bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convaluation
Authors: Aspers Patrik 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses value uncertainty. It focuses on mutual adjustment processes occurring in forms, by which uncertainty is addressed when there are no principles against which the outcomes can be determined. These forms are called ‘convaluations’. This notion refers to actors who come together and produce value as an outcome. The outcomes of the forms however are an unintended consequence of actors who mutually adjust to one another. The actors, typically, pursue their own different ends, which nonetheless leads to outcomes. Markets are instances of economic convaluations, which address economic values. But not all convaluations are economic. In practice, economic and non-economic convaluations are interrelated. This chapter uses the notion of convaluation to analyse in more detail how uncertainty is reduced within the field of so-called ‘performance art’, and how the economic convaluation of markets reduces uncertainty by establishing order and stability.
The Good, Virtue, and the Natural Law
Authors: Svensson Manfred 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to some of the material content of Aristotle’s practical philosophy. The focus lies on the idea of the good, the concept of virtue, and the natural law, topics covered by Aristotle in books I, II, and V of the Ethics. The first of these topics, the idea of the good, opens a window onto the different commentators’ relation to Plato. Its discussion thus reminds us that commentators are seldom mere reporters and that the tradition we label “Aristotelian” was also an eclectic tradition. The second topic, virtue, will by contrast give us an opportunity to consider these authors as “mere” commentators as they confront a standard piece of Aristotelian teaching. The final section, on natural law, shows how the commentators dealt with Aristotle’s difficult passage on things that are right by nature, a passage that despite its obscurity became a classical source for reflection on natural law.
Introduction
Authors: Gillet Valérie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The introduction first explores the notion of minor dynasties and the definition of their territory in the Tamil-speaking South of the first millennium. Having set this theoretical frame, it then delves more specifically into the family of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyars, considered here as a minor dynasty; their little kingdom; and the significant role the Brahmanical temples—which will constitute the core of this book—may have played in the fabric of this society. It ends with a brief presentation of the corpus upon which this study is built, that is a corpus of four Śaiva temples and 136 Tamil epigraphs, all edited and translated at the end of the volume.
A tentative biography of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyars
Authors: Gillet Valérie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The first chapter endeavours to outline the contours of the minor dynasty of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyars, whom we know mostly from the site of Paḻuvūr: their origin as warriors/hunters (maṟavars) who transformed into little kings, probably originally coming from Kerala; their link with the Cōḻa sovereigns—whose authority they theoretically recognized by dating their own inscriptions with Cōḻa king’s regnal years—and their involvement in the imperial military campaigns, leading a seemingly large army, which may have led to their ruling over a small territory; their highly tentative chronology; and the role of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyar women, whether daughters of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyars and married into another dynasty, such as the Cōḻas or the Irukkuvēḷs, or wives of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyar little kings.
The Avanigandharva/Avaṉikantarpa Īśvaragṛhattu Mahādeva temple complex (AIM) of Avaṉikantarpapuram
Authors: Gillet Valérie 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The second chapter focuses on the Avaṉikantarpa Īśvaragṛhattu Mahādeva temple (AIM). This temple is located in the eastern quarters of Mēlappaḻuvūr, today known by the name of Kīḻaiyūr. Locally called the Twin Temples, because it comprises two shrines side by side, it is made of bare stone. The temple appears to be closely related to the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyars by the end of the 9th century: they supervise donations, order regulation of taxes, and pronounce other kinds of official commands. This study also revealed a few aspects of this temple hitherto unknown: a significant link between this temple and the merchant communities, consequently pointing to a specific connection between little kings and merchants; the pervasiveness of the community of the tēvaṉar makaḷs (daughters of god, who are temple servants and often dancers); and a unique structure of temple organization, made of a board of seven priests.
Urban Lives
Authors: Dribe Martin , Nilsson Therese , Tegunimataka Anna 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis chapter introduces the research presented in the volume. It starts by highlighting the importance of an individual-level perspective to understand how long-term economic and societal changes connected with industrialization and post-industrialization have affected individuals and families during the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century as these changes pertain to social class, living conditions, and socioeconomic status. The authors discuss a detailed periodization, linking the developments in Landskrona to broader economic and societal developments in Sweden and internationally. The chapter also describes the study area and the Scanian Economic-Demographic Database and discusses the core concepts, variables, and methods used in the different chapters of this volume.
