bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
Authors: Barnes Frank S. , Budd David A. , Lim Michelle , Freeman Eugene R. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe fundamentals of a compressed air energy storage (CAES) system are reviewed as well as the thermodynamics that makesCAESa viable energy storage mechanism. The two currently operatingCAESsystems are conventional designs coupled to standard gas turbines. Newer concepts forCAESsystem configurations include additions of heat recovery systems, air humidification, adiabaticCAES, hybrid, and isothermal systems, which are briefly discussed with respect to their underlying thermodynamics. The desired geological properties and constraint for large underground air storage systems are reviewed with special emphasis on geologic heterogeneity and the requirement of a thorough geologic site characterization. The financial considerations that are needed by managers who wish to consider the construction of aCAESsystem are presented and a variety of conditions whereCAESsystems are economically profitable are indicated.
High Temperature Electrolysis for Hydrogen or Syngas Production from Nuclear or Renewable Energy
Authors: Shi Yixiang , Luo Yu , Li Wenying , Ni Meng , Cai Ningsheng 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHigh temperature electrolysis using solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) is a promising method for converting electrical energy into chemical energy. The high temperature electrolysis is advantageous compared with low temperature electrolysis owing to its high electricity‐to‐hydrogen efficiency, fast reaction rate, and relatively low cost. The working principles and thermodynamics ofSOECforH2Oelectrolysis andH2O/CO2co‐electrolysis are described. The typical materials used forSOECare reviewed and technical challenges forSOECdurability are discussed. To further decrease the electrical energy consumption, fuel‐assistedSOECis proposed and demonstrated to be feasible for syngas production at very low electrical energy consumption or even power generation. The planar cell and tubular cells are identified as promising designs for commercialSOECapplications. AsSOECrequires both electrical energy and thermal energy input, the feasibility of integratingSOECwith nuclear power plant or renewable power plant for clean fuel production is discussed. Mathematical models at different levels contribute to understand the complex transport and reaction phenomena inSOECsand help optimize theSOECsystems. In the end, the challenges ofSOECand future developments are discussed. With further technological development, theSOECcould play an important role in future fuel processing, energy storage, and stabilizing the fluctuating renewable energy.
Smart Cities
Authors: Dahlquist Erik , Fell Terence 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

In 2012, for the first time, more people lived in cities than in rural areas. This is changing the conditions for everyone as fewer farmers should supply food for more people who are doing other things. The megacities also face very difficult traffic situations caused by smog and traffic jams. We could see very poor slum areas aside of very exclusive areas. This creates big differences between rich and poor. “Smart cities” can be seen as demonstrations of what we would like to see for all people in the cities. On the house roof, we see
PV
cells and solar power heaters as well as new type of wind power and small gardens with plenty of vegetables and fruits growing on it. Electrified collective communications as well as “car‐trains” reduce the emissions to air radically. The buildings are also designed to reduce the energy supply to a minimum, both in winter and summer time. You can get all food at home needed by sending a request to a supplier about what ingredients you need. The room contains 3D communication so that you can communicate with friends just like you were sitting in the same room. Waste water is treated locally by urine separation and solid organics fermented to produce biogas. As electric power is produced also locally by
PV
and cars have batteries, lamps are
LED
lamps, and so on, the system is, in many ways, transferred into a
DC
system instead of the totally dominating
AC
system today.
Smart Homes as Integrated Living Environments
Authors: Campillo Javier , Dahlquist Erik , Späth Ralf 
Published: July 2015

AbstractInformation and communication technologies have transformed nearly every single item in our life. From automatic steering control systems and anti‐blocking breaks in our vehicles to keep us safe, to ubiquitous tools for accessing news, real‐time weather data, instant messaging, social media, and entertainment right in our hands. Yet, most of our homes—taken as buildings for human habitation—have remained essentially unchanged for the past decades. In this article, some of the technologies available today for upgrading our conventional homes are presented. Special emphasis is put on building automation technologies as an integration of ICT into our living environment, in order to increase our comfort and quality of life while at the same time, help us reduce our homes energy usage and environmental footprint.
