bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Topical Cyclosporine 0.05% in Allergic Conjunctivitis
Authors: Bhalla Sonali , Sachan SK , Jain AM 
Published: January 2015

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of Topical Cyclosporine 0.05% in allergic conjunctivitis with special reference to vernal catarrh.

Methods:
Non randomized controlled trial of 140 eyes was done for 12 months from Feb2007 to Jan 2008 at Department of Ophthalmology, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur. All patients coming to the outpatient department with complaints of itching, watering, redness or foreign body sensation of eyes were evaluated for inclusion in study. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: Group A: patients of Simple chronic conjunctivitis either not responding to steroids or having a recent relapse after cessation of steroids; Group B: patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. Patients were treated with topical Cyclosporine 0.05% thrice a day. Symptoms and signs were scored on the day of enrolment and then on 5th, 12th, 20th and 30th day of treatment. Conjunctival scrapings were obtained before the treatment to detect the presence of eosinophils to confirm the diagnosis of ocular allergic disease. The statistical analyses were conducted using the formula ‘Standard error of difference between two means’.

Results:
A total of 140 patients were included in the study, of which 20 cases were excluded as they were lost to follow –up after first week. Eosinophils were detected in pre-treatment conjunctival scrapings in 30 patients in Group A and 41 patients in Group B, which supported the diagnosis of allergic eye disease. All patients were in active phase of disease and showed no improvement in clinical symptoms and signs with Cyclosporine treatment during one month period. 20 patients were lost to follow up and remaining required to be shifted to either steroids alone or combination of mast cell stabilizer-antihistaminic along with steroid.

Conclusion:
Topical Cyclosporine 0.05% is ineffective in alleviating the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
A Novel Standardized Reproducible Method to Calculate the Area of Internal Limiting Membrane Peeled Peroperatively in Macular Hole Surgery by Using a Video Overlay - Boralʼs Ring
Authors: Boral Subhendu Kumar , Das Arnab , Sinha Tushar Kanti , Chakraborty Debdulal 
Published: January 2015

Aim:
To calculate area of internal limiting membrane (AIP) & to find correlation between hole closure pattern with AIP in idiopathic Full Thickness Macular Hole (FTMH) cases.

Methods:
In this prospective interventional single blind study, 105 eyes of symptomatic FTMH (<6month) operated. Minimal diameter of FTMH was calculated on OCT, divided into GroupI (>400 μ,n=75) & GrouplII (<400 μ,n=30). 23G vitrectomy, ILM peeling, gas injection done in all & recorded. Final AIP calculated using Adobe photoshop CS2 (PSD format) in disc diameter (DD) from still frame.

Results:
FTMH closed in 92.38% eyes. When AIP >3DD, Type I & Type II closure were 72.77% & 27.27% in GroupI (p<0.01) and 84.21% & 15.79% in GroupII (p<0.01).

