bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear boundary condition in electromagnetic theory – analytical scheme of formulation
Authors: Sowa Marcin , Spałek Dariusz 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The paper presents a method of how the nonlinear boundary condition [1] may be applied in nonlinear problems of electromagnetic field theory. It is introduced for problems with nonlinear conductivity. An analytical procedure has been constructed, which seeks to reduce calculations related with the nonlinear region. In order to verify the proposed solutions, two problems have been formulated: one of linear and the other of cylindrical symmetry. These have been additionally solved by the authors’ modification of the perturbation method that has been described in previous papers [7, 8, 10]. The electromagnetic field distribution obtained thereby has served as a referential result since it can obtain very accurate solutions [10]. Relative errors of electric and magnetic field strength are introduced to verify the results.
The effect of chronic respiratory diseases in calves on the serum protein electrophoretic pattern
Authors: Tóthová Csilla , Nagy Oskar , Seidel Herbert , Kováč Gabriel 
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic respiratory diseases in calves on the serum protein electrophoretic pattern. Twenty five calves of the Slovak Spotted breed, Low-land Black Spotted breed, and their crossbreeds with clinical symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases were included into this study. Blood serum was analyzed for the total serum protein concentrations, and the relative and absolute values of serum protein fractions. The results obtained in sick animals were compared with those in 29 clinically healthy calves of the same age and breed. In the calves suffering from chronic respiratory diseases, we found significantly (P< 0.001) higher total serum protein concentrations than in healthy calves. In sick calves a marked shift in the concentrations of the most of protein fractions was observed, with significantly higher values of α1-, β1-, β2- and γ-globulins (P< 0.001,P< 0.05,P< 0.001, andP< 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, the concentrations of albumin in the calves with respiratory diseases were significantly (P< 0.001) lower than those measured in healthy ones. The presented results indicate a marked effect of chronic respiratory diseases in calves on the serum protein electrophoretic pattern, with a shift in the albumin and globulin concentrations, which could be useful for clinicians for better evaluation of the pathological changes in affected animals.
“If two ride a horse, one must ride in front”: Married Women's Nationality and the Law in Canada 1880–1950
Authors: Girard Philip 
Published: March 2013

Abstract: Canada's Naturalization Act 1881 followed Britain's lead in requiring a woman's nationality to conform to that of her husband. Analysis of the interwar campaign to change the law sheds light on the link between the status of women and dominion autonomy; the continuing reluctance to admit immigrant women to the full privileges of citizenship; the role of national women's organizations in maintaining Canada's future as a white settler nation; and the emergence of new ways of justifying and maintaining male legal privilege at a time when ideas about gender and marital equality were gaining some traction. By 1946, when Canada's Citizenship Act declared citizenship to be independent of marriage, and Canadian citizenship to be independent of British subject status, the emancipation of married women from their husbands' nationality tracked the disengagement of Canada from the British Empire.
Reviews
Authors: Clark  , Brown  , Daniels Roy , Nicoll Allardyce , Wallace  , Allen Frank 
Published: March 2013

Pertinax, The Gravediggers of France: Gamelin, Daladier, Reynaud, Pétain, and Laval; Military Defeat, Armistice, Counter-Revolution, reviewed by A. F. B. Clark Philip Guedalla, The Two Marshals: Bazaine-Pétain, reviewed by A. F. B. Clark E. J. Pratt, Collected Poems, reviewed by E. K. Brown Elmer Edgar Stoll, From Shakespeare to Joyce, reviewed by Roy Daniells Arthur Colby Sprague, Shakespeare and the Actors; The Stage Business in His Plays, 1660–1905, reviewed by Allardyce Nicoll Fremont Rider, The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library: A Problem and its Solution, reviewed by W. S. Wallace Pascual Jordan, Physics of the 20th Century, reviewed by Frank Allen
Reviews
Authors: Kennedy Alan , Lynch Michael , Warkentin Germaine , Frank Roberta , Lancashire Anne , Allard Jacques , Smith Patricia 
Published: March 2013