Chemical Looping Combustion and Gasification
Authors: Fan Liang‐Shih , Chung Elena Y. , Bayham Samuel C. , Kathe Mandar V. , Tong Andrew , Zeng Liang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWith the emerging challenge of climate change and the continued escalation of energy demands, innovative and flexible fuel conversion technologies are necessary and gaining recognition. Chemical looping technologies have the potential to not only reduce energy costs, but also to mitigate carbon emissions. Historically, the general concept of this reduction–oxidation mechanism has been suggested, but the process was never commercialized. Recent interests in carbon capture techniques have revitalized the adaptive chemical looping system. Chemical looping technologies can utilize both gaseous and solid fuels such as natural gas and coal, respectively, for power, hydrogen, or chemical generation. However, the success of technological adoption requires a thorough understanding of the types of chemical looping techniques, the design considerations, and the reactor modes of configurations. Current large‐scale testing units are examined with the hope for near‐term advancement and future commercial application.
Tidal Current
Authors: Thomson Mat , Baldock Andrew J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe idea of extracting useful, utility scale, energy from tidal currents has been the focus of much research and development over the past couple of decades. From the 1990s desk studies to the opening of the first MW scale test center in 2007 and now to the deployment and grid connection of several utility scale technologies, the tidal current energy sector is aiming for commercial‐scale deployment with the potential extraction of gigawatts of power for the United Kingdom and the rest of the world.The extraction of tidal current energy offers the displacement of conventional fossil fuel generation and a diversification to the portfolio of electricity generating assets. The specific advantage of tidal current energy over other renewable energy sources is the predictable nature of the resource.Similar to wind energy, the design drivers for tidal turbines are governed by the environmental conditions. It is essential to understand the complex nature of tidal flows and how the inflow conditions interact with the turbine and affect performance and loading.A good understanding of the undisturbed tidal current resource, and its response to energy extraction, is critical to deployment of tidal current arrays. For large‐scale arrays over approximately 10MW, the use of hydrodynamic models that have been appropriately calibrated and validated using measured data is necessary. The complexity of estimating the tidal current resource means that understanding of the resource, and particularly how it is affected by energy exploitation, remains ongoing research. It is vitally important to differentiate between the total resource, theoretical resource, technical resource, and practical resource and definitions are provided in this article. Acceptable limits for parameters related to energy extraction (such as changes to tidal currents, tidal range, and sedimentation) have yet to be determined.
Energy‐Efficient District Heating
Authors: Li Hongwei 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
District heating uses hot water or steam as a carrier to transport energy produced from central heating plants to residential, commercial, or industrial buildings to provide their heating needs. It has the advantages to optimally use and combine a wide spectrum of low quality fuel, low temperature waste heat, and renewable energy. District heating improves energy efficiency on both the supply side and the demand side, and integrates with other energy infrastructures such as the electricity and gas grid. It represents an essential sustainable energy infrastructure with respect to energy security, energy efficiency, climate change, green economy, and social benefits. This article describes basic concepts for the district heating network and the building heating installations. In the district heating network, methods for district heating pipe thermal and hydraulic performance analysis are illustrated. Different types of consumer substations are introduced with emphasis on the heat exchanger dynamic performance, Legionella risk, and the flat station concept. The energy‐efficient district heating concepts and solutions with focus on fourth‐generation district heating and smart district heating are introduced. The renewable energy application and best practices in district heating are described. The demand side management in the district heating application is illustrated.
Green Labels and Standards for Appliances, Equipment, and Lighting
Authors: Zeng Lei , Yu Yang , Li Jiayang 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Energy performance improvements in consumer products are an essential element in any government's portfolio of energy efficiency and climate change mitigation programs. As an effective policy tool, green labels and standards (S&L) can be widely applied to improve energy performance of appliances, equipment, and lighting globally. A well‐designed mandatory energy efficiency standard can remove cost‐ineffective, energy‐wasting products from the marketplace and stimulate the development of cost‐effective, energy‐efficient technology. Energy labels can empower consumers to make informed choices about the products they buy and to manage their energy bills, thus transform the market to achieve significant energy savings.

Over the past two decades, energy efficiency standards and labeling (S&L) programs have proven to be highly effective in stimulating the development of cost‐effective, energy‐efficient technologies in many countries. Economies such as the United States, European Union, China, and Japan have observed a rapid uptake of S&L programs as the cornerstone of their national energy and climate change mitigation programs. This report has taken a few examples of effective energy labeling systems from the United States,
EU
, China, Japan, Korea, and Australia to illustrate the wide application of green labels for appliances and prove that S&L are appropriate for most cultures and marketplaces and deserve to be the cornerstone of any country's energy policies and programs.
