bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ventilatory Response in Severe Metabolic Acidosis
Authors: Fulop M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The ventilatory response to severe metabolic acidosis was studied by measuring arterial blood carbon dioxide tension and pH in sixty-seven patients with blood pH < 7·10, none of whom had hypercapnia, pulmonary oedema, or chronic pulmonary insufficiency. The results were compared with those previously found in patients with uncomplicated diabetic ketoacidosis.
2. By that comparison, fifty-two of the sixty-seven patients with blood pH < 7·10 were judged to have ‘appropriate hypocapnia’, and fifteen had ‘submaximal hypocapnia’. Thirteen of the latter fifteen had circulatory failure and/or acute hypoxia, and seven of nine in whom it was measured had plasma lactate >9 mmol/l.
3. Hyperventilation was therefore usually well sustained in these patients with severe metabolic acidosis, except in most of those with acute tissue hypoxia. The latter may have had insufficient time to achieve maximum hyperventilation in response to their acidosis, or perhaps their submaximal hypercapnia presaged imminent failure of the hyperventilatory response.
Disappearance of 125I-Labelled and Unlabelled Insulins from Blood in Normal and Injured Rats
Authors: Frayn K. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. The disappearance from blood of either 125I-labelled bovine insulin or unlabelled rat insulin after a single intravenous injection has been studied in rats.
2. The disappearance of the labelled insulin was slower than that of native insulin.
3. Ether anaesthesia produced a significant impairment, and bilateral nephrectomy a very marked impairment, of disappearance of the labelled insulin, suggesting that changes in the removal of this tracer may nevertheless parallel changes in the metabolism of native insulin.
4. Simultaneous intravenous injection of unlabelled bovine insulin (1 unit/kg) did not affect disappearance of the labelled insulin.
5. A 20% full-thickness scald injury, produced 2 h previously, had no significant effect on disappearance of the labelled insulin, either with or without the simultaneous administration of unlabelled bovine insulin.
6. The disappearance of unlabelled rat insulin from plasma was also similar in control and scalded rats.
7. It was concluded that the half-life of plasma insulin in the rat, as estimated by either of the techniques used, is not significantly affected by this severe non-haemorrhagic injury.
Turnover of Plasma Glucose and Free Fatty Acids in Patients on the First Day after Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Nimmo I. A. , Smith R. H. , Dolder M. A. , Oliver M. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. The turnover of plasma glucose and free fatty acids was measured in ten patients within 24 h of the onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction and in two with symptoms of acute myocardial ischaemia. The measurements were repeated in seven of the patients 12–40 weeks after the acute episode.
2. Both for the patients with acute myocardial infarction alone and for all the individuals studied the turnover of glucose increased with plasma glucose concentration but was not related to the turnover of free fatty acids or the plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, insulin or total catecholamines. There was no obvious difference in the nature of the glucose turnover—concentration relationship between the patients with acute myocardial infarction, with acute myocardial ischaemia and on re-examination.
3. For all the individuals studied the turnover of free fatty acids increased with the concentration of these but was not related to the turnover of glucose or the plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin or total catecholamines. There was no obvious difference in the nature of the free fatty acids turnover—concentration relationship between the patients with acute myocardial infarction, with acute myocardial ischaemia and on re-examination.
The Porphyrinogenic Effects of Kryptopyrrole in the Rat and the Occurrence of Urinary Kryptopyrrole in Human Hereditary Hepatic Porphyria
Authors: Brodie M. J. , Graham D. J. M. , Thompson G. G. , Moore M. R. , Goldberg A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Kryptopyrrole (2,4-dimethyl-3-ethyl pyrrole) was shown to elevate the urinary porphyrin excretion and the hepatic content of porphyrins in the rat. The simultaneous administration of δ-aminolaevulinic acid increased these effects.
2. Kryptopyrrole was present in the urine of patients with hereditary hepatic porphyria, in attack and in remission, but not in those with latent porphyria.
Effect of Diphosphonates on Adenosine 3′:5′-Cyclic Monophosphate in Mouse Calvaria after Stimulation by Parathyroid Hormone in vitro
Authors: Gebauer U. , Russell R. G. G. , Touabi M. , Fleisch H. 
