bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Anthropometric and Physical Profile of Young Swiss Alpine Skiers Between 2004 and 2011
Authors: Gorski Tatiane , Rosser Thomas , Hoppeler Hans , Vogt Michael 
Published: January 2014

Purpose:To describe the development of anthropometric and physical characteristics of young Swiss alpine skiers between 2004 and 2011, to compare them between age and performance-level groups, and to identify age- and sex-dependent reference values for the tests performed.Methods:The Swiss-Ski Power Test includes anthropometric measures and physical tests for coordination and speed, strength, anaerobic capacity, and endurance. The authors analyzed the results of 8176 tests performed by 1579 male and 1109 female alpine skiers between 2004 and 2011. Subjects ranged between regional and national level of performance and were grouped according to their competition age groups (U12, 11 y; U14, 12–13 y; U16, 14–15 y; U18, 16–17 y; U21, 18–20 y) and performance level.Results:A progressive increase in anthropometric measures and improvements in tests results with increasing age were found. For all tests, male athletes had better results than female athletes. Minor differences were observed in anthropometric characteristics between 2004 and 2011 (mostly <5%), while results of physical and coordinative tests showed significant improvements (up to more than 50% enhancement) or stability over the years. Differences between higher- and lower-level athletes were more pronounced in tests for lower-limb strength and anaerobic capacity.Conclusions:The presented profile of young Swiss alpine skiers highlights the improvements in different physical aspects along the maturation process and chronologically over a period of 7 y. Furthermore, reference values are provided for comparisons with alpine skiers or athletes from other sports.
TOP2Agene copy number change in breast cancer
Authors: Engstrøm M J , Ytterhus B , Vatten L J , Opdahl S , Bofin A M 
Published: January 2014

AimsThe clinical significance ofTOP2Aas a prognostic marker has not been clarified. The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency ofTOP2Acopy number change; to correlateTOP2AwithHER2status, hormone receptor (HR) status and molecular subtype, and further to explore differences in breast cancer-specific survival according toTOP2AandHER2.MethodsIn this study,TOP2A, HER2and chromosome 17 copy number were assessed in 670 cases of breast cancer using in situ hybridisation techniques. Gene to chromosome ratios ≥2 were classified as amplification.TOP2Adeletion (gene to chromosome ratio ≤0.8) or monosomy (only one signal for both gene and chromosome in more than 75% of nuclei) were classified as gene loss.ResultsA strong association betweenTOP2Achange and HR andHER2status was found. During the first 5 years after diagnosis, the risk of death from breast cancer was significantly higher for cases withHER2amplification irrespective ofTOP2Astatus.ConclusionsTOP2Acopy number change was strongly associated with HR andHER2status and as a prognostic markerTOP2Ais probably of limited value.
A Second-Generation Blackbody System for the Calibration and Verification of Seagoing Infrared Radiometers
Authors: Donlon Craig J. , Wimmer W. , Robinson I. , Fisher G. , Ferlet M. , Nightingale T. , Bras B. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractQuasi-operational shipborne radiometers provide a fiducial reference measurement (FRM) for satellite validation of satellite sea surface skin temperature (SSTskin) retrievals. External reference blackbodies are required to verify the performance and to quantify the accuracy of the radiometer calibration system. They provide a link in an unbroken chain of comparisons between the shipborne radiometer and a traceable reference standard. A second-generation water bath blackbody reference radiance source has been developed for this purpose. The second generation Concerted Action for the Study of the Ocean Thermal Skin (CASOTS-II) blackbody has a 110-mm-diameter aperture cylinder-cone geometry coated with NEXTEL suede 3103 paint. Interchangeable aperture stops reduce the cavity aperture diameter and minimize stray radiation. Monte Carlo modeling techniques show the effective emissivity of the cavity to be >0.9999 (aperture < 30 mm). The cavity is immersed in a water bath that is vigorously stirred using a pump that slowly heats the water bath at a mean rate of ~0.6 K h−1. The temperature of the water bath is measured using a thermometer traceable to the International System of Units (SI) standards. The worst-case radiance temperature of the CASOTS-II blackbody system is traceable to the SI with an uncertainty of 58 mK (millikelvin). When operating under typical laboratory conditions using an aperture of 40 mm, the uncertainty is 16 mK. An intercomparison with the U.K. National Physical Laboratory Absolute Measurements of Blackbody Emitted Radiance (AMBER) reference radiometer found no significant differences within 75 mK (110-mm aperture) or 50 mK (40-mm aperture), which is the combined uncertainty of the comparison and the reference standard for SI traceability of ISAR radiometer SSTskin records used for satellite SST validation. Applications of the CASOTS-II blackbody to monitor the calibration of shipborne radiometers are described and measurement protocols are proposed.
Gradient Wind Balance in Tropical Cyclones in High-Resolution Global Experiments
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshiaki , Satoh Masaki , Tomita Hirofumi , Oouchi Kazuyoshi , Yamada Yohei , Kodama Chihiro , Kinter James 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The degree of gradient wind balance was investigated in a number of tropical cyclones (TCs) simulated under realistic environments. The results of global-scale numerical simulations without cumulus parameterization were used, with a horizontal mesh size of 7 km. On average, azimuthally averaged maximum tangential velocities at 850 (925) hPa in the simulated TCs were 0.72% (1.95%) faster than gradient wind–balanced tangential velocity (GWV) during quasi-steady periods. Of the simulated TCs, 75% satisfied the gradient wind balance at the radius of maximum wind speed (RMW) at 850 and at 925 hPa to within about 4.0%. These results were qualitatively similar to those obtained during the intensification phase. In contrast, averages of the maximum and minimum deviations from the GWV, in all the azimuths at the RMW, achieved up to 40% of the maximum tangential velocity. Azimuthally averaged tangential velocities exceeded the GWV (i.e., supergradient) inside the RMW in the lower troposphere, whereas the velocities were close to or slightly slower than GWV (i.e., subgradient) in the other regions. The tangential velocities at 925 hPa were faster (slower) in the right-hand (left hand) side of the TC motion. When the tangential velocities at the RMW were supergradient, the primary circulation tended to decay rapidly in the vertical direction and slowly in the radial direction, and the eyewall updraft and the RMW were at larger radii. Statistical analyses revealed that the TC with supergradient wind at the RMW at 850 hPa was characterized by stronger intensity, larger RMW, more axisymmetric structure, and an intensity stronger than potential intensity.
Eighteenth-Century Stays: Their Origins and Creators
Authors: Sorge Lynn 
Published: January 2014

