bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biocompatible amphiphilic conetwork based on crosslinked star copolymers: A potential drug carrier
Authors: Wang Haiye , Qin Aiwen , Li Xiang , Zhao Xinzhen , Liu Dapeng , He Chunju 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTA series of amphiphilic conetworks (APCNs) is synthesized through crosslinking of well‐defined tri‐arm star diblock copolymers via atom transfer radical polymerization. A new three‐arm initiator is synthesized to initiate the polymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) via “core‐first” method. The resulting star HEMA homopolymers with well‐defined molecular weight and narrow polydispersity are used as macroinitiator to incorporate allyl methacrylate to get the star diblock copolymers. Then, the precursors with allyl pendant groups are fully crosslinked with polyhydrosiloxanes through hydrosilylation. The so‐prepared APCNs exhibit unique properties of microphase separation of hydrophilic (HI) and hydrophobic (HO) phases with small channel size, a variable swelling capacity, excellent biocompatibility, and outstanding mechanical strength (2 ± 0.5 MPa). The properties of APCNs depend on the ratio of HI to HO, which can be regulated via precise synthesis of the star diblock copolymers. The APCNs show well‐controlled drug release to choline theophyllinate, suggesting a promising intelligent drug carrier for controlled release. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2537–2545
Surface ultrastructure and mechanical properties of three different white‐coated NiTi archwires
Authors: Ryu Seong‐Hee , Lim Byung‐Suh , Kwak Eun Joo , Lee Gi‐Ja , Choi Samjin , Park Ki‐Ho 
Published: June 2015

SummaryThe recent trend in orthodontic treatment is to apply esthetic materials to orthodontic appliances with adequate clinical performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrastructure (surface roughness) and mechanical properties (load‐deflection curve) of three as‐received, white‐coated superelastic nickel‐titanium (NiTi) archwires using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and modified three‐point bending test assessments, respectively. Three representative esthetic NiTi archwires were used, silver‐platinum‐ and polymer‐coated NiTi Natural Dany (Dany group), epoxy resin‐coated Orthoforce Ultraesthetic™ (Ultra group), and Teflon®‐coated Perfect (Perfect group). Uncoated metallic areas of each wire were used as controls. The diameter of the Perfect archwire was significantly larger than that of other archwires. The Dany and Ultra groups showed more deflection than the Perfect group. The hysteresis area of the Dany and Ultra groups showed approximately two‐ and fourfold increases compared to the control and the Perfect group. The Dany group (2037.5 ± 527.3 nm) had the highest peak‐to‐peak surface roughness in the coated areas, followed by the Ultra group (811.1 ± 407.5 nm) and the Perfect group (362.7 ± 195.8 nm). However, reverse nanostructural changes in the surface roughness were observed in the uncoated metallic areas. The results suggested that the load‐deflection properties and the surface roughness of superelastic NiTi archwires were affected directly by the coating materials. Although the efficiency of orthodontic treatment was affected by various factors, when only considering the frictional force and mechanostructural properties, the epoxy resin‐coated Orthoforce Ultraesthetic™ archwires were the most effective for orthodontic treatment. SCANNING 37:414–421, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation between three‐dimentional surface topography and color stability of different nanofilled composites
Authors: Öztürk Elif , Güder Gizem 
Published: June 2015

SummaryAim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the 3‐dimensional (3D) surface topography and color stability of four different resin composites after immersion in different soft‐beverages. Materials and methods: One hundred sixty disk‐shaped specimens (diameter: 10 mm, and thickness: 2 mm) were made from four different resin composites (i.e., Filtek Z550, Tetric N‐Ceram, Clearfil Majesty Esthetic, and Cavex Quadrant Universal LC). Each specimen was cured under mylar strips for 20 sec for both top and bottom surfaces. All of the specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 h at 37°C. Surface measurements were carried out using a noncontact 3D‐optical‐profilometer in terms of surface topography (Ra values). Color measurements of each specimen were performed with Vita Easy Shade system. All the measurements were performed at baseline and after 30 days of immersion in the selected soft‐beverages (Redbull, Coca‐Cola and Dimes‐Lemonade). Control groups were stored in distilled water during the study. Ra values and color changes (ΔE values) of the groups were recorded. The data were statistically analyzed using a one way ANOVA and Tukey's post‐hoc tests (SPSS 18.0). Results: The tested soft‐beverages in the present study caused color changes at a 30‐day evaluation period for the tested resin composites (p < 0.05). However, 3D surface topography of resin composites was not influenced by the tested soft‐beverages (p > 0.05). There was no significant interaction between the composite and beverage type on the Ra values of the resin composites (p > 0.05). Conclusions: No correlation was found between color stability and 3D surface topography of the resin composites. Color stability of resin composites may be affected by soft beverages. SCANNING 37:438–445, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Giving Literacy, Learning Literacy
