bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les « Écoles historiques » à l'épreuve de Gabriel Monod. Un historien célébré et méconnu
Authors: Lévy-Dumoulin Olivier 
Published: January 2013

Résumé À l’occasion du centenaire de la mort de Gabriel Monod, cet article s’attache à éclairer le paradoxe apparent de sa fortune. Pour tous les récits autorisés de la construction de la profession d’historien en France, Monod est une figure centrale, l’un des deux pères tutélaires de « l’école méthodique » avec Ernest Lavisse. Pourtant, derrière ce rôle majeur transparaît une relative désaffection : tous les indicateurs révèlent qu’au regard de l’intérêt fort pour Lavisse ou Seignobos Gabriel Monod n’est évoqué qu’avec parcimonie, cité plutôt que lu. Marc Bloch déjà, dans l’ Apologie , ne lui laisse pas de place quand Mabillon, Fustel et Seignobos sont cités. Pour éclairer cette situation paradoxale l’histoire de la relation privilégiée de Monod avec l’œuvre de Michelet est essentielle. Tout d’abord son attrait pour elle marginalise sa production, quand l’intérêt pour Michelet s’estompe au début du xx e siècle. Sa passion pour l’homme et l’œuvre apparaît en contradiction avec ses principes ou bien fait de lui un marginal au regard des « méthodiques ». Cependant, l’article conclut dans un sens différent et avance l’idée que le sort intellectuel de Monod met en lumière les limites de pertinence, voire l’inadéquation de la notion « d’école historique » pour rendre compte de l’histoire de l’historiographie.
La politique des risques peut-elle être raisonnable ?
Authors: Godard Olivier 
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le principe de précaution est l’un de ces cas mystérieux où une bonne idée, solidement défendue par une doctrine réfléchie, a perdu son crédit du fait des actions qui sont menées en son nom par ceux-là mêmes qui ont voulu cette doctrine. Comprenne qui pourra. Après avoir rappelé le contenu d’une doctrine faite d’équilibre entre la précocité de la prise en compte du risque, la proportionnalité des mesures et leur inscription dans le provisoire pour tenir compte de la dynamique de la connaissance, une confrontation est proposée entre cette doctrine et différentes formes de catastrophisme. Elle permet de montrer à la fois que le principe de précaution n’est pas un catastrophisme et que le catastrophisme est une norme indéfendable de comportement face aux « risques incertains ». L’analyse se tourne ensuite vers la pratique gouvernementale du principe de précaution pour montrer qu’elle s’écarte fortement de la doctrine et pour donner une intelligibilité à cet écart, qui a directement à voir avec ce qu’on appelle une démocratie de l’opinion et de l’émotion. Pour sortir du marasme sans renoncer au principe, point d’autre issue que d’en organiser procéduralement la mise en œuvre, à bonne distance du politique, pour qu’il ne soit plus ce joker de la justification manipulé par des politiques en quête des faveurs de l’opinion.
L'introduction du principe de précaution dans la Constitution : sens ou non-sens ?
Authors: Laquièze Alain 
Published: January 2013

Résumé Le principe de précaution a été introduit dans la Constitution de la V e République par une révision constitutionnelle du 1 er mars 2005. La constitutionnalisation de ce principe conduit à se demander ce qu’une constitution doit contenir. La question est en particulier de savoir si une constitution doit énoncer un droit fondamental à la protection de l’environnement. Si l’on comprend la constitution dans un sens libéral, c’est-à-dire comme un texte fondamental qui sépare les pouvoirs et qui protège les libertés, l’insertion du principe de précaution dans la constitution est discutable. Le présent article étudie également les conséquences de la révision de 2005 sur l’évolution du droit français dans différents domaines.
La précaution comme souci
Authors: Guéry François 
Published: January 2013

