bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Musical Training, Bilingualism, and Executive Function: A Closer Look at Task Switching and Dual‐Task Performance
Authors: Moradzadeh Linda , Blumenthal Galit , Wiseheart Melody 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis study investigated whether musical training and bilingualism are associated with enhancements in specific components of executive function, namely, task switching and dual‐task performance. Participants (n = 153) belonging to one of four groups (monolingual musician, bilingual musician, bilingual non‐musician, or monolingual non‐musician) were matched on age and socioeconomic status and administered task switching and dual‐task paradigms. Results demonstrated reduced global and local switch costs in musicians compared with non‐musicians, suggesting that musical training can contribute to increased efficiency in the ability to shift flexibly between mental sets. On dual‐task performance, musicians also outperformed non‐musicians. There was neither a cognitive advantage for bilinguals relative to monolinguals, nor an interaction between music and language to suggest additive effects of both types of experience. These findings demonstrate that long‐term musical training is associated with improvements in task switching and dual‐task performance.
Cerebellar and cortical abnormalities in paediatric opsoclonus‐myoclonus syndrome
Authors: Anand Geetha , Bridge Holly , Rackstraw Peter , Chekroud Adam M , Yong Jean , Stagg Charlotte J , Pike Michael 
Published: October 2014

AimPaediatric opsoclonus‐myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a poorly understood condition with long‐term cognitive, behavioural, and motor sequelae. Neuroimaging has indicated cerebellar atrophy in the chronic phase, but this alone may not explain the cognitive sequelae seen in many children with OMS. This study aimed to determine the extent of structural change throughout the brain that may underpin the range of clinical outcomes.MethodNine participants with OMS (one male, eight females; mean age [SD] 14y, [6y 5mo], range 12–30y) and 10 comparison individuals (three males, seven females; mean age 12y 6mo, [4y 9mo], range 10–23y) underwent magnetic resonance imaging to acquire T1‐weighted structural images, diffusion‐weighted images, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans. Neuroblastoma had been present in four participants with OMS. Voxel‐based morphometry was used to determine changes in grey matter volume, tract‐based spatial statistics to analyze white matter integrity, and Freesurfer to analyze cortical thickness across visual and motor cortices.ResultsWhole‐brain analysis indicated that cerebellar grey matter was significantly reduced in the patients with OMS, particularly in the vermis and flocculonodular lobe. A region‐of‐interest analysis indicated significantly lower cerebellar grey matter volume, particularly in patients with the greatest OMS scores. Diffusion‐weighted images did not show effects at a whole brain level, but all major cerebellar tracts showed increased mean diffusivity when analysis was restricted to the cerebellum. Cortical thickness was reduced across the motor and visual areas in the OMS group, indicating involvement beyond the cerebellum.InterpretationAcross individuals with OMS, there is considerable cerebellar atrophy, particularly in the vermis and flocculonodular lobes with atrophy severity associated with persistent symptomatology. Differences in cerebral cortical thickness indicate disease effects beyond the cerebellum.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Giant Left Ventricular Diverticulum: Case Report
Authors: Demir Fadli , Ozbarlas Nazan , Gocen Uğur , Buyukkurt Selim 
Published: October 2014

The distinction between a ventricular aneurysm and diverticulum is difficult. The differences between these two are based on anatomical, histological, and functional criteria. We present a case of prenatal diagnosis of a giant left ventricular outpouching at 28 weeks gestation. During the postnatal period, the neonate underwent surgical correction for the outpouching. Histopathological examination reported the resected segment was a cardiac diverticulum. Our case indicates that differentiating between the two diagnoses during the intrauterine period is not always straightforward and possible. Histopathological examinations are sometimes necessary to make a precise differentiation. Treatment should be individualized depending on the clinical presentation.
Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve in Patients with Ascending Aorta Aneurysm
Authors: Baykan Ahmet Oytun , Yüksel Kalkan Gülhan , Gür Mustafa , Uçar Hakan , Acele Armağan , Şeker Taner , Şen Ömer , Kaypakli Onur , Harbalioğlu Hazar , Çayli Murat 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundAscending aorta aneurysms (AAA) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Impairment in coronary flow may contribute to cardiovascular consequences in AAA patients. Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) has been considered an important diagnostic index of the functional capacity of coronary arteries noninvasively. The aim of this study was to evaluate, by noninvasive CVFR, whether patients with AAA demonstrate significant coronary microvascular dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease (CAD).MethodsWe prospectively included 44 patients with thoracic AAA in the absence of concomitant CAD (30 men, 14 women; mean age 57.5 ± 8.4 years). A total of 36 patients without aortic dilatation (mean age 55.2 ± 9.9 years) were selected as the control group. Coronary flow velocities in the distal left anterior descending (LAD) artery were measured using transthoracic echocardiography. CFVR was calculated as the hyperemic to resting coronary diastolic peak velocities ratio.ResultsCompared with controls, patients with AAA had higher baseline LAD peak diastolic coronary flow velocities (28.3 ± 5.8 vs. 25.2 ± 4.5 cm/sec, P = 0.01), lower hyperemic LAD flow velocities (54.0 ± 10.3 vs. 57.2 ± 12.7 cm/sec, P = 0.220), and consequently lower CFVR (1.9 ± 0.3 vs. 2.3 ± 0.5, P < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that CFVR was independently associated only with aortic systolic diameter (AoSD) (β = −0.679, P = <0.001).ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that noninvasive CFVR is significantly reduced in patients with AAA and AoSD is the most important determinant of impaired CFVR.
Right Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain Is an Independent Predictor of Right Ventricular Function: A Multimodality Study of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Real Time Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
Authors: Lu Ken J. , Chen Janet X. C. , Profitis Konstantinos , Kearney Leighton G. , DeSilva Dimuth , Smith Gerard , Ord Michelle , Harberts Susan , Calafiore Paul , Jones Elizabeth , Srivastava Piyush M. 
Published: October 2014

ObjectivesAccurate assessment of right ventricular (RV) systolic function is important, as it is an established predictor of mortality in cardiac and respiratory diseases. We aimed to compare speckle tracking–derived longitudinal deformation measurements with traditional two‐dimensional (2D) echocardiographic parameters, as well as real time three‐dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)‐derived RV volumes and ejection fraction (EF).MethodSubjects referred for CMR also underwent echocardiography. On both RT3DE and CMR, we measured RV volumes and EF. On 2D echocardiography, we analyzed RV fractional area change, RV internal diastolic diameter, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, tricuspid annular tissue Doppler–derived velocity, myocardial performance index, and RV global longitudinal strain (RV GLS).ResultsSixty subjects were recruited (mean age = 45 ± 10 years; 60% male). RV GLS (R = −0.69, P < 0.001) and RT3DE RVEF (R = 0.56, P < 0.001) correlated well with CMR RVEF. RT3DE RV end‐diastolic (RVEDV) and end‐systolic (RVESV) volumes also correlated with CMR RV volumes: RVEDV, R = 0.74, P < 0.001 and RVESV, R = 0.84, P < 0.001. In addition, RV GLS best predicted the presence of RV dysfunction, defined as RVEF <48% on CMR (hazard ratio = 7.0 [1.5–31.7], P < 0.01). On receiver operator characteristic analysis, a RV GLS of −20% was the most sensitive and specific predictor of RV dysfunction (AUC 0.8 [0.57–1.0], P < 0.02).ConclusionRVEF and volumes estimated on RT3DE were closely correlated with CMR measurements. When compared to more traditional markers of RV systolic function and RT3DE, RVGLS produced the highest correlation with CMR RVEF and was a good predictor of RV dysfunction. RV GLS should be considered a complementary modality to RT3DE and CMR in the assessment of RV systolic function.