Authors: Walker Anne B. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractService‐learning can provide a range of literacy learning experiences for children as they work to solve real world problems and engage in inquiry, collaboration and reflection. Rather than being an extracurricular activity, service‐learning projects are designed to meet standards and align with existing curriculum. This article explores how teachers can engage their students in literacy‐based service learning using the example of a book drive that supported literacy and children's libraries in Ethiopia. The article draws on both scholarly research and personal experience and provides practical information and resources.
Measurement and modeling of coronary blood flow
Authors: Sinclair Matthew D. , Lee Jack , Cookson Andrew N. , Rivolo Simone , Hyde Eoin R. , Smith Nicolas P. 
Published: June 2015

Ischemic heart disease that comprises both coronary artery disease and microvascular disease is the single greatest cause of death globally. In this context, enhancing our understanding of the interaction of coronary structure and function is not only fundamental for advancing basic physiology but also crucial for identifying new targets for treating these diseases. A central challenge for understanding coronary blood flow is that coronary structure and function exhibit different behaviors across a range of spatial and temporal scales. While experimental studies have sought to understand this feature by isolating specific mechanisms, in tandem, computational modeling is increasingly also providing a unique framework to integrate mechanistic behaviors across different scales. In addition, clinical methods for assessing coronary disease severity are continuously being informed and updated by findings in basic physiology. Coupling these technologies, computational modeling of the coronary circulation is emerging as a bridge between the experimental and clinical domains, providing a framework to integrate imaging and measurements from multiple sources with mathematical descriptions of governing physical laws. State‐of‐the‐art computational modeling is being used to combine mechanistic models with data to provide new insight into coronary physiology, optimization of medical technologies, and new applications to guide clinical practice. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2015, 7:335–356. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1309This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Understanding ethanol versus methanol formation from insulating paper in power transformers
Authors: Rodriguez-Celis E. M. , Duchesne S. , Jalbert J. , Ryadi M. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The life of an electrical transformer is mainly determined by that of its cellulosic solid insulation. The analysis of the chemical markers of cellulose degradation dissolved in oil is a simple and economical way to indirectly characterize the insulating paper. Methanol, a marker that is intimately linked to the rupturing of 1,4-β-glycosidic bonds of cellulose, has been observed together with ethanol during laboratory ageing experiments. Regardless of the simulated ageing conditions (temperature, humidity, air), the ratio of methanol to ethanol concentration is always higher than one (unity). However, in approximately 10 % of transformer oil samples, the ethanol generation is higher than that of methanol. In this study, thermal degradation by pyrolysis is coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to assess the volatile by-products generated at high temperatures with emphasis on methanol/ethanol generation. Some cellulose model compounds were also pyrolyzed and thermally aged in oil. The results showed that the generation of ethanol from paper pyrolysis is always smaller than for methanol, but it only occurs at temperatures higher than 300 °C. However, thermal ageing of levoglucosan in oil generates a massive amount of ethanol compared to methanol regardless of the conditions (temperature, humidity, air, nitrogen, acidity). The hypothesis that ethanol is a by-product of cellulose degradation through levoglucosan as an intermediary in power transformers is proposed. The presence of ethanol during transformer oil analysis is of high interest because it can be related to a thermal fault or hot spot within the solid insulation.
Phase II study of tivantinib (ARQ 197) in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Tolaney Sara M. , Tan Sally , Guo Hao , Barry William , Van Allen Eliezer , Wagle Nikhil , Brock Jane , Larrabee Katherine , Paweletz Cloud , Ivanova Elena , Janne Pasi , Overmoyer Beth , Wright John J. , Shapiro Geoffrey I. , Winer Eric P. , Krop Ian E. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryBackground MET expression and activation appear to be important for initiation and progression of triple-negative breast cancer. Tivantinib (ARQ 197) is an orally administered agent that targets MET, although recent preclinical data suggests the agent may have mechanisms of action that are independent of MET signaling. We conducted a phase 2 study of tivantinib monotherapy in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Methods Patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer who had received 1 to 3 prior lines of chemotherapy in the metastatic setting were enrolled into this two-stage, single arm phase 2 study. Treatment consisted of twice daily oral dosing of tivantinib (360 mg po bid) during a 21-day cycle. Patients underwent restaging scans at 6 weeks, and then every 9 weeks. Tumor biomarkers that might predict response to tivantinib were explored. Results 22 patients were enrolled. The overall response rate was 5 % (95 % CI 0–25 %) and the 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) was 5 % (95 % CI 0–25 %), with one patient achieving a partial response (PR). Toxicity was minimal with only 5 grade ≥3 adverse events (one grade 3 anemia, one grade 3 fatigue, and 3 patients with grade 3/4 neutropenia). Conclusion This study represents the first evaluation of tivantinib for the treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. These results suggest that single agent tivantinib is well tolerated, but did not meet prespecified statistical targets for efficacy.
Responding to plagiarism using reflective means
Authors: Dalal Nikunj 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Academic integrity violations have become widespread and pervasive in the university. The manner in which we respond to such violations is important. The prevalent approaches based on procedures, policies, appeals, and sanctions are seen as inadequate and may often be viewed as punitive or disciplinary. Even if they may bring about desired changes in behavior, it is not clear whether the behavioral changes are based on fear of punishment or due to transformative inner learning. Drawing upon reflective learning theories, this paper reports and reflects on the exploratory use of reflective means in two courses over four semesters to deal with students who had plagiarized on their class assignments. As there is little prior work in terms of methodology or research or practice addressing reflective approaches dealing with plagiarism, the goal of this study is to explore the feasibility and promise of integrally combining two reflective practices – an initial dialogue between instructor and student and a reflective essay subsequently written by the student. (Anti-plagiarism software was used to help detect plagiarism.) The main finding of this study is that such an approach is sensible, feasible, and promising. The reflective approach calls for mindfulness, empathy, and skillful dialogue on the part of the instructor and appears to encourage critical self-reflection in the student. Innovative reflective approaches warrant further research for inclusion as significant elements of a wise and holistic institutional response to academic integrity violations. Self-reflection may not only reduce the incidence of plagiarism and other academic integrity violations but may also be conducive to the growth of practical wisdom and inner change that spills over into other dimensions of integrity. Implications for institutional practices and further research are discussed.
Chronic hypoxia facilitates Alzheimer's disease through demethylation of γ‐secretase by downregulating DNA methyltransferase 3b
Authors: Liu Hui , Qiu Hongyan , Yang Juan , Ni Jun , Le Weidong 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIntroductionEnvironmental factors and epigenetic mechanisms are believed to contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously documented that prenatal hypoxia aggravated the cognitive impairment and neuropathology in offspring mice. Here, we investigate the chronic hypoxia‐induced epigenetic modifications in AD.MethodsThe 3‐month‐old APPswe/PS1dE9 mice were exposed to hypoxic environment 6 hour/day for 30 days, followed by learning and memory tests and biochemical and neuropathology measurement at the age of 4, 6, and 9 months.ResultsWe found hypoxia exaggerated the neuropathology and cognitive impairment in AD mice. Chronic hypoxia induced demethylation on genomic DNA and decreased the expression of DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) in vivo. We further found that DNMTs inhibition elevated the protein levels of amyloid precursor protein, β‐ and γ‐secretases, whereas overexpression of DNMT3b suppressed the levels of them in vitro.DiscussionOur study suggests chronic hypoxia can aggravate AD progression through demethylation of genes encoding γ‐secretase components by downregulation of DNMT3b.