Published: August 2015

1. The diphosphonates, disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), inhibit bone resorption in animals and in explanted bone in tissue culture. The possibility that these effects might be due to inhibition of skeletal adenylate cyclase has been studied.
2. EHDP and Cl2MDP, added for 30 mm to the incubation medium at concentrations known to inhibit bone resorption, had no effect on basal content of adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) of mouse calvaria incubated in vitro, nor did they inhibit the rise in cyclic AMP induced by bovine parathyroid hormone.
3. Pretreatment of mice for 3 days with Cl2MDP also had no effect on cyclic AMP under basal conditions or after incubation of explanted calvaria with parathyroid hormone in vitro. EHDP under similar conditions slightly inhibited the increase induced by parathyroid hormone but had no effect on basal concentrations of cyclic AMP.
4. It is suggested that the inhibition of adenylate cyclase is not an essential feature of the reduction of bone resorption by diphosphonates, which may act by direct inhibitory effects on the dissolution of hydroxyapatite and perhaps by other unidentified effects on bone cells.
Effects of Prednisolone on the Small Intestinal Mucosa of the Rat
Authors: Batt R. M. , Peters T. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effects in rats of an oral pharmacological dose of prednisolone on mucosal function, enzymology, lysosomal membrane fragility, morphology and cell kinetics have been examined in proximal jejunum and distal ileum.
2. The maximum absorptive capacity for galactose was significantly greater in both the jejunum and the ileum of the steroid-treated animals. This was due to an increase in carrier-mediated transport in the individual enterocytes and not to a change in the cell population. The Michaelis constant for galactose was not significantly altered by prednisolone.
3. Activities of brush-border and mitochondrial enzymes and of RNA were increased in isolated enterocyte preparations from the jejunum and ileum of the steroid-treated group.
4. Lysosomal membrane fragility was unaltered in the prednisolone-treated group.
5. Morphometrical observations confirmed that the size of the enterocyte population was unaltered by prednisolone. Studies on cell kinetics indicate that the effects of prednisolone are due to a direct action on the enterocyte and not secondary to changes in migration rate.
Plasma Growth Hormone Concentrations in Huntington's Chorea
Authors: Phillipson O. T. , Bird E. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. Growth hormone secretion was assessed in nine control subjects and nine patients with Huntington's chorea.
2. Early-morning fasting plasma samples from patients with Huntington's chorea contained abnormally high concentrations of growth hormone.
3. The suppression of growth hormone after oral glucose in choreic patients, unlike the control subjects, occurred at irregular intervals after the glucose was given and was followed, again at irregular intervals, by an exaggerated rebound phase.
4. The response to intravenous insulin was not markedly abnormal in choreic patients. However, there was a significant increase in the rate of rise of growth hormone concentration in the first half an hour after the insulin injection when compared with control subjects.
Differential Effects of Asp1-Angiotensin II and Sar1-Angiotensin II on Vascular and Adrenal Receptors in the Dog
Authors: Bravo E. L. , Khosla M. C. , Bumpus F. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone-suppressed, bilaterally nephrectomized male mongrel dogs (n = 12) were infused with Sar1-angiotensin II and Asp1-angiotensin II, the naturally occurring octapeptide.
2. Sar1-angiotensin II was found to be almost twice as potent as Asp1-angiotensin II in elevating blood pressure but its aldosterone-stimulating activity was not higher than that of the naturally occurring peptide.
3. A specific competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II, blocked the pressor but not the aldosterone-stimulating activity of Sar1-angiotensin II.
4. These results suggest functional differences in receptors for angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle and in adrenal cortex.
The Forced Expiratory Time as a Measure of Small Airway Resistance
Authors: Burki N. K. , Dent Mary C. 
Published: August 2015

1. In five subjects, ten consecutive forced expiratory spirograms were recorded on each of 6 different days and the total forced expiratory time (FET) on each spirogram was measured. The mean overall coefficient of variation of the FET was 11·3% and of the ratio forced vital capacity (FVC)/FET was 8%.
