bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-Dimensional and Geophysical Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Campa A. , Dauxois T. , Fanelli D. , Ruffo S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this Chapter the statistical mechanics theory of long-range interactions is applied to hydrodynamics problems. The Euler equation is derived as a limiting case of the two dimensional Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible fluids. A logarithmic coupling between distant vortices is found, an observation which points to the long-range character of the interactions. The Onsager point vortex model is then introduced and its statistical mechanics treatment reviewed. Moreover, the Robert-Sommeria-Miller theory for the 2D Euler equation is discussed. Finally, the quasi-geostrophic model is presented and a statistical mechanics theory developed to explain the formation of coherent structures in geophysical fluid dynamic (as seen in e.g. planets’ atmosphere and oceans).
Key messages and message integrity as concepts and metrics in communication evaluation
Authors: E. Carroll Craig , C. Huang-Horowitz Nell , Weberling McKeever Brooke , Williams Natalie 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concepts of key messages and key message integrity, and examines their viability for communication management scholars and practitioners in evaluating media relations activities. Key message integrity addresses not only what messages transfer, but also how well.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors analyzed 18 nonprofit organizations’ key messages and the messages’ integrity levels using content analysis on one month of their news coverage. In-depth interviews with eight of their media relations practitioners helped validate the concepts and the results.

Findings
– The authors found five unique categories and functions of key messages: information concerned with dissemination, raison d’être concerned with purpose, categories concerned with positioning, resource management concerned with accounting for resources, and social relevance concerned with legitimacy. Findings also revealed varying levels of transmission and message integrity across the categories. Interviews revealed insights into challenges for communicating organizational key messages to the news media.

Originality/value
– This study lays the foundation for additional research on key messages and key message integrity as useful metrics for communication management scholars and practitioners.
A framework for advanced social media exploitation in government for crowdsourcing
Authors: Spiliotopoulou Lefkothea , Charalabidis Yannis , N. Loukis Euripidis , Diamantopoulou Vasiliki 
Published: October 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to develop and evaluate, in “real-life” pilot applications, a framework for advanced social media exploitation by government agencies in their policy-making processes to promote public participation and conduct crowdsourcing.

Design/methodology/approach
– This framework has been developed through cooperation with public sector employees experienced in public policy-making, using both qualitative and quantitative techniques: semi-structured focus group discussions, scenarios development and questionnaire surveys. The evaluation of the framework has been conducted through semi-structured focus group discussions with public sector employees involved in the pilot applications.

Findings
– A framework has been developed for advanced social media exploitation by government agencies, which is based on the automated posting of policy-related content to multiple social media, and then retrieval and processing of citizens’ interactions with it (e.g. views, likes, comments and retweets), using the application programming interfaces (API) of these social media. Furthermore, a supporting information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure and an application process model for it were developed. Its evaluation, based on “real-life” pilot applications, leads to useful insights concerning its capabilities, strengths and weaknesses.

Research limitations/implications
– The proposed framework has been evaluated in a small number of pilot applications, so further evaluation of it is required, in various types of government agencies and for different kinds of policy consultations.

Practical/Implications
– The above framework enables government agencies to communicate with wider and more heterogeneous audiences in a short time and at a low cost, increase public participation in their policy-making processes, collect useful knowledge, ideas and opinions from citizens and, finally, design better, more socially rooted, balanced and realistic policies.

