bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fall and Early Winter Movement and Habitat Use of Wild Brook Trout
Authors: Mollenhauer Robert , Wagner Tyler , Kepler Megan V. , Sweka John A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBrook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations face a myriad of threats throughout the species’ native range in the eastern United States. Understanding wild Brook Trout movement patterns and habitat requirements is essential for conserving existing populations and for restoring habitats that no longer support self‐sustaining populations. To address uncertainties related to wild Brook Trout movements and habitat use, we radio‐tracked 36 fish in a headwater stream system in central Pennsylvania during the fall and early winter of 2010–2011. We used generalized additive mixed models and discrete choice models with random effects to evaluate seasonal movement and habitat use, respectively. There was variability among fish in movement patterns; however, most of the movement was associated with the onset of the spawning season and was positively correlated with fish size and stream flow. There was heterogeneity among fish in selection of intermediate (0.26–0.44 m deep) and deep (0.44–1.06 m deep) residual pools, while all Brook Trout showed similar selection for shallow (0.10–0.26 m) residual pools. There was selection for shallow residual pools during the spawning season, followed by selection for deep residual pools as winter approached. Brook Trout demonstrated a threshold effect for habitat selection with respect to pool length, and selection for pools increased as average pool length increased up to approximately 30 m, and then use declined rapidly for pool habitats greater than 30 m in length. The heterogeneity and nonlinear dynamics of movement and habitat use of wild Brook Trout observed in this study underscores two important points: (1) linear models may not always provide an accurate description of movement and habitat use, which can have implications for management, and (2) maintaining stream connectivity and habitat heterogeneity is important when managing self‐sustaining Brook Trout populations.
Spatiotemporal Variation of Juvenile Common Carp Foraging Patterns as Inferred from Stable Isotope Analysis
Authors: Weber Michael J. , Brown Michael L. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractOntogenetic diet shifts from zooplankton to macroinvertebrates represent an important transition for many fishes during early life stages. However, some fishes have plastic feeding habits that allow them to take advantage of abundant prey resources or display diet specialization instead of undergoing distinct diet shifts. In this study, we evaluated ontogenetic changes in energy sources (based on the carbon isotope signature, δ13C) and trophic position (based on the nitrogen isotope signature, δ15N) for age‐0 Common Carp Cyprinus carpio from eight natural lakes in eastern South Dakota. In general, Common Carp trophic position decreased and energy sources shifted from pelagic to littoral prey resources from July to August. As anticipated, substantial inter‐ and intrapopulation variation existed in Common Carp isotope signatures. Common Carp trophic position increased with increasing fish TL in three lakes but decreased with fish TL in two systems. Intrapopulation variation in trophic position was related to Common Carp relative abundance during July, indicating that individuals may have specialized on different energy resources as a result of intraspecific interactions. The δ13C values decreased with increasing fish size in two populations during July, suggesting a shift toward pelagic resources; δ13C increased with fish size in six populations during August, suggesting a shift toward littoral resources. Our results indicate a high degree of trophic variation in juvenile Common Carp populations, indicative of a foraging generalist. Year‐class strength may increase trophic specialization of individuals but without negative effects on fish growth, suggesting that diet plasticity is an important factor contributing to the success of this invasive species.
Population Structure of a Neotropical Migratory Fish: Contrasting Perspectives from Genetics and Otolith Microchemistry
Authors: Collins Sarah M. , Bickford Nate , McIntyre Peter B. , Coulon Aurélie , Ulseth Amber J. , Taphorn Donald C. , Flecker Alexander S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractDeveloping conservation strategies for migratory fishes requires an understanding of connectivity among populations. Neotropical rivers contain diverse and economically important assemblages of migratory fishes, but little is known about the population biology of most species. We examined the population structure of Prochilodus mariae, an abundant migratory fish species found in Venezuelan rivers that plays essential roles in both regional fisheries and ecosystem dynamics. By coupling otolith microchemistry and microsatellite genetic analyses, we were able to evaluate both natal origins of individual fish and genetic structure on a regional level. The chemistry of otolith cores inferred separate breeding grounds for four of six populations, with 75–85% of individuals from each river sharing a natal signature that is distinct from the other populations. In contrast, we detected no genetic structure, indicating that gene flow among these rivers prevents population differentiation. These disparate inferences underscore the complexity of conserving migratory species; otolith data suggest that ensuring fishery sustainability requires recognizing distinct breeding stocks, while gene flow reflects the importance of connectivity across the broader river network on an evolutionary time scale. We conclude that multiple methodological approaches may often be necessary to fully understand the spatial ecology and management needs of migratory fishes and, therefore, also influence local management practices.
PSR B1133+16: radio emission height and plasma composition
Authors: Jones P. B. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Recent operation of LOFAR by Hassall et al. has produced severe constraints on the size and altitude of the 40 MHz emission region in this pulsar. It is shown that these limits, given a limited number of unexceptionable assumptions, demonstrate that an electron–positron plasma cannot be the source of the emission. A physically acceptable plasma source composed of protons and ions arises naturally in pulsars having positive corotational polar-cap charge density. Acceptance of this would greatly clarify the classification of pulsar types within the whole.
Lidocaine Patch (5%) in Treatment of Persistent Inguinal Postherniorrhaphy Pain
Authors: Bischoff Joakim M. , Petersen Marian , Üçeyler Nurcan , Sommer Claudia , Kehlet Henrik , Werner Mads U. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background:
Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for patients with persistent inguinal postherniorrhaphy pain are lacking.

Methods:
Twenty-one male patients, with severe, unilateral, persistent inguinal postherniorrhaphy pain, participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, receiving lidocaine patch (5%) and placebo patch treatments in periods of 14 days separated by a 14-day wash-out period. Pain intensities (at rest, during movement, and pressure evoked [Numerical Rating Scale]) were assessed before treatment and on the last 3 days of each treatment period. Patients were a priori divided into two subgroups based on quantitative sensory testing (+/− thermal “hyposensitivity”). Skin biopsies for intraepidermal nerve fiber density assessment were taken at baseline, and quantitative sensory testing was performed before and after each treatment period. The primary outcome was change in pain intensity assessed as the difference in summed pain intensity differences between lidocaine and placebo patch treatments.

Results:
There was no difference in summed pain intensity differences between lidocaine and placebo patch treatments in all patients (mean difference 6.2% [95% CI = −6.6 to 18.9%]; P = 0.33) or in the two subgroups (+/− thermal “hyposensitivity”). The quantitative sensory testing (n = 21) demonstrated an increased pressure pain thresholds after lidocaine compared with placebo patch treatment. Baseline intraepidermal nerve fiber density (n = 21) was lower on the pain side compared with the nonpain side (−3.8 fibers per millimeter [95% CI = −6.1 to −1.4]; P = 0.003). One patient developed mild erythema in the groin during both treatments.

