bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in support of the regulation of dispersant use in the Kazakhstan Sector of the Caspian Sea (KSCS)
Authors: Kulekeyev Zh. A. , Nurtayeva G.Kh. , Mustafin E.S. , Pudov A. M. , Zharikessov Gani , Taylor Peter , Taylor Peter Mark , Lewis Alun 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
The use of oil spill dispersants is often regulated by national authorities to ensure that products approved for use as dispersants on spilled oil in national waters are of reasonable effectiveness and of low inherent toxicity. KING (Kazakh Institute of Oil & Gas) undertook a study to assess the use of oil spill dispersants on spilled oils in the Kazakhstan sector of the Caspian Sea (KSCS) to support decision-making for such regulations in the RoK (Republic of Kazakhstan).
The KSCS has some characteristics that are unlike open ocean conditions in other parts of the world; the salinity is much lower than in the open sea. The shallow waters of the northern Caspian Sea have very low salinity (9 psu (practical salinity units) or less) due to the inflow of freshwater from the River Volga, and are frozen in winter. The deeper water in the southern part of the KSCS has a salinity of up to 14 psu. The effectiveness of oil spill dispersants is known to be affected by water salinity.
Different countries around the world have developed different test methods to assess dispersant effectiveness. The project examined the options and decided to modify the WSL (Warren Spring Laboratory) LR 448 dispersant effectiveness test method, as used in the UK. The method was adapted by KING and testing was conducted by Karaganda State University (KSU) to test a variety of dispersants under Caspian Sea conditions. Dispersant effectiveness testing should be conducted with a test oil that is representative of oils that might be spilled in the area being considered. Kashagan crude oil was distilled to 200°C to simulate the evaporative loss that would occur shortly after the oil was spilled at sea and the residue used as the test oil in the dispersant effectiveness testing.
Several commercially-available dispersants were tested using the modified LR 448 method with the 200°C+ Kashagan test oil under a variety of conditions with salinities ranging from 0 psu to 35 psu and at temperatures of 5°C and 25°C. The results indicate that some internationally recognized dispersants could be suitable for use in the KSCS.
Long-Term Fate and Persistence of Oil from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Lessons Learned or History Repeated?
Authors: Boehm Paul D. , Page David S. , Brown John S. , Neff Jerry M. , Gundlach Erich 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFor over 20 years, scientists have studied the shorelines of Prince William Sound (PWS) to understand the distribution, fate, persistence, and bioavailability of Exxon Valdez oil residues that stranded on the shore in 1989. Shoreline surveys in 1989 found that approximately 783 km (16%) of the 4,800 km of the shoreline in PWS, Alaska, and another 1,300 km (13%) of the roughly 10,000 km of shoreline in the western Gulf of Alaska were oiled to varying degrees. The remaining buried subsurface oil (SSO) has been observed on the shorelines in the middle and upper tide zones of a small fraction of the shores where it was originally documented in 1991. Few locations remain with any significant SSO, but the presence of these SSO residues (SSORs) continues to support the hypothesis of continuing harm to wildlife. Our most recent surveys, from 2007–2009, found SSOR in only isolated patches on a very small percentage of shoreline. They were sequestered and largely isolated from the natural weathering processes that would result in their complete and rapid removal. The SSORs are highly weathered and are not accessible or bioavailable to wildlife that forage on the shore. These findings confirm the lessons learned from all previous crude oil spills: 1) weathered SSOR can be sequestered for decades in intertidal sediments at locations where the subsurface water flow required for erosion, dissolution, and biodegradation of the oil is low 2) sequestration limits the exposure of biota to the potentially harmful fractions of the SSO.
