bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ignition of Nanocomposite Thermites by Electric Spark and Shock Wave
Authors: Shaw William L. , Dlott Dana D. , Williams Rayon A. , Dreizin Edward L. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractNanocomposite 8Al ⋅ MoO3 thermite particles were prepared using arrested reactive milling and ignited using two experimental techniques. In spark ignition, a monolayer of powder was placed on a conductive substrate and heated in air by a pulsed electrostatic discharge. In shock ignition, an individual particle was targeted by a miniature, laser‐driven flyer plate accelerated to a speed in the range of 0.5–2 km s−1. In both experiments, time‐dependent optical emission produced by the ignited material was monitored and recorded. The heating rates achieved in the present experiments are on the order of 109−–1011 K s−1. These ignition methods result in a very fast combustion with characteristic burn times reduced by 1–3 orders of magnitude compared to the burn times measured previously for the same material ignited in the CO2 laser beam, where it was heated at a much lower rate of about 106−–107 K s−1. Ignition delays observed in both shock and spark ignition experiments are close to each other and vary in the range of 120–200 ns. The times of characteristic rapid increase in the optical emission of the ignited particles are also close to each other for the two experiments; however, these times are somewhat shorter (less than one μs) for the spark ignition tests compared to few μs observed for the shock initiated particles. Preliminary ideas enabling one to interpret the present results are discussed. This work establishes an approach for systematic studies of high rate ignition and respective combustion of nanocomposite reactive materials.
Functional Pathways of Social Support for Mental Health in Work and Family Domains Among Chinese Scientific and Technological Professionals
Authors: Gan Yiqun , Gan Tingting , Chen Zhiyan , Miao Miao , Zhang Kan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study investigated the role of social support in the complex pattern of associations among stressors, work–family interferences and depression in the domains of work and family. A questionnaire was administered to a nationwide sample of 11,419 Chinese science and technology professionals. Several structural equation models were specified to determine whether social support functioned as a predictor or a mediator. Using Mplus 5.0, we compared the moderation model, the independence model, the antecedent model and the mediation model. The results revealed that the relationship between work–family interference and social support was domain specific. The independence model fit the data best in the work domain. Both the moderation model and the antecedent model fit the family domain data equally well. The current study was conducted to answer the need for comprehensive investigations of cultural uniqueness in the antecedents of work–family interference. The domain specificity, i.e. the multiple channels of the functions of support in the family domain and not in the work domain, ensures that this study is unique and culturally specific. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple prenatal ultrasound scans and ocular development: 20‐year follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Forward H. , Yazar S. , Hewitt A. W. , Khan J. , Mountain J. A. , Pesudovs K. , McKnight C. M. , Tan A. X. , Pennell C. E. , Mackey D. A. , Newnham J. P. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTObjectivesThrough comprehensive ophthalmic examination of adult offspring we sought to determine the impact of multiple prenatal ultrasound scans on ocular development.Methods2743 pregnant women recruited to the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort study during 1989–1991 were randomized to receive at King Edward Memorial Hospital, Western Australia either multiple prenatal ultrasound scans and Doppler flow studies (intensive group) or a single ultrasound scan at 18 weeks' gestation. Neonatal birth weight of the offspring and other physical measurements were collected prospectively. At age 20 years, participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including measurement of ocular biometry and visual acuity.ResultsComplete data were available for 1134 adult offspring participants. The mothers of 563 of these had been randomized to receive multiple prenatal ultrasound scans. The mean age of participants at follow‐up was 20.0 years. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with regard to ocular biometric or visual outcomes, except for slightly higher intraocular pressure identified in individuals exposed to multiple ultrasound scans (P = 0.034). Although infants in the intensive‐ultrasound arm were more likely to have birth weights in the lower quartiles, this was not reflected in adult eye development. Axial length, lens thickness, corneal curvature and thickness and optic cup to disc ratio (a risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy) were not significantly influenced by the more frequent ultrasound protocol.ConclusionsPrior to this study, there was a paucity of safety data for ultrasound with regard to eye development. We found that frequent in‐utero exposure to ultrasound, including B‐mode imaging and the use of spectral Doppler mode from 18 weeks' gestation, had no significant impact on visual outcomes or ocular biometry. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Political psychology
Authors: Stone Susanna , Johnson Kate M. , Beall Erica , Meindl Peter , Smith Benjamin , Graham Jesse 
Published: April 2014

Political psychology is a dynamic field of research that offers a unique blend of approaches and methods in the social and cognitive sciences. Political psychologists explore the interactions between macrolevel political structures and microlevel factors such as decision‐making processes, motivations, and perceptions. In this article, we provide a broad overview of the field, beginning with a brief history of political psychology research and a summary of the primary methodological approaches in the field. We then give a more detailed account of research on ideology and social justice, two topics experiencing a resurgence of interest in current political psychology. Finally, we cover research on political persuasion and voting behavior. By summarizing these major areas of political psychology research, we hope to highlight the wide variety of theoretical and methodological approaches of cognitive scientists working at the intersection of psychology and political science. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:373‐385. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1293This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
Poly(A) RNA‐binding proteins and polyadenosine RNA: new members and novel functions
Authors: Wigington Callie P. , Williams Kathryn R. , Meers Michael P. , Bassell Gary J. , Corbett Anita H. 
Published: April 2014

Poly(A) RNA‐binding proteins (Pabs) bind with high affinity and specificity to polyadenosine RNA. Textbook models show a nuclear Pab, PABPN1, and a cytoplasmic Pab, PABPC, where the nuclear PABPN1 modulates poly(A) tail length and the cytoplasmic PABPC stabilizes poly(A) RNA in the cytoplasm and also enhances translation. While these conventional roles are critically important, the Pab family has expanded recently both in number and in function. A number of novel roles have emerged for both PAPBPN1 and PABPC that contribute to the fine‐tuning of gene expression. Furthermore, as the characterization of the nucleic acid binding properties of RNA‐binding proteins advances, additional proteins that show high affinity and specificity for polyadenosine RNA are being discovered. With this expansion of the Pab family comes a concomitant increase in the potential for Pabs to modulate gene expression. Further complication comes from an expansion of the potential binding sites for Pab proteins as revealed by an analysis of templated polyadenosine stretches present within the transcriptome. Thus, Pabs could influence mRNA fate and function not only by binding to the nontemplated poly(A) tail but also to internal stretches of adenosine. Understanding the diverse functions of Pab proteins is not only critical to understand how gene expression is regulated but also to understand the molecular basis for tissue‐specific diseases that occur when Pab proteins are altered. Here we describe both conventional and recently emerged functions for PABPN1 and PABPC and then introduce and discuss three new Pab family members, ZC3H14, hnRNP‐Q1, and LARP4. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:601–622. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1233This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA Processing > 3' End Processing
Structure and function of the archaeal exosome
Authors: Evguenieva‐Hackenberg Elena , Hou Linlin , Glaeser Stefanie , Klug Gabriele 
Published: April 2014

The RNA‐degrading exosome in archaea is structurally very similar to the nine‐subunit core of the essential eukaryotic exosome and to bacterial polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase). In contrast to the eukaryotic exosome, PNPase and the archaeal exosome exhibit metal ion‐dependent, phosphorolytic activities and synthesize heteropolymeric RNA tails in addition to the exoribonucleolytic RNA degradation in 3′ → 5′ direction. The archaeal nine‐subunit exosome consists of four orthologs of eukaryotic exosomal subunits: the RNase PH‐domain‐containing subunits Rrp41 and Rrp42 form a hexameric ring with three active sites, whereas the S1‐domain‐containing subunits Rrp4 and Csl4 form an RNA‐binding trimeric cap on the top of the ring. In vivo, this cap contains Rrp4 and Csl4 in variable amounts. Rrp4 confers poly(A) specificity to the exosome, whereas Csl4 is involved in the interaction with the archaea‐specific subunit of the complex, the homolog of the bacterial primase DnaG. The archaeal DnaG is a highly conserved protein and its gene is present in all sequenced archaeal genomes, although the exosome was lost in halophilic archaea and some methanogens. In exosome‐containing archaea, DnaG is tightly associated with the exosome. It functions as an additional RNA‐binding subunit with poly(A) specificity in the reconstituted exosome of Sulfolobus solfataricus and enhances the degradation of adenine‐rich transcripts in vitro. Not only the RNA‐binding cap but also the hexameric Rrp41–Rrp42 ring alone shows substrate selectivity and prefers purines over pyrimidines. This implies a coevolution of the exosome and its RNA substrates resulting in 3′‐ends with different affinities to the exosome. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:623–635. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1234This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA Processing > 3' End Processing
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
Ethics in Global Surgery
Authors: Wall Anji E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGlobal surgery, while historically a small niche, is becoming a larger part of the global health enterprise. This article discusses the burden of global surgery, emphasizing the importance of addressing surgical needs in low‐ and middle‐income countries. It describes the barriers to surgical care in the developing world, the ethical challenges that these barriers create, and strategies to overcome these barriers. It emphasizes the crucial role of preparation for global surgical interventions as a way to maximize benefits as well as minimize harms and ethical challenges. It ends with the cautionary statement that preparation does not eliminate ethical problems, so surgical volunteers must be prepared not only for the technical challenges of global surgery but also for the ethical challenges.
Current Status of Robotic Thyroid Surgery in South Korea: A Web‐Based Survey
Authors: Bae Dong Sik , Koo Do Hoon , Choi June Young , Kim Eunyoung , Lee Kyu Eun , Youn Yeo‐Kyu 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBackgroundMore than 8,000 cases of robotic thyroidectomy (RoT) were performed in South Korea from 2007 to 2011 using either a transaxillary approach (TAA) or a bilateral axillo‐breast approach (BABA). However, there is no consensus regarding patient selection for RoT. This study used a web‐based survey questionnaire to examine the current status of RoT in South Korea.MethodsThirty‐two of 50 surgeons (64.0 %) who had performed RoT in South Korea participated in the web‐based survey in August 2011. The questionnaires comprised four main domains: surgeon characteristics, surgical approach, patient selection, and future prospects.ResultsIn terms of surgical approach, 43.8 % respondents used the TAA method and 53.1 % used the BABA method. The main advantage cited by surgeons using the TAA method was that it made lateral lymph node dissection easier (35.7 %), whereas those using the BABA method cited more cosmesis (100 %) and ease of performing a contralateral thyroidectomy (88.2 %). Papillary thyroid cancer ≤2 cm (65.3 %), intracapsular lesion (76.7 %), nonposterior location (53.6 %), and no clinical evidence of lateral lymph node metastasis (76.7 %) were cited as main indications for RoT. Of respondents, 87.5 % agreed that RoT would play a future role as a treatment modality for thyroid disease.ConclusionsOpinions differed regarding the advantages and disadvantages of two approaches for RoT. This may be due to differences in surgical procedure itself between two approach methods. Accumulation of RoT surgeon’s experiences might establish consensus regarding patient selection and indications for the RoT will need to be further investigated.
Production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid from glycerol by acid tolerantEscherichia coli
Authors: Sankaranarayanan Mugesh , Ashok Somasundar , Park Sunghoon 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe biological production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) has attracted significant attention because of its industrial importance. The low titer, yield and productivity, all of which are related directly or indirectly to the toxicity of 3-HP, have limited the commercial production of 3-HP. The aim of this study was to identify and select a 3-HP tolerant Escherichia coli strain among nine strains reported to produce various organic acids efficiently at high titer. When transformed with heterologous glycerol dehydratase, reactivase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, all nine E. coli strains produced 3-HP from glycerol but the level of 3-HP production, protein expression and activities of the important enzymes differed significantly according to the strain. Two E. coli strains, W3110 and W, showed higher levels of growth than the others in the presence of 25 g/L 3-HP. In the glycerol fed-batch bioreactor experiments, the recombinant E. coli W produced a high level of 3-HP at 460 ± 10 mM (41.5 ± 1.1 g/L) in 48 h with a yield of 31 % and a productivity of 0.86 ± 0.05 g/L h. In contrast, the recombinant E. coli W3110 produced only 180 ± 8.5 mM 3-HP (15.3 ± 0.8 g/L) in 48 h with a yield and productivity of 26 % and 0.36 ± 0.02 g/L h, respectively. This shows that the tolerance to and the production of 3-HP differ significantly among the well-known, similar strains of E. coli. The titer and productivity obtained with E. coli W were the highest reported thus far for the biological production of 3-HP from glycerol by E. coli.
X‐linked creatine transporter deficiency: clinical aspects and pathophysiology
Authors: van de Kamp Jiddeke M. , Mancini Grazia M. , Salomons Gajja S. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCreatine transporter deficiency was discovered in 2001 as an X‐linked cause of intellectual disability characterized by cerebral creatine deficiency. This review describes the current knowledge regarding creatine metabolism, the creatine transporter and the clinical aspects of creatine transporter deficiency. The condition mainly affects the brain while other creatine requiring organs, such as the muscles, are relatively spared. Recent studies have provided strong evidence that creatine synthesis also occurs in the brain, leading to the intriguing question of why cerebral creatine is deficient in creatine transporter deficiency. The possible mechanisms explaining the cerebral creatine deficiency are discussed. The creatine transporter knockout mouse provides a good model to study the disease. Over the past years several treatment options have been explored but no treatment has been proven effective. Understanding the pathogenesis of creatine transporter deficiency is of paramount importance in the development of an effective treatment.
Collaboration of Colorado Cancer Genetic Counselors to Integrate Next Generation Sequencing Panels into Clinical Practice
Authors: Wolfe Schneider K. , Anguiano A. , Axell L. , Barth C. , Crow K. , Gilstrap M. , Hamlington B. A. , Lesh S. , Mullineaux L. , Rahm A. Kulchak , Strait E. , Freivogel M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe recent introduction of clinically available next generation sequencing (NGS) cancer panels has presented new challenges for genetic counselors. Determining which patients are appropriate for NGS panel testing is complex. Due to the large number of genes included in the NGS panels, thorough and appropriate pre‐test counseling and interpretation of NGS results can be a time‐consuming and difficult process. Many of the genes associated with increased cancer risk lack published clinical management guidelines and estimates of cancer risk for individuals with deleterious mutations. In order to efficiently and effectively review the clinical utility of NGS panels, Colorado cancer genetic counselors formed a working group to gain a better understanding of the genes included in NGS cancer panels. This publication reports on the approach of this group, the process used to evaluate a selected NGS panel, future directions for this collaboration, and ideas for other genetic counselors to form similar groups to efficiently evaluate new technologies and improve practice.
