bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are campylobacters now capable of carbo‐loading?
Authors: Szymanski Christine M. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryCampylobacters are a leading cause of gastrointestinal morbidity worldwide and the majority of human infections are triggered by eating foods contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli. Campylobacters are equally notorious for their ability to mimic human glycoconjugate structures and for their capacity to synthesize both N‐ and O‐linked glycoproteins. These species were once considered to be asaccharolytic, but it was recently shown that several strains possess a pathway for fucose uptake and metabolism, providing those isolates with a competitive advantage in vivo. Vorwerk et al. have now demonstrated through isotopologue profiling that certain strains of C. coli and C. jejuni are capable of glucose catabolism through the Entner‐Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways. However, unlike the fate of fucose that has only been shown to be used for nutrition, glucose can be metabolized or incorporated into select amino acids and glycoconjugates. This discovery now provides researchers with the opportunity to introduce metabolically labeled sugars into campylobacters to study glycoconjugate biosynthesis within the cell. In addition, Vorwerk et al. add to the metabolic arsenal of campylobacters further highlighting the nutritional diversity among strains, even within the same species.
Clinical and genetic features of human metapneumovirus infection in children
Authors: Park Ji Young , Yun Ki Wook , Lim Jae Woo , Lee Mi Kyung , Lim In Seok , Choi Eung Sang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundHuman metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the main pathogens responsible for respiratory tract infection in children.MethodsFrom 2011 to 2013, nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from Korean children and tested for hMPV on reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The genotype of hMPV in each sample was identified on PCR‐restriction length polymorphism analysis of the fusion gene. We divided patients into three groups according to degree of fever. Patients with fever peaking at >39.5°C or lasting >7 days were classified as the high fever (HF) group; those with fevers peaking at <38.5°C and lasting <72 h were classified as the low fever (LF) group; and the other subjects were classified as the moderate fever group.ResultsAmong 457 samples positive for hMPV, hMPV genotype was able to be identified in 399 (87.3%); of these, A2a was found in 97 (24.3%), B1 in 186 (46.6%), and B2 in 116 (29.1%). Clinical features of hMPV infection were compared between the HF and LF groups. We classified 80 subjects into the HF group and 84 subjects into the LF group. Mean absolute neutrophil count (5625 ± 4418 vs 4072 ± 3076/μL, P = 0.010) and C‐reactive protein (2.39 ± 3.39 vs 0.96 ± 1.77 mg/dL, P = 0.001) were higher in the HF group. Wheezing (5.0% vs 32.1%, P < 0.001) and dyspnea (2.5% vs 15.5%, P = 0.010) were more frequently seen in the LF group. Genotype distribution was similar in the two groups.ConclusionTwo distinct clinical presentations of hMPV infection were identified in this study.
Does Tax Competition Reduce Corruption?
Authors: Lai Yu‐Bong 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA vast literature asserts that competition among jurisdictions can mitigate corruption. However, empirical studies do not fully support such a conventional view. This paper points out a drawback of the conventional view, that is, it ignores the role played by the owners of immobile factors. Within a standard tax competition model, we amend the conventional view by incorporating the lobbying of the immobile factor owners, and show that fiscal decentralization can aggravate corruption. We also demonstrate that social welfare can be higher under decentralization than under centralization in some cases, whereas the immobile factor owners' lobbying will prevent such a superiority of decentralization from being the outcome. Moreover, we provide an example to show that a better policy outcome and a higher level of corruption can co‐exist, which contrasts with the general belief.