Climate Obstruction in Spain
Authors: Moreno Jose A. , Almiron Núria 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In Spain, efforts to obstruct climate action have tracked with shifts in politics. Historically, opposing regulation of the energy sector has been a main focus for obstructionist stakeholders, composed in this country mainly of industry lobbyists, political parties, news media, and neoliberal think tanks. In recent years, the ethics and climate impact of animal foods and exploitation have also become topics of public debate, showing the emergence of culture wars around environmental action. As in other contexts, communication strategies, public relations campaigns, and the selective dissemination of knowledge by special interests have characterized climate obstruction in Spain. To exemplify the particular discourses of climate obstruction there, this chapter provides two case studies. One identifies the role of think tanks, which oppose climate change mitigation and are networked with other international organizations. The other examines the efforts of animal agriculture industrial lobbies to slow progress in supporting compassion for nonhuman animals.
Subversion 2.0
Authors: Whyte Christopher 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
What explains the meteoric rise in visibility of fringe elements in mainstream societal discourse during the first decades of the 21st century? Events like the Capitol Insurrection of January 6, 2021, and developments like the surge of medical skepticism during the global pandemic have produced great scrutiny on the challenge of extreme rhetoric in global society, with great attention paid to enabling role of the internet. But what is it exactly that the internet has enabled? This book describes the emergence of a condition of “leaderlessness” as the default format of subversive activity in digital age. “Leaderlessness” is a phenomenon brought about by the rise of Web 2.0 and is characterized by an evolving and uneven feedback loop that links fringe spaces to mainstream elite rhetoric and popular discourse. Cult-like conditions in conspiratorial, restrictive virtual spaces simplify, standardize, and amplify extreme narratives. These narratives are then rapidly filtered into mainstream settings thanks to a series of sociotechnological conditions present in the Web 2.0 era. Fringe narratives and symbols thus often become the lens through which social and political elites interpret information and find meaning, which they then spread through public speech. This public speech is projected back to subversive spaces and communities. Unfortunately, elites are limited in their ability to impact subversive narratives and control fringe advocacy in turn. The result is stark: a global information ecosystem in which actors and issues in society are given meaning by fringe discourse and used to activate dispersed and disaggregated populations.
Fringe 2.0
Authors: Whyte Christopher 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on fringe advocacy and antagonism in the age of widespread socialization of web technologies. In looking at cases of social groups and fringe organizations characterized by racial supremacist and misogynistic beliefs, antigovernmental tendencies, and medical skepticism, the chapter examines the dynamics of virtual spaces utilized to amplify the efforts of countercultural fringe causes. Specifically, the chapter studies the conditions of community spaces that allow the supporters of subversive causes to manipulate informational conditions. Fringe actors manipulate narratives, “poison” civil society discourse online, and more. New opportunities for self-restriction in subversive online communities—as well as the cult-like characteristics they adopt to capture, inculcate, and redirect audiences—and for nonviolent disruption reinforce and sustain a dynamic akin to leaderless resistance wherein antagonism emerges from socially constructed triggers coded into susceptible audiences by the deft control and manipulation of information.
Leaderlessness, Subversion, and the Fringe 3.0
Authors: Whyte Christopher 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by using the theory offered to contextualize the events both preceding and following the January 6, 2021, attempted insurrection in the United States and similar events. It draws out implications for the practice of national security, for technology development, and for the function of democracy in evolving digital contexts. It offers a range of implications and discusses the future of leaderlessness at the fringes of global society, contextualized around the predictors and stressors of fringe antagonism laid out in the preceding chapters.
