bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENVIRONMENTAL OIL SENSITIVITY OF THE GERMAN NORTH SEA COAST
Authors: Bernem Karl-Heinz van , Müller Agmar , Dörjes Jürgen 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A contiguous region of tidal flats about 448 km (280 miles) long and up to 21 km (13 miles) wide extends along the North Sea coasts of the Federal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, and Denmark. This region is called the Wadden Sea. It is of enormous value as a cleansing site for the North Sea water, as a nursery for young fishes, and as a feeding grounds for nearly all Palearctic species of wading birds and waterfowl. The proximity of important shipping routes and ports is a permanent threat, especially to the German part of the region, which became a national park in 1986.
The results of several field surveys, conducted from 1976 through 1986, revealed the necessity of an ecologically based sensitivity map for oil spill contingency planning.
To evaluate properly the great variety of possible conditions resulting from the interrelationships of biotic and abiotic parameters, a system was developed to encompass such features, including the persistence of oil in the sediment, and the vulnerability and regenerative capability of a large proportion of the biota. Species of halophytes, mammals, fishes, birds, macrofauna, meiofauna, and microphytobenthos were evaluated to determine their physiological and ecological sensitivities to oil contamination. The evaluation was made considering autecological and synecological parameters.
To test the applicability of the technique, a map was made of the littoral zone between the Weser and Elbe Rivers. The results were accepted by the West German organization for the control of oil spills at sea (ÖSK). Mapping will be continued under the direction of the Geesthacht Research Center until 1992. Eventually the project will cover the entire German part of the Wadden Sea through the financial support of the GKSS, the Umweltbundesamt (UBA), the ÖSK, and the national park authorities. A data processing system is being established by the GKSS so that the results can be used not only for oil spill control but also for the analysis of the ecosystem and to help the national park bureaus fulfill their obligations.
RECENT ACTIVITIES OF THE PRIVATE OIL SPILL COOPERATIVE IN JAPAN
Authors: Kusunoki Naomichi , Saito Takeo 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The grounding of the Juliana, a crude tanker, off the Niigata Port, in late November 1971, caused the first major oil spill in Japan, a spill of 7,200 kL (45,000 bbl) of Oman crude oil. The member companies of Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ) hurriedly sent their oil booms and chemical dispersants to Niigata under the instructions of the headquarters set up in the secretariat of PAJ.
This accident showed the oil industry the necessity of a nationwide network to supply oil cleanup equipment and materials in an emergency. In January 1973, a nationwide oil spill cooperative in Japan was initiated, with the agreement of 51 oil companies of PAJ. The organization of 47 branches covered all the Japan Islands, stretching about 3,000 km from Hokkaido to Okinawa. Each branch represents several petroleum facilities, a total of about 380. This oil spill cooperative has continued to act effectively.
The utility of the arrangement has been proved clearly through provision of about 30 percent of the oil cleanup equipment and materials in Japan.
OIL SPILL STRATEGY IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY: NEW TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MECHANICAL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Schroh Klaus 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Prevention and control of oil spills in the Federal Republic of Germany are based on an agreement between the federal government and the four coastal states. Comprehensive procurement and reconstruction programs for oil pollution personnel and equipment are realized and finalized within two years. The Federal Minister for Research and Technology contributed substantially toward using advanced oil spill response techniques at sea and for shoreline cleanup.
Since the particular ecological conditions of the Wadden Sea on the German coastline greatly limit dispersant application, main emphasis was given to developing recovery systems meeting the following requirements:An extended scope of mechanical application at sea, for wave heights exceeding 1.2 m (4 feet)New types of recovery vessels with multiple functions, like bunkering services and floating reception facilitiesOil recovery with self-driven vessels for shallow waters close to the coastline and embankmentsDesign of an amphibious chain-driven vehicle for oil recovery in Wadden Sea areas.
With the integration of these new types of oil recovery vessels or systems the German recovery fleet now consists of 6 high-sea-going vessels and 14 recovery vessel devices for shoreline cleanup.
