bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Household Members of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease: Health Conditions, Healthcare Resource Use, and Healthcare Costs
Authors: Suehs Brandon T. , Shah Sonali N. , Davis Cralen D. , Alvir Jose , Faison Warachal E. , Patel Nick C. , van Amerongen Derek , Bobula Joel 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesTo compare medical condition burden, healthcare resource use, and healthcare costs of household members (HHMs) of individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) with those of HHMs of matched individuals without AD.DesignRetrospective cohort study based on administrative claims data collected between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2011.SettingMedicare Advantage Prescription Drug (MAPD) plan.ParticipantsMAPD plan members with a diagnosis of AD (International Classification of Disease Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, code 331.0) were selected and linked to a HHM to form patient‐HHM dyads. AD dyads were matched to non‐AD dyads.MeasurementsHealth‐related endpoints, including medical condition burden, healthcare resource use, and direct healthcare costs, were measured during 36 months of continuous health plan enrollment.ResultsIndividuals with AD (n = 1,861) were linked to HHMs (n = 1,861), and these AD dyads were matched to 1,861 non‐AD patient–HHM dyads. AD HHMs had greater medical condition burden scores than non‐AD HHMs, with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, insomnia, substance abuse or dependence, cardiovascular disease, and rheumatoid arthritis being more prevalent in AD HHMs. Emergency department and outpatient service use were more common in AD HHMs than in non‐AD HHMs, and AD HHMs had greater healthcare costs.ConclusionHHMs of individuals diagnosed with AD demonstrated greater medical condition burden, healthcare resource use, and direct healthcare costs than non‐AD HHMs. These findings demonstrate the significant clinical and financial impact of AD on HHMs of individuals with AD.
Oral helminthic infestations
Authors: Hassona Yazan , Scully Crispian , Delgado‐Azanero Wilson , de Almeida Oslei P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOral infections caused by helminths (worms) are rarely encountered in clinical practice, and consequently, there is a paucity of information in the medical and dental literature about these conditions. In the present article, we review the English literature related to oral helminthic infestations. The main oral infections caused by helminths include four roundworm (trichinosis, trichuriasis, filariasis, and larva migrans) and three tapeworm infections (cysticercosis, sparganosis, and echinococcosis). Cases are mainly encountered in endemic areas and mainly present a benign clinical picture. The diagnosis of oral helminthic infections is mostly established after histopathological examination, which shows parasitic larvae lined by fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells. Surgical excision is the preferred treatment of isolated oral lesions caused by helminths; however, patients should undergo thorough medical evaluation to exclude the possible involvement of other body systems.
Success rates of different management techniques for impacted mandibular canines and associated complications in children and adolescents
Authors: Sajnani Anand K. , King Nigel M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to investigate the success rate of various treatment modalities and complications associated with the occurrence and treatment of impacted mandibular permanent canines.MethodsSeventy‐four southern Chinese children and adolescents who received treatment for impacted mandibular canines over a 27‐year period were included in the analysis. Treatment modalities and complications that had been recorded in the clinical and surgical notes and that could be diagnosed from the available radiographs were noted.ResultsThe most commonly‐performed treatment for the correction of an impacted mandibular canine was surgical removal of the impacted tooth (n = 59). In cases where surgical exposure of the impacted canine followed by bonding an attachment was performed (n = 7), the average time required for the canine to erupt postoperatively through the soft tissue was 12.2 months (±10.2 months). Lack of movement of the tooth after traction was the only complication reported in these patients (n = 3). The most frequently‐reported postoperative sequela observed for all treatment modalities was swelling of the soft tissues around the surgical site (n = 6), and this was persistent even after 48 h.ConclusionsThe success rate after surgical intervention and orthodontic traction was 57.1%.