Twenty-Four Years of Social Science Research on the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Sociocultural and Psychosocial Impacts in a Commercial Fishing Community
Authors: Gill Duane A. , Picou J. Steven , Ritchie Liesel A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Our paper provides a comprehensive overview of research findings from a unique series of studies examining human impacts of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS). Our focused on Cordova, Alaska—considered ‘ground zero’ for sociocultural and psychosocial impacts from this disaster. During the past 24 years, we used and developed a variety of theoretical and conceptual approaches to frame evolving issues and employed both quantitative and qualitative methodological designs. We used ecological-symbolic theory and the renewable resource community (RRC) concept to frame community, group, and individual responses to this environmental disaster. We also employed social capital theory, the Conservation of Resources (COR) stress model, and key concepts such as recreancy, collective stress, and secondary trauma to explain observed chronic impacts. Findings reveal sociocultural disruption and psychosocial stress and the critical role protracted litigation and prolonged ecological damage had for maintaining community and mental health problems for over two decades. Quantitative data are supported by rich, descriptive qualitative data to deepen the understanding of human impacts. Our discussion summarizes major findings on psychosocial stress and sociocultural disruptions. We note how disruption and stress changed over time, reaching their lowest levels five years after the resolution of litigation, but nonetheless still evident due to a lack of recovery of key ecological resources. Finally, we discuss how these findings can be applied to better understand and mitigate social impacts of future oil spill disasters.
Lessons learned from Offloading Oil from Potentially Polluting Ship Wrecks from World War II in Norwegian Waters.
Authors: Bergstrøm Rune 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Norway has more than 2100 ship wrecks within its territorial waters. They have been classified according to their pollution potential, both from cargo and bunker oils. Most concern has been paid to World War II wrecks with large amounts of bunker oil or oil tankers. 30 high risk wrecks have been monitored since 1993, with concern about corrosion and oil leakage. New knowledge on corrosion status and toxicity of different oil types has radically changed the priority list for which ships will be handled first. The Norwegian Coastal Administration, has conducted oil recovery from eight of these ships (30 – 150 meters depth). The amount of oil had been estimated on all ships based mainly on ships' papers, eyewitnesses to the incident and known damage to ships (hits by bombs, torpedoes, etc).
We have tested different oils for their environmental effects to marine organisms. We have also tested for operational purposes in case we have to handle large amounts of oil after a sudden collapse of one or more tanks. The very high toxicity effects on marine environments from some German oils (coal based) compared to British oils (mineral oils) is important new information that will alter the priority list for oil recovery from World War II ships. The methods for hot tapping have also been developed and refined during the different operations. This brings the time and cost of each operation down significantly. The use of highly experienced personnel and standardized equipment from the off-shore oil industry contributes to the same.
Modeling Subsurface Dispersant Applications for Response Planning and Preparation
Authors: Crowley Deborah , Mendelsohn Daniel , Mulanaphy Nicole Whittier , Li Zhengkai , Spaulding Malcolm 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe increase in oil and gas development activity at increasing water depths has highlighted the need for modeling tools to evaluate the unique aspects of accidental deepwater releases, one aspect being the need to assess the impact of subsurface dispersant application to a deepwater blowout. In response to this need, the effect of subsurface dispersant application has been implemented within RPS ASA's blowout model OILMAPDeep. OILMAPDeep was developed to simulate deepwater blowout releases; it predicts the evolution and characteristics of the subsurface plume and estimates the oil droplet size distribution associated with the release. The droplet size distribution dictates the vertical transport of oil within the water column, and impacts the relative volume anticipated to either surface or remain trapped in the water column. Droplet sizes are primarily a function of the energy of the release and the oil-water interfacial tension. The energy of the release is characterized by a reference velocity, typically the exit velocity, and the oil-water interfacial tension as a function of the oil properties. Dispersants mixed with oil reduce the oil-water interfacial tension, which in turn reduces the droplet sizes associated with treated releases serving to delay or eliminate surfacing oil. The present model implementation takes advantage of recent studies that have quantitatively assessed the relationship between the dispersant to oil ratio and surface tension.Here we present a background of the OILMAPDeep module, the governing physical processes of droplet formation, and the relationship between dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR) and droplet size formation as characterized in the model. A description of the model implementation including model inputs and outputs are provided. Furthermore a set of scenarios are presented that demonstrate the model's capabilities for planning and preparing response activities in the event of a potential oil well blowout. This paper shows how the implementation of subsurface dispersant application within OILMAPDeep provides an effective means of evaluating potential response activities associated with subsurface dispersant application to a deepwater blowout. This includes evaluating the effect of subsurface dispersant application on droplet size distribution, and the ultimate impact on the timing, location and the relative volume of surfacing oil.
Modification of NOAA's National Guidelines for Oiled Marine Mammal Response as a Consequence of the Macondo/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Authors: Ziccardi Michael , Wilkin Sarah , Rowles Teresa 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
The Macondo/Deepwater Horizon response was the United States' first Spill of National Significance and, as such, had significant challenges over a “normal” oil spill response effort. One complex issue in this response was the potential for a large numbers of cetaceans (dolphins and whales), manatees, and sea turtles to be impacted by the oil, as these animals were abundant in the area of oil and at great risk because of their life history, including large amounts of time spent at the surface. To address this risk and provide for response for these species, the Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle (MMST) Group within the Wildlife Branch officially became operational on April 30, 2010, enhancing the operations of the pre-existing marine mammal and sea turtle stranding response network in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Throughout the response, the Group used previously-developed National Guidelines for Oiled Marine Mammal Response, drafted in 2005, to help focus animal collection and care activities in the field as well as within established facilities and to direct collection of samples and data for assessment of the impacts of the spill, with potential use by resource trustees in criminal and civil litigation. While having pre-existing, reviewed and approved protocols to refer to greatly improved response efficiency, significant gaps became apparent in this protocol document due to the challenges associated with coordination across such a complex response and the lack of previous knowledge on how oil can affect the species impacted. Since the conclusion of the MMST effort, NOAA and associated experts have revised and updated this document to institute a more robust command-and-control system within the Wildlife Branch, to better delineate roles and responsibilities for personnel involved in future oiled marine mammal responses, and to provide more detailed information to allow local regions to better prepare for recovering and caring for pinnipeds and cetaceans should they be affected. This paper will detail these changes to this aspect of the Wildlife Branch, and provide attendees a better appreciation for what readiness and training marine mammal responders will be striving towards for future responses.
The history of calculus mendax and the following surgery on the prostate
Authors: Szarszewski Adam , Gulczyński Jacek 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn this paper we would like to present probably the first surgery performed on the prostate gland followed by microscopic analysis of the obtained tumor tissue sample. We based on the existing correspondence between Ludwig von Hammen and Johann N. Pechlin, and their successors in this field as well. Von Hammen seems to be a pioneer in the area of not only urological surgery but in directing this part of medical practice from “lithotomists” to physicians, much better educated than barbers in physiology but first of all in anatomy. This 17th century physician from Gdansk tried to set new standards both for surgical medical practice but histopathological examination of the excised material as well. Due to the change of the operational skills and procedures von Hammen's work got almost forgotten, but remains remembered due to the work of historians of the medicine from following centuries. Prostate 74:1465–1470, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serenoa repens, lycopene and selenium versus tamsulosin for the treatment of LUTS/BPH. An Italian multicenter double‐blinded randomized study between single or combination therapy (PROCOMB trial)
Authors: Morgia Giuseppe , Russo Giorgio I. , Voce Salvatore , Palmieri Fabiano , Gentile Marcello , Giannantoni Antonella , Blefari Franco , Carini Marco , Minervini Andrea , Ginepri Andrea , Salvia Giuseppe , Vespasiani Giuseppe , Santelli Giorgio , Cimino Sebastiano , Allegro Rosalinda , Collura Zaira , Fragalà Eugenia , Arnone Salvatore , Pareo Rosaria M. 
