bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinicopathological and genetic differences between low‐grade and high‐grade colorectal mucinous adenocarcinomas
Authors: Yoshioka Yasumasa , Togashi Yosuke , Chikugo Takaaki , Kogita Akihiro , Taguri Masataka , Terashima Masato , Mizukami Takuro , Hayashi Hidetoshi , Sakai Kazuko , de Velasco Marco A. , Tomida Shuta , Fujita Yoshihiko , Tokoro Tadao , Ito Akihiko , Okuno Kiyotaka , Nishio Kazuto 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDAlthough colorectal mucinous adenocarcinomas (MCs) are conventionally regarded as exhibiting high‐grade differentiation, they can be divided by differentiation into 2 groups according to the glandular appearance: low‐grade mucinous adenocarcinoma (low‐MC) and high‐grade mucinous adenocarcinoma (high‐MC).METHODSPatients with colorectal cancer (CRC) who underwent surgical resection between 2000 and 2012 were enrolled in this study. Among the cases with MC, the clinicopathological and genetic differences between low‐MC and high‐MC were investigated with next‐generation sequencing.RESULTSA total of 1373 patients with CRC were analyzed. Forty patients (2.9%) had MC, and 13 patients had high‐MC. Patients with MC had significantly shorter disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) periods than those with nonmucinous carcinoma. When low‐MC patients and high‐MC patients were compared, those with high‐MC had significantly shorter DFS and OS periods than those with low‐MC. Multivariate analyses revealed that high‐MC was significantly associated with both shorter DFS and shorter OS, but low‐MC was not. A genome analysis revealed that low‐MC had a considerably larger number of mutations than high‐MC, and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations and adenomatous polyposis coli mutations were particularly frequently found in low‐MC. In contrast, SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4) mutations were frequently found in high‐MC.CONCLUSIONSHigh‐MC is an independent prognostic factor in CRC (but low‐MC is not), and it is genetically different from other CRCs, including low‐MC. Both the clinicopathological differences and the genetic differences suggest that low‐MC and high‐MC should be distinguished in clinical settings. Cancer 2015;121:4359–68. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Differentiation between Shallow and Deep Charge Trap States on Single Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Chains through Fluorescence Photon Statistics
Authors: Grußmayer Kristin S. , Steiner Florian , Lupton John M. , Herten Dirk‐Peter , Vogelsang Jan 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBlinking of the photoluminescence (PL) emitted from individual conjugated polymer chains is one of the central observations made by single‐molecule spectroscopy (SMS). Important information, for example regarding excitation energy transfer, can be extracted by evaluating dynamic quenching. However, the nature of trap states, which are responsible for PL quenching, often remains obscured. We present a detailed investigation of the photon statistics of single poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) chains obtained by SMS. The photon statistics provide a measure of the number and brightness of independently emitting areas on a single chain. These observables can be followed during blinking. A decrease in PL intensity is shown to be correlated with either 1) a decrease in the average brightness of the emitting sites; or 2) a decrease in the number of emitting regions. We attribute these phenomena to the formation of 1) shallow charge traps, which can weakly affect all emitting areas of a single chain at once; and 2) deep traps, which have a strong effect on small regions within the single chains.
Efficient Epimerization of Aldoses Using Layered Niobium Molybdates
Authors: Takagaki Atsushi , Furusato Shogo , Kikuchi Ryuji , Oyama S. Ted 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBoth non‐acidic LiNbMoO6 and strongly acidic HNbMoO6 efficiently catalyze the epimerization of sugars including glucose, mannose, xylose, and arabinose in water. The reactions over these oxides reached almost equilibrium within a few hours where yields of corresponding epimers from glucose, xylose, and arabinose were 24–29 %. The layered mixed oxides functioned as heterogeneous catalysts and could be reused without loss of activity, whereas bulk molybdenum oxide MoO3 was completely dissolved during the reaction. A 13C substitution experiment showed that the reaction proceeds through a 1,2‐rearrangement mechanism. The surface Mo octahedra were responsible for the activity. The layered HNbMoO6 could also afford mannose from cellobiose through hydrolysis and successive epimerization.
