bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Male circumcision reduces penile high-risk human papillomavirus viral load in a randomised clinical trial in Rakai, Uganda
Authors: Wilson Lauren E , Gravitt Patti , Tobian Aaron A R , Kigozi Godfrey , Serwadda David , Nalugoda Fred , Watya Stephen , Wawer Maria J , Gray Ronald H 
Published: October 2012

ObjectivesMale circumcision reduces penile high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) prevalence in randomised trials. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of circumcision on HPV viral load among HPV-infected men in a randomised trial of male circumcision.MethodsIn a randomised trial to assess the efficacy of circumcision on HIV acquisition in Rakai, Uganda, HIV-negative men were randomised to immediate (intervention) or delayed (control) circumcision and followed over 24 months. We performed quantitative-PCR HPV viral load assays on penile swabs which tested positive by Linear Array (LA) for six HR-HPV genotypes and estimated viral load in the remaining types by LA signal strength.ResultsAt 24 months, circumcision intervention arm men infected with one of the six selected HR-HPV genotypes had a lower viral load and significantly reduced HR-HPV high LA band intensity (PRR=0.61, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.86) compared to infected men in the control arm of the trial. The decreased viral load associated with circumcision was seen among HPV infections acquired after enrolment but not among infections that persisted from trial enrolment to 24 months (p=0.80).ConclusionsThe decreased penile HR-HPV shedding observed among HPV-infected circumcised men may help to explain the protective association observed between circumcision and reduced acquisition of HR-HPV in female partners.
Design and Baseline Characteristics of Participants in a Phase III Randomized Trial of Celecoxib and Selenium for Colorectal Adenoma Prevention
Authors: Thompson Patricia , Roe Denise J. , Fales Liane , Buckmeier Julie , Wang Fang , Hamilton Stanley R. , Bhattacharyya Achyut , Green Sylvan , Hsu Chiu-Hsieh , Chow H.-H. Sherry , Ahnen Dennis J. , Boland C. Richard , Heigh Russell I. , Fay David E. , Martinez Maria Elena , Jacobs Elizabeth , Ashbeck Erin L. , Alberts David S. , Lance Peter 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
COX inhibitors reduce colorectal adenoma recurrence by up to 45% and selenium supplementation may prevent colorectal cancer. Following colonoscopic adenoma resection, 1,600 men and women, ages 40 to 80 years, were randomized to celecoxib (400 mg daily), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, and/or selenium (200 μg daily as selenized yeast), or double placebo. The trial was initiated in November 2001. The primary trial endpoint is adenoma recurrence in each intervention group compared with placebo, as determined by surveillance colonoscopy conducted three to five years after baseline. Randomization was stratified by use of low-dose aspirin (81 mg) and clinic site. Following reports of cardiovascular toxicity associated with COX-2 inhibitors, the celecoxib arm was discontinued in December 2004 when 824 participants had been randomized. Accrual continued with randomization to selenium alone or placebo. Randomization of the originally planned cohort (n = 1,621) was completed in November 2008. A further 200 patients with one or more advanced adenomas (denoting increased risk for colorectal cancer) were accrued to enhance statistical power for determining intervention efficacy in this higher-risk subgroup. Accrual of the total cohort (n = 1,824) was completed in January 2011. Baseline cohort characteristics include: mean age 62.9 years; 65% male; body mass index (BMI) 29.1 ± 5.1; 47% taking low-dose aspirin while on trial; 20% with three or more adenomas; and 38% with advanced adenomas. Intervention effects on adenoma recurrence will be determined, and their modification by genetic background and baseline selenium level. The effect of selenium supplementation on risk for type II diabetes will also be reported. Cancer Prev Res; 5(12); 1381–93. ©2012 AACR.
Left and Codominant Coronary Artery Circulations Are Associated With Higher In-Hospital Mortality Among Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Parikh Nisha I. , Honeycutt Emily F. , Roe Matthew T. , Neely Megan , Rosenthal Eric J. , Mittleman Murray A. , Carrozza Joseph P. , Ho Kalon K.L. 
Published: October 2012

Background—
Left or codominant coronary arterial circulation may represent less well-balanced myocardial perfusion and thus confer worse prognosis in acute coronary syndrome, especially for culprit lesions arising from the left coronary artery.

