bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Babinski‐2 sign in hemifacial spasm
Authors: Pawlowski Matthias , Gess Burkhard , Evers Stefan 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTBackgroundHemifacial spasm is a common movement disorder. Differential diagnosis relies on clinical examination and is often difficult. The Babinski‐2 sign is an underrecognized physical sign specifically found in patients with hemifacial spasm, although its prevalence and usefulness are a matter of debate.MethodsWe examined 35 patients with hemifacial spasm prospectively for the presence of the Babinski‐2 sign. We evaluated its correlation with severity of hemifacial spasm, concomitant facial nerve paralysis, and response to botulinum toxin. Twelve patients with blepharospasm served as the control population.ResultsThe data for the Babinski‐2 sign demonstrated high prevalence (86%), high specificity (100%), and high interrater reliability (92%).ConclusionsIncreased awareness of the Babinski‐2 sign may aid diagnosis and potentially prompt earlier initiation of appropriate treatment. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Metabolomic fingerprint in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease by cocoa intervention
Authors: Llorach Rafael , Urpi‐Sarda Mireia , Tulipani Sara , Garcia‐Aloy Mar , Monagas Maria , Andres‐Lacueva Cristina 
Published: May 2013

ScopeMetabolomics approach is focused on identifying all metabolites present in a biological sample (metabolome). Consumption of cocoa products has been related to health benefits including positive effect on cardiovascular health.Methods and resultsTwenty volunteers were included in this randomized, crossover, and controlled clinical trial. After a 2‐wk washout period, subjects received 40 g/day of cocoa powder with 500 mL skimmed milk (cocoa with skimmed milk intervention) or 500 mL/day of skimmed milk (skimmed milk intervention) for 4‐wk. Urine (24 h) samples were collected at baseline and after each intervention and were analyzed by HPLC‐hybrid quadrupole TOF in negative and positive ionization modes followed by multivariate analysis. This analysis revealed a marked separation between the cocoa with skimmed milk intervention and skimmed milk intervention and baseline periods. Thirty‐nine compounds linked with cocoa intake, including alkaloid metabolites, polyphenol host and gut microbial metabolites (hydroxyphenylvalerolactones and hydroxyphenylvaleric acids), diketopiperazines and N‐phenylpropenoyl‐l‐amino acids were identified. In the case of endogenous metabolites, putative identifications suggested that metabolites linked with carnitine metabolism and sulfation of tyrosine were decreased by the consumption of cocoa.ConclusionLC‐MS metabolomics strategy allows the defining of a complex metabolic profile derived from cocoa phytochemicals. Likewise, the identification of endogenous markers could lead to new hypotheses to unravel the relationship between cocoa intake and cardiovascular diseases.
Magnetic susceptibility induced white matter MR signal frequency shifts—experimental comparison between Lorentzian sphere and generalized Lorentzian approaches
Authors: Luo J. , He X. , Yablonskiy D. A. 
