bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lexical Effects on Children's Speech Processing: Individual Differences Reflected in the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)
Authors: Ota Mitsuhiko , Stewart Mary E. , Petrou Alexandra M. , Dickie Catherine 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
This study was undertaken to examine whether children exhibit the same relationship that adults show between lexical influence on phoneme identification and individual variation on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ).

Method

Data from 62 4- to 7-year-olds with no diagnosis of autism were analyzed. The main task involved identification of the initial sound in pairs of voice-onset time continua with a real word on one end and a nonword on the other (e.g.,
gift–kift
,
giss–kiss
). Participants were also given the children's version of the AQ and a 2nd instrument related to autistic-like traits, the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS).

Results
The lexical shift was related to the AQ (particularly to its Attention Switching subscale) but not to the SRS.

Conclusions
The size of lexical effects on children's speech perception can be predicted by AQ scores but not necessarily by other measures of autism-like traits. The results indicate that speech perception in children manifests individual differences along some general dimension of cognitive style reflected in the AQ, possibly in relation to local/global information processing.
On the blowup and lifespan of smooth solutions to a class of 2-D nonlinear wave equations with small initial data
Authors: Jun Li , Witt Ingo , Huicheng Yin 
Published: January 2015

We are concerned with a class of two-dimensional nonlinear wave equations

∂
t
2

u
−
div
(

c
2

(
u
)
∇
u
)
=
0

\partial _t^2u-\text {div}(c^2(u)\nabla u)=0

or

∂
t
2

u
−
c
(
u
)

d
i
v

(
c
(
u
)
∇
u
)
=
0

\partial _t^2u-c(u)\mathrm {div}(c(u)\nabla u)=0

with small initial data

(
u
(
0
,
x
)
,

∂
t

u
(
0
,
x
)
)
=
(
ε

u
0

(
x
)
,
ε

u
1

(
x
)
)

(u(0,x), \partial _tu(0,x))=(\varepsilon u_0(x), \varepsilon u_1(x))

, where

c
(
u
)

c(u)

is a smooth function,

c
(
0
)
≠
0

c(0)\not =0

,

x
∈

R

2

x\in \mathbb R^2

,

u
0

(
x
)
,

u
1

(
x
)
∈

C
0

∞

(

R

2

)

u_0(x), u_1(x)\in C_0^{\infty }(\mathbb R^2)

depend only on

r
=

x
1
2

+

x
2
2

r=\sqrt {x_1^2+x_2^2}

, and

ε
>
0

\varepsilon >0

is sufficiently small. Such equations arise in a pressure-gradient model of fluid dynamics, as well as in a liquid crystal model or other variational wave equations. When

