bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
English in Tanzania: A linguistic cultural perspective
Authors: Bwenge Charles 
Published: November 2013

<strong><strong></strong></strong><p align="LEFT">T<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">alking about ‘English in Tanzania’ or what Schneider (2007) has in general </span></span>categorized as postcolonial English for that matter instantaneously evokes notions pertaining to language contact as well as the fi eld of contact linguistics. It was the British colonization of East African territories in the fi rst half of the 20th century that brought English into the region and consequently set off the contact process with indigenous local languages that would subsequently shape and defi ne the dynamics of linguistic culture as still observed today. Of particular interest is the contact and subsequent coexistence between English and Swahili especially in Tanzania. There is no any country in sub-Saharan Africa other than Tanzania that provides a perfect illustration of the dynamics of language contact in the 20th century and beyond between a European language and an indigenous African language in the African setting – to the extent that a story of ‘English in Tanzania’ would blatantly appear incomplete without bringing in a story of ‘Swahili in Tanzania’ and vice versa. This is exactly what this paper has assigned itself to do – examining a linguistic culture that has evolved in a particular time and space with English and Swahili occupying the center. Nevertheless, the literature on the topic abounds; only that its linguistic cultural dimension has not been privileged enough. Linguistic culture encompasses dynamics related to language contact phenomena such as lexical and grammatical borrowings, code-mixing, bilingualism, language shift, development of pidgins and creoles, attitudes toward languages, linguistic stereotypes and prejudices, and the like. Contact linguistics as an analytical tool pertaining to the structural aspects of bilingual language production is not marginalized in linguistic cultural approach but rather it is highlighted in order to provide concrete evidence on the cultural dimension. In this regard, ‘English in Tanzania’ is explored by contextualizing it within the parameters of the dynamics of Tanzanian linguistic cultural landscape. Specifi cally the paper outlines the dynamics of Tanzanian linguistic culture evolving around the English language, of course, alongside Swahili in terms of distinct political periods between the British colonial era and today’s era of globalization; second, it concentrates on actual language use and related public discourse as observed in public space; third, it demonstrates communicative creativity arising from the coexistence between English and Swahili and, fi nally, it concludes with recapitulation regarding the signifi cance of linguistic cultural approach to sociolinguistics explorations.</p>
Maternal mortality due to pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 virus in Colombia
Authors: Rojas-Suarez José , Paternina-Caicedo Angel , Cuevas Liliana , Angulo Sofía , Cifuentes Ricardo , Parra Edgar , Fino Elena , Daza José , Castillo Orlando , Pacheco Adriana , Rey Gloria , García Sara , Peña Isabel , Levinson Andrew , Bourjeily Ghada 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Aims: The 2009 H1N1 pandemic illustrated the higher morbidity and mortality from viral infections in peripartum women. We describe clinical features of women who recently died of H1N1 in Colombia.

Methods: This is a case series study that was gathered through a retrospective record review of all maternal H1N1 deaths in the country. The national mortality database of confirmed mortality from H1N1 in pregnancy and up to 42 days after delivery was reviewed during the H1N1 season in 2009. Women with H1N1 infections were confirmed by the laboratory of virology. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were reviewed. Statistical analyses were performed and median values of non-parametric data were reported with inter-quartile range (IQR).

Results: A total of 23 H1N1 maternal deaths were identified. Eighty-three percent occurred in the third trimester. None of the mothers who died had received influenza vaccination. The median time from symptom onset to the initiation of antiviral treatment was 8.8 days (IQR 5.8–9.8). Five fatalities did not receive any anti-viral therapy. Median PaO2/FiO2 on day 1 was 80 (IQR, 60–98.5). All patients required inotropic support and mechanical ventilation with barotrauma-related complications of mechanical ventilation occurring in 35% of patients.

Conclusion: In Colombia, none of the women suffering H1N1-related maternal deaths had received vaccination against the disease and most had delayed or had no anti-viral therapy. Given the lack of evidence-based clinical predictors to identify women who are prone to die from H1N1 in pregnancy, following international guidelines for vaccination and initiation of antiviral therapy in suspected cases would likely improve outcomes in developing countries.
