bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation strategy in the US: top executives offer their views
Authors: Dobni C. Brooke , Klassen Mark , Nelson W. Thomas 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The USA is the world’s largest economy, but is it a leading innovation nation? As economies mature and slow in growth, innovation will prove to be a key driver in maintaining transient advantage. This article presents a pulse on innovation in the USA as F1000 C-suite executives weigh in on their organization’s innovation health. It also compares the US score with proxy benchmark measures in other countries, and provides operational and strategic considerations to advance innovation platforms in US organizations. Managers will gain insight into common hurdles faced by some of America’s most prominent companies, as well as how to improve innovation practices in their own organization.

Design/methodology/approach
– This current article reports on findings of innovation health in the USA based on responses from 1,127 F1000 executives (manager level and higher). F1000 executives report their innovation culture through completion of an innovation culture model survey developed by the authors. The F1000 is a listing created by Fortune magazine detailing the 1,000 largest companies in the USA based on revenues. This survey is considered one of the largest surveys on innovation culture in the USA to date.

Findings
– One of the leading questions that this survey set out to answer is the current measure of innovation orientation amongst America’s largest organizations. Our findings suggest that US business is just beginning to catch the wave of innovation. Other major findings include: innovation amongst the F1000 is average at best; innovation is random and incremental; innovation strategy is missing in most organizations; there is an executive/employee innovation perception gap; innovation governance is missing; employees can not be blamed for a lack of innovation; and companies that fail to innovate will struggle even more.

Practical implications
– There are a number of operational and strategic considerations presented to support the advancement of innovation in organizations. These include considerations around the leadership, resources, knowledge management and execution to strategically support innovation.

Originality/value
– This is an original contribution in that it uses a scientifically developed model to measure innovation culture. It is the largest survey of innovation to date amongst the US Fortune 1000, and the finding present considerations to advance the innovation agendas of organizations.
Intangibles and national economic wealth – a new perspective on how they are linked
Authors: Ståhle Pirjo , Ståhle Sten , Lin Carol Y.Y. 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine to what extent national intangible capital (NIC) explains GDP growth and to assess its impact on GDP formation in different countries. The paper brings a new perspective to explaining hidden economic drivers.Design/methodology/approach– The paper introduces a new theoretically and computationally justified method, so-called ELSS model that is based on expansion and augmentation of the Cobb-Douglas production function with a wide range of NIC indicators. The method is applied by using the database that contains NIC indices for 48 countries covering the period from 2001 to 2011.Findings– The results show that intangible capital accounts for 45 per cent of world GDP. The figure for the USA is 70.3 per cent and for the European Union 51.6 per cent. The Nordic countries stand out with a higher figure at 64.7 per cent, with NIC contributing to 72.5 per cent of GDP in Sweden, 69.7 per cent in Finland and 67.6 per cent in Denmark.Research limitations/implications– The expanded Cobb-Douglas production function is sensitive to valuations of capital inputs and sensitive to estimates of production shares for various augmenting and expanding inputs. Therefore further work is needed to develop and test methodologies for the assessment of all of these.Practical implications– ELSS production function helps to give a realistic picture of the value and impact of NIC and accordingly gives evidence for accurate investment decisions for the future.Social implications– The method will help policy makers figure out what steps are needed to reduce the cross-country NIC differences.Originality/value– The authors have uncovered the value of NIC beyond monetary inputs, and at the same time taken account of country specifics. The ELSS formula is comprehensive yet not too complicated to replicate. The approach significantly contributes to the development of the current research tradition into intangibles.
Intellectual capital dimensions: state of the art in 2014
Authors: Ferenhof Helio Aisenberg , Durst Susanne , Zaniboni Bialecki Mariana , Selig Paulo Mauricio 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to review extant literature to identify models intended to measure/classify intellectual capital (IC) to establish the current body of knowledge that has been built since the review by Marr et al. (2004).

Design/methodology/approach
– The study consists of a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles on IC classification. The review was conducted for the period 2004-2014 in order to reach the aim. To ensure that all major models are included, important works developed prior to 2004 were captured as well.

Findings
– The review resulted in 83 additional models indicating continued research activities with regard to the topic. These models were merged with prior IC models and mapped on a timeline. The timeline clarifies that 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 represent the years of greatest research activity (outcomes). Additionally, the analysis of the list of IC frameworks resulted in the development of an IC Meta model. It synthesizes research activities in the field and highlights the main IC dimensions and sub-dimensions.

