bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychometric properties of the German version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised: additional benefit of disease‐specific screening in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Saßmann H. , Albrecht C. , Busse‐Widmann P. , Hevelke L. K. , Kranz J. , Markowitz J. T. , Marshall L. F. , Meurs S. , de Soye I. H. , Lange K. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimTo examine the psychometric properties of the German version of the abbreviated 16‐item Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised in a sample of young people with Type 1 diabetes.MethodsA total of 246 young people, aged 11–19 years, with Type 1 diabetes from six pediatric diabetes centres in Germany were assessed using the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised. In addition, they underwent screening with two generic tools as well as the WHO five‐question well‐being index. A clinician's report was also obtained.ResultsThe Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised was found to have good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.84). The Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised scores significantly correlated with those provided by the non‐specific screening tools (r = 0.37, P ≤ 0.000 and r = 0.50, P ≤ 0.000 for boys and r = 0.62, P ≤ 0.000 and r = 0.79, P ≤ 0.000 for girls), indicating convergent validity. The mean (sd) total of the scores was 12.0 (9.6). Criterion validity was confirmed against HbA1c value, BMI standard deviation score and expert (clinician) report. Of the boys included in the study, 11 scored higher than the threshold score on the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised, of whom only three (27%) were classified as ‘suspected to have a disordered eating behaviour’ by their clinicians.ConclusionsThe Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised delivered more specific information than generic screening instruments and identified more young people with eating disorders than did clinician report, especially regarding the detection of boys at risk. The results of this study support the utility of the German version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised to identify eating disorders in young people with Type 1 diabetes at an early stage. (German Clinical Trials Registry no.: DRKS00004699)
Rapid adaptation of herbivore consumers to nutrient limitation: eco‐evolutionary feedbacks to population demography and resource control
Authors: Declerck Steven A. J. , Malo Andrea R. , Diehl Sebastian , Waasdorp Dennis , Lemmen Kimberley D. , Proios Konstantinos , Papakostas Spiros 
Published: April 2015

AbstractHumans alter biogeochemical cycles of essential elements such as phosphorus (P). Prediction of ecosystem consequences of altered elemental cycles requires integration of ecology, evolutionary biology and the framework of ecological stoichiometry. We studied micro‐evolutionary responses of a herbivorous rotifer to P‐limited food and the potential consequences for its population demography and for ecosystem properties. We subjected field‐derived, replicate rotifer populations to P‐deficient and P‐replete algal food, and studied adaptation in common garden transplant experiments after 103 and 209 days of selection. When fed P‐limited food, populations with a P‐limitation selection history suffered 37% lower mortality, reached twice the steady state biomass, and reduced algae by 40% compared to populations with a P‐replete selection history. Adaptation involved no change in rotifer elemental composition but reduced investment in sex. This study demonstrates potentially strong eco‐evolutionary feedbacks from shifting elemental balances to ecosystem properties, including grazing pressure and the ratio of grazer:producer biomass.
Mate Familiarity Affects Pairing Behaviour in a Long‐Term Monogamous Lizard: Evidence from Detailed Bio‐Logging and a 31‐Year Field Study
Authors: Leu Stephan T. , Burzacott Dale , Whiting Martin J. , Bull C. Michael 
Published: April 2015

AbstractLong‐term monogamy is most prevalent in birds but is also found in lizards. We combined a 31‐year field study of the long‐lived, monogamous Australian sleepy lizard,Tiliqua rugosa, with continuous behavioural observations through GPS data logging, in 1 yr, to investigate the duration of pair bonds, rates of partner change and whether either the reproductive performance hypothesis or the mate familiarity hypothesis could explain this remarkable long‐term monogamy. The reproductive performance hypothesis predicts higher reproductive success in more experienced parents, whereas the mate familiarity hypothesis suggests that effects of partner familiarity select for partner retention and long‐term monogamy. Rates of partner change were below 34% over a 5‐yr period and most sleepy lizards formed long‐term pair bonds: 31 partnerships lasted for more than 15 yr, 110 for more than 10 yr, and the recorded maximum was 27 yr (ongoing). In the year when we conducted detailed observations, familiar pairs mated significantly earlier than unfamiliar pairs. Previous pairing experience (total number of years paired with previous partners) had no significant effect. Early mating often equates to higher reproductive success, and we infer that is the case in sleepy lizards. Early mating of familiar pairs was not due to better body condition. We propose two suggestions about the proximate mechanisms that may allow familiar pair partners to mate earlier than unfamiliar partners. First, they may have improved coordination of their reproductive sexual cycles to reach receptivity earlier and thereby maximise fertilisation success. Second, they may forage more efficiently, benefiting from effective information transfer and/or cooperative predator detection. Those ideas need empirical testing in the future. Regardless of the mechanism, our observations of sleepy lizard pairing behaviour support the mate familiarity hypothesis, but not the reproductive performance hypothesis, as an explanation for its long‐term monogamous mating system.
Nonadaptive radiation in damselflies
Authors: Wellenreuther Maren , Sánchez‐Guillén Rosa Ana 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAdaptive radiations have long served as living libraries to study the build‐up of species richness; however, they do not provide good models for radiations that exhibit negligible adaptive disparity. Here, we review work on damselflies to argue that nonadaptive mechanisms were predominant in the radiation of this group and have driven species divergence through sexual selection arising from male–female mating interactions. Three damselfly genera (Calopteryx,EnallagmaandIschnura) are highlighted and the extent of (i) adaptive ecological divergence in niche use and (ii) nonadaptive differentiation in characters associated with reproduction (e.g. sexual morphology and behaviours) was evaluated. We demonstrate that species diversification in the genusCalopteryxis caused by nonadaptive divergence in coloration and behaviour affecting premating isolation, and structural differentiation in reproductive morphology affecting postmating isolation. Similarly, the vast majority of diversification events in the sister generaEnallagmaandIschnuraare entirely driven by differentiation in genital structures used in species recognition. The finding that closely related species can show negligible ecological differences yet are completely reproductively isolated suggests that the evolution of reproductive isolation can be uncoupled from niche‐based divergent natural selection, challenging traditional niche models of species coexistence.
Influence of the microstructure and voids on the high‐cycle fatigue strength of 316L stainless steel under multiaxial loading
Authors: Guerchais R. , Morel F. , Saintier N. , Robert C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn the present study, the effects of both the microstructure and voids on the high‐cycle fatigue behaviour of the 316L austenitic stainless steel are investigated by using finite element simulations of polycrystalline aggregates. The numerical analysis relies on a metallurgical and mechanical characterization. In particular, fatigue tests are carried out to estimate the fatigue limits at 2.106 cycles under uniaxial and multiaxial loading conditions (combined tension and torsion and biaxial tension) using both smooth specimens and specimens containing an artificial hemispherical defect. The simulations are carried out with several configurations of crystalline orientations in order to take into account the variability of the microstructure in the predictions of the macroscopic fatigue limits. These predictions are obtained, thanks to a probabilistic fatigue criterion using the finite element results. The capability of this criterion to predict the influence of voids on the average and the scatter of macroscopic fatigue limits is evaluated.
