bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of environmental variability of a coastal lagoon ecosystem on genetic diversity and structure of white seabream [Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus 1758)] populations
Authors: Hernández‐García Raquel , Muñoz Irene , López‐Capel Antonio , Marcos Concepción , Pérez‐Ruzafa Ángel 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAs coastal lagoons serve as nursery areas for some marine and estuarine fish, selective pressures of these brackish or hypersaline lagoons may influence the genetic structure of species and populations. We examined spatial and temporal genetic patterns at eight microsatellite loci in white seabream [Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus 1758)] recruits from the Mar Menor (Southeast Spain) and compared these loci with those in coastal populations from the open sea, observing a high degree of genetic diversity and spatio‐temporal genetic stability. However, the results suggest the presence of subpopulations or genetic substructures in the Mar Menor D. sargus population that could be interpreted as a homogeneous mixture of individuals from three differentiated subpopulations in the Mediterranean and evidence of the Wahlund effect. It also suggests that D. sargus adults return to their original spawning habitat, thus conserving the genetic differences among the respective populations over time. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of the Mar Menor coastal lagoon as a nursery area for the conservation of genetic diversity of D. sargus populations.
Sexual selection and genetic colour polymorphisms in animals
Authors: Wellenreuther Maren , Svensson Erik I. , Hansson Bengt 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGenetic colour polymorphisms are widespread across animals and often subjected to complex selection regimes. Traditionally, colour morphs were used as simple visual markers to measure allele frequency changes in nature, selection, population divergence and speciation. With advances in sequencing technology and analysis methods, several model systems are emerging where the molecular targets of selection are being described. Here, we discuss recent studies on the genetics of sexually selected colour polymorphisms, aiming at (i) reviewing the evidence of sexual selection on colour polymorphisms, (ii) highlighting the genetic architecture, molecular and developmental basis underlying phenotypic colour diversification and (iii) discuss how the maintenance of such polymorphisms might be facilitated or constrained by these. Studies of the genetic architecture of colour polymorphism point towards the importance of tight clustering of colour loci with other trait loci, such as in the case of inversions and supergene structures. Other interesting findings include linkage between colour loci and mate preferences or sex determination, and the role of introgression and regulatory variation in fuelling polymorphisms. We highlight that more studies are needed that explicitly integrate fitness consequences of sexual selection on colour with the underlying molecular targets of colour to gain insights into the evolutionary consequences of sexual selection on polymorphism maintenance.
The energy poverty nexus in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: El‐Katiri Laura 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEnergy access remains one of the forgotten millennium development goals, despite being a key ingredient to sustained and equitable socio‐economic growth and development. This article looks at the energy poverty nexus in the Middle East and North Africa, a region frequently overlooked in the study of energy access owing to its significant hydrocarbon wealth, and the impact energy poverty has made on parts of the region. A closer look reveals the puzzling picture of a region divided between energy abundant states and states with continuingly high rates of lacking access to electricity and secure supply of modern fuels. The existence of some of the worst cases of energy poverty in the MENA in net exporters of oil and gas such as Yemen and Egypt further demonstrates that energy poverty is effectively a domestic distributive problem, rather than one caused by a country's lacking natural resources. The article explores the main causal factors and suggests short‐ and long‐term policy remedies.
Chapter 16 The continental shelf of eastern India
Authors: Faruque B. M. , Vaz G. G. , Mohapatra G. P. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The eastern continental margin of India is aligned NE–SW due to the trend of the Eastern Ghat orographic belt in the northern part and almost north–south in the southern part. It is of passive type, the origin of which can be traced back to its separation from Antarctica around 127 Ma ago. The 2493 km-long shoreline of eastern India is fringed with a continental shelf with a variable width of 35 km off Tamil Nadu to 60 km off north Andhra Pradesh and 120 km around Digha. The shelf has a gentle slope in the northern sector and is moderately steep in the south. Net longshore sediment transport along the east coast is from south to north. The east continental shelf of India is characterized by four major deltas; the Ganges, Mahanadi, Krishna–Godavari and Cauvery. The interdeltaic shelves are generally sediment starved. The inner shelf is silty to clayey silt and sandy, whereas the outer shelf has carbonate sands with coral debris and shell fragments. The outer shelf is characterized by carbonate sands, lime mud and ooids in the north Andhra Pradesh sector off the Kakinada–Kalingapatnam sector. The outer shelf off Chennai–Mahabalipuram, Nagapattinam–Point Calimere is characterized by a thin veneer of authigenic sediment represented by verdine, glaucony and phosphatic sediment. In Tamil Nadu, the region between 10°N and 12°30′N is characterized by two megalineaments and associated tectonics, suggesting that the area is tectonically active.

The
14
C dating of relict corals, from water depths of 120 m, off Karaikal indicates an age of 18 390±210 years BP, establishing the low sea-level position of the Last Glacial Maximum. The large volume of sediment input from the deltaic system of two major drainages, Krishna and Godavari, has a significant influence on the morphology and sedimentation of the continental shelf. The influence of glacio-eustasy is noticeable in outer shelf sediments along almost the entire length of the shelf.
Muscovite
40
Ar/
39
Ar ages help reveal the Neogene tectonic evolution of the southern Annapurna Range, central Nepal
Authors: Martin Aaron J. , Copeland Peter , Benowitz Jeffrey A. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

We present new muscovite
40
Ar/
39
Ar ages from thirteen Greater Himalayan rocks and one Lesser Himalayan rock collected from four north-trending transects across the southern Annapurna Range. Combining the new data with previously published ages leads to the following new insight into the tectonic development of the southern Annapurna. Muscovite cooling ages from Greater Himalayan rocks are
c.
16–10 Ma in the western Annapurna and
c.
6–2 Ma in the eastern Annapurna, revealing a decrease of 4–14 Ma from west to east. Similarly, the muscovite cooling age from one Lesser Himalayan rock in the west is
c.
7 Ma and ages from several samples in the east are
c.
5–2 Ma, indicating a decline of 2–5 Ma towards the east. Earlier cooling in the western Annapurna can be explained by along-strike differences in the geometry of the frontal ramp on the underlying thrust that carries these Greater and Lesser Himalayan rocks and/or by a NE-striking fault that cut these rocks. In Greater Himalayan rocks from the Modi river valley, one sample yielded muscovite
40
Ar/
39
Ar ages of 18.0±0.7 and 16.2±0.5 Ma for grain sizes of approximately 750 and 200 µm, respectively. In contrast, a sample collected 200 m structurally lower produced ages of 12.6±0.2 and 9.9±0.1 Ma for these two grain sizes. The north-dipping Bhanuwa fault has been proposed between these samples, with different authors arguing for normal or thrust-sense motion. Our newfound pattern of an older muscovite
40
Ar/
39
Ar age pair in the hanging wall supports arguments for the existence of the Bhanuwa fault and suggests normal sense motion.

Supplementary material:

Analytical methods, thin section observations, data tables, and plots of argon data for each sample are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18774
Influence of a Diester Glucocorticoid Spray on the Cortisol Level and the CCR4+CD4+Lymphocytes in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis: Open Study
Authors: Fujimura Masato , Ishimaru Hironobu 
Published: September 2014

This study investigated the influence of 0.00584% hydrocortisone aceponate spray (HCA; Cortavance Virbac SA, Carros, France) on blood serum cortisol levels and peripheral blood CCR4+CD4+T-lymphocyte levels in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Patients were randomly divided into group I (N=8) and group II (N=8). The dogs in group I were sprayed with HCA on the affected skin once a day for three weeks. The dogs in group II were treated once a day for 3 days followed by no treatment for 4 days for a total of three weeks. For the dogs in group I and group II the CADESI-03 scores before and after use of HCA showed significant reduction (P<0.01). The postcortisol level after the use of HCA in group I showed 36.0% decrease and showed significant suppression (P<0.01). By comparison, the use of HCA on group II did not show decrease in postcortisol levels. There was a tendency of suppression for hypothalamus—pituitary gland—adrenal gland system, but it was not serious influence. In addition, there was no influence on peripheral blood CCR4+CD4+lymphocytes percentage in dogs in group I after treatment with HCA.Corrigendum to “Influence of a Diester Glucocorticoid Spray on the Cortisol Level and the CCR4+CD4+Lymphocytes in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis: Open Study”
The Role of Phase-locking to the Temporal Envelope of Speech in Auditory Perception and Speech Intelligibility
Authors: Millman Rebecca E. , Johnson Sam R. , Prendergast Garreth 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The temporal envelope of speech is important for speech intelligibility. Entrainment of cortical oscillations to the speech temporal envelope is a putative mechanism underlying speech intelligibility. Here we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to test the hypothesis that phase-locking to the speech temporal envelope is enhanced for intelligible compared with unintelligible speech sentences. Perceptual “pop-out” was used to change the percept of physically identical tone-vocoded speech sentences from unintelligible to intelligible. The use of pop-out dissociates changes in phase-locking to the speech temporal envelope arising from acoustical differences between un/intelligible speech from changes in speech intelligibility itself. Novel and bespoke whole-head beamforming analyses, based on significant cross-correlation between the temporal envelopes of the speech stimuli and phase-locked neural activity, were used to localize neural sources that track the speech temporal envelope of both intelligible and unintelligible speech. Location-of-interest analyses were carried out in a priori defined locations to measure the representation of the speech temporal envelope for both un/intelligible speech in both the time domain (cross-correlation) and frequency domain (coherence). Whole-brain beamforming analyses identified neural sources phase-locked to the temporal envelopes of both unintelligible and intelligible speech sentences. Crucially there was no difference in phase-locking to the temporal envelope of speech in the pop-out condition in either the whole-brain or location-of-interest analyses, demonstrating that phase-locking to the speech temporal envelope is not enhanced by linguistic information.
