bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability in mangrove change estimates and implications for the assessment of ecosystem service provision
Authors: Friess Daniel A. , Webb Edward L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo quantify the variability in estimates of change in mangrove area for key countries throughout the tropics, and to highlight potential implications for the assessment of global mangrove ecology, function and conservation.LocationPan‐tropical, covering 15 countries, and accounting for c. 67% of global mangrove area.MethodsWe review 314 national mangrove area estimates (authoritative statements with defined time periods) from various sources. Linear regression models of mangrove area over time were applied to various data point combinations, defined by data source. These included various FAO resources, as well as academic and government statistics and remote sensing studies.ResultsNational trends of change in mangrove area exhibited high variability depending on which data points were modelled. Many countries showed high variability in deforestation rate when the results of all models were combined, e.g. Indonesia had an average deforestation rate of 331.65 (± 222.26) km2 yr−1, Nigeria lost 92.09 (± 188.95) km2 yr−1 and Cuba lost 34.82 (± 142.17) km2 yr−1. The standard deviations were large due to high variability in national estimates, and hence the number of contradictory trends that could be extracted. Conflicting trends of long‐term mangrove loss and gain could be derived for eight of the 15 countries analysed, including Indonesia, Brazil and the Philippines.Main conclusionsThe great variability in trends of mangrove extent suggests that estimates of ecosystem functional loss, biodiversity threat assessments and science‐based conservation policies will be hampered by low confidence in mangrove area dynamics. Variable and inaccurate baseline data feed into various estimates of biodiversity and ecosystem functional loss, such as IUCN Red List assessments and estimates of global carbon emissions from mangrove deforestation. We also require robust information to inform conservation actions and policies hoping to reduce functional loss. Variability has important implications for all ecosystems where statistics are required over large scales.
Climate change and elevational range shifts: evidence from dung beetles in two European mountain ranges
Authors: Menéndez Rosa , González‐Megías Adela , Jay‐Robert Pierre , Marquéz‐Ferrando Rocío 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimMountain regions are particularly well‐suited for investigating the impact of climate change on species ranges because they encompass both upper and lower limits of species distribution. Here, we investigate changes in the elevational distribution of dung beetle species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in two separate mountain regions in Europe.LocationSouth‐western Alps (France) and Sierra Nevada (Spain).MethodsWe compared historical and current data on dung beetle distributions along elevation gradients for 30 species in the SW Alps and 19 species in the Sierra Nevada. We tested for significant changes between survey periods in three parameters: mean elevation and upper and lower range limits.ResultsWe found up‐slope range shifts for 63% and 90% of the species in the SW Alps and Sierra Nevada, respectively. Up‐slope range shifts resulted mainly from expansion of upper range limits in the SW Alps and from changes of both range limits in the Sierra Nevada. The magnitudes of range shifts were consistent with the level of warming experienced in each region, but they also reflected the asymmetrical warming observed along the elevation gradients. Smaller changes were observed for species reaching their historical range limits at the higher elevations, associated with a non‐significant increase in temperature between periods.Main conclusionsThe differences observed between regions are related to the geographical position of each mountain range, which determines the characteristics (including thermal tolerance) of the regional species pool, and the level of warming, which determines whether maximum thermal tolerance has been exceeded for the majority of species in the region. Our results highlight the importance of considering both the biogeography of the mountain and the species pool under study when assessing the sensitivity of species to future climate change in mountain regions.
Musculoskeletal evaluation in severe haemophilia A patients from Latin America
Authors: Ozelo M. C. , Villaça P. R. , Pérez‐Bianco R. , Candela M. , Garcia‐Chavez J. , Moreno‐Rodriguez B. , Rodrigues M. B. , Rodriguez‐Grecco I. , Solano M. H. , Chumpitaz G. , Morales‐Gana M. M. , Ruiz‐Sáez A. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThere is a paucity of literature on haemophilia treatment in Latin American countries, a region characterized by rapidly improving systems of care, but with substantial disparities in treatment between countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the musculoskeletal status of haemophilia patients from Latin America and to examine the relationship between musculoskeletal status and treatment practices across countries. The Committee of Latin America on the Therapeutics of Inhibitor Groups conducted a survey of its member country representatives on key aspects of haemophilia treatment in 10 countries. Musculoskeletal status of patients was obtained during routine comprehensive evaluations between March 2009 and March 2011. Eligible patients had severe haemophilia A (factor VIII <1%) without inhibitors (<0.6 BU mL−1) and were ≥5 years of age. Musculoskeletal status was compared between three groups of countries, based primarily on differences in the availability of long‐term prophylaxis. Overall, 143 patients (5–66 years of age) were enrolled from nine countries. In countries where long‐term prophylaxis had been available for at least 10 years (Group A), patients aged 5–10 years had significantly better mean World Federation of Hemophilia clinical scores, fewer target joints and fewer affected joints than patients from countries where long‐term prophylaxis has been available for about 5 years (Group B) or was not available (Group C). In Latin America, the musculoskeletal status of patients with severe haemophilia without inhibitors has improved significantly in association with the provision of long‐term prophylaxis. As more countries in Latin America institute this practice, further improvements are anticipated.