Whoever has a mind to abundance of trouble, Let him furnish himself with a ship and a Woman, For no two things will find you more Employment, If once you begin to rig them out with all their Streamers, Nor are they sufficiently adorned, Or satisfied, that you have done enough to set them forth. Plaut. Poenulus. Act. I Scen 2
Technology of the manufacture of Mesolithic Bone Arrowheads on the Upper Volga
Authors: Zhilin Mickle G. 
Published: January 2014

Excavations of stratified peat sites, carried out by the author on the Upper Volga during recent years, yielded a large number of varied bone projectile heads. Among these, arrowheads are most numerous. Half-finished artifacts of this group were also found together with lithic tools used for boneworking. Traceological studies enabled the author to identify various features left by lithic tools on the surface of the bone artifacts. A programme of experiments helped in the understanding of the operational chain during their manufacture, and what tools were used for each stage.Long tubular bones were used to make the majority of the arrowheads. They were either broken into long pieces with a hammerstone or use was made of the ‘groove and splinter’ technique. Direct percussion with hammerstones was used for other bones. Secondary treatment included more accurate flaking and retouch, cutting, planing, scraping, sawing with the help of stone tools, usually flint burins, knives, scrapers and saws. Abrasive slabs were used for grinding, while fine polishing was achieved with the help of leather, sometimes, with fine dust-like abrasive agents.The operational chain for the manufacture of arrowheads was the following: (1) obtaining a splinter of bone; (2) removal of unnecessary mass of bone with the help of burin and scraper to create a pre-form; (3) cutting of slots for inserts (for composite arrowheads); (4) planing of the surface with a knife, carving of details and, engraving of ornamentation. Many arrowheads were then polished, except for their bases. Specific variants of secondary treatment were observed on some arrowheads. The study showed a high degree of development of boneworking, with standardization of designs and technological operations, especially during Boreal times. Later, many arrowheads were crudely made, though wear traces and resin at their bases indicate that these are finished tools which were used.
Genome-wide eQTLs and heritability for gene expression traits in unrelated individuals
Authors: Yang Shengjie , Liu Yiyuan , Jiang Ning , Chen Jing , Leach Lindsey , Luo Zewei , Wang Minghui 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
While the possible sources underlying the so-called ‘missing heritability’ evident in current genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of complex traits have been actively pursued in recent years, resolving this mystery remains a challenging task. Studying heritability of genome-wide gene expression traits can shed light on the goal of understanding the relationship between phenotype and genotype. Here we used microarray gene expression measurements of lymphoblastoid cell lines and genome-wide SNP genotype data from 210 HapMap individuals to examine the heritability of gene expression traits.

