bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethanol metabolism and oxidative stress are required for unfolded protein response activation and steatosis in alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Tsedensodnom Orkhontuya , Vacaru Ana M. , Howarth Deanna L. , Yin Chunyue , Sadler Kirsten C. 
Published: June 2013

Summary
Secretory pathway dysfunction and lipid accumulation (steatosis) are the two most common responses of hepatocytes exposed to ethanol and are major factors in the pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, the mechanisms by which ethanol elicits these cellular responses are not fully understood. Recent data indicates that activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in response to secretory pathway dysfunction can cause steatosis. Here, we examined the relationship between alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress, secretory pathway stress and steatosis using zebrafish larvae. We found that ethanol was immediately internalized and metabolized by larvae, such that the internal ethanol concentration in 4 day old larvae equilibrated to 160 mM after 1 hour of exposure to 350 mM ethanol, with an average ethanol metabolism rate of 56 μmol/larva/hour over 32 hours. Blocking alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2e1), the major enzymes that metabolize ethanol, prevented alcohol-induced steatosis and reduced induction of the UPR in the liver. Thus, we conclude that ethanol metabolism causes ALD in zebrafish. Oxidative stress generated by Cyp2e1-mediated ethanol metabolism is proposed to be a major culprit in ALD pathology. We found that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased in larvae exposed to ethanol, while either inhibition of the zebrafish Cyp2e1 homolog or administration of antioxidants reduced ROS levels. Importantly, these treatments also blocked ethanol-induced steatosis and reduced UPR activation, while H2O2 acted as a pro-oxidant that synergized with low doses of ethanol to induce the UPR. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ethanol metabolism and oxidative stress are conserved mechanisms required for the development of steatosis and hepatic dysfunction in ALD, and that these processes contribute to ethanol-induced UPR activation and secretory pathway stress in hepatocytes.
Development of vocalization and hearing in American mink (Neovison vison).
Authors: Brandt Christian , Malmkvist Jens , Nielsen Rasmus L. , Brande-Lavridsen Nanna , Surlykke Annemarie 
Published: June 2013

Summary
American mink (Neovison vison) kits are born altricial and fully dependent 40 on maternal care, for which the kits' vocalisations appear essential. We used Auditory Brainstem Recording (ABR) to determine (1) hearing sensitivity of adult females from two breeding lines known to differ in maternal behaviour and (2) development of hearing in kits 8-52 days of age. We also studied sound production in 20 kits throughout postnatal days 1 to 44. Adult female mink had a broad hearing range from 1 kHz to above 70 kHz, with peak sensitivity (threshold of 20 dB SPL) at 8-10 kHz, and no difference in sensitivity between the two breeding lines (P&gt;0.22) to explain the difference in maternal care. Mink kits showed no signs of hearing up to postnatal day 24. From day 30 all kits had ABRs indicative of hearing. Hearing sensitivity increased with age, but was still below the adult level at postnatal day 52. When separated from their mothers kits vocalized loudly. Until age 22 days, 90% of all kits vocalized with no significant decline with age (P=0.27). From day 25, concurrent with the start of hearing, the number of vocalizing kits decreased with age (P&lt;0.001), in particular in kits that were re-tested (P=0.004). Large numbers of mink are kept in fur industry farms, and our results are important to understand sound communication, which is part of their natural behaviour. Our results also suggest mink as an interesting model for studying development of mammalian hearing and correlation to sound production.
Wet webs work better: Humidity, supercontraction and the performance of spider orb webs
Authors: Boutry Cecilia , Blackledge Todd 
Published: June 2013

