bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Seed of the World
Authors: Greenham David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates an often overlooked transatlantic origin for Emerson’s conceptualization of nature, which is also a crucial marker in the genealogy of the Anthropocene: the binary distinction between man and nature that emerged in the writings of the pre-Socratics, whose work Emerson sees as the “Seed of the World.” Emerson scholars have unearthed numerous transatlantic strata of Emerson’s thought and writings, whether Platonic, Neoplatonic, Puritan, Empiricist, Scotch Common Sense, Eclectic, or Romantic. However, prior to these layers of influence pre-Socratic thought provides a philosophical origin story to the distinction between matter and spirit that divides man from nature, and represents the deepest, perhaps most stable layer of Emerson’s intellectual evolution. The pre-Socratics give shape and structure to an Anthropocenic conception of man’s place in the cosmos that Emerson inherits, exploits, and bequeaths to nineteenth-century American literature and culture through his symbolic literary theory and practice.
“Nature Abhors the Old”
Authors: Edelstein Sari 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter reads Emersonian Transcendentalism as a youth discourse in which the perpetual specter of age threatens to rupture the power of autonomous white masculinity. Beyond the embrace of youth and childhood characteristic of Romanticism, Emerson’s journals and most canonical works, including “The American Scholar” and “Self-Reliance,” position old age as the opponent of individualism and independence, thus setting the terms for neoliberal notions of successful aging. Later in his career, in essays such as “Circles,” Emerson seeks to reconcile himself with the phenomenon of aging, often fantasizing about how to extend youth into old age or how to delay or even circumvent the material realities of aging. Reading Emerson’s work in the wake of critical age studies and disability studies, this chapter exposes his Transcendental thinking as a key discursive force in the production of the age norms that anchor industrial capitalism.
Editing Emerson
Authors: Bosco Ronald A. , Myerson Joel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Even prior to Emerson’s death in 1882, the editorial history of Emerson’s writings—including his essays, poems, lectures, letters, and journals—is a story involving the work of many scholars, friends of Emerson, and family members. The Emerson family’s stewardship ensured publication of the many modern editorial projects that have appeared in their current, comprehensive forms. New editions of the major works, edited according to modern textual practices, were produced between 1979 and 2015. This essay discusses the editing of Emerson’s printed texts and his letters, sermons, lectures, journals and notebooks, and family papers, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century and up to the present.
The “Arch-Abolitionist”
Authors: Clark Prentiss 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Much has been written about Emerson’s supposed coldness and failure to reciprocate the affections of friends and family. Much also has been written about Emerson’s reverence for friendship and about the relationships that shaped his life and thought. Less has been written about Emerson and love. Yet love appears throughout his oeuvre, often in surprising ways and in pivotal places. This essay draws from Emerson’s sermons, journals, lectures, and essays to show how love expresses itself in his thinking, writing, and living. More particularly, this essay recounts his sense of the relationship between love, perception, and building a juster world. Present from first to last, and particularly notable in Nature (1836), “Love” (1838, 1841), “Politics” (1844), and lectures from the 1850s and 1860s, love, for Emerson, is a transformative power at once deeply personal and broadly social. “For the arch-abolitionist,” he declares, “… is love, whose other name is justice” (CW 10:393).
Internationalization versus Regionalization of Post-Socialist Firms’ Global Value Chains
Authors: Garanina Olga , Ermolaeva Liubov , Klishevich Daria , Panibratov Andrei 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the regionalization strategies of firms in the post-socialist space and uncovers the opportunities presented and the barriers to the global development of value chains within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Although the home region is considered a space for the development of firms’ competitive advantages, because of the similar political and economic interests of the cooperating states, the centrifugal forces inside the integrational bloc, together with external pressure such as sanctions, can inflame additional challenges for multinational enterprises. The chapter reveals specific challenges for the development of producer-driven value chains in the EAEU due to member states’ significant dependence on foreign technologies and investments, a contradictory policy of “parallel import” and import substitution, and the economic interests of the member states. Nevertheless, the prospects of consumer-driven value chains are encouraging. The chapter encourages further investigation of the regional value chains and regionalization strategies of companies in the post-socialist space in response to multiple challenges they face.
North America and the World, Late Seventeenth to Mid-Eighteenth Century
Authors: Mapp Paul 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter uses a set of temporal contrasts in the relation between North America and the larger world to highlight the stakes of the Seven Years’ War for the continent and its inhabitants. It discusses developments such as population growth in Eurasia and eastern North America, the westward movement of European exploration and trade, converging commercial and imperial interests in the North Pacific, and the growing military advantages of settled manufacturing peoples from North America to Central Asia to open larger interpretive questions of contingency, tendency, and foresight. In particular, the chapter explores the notion of power, distinguishing between the actual power of seventeenth and eighteenth-century Indigenous peoples highlighted by many current scholars, and the latent power of Euro-American peoples and empires implicit in the writings of historical figures like Benjamin Franklin, Frederick the Great, the marquis de la Galissonière, and Thomas Vélez Cachupín.
