bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydro‐meteorological drivers and sources of suspended sediment flux in the pro‐glacial zone of the retreating Castle Creek Glacier, Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Leggat Michael S. , Owens Philip N. , Stott Tim A. , Forrester Barry J. , Déry Stephen J. , Menounos Brian 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGlaciers are major agents of erosion that increase sediment load to the downstream fluvial system. The Castle Creek Glacier, British Columbia, Canada, has retreated ~1.0 km in the past 70 years. Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and streamflow (Q) were monitored independently at five sites within its pro‐glacial zone over a 60 day period from July to September 2011, representing part of the ablation season. Meteorological data were collected from two automatic weather stations proximal to the glacier. The time‐series were divided into hydrologic days and the shape and magnitude of the SSC response to hydro‐meteorological conditions (‘cold and wet’, ‘hot and dry’, ‘warm and damp’, and ‘storm’) were categorized using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). Suspended sediment load (SSL) was computed and summarized for the categories. The distribution of monitoring sites and results of the multivariate statistical analyses describe the temporal and spatial variability of suspended sediment flux and the relative importance of glacial and para‐glacial sediment sources in the pro‐glacial zone. During the 2011 study period, ~ 60% of the total SSL was derived from the glacial stream and sediment deposits proximal to the terminus of the glacier; during ‘storm’ events, that contribution dropped to ~40% as the contribution from diffuse and point sources of sediment throughout the pro‐glacial zone and within the meltwater channels increased. While ‘storm’ events accounted for just 3% of the study period, SSL was ~600% higher than the average over the monitoring period, and ~20% of the total SSL was generated in that time. Determining how hydro‐meteorological conditions and sediment sources control sediment fluxes will assist attempts to predict how pro‐glacial zones respond to future climate changes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of terrestrial photogrammetry based on structure‐from‐motion for mass balance estimation of a small glacier in the Italian alps
Authors: Piermattei Livia , Carturan Luca , Guarnieri Alberto 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDifferent high‐resolution techniques can be employed to obtain information about the three‐dimensional (3D) surface of glaciers. This is typically carried out using efficient, but also expensive and logistically demanding, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technologies, such as airborne scanners and terrestrial laser scanners. Recent technological improvements in the field of image analysis and computer vision have prompted the development of a low‐cost photogrammetric approach, which is referred to as ‘structure‐from‐motion’ (SfM). Combined with dense image‐matching algorithms, this method has become competitive for the production of high‐quality 3D models. However, several issues typical of this approach should be considered for application in glacial environments. In particular, the surface morphology, the different substrata, the occurrence of sharp contrast from solar shadows and the variable distance from the camera positions can negatively affect the image texture, and reduce the possibility of obtaining a reliable point cloud from the images. The objective of this study is to test the structure‐from‐motion multi view stereo (SfM‐MVS) approach in a small debris‐covered glacier located in the eastern Italian Alps, using a consumer‐grade reflex camera and the computer vision‐based software PhotoScan. The quality of the 3D models produced by the SfM‐MVS process was assessed via the comparison with digital terrain models obtained from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) surveys that were performed at the same epochs. The effect of different terrain gradients and different substrata (debris, snow and firn) was also evaluated in terms of the accuracy of the reconstruction by SfM‐MVS versus TLS. Our results show that the quality of this new photogrammetric approach is similar to the quality of TLS and that point cloud densities are comparable or even higher compared with TLS. However, special care should be taken while planning the SfM survey geometry, to optimize the 3D model quality and spatial coverage. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic riverine landscapes: the role of ecosystem engineers
Authors: Harvey Gemma L. , Bertoldi Walter 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAn important and highly active research agenda has developed at the interface of fluvial geomorphology and ecology that addresses the capacity for vegetation and animals to act as ecosystem engineers within fluvial systems. This paper briefly introduces this research domain and describes the 15 papers that contribute to the special issue on 'Dynamic riverine landscapes: the role of ecosystem engineers'. The papers illustrate the breadth of research activity at this interface, investigating the influence of a range of ecosystem engineering organisms through a combination of field study, laboratory experiments, numerical simulation and analysis of remotely sensed data. Together, the papers address a series of key themes: conceptual frameworks for feedbacks between aquatic biota, hydraulics, sediment dynamics and nutrient dynamics and their quantification through experimental and field research; the potential contribution of ecosystem engineering species to assist river recovery and restoration; and the contribution of riparian vegetation to bank stability and morphodynamics across a range of spatio‐temporal scales. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil carbon losses by sheet erosion: a potentially critical contribution to the global carbon cycle
