bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternate Paths to Power? Women's Political Representation in Nicaragua
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Gurdián Ana Vijil 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPolitical alternate positions (otherwise known as substitutes) can have important effects on women's abilities to enter politics. Using the case of Nicaragua, this study assesses whether these alternate positions are being used to increase women's political representation or as a tool to undermine women's advancement into positions of power. By examining patterns of women's representation as candidates in the 1996, 2001, and 2006 elections for the National Assembly and as elected officeholders (as both alternates for those assembly members and titleholders), the article analyzes how various political parties are utilizing these alternate positions. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, this study finds no evidence that these alternate positions are used to undermine women's political progress.
Detection of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Carotid Endarterectomy with CT Perfusion
Authors: Schoknecht Karl , Gabi Szendro , Ifergane Gal , Friedman Alon , Shelef Ilan 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTWe present the case of a 60‐year‐old female patient, who developed symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and subsequently underwent carotid endarterectomy. Four days after an uneventful surgery the patient developed confusion, seizures, and was admitted to the ICU. CT perfusion revealed reduced ispilateral time‐to‐peak and mean‐transient‐time and increased cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow, confirming the diagnosis of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. We thus propose CT perfusion as a diagnostic means for cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome, a syndrome that remains underdiagnosed.
Effect of Salt Reduction on Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in Meat and Poultry Systems
Authors: Harper Nigel M. , Getty Kelly J.K. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract:  Reducing sodium in food could have an effect on food safety. The objective was to determine differences in growth of Listeria monocytogenes in meat and poultry systems with salt substitutes. For phase 1, fresh ground beef, pork, and turkey with NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, sea salt, or replacement salt added at 2.0% were inoculated with L. monocytogenes to determine growth/survival during 5 d at 4 °C to simulate a pre‐blend process. L. monocytogenes populations significantly decreased (0.41 log CFU/g) during the storage time in beef, but no differences (P > 0.05) were observed over time in pork or turkey. Salt type did not affect (P > 0.05) L. monocytogenes populations during pre‐blend storage. MgCl2 and NaCl allowed significant growth of aerobic populations during storage. For phase 2, emulsified beef and pork products were processed with 2% NaCl, KCl, sea salt, or a NaCl/KCl blend and post‐process surface‐inoculated with L. monocytogenes to determine growth/survival at 4 °C for 28 d. Pork products showed significantly greater L. monocytogenes population growth at all sampling times (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d) than beef products, but salt type had no effect on L. monocytogenes populations with sampling times pooled for data analysis. Although salt types had no impact on L. monocytogenes populations in preblend and emulsified meat products, pork and turkey preblends and emulsified pork had greater L. monocytogenes populations compared with beef products. These studies demonstrate that sodium may not affect the safety of preblends and emulsified meat and poultry products.Practical Application:  odium reduction in food is an important topic because of sodium's unfavorable health effects. This research shows that reducing sodium in pre‐blends and emulsified meat and poultry products would have no effect on Listeria monocytogenes populations, but replacement of NaCl with MgCl2 may affect growth of aerobic populations.
Natural selection. V. How to read the fundamental equations of evolutionary change in terms of information theory