War in North America
Authors: Hinderaker Eric 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the progress and outcomes of the Seven Years’ War in North America, with an emphasis on the role of Indigenous combatants. The hybrid military culture of New France was decisive in the early engagements of the war. Deteriorating French alliances with Indigenous nations, coupled with strengthened British-Indigenous alliances and the British colonies’ large demographic advantage, tipped the balance to Britain and decided the outcome in North America. In the postwar settlement, France and Spain ceded all their lands east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain. For French officials, the defeat was a humiliation that led to corruption trials against leading veterans. For Britain, the war set the stage for new pressures on North American lands. War veterans led many initiatives to establish new settlements. These pressures were one key factor contributing to the breakdown of the British empire in mainland North America.
War in the Caribbean
Authors: Schnakenbourg Éric 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Caribbean became a theatre of war from 1758 onward. The British conquered Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762. When peace negotiations began, the Great Britain domestic lobbies struggled to decide which conquest had to be kept: Guadeloupe or Canada. Finally, French recovered Guadeloupe and won Saint Lucia, whereas the British acquired the other former neutral islands and kept Canada. The Seven Years’ War in the Caribbean must also be considered from the point of view of the populations. The enslaved people experienced a hard time during the war. The Macandal poisoning affair in Saint Domingue, and Tacky’s Revolt in Jamaica led to a worsening of the living conditions of slaves in following decades. Finally, whether in terms of relations between the great imperial powers or between masters and slaves, the Seven Years’ War in the Caribbean Indies was a time of implementation of new balances of power.
French Canadian and British Attitudes toward Governance in Post-Conquest Quebec
Authors: Christie Nancy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter revises a long-standing historiography that has viewed British attitudes to the French Canadians as largely humane and accommodating, showing rather that French Canadians were viewed by British conquerors as permanent enemies and policies were implemented to exclude them from government offices and trade. Pontiac’s War was a turning point in exacerbating tensions with the Canadian population, who were thereafter seen as seeking to destabilize British hegemony in the interior of North America. Given this context, the concessions granted by the Quebec Act in 1774 preserving French civil law and Catholicism were granted merely to conciliate the Canadian majority out of fear of revolt. Limited in nature, these measures were only instituted to adhere to the provisions of the Treaty of Paris and assuage Canadian elites. The result of these concessions was the alienation of ordinary Canadians, who above all desired an elected assembly, as did the English merchants.
Manpower
Authors: Dziennik Matthew 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The states that fought the Seven Years’ War were vast consumers of manpower. When desertion and disease could reduce armies by almost 20 percent per year even without the risk of combat, the need for manpower was a constant. European, American, African, and Asian empires all confronted this issue in different ways, but there was an unquestionable trend toward new and innovative ways of mobilizing, disciplining, and deploying armed force. This applied not only to the soldiers of the state’s home territories but also to foreign auxiliaries and, crucially, women and camp followers on whose labor armies depended. Approaching the mobilization of manpower through the lens of labor history allows historians to blur the gendered assumptions of military service and reveal the transformative and global aspects of the Seven Years’ War.
Maritime Warfare and the Expansion of British Seapower in the Seven Years’ War
Authors: Brinkman Anna 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of seapower and maritime strategic thinking during the Seven Years’ War. It looks at how British seapower expanded during the conflict and the effect this had on the balance of power between the British, French, and Spanish empires. The chapter uses the British capture of Louisbourg to demonstrate a classical understanding of seapower and how it was employed during the eighteenth century by France and Britain to wage global and colonial wars. It then explores the role of international law and neutral rights in the shaping and expansion of British seapower. British, French, Spanish, and Dutch maritime strategic thinking was influenced by considerations of neutrality and the effect neutral rights had on the belligerents' ability to undertake commerce predation. Britain’s ability to shape and curtail neutral rights through the prize court system and diplomatic negotiations had a long-lasting effect on maritime warfare between European nations.