Research limitations/implications
– This study may not have enabled a complete coverage of all existing peer-reviewed articles in the field of IC classification. Yet, it seems reasonable to assume that the review process covered a large proportion of studies available.

Originality/value
– By aggregating and consolidating the IC frameworks covered, the study does not only provide an IC Meta model, but also promising directions for future research.
Using content analysis as a research methodology for investigating intellectual capital disclosure
Authors: Dumay John , Cai Linlin 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to build on Dumay and Cai’s (2014) prior research to provide a deeper analysis of the problems associated with using content analysis (CA) as a research methodology for investigating intellectual capital disclosure (ICD).

Design/methodology/approach
– Totally, 110 articles utilising CA as a research methodology for inquiring into ICD are analysed based on Krippendorff’s (2013) conceptual CA research framework and design logic, and tied into issues relating to CA as a research methodology for investigating ICD.

Findings
– The authors advocate that ICD CA researchers need to go back to the drawing board and ensure that future studies rigorously apply the basic logic of CA design. In its current state, ICD CA research needs to take a few steps back, before it can move forward. If ICD CA researchers can accomplish this, then there is an opportunity to undertake rigorous research to develop reliable and valid outputs that add to new knowledge about IC.

Research limitations/implications
– The main limitations of the research are the chosen sample of CA-based ICD articles and the adoption of the Krippendorff’s framework. However, the authors have identified the main corpus of CA-based ICD studies and since Krippendorff is the only recognised comprehensive text on CA as a methodology, the authors use the most appropriate data and framework possible for the analysis.

Originality/value
– Prior CA studies have laid the foundation for what is a popular research methodology. However, the authors argue that the popularity of CA as a research method for investigating ICD has become so great that at times the research methodology “drives the research questions” as opposed to the “research questions driving the methodology” Hence, this research examines reasons for CA limited contemporary contribution and recommends how this may be overcome rather than prescribing how to conduct ICD CA research.
Intellectual capital in family firms: human capital identification and measurement
Authors: Claver-Cortés Enrique , Zaragoza-Sáez Patrocinio Carmen , Molina-Manchón Hipólito , Úbeda-García Mercedes 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– Based on the literature devoted to family firms and the intellectual capital-based view of the firm, the purpose of this paper is not only to identify the most important human capital intangibles owned by family firms but also to show a number of indicators that can help measure them.Design/methodology/approach– A qualitative case-study-based research approach was adopted taking as reference: 25 family firms belonging to different sectors; previous works existing in the literature; and the intellectus model.Findings– The present study identifies ten intangibles associated with the human capital of family firms and shows 60 indicators that can be used to measure them. It additionally provides empirical evidence and gives examples of these intangibles through the analysis of 25 international family firms.Research limitations/implications– The difficulty in collecting all the human capital intangibles of family firms; the problems associated with the creation of accurate indicators; and those specific to the research methodology adopted.Practical implications– Identifying the human capital intangibles of family firms and their indicators can help managers become aware of their importance, and this will consequently help them improve their management. This could be an interesting starting point to value these intangibles in the balance sheet as well as to draw comparisons between family and non-family organisations.Originality/value– The framework provided by family firms sheds light on several intangibles specific to these firms – precisely for their condition as “family” firms. Those intangibles – human capital intangibles being especially highlighted in this study – provide the basis for the achievement of competitive advantages.
Estimating a measure of intellectual capital value to test its determinants
Authors: Goebel Viktoria 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to identify a measure of intellectual capital (IC) value which offers new research opportunities for empirical investigations and to examine the determinants of IC value.

Design/methodology/approach
– In total, 4,488 firm years of German companies are investigated to compare three measures of IC value: market-to-book, Tobin’s q, and long-run value-to-book (LRVTB).

Findings
– LRVTB is observed to be the IC value measure with the highest explanatory value. This measure provides an approach to empirically test previously untested hypotheses on IC value. The results on testing determinants of IC value indicate that IC value is positively related to leverage and motivational payments to employees and negatively associated with company size. In contrast, recognised intangible assets, research and development (R
&
D), company age and concentrated ownership show no significant effects.

Research limitations/implications
– The findings on IC value measures contribute to IC research as they offer a way to estimate IC value for testing IC-related hypotheses. The findings on IC determinants have implications for IC management as the relevant determinants can be considered for IC value creation.