2. Twenty-two subjects with probable small (<2 mm diameter) airway dysfunction as manifested by a reduced (<75% predicted) maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) in the middle 50% of the FVC with normal FVC and FEV1 (>80% predicted) were studied before and after bronchodilatation. There was no significant correlation between change in FET and change in MMEF (r = 0·36, P > 0·01), but between change in MMEF (ΔMMEF) and change in FVC/FET (ΔFVC/FET) there was a positive correlation (r = 0·78, P < 0·001).
3. In six of these twenty-two subjects, the ΔFVC/FET and ΔMMEF on bronchodilatation correlated well with the change in residual volume (ΔRV), but neither measurement correlated well with the change in the ‘closing volume' measurement expressed as the ratio of phase 4/VC(%). The ΔFET did not correlate well with either ΔRV or Δ[phase 4/VC(%)].
4. In eighty-one selected normal subjects (FVC, FEV, and MMEF all >80% predicted) there was better correlation of age with the FVC/FET (r = −0·676) than with the FET (r = +0·43); both correlations were significant (P < 0·001).
5. These results do not support the use of the FET as a suitable test of small airway function; however, the mean flow rate expressed as FVC/FET may, in the presence of a normal FEV1/FVC ratio, be an adequate test of small airway function.
Reversible Resistance to the Renal Action of Parathyroid Hormone in Man
Authors: Tomlinson S. , Hendy G. N. , Pemberton D. M. , O'Riordan J. L. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Normal subjects showed a highly reproducible, rapid increase in plasma adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) after an intravenous injection of 200 MRC units of highly purified bovine parathyroid hormone.
2. No significant increase in plasma cyclic AMP was observed after administration of bovine parathyroid hormone to patients with severe chronic renal failure.
3. Even when renal function was not impaired, some patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, who had high concentrations of endogenous parathyroid hormone, showed resistance to bovine parathyroid hormone and when this was injected intravenously it caused only a small increase in plasma cyclic AMP. This resistance was reversible since there was marked improvement in the response after parathyroidectomy, when endogenous parathyroid hormone concentration had fallen.
4. It was possible to reproduce this resistance to the hormone by intravenous infusion of bovine parathyroid hormone into normal subjects. When the hormone (1000 MRC units) was infused over 2 h, after an initial increase there was a progressive decline in plasma cyclic AMP concentration and a fall in urinary cyclic AMP excretion. The response to a standard test stimulus (200 MRC units of bovine parathyroid hormone given as a rapid intravenous injection) was examined at intervals after 1000 units of bovine parathyroid hormone had been infused. Initially, the response was severely impaired; at 4 h, partial recovery had occurred and, 24 h after the infusion, recovery of the response was complete. The resistance was therefore reversible. Infusion of the amino-terminal peptide, fragment 1–34, gave the same effect as infusion of intact hormone. Region-specific assays for the hormone were used to show that the concentration of immuno-assayable hormone remained high during the infusions.
5. The mechanism of this reversible resistance to parathyroid hormone remains to be elucidated; it seems unlikely that circulating hormone fragments could account for the prolonged impairment in the responsiveness to the intact hormone. It is possible that alteration in the formation, intracellular degradation or, perhaps, release of cyclic AMP from the cells, is the cause. Changes in the characteristics of the hormone receptor sites might also explain the phenomenon.
Stimulated Flow of Pancreatic and Biliary Secretions after Intestinal Exposure to Cholera Toxin
Authors: Freiman I. , Melmed R. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. Duodenojejunal intestinal loops in rats were perfused with cholera toxin and the pancreatic and biliary secretory responses studied.
2. Intraluminal cholera toxin induced a significant flow of pancreatic and biliary ñuid and sustained protein (enzyme) secretion in pancreatic juice, in addition to the expected stimulation of mucosal secretion.
3. Intravenously injected cholera toxin failed to elicit a secretory flow from the pancreas and biliary tract.
4. The time-course of the enhanced secretory flow from pancreas and biliary tract after intraluminal cholera toxin corresponds closely to the secretion of intestinal fluid.