Tactile Pressure Sensors in Centrifuge Testing
Authors: Ganainy Hesham El , Tessari Anthony , Abdoun Tarek , Sasanakul Inthuorn 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Assessing vertical and lateral earth pressure is important in geotechnical and foundation engineering. Vertical stresses are easy to calculate assuming a geostatic stress condition. However, characterizing the lateral earth pressure is primarily based on judgment and empirical correlations that assume a lateral earth pressure coefficient based on the shear strength parameters of the soil. Effects of factors such as overconsolidation, geologic age, and pre-shaking on the lateral earth pressure magnitude and distribution are difficult to assess using only the empirical correlations found in literature. Direct measurements of the lateral earth pressure in the field, full-scale, and centrifuge models are required to fully characterize these factors. This paper discusses the use of grid-based tactile pressure sensors in centrifuge models to study the effects of overconsolidation and pre-shaking on the lateral earth pressure. A new preparation and calibration procedure for the tactile sensors is discussed in detail. A series of five centrifuge tests were performed using dry and saturated sand in normally consolidated, overconsolidated, and pre-shaken deposits. The measured lateral earth pressure distributions are plotted and evaluated. Precautions and recommendations for the use of tactile sensors in centrifuge experiments are given.
An Experimental Setup for Simultaneous Physical, Geotechnical, and Biochemical Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste Undergoing Biodegradation in the Laboratory
Authors: Fei Xunchang , Zekkos Dimitrios , Raskin Lutgarde 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is biodegradable in landfills under anaerobic conditions. The biodegradation of MSW consists of physical and biochemical processes that affect the geotechnical characteristics of the waste. Laboratory landfill simulators that enable simultaneous characterization of these processes are presented. The simulator configuration, testing procedure, sampling methods, and measurement methods are described. The temporal phases of MSW biodegradation were studied using the experimental setup. Good repeatability of the measurements was demonstrated between duplicate simulators. In addition to data on biogas and leachate samples, a solid waste core sampling technique for retrieving disturbed solid waste samples for chemical and microbial analyses is presented. It was demonstrated that core sampling did not significantly affect simulator operation and measurements. The simulators and sampling methods presented in this study can be used to generate data that will be useful in the development and calibration of comprehensive models for MSW biodegradation in landfills.
Genetic Variation and Covariation in Male Attractiveness and Female Mating Preferences inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Ratterman Nicholas L , Rosenthal Gil G , Carney Ginger E , Jones Adam G 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHow mating preferences evolve remains one of the major unsolved mysteries in evolutionary biology. One major impediment to the study of ornament-preference coevolution is that many aspects of the theoretical literature remain loosely connected to empirical data. Theoretical models typically streamline mating preferences by describing preference functions with a single parameter, a modeling convenience that may veil important aspects of preference evolution. Here, we use a high-throughput behavioral assay in Drosophila melanogaster to quantify attractiveness and multiple components of preferences in both males and females. Females varied genetically with respect to how they ranked males in terms of attractiveness as well as the extent to which they discriminated among different males. Conversely, males showed consistent preferences for females, suggesting that D. melanogaster males tend to rank different female phenotypes in the same order in terms of attractiveness. Moreover, we reveal a heretofore undocumented positive genetic correlation between male attractiveness and female choosiness, which is a measure of the variability in a female’s response to different male phenotypes. This genetic correlation sets the stage for female choosiness to evolve via a correlated response to selection on male traits and potentially adds a new dimension to the Fisherian sexual selection process.
Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene /Graphite Nanocomposites Prepared by High-energy Cryomilling.
Authors: Vazquez-Rodriguez Sofía , Rodríguez-Vázquez Gloria E. , Sepulveda-Guzman Selene , Reyes-Melo Martín E. , Morelos-Gomez Aaron , Cruz-Silva Rodolfo , Terrones Mauricio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTUltra-high molecular weight polyethylene/graphite nanocomposites were prepared by high-energy cryogenic milling followed by syntering. Microstructure changes shows that graphite was reduced to graphite nanoplatelets by high-energy cryomilling and partial exfoliation of graphite to few layered graphene nanoplatelets occurred in a small extent. The resulting nanocomposites revealed high electrical conductivity and good mechanical performance. Thermal characterization of the nanocomposites was also carried out by differential scanning calorimetry.