Luxury and Consumption
Authors: DuPlessis Robert S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Scholars identify the mid-eighteenth century as the turning point in the “consumer revolution” that transformed engagement with, marketing of, and behavior regarding consumer goods while triggering equally major sociocultural, economic, and political changes. This chapter focuses on consumption of novel imported foodstuffs and manufactures in Britain, France, the Dutch Republic, their colonies, and their North American and Atlantic African trading partners. It argues that the Seven Years’ War had minimal and transitory effects on the decades-old upward trajectory of provision of and demand for consumer goods. In contrast, wartime and postwar politico-economic reforms, entry of new producers, and fresh investment accelerated supply and uptake, particularly in areas outside Northwestern Europe and North America. Within that North Atlantic consumer revolution core, postwar economic and political developments laid the groundwork for the Industrial, American, and French revolutions.
The Economic and Financial Consequences of the Seven Years’ War in Europe
Authors: Covo Manuel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a survey of the economic and financial consequences of the Seven Years’ War in Europe. The devastations in Prussia and Austria were only the most direct and visible consequences of the war, but trade and, to a lesser extent, industry were also affected on a European scale. Even more important, the massive wartime mobilization of economic and financial resources profoundly destabilized the foundations of European monarchies. The difficulties of the postwar era intensified a continental political economy debate from which administrators drew inspiration. The cost of war created tensions between the governments and the governed, as swelling public debts led to excessively unpopular reforms and the rocky reconfiguration of imperial states. The financial ramifications of the Seven Years’ War created an explosive context that proved crucial to the British imperial crisis and the forthcoming gathering of Estate Generals in France.
Machine Learning in Chinese Courts
Authors: Wang Nyu , Tian Michael Yuan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on core machine learning (ML) technologies such as Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) technology in the context of how Chinese courts have sought to improve court efficiency and reduce the pressures on an understaffed judiciary through such technologies. In addition, this chapter touches on recent advancements in generative artificial intelligence and large language models (LLMs). There are many concerns about using novel technologies, including general-purpose LLMs in the trial process. However, legal LLMs developed by Chinese academia and companies specifically for the Chinese legal domain seek to avoid some of these pitfalls, which reflects the global development of specialized industry-tailored language models. Social justice challenges and future research regarding the use of ML in judicial systems are also reviewed in this chapter.
Emotions and Economic Crises
Authors: Widmaier Wesley W. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Emotions drive economic manias and crises; crises in turn spur policy reactions—and often, overreactions. Yet, international political economy (IPE) and economics scholarships often obscure such emotional contexts. This reflects the influence of rationalist assumptions, which hold that agents employ all available information in forming consistent preferences. To the extent that these assumptions limit emotions to an “error term,” they reduce crises to “exogenous shocks” and cast their effects as spurring efficient, self-stabilizing adjustments. To offer a broader perspective, this chapter posits that an analytic stress on emotions promises insight into the endogenous causes of crises and post-crisis policy overreactions. Highlighting these insights, it offers an analysis of the endogenous, affective causes of the Global Financial Crisis and, in turn, Obama’s evolving constructions of the crisis, in which his increasing repression of emotion from debate facilitated populist backlash. The chapter concludes by arguing that emotional engagement stands to enable more pragmatic policymaking.
Maine de Biran and the Legacy of Ideology
Authors: Devarieux Anne 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article shows how Biran came into his own as a philosopher in breaking with the Condillac-influenced Ideological school in its rational (Destutt de Tracy) and medical forms (P.-J.-G. Cabanis). The identification of ‘effort’ as a primitive relation overturned Condillac’s doctrine of transformed sensation and inaugurated a new metaphysics of inner experience that, in turn, required a transformation of traditional metaphysical vocabulary. The chapter assesses Biran’s dialogue with his two Ideologists’ forebears over the key issues of movement and sensibility. In replacing the sensation of movement (Tracy) with effort, and unconscious sensibility (Cabanis) with inner affect, Biran is original in two ways: not only does he forge the syntagm ‘le corps propre’ in order to bring the body into that primitive relation that constitutes consciousness, but he also brings to light an interiority irreducible to the interiority of consciousness.
The Concrete and the Abstract in Modern French Philosophy
Authors: Bianco Giuseppe 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In order to explain the importance of the concrete/abstract opposition in nineteenth- and twentieth-century French philosophy, this chapter starts by taking into account the attacks against nineteenth-century French spiritualism’s abstraction to show how this transformed the opposition. It then reconstructs the diffusion of American pragmatism and Neo-Hegelianism in France between 1900 and 1920, with the aim of sketching the additional resignifications of the opposition. It explains how and why, during the 1930s, a new intellectual cohort violently attacked ‘abstraction’ and ‘idealism’ and popularized the term ‘concrete’, which was, by then, coagulating several semantic layers stratified since early modernity. Finally, the conclusion tries to provide some reasons for the disappearance of the term ‘concrete’ in French philosophy starting from the 1960s.
