bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renal function and cardiovascular outcomes after living donor nephrectomy in the UK: quality and safety revisited
Authors: Patel Nilay , Mason Phil , Rushton Sally , Hudson Alex , Ploeg Rutger , Friend Peter , Sinha Sanjay , Sullivan Mark 
Published: May 2013

Objective
To determine renal function and cardiovascular outcomes after living donor nephrectomy (LDN).
Living donor kidney transplantation has become established as the treatment of choice for end‐stage renal failure. Benefits to the recipient have to be balanced against perioperative and long‐term health risks to the donor.
Subjects/Patients and Methods
The UK Transplant Registry (UKTR) was used to identify 4586 living donors who had donated a kidney for transplantation in the UK between 2001 and 2008.

This study was conducted with the consent and support of the NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) Kidney and Pancreas Research Group.
Results
The mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) fell from 103 mL/min/1.73 m2 before LDN to 58 mL/min/1.73 m2 1 year after LDN. At 1 year after LDN 60% of donors had a GFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
A GFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 after LDN was associated with older age, females, lower GFR before LDN, White ethnicity, earlier LDN period, unrelated donor type and body mass index of >25 kg/m2.
Over a 2‐year period after LDN there was an overall mortality rate of 0.39%, cardiovascular death in one patient (mortality rate of 0.02%) and a major cardiovascular event rate of 0.44%.
Conclusion
In this study we show that mild renal dysfunction is common after LDN; however, due to the short duration of follow‐up we are unable to comment on whether this subsequently leads to an increased risk of developing of cardiovascular disease.
Image‐directed, tissue‐preserving focal therapy of prostate cancer: a feasibility study of a novel deformable magnetic resonance‐ultrasound (MR‐US) registration system
Authors: Dickinson Louise , Hu Yipeng , Ahmed Hashim U. , Allen Clare , Kirkham Alex P. , Emberton Mark , Barratt Dean 
Published: May 2013

Objective
To evaluate the feasibility of using computer‐assisted, deformable image registration software to enable three‐dimensional (3D), multi‐parametric (mp) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐derived information on tumour location and extent, to inform the planning and conduct of focal high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy.
Patients and Methods
A nested pilot study of 26 consecutive men with a visible discrete focus on mpMRI, correlating with positive histology on transperineal template mapping biopsy, who underwent focal HIFU (Sonablate 500®) within a prospective, Ethics Committee‐approved multicentre trial (‘INDEX’).
Non‐rigid image registration software developed in our institution was used to transfer data on the location and limits of the index lesion as defined by mpMRI.
Manual contouring of the prostate capsule and histologically confirmed MR‐visible lesion was performed preoperatively by a urologist and uro‐radiologist.
A deformable patient‐specific computer model, which captures the location of the target lesion, was automatically generated for each patient and registered to a 3D transrectal ultrasonography (US) volume using a small number (10–20) of manually defined capsule points.
During the focal HIFU, the urologist could add additional sonications after image‐registration if it was felt that the original treatment plan did not cover the lesion sufficiently with a margin.
Results
Prostate capsule and lesion contouring was achieved in <5 min preoperatively. The mean (range) time taken to register images was 6 (3–16) min.
Additional treatment sonications were added in 13 of 26 cases leading to a mean (range) additional treatment time of 45 (9–90) s.
Conclusion
Non‐rigid MR‐US registration is feasible, efficient and can locate lesions on US.
The process has potential for improved accuracy of focal treatments, and improved diagnostic sampling strategies for prostate cancer.
Further work on whether deformable MR‐US registration impacts on efficacy is required.
Donor-specific tolerance induction in organ transplantation via mixed splenocytes chimerism
Authors: Yamazaki S , Kanamoto A , Takayama T 
Published: May 2013

SummaryWe have shown previously that donor-derived splenocytes can replace recipients' bone marrow and induce donor-specific tolerance (DST). We have also shown the usefulness of the chimeric state for the induction of DST. Further analysis of mixed splenocytes chimera, especially the role of each T cells in mixed splenocytes chimera, is indispensable issue for its clinical use. A chimeric state has been shown to achieve long-term survival in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched grafts. The donor-derived splenocytes can replace recipients' bone marrow and induce DST. The long-term survival of allogeneic skin grafts was achieved without immunosuppressants. In this study we show the role of each T cell type in a splenocyte mixed chimera. This review provides a short summary of our original work, adding some supplemental interpretations. Mixed chimerism is thus considered an attractive approach for the induction of DST without the use of immunosuppressants. In this paper, we summarize some of the findings on mixed splenocyte chimeras and review mixed chimerism in recent organ transplantation.