Assessing biodiversity and endemism using phylogenetic methods across multiple taxonomic groups
Authors: González‐Orozco Carlos E. , Mishler Brent D. , Miller Joseph T. , Laffan Shawn W. , Knerr Nunzio , Unmack Peter , Georges Arthur , Thornhill Andrew H. , Rosauer Dan F. , Gruber Bernd 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIdentifying geographical areas with the greatest representation of the tree of life is an important goal for the management and conservation of biodiversity. While there are methods available for using a single phylogenetic tree to assess spatial patterns of biodiversity, there has been limited exploration of how separate phylogenies from multiple taxonomic groups can be used jointly to map diversity and endemism. Here, we demonstrate how to apply different phylogenetic approaches to assess biodiversity across multiple taxonomic groups. We map spatial patterns of phylogenetic diversity/endemism to identify concordant areas with the greatest representation of biodiversity across multiple taxa and demonstrate the approach by applying it to the Murray–Darling basin region of southeastern Australia. The areas with significant centers of phylogenetic diversity and endemism were distributed differently for the five taxonomic groups studied (plant genera, fish, tree frogs, acacias, and eucalypts); no strong shared patterns across all five groups emerged. However, congruence was apparent between some groups in some parts of the basin. The northern region of the basin emerges from the analysis as a priority area for future conservation initiatives focused on eucalypts and tree frogs. The southern region is particularly important for conservation of the evolutionary heritage of plants and fishes.
Out of Africa: evidence of the obligate mutualism between long corolla tubed plant and long‐tongued fly in the Himalayas
Authors: Paudel Babu Ram , Shrestha Mani , Dyer Adrian G. , Zhu Xing‐Fu , Abdusalam Aysajan , Li Qing‐Jun 
Published: October 2015

Summary

Mutualism between long corolla tubed plants and their potential pollinators, long‐tongued flies, is a classic example of coevolution, but to date, has only been reported from the regions of southern Africa. Many plant species from the Himalayas also show botanical characteristics that could be consistent with pollination by long‐tongued flies. Here, we seek the evidence of the “long‐tongued‐long tubed fly/flower” mutualism out of Africa, in a different continent and climatic region, the Himalayas.

Floral traits of Himalayan region endemic alpine genus, Roscoea, indicate possible mutualism with long‐tongued flies for pollination success; however, effective pollinators of this genus are yet unknown. This study investigates whether long‐tongued flies and Roscoea purpurea in Nepal Himalayas show exclusive mutualism for their survival/reproduction.

We made extensive observations of floral visitors of R. purpurea and food source of Philoliche longirostris across their wide ranges of populations in Nepal Himalayas for three consecutive years (2012–2014). To confirm the obligate reliance of R. purpurea upon P. longirostris for pollination success, manipulated pollination experiments were conducted at two populations for 2 years. Similarly foraging behavior, visitation frequency, and pollination efficiency of P. longirostris were assessed at two populations for 2 years, and its contribution for the reproductive success of R. purpurea was evaluated. Our results indicate that R. purpurea is self‐compatible but lacks autonomous selfing and obligatorily relies on P. longirostris for reproductive success. Across all populations, P. longirostris was observed as an exclusive and highly efficient pollinator of R. purpurea, while P. longirostris exclusively depends up on R. purpurea for food source.

Out of Africa, this study provides the first evidence of long‐tongued fly pollination system and indicates the possibility of additional instances of such a rare phenomenon in the Himalayas. Finding of specialized pollinator of Roscoea only at its evolutionary center indicates that Roscoea species are originally pollinated by long‐tongued flies. Spatial mismatch with specialized pollinators may have induced the evolution of autonomous selfing in North Indochinese clades of Roscoea. This finding thus substantiates how geographic disjunction causes the shifting of pollination mechanism in closely related plant species.
Formation of Hybrid Guanidine‐Stabilized Bis(μ‐oxo)dicopper Cores in Solution: Electronic and Steric Perturbations
Authors: Herres‐Pawlis Sonja , Haase Roxana , Verma Pratik , Hoffmann Alexander , Kang Peng , Stack T. Daniel P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA series of new hybrid peralkylated amine‐guanidine ligands based on a 1,3‐propanediamine backbone and their Cu‐O2 chemistry is reported. The copper(I) complexes react readily with O2 at low temperatures in aprotic solvents with weakly coordinating anions to form exclusively bis(μ‐oxo)dicopper species (O). Variation of the substituents on each side of the hybrid bidentate ligand reveal that less sterically demanding amine and guanidine substituents increase not only the thermal stability of the formed O cores but also enhance inner‐sphere phenolate hydroxylation pathways. TD‐DFT analysis on selected guanidine‐amine O species suggest that the additional visible‐wavelength feature observed is a guanidine π* → Cu2O2 LMCT, which appears along with the classic oxo‐σu* → CuIII and πσ* → CuIII LMCT transitions.
