bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical activity of enzalutamide versus docetaxel in men with castration‐resistant prostate cancer progressing after abiraterone
Authors: Suzman Daniel L. , Luber Brandon , Schweizer Michael T. , Nadal Rosa , Antonarakis Emmanuel S. 
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUNDThe optimal sequencing of the multiple active agents now available for metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is unclear. Prior reports have suggested diminished responses to sequential lines of androgen receptor (AR)‐targeted therapies, but it is unknown whether subsequent taxane‐based chemotherapy may be more effective than sequential AR‐targeting treatment. We sought to evaluate the clinical activity of enzalutamide versus docetaxel in men with mCRPC who progressed on abiraterone.METHODSWe performed a single‐institution retrospective analysis of consecutive mCRPC patients who had progressed on abiraterone therapy and subsequently received either enzalutamide (n = 30) or docetaxel (n = 31). We evaluated clinical outcomes including prostate‐specific antigen decline of >30% (PSA30) or >50% (PSA50), PSA‐progression‐free survival (PSA‐PFS), and clinical/radiographic PFS. We performed multivariable modeling to control for baseline and on‐treatment differences between groups.RESULTSCompared to subjects who received enzalutamide post‐abiraterone, subjects who received docetaxel post‐abiraterone had more bone metastases, more visceral metastases, higher baseline PSA, and had more frequent PSA tests while on‐treatment. There were no significant differences in PSA30 (41% for enzalutamide vs. 53% for docetaxel) or PSA50 (34% vs. 40%) response rates between the two groups; there remained no difference after stratifying by presence/absence of prior response to abiraterone. Median PSA‐PFS was 4.1 versus 4.1 months for the enzalutamide and docetaxel cohorts, respectively (HR 1.35, 95% CI, 0.53–3.66, P = 0.502). Median PFS was 4.7 versus 4.4 months, respectively (HR 1.44, 95% CI, 0.77–2.71, P = 0.257). PSA‐PFS and PFS did not differ after stratifying by prior response to abiraterone. In multivariable analyses, there were no significant differences in PSA‐PFS or PFS between the two groups.CONCLUSIONSTreatment with either enzalutamide or docetaxel produced modest PSA responses and PFS intervals in this abiraterone‐pretreated mCRPC population. In this retrospective study with small sample size, no significant differences in outcomes were observed between groups. Therefore, either enzalutamide or docetaxel may be a reasonable option in men who have progressed on abiraterone. Prostate 74: 1278–1285, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of an Electrically Driven Molecular Motor
Authors: Murphy Colin J. , Sykes E. Charles H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractFor molecules to be used as components in molecular machinery, methods are required that couple individual molecules to external energy sources in order to selectively excite motion in a given direction. While significant progress has been made in the construction of synthetic molecular motors powered by light and by chemical reactions, there are few experimental examples of electrically driven molecular motors. To this end, we pioneered the use of a new, stable and tunable molecular rotor system based on surface‐bound thioethers to comprehensively study many aspects of molecular rotation. As biological molecular motors often operate at interfaces, our synthetic system is especially amenable to microscopic interrogation as compared to solution‐based systems. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory, we studied the rotation of surface‐bound thioethers, which can be induced either thermally or by electrons from the STM tip in a two‐terminal setup. Moreover, the temperature and electron flux can be adjusted to allow each rotational event to be monitored at the molecular scale in real time. This work culminated in the first experimental demonstration of a single‐molecule electric motor, where the electrically driven rotation of a butyl methyl sulfide molecule adsorbed on a copper surface could be directionally biased. The direction and rate of the rotation are related to the chirality of both the molecule and the STM tip (which serves as the electrode), illustrating the importance of the symmetry of the metal contacts in atomic‐scale electrical devices.
