bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging of Conductivity Changes of Excitable Tissues Based on Focused Passive Microwave
Authors: Karanasiou Irene 
Published: August 2015

Aims:Modeling of ionic distribution fluctuations of excitable tissues based on data elicited using focused microwave radiometry.Methodology:Focused Microwave Radiometry implemented to carry out measurements of in depth body temperature distributions, may provide the capability of sensing local electrical conductivity fluctuations during the cycle of actions potentials in the case of brain excitable cell clusters. An analog beamformer consisting of a conductive inner-surface ellipsoidal cavity is used to focus the chaotic-black body radiation emerging from human tissues by providing convergence of the electromagnetic energy from one focus area where the phantom or subject is placed, to the other where the antennas of sensitive radiometric receivers are positioned. During the past 10 years numerous phantom, animal and human volunteer experiments have been performed with the focused radiometry imaging system. The results show that the detected changes of the output radiometric voltage are attributed to temperature and/or conductivity changes that occur locally concentrated at the areas of interest under measurement. Theoretical and experimental studies are continuously carried out at various frequency bands in conjunction with the use of matching materials placed around the human head or phantom to improve focusing and detection depth. It seems that the manipulation of the focusing area in the tissue in terms of detection depth and spatial resolution is feasible depending on the suitable combination of operation frequencies and matching material. In this paper, theoretical analysis of ion charge diffusion during the cycle of action potentials, propagating along the axons in case of measurements of specific cortical regions is presented. The ion charge diffusion modeling is based on electromagnetic diffusion analogies in the effort to explain the observed experimental results obtained under various psychophysiological conditions in the case of human volunteer measurements.Results:By implementing an analysis based on the continuity equations of ionic charges it is concluded that the microwave radiometry output voltage is not affected by the temporal and spatial average fluctuations of Na+, K+, and Cl-ions of neural cell axons.Conclusion:The analysis of conductivity fluctuations in the central neural system in conjunction with the electromagnetic analysis of the system, leads to the interpretation of the previously acquired experimental data. The application of this technique with other brain functional mapping methods, may provide complementary knowledge to the understanding of the functional organization of psychophysiological processes.
Accelerometer-based Physical Activity Monitoring in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: Objective and Ambulatory Assessment of Actual Physical Activity During Daily Life Circumstances
Authors: Verlaan L , Bolink S.A.A.N , Van Laarhoven S.N , Lipperts M , Heyligers I.C , Grimm B , Senden R 
Published: August 2015

Background:It is important to assess physical activity objectively during daily life circumstances, to understand the association between physical activity and diseases and to determine the effectiveness of interventions. Accelerometer-based physical activity monitoring seems a promising method and could potentially capture all four FITT (i.e. Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) components of physical activity considered by the World Health Organization (WHO).Aim:To assess the four FITT components of physical activity with an accelerometer during daily life circumstances and compare with self-reported levels of physical activity in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and a healthy control group.Methods:Patients (n=30) with end-stage knee OA and age-matched healthy subjects (n=30) were measured. An ambulant tri-axial accelerometer was placed onto the lateral side of the upper leg. Physical activity was measured during four consecutive days. Using algorithm-based peak detection methods in Matlab, parameters covering the four FITT components were assessed. Self-reported physical activity was assessed using the Short questionnaire to assess health enhancing physical activity (SQUASH).Results:Knee OA patients demonstrated fewer walking bouts (154 ±79 versus 215 ±65 resp.; p=0.002), step counts (4402 ±2960 steps/day versus 6943 ±2581 steps/day; p=0.001) and sit-to-stand (STS) transfers (37 ±14 versus 44 ±12; p=0.031) compared to controls. Knee OA patients demonstrated more time sitting (65 ±15% versus 57 ±10% resp.; p=0.029), less time walking (8 ±4% versus 11 ±4% resp.; p=0.014) and lower walking cadence (87 ±11steps/min versus 99 ± 8steps/min resp.; p<0.001). Accelerometer-based parameters of physical activity were moderately-strong (Pearsons’s r= 0.28-0.49) correlated to self-reported SQUASH scores.Conclusion:A single ambulant accelerometer-based physical activity monitor feasibly captures the four FITT components of physical activity and provides more insight into the actual physical activity behavior and limitations of knee OA patients in their daily life.
A randomized controlled trial evaluating antioxidant–essential oil gel as a treatment for gingivitis in orthodontic patients
Authors: Martin Benjamin J. , Campbell Phillip M. , Rees Terry D. , Buschang Peter H. 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the treatment effect of an antioxidant–essential oil gel on orthodontic patients with generalized gingivitis. The gel contains the essential oils menthol and thymol and the antioxidants ferulic acid and phloretin.Materials and Methods: Thirty patients from the university’s orthodontic clinic were screened for gingivitis and randomly allocated into treatment and placebo-control groups. Each patient was evaluated at three orthodontic treatment visits (T1, T2, and T3). A periodontal examination, including probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) was performed at each visit. Between T1 and T2, patients were instructed to apply a topical gel (active or placebo) to their gingiva twice daily after brushing. From T2 to T3, patients were instructed to discontinue use of the gel.Results: The treatment group showed statistically significant (P &lt; .05) reductions of BOP (−13.6 percentage points) and GI (−0.14) between T1 and T2, and significant increases in BOP (13.3 percentage points) and GI (0.14) between T2 and T3. Except for an increase in the GI between T2 and T3, the control group showed no significant changes in BOP or GI over time. The only other significant changes that occurred pertained to the treatment group, which showed significant increases in PD (0.08 mm) and PI (0.18) between T2 and T3.Conclusion: Application of a topical antioxidant-essential oil gel is an effective means of reducing inflammation in orthodontic patients with gingivitis.
Spinal Anaesthesia Failure among Women Undergoing Caesarean Section in Kirtipur Hospital
Authors: Rajbhandari PK , Pradhan P , Dangal G 
Published: August 2015

