bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stable π‐Extended p‐Quinodimethanes: Synthesis and Tunable Ground States
Authors: Zeng Zebing , Wu Jishan 
Published: December 2014

Abstractp‐Quinodimethane (p‐QDM) is a highly reactive hydrocarbon showing large biradical character in the ground state. It has been demonstrated that incorporation of the p‐QDM moiety into an aromatic hydrocarbon framework could lead to new π‐conjugated systems with significant biradical character and unique optical, electronic and magnetic properties. On the other hand, the extension of p‐QDM is expected to result in molecules with even larger biradical character and higher reactivity. Therefore, the synthesis of stable π‐extended p‐QDMs is very challenging. In this Personal Account we will briefly discuss different stabilizing strategies and synthetic methods towards stable π‐extended p‐QDMs with tunable ground states and physical properties, including two types of polycyclic hydrocarbons: (1) tetrabenzo‐Tschitschibabin's hydrocarbons, and (2) tetracyano‐rylenequinodimethanes. We will discuss how the aromaticity, substituents and steric hindrance play important roles in determining their ground states and properties.
Prediction of small‐for‐gestational‐age neonates: screening by fetal biometry at 30–34 weeks
Authors: Bakalis S. , Silva M. , Akolekar R. , Poon L. C. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo investigate the value of fetal biometry at 30–34 weeks' gestation in the prediction of delivery of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonates, in the absence of pre‐eclampsia (PE).MethodsThis was a screening study in 30 849 singleton pregnancies at 30–34 weeks' gestation, comprising 1727 that delivered SGA neonates with a birth weight < 5th percentile and 29 122 cases unaffected by SGA, PE or gestational hypertension. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine if screening by a combination of maternal factors and Z‐scores of fetal head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL) or estimated fetal weight (EFW) had a significant contribution to the prediction of SGA neonates.ResultsCombined screening by maternal characteristics and obstetric history, with Z‐scores of EFW at 30–34 weeks, predicted 79%, 87% and 92% of the SGA neonates that delivered < 5 weeks following assessment, with a birth weight < 10th, < 5th and < 3rd percentiles, respectively, at a 10% false‐positive rate. The respective detection rates for the prediction of SGA neonates delivering ≥ 5 weeks from the time of assessment were 53%, 58% and 61%. The performance of screening by a combination of Z‐scores of fetal HC, AC and FL was similar to that achieved by the EFW Z‐score alone.ConclusionCombined testing by maternal characteristics and fetal biometry at 30–34 weeks could identify a high proportion of pregnancies that will deliver SGA neonates. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Clinical onset and course, response to treatment and outcome in 24 patients with the cblE or cblG remethylation defect complemented by genetic and in vitro enzyme study data
Authors: Huemer M. , Bürer C. , Ješina P. , Kožich V. , Landolt M. A. , Suormala T. , Fowler B. , Augoustides‐ Savvopoulou P. , Blair E. , Brennerova K. , Broomfield A. , De Meirleir L. , Gökcay G. , Hennermann J. , Jardine P. , Koch J. , Lorenzl S. , Lotz‐Havla A. S. , Noss J. , Parini R. , Peters H. , Plecko B. , Ramos F. J. , Schlune A. , Tsiakas K. , Zerjav Tansek M. , Baumgartner M. R. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe cobalamin E (cblE) (MTRR, methionine synthase reductase) and cobalamin G (cblG) (MTR, methionine synthase) defects are rare inborn errors of cobalamin metabolism leading to impairment of the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine.MethodsInformation on clinical and laboratory data at initial full assessment and during the course of the disease, treatment, outcome and quality of life was obtained in a survey‐based, retrospective study from physicians caring for patients with the CblE or CblG defect. In addition, data on enzyme studies in cultured skin fibroblasts and mutations in the MTRR and MTR gene were analysed.ResultsIn 11 cblE and 13 cblG patients, failure to thrive, feeding problems, delayed milestones, muscular hypotonia, cognitive impairment and macrocytic anaemia were the most frequent symptoms. Delay in diagnosis depended on age at first symptom and clinical pattern at presentation and correlated significantly with impaired communication abilities at follow‐up. Eighteen/22 patients presented with brain atrophy or white matter disease. Biochemical response to treatment with variable combinations of betaine, cobalamin, folate was significant. The overall course was considered improving (n = 8) or stable (n = 15) in 96 % of patients, however the average number of CNS symptoms per patient increased significantly over time and 16 of 23 patients were classified as developmentally delayed or severely handicapped. In vitro enzyme analysis data showed no correlation with outcome. Predominantly private mutations were detected and no genotype– phenotype correlations evident.ConclusionsThe majority of patients with the cblE and cblG defect show limited clinical response to treatment and have neurocognitive impairment.
