bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of latent heat of freezing on crustal generation at low spreading rates
Authors: Sleep Norman H. , Warren Jessica M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLithospheric structure changes at low spreading rates (<40 mm a−1), such that steady state molten rock cannot exist above the normal Moho depth of ∼6 km. Dredge statistics of recovered lithologies indicate that the percentage of basalt is significantly decreased compared to faster ridges and that the mode of crust generation is variable. One important effect on lithospheric structure is the latent heat released when basaltic magma freezes within the mantle, instead of being transported all the way to the surface. Using thermal models, we show that freezing of melt at mantle depths buffers temperature due to the latent heat of crystallization. Two quasi‐stable seafloor‐spreading patterns are imposed on the model: (1) upwelling of magma along a narrow axial zone and (2) pure shear extension over a broad zone. The variability in crustal structure predicted by these models explains variability observed in dredge lithology statistics at eight slow to ultraslow spreading ridge segments. For example, the Gakkel Eastern Volcanic Zone and Sparsely Magmatic Zone are both spreading at 12 mm a−1, but the former is composed of 7% peridotite, whereas the latter is 46% peridotite. This difference can be explained by a change from a narrow axis regime with ∼2 km thick crust to a wide axis regime with a crust‐mantle mix. Overall, dredge statistics and thermal models suggest that some, but not all, latent heat of ascending magmas is released at mantle depths and that various ridge axial morphologies can occur.
Sea level anomalies exacerbate beach erosion
Authors: Theuerkauf Ethan J. , Rodriguez Antonio B. , Fegley Stephen R. , Luettich Richard A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSea level anomalies are intra‐seasonal increases in water level forced by meteorological and oceanographic processes unrelated to storms. The effects of sea level anomalies on beach morphology are unknown but important to constrain because these events have been recognized over large stretches of continental margins. Here, we present beach erosion measurements along Onslow Beach, a barrier island on the U.S. East Coast, in response to a year with frequent sea level anomalies and no major storms. The anomalies enabled extensive erosion, which was similar and in most places greater than the erosion that occurred during a year with a hurricane. These results highlight the importance of sea level anomalies in facilitating coastal erosion and advocate for their inclusion in beach‐erosion models and management plans. Sea level anomalies amplify the erosive effects of accelerated sea level rise and changes in storminess associated with global climate change.
Tidal‐induced net transport effects on the oxygen distribution in the thermosphere
Authors: Jones M. , Forbes J. M. , Hagan M. E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThrough a series of numerical experiments performed with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model, we evaluate a new mechanism by which the dissipation of vertically propagating tides acts to change the O distribution in the thermosphere. Jones et al. (2014) proposed that the tides induced a net transport of constituents themselves, in addition to the transport provided by the mean circulation induced by the dissipation of tides. Through diagnosis of the continuity equation for [O], our results show that the net meridional and vertical transport of O induced by the tides appreciably contributes to [O] changes in the lower thermosphere. Combined with recombination, these transport mechanisms drive a net reduction in [O] of ∼25% that is transmitted to higher altitudes by molecular diffusion. The migrating diurnal tide appears to be the main driver of the [O] variations during September.
Drift‐scan imaging of traveling ionospheric disturbances with the Very Large Array
Authors: Helmboldt J. F. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper describes a method to use high‐precision specification of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) from a relatively compact array of sensors to yield high‐resolution images of TID substructure. In this case, the array is the Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope in New Mexico. The technique begins with a combined temporal and spatial spectral analysis that boils the TID down to its basic components, namely, the amplitude and horizontal wavelength and velocity vector. The last of these is used with the known apparent motion of the observed cosmic source to recompute the horizontal positions of the ionospheric pierce points in the frame of the TID. The data are then binned within this TID reference plane and averaged to make an image. The method is applied to three distinct TIDs detected and characterized to high precision (≲10−3 total electron content unit (1 TECU = 1016 el m−2)) using VLA observations of cosmic sources below 1 GHz.