Published: May 2013

PurposeThe nature of the remarkable phase contrast in high‐field gradient echo MRI studies of human brain is a subject of intense debates. The generalized Lorentzian approach (He and Yablonskiy, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:13558–13563) provides an explanation for the anisotropy of phase contrast, the near absence of phase contrast between white matter and cerebrospinal fluid, and changes of phase contrast in multiple sclerosis. In this study, we experimentally validate the generalized Lorentzian approach.Theory and MethodsThe Generalized Lorentzian Approach suggests that the local contribution to frequency shifts in white matter does not depend on the average tissue magnetic susceptibility (as suggested by Lorentzian sphere approximation), but on the distribution and symmetry of magnetic susceptibility inclusions at the cellular level. We use ex vivo rat optic nerve as a model system of highly organized cellular structure containing longitudinally arranged myelin and neurofilaments. The nerve's cylindrical shape allowed accurate measurement of its magnetic susceptibility and local frequency shifts.ResultsWe found that the volume magnetic susceptibility difference between nerve and water is −0.116 ppm, and the magnetic susceptibilities of longitudinal components are −0.043 ppm in fresh nerve, and −0.020 ppm in fixed nerve.ConclusionThe frequency shift observed in the optic nerve as a representative of white matter is consistent with generalized Lorentzian approach but inconsistent with Lorentzian sphere approximation. Magn Reson Med 71:1251–1263, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Search games on networks with travelling and search costs and with arbitrary searcher starting points
Authors: Baston Vic , Kikuta Kensaku 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe authors analyze two‐person zero‐sum search games of the following type. Play takes place on a network; the hider must choose a node and remain there while the searcher can choose the node at which he starts. To detect the hider, the searcher needs to conduct a search at the node chosen by the hider. Searching a node involves a cost which can vary from node to node. In addition to the search costs, the searcher also incurs travelling costs represented by distances on the edges. The costs are known to both players and the searcher wants to minimize his total costs. An upper bound for the value of the game is obtained and a lower bound when the network has all its edge lengths the same. Restricting attention to networks which have all their edges of the same length, the upper, and lower bounds are shown to coincide for some networks including Hamiltonian ones. Some results for the star and line networks are also given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2013
Predicting Variation in Funding for International Nongovernmental Organizations Following Three External Events
Authors: Kerlin Janelle A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the impact of a number of external events on major funding streams for U.S.‐based international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) to inform government and organizational policy relevant to INGO managers. The first years of the twenty‐first century saw three events that influenced INGO financing: the 2001 economic downturn, the shift in U.S. foreign policy following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the 2004 East Asian tsunami. Drawing on data from the National Center for Charitable Statistics, this study provides large dataset analysis of the finances of U.S.‐based INGOs during the 2001–05 period. As predicted, the analysis finds that these outside events appeared to affect the different funding streams of INGOs in different ways, with variation seen across type of INGO program and geographic focus. These findings help inform policy for managers, funders, and policymakers in the U.S. international community.
Abuse victimization in childhood or adolescence and risk of food addiction in adult women
Authors: Mason Susan M. , Flint Alan J. , Field Alison E. , Austin S. Bryn , Rich‐Edwards Janet W. 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveChild abuse appears to increase obesity risk in adulthood, but the mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the association between child abuse victimization and food addiction, a measure of stress‐related overeating, in 57,321 adult participants in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII).Design and MethodsThe NHSII ascertained physical and sexual child abuse histories in 2001 and current food addiction in 2009. Food addiction was defined as ≥3 clinically significant symptoms on a modified version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Confounder‐adjusted risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using modified Poisson regression.ResultsOver 8% of the sample reported severe physical abuse in childhood, while 5.3% reported severe sexual abuse. Eight percent met the criteria for food addiction. Women with food addiction were 6 U of BMI heavier than women without food addiction. Severe physical and severe sexual abuse were associated with roughly 90% increases in food addiction risk (physical abuse RR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.76, 2.09; sexual abuse RR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.69, 2.05). The RR for combined severe physical abuse and sexual abuse was 2.40 (95% CI: 2.16, 2.67).ConclusionsA history of child abuse is strongly associated with food addiction in this population.
Late Pliocene to early Pleistocene changes in the North Atlantic Current and suborbital‐scale sea‐surface temperature variability
Authors: Friedrich Oliver , Wilson Paul A. , Bolton Clara T. , Beer Christopher J. , Schiebel Ralf 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe strength and latitudinal position of the North Atlantic Current, NAC, determines the position of the Arctic front and heat transport to the high northern latitudes with potentially important consequences for Northern Hemisphere glaciation. A southward shift in the NAC and reduced poleward heat transport is hypothesized to have triggered the last major climate transition in Earth's history—late Pliocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (iNHG). In turn, iNHG is hypothesized to have led to the amplification of climate variability on suborbital time scales. To date, however, only a handful of adequately resolved records are available to test these two hypotheses. Here we present a new late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene record from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1313 (North Atlantic, 41°N; 2.9 to 2.4 Ma). We use Mg/Ca‐derived paleotemperature records in planktic foraminiferal calcite to investigate changes in summer sea‐surface temperatures (SST) on orbital and suborbital time scales. Our results call into question the suggestion that significant weakening and/or southward shift of the NAC served as a trigger for Northern Hemisphere cooling and intensified continental ice sheet growth across iNHG. In contrast to the late Pleistocene, during iNHG, we find that the position of the NAC and Arctic Front probably lay well to the north of Site U1313 and that the amplitude of suborbital SST variability did not change on glacial‐interglacial time scales. Conservative estimates of Late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene interglacial summer SSTs in our record are up to 3°C warmer than present, while glacial summer SSTs are only 2°C to 3°C cooler. In fact, our interglacial summer SSTs are remarkably similar to those of the mid‐Pliocene. Our findings indicate that iNHG must have involved amplifying feedback mechanisms that are tightly coupled to ice sheet growth but that these processes were insufficiently developed by the late Pliocene/earliest Pleistocene to have triggered large amplitude changes in suborbital climate in the midlatitude North Atlantic.