Originality/value
– This research contributes to the development of knowledge concerning advanced practices for effective social media exploitation in government (which is currently limited, despite the considerable relevant knowledge developed in this area for the private sector), by developing and evaluating a framework for advanced and highly automated exploitation of multiple social media by government agencies. Furthermore, an evaluation methodology for such practices has been developed, which is based on sound theoretical foundations.
High consumption of pulses is associated with lower risk of abnormal glucose metabolism in women in Mauritius
Authors: Wennberg M. , Söderberg S. , Uusitalo U. , Tuomilehto J. , Shaw J. E. , Zimmet P. Z. , Kowlessur S. , Pauvaday V. , Magliano D. J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimsTo investigate if consumption of pulses was associated with a reduced risk of developing abnormal glucose metabolism, increases in body weight and increases in waist circumference in a multi‐ethnic cohort in Mauritius.MethodsPopulation‐based surveys were performed in Mauritius in 1992 and in 1998. Pulse consumption was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire in 1992 and outcomes were measured in 1998. At both time points, anthropometry was undertaken and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed.ResultsMauritian women with the highest consumption of pulses (highest tertile) had a reduced risk of developing abnormal glucose metabolism [odds ratio 0.52; 95% CI 0.27, 0.99) compared with those with the lowest consumption, and also after multivariable adjustments. In women, a high consumption of pulses was associated with a smaller increase in BMI.ConclusionsHigh consumption of pulses was associated with a reduced risk of abnormal glucose metabolism and a smaller increase in BMI in Mauritian women. Promotion of pulse consumption could be an important dietary intervention for the prevention of Type 2 diabetes and obesity in Mauritius and should be examined in other populations and in clinical trials.
Effect of controlled hypoglycaemia on sympathetic skin response in patients with Type 1 diabetes and control subjects
Authors: Koivikko M. L. , Airaksinen K. E. J. , Perkiömäki J. S. , Huikuri H. V. , Tapanainen J. S. , Kallio M. A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the quantity and mechanism of sudomotor function during euglycaemia and hypoglycaemia using sympathetic skin responses in patients with Type 1 diabetes and control subjects.MethodsSympathetic skin responses were measured in 16 patients with diabetes without neuropathy and in eight control subjects during euglycaemic and hypoglycaemic clamp.ResultsDuring hypoglycaemia, the number of repetitive synchronous sympathetic skin responses significantly increased in both groups (P<0.05), and this increase was significantly associated with the hypoglycaemia and sweating.ConclusionsDuring hypoglycaemia the number of repetitive synchronous sympathetic skin responses was related to increased sweating according to the hypoglycaemic symptom score. This is best explained by central nervous system reactions. The sympathetic skin responses of the patients with Type 1 diabetes had a weaker correlation with hypoglycaemia and its symptoms, which was possibly attributable to an adaptation or a dysfunction of the patients' sudomotor pathways.
An Analysis of Makovsky's Border Proposal in Light of Palestinian Needs
Authors: Wilson Andrew M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe border proposal of David Makovsky, who, served as an advisor to Martin Indyk during the recent Israeli‐Palestinian peace talks, is analyzed from the standpoint of viable contiguity — the degree to which the border, particularly where there is Israeli annexation of settlement blocs, offers provision for access, living space, and transportation infrastructure for the Palestinian population in adjacent areas. While at some locales his proposed border improves contiguity for Palestinians compared with the current situation unilaterally imposed by Israel, more attention needs to be given to the ways it would adversely affect the quality of life of the Palestinian population in the cities and villages adjacent to those settlement blocs. This leads to the suggestion that a more comprehensive solution to border issues will feature the establishment of joint economic zones and binational administrative authorities, which can manage the entanglement of roads and populations in ways that will maximize the potential for economic development.
Mostafa Malekian: Spirituality, Siyasat‐Zadegi and (A)political Self‐Improvement
Authors: Sadeghi‐Boroujerdi Eskandar 
Published: October 2014

