giorgio , Castellani Francesco 
Published: June 2013

This paper is focusing on the wake modeling in large offshore wind farms. Over the sea the ambient turbulence is much lower than onshore, wakes persist for long distances, mixing in a complex pattern. Hence an accurate evaluation of the wakes become crucial in the estimation both of the production and loads. Regarding loads the main effect of the turbines wakes is an increase of turbulence compared to the ambient one. A careful assessment of the wakes is therefore required when analyzing offshore wind farms. The approaches in estimating the wake losses go from simple theoretical or empirical laws to full rotor aerodynamic calculations; in between there is a range of intermediate calculations. Two approaches will be presented: the use of relative simple equations (also called analytical models) which are the standards in the wind resource assessment and a more accurate, but computationally more demanding, the actuator disc technique.
Efficacy and Safety of Mirtazapine in Fibromyalgia Syndrome Patients: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Yeephu Suwimon , Suthisisang Chuthamanee , Suttiruksa Saithip , Prateepavanich Pradit , Limampai Patchara , Russell Irwin Jon 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND Data from an open-label trial suggest that mirtazapine might prove useful in treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). OBJECTIVE To obtain preliminary efficacy data of mirtazapine for estimation of sample size requirements for a Phase 2 clinical trial in FMS. METHODS This 13-week randomized controlled trial compared the effects of mirtazapine 15 mg/day, mirtazapine 30 mg/day, and placebo in 40 patients with FMS. The primary outcomes were change in Pain Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) and proportion of pain responders (≥30% PVAS reduction). Secondary outcomes included scores from the Jenkins Sleep Scale (JSS), Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Patient Global Assessment, and self-reported adverse events. RESULTS Significant within-group PVAS reductions from baseline were observed in all 3 groups, with the greatest improvement in the mirtazapine 30-mg group (p < 0.005); between-group difference was not significant. The proportion of pain responders did not meet significance criteria (66.67% for mirtazapine 30 mg, 50% for mirtazapine 15 mg, 41.67% for placebo). Significant within-group improvement in JSS scores was seen for mirtazapine 30 mg (p < 0.01) and mirtazapine 15 mg (p < 0.05). Between-group comparison achieved significance for JSS item 3, waking several times per night (p < 0.05). On the PGIC, 72.73% felt better with both mirtazapine dosages compared with 50% for placebo. Within-group FIQ responses indicated improvement in only mirtazapine-treated groups, whereas within-group improvement for HAM-D and Patient Global Assessment was observed in all groups. Based on our findings, the sample size requirement (80% power, 5% type I error) should be 83 per group to detect PVAS change difference between mirtazapine 30 mg and placebo. Common mirtazapine-related adverse events were increased appetite and weight gain. CONCLUSIONS Patients with FMS taking mirtazapine exhibited within-group significant improvement in most of the measured outcomes. Between-group analysis was predictably compromised by the small sample size. Mirtazapine was well tolerated. Further study with a larger sample size is likely to be useful.
Medication Errors in HIV-Infected Hospitalized Patients: A Pharmacist's Impact
Authors: Eginger Kristin H , Yarborough Laura L , Inge Lisa DeVito , Basile Sharon A , Floresca Donald , Aaronson Patrick M 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND Treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) decreases morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection. Unfortunately, HAART medication errors are prevalent in hospitalized patients with HIV infection. Appropriate regimen administration and adherence are essential for treatment success. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of pharmacist interventions on the rate of medication errors in HIV-infected hospitalized patients who had been prescribed HAART in the outpatient setting. METHODS Hospitalized patients aged 18 years or older receiving HAART and/or opportunistic infection (OI) prophylaxis were screened for inclusion. Data collection for each enrolled patient included demographic information, pertinent laboratory results, and inpatient and outpatient medication regimens. Patient medication profiles were reviewed within 72 hours of admission. HAART and/or OI prophylaxis errors were classified by type and frequency. Following the pharmacist intervention, prescribers' responses to each recommendation and the estimated time per intervention were recorded. RESULTS Eighty-six patients were included in this investigation and 210 HAART and OI prophylaxis errors were documented. Of patients receiving HAART and/or OI prophylaxis, 54.7% had at least 1 medication error on admission. An average of 2.4 errors per patient was identified. Dose omission (45.5%) was the most common error type among combined HAART and OI prophylaxis regimens, followed by incorrect regimen (17.1%) and incorrect dose (15.1%). Prescribers accepted 90% of pharmacist recommendations. A pharmacist was able to amend 94.7% of correctable HAART errors, as well as 89.9% of correctable combined HAART and OI prophylaxis errors. An estimated 18.5 minutes of pharmacist time were spent per patient requiring an intervention. CONCLUSIONS A clinical pharmacist's targeted review of outpatient-prescribed HAART and/or OI primary prophylaxis regimens of hospitalized HIV-infected patients can reduce most medication errors during hospitalization.