Conclusions:
Lidocaine patch treatment did not reduce combined resting and dynamic pain ratings compared with placebo in patients with severe, persistent inguinal postherniorrhaphy pain.
Accounting quality of German and UK cross‐listings
Authors: Li Eng Li , Lin Jing 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThis paper aims to compare the quality of financial reporting (or accounting quality) of firms cross‐listed in Germany and the United Kingdom relative to domestic firms that are not cross‐listed in Germany and the United Kingdom.Design/methodology/approachThe authors assess financial reporting quality based on five measures of earnings management; two measures of timely loss recognition; and the explanatory power (R2) of three models of stock price and returns association with accounting data. Accounting quality is associated with less earnings management, more timely loss recognition and higher stock price/returns association with accounting data.FindingsThe authors find that there is no difference in financial reporting quality of firms cross‐listed in Germany and the United Kingdom and domestic firms that do not cross‐list in these countries. They further find that German and UK cross‐listing firms have lower accounting quality than US cross‐listing firms.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is subject to some limitations. Cross‐listing firms may be different from non‐cross‐listing firms in characteristics other than country, size and cross‐listing, the variables used to match the firms. The authors also lose quite a number of observations due to the matching process and therefore are limited by a small sample size.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to a growing literature on cross‐listing and quality of financial reporting. The authors extend Lang et al.'s work to exchanges outside of the USA. They provide further support for Coffee, and Lang et al. that firms cross‐listed in the USA conform to higher reporting standards than others, in particular in comparison with firms cross‐listed in Germany.
Efficiency and opportunism in auditor quality choice in emerging audit services markets
Authors: Waresul Karim AKM , van Zijl Tony 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test the relative strengths of efficiency and opportunistic considerations in making client auditor choice decisions in an emerging audit services market. The authors examine whether the degrees of foreign and institutional shareholdings, audit complexity, industry orientation (i.e. whether the firm belongs to the banking sector), ownership concentration in the hands of domestic sponsor shareholders, state ownership, power concentration in the hands of a CEO who is also the chairperson of the board, and audit risk affect the demand for superior monitoring by Big‐4 auditors.Design/methodology/approachThe authors carry out a multivariate analysis using binary logit regression technique. They test whether efficiency or opportunism rules auditor choice of firms in their sample. Efficiency‐based variables used in the authors' models include foreign shareholding by a multinational parent, institutional shareholding, audit complexity and whether the firm belongs to the banking sector. Opportunism‐based variables include ownership concentration in the hands of domestic sponsor shareholders other than government, government shareholding, power concentration in the hands of a CEO who holds the position of chair as well, and audit risk.FindingsThe authors find that opportunistic considerations outweigh efficiency considerations in shaping auditor choice decisions in their sample. Two out of four efficiency arguments (foreign shareholdings in the hands of a multinational parent and institutional shareholding) support efficiency as the main driver of auditor choice while one (client belonging to the banking sector) indicates otherwise. On the other hand, three out of four opportunism arguments (government shareholding, CEO‐chair duality and audit risk) document opportunistic considerations to be the main forces behind auditor choice. The influence of foreign shareholding becomes apparent only when the foreign shareholder is the controlling shareholder.Originality/valueThis paper is the first of its kind to address auditor choice in an emerging market context. No other paper looked at auditor choice using efficiency‐opportunism incentives. The paper contributes to our understanding of auditor choice dynamics in emerging markets. The finding that institutional shareholding is associated with choice of high quality auditors is encouraging. Individual small investors can use institutional investors as a shield to protect their investment through the higher quality auditing linked to the presence of institutional investors.
A dark tourist spectrum
Authors: Raine Rachael 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a typology of dark tourists through an investigation of people's motivations to visit burial grounds. This research extends Stone's Dark Tourism Spectrum and Seven Dark Suppliers framework by identifying nine types of dark tourists.Design/methodology/approachA comparative case study approach was selected where 23 interviews were conducted at three burial grounds. Interview transcripts were analysed in order to identify emerging themes in motives and experiences of dark tourism consumers. The sites selected were Bunhill Fields Burial Ground, London, St Mary's Graveyard, Whitby, and Weaste Cemetery, Salford.FindingsFrom this research a Dark Tourist Spectrum has been formulated which presents a typology of the dark tourist. The spectrum identifies different categories of visitors identified at the burial grounds, ranging from “darkest” to “lightest” tourists.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations of the research regard time and resource constraints. This affected the sample size of participants for interview and the selection of sites as case studies.Originality/valueThis study begins to fill the gap in research on people's motivations to visit sites that lie within the mid‐shades of Stone's Dark Tourism Spectrum, specifically burial grounds. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of dark tourism consumption with a new model presented in the form of a Dark Tourist Spectrum.
An experimental investigation of learning effects in order picking systems
Authors: Grosse Eric H. , Glock Christoph H. 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the prevalence of human learning in the order picking process in an experimental study. Further, it aims to compare alternative learning curves from the literature and to assess which learning curves are most suitable to describe learning in order picking.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental study was conducted at a manufacturer of household products. Empirical data was collected in the order picking process, and six learning curves were fitted to the data in a regression analysis.FindingsIt is shown that learning occurs in order picking, and that the learning curves of Wright, De Jong and Dar‐El et al. and the three‐parameter hyperbolic model are suitable to approximate the learning effect. The Stanford B model and the time constant model led to unrealistic results.Practical implicationsThe results imply that human learning should be considered in planning the order picking process, for example in designing the layout of the warehouse or in setting up work schedules.Originality/valueThe paper is the first to study learning effects in order picking systems, and one of the few papers that use empirical data from an industrial application to study learning effects.
An instrument to measure factors of strategic manufacturing effectiveness based on Hayes and Wheelwright's model
Authors: Jain Bhurchand , Adil Gajendra K. , Ananthakumar Usha 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThe four stage model of Hayes and Wheelwright (H‐W) describing the strategic role of manufacturing function is widely accepted in the literature. However, there is little research that has examined the underlying factors of the H‐W model. This paper aims to fill this research gap by developing an instrument for measuring factors of strategic manufacturing effectiveness of a company based on the H‐W model.Design/methodology/approachThe general principle of designing an instrument is followed in this paper. Attributes of strategic manufacturing effectiveness are identified from critical analysis of the original text of Wheelwright and Hayes, and Chase and Hayes. Then these attributes are grouped into four factors: catalysts of manufacturing initiatives; proactiveness of manufacturing function; attitude of top management towards manufacturing; and nature of manufacturing initiatives. Question for each attribute along continuum of four stages in the H‐W model is developed. The reliability and validity of the instrument are assessed through responses obtained from managers of 28 manufacturing units.FindingsThe empirical evidence supports that the proposed instrument has quite good reliability (Cronbach's α for different factors in the range of 0.575 to 0.705) and validity (multiple correlation coefficient between factors and manufacturing performance of 0.801).Practical implicationsThis instrument can be used to position the companies along the continuum of four stages. Also, this can help managers assess the strengths and weaknesses in manufacturing for making the improvements.Originality/valueThis study is one of its kind which focuses on the development of an instrument to assess the strategic role of manufacturing based on the H‐W model.
Time to care: a patient‐centered quality improvement strategy
Authors: Brunoro‐Kadash Cheryl , Kadash Nick 
Published: July 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the processes and results of implementing and evaluating the Releasing Time to Care™ (RTC™) model in a 45‐bed Neurosciences unit in a tertiary care hospital in Saskatchewan province of western Canada.Design/methodology/approachOrganizational restructuring in healthcare systems has impacted the ability of clinical registered nurses (CRNs) in participation and in influencing the decision making that affect the delivery and outcomes of patient‐centered care. At the same time, CRNs' work has intensified because of increases in patient acuity, technological advances, complexity of care provided to patient families and communities, in addition to the intensifying demands put on by an aging population and dwindling resources. The work reported in this paper shows that significant improvements have been made based on the current needs and the change is forever imminent. Establishing solid people connections and networking opportunities proved valuable for current and future exchange of information and knowledge translation.FindingsModel implementation resulted in positive narrative and empirical data including: improved patient safety, staff engagement, leadership opportunities and an affirmative shift in organizational culture. Improved patient safety was evidenced by a reduction in falls and decreased medication errors.Originality/valueThe paper focuses on including the clinical nurse in organizational and system change towards improving patient‐centered quality care. Neurosciences 6300 at Royal University Hospital (RUH) in Saskatoon, was viewed as an RTC™ champion and one of the first to implement and complete the 11‐module toolkit.
Dynamic species distribution models from categorical survey data
Authors: Mieszkowska Nova , Milligan Gregg , Burrows Michael T. , Freckleton Rob , Spencer Matthew 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Species distribution models are static models for the distribution of a species, based on Hutchinson's niche concept. They make probabilistic predictions about the distribution of a species, but do not have a temporal interpretation. In contrast, density‐structured models based on categorical abundance data make it possible to incorporate population dynamics into species distribution modelling.

