bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery of a Novel Functional Leptin Protein (LEP) in Zebra Finches: Evidence for the Existence of an Authentic Avian Leptin Gene Predominantly Expressed in the Brain and Pituitary
Authors: Huang Guian , Li Juan , Wang Hongning , Lan Xinyu , Wang Yajun 
Published: May 2014

AbstractLeptin (LEP) is reported to play important roles in controlling energy balance in vertebrates, including birds. However, it remains an open question whether an authentic “LEP gene” exists and functions in birds. Here, we identified and characterized a LEP gene (zebra finch LEP [zbLEP]) encoding a 172-amino acid precursor in zebra finches. Despite zbLEP showing limited amino acid sequence identity (26%–29%) to human and mouse LEPs, synteny analysis proved that zbLEP is orthologous to mammalian LEP. Using a pAH32 luciferase reporter system and Western blot analysis, we demonstrated that the recombinant zbLEP protein could potently activate finch and chicken LEP receptors (zbLEPR; cLEPR) expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and enhance signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation, further indicating that zbLEP is a functional ligand for avian LEPRs. Interestingly, quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that zbLEP mRNA is expressed nearly exclusively in the pituitary and various brain regions but undetectable in adipose tissue and liver, whereas zbLEPR mRNA is widely expressed in adult finch tissues examined with abundant expression noted in pituitary, implying that unlike mammalian LEP, finch LEP may not act as an adipocyte-derived signal to control energy balance. As in finches, a LEP highly homologous to zbLEP was also identified in budgerigar genome. Strikingly, finch and budgerigar LEPs show little homology with chicken LEP (cLEP) previously reported, suggesting that the so-called cLEP is incorrect. Collectively, our data provide convincing evidence for the existence of an authentic functional LEP in avian species and suggest an important role of brain- and pituitary-derived LEP played in vertebrates.
Facile Synthesis of Nitrogen-containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Perylene Bisimides
Authors: Ito Satoru , Hiroto Satoru , Shinokubo Hiroshi 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
We have developed a facile procedure for the synthesis of π-extended fluorubins from perylene bisimides. Iridium-catalyzed direct borylation, the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling, and an acid-condensation sequence afforded π-extended fluorubins 1 in moderate yields. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a planar structure of 1. In addition, optical analysis and DFT calculations indicated the presence of intramolecular charge-transfer interactions in 1c.
Cost-Effective Geocoding with Exterior Orientation for Airborne and Terrestrial Archaeological Photography — Possibilities and Limitations
Authors: Wieser Martin , Verhoeven Geert , Briese Christian , Doneus Michael , Karel Wilfried , Pfeifer Norbert 
Published: May 2014

Taking a photograph is often considered to be an indispensable procedural step in many archaeological fields (e.g. excavating), whereas some sub-disciplines (e.g. aerial archaeology) often consider photographs to be the prime data source. Whether they were acquired on the ground or from the air, digital cameras save with each photograph the exact date and time of acquisition and additionally enable to store the camera's geographical location in specific metadata fields. This location is typically obtained from GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers, either operating in continuous mode to record the path of the camera platform, or the position is observed for each exposure individually. Although such positional information has huge advantages in archiving the imagery, this approach has several limits as it does not record the complete exterior orientation of the camera. More specifically, the essential roll, pitch and yaw camera angles are missing, thus the viewing direction and the camera rotation around it. Besides enabling to define the exact portion of the scene that was photographed (essential for proper archiving), these parameters can also aid the subsequent orthophoto production workflows and even guide photo acquisition. This paper proposes a cost-effective hard- and software solution (camera position: 2.5 m and orientation in static conditions: maximally 2°, both at 1s) to record all indispensable exterior orientation parameters during image acquisition. After the introduction of the utilized hardware components, the software that allows recording and estimating these parameters as well as embedding them into the image metadata is introduced. Afterwards, the obtainable accuracy in both static (i.e. terrestrial) and dynamic (i.e. airborne) conditions are calculated and assessed. Finally, the good use of this solution for different archaeological purposes will be detailed and commented where needed, while an outlook on future developments finalizes this article.
Metafora a zjawisko chiralności
Authors: Siekiera Rafał 
Published: May 2014

