bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sociology of migration
Authors: Matsumoto Noriko 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
In the United States, immigration has long been considered as a field at the core of sociological investigation. Its origins are associated with the Chicago School, which remained dominant in American sociology between the two world wars. Urban change in Chicago became a major focus of empirical inquiry in the early 20th century and was stimulated by large‐scale immigration, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe. The tradition and themes that stem from the Chicago School have deeply influenced subsequent research.
Soldiers and citizens
Authors: Bernazzoli Richelle 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The phenomena of migration, military service, citizenship, and violence have been linked around the globe and throughout history. Soldiers and citizens exist in a nexus (soldiers are citizens and citizens are soldiers) rather than as actors occupying separate “military” and “civilian” realms. Processes of human migration facilitate this mutual construction of soldiers and citizens as organized violence displaces people, but also creates pathways to belonging for those “outside” a particular community. The examples discussed below demonstrate the manifold ways in which the fundamental links between soldiers, citizens, and migration have shaped social realities over time and across space.
South–South migrations: Indian Oceanic world
Authors: Vergès Françoise 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSouth–South migrations have been active for centuries between Asia and Africa, among islands in the Pacific, between Eastern and Western Asia, and in the Indian Ocean. Once the mystery of the monsoons was cracked (around the 1st centuryCE) – from May to September, winds go from the northern tip of Madagascar to India, and from September to May, they go the other way around – human beings loaded boats with slaves and goods and navigated from port to port around the ocean's rim. To analyze these South–South migrations and their effects, we must put aside European time (the dates of the explorations, of the “great discoveries,” of colonization) and space (the world mapped by imperial conquest, the routes of slavery, the commerce of spices, and the rivalry between European powers) and acknowledge the existence of other temporalities and spatializations. One must also acknowledge other reasons and causes for going beyond one's known world than the desire for the monopoly on the commerce of gold, slaves, and spices or the bringing of the God of Europe to other peoples. Thus, the long history of migrations in the Indian Ocean reveals the existence of South–South migratory routes. They preceded the migrations caused by the needs of European colonial powers and have continued after their end.
Southeast Asia: migration, ASEAN, and regional agreements
Authors: Hedman Eva‐Lotta E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWhile the history of human migration in Asia stretches over many centuries, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is of more recent vintage. Since its inception in 1967, ASEAN has seen considerable migration within, across, and beyond the borders of its member states. To date, efforts to regulate such migration have reflected the predominance of domestic law and ad hoc measures by concerned member states. As this brief overview shows, however, Southeast Asian migrations in the era of ASEAN have also prompted a search for bilateral, multilateral, and regional frameworks of regulation.
Southern Africa: internal migration
Authors: Segatti Loren B. Landau and Aurelia 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Contemporary patterns of migration within and across Southern Africa's political borders have a history dating back to the mid‐19th century. Even before the colonial occupation, movements were shaped by pastoral lifestyles and the quest for improved profits or protection from violence, poverty, and pestilence. Following the massive dislocations of the colonial era and the highly structured migrant‐labor system, regular movements within and across political boundaries became integral to household, national, and regional economies (Posel 1991). While internal and international migration within the region continues to be partially shaped by these antecedents, globalization, shifting gender dynamics, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, urbanization and metropolization, the decline of rural agriculture, the resolution of ongoing conflicts, and the emergence of new forms of violence and persecution have created a highly mobile region.
Southern Africa, migration, 7th century to present
Authors: Matlou Matlotleng P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFrom the time that human beings evolved in Africa they have moved from place to place first on the continent and then further away. This essay will concentrate on migration both domestic and international in southern Africa, beginning with a historical account of migration and tracing it to the 21st century, explaining how and why people move and postulating what the future of migration in the region will be. Southern Africa for our purpose will consist of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) as constituted today. The countries forming the SADC are Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Spain: capitalism, expansion, and settlement, medieval era
Authors: Williams Phillip 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSpain in the medieval period had too much land in relation to the number of people or the amount of available water; put simply, there were too few Spaniards and they congregated in areas where there was water, along the banks of the great rivers. Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, those two most typical of Spaniards, wandered through solitary wastelands for days on end without encountering another human soul: this was no literary invention on behalf of Miguel de Cervantes, but a common occurrence in his day (Braudel 1972). Georges Duby famously observed that agriculture is a war between men and nature, and if this was the case then conditions in the Iberian Peninsula meant that the farmers faced an implacable adversary. They did so, moreover, with a very limited armory, for medieval technology afforded them few advantages (Duby 1972). French historians, who tend to stress the role of geography in shaping economic development, have described a Mediterranean climate (even a Mediterranean “unit”), meaning a dry weather system with arid summers, and weak, thin soils which suffered from violent erosion and rapid exhaustion. The terrain in Iberia made trade and communication disproportionately difficult, although the mountain ranges or “sierras” also afforded enormous opportunities for grazing and transhumance – that is, the long‐distance movement of flocks of livestock in order to take advantage of the plains in winter and the highland pastures in summer (Braudel 1972; Duby 1972; White 1972). Spain boasts geography of extremes, although its features have sometimes been simplified to the point of caricature. In his 1937 poemSpain, W. H. Auden referred to “that arid square, that fragment nipped off from hot Africa” (Fletcher 1992: 10–13). An awareness of the comparative difficulty of life in the country underlines how industrious and innovative the Spaniards were, making the most of mountains and forests (even firewood was a valuable commodity). Above all else, they valued every last drop of water and made the most of every well, pool, stream, river, and lake.
