bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dance as a Way of Being Religious
Authors: Gaston Anne-Marie (Anjali) , Gaston Tony 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Dance has accompanied religious ceremonies and sacred rites since prehistoric times. Most religions have included dance as part of worship at some period or in some places. However, because of its association with fertility and its celebration of the body, dance has equally been proscribed at times in different religions. Historical data on the use of dance in Christian rites indicate wide fluctuations in acceptance over the centuries. The presentation of dance as part of worship was highly developed in India, where dancers were employed by Hindu temples for many centuries. Such dances were highly formalized and required long training, and were largely the preserve of a specific community (caste) of dancers and dance-associated musicians. In the last century the movement for Sacred Dance has sought to revive and promote religious dances, creating a diversity of hybrid and innovative movement styles. Dance as a form of sacred art continues to evolve and diversify.
Buddhism—Image as Icon, Image as Art
Authors: Lachman Charles 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Buddhism is characterized by considerable geographical and doctrinal diversity, but one feature shared by its many disparate strands is an emphasis on the ritual importance of images. These images constitute the core of the category of “Buddhist art” as it is commonly understood, but there is a significant difference between how such objects are viewed by Buddhist practitioners and how they are viewed by art historians and scholars of religion. This chapter investigates the role and status of images in Buddhism (beginning with the so-called “aniconic controversy”), the various critical approaches that have been used to interpret them, and the inherent tension between these two perspectives: the tension, that is, between images as “icons” and images as “art.” It also considers some of the ways in which such contemporary artists as Atta Kim and Montien Boonma have engaged Buddhist ideas and themes in their practice.
Alteration and Persistence: Form and Matter in thePhysicsandDe Generatione et Corruptione
Authors: Cohen S. Marc 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAristotle's Physics is a study of nature (phusis) and of natural objects (ta phusei). According to him, these objects—either all of them or at least some of them—are in motion. That is, they are kinoumena, things that are subject to change. The first book of the Physics is largely devoted to this task. The account of substantial change in the Physics is devoid of any commitment to prime matter. Aristotle also takes up the topics of alteration and coming-to-be in De Generatione et Corruptione. He adopts a kind of conservation principle: “the corruption of one thing is the generation of another, and vice versa.” In addition, Aristotle points out that all changes involve both a subject (hupokeimenon) and an attribute (pathos) of a sort which can be predicated of the subject, and says that either one of these is capable of “change” (metabolê).
Local Treatment of Osteoporotic Sheep Vertebral Body With Calcium Sulfate for Decreasing the Potential Fracture Risk
Authors: Liu Da , Wu Zi-xiang , Zhang Yi , Wang Cai-ru , Xie Qing-yun , Gong Kai , Zhang Bo , Quan Yi , Pan Xian-ming 
Published: February 2014

Study Design:
In this study, calcium sulfate (CS) was injected through pedicle into the osteoporotic vertebral body in vivo in sheep, and micro–computed tomography analysis, histologic observation, and biomechanical test were performed.

Objective:
To investigate the improvement on microstructure and biomechanical performance of lumbar vertebrae augmented with CS in osteoporotic sheep.

Summary of Background Data:
The present treatments for osteoporosis relies on systemic medications intended to increase the bone mineral density (BMD). Although effective, these time-consuming medications provide little protection from fracture in the “early period” after initiation of therapy. In this regard, the strategy of local treatment is to target specific areas of the skeletal system that are prone to osteoporotic fractures. However, there is little or no research focused on local treatment of osteoporotic vertebrae with CS.

Methods:
Eight female sheep were induced to osteoporosis with bilateral ovariectomy and methylprednisolone administration for 12 months. After successful establishment of an osteoporotic model, lumbar vertebrae (L1–L4) in every sheep were randomly divided into 2 groups: CS group and control group (2 vertebrae in each group in every sheep). CS was injected into the vertebral body transpedicularly in the CS group and no treatments were performed in the control group. Three months later, all sheep were killed and all L1–L4 vertebrae were harvested. Thereafter, microstructure and biomechanical performance of the cancellous bone of the vertebral body were assessed through micro–computed tomography analysis, histologic observation, and biomechanical test, respectively.