Metaphor and the chirality phenomenon
The paper attempts to demonstrate that metaphor fits in A. Kudra’s theory of conceptual pairness, and that it is a chiral object which contains two levels of chirality represented by asymmetric juxtapositions: source domain – target domain (the source domain is a distorted reflection of the object, i.e. of the target domain, which causes a shift in the perception of the source domain), and literal meaning – metaphorical meaning (object – reflection). These features make metaphors an important means of constructing a distorted vision of reality, hence also a chiral object, represented by the sender’s linguistic image of the world. In the case of metaphor, it is important that the sender uses linguistic means, or illusion markers in J. Płuciennik’s terms, which indicate the metaphorical character of the utterance and make it easier for the receiver to realize that what they are dealing with is an asymmetric reflection of the literal meaning, and which allow the sender to distance him or herself from the metaphor if it is perceived as inappropriate.
Polisemia regularna – między semantyką a kontekstem
Authors: Czelakowska Anna 
Published: May 2014

Regular polysemy − between semantics and context
The paper attempts to answer the question whether the fact that a semantic difference is solely determined by its context, suffices to justify forgoing it in a dictionary, or whether lexicographers should also take other factors into account. The author points out that a considerable part of regular semantic oppositions of nouns follow predictable patterns – which is not to say that all of the products that they might potentially generate must actually appear in the language. The article seeks to answer two questions: 1. where might be the blockages located that disallow certain products of such shifts to operate in the language, and leave others a derivational potential, and 2. is context merely a tool of disambiguation through fixed patterns, or are new meanings constantly created afresh based on it? Definitive answers are not given, but it is shown that it might be unsuitable for a lexicographer to strictly demarcate semantics and pragmatics. In some cases, extralinguistic factors will trigger mechanisms of semantic derivation and accelerate lexicalization, while in others, presumably, they will inhibit the derivational potential of certain regular types of semantic shifts.
Jednostki obce w słowniku języka polskiego na przykładzie Słownika elektronicznego jednostek frazeologicznych (SEJF)
Authors: Czerepowicka Monika 
Published: May 2014

Foreign elements in the Polish lexicon, using the example of Słownik elektroniczny jednostek frazeologicznych (SEJF) ‘Electronic Dictionary of Multi-Word Units’
The paper discusses the presence of foreign phraseological units and of their grammatical features in phraseological dictionaries of general Polish. The author adduces lexicographical descriptions of specific phrasemes from Polish and foreign words dictionaries, and compares them with corpus data. Based on these analyses, she proposes a set of detailed solutions which were implemented in Słownik elektroniczny jednostek frazeologicznych (SEJF) ‘Electronic Dictionary of Multi-Word Units’ that she is preparing. SEJF is going to be the first electronic grammatical dictionary of Polish idiomatic phrases to provide paradigms for the described units. The paper closes with a list of one hundred analysed phrasemes, each with the assigned lexeme class and, in the case of nouns, also the gender value.
Angielskie wyrazy okolicznościowe w polszczyźnie
Authors: Kuźniak Marek , Mańczak-Wohlfeld Elżbieta 
Published: May 2014

English nonce borrowings in Polish
The article discusses the latest English nonce borrowings in Polish. The study, which is based on the project initiated by the Department of English Studies at Wrocław University, embraces ca. 800 units of varied complexity. The argument that arises from the analysis is that the category of nonce borrowings or “meteors” should be carefully distinguished from other related categories, if we take the criterion of the degree of assimilation in the target language as the key factor. In consequence, the superordinate category is formed by the all-inclusive notion of non-native lexis which further includes as its subcategories borrowings proper (well-assimilated units), foreign words and phrases (semi-assimilated units), and “unknown” foreign words and phrases (non-assimilated units). The category of nonce borrowings is postulated to reside in the area covering the scope of foreign semi- and non-assimilated units in the target language.
Agentywne znaczenie formantu -wa w gwarach wielkopolskich i języku polskim na tle innych języków słowiańskich
Authors: Osowski Błażej 
Published: May 2014

Agentive meaning of the -wa suffix in Greater Polish dialects and general Polish versus other Slavic languages
The paper reviews formations with the -wa suffix (and its variant -twa) in the Slavic languages in view of the state in Greater Polish dialects, where a striking domination of agentive personal names can be seen; linguistic kinships are indicated. An overview of derivatives in -wa is supplemented with nouns in -ba as there exist cases of word-formative doublets and resuffixation.
Polskie gwarowe nazwy dziko rosnących roślin zielnych na tle nazw słowiańskich i europejskich
Authors: Waniakowa Jadwiga 
Published: May 2014

