bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polycation‐Grafted Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membrane with Biofouling Resistance
Authors: Shen Xiang , Zhao Yiping , Chen Li 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCovalent immobilization of polycations onto a membrane surface has been shown to significantly improve the resistance to biofouling. The poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐graft‐poly(N,N‐dimethylamino‐2‐ethylmethacrylate) (PVDF‐g‐PDMAEMA) copolymer was synthesized via radical grafting copolymerization and fabricated into a flat membrane. The polycation membrane surface was constructed by quaternization of PDMAEMA side chains with 1,5‐dibromopentane and diquaternization of 4,4′‐bipyridine. As revealed by membrane surface morphology, pore size, and porosity measurement, the polycations are distributed on the membrane surface and internal pore channel surface. Water contact angles confirm that the incorporation of polycations remarkably promotes the surface hydrophilicity of a membrane. The polycation membrane surface provides an excellent bactericidal efficiency against Escherichia coli.
Stable and Easily Accessible Functional Dyes: Dihydrotetraazaanthracenes as Versatile Precursors for Higher Acenes
Authors: Gampe Dominique Mario , Kaufmann Martin , Jakobi Dörthe , Sachse Torsten , Presselt Martin , Beckert Rainer , Görls Helmar 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA series of new dihydrotetraazaanthracenes and one new dihydrotetraazatetracene as substances for applications in organoelectronic devices and as suitable building blocks for higher azaacenes was synthesised. The condensation of aromatic diamines with dichlorodicyanopyrazine led to these tricyclic/tetracyclic compounds. Syntheses of N‐substituted phenylenediamines were developed to enable the introduction of multiple functional groups such as ester, amino, or nitro groups on the chromophoric system. Relationships between the structure and the spectroscopic properties could be derived from UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as by DFT and TD‐DFT calculations of molecular and aggregate structures. The absorption spectra are dominated by π–π* transitions of the single molecules, whereas aggregation needs to be taken into account to obtain reasonable agreement between theory and experiment in certain cases. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses were carried out to examine the morphology and solid packing effects. Finally, a dihydrotetraazaanthracene was used as a building‐block to create a mesoionic octaazapentacene.
Controlled Reactivity Tuning of Metal‐Functionalized Vanadium Oxide Clusters
Authors: Kastner Katharina , Forster Johannes , Ida Hiromichi , Newton Graham N. , Oshio Hiroki , Streb Carsten 
Published: April 2015

AbstractControlling the assembly and functionalization of molecular metal oxides [MxOy]n− (M=Mo, W, V) allows the targeted design of functional molecular materials. While general methods exist that enable the predetermined functionalization of tungstates and molybdates, no such routes are available for molecular vanadium oxides. Controlled design of polyoxovanadates, however, would provide highly active materials for energy conversion, (photo‐) catalysis, molecular magnetism, and materials science. To this end, a new approach has been developed that allows the reactivity tuning of vanadium oxide clusters by selective metal functionalization. Organic, hydrogen‐bonding cations, for example, dimethylammonium are used as molecular placeholders to block metal binding sites within vanadate cluster shells. Stepwise replacement of the placeholder cations with reactive metal cations gives mono‐ and difunctionalized clusters. Initial reactivity studies illustrate the tunability of the magnetic, redox, and catalytic activity.
