bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Metformin or Thiazolidinediones for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction?
Authors: Janci Mary Moyer , Smith Rhea Coquia , Odegard Peggy Soule 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this article is to explore the relationships among polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), diabetes, and cardiovascular (CV) risk and review the use of metformin and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in reducing CV risk in women with PCOS.
Methods. The authors conducted a search for and reviewed reports of clinical trials, meta-analyses, and controlled trials published from January 1998 to December 2012 included in the PubMed, Cochrane Collaborative, and Health and Psychosocial Instruments databases. Search terms included PCOS, polycystic ovary/ovarian syndrome, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, cardiovascular, metformin, TZDs, thiazolidinediones, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone.
Results. The articles provided evidence that PCOS is associated with both metabolic syndrome and diabetes in women. Metformin is an effective treatment for diabetes with favorable effects on lipid abnormalities to reduce CV risk. TZDs demonstrate some benefit on clinical markers associated with PCOS. However, there is no evidence that TZDs provide a greater benefit than metformin in reducing CV risk in women with PCOS and diabetes. Additionally, there is concern that TZDs may increase patients' risk of adverse events.
Conclusions. Based on evidence linking PCOS to diabetes and increased CV risks, clinicians should systematically screen women with diabetes for PCOS and direct appropriate treatment at minimizing related risks. Treatment with metformin appears to be more beneficial than TZDs and has been shown to lower triglycerides, increase HDL cholesterol, and favorably influence serum insulin levels.
De la cour à la ville : la chapelle curiale Sainte-Barbe (xvie-xviiie siècle)
Authors: Alquier Éléonore 
Published: November 2012

Itinérante par tradition historique, la cour de France, sous l’Ancien Régime, est dominée par une tension opposant d’une part des corps institutionnels, justifiant leur autorité par leur attachement à la figure du roi, et, d’autre part, des structures géographiquement stables, inscrites dans l’espace des résidences royales. La chapelle curiale Sainte-Barbe, dont les origines remonteraient au règne de saint Louis offre, par sa rivalité avec la Chapelle royale, une illustration de cette dialectique institutionnelle et géographique. Structure créée pour célébrer le culte à la suite de la Cour, elle perd sa raison d’être à partir du moment où celle-ci, dès le milieu du xviie siècle, se stabilise géographiquement. Contrainte de se fixer à son tour dans une église de la capitale, la chapelle Sainte-Barbe, curiale par ses origines, devenue chapelle de confrérie par nécessité, perd inexorablement les attaches qui la liaient à la Cour. Au xviiie siècle, son assimilation progressive à la prévôté de l’Hôtel sanctionne définitivement son évolution, faisant d’une structure prestigieuse de création royale un corps domestique dont les liens avec la Cour ne sont plus qu’administratifs.
Human Prostate Tumor Antigen–Specific CD8+ Regulatory T Cells Are Inhibited by CTLA-4 or IL-35 Blockade
Authors: Olson Brian M. , Jankowska-Gan Ewa , Becker Jordan T. , Vignali Dario A. A. , Burlingham William J. , McNeel Douglas G. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Regulatory T cells play important roles in cancer development and progression by limiting the generation of innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity. We hypothesized that in addition to natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumor Ag–specific Tregs interfere with the detection of anti-tumor immunity after immunotherapy. Using samples from prostate cancer patients immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and a trans-vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (tvDTH) assay, we found that the detection of PAP-specific effector responses after immunization was prevented by the activity of PAP-specific regulatory cells. These regulatory cells were CD8+CTLA-4+, and their suppression was relieved by blockade of CTLA-4, but not IL-10 or TGF-β. Moreover, Ag-specific CD8+ Tregs were detected prior to immunization in the absence of PAP-specific effector responses. These PAP-specific CD8+CTLA-4+ suppressor T cells expressed IL-35, which was decreased after blockade of CTLA-4, and inhibition of either CTLA-4 or IL-35 reversed PAP-specific suppression of tvDTH response. PAP-specific CD8+CTLA-4+ T cells also suppressed T cell proliferation in an IL-35–dependent, contact-independent fashion. Taken together, these findings suggest a novel population of CD8+CTLA-4+ IL-35–secreting tumor Ag–specific Tregs arise spontaneously in some prostate cancer patients, persist during immunization, and can prevent the detection of Ag-specific effector responses by an IL-35–dependent mechanism.
Inhibitory Receptor Paired Ig-like Receptor B Is Exploited by Staphylococcus aureus for Virulence
Authors: Nakayama Masafumi , Kurokawa Kenji , Nakamura Kyohei , Lee Bok Luel , Sekimizu Kazuhisa , Kubagawa Hiromi , Hiramatsu Keiichi , Yagita Hideo , Okumura Ko , Takai Toshiyuki , Underhill David M. , Aderem Alan , Ogasawara Kouetsu 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The innate immune system has developed to acquire a wide variety of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to identify potential pathogens, whereas pathogens have also developed to escape host innate immune responses. ITIM-bearing receptors are attractive targets for pathogens to attenuate immune responses against them; however, the in vivo role of the inhibitory PRRs in host–bacteria interactions remains unknown. We demonstrate in this article that Staphylococcus aureus, a major Gram-positive bacteria, exploits inhibitory PRR paired Ig-like receptor (PIR)-B on macrophages to suppress ERK1/2 and inflammasome activation, and subsequent IL-6 and IL-1β secretion. Consequently, Pirb−/− mice infected with S. aureus showed enhanced inflammation and more effective bacterial clearance, resulting in resistance to the sepsis. Screening of S. aureus mutants identified lipoteichoic acid (LTA) as an essential bacterial cell wall component required for binding to PIR-B and modulating inflammatory responses. In vivo, however, an LTA-deficient S. aureus mutant was highly virulent and poorly recognized by macrophages in both wild-type and Pirb−/− mice, demonstrating that LTA recognition by PRRs other than PIR-B mediates effective bacterial elimination. These results provide direct evidence that bacteria exploit the inhibitory receptor for virulence, and host immune system counterbalances the infection.
The integration of the rehabilitation of psychiatric patients into the Primary Health Care System
Authors: Sokhela N.E. , Uys L.R. 
Published: November 2012

