bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Returning to the Middle Kingdom: Yung Wing and the recalled students of the Chinese Educational Mission to the United States
Authors: XI LIAN 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article re-examines the frustrated Westernizing efforts of Yung Wing and the recalled students of the Chinese Educational Mission to the United States (1872–1881). It does so in response to recent scholarship (in both the Chinese and the English languages) which affirms the ‘transformative role’ of the returnees in late Qing reform and modernization. On the basis of a variety of sources, this article suggests, instead, that for those patriotic students returning to the Middle Kingdom, eager to bring about a fundamental change in its political system and rejuvenation of its civilization, disillusionment was often inevitable, and the choice—short of revolution—became one of either marginalization or co-option by the autocratic state. Despite all their achievements, China's earliest students of the West ultimately failed to set the country upon a new modernizing course—a failure that pointed, beyond itself, to an emerging (and subsequently persistent) pattern in the troubled relationship between the new, Westernized elite and the state in modern China.
Penetrierende Verletzungen der Kopf-Hals-Region – Eine Potentiell Lebensbedrohliche Situation
Authors: Greve J. , Schuler P. , Mandapathil M. , Dominas N. , Veit J. , Bas M. , Lehnerdt G. , Hoffmann T. 
Published: July 2014

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Schnitt-, Stich- und Schussverletzungen der Kopf-Hals-Region stellen aufgrund der hohen Gefahr von vaskulären Läsionen ein potentiell lebensbedrohliches Krankheitsbild dar. Ein konsequentes, standardisiertes Notfallmanagement, in der Regel assoziiert mit einer operativen Exploration, ist Grundlage der effektiven Rettungskette.
Methoden und Patienten: 11 Fälle selbst- oder fremdverschuldeter penetrierender Verletzungen der Kopf-Hals-Region werden hinsichtlich Alter, Geschlecht, Verletzungshergang, Art der Verletzung, beteiligter Strukturen, diagnostischen und operativen Vorgehens sowie Outcome beschrieben und der aktuellen Literatur und Leitlinien gegenübergestellt.
Ergebnisse: Bei 10 von 11 Patienten wurde, im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären Schockraummanagements, nach einer klinischen Untersuchung eine CT-Angiografie durchgeführt. Bei 9 dieser Patienten wurde daraufhin eine chirurgische Exploration und Wundversorgung vorgenommen. In je 2 Fällen waren die Arteria carotis communis, die Arteria carotis externa sowie große venöse Blutgefäße des Halses verletzt. Keiner der Patienten verstarb oder litt unter bleibenden Schäden.
Schlussfolgerung: Eine rasche, systematische und fächerübergreifende Versorgung in speziellen Trauma-Zentren hat einen wesentlichen Anteil daran dass Patienten mit penetrierenden Verletzungen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich seltener an ihren schwerwiegenden Verletzungen oder deren Folgen versterben.
Volcano-induced regime shifts in millennial tree-ring chronologies from northeastern North America
Authors: Gennaretti Fabio , Arseneault Dominique , Nicault Antoine , Perreault Luc , Bégin Yves 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceThe cooling effect on the Earth's climate system of sulfate aerosols injected into the stratosphere by large volcanic eruptions remains a topic of debate. While some simulation and field data show that these effects are short-term (less than about 10 years), other evidence suggests that large and successive eruptions can lead to the onset of cooling episodes that can persist over several decades when sustained by consequent sea ice/ocean feedbacks. Here, we present a new network of millennial tree-ring chronologies suitable for temperature reconstructions from northeastern North America where no similar records are available, and we show that during the last millennium, persistent shifts toward lower average temperatures in this region coincide with series of large eruptions.
Neurotrophin receptor TrkB promotes lung adenocarcinoma metastasis
Authors: Sinkevicius Kerstin W. , Kriegel Christina , Bellaria Kelly J. , Lee Jaewon , Lau Allison N. , Leeman Kristen T. , Zhou Pengcheng , Beede Alexander M. , Fillmore Christine M. , Caswell Deborah , Barrios Juliana , Wong Kwok-Kin , Sholl Lynette M. , Schlaeger Thorsten M. , Bronson Roderick T. , Chirieac Lucian R. , Winslow Monte M. , Haigis Marcia C. , Kim Carla F. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
New effective therapies are desperately needed for lung cancer because most current lung cancer treatments rarely prevent the metastatic disease that causes the majority of patient deaths. We discovered that the neurotrophin receptor TrkB is an important therapeutic target in metastatic lung cancer using a combination of cell line assays, conditional mouse models, and patient samples.
