bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE TO THE MOBILOIL SPILL INCIDENT
Authors: III William C. Park 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Mobil Oil Corporation has long recognized the need to be prepared in the event of a large spill of oil. This paper discusses what happened when Mobil's Marine Transportation Department received word that one of its vessels had stranded in the Columbia River, releasing a quantity of oil.
Response to the Mobiloil incident brought together personnel from several Mobil companies in a preplanned manner. When on scene, this diverse group, previously trained, had the necessary skills and knowledge to rapidly organize to manage the spill cleanup operation. This spill response operation verified the training programs conducted by Mobil. It included the establishment of a bird rescue center, the use of company-owned communications equipment, and resulted in at least one new cleanup technique.
These experiences are shared with the hope that others responding to a large spill may do so with confidence if the necessary planning has been accomplished and response team personnel have been provided appropriate training.
UNIQUE DISPOSAL TECHNIQUES FOR ARCTIC OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Swiss James J. , Smrke Donald J. , Pistruzak William M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Disposing of oil and oiled debris from Arctic oil spills presents problems not encountered in temperate regions. The remoteness of potential spill sites, the wide range of environmental conditions, the lack of support facilities like roads and dump sites, and the presence of permafrost make it impossible to use many standard disposal techniques used in the south. To solve this problem, Dome Petroleum Limited, has developed a number of unique techniques for disposing of oil and oiled debris in Arctic spill responses. These techniques include (1) a method for using air-deployable igniters to burn pooled oil, (2) an air-transportable burner that can be flown to remote sites to burn recovered liquid oil with water contents up to 80 percent, (3) a helicopter-transportable incinerator for burning oil-contaminated debris at remote sites, in which forced air cooling replaces refractory material as fire box protection, and (4) a fireproof boom, for offshore open water, that can collect and burn oil in one step. All of these techniques were developed to address specific disposal problems in the Arctic. They now form part of the industry's Beaufort Sea oil spill response arsenal.
AN OVERVIEW OF A FIELD GUIDE FOR ARCTIC OIL SPILL BEHAVIOR1
Authors: Schulze Robert , Lissauer Ivan 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A Field Guide for Oil Spill Behavior was developed to provide the On-Scene Coordinator with the spill behavior information needed to ensure timely and adequate containment and removal. The guide describes arctic ice conditions, the physical properties of oil as it weathers, oil spill behavior in cold water and ice conditions, and spill retention potential for the Alaskan shoreline. Six spill scenarios show the user how to apply spill behavior information to solve actual problems.
IN-PLACE BURNING OF PRUDHOE BAY OIL IN BROKEN ICE1
Authors: Smith Nelline K. , Diaz Anibal 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Small-scale and large-scale experiments were performed at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) facility to explore the range of conditions in which oil slicks of Prudhoe Bay crude can be burned in broken ice and to determine the efficiencies of such burns.
In laboratory experiments, the minimum slick thickness supporting combustion was found to be 2.5 mm on brackish water at temperatures from 2° to 6.5° C. Minimum slick thickness to support combustion on brackish water at temperatures from 18° to 22° C was found to be 2 mm. The wicking agent was found to vary in effectiveness as a burn-enhancing agent. Decreases in burn efficiencies and burn rates were observed with decreasing water temperatures.
Four burn tests were performed in the OHMSETT tank with varying ice cover, volume of oil, and wave conditions. The brackish tank water ranged from 3.8° to 7.7° C during testing. One test was performed using lightly weathered (topped) Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Burn effectiveness ranged from 85 to 95 percent by mass. Flame spread rates ranged from 1.3 to 2.4 m/min based on discrete measurements. The slicks were ignited along the downwind edge, and in all tests the flame was not significantly inhibited by the ice from spreading throughout the test area.
This program was sponsored by the OHMSETT Interagency Technical Committee (OITC), which includes the U.S. Minerals Management Service, U. S. Coast Guard, Canadian Environmental Protection Service, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Navy.
