bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ADAPTATION OF THE LUNG CIRCULATION TO THE VENTILATION
Authors: Dirken M. N. J. , Heemstra H. 
Published: December 2014

In normal circumstances 55 per cent. of the total blood supply to the lungs of the rabbit is directed to the right and 45 per cent. to the left lung. On lowering the alveolar oxygen tension in one lung its blood circulation may be gradually reduced to less than half of the original value. while the circulation of the other lung shows a corresponding increase.A drop in the alveolar oxygen percentage of 2 to 2·5 per cent. in one lung may reduce the blood‐flow by 15 per cent. of the original value.The significance of these results with reference to an adaptation of the circulation to the unequal ventilation of the lungs is discussed.
INTRACORPUSCULAR METHÆMOGLOBIN FORMATION AND ITS RELATION TO THE RATE OF OXYGEN RELEASE
Authors: Fegler G. 
Published: December 2014

1. The relative rate of O2 release from horse r.b.c. suspensions (pH 7·0–7·4) measured with a slow reaction method was investigated in relation to the methæmoglobin formation.2. A straight‐line relationship was found between the relative rate of methæmoglobin formation by sodium nitrite and the increase in the rate of O2 release.3. A close relationship was also found between the increase in the rate of O2 release and the relative rate of the spontaneous methæmoglobin formation caused by exposure of the r.b.c. suspensions to N2 + CO2 gas mixtures.4. A methæmoglobin formation uninterrupted by the reduction develops in the suspensions poisoned by sodium azide. The phenomenon is probably caused by a combination between sodium azide and spontaneously formed methæmoglobin [Keilin], this compound being resistant to the intracorpuscular enzymatic reduction of the preformed methæmoglobin. Sodium azide also causes an increase in the rate of O2 release from r.b.c. suspensions.5. A suggestion is forwarded of a possible part played by the spontaneous methæmoglobin formation as a factor promoting deoxygenation.
SOME EFFECTS OF AN ACUTE TOXIC SUBSTANCE FORMED BY SOLUTION OF METHYL‐BIS (B‐CHLOROETHYL) AMINE IN WATER AFTER INJECTION IN ANIMALS
Authors: Foss George L. 
Published: December 2014

Water contaminated with nitrogen mustard—methyl‐bis (B‐chloroethyl) amine—was found to contain a heat stabile acutely toxic substance, probably methyl B‐hydroxyethyl ethylenimonium chloride. When injected subcutaneously into experimental animals an acute neurotoxic syndrome was observed. The essential features of this were rapidly progressive muscular hypotonia, inco‐ordination and tremor, followed later by ophthalmoplegia and finally paralysis of respiration.Ingestion of this solution did not produce this picture at all, but on the contrary was followed more gradually by symptoms of systemic nitrogen mustard poisoning.With smaller toxic doses complete recovery sometimes occurred after exhibition of hypotonia for some hours, but sometimes death occurred several days later, again from systemic nitrogen mustard poisoning.From admittedly incomplete evidence it is suggested that the action of this interesting poison may be on the anterior horn cells.I am indebted to Professors Lovatt Evans, Gaddum, Cameron, Boyland, and Liddell for their advice, and to the Chief Scientific Officer, Ministry of Supply, for permission to publish.
PULMONARY VASOMOTOR FIBRES IN THE SYMPATHETIC CHAIN AND ITS ASSOCIATED GANGLIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Daly I. de Burgh , Duke Helen , Hebb Catherine O. , Weatherall Josephine 
Published: December 2014