AbstractMostafa Malekian has yet to receive much attention in Western academic literature pertaining to Iranian intellectual life, but inside Iran, he has emerged as a popular public intellectual; seen as both a culmination of and rupture with the project of “religious intellectualism.” Rather than offer a revolutionary and politically engaged vision of Islam, or a “reformist” or “democratic” interpretation of Shi῾ism, his project seeks to integrate what he calls “rationality” (῾aqlaniyat) and “spirituality” (ma᾽naviyat). As Malekian's project has developed, it has broken, in a number of important respects, with mainstream Islam as practiced in Iran, the religious reformist project, and even organized religion as a whole. This article seeks not only to offer one of the first comprehensive analysis of his existential and social thought in English, but also to analyze his project's deep affinities with a pervasive fatigue vis‐à‐vis collective projects of political emancipation and even “politics” tout court, in the latter phases of the “reformist” President Hojjat al‐Islam Seyyed Mohammad Khatami's tenure.
Indicated prevention with long‐chain polyunsaturated omega‐3 fatty acids in patients with 22q11DS genetically at high risk for psychosis. Protocol of a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled treatment trial
Authors: Armando Marco , De Crescenzo Franco , Vicari Stefano , Digilio Maria Cristina , Pontillo Maria , Papaleo Francesco , Amminger G. Paul 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimIt has been found that long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) reduce the risk of progression to first episode of psychosis (FEP) and may offer a safe and efficacious strategy for selective and indicated prevention in young people with ultra‐high‐risk (UHR) states. An opportunity for exploring the trajectory of FEP and for investigating the efficacy of preventive treatments exists in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), which has a 30% psychotic transition rate. The fact that 22q11DS patients are more homogeneous than other UHR groups and are characterized by high level of negative symptoms provides a strong rationale for the use of PUFAs. The principal aim of the present trial is to investigate the effects of PUFAs in individuals with 22q11DS who are at UHR for developing FEP.MethodsA prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, single‐centre study design will be used. Eighty individuals aged 12–26 will be randomly assigned to two treatment conditions.ResultsThe experimental group will receive PUFAs. The placebo group will receive paraffin oil. Standard clinical assessments and neuropsychological tests will be performed at baseline and at 8‐, 12‐, 26‐ and 52‐week follow‐up. Blood samples will be collected at baseline and after 12 weeks. This study is registered as an International Standard RCT, number 02070211. The corresponding author is supported by a NARSAD Young Investigator Award.ConclusionsThis is the protocol of a planned study that aims to test the efficacy of PUFAs in the prodromal phase of FEP, in a specific syndrome where there is strong evidence that a high genetic load is involved in the disorder.
The EU's Post‐Lisbon Free Trade Agreements: Commercial Interests in a Changing Constitutional Context
Authors: Gstöhl Sieglinde , Hanf Dominik 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article examines how the Common Commercial Policy in the post‐Lisbon era impacts citizens' rights both within the EU and in the partner countries. The EU's aspiration to pursue a normative agenda through trade has further been reinforced by the Lisbon Treaty, both with regard to the objectives of external action and the reformed trade policy‐making processes. Concurrently, however, the EU has refocused its trade strategy on growth and competitiveness, and strongly advocated the conclusion of ‘new generation’ free trade agreements. These agreements combine an ambitious ‘WTO‐plus’ agenda with normative issues such as provisions on human rights, a social dimension and sustainable development. The result of this dual approach is a mixed ‘constitutional balance’: whereas constitutional rights and competitiveness have the potential to reinforce each other with positive synergy effects, they may also result in tensions and policy incoherencies.
Protecting Human Rights in the Context of Free Trade? The Case of the SADC Group Economic Partnership Agreement
