bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hard coal import dependence of Poland
Authors: Olkuski Tadeusz 
Published: January 2014

Streszczenie
Ze zjawiskiem importu węgla do Polski mamy do czynienia dopiero od kilku lat. Od początku istnienia górnictwa węglowego w Polsce nasz kraj był eksporterem tego surowca. Węgiel kamienny eksportowano już w okresie międzywojennym, a po II wojnie światowej, po odbudowaniu przemysłu ze zniszczeń wojennych, eksport węgla był podstawowym środkiem pozyskiwania dewiz. Polska przez dziesięciolecia zajmowała miejsce w pierwszej dziesiątce największych producentów tego surowca, a eksport od połowy lat siedemdziesiątych do połowy lat osiemdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku wynosił około 40 min ton, co stanowiło około jedną czwartą produkcji. Na początku XXI wieku sytuacja zaczęła się jednak zmieniać. Z roku na rok eksport malał, natomiast wzrastał import. Związane to było z jednej strony ze wzrastającymi kosztami produkcji krajowego węgla, z dmgiej strony - z napływem taniego surowca głównie zza wschodniej granicy. W artykule przedstawiono import węgla kamiennego do Polski z Rosji, USA, Ukrainy, Kazachstanu i Kolumbii oraz nabycie wewnątrzwspólnotowe z Republiki Czeskiej, jako głównych dostawców tego surowca. Wspomniano także o innych krajach, takich jak RPA, czy Australia, które są największymi eksporterami węgla na świecie i dostarczają surowiec do Europy Zachodniej, ale do Polski rzadko jest on sprowadzany. Dla wyliczenia zależności importowej w zakresie węgla kamiennego przedstawiono również eksport oraz zużycie krajowe tego surowca w latach 2000-2012. Wspomniana zależność wzrasta, co nie jest zjawiskiem korzystnym, gdyż świadczy o coraz większym uzależnieniu naszego kraju od dostaw zza granicy. Nie należy się jednak niepokoić, gdyż wartość tego wskaźnika jest bardzo mała. Jedynie w 2011 roku przekroczyła nieznacznie 10%, a w 2012 roku zmniejszyła się ponownie poniżej 5%. W porównaniu z zależnością importową w zakresie gazu ziemnego, która wynosi około 70%, lub zależnością importową w zakresie ropy naftowej wynoszącą 97%, nie jest to poziom wysoki. Niemniej jednak należy na bieżąco monitorować zależność importową Polski w zakresie surowców mineralnych, w przypadku których posiadamy własne złoża do ich produkcji, gdyż większość państw opiera swoją gospodarkę o surowce rodzime. Jest to zwykle korzystniejsze ekonomicznie i zapewnia większe bezpieczeństwo stałych i pewnych dostaw danego surowca.
Mineral sequestration of CO2 with the use of energy waste – an attempt to estimate the polish potential
Authors: Uuasz-Bocheńczyk Alicja , Mokrzycki Eugeniusz 
Published: January 2014

Streszczenie
Polska energetyka zawodowa jako paliwo podstawowe stosuje węgiel kamienny i bnmatny, branża ta jest zarazem największym emitentem C02 w Polsce. W wyniku procesów produkcji energii elektrycznej i cieplnej powstają również odpady, m.in. popioły lotne, które w formie zawiesin mogąbyć stosowane do sekwestracji CO, na drodze mineralnej karbonatyzacji. Mineralna karbonatyzacja jako metoda obniżenia redukcji CO, jest szcze- gólnie interesująca przy wykorzystaniu odpadów. W artykule| przedstawiono wstępne oszacowanie możliwości obniżenia emisji C02 z energetyki zawodowej. Oszacowanie to przeprowadzono przy wykorzystaniu wyników badań stopnia pochłaniania C02 przez zawiesiny odpadowo-wodne oraz wielkość emisji ze spalania węgla w energetyce zawodowej. Do szacowania uwzględniono jedynie te odpady, które nie wymagają żadnej obróbki wstępnej, a zarazem mają potencjał dla wiązania C02, czyli: popioły lotne z kotłów konwencjonalnych, popioły z kotłów fluidalnych, mieszaniny popiołów z produktami odsiarczania, popioły lotne ze współspalania węgla kamiennego i biomasy oraz odpady z półsuchej metody odsiarczania. Przyjęto również założenie, że do sek- westracji mogą być stosowane te odpady, które są wykorzystywane w górnictwie oraz odpady niewykorzystane gospodarczo. Oszacowano, że ilości C02, które można zutylizować przy powyższych założeniach wynoszą około 117,25 Gg CO,/rok.
