bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2181 – Medical Academics Attitude Towards Psychiatrists
Authors: Tirintica A.R. , Zlati A. , Buicu G. , Taran L. , Mihai A. 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionPrevious studies have shown that not only mental health patients but also mental health professionals are stigmatized. Thus stigma toward psychiatry and psychiatrists may be implicated in the diminishing recruitment rates within the discipline of psychiatry.ObjectivesTo measure the level of stigmatization towards psychiatry and psychiatrists among medical academics.MethodsWe randomly selected 90 medical academics (other than psychiatrists), by consulting the list of all the employees of this institution. We employed the “Perceptions of Psychiatry survey” developed by the World Psychiatric Association which contains 37 items that refer to psychiatry as a discipline, psychiatrists, and psychiatric patients.ResultsMore than 50% of the respondents had at least one item coded as a negative attitude towards psychiatry. The most frequent negative attitudes were:i)psychiatry is not a scientific discipline,ii)psychiatrists are not paying attention to physiology and they can help patients only in a small degree,iii)psychiatry has a low prestige among medical students. Furthermore, few medical academic (other than psychiatrists) would encourage students to choose psychiatry as a career path.ConclusionsThe level of stigmatization toward psychiatry and psychiatrists could be considered high. This study could contribute to the delineation of future interventions aimed to reduce stigma.
2182 – Inhibition In Elderly Depressed Patients: An Eye Tracking Study
Authors: Carvalho N. , Monnin J. , Noiret N. , Nicolier M. , Tio G. , Haffen E. , Laurent E. , Vandel P. 
Published: July 2013

BackgroundDepression in people aged 65 and more appears to be a major public health problem. Efficient mechanisms of inhibition are important to communicate with other people and to interact with the environment but seem to be deficient in young depressed patients. This function needs to be evaluated in late life depression which has specific features.MethodTwenty inpatients (mean age = 70.4) meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder were compared to forty seven healthy controls. They performed a neuropsychological and psychiatric assessments and two eye movement tasks: a prosaccades task to obtain basic parameters of eye movements and an antisaccade task to evaluate the inhibition capacities.ResultsIn comparison with healthy subjects, depressed patients showed impaired performances in both oculomotor tasks. Concerning the prosaccade trial, depressed patients had higher reaction times and error rates than healthy controls. In both populations, hypometric saccades are the main kind of error. In the antisaccade task, reaction times and error rates were also higher in depressed patients than healthy subjects. However, the two populations showed similar correction rates.ConclusionThe results of this study offer new insight on the inhibition impairment of aged major depressive patients by two simple eye movement tasks. The findings indicate psychomotor retardation and inhibition impairment, consistent with the findings obtained in young depressed subjects.
2191 – Child-adolescent Rehabitation Treatment. Day Hospital
Authors: Alonso Díaz R. , Gordillo Montaño M.J. , Martinez Anguita M.A. , Guillén Guillén E. , Ramirez Domínguez M.C. 
Published: July 2013

This study focuses on the rehabilitation treatment in a Day Hospital of Children and Adolescents. This Hospital consists of a psychiatrist, three nurses, five nursing assistants, an occupational therapist, a schoolteacher, a part-time endocrine, a social worker and an administrative assistant, who are responsible for carrying out the therapeutic process whose notable aspects consist of psychosocial treatment aimed at the reintegration of child-adolescent to the social and/or labour normalized circuit through discussion groups and workshops.As a working example, we are talking about a patient who starts treatment at the age of 15. He was referred to this unit to assess the benefit of a psychopharmacological treatment, from his USMC of reference, where he had been going two years. It's in the Day Hospital where he was diagnosed as bipolar affective disorder, requiring adequate control of his psychopharmacological treatment and a socio-familiar situation as stable as possible. This is due to the family dysfunction detected which may influence the evolution of the underlying pathology. After two years of monitoring, manic disorder appears requiring hospitalization, which when stabilized returns to be referred to the Day Hospital to continue rehabilitation process. This unit has tried to integrate him in his area and to get awareness of illness and treatment adherence, proposed objectives of the individual treatment plan.Today is euthymic, following the treatment properly, has regained his school activities and has adapted best to the family dynamics. All this was possible thanks to the multidisciplinary approach undertaken in the Day Hospital.
2198 – Effect Of Butylated Hydroxy Toluene And Avoidance Learning On Dopamine d1 Receptor Distribution In Cerebellum Of Male Rat
Authors: Javdan N. , Taherianfard M. 