Authors: Frank S. A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe equations of evolutionary change by natural selection are commonly expressed in statistical terms. Fisher's fundamental theorem emphasizes the variance in fitness. Quantitative genetics expresses selection with covariances and regressions. Population genetic equations depend on genetic variances. How can we read those statistical expressions with respect to the meaning of natural selection? One possibility is to relate the statistical expressions to the amount of information that populations accumulate by selection. However, the connection between selection and information theory has never been compelling. Here, I show the correct relations between statistical expressions for selection and information theory expressions for selection. Those relations link selection to the fundamental concepts of entropy and information in the theories of physics, statistics and communication. We can now read the equations of selection in terms of their natural meaning. Selection causes populations to accumulate information about the environment.
Nongenetic inheritance and the evolution of costly female preference
Authors: Bonduriansky R. , Day T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn species where males provide neither direct benefits nor paternal care, it is typically assumed that female preferences are maintained by indirect selection reflecting genetic benefits to offspring of preferred males. However, it remains unclear whether populations harbour sufficient genetic variation in fitness to support costly female preferences – a problem called the ‘lek paradox’. Here, we ask whether indirect selection on female preferences can be maintained by nongenetic inheritance. We construct a general model that can be used to represent either genetic or nongenetic inheritance, depending on the choice of parameter values. Interestingly, we find that costly preference is most likely to evolve and persist when fitness depends on an environmentally induced factor that can be transmitted over a single generation only, such as an environment‐dependent paternal effect. Costly preference can also be supported when fitness depends on a highly mutable factor that can persist over multiple generations, such as an epigenetic mark, but the necessary conditions are more restrictive. Our findings show that nongenetic inheritance provides a plausible hypothesis for the maintenance of costly female preferences in species where males provide no direct benefits to females. Nongenetic paternal inheritance of fitness can occur in species lacking conventional forms of paternal care. Indeed, transmission of paternal condition via sperm‐borne nongenetic factors may be more likely to evolve than conventional forms of paternal investment because sperm‐borne effects are protected from cuckoldry. Our results furnish a novel example of an interaction between genetic and nongenetic inheritance that can lead to otherwise unexpected evolutionary outcomes.
Genotype‐by‐environment interactions for cuticular hydrocarbon expression in Drosophila simulans
Authors: Ingleby F. C. , Hosken D. J. , Flowers K. , Hawkes M. F. , Lane S. M. , Rapkin J. , Dworkin I. , Hunt J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractGenotype‐by‐environment interactions (G × Es) describe genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity. Recent interest in the role of these interactions in sexual selection has identified G × Es across a diverse range of species and sexual traits. Additionally, theoretical work predicts that G × Es in sexual traits could help to maintain genetic variation, but could also disrupt the reliability of these traits as signals of mate quality. However, empirical tests of these theoretical predictions are scarce. We reared iso‐female lines of Drosophila simulans across two axes of environmental variation (diet and temperature) in a fully factorial design and tested for G × Es in the expression of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), a multivariate sexual trait in this species. We find sex‐specific environmental, genetic and G × E effects on CHC expression, with G × Es for diet in both male and female CHC profile and a G × E for temperature in females. We also find some evidence for ecological crossover in these G × Es, and by quantifying variance components, genetic correlations and heritabilities, we show the potential for these G × Es to help maintain genetic variation and cause sexual signal unreliability in D. simulans CHC profiles.
Trajectories of Reinforcement Sensitivity During Adolescence and Risk for Substance Use
Authors: Colder Craig R. , Hawk Larry W. , Lengua Liliana J. , Wiezcorek William , Eiden Rina Das , Read Jennifer P. 
Published: November 2012

