bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The State of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in California
Authors: Trivedi Kavita K. , Rosenberg Jon 
Published: February 2013

Objective.To assess antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) and strategies in California general acute care hospitals and to describe the effect of state legislation (Senate Bill 739) requiring hospitals to develop processes for evaluating the judicious use of antimicrobials.Design.Web-based survey of general acute care hospitals.Participants.All 422 general acute care hospital campuses in California were invited to participate.Results.Responses from 223 (53%) of California's general acute care hospital campuses were included and were statistically representative of all acute care hospital campuses by region but not bed size or rurality. Community hospitals represented 73% of respondents. Fifty percent of hospitals described a current ASP and 30% reported planning an ASP; of these, 51% reported measuring outcomes. Twenty percent of hospitals reported no planned ASP or uncertainty whether an ASP existed and described barriers including staffing constraints (47%), lack of funding (42%), and lack of initiation of a formal proposal to start an ASP (42%). Of 135 responding hospitals, 22% reported that Senate Bill 739 influenced initiation of their ASP.Conclusions.Although many studies have been published that describe hospital-specific ASPs, most have been described within academic centers, and there are limited assessments of ASP strategies across hospital systems. Our study verifies that many ASPs exist in California, particularly in community settings where a scarcity of antimicrobial restriction was thought to exist. Additionally, Senate Bill 739 appears to have played a role in initiating many hospital ASPs, which supports the adoption of similar legislation in other states and nationally.
Association between sleep‐disordered breathing, sleep–wake pattern, and cognitive impairment among patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Hjelm Carina , Strömberg Anna , Årestedt Kristofer , Broström Anders 
Published: February 2013

AimsChronic heart failure (CHF) and sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) are often co‐existing problems among the elderly. Apnoeic events may cause cognitive impairment. The aim of the study was to compare sleep and wake patterns, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive function in community‐dwelling CHF patients, with and without SDB, and to investigate the association between sleep‐related factors and cognitive dysfunction.Methods and resultsIn this cross‐sectional observational study, SDB was measured with an ApneaLink device and defined as an apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) ≥15/h of sleep. Sleep and wake patterns were measured with actigraphy for 1 week. Insomnia was measured with the Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale, daytime sleepiness with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and cognitive function with a neuropsychological test battery. A total of 137 patients (68% male, median age 72 years, 58% NYHA functional class II) were consecutively included. Forty‐four per cent had SDB (AHI ≥15). The SDB group had significantly higher saturation time below 90%, more difficulties maintaining sleep, and lower levels of daytime sleepiness compared with the non‐SDB group. Cognitive function and sleep and wake patterns did not differ between the SDB and the non‐SDB group. Insomnia was associated with decreased global cognition.ConclusionThe prevalence of cognitive dysfunction was low in this population with predominantly mild to moderate CHF. This might have influenced the lack of associations between cognitive function and SDB. Insomnia was the only sleep‐related factor significantly influencing cognition.
Revisiting the angular momentum growth of protostructures evolved from non-Gaussian initial conditions
Authors: Fedeli C. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
I adopt a formalism previously developed by Catelan and Theuns (CT) in order to estimate the impact of primordial non-Gaussianity on the quasi-linear spin growth of cold dark matter protostructures. A variety of bispectrum shapes are considered, spanning the currently most popular early Universe models for the occurrence of non-Gaussian density fluctuations. In their original work, CT considered several other shapes, and suggested that only for one of those does the impact of non-Gaussianity seem to be perturbatively tractable. For that model, and on galactic scales, the next-to-linear non-Gaussian contribution to the angular momentum variance has an upper limit of ∼10 per cent with respect to the linear one. I find that all the new models considered in this work can also be seemingly described via perturbation theory. Considering current bounds on fNL for inflationary non-Gaussianity leads to the quasi-linear contribution being ∼10–20 per cent of the linear one. This result motivates the systematic study of higher order non-Gaussian corrections, in order to attain a comprehensive picture of how structure gravitational dynamics descends from the physics of the primordial Universe.