Results:
After a 12-month induction with ovariectomy and methylprednisolone administration, the mean BMD of the sheep lumbar vertebrae significantly decreased (>25%) compared with the value before induction, which demonstrated successful establishment of osteoporosis. Three months after injection of CS, CS was completely degraded without any remains in bone tissue and the quality of bone tissue (amount and density of the bone tissue) in the CS group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The ultimate load, stiffness, and energy absorption in the CS group were all significantly higher than those in the control group.

Conclusions:
The preliminary data suggest that local injection of CS can significantly improve the amount, density, and biomechanical performance of the bone trabeculae in osteoporotic vertebra. The local injection of CS could also be used as a new method to improve the physical microstructure and augment the mechanical properties in “high-risk” vertebral bodies, decreasing the potential fracture risk of patients with osteoporosis. The strict inclusion and exclusion criteria should be performed before treatment.
Genetic variants associated with motion sickness point to roles for inner ear development, neurological processes, and glucose homeostasis
Authors: Hromatka Bethann S. , Tung Joyce Y. , Kiefer Amy K. , Do Chuong B. , Hinds David A. , Eriksson Nicholas 
Published: February 2014

AbstractRoughly one in three individuals is highly susceptible to motion sickness and yet the underlying causes of this condition are not well understood. Despite high heritability, no associated genetic factors have been discovered to date. Here, we conducted the first genome-wide association study on motion sickness in 80,494 individuals from the 23andMe database who were surveyed about car sickness. Thirty-five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with motion sickness at a genome-wide-significant level (p< 5 × 10−8). Many of these SNPs are near genes involved in balance, and eye, ear, and cranial development (e.g.,PVRL3,TSHZ1,MUTED,HOXB3,HOXD3). Other SNPs may affect motion sickness through nearby genes with roles in the nervous system, glucose homeostasis, or hypoxia. We show that several of these SNPs display sex-specific effects, with as much as three times stronger effects in women. We searched for comorbid phenotypes with motion sickness, confirming associations with known comorbidities including migraines, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), vertigo, and morning sickness, and observing new associations with altitude sickness and many gastrointestinal conditions. We also show that two of these related phenotypes (PONV and migraines) share underlying genetic factors with motion sickness. These results point to the importance of the nervous system in motion sickness and suggest a role for glucose levels in motion-induced nausea and vomiting, a finding that may provide insight into other nausea-related phenotypes such as PONV. They also highlight personal characteristics (e.g., being a poor sleeper) that correlate with motion sickness, findings that could help identify risk factors or treatments.
Scavenging Iron: A Novel Mechanism of Plant Immunity Activation by Microbial Siderophores
Authors: Aznar Aude , Chen Nicolas W.G. , Rigault Martine , Riache Nassima , Joseph Delphine , Desmaële Didier , Mouille Grégory , Boutet Stéphanie , Soubigou-Taconnat Ludivine , Renou Jean-Pierre , Thomine Sébastien , Expert Dominique , Dellagi Alia 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Siderophores are specific ferric iron chelators synthesized by virtually all microorganisms in response to iron deficiency. We have previously shown that they promote infection by the phytopathogenic enterobacteria Dickeya dadantii and Erwinia amylovora. Siderophores also have the ability to activate plant immunity. We have used complete Arabidopsis transcriptome microarrays to investigate the global transcriptional modifications in roots and leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants after leaf treatment with the siderophore deferrioxamine (DFO). Physiological relevance of these transcriptional modifications was validated experimentally. Immunity and heavy-metal homeostasis were the major processes affected by DFO. These two physiological responses could be activated by a synthetic iron chelator ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic) acid, indicating that siderophores eliciting activities rely on their strong iron-chelating capacity. DFO was able to protect Arabidopsis against the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Siderophore treatment caused local modifications of iron distribution in leaf cells visible by ferrocyanide and diaminobenzidine-H2O2 staining. Metal quantifications showed that DFO causes a transient iron and zinc uptake at the root level, which is presumably mediated by the metal transporter iron regulated transporter1 (IRT1). Defense gene expression and callose deposition in response to DFO were compromised in an irt1 mutant. Consistently, plant susceptibility to D. dadantii was increased in the irt1 mutant. Our work shows that iron scavenging is a unique mechanism of immunity activation in plants. It highlights the strong relationship between heavy-metal homeostasis and immunity.
Frequent and seasonally variable sublethal anthrax infections are accompanied by short‐lived immunity in an endemic system
Authors: Cizauskas Carrie A. , Bellan Steven E. , Turner Wendy C. , Vance Russell E. , Getz Wayne M. 
Published: February 2014