Application of oxygen during olive fruit crushing impacts on the characteristics and sensory profile of the virgin olive oil
Authors: Sánchez‐Ortiz Araceli , Bejaoui Mohamed Aymen , Herrera María Paz Aguilera , Jiménez Márquez Antonio , Beltrán Maza Gabriel 
Published: October 2015

A novel crushing process which involves increasing the level of oxygen during the virgin olive oil (VOO) extraction has been applied to develop new knowledge on the biosynthesis of the compounds responsible for sensory, nutritional, and technological quality of VOO. The singular composition of VOO is the result of a series of physical, chemical, and biochemical processes that occur during its extraction procedure. The extraction conditions, temperature, time, addition of water, and oxygen availability, can modulate the final composition of VOO. The last parameter, oxygen, is a known co‐factor for the many endogenous enzyme activities present in the olive fruit, mainly oxide‐reductases. The present study focuses on the influence of oxygen during the crushing of olive fruits on enzyme activities and the process yield. Three different cultivars, namely “Picual,” “Arbequina,” and “Blanqueta”, were selected for the study. The increase of oxygen concentration during crushing produces a significant change in the volatile composition and sensory profile; however, no significant differences were shown on the content of fatty acid composition, total phenols, pigments, tocopherols, and qualitative parameters. This could be a useful analysis tool while designing new prototypes of mills or while working with breeding selection programs.Practical applications: The application of oxygen during olive fruit crushing in the oil extraction process has been studied. The information provided by this study enables to increase the knowledge on metabolism pathway in olive fruit while working with breeding selection programs. The present study can be useful to clarify the optimum time, crushing, or malaxation to apply atmospheric control to the VOO extraction. Moreover, the results obtained in this work suggest new research opportunities in order to design new prototypes of mills that allow the modification of the sensory characteristics VOO.The increase of oxygen concentration during crushing produces a significant change in the volatile composition and sensory profile; however, no significant differences were shown on the content of fatty acid composition, total phenols, pigments, tocopherols, and qualitative parameters. Oxygen availability can modulate the final composition of virgin olive oil.
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Secondary Allylic Alcohols Starting from Terminal Alkynes and Aldehydes
Authors: Morimoto Haruki , Harada Toshiro 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA general one‐pot method for the enantioselective synthesis of β,β‐disubstituted allylic alcohols has been developed starting from readily available terminal alkynes and aldehydes. Trisubstituted (E)‐vinylaluminium reagents, generated regio‐ and stereoselectively by the Zr‐catalyzed carboalumination of the alkynes with Me3Al, was used in subsequent enantioselective addition reactions with aldehydes using a DPP‐H8‐BINOL‐derived titanium catalyst system at low catalyst loading (5 mol‐%).
A Stereoselective Synthesis of (+)‐Piscidic Acid and Cimicifugic Acid L
Authors: Miranda Vanessa , Maycock Christopher D. , Ventura M. Rita 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAlkylation of the lithium enolate of (2S,3S,5S,6S)‐dimethoxy‐2,3‐dimethyl‐1,4‐dioxane‐5,6‐dithiocarboxylate using 4‐benzyloxybenzyl bromide stereoselectively gave two new stereogenic centres with the carboxylate groups in a cis relationship. Hydrolytic deprotection of this intermediate produced the natural product (+)‐piscidic acid. Installation of a cinnamic acid ester at the secondary hydroxy group was followed by selective deprotection to give a mixture of cis/trans cinnamates in a 3:1 ratio. Finally, the natural product cimicifugic acid L was obtained.
