bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birds at the urban fringe: avian community shifts in different peri‐urban ecotones of a megacity
Authors: Puga‐Caballero Aura , MacGregor‐Fors Ian , Ortega‐Álvarez Rubén 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCities can be regionalized in intra‐urban and peri‐urban areas. The space between urban areas and adjacent systems represents an ecological transition that often acts as a semi‐permeable biological filter. In this study, we assessed changes in avian community species richness, density, and composition at different peri‐urban ecotones (i.e., urban‐croplands, urban‐grasslands, urban‐shrublands) of northeastern Mexico City. Species richness was lower in the urban component of urban‐grassland and urban‐shrubland ecotones, while bird densities were higher in the urban components of the urban‐grassland and urban‐shrubland peri‐urban ecotones, mainly due to the high number of urban exploiter species. However, the urban‐cropland peri‐urban ecotone exhibited a different pattern, with similar low bird species richness and density values between both components (urban and non‐urban). A species composition analysis revealed that urban bird communities were not influenced by adjacent non‐urban habitats, since the urban components of peri‐urban ecotones were more similar among them than in relation to the rest of non‐urban components. In summary, results of this study show that urbanization can represent an important biological filter for birds, often reducing species richness and homogenizing avian communities at local scales. As the environmental variables determining ecological processes related to the semi‐permeable filter effect that urban areas pose to biodiversity might depend on urban habitats, regions, and spatial scales, further studies are needed to fully understand this phenomenon.
Rosiglitazone, a PPAR‐γ Agonist, Fails to Attenuate CLA‐Induced Milk Fat Depression and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Lactating Mice
Authors: Vyas Diwakar , Teter Beverly B. , Delmonte Pierluigi , Erdman Richard A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOur objective was to investigate the combination of rosiglitazone (ROSI) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on mammary and hepatic lipogenesis in lactating C57Bl/6 J mice. Twenty‐four lactating mice were randomly assigned to one of four treatments applied from postpartum day 6 to day 10. Treatments included: (1) control diet, (2) control plus 1.5 % dietary CLA (CLA) substituted for soybean oil, (3) control plus daily intra‐peritoneal (IP) rosiglitazone injections (10 mg/kg body weight) (ROSI), and (4) CLA plus ROSI (CLA‐ROSI). Dam food intake and milk fat concentration were depressed with CLA. However, no effects were observed with ROSI. The CLA‐induced milk fat depression was due to reduced expression for mammary lipogenic genes involved in de‐novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis, FA uptake and desaturation, and triacyglycerol synthesis. Liver weight (g/100 g body weight) was increased by CLA due to an increase in lipid accumulation triggering a compensatory reduction in mRNA abundance of hepatic lipogenic enzymes, including acetyl‐CoA carboxylase I and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase I. On the contrary, no effects were observed with ROSI on hepatic and mammary lipogenic gene and enzyme expression. Overall, feeding CLA to lactating mice induced milk fat depression and increased hepatic lipid accumulation, probably due to the presence of trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA isomer, while ROSI failed to significantly attenuate both hepatic steatosis and reduction in milk fat content.
Do Racial Disparities in Private Transfers Help Explain the Racial Wealth Gap? New Evidence From Longitudinal Data
Authors: McKernan Signe-Mary , Ratcliffe Caroline , Simms Margaret , Zhang Sisi 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
How do private transfers differ by race and ethnicity, and do such differences explain the racial and ethnic disparity in wealth? Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study examines private transfers by race and ethnicity in the United States and explores a causal relationship between private transfers and wealth. Panel data and a family-level fixed-effect model are used to control for the endogeneity of private transfers. Private transfers in the form of financial support received and given from extended families and friends, as well as large gifts and inheritances, are examined. We find that African Americans and Hispanics (both immigrant and nonimmigrant) receive less in both types of private transfers than whites. Large gifts and inheritances, but not net financial support received, are related to wealth increases for African American and white families. Overall, we estimate that the African American shortfall in large gifts and inheritances accounts for 12 % of the white-black racial wealth gap.
Residential Mobility Across Local Areas in the United States and the Geographic Distribution of the Healthy Population
Authors: Geronimus Arline T. , Bound John , Ro Annie 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Determining whether population dynamics provide competing explanations to place effects for observed geographic patterns of population health is critical for understanding health inequality. We focus on the working-age population—the period of adulthood when health disparities are greatest—and analyze detailed data on residential mobility collected for the first time in the 2000 U.S. census. Residential mobility over a five-year period is frequent and selective, with some variation by race and gender. Even so, we found little evidence that mobility biases cross-sectional snapshots of local population health. Areas undergoing large or rapid population growth or decline may be exceptions. Overall, place of residence is an important health indicator; yet, the frequency of residential mobility raises questions of interpretation from etiological or policy perspectives, complicating simple understandings that residential exposures alone explain the association between place and health. Psychosocial stressors related to contingencies of social identity associated with being black, urban, or poor in the United States may also have adverse health impacts that track with structural location even with movement across residential areas.