Fixing Gender
Authors: Holvikivi Aiko 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Fixing Gender is a book about the epistemic life of the term ‘gender’ and the political work that this lively concept does. In recent years, gender training has become the go-to solution for any number of institutional issues. Among others, it has become a requirement for soldiers and police officers deploying overseas as peacekeepers. Through such training, ‘gender’—a term with critical feminist lineage—is taken up by martial institutions shaped by hegemonic masculinity. This conceptual travel poses important questions for feminist theorizing and political advocacy: What epistemic and political work does ‘gender’ come to do in these spaces? Fixing Gender sets out to explore what meaning the term is imbued with in this practice and, consequently, what political work gender training does. Drawing on extensive textual analysis of training materials and participant observation across varied geographic regions, this book follows the concept into institutions of state power, investigating how gender is framed as an analytical category and operational problem. It explores how knowledge about gender is produced in gender training settings, and what dynamics of translation, negotiation, and resistance are involved. This inquiry sheds new insight into the political potential and dangers associated with travelling concepts. Drawing on queer and postcolonial feminist thought, Fixing Gender argues for attending to contradiction and complexity in endeavours such as gender training, highlighting the urgent need to develop feminist conceptual vocabulary to contend with paradoxical politics.
Germany
Authors: Schefold Dian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In Germany, the guarantees of fundamental rights and the principle of the rule of law include the necessity of laws for the powers of administration and for the limitation of rights. Furthermore, these include the protection of this position by the courts. The general regulation of administrative procedure, not required by the constitution, is a practical concretization, existing for the federal and the Länder level. These laws include procedural guarantees. For the planning of certain public enterprises and for urbanistic planning, there are special procedures with consultations of a larger public. A general duty for consultations before new administrative rules does not exist.
Romania
Authors: Dragoș Dacian-Cosmin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In Romania, considering the significant normative inflation (with an average of three laws adopted per day) and the instability of regulations, the codification of administrative procedure would be an appropriate measure to address these challenges. However, despite the efforts of scholarship, Romania is one of the few remaining European countries without a true Code of Administrative Procedure, but having instead an Administrative Code. Consequently, current administrative procedures are regulated inconsistently through special legislative instruments that are often uncoordinated with other acts regulating related areas of law. In this context, the principles and process rights applicable to administrative proceedings in Romanian law are scattered over different regulations—the lack of an Administrative Procedure Law or Code means most of them are general rights of procedure provided by the general legislation on judicial review. The case studies are assessed based on such scattered principles deriving from different pieces of legislation.
About the Way General Principles Combine with Sector-Specific Rules in Administrative Procedural Law
Authors: Auby Jean-Bernard 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to propose some elements of reflection concerning how general principles of procedure are combined with procedural rules laid down by specific legislation in the various administrative laws. Following some remarks on the concept, the categories, and the functions of general principles, the chapter then focuses on the original orientations of these in the field of administrative law. It stresses the difference between administrative laws in which general principles emerge from case law and those in which they rather derive from written legislation—or the Constitution. Then it concentrates on how general principles combine with sector-specific rules in situations where they coincide: normally, either the general principle or the sector-specific rule prevails, it happens, though, that they apply cumulatively.
Same Problems, Same Solutions?
Authors: della Cananea Giacinto 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This final chapter discusses the research’s findings with a view to the nature and extent of the common core of European administrative laws. It observes that national reports show, first of all, that there are unexpected areas of agreement between the European legal systems included in our comparative research, concerning the right to be heard (expressed by the maxim audi alteram partem) and the duty to give reasons. Secondly, it shows there are (partially unexpected) areas of disagreement, for example, as far as the right to remain silent vis-à-vis the administration (that is, nemo tenetur se detegere) is concerned.
Book 19
Authors: Ormand Kirk 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBook 19 begins with Achilles receiving the armor made by Hephaestus, described at length in book 18. Achilles is eager to return to the fight, but before he does so, the Greeks hold an assembly. The hero formally renounces his anger against Agamemnon; Agamemnon offers an awkward apology and, prompted by Odysseus, promises to make good the offer originally proffered in book 9. Briseis appears and leads a lament for the dead Patroclus. In the last scene of the book, Achilles tries on his armor, after which his immortal horse Xanthus prophesies his death. This chapter discusses the following themes: the feud between Achilles and Agamemnon, Achilles’s anger, Achilles’s mortality, and women’s laments. It discusses the following poetic techniques: characterization through direct speech, similes in character speech, and type scenes.
