bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Dynamic is the Private Sector? Job Creation and Insights from Workplace-Level Data
Authors: Butcher Bob , Bursnall Matt 
Published: July 2013

Private sector employment rose by over a million in the past three years. Commentators often interpret this number – which is a net figure – as ‘job creation’. But how many jobs really are created each year, and conversely how many are lost? How has this changed with the downturn and what does it imply for the recovery?This article uses findings from business and workplace-level data to map i) job creation and destruction over recent years, ii) its components in accounting terms, iii) the relative contribution by firms of different size and age, and iv) the reallocation of resource between firms and to workplaces within firms. There are four main points:
a)Job churn far outweighs net change. Before the downturn, an average of 4.0 million jobs were created each year and a slightly smaller number lost (3.7m), resulting in a net increase of about 300,000 per year.b)Most job creation (over 70 per cent) is within existing firms; but within that, over a third comes from the creation of new workplaces set up within those firms.c)The net reduction in jobs in 2008–11 was not, in contrast to earlier recessions, due to higher rates of job loss; instead it reflects a sustained period of lower job creation in new workplaces, especially in SMEs (figure 1). This is consistent with ongoing credit constraints hitting SMEs particularly hard, as discussed in Armstrong et al. (2013), or could simply be in line with lack of confidence to invest at this time.d)Looking at the years 2008–11 individually, the downturn begins with reduced levels of entry, followed by a peak of job destruction in 2009 in line with reduced aggregate demand, and then a continuation of low levels of entry of new SMEs, and lower levels of destruction too (figure 2).
Evaluation of effects of bronchiectasis on bronchial artery diameter with multidetector computed tomography
Authors: Kosar Mehmet , Kurt Aydin , Keskin Suat , Keskin Zeynep , Arslan Halil 
Published: July 2013

Background: Among patients with increased bronchial artery diameter there is a significant association between hemoptysis and bronchiectasis score. The higher score of bronchiectasis, the higher risk of hemoptysis development. Purpose: To investigate the association of stages of bronchiectasis based on a computed tomography (CT) grading system, with bronchial artery diameter and hemoptysis in patients with bronchiectasis. Material and Methods: Patients with lung pathologies other than bronchiectasis, which may cause hemoptysis, were excluded from the study. One hundred and forty-five patients who underwent contrast-enhanced thorax CT by a 64-detector CT for various indications, and who were diagnosed with bronchiectasis, were evaluated retrospectively. CT examinations were carried out by two radiologists with 9 and 4 years of experience with chest radiology, respectively. The diameters of the right and left bronchial arteries were measured 1 cm from the aortic origin and perpendicular to the vessel axis. Cases were assessed based on the Bhalla CT scoring system. The hemoptysis history of every patient was taken. Results: The diameters of the right and left bronchial arteries were significantly greater in patients with scores of 2 and 3 bronchiectasis than in patients with a score of 1. This was significantly greater in patients with a score of 3 than in patients with a score of 2 ( P < 0.05). In patients with a score of 1, the right bronchial artery diameter was significantly greater than that of the left bronchial artery ( P < 0.05). Right bronchial artery diameters were significantly greater than left bronchial artery diameters in score 3 patients ( P < 0.05). A significant association was observed between hemoptysis and bronchiectasis in patients with increased bronchial artery diameter ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: In patients with bronchiectasis, as the stage of bronchiectasis increases, the bronchial artery diameters and the risk of hemoptysis increase. We think that in patients who are diagnosed with bronchiectasis via multidetector CT (MDCT), based on scoring with bronchial artery diameters, the risk of hemoptysis can be estimated, and early management plans can be implemented.
Etest Versus Vitek 2 Vancomycin Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Testing Methods for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Bloomgren Brandon J. , Laible Brad R. 
Published: August 2013