Fine root dynamics of oak saplings in response to Phytophthora cinnamomi infection under different temperatures and durations
Authors: McConnell M. E. , Balci Y. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe belowground effects of Phytophthora cinnamomi on 1‐year‐old saplings of two common oak species in mid‐Atlantic US forests, white (Quercus alba) and red oak (Q. rubra), were examined after incubation in pathogen‐infested soilless potting mix. Fine root lengths (0–1.5 mm in diameter) of both oak species were quantified after incubation at successive 30‐day intervals up to 300 days, for a total of 10 incubation periods. In addition, colony‐forming units (CFU) of P. cinnamomi were quantified after white oak saplings were incubated in infested soilless potting mix at different temperature/duration combinations that reflect soil conditions present in the mid‐Atlantic United States. Impact of P. cinnamomi on fine root lengths of red and white oak saplings varied considerably over time. Significant periods of fine root loss occurred primarily during spring, when bud break and leaf flush began for both oak species. Red oaks had 17% fine root loss on average, while white oaks appeared more resistant to P. cinnamomi infection with a 2% decrease in fine roots over the course of the experiment. Phytophthora cinnamomi CFU declined significantly with exposure to all incubation temperatures except 8°C. This was in contrast to in vitro experiments, where the optimum temperature for mycelial growth was determined to be 21°C and above. Significant fine root loss caused by P. cinnamomi depended on plant phenology and the oak species tested. Extreme soil temperatures have a significant adverse impact on temporal changes of P. cinnamomi population.
Prevalence, location and symmetry of noncatastrophic ligamentous suspensory apparatus lesions inCaliforniaThoroughbred racehorses, and association of these lesions with catastrophic injuries
Authors: Hill A. E. , Gardner I. A. , Carpenter T. E. , Lee C. M. , Hitchens P. L. , Stover S. M. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyKnowledge of the site distribution of ligamentous injuries facilitates clinical diagnosis of suspensory apparatus conditions.ObjectivesTo determine if lesions within the suspensory ligament (SL) and distal ligaments of the proximal sesamoid bones (DSLs) were associated with suspensory apparatus failure or metacarpal lateral condylar fracture in California Thoroughbred racehorses.Study designCross‐sectional study.MethodsSuspensory apparatus specimens from 327 deceased Thoroughbred racehorses were sectioned within theSLbody and branches, and oblique and straightDSLs. Purple lesions ≥2 mm in width were categorised as moderate and paler or smaller lesions as mild. Associations between moderate lesions and age, sex, racetrack and cause of death were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsModerate lesions were evident in 16% and milder lesions in 77% of racehorses. Moderate lesions occurred with similar frequency inSLbranches and obliqueDSLs. Moderate lesions were more likely to occur in horses that died as a result of suspensory apparatus failure (odds ratio [OR] = 4.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61–13.13; and P = 0.004) or metacarpal lateral condylar fracture (OR= 5.05; 95%CI1.42–17.93; and P = 0.012) compared with horses that died from nonmusculoskeletal causes, and in horses aged ≥7 years horses compared with 2‐year‐old horses (OR= 5.33; 95%CI1.44–19.75; and P = 0.012).ConclusionsModerate lesions are common in theSLbranches and obliqueDSLsof racehorses, and may be associated with risk for suspensory apparatus failure and metacarpal condylar fracture. Monitoring health of the suspensory apparatus ligamentous structures may be a simple means of assessing fatigue in, and preventing more extensive injuries to, the forelimb suspensory apparatus and metacarpal condyles.
Detection of early osteoarthritis in the centrodistal joints ofIcelandic horses: Evaluation of radiography and low‐field magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Ley C. J. , Björnsdóttir S. , Ekman S. , Boyde A. , Hansson K. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyValidated noninvasive detection methods for early osteoarthritis (OA) are required forOAprevention and early intervention treatment strategies.ObjectivesTo evaluate radiography and low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of early stageOAosteochondral lesions in equine centrodistal joints using microscopy as the reference standard.Study designProspective imaging of live horses and imaging and microscopy of cadaver tarsal joints.MethodsCentrodistal (distal intertarsal) joints of 38 Icelandic research horses aged 27–29 months were radiographed. Horses were subjected to euthanasia approximately 2 months later and cadaver joints examined with low‐fieldMRI. Osteochondral joint specimens were classified as negative or positive forOAusing light microscopy histology or scanning electron microscopy. Radiographs andMRIswere evaluated for osteochondral lesions and results compared with microscopy.ResultsForty‐two joints were classifiedOApositive with microscopy. Associations were detected between microscopicOAand the radiography lesion categories; mineralisation front defect (P<0.0001), joint margin lesion (P<0.0001), central osteophyte (P = 0.03) and the low‐fieldMRIlesion categories; mineralisation front defect (P = 0.01), joint margin lesion (P = 0.02) and articular cartilage lesion (P = 0.0003). The most frequent lesion category detected in microscopicOApositive joints was the mineralisation front defect in radiographs (28/42OApositive joints, specificity 97%, sensitivity 67%). No significant differences were detected between the sensitivity and specificity of radiography and low‐fieldMRIpooled lesion categories, but radiography was often superior when individual lesion categories were compared.ConclusionsEarly stage centrodistal jointOAchanges may be detected with radiography and low‐fieldMRI. Detection of mineralisation front defects in radiographs may be a useful screening method for detection of earlyOAin centrodistal joints of young Icelandic horses.