Joint health scores in a haemophilia A cohort from Pakistan with minimal or no access to factorVIIIconcentrate: correlation with thrombin generation and underlying mutation
Authors: Khanum F. , Bowen D. J. , Kerr B. C. , Collins P. W. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryHaemophilia A is associated with recurrent joint bleeding which leads to synovitis and debilitating arthropathy. Coagulation factorVIIIlevel is an important determinant of bleed number and development of arthropathy . The aim of this study was to compare the haemophilia joint health score (HJHS) and Gilbert score with severity, age, thrombin generation (TG) and underlying mutation in a haemophilia A cohort which had minimal access to haemostatic replacement therapy. Ninety‐two haemophilia A individuals were recruited from Pakistan. Age, age at first bleed, target joints, haemophilic arthropathy joints,HJHSand Gilbert score were recorded. A strong correlation was found betweenHJHSand Gilbert score (r = 0.98), both were significantly higher in severe (n = 59) compared with non‐severe (n = 29) individuals before the age of 12 years (P ≤ 0.01) but not thereafter. When individuals were divided according to developmental age (<12 years, 12–16 years and >16 years), bothHJHSand Gilbert score were significantly lower in the youngest group (P ≤ 0.001), there was no difference between 12–16 years and >16 years. In severe individuals there was no correlation betweenin vitroTGand joint score, whereas in non‐severe individuals there was a weak negative correlation. In the severe group, no significant difference was observed for either joint score according to the underlying mutation type (inversion, missense, nonsense, frameshift). In this cohort of haemophilia A individuals with minimal access to haemostatic treatment, haemophilic arthropathy correlated with severity and age; among severe individuals, joint health scores did not relate to either the underlying mutation orin vitroTG.
Safety of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) in patients with congenital haemophilia with inhibitors: overall rFVIIa exposure and intervals following high (>240 μg kg−1) rFVIIa doses across clinical trials and registries
Authors: Shapiro A. D. , Neufeld E. J. , Blanchette V. , Salaj P. , Gut R. Z. , Cooper D. L. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryRecombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) is indicated for treatment of bleeding in congenital haemophilia with inhibitors (CHwI) using 90 μg kg−1 every 2–3 h (EU and US) or a single 270 μg kg−1 dose (EU only) with ~90% efficacy reported for both regimens. Dosing of rFVIIa varies, and home treatment makes assessment of frequency of doses >90 μg kg−1, the intervals before additional treatment, and the risk for thromboembolic events (TEs) more difficult. This post hoc analysis assessed the safety and distribution of rFVIIa dosing in CHwI and the impact of >240 μg kg−1 dosing on subsequent bypassing agent (BPA) dosing interval and frequency. Data regarding on‐demand or prophylactic rFVIIa dosing, TE incidence and subsequent BPA dosing after high rFVIIa doses were compiled from multiple sources incorporating safety surveillance. A total of 61 734 rFVIIa doses were reported in 481 patients treated for 3947 bleeds and for 43 135 prophylaxis days. Over half (52%) exceeded 120 μg kg−1, 37% exceeded 160 μg kg−1 and 15% exceeded 240 μg kg−1. Subsequent doses of BPA(s) were administered after 38% of initial and 49% of any rFVIIa dose >240 μg kg−1, and were most frequently administered ≥24 h after initial (40%) or any (53%) doses >240 μg kg−1. No TEs were reported. The findings of this analysis show that rFVIIa doses >90 μg kg−1 are utilized for ‘real‐world’ treatment of children and adults. When additional BPA was administered following an rFVIIa dose >240 μg kg−1, reported intervals were prolonged, often ≥24 h. No safety issues were identified in the 61 734 doses analysed.