Posaconazole Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Pediatric Patients and Young Adults with Cancer
Authors: Bernardo Valeria A , Cross Shane J , Crews Kristine R , Flynn Patricia M , Hoffman James M , Knapp Katherine M , Pauley Jennifer L , Molinelli Alejandro R , Greene William L 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND Limited information exists regarding the use of posaconazole for treating systemic fungal infections in children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer. At St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the recommended posaconazole dose in patients weighing less than 34 kg is 18–24 mg/kg daily, given in 4 divided doses. For patients aged 13 years or older or those weighing 34 kg or more, the recommended dose is 800 mg daily, given orally in 4 divided doses. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the current posaconazole dosing guidelines achieve target posaconazole plasma concentrations of 0.7 μg/mL or greater. METHODS This retrospective clinical study examined data from patients who received treatment-dose posaconazole and had at least 1 posaconazole plasma concentration measurement. RESULTS Data from 33 patients who received posaconazole for the treatment of fungal infections were analyzed. The median age of patients was 11.5 years (range 0.5–23.2). Twenty-one of 33 patients (63.6%) had posaconazole concentrations of 0.7 μg/mL or greater (median 1.4; range 0.7–2.98) at the first measurement. The median posaconazole dosage referenced to total body weight in these patients was 20 mg/kg/day. Patients with concentrations less than 0.7 μg/mL (median 0.4; range 0.025–0.69) received lower posaconazole dosages when referenced to body weight (median 12.9 mg/kg/day; p = 0.02). Of the 12 patients with concentrations less than 0.7 μg/mL, 7 (58.3%) were aged 13 years or older. CONCLUSIONS The current dosing approach for posaconazole yielded therapeutic plasma concentrations more frequently in patients younger than 13 years than in those 13 years or older. This difference may be related to the practice of capping adolescent and young adult doses at the suggested maximum adult daily dose. Therefore, we recommend weight-based dosing in all pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients with cancer, with routine therapeutic drug monitoring to ensure adequate concentrations.
Aclidinium Bromide: An Alternative Long-Acting Inhaled Anticholinergic in the Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Woods J Andrew , Nealy Kimberly L , Barrons Robert W 
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of aclidinium bromide, a novel, long-acting inhaled muscarinic receptor antagonist approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July 2012, as a treatment in the management of moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). DATA SOURCES Literature was identified through PubMed/MEDLINE (2000-March 2013) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts using the search terms aclidinium, COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, anticholinergic, and muscarinic antagonist. In addition, US government websites, including fda.gov and clinicaltrials.gov , were reviewed for pertinent information. Forest Laboratories, Inc provided previously unpublished clinical trial data. All reference citations from identified publications were reviewed for possible inclusion. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All identified Phase 1, 2a, 2b, and 3 studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of aclidinium bromide were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS Once- and twice-daily aclidinium bromide was assessed for efficacy and safety in patients with moderate to severe COPD. In comparison to placebo, aclidinium significantly improves trough and peak forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). Significant increases in trough and peak FEV1 were sustainable for up to 64 weeks. In addition to improvement in trough and peak FEV1, twice-daily aclidinium 400 μg induced clinically meaningful improvements in the health status of patients with moderate to severe COPD. Aclidinium was generally well tolerated, with headache, cough, diarrhea, and nasopharyngitis the most common treatment-related adverse effects noted in clinical trials. Aclidinium did not demonstrate a difference in the incidence of systemic anticholinergic-associated adverse effects in comparison to placebo or active comparator. CONCLUSIONS Aclidinium bromide is a novel, inhaled, long-acting anticholinergic that, when administered at the FDA-approved dose, safely produces clinically and statistically significant bronchodilation and improves health status in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Long-term clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of aclidinium are warranted.
Variation in pigment content of Thalassia testudinum seedlings in response to changes in salinity and light
Authors: Howarth Jacqueline F. , Durako Michael J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Changes in pigment content allow seagrasses to photo-acclimate to dynamic light environments, but light- and salinity-induced stress may reduce this ability. In this study, Thalassia testudinum seedlings were exposed to two light treatments (50–70% reduction and full sun) and three salinity treatments (20, 35, and 50) in a 44-day mesocosm experiment. Variation in leaf pigment content (chlorophylls and carotenoids) was determined three times a day (0900, 1200, and 1800 h) during pretreatment, at treatment target conditions, and following a recovery period in the pretreatment conditions using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Seedlings in the salinity 50 treatment had reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid content after 6 days at their target salinity, a common stress response in plants. High salinity also induced increased nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) during midday. The shaded seedlings had significantly lower chlorophyll a:b ratios, due largely to the increased chlorophyll b content. Epoxidation state (EPS) and NPQ significantly varied during the day among all the treatments, suggesting that the seedlings responded quickly to the diurnal fluctuations in light. No significant residual differences among the treatment seedlings were detected for chlorophylls or carotenoids from leaves sampled at the conclusion of the recovery period. The results indicate that hypersalinity caused increased sensitivity to high irradiances in T. testudinum seedlings, requiring an increased photoprotection.
A reassessment of the foliose Bangiales (Rhodophyta) in the Balearic Islands including the proposed synonymy of Pyropia olivii with Pyropia koreana
Authors: Vergés Alba , Comalada Natàlia , Sánchez Noemí , Brodie Juliet 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
A taxonomic reevaluation of the foliose Bangiales placed in the genus Porphyra from the Balearic Islands, based on the historical and recent collections, has resulted in a new floristic composition of this group. The molecular, morphological, and karyological analysis reveals that for these islands, there are no Porphyra species, and only two members of the genus Pyropia are present: Pyropia elongata and Pyropia koreana. The sequence data of the rbcL plastid gene indicate that Pyropia olivii and Pyropia koreana are conspecific. We, therefore, propose the synonymy of Pyropia olivii with Pyropia koreana, which is the taxon with nomenclatural priority. The study with the fresh and old material has revealed that neither Porphyra umbilicalis nor Pyropia leucosticta are present in this area and that most of the old herbarium material that has gone under this name belongs to Pyropia elongata.