bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Civil Society and the Colonial Municipal Administration
Authors: Pernau Margrit 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The chapter discusses the emergence of a civil society and the entangled history of Muslim and British public culture. The first section traces the development of the print media, which now accelerated to such a degree that it is possible to speak of a first phase of the ‘print revolution’, both with respect to the expansion of the publishing sector and the increase in the number and circulation of newspapers. The second section examines the foundation of societies, focusing on the ‘Delhi Society’ as an example of a classic debating club, on the societies formed to represent the interests of certain professional groups, and on the religious associations which began to spring up in great numbers at the turn of the century. The third section looks at the colonial administration’s relationship with this emerging public sphere.
The New Woman
Authors: Pernau Margrit 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Discussions of women’s behaviour were never concerned exclusively with women; rather, they were central to the definition of an identity and the creation of a community which also included men. This chapter examines the claim that women’s conduct was meant to mark them as the bearers of an unspoilt Indian tradition. The first section discusses educational novels written for women and girls. The second section looks at non-fiction texts, focusing on religious guidebooks for women. The final section considers the women’s journal Ismat, which was founded and published by a man, but to which women also contributed in increasing numbers, and asks how women themselves responded to the qualities expected of them and demands made of them, where they accepted these and where reinterpretations took place.
Integrating media effects research and music psychology
Authors: Shevy Mark 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The ‘media effects’ paradigm of mass communication research has produced a substantial body of knowledge about the psychological impact of audiovisual media. Although music exists in virtually every type of audiovisual media, relatively little media effects research has focused on the psychology of music. Better integration of media effects research and the study of music psychology would mutually benefit both disciplines. This integration can be established by investigating music in relation to media effects antecedents (causes) such as the attributes of media users, media content and form, and interactivity. Integration can also be achieved by considering the role of music in theories and models used in media effects research. Examples of these theories and models include social cognitive theory, uses and gratifications, limited capacity of cognition, affective disposition, and excitation transfer.
Musical analysis for multimedia: A perspective from music theory
Authors: Bashwiner David 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the contribution that traditional music theory and analysis can make to empirical psychological studies of multimedia. Two pieces are examined in detail: Samuel Barber’s Adagio for Strings, which appears numerous times throughout Oliver Stone’s film Platoon, and the Allegretto from Beethoven’s Seventh Symphony, which accompanies the climactic scene of Tom Hooper’s film The King’s Speech. The dramatic role played by each of these pieces is highly complex, this chapter argues, and thus not entirely captured by the sorts of descriptors commonly employed in empirical studies, such as ‘sadness’ and ‘positive mood.’ Fully understanding a musical excerpt’s dramatic role in a multimedia context—including interactions with spoken text and camerawork—in many cases requires detailed analysis of musical structure. This chapter aims to inform readers of the value of musical analysis for the study of multimedia and to illustrate instances in which musico-structural analysis clearly contributes to dramatic interpretation.
Children’s media: The role of music and audio features
Authors: Calvert Sandra L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores the effects of music, singing, sound effects, and vocalizations on children’s attention and learning in multimedia experiences in both entertainment and educational contexts. Empirical findings in the related research are traced, beginning with studies focusing on infants and young children and then moving to older children and adolescents. The role of music on the moods and feelings of youth, including the link to learning, is examined. The ways that older youth are now creating their own digital stories via a new generation of multimedia authoring tools, employing the same production techniques that they often enjoy as consumers of multimedia, are also considered. Overall, the current research indicates that music, singing, and other auditory features in their multimedia use play a key role in children and adolescents’ emotional regulation, cognitive development, and identity construction. In the concluding remarks, promising research directions for the field are also advanced.
Auditory icons, earcons, and displays: Information and expression through sound
Authors: Roginska Agnieszka 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Although it is often claimed that we have become a primarily visual-based society, the role of sound and music in communicating and augmenting information transmission has become increasingly important. This chapter examines different types of auditory displays, their functions and applications in multimedia. Auditory displays (including auditory icons, earcons, and data-driven sound) not only give the user a heightened sense of immersion into an environment, improve data and information transmission from a device to a user, and optimize interaction, but also facilitate multitasking by taking some of the perceptual load exerted by visual stimuli and distributing it over the visual and the auditory systems. The role of auditory displays in multimedia environments is to carry information, alert, increase the sense of immersion, complement, and augment visual displays, while transmitting information in the most optimal way.
