bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refugees in the Arab Middle East: Academic and Policy Perspectives
Authors: Fábos Anita 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe field of Refugee Studies is relatively unfamiliar to Middle East area specialists despite the significance of refugees in the region. The strong policy orientation of much of the work in the field has often shaped the way refugee issues are framed by scholars as well as practitioners. Concerns and discourses about refugee‐producing regions in general, and the Arab Middle East in particular, have tended to reflect Western notions of belonging, citizenship, and the state; and in recent years, have been seen through a lens of securitization in the region. This article addresses the development of the field, the subject of displacement and dispossession in the Arab Middle East from a Western perspective, the significant role that Arab cities play as sites for hosting refugees, and the challenges presented by the continued existence of Palestinian refugees.
Fulbright's Middle East: A Senator's Influence on American Foreign Policy
Authors: Stocker James R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article examines Sen. J. William Fulbright's views of and impact on U.S. policy toward the Middle East, particularly the Arab‐Israeli conflict. It contributes to the literature on the history of U.S.‐Middle East relations and the role of Congress in foreign policy. While Fulbright was not always (or even most of the time) successful in shaping debate and policy along the lines that he advocated, at several crucial junctures, he did have an important influence on U.S. policy toward the region.
Brain size affects female but not male survival under predation threat
Authors: Kotrschal Alexander , Buechel Séverine D. , Zala Sarah M. , Corral‐Lopez Alberto , Penn Dustin J. , Kolm Niclas 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThere is remarkable diversity in brain size among vertebrates, but surprisingly little is known about how ecological species interactions impact the evolution of brain size. Using guppies, artificially selected for large and small brains, we determined how brain size affects survival under predation threat in a naturalistic environment. We cohoused mixed groups of small‐ and large‐brained individuals in six semi‐natural streams with their natural predator, the pike cichlid, and monitored survival in weekly censuses over 5 months. We found that large‐brained females had 13.5% higher survival compared to small‐brained females, whereas the brain size had no discernible effect on male survival. We suggest that large‐brained females have a cognitive advantage that allows them to better evade predation, whereas large‐brained males are more colourful, which may counteract any potential benefits of brain size. Our study provides the first experimental evidence that trophic interactions can affect the evolution of brain size.
Prospective assessment of autism traits in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy
Authors: Wood Amanda G. , Nadebaum Caroline , Anderson Vicki , Reutens David , Barton Sarah , O'Brien Terence J. , Vajda Frank 
Published: May 2015

SummaryPurposeThe association between autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and prenatal anticonvulsant exposure is increasingly investigated, but comprehensive, blinded assessment using a validated instrument for autism within a well‐characterized prospective cohort has not been conducted. Thus, existing studies may represent an underestimate of the true risk. Herein we present a prospective cohort study in children exposed to anticonvulsants during pregnancy, with all assessments conducted by examiners who were blinded to drug‐exposure status.MethodsParticipants were 105 Australian children aged 6–8 years who were recruited via the Australian Pregnancy Register for Women on Antiepileptic Medication. Maternal epilepsy, pregnancy, and medical history data were obtained prospectively. Autism traits were assessed using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS).ResultsEleven children (10.5%) had elevated CARS scores. Two were exposed to valproate monotherapy (2/26; 7.7%), two to carbamazepine monotherapy (2/34; 5.9%), and seven to valproate in polytherapy (7/15; 46.7%). Linear regression analysis showed that the mean valproate dose during pregnancy was a significant predictor of CARS scores after controlling for polytherapy, mean carbamazepine dose, folic acid use, seizures during pregnancy, tobacco and marijuana use, maternal intelligence quotient (IQ), and socioeconomic status. First trimester folic acid supplementation and marijuana use were also significant predictors of CARS scores.SignificanceUsing direct assessment of children in our prospective study, we found an elevated rate of autism traits across the sample. The most important determinant of association with autistic traits was higher doses of sodium valproate exposure. The use of valproate in women who may become pregnant is now generally avoided; however, there are insufficient data regarding the risk of ASD with low‐dose valproate. If this risk is no greater than with other antiepileptic drugs (AED)s, it may enable women with genetic generalized epilepsy to retain optimal seizure control as well as minimize harm to their unborn child.