Plasma glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with major depressive disorder: a preliminary study
Authors: Lee Bun-Hee , Hong Jin-Pyo , Hwang Jung-A , Na Kyoung-Sae , Kim Won-Joong , Trigo Jose , Kim Yong-Ku 
Published: June 2015

BackgroundSome clinical studies have reported reduced peripheral glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) level in elderly patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). We verified whether a reduction in plasma GDNF level was associated with MDD.MethodPlasma GDNF level was measured in 23 healthy control subjects and 23 MDD patients before and after 6 weeks of treatment.ResultsPlasma GDNF level in MDD patients at baseline did not differ from that in healthy controls. Plasma GDNF in MDD patients did not differ significantly from baseline to the end of treatment. GDNF level was significantly lower in recurrent-episode MDD patients than in first-episode patients before and after treatment.ConclusionsOur findings revealed significantly lower plasma GDNF level in recurrent-episode MDD patients, although plasma GDNF levels in MDD patients and healthy controls did not differ significantly. The discrepancy between our study and previous studies might arise from differences in the recurrence of depression or the ages of the MDD patients.
Rapid changes in key ruminal microbial populations during the induction of and recovery from diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows
Authors: Rico D. E. , Preston S. H. , Risser J. M. , Harvatine K. J. 
Published: June 2015

The ruminant provides a powerful model for understanding the temporal dynamics of gastrointestinal microbial communities. Diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD) in the dairy cow is caused by rumen-derived bioactive fatty acids, and is commonly attributed to the changes in the microbial population. The aim of the present study was to determine the changes occurring in nine ruminal bacterial taxa with well-characterised functions, and abundance of total fungi, ciliate protozoa and bacteria during the induction of and recovery from MFD. Interactions between treatment and time were observed for ten of the twelve populations. The total number of both fungi and ciliate protozoa decreased rapidly (days 4 and 8, respectively) by more than 90 % during the induction period and increased during the recovery period. The abundance ofStreptococcus bovis(amylolytic) peaked at 350 % of control levels on day 4 of induction and rapidly decreased during the recovery period. The abundance ofPrevotella bryantii(amylolytic) decreased by 66 % from day 8 to 20 of the induction period and increased to the control levels on day 12 of the recovery period. The abundance ofMegasphaera elsdeniiandSelenomonas ruminantium(lactate-utilising bacteria) increased progressively until day 12 of induction (>170 %) and decreased during the recovery period. The abundance ofFibrobacter succinogenes(fibrolytic) decreased by 97 % on day 4 of induction and increased progressively to an equal extent during the recovery period, although smaller changes were observed for other fibrolytic bacteria. The abundance of theButyrivibrio fibrisolvens/Pseudobutyrivibriogroup decreased progressively during the induction period and increased during the recovery period, whereas the abundance ofButyrivibrio hungateiwas not affected by treatment. Responsive taxa were modified rapidly, with the majority of changes occurring within 8 d and their time course was similar to the time course of the induction of MFD, demonstrating a strong correlation between changes in ruminal microbial populations and MFD.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE INDUS WATER KISHENGANGA ARBITRATION FOR THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF WATERCOURSES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Moussa Jasmine 
Published: June 2015

AbstractOn 19 February 2013, a Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)-administered Court of Arbitration issued a Partial Award on the dispute between Pakistan and India regarding the use of the waters of the Kishenganga/Neelum, a tributary of the Indus system of rivers. This article examines the tribunal's decision, which was mainly limited to interpreting the 1960 Indus Water Treaty (IWT), and its contribution to international environmental law and the law of non-navigational uses of international watercourses. After briefly discussing the dispute's factual context and procedural history, the article critiques the tribunal's methodology, which was based on an inconsistent application of the principles of treaty interpretation. The Award's contribution is therefore mixed: despite its almost complete disregard for the principle of ‘equality of right’, it has contributed to clarifying the criteria for determining ‘existing uses’ of a watercourse and reaffirmed both the substantive obligation to refrain from causing transboundary harm and the procedural duty to carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment under international environmental law.