ARCTIC SPILL RESPONSE IMPROVEMENTS: A 1985 REVIEW OF ARCTIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Hillman Sharon O. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Research and development has taken place in the Alaskan arctic to enhance the current response capability of the oil industry. Recent additions have been made to response techniques for arctic spill cleanup for all seasons, including broken ice. This paper includes a summary of major research by Alaska Clean Seas, the Alaskan industry cooperative group, reviews the technology gaps in arctic response capabilities, and highlights research and development areas which would benefit from further efforts to improve overall spill response.
ADVANCE PLANNING FOR DISPERSANT USE/NON-USE
Authors: Fraser J. P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Guidelines are suggested for advance planning for the use or non-use of dispersants to combat oil spills. These guidelines are intended to expedite the decision to use dispersants in the event of an oil spill, where that will minimize environmental damage. These guidelines can be applied readily to any geographical area to answer the following questions: (1) Are there locations where dispersant application should normally be allowed? (2) In these locations, what rate of dispersant application should be allowed? (3) Are there locations where dispersant application should normally be avoided?
The logic behind these guidelines is explained so that exceptions can be identified and so that changes in the guidelines can be made as advances are made in the state of the art. These guidelines provide for control over dispersant usage while allowing application (in most instances) at rates which can disperse floating oil effectively.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DISPERSED OIL DROPLET SIZE IN DETERMINING DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS
Authors: Lewis A. , Byford D. C. , Laskey P. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill dispersants speed up the rate of natural dispersion by enabling the prevailing energy of the wind and waves to convert an oil slick into droplets. The droplets are then dispersed horizontally and vertically by the mixing action of the sea. Vertical dispersion is countered by the buoyancy of the droplets, which depends on oil density and droplet size. The magnitude of the forces available in the sea to create and disperse droplets varies with sea state.
A variety of test methods are used to assess the effectiveness of dispersants. Many of these methods attempt to simulate the shearing and mixing action of the sea. The validity of these simulations is difficult to quantify. The oil droplet size distributions of dispersions produced in the Labofina (inverting flask), MNS (Mackay-Nadeau-Steelman), and Oscillating Hoop tests have been determined. An estimate of the relative magnitude of the forces generated in each method has been deduced from data on oil droplet size. The effects of varying dispersant composition, energy input, dispersant to oil ratio and temperature, are discussed. The lack of correlation between results obtained from the different tests is explained by identifying the predominant processes occurring in each method.
THE EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL COMPOSITION ON DISPERSANT PERFORMANCE
Authors: Canevari Gerard P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Previously, anomalous results from various laboratory dispersant effectiveness tests were believed due to the historic difficulties of replicating field conditions in the laboratory. Some variables were reported to cause differences in dispersant performance, such as the oil viscosity—i.e., both dispersant A and dispersant B exhibited poorer performance as the oil viscosity increased. Other test results showed an opposite trend. For example, dispersant A performed more effectively than dispersant B for Murban crude oil but B was better than A for the more viscous La Rosa crude oil. It is now believed that these inconsistent results are actually due to the chemical compositions of the crude oils.
Various factors influence dispersant performance and some initial research directed at determining the mechanism of water-in-oil emulsion (mousse) formation has identified naturally occurring surfactants in the various crude oils. This will provide insight as to how these indigenous agents interacted with the surfactant package in the test dispersant to affect overall performance.
Variations in dispersant performance for different crude oils are thus likely to be related to the water-in-oil emulsion formation of the particular crude oil. The results of this work indicate that dispersant treatment should be evaluated during spill situations even if the crude oil physical properties, such as high viscosity, might suggest that dispersant treatment would not be effective.