Spain: migration 1960s to present
Authors: Sperling Jessica 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCompared to long‐standing receiving societies like the United States, and even compared to more recent receiving societies in Northern and Western Europe, large‐scale immigration to Spain began relatively recently. Yet immigration to Spain has increased dramatically between the 1980s and the late 2000s, marking a significant shift from being historically a country of emigration to being a country of immigration. Relative to its population size, Spain has come to have one of the largest immigration streams in Europe (Arango & Finotelli 2009). This relatively sudden and sharp demographic change has significantly altered the makeup of the Spanish nation, and it has created the need for continued policy developments to deal with these demographic changes.
Spanish America, early modern migration 16th–18th century
Authors: Altman Ida 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEarly modern migration from Europe to Spanish America – indeed, transatlantic migration in the broadest sense – began with the second voyage of Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean in 1493. Columbus's first voyage was one of reconnaissance, and it failed to produce a permanent settlement. The second, however, represented a deliberate effort at colonization. Some 1,500 people, including at least a few women, arrived in Hispaniola, bringing with them what were thought to be essential items for settlement, such as livestock and seeds. They established the first European town in the Americas, Isabela, on the northern coast of Hispaniola. Some of those who arrived in the Caribbean in 1493 still lived there 20 or more years later, although illness, conflict, relocation, and a substantial rate of return reduced the number of first arrivals who remained. Columbus's second voyage initiated both a continuing European presence in the Americas and an almost constant movement of people (and goods) in both directions across the Atlantic.
Sport and migration
Authors: Maguire Joseph 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTo migrate as part of the global sports process is portrayed as something to celebrate, reflecting an individual's right to move, or viewed in unproblematic terms. However, sports migration is bound up in a sports‐industrial complex that is itself embedded in a series of power struggles that characterize the global sports system. Migration is marked by networks involving athletes, owners, administrators, agents, officials, and media personnel. These interdependencies are multilayered and incorporate not only economic, but also political, historical, geographic, social, and cultural factors. Thus, in seeking to explain global labor migration, a broad approach involving an examination of wider societal processes is required (Maguire & Falcous 2010). Questions concerning broader issues such as globalization, national identity, and intercultural communication – but also more specific matters relating to, for example, “talent pipelines,” stereotyping, and the ascribing of qualities to athletes from different countries, racial, ethnic, and gender groups – are also part of the migration process (Agergaard 2008).
Spouses and migration
Authors: Spieß Karl‐Heinz 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Throughout the Middle Ages, kings and princes looked to foreign countries for spouses, either for themselves or for their sons. These international marriages led, quite naturally, to the migration of the spouses, including their entourages, to the country of their future husbands. Such an entourage would normally have constituted a rather small group, consisting of about five to twenty people; its influence, however, could still have been significant. The most important reason for kings to look abroad for a suitable wife was status, as a female person of kingly rank could naturally not be found in the king's own realm outside the king's own family.
Steppe, people of (Hungarians, Huns, Avars, Mongols)
Authors: Schmieder Felicitas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMigration as it is usually understood in both popular and scholarly discourses is a sedentary concept: people living in one place move – individually, in large numbers, or as groups – due to worsening living conditions “at home” and/or better prospects elsewhere. Several definitions add that the movement must be intended to be permanent or at least turn out (historically) to have become permanent.