Infection with a trematode parasite differentially alters competitive interactions and antipredator behaviour in native and invasive crayfish
Authors: Reisinger Lindsey S. , Petersen Iris , Hing Jing Sheng , Davila Ryan L. , Lodge David M. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryParasites can have profound effects on host behaviour and species interactions, but the consequences of these impacts are inadequately understood. Three common crayfish in northern Wisconsin and Michigan (nativeOrconectes virilis, non‐nativeO. propinquusand non‐native and invasiveO. rusticus) are intermediate hosts for trematode parasites,Microphallusspp. Some species in the genusMicrophallusalter host behaviour, increasing their predation risk, but the effects of microphallids on crayfish are unknown.Orconectes propinquusreplacesO. virilisin most lakes where they are introduced, andO. rusticusreplaces both. These species replacements have major effects on macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish. Therefore, differential parasite impacts on crayfish could have community‐level effects if competitive outcomes are altered.We examined the shelter affinity of infected and uninfected individuals of all three species in laboratory experiments in the presence and absence of a conspecific. We also observed behaviour during agonistic interactions, and measured boldness by quantifying how quickly crayfish emerged from shelter with a predatory fish present.Infection withMicrophallussubstantially altered crayfish shelter affinity, shelter competition and boldness, though infection affected each species differently. Infection reduced shelter affinity inO. propinquusand the ability ofO. virilisto compete for shelter against uninfected conspecifics. Infected crayfish were bolder in the presence of a predatory fish.Our results suggest that infection withMicrophallusalters crayfish behaviour so that all three species are more vulnerable to predation.Orconectes propinquusis likely to suffer the greatest increase in predation when infected, due to a reduced affinity for shelter coupled with increased boldness. In lakes where crayfish species coexist,O. rusticuswill probably be less affected by the parasite than either congener. Therefore, crayfish parasites could alter crayfish abundance and species composition in north temperate lakes via behavioural modifications.
Nitrogen supply modulates the effect of changes in drying–rewetting frequency on soil C and N cycling and greenhouse gas exchange
Authors: Morillas Lourdes , Durán Jorge , Rodríguez Alexandra , Roales Javier , Gallardo Antonio , Lovett Gary M. , Groffman Peter M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractClimate change and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are two of the most important global change drivers. However, the interactions of these drivers have not been well studied. We aimed to assess how the combined effect of soil N additions and more frequent soil drying–rewetting events affects carbon (C) and N cycling, soil:atmosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange, and functional microbial diversity. We manipulated the frequency of soil drying–rewetting events in soils from ambient and N‐treated plots in a temperate forest and calculated the Orwin & Wardle Resistance index to compare the response of the different treatments. Increases in drying–rewetting cycles led to reductions in soil levels, potential net nitrification rate, and soil : atmosphere GHG exchange, and increases in and total soil inorganic N levels. N‐treated soils were more resistant to changes in the frequency of drying–rewetting cycles, and this resistance was stronger for C‐ than for N‐related variables. Both the long‐term N addition and the drying–rewetting treatment altered the functionality of the soil microbial population and its functional diversity. Our results suggest that increasing the frequency of drying–rewetting cycles can affect the ability of soil to cycle C and N and soil : atmosphere GHG exchange and that the response to this increase is modulated by soil N enrichment.
Net changes of soil C stocks in two grassland soils 26 months after simulated pasture renovation including biochar addition
Authors: Calvelo Pereira Roberto , Hedley Mike , Camps Arbestain Marta , Wisnubroto Erwin , Green Steve , Saggar Surinder , Kusumo Bambang H. , Mahmud Ainul F. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe use of deep‐rooting pasture species as a management practice can increase the allocation of plant carbon (C) below ground and enhance C storage. A 2‐year lysimeter trial was set up to compare changes in C stocks of soils under either deep‐ or shallow‐rooting pastures and investigate whether biochar addition below the top 10 cm could promote root growth at depth. For this i) soil ploughing at cultivation was simulated in a silt loam soil and in a sandy soil by inverting the 0 to 10 and 10‐ to 20‐cm‐depth soil layers, and a distinctive biochar (selected for each soil to overcome soil‐specific plant growth limitations) was mixed at 10 Mg ha−1 in the buried layer, where appropriate and ii) three pasture types with contrasting root systems were grown. In the silt loam, soil inversion resulted in a general loss of C (2.0–8.1 Mg ha−1), particularly in the buried horizon, under shallow‐rooting pastures only. The addition of a C‐rich biochar (equivalent to 7.6 Mg C ha−1) to this soil resulted in a net C gain (21–40% over the non‐biochar treatment, P < 0.10) in the buried layer under all pastures; this overcame the loss of C in this horizon under shallow‐rooting pastures. In the sandy soil, all pastures were able to maintain soil C stocks at 10–20 cm depth over time, with minor gains of C (1.6–5.1 Mg ha−1) for the profile. In this soil, the exposure of a skeletal‐ and nutrient‐depleted soil layer at the surface may have fostered root growth at depth. The addition of a nutrient‐rich biochar (equivalent to 3.6 Mg C ha−1) to this soil had no apparent effect on C stocks. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which soil C stocks at depth are preserved.
