bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulations of Stratus Clouds over Eastern China in CAM5: Sources of Errors
Authors: Zhang Yi , Chen Haoming , Yu Rucong 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A previous study by Zhang et al. suggested two biases of the high-resolution configured Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5), in simulating stratus clouds over eastern China, including an underestimation of stratus occurrence frequency and a spurious low stratus amount when present (AWP) value center over the Sichuan basin. In this study, the causes for these two problems are further explored.
The underestimate of stratus occurrence frequency in the model is attributed to the bias in large-scale ambient environmental fields. This is confirmed by investigating the differences between two climate counterparts. Results suggest that when the environmental fields in the climate ensemble become more realistic, the simulations of stratus cloud radiative forcing and cloud fraction are enhanced, mainly caused by a corresponding increase in the stratus occurrence frequency. The specific sources of the cloud changes between these two ambient climates are then investigated.
The presence of a low stratus AWP value center is found to be sensitive to the choice of dynamical core. This is confirmed by comparing the simulations from two dynamical core counterparts: a default finite-volume core and an alternative Eulerian spectral transform core. Experiments with these two cores suggest that the spectral CAM5 is able to alleviate this problem. Correspondingly, the subsiding motions when stratus clouds occur in the default core are largely suppressed in the spectral core. As a result, the spectral CAM5 has more midtopped nimbostratus cloud fraction than the default configuration over the Sichuan basin, especially in the lower levels of the cloud profiles.
Variations in Streamflow Response to Large Hurricane-Season Storms in a Southeastern U.S. Watershed
Authors: Chen Xing , Kumar Mukesh , McGlynn Brian L. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Floods caused by hurricane storms are responsible for tremendous economic and property losses in the United States. To minimize flood damages associated with large hurricane-season storms, it is important to be able to predict streamflow amount in response to storms for a range of hydroclimatological conditions. However, this is challenging considering that streamflow response exhibits appreciable variability even for hurricane-season storms that deliver similar precipitation amounts. As such, better estimates of event responses require refined understanding of the causes of flood response variability. Here, a physically based, distributed hydrologic model and supporting hydrologic datasets are used to identify and evaluate dominant hydrologic controls on streamflow amount variability. The analysis indicates that variability in flood response in the Lake Michie watershed is primarily driven by antecedent soil moisture conditions near the land surface and evapotranspiration during postevent streamflow recession periods, which in turn is a function of precipitation history and prevailing vegetation and meteorological conditions. Presented results and ensuing analyses could help prioritize measurements during observation campaigns and could aid in risk management by providing look-up diagrams to quickly evaluate flood responses given prior information about hurricane storm size.
Day-Ahead Predictability of Complex Terrain Flows for Wind Resource Production: A Case Study of the Washoe Zephyr
Authors: Smith Craig M. , Koračin Darko , Horvath Kristian 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
A detailed description of the meteorological conditions of the Washoe Valley (Nevada) and simulations that examine the predictability of the westerly high wind event known as the Washoe Zephyr are presented. Numerical weather model prediction skill is computed for day-ahead (24–48 h) forecasts of wind speed at a meteorological tower on the Virginia Hills range relative to a persistence forecast based on a seasonal climatology constructed of hourly mean observations. The model predictions are shown to be more skillful than a climatology based on seasonal and hourly means during winter and less skillful than the seasonal-hourly climatology (SHC) during summer. Overall skill of the forecasted winds tends to increase with finer horizontal grid spacing. Phase errors compose the largest component of the error decomposition and large phase errors are associated with the onset and decay of the diurnally forced Washoe Zephyr during summer and synoptically forced high wind events and valley rotors during winter. The correlation coefficient between forecasts and observations for all forecast horizontal grid spacings considered is shown to depend roughly linearly on the ratio of the integrated power spectral density in the synoptic band to the integrated power spectral density in the combined diurnal and subdiurnal band.