Polish dialectal wild herbaceous plant names in the context of Slavic and European names
The article claims that many Polish dialectal plant names are not folk in their origin. The only way to ascertain the true origin of a given name is by analysing the history of the dialectal name and the related names in other languages. Such analysis leads to the conclusion that Polish dialectal names have various origins. A part of them constitute truly dialectal names, i.e. such that originate from Polish dialects, another group consists of colloquial non-dialectal native names that have been adopted by given dialects, if they are relatively new or have been inherited. Yet another part comprises relatively new borrowings, and new calques. Yet another group originates from Old Polish forms no longer in use in non-dialectal Polish. The latter do not comprise a homogenous collection. They fall into three subgroups: Polish names originating in the Polish language or inherited from Old Slavic, old loanwords in use in Old Polish and no longer in use today with the exception of Polish dialects, and finally, there is also the often misclassified group of old calques. The recapitulation of this work emphasises the importance of a diachronic and comparative approach to the analysis of dialectal plant names. It highlights the existence of numerous calques, especially old ones, whose presence was previously overlooked due to their native and sometimes even truly dialectal character. Therefore, a superficial, synchronic analysis does not reveal their long and rich history, and the fact that they have their counterparts also in non-Slavic languages and often originate in antiquity.
Modele stawania się i bycia dwujęzycznym przedstawicieli Polonii argentyńskiej
Authors: Guillermo-Sajdak Marta 
Published: May 2014

Models of becoming and being bilingual in Polish diaspora in Argentina
The present paper is the effect of field work on Polish-Spanish bilingualism in Polish diaspora in Argentina, conducted in years 2009–2011 in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Córdoba, and Misiones. It portrays four models of bilingualism which define the modern Polish diaspora in Argentina, each illustrated with linguistic biographies of selected respondents. The change of the research perspective from a purely linguistic to an interdisciplinary one, has allowed a wide analysis of the phenomenon of bilingualism to be performed, together with its impact on the creation and metamorphosis of identity and cultural valency of four generations of Poles living in Argentina.
Représentations affectives dans le répertoire langagier de lycéens bilingues polono-français
Authors: Sansault David 
Published: May 2014

Affective representations in the linguistic repertoire of Polish-French bilingual high school students
Bilingual persons go through various emotional experiences related to their languages over the course of their lives. For those Polish-French high school students who study in France both in Polish and in French, these languages and cultures of linguistic repertoire are in everyday contact in different contexts. How do bilinguals use their linguistic repertoire on the emotional level in these conditions? What load do they assign to the languages of their repertoire, and what effects does this have on their linguistic practices? In an attempt to answer these questions, the author focuses on an analysis of linguistic representations of bilingual persons; in their interpretation, he also takes into account the sociolinguistic context and linguistic biography.
WARA OD MIOTŁY? Odpowiedź na polemikę profesora Władysława Miodunki
Authors: Cockiewicz Wacław 
Published: May 2014

Hands off the broom? Reply to prof. Władysław Miodunka
This text is a reply to prof. Władysław Miodunka’s polemic on the proposition previously put forward by this author, to systematize the basic language pedagogical terminology. The opponent resents the use of the phrase “terminological chaos”. The author explains why he had used it, and answers several other minor objections. In this case, terminological chaos results not from that one term has multiple meanings, as this is the relatively widespread situation in many disciplines, but from that the terms used in language pedagogy are not defined in the classical sense, and therefore do not discretely distinguish the respective phenomena. Instead, definitions describe prototypes. Adopted from cognitive linguistics, this custom has the undesirable effect that everything that is not prototypical, eludes the terminology – even if such descriptive definitions do provide many important pieces of information on the essence of the respective phenomena.
Być czy nie być tłumaczem audiowizualnym w Polsce?
Authors: Jankowska Anna 
Published: May 2014

To be or not to be an audiovisual translator in Poland?
Recently audiovisual translation (AVT) became popular both in terms of research and teaching. Although the number of publications on AVT is constantly growing, it still seems that our knowledge of the professional practice and market are not sufficient. This article presents the results of a survey conducted among Polish audiovisual translators between November 2009 and April 2010. The main of the study was to investigate current situation on the professional AVT market and issues such as i.e. translator’s education, wages and working conditions.
Audio Description for Voiced‑over Films: the Case Study of Big Fish
Authors: Jankowska Anna , Szarkowska Agnieszka , Wilgucka Magdalena 
Published: May 2014