Cross preferences for colors and shapes
Authors: Chen Na , Tanaka Kanji , Matsuyoshi Daisuke , Watanabe Katsumi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPreferences for colors and geometric shapes vary considerably across individuals. Studies have demonstrated these variations in preference separately for colors and shapes, but the relationships between preference variations for colors and shapes are not yet known. By measuring individual preferences for basic colors and shapes, we found that color preferences and shape preferences were partly, but systematically, correlated. People who preferred some simple shapes (e.g., cone, pyramid) tended to prefer some light or warm colors (e.g., yellow, orange). In contrast, people who preferred some complex shapes (e.g., scrambled truncated‐pyramid, scrambled pyramid) tended to prefer some dark or cold colors (e.g., blue, blue‐green). That is, people who like “simple” or “complex” visual features might tend to like “light or warm” or “dark or cold” visual features. These results indicate that individual preferences for colors and shapes might not be independent, but could be correlated and intertwined to some extent. We suggest that the semantic information associated with colors and shapes underlies the cross preferences. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 188–195, 2016
Surface energy fluxes and controls of evapotranspiration in three alpine ecosystems of Qinghai Lake watershed, NE Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Zhang Si‐Yi , Li Xiao‐Yan , Zhao Guo‐Qin , Huang Yong‐Mei 
Published: April 2015

AbstractQinghai Lake watershed, located in the northeast of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, is a region that is sensitive and vulnerable to global climate change. Both the hydrological cycle and water balance in a watershed are significantly influenced by surface energy fluxes and evapotranspiration (ET); however, there is limited information related to the water and heat fluxes in this area. Using the Bowen ratio energy balance method, we measured surface energy fluxes and ET and then explored their controlling factors in three typical ecosystems of the Qinghai Lake watershed, i.e. Kobresia meadow (KMd.), Potentilla fruticosa shrub (PFSh.) and Achnatherum splendens steppe (ASSt.) between 2012 and 2013 for the first time. It was found that between the different ecosystems, there were large differences in the energy portioning. Annual sensible and latent heats accounted for 56–64% and 35–45% of net radiation, respectively. The Bowen rations were the highest in the ASSt. site and the lowest in the PFSh. site. The Bowen ratios and soil water content had negative correlations. Annual ET was 507.9, 493.2 and 413.7 mm for the PFSh., KMd. and ASSt. sites, respectively. The annual ET in the KMd. and PFSh. sites was 16% and 3% less than the annual precipitation, while the ET was 26% higher than precipitation for the ASSt. site. Fluctuations in the daily ET of alpine ecosystems from the Qinghai Lake watershed were primarily controlled by radiation, especially during the growing season, whereas ET was also controlled by soil water content in the ASSt. ecosystem where precipitation was low. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship of physical activity and healthy eating with mortality and incident heart failure among community‐dwelling older adults with normal body mass index
Authors: Abdelmawgoud Ahmed , Brown Cynthia J. , Sui Xuemei , Fonarow Gregg C. , Kokkinos Peter F. , Bittner Vera , Aronow Wilbert S. , Kheirbek Raya E. , Fletcher Ross D. , Blair Steven N. , Ahmed Ali 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimsNormal body mass index (BMI) is associated with lower mortality and may be achieved by physical activity (PA), healthy eating (HE), or both. We examined the association of PA and HE with mortality and incident heart failure (HF) among 2040 community‐dwelling older adults aged ≥ 65 years with baseline BMI 18.5 to 24.99 kg/m2 during 13 years of follow‐up in the Cardiovascular Health Study.Methods and resultsBaseline PA was defined as ≥500 weekly metabolic equivalent task‐minutes and HE as ≥5 daily servings of vegetable and fruit intake. Participants were categorized into four groups: (i) PA−/HE− (n = 384); (ii) PA−/HE+ (n = 162); (iii) PA+/HE− (n = 992); and (iv) PA+/HE+ (n = 502). Participants had a mean age of 74 (±6) years, mean BMI of 22.6 (±1.5) kg/m2, 61% were women, and 4% African American. Compared with PA−/HE−, age‐sex‐race‐adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for all‐cause mortality for PA−/HE+, PA+/HE−, and PA+/HE+ groups were 0.96 (0.76–1.21), 0.61 (0.52–0.71), and 0.62 (0.52–0.75), respectively. These associations remained unchanged after multivariable adjustment and were similar for cardiovascular and non‐cardiovascular mortalities. Respective demographic‐adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for incident HF among 1954 participants without baseline HF were 1.21 (0.81–1.81), 0.71 (0.54–0.94), and 0.71 (0.51–0.98). These latter associations lost significance after multivariable adjustment.ConclusionAmong community‐dwelling older adults with normal BMI, physical activity, regardless of healthy eating, was associated with lower risk of mortality and incident HF, but healthy eating had no similar protective association in this cohort.
From Homonuclear Metal String Complexes to Heteronuclear Metal String Complexes
Authors: Hua Shao‐An , Cheng Ming‐Chuan , Chen Chun‐hsien , Peng Shie‐Ming 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe study of metal string complexes with 1D transition‐metal frameworks began in the early 1990s. As these complexes provide great insights into metal–metal multiple bonds and may have potential applications as molecular wires, this field of research has grown in the past 20 years. As such, the electronic structures of the simplest trinuclear complexes, the supporting ligand systems, and the single‐molecular conductance of metal string complexes are discussed. This review introduces the development of this field and summarizes some important results in the newly designed heteronuclear metal string complexes (HMSCs). These molecules may be of great interest in studies of the nature of heterometallic electronic effects and molecular electronic applications.