Aims: This study was done to find out the spinal anaesthesia failure rate necessitating the conversion to general anaesthesia and use of intraoperative supplemental analgesia. Methods: This was a retrospective study undertaken in Kirtipur hospital in 660 patients. Spinal anaesthesia (0.5% heavy bupivacaine 2.2 ml) was given to women who had undergone elective or emergency caesarean section from January 2009 to December 2013. Results: In this study spinal anaesthesia failure rate was 1.66% (n=11/660). Among them complete failed spinal anaesthesia rate was 0.75% (n=5/660) requiring conversion to general anaesthesia. Intraoperative supplemental analgesic and sedation like pethidine, ketamine or midazolam was required in 0.90% (n=6/660). Conclusions: The failure rate of spinal anaesthesia given for caesarean section was low (1.66%) and it was within the acceptable range.
Relationship between Amniotic Fluid Index and Perinatal Outcome
Authors: Pradhan S , Adhikary A , Pradhan P , Pradhan S 
Published: August 2015

Aims: This study was done to evaluate the predictive value of low amniotic fluid index (AFI) of < 5 cm for adverse perinatal outcome in term of caesarean section for fetal distress, birth weight, meconium stained liquor and APGAR scores. Methods: This was a prospective study of 200 antenatal women booked at Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital during the year 2013-2014 with gestational age between 34 and 41 weeks. Patients history and clinical examination were recorded and AFI was measured and the perinatal outcome was compared between two groups i.e AFI <5 cm and >5 cm. Results: The caesarean section (C/S) rate for fetal distress and low birth weight babies (<2.5 kg) was higher in patients with low AFI (p=0.048, 0.001 respectively). There was no significant difference in meconium staining, APGAR score at 5 minutes between the two groups (p=0.881, 0.884 respectively). Conclusions: Caesarean section for fetal distress and low birth weight babies was significantly associated with low amniotic fluid index. There was no significant difference in meconium staining liquor, APGAR score at 5 minutes between the two groups.
Effectiveness of Intrathecal Morphine for Analgesia following Elective Caesarean Section
Authors: Koju RB , Gurung BS , Dongol Y 
Published: August 2015