The energy density of laser light differentially modulates the skin morphological reorganization in a murine model of healing by secondary intention
Authors: Novaes Rômulo D. , Gonçalves Reggiani V. , Cupertino Marli C. , Araújo Bruna M. , Rezende Rafael M. , Santos Eliziária C. , Leite João Paulo V. , Matta Sérgio Luis P. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThis study investigates the influence of gallium–arsenide (GaAs) laser photobiostimulation applied with different energy densities on skin wound healing by secondary intention in rats. Three circular wounds, 10 mm in diameter, were made on the dorsolateral region of 21 Wistar rats weighting 282.12 ± 36.08 g. The animals were equally randomized into three groups: Group SAL, saline solution 0.9%; Group L3, laser GaAs 3 J/cm2; Group L30, laser GaAs 30 J/cm2. Analyses of cells, blood vessels, collagen and elastic fibres, glycosaminoglycans and wound contraction were performed on the scar tissue from different wounds every 7 days for 21 days. On day 7, 14 and 21, L3 and L30 showed higher collagen and glycosaminoglycan levels compared to SAL (P < 0.05). At day 21, elastic fibres were predominant in L3 and L30 compared to SAL (P < 0.05). Type‐III collagen fibres were predominant at day 7 in both groups. There was gradual reduction in these fibres and accumulation of type‐I collagen over time, especially in L3 and L30 compared with SAL. Elevated density of blood vessels was seen in L30 on days 7 and 14 compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). On these same days, there was higher tissue cellularity in L3 compared with SAL (P < 0.05). The progression of wound closure during all time points investigated was higher in the L30 group (P < 0.05). Both energy densities investigated increased the tissue cellularity, vascular density, collagen and elastic fibres, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, with the greater benefits for wound closure being found at the density of 30 J/cm2.
Wild‐type K‐ras has a tumour suppressor effect on carcinogen‐induced murine colorectal adenoma formation
Authors: Luo Feijun , Poulogiannis George , Ye Hongtao , Hamoudi Rifat , Dong Gehong , Zhang Wenyan , Ibrahim Ashraf E. K. , Arends Mark J. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryK‐ras mutations are found in ~40% of human colorectal adenomas and carcinomas and contribute to colorectal tumour formation at an early stage. Wild‐type K‐ras has been reported to be deleted in some tumours, but the consequences of changes in wild‐type K‐ras copy number for experimental colorectal carcinogenesis have not been investigated. To characterize the effects of K‐ras copy number changes on formation of carcinogen‐induced colorectal neoplasms in mice, wild‐type (K‐ras+/+) and heterozygous K‐ras exon 1 knockout (K‐ras+/−) mice were given 10 weekly treatments of 1, 2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to induce colorectal tumours. Colorectal expression levels of K‐ras 4A and 4B transcripts in K‐ras+/− mice were ~50% decreased compared with K‐ras+/+ mice. One year after DMH treatment, survival of K‐ras+/− mice decreased from 88 to 82% compared with wild‐type mice. Colorectal adenomas significantly increased from 0.52 ± 0.15 in K‐ras+/+ mice to 0.87 ± 0.14 in K‐ras+/− mice (mean ± SEM per mouse, P < 0.01); total tumour volume increased 2.13‐fold (P < 0.05). Comparing K‐ras+/+ with K‐ras+/− murine adenomas, Ki‐67‐positive proliferating tumour cells significantly increased from 7.77 ± 0.64% to 9.15 ± 0.92% and cleaved caspase‐3‐positive apoptotic tumour cells decreased from 1.40 ± 0.37% to 0.80 ± 0.22% (mean ± SEM, P < 0.05 for both). No K‐ras or B‐raf mutations were detected in the adenomas. Immunohistochemical studies showed no significant changes in extracellular signal regulating kinase/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (Erk/MapK) or PI3K/Akt pathway activation in the adenomas. In conclusion, the data collectively show that a 50% reduction in K‐ras gene dosage and RNA expression promoted experimental colorectal tumourigenesis, consistent with wild‐type K‐ras having a tumour suppressor effect on carcinogen‐induced murine colorectal adenoma formation.