A Copper Porphyrin for Sensing H2S in Aqueous Solution via a “Coordinative‐Based” Approach
Authors: Mirra Silvia , Milione Stefano , Strianese Maria , Pellecchia Claudio 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA “turn on” fluorescence‐based probe for sensing H2S in water via a coordinative‐based approach has been successfully devised. The probe can selectively detect H2S in aqueous solutions over other anions, biothiols, and common oxidants such as H2O2. 1H NMR spectroscopy and ESI‐MS experiments provide evidence that the turn‐on response in the presence of H2S is due to binding of the target anion to the copper center.
Total Synthesis of the Putative Structure of Deoxypumiliotoxin 193H by an Ireland–Claisen Rearrangement
Authors: Smits Gints , Zemribo Ronalds 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA stereoselective total synthesis of one diastereomer of 8‐deoxypumiliotoxin 193H is described. The concise total synthesis features the use of readily available natural amino acids as the starting materials and the Ireland–Claisen rearrangement as the key stereochemistry controlling step.
Connecting Electron‐Deficient and Electron‐Rich Aromatics to Support Intermolecular Interactions in Crystals
Authors: Albrecht Markus , Yi Hai , Pan Fangfang , Valkonen Arto , Rissanen Kari 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFive compounds bearing electron‐deficient pentafluorophenyl as well as electron‐rich (salicylate or indole) aromatic moieties connected by amide or ester linkages were investigated by X‐ray diffraction. In the crystals, various interactions (π–π, lone pair–π) between the different aromatic units are important structure controlling factors in addition to the stronger inter‐ or intramolecular hydrogen bonds induced by the amide and ester moieties. The hydrogen bonding leads to polymeric and macrocyclic assembly of the molecular building blocks.
Synthesis, Spectral Characterization of Four Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Organotellurium(II) Compounds: O−H…N, CH…π, and CH…O Secondary Interactions in X‐Ray Crystal Structures of 4‐MeOC6H4TeCH2CH2CH2N═C(CH3)C6H4‐2‐OH (1) and Te[CH2CH2CH2N═C(CH3)C6H4‐2‐OH]2 (2)
Authors: Raghavendra Kumar P. , Siddagangaiah Palakshamurthy B. , Upreti Shailesh 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe condensation of 3‐(4‐methoxyphenyltelluro)propylamine and bis(3‐aminopropyl) telluride with 2‐hydroxyacetophenone formed two Schiff's bases 2‐[1‐(3‐(4‐methoxyphenyltellanyl)propylimino)ethyl]phenol (1) and Bis 2‐[1‐(3‐iminopropyltellanyl)ethyl]phenol (2), respectively. The reduction of 1 and 2 gave compounds 2‐[1‐(3‐(4‐methoxyphenyltellanyl)propylamino)ethyl]phenol (3) and Bis 2‐[1‐(3‐aminopropyltellanyl)ethyl]phenol (4), respectively. These four new organotellurium compounds (1–4) were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopies and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) (Te). The conductance and molecular weights and composition by elemental analysis (C, H, and N) of 1 and 2 were determined. The compound 4 was also characterized by 13C DEPT‐135 NMR spectrum. The compounds 1 and 3 are unsymmetrical, and 2 and 4 are symmetrical type of telluroethers. The single crystals of 1 and 2 were grown, and their molecular structures were determined by single crystal X‐Ray diffraction. The ArC–Te bond length in 1 was found 2.117(7) Å. The RC–Te bond length in 1 is 2.141(5) Å and in 2 is 2.146(5) and 2.150(6) Å. The >C═N bond lengths in 1 and 2 were between 1.278(6) and 1.295(6) Å. There exists intramolecular O−H…N hydrogen bonding [between 1.758(4) and 1.792(4) Å] in 1 and 2. In compound 2, these nonbonded interactions result in the formation of a (34) dimeric ring. CH…O [2.505(4)–2.516(3) Å] in 1 and 2 and CH…π [2.61(5) and 2.89(4) Å] secondary interactions are also present in 2.