Summary

Few studies have examined host‐pathogen interactions in wildlife from an immunological perspective, particularly in the context of seasonal and longitudinal dynamics. In addition, though most ecological immunology studies employ serological antibody assays, endpoint titre determination is usually based on subjective criteria and needs to be made more objective.

Despite the fact that anthrax is an ancient and emerging zoonotic infectious disease found world‐wide, its natural ecology is not well understood. In particular, little is known about the adaptive immune responses of wild herbivore hosts against Bacillus anthracis.

Working in the natural anthrax system of Etosha National Park, Namibia, we collected 154 serum samples from plains zebra (Equus quagga), 21 from springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) and 45 from African elephants (Loxodonta africana) over 2–3 years, resampling individuals when possible for seasonal and longitudinal comparisons. We used enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays to measure anti‐anthrax antibody titres and developed three increasingly conservative models to determine endpoint titres with more rigourous, objective mensuration.

Between 52 and 87% of zebra, 0–15% of springbok and 3–52% of elephants had measurable anti‐anthrax antibody titres, depending on the model used. While the ability of elephants and springbok to mount anti‐anthrax adaptive immune responses is still equivocal, our results indicate that zebra in ENP often survive sublethal anthrax infections, encounter most B. anthracis in the wet season and can partially booster their immunity to B. anthracis.

Thus, rather than being solely a lethal disease, anthrax often occurs as a sublethal infection in some susceptible hosts. Though we found that adaptive immunity to anthrax wanes rapidly, subsequent and frequent sublethal B. anthracis infections cause maturation of anti‐anthrax immunity. By triggering host immune responses, these common sublethal infections may act as immunomodulators and affect population dynamics through indirect immunological and co‐infection effects.

