bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Consumption, Obesity, and Psychological Distress in Farming Communities—An Australian Study
Authors: Brumby Susan , Kennedy Alison , Chandrasekara Ananda 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPurposeAlcohol consumption patterns nationally and internationally have been identified as elevated in rural and remote populations. In the general Australian population, 20.5% of adult males and 16.9% of adult females drink at short‐term, high‐risk levels. Farmers are more likely to drink excessively than those living in major cities. This study seeks to explore the relationships between farmers’ physical and mental health and their alcohol consumption patterns. Our hypothesis is that farmers consume alcohol at high‐risk levels more often than the Australian average and that this consumption is associated with obesity and psychological distress.MethodsCross‐sectional descriptive data were collected within Australian farming communities from 1,792 consenting adults in 97 locations across Australia. Data on anthropometric measurements, general physical attributes and biochemical assessments were used to explore the interrelationships of self‐reported alcohol consumption patterns with obesity, psychological distress, and other physical health parameters.FindingsThere was a higher prevalence of short‐term, high‐risk alcohol consumption (56.9% in men and 27.5% in women) reported in the study compared with national data. There was also a significant positive association between the prevalence of high‐risk alcohol consumption and the prevalence of obesity and abdominal adiposity in psychologically distressed participants.ConclusionsThe prevalence of short‐term, high‐risk alcohol consumption practices in this cohort of farming men and women is significantly higher than the Australian average. These consumption practices are coupled with a range of other measurable health issues within the farming population, such as obesity, hypertension, psychological distress, and age.
Laboratory adapted Escherichia coliK‐12 becomes a pathogen of Caenorhabditis elegans upon restoration of O antigen biosynthesis
Authors: Browning Douglas F. , Wells Timothy J. , França Fernanda L. S. , Morris Faye C. , Sevastsyanovich Yanina R. , Bryant Jack A. , Johnson Matthew D. , Lund Peter A. , Cunningham Adam F. , Hobman Jon L. , May Robin C. , Webber Mark A. , Henderson Ian R. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryEscherichia coli has been the leading model organism for many decades. It is a fundamental player in modern biology, facilitating the molecular biology revolution of the last century. The acceptance of E. coli as model organism is predicated primarily on the study of one E. coli lineage; E. coli K‐12. However, the antecedents of today's laboratory strains have undergone extensive mutagenesis to create genetically tractable offspring but which resulted in loss of several genetic traits such as O antigen expression. Here we have repaired the wbbL locus, restoring the ability of E. coli K‐12 strain MG1655 to express the O antigen. We demonstrate that O antigen production results in drastic alterations of many phenotypes and the density of the O antigen is critical for the observed phenotypes. Importantly, O antigen production enables laboratory strains of E. coli to enter the gut of the Caenorhabditis elegans worm and to kill C. elegans at rates similar to pathogenic bacterial species. We demonstrate C. elegans killing is a feature of other commensal E. coli. We show killing is associated with bacterial resistance to mechanical shear and persistence in the C. elegans gut. These results suggest C. elegans is not an effective model of human‐pathogenic E. coli infectious disease.
Temporal dynamics of fine roots under long‐term exposure to elevated CO2 in the Mojave Desert
Authors: Sonderegger Derek L. , Ogle Kiona , Evans R. Dave , Ferguson Scot , Nowak Robert S. 
Published: January 2013

Summary

Deserts are considered 'below‐ground dominated', yet little is known about the impact of rising CO2 in combination with natural weather cycles on long‐term dynamics of root biomass. This study quantifies the temporal dynamics of fine‐root production, loss and standing crop in an intact desert ecosystem exposed to 10 yr of elevated CO2.

We used monthly minirhizotron observations from 4 yr (2003–2007) for two dominant shrub species and along community transects at the Nevada Desert free‐air CO2 enrichment Facility. Data were synthesized within a Bayesian framework that included effects of CO2 concentration, cover type, phenological period, antecedent soil water and biological inertia (i.e. the influence of prior root production and loss).