Near‐surface temperature gradient in a coastal upwelling regime
Authors: Maske H. , Ochoa J. , Almeda‐Jauregui C. O. , Ruiz‐de la Torre M. C. , Cruz‐López R. , Villegas‐Mendoza J. R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn oceanography, a near homogeneous mixed layer extending from the surface to a seasonal thermocline is a common conceptual basis in physics, chemistry, and biology. In a coastal upwelling region 3 km off the coast in the Mexican Pacific, we measured vertical density gradients with a free‐rising CTD and temperature gradients with thermographs at 1, 3, and 5 m depths logging every 5 min during more than a year. No significant salinity gradient was observed down to 10 m depth, and the CTD temperature and density gradients showed no pronounced discontinuity that would suggest a near‐surface mixed layer. Thermographs generally logged decreasing temperature with depth with gradients higher than 0.2 K m−1 more than half of the time in the summer between 1 and 3 m, 3 and 5 m and in the winter between 1 and 3 m. Some negative temperature gradients were present and gradients were generally highly variable in time with high peaks lasting fractions of hours to hours. These temporal changes were too rapid to be explained by local heating or cooling. The pattern of positive and negative peaks might be explained by vertical stacks of water layers of different temperatures and different horizontal drift vectors. The observed near‐surface gradient has implications for turbulent wind energy transfer, vertical exchange of dissolved and particulate water constituents, the interpretation of remotely sensed SST, and horizontal wind‐induced transport.
Diagnostic whole genome sequencing and split‐read mapping for nucleotide resolution breakpoint identification in CNTNAP2 deficiency syndrome
Authors: Watson Christopher M. , Crinnion Laura A. , Tzika Antigoni , Mills Alison , Coates Andrea , Pendlebury Maria , Hewitt Sarah , Harrison Sally M. , Daly Catherine , Roberts Paul , Carr Ian M. , Sheridan Eamonn G. , Bonthron David T. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTWhole genome sequencing (WGS) has the potential to report on all types of genetic abnormality, thus converging diagnostic testing on a single methodology. Although WGS at sufficient depth for robust detection of point mutations is still some way from being affordable for diagnostic purposes, low‐coverage WGS is already an excellent method for detecting copy number variants (“CNVseq”). We report on a family in which individuals presented with a presumed autosomal recessive syndrome of severe intellectual disability and epilepsy. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis had revealed a homozygous deletion apparently lying within intron 3 of CNTNAP2. Since this was too small for confirmation by FISH, CNVseq was used, refining the extent of this mutation to approximately 76.8 kb, encompassing CNTNAP2 exon 3 (an out‐of‐frame deletion). To characterize the precise breakpoints and provide a rapid molecular diagnostic test, we resequenced the CNVseq library at medium coverage and performed split read mapping. This yielded information for a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, used for cascade screening and/or prenatal diagnosis in this family. This example demonstrates a rapid, low‐cost approach to converting molecular cytogenetic findings into robust PCR‐based tests. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oil extraction from algae: A comparative approach
Authors: Valizadeh Derakhshan Mehrab , Nasernejad Bahram , Abbaspour‐Aghdam Farzin , Hamidi Mohammad 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this article, various methods including soxhlet, Bligh & Dyer (B&D), and ultrasonic‐assisted B&D were investigated for the extraction of lipid from algal species Chlorella vulgaris. Relative polarity/water content and impolar per polar ratios of solvents were considered to optimize the relative proportions of each triplicate agent by applying the response surface method (RSM). It was found that for soxhlet, hexane–methanol (54–46%, respectively) with total lipid extraction of 14.65% and chloroform–methanol (54–46%, respectively) with the extraction of 19.87% lipid were the best set of triplicate where further addition of acetone to the first group and ethanol to the second group did not contributed to further extraction. In B&D, however, chloroform–methanol–water (50%–35%–15%, respectively) reached the all‐time maximum of 24%. Osmotic shock as well as ultrasonication contributed to 3.52% of further extraction, which is considered to promote the total yield up to almost 15%. From the growth data and fatty acid analysis, the applied method was assessed to be appropriate for biodiesel production with regard to selectivity and extraction yield.
The cytotoxicity and cellular stress by temperature‐fabricated polyshaped gold nanoparticles using marine macroalgae, Padina gymnospora
Authors: Singh Manoj , Saurav Kumar , Majouga Alexander , Kumari Mamta , Kumar Manish , Manikandan S. , Kumaraguru A.K. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBioreduction of metal ions for the synthesis of stable nanoparticles (NPs) in physiological environment has been a great challenge in the field of nanotechnology and its application. In the present study, well‐defined biofunctionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were developed following a biomimetic approach for an enhanced anticancer activity. The fucoxanthins‐capped crystalline AuNPs showed a particle size of 14 nm. The temperature‐mediated biosynthesized NPs were characterized by UV–vis, dynamic light scattering, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity of the NPs was analyzed on liver (HepG2) and lung (A549) cancerous cells. The 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay infers that the biofunctionalized polyshaped AuNPs synthesized with an aqueous macroalgae extract showed a satisfactory anticancer effect on the cell lines, as evaluated by changes in cell morphology, cell viability, and metabolic activity. An altered cellular function and the morphology of cancer cell lines suggest a potential for in vivo application of AuNPs and the need to understand the interactions between nanomaterials, biomolecules, and cellular components. With continued improvements, these NPs may prove to be potential drug delivery vehicles for cancer therapy.
Insight into yeast: A study model of lipid metabolism and terpenoid biosynthesis
Authors: Hu Cheng , Lu Wenyu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWith the development of transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and mathematical modeling, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is recently considered as a model studying strain by biologists who try to reveal the mystery of microorganic metabolism or develop heterologous pharmaceutical and economic products. Among S. cerevisiae metabolic research, lipid metabolism always attracts great interest because of its dominant role in cell physiology. Related researchers have developed multiple functions from cell membrane component such as adjustment to changing environment and impact on protein folding. Nowadays, many common human diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, and atherosclerosis are related to lipid metabolism, which makes the study of lipids a desperate need. In addition to lipid metabolism, the study of the native mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway in S. cerevisiae has increased exponentially because of its huge potential to produce economically important products terpenoids. With the progress of technology in gene engineering and metabolic engineering, more and more biosynthetic pathways will be developed and put into industrial application.
Cancer incidence patterns among children and adolescents in Taiwan from 1995 to 2009: A population‐based study
Authors: Hung Giun‐Yi , Horng Jiun‐Lin , Lee Yu‐Sheng , Yen Hsiu‐Ju , Chen Chao‐Chun , Lee Chih‐Ying 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUNDCurrently, little information is available on childhood cancer incidence rates in Eastern Asia. The objective of this study was to report the first population‐based cancer surveillance of children and adolescents in Taiwan.METHODSData from the Taiwan Cancer Registry were examined for cancer frequencies and incidence rates among individuals ages birth to 19 years from 1995 to 2009. Types of cancers were grouped according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. Rates were compared by sex and age. For further comparisons with other countries, rates were age standardized to the 2000 world standard population in 5‐year age groups. Trends in incidence rates also were evaluated.RESULTSIn total, 12,315 individuals were diagnosed with childhood cancers, for an age‐standardized incidence rate (ASR) of 132.1 per million person‐years from 1995 to 2009. The male‐to‐female incidence rate ratio was 1.19. Overall, leukemias were the most common cancer (ASR, 39.1 per million person‐years), followed by central nervous system neoplasms (15.8 per million person‐years), and lymphomas (15.3 per million person‐years). During the 15‐year study period, the incidence rates increased by 1% annually. Compared with other countries, the rate of hepatic tumors was 2 times greater in Taiwan. The rate of germ cell neoplasms in Taiwan was similar to that in the United States and was 1.3 to 1.9 times greater compared with Canada, Brazil, Israel, and Japan.CONCLUSIONSBased on the current data, the observed increase in overall incidence rates was attributable only marginally to improvements in case ascertainment and diagnostic procedures. The high rates of malignant hepatic tumors and germ cell neoplasms in Taiwan suggest variations in the background risk factors. Cancer 2014;120:3545–3553. © 2014 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Coronary artery disease detected by coronary computed tomography angiography in adult survivors of childhood Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Mulrooney Daniel A. , Nunnery Sara E. , Armstrong Gregory T. , Ness Kirsten K. , Srivastava Deokumar , Donovan F. Daniel , Kurt Beth A. , Metzger Monika L. , Krasin Matthew J. , Joshi Vijaya , Durand Jean‐Bernard , Robison Leslie L. , Hudson Melissa M. , Flamm Scott D. 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUNDSurvivors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) have significant cardiovascular risk and require long‐term surveillance. The current study assessed the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in adult survivors of childhood HL.METHODSThirty‐one survivors of HL, 13 of whom (42%) were treated with radiotherapy (RT) only and 18 of whom (58%) were treated with multimodal therapy, underwent CCTA, echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), and treadmill stress testing. Obstructive CAD was defined as ≥50% occlusion of the left main or ≥70% occlusion of the left anterior descending, left circumflex, or right coronary arteries on CCTA. Echocardiograms with resting wall motion abnormalities or an ejection fraction <50%; ECGs with Q waves, ST abnormalities without Q waves, or T‐wave abnormalities without Q waves; and a J‐point depression of ≥1 mm with a horizontal or downsloping ST segment on stress testing were considered abnormal.RESULTSThe prevalence of disease in participants (median age, 40 years [range, 26 years‐55 years]; median time from cancer diagnosis, 24 years [range, 17 years‐39 years]) was 39%, with 39 plaques detected among 12 survivors. Three participants (10%) treated with RT only had 4 obstructive lesions; 9 patients (29%; 5 of whom were treated with RT only and 4 of whom were treated with multimodal therapy) had nonobstructive lesions. Approximately 15% of lesions involved the left main, 21% involved the proximal left anterior descending, 18% involved the proximal right coronary, and 13% involved the proximal left circumflex arteries. Of the 12 participants found to have CAD by CCTA, 7 had a positive ECG, 1 had a positive echocardiogram, and 1 had a positive stress test.CONCLUSIONSCCTA identified CAD in a substantial percentage of survivors of HL and may be an effective screening modality for this population. Cancer 2014;120:3536–3544. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Effects of flow alteration on Apple‐ring Acacia (Faidherbia albida) stands, Middle Zambezi floodplains, Zimbabwe
Authors: Gope Evelyn T. , Sass‐Klaassen Ute G. W. , Irvine Kenneth , Beevers Lindsay , Hes Edwin M. A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe impounding of the Zambezi River by Kariba dam has regulated the river discharge of the Middle Zambezi river. This has been implicated in the failure of regeneration of Faidherbia albida in the downstream flood plain. This study aimed (1) to assess the effect of the altered flow regime of the river on the establishment and growth of F. albida on the Middle Zambezi floodplain and islands and (2) to test the potential of dendrochronology in detecting the age and long‐term growth rates of F. albida in response to flow regime.Results indicated an uneven age distribution of F. albida stands on relatively ‘new islands’, dominated by young trees, while the floodplain and the ‘old island’ exhibited an even‐aged stand but with a lack of regeneration, and a dying‐off of older trees. The lack of F. albida establishment on the floodplain was linked to the decreased occurrence of flooding events, associated with a decrease in alluvial deposits, soil moisture and groundwater recharge. These effects may be enhanced by impact from browsers on regeneration of trees. Tree‐ring analyses revealed the presence of distinct annual growth rings in F. albida and the applicability of dendrochronology for estimating F. albida population dynamics. The trees on the ‘new islands’ are younger and grow faster than those on the floodplain. Lack of competition and possible favourable moisture conditions suggest beneficial conditions for establishment and growth of the trees on the islands. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcriptional regulation of fatty acid production in higher plants: Molecular bases and biotechnological outcomes