Efficacy of acellular dermal matrix and autogenous connective tissue grafts in the treatment of gingival recession defects among Asians
Authors: Taiyeb Ali Tara B. , Shapeen Izrawatie M. , Ahmed Hameeda Bashir , Javed Fawad 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and subepithelial connective tissue grafts (sCTG) in the treatment of Miller class I and II gingival recession (GR) defects.MethodsSix patients with eight GR sites were randomly assigned to the test group (GR defects treated with ADM) and control group (GR defects treated with sCTG). Recession height (RH) and width, probing depth, keratinized gingiva, clinical attachment level, and full mouth plaque and bleeding scores were measured at baseline, 3 and 6 months.ResultsThe differences in mean changes were insignificant between the two groups in all parameters. In both groups, improvements from baseline to 3 and 6 months were significant for mean RH reduction and clinical attachment gain. A significant increase in the mean keratinized gingiva width was observed in both groups at 3 and 6 months.ConclusionADM and sCTG yield similar outcomes when used in the treatment of GR defects.
No Signs of Intracranial Arterial Vasoconstriction in Transient Global Amnesia
Authors: Baracchini Claudio , Farina Filippo , Ballotta Enzo , Meneghetti Giorgio , Manara Renzo 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe current theories to explain the pathophysiology of transient global amnesia (TGA) involve epilepsy, migraine, and hippocampal ischemia which might be determined by venous congestion or arterial vasoconstriction triggered by Valsalva‐associated maneuvers in susceptible individuals.METHODSSeventy‐five TGA patients [mean age 60.3 ± 8.0 years, 44 (59%) females] and 75 age‐ and gender‐matched controls were enrolled into a case–control study and underwent extracranial and transcranial arterial echo‐color Doppler sonography.RESULTSIntracranial arterial obstructions of the posterior circulation were neither observed in TGA patients nor in controls. There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to intima–media thickness of the common carotids (.73 ± .07 vs. .72 ± .06), cervical vessel atherosclerosis (13% vs. 15%), >50% intracranial stenosis of the anterior circulation arteries (3% vs. 3%), resistance index values of the vertebral arteries at rest and during Valsalva maneuver (.69 ± .08 vs. .67 ± .09) and pulsatility index values of the major intracranial arteries at rest and during Valsalva maneuver. No difference in all study items was found between patients assessed during or soon after the TGA episode.CONCLUSIONSExtra‐intracranial atherosclerosis does not play a pathogenic role in TGA and no supporting evidence for the arterial vasoconstriction hypothesis of TGA emerged from this study.
Lithium Toxicity and PRES: A Novel Association
Authors: Fitzgerald Ryan T. , Fitzgerald Caris T. , Samant Rohan S. , Kumar Manoj , Ramakrishniah Raghu , Van Hemert Rudy , Angtuaco Edgardo J. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWe report two cases of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) occurring in association with supra‐therapeutic serum lithium levels. Although the neurologic manifestations of lithium toxicity are well known, this is, to our knowledge, the first report describing a link between lithium toxicity and PRES. We discuss the current understanding of the pathogenesis of PRES and suggest mechanisms by which lithium may play a role in its development.
Better than nothing: Evolution of autonomous selfing under strong inbreeding depression in an alpine annual from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: ZHANG Chan , ZHOU Guo‐Ying , YANG Yong‐Ping , DUAN Yuan‐Wen 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn plants with infrequent pollinator services, the benefits of reproductive assurance could be eroded by severe ovule discounting and inbreeding depression (ID). However, it remains unclear how selfing evolves under complete pollinator failure and strong ID. We examined the mating system and ID under netting and robbing conditions in Comastoma pulmonarium (Turcz.) Toyok. (Gentianaceae), an alpine annual experiencing a high ratio of nectar robbery on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Comastoma pulmonarium produced seeds via selfing at the study site. No pollinator was observed and thus the nectar was consumed exclusively by robbers. Inbreeding depression occurred in the life stages of seed mass and germination, and the cumulative ID was much higher than 0.5 under netting and robbing conditions. Overall, in comparison with netting, the magnitude of ID under robbing conditions tended to decrease. Our results suggested that selfing could assure reproduction for plants under complete pollinator failure and strong ID, supporting the “better than nothing” role of selfing and providing one of the few cases of the evolution of selfing under strong ID.