An experimental study of hydroxo complex formation in basic and near-neutral solutions of rare-earth elements and yttrium at 25 ºC
Authors: Stepanchikova S.A. , Biteikina R.P. , Shironosova G.P. , Kolonin G.R. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
We have studied the hydrolytic behavior of Y3+ and trivalent ions of rare earth elements in aqueous solutions at 25 ºC. The stepwise stability constants of hydroxide complexes were measured by spectrophotometry, using m-cresol purple and 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol as pH indicators at an ionic strength no more than 0.0005. The results showed that at pH ranging between 6.0 and 11.0 in freshly prepared solutions of REE trichlorides, lanthanides are presented as Ln3+, Ln(OH)2+, Ln(OH)2+, and Ln(OH)30. The plots of the formation constants of monohydroxo complexes of 4f n ions M3+ versus atomic number Z deviate from smooth ones and consist of four convex curves. This phenomenon is also observed in normalized spectra of REE concentrations in natural objects and is known as the tetrad effect. The obtained data give an insight into the relationship between REE complex formation and REE fractionation in geochemical processes and can be used for physicochemical modeling of geochemical systems.
The new Ordovician stage standard as applied to the stratigraphic units of the western Altai–Sayan Folded Area
Authors: Sennikov N.V. , Lykova E.V. , Obut O.T. , Tolmacheva T.Yu. , Izokh N.G. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Data are provided on the new Ordovician stage standard of the International Stratigraphic Chart: Tremadocian, Floian, Dapingian, Darriwilian, Sandbian, Katian, and Hirnantian. Graptolite and conodont zonal and infrazonal successions are used for a precise estimation of the chronostratigraphic position of the boundaries of the previous and newly proposed Ordovician regional stratigraphic units (horizons) in the western Altai–Sayan Folded Area. The chronostratigraphic position of the boundaries of most of the Ordovician formations showing a wide lateral distribution in southern Siberia has been described in detail in terms of the new stage standard of the General Stratigraphic Scale of Russia.
Oil potential of the Lower Mesozoic deposits of the Khapchagai megaswell of the Vilyui syneclise
Authors: Safronov A.F. , Sivtsev A.I. , Chernenko V.B. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Analysis of all available geological, geophysical, and field data on some gas condensate fields discovered within the Khapchagai megaswell (Vilyui syneclise of the Siberian Platform) as early as the 1960s shows the presence of oil rims in Lower Triassic (horizon T1-III in the Srednevilyuiskoe and Tolonskoe gas condensate fields and horizon T1-Kh in the Mastakhskoe gas condensate field) and Lower Jurassic (horizons J1-I and J1-II in the Mastakhskoe gas condensate field) deposits. The C3 oil reserves in these rims are estimated at several tens of millions of tons of oil. The results are indicative of the oil potential of the Lower Mesozoic deposits not only of the Vilyui syneclise but also of the Lena–Vilyui petroliferous province as a whole, which was always characterized as a gas-bearing province in summary reports.
Dielectric spectra of water–oil-saturated porous media for the kHz range and determination of volume fractions of system components
Authors: Eltsov T.I. , Dorovsky V.N. , Gapeev D.N. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The article presents a novel procedure of finding the water–oil ratio in a saturated porous medium by dielectric spectroscopy. Based on the study of experimental measurements of dielectric permittivity and the dielectric loss factor, it has been established that the dielectric spectrum in the kHz and MHz frequency range of the electromagnetic field in a porous medium saturated with fresh water is a characteristic symmetrical curve, whose symmetry may be distorted when oil is introduced into the system. The type of symmetry, degree of distortion, and corresponding physical mechanisms of polarization enable one to find the water–oil ratio without resorting to the mixture formulae traditionally used for finding the water–oil ratio in Maxwell–Wagner relaxation.