In the perfused living animal, under conditions which eliminate cardiac and bronchomotor effects, stimulation of the upper thoracic sympathetic chain, the stellate ganglion, the middle cervical ganglion, and the thoracic vagosympathetic nerves causes a rise in pulmonary arterial pressure of 10–15 per cent. at constant pulmonary blood inflow. More rarely a fall in pulmonary arterial pressure takes place. Stimulation of these same nerve structures at constant pulmonary arterial pressure perfusion may cause a diminution in lung blood‐flow by as much as 30 per cent.The rise in pulmonary arterial pressure is not due to changes in the amount of blood transferred from the bronchial to the pulmonary vascular bed, nor is it dependent upon the method used for artificial ventilation of the lungs.Results are described which are consistent with the view that the upper thoracic chain, stellate ganglion or middle cervical ganglion, and thoracic vagosympathetic nerves constitute a pre‐ganglionic‐ganglionic‐post‐ganglionic path for adrenergic pulmonary vasoconstrictor fibres. The same path probably carries pulmonary vasodilator fibres, the nature of which is discussed.
REFLEX REBOUND IN EXTENSOR MUSCLES
Authors: Del Castillo‐Nicolau J. , Schweitzer A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Three types of reflex rebound contractions were studied in the quadriceps muscle of decerebrate cats: rebound following reflex inhibition, rebound after reflex contraction caused by ipsilateral afferent stimulation, and rebound after reflex contraction caused by contralateral afferent stimulation.2. The strength of rebound contractions following reflex inhibition and reflex contraction after ipsilateral sensory stimulation increased with an augmentation of the stretching force previously applied to the muscle.3. These types of rebound contractions could not be produced after complete deafferentation of the muscle. Transection of the sixth posterior lumbar root usually sufficed to abolish rebound; in those cases where rebound persisted, although decreased in force and inconstant, transection of the seventh posterior lumbar root finally abolished it.4. There was no evidence that the fourth and fifth lumbar posterior root participated in the production of quadriceps rebound.5. Reflex rebound, under the conditions studied, is explained as a phenomenon originating in the proprioceptors of the muscle.
COMMUNICATING BLOOD VESSELS BETWEEN BRONCHIAL AND PULMONARY CIRCULATIONS IN THE GUINEA‐PIG AND RAT
Authors: Rakshit Prabhaschandra 
Published: December 2014

1. In the guinea‐pig, the ease with which injection masses into the aorta find their way into the pulmonary circulation has been confirmed.2. Evidence is presented which indicates that in the guinea‐pig and rat the bronchial arteries supply the bronchi, the lymph glands and the interstitial tissue of the lungs. They also give rise to the vasa vasorum.3. In the guinea‐pig and rat, casts of vessels connecting the bronchial artery and pulmonary artery casts are found in the region of the lung hilus. Reasons are given for the belief that they represent communicating vessels and not vasa vasorum.
ON HISTIDINURIA
Authors: Kapeller‐Adler R. 
Published: December 2014

1. L‐histidine was given intravenously and orally to pregnant and non‐pregnant women, and was estimated in the blood by a modified diazo reaction and by its reaction with bromine in the urine.2. On intravenous as well as on oral application, L‐histidine disappeared only very slowly from the blood‐stream of pregnant women as compared with non‐pregnant women, large amounts of it being simultaneously excreted in the urine. This observation does not confirm the results of Page, who found that on intravenous injection L‐histidine leaves the blood‐stream of pregnant women at least as quickly as that of non‐pregnant persons. It seems, moreover, to support the previously suggested theory of a reduced activity of histidase in human pregnancy.3. In severe toxæmia of pregnancy no histidine could be detected in the urine even after the injection or ingestion of histidine although the blood levels remained high. This indicates a retention of L‐histidine by the kidney.4. The results obtained in mild pregnancy toxæmia were intermediate between those found in severe toxæmia and in normal pregnancy.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE BLOOD‐VESSELS OF THE LIVER
Authors: Seneviratne R. D. 
Published: December 2014