Purpose: To evaluate the discordance between Vitek 2 and Etest vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing methods in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. Methods: Inclusion criteria consisted of MRSA isolates with blood, respiratory, or wound origin of culture, inpatient or emergency department location at time of culture and isolates with a Vitek 2 MIC reported. Isolates were subjected to Etest and the resulting MICs were compared to the corresponding Vitek 2 MICs, and both the rate and degree of discordance were evaluated. Results: Seventy-five MRSA isolates met the inclusion criteria. Etest resulted in an MIC value greater than that of Vitek 2 in 64 isolates (85.3%). Furthermore, of the 35 isolates with an MIC of ≤0.5 mcg/mL via Vitek 2, Etest reported 27 isolates with an MIC >1 mcg/mL. Of the 39 isolates with a Vitek 2 MIC of 1 mcg/mL, Etest reported 30 isolates with an MIC >1 mcg/mL. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that Etest commonly reports MICs greater than 1 mcg/mL, even among isolates with MICs as low as ≤0.5 mcg/mL, according to Vitek 2. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown and would be an area of further study.
Opt-out testing for HIV: perspectives from a high prevalence community in south-east England, UK
Authors: Pollard A , Llewellyn C , Smith H , Richardson D , Fisher M 
Published: August 2013

Summary Peoples’ perspectives and attitudes towards being offered opt-out HIV testing were explored in a geographical area of high HIV prevalence. Users ( n = 31) of sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing services took part in community focus groups in the south-east of England, UK. There was broad support for opt-out HIV testing based on public health and individual health benefits. For this sample, opt-out HIV testing when registering with a general practice surgery and on elective or emergency admission to a general hospital was acceptable, although there were concerns about the rigour of informed consent. Heterosexual participants’ criticism of people from higher prevalence groups for HIV declining tests, while maintaining their own right to opt-out, suggested that attitudes towards testing may be influenced by levels of perceived risk. Innovations in HIV testing policies to increase testing rates will benefit from an acknowledgement of the different meanings that testing has.
Implementing cognitive remediation therapy: lessons from two public mental health services
Authors: Cairns Alice , Dark Frances , Batts Megan 
Published: July 2013

Objective: Neurocognitive deficits are a core symptom domain of schizophrenia, occurring in 75–90% of people with this diagnosis and influencing long term functional outcomes. This article aims to describe the pilot implementation of cognitive remediation therapy in two large public mental health services and detail changes made to the delivery of this therapy after this trial. Conclusions: Cognitive remediation therapy provides an evidence-based approach to targeting cognitive deficits but the translation of this therapy from a research setting to clinical practice has not been well evaluated.
Prestige and bipolarity
Authors: Le Bas James , Castle David , Newton Richard , O’Loughlin Denis 
Published: July 2013

Objective: To explore aspects of prestige in the bipolar disorders. Conclusions: Conceptualisation around bipolar spectrum disorders is in its infancy, in particular with relation to their neurobiological and evolutionary underpinnings. While research has privileged proximate causation, a separate, nascent dialogue in relation to the ‘aboutness’ of affective syndromes exists. Arguably, affective disorders can be considered in relation to the social group phenomena of self-esteem and prestige. A conceptualisation of Panksepp’s PLAY and Thayer’s energetic arousal systems combined- Hedonic Energetic Social Engagement- can be invoked as a mechanism for bipolarity. This has been acted upon by prestige competition to create a selection pressure for prestige. In this model, bipolar spectrum conditions evolved as a by-product of this process.
Comparison of workload intensity in community and rehabilitation teams in a community mental health service
Authors: Bender Keith 
Published: July 2013

Objective: The purpose was to investigate a perception that clients of a rehabilitation team constitute an ‘easy’ group of patients, who should be managed outside public sector community psychiatric service settings. Method: A caseload equalisation tool was used to compare the case manager workload in the community team and the rehabilitation team of a community mental health service. Results: Caseload scores of clients of community and rehabilitation teams were not significantly different. Nor was there any significant difference in client complexity, time that case managers spent with clients or liaison activity. Conclusion: The primary sector, even with non-government organisation support, is unlikely to be able to meet the needs of the group of patients who were being managed by the rehabilitation team.
The introduction of rib fracture fixation for traumatic flail chest injury: A single centre experience
Authors: Sellers Emma L , Fearon Paul V , Ripley Colin , Vincent Angus , Barnard Sion , Williams John R 
Published: July 2013