Packing and the structural transformations in liquid and amorphous oxides from ambient to extreme conditions
Authors: Zeidler Anita , Salmon Philip Stephen , Skinner Lawrie Basil 
Published: July 2014

Significance
The structures of liquid and amorphous oxides are difficult to solve because of the complexity of their disordered networks, and the adaptability in size of oxide ions to their coordination environments. Particular difficulty is therefore associated with an identification of generic features associated with structural transformations. This paper adopts an empirical approach to find the oxide ion size, and shows that the network structures of a wide variety of disordered oxides can be categorized in terms of the oxygen-packing fraction over an extensive pressure and temperature range. The packing fraction provides a basis for predicting changes in network structures (e.g., from tetrahedral to octahedral) that will affect material properties such as the compressibility and viscosity.
FYNagling divergent adhesive functions for Fyn in keratinocytes
Authors: Fenton Sarah E. , Denning Mitchell F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFyn, a member of the Src family kinases (SFKs), has been shown to play important yet contradictory roles in keratinocyte (KC) adhesion. During KC differentiation, physiological activation of Fyn results in the formation of adherens junctions, recruiting junctional components and inducing signaling pathways that control the differentiation program. However, in KC transformation and oncogenesis, increased Fyn activity has been implicated in the dissolution of adhesion structures and an increased migratory phenotype. Fyn activity is also associated with both the formation and dissolution of focal adhesions, and to a lesser extent hemidesmosomes and desmosomes. This viewpoint article aims to reconcile these disparate bodies of literature regarding Fyn's role in cell–cell and cell‐matrix adhesion by proposing several alternative, testable hypotheses that unify Fyn's fractured functions.
Distribution and Metabolism of H3‐atropine in Mice
Authors: Albanus L. , Hammarström L. , Sundwall A. , Ullberg S. , Vangbo B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe distribution of tritium labelled atropine in the mouse has been studied with whole body autoradiography. The proportions of unchanged atropine in different tissues were established with paper chromatography. It was found that H3‐atropine is rapidly taken up by the iris and ciliary body, the lung, salivary glands and certain endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic islets and adrenal medulla. It is also rapidly accumulated in the secretory epithelium of the stomach and secreted into the lumen. Except for the choroid plexus and epiphysis very low concentrations of radioactivity are present in the brain. Very little passed the placenta barrier into the foetus. Although atropine is extensively metabolized in the mouse almost all the radioactivity present in submandibular gland and stomach was in the form of unchanged atropine.
The “Diving Bradycardia” in Exercising Man
Authors: Asmussen Erling , Kristiansson Niels‐Gunnar 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe “face immersion reflex” (bradycardia on immersion of the face in water) was studied in normal young subjects, males and females, swimmers and non‐swimmers, during actual swimming and during exercise on a bicycle‐ergometer. During swimming in a steady state the heart rate was lower when the face was immersed while the subject breathed through a “snorkel” than when the face was out of the water at corresponding oxygen uptakes. During bicycle riding, apnea, with or without face immersion, caused bradycardia. Face immersion alone, without apnea, caused only a short‐lasting, slight bradycardia that disappeared on repeated face immersions. Varying the water temperatures between 15° and 35° C had very little effect on the response to face immersion. The “face immersion bradycardia” in humans is suggested to be part of a conditioned reflex, developed from an unconditioned apneic inhibitory reflex.
On the Interconversions of Amino Acids of Brain in vitro, with Reference to the Effect of Ethanol
Authors: Häkkinen Hertta‐Maija , Kulonen E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractGABA was converted to glutamic acid and in varying degree to glutamine during incubation with brain preparations. Aspartic acid was formed mainly from glutamic acid. It is concluded that ethanol, when given in vivo, disturbs both the catabolism of GABA and the synthesis of glutamine from glutamic acid in the brain.In the brain homogenate nearly all the GOT activity was found in the postmitochondrial supernatant, equally distributed between the postmicrosomal supernatant and microsomal particles. The GPT activity was much lower and the microsomal particles were devoid of it. After storage at −18° C the GPT activity in the preparations from ethanol‐treated rats decreased significantly more rapidly than in corresponding preparations from control rats.