DISPERSANT TESTS IN A WAVE BASIN
Authors: MacNeill M. R. , Goodman R. H. , Bodeux J. B. , Corry K. E. , Paddison B. A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Using dispersants to mitigate oil spills has remained controversial, despite considerable testing, in both the laboratory and the field. One of the major concerns, which has not been satisfactorily resolved, is how effective various dispersants are on different oils over a range of environmental conditions. Laboratory experiments cannot accurately simulate the real world, while field experiments are difficult to monitor and control. To eliminate some of the problems previously encountered when testing dispersants, an experiment was conducted in a large (approximately 30 m × 55 m × 2.5 m deep) outdoor wave test basin.
The main objective of the experiment was to test the action of Corexit 9527 on unweathered Issungnak crude oil in low energy, nonbreaking waves. Eight tests were conducted, four on control oil slicks and four on treated slicks. The oil was contained in a 4.6 m diameter boom with a 1.85 m deep skirt. The boom was moored at one end of the test basin 6 m from a wave generator, which could generate waves up to 0.4 m high. At the opposite (shallow) end of the wave basin, a gravel beach absorbed the energy of the waves. For each test, the wave generator was run for about 4 hours, with a constant wave height (set from 10 to 28 cm) and period (1.6 s). During this time, water samples were drawn at regular intervals from various depths for measuring oil concentrations in the water column.
The data indicated that, in 10 and 20 cm nonbreaking waves, dispersion of oil into the water column from an untreated oil slick was negligible. During all the experiments for treated slicks, concentrations of oil in the boom were dramatically higher than for untreated slicks. Even in quiescent conditions, concentrations as high as 4 ppm were observed at 50 cm after 24 hours under a treated slick. Concentrations of up to 60 ppm were observed at 50 cm in the water column in 10 cm waves. Investigations of oil drop size showed that under the treated slicks the oil droplet diameters ranged from 1 µm to 8 µm diameter. Overall, the results showed that, even in low energy waves, there was a significant increase in dispersion from a surface slick of unweathered Issungnak oil when it was treated with Corexit 9527, and the oil in water emulsion formed was more stable than that from an untreated slick.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR A LARGE SWEEP WIDTH SKIMMING SYSTEM
Authors: Crocker Marshall J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Interfacing a skimmer with boom involves more than simply bolting a skimmer between boom sections. Problems arise in skimmer/boom dynamics, fluid transfer, and boom tow forces. In a new two tow vessel skimming system 300 foot (92 meter) sweep width boom catenary is bridled to form a nozzle, which feeds into a weir skimmer. The skimmer's suction hoses lead to a catamaran mounted pump which is powered hydraulically from the main tow vessel. Problems in design arose because of the placement of the pump 500–600 ft (150–180 m) away from its power source. Design considerations for the system also involved emphasis on the boom shape and forces, bridle design, and pumping system design. The bridled boom shape and forces were analyzed with a computer.
EXPERIMENTS ON NATURAL AND CHEMICAL DISPERSION OF OIL IN LABORATORY AND FIELD CIRCUMSTANCES
Authors: Delvigne Gerard A. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
At the Delft Hydraulics Laboratory a laboratory flume has been constructed to aid research into natural and chemically induced dispersion processes as well as to test the effectiveness of dispersant in specific conditions. The flume allows the selection of variables and conditions, for instance, the generation of nonbreaking and breaking waves and currents, the variation of temperature, salinity, oil layer thickness, dispersant spray droplet size, and the droplet impact on the slick surface.
The flume has been verified with empirical data gathered from an extensive sea survey on the natural and chemical dispersion of a number of oil slicks. The field experiments on natural dispersion can be modeled satisfactorily in the flume with respect to the formation of oil droplets from the oil slick and the initial intrusion in the water column. The further mixing of oil droplets in the water mass are to be calculated from diffusion theories and other transport processes.
Field experiments on the natural and chemical dispersion of 10 artificial oil spills in the North Sea led to the remarkable conclusion that spraying an oil slick with chemical dispersant did not enhance the (natural) dispersion process, while a premixed dispersant in oil was very effective. The ineffectiveness of sprayed dispersant could not be explained from a limited series of experiments performed in the laboratory flume on the effects of evaporation, photo-oxidation, emulsification, and layer thickness on natural and chemical dispersion.
COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN DISPERSED CRUDE OIL IN THE WATER COLUMN DURING A NEARSHORE TEST SPILL
Authors: Page David S. , Gilfillan Edward S. , Foster Judith C. , Pendergast Erin , Gonzalez Linda , Vallas Donna 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As part of the American Petroleum Institute sponsored tidal area dispersant project involving two test spills of Murban crude oil in Long Cove, Searsport, Maine in August, 1981, water samples were collected. This paper deals with the analytical results for the analyses of water samples collected for analysis of non-volatile hydrocarbons by: infrared spectrophotometric quantitation of total CCl4 extractables, and gravimetric analysis of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions followed by capillary gas chromatography.
In the dispersant-treated oil discharge area, there were two primary water sampling locations during the discharge phase of the experiment: an upper intertidal area (maximum depth = 2 meters) and a lower intertidal area (maximum depth = 3.5 meters). The gas chromatographic data for the water samples were treated numerically to obtain parameters whose values reflect the extent of dispersed oil weathering. For the aliphatics, the peak area ratio for n C14/n C18 was calculated for each sample. For the aromatics, the ratio for the peak area sum of the mono, di, and trimethyl naphthalenes to that for the mono, di, tri, and tetramethyl dibenzothiophenes was determined for each sample. At both sampling locations, dispersed oil in water sampled 10 cm off the bottom consistently had a smaller fraction of lower boiling aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons than water sampled at the same place and the same time ½ meter below the surface. In addition, the data show that there is a 12–50 fold decrease in hydrocarbon concentration on going from near surface to near bottom at any given time, even in water as shallow as 2 meters. The data indicate that the primary mechanism for hydrocarbon loss involves volatilization of hydrocarbon fractions. Analyses of water samples taken from submerged plumes of dispersed oil outside the sampling areas demonstrated slower loss of low boiling components consistent with the importance of atmospheric exchange in the weathering process.
In the chemical dispersal of an oil spill, it may be most advantageous to use mixing methods that minimize vertical mixing in order to maintain a high concentration of emulsified oil in the upper ½ meter water layer. This will maximize the extent of loss of lower boiling hydrocarbon components into the atmosphere and thus minimize the toxicity of any dispersed oil fractions that diffuse downward and interact with benthic communities.
PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM HYDROCARBON POLLUTION—AN INTEGRATED PLANNING APPROACH FOR OIL TERMINALS
Authors: Sann Alan , Wayment Edward C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In South Australia, the newest Australian liquid hydrocarbon marine export terminal has been completed in record time. The terminal services domestic and export trade in crude oil, condensate and liquified petroleum gases while operating within a gulf which supports a major shellfish and scalefish industry, and a small but growing recreation market.
The Terminal Operator has undertaken an integrated, rational, and cost-effective environmental protection strategy based on planning studies designed to ensure government and community approval for the facility. The study subject areas include: oil slick trajectory forecasting, ballast water diffuser outfall performance, prawn taint testing, coastal habitat sensitivity rating and mapping, oil spill response equipment selection and deployment strategies, equipment field trials, and industry-government consultative groups.
SPECIAL SKIMMER FOR SUB-SURFACE OIL RECOVERY
Authors: Hann Roy W. , Malter Paul L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Control, cost and logistical considerations led to the conclusion that existing oil removal systems were not considered appropriate for removing sub-surface oil from a major pipeline spill in West Texas.
A new skimmer was designed using off-the-shelf components. A pilot unit and six prototype units were built and used successfully. The system was constructed at a cost of approximately one-half of commercial equipment cost and was able to be deployed in a well of only 8 in diameter. The system made use of a weighted plastic pipe core from which a water pump is suspended. A set of controls on the outside of the pipe controls the water cone of depression. An oil pump is located inside the pipe with a second set of controls. Oil enters the inner chamber through screened weirs and is pumped to the surface. A major system advantage is that all components for pumping both water and oil are in one sub-surface package. A simple surface control panel contains both pump starters and both control system electrical components.
