bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Tobacco Exposure and Cotinine in Newborn Dried Blood Spots
Authors: Spector Logan G. , Murphy Sharon E. , Wickham Katherine M. , Lindgren Bruce , Joseph Anne M. 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND:
Tobacco smoking by pregnant women is a major public health hazard with both short- and long-term effects on offspring. This study describes the presence and level of the nicotine metabolite cotinine in newborn dried blood spots (DBS) and compares it with the reported maternal smoking recorded on state birth registries. We hypothesize that cotinine in DBS may be a useful measure of newborn in utero tobacco exposure.

METHODS:
An observational, cross-sectional study of 1414 DBS obtained from California, Michigan, New York, and Washington newborn screening programs was carried out. Cotinine levels in DBS were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis and compared with maternal smoking as reported in vital statistics data.

RESULTS:
Cotinine ≥0.3 ng/g was detected in 35% of newborn DBS, including DBS of 29% of newborns whose mothers reportedly did not smoke cigarettes during pregnancy, some of whom were presumably exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Twelve percent of the newborn DBS had cotinine levels that were ≥9.0 ng/g (equivalent to 6 ng/mL plasma, a level that indicates active smoking of the mother), although 41% of the mothers of these infants reportedly did not smoke.

CONCLUSIONS:
These data confirm that reported smoking during pregnancy is an imperfect measure of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure. Cotinine assessment in newborns may improve surveillance of tobacco use during pregnancy.
Predicting Service Use for Mental Health Problems Among Young Children
Authors: Wichstrøm Lars , Belsky Jay , Jozefiak Thomas , Sourander André , Berg-Nielsen Turid Suzanne 
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVE:
To identify sociodemographic, child, parent, and day care provider factors at age 4 that predict Norwegian children’s service use for mental health problems at age 7.

METHOD:
Two birth cohorts of 4-year-old children and their parents living in the city of Trondheim, Norway, were invited (82% consented). We successfully interviewed 995 parents among 1250 drawn to participate using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment to set diagnoses and record parental burden and service use. Information concerning sociodemographics, child impairment, parental social support, and child need for mental health services according to parents, day care teacher, and health nurse were obtained.

RESULTS:
Rate of service use among those with a behavioral or emotional disorder was 10.7% at age 4 and 25.2% at age 7. Behavioral disorders (odds ratio [OR] 2.6, confidence interval [CI] 1.3–5.3), but not emotional disorders, predicted service use. When adjusted for incapacity (OR 1.3, CI 1.2–1.6), disorders were no longer predictive. Incapacity, in turn, was not predictive once parental burden (OR 1.1, CI 1.0–1.1) and parents’ (OR 2.7, CI 1.0–7.9) and day care teachers’ (OR 2.1, CI 1.4–3.2) judgment of child need of help were included. Lower socioeconomic status predicted more service use over and beyond these factors (OR 3.0, CI 1.5–6.1).

CONCLUSIONS:
Behavioral disorders may instigate service use if they result in impairment, and such impairment may operate via increased parental burden and parent and caregiver problem recognition. Service use may be increased through effective screening programs and efforts to increase day care teachers’ recognition of emotional problems.
Delayed Primary HHV-7 Infection and Neurologic Disease
Authors: Schwartz Kevin L. , Richardson Susan E. , Ward Katherine N. , Donaldson Callum , MacGregor Daune , Banwell Brenda , Mahant Sanjay , Bitnun Ari 
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND:
Primary human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) infection occurs almost universally during the first 5 years of life and is rarely accompanied by central nervous system (CNS) symptoms such as febrile seizures. The present retrospective study investigated the role of primary HHV-7 infection in CNS disease in children, including adolescents.

METHODS:
The study included all children who had neurologic disease aged younger than 18 years seen at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, between April 1, 1998 and December 31, 2011, whose cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was found by polymerase chain reaction to contain HHV-7 DNA. Where sera were available, HHV-7 IgG antibody titers and avidity were measured to differentiate primary from past infection.

RESULTS:
HHV-7 DNA was detected in the CSF of 57 (1.9%) of the 2972 children tested. In 3 adolescents primary HHV-7 infection (low avidity IgG) was confirmed as the cause of neurologic disease, 2 who had encephalitis and 1 who had Guillain-Barré syndrome. Eighteen children had possible HHV-7 disease (no alternative cause identified and indeterminate antibody result or serum not available), 7 encephalitis, 8 meningitis, and 3 demyelinating disorders. HHV-7 disease was excluded in 36 children on the basis of past infection (high IgG avidity) and/or an alternative cause.

CONCLUSIONS:
Primary HHV-7 infection delayed into adolescence can cause serious neurologic disease. HHV-7 DNA in CSF alone is insufficient to prove an etiologic association. Combining CSF polymerase chain reaction with serology is essential to prove primary infection when investigating HHV-7 CNS disease.
Developmental Pathways to Sexual Risk Behavior in High-Risk Adolescent Boys
Authors: Sitnick Stephanie L. , Brennan Lauretta M. , Forbes Erika , Shaw Daniel S. 
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVE:
Adolescent boys’ involvement in pregnancy and sexual risk behavior is a public health concern. Although research has identified predictors of sexual risk behavior during adolescence, few studies have investigated precursors to boys’ sexual risk behavior beginning in early childhood, the identification of which could serve to inform interventions and help reduce involvement in pregnancy. Our goal was to identify early developmental pathways associated with sexual risk behavior in a sample of low-income adolescent boys.

METHODS:
Data from a prospective longitudinal study in 310 at-risk boys were used to examine externalizing problems, mothers’ depressive symptoms, and low-nurturant parenting in early childhood (1.5, 2, and 3.5 years old) and daring, externalizing, parental monitoring, and deviant peer affiliation during emerging adolescence (11 and 12 years old) as precursors of sexual risk behavior between the ages 15 and 20 years. Structural equation modeling was used to explore pathways associated with later high-risk sexual behavior (HRSB).

RESULTS:
In multivariate analyses, adolescent daring and deviant peer affiliation at age 12 were associated with later HRSB. Furthermore, deviant peer affiliation during emerging adolescence mediated the relationship between mothers’ depressive symptoms and nurturant parenting during early childhood and later adolescent HRSB.

CONCLUSIONS:
Family-based risk factors in early childhood are predictive of HRSB in adolescence but are also influenced, and in some cases mediated, by relationships with peers and child characteristics during emerging adolescence.
Duration and Course of Post-Concussive Symptoms
Authors: Eisenberg Matthew A. , Meehan William P. , Mannix Rebekah 
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVES:
To examine the incidence, duration, and clinical course of individual post-concussive symptoms in patients presenting to a pediatric emergency department (ED) with a concussion.

METHODS:
We conducted secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of patients 11 to 22 years old presenting to the ED of a children’s hospital with an acute concussion. The main outcome measure was duration of symptoms, assessed by the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPSQ). Patients initially completed a questionnaire describing mechanism of injury, associated symptoms, past medical history, and the RPSQ, then were serially administered the RPSQ for 3 months after the concussion or until all symptoms resolved.

RESULTS:
Headache, fatigue, dizziness, and taking longer to think were the most common symptoms encountered at presentation, whereas sleep disturbance, frustration, forgetfulness, and fatigue were the symptoms most likely to develop during the follow-up period that had not initially been present. Median duration of symptoms was the longest for irritability (16 days), sleep disturbance (16 days), frustration (14 days), and poor concentration (14 days), whereas nausea, depression, dizziness, and double-vision abated most quickly. One month after injury, nearly a quarter of children still complained of headache, &gt;20% suffered from fatigue, and nearly 20% reported taking longer to think.

CONCLUSIONS:
Among patients presenting to a pediatric ED after a concussion, physical symptoms such as headache predominate immediately after the injury, emotional symptoms tend to develop later in the recovery period, and cognitive symptoms may be present throughout.
Towards Better Understanding of High Efficiency Cd-free CIGS Solar Cells Using Atomic Layer Deposited Indium Sulfide Buffer Layers
Authors: Naghavi N. , Spiering S. , Powalla M. , Canava B. , Taisne A. , Guillemoles J.-F. , Taunier S. , Etcheberry A. , Lincot D. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper presents optimization studies on the formation of cadmium free buffer layers for high efficiency copper indium diselenide (CIGS) thin film solar cells using a vapor phase route. Indium sulfide layers have been deposited on CIGS substrates by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) at substrate temperatures between 140 and 260 °C using indium acetylacetonate and hydrogen sulfide precursors. The parametric study of the deposition temperature shows an optimal value at about 220°C, leading to an efficiency of 16.4 % which is a technological breakthrough. The analysis of the device shows that indium sulfide layers give an improvement of the blue response of the cells as compared a standard CdS processed cell, due to a high apparent band gap (2.7-2.8 eV), higher open circuit voltages (up to 665 mV) and fill factor (78 %). This denotes high interface quality of the system. Atomic diffusion processes of sodium and copper in the buffer layer are evidenced.
Applications of Diamond Thin Films in Electrochemistry
Authors: Swain Greg M. , Anderson Alfred B. , Angus John C. 
Published: May 2014

Electrochemical reactions typically involve electron transfer between an electrode and a dissolved chemical species at a solid-electrode/liquid-electrolyte interface. Three broad classes of electrochemical applications may be identified: (1) synthesis (or destruction), in which an applied potential is used to bring about a desired chemical oxidation or reduction reaction; (2) analysis, in which the current/potential characteristics of an electrode are used to determine the type and concentration of a species; and (3) power generation. These broad types of applications require stable, conductive, chemically robust, and economical electrodes. Diamond electrodes, fabricated by chemical vapor deposition, provide electrochemists with an entirely new type of carbon electrode that meets these requirements for a wide range of applications.The first reports of electrochemical studies using diamond were in the mid-1980s. During the past several years, the field has attracted increasing attention. This review summarizes the electrochemical properties of diamond that make it a unique electrode material and that distinguish it from conventional carbon electrodes.
Correlation Between Nanoscale Structural, Electronic, and Magnetic Properties of Thin Films by Scanning-Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy
Authors: Wiesendanger R. 
Published: May 2014

Heteroepitaxial pseudomorphic thin-film growth allows the stabilization of solids in structures—that is, with crystalline symmetries and lattice constants that are far from those of the corresponding bulk material. This facilitates the tailoring of materials properties that do not exist in nature. Usually a strong correlation is found between the atomic, electronic, and magnetic structure of thin films, which leads to a drastic dependence of their physical properties on the details of growth conditions such as substrate temperature, evaporation rate, and background pressure. To learn more about the fundamental relationship between structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of thin films as well as to improve the reproducibility of their physical properties in view of technical applications, it is mandatory to apply experimental techniques with sufficient, ultimately atomic spatial resolution combined with high sensitivity. The class of scanning-probe microscopies and spectroscopies is ideally suited for that purpose as schematically illustrated in Figure 1. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) establishes the correlation between atomic structure and local electronic properties, while spin-polarized scanning tunneling spectroscopy (SPSTS) relates local electronic and magnetic properties. Additionally the correlationbetween topographical and magnetic structure can be addressed by magnetic force microscopy (MFM) though the spatial resolution is limited to about 10–50 nm. Since magnetic thin films are usually sensitive to oxidation, their preparation and characterization have to be performed in situ under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions in order to achieve reproducible experimental conditions. While STS is now routinely applied in UHV, it has only been recently that the first MFM studies under UHV conditions have been reported. In the following, representative examples of the application of STS, SPSTS, and MFM in ultrathin Fe, Gd, and Co films will be presented.
Adjuvant Therapy in Early-Stage Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Evidence, Guidelines, and Clinical Practice in the U.S.
Authors: Latif Nawar A. , Haggerty Ashley , Jean Stephanie , Lin Lilie , Ko Emily 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the U.S., with an increasing incidence likely secondary to the obesity epidemic. Surgery is usually the primary treatment for early stage endometrial cancer, followed by adjuvant therapy in selected cases. This includes radiation therapy [RT] with or without chemotherapy, based on stratification of patients into categories dependent on their future recurrence risk. Several prospective trials (PORTEC-1, GOG#99, and PORTEC-2) have shown that the use of adjuvant RT in the intermediate risk (IR) and the high-intermediate risk (HIR) groups decreases locoregional recurrence (LRR) but has no effect on overall survival. The ad hoc analyses from these studies have shown that an even larger LRR risk reduction was seen within the HIR group compared with the IR group. Vaginal brachytherapy is as good as external beam radiotherapy in controlling vaginal relapse where the majority of recurrence occur, and with less toxicity. In the high-risk group, multimodality therapy (chemotherapy and RT) may play a significant role. Although adjuvant RT has been evaluated in many cost-effectiveness studies, high-quality data in this area are still lacking. The uptake of the above prospective trial results in the U.S. has not been promising. Factors that are driving current practices and defining quality-of-care measures for patients with early-stage disease are what future studies need to address.
Phase II and Pharmacodynamic Study of Autophagy Inhibition Using Hydroxychloroquine in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wolpin Brian M. , Rubinson Douglas A. , Wang Xiaoxu , Chan Jennifer A. , Cleary James M. , Enzinger Peter C. , Fuchs Charles S. , McCleary Nadine J. , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A. , Ng Kimmie , Schrag Deborah , Sikora Allison L. , Spicer Beverly A. , Killion Leah , Mamon Harvey , Kimmelman Alec C. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Author Summary

Background.
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that permits cells to recycle intracellular macromolecules, and its inhibition reduces pancreatic cancer growth in model systems. We evaluated hydoxychloroquine (HCQ), an inhibitor of autophagy, in patients with pancreatic cancer and analyzed pharmacodynamic markers in treated patients and mice.

Methods.
Patients with previously treated metastatic pancreatic cancer were administered HCQ at 400 mg (n = 10) or 600 mg (n = 10) twice daily. The primary endpoint was 2-month progression-free survival (PFS). We analyzed peripheral lymphocytes from treated mice to identify pharmacodynamic markers of autophagy inhibition that were then assessed in peripheral lymphocytes from patients.

Results.
Among 20 patients enrolled, 2 (10%) were without progressive disease at 2 months. Median PFS and overall survival were 46.5 and 69.0 days, respectively. Treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events were lymphopenia (n = 1) and elevated alanine aminotransferase (n = 1). Tolerability and efficacy were similar at the two dose levels. Analysis of treated murine lymphocytes suggested that LC3-II expression by Western blot is a reliable marker for autophagy inhibition. Analysis of LC3-II in patient lymphocytes demonstrated inconsistent autophagy inhibition.

Conclusion.
Mouse studies identified LC3-II levels in peripheral lymphocytes as a potential pharmacodynamic marker of autophagy inhibition. In patients with previously treated metastatic pancreatic cancer, HCQ monotherapy achieved inconsistent autophagy inhibition and demonstrated negligible therapeutic efficacy.
The Home Foreclosure Crisis and Rising Suicide Rates, 2005 to 2010
Authors: Houle Jason N. , Light Michael T. 
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We examined the association between state-level foreclosure and suicide rates from 2005 to 2010 and considered variation in the effect of foreclosure on suicide by age.Methods. We used hybrid random- and fixed-effects models to examine the relation between state foreclosure rates and total and age-specific suicide rates from 2005 to 2010 (n = 306 state-years).Results. Net of other factors, an increase in the within-state total foreclosure rate was associated with a within-state increase in the crude suicide rates (b = 0.04; P < .1), and effects were stronger for the real estate–owned foreclosure rate (b = 0.16; P < .05). Analysis of age-specific suicide rates indicated that the effects were strongest among the middle-aged (46–64 years: total foreclosure rate, b = 0.21; P < .001; real estate–owned foreclosure rate, b = 0.83; P < .001). Rising home foreclosure rates explained 18% of the variance in the middle-aged suicide rate between 2005 and 2010.Conclusions. The foreclosure crisis has likely contributed to increased suicides, independent of other economic factors associated with the recession. Rising foreclosure rates may be partially responsible for the recent uptick in suicide among middle-aged adults.
Sexual-Orientation Disparities in School: The Mediational Role of Indicators of Victimization in Achievement and Truancy Because of Feeling Unsafe
Authors: Birkett Michelle , Russell Stephen T. , Corliss Heather L. 
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We examined sexual-orientation identity disparities in truancy and academic achievement, and the mediational role of victimization in a large high-school sample. Methods. We utilized pooled data, measuring sexual identity, from the 2005 and 2007 Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System Surveys. Multilevel logistic regression modeling estimated the odds of low grades and truancy because of feeling unsafe comparing lesbian/gay, bisexual, (LGB) and unsure students to heterosexuals. We stratified models by gender. Indicators of victimization were examined to mediate the relationship between identifying as a sexual minority and school achievement or truancy. Results. LGB-identified youths reported significantly elevated odds of truancy and low grades (odds ratios = 1.6–3.2; all P < .05). Additionally, both genders noting uncertainty about their sexual identity showed increased odds of truancy. Victimization indicators mediated the relationship between identifying as a sexual minority and experiencing negative school outcomes, with greater victimization indicators being associated with increased truancy and lower grades, and the extent of mediation differed by gender. Conclusions. As early disparities in academic achievement and school engagement have indicated a lifetime of increased health and behavioral risk factors, early intervention targeting school victimization is necessary.