Introduction High energy chest trauma resulting in flail chest injury or multiple rib fractures is associated with increased rates of patient morbidity and mortality. Operative fixation of acute rib fractures causing flail chest is thought to reduce morbidity by reducing pain and improving chest mechanics enabling earlier ventilator weaning. A variety of operative techniques have been described historically and we report on our unit’s experience of the introduction of acute rib fracture fixation using contoured locking plates. Methods Between December 2010 and 2011, 10 patients underwent acute rib fracture fixation under the joint care of orthopaedic and thoracic surgeons. Outcome measures included patient demographics, time ventilated pre-operatively, time ventilated post-operatively and time spent on intensive treatment unit/high dependency unit (ITU/HDU) post operatively. Results The median time from presentation to surgery was 5 days (range 2–12 days), the median time ventilated post-operatively was 2 days (range 1–4 days) and the median number of days spent on ITU/HDU post-operatively was 6 days (range 2–11 days). All but two patients, who did not require post-operative ventilation, were weaned off the ventilator within 4 days of surgery. Conclusions Our results appear positive in terms of time spent ventilated post-operatively but no conclusion can be drawn as we have no comparable non-operative group. We have however shown that rib fracture fixation can be carried out successfully and safely in a trauma centre with few post-operative complications reported to date. Further evidence on rib fracture fixation is required from a large, multi-centre randomised controlled trial.
Methodology for conducting the Children’s Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Telemental Health Treatment Study in multiple underserved communities
Authors: Vander Stoep Ann , Myers Kathleen 
Published: July 2013

Background Children living in nonmetropolitan communities are underserved by evidence-based mental health care and are underrepresented in clinical trials. Purpose In this article, we describe lessons learned in conducting the Children’s Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Telemental Health (TMH) Treatment Study (CATTS), a randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of TMH in improving outcomes of children with ADHD living in underserved communities. Methods Children were referred by primary care providers (PCPs). The test intervention group received six telepsychiatry sessions with each session followed by an caregiver behavior training session delivered in-person by a local therapist. A secure website was used to support decision making by the telepsychiatrists and to facilitate real-time collaboration between the telepsychiatrists and community therapists. The control group received a single telepsychiatry consultation. Questionnaires tapping ADHD symptoms and other outcomes were administered to parents and teachers online through a secure portal from personal computers. Results total of 88 PCPs in seven communities referred the 223 children who participated in the trial. Attrition in treatment sessions and research assessments was very low. Lessons learned TMH proved to be a viable means of providing evidence-based pharmacological services to children and training to local therapists. Recruitment was enhanced by offering the control group a telepsychiatry consultation. Site-specific strategies were needed to meet recruitment targets. Conclusions The CATTS trial used methods designed to optimize inclusion of children living in multiple dispersed and underserved areas. The study will serve as a model for other research projects aiming at reducing geographic disparities in access to quality mental health care.
The Oncogene LRF Stimulates Proliferation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Inhibits Their Chondrogenic Differentiation
Authors: Yik Jasper H.N. , Li Huan , Acharya Chitrangada , Kumari Ratna , Fierro Fernando , Haudenschild Dominik R. , Nolta Jan , Di Cesare Paul E. 
Published: July 2013