Plane thermonuclear detonation waves initiated by proton beams and quasi-one-dimensional model of fast ignition
Authors: Charakhch'yan Alexander A. , Khishchenko Konstantin V. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThe one-dimensional problem on bilatiral irradiation by proton beams of the plane layer of condensed DT mixture with length 2H and density ρ0 ≤ 100ρs, where ρs is the fuel solid-state density at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 4 K, is considered. The proton kinetic energy is 1 MeV, the beam intensity is 1019 W/cm2 and duration is 50 ps. A mathematical model is based on the one-fluid two-temperature hydrodynamics with a wide-range equation of state of the fuel, electron and ion heat conduction, DT fusion reaction kinetics, self-radiation of plasma and plasma heating by α-particles. If the ignition occurs, a plane detonation wave, which is adjacent to the front of the rarefaction wave, appears. Upon reflection of this detonation wave from the symmetry plane, the flow with the linear velocity profile along the spatial variable x and with a weak dependence of the thermodynamic functions of x occurs. An appropriate solution of the equations of hydrodynamics is found analytically up to an arbitrary constant, which can be chosen so that the analytical solution describes with good accuracy the numerical one. The gain with respect to the energy of neutrons G ≈ 200 at Hρ0 ≈ 1 g/cm2, and G > 2000 at Hρ0 ≈ 5 g/cm2. To evaluate the ignition energy Eig of cylindrical targets, the quasi-1D model, limiting trajectories of α-particles by a cylinder of a given radius, is suggested. The model reproduces the known theoretical dependence Eig ~ ρ0−2 and gives Eig = 160 kJ for ρ0 = 100ρs ≈ 22 g/cm3.
Epidemiology of pertussis in adolescents and adults in Turkey
Authors: KARAGUL A. , OGUNC D. , MIDILLI K. , ONGUT G. , OZHAK BAYSAN B. , DONMEZ L. , DAGLAR D. , KUSKUCU M. A. , BINGOL A. , OZBUDAK O. , COLAK D. , GUNSEREN F. 
Published: December 2014

SUMMARYTwo hundred and fourteen patients who had a cough illness lasting at least 2 weeks were studied to investigate Bordetella pertussis as a cause of prolonged cough in adolescents and adults. Medical history and nasopharyngeal swab specimens for culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained at presentation. Three (1·4%) patients were B. pertussis culture-positive; 15 (7%) were B. pertussis PCR-positive (including the culture-positive patients) and 11 (5·1%) were Bordetella spp. PCR-positive. Symptom combinations were significantly high both in patients with pertussis and patients with indeterminate results (P < 0·05). We conclude that B. pertussis should be considered among differential diagnoses of prolonged cough in adolescents and adults and PCR and culture should be used to detect these cases and facilitate public health response.
RHETORIC OF THE STANDARDS: THE DEBATE OVER GOLD AND SILVER IN THE 1890s
Authors: Wells Wyatt 
Published: December 2014

AbstractIn the 1890s, questions about whether to base the American currency upon gold or silver dominated public discourse and eventually forced a realignment of the political parties. The matter often confuses modern observers, who have trouble understanding how such a technically complex—even arcane—issue could arouse such passions. The fact that no major nation currently backs its currency with precious metal creates the suspicion that the issue was a “red herring” that distracted from matters of far greater importance. Yet the rhetoric surrounding the “Battle of the Standards” indicates that the more sophisticated advocates of both sides understood that, in the financial context of the 1890s, the contest between gold and silver not only had important economic implications but would substantially affect the future development of the United States.