Authors: Marchive Chloé , Nikovics Krisztina , To Alexandra , Lepiniec Loïc , Baud Sébastien 
Published: July 2014

Acyl lipids are essential constituents found in every plant cell, where they fulfill diverse biological functions. Requirements for acyl chains depend on the cell type considered and vary greatly, implying a tight regulation of de novo fatty acid production in the plastids so that supply fits demand. Data generated by extensive transcriptome analyses carried out in various plant species and the characterization of the WRINKLED1 transcription factor in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have first established the importance of transcriptional regulation for modulating the rate of fatty acid production. The fatty acid biosynthetic pathway is indeed subjected to a system of global transcriptional control that coordinates the expression of most genes encoding enzymes of the pathway. Although much remains to be elucidated, the framework of the regulatory system controlling fatty acid biosynthesis in plants is coming into focus.Practical applications: Fatty acids constitute the most abundant form of reduced carbon chains available from nature and plant oils represent the main renewable resource of these fatty acids. Plant oils therefore represent a highly valuable agricultural commodity, the demand for which is increasing rapidly. They are primarily used for food and feed, but they are increasingly being utilized as renewable sources of industrial feedstock and fuel. Knowledge regarding the regulation of fatty production is extensively exploited in the frame of genetic engineering for oilseed crop improvement.Fatty acids constitute the most abundant form of reduced carbon chains available from nature and plant oils represent the main renewable resource of these fatty acids. Plant oils therefore represent a highly valuable agricultural commodity, the demand for which is increasing rapidly. They are primarily used for food and feed, but they are increasingly being utilized as renewable sources of industrial feedstock and fuel. Knowledge regarding the regulation of fatty production is extensively exploited in the frame of genetic engineering for oilseed crop improvement. Data generated by extensive transcriptome analyses carried out in various plant species and the characterization of the WRINKLED1 transcription factor in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have established the importance of transcriptional regulation for modulating the rate of fatty acid production. The fatty acid biosynthetic pathway is indeed subjected to a system of global transcriptional control that coordinates the expression of most genes encoding enzymes of the pathway. Recent advance suggest that WRINKLED1 activity may be modulated at the post‐translational level through homo‐dimerization, phosphorylation, and/or ubiquitination.
Magnetite NPs@C with Highly‐Efficient Peroxidase‐Like Catalytic Activity as an Improved Biosensing Strategy for Selective Glucose Detection
Authors: Arana Mercedes , Tettamanti Cecilia S. , Bercoff Paula G. , Rodríguez Marcela C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis work reports the novel application of carbon‐coated magnetite nanoparticles (mNPs@C) as catalytic nanomaterial included in a composite electrode material (mNPs@C/CPE) taking advantages of their intrinsic peroxidase‐like activity. The nanostructured electrochemical transducer reveals an enhancement of the charge transfer for redox processes involving hydrogen peroxide. Likewise, mNPs@C/CPE demonstrated to be highly selective even at elevated concentrations of ascorbic acid and uric acid, the usual interferents of blood glucose analysis. Upon these remarkable results, the composite matrix was further modified by the addition of glucose oxidase as biocatalyst, in order to obtain a biosensing strategy (GOx/mNPs@C/CPE) with enhanced properties for the electrochemical detection of glucose. GOx/mNPs@C/CPE exhibit a linear range up to 7.5×10−3 mol L−1 glucose, comprising the entirely physiological range and incipient pathological values. The average sensitivity obtained at −0.100 V was (1.62±0.05)×105 nA L mol−1 (R2=0.9992), the detection limit was 2.0×10−6 M while the quantification limit was 6.1×10−6 mol L−1. The nanostructured biosensor demonstrated to have an excellent performance for glucose detection in human blood serum even for pathological values.