bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid genetic divergence in response to 15 years of simulated climate change
Authors: Ravenscroft Catherine H. , Whitlock Raj , Fridley Jason D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractGenetic diversity may play an important role in allowing individual species to resist climate change, by permitting evolutionary responses. Our understanding of the potential for such responses to climate change remains limited, and very few experimental tests have been carried out within intact ecosystems. Here, we use amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) data to assess genetic divergence and test for signatures of evolutionary change driven by long‐term simulated climate change applied to natural grassland at Buxton Climate Change Impacts Laboratory (BCCIL). Experimental climate treatments were applied to grassland plots for 15 years using a replicated and spatially blocked design and included warming, drought and precipitation treatments. We detected significant genetic differentiation between climate change treatments and control plots in two coexisting perennial plant study species (Festuca ovina and Plantago lanceolata). Outlier analyses revealed a consistent signature of selection associated with experimental climate treatments at individual AFLP loci in P. lanceolata, but not in F. ovina. Average background differentiation at putatively neutral AFLP loci was close to zero, and genomewide genetic structure was associated neither with species abundance changes (demography) nor with plant community‐level responses to long‐term climate treatments. Our results demonstrate genetic divergence in response to a suite of climatic environments in reproductively mature populations of two perennial plant species and are consistent with an evolutionary response to climatic selection in P. lanceolata. These genetic changes have occurred in parallel with impacts on plant community structure and may have contributed to the persistence of individual species through 15 years of simulated climate change at BCCIL.
Asynchronous onset of eutrophication among shallow prairie lakes of the Northern Great Plains, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Maheaux Heather , Leavitt Peter R. , Jackson Leland J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCoherent timing of agricultural expansion, fertilizer application, atmospheric nutrient deposition, and accelerated global warming is expected to promote synchronous fertilization of regional surface waters and coherent development of algal blooms and lake eutrophication. While broad‐scale cyanobacterial expansion is evident in global meta‐analyses, little is known of whether lakes in discrete catchments within a common lake district also exhibit coherent water quality degradation through anthropogenic forcing. Consequently, the primary goal of this study was to determine whether agricultural development since ca. 1900, accelerated use of fertilizer since 1960, atmospheric deposition of reactive N, or regional climate warming has resulted in coherent patterns of eutrophication of surface waters in southern Alberta, Canada. Unexpectedly, analysis of sedimentary pigments as an index of changes in total algal abundance since ca. 1850 revealed that while total algal abundance (as β‐carotene, pheophytin a) increased in nine of 10 lakes over 150 years, the onset of eutrophication varied by a century and was asynchronous across basins. Similarly, analysis of temporal sequences with least‐squares regression revealed that the relative abundance of cyanobacteria (echinenone) either decreased or did not change significantly in eight of the lakes since ca. 1850, whereas purple sulfur bacteria (as okenone) increased significantly in seven study sites. These patterns are consistent with the catchment filter hypothesis, which posits that lakes exhibit unique responses to common forcing associated with the influx of mass as water, nutrients, or particles.
Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma is an entity that is immunohistochemically and genetically distinct from papillary renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Tran Thu , Jones Carol L , Williamson Sean R , Eble John N , Grignon David J , Zhang Shaobo , Wang Mingsheng , Baldridge Lee Ann , Wang Lisha , Montironi Rodolfo , Scarpelli Marina , Tan Puay‐Hoon , Simper Novae B , Comperat Eva , Cheng Liang 
Published: August 2015