This study done in rural and semi-urban clinics examined the ability of primary health care nurses in providing rehabilitation of psychiatric patients in the Primary Health Care service. The objectives of the study were to train and evaluate registered nurses’ ability to implement rehabilitation to psychiatric patients in the community. Registered nurses were trained over a period of 10 days. Each client who visited the clinic had a rehabilitation plan drawn with the client and family. Families participated in the training of clients while nurses were trained to identify target symptoms, draw a plan to be followed by the client and his family, set rehabilitation goals and the steps to achieve the goals. The project was implemented over a period of 12 months. Records were then reviewed 1 year after implementation and at 18 months to determine the performance of nurses. Evaluation was done per clinic. Each clinic was evaluated and differences were found and where performance was poor, re-education was done. Each clinic was seen as a case. A record review was done to determine the level of rehabilitation based on the following: -	identification of target symptoms -	plan for the patient -	plan for the family -	setting of rehabilitation goals -	steps to achieve goals -	level of vocational rehabilitation
Die verpleegdiensbestuurders binne die Suid-Afrikaanse Militêre gesondheidsdiens se persepsies oor hul vlak van motivering
Authors: Fischer A , Muller Marie 
Published: November 2012

The process of transformation in the South African MilitaryHealth Services, has influenced the nursing servicemanagers’ level of motivation and the following researchquestion is applicable: what are the perceptions of thenursing service managers within the South African MilitaryHealth Services on their level of motivation? The purpose with this study was to explore and describe theperceptions of nursing service managers on their level ofmotivation within these health services. A qualitative researchdesign was utilized and four focus group interviewswere conducted with 33 nursing service managers countrywide. The transcribed interviews were exposed to acontent analysis. The results confirm that the level ofmotivation amongst these nursing service managers is low.The demotivators relate mainly to the following: inadequateacknowledgement, job insecurity in relation to thefuture, problems with the process of integration, transformationand rationalization, problems with management,many labour related issues, poor/inadequate communication,inadequate support, increased work load, poor physicalenvironment, negative publicity and poor self motivation.Although there were a few motivators identified,they were of less importance. These results were interpretedwithin Herzberg’s motivation theory to identify thehygiene/maintenance factors and to assess whether theimportant motivators were in place. During any processof change, and/or when the level of motivation amongstemployees is low, it is important to adequately managethe environment (hygiene/maintenance factors within theHerzberg theory). But it is even more important to ensurethat the motivators are in place or to intensify them. It istherefore recommended that a motivation strategy, basedon the Herzberg theory as well as the Hackman-Oldhamjob enrichment model, be developed, implemented andevaluated.
Error Estimates for 1D Asymptotic Models in Coaxial Cables with Non-Homogeneous Cross-Section
Authors: Imperiale Sébastien , Joly Patrick 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis paper is the first contribution towards the rigorous justification of asymptotic 1D models for the time-domain simulation of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in coaxial cables. Our general objective is to derive error estimates between the “exact” solution of the full 3D model and the “approximate” solution of the 1D model known as the Telegraphist’s equation.
On the Fully Implicit Solution of a Phase-Field Model for Binary Alloy Solidification in Three Dimensions
Authors: Goodyer Christopher E. , Jimack Peter K. , Mullis Andrew M. , Dong Hongbiao , Xie Yu 
Published: November 2012