Confronting Farmers’ Perceptions of Climatic Vulnerability with Observed Relationships between Yields and Climate Variability in Central Argentina
Authors: Hernandez Valeria , Moron Vincent , Riglos Florencia Fossa , Muzi Eugenia 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Farmers’ perceptions of climate variability is compared with the sensitivity of observed yields for wheat, maize, soybean, and sunflower crops to interannual and intra-annual climate variability in two districts (Junín and San Justo) in central Argentina from the 1970s. A recent transition occurred here between mixed crop and livestock farming to a more specialized system, dominated by transgenic soybean combined with glyphosate. According to the ethnographic fieldwork, farmers ranked drought first and flood second as the main adverse climate factors in both districts. Overall, the farmers’ representations fit rather well with the observed relationships between interannual variability of yields and rainfall, especially in Junín. The adverse impact of long-lasting dry spells, especially during the first half of the crop cycle, is usually combined with the more linear impact of large rainfall amounts (anomalously positive/negative rainfall amounts associated with anomalously positive/negative yields) during the second half of the crop cycle. This relationship is strong for soybeans, similarly large for maize, far weaker for wheat, and reversed for sunflower, which is the only crop that benefits, on average, from anomalously low rainfall amounts at a specific stage of the crop cycle. The adverse effect of flood on soybeans and maize seems less phase-locked and more diluted across the crop cycle. This paper presents the argument that climate and society have a complex relationship, requiring an integrated analysis of the social context, people’s perceptions of climate, and scientific climate knowledge. The concept of “climate social significance” is proposed in order to highlight the strategies implemented by different socioproductive groups to address adverse climate events.
Diagnostic Yield of Computed Tomography Scan for Pediatric Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review
Authors: Chen Jenny X. , Kachniarz Bart , Shin Jennifer J. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundComputed tomography (CT) has been used in the assessment of pediatric hearing loss, but concern regarding radiation risk and increased utilization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have prompted us toward a more quantitative and sophisticated understanding of CT's potential diagnostic yield.ObjectiveTo perform a systematic review to analyze the diagnostic yield of CT for pediatric hearing loss, including subgroup evaluation according to impairment severity and laterality, as well as the specific findings of enlarged vestibular aqueduct and narrow cochlear nerve canal.Data SourcesPubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were assessed from the date of their inception to December 2013. In addition, manual searches of bibliographies were performed and topic experts were contacted.Review MethodsData from studies describing the use of CT in the diagnostic evaluation of pediatric patients with hearing loss of unknown etiology were evaluated, according to a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria. Two independent evaluators corroborated the extracted data. Heterogeneity was evaluated according to the I2 statistic.ResultsIn 50 criteria‐meeting studies, the overall diagnostic yield of CT ranged from 7% to 74%, with the strongest and aggregate data demonstrating a point estimate of 30%. This estimate corresponded to a number needed to image of 4 (range, 2‐15). The most commonly identified findings were enlarged vestibular aqueduct and cochlear anomalies. The largest studies showed a 4% to 7% yield for narrow cochlear nerve canal.ConclusionThese data, along with similar analyses of radiation risk and risks/benefits of sedated MRI, may be used to help guide the choice of diagnostic imaging.
A Study of Once Daily Tenormin (Atenolol) in Hypertension: Some Implications in Patient Compliance
Authors: Harris A M , Woollard K V , Tweed J A 
Published: September 2014

