bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CRETAN SLINGER AT WAR – A WEIGHTY EXCHANGE
Authors: Kelly Amanda 
Published: October 2012

Lead slingshots discovered on Cretan sites carry considerable weight regarding the nature of warfare on the island in the Late Classical and Hellenistic periods. On Crete, inscribed lead sling bullets have been reported from nine archaeological sites while a further inscribed slingshot, issued by the Phalasarnians, has been discovered on the neighbouring island of Antikythera.Text on slingshots was conceived of, and cast as, an integral component of the weapon, thereby representing a fundamental aspect of the weapon's design. Slingshots bearing text are illuminating artefacts as not only can they reflect military action, leadership and civic affiliations, but they also raise questions regarding literacy levels within the forces and prompt debate concerning the psychological potential of such communications. It is the purpose of this paper to present the growing corpus of Cretan material against a wider backdrop of evidence, with a view to understanding the overarching role and purpose of such inscribed communications and to assess the degree of Cretan conformity with, or deviation from, broader military trends.
Two-dimensional quantum hydrodynamic model for the heating of a solid target using a Gaussian cluster
Authors: Zhang Ya , Song Yuan-Hong , Zhao Yong-Tao , Wang You-Nian 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper presents numerical simulations to study the heating of a two-dimensional (2D) solid target under an ion cluster interaction. 2D quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) model is employed for the heating of solid target to warm dense matter on a picosecond time scale. A Gaussian cluster is used to uniformly heat the solid target to a temperature of several eV. The density and temperature of the target are calculated by a full self-consistent treatment of the QHD formalisms and the Poisson's equation. The technique described in this paper provides a method for creating uniformly heated strongly coupled plasma states.
Freshwater lakes of Ulu Peninsula, James Ross Island, north-east Antarctic Peninsula: origin, geomorphology and physical and chemical limnology
Authors: Nedbalová Linda , Nývlt Daniel , Kopáček Jiří , Šobr Miroslav , Elster Josef 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis study describes the origin, bedrock geology, geomorphology, hydrological stability and physical and chemical characteristics of a representative set of 29 lakes in the ice-free parts of the Ulu Peninsula, James Ross Island, located close to the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. Based on these features, six different types of lakes were defined: stable shallow lakes on higher-altitude levelled surfaces, shallow coastal lakes, stable lakes in old moraines, small unstable lakes in young moraines, deep cirque lakes and kettle lakes. We observed a significant relationship between lake type and water chemistry. Bedrock, lake age and morphometry together with altitude were the most important factors underlying the observed limnological variability. Our results further suggested possible nitrogen limitation in the lake ecosystems. However, physical factors such as low temperature and light were also likely to be limiting.
Effect of insulin-like growth factor I on functional parameters of ram cooled-stored spermatozoa
Authors: Makarevich Alexander V. , Spalekova Eliska , Olexikova Lucia , Kubovicova Elena , Hegedusova Zdenka 
Published: October 2012

SummaryThe aim of the study was to examine the effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on ram sperm traits after hypothermic storage. Sperm ejaculates from Lacaune rams were diluted in a Tris extender, pooled, divided into groups of IGF-I doses tested (0, 10, 100 or 200 ng.ml−1) and stored (0–5°C) for 96 h. IGF-I elevated whole sperm motility as measured by a Computer-assisted Sperm Analyser (CASA) system, by 24 h (10 ng.ml−1) and 48 h (200 ng.ml−1) of storage, and by progressive movement on each day of storage. After 72 h the sperm samples were analysed for plasma membrane integrity (peanut agglutinin–fluorescein isothiocyanate), membrane stability (annexin V–Fluos) and apoptosis (Yo-Pro®-1) using fluorescence microscopy. The addition of IGF-I (at 100 or 200 ng.ml−1) reduced the ratio of sperm with disrupted membranes and the ratio of annexin V-labelled sperm. The ratio of apoptotic sperm was reduced by IGF-I given at 10 or 100 ng.ml−1compared with control. Sperm fertilizing ability, determined at 48 h by anin vitrofertilization (IVF) test on bovine oocytes, was increased by IGF-I given at 100 ng.ml−1from 47.0 to 67.7%. In conclusion, IGF-I maintained ram sperm functions following cooling storage and its effects were reflected in sperm fertilizing abilityin vitro.
Porcine oocyte vitrification in optimized low toxicity solution with open pulled straws
Authors: Marco-Jiménez F. , Casares-Crespo L. , Vicente J.S. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryOne of the greatest challenges for reproductive cryobiologists today is to develop an efficient cryopreservation method for human and domestic animal oocytes. The objective of the present study was to optimize a low toxicity solution called VM3 to vitrify porcine oocytes using an open pulled straw (OPS) device and to evaluate the effects on viability, chromosomal organization and cortical granules distribution. Two experiments were conducted in this study. Firstly, we determined the minimum concentration of cryoprotectant present in the VM3 solution required (7.6 M) for vitrification using an OPS device. The appearance of opacity was observed when using a cooling solution at –196°C; no observable opacity was noted as vitrification. In addition, the ultrastructure of oocytes in VM3 or VM3 optimized solution was examined using cryo-scanning electron microscopy. The minimum total cryoprotectant concentration present in VM3 solution necessary for apparent vitrification was 5.6 M when combined with use of an OPS device. Use of both vitrification solutions showed a characteristic plasticized surface. In the second experiment, the relative cytotoxicity of vitrification solutions (VM3 and VM3 optimized) was studied. Oocyte viability, chromosomal organization and the cortical granules distribution were assessed by fluorescent stain. After warming, oocyte survival rate was similar to that of fresh oocytes. The vitrification process significantly reduced correct chromosomal organization and cortical granules distribution rates compared with the fresh oocytes group. However, correct chromosomal organization and cortical granules distribution rates did not differ among oocytes placed in different vitrification solutions. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that the VM3 solution can be optimized and that reduction in concentration to 5.6 M enabled vitrification of oocytes with an OPS device, however use of the VM3 optimised solution had no beneficial effect on vitrification of porcine oocytes.
Whole grains and health: attitudes to whole grains against a prevailing background of increased marketing and promotion
Authors: McMackin Elaine , Dean Moira , Woodside Jayne V , McKinley Michelle C 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo explore current awareness and perceptions of whole grain foods and perceived barriers and facilitators of whole grain consumption.DesignFocus groups were conducted to investigate consumer attitudes to whole grains. Discussions were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.SettingDiscussions were held throughout Northern Ireland with adults who were at least partly responsible for food shopping.SubjectsSeven focus groups were held (n 43; thirty-three females, ten males).ResultsAll participants were aware of the term ‘whole grain’ and had a basic level of awareness of their health benefits. Prominent barriers and facilitators of whole grain intake were related to perceptions of the sensory properties (most dominant factor) of whole grains; knowledge of how to locate, identify and use whole grains; and awareness of the health benefits, perceived cost and family influences. Parents of young children appeared to be altruistically motivated with many stating they wanted to ensure their children consumed whole grains in order to establish good eating habits.ConclusionsParticipants were generally aware of the term ‘whole grain’; however, even against a background of increased availability and promotion of whole grain foods, many key barriers to whole grain consumption were still evident. Alongside general education efforts, opportunities and challenges exist for the food industry to develop novel, but affordable, food products that are able to deliver whole grains in a wide variety of forms, including whole grains ‘in disguise’ for those who are most resistant to change.
Contribution of a New Generation Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope in the Understanding of a 2099 Al-Li Alloy
Authors: Brodusch Nicolas , Trudeau Michel , Michaud Pierre , Rodrigue Lisa , Boselli Julien , Gauvin Raynald 
Published: October 2012

AbstractAluminum-lithium alloys are widespread in the aerospace industry. The new 2099 and 2199 alloys provide improved properties, but their microstructure and texture are not well known. This article describes how state-of-the-art field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) can contribute to the characterization of the 2099 aluminum-lithium alloy and metallic alloys in general. Investigations were carried out on bulk and thinned samples. Backscattered electron imaging at 3 kV and scanning transmission electron microscope imaging at 30 kV along with highly efficient microanalysis permitted correlation of experimental and expected structures. Although our results confirm previous studies, this work points out possible substitutions of Mg and Zn with Li, Al, and Cu in the T1 precipitates. Zinc and magnesium are also present in “rice grain”–shaped precipitates at the grain boundaries. The versatility of the FE-SEM is highlighted as it provides information in the macro- and microscales with relevant details. Its ability to probe the distribution of precipitates from nano- to microsizes throughout the matrix makes FE-SEM an essential technique for the characterization of metallic alloys.
‘The Consent of the Faithful’ from1 Clementto the Anglican Covenant
Authors: King Benjamin J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe origins of the termconsensus fideliumlie in the rhetorical tropes of pagans who exhorted unity between friends and within cities – tropes supporting the hierarchy of imperial elites. The earliest Christians adapted this language for the same purpose within churches: to speak of unity and lay involvement in support of Church hierarchy. After the Reformation, Church of England writers used this rhetoric to enforce conformity to church polity and morality. The Tractarians and their successors employed a rhetorical ‘voice of the laity’ as a bolster for episcopal power. While the early twentieth century saw some in the Church of England and Anglican Communion use this same rhetoric to bring the laity into actual decision-making processes, the rhetoric of recent statements by the Communion has left power firmly with bishops.
Numerical analysis using WRF‐SBM for the cloud microphysical structures in the C3VP field campaign: Impacts of supercooled droplets and resultant riming on snow microphysics
Authors: Iguchi Takamichi , Matsui Toshihisa , Shi Jainn J. , Tao Wei‐Kuo , Khain Alexander P. , Hou Arthur , Cifelli Robert , Heymsfield Andrew , Tokay Ali 
Published: October 2012

Two distinct snowfall events are observed over the region near the Great Lakes during 19–23 January 2007 under the intensive measurement campaign of the Canadian CloudSat/CALIPSO validation project (C3VP). These events are numerically investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with a spectral bin microphysics (WRF‐SBM) scheme that allows a smooth calculation of riming process by predicting the rimed mass fraction on snow aggregates. The fundamental structures of the observed two snowfall systems are distinctly characterized by a localized intense lake‐effect snowstorm in one case and a widely distributed moderate snowfall by the synoptic‐scale system in another case. Furthermore, the observed microphysical structures are distinguished by differences in bulk density of solid‐phase particles, which are probably linked to the presence or absence of supercooled droplets. The WRF‐SBM coupled with Goddard Satellite Data Simulator Unit (G‐SDSU) has successfully simulated these distinctive structures in the three‐dimensional weather prediction run with a horizontal resolution of 1 km. In particular, riming on snow aggregates by supercooled droplets is considered to be of importance in reproducing the specialized microphysical structures in the case studies. Additional sensitivity tests for the lake‐effect snowstorm case are conducted utilizing different planetary boundary layer (PBL) models or the same SBM but without the riming process. The PBL process has a large impact on determining the cloud microphysical structure of the lake‐effect snowstorm as well as the surface precipitation pattern, whereas the riming process has little influence on the surface precipitation because of the small height of the system.
Rare variant discovery and calling by sequencing pooled samples with overlaps
Authors: Wang Wenhui , Yin Xiaolin , Soo Pyon Yoon , Hayes Matthew , Li Jing 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Motivation: For many complex traits/diseases, it is believed that rare variants account for some of the missing heritability that cannot be explained by common variants. Sequencing a large number of samples through DNA pooling is a cost-effective strategy to discover rare variants and to investigate their associations with phenotypes. Overlapping pool designs provide further benefit because such approaches can potentially identify variant carriers, which is important for downstream applications of association analysis of rare variants. However, existing algorithms for analysing sequence data from overlapping pools are limited.
Results: We propose a complete data analysis framework for overlapping pool designs, with novelties in all three major steps: variant pool and variant locus identification, variant allele frequency estimation and variant sample decoding. The framework can be used in combination with any design matrix. We have investigated its performance based on two different overlapping designs and have compared it with three state-of-the-art methods, by simulating targeted sequencing and by pooling real sequence data. Results on both datasets show that our algorithm has made significant improvements over existing ones. In conclusion, successful discovery of rare variants and identification of variant carriers using overlapping pool strategies critically depend on many steps, from generation of design matrixes to decoding algorithms. The proposed framework in combination with the design matrixes generated based on the Chinese remainder theorem achieves best overall results.
Availability: Source code of the program, termed VIP for Variant Identification by Pooling, is available at http://cbc.case.edu/VIP.
Contact: jingli@cwru.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Union Recognition in Britain: The End of Legally Induced Voluntarism?
Authors: Gall Gregor 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The enactment of a third statutory union recognition procedure in Britain in 2000 led to a sharp rise and then fall in the number of new, largely voluntary, union recognition agreements being signed. This article examines and explains this trajectory, finding that the interaction of a weak procedure with its wider environment has led to a situation where the outcome of a reflexive law is heavily determined by the external balance of power in employment relations.
Central Nervous System Vasculopathy in HIV-Infected Children Enrolled in the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 219/219C Study
Authors: Schieffelin John S. , Williams Paige L. , Djokic Divna , Anderson Jeffrey P. , Nachman Sharon , Oleske James M. , Seage George R. , Van Dyke Russell B. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract

Background
Central nervous system (CNS) vasculopathy has been reported in human immunodeficiency virus–infected (HIV+) adults and children. In children, it often presents with HIV encephalopathy, stroke, or intracerebral aneurysms. The etiology, incidence, and risk factors of HIV-associated CNS vasculopathy in children are unknown.

Methods
We identified HIV+ children with a diagnosis of vasculopathy or other cerebrovascular events among children enrolled between 1993 and 2004 in 2 prospective, multicenter cohort studies. Demographic and laboratory data, history of antiretroviral use, and signs, symptoms, and diagnostic studies pertaining to the CNS event were reviewed.

Results
Among the 3338 HIV+ children, 51 had diagnoses that suggested CNS vasculopathy. Of these, 12 (24%) were included in this analysis, after excluding those with alternative diagnoses and those from closed sites. Among these 12, 4 (33%) were female, 4 (33%) were white, and 10 (83%) had perinatal HIV. Their average age at the event was 10.8 years with a median CD4 count of 22 cells/mm3 and median HIV-1 viral load of 94 304 copies/mL. Fifty-eight percent of subjects had a history of opportunistic infections before the CNS event. Fifty percent had cerebral aneurysms on imaging. The overall incidence among HIV+ subjects was 3.4 cases per 10 000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 1.8–6.0).

Conclusions
CNS vasculopathy in HIV+ children is uncommon but more common than in the general pediatric population. Cerebral aneurysms are the most common manifestation. Although the pathogenesis remains unclear, older children and those with low CD4 counts and high HIV viral loads are at the highest risk.
In situX-ray data collection from highly sensitive crystals ofPseudomonas putidaPtxS in complex with DNA
Authors: Pineda-Molina E. , Daddaoua A. , Krell T. , Ramos J. L. , García-Ruiz J. M. , Gavira J. A. 
Published: October 2012

Pseudomonas putidaPtxS is a member of the LacI protein family of transcriptional regulators involved in glucose metabolism. All genes involved in this pathway are clustered into two operons,kguandgad. PtxS controls the expression of thekguandgadoperons as well as its own transcription. The PtxS operator is a perfect palindrome, 5′-TGAAACCGGTTTCA-3′, which is present in all three promoters. Crystallization of native PtxS failed, and PtxS–DNA crystals were finally produced by the counter-diffusion technique. A portion of the capillary used for crystal growth was attached to the end of a SPINE standard cap and directly flash-cooled in liquid nitrogen for diffraction tests. A full data set was collected with a beam size of 10 × 10 µm. The crystal belonged to the trigonal space groupP3, with unit-cell parametersa=b= 213.71,c = 71.57 Å. Only unhandled crystals grown in capillaries of 0.1 mm inner diameter diffracted X-rays to 1.92 Å resolution.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the ATP-binding subunit of an ABC transporter fromGeobacillus kaustophilus
Authors: Manjula Mallappa , Pampa Kudigana J. , Madan Kumar Shankar , Kunishima Naoki , Lokanath Neratur K. 
Published: October 2012

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, also known as traffic ATPases, form a large family of integral membrane proteins responsible for the translocation of a variety of chemically diverse substrates across the lipid bilayers of cellular membranes of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes by the hydrolysis of ATP. The ATP-binding subunit of an ABC transporter fromGeobacillus kaustophilus, a homodimeric enzyme, was overexpressed inEscherichia coliand purified. Crystals were obtained using the microbatch-under-oil method at 291 K. X-ray diffraction data to 1.6 Å resolution were collected on SPring-8 beamline BL26B1. The crystals belonged to the orthorhombic space groupI222, with unit-cell parametersa= 54.94,b = 78.63,c= 112.96 Å. Assuming the presence of a dimer in the asymmetric unit gave a crystal volume per protein weight (VM) of 2.32 Å3 Da−1and a solvent content of 47%; this was consistent with the results of a dynamic light-scattering experiment, which showed a dimeric state of the protein in solution. Molecular-replacement trials using the crystal structure of HisP from theSalmonella typhimuriumATP-binding subunit of an ABC transporter as a search model did not provide a satisfactory solution, indicating that the two ATP-binding subunits of ABC transporters have substantially different structures.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of 2-aminophenol 1,6-dioxygenase complexed with substrate and with an inhibitor
Authors: Li De-Feng , Zhang Jia-Yue , Hou Yanjie , Liu Lei , Liu Shuang-Jiang , Liu Wei 
Published: October 2012

Dioxygen activation implemented by nonhaem FeIIenzymes containing the 2-His-1-carboxylate facial triad has been extensively studied in recent years. Extradiol dioxygenase is the archetypal member of this superfamily and catalyzes the oxygenolytic ring opening of catechol analogues. Here, the crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of 2-aminophenol 1,6-dioxygenase, an enzyme representing a minor subset of extradiol dioxygenases that catalyze the fission of 2-aminophenol rather than catecholic compounds, is reported. Crystals of the holoenzyme with FeIIand of complexes with the substrate 2-aminophenol and the suicide inhibitor 4-nitrocatechol were grown using the cocrystallization method under the same conditions as used for the crystallization of the apoenzyme. The crystals belonged to space groupC2 and diffracted to 2.3–2.7 Å resolution; the crystal that diffracted to the highest resolution had unit-cell parametersa= 270.24,b= 48.39,c= 108.55 Å, β = 109.57°. All X-ray data sets collected from diffraction-quality crystals were suitable for structure determination.
Crystallization, optimization and preliminary X-ray characterization of a metal-dependent PI-PLC fromStreptomyces antibioticus
Authors: Jackson Michael R. , Selby Thomas L. 
Published: October 2012

A recombinant metal-dependent phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) fromStreptomyces antibioticushas been crystallized by the hanging-drop method with and without heavy metals. The native crystals belonged to the orthorhombic space groupP222, with unit-cell parametersa= 41.26,b= 51.86,c = 154.78 Å. The X-ray diffraction results showed significant differences in the crystal quality of samples soaked with heavy atoms. Additionally, drop pinning, which increases the surface area of the drops, was also used to improve crystal growth and quality. The combination of heavy-metal soaks and drop pinning was found to be critical for producing high-quality crystals that diffracted to 1.23 Å resolution.
A comparison of gene expression of Listeria monocytogenes in vitro and in the soft cheese Crescenza
Authors: Alessandria Valentina , Rantsiou Kalliopi , Dolci Paola , Zeppa Giuseppe , Cocolin Luca 
Published: October 2012

This study focuses on the expression analysis of virulence and stress response genes (plcA, hly, iap and sigB) in 11 different strains of Listeria monocytogenes. The first step of this study considered an in vitro analysis in synthetic laboratory medium. According to statistical analysis, significant differences emerged for genes sigB and plcA. Subsequently, a soft cheese at two temperatures (4 and 12 °C) and for different times (24 and 48 h) was evaluated. Significant expression differences emerged for the condition at 12 °C after 48 h. No association could be observed between gene expression profile and origin of the different strains.