bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time to Exhaustion at the VO2max Velocity in Swimming: A Review
Authors: Fernandes Ricardo , Vilas-Boas J. 
Published: February 2013

Time to Exhaustion at the VO2max Velocity in Swimming: A Review
The aim of this study was to present a review on the time to exhaustion at the minimum swimming velocity corresponding to maximal oxygen consumption (TLim-vVO2max). This parameter is critical both for the aerobic power and the lactate tolerance bioenergetical training intensity zones, being fundamental to characterize it, and to point out its main determinants. The few number of studies conducted in this topic observed that swimmers were able to maintain an exercise intensity corresponding to maximal aerobic power during 215 to 260 s (elite swimmers), 230 to 260 s (high level swimmers) and 310 to 325 s (low level swimmers), and no differences between genders were reported. TLim-vVO2max main bioenergetic and functional determinants were swimming economy and VO2 slow component (direct relationship), and vVO2max, velocity at anaerobic threshold and blood lactate production (inverse relationship); when more homogeneous groups of swimmers were analysed, the inverse correlation value between TLim-vVO2max and vVO2max was not so evident. In general, TLim-vVO2max was not related to VO2max. TLim-vVO2max seems also to be influenced by stroking parameters, with a direct relationship to stroke length and stroke index, and an inverse correlation with stroke rate. Assessing TLim-vVO2max, together with the anaerobic threshold and the biomechanical general parameters, will allow a larger spectrum of testing protocols application, helping to build more objective and efficient training programs.
The Effect of Aquatic Intervention on the Gross Motor Function and Aquatic Skills in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Dimitrijević Lidija , Aleksandrović Marko , Madić Dejan , Okičić Tomislav , Radovanović Dragan , Daly Daniel 
Published: February 2013

The Effect of Aquatic Intervention on the Gross Motor Function and Aquatic Skills in Children with Cerebral Palsy
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of an aquatic intervention on the gross motor function and aquatic skills of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Twenty-nine children with CP, aged 5 to 14, were recruited. Fourteen children completed an aquatic intervention (EG), and 13 children served as controls (CG). Two participants dropped out due to events (illness) unrelated to the intervention. The aquatic intervention lasted 6 weeks (2 sessions per week at 55 minutes per session) with a follow-up period of 3 weeks. The outcome measures were the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) for motor function and the Water Orientation Test Alyn 2 (WOTA 2) for aquatic skills assessment. A significant improvement was observed in the secondary assessment of GMFM and WOTA 2. In contrast to the aquatic skills improvement, the GMFM change was not maintained at follow-up. Our results indicate that children with CP can improve gross motor function on dry land and aquatic skills with a 6-week water intervention. The intervention period was too short for sustainable improvement in dry-land motor skills after intervention (followup), but time was sufficient to achieve sustainable improvements in aquatic skills.
Socio-Demographic Determinants of Participation in Swimming Amongst Working Residents of Warsaw
Authors: Biernat Elżbieta 
Published: February 2013

Socio-Demographic Determinants of Participation in Swimming Amongst Working Residents of Warsaw
The aim of research is to assess the correlation between socio-demographic factors and swimming activity among the working population of Warsaw. The questionnaire survey included 4405 randomly selected residents of Warsaw. The correlation between the swimming activity and the variables characterizing the socio-demographic structure of the respondents were assessed by log-linear modelling. The significance of the impact of factors included in the analysis was determined using the chi-square test. Thirty-five per cent of the respondents declared recreational swimming. Gender, age, BMI, education, occupation, and income were significantly related to the swimming activity. Women (33%) - compared to men (38%) - were almost 1.2 times less likely to participate in swimming; similarly, overweight people (33%, OR = 0.90) and obese people (33%, OR = 0.92). People from Warsaw from 20-29 years (43%), with higher education (40%), incomes above the national average (40%), and representing the profession of an actor (52%), swam relatively more often. The results of the study might help in developing marketing plans and market segmentation strategies, as well as in forecasting the development trends of the leisure activity.