Audiodeskrypcja do filmu zagranicznego z tłumaczeniem w wersji lektorskiej na przykładzie filmu pt. Duża ryba
Audiodeskrypcja (AD) rozwija się w Polsce od 2006 r. Do niedawna filmy obcojęzyczne praktycznie nie były udostępniane osobom z dysfunkcją wzroku. Powodem braku dostępności filmów obcojęzycznych było przekonanie, iż wersja lektorska – czyli najczęściej używana w polskiej telewizji metoda przekładu audiowizualnego – nie nadaje się do połączenia z audiodeskrypcją. Uważano, że osoby z dysfunkcją wzroku nie poradzą sobie z przyswojeniem trzech różnych ścieżek dźwiękowych (oryginalna ścieżka dźwiękowa, wersja lektorska oraz audiodeskrypcja). Pogląd ten stał jednak w sprzeczności z potrzebami i oczekiwaniami osób niewidomych i niedowidzących. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badania ankietowego i dyskusji w grupie fokusowej, przeprowadzonych z udziałem odbiorców z dysfunkcją wzroku, którzy wzięli udział w specjalnym pokazie filmu pt. Duża ryba (2003, reż. Tim Burton) z wersją lektorską i audiodeskrypcją. Wyniki potwierdzają, że osoby z dysfunkcją wzroku chcą oglądać filmy zagraniczne z wersją lektorską i audiodeskrypcją. Wskazują jednak, że trzeba spełnić określone warunki w zakresie udźwiękowienia, synchronizacji oraz identyfikacji bohaterów, by osoby te były w stanie tego rodzaju filmy oglądać.
Bonchoir, biloute!
Authors: Rębkowska Renata 
Published: May 2014

Bonchoir, biloute! Heterolinguism as a source of humor in the movie Bienvenue chez les Ch’tis and its Polish version
Both in the novel and in the film, the use of language variation may serve different purposes. Using examples from the comedy Bienvenue chez les Ch’tis and its Polish translation, the article examines humourous effects created by highlighting some of the phonetic and lexical features of ch’ti variation and the ways these effets are handled in polish translation of the movie.
Refugee children saying and doing citizenship: Global-local tensions and common civic spaces in an international school in the United States
Authors: Solano-Campos Ana 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
International Baccalaureate (IB) schools have traditionally been associated with displaced expatriates and globally mobile privileged elites. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of state funded Title I IB schools across the United States, many of them serving immigrant and refugee children and youth. However, this unprecedented access of immigrant and refugee students to an international education is an underrepresented field in the education literature. How do immigrant and refugee children construct and perform citizenship in such contexts? How does the school utilize their cultural and global capital? In this article, I present the findings of a qualitative case study conducted in a fourth grade classroom in a public charter international school, River Song Elementary (pseudonym), serving immigrant, refugee and local children in one of the largest refugee resettlement areas in the United States. Through document analysis, focus groups, individual interviews, and ethnographic observations over a period of twelve weeks, I explored the children’s constructions and performances of citizenship. I found that there were tensions between global and local narratives that trickled down to the school and classroom climate dichotomizing various aspects of children’s identities and cultures as well as the ways in which they understood and enacted citizenship. Yet, guided by their teachers, the children were actively engaged in the construction of common civic spaces where different forms of expression played a singular agentic, participatory and unifying role.
Education for citizenship in contexts of diversity in the metropolitan area of Lisbon
Authors: Barroso Hortas Maria João 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Education for citizenship in contexts of diversity arises from the intensification and diversification of migratory flows to Portugal, in particular to the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, in the transition from the twentieth century to the twenty-first century. The arrival of people from diverse origins to the city is visible in the areas of settlement not only in the multitude of uses, practices and forms of appropriation of space but also in the dynamics unfolded among the recently arrived citizens, the local population and the existing community institutions. The schools of the neighbourhoods hosting this diversity of residents have registered remarkable changes in their students and the integration of sociocultural diversity is today one of the main challenges faced by the educational community. School is essential in the construction of this plural society. It is responsible for training people and promoting their citizenship. In the context of diversity, the school can help students to develop their identity with the cultural group they belong to and to transmit values of global citizenship and training people for a ‘multicultural citizenship’. In this article, we pay special attention to the role of the school and family in the construction of citizenship in young people from different cultures, basing this on the empirical data gathered from: children and young people, both with native and with immigrant backgrounds attending public schools in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area; their respective families; and the school projects. Combining the perceptions of students’ practices, families’ expectations and school policies, we identify and analyse the multiple dimensions that education for citizenship can assume in a diverse educational context.
Reflexivity and social change: A critical discussion of reflexive modernization and individualization theses
Authors: Caetano Ana 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
The concept of reflexivity has become increasingly important in sociology, in close articulation with the analysis of social change. Scholars such as Beck, Giddens and Lash are key references in this regard, as they place the increase of reflexive processes at the heart of social transformation. This connection between social change and reflexivity has been evoked frequently in the sociological literature of the last decades, especially by authors studying reflexive modernization and individualization. The aim of this article is to discuss these approaches and their main implications for the study of personal reflexivity. It is argued that although the mentioned authors assign an important role to reflexivity, they lack the theoretical and operational grounds necessary to take the different dimensions of the concept into account. The tendency to simplify the past; the overlap between reflexivity and social change; the weak importance given to structure; the ambiguous nature of agenty dynamics; and the absence of a solid empirical grounding are discussed as factors that weaken their contributions.