bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solely the President’s Act
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Over the next several months, Adams acquired additional intelligence that France would offer appropriate respect to a new peace commission. Most important, his son, Thomas Boylston Adams, returned from Berlin where he had served as John Quincy Adams’s secretary. Thomas brought back private reports from both JQA and William Vans Murray at The Hague, all of which encouraged diplomacy. The president also noted the increasing bellicosity of Hamilton and the army’s supporters, and he was determined to thwart their agenda. On February 18, 1799, Adams nominated Murray as a special envoy to Paris—without consulting his cabinet or Federalist allies in Congress. The nomination was an important step in Adams’s plan to reassert presidential control over foreign policy and wrest power from the cabinet.
The Spirit in the City Is Very High
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
By the fall of 1798, many citizens were increasingly uncomfortable with the Federalist agenda of a new tax, a standing army, and the Alien and Sedition Laws. Several communities submitted petitions to Congress seeking redress or repeal of the odious laws. The Federalist majority in Congress ignored these pleas. In January 1799, tax officials arrived at Lower Milford, Pennsylvania, to conduct assessments for the dwelling tax. They were met with a peaceful protest led by John Fries, which culminated in the release of several prisoners held in a nearby tavern for resisting the tax. In Philadelphia, newspapers printed reports of a deadly insurrection.
The New Order of Things Begins
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
President-elect Thomas Jefferson and President John Adams had three weeks to plan the first transfer between two political parties, and they had no model to follow. Adams set the tone by offering his assistance and instructing his cabinet to aid Jefferson with the transition. Jefferson welcomed the help and similarly sought reconciliation. In his inaugural address, Jefferson redeemed himself for earlier threats of violence. He used his inauguration to unite the American people, declaring, “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” It was a revolutionary idea.
Introduction
Authors: Bond Jennifer 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Introduction acquaints the reader with the main themes and arguments of the book. It outlines the cyclical ways in which missionary schools have been represented in the historiography. From missionary claims of “uplift” and “enlightenment,” to Maoist-era accusations of “foreign occupation” and “brainwashing,” to nostalgia and commercialization in the era of economic reforms and opening, the story of missionary schools in China was closely intertwined with the momentous political and social changes that marked China’s twentieth century. The chapter introduces the international worlds of treaty-port East China in which these students lived and studied. As consumers and interpreters of Western fashions, who watched the latest American movies and conversed fluently in English, Shanghainese, and later Mandarin, girls were essential participants in the construction of Shanghai’s cosmopolitanism. Finally, the chapter critically discusses the sources and methods used to uncover missionary school pupils’ own voices, including the oral history interviews conducted in the United States and China.
Negotiating Christian and Communist Identities
Authors: Bond Jennifer 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers the changes that took place in missionary schools in the period 1945–1952, focusing on their religious and political environment. The continuity in missionary and alumnae memories of this period helps to complicate our understanding of the early years of Communist rule. Girls experienced 1949 not as the moment of rupture that conventional timelines depict but as a period of relative continuity. Their English lessons continued, as did religious classes, albeit off-campus. The Christian holiday festivities of Christmas and Easter continued. Indeed, the immediate period after “liberation” witnessed a surprising resurgence of interest in Christianity in some schools as students harnessed the long-stressed gospel of social service to communism. In alumnae’s memories the real turning points came in 1950 as the outbreak of the Korean War necessitated the departure of their foreign teachers and the radical altering of their English curriculum, and in 1952 when their schools’ unique identities came to an end in the reorganization of the educational system.
Never By Itself Alone
Authors: Grundy David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Never By Itself Alone changes our sense of both the American literary and political landscapes from the postwar period through to the present day. Presenting the first comprehensive history of postwar queer writing in Boston and San Francisco, the book begins with Robert Duncan’s courageous 1944 essay, ‘The Homosexual in Society’, one of the first significant public defences of homosexuality in the United States and ends with the War on Terror. Along the way, readers will encounter Adrian Stanford’s Black and Queer, the first book by an out, Black gay poet published in the United States; the Boston collective Fag Rag, whose radical reconsideration of family, private property and the state remain both ahead of their time and timely; the Combahee River Collective, whose Black Feminist analysis drew together race, class, and sexuality in new ways; the anthology This Bridge Called My Back, in which women of colour spoke truth to power, together; and New Narrative writing, which audaciously mixed Marxism, porn, and gossip while uniting against the New Right. Drawing on extensive archival research, Never By Itself Alone reclaims a host of neglected writers, especially writers of colour and those with gender non-conforming identities; challenges the Stonewall exceptionalism of queer historiography, recovering pre-1969 activist and literary community and its anticipations of ‘queer’ identity; and insists on the continuing importance of radical accounts of race, class and gender in any queer studies worthy of the name.
‘Blasting the true story into breath’
Authors: Grundy David 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Addressing the lesbian and socialist feminist milieu of the Women Writers Union, the Freedom Socialist Party, and Radical Women in San Francisco during the 1970s and 1980s, this chapter focuses on the s work of poets Merle Woo and Nellie Wong, advocates of a radical leftist form of Asian-American writing, and their comrade Karen Brodine, whose work addresses gendered labour and neglected histories of intergenerational, gendered radicalism. The chapter focuses in particular on their writing about work and its relation to conditions of gender, sexuality, and race, as well as their response to the New Right in the 1980s.
Protective Umbrella
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Before 1914 a sophisticated but little-visible network of Jewish aid organizations protected Jewish migrants along the main transit routes from Eastern Europe to distant locations in different parts of the world. At major points of passage such as the North Sea ports but also in remote towns along the western Russian border members of Jewish communities assisted migrants. Jewish representatives lobbied state officials, from low-level bureaucrats in small border towns to government ministers on both sides of the Atlantic. Jewish aid associations and local communities usually covered the cost for migrants who required support. This gave them leverage in negotiations with state and nonstate actors like the steamship lines. Around 1900 German and American Jews established more professional aid organizations, which could draw on a large donor base and combined the protection and support of migrants with effective lobbying efforts against migration restrictions.
Introduction
Authors: Jorati Julia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The lengthy introduction motivates the book’s focus on philosophical debates about slavery in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in Europe and America, as well as the role that race plays in these debates. It also provides important background information about the history of the institution of slavery and the legal frameworks that governed racial chattel slavery in European colonies in the Americas. Likewise, it provides background about the history of philosophical debates on slavery and race, summarizing the theories of slavery and race that were widely accepted in ancient, medieval, and early modern philosophy. Finally, it clarifies some important terminology, including the terms ‘slavery’ and ‘racism,’ and examines methodological issues related to this terminology.
Sixteenth-Century Debates about Slavery and the Spanish Conquest
Authors: Jorati Julia 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores sixteenth-century texts that discuss the legitimacy of the transatlantic slave trade, the enslavement and conquest of American Indians, and European colonialism. It focuses on five authors from Spain and Spanish colonies in America: Francisco Tenamaztle, Francisco de Vitoria, Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, Bartolomé de las Casas, and José de Acosta. The philosophical debates explored in this chapter play a major role in the development of modern racism and the modern concept of race; they also influenced debates about slavery and colonialism in subsequent centuries. The Aristotelian theory of natural slavery is central to these sixteenth-century texts: each of the five authors examines the question of whether American Indians are naturally destined for slavery. Some embrace this theory fully, others partially, yet others reject it categorically. Several authors also ask whether this theory applies to West Africans and hence whether it can justify transatlantic slavery.
Social and Behavioral Influences on Child Health and Development
Authors: Hawkins Summer Sherburne 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Adverse social conditions—poverty, violence, and stress—can be as detrimental to children’s health and development as toxic chemicals. Social stress may have especially great impacts on children’s health when exposure occurs during vulnerable periods in prenatal and early postnatal development. Stress-provoking conditions may have multiple origins and can arise at the level of the individual, the family, or the neighborhood. This chapter considers specific mechanisms that link the social environment to health. These include disruptions of the immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic nervous systems as well as developmental reprogramming that appears to be mediated through epigenetic modulation of gene expression. Recent evidence suggests that children who have been compromised by stress in early life may be at increased risk in later life to environmental hazards such as air pollution, tobacco smoke, and toxic chemicals.
Epidemiology
Authors: Baker Dean 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Epidemiology—the study of diseases in populations—has made important contributions to understanding the role of environmental factors in children’s health. Epidemiology has provided information on the health effects of all the major environmental influences on children’s health—toxic chemicals, the intrauterine environment, and social, economic, and behavioral influences. Epidemiology has studied the consequences for children’s health of major disasters such as the Dutch famine of 1944, the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Minamata episode in Japan, the Chernobyl radiation disaster in Ukraine, and the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City. Most of the data presented in this volume about changing patterns of diseases in children and most of the evidence for environmental influences on children’s health are based on epidemiological studies. This chapter reviews the major epidemiological study designs and describes three principal forms of systematic error (confounding bias, selection bias, and information bias) that need to be considered in all epidemiological studies.