Summary
Like many biomaterials, spider silk responds to water through softening and swelling. Major ampullate silk, the main structural element of most prey capture webs, also shrinks dramatically if unrestrained or develops high tension if restrained, a phenomenon called "supercontraction". While supercontraction has been investigated for over 30 years, its consequences for web performance remain controversial. Here, we measure prey capture performance of dry and wet (supercontracted) orb webs of Argiope and Nephila using small wood blocks as prey. Prey capture performance significantly increased at high humidity for Argiope while the improvement was less dramatic for Nephila. This difference is likely due to Argiope silk supercontracting more than Nephila silk. Web deflection, measured as the extension of the web upon prey impact, also increased at high humidity in Argiope, suggesting that silk softening upon supercontraction explains improved performance of wet webs. These results strongly argue that supercontraction is not detrimental to web performance.
Force balance in the take-off of a pierid butterfly: relative importance and timing of leg impulsion and aerodynamic forces
Authors: Bimbard Gaëlle , Kolomenskiy Dmitry , Bouteleux Olivier , Casas Jérôme , Godoy-Diana Ramiro 
Published: June 2013

Summary
Up to now, the take-off stage remains an elusive phase of insect flight relatively poorly explored compared to other maneuvers. An overall assessment of the different mechanisms involved in the force production during take-off has never been explored. Focusing on the first downstroke, we have addressed this problem from a force balance perspective in butterflies taking-off from the ground. In order to determine if the sole aerodynamic wing force could explain the observed motion of the insect, we have firstly compared a simple analytical model of the wings force to the acceleration of the insect's center of mass estimated from video tracking of the wing and body motions. Secondly, the wing kinematics has also been used for numerical simulations of the aerodynamic flow field. Similar wing aerodynamic forces were obtained by the two methods. Both are however not sufficient, nor is the inclusion of the ground effect, to predict faithfully the body acceleration. We have to resort to the legs forces to obtain a fitting model. We show that the median and hind legs display an active extension responsible for the initiation of the upward motion of the insect's body, occurring before the onset of the wing downstroke. We estimate that legs generate, at various times, an upward force which can be much larger than all other forces applied to the insect's body. The relative timing of leg and wing forces explain the large variability of trajectories observed during the maneuvers.
Navigation by environmental geometry: The use of zebrafish as a model
Authors: Lee Sang Ah , Vallortigara Giorgio , Flore Michele , Spelke Elizabeth , Sovrano Valeria A. 
Published: June 2013