Fundamental shift in vitamin B12 eco-physiology of a model alga demonstrated by experimental evolution
Authors: Helliwell Katherine E , Collins Sinéad , Kazamia Elena , Purton Saul , Wheeler Glen L , Smith Alison G 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
A widespread and complex distribution of vitamin requirements exists over the entire tree of life, with many species having evolved vitamin dependence, both within and between different lineages. Vitamin availability has been proposed to drive selection for vitamin dependence, in a process that links an organism’s metabolism to the environment, but this has never been demonstrated directly. Moreover, understanding the physiological processes and evolutionary dynamics that influence metabolic demand for these important micronutrients has significant implications in terms of nutrient acquisition and, in microbial organisms, can affect community composition and metabolic exchange between coexisting species. Here we investigate the origins of vitamin dependence, using an experimental evolution approach with the vitamin B12-independent model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In fewer than 500 generations of growth in the presence of vitamin B12, we observe the evolution of a B12-dependent clone that rapidly displaces its ancestor. Genetic characterization of this line reveals a type-II Gulliver-related transposable element integrated into the B12-independent methionine synthase gene (METE), knocking out gene function and fundamentally altering the physiology of the alga.
Efficient generation of twin photons at telecom wavelengths with 2.5 GHz repetition-rate-tunable comb laser
Authors: Jin Rui-Bo , Shimizu Ryosuke , Morohashi Isao , Wakui Kentaro , Takeoka Masahiro , Izumi Shuro , Sakamoto Takahide , Fujiwara Mikio , Yamashita Taro , Miki Shigehito , Terai Hirotaka , Wang Zhen , Sasaki Masahide 
Published: December 2014

AbstractEfficient generation and detection of indistinguishable twin photons are at the core of quantum information and communications technology (Q-ICT). These photons are conventionally generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC), which is a probabilistic process and hence occurs at a limited rate, which restricts wider applications of Q-ICT. To increase the rate, one had to excite SPDC by higher pump power, while it inevitably produced more unwanted multi-photon components, harmfully degrading quantum interference visibility. Here we solve this problem by using recently developed 10 GHz repetition-rate-tunable comb laser, combined with a group-velocity-matched nonlinear crystal and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. They operate at telecom wavelengths more efficiently with less noises than conventional schemes, those typically operate at visible and near infrared wavelengths generated by a 76 MHz Ti Sapphire laser and detected by Si detectors. We could show high interference visibilities, which are free from the pump-power induced degradation. Our laser, nonlinear crystal and detectors constitute a powerful tool box, which will pave a way to implementing quantum photonics circuits with variety of good and low-cost telecom components and will eventually realize scalable Q-ICT in optical infra-structures.
Minimal Hearing Loss: Implications and Management Options for Educational Settings
Authors: Richburg Cynthia McCormick , Hill Annah L. 
Published: December 2014

Audibility, which refers to the ability of sound to be heard, is not sufficient for listening and learning environments, such as school classrooms. Speech intelligibility, not audibility, is the key to understanding and, therefore, must be addressed for all children, especially those who have some amount of hearing loss. It is well documented that children's central auditory systems are not fully myelinated or mature until the age of 10 to 12 years (Moore, 2002; Musiek, Gollegly, & Baran, 1984). School-age children have “developing” auditory systems due to their poorer sensitivity (when compared to adults) to small acoustic cues in speech, such as voice-onset time and formant-frequency transition (Elliott, 1986; Elliott, Longinotti, Meyer, Raz, & Zucker, 1981). Children are also less able to selectively attend to auditory tasks, have difficulty recognizing speech distorted by reverberation, and have problems with speech intelligibility in background noise and reverberation plus noise (Finitzo-Hieber & Tillman, 1978; Neuman & Hochberg, 1983; Stuart, 2005). Therefore, children under the age of 13 years (i.e., those in elementary and middle school) have been described as “special listeners” (Nabelek & Nabelek, 1994).
This article describes minimal hearing loss (MHL), the poor acoustics found in educational environments, and the impact of those acoustics on children with MHL. In addition, this article reviews environmental modifications that can be made to improve classroom acoustics. This article offers multiple researchers' strategies for better access to listening and learning, including soundfield amplification options for improving the signal-to-noise ratio in classroom settings.