The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers
Authors: Ostrowski Andrzej , Strzała Marek , Stanula Arkadiusz , Juszkiewicz Mirosław , Pilch Wanda , Maszczyk Adam 
Published: February 2013

The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers
Freediving is a sport in which athletes aim to achieve the longest or the deepest breath-hold dive. Divers are at risk of gradually increasing hypoxia and hypercapnia due to a long time spent underwater and additionally of increasing hyperoxia while depth diving. Exceeding the limits of hypoxia endurance leads to loss of consciousness or even to death whithout immediate first aid. Often enhanced world records indicate the ability to shape specific to the discipline adaptive mechanisms of cardio-pulmonary system which are individually conditioned. During stay underwater heartbeats decelerating called bradycardia, increase in blood pressure, peripheral blood vessels narrowing and blood centralization in freediver's organism. These mechanisms enhance blood oxygen management as well as transporting it first of all to essential for survival organs, i.e. brain and heart. These mechanisms are supported by spleen and adrenal glands hormonal reactions.
Movements that are both variable and optimal
Authors: Latash Mark L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis brief review addresses two major aspects of the neural control of multi-element systems. First, theprinciple of abundance suggests that the central nervous system unites elements into synergies (co-variation ofelemental variables across trials quantified within the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis) that stabilizeimportant performance variables. Second, a novel method, analytical inverse optimization, has been introduced tocompute cost functions that define averaged across trials involvement of individual elements over a range of values oftask-specific performance variables. The two aspects reflect two features of motor coordination: (1) using variablesolutions that allow performing secondary tasks and stabilizing performance variables; and (2) selecting combinationsof elemental variables that follow an optimization principle. We suggest that the conflict between the two approaches (asingle solution vs. families of solutions) is apparent, not real. Natural motor variability may be due to using the samecost function across slightly different initial states; on the other hand, there may be variability in the cost function itselfleading to variable solutions that are all optimal with respect to slightly different cost functions. The analysis of motorsynergies has revealed specific changes associated with atypical development, healthy aging, neurological disorders, andpractice. These have allowed formulating hypotheses on the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the synergiccontrol of actions.
A biomechanical model correlating shoulder kinetics to pain in young baseball pitchers
Authors: Keeley David W. , Oliver Gretchen D. , Dougherty Christopher P. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPrevious work has postulated that shoulder pain may be associated with increases in both peak shoulderanterior force and peak shoulder proximal force. Unfortunately these relationships have yet to be quantified. Thus, thepurpose of this study was to associate these kinetic values with reported shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers.Nineteen healthy baseball pitchers participated in this study. Segment based reference systems and establishedcalculations were utilized to identify peak shoulder anterior force and peak shoulder proximal force. A medical historyquestionnaire was utilized to identify shoulder pain. Following collection of these data, the strength of the relationshipsbetween both peak shoulder anterior force and peak shoulder proximal force and shoulder pain were analyzed. Althoughpeak anterior force was not significantly correlated to shoulder pain, peak proximal force was. These results lead to thedevelopment of a single variable logistic regression model able to accurately predict 84.2% of all cases and 71.4% ofshoulder pain cases. This model indicated that for every 1 N increase in peak proximal force, there was a corresponding4.6% increase in the likelihood of shoulder pain. The magnitude of peak proximal force is both correlated to reportedshoulder pain and capable of being used to accurately predict the likelihood of experiencing shoulder pain. It appearsthat those pitchers exhibiting high magnitudes of peak proximal force are significantly more likely to reportexperiencing shoulder pain than those who generate lower magnitudes of peak proximal force.