c
′

(
0
)
≠
0

c’(0)\not = 0

or

c
′

(
0
)
=
0

c’(0)=0

,

c
(
0
)
≠
0

c(0)\not = 0

, we establish blowup and determine the lifespan of smooth solutions.
Longitudinal Clinical Findings and Outcome Among Patients With Cryptococcus gattii Infection in British Columbia
Authors: Phillips Peter , Galanis Eleni , MacDougall Laura , Chong Mei Y. , Balshaw Robert , Cook Victoria J. , Bowie William , Steiner Theodore , Hoang Linda , Morshed Muhammad , Ghesquiere Wayne , Forrest David M. , Roscoe Diane , Doyle Patrick , Kibsey Pamela C. , Connolly Thomas , Mirzanejad Yazdan , Thompson Darby ,   for the British Columbia Cryptococcus gattii Study Group, Saliken John , Sanders Bruce , Partlow Eric , Vortel Jerry , Arikan Yasmin , Fyfe Murray 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Background.  Cryptococcus gattii (Cg) infection emerged in British Columbia in 1999. A longitudinal, clinical description of patients has not been reported.
Methods.  Medical records were reviewed for Cg patients identified through surveillance (1999–2007). Risk factors for Cg mortality were explored using multivariate Cox regression; longitudinal patterns in serum cryptococcal antigen (SCrAg) titers and the probability of chest cryptococcomas over time were estimated using cubic B-splines in mixed-effects regression models.
Results.  Among 152 patients, 111 (73.0%) were culture confirmed. Isolated lung infection was present in 105 (69.1%) patients; 47 (30.9%) had central nervous system infection, with or without lung involvement. Malignancy was the provisional diagnosis in 64 (42.1%) patients. Underlying diseases were present in 91 (59.9%) patients; 23 (15.1%) were immunocompromised, and 23 (15.1%) had asymptomatic disease. There were only 2 (1.8%) culture positive relapses, both within 12 months of follow-up. The estimated median time to resolution of lung cryptococcomas and decline in SCrAg titer to &lt;1:8 was 2.8 and 2.9 years, respectively. Cg-related and all-cause mortality among culture-confirmed cases at 12 months’ follow-up was 23.3% and 27.2%, respectively. Cg-related mortality was associated with age &gt;50 years (hazard ratio [HR], 15.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9–130.5) and immunocompromise (HR, 5.8; CI, 1.5–21.6). All Cg-related mortality occurred among culture-positive cases within 1 year of diagnosis.
Conclusions.  Cryptococcomas and serum antigenemia were slow to resolve. However, late onset of failed therapy or relapse was uncommon, suggesting that delayed resolution of these findings does not require prolongation of treatment beyond that recommended by guidelines.
Identification and properties of plasma membrane azole efflux pumps from the pathogenic fungi Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Basso Luiz R. , Gast Charles E. , Bruzual Igor , Wong Brian 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Objectives
Cryptococcus gattii from the North American Northwest (NW) have higher azole MICs than do non-NW C. gattii or Cryptococcus neoformans. Since mechanisms of azole resistance in C. gattii are not known, we identified C. gattii and C. neoformans plasma membrane azole efflux pumps and characterized their properties.

Methods
The C. gattii R265 genome was searched for orthologues of known fungal azole efflux genes, expression of candidate genes was assessed by RT–PCR and the expressed genes' cDNAs were cloned and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Azole MICs and intracellular [3H]fluconazole were measured in C. gattii and C. neoformans and in S. cerevisiae expressing each cDNA of interest, as was [3H]fluconazole uptake by post-Golgi vesicles (PGVs) isolated from S. cerevisiae sec6-4 mutants expressing each cDNA of interest.

Results
Intracellular [3H]fluconazole concentrations were inversely correlated with fluconazole MICs only in 25 NW C. gattii strains. S. cerevisiae expressing three C. gattii cDNAs (encoded by orthologues of C. neoformans AFR1 and MDR1 and the previously unstudied gene AFR2) and their C. neoformans counterparts had higher azole MICs and lower intracellular [3H]fluconazole concentrations than did empty-vector controls. PGVs from S. cerevisiae expressing all six Cryptococcus cDNAs also accumulated more [3H]fluconazole than did controls, and [3H]fluconazole transport by all six transporters of interest was ATP dependent and was inhibited by excess unlabelled fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole and posaconazole.