SUPPLY LEAD TIME UNCERTAINTY IN A SUSTAINABLE ORDER QUANTITY INVENTORY MODEL
Authors: Digiesi Salvatore , Mossa Giorgio , Mummolo Giovanni 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Transport plays a key role in inventory management since it affects logistic costs as well as environmental performance of the supply chain. Expected value and variability of supply lead time depend on the transportation means adopted, and influence the optimal values of order quantity, reorder level, and safety stock to be adopted. Fast transportation means allow reducing expected value of the lead time; they are characterized by the highest costs of externalities (i.e. air pollutant emission, noise, congestion, accidents). On the contrary, slow transportation means require high inventory level due to large order quantity; in this case costs of externalities tend to decrease. The Sustainable Order Quantity (SOQ) [1] allows identifying optimal order quantity, reorder level, safety stock as well as transportation means which minimize the sum of the logistic and environmental costs in case of stochastic variability of product demand. In this paper, the authors propose a new SOQ analytical model considering stochastic variability of supply lead time (LT). A solution procedure is suggested for solving the proposed model. The approach is applied to a real industrial case study in order to evaluate the benefits of applying it if compared with the traditional one.
CRITICAL ATTRIBUTES ON SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION: CASE STUDY IN EUROPE AND ASIA
Authors: Sillanpää Ilkka , Abdul Malek Nurul Aida binti , Takala Josu 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This case study research aims to compare the performance of the implementation of supply chain management (SCM) strategies within Asian and European Companies. The case study measures company’s opinions of supply chain strategy implementation through utilization of Sense and Response methodology. Critical Factor Index (CFI), Balanced Critical Factor Index (BCFI) and Scaled Critical Factor Index (SCFI) are used in this study to represent the result of comparison between European and Asian companies. From the analysis of comparison of all Sense and Response models, it can be concluded that there are differences and similarities of critical attributes that affecting supply chain strategy implementation in Asian and European companies. There are two attributes that have consistent trend for both regions; innovation and organization structure. In this research the analysis of supply chain strategy implementation was made for the needs of manufacturing industry. Suggestions for future research are multiple case studies in different industry areas in global business environment. The results provide a guideline to the company to measure the right attributes for making the right decision in a dynamic environment. It also provides good knowledge for companies to implement supply chain strategies, the main approaches to implement it and the main challenges in supply chain strategy implementation. Supply chain strategy implementation was analyzed in the European and Asian companies. This research shows that there are several developing areas for companies when implementing supply chain strategies.
On certain properties of linear iterative equations
Authors: Ndogmo Jean-Claude , Mahomed Fazal 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
An expression for the coefficients of a linear iterative equation in terms of the parameters of the source equation is given both for equations in standard form and for equations in reduced normal form. The operator that generates an iterative equation of a general order in reduced normal form is also obtained and some other properties of iterative equations are established. An expression for the parameters of the source equation of the transformed equation under equivalence transformations is obtained, and this gives rise to the derivation of important symmetry properties for iterative equations. The transformation mapping a given iterative equation to the canonical form is obtained in terms of the simplest determining equation, and several examples of application are discussed.
Small-scale spatiotemporal variability in body size of two common carabid beetles
Authors: Baranovská Eliška , Knapp Michal 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Adult body size is one of the most ecologically relevant quantitative traits that underlies many other life-history traits of particular organism. In insects, there is positive intraspecific relationship between body size and female fecundity. In this study small scale temporal and spatial and space variability in structural body size of Poecilus cupreus and Anchomenus dorsalis was investigated. The beetles were collected in four fields near Prague-Suchdol in autumn 2009 and 2010, and in spring 2010, 2011 and 2012. In both species structural body size was significantly affected by sex (females were the larger sex). In A. dorsalis structural body size was also significantly affected by arable field identity, overwintering (post-overwintering individuals collected in spring were larger in comparison to pre-overwintering individuals collected in autumn), sampling year, overwintering by year and arable field by year interactions. Our results suggest that spatiotemporal variation in environmental conditions experienced by A. dorsalis during larval growth resulted in differences in adult structural body size among particular fields and particular sampling years. In addition, mean structural body size in A. dorsalis was affected by overwintering, which was probably caused by size-specific winter mortality. Moreover, effect of overwintering varied among years, probably according to the specific weather conditions during a particular winter.