Determinants of the Availability of Hepatitis C Testing Services in Opioid Treatment Programs: Results From a National Study
Authors: Frimpong Jemima A. , D’Aunno Thomas , Jiang Lan 
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We examined trends and organizational-level correlates of the availability of HCV testing in opioid treatment programs. Methods. We used generalized ordered logit models to examine associations between organizational characteristics of 383 opioid treatment programs from the 2005 and 2011 National Drug Abuse Treatment System Survey and HCV testing availability. Results. Between 2005 and 2011, the proportion of opioid treatment programs offering HCV testing increased but largely because of increases in off-site referrals rather than on-site testing. HCV testing availability was higher in opioid treatment programs affiliated with a hospital and those receiving federal funds. Opioid treatment programs providing both methadone and buprenorphine were more likely to offer any HCV testing, whereas opioid treatment programs providing only buprenorphine treatment were less likely to offer on-site testing. HCV testing availability was associated with more favorable staff-to-client ratios. Conclusions. The increasing use of off-site referrals for HCV testing in opioid treatment programs likely limits opportunities for case finding, prevention, and treatment. Declines in federal funding for opioid treatment programs may be a key determinant of the availability of HCV testing in opioid treatment programs.
Fewer Hospitalizations for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Communities With Smoke-Free Public Policies
Authors: Hahn Ellen J. , Rayens Mary Kay , Adkins Sarah , Simpson Nick , Frazier Susan , Mannino David M. 
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We determined the impact of smoke-free municipal public policies on hospitalizations for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods. We conducted a secondary analysis of hospital discharges with a primary diagnosis of COPD in Kentucky between July 1, 2003, and June 30, 2011 using Poisson regression. We compared the hospitalization rates of regions with and without smoke-free laws, adjusting for personal and population covariates, seasonality, secular trends over time, and geographic region. Results. Controlling for covariates such as sex, age, length of stay, race/ethnicity, education, income, and urban–rural status, among others, we found that those living in a community with a comprehensive smoke-free law or regulation were 22% less likely to experience hospitalizations for COPD than those living in a community with a moderate–weak law or no law. Those living in a community with an established law were 21% less likely to be hospitalized for COPD than those with newer laws or no laws. Conclusions. Strong smoke-free public policies may provide protection against COPD hospitalizations, particularly after 12 months, with the potential to save lives and decrease health care costs.
Making It Harder to Smoke and Easier to Quit: The Effect of 10 Years of Tobacco Control in New York City
Authors: Kilgore Elizabeth A. , Mandel-Ricci Jenna , Johns Michael , Coady Micaela H. , Perl Sarah B. , Goodman Andrew , Kansagra Susan M. 
Published: May 2014

In 2002, New York City implemented a comprehensive tobacco control plan that discouraged smoking through excise taxes and smoke-free air laws and facilitated quitting through population-wide cessation services and hard-hitting media campaigns. Following the implementation of these activities through a well-funded and politically supported program, the adult smoking rate declined by 28% from 2002 to 2012, and the youth smoking rate declined by 52% from 2001 to 2011. These improvements indicate that local jurisdictions can have a significant positive effect on tobacco control.