Imidazole‐Based Sensitizers Containing Double Anchors for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Yen Yung‐Sheng , Ni Jen‐Shyang , Lin Tse‐Yen , Hung Wei‐I , Lin Jiann T. , Yeh Ming‐Chang P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractNew imidazole‐based organic dyes with two 2‐cyanoacetic acid acceptors/anchors connected at the C‐4 and C‐5 positions, and a carbazole or arylamine donor connected at the C‐2 position of the imidazole entity were synthesized and used as sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells. The dyes exhibit optical absorption from 300–600 nm with high molar extinction coefficients. The inclusion of a hexyl chain at the nitrogen atom of the imidazole was found to result in a large twist of the C‐4 segment from the imidazole and, hence, to less efficient electron injection. Although dye aggregation results in light harvesting at longer wavelength regions, it also leads to excited‐state quenching and hinders electron injection. Consequently, only moderate conversion efficiencies of DSSCs were achieved. Upon addition of CDCA coadsorbents, up to ca. 30 % improvement of the cell efficiency was achieved. The best cell efficiency reached 4.97 % with addition of 50 mM CDCA.
The Quest for Carbenic Nitrile Imines: Experimental and Computational Characterization of C‐Amino Nitrile Imine
Authors: Nunes Cláudio M. , Reva Igor , Rosado Mário T. S. , Fausto Rui 
Published: October 2015

AbstractC‐Amino nitrile imine has been generated as primary photoproduct (λ = 220 nm) of 5‐amino‐2H‐tetrazole isolated in an argon matrix at 15 K. Subsequent photochemical experiments (λ = 330 nm) demonstrated that C‐amino nitrile imine isomerizes to the corresponding three‐membered‐ring 1H‐diazirine and decomposes to methylenimine. The experimentally observed νas(CNN) absorption at 1998 cm–1 and a carbenic resonance structure contribution of around 20 %, predicted by natural resonance theory calculations, demonstrate that the protoproduced C‐amino nitrile imine has significant carbenic character. These results pave the way to the discovery of carbenic nitrile imines.
Synthesis and (Spectro)electrochemistry of Ferrocenyl‐Substituted Pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Podolan Gabriel , Hettmanczyk Lara , Hommes Paul , Sarkar Biprajit , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe describe a novel approach to highly functionalized ferrocenyl‐substituted pyridine derivatives. Key reaction is the cyclocondensation of an easily available β‐ketoenamide bearing an N‐ferrocenylcarbonyl group. The resulting 4‐hydroxypyridine derivatives were converted into the corresponding pyrid‐4‐yl nonaflates, which were employed in a range of palladium‐catalyzed coupling reactions. The reaction sequence delivers a library of new 2‐ferrocenyl‐substituted pyridine derivatives, including compounds with two ferrocene moieties, a butadiyne derivative, a 2,4‐bisferrocenylpyridine, and a compound with a thiophene core and two 2‐ferrocenylpyridine groups. The compounds were investigated by UV/Vis spectroscopy and by (spectro)electrochemistry. The (spectro)electrochemical results conclusively prove that the reaction takes place through a ferrocene‐centered oxidation and a reduction based on the heterocyclic part of the molecule. Intriguing effects on the electrochemical responses of these systems upon changing the electrolyte are also observed.
Trimethylsilyloxide‐Catalysed Peterson Olefinations with 2,2‐Bis(trimethylsilyl)‐1,3‐dithiane
Authors: Manvar Atul , O'Shea Donal F. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe synthesis of the reagent 2,2‐bis(trimethylsilyl)‐1,3‐dithiane was directly achieved in an excellent yield from 1,3‐dithiane in one step. The bench‐stable reagent can be utilized for Peterson olefinations using either TMSOK/Bu4NCl or fluoride ion as promoter of α‐silyl carbanion formation, thereby generating ketene dithioacetals, which are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis. Olefination reactions were successfully achieved with aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic aldehydes and ketones.