Summer Research Training for Medical Students: Impact on Research Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Black Michelle L. , Curran Maureen C. , Golshan Shahrokh , Daly Rebecca , Depp Colin , Kelly Carolyn , Jeste Dilip V. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThere is a well‐documented shortage of physician researchers, and numerous training programs have been launched to facilitate development of new physician scientists. Short‐term research training programs are the most practical form of research exposure for most medical students, and the summer between their first and second years of medical school is generally the longest period they can devote solely to research. The goal of short‐term training programs is to whet the students’ appetite for research and spark their interest in the field. Relatively little research has been done to test the effectiveness of short‐term research training programs. In an effort to examine short‐term effects of three different NIH‐funded summer research training programs for medical students, we assessed the trainees’ (N = 75) research self‐efficacy prior to and after the programs using an 11‐item scale. These hands‐on training programs combined experiential, didactic, and mentoring elements. The students demonstrated a significant increase in their self‐efficacy for research. Trainees’ gender, ranking of their school, type of research, and specific content of research project did not predict improvement. Effect sizes for different types of items on the scale varied, with the largest gain seen in research methodology and communication of study findings.
PCOR, CER, and CBPR: Alphabet Soup or Complementary Fields of Health Research?
Authors: Burke Jessica G. , Jones Jennifer , Yonas Michael , Guizzetti Lisa , Virata Maria C. , Costlow Monica , Morton Sally C. , Elizabeth Miller 
Published: May 2013

AbstractComparative effectiveness research (CER) and community‐ based participatory research (CBPR) are two fields of research that do not have a history of strong collaboration. However, CER and CBPR researchers could benefit from interdisciplinary collaboration to design and implement relevant, timely, action‐oriented research. This commentary explores field‐specific definitions of stakeholders and then outlines various roles stakeholders might play within grant‐funded research. Questions such as “What stakeholders should be involved?” and “How are stakeholders involved?” are addressed. The goal of this commentary is to highlight how the expertise and experiences of CBPR investigators can enhance the field of CER and to describe strategies for encouraging stakeholder involvement in CER research through the lens of CBPR. It is recommended that a team‐based approach to conducting stakeholder‐engaged CER encourages multiple stakeholders and “end users” to contribute their diverse expertise to the research process and contributes to the development of research with an increased likelihood of improving patient health and healthcare.
Secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding for cirrhotic patients: a multiple‐treatments meta‐analysis
Authors: Shi Ke‐Qing , Liu Wen‐Yue , Pan Zhen‐Zhen , Lin Xian‐Feng , Chen Shao‐Long , Chen Yong‐Ping , Fan Yu‐Chen , Zheng Ming‐Hua 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate comprehensively the effects of 12 prophylaxis interventions for secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding using multiple‐treatments meta‐analysis.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched prior to November 2011. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the interventions for secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. The primary study outcomes were variceal rebleeding, mortality due to rebleeding and mortality due to all causes.ResultsWe systematically reviewed 51 RCTs. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), β‐blockers combined with endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) and endoscopic banding ligation (EBL) combined with EIS were superior to β‐blockers [odds ratios (OR) 0·13, 0·23 and 0·13, respectively] and EIS (0·19, 0·34 and 0·18, respectively) in reducing the rate of rebleeding. To reduce the mortality rate due to rebleeding, TIPS was more efficacious than β‐blockers (0·11), EBL (0·13), EIS (0·19), β‐blockers combined with isosorbide‐5‐mononitrate (5‐ISMN) (0·16) and β‐blockers combined with EIS (0·14). In addition, β‐blockers combined with 5‐ISMN were significantly more efficacious than β‐blockers (0·56) and EBL (0·64) to reduce the mortality rate due to all causes. EBL combined with argon plasma coagulation showed the best profile of reduction in rebleeding rate and mortality rate due to all causes. To reduce the mortality rate due to rebleeding, TIPS had the highest probability. EBL combined with EIS was the best choice according to the cumulative probabilities of being among the three most efficacious interventions for the three outcomes.ConclusionsEndoscopic banding ligation combined with EIS might be the first choice in the secondary prophylaxis of varices bleeding.