Summary
Sensitivity to environmental shape in spatial navigation has been found, at both behavioral and neural levels, in virtually every species tested, starting early in development. Moreover, evidence that genetic deletions can cause selective deficits in such navigation behaviors suggests a genetic basis to navigation by environmental geometry. Nevertheless, the geometric computations underlying navigation have not been specified in any species. The present study teases apart the geometric components within the traditionally used rectangular enclosure and finds that zebrafish selectively represent distance and directional relationships between extended boundary surfaces. Similar behavioral results in geometric navigation tasks with human children provide prima facie evidence for similar underlying cognitive computations and open new doors for probing the genetic foundations that give rise to these computations.
Simple Paper-Based Test for Measuring Blood Hemoglobin Concentration in Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Yang Xiaoxi , Piety Nathaniel Z , Vignes Seth M , Benton Melody S , Kanter Julie , Shevkoplyas Sergey S 
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUNDThe measurement of hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) is performed routinely as a part of a complete blood cell count to evaluate the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Devices currently available to physicians and clinical laboratories for measuring [Hb] are accurate, operate on small samples, and provide results rapidly, but may be prohibitively expensive for resource-limited settings. The unavailability of accurate but inexpensive diagnostic tools often precludes proper diagnosis of anemia in low-income developing countries. Therefore, we developed a simple paper-based assay for measuring [Hb].METHODSA 20-μL droplet of a mixture of blood and Drabkin reagent was deposited onto patterned chromatography paper. The resulting blood stain was digitized with a portable scanner and analyzed. The mean color intensity of the blood stain was used to quantify [Hb]. We compared the performance of the paper-based Hb assay with a hematology analyzer (comparison method) using blood samples from 54 subjects.RESULTSThe values of [Hb] measured by the paper-based assay and the comparison method were highly correlated (R2 = 0.9598); the standard deviation of the difference between the two measurements was 0.62 g/dL. The assay was accurate within 1 g/dL 90.7% of the time, overestimating [Hb] by ≥1 g/dL in 1.9% and underestimating [Hb] by ≥1 g/dL in 7.4% of the subjects.CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrates the feasibility of the paper-based Hb assay. This simple, low-cost test should be useful for diagnosing anemia in resource-limited settings, particularly in the context of care for malaria, HIV, and sickle cell disease patients in sub-Saharan Africa.
Are Trust and Reciprocity Related within Individuals?
Authors: Kovacs Tamas , Willinger Marc 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe provide new evidence about a positive correlation between the own amount sent and the own amount returned in the investment game. Our analysis relies on the experimental data collected under the strategy method. While the percentage returned is independent of the amount received for most of our subjects, it is strongly correlated to their amount sent as a trustor. Our analysis is based on a two-way classification of subjects: according to their trusting type and according to their reciprocal type. We show the existence of a strong positive relation between trusting types and reciprocal types within subjects.
Thermal degradation of epoxy resin grafted with polyurethane
Authors: Song Zhenjiang , Xie Jianliang , Zhou Peiheng , Peng Jianing , Wang Xin , Deng Longjiang 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Epoxy resin grafted with polyurethane was synthesized and characterized through a series of tests. The grafting reactive process between the pendant secondary hydroxyl groups on the side chains of epoxy resin and the isocyanate groups of pre-polyurethane were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermal behavior of the grafted epoxy resin was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis within 40–500°C. The degradation of grafted epoxy resin involved two stages. Microstructures of the polyurethane section and grafted epoxy resin were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Model fitting method was employed to calculate the thermal degradation model of grafted epoxy resin. In this paper, 15 typical kinetic mechanisms were introduced into the model fitting method, such as Coats-Redfern method and Achar-Brindley-Sharp-Wendworth method, to obtain the kinetic function of thermal degradation for grafted epoxy resin.
Influence of fly ash particles on tensile and impact behaviour of aluminium (Al/3Cu/8.5Si) metal matrix composites
Authors: Kumar Krishnan Ravi , Mohanasundaram Kothavady Mylsamy , Subramanian Ramanathan , Anandavel Balasubramaniam 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe present work aimed to study the tensile and impact behaviour of fly ash particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites. Fly ash particles reinforced aluminium (Al/3Cu/8.5Si) matrix composites were fabricated by the stir casting technique. Three different size ranges of fly ash particles (50–75, 75–103 and 103–150 μm) were used. The composites were subjected to tensile and impact tests. The tensile and impact fracture surfaces of the aluminium alloy and composites were investigated using a scanning electron microscope to characterise the fracture mechanism of the composites. The tensile strength of composites increased, while the ductility and impact strength of composites decreased with an increase in fly ash particle content. The fracture surface of the unreinforced material was characterised by uneven distribution of a large number of dimples resulting in ductile failure. In the case of composites, the presence of hard and brittle reinforcement particles in the ductile aluminium matrix places constraints on the plastic flow of the matrix leading to brittle failure with an increase in fly ash particles.
Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: a good and safe primary treatment option for Cushing's disease, even in case of macroadenomas or invasive adenomas
Authors: Wagenmakers M A E M , Boogaarts H D , Roerink S H P P , Timmers H J L M , Stikkelbroeck N M M L , Smit J W A , van Lindert E J , Netea-Maier R T , Grotenhuis J A , Hermus A R M M 
Published: June 2013