A multi‐decade time series of kelp forest community structure at San Nicolas Island, California (USA)
Authors: Kenner Michael C. , Estes James A. , Tinker M. Tim , Bodkin James L. , Cowen Robert K. , Harrold Christopher , Hatfield Brian B. , Novak Mark , Rassweiler Andrew , Reed Daniel C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSan Nicolas Island is surrounded by broad areas of shallow subtidal habitat, characterized by dynamic kelp forest communities that undergo dramatic and abrupt shifts in community composition. Although these reefs are fished, the physical isolation of the island means that they receive less impact from human activities than most reefs in Southern California, making San Nicolas an ideal place to evaluate alternative theories about the dynamics of these communities. Here we present monitoring data from seven sampling stations surrounding the island, including data on fish, invertebrate, and algal abundance. These data are unusual among subtidal monitoring data sets in that they combine relatively frequent sampling (twice per year) with an exceptionally long time series (since 1980). Other outstanding qualities of the data set are the high taxonomic resolution captured and the monitoring of permanent quadrats and swaths where the history of the community structure at specific locations has been recorded through time. Finally, the data span a period that includes two of the strongest ENSO events on record, a major shift in the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the reintroduction of sea otters to the island in 1987 after at least 150 years of absence. These events provide opportunities to evaluate the effects of bottom‐up forcing, top‐down control, and physical disturbance on shallow rocky reef communities.
Canopy volume–aboveground biomass relationships of desert perennials and the effects of elevated CO2
Authors: Vanier Cheryl H. , Newingham Beth A. , Smith Stanley D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractKnown allometric relationships between aboveground plant biomass and canopy volume allow standing biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) to be estimated non‐destructively. Canopy volume–aboveground biomass relationships are published for many ecosystems, but not for most desert species. It is also unknown if elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO2] affects canopy volume–aboveground biomass relationships in desert perennials, limiting efforts to model NPP in an elevated CO2 environment. We measured canopy volume and aboveground biomass for perennial plants in the Mojave Desert, USA, at the Nevada Desert FACE Facility (NDFF): four species before treatment and 22 species after 10 years (1997–2007) of elevated CO2. Canopy volume to aboveground biomass allometry was estimated for each of the nine most common species individually; the remaining 13 species and unidentified dead shrubs combined to form a single “other” group. The resulting slopes and intercepts, which were estimated using a robust version of major axis regression, were compared across treatments and time points. None of the species had altered allometry in elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2 treatments, nor did the relationships change over time. Data for each species were therefore combined across treatments and time points to provide the best available predictive equations relating canopy volume and aboveground biomass. The data set contains the canopy volume and aboveground biomass for all 3702 individual plants that were measured. We provide the regression coefficients relating canopy volume to aboveground biomass for both treatment and time comparisons and a single equation that predicts aboveground biomass from canopy volume for each species group. Our results suggest that grasses, forbs, and cacti may increase more rapidly in canopy volume than aboveground biomass, resulting in more shallow slopes compared to woody shrubs. The most notable limitation of this data set is that the maximum plant size at this site may be smaller than at other locations with the same species. The canopy volume to aboveground biomass equations could be improved by adding data from additional locations. Our results suggest that aboveground biomass for desert perennial plants in elevated CO2 conditions may be reasonably estimated from the allometry of plants under ambient CO2.
Antarctic Site Inventory breeding bird survey data, 1994–2013
Authors: Lynch Heather J. , Naveen Ron , Casanovas Paula 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis data set represents the accumulation of 19 years of seabird population abundance data collected by the Antarctic Site Inventory, an opportunistic vessel‐based monitoring program surveying the Antarctic Peninsula and associated sub‐Antarctic Islands. This Data Paper, which includes 1124 records from 113 locations for seven species of seabirds (Adélie Penguin [Pygoscelis adeliae], Gentoo Penguin [P. papua], Chinstrap Penguin [P. antarctica], Macaroni Penguin [Eudyptes chrysolophus], Blue‐eyed Shag [Phalacrocorax atriceps], Kelp Gull [Larus dominicanus], and Southern Giant Petrel [Macronectes giganteus]), includes data already published by the Antarctic Site Inventory as well as seven years of recent data not previously published. Census data represent a mix of nest and chick counts; each census record includes the location, date, and precision of the census count, along with any auxiliary notes. Included with the database are maps to clarify the location of specific breeding populations that may be new (and thus not previously reported) or ambiguous. This compilation represents the best single source of raw data on the spatiotemporal dynamics of the Pygoscelis penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula region and provides population data on several flying bird species less frequently studied.