5. The results of these studies provide evidence of sustained stimulation of pancreatic and biliary secretions after mucosal exposure to cholera toxin. These observations support the suggestion that secretion from the pancreas and liver may significantly contribute to the total intestinal secretion in cholera.
Effect of Posture on Renal Lithium Clearance
Authors: Smith D. F. , Shimizu M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Renal lithium clearance in healthy men was elevated while the subject was reclining, decreased upon standing and increased upon lying down during 45–60 min tests.
2. Parallel changes in renal clearance of creatinine, sodium and potassium, and urine flow rate occurred in response to the changes in posture.
3. The findings demonstrate for the first time that posture is a factor that can influence lithium excretion. Control of posture during lithium excretion tests is recommended.
A Method for Measurement of Angiotensin II in Tissues and its Application to Rat Kidney
Authors: Mendelsohn F. A. O. 
Published: August 2015

1. A method for extraction, partial purification and radioimmunoassay of angiotensin II in tissues and application of the method to the kidneys of sodium-deficient rats are described.
2. Angiotensin in acid—ethanol extracts of kidney were adsorbed on to a cation-exchange resin, eluted and further purified with an immobilized angiotensin II antiserum, before radioimmunoassay.
3. Thin-layer chromatography was used, in some experiments, to separate fmol amounts of angiotensin II from its immunoreactive peptide fragments before radioimmunoassay.
4. Angiotensin II-immunoreactive material isolated from rat kidney resembled angiotensin II in many of its physicochemical properties and chromatographic mobility.
5. The concentration of immunoreactive material in kidney greatly exceeded that which could be accounted for by trapped blood and suggests that the peptide may have a local role in the organ.
Measurement of Liver Blood Flow by Means of a Single Injection of Bromosulphthalein, without Hepatic Venous Catheterization
Authors: Clarkson M. J. , Hardy-Smith Anne , Richards T. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. A method is described for the measurement of liver blood flow without hepatic venous catheterization by the injection of a single dose of bromosulphthalein and the analysis of the graph of the plasma disappearance of the indicator.
2. The rationale of the method was tested in three systems which covered a wide range of flow rates. The first system was a physical model with a haemodialyser in which the calculated flow could be compared with the flow measured directly. The second was in anaesthetized dogs, in which the calculated flow was compared with that measured by continuous infusion and hepatic venous catheterization, based on the Fick principle. The third system was in unanaesthetized turkeys, in which metabolism of bromosulphthalein does not occur. The calculated flow was compared with the flow measured simultaneously by the uptake of colloidal particles by the Kupffer cells.
3. In all three systems the correspondence between the two methods of measuring liver blood flow was good, the differences between them being not statistically significant.
4. The method has been applied to measurements of liver blood flow in man and animals and gives results comparable with those reported by other workers.
Comparison of Renal Blood Flow and Transit Times Measured by Means of 99mTc-Labelled Erythrocytes and Indocyanine Green in Humans with Normal and Diseased Kidneys
Authors: Reubi F. C. , Vorburger C. , Pfeiffer Gertrud , Golder S. 
Published: August 2015

1. In nineteen patients with normal or diseased kidneys, renal blood flow, transit times and vascular volume were determined by means of an indicator-dilution method. Two different indicators, plasma-bound Indocyanine Green (IG) and 99mTc-labelled erythrocytes, were used simultaneously.
2. Comparison of the results indicates that IG slightly overestimates renal blood flow, appearance time, mean transit time and vascular volume, as the erythrocyte/IG ratios averaged 0·972, 0·903, 0·93 and 0·921 respectively. Overestimation of the mean transit time was less apparent when it was prolonged. In patients with reduced renal function, the average blood flow values obtained with the two indicators were in good agreement.
3. It is unlikely that axial streaming of erythrocytes accounts for their shorter mean transit time, because the individual erythrocyte/IG mean transit time ratios were independent of the rate of blood flow and the peripheral packed cell volume.
4. Since the erythrocyte/IG mean transit time ratios correlated significantly with the erythrocyte/IG ratios for appearance time and renal blood flow, the common mechanism leading to a depression of all erythrocyte/IG ratios is presumably extravascular circulation and delayed recovery of a small fraction of IG.
