bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harmonic modelling of PV systems for probabilistic harmonic load flow studies
Authors: Ruiz‐Rodriguez Francisco‐Javier , Hernandez Jesus‐Casa , Jurado Francisco 
Published: September 2014

SummaryProbabilistic harmonic load flow (HLF) is currently enjoying renewed popularity. This is not surprising since in the near future, thousands of photovoltaic (PV) systems will be integrated into distribution systems. However, as yet, there is no model capable of explaining PV harmonic current behaviour in probabilistic HLF studies. To fill this gap, the harmonic modelling of PV systems proposed in this paper has three key points. First, it provides an effective model of the relationship between PV harmonic current emission and background harmonic voltages. Second, it statistically characterises PV harmonic currents (relative magnitude and phase angle) at different fundamental‐frequency current output intervals using historical time‐series data. In this statistical characterisation, the first fifth moments of each PV harmonic current are used to accurately approximate the raw probability density function (PDF) by means of the Legendre series. Finally, the third key point of this harmonic modelling is a method capable of determining the distribution functions of PV harmonic currents (absolute magnitude and phase angle), based on the statistical characterisation and a fundamental‐frequency probabilistic PV model. The numerical results obtained confirm the effectiveness of this PV model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative urine confirmatory testing for synthetic cannabinoids in randomly collected urine specimens
Authors: Castaneto Marisol S. , Scheidweiler Karl B. , Gandhi Adarsh , Wohlfarth Ariane , Klette Kevin L. , Martin Thomas M. , Huestis Marilyn A. 
Published: September 2014

Synthetic cannabinoid intake is an ongoing health issue worldwide, with new compounds continually emerging, making drug testing complex. Parent synthetic cannabinoids are rarely detected in urine, the most common matrix employed in workplace drug testing. Optimal identification of synthetic cannabinoid markers in authentic urine specimens and correlation of metabolite concentrations and toxicities would improve synthetic cannabinoid result interpretation. We screened 20 017 randomly collected US military urine specimens between July 2011 and June 2012 with a synthetic cannabinoid immunoassay yielding 1432 presumptive positive specimens. We analyzed all presumptive positive and 1069 negative specimens with our qualitative synthetic cannabinoid liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method, which confirmed 290 positive specimens. All 290 positive and 487 randomly selected negative specimens were quantified with the most comprehensive urine quantitative LC‐MS/MS method published to date; 290 specimens confirmed positive for 22 metabolites from 11 parent synthetic cannabinoids. The five most predominant metabolites were JWH‐018 pentanoic acid (93%), JWH‐N‐hydroxypentyl (84%), AM2201 N‐hydroxypentyl (69%), JWH‐073 butanoic acid (69%), and JWH‐122 N‐hydroxypentyl (45%) with 11.1 (0.1‐2,434), 5.1 (0.1‐1,239), 2.0 (0.1‐321), 1.1 (0.1‐48.6), and 1.1 (0.1‐250) µg/L median (range) concentrations, respectively.Alkyl hydroxy and carboxy metabolites provided suitable biomarkers for 11 parent synthetic cannabinoids; although hydroxyindoles were also observed. This is by far the largest data set of synthetic cannabinoid metabolites urine concentrations from randomly collected workplace drug testing specimens rather than acute intoxications or driving under the influence of drugs. These data improve the interpretation of synthetic cannabinoid urine test results and suggest suitable urine markers of synthetic cannabinoid intake. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Novel water sources restore plant and animal communities along an urban river
Authors: Bateman H. L. , Stromberg J. C. , Banville M. J. , Makings E. , Scott B. D. , Suchy A. , Wolkis D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMany projects have been undertaken to restore urban rivers in arid regions. At the same time, passive discharge of urban water sources has stimulated redevelopment of wetlands and riparian forests along stretches of dewatered rivers. In Phoenix, Arizona, for example, some segments of the dewatered Salt River have been actively restored by planting and irrigation, whereas others have revegetated in response to runoff from storm drains and effluent drains. Our research documents how biotic communities differ between these actively restored and ‘accidentally’ restored areas, and between wetter and drier urban reaches. We addressed these objectives with a multi‐taxa, multi‐season sampling approach along reaches of the Salt River. We quantified plants using cover estimates in quadrats, birds using fixed radius, point‐count surveys, and herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) using