Conclusions
We conclude that C. gattii and C. neoformans AFR1, MDR1 and AFR2 encode ABC transporters that pump multiple azoles out of S. cerevisiae cells, thereby causing azole resistance.
Antibiotics: the changing regulatory and pharmaceutical industry paradigm
Authors: Bax Richard , Green Samantha 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Drug licensing is changing. Previously, regulators prioritized the licensing of innovative drugs that fulfilled a high unmet medical need for a small number of patients, including orphan, cancer and HIV medicines. Alternatives to large and costly prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trials have led to a more bespoke development, such as adaptive design studies. Regulators have recently agreed to include much-needed narrow-spectrum antibiotics, active against certain MDR bacteria, in this paradigm. The background to why big pharmaceutical companies have largely deserted the antibacterial research arena, and the proposals that are hoped to reinvigorate their interest, are presented.
A multi-transition study of molecules toward NGC 1068 based on high-resolution imaging observations with ALMA
Authors: Nakajima Taku , Takano Shuro , Kohno Kotaro , Harada Nanase , Herbst Eric , Tamura Yoichi , Izumi Takuma , Taniguchi Akio , Tosaki Tomoka 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
We present 0.8-mm band molecular images and spectra obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) toward one of the nearest galaxies with an active galactic nucleus (AGN), NGC 1068. Distributions of CO isotopic species (13CO and C18O) J = 3–2, CN N = 3–2, and CS J = 7–6 are observed toward the circumnuclear disk (CND) and a part of the starburst ring with an angular resolution of ∼ 1${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$3 × 1${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$2. The physical properties of these molecules and shock-related molecules, such as HNCO, CH3CN, SO, and CH3OH, detected in the 3-mm band were estimated using rotation diagrams under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. The rotational temperatures of the CO isotopic species and the shock-related molecules in the CND are, respectively, 14–22 K and upper limits of 20–40 K. Although the column densities of the CO isotopic species in the CND are only from one-fifth to one-third of that in the starburst ring, those of the shock-related molecules are enhanced by a factor of 3–10 in the CND. We also discuss the chemistry of each species, and compare the fractional abundances in the CND and starburst ring with those of Galactic sources such as cold cores, hot cores, and shocked molecular clouds in order to study the overall characteristics. We find that the abundances of shock-related molecules are more similar to abundances in hot cores and/or shocked clouds than to cold cores. The CND hosts relatively complex molecules, which are often associated with shocked molecular clouds or hot cores. Because a high X-ray flux can dissociate these molecules, they must also reside in regions shielded from X-rays.
Oral Reduced L‐Glutathione Improves Growth in Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Authors: Visca Alfredo , Bishop Clark T. , Hilton Sterling , Hudson Valerie M. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective:Consensus nutritional guidelines for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) recommend aggressive treatment of growth failure. Oral reduced glutathione (GSH) has been shown to improve cachexia and case reports have demonstrated improved growth in pediatric patients with CF. No controlled studies using oral GSH in CF have, however, been reported. The aim of the study was to determine whether oral GSH could improve growth in CF. Secondarily, to determine whether oral GSH could improve other systemic clinical markers.Methods:We performed a placebo‐controlled, randomized, double‐blind, repeated‐measures clinical trial in 44 pediatric patients with CF ages 18 months to 10 years. Primary outcomes were change in weight percentile, body mass index (BMI) percentile, height percentile, and fecal calprotectin. Secondary outcomes included liver function tests and measures of systemic inflammation. Each participant was studied for 6 months, with data obtained at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Blood samples were obtained on the baseline and 6‐month visits. Subjects were treated with oral GSH or placebo (calcium citrate), each 65 mg · kg−1 · day−1 divided into 3 doses per day at mealtimes, and administered daily for 6 months.Results:The GSH treatment group gained an average of 0.67 standard deviation (SD) in weight‐for‐age‐and sex z score (wfaszs), (19.1 weight percentile points) during the course of 6 months, with no adverse effects (vs placebo with an increase of 0.1 SD in wfaszs [2.1 weight percentile points], P < 0.0001). Fecal calprotectin improved, GSH −52.0 vs placebo 0.5), also BMI for GSH improved 0.69 SD BMI‐adjusted‐for‐age‐and‐sex z score versus placebo 0.22 SD (BMI percentile 21.7 GSH vs 5.2 placebo), and height 0.2 SD in height‐for‐age‐and‐sex z score (hfaszs) GSH versus −0.06 SD hfaszs placebo [height percentile 7.0 GSH vs −2.6 placebo], all P < 0.0001). Secondary outcomes improved significantly, as well.Conclusions:Oral reduced L‐GSH significantly improves measures of growth status and gut inflammation in CF.
Perturbation of Maize Phenylpropanoid Metabolism by an AvrE Family Type III Effector fromPantoea stewartii