Global gene expression analysis of amniotic fluid cell‐free RNA from recipient twins with twin–twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Hui Lisa , Wick Heather C. , Moise Kenneth J. , Johnson Anthony , Luks Francois , Haeri Sina , Johnson Kirby L. , Bianchi Diana W. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe objective of this study was to understand the biological pathways involved in twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) by performing global gene expression analysis of amniotic fluid (AF) cell‐free RNA.MethodsA prospective whole transcriptome microarray study analyzing cell‐free RNA in AF from TTTS recipient twins and singleton controls was carried out. Significantly differentially regulated genes in TTTS cases (N = 8) versus matched controls (N = 8) were identified and pathways analyses performed. Significant gene expression differences between stage II TTTS recipients (N = 5) and stage III TTTS recipients with abnormal Doppler measurements (N = 5) were also analyzed.ResultsAnalysis of paired data from TTTS cases and controls revealed differential expression of 801 genes, which were significantly enriched for neurological disease and cardiovascular system pathways. We also identified cardiovascular genes and pathways associated with the presence of critically abnormal Doppler measurements in stage III TTTS recipients.ConclusionsThis study provides the first transcriptome‐wide data on the impact of TTTS on fetal development. Our results show that gene expression involving neurological and cardiovascular pathways are altered in recipient fetuses prior to surgical treatment. This has relevance for the origins of long‐term complications seen in survivors and for the development of future fetal biomarkers. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schillernde Spinnennetze
Authors: Schlichting H. Joachim , Suhr Wilfried 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIm Gegenlicht schillert ein Spinnennetz in vielfältigen Farben, besonders der Fangfaden. Die Farben verdanken sich der Periodizität der Klebetröpfchen auf diesem Faden. Dadurch stellt er ein lineares optisches Gitter dar, das dieses komplexe, irisierende Beugungsmuster hervorruft. Mit leicht über das Spinnennetz schweifendem Blick lässt es sich abtasten. Laborexperimente schlüsseln auf, welchen Beitrag die jeweiligen Beugungselemente des Fangfadens dazu liefern.
Characterization of PAX‐21 Insensitive Munition Detonation Residues
Authors: Walsh Michael R. , Walsh Marianne E. , Taylor Susan , Ramsey Charles A. , Ringelberg David B. , Zufelt Jan E. , Thiboutot Sonia , Ampleman Guy , Diaz Emmanuela 
Published: May 2013

AbstractInsensitive high explosives are being used in military munitions to counteract unintended detonations during storage and transportation. These formulations contain compounds such as 2,4‐dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO), which are less sensitive to shock and heat than conventional explosives. We conducted a series of four tests on snow‐covered ice utilizing 60‐mm mortar cartridges filled with 358 g of PAX‐21, a mixture of RDX, DNAN, and ammonium perchlorate. Rounds were detonated high‐ and low‐order using a fuze simulator to initiate detonation. Blow‐in‐place (BIP) operations were conducted on fuzed rounds using an external donor charge or a shaped‐charge initiator. Results indicate that 0.001 % of the original mass of RDX and DNAN were deposited during high‐order detonations, but up to 28 % of the perchlorate remained. For the donor block BIPs, 1 % of the RDX and DNAN remained. Residues masses for these operations were significantly higher than for conventional munitions. Low‐order detonations deposited 10–15 % of their original explosive filler in friable chunks up to 5.2 g in mass. Shaped‐charge BIPs scattered 15 % of the filler and produced chunks up to 15 g. Ammonium perchlorate residue masses were extremely high because of the presence of large AP crystals, up to 400 μm in the recovered particles.