A clinical study is described in which hypertensive patients on no drug therapy were given atenolol in increasing doses from 50 mg twice daily to 200 mg twice daily until the diastolic blood pressure was 90 mm Hg or below. At this stage the drug was withdrawn until blood pressure readings had risen to pre-treatment levels. The same dose of atenolol was then re-introduced but now given once-a-day (in the morning) and was continued for four weeks. Of the eleven patients entering the study, one withdrew as his blood pressure was not controlled on a dose of 200 mg of atenolol twice daily, and another because on withdrawal of atenolol his blood pressure did not rise to pre-treatment levels. The remaining nine patients completed the study. There was a statistically significant fall in blood pressure on both atenolol regimes and there was no significant difference between the blood pressure control achieved on twice-a-day and once-a-day administration. Only one patient developed side-effects; this being an asthmatic who developed mild dyspnoea on atenolol which did not necessitate withdrawal of the drug. It is concluded that once-a-day administration of a given dose of atenolol is therapeutically equivalent to twice-a-day administration. The implications of this in terms of better patient compliance, and thus better prognosis, are discussed.
A Comparative Clinical Trial of Fenbufen and Indomethacin in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Vergara-Castro J M , Arias L F , Greenberg B P 
Published: September 2014

A 12-week double-blind crossover trial compared fenbufen and indomethacin in 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Fenbufen (600-800 mg/day) was significantly superior to indomethacin (75-100 mg/day) in improving the physical measurements of rheumatoid arthritis activity. Twenty-four patients who demonstrated marked or moderate improvement in the double-blind study participated in a 14-week single-blind study. After one week on placebo, patients received either fenbufen once a day at bedtime, fenbufen twice a day, or indomethacin three times a day for 12 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of placebo. All three treatment groups demonstrated significant improvement. The two fenbufen groups were significantly superior to indomethacin in improving the physical measurements of rheumatoid arthritis activity. No significant differences were found between the two fenbufen treatment groups. Drug-related side-effects reported during both studies were significantly ewer with fenbufen than with indomethacin.
A Double-Blind Comparative Trial of Loxapine and Trifluoperazine in Acute and Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Kiloh L G , Williams S E , Grant D A , Whetton P S 
Published: September 2014

A double-blind comparative trial of loxapine and trifluoperazine was carried out in 57 acute and chronic schizophrenic patients. In both groups of patients loxapine proved to be equivalent in its effects to trifluoperazine and there were suggestions it might be rather more effective in chronic patients. Side-effects were simitar with the two drugs but anticholinergic effects, excitement, dizziness and faintness occurred rather more commonly with loxapine. Laboratory tests, urine analysis, cardiovascular and ophthalmological investigations showed no significant abnormalities.
Aladione® (Diftalone) in the Treatment of Subacute Thyroiditis
Authors: Doleček Rajko 
Published: September 2014

During 1974 and 1975 thirty patients with subacute thyroiditis referred to us were treated with diftalone (Aladione®), a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, at a daily oral dose of 750 mg. The average treatment lasted 39 days (range 15-100), the mean age of the patients was 43·5 years (range: 22-70). The response to this therapy was prompt and excellent, in no patient was it necessary to switch to any other kind of treatment, such as the corticosteroids. The drug was tolerated very well although among our patients there were two diabetics on insulin and two patients with chronic duodenal ulcer. Following our experience in thirty patients we suggest that diftalone can be considered a treatment of choice in patients with subacute thyroiditis. We also think that during its prolonged administration leucocyte counts and transaminase levels should be regularly controlled.
The Use of Betadine Antiseptic Paint in the Treatment of Herpes Simplex and Herpes Zoster
Authors: Woodbridge Peter 
Published: September 2014

Twenty-two patients with Herpes Simplex were treated with Betadine (povidone iodine) Antiseptic Paint and seven with 5% idoxuridine in dimethyl sulphoxide, also one patient with bilateral lesions was treated with the two solutions, one on each side. The povidone iodine alcohol solution appeared to be at least as effective as the idoxuridine with minimal side-effects (some stinging in two patients). Good results were also obtained with this solution in twelve patients with Herpes Zoster.
Plexafer-F in the Management of Latent Iron Deficiency in Pregnancy
Authors: Afifi A M 
Published: September 2014