Land‐use legacy and the differential response of stream macroinvertebrates to multiple stressors studied usingin situexperimental mesocosms
Authors: Baumgartner Simone D. , Robinson Christopher T. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe historical reduction in habitat heterogeneity and water quality of running waters is an ongoing challenge being addressed by resource managers worldwide. The persistent legacy of past land use, reflected in part by depauperate macroinvertebrate assemblages, is likely to affect the responses of macroinvertebrate assemblages to novel anthropogenic stressors and amendments (e.g. river restoration).The response of macroinvertebrate assemblages differing in the abundance of sensitive taxa to stressors was investigated using a mesocosm experiment conducted at five sites within two sub‐basins that differed in historic land‐use impacts. The sub‐basins were similar in morphology and water quality, but a higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) level in the sub‐basin with a less sensitive assemblage reflected a greater agricultural influence.Macroinvertebrate assemblages were assessed monthly over an annual cycle in replicatedin situmesocosms manipulated with respect to substratum heterogeneity (fine, coarse) and water quality (nutrient amendments) following a full‐factorial design. Due to relatively high background nutrient levels, there was no effect of nutrient amendment on macroinvertebrate colonisation of mesocosms.In the sub‐basin harbouring a more sensitive macroinvertebrate assemblage, higher total andEPTtaxa richness was found in coarse (heterogeneous) substratum than that in fine (homogeneous) substratum mesocosms, whereas this response was not observed in the sub‐basin with a less sensitive assemblage. In the former sub‐basin, coarse substratum mesocosms were more favourable for sensitive taxa, as they had more diverse flow patterns, less clogging of interstitial spaces and more benthic organic matter than fine substratum mesocosms.These results suggest that past land‐use legacies influencing current macroinvertebrate assemblages can underlie differential response patterns of macroinvertebrates to habitat mitigation measures in human‐dominated catchments.
The Great Recession and the Migration Redistribution of Blacks and Whites in the U.S. South
Authors: Rivers Natasha , Wright Richard , Ellis Mark 
Published: May 2015

AbtractFor much of the last century, the South was a net loser of blacks and whites to other regions. The end of this “Great Migration” occurred around 1970. Since then, the South is the only U.S. region to gain both blacks and whites through migration in every decade. As recessions often perturb migration systems by restraining rates of movement and altering patterns, this paper explores how the Great Recession of 2007–2009 and its aftermath affected the established migration gains of native‐born blacks and whites within the South. We use data from the 1990 and 2000 censuses and pooled data from American Community Survey to evaluate these changes. While the South continued to add both blacks and whites from migration during the recessionary years, key states bucked this trend. Georgia, for example, experienced a net migration gain of blacks but a net loss of whites. Florida added population in all time periods studied but lost large numbers of educated blacks and whites between 2008–2010. Texas, in contrast, added both blacks and whites from migration no matter their age or education throughout the recent recession. This economic downturn, then, has disturbed long‐term migration patterns in the South. A more nuanced set of interstate movements has emerged, differentiated by age and education within race groups, which we suspect will last for some time.
Dynamics of the Russia–China Forest Products Trade
Authors: Narins Thomas P. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRelying primarily on English language scholarship, this paper seeks to highlight the dynamics ofChina's economic integration beyond its borders as Chinese economic actors extend their search for commodities—in this case into theRussianFederation for timber products. The paper considers the shifts in the political economy ofRussian forestry exports from a predominantly domestic andJapan‐focused trade during the 1947–1991ColdWar era to a north–south trajectory increasingly emphasizing trade withChina from 1993 to 2010. Chinese andRussian bilateral trade data, acting as a barometer of national forestry‐related policies, highlight the economic convergence and benefits brought to both theRussian andChinese timber sectors over the past two decades. Far from being an environmentally deterministic process—one based on the physical geographic characteristics on the ground in both of these states—this binational commodity trade shows that the geography of theRussia–China forest product trade is highly dynamic, temporally variable, and intimately intertwined with national political and economic considerations.
Body mass index and early CD4 T‐cell recovery among adults initiating antiretroviral therapy in North America, 1998–2010
Authors: Koethe JR , Jenkins CA , Lau B , Shepherd BE , Silverberg MJ , Brown TT , Blashill AJ , Anema A , Willig A , Stinnette S , Napravnik S , Gill J , Crane HM , Sterling TR ,   North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA‐ACCORD)
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesAdipose tissue affects several aspects of the cellular immune system, but prior epidemiological studies have differed on whether a higher body mass index (BMI) promotes CD4 T‐cell recovery on antiretroviral therapy (ART). The objective of this analysis was to assess the relationship between BMI at ART initiation and early changes in CD4 T‐cell count.MethodsWe used the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA‐ACCORD) data set to analyse the relationship between pre‐treatment BMI and 12‐month CD4 T‐cell recovery among adults who started ART between 1998 and 2010 and maintained HIV‐1 RNA levels < 400 copies/mL for at least 6 months. Multivariable regression models were adjusted for age, race, sex, baseline CD4 count and HIV RNA level, year of ART initiation, ART regimen and clinical site.ResultsA total of 8381 participants from 13 cohorts contributed data; 85% were male, 52% were nonwhite, 32% were overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) and 15% were obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2). Pretreatment BMI was associated with 12‐month CD4 T‐cell change (P < 0.001), but the relationship was nonlinear (P < 0.001). Compared with a reference of 22 kg/m2, a BMI of 30 kg/m2 was associated with a 36 cells/μL [95% confidence interval (CI) 14, 59 cells/μL] greater CD4 T‐cell count recovery among women and a 19 cells/μL (95% CI 9, 30 cells/μL) greater recovery among men at 12 months. At a BMI > 30 kg/m2, the observed benefit was attenuated among men to a greater degree than among women, although this difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionsA BMI of approximately 30 kg/m2 at ART initiation was associated with greater CD4 T‐cell recovery at 12 months compared with higher or lower BMI values, suggesting that body composition may affect peripheral CD4 T‐cell recovery.
Prevalence of cryptococcal antigenuria at initial HIV diagnosis in KwaZulu‐Natal
Authors: Drain PK , Kleene JM , Coleman SM , Losina E , Katz JN , Giddy J , Ross D , Freedberg KA , Bassett IV 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends screening HIV‐infected people for cryptococcal antigens to identify cryptococcosis, a major cause of AIDS‐related deaths. As the burden of cryptococcosis is unknown in South Africa's KwaZulu‐Natal province, we assessed the cryptococcal antigenuria prevalence among newly diagnosed HIV‐infected adults there.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study of newly diagnosed HIV‐infected adults who received voluntary HIV testing in an out‐patient clinic. Participants provided a urine specimen in a sterile container, and we performed testing with a WHO‐endorsed rapid cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay (Immy Inc., Norman, OK, USA) per the manufacturer's specifications. We assessed cryptococcal antigenuria prevalence among participants with CD4 counts < 200 cells/μL, and stratified results by CD4 count categories.ResultsAmong 432 participants, the mean (± standard deviation) age was 36.1 ± 9.9 years and 172 (40%) were female. The overall estimated prevalence of cryptococcal antigenuria was 9.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.5–12.1%]. CD4 counts were available for 319 participants (74%); the median CD4 count was 75 cells/μL [interquartile range (IQR) 34–129 cells/μL]. Participants with a negative cryptococcal antigenuria screening test had a median CD4 count of 79 cells/μL (IQR 36–129 cells/μL), while participants with a positive cryptococcal test had a median CD4 count of 41 cells/μL (IQR 10–112 cells/μL). The estimated prevalence of cryptococcal antigenuria among participants with CD4 counts < 50 cells/μL was 12.5% (95% CI 7.0–20.1%), which was significantly higher than that among participants with CD4 counts of 50–200 cells/μL (4.8%; 95% CI 2.3–8.7%).ConclusionsNearly 1 in 10 newly diagnosed HIV‐infected adults with CD4 counts < 200 cells/μL in KwaZulu‐Natal had evidence of cryptococcal antigenuria. Point‐of‐care CD4 count testing and cryptococcal antigen screening may rapidly identify cryptococcosis at the time of HIV diagnosis.