Developmental abnormalities of cortical interneurons precede symptoms onset in a mouse model of Rett syndrome
Authors: Tomassy Giulio Srubek , Morello Noemi , Calcagno Eleonora , Giustetto Maurizio 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRett syndrome (RTT, MIM312750), a neurodevelopmental disorder predominantly occurring in females, is caused in the majority of cases by sporadic mutations in the gene encoding the transcriptional modulator methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 (MECP2). In mice, impaired MeCP2 function results in severe motor, cognitive, and emotional defects. The lack of Mecp2 in γ‐aminobutyric acid‐(GABA) releasing forebrain interneurons (INs) recapitulate many RTT features, however, the role of this gene in the development of the cortical inhibitory system is still unknown. Here, we found that MeCP2 expression varies among the three major classes of cortical INs and its nuclear localization differs between neuronal types. The density of calretinin+ and parvalbumin+ INs increases in Mecp2 knockout mice (Mecp2−/y) already at early post‐natal developmental stages. In contrast, the density of somatostatin+ INs is not affected. We also found that the development of multipolar‐calretinin+ INs is selectively affected by the absence of Mecp2. Additionally, we show that in Mecp2 heterozygous female mice, a model closely mimicking human RTT condition, IN abnormalities are similar to those observed in Mecp2−/y mice. Together, our study indicates that loss of function of Mecp2 strongly interferes with the correct establishment of the neocortical inhibitory system producing effects that are specific to different IN subtypes.
imageThe neurological consequences of the Rett syndrome‐related Mecp2 gene mutation are still debated. We disclosed a novel cell‐specific role of MeCP2 in the organization of neocortical GABAergic interneurons assembly during post‐natal development of the mouse brain. Parvalbumin+ and calretinin+ interneurons being the mostly affected. Our data suggest new avenues for the development of biomarkers and therapeutic interventions for Rett syndrome.
Divergent effects of the H50Q and G51D SNCA mutations on the aggregation of α‐synuclein
Authors: Rutherford Nicola J. , Moore Brenda D. , Golde Todd E. , Giasson Benoit I. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe discoveries of mutations in SNCA were seminal findings that resulted in the knowledge that α‐synuclein (αS) is the major component of Parkinson's disease‐associated Lewy bodies. Since the pathologic roles of these protein inclusions and SNCA mutations are not completely established, we characterized the aggregation properties of the recently identified SNCA mutations, H50Q and G51D, to provide novel insights. The properties of recombinant H50Q, G51D, and wild‐type αS to polymerize and aggregate into amyloid were studied using (trans,trans)‐1‐bromo‐2,5‐bis‐(4‐hydroxy)styrylbenzene fluorometry, sedimentation analyses, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. These studies showed that the H50Q mutation increases the rate of αS aggregation, whereas the G51D mutation has the opposite effect. However, H50Q and G51D αS could still be similarly induced to form intracellular aggregates from the exposure to exogenous amyloidogenic seeds under conditions that promote their cellular entry. Both mutant αS proteins, but especially G51D, promoted cellular toxicity under cellular stress conditions. These findings reveal that the novel pathogenic SNCA mutations, H50Q and G51D, have divergent effects on aggregation properties relative to the wild‐type protein, with G51D αS demonstrating reduced aggregation despite presenting with earlier disease onset, suggesting that these mutants promote different mechanisms of αS pathogenesis.
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The α‐synuclein (SNCA) mutations, H50Q and G51D, cause Parkinson's disease. We found that H50Q increases and G51D decreases the rate of α‐synuclein aggregation in vitro, and cells over‐expressing the mutant proteins show decreased viability when stressed, compared to wild type. G51D is the first SNCA mutation to show decreased α‐synuclein aggregation, suggesting a distinct disease mechanism to other SNCA mutations.