Barriers to shared decision making in mental health care: qualitative study of the Joint Crisis Plan for psychosis
Authors: Farrelly Simone , Lester Helen , Rose Diana , Birchwood Max , Marshall Max , Waheed Waquas , Henderson R. Claire , Szmukler George , Thornicroft Graham 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundDespite increasing calls for shared decision making (SDM), the precise mechanisms for its attainment are unclear. Sharing decisions in mental health care may be especially complex. Fluctuations in service user capacity and significant power differences are particular barriers.Objective and designWe trialled a form of facilitated SDM that aimed to generate patients' treatment preferences in advance of a possible relapse. The ‘Joint Crisis Plan’ (JCP) intervention was trialled in four mental health trusts in England between 2008 and 2011. This qualitative study used grounded theory methods to analyse focus group and interview data to understand how stakeholders perceived the intervention and the barriers to SDM in the form of a JCP.ResultsFifty service users with psychotic disorders and 45 clinicians participated in focus groups or interviews between February 2010 and November 2011. Results suggested four barriers to clinician engagement in the JCP: (i) ambivalence about care planning; (ii) perceptions that they were ‘already doing SDM’; (iii) concerns regarding the clinical ‘appropriateness of service users’ choices'; and (iv) limited ‘availability of service users’ choices'. Service users reported barriers to SDM in routine practice, most of which were addressed by the JCP process. Barriers identified by clinicians led to their lack of constructive engagement in the process, undermining the service users' experience.ConclusionsFuture work requires interventions targeted at the engagement of clinicians addressing their concerns about SDM. Particular strategies include organizational investment in implementation of service users' choices and directly training clinicians in SDM communication processes.
Objectively measured physical activity and longitudinal changes in adolescent body fatness: an observational cohort study
Authors: Collings P. J. , Wijndaele K. , Corder K. , Westgate K. , Ridgway C. L. , Sharp S. J. , Atkin A. J. , Stephen A. M. , Bamber D. , Goodyer I. , Brage S. , Ekelund U. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryBackgroundThe data regarding prospective associations between physical activity (PA) and adiposity in youth are inconsistent.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate associations between baseline levels of objectively measured PA and changes in adiposity over 2.5 years from mid‐to‐late adolescence.MethodsThis was an observational cohort study in 728 school students (43% boys) from Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Fat mass index (FMI, kg m−2) was estimated at baseline (mean ± standard deviation age: 15 ± 0.3 years) and follow‐up (17.5 ± 0.3 years) by anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance. Habitual PA was assessed at baseline by ≥3 d combined heart rate and movement sensing. Average daily PA energy expenditure (PAEE) and the time (min d−1) spent in light, moderate and vigorous intensity PA (LPA, MPA and VPA, respectively) was estimated. Multilevel models were used to investigate associations between baseline PA and change in FMI (ΔFMI). Adjustment for baseline age, sex, follow‐up duration, area‐level socioeconomic status, season of PA assessment, sedentary time, energy intake and sleep duration was made; baseline FMI was also added in a second model.ResultsFMI increased significantly over follow‐up (0.6 ± 1.2 kg m−2, P < 0.001). Baseline PAEE and LPA positively predicted ΔFMI in overfat participants (P ≤ 0.030), as did VPA in initially normal fat participants (P ≤ 0.044). There were further positive associations between PAEE and ΔFMI in normal fat participants, and between MPA and ΔFMI in both fat groups, when adjusted for baseline FMI (P ≤ 0.024).ConclusionsBaseline PAEE and its subcomponents were positively associated with small and unlikely clinically relevant increases in ΔFMI. These counter‐intuitive findings may be explained by behavioural changes during the course of study follow‐up.