The bioavailability of an omega‐3‐rich algal oil is improved by nanoemulsion technology using yogurt as a food vehicle
Authors: Lane Katie E. , Li Weili , Smith Chris , Derbyshire Emma 
Published: December 2013

SummaryGlobal trends show that habitual omega‐3 intakes are short of recommended guidelines, particularly among vegetarians. Subsequently, alternative dietary sources of long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC3PUFA) from vegetarian sources are needed. Food technology methods are advancing, and nanoemulsion technologies have improved the bioavailability of certain lipid‐based nutrients. This study examined whether ingestion of an omega‐3 algal oil nanoemulsion led to improved bioavailability compared to the bulk oil. Eleven subjects completed a single‐blind, randomised crossover trial, with a 21‐day washout between interventions. Results demonstrated that LC3PUFA absorption from the nanoemulsion was significantly higher than the bulk oil. Percentage blood fatty acids were significantly increased for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; P ≤ 0.05) while LC3PUFA: PUFA ratios increased (P ≤ 0.05) and omega‐6:omega‐3 ratios were reduced (P = 0.028). Larger and longer intervention studies are now needed, but these preliminary findings demonstrate that nanoemulsion technology may improve the absorption of omega‐3 fatty acids.
Processes of Early Stroke Care and Hospital Costs
Authors: Svendsen Marie Louise , Ehlers Lars H. , Hundborg Heidi H. , Ingeman Annette , Johnsen Søren P. 
Published: December 2013

Background The relationship between processes of early stroke care and hospital costs remains unclear. Aims We therefore examined the association in a population-based cohort study. Methods We identified 5909 stroke patients who were admitted to stroke units in a Danish county between 2005 and 2010. The examined recommended processes of care included early admission to a stroke unit, early initiation of antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy, early computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) scan, early physiotherapy and occupational therapy, early assessment of nutritional risk, constipation risk and of swallowing function, early mobilization, early catheterization, and early thromboembolism prophylaxis. Hospital costs were assessed for each patient based on the number of days spent in different in-hospital facilities using local hospital charges. Results The mean costs of hospitalization were $23 352 (standard deviation 27 827). The relationship between receiving more relevant processes of early stroke care and lower hospital costs followed a dose–response relationship. The adjusted costs were $24 566 (95% confidence interval 19 364–29 769) lower for patients who received 75–100% of the relevant processes of care compared with patients receiving 0–24%. All processes of care were associated with potential cost savings, except for early catheterization and early thromboembolism prophylaxis. Conclusions Early care in agreement with key guidelines recommendations for the management of patients with stroke may be associated with hospital savings.
Tissue Kallikrein Preventing the Restenosis after Stenting of Symptomatic MCA Atherosclerotic Stenosis (KPRASS)
Authors: Lan Wenya , Yang Fang , Liu Ling , Yin Qin , Li Min , Li Zhuangli , Sang Hongfei , Xu Gelin , Ma Minmin , Zhang Zhizhong , Liu Zhenguo , Liu Xinfeng , Zhang Renliang 
Published: December 2013

Rationale Many recent studies suggest that the kallikrein-kinin system play a protective role in the impairment of vascular smooth muscle cells and vascular endothelial cell. Aims The study aims to determine whether tissue kallikrein is efficacy for preventing the long-term in-stent restenosis after stenting of symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis of the middle cerebral artery M1 segment. Design This is a Phase II, randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial. In line with SAMMPRIS stenting indications, patients ( n = 90) with the symptomatic the middle cerebral artery M1 segment stenosis ⩾70% and successfully treated with stent will be enrolled. Eligible patients will be randomized using computer generated numbers, and allocated to receive tissue kallikrein treatment or not. Patients in tissue kallikrein treatment group will be prescribed with intravenous infusion of tissue kallikrein (0·15 PNAU/d, dissolved in 100 ml saline) for 7 days after stenting and then oral administration of pancreatic kallikrein enteric-coated tablet (240 U, 3/d) to the end of study. As the foundation treatment, all the enrolled patients will receive aspirin (100 mg/d), clopidogrel (75 mg/d), and atorvastatin (20 mg/d) for the first 6 months and continue with the combination of aspirin and atorvastatin at the previous dosage. Study outcomes Patients will be evaluated at 1, 6 and 12 months after stenting. The primary outcomes are the in-stent restenosis rate, new stroke or aggravation of the previous ischemic stroke ipsilateral to the severe stenotic artery. Secondary outcomes include stroke of other artery territories, myocardial infarction and vascular death. Modification of stroke knowledge, exercise and diet habit, smoking cessation and available laboratory data will also be recorded. Conclusion As our pilot study, tissue kallikrein would be expected to prevent the long-term in-stent restenosis after stenting of the symptomatic middle cerebral artery dramatically.