A PROPOSED RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR WASHINGTON STATE1
Authors: Geselbracht Laura , Rubin Jonathan , Leschine Thomas M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A state legislature sponsored study of Washington's oil spill damage assessment programs has revealed a number of problems. Studies designed to assess damages following major marine oil spills have not always been cost-effective and appropriate, state oil spill response activities have been difficult to fund, agencies have had difficulties spending damage recoveries in accordance with state law, and laws and regulations provide inadequate guidance on how to monetize resource damages identified. In addition, state agencies lack an alternative to field-based studies for compensation recovery in situations where damages are for all intents and purposes unquantifiable. An examination of CERCLA-based natural resource damage assessment procedures, the civil penalties in lieu of damages system employed by the State of Alaska, and other damage assessment practices had led to a recommendation for substantial changes in state marine resource damage assessment procedures. The recommended approach emphasizes the use of CERCLA-like preassessment screening to guide decisions about whether to quantify damages through field studies or to charge civil penalties in lieu of damages, as done in Alaska. In addition, emphasis is placed on direct negotiations with the responsible party to identify restoration/enhancement projects as alternatives to paying damages, and on developing capabilities to manage recovered damages and assessment costs through a new revolving fund.
OCS-RELATED OIL SPILL IMPACTS ON NATURAL RESOURCES: AN ECONOMIC RISK ANALYSIS1
Authors: Opaluch James J. , Grigalunas Thomas A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Risk analyses of oil spills are important in the development of outer continental shelf (OCS) leasing policy as well as other marine policies relating to oil. This paper explores the use of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model for Coastal and Marine Resources (NRDAM/CME) to provide a risk analysis of oil spills related to OCS oil development. For the categories of natural resources included in NRDAM/CME, the expected value of damages from large oil spills appears quite small relative to the value of oil developed. Expected damages range from $300,000 to $19.7 million per billion barrels of oil developed. Ongoing research by the authors will refine these estimates by including additional categories of damages, which will increase the damage estimates, and oil spill cleanup and the effect of OCS production on reducing imports, which will reduce the estimated net costs of OCS development.
LIMITATIONS ON UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK LEAK DETECTION SYSTEMS
Authors: Jones Frank E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the limitations imposed on internal volumetric leak detection systems for underground gasoline storage tanks by uncertainty in the value of the thermal expansion coefficient for gasoline and uncertainties in measurements of the temperature of the gasoline. For leak detection or level sensing systems that are used to infer or measure volumetric leak rates, correction must be made to account for the expansion or contraction of the gasoline. An analysis is made of experimental determinations, in other work, of the density of samples of gasoline and calculated values of the thermal expansion coefficient. The data are divided according to three categories of gasoline: regular, unleaded, and premium. In each of these categories the estimate of the standard deviation of the thermal expansion coefficient is approximately 3 percent of the mean value. Examples are given of the magnitude of the apparent leak rate or error in leak rate due to uncertainties in the thermal expansion coefficient.
In order to correct for expansion or contraction of the gasoline, the mean temperature of the entire quantity of the gasoline must be known. An error in mean temperature will result in an apparent leak rate or an error in leak rate. Examples are given of the magnitude of the apparent leak rate or error in leak rate.
GUIDELINES FOR USE OF DISPERSANTS ON SPILLED OIL—A MODEL PLAN
Authors: Fraser J. P. , Horn S. A. , Kazmierczak L. J. , Kinworthy M. L. , Lasday A. H. , Lindstedt-Siva J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The American Petroleum Institute Spill Response and Effects Task Force has developed guidelines (a “model plan”) for use of dispersants on spilled oil. This model plan is consistent with subpart H of the National Contingency Plan and provides the information needed to implement subpart H. The model plan addresses the questions of where, when, why, and how dispersants should be used and what materials should be used. The components of the model plan are the following:Detailed descriptions of most of the currently used methods for making dispersant use decisionsA dispersant use information form (Federal Region VI format)Discussion of the technical basis for dispersant use decision makingTabulations of properties (specific gravity, viscosity, pour point, and sulfur content) of oils transported through or produced in the area of interest, including an indication of relative dispersibility of each of these productsInventories of dispersants and application equipmentA quality assurance/quality control planLiterature on dispersant application techniques.