The Play Environment
Authors: Roberts James R. , McElligott James T. , Gustafson Kristina K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Outdoor play in natural environments, such as parks, hiking trails, and wilderness areas, can have enormous positive benefits for children’s mental and physical health by preventing depression, obesity, and diabetes, and greatly reducing the likelihood of asthma attacks. Likewise, team sports can promote a sense of belonging in the child and teenager. To protect children’s health and development, the spaces where children play must be safe and healthful. However, both the outdoor play environment and indoor play environments such as stadiums and ice rinks are associated with potential risks to health. This chapter reviews sports-related injuries, indoor and outdoor air pollution, carbon monoxide poisoning, and occasional wildlife hazards.
Outdoor Air Pollution
Authors: Perera Frederica 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Children are uniquely susceptible to the effects of air pollution. Their immature and rapidly developing respiratory and immune systems and their unique exposures create great vulnerability. Health injury caused by air pollution in early childhood can produce long-term effects that persist into adult life. Children respond acutely to air pollution with reduced lung function and respiratory symptoms. In asthmatic children, episodes of air pollution can trigger acute attacks. Respiratory emergency department visits and hospital admissions increase when air pollution levels rise. Prenatal exposures to air pollution are associated with low birth weight. Air pollution is linked to increased neonatal mortality and sudden infant death syndrome. Children living with chronic air pollution have higher rates of upper and lower respiratory symptoms and reduced lung growth; in industrialized countries, the risks of outdoor air pollution are fairly small for most children, but because of the near-universal exposures of children in these countries, the total population burden of respiratory disease related to pollution can be substantial. In low- and middle-income countries, by contrast, children in poorly ventilated homes that use solid biomass fuels for cooking and/or heating are at high risk of health problems because of their repeated exposures to extreme levels of indoor air pollution. Both the chronic and acute respiratory responses to air pollution appear to be reversible. Improvements in air quality can lead to improved child respiratory health even at the low air pollution levels currently observed in industrialized countries.
Household Air Pollution
Authors: Wathore Roshan , Patel Archana 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Household air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the developing world. Smoke from cook stoves that burn biomass fuels—wood, charcoal, dung, and crop residues—is the major source of household air pollution. This smoke contains high levels of respirable suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Billions of people use biomass-fueled cook stoves in their homes worldwide for heating, lighting, and cooking. In many populations, exposures to major pollutants from indoor sources can be higher than exposures to pollutants from outdoor sources.
Interventions to Mitigate Burdens of Waterborne and Water-Related Disease
Authors: Arnold Robert G. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Billions of people lack access to the sanitary means for disposal of human waste. The main diseases associated with inadequate sanitation are diarrhea, ascariasis, dracunculiasis, hookworm, schistosomiasis, trachoma, poliomyelitis, and lymphatic filariasis. As a direct result, diarrhea accounts for more than a million deaths worldwide each year among children younger than 5 years of age. With proper sanitation, proper hygiene, and safe drinking water, global deaths resulting from diarrhea can be decreased. Breastfeeding is an effective way to protect infants from diarrheal diseases. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals aim to decrease the proportion of the population without sustainable access to basic sanitation.
Lead
Authors: Newman Nicholas C. , Lanphear Bruce P. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Pediatric lead poisoning was first recognized in 1904. Despite substantial evidence that lead could cause poisoning in children, lead became widely used in paints, gasoline, and other consumer products throughout the 20th century. An epidemic of childhood lead poisoning resulted and spread unchecked around the globe for nearly seven decades. In the 1970s, clinical and epidemiological studies documented that lead can cause injury to the brains and other organs of children at levels far below the levels that cause acute poisoning. These children’s cognitive abilities were reduced, attention spans shortened, and behaviors permanently impaired. As a result, lead was eliminated from gasoline, house paint, food containers, solder, and other consumer products. The number of children with lead toxicity declined dramatically. More recent research has demonstrated that there is no safe level of exposure to lead. This research has shown that the cognitive deficits caused by lead have no threshold. Lead is now also an established risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, other behavioral problems, decrements in birth weight, renal disease, and reproductive impairment. The World Health Organization has declared that the appropriate level of lead in the blood of a child is zero.