Methods and Results—

We related left and codominance, relative to right dominance, with in-hospital mortality in 207 926 percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for acute coronary syndromes from July 1, 2009 through June 30, 2010 in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Cath Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (CathPCI) Registry database version 4. Generalized estimating equations and logistic regression analyses were used in unadjusted and multivariable adjusted models. Models were adjusted using the validated National Cardiovascular Data Registry mortality risk model. We performed subgroup analyses and formally tested for effect modification by the epicardial coronary artery containing the culprit lesion. Left coronary dominance was associated with higher in-hospital mortality in unadjusted (odds ratio=1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.42) and adjusted models (1.19, 95% CI, 1.06–1.34). Codominance was associated with worsened mortality only in adjusted models (odds ratio=1.16, 95% CI, 1.01–1.34). Addition of coronary dominance to the National Cardiovascular Data Registry risk model did not materially change model discrimination or calibration. The odds of death for left versus right dominance among those with left circumflex or left main culprit lesions was 1.25 (95% CI, 1.02–1.53), for right coronary artery lesions was 1.19 (95% CI, 0.83–1.71), and for left anterior descending artery lesions was 1.09 (95% CI, 0.93–1.28). There was no statistical evidence for effect modification by culprit lesion vessel (
P
=0.8).

Conclusions—
Left and codominance are associated with modestly increased post-percutaneous coronary intervention in-hospital mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Confirmation of these findings with angiographic core laboratory verification of coronary dominance and longer term follow-up will be desirable.
Decompressive Hemicraniectomy in Patients With Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Fung Christian , Murek Michael , Z’Graggen Werner J. , Krähenbühl Anna K. , Gautschi Oliver P. , Schucht Philippe , Gralla Jan , Schaller Karl , Arnold Marcel , Fischer Urs , Mattle Heinrich P. , Raabe Andreas , Beck Jürgen 
Published: October 2012

Background and Purpose—
Decompressive craniectomy (DC) lowers intracranial pressure and improves outcome in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery stroke. Its usefulness in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze feasibility and safety of DC without clot evacuation in ICH.

Methods—
We compared consecutive patients (November 2010–January 2012) with supratentorial ICH treated with DC without hematoma evacuation and matched controls treated by best medical treatment. DC measured at least 150mm and included opening of the dura. We analyzed clinical (age, sex, pathogenesis, Glasgow Coma Scale, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), radiological (signs of herniation, side and size of hematoma, midline shift, hematoma expansion, distance to surface), and surgical (time to and indication for surgery) characteristics. Outcome at 6 months was dichotomized into good (modified Rankin Scale 0–4) and poor (modified Rankin Scale 5–6).

Results—
Twelve patients (median age 48 years; interquartile range 35–58) with ICH were treated by DC. Median hematoma volume was 61.3mL (interquartile range 37–83.5mL) and median preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale was 8 (interquartile range 4.3–10). Four patients showed signs of herniation. Nine patients had good and 3 had poor outcomes. Three patients (25%) of the treatment group died versus 8 of 15 (53%) of the control group. There were 3 manageable complications related to DC.

Conclusions—
DC is feasible in patients with ICH. Based on this small cohort, DC may reduce mortality. Larger prospective cohorts are warranted to assess safety and efficacy.
Retinal Microvascular Signs and Risk of Stroke
Authors: Kawasaki Ryo , Xie Jing , Cheung Ning , Lamoureux Ecosse , Klein Ronald , Klein Barbara E. K. , Cotch Mary Frances , Sharrett A. Richey , Shea Steven , Wong Tien Y. ,   for MESA*
Published: October 2012

Background and Purpose—
Small-vessel disease contributes to the pathophysiology of stroke, and retinal microvascular signs have been linked to the risk of stroke. We examined the relationship of retinal signs with incident stroke in a multiethnic cohort.