Originality/value
– This paper responds to the challenge posed by previous IC research to develop more creative quantitative approaches to estimate IC value (Marr et al., 2003; Mouritsen, 2006) in order to test IC-related hypotheses by innovatively applying a measure from mergers and acquisitions research to IC.
Directors’ remuneration, governance and performance: the case of Malaysian banks
Authors: Lee Siew Peng , Isa Mansor 
Published: January 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between directors’ remuneration and performance and corporate governance in the Malaysian banking sector, using panel data for 21 banks over the period 2003-2011.Design/methodology/approach– The authors use multivariate regression analysis to examine the relationship between directors’ remuneration and performance and corporate governance. The authors also run Granger causality test to determine the existence of causality between directors’ remuneration and performance.Findings– The authors find clear evidence of a positive association between directors’ remuneration and performance. Further, the causality test reveals that directors’ remuneration tends to Granger-cause performance. In terms of governance variables, the authors find that directors’ remuneration is positively related to the percentage of independent directors, and negatively related to board size, but unrelated to duality and percentage of director share ownership. The authors also find that remuneration is positively related to bank size and negatively related to capital ratio. The evidence also shows that foreign banks perform better than domestic banks despite the relatively lower pay received by their directors.Practical implications– The findings imply that high-quality directors, as implied by their remuneration packages, are a significant determinant of performance.Originality/value– The results of this study provide new evidence concerning the relationship between directors’ remuneration and performance in the banking sector in Malaysia.
Property rights institutions and bank performance across countries
Authors: ElKelish Walaa Wahid , Tucker Jon 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the quality of property rights institutions (PRIs) and bank financial performance in an empirical study of 136 countries over the period 1999-2006.

Design/methodology/approach
– The quality of PRIs and financial accounting-based measures of bank performance are obtained from the Economic Freedom of the World Project (Gwartney et al., 2006), the Polity IV Project, the World Bank data indicators database, and the International Monetary Fund. Several multiple regression analyses are conducted to test the study hypotheses.

Findings
– The results reveal that the quality of legal structure and security of PRIs positively (negatively) affects both bank cost efficiency (inefficiency) and profitability. The presence of a quality political structure negatively (positively) affects bank cost efficiency (inefficiency). The quality of political structure has no direct impact on bank profitability. The impact of PRIs on bank cost efficiency is more evident in the upper middle and high income group of countries than in the low and lower middle income group of countries. An appropriate level of PRI quality is essential to achieve both competition and development.

Practical implications
– The paper highlights policy implications for international policy makers, regulators, and the management of banks who are interested in banking sector development across countries.

Originality/value
– The study investigates the fundamental importance of PRI quality in its effect on the banking sector and extends the largely US-focused literature to a broader international setting.
Do call auctions curtail price volatility? Evidence from the National Stock Exchange of India
Authors: Camilleri Silvio John 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate whether call auctions which batch orders for simultaneous execution, may restrain stock market volatility.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors use high-frequency data to investigate volatility changes following the suspension of opening and closing call auctions on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India in 1999. The authors evaluate this issue by considering both modelled and realised volatility. Using a GARCH approach the authors model intra-day volatility for the trading days preceding and succeeding the auction suspension. The authors also scrutinise return distributions to look for volatility changes during different parts of the day.

Findings
– When interpreted collectively, the empirical results suggest that the auction suspension was followed by reduced volatility particularly in the middle of the trading day and at the closing.

Practical implications
– Given that auctions are often incorporated in trading systems with the aim of curtailing volatility, the main conclusion, that the auction suspension was followed by lower volatility, has important practical inferences. Auctions cannot be automatically relied on to reduce volatility. The intricacies of the auction protocol and their interaction with ancillary market microstructure features may impact on auction efficacy.

Originality/value
– The paper adopts a novel approach towards assessing the effectiveness of auctions by considering an unusual occurrence of an auction suspension. The empirical setting enables a clear comparison of the respective regimes since these periods do not materially differ in other subsidiary aspects. This is a noteworthy factor, since the empirical contexts considered in prior studies, often feature several simultaneous changes.
Foreign exchange operating exposure and pass-through in a homogeneous product market
Authors: Schnabel Jacques A. 
Published: January 2015

Purpose
– Operating exposure to foreign exchange risk and exchange rate pass-through are investigated in the context of a Cournot model of equilibrium in a homogeneous product market, i.e. an industry populated by N firms, which compete exclusively on the basis of quantities produced/marketed and where each firm optimizes its decision based on expectations regarding the actions of its rivals that in fact eventuate. Whereas one firm sources its product domestically, the remaining N−1 firms source their product in a foreign country. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– By invoking two simplifying assumptions, namely, constant marginal cost functions and a linear inverted demand curve, and then deriving the Cournot equilibrium, this paper obtains clear implications regarding the effect of a currency devaluation on the competitive positions of the industry’s N constituent firms as well as the pass-through effect on the industry price.