Late onset interstitial pneumonia induced by bepridil: A case report
Authors: Matsumoto Manabu , Ohga Masanobu , Uemura Shumpo 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA 63‐year‐old man was prescribed bepridil for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in May 2011. He was referred to our hospital with the chief complaint of slight dyspnea in October 2012. Radiography and computed tomography indicated diffuse bilateral peribronchial infiltration. Since an examination of the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid revealed inflammatory lymphocytes and a drug lymphocyte stimulation test was strongly positive for bepridil, he was diagnosed with bepridil‐induced interstitial pneumonia. In our case, the patient developed dyspnea 517 days after beginning bepridil treatment. Here, we describe an extremely rare case of late onset interstitial pneumonia induced by bepridil.
Healthcare, borders, and boundaries: Crossborder health markets and the entrepreneurial state
Authors: Jarman Holly 
Published: April 2014

AbstractResponding to arguments that states are strongly constrained by global capital, this article uses the concept of the entrepreneurial state to analyze the ways states create crossborder health markets. The article, combined with the others in this special issue, provide three key findings. First, we find that the territorially bound nature of much domestic health policy is being challenged by international integration in a growing number of sectors. Second, we find that crossborder legal frameworks in place to govern markets are extensive but not sufficient to decide questions of global health. Finally, we conclude that states matter in crossborder health because they shape rules that govern markets. Although states are challenged by global capital mobility and global regulatory frameworks, they are still capable of shaping crossborder health markets and should be held accountable for protecting the public from the risks that to health that these markets can create.
Quantitative reconstruction of climate variability during the Eemian (Merkinė) and Weichselian (Nemunas) in Lithuania
Authors: Šeirienė Vaida , Kühl Norbert , Kisielienė Dalia 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLittle is known concerning climate changes in the Eastern Baltic region during the last interglacial–glacial cycle and in particular, climate changes during the Weichselian. In this study, a quantitative reconstruction of the mean January and July temperature for the Medininkai-117 site in Lithuania is presented. The reconstruction is based on pollen and plant macrofossils from this site, which reveal that the vegetation was characteristic of many northern Europe sites during the Eemian and Early Weichselian. Gradual evolution of the vegetation suggests that relatively uniform climate conditions existed during the Eemian. Our reconstructions support the view of a relatively stable Eemian, with short cooling phases of low amplitude. A strong increase in temperature was apparent during the beginning of the interglacial and decrease during the transition to the Weichselian. Reconstructed July temperatures of the Eemian interglacial were approximately 2 °C higher than today (18.5 °C; today: 16.2 °C) and were similar to today for January (−5.2 °C; today: −5.1 °C). July temperatures during the Early Weichselian were only ~2°C lower than during the Eemian, whereas the January temperatures gradually decreased. Winter temperatures were relatively high (above − 10 °C) during the Early Weichselian.
Labor Relations and Population Developments in Tanzania: Sources, Shifts, and Continuities from 1800 to 2000
Authors: Pallaver Karin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article analyzes trends in demography and labor relations in Tanzania for four cross-sections: 1800, 1900, 1950, and 2000. It discusses the quality and nature of the sources available on demography and labor relations in Tanzania for the aforementioned cross-sections. Subsequently, it reconstructs the main trends in the population size and composition, and connects them to the major shifts in labor relations in relation to the major historical events that took place in Tanzania over the last two centuries.