Structural adjustment policies and international migration
Authors: Solimano Andrés 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe financial crisis and great recession that destabilized the United States and European economies from 2008 to 2009, and the slow recovery of growth and employment afterward with recurrent spells of financial and currency instability, large fiscal deficits, uncertainty, fragility in the banking system, and persistent unemployment is compounding problems facing the economies to productively absorb their workforce. These developments, in turn, deter immigration and slow remittances flows by immigrants working in the global North (Haddad & Shepherd 2011). In the past, these crises were often the lot of developing countries affected by recurrent macroeconomic imbalances, unstable growth, and financial fragility, particularly since the shift in the 1970s toward export promotion and market‐oriented neoliberal policies (Harvey 2005; Saad‐Filho & Johnston 2005).
Suburbs
Authors: Fassmann Heinz 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
“Suburb” generally refers to a settlement type which shows certain characteristics and is located in an area outside the city as an administrative or morphological unit. The term “suburb” is derived from the Latin and can be translated as “under the city,” with the meaning of “outside the city.” Suburb is a structural term, whereas suburbanization is the process that leads to the growth of suburbs. Suburbanization comprises all forms of outmigration of people and the shifting of functions from the city to the urban fringe as well as the inflow of residents and functions from other parts of the region or country. Together, suburbs and cities form a city region (or metropolitan area or urban agglomeration).
Sustainable population growth
Authors: Zoomers Annelies 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This essay analyzes “sustainable population growth and migration” in relation to the aim of achieving sustainable development. It is striking that in sustainability debates much attention is given to “population growth” and “overpopulation,” while issues such as aging, urbanization, and migration are neglected. What are the implications of these demographic trends for sustainable development? Given current globalization processes, how should we deal with concepts such as “carrying capacity” of regions?
Sweden, migration 19th century to present
Authors: Grönberg Per‐Olof 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe view of preindustrial Sweden as a geographically static society is distorted; migration was a part of everyday life and the most common demographic feature. Early 19th‐century Swedes changed residence 10 times on average during their lifetime, which is only twice less than the present day. Distances moved were shorter, however. People moved between their closest rural parishes and sometimes to nearby towns. On the parish level, in‐ and outmigration equaled each other and did not cause major population redistributions. Numerous small and isolated local “labour markets” constituted migration's framework. People moved to earn their living within these borders (Tedebrand 1999; Dribe & Stanfors 2005).
Switzerland, migration 19th century to present
Authors: Häberlein Jana 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Throughout its history, Switzerland has been a country with a relatively high percentage of immigrants and transmigrants. The emergence of modern immigration to Switzerland has a forerunner in the admission of Protestant refugees at the end of the 17th century. While the benevolent admittance of these religious refugees has become part of Switzerland's humanitarian image, the administrative practice at the time mainly consisted in granting board and lodging and in encouraging the refugees to move on (Wottreng 2000). Permanent settlement was hardly possible for “foreigners” in the Swiss cantons during the 17th and 18th century.
Syndicalism and anarchism of migrants
Authors: Zimmer Kenyon 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Anarchism, which spread throughout most of the world between the 1860s and 1930s, is a libertarian socialist ideology that seeks a democratic and egalitarian society through the overthrow of capitalism and the state. Anarchists have advocated a variety of approaches to revolutionary change, from violent insurrection to peaceful transformation, but after 1900 the most important of these approaches was syndicalism. Syndicalists view the labor movement as the primary site of revolutionary struggle, labor organizations as the principal force capable of toppling the existing order, and democratic union structures as the blueprints for organizing a postrevolutionary society. Syndicalists therefore promote working‐class direct action over electoral politics to achieve both short‐term and long‐term goals, including the general strike as a revolutionary tactic. Although not all anarchists are syndicalists and not all syndicalists are anarchists, the two movements have overlapped substantially.
Tokyo, foreigners in
Authors: Machimura Takashi 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Tokyo, the capital city of Japan, is sometimes seen as one of the globalized cities most closed to foreign migrants. While its urban agglomeration‐based population was 35.6 million in 2005, ranking top in the world (UN 2009), and the population of the central city's (the 23 wards of the Tokyo metropolitan government) was 8.9 million in 2010, the registered foreign populations that year were approximately 699,000 and 348,000 respectively. While the proportion of foreigners in the total population is still low compared to other metropolises around the globe, Tokyo's ethnic composition has diversified remarkably over the last three decades.