Activation of CYCD7;1 in the central cell and early endosperm overcomes cell‐cycle arrest in the Arabidopsis female gametophyte, and promotes early endosperm and embryo development
Authors: Sornay Emily , Forzani Céline , Forero‐Vargas Manuel , Dewitte Walter , Murray James A.H. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryIn angiosperms, double fertilization of the egg and central cell of the megagametophyte leads to the development of the embryo and endosperm, respectively. Control of cell cycle progression in the megagametophyte is essential for successful fertilization and development. Central cell‐targeted expression of the D‐type cyclin CYCD7;1 (endCYCD7;1) using the imprinted FWA promoter overcomes cycle arrest of the central cell in the Arabidopsis female gametophyte in the unfertilized ovule, leading to multinucleate central cells at high frequency. Unlike FERTILIZATION‐INDEPENDENT SEED (fis) mutants, but similar to lethal RETINOBLASTOMA‐RELATED (rbr) mutants, no seed coat development is triggered. Unlike the case with loss of rbr, post‐fertilization endCYCD7;1 in the endosperm enhances the number of nuclei during syncytial endosperm development and induces the partial abortion of developing seeds, associated with the enhanced size of the surviving seeds. The frequency of lethality was less than the frequency of multinucleate central cells, indicating that these aspects are not causally linked. These larger seeds contain larger embryos composed of more cells of wild‐type size, surrounded by a seed coat composed of more cells. Seedlings arising from these larger seeds displayed faster seedling establishment and early growth. Similarly, two different embryo‐lethal mutants also conferred enlarged seed size in surviving siblings, consistent with seed size increase being a general response to sibling lethality, although the cellular mechanisms were found to be distinct. Our data suggest that tight control of CYCD activity in the central cell and in the developing endosperm is required for optimal seed formation.
Development of anemia, phlebotomy practices, and blood transfusion requirements in 45 critically ill cats (2009–2011)
Authors: Balakrishnan Anusha , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Reineke Erica L. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the incidence of the development of anemia, the number of phlebotomies performed daily, the approximate volume of blood withdrawn, the transfusion requirements and their association with duration of hospitalization and survival to discharge in critically ill cats.DesignRetrospective study from January 2009 to January 2011.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsCats hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) for >48 hours.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsMedical records of cats hospitalized for >48 hours in the ICU were examined. Of the 45 cats included, 60% (27/45) were not anemic upon admission to the ICU. Of these, 74.1% (20/27) developed anemia during their ICU stay. Development of anemia was associated with a longer duration of hospitalization (P = 0.002) but not with survival (P = 0.46). Fourteen cats (31.1%; 14/45) received one or more packed red blood cell transfusions and had significantly longer ICU stays (P < 0.001). Transfusion requirements were not associated with survival (P = 0.66). The median number of phlebotomies per day for all cats in the ICU was 3 (range 1–6). This was significantly associated with the development of anemia (P = 0.0011) and higher transfusion requirements (P = 0.16) in the 14 cats that received a transfusion. The estimated volume phlebotomized was significantly (P < 0.001) greater in cats that required a transfusion (median volume 3.32 mL/kg/ICU stay) compared to cats that did not require a transfusion (median volume 1.11 mL/kg/ICU stay) but was not associated with survival to discharge (P = 0.84).ConclusionsDevelopment of anemia necessitating blood transfusions is common in critically ill cats and leads to significantly longer duration of ICU hospitalization. Iatrogenic anemia from frequent phlebotomies is an important cause for increased transfusion requirement. Fewer phlebotomies and other blood conserving strategies in these patients may help reduce the incidence of anemia and decrease transfusion requirements, as well as result in shorter hospital stays.
Membrane potential governs calcium influx into microvascular endothelium: integral role for muscarinic receptor activation
Authors: Behringer Erik J. , Segal Steven S. 
Published: August 2015

Key points
Endothelial function in resistance vessels entails Ca2+ and electrical signalling to promote vasodilatation and increase tissue blood flow. Whether membrane potential (Vm) governs intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of the endothelium remains controversial.
[Ca2+]i and Vm were evaluated simultaneously during intracellular current injection using intact endothelial tubes freshly isolated from mouse skeletal muscle resistance arteries.
[Ca2+]i did not change during hyperpolarization or depolarization under resting conditions. However in the presence of 100 nM ACh (∼EC50), [Ca2+]i increased during hyperpolarization and decreased during depolarization. These responses required extracellular Ca2+ and were attenuated by half with genetic ablation of TRPV4 channels.
In native microvascular endothelium, half‐maximal stimulation of muscarinic receptors enables Vm to govern [Ca2+]i by activating Ca2+‐permeable channels in the plasma membrane. This effect of Vm is absent at rest and can be masked during maximal receptor stimulation.
