bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operation Reliability of Power Systems
Authors: Li Wenyuan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This article presents the basic concepts, topics, indices, outage models of system components, noncoherence phenomenon, and three specific issues in probabilistic system operation reliability assessment. Operation reliability of power systems includes adequacy and security evaluations for real‐time operation from a few minutes to half an hour and operation planning from half an hour up to 1 year. There are fundamental differences between reliability assessments for operation and long‐term system planning. The main features in operation reliability assessment are illustrated, and 26 topics in this area are proposed. The indices for system operation reliability can be classified into three categories: the indices of system operation states, limit violations, and system operation risks. The major challenges in system operation reliability assessment include probabilistic simulations of various operational measures, remedial actions, and system dynamics at different timescales, as well as special requirements in input data and computing speed. Fuzzy set theory can be combined with probability methods to deal with both randomness and fuzziness in time‐varying or condition‐dependent data modeling. The operation adequacy assessment for steady states and operation risk assessments for voltage and transient instability are discussed in detail as typical examples. Probabilistic reliability assessment of power system operation is an important task for power system researchers and engineers today and in the future.
Price Forecasting Techniques in Power Systems
Authors: García‐Martos Carolina , Conejo Antonio J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis tutorial paper provides a brief overview of forecasting techniques for hourly electricity price prediction in both the short and the long term, with an emphasis on analytical, nonheuristic procedures. Appropriate background material on time‐series analysis is reviewed first. Short‐term hourly price forecasting (from 12 to 168 hours in advance) is then addressed considering mostly time‐series tools. Illustrative examples based on both European and North American electricity markets are provided to clarify the functioning of the tools described. Unobserved component models are then introduced to address the long‐term forecasting (from 1 week to 1 year in advance) of hourly electricity prices. An illustrative example based on data from a North‐American electricity market is used to clarify the working of an unobserved component model. Appropriate conclusions are finally drawn.
Interdisciplinary Operation of Natural Gas and Electric Power Systems
Authors: Liu Cong , Shahidehpour Mohammad 
Published: January 2013

AbstractElectric power generation relies increasingly on the natural gas supply system as additional natural gas‐fired power plants are installed in restructured power systems. In this context, the economics and the reliability of electric power and natural gas systems will impact one another. This article addresses the interdependency of electricity and natural gas systems and summarizes approaches for the interdisciplinary operation and the scheduling of the coupled energy systems.This article starts from an introduction of basic knowledge for the electric power system and the natural gas system. The survey will be given for the research in the past about the interdependency of natural gas and electric power system. This article presents two integrated short‐term scheduling models. The first one is from the viewpoint of the independent system operator (ISO), which proposes a security‐based methodology for the unit commitment solution when considering the natural gas transmission system and contracts. The second integrated model considers a joint operator for the coordinated scheduling of the interdependent power and natural gas systems. The integrated operator uses a Lagrangian relaxation (LR)–based model for the coordinated least‐cost allocation of natural gas resources to individual gas loads and power plants.
Electrical “Wiring” of Enzymes
Authors: Polsky Ronen , Brozik Susan M. , Xiao Xiaoyin , Holland J. Todd 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDirect communication with the redox active center of many enzymes can be extremely beneficial for many applications ranging from basic research to the construction of sensors and biofuel cells. Unfortunately, most enzymes have evolved such that they naturally protect their active sites, which are shielded within their protein shell, to work more effectively in native environments. Therefore, much activity has taken place to try and artificially connect external electrode transducers to enzyme redox centers in what is termed electrical “wiring” of enzymes. This review gives a general overview of enzyme wiring including background, methods, and applications.
