bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virtue Ethics and the Treatment of Animals
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article considers a theory that most philosophers view as deriving historically from the work of the ancient Athenian-Macedonian philosopher Aristotle. It shows how virtue ethics promotes the paradigm that we should think about moral rights and wrongs in our treatment of animals in terms of virtues and vices rather than in terms of consequences or rights and duties. The article argues that two leaders in the field of ethics and animals, Peter Singer and Tom Regan, each implicitly picks out one virtue, but one virtue only—a too concentrated focus that renders their moral theories unsatisfactory. This discussion holds that we ought to be thinking in terms of all of the virtues and vices pertinent to the moral problems that arise in human uses of nonhuman animals. It suggests that many theories have made this path difficult because of an undue focus on the concept of moral status.
The Capabilities Approach and Animal Entitlements
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article begins with a sketch of current knowledge about animal thinking. It inquires into what this knowledge suggests for ethics and for public policy. It finds that it challenges what has been the most influential approach to the ethics of animal treatment, namely classical utilitarianism. After rejecting this theory, it proposes a theoretical approach that has two non-utilitarian elements as centerpieces. First, the approach has a Kantian element—a fundamental ethical starting point that we must respect each individual sentient being as an end in itself. Second, the approach has a neo-Aristotelian, capabilities-theory element: the Aristotelian idea that each creature has a characteristic set of capabilities, or capacities for functioning, distinctive of that species, and that those more rudimentary capacities need support from the material and social environment if the animal is to flourish in its characteristic way.
The Idea of Moral Standing
Authors: Morris Christopher W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article investigates the idea of moral status for nonhuman animals and how that status compares to the moral status of most humans. It considers whether some artifacts and natural objects have a significant moral status. It finds much of the philosophical literature confusing, so it offers an innovative distinction between the notion of status and that of standing. It regards standing as a special status that humans and perhaps a limited number of other beings have. It takes the idea of “duties to” other beings as critical for an account of moral status. It suggests that something has moral standing if it is owed any moral consideration or duty whatever.
Animals, Fundamental Moral Standing, and Speciesism
Authors: Copp David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article considers whether we have moral duties that are owed directly to animals, or whether all duties regarding animals are derivative from duties we have to human beings. It maintains that we have moral duties directly toward nonhuman animals, not merely duties regarding them, and that this claim can be adequately grounded in the thesis of the fundamental standing of animals. Nonetheless, it finds that the thesis of the fundamental standing of animals is in tension with a very different and intuitively plausible thesis called the thesis of the fundamental concern of morality: morality is fundamentally concerned with advancing human welfare by enabling human beings to live together successfully in societies. This article argues that the two theses can be shown to be compatible; even the apparent “speciesism” of the second thesis is compatible with recognizing the fundamental standing of animals.
Animal Mentality
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article continues the discussion of whether animals possess moral standing, which it considers to be the question of whether they are deserving of our sympathy and concern and whether they possess moral rights. It notes that the question of moral rights should receive a negative answer, even though it believes firmly in the evolutionary and cognitive continuities between humans and other animals. The first half of this article argues that pain and suffering of a great many animals do appropriately make them objects of sympathy, and it shows that they have minds with structures often similar to those of humans. However, the final half of this article turns to a defense of a contractualist perspective, which is that all humans, and probably no other animals, possess moral standing. From this contractualist perspective, morality is the outcome of an idealized contract among agents who can then constrain and guide their relations with others.
Minimal Minds
Authors: Huebner Bryce 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article starts out by observing that we often speak in a loose manner as if beings all the way down to viruses have something like beliefs, desires, and intentions. It sets aside these ways of speaking to see how far down the chain of being there might be true mentality—minimal mindedness. Profound theoretical issues confront attempts to provide a general strategy for distinguishing mentality from witless and mechanical behavior. The discussion tries to establish the minimal conditions. It argues that the explanatory resources provided by contemporary cognitive science provide compelling reasons for thinking that even invertebrates such as cockroaches, termites, and honeybees possess genuine cognitive capacities. It recognizes that many may be skeptical of this claim, but supports the idea that invertebrates possess minimal minds in a number of ways.