Uniqueness, stability, and local comparative statics for competitive equilibrium
Authors: Keenan Donald C. , Kim Taewon 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe aggregate law of demand for an exchange economy can be weakened while still obtaining uniqueness, global stability, and good local comparative static properties for equilibrium. Classically, this is done by assuming that the Jacobian of excess demand is negative definite in the dimensions of compensated price changes, this being the weak axiom for aggregate demand. Similarly, though, one obtains the very same properties of equilibrium by only assuming that this Jacobian acts negatively in the one remaining complementary dimension. We refer to this dimension as the direction of the income effect, in analogy to a representative consumer. It is further argued that stability under this complementary condition is less sensitive than is the weak axiom to breakdowns in the condition far from the region under consideration.
Optimal intermediated investment in a liquidity‐driven cycle
Authors: Li Jenny X. , Pan Jia 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA general equilibrium model of a financial intermediary extends the one first introduced by Diamond and Dybvig to an infinite‐horizon environment. As in the Diamond–Dybvig model, the bank is considered as an optimal financial intermediary coalition in the present work. With the enriched framework, we study how the bank adjusts its asset portfolio in response to a shock that affects the size of its liability. Analysis shows that the bank adjusts not only the supply of credit but also its liquidity composition. The results are qualitatively consistent with what we observe from the banking industry in the United States.
The effect of working time on the displacement of Biodentine™ beneath prefabricated stainless steel crown: a laboratory study
Authors: Dawood Alaa E. , Manton David J. , Parashos Peter , Wong Rebecca H. K. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the displacement of Biodentine™ following cementation of stainless steel crowns (SSC) with glass‐ionomer cement (GIC) on plastic deciduous teeth prepared for pulpotomy.MethodsTwenty plastic teeth with prepared occlusal cavities were divided into four groups and had Biodentine™ placed as a mock pulpotomy agent. The pulp chamber was filled with freshly mixed Biodentine™ then a GIC‐loaded SSC was seated on the tooth using a standardized seating force for periods of: 1 min (Group 1); 2 min (Group 2), 3 min (Group 3) and 6 min (Group 4) after mixing. After 24 h at 37°C and 90% humidity, the crowns were sectioned mesio‐distally and standardized digital photographs taken. Image analysis software was used to determine the ratio of the surface area of displaced Biodentine™ relative to the surface area of the pulp chamber. The thinnest section of the remaining Biodentine™ was measured.ResultsThe lowest values of Biodentine™ displacement and the highest values of remaining Biodentine™ thickness were associated with Group 4. There were no significant differences between the results in Group 3 and Group 4.ConclusionWithin the limitations of this in vitro study, a GIC‐loaded SSC can be seated on Biodentine™ placed into a pulp chamber 3 min after mixing.
A prospective, comparative survey to investigate practitioners’ satisfaction with a cohesive, polydensified‐matrix®, hyaluronic acid‐based filler gel with and without lidocaine for the treatment of facial wrinkles
Authors: Prager Welf , Micheels Patrick 
Published: May 2015

SummaryBackgroundLidocaine‐containing dermal fillers may reduce procedural pain compared with lidocaine‐free counterparts.ObjectivesTo assess practitioners’ administration experience with, and the efficacy and safety of, a cohesive, polydensified‐matrix®, hyaluronic acid‐based filler containing lidocaine vs. its lidocaine‐free counterpart.MethodsThe lidocaine‐containing formulation was injected to one side of the face and the lidocaine‐free to the other in 29 females (30–85 years). Administered dose was appropriate to the treatment zone and technique varied according to zone and practitioner preference. Questionnaires assessed practitioners’ administration experience, their perception of results, subject satisfaction, and product safety.ResultsPractitioners considered the formulations to be similar in terms of ejection force, texture, and placement. The blanching technique was used for 72% of subjects, and its ease was rated as “identical” for both products in 81% of applications and “easier” for the lidocaine‐containing product in 6.9% of applications. Results with both formulations were “identical” for 86% of applications and “similar” for the remainder. In 86% of cases, practitioners would “certainly” consider continuing treatment with the lidocaine‐containing formulation. All subjects were “satisfied” with treatment. Practitioners reported that, compared with the lidocaine‐free product, subject‐assessed pain with the lidocaine‐containing product was “less prominent” for 86% and 79% of participants during and following treatment, respectively. Similarly, mean pain intensity was significantly lower for the lidocaine‐containing preparation (P = 0.0001). Adverse events were similar for both treatments.ConclusionsThe lidocaine‐containing dermal filler significantly reduced pain during and following treatment compared with the same preparation without lidocaine, without impact on administration, aesthetic outcome, or safety.
Psychometric performance of the English language six‐item Caring Behaviours Inventory in an acute care context
Authors: Edvardsson David , Mahoney Anne‐Marie , Hardy Juanita , McGillion Tony , McLean Anne , Pearce Frances , Salamone Kathryn , Watt Elizabeth 
Published: May 2015

Aims and objectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the psychometric performance of the six‐item Caring Behaviours Inventory in a sample of Australian acute hospital inpatients.BackgroundCaring is significant for nursing, and exploring the prevalence of staff‐caring behaviours is imperative for high‐quality acute care. There is a need for psychometrically sound scales that measures caring in acute care, without imposing extensive respondent burden.DesignA cross‐sectional survey design was used to distribute the six‐item Caring Behaviours Inventory to an Australian sample of hospital inpatients (n = 210) in December 2012.MethodPsychometric evaluation included item performance, construct validity and internal consistency reliability.ResultsThe six‐item Caring Behaviours Inventory had satisfactory psychometric performance as evidenced by normally distributed scores, a uni‐dimensional structure explaining 65% of variance in data, a total Cronbach's α of 0·89 and corrected item‐total correlations between 0·51–0·82.ConclusionThe six‐item Caring Behaviours Inventory had satisfactory estimates of validity and reliability when tested in an Australian sample of acute hospital inpatients. The tool contributes to the literature by being a brief and nonburdensome alternative with seemingly strong psychometric properties to be used in future measures of caring in nursing.Relevance to clinical practiceThe six‐item Caring Behaviours Inventory provides a psychometrically tested fundament for reflective clinical discussions on how nurse behaviours facilitate or impede patient experiences of caring. This can benefit quality development in clinical practice as being in tune with patient experiences and expectations is fundamental to high quality services and patient satisfaction.
Experience of living with an enterocutaneous fistula
Authors: Härle Karolina , Lindgren Margareta , Hallböök Olof 
Published: May 2015

Aims and objectivesThe purpose of this study was to describe patients’ experiences of living with an enterocutaneous fistula.BackgroundAn enterocutaneous fistula is a complex and serious illness that usually occurs as a complication from surgery or spontaneously as a result of an underlying disease. The illness is demanding both physically and mentally and causes substantial medical and nursing problems for the afflicted individual.DesignA descriptive design with a qualitative approach.MethodsIn‐depth interviews were performed with nine participants who had experiences of living with an enterocutaneous fistula. The analysis was conducted using descriptive phenomenology according to Giorgi.ResultsThe essence of this study was that living with an enterocutaneous fistula is about handling an illness that causes several limitations in daily life and the following five themes emerged from the data: restrictions in daily life, approaches to illness, emotions, dependence and need of support. A constant fear of leakage from the fistula appliance, being dependent on intravenous fluids and being dependent on health care professionals caused isolation and social restriction.ConclusionsThe participants had many strategies for handling their illness. By being well trained, engaged and having a positive and understanding approach, health care professionals can encourage hope, motivation and self‐care. This can lead to decreased dependence and help the patient to better handle their illness.Relevance to clinical practiceThe competence of health care professionals is essential in the care of patients with an enterocutaneous fistula.