Geologic hazards associated with seismogenic faulting in southern Siberia and Mongolia: forms and location patterns
Authors: Lunina O.V. , Andreev A.V. , Gladkov A.A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The forms and location patterns of geologic hazards induced by earthquakes in southern Siberia, Mongolia, and northern Kazakhstan in
1950 through 2008 have been investigated statistically, using a database of coseismic effects created as a GIS MapInfo application, with a handy input box for large data arrays. The database includes 689 cases of macroseismic effects from MS= 4.1–8.1 events at 398 sites. Statistical analysis of the data has revealed regional relationships between the magnitude of an earthquake and the maximum distance of its environmental effects (soil liquefaction and subsidence, secondary surface rupturing, and slope instability) to the epicenter and to the causative fault. Thus estimated limit distances to the fault for the MS= 8.1 largest event are 40 km for soil subsidence (sinkholes), 80 km for surface rupture, 100 km for slope instability (landslides etc.), and 130 km for soil liquefaction. These distances are 3.5–5.6 times as short as those to the epicenter, which are 150, 450, 350, and 450 km, respectively. Analysis of geohazard locations relative to nearest faults in southern East Siberia shows the distances to be within 2 km for sinkholes (60% within 1.5 km), 4.5 km for landslides (90% within 1.5 km), 8 km for liquefaction (69% within 1 km), and 35.5 km for surface rupture (86% within 2 km). The frequency of hazardous effects decreases exponentially away from both seismogenic and nearest faults. Cases of soil liquefaction and subsidence are analyzed in more detail in relation to rupture patterns. Equations have been suggested to relate the maximum sizes of secondary structures (sinkholes, dikes, etc.) with the earthquake magnitude and shaking intensity at the site. As a result, a predictive model has been created for locations of geohazard associated with reactivation of seismogenic faults, assuming an arbitrary fault pattern. The obtained results make basis for modeling the distribution of geohazards for the purposes of prediction and estimation of earthquake parameters from secondary deformation.
International Negotiations in the Shadow of National Elections
Authors: Rickard Stephanie J. , Caraway Teri L. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study examines the role elections play in negotiations between states and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Although loans made by the IMF often require countries to introduce painful austerity measures that provoke a backlash from angry citizens, some governments are able to negotiate more favorable terms than others. Original data on the substantive content of IMF loans show that governments leverage imminent elections to obtain more lenient loan terms. Conditions that require labor market reforms in exchange for IMF financing are relatively less stringent in loans negotiated within six months before a pending democratic election, all else equal. The further away elections are from loan negotiations, the more stringent the labor conditions included in countries’ loan programs. Elections give governments leverage in their international negotiations and this leverage is effective even when states negotiate with unelected bureaucrats during times of economic crisis.
Vertical nystagmus during the seated–supine positional (straight head-hanging) test in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Authors: Yetiser S , Ince D 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjective:This study describes the clinical features of up-beating vertical nystagmus observed during the seated–supine positional (straight head-hanging) test in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.Methods:A total of 190 patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo symptoms who had presented between 2009 and 2012 were enrolled for this retrospective case series. Twelve patients with positional up-beating vertical nystagmus, as confirmed by video-nystagmography during the seated–supine positional test, were selected.Results:The incidence and duration of symptoms of multiple canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo were significantly lower compared with the other types of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (p = 0.029 and p = 0.048 respectively). Trauma was the leading aetiological factor in those patients (p = 0.012). The average number of therapeutic manoeuvres required for the relief of symptoms in patients with multiple canal involvement was significantly higher than in the other groups (p = 0.041).Conclusion:In patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, the presence of vertical up-beating nystagmus while lying down is a unique peripheral sign and could indicate multiple canal involvement. Therefore, the seated–supine positional test should always be included in the test battery.
Persistence and protection of the Vulnerable Bengal slow loris Nycticebus bengalensis in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India
Authors: Das Nabajit , Nekaris K.A.I. , Biswas J. , Das J. , Bhattacharjee P.C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Bengal slow loris Nycticebus bengalensis is the only strepsirrhine primate in north-east India. It is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The limited information on its status and ecology is the main hindrance to developing a conservation strategy for this species in India. Therefore during February 2009–May 2010 we surveyed the species in 16 protected areas in Assam and one protected area in Arunachal Pradesh. We used recce transects to estimate encounter rates for the species. A team of 3–4 conducted night-time surveys (18.00–03.00) on foot, covering 370 km over 99 full and 28 partial nights. We recorded lorises a total of 22 times in nine protected areas in Assam and three times in the protected area in Arunachal Pradesh. The mean distance of lorises from transects at the time of encounter was 15.04 m, at a mean height of 12.36 m above ground. The encounter rate was 0.06–0.2 lorises per km, which is relatively low compared to encounter rates for slow lorises elsewhere in their range but higher than recorded by other studies in north-east India. We found that despite hunting and habitat loss Bengal slow lorises still exist in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, albeit patchily within a forest block. The protected area network in these states is important for their conservation.
