bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 13. English direct loans in European football lexis
Authors: Bergh Gunnar , Ohlander Sölve 
Published: August 2014

Football language is arguably the world’s most widespread special language, where English has played – and still plays – a dominant role. The present study reports on the influence of English in terms of direct loans in this field, as manifested in 16 European languages. Based on a set of 25 English football words – dribble, goal, offside, hooligan, etc. – the investigation shows that while direct borrowing is common, there is a great deal of variation between the languages studied, Norwegian exhibiting the highest number of foreign loans and Finnish the lowest. The significance of the resulting patterns is discussed, providing some tentative explanations of the phenomena noted, where linguistic, sociolinguistic and cultural factors are taken into account.
APPEX: analysis platform for the identification of prognostic gene expression signatures in cancer
Authors: Kim Seon-Kyu , Hwan Kim Jong , Yun Seok-Joong , Kim Wun-Jae , Kim Seon-Young 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSummary: Because cancer has heterogeneous clinical behaviors due to the progressive accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations, the identification of robust molecular signatures for predicting cancer outcome is profoundly important. Here, we introduce the APPEX Web-based analysis platform as a versatile tool for identifying prognostic molecular signatures that predict cancer diversity. We incorporated most of statistical methods for survival analysis and implemented seven survival analysis workflows, including CoxSingle , CoxMulti , IntransSingle , IntransMulti , SuperPC , TimeRoc and multivariate . A total of 236 publicly available datasets were collected, processed and stored to support easy independent validation of prognostic signatures. Two case studies including disease recurrence and bladder cancer progression were described using different combinations of the seven workflows.Availability and implementation: APPEX is freely available at http://www.appex.kr .Contact: kimsy@kribb.re.krSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
HLX-1 may be an SS433 system
Authors: King Andrew , Lasota Jean-Pierre 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We show that the hyperluminous source HLX-1 may be a stellar-mass binary system like SS433, but seen along its X-ray beams. The precession of these beams gives the ∼1 yr characteristic time-scale of the light curve, while the significant X-ray duty cycle means that the precession angle must be comparable with the beam opening angle, which is of the order of 1 $_{.}^{\circ}$6. The X-ray light curve appears to result from geometric collimation and scattering as the beam moves through the line of sight. Encouragingly, the distance ∼95 Mpc suggested for HLX-1 is only a few times larger than the minimum distance at which we can expect to view such a highly beamed system along its axis. This picture allows a simple interpretation of HLX-1 as the most extreme known member of the ultraluminous X-ray source population.
The Fermi bubbles as starburst wind termination shocks
Authors: Lacki Brian C. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The enhanced star formation in the inner 100 pc of the Galaxy launches a superwind at ∼1600 km s-1 for M82-like parameters. The ram pressure of the wind is very low compared to more powerful starburst winds. I show that halo gas stops the wind a few kpc from the Galactic Centre. I suggest that the termination shock accelerates cosmic rays, and that the resulting inverse Compton γ-rays are visible as the Fermi bubbles. The bubbles are then wind bubbles, which the starburst can inflate within 10 Myr. They can remain in steady state as long as the starburst lasts. The shock may accelerate PeV electrons and EeV protons. The bubbles may be analogues of galactic wind termination shocks in the intergalactic medium. I discuss the advantages and problems of this model. I note that any jets from Sgr A* must burrow through the starburst wind bubble before reaching the halo gas, which could affect the early evolution of such jets.
Structural and functional basis of transcriptional regulation by TetR family protein CprB from S. coelicolor A3(2)
Authors: Bhukya Hussain , Bhujbalrao Ruchika , Bitra Aruna , Anand Ruchi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAntibiotic production and resistance pathways in Streptomyces are dictated by the interplay of transcriptional regulatory proteins that trigger downstream responses via binding to small diffusible molecules. To decipher the mode of DNA binding and the associated allosteric mechanism in the sub-class of transcription factors that are induced by γ-butyrolactones, we present the crystal structure of CprB in complex with the consensus DNA element to a resolution of 3.25 Å. Binding of the DNA results in the restructuring of the dimeric interface of CprB, inducing a pendulum-like motion of the helix-turn-helix motif that inserts into the major groove. The crystal structure revealed that, CprB is bound to DNA as a dimer of dimers with the mode of binding being analogous to the broad spectrum multidrug transporter protein QacR from the antibiotic resistant strain Staphylococcus aureus. It was demonstrated that the CprB displays a cooperative mode of DNA binding, following a clamp and click model. Experiments performed on a subset of DNA sequences from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) suggest that CprB is most likely a pleiotropic regulator. Apart from serving as an autoregulator, it is potentially a part of a network of proteins that modulates the γ-butyrolactone synthesis and antibiotic regulation pathways in S. coelicolor A3(2).