The effect of glycerol supplements on aerobic and anaerobic performance of athletes and sedentary subjects
Authors: Patlar Suleyman , Yalçin Hasan , Boyali Ekrem 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycerol supplementation on aerobic and anaerobicexercise performance in sedentary subjects and athletes. The glycerol supplement treatments were as follows: 40volunteers were selected and divided into two groups, sedentary and exercise groups. These two groups were furthersubdivided into two groups. The first group, the placebo (S), only consumed water; the second group (GS) consumedglycerol followed by water. Neither of these groups did any exercise for 20 days. The third and fourth groups consistedof the exercise group subjects; they were required to perform a 20-m shuttle run test every day for 20 days. The thirdgroup’s subjects, the placebo (E), only consumed water. The last group (GE) consumed glycerol followed by water. TheAstrand Cycle Ergometer Test (ACET) was performed, and the Cosmed K4b2 portable gas analysis system was used todetermine the aerobic capacity, while the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test (WAPT) was performed to determine the levelof anaerobic power. The 20 Meter Shuttle Run Test (20MSRT) was performed after glycerol supplementationthroughout the 20 days, and the exercise periods and distances were recorded.The glycerol supplement was found to have an increasing effect on aerobic and anaerobic performance in GS, Eand GE. A similar effect was found for the covered distances and time in the same groups. However, an adverse effectwas found on body weight.
Voice and case in finnish in the light of Zabrocki’s theory of person
Authors: Bielecki Robert 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Robert Bielecki. Voice and Case in Finnish in the Light of Zabrocki’s Theory of Person. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the A dvancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 21-34.
This paper attempts to demonstrate the properties of the categories of voice and case in Finnish in the light of Zabrocki’s theory of Person. The presented morphosyntactic, syntactic and semantic properties of words taking part in diathesis lead us to formulate sentences (theorems) belonging to the sphere of the postulated grammar of person of this language. In Finnish, particular personal meanings undergo both lexicalization (in the form of appropriate personal pronouns) and grammaticalization (in the form of personal endings). Moreover the Finnish language seems to operate with a collective personal meaning, where three particular communicative statuses do not undergo differentiation. This kind of personal meaning seems to be only grammaticalized in Finnish; it lacks a pronoun lexifying such a collective personal meaning. Because of the high degree of syncretism of the nominative and (endingless) accusative on the one hand and the passive and impersonal voice on the other, Finnish contains significant overlapping between passive structures - where the three personal meanings undergo specification - and impersonal structures - where the three personal meanings undergo unification. Notwithstanding, only in sentences of the type Kana on tapettu ‘One has killed the hen’, ‘The hen has been killed’ (and with smaller probability Kana tapetaan ‘One kills (will kill) the hen’, (‘The hen is (will be) killed’)) do we encounter total ambiguity in respect of the personal meaning semified by the predicate (the collective person vs. third person).
The positive influence of CO2 in fuel on engine parameters
Authors: Škarohlíd Marcel 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTI
Odstraněni CO2 jako nežadouci přiměsi z plynnych paliv je současny trend. Na rozdil od tohoto trendu prezentovany članek popisuje přinosy přitomnosti CO2 v plynnem palivu na zakladni parametry motoru jako je středni indikovany tlak, indikovana učinnost, teplota vyfukovych plynů a produkce oxidů dusiku. Vliv oxidu uhličiteho v palivu na parametry motoru je teoreticky ověřen, extrapolovan a zobecněn. Članek detailně analyzuje vztah mezi součinitelem přebytku vzduchu, předstihem zažehu a hmotnostnim podilem CO2 v palivu.
Correlation of ignition delay for various methane based fuel blends
Authors: Beránek Vít , Beránek Vít 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ
Účinnost spalovacích motorů je limitována zejména výskytem klepání. Jistý kompromis mezi zamezením výskytu tohoto nežádoucího režimu spalování a přijatelnou hodnotou účinnosti spalovacího motoru je provozování motoru v oblastech velmi blízkých mezi klepání. Poloha této hraniční oblasti je zároveň ovlivněna složením použitého palivo, které může mít různou deklarovanou odolnost vůči klepání. Popis výskytu klepání je jednou z nejdůležitějších okolností, která nesmí být při návrhu motoru opomenuta. Již v počátečných stadiích vývoje motoru je samozřejmé žádoucí získat první poznatky o možném výskytu klepání s využitím matematického modelu. Příspěvek popisuje model klepání založený na výpočtu vyčerpaného průtahu vznícení. Vliv rozdílného složení paliva je popsán pomocí metanového čísla, které je zahrnuto do vztahu určeného pro výpočet prodlevy vznícení.