Fractal Networks of Inter‐Granular Voids in Pressed TATB
Authors: Mang Joseph T. , Hjelm Rex P. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSmall‐angle neutron scattering techniques were used to study the evolution of void morphology with pressed density of the insensitive high explosive, TATB. Samples were studied as a loose powder and as pressed pellets, ranging in density from approx. 1 to 1.804 g cm−3. Inter‐granular voids in the loose powder were randomly arranged (non‐fractal) and had a surface defined mean size of 0.66 μm. Pressing was found to induce a fractal network of voids with fractally rough interfaces. The surface‐defined mean void size of the pressed samples was between 0.21–0.33 μm over the range of densities studied and was found to increase with pressed density up to 1.720 g cm−3, decreasing thereafter. The volume fractal dimension, indicative of the void arrangement, mirrored the changes in the mean void size. No systematic change in the surface fractal dimension was found. Surface area analysis allowed the average TATB grain size within the pressed samples to be quantified. An initial decrease of the mean grain size followed by an increase with pressed density suggests that the TATB grains behave in a brittle fashion at low densities and ductile at higher pressed densities.
Energetic Material Detonation Characterization: A Laboratory‐Scale Approach
Authors: Biss Matthew M. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA novel energetic‐material detonation and air‐blast characterization technique is proposed through the use of a laboratory‐scale‐based modified “aquarium test.” A streak camera is used to record the radial shock wave expansion rate at the energetic materialair interface of spherical laboratory‐scale (i.e., gram‐range) charges detonated in air. A linear regression fit is applied to the measured streak record data. Using this in conjunction with the conservation laws, material Hugoniots, and two empirically established relationships, a procedure is developed to determine fundamental detonation properties (pressure, velocity, particle velocity, and density) and air shock wave properties (pressure, velocity, particle velocity, and density) at the energetic materialair interface. The experimentally determined properties are in good agreement with published values. The theory’s applicability is extended using historical experimental test data due to the limited number of experiments able to be performed. Predicted detonation wave and air shock wave properties are in good agreement for a multitude of energetics across various atmospheric conditions.
Why Do We Do As We Do? Factors Influencing Clinical Reasoning and Decision‐Making among Physiotherapists in an Acute Setting
Authors: Holdar Ulrika , Wallin Lars , Heiwe Susanne 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIntroductionDespite the current movement for health‐care to become more informed by evidence, knowledge on effective implementation of evidence‐based practice is scarce. To improve research application among physiotherapists, the process of implementation and clinical reasoning needs to be scrutinized. The aim of this study was to identify various experiences of factors that influence the physiotherapist's clinical reasoning in specialist care.MethodsDesignA phenomenographic approach was chosen.SubjectsEleven physiotherapists at two acute care hospitals in nn.ProcedureData was obtained by observations and interviews. Phenomenographic data analysis identified various experiences of clinical decision‐making.Ethical considerationsThe Ethical Review Board of the nn approved the study.ResultsThe observations and the interviews enabled identification of various experiences that influenced clinical decision‐making. The physiotherapists' clinical reasoning was perceived to be constrained by contextual factors. The physiotherapists collected current information on the patient by using written and verbal information exchange and used this to generate an inner picture of the patient. By creating hypotheses that were accepted or rejected, they made decisions in advance of their interventions. The decisions were influenced by the individual characteristics of the physiotherapist, his/her knowledge and patient perceptions.ConclusionsClinical reasoning is a complex and constantly evolving process. Contextual factors such as economy and politics are not easily changed, but factors such as the patient and the physiotherapist as a person are more tangible. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic responses of Escherichia coli upon glucose pulses captured by a capacitive field‐effect sensor