Elevated CO2 treatment interacted with antecedent soil moisture and had significantly greater effects on fine‐root dynamics during certain phenological periods. With respect to biological inertia, plants under elevated CO2 tended to initiate fine‐root growth sooner and sustain growth longer, with the net effect of increasing the magnitude of production and mortality cycles.

Elevated CO2 interacts with past environmental (e.g. antecedent soil water) and biological (e.g. biological inertia) factors to affect fine‐root dynamics, and such interactions are expected to be important for predicting future soil carbon pools.
Resource utilization in cancer patients with bisphosphonate‐associated osteonecrosis of the jaw
Authors: Najm MS , Solomon DH , Woo S‐B , Treister NS 
Published: January 2013

Background and objectiveBisphosphonate‐associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ) is an emerging oral complication that occurs most commonly in the setting of high‐dose bisphosphonate therapy for cancer. The purpose of this study was to estimate the health care–related costs associated with a diagnosis of BONJ in patients with cancer evaluated and managed at one tertiary oral medicine practice.MethodsThis was a retrospective electronic medical record review of cancer patients with BONJ. All health care–related resources were abstracted using a structured chart abstraction tool; data captured included medications, imaging studies, laboratory investigations, procedures, and visits. Standardized references were used to assign costs in 2010 US dollars.ResultsNinety‐two cancer patients with BONJ were identified who were followed for a median of 12 months. The median cost of a case of BONJ was $1667 (interquartile range from $976 to $3350). Medication costs comprised the majority (42%) of the total costs, followed by procedural interventions (22%), clinic visits (19.5%), and imaging studies (13.8%). Patient factors associated with higher median costs included a greater number of involved oral quadrants and more advanced BONJ stage.ConclusionThere are considerable costs associated with the diagnosis and management of BONJ in patients with cancer, with medications accounting for nearly half of resource expenditures.
Comparison of Hybrid Ensemble/4DVar and 4DVar within the NAVDAS-AR Data Assimilation Framework
Authors: Kuhl David D. , Rosmond Thomas E. , Bishop Craig H. , McLay Justin , Baker Nancy L. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The effect on weather forecast performance of incorporating ensemble covariances into the initial covariance model of the four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) Naval Research Laboratory Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System-Accelerated Representer (NAVDAS-AR) is investigated. This NAVDAS-AR-hybrid scheme linearly combines the static NAVDAS-AR initial background error covariance with a covariance derived from an 80-member flow-dependent ensemble. The ensemble members are generated using the ensemble transform technique with a (three-dimensional variational data assimilation) 3D-Var-based estimate of analysis error variance. The ensemble covariances are localized using an efficient algorithm enabled via a separable formulation of the localization matrix. The authors describe the development and testing of this scheme, which allows for assimilation experiments using differing linear combinations of the static and flow-dependent background error covariances. The tests are performed for two months of summer and two months of winter using operational model resolution and the operational observational dataset, which is dominated by satellite observations. Results show that the hybrid mode data assimilation scheme significantly reduces the forecast error across a wide range of variables and regions. The improvements were particularly pronounced for tropical winds. The verification against radiosondes showed a greater than 0.5% reduction in vector wind RMS differences in areas of statistical significance. The verification against self-analysis showed a greater than 1% reduction from verifying against analyses between 2- and 5-day lead time at all eight vertical levels examined in areas of statistical significance. Using the Navy's summary of verification results, the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) scorecard, the improvements resulted in a score (+1) that justifies a major system upgrade.
The evolution of antibiotic susceptibility and resistance during the formation of Escherichia colibiofilms in the absence of antibiotics
Authors: Tyerman Jabus G , Ponciano José M , Joyce Paul , Forney Larry J , Harmon Luke J 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background
Explanations for bacterial biofilm persistence during antibiotic treatment typically depend on non-genetic mechanisms, and rarely consider the contribution of evolutionary processes.