Aims: This study evaluates the effectiveness of usage of 0.2 mg intrathecal morphine as post-operative analgesia and its effect on activity of mother after elective cesarean section. Methods: This hospital based prospective, randomized, double-blinded and placebo controlled study was carried out at Nagarik Community Teaching Hospital, Bhaktapur between 2012 January to 2014 November after the approval was taken from the hospital authority and the written informed consent from the participating patients. Fifty women of ASA I or II physical status undergoing cesarean section under sub-arachnoid block was randomized into two groups – P group (placebo group, n = 25) and M group (Treatment group, n = 25). P Group received hyperbaric bupivacaine 2.3ml, 0.5% bupivacaine (11.5 mg) and M Group received morphine 0.2 ml (0.2 mg) plus bupivacaine 2.3ml, 0.5% (11.5 mg) intrathecally. All subjects received 8 mg ondansetron intravenously 30 minutes before surgery to prevent possible drug-induced pruritus and post-operative nausea and vomiting. 1000 mg rectal acetaminophen suppository was given at the end of the surgery. Pain, nausea and pruritus during the first 24 hours using visual analog scale were recorded by a trained nurse or attending doctor who was not involved in the study. Results: Duration of complete analgesia and the time to request for additional analgesics was longer in M Group than in P Group. Similarly, the active movement is earlier in M Group than in P Group. There were no significant differences in adverse effects between the groups. Conclusions: Addition of morphine 0.2 mg to heavy bupivacaine intrathecally reduced post-operative pain and analgesic requirements without any significant difference in adverse effects.
Obstetric Outcome in Teenage Pregnancy in a Free Antenatal Care Setting in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Akadiri O , Bakare B , Ajenifuja KO 
Published: August 2015

Aims: The study was done to compare the obstetric outcome in teenage pregnancies with that of non-teenage pregnancies in a setting where antenatal care and delivery is free. Methods: A retrospective case control study was conducted at the state specialist hospital Ondo southwest Nigeria between January 1st 2011 to December 31st 2011. The data regarding outcome of all teenagers (13-19) delivering in the hospital was compared with that of selected non-teenagers (20 -35 years) taken as control. Chi-square and student t- test was used with 0.05 as level of significance. Results: There were a total of 3054 deliveries during the study period. Incidence of teenage pregnancy was 4.0% (n=122) with a mean age of 18years. Teenagers were more likely to have anaemia and malaria in pregnancy but less likely to have antepartum haemorrhage and preeclampsia. Teenagers are more likely to have spontaneous vagina delivery compared to non-teenagers. The perinatal outcome did not differ significantly. Conclusions: The majority of the teenagers were nulliparous and most delivered spontaneously by the vaginal route. They are more likely to have instrumental delivery and less likely to have preeclampsia compared to older patients though this was not statistically significant.
Book Reviews
Authors: Greenwood Davydd J. , Tuchman Gaye , Ganterer Julia 
Published: August 2015