Aquinas and Aristotle
Authors: Doig James 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas followed the value for theology in Aristotelian thought that led him to undertake the composition of ‘expositions’ and sententiae respecting individual works of Aristotle. Aquinas chose Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and On Interpretation as the subjects of what medieval Masters termed ‘expositions’. Aquinas composed the first of his sententiae that concerned the De anima (In DA) in the year 1268. Aristotle's study of the soul is seen to focus on the substantial form or first intrinsic formal cause that explains both the possession of life and, remotely, the motions and activities typical of various types of living beings. Aquinas's In DA proposes that governance of the body is essential to the intellective soul's nature. Aquinas offered his sententia on the Physics (In Phy) in 1268A–1269. In Phy finds in Aristotle a general study of natural science focusing on the mobile being as the subject. Aquinas composed both the Secunda Pars of the Summa theologiae and the sententia on the Nicomachean Ethics (In NE), both treatises on morality in 1271–72. Aquinas explains in the sententia that Aristotle presents the first part of moral science as he discusses only the life of the individual human being as an agent voluntarily acting for an end through the performance of virtuous activity. The sententia on the Metaphysics (In Meta) was chronologically the last work of Aristotle which was fundamental to Aquinas's theological synthesis.
God's Knowledge and Will
Authors: Brent James 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas presented God's knowledge as a divine perfection and as divine ideas. He also considered God's knowledge of future contingent events such as creaturely free choices. Aquinas believed that no one in this life could see what God's knowledge is either by the light of reason or by the light of grace. Aquinas talks about God's knowledge in a significant order. First, Aquinas speaks of God's knowing himself. Subsequently, Aquinas speaks about God's knowing creatures and lastly it is God's knowledge of himself that illuminates for us God's knowledge of creatures. Aquinas's argued that perfection terms such as ‘life’, ‘good’, and ‘power’ refer to distinct perfections when predicated of creatures, but co-refer to one and the same simple esse when predicated of God. Aquinas's also argued that the divine ideas are a special sort of cause that has no causality apart from God's willing. The divine ideas are exemplar causes. Aquinas's mentioned that when God sees in himself the whole of creation, he comprehends it. He knows everything that could be known about it. He sees all the parts and so all the properties of all the parts. God sees the actuality, modality, causality, and morality of any and every entity or event within the whole when he comprehends the whole of creation.
Theory of Language
Authors: Klima Gyula 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAquinas mentioned some important and interesting ideas on how language (any human language) is related to the world through the mediation of human thought. Aquinas argued that the corresponding function of the predicate is to signify the individualized forms of individuals, whether the forms are the actual or not. Aquinas held that what establishes signification is an act of imposition. A human language primarily consists of utterances, that is, articulate sounds. Aquinas provided an interesting reason for the need to refer to concepts in explaining meaning, in terms of the different ways the same things can be signified on account of the different ways in which they are conceived. For Aquinas, the verb functioning as a copula, besides its obvious syntactical function of linking subject and predicate to form a new syntactical unit, a proposition, also retains the function that it has when it is attached to a subject as an absolute predicate, namely, to signify actual existence. For Aquinas, the primary sense of ‘est’, or its English equivalent ‘is’, is expressed by its use as an absolute predicate of primary beings, that is, primary substances, signifying their actuality absolutely, namely, the actuality of their substantial act of being.
Preservation
Authors: Li Na , Hamin Elisabeth M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses historic preservation, one of the key goals of urban planning. It explains that the intention of contemporary historic preservation is to preserve landscapes that are perhaps less aesthetic, yet representative of, various periods of urban development, which makes for an emotional connection with the lives of the community members who lived through their history, and who remember their history in that place. The article identifies the problems related to the preservation of historic buildings and describes how preservation planning has expanded from architecture to landscape, and how it became an avenue for economic development rather than its antithesis.
Cities, People, and Processes as Planning Case Studies
Authors: Birch Eugénie L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the importance of case studies in urban planning. It explains that case studies are used to analyze urban behaviors in the political arena, in neighborhoods and in other places, and in providing exemplars of best practices in physical planning. The article describes the nature of case studies used in urban planning and the pattern of their application. An analysis of representative studies reveals several patterns, including an effort to develop cases that translate knowledge into action, that pay attention to place or the physical dimensions of a question, and that have a tendency to revisit and re-evaluate a phenomenon which has been studied at an earlier time.
Modeling Urban Systems
Authors: Landis John D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the different types of urban model used in urban planning in North America, and to a lesser extent, in Europe, Asia, and South Americam, which include the population-projection models, economic base models, hedonic price models, and travel-behavior models. It describes emerging procedures such as land-use change and urban-growth models, and looks at Charles Tiebout's model of efficient public choice and Thomas Schelling's model of spatial segregation.
The Evolving Role of Community Economic Development in Planning
Authors: Chapple Karen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the evolution of the role of community economic development (CED) in urban planning. It provides an overview of the economic context that has forced the launch and growth of CED, and describes the practices at the heart of today's CED, including the core toolkit for planners entering the subfield. The article argues that to support a metropolitan CED, the federal government will need to revisit the poverty-based funding criteria it uses for many of its programs and develop a set of place characteristics related to economic security more broadly.