Results
Using Escherichia coli biofilms, we demonstrate that heritable variation for broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance can arise and accumulate rapidly during biofilm development, even in the absence of antibiotic selection.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate the rapid de novo evolution of heritable variation in antibiotic sensitivity and resistance during E. coli biofilm development. We suggest that evolutionary processes, whether genetic drift or natural selection, should be considered as a factor to explain the elevated tolerance to antibiotics typically observed in bacterial biofilms. This could be an under-appreciated mechanism that accounts why biofilm populations are, in general, highly resistant to antibiotic treatment.
Genome-wide analysis of histone modifiers in tomato: gaining an insight into their developmental roles
Authors: Aiese Cigliano Riccardo , Sanseverino Walter , Cremona Gaetana , Ercolano Maria R , Conicella Clara , Consiglio Federica M 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background
Histone post-translational modifications (HPTMs) including acetylation and methylation have been recognized as playing a crucial role in epigenetic regulation of plant growth and development. Although Solanum lycopersicum is a dicot model plant as well as an important crop, systematic analysis and expression profiling of histone modifier genes (HMs) in tomato are sketchy.

Results
Based on recently released tomato whole-genome sequences, we identified in silico 32 histone acetyltransferases (HATs), 15 histone deacetylases (HDACs), 52 histone methytransferases (HMTs) and 26 histone demethylases (HDMs), and compared them with those detected in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), maize (Zea mays) and rice (Oryza sativa) orthologs. Comprehensive analysis of the protein domain architecture and phylogeny revealed the presence of non-canonical motifs and new domain combinations, thereby suggesting for HATs the existence of a new family in plants. Due to species-specific diversification during evolutionary history tomato has fewer HMs than Arabidopsis. The transcription profiles of HMs within tomato organs revealed a broad functional role for some HMs and a more specific activity for others, suggesting key HM regulators in tomato development. Finally, we explored S. pennellii introgression lines (ILs) and integrated the map position of HMs, their expression profiles and the phenotype of ILs. We thereby proved that the strategy was useful to identify HM candidates involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato fruits.