Molecular identification and seasonal infections of species of Fasciola in ruminants from two provinces in China
Authors: Yuan W. , Liu J.-M. , Lu K. , Li H. , Duan M.-M. , Feng J.-T. , Hong Y. , Liu Y.-P. , Zhou Y. , Tong L.-B. , Lu J. , Zhu C.-G. , Jin Y.-M. , Cheng G.-F. , Lin J.-J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe determined the prevalence and seasonality of infections by Fasciola of goats and bovine species (cattle and water buffalo) in Hubei and Anhui provinces of China. Faecal samples were collected at 2- to 3-month intervals from 200 goats in Hubei province and from 152 bovine species in Anhui province. All faecal samples were examined for the presence of parasites. We determined the nucleotide sequences of the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of 39 Fasciola worms from Anhui province. The prevalence of Fasciola infection in goats ranged between 3.5 and 37.0%, with mean eggs per gram (EPG) ranging between 29.0 and 166.0. Prevalence and EPG exhibited downward trends over time with significant differences. The prevalence of Fasciola infection in cattle ranged between 13.3 and 46.2% (mean EPG, 36.4–100.0), and that of water buffalo ranged between 10.3 and 35.4% (mean EPG, 25.0–89.6), with a higher prevalence of infection and EPG from June to October compared with December to March. Analysis of ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequences revealed that F. hepatica and F. gigantica were present in all bovine species of Anhui province and that F. gigantica mainly infected water buffalo. This is the first demonstration of Fasciola infection in Hubei province and detection of F. hepatica and F. gigantica in Anhui province. The present study of Hubei province shows that mass treatment of livestock with closantel sodium injections in April and August/September controlled Fasciola infection effectively.
Levels of Ancylostoma infections and phylogenetic analysis of cox 1 gene of A. ceylanicum in stray cat faecal samples from Guangzhou, China
Authors: Hu W. , Yu X.G. , Wu S. , Tan L.P. , Song M.R. , Abdulahi A.Y. , Wang Z. , Jiang B. , Li G.Q. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAncylostoma ceylanicum is a common zoonotic nematode. Cats act as natural reservoirs of the hookworm and are involved in transmitting infection to humans, thus posing a potential risk to public health. The prevalence of feline A. ceylanicum in Guangzhou (South China) was surveyed by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). In total, 112 faecal samples were examined; 34.8% (39/112) and 43.8% (49/112) samples were positive with hookworms by microscopy and PCR method, respectively. Among them, 40.8% of samples harboured A. ceylanicum. Twelve positive A. ceylanicum samples were selected randomly and used for cox 1 sequence analysis. Sequencing results revealed that they had 97–99% similarity with A. ceylanicumcox 1 gene sequences deposited in GenBank. A phylogenetic tree showed that A. ceylanicum isolates were divided into two groups: one comprising four isolates from Guangzhou (South China), and the other comprising those from Malaysia, Cambodia and Guangzhou. In the latter group, all A. ceylanicum isolates from Guangzhou were clustered into a minor group again. The results indicate that the high prevalence of A. ceylanicum in stray cats in South China poses a potential risk of hookworm transmission from pet cats to humans, and that A. ceylanicum may be a species complex worldwide.