The failure to prescribe in antenatal clinics a well tolerated form of supplementary oral iron that provides an adequate iron supply for the successful maintainance of active erythropoiesis in pregnant women largely accounts for the frequent development of latent iron deficiency in the child-bearing age. The potential value of Plexafer-F*, a slow release ferrous sulphate preparation supplemented with folic acid, in reducing the high incidence of latent iron deficiency in pregnancy was assessed by conducting a randomized clinical trial of Plexafer-F and ordinary ferrous sulphate B.P. with folic acid in eighty women presenting early in pregnancy with latent iron deficiency. At the end of the trial, which was started at the sixteenth week of pregnancy and which lasted for twenty weeks, normal haematological values were obtained in thirty-eight out of forty patients (95%) taking Plexafer-F, but only in twenty-four out of forty patients (60%) taking ferrous sulphate. A simple screening test run on stool specimens provided during antenatal visits to check regular ingestion of the iron preparations prescribed, revealed regular drug intake and no intolerance in all the patients receiving Plexafer-F, against an intolerance leading to failure of regular drug intake in 37.5% of patients receiving ordinary ferrous sulphate.
A Trial of Trimebutine in Spastic Colon
Authors: Lüttecke K 
Published: September 2014

In a double-blind crossover trial of three days duration on each drug, trimebutine in a dose of 200 mg three times daily was significantly more effective than placebo in relieving the symptoms of mild to moderate degrees of spastic colon (p<0.001). The only side-effect necessitating discontinuation of treatment was one case of vomiting.
Prophylaxis of Adhesions with Trasylol in Cases of Perforated Appendicitis in Children
Authors: Perovic S , Maksimovic L J , Djaja M , Tonic L T 
Published: September 2014

The anti-adhesive action of Trasylol (aprotinin) has been demonstrated in animal experiments. In clinical practice this positive anti-adhesive action could only be deduced based on the absence of complications reported. In the present report the authors describe the use of the anti-adhesive characteristics of Trasylol in the prevention of mechanical ileus following surgery for perforated appendicitis in children. Few reports on this subject have been published. During a two year investigation period two groups of patients were selected for study. The first group included 58 patients to whom Trasylol was administered locally, in the peritoneal cavity, at a dose of 500,000 K.I.U. irrespective of the child's age. The second group of 112 patients received no such treatment. The difference in numbers between the two groups arises from the fact that the majority of surgeons do not use Trasylol. The anti-adhesive effect of the drug was evaluated by determining the incidence of mechanical ileus requiring treatment by surgical intervention in each of the two groups under study. Care has been taken to assess the influence of such factors as operative technique and antibiotic therapy in the outcome of the results of this study. Eleven cases of mechanical ileus were reported in the group receiving no Trasylol treatment and in four of these patients a second surgical intervention was required for recurrence of adhesive ileus. A slightly higher incidence of other post-operative complications, severe infections and dehiscence of the wound, was also noted in the untreated group. No cases of mechanical ileus were reported in the group of patients treated with Trasylol. In addition it is suggested that Trasylol may be of value in the attenuation of post-operative shock.
Changes in Concentration of Volatile Sulphur Compounds of Mouth Air during the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Tonzetich Joseph , Preti George , Huggins George R 
Published: September 2014

Five female subjects were studied to determine the applicability of volatile sulphur analysis of mouth air to monitor chemical, cytological and physiological changes observed during the menstrual cycle. Volatile sulphur results were compiled over twelve ovulatory cycles derived from two or three consecutive cycles from each subject. The results of mouth air evaluations were compared with concurrently determined levels of hormones in blood serum and organic metabolites in vaginal secretions. Distinct cyclic variations were observed in concentrations of all three volatile sulphur components (hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulphide) of mouth air. There was a definite overall trend for the compounds to increase two- to four-fold immediately around mid-cycle and menstruation as well as during mid-proliferative and mid-luteal phases of each menstrual cycle. In those cycles in which hormonal profiles were obtained, the increase in volatile sulphur content closely coincided with the mid-cycle surge in luteinizing hormone, while the peak during the mid-luteal phase corresponded to a period of maximum level of progesterone and elevated oestrogens. The concentrations of lactic acid and urea in vaginal secretions also underwent cyclic changes analogous to those described for volatile sulphur components of mouth air. The occurrence of malodourous concentrations of hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan immediately around menses in most of the cycles studied satisfactorily accounts for the reported incidence of breath malodour observed during this time.
Adverse Reactions to Indoprofen: A Survey Based on a Total of 6764 Patients
Authors: Bruni G , Lavezzari M , Perbellini A , Battaglia A , Emanueli A 
Published: September 2014