Cervical Synovial Cyst Causing Cervical Radiculomyelopathy: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Corredor José A. , Quan Gerald 
Published: December 2014

Study Design Case report. Objective Synovial cysts in the subaxial cervical spine are rare and are most commonly reported at the cervicothoracic junction. Only six cases of symptomatic C5–C6 synovial cysts have been reported in the literature; the condition is usually treated with decompressive laminectomy. We present a patient with a synovial cyst arising from the C5–C6 facet joint, associated with spondylolisthesis, and causing radiculomyelopathy. The patient was treated with a posterior excision of the cyst, decompressive laminectomy, and fusion. Methods A 67-year-old man had vertebral canal stenosis at C5–C6 secondary to a synovial cyst and spondylolisthesis with symptoms and signs of radiculopathy and myelopathy. Surgical management involved C5–C6 posterior decompressive laminectomy and excision of the cyst and C4–C6 instrumented fusion with lateral mass screws and rods. A literature review of symptomatic cervical synovial cysts is presented. Results The imaging studies identified grade I spondylolisthesis and a 3.3 × 4.3-mm extradural lentiform-like mass associated with focal compression of the spinal cord and exiting the C6 nerve root. After the surgery, the patient had an immediate full recovery and was asymptomatic by the 6-month examination. No operative complications were reported. The histologic report confirmed the presence of a synovial cyst. Conclusions C5–C6 is an unusual localization for symptomatic synovial cysts. Similar cases reported in the literature achieved excellent results after cyst excision and decompressive laminectomy. Because spondylolisthesis plus laminectomy are risk factors for segmental instability in the cervical spine, we report a case of a C5–C6 facet synovial cyst successfully treated with posterior laminectomy and C4–C6 fusion.
Depth Related Distribution of Postjuvenile Red Snapper in Southeastern U.S. Atlantic Ocean Waters: Ontogenic Patterns and Implications for Management
Authors: Mitchell Warren A. , Kellison G. Todd , Bacheler Nathan M. , Potts Jennifer C. , Schobernd Christina M. , Hale Loraine F. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
For the economically and ecologically important Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus, depth distribution patterns across ontogeny are not well understood, particularly in the southeastern U.S. Atlantic Ocean (SEUSA). Using data derived from two fishery independent surveys targeting hardbottom habitats, we examined patterns of age and length specific depth distributions of postjuvenile (age 1+) Red Snapper in the SEUSA. We also compared age and length distributions between fishery independent surveys and commercial hook and line catches to make inferences about gear specific age and size selectivity, which could have implications for gear specific interpretations of Red Snapper depth distribution patterns and for determining selectivity functions used in stock assessments. Older, larger Red Snapper were generally distributed throughout all depths, whereas the younger and smaller Red Snapper occurred disproportionately in relatively shallow waters. For Red Snapper equal to or larger than 50 cm FL, we found no evidence of a positive relationship between depth and age or length. Additionally, age and length distributions of Red Snapper ≥ 50 cm FL did not differ between fishery independent surveys and the commercial hook and line fishery. These results provide no support for assertions of greater abundances of older and larger Red Snapper in deeper SEUSA waters. As observed in this study for Red Snapper in SEUSA waters, we suggest that patterns of increasing age and size with depth for multiple reef associated fish species in SEUSA and Gulf of Mexico waters may be driven by younger and smaller fish occurring in shallower waters, and older and larger fish being distributed more equally across depths. Analyses to test this hypothesis for multiple species would be informative for their assessment and management and are recommended.
Received October 21, 2013; accepted March 11, 2014
PrimerDesign-M: a multiple-alignment based multiple-primer design tool for walking across variable genomes
Authors: Yoon Hyejin , Leitner Thomas 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Summary: Analyses of entire viral genomes or mtDNA requires comprehensive design of many primers across their genomes. Furthermore, simultaneous optimization of several DNA primer design criteria may improve overall experimental efficiency and downstream bioinformatic processing. To achieve these goals, we developed PrimerDesign-M. It includes several options for multiple-primer design, allowing researchers to efficiently design walking primers that cover long DNA targets, such as entire HIV-1 genomes, and that optimizes primers simultaneously informed by genetic diversity in multiple alignments and experimental design constraints given by the user. PrimerDesign-M can also design primers that include DNA barcodes and minimize primer dimerization. PrimerDesign-M finds optimal primers for highly variable DNA targets and facilitates design flexibility by suggesting alternative designs to adapt to experimental conditions.