Detergent‐dependent separation of postsynaptic density, membrane rafts and other subsynaptic structures from the synaptic plasma membrane of rat forebrain
Authors: Zhao LiYing , Sakagami Hiroyuki , Suzuki Tatsuo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe systematically investigated the purification process of post‐synaptic density (PSD) and post‐synaptic membrane rafts (PSRs) from the rat forebrain synaptic plasma membranes by examining the components and the structures of the materials obtained after the treatment of synaptic plasma membranes with TX‐100, n‐octyl β‐d‐glucoside (OG) or 3‐([3‐cholamidopropyl]dimethylammonio)‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propanesulfonate (CHAPSO). These three detergents exhibited distinct separation profiles for the synaptic subdomains. Type I and type II PSD proteins displayed mutually exclusive distribution. After TX‐100 treatment, type I PSD was recovered in two fractions: a pellet and an insoluble fraction 8, which contained partially broken PSD‐PSR complexes. Conventional PSD was suggested to be a mixture of these two PSD pools and did not contain type II PSD. An association of type I PSD with PSRs was identified in the TX‐100 treatment, and those with type II PSD in the OG and CHAPSO treatments. An association of GABA receptors with gephyrin was easily dissociated. OG at a high concentration solubilized the type I PSD proteins. CHAPSO treatment resulted in a variety of distinct fractions, which contained certain novel structures. Two different pools of GluA, either PSD or possibly raft‐associated, were identified in the OG and CHAPSO treatments. These results are useful in advancing our understanding of the structural organization of synapses at the molecular level.
image
We systematically investigated the purification process of post‐synaptic density (PSD) and synaptic membrane rafts by examining the structures obtained after treatment of the SPMs with TX‐100, n‐octyl β‐d‐glucoside or CHAPSO. Differential distribution of type I and type II PSD, synaptic membrane rafts, and other novel subdomains in the SPM give clues to understand the structural organization of synapses at the molecular level.
Fine‐scale spatial genetic structure of common and declining bumble bees across an agricultural landscape
Authors: Dreier Stephanie , Redhead John W. , Warren Ian A. , Bourke Andrew F. G. , Heard Matthew S. , Jordan William C. , Sumner Seirian , Wang Jinliang , Carvell Claire 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLand‐use changes have threatened populations of many insect pollinators, including bumble bees. Patterns of dispersal and gene flow are key determinants of species' ability to respond to land‐use change, but have been little investigated at a fine scale (<10 km) in bumble bees. Using microsatellite markers, we determined the fine‐scale spatial genetic structure of populations of four common Bombus species (B. terrestris, B. lapidarius, B. pascuorum and B. hortorum) and one declining species (B. ruderatus) in an agricultural landscape in Southern England, UK. The study landscape contained sown flower patches representing agri‐environment options for pollinators. We found that, as expected, the B. ruderatus population was characterized by relatively low heterozygosity, number of alleles and colony density. Across all species, inbreeding was absent or present but weak (FIS = 0.01–0.02). Using queen genotypes reconstructed from worker sibships and colony locations estimated from the positions of workers within these sibships, we found that significant isolation by distance was absent in B. lapidarius, B. hortorum and B. ruderatus. In B. terrestris and B. pascuorum, it was present but weak; for example, in these two species, expected relatedness of queens founding colonies 1 m apart was 0.02. These results show that bumble bee populations exhibit low levels of spatial genetic structure at fine spatial scales, most likely because of ongoing gene flow via widespread queen dispersal. In addition, the results demonstrate the potential for agri‐environment scheme conservation measures to facilitate fine‐scale gene flow by creating a more even distribution of suitable habitats across landscapes.
Invasion genetics of a human commensal rodent: the black rat Rattus rattus in Madagascar
Authors: Brouat C. , Tollenaere C. , Estoup A. , Loiseau A. , Sommer S. , Soanandrasana R. , Rahalison L. , Rajerison M. , Piry S. , Goodman S. M. , Duplantier J.‐M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractStudies focusing on geographical genetic patterns of commensal species and on human history complement each other and provide proxies to trace common colonization events. On Madagascar, the unintentional introduction and spread of the commensal species Rattus rattus by people may have left a living clue of human colonization patterns and history. In this study, we addressed this question by characterizing the genetic structure of natural populations of R. rattus using both microsatellites and mitochondrial sequences, on an extensive sampling across the island. Such data sets were analysed by a combination of methods using population genetics, phylogeography and approximate Bayesian computation. Our results indicated two introduction events to Madagascar from the same ancestral source of R. rattus, one in the extreme north of the island and the other further south. The latter was the source of a large spatial expansion, which may have initially started from an original point located on the southern coast. The inferred timing of introduction events—several centuries ago—is temporally congruent with the Arabian trade network in the Indian Ocean, which was flourishing from the middle of the first millennium.
