bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Arctic Sea Ice for Ship Routing: Forecast Experiment and Ship Cruise
Authors: Dobrynin Mikhail , Fock Björn Hendrik , Gierisch Andrea M. U. , Pohlmann Thomas , Kaleschke Lars , Schlünzen Heinke 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Results are presented from a sea ice forecasting experiment combined with a field campaign undertaken in the Barents Sea in March 2014. The simulations were performed with the regional coupled atmosphere-sea ice-ocean model HAMMER, recently developed within the project IRO-2 dealing with ice forecast and route optimization. The model HAMMER is driven by the high-resolution forecasts provided by the ECMWF and by results of the Arctic wide ice ocean data assimilation system ICEDAS, ran by project partners. For initial conditions of sea ice thickness and concentration remote sensing information from SMOS and AMSR2 are used. Project partners used the model output to run a ship route optimization system. The experiment took place during a two-week period in March 2014 onboard RV Lance, to test the sea ice prediction system under operational conditions. The model results are compared to ice observations as well as to hydrographic measurements conducted during this cruise. By this means, it was possible to analyze the skill of the model system, and hence, its potential for a customized ship routing under ice conditions.
Mud-weight Control During Arctic Drilling Operations
Authors: Torsæter Malin , Cerasi Pierre 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In Arctic regions, permafrost and gas hydrate bearing sediments below the seabed present a technical problem for drilling operations. The first and most important challenge is to be able to control the well if pressured gas is encountered in or below such formations, and the second problem is the stability of the borehole if these sediments begin thawing during drilling. Both these issues are strongly dependent on the choice of mud - and mud-weight. In the present paper we outline a methodology that can aid mud and mud-weight choices during Arctic drilling. It involves using a numerical borehole stability code, which calculates safe mud-weight windows by applying time-dependent physico-chemo-thermo rock mechanical models. It takes as input available information on the subsurface that is to be drilled, and if field data is not available it can be given input from scientific literature or from correlation analyses in a large database of laboratory test results on North Sea core samples.
As a part of the process of adapting the numerical borehole stability code to Arctic environments, several simulations were done using Arctic well parameters from literature as input. These are presented in this paper, and they reveal that the mechanical and petrophysical properties of gas hydrate bearing sediments make them difficult to drill - even without taking thawing or thermal/gas induced changes in mud rheology into account. Our analyses indicate that similar drilling problems as those encountered when drilling in shales are likely to be met also when drilling through clay/silt based permafrost and gas hydrate sediments. Even if our simulations do not include the tricky sediment thawing during drilling - the impact of this process on borehole stability is discussed. It is concluded that with more detailed input on the Arctic subsurface, the presented methodology has the potential to predict safe mud-weight windows for drilling through permafrost and gas hydrate bearing sediments - and it can thereby contribute to safer and more cost-efficient exploitation of Arctic petroleum resources.
Oil and Gas Development in The Faroese Islands, Iceland and Greenland: How Local Competence Development Contributes to a Social License to Operate
Authors: Smits C.C.A. , Justinussen J.C.S. , Bertelsen R.G. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Offshore oil and gas projects in the Arctic are to an increasing extent subject to global public opinion and scrutiny. Over the past decade the Arctic has turned into the World's back yard, where potential impacts can easily become a global topic for discussion. Looking from an industrial perspective to Arctic operations, it is thus of major importance to gain the support of local stakeholders counter balancing international tumult.
Gaining local support for developing offshore operations is dependent on a number of factors, including the benefits for local societies besides the taxes paid to a national government. Local support cannot be fooled, tricked or manipulated over a resisting population just as soft power is not empty propaganda. Not always the initiative to support local societies comes from the oil companies themselves. Often it is the regulation of a country making it mandatory for oil companies to exercise these efforts. These efforts could thus be seen as obligatory while they do not necessarily only cost money, but also increases local resilience which could lead to support for a company's operations. However, these longer term positive externalities are often hard to measure and quantify.
This manuscript will look at three case studies: the Faroese Islands, Iceland and Greenland. These three microstates have the aim to develop an oil & gas sector. Potential impacts of these developments are mostly felt locally, while the product will be mainly exported globally. For this reason the local societies are aiming to maximise their benefits and use a number of policy instruments to ensure this will happen. This manuscript will examine the measures that are incorporated into the Faroese, Greenlandic and Icelandic policies to stimulate local competence development via higher and vocational education. Furthermore it will try to illustrate how supporting and funding local competence development could contribute to increasing the resilience of local societies in the Arctic and obtaining a social license to operate.