Authors: Asselin Jo Ann E. , Lin Jinshan , Perez-Quintero Alvaro L. , Gentzel Irene , Majerczak Doris , Opiyo Stephen O. , Zhao Wanying , Paek Seung-Mann , Kim Min Gab , Coplin David L. , Blakeslee Joshua J. , Mackey David 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAvrE family type III effector proteins share the ability to suppress host defenses, induce disease-associated cell death, and promote bacterial growth. However, despite widespread contributions to numerous bacterial diseases in agriculturally important plants, the mode of action of these effectors remains largely unknown. WtsE is an AvrE family member required for the ability of Pantoea stewartii ssp. stewartii (Pnss) to proliferate efficiently and cause wilt and leaf blight symptoms in maize (Zea mays) plants. Notably, when WtsE is delivered by a heterologous system into the leaf cells of susceptible maize seedlings, it alone produces water-soaked disease symptoms reminiscent of those produced by Pnss. Thus, WtsE is a pathogenicity and virulence factor in maize, and an Escherichia coli heterologous delivery system can be used to study the activity of WtsE in isolation from other factors produced by Pnss. Transcriptional profiling of maize revealed the effects of WtsE, including induction of genes involved in secondary metabolism and suppression of genes involved in photosynthesis. Targeted metabolite quantification revealed that WtsE perturbs maize metabolism, including the induction of coumaroyl tyramine. The ability of mutant WtsE derivatives to elicit transcriptional and metabolic changes in susceptible maize seedlings correlated with their ability to promote disease. Furthermore, chemical inhibitors that block metabolic flux into the phenylpropanoid pathways targeted by WtsE also disrupted the pathogenicity and virulence activity of WtsE. While numerous metabolites produced downstream of the shikimate pathway are known to promote plant defense, our results indicate that misregulated induction of phenylpropanoid metabolism also can be used to promote pathogen virulence.
Multilingual metadata for cultural heritage materials
Authors: Matusiak Krystyna K. , Meng Ling , Barczyk Ewa , Shih Chia-Jung 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore multilingual access in digital libraries and to present a case study of creating bilingual metadata records for the Tse-Tsung Chow Collection of Chinese Scrolls and Fan Paintings. The project, undertaken at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries, provides access to digital copies of calligraphic and painted Chinese scrolls and fans from the collection donated by Prof Tse-Tsung Chow (Cezong Zhou).Design/methodology/approach– This paper examines the current approaches to multilingual indexing and retrieval in digital collections and presents a model of creating bilingual parallel records that combines translation with controlled vocabulary mapping.Findings– Creating multilingual metadata records for cultural heritage materials is in an early phase of development. Bilingual metadata created through human translation and controlled vocabulary mapping represents one of the approaches to multilingual access in digital libraries. Multilingual indexing of collections of international origin addresses the linguistic needs of the target audience, connects the digitized objects to their respective cultures and contributes to richer descriptive records. The approach that relies on human translation and research can be undertaken in small-scale digitization projects of rare cultural heritage materials. Language and subject expertise are required to create bilingual metadata records.Research limitations/implications– This paper presents the results of a case study. The approach to multilingual access that involves research, and it relies on human translation that can only be undertaken in small-scale projects.Practical implications– This case study of creating parallel records with a combination of translation and vocabulary mapping can be useful for designing similar bilingual digital collections.Social implications– This paper also discusses the obligations of holding institutions in undertaking digital conversion of the cultural heritage materials that originated in other countries, especially in regard to providing metadata records that reflect the language of the originating community.Originality/value– The research and practice in multilingual indexing of cultural heritage materials are very limited. There are no standardized models of how to approach building multilingual digital collections. This case study presents a model of providing bilingual access and enhancing the intellectual control of cultural heritage collections.
Changes in relationship conflict as a mediator of the longitudinal relationship between changes in role ambiguity and turnover intentions
Authors: Hill Kevin , Chênevert Denis , Poitras Jean 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– This study aims to clarify the relationship between changes in role ambiguity and turnover intentions. The authors propose that increases in role ambiguity over time can bias employees’ interpretations such that they come to view more relationship conflict at work. Because of the importance of social relationships at work, the authors propose that these increases in perceptions of relationship conflict mediate the positive effect of increases in role ambiguity on turnover intentions.Design/methodology/approach– This study is a two-wave longitudinal analysis of survey responses obtained from 146 employees working in the health-care sector over a three-year period. Structural equation modeling of cross-lagged correlations was used to test the hypothesized model.Findings– The positive relationship between increases in role ambiguity and turnover intentions over time is mediated by increases in relationship conflict. Results provide an integrative explanation of the phenomenon, uniting role theory, conflict theory and turnover theory.Research limitations/implications– Measures were all self-reported, and the non-experimental nature of the research design precludes causal interpretations. Future research should incorporate sources of measurement other than the focal employee and include additional variables presumed to operate in explaining these effects.Practical implications– Results highlight the need to monitor changes in employees’ role ambiguity beliefs over time. They also point to conflict management interventions as a potential means of reducing turnover intentions among employees who experience role ambiguity increases.Originality/value– The longitudinal examination of changes in these variables yields new insight into the nature of the relationships between role ambiguity, conflict and turnover intentions.
Evaluation of social enterprise outcomes and self-efficacy
Authors: Urban Boris 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– Understanding of social values is emerging, particularly as the phrases “social impact” and “social value” and the measurement thereof, are ubiquitous in both practitioner and academic discourse today. These terms are particularly relevant to those involved in social initiatives that are required at some stage to demonstrate to stakeholders, investors, funders, or simply themselves that they have the capability to deliver. The purpose of this paper is to link the evaluation of social enterprise outcomes to individual efficacy beliefs.Design/methodology/approach– The study is survey based (165 respondents) and conducted in two major cities in South Africa, where social entrepreneurship (SE) has unequivocal application. Social outcomes and self-efficacy are operationalized and measured along multi-dimensional scales. After checking the instruments for validity and reliability, correlational and multiple regression analyses are performed to determine the predicted relationship between the specified variables.Findings– Empirical findings reveal that evaluation of social enterprise outcomes is associated with higher levels of self-efficacy. Significant results support the propositions that perceptions of capability are positively related to implementing a social vision, sustainability, social networking, innovativeness and financial returns.Research limitations/implications– The main implications of this study are that measuring SE efficacy in advance of funding may indicate probability of venture success.Originality/value– The study is one of the first to provide a much needed account of the evaluation of social enterprises in relation to self-efficacy in an emerging market context.
Role of human capital and foreign direct investment in promoting economic growth
Authors: Azam Muhammad , Ahmed Ather Maqsood 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to validate the Endogenous Growth Model by examining the impacts of Human Capital (HK) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on economic growth in ten countries from Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).Design/methodology/approach– For empirical investigation, a linear regression model based on growth theory and panel data set covering the time-period from 1993 to 2011 are used. Fixed and random effects models are applied. On the basis of the Hausman test, the fixed effects model has been preferred over the random effects model.Findings– The results support the hypothesis of the study by confirming that HK development is critical for economic growth. Similarly, FDI has been found to have a facilitating role in promoting growth in the former Soviet Republics now comprising Central Asian independent economies. This is despite of the fact that there are country-specific differences across CIS.Practical implications– The findings suggest that investment climate in the host countries must be enriched through suitable policies. Improved domestic conditions not only enhance the performance of multinational corporations but also allow host economies to reap greater benefits of FDI inflows. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that investment in both education and health are indispensable. Therefore, improved levels of education and health should be the primary objective running concurrently with other factors in order to stimulate economic growth.Originality/value– The choice of CIS has been made because very little research has been found for the region particularly in the area of economic growth despite strong evidence of commonality in terms of landlocked geographical layout and economic and political structures of these economies. The region has gained importance gradually after independence of these states; and it has started to attract foreign funds in the shape of FDI only recently. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the future prospects pertaining to the importance of FDI and HK on growth performance of these economies and will insistently contribute to the literature.