Portable Technology Puts Real-time Automated Mineralogy on the Well Site
Authors: Ashton Tom , Ly Chi Vinh , Spence Graham , Oliver Guy 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
With the growing interest in the using hydraulically fracturing reservoirs both in main land USA and now globally, there has been a growing need to better characterize the reservoir to maximize hydrocarbon recovery while also reducing the overall cost in the recovery of the hydrocarbon. With current fracc-ing regimes relying on a large number of stages to ensure maximum recovery, which in many cases leads to upwards of 30% of these stages being unproductive. This reduces the overall profitability of well even with maximum hydrocarbon recovery. With the ongoing development of automated mineralogy tools, such as the RoqSCAN, there is now the ability to characterize a reservoir at the well-site in real-time and also rapidly in a laboratory.
In this paper we will review the current development of these mobile and ruggedized instruments using a real life project for Eagleridge Energy LLC, on their Burgess lateral well. The paper will show the application of automated mineralogical analysis of cuttings samples pre-drilling in defining stratigratic zones via mineralogy/elemental data. And then explore the application of the same data to assist, and in this case lead, the decision making process during directional drilling of the lateral well. The paper will also look at the use of the technology in defining tactical fracc-ing zone based on rock properties (e.g. ductility) determined from the mineralogical, elemental and textural data.
This paper will show that through the use of automated mineralogical instruments, such as the RoqSCAN, companies can pro-actively steer wells by identifying mineral changes within lateral borehole, indicating a deviation from the target zone. Additionally, this type of technology can be used to reactively steer by it ability to rapidly identification subsurface changes, such as unknown (undetected) faults. Finally the paper will show that through through the better characterization of this reservoir companies can reduce the risk accociated with the drilling of expensive lateral wells.
Multi-Stage Large Scale Hydraulic Fracturing in Horizontal Well, a First in India
Authors: Stolyarov Sergey , Sookprasong Andy , Sargon Mark 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
The first of its kind horizontal ‘proof of concept’ well, in India, Cambay-76 was drilled into the Late Eocene tight hydrocarbon reservoir of the Cambay Basin and completed with an Open Hole Multi-Stage (OHMS) swell packer completion. Drilling and completion operations were followed by another first of its kind in India, multi-stage hydraulic fracturing treatment of the Eocene EP-III/EP-IV zone. The hydraulic fracture jobs pumped the largest treatment fluid volumes in a well in India as well as placed the largest quantity of proppant in a single well in India. The application of horizontal well technology and multiple-stage hydraulic fracturing techniques has permitted the evaluation of "tight" hydrocarbons. The OHMS is comprised of eight (8) water-activated swell packer stages with two (2) ball actuated fracture ports per stage, totalling 16 fracture initiation points. Tests conducted on selected core samples from an offset well provided basic rock properties and rock mechanical properties that were used in the fracture design and planning. After closure analysis (ACA), following a minifrac, provided reservoir properties to aid in production forecast. Microseismic monitoring was employed during all fracture treatment phases and provided data to determine the fracture geometry. Information obtained from the microseismic was used in hydraulic fracture simulator software to generate a Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) model to allow visualization of the generated discrete fracture network.
This paper describes the lessons leant in the development of a tight hydrocarbon reservoir and demonstrates that the "proof of concept" can be scaled up across unconventional reservoirs in India. Extensive laboratory studies using formation cores and Microseismic monitoring results are also presented.
Physical and Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Fracture Initiation and Propagation in Gas Shale
Authors: Li Yongping , Wang Yonghui , Ding Yunhong , Wang Xin , Yang Lifeng 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Every year tens of thousands of shale gas wells were stimulated in the world. The initiation and propagation mechanism of hydraulic fracture in gas shale is not very clear unlike in the sandstone and carbonate. To investigate this problem, some large scale shale outcrop samples were tested with a true tri-axial rock mechanics frame, where the in-situ stress can be modeled. The size of sample is 30cm*30cm*30cm, and a borehole was drilled in it. Then the hydraulic fracturing was modeled by injecting fluid in the borehole with precise pump. The pumping rate and the treatment pressure can be recorded with acquisition system. The experiment results show the hydraulic fracture geometry is very complex and like network in shale because of the existence of beddings. And the fracture is significantly controlled by the beddings even though the difference of horizontal stress reaches 7MPa.
To further investigate the effect of different factors on the hydraulic fracture propagation in large scale shale, a new numerical simulation method was developed based on the FEM. In this method, a special failure process mode was adopted, which makes the method be able to model the fracture propagation behavior. The validity of numerical method was proved with comparison of physical and numerical result. The numerical simulation results show the stress status and existence of beddings are the keys to form complex network for shale. And the complex fracture geometry in shale was gotten under different condition.
The physical and numerical results can help guide the selection of well/layer and the optimization of hydraulic fracturing design.