Methods—
The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a prospective cohort study that enrolled participants without clinical cardiovascular diseases from 6 US communities between 2000 and 2002. Of the participants, 4849 (71.2%) had fundus photography performed in 2002 to 2004. Retinopathy and retinal vessel caliber were assessed from retinal images. Stroke risk factors including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, carotid artery intima-media thickness, and coronary artery calcium were measured using standardized protocols. Incident stroke was confirmed from medical record review and death certificates.

Results—

After 6 years of follow-up, there were 62 incident strokes. Narrower retinal arteriolar caliber was associated with increased risk of stroke after adjusting for conventional cardiovascular risk factors (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.34—5.95;
P
=0.006; adjusted hazard ratio, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.29–6.99;
P
=0.011). Retinopathy in persons without diabetes was associated with increased risk of stroke (adjusted adjusted incidence rate ratio, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.50–5.84;
P
=0.002; adjusted hazard ratio, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.17–8.09;
P
=0.023). These associations remained significant after adjusting for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, carotid intima-media thickness, or coronary artery calcium.

Conclusions—
Narrower retinal arteriolar caliber and retinopathy in nondiabetic persons were associated with increased risk of stroke in this relatively healthy multiethnic cohort independent of traditional risk factors and measures of atherosclerosis. The association between narrower retinal arteriolar caliber and stroke warrants further investigation.
Hydroclimate Analysis of Severe Floods in China’s Poyang Lake Region
Authors: Shankman David , Keim Barry D. , Nakayama Tadanobu , Li Rongfang , Wu Dunyin , Remington W. Craig 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province is the largest freshwater lake in China and is historically a region of significant floods. Maximum annual lake stage and the number of severe flood events have increased during the past few decades because of levee construction that reduced the area available for floodwater storage. The most severe floods since 1950 occurred during 1954, 1973, 1983, 1995, and 1998. Each of these floods followed El Niño events that influence the Asian monsoon and that are directly linked to rainfall in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) basin. The 1954 flood was the largest ever recorded until the 1990s. That year the peak Changjiang stage at Hukou was 21.6 m, which was 1.6 m above the previous record high. The last major flood on the Changjiang was during 1998, when the peak Changjiang stage reached 22.5 m, higher than during 1954, even though peak discharge was lower. The most severe floods, including those in 1954 and 1998, require both 1) high rainfall and tributary discharge into Poyang Lake and 2) high Changjiang discharge and stage at Hukou that backflows into the lake or slows Poyang Lake drainage. Since gauging stations were established on the Changjiang, these conditions always occurred following an El Niño.
Observed Tropospheric Temperature Response to 11-yr Solar Cycle and What It Reveals about Mechanisms
Authors: Zhou Jiansong , Tung Ka-Kit 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Using 54 yr of NCEP reanalysis global data from 1000 to 10 hPa, this study establishes the existence and the statistical significance of the zonal-mean temperature response to the 11-yr solar cycle throughout the troposphere and parts of the lower stratosphere. Two types of statistical analysis are used: the composite-mean difference projection method, which tests the existence of the solar cycle signal level by level, and the adaptive AR(p)-t test, which tells if a particular local feature is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. A larger area of statistical significance than that in previous published work is obtained, due to the longer record and a better trend removal process. It reveals a spatial pattern consistent with a “bottom up” mechanism, involving evaporative feedback near the tropical ocean surface and tropical vertical convection, latent heating of the tropical upper troposphere, and poleward large-scale heat transport to the polar regions. It provides an alternative to the currently favored “top down” mechanism involving stratospheric ozone heating.
An Idealized Prototype for Large-Scale Land–Atmosphere Coupling
