bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Network-Layer Trust in Named-Data Networking
Authors: Ghali Cesar , Tsudik Gene , Uzun Ersin 
Published: October 2014

In contrast to today's IP-based host-oriented Internet architecture, Information-Centric Networking (ICN) emphasizes content by making it directly addressable and routable. Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture is an instance of ICN that is being developed as a candidate next-generation Internet architecture. By opportunistically caching content within the network, NDN appears to be well-suited for large-scale content distribution and for meeting the needs of increasingly mobile and bandwidth-hungry applications that dominate today's Internet.One key feature of NDN is the requirement for each content object to be digitally signed by its producer. Thus, NDN should be, in principle, immune to distributing fake (aka "poisoned") content. However, in practice, this poses two challenges for detecting fake content in NDN routers: (1) overhead due to signature verification and certificate chain traversal, and (2) lack of trust context, i.e., determining which public keys are trusted to verify which content. Because of these issues, NDN does not force routers to verify content signatures, which makes the architecture susceptible to content poisoning attacks.This paper explores root causes of, and some cures for, content poisoning attacks in NDN. In the process, it becomes apparent that meaningful mitigation of content poisoning is contingent upon a network-layer trust management architecture, elements of which we construct, while carefully justifying specific design choices. This work represents the initial effort towards comprehensive trust management for NDN.
Expression of Angiogenesis Regulatory Proteins and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Factors in Platelets of the Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Han Hui , Cao Fang-Li , Wang Bao-Zhong , Mu Xue-Ru , Li Guang-Yao , Wang Xiu-Wen 
Published: October 2014

Platelets play a role in tumor angiogenesis and growth and are the main transporters of several angiogenesis regulators. Here, we aimed to determine the levels of angiogenesis regulators and epithelial-mesenchymal transition factors sequestered by circulating platelets in breast cancer patients and age-matched healthy controls. Platelet pellets (PP) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) were collected by routine protocols. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), platelet factor 4 (PF4), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Angiogenesis-associated expression of VEGF (2.1 pg/106platelets versus 0.9 pg/106platelets,P < 0.001), PF4 (21.2 ng/106platelets versus 10.2 ng/106platelets,P < 0.001), PDGF-BB (42.9 pg/106platelets versus 19.1 pg/106platelets,P < 0.001), and TGF-β1 (15.3 ng/106platelets versus 4.3 ng/106platelets,P < 0.001) differed in the PP samples of cancer and control subjects. In addition, protein concentrations were associated with clinical characteristics(P<0.05). Circulating platelets in breast cancer sequester higher levels of PF4, VEGF, PDGF-BB, and TGF-β1, suggesting a possible target for early diagnosis. VEGF, PDGF, and TGF-β1 concentrations in platelets may be associated with prognosis.
Tivantinib (ARQ 197) Exhibits Antitumor Activity by Directly Interacting with Tubulin and Overcomes ABC Transporter–Mediated Drug Resistance
Authors: Aoyama Aki , Katayama Ryohei , Oh-hara Tomoko , Sato Shigeo , Okuno Yasushi , Fujita Naoya 
Published: October 2014

