bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atropisomeric determination of chiral hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls using HPLC-MS
Authors: Zhai Guangshu , Wu Xianai , Lehmler Hans-Joachim , Schnoor Jerald L 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of environmental persistent organic pollutants, which can be metabolized into a series of metabolites, including hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) in biota. Nineteen of 209 PCB congeners can form chiral stable isomers. However, atropisomeric determination of the hydroxylated metabolites of these chiral PCBs has never been reported by LC methods. In this work, a novel HPLC-MS method was developed to detect five chiral OH-PCBs (4OH-PCB91, 5OH-PCB91, 4OH-PCB95, 5OH-PCB95 and 5OH-PCB149) using HPLC-MS without a derivatization step.

Results
The influences of column-type, column temperature, flow rate and ratio of the mobile phase on the atropisomeric separation were investigated in detail. In the final method, calibration curves, based on peak areas against concentration, were linear in a range of 1–100 ng mL-1 of five chiral OH-PCBs with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9996 to 0.9999 for all atropisomers of OH-PCBs. The relative standard deviations measured at the 10.0 ng mL-1 level for atropisomers of five chiral OH-PCBs were in the range of 0.60-7.55% (n = 5). Calculated detection limits (S/N = 3) of five chiral OH-PCBs were between 0.31 and 0.60 ng mL-1 for all OH-PCB atropisomers.

Conclusion
This HPLC-MS method was developed to detect chiral OH-PCBs and further successfully applied to measure OH-PCB atropisomer levels and enantiomeric fractions (EFs) in rat liver microsomal samples. The results from LC-MS method were highly consistent with those from GC-ECD method. It is the first time to report these OH-PCB atropisomers detected in microsomes by HPLC-MS. The proposed method might be applied also to detect chiral OH-PCBs in environmental samples and for metabolites of PCBs in vivo.
Carbothermal Reduction Synthesis Using CaCN2 as Calcium and Carbon Sources for CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ Phosphor and Their Luminescence Properties
Authors: Kim Hyo Sung , Machida Ken-ichi , Horikawa Takashi , Hanzawa Hiromasa 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
High-quality powders of mixed metal nitride phosphor, CaAlSiN3:Eu2+, were successfully synthesized using only inexpensive and air-stable materials, viz. CaCN2, CaCO3:Eu3+, AlN, and Si3N4, with no impurities such as AlN or carbon residue by a CRN method even under conditions of normal N2 pressure (0.1 MPa) and a moderate temperature of 1600 °C for 5–7 h. The resultant phosphors were well crystallized and gave an intense red emission band peaking at about 650 nm by optimizing the dopant amount of Eu2+ ion (ca. 3 atom %).
Rapid Conversion of Glycerol to Lactic Acid under Alkaline Hydrothermal Conditions, by Using a Continuous Flow Reaction System
Authors: Shimanouchi Toshinori , Ueno Shouhei , Shidahara Kazuki , Kimura Yukitaka 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A rapid conversion of glycerol to lactic acid (lactate) could be successfully achieved under alkaline hydrothermal conditions, by using a continuous flow reaction system. A rapid conversion by a continuous flow-type reaction system made it possible to achieve the reaction under high-temperature conditions without side reactions. The rapid conversion and high reaction yield (reaction: 2 min; yield: 90%) resulted from the rapid temperature-shift advantageous for the inhibition of side reactions.
On the Design and Construction of Elastic Gridshells with Irregular Meshes
Authors: Hernández Elisa Lafuente , Baverel Olivier , Gengnagel Christoph 
Published: December 2013