Authors: Lintner Benjamin R. , Gentine Pierre , Findell Kirsten L. , D’Andrea Fabio , Sobel Adam H. , Salvucci Guido D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA process-based, semianalytic prototype model for understanding large-scale land–atmosphere coupling is developed here. The metric for quantifying the coupling is the sensitivity of precipitation P to soil moisture W, . For a range of prototype parameters typical of conditions found over tropical or summertime continents, the sensitivity measure exhibits a broad minimum at intermediate soil moisture values. This minimum is attributed to a trade-off between evaporation (or evapotranspiration) E and large-scale moisture convergence across the range of soil moisture states. For water-limited, low soil moisture conditions, is dominated by evaporative sensitivity , reflecting high potential evaporation Ep arising from relatively warm surface conditions and a moisture-deficient atmospheric column under dry surface conditions. By contrast, under high soil moisture (or energy limited) conditions, becomes slightly negative as Ep decreases. However, because convergence and precipitation increase strongly with decreasing (drying) moisture advection, while soil moisture slowly saturates, is large. Variation of key parameters is shown to impact the magnitude of , for example, increasing the time scale for deep convective adjustment lowers at a given W, especially on the moist side of the profile where convergence dominates. While the prototype’s applicability for direct quantitative comparison with either observations or models is clearly limited, it nonetheless demonstrates how the complex interplay of surface turbulent and column radiative fluxes, deep convection, and horizontal and vertical moisture transport influences the coupling of the land surface and atmosphere that may be expected to occur in either more realistic models or observations.
Impact of Moisture Flux and Freezing Level on Simulated Orographic Precipitation Errors over the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Lin Yanluan , Colle Brian A. , Yuter Sandra E. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Two cool seasons (November–March) of daily simulations using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) over the Pacific Northwest are used to investigate orographic precipitation bias. Model simulations are compared with data from a radiosonde site at Salem, Oregon, just upstream (west) of the Oregon Cascades; precipitation gauges over a portion of the Pacific Northwest; and a National Weather Service Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) in Portland, Oregon. The 77 storms analyzed are partitioned into warm/cold storms based on the freezing level above/below the Oregon Cascades crest (~1600 m MSL). Although the seasonal precipitation is well simulated, the model has a tendency to overpredict surface precipitation for cold storms. The correlation between the upstream relative humidity–weighted integrated moisture transport and precipitation for warm storms (r2 = 0.81) is higher than that for cold storms (r2 = 0.54). Comparisons of model ice water content (IWC) and derived reflectivity with radar-retrieved IWC and observed reflectivity for the 38 well-simulated storms show reasonably good agreement for warm storms but an overprediction of IWC and reflectivity aloft for cold storms. One plausible reason for the persistent overprediction of IWC in cold storms might be related to the positive bias in snow depositional growth formulation in the model bulk microphysics parameterization. A favorable overlap of the maximum snow depositional growth region with the mountain wave ascent region in cold storms magnifies the bias and likely contributes to the precipitation overprediction. This study also highlights the benefit of using data aloft from an operational radar to complement surface precipitation gauges for model precipitation evaluation over mountainous terrain.
Horizontal Scales of Variability over the Middle Atlantic Bight Shelf Break and Continental Rise from Finescale Observations
Authors: Todd Robert E. , Gawarkiewicz Glen G. , Owens W. Brechner 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Observations with fine horizontal resolution are used to identify the horizontal scales of variability over the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelf break and continental rise. Spray gliders collected observations along two alongshelf transects over the continental rise in March–April 2006 and along 16 cross-shelf transects over the shelf break and continental rise during July–October 2007. Horizontal resolution varied from 1 km or finer over the shelf to 6 km in deep water. These observations allow horizontal thermohaline variability offshore of the MAB shelf break to be examined for the first time. Structure functions of temperature and salinity, the mean square difference between observations separated by specified distances, reveal the horizontal spatial scales in the region. Exponential (e-folding) scales of temperature and salinity increase from 8–13 km near the shelf break to about 30 km over the continental rise. Just offshore of the shelf break, alongshelf structure functions exhibit periodicity with a 40–50-km wavelength that matches the wavelength of shelfbreak frontal meanders. Farther offshore, alongshelf structure functions suggest a dominant wavelength of 175–250 km, but these scales are only marginally resolved by the available observations. Examination of structure functions of along-isopycnal salinity (i.e., spice) suggests that interleaving of shelf and slope water masses contributes most of the horizontal variability near the MAB shelf break, but heaving of isopycnals is the primary source of horizontal variability over the continental rise.
Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Sialorrhea
Authors: Vashishta Rishi , Nguyen Shaun A. , White David R. , Gillespie M. Boyd 
Published: October 2012