The Impact of Target Base Rate on Training and Transfer of Learning in Airline Luggage Screening: An Examination of Three Base Rate Scenarios
Authors: Madhavan Poornima , Gonzalez Cleotilde , Brown Jeremy R. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryWe examined the extent to which transfer of training is impacted by target probability and physical similarity of training and transfer stimuli. Participants performed a luggage screening task where they trained on three base rates of weapon presence as follows: 100%, 50% and 20%; at transfer, participants detected the same weapons (Study 1) or novel weapons (Studies 2 and 3) at a base rate of 20%. In Study 3, we modified training such that all participants observed the same absolute number of weapons (n = 100) across base rate conditions. In Study 1, different base rates did not significantly impact transfer. In Study 2, 100% base rates helped hit rates at transfer but increased false alarms via liberal shifts in decision criteria and slowed detection times. Study 3 revealed no effect of base rates on transfer hit rates; however, training on 100% base rates still led to liberal responding and inflated false alarms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tailored dielectric and mechanical properties of noncovalently functionalized carbon nanotube/poly(styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene) nanocomposites
Authors: Yadav Santosh Kumar , Mahapatra Sibdas Singha , Cho Jae Whan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe preparation of high‐dielectric poly(styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene) (SEBS) composites containing functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (f‐SWCNTs) noncovalently appended with dibutyltindilaurate are reported herein. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the noncovalent functionalization of the SWCNTs. The SEBS‐f‐SWCNT composites exhibited enhanced mechanical properties as well as a stable and high dielectric constant of approximately 1000 at 1 Hz with rather low dielectric loss at 2 wt% filler content. The significantly enhanced dielectric property originates from the noncovalent functionalization of the SWCNTs that ensures good dispersion of the f‐SWCNTs in the polymer matrix. The f‐SWCNTs also acted as a reinforcing filler, thereby enhancing the mechanical properties of the composites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Contemporary management and outcomes for infants born with oesophageal atresia
Authors: Burge D M , Shah K , Spark P , Shenker N , Pierce M , Kurinczuk J J , Draper E S , Johnson P R V , Knight M 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background
Reports on the management and outcome of rare conditions, such as oesophageal atresia, are frequently limited to case series reporting single-centre experience over many years. The aim of this study was to identify all infants born with oesophageal atresia in the UK and Ireland to describe current clinical practice and outcomes.

Methods
This was a prospective multicentre cohort study of all infants born with oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula in 2008–2009 in the UK and Ireland to record current clinical management and early outcomes.

Results
A total of 151 infants admitted to 28 paediatric surgical units were identified. Some aspects of perioperative management were universal, including oesophageal decompression, operative technique and the use of transanastomotic tubes. However, there were a number of areas where clinical practice varied considerably, including the routine use of perioperative chest drains, postoperative contrast studies and antireflux medication, with each of these being employed in 30–50 per cent of patients. There was a trend towards routine postoperative ventilation.

Conclusion
The prospective methodology used in this study can help identify practices that all surgeons employ and also those that few surgeons use. Areas of clinical equipoise can be recognized and avenues for further research identified.
Desmoid tumour biology in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis coli
Authors: Schiessling S , Kihm M , Ganschow P , Kadmon G , Büchler M W , Kadmon M 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is caused by mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Desmoid tumours affect up to 26 per cent of patients and contribute significantly to death. This study aimed to assess the influence of sex and mutation site on desmoid tumour development and sex-specific genetic differences in patients with FAP with and without desmoid tumours.

Methods
Patients with FAP-associated desmoid tumours recorded in the Heidelberg Polyposis Register between 1991 and 2010 were identified. These patients were analysed with respect to clinical parameters and possible risk factors.

Results
Some 105 patients with FAP-associated desmoid tumours of a total of 585 patients with FAP were analysed. Male patients had a significantly greater number of desmoid tumours and a larger tumour mass, although tumours were more common in female patients. Desmoid tumours in male patients were located more often in the abdominal wall. Seventy-nine (75·2 per cent) of the 105 patients demonstrated a clear temporal association between a previous operation and subsequent desmoid tumour development; most of these patients were female. Mutation sites in male patients were limited to exons 5, 14 and 15, whereas female patients carried mutations along the entire coding region of the APC gene. Twenty-one per cent of patients with desmoid tumours carried mutations within the ‘desmoid region’, compared with only 4·1 per cent of the control group without desmoids.