Findings
– The N−1 firms that source the homogeneous product from a foreign country, which experiences a devaluation, gain, while the single competing firm that sources domestically loses, both market share and profit. Formulas are derived which elucidate this intuitive result. The extent of exchange rate pass-through on the resulting equilibrium price is gauged to be incomplete, consistent with extant empirical evidence. As the number of firms increases, the extent of exchange rate pass-through likewise increases, approaching a limiting situation of complete pass-through.

Originality/value
– This paper is the first to examine the issues of exchange rate operating exposure and pass-through in the context of a Cournot model of competition, under the indicated two simplifying assumptions.
A Biomechanical Evaluation of Skull–Brain Surrogates to Blunt High‐Rate Impacts to Postmortem Human Subjects
Authors: Raymond David E. , Bir Cynthia A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe field of forensic injury biomechanics is an emerging field. Biomechanically validated tools may assist interdisciplinary teams of investigators in assessing mechanisms of blunt head trauma resulting in skull fractures. The objective of this study is to assess the biofidelity of spherical, frangible skull–brain (SB) surrogates. Blunt impacts were conducted at 20 m/s, using an instrumented 103 g rigid impactor, to the temporo‐parietal region of four defleshed cephalic postmortem human subjects (PMHS). Force–deformation response, fracture tolerance, and fracture patterns were recorded for comparison to spherical skull–brain surrogates. Three brain substitutes were assessed: 10% gelatin, lead shot with Styrofoam and water. Force–deformation response of the skull–brain surrogates was similar to defleshed PMHS up to the point of fracture; however, none of the surrogates fractured at tolerance levels comparable to the PMHS. Fracture patterns of the skull–brain surrogates were linear and radiating, while PMHS fractures were all depressed, comminuted.
Magnetic resonance imaging for N staging in non‐small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Qin Qin , Li Baosheng , Wang Juan , Zhang Kun 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBackgroundLymph node staging in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is essential for deciding appropriate treatment. This study systematically reviews the literature regarding the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in lymph node staging of patients with NSCLC, and determines its pooled sensitivity and specificity.MethodsPubMed and Embase databases and the Cochrane library were used to search for relevant studies. Two reviewers independently identified the methodological quality of each study. A meta‐analysis of the reported sensitivity and specificity of each study was performed.ResultsNine studies were included. These studies had moderate to good methodological quality. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR−) and diagnosis odds ratio (DOR) for per‐patient based analyses (7 studies) were 74%, 90%, 7.5, 0.26, and 36.7, respectively, and those for per‐lymph node based analyses (5 studies) were 77%, 98%, 42.24, 0.21, and 212.35, respectively. For meta‐analyses of quantitative short time inversion recovery imaging (STIR) and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), pooled sensitivity and specificity were 84% and 91%, and 69% and 93%, respectively. Pooled LR+ and pooled LR− were 8.44 and 0.18, and 8.36 and 0.36, respectively. The DOR was 56.29 and 27.2 respectively.ConclusionMRI showed high specificity in the lymph node staging of NSCLC. Quantitative STIR has greater DOR than quantitative DWI. Large, direct, and prospective studies are needed to compare the diagnostic power of STIR versus DWI; consistent diagnostic criteria should be established.
Salivary interleukin‐6 in the detection of oral cancer and precancer
Authors: Panneer Selvam Niranzena , Sadaksharam Jayachandran 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAimOral cancer is a major health concern in many parts of the world. Despite its low survival rates, when detected early or in the precancer stage, it can drastically increase the survival rates. This strongly supports the need for sensitive biomarkers to perk up early detection of oral cancers. The aim of the study is to estimate whether salivary interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) can be used as a molecular marker to diagnose leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).MethodsThe sample of 75 cases was divided into three groups of 25 patients each: group I: oral leukoplakia; group II: OSCC; group III: control group. Saliva samples were collected by simple drooling method and the concentration of IL‐6 was determined by using ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) technique.ResultsWhen the concentration of salivary IL‐6 among the three groups was compared, the results were statistically significant (“P” value <0.001).ConclusionThe increase in salivary IL‐6 in leukoplakia and OSCC might point out its local production by the tumor cells. The difference in its levels between these two lesions might indicate the progression of precancer to cancer. Further longitudinal studies with increased sample size are needed to substantiate the utility of salivary IL‐6 as diagnostic or prognostic marker for oral cancer and precancer.