visual‐encounter surveys. One notable finding was that wetland plants had greater richness and cover at accidentally restored sites compared with actively restored, dry urban, and non‐urban reference sites. Birds and herpetofauna, however, were most species‐rich at actively restored and non‐urban reference sites, and riparian birds were more abundant at sites with perennial flows compared with ephemeral reaches. From a landscape perspective, the range of management approaches along the river (including laissez‐faire) is sustaining a diverse riparian and wetland mosaic. Urban water subsidies are sustaining freshwater forests and marshlands, the latter a regionally declining ecosystem. In urbanized rivers of arid regions, mapping and conserving perennial stream flows arising from stormwater and effluent discharge can be an important complement to active restoration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneous Foldamers from Aliphatic–Aromatic Amino Acid Building Blocks: Current Trends and Future Prospects
Authors: Nair Roshna V. , Vijayadas Kuruppanthara N. , Roy Arup , Sanjayan Gangadhar J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractChemists' constant pursuit of understanding of the underlying principles of nature's most intricate phenomenon such as protein folding has led to the development of the field of “foldamers”. The emergence of diverse classes of unnatural amino acid building blocks has unleashed countless opportunities to design, develop and explore the structural and functional aspects of synthetic peptides. One current trend in foldamer chemistry is the heterofoldamer approach, which involves systematic stoichiometric variation of various natural/unnatural amino acid residues, leading to conformational ordering with intriguing structural architectures. In this regard, the incorporation of aromatic amino acids provides efficient structural rigidification and tunability to the molecular scaffolds, which can exhibit a range of secondary structural features. Recent times have witnessed an upsurge of foldamers featuring aliphatic‐aromatic residues with diverse structural propensities. This review is an effort to cover this rapidly developing field of foldamer science and also to envisage its future perspectives.
Electrochemical Studies on Glucose Oxidation in an Enzymatic Fuel Cell with Enzyme Immobilized on to Reduced Graphene Oxide Surface
Authors: Das Debalina , Ghosh Susanta , Basumallick I. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe present study reports fabrication and characterization of glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized reduced graphene oxide (rGO), gold nanoparticles (AuNp) and rGO/AuNp composite electrodes. The study further evaluated their electrochemical behaviors using cyclic voltammetry (CV) at different scan rates (10–150 mV/s) and different glucose concentrations (0.1–0.9 M) in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7.4. Electron transfer rate constants (ks) for glucose oxidation onto these enzyme immobilized electrodes have been calculated from the plot of Ep vs. log ν ( peak potential vs. log of scan rate) which showed faster electron transfer rate onto rGO/AuNp composite surface compared to AuNp or rGO surfaces alone. A laboratory model enzymatic fuel cell (EFC) was constructed by coupling the anode with a potassium ferrocyanide‐ferricyanide cathode under argon atmosphere. From the discharge studies, the rGO/AuNp/GOx/C‐felt electrode was found to be better than AuNp/GOx/C‐felt or rGO/GOx/C‐felt electrodes. This better performance in rGO/AuNp/GOx/C‐felt electrode has been related to the enhanced attachment of GOx enzyme onto AuNp surface through “S” atoms of sulfur containing amino acids and better electronic conductivity of rGO surface. Hence, the current study concluded that the rGO/AuNp/GOx/C‐felt electrode is a promising electrode for glucose oxidation in EFCs.
Chiral Recognition of Proline Enantiomers by the Catalytic Oxygen Reduction and Formation of Cu(II)‐Polymer Complex Crystals
Authors: Kim Dong‐Min , Won Mi‐Sook , Yoon Jang‐Hee , Kim Jung Ho , Goyal Rajendra N. , Shim Yoon‐Bo 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA Cu(II)‐Poly(terthiophene carboxylic acid) (pTTC)/Nafion modified glassy carbon electrode has been used for the chiral recognition and discrimination of d‐ and l‐prolines by the catalytic oxygen reduction process and the shape of crystals formed on the electrode surface. The cyclic voltammetry with the modified electrode in the presence of oxygen recognized d‐ and l‐form of prolines by exhibiting a difference in the peak potential and the peak current of the oxygen reduction. The effect of pH and proline concentration on the peak current and the peak potential of oxygen have been studied. The SEM studies on the nature of crystals formed on a proline‐Cu(II)pTTC complex. The oxidation state of the copper species present at the electrode surface was characterized by ESCA.