Rostroventrolateral medulla neurons with commissural projections provide input to sympathetic premotor neurons: anatomical and functional evidence
Authors: Turner Anita , Kumar Natasha , Farnham Melissa , Lung Mandy , Pilowsky Paul , McMullan Simon 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe activity of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is critical for the generation of vasomotor sympathetic tone. Multiple pre‐sympathetic pathways converge on spinally projecting RVLM neurons, but the origin and circumstances in which such inputs are active are poorly understood. We have previously shown that input from the contralateral brainstem contributes to the baseline activity of this population: in the current study we investigate the distribution, phenotype and functional properties of RVLM neurons with commissural projections in the rat. We firstly used retrograde transport of fluorescent microspheres to identify neurons that project to the contralateral RVLM. Labelled neurons were prominent in a longitudinal column that extended over 1 mm caudal from the facial nucleus and contained hybridisation products indicating enkephalin (27%), GABA (15%) and adrenaline (3%) synthesis and included 6% of bulbospinal neurons identified by transport of cholera toxin B. Anterograde transport of fluorescent dextran‐conjugate from the contralateral RVLM revealed extensive inputs throughout the RVLM that frequently terminated in close apposition with catecholaminergic and bulbospinal neurons. In urethane‐anaesthetised rats we verified that 28/37 neurons antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of the contralateral pressor region were spontaneously active, of which 13 had activity locked to central respiratory drive and 15 displayed ongoing tonic discharge. In six tonically active neurons sympathoexcitatory roles were indicated by spike‐triggered averages of splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity. We conclude that neurons in the RVLM project to the contralateral brainstem, form synapses with sympathetic premotor neurons, and have functional properties consistent with sympthoexcitatory function.
The orbitofrontal cortex regulates outcome‐based decision‐making via the lateral striatum
Authors: Gourley Shannon L. , Olevska Anastasia , Zimmermann Kelsey S. , Ressler Kerry J. , DiLeone Ralph J. , Taylor Jane R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe orbitofrontal cortex (oPFC) sends substantial projections to the ventrolateral striatum and aspects of the nucleus accumbens that are, functionally, poorly understood. This is despite probable cortico‐striatal involvement in multiple diseases such as addiction and obsessive‐compulsive disorder. Here we surgically disconnected the oPFC from the ventrolateral striatum using unilateral asymmetric lesions in mice and classified instrumental decision‐making strategies. Mice with symmetric lesions that spared one oPFC–striatal network served as controls. As a complementary approach, we selectively knocked down Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) bilaterally in the oPFC and ascertained behavioral and neurobiological consequences within the downstream striatum. oPFC–striatal disconnection and oPFC Bdnf knockdown blocked sensitivity to outcome‐predictive relationships in both food‐reinforced and cocaine‐associated settings. Bdnf knockdown simultaneously regulated striatal BDNF expression, and striatal c‐Fos predicted sensitivity to action–outcome associative contingencies. Previous evidence strongly implicates the dorsolateral striatum in stimulus–response habit formation. Our findings thus provide novel evidence for functional compartmentalisation within the lateral striatum, with the dorsal compartment subserving classical stimulus–response habit systems and a ventral compartment coordinating outcome‐based decision‐making via oPFC interactions. This compartmentalisation may apply to both ‘natural’, as in the case of food‐reinforced behavior, and ‘pathological’, as in the case of cocaine‐seeking, contexts.
In vitro and in vivo models of Huntington's disease show alterations in the endocannabinoid system
Authors: Bari Monica , Battista Natalia , Valenza Marta , Mastrangelo Nicolina , Malaponti Marinella , Catanzaro Giuseppina , Centonze Diego , Finazzi‐Agrò Alessandro , Cattaneo Elena , Maccarrone Mauro 
Published: May 2013

In this study, we analyzed the components of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in R6/2 mice, a widely used model of Huntington's disease (HD). We measured the endogenous content of N‐arachidonoylethanolamine and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol and the activity of their biosynthetic enzymes (N‐acyl‐phosphatidylethanolamine‐hydrolyzing phospholipase D and diacylglycerol lipase, respectively) and hydrolytic enzymes [fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase, respectively] and of their target receptors (type 1 cannabinoid receptor, type 2 cannabinoid receptor, and transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1) in the brains of wild‐type and R6/2 mice of different ages, as well as in the striatum and cortex of 12‐week‐old animals. In addition, we measured FAAH activity in lymphocytes of R6/2 mice. In the whole brains of 12‐week‐old R6/2 mice, we found reductions in N‐acyl‐phosphatidylethanolamine‐hydrolyzing phospholipase D activity, diacylglycerol lipase activity and cannabinoid receptor binding, mostly associated with changes in the striatum but not in the cortex, as well as an increase in 2‐arachidonoylglycerol content as compared with wild‐type littermates, without any other change in ECS elements. Then, our analysis was extended to HD43 cells, an inducible cellular model of HD derived from rat ST14A cells. In both induced and noninduced conditions, we demonstrated a fully functional ECS. Overall, our data suggest that the ECS is differently affected in mouse and human HD, and that HD43 cells are suitable for high‐throughput screening of FAAH‐oriented drugs affecting HD progression.