The purpose of developing this model plan is to provide a format that may be used to establish consistent regional and local dispersant use plans throughout the country.
THE WEATHERING OF VOLATILE HYDROCARBONS FROM CRUDE OIL SLICKS ON WATER
Authors: McAuliffe Clayton D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Comparing total C1 to C10 hydrocarbons measured in water column samples immediately after chemical dispersion of crude oil slicks in field studies with those found in chemical dispersion of fresh crude oil showed complete loss of these hydrocarbons from the field slicks in less than two hours. This independent method of measuring evaporation showed more rapid evaporation than found in most other field studies that collected samples of oil from the slick. The easiest part of the slick to sample is the thicker portion, which may be remnants that are less weathered than the slick as a whole. Many laboratory weathering studies have used slick thicknesses many times greater than in the field with evaporation occurring in days rather than hours. Some evaporation models can quickly and inexpensively predict volatile hydrocarbon loss under different wind conditions, and varying air and water temperatures. The rapid loss of C1 to C10 hydrocarbons reduces biological toxicity, and restricts possible adverse effects to areas near the spill site. Evaporation of these hydrocarbons likewise increases slick oil viscosities and reduces chemical dispersant effectiveness. Thus the best slick control is obtained if it is sprayed quickly, although some oils can be effectively treated for several days.
LONG-TERM WEATHERING OF AMOCO CADIZ OIL IN SOFT INTERTIDAL SEDIMENTS
Authors: Page David S. , Foster Judith C. , Fickett Paulette M. , Gilfillan Edward S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Samples of sediment were taken at intervals between 1979 and 1986 from soft sediment locations in the Aber Benoit, an estuary heavily impacted by the Amoco Cadiz oil spill of 1978, and from a comparable reference site outside the spill zone. Each sample was analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons by capillary gas chromatography. The data demonstrate the progressive weathering of the Amoco Cadiz oil resulting in an assemblage of biogenic hydrocarbons similar to the reference site by 1986 at all but the most heavily impacted locations. The data indicate that any residues of weathered Amoco Cadiz oil present in 1985-86 were in the final stages of degradation.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND RESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A MANGROVE FOREST AFFECTED BY JET FUEL
Authors: Ballou Thomas G. , Lewis Roy R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A jet fuel spill in Ensenada Honda, Naval Station Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, was investigated to determine impacts on mangrove communities and to develop a mitigation plan to reverse the damage. The spill caused rapid, widespread damage to mangroves, killing almost six hectares of forest. Residual contamination of water and sediments was very low.
Mitigation recommendations were developed for this incident and other mangrove forests affected by oil spills. The recommendations place primary emphasis on natural recovery, with additional actions to increase colonization and/or survival of propagules as needed.
THE ASHLAND OIL SPILL, FLOREFFE, PA — CASE HISTORY AND RESPONSE EVALUATION
Authors: Miklaucic Cdr. E. A. , Saseen J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 2, 1988, a storage tank at the Ashland Oil Terminal, Floreffe, Pennsylvania, near the Monongahela River 24 miles upstream of Pittsburgh, suffered an instantaneous and complete failure, releasing 90,000 barrels (about 3.9 million gallons) of diesel oil into the environment. The speed and volume of the release made “first aid” almost impossible. Within hours, an estimated 18,000 barrels (750,000 gallons) of diesel had entered the river. Responders were faced with a power and communication lines shutdown, contaminated potable water intakes, oil dispersion from river currents and turbulence resulting from numerous river dams, and life-threatening weather conditions, with temperatures often below 0°F. With the U.S. Coast Guard as first federal official on scene (FFOS) and the Environmental Protection Agency acting as on-scene coordinator (OSC), a thoroughly integrated response organization of federal, state, local, and interstate agencies evolved.