AbstractTivantinib (ARQ197) was first reported as a highly selective inhibitor of c-MET and is currently being investigated in a phase III clinical trial. However, as recently reported by us and another group, tivantinib showed cytotoxic activity independent of cellular c-MET status and also disrupted microtubule dynamics. To investigate if tivantinib exerts its cytotoxic activity by disrupting microtubules, we quantified polymerized tubulin in cells and xenograft tumors after tivantinib treatment. Consistent with our previous report, tivantinib reduced tubulin polymerization in cells and in mouse xenograft tumors in vivo. To determine if tivantinib directly binds to tubulin, we performed an in vitro competition assay. Tivantinib competitively inhibited colchicine but not vincristine or vinblastine binding to purified tubulin. These results imply that tivantinib directly binds to the colchicine binding site of tubulin. To predict the binding mode of tivantinib with tubulin, we performed computer simulation of the docking pose of tivantinib with tubulin using GOLD docking program. Computer simulation predicts tivantinib fitted into the colchicine binding pocket of tubulin without steric hindrance. Furthermore, tivantinib showed similar IC50 values against parental and multidrug-resistant cells. In contrast, other microtubule-targeting drugs, such as vincristine, paclitaxel, and colchicine, could not suppress the growth of cells overexpressing ABC transporters. Moreover, the expression level of ABC transporters did not correlate with the apoptosis-inducing ability of tivantinib different from other microtubule inhibitor. These results suggest that tivantinib can overcome ABC transporter–mediated multidrug-resistant tumor cells and is potentially useful against various tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(12); 2978–90. ©2014 AACR.
Real-Time Intravital Imaging Establishes Tumor-Associated Macrophages as the Extraskeletal Target of Bisphosphonate Action in Cancer
Authors: Junankar Simon , Shay Gemma , Jurczyluk Julie , Ali Naveid , Down Jenny , Pocock Nicholas , Parker Andrew , Nguyen Akira , Sun Shuting , Kashemirov Boris , McKenna Charles E. , Croucher Peter I. , Swarbrick Alexander , Weilbaecher Katherine , Phan Tri Giang , Rogers Michael J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Recent clinical trials have shown that bisphosphonate drugs improve breast cancer patient survival independent of their antiresorptive effects on the skeleton. However, because bisphosphonates bind rapidly to bone mineral, the exact mechanisms of their antitumor action, particularly on cells outside of bone, remain unknown. Here, we used real-time intravital two-photon microscopy to show extensive leakage of fluorescent bisphosphonate from the vasculature in 4T1 mouse mammary tumors, where it initially binds to areas of small, granular microcalcifications that are engulfed by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), but not tumor cells. Importantly, we also observed uptake of radiolabeled bisphosphonate in the primary breast tumor of a patient and showed the resected tumor to be infiltrated with TAMs and to contain similar granular microcalcifications. These data represent the first compelling in vivo evidence that bisphosphonates can target cells in tumors outside the skeleton and that their antitumor activity is likely to be mediated via TAMs.
Significance: Bisphosphonates are assumed to act solely in bone. However, mouse models and clinical trials show that they have surprising antitumor effects outside bone. We provide unequivocal evidence that bisphosphonates target TAMs, but not tumor cells, to exert their extraskeletal effects, offering a rationale for use in patients with early disease. Cancer Discov; 5(1); 35–42. ©2014 AACR.
See related commentary by Sterling, p. 14
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1
Architectural Correlates of Myocardial Conduction
Authors: Fry Christopher H. , Gray Rosaire P. , Dhillon Paramdeep S. , Jabr Rita I. , Dupont Emmanuel , Patel Pravina M. , Peters Nicholas S. 
Published: October 2014

Background—
We tested the hypothesis that alterations to action potential conduction velocity (CV) and conduction anisotropy in left ventricular hypertrophy are associated with topographical changes to gap-junction coupling and intracellular conductance by measuring these variables in the same preparations.

Methods and Results—
Left ventricular papillary muscles were excised from aortic-banded or sham-operated guinea-pig hearts. With intracellular stimulating and recording microelectrodes, CV was measured in 3 dimensions with simultaneous conductance mapping with subthreshold stimuli and correlated with quantitative histomorphometry of myocardial architecture and connexin 43 distribution. In hypertrophied myocardium, CV in the longitudinal axis was smaller and transverse velocity was greater compared with control; associated with similar differences of intracellular conductance, consistent with more cell contacts per cell (5.7±0.2 versus 8.1±0.5; control versus hypertrophy), and more intercalated disks mediating side-to-side coupling (8.2±0.2 versus 10.2±0.4 per cell). Intercalated disk morphology and connexin 43 immunolabelling were not different in hypertrophy. Hypertrophied preparations showed local submillimeter (≈250 μm) regions with slow conduction and low intracellular conductance, which, although not affecting CV on the millimeter scale, were consistent with discontinuities from increased microscopical connective tissue content.

