bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agoraphobia
Authors: Telch Michael J. , Cobb Adam R. , Lancaster Cynthia L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAgoraphobia is among the most disabling of phobias and is one of the most challenging to treat. This chapter reviews historical and modern approaches to the treatment of agoraphobia, with a generational delineation based on progressive methodological advances. It examines early, first generation treatment studies of systematic desensitization, imaginal flooding, self‐observation, guided mastery, and self‐directed exposure. It then provides an overview of second and third generation studies, which focus primarily on cognitive behavioral treatment approaches and employ the gold standard guidelines of modern, randomized controlled trials. Parameters of exposure therapy (e.g., group vs. individual), exposure augmentation strategies, innovative treatment delivery systems, alternative psychotherapies (e.g., psychodynamic and acceptance‐based therapies), and predictors of treatment outcome are also discussed. The chapter ends by presenting several high priority areas for future agoraphobia treatment research. Paramount among these is the development and evaluation of cognitive behavioral treatments for agoraphobia patients displaying significant situational avoidance in the absence of panic disorder/panic attacks.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Szkodny Lauren E. , Newman Michelle G. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The uncontrollability and pervasiveness of worry central to generalized anxiety disorder, its degree of comorbidity and chronic and fluctuating course, and its associated psychosocial impairment underscore the need for highly effective treatments for generalized anxiety disorder. Accordingly, cognitive behavioral therapy packages have been designed to target cognitive, affective, behavioral, and somatic responses to perceived future threat that are characteristic of individuals diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, and have typically included interventions such as self‐monitoring, relaxation techniques, stimulus control, self‐control desensitization, and cognitive therapy. The efficacy of these methods has been documented in a series of randomized controlled trials; however, recent research has centered on enhancing treatment of generalized anxiety disorder given its severity and chronicity. Therapeutic advancement for generalized anxiety disorder has been made in the areas of interpersonal and emotional processing therapy, emotional contrast exposure therapy, metacognitive therapy, treatment of intolerance of uncertainty, integration of acceptance and mindfulness techniques with cognitive behavioral therapy, and emotion regulation therapy.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Schmertz Stefan K. , Gerardi and Barbara O. Rothbaum Maryrose 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. The current diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder are presented along with a brief discussion of expected changes to be implemented in the upcomingDSM‐5. The primary goal of the chapter is to outline the cognitive behavioral conceptualization of posttraumatic stress disorder and to illustrate how this has informed current treatments. Emotional processing and social cognitive theories are discussed, and treatments with significant empirical support are reviewed, including prolonged exposure therapy, virtual reality exposure therapy, cognitive processing therapy, stress inoculation treatment, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. In addition, some emerging treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder are presented, including mindfulness, couples and family interventions, and interpersonal therapy. The inclusion of pharmacological interventions is briefly discussed, including the augmentation of exposure therapy with D‐cycloserine.
Compulsive Hoarding
Authors: Woody Sheila , Steketee Gail 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMost people know someone who has a hoarding problem, although they may not be aware of the extent of the problem as it is commonly hidden from view. Historically considered a manifestation of obsessive‐compulsive disorder or a feature of obsessive‐compulsive personality disorder, hoarding disorder is now under consideration as a distinct diagnostic category for theDSM‐5. The key features of hoarding are difficulty discarding or parting with possessions due to strong urges to save the items or distress about letting go of them. This difficulty discarding even items that others consider to be worthless results in accumulation of a large number of possessions that clutter the home to the extent that some or all of the rooms cannot be used for their intended purpose. Although classic exposure and response prevention treatment methods and serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications are effective for most people with obsessive‐compulsive disorder symptoms that do not include hoarding, neither treatment is very effective for those with hoarding problems. Good progress has been made on developing a specialized cognitive behavioral therapy approach for hoarding, although the treatment is costly and client motivation is a notable obstacle. Enhanced self‐help and telepsychology strategies are being developed to address these problems. Research on hoarding remains in the early phases of development and treatment research is progressing rapidly.
Alcohol Problems
Authors: Harrell Nailah O. , Pedrelli Paola , Lejuez Carl W. , MacPherson Laura 
Published: November 2013

AbstractProblematic alcohol use has individual, community, and global consequences. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating alcohol use disorders is well documented. This chapter provides an overview of alcohol use disorders as well as nondiagnostic, problematic alcohol behaviors. The foundations of severalCBTinterventions, and treatment implications for comorbid mental health diagnoses, are also discussed, along with the integration of pharmacotherapy and technological supports.
Inbreeding is associated with lower 2D: 4D digit ratio
Authors: Özener Baris , Hurd Peter L. , Duyar İzzet 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTObjectivesWhile consanguineous marriage has been shown to result in a small increase in risk of recessive Mendelian disorders among offspring, far less research has been conducted on the effects of inbreeding on complex traits. These effects, thought to result from increased developmental instability due to loss of heterozygosity, are expected to be found more pervasively than rare recessive Mendelian traits and are expected to result in increased developmental noise. Here, we test for a direct effect of inbreeding on 2D : 4D, a putative indicator of prenatal hormonal environment.MethodsWe compared the 2D : 4D ratios of 122 male and 108 female consanguineous (children of first cousin marriages) high school and university students to those of 142 male and 122 females controls.ResultsAcross hands and sex, consanguineous parentage was consistently associated with lower, more masculine‐typical, digit ratios. Digit ratios were 1.3–1.9 times more variable among the consanguineous group than the control group. While socio‐economic status cannot explain the effects seen in our data, we found that lower, more masculinized, digit ratios were associated with lower family income.ConclusionsOur results suggest that consanguineous marriages are associated with a fetal environment that influences morphological development and may have associated behavioral sequelae. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:183–188, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Ketone Methylation Using Methanol Under Mild Conditions: Formation of α‐Branched Products
Authors: Chan Louis K. M. , Poole Darren L. , Shen Di , Healy Mark P. , Donohoe Timothy J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe rhodium‐catalyzed methylation of ketones has been accomplished using methanol as the methylating agent and the hydrogen‐borrowing method. The sequence is notable for the relatively low temperatures that are required and for the ability of the reaction system to form α‐branched products with ease. Doubly alkylated ketones can be prepared from methyl ketones and two different alcohols by using a sequential one‐pot iridium‐ and rhodium‐catalyzed process.
Ein Mikrogelbaukasten für die bioorthogonale Verkapselung und pH‐gesteuerte Freisetzung von lebenden Zellen
Authors: Steinhilber Dirk , Rossow Torsten , Wedepohl Stefanie , Paulus Florian , Seiffert Sebastian , Haag Rainer 
Published: November 2013

AbstractpH‐Spaltbare zellbeladene Mikrogele mit exzellenten Langzeitüberlebensraten wurden durch Kombination bioorthogonaler spannungsvermittelter Azid‐Alkin‐Cycloaddition (SPAAC) und Tröpfchen‐basierter Mikrofluidik hergestellt. Poly(ethylenglycol)dicyclooctin und dendritisches Poly(glycerinazid) fungierten als bioinerte Mikrogelbausteine. Die Azid‐Konjugation erfolgte mithilfe unterschiedlicher säurelabiler Benzacetallinker, wodurch eine präzise Steuerung der Abbaukinetik im interessanten pH‐Bereich zwischen 4.5 und 7.4 ermöglicht wurde. Hierdurch konnte eine pH‐gesteuerte Freisetzung der verkapselten Zellen auf Abruf erreicht werden, ohne ihre Überlebensrate oder Ausspreizung zu beeinträchtigen. Folglich können die Mikrogelpartikel für die temporäre Verkapselung von Zellen verwendet werden, wobei sich die Zellen während der Verkapselung studieren und manipulieren lassen. Anschließend können die Zellen durch Zersetzung des Mikrogelgerüstes isoliert und freigesetzt werden.
Production of N3 upon Photolysis of Solid Nitrogen at 3 K with Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Chou Sheng‐Lung , Lo Jen‐Iu , Lin Meng‐Yeh , Peng Yu‐Chain , Lu Hsiao‐Chi , Cheng Bing‐Ming 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe photodissociation of gaseous molecular nitrogen has been investigated intensively, but the corresponding knowledge in a solid phase is lacking. Irradiation of pure solid nitrogen at 3 K with vacuum‐ultraviolet light from a synchrotron produced infrared absorption lines of product l‐N3 at 1657.8 and 1652.6 cm−1. The threshold wavelength to generate l‐N3 was determined to be (143.7±1.8) nm, corresponding to an energy of (8.63±0.11) eV. Quantum‐chemical calculations support the formation of l‐N3 from the reaction N2+N2, possibly through an activated complex l‐N4 upon photoexcitation with energy above 8.63 eV. The results provide a possible application to an understanding of the nitrogen cycle in astronomical environments.
Optically Pure, Monodisperse cis‐Oligodiacetylenes: Aggregation‐Induced Chirality Enhancement
Authors: Chernick Erin T. , Börzsönyi Gabor , Steiner Christian , Ammon Maximilian , Gessner David , Frühbeißer Sabine , Gröhn Franziska , Maier Sabine , Tykwinski Rik R. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractConformational changes in the conjugated backbone of poly‐ and oligodiacetylenes (PDAs and ODAs) play an important role in determining the electronic properties of these compounds. At the same time, conformational changes can also result in a folded structure that shows helical chirality. Using D‐camphor as a chiral building block, we have designed a high‐yielding, iterative synthesis of monodisperse, optically pure cis‐oligodiacetylenes (ODAs). cis‐ODAs up to the tridecamer have been formed, which is the longest monodisperse cis‐ODA reported to date. UV/Vis spectroscopy suggests a large effective conjugation length in THF, likely the result of a linear, planar conformation in this solvent. High‐resolution STM/AFM measurements of the nonamer cast from THF onto HOPG show a linear structure. In iPrOH, circular dichroism (CD) spectra suggest the formation of chiral aggregates for ODAs with at least nine D‐camphor units, based on a strong CD response.
Swelling behaviors of natural cellulose in ionic liquid aqueous solutions
Authors: Wang Yan , Yao Shun , Jia Chunmei , Chen Pengfei , Song Hang 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn the study, a series of methylimidazolium ionic liquids were prepared, including five acidic and seven neutral ionic liquids; and the effects of these ionic liquids on swelling behavior of bagasse cellulose were investigated. The focus of this work is to investigate the relationship between the properties of ionic liquids and the swelling capacity. The swelling absorbency for cellulose in the acidic ionic liquid aqueous solutions was less than in distilled water. It was found that the partial hydrolysis on cellulose surface occurred along with swelling simultaneously. In neutral ionic liquid aqueous solutions, the nonlinearity of swelling ability with the alkyl chain length was discovered. It could be attributed to the dual role of hydrophobic interactions and steric effects provided by cations. Furthermore, small polarizable anions also contribute to the swelling of cellulose to some extent. The properties of treated cellulose were also investigated and compared with the native fibers by scanning electron microscopy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40199.
Amine‐Catalyzed Direct Photoarylation of Unactivated Arenes
Authors: Zheng Xingliang , Yang Luo , Du Weiyuan , Ding Aishun , Guo Hao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractConstructing biaryls through direct aromatic CH functionalization of unactivated arenes has become a popular topic in organic chemistry. Many efficient methods have been developed. In this Communication, a direct arylation of unactivated arenes with a broad range of aryl iodides is reported. This reaction proceeds through a new type of amine‐catalyzed single electron transfer initiated radical coupling procedure to form biaryls in high yields under UV irradiation at room temperature. Only 20 mol% of TMEDA is used as the catalyst. No other additives are required for this transformation, thus avoiding the use of toxic transition metal catalysts, strong bases, or large amounts of other organic additives. This greener protocol provides a new strategy to achieve direct aromatic CH functionalization and offers a new example of cost‐effective and environmentally benign access to biaryls.
Measurement and Control of Magnetic Flux Signal in a Maglev System
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Qing , Li Jie , Zhang Kun , Cui Peng 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA linear model of the magnetic‐levitation (maglev) system, including magnetic flux signal, has been established based on feedback linearization. This paper emphasizes measurements of magnetic flux signal and velocity signal, which are realized easily by electromagnetic induction law. The magnetic flux signal's range obtained by this method is wide. The degree of sensitivity can be regulated by changing the vertical area of the induction coils. Furthermore, this paper has designed a PIDB (proportion, integration, differentiation, flux density B) controller based on flux feedback, and some experiments have been performed on a CMS04 magnetic suspension vehicle in the national mid‐low speed maglev experiment field of Tangshan city, China. The experimental results denote that the PIDB control method designed in this paper has more advantages than the traditional control method with position and current double cascades, and the robustness and stability of the maglev control system by this method have been verified effectively.
Three‐Time‐Scale Singular Perturbation Stability Analysis of Three‐Phase Power Converters
Authors: Umbría Francisco , Aracil Javier , Gordillo Francisco , Salas Francisco , Sánchez Juan Antonio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis paper analyzes the stability of the well‐known three‐phase two‐level power converter. Focusing on the rectifier operating mode, the dynamics of the system, when the instantaneous power and dc‐link voltage controllers are included, are described by a set of complex equations that results in a nonlinear autonomous singularly perturbed system. Hence, the closed‐loop system can be studied under the assumption of separate time scales. The analysis proposed in this work follows a novel three‐time‐scale approach, where the fast time scale corresponds with the instantaneous power dynamics, the mid‐range time scale is related to the dc‐link voltage dynamics, and the slow time scale is associated with the dc‐link voltage regulator dynamics. In this way, the analysis leads to the decomposition of the closed‐loop system into three simpler subsystems: fast, medium, and slow subsystems. These subsystems approximate the closed‐loop system behavior over the three different time scales. Finally, since the equilibrium point of each subsystem is exponentially stable and some other conditions are satisfied, it is shown that the equilibrium point of the closed‐loop system also presents exponential stability. Experimental results for a synchronous three‐phase power rectifier prototype are included to corroborate the analysis carried out.
Contemporary management of abdominal surgical emergencies in infants and children
Authors: van Heurn L W E , Pakarinen M P , Wester T 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
Acute abdominal complaints in children are common presentations in the emergency department. The aetiology, presentation, diagnosis and management often differ from those in adults.

Methods
This review was based on expert paediatric surgical experience confirmed by evidence from the literature obtained by searching PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Keywords used were the combinations of ‘abdominal emergencies’, ‘acute abdomen’ and the disorders ‘acute appendicitis’, ‘intussusception’, ‘volvulus’, ‘Meckel's diverticulum’, ‘incarcerated inguinal hernia’, ‘testicular torsion’ and ‘ovarian torsion’ with ‘children’. Information was included from reviews, randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, and prospective and retrospective cohort studies.

Results
Presentation and symptoms of abdominal emergencies, especially in young children, vary widely, which renders recognition of the underlying disorder and treatment challenging. Critically targeted imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in obtaining the correct diagnosis without unnecessary delay. Minimally invasive techniques have become the method of choice for the diagnosis and treatment of many abdominal emergencies in children.

Conclusion
Knowledge of abdominal disorders in childhood, their specific presentation, diagnosis and treatment facilitates management of children with acute abdomen in emergency departments. Imaging and minimally invasive techniques are becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis of acute abdomen in children. Urgent operation remains the cornerstone of therapy for most acute abdominal disorders.
Strategies to improve the outcome of emergency surgery for perforated peptic ulcer
Authors: Søreide K , Thorsen K , Søreide J A 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
Perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) is a common surgical emergency that carries high mortality and morbidity rates. Globally, one-quarter of a million people die from peptic ulcer disease each year. Strategies to improve outcomes are needed.

Methods
PubMed was searched for evidence related to the surgical treatment of patients with PPU. The clinical registries of trials were examined for other available or ongoing studies. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), systematic reviews and meta-analyses were preferred.

Results
Deaths from peptic ulcer disease eclipse those of several other common emergencies. The reported incidence of PPU is 3·8–14 per 100 000 and the mortality rate is 10–25 per cent. The possibility of non-operative management has been assessed in one small RCT of 83 patients, with success in 29 (73 per cent) of 40, and only in patients aged less than 70 years. Adherence to a perioperative sepsis protocol decreased mortality in a cohort study, with a relative risk (RR) reduction of 0·63 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·41 to 0·97). Based on meta-analysis of three RCTs (315 patients), laparoscopic and open surgery for PPU are equivalent, but patient selection remains a challenge. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori after surgical repair of PPI reduces both the short-term (RR 2·97, 95 per cent c.i. 1·06 to 8·29) and 1-year (RR 1·49, 1·10 to 2·03) risk of ulcer recurrence.

Conclusion
Mortality and morbidity from PPU can be reduced by adherence to perioperative strategies.
Synthesis of Porous, Hollow Metal MCO3 (M=Mn, Co, Ca) Microstructures and Adsorption Properties Thereof
Authors: Cai Ren , Du Yaping , Peng Shengjie , Bi Hengchang , Zhang Wenyu , Yang Dan , Chen Jing , Lim Tuti Mariana , Zhang Hua , Cao Y. Charles , Yan Qingyu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPorous, hollow metal carbonate microstructures show many unique properties, and are attractive for various applications. Herein, we report the first demonstration of a general strategy to synthesize hollow metal carbonate structures, including porous MnCO3 hollow cubics, porous CoCO3 hollow rhombuses and porous CaCO3 hollow capsules. For example, the porous, hollow MnCO3 microcubes show larger Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas of 359.5 m2 g−1, which is much larger than that of solid MnCO3 microcubics (i.e., 12.03 m2 g−1). As a proof of concept, these porous MnCO3 hollow microcubes were applied to water treatment and exhibited an excellent ability to remove organic pollutants in waste water owing to their hollow structure and large specific surface area.
Transport, Electrochemical and Thermophysical Properties of Two N‐Donor‐Functionalised Ionic Liquids
Authors: Rüther Thomas , Harris Kenneth R. , Horne Michael D. , Kanakubo Mitsuhiro , Rodopoulos Theo , Veder Jean‐Pierre , Woolf Lawrence A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo N‐donor‐functionalised ionic liquids (ILs), 1‐ethyl‐1,4‐dimethylpiperazinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (1) and 1‐(2‐dimethylaminoethyl)‐dimethylethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (2), were synthesised and their electrochemical and transport properties measured. The data were compared with the benchmark system,N‐butyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (3). Marked differences in thermal and electrochemical stability were observed between the two tertiary‐amine‐functionalised salts and the non‐functionalised benchmark. The former are up to 170 K and 2 V less stable than the structural counterpart lacking a tertiary amine function. The ion self‐diffusion coefficients (Di) and molar conductivities (Λ) are higher for the IL with an open‐chain cation (2) than that with a cyclic cation (1), but less than that with a non‐functionalised, heterocyclic cation (3). The viscosities (η) show the opposite behaviour. The Walden [Λ∝(1/η)t] and Stokes–Einstein [Di/T)∝(1/η)t] exponents,t, are very similar for the three salts, 0.93–0.98 (±0.05); that is, the self‐diffusion coefficients and conductivity are set byη. TheDifor1and2are the same, within experimental error, at the same viscosity, whereasΛfor1is approximately 13 % higher than that of2. The diffusion and molar conductivity data are consistent, with a slope of 0.98±0.05 for a plot of ln(ΛT) against ln(D++D−). The Nernst–Einstein deviation parameters (Δ) are such that the mean of the two like‐ion VCCs is greater than that of the unlike ions. The values ofΔare 0.31, 0.36 and 0.42 for3,1and2, respectively, as is typical for ILs, but there is some subtlety in the ion interactions given2has the largest value. The distinct diffusion coefficients (DDC) follow the order${D{{{\rm d}\hfill \atop - - \hfill}}}$<${D{{{\rm d}\hfill \atop ++\hfill}}}$<${D{{{\rm d}\hfill \atop +- \hfill}}}$, as is common for [Tf2N]−salts. The ion motions are not correlated as in an electrolyte solution: instead, there is greateranti‐correlation between the velocities of a given anion and the overall ensemble of anions in comparison to those for the cationic analogue, theanti‐correlation for the velocities of which is in turn greater than that for a given ion and the ensemble of oppositely charged ions, an observation that is due to the requirement for the conservation of momentum in the system. The DDC also show fractional SE behaviour witht∼0.95.