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUNDPhytotherapy has been used to treat patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of combination therapy between Serenoa Repens (SeR), Lycopene (Ly), and Selenium (Se) + tamsulosin versus single therapies.METHODSPROCOMB trial (ISRCTN78639965) was a randomized double‐blinded, double‐dummy multicenter study of 225 patients between 55 and 80 years old, PSA ≤ 4 ng/ml, IPSS ≥12, prostate volume ≤60 cc, Qmax ≤15 ml/sec, postvoid residual urine (PVR) <150 ml. Participants were randomized group A (SeR‐Se‐Ly), group B (tamsulosin 0.4 mg), group C (SeR‐Se‐Ly + tamsulosin 0.4 mg). The primary endpoints of the study were the reduction of IPSS, PVR, and increase of Qmax in group C versus monotherapy groups.RESULTSThe decrease for combination therapy was significantly greater versus group A (P < 0.05) and group B (P < 0.01) for IPSS and versus group A (P < 0.01) for PVR from baseline to 6 months. A greater decrease in IPSS was observed for Group C versus group A (P < 0.01) and increase in Qmax versus group B (P < 0.01), from 6 months to 12 months. At one year, the changes of IPSS and Qmax were greater for Group C versus monotherapies (each comparison <0.05). The proportions of men with a decrease of at least three points (each comparison P < 0.05) and decrease of 25% for IPSS (each comparison P < 0.01) were greater for Group C.CONCLUSIONSeR‐Se‐Ly + tamsulosin therapy is more effective than single therapies in improving IPSS and increasing Qmax in patients with LUTS. Prostate 74:1471–1480, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abrogation of radioresistance in glioblastoma stem‐like cells by inhibition of ATM kinase
Authors: Carruthers Ross , Ahmed Shafiq U. , Strathdee Karen , Gomez-Roman Natividad , Amoah-Buahin Evelyn , Watts Colin , Chalmers Anthony J. 
Published: August 2014

Resistance to radiotherapy in glioblastoma (GBM) is an important clinical problem and several authors have attributed this to a subpopulation of GBM cancer stem cells (CSCs) which may be responsible for tumour recurrence following treatment. It is hypothesised that GBM CSCs exhibit upregulated DNA damage responses and are resistant to radiation but the current literature is conflicting. We investigated radioresistance of primary GBM cells grown in stem cell conditions (CSC) compared to paired differentiated tumour cell populations and explored the radiosensitising effects of the ATM inhibitor KU‐55933.We report that GBM CSCs are radioresistant compared to paired differentiated tumour cells as measured by clonogenic assay. GBM CSC's display upregulated phosphorylated DNA damage response proteins and enhanced activation of the G2/M checkpoint following irradiation and repair DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) more efficiently than their differentiated tumour cell counterparts following radiation.Inhibition of ATM kinase by KU‐55933 produced potent radiosensitisation of GBM CSCs (sensitiser enhancement ratios 2.6–3.5) and effectively abrogated the enhanced DSB repair proficiency observed in GBM CSCs at 24 h post irradiation. G2/M checkpoint activation was reduced but not abolished by KU‐55933 in GBM CSCs.ATM kinase inhibition overcomes radioresistance of GBM CSCs and, in combination with conventional therapy, has potential to improve outcomes for patients with GBM.
Comparative analysis of operation strategies in schedule design for a fixed bus route
Authors: Wu Yinghui , Tang Jiafu , Luo Xinggang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper proposes a general model for the bus route schedule design (BRSD) problem considering the uncertainty in the bus travel times to minimize the expected total schedule deviation from a reliability standpoint. The preferences of bus operators are considered in the objective function. Based on the general model, four stochastic linear programming models are subsequently developed by successively incorporating different operation strategies; they include (1) no control strategy (NCS), (2) bus drivers’ schedule recovery (DSR), (3) holding control strategy (HCS), and (4) both DSR and HCS (BRHS). Then, a Monte Carlo simulation based solution method is designed to solve these four models, respectively. Finally, numerical tests based on a real bus route are used for a comparative analysis of different operation strategies used in the BRSD. The results show that HCS and BRHS outperform other operation strategies in terms of the schedule deviation of the buses. Interestingly, HCS performs slightly better than BRHS when bus operators assume that later arrival at scheduled point is more harmful than earlier arrival. Compared to NCS, HCS can save objective function approximately 67.9% in all cases. In addition, operation strategies that could better fit a particular scenario are suggested.
Multiattribute decision making based on intuitionistic fuzzy interaction average operators: a comparison
Authors: Yu Dejian 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper proposes a new family of intuitionistic fuzzy information aggregation operators for multiattribute decision making. Such aggregate operators provide an excellent complement to the existing ones. In this study, comparison with existing intuitionistic fuzzy aggregation operators is presented in detail. Properties and special cases of the proposed operators are investigated. Finally, we introduce an approach to intuitionistic fuzzy multiattribute decision making. An example of the recruitment of intern candidates is illustrated to show the feasibility and superiority of the proposed method.
A two dimensional silicon detectors array for quality assurance in stereotactic radiotherapy: MagicPlate‐512
Authors: Aldosari A. H. , Petasecca M. , Espinoza A. , Newall M. , Fuduli I. , Porumb C. , Alshaikh S. , Alrowaili Z. A. , Weaver M. , Metcalfe P. , Carolan M. , Lerch M. L. F. , Perevertaylo V. , Rosenfeld A. B. 
Published: August 2014

Purpose:Silicon diode arrays are commonly implemented in radiation therapy quality assurance applications as they have a number of advantages including: real time operation (compared to the film) and high spatial resolution, large dynamic range and small size (compared to ionizing chambers). Most diode arrays have detector pitch that is too coarse for routine use in small field applications. The goal of this work is to characterize the two‐dimensional monolithic silicon diode array named “MagicPlate‐512” (MP512) designed for QA in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and stereotactic radio surgery (SRS).Methods:MP512 is a silicon monolithic detector manufactured on ap‐type substrate. An array contains of 512 pixels with size 0.5 × 0.5 mm2 and pitch 2 mm with an overall dimension of 52 × 52 mm2. The MP512 monolithic detector is wire bonded on a printed circuit board 0.5 mm thick and covered by a thin layer of raisin to preserve the silicon detector from moisture and chemical contamination and to protect the bonding wires. Characterization of the silicon monolithic diode array response was performed, and included pixels response uniformity, dose linearity, percent depth dose, output factor, and beam profiling for beam sizes relevant to SBRT and SRS and depth dose response in comparison with ionization chamber.Results:MP512 shows a good dose linearity (R2 = 0.998) and repeatability within 0.2%. The measured depth dose response for field size of 10 × 10 cm2 agreed to within 1.3%, when compared to a CC13 ionization chamber for depths in PMMA up to 30 cm. The output factor of a 6 MV Varian 2100EX medical linac beam measured by MP512 at the isocenter agrees to within 2% when compared to PTW diamond, Scanditronix point EDD‐2 diode and MOSkin detectors for field sizes down to 1 × 1 cm2. An over response of 4% was observed for square beam size smaller than 1 cm when compared to EBT3 films, while the beam profiles (FWHM) of MP512 match to within 2% the data measured by radiochromic film.Conclusions:The response of the 2D detector array, MP512, has been evaluated. The properties of the array demonstrated suitability for use as in phantom dosimeter for QA in SRS and SBRT. Although MP512 matches film measurements down to 1 × 1 cm2 well, it showed a discrepancy of 4% in the determination of output factors of beams smaller than 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 due to the field perturbation generated by the large amount of silicon surrounding the central diode. MP512 is highly capable of measuring beam size (FWHM) and has a discrepancy of less than 1.3% when compared to EBT3 film. A reduction in the detector pitch to less than 2 mm would improve the penumbra reconstruction accuracy at the cost readout electronics complexity.