In addition, with our three endpoint titre models, we introduce more mensuration rigour into serological antibody assays, even under the often‐restrictive conditions that come with adapting laboratory immunology methods to wild systems. With these methods, we identified significantly more zebras responding immunologically to anthrax than have previous studies using less comprehensive titre analyses.
Options in Compensation: Promises and Pitfalls
Authors: FLOR CHRISTIAN RIIS , FRIMOR HANS , MUNK CLAUS 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWe derive the optimal compensation contract in a principal–agent setting in which outcome is used to provide incentives for both effort and risky investments. To motivate investment, optimal compensation entails rewards for high as well as low outcomes, and it is increasing at the mean outcome to motivate effort. If rewarding low outcomes is infeasible, compensation consisting of stocks and options is a near‐efficient means of overcoming the manager's induced aversion to undertaking risky investments, whereas stock compensation is not. However, stock plus option compensation may induce excessively risky investments, and capping pay can be important in curbing such behavior.
Underreporting of Bestiality Among Juvenile Sex Offenders: Polygraph Versus Self‐Report
Authors: Schenk Allison M. , Cooper‐Lehki Christi , Keelan Colleen M. , Fremouw William J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractJuvenile sex offenders (JSO) are a specific subset of delinquent adolescents that are receiving more attention because of the crimes they commit and the issues surrounding how to successfully treat their deviant behaviors. Given JSO are such predominant treatment concerns in society, it is essential to identify and target key risk factors. One sexual behavior, bestiality, may be of particular importance to address in treatment. In a meta‐analysis conducted by Seto and Lalumiere, a 14% rate of bestiality among JSO was reported. This current study examined the differences in JSO (n = 32) who admitted bestiality based upon a self‐report measure, the Multiphasic Sexual Inventory‐II (MSI‐II), compared to information elicited by polygraphs. The results indicated extensive underreporting of bestiality behaviors between these two sources of information (MSI‐II = 37.5%; polygraph = 81.25%). These findings are important given the reliance treatment programs place on information elicited from self‐report tools.
The Measurand Problem in Breath Alcohol Testing
Authors: Vosk Ted , Forrest A. Robert W. , Emery Ashley , McLane Lauren D. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractProper interpretation of forensic measurements can be critical to the administration of justice. Breath alcohol testing is commonly relied upon to measure the concentration of alcohol in breath or, indirectly, in blood. The concentration sought constitutes the “quantity intended to be measured,” referred to as the measurand. Although breath tests always probe the same physical quantity, their measurand is dictated by statute and varies between jurisdictions. Thus, identical numerical values obtained from tests in disparate jurisdictions may refer to different quantities and may not indicate the relevant statutory measurand. This can lead to misinterpretation of results, referred to as the “measurand problem.” We first illustrate the concept of the measurand. Thereafter, the measurand problem is illustrated through application of Hlastala's breath test paradigm and Gullberg's work on breath test uncertainty. It is shown that where the measurand is not properly accounted for, conclusions based upon breath test evidence are undermined.
Swabs as DNA Collection Devices for Sampling Different Biological Materials from Different Substrates
Authors: Verdon Timothy J. , Mitchell Robert J. , van Oorschot Roland A. H. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCurrently, there is a variety of swabs for collection of biological evidence from crime scenes, but their comparative efficiency is unknown. Here, we report the results of an investigation into the efficiency of different swab types to collect blood, saliva and touch DNA from a range of substrates. The efficiency of extracting blood and saliva from each swab type was also tested. Some swabs were significantly more effective than others for sampling biological materials from different substrates. Swabs with the highest sampling efficiency, however, often did not have the highest extraction efficiency. Observations were recorded regarding practicality of each swab in a variety of situations. Our study demonstrates that selection of sampling device impacts greatly upon successful collection and extraction of DNA. We present guidelines to assist in evaluation of swab choice.
Effects of Ketamine on the Development of forensically important BlowflyChrysomya megacephala(F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and its Forensic Relevance
Authors: Lü Zhou , Zhai Xiandun , Zhou Haimei , Li Pu , Ma Jinqi , Guan Ling , Mo Yaonan 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis study investigated effects of ketamine on the development ofChrysomya Megacephala(Diptera: Calliphoridae) at three different temperatures. Larvae of theC. Megacephalawere exposed to different concentrations of drugs and temperatures. The larval lengths, weights, and developmental durations of each stage were observed. This study demonstrated that ketamine, low temperature, and their synergistic action significantly suppressed the development ofC. Megacephala(p < 0.001). The time that the larvae in all the treatments achieved the maximum length/weight was significantly delayed (p < 0.05), and that resulted in prolonged duration of larval and prepupal stages especially at low temperature. However, no linear correlations were discovered between ketamine concentration and growth rate of larval length/weight.
Determining the Refractive Index Variation within Panes of Vehicle Windshield Glass
Authors: Munger Crystal , Gates Kris M. , Hamburg Christopher 
Published: February 2014