Michael Billig (2013) Learn to Write Badly: How to Succeed in the Social SciencesReview by Davydd J. GreenwoodElizabeth A. Armstrong and Laura T. Hamilton (2013) Paying for the Party: How College Maintains InequalityReview by Gaye TuchmanChristy Johansson and Peter Felten (2014) Transforming Students: Fulfilling the Promise of Higher Education Review by Julia Ganterer
Downscaled precipitation applied in modelling of mass balance and the evolution of southeast Vatnajökull, Iceland
Authors: Hannesdóttir Hrafnhildur , Ađalgeirsdóttir Guðfinna , Jóhannesson Tómas , Guđmundsson Sverrir , Crochet Philippe , Ágústsson Hálfdán , Pálsson Finnur , Magnússon Eyjólfur , Sigurđsson Sven Þ. , Björnsson Helgi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSimulations of the post-Little Ice Age evolution of three outlet glaciers of southeast Vatnajökull, Iceland – Skálafellsjökull, Heinabergsjökull and Fláajökull – are presented. A coupled shallow-ice-approximation ice-flow and degree-day mass-balance model is applied that is calibrated with a 14 year record of in situ mass-balance measurements. The measured mass balance cannot be realistically represented by constant horizontal and vertical precipitation gradients. High-resolution (1 km) precipitation fields, derived from downscaled orographic atmospheric circulation models of precipitation, are required to capture the spatial variation of the winter mass balance. The observed ice volume around 1890 (15–30% larger than in 2000) can be simulated with 1°C lower temperatures and a 20% reduction in the annual precipitation, relative to the reference climate period, 1980–2000. The sensitivity of each glacier’s annual balance to a change in temperature is −1.51 to −0.97 m w.e. a−1°C−1and +0.16 to +0.65 m w.e. a−1for a 10% increase in precipitation. A steady-state experiment applying a step increase in temperature of 2°C (3°C), and precipitation increase of 10%, results in a >50% (80–90%) decrease in ice volume.
Deep Floating Platform with Storage Facilities
Authors: Advocaat Jan-Diederik , Munkeby Jan M. , Jørgensen Jill , Rioda Marco , Østlund Hilde Benedikte 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper is based on a study for a Barents Sea development with the objective to develop an Arctic deep water platform with the possibility to integrate oil storage that demonstrates the overall functionality of such a concept with regard to HSE, constructability, operability, maintainability and offloading capability. The design proposed is a CONDEEP™ Deep Floater platform consisting of a number of cylindrical concrete cells in clusters.
On Full-Scale Ship Performance Measurements
Authors: Wilkman Göran , Leiviskä Topi , Heinonen Teemu , Niini Mikko 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The development of icebreaking ships started systematically in late 1960ies. That time also it came quite common to also perform model tests in ice. Model tests are used to make comparisons with alternative designs. Full-scale tests are used for two main purposes; to verify the performance of a vessel built and to create correlation data base to be able better scale up model test results. One of the key issues is the guaranteed performance of a vessel which means that in the shipbuilding contract there is the clause containing for instance the icebreaking capability of the vessel. In uniform level ice it could be a speed and ice thickness. During the last 40 + years the full-scale onboard vessel tests by Aker Arctic and its predecessors; namely W& ärtsil& ä Ice Model Basin (WIMB), W& ärtsil& ä Arctic Research Centre (WARC) and Masa-Yards Arctic Research Centre (MARC), consist of a total of 96 different vessels tested on 140 occasions. These tests include in addition to vessel performance verification also measurements on propulsion loads and hull stress. In addition there have been numerous research projects and projects on vessel operations.
This paper will summarize and discuss the extent of work performed in full scale testing concentrating on vessel performance, what and how things have been done.
Pragmatism, Holism, and the Concept of Law
Authors: Dyrda Adam Michał 
Published: August 2015

Pragmatism, Holism, and the Concept of Law
When discussing O. W. Holmes’s answer to the question What constitutes the law? Morton White underlines the fact that Holmes’s inquiry didn’t focus on developing the concept of law. White states: '…Holmes said little in The Path of the Law about the notion of legal authority, perhaps because he was interested not in what he called a "useless quintessence of all legal systems" but in "an accurate anatomy of one"'. Such ambition (or lack of ambition) is characteristic of many pragmatic enterprises in the field of jurisprudence. However, sometimes the opposition between legal pragmatism and other legal theories is built upon a reference to the notion of the 'nature' or 'essence' of law. Many legal philosophers who aim to reveal the very 'nature of law' (or 'the concept of law' as H. L. A. Hart did) try to interpret Holmes and other pragmatists as offering a competitive view to their own. I will follow White’s early intuition that such a construal of the controversy is simply wrong. Afterwards I will sketch a portrait of legal pragmatism in the context of White’s own inquiry and his version of 'holistic pragmatism'; thirdly, I will present in brief the main reasons for exploring the concept of law in the contemporary analytic philosophy of law. Then I will show that traditionally 'pragmatic' and 'analytic' efforts in legal theory are situated on different levels of generality and conceptuality. However, these efforts can be, at least to some extent, reordered under the aegis of holistic pragmatism.
Možné souvislosti mezi blízkými vztahy vysokoškolských studentů, vnímáním stresu a používáním copingových strategií
Authors: Roďanová Martina , Lacinová Lenka 
Published: August 2015