The circulation in the intact liver and its reaction to various stimuli were studied in frogs, mice and rats by a modification of Knisely's transillumination technique.Characteristic patterns in the anatomy and distribution of the portal and hepatic veins are described. Sinusoids appear as thin‐walled collapsible tubes with complete linings. Arteriovenous anastamoses are frequent, and reconcile the rarity of infarcts from embolism with the frequency of pyæmic abscesses and metastatic deposits. The behaviour of circulating dyes and toxic agents suggest the presence of functional zones in the liver lobule. Certain structural differences, too, are noticed in the centrilobular areas.Under normal conditions the liver circulation shows an irregularly intermittent rhythmicity. Blood‐flow is under sympathetic control, but there is no evidence of a parasympathetic supply. A chemical control is suggested by the effects of hormones such as adrenalin, acetylcholine and histamine, while respiration has a very definite influence.Stimuli such as obstruction of the vessels, mechanical trauma, hæmorrhage, heat and cold induce rapid responses in the liver circulation. Indeed the centrally important observation is the readiness with which it reacts to stimuli, and this may have a significant bearing on the pathogenesis of liver diseases.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE RENAL CLEARANCE OF DIODONE AND THE MAXIMAL TUBULAR EXCRETORY CAPACITY FOR DIODONE IN MAN
Authors: Robson J. S. , Ferguson M. H. , Olbrich O. , Stewart C. P. 
Published: December 2014

1. The principles devised by the authors [1949] for the determination of the renal clearance of inulin have been applied to the determination of the renal clearance of diodone and the tubular excretory capacity for diodone.2. Following the intravenous injection of diodone in amounts suitable for the measurement of both renal clearance and tubular excretory capacity, the volume of distribution of diodone continues to increase for the duration of the experiments. It is concluded that equilibration of diodone between the plasma and the extravascular component of the volume of distribution does not occur under the conditions of the experiment.3. Formulæ are derived for the renal clearance of diodone and the maximal tubular excretory capacity for diodone incorporating functions which are demanded by the failure of the establishment of equilibration.4. The formula for the renal clearance of diodone is applied to fourteen subjects possessing widely different clearance values, and the formula for the maximal tubular excretory capacity for diodone is applied to twelve of these subjects. The values calculated by the formulæ agree closely in every case with the average values experimentally determined, following intravenous injections of diodone.5. The calculative errors introduced into the formulæ by the simplifying assumption that the volume of distribution of diodone is linearly related to time, between defined limits of time, are shown to be of similar magnitude to the limits of the error in the chemical determination of diodone in the plasma.6. The formulæ can be applied without the need for accurate urine collection over short clearance periods. They necessitate the passage of urine approximately 25 and 120 minutes (for the maximal tubular excretory capacity for diodone) and 20 and 60 minutes (for the renal clearance of diodone) after the injection of known amounts of diodone, and a minimum of two blood samples for each determination taken at the time of urine passage.7. The errors introduced in the determinations of inulin and diodone clearance and the maximal tubular excretory capacity for diodone by sampling venous blood are discussed briefly.8. The results of a further five estimations of inulin clearance employing the authors' method (loc. cit.), and their comparison with average values experimentally determined, are also included.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN ANALGESIC DRUGS ON SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AS OBSERVED IN THE PERFUSED SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION OF THE CAT
Authors: Hebb Catherine O. , Konzett Heribert 
Published: December 2014

1. In the perfused superior cervical ganglion of the cat the administration of morphine does not affect the size of the contraction of the nictitating membrane produced by pre‐ganglionic stimulation, injection of acetylcholine or of KCI when the pre‐ganglionic fibres are normally functional, but after degenerative section of the cervical sympathetic nerve, morphine in large doses potentiates the contraction elicited by injections of acetylcholine and of KCI.2. Pethidine and amidone strongly depress the responses of the membrane to pre‐ganglionic stimulation and to injections of acetylcholine or KCI. Both drugs have a similar depressant action on responses to acetylcholine and KCI after denervation of the ganglia. In these actions, 1‐amidone is the most powerful and pethidine the least powerful, while dl‐amidone is intermediate between the other two substances.3. Of the three analgesics tested, none have the power to excite a response of the nictitating membrane when injected into the ganglion.4. The effects of morphine, amidone and pethidine on the responses of the frog rectus abdominis muscle to acetylcholine are analogous to their effects on the responses of the denervated superior cervical ganglion to acetylcholine.
VASOMOTOR NERVE FIBRES TO THE MAMMARY GLANDS OF THE CAT AND DOG
Authors: Linzell J. L. 
Published: December 2014

1. The existence of sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibres in the spinal nerves to the mammary glands of the cat and dog has been demonstrated in experiments involving blood flow measurements, plethysmography, perfusion of the isolated gland, and microscopical examination of the living vessels.2. In the cat, vasoconstriction was only observed in the small arteries and arterioles, vessels which, on histological examination, were found to have much smooth muscle in the medial coat and were innervated by fine unmyelinated nerve fibres.3. The nerve endings concerned are thought to be adrenergic, because—(a) adrenaline has the same action in very small doses;(b) their effects are unaffected by eserine, atropine and nicotine;(c) are potentiated by cocaine and tannic acid;(d) abolished or reversed by ergot preparations.4. No convincing evidence has been obtained of the existence of active vasodilator fibres in the spinal nerves studied, or of parasympathetic innervation of the mammary gland.5. The mammary blood vessels are very sensitive to cooling, to which they react by vasoconstriction.6. Two types of spontaneous volume waves seen in plethysmograph experiments are described and their causes discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF OBSTRUCTING THE BLOOD‐FLOW THROUGH THE PULMONARY VESSELS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN RATS
Authors: Cheng Kwok‐Kew 
Published: December 2014

1. Total ligation of the left pulmonary artery by means of a new technique results in slight atrophy of the affected lung, with occasional fibrosis, new capillary formation near bronchi, and the development of fibrovascular strands between pleura and peribronchial or perivascular spaces. Bronchial arteries, pleural vessels, and vessels of pleural adhesions become congested and dilated.2. Simultaneous ligation of the pulmonary artery and vein produces haemorrhagic infarction in the lung, with ultimate fibrosis.3. Total ligation of the pulmonary vein leads to haemorrhagic infarction of the lung. Partial ligation of pulmonary vein often gives the same change.4. The bearing of these experimental results on pulmonary infarction in chronic valvular diseases is discussed, and it is suggested that some lung infarcts may be due to circulatory stasis and venous thrombosis alone without the intervention of embolism.
THE SYMPATHICO‐ADRENAL SYSTEM AND THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF THE LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Kokas F. , Ludtny G. , Vajda J. 
Published: December 2014

1. Blood serum from anaesthetized dogs was tested for its stimulant action on phagocytosis.2. Stimulation of the splanchnic nerves increases the action of blood collected from the femoral veins. This effect is partly due to the release of some substance from the adrenals, since it is abolished by ligation of the adrenal veins, and since blood collected from the adrenal veins has high activity, which is increased by splanchnic stimulation.3. The effect is also partly due to another mechanism, since the injection of adrenaline also increases the action, even in the absence of the adrenals. Desoxycorticosterone and an extract of adrenal cortex did not have this effect.4. These effects were not directly due to changes in the concentration of adrenaline or histamine in the blood. Desoxycorticosterone and an extract of adrenal cortex has no action in vitro.5. The substances producing these effects act partly as opsonins and partly by direct stimulation of the leucocytes.
BAROPLETHYSMOGRAPHY: A METHOD OF ESTIMATING BLOOD FLOW
Authors: Pickles V. R. 
Published: December 2014

1. A baroplethysmographic method proposed previously for measuring human mammary blood flow is summarized and its reliability examined.2. Experiments on the human hand, in comparison with occlusion plethysmography, show fair agreement between the two methods, except for the fact than an approximately constant quantity, possibly representing movement of tissues other than blood, is included in the estimates given by baroplethysmography.3. The possible sources of error, and ways of overcoming some of them, are discussed. The method is not recommended for use on organs whose blood flow can be measured by occlusion plethysmography, but it can give useful estimates of human mammary blood flow.
Water Molecule Adsorption on Vertically Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Moroizumi Hiroyuki , Chiashi Shohei , Takata Yasuyuki , Kohno Masamichi 
Published: December 2014