Sporogenesis and gametogenesis of Delavaya toxocarpa (Sapindaceae) and their systematic implications
Authors: CAO Li‐Min , CAO Ming , LIU Jian‐Hui , WANG Zhi‐Xin , LIN Qiong , XIA Nian‐He 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn order to investigate the embryological characteristics of Delavaya toxocarpa Franch. and provide a basis for further understanding the phylogeny within Sapindaceae s.l., we studied the sporogenesis and gametogenesis of D. toxocarpa using the conventional paraffin section method. The results were as follows: anthers are tetrasporangium; tapetum is typically secretory type; cytokinesis in the microsporecyte meiosis is of the simultaneous type and microspore tetrads are tetrahedral; mature pollen contains two cells; the ovary is bilocular with two ovules per locule; placentation is axial; the ovule is amphitropous, bitegmic, and crassinucellate; the chalazal megaspore in a linear tetrad becomes functional; and the development of megaspore is of the polygonum type. Most similarities shared by the species observed suggest that the species and genera of Sapindaceae s.l. have phylogenetic consistency. The distinctive trait, lacking hypostase, indicates Delavaya (and Handeliodendron) might be more primitive than other genera in Sapindaceae. Moreover, some characters, such as opposite palmate compound leaf, apical thyrse, rounded seed without wing, 2 hemitropous ovules per locule, and lacking aril, indicate the close relationship between Delavaya, Aceraceae, and Hippocastanaceae. The preliminary data about the embryological and morphological characteristics in Delavaya might justify the basic systematic position of this genus in the family Sapindaceae s.s.
Use of site occupancy models for targeted monitoring of the cheetah
Authors: Andresen L. , Everatt K. T. , Somers M. J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe cheetah Acinonyx jubatus has suffered dramatic range contractions and population declines as a result of habitat degradation, prey depletion and conflict with humans. Of further concern is that many of Africa's remaining cheetah populations persist in human‐dominated and highly fragmented landscapes, where their ecology is poorly understood and population data are lacking. Presence–absence surveys may be a practical means to collect these data; however, failing to account for detection error can lead to biased estimates and misleading inferences; potentially having deleterious consequences for species conservation. The goal of this study was to identify how an occupancy modelling technique that explicitly accounts for detectability could be used for quantifying cheetah status in human‐impacted landscapes. Replicated camera‐trap and track surveys of 100‐km2 sample units were used to estimate the proportion of area occupied by cheetahs and to determine the survey effort required to inform conservation planning. Based on our results, 16 km [±standard error (SE) = 12–22] of walking or 193 camera‐trap nights (±SE = 141–292) are required to confirm cheetah absence at a given 100‐km2 grid cell (with 95% certainty). Accounting for detection resulted in an overall cheetah occurrence estimate of 0.40 (SE = 0.13), which is 16% higher than the traditional presence–absence estimate that ignores detection error. We test a priori hypotheses to investigate factors limiting cheetahs using an occurrence probability model of their preferred prey. The results show that both cheetahs and their prey were strongly negatively influenced by human settlements. Our study provides an unbiased estimate of occurrence that can be used to compare status across different sites and as a basis for long‐term monitoring. Based on our results, we suggest that track and/or camera‐trap surveys coupled with site occupancy models may be useful for targeted monitoring of cheetahs across their distribution.