Automated design of vehicle silhouettes using genetic algorithms and statistical analysis
Authors: Škaroupka David , Šandera Čeněk 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ
Tento članek popisuje metodu automatickeho navrhu siluety vozu. V průběhu historie vzniklo mnoho automobilů jejichž rysy jsou do značne miry podobne. Tyto rysy (siluety) můžeme extrahovat pomoci statisticke metody analyzy hlavnich komponent a použit je pro navrh nove siluety, ktera je dale optimalizovana pomoci genetickych algoritmů. Proces optimalizace zohledňuje zadane fyzikalni parametry jako je objem prostoru pro motor, zavazadla a pasažery. Vysledek produkovany algoritmem pak slouži jako inspirace pro člověka-designera a může byt zobecněn na vybrany typ produktu.
Design process for a single-seat car body
Authors: Kratochvíl Jaroslav 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ
Članek představuje proces vzniku navrhu noveho designu karoserie, ktery je postaveny na podvozku serioveho jednomistneho vozidla Mitsuoka MC-1 při zachovani veškerych funkčnich prvků. Zakladnim cilem bylo zlepšeni ergonomickych vlastnosti a zatraktivněni designu, ktery se zaměřuje na cilovou skupinu mladistvych. Pro ziskani přesnych vstupnich dat bylo využito metody optickeho skenovani systemem ATOS II. Dalši faze procesu vyvoje noveho designu zahrnuji od skicovani, nasledny převod a zpracovani digitalniho 3D modelu v prostředi Rhinoceros po 3D tisk modelu v měřitku 1:5.
A methodology for gear fatigue tests and their evaluation (part 1)
Authors: Maršálek Petr , Moravec Vladimír 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ
Članek popisuje mechanismy pro realizaci unavovych zkoušek ozubenych kol na pulsatoru, ktere vedou k ziskani pravděpodobnostniho průběhu meze unavy v ohybu. Na zakladě realizovanych experimentů je navržena metodika pro navrh a realizaci tohoto typu zkoušek. Pozornost je rovněž věnovana konstrukci zkušebnich vzorků a tvaru zkušebnich čelisti.
A methodology for gear fatigue tests and their evaluation (part 2)
Authors: Maršálek Petr , Moravec Vladimír 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ
Članek dava navod, jak statisticky zpracovat vysledky experimentalnich zkoušek ozubenych kol na pulsatoru. Za předpokladu zkoušeni materialu podle metody stair-case jsou uvedeny algoritmy, jak vyhodnotit pravděpodobnostni průběh meze unavy v ohybu. Vyhodnoceni je demonstrovano na realnych vysledcich unavovych zkoušek.
Investigation of options to compensate for fuel quality variation by a combination of several control interventions at once
Authors: Škarohlíd Marcel 
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ
Tematem tohoto članku je zkoumani možnosti kompenzace kolisani kvality paliva kombinaci několika regulačnich zasahů najednou. Takto jsou odvozeny pokyny, jak zajistit flexibilitu motoru ohledně paliva co nejefektivnějšim způsobem. Za potencialni regulačni parametry jsou uvažovany uhel předstihu zažehu, nastaveni plniciho tlaku a poměr recirkulace vyfukovych plynů. Matematicka simulace je použivana jako preferovany způsob zkoumani s cilem ziskat co nejvice obecne vysledky. Použivane simulačni nastroje byly kalibrovany pomoci experimentalnich dat z testovaneho motoru.
Towards a constructivist methodology: learning constructions by integrating in situ representations and productivity
Authors: van der Velde Frank 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The ability to learn constructions may be important for the development of a self-organizing
architecture for artificial general intelligence. Constructions are structural relations between more
specific or more abstract conceptual representations. They can be derived from the processes
of alignment, collocations and distributed equivalences. An architecture that integrates in situ
grounded representations with cognitive productivity is ideally suited to learn constructions.
This paper described such an architecture, based on neuronal assembly structures and neuronal
’blackboards’ for grounded compositional representations. The paper outlines how constructions
could be learned in such an architecture and how the architecture could eventually develop into an
autonomous self-organizing architecture for artificial general intelligence.
