bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Destabilization of Yellow Mustard Emulsion Using Organic Solvents
Authors: Tabtabaei Solmaz , Ataya Pulido Veronica M. , Diosady Levente L. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn aqueous extraction process was developed consisting of aqueous contact with dehulled yellow mustard flour to recover protein followed by dissolution of the released emulsion in dimethylformamide (DMF) or isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to recover the released oil in the form of single‐phase oil–solvent miscellae suitable for industrial applications. Only some 38 ± 3 % of the oil in the yellow mustard emulsion was extracted using DMF even at high weight ratios since DMF is widely miscible with water, preventing separation of the oil from the emulsion. A ternary phase diagram of DMF/oil/water was prepared and confirmed the limited solubility of the oil in DMF in the presence of water. The use of 31:1 IPA:oil weight ratio could effectively recover over 94 % of the oil in the emulsion; however, multiple‐stage treatment of the emulsion was proven to be more efficient with lower volumes of IPA required to achieve high oil extraction yields. The results suggest that the optimal conditions for multiple‐stage process were four stages using 2:1 IPA:oil weight ratio, with 96 ± 1 % oil recovery from the emulsion.
Effect of viscosity on propagation of MHD waves in astrophysical plasma
Authors: MENGESHA ALEMAYEHU , TESSEMA S. B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe determine the general dispersion relation for the propagation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in an astrophysical plasma by considering the effect of viscosity with an anisotropic pressure tensor. Basic MHD equations have been derived and linearized by the method of perturbation to develop the general form of the dispersion relation equation. Our result indicates that an astrophysical plasma with an anisotropic pressure tensor is stable in the presence of viscosity and a strong magnetic field at considerable wavelength.
Impairments in Social Cognition Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: McDonald Skye 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSevere traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to physical, neuropsychological, and emotional deficits that interfere with the individual's capacity to return to his or her former lifestyle. This review focuses on social cognition, that is, the capacity to attend to, recognize and interpret interpersonal cues that guide social behavior. Social cognition entails “hot” processes, that is, emotion perception and emotional empathy and “cold” processes, that is, the ability to infer the beliefs, feelings, and intentions of others (theory of mind: ToM) to see their point of view (cognitive empathy) and what they mean when communicating (pragmatic inference). This review critically examines research attesting to deficits in each of these domains and also examines evidence for theorized mechanisms including specific neural networks, the role of simulation, and non-social cognition. Current research is hampered by small, heterogeneous samples and the inherent complexity of TBI pathology. Nevertheless, there is evidence that facets of social cognition are impaired in this population. New assessment tools to measure social cognition following TBI are required that predict everyday social functioning. In addition, research into remediation needs to be guided by the growing empirical base for understanding social cognition that may yet reveal how deficits dissociate following TBI. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–16)
Child Maltreatment and Parricide
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses various types of abuse and neglect, given the pivotal role that child maltreatment plays in many cases of youths who kill parents. It defines four types of abuse (physical, sexual, verbal, and psychological) and three types of neglect (physical, emotional, and medical). Examples from parricide cases are utilized to aid understanding. The psychological and biological effects of early and extreme childhood maltreatment are explained, given their significance in human development. Research showing that severe abuse and neglect compromise individuals' abilities to think logically, to calm themselves, and to respond adaptively, particularly in high-stress situations, might be very relevant in understanding and in defending adolescent parricide offenders in the legal system.
MATRICIDE: BASIC FACTS AND LITERATURE
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines available knowledge on matricide. It begins by presenting basic information about matricide and stepmatricide victims, offenders, and incidents over the 32-year period of 1976–2007. Data shows that most female parricide victims were killed in single-victim, single-offender homicides. Multiple-victim and multiple-offender incidents were rare. However, three findings with respect to multiple-offender situations are important. First, juveniles were significantly more likely than adults to be involved in multiple-offender incidents involving mothers. Second, female juveniles and female adults were significantly more likely to use accomplices in matricides than their male counterparts. Third, female juveniles were significantly more likely to act with codefendants in killing stepmothers than male juveniles. The chapter also reviews the literature on matricide, focusing first on studies of adult or predominantly adult male matricide offenders, followed by studies of female parricide offenders that provided data on victim type, and then case studies of adult female matricide offenders.
Sensory and Motor Brain Areas Supporting Biological Motion Perception
Authors: Saygin Ayse Pinar 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter summarizes recent research on biological motion perception using structural brain imaging and lesion-mapping techniques in brain-lesioned patients. It also explores how these findings complement research using functional neuroimaging in the healthy human brain and neurophysiological studies on nonhuman primates. Such converging methods have allowed for the identification of a network of brain areas that are involved in the perception of biological motion and areas that are causally linked to deficits in biological motion perception.