Conclusion:
Adobe photoshop CS2 is an useful tool to measure AIP and Type I closure was significantly high with AIP > 3DD in both large and small idiopathic macular holes. Per-operative Video overlay (BORALʼS RING) can be used according to the preop MDMH to increase AIP to get better closure pattern postoperatively
Chlorophyll a reconstruction from in situ measurements: 2. Marked carbon uptake decrease in the last century
Authors: Fründt B. , Dippner J. W. , Schulz‐Bull D. E. , Waniek J. J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA chlorophyll a hindcast in the Madeira Basin from 1871 to 2008 was used to analyze the long‐term variability in the oligotrophic, subtropical gyres in relation to the climate change of the last century. The deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), as dominant pattern of the chlorophyll a field, showed a fast decrease in its strength in the 1940s. An absolute minimum was reached between 1967 and 1973 when no DCM established with a recovering to the end of the time series. Long‐term variability of the DCM was related to the North Atlantic Oscillation with a time delay of 9 years. The marked decrease in the 1940s was correlated to the drop of the solar radiation in transition from early brightening to global dimming. Caused by the influence of the solar radiation and maybe related to increasing global temperatures in the last century, the integrated chlorophyll a concentration decreased by about 0.7 mg m−2 in 2008 compared to 1871. The high‐resolved chlorophyll a hindcast allowed an estimation of the carbon uptake by the ocean due to primary production in the euphotic zone. A rough calculation over the area of the global subtropical oceans showed 700 megaton less carbon uptake in 2008.
Simulating crop phenology in the Community Land Model and its impact on energy and carbon fluxes
Authors: Chen Ming , Griffis Tim J. , Baker John , Wood Jeffrey D. , Xiao Ke 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA reasonable representation of crop phenology and biophysical processes in land surface models is necessary to accurately simulate energy, water, and carbon budgets at the field, regional, and global scales. However, the evaluation of crop models that can be coupled to Earth system models is relatively rare. Here we evaluated two such models (CLM4‐Crop and CLM3.5‐CornSoy), both implemented within the Community Land Model (CLM) framework, at two AmeriFlux corn‐soybean sites to assess their ability to simulate phenology, energy, and carbon fluxes. Our results indicated that the accuracy of net ecosystem exchange and gross primary production simulations was intimately connected to the phenology simulations. The CLM4‐Crop model consistently overestimated early growing season leaf area index, causing an overestimation of gross primary production, to such an extent that the model simulated a carbon sink instead of the measured carbon source for corn. The CLM3.5‐CornSoy‐simulated leaf area index (LAI), energy, and carbon fluxes showed stronger correlations with observations compared to CLM4‐Crop. Net radiation was biased high in both models and was especially pronounced for soybeans. This was primarily caused by the positive LAI bias, which led to a positive net long‐wave radiation bias. CLM4‐Crop underestimated soil water content during midgrowing season in all soil layers at the two sites, which caused unrealistic water stress, especially for soybean. Future work regarding the mechanisms that drive early growing season phenology and soil water dynamics is needed to better represent crops including their net radiation balance, energy partitioning, and carbon cycle processes.
Hydraulic effects on nitrogen removal in a tidal spring‐fed river