Developmental neuroscience models suggest that changes in responsiveness to incentives contribute to increases in adolescent risk behavior, including substance use. Trajectories of sensitivity to reward (SR) and sensitivity to punishment (SP) were examined and tested as predictors of escalation of early substance use in a community sample of adolescents (N = 765, mean baseline age 11.8 years, 54% female). SR and SP were assessed using a laboratory task. Across three annual assessments, SR increased, and rapid escalation was associated with increases in substance use. SP declined and was unrelated to substance use. Findings support contemporary views of adolescent brain development and suggest that early adolescent substance use is motivated by approach responses to reward, rather than failure to avoid potential aversive consequences.
Sea level, topography and island diversity: phylogeography of the Puerto Rican Red‐eyed Coquí, Eleutherodactylus antillensis
Authors: Barker Brittany S. , Rodríguez‐Robles Javier A. , Aran Vani S. , Montoya Ashley , Waide Robert B. , Cook Joseph A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractQuaternary climatic oscillations caused changes in sea level that altered the size, number and degree of isolation of islands, particularly in land‐bridge archipelagoes. Elucidating the demographic effects of these oscillations increases our understanding of the role of climate change in shaping evolutionary processes in archipelagoes. The Puerto Rican Bank (PRB) (Puerto Rico and the Eastern Islands, which comprise Vieques, Culebra, the Virgin Islands and associated islets) in the eastern Caribbean Sea periodically coalesced during glaciations and fragmented during interglacial periods of the quaternary. To explore population‐level consequences of sea level changes, we studied the phylogeography of the frog Eleutherodactylus antillensis across the archipelago. We tested hypotheses encompassing vicariance and dispersal narratives by sequencing mtDNA (c. 552 bp) of 285 individuals from 58 localities, and four nuDNA introns (totalling c. 1633 bp) from 173 of these individuals. We found low support for a hypothesis of divergence of the Eastern Islands populations prior to the start of the penultimate interglacial c. 250 kya, and higher support for a hypothesis of colonization of the Eastern Islands from sources in eastern Puerto Rico during the penultimate and last glacial period, when a land bridge united the PRB. The Río Grande de Loíza Basin in eastern Puerto Rico delineates a phylogeographic break. Haplotypes shared between the PRB and St. Croix (an island c. 105 km south‐east of this archipelago) likely represent human‐mediated introductions. Our findings illustrate how varying degrees of connectivity and isolation influence the evolution of tropical island organisms.
A geographic mosaic of evolutionary lineages within the insular endemic newt Euproctus montanus
Authors: Bisconti Roberta , Canestrelli Daniele , Salvi Daniele , Nascetti Giuseppe 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIslands are hotspots of biodiversity, with a disproportionately high fraction of endemic lineages, often of ancient origin. Nevertheless, intra‐island phylogeographies are surprisingly scarce, leading to a scanty knowledge about the microevolutionary processes induced on island populations by Plio‐Pleistocene climatic oscillations, and the manner in which these processes contributed to shape their current genetic diversity. We investigated the phylogeography, historical demography and species distribution models of the Corsican endemic newt Euproctus montanus (north‐western Mediterranean). As for many island endemics, the continuous distribution of E. montanus throughout its range has hitherto been considered as evidence for a single large population, a belief that also guided the species' categorization for conservation purposes. Instead, we found a geographic mosaic of ancient evolutionary lineages, with five main clades of likely Pliocene origin (2.6–5.8 My), all but one restricted to northern Corsica. Moreover, the copresence between main lineages in the same population was limited to a single case. As also suggested by growing literature on intra‐island phylogeographic variation, it seems that the extensive use of simplifying assumption on the population structure and historical demography of island populations—both in theoretical and applicative studies—should be carefully reconsidered, a claim that is well exemplified by the case presented here.
Emerging role for RNA‐based regulation in plant immunity
Authors: Staiger Dorothee , Korneli Christin , Lummer Martina , Navarro Lionel 
Published: November 2012