Mary Ann Caws, Reading Frames in Modern Fiction, reviewed by Alan Kennedy Peter Smith, Public and Private Value: Studies in the Nineteenth Century Novel, reviewed by Alan Kennedy Barbara Hardy, Forms of Feeling in Victorian Fiction, reviewed by Alan Kennedy H. Porter Abbott, Diary Fiction: Writing as Action, reviewed by Alan Kennedy Peter Gay, The Tender Passion, reviewed by Michael Lynch Annabel Patterson, Censorship and Interpretation: The Conditions of Writing and Reading in Early Modern England, reviewed by Germaine Warkentin Michael Lapidge and Helmut Gneuss, eds., Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England: Studies Presented to Peter Clemoes on the Occcasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday, reviewed by Roberta Frank David M. Bergeron, Pageantry in the Shakespearean Theater, reviewed by Anne Lancashire Emile Zola, Correspondance, V, 1884–1886 , reviewed by Jacques Allard Elspeth Cameron, Irving Layton: A Portrait , reviewed by Patricia Keeney Smith Irving Layton, Waiting for the Messiah, reviewed by Patricia Keeney Smith
Thirty-day mortality in traumatically brain-injured patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy
Authors: Huang Yu-Hua , Lee Tao-Chen , Lee Tsung-Han , Liao Chen-Chieh , Sheehan Jason , Kwan Aij-Lie 
Published: March 2013

Object
Decompressive craniectomy is a life-saving measure for patients who have sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI), but patients undergoing this procedure may still die during an early phase of head injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, causes, and risk factors of 30-day mortality in traumatically brain-injured patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy.

Methods
The authors included 201 head-injured patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy in this 3-year retrospective study. The main outcome evaluated was 30-day mortality in patients who had undergone craniectomy after TBI. Demographic and clinical data, including information on death, were obtained for subsequent analysis. The authors identified differences between survivors and nonsurvivors in terms of clinical parameters; multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for independent risk factors of short-term death.

Results
The 30-day mortality rate was 26.4% in traumatically brain-injured patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy. The majority of deaths following decompression resulted from uncontrollable brain swelling and extensive brain infarction, which accounted for 79.2% of mortality. In the multivariate logistic regression mode, the 2 independent risk factors for 30-day mortality were age (OR 1.035 [95% CI 1.006–1.064]; p = 0.018) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score before decompressive craniectomy (OR 0.769 [95% CI 0.597–0.990]; p = 0.041).

Conclusions
There is a high 30-day mortality rate in traumatically brain-injured patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy. Most of the deaths are attributed to ongoing brain damage, even after decompression. Risk factors of short-term death, including age and preoperative GCS score, are important in patient selection for decompressive craniectomy, and these factors should be considered together to ensure the highest chance of surviving TBI.
Chemokine profile of disc degeneration with acute or chronic pain
Authors: Schroeder Malte , Viezens Lennart , Schaefer Christian , Friedrichs Barbara , Algenstaedt Petra , Rüther Wolfgang , Wiesner Lothar , Hansen-Algenstaedt Nils 
Published: March 2013

Object
Disc-related disorders such as herniation and chronic degenerative disc disease (DDD) are often accompanied by acute or chronic pain. Different mediators have been identified in the development of radicular pain and DDD. Previous studies have not analyzed individual cytokine profiles discriminating between acute sciatic and chronic painful conditions, nor have they distinguished between different anatomical locations within the disc. The aim of this study was to elucidate the protein biochemical mechanisms in DDD.

Methods
The authors determined expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase–3, transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor–α, interleukin-1α, and pro-substance P using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analyses in patients suffering from DDD (n = 7), acute back pain due to herniated discs with radiculopathy (n = 7), and a control group (n = 7). Disc tissue samples from the anulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric tests.

Results
A distinct distribution of cytokines was found in different anatomical regions of intervertebral discs in patients with DDD and herniated NP. Increased TGF-β levels were predominantly found in DDD. Matrix metalloproteinase–3 was increased in acute herniated disc material. Increased levels of substance P were found in patients suffering from DDD but not in patients with disc herniation. The data showed significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the AF and NP of patients with DDD, and the expression levels in the AF were even higher than in the NP, suggesting that the inflammatory response initiates from the AF.