Conclusions
In this study, we reveal the structure, phylogeny and spatial expression of members belonging to the classical families of HMs in tomato. We provide a framework for gene discovery and functional investigation of HMs in other Solanaceae species.
Modeling of Self-Interstitial Diffusion in Implanted Molecular Beam Epitaxy Silicon
Authors: Salvador D. De , Mattoni A. , Napolitani E. , Drigo A. V. , Mirabella S. , Priolo F. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this work a rate equations model describing the interstitials (I) diffusion in a trap containing medium is presented. The model takes into account the interstitial injection by implantation and annealing and the surface evaporation. We found an analytical approximated solution of the model which allows clarifying the interplay between the parameters involved and a simple comparison with experimental data obtained by the analysis of boron delta doping arrays broadening. The calculations allow to demonstrate that the I injected into the bulk and toward the surface at the end of the I clusters dissolution does not depend on the detailed time evolution of the I clusters, but only on the total amount of I produced by the implantation. The fitting of the experimental data allows to easily quantifying important physical parameters such as the I evaporation rate at the surface and the density of intrinsic interstitial traps. Applications of the model are shown in the case of MBE materials intentionally doped with substitutional C. The model successfully predicts the TED reduction by MBE intrinsic I-traps and allows to estimate the average composition of Interstitial-Carbon clusters.
Gas Condensate Flow Behaviour Within Tight Reservoirs
Authors: Al-Harrasi Mahmood , Grattoni Carlos , Fisher Quentin , Lane Mauricio 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTight gas-condensate reservoirs contain large reserves, but can be extremely costly to develop. Understanding the fundamental controls on the fluid flow behaviour of tight gas and gas-condensate reservoirs has the potential to result in more cost-effective reservoir development and help increase the world’s producible reserves. The principal objective of the paper is to improve understanding of multiphase flow within tight gas-condensate reservoirs. In order to achieve this objective a series of pore-to-core scale experiments under controlled conditions were performed, followed by numerical simulation.Three methodologies were used in this study: First, pore-scale experiments in glass micromodels with liquid-liquid systems were performed to improve understanding of the phase separation and flow mechanisms at pore level. Second, coreflood experiments were performed while in-situ saturation was monitored using an X-ray CT-scanner. A newly developed liquid-liquid system was used in these experiments. Flow through tight gas sandstones allowed the determination of relative permeabilities as well as determining their dependence on absolute permeability and capillary number. Third, production simulation modelling has been conducted to investigate the implications of the results.The micromodel experiments have proved extremely useful for characterizing the flow behaviour of condensate systems. The results showed that the flow mechanisms and phases’ distributions were affected largely by interfacial tension, pore structure and wettability. The experimental results showed the dependence of gas-condensate relative permeabilities of tight rocks on absolute permeability and capillary number. The incorporation of the results into production simulation modelling has shown an increase of gas production up to 70% for tight gas-condensate reservoirs when capillary number effects were included.The modelling has shown that the high velocity phenomena near the production well must be taken into account for tight gas-condensate reservoirs. Therefore, the current practice of modelling these reservoirs using immiscible relative permeabilities should be immediately reviewed to avoid costly and ineffective reservoir development plans.
Development of New Well Index Equation for Fracture Wells
Authors: Ibrahim M.. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In recent years, interest has grown in developing and producing shale gas reservoirs. These reservoirs are increasingly becoming more important as gas sources in many countries. All shale gas reservoirs must be hydraulic fractured to be able to produce gas. Because these wells are characterized by long periods of transient flow it is common to supplement rate and recovery predictions done by decline curve analysis with numerical simulation. Furthermore, nano-Darcy permeability requires that hydraulic fractures be explicitly represented by small, highly permeable grid blocks to accurately capture flow characteristics. For the most part, shale gas wells are modeled using proven algorithms in conventional simulators.
The well index formulation normally used by reservoir simulators for vertical wells was developed by Peaceman. The Peaceman approach has been shown to suffer from some artifacts when simulating transient linear flow behavior because the method is based on an assumption of radial geometry. Because the Peaceman equation uses fracture permeability to calculate the wellblock radius (ro), in some cases the value of ro will be less than the actual wellbore radius. This error can generally be overcome by assigning an arbitrarily large well index for the fractured well. Perhaps more importantly the Peaceman formulation does not allow the fracture face skin to be assigned directly.
This paper presents a new well equation for accurately computing well index and modeling fracture face skin based on the fracture half-length and matrix permeability. The simulation result shows good match with the analytical solution for different values of fracture face skin. The new equation will be useful in modeling well test design by reservoir simulation with and without the effect of fracture damage.
A Sobolev gradient method for treating the steady-state incompressible Navier-Stokes equations
Authors: Renka Robert 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The velocity-vorticity-pressure formulation of the steady-state incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions is cast as a nonlinear least squares problem in which the functional is a weighted sum of squared residuals. A finite element discretization of the functional is minimized by a trust-region method in which the trustregion radius is defined by a Sobolev norm and the trust-region subproblems are solved by a dogleg method. Numerical test results show the method to be effective.
L'exploitation familiale à la française : une institution dépassée ?
Authors: Mundler Patrick , Rémy Jacques 
Published: January 2013