SummaryInfection by phytopathogenic bacteria triggers massive changes in plant gene expression, which are thought to be mostly a result of transcriptional reprogramming. However, evidence is accumulating that plants additionally use post‐transcriptional regulation of immune‐responsive mRNAs as a strategic weapon to shape the defense‐related transcriptome. Cellular RNA‐binding proteins regulate RNA stability, splicing or mRNA export of immune‐response transcripts. In particular, mutants defective in alternative splicing of resistance genes exhibit compromised disease resistance. Furthermore, detection of bacterial pathogens induces the differential expression of small non‐coding RNAs including microRNAs that impact the host defense transcriptome. Phytopathogenic bacteria in turn have evolved effector proteins to inhibit biogenesis and/or activity of cellular microRNAs. Whereas RNA silencing has long been known as an antiviral defense response, recent findings also reveal a major role of this process in antibacterial defense. Here we review the function of RNA‐binding proteins and small RNA‐directed post‐transcriptional regulation in antibacterial defense. We mainly focus on studies that used the model system Arabidopsis thaliana and also discuss selected examples from other plants.

Contents

Summary

I.
Introduction

II.
RNA decay

III.
Pre‐mRNA splicing

IV.
The nuclear mRNA export machinery

V.
General RBPs

VI.
Gene silencing

VII.
Perspective

Acknowledgements

References
The exocyst complex contributes to PIN auxin efflux carrier recycling and polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis
Authors: Drdová Edita Janková , Synek Lukáš , Pečenková Tamara , Hála Michal , Kulich Ivan , Fowler John E. , Murphy Angus S. , Žárský Viktor 
Published: November 2012

SummaryIn land plants polar auxin transport is one of the substantial processes guiding whole plant polarity and morphogenesis. Directional auxin fluxes are mediated by PIN auxin efflux carriers, polarly localized at the plasma membrane. The polarization of exocytosis in yeast and animals is assisted by the exocyst: an octameric vesicle‐tethering complex and an effector of Rab and Rho GTPases. Here we show that rootward polar auxin transport is compromised in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana loss‐of‐function mutants in the EXO70A1 exocyst subunit. The recycling of PIN1 and PIN2 proteins from brefeldin–A compartments is delayed after the brefeldin‐A washout in exo70A1 and sec8 exocyst mutants. Relocalization of PIN1 and PIN2 proteins after prolonged brefeldin‐A treatment is largely impaired in these mutants. At the same time, however, plasma membrane localization of GFP:EXO70A1, and the other exocyst subunits studied (GFP:SEC8 and YFP:SEC10), is resistant to brefeldin‐A treatment. In root cells of the exo70A1 mutant, a portion of PIN2 is internalized and retained in specific, abnormally enlarged, endomembrane compartments that are distinct from VHA‐a1‐labelled early endosomes or the trans‐Golgi network, but are RAB‐A5d positive. We conclude that the exocyst is involved in PIN1 and PIN2 recycling, and thus in polar auxin transport regulation.
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Duck Enteritis Virus Strains
Authors: Wu Ying , Cheng Anchun , Wang Mingshu , Zhu Dekang , Jia Renyong , Chen Shun , Zhou Yi , Chen Xiaoyue 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
The icosahedral virion of duck enteritis virus (DEV) is roughly spherical and approximately 150 nm in diameter. Here, we describe the genomic features of DEV CHv together with a draft genome sequence and its annotation, highlighting the homogeneity and heterogeneity of this genome in comparison with its reference genomes.
Complete Genome Sequence of Cronobacter sakazakii Bacteriophage vB_CsaM_GAP161
Authors: Abbasifar Reza , Kropinski Andrew M. , Sabour Parviz M. , Ackermann Hans-Wolfgang , Lingohr Erika J. , Griffiths Mansel W. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

Cronobacter sakazakii
is an opportunistic pathogen that causes infant meningitis and is often associated with milk-based infant formula. We have fully sequenced the genome of a newly isolated lytic
C. sakazakii
myovirus, vB_CsaM_GAP161, briefly named GAP161. It consists of 178,193 bp and has a G+C content of 44.5%. A total of 277 genes, including 275 open reading frames and two tRNA-encoding genes, were identified. This phage is closely related to coliphages RB16 and RB43 and
Klebsiella pneumoniae
phage KP15.
Complete Genome Sequence of Newcastle Disease Virus Mesogenic Vaccine Strain R2B from India
Authors: Chellappa Madhan Mohan , Dey Sohini , Gaikwad Satish , Kataria J. M. , Vakharia V. N. 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
Mesogenic vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are widely used in many countries of Asia and Africa to control the Newcastle disease of poultry. In India, the mesogenic strain R2B was introduced in 1945; it protects adult chickens that have been preimmunized with a lentogenic vaccine virus and provides long-lasting immunity. In this article, we report the complete genome sequence of the hitherto unsequenced Indian vaccine virus strain R2B. The viral genome is 15,186 nucleotides in length and contains the polybasic amino acid motif in the fusion protein cleavage site, indicating that this vaccine strain has evolved from a virulent virus. Phylogenetic analysis of this mesogenic vaccine virus classified it with the viruses belonging to genotype III of the class cluster II of NDV.
Genetic Characterization of a Novel Recombinant H5N2 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Chickens in Tibet
Authors: Zhao Suhong , Suo Langsizhu , Jin Meilin 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
In this report, a novel H5N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) was isolated from chickens in Tibet in 2010, western China. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that it was a natural reassortant between H9N2 and H5N1 subtypes. It is of note that this virus has an HP genotype with HA, PB2, M, and NS genes homologous to those of A/peregrine falcon/Hong Kong/2142/2008(H5N1)-like HPAIV isolated from dead wild birds. Publishing this genome information will contribute to the investigation of avian influenza epidemiology and to further research of AIV's biological properties.
Complete Genome Sequence of Equine Herpesvirus Type 9
Authors: Fukushi Hideto , Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Yamada Souichi 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