A single walled carbon nanotube, which adsorbed water molecule in its nano channel, was observed using Raman spectroscopy, and two samples’ spectrums were compared under the same conditions. The SWNT samples that were vertically aligned on the silicon substrate were used. One of the samples was not covered by polymer whereas the other sample was covered by polymer.
In our experiment, a nano channel was made using a nanosecond pulse laser (Nd:YAG laser). In order to adjust the focus, the sample was set on the automatic stage and controlled on the PC using a USB camera to watch closely. By moving the stage for over 30 seconds, the sample was processed to make the nano channel.
The cell with the laser-processed sample in it was set on the Raman spectroscopy’s platform. Then, the cell was connected to the vacuum chamber and erlenmeyer flask by the valve. Both of the valves were opened first and left for a while to make the cell vacuum. Second, the vacuum chamber’s valve was closed and left for a while to let water molecule spread in the cell. Finally, the SWNT successfully adsorbed water molecule in its nano channel.
Ar-ion laser was used in the Raman spectroscopy and the laser wavelength is 488nm. With the Raman spectroscopy, Radial Breathing Mode (RBM), D-band, and G-band were mainly observed. The RBM, D-band, and G-band originated from radial vibration frequency, defective structure, and graphite structure respectively. According to the sample types, the RBM spectrums were compared in our experiment.
Copper Plated Microchannel Heat Exchanger for MEMS Application
Authors: Borquist E. , Ogbonnaya E. , Thapa S. , Wood D. , Weiss L. 
Published: December 2014

Demand for increased density circuit architecture, micro- and nano-scale devices, and the overall down-scaling of system components has driven research into understanding transport phenomena at reduced scales. One method to enhance transport processes is the utilization of mini-, micro-, or nano-channels which drive uniform temperature and velocity profiles throughout the system. This work specifically examines a unique heat exchanger. The exchanger is developed as a closed system, with 300μm width channels, fabricated entirely with copper.
The heat exchanger has been designed for widespread use in varied environments. Further, the exchanger is working fluid non-specific, allowing for different fluids to be specified for various temperature ranges. The system design can be used equally well as a standalone heat exchanger or coupled with another device to provide a thermal energy storage system.
Fabricating the heat exchanger with copper for the substrate as well as the channels themselves allows the exchanger to maintain a high thermal conductivity which aides in the fluid energy transference. The exchanger was fabricated to be a closed system removing any excess equipment such as pumps. In testing, the exchanger showed thermal absorption of 2.2kW/m2 given input of 2.63kW/m2 and working fluid amounts of 37μL. The general design and use of copper in the exchanger allowed maximum absorption of 84% of the input with operation below the boiling point of the working fluid.
Comparing nonrigid registration techniques for motion corrected MR prostate diffusion imaging
Authors: Buerger C. , Sénégas J. , Kabus S. , Carolus H. , Schulz H. , Agarwal H. , Turkbey B. , Choyke P. L. , Renisch S. 
Published: December 2014

Purpose:T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used for anatomical visualization in the pelvis area, such as the prostate, with high soft‐tissue contrast. MRI can also provide functional information such as diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) which depicts the molecular diffusion processes in biological tissues. The combination of anatomical and functional imaging techniques is widely used in oncology, e.g., for prostate cancer diagnosis and staging. However, acquisition‐specific distortions as well as physiological motion lead to misalignments between T2 and DWI and consequently to a reduced diagnostic value. Image registration algorithms are commonly employed to correct for such misalignment.Methods:The authors compare the performance of five state‐of‐the‐art nonrigid image registration techniques for accurate image fusion of DWI with T2.Results:Image data of 20 prostate patients with cancerous lesions or cysts were acquired. All registration algorithms were validated using intensity‐based as well as landmark‐based techniques.Conclusions:The authors’ results show that the “fast elastic image registration” provides most accurate results with a target registration error of 1.07 ± 0.41 mm at minimum execution times of 11 ± 1 s.