A Unifying Framework for Marginalised Random‐Intercept Models of Correlated Binary Outcomes
Authors: Swihart Bruce J. , Caffo Brian S. , Crainiceanu Ciprian M. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryWe demonstrate that many current approaches for marginal modelling of correlated binary outcomes produce likelihoods that are equivalent to the copula‐based models herein. These general copula models of underlying latent threshold random variables yield likelihood‐based models for marginal fixed effects estimation and interpretation in the analysis of correlated binary data with exchangeable correlation structures. Moreover, we propose a nomenclature and set of model relationships that substantially elucidates the complex area of marginalised random‐intercept models for binary data. A diverse collection of didactic mathematical and numerical examples are given to illustrate concepts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Couverture et respect de la législation sur le salaire minimum dans les pays en développement
Authors: RANI Uma , BELSER Patrick , OELZ Martin , RANJBAR Setareh 
Published: December 2013

Résumé.Les auteurs observent la couverture et le respect de la législation sur le salaire minimum dans onze pays en développement. Ils mettent en relation l'étendue de cette couverture et le degré de ce respect avec le niveau du salaire minimum, l'existence d'un taux unique ou de taux multiples et la façon dont il est fixé et mis en application. La couverture et le respect sont supérieurs, et le niveau optimal atteint, lorsque le système est simple et bien connu, et que les travailleurs et les employeurs sont associés à la fixation du salaire minimum et à son application.
Rémunération «de la main à la main» dans l'Union européenne
Authors: WILLIAMS Colin C. , PADMORE Jo 
Published: December 2013

Résumé.Les auteurs révèlent le nombre de salariés qui, dans l'Union européenne, perçoivent de leur employeur non seulement un salaire déclaré, mais aussi une rémunération non déclarée. Exploitant les résultats d'une enquête de 2007 fondés sur 26659 entretiens, les auteurs montrent que 1 salarié déclaré sur 18 est rémunéré de la main à la main par son employeur à hauteur de 25 pour cent de son salaire brut, en moyenne. Ces arrangements salariaux hybrides sont très répandus, mais touchent plus certains pays, catégories de salariés et types d'entreprises. Les auteurs concluent par les implications théoriques et politiques de ces résultats.
Modèle théorique du choix de l'emploi et de la mobilité sur un marché du travail à plusieurs secteurs: l'exemple du Ghana
Authors: TAIWO Olumide 
Published: December 2013

Résumé.L'auteur élabore un modèle de marché du travail divisé en trois secteurs: emploi salarié, travail indépendant et entreprises familiales, à partir duquel il étudie le choix de l'emploi et la mobilité entre ces secteurs, au moyen des données d'une enquête auprès des ménages du Ghana. Les résultats montrent que les travailleurs indépendants sont les moins mobiles et les travailleurs familiaux, les plus mobiles. Ils font apparaître l'importance de la prime à l'instruction dans l'emploi salarié, celle de la taille et de la richesse de la famille sur le choix de l'emploi et celle du caractère transférable des compétences d'un secteur à l'autre.
The Negative Impact of Additional Legislation on Corporate Stewardship
Authors: O'Leary Conor , Boolaky Pran , Copp Richard 
Published: December 2013

Many jurisdictions worldwide have reacted to the global financial crisis by implementing new or improved corporate legislative requirements. These would impact upon company directors and audit committee members. This study examines the attitudes of Australian members of these two groups to nine United Kingdom proposed amendments to corporate legislation.Both groups were predominantly opposed to additional legislation (failing to see how it could improve current stewardship) and indicated they would be less comfortable in their current roles. The implications are significant. Additional legislation, although well intentioned, may have negative impacts on stewardship, as requirements may deter good corporate citizens from retaining or seeking office.