‘Can we distinguish the sheep from the wolves?’: Émigrés, Allies, and the Reconstruction of Germany
Authors: Reinisch Jessica 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter looks at members of the German medical professions in war-time exile, and contrasts British, American, French and Soviet responses to their requests to assist in the rebuilding of Germany after 1945. The chapter demonstrates that all four occupiers’ attitudes to the collaboration with émigrés was shaped by their diagnosis of the German problem.
Public Health Work in the British Occupation Zone
Authors: Reinisch Jessica 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The four chapters in the second part contrast day-to-day public health work in the four occupation zones. They begin by examining the products of the war-time plans, before going on to show how, in the course of the post-war years, the occupiers’ initial assumptions and plans unravelled. Together, they show that health was at the heart of central questions about German reconstruction, renewal and reform, and involved a series of compromises and confrontations. This chapter identifies a number of consequences of an early British diagnosis of a national German, Nazified mentality for the conduct of public health work and the collaboration between German and British health workers
Uses of foams
Authors: Cantat Isabelle , Cohen-Addad Sylvie , Elias Florence , Graner François , Höhler Reinhard , Pitois Olivier , Rouyer Florence , Saint-Jalmes Arnaud 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Are foams really useful? We smile when scientists announce that they study foams, because bubbles are considered child’s play. In this first chapter we will show that the converse is true: liquid foams exhibit a range of complex and unique properties, and are well-adapted to diverse applications in our daily lives and to numerous industrial processes.
Foams at equilibrium
Authors: Cantat Isabelle , Cohen-Addad Sylvie , Elias Florence , Graner François , Höhler Reinhard , Pitois Olivier , Rouyer Florence , Saint-Jalmes Arnaud 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the structure and stability of foams at equilibrium. We start with a qualitative description of foam physics before turning to very dry foam structures. We will show how equilibrium properties are affected by the presence of a non-negligible amount of liquid in the foam, and we will describe the spatial distribution of this liquid.
How to activate a power
Authors: McKitrick Jennifer 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to explore the nature of activation events and their relation to the powers they activate. In particular, we will consider what triggers would look like if all properties were powers, as the dispositional monist or pandispositionalist tells us they are. While many have expressed worries about manifestations involving instantiations of only dispositional properties, it is also worth noting that, on a pandispositionalist scenario, the activation event must be equally dispositional. If all properties are powers, it seems that a triggering event must be an acquisition of a power. But how does something acquiring a power activate another power to produce its manifestation? This chapter suggests and evaluates possible answers. It will be argued that, as with the case of manifestations, a vicious regress threatens the pandispositionalist picture of power activation. The chapter then goes on to consider several possible pandispositionalist responses.
Are natural kinds and natural properties distinct?
Authors: Tobin Emma 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses the distinction between natural kinds and natural properties. Some theorists deny the distinction, and claim that natural kinds can be identified with properties. For example, natural kinds might be understood as the perfectly natural properties, reducible to properties or the extensions of properties. Alternatively, one might argue that natural kinds and natural properties are distinct and that natural kinds could be considered as a sui generis type of entity. For example, one might hold that natural kinds require a distinct kind of universal, substantival universal, or sortal. Alternatively, one might claim that properties themselves form natural kind groupings, in virtue of causal mechanisms. This chapter argues that classification into natural kinds can reflect real differences between natural groups, without the supplementary ontological distinction between properties and kinds.
Realism about structure and kinds
Authors: Paul L. A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractMetaphysical realism about structure has been popular since David Lewis made natural properties a central part of his metaphysical programme, and enjoys currency in contemporary discussions about fundamentality and metametaphysics. This chapter shows how Lewis’s defence of natural properties is a defence of worldly structure that was adopted in response to Putnam’s antirealism about reference and truth, and discusses the prospects for semantic realism. The central argument is that postulating structure is not enough to rebut antirealism: the realist must also make significant, ungrounded assumptions about the nature of the structure. In particular, realism about truth requires one to assume, as a matter of contingent fact, that the kinds that define the structure rule out the possibility of permutability. This is a surprising and counterintuitive result.