Despite the time and cost advantages by the manufacture, transport and assembling of elastic gridshells, high material stresses are induced on the structures during their shaping process. An optimisation of the grid arrangement in order to reduce the curvature of the grid profiles and with it the initial bending stresses is therefore crucial when considering the stress reserves under subsequent external loading. To be able to deploy and bend the structure as a whole grid and thereby accelerate their construction process, elastic gridshells usually exhibit constant mesh size ( regular gridshells). However, this condition makes the optimisation of regular gridshells only possible until a certain level. In this paper, several double-curved gridshells have been optimised allowing variation on the mesh size ( irregular gridshells), so that a further reduction of the profiles' curvature and lower concentration of stresses could be obtained. By the construction of irregular gridshells, the grid profiles are normally independently bent in an incremental process, generally more time-consuming than by regular gridshells. Nevertheless, if the bending stiffness of the grid profiles is low enough, large deformations can be induced on the irregular meshes and the structures can be built by bending the whole grid. The stresses generated during the construction process must be previously controlled, e.g. using numerical simulation. For this paper, the erection process of an elastic hemisphere with irregular mesh and 10m diameter has been analysed by means of finite element modelling and tested on a 1:1-prototype. The comparison of the resulting geometry and load-bearing behaviour between the modelled and real structures are presented.
Active Bending, a Review on Structures where Bending is Used as a Self-Formation Process
Authors: Lienhard Julian , Alpermann Holger , Gengnagel Christoph , Knippers Jan 
Published: December 2013

In this paper structures that actively use bending as a self-forming process are reviewed. By bringing together important material developments and various historical as well as recently built samples of such structures, the aim is to show coherences in their design approach, structural systems and behaviour. Different approaches to bending-active structures are defined and described. By making this work accessible and categorising it, this paper aims to contribute to an emerging development. A differentiation of such structures is suggested based on their design approaches. Three such approaches are differentiated: the behaviour based approach, the geometry based approach and current research that seeks to integrate the two. In this paper the nature of these approaches and some important project samples are discussed.
Molecular insights into the purple‐flowered ancestor of garden petunias
Authors: Segatto Ana Lúcia A. , Ramos‐Fregonezi Aline M. C. , Bonatto Sandro L. , Freitas Loreta B. 
Published: December 2013

• Premise of the study: The garden petunia is derived from Petunia axillaris (white flowered) and a purple‐flowered species in the P. integrifolia group; it is still unclear which purple‐flowered species was used in the initial crosses. This widely cultivated hybrid is an ideal model for different areas of scientific inquiry.• Methods: We analyzed three taxa of the P. integrifolia group considered to be the most probable parental candidates, along with a random sample of garden petunia representatives that were selected for their genetic variability. We used cpDNA trnH‐psbA and trnS‐trnG haplotypes and seven nuclear microsatellites in a population approach to investigate the genetic variability. This is the first time information from plastid DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellites has been combined to infer evolutionary relationships in these taxa.• Key results: Our results suggest that P. interior is the purple ancestor of garden petunias, and we postulate that the initial crosses must have been between both parents as a mother plant.• Conclusions: Our work will contribute to the clarification of the evolutionary relationships among the Petunia ×hybrida and P. integrifolia taxa group and could be useful in breeding programs to transfer desired traits from wild to cultivated species.
Seedling ontogeny and environmental plasticity in two co‐occurring shade‐tolerant conifers and implications for environment–population interactions
Authors: Day Michael E. , Zazzaro Sarah , Perkins L. Brian 
Published: December 2013

•Premise of the study:Seedling success is determined by evolved strategies of intrinsic genetic programming and plasticity that are regulated by extrinsic pathways. We tested the relative importance of these mechanisms in red spruce (Picea rubensSarg.) and balsam fir (Abies balsameaLin.), which share understory regeneration niches in northeastern North America. Although its reproductive effort is adequate, spruce has decreased in abundance, in relation to fir, in seedling and sapling populations, even in forests that have a predominance of spruce in the overstory.•Methods:To understand the factors that regulate this phenomenon and their implications for tree populations, we compared intrinsic and plastic regulation of first‐ and second‐year seedlings under steady understory irradiance levels and in response to increases in light environment.•Key results:Both species exhibited interactions of ontogenetic patterns and plasticity in first‐ and second‐year seedlings. Physiologically, spruce had higher photosynthetic capacity, allocation to photoprotective xanthophylls, and greater plasticity in response to light treatments. Although both species demonstrated an inability to plastically increase photosynthetic capacity in the short term, spruce benefited from greater allocation to foliage under increased irradiance. Fir showed a conservative strategy in root–shoot allocation that may better equip seedlings to withstand drought adaptations and attributes associated with greater shade tolerance.•Conclusions:These attributes likely contribute to the relative success of fir seedlings in the current climate. By contrast, they indicate that spruce would be a superior competitor in cooler, moister climates, which suggests that future forest composition will be largely determined by an interaction of disturbance and moisture regimes.
Why did French Savers buy Foreign Assets before 1914? A Decomposition of the Benefits from Diversification
Authors: Le Bris David 
Published: December 2013

Pourquoi les épargnants français achetaient des titres étrangers avant 1914 ? Une décomposition des bénéfices de la diversification Cet article étudie si les épargnants français d’avant 1914 achetaient des titres étrangers pour leur plus forte rentabilité ou à cause de leur faible corrélation. En utilisant les outils de la Théorie Moderne du Portefeuille, le bénéfice d’une diversification internationale est scindé entre ces deux composantes grâce à une hypothèse contrefactuelle de parfaite corrélation. Cette approche permet une mesure originale du rôle respectif de la plus forte rentabilité étrangère et de la faible corrélation dans le bénéfice de diversification. Il apparaît que les investisseurs français étaient principalement motivés par la faible corrélation avec les actifs domestiques que par les rentabilités étrangères plus élevées. Classification JEL : G11, G15, N23.
Transforming User Needs into Functional Requirements for an Antibiotic Clinical Decision Support System
Authors: Bright T.J. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryBackground: Many informatics studies use content analysis to generate functional requirements for system development. Explication of this translational process from qualitative data to functional requirements can strengthen the understanding and scientific rigor when applying content analysis in informatics studies.Objectives: To describe a user-centered approach transforming emergent themes derived from focus group data into functional requirements for informatics solutions and to illustrate these methods to the development of an antibiotic clinical decision support system (CDS).Methods: The approach consisted of five steps: 1) identify unmet therapeutic planning information needs via Focus Group Study-I, 2) develop a coding framework of therapeutic planning themes to refine the domain scope to antibiotic therapeutic planning, 3) identify functional requirements of an antibiotic CDS system via Focus Group Study-II, 4) discover informatics solutions and functional requirements from coded data, and 5) determine the types of information needed to support the antibiotic CDS system and link with the identified informatics solutions and functional requirements.Results: The coding framework for Focus Group Study-I revealed unmet therapeutic planning needs. Twelve subthemes emerged and were clustered into four themes; analysis indicated a need for an antibiotic CDS intervention. Focus Group Study-II included five types of information needs. Comments from the Barrier/Challenge to information access and Function/Feature themes produced three informatics solutions and 13 functional requirements of an antibiotic CDS system. Comments from the Patient, Institution, and Domain themes generated required data elements for each informatics solution.Conclusions: This study presents one example explicating content analysis of focus group data and the analysis process to functional requirements from narrative data. Illustration of this 5-step method was used to develop an antibiotic CDS system, resolving unmet antibiotic prescribing needs. As a reusable approach, these techniques can be refined and applied to resolve unmet information needs with informatics interventions in additional domains.Citation: Bright TJ. Transforming user needs into functional requirements for an antibiotic clinical decision support system: explicating content analysis for system design. Appl Clin Inf 2013; 4: 618–635http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-08-RA-0058
Introduction: The Global Economy, FDI, and the Regime for Investment
Authors: Milner Helen V. 
Published: December 2013

The world economy has maintained or enhanced its integration in the past decade even in the face of the global financial crisis. A large part of this globalization has been driven by capital flows. This symposium focuses on one element of these capital flows, foreign direct investment (FDI), and on the regime in place to safeguard and promote such investments around the globe. The articles by Allee and Peinhardt and Simmons focus on the nature and evolution of the bilateral investment treaties (BITs) that have been developed to protect such investments and that have proliferated since the 1990s. The final article, by Büthe and Milner, turns its attention to the ways in which international trade agreements affect FDI. The comparison between the investment and trade agreements is instructive, since they seem to have different effects.FDI has become one of the most important economic flows in the global economy. It is a critical source of capital for developing countries and remains a significant source of investment in the developed world. FDI has grown in part because countries changed their policies toward it dramatically after the 1980s; governments in developing countries made unilateral policy changes that opened up markets across the globe and increased competition among countries for FDI.
Three General Laws of Politics and Government in America (with Apologies to Sir Isaac Newton)
Authors: Brians Craig Leonard 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSince our earliest days as a profession, regularities of politics have been described in terms of laws of political behavior (Bryce 1909), but not without controversy. Reviewing a century of efforts to identify laws of politics yields numerous offerings, including Duverger's (1954) and Michels' (1915) well-known contributions. Following the structure embodied in Newton's Laws of Motion, I propose three general laws of politics and government in America: (1) political objects in motion tend to stay in motion, (2) the relationship between a candidate and his or her political force is the product of campaign funding and personal likability or appeal to the press, and (3) for every political action, there is an equal and opposite reaction (i.e., “Craig Leonard Brians Law of Unintended Political Consequences”). Each law is illustrated and discussed using examples drawn from US politics. Finally, I note several potential research limitations of these proposed laws, as well as their possible utility in teaching introductory political science courses.
Political Corruption in the United States: A Design Draft
Authors: Etzioni Amitai 
Published: December 2013

AbstractTo establish the scope and level of corruption in the contemporary United States, a collaborative project of political scientists is needed. Such a study should start with explicating the definition of corruption various scholars use. Three are noted here: using public goods for personal gains, deflecting public goods to private groups, and making such moves when these are legal although they are still illicit. To assess corruption on these levels, we must consider that various forms that “capture” takes beyond the corruption of the laws themselves. A study of the major differences in the level of corruption among the three branches of government may improve our understanding of the prevalence and causes of corruption. A study of “rent” may help predict that future course of corruption. Other topics whose study warrants collaborative investigation are listed.
Lower Federal Court Judicial Confirmation Fights: A Critical Review of the Empirical Literature and Future Research Directions
Authors: Shomade Salmon A. , Hartley Roger E. , Holmes Lisa M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractUnlike the massive literature about US Supreme Court confirmation battles, little has been written about lower federal court confirmation fights. However, in the past 20 years much has been written about the lower federal court confirmation process. Here, we take stock of the political science literature in this area and highlight where scholarly interest appears to be going. Believing a contemporary assessment of the state of the field should be of interest and use to scholars of American politics, we dissect the recent empirical literature and offer suggestions for future research. Most importantly, we offer a one-stop shop for recent literature for scholars interested in this topic.
Smoke, but No Fire? In Social Science, Focus on the Most Distinct Part
Authors: Pieczara Kamila , Eun Yong-Soo 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCausality in social science is hard to establish even through the finest comparative research. To ease the task of extracting causes from comparisons, we present the benefits of tracing particularities in any phenomenon under investigation. We introduce three real-world examples from 2011: British riots, worldwide anticapitalist protests, and the highway crash near Taunton in southwestern England. Whereas all of these three examples have broad causes, we embark on the quest after specific factors. The Taunton accident can send a powerful message to social scientists, which is about the danger of making general statements in their explanations. Instead of saying much but explaining little, the merit of singling out the specific is substantial. As social scientists, when we are faced with “smoke” but no “fire,” let us then focus on the part that is distinct.
Pop Culture, Twitter, and Study Abroad: Estonia as a Case Study
Authors: Ellis Joseph M. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis article highlights a number of different pedagogical practices that can be used with study abroad programs, both classroom methods and out-of-class techniques. In this particular class—which focused on Estonia's Singing Revolution and included a 10-day trip abroad to Estonia—social media platforms like Twitter and Tumblr were frequently used to create collaboration among students. In addition, Estonian music and pop culture were studied, giving students a unique insight into a culture very foreign from their own. Although Estonia was the focus of this particular class, the results of these methods are generalizable to help others who lead study abroad programs and develop creative ways to foster interaction. This article also demonstrates why social media platforms are helpful to political scientists and the political science discipline more generally.
Teaching the Unfamiliar to a Crowd
Authors: Truby Katherine , Weiss Meredith L. , Rousseau David L. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe experience both of being exposed to unfamiliar systems and places and of being an anonymous face in a large class can be not just alienating for undergraduates, but antithetical to effective learning. We propose a number of active learning strategies designed to help students fully master the material presented even in very large classes in comparative politics and international relations, while also improving students' attendance and interest and developing critical thinking, reading, and writing skills, without overburdening the instructor. Among these strategies are Team-Based Learning, interactive approaches such as debates and simulations, and low-stakes assignments such as “minute writing.”
THE DYNAMICS OF FIELDWORK AMONG THE TALENSI: MEYER FORTES IN NORTHERN GHANA, 1934–7
Authors: Parker John 
Published: December 2013