Authors: Müller‐Nedebock Daniel , Chaplot Vincent 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDespite soil erosion through water being a ubiquitous process and its environmental consequences being well understood, its effects upon the global carbon cycle still remain largely uncertain. How much soil organic carbon (SOC) is removed each year from soils by sheet wash, an important if not the most efficient mechanism of detachment and transport of surficial soil material? What are the main environnemental controls worldwide? These are important questions which largely remain unanswered. Empirical data from 240 runoff plots studied over entire rainy seasons from different regions of the world were analysed to estimate particulate organic carbon (POC) losses (POCL), and POC enrichment in the sediments compared to the bulk soil (ER), which can be used as a proxy of the fate of the eroded POC. The median POCL was 9.9 g C m‐2 y‐1 with highest values observed for semi‐arid soils (POCL = 10.8 g C m‐2 y‐1), followed by tropical soils (POCL = 6.4 g C m‐2 y‐1) and temperate soils (POCL = 1.7 g C m‐2 y‐1). Considering the mean POCL of 27.2 g C m‐2 y‐1, the total amount of SOC displaced annually by sheet erosion from its source would be 1.32 ± 0.20 Gt C, i.e. 14.6% of the net annual fossil fuel induced C emissions of 9 Gt C. Because of low sediment enrichment in POC, erosion‐induced CO2 emissions are likely to be limited in clayey environments while POC burial within hillslopes is likely to constitute an important carbon sink. In contrast, most of the POC displaced from sandy soils is likely to be emitted to the atmosphere. These results underpin the major role sheet wash plays in the displacement of SOC from its source and in the fate of the eroded SOC, with large variations across the different pedo‐climatic regions of the world. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superheated liquid and supercritical denatured ethanol extraction of antioxidants from Crimson red grape stems
Authors: Wenzel Jonathan , Samaniego Cheryl Storer , Wang Lihua , Nelson La'Shyla , Ketchum Korrine , Ammerman Michelle , Zand Ali 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGrapes are widely known for health benefits due to their antioxidant content. In wine production, grape stems are often discarded, though they has a higher content of antioxidants than the juice. The effectiveness of using an environmentally friendly solvent, ethanol, as a superheated liquid and supercritical fluid to extract antioxidant compounds from grape stems of organically grown Crimson Seedless grapes was evaluated. The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) assay and the Total Phenolic Content (TPC), or Folin‐Ciocalteu assay, were used to quantify the antioxidant power of grape stem extracts. The extractions were performed at temperatures between 160°C and 300°C at constant density. It was found that the optimal extraction temperature was 204°C, at superheated liquid conditions, with a FRAP value of 0.670 mmol Trolox Equivalent/g of dry grape stem. The FRAP values were higher than other studies that extracted antioxidants from grape stems using single‐pass batch extraction.
The Impact of Waiting Time on Health Gains from Surgery: Evidence from a National Patient‐reported Outcome Dataset
Authors: Nikolova Silviya , Harrison Mark , Sutton Matt 
Published: May 2015

AbstractReducing waiting times has been a major focus of the English National Health Service for many years, but little is known about the impact on health outcomes. The collection of data on patient‐reported outcome measures for all patients undergoing four large‐volume procedures facilitates analysis of the impact of waiting times on patient outcomes. The availability of patient‐reported outcome measures before and after surgery allows us to estimate the impact of waiting times on the effectiveness of treatment, controlling for pre‐surgery health and the endogeneity of waiting times caused by prioritisation with respect to pre‐intervention health. We find that waiting time has a negative and statistically significant impact on the health gain from hip and knee replacement surgery and no impact on the effectiveness of varicose vein and hernia surgery. The magnitude of this effect at patient level is small, 0.1% of the outcome measure range for each additional week of waiting. However, the value of this effect is substantially larger than existing estimates of the disutility experienced during the waiting period. The health losses associated with an additional week of waiting for annual populations of hip and knee replacement patients are worth £11.1m and £11.5m, respectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does Commuting Affect Health?