Authors: Huck Christina , Schiffels Johannes , Herrera Cony N. , Schelden Maximilian , Selmer Thorsten , Poghossian Arshak , Baumann Marcus E. M. , Wagner Patrick , Schöning Michael J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractLiving cells are complex biological systems transforming metabolites taken up from the surrounding medium. Monitoring the responses of such cells to certain substrate concentrations is a challenging task and offers possibilities to gain insight into the vitality of a community influenced by the growth environment. Cell‐based sensors represent a promising platform for monitoring the metabolic activity and thus, the “welfare” of relevant organisms. In the present study, metabolic responses of the model bacterium Escherichia coli in suspension, layered onto a capacitive field‐effect structure, were examined to pulses of glucose in the concentration range between 0.05 and 2 mM. It was found that acidification of the surrounding medium takes place immediately after glucose addition and follows Michaelis–Menten kinetic behavior as a function of the glucose concentration. In future, the presented setup can, therefore, be used to study substrate specificities on the enzymatic level and may as well be used to perform investigations of more complex metabolic responses. Conclusions and perspectives highlighting this system are discussed.
The influence of HfO2 additives on the optical properties of Nd3+‐doped Y2O3 ceramics
Authors: Osipov V. V. , Orlov A. N. , Maksimov R. N. , Lisenkov V. V. , Platonov V. V. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTransparent yttria ceramics were fabricated by sintering a mixture of 1 at.% Nd:Y2O3 and HfO2 nanopowders produced by laser synthesis method. The best transmittance was 80.96% at the wavelength of λ=1080 nm in 6 mol.% HfO2 doped sample (1.5 mm thick). The additives of hafnium broaden both pumping and luminescence bands of Nd3+ ion in yttria ceramics. The luminescence intensity of 4F3/2→4I11/2 transition was little affected by hafnium concentration. The effective lifetime of 4F3/2 level in Nd:Y2O3 ceramics enhanced by 30% at 10 mol.% HfO2 doping concentration and the decay kinetics of laser transition attains Förster's behavior. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sintering and optical quality of highly transparent yb‐doped yttrium lanthanum oxide ceramics
Authors: Ivanov Maxim , Kopylov Yury , Kravchenko Valery , Zayats Sergey 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTo produce highly transparent Yb‐doped yttrium lanthanum oxide (Yb3+:(LaxY1–x)2O3) ceramics two original technologies were used: laser synthesis of nanopowder and pulsed magnetic compacting. Sintering of the compacts in vacuum 3×10–4 Pa at 1600–1700 °C during 13 hours led to transparent ceramics fabrication. The ceramics with relative density higher than 99.99% and grain size about 40 µm were fabricated. Full transmittance of 1.8 mm thick Yb0,11La0,23Y1,66O3 ceramics reaches 82.5%@800 nm. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of radial growth in patterned self‐catalyzed GaAs nanowire arrays by gas source molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Gibson Sandra , LaPierre Ray 
Published: May 2013

Abstractmagnified imageOrdered arrays of vertically aligned self‐catalyzed GaAs nanowires have been grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy (GS‐MBE) on silicon substrates using nano‐patterned oxide templates. Several growth processes of different duration were performed under identical conditions and with identical sample preparation. To determine the influence of pattern parameters, the samples were prepared with 20 patterned areas, each with progressively increasing hole diameters and pitch. Measurements of the average lengths and diameters of the vertically oriented nanowire areas were then used to calculate the overall axial and radial growth rates. These experiments confirm that significant accompanying radial growth occurs. Furthermore, the rate of radial growth increases with increasing pattern pitch. We propose that gallium‐rich conditions may increase the size of the liquid droplet, resulting in an inverse tapered morphology which promotes step‐flow radial growth via secondary adsorption on the nanowire sidewalls. The pitch dependence of the radial growth rate may therefore be due to shadowing or competition for the flux of material desorbing from the oxide surface between the nanowires. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)