Mesoamerican Archaeology: Recent Trends
Authors: Nichols Deborah L. , Pool Christopher A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article provides an overview of recent trends in Mesoamerican archaeology. It discusses the various paradigms that have shaped the field of Mesoamerican archaeology. It describes the field's contributions to the understanding of human-environmental interactions, settlement-pattern research and cultural-resource management, ancient Mesoamerican economics and politics, society and polity, and beliefs and rituals. This is followed by a discussion of the theoretical pluralism or pragmatism characterizes Mesoamerican archaeology today. It concludes with a few observations on those areas of archaeological theory and practice that are important in the near future.
The Formation of Complex Societies in Mesoamerica
Authors: Pool Christopher A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe story of the Formative (Preclassic) period in Mesoamerica is fundamentally one of sociopolitical origins. That is, anthropological interest in this time span revolves around the origins and early development of “complex” social institutions and the material conditions and ideological precepts that supported them. This article broadly sketches issues surrounding the formation of complex societies and urban centers in early Mesoamerica, emphasizing regional variation and interregional interaction through the Middle Formative period.
“With Ambush and Stratagem”
Authors: Metres Philip 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article presents an overview of American war poetry, exploring poets who follow in the boots of the World War I soldier poets, such as Randall Jarrell, Yusef Komunyakaa, and Brian Turner, who in certain respects have come to represent World War II, the Vietnam War, and the Iraq War, respectively, as they “dismantle glory”. Great soldier poetry has tended to succeed in its “realisms” of the battle experience—from the adrenalized psychic and spiritual intensities—to the postwar reverberations of war. The article threads a chronological discussion of war poetry in three manifestations: soldier poetry, Pure War/war resistance poetry, and peace poetry. Though these artificial categories overlap considerably, they suggest a way to acknowledge and organize the problematics of war poetry as it manifests itself from different points of view.
“Do our chains offend you?”
Authors: Van Wienen Mark W. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn recent years a number of articles and anthologies have focused on individual American poets, and even groups of poets, who have been imprisoned for reasons that are manifestly political. This article builds upon this work on political-prisoner poets as conventionally defined. It conceives of the various kinds of such poets as constituting not isolated, exceptional cases but an American subgenre and a tradition, multifarious but united by a struggle against a common antagonist, a supposedly liberal state that tolerates dissent and diversity only to a certain point.
Genetics and Genomics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Uddin Monica , Amstadter Ananda B. , Nugent Nicole R. , Koenen Karestan C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPTSD is a complex disorder; a range of molecular features likely contribute to individuals’ increased risk for, or resilience to, developing PTSD when exposed to trauma. This chapter reviews the existing evidence for genetic and other molecular variation that has been tested for association with PTSD in humans. The authors summarize the 30 candidate gene studies of PTSD published to date, as well as the small but growing literature documenting PTSD-associated gene expression, and the emerging evidence of epigenetic variation that underlies this disorder. This review suggests that genetic and genomic variation contributes to PTSD etiology, with effects at times moderated by the environment; however, robust findings are only arrived at through careful attention to appropriate control selection. Future research in this rapidly evolving area should consider the joint action of molecular and environmental features operating at multiple levels to shape risk for PTSD.
Prevention and Early Intervention Programs for Special Populations
Authors: Baldwin Heather E. , Ellis B. Heidi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSpecial populations have unique issues that need to be considered in the development and delivery of prevention and early intervention models. For these individuals, social context or stressors and support within their social environments may be particularly critical to consider in the wake of a traumatic exposure. In this chapter, we will discuss some of the environmental factors that are important to consider when planning and implementing prevention and early intervention programs for special populations and explore these factors in the case of refugee children.
Free Will and Science
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines the work of two figures in fields whose work has had a significant impact on recent free-will debates, neuroscientist Benjamin Libet and psychologist Daniel Wegner. Libet's groundbreaking experimental studies on human subjects relating brain activities to the appearance or production of conscious experience, volition, and willed action have been much discussed by philosophers and scientists over the past few decades and have influenced subsequent scientific research on these subjects. The second half of the article deals with the arguments of psychologist Daniel Wegner, whose book, The Illusion of Conscious Will, has had a significant impact on free-will debates since its publication. Wegner argues that our experience of conscious control over our willed actions is an illusion. Wegner appeals in part to the Libet experiments and other neuroscientifc experiments on voluntary action.