Authors: Hensley Robert T. , Cohen Matthew J. , Korhnak Larry V. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractHydraulic properties such as stage and residence time are important controls on riverine N removal. In most rivers, these hydraulic properties vary with stochastic precipitation forcing, but in tidal rivers, hydraulics variation occurs on a predictable cycle. In Manatee Springs, a highly productive, tidally influenced spring‐fed river in Florida, we observed significant reach‐scale N removal that varied in response to tidally driven variation in hydraulic properties as well as sunlight‐driven variation in assimilatory uptake. After accounting for channel residence time and stage variation, we partitioned the total removal signal into assimilatory (i.e., plant uptake) and dissimilatory (principally denitrification) pathways. Assimilatory uptake was strongly correlated with primary production and ecosystem C:N was concordant with tissue stoichiometry of the dominant autotrophs. The magnitude of N removal was broadly consistent in magnitude with predictions from models (SPARROW and RivR‐N). However, contrary to model predictions, the highest removal occurred at the lowest values of τ/d (residence time divided by depth), which occurred at low tide. Removal efficiency also exhibited significant counterclockwise hysteresis with incoming versus outgoing tides. This behavior is best explained by the sequential filling and draining of transient storage zones such that water that has spent the longest time in the storage zone, and thus had the most time for N removal, drains back into the channel at the end of an outgoing tide, concurrent with shortest channel residence times. Capturing this inversion of the expected relationship between channel residence time and N removal highlights the need for nonsteady state reactive transport models.
Alkylation of Catechol with Benzhydrol: Unusual Regioselectivity in the Synthesis of o‐Quinones and Catechols
Authors: Cherkasov Vladimir K. , Abakumov Gleb A. , Shavyrin Andrey S. , Kuz'michev Vsevolod V. , Baranov Evgeny V. , Smolyaninov Ivan V. , Kuropatov Viacheslav A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUnusual regioselectivity occurs in the alkylation reaction of benzhydrol with catechol. The reaction proceeds to give catechols containing two vicinal diphenylmethyl substituents. 4,5‐Bis‐(diphenylmethyl)‐substituted catechol was found as the main product in more than 50 % yield. The reaction outcome is quite diﬀerent to that of the reactions using bulky alkyl alcohols reported so far, in which 3,5‐ and 3,4,6‐disubstituted species were formed predominantly. The minor products this reaction are 3,5‐di‐ and 3,4,6‐trisubstituted species. Di‐ and trialkylated catechols were oxidized to give the corresponding o‐quinones. The reactivity and physicochemical properties of the new compounds were studied.
The Electronic Factor in Alkane Oxidation Catalysis
Authors: Eichelbaum Maik , Hävecker Michael , Heine Christian , Wernbacher Anna Maria , Rosowski Frank , Trunschke Annette , Schlögl Robert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article addresses the fundamental question of whether concepts from semiconductor physics can be applied to describe the working mode of heterogeneous oxidation catalysts and whether they can be even used to discriminate between selective and unselective reaction pathways. Near‐ambient‐pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was applied to the oxidation of n‐butane to maleic anhydride on the highly selective catalyst vanadyl pyrophosphate and the moderately selective MoVTeNbOx M1 phase. The catalysts were found to act like semiconducting gas sensors with a dynamic charge transfer between the bulk and the surface, as indicated by the gas‐phase‐dependent response of the work function, electron affinity, and the surface potential barrier. In contrast, only a minor influence of the gas phase on the semiconducting properties and hence no dynamic surface potential barrier was monitored for the total oxidation catalyst V2O5. The surface potential barrier is hence suggested as descriptor for selective catalysts.
A C3‐Symmetric Macrocycle‐Based, Hydrogen‐Bonded, Multiporous Hexagonal Network as a Motif of Porous Molecular Crystals
Authors: Hisaki Ichiro , Nakagawa Shoichi , Tohnai Norimitsu , Miyata Mikiji 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA C3‐symmetric π‐conjugated macrocycle combined with an appropriate hydrogen bonding module (phenylene triangle) allowed the construction of crystalline supramolecular frameworks with a cavity volume of up to 58 %. The frameworks were obtained through non‐interpenetrated stacking of a hexagonal sheet possessing three kinds of pores with different sizes and shapes. The activated porous material absorbed CO2 up to 96 cm3 g−1 at 195 K under 1 atm.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Pt–Co Alloy Nanowire Assemblies with Tunable Composition and Enhanced Electrocatalytic Properties