Once the situation was stabilized, aggressive restoration of the Ashland site by traditional removal techniques began. However, significant factors challenged the scientific community throughout river recovery areas. First, as contamination became suspended throughout the water column, water supply intakes at all depths were affected, resulting in water shortages for most of the population downstream as far as 200 miles. Supplying potable water and technical assistance to water authorities prompted questions about the use of 311 (k) for activities not clearly defined as cleanup. Additionally, cold weather caused extensive freezing, and ice cover limited full use of absorbent materials and equipment. Finally, river access points also hampered boom deployment and surface oil recovery.
This case demonstrated the benefits of contingency planning and revealed areas where additional coordination might be accomplished. The associated Ashland site restoration continues to the present time.
RESULTS OF THE 1987 FORTIES CRUDE OIL TRIAL IN THE NORTH SEA
Authors: Hurford N. , Buchanan I. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This report presents the results of a trial to study the behavior of Forties crude oil spilled at sea. The trial involved the release of approximately 20 metric tons (t) of Forties crude oil and monitoring the movement, spreading, and dispersion of the slick over a four-day period. Surface samples were collected at regular intervals to determine changes in the physical properties of the oil. The implications of the results for the development of oil spill simulation models are discussed.
THE TANK BARGE MCN-5: LESSONS IN SALVAGE AND RESPONSE OPERATIONS1
Authors: Yaroch Gregory N. , Reiter Gary A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 31, 1988, the tank barge MCN-5 capsized and sank in the Guemes Channel area of Puget Sound. The four weeks following the sinking presented the federal on-scene coordinator (OSC) and other federal, state, and local agencies responding to the incident with many lessons in diving, salvage, and spill response activities.
The MCN-5 sank only a short time after it was loaded with approximately 9,800 barrels of heavy cycle gas oil (HCGO) at the Shell refinery near Anacortes. The HCGO presented unique problems due to its 1.086 specific gravity, which caused it to sink rather than float. In addition, the HCGO had been loaded on top of approximately 500 barrels of lighter oils remaining from previous cargos. This oil, although demonstrating normal floating characteristics, required the responding agencies to deal with both floating and sinking oil in the same response. Further, the response to the MCN-5 was complicated by extreme tidal currents that hampered diving and salvage operations, and required contingency planning to the extent possible for containment and recovery of the spilled oil of both types.
This case history presents the problems encountered and the manner in which they were handled. It includes a description of the on-scene organization that successfully integrated federal, state, and local interests into a single force for dealing with the situation.
RESPONSE STRATEGIES IN A HIGH TIDAL RANGE ESTUARINE SYSTEM: THE SAVANNAH RIVER OIL SPILL
Authors: Biedenbender Phillip L. , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In early December 1986, the tank vessel Amazon Venture discharged approximately 500,000 gallons of No. 6 fuel oil into the Savannah River. From the outset, the on-scene coordinator (OSC) placed the highest priority on protecting the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge and adjacent wetlands from environmental impacts. During 12 days of continuous effort, over 6,500 feet of sorbent and containment boom were deployed in the refuge. Nearly all of the containment and deflection barriers were ineffective due to tidal changes in flow direction and associated very high current, which were frequently over 6 meters per second. In spite of protection efforts concentrated in the refuge, less than 100 gallons of oil were recovered there. In other contaminated areas, cleanup focused on removal of oil from the water surface (recovering about 150,000 gallons) and on shoreline cleaning of rocks and seawalls in public places. No cleanup of wetlands was recommended. This paper is a discussion of the various response strategies evaluated and used in mitigating the effects of a major oil spill in this high tidal range estuarine system.
Oil Spill Contingency Planning in Shanghai1
Authors: Baokang Pu , Chengguo Yu 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Shanghai, one of the world's biggest cities and seaports, is situated on the Yangtze River estuary and the Huangpu River.