Adapting Policies for a New Energy Future
Authors: Simmons Richard A. , Secor Peter F. , Garimella Suresh V. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this article, we consider current global energy trends and provide an overview of major initiatives developed to promote diversity of energy supplies and efficiency and policies and regulations aimed at curbing emissions. We not only investigate some of the underlying challenges associated with comprehensive energy legislation but also acknowledge the impact of successful technology and policy deployment at local, state, and regional levels. We examine the growing linkages between energy and the environment within policy dialogs at these various jurisdictions and identify some lessons learned and best practices.The understanding that there is no one‐size‐fits‐all model is clearly borne out by the prevailing trends in energy throughout the world. Fossil fuels, although nettlesome environmentally, retain an important near‐term role overall. Shifts from coal to natural gas may add flexibility to the energy mix and prove beneficial to the environment in the short‐to‐medium term but must be complemented with longer‐term strategies. In balancing a clean energy agenda with pragmatic realities, we explore the policy context for a diversity of energy sources falling within two primary subsets of energy use: stationary and nonstationary. We review sources and trends, discussing them in view of crosscutting themes including: efficiency, conservation, alternative technologies, and metrics for environmental and economic impacts. Lessons learned indicate that the integration of new sources with conventional ones must no longer occur in a vacuum but in a coordinated manner. Multistakeholder dialog, real‐time data, and alignment of energy and climate policy objectives have become imperative. The suite of renewable energy options, although promising, must continue to overcome significant technological and financial barriers in order to compete in a subsidy‐free marketplace and to assure energy security. As such, the pros and cons of regulatory mandates, tax mechanisms, predetermined tariffs, and other policy initiatives are highlighted.In the stepwise transition from higher carbon to lower carbon energy supplies, this article argues for the value of regional approaches and for better alignment among technological and policymaking communities. High impact energy advances and the policies that underpin them will be the ones that most fully optimize for positive impacts on energy security, the environment, and the economy.
Introduction: Energy Storage Technologies
Authors: Sioshansi Ramteen , Cabeza Luisa F. , Yan Jinyue 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Energy storage has the potential to revolutionize electricity consumption and generation. This is because economic and efficient storage delinks the supply and demand sides of the electricity and other energy systems by introducing a viable inventory mechanism. A major technical challenge in this sphere is that useful energy is lost every time energy is converted from one medium to another. An equally important issue arises from the mixture of market‐based competition and traditional cost‐of‐service regulation in many parts of the world. This hybrid regulatory design can create impediments to fully capturing the value of all of the services that storage technologies can provide. A related issue that lies between the economic, regulatory, and technical issues is the wide variety of storage technologies available today. These technologies can be amenable to different applications, depending on their physical characteristics, and understanding the tradeoffs between the different technologies is vitally important for making storage investments viable. On the other hand, energy storage, mainly thermal energy storage (TES), is also used to decrease the energy demand of buildings and industry or to improve energy efficiency of energy system. The article in this volume touch on these and other issues related to energy storage.
Theory and Model of Energy Investment and Financing
Authors: Lu Bin , Ma Xiaowei , Feng Chao 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Energy investment and financing is a very complicated problem that is influenced by various factors. To consider energy industry investment strategies and financing modes in a scientific and reasonable way, to build a stable, economical, clean, and safe energy supply system, and to avoid the recurrence and wild fluctuations of imbalance between energy supply and demand, the issue of energy investment and financing should be deeply discussed. This article introduces the features, modes, influencing factors, basic principles, and future development of energy investment and financing. The key viewpoints include the following: energy investment has four features including higher capital intensity, longer debt maturity, complicated risks, and uncertainty of profit. Domestic savings, international capital, and financial markets are the main sources and channels of energy financing. The country's energy development strategy, energy policy, macroeconomic environment, level of development of the energy market and financial market, financing risks, resource status, and characteristics of the energy industry are the major influential factors in energy investment and financing. To determine the financing mode of the energy industry, five basic principles should be followed: accordance with the national strategy of energy development, risk dispersal, diversification of financing channels, rationality of the control of energy enterprises, and risk management and risk aversion. The demand for energy investment in developed countries is slowing down, and transitioning and developing countries will lead the demand for global energy investment in the future. New energy and energy efficiency will gradually replace fossil fuel energy and become the major direction for future energy investment.