Conclusion
There are significant sex differences concerning desmoid tumour manifestation. Female patients appear to have a higher risk of desmoid tumour occurrence independent of the mutation site, whereas in male patients the mutation site seems to exert more influence.
Markedly High Catalytic Activity of Supported Pt–MoOx Nanoclusters for Methanol Reforming to Hydrogen at Low Temperatures
Authors: Park Jae Hyun , Kim Yong Tae , Park Eun Duck , Lee Hyun Chul , Kim Jieun , Lee Doohwan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe catalytic activity of metal oxide‐supported Pt–MOx (M=Mo, W, Ce, V) catalysts was investigated for methanol reforming to hydrogen at low temperatures with varied reaction pressures in gaseous to aqueous phase regimes. The Pt–MoOx/TiO2 catalysts prepared through co‐impregnation of the precursors demonstrated unprecedentedly high catalytic activities compared with the previously reported Pt‐based catalysts, which showed an order of magnitude higher hydrogen production turnover rates with extremely low CO selectivities. The morphological and electrochemical characteristics of the dispersed Pt–MoOx nanoclusters were largely affected by the impregnation method and the Mo/Pt atomic ratio. The Pt–MoOx nanoclusters consisting of metallic state Pt and MoOx moieties of high site density and reducibility capable of Mo6+ to Mo5+ redox transition promoted the marked rate enhancements in methanol reforming to hydrogen at low temperatures. These highly active catalysts offer opportunities in the direct embedding of fuel processing in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells through the internal thermal integration of exothermic electrochemical reactions with endothermic fuel reforming for hydrogen production.
Zinc Oxide Photocatalysis: Influence of Iron and Titanium Doping and Origin of the Optimal Doping Ratio
Authors: Bloh Jonathan Z. , Dillert Ralf , Bahnemann Detlef W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSemiconductor photocatalysis is an important process for various applications. However, low photocatalytic activities limit the use of current photocatalysts. Several strategies were used to increase the photocatalytic activity, such as doping with transition metals. Although some success was achieved, the mechanism of the increased photocatalytic activity is still poorly understood. Moreover, titanium dioxide is usually the only material studied in this way, whereas other semiconductors have not been explored yet. Here, the effect of iron and titanium doping on the photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide is investigated. Thus, zinc oxide samples with 19 doping ratios are synthesized and characterized. A standardized test method, described by the ISO standard 22197‐2, is used to measure the activity to ensure comparability with other studies. The results show an optimal doping ratio of 0.005 and 0.002 at % for iron‐ and titanium‐doped zinc oxide, respectively. At these concentrations, the photocatalytic activity is increased by a factor of 3.4 compared to that of undoped zinc oxide. In addition, a theoretical model that describes the origin of the optimal doping ratio is developed and elucidated.
Preparation of Highly Functionalised Benzofurans from ortho‐Hydroxyphenones and Dichloroethylene: Applications and Mechanistic Investigations
Authors: Schevenels Florian , Tinant Bernard , Declercq Jean‐Paul , Markó István E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractHighly functionalised benzofurans have been prepared from ortho‐hydroxyphenones and 1,1‐dichloroethylene. The key intermediate, a chloromethylene furan, smoothly rearranged into the corresponding benzofuran carbaldehyde under acidic conditions. Some mechanistic investigations have been performed and several biologically active benzofurans have been synthesised.