Significant oil spill accidents have occurred in recent years in China, and have caused the municipality great anxiety. A contingency plan, probably the first one at the local level in this country, has been developed under the initiatives of the Shanghai Harbour Superintendency Administration, supported by the local Environment Protection Agency (EPA) and other organizations. A governing body dealing with marine pollution has been established on a cooperative basis in the Shanghai Marine Safety Superintendence.
The role of the contingency plan and its governing bodies, procedures and arrangements relating to the control of pollution by oil and other harmful substances, monitoring stations along the Huangpu River (one of the busiest waterways in China) pollution response teams and their training, and liability and compensation for pollution are described in this paper. Problems concerning the lack of funding and resources available, technique, and professional staff, which are generally faced by developing countries, as well as the harmonization of cooperating parties are discussed and various difficulties are tried to be overcome.
Natural Cleaning of Shorelines Following the Exxon Valdez Spill
Authors: Jahns Hans O. , Bragg James R. , Dash Lawrence C. , Owens Edward H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Field observations have identified a number of natural processes that contributed to the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez spill. This paper focuses on physical processes that remove oil residue from shoreline sediments. Data from shoreline surveys at 16 monitoring sites in Prince William Sound show significant reductions in both surface oil coverage and sediment oil content during the period from September 1989 to March 1990, while cleanup activities were suspended.
Natural cleaning appeared to be dominated by wave action during storms. Changes in oiling conditions on high- and moderate-energy beaches can be explained as the result of wave action, based on beach profile data and time-lapse photography. However, observations from low-energy areas indicate that rates of change there were often as high as those from the more exposed and energetic wave environments. Studies of the oiled sediments have shown that interactions between the residual oil and fine mineral solids, such as clay particles, played an important role in the natural cleaning process. These interactions formed flocculated aggregates of a solids-stabilized emulsion in which small oil droplets are coated with micro-sized mineral fines and surrounded by seawater. In this form, the oil no longer sticks to the sediment surfaces so that it can be removed by low-energy waves or tidal washing. The large specific surface area of the flocculated oil promotes its eventual biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms.
Controlled Burning of Crude Oil on Water Following the Grounding Of the Exxon Valdez
Authors: Allen Alan A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the evening of the second day following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 gallons (57,000 to 114,000 L) of North Slope crude oil were eliminated using in-situ combustion techniques. The oil was collected with the 3M Company's Fire Boom, towed in a U-shaped configuration behind two fishing boats. Working with 500-foot (152-m) tow lines, a 450-foot (137-m) boom was moved at about one-half to one knot (0.26 to 0.52 m/s) through slightly emulsified oil patches downwind of the spill. Once oil had filled the downstream portion of the U-shaped boom and the boats were clear of any surrounding slicks, a gelled-fuel igniter was released from one of the tow boats. Shortly after ignition, flames gradually spread out over the entire area of the contained oil. As flames reached 200 to 300 feet (61 to 91 m) into the air, the area of the contained oil layer (and therefore the size and intensity of the fire) could be controlled by adjusting the speed of the vessels. The total burn time was approximately 75 minutes; however, the intense part of the burn lasted for about 45 minutes. The original volume of oil, likely between 15,000 and 30,000 gallons, was reduced to approximately 300 gallons (1,136 L) of stiff, taffy-like burn residue that could be picked up easily upon completion of the burn. The controlled elimination of crude oil therefore resulted in an estimated 98 percent or better efficiency of burn.
Saving Endangered Species in Major Oil Spill Cleanup Efforts
Authors: White Jan , Williams Terrie 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
While wildlife rehabilitation efforts generally attempt to save as many animals as possible, working with rare or endangered species presents new challenges. Every single individual animal has increased significance, and, further, each one that dies may result in a large fine on the spiller. This paper focuses on the way in which treating rare or endangered animals differs from the usual “herd health medicine approach” used with more common species, and the costs associated with such an approach.