Conclusions
These results highlight the complex mechanisms involved during disc degeneration and the need to distinguish between acute and chronic processes as well as different anatomical regions, namely the AF and NP. They also highlight potential problems in disc nucleus replacement therapies because the results suggest a biochemical link between AF and NP cytokine expression.
Toward a New Algorithm for Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equations
Authors: Awawdeh Fadi , Abbasbandy S. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the development of an efficient algorithm for the analytic solutions of nonlinear fractional differential equations. The proposed algorithm Laplace homotopy analysis method (LHAM) is a combined form of the Laplace transform method with the homotopy analysis method. The biggest advantage the LHAM has over the existing standard analytical techniques is that it overcomes the difficulty arising in calculating complicated terms. Moreover, the solution procedure is easier, more effective and straightforward. Numerical examples are examined to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Charge‐Tunable Autoclaved Silk‐Tropoelastin Protein Alloys That Control Neuron Cell Responses
Authors: Hu Xiao , Tang‐Schomer Min D. , Huang Wenwen , Xia Xiao‐Xia , Weiss Anthony S. , Kaplan David L. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTunable protein composites are important for constructing extracellular matrix mimics of human nerve tissues with control of charge, structural, and mechanical properties. Molecular interaction mechanisms between silk fibroin protein and recombinant human tropoelastin, based on charge, are utilized to generate a new group of multifunctional protein alloys with different net charges. These new biomaterials are then utilized as a biomaterial platform to control neuron cell response. With a +38 net charge in water, tropoelastin molecules provide extraordinary elasticity and selective interactions with cell surface integrins. In contrast, negatively charged silk fibroin protein (net charge −36) provides remarkable toughness and stiffness with morphologic stability in material formats via autoclaving‐induced beta‐sheet crystal physical crosslinks. The combination of these properties in alloy format extends the versatility of both structural proteins, providing a new biocompatible, biodegradable, and charge‐tunable biomaterial platform for neural repair. The data point to these protein alloys as an alternative to commonly used charged synthetic polymers, particularly with regard to the versatility of material formats (e.g., gels, sponges, films, fibers). The results also provide a practical example of physically designed protein materials with control of net charge to direct biological outcomes, in this case for neuronal tissue engineering.
Biomimetic Structural Electrochemistry from Conducting Polymers: Processes, Charges, and Energies. Coulovoltammetric Results from Films on Metals Revisited
Authors: Otero Toribio F. , Alfaro Mercedes , Martinez Venancio , Perez Maria A. , Martinez Jose G. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractOxidation/reduction reactions in films of conducting polymers exchanging anions and solvent during reactions are revisited here and explored by voltammetric and coulovoltammetric results using Pt electrodes coated with films of different polymers, in different solvents and salts. The reactions induce molecular (conformational) and macroscopic (relaxation, swelling, shrinking, and compaction) structural changes. Coulovoltammetric loops constitute a direct graphical tool to identify, separate, and quantify the structural components of the reversible film reactions together the potential domains and the charges involved in irreversible reactions. Any abrupt slope variation is related to abrupt changes of the reaction rate associated with each of the structural induced processes. Charges, energies, and characteristic potentials for any of the structural or irreversible process are obtained. Reversible film reactions are present from –1.5 to 0.35 V versus Ag/AgCl, overlapping the irreversible hydrogen evolution at the metal/polymer interface below –1.1 V. Structural reduction energies are higher than structural oxidation energies and structural changes are energetically asymmetric. 3D reactive structural memories are envisaged stepping up storage density by orders of magnitude. Conducting polymers are 3D structural gel reactors at the polymer chain level: large anions in solution cannot penetrate inside the film. Composition changes and structural processes mimic intracellular matrix (ICM) biological reactions.
Bulk Manufacture of Concentrated Oxygen Gas‐Filled Microparticles for Intravenous Oxygen Delivery
Authors: Kheir John N. , Polizzotti Brian D. , Thomson Lindsay M. , O'Connell Daniel W. , Black Katherine J. , Lee Robert W. , Wilking James N. , Graham Adam C. , Bell David C. , McGowan Francis X. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractSelf‐assembling, concentrated, lipid‐based oxygen microparticles (LOMs) have been developed to administer oxygen gas when injected intravenously, preventing organ injury and death from systemic hypoxemia in animal models. Distinct from blood substitutes, LOMs are a one‐way oxygen carrier designed to rescue patients who experience life‐threatening hypoxemia, as caused by airway obstruction or severe lung injury. Here, we describe methods to manufacture large quantities of LOMs using an in‐line, recycling, high‐shear homogenizer, which can create up to 4 liters of microparticle emulsion in 10 minutes, with particles containing a median diameter of 0.93 microns and 60 volume% of gas phase. Using this process, we screen 30 combinations of commonly used excipients for their ability to form stable LOMs. LOMs composed of DSPC and cholesterol in a 1:1 molar ratio are stable for a 100 day observation period, and the number of particles exceeding 10 microns in diameter does not increase over time. When mixed with blood in vitro, LOMs fully oxygenate blood within 3.95 seconds of contact, and do not cause hemolysis or complement activation. LOMs can be manufactured in bulk by high shear homogenization, and appear to have a stability and size profile which merit further testing.
Genetic characterization of central Mediterranean stocks of the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) using mitochondrial and nuclear markers, and conservation implications
Authors: Garofalo Luisa , Mastrogiacomo Angela , Casale Paolo , Carlini Rossella , Eleni Claudia , Freggi Daniela , Gelli Donatella , Knittweis Leyla , Mifsud Carmen , Mingozzi Toni , Novarini Nicola , Scaravelli Dino , Scillitani Giovanni , Oliverio Marco , Novelletto Andrea 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