Four Oil and Gas Operators Join Forces to Make a Joint Social Baseline Study in Greenland
Authors: Krarup Hans Christian , Björnsson Haukur 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This paper summarises the process and findings of a recent Social Baseline Study (SBS) that four companies recently undertook jointly in Baffin Bay, Greenland. It explains how the companies came to the decision to join forces on the SBS a joint study and describes the one year process.
The majority of the paper is devoted to advantages and disadvantages of a joint approach. Examples of advantages were less stakeholder fatigue, consistency of baseline and overall higher value of the project. Inefficient review process and different timelines of drilling are examples of disadvantages. The overall outcome was that the joint approach was widely beneficial, especially for Greenlandic stakeholders.
While the joint SBS revealed a number of interesting socio-economic issues and trends, some of which are described in this paper, the true value of a joint SBS was in the process rather than the product. Private companies, regulators and stakeholders can all benefit from such an approach, and the authors recommend that this becomes a standard approach when situations allow.
Offshore Newfoundland and Labrador Metocean Study
Authors: King Tony , Wright Richard , Drover Keith , Fleming Greg , Gillis Erin 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In 2013, Nalcor announced the mapping of three newly defined sedimentary basins off the Labrador coast (the Henley, Chidley and Holton Basins) as well as the extension of the previously defined Hawke Basin. This mapping was based on the Nalcor and TGS regional 2D seismic surveys conducted in 2011 and 2012. These newly defined sedimentary basins are located primarily in deep water in the Labrador Sea, off the east coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. To date there has been no regional study of the Metocean conditions offshore Newfoundland and Labrador, and as part of Nalcor's exploration strategy, a metocean study was seen as a crucial piece of information in an area of frontier exploration. Nalcor commissioned C-CORE to characterize the metocean environment, covering topics such as winds, waves, currents, icing, fog, pack ice, icebergs and ice islands, changes in conditions expected due to climatic change and comparisons with other frontier regions. Conditions were summarized for 391 study area sub-sections (mostly one degree longitude by half degree latitude blocks). While there is a perception that the Labrador Sea is essentially an arctic environment, it is subarctic and conducive to oil and gas exploration and development. While the pack ice and iceberg regime is challenging along the Labrador coast, conditions improve substantially further offshore in deeper water. The regional characterization of iceberg frequency was difficult due to limited data, as most surveillance effort has been focused on and immediately north of the northeast Grand Banks in support of existing oil and gas production operations in the Jeanne d'Arc Basin. The characterization of iceberg frequency in the deep water basins was achieved through analysis of archived Envisat satellite data. The quantification of the sea ice and iceberg presence for these areas shows that the ice risk is significantly less than off Greenland and near-shore Labrador, and over much of the deep water basins similar to (or even less than) the Grand Banks.
Designing New Arctic Ships to Incorporate Cloud Computing for Improved Information Systems and Vessel Management
Authors: McGillivary Philip A. , Stecca Michele , Maresca Massimo , Baglietto Pierpaolo 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Cloud Computing is rapidly becoming the key technology to implementat and manage computing centers. This paper describes how Cloud Computing can be effectively used in ships to support reconfigurable and versatile computing facilities. At the moment the application of Cloud Computing in ships is still at its infancy. The paper describes a project aiming at building a ship which incorporates Cloud Computing in its data management system, from engine room control and monitoring to bridge operations, for managing ship to shore communications, and for all the other ship subsystems. The main advantages of the adoption of the Cloud Compuing paradigm in ships are described and discussed.
Permafrost Impact on Gas Fields Development in the Russian Onshore Arctic (Yamal Peninsula)
Authors: Yakushev Vladimir S. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Permafrost in Arctic is one of the most important factors when exploration and production of gas and gas condensate fields due to its sensitivity to any technogenic (humane-made) impact or climatic change. Exploration and production procedures in the areas with instable permafrost cause such processes like thermokarst, thermoerosion, flooding, frost heave, surface subsidence, shallow gas blowouts et al. These processes require their forecast and prevention when gas field development designing. However permafrost sometimes is very different in its properties even within area of one production well cluster, so careful study of permafrost behavior is needed before and during gas production. Russian experience of gas field development at complicated permafrost (geocryologic) conditions of Yamal peninsula (Kara Sea shore) is presented.
Monotower Steel GBS Concept and Design Considerations
Authors: Wu Chunfa , Ji Chunqun 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the design considerations for conical steel Gravity Based Structures (GBS). Concrete GBS have been used to support hydrocarbon production facilities and offshore wind turbines in the North Sea, Sub-Arctic and Arctic regions for many years. This paper outlines the design drivers that govern the dimensions and weight of the conical steel GBS. The conical steel GBS concept has advantages and disadvantages compared with conventional concrete construction that ultimately impact the design criteria. The different design considerations to focus on include fabrication, topside installation, marine transportation, installation and the expected performance. The GBS geometry considered is a hexadecagon (16) which allows maximum topside capacity and the ability to withstand extreme weather conditions. Also, there is a challenge that has to be resolved which is to have a foundation designed for different soil properties. An ideal concept is to have a skirt design which allows the ice wall to be designed to resist the local and global ice loads. This allows optimal performance of the conical steel GBS concept.
Detection of Oil Under Ice Utilizing Active Acoustic Multibeam Sonars
Authors: Eriksen Peter Koldgaard , Pocwiardowski Pawel 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate active acoustic multibeam sensors usability as an oil detection survey tool under ice. This is a crucial element of all drilling, exploration taking place when there is partial or full ice cover. This paper will discuss some of the preliminary findings done during an experiment conducted as part of the IOGP funded contract.
The paper will discuss the active acoustic detection of oil in the water/oil ice interface, practical results from tests under ice in tank environment will be presented in various stages of ice growth as well as melting phase, practical deployment of large area active acoustic survey tools under ice will be discussed briefly with examples.
Practical results from oil releases under ice during growth and the melting process in US Navy cold water lab CRREL New Hampshire, US. Example of deployment of sensors under ice in USCG trials in Lake Michigan, US. Recommendation for survey tool as well as large survey area coverage methods and interval for operations under ice during oil and gas activities.
Understanding of those topics is essential for safe exploitation of natural resources in ice affected areas, many of the new natural resources are found in those areas.
Targeted Full-Waveform Inversion of Ground-Penetrating Radar Data for Quantification of Oil Spills under Sea Ice
Authors: Bradford John H. , Marshall HP , Babcock Esther , Dickins David F. 
Published: March 2015

Summary
We have implemented a targeted ground-penetrating radar (GPR) full-waveform inversion algorithm to quantify the physical characteristics of oil spills under and within sea-ice. We can invert for oil thickness, electric permittivity, and conductivity or any subset of these parameters if the others are known. We tested the algorithm with data collected during a controlled spill experiment at the US Army's Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab (CRREL). Using 500 MHz radar reflection data, the algorithm recovered the thickness of a 5 cm thick oil layer to within 8% of the control value. This approach provides a tool for rapid spill detection and mapping that is needed with increasing levels of oil exploration and production in the Arctic environment.
Research to Improve Oil Spill Response in the Arctic - A Joint Industry Programme
Authors: Mullin Joseph V. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
For more than 50 years, the oil and gas industry has funded and conducted research to improve oil spill response technologies and methodologies with industry, government, academia, and stakeholders jointly involved. This research has included hundreds of studies, laboratory and basin experiments and field trials, specifically in the United States, Canada and Scandinavia. Recent examples include the SINTEF Oil in Ice JIP (2006-2009) http://www.sintef.no/Projectweb/JIP-Oil-In-Ice/Publications and research conducted at Ohmsett - The National Oil Spill Response Research and Renewable Energy Test Facility www.ohmsett.com/activities.html. This sustained and frequently collaborative effort is not commonly known and recognized by those outside the field of oil spill response.
To build on this existing research and continue improving the technologies and methodologies for arctic oil spill response, ten international oil and gas companies (BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Eni, ExxonMobil, Gazprom-neft, North Caspian Operating Company (NCOC), Shell, Statoil, and Total) are working collaboratively in the Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology - Joint Industry Programme (JIP). The goal is to advance arctic oil spill response strategies and equipment as well as to increase understanding of potential impacts of oil on the marine environment. The programme is coordinated by an Executive Steering Committee comprising representatives from each company. The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) is providing project management expertise and the world's foremost experts on oil spill response, development, and operations from across industry, academia, and independent scientific institutions are being engaged to perform the scientific research.
The JIP has completed phase one that included technical assessments and state of knowledge reviews in the following six areas: dispersants, environmental effects, trajectory modelling, remote sensing, mechanical recovery, and in situ burning (ISB). Nine research reports are available on the JIP website (www.arcticresponsetechnology.org) that identified and summarised the state-of- knowledge and regulatory status for using dispersants, remote sensing and ISB in the Arctic. Phase two activities are now underway that include laboratory, small and medium scale tank tests, and field research. Eleven projects are in progress ranging from dispersant effectiveness testing; modelling the fate of dispersed oil in ice; assessing the environmental effects of an arctic oil spill; advancing oil spill modelling trajectory capabilities in ice; extending the capability to detect and map oil in darkness, low visibility, in and under ice; improving efficiency of mechanical recovery equipment in ice; chemical herder fate and effects; and expanding the ‘window of opportunity’ for ISB response operations. This paper presents recent JIP progress.