Výzkumná studie mapovala vztahy mezi citovou vazbou v mladé dospělosti, stresem a jeho zvládáním. Konkrétním cílem práce bylo prověřit souvislost mezi vyhýbavostí/úzkostností v citové vazbě, repertoárem copingových strategií a vnímáním stresu. Dále byl prozkoumán i vztah citové vazby a flexibility ve zvládání stresu. Sledovanou populací byli vysokoškolští studenti ve věku 19–30 let, výzkumný soubor tvořilo 417 respondentů. Výzkum byl realizován pomocí Dotazníku struktury vztahů (ECR-RS, Fraley et al., 2011), Škály flexibility ve zvládání stresu (CFS; Kato, 2012) a vlastní metody, která se sestávala ze 6 vinět popisujících stresové situace. Pomocí regresních analýz byl potvrzen pozitivní vztah mezi mírou vyhýbavost ve vztahu k rodičům a rozsahem repertoáru copingových strategií a negativní vztah mezi mírou vyhýbavosti ve vztahu k otci a využíváním adaptivního copingu jako složky copingové flexibility. V rámci mediačních analýz se nepodařilo prokázat, že je repertoár copingových strategií mediátorem vztahu mezi citovou vazbou a vnímáním stresu. The aim of the empirical study was to determine whether anxiety/avoidance with mother, father and partner is related to coping strategies repertoire and to coping flexibility. Another aim was to determine whether the coping strategies repertoire mediate the relationship between attachment in adulthood and stress appraisal. The research sample included 417 college students from 19 to 30 years old. Coping strategy repertoire and stress appraisal were assessed by personally-designed set of vignettes. Coping flexibility was measured by Coping Flexibility Scale (Kato, 2012) and attachment was assessed by Relationship Structures Questionnaire (ECR-RS; Fraley et al., 2011). Regression analysis discovered the positive relationship between avoidance with parents and coping strategies repertoire and negative relationship between avoidance with father and adaptive coping. Coping strategies repertoire did not mediate the relationship between attachment in adulthood and stress appraisal.
Vote stratégique au Québec : analyse de l’élection de 2012
Authors: Daoust Jean-François 
Published: August 2015

Bien que le vote stratégique soit un thème récurrent lors des campagnes provinciales électorales québécoises, aucune étude n’a analysé le vote stratégique au Québec. En utilisant un sondage du projet Making Electoral Democracy Work, cet article comble cette lacune dans la littérature et analyse l’élection québécoise de 2012 en répondant à deux objectifs principaux : déterminer la proportion de votes stratégiques et identifier les variables individuelles qui influencent la probabilité qu’un électeur opte pour une coordination stratégique. Les résultats indiquent que, dans l’ensemble, 8,4 % des votes peuvent être dits stratégiques. Quant aux déterminants du vote stratégique et tel qu’attendu, le fait pour un électeur d’être partisan et d’avoir un plus grand écart de préférence entre les deux options favorites diminue sa propension à déserter son premier choix. Toutefois, contrairement aux attentes, le niveau de sophistication politique n’influence pas significativement la probabilité qu’un électeur opte pour une coordination stratégique.
Les jeux vidéo de tir à la première personne (FPS) et le Pentagone : les limites du récit pour la science politique
Authors: Hudelot Alexis 
Published: August 2015

Jusqu’à maintenant, les politologues intéressés à l’étude des jeux vidéo ont dépendu des écoles narratives et ludologiques, qui les ont amalgamés aux médiums visuels. Ces études portent surtout sur la construction d’une représentation virtuelle et vertueuse de la guerre, même si des recherches – extérieures aux sciences sociales – démontrent toute une panoplie d’effets physiques et psychologiques associés à la pratique de ces jeux. Dans cet article, nous proposons de revenir sur les liens entre l’Armée américaine et les jeux vidéo de tir à la première personne (FPS), d’abord par l’approche narrato-ludologique reconnue, puis en proposant d’élargir ce cadre théorique par l’approche cybernétique.
Pour une approche sociopolitique de la philanthropie financière : plaidoyer pour un programme de recherche
Authors: Lefèvre Sylvain 
Published: August 2015

Cet article défend la pertinence d’une approche sociopolitique de la philanthropie, à travers cinq clés de lecture : 1) le recours à la science comme point d’appui externe ; 2) l’articulation entre le don et l’action collective ; 3) le lien entre la richesse, les inégalités et la philanthropie financière ; 4) le rapport entre le don et l’impôt ; et 5) la relation entre l’État et la philanthropie. Cette recherche, appuyée par un recul historique, invite ainsi à analyser la philanthropie comme un phénomène politique, malgré son apparente dépolitisation et sa distance du champ politique. Cette étude est donc également un défi proposé à la science politique.