Multi‐Pathway Excited State Relaxation of Adenine Oligomers in Aqueous Solution: A Joint Theoretical and Experimental Study
Authors: Banyasz Akos , Gustavsson Thomas , Onidas Delphine , Changenet‐Barret Pascale , Markovitsi Dimitra , Improta Roberto 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe singlet excited states of adenine oligomers, model systems widely used for the understanding of the interaction of ultraviolet radiation with DNA, are investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and time‐dependent (TD) DFT calculations. Fluorescence decays, fluorescence anisotropy decays, and time‐resolved fluorescence spectra are recorded from the femtosecond to the nanosecond timescales for single strand (dA)20 in aqueous solution. These experimental observations and, in particular, the comparison of the fluorescence behavior upon UVC and UVA excitation allow the identification of various types of electronic transitions with different energy and polarization. Calculations performed for up to five stacked 9‐methyladenines, taking into account the solvent, show that different excited states are responsible for the absorption in the UVC and UVA spectral domains. Independently of the number of bases, bright excitons may evolve toward two types of excited dimers having π–π* or charge‐transfer character, each one distinguished by its own geometry and spectroscopic signature. According to the picture arising from the joint experimental and theoretical investigation, UVC‐induced fluorescence contains contribution from 1) exciton states with a different degree of localization, decaying within a few ps, 2) “neutral” excited dimers decaying on the sub‐nanosecond timescale, being the dominant species, and 3) charge‐transfer states decaying on the nanosecond timescale. The majority of the photons emitted upon UVA excitation are related to charge‐transfer states.
A Sustainable Concept for the Supply of Pure CO2 as a Carbon Source for Solar Fuels – Synergies of Biochar and Biogas
Authors: Liebeck Miriam , Vogel G. Herbert 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn Zeiten der Energiewende erlangen chemische Speichertechnologien eine vermehrte Bedeutung, da nur mit ihrer Hilfe die Energie des Exzessstromes aus Wind‐ und Solaranlagen in großen Mengen in Form von Kohlenwasserstoffen gespeichert werden kann. Der durch Wasserelektrolyse erzeugte Wasserstoff wird mit Kohlendioxid zu Kohlenwasserstoffen umgesetzt. Dazu muss kostengünstig reines CO2 zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Für die Bereitstellung wird ein nachhaltiges Konzept vorgestellt.
Forecasting Hourly Roadside Particulate Matter in Taipei County of Taiwan Based on First‐Order and One‐Variable Grey Model
Authors: Pai Tzu‐Yi , Hanaki Keisuke , Chiou Ren‐Jie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this study, seven types of first‐order and one‐variable grey differential equation model (abbreviated as GM (1, 1) model) were used to forecast hourly roadside particulate matter (PM) including PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Taipei County of Taiwan. Their forecasting performance was also compared. The results indicated that the minimum mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and maximum correlation coefficient (R) was 11.70%, 60.06, 7.75, and 0.90%, respectively when forecasting PM10. When forecasting PM2.5, the minimum MAPE, MSE, RMSE, and maximum R‐value of 16.33%, 29.78, 5.46, and 0.90, respectively could be achieved. All statistical values revealed that the forecasting performance of GM (1, 1, x(0)), GM (1, 1, a), and GM (1, 1, b) outperformed other GM (1, 1) models. According to the results, it revealed that GM (1, 1) was an efficiently early warning tool for providing PM information to the roadside inhabitants.
A Cloud Point Extraction Approach Developed for Analyzing Pesticides Prometryne and Isoproturon from Multi‐media
Authors: Tan Jian Hua , Jin She Feng , Yang Hong 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA new analytic methodology based on the cloud point extraction coupled with HPLC (CPE‐HPLC) was developed and successfully applied to determination of the pesticides isoproturon (IPU) and prometryne (PRO) from multi‐media (contaminated water, soil, and food vegetable). Several non‐ionic surfactants including poly ethylene glycol 6000 (PEG‐6000), TritonX‐114, and Triton X‐100 were comparatively analyzed as extraction solvents. Other parameters such as surfactant concentration, ionic strength, and equilibration temperature, and duration were also investigated. The optimal conditions for CPE were presented with 2.4% w/v PEG‐6000, 11% w/v Na2SO4 and heating assistance at 50°C for 25 min. The calibration curves for the two analytes were linear ranging from 0.001 to 10.0 mg L−1, with correlation coefficients being 0.99 determined by a HPLC–UV detector. Under the condition, the average recoveries were 85.4–90.6% for water, 84.4–92.7% for soil, and 84.4–92.1% for vegetable. Thus, the method presented here was proved to be rapid, efficient, and green for extraction and determination of isoproturon and prometryne residues from food and multi‐environmental media.