Résumé L’exploitation familiale, comme institution, est bousculée par l’évolution de l’agriculture. Ce modèle est-il réellement en décomposition ? Comment ont évolué les relations entre famille et exploitation agricole ? Nous nous proposons ici d’analyser les relations « famille - exploitation agricole » en cheminant entre quatre figures : la ferme paysanne, l’exploitation familiale modernisée, l’entreprise agricole, forme d’exploitation post-familiale , et l’exploitation rurale fortement diversifiée. Chacune correspond à un modèle type que nous décrirons au travers des liens entre espace professionnel et espace domestique. Si ces quatre figures n’épuisent évidemment pas la diversité des formes d’exercice de l’agriculture, leur examen pose ici à nouveau la question de la frontière entre les métiers et les statuts professionnels et celle de la détermination du périmètre de l’exploitation agricole et avec elle de la famille dite « agricole ».
White‐Collar Crime
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The term “white‐collar crime” is one with strong resonances in both academic and popular discourse. It was first used by American sociologists in the mid‐twentieth century to refer to criminal activity engaged in by high‐status offenders. More recently, it has been used within the legal community to refer to a supposedly distinctive group of criminal offenses (
see
Criminal Law). But even within these general camps, there is tremendous variation in how the term has been used. It is fair to say that white‐collar crime is now a general umbrella term invoked not only by social scientists and lawyers but also by politicians, the media, and the general public, and that it is used as much for polemical and marketing purposes as for scholarly and analytical ones.
Global Distributive Justice
Authors: Tan Kok‐Chor 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOn one common interpretation, the ideal of global distributive justice refers to something very specific: that, as a matter of global justice, distributive inequalities globally (between states or among persons across states) ought to be of concern. For convenience, I will sometimes refer to this ideal as global egalitarianism (seeJustice; Equality). The problem of global distributive justice is thus a conceptually distinct one from the problem of global poverty (seeGlobal Poverty; World Hunger). The duty to counter poverty is a duty with a threshold – it is a duty that ceases when the minimum subsistence level that defines poverty is crossed. A distributive duty, on the other hand, given its objective of regulating inequalities, is continuous and remains in play so long as inequalities are present among the relevant parties. A distributive principle, of course, does not necessarily demand that there be no inequalities in outcome at all – indeed this kind of strict egalitarian principle is rather implausible. More defensible principles of distributive equality do not seek absolute equality of outcome, but aim to regulate or limit the kinds and degrees of inequalities that are admissible. They are, nonetheless, egalitarian, even though they take the paradoxical form of “permitting” inequalities because they hold that an equal distribution is the default and that the burden of proof falls on any departure from this benchmark of equality. Thus John Rawls' difference principle (1971, 2001) – which, roughly, states that inequalities between parties are acceptable only under a social arrangement that is most beneficial for the worst off – is a quintessential example of an egalitarian distributive principle (seeRawls, John; Difference Principle).
Reasons
Authors: Gert Joshua 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe notion of a reason for action – apracticalreason – is not a specifically moral notion. We can sensibly talk about the reasons that favor and disfavor a choice of career or, less momentously, a choice of vacation options, even when morality is simply not an issue. Indeed, we can talk about the reasons that someone stranded on a desert island might have – for building a shelter in a certain way, or for storing food – even if we think that morality is exclusively concerned with behavior toward other people. Although individual practical reasons need not, therefore, have any particular moral significance, it is no surprise that the notion of a reason plays a central role in much of ethical theory. There have been many attempts to ground morality in such reasons. And it is quite common to encounter the thesis – whether it is being affirmed or denied – that moral behavior is always favored by thebalanceof reasons (seeOverridingness, Moral). This thesis is consistent with the plausible idea that there can be particular reasons thatopposemoral action. Such reasons would be present, for example, in any case in which morality requires a sacrifice of some sort.
Strawson, P. F.
Authors: Barry Peter Brian 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Sir Peter Francis Strawson (1919–2006) is a seminal figure in twentieth‐century analytic philosophy. By his own account, Strawson authored two papers that effectively embody all that he had to say about moral philosophy (2008: xxvii). One of those papers (1961) is rarely read and little discussed. The other (1962) is a widely read agenda‐setting work that continues to shape debates about free will (
see
Free Will) and responsibility (
see
Responsibility).