bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carl Friedrich Richard Foerster (1825–1902) – the inventor of perimeter and photometer
Authors: Grzybowski Andrzej , Sobolewska Bianka 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCarl Friedrich Richard Foerster (1825–1902) was a German who was born in the Polish city Leszno. He studied medicine at the Medical Faculty of Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) University, and later in Heidelberg and Berlin. From 1855, he worked in Breslau, where he established in 1857 the first ophthalmology clinic. Later, he became a professor in ophthalmology, the first director of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Breslau, and even the rector of this University. Forster did many pioneering works on visual fields, invented a photometer and the first perimeter, known for many years as the Foerster perimeter. Moreover, he studied night blindness, visual field changes due to different pathologies, and many eye diseases, including glaucoma, cataract, retinal and choroidal diseases.
Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS‐C)
Authors: Leu Shang‐Herng , Chou Jen‐Yu , Lee Pei‐chin , Cheng Hsiu‐Chu , Shao Wen‐Chuan , Hsien Wan‐Lin , Huang Chieh‐Liang , Chen Vincent Chin‐Hung 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIntroductionsThis study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS‐C) among depression patients in Taiwan.MethodsTo validate the SDS‐C, two samples were selected: Sample 1 (n = 78) consisted of patients diagnosed with Depressive Disorder, while sample 2 (n = 63) consisted of a nondepressive population. Sample 1 was evaluated with SDS twice with 7–14 days interval to measure test–retest reliability. Both samples were also evaluated with The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD), Family APGAR (adaptation, partnership, growth, affection, resolve) score, the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and brief questionnaire of the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument (WHOQOL‐BREF) and by a psychiatrist. The two samples were combined to measure validity.ResultsIn concurrent validity, SDS‐C scores were significantly correlated with the total score of GAF. The discriminative validity was carried out by comparing the score of SDS‐C between subjects with and without current depressive disorder (t = 12.32, df = 139, P < 0.001). Another discriminative validity by receiver‐operating characteristic analysis showed the optimal cut‐point was >11 (sensitivity: 82.1, specificity: 93.7). The area under the curve was 0.93 (±0.02). For the factor validity, principal components analysis showed that a single factor solution was the best solution accounting for 88.9% of the variance. Regarding the construct validity, SDS‐C scores were significantly correlated with CESD, WHOQOL‐BREF, and the Family APGAR score. For test–retest reliability, the intra‐class correlation coefficient for the total SDS‐C score was 0.89 (95% confidence interval 0.82–0.93) and internal consistency Cronbach's alpha was 0.94.DiscussionThe SDS‐C was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for current depressive disorder patients in Taiwan.
Cognitive existential couple therapy (CECT) in men and partners facing localised prostate cancer: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Couper Jeremy , Collins Anna , Bloch Sidney , Street Annette , Duchesne Gillian , Jones Tessa , Olver James , Love Anthony 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesTo assess the efficacy of cognitive existential couple therapy (CECT) for relationship function, coping, cancer distress and mental health in men with localised prostate cancer and in their partners.Patients Subjects and MethodsA randomised controlled trial was conducted with 62 couples randomly assigned to the six‐session CECT programme or care as usual. The couple's relationship function (primary outcome), and coping, cancer distress and mental health (secondary outcomes) were evaluated at T0 (baseline), T1 (after treatment) and T2 (9 months from T0). A repeated‐measures analysis of covariance model, which incorporated T0 measurements as a covariate, was used to compare treatment groups at T1 and T2.ResultsAfter CECT, patients reported significantly greater use of adaptive coping (P = 0.03) and problem‐focused coping (P = 0.01). These gains were maintained at follow‐up, while relationship cohesion had improved (P = 0.03), as had relationship function for younger patients (P = 0.01). Younger partners reported less cancer‐specific distress (P = 0.008), avoidance (P = 0.04), intrusive thought (P = 0.006), and hyperarousal (P = 0.01). Gains were maintained at follow‐up, while relationship cohesion (P = 0.007), conflict resolution (P = 0.01) and relational function (P = 0.009) all improved.ConclusionCECT resulted in improved coping for patients and lower cancer‐distress for partners. Maintained over time this manifests as improved relationship function. CECT was acceptable to couples, alleviated long‐term relationship decline, and is therefore suitable as a preventative mental health intervention for couples facing prostate cancer. Given resourcing demands, we recommend dissemination of CECT be targeted at younger couples, as CECT was more acceptable to the younger group, and they derived greater benefit from it.