Beyond Anthropomorphism
Authors: Andrews Kristin 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses “anthropomorphism” in the sense of the attribution of uniquely human mental characteristics to nonhuman animals. One philosophical problem is to figure out how we can identify which properties are uniquely human. The discussion maintains that one goal of animal cognition studies is to determine which cognitive abilities animals use and whether some identifiable cognitive properties are found only in the human species. If the properties are uniquely human, then asserting that some other animal has that property would be false and an example of anthropomorphism. In the empirical and the philosophical literatures, features that have been described as uniquely human include psychological states such as beliefs and desires, personality traits such as confidence or timidity, emotions such as happiness or anger, social-organizational properties such as culture or friendship, and moral behavior such as punishment or rape.
On the Origin of Species Notions and Their Ethical Limitations
Authors: Greene Mark 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article probes the difference between the concerns we have about using individual animals, such as laboratory animals, and the concerns found in environmental ethics, which focus not on individual beings but on entities such as ecosystems, the wilderness, or even the whole biosphere. A concern that cuts across environmental ethics and ethical issues about animals is whether we have a duty to preserve species, most notably those threatened by human activities. It notes that once defenders of species preservation have realized that their arguments are entirely contingent on whether animal species make contributions to humans, the defenders of a general duty of species preservation will want to dig in and argue that species must have non-derivative value in their own right. It believes that evolutionary biology calls into question the intelligibility of defending the non-derivative value of species.
Literary Works and Animal Ethics
Authors: Zamir Tzachi 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article notes that a number of Anglo-American moral philosophers have turned to literature for insights into moral reflection on animals. This “literary turn” in moral philosophy finds that some sensitivities or aspects of moral reflection are deepened by literary works. The main literary work focusing on animals that has attracted substantial interest from philosophers is J. M. Coetzee's Elizabeth Costello. Philosophers such as Stanley Cavell, Cora Diamond, Stephen Mulhall, and Peter Singer have all found it a repository of moral insight. This article suggests that moral philosophers are only beginning to mine rich literary descriptions of animals to gain moral insight and to explore the ways in which the invocation of animals awakens morally relevant dimensions in literary works.
Eugenics in Britain: The View from the Metropole
Authors: Bland Lucy , Hall Lesley 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article discusses the impact of eugenics in Britain. It discusses eugenics as a biological way of thinking about social, economic, political, and cultural change. It gives scientific credibility to prejudices, anxieties, and fears that are prevalent primarily among the middle and upper classes. It delineates the tensions between “classic” and “reform”, although this is only one modality along which to align the complex factors that polarized the society—some of them ideological, some of them about tactics, and some based on personalities. It gives a detailed description of the differentiation of societies' activities into study and practice. The social problem group; research into contraceptive methods; family allowances; race mixture; and immigration are discussed. The practices are divided into negative and positive. Finally, this article concludes that eugenicists see feeblemindedness as hereditary, emblematic of degeneracy, and contributes to numerous social problems, such as poverty and unemployment.
Eugenics in Australia and New Zealand: Laboratories of Racial Science
Authors: Garton Stephen 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Australians and New Zealanders were active participants in international dialogues and movements seeking to promote the propagation of the fit and prevent the multiplication of the inferior. This article deals with the reasons for failure of eugenics to have the influence its proponents hoped and its failure in achieving its aims. It also discusses eugenic ideas and policies as scientific, useful, and essential to the repertoire of policies that governments and reformers should pursue to promote social progress. It presents reasons for little success of eugenicists in Australia and New Zealand in enforcing even segregation. It discusses the conventional areas of eugenic concern namely, segregation, sterilization, marriage advice, maternal and infant welfare. It examines particular policies in detail, and more importantly shifts the focus from the discourses contesting to shape policy to the outcomes of those contests.
Eugenics in Postcolonial Southeast Asia
Authors: Amrith Sunil S. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The rich vein of writing on race and racial thought in the region provides an essential point of entry to eugenics in Southeast Asia. This article focuses on the experience of postcolonial Malaysia and Singapore and suggests that traces of eugenic thought and practice have played a role in shaping strategies of state-directed development from the 1950s. The “science of racial improvement” exerts a powerful influence on the political elite of both countries, providing a rationale and a model for many attempts to understand, differentiate, and improve the population. This article focuses on close connections between race and racial aptitudes, and the politics of immigration control and colonial reservations. It further discusses the focus of eugenic policies in Southeast Asia on using state power to rebalance the plural society, and signification of racial improvement in the identification and exclusion of particular peoples.