Book 23
Authors: Gazis George Alexander 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIliad 23 has fascinated readers and scholars as much as it has been neglected by them. Entering the narrative after the most anticipated and pivotal event of the Iliad, Achilles’s duel with Hector, book 23 emanates the aura of a much-needed pause in the action, the need to take in the rapid events of the last, action-packed, six books, and allow space for the heroes and the audience to recuperate before moving to the close of the Iliad. Iliad 23 offers a view of the Achaean army inaccessible elsewhere, free of the fear of death but simultaneously familiar to the reader, as issues related to kleos, timē, and heroic standing in Homeric society are evoked within the microcosm of the funeral games.
AI and Discriminatory Intent
Authors: Hass Binesh 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
To what extent should we permit predictive sentencing? The use of such instruments has prompted a range of concerns, including accessibility (we must be able to assess the reasons used by courts), transparency (we must know which facts are used against us), and legal guidance (we must be able to use the law to guide our conduct, which isn’t possible if the AI instrument is either too complex or too opaque). Mostly critics have complained that such instruments may lead to indirect forms of discrimination. This chapter argues it may lead to direct discrimination.
Collective Intelligence over Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Huang Saffron , Siddarth Divya 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
As it stands, our default plan for governing AI is through layered technocracy, between slow-moving nation-states, patchwork global governance institutions, and unaccountable private entities. We need to do better. Collective intelligence (CI) systems may offer the way forward. CI requires collective cognition (e.g. aggregating beliefs, goals or values), collective coordination (synchronising actors/activities), and collective cooperation (given different goals, enabling maximally desirable shared outcomes). This chapter argues that it’s all achievable.
Dialect and Literature
Authors: Townend Matthew 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the interconnections between dialect study and creative literature between the 1840s and 1870s. It examines both fiction (especially discussing works by Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, and Ben Brierley) and poetry (William Barnes, Alfred Tennyson, and Edwin Waugh). It explores the use made by creative writers of works of dialect scholarship (such as grammars and glossaries) and also the reverse use made by dialectologists of poetry and fiction. The chapter concludes with an examination of the ways in which Thomas Hardy and Gerard Manley Hopkins each turned towards dialect as a creative lexical resource out of which to refashion poetic diction.
The explanatory power of the subjacency principle
Authors: Graffi Giorgio , Riolfi Alessandro 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the role of the subjacency principle in the development of generative grammar. Initially, the fundamental role it plays in some of Luigi Rizzi’s works between the 1970s and 1980s is presented. Then, its subsequent and gradual replacement by other, empirically more adequate hypotheses and principles is examined. After a brief review of the current status of the subjacency principle within the Minimalist Program, attention is devoted to some recent proposals deducing locality effects from performance-related factors, Relativized Minimality effects, and labeling mechanisms, respectively. The picture that emerges from this survey is that not only did the subjacency principle seminally capture a conspicuous and heterogeneous set of previously unaccountable linguistic facts, but it also had the unquestionable merit of paving the way for subsequent theoretical development which could not possibly have occurred without the enormously productive research program which had been triggered by its explanatory power.
Digital Ecosystems, Emergent Harms, and the Need for a Holistic Approach in Competition Law
Authors: Esayas Samson Y. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how the practice in competition law of identifying and isolating relevant product/service markets as a target of regulation creates enforcement challenges in a context of increased commercialization of personal and big data. The challenge stems from the shift from offering standalone products/services to ecosystems of several, with personal data central in connecting the different markets. These shifts obscure the boundaries between previously distinct relevant markets and may lead to emergent competitive harms stemming from multiple and systematic practices across seemingly separate markets within the broader ecosystem. These risks are ‘emergent’ because they may not be attributed to specific conduct in a relevant market. The discussion through emergent properties reveals the similarities in the application of competition and data privacy laws, particularly their atomized approach, the challenges they encounter with big data and the need for a holistic approach to address these challenges. The chapter further highlights how market power assessment and existing metrics fail to capture new dimensions of power stemming from a firm’s position within a network and its capacity to foster economic connections. To effectively address the challenges posed by digital ecosystems, this chapter advocates for a holistic approach in competition law application that considers competitive fields and power dimensions beyond specific relevant markets and the potential for dominant digital players to stifle competition through multiple cross-market practices. The chapter concludes by highlighting enforcement trends in competition law concerning digital platforms and discussing how the Digital Markets Act might fill the enforcement gaps linked to ecosystems.