One‐Dimensional, Additive‐Free, Single‐Crystal TiO2 Nanostructured Anodes Synthesized by a Single‐Step Aerosol Process for High‐Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chadha Tandeep S. , Tripathi Alok M. , Mitra Sagar , Biswas Pratim 
Published: September 2014

AbstractHighly oriented, single crystal dendritic columnar nanostructures of titanium dioxide (TiO2) were fabricated by using single‐step aerosol chemical vapor deposition (ACVD) on stainless‐steel current collectors for use as high‐rate lithium‐ion battery anodes. The synthesized nanostructures exhibited the highest specific capacity (183.5 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 1 C rate) ever reported for anatase TiO2 without the use of any conductive additive or binding agents. Exceptional cycling performance and rate capability were also demonstrated making the structures an ideal electrode for high‐rate applications, exhibiting no change in nanostructure morphology even after 100 cycles. At a current density of 16.75 A g−1 (50 C rate), the specific charge capacity of the columnar nanostructures was 278 % higher than that of granular nanostructures synthesized by using the same technique. This facile, low‐cost synthesis of high‐performance anodes thus provides a single‐step, scalable alternative to the conventional fabrication of anode materials.
Thermodynamic Analysis and Characterization of Syngas Production by Autothermal Reforming of Biodiesel Byproducts
Authors: Liu Yujia , Lawal Adeniyi 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAs the demand for and production of biodiesel increase exponentially, the utilization of the biodiesel byproducts will be of increasing commercial significance. The autothermal reforming (ATR) of biodiesel byproducts into synthesis gas (syngas) was experimentally studied by using the BASF Pt and Rh/Pt (rhodium/platinum) dual‐layer monolith catalyst. A total gaseous carbon yield as high as 98 % was obtained with near‐equilibrium concentrations of H2, CO, CO2, and CH4. The optimum operating conditions to produce high yields of syngas with minimal coke formation were also determined to be at atmospheric pressure, a temperature of 750 °C, a steam/carbon (S/C) molar ratio of 3, and an O2/C molar ratio of 0.1. The Aspen simulation software package was used to calculate the equilibrium product composition for autothermal reforming of biodiesel byproducts on molecular basis. A comparison between the equilibrium and experimental data was made, and the agreement was generally good, indicating that close‐to‐equilibrium conditions were attained for the selected reaction conditions.
Environmentally benign catalytic process for esterification of renewable levulinic acid to various alkyl levulinates biodiesel
Authors: Nandiwale Kakasaheb Y. , Bokade Vijay V. 