Mixed method approaches to evaluate conservation impact: evidence from decentralized forest management in Tanzania
Authors: LUND JENS FRIIS , BURGESS NEIL D. , CHAMSHAMA SHABANI A. O. , DONS KLAUS , ISANGO JACK A. , KAJEMBE GEORGE C. , MEILBY HENRIK , MOYO FRANCIS , NGAGA YONIKA M. , NGOWI STEPHEN E. , NJANA MARCO A. , MWAKALUKWA EZEKIEL E. , SKEIE KATHRINE , THEILADE IDA , TREUE THORSTEN 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYNearly 10% of the world's total forest area is formally owned by communities and indigenous groups, yet knowledge of the effects of decentralized forest management approaches on conservation (and livelihood) impacts remains elusive. In this paper, the conservation impact of decentralized forest management on two forests in Tanzania was evaluated using a mixed method approach. Current forest condition, forest increment and forest use patterns were assessed through forest inventories, and changes in forest disturbance levels before and after the implementation of decentralized forest management were assessed on the basis of analyses of Landsat images. This biophysical evidence was then linked to changes in actual management practices, assessed through records, interviews and participatory observations, to provide a measure of the conservation impact of the policy change. Both forests in the study were found to be in good condition, and extraction was lower than overall forest increment. Divergent changes in forest disturbance levels were in evidence following the implementation of decentralized forest management. The evidence from records, interviews and participatory observations indicated that decentralized management had led to increased control of forest use and the observed divergence in forest disturbance levels appeared to be linked to differences in the way that village-level forest managers prioritized conservation objectives and forest-based livelihood strategies. The study illustrates that a mixed methods approach comprises a valid and promising way to evaluate impacts of conservation policies, even in the absence of control sites. By carefully linking policy outcomes to policy outputs, such an approach not only identifies whether such policies work as intended, but also potential mechanisms.
The New Legal Scholarship: Problems and Prospects.
Authors: Hagan John 
Published: July 2014

Legal scholarship has changed dramatically in this century. Early in this century, legal scholarship found form and coherence in a method of study and teaching often referred to as the doctrinal approach. This approach placed its emphasis on the determination of rules, principles and procedures through the detailed analysis of cases — a method that goes back at least as far as Langdell's reforms at the Harvard Law School. There can be little debate as to the professional success of this approach to legal scholarship. It provided a method for teaching and for the writing of legal treatises and law review articles that endures to this day.Yet if there was a purity to this methodological emphasis on “law in the books,” there was also an incompleteness that led others to call for research on the “law in action.” Often known as the legal realist movement, and best documented in its emergence at the Yale Law School, this approach to legal scholarship called attention to gaps between doctrine and practice. It is interesting to note that both the traditional doctrinal approach and legal realism were eager to claim the mantle of science. In doing so, the doctrinal approach focused on recorded cases as its units for observation and analysis, while the realists moved beyond these official accounts to examine the way the law actually was applied and affected people's lives. The realist's point was that the law often only affected social life indirectly and that doctrine frequently affected society in uncertain and unanticipated ways.
Education as a Basic Human Right: A Response to Special Education and the Charter.