Gastric juice MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for the screening of gastric cancer
Authors: Cui Long , Zhang Xinjun , Ye Guoliang , Zheng Tuo , Song Haojun , Deng Hongxia , Xiao Bingxiu , Xia Tian , Yu Xiuchong , Le Yanping , Guo Junming 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBACKGROUND:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in carcinogenesis; however, it largely remains unclear whether miRNAs in gastric juice, which is specific for gastric tissues, can be used as biomarkers for gastric cancer. The objective of the current study was to investigate the feasibility of using gastric juice miRNAs as potential biomarkers to assist in screening for gastric cancer.METHODS:Gastric juice samples were collected from 141 patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy examination between September 2010 and December 2011. Gastric cancer and adjacent normal biopsy specimens also were collected. The existence and stability of miRNAs in gastric juices were determined by real‐time reverse transcriptase‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and sequencing. miRNA levels in tissues and gastric juices were detected by RT‐qPCR. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed for differentiating gastric cancer from benign gastric diseases.RESULTS:Levels of miRNA‐21 (miR‐21) and miR‐106a in gastric cancer tissues were significantly higher compared with the levels in adjacent tissues (P = .006 and P = .001, respectively). Patients who had gastric cancer had significantly different levels of gastric juice miR‐21 and miR‐106a compared with patients who had benign gastric diseases (both P < .001). There were significant correlations between miR‐21/miR‐106a levels and Borrmann types. miR‐21 levels in intestinal type gastric cancer specimens were higher than that in diffuse (P = .003) or mixed (P < .001) gastric cancer types. The area under the ROC curve was up to 0.969 for miR‐21 and 0.871 for miR‐106a.CONCLUSIONS:The current results indicated that certain miRNAs in gastric juice are potential biomarkers that can assist in screening for gastric cancer. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Deletions of chromosomes 3p and 14q molecularly subclassify clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Kroeger Nils , Klatte Tobias , Chamie Karim , Rao P. Nagesh , Birkhäuser Frédéric D. , Sonn Geoffrey A. , Riss Joseph , Kabbinavar Fairooz F. , Belldegrun Arie S. , Pantuck Allan J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBACKGROUND:The short arm of chromosome 3 (3p) harbors the von Hippel‐Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene, and the long arm of chromosome 14 (14q) harbors the hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) gene. The objective of this study was to evaluate the significance of 3p loss (loss VHL gene) and 14q loss (loss HIF‐1α gene) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).METHODS:In total, 288 ccRCC tumors underwent a prospective cytogenetic analysis for alterations in chromosomes 3p and 14q. Tumors were assigned to 1 of 4 possible chromosomal alterations: VHL +3p/+14q (VHL wild type [VHL‐WT]), VHL +3p/−14q (VHL‐WT plus HIF2α [WT/H2]), −3p/+14q (HIF1α and HIF2α [H1H2]), and −3p/−14q (HIF2α [H2]).RESULTS:Among patients who had loss of 3p, tumors with −3p/−14q (H2) alterations were larger (P = .002), had higher grade (P = .002) and stage (P = .001), and more often were metastatic (P = .029) than tumors that retained 14q (H1H2). All patients who had tumors with −3p/−14q (H2) had worse cancer‐specific survival (P = .014), and patients who had localized disease (P = .012) and primary T1 (pT1) tumors (P = .008) had worse recurrence‐free survival. In patients who had pT1 tumors, combined 3p/14q loss was an independent predictor of recurrence‐free survival (hazard ratio, 11.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.91‐65.63) and cancer‐specific survival (hazard ratio, 15.93; 95% confidence interval, 3.09‐82.16). The current investigation was limited by its retrospective design, single‐center experience, and a lack of confirmatory protein analyses.CONCLUSIONS:Loss of chromosome 3p (the VHL gene) was associated with improved survival in patients with ccRCC, whereas loss of chromosome 14q (the HIF‐1α gene) was associated with worse outcomes. The results of the current study support the hypothesis that HIF‐1α functions as an important tumor suppressor gene in ccRCC. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.