Time Domain Analysis of Floe Ice Interactions with Floating Structures
Authors: Lubbad Raed , Løset Sveinung 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The search for hydrocarbons in deep Arctic waters requires the use of drillships and floating production units (FPUs). Typically, these units require protection by using ice management, e.g. icebreakers battling large ice floes followed by icebreakers downstream that cut the ice into smaller pieces just in front of the drillship or FPU. The essence of such operations is to reduce the ice actions on the protected units by changing the ice conditions. One of the challenges facing the designers of Arctic offshore structures is to quantify the reduction of the ice loads as a function of the managed-ice conditions. Design codes and available models in the literature may provide good bases to calculate level-ice actions on floating structures where the interaction process is typically divided into several phases: breaking, rotating, sliding and clearing of ice. However, the situation is different when the floating structure interacts with ice floes in a managed-ice field, i. e., large ice floes may behave similar to level ice while smaller floes may split and the very small ones will mostly be deflected, rotated or submerged. In case of moored structures the relative velocities between the structure and ice are small and this may lead to ice accumulation upstream the floater. In 2011, the authors of this paper proposed a numerical model to simulate the interaction between managed-ice and floating structures. Over the last three years, considerable developments to the model have been carried out at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) hosting a research-based innovation centre: Sustainable Arctic Marine and Coastal Technology (SAMCoT). This paper provides a short summary of these modelling efforts and highlights the major recent development performed at NTNU that enables the industry to operate more effectively and safely in Arctic waters.
Improved Modeling of Iceberg Ice Constitutive Properties using a Multiscale Approach
Authors: Souza Flavio , Sarzynski Melanie , Cordes Roger 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Iceberg ice is complex to model as properties tend to vary with a wide range of parameters (temperature, strain rate, bubbles, etc.) resulting in complex failure envelopes with low tensile strengths. This is compounded by the presence of size effects where larger areas typically have lower strengths. Furthermore, small-scale features (e.g., grains, bubbles, micro-cracks, planar flaws, veins) influence the overall behaviour, especially in tension. The existing approach relies on ice failure envelopes which overestimate the compressive and, to a much larger extent, the tensile strength of ice. These models typically have difficulty capturing failure initiating in the tensile regions and the associated microcracking and spalling.
As in many other heterogeneous materials, these microstructural details have substantial impact on the overall behaviour of ice structures, but considering them all in a single-scale finite element model is impractical, if not impossible. By using a multi-scale approach, small stress risers, such as bubbles, and subsequent microcracking can be captured at the microscale and allowed to influence the global response of the iceberg ice without compromising computational performance. This, in turn, can be used to refine current ice failure envelopes to better capture low strength tensile behaviour as well as scale effects.
Validation studies based on comparison to four-point bending experiments show that the proposed approach is able to capture the influence of bubbles or other flaws on the overall flexural strength of iceberg ice and is an improvement over existing approaches to ice failure envelopes. Through improved understanding of ice strength, improved iceberg ice constitutive response can be incorporated into state-of-the-art finite element analysis of iceberg-structure interactions with the overarching goal of closer correlation with local stresses (hot-spot zones) and global response, especially for tensile loading scenarios. By improving upon the strength approach currently employed in modeling ice-structure interactions, Arctic designs can be developed and evaluated with more clarity on safety margins.
Numerical Evaluation of Cyclic Frost Heave Growth in Arctic Pipelines and Mitigation Strategies
Authors: Abdalla Basel A. , Fan Chengye , McKinnon Colin , Gaffard Vincent 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Frost heave is a common phenomenon in the Arctic, where soil absorbs moisture and expands in the direction of heat loss due to ice lens growth upon freezing. It also occurs if a refrigerated structure is buried in unfrozen frost heave-susceptible soil, and thus, special considerations are required when designing chilled or LNG pipelines.
The current study focuses on the numerical modeling of frost heave of a chilled gas pipeline based on the framework of the porosity rate function. New developments to the porosity rate function are proposed to extend its application to simulate transient temperature boundary conditions under thawing scenarios. The extended functionality allows the model to simulate soil freezing and corresponding heave, as well as soil thawing and corresponding settlement for multi-year temperature cycles.
This paper first presents a cyclic frost heave numerical model validated by long-term full scale field measurement available in the literature. Then, correction factors of key parameters involved in the frost heave process, such as temperature gradient, in-situ stress, and soil porosity are introduced. Finally, recommendations to mitigate the potential hazard of cyclic frost heave and corresponding pipeline strains are presented, providing guidelines for new pipeline developments in the Arctic region.