Effect of mean and fluctuating pressure gradients on boundary layer turbulence
Authors: Joshi Pranav , Liu Xiaofeng , Katz Joseph 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study focuses on the effects of mean (favourable) and large-scale fluctuating pressure gradients on boundary layer turbulence. Two-dimensional (2D) particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, some of which are time-resolved, have been performed upstream of and within a sink flow for two inlet Reynolds numbers, ${Re}_{\theta }(x_{1})=3360$ and 5285. The corresponding acceleration parameters, $K$, are ${1.3\times 10^{-6}}$ and ${0.6\times 10^{-6}}$. The time-resolved data at ${Re}_{\theta }(x_{1})=3360$ enables us to calculate the instantaneous pressure distributions by integrating the planar projection of the fluid material acceleration. As expected, all the locally normalized Reynolds stresses in the favourable pressure gradient (FPG) boundary layer are lower than those in the zero pressure gradient (ZPG) domain. However, the un-scaled stresses in the FPG region increase close to the wall and decay in the outer layer, indicating slow diffusion of near-wall turbulence into the outer region. Indeed, newly generated vortical structures remain confined to the near-wall region. An approximate analysis shows that this trend is caused by higher values of the streamwise and wall-normal gradients of mean streamwise velocity, combined with a slightly weaker strength of vortices in the FPG region. In both boundary layers, adverse pressure gradient fluctuations are mostly associated with sweeps, as the fluid approaching the wall decelerates. Conversely, FPG fluctuations are more likely to accompany ejections. In the ZPG boundary layer, loss of momentum near the wall during periods of strong large-scale adverse pressure gradient fluctuations and sweeps causes a phenomenon resembling local 3D flow separation. It is followed by a growing region of ejection. The flow deceleration before separation causes elevated near-wall small-scale turbulence, while high wall-normal momentum transfer occurs in the ejection region underneath the sweeps. In the FPG boundary layer, the instantaneous near-wall large-scale pressure gradient rarely becomes positive, as the pressure gradient fluctuations are weaker than the mean FPG. As a result, the separation-like phenomenon is markedly less pronounced and the sweeps do not show elevated small-scale turbulence and momentum transfer underneath them. In both boundary layers, periods of acceleration accompanying large-scale ejections involve near-wall spanwise contraction, and a high wall-normal momentum flux at all elevations. In the ZPG boundary layer, although some of the ejections are preceded, and presumably initiated, by regions of adverse pressure gradients and sweeps upstream, others are not. Conversely, in the FPG boundary layer, there is no evidence of sweeps or adverse pressure gradients immediately upstream of ejections. Apparently, the mechanisms initiating these ejections are either different from those involving large-scale sweeps or occur far upstream of the peak in FPG fluctuations.
Oscillatory rarefied gas flow inside rectangular cavities
Authors: Wu Lei , Reese Jason M. , Zhang Yonghao 
Published: April 2014

AbstractTwo-dimensional oscillatory lid-driven cavity flow of a rarefied gas at arbitrary oscillation frequency is investigated using the linearized Boltzmann equation. An analytical solution at high oscillation frequencies is obtained, and detailed numerical results for a wide range of gas rarefaction are presented. The influence of both the aspect ratio of the cavity and the oscillating frequency on the damping force exerted on the moving lid is studied. Surprisingly, it is found that, over a certain frequency range, the damping is smaller than that in an oscillatory Couette flow. This reduction in damping is due to the anti-resonance of the rarefied gas. A scaling law between the anti-resonant frequency and the aspect ratio is established, which would enable the control of the damping through choosing an appropriate cavity geometry.
Perturbing vortex packets in a turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Zheng Shaokai , Longmire Ellen K. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer of$\textit {Re}_{\tau }=2500$was perturbed by a single spanwise array of finite cylinders mounted on the bounding surface and extending through the logarithmic region. The cylinder height was$H/\delta =0.2$($H^{+}=500$), where$\delta $is the boundary layer thickness, with an aspect ratio ($AR$) (height/diameter) of four. Streamwise–spanwise ($x\text {--}y$) planes of the flow were examined by particle image velocimetry (PIV) up to$7\delta $downstream at a wall-normal location of$z^{+}=300$for cylinder array spacings ranging from$0.2\delta $to$0.8\delta $. Average streamwise velocity fields showed a splitting, then merging pattern of cylinder wakes which occurred further downstream as the cylinder spacing increased. Based on measurements at the furthest downstream location, both the spanwise variation of average streamwise velocity and the Fourier content in the instantaneous fields suggested that the case with$0.6\delta $cylinder spacing, which matched the dominant spanwise scale in the unperturbed flow, yielded the most persistent downstream flow organization. A flying PIV method was implemented to track specific packet structures over a range$-2<x/\delta <7$with respect to the cylinder array, corresponding to a time scale of$12.4\delta /U_{\infty }$. Packets approaching the$0.2\delta $spacing array first lost their organization but then regained it a distance$2\delta $downstream, suggesting that a persistent outer layer organization propagated inwards into the log region. For arrays with larger spanwise spacing, approaching packets were generally redirected into the spanwise location midway between cylinders and sometimes enhanced.