When Warrant Transmits
Authors: Pryor James 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe chapter takes issue with Wright’s diagnosis of Moore’s Proof of an external world. Wright maintains that the Proof exhibits a failure of transmitting warrant from the premise to the conclusion. The first concern of the chapter is to show that there is only one kind of transmission failure due to the fact that prior warrant for the conclusion of an argument is needed in order to have warrant for its premises in the first place. Hence, the dogmatist about perception, in order to make his case, needs only to show that the Proof does not fail to transmit warrant in this sense. The second part of the chapter argues for this idea by rejecting the idea that transmission failure would arise when warrant for the conclusion of an argument is required in order to be warranted in believing that one has warrant for the premises.
Collectives in the intersection of mass and count nouns: A cross‐linguistic account
Authors: Wiese Heike 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNouns like cattle and furniture, which in this chapter is called ‘collectives’ for short, constitute an exception in the English mass/count domain: they refer to countable objects (‘count’), but can appear in bare NPs and do not pluralize (‘mass’). However, while exceptional in English, collectives are the rule in so-called ‘classifier languages’ (e.g., Mandarin) and also in some Indo-European languages (e.g., Persian), pointing to a general, systematic option for nouns, rather than an idiosyncratic phenomenon. The chapter discusses collectives from a cross-linguistic point of view, and show that they are located at an intersection of mass and count nouns that indicates an autonomy of syntactic and conceptual features, rather than the one-to-one correlation suggested by such noun pairs as cows (reference to subjects, marked for number) vs. beef (reference to substance, no number marking). This autonomy supports a cross-linguistic mass/count distinction that is independent of the availability of syntactic plural marking in a language.
3 The encoding of motion events in Estonian
Authors: Pajusalu Renate , Kahusk Neeme , Orav Heili , Veismann Ann , Vider Kadri , Õim Haldur 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe chapter deals with the analysis of sentence structure on the layer where semantic role categories such as AGENT, PATIENT, OBJECT, etc. play a crucial role. The main objective is to find out which regularities prevail in categorization of spatial characteristics of motion events in Estonian in terms of these categories, and which morphosyntactic means are used to encode them. For the analysis a (mini) corpus containing sentences with a motion verb as predicate was automatically created. First, a brief overview of verbs of motion in Estonian is given. After that, the chapter concentrates on the analysis of semantic roles and their encoding in motion sentences in Estonian. We found it necessary to differentiate between the following roles: SOURCE, GOAL, ROUTE, LOCATION. The realization of each category by morphosyntactic means of Estonian is described in detail: NPs in certain case forms, PPs, adverbs. One of the results of the chapter is the fact that there is a statistical asymmetry in the use of SOURCE, GOAL, and LOCATION: GOAL is the most frequently encoded category of these three.
Materiality: What are the Consequences?
Authors: Pentland Brian T. , Singh Harminder 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter offers an approach to materiality that is grounded in pragmatism, a philosophical perspective that emphasizes context and consequences, rather than intrinsic properties. The chapter draws inspiration from the concept of materiality as it is used, in practice, by financial and information systems auditors. The argument entails a reversal of figure and ground from some perspectives on materiality because we focus on actions, rather than different kinds of artifacts or actors.
Rough-and-Tumble Play and the Cooperation–Competition Dilemma: Evolutionary and Developmental Perspectives on the Development of Social Competence
Authors: Flanders Joseph L. , Herman Khalisa N. , Paquette Daniel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines how humans and other mammals develop the competence necessary to adapt to the complexities of group living. The authors argue that rough-and-tumble (R&T) play promotes the development of social competence, social cognition, and self-regulation by providing young mammals with embodied practice in activities that involve both cooperation and competition. Evidence for this argument is reviewed from research in evolutionary, developmental, and clinical psychology, which highlights the roles of fathers in the development of social adaptation in human children.
Ordination (Pabbajj ā) as Going Forth?
Authors: Samuels Jeffrey 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the processes by which boys living in Sri Lanka become Buddhist novices (sāmaera). Providing a detailed description of a pabbajjā ordination ritual as well as examining the factors that led one participant to become a novice, the author highlights the role that social relationships and affective bonds play in the recruiting and socialization process. Along with challenging the tendency to reduce monastic ordination to a person’s or family’s desire for upward social and economic mobility, the author questions the tendency of interpreting pabbajjā as “going forth” by illustrating how monastic ordination functions as a ritual through which an ordinand’s ties and social bonds become altered and expanded to include multiple communities of lay people and monastics.
The Psychological and Moral Consequences for Israeli Society of the Occupation of Palestinian Land
Authors: Greenbaum Charles W. , Elizur Yoel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe chapter examines the effects of the occupation on moral thinking, mental health and violence in Israeli society. It suggests that the occupation has exposed Israelis of all ages to trauma, leading to a variety of stress reactions, including increasingly violent behavior both within Israeli society and by the Israeli soldiers and settlers in the occupied territories toward Palestinians. Occupation leads to violence by the occupied, leading to repression by the occupier. The occupier copes with the stress of the occupation and his fear reaction by behaving aggressively not only to the occupied people, but also to his compatriots. New norms of behavior are established in the occupier society that allow higher levels of aggression in the civilian society as well as in the military than those that are usually tolerated. The occupier uses defense mechanisms such as justification, rationalization and dissonance reduction to justify his behavior.
A Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan Protein, GhFLA1, Is Involved in Fiber Initiation and Elongation of Cotton
Authors: Huang Geng-Qing , Gong Si-Ying , Xu Wen-Liang , Li Wen , Li Peng , Zhang Chao-Jun , Li Deng-Di , Zheng Yong , Li Fu-Guang , Li Xue-Bao 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are involved in many aspects of plant development. In this study, biochemical and genetic approaches demonstrated that AGPs are abundant in developing fibers and may be involved in fiber initiation and elongation. To further investigate the role of AGPs during fiber development, a fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein gene (GhFLA1) was identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Overexpression of GhFLA1 in cotton promoted fiber elongation, leading to an increase in fiber length. In contrast, suppression of GhFLA1 expression in cotton slowed down fiber initiation and elongation. As a result, the mature fibers of the transgenic plants were significantly shorter than those of the wild type. In addition, expression levels of GhFLAs and the genes related to primary cell wall biosynthesis were remarkably enhanced in the GhFLA1 overexpression transgenic fibers, whereas the transcripts of these genes were dramatically reduced in the fibers of GhFLA1 RNA interference plants. An immunostaining assay indicated that both AGP composition and primary cell wall composition were changed in the transgenic fibers. The levels of glucose, arabinose, and galactose were also altered in the primary cell wall of the transgenic fibers compared with those of the wild type. Together, our results suggested that GhFLA1 may function in fiber initiation and elongation by affecting AGP composition and the integrity of the primary cell wall matrix.
Allergic rhinitis and risk of erectile dysfunction – a nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Su V. Y.‐F. , Liu C.‐J. , Lan M.‐Y. , Chen Y.‐M. , Su K.‐C. , Lee Y.‐C. , Chen T.‐J. , Chou K.‐T. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundA growing body of evidence has disclosed that allergic rhinitis (AR) is a systemic inflammatory disease. Inflammatory mediators and cells involved in AR have also been reported to be implicated in the process of atherosclerosis, which is relevant to the occurrence of erectile dysfunction (ED). Our objective was to explore the relationship between AR and future ED events.MethodsFrom 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2008, we identified male patients, who were aged 18–55 years and newly diagnosed with AR from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. A control cohort without AR, which was matched for age, comorbidities and medications, was selected for comparison. The two cohorts were followed up until 31 December 2009 and observed for occurrence of ED by registry of ED diagnosis in the database.ResultsOf the 128 118 sampled male patients (64 059 AR patients vs 64 059 matched controls), 1455 (1.16%) experienced ED during a mean follow‐up period of 5.82 years, including 844 (1.32% of the AR patients) from the AR cohort and 611 (0.95%) from the controls. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed a tendency of AR patients to develop ED (log‐rank test, P < 0.001). After adjusting confounder variables by Cox regression, subjects with AR experienced a 1.37‐fold (95% CI, 1.24–1.52; P < 0.001) increase in incident ED. The risk of ED was higher in cases with more frequent clinical visits for AR and in cases needing medication more than 4 weeks.ConclusionsPatients with AR appeared to be at higher risk of future ED, possibly in a severity‐dependent manner.
Blood eosinophil counts rarely reflect airway eosinophilia in children with severe asthma
Authors: Ullmann N. , Bossley C. J. , Fleming L. , Silvestri M. , Bush A. , Saglani S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe inflammatory phenotypes of severe asthma in adults may be reflected in peripheral blood. If this were true in children with severe therapy‐resistant asthma (STRA), invasive tests could be avoided. At the moment there is no conclusive evidence in children.MethodsAll patients underwent blood tests, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), sputum induction, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and endobronchial biopsy (EB).ResultsSixty‐three (71.6%) patients had a normal blood profile and only 1/88 had a combined blood eosinophilia and neutrophilia. 76/88 (86%) had normal blood eosinophils, but of these, 84% had airway eosinophilia in either BAL (n = 43;66%) or EB (n = 41;79%). In children with STRA blood eosinophilia was associated with airway eosinophilia. However, normal blood eosinophil levels did not exclude airway eosinophilic inflammation.ConclusionsPeripheral blood counts are not reliable in characterising airway inflammation in severe asthmatic children exposed to high dose steroid therapy, therefore bronchoscopy with BAL should be considered.
Risk assessment – can we achieve consensus?
Authors: Twetman Svante , Fontana Margherita , Featherstone John D.B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe object of this conference paper was to review and discuss caries risk assessment in general practice from the questions i) ‘Why’, ii) ‘When’, and iii) ‘How’.MethodNarrative review.Resultsi) Patient caries risk assessment is the basic component in the decision‐making process for adequate prevention and management of dental caries and for determination of individual recall intervals. ii) Caries risk assessment should always be performed at a child's first dental visit and then regularly throughout life, and especially when social or medical life events are occurring. iii) There are several risk assessment methods and models available for but the evidence for their validity is limited. Although there is no clearly superior method for predicting future caries, the use of structured protocols combining socioeconomy, behavior, general health, diet, oral hygiene routines, clinical data, and salivary tests or computer‐based systems are considered best clinical practice. The accuracy ranges between 60% and 90%, depending on age. Caries risk assessment is more effective in the selection of patients at low risk than those with high caries risk.ConclusionAs evidence suggests that past caries experience is far from ideal but the most important single risk component for more caries at all ages, any clinical sign of likely active demineralization on smooth, occlusal, and proximal tooth surfaces should be taken as a signal for the implementation of individually designed preventive and disease management measures.
Early-life hygiene-related factors affect risk of central nervous system demyelination and asthma differentially
Authors: Hughes A-M , Lucas R M , McMichael A J , Dwyer T , Pender M P , van der Mei I , Taylor B V , Valery P , Chapman C , Coulthard A , Dear K , Kilpatrick T J , Williams D , Ponsonby A-L 
Published: January 2013

Summary
The increasing prevalence of immune-related diseases, including multiple sclerosis, may be partly explained by reduced microbial burden during childhood. Within a multi-centre case–control study population, we examined: (i) the co-morbid immune diseases profile of adults with a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination (FCD) and (ii) sibship structure in relation to an autoimmune (FCD) and an allergic (asthma) disease. FCD cases (n = 282) were aged 18–59 years; controls (n = 558) were matched on age, sex and region. Measures include: history of doctor-diagnosed asthma; sibling profile (number; dates of birth); and regular childcare attendance. FCD cases did not differ from controls with regard to personal or family history of allergy, but had a greater likelihood of chronic fatigue syndrome [odds ratio (OR) = 3·11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·11, 8·71]. Having any younger siblings showed reduced odds of FCD (OR = 0·68; 95% CI: 0·49, 0·95) but not asthma (OR = 1·47; 95% CI: 0·91, 2·38). In contrast, an increasing number of older siblings was associated with reduced risk of asthma (P trend = 0·04) but not FCD (P trend = 0·66). Allergies were not over-represented among people presenting with FCD. Sibship characteristics influence both FCD and asthma risk but the underlying mechanisms differ, possibly due to the timing of the putative ‘sibling effect’.
Intrinsic hyporesponsiveness of invariant natural killer T cells precedes the onset of lupus
Authors: Yang J-Q , Kim P J , Halder R C , Singh R R 
Published: January 2013

SummaryPatients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) display reduced numbers and functions of invariant natural killer T (iNK T) cells, which are restored upon treatment with corticosteroids and rituximab. It is unclear whether the iNK T cell insufficiency is a consequence of disease or is a primary abnormality that precedes the onset of disease. To address this, we analysed iNK T cell function at different stages of disease development using the genetically lupus-susceptible NZB × NZW F1 (BWF1) model. We found that iNK T cell in-vivo cytokine responses to an iNK T cell ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) were lower in BWF1 mice than in non-autoimmune BALB/c and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched NZB × N/B10.PL F1 mice, although iNK T cell numbers in the periphery were unchanged in BWF1 mice compared to control mice. Such iNK T cell hyporesponsiveness in BWF1 mice was detected at a young age long before the animals exhibited any sign of autoimmunity. In-vivo activation of iNK T cells is known to transactivate other immune cells. Such transactivated T and B cell activation markers and/or cytokine responses were also lower in BWF1 mice than in BALB/c controls. Finally, we show that iNK T cell responses were markedly deficient in the NZB parent but not in NZW parent of BWF1 mice, suggesting that BWF1 might inherit the iNK T cell defect from NZB mice. Thus, iNK T cells are functionally insufficient in lupus-prone BWF1 mice. Such iNK T cell insufficiency precedes the onset of disease and may play a pathogenic role during early stages of disease development in SLE.