Movements of a juvenile red kite Milvus milvus in the border zone of Aaustria, Slovakia and the Czech Republic
Authors: Nemček Vladimír 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
One juvenile female red kite was tracked during 2011-2013. The bird was tagged with a leg-mount radio transmitter in a nest in the Záhorská nížina Lowland in western Slovakia. Movements were monitored in the natal area and in the temporary settlement area (TSA). These areas were 40 km apart. The location of the TSA in the border zone ofAustria, Slovakia and the Czech Republic confirmed information about the wintering of local birds in the region. The temporary settlement area (MCP = 402.0 km2, 95% FKP = 622.8 km2, 50% FKP = 68.6 km2) was mainly situated in Austria. The natal area was significantly smaller (MCP = 34.7 km2, 95% FKP = 32.3 km2, 50% FKP = 5.0 km2). The juvenile hunted an average of 12.5 km from the communal roost place.
Nesting and non-nesting occurrence of the short-eared owl Asio flammeus in the Záhorie region (SW Slovakia)
Authors: Noga Michal , Dobrý Martin 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The short-eared owl is a regular migrant and hibernant in the Záhorie region (SW Slovakia), though this species mostly escapes attention. In 1998 the species was found nesting in this region, and in 2012 individuals showing territorial behaviour were regularly observed, with high probability of nesting. Nesting habitats were localities with a high representation of meadows, corresponding to the preferred nesting sites in Slovakia. The foraging range of wintering birds was comparable with those from neighbouring regions (W Slovakia, Hungary), but with a higher number of harvest mice Micromys minutus and long-tailed field mice Apodemus sylvaticus. In both years when the nesting of birds was recorded, snowfall was significantly lower. Food sources were not monitored at these localities.
Structure, function and cross-scale properties
of landscape boundaries – a case study of the Płock area
Authors: Kulczyk Sylwia 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper describes features of landscape boundaries in the lowland landscape of Poland and verifies their cross-scale properties. The diversity of lithology, morphometry and land use was taken into account by delimitation of the boundaries. A scale of 1:50 000 was set as the basis. Three structural features (length, contrast and sinuosity) and two functional features (permeability and stability) were examined.

The boundaries within the research area are typically of average length, low sinuosity, high permeability and low stability. A high correspondence between the diversity of abiotic components and land use is observed, resulting in a large number of high-contrast boundaries. However, this feature does not necessarily mean that these patterns are cross scale and can be applied at a higher level of landscape hierarchy.

A geochemical/typological and regional order has been explored to describe properties of landscape boundaries for different spatial scales. Only the first of the listed orders corresponds to diversification of boundary features.
Transovarial transmission of novaluron in Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Kim S.-H.S. , Vandervoort C. , Whalon M.E. , Wise J.C. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), has become a significant pest of tree fruit production in North America within the past 25 years. Control of the OBLR has historically relied upon broad-spectrum insecticides like organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. However, with evidence of resistance development, newer chemistries have been developed to combat this pest. The effects of novaluron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, were studied to determine if reduced egg hatch occurs after exposure to adults. The transovarial effects of this compound were tested through laboratory bioassays, looking at decreased egg hatch and also presence of novaluron in egg masses following adult exposure. Results from the study demonstrated a decrease in egg hatch after adult exposure. Analysis of egg mass using HPLC also demonstrated novaluron present in the eggs laid by treated adults. Along with the direct ovicidal and larvicidal properties of novaluron, this transovarial activity provides an important contribution to the overall control seen in the field.
Quantitative evaluation of blood glucose concentration using impedance sensing devices
Authors: Pradhan Rangadhar , Mitra Analava , Das Soumen 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper reports on the impedimetric investigation of glucose concentrations present in the human blood by using impedance sensing devices with different working electrode areas. It is evident from the experiment that, the impedance value increases with the increase of glucose concentration in blood and the trend follows in all the devices with various electrode areas. The measured complex admittance plot shows two semicircles which are due to double layer and coating capacitances respectively. Lower values of relative standard deviation in impedance data infer the reproducibility of these devices. A quantitative relationship, developed between the impedance and glucose concentration establishes a positive correlation between the blood glucose values and impedance.
¿Son necesarias las televisiones públicas en España? Un debate adulterado
Authors: López Jordán Jesús 
Published: January 2014

La información no es sólo mercancía u objeto de especulación económica. Es un derecho y un acto de justicia. La información no pertenece al propietario de la empresa informativa. Le asiste el derecho a explotar el servicio, sí, pero el derecho de información es un mandato social que le excede. Por ello, las televisiones públicas, nacidas bajo esos principios de pertenencia ciudadana, deberían ser un espacio de libertad y de respeto hacia trabajadores y ciudadanos: los primeros, como mediadores y garantes de la veracidad informativa; los segundos, como sujetos receptores y titulares soberanos del derecho de información.
Novel HDPE/ground tyre rubber composite materials obtained through in‐situ polymerization and polymerization filling technique
Authors: Sulcis Roberta , Lotti Luca , Coiai Serena , Ciardelli Francesco , Passaglia Elisa 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTNovel hybrid materials composed by a high density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix and powdered rubber coming from scrap tyres (ground tyre rubber [GTR]) were prepared. Two methods were followed: ethylene was polymerized by a metallocene catalyst (Cp2ZrCl2/methylaluminoxane) in the presence of a toluene dispersion of the filler (in‐situ polymerization); and the ethylene was polymerized out after supporting the aluminum‐based co‐catalyst onto the rubber particles surface (polymerization filling technique). The experimental conditions were varied in order to achieve the best catalyst productivity. All the synthesized composites were characterized in order to investigate the occurrence and the extent of interactions between HDPE macromolecular chains and the GTR components and their effects onto the final properties, by comparison with a composite where GTR was included into the matrix through blending in the melt. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and solvent extractions were performed to this aim. The amount of thermoplastic matrix bonded to the filler was determined, and the extracted polymer was characterized by size exclusion chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. Finally, stress–strain behavior of the composites obtained, respectively, by catalytic polymerization and melt mixing was compared. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40313.
Thermal, crystallization, and dynamic rheological behavior of wood particle/HDPE composites: Effect of removal of wood cell wall composition
Authors: Ou Rongxian , Xie Yanjun , Wang Qingwen , Sui Shujuan , Wolcott Michael P. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effect of removal of wood cell wall composition on thermal, crystallization, and dynamic rheological behavior of the resulting high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. Four types of wood particle (WP) with different compositions: native wood flour (WF), hemicellulose‐removed wood particle (HR), lignin‐removed wood particle (holocellulose, HC), and both hemicellulose and lignin removed particle (α‐cellulose, αC) were prepared and compounded with HDPE using extruder, both with and without maleated polyethylene (MAPE). Results show that removal of the hemicellulose improved the thermal stability of composites, while removal of the lignin facilitated thermal decomposition. WPs acted as nucleating agents and facilitated the process of crystallization, thereby increasing the crystallization temperature and degree of crystallinity. The crystallization nucleation and growth rate of αC and HR based composites without MAPE decreased, as compared with WF based one. Composite melts with and without MAPE exhibited a decreasing order of storage modulus, loss modulus, and complex viscosity as αC > WF > HR > HC and αC > HR > WF > HC, respectively. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40331.
Terra firma‐forme dermatosis
Authors: Borgia Francesco , Cannavò Serafinella P. 
Published: January 2014

Key Clinical MessageTerra firma‐forme is a benign condition characterized by cutaneous hyperpigmentation resembling dirt. Despite its typical clinical presentation, the disorder is not well‐known by physicians. Prompt recognition can avoid useless investigations and therapies. Vigorous swabbing of the skin with isopropyl alcohol‐soaked gauze pads results in complete healing.
Towards the Improvement of Hydrotreatment Catalysts through the Encapsulation of Heteropolyoxometalates inside the Framework of SBA‐15 Silica
Authors: Silva Susana , Chaumonnot Alexandra , Bonduelle‐Skrzypczak Audrey , Lefebvre Frédéric , Loridant Stéphane , Dufaud Véronique 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the context of the search for higher performance hydrodesulfurization catalysts, materials made by a novel method of immobilizing heteropolyoxometalates on mesoporous oxides were compared to those derived by incipient wetness impregnation for the hydrogenation of toluene. The catalysts prepared by the one‐pot encapsulation of HPMo into the walls of SBA‐15 silica were found to be significantly more active for the reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescence Properties of Red‐Emitting Ca9Y(PO4)7:Eu3+ Phosphor for NUV White‐LEDs.
Authors: Wang Baoling , Lin Yiting , Ju Haidong 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCa9Y(PO4)7:Eu3+ phosphors are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of CaCO3, (NH4)2HPO4, Y2O3, and Eu2O3 (calcination in air, ≥1100 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Lead‐Free Ba0.9Ca0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 Piezoelectric Ceramics Processed Below 1300 °C.
Authors: Reyes‐Montero A. , Pardo L. , Lopez‐Juarez R. , Gonzalez A. M. , Cruz M. P. , Villafuerte‐Castrejon M. E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBa0.9Ca0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 (BCTZ) lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics are successfully prepared by a Pechini polymeric precursor method using EtOH solutions of Ti(O‐iPr)4 and Zr(O‐Pr)4 mixed with aqueous Ba(OAc)2 and Ca(NO3)2 with citric acid and ethylene glycol in a 3:1 molar ratio followed by heating to 85 °C for polymerization, calcination (700 °C, 1 h), and sintering to dense ceramics (1200—1275 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Triangular Exchange Interaction Patterns in K3Fe6F19: An Iron Potassium Fluoride with a Complex Tungsten Bronze Related Structure.
Authors: Mezzadri Francesco , Calestani Gianluca , Righi Lara , Pernechele Chiara , Solzi Massimo , Ritter Clemens 
Published: January 2014

AbstractK3Fe6F19 is synthesized from a stoichiometric mixture of KF, FeF2, and FeF3 (Ag tube, N2, 550—650 °C, 12 h) and characterized by single crystal XRD, powder neutron diffraction, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Mercury Azides and the Azide of Millon′s Base.
Authors: Lund Henrik , Oeckler Oliver , Schroeder Thorsten , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of Millon′s base (III)/(V) and metastable β‐Hg(N3)2 (II) and their characterization by powder and single crystal XRD closes an open gap in azide chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Carboxylation of Terminal Alkynes at Ambient CO2 Pressure in Ethylene Carbonate.
Authors: Yu Bing , Diao Zhen‐Feng , Guo Chun‐Xiang , Zhong Chun‐Lai , He Liang‐Nian , Zhao Ya‐Nan , Song Qing‐Wen , Liu An‐Hua , Wang Jin‐Quan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAn efficient CuI‐catalyzed carboxylation of terminal alkynes under mild conditions and without the need of any additional ligand is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Phosgene Route to Unsymmetrical Ureas from N‐Cbz‐α‐Amino Acid Amides.
Authors: Zadeh Ebrahim H. Ghazvini , Abo‐Dya Nader E. , Sotuyo Ania C. , Ghiviriga Ion , Hall C. Dennis 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA convenient method toward the synthesis of α‐amino acid‐derived unsymmetrical ureas (II) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthetic Route to Carbocyclic Enaminonitriles via Lewis Acid Catalyzed Domino‐Ring‐Opening‐Cyclization (DROC) of Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Malononitrile.
Authors: Ghorai Manas K. , Talukdar Ranadeep , Tiwari Deo Prakash 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe reaction proceeds through C‐C bond cleavage and two simultaneous C‐C bond formations of donor‐acceptor (DA)‐cyclopropanes with malonitrile anions in a domino fashion.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Cyclization of β‐Bromo‐α,β‐unsaturated Carboxylic Acids Leading to Maleic Anhydrides.
Authors: Bae Yeon Kyu , Cho Chan Sik 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIt is demonstrated that β‐bromo‐α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids undergo Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation under CO pressure in the presence of triethylammonium acetate to give cyclic anhydrides in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Transformation of Methyl Imines to α‐Iminonitriles under Mild and Transition‐Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Chen Feng , Huang Xiaoqiang , Cui Yuxin , Jiao Ning 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA novel transformation of methyl imines into α‐iminonitriles under mild and transition‐metal‐free conditions is described.