Sneaker males are not necessarily similar to females in colour in a sexually monochromatic cichlid
Authors: Ota K. , Awata S. , Morita M. , Kohda M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn species with alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), males employing different tactics usually have different appearance. The clearest difference is body size: bourgeois males that monopolize access to females are larger than sneaker males that steal fertilizations from them. Sneakers are also known to be often dull in colour compared with bourgeois males and rather resemble females. However, this typical colour pattern is unlikely in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid Neolamprologus mondabu: we observed sneaking by two distinctive colour morphs, namely, black (which is apparently conspicuous against the background) and white (which is apparently background‐matching). Because breeding females are black, this observation indicates that one type of sneakers contrasts female appearance. In this study, we conducted field studies to determine the expression of body colour in relation to ARTs in this fish. Body colour was dependent on size, but not sex and maturation, with black individuals being larger than white ones. Together with the presence of intermediate grey colour expressed by intermediate‐sized individuals, this fish could ontogenetically changes their body colour from white to black. Both sexes of black individuals occupied feeding territories, but white individuals were non‐territorial, indicating that the black body signals the possession of a feeding territory. Sexually active females were invariably black, whereas sexually active males were both black and white in colour. Few of the largest black males held harems, which included several female territories, whereas the remaining males were bachelors with no female territories. These bachelor males invested more in testes than harem males, suggesting that bachelors employ sneaking tactics, which is corroborated by our sneaking observations. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that sneakers are entirely dissimilar to females in appearance. Herein, we discuss why sneakers are dichromatic in relation to their life histories.
Occurrence and distribution of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus – potential roles for fish, oyster, sediment and water
Authors: Givens C.E. , Bowers J.C. , DePaola A. , Hollibaugh J.T. , Jones J.L. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are Gram-negative marine bacteria naturally found in estuaries such as the Gulf of Mexico and can be pathogenic to humans. We quantified both of these organisms in fish, oyster, sediment, and water using culture-independent (quantitative PCR; qPCR) and culture-dependent (direct plating-colony hybridization; DP-CH) techniques during the transition period between winter and spring. We correlated these levels to environmental conditions and to abundance of total bacteria and total vibrio. By qPCR, fish intestine samples had the highest V. vulnificus densities and were 2·7, 3·5, and 4·2 logs greater than oyster, sediment and water samples, respectively. Densities of V. parahaemolyticus in fish samples by qPCR were 1·0, 2·1, and 3·1 logs greater than oyster, sediment and water samples, respectively. Similar differences between sample types were also observed by DP-CH. The difference between the more favourable and less favourable environmental conditions identified in this study was small (mean salinity 4·3 vs. 13 ppt). However, V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus were consistently detected in fish intestines, but infrequently detected and at lower levels in oysters and during the less favourable period. This trend was observed by qPCR and DP-CH, indicating fish intestines are a significant source of pathogenic vibrios in the environment.

Significance and Impact of the Study
This is the first study to report the densities of Bacteria 16S rRNA, Vibrio 16S rRNA, Vibrio vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in fish intestine, oyster, sediment and water samples, as well as compare these values through culture-dependent and culture-independent methodology. Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus were detected in samples of fish intestines by qPCR and colony hybridization when conditions were less favourable for their occurrence in the environment. In contrast, V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus were infrequently detected and at lower levels in other niches examined. These results indicate that fish intestinal tracts are a significant source of these pathogens.
Nurses, formerly incarcerated adults, and Gadamer: phronesis and the Socratic dialectic
Authors: Marlow Elizabeth , Nosek Marcianna , Lee Yema , Young Earthy , Bautista Alejandra , Hansen Finn Thorbjørn 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper describes the first phase of an ongoing education and research project guided by three main intentions: (1) to create opportunities for phronesis in the classroom; (2) to develop new understandings about phronesis as it relates to nursing care generally and to caring for specific groups, like formerly incarcerated adults; and (3) to provide an opportunity for formerly incarcerated adults and graduate nursing students to participate in a dialectical conversation about ethical knowing. Gadamer's writings on practical philosophy, phronesis, and the Socratic dialectic provide the philosophical foundation and framework for the project. The first phase in the project was a 4‐h class within a graduate‐level health promotion course during which 30 nursing students and three formerly incarcerated panelists engaged in a dialectic conversation about what it means to care for formerly incarcerated adults in a meaningful way. After the class, two focus groups were conducted, one with the students and one with the formerly incarcerated panelists. Findings articulated participants' prejudices and assumptions prior to the class, expanded sense of phronesis, and ability to consider nursing practice within a larger ethical framework. Panelists and students left the class with a deeper understanding of one another and expressed an openness towards continued dialectic conversations together. Use of the Socratic dialectic within nursing curricula reflects a current and critical trend in nursing education to bring non‐epistemologic forms of knowledge into the classroom.