Proliferation and osteogenic response of MC3T3‐E1 pre‐osteoblastic cells on porous zirconia ceramics stabilized with magnesia or yttria
Authors: Hadjicharalambous Chrystalleni , Mygdali Evdokia , Prymak Oleg , Buyakov Ales , Kulkov Sergei , Chatzinikolaidou Maria 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDense zirconia ceramics are used in bone applications due to their mechanical strength and biocompatibility, but lack osseointegration. A porous interface in contact with bone tissue may lead to better bone bonding but the biological properties of porous zirconia are not widely explored. The present study focuses on the manufacturing of an yttria‐ (YSZ) and a magnesia‐stabilized (MgSZ) porous zirconia, and on their in vitro biological investigation. The sintered ceramics had similar characteristics of porosity, pore size and interconnectivity. Their elastic moduli and compressive strength values were within the range of the values of human cortical bone. MC3T3‐E1 pre‐osteoblasts were used to investigate the proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen deposition and expression profile of four genes involved in bone metabolism of cells on porous ceramics. Scanning electron and fluorescence microscopy were employed to visualize cell morphology and growth. Pre‐osteoblasts adhered well on both ceramics but cell numbers on YSZ were higher. Cells exhibited an increase in ALP activity and collagen deposition after 14 days on both MgSZ and YSZ, with higher levels on YSZ. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed that the expression of bone sialoprotein (Bsp) and collagen type I (col1aI) were significantly higher on YSZ. No significant differences were found in their ability to regulate the early gene expression of Runx2 and Alp. Nevertheless, the biomineralized calcium content was similar on both ceramics after 21 days, indicating that despite chemical differences, both scaffolds direct the pre‐osteoblasts toward a mature state capable of mineralizing the extracellular matrix. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3612–3624, 2015.
Cytotoxicity evaluation of polymer‐derived ceramics for pacemaker electrode applications
Authors: Grossenbacher Jonas , Gullo Maurizio R. , Dalcanale Federico , Blugan Gurdial , Kuebler Jakob , Lecaudé Stéphanie , Tevaearai Stahel Hendrik , Brugger Juergen 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCeramics are known to be chemically stable, and the possibility to electrically dope polymer‐derived ceramics makes it a material of interest for implantable electrode applications. We investigated cytotoxic characteristics of four polymer‐derived ceramic candidates with either electrically conductive or insulating properties. Cytotoxicity was assessed by culturing C2C12 myoblast cells under two conditions: by exposing them to material extracts and by putting them directly in contact with material samples. Cell spreading was optically evaluated by comparing microscope observations immediately after the materials insertion and after 24 h culturing. Cell viability (MTT) and mortality (LDH) were quantified after 24‐h incubation in contact with the materials. Comparison was made with biocompatible positive references (alumina, platinum, biocompatible stainless steel 1.4435), negative references (latex, stainless steel 1.4301) and controls (no material present in the culture wells). We found that the cytotoxic properties of tested ceramics are comparable to established reference materials. These ceramics, which are reported to be very stable, can be microstructured and electrically doped to a wide range of conductivity and are thus excellent candidates for implantable electrode applications including pacemakers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 3625–3632, 2015.
Perceived workplace racial discrimination and its correlates: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Triana María del Carmen , Jayasinghe Mevan , Pieper Jenna R. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryWe combine the interactional model of cultural diversity (IMCD) and relative deprivation theory to examine employee outcomes of perceived workplace racial discrimination. Using 79 effect sizes from published and unpublished studies, we meta‐analyze the relationships between perceived racial discrimination and several important employee outcomes that have potential implications for organizational performance. In response to calls to examine the context surrounding discrimination, we test whether the severity of these outcomes depends on changes to employment law that reflect increasing societal concern for equality and on the characteristics of those sampled. Perceived racial discrimination was negatively related to job attitudes, physical health, psychological health, organizational citizenship behavior, and perceived diversity climate and positively related to coping behavior. The effect of perceived racial discrimination on job attitudes was stronger in studies published after the Civil Rights Act of 1991 was passed than before. Results provide some evidence that effect sizes were stronger the more women and minorities were in the samples, indicating that these groups are more likely to perceive discrimination and/or respond more strongly to perceived discrimination. Our findings extend the IMCD and relative deprivation theory to consider how contextual factors including changes to employment law influence employee outcomes of perceived workplace discrimination. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization of Methacrylic Esters: Insights and Solutions to a Long‐Standing Problem
Authors: Guégain Elise , Guillaneuf Yohann , Nicolas Julien 
Published: April 2015

Nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) is one of the most powerful reversible deactivation radical polymerization techniques and has incredibly gained in maturity and robustness over the last decades. However, control of methacrylic esters is one of the different aspects of NMP that still requires improvement. This family of monomers always represented an important challenge for NMP, despite the many different nitroxide structures that have been designed over the course of time. This Review aims to present the most successful strategies directed toward the control of the NMP technique of methacrylic esters and especially methyl methacrylate. NMP‐derived materials comprising uncontrolled methacrylate segments will also be discussed.