Results
Heritability levels for expression of 10,720 genes were estimated by applying variance component model analyses and 1,043 expression quantitative loci (eQTLs) were detected. Our results indicate that gene expression traits display a bimodal distribution of heritability, one peak close to 0% and the other summit approaching 100%. Such a pattern of the within-population variability of gene expression heritability is common among different HapMap populations of unrelated individuals but different from that obtained in the CEU and YRI trio samples. Higher heritability levels are shown by housekeeping genes and genes associated with cis eQTLs. Both cis and trans eQTLs make comparable cumulative contributions to the heritability. Finally, we modelled gene-gene interactions (epistasis) for genes with multiple eQTLs and revealed that epistasis was not prevailing in all genes but made a substantial contribution in explaining total heritability for some genes analysed.

Conclusions
We utilised a mixed effect model analysis for estimating genetic components from population based samples. On basis of analyses of genome-wide gene expression from four HapMap populations, we demonstrated detailed exploitation of the distribution of genetic heritabilities for expression traits from different populations, and highlighted the importance of studying interaction at the gene expression level as an important source of variation underlying missing heritability.
Dose response of umeclidinium administered once or twice daily in patients with COPD: a randomised cross-over study
Authors: Church Alison , Beerahee Misba , Brooks Jean , Mehta Rashmi , Shah Palvi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Umeclidinium bromide (UMEC) is an inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonist in development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods
This was a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way cross-over, incomplete block study to evaluate UMEC 15.6, 31.25, 62.5, and 125 μg administered once daily (QD), and UMEC 15.6 μg and 31.25 μg administered twice daily (BID), over 7 days in patients with COPD. Tiotropium was included as an open-label treatment arm. The primary efficacy endpoint was trough forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) on Day 8. Secondary efficacy endpoints included weighted mean FEV1 over 0–24 hours after morning dosing on Day 7, and serial FEV1 at each time point over 24 hours after morning dosing on Day 7. Safety and pharmacokinetics were also examined.

Results
One hundred and sixty-three patients (mean age 59.5 years, 52% female) were randomised. Based on the population dose–response model of trough FEV1 data, the geometric mean potency (ED50) of UMEC was 37 μg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18, 57) with a predicted maximum intrinsic efficacy (Emax) at trough of 0.185 L (95% CI: 0.153, 0.218) after QD dosing. UMEC 125 μg QD demonstrated the greatest improvements in measure of lung function compared with doses of 62.5 μg and below. UMEC 125 μg QD exhibited more consistent increases in FEV1 from baseline across serial time points over 24 hours compared with other UMEC doses and tiotropium. Increases in FEV1 over 0–12 hours were similar to those observed over 12–24 hours after the second dose of UMEC was administered. UMEC was rapidly absorbed following inhaled dosing and eliminated from plasma. Adverse events, generally mild, were highest with UMEC 125 μg QD (18%) compared with placebo (8%), tiotropium (4%) and other UMEC doses (5–12%).

Conclusions
UMEC is a potent QD bronchodilator with geometric mean ED50 of 37 μg. A dose ordering over the range of UMEC 15.6–125 μg QD doses was observed, with UMEC 125 μg showing the greatest improvement in trough FEV1.