Published: September 2014

This study explores, the use of modified zeolite (Micro/Meso‐HZ‐5) obtained by desilication post‐treatment as heterogeneous catalyst for esterification of biomass derived renewable levulinic acid (LA) with different alkyl alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n‐butanol, and n‐octanol aiming to produce corresponding alkyl levulinate. This method of production of alkyl levulinates would be sustainable process, as it can be used as novel miscible diesel biofuels preventing global warming by decreasing atmospheric CO2.The LA conversion obtained over Micro/Meso‐HZ‐5 was higher than H‐ZSM‐5, which is due to the combined effect of increase in Brönsted acid sites, total acidity, and other properties such as BET surface area and the generation of mesoporosity. The maximum LA conversion of 91, 95, 96, and 98% with 100% selectivity toward alkyl levulinate was obtained, when LA was being esterified over Micro/Meso‐HZ‐5 with methanol, ethanol, n‐butanol, and n‐octanol, respectively, at optimal process parameters. Micro/Meso‐HZ‐5 catalyst was found to be reusable for six cycles.Furthermore, pseudo homogeneous (P‐H) kinetic model of the esterification of LA with the studied four alcohols were established with R2 > 0.99, using the experimental data. A P‐H kinetic model implies that, the esterification reaction follows second order reversible kinetics. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 795–801, 2015
EGR strategy for DME engine‐out NOx to meet euro V
Authors: Zhao Danping , Wei Yanju , Chen Xiao , Song Ruizhi , Liu Shenghua 
Published: September 2014

In this article, a 2102QB diesel engine was retrofitted to run on DME. The effects of EGR on the DME engine power output, DME fuel consumption, and emission characteristics were investigated. Experimental results show that, DME engine power and fuel economy are both improved. The stoichiometric air/fuel ratio of DME is 9/1. DME engine can run properly if the air/fuel ratio is leaner than that due to the introduction of EGR. Only under fuel rich conditions, DME engine power output, fuel economy, HC and CO emissions become worse. NOx emissions can be reduced easily by the use of EGR.Based on the experimental data, the specific NOx emissoin was calculated and then it was used to set the rate of EGR under the ESC 13 operating conditions. By the designed EGR strategies, the DME engine NOx emissions under ESC operating conditions meets the requirement of Euro IV and V. At the mean time, HC and CO emissions of the DME engine were evaluated. The increase of CO and HC emissions require oxidation after treatment to meet their own standards. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2014 34: 881–889, 2015
Occurrence and behavior of the chiral anti-inflammatory drug naproxen in an aquatic environment
Authors: Suzuki Toshinari , Kosugi Yuki , Hosaka Mitsugu , Nishimura Tetsuji , Nakae Dai 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

The present study reports on the occurrence and chiral behavior of the anti-inflammatory drug (S)-naproxen (NAP)—(S)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propionic acid—in an aquatic environment under both field and laboratory conditions. In influents and effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the Tama River basin (Tokyo), (S)-NAP was detected at concentrations of 0.03 µg L−1 to 0.43 µg L−1 and 0.01 µg L−1 to 0.11 µg L−1, respectively. The concentrations of a major metabolite, 6-O-desmethyl NAP (DM-NAP) were up to 0.47 µg L−1 and 0.56 µg L−1 in influents and effluents, respectively. (R)-naproxen was not detected in STP influents, although it was present in effluents, and the enantiomeric faction (= S/[S + R]) of NAP ranged from 0.88 to 0.91. Under laboratory conditions with activated sludge from STPs, rapid degradation of (S)-NAP to DM-NAP and chiral inversion of (S)-NAP to (R)-NAP were observed. During river die-away experiments, degradation and chiral inversion of NAP were extremely slow. In addition, chiral inversion of (S)-NAP to (R)-NAP was not observed during photodegradation experiments. In the river receiving STP discharge, NAP and DM-NAP concentrations reached 0.08 µg L−1 and 0.16 µg L−1, respectively. The enantiomeric faction of NAP in the river ranged from 0.84 to 0.98 and remained almost unchanged with the increasing contribution of rainfall to the river water. These results suggest that the absence and decrease of (R)-NAP in river waters could indicate the inflow of untreated sewage. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2671–2678. © 2014 SETAC
Championing Culturally Responsive Leadership for Evaluation Practice
Authors: Aponte‐Soto Lisa , Ling Grant Deborah S. , Carter‐Johnson Frances , Colomer Soria E. , Campbell Johnavae E. , Anderson Karen G. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe Graduate Education Diversity Internship (GEDI) program empowers students of color to become adaptive leaders, change agents, partners, and facilitators through exposure to theory, experiential training, leadership development, and mentorship in order to advance culturally responsive evaluation (CRE) practices that respond to context and community values in a respectful and positive manner (Nelson‐Barber, LaFrance, Trumbull, & Aburto, ). A case study of the first six GEDI cohorts was conducted to evaluate the program's impact on CRE leadership development. This chapter validates how GEDI transformative leadership strategies can be applied by any profession to champion CRE practitioners and promote a society that values social justice, equity, and democratic change.