Kinetics of Hepatic Uptake of Unconjugated Bilirubin
Authors: Paumgartner G. , Reichen J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The uptake of bilirubin was studied in the perfused rat liver by a multiple-indicator dilution technique employing the three-compartment model of Goresky.
2. The kinetics of hepatic bilirubin uptake could be described by the Michaelis—Menten equation.
3. The maximal uptake velocity (Vmax.) and the apparent half-saturation constant (Km) were 4·4 ± 0·5 nmol s−1 g−1 of liver and 58 ±16 nmol/g of liver respectively, indicating that the hepatic uptake system for bilirubin under normal conditions is operating far below saturation.
4. Sodium taurocholate did not compete with bilirubin for hepatic uptake.
5. These findings are consistent with the concept that carrier-mediated transport is responsible for hepatocellular uptake of bilirubin and that bilirubin and bile acids enter the hepatocyte via separate pathways.
Plasma Enteroglucagon and Plasma Volume Change after Gastric Surgery
Authors: Thomson J. P. S. , Bloom S. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. The changes in plasma enteroglucagon concentration and plasma volume were measured after oral glucose in sixteen subjects before and forty-eight subjects after operative treatment for benign duodenal ulceration. Truncal vagotomy with a drainage procedure had been performed in sixteen of the postoperative subjects studied, selective vagotomy with a drainage procedure in seventeen, and partial gastrectomy in fifteen.
2. Patients in whom the glucose produced dumping symptoms had significantly greater enteroglucagon concentrations than those who were symptom-free, which confirms the results of a preliminary study. There was a highly significant correlation between the rate of rise of plasma enteroglucagon and the rate of fall of plasma volume.
3. There was no difference in the rate of rise or in peak plasma enteroglucagon concentration between the groups of patients who had different operative procedures. This suggests that enteroglucagon release is not under vagal influence.
4. There was no apparent relation between the plasma enteroglucagon concentration and the time-interval between the operation and the time of study, which implies that the exaggerated release of enteroglucagon after operation occurs in response to the altered gastric physiology and that there is minimal adaptive change.
The Contribution of Plasma Protease Inhibitors to Antiplasmin Activity in Man
Authors: Crawford G. P. M. , Ogston D. , Douglas A. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Human plasma contains a variety of proteins that are capable of inhibiting plasmin activity. Whole plasma possesses ‘rapid’ and ‘progressive’ plasmin-neutralizing activity: this study assesses the contribution of individual protease inhibitors to this plasmin-neutralizing property of plasma.
2. Rapid and progressive antiplasmin activities of human plasma correlate with α2-macroglobulin and α1-antitrypsin concentrations respectively.
3. Fluctuations in the amounts of the other measured inhibitors (antithrombin III, Cl inactivator and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor) did not influence the measured antiplasmin activity.
Comparison of Heart Sarcolemmal Enzyme Activities in Normal and Cardiomyopathic (UM-X7.1) Hamsters
Authors: Dhalla N. S. , Singh J. N. , Bajusz E. , Jasmin G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The activities of some membrane-bound enzymes such as adenylate cyclase, Na++K+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Na++K+-ATPase), Ca2+-stimulated ATPase and Mg2+-stimulated ATPase were examined in heart sarcolemmal fractions from control and cardiomyopathic hamsters at different stages of heart failure.
2. The basal adenylate cyclase activity in sarcolemma from cardiomyopathic animals with early, moderate and late stages of heart failure was not different from the control values whereas the sodium fluoride- and catecholamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were depressed in cardiomyopathic sarcolemma at moderate and late stages.
3. The sarcolemmal Na++K+-ATPase activity was decreased and the non-specific phosphatase activity was increased at early, moderate and late stages of heart failure.
4. The sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase activity was decreased at moderate and late stages whereas the Mg2+-ATPase activity was decreased at the late stages of heart failure only.
5. A marked decrease was found in calcium binding by heart sarcolemma from cardiomyopathic hamsters at late stages of failure.
6. These results suggest that dramatic sarcolemmal changes are associated with heart failure, and support the view that membrane abnormalities play a crucial role in the development of myocardial dysfunction.