The Parallel Architecture and its Place in Cognitive Science
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt has become fashionable to speak of linguistic inquiry as biolinguistics, an attempt to frame questions of linguistic theory in terms of the place of language in a biological context. The Minimalist Program is the most prominent stream of research in this paradigm. However, an alternative stream from within the paradigm, the Parallel Architecture, has been developing in the author's work over the past 30 years; it includes two important subcomponents, Conceptual Structure and Simpler Syntax. This chapter shows how the Parallel Architecture is a more promising realization of biolinguistic goals than the Minimalist Program, and is more conducive to integration with both the rest of linguistic theory and the rest of cognitive science.
Relevance Theory
Authors: Yus Francisco 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRelevance theory, a cognitive pragmatics theory of human communication, was developed in the mid-1980s by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in their book, Relevance: Communication and Cognition, but their earlier publications also dealt with this theory, specifically comparing it to Grice's cooperative principle. Since then, it has become a highly influential theory in today's pragmatics and has been applied to many types of discourse and research areas within pragmatics. This chapter discusses the following: cognition, communication, Grice and the role of intention, coding/inferring, mutuality, the semantics/pragmatics distinction, relevance as a cost–benefit procedure, the explicit/implicit distinction in utterance interpretation, relevance and grammar, and social aspects of communication.
Learned, Rich, Famous, and Unhappy: Ur-Utu of Sippar
Authors: Tanret Michel 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article focuses on the life of Ur-Utu, the chief dirge singer or lamenter of the goddess Annunitum and one of the most prominent citizens of Sippar-Amnanum. Ur-Utu's house, which was excavated by the Belgian Archaeological Mission to Iraq under the direction of Leon De Meyer and Hermann Gasche, contained 2,500 tablets which were the largest private Old Babylonian archive ever found. These tablets provide information on Ur-Utu's education, his interests and his aspirations.
Corpus Linguistics In Authorship Identification
Authors: Kredens Krzysztof , Coulthard Malcolm 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCorpus linguistics is basically ‘an empirical approach to studying language, which uses observations of attested data in order to make generalisations about lexis, grammar, and semantics’, and which, in the context of forensic linguistics, offers much more than explanatory possibilities. It provides methods for processing naturally occurring language data with a view to describing the nature of particular instances of language use and the behavior of particular (groups of) language users. Language corpora can thus be used for a variety of forensic linguistic tasks. This article explores how corpora and corpus methodology can aid the forensic linguist: in authorship identification; to analyze texts comparatively in order to comment on the authorship of questioned documents; to interpret the meaning of disputed utterances; and to investigate and describe language use in legal and forensic settings. After discussing authorship attribution, it looks at disputed meanings, corpora in language and law research, corpora for forensic applications, and the Internet as a corpus.
Colored Spirituality: The Centrality of Spirit Among Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Comas-Díaz Lillian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSpirituality is a way of life and a coping strategy for many people of color. Most ethnic minorities share a collective unconsciousness—a culturally relevant spirituality that helps them to struggle against oppression. Consequently, a colored spirituality is a culturally relevant syncretistic practice that focuses on cultural resilience, consciousness, and liberation. In this chapter, I present people of color's spirituality. I conclude by discussing what a colored spirituality offers to mainstream healing.
Honoring Religious Diversity and Universal Spirituality in Psychotherapy
Authors: Richards P. Scott 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSpirituality is a universal human concern and capacity, but there is great diversity in the world concerning how spirituality is understood and practiced. Within this context of diversity, it is a challenging task for psychotherapists to learn how to ethically and effectively work with spiritual issues during treatment in order to facilitate their clients’ journeys of healing and growth. This chapter describes some principles and practices that may assist psychotherapists in their efforts to succeed at this important challenge, including seeking understanding and competency in religious and spiritual aspects of diversity, selecting a spiritually oriented treatment framework and approach, finding common spiritual ground with clients, and creating a spiritual space that helps clients access the resources of their faith and spirituality during their healing journeys. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of future directions and needs in this domain.
Teaching with Food
Authors: Deutsch Jonathan , Miller Jeffrey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThree editions (2000, 2003, and 2010) of Teaching Food: Agriculture, Food and Society Syllabi and Course Materials Collection, colloquially known as the ASFS Syllabi Set, contain some 1,000 pages of food syllabi and assignments from the past decade. These documents suggest that the academic study of food, as it is practiced in the classroom, is either a monkish fast or a convoluted weight loss strategy. Despite the fact that food studies is a thriving curriculum on campuses across North America, students are required to read about the subject outside of class, discuss it in class, and write about it in the form of term papers and projects. Food should not be taught not only as a subject for inquiry but also as a unique, multi-sensory tool for understanding history, culture, and society.