Market Instruments for Environmental Regulation: Emissions Trading in Practice
Authors: Chevallier Julien 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe design of cap‐and‐trade programs can be flawed by various features such as initial allocation, banking and borrowing, geographic coverage, new entrant provisions, and so on that needs to be properly devised by the welfare‐maximizing social planner. This article reviews the essential characteristics that emissions trading schemes (ETS) should exhibit in order to avoid well‐known problems such as over‐allocation, exploitation of the resource rent by previously existing polluting companies, and the spectre of market power. Empirical examples are derived from the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union ETS, and some case studies of implementation of ETS at the regional or city level. This self‐contained article will allow market practitioners, institutions, and governments to plan accordingly the development of future tradable permits markets worldwide in a similar way.
Ice Storage
Authors: Okumiya Masaya 
Published: July 2015

Abstract

Thermal storage applied for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (
HVAC
) system can shift energy demand from peak time to valley time. It results in effective use of energy infrastructure such as power generation and energy conservation, for example, owing to stable operation of heat source equipment. Typical storage media for
HVAC
application is water and ice. For ice storage, thermal energy is stored in both of the sensible heat and the latent heat of water (ice). It can reduce the volume of storage tank and is useful for the case of small or medium‐size building and existing building.

In this article, classification of ice storage according to the method for ice making and melting and how stored heat is transported to secondary side are discussed. Subsequently, some important issues such as control of the amount of ice and how total system efficiency can be maintained at high level are also discussed. The former is important for effective and safety operation of ice storage. Low temperature
HVAC
system is introduced as the measure to improve total system efficiency.
The Future of Energy Policy in East Asia: Prospects and Risks for a Sustainable Framework
Authors: Shiroyama Hideaki , Yoshikawa Hisashi , Orsi Roberto , Sato Chiaki 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis article suggests two directions concerning energy policies in East Asia. First, even within the current regional framework, new roles can be reciprocally assumed by China, Korea, and Japan. Second, deeper cooperation with China and Korea should be sought in a more effective management of energy demand, from the sheer streamlining of energy‐related statistical standards to the diffusion of technological innovation, with a central role for the provision of knowledge, expertise, and infrastructure to the East Asian nations from Japan.The evolution of the concept of energy security in East Asia is currently undergoing a historical change marked by both the explosive growth of energy demand in China and the worldwide “shale revolution.” But instead of assuming a rigid idea of security, the article accepts its pluralism and explores what conditions make even divergent conceptions of energy security as viable in the current and possibly future context of East Asia. Indeed, the golden principle of energy security has often been “to improve one's energy self‐sufficiency ratio and not to be dependent from external suppliers.” However, this concept of energy security may not be the most suited one for East Asia. Without a proper management of its rapidly increasing demand, it will become very difficult to improve the self‐sufficiency ratio in energy production for the Chinese economy, and East Asia as a whole. Also, the shale revolution is shaping a new global situation with a profound change of the supply–demand structure. As energy supply cannot be flexibly manipulated, East Asia, the region with the largest energy consumption, must however strive to design and to construct a secure energy supply system in the context of changing patterns of production and consumption, reflecting a global power shift.
The Role of National Agencies as Honest Brokers Between Science and Policy: Case Studies on Environmental Sustainability Indicators
Authors: Bordt Michael , Rastan Soheil 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
National agencies play important roles in developing the mission of their government and the vision of their nation. This review provides two examples of how national agencies, in particular, national statistical agencies and national environmental agencies are engaged in proactive interpretation of data and the role they play in the science‐policy interface, the interface where impartial evidence and values interact. The first example presents the science‐policy interface through experiences gained during the design, development, and dissemination of the Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators. The second example presents the science‐policy interface through experiences gained from understanding the issues related to the Pollution Standard Index of Singapore. Both examples highlight the means by which particular environmental sustainability indicators, for example, air quality, are collated, analyzed, and disseminated to the public. The examples underline the important role of national agencies as catalysts for honest brokering in the interface between science and policy.
The Energy and Climate Policies of the European Union
Authors: Genoese Fabio , Egenhofer Christian , Wieczorkiewicz Julian 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTheEuropean Union(EU) faces the challenge of gradually decarbonizing its power sector and economy while in parallel securing its energy supply. In this article, theEUpolicy objectives as well as the main policy instruments are presented and discussed, for example, theEU Emission Trading Scheme, the Third Energy Package, and the Renewable Energy Directive. Although designed to tackle specific issues, these instruments also had undesired side‐effects, especially on the completion of the internal energy market. Special attention is given to the impending fragmentation of the internal electricity market that is ultimately caused by differences in national policies. On the gas side, the issue of import dependency is discussed in detail.