In migratory species female‐ and male‐mediated gene flow are important for defining relevant Management Units, and for evaluating connectivity between these and their respective foraging grounds.
The stock composition at five Mediterranean foraging areas was investigated by analysing variation in the mitochondrial D‐loop and six microsatellite loci in a sample of 268 loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) stranded or accidentally caught by fisheries. This involved a comprehensive Mixed Stock Analysis which considers also recent data from major rookeries in Libya and Turkey, and the generation of a standardized nomenclature of allele sizes at the microsatellite loci.
The results indicate:

that the north Adriatic, the Tunisian continental shelf, the waters around Malta and the Italian Ionian Sea represent important areas for the conservation of rookeries in Greece, Libya and Turkey, respectively;
that waters off the Italian peninsula and the islands of Lampedusa and Malta are mainly inhabited by individuals of Mediterranean origin, with a major contribution from the nearest and largest colonies, while Atlantic turtles are restricted to the western areas;
that specific migratory routes exist from rookeries to foraging grounds;
a poor bi‐parental genetic structuring, which suggests a high male‐mediated gene flow in the Mediterranean;
mixing of small turtles in waters distant from natal rookeries, and recovery of structuring for large‐sized individuals; and
that uncommon mtDNA haplotypes are more powerful markers than microsatellite alleles in assessing an individual's origin, owing to their higher geographic specificity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scale‐up and intensification of (S)‐1‐(2‐chlorophenyl)ethanol bioproduction: Economic evaluation of whole cell‐catalyzed reduction of o‐Chloroacetophenone
Authors: Eixelsberger Thomas , Woodley John M. , Nidetzky Bernd , Kratzer Regina 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEscherichia coli cells co‐expressing genes coding for Candida tenuis xylose reductase and Candida boidinii formate dehydrogenase were used for the bioreduction of o‐chloroacetophenone with in situ coenzyme recycling. The product, (S)‐1‐(2‐chlorophenyl)ethanol, is a key chiral intermediate in the synthesis of polo‐like kinase 1 inhibitors, a new class of chemotherapeutic drugs. Production of the alcohol in multi‐gram scale requires intensification and scale‐up of the biocatalyst production, biotransformation, and downstream processing. Cell cultivation in a 6.9‐L bioreactor led to a more than tenfold increase in cell concentration compared to shaken flask cultivation. The resultant cells were used in conversions of 300 mM substrate to (S)‐1‐(2‐chlorophenyl)ethanol (e.e. >99.9%) in high yield (96%). Results obtained in a reaction volume of 500 mL were identical to biotransformations carried out in 1 mL (analytical) and 15 mL (preparative) scale. Optimization of product isolation based on hexane extraction yielded 86% isolated product. Biotransformation and extraction were accomplished in a stirred tank reactor equipped with pH and temperature control. The developed process lowered production costs by 80% and enabled (S)‐1‐(2‐chlorophenyl)ethanol production within previously defined economic boundaries. A simple and efficient way to synthesize (S)‐1‐(2‐chlorophenyl)ethanol in an isolated amount of 20 g product per reaction batch was demonstrated. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 2311–2315. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface and mechanical analysis of explanted Poly Implant Prosthèse silicone breast implants
Authors: Yildirimer L , Seifalian A M , Butler P E 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
The recent events surrounding Poly Implant Prosthèse (PIP) breast implants have renewed the debate about the safety profile of silicone implants. The intentional use of industrial-grade instead of certified medical-grade silicone is thought to be responsible for reportedly higher frequencies of implant rupture in vivo. The differences in mechanical and viscoelastic properties between PIP and medical-grade silicone implant shells were investigated. Surface characterization of shells and gels was carried out to determine structural changes occurring after implantation.