Eugenics in France and the Colonies
Authors: Fogarty Richard S. , Osborne Michael A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The pre-history of French eugenics resides in early modern and Enlightenment ideas on human perfectibility, theories of generation and inheritance, and considerations of demography and national strength. This article gives a brief discussion on the study of population and the surveys which enumerate attributes of colonial populations, including age, place of birth, numbers of slaves, health information, and much more. It addresses human heredity and breeding, and its use in scientific and political lexicons. It states that the origins of the modern French eugenics movement lie in multifaceted movements for regeneration through various social hygiene and pronatalist organizations. The French Eugenics Society's enthusiastic activity and coherence gives way to organizational atrophy and marginalization.
Eugenics in Eastern Europe, 1870s–1945
Authors: Bucur Maria 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Eugenics is a powerful tool used both for imperial control and for nationalist anti-imperial challenges from the Baltic to the Balkans. This article deals with the role of race theories and eugenics that has become a subject of scholarly engagement. Eugenics serves as a rationale for separating communities according to their national identity and to redistribute resources along ethnocentric lines as part of an imperial discourse. It presents an array of institutional developments connected to eugenics in this region. It shows that as the medical profession flourished in post-imperial eastern Europe, doctors of the new ethnic majorities saw opportunities open up—professionally, economically, and socially. Finally, it examines the importance of constructing a discourse that focuses on preserving and strengthening the potentialities of the underprivileged, poor, uneducated peasants for the purpose of making a persuasive argument with the political and social elites.
Sustainability
Authors: Talen Emily 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses sustainability, one of the key objectives of urban planning. It provides an overview of what is believed to be consensus thinking concerning what sustainable places are and reviews the generalized principles of sustainable cities. The article highlights the disagreements among planners about the parameters, effects, and implementation strategies necessary. It argues that scholarship and research on sustainable urbanism are still needed to define more specific parameters, to understand and work to offset perverse effects, and to figure out ways to more effectively implement the essential objectives.
The Local Regulation of Climate Change
Authors: Deshazo J. R. , Matute Juan 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the importance of measuring the greenhouse gas (GHG) effects of urban and regional planning and policy in order to develop and implement policies to reduce GHG emissions. It argues that existing local government GHG measurement methods fail to support the local governments in their evaluation of policy design and the GHG reductions resulting from their policies. The article highlights the need for a large amount of observational data, from different locations and different times, as well as for control variables in order to disentangle local policy effects from nonpolicy and extra-local effects.
The Changing Character of Urban Redevelopment
Authors: Fainstein Norman , Fainstein Susan S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article outlines the theoretical approaches to analyzing urban redevelopment in the United States and Western Europe. It examines the policies that have been adopted in more than sixty years of public intervention within the already built environment and evaluates the role played by different social interests in affecting this intervention. The article suggests that programs for urban redevelopment rest within a field of forces which connects local conditions with global transformations, and considers the issue of slum clearance.
Urban Informality
Authors: Roy Ananya 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines contemporary understandings of the informal city and situates them in a broader history of ideas. It investigates why certain land uses and settlement patterns are designated as formal by the state while others are criminalized and maintained as informal, and considers the ownership and use of property, focusing on the splintered landscapes of spatial value that mark the metropolitan regions of the Global South. The article also proposes a conceptual framework for the study of urban informality.
The Real Estate Development Industry
Authors: Charney Igal 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the real estate development industry and evaluates its connection to urban planning. It reviews principal approaches used to study the real estate industry and explains the concept of development rhythms that encapsulate the unevenness of development over time. The article explains that the real estate development industry has not come to occupy an important position in urban planning because of the preference of urban scholars for social, political, and cultural issues. It also examines the workings of the core agents in the development process, real estate developers.