AbstractA fully implicit numerical method, based upon a combination of adaptively refined hierarchical meshes and geometric multigrid, is presented for the simulation of binary alloy solidification in three space dimensions. The computational techniques are presented for a particular mathematical model, based upon the phase-field approach, however their applicability is of greater generality than for the specific phase-field model used here. In particular, an implicit second order time discretization is combined with the use of second order spatial differences to yield a large nonlinear system of algebraic equations as each time step. It is demonstrated that these equations may be solved reliably and efficiently through the use of a nonlinear multigrid scheme for locally refined grids. In effect this paper presents an extension of earlier research in two space dimensions (J. Comput. Phys., 225 (2007), pp. 1271-1287) to fully three-dimensional problems. This extension is validated against earlier two-dimensional results and against some of the limited results available in three dimensions, obtained using an explicit scheme. The efficiency of the implicit approach and the multigrid solver are then demonstrated and some sample computational results for the simulation of the growth of dendrite structures are presented.
Stability of Symmetric Solitary Wave Solutions of a Forced Korteweg-de Vries Equation and the Polynomial Chaos
Authors: Kim Hongjoong , Moon Kyoung-Sook 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the numerical stability of gravity-capillary waves generated by a localized pressure in water of finite depth based on the forced Korteweg-de Vries (FKdV) framework and the polynomial chaos. The stability studies are focused on the symmetric solitary wave for the subcritical flow with the Bond number greater than one third. When its steady symmetric solitary-wave-like solutions are randomly perturbed, the evolutions of some waves show stability in time regardless of the randomness while other waves produce unstable fluctuations. By representing the perturbation with a random variable, the governing FKdV equation is interpreted as a stochastic equation. The polynomial chaos expansion of the random solution has been used for the study of stability in two ways. First it allows us to identify the stable solution of the stochastic governing equation. Secondly it is used to construct upper and lower bounding surfaces for unstable solutions, which encompass the fluctuations of waves.
Effect of Topical Pressure-Lowering Medication on Prevention of Intraocular Pressure Spikes after Intravitreal Injection
Authors: Chehab Hussam El , Le Corre Anne , Agard Emilie , Ract-Madoux Guillaume , Coste Olivier , Dot Corinne 
Published: November 2012

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate pressure increases after intravitreal injections (IVI) and the interest in using prophylactic pressure-lowering medications. Methods This was a prospective study of 250 anti–vascular endothelial growth factor IVI (ranibizumab) divided into 5 groups of 50 IVI (group 1: no intraocular pressure [IOP]–lowering medication; group 2: apraclonidine 1%; group 3: acetazolamide; group 4: fixed association brimonidine + timolol; group 5: fixed association dorzolamide + timolol). The IOP was measured before, immediately after (T1), 15 minutes after (T15), and 45 minutes after (T45) the IVI using a tonometer. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by a Bonferroni as post hoc test if necessary. Results The mean IOP peak in group 1 was 46.4±10 mmHg at T1, 21.7±10.2 mmHg at T15, and 15.4±8.6 mmHg at T45. It was not correlated with axial length (r=0.04, p=0.81) or lens status (phakic vs pseudophakic: p=0.88). A mild but significant correlation was found with age (r=0.36, p=0.006). Topical medications produced a significant reduction of IOP at every time point, of around 9 mmHg at T1. The reduction in IOP obtained with acetazolamide was not significant at T1 (-1.6 mmHg, p=0.12), but became significant at T15 and T45 (p=0.011 and p=0.015). Conclusions Intraocular pressure spike was high but transient. Topical medications, however, produced a significant reduction in IOP spike as well as in the duration of the increased pressure. It would be advisable to prevent this IOP spike, especially when procedures are repeated, notably in patients with glaucoma.
Ethnobotanical review of wild edible plants of Slovakia
Authors: Łuczaj Łukasz 
Published: November 2012

This paper is an ethnobotanical review of wild edible plants gathered for consumption from the 19th century to the present day, within the present borders of Slovakia. Twenty-four sources (mainly ethnographic) documenting the culinary use of wild plants were analysed. The use of 106 species (over 3% of the Slovak flora) has been recorded. Nowadays most of them are no longer used, or used rarely, apart from a few species of wild fruits. The most frequently used plants include the fruits of <em>Rubus idaeus</em>, <em>Fragaria </em>spp., <em>Rubus </em>subgenus <em>Rubus</em>, <em>Vaccinium myrtillus</em>, <em>V. vitis-idaea</em>, <em>Fagus sylvatica</em>, <em>Corylus avellana</em>, <em>Prunus spinosa</em>, <em>Pyrus </em>spp., <em>Malus </em>spp., <em>Crataegus </em>spp. and the leaves of <em>Urtica dioica</em>, <em>Rumex acetosa</em>, Chenopodiaceae species, <em>Cardamine amara</em>, <em>Glechoma </em>spp., <em>Taraxacum </em>spp. and <em>Oxalis acetosella</em>. The most commonly used wild food taxa are nearly identical to those used in Poland, and the same negative association of wild vegetables with famine exists in Slovakia, resulting in their near complete disappearance from the present-day diet.
Transitive phrasal verbs in acquisition and use: A view from construction grammar
Authors: Hampe Beate 
Published: November 2012