Modulation of pain via expectation of its location
Authors: Stanton T.R. , Gilpin H.R. , Reid E. , Mancini F. , Spence C. , Moseley G.L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe spatial precision of expectancy effects on pain is unclear. We hypothesized that expecting nociceptive stimuli at particular skin sites would have an analgesic effect on nociceptive stimuli presented between them (middle zone).MethodsLaser stimuli (evoking pin‐prick pain) were delivered to three discrete skin zones on the forearm, under two conditions. During ‘Localization’, participants’ expectation of stimuli was spatially divided between two locations (expected stimuli in only the outer two skin zones): pain intensity and stimulus location were judged. During ‘No‐localization’ (control condition), participants had no expectation concerning stimulus location; only pain intensity was rated. Additional experiments assessed the importance of the actual location on the forearm by: shifting all skin zones proximally towards the elbow (control for joint proximity, Experiment 2); adding a fourth zone distally (control for interaction between joint proximity and enhanced distal inhibition, Experiment 3).ResultsAll experiments demonstrated spatially specific pain modulation, but only Experiment 2 (near elbow) supported our hypothesis: middle zone pain intensity was significantly lower (p = 0.02) during Localization than No‐localization. Experiment 1 (near wrist) found reduced pain intensity during Localization only for the distal zone (p = 0.04). Experiment 3 confirmed this effect: reduced pain during Localization occurred only for the most distal zone (p = 0.046).ConclusionExpecting a painful stimulus in non‐adjacent skin sites has spatially specific effects on pain modulation, but this reflects an interaction between the expected location of stimulation and the actual location. This suggests a more complex connection between somatotopic maps and nociceptive modulation than previously thought; several distinct mechanisms likely contribute.
Pomolic Acid Inhibits Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells Through the Suppression of CXC Chemokine Receptor Type 4 Expression
Authors: Kim Buyun , Kim Ji‐Hun , Park Byoungduck 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTHigh mortality of cancer‐mediated deaths is due to metastasis. CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) signaling has been demonstrated to be involved in migration of breast cancer. Thus, identification of CXCR4 inhibitor has been challenged constantly as an anticancer drug. This study is aimed to investigate the CXCR4 inhibitor that could inhibit tumor metastasis from natural products. We demonstrated that pomolic acid (PA), a component of Euscaphis japonica, could downregulate CXCR4 expression in breast cancer cells. Treatment with proteasomal and lysosomal inhibitors did not show significant effects on PA's ability. When we further explored the molecular mechanism, suppression of CXCR4 occurred at transcriptional level and was correlated with inhibition of nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) activation. Downregulation of CXCR4 by PA was accompanied by the inhibition of CXC motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12)‐induced invasion of breast cancer cells. Overall, our results indicate that PA, as a novel inhibitor of CXCR4, can be a promising therapeutic agent for treatment of cancer metastasis. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1296–1307, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Community, Conflict and Land: Exploring the Strategic Partnership Model of South African Land Restitution
Authors: Basu Soutrik 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe Strategic Partnership (SP) model was implemented in the South African land restitution programme. The model prematurely ended in a fiasco that left the community with huge debts and intractable conflicts. This paper aims at understanding the implementation process by taking up the issue of how conflict emerged, resolved and sustained around the SP model. This paper suggests that conflict emerged because of the following reasons: the policy framework failed to address the heterogeneity of the community; community value was undermined as a business partner; and the state placed unprecedented trust, power, and authority on strategic partners. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and analysis of anthocyanin components in fruit color variation in Schisandra chinensis
Authors: Liao Jingjing , Zang Jian , Yuan Fei , Liu Shuang , Zhang Yibo , Li Haiyan , Piao Zhongyun , Li Hongbo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDFruit color is an important index and parameter for measuring fruit quality. As an important pigment, anthocyanin is a determinant which appears in all sorts of colors of fruits in nature.RESULTSColor parameters were measured using a spectrometer and used as a basis to divide the materials into three groups: reddish‐orange, orange and yellow. A validated high‐performance liquid chromatographic–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometric method was used for the analysis of anthocyanin in Schisandra chinensis and for determining major anthocyanin components in S. chinensis fruits, i.e. cyanidin xylosyl‐glucoside (CyXylGlu), cyanidin glucosyl‐rutinoside (CyGluRutin), cyanidin rutinoside (CyRutin) and cyanidin xylosyl‐rutinoside (CyXylRutin). The anthocyanin contents vary obviously in different colored fruits in S. chinensis. The impact of anthocyanin on coloration of fruits was investigated by multiple regression analysis between color parameters and anthocyanin components, which indicated that CyRutin is the primary cause of fruit color variation in S. chinensis.CONCLUSIONThe content and type of anthocyanin determine fruit coloration in S. chinensis, laying the early foundations for systematically interpreting the mechanism of fruit coloration in S. chinensis. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry