Abstract 5199: A second round for concomitant resistance in human cancer: A restraint upon metastasis
Authors: Gueron Geraldine , Anselmino Nicolás , Manchuca Damian , Ortiz Emiliano G. , Carabelos Maria Noelia , Schuster Federico , Chiarella Paula , Paez Alejandra , Jaworski Felipe M. , Cotignola Javier , Meiss Roberto , Ruggiero Raul , Vazquez Elba S. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Concomitant tumor resistance (CR) is the phenomenon according to which a tumor-bearing host inhibits the growth of secondary tumor implants. Ehrlich first described it in 1906, but this phenomenon remained forgotten for about 60 years. After its renascence, some groups have demonstrated that both immunogenic and non-immunogenic tumors can induce CR in different animal models. Metastases could be considered as secondary tumor implants developed spontaneously during the primary tumor growth, thus CR could be relevant for cancer progression. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the removal of human and murine tumors might be followed by an abrupt increase in metastatic growth, hence the primary tumor could exert a controlling action on its metastases. In previous papers we demonstrated that, in mice, two temporally separate peaks of CR can be detected during murine T-lymphoma (LB) primary tumor growth. The second peak of CR is mediated by most large-sized immunogenic and non-immunogenic tumors and is associated with the anti-tumor and anti-metastatic serum factor meta-tyrosine (m-tyr), an isomer of tyrosine not present in normal proteins. Based on this background, in this work we assessed whether CR was also occurring in human tumor experimental models.
Athymic nude mice were inoculated s.c. in the right flank, with the human prostate cancer cell line PC3 (1 × 106, primary implant). After 14 days the animals received a second inoculation of PC3 cells in the left flank (1 × 106, secondary implant). The control group only received the secondary implant. The growth of the secondary implant was significantly reduced (92%; P&lt;0.05) at 27 days, in animals carrying the primary implant. Moreover, m-tyr was detected in the serum of mice bearing the RC phenomenon. The tumor growth inhibition was recapitulated in animals inoculated with the primary tumors and injected with m-tyr. Strikingly the RC phenomenon was reversed when secondary implants were injected with phenylalanine, a protective amino acid highly present in primary tumors. In vitro results also showed that exposure of PC3 cells to m-tyr inhibited cell growth and a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, which was concomitant with alterations in the mRNA expression levels of survivin (apoptosis inhibitor), Ki67 (proliferation marker), Hes1 (transcription factor involved in Notch pathway) and STAT3 (prostate cancer survival factor) (P&lt;0.01). We have further validated the RC phenomenon in two other human cancer models: anaplastic carcinoma of the lung (CALU-6), and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (KB), exhibiting also high levels of m-tyr in serum from nu/nu mice bearing CALU-6 or KB tumors. Altogether, we showcase for the first time that CR is triggered in human solid tumors, that this phenomenon is mediated by m-tyr and provide the molecular mechanisms that drive this process. These results offer an alternative therapeutic avenue in the management of metastatic cancers.
Citation Format: Geraldine Gueron, Nicolás Anselmino, Damian Manchuca, Emiliano G. Ortiz, Maria Noelia Carabelos, Federico Schuster, Paula Chiarella, Alejandra Paez, Felipe M. Jaworski, Javier Cotignola, Roberto Meiss, Raul Ruggiero, Elba S. Vazquez. A second round for concomitant resistance in human cancer: A restraint upon metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5199. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5199