Authors: Xia Bao Yu , Wu Hao Bin , Li Nan , Yan Ya , Lou Xiong Wen (David) , Wang Xin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) Pt‐based alloy nanostructures composed of one‐dimensional (1D) nanowires/nanorods have recently attracted significant interest as electrocatalysts. In this work, we report an effective solvothermal method for the direct preparation of 3D Pt–Co nanowire assemblies (NWAs) with tunable composition. The composition‐ and structure‐dependent electrocatalytic performance is thoroughly investigated. Because of the bimetallic synergetic effect and unique structural advantage, the as‐prepared 3D Pt3Co NWA outperforms commercial Pt/carbon and Pt black catalysts and even 3D Pt NWA. The electrochemical results demonstrate that the 3D Pt3Co NWA is indeed a promising electrocatalyst with enhanced catalytic activity and improved durability for practical electrocatalytic applications.
Carboxylic Acids as Traceless Directing Groups for the Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative CH Arylation of Thiophenes
Authors: Zhang Yuanfei , Zhao Huaiqing , Zhang Min , Su Weiping 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA rhodium(III)‐catalyzed carboxylic acid directed decarboxylative CH/CH cross‐coupling of carboxylic acids with thiophenes has been developed. With a slight adjustment of the reaction conditions based on the nature of the substrates, aryl carboxylic acids with a variety of substituents could serve as suitable coupling partners, and a broad variety of functional groups were tolerated. This method provides straightforward access to biaryl scaffolds with diverse substitution patterns, many of which have conventionally been synthesized through lengthy synthetic sequences. An illustrative example is the one‐step gram‐scale synthesis of a biologically active 3,5‐substituted 2‐arylthiophene by way of the current method.
A Nuclear Singlet Lifetime of More than One Hour in Room‐Temperature Solution
Authors: Stevanato Gabriele , Hill‐Cousins Joseph T. , Håkansson Pär , Roy Soumya Singha , Brown Lynda J. , Brown Richard C. D. , Pileio Giuseppe , Levitt Malcolm H. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are supremely important techniques with numerous applications in almost all branches of science. However, until recently, NMR methodology was limited by the time constant T1 for the decay of nuclear spin magnetization through contact with the thermal molecular environment. Long‐lived states, which are correlated quantum states of multiple nuclei, have decay time constants that may exceed T1 by large factors. Here we demonstrate a nuclear long‐lived state comprising two 13C nuclei with a lifetime exceeding one hour in room‐temperature solution, which is around 50 times longer than T1. This behavior is well‐predicted by a combination of quantum theory, molecular dynamics, and quantum chemistry. Such ultra‐long‐lived states are expected to be useful for the transport and application of nuclear hyperpolarization, which leads to NMR and MRI signals enhanced by up to five orders of magnitude.
Easy Access to Modified Cyclodextrins by an Intramolecular Radical Approach
Authors: Alvarez‐Dorta Dimitri , León Elisa I. , Kennedy Alan R. , Martín Angeles , Pérez‐Martín Inés , Suárez Ernesto 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA simple method to modify the primary face of cyclodextrins (CDs) is described. The 6I‐O‐yl radical of α‐, β‐, and γ‐CDs regioselectively abstracts the H5II, located in the adjacent D‐glucose unit, by an intramolecular 1,8‐hydrogen‐atom‐transfer reaction through a geometrically restricted nine‐membered transition state to give a stable 1,3,5‐trioxocane ring. The reaction has been extended to the 1,4‐diols of α‐ and β‐CD to give the corresponding bis(trioxocane)s. The C2‐symmetric bis(trioxocane) corresponding to the α‐CD is a stable crystalline solid whose structure was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The calculated geometric parameters confirm that the primary face is severely distorted toward a narrower elliptical shape for this rim.
Gold Nanorod–Photosensitizer Complex Obtained by Layer‐by‐Layer Method for Photodynamic/Photothermal Therapy In Vitro
Authors: Kim Seung Beom , Lee Tae Heon , Yoon Il , Shim Young Key , Lee Woo Kyoung 
Published: January 2015