Trial registration
GlaxoSmithKline funded (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01372410; GlaxoSmithKline study number AC4115321).
Prevalence and associated factors of thrombocytopenia among HAART naive HIV positive patients at Gondar university hospital, northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Wondimeneh Yitayih , Muluye Dagnachew , Ferede Getachew 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
Hematological abnormalities are common in HIV positive patients. Of these, thrombocytopenia is a known complication which has been associated with progression of disease. However, its magnitude and associated factors in HAART naive HIV positive patients is not known in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of thrombocytopenia in HAART naïve HIV positive patients.

Methods
A retrospective study was carried out among HAART naive HIV positive patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from September 2011 through August 2012. Socio-demographic variables and immunohematological (platelets and CD4+ T cells) values were carefully reviewed from medical records. Associated factors and outcomes were assessed using logistic regression.

Results
A total of 390 HAART naive HIV positive patients with a mean age of 33.65 years and a range of 18–70 years were reviewed. The overall prevalence of thrombocytopenia was 23(5.9%). The mean CD4 count was 288 ± 188.2 cells/μL. HIV patients whose age ≥ 50 years old were 2.5 times more likely to have thrombocytopenia and those patients whose CD4 count < 350 were 2.6 times more likely to have thrombocytopenia than HIV patients whose CD4 count ≥500. However, CD4 count was not statistically associated with prevalence of thrombocytopenia (P > 0.05).

Conclusion
As CD4 counts of HIV patients decreasing, they have more likely to have thrombocytopenia. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of thrombocytopenia in these patients are necessary.
Synthesis of iron-doped TiO2 for degradation of reactive Orange16
Authors: Safari Mojtaba , Talebi Rasoul , Rostami Mohammad Hossein , Nikazar Manouchehr , Dadvar Mitra 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this study the optimum conditions for preparing the iron-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were investigated. Samples were synthesized by sol–gel impregnation method. Three effective parameters were optimized using Taguchi method, consisted of: (i) atomic ratios of Fe to Ti; (ii) sintering temperature; (iii) sintering time. The characterization of samples was determined using X-ray diffraction, BET- specific surface area, UV- Vis reflectance spectra (DRS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD patterns of the samples indicated the existence of anatase crystal phase in structure. UV- Vis reflectance spectra showed an enhancement in light absorbance in the visible region (wavelength > 400 nm) for iron-doped samples. The photocatalytic activity of samples was investigated by the degradation of RO 16 (RO 16) dye under UV irradiation. The results illustrated that the photocatalytic activity of iron-doped TiO2 was more than pure TiO2, because of the smaller crystal size, grater BET surface area and higher light absorption ability.
Effect of bioaugmentation to enhance phytoremediation for removal of phenanthrene and pyrene from soil with Sorghum and Onobrychis sativa
Authors: Baneshi Mohammad Mehdi , Rezaei Kalantary Roshanak , Jonidi Jafari Ahmad , Nasseri Simin , Jaafarzadeh Nemat , Esrafili Ali 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The use of plants to remove Poly-aromatic-hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil (phytoremediation) is emerging as a cost-effective method. Phytoremediation of contaminated soils can be promoted by the use of adding microorganisms with the potential of pollution biodegradation (bioaugmentation). In the present work, the effect of bacterial consortium was studied on the capability of Sorghum and Onobrychis sativa for the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with phenanthrene and pyrene. 1.5 kg of the contaminated soil in the ratio of 100 and 300 mg phenanthrene and/or pyrene per kg of dry soil was then transferred into each pot (nine modes). The removal efficiency of natural, phytoremediation and bioaugmentation, separately and combined, were evaluated. The samples were kept under field conditions, and the remaining concentrations of pyrene and phenanthrene were determined after 120 days. The rhizosphere as well as the microbial population of the soil was also determined. Results indicated that both plants were able to significantly remove pyrene and phenanthrene from the contaminated soil samples. Phytoremediation alone had the removal efficiency of about 63% and 74.5% for pyrene and phenanthrene respectively. In the combined mode, the removal efficiency dramatically increased, leading to pyrene and phenanthrene removal efficiencies of 74.1% and 85.02% for Onobrychis sativa and 73.84% and 85.2% for sorghum, respectively. According to the results from the present work, it can be concluded that Onobrychis sativa and sorghum are both efficient in removing pyrene and phenanthrene from contamination and bioaugmentation can significantly enhance the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with pyrene and phenanthrene by 22% and 16% respectively.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the sero-epidemiological association between Epstein-Barr virus and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Hanlon Peter , Avenell Alison , Aucott Lorna , Vickers Mark A 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We sought to determine whether prior infection with the virus occurs more frequently in patients with SLE compared to matched controls.