AbstractIn resistance arteries, coupling a rise of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) to endothelial cell hyperpolarization underlies smooth muscle cell relaxation and vasodilatation, thereby increasing tissue blood flow and oxygen delivery. A controversy persists as to whether changes in membrane potential (Vm) alter endothelial cell [Ca2+]i. We tested the hypothesis that Vm governs [Ca2+]i in endothelium of resistance arteries by performing Fura‐2 photometry while recording and controlling Vm of intact endothelial tubes freshly isolated from superior epigastric arteries of C57BL/6 mice. Under resting conditions, [Ca2+]i did not change when Vm shifted from baseline (∼−40 mV) via exposure to 10 μM NS309 (hyperpolarization to ∼−80 mV), via equilibration with 145 mm [K+]o (depolarization to ∼−5 mV), or during intracellular current injection (±0.5 to 5 nA, 20 s pulses) while Vm changed linearly between ∼−80 mV and +10 mV. In contrast, during the plateau (i.e. Ca2+ influx) phase of the [Ca2+]i response to approximately half‐maximal stimulation with 100 nm ACh (∼EC50), [Ca2+]i increased as Vm hyperpolarized below −40 mV and decreased as Vm depolarized above −40 mV. The magnitude of [Ca2+]i reduction during depolarizing current injections correlated with the amplitude of the plateau [Ca2+]i response to ACh. The effect of hyperpolarization on [Ca2+]i was abolished following removal of extracellular Ca2+, was enhanced subtly by raising extracellular [Ca2+] from 2 mm to 10 mm and was reduced by half in endothelium of TRPV4−/− mice. Thus, during submaximal activation of muscarinic receptors, Vm can modulate Ca2+ entry through the plasma membrane in accord with the electrochemical driving force.
Naegleria fowleri: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
Authors: Grace Eddie , Asbill Scott , Virga Kris 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT

Naegleria fowleri
has generated tremendous media attention over the last 5 years due to several high-profile cases. Several of these cases were followed very closely by the general public.
N. fowleri
is a eukaryotic, free-living amoeba belonging to the phylum Percolozoa.
Naegleria
amoebae are ubiquitous in the environment, being found in soil and bodies of freshwater, and feed on bacteria found in those locations. While
N. fowleri
infection appears to be quite rare compared to other diseases, the clinical manifestations of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis are devastating and nearly always fatal. Due to the rarity of
N. fowleri
infections in humans, there are no clinical trials to date that assess the efficacy of one treatment regimen over another. Most of the information regarding medication efficacy is based on either case reports or
in vitro
studies. This review will discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, and prevention of
N. fowleri
infections in humans, including a brief review of all survivor cases in North America.
Identification and prevalence of adverse drug events caused by potentially inappropriate medication in homebound elderly patients: a retrospective study using a nationwide survey in Japan
Authors: Onda Mitsuko , Imai Hirohisa , Takada Yurina , Fujii Shingo , Shono Takako , Nanaumi Yoko 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesA nationwide large-scale survey was conducted to identify the prevalence and causal medications of adverse drug events (ADEs) that are caused by potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) given to homebound elderly patients, factors associated with ADEs, and measures taken by pharmacists to manage ADEs and their effects on ADEs.SettingsA questionnaire was mailed to 3321 pharmacies nationwide. It asked about the details of PIMs and ADEs of up to 5 patients for whom home visits were provided by a pharmacist. Questionnaire forms were filled in by pharmacists who visited the patients.Design and participantsBetween 23 January and 13 February 2013, comprehensive assessment forms were sent to 3321 pharmacies. Data collected from 1890 pharmacies including data of 4815 patients were analysed and 28 patients of unknown sex were excluded. Their average age was 82.7 years. PIMs were identified based on the 2003 Beers Criteria Japan.ResultsThere were 600 patients who did not provide valid answers regarding the medications. In the remaining 4243 patients, one or more medications that were considered to be PIMs had been prescribed to 48.4% of patients. PIM-induced ADEs were found in 8% of these patients by pharmacists during home visits. The top ADE-inducing medications were strong anticholinergic antihistamines, benzodiazepines, sulpiride and digoxin. The most common ADEs associated with benzodiazepines were frequent lightheadedness, somnolence and sleepiness, which increase the risk of falls and subsequent fractures in elderly patients. The following factors associated with ADEs were identified: sex, pharmacist awareness of prescription issues, frequency of visits and time spent at patients’ homes, and the frequency of detailed checks for patient adverse reactions by pharmacists.ConclusionsThe PIM prevalence associated with home healthcare in Japan was relatively high, as reported in previous studies. The present study suggests that pharmacists could reduce the incidence of PIMs and consequent ADEs.