Genetic management of Dutch golden retriever dogs with a simulation tool
Authors: Windig J.J. , Oldenbroek K. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryExcessive inbreeding rates and small effective population sizes are an important problem in many populations of dogs. Proper genetic management of these populations can decrease the problem, and several measures are available. However, the effectiveness of these measures is not clear beforehand. Therefore, a simulation model was developed to test measures that aim to decrease the rate of inbreeding. The simulation program was used to evaluate inbreeding restriction measures in the Dutch golden retriever dog population. This population consisted of approximately 600 dams and 150 sires that produce 300 litters each year. The five most popular sires sire approximately 25% of the litters in a year. Simulations show that the small number of popular sires and their high contribution to the next generation are the main determinants of the inbreeding rates. Restricting breeding to animals with a low average relatedness to all other animals in the population was the most effective measure and decreased the rate of inbreeding per generation from 0.41 to 0.12%. Minimizing co‐ancestry of parents was not effective in the long run, but decreased variation in inbreeding rates. Restricting the number of litters per sire generally decreased the generation interval because sires were replaced more quickly, once they met their restriction. In some instances, this lead to an increase in inbreeding rates because the next generations were more related. The simulation tool proved to be a powerful and educational tool for deciding which breeding restrictions to apply, and can be effective in different breeds and species as well.
When biogeographical provinces collide: hybridization of reef fishes at the crossroads of marine biogeographical provinces in the Arabian Sea
Authors: DiBattista Joseph D. , Rocha Luiz A. , Hobbs Jean‐Paul A. , He Song , Priest Mark A. , Sinclair‐Taylor Tane H. , Bowen Brian W. , Berumen Michael L. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimSuture zones are areas where closely related species from different biogeographical regions come into contact and interbreed. This concept originated from the study of terrestrial ecosystems but it remains unclear whether a similar phenomenon occurs in the marine environment. Here we investigate a potential suture zone from a previously unknown hybrid hotspot at the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen), located in the Arabian Sea, where fauna from the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, western Indian Ocean and greater Indo‐Polynesian Province intersect.LocationRed Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean.MethodsPutative hybrid reef fish were identified based on intermediate coloration and morphology. Underwater observations and collections were conducted to determine: (1) whether parent species form heterospecific social groups or breeding pairs; (2) the sex and reproductive status of morphologically intermediate individuals; and (3) whether parent species were forming mixed species associations owing to a dearth of conspecific partners. To support hybrid status, morphologically intermediate and parental individuals were genotyped using mitochondrialDNAcytochromecoxidase subunit I (COI), nuclear recombination‐activating gene 2 (RAG2) and the nuclearTMO‐4C4 (TMO)gene.ResultsWe observed putative hybrids involving 14 species from four reef fish families at Socotra. Most cases involved a parental species with a restricted distribution (e.g. Red Sea or Arabian Sea) and a broadly distributed Indo‐Pacific species. In most cases, at least one of the parent species was rare at Socotra. Hybrid gene flow was largely unidirectional, and although introgression was rare, we found evidence that some butterflyfish and surgeonfish hybrids were fertile and formed breeding groups with parental species.Main conclusionsThe rate of hybrid discovery at Socotra is much greater than that recorded elsewhere in the marine environment and involved both allopatric and sympatric species. This study highlights the importance of biogeographical location, reef habitat, environmental conditions and abundance disparities at Socotra in potentially facilitating hybridization among reef fishes at the edge of their distribution.