LQTS Parents’ Reflections About Genetic Risk Knowledge and their Need to Know or Not to Know their Children's Carrier Status
Authors: Mangset Margrete , Hofmann Bjørn 
Published: April 2014

AbstractLong QT syndrome (LQTS) is a contributor to unexplained deaths in infants (SIDS), children, teenagers and young adults. A gene test result may allow for individual tailored treatment, but also pose a burden of knowing one's carrier status, with no treatment recommendation. Genetic risk knowledge in the case of LQTS can promote adjustment and coping, but also fear anxiety, ambivalence and moral dilemmas. This makes it challenging to respect both the right to know and the right not to know. The purpose of this study was to explore LQTS parents’ perception of genetic knowledge, and their need to know or not to know about their children's carrier status. Qualitative, semi structured interviews were conducted with thirteen parents of LQTS‐children. Results show that parents found it important to know the result of a gene test for LQTS including their children's carrier status. The risk was framed and incorporated into their everyday life and their life perspectives. Pertinent moral dilemmas concerned information disclosure to children and relatives. Parents thought that early and gradual disclosure to children would promote coping. Parents’ moral dilemmas were rarely addressed during encounters with healthcare providers. The participants had several suggestions for improvement in that regard.
Excisional Biopsy of Suspected Benign Soft Tissue Tumors of the Upper Extremity: Correlation between Preoperative Diagnosis and Actual Pathology
Authors: Sluijmer Heleen C. E. , Becker Stéphanie J. E. , Bossen Jeroen K. J. , Ring David 
Published: April 2014

Background Tumors of the upper extremity are common and mostly benign. However, the prevalence of discordant diagnosis of a solid hand tumor is less studied. The objectives of this retrospective study were (1) to determine the proportion of patients with a different (discrepant or discordant) pathological diagnosis compared to the preoperative diagnosis, (2) to determine the prevalence of the types of pathologies encountered at excisional biopsy for suspected benign tumors, and (3) to determine the types of tumors diagnosed when the surgeon does not make a preoperative diagnosis. Methods One hundred and eighty-two suspected benign soft tissue tumors of the upper extremity with a preoperative diagnosis other than ganglion cyst were excised by one of three surgeons over a 10-year period. A preoperative diagnosis was applied for 125 tumors. No preoperative imaging was used. Results Only 26 of the 125 tumors (21 %) with a preoperative diagnosis were discrepant. The tumors that were most likely to have a discrepant diagnosis were vascular tumors (32 %) and other less common benign tumors (33 %). Among the entire cohort of 182 tumors, lipomas (19 %), giant cell tumors of tendon sheath (GCTTS; 19 %), and vascular tumors (16 %) were the most frequent pathological diagnoses. Among the 57 tumors that did not have a preoperative diagnosis, most were vascular tumors (23 %), fibromas (14 %), and GCTTS (11 %). One tumor without a preoperative diagnosis was a malignant tumor, but we consider this unusual and possibly spurious. Conclusions A hand surgeon's preoperative diagnosis without imaging is usually correct prior to excision of a mass in the hand. Discrepant diagnoses are usually benign and do not alter treatment.
Influence of Nonionic Rosin Surfactants on Surface Activity of Silica Particles and Stability of Oil in Water Emulsions
Authors: Atta Ayman M. , Al‐Lohedan Hamad A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractRosin as a natural product has become a source for production of less toxic bio‐surfactants to produce emulsions which are widely used in various agriculture and food products, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. In this respect, a nonionic surfactant was prepared from reaction of rosin acids and rosin maleic anhydride adduct with poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether 750 (MPEG 750) to produce a rosin ester (RMPEG 750). The surface activity parameters of the prepared surfactants, such as surface excess concentration (Γmax), the area per molecule at interface (Amin), and the effectiveness of surface tension reduction, were measured to determine the micellization and adsorption characteristics of the prepared surfactants at the water/air interface. The adsorption of the prepared surfactants on the surface of either hydrophilic or hydrophobic silica particles was determined using a spectrophotometric method. Interfacial tension between water and toluene were measured to select the best condition to obtain toluene/water emulsion in the presence of modified solid silica particles. The effects of silica particle hydrophilicity and the surfactant concentrations on the surface, interfacial activity, and on the emulsion drop size were also investigated.