Rapid retreat, acceleration and thinning of Glaciar Upsala, Southern Patagonia Icefield, initiated in 2008
Authors: Sakakibara Daiki , Sugiyama Shin , Sawagaki Takanobu , Marinsek Sebastián , Skvarca Pedro 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe Patagonia Icefields are characterized by a large number of outlet glaciers calving into lakes and the ocean. In contrast to the recent intensive research activities on tidewater glaciers in other regions, very few observations have been made on calving glaciers in Patagonia. We analysed satellite images of Glaciar Upsala, the third largest freshwater calving glacier in the Southern Patagonia Icefield, to investigate changes in its front position, ice velocity and surface elevation from 2000 to 2011. Our analyses revealed a clear transition from a relatively stable phase to a rapidly retreating and fast-flowing condition in 2008. The glacier front receded by 2.9 km, and the ice velocity increased by 20–50%, over the 2008–11 period. We also found that the ice surface lowered at a rate of up to 39 m a−1 from 2006 to 2010. This magnitude and the rate of changes in the glacier front position, ice velocity and surface elevation are greater than previously reported for Glaciar Upsala, and comparable to recent observations of large tidewater glaciers in Greenland. Our data illustrate details of a rapidly retreating calving glacier in Patagonia that have been scarcely reported despite their importance to the mass budget of the Patagonia Icefields.
Recent changes (1991–2010) in glacier mass balance and air temperature in the European Alps
Authors: Braithwaite Roger J. , Raper Sarah C.B. , Candela Romain 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe estimate temperature sensitivity of observed mass balance for glaciers in the European Alps to compare with our earlier estimates from modelling. We treat 1961-90 as our reference period and compare mass balance for 1991-2010 with this reference period. There are eight Alpine glaciers with long enough records. The mean mass balance for the eight glaciers is close to zero for the reference period, very negative for 1991-2010 and highly negative in the exceptionally warm year 2003. Mass-balance changes are compared with 1991-2010 temperature anomalies to give an average temperature sensitivity of approximately -0.7 ± 0.2 m w.e. a-1 K-1 for the eight glaciers. There is considerable variation between individual glaciers, with higher sensitivity for western glaciers and lower sensitivity for eastern glaciers. Temperature sensitivity for the eight glaciers is strongly correlated with the standard deviation of observed mass balance, which from earlier work is known to be correlated with winter balance. The mean temperature sensitivity for observed mass balance is in reasonable agreement with values from earlier models, but changes in glacier hypsometry during 1991-2010 may have further increased observed mass loss.
On the accuracy of glacier outlines derived from remote-sensing data
Authors: Paul F. , Barrand N.E. , Baumann S. , Berthier E. , Bolch T. , Casey K. , Frey H. , Joshi S.P. , Konovalov V. , Le Bris R. , Mölg N. , Nosenko G. , Nuth C. , Pope A. , Racoviteanu A. , Rastner P. , Raup B. , Scharrer K. , Steffen S. , Winsvold S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDeriving glacier outlines from satellite data has become increasingly popular in the past decade. In particular when glacier outlines are used as a base for change assessment, it is important to know how accurate they are. Calculating the accuracy correctly is challenging, as appropriate reference data (e.g. from higher-resolution sensors) are seldom available. Moreover, after the required manual correction of the raw outlines (e.g. for debris cover), such a comparison would only reveal the accuracy of the analyst rather than of the algorithm applied. Here we compare outlines for clean and debris-covered glaciers, as derived from single and multiple digitizing by different or the same analysts on very high- (1 m) and medium-resolution (30 m) remote-sensing data, against each other and to glacier outlines derived from automated classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper data. Results show a high variability in the interpretation of debris-covered glacier parts, largely independent of the spatial resolution (area differences were up to 30%), and an overall good agreement for clean ice with sufficient contrast to the surrounding terrain (differences ∼5%). The differences of the automatically derived outlines from a reference value are as small as the standard deviation of the manual digitizations from several analysts. Based on these results, we conclude that automated mapping of clean ice is preferable to manual digitization and recommend using the latter method only for required corrections of incorrectly mapped glacier parts (e.g. debris cover, shadow).