Kant and the Creation of Freedom
Authors: Insole Christopher J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractKant actively struggles with the problem of how to conceive of God’s creative action in relation to human freedom. Kant comes to the view that human freedom can only be protected if God withdraws in certain ways from the created world. The two pillars of Kant’s mature philosophy—transcendental idealism and freedom—are in part shaped and motivated by Kant’s need to provide a solution to his theological problem. The medieval and early modern theological tradition conceives of divine action as unlike the action of any created being. When the creature acts, God directly causes this action, but without reducing the creature’s freedom. Kant explicitly discusses and rejects this account of divine and human concursus. This rejection has significant and surprising ramifications for Kant’s wider philosophy, explaining otherwise incomprehensible claims in his critical philosophy. The book presents a definitive study in the history of ideas, engaging with a wide range of Kant’s texts from 1749 until the early 1800s. Kant’s thought is placed in relation to numerous historical and traditional positions, which are themselves illuminated by a close engagement with recent debates in analytical philosophy and systematic theology. Kant is unrelentingly honest when grappling with the difficulty of relating divine and human freedom. This study, of Kant’s theological struggle and legacy, goes to the heart of the problem in the modern reception of what the Christian tradition has affirmed about human freedom. As such, the book throws light on one of the defining fault-lines in modern theology and philosophy.
Is God Free?
Authors: Insole Christopher J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe previous chapter showed that Kant has a positive conception of divine freedom, whereby the scope of choice for the divine will is significantly restricted by rational and moral factors. This chapter sets out the fundamental theological presuppositions that will determine how acceptable one finds Kant’s conception of divine freedom. The chapter does not offer a defence or critique of Kant’s position, except to suggest that it is not wildly and obviously beyond the bounds of a strand of orthodox (albeit contestable) theology. Real possibilities that determine the essential properties of substances do, for Kant, depend upon God, but upon the divine understanding rather than the divine will. Kant calls this a ‘non-moral dependence’. Kant’s position is located in relation to Leibniz and Aquinas. An alternative interpretation of Kant on divine freedom, as set out by Rae Langton, is refuted.
Incoherence
Authors: Insole Christopher J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe notion, set out in the previous chapter, that in some sense our empirical actions derive from a case of atemporal first causation, is found by some commentators (Pereboom and Walker) to be scarcely more credible than a flat contradiction. This has led some commentators to deny that Kant could really hold this view in any significant sense. This chapters defends the claim that Kant is committed to the notion of atemporal first causation, explaining why this would not seem an implausible or epistemically undisciplined claim to Kant. The chapters addresses a challenge to the fundamental coherence of the notion of noumenal first causation: in particular, with reference to the inexplicability of our ability to choose evil. Kant has no good answer to this problem, and he knows this, but Augustinian theologians might like Kant better for this studied admission of incomprehensibility.
Concurrence
Authors: Insole Christopher J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis chapter goes to the heart of Kant’s theological problem, by focusing on the precise ‘causal joint’ between God’s creative action and our free actions. Drawing upon Freddoso, Burrell and Tanner, the chapter sets out the conceptual options in the medieval and early modern period for understanding the relationship between divine and human action: occassionalism, mere conservation and concurrence. The favoured position amongst orthodox philosophical theologians (including Aquinas, Suarez and Leibniz) was ‘concurrence’ or ‘concursus’, where God not only creates and sustains every creature, but acts directly in every action of every creature, including free human action. The chapter shows that Kant is a mere conservationist about both nature and human freedom. Although Kant uses the language of concursus in relation to miracles, and the assistance God gives to human beings, he does so in a ‘conservationist’ way that the tradition would consider to be theologically inadequate.
Legacy
Authors: Insole Christopher J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis chapter interrogates some of the deep tectonic plates that underlie the conflict between supporters and detractors of concurrentism; a conflict that manifests itself in the mutual incomprehension between some philosophers of religion (Flint) and systematic theologians (Tanner). Recently there has been a more affirmative trend in the evaluation of Kant’s legacy to philosophical theology. Sympathetic commentators (such as Mariña, Firestone, Jacobs, Hare and Palmquist) need to consider, though, that due to his denial of concurrence, Kant is not able to say very much about divine action, particularly in areas such as grace and atonement. Nonetheless, there are some passages in Kant, and some dimensions of his thought, which do seem to leave the door open to genuinely concurrentist accounts of the relationship between divine and human action. Kant himself did not go through this door, but a Kantian might, whilst still drawing inspiration from strands of Kant’s own thought.
Introduction
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe introduction sets the stage for the inquiry pursued in the book. The items to be studied include: Universal Free Choice items: English any, Italian qualunque (free choice items with a universal quantificational force); Existential Free Choice items: German irgendein, Italian uno qualunque (free choice items with an existential quantificational force); Epistemic Indefinites: Italian un qualche, Romanian vreun (indefinites associated with an ignorance inference); Weak Negative Polarity Items: English ever, Italian mai (items restricted to (roughly) Downward Entailing contexts); N-words: Italian nessuno, neanche (items that participate in negative concord); Strong Negative Polarity Items: English in weeks, punctual until; (items limited to strongly negative context, such as antiadditive items); Emphatic NPIs and ‘minimizers’: English give a damn, lift a finger, Hindi khoii bhii) The main thesis to be developed is that the core meaning of all of the items in (a)-(e) is the same as that of ordinary indefinites like some/a; the items in (f)-(g) share with indefinites the property of identifying lowest values on some scale.
Striving in the Path of God
Authors: 9780199344949  , Afsaruddin Asma 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In popular and academic literature, jihād is often assumed to refer to “armed combat,” while martyrdom is understood to be invariably of the military kind. This perspective, derived mainly from legal texts, has led to discussions of jihād and martyrdom predominantly as concepts with fixed, universal meanings. In contradistinction to this approach, this book studies in a more holistic manner the range of significations that can be ascribed to particularly the term jihād from the earliest period to the contemporary period against the backdrop of specific socio-historical and political circumstances which frequently mediated the meanings of this critical term. Instead of privileging the juridical literature, the book canvasses a more diverse genre of texts – Qur’ān, tafsīr, hadīth, edifying and hortatory literature -- to recreate a more nuanced and multifaceted understanding of both jihād and martyrdom through time, especially by introducing the concept of ṣabr as an aspect of jihād. As a result, many conventional assumptions about the essential nature of military jihād and martyrdom are challenged and undermined. The book unearths instead a spectrum of contested scholarly views on the purview of the combative jihād and the constitution of martyrdom through a diachronic survey of critical sources not previously studied in great depth.
Introduction
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses the methodological approach of the book and explains how it yields a more innovative and comprehensive examination of the concepts of jihād and martyrdom. The importance of a diachronic survey of key sources is emphasized for charting the changing semantic landscape of these concepts. Among these key sources are Qur’ān, hadīth, tafsīr, fadā’il al-jihād; andfadā’il al-ṣabr works.
Striving “for,” “in,” and “in the Path of” God
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter deals with the Qur’anic concepts of jihād and ṣabr by selectively looking at verses which refer to the non-combative meanings of these terms between the middle Meccan to the early Medinan period. Several key exegetical works from the Umayyad to the Mamlūk periods are consulted. They include the commentaries of Mujāhid b. Jabr (d. ca. 104/722); Muqātil b. Sulaymān (d. 150/767), al-Tabarī (d. 310/ 923); al-Wāhidī (d. 468/1076); al-Zamakhsharī (d. ca. 538/1144) Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210), and al-Qurtubī (d. 671/1273) in order to obtain representative samplings of views from various historical periods. The focus in this chapter, as is true of subsequent chapters, is on the retrieval of multiple and contested understandings of jihād and ṣabr through a comparison of early and later works of exegesis.
The Excellences of Patient Forbearance
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Chapter Seven documents the existence of competing interpretations of the Qur’anically mandated duty to strive in the path of God by focusing on the reports contained in the fadā’il al-ṣabr literary genre in order to determine their provenance and the whys and wherefores of their deployment. Among the works discussed are al-Sṣabr wa-’l-thawāb ’alayhi by Ibn Abī ’l-Dunyā (d. 281/894), called and the ’Uddat al-ṣābirīn wa-dhakhīrat al-shākirīn by Muhammad b. Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350). As in the previous chapter, the chains of transmission of a number of the praise reports contained in these works are analyzed to determine their probable provenance and the possible ideological motivations of the transmitters.
Modern and Contemporary Debates on Jihād and Martyrdom II
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In sharp contrast to most of the modern thinkers and activists we focused on in the previous chapter, the scholars and activists discussed in this chapter are distinguished by their inclination to engage the concept of jihād in a more diachronic and holistic manner and to emphasize its historically-conditioned multi-layered significations through time. The scholars discussed from this group include Muhammad ’Abdūh, Jamāl al-Banna, and Muhammad Sa’īd Ramadān al-Būtī from the pre-September 11 period. From after the September 11 period, the chapter goes on to survey a growing corpus of works in Muslim-majority societies which are vigorously arguing against contemporary militant and extremist understandings of jihād. Amog these works is an influential treatise written by the prominent Egyptian cleric and scholar ’Alī Jum’a. The chapter then proceeds to focus on three contemporary thinkers and writers who emphasize non-violent approaches to conflict resolution: Jawdat Sa’īd, Wahiduddin Khan, and Fethullah Gülen. This pacifist or near-pacifist strain is genuinely a modern development within Islamic thought and tradition and is grounded in a recuperation of the Qur’anic emphasis on ṣabr as the most important dimension of jihād broadly conceived.