Towards a shared service centre for telemedicine: Telemedicine in Denmark, and a possible way forward
Authors: Larsen Simon Bo , Sørensen Nanna Skovgaard , Petersen Matilde Grøndahl , Kjeldsen Gitte Friis 
Published: August 2015

Although evidence of the effectiveness of telemedicine is accumulating, knowledge of how to make best use of telemedicine is limited. This article presents results from a multi-stakeholder project that developed a new concept, a ‘shared service centre’ for telemedicine that is envisioned as working across different telemedical initiatives to support the implementation and wider adoption of telemedicine. One year of participatory design and analysis of the shared service centre concept involved stakeholders, such as clinicians, patients, technicians, policy makers, lawyers, economists and information technology architects. More than 100 people contributed to the findings. Most of the ideas generated for potential centre support for telemedicine could be categorised under four service categories. The need for such support services was verified in the cases investigated, and by agreement among stakeholders from regional health authorities, municipalities, and general practice. Therefore, it is probable that a shared service centre could help enable the wider deployment of telemedicine. Definitions In this article, we use ‘telemedicine’ as an umbrella term for all the ‘tele-’ labels that are sometimes used rather indiscriminately to denote the use of information and technology to support healthcare services, including ‘telehealth’, ‘telemonitoring’, ‘telehomecare’, ‘e-health’, and so on. As per our definition, telemedicine may be synchronous and/or asynchronous, and may apply to any information and technology-based means of connecting healthcare actors and the patient, such as video communication, e-mail, electronic monitoring equipment, and Internet portals. Furthermore, the term ‘telemedical initiative’ covers projects in which telemedicine is conducted by a temporary project organisation, as well as self-contained telemedicine services used in daily, clinical practice in existing organisations.
Severe chronic primary neutropenia in adults: report on a series of 108 patients
Authors: Sicre de Fontbrune Flore , Moignet Aline , Beaupain Blandine , Suarez Felipe , Galicier Lionel , Socié Gérard , Varet Bruno , Coppo Paul , Michel Marc , Pautas Cécile , Oksenhendler Eric , Lengline Etienne , Terriou Louis , Moreau Philippe , Chantepie Sylvain , Casadevall Nicole , Michot Jean Marie , Gardembas Martine , Michallet Mauricette , Croisille Laure , Audrain Marie , Bellanné-Chantelot Christine , Donadieu Jean , Lamy Thierry 
Published: August 2015

Key Points
Severe CPN in adults is a benign entity without secondary myeloid malignancies. Neutrophil count at diagnosis is the only predictive factor of severe infections.
The prognostic value of serum C-reactive protein-bound serum amyloid A in early-stage lung cancer
Authors: Zhang Xue-Yan , Zhang Ge , Jiang Ying , Liu Dan , Li Man-Zhi , Zhong Qian , Zeng Shan-Qi , Liu Wan-Li , Zeng Mu-Sheng 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Background
Elevated levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) have been reported to have prognostic significance in lung cancer patients. This study aimed to further identify CRP-bound components as prognostic markers for lung cancer and validate their prognostic value.

Methods
CRP-bound components obtained from the serum samples from lung cancer patients or healthy controls were analyzed by differential proteomics analysis. CRP-bound serum amyloid A (CRP-SAA) was evaluated by co-immunoprecipitation (IP). Serum samples from two independent cohorts with lung cancer (retrospective cohort, 242 patients; prospective cohort, 222 patients) and healthy controls (159 subjects) were used to evaluate the prognostic value of CRP-SAA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results
CRP-SAA was identified specifically in serum samples from lung cancer patients by proteomic analysis. CRP binding to SAA was confirmed by co-IP in serum samples from lung cancer patients and cell culture media. The level of CRP-SAA was significantly higher in patients than in healthy controls (0.37 ± 0.58 vs. 0.03 ± 0.04, P < 0.001). Elevated CRP-SAA levels were significantly associated with severe clinical features of lung cancer. The elevation of CRP-SAA was associated with lower survival rates for both the retrospective (hazard ration [HR] = 2.181, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.641–2.897, P < 0.001) and the prospective cohorts (HR = 2.744, 95% CI = 1.810–4.161, P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that CRP-SAA was an independent prognostic marker for lung cancer. Remarkably, in stages I–II patients, only CRP-SAA, not total SAA or CRP, showed significant association with overall survival in two cohorts. Moreover, univariate and multivariate Cox analyses also showed that only CRP-SAA could be used as an independent prognostic marker for early-stage lung cancer patients.