ObjectivesBotulinum toxin has emerged as an effective approach for the management of sialorrhea. This study presents a critical literature review and meta‐analysis to determine the impact of botulinum toxin on drooling severity in patients with sialorrhea.Data SourcesOvid MEDLINE and the Cochrane databases.Review MethodsThe above sources were searched to identify studies examining botulinum toxin for the treatment of sialorrhea. Included studies were randomized, placebo‐controlled trials. Excluded studies failed to report quantifiable outcome measures of drooling severity at 4 weeks postintervention.ResultsEight studies involving 181 patients (83 placebo; 98 active) were included in the analysis. Botulinum toxin was found to significantly decrease the severity of drooling in patients with sialorrhea (standardized mean difference [SMD], −1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], −2.05 to −1.04; P =. 06; I2 = 48%) when compared with placebo control using random effects models. The effect was significant in both adult (SMD, −1.29; 95% CI, −1.88 to −0.71) and pediatric (SMD, −1.84; 95% CI, −2.67 to −1.00) populations. Both botulinum toxin A (SMD, −1.53; 95% CI, −2.27 to −0.79) and B (SMD, −1.56; 95% CI, −2.32 to −0.79) produced similar effects. Botulinum toxin doses greater than 50 U (SMD, −3.81; 95% CI, –6.19 to −1.43) produced much stronger effects compared with doses less than or equal to 50 U (SMD, −1.32; 95% CI, −2.28 to −0.36).ConclusionBotulinum toxin is a clinically effective therapy that improves drooling severity in patients with sialorrhea. Future studies will need to further evaluate the technique and examine dosages required to achieve optimal outcomes.
Comparison of Clinical Data, CT, and Bone Histopathology in Unilateral Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis
Authors: Joshua Ben‐Zion , Sachs Ofer , Shelef Ilan , Vardy‐Sion Netta , Novack Lena , Vaiman Michael , Puterman Max 
Published: October 2012

ObjectivesTo evaluate bone changes demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) as a predictor of the severity of chronic rhinosinusitis.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingsTertiary referral university medical center.Subjects and MethodsThirty‐eight patients diagnosed with unilateral chronic maxillary sinusitis underwent endoscopic sinus surgery from 2003 to 2009. Preoperative CTs of all patients were reviewed by a single radiologist blinded to the pathologic diagnosis. Bone density was evaluated and expressed in Hounsfield units (HU). Sinus wall thickness (WT) was also measured and compared with the contralateral side. All the histopathologic specimens were reviewed. A database was constructed containing demographic data, clinical symptoms, CT measurements, and histopathologic findings.ResultsAverage age was 44.07 years, with 22 women (57.9%) and 16 men (42.1%). The average wall density (WD) was 828.7 HU, and no correlation was found between the density of the diseased maxillary sinus bony walls and the severity of the histopathologic inflammatory process of the soft tissue (P =. 474). The average wall thickness of the diseased sinuses was 2.6 mm, and a correlation was found between inflammation severity and wall thickness (P =. 018). Wall thickening was found in 97.3% of the cases and an increase in density in 78.9% without correlation between WD and WT.ConclusionWall thickness but not WD obtained from CT scans may be a simple index for evaluation of unilateral chronic rhinosinusitis and its severity. Further studies confirming these results and comparing them with clinical correlates are indicated.