The six prototype systems were used on two sites on the Chadbourne Ranch near Bronte, Texas where over 42,000 gallons of crude oil was recovered.
VENEZUELAN NATIONAL OIL SPILL TRAINING PROGRAM
Authors: Sordelli Carlos , Garcia Nelson 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the development of an oil spill training program for the Venezuelan National Oil Spill Contingency Plan. The courses in the program will be offered to the different personnel levels of the Venezuelan oil industry which will be assigned to the national, regional, and local response teams. Training details will vary with the type of oil installation (drilling platform, refinery, terminal, etc.), the geographical location (Lake Maracaibo, mangroves, coral islands, etc.), the type of organization (regional, local, etc.), and the level of the personnel involved (supervisory, operational, etc.).
The course objective will be to train 200 individuals a year from the Venezuelan oil industry, and will be open to other non-industry organizations with involvement in the National Contingency Plan (such as the armed forces, and transportation and environmental agencies).
The program emphasizes practical hands-on training using the containment, cleanup, and dispersant applications equipment acquired for the national plan. The courses also will give the participants practical experience in other pertinent aspects such as: legal, organizational, reporting, and use of decision support aids available to the plan. The program also includes at the end of the year an exercise/drill which will be hosted by the regional areas in order to review the previous instructions and/or detect operational problems in the current national plan.
AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLAN FOR THE HUMBER ESTUARY, UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Appelbee Jane F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Humber is one of Britain's major estuaries, the water catchment area being some 20 percent of England, including a major proportion of British industrial activity. Despite this the Humber is not severely polluted, indeed large areas of the shoreline are designated sites of scientific interest while other areas are nature reserves. The extensive mudflats and salt marsh areas within the Humber estuary are of international importance for a number of bird species, particularly during the winter months. In addition there are areas of high amenity value.
Two main oil terminals are operated within the estuary, the Tetney Monobuoy and the Immingham Oil Terminal. Both receive crude oil from tankers while the latter exports petroleum products. Both these sites are potential sources of oil spills, as was highlighted by the Sivand incident in September 1983.
The paper identifies the sensitive areas of the Humber in terms of biological and amenity/commerical values, to produce an environmental contingency/oil spill response plan. The basis of the plan was to obtain samples for the assessment of sediment chemistry and biology if an incident occurred, prior to oil beaching, with a view to updating the present data base. The updated assessment can then be used to produce a detailed appraisal of any damage to the Humber environment.
The paper includes an overview of the response plan structure.
ACCIDENTAL MARINE OIL POLLUTION: FRENCH POLICY AND RESPONSE
Authors: Beraud Alain , Sainlos Jean-Claude 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
To avoid large-scale marine oil pollution, France took certain legal and technical measures to protect its coastline and to implement an organization specifically to respond to oil slicks. These measures emphasize the prevention of accidents. They entail, on one hand, a legal basis integrated with international maritime regulations, and, on the other, methods for surveillance of navigation and for intervention.
The organization for marine pollution control distinguishes pollution at sea from pollution on land and allocates responsibilities accordingly.
On the local level, unity of action is based on the competences of the two authorities who have state authority for civilian action, at sea for one, and on land for the other (the “Préfet Maritime” at sea and the “Commissaire de la République du Département” on land).
CONVERSION OF A U.S. COAST GUARD SKIMMING BARRIER INTO A SINGLE-VESSEL SKIMMING SYSTEM1
Authors: McManus Kevin R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper proposes a pilot program to convert one or more U.S. Coast Guard open water oil containment and recovery systems, or skimming barriers, into single-vessel skimming systems, and a three-year period of testing and evaluation, using both drills and actual spills of opportunity. This paper describes and evaluates the performance of the proposed single-ship unit, and proposes a conversion plan and a means to evaluate this pilot program.