Conclusion
CRP-SAA could be a better prognostic marker for lung cancer than total SAA or CRP, especially in early-stage patients.
Direct Arylation Polycondensation of Thienothiophenes with Various Dibromoarylenes
Authors: Kumada Tatsuya , Nohara Yuta , Kuwabara Junpei , Kanbara Takaki 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
C–H direct arylation reactions of thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes (TT) with dibromo-substituted aromatic compounds afforded five different kinds of TT-based conjugated polymers, including donor–acceptor and dye-containing polymers. Although various thiophene-based polymers have been synthesized previously via polycondensation using direct arylation reactions, our research demonstrates the first direct arylation polycondensation procedure using a TT monomer. The physical properties of the obtained polymers were evaluated by using UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The dye-containing polymer showed photovoltaic responses in a bulk heterojunction solar cells with a fullerene derivative.
Interaction between Multimeric Sulfated Saccharides and Alzheimer Amyloid β (1-42)
Authors: Fukuda Tomohiro , Matsumoto Erino , Miura Yoshiko 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease is known to be related to the glycosaminoglycans that are associated with the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. We prepared heparin-mimicking multimeric saccharides and investigated their interactions with Aβ peptides in solution. The results showed that multimeric saccharides, especially the dimeric saccharide, strongly inhibited β-sheeted Aβ aggregation as assessed by the thioflavin-T (Th-T) assay, average zeta potential measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). This result suggested that the amyloidosis of Aβ (1-42) was affected by the multivalency of saccharides even in the solution.
La infancia: aportes para pensar los desafíos de la investigación en el contexto latinoamericano
Authors: Barreto Ramírez Martha Helena 
Published: August 2015

El escrito aporta algunas hipótesis de trabajo sobre la investigación en infancia a partir de los avances de este tema en la región. Comprende dos apartados: el primero plantea la emergencia del conocimiento sobre la infancia en el contexto latinoamericano, así como los aportes de la psicología social desde el constructivismo para la investigación de las instituciones de la infancia. En el segundo se problematiza la mirada de la infancia vulnerable; para tal fin, se plantea el análisis de tres casos: el conflicto armado, el trabajo infantil y el cuidado como práctica social. Se rescata la importancia de pensar nuevos conceptos para desesencializar la categoría de infancia y plantear así los desafíos de la construcción social e histórica de esta noción, a fin de lograr una mayor visibilidad del carácter heterogéneo de la experiencia de los niños y niñas.
Encuentro con las infancias, sus situaciones y contextos, a través del diálogo con docentes
Authors: Castiblanco Martínez Marisol 
Published: August 2015

<p>Bogotá es un escenario donde la atención a la infancia ha tomado gran importancia, lo que se evidencia por la implementación de políticas, programas, planes y proyectos en los que los niños son reconocidos como sujetos de derechos y ciudadanos. El Distrito enfoca sus esfuerzos en atenderlos de manera adecuada e integral, frente a las necesidades que presentan. En este marco, se hace significativo<br />indagar por las problemáticas percibidas por quienes trabajan con la infancia y comparten con ellos sus realidades, en este caso docentes. El proyecto de investigación “Problemáticas de la infancia en el Distrito: una mirada desde los egresados de la Facultad de Ciencias y Educación de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas”<br />pretende identificar los problemas y las acciones gubernamentales<br />en torno a la infancia, con el fin de tener un acercamiento a sus necesidades, situaciones y contextos. Algunos de los hallazgos serán descritos en el siguiente artículo avance de investigación.</p>