Résumé La précaution a été critiquée non en elle-même, mais comme « principe », à la fois sur le plan juridique et scientifique. Les formulations du principe prêtaient à confusion, à cause du jargon « scientifique » utilisé (cf. absence de preuves, de « certitudes scientifiques »). Liée à l’urgence, la précaution ressortit à une philosophie de l’agir, qui comporte menace, vulnérabilité, anticipation, appréhension, et c’est de ce côté qu’il faut chercher la logique de la précaution. En premier lieu, une « déduction sémantique a priori » (Derrida) permet de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques de la peur, qui justifie la précaution. En second lieu, un rappel de la tradition philosophique confirme cette déduction, rappel qui va d’Aristote ( Rhétorique : ce qu’est la peur et comment on est quand on l’éprouve ; Éthique à Nicomaque : le courage, l’intrépidité, la disposition acquise) à Heidegger ( Être et Temps : la peur comme disposition insigne, esquisse de l’angoisse, du souci, de la responsabilité, de la résolution), en passant par des étapes essentielles : Augustin (la cura , la curiosité), Kant (derniers écrits), Nietzsche ( Seconde Inactuelle ). Enfin, et en conclusion, la précaution apparaît non comme une démission de la connaissance, mais comme une incitation à mieux scénariser, à mieux gérer l’avenir, en cultivant une imagination anticipative, complémentaire de l’innovation.
Preemergence mating in the mass-attacking bark beetle,Dendroctonus ponderosae(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Bleiker K.P. , Heron R.J. , Braithwaite E.C. , Smith G.D. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe mountain pine beetleDendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) kills its hosts by attackingen masseand overwhelming tree defences. Young adult beetles completing development under the bark may have the opportunity to mate with siblings or with brood from adjacent galleries prior to emerging from the natal host tree. We investigated the incidence of preemergence mating among female beetles at two locations in the recently expanded range of the insect in northern Alberta, Canada. Female beetles emerging from under the bark late in the emergence period were more likely to be mated upon emergence than beetles that emerged earlier. Delaying emergence of brood adults once they were at the teneral adult stage had little effect on the incidence of preemergence mating. The frequency of preemergence mating varied from 3–12% among female beetles. This is higher than the 1–2% reported in other studies within the historic range of the mountain pine beetle. Reasons for these differences are discussed.
Mites affect plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) behavioural responses to attractive volatiles
Authors: Hock Virginia , Chouinard Gérald , Lucas Éric , Cormier Daniel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn infestation of Histiostoma Kramer sp. mites (Acari: Histiostomatidae) occurred in rearing colonies of the univoltine strain of plum curculio (PC), Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), established in 2010 in southern Québec, Canada. Tests conducted in a two-choice still-air vertical olfactometer with mite-infested and noninfested PC revealed that the number of beetles responding by walking towards normally attractive synthetic and natural odours was significantly lower for those infested with mites. Those mite-infested curculios that did discriminate between test odours and odour-free air all responded positively to the test volatiles, similar to the behaviour of noninfested insects. This indicates that mites affect PC ability to physically move towards attractive volatiles but not odour preference.
The first record of Culiseta particeps (Diptera: Culicidae) in Canada
Authors: Jackson Michael , Howay Tim , Belton Peter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractUsing a Center for Disease Control light trap Culiseta particeps (Adams) (Diptera: Culicidae) was collected on four occasions during the spring and summer of 2011. In addition, on 15 April 2011 a pupa was collected from a semi-permanent pool, reared to the adult stage and identified as C. particeps. The collection and identification of these mosquitoes marks the first time C. particeps has been reported in Canada. As there have been specimens identified in both the southwest coast of Alaska, United States of America and northwestern Washington State, United States of America, it is unsurprising that British Columbia, Canada is part of the natural habitat range of C. particeps.
Varicella Zoster–Specific CD4+Foxp3+ T Cells Accumulate after Cutaneous Antigen Challenge in Humans
Authors: Vukmanovic-Stejic Milica , Sandhu Daisy , Sobande Toni O. , Agius Elaine , Lacy Katie E. , Riddell Natalie , Montez Sandra , Dintwe One B. , Scriba Thomas J. , Breuer Judith , Nikolich-Žugich Janko , Ogg Graham , Rustin Malcolm H. A. , Akbar Arne N. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe investigated the relationship between varicella zoster virus (VZV)–specific memory CD4+ T cells and CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) that accumulate after intradermal challenge with a VZV skin test Ag. VZV-specific CD4+ T cells were identified with a MHC class II tetramer or by intracellular staining for either IFN-γ or IL-2 after Ag rechallenge in vitro. VZV-specific T cells, mainly of a central memory (CD45RA−CD27+) phenotype, accumulate at the site of skin challenge compared with the blood of the same individuals. This resulted in part from local proliferation because &gt;50% of tetramer defined Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in the skin expressed the cell cycle marker Ki67. CD4+Foxp3+ T cells had the characteristic phenotype of Tregs, namely CD25hiCD127loCD39hi in both unchallenged and VZV challenged skin and did not secrete IFN-γ or IL-2 after antigenic restimulation. The CD4+Foxp3+ T cells from unchallenged skin had suppressive activity, because their removal led to an increase in cytokine secretion after activation. After VZV Ag injection, Foxp3+CD25hiCD127loCD39hi T cells were also found within the VZV tetramer population. Their suppressive activity could not be directly assessed by CD25 depletion because activated T cells in the skin were also CD25+. Nevertheless, there was an inverse correlation between decreased VZV skin responses and proportion of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells present, indicating indirectly their inhibitory activity in vivo. These results suggest a linkage between the expansion of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells and CD4+ Tregs that may provide controlled responsiveness during Ag-specific stimulation in tissues.
Characterization and epidemiology of influenza viruses in patients seeking treatment for influenza-like illnesses in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Fally MA , Redlberger-Fritz M , Starzengruber P , Swoboda P , Fuehrer HP , Yunus EB , Khan WA , Noedl H 
Published: January 2013