Conclusions—
With myocardial hypertrophy, altered longitudinal and transverse CV, and greater nonuniformity of CV anisotropy correspond to changes of intracellular conductance. These are associated with alteration of myocardial architecture, specifically the topography of cell–cell coupling and gap-junction connectivity.
The Neural Correlates of Speech Motor Sequence Learning
Authors: Segawa Jennifer A. , Tourville Jason A. , Beal Deryk S. , Guenther Frank H. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Speech is perhaps the most sophisticated example of a species-wide movement capability in the animal kingdom, requiring split-second sequencing of approximately 100 muscles in the respiratory, laryngeal, and oral movement systems. Despite the unique role speech plays in human interaction and the debilitating impact of its disruption, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying speech motor learning. Here, we studied the behavioral and neural correlates of learning new speech motor sequences. Participants repeatedly produced novel, meaningless syllables comprising illegal consonant clusters (e.g., GVAZF) over 2 days of practice. Following practice, participants produced the sequences with fewer errors and shorter durations, indicative of motor learning. Using fMRI, we compared brain activity during production of the learned illegal sequences and novel illegal sequences. Greater activity was noted during production of novel sequences in brain regions linked to non-speech motor sequence learning, including the BG and pre-SMA. Activity during novel sequence production was also greater in brain regions associated with learning and maintaining speech motor programs, including lateral premotor cortex, frontal operculum, and posterior superior temporal cortex. Measures of learning success correlated positively with activity in left frontal operculum and white matter integrity under left posterior superior temporal sulcus. These findings indicate speech motor sequence learning relies not only on brain areas involved generally in motor sequencing learning but also those associated with feedback-based speech motor learning. Furthermore, learning success is modulated by the integrity of structural connectivity between these motor and sensory brain regions.
Changing the Topic
Authors: Allan Rutger J. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In Ancient Greek, topics can be expressed as intra-clausal constituents but they can also precede or follow the main clause as extra-clausal constituents. Together, these various topic expressions constitute a coherent system of complementary pragmatic functions. For a comprehensive account of topic organization, therefore, a limited focus on the clause proper is insufficient. In this paper, I will argue that it is possible to distinguish five different structural positions in which topic constituents may appear in Ancient Greek. These are: (i) Theme, (ii) clause-initial, (iii) postverbal in Setting, (iv) postverbal in main clause and (v) Tail. Each of these positions in the sentence is associated with a specific pragmatic function: Resumed Topic, Contrastive/New Topic, Given Topic or clarification of Given Topic. In linguistic theory, topic and focus are often seen as independent aspects of information structure instead of complementary functions. It is, therefore, attractive to posit two separate sets of constructional templates: on the one hand, a topic set comprising the aforementioned topic constructions and, on the other hand, a focus set containing two (narrow and broad) focus-constructions. This results in a flexible system in which the word order of each sentence is determined by a combination of a focus construction plus one or more topic constructions.
The Starting Points of Human Understanding
Authors: Goris Wouter 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The present article discusses the notion of πρῶτον νοητόν in the Didaskalikos, where this notion indicates a cognitive primacy exclusively related to human understanding. It is argued that, due to the enrichment of Platonic doctrine with Stoic motives in this treatise, a dual starting point is ascribed here to human cognition. Both the πρῶτον νοητόν and the φυσικὴ ἔννοια function as such. The πρῶτον νοητόν is the primary object of a decarnate νόησις, the φυσικὴ ἔννοια our present reminiscence of this decarnate νόησις. The recognition of a genetic perspective in the Didaskalikos enables us to resolve the interpretative difficulties related to the restrictive expression οὐκ ἄνευ τοῦ ἐπιστηµονικοῦ λόγου, which characterizes the judgement of the πρῶτα νοητά by νόησις. Among the procedures employed to arrive at the starting points of human cognition are ‘analysis’ and ‘induction’. These specimina of an ‘investigation from below’ (κάτωθεν) contribute to the complex rhythm of the Didaskalikos. The tradition inaugurated by the treatise, i.e. the search for first known objects of human understanding in Greek, Arabic, and Latin philosophy, is accompanied by a tension between the empirical and the transcendental, which is used in the Didaskalikos to argue for the necessity of a Platonic frame, and consequently re-activated in all attempts to free the search for first known objects of human understanding from a Platonic ontology.
Surveys on populations of green frogs (Pelophylax) of Western Tuscany sites with molecular and morphometric methods
Authors: Tognarelli Giulia , Zuffi Marco A.L. , Marracci Silvia , Ragghianti Matilde 
Published: October 2014

The water frogs of western Tuscany (Italy) belong to the L-E hybridogenetic system, and comprise one parental species and its hybrid. A stringent morphological approach for discriminating the Italian hybrids from non-hybrids has yet to be established. In this work, using the molecular marker RrS1, we have determined the hybrid versus non-hybrid status of 43 water frogs collected from two sampling sites (“Fiume Morto Vecchio” and “Padule di Bientina”). At “Fiume Morto Vecchio” we determined 25 non-hybrids and nine hybrids and in “Padule di Bientina” we determined eight hybrids and one non-hybrid individual. All individuals of these two frog populations were analyzed morphologically. We used the derived residuals from regression analysis of all normally distributed morphological parameters on callus internus length (snout to vent length, tibia length, head width, distance nostril eye, first toe length and body mass) to build sex independent variables in discriminant analysis providing a valid contribution to morphologically distinguish hybrids from non-hybrid green frogs in Italy.
The neuroscience of social relations. A comparative-based approach to empathy and to the capacity of evaluating others’ action value
Authors: Ferrari Pier F. 
Published: October 2014

One of the key questions in understanding human morality is how central are emotions in influencing our decisions and in our moral judgments. Theoretical work has proposed that empathy could play an important role in guiding our tendencies to behave altruistically or selfishly. Neurosciences suggest that one of the core elements of empathic behaviour in human and nonhuman primates is the capacity to internally mimic the behaviour of others, through the activation of shared motor representations. Part of the neural circuits involves parietal and premotor cortical regions (mirror system), in conjunction with other areas, such as the insula and the anterior cingulate cortex. Together with this embodied neural mechanism, there is a cognitive route in which individuals can evaluate the social situation without necessary sharing the emotional state of others. For example, several brain areas of the prefrontal cortex track the effects of one’s own behaviour and of the value of one’s own actions in social contexts. It is here proposed that, moral cognition could emerge as the consequence of the activity of emotional processing brain networks, probably involving mirror mechanisms, and of brain regions that, through abstract-inferential processing, evaluate the social context and the value of actions in terms of abstract representations. A comparative-based approach to the neurobiology of social relations and decision-making may explain how complex mental faculties, such as moral judgments, have their foundations in brain networks endowed with functions related to emotional and abstract-evaluation processing of goods. It is proposed that in primate evolution these brain circuits have been co-opted in the social domain to integrate mechanisms of self-reward, estimation of negative outcomes, with emotional engagement.
Raced, Gendered, Faithed, and Sexed
Authors: Alexander Paul Nathan 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
In this paper I address constructions of race and white supremacy, diversities of religious faith, and constructions of genders and sexes together with the concomitant ongoing inequalities for females and limitations on discourse regarding LGBT+ realities. I use First Nations, liberation, and postcolonial methodologies and hermeneutics to interrogate constructions of whiteness and I theorize beyond whiteness by offering readings of the exodus, the subsequent conquest of Canaan by Joshua (Yeshua), and the Canaanite woman’s interaction with and transformation of Jesus (Yeshua). I provide data that shows the significant gender disparity among university and seminary faculties and I argue for intentionality in the uses of power to achieve parity. I encourage interfaith and interreligious dialogue and cooperation. Finally, I conclude by acknowledging the diversity of perspectives regarding LGBT+ and encourage more space for the presentation of research and argumentation regarding the many issues of sexualities, faithings, genderings, and racings.
Right to the Holy Word. A Brief Approach to Linguistic Claims in a Pluri-cultural Public Sphere: An Italian Case-Study
Authors: Anello Giancarlo 
Published: October 2014