Using dynamic species distribution models, temporal aspects of a species' distribution can be investigated, including the predictability of future abundance categories and the expected persistence times of local populations, and how these may respond to environmental or anthropogenic drivers.

We built density‐structured models for two intertidal marine invertebrates, the Lusitanian trochid gastropods Phorcus lineatus and Gibbula umbilicalis, based on 9 years of field data from around the United Kingdom. Abundances were recorded on a categorical scale, and stochastic models for year‐to‐year changes in abundance category were constructed with winter mean sea surface temperature (SST) and wave fetch (a measure of the exposure of a shore) as explanatory variables.

Both species were more likely to be present at sites with high SST, but differed in their responses to wave fetch. Phorcus lineatus had more predictable future abundance and longer expected persistence times than G. umbilicalis. This is consistent with the longer lifespan of P. lineatus.

Where data from multiple time points are available, dynamic species distribution models of the kind described here have many applications in population and conservation biology. These include allowing for changes over time when combining historical and contemporary data, and predicting how climate change might alter future abundance conditional on current distributions.
Mosquitofish dominate amphibian and invertebrate community development in experimental wetlands
Authors: Shulse Christopher D. , Semlitsch Raymond D. , Trauth Kathleen M. 
Published: July 2013

Summary

Restored and constructed habitats can play important conservation roles. Predators help shape communities in these habitats through complex interactions with prey, other predators and biotic and abiotic characteristics of the environment. However, introduced predators can have dramatic effects that may be difficult to predict.

Using regression models, we compared influences of introduced invasive western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis to those of two naturally colonizing predators (crayfish and dragonflies), and vegetation, on three anuran species in experimentally constructed wetlands. Using analyses of covariance, we also examined influences of mosquitofish and vegetation on aquatic invertebrate communities.

We found that mosquitofish reduced abundances of grey treefrogs Hyla versicolor and H. chrysoscelis and boreal chorus frog Pseudacris maculata, but had no significant influence on green frog Lithobates clamitans. Mosquitofish also reduced invertebrate abundance, but their effect on richness was less clear. Vegetation cover did not significantly increase most anuran or invertebrate abundances. However, vegetation increased invertebrate richness. After fish removal, invertebrate abundance increased. Fish removal may have facilitated chorus frog re‐colonization into wetlands with low abundance of invertebrate predators.

Our results indicate that mosquitofish are detrimental to wetland communities, and we recommend that managers avoid stocking mosquitofish. We also encourage temporary or drainable wetlands to prevent mosquitofish persistence if colonization occurs. Implementing these recommendations will improve the conservation potential of restored wetlands.