Authors: Gammage Clair 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAs free trade agreements proliferate, the relationship between trade and human rights continues to attract attention across academic disciplines. The linkages between human rights and liberal trade rules have been the subject of debate for some time. Since most countries tend to afford constitutional protection to both human rights and freedom of trade, there appears to be an inescapable connection between the two regimes. In theory, at least, economic growth should improve human rights standards and conditionality can be one way through which human rights compliance is achieved. However, in practice, States often pursue economic objectives that conflict with their human rights obligations. This article explores the linkages and potential conflicts between human rights and trade in the context of regional trade agreements, with a focus on the interim Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and the Southern African Development Community Group.
Are general dental practitioners confident in primary care oral surgery service?
Authors: Askar W. , Crean S. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimsThis study aims to evaluate general dental practitioner's confidence in a primary care oral surgery service; assess patterns of referral; and their level of satisfaction and identify those procedures deemed inappropriate for referral to such a service.Materials and methodsA postal questionnaire was distributed to (n = 70) dentists who refer to a primary care oral surgery service in the north‐west of England.ResultsOne hundred per cent of respondents (n = 58) indicated that they were confident in the service. Overall satisfaction with the service was: very good 80% and good 20%. Satisfaction was correlated with: treatment outcome: rs = 0.53; n = 54; P < 0.01; ratings of patient experience: rs = 0.56; n = 54; P < 0.01; and rating of post‐operative care arrangements: rs = 0.38; n = 54; P < 0.01. Factors affecting a decision to refer were: complexity of treatment (85%); operator experience (79%); waiting time (63%); treatment without patient charges (28%); and facilities and equipment (32%). Procedures viewed as not appropriate for referral: management of cranio‐facial pain (30%); diagnosis of white patches, soft tissue lesions and ulcers (30%); and management of trauma (21%).ConclusionsLevels of confidence and satisfaction among referring dental practitioners with the primary care oral surgery service were most strongly related to ratings of patient experience. Decisions to refer were based on patient experience and treatment complexity. Overall satisfaction remained very high.
Mechanisms and treatments of photoaging
Authors: Poon Flora , Kang Sewon , Chien Anna L. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryPhotoaging is frequently encountered in a dermatologic practice. This systematic literature review aims to explore the etiology of photoaging and address the evidence behind its current management. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, UpToDate, and the Cochrane Library was conducted. Articles were limited to those relating to photoaging. There are two major approaches in the current management of photoaging. This includes strategies to prevent against ultraviolet damage (e.g. sunscreen) and medications that attempt to reverse existing skin damage (topical retinoids and 5‐fluorouracil). There has been a large growth in the variety of treatment options in recent years. While it is important for such growth to continue, prevention via sensible photoprotection methods still remains the best current management option.
Back to Black
Authors: Calosi Claudio , Varzi Achille C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis is a brief sequel to Max Black's classic dialogue on the Identity of Indiscernibles. Interlocutor A defends the bundle theory by endorsing the (by now popular) view according to which Black's world does not contain two indiscernible spheres but rather a single, bi‐located sphere. His opponent, B, objects that A cannot distinguish such a world from a world with a single, uniquely located sphere, hence that the view in question adds nothing to A's original response to Black's challenge. A is simply denying that there can be worlds with two or more indiscernible entities.
Impacts on New York GHG Emissions From Distributed Combined Heat and Power
Authors: Howard Bianca , Waite Michael , Modi Vijay 
Published: October 2014

As cities have begun to implement greenhouse gas initiatives, one technology that has become of interest is building level combined heat and power (CHP). In New York City, over two thirds of greenhouse gas emissions are attributed to buildings. As space heating is the major end use of building energy consumption in the Northeast, building level CHP systems have the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions especially since many buildings utilize fuel oil to fire boilers for space heating.
While distributed CHP has potential to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, this statement is quite dependent on the current types and efficiencies of generators used to supply electricity. In New York State, approximately 50% of electricity is produced from nuclear and hydro power plants with the majority of the remainder supplied by simple and combined cycle gas turbines. Only 1% of electricity is supplied by less efficient oil power plants.
In the current work we seek to determine how the emissions benefits of distributed generation change with increasing penetration of CHP systems (up to 1.58 GW of aggregated capacity) considering the current mix of electricity generation capacity in New York State. The analysis indicates while there are emissions reductions for all scenarios the impact reduces on the order of 400 metric tons per MWe.
Technological Innovation, Product Life Cycle and Market Power: A Real Options Approach
Authors: Cheng Johnson T. S. , Jiang I-Ming , Liu Yu-Hong 
Published: October 2014

This paper employs a real options approach to analyze optimal investment decisions. When investment projects have the characteristics of irreversibility, uncertainty and the option to wait or exit, the traditional net present value (NPV) method would underestimate the value of investment, since it neglects the values of timing and operational flexibility. The distinctive feature of this paper is that the effects of product life cycle (PLC) as well as market power are incorporated into the model. In addition, and different to the approach in Liao et al. [Optimal investment decision and product life cycle: A real options approach, Sun Yat-Sen Management Review 11(3) (2003) 1–36], we introduce the concept of technological innovation into the model. It is shown that the optimal waiting time for the investment is longer than both those in the American call options model of McDonald and Siegel [The value of waiting to invest, Quarterly Journal of Economics 101(4) (1986) 707–727], which does not incorporate dividend yield, and Liao et al. [Optimal investment decision and product life cycle: A real options approach, Sun Yat-Sen Management Review 11(3) (2003) 1–36], but is shorter than that in Dixit and Pindyck's [Investment under Uncertainty (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1994)] model, which incorporates dividend yield. Finally, a comparative static is used to analyze the determinants of optimal investment decisions. Our results indicate that the investment-ratio threshold will be higher, and thus the optimal entry time for an investment will be delayed, when (1) the PLC is longer, (2) the uncertainty is greater, (3) the discounting rate is higher, (4) market power is larger, (5) jump size intensity is stronger and (6) the payoff out ratio (R&D/revenue) is larger.
Anti‐Remodeling and Anti‐Fibrotic Effects of the Neuregulin‐1β Glial Growth Factor 2 in a Large Animal Model of Heart Failure
Authors: Galindo Cristi L. , Kasasbeh Ehab , Murphy Abigail , Ryzhov Sergey , Lenihan Sean , Ahmad Farhaan A. , Williams Philip , Nunnally Amy , Adcock Jamie , Song Yanna , Harrell Frank E. , Tran Truc‐Linh , Parry Tom J. , Iaci Jen , Ganguly Anindita , Feoktistov Igor , Stephenson Matthew K. , Caggiano Anthony O. , Sawyer Douglas B. , Cleator John H. 
Published: October 2014

Background

Neuregulin‐1β (
NRG
‐1β) is a growth factor critical for cardiac development and repair with therapeutic potential for heart failure. We previously showed that the glial growth factor 2 (
GGF
2) isoform of
NRG
‐1β improves cardiac function in rodents after myocardial infarction (
MI
), but its efficacy in a large animal model of cardiac injury has not been examined. We therefore sought to examine the effects of
GGF
2 on ventricular remodeling, cardiac function, and global transcription in post‐
MI
swine, as well as potential mechanisms for anti‐remodeling effects.

Methods and Results

MI
was induced in anesthetized swine (n=23) by intracoronary balloon occlusion. At 1 week post‐
MI
, survivors (n=13) received
GGF
2 treatment (intravenous, biweekly for 4 weeks; n=8) or were untreated (n=5). At 5 weeks post‐
MI
, fractional shortening was higher (32.8% versus 25.3%,
P
=0.019), and left ventricular (
LV
) end‐diastolic dimension lower (4.5 versus 5.3 cm,
P
=0.003) in
GGF
2‐treated animals. Treatment altered expression of 528 genes, as measured by microarrays, including collagens, basal lamina components, and matricellular proteins.
GGF
2‐treated pigs exhibited improvements in
LV
cardiomyocyte mitochondria and intercalated disk structures and showed less fibrosis, altered matrix structure, and fewer myofibroblasts (myoFbs), based on trichrome staining, electron microscopy, and immunostaining. In vitro experiments with isolated murine and rat cardiac fibroblasts demonstrate that
NRG
‐1β reduces myoFbs, and suppresses
TGF
β‐induced phospho‐
SMAD
3 as well as α
SMA
expression.

Conclusions

These results suggest that
GGF
2/
NRG
‐1β prevents adverse remodeling after injury in part via anti‐fibrotic effects in the heart.