Author/s
Beate HampeErfurt University, Germany

ABSTRACT
This paper surveys a number of aspects involved in viewing transitive phrasal verbs as verb-particle constructions in the construction-grammar sense of the term. The two word-order templates Verb-Object-Particle and Verb-Particle-Object, as fully schematic and semantically and pragmatically distinct constructions (Gries 2003), are discussed as members of different construction networks, viz. transitive vs. caused-motion constructions, with a focus on the latter. Moreover, the word-order constructions are distinguished from specific phrasal verbs as “formal idioms”. It is argued that the notion of “allostruction” (Cappelle 2006) can be fruitfully applied only at the intermediate level of the latter.The first results of a corpus study using data from CHILDES (parts of Manchester, Fletcher), the ICE-GB and parts of the BNC are reported to support the claim that early instances of transitive phrasal verbs exhibiting the word-order Verb-Object-Particle function as precursors (Diessel 2004) to full-blown, lexically and syntactically more complex realisations of the caused-motion construction. In a more explorative and thus also preliminary way, three hierarchical configurational frequency analyses are employed to trace the constellations of selected features of transitive phrasal verbs across different age groups.
Variability in L2 acquisition of formulaic sequences: A study of linguistic factors in the use and learning of phrasal verbs by non-native speakers
Authors: Alejo-González Rafael 
Published: November 2012

Author/s
Rafael Alejo-GonzálezUniversidad de Extremadura, Spain

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the acquisition of phrasal verbs (PVs) by L2 learners is explored from the perspective provided by a usage-based approach to language. This involves looking at low scope or item-specific schemas, which in this article are identified as the actual particles, prepositions and PVs used by the learners, together with the more abstract syntactic or semantic schemas that emerge from their use. Given the labour intensive work required by this type of analysis, the focus is placed on the use of verb-out constructions made by L2 learners of the PVs as reflected in a corpus of learner language, i.e. the Spanish, Italian, Swedish, Dutch, Russian and Bulgarian subsections of the ICLE (1,287,517 words). More concretely, I analyse L2 use of out-PVs at different grain levels and provide an account of the factors influencing the acquisition of these linguistic units. The results obtained from the analysis show 1) that out is underused by learners, at the lowest level of constituency, the level of the word and its collocates and that this may be due its low cue answer contingency (it is a short form with many meanings); 2) that out-PVs, as other formulaic sequences, shows a pattern of overuse of a small number of frequent verbs and underuse of the rest; 3) that, at a morpho-syntactic level, out-PVs used by L2 learners are typically frozen with little variability in both the tenses and the syntactic patterns chosen; and 4) that at the semantic level, more prototypical and frequent meanings in the text type analysed, not necessarily literal uses, are used with greater frequency by NNS. All in all, the usage-based approach adopted has allowed us to reveal the complexity of factors involved in explaining the difficulty L2 learners have in acquiring phrasal verbs.
Macmillan Phrasal Verbs Plus
Authors: Ishii Yasutake 
Published: November 2012

Reviewed by Yasutake IshiiSeijo University, Tokyo, Japan

1. INTRODUCTION
“Phrasal verb” is a term that refers to those units of verbs and particles, i.e. prepositions and adverbs, that have more or less different meanings from those of the verbs alone. Phrasal verbs are extremely significant in the English language. According to Biber et al. (1999: 408-409, 415), more than 2,000 phrasal verbs, items consisting of a verb (and a complement) followed by an adverb in their definition, and over 5,000 prepositional verbs, items consisting of a verb followed by a preposition in their definition, are used in every one million words in fiction and conversations.Macmillan Phrasal Verbs Plus is a specialized dictionary of English phrasal verbs (“PVs”, henceforth) and other structurally similar phrases of verbs and particles. This dictionary is “specially designed to help learners of English deal confidently with phrasal verbs” (page vi). In this review, we will concentrate on three aspects of this dictionary: the coverage of its entry items, the effectiveness and uniqueness of the characteristic features adopted in this dictionary, and a problematic strategy found in the macrostructure of headword PV items. By considering these aspects, we will be able to see whether it is really an effective learning tool for learners.