Historical Epistemology
Authors: Chimisso Cristina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This article examines the French tradition in philosophy of science called historical epistemology. It considers not only the philosophies of Gaston Bachelard and Georges Canguilhem, but also the diverse positions of Léon Brunschvicg, Hélène Metzger, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, Abel Rey, Alexandre Koyré, and Émile Meyerson on a number of epistemological and historiographical questions, including epistemological breaks, epistemological obstacles, scientific revolutions, and the roles of rationality and emotions in science. It argues that a broader approach to the understanding of historical epistemology beyond the customary focus on Bachelard and Canguilhem, and a consideration of the oft-neglected differences between these two philosophers, show a richer and more diverse tradition, uncover hidden legacies, including in Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy, and crucially will provide current philosophers with a wealth of ideas and intellectual tools.
Eclecticism and Its Discontents
Authors: Antoine-Mahut Delphine 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Although it has been promoted within a philosophical tradition since Antiquity, one which, in the eighteenth century, came to designate the free-thinking characteristic of the Enlightenment, eclecticism has been severely criticized since Victor Cousin’s reinstatement of it in nineteenth-century France. This article returns to nineteenth-century French eclecticism and to its polemical interactions with its opponents in order to explain why the eclectic method, which was supposed to serve the new ‘spiritualist’ philosophy, served to make nineteenth-century French philosophy a kind of philosophical no-man’s-land between British ‘empiricism’ and German ‘idealism’. In this way, the chapter seeks to reveal what eclecticism is likely to teach us about our practices as historians of philosophy today, in spite of Cousin but also thanks to him.
Irigaray and Feminism in French Philosophy after Beauvoir
Authors: Jones Rachel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a route through feminism in French philosophy after Beauvoir. The first section outlines one possible answer to what a specifically feminist approach to philosophy might involve, focusing on the philosophy of sexual difference developed by Luce Irigaray and making connections to the work of Julia Kristeva and Hélène Cixous. The second section expands on Irigaray’s transformative engagement with the history of philosophy by discussing what Penelope Deutscher describes as the generatively ‘maverick’ interventions of thinkers such as Michèle Le Doeuff, Sarah Kofman, Nicole Loraux, Barbara Cassin, and Monique David-Ménard. The final section centres work at the intersections of gender and race along with post- and decolonial feminist thought.
Descartes in Modern French Philosophy
Authors: Gadberry Andrea 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of Descartes in the histories of philosophy of Victor Cousin and Lucien Lévy-Bruhl and concludes with a look at the mid-twentieth-century Descartes of Jean-Paul Sartre. Establishing Descartes as a national figure and as the beginning of modern philosophical history itself, both Cousin and Lévy-Bruhl convey a problem wherein ‘Descartes’ comes to operate as an ‘illusion without an owner’ and represents a concept so powerful it both exceeds the necessity of reading and undergirds the schemata of both figures’ later work. The chapter examines how these later authors furnish a voluntary ‘belief’ in ‘Descartes’, held apart from his seventeenth-century texts. After showing how Descartes’ illusory function extends to philosophy in the epoch of its own redistribution into other disciplines, the chapter looks to the limits of Cartesian freedom in Jean-Paul Sartre’s continuation of the ‘Descartes’ of ‘Frenchmen’.
Marx in Modern French Philosophy
Authors: Fischbach Franck 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by outlining how Marx’s thought was received in France before the 1930s, before then turning to focus on the different ways in which reference to Marx gave rise to original developments within French philosophy in three main areas of the discipline: phenomenology (in Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and Henry), together with the philosophers of ‘difference’ (in Derrida, Foucault, and Deleuze), epistemology (in Althusser and Desanti) and political thought (in Castoriadis and Lefort). Beyond the various differences and oppositions that can be discerned between these traditions of thought, the chapter shows how reference to Marx equally informed a questioning of the relationship between philosophy and the social sciences.
The Question of Habit in Modern French Philosophy
Authors: Sinclair Mark 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how habit has been raised as a question in metaphysics and psychology throughout the modern French philosophical tradition. The issue of habit was already pivotal in eighteenth-century Scottish and French empiricism, but the chapter shows how nineteenth-century French thinkers attempted to give a positive account of what the force of habit is in arguing that it is the condition of repetition rather than its result. Moreover, the chapter shows how French thinkers grant habit a general metaphysical significance in claiming that it can be found throughout the natural world, and not just in the organic and psychological realms. The chapter classifies French approaches as mechanist, vitalist, or animist while arguing that reflection on propensity, tendency, or inclination in habit supports vitalist and, a fortiori, animist approaches. In conclusion, the chapter shows how reflection on tendency in habit leads to a non-linear notion of time as ‘real duration’.