Methods
We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies that reported the prevalence of anti-EBV antibodies in the sera from cases of SLE and controls by searching Medline and Embase databases from 1966 to 2012, with no language restriction. Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios (OR) for the detection of anti-EBV antibodies were calculated, and meta-analyses conducted. Quality assessments were performed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.

Results
Twenty-five case–control studies were included. Quality assessment found most studies reported acceptable selection criteria but poor description of how cases and controls were recruited. There was a statistically significant higher seroprevalence of anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG (OR 2.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15 – 3.76, p = 0.007) but not anti-EBV-nuclear antigen1 (EBNA1) (OR 1.45; 95% CI 0.7 to 2.98, p = 0.32) in cases compared to controls. The meta-analyses for anti-early antigen (EA) /D IgG and anti-VCA IgA also showed significantly high ORs (4.5; 95% CI 3.00 to 11.06, p < 0.00001 and 5.05 (95% CI 1.95 – 13.13), p = 0.0009 respectively). However, funnel plot examination suggested publication bias.

Conclusions
Overall, our findings support the hypothesis that infection with EBV predisposes to the development of SLE. However, publication bias cannot be excluded and the methodological conduct of studies could be improved, with regard to recruitment, matching and reporting of blinded laboratory analyses.
Retrograde intramedullary nails with distal screws locked to the nail have higher fatigue strength than locking plates in the treatment of supracondylar femoral fractures
Authors: Pekmezci M. , McDonald E. , Buckley J. , Kandemir U. 
Published: January 2014

We investigated a new intramedullary locking nail that allows the distal interlocking screws to be locked to the nail. We compared fixation using this new implant with fixation using either a conventional nail or a locking plate in a laboratory simulation of an osteoporotic fracture of the distal femur. A total of 15 human cadaver femora were used to simulate an AO 33-A3 fracture pattern. Paired specimens compared fixation using either a locking or non-locking retrograde nail, and using either a locking retrograde nail or a locking plate. The constructs underwent cyclical loading to simulate single-leg stance up to 125 000 cycles. Axial and torsional stiffness and displacement, cycles to failure and modes of failure were recorded for each specimen. When compared with locking plate constructs, locking nail constructs had significantly longer mean fatigue life (75 800 cycles (sd 33 900) vs 12 800 cycles (sd 6100); p = 0.007) and mean axial stiffness (220 N/mm (sd 80) vs 70 N/mm (sd 18); p = 0.005), but lower mean torsional stiffness (2.5 Nm/° (sd 0.9) vs 5.1 Nm/° (sd 1.5); p = 0.008). In addition, in the nail group the mode of failure was either cut-out of the distal screws or breakage of nails, and in the locking plate group breakage of the plate was always the mode of failure. Locking nail constructs had significantly longer mean fatigue life than non-locking nail constructs (78 900 cycles (sd 25 600) vs 52 400 cycles (sd 22 500); p = 0.04). The new locking retrograde femoral nail showed better stiffness and fatigue life than locking plates, and superior fatigue life to non-locking nails, which may be advantageous in elderly patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:114–21.
The origin of the terms enamel, dentine and cementum
Authors: Trenouth Michael John 
Published: January 2014

The scope of this article is to trace the origin of the terms enamel, dentine and cementum by searching the early dental literature. The task has been simplified by the eminent dental historian Ronald Cohen, whose article The development of dental histology in Britain provides an excellent starting point. 1 The situation was confused by the fact that both dentine and cementum were, on occasion, mistaken for bone. This was because, prior to the invention of the compound microscope around 1830, the histological structure of dental tissues was largely unknown. To add to the confusion, cementum was not always recognised as existing and there were multiple terms for all three dental hard tissues.