The key to unlock the Hsp100/Clp protein degradation machines of Mycobacterium
Authors: Molière Noël , Turgay Kürşad 
Published: July 2014

SummaryHsp100/Clp protease complexes are molecular machines important for cellular protein homeostasis and are concurrently embedded in the control of various signal transduction networks by regulatory proteolysis. In Mycobacteria, the genes encoding the components of these Hsp100/Clp protease complexes are essential for growth and were identified as targets for antibiotics, with a new antimicrobial mechanism, that are active on slow growing or even dormant cells. Schmitz and Sauer (2014) report the biochemical characterization of mycobacterial Hsp100/Clp protease complexes actively degrading folded substrate proteins. Their results suggest an unusual activation mechanism for this protease complex and will set the stage for further mechanistic studies of antibiotics acting on this new cellular target.
Genotypic variability of sugarcane resistance to the aphid Melanaphis sacchari, vector of the Sugarcane yellow leaf virus
Authors: Fartek Benjamin , Nibouche Samuel , Atiama‐Nurbel Toulassi , Reynaud Bernard , Costet Laurent 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to analyse the genotypic variability of sugarcane resistance to the main aphid vector of the Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (ScYLV) (Polerovirus, Luteoviridae), Melanaphis sacchari. We assessed the incidence of aphids in a field trial comparing 181 sugarcane cultivars. Based on the percentage of infested leaves, aphid incidence was scored every two weeks during three cropping seasons. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant genotype, and genotype × year variance, and high broad sense heritability. Using semivariograms, we showed that the alpha lattice design used in the field trial was able to cope with spatial correlation issues caused by the patchy nature of aphid infestations. Twenty‐two aphid resistant cultivars were identified. A laboratory study of the development of M. sacchari on four of these 22 resistant cultivars confirmed the resistant status of three of them. We observed modest positive phenotypic and genetic correlations between the aphid incidence and the incidence of ScYLV. The 22 cultivars resistant to M. sacchari showed twofold lower mean virus incidence than the remaining 159 cultivars.
Development of a Pseudomonas syringae–Eutrema salsugineum pathosystem to investigate disease resistance in a stress tolerant extremophile model plant
Authors: Yeo M. T. S. , Carella P. , Fletcher J. , Champigny M. J. , Weretilnyk E. A. , Cameron R. K. 
Published: July 2014

To improve the ability to understand how plants respond to multiple and/or concurrent stresses, disease resistance was investigated in Eutrema salsugineum, an extremophile model plant that is highly tolerant of abiotic stress. Compared to Arabidopsis (Col‐0), both Yukon and Shandong Eutrema accessions exhibit increased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) and pv. maculicola (Psm), with Shandong Eutrema exhibiting greater resistance to Pst than Yukon Eutrema. RT‐PCR of the EsPR1 (Pathogenesis‐related 1) defence marker gene confirmed RNA‐Seq data that healthy Shandong Eutrema constitutively expresses EsPR1. The data suggests that Shandong Eutrema exists in a highly primed state of defence preparedness, as it displays heightened resistance compared to defence‐primed natural accessions of Arabidopsis (Can‐0, Bur‐0). Pathogen‐triggered PR1 expression was delayed in Yukon Eutrema; however, these plants were resistant to Pst suggesting that Yukon Eutrema employs a PR1‐independent mechanism to resist Pst. This study demonstrates that Eutrema is an excellent model to investigate biotic stress tolerance. The Eutrema–P. syringae pathosystem will facilitate future studies to understand how this extremophile tolerates both abiotic and biotic stress, and will allow exploration of the interplay of these responses to inform efforts to improve stress tolerance in crops.