Objective: The oncogene leukemia/lymphoma-related factor (LRF) enhances chondrosarcoma proliferation and malignancy. This study aimed to investigate the roles of LRF in chondrogenic differentiation of primary human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Design: LRF was overexpressed in BMSC by lentiviral transduction. Chondrogenic differentiation of BMSC was induced by high-density pellet culture. Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate changes in protein and mRNA levels, respectively, during chondrogenesis. Safranin-O staining, immunohistochemistry, and glycoaminoglycan contents were used to assess cartilage matrix deposition. BMSC proliferation was determined by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and cell counting. Cell cycle profiling was performed by flow cytometry. Results: LRF overexpression effectively inhibited protein and mRNA expression of chondrocyte markers and cartilage matrix deposition during chondrogenesis of BMSC. Endogenous LRF expression was constitutively high in undifferentiated BMSC but remained low in primary articular chondrocytes. Endogenous LRF protein was downregulated in a time-dependent manner during chondrogenesis. BMSCs overexpressing LRF had higher proliferation rates and cell population in the S phase. LRF suppressed p53 expression during chondrogenesis and this might prevent differentiating chondrocytes from entering a quiescent state. Conclusion: Our data showed that LRF is important for stimulating stem cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. It is known that LRF is highly expressed in the mouse limb buds prior to overt chondrogenesis; thus, LRF might function to prevent premature chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of therapy-related chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
Authors: Takahashi Koichi , Pemmaraju Naveen , Strati Paolo , Nogueras-Gonzalez Graciela , Ning Jing , Bueso-Ramos Carlos , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Pierce Sherry , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop , Garcia-Manero Guillermo 
Published: July 2013

Key Points
t-CMML is associated with higher-risk cytogenetics and manifests poor prognosis. t-CMML should be recognized as one of the therapy-related myeloid neoplasms.
Discovery of cashmere goat (Capra hircus) microRNAs in skin and hair follicles by Solexa sequencing
Authors: Yuan Chao , Wang Xiaolong , Geng Rongqing , He Xiaolin , Qu Lei , Chen Yulin 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large family of endogenous, non-coding RNAs, about 22 nucleotides long, which regulate gene expression through sequence-specific base pairing with target mRNAs. Extensive studies have shown that miRNA expression in the skin changes remarkably during distinct stages of the hair cycle in humans, mice, goats and sheep.

Results
In this study, the skin tissues were harvested from the three stages of hair follicle cycling (anagen, catagen and telogen) in a fibre-producing goat breed. In total, 63,109,004 raw reads were obtained by Solexa sequencing and 61,125,752 clean reads remained for the small RNA digitalisation analysis. This resulted in the identification of 399 conserved miRNAs; among these, 326 miRNAs were expressed in all three follicular cycling stages, whereas 3, 12 and 11 miRNAs were specifically expressed in anagen, catagen, and telogen, respectively. We also identified 172 potential novel miRNAs by Mireap, 36 miRNAs were expressed in all three cycling stages, whereas 23, 29 and 44 miRNAs were specifically expressed in anagen, catagen, and telogen, respectively. The expression level of five arbitrarily selected miRNAs was analyzed by quantitative PCR, and the results indicated that the expression patterns were consistent with the Solexa sequencing results. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that five major biological pathways (Metabolic pathways, Pathways in cancer, MAPK signalling pathway, Endocytosis and Focal adhesion) accounted for 23.08% of target genes among 278 biological functions, indicating that these pathways are likely to play significant roles during hair cycling.

Conclusions
During all hair cycle stages of cashmere goats, a large number of conserved and novel miRNAs were identified through a high-throughput sequencing approach. This study enriches the Capra hircus miRNA databases and provides a comprehensive miRNA transcriptome profile in the skin of goats during the hair follicle cycle.
Spatial distributions of Pseudomonas fluorescens colony variants in mixed-culture biofilms
Authors: Workentine Matthew L , Wang Siyuan , Ceri Howard , Turner Raymond J 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe emergence of colony morphology variants in structured environments is being recognized as important to both niche specialization and stress tolerance.Pseudomonas fluorescensdemonstrates diversity in both its natural environment, the rhizosphere, and in laboratory grown biofilms. Sub-populations of these variants within a biofilm have been suggested as important contributors to antimicrobial stress tolerance given their altered susceptibility to various agents. As such it is of interest to determine how these variants might be distributed in the biofilm environment.ResultsHere we present an analysis of the spatial distribution ofPseudomonas fluorescenscolony morphology variants in mixed-culture biofilms with the wildtype phenotype. These findings reveal that two variant colony morphotypes demonstrate a significant growth advantage over the wildtype morphotype in the biofilm environment. The two variant morphotypes out-grew the wildtype across the entire biofilm and this occurred within 24 h and was maintained through to 96 h. This competitive advantage was not observed in homogeneous broth culture.ConclusionsThe significant advantage that the variants demonstrate in biofilm colonization over the wildtype denotes the importance of this phenotype in structured environments.
Comparison of CDC and sequence-based molecular typing of syphilis treponemes: tpr and arp loci are variable in multiple samples from the same patient
Authors: Mikalová Lenka , Pospíšilová Petra , Woznicová Vladana , Kuklová Ivana , Zákoucká Hana , Šmajs David 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
Molecular typing of syphilis-causing strains provides important epidemiologic data. We tested whether identified molecular subtypes were identical in PCR-positive parallel samples taken from the same patient at a same time. We also tested whether subtype prevalence differs in skin and blood samples.