Published: July 2013

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is the most widely used antioxidants in foods and in food-related products. So the aim of present study was to investigation of the effect of BHT and Passive avoidance learning on dopamine D1 receptor distribution in cerebellum of male rats. Thirty six male rats weighting 200-220 g were used. Animals were divided into 6 groups:1- negative sham (received 2.5 ml/kg/day sesame oil without learning);2- Sham group (received 2.5 ml/kg/day sesame oil with learning);3- experimental1 (received BHT 25 mg/kg/day without learning);4- experimental2 (received BHT 100 mg/kg/day without learning);5- experimental3 (received BHT 25 mg/kg/day with learning);6- experimental4 (received BHT 100 mg/kg/day with learning).BHT was used by oral intake for 15 days. Learning and memory were performed by a passive avoidance shuttle-box. Distribution of dopamine D1 receptor was investigated by immunohistochemical procedure. Data was analyzed by one ways ANOVA and Tucky's test as post-hoc test. The level of significant was P< 0.05. immunohistochemical data according to image analyzer program showed that BHT in high dose without learning significantly increased distribution of dopamine D1 receptor in cerebellum and learning significantly decreased distribution of dopamine D1 receptor in cerebellum. According to our results BHT improved distribution of dopamine D1 receptor in cerebellum.
2200 – Metabolic Syndrome And Fibrinogen Concentration In Patients With Schizophrenia
Authors: Pavlović M. , Babić D. 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionMetabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of metabolic abnormalities that occur relatively frequent in patients with schizophrenia. Some scientists define MS as a mild chronic inflammatory state, while for the elevated concentrations of fibrinogen are considered to be significantly associated with MS.AimTo determine the prevalence of MS and fibrinogen concentrations in patients with schizophrenia.MethodsThe study group consisted of schizophrenic patients from the University Clinical Hospital Mostar (n=100). The control group consisted of healthy subjects who came to the systematic medical examinations in the Health Center Mostar (n=100). Diagnosis of MS was made according to ATP III criteria, and on that basis the subjects from both groups were divided into two subgroups, one with and one without MS. The study was cross-sectional.ResultsStatistically MS was significantly more frequent in schizophrenic subjects (46,0%) compared to the control group (29,0%) (p=0,013). Schizophrenic subjects had significantly higher fibrinogen concentrations compared to the control group (p< 0,001). Schizophrenic subjects with MS had significantly higher fibrinogen concentrations compared to the group of schizophrenic subjects without MS (p=0,020), as well as compared to control group without MS (p< 0,001). There were no statistically significant differences in the fibrinogen concentrations between two control subgroups (p=0,054).ConclusionMS is more frequent in schizophrenic subjects compared to the control subjects. Schizophrenic subjects have significantly higher fibrinogen concentrations compared to the control group.
2202 – Stop And Don’t Smell The Shoe Polish. The Use Of Inhalants Among Adolescents
Authors: Miles N. , Moyko A. , Alao A. 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionInhalant abuse among U.S. adolescents is a common occurrence. Unlike the illegal drugs, inhalants are readily available in an average household in many forms. According to the National Inhalant Prevention Coalition, between 100–125 deaths are attributed to inhalant abuse annually. We will describe a case of a Kenyan immigrant who developed acute psychotic episode following inhalation.Case reportA 17 year old Kenyan immigrant was brought to the ED after inhaling shoe polish. She has a history of PTSD from being raped while on the street in Kenya. She was later adopted and brought to the USA. Her psychotic symptoms resolved after she was treated with olanzapine 5mg.DiscussionMedical complications include, but are not limited to the following central nervous system, cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal, hematologic, and dermatologic. In addition to medical complications, there are psychiatric complications as well. Adolescents abusing inhalants may often present with hallucinations, emotional disturbances, inappropriate affect, manic symptoms, or suicidal ideation. Inhalant use has also been associated with conduct disorder in adolescents, as well as major depressive disorder and substance abuse disorder later in life.ConclusionThe use of inhalants to achieve a “high” continues to be a dangerous occurrence within the adolescent population. The consequences of inhalant abuse go beyond the immediate medical complications or social effects. An adolescent's mental health may be severely impaired, with psychiatric effects extending well into adulthood. Physicians and parents should be aware of the possibility of psychosis cause by inhalant abuse.
2206 – Empathy In Treating Forensic Patient
Authors: Bogojevic G. , Zigmund D. , Ziravac L. , Pavic U. 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionUnderstanding through empathy is defined as an interpersonal process, the objective of which is to positively influence the course and outcome of psychotherapy. In such understanding, the harmony between our intellectual apprehension and our emotional perception of the patient is crucial.ObjectivesThe research was concerned with the influence that the criminal act has on the therapist's initial view of and attitude toward the patient. This fact, so remote from the therapist's own experience, somewhat diminishes the therapist's level of empathy at the beginning of the treatment.MethodThe study covered 46 psychiatrists who treated persons with mental illness who committed criminal acts. The level of empathy was measured at the beginning of the treatment and after three and six months. Emotional Empathic Tendency Scale (EETS, Bryant) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI, Davis) were used for the assessment.ResultsThe results obtained show that the level of empathy measured was low on both scales at the beginning of the therapeutic process, but empathy increased after three and six months. These results were significantly influenced by the type of crime and the established diagnosis.ConclusionThe initial position defined by “what the patient has done” disrupts the therapeutic relationship. Hence it is important to make as sharp distinction as possible between an objective image of the patient and the therapist's own projections. This enables the therapist to better understand the patient, gain his trust, skilfully manage the mutual relationship and achieve the therapeutic objectives.
2209 – Mutiny On The Ward: Case Report And Literature Review On Preventing And Tackling Violent Behavior
Authors: Trancas B. , Borja-Santos N. , Ferreira B. , Toscano L. , Nascimento M. , Graça J. , Ramos J. , Xavier S. , Dindo V. , Ramos J. , Luís A. 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionPsychiatry wards are witness to violent behavior. Mental health professionals are called upon to prevent/deescalate potential violence.ObjectivesUnderstand the causal factors that led to a serious group violence event in a psychiatric ward and review strategies to minimize the risk.AimsProvide a better understating and review current evidence.MethodsDescription of a group violence event. Non-systematic literature review concerning violence on psychiatric wards.ResultsIn a 29-bed acute closed-door mixed-gender general-hospital psychiatry ward staff had detected that a small group of patients increasingly defied instructions, refused treatment and intimidated users. Later, two of these patients, on cue from the psychotic content of another user with schizophrenia, intruded patients’ bedrooms and assaulted a 63 year-old female patient. These two patients, with bipolar disorder, were unemployed and had a history of previous psychiatric admissions, drug abuse, criminal offenses and treatment drop-out. De-escalation techniques failed and security was summoned. Offending patients were admitted to seclusion bedrooms and restrained. Upon a crisis meeting these two patients were transferred to two nearby psychiatric departments. There are several risk factors for violence in psychiatry wards, pertaining to the ward, staff, patients and psychopathology. Prevention measures are typically related to the timely detection of these variables and deescalation techniques. When these fail, seclusion, forced medication or mechanical restraint may be necessary.ConclusionsThis case report confirms that violence rarely erupts without warning. Additional staff training on violence prevention and tackling is required. Some variables (e.g. overcrowding) are current structural weaknesses of the health system.
2214 – Evolution In Rehabilitaqtion: Different Ages, Different Approaches
Authors: Ramirez Domínguez M.C. , Alonso Díaz R. , Gordillo Montaño M.J. , Martinez Anguita M.A. , Guillén Guillén E. 
Published: July 2013

The aim of this essay is to point out the relevance of psychosocial rehabilitation treatment in the course of a person's life. In order to get this purpose, we shall present and analyse the progress and development in treatment lived by a patient diagnosed with severe mental disorder during her early teens. Several mental health devices have been involved in her treatment.The patient is a 25 years old woman, her treatment started at the age of fourteen when she was diagnosed with Hebephrenic Schizophrenia by the medical team of the child and adolescence Outpatient Surgery Centre of Huelva. It was developed a multidisciplinary work with the patient, setting out the following objectives to reach:Clinical stabilizationSocial and family integration.Social abilities acquisition.Self-care adaptation.Self-awareness of the mental disordersocial and working reintegrationThe treatment was carried out in the Outpatient Surgery Centre till she was eighteen years old. At this age, she was derived to the USMC to go on with her rehabilitation. Thanks to the treatment the patient got the clinical stabilization (no more medical admissions were required), and she was able not just to take up again her studies, but also to reach a good family integration though she lived the dead of her mother along the treatment.Currently, the patient is under treatment in the USMC. She gets over the difficulties associated with her mental disorder, living a normalized social, family and working life.
2223 – Albanian Immigrants And Psychosis - Correlation Between Immigration Factors And Psychotic Symptoms In People Presented At Tirana Psychiatric Clinic
Authors: Spaho E. , Alikaj V. , Allkoja B. , Suli A. 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionThe present data are part of a wider study aimed at analyzing psychological aspects and mental health of Albanian immigrants presented at Clinic of Psychiatry-University Hospital Center “Mother Teresa”, Tirana Albania. The experience of migration can negatively influence mental health (Furnham & Bochner, 1986) and immigrants may have an increased risk for mental health disorders and distress when compared to non-immigrants (Breslau, et al., 2007).AimTo see the correlation between immigration factors and most frequent psychotic symptoms of the participants in the study.MethodsStudy sample was made up of 41 Albanian individuals (M:F = 4.9:1), presenting at University Hospital Center “Mother Teresa” Tirana during six months, with psychotic symptoms and a history of Immigration. Mean age of the subjects was 33.7 years. Semi-structured interviews that utilized several cross culturally validated questionnaires were conducted with all participants, Personal and Psychiatric History Schedule and Structured Clinical Questionnaire for DSM-IV.ResultsThe most commonly reported type of trauma was material deprivation (73%), followed by death or disappearance of family members (55%), witnessing violence (43%). Greater numbers of immigration factors were significantly associated with higher levels of persecutory delusions (χ2 = 168.4, p = .001), auditive commanding hallucinations (χ2 = 42.1, p = .001), and intrusive thoughts (χ2 = 34.1, p = .001).ConclusionsIt is the first study on mental health of Albanian immigrant people in Albania and very important for recommendations in future research in this target group.