AbstractGold nanorod (GNR)–photosensitizer (PS) complex was prepared using anionic PS (sodium salt of purpurin‐18) and cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) by layer‐by‐layer method, and was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV‐vis spectroscopy, and zeta potential. The GNR–PS complex is a promising agent for synergistic (photothermal and photodynamic) therapy (PTT/PDT), in which PTT generates heat as well as operates the PS release which maximize the following PDT activity. The combined dual therapy, PTT followed by PDT, exhibits a significantly higher photocytotoxicity result based on synergistic effect of hyperthermia from PTT as well as singlet oxygen photogeneration from PDT.
Ruthenium and Osmium Complexes That Bear Functional Azolate Chelates for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Chi Yun , Wu Kuan‐Lin , Wei Tzu‐Chien 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe preparation of sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) represents an active area of research for both sustainability and renewable energy. Both RuII and OsII metal sensitizers offer unique photophysical and electrochemical properties that arise from the intrinsic electronic properties, that is, the higher propensity to form the lower‐energy metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (MLCT) transition, and their capability to support chelates with multiple carboxy groups, which serve as a bridge to the metal oxide and enable efficient injection of the photoelectron. Here we present an overview of the synthesis and testing of these metal sensitizers that bear functional azolate chelates (both pyrazolate and triazolate), which are capable of modifying the metal sensitizers in a systematic and beneficial manner. Basic principles of the molecular designs, the structural relationship to the photophysical and electrochemical properties, and performances of the as‐fabricated DSSCs are highlighted. The success in the breakthrough of the synthetic protocols and potential applications might provide strong stimulus for the future development of technologies such as DSSCs, organic light‐emitting diodes, solar water splitting, and so forth.
Determination of acrolein in serum by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after pre‐column fluorogenic derivatization using 1,2‐diamino‐4,5‐dimethoxybenzene
Authors: Imazato Takahiro , Kanematsu Mariko , Kishikawa Naoya , Ohyama Kaname , Hino Takako , Ueki Yukitaka , Maehata Eisuke , Kuroda Naotaka 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTAcrolein is a major unsaturated aldehyde that is generated during the lipid peroxidation process. The measurement of acrolein in biological samples should be useful to estimate the degree of lipid peroxidation and to evaluate the effect of hazardous properties of acrolein on human health. In this study, a highly sensitive and selective high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection method was developed for the determination of acrolein in human serum. The proposed method involves the pre‐column fluorogenic derivatization of acrolein with 1,2‐diamino‐4,5‐dimethoxybenzene (DDB) as a reagent. The fluorescent derivative of acrolein could be detected clearly without any interfering reagent blank peaks because DDB does not have intrinsic fluorescence itself, and the detection limit was 10 nM (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 3). The proposed method could selectively detect acrolein in human serum with a simple protein precipitation treatment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of human arylamine N‐acetyltransferase I knockdown in triple‐negative breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Tiang Jacky M. , Butcher Neville J. , Minchin Rodney F. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractExpression of human arylamine N‐acetyltransferase I (NAT1) has been associated with various cancer subtypes and inhibition of this enzyme with small molecule inhibitors or siRNA affects cell growth and survival. Here, we have investigated the role of NAT1 in the invasiveness of breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. We knocked down NAT1 using a lentivirus‐based shRNA approach and observed marked changes in cell morphology in the triple‐negative breast cancer cell lines MDA‐MB‐231, MDA‐MB‐436, and BT‐549. Most notable was a reduction in the number and size of the filopodia protrusions on the surface of the cells. The loss of filopodia could be rescued by the reintroduction of NAT1 into the knockdown cells. NAT1 expression was localized to the lamellipodia and extended into the filopodia protrusions. In vitro invasion through Geltrex was significantly inhibited in both the MDA cell lines but not in the BT‐549 cells. The expression of Snail increased when NAT1 was knocked down, while other genes associated with mesenchymal to epithelial transition (vimentin, cytokeratin‐18, and Twist) did not show any changes. By contrast, both N‐cadherin and β‐catenin were significantly reduced. When MDA‐MB‐231 cells expressing shRNA were injected in vivo into BALB/c nu/nu nude mice, a significant reduction in the number of colonies that formed in the lungs was observed. Taken together, the results show that NAT1 can alter the invasion and metastatic properties of some triple‐negative breast cancer cells but not all. The study suggests that NAT1 may be a novel therapeutic target in a subset of breast cancers.
A Free Cyanohydrin as Arms and Armour of Marasmius oreades
Authors: Caspar Jan , Spiteller Peter 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCyanogenic plants and fungi are widespread in nature. Although the origin of hydrocyanic acid in plants has been studied in detail, little is known about its origin in fungi. Here, we report the identification of the cyanohydrin of glyoxylic acid as the precursor of hydrocyanic acid in the fungus Marasmius oreades and several other cyanogenic fungi. Moreover, a feeding experiment revealed glycine as biosynthetic precursor of the cyanohydrin of glyoxylic acid. Thus, the cyanogenesis of M. oreades and other fungi is fundamentally different from cyanogenesis in plants.
Enhanced Basicity of Ag2O by Coordination to Soft Anions
Authors: Ren Bo , Wang Meiyan , Liu Jingyao , Ge Jiantao , Dong Hai 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn Ag2O‐mediated benzylation, the addition of a catalytic amount of KI can greatly improve reactivity. This is usually attributed to the formation of a more reactive iodo‐substituted electrophile. However, our studies show this to be due to the enhanced basicity of Ag2O through coordination of soft iodide anions to the silver atom, and show KI to be an initiator. A catalytic amount of Ag2O and NaBr can catalyze transesterification reactions, indicating the enhanced basicity of Ag2O by bromide. We believe that this is a general effect for metal oxides and soft anions, applicable to a wider range of organic reaction systems.