Context:
Infections caused by influenza viruses are a major health burden, both in developed and developing countries worldwide. Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of influenza reports originate from industrialized countries in northern and southern temperate zones.

Aims:
The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology of influenza viruses in patients seeking treatment for acute febrile illnesses in rural Bangladesh.

Settings and Design:
As part of our research on the causes of febrile illnesses in rural Bangladesh, nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with signs and symptoms consistent with influenza were collected from 2008 onwards.

Materials and Methods:
Viral infection was established using two independent rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and later confirmed by RT-PCR.

Results:
A total of 314 fever cases were enrolled in a survey of febrile illnesses carried out in Bandarban District in southeastern Bangladesh, out of whom 38 (12.1%) tested positive by RDT. Molecular subtyping showed that seasonal H3 strains (N=22; 7.0%) as well as the new H1N1v pandemic influenza subtype (N=13; 4.1%) had been circulating at the time of our investigations resulting in a PCR-adjusted positivity rate of 11.1% (95% CI 8.0 - 15.3). The positive predictive values for the RDTs used were 90.9% and 94.4%, respectively.

Conclusions:
This study provides a first insight into influenza epidemics in one of the most remote parts of Asia. Our findings suggest that respiratory illnesses due to influenza viruses are underreported in areas with limited access to health care and show a distinct seasonality also in rural areas of tropical countries.
Integrating students′ reflection-in-learning and examination performance as a method for providing educational feedback
Authors: Devi V , Mandal T , Kodidela S , Pallath V 
Published: January 2013

Background:
Feedback provided by integrating students' examination performance and the reflection on learning process may assist medical students to identify the essential learning processes required for better understanding of learning material.

Aims:
To investigate the relationship between the student's learning process and examination performance and to explore students' perspectives on professional feedback given by integrating the self-reflection on learning process and individual examination performance.

Settings and Design:
At the end of every medical school block examination, faculty provided descriptive feedback to students regarding individual performance in each subject area. The study had a quasi-experimental design.

Materials and Methods:
Students' (n=153) self-reflection on learning process was collected using a reflection-in-learning scale. The learning process of the students categorized in fail, pass and first-class categories were compared. Students' self-reflection-in-learning and common mistakes found in answering essay questions were used to offer feedback. Students' perspectives regarding feedback were collected using a validated questionnaire.

Statistical Analysis:
Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test were used to analyze the data. A P<0.017 was considered as statistically significant.

Results:
The median score of each item related to reflection was ≤4 (Scale 1-7) in all categories of students (n=153) reflecting a low level of reflection. There was a statistically significant difference in total reflection scores between fail (n=46) and first class category (n=42) students (P=0.002). The majority of students agreed feedback assisted in examination preparation, enhanced individual learning and allowed examinations to be viewed as more objective.

Conclusions:
This study shows the usefulness of the integration of medical students' reflection-in-learning practices and examination performance in providing descriptive feedback. This modified feedback process may have improved students' awareness leading to acceptance and a conscious practice of self-reflection and enhanced students' examination performance.
Additive and synergistic effect of phytochemicals in prevention of oral cancer
Authors: Chandra Sunira , Sah Kunal , Bagewadi Anjana , Keluskar Vaishali , Shetty Arvind , Ammanagi Renuka , Naik Zameera 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIncreasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is a practical strategy to optimize good health and to reduce the risk of various chronic diseases and cancer. There are approximately 5,000 individual phytochemicals which have been identified. These interfere with multiple important cellular pathways and play an important role in maintaining balance between health and disease. This article aims to provide awareness of various additive and synergistic effects of these natural occurring chemical substances (phytochemicals) found in various fruits and vegetables. Their mechanism of action in preventing various chronic diseases and cancer is also been highlighted in this article. Grouping plant foods by color provides simplification, but it is also important as a method to help consumer′s make-wise food choices and promote health. We believe phytochemicals can be best acquired through whole-food consumption and not through the pills or an extracts.
Management of third molar teeth from an endodontic perspective
Authors: Ahmed Hany Mohamed Aly 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThird molar teeth are subject to many dental complications because of their most posterior location, aberrant occlusal anatomy and abnormal eruption patterns. Owing to these anatomical limitations, their extraction remains the treatment of choice for many dental practitioners. Despite being a common dental procedure, minimum intervention and retaining every functional component of the dental arch are of prime importance in contemporary dental practice. As such, this review aims to discuss the application of this conservative approach on third molar teeth from an endodontic perspective. The internal and external root anatomy of maxillary and mandibular third molars and their relation to the surrounding vital structures are described. These anatomical landmarks are then correlated to the decision making for endodontic treatment strategies of third molars. In addition, the recommended guidelines that should be followed while commencing endodontic treatment in third molars are outlined.
A maxillary central incisor with four root canals
Authors: de Almeida-Gomes Fábio , Maniglia-Ferreira Claudio , Vitoriano Marcelo D. M. , de Sousa Bruno C. , dos Santos Roberto A. , Duarte Marco A. H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe objective of the present study is to present a case report of endodontic treatment of a maxillary central incisor with 1 root and 4 root canals. The success of endodontic treatment requires knowledge of dental anatomy and its variations. This clinical article reports an unusual anatomy detected in a maxillary central incisor with 4 root canals with an associated periapical lesion. The incidence of 4 root canals in this tooth is rare. However, it must be taken into consideration, the clinical and radiographic evaluations during the endodontic treatment in order to enhance the diagnostic. Many times, the presence of a supernumerary canal is noticed only after canal treatment due to continuing post-operative discomfort or treatment failure.
Assessment of Effects of Upper Extremity Exercise with Arm Tourniquet on Maturity of Arteriovenous Fistula in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Salimi Fereshteh , Nassiri Gilda Majd , Moradi Maryam , Keshavarzian Amir , Farajzadegan Ziba , Saleki Mohammad , Nikpoor Azimeh , Ghane Massoomeh 
Published: January 2013

Objective This study was designed to investigate the effects of hand exercise using a tourniquet on arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturity in patients with end stage renal disease. Methods Fifty patients were randomly allocated to 2 groups with 25 patients. After creating an AVF, in the control group, patients were asked to start doing simple hand exercise- opening and closing the fingers. In the second groups, patients underwent a structured isometric exercise program. The pre exercise and post exercise ultrasound examination were performed in the first 24 hours and 2 weeks after the operation respectively. Patients were also clinically evaluated at the end of the study. Results Post exercise ultrasound showed significant difference in the draining vein diameter, vein wall thickness, vein area and blood flow rate (BFR) (p-value: 0.009, 0.04, 0.02 and 0.02 respectively). The number of patients who had clinically mature AVFs in the case group was significantly more than the control group (13 vs. 5; p-value: 0.008). Conclusion We conclude that hand exercise using arm tourniquet affects most sonographic parameters which are associated with AVF maturity, and could be beneficial for acceleration of AVF clinical maturation.
Rancière and Aristotle: Parapolitics, Part-y Politics, and the Institution of Perpetual Politics
Authors: Trott Adriel M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This article addresses Rancière's critique of Aristotle's political theory as parapolitics in order to show that Aristotle is a resource for developing an inclusionary notion of political community. Rancière argues that Aristotle attempts to cut off politics and merely police (maintain) the community by eliminating the political claim of the poor by including it. I respond to three critiques that Rancière makes of Aristotle: that he ends the political dispute by including the demos in the government; that he includes the free masses only incidentally because, by chance, the rule is political, not based on mastery; and that he attempts to close off politics by determining in advance what speech counts as speech. I argue that Aristotle attempts to institute this contest by accepting the incommensurable claims of arithmetic and geometric equality. Aristotle puts this conflict at the root of political life in such a way that serves Rancière's larger project of perpetuating politics.
Use of medicines for carved out indications - Time for a change in approach?
Authors: Cordery Brian 
Published: January 2013

All stake-holders in the pharmaceutical industry recognise that valuable new medicines can be obtained from investing in the research and development of new uses for existing drugs.Â The present system of awarding second medical use patents to originators which develop new and inventive medicines from known drugs does not provide sufficient incentive to this part of the industry.Â Moreover the status of second medical use patents is so uncertain that generics do not know where they stand.Â A solution which provides proper protection to second medical use patents is required to bring certainty and fairness to all involved in the industry to the ultimate benefit of patients.
State Collapse and Household Resilience in the Oaxaca Valley of Mexico
Authors: Faulseit Ronald K. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA two-year project of survey, surface collection, and excavation on the hill of Cerro Danush within the site of Dainzú-Macuilxóchitl in Oaxaca, Mexico, was focused on identifying and characterizing the Late Classic (A.D. 600–850/900) and Early Postclassic (A.D. 850/900–1300) components of the site, which coincide with the political fragmentation and reorganization of complex society within the Valley of Oaxaca. The transition in sociopolitical organization from the Classic to Postclassic has been the subject of several research projects, but few, if any, have clearly identified an Early Postclassic settlement. A radiocarbon analysis of charcoal samples collected during the excavation of a residential complex on Cerro Danush reveals its most recent period of occupation to be between A.D. 1000 and 1300, placing it firmly within the Early Postclassic. The excavation data are contextualized with data from the surface collection, illuminating patterns of Late Classic political fragmentation and Early Postclassic household resilience. Since Dainzú-Macuilxóchitl emerged in the Late Postclassic (A.D. 1300–1521) as a powerful city-state, exploring its Early Postclassic component contributes to the study of how societies reorganize on a local level after the collapse of centralized authority, such as the Classic period Monte Albán state.