Evaluating linguistic rights—or any type of claim in legislation on the basis of cultural differences—is a difficult task for legal professionals working within the framework of the contemporary pluralistic state.
This paper lays down some simple methodological guidelines for the assessment and classification of these rights by recently established minority religious groups in Europe, especially Islamic groups in Italy, within a democratic and pluralist polity.
It is divided into two sections. The first concerns the definition and interpretation of “culture” as a legal good, as depicted from many kinds of international and constitutional provisions on the subject.
The second deals with language rights of Muslim communities in the Italian legal system.
The Structure and Dynamics of the Stratospheric Northern Annular Mode in CMIP5 Simulations
Authors: Lee Yun-Young , Black Robert X. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
The structure and dynamics of stratospheric northern annular mode (SNAM) events in CMIP5 simulations are studied, emphasizing (i) stratosphere–troposphere coupling and (ii) disparities between high-top (HT) and low-top (LT) models. Compared to HT models, LT models generally underrepresent SNAM amplitude in stratosphere, consistent with weaker polar vortex variability, as demonstrated by Charlton-Perez et al. Interestingly, however, this difference does not carry over to the associated zonal-mean SNAM signature in troposphere, which closely resembles observations in both HT and LT models. Nonetheless, a regional analysis illustrates that both HT and LT models exhibit anomalously weak and eastward shifted (compared to observations) storm track and sea level pressure anomaly patterns in association with SNAM events.
Dynamical analyses of stratosphere–troposphere coupling are performed to further examine the distinction between HT and LT models. Variability in stratospheric planetary wave activity is reduced in LT models despite robust concomitant tropospheric variability. A meridional heat flux analysis indicates relatively weak vertical Rossby wave coupling in LT models consistent with the excessive damping events discussed by Shaw et al. Eliassen–Palm flux cross sections reveal that Rossby wave propagation is anomalously weak above the tropopause in LT models, suggesting that weak polar vortex variability in LT models is due, at least in part, to the inability of tropospheric planetary wave activity to enter the stratosphere. Although the results are consistent with anomalously weak vertical dynamical coupling in LT models during SNAM events, there is little impact upon attendant tropospheric variability. The physical reason behind this apparent paradox represents an important topic for future study.
Prioritizing Data for Improving the Multidecadal Predictive Capability of Atmospheric Models
Authors: Leroy Stephen S. , Redaelli Gianluca , Grassi Barbara 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe prioritization accorded to observation types currently being considered for a space-based climate observing system is extended from a previous study. Hindcast averages and trends from 1970 through 2005 of longitude–latitude maps of 200-hPa geopotential height and of net downward shortwave and longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere are investigated as relevant tests of climate models for predicting multidecadal surface air temperature change. To discover the strongest tests of climate models, Bayes’s theorem is applied to the output provided by phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison, and correlations of hindcasts and multidecadal climate prediction are used to rank the observation types and long-term averages versus long-term trends. Spatial patterns in data are shown to contain more information for improving climate prediction than do global averages of data, but no statistically significant test is found by considering select locations on the globe. Eigenmodes of intermodel differences in hindcasts may likely serve as tests of climate models that can improve interdecadal climate prediction, in particular the rate of Arctic tropospheric expansion, which is measurable by Earth radio occultation.