ContextAlthough the endoscopic technique of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TS) has been widely adopted, reports on its results in Cushing's disease (CD) are still scarce and no studies have investigated long-term recurrence rates. This is the largest endoscopic series published till now.ObjectiveTo gain insight into the role of endoscopic TS as a primary treatment option for CD, especially in patients with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-negative CD and (invasive) macroadenomas.DesignRetrospective cohort study.Patients and methodsThe medical records of 86 patients with CD who underwent endoscopic TS were examined. Data on preoperative and postoperative evaluation, perioperative complications, and follow-up were collected. Remission was defined as disappearance of clinical symptoms with a fasting plasma cortisol level ≤50 nmol/l either basal or after 1 mg dexamethasone.ResultsThe remission rate in different adenoma subclasses varied significantly: 60% in MRI-negative CD (n=20), 83% in microadenomas (n=35), 94% in noninvasive macroadenomas (n=16), and 40% in macroadenomas that invaded the cavernous sinus (n=15). The recurrence rate was 16% after 71±39 months of follow-up (mean±s.d., range 10–165 months).ConclusionsEndoscopic TS is a safe and effective treatment for all patients with CD. Recurrence rates after endoscopic TS are comparable with those reported for microscopic TS. Our data suggest that in patients with noninvasive and invasive macroadenomas, the endoscopic technique of TS should be the treatment of choice as remission rates seem to be higher than those reported for microscopic TS, although no comparative study has been performed.
DEMYSTIFICATION OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Mahler H. 
Published: June 2013

... it makes good social, economic, and professional sense for countries to take the choice of intervention options nearer to the consumer whenever they have the chance. If I use my diarrhoeal disease example, I would say that making rehydration salts for babies available to mothers in every home is likely to be more useful in the short, medium, and long term than expecting the mother to take the baby to a special centre and have this service done for her. There should be no secret either in the way in which diarrhoeal disease occurs or in its treatment. There appears to be no possible reason why the knowledge and the skills of dealing with it should not go down the professional tree to every household at risk. This is what I mean by "demystification" of medical technology.
There are other possibilities of reversing the trend which is pushing medical action higher up the professional tree. Surely there are immediate opportunities of shifting action downwards at least one step-from teaching hospitals to regional hospitals, from consultants to general practitioners, from general practitioners to nurses, from nurses to mothers?
The ESR in Viral Hepatitis
Authors: Silenzi Mario , Calabri Giuseppe , Salvi Giuseppe , Cocchi Pierto 
Published: June 2013

The increase in the ESR in type A hepatitis could be explained by changes in the serum protein levels6 in the course of acute viral hepatitis and/or by the different inflammatory activity of the underlying disease.
It can therefore be concluded that, although the clinical value of the ESR has provoked controversy in the past, it can be a very useful additional test as a diagnostic aid in the differentiation of the two types of viral hepatitis, when tested early in the disease. It is furthermore possible that the ESR is an auxiliary means to distinguish patients suffering from type A hepatitis unassociated with HBsAg although carriers of it.
See table in the PDF.file
Surgical Correction of Macroglossia
Authors: Massengill Raymond , Pickrell Kenneth 
Published: June 2013

Surgical procedures for the correction of macroglossia have been performed as early as 1658,1 even before the introduction of general anesthetic agents. However, there are few articles and studies that refer to speech and orthodontic aspects following elective resection of the tongue in macroglossia. It has been pointed out that surgical interventions on the tongue are but rarely necessary, and then for other than phonetic reasons, indicated perhaps in the course of orthodontic treatment. Correction of macroglossia for dental reasons has actually improved the enunciation of previously disturbed linguo-dental sounds in a few personally observed patients.2
The importance of the tongue in the development of normal occlusion was stressed by Swmehart3 in 1950 and the "general posture and habit of lingual movement have been shown by Wright and colleagues4 to determine the stability and comfort with which artificial dentures are worn."5
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome in a 7-Year-Old Girl
Authors: Roseman Bruce , Mulvihill John J. 
Published: June 2013

In 1928 Melkersson1 described the association of recurrent swelling of the lip or face with recurrent peripheral facial palsies. Rosenthal2 in 1931 observed the occurrence of fissured tongue in this condition. We recently saw a young girl in our outpatient service with this syndrome.
CASE REPORT
A 7-year-old black girl complained of "drooling from her mouth and inability to close her right eye." Her history was positive for recurrent facial swelling. She was normotensive and had a furrowed tongue. The results of the rest of the examination were unremarkable. The complete blood cell count, chest roentgenogram, mastoid film, and Schirmer's test were all normal. A diagnosis of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome was made, and her eyes were kept moist with methylcellulose.
The pediatrician and sports medicine
Authors: Smith Nathan J. 
Published: June 2013