Climatic variability, hydrologic anomaly, and methane emission can turn productive freshwater marshes into net carbon sources
Authors: Chu Housen , Gottgens Johan F. , Chen Jiquan , Sun Ge , Desai Ankur R. , Ouyang Zutao , Shao Changliang , Czajkowski Kevin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFreshwater marshes are well‐known for their ecological functions in carbon sequestration, but complete carbon budgets that include both methane (CH4) and lateral carbon fluxes for these ecosystems are rarely available. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first full carbon balance for a freshwater marsh where vertical gaseous [carbon dioxide (CO2) andCH4] and lateral hydrologic fluxes (dissolved and particulate organic carbon) have been simultaneously measured for multiple years (2011–2013). Carbon accumulation in the sediments suggested that the marsh was a long‐term carbon sink and accumulated ~96.9 ± 10.3 (±95%CI) g C m−2 yr−1during the last ~50 years. However, abnormal climate conditions in the last 3 years turned the marsh to a source of carbon (42.7 ± 23.4 g C m−2 yr−1). Gross ecosystem production and ecosystem respiration were the two largest fluxes in the annual carbon budget. Yet, these two fluxes compensated each other to a large extent and led to the marsh being aCO2sink in 2011 (−78.8 ± 33.6 g C m−2 yr−1), nearCO2‐neutral in 2012 (29.7 ± 37.2 g C m−2 yr−1), and aCO2source in 2013 (92.9 ± 28.0 g C m−2 yr−1). TheCH4emission was consistently high with a three‐year average of 50.8 ± 1.0 g C m−2 yr−1. Considerable hydrologic carbon flowed laterally both into and out of the marsh (108.3 ± 5.4 and 86.2 ± 10.5 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively). In total, hydrologic carbon fluxes contributed ~23 ± 13 g C m−2 yr−1to the three‐year carbon budget. Our findings highlight the importance of lateral hydrologic inflows/outflows in wetland carbon budgets, especially in those characterized by a flow‐through hydrologic regime. In addition, different carbon fluxes responded unequally to climate variability/anomalies and, thus, the total carbon budgets may vary drastically among years.
Professional occupation and the number of teeth retained among older adults aged 50 and above
Authors: Zini Avraham , Lewit Chen , Vered Yuval 
Published: October 2014

ObjectiveTo examine the association between occupational characteristics and number of natural teeth retained among older adults aged 50 and above.BackgroundDespite the integral part of the professional occupation of a person's time, few studies have examined the effect of the occupational environment on one's oral health.Material and methodsSelf‐administered questionnaires were randomly distributed among 280 participants, who had at least one professional occupation over a period of 10 years or more. Data from the questionnaire were collected concerning variables related to professional occupation and the self‐reported number of natural teeth retained. The data were analysed using a logistic regression analysis with stepwise‐backward selection.ResultsSignificant risk factors for the number of natural teeth being ≤25 were age (p < 0.001), years of education (p = 0.019) and a hospital/commercial environment of work (p = 0.021). The odds ratio for the number of natural teeth ≤25 increased with each year by 1.109, decreased with each additional year of education by 0.881, and was 2.693 folds higher for individuals working in a hospital/commercial environment compared to those in an office environment.ConclusionsThese findings suggest the importance of operating community‐based oral health programmes for these occupational risk groups. The results from this study also implicate the need for further studies of this subject to find the underlying reasons for these occupational environmental risks.