Attitudes and intentions to smoke: a study of young Brazilian children
Authors: Pires P. P. , Ribas R. C. , Borzekowski D. L. G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundChildren at earlier stages tend to be more susceptible towards different types of tobacco messages. These are able to influence attitudes and behaviours around smoking. This study examined how these messages are able to influence 5‐ and 6‐year olds' attitudes about smokers and their smoking intentions.MethodsResearchers worked one‐on‐one with 5‐ and 6‐year olds (n = 398) in Brazil. Children could attribute positive and negative characteristics to two different persons in photos as smoker/non‐smoker. Children could indicate the attribute as of a smoker, a non‐smoker, both or none. Children were asked also about their smoking intentions. Analysis considered parental smoking, sex, age, cigarette and alcohol brand logos, children's location and media characters from cartoons. We conducted a path analysis for a multivariate model of children's attitudes and intentions about smoking.ResultsOverall, children had negative attitudes about smokers (M = −4.58, SD = 4.08) and a total of 32 (8.0%) of them reported intentions to smoke. The resulting multivariate model indicates that parental smoking is a source for a positive image of smokers, while being 6 years old, living in rural areas, being aware of alcohol brands and recognizing educational cartoons tended to be negatively correlated to children's attitudes. Further, 6 year olds were found to be less likely to have smoking intentions, while attitude about smokers was positively related with intentions. One's attitudes served as a mediator for all of the variables in the model towards smoking intentions. The path models differed for each sex.ConclusionShaped by social and environmental influences, very young children have opinions about smokers. In turn, these attitudes significantly predict children's smoking intentions. To corroborate this research, we recommend that longitudinal designs be employed to help model why Brazilian children become smokers.
Rare presentation of pseudosequestration in childhood: CT and CT angiography findings
Authors: Gormez Ayşegul , Ozcan H. Nursun , Oguz Berna , Yalçın Ebru , Ariyurek Macit , Haliloglu Mithat , Emiralioglu Nagehan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAnomalous systemic arterial supply to the lungs with normal bronchial branching and pulmonary arterial supply is an unusual variant of the sequestration spectrum. Pseudosequestration is referred as the combination of systemic arterial supply to lung with normal bronchial connection. Thorax computed tomography (CT) and CT angiography are non‐invasive and useful techniques in making the definitive diagnosis. Herein, we report two paediatric patients with anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal basal segments of the lower lobes.
One‐year sustained glycaemic control and less hypoglycaemia with new insulin glargine 300 U/ml compared with 100 U/ml in people with type 2 diabetes using basal plus meal‐time insulin: the EDITION 1 12‐month randomized trial, including 6‐month extension
Authors: Riddle M. C. , Yki‐Järvinen H. , Bolli G. B. , Ziemen M. , Muehlen‐Bartmer I. , Cissokho S. , Home P. D. 
Published: April 2015

AimsTo evaluate the maintenance of efficacy and safety of insulin glargine 300 U/ml (Gla‐300) versus glargine 100 U/ml (Gla‐100) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using basal plus meal‐time insulin for 12 months in the EDITION 1 trial.MethodsEDITION 1 was a multicentre, randomized, open‐label, two‐arm, phase IIIa study. Participants completing the initial 6‐month treatment period continued to receive Gla‐300 or Gla‐100, as previously randomized, once daily for a further 6‐month open‐label extension phase. Changes in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose concentrations, insulin dose, hypoglycaemic events and body weight were assessed.ResultsOf 807 participants enrolled in the initial phase, 89% (359/404) assigned to Gla‐300 and 88% (355/403) assigned to Gla‐100 completed 12 months. Glycaemic control was sustained in both groups (mean HbA1c: Gla‐300, 7.24%; Gla‐100, 7.42%), with more sustained HbA1c reduction for Gla‐300 at 12 months: least squares mean difference Gla‐300 vs Gla‐100: HbA1c −0.17 [95% confidence interval (CI) −0.30 to −0.05]%. The mean daily basal insulin dose at 12 months was 1.03 U/kg for Gla‐300 and 0.90 U/kg for Gla‐100. Lower percentages of participants had ≥1 confirmed [≤3.9 mmol/l (≤70 mg/dl)] or severe hypoglycaemic event with Gla‐300 than Gla‐100 at any time of day [24 h; 86 vs 92%; relative risk 0.94 (95% CI 0.89–0.99)] and during the night [54 vs 65%; relative risk 0.84 (95% CI 0.75–0.94)], while the annualized rates of such hypoglycaemic events were similar. No between‐treatment differences in adverse events were apparent.ConclusionDuring 12 months of treatment of T2DM requiring basal and meal‐time insulin, glycaemic control was better sustained and fewer individuals reported hypoglycaemia with Gla‐300 than with Gla‐100. The mean basal insulin dose was higher with Gla‐300 compared with Gla‐100, but total numbers of hypoglycaemic events and overall tolerability did not differ between treatments.
Familial adenomatous polyposis‐associated and sporadic pyloric gland adenomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract share common genetic features
Authors: Hashimoto Taiki , Ogawa Reiko , Matsubara Akiko , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Sugano Kokichi , Ushiama Mineko , Yoshida Teruhiko , Kanai Yae , Sekine Shigeki 
Published: April 2015

AimsFamilial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome caused by a germline APC mutation. A recent study showed the enrichment of pyloric gland adenomas (PGAs) of the stomach, in addition to fundic gland polyps (FGPs) and foveolar‐type adenomas (FAs), in patients with FAP. In the present study, we analysed the genetic alterations in these FAP‐associated gastric lesions.Methods and resultsMutational statuses of GNAS and KRAS, which are frequently mutated in sporadic PGAs, as well as those of APC, were examined in PGAs, FAs and FGPs in patients with FAP using Sanger sequencing. Our analysis identified GNAS mutations in five of six PGAs (83%), but in none of the three FAs or the 40 FGPs examined. KRAS mutations were identified in four PGAs (67%), one FA (33%) and one FGP (3%). Somatic truncating APC mutations were found in all PGAs (100%), two FAs (67%) and 14 FGPs (47%). We additionally analysed sporadic PGAs of the stomach and duodenum and identified truncating APC mutations in 11 of 25 lesions (44%).ConclusionsFAP‐associated and sporadic PGAs not only show similar morphologies, but also share common genetic aberrations, including mutations of GNAS, KRAS and APC.
Evaluation of tyrosine kinase receptors in brain metastases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma reveals cMet as a negative prognostic factor
Authors: Schiefer Ana‐Iris , Mesteri Ildiko , Berghoff Anna S , Haitel Andrea , Schmidinger Manuela , Preusser Matthias , Birner Peter 
Published: April 2015

AimsBrain metastases (BMs) of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are associated with a dismal prognosis, with limited treatment options. Tyrosine kinases are relevant ‘druggable’ biomarkers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tyrosine kinase receptors anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐α (PDGFRA) and cMet in a large series of ccRCC BMs.Methods and resultsALK, EGFR, PDGFRA and cMet protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in 53 ccRCCs BMs and 12 matched primary tumours. ALK and MET gene status and copy number alterations of chromosome 7 were studied with fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH). Data on the expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and Ki67 and microvessel density were available from previous studies. ALK was negative in all analysed specimens. EGFR was overexpressed in 41 of 51 (80.4%) BMs and in seven of eight primary tumours, PDGFRA was overexpressed in all BMs except one and in all primary tumours, and cMet was expressed in 26 of 50 (52%) BMs and in two of seven primary tumours, and did not correlate with MET amplification or polysomy 7. cMet was the only parameter associated with significantly shorter BM‐specific survival (median 8 months versus 33 months, P = 0.005, Cox regression).ConclusionsEGFR, PDGFRA and cMet are commonly overexpressed in ccRCC BMs. cMet overexpression correlates with significantly shorter BM‐specific survival.
Comprehensive assessment for novel prostate cancer markers in the prostate‐specific antigen era: Focusing on Asians and Asian countries
Authors: Okihara Koji , Ochiai Atsushi , Kamoi Kazumi , Fujizuka Yuji , Miki Tsuneharu , Ito Kazuto 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe reviewed the current evidence for three novel prostate tumor markers (PCA3, TMPRSS2:ERG and proPSA) that have been recently reported predominantly in Western countries. We focus our attention on Asian men in both clinical and basic research studies. There have been no reports on the clinical usefulness of these three markers for Asians living in Western countries. In Asian countries, evidence for the clinical usefulness of PCA3 and proPSA‐related indices including Prostate Health Index is being accumulated, mainly in Japan. The process for how a novel marker is approved in the clinical setting is also discussed.
Teaching materials for indwelling urinary catheter management: a case study of one library in Tanzania
Authors: Savage Angela R. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTTanzanian institutions that educate Tanzanian health professionals have limited teaching/learning resources, including dated donated material. There have been significant changes in the recommended management of indwelling urinary catheters (IUCs) over recent decades. This study aimed to investigate the suitability of teaching materials in one Tanzanian institution on indwelling urinary catheter (IUC) management, compared with the NICE guidelines (National Clinical Guidance Centre, 2012), and to identify additional material required to complement these guidelines. A documentary review was carried out on 14 texts using 48 sub‐themes of importance in the management of IUCs. Suggestions for context‐specific additions to the NICE guidelines were identified by the author from experience, and confirmed by two nurse educators currently practising in Tanzania. Almost all the texts available were inappropriate as far as teaching material for IUC is concerned. Suggested material to complement the NICE guidelines includes details of IUC insertion procedure and material that reflects the Tanzanian context. Teachers of clinical practitioners in resource poor settings can prepare suitable materials if they analyse selected up to date on‐line material, and adapt it to their context. Financial support can be best utilized in improving on‐line facilities supplemented by carefully chosen new hard copy material.
Delusional infestation: an Australian multicentre study of 23 consecutive cases
Authors: Tran M. M. A. , Iredell J. R. , Packham D. R. , O'Sullivan M. V. N. , Hudson B. J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDelusional infestation remains a debilitating condition that is therapeutically challenging for clinicians. This case series identifies 23 patients with delusional infestation in an Australian setting. The majority of patients are women and unlikely to have a psychiatric comorbid background. The use of unnecessary anti‐parasitic medication is prevalent.
Narrow endemics in European mountains: high genetic diversity within the monospecific genus Pseudomisopates (Plantaginaceae) despite isolation since the late Pleistocene
Authors: Jiménez‐Mejías Pedro , Fernández‐Mazuecos Mario , Amat María Elena , Vargas Pablo 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimThe evolutionary history of narrow endemic species has received little attention compared with that of more widely distributed species. Small effective population sizes and long‐term isolation of many narrow endemic species make research on their genetic make‐up important for their future conservation. In this study we investigated the genetic variation and historical distribution of an isolated plant, the monospecific genus Pseudomisopates, as an example of the phylogeographical history of narrow endemics.LocationCentral Range, Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean Europe.MethodsWe used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), nuclear and plastid DNA sequences and species distribution modelling. Sequence data were analysed using statistical parsimony, molecular dating, and a coalescent‐based Bayesian model of isolation with migration. Genetic diversity and differentiation analyses based on AFLP data were performed. We compared the detection of clones using AFLPs with the results of a previous study that used simple sequence repeats (SSRs).ResultsAFLP analysis revealed that SSRs underestimate clone number. The coalescent‐based Bayesian model of isolation with migration suggested a late Pleistocene divergence between the populations of Pseudomisopates on two mountain massifs (Gredos and La Serrota), despite the presence of a large area suitable for population admixture. Moderate to high levels of genetic diversity and high effective population sizes were inferred.Main conclusionsOur results imply that the levels of genetic diversity within narrow endemic species from Mediterranean mountains could primarily be driven by extrinsic historical factors, rather than by intrinsic species‐specific factors depending on their own biological characteristics. Narrow endemics are widely believed to harbour low genetic diversity because of small effective population sizes. However, this study and others on narrow endemic angiosperms demonstrate that narrow endemism does not necessarily result in low genetic diversity.
Developmental dyslexia: predicting individual risk
Authors: Thompson Paul A. , Hulme Charles , Nash Hannah M. , Gooch Debbie , Hayiou‐Thomas Emma , Snowling Margaret J. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundCausal theories of dyslexia suggest that it is a heritable disorder, which is the outcome of multiple risk factors. However, whether early screening for dyslexia is viable is not yet known.MethodsThe study followed children at high risk of dyslexia from preschool through the early primary years assessing them from age 3 years and 6 months (T1) at approximately annual intervals on tasks tapping cognitive, language, and executive‐motor skills. The children were recruited to three groups: children at family risk of dyslexia, children with concerns regarding speech, and language development at 3;06 years and controls considered to be typically developing. At 8 years, children were classified as ‘dyslexic’ or not. Logistic regression models were used to predict the individual risk of dyslexia and to investigate how risk factors accumulate to predict poor literacy outcomes.ResultsFamily‐risk status was a stronger predictor of dyslexia at 8 years than low language in preschool. Additional predictors in the preschool years include letter knowledge, phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, and executive skills. At the time of school entry, language skills become significant predictors, and motor skills add a small but significant increase to the prediction probability. We present classification accuracy using different probability cutoffs for logistic regression models and ROC curves to highlight the accumulation of risk factors at the individual level.ConclusionsDyslexia is the outcome of multiple risk factors and children with language difficulties at school entry are at high risk. Family history of dyslexia is a predictor of literacy outcome from the preschool years. However, screening does not reach an acceptable clinical level until close to school entry when letter knowledge, phonological awareness, and RAN, rather than family risk, together provide good sensitivity and specificity as a screening battery.
Impact assessment of rainfall scenarios and land‐use change on hydrologic response using synthetic Area IDF curves
Authors: Luo P. , Apip  , He B. , Duan W. , Takara K. , Nover D. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn combination with land use change, climate change is increasingly leading to extreme weather conditions and consequently novel hydrologic conditions. Rainfall Area intensity‐duration‐frequency (IDF) curves, commonly used tools for modeling hydrology and managing flood risk can be used to assess hydrologic response under extreme rainfall conditions. We explore the influence of land use change on hydrologic response under designed extreme rainfall over the period 1976 to 2006 in the Kamo River basin. Run‐off for all six designed rainfall shapes under 2006 land use is higher than that under 1976 land use, but the timing of peak discharge under 2006 land use occurs at roughly the same time as that under 1976 land use. Results indicate that run‐off under 2006 land use yielded higher discharge than under 1976 land use, and rainfall shape six leads to the most extreme hydrologic response and most dangerous conditions from the perspective of urban planning and flood risk management. Future hydrologic response will differ from present due both to changes in land cover and changes in extreme rainfall patterns requiring modification to Area IDF curves for catchments.
Flood fatalities in Greece: 1970–2010
Authors: Diakakis M. , Deligiannakis G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis work focuses on the analysis of flood fatalities in Greece, between 1970 and 2010. To this end, the paper develops and studies a systematic record of 151 flood‐related fatalities that occurred across the country during this period. Based on this inventory and detailed incident reports, a database is developed, to examine the temporal, spatial and seasonal distribution of these incidents and the circumstances under which they occur. Analysis indicates that fatalities present a strong seasonality but show no particular temporal trends. Fatal incidents occur mostly during nighttime, outdoors and in rural areas of the country. Vehicle‐related deaths are the most common type of incident, regarding the activity of victims, whereas other outdoor and indoor types of incidents present smaller percentages. Drowning was found to be the most common etiology of death. Males and elderly individuals showed proportionally higher representation, indicating an increased risk of these population groups to flooding.