Imagining the Economic Nation: The Scottish Case
Authors: TOMLINSON JIM 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe impending Scottish referendum on independence raises the question: what is a nation? This article addresses this question in terms of ‘economic nationhood’. Tracing the development of the Scottish economy over the last century and a half, it shows how the extraordinarily ‘globalised’ economy of pre‐1913 Scotland slowly evolved into a much more self‐reliant entity. Today, Scotland has a de‐industrialised and substantially de‐globalised economy, with a very large public sector about which key decisions are made in Edinburgh. Scotland has become much more of an economic ‘community of fate’ than ever before in its modern history.
Morphological and Morphometric Description of Female Reproductive Tract of Sapajus apella (Capuchin monkey)
Authors: Lima A. R. , Guimarães S. B. , Branco É. , Giese E. G. , Muniz J. A. P. C. , Pereira W. L. A. , da Cunha P. K. F. , Ricci R. E. , Miglino M. A. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryForest destruction has progressively hampered the survival of many species, and this is why it is so important to study of the lives of primates in captivity. This study aimed to describe the morphological aspects of the female reproductive tract of Sapajus apella. We used five animals obtained from the National Primate Center, Ananindeua – PA. The ovaries were paired, compact and symmetrical and had a smooth surface. The uterine tubes were bilateral and convoluted in adult animals and straight in young individuals. The uterus was simple and located in the pelvic region. The vagina was a long structure due to the position of the uterus. The external genitalia were located in the urogenital perineum and consisted of dark pigmented labia majora and labia minora, a vaginal vestibule as long as the vagina and a well‐developed clitoris. The results showed that the genitals of S. apella resemble those of other Neotropical primates.
Outcomes in the surgical treatment of low rectal cancer: does neoadjuvant treatment equalize results?
Authors: Pollett William G. , Gibbs Peter , McLaughlin Stephen , Eteuati Jimmy , Harold Michael , Marion Kaye , Patel Shweta , Jones Ian 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe choice of operation for potentially curable cancer of the low rectum (≤6 cm from the anal verge) is usually between ultra low anterior resection (ULAR) or abdominal perineal excision (APE). Numerous studies have suggested improved results with ULAR.MethodsThis study was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data for a series of patients undergoing surgical treatment for low rectal cancer at three Melbourne hospitals. The patient details and outcomes were compared between those undergoing APE and ULAR.ResultsOne hundred and ninety‐eight of 213 patients with potentially curable low rectal cancer were treated by either ULAR (n = 82) or APE (n = 116). Overall survival and local recurrence rates were similar, although there was a trend towards improved results for ULAR. Preoperative radiation was received by 89 (76.7%) of APE patients and 44 (53.7%) of ULAR patients (P < 0.0005).ConclusionIn this study there was no statistical difference in the oncological results between APE and ULAR. However, there was a trend to improved result for ULAR in spite of a strikingly higher rate of neoadjuvant radiation in the APE group. It is possible that enhanced use of preoperative radiation has a beneficial role in the management of low rectal cancer treated by conventional APE.
Audit of the association between length of time spent on diagnostic work‐up and tumour stage in patients with symptomatic colon cancer
Authors: Tiong Jimmy , Gray Andrew , Jackson Christopher , Thompson‐Fawcett Mark , Schultz Michael 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundColorectal cancer is one of the most incident cancers in New Zealand. Due to resource limitations, some patients experienced protracted wait times before reaching a definitive diagnosis. We analysed the relationship between time to diagnosis and clinical stage and reviewed the length of time for components of the diagnostic work‐up to identify priority areas for service improvement. We benchmarked our timeliness against introduced standards.MethodsThis retrospective study included all patients with colonic (not rectal) cancer between October 2007 and September 2009. Patients were stratified into an early and advanced group. Types of delay were calculated from the onset of symptoms to the administration of treatment. The compliance with target waiting times was assessed.ResultsFifty‐eight patients were included in the early group and 83 patients in the advanced group. There were no significant differences in demographics or symptoms. The work‐up was longer than international benchmarks, but with wide variations. There was no statistical difference between lengths of work‐up in the groups. The advanced group had increased utilization of private and emergency investigations. Forty‐four per cent met the diagnostic colonoscopy target waiting time of 42 days with a trend in favour of the advanced group and 21% received treatment within 62 days (non‐significant).ConclusionCurrent systems are not sophisticated enough to predict the stage of colon cancer. Here, long waiting times were not associated with cancer stage in symptomatic patients. Resources need to be directed to diagnostic colonic imaging.