Authors: Künn‐Nelen Annemarie 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThis paper analyzes the relation between commuting time and health in the UK. I focus on four different types of health outcomes: subjective health measures, objective health measures, health behavior, and healthcare utilization. Fixed effect models are estimated with British Household Panel Survey data. I find that whereas objective health and health behavior are barely affected by commuting time, subjective health measures are clearly lower for people who commute longer. A longer commuting time is, moreover, related to more visits to the general practitioner. Effects turn out to be more pronounced for women and for commuters driving a car. For women, commuting time is also negatively related to regular exercise and positively to calling in sick. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age effects on the water‐use efficiency and water‐use dynamics of temperate pine plantation forests
Authors: Skubel Rachel , Arain M. Altaf , Peichl Matthias , Brodeur Jason J. , Khomik Myroslava , Thorne Robin , Trant Janelle , Kula Michelle 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis study analysed age‐related water‐use dynamics across three temperate conifer forest plantations (aged 11, 39 and 74 years, as of 2013, henceforth referred to as TP02, TP74 and TP39, respectively, where the last two digits represent the year of planting) in southern Ontario, Canada, from 2008 to 2013. Eddy covariance‐measured mean evapotranspiration over the growing season (April–October) was 438 ± 19, 392 ± 19 and 323 ± 25 mm at TP39, TP74 and TP02, respectively. Daytime bulk surface conductance was highest and most variable at the TP39 site (8.5 ± 4.0 mm s−1), followed by the TP74 (7.0 ± 2.8 mm s−1) and TP02 (5.4 ± 2.5 mm s−1) sites. Evapotranspiration at all the forests was sensitive to air temperature and tended to decrease with increasing atmospheric dryness. The youngest forest's evapotranspiration was most conservative, which led to an increase in water‐use efficiency throughout the study period, in particular during drought events. The oldest forest was the least restrictive in its water use during drought, which led to lower water‐use efficiency during such events as compared with the younger forests. The oldest forest was thinned in early 2012, when about one third of trees were commercially harvested. No significant change in evapotranspiration or water‐use efficiency was observed at this site following thinning; however, daytime bulk surface conductance declined. Our results suggested that changes in stand structure with forest ageing, such as reduction in stem density and increase in sapwood area, were responsible for differences in soil water demand during drought and non‐drought periods, leading to differences in forest water use. Hence, forest age, because of its structural implications, is an important control on stand‐level water‐use efficiency and forests' response to drought events. Our study suggested that younger forests may be best suited to maximize growth and carbon uptake efficiency under rising air temperatures and increasing precipitation variability as predicted by climate models for eastern North America. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the performance of a semi‐distributed hydrological model under various watershed discretization schemes
Authors: Haghnegahdar Amin , Tolson Bryan A. , Craig James R. , Paya Karol T. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPhysically based distributed and semi‐distributed hydrological models have become some of the primary tools for water resources studies and management over the past decades owing to increased computational capabilities and advances in data measurements. Representation of the existing heterogeneity in nature still remains one of the main challenges in these models and is accomplished primarily via watershed discretization, subdividing watersheds into hydrologically similar land parcels. Discretization decisions in distributed modelling studies are often ad hoc and determined with little or no quantitative analysis to support these decisions. In this work, we present a quantitative methodology for assessing alternative watershed discretization schemes in terms of their corresponding model performance in ungauged basins. The effect of the computational time spent for calibrating each scheme (calibration budget) is considered as part of the assessment. Here, these schemes differ in how they represent landscape attributes and range from a simple lumped scheme to more complex ones by adding spatial land cover and then soil information. The methodology is demonstrated using the Modélisation Environmentale–Surface et Hydrologie (MESH) model as applied to the Nottawasaga River basin in Ontario, Canada. Results reveal that model performance in ungauged basins depends upon the location of the validation sub‐basin (i.e. upstream or downstream) with respect to the calibration sub‐basins. Also, using a more complex scheme did not necessarily lead to improved performance in validation, when constrained by calibration budget. Therefore, the calibration budget also should be considered as a factor in the assessment process. This methodology was also implemented using a shorter sub‐period for calibration, which leads to substantial computational saving. Results of the sub‐period test were promising and consistent particularly when sufficient budget is spent to calibrate the model. Other strategies utilized for reducing the computational burden of the proposed analyses are also discussed in this study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leukapheresis treatment in elderly acute leukemia patients with hyperleukocytosis: A single center experience
Authors: Berber Ilhami , Erkurt Mehmet Ali , Kuku Irfan , Kaya Emin , Gozukara Bag Harika , Nizam Ilknur , Koroglu Mustafa , Yigit Ali , Ozgul Mustafa 
Published: May 2015

Aim:Leukapheresis is an invasive treatment modality used for hyperleukocytosis. Various drugs and fluids are used during the leukapheresis. Aging itself and associated factors such as increased comorbidity, decreased tolerance to drugs, increased drug toxicity give rise to the application of other treatment modalities in elderly patients. Treatment of acute leukemia in the elderly differs from young patients. Consequently, we assumed that outcome, effectiveness, and side effects of leukapheresis treatment used for acute leukemia patients with hyperleukocytosis may be different in elderly compared to younger patients.Methods:We retrospectively evaluated a total of 39 patients. Eighteen patients were 65 years and older. Indications for leukapheresis were determined as symptoms of leukostasis and prophylaxis. Acid citrate dextrose‐A, calcium gluconate, and plasma were used during the leukapheresis. Age, sex, diagnosis, count, and indications of leukapheresis procedures, leukocyte count, and lactate dehydrogenase level were analyzed at the onset of and after leukapheresis; side effects, causes of death, early and total mortality rates were also analyzed. We compared the two groups with regard to effectiveness, clinical outcomes, and side effects.Results:There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to sex, diagnosis, initial leukocyte count, lactate dehydrogenase level, number of leukapheresis procedures, rates of side effects, or early and total mortality (P > 0.05). Leukapheresis treatment was effective in both groups (P < 0.05) and no significant difference was found in its effectiveness between two groups (P > 0.05).Conclusion:Leukapheresis is an effective and safe treatment modality in elderly acute leukemia patients with hyperleukocytosis. J. Clin. Apheresis 31:53–58, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distribution of citrate and citrate infusion rate during donor plasmaphereses
Authors: Evers Josef , Taborski Uwe 
Published: May 2015

Background:The purpose of this study was to describe the distribution of trisodium‐citrate 4% (TSC) anticoagulant (AC) between the product and the donors undergoing plasma donation.Subjects and Methods:Data of 32 regular donors of plasma initially collected for a study published in 2010 were re‐analyzed to determine the amount of citrate received by the donor and the citrate infusion rate (CIR) in mg/kg/min to the donor. Donor plasmaphereses (DP) were performed with the automated Haemonetics plasma collecting system 2 (PCS2). Plasma volume was programmed at 760 ml including AC. CIR was calculated from citrate received by the donors divided by the body weight over time.Results:130 ± 12 ml TSC was used for 760 ml plasma. An average of 110 ml TSC or 84.6% of citrate load was in collected plasma and not given to the donor. From the difference of 20 ml or 514 mg citrate an average CIR of 0.16 mg/kg/min was calculated.Conclusion:The total amount of citrate received by the donor is minimal and the average CIR is below the critical level of 1 mg/kg/min. J. Clin. Apheresis 31:59–62, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly efficient carbon dioxide capture by a novel amine solvent containing multiple amino groups