Modality-specific Alpha Modulations Facilitate Long-term Memory Encoding in the Presence of Distracters
Authors: Jiang Haiteng , van Gerven Marcel A. J. , Jensen Ole 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
It has been proposed that long-term memory encoding is not only dependent on engaging task-relevant regions but also on disengaging task-irrelevant regions. In particular, oscillatory alpha activity has been shown to be involved in shaping the functional architecture of the working brain because it reflects the functional disengagement of specific regions in attention and memory tasks. We here ask if such allocation of resources by alpha oscillations generalizes to long-term memory encoding in a cross-modal setting in which we acquired the ongoing brain activity using magnetoencephalography. Participants were asked to encode pictures while ignoring simultaneously presented words and vice versa. We quantified the brain activity during rehearsal reflecting subsequent memory in the different attention conditions. The key finding was that successful long-term memory encoding is reflected by alpha power decreases in the sensory region of the to-be-attended modality and increases in the sensory region of the to-be-ignored modality to suppress distraction during rehearsal period. Our results corroborate related findings from attention studies by demonstrating that alpha activity is also important for the allocation of resources during long-term memory encoding in the presence of distracters.
Contextual Alignment of Cognitive and Neural Dynamics
Authors: Ames Daniel L. , Honey Christopher J. , Chow Michael A. , Todorov Alexander , Hasson Uri 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEffective real-world communication requires the alignment of multiple individuals to a common perspective or mental framework. To study how this alignment occurs at the level of the brain, we measured BOLD response during fMRI while participants (n = 24) listened to a series of vignettes either in the presence or absence of a valid contextual cue. The valid contextual cue was necessary to understand the information in each vignette. We then examined where and to what extent the shared valid context led to greater intersubject similarity of neural processing. Regions of the default mode network including posterior cingulate cortex and medial pFC became more aligned when participants shared a valid contextual framework, whereas other regions, including primary sensory cortices, responded to the stimuli reliably regardless of contextual factors. Taken in conjunction with previous research, the present results suggest that default mode regions help the brain to organize incoming verbal information in the context of previous knowledge.
Scaling of Off-Equatorial Jets in Giant Planet Atmospheres
Authors: Liu Junjun , Schneider Tapio 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In the off-equatorial region of Jupiter’s and Saturn’s atmospheres, baroclinic eddies transport angular momentum out of retrograde and into prograde jets. In a statistically steady state, this angular momentum transfer by eddies must be balanced by dissipation, likely produced by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) drag in the planetary interior. This paper examines systematically how an idealized representation of this drag in a general circulation model (GCM) of the upper atmosphere of giant planets modifies jet characteristics, the angular momentum budget, and the energy budget.
In the GCM, Rayleigh drag at an artificial lower boundary (with mean pressure of 3 bar) is used as a simple representation of the MHD drag that the flow on giant planets experiences at depth. As the drag coefficient decreases, the eddy length scale and eddy kinetic energy increase, as they do in studies of two-dimensional turbulence. Off-equatorial jets become wider and stronger, with increased interjet spacing. Coherent vortices also become more prevalent. Generally, the jet width scales with the Rhines scale, which is of similar magnitude as the Rossby radius in the simulations. The jet strength increases primarily through strengthening of the barotropic component, which increases as the drag coefficient decreases because the overall kinetic energy dissipation remains roughly constant. The overall kinetic energy dissipation remains roughly constant presumably because it is controlled by baroclinic conversion of potential to kinetic energy in the upper troposphere, which is mainly determined by the differential solar radiation and is only weakly dependent on bottom drag and barotropic flow variations.
For Jupiter and Saturn, these results suggest that the wider and stronger jets on Saturn may arise because the MHD drag on Saturn is weaker than on Jupiter, while the thermodynamic efficiencies of the atmospheres are not sensitive to the drag parameters.
What Drives the Brewer–Dobson Circulation?
Authors: Cohen Naftali Y. , Gerber Edwin P. , Bühler Oliver 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Recent studies have revealed strong interactions between resolved Rossby wave and parameterized gravity wave driving in stratosphere-resolving atmospheric models. Perturbations to the parameterized wave driving are often compensated by opposite changes in the resolved wave driving, leading to ambiguity in the relative roles of these waves in driving the Brewer–Dobson circulation. Building on previous work, this study identifies three mechanisms for these interactions and explores them in an idealized atmospheric model. The three mechanisms are associated with a stability constraint, a potential vorticity mixing constraint, and a nonlocal interaction driven by modifications to the refractive index of planetary wave propagation. While the first mechanism is likely for strong-amplitude and meridionally narrow parameterized torques, the second is most likely for parameterized torques applied inside the winter-hemisphere surf-zone region, a key breaking region for planetary waves. The third mechanism, on the other hand, is most relevant for parameterized torques just outside the surf zone. It is likely for multiple mechanisms to act in concert, and it is largely a matter of the torques' location and the interaction time scale that determines the dominant mechanism.