Results
Eighteen syphilis positive patients (showing both positive serology and PCR), with two PCR-typeable parallel samples taken at the same time, were tested with both CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and sequence-based typing. Samples taken from 9 of 18 patients were completely typed for TP0136, TP0548, 23S rDNA, arp, and tpr loci. The CDC typing revealed 11 distinct genotypes while the sequence-based typing identified 6 genotypes. When results from molecular typing of TP0136, TP0548, and 23S rDNA were analyzed in samples taken from the same patient, no discrepancies in the identified genotypes were found; however, there were discrepancies in 11 of 18 patients (61.1%) samples relative to the arp and tpr loci. In addition to the above described typing, 127 PCR-positive swabs and whole blood samples were tested for individual genotype frequencies. The repetition number for the arp gene was lower in whole blood (WB) samples compared to swab samples. Similarly, the most common tpr RFLP type “d” was found to have lower occurrence rates in WB samples while type “e” had an increased occurrence in these samples.

Conclusions
Differences in the CDC subtypes identified in parallel samples indicated genetic instability of the arp and tpr loci and suggested limited applicability of the CDC typing system in epidemiological studies. Differences in treponemal genotypes detected in whole blood and swab samples suggested important differences between both compartments and/or differences in adherence of treponeme variants to human cells.
Loss of ectonucleotidases from the coronary vascular bed after ischemia-reperfusion in isolated rat heart
Authors: Takahashi-Sato Kaoru , Murakawa Masahiro , Kimura Junko , Ito Masa-aki , Matsuoka Isao 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background
Ectonucleotidase plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac function by controlling extracellular levels of adenine nucleotides and adenosine. To determine the influence of ischemia-reperfusion injury on ectonucleotidase activity in coronary vascular bed, we compared the metabolic profile of adenine nucleotides during the coronary circulation in pre- and post-ischemic heart.

Methods
Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were used to assess the intracoronary metabolism of adenine nucleotides. The effects of ischemia on the adenine nucleotide metabolism were examined after 30 min of ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion. Adenine nucleotide metabolites were measured by high performance liquid chromatography.

Results
ATP, ADP and AMP were rapidly metabolized to adenosine and inosine during the coronary circulation. After ischemia, ectonucleotidase activity of the coronary vascular bed was significantly decreased. In addition, the perfusate from the ischemic heart contained a considerable amount of enzymes degrading ATP, AMP and adenosine. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the perfusate from the ischemic heart dominantly contained ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1, and, to a lesser extent, ecto-5’-nucleotidase. The leakage of nucleotide metabolizing enzymes from the coronary vascular bed by ischemia-reperfusion was more remarkable in aged rats, in which post-ischemic cardiac dysfunction was more serious.

Conclusion
Ectonucleotidases were liberated from the coronary vascular bed by ischemia-reperfusion, resulting in an overall decrease in ectonucleotidase activity in the post-ischemic coronary vascular bed. These results suggest that decreased ectonucleotidase activity by ischemia may exacerbate subsequent reperfusion injury, and that levels of circulating ectonucleotidase may reflect the severity of ischemic vascular injury.