Comparison between the Combination of Gabapentin, Ketamine, Lornoxicam, and Local Ropivacaine and Each of these Drugs Alone for Pain after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Kotsovolis Georgios , Karakoulas Konstantinos , Grosomanidis Vasileios , Tziris Nikolaos 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe main purpose of the study was to test whether the combination of gabapentin (600 mg 4 hours before surgery, 600 mg after 24 hours), ketamine (0.3 mg/kg before anesthesia), lornoxicam (8 mg before anesthesia and 8 mg/12 hours), and local ropivacaine (5 mL 7.5% at insertion sites) provides superior analgesia to each of these drugs alone in the first 24 hours after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The secondary purpose was to examine whether this combination has less opioid‐related side effects.MethodsThis was a 2‐center randomized placebo‐controlled trial. One hundred forty‐eight patients, between 18 and 70 years of age, were randomly assigned to 6 groups (28 in each group) with the use of computer software: A(gabapentin/ketamine/lornoxicam/ropivacaine); B(gabapentin/placebo/placebo/placebo); C (placebo/ketamine/placebo/placebo); D (placebo/placebo/lornoxicam/placebo); E (placebo/placebo/placebo/ropivacaine); and F (placebo/placebo/placebo/placebo). Only the principal investigator was aware of patients' allocation and provided drugs and placebo in covered prefilled syringes. The primary outcome of the study was the 24‐hour morphine consumption. Secondary outcomes were frequency of opioid‐related side effects (nausea, vomiting, sedation, pruritus, and dysuria).ResultsOnly groups A (6.4 mg), B (9.46 mg), and D (9.36 mg) had lower morphine consumption than control group (20.29 mg) (P < 0.001, P = 0.01, and P = 0.008, respectively). Group A was not different from B and D (P = 0.92, P = 0.93). The only difference was in episodes of nausea between groups A (n = 5) and the control group (n = 12) (P = 0.018).ConclusionThe combination of gabapentin, ketamine, lornoxicam, and local ropivacaine does not provide superior analgesia than gabapentin alone or lornoxicam alone after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The combination reduces only the frequency of postoperative nausea, but larger studies are needed for safer results.
What happens to plant mitochondria under low oxygen? An omics review of the responses to low oxygen and reoxygenation
Authors: SHINGAKI‐WELLS RACHEL , MILLAR A. HARVEY , WHELAN JAMES , NARSAI REENA 
Published: February 2014

AbstractFloods can rapidly submerge plants, limiting oxygen to the extent that oxidative phosphorylation no longer generates adequate ATP supplies. Low‐oxygen tolerant plants, such as rice, are able to adequately respond to low oxygen by successfully remodelling primary and mitochondrial metabolism to partially counteract the energy crisis that ensues. In this review, we discuss how plants respond to low‐oxygen stress at the transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and enzyme activity levels, particularly focusing on mitochondria and interacting pathways. The role of reactive oxygen species and nitrite as an alternative electron acceptor as well as their links to respiratory chain components is discussed. By making intra‐kingdom as well as cross‐kingdom comparisons, conserved mechanisms of anoxia tolerance are highlighted as well as tolerance mechanisms that are specific to anoxia‐tolerant rice during germination and in coleoptiles. We discuss reoxygenation as an often overlooked, yet essential stage of this environmental stress and consider the possibility that changes occurring during low oxygen may also provide benefits upon re‐aeration. Finally, we consider what it takes to be low‐oxygen tolerant and argue that alternative mechanisms of ATP production, glucose signalling, starch/sucrose signalling as well as reverse metabolism of fermentation end products promote the survival of rice after this debilitating stress.