2224 – Assessment Of Depression And Anxiety Following Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zuljan Cvitanovic M. , Lasic D. , Stipetic I. , Uglesic B. 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionStudies indicate that about 20% of patients experience depression after acute Myocardial infarction (MI) and that the presence of depression is associated with increased risk for recurrent hospitalization and death. Anxiety seemed to be an independent risk factor for incident Coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiac mortality. CHD death rates vary with age, gender and socio-economic status. Heart attack patients feel a wide range of emotions including depression, fear and anger, for about two to six months post-MI.ObjectivesExamine a level of depression and anxiety in patients after acute MI compared to outpatient control group according to age, gender and education.MethodsPatients (n = 60) were assessed on demographic and clinical variables and completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The State - Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI) within the first week of hospital admission for acute MI. The STAI has forty questions with a range of four possible responses to each. Patients with a positive depression score should be interviewed more extensively to confirm or rule out depression.ResultsSignificant anxiety and depressive symptoms were present in patients with MI compared to the healthy controls. Significant differences between anxiety and depression were found according to gender and age. According to education there were no substantive differences in either sample.ConclusionIt appears that anxiety after MI a universal phenomenon. In future trials the cause effect relationships between depression, anxiety and adverse health behaviors in patients with coronary artery disease need to be clarified.
2225 – Acute Hypoglycemia Presenting As Hypomania Episode - a Case Study
Authors: Alikaj V. , Bregu E. , Allkoja B. , Skendi V. , Suli A. 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionHypoglycemia may present without classic symptoms especially in young patients and may imitate every neurological symptom. Undiagnosed hypoglycemia may be covered as traumatic, neurological, toxicological and psychiatric disorders.ObjectivesWe are presenting a rare case of acute hypoglycemia at a 14 years old girl admitted at Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic. She presented with a panic attack and hypo maniacal symptoms.AimThis was an unusual presentation creating a diagnostic dilemma. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of hypoglycemia presenting in adolescents as acute hypomania.ResultsMrs. A. B. is an Albanian girl 14 years old, with no prior history of mental disorders. She was brought to the child/adolescent psychiatry by her parents because of somatic complains, such as headache, fatigue, dizziness.ConclusionsOur case provides a unique look at how a simple abnormality when overlooked can present as a difficult diagnostic challenge for both medicine and psychiatry services. Particular care should be exercised when dealing with psychiatric patients with these entities so that hypoglycemia is not missed. Significant medical harm to the patient and medicolegal risks for the emergency physician are issues to consider in cases involving misdiagnosis, incorrect therapy, and inappropriate disposition.
2231 – A Comparison Of The United States’ Fda Approval Process And European Ema Approval Process
Authors: Fletes F.J. , Kwak E. , Vanet J. 
Published: July 2013

IntroductionIn the Past, no regulations existed to protect the public from dangerous drugs. Medications that were ineffective, potentially harmful were sold to the public. This is a drastically different reality from what exists today in the United States and Europe.ObjectivesThe approval processes of the FDA and EMA are complex. It is a process difficult to understand for patients. It is information that Clinicians should be familiar with. What does the FDA or EMA approval processes actually entail? What does it mean?AimsTo describe the FDA and EMA as well as their approval processes for new medications.MethodsA review of the literature as published by the EMA, as well as the FDA Orange Book from 1995–2012 to compare the FDA and EMA central approval processes.ResultsThe public trust the FDA and EMA to determine what medications are safe and effective, making the FDA and EMA approval a meaningful title to patients. Review of the literature and medication approvals in EU and US shows two of the world's most rigorous drug review processes.ConclusionsIn an increasingly expanding environment of global healthcare, we attempt to stimulate discussion about the challenges of cross cultural medicine. Some of these challenges are elucidated by the drug approval process of the EMA that tries to incorporate all member nations of the E.U under one regulatory agency. This is a theme that will continue to emerge as we look at world in which information and medicine become intertwined.