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The Impact of Donor–Acceptor Phase Separation on the Charge Carrier Dynamics in pBTTT:PCBM Photovoltaic Blends
Authors: Gehrig Dominik W. , Howard Ian A. , Sweetnam Sean , Burke Timothy M. , McGehee Michael D. , Laquai Frédéric 
Published: April 2015

The effect of donor–acceptor phase separation, controlled by the donor–acceptor mixing ratio, on the charge generation and recombination dynamics in pBTTT‐C14:PC70BM bulk heterojunction photovoltaic blends is presented. Transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy spanning the dynamic range from pico‐ to microseconds in the visible and near‐infrared spectral regions reveals that in a 1:1 blend exciton dissociation is ultrafast; however, charges cannot entirely escape their mutual Coulomb attraction and thus predominantly recombine geminately on a sub‐ns timescale. In contrast, a polymer:fullerene mixing ratio of 1:4 facilitates the formation of spatially separated, that is free, charges and reduces substantially the fraction of geminate charge recombination, in turn leading to much more efficient photovoltaic devices. This illustrates that spatially extended donor or acceptor domains are required for the separation of charges on an ultrafast timescale (<100 fs), indicating that they are not only important for efficient charge transport and extraction, but also critically influence the initial stages of free charge carrier formation.
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Was macht der Müll im Meer?
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: April 2015

AbstractPlastikmüll reichert sich in den Ozeanen an und zerfällt dort unter UV‐Einwirkung in mikroskopisch kleine Partikel. Ob und wie dieses Mikroplastik auf die Biosphäre wirkt, beginnen Wissenschaftler gerade zu erforschen.
The effect of bladder sensation on uroflowmetry parameters in healthy young men
Authors: Kaynar Mehmet , Kucur Mustafa , Kiliç Ozcan , Akand Murat , Gul Murat , Goktas Serdar 
Published: April 2015

AimsTo investigate the effect of the bladder sensation grade on uroflowmetry parameters.MethodsFifty healthy volunteering young men were enrolled in the present study. In total, three uroflowmetry evaluations were made. Qmax, Qave, VV, and PVR urine was obtained three times in three described bladder sensation grades, nearly at the same time of the day.ResultsThe mean age of the participants in the present study is 29.08 ± 3.8 years. The mean Qmax values of the volunteers were 17.4 ± 4.8 ml/s, 24.1 ± 6.0 ml/s, and 29.6 ± 6.5 ml/s in the first, second, and third, voiding desire grades, respectively. The mean Qave values were 9.9 ± 2.1 ml/s, 12.9 ± 2.9 ml/s, and 15.9 ± 4.0 ml/s for each of the voiding desire grades mentioned. A statistically significant difference was obvious for all three bladder sensation grades in terms of Qmax and Qave values (P = 0.000). However, no statistically significant difference was seen regarding the PVR urine volumes. The mean voided volume in the first, second and third uroflowmetry were 140 ± 42 ml, 245 ± 64 ml, and 449 ± 105 ml, respectively. The highest Qmax and Qave values were obtained when the desire to void was urgent.ConclusionsThe findings of the study show that, uroflowmetry evaluations are to be made if the patients have a strong desire to void. Only thus the highest Qmax values can be obtained; yet, the degree of perceived bladder sensation does not have a statistically significant impact on PVR quantity. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:622–624, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.