ABSTRACTThis article examines the encounter between the social anthropologist Meyer Fortes and his wife Sonia, on the one hand, and the Talensi people of northern Ghana, on the other, in the years 1934–7. Based in large part on the Forteses’ extensive corpus of recently archived field notes, diaries and other papers, it argues that the quotidian dynamics of that encounter were in many ways quite different from those of Talensi social life as enshrined in Meyer's famous published monographs. Far from entering a timeless world of enduring clanship and kinship, the Forteses grappled with a society struggling to come to terms with the forces of colonial change. The focus is on the couple's shifting relationship with two dominant figures in the local political landscape in the 1930s: Tongrana Nambiong, the leading Talensi chief and their host in the settlement of Tongo, and Golibdaana Tengol, a wealthy ritual entrepreneur who dominated access on the part of ‘stranger’ pilgrims to the principal oracular shrine in the adjacent Tong Hills. These two bitter rivals were, by local standards, commanding figures – yet both emerge as psychologically complex characters riddled with anxiety, unease and self-doubt. The ethnographic archive is thereby shown to offer the possibility of a more intimate history of the interior lives of non-literate African peoples on remote colonial frontiers who often passed under the radar of the state and its documentary regime.
Calculation of Deexcitation Probability of Ne(3P2) by Ar for the Case E>>D
Authors: Khadka Deba Bahadur 
Published: December 2013

The deexcitaion probability calculation of the total Penning ionization cross section for Ne(3P2) by Ar has been made at collisional energy 38.1 meV. The comparison of deexcitationcross sections, polarizability, α/β , deexcitation probability, {IP(M)/IP(Ne*)}1/2 and the welldepth of interaction potentials for Ne(3P2) by Ar for the case E >> D has been made.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9335Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 52-55 Uploaded date: 12/16/2013
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 4-aryl furo Pyridazines
Authors: Singh Ashok Kumar , Srivastav Narendra Kumar 
Published: December 2013

Benzoyl hydrazides (1a-b) was condensed with furan-2-aldehyde (2) in the presence of sodium hydroxide and dry ethanol, furan-2-yl-benzoyl hydrazone (3a-b) was achieved. Intramolecular cyclization of compound 3a-b with PPE afforded 4-aryl furo pyridazines (4a-b)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9338Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page: 66-70 Uploaded date: 12/16/2013