Tourism
Authors: Swatos, William H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUnlike pilgrimage, whose origins may well be prehistoric inasmuch as all of the historical religions have pilgrimage experiences or events occuring almost immediately upon their introduction, the origins of tourism can be quite precisely dated to the beginning of the 17th centuryCEwith the publication of Fines Morison'sItinerary, which was complied in the late 16th century and published in 1618, associated with what came to be known as the European Grand Tour (see Tomasi 2002). Morison's work was essentially secular and in this sense stood in marked contrast to thelibra indulgeniarum– the guidebooks for religious pilgrims traveling to professedly holy sites in Europe or the Middle East. Although the Grand Tour was a lengthy process, quite in contrast to tours at the beginning of the 21st century, there is a continuity between the present‐day and the earlier Grand Tour inasmuch as the primary function of the tour was secular – to become “worldly wise” in contrast to provincial or parochial. Regardless of the particular places involved, the underlying purpose of the tour was not to increase a person's piety or heavenly bank account, but rather to make him or her a “man or woman of the world” in the early modern era which emerged as a result of the Age of Exploration that began at the end of the 15th century.
Traders and exiles, medieval era
Authors: Rando Daniela 
Published: January 2013

Abstract“There are three kinds of merchants: he who travels, he who stocks, he who exports.” This distinction is made in theBook of Knowledge of the Beauties of Commerce, by Abu al‐Fadl Ja'far ibn &Ali from Damascus (9–12th centuries) (2001: 24), the most ancient manual on commercial practice known today. The first type of merchant is a traveller, a kind of migrant, rather elusive in early medieval sources; Christian authors (unlike Muslim ones) regard him with some contempt stemming from their negative judgment on profit‐making activities. In a survey of 8th–9th century sources, McCormick found only 19 individual merchants (2007: 242); however, starting from this small number, new archaeological sources and the intersection of data allowed him to retrace an early medieval network of middle and long‐distance communications, involving intense movements of goods and traders. The analysis of the “trade‐systems” revealed the concentration of merchants in some Italian regions and in the Frankish kingdom, mainly near long rivers (like the Rhine) and sites linked with economies abroad; Franks had commercial contacts in Scandinavia and England, in Slavic territories, and the Bulgarian empire, in Muslim Spain, Italy, and in Byzantium. Side by side with the Frankish empire new “trading worlds” were growing (McCormick 2007: 573): from the North Sea, the Vikings reached Ireland and the Caspian Sea; the Bulgarians exploited the revival of the Danubian and Balkan trade routes, and – most importantly – the widespread economies of the Muslim sphere were rapidly developing. Their “trade explosion” resulted from the interplay of different factors: the expansion characterizing the age of the orthodox caliphs, the northward shift during the Umayyad era, the Abbasid apogee (750), the dislocation from Syria to Iraq, and the 762 (re)foundation of Baghdad, at the crossroad of great fluvial and overland routes (Heck 2006). In the 8th century all these worlds had already started to intersect, establishing interdependence between distant regions and connections between rural and commercial economies of a proto‐industrial kind. Within this macroregional frame of overlapping commercial networks, the movements of merchants often intersected.
Transculturalism
Authors: Hoerder Dirk 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTranscultural, as an integrative, overarching concept for the analysis of migration, comprises translocal, transregional, transnational, and trans‐state approaches as well as geographic terminologies such as “transcontinental” and “transoceanic.” “Trans” refers to continuities across borders and to the permeability of borders and other dividing lines. In contrast, “inter” (as in “international”) or “multi” (as in “multiculturalism”) presupposes distinct entities in contact over demarcated and accepted boundaries. The “cultural” comprises the local, the regional, and the countrywide both in the institutional and legal aspects (state) and in the discursive aspects (nation) it extends to other, similarly diverse societies. It avoids an implicit assumption of “transnational” studies – that is, of a cultural and bordered nation incorporating common statewide populations with citizen status: Guatemalan refugees from among native peoples in the 1980s came from groups neither fully accepted into the nation nor provided with equal access to state resources.
Translocalism
Authors: Hoerder Dirk 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTranslocal describes the connections between two or more specific localities as created and experienced by migrants. This has long been evident in histories of migration but the first explicit conceptualization was Baily's (1991). Local spaces of departure and arrival are part of regional economies as well as region‐specific cultures and dialects (“transregionalism”). Regulatory frames for migration are set by states (trans‐state, transnational). States and statewide economies may also be the generators of local emigration: Slowly developing or even dysfunctional economies, predatory states, or competing elites engaged in internal warfare over segments of the state may force people to depart. The religious wars in 16th and 17th‐century Europe and the factional wars in some African countries in the present are examples.