This issue of Pediatrics presents an important communication on injuries related to the participation in high school sports programs (p. 465). Several points made by the authors are of interest. The frequency of injury and the large number of youth participating (5½ million high school athletes participating in the United States during the school year) clearly indicated that sports-related injuries can be expected to be frequently encountered in the pediatrician's office.
The study of Garrick and Requa may prompt us to thoughtfully consider various aspects of sports activities of our patients and their families. It is an appropriate time to identify the sports medicine-related aspects of pediatric practice and determine how the pediatrician can best meet the medical needs of the many young athletes under his or her care.
Expensive Vertigo
Authors: Cohen George J. 
Published: June 2013

The excellent article on vertigo by the Drs. Eviatar (Pediatrics 59:833, June 1977) points out clearly that careful history-taking and thorough physical examination are still the prime factors in diagnosis. In this report these fundamental procedures pointed the way to specifically helpful studies such as electroencephalography, electronystagmography, and caloric stimulation.
However, the battery of laboratory and radiological tests, which each patient in the study received, would cost about $150 to $200 and seems to have added to the diagnosis nothing that was not obtained in the history and physical examination.
Envisioning World Literature in 1863: From the Reports on a Mission Abroad
Authors: Veselovsky A. N. , Flaherty Jennifer , Maslov Boris 
Published: June 2013

Veselovsky has assigned a task to scholarship which can hardly ever be solved. The Russian formalists, however, have taken up his challenge.—René Wellek (279)The task, which many feel is beyond their abilities, lies within the power of scholarship.—A. N. VeselovskyALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH VESELOVSKY (1838-1906) IS WIDELY REGARDED AS RUSSIA'S MOST DISTINGUISHED AND INFLUENTIAL Literary theorist before the formation of Opoyaz (“Society for the Study of Poetic Language”), whose members—Viktor Shklovsky, Boris Eikhenbaum, Yury Tynianov, Roman Jakobson, and others—developed the approach generally known as Russian formalism. Readers of Shklovsky may note the prominence accorded to Veselovsky inTheory of Prose(1925). Some will also recall the use of the termhistorical poetics—in reference to the method put forward by Veselovsky—in the 1963 edition of Mikhail Bakhtin's book on Dostoevsky and in his “The Forms of Time and Chronotope in the Novel: Notes towards a Historical Poetics” (1937-38, pub. in 1975). Another eloquent testimony to Veselovsky's spectral ubiquity in Russian literary theory is the concluding paragraph of Vladimir Propp's pathbreakingMorphology of the Folktale, where Propp humbly asserts that his “propositions, although they appear to be new, were intuitively foreseen by none other than Veselovsky” and ends his study with an extensive quotation from Veselovsky'sPoetics of Plot(115-16). It is rarely recognized, however, that Veselovsky's method, in its rudimentary form, constitutes a common denominator of Shklovsky's, Bakhtin's, and Propp's widely divergent approaches.
Considerations in Starting a Patient with Advanced Frailty on Dialysis
Authors: Swidler Mark 
Published: June 2013

Summary
Nephrologists have focused on the uremic syndrome as an indication for dialysis. The elderly frail renal patient approaching ESRD represents a complex biologic system that is already failing. This patient phenotype exhibits progressive geriatric disabilities and dependence interspersed with shrinking periods of stability regardless of whether dialysis is started. Consequently, the frail renal patient faces challenging treatment choices underpinned by ethical tensions. Identifying the advanced frail renal patient and optimizing the shared decision-making process will enable him or her to make well informed choices based on an understanding of his or her overall condition and personal values and preferences. This approach will also permit nephrologists to fulfill their ethical obligations to respect patient autonomy, promote patient benefit, and minimize patient harm.