AbstractRefractive indices of seven double‐paned vehicle windshields were measured to assess the variation across the pane of glass and to evaluate collection techniques for known glass standards by comparing false negative rates. Measurements were made using a Foster and Freeman GRIM3 instrument, and a minimum of 240 measurements were made per pane. The mean SD of the windshields was 0.00004. It was further determined that collecting a known sample from two different sections of a shattered windshield gave the lowest rate of false negatives when using ± 2 standard deviations to estimate the RI variation of the known glass. Additionally, refractive indices often were highest in the center of the windshield and decreased toward the left and right edges; in approximately half the sample set, the two panes of a single windshield were differentiated by one or more properties.
Preharvest Methyl Jasmonate and Postharvest UVC Treatments: Increasing Stilbenes in Wine
Authors: Fernández‐Marín María Isabel , Puertas Belén , Guerrero Raúl F. , García‐Parrilla María Carmen , Cantos‐Villar Emma 
Published: February 2014

AbstractStilbene‐enriched wine is considered to be an interesting new food product with added value due to its potential health‐promoting properties. Stilbene concentration in grape is highly variable and rather scarce. However, it can be increased by stress treatments. For this reason, numerous pre‐ and postharvest grape treatments, and some combinations of them, have been tested to maximize stilbene content in grapes. In the present manuscript, Syrah grapes were treated with (i) methyl jasmonate (MEJA), (ii) ultraviolet light (UVC), and (iii) methyl jasmonate and ultraviolet light (MEJA‐UVC) and compared with untreated grapes. Afterward, winemaking was developed. Wine achieved by combination of both treatments (MEJA‐UVC) contained significantly higher stilbene concentration (trans‐resveratrol and piceatannol) than its respective control (2.5‐fold). Wine quality was improved in color‐related parameters (color intensity, L*, a*, b*, ΔE*, anthocyanins, and tannin). Moreover, MEJA‐UVC wines obtained the highest score in sensorial analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that pre‐ and postharvest treatments are combined to increase stilbenes in wine.Practical ApplicationThe effect of treatment combination (methyl jasmonate and UVC light) on grape and wine was evaluated. Our results highlight the positive effect of the treatments in stilbene content, color parameters, and sensorial analysis. Moreover, added‐value by‐products were achieved.
Arterial line blood sampling: preventing hypoglycaemic brain injury 2014
Authors:   Membership of the Working Party: T. E. Woodcock,, Cook T. M. , Gupta K. J. , Hartle A. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryDrawing samples from an indwelling arterial line is the method of choice for frequent blood analysis in adult critical care areas. Sodium chloride 0.9% is the recommended flush solution for maintaining the patency of arterial catheters, but it is easy to confuse with glucose‐containing bags on rapid visual examination. The unintentional use of a glucose‐containing solution has resulted in artefactually high glucose concentrations in blood samples drawn from the arterial line, leading to insulin administration causing hypoglycaemia and fatal neuroglycopenic brain injury. Recent data show that it remains a common error for incorrect fluids to be administered as arterial line flush infusions. Adherence to the National Patient Safety Agency's 2008 Rapid Response Report on this topic may not be enough to prevent such errors. This guideline makes detailed recommendations on the prescription, checking and administration of arterial line infusions in adult practice. We also make recommendations about storage, arterial pressure monitoring and sampling systems and techniques. Finally, we make recommendations about glucose monitoring and insulin administration. It is intended that adherence to these guidelines will reduce the frequency of sample contamination errors in arterial line use and capture events, when they do occur, before they cause patient harm.
Sir Ronald A. Fisher and the International Biometric Society
Authors: Billard Lynne 
Published: February 2014

SummaryThe year 2012 marks the 50th anniversary of the death of Sir Ronald A. Fisher, one of the two Fathers of Statistics and a Founder of the International Biometric Society (the “Society”). To celebrate the extraordinary genius of Fisher and the far‐sighted vision of Fisher and Chester Bliss in organizing and promoting the formation of the Society, this article looks at the origins and growth of the Society, some of the key players and events, and especially the roles played by Fisher himself as the First President. A fresh look at Fisher, the man rather than the scientific genius is also presented.