Authors: Cao Lingdi , Dong Haifeng , Zhang Xiangping , Zhang Suojiang , Zhao Zhijun , Zeng Shaojuan , Gao Jubao 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDAqueous solutions of amine are considered to be effective absorbents for CO2 capture. Special attention is increasingly being given to developing efficient solvents with both high absorption rate and absorption loading for CO2 capture.RESULTSA novel amine 2‐[(3‐aminopropyl)methylamino]ethanol (HMPDA) containing a primary amino group and a tertiary amino group was screened to improve the CO2 absorption performance. The equilibrium loading of CO2 in aqueous HMPDA solution was found to be 1.65 mol CO2 mol−1 HMPDA at 313 K and 1 MPa, which is larger than those of conventional amines like monoethanolamine (MEA, 0.75 mol CO2 mol−1 MEA) and N‐methyldiethanolamine (MDEA, 1.05 mol CO2 mol−1 MDEA) at 313 K and 1 MPa. Moreover, the HMPDA solution demonstrated a faster absorption rate of CO2 than those of MEA and MDEA solutions. The viscosity of HMPDA solution increases by around 66% after CO2 absorption, which is smaller than the 88% increase of MEA solution.CONCLUSIONSEfficient results for CO2 absorption using HMPDA were obtained through assessing the absorption rate, absorption loading of CO2 and related physical properties. This novel amine shows both fast absorption rate and high absorption loading due to the multiple‐site reaction elaborated by the zwitterion and single‐step termolecular mechanism. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficient synthesis of deuterium labeled hydroxyzine and aripiprazole
Authors: Vohra Mohit , Sandbhor Mahendra , Wozniak Andrew 
Published: May 2015

Hydroxyzine and aripiprazole are active pharmaceutical ingredients that have been largely acknowledged for their antipsychotic properties. Deuterium labeled isotopes of hydroxyzine and aripiprazole are internal standards that can aid in the further research of non‐isotopic forms via quantification analysis using HPLC‐MS/MS.The synthesis of hydroxyzine‐d8 was accomplished by coupling piperazine‐d8 with 4‐chlorobenzhydryl chloride followed by the reaction of the first intermediate with 2‐(2‐chloroethoxy) ethanol to afford 11.7% of hydroxyzine‐d8 with 99.5% purity. The synthesis of aripiprazole‐d8 was also achieved in two steps. 1,4‐Dibromobutane‐d8 reacted with 7‐hydroxy‐3,4‐dihydro‐2(1H)‐quinolinone. The first intermediate was then coupled with 1‐(2, 3‐dichlorophenyl)piperazine hydrochloride to produce 33.4% of aripiprazole‐d8 with 99.93% purity.
Comparison of free amino acids, antioxidants, soluble phenolic acids, cytotoxicity and immunomodulation of fermented mung bean and soybean
Authors: Ali Norlaily Mohd , Yeap Swee‐Keong , Yusof Hamidah Mohd , Beh Boon‐Kee , Ho Wan‐Yong , Koh Soo‐Peng , Abdullah Mohd Puad , Alitheen Noorjahan Banu , Long Kamariah 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDMung bean and soybean have been individually reported previously to have antioxidant, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects, while fermentation is a well‐known process to enhance the bioactive compounds that contribute to higher antioxidant, cytotoxic and immunomodulation effects. In this study, the free amino acids profile, soluble phenolic acids content, antioxidants, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of fermented and non‐fermented mung bean and soybean were compared.RESULTSFermented mung bean was recorded to have the highest level of free amino acids, soluble phenolic acids (especially protocatechuic acid) and antioxidant activities among all the tested products. Both fermented mung bean and soybean possessed cytotoxicity activities against breast cancer MCF‐7 cells by arresting the G0/G1 phase followed by apoptosis. Moreover, fermented mung bean and soybean also induced splenocyte proliferation and enhanced the levels of serum interleukin‐2 and interferon‐γ.CONCLUSIONAugmented amounts of free amino acids and phenolic acids content after fermentation enhanced the antioxidants, cytotoxicity and immunomodulation effects of mung bean and soybean. More specifically, fermented mung bean showed the best effects among all the tested products. This study revealed the potential of fermented mung bean and soybean as functional foods for maintenance of good health. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry