bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous brightness enhancement and wavelength conversion to the eye‐safe region in a high‐power diamond Raman laser
Authors: McKay Aaron , Kitzler Ondrej , Mildren Richard P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBrightness enhancement in an external cavity diamond Raman laser designed for high power conversion of a neodymium (1064 nm) laser to the eye‐safe spectral region is reported. Using a multimode input beam pulsed at 36 kHz pulse repetition frequency, 16.2 W with 40% overall conversion efficiency was obtained at the second Stokes wavelength of 1485 nm. The output beam had a quality factor of which is a factor of 2.7 times lower than that of the input beam, resulting in a higher overall brightness. The output power, brightness, and brightness enhancement obtained represent significant advances in performance for Raman lasers as well as other competing kHz‐pulsed eye‐safe technologies.
Robust cardiac BOLD MRI using an fMRI‐like approach with repeated stress paradigms
Authors: Stalder Aurelien F. , Schmidt Michaela , Greiser Andreas , Speier Peter , Guehring Jens , Friedrich Matthias G. , Mueller Edgar 
Published: March 2014

PurposeUse repeated stress paradigms and an approach taken from neurological blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) to derive robust cardiac BOLD measurements.MethodsMultiple‐repetition, single‐shot, electrocardiograph‐triggered, T2‐prepared BOLD balanced steady‐state free precession was performed during repeated long breath‐holds in 13 volunteers. Nonrigid motion correction was applied to the continuously acquired data and it was analyzed with a general linear model (GLM) taking into account the effects of the breath‐hold duration, RR interval, motion, and baseline variations. Both voxel‐ and region of interest‐based analyses were performed.ResultsThe GLM model was able to isolate the component of the BOLD signal arising from the breath‐holds and separate it from the background effects due to the changing heart rate and motion. A significant (P < 0.05) BOLD signal increase was observed in the myocardium of healthy volunteers.ConclusionUsing a recent elastic motion correction algorithm and adapted acquisition techniques, it was possible to apply fMRI‐like strategies for cardiac BOLD MRI in volunteers and derive robust BOLD measurements. The observed slight but significant oxygenation increase in the myocardium of volunteers might be explained by the vasodilator effect of increased CO2 concentration under apnea. Detection of such small physiological changes in volunteers performing breath‐holds demonstrates that the method could have potential in identifying low oxygenation regions in the myocardium of patients during stress tests. Magn Reson Med 73:577–585, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hospital admissions/visits associated with drug–drug interactions: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Dechanont Supinya , Maphanta Sirada , Butthum Bodin , Kongkaew Chuenjid 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPurposeTo estimate prevalences of hospital admissions/visits associated with actual drug–drug interactions (DDIs) and examine the effect of study design (prospective vs. retrospective), population (all ages or adults), and method of detecting DDIs on reported prevalences.MethodsPubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Excerpta Medica Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature plus, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews up to October 2013 were searched for observational studies examining actual DDIs, in any language. The outcomes in this study were DDI prevalence rates in total populations, DDI prevalence rates in total adverse drug reaction patients, and frequency (%) of each pair of DDIs.ResultsThirteen studies met our inclusion criteria. The median DDI prevalence rate for hospital admissions was 1.1% (367 DDI cases/47 976 patients, interquartile range [IQR] 0.4–2.4%). The median DDI prevalence rate for hospital visits was 0.1% (20 DDI cases/23 607 patients, IQR 0.0–0.3%). In adverse drug reaction patients, the median DDI prevalence rate for hospital admissions (308 DDI cases/1683 patients) and hospital visits (8 DDI cases/90 patients) were 22.2% (IQR 16.6–36.0%) and 8.9%, respectively. Medical record, interview, drug interaction screening program, adverse reaction report, and electronic medical record were identified as methods used for detecting DDIs. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs were most commonly involved in hospital admission associated DDIs, whereas warfarin was frequently involved in DDIs detected at hospital visits as outpatients/emergencies.ConclusionsDrug–drug interactions are a significant cause of hospital admissions and hospital visits. Improved DDI information gathering could help to reduce such adverse effects from DDIs, especially for patients using non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and warfarin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respiratory severity score on day of life 30 is predictive of mortality and the length of mechanical ventilation in premature infants with protracted ventilation
Authors: Malkar Manish B. , Gardner William P. , Mandy George T. , Stenger Michael R. , Nelin Leif D. , Shepherd Edward G. , Welty Stephen E. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryObjectiveWe tested the hypothesis that Respiratory Severity Score (RSS) on day of life 30 is predictive of mortality and length of mechanical ventilation in premature infants on prolonged mechanical ventilation.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed using the Nationwide Children's Hospital medical record and Vermont‐Oxford Network databases. The primary outcome variable was survival to hospital discharge and the secondary outcome was length of mechanical ventilation after day of life 30.ResultsWe identified 199 neonates admitted to Nationwide Children's Hospital between 2004 and 2007 with birth weight less than 1,500 g that received prolonged mechanical ventilation in the first 30 days of their life. A total of 184 infants were included in the analysis, excluding 14 patients with congenital anomalies and one infant with incomplete data. RSS on day of life 30 was significantly greater in the group of infants that died compared to those that survived (P = 0.003, 95% CI = [0.08, 0.40]). Further analysis demonstrated that the maximum difference in mortality was obtained with a threshold RSS of 6. Of the 109 patients who had RSS less than 6 on day of life 30, mortality rate was 4.6% (5/109) while those greater than or equal to 6 had a mortality rate of 21.3% (16/75). Both Kaplan–Meier survival curves comparing mortality and length of mechanical ventilation in infants with RSS < 6 versus those with RSS ≥ 6 demonstrated strong associations between RSS on day of life 30 and survival (P = 0.002) and length of ventilation after day of life 30 (P < 0.001).ConclusionRSS ≥ 6 on day of life 30 is associated with higher mortality and longer period of mechanical ventilation in premature infants requiring mechanical ventilation through 30 days of life. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:363–369. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel technique of non‐invasive ventilation: Pharyngeal oxygen with nose‐closure and abdominal‐compression—Aid for pediatric flexible bronchoscopy
Authors: Soong Wen‐Jue , Jeng Mei‐Jy , Lee Yu‐Sheng , Tsao Pei‐Chen , Harloff Morgan , Matthew Soong Yen‐Hui 
Published: March 2014

SummaryObjectiveTo evaluate the safety, feasibility and efficacy of a novel non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) technique—pharyngeal oxygen with nose‐closure and abdominal‐compression (PhO2‐NC‐AC)—to aid pediatric flexible bronchoscopy (FB).DesignA prospective 1 year study of patients who received FB. A basic PhO2 flow (0.5–1.0 L/kg/min, maximal 5.0 L/min) was routinely applied. Active NIV was initiated when the heart rate dropped <80 beats/min or desaturation was <80% for >10 sec. It was performed as follows: NC 1 sec for inspiration then released, followed by AC 1 sec for active expiration at a rate of 20–30 cycles/min until vital signs returned to acceptable levels for >10 sec. When the patients were stable, supplementary NIV was optionally given. Cardiopulmonary parameters were collected and analyzed.Measurements and Main ResultsThree hundred thirty‐seven FBs, including 188 therapeutic, were conducted in 286 patients with a mean age of 18.3 months (±14.4, 10 min to 12 years) and a mean body weight of 13.5 kg (±6.7, 0.5–35 kg). Three hundred thirty‐three active NIVs were executed with a mean duration of 87.8 sec (±40.4, 28–190 sec). A significantly longer FB duration (33.2 ± 16.7 min vs. 7.2 ± 2.8 min, P < 0.001) and a higher application rate of active NIV (1.44/FB vs. 0.42/FB) were noted in the therapeutic compared to the diagnostic group. Vital signs and blood gases (35 cases) improved rapidly and returned to baseline within 3 min. All FBs were safely and successfully completed without significant complications.ConclusionsPhO2‐NC‐AC is a simple, safe and effective NIV technique for respiratory support and rescue during various pediatric FB procedures. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:568–575. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of growth temperature on nonpolar a‐plane InN grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Rajpalke Mohana K. , Roul Basanta , Bhat Thirumaleshwara N. , Kumar Mahesh , Sinha Neeraj , Jali V. M. , Krupanidhi S. B. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNonpolar a‐plane InN films were grown on r‐plane sapphire substrate by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy with GaN underlayer. Effect of growth temperature on structural, morphological, and optical properties has been studied. The growth of nonpolar a‐plane (1 1 ‐2 0) orientation was confirmed by high resolution X‐ray diffraction study. The film grown at 500 °C shows better crystallinity with the rocking curve FWHM 0.67° and 0.85° along [0 0 0 1] and [1 ‐1 0 0] directions, respectively. Scanning electron micrograph shows formation of Indium droplets at higher growth temperature. Room tem‐perature absorption spectra show growth temperature dependent band gap variation from 0.74–0.81 eV, consistent with the expected Burstein–Moss effect. The rectifying behaviour of the I–V curve indicates the existence of Schottky barrier at the InN and GaN interface. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN fabricated by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Wang Baozhu , Yu Pingping , Kucukgok Bahadir , Melton Andrew G. , Lu Na , Ferguson Ian T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this study, the optical, structural, electrical and thermoelectric properties of undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN samples are investigated. The room temperature PL near band emission peaks of undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN samples are 3.414 eV and 3.402 eV. The undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN samples’ PL spectra have different defect emission bands which are green band and red band with the maximum at 2.4 eV and 2.0 eV, respectively. At low temperature, the PL spectrum of undoped bulk GaN has well‐defined excitonic emission lines, A0X, D0X, FXA (n = 1, 2), while the PL spectrum of Si‐doped bulk GaN has just broad emission peaks at the similar energy level. The low temperature PL spectra of both undoped and Si‐doped samples clearly show the first, second and third longitudinal‐optical phonon (1 LO, 2 LO and 3 LO) replicas. There are no donor‐acceptor pairs and electron‐acceptors’ emission in the PL spectra of the samples. The temperature dependence PL spectra of undoped GaN samples shows that the intensity ratio of the FXA to D0X decreases with the increase of the temperature. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of D0X emission is about 4.7 meV. The carrier density of the undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN are 4.58 × 1015 and 2.41 × 1018 cm–‐3, and the mobility of the undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN are 1050 and 286 cm2V–1s–1. The FWHM of (0002) X‐ray diffraction rocking curve are 54 arcsec and 95 arcsec for the undoped and Si‐doped bulk GaN samples. The power factors of the undoped GaN sample and the Si‐doped GaN sample are 0.315 × 10–4W/mK2 and 0.35495 × 10–4 W/mK2, respectively. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Authenticated key exchange with synchronized state
Authors: Yang Zheng , Guo Fei 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTWe study the problem on how to either prevent identity impersonation (IDI) attacks or limit its consequences by on‐line detecting previously unidentified IDI attacks, where IDI attacks are normally caused by the leakage of identity related long‐term key. Such problem has, up until now, lacked a provably good solution. We deal with this problem through the scenario on authenticated key exchange with synchronized state (AKESS). This work provides a security model for AKESS, in which we particularly formalize the security of synchronized state based on indistinguishability. We propose a two party execution state synchronization framework for symmetric case, based on which we propose a generic compiler for AKESS protocols. Our goal is to transform any existing passively secure KE protocols to AKESS protocols using synchronized state, without any modification on those KE protocols. The new generic compiler is probably secure in the standard model under standard assumptions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast anomaly detection using Boxplot rule for multivariate data in cooperative wideband cognitive radio in the presence of jammer
Authors: Moumena Ahmed , Guessoum Abdelrezzak 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis work presents a new centralized cooperative compressive spectrum sensing scheme for wideband cognitive radios (CRs), which combines intelligent graphical Boxplot rule detector and compressive sampling technique. The received signal at each CR sensing receiver in the presence of jamming attack signal and adding white Gaussian noise is transformed into a digital signal using an analog‐to‐information converter via random‐demodulator. The proposed approach consists of the anomaly detection using Boxplot rule technique applied to the compressed measurements obtained from each CR user collected in matrix form called sampling matrix. Cooperation among CR users allows the CR users to detect anomalies or attacks in the presence of noise and jamming attack signal. Furthermore, as an important solution, cooperation makes it possible between all CRs to sample more compressively at every CR, that is, every CR user gives minimum number of samples denoted by Ns. Two hypotheses are proposed in this paper H0 and H1 to know if there is anomalies problem using one of the robust graphical techniques. The results show that the proposed technique performs well in addition to its low complexity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved and provable remote user authentication scheme based on elliptic curve cryptosystem with user anonymity
Authors: Xu Lili , Wu Fan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRecently, Li proposed an authenticated key exchange (AKE) scheme based on elliptic curve cryptosystem with smart cards in two versions. We point out that the two versions of Li's scheme are not secure and then we present an improved authentication scheme to overcome general disadvantages. Also, we deem that the notion of forward security is old for modern AKE schemes based on smart cards and enhance it as strong forward security. We prove that our scheme is secure with a formal security model containing the feature of strong forward security. Then, via the concrete security analysis and comparison, our scheme resists common attacks and has general security characters. Compared with other schemes, our scheme has low time, storage, and communication cost. It is suitable for communicating applications in network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UNICORN: a unified approach for localizing non‐deadlock concurrency bugs
Authors: Park Sangmin , Vuduc Richard , Harrold Mary Jean 
Published: March 2014

SummaryUNICORN is an automated dynamic pattern‐detection‐based technique that finds and ranks problematic memory access patterns for non‐deadlock concurrency bugs. It monitors pairs of memory accesses, combines the pairs into problematic patterns and ranks the patterns by their suspiciousness scores. It detects significant classes of bug types, including order violations and both single‐variable and multivariable atomicity violations, which have been shown to be the most important classes of non‐deadlock concurrency bugs. This paper describes the UNICORN approach, its implementations in Java and C++, and evaluates these implementations empirically. The evaluation shows that UNICORN can effectively compute and rank the patterns that represent concurrency bugs, and perform computation and ranking with reasonable efficiency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deferrable load scheduling under imperfect data communication channel
Authors: Dong Qiumin , Niyato Dusit , Wang Ping , Han Zhu 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn smart grid, the real‐time pricing is implemented to motivate power consumers to change their consumption profile dynamically. With the real‐time pricing, a deferrable load can be scheduled by its scheduler optimally so that the power consumption cost will be minimized. However, when the data communication in smart grid suffers from interference, congestion, malfunction in devices, or even cyber attack, it is possible that the power price information cannot be transmitted successfully to the scheduler. As a result, the scheduling performance will be negatively affected by the suboptimal decision‐making because of incomplete power price information. To overcome this problem, a partially observable Markov decision process based deferrable load scheduling algorithm is proposed. Besides, the implementation of a standby alternative channel with the purpose to improve the reliability of the data communication in smart grid is also discussed in this paper. The numerical results show that the proposed partially observable Markov decision process based algorithm and the implementation of standby channel can effectively improve the scheduling performance when the scheduler lacks actual price information. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four decades of multiyear targets in energy policy: aspirations or credible commitments?
Authors: Nemet Gregory F. , Braden Peter , Cubero Ed , Rimal Bickey 
Published: March 2014

A look at the past 40 years of U.S. energy policy provides ample evidence of volatility, including rapidly changing budgets, moving targets, and shifting incentives. Changing policy too often is a serious criticism because systemic inertia—for example, due to the long lifetimes of capital stock and to the atmospheric residence time of CO2—implies a need for persistence in order to achieve social goals. Further, a pattern of failing to meet objectives may reduce the credibility of future targets, and thus reduce the incentives for investment and behavioral change. But changing policy has benefits as well: it allows for adaptive management, experimentation, policy learning, and assimilation of new information. Assembling data on the effectiveness, duration, and ambition of 63 energy policy initiatives with targets ≥5 years, we find: targets were met 64–77% of the time; median duration to target was 12 years; and median rate of change was 2% per year. Significant predictors of success in meeting targets are enforcement, duration, and ambition. These determinants are robust across multiple specifications and definitions of ambition and success. We find a significant decline in ambition over time. Binding targets are much more likely to be met than nonbinding ones, but discretionary clauses completely offset the effect of enforceable penalties on the likelihood of target attainment. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:522–533. doi: 10.1002/wene.116This article is categorized under:

Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Energy Policy and Planning > Climate and Environment
Polymeric nanoparticles for molecular imaging
Authors: Srikar R. , Upendran Anandhi , Kannan Raghuraman 
Published: March 2014

Conventional imaging technologies (X‐ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and optical) depend on contrast agents to visualize a target site or organ of interest. The imaging agents currently used in clinics for diagnosis suffer from disadvantages including poor target specificity and in vivo instability. Consequently, delivery of low concentrations of contrast agents to region of interest affects image quality. Therefore, it is important to selectively deliver high payload of contrast agent to obtain clinically useful images. Nanoparticles offer multifunctional capabilities to transport high concentrations of imaging probes selectively to diseased site inside the body. Polymeric nanoparticles, incorporated with contrast agents, have shown significant benefits in molecular imaging applications. These materials possess the ability to encapsulate different contrast agents within a single matrix enabling multimodal imaging possibilities. The materials can be surface conjugated to target‐specific biomolecules for controlling the navigation under in vivo conditions. The versatility of this class of nanomaterials makes them an attractive platform for developing highly sensitive molecular imaging agents. The research community's progress in the area of synthesis of polymeric nanomaterials and their in vivo imaging applications has been noteworthy, but it is still in the pioneer stage of development. The challenges ahead should focus on the design and fabrication of these materials including burst release of contrasts agents, solubility, and stability issues of polymeric nanomaterials.This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Emergence of Financial Intermediaries in Electronic Markets: The Case of Online P2P Lending
Authors: Berger Sven C. , Gleisner Fabian 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe analyze the role of intermediaries in electronic markets using detailed data of more than 14,000 originated loans on an electronic P2P (peer-to-peer) lending platform. In such an electronic credit market, lenders bid to supply a private loan. Screening of potential borrowers and the monitoring of loan repayment can be delegated to designated group leaders. We find that these market participants act as financial intermediaries and significantly improve borrowers’ credit conditions by reducing information asymmetries, predominantly for borrowers with less attractive risk characteristics. Our findings may be surprising given the replacement of a bank by an electronic marketplace.