In light of these interactions, the conventional paradigm for separating the relative roles of Rossby and gravity wave driving by downward control is critiqued. A modified approach is suggested, one that explicitly considers the impact of wave driving on the potential vorticity of the stratosphere. While this approach blurs the roles of Rossby and gravity waves, it provides more intuition into how perturbations to each component impact the circulation as a whole.
Role of Convective Entrainment in Spatial Distributions of and Temporal Variations in Precipitation over Tropical Oceans
Authors: Hirota Nagio , Takayabu Yukari N. , Watanabe Masahiro , Kimoto Masahide , Chikira Minoru 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The authors demonstrate that an appropriate treatment of convective entrainment is essential for determining spatial distributions of and temporal variations in precipitation. Four numerical experiments are performed using atmospheric models with different entrainment characteristics: a control experiment (Ctl), a no-entrainment experiment (NoEnt), an original Arakawa–Schubert experiment (AS), and an AS experiment with a simple empirical suppression of convection depending on cloud-layer humidity (ASRH). The fractional entrainment rates of AS and ASRH are constant for each cloud type and are very small in the lower troposphere compared with those in the Ctl, in which half of the buoyancy-generated energy is consumed by entrainment. Spatial and temporal variations in the observed precipitation are satisfactorily reproduced in the Ctl, but their amplitudes are underestimated with a so-called double intertropical convergence zone bias in the NoEnt and AS. The spatial variation is larger in the Ctl because convection is more active over humid ascending regions and more suppressed over dry subsidence regions. Feedback processes involving convection, the large-scale circulation, free tropospheric moistening by congestus, and radiation enhance the variations. The temporal evolution of precipitation events is also more realistic in the Ctl, because congestus moistens the midtroposphere, and large precipitation events occur once sufficient moisture is available. The large entrainment in the lower troposphere, increasing free tropospheric moistening by congestus and enhancing the coupling of convection to free tropospheric humidity, is suggested to be important for the realistic spatial and temporal variations.
Overview of Small Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft for Meteorological Sampling
Authors: Elston Jack , Argrow Brian , Stachura Maciej , Weibel Doug , Lawrence Dale , Pope David 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSampling the atmospheric boundary layer with small unmanned aircraft is a difficult task requiring informed selection of sensors and algorithms that are suited to the particular platform and mission. Many factors must be considered during the design process to ensure the desired measurement accuracy and resolution is achieved, as is demonstrated through an examination of previous and current efforts. A taxonomy is developed from these approaches and is used to guide a review of the systems that have been employed to make in situ wind and thermodynamic measurements, along with the campaigns that have employed them. Details about the airframe parameters, estimation algorithms, sensors, and calibration methods are given.
Positive Surgical Margins in Early Stage Oral Cavity Cancer: An Analysis of 20,602 Cases
Authors: Luryi Alexander L. , Chen Michelle M. , Mehra Saral , Roman Sanziana A. , Sosa Julie A. , Judson Benjamin L. 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveTo report the incidence of positive surgical margins in early oral cavity cancer and identify patient, tumor, and system factors associated with their occurrence.Study Design and SettingRetrospective analysis of the National Cancer Database.Subjects and MethodsPatients diagnosed with stage I or II oral cavity squamous cell cancer between 1998 and 2011 were identified. Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with positive margins were conducted.ResultsIn total, 20,602 patients with early oral cancer were identified. Margin status was reported in 94.8% of cases, and positive margins occurred in 7.5% of those cases. Incidence of positive margins by institution varied from 0% to 43.8%, with median incidence of 7.1%. Positive margins were associated with clinical factors including stage II disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55‐1.98), intermediate grade (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04‐1.37), high grade (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.39‐2.03), and floor of mouth (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.52‐2.08), buccal mucosa (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.59‐2.68), and retromolar locations (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.85‐3.11). Positive margins were also associated with treatment at nonacademic cancer centers (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.04‐1.44) and institutions with a low oral cancer case volume (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.23‐1.69).ConclusionPositive margins are associated with tumor factors, including stage, grade, and site, reflecting disease aggressiveness and difficulty of resection. Positive margins also are associated with factors such as treatment facility type, hospital case volume, and geographic region, suggesting potential variation in quality of care. Margin status may be a useful quality measure for early oral cavity cancer.