AimsSome studies have suggested that tubulocystic carcinoma may be related to papillary renal cell carcinoma. We sought to compare and contrast the molecular and immunohistochemical profiles of tubulocystic carcinoma with those of papillary renal cell carcinoma.Methods and resultsTwelve cases of pure tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma were subjected to fluorescence in‐situ hybridization assessment of chromosomal number for chromosomes 7 and 17, and for TFE3 translocation. Immunohistochemical labelling for AMACR, p63, cytokeratin 7, PAX8, cytokeratin 20 and carbonic anhydrase IX was assessed in all tumours. No tumour showed gains of chromosomes 7 or 17, or TFE3 translocation by fluorescence in‐situ hybridization. Immunohistochemistry revealed all tumours to be non‐reactive with antibodies against p63 and cytokeratin 20. Conversely, the antibody against AMACR gave a positive reaction in the neoplastic cells of all tumours. Four tumours showed focal labelling with antibody against carbonic anhydrase IX, and five tumours showed focally positive reactions with antibody against cytokeratin 7. Recurrence and metastatic disease were not found for the patients with available follow‐up information.ConclusionsPure tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma is an indolent tumour with a good prognosis. Our data support the distinction of this neoplasm as a separate entity.
On the Anomalously Strong Dependence of the Acoustic Velocity of Alumina on Temperature in Aluminosilicate Glass Optical Fibers—Part II: Acoustic Properties of Alumina and Silica Polymorphs, and Approximations of the Glassy State
Authors: Ballato Arthur , Dragic Peter D. , Martin Steve W. , Ballato John 
Published: August 2015

The companion paper (Part I; Dragic et al., this issue),1 resolved an anomaly involving the acoustical properties of high alumina content glass optical fibers. In Part II, some attributes of alumina and silica polymorphs are considered and used to infer approximate pertinent properties of amorphous Al2O3 “glass.” An efficient computational method is used, based on a simple, self‐consistent version of the Voigt‐Reuss‐Hill procedure. Applied to SiO2 polymorphs, it provides insights into the short‐range ordering in “amorphous” silica.
Association between sleep stages and hunger scores in 36 children
Authors: Arun R. , Pina P. , Rubin D. , Erichsen D. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryBackgroundChildhood obesity is a growing health challenge. Recent studies show that children with late bedtime and late awakening are more obese independent of total sleep time. In adolescents and adults, a delayed sleep phase has been associated with higher caloric intake. Furthermore, an adult study showed a positive correlation between REM sleep and energy balance. This relationship has not been demonstrated in children. However, it may be important as a delayed sleep phase would increase the proportion of REM sleep.ObjectivesThis study investigated the relationship between hunger score and sleep physiology in a paediatric population.MethodsThirty‐six patients referred for a polysomnogram for suspected obstructive sleep apnoea were enrolled in the study. Sleep stages were recorded as part of the polysomnogram. Hunger scores were obtained using a visual analogue scale. Mean age was 9.6 ± 3.5 years.ResultsMean hunger scores were 2.07 ± 2.78. Hunger scores were positively correlated with percentage of total rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (r = 0.438, P < 0.01) and REM sleep duration in minutes (r = 0.471, P < 0.05). Percentage slow wave sleep (SWS) was negatively correlated with hunger score (r = −0.360, P < 0.05). There were no correlations between age, sex, body mass index percentiles, apnoea–hypopnoea index, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, stage 2 sleep duration and hunger scores.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that delayed bedtime, which increases the proportion of REM sleep and decreases the proportion of SWS, results in higher hunger levels in children.
Telephone interpreter discrepancies: videotapes of Hmong medication consultations
Authors: Lor Maichou , Chewning Betty 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Background
Over 25 million people in the USA have limited English proficiency (LEP). Interpreters are often used to facilitate communication with health care providers. Little is currently known about interpreter quality.

Objective
To explore the quality of telephone interpretation during medication consultations between Hmong clients and their pharmacists.

Methods
This descriptive study analyzed transcripts from videos of consultations between six triads of Hmong patients, pharmacy students and interpreters. Analysis was divided into two segments: (1) pharmacy: communication from student pharmacist the interpreter to patient and (2) patient: communication from patient to interpreter to student pharmacist. Researchers coded transcripts separately then compared codes.

Key findings
The six encounters yielded 496 communications with 275 discrepancies including omissions, additions, and word substitutions. Pharmacy to patient communications included, 45% (118/262) of omissions, 27.5% (72/262) of substitutions, and 15.6% (41/262) of additions. The patient to provider communications included, 8.1% (19/234) of omissions, 6.0% (14/234) of substitutions, and 4.2% (10/234) of word additions. Some omissions, additions, and substitutions in the pharmacy to patient communications were classified as potentially clinically relevant. Significantly, substantial discrepancies between the student pharmacists’ comments and the interpretation to patients had potential for hindering relationship building between patients and their providers.

Conclusions
Pharmacists may assume that the presence of an interpreter ensures accurate communication from pharmacist to patient and from patient to pharmacist. This study confirms that those assumptions may not be valid. These findings highlight the need to improve pharmacy education and interventions to improve pharmacist communication with LEP patients.
High Rate of Microbleed Formation following Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Mackey Jason , Wing Jeffrey J. , Norato Gina , Sobotka Ian , Menon Ravi S. , Burgess Richard E. , Gibbons M. Chris , Shara Nawar M. , Fernandez Stephen , Jayam-Trouth Annapurni , Russell Laura , Edwards Dorothy F. , Kidwell Chelsea S. 
Published: August 2015

Background We sought to investigate the frequency of microbleed development following intracerebral hemorrhage in a predominantly African-American population and to identify predictors of new microbleed formation. Aims and/or hypothesis To investigate the frequency and predictors of new microbleeds following intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods The DECIPHER study was a prospective, longitudinal, magnetic resonance-based cohort study designed to evaluate racial/ethnic differences in risk factors for microbleeds and to evaluate the prognostic impact of microbleeds in this intracerebral hemorrhage population. We evaluated new microbleed formation in two time periods: from baseline to 30 days and from 30 days to year 1. Results Of 200 subjects enrolled in DECIPHER, 84 had magnetic resonance imaging at all required time points to meet criteria for this analysis. In the baseline to day 30 analysis, 11 (13·1%) had new microbleeds, compared with 25 (29·8%) in the day 30 to year 1 analysis. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that baseline number of microbleeds [odds ratio 1·05 (95% confidence interval 1·01, 1·08), P = 0·01] was associated with new microbleed formation at 30 days. A logistic regression model predicting new microbleed at one-year included baseline number of microbleeds [odds ratio 1·05 (1·00, 1·11), P = 0·046], baseline age [odds ratio 1·05 (1·00, 1·10), P = 0·04], and white matter disease score [odds ratio 1·18 (0·96, 1·45). P = 0·115]. Overall, 28 of 84 (33·3%) intracerebral hemorrhage subjects formed new microbleeds at some point in the first year post-intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusions We found that one-third of intracerebral hemorrhage subjects in this cohort surviving one-year developed new microbleeds, which suggests a dynamic and rapidly progressive vasculopathy. Future studies are needed to examine the impact of new microbleed formation on patient outcomes.
APOE/TOMM40 Genetic Loci, White Matter Hyperintensities, and Cerebral Microbleeds
Authors: Lyall Donald M. , Muñoz Maniega Susana , Harris Sarah E. , Bastin Mark E. , Murray Catherine , Lutz Michael W. , Saunders Ann M. , Roses Allen D. , del C. Valdés Hernández Maria , Royle Natalie A. , Starr John M. , Porteous David J. , Deary Ian J. , Wardlaw Joanna M. 
Published: August 2015

Background Two markers of cerebral small vessel disease are white matter hyperintensities and cerebral microbleeds, which commonly occur in people with Alzheimer's disease. Aim and/or hypothesis To test for independent associations between two Alzheimer's disease-susceptibility gene loci – APOE ε and the TOMM40 ‘523’ poly-T repeat – and white matter hyperintensities/cerebral microbleed burden in community-dwelling older adults. Methods Participants in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 underwent genotyping for APOE ε and TOMM40 523, and detailed structural brain magnetic resonance imaging at a mean age of 72·70 years (standard deviation = 0·7; range = 71–74). Results No significant effects of APOE ε or TOMM40 523 genotypes on white matter hyperintensities or cerebral microbleed burden were found amongst 624 participants. Conclusions Lack of association between two Alzheimer's disease susceptibility gene loci and markers of cerebral small vessel disease may reflect the relative health of this population compared with those in other studies in the literature.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Endovascular Thrombectomy Compared with Best Medical Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Balami Joyce S. , Sutherland Brad A. , Edmunds Laurel D. , Grunwald Iris Q. , Neuhaus Ain A. , Hadley Gina , Karbalai Hasneen , Metcalf Kneale A. , DeLuca Gabriele C. , Buchan Alastair M. 
Published: August 2015

Background Acute ischemic strokes involving occlusion of large vessels usually recanalize poorly following treatment with intravenous thrombolysis. Recent studies have shown higher recanalization and higher good outcome rates with endovascular therapy compared with best medical management alone. A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the benefits of all randomized controlled trials of endovascular thrombectomy where at least 25% of patients were treated with a thrombectomy device for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke compared with best medical treatment have yet to be performed. Aim To perform a systematic review and a meta-analysis evaluating the effectiveness of endovascular thrombectomy compared with best medical care for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Summary of review Our search identified 437 publications, from which eight studies (totaling 2423 patients) matched the inclusion criteria. Overall, endovascular thrombectomy was associated with improved functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale 0–2) [odds ratio 1·56 (1·32–1·85), P < 0·00001]. There was a tendency toward decreased mortality [odds ratio 0·84 (0·67–1·05), P = 0·12], and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was not increased [odds ratio 1·03 (0·71–1·49), P = 0·88] compared with best medical management alone. The odds ratio for a favorable functional outcome increased to 2·23 (1·77–2·81, P < 0·00001) when newer generation thrombectomy devices were used in greater than 50% of the cases in each trial. Conclusions There is clear evidence for improvement in functional independence with endovascular thrombectomy compared with standard medical care, suggesting that endovascular thrombectomy should be considered the standard effective treatment alongside thombolysis in eligible patients.
Role of inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia development among Han Chinese: A population‐based and single‐institutional analysis
Authors: Hu Jimeng , Zhang Limin , Zou Lujia , Hu Mengbo , Fan Jie , Cai Yehua , Xu Gang , Fang Jie , Ding Qiang , Jiang Haowen 
Published: August 2015

ObjectivesTo explore whether asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis is associated with prostatic enlargement beyond that of benign prostatic hyperplasia patients without asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, and whether asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis affects long‐term outcomes of transurethral resection of the prostate.MethodsThe present study involved 106 benign prostatic hyperplasia patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate. Clinical and pathological parameters were compared between those with benign prostatic hyperplasia associated with asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis and those with benign prostatic hyperplasia alone.ResultsA total of 55 patients (52%) were found to have benign prostatic hyperplasia and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, whereas 51 patients (48%) had benign prostatic hyperplasia alone. The prostate volume of the benign prostatic hyperplasia/asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis group was significantly larger than the benign prostatic hyperplasia alone group: 68.1 cm3 (interquartile range 45.7–86.3) versus 44.1 cm3 (interquartile range 30.9–72.1), P = 0.036. In terms of histopathological analysis, benign prostatic hyperplasia/asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis patients were more likely to show mild (53%), focal (67%) and stromal (40%) prostatic inflammation in our study. Furthermore, statistically significant differences of International Prostate Symptom Score were found 3 years after transurethral resection of the prostate, with benign prostatic hyperplasia/asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis patients reporting higher (worse) scores than benign prostatic hyperplasia alone patients (P = 0.025).ConclusionsChronic prostatic inflammatory process might progressively conduce to benign prostatic hyperplasia development, which can also result in prostate enlargement and worsen long‐term postoperative International Prostate Symptom Scores. Multicenter studies with larger cohorts and longer follow‐up periods are required to confirm these findings.
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin‐induced interleukin‐17A is involved in the development of IgE‐mediated atopic dermatitis‐like skin lesions in mice
Authors: Mizutani Nobuaki , Sae‐Wong Chutha , Kangsanant Sureeporn , Nabe Takeshi , Yoshino Shin 
Published: August 2015

SummaryAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with elevated levels of allergen‐specific IgE. Although thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A) have been considered as important factors in allergic diseases, their relationships in AD have not been fully defined. Here, we show the contribution of TSLP‐induced IL‐17A responses to IgE‐mediated AD‐like skin lesions. BALB/c mice passively sensitized by intraperitoneal injections of ovalbumin (OVA)‐specific IgE monoclonal antibody (mAb) were challenged with OVA applied to the skin six times. Treatment with anti‐TSLP mAb during the second to sixth challenges inhibited IgE‐mediated AD‐like skin lesions and IL‐17A production in lymph nodes. Furthermore, the increased number of IL‐17A‐producing CD4+ and γδ T cells in lymph nodes and neutrophilic inflammation in the skin were reduced by anti‐TSLP mAb. These findings prompted us to examine the roles of IL‐17A. Treatment with anti‐IL‐17A mAb suppressed the AD‐like skin lesions and neutrophilic inflammation; anti‐Gr‐1 mAb also inhibited them. Furthermore, treatment with CXCR2 antagonist reduced the AD‐like skin lesions and neutrophilic inflammation accompanied by the reduction of IL‐17A production; the increased CXCR2 expression in the epidermal cells was suppressed by anti‐TSLP mAb. Meanwhile, these treatments, except for anti‐Gr‐1 mAb, inhibited the increased mast cell accumulation in the skin. Collectively, the mechanism of IgE mediating IL‐17A‐producing CD4+ and γδ T cells through TSLP by repeated antigen challenges is involved in AD‐like skin lesions associated with skin inflammation, such as neutrophil and mast cell accumulation; TSLP may regulate CXCR2 signalling‐induced IL‐17A production.
Crystallization Behavior of Amorphous Si2BC3N Ceramic Monolith Subjected to High Pressure
Authors: Liang Bin , Yang Zhihua , Chen Qingqing , Wang Shengjin , Duan Xiaoming , Jia Dechang , Zhou Yu , Luo Kun , Yu Dongli , Tian Yongjun 
Published: August 2015

The crystallization behavior of amorphous Si2BC3N monoliths by heating at 1000°C–1400°C and 5 GPa was investigated with the special attention to the nucleation mechanisms of β‐SiC and BN(C) phases. Nanoscale puckered structures arising in particle bridging areas were found and its evolution behavior well reflected the nucleation process of nanocrystallites. The temperature‐dependent crystallization of amorphous Si2BC3N monoliths at 5 GPa passes through four stages: The material remains amorphous below 1100°C. It undergoes partial phase segregation (1100°C–1200°C), followed by initiation of nucleation (1200°C–1250°C), and then nucleation and growth of β‐SiC and turbostratic BN(C) crystallites (>1250°C). The first principles calculation indicates the nucleation precedence of BN(C) phase over β‐SiC. BN(C) nucleates preferentially at bridges between ceramic particles causing SiC to concentrate in particle interiors thus forming capsule‐like structures.
A cost‐effectiveness analysis of two different repositioning strategies for the prevention of pressure ulcers
Authors: Marsden Grace , Jones Katie , Neilson Julie , Avital Liz , Collier Mark , Stansby Gerard 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimsTo assess the cost effectiveness of two repositioning strategies and inform the 2014 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence clinical guideline recommendations on pressure ulcer prevention.BackgroundPressure ulcers are distressing events, caused when skin and underlying tissues are placed under pressure sufficient to impair blood supply. They can have a substantial impact on quality of life and have significant resource implications. Repositioning is a key prevention strategy, but can be resource intensive, leading to variation in practice. This economic analysis was conducted to identify the most cost‐effective repositioning strategy for the prevention of pressure ulcers.DesignThe economic analysis took the form of a cost‐utility model.MethodsThe clinical inputs to the model were taken from a systematic review of clinical data. The population in the model was older people in a nursing home. The economic model was developed with members of the guideline development group and included costs borne by the UK National Health Service. Outcomes were expressed as costs and quality adjusted life years.ConclusionDespite being marginally more clinically effective, alternating 2 and 4 hourly repositioning is not a cost‐effective use of UK National Health Service resources (compared with 4 hourly repositioning) for this high risk group of patients at a cost‐effectiveness threshold of £20,000 per quality adjusted life years. These results were used to inform the clinical guideline recommendations for those who are at high risk of developing pressure ulcers.