DigitalCrust – a 4D data system of material properties for transforming research on crustal fluid flow
Authors: Fan Y. , Richard S. , Bristol R. S. , Peters S. E. , Ingebritsen S. E. , Moosdorf N. , Packman A. , Gleeson T. , Zaslavsky I. , Peckham S. , Murdoch L. , Fienen M. , Cardiff M. , Tarboton D. , Jones N. , Hooper R. , Arrigo J. , Gochis D. , Olson J. , Wolock D. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFluid circulation in the Earth's crust plays an essential role in surface, near surface, and deep crustal processes. Flow pathways are driven by hydraulic gradients but controlled by material permeability, which varies over many orders of magnitude and changes over time. Although millions of measurements of crustal properties have been made, including geophysical imaging and borehole tests, this vast amount of data and information has not been integrated into a comprehensive knowledge system. A community data infrastructure is needed to improve data access, enable large‐scale synthetic analyses, and support representations of the subsurface in Earth system models. Here, we describe the motivation, vision, challenges, and an action plan for a community‐governed, four‐dimensional data system of the Earth's crustal structure, composition, and material properties from the surface down to the brittle–ductile transition. Such a system must not only be sufficiently flexible to support inquiries in many different domains of Earth science, but it must also be focused on characterizing the physical crustal properties of permeability and porosity, which have not yet been synthesized at a large scale. The DigitalCrust is envisioned as an interactive virtual exploration laboratory where models can be calibrated with empirical data and alternative hypotheses can be tested at a range of spatial scales. It must also support a community process for compiling and harmonizing models into regional syntheses of crustal properties. Sustained peer review from multiple disciplines will allow constant refinement in the ability of the system to inform science questions and societal challenges and to function as a dynamic library of our knowledge of Earth's crust.
Location Decision Making of “Creative” Industries: The Media and Computer Game Sectors in Dublin, Ireland
Authors: Murphy Enda , Fox‐Rogers Linda , Redmond Declan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThere has been significant research undertaken examining the “creative class” thesis within the context of the locational preferences of creative workers. However, relatively little attention has been given to the locational preferences of creative companies within the same context. This paper reports on research conducted to qualitatively analyse the location decision making of companies in two creative sectors: media and computer games. We address the role of the so‐called “hard” and “soft” factors in company location decision making within the context of the creative class thesis, which suggests that company location is primarily determined by “soft” factors rather than “hard” factors. The study focuses upon “core” creative industries in the media and computer game sectors and utilises interview data with company managers and key elite actors in the sector to investigate the foregoing questions. The results show that “hard” factors are of primary importance for the location decision making in the sectors analysed, but that “soft” factors play quite an important role when “hard” factors are satisfactory in more than one competing city‐region.
Interaction of Aquifer and River‐Canal Network near Well Field
Authors: Ghosh Narayan C. , Mishra Govinda C. , Sandhu Cornelius S. S. , Grischek Thomas , Singh Vikrant V. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe article presents semi‐analytical mathematical models to asses (1) enhancements of seepage from a canal and (2) induced flow from a partially penetrating river in an unconfined aquifer consequent to groundwater withdrawal in a well field in the vicinity of the river and canal. The nonlinear exponential relation between seepage from a canal reach and hydraulic head in the aquifer beneath the canal reach is used for quantifying seepage from the canal reach. Hantush's (1967) basic solution for water table rise due to recharge from a rectangular spreading basin in absence of pumping well is used for generating unit pulse response function coefficients for water table rise in the aquifer. Duhamel's convolution theory and method of superposition are applied to obtain water table position due to pumping and recharge from different canal reaches. Hunt's (1999) basic solution for river depletion due to constant pumping from a well in the vicinity of a partially penetrating river is used to generate unit pulse response function coefficients. Applying convolution technique and superposition, treating the recharge from canal reaches as recharge through conceptual injection wells, river depletion consequent to variable pumping and recharge is quantified. The integrated model is applied to a case study in Haridwar (India). The well field consists of 22 pumping wells located in the vicinity of a perennial river and a canal network. The river bank filtrate portion consequent to pumping is quantified.