Availability and implementation: PrimerDesign-M is available as a webtool at http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/sequence/PRIMER_DESIGN/primer_design.html
Contact: tkl@lanl.gov or seq-info@lanl.gov.
Transmitted HIV drug resistance at the Thai Red Cross Anonymous Clinic in Bangkok: results from three consecutive years of annual surveillance
Authors: Sirivichayakul Sunee , Kantor Rami , DeLong Allison K. , Wongkunya Rapeeporn , Mekprasan Suwanna , Ruxrungtham Kiat , Sohn Annette H. , Phanuphak Praphan 
Published: December 2014

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to prospectively survey transmitted drug resistance (TDR) among recently infected individuals (mostly MSM).MethodsTDR was determined in prospective annual cohorts of recently HIV-1-infected individuals consecutively recruited from 2008 to 2010. Resistance interpretation was carried out using Stanford Database tools and the WHO surveillance drug resistance mutation list. Kruskal–Wallis and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare demographic and laboratory outcomes.ResultsA total of 299 subjects were enrolled, with 89% MSM. Median viral load was significantly higher in 2010 than in 2008 (P = 0.004). Of the 284 analysable reverse transcriptase/protease sequences, TDR to any drug was found in 14/284 (4.9%); 4.0% in 2008, 5.9% in 2009 and 5.3% in 2010, with an increasing trend of TDR to NRTIs and NNRTIs from 2008 to 2010 (P = 0.07). Good correlation was found between our data and the WHO threshold surveillance method. Only rilpivirine had significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) predicted resistance in 2010 than in 2008 and 2009.ConclusionsA trend towards an increase in TDR in Thailand where the major epidemic is among MSM was observed, but did not reach the WHO-defined high-level threshold (&gt;15%). Attention to prevent the development and spread of drug resistance is needed.
Monotherapy with boosted PIs as an ART simplification strategy in clinical practice
Authors: Santos José R. , Llibre Josep M. , Berrio-Galan Daniel , Bravo Isabel , Miranda Cristina , Pérez-Alvarez Susana , Pérez-Alvarez Nuria , Paredes Roger , Clotet Bonaventura , Moltó José 
Published: December 2014

AbstractBackgroundData on the efficacy of simplifying therapy using darunavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy in clinical practice remain limited.MethodsA retrospective single-centre study including patients initiating darunavir/ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy with a plasma HIV-1 viral load (pVL) &lt;50 copies/mL and at least one subsequent follow-up visit. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients remaining free of virological failure (VF; defined as a confirmed pVL &gt;50 copies/mL or as any change in the regimen after a single determination with a pVL &gt;50 copies/mL) during the follow-up. We also evaluated the percentage of patients remaining free of treatment failure (TF; defined as VF or the early discontinuation of monotherapy for any reason) and compared the effectiveness of the two regimens. Effectiveness was evaluated using cumulative survival analysis (at Weeks 48 and 96). Factors associated with VF and TF were analysed using Cox regression.ResultsA total of 522 patients were included (309 receiving lopinavir/ritonavir and 213 receiving darunavir/ritonavir). The median follow-up was 64.3 (30.5–143.0) weeks. The percentage of patients free of VF and TF was 94% (95% CI 91%–96%) and 79% (95% CI 75%–82%) at 48 weeks, respectively, and 86% (95% CI 81%–89%) and 62% (95% CI 57%–67%) at 96 weeks, respectively. The risk of VF was similar for the two regimens (HR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.6–1.8; P = 0.962). Lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy was associated with a 1.5-fold greater risk of TF (95% CI 1.1–2.1; P = 0.012) and a 2.3-fold greater risk of discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events (95% CI 1.3–3.9; P = 0.003).ConclusionsThe virological efficacy of darunavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy is high in clinical practice. Treatment discontinuation due to safety issues is more frequent with lopinavir/ritonavir.