Physical Exposures
Authors: Balk Sophie J. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), noise, cold, and heat are universally experienced physical exposures. When children’s exposures to any of these hazards are prolonged or excessive, adverse health effects can result. UVR improves health by increasing circulating levels of vitamin D in the body, regulating biorhythms, and improving mood. Excessive exposure to either naturally occurring or artificial UVR can result in sunburn in the short term and, in the long term, can cause skin cancer and other adverse effects on the skin, ocular cataracts, and damage to the immune system. Tanning beds are hazardous for adolescents, young adults, and others. Legislation banning minors from indoor tanning is strongly recommended by many organizations. Excessive noise can permanently impair hearing, and result in physiologic and psychologic disturbances. Excessive heat or cold can result in burns, frostbite, scarring, and death. Compared to adults, children are often more susceptible to harm from physical hazards. Clinicians and public health professionals must stress the importance of preventing exposures of children to UVR, noise, and extremes of temperature.
Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Grant Eric J. , Hoel David G. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Ionizing radiation has long been recognized as a serious hazard to human health. Cancer is the best studied consequence of radiation exposure. Radon is a major source of radiation exposure for children in the home. Most types of cancers are increased by exposures to ionizing radiation. Children are generally at greater risk than adults. Cancers caused by radiation exposure in infancy or early childhood may not appear until years or decades later in adult life. Public health interest has focused recently on non-cancer effects of ionizing radiation. These include cardiovascular effects, cataracts, and effects on the immune system. The amount of radiation that children receive today is much greater than in the past due primarily to increases in medical radiation and especially to the increasingly widespread use of computed tomography (CT) scans. The health effects of radiation are most effectively prevented by reducing exposure. Exposures to medical radiation can be reduced by carefully weighing the risks and benefits of each proposed x-ray and by limiting CT scans to situations of real necessity. All homes should be tested for radon, and homes with levels that exceed the US Environmental Protection Agency’s action level of 4 pCi/L need to be abated.
Prematurity and Low Birth Weight Associated with Environmental Exposures
Authors: Kuper-Sassé Margaret , Tokat Cansu , Yildiz Atar Hilal , Bearer Cynthia F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
More than 20 million low-birth-weight (LBW) babies are born worldwide each year. Ninety-five percent of all LBW babies are born in developing countries. Malnutrition, infectious diseases, and exposures to very high levels of indoor air pollution are the major causes of LBW in the developing world. The intrauterine environment is critically important for infant growth and development. Infection, malnutrition, trauma, maternal stress, or exposure to toxic chemicals during pregnancy can all lead to intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery, two common complications of pregnancy that result in LBW. Several toxic environmental exposures are associated with intrauterine growth retardation and prematurity. These include indoor and outdoor air pollution, secondhand tobacco smoke, metals, and persistent organic pollutants. The mechanisms by which these exposures interfere with fetal growth and duration of pregnancy are under active investigation and include epigenetic studies and studies of gene–environment interactions. LBW from either intrauterine growth retardation and/or premature delivery is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the newborn period. LBW has been linked also to increased risk in adult life of hypertension, coronary heart disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Research is needed to learn whether the environmental exposures that can lead to intrauterine growth retardation and/or prematurity also increased risk for chronic diseases in adult life.
Prenatal Environmental Exposures and Birth Defects
Authors: Ford Stephanie , Bearer Cynthia F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A teratogenic exposure is defined as an exposure in prenatal life that interferes with the normal development of an embryo or fetus. Teratogenic exposures increase risk for major anatomic birth defects. Teratogenic exposures are associated also with a wide range of other adverse outcomes that include spontaneous loss of pregnancy, preterm birth, intra-uterine growth restriction, behavioral, cognitive or other functional deficits, and cancers. The list of known teratogens is relatively brief. They include a small number of chemicals, physical agents such as ionizing radiation, certain prescription and over-the-counter medications, alcohol, and other recreational drugs. The vast majority of synthetic chemicals in consumer products have never been assessed for their potential teratogenicity in human populations. Because teratogenic causes of birth defects are potentially preventable, it is critical that environmental exposures be systematically and comprehensively evaluated for their potential to harm the developing embryo or fetus.
Injuries, Trauma, and the Environment
Authors: Schwab-Reese Laura , Hamann Cara J. , Hunter Amy A. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Injury is the leading cause of death and disability among children and adolescents. The injuries sustained by children and adolescents can be either unintentional or the result of violence. They can involve physical as well as emotional harm. Children sustain injuries in many environments, including the home, roadways, and workplaces. Each of these settings exposes children to a unique range of safety hazards. Effective strategies have been developed to prevent the occurrence and reduce the severity of injury in children and adolescents. Successful prevention of injuries requires simultaneous use of multiple interventions. This chapter examines how exposures in the physical and social environments influence risk of unintentional injury among children and adolescents. It reviews risk factors and causes of unintentional injuries in the home environment and on roadways. It also discusses environmental risk factors for firearm injury, violence, suicide, and violence.