Planning and Citizenship
Authors: Miraftab Faranak 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the relation between citizenship and urban planning. It discusses the debates on citizenship as theory and practice that mediate the relationship between the state and citizens, and highlights the crisis of the liberal social contract as the fallacy of its promises of equality and freedom are increasingly exposed. The article argues that the goals and objectives of planning practice are complicated by their formulation on a contested terrain of citizenship, and suggests that it is essential for progressive planning to engage with the expanded focus of the citizenship debate, from formal rights to justice and from representative to participatory democracy.
Managing Change in Urban Infrastructure Systems
Authors: Donaghy Kieran 
Published: February 2013

AbstractInfrastructure systems are widely acknowledged to have influenced the evolution of urban spatial structure. Interurban infrastructure systems also make possible commerce, travel, the sharing of resources (e.g., electrical power and information), and collaboration between residents of far flung cities. This article, specifically deals with the problem of managing changes in interdependent infrastructure-based networked systems (or urban infrastructure systems, for short). It also highlights some important issues of infrastructure planning, which could be addressed by urban economics. These include the real meaning and essential properties of infrastructure, characteristics of a properly functioning urban infrastructure system, managing and sustaining changes in infrastructure systems and resources available to finance, decision making associated with managing changes in infrastructure systems, and finally, policy considerations and research on the management of urban infrastructure systems.
Urban Structure and Economic Growth
Authors: Gordon Peter , Richardson Harry W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractResearch in recent years has reemphasized the importance of institutions that best poise entrepreneurs to succeed. This idea has been enriched over the years with the insights of Joseph Schumpeter F. A. Hayek, Douglass North, and many others. This article surveys recent work in urban economics and suggests that its challenge is to explain how entrepreneurs and others can be spatially poised to succeed. It calls attention to the underestimation of urban structure as a factor explaining affluence. Parallel to Douglass North's explanation that institutions matter, it describes how cities matter. It argues that favorable institutions make it possible to get favorable spatial arrangements, and both of them are essential to economic growth. Furthermore, it argues that urban form matters to economic growth. It also challenges policy discussions that presume planners can and should attempt to reorganize urban structure.
The Drug War and Inner-City Neighborhoods
Authors: Goldsmith William W. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In depressed big-city neighborhoods, the drug trade serves as a key business, creating local jobs and income but at the same time introducing danger and stress. Besides drug sales or drug use, nearly all of the troublesome effects of drugs in the neighborhoods come from their illegality. This article focuses on the coexistence of a drug economy with neighborhood violence. It reports the size of the U.S. drug economy and its fiscal burdens. It also describes retail drug marketing as an inner-city business with a special labor market. Following this, it explores corporate earnings in the prison industrial complex and also looks at political earnings. Furthermore, it examines the high cost of collateral damages of drug illegality, and finally, discusses solutions. The drug war does not attack drugs, but it attacks the nation's most vulnerable neighborhoods and the people who live in them.
Gentrification: Perspectives of Economists and Planners
Authors: Ellen Ingrid Gould , O'Regan Katherine 
Published: February 2013

AbstractGentrification touches on issues at the core of the fields of urban economics, planning, and geography. This article aims to look across disciplines and review the literature on gentrification. It begins by discussing how gentrification is defined and understood by different researchers and assessing its importance or prevalence over time. It then contrasts the theoretical approaches used to explain the causes of gentrification in different fields. It focuses on different models used by economists on the one hand and planners, on the other. The economic models of neighborhood change focus more on market forces and individual choices, while planning and geography models emphasize class and politics. Following this, the article reviews the literature on the consequences of gentrification, summarizing the empirical evidence. Finally, it highlights what is still unknown about gentrification, in terms of the process and drivers, its consequences, and the role it might play in future urban revitalization.
Housing Markets, Prices, and Policies
Authors: Green Richard K. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article provides a detailed explanation of housing markets. Housing markets are different from other kinds of markets, in part because housing is not a commodity, and in part because when one buys (or rents) a house, one is also buying a set of neighborhood amenities, schools, transportation systems, and taxes. Housing markets are also heavily regulated. It discusses housing markets and policies and examines related issues, revealing why different cities have different housing markets and why housing markets are different within metropolitan areas. It also looks into measurement issues and house prices, rents and house prices and house price bubbles. Furthermore, it describes the U.S. housing policy, and concepts such as land-use regulation and housing; taxes and housing; and looks into the issues of segregation and discrimination.