Global stability analysis of the axisymmetric wake past a spinning bullet-shaped body
Authors: Jiménez-González J. I. , Sevilla A. , Sanmiguel-Rojas E. , Martínez-Bazán C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe analyze the global linear stability of the axisymmetric flow around a spinning bullet-shaped body of length-to-diameter ratio $L/D=2$, as a function of the Reynolds number, $Re=\rho w_{\infty } D /\mu $, and of the rotation parameter $\varOmega =\omega D/(2 w_{\infty })$, in the ranges $Re<450$ and $0\leq \varOmega \leq 1$. Here, $w_{\infty }$ and $\omega $ are the free-stream and the body rotation velocities respectively, and $\rho $ and $\mu $ are the fluid density and viscosity. The two-dimensional eigenvalue problem (EVP) is solved numerically to find the spectrum of complex eigenvalues and their associated eigenfunctions, allowing us to explain the different bifurcations from the axisymmetric state observed in previous numerical studies. Our results reveal that, for the parameter ranges investigated herein, three global eigenmodes, denoted low-frequency (LF), medium-frequency (MF) and high-frequency (HF) modes, become unstable in different regions of the $(Re,\varOmega )$-parameter plane. We provide precise computations of the corresponding neutral curves, that divide the $(Re,\varOmega )$-plane into four different regions: the stable axisymmetric flow prevails for small enough values of $Re$ and $\varOmega $, while three different frozen states, where the wake structures co-rotate with the body at different angular velocities, take place as a consequence of the destabilization of the LF, MF and HF modes. Several direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the nonlinear state associated with the MF mode, identified here for the first time, are also reported to complement the linear stability results. Finally, we point out the important fact that, since the axisymmetric base flow is $SO(2)$-symmetric, the theory of equivariant bifurcations implies that the weakly nonlinear regimes that emerge close to criticality must necessarily take the form of rotating-wave states. These states, previously referred to as frozen wakes in the literature, are thus shown to result from the base-flow symmetry.
Wine as an Experience Good: Price Versus Enjoyment in Blind Tastings of Expensive and Inexpensive Wines
Authors: Ashton Robert H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractEconomic theorists maintain that wine is an experience good, a product whose quality can be evaluated only after purchase and consumption. Theory holds that consumers often rely on the price of experience goods as one cue to judge their quality. In this paper, however, I provide evidence that an important segment of wine consumers do not consider price a useful cue to quality. Specifically, I test the robustness of Goldstein et al.,'s (2008) finding that, in blind tastings, average wine drinkers consider less expensive wines to taste better than more expensive wines. Four blind tastings of 2006 red Bordeaux and 2009 white Burgundy with a price range of $20–$119 were conducted, in which members of a wine club rated their extent of enjoyment of each wine. In three of the tastings, there was no relationship between price and enjoyment, while in the other the relationship was negative, lending additional credibility to the contention that an important segment of wine consumers do not find enjoyment to increase with price. (JEL Classification: C91)
Idiom as the intersection of conceptual and syntactic schemas
Authors: SANFORD DANIEL 
Published: April 2014

abstractTwo key issues in the study of idiom are the metaphorical status of idioms (whether or not underlying metaphors are active in the on-line processing of figurative idiomatic expressions) and the compositional status of idioms (whether or not the overall meaning of such expressions is analyzable from internal elements). This study addresses these questions from the perspective of emergent metaphor theory (Sanford, 2012, 2013), arguing that key properties of such expressions − idiosyncrasy of both form and meaning, the potential for idiom to be manipulated in discourse, and diachronic patterns in changes of idiomatic meaning − follow from the status of metaphorical idioms as highly entrenched instances of both conceptual and syntactic mappings. In the case of both types of schema, the interaction of type and token frequency effects predict the metaphoricity and analyzability of idioms.
Two Tales about Illness, Ideologies, and Intimate Identities: Sexuality Politics and AIDS in South Africa, 1980–95
Authors: Tsampiras Carla 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article focuses on the micro-narratives of two individuals whose responses to AIDS were mediated by their sexual identity, AIDS activism and the political context of South Africa during a time of transition. Their experiences were also mediated by well-established metanarratives about AIDS and ‘homosexuality’ created in the USA and the UK which were transplanted and reinforced (with local variations) into South Africa by medico-scientific and political leaders.The nascent process of writing South African AIDS histories provides the opportunity to record responses to AIDS at institutional level, reveal the connections between narratives about AIDS and those responses, and draw on the personal stories of those who were at the nexus of impersonal official responses and the personal politics of AIDS. This article records the experiences of Dennis Sifris, a physician who helped establish one of the first AIDS clinics in South Africa and emptied the dance floors, and Pierre Brouard, a clinical psychologist who was involved in early counselling, support and education initiatives for HIV-positive people, and counselled people about dying, and then about living. Their stories show how, even within government-aligned health care spaces hostile to gay men, they were able to provide support and treatment to people; benefited from international connections with other gay communities; and engaged in socially subversive activities. These oral histories thus provide otherwise hidden insights into the experiences of some gay men at the start of an epidemic that was initially almost exclusively constructed on, and about, gay men’s bodies.