Methods
Breast implants were obtained from women at the Royal Free Hospital (London, UK). PIP implants were compared with medical-grade control silicone implants. Tensile strength, tear resistance and elongation at break were assessed using a tensile tester. Surfaces were analysed using attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Spearman correlation analyses and Kruskal–Wallis one-way statistical tests were performed for mechanical data.

Results
There were 18 PIP and four medical-grade silicone implants. PIP silicone shells had significantly weaker mechanical strength than control shells (P &lt; 0·009). There were negative correlations between mechanical properties of PIP shells and implantation times, indicative of deterioration of PIP shells over time in vivo (rs = –0·75, P = 0·009 for tensile strength; rs = –0·76, P = 0·001 for maximal strain). Comparison of ATR-FTIR spectra of PIP and control silicones demonstrated changes in material characteristics during the period of implantation suggestive of time-dependent bond breakage and degradation of the material.

Conclusion
This study demonstrated an increased weakness of PIP shells with time and therefore supports the argument for prophylactic removal of PIP breast implants.
A comparison of the femoral and radial crossover techniques for vascular access management in transcatheter aortic valve implantation: The milan experience
Authors: Curran Helen , Chieffo Alaide , Buchanan Gill Louise , Bernelli Chiara , Montorfano Matteo , Maisano Francesco , Latib Azeem , Maccagni Davide , Carlino Mauro , Figini Filippo , Cioni Micaela , Canna Giovanni La , Covello Remo Daniel , Franco Annalisa , Gerli Chiara , Alfieri Ottavio , Colombo Antonio 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo compare radial and femoral crossover techniques (CT) for vascular access management in transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).BackgroundFemoral crossover for controlled angiography and balloon inflation of the therapeutic access site to facilitate safe vascular closure is beneficial but technically challenging in patients with complex femoral anatomy. An alternative approach should be available.MethodsBetween June 2011 and March 2012, 41 transfemoral TAVI patients receiving the femoral CT were compared to 46 transfemoral TAVI patients receiving the radial CT. Outcomes were 30‐day valve academic research consortium (VARC) endpoints.ResultsPatients undergoing the radial CT received higher median contrast volumes (150 interquartile range [IQR]: 105–180 vs. 111 IQR: 90–139 ml; P = 0.025) but procedural radiation dose and fluoroscopy times were comparable. Thirty day all cause and cardiovascular death were similar between radial and femoral CT groups (respectively 2.4% vs. 7.9%, P = 0.258 and 0% vs. 7.9%, P = 0.063). There were no differences in major vascular complications (4.3% vs. 7.3%, P = 0.553), life threatening or major bleeding events (respectively 9.1% vs. 19.5%, P = 0.168 and 13.6% vs. 22%, P = 0.315).ConclusionIn TAVI cases with unfavorable contralateral femoral anatomy, radial CT for vascular access management is a reasonable alternative to the femoral CT. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.