Effects of age and Alzheimer's disease on hippocampal subfields
Authors: de Flores Robin , La Joie Renaud , Landeau Brigitte , Perrotin Audrey , Mézenge Florence , de La Sayette Vincent , Eustache Francis , Desgranges Béatrice , Chételat Gaël 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGrowing interest has developed in hippocampal subfield volumetry over the past few years and an increasing number of studies use the automatic segmentation algorithm implemented in FreeSurfer. However, this approach has not been validated on standard resolution T1‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR) as used in most studies. We aimed at comparing hippocampal subfield segmentation using FreeSurfer on standard T1‐weighted images versus manual delineation on dedicated high‐resolution hippocampal scans. Hippocampal subfields were segmented in 133 individuals including 98 cognitively normal controls aged 19–84 years, 17 mild cognitive impairment and 18 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients using both methods. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland–Altman plots were computed to assess the consistency between both methods, and the effects of age and diagnosis were assessed from both measures. Low to moderate ICC (0.31–0.74) were found for the subiculum and other subfields as well as for the whole hippocampus, and the correlations were very low for cornu ammonis (CA)1 (<0.1). FreeSurfer CA1 volume estimates were found to be much lower than those obtained from manual segmentation, and this bias was proportional to the volume of this structure so that no effect of age or AD could be detected on FreeSurfer CA1 volumes. This study points to the differences in the anatomic definition of the subfields between FreeSurfer and manual delineation, especially for CA1, and provides clue for improvement of this automatic technique for potential clinical application on standard T1‐weighted MR. Hum Brain Mapp 36:463–474, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What Happens to Patterns of Food Consumption when Food Prices Change? Evidence from A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Food Price Elasticities Globally
Authors: Cornelsen Laura , Green Rosemary , Turner Rachel , Dangour Alan D. , Shankar Bhavani , Mazzocchi Mario , Smith Richard D. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRecent years have seen considerable interest in examining the impact of food prices on food consumption and subsequent health consequences. Fiscal policies targeting the relative price of unhealthy foods are frequently put forward as ways to address the obesity epidemic. Conversely, various food subsidy interventions are used in attempts to reduce levels of under‐nutrition. Information on price elasticities is essential for understanding how such changes in food prices affect food consumption. It is crucial to know not only own‐price elasticities but also cross‐price elasticities, as food substitution patterns may have significant implications for policy recommendations. While own‐price elasticities are common in analyses of the impact of food price changes on health, cross‐price effects, even though generally acknowledged, are much less frequently included in analyses, especially in the public health literature. This article systematically reviews the global evidence on cross‐price elasticities and provides combined estimates for seven food groups in low‐income, middle‐income and high‐income countries alongside previously estimated own‐price elasticities. Changes in food prices had the largest own‐price effects in low‐income countries. Cross‐price effects were more varied and depending on country income level were found to be reinforcing, undermining or alleviating own‐price effects. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecological risk assessment for residual coal fly ash at Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee: Site setting and problem formulation
Authors: Walls Suzanne J , Jones Daniel S , Stojak Amber R , Carriker Neil E 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A baseline ecological risk assessment (BERA) was performed for residual ash in the Watts Bar Reservoir following a release of fly ash from the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Kingston Fossil Plant. The site consists of parts of 3 rivers in eastern Tennessee comprising over 32 river kilometers. The purpose of the assessment was to determine if residual ash negatively impacts maintenance and reproduction of balanced communities or populations of potentially exposed ecological receptor groups in these rivers. This introductory article summarizes the site and environmental setting, assessment and measurement endpoints, risk characterization methods, and the study approach. Subsequent articles describe ecological risks to fish, benthic invertebrates, aquatic- and riparian-feeding wildlife, and aerial-feeding insectivores; and the role ecological risk characterization played in determining the most effective management of the residual ash, setting project remediation objectives and targets, and designing long-term monitoring to measure the effectiveness of the selected removal action. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;11:32–42. © 2014 SETAC
Key Points
This manuscript provides an introduction to the TVA Kingston Ash Release that occurred in 2008. This framework outlines a series of papers on the results of the baseline ecological risk assessment on residual ash in a river system. Metals contamination from coal fly ash is evaluated for a host of ecological receptors. A unique weight of evidence approach is outlined and applied to numerous lines of evidence.