Evaluation of a river classification system as a conservation measure in the management of Atlantic salmon in Insular Newfoundland
Authors: Veinott G. , Cochrane N. , Dempson J. B. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn an effort to address the decline in abundance of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in insular Newfoundland rivers, resource managers introduced a River Classification System (RCS) in 1999 to assist in the management and conservation of the resource. The RCS set daily and seasonal bag limits in the recreational fishery on a river by river basis. An analysis of the catch and effort data before and after the implementation of the RCS showed an overall decline in the number of retained salmon after the implementation of the RCS, but no change in overall effort. Upon closer examination, it was found that retention increased on Class I rivers, which had the highest allowed retention, but declined on the other class rivers. On one particular river (Harry's River), which alternated classifications from 2007 to 2010, it was found that exploitation rates increased as allowed retention increased. Newfoundland salmon anglers appear to be retention anglers and therefore the RCS was an effective tool for diverting catch and effort to specific rivers by changing retention limits.
The impact of climate change measured at relevant spatial scales: new hope for tropical lizards
Authors: Logan Michael L. , Huynh Ryan K. , Precious Rachel A. , Calsbeek Ryan G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMuch attention has been given to recent predictions that widespread extinctions of tropical ectotherms, and tropical forest lizards in particular, will result from anthropogenic climate change. Most of these predictions, however, are based on environmental temperature data measured at a maximum resolution of 1 km2, whereas individuals of most species experience thermal variation on a much finer scale. To address this disconnect, we combined thermal performance curves for five populations of Anolis lizard from the Bay Islands of Honduras with high‐resolution temperature distributions generated from physical models. Previous research has suggested that open‐habitat species are likely to invade forest habitat and drive forest species to extinction. We test this hypothesis, and compare the vulnerabilities of closely related, but allopatric, forest species. Our data suggest that the open‐habitat populations we studied will not invade forest habitat and may actually benefit from predicted warming for many decades. Conversely, one of the forest species we studied should experience reduced activity time as a result of warming, while two others are unlikely to experience a significant decline in performance. Our results suggest that global‐scale predictions generated using low‐resolution temperature data may overestimate the vulnerability of many tropical ectotherms to climate change.
DWELLING WITHIN: THE INHABITED RUINS OF HISTORY1
Authors: GAFIJCZUK DARIUSZ 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTAddressing the recent call to rethink history as a form of presence, the essay works toward a recovery of a space in which such presence of history is encoded. I argue that history as a form of active perception is akin to virtual witnessing of the past in the moment of our encounter with historical artifacts, be they texts, photographs, or buildings.To this end, I engage with the conceptual and material aspects of historical perception, deriving a model of history as “inhabited ruins,” the way it emerges together with historical consciousness and finds an especially dynamic expression in Georg Simmel's philosophy of culture. Throughout, I work with the notion of distance and trans‐dimensional presence as the forces that shape and reshape historical awareness.Ruins, intimately connected to the modern historical imagination, are approached not as sites of commemoration or nostalgia, but as spaces of active exchange between presence and disappearance. As such, they are taken to be the models for the transitive character of history itself, blurring the division between perception and thought. In other words, ruins are taken as structures that evoke and summon the past to an encounter with contemporary reality—a type of co‐appearance that opens the possibility of virtually witnessing the past. I conclude that the logic of “inhabited ruins” constitutes the event‐horizon of modern identity, always placing history right at the threshold of fragmentation.
POSSIBILITIES IN “A THOROUGHLY HISTORICAL WORLD”: MISSING HAYDEN WHITE'S MISSED CONNECTIONS
Authors: Roberts David D. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis article assesses Herman Paul's intellectual biography of Hayden White, the most important figure in the philosophy of history of the past half century. Offering a clear overview of White's career and contribution, Paul's account proceeds chronologically from the 1950s to the present, distinguishing the phases of White's career, but convincingly pinpointing an abiding core of concerns around an existentialist and liberationist humanism. In that light, White sought to show the way beyond historiographical realism to more innovative approaches—ideally to serve progressive politics. Paul notes, however, that White failed to connect with most mainstream historians, and Paul's account is not sufficiently probing and critical to explore the gulf. Indeed, following White, Paul is too prone to take White's particular liberationist agenda as the only alternative to a conservative, passive realism—and thereby to gloss over alternative ways of conceiving the postrealist cultural space. Moreover, Paul fails to note White's tendency sometimes to imply that mainstream history claims more than it does, and sometimes to denigrate prejudicially what it in fact does, or could do. Although much of White's challenge could have been especially salutary, he tended toward mischaracterizations that fostered polarization in the historical discipline and reinforced prejudicial understandings of historiography in the wider culture. Paul's overview provides a useful, and in many ways exemplary, introduction to White's legacy, but it is too deferential to provide a convincing overall critical assessment.