Equine herpesvirus type 9 (EHV-9), which we isolated from a case of epizootic encephalitis in a herd of Thomson's gazelles (
Gazella thomsoni
) in 1993, has been known to cause fatal encephalitis in Thomson's gazelle, giraffe, and polar bear in natural infections. Our previous report indicated that EHV-9 was similar to the equine pathogen equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), which mainly causes abortion, respiratory infection, and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy. We determined the genome sequence of EHV-9. The genome has a length of 148,371 bp and all 80 of the open reading frames (ORFs) found in the genome of EHV-1. The nucleotide sequences of the ORFs in EHV-9 were 86 to 95% identical to those in EHV-1. The whole genome sequence should help to reveal the neuropathogenicity of EHV-9.
Complete Genomes of Three Human Bocavirus Strains from Children with Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Jiangsu, China
Authors: Wang Xiaochun , Zhang Xiaodan , Tian Hua , Ling Feng , Yu Min , Sun Guangming , Yang Shixing , Shen Quan , Wang Yan , Shao Shihe , Zhang Wen 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly discovered parvovirus associated with acute respiratory tract illness (ARTI) and gastrointestinal illness. No previous reports indicated the presence of HBoV infection in Jiangsu Province, China. Here we report three complete genomic sequences of HBoV strains from children with gastroenteritis and respiratory tract illnesses in Jiangsu, China. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the three HBoV strains in the present study belong to the HBoV1 lineage, where jz-42 clustered separately, forming a single branch, while zj-68 and zj-92 existed in two separate branches, clustering with several other Chinese HBoV1 strains.
Complete Genome Sequence Analysis of a Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from a Wild Egret
Authors: Xie Zhixun , Xie Liji , Chen Anli , Liu Jiabo , Pang Yaoshan , Deng Xianwen , Xie Zhiqin , Fan Qing 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT

We report here the complete genomic sequence of a novel Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain, egret/China/Guangxi/2011, isolated from an egret in Guangxi Province, southern China. A phylogenetic analysis based on a fusion gene comparison with different NDV strains revealed that egret/China/Guangxi/2011 was phylogenetically close to genotype VIIa NDV, and the deduced amino acid sequence was
112
R-R-R-K-R-F
117
at the fusion protein cleavage site. The whole nucleotide sequence had the highest homology (93.3%) with the sequence of strain chicken/Sukorejo/019/10 (GenBank accession number
HQ697255
). This study will help us to understand the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of Newcastle disease virus in a migratory egret.
A non-perturbative contribution to jet quenching
Authors: Laine M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIt has been argued by Caron-Huot that infrared contributions to the jet quenching parameter in hot QCD, denoted by $\hat{q}$, can be extracted from an analysis of a certain static-potential related observable within the dimensionally reduced effective field theory. Following this philosophy, the order of magnitude of a non-perturbative contribution to $\hat{q}$ from the colour-magnetic scale, g2T/π, is estimated. The result is small; it is probably below the parametrically perturbative but in practice slowly convergent contributions from the colour-electric scale, whose all-orders resummation therefore remains an important challenge.