Safety data on indoprofen are presented, deriving from three sources: the first was a phase 4 multicentre clinical study based on 4042 patients suffering from osteoarthritis and treated with 400–800 mg daily by mouth for about 4 weeks; the second was a survey based on a heterogeneous series of 2722 subjects belonging to phase 1, 2 and 3 investigations, and treated with 200 to 1200 mg daily by the oral and/or parenteral route for from 1 to more than 180 days; the third was a safety laboratory study conducted in 472 patients, most of whom had participated in the first study, while the remainder were included in the second. Adverse events of any type occurred in 22% of patients in the first study and in 13% in the second, but treatment had to be withdrawn for drug-related reasons in less than 5% in both. Potentially life-threatening events were rare, overall including 16 instances of clinically overt gastro-intestinal bleeding and 2 anaphylactic reactions. Unfavourable laboratory changes, i.e. shifting from normal to abnormal values, were recorded in about 10% of the series studied. The adverse reaction profile of indoprofen was similar to that of most NSAIDs, with gastro-intestinal troubles prevailing over the other events, a distribution which, however, was clear-cut only with oral indoprofen. Tolerability problems appeared to be dose-related up to some point between 400 and 600 mg daily plateauing thereafter, and were less frequent following parenteral than following oral administration.
A Comparison of the Clinical Effects of Timiperone, a New Butyrophenone Derivative, and Haloperidol on Schizophrenia Using a Double-Blind Technique
Authors: Kariya T , Shimazono Y , Itoh H , Mori A , Murasaki M , Sugano K , Toru M , Yamashita I 
Published: September 2014

The efficacy and safety of timiperone, a new butyrophenone derivative, in schizophrenia as compared with haloperidol were assessed in a multi-clinic double-blind controlled study in a total of 206 patients. The patients were given timiperone (1·0 mg/tablet) or haloperidol (1·5 mg/tablet) in a daily dose of 1–3 tablets for the first day, then up to a maximum of 12 tablets depending on symptoms for 12 weeks. Timiperone was found to be significantly superior to haloperidol in the final global improvement rating and in the general usefulness rating. In the over-all safety rating there were no statistically significant differences between the two drug treatments. With regard to analysis by stratification timiperone was superior to haloperidol in improving abnormal experiences such as hallucination and delusion as well as deficiency of initiative and blunted affect. From these results it is considered that timiperone could be superior to haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Effect of Pindolol and Nifedipine Alone and in Combination on Haemodynamic Parameters/Variables in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Tsukiyama Hisaichiro , Otsuka Keiko , Yamamoto Yooichi 
Published: September 2014

Thirteen patients with essential hypertension were started on pindolol 10–20 mg daily and twelve on nifedipine 20–60 mg daily. At the end of 6 weeks inadequate responders (B.P. > 140/90) were put onto combined treatment with both drugs, ten of the pindolol and six of the nifedipine patients being affected. Combined therapy then continued for a further 6-week period, while adequate responders (B.P. < 140/90) continued with their initial drug. In addition to blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac index were also measured, and total peripheral resistance index was calculated. Where blood pressure decreased below 140/90 at the end of 12 weeks in patients on combined treatment, the original drug was withdrawn, leaving the patient on a single-drug regimen again, this time with the ‘second compound’. This manoeuvre was followed by a rise in blood pressure in five out of eight patients in whom pindolol was withdrawn and in two out of six after nifedipine withdrawal. No definite conclusions can be drawn from these findings, and it may be that a better approach to the problem of poor responders would be to try each drug on its own before combining them, rather than combining first and then withdrawing the initial treatment. The increased peripheral resistance typical of essential hypertension was not adversely affected by either drug, while combined treatment had a beneficial effect on this parameter.