Authors: MacKay A. Wayne , Krinke Gordon 
Published: July 2014

“Special Education and theCharter: The Right to Equal Benefit of the Law” is an excellent article on the provincial statutory regimes and their relationship to s. 15 of theCharter. It surveys the legislatures' attempts at delivering education to students and highlights the shortcomings in these attempts, focussing on the inability or unwillingness of the legislatures to provide an appropriate education to mentally disabled individuals. The article then takes a prospective approach, illustrating how a generous interpretation of s. 15 of theChartermight be used to correct deficiencies in educational statutes. Both the survey of statute law and the commentary on its relationship to the equality provisions of theCharterprovide a valuable addition to scholarly writing on the provision of appropriate education to the mentally disabled.However, there is some danger in assuming that the right to education derives solely from statute. Statutes are creations of legislatures. If the right to education exists only in these statutes, education may be viewed not as the right of every child, but as a privilege bestowed by the legislature, to be determined by administrators, and to be overseen only as a last resort by the courts.
The Role of Law in Social Transformation: Is a Jurisprudence of Insurgency Possible?.
Authors: Brickey Stephen , Comack Elizabeth 
Published: July 2014

Contemporary Marxist theorizing on law has produced a number of different ways of conceptualizing the class character of law within a capitalist society. The main focus of these approaches has largely been on the role of law in maintaining and reproducing an unequal, exploitative system. As a consequence, the issue, even the possibility of using law as a mechanism for securing substantial social change has been downplayed and, in some cases, precluded.The purpose of this paper is to argue for a rethinking of law, especially in terms of its potential as an agent for social transformation. The discussion will be divided into two main sections. The first involves theoretical considerations. Problems encountered with existing approaches to law vis-à-vis their implications for change will be examined and the direction in which a theoretical reformulation might proceed will be outlined. The second involves practical considerations. Here the focus will be on the kinds of legal strategies and particular forms and conditions of law that could be extended or developed in order to move in the direction of a socialist society.
The Impact of the Change in Legal Metropolis on the Development of Lower Canada's Legal System: Judicial Chaos and Legislative Paralysis in the Civil Law, 1791–1838.
Authors: Kolish Evelyn 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper contends that the chaos and uncertainty characteristic of the administration of the civil law in Lower Canada resulted fundamentally from the impact of the change in legal metropolis on the process of transfer and adaptation of a European legal system to a colonial setting, in a context of ethnic or national struggle for hegemony. After a brief look at the situation existing under the Quebec Act and the explanations previously offered, the paper examines the functioning of the two major mechanisms of legal adaptation or reform--legislation and jurisprudence--in order to analyse their failure to reduce judicial chaos between 1791 and 1840. Ethnic conflict combined with the change of metropolis acted to prevent any modernization of the law not inspired by English legal principles and thus effectively eliminated the possibility of legislative reform of the laws. In this context, a predominantly British judiciary became the prime avenue for anglicizing Canadian law and thereby increasing rather than decreasing the existing uncertainty and confusion in the administration of the civil law.
Deux journées dans la vie du droit: Georges Gurvitch et Ian R. Macneil.
Authors: Belley Jean-Guy 
Published: July 2014

RésuméEntre 1930 et 1945, Georges Gurvitch a consacré plusieurs ouvrages à l'élaboration de sa “théorie du droit social.” Depuis 1968, Ian R. Macneil développe sa “théorie relationnelle du contrat.” Leur ambition commune était de dépasser la pensée juridique dominante en révélant comment et pourquoi elle ignore arbitrairement certains aspects fondamentaux de la réalité sociale du droit et du contrat. Malgré leurs mérites exceptionnels, ces deux théories n'ont à ce jour exerçé aucune influence significative dans la communauté des juristes. Cet échec repose sur deux raisons fondamentales. La premère tient au fait que Gurvitch et Macneil ont accordé une priorité inconditionnelle à l'objectif de la connaissance sur celui de l'action en cherchant à rendre compte systématiquement de la complexité de la réalité sociale du droit et du contrat. La théorie juridique dominante se soumet, au contraire, aux exigences de simplification logique du pragmatisme politique et professional. L'échec de Gurvitch et Macneil s'explique, d'autre part, par les idéaux de solidarité et d'autonomie qui inspirent leurs théories tandis que la plupart des juristes adhèrent encore à une conception autoritaire du droit et de la société.