The STRONGkids nutritional risk screening tool can be used by paediatric nurses to identify hospitalised children at risk
Authors: Moeeni Vesal , Walls Tony , Day Andrew S. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimHospitalised children have higher rates of undernutrition. Early detection of at‐risk patients could lead to prompt preventative or corrective interventions. Several nutritional risk screening tools are available for screening hospitalised children including the STRONGkids tool. This study was designed to assess the usefulness of STRONGkids when applied by nurses rather than a paediatrician.MethodsThe STRONGkids questionnaire was simplified to enhance clarity with nursing staff. Trained nursing staff were asked to apply the tool to children, aged 1 month to 17 years, admitted to the Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand. Each patient was also assessed by a paediatrician. In addition, the current nutritional state of each patient was defined by measuring their weight and height.ResultsOf the 162 children enrolled, 11.7% were undernourished and 13% overnourished. STRONGkids recognised 84% of undernourished children when the tool was applied by nurses and 90% when the tool was applied by a paediatrician, indicating substantial agreement (kappa = 0.65). A minor simplification to the questionnaire improved its utility.ConclusionSTRONGkids successfully recognised at‐risk children, when applied by either nurses or a paediatrician. It was suitable and feasible for nursing staff to use it to screen for children at risk of nutritional deterioration.
WONOEP appraisal: New genetic approaches to study epilepsy
Authors: Rossignol Elsa , Kobow Katja , Simonato Michele , Loeb Jeffrey A. , Grisar Thierry , Gilby Krista L. , Vinet Jonathan , Kadam Shilpa D. , Becker Albert J. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryNew genetic investigation techniques, including next‐generation sequencing, epigenetic profiling, cell lineage mapping, targeted genetic manipulation of specific neuronal cell types, stem cell reprogramming, and optogenetic manipulations within epileptic networks are progressively unraveling the mysteries of epileptogenesis and ictogenesis. These techniques have opened new avenues to discover the molecular basis of epileptogenesis and to study the physiologic effects of mutations in epilepsy‐associated genes on a multilayer level, from cells to circuits. This manuscript reviews recently published applications of these new genetic technologies in the study of epilepsy, as well as work presented by the authors at the genetic session of the XII Workshop on the Neurobiology of Epilepsy (WONOEP 2013) in Quebec, Canada. Next‐generation sequencing is providing investigators with an unbiased means to assess the molecular causes of sporadic forms of epilepsy and has revealed the complexity and genetic heterogeneity of sporadic epilepsy disorders. To assess the functional impact of mutations in these newly identified genes on specific neuronal cell types during brain development, new modeling strategies in animals, including conditional genetics in mice and in utero knock‐down approaches, are enabling functional validation with exquisite cell‐type and temporal specificity. In addition, optogenetics, using cell‐type–specific Cre recombinase driver lines, is enabling investigators to dissect networks involved in epilepsy. In addition, genetically encoded cell‐type labeling is providing new means to assess the role of the nonneuronal components of epileptic networks such as glial cells. Furthermore, beyond its role in revealing coding variants involved in epileptogenesis, next‐generation sequencing can be used to assess the epigenetic modifications that lead to sustained network hyperexcitability in epilepsy, including methylation changes in gene promoters and noncoding ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in modifying gene expression following seizures. In addition, genetically based bioluminescent reporters are providing new opportunities to assess neuronal activity and neurotransmitter levels both in vitro and in vivo in the context of epilepsy. Finally, genetically rederived neurons generated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells and genetically modified zebrafish have become high‐throughput means to investigate disease mechanisms and potential new therapies. Genetics has changed the field of epilepsy research considerably, and is paving the way for better diagnosis and therapies for patients with epilepsy.A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Long‐term maintenance of skin immune system in a NOD‐Scid IL2rγnull mouse model transplanted with human skin
Authors: Soria Angèle , Boccara David , Chonco Louis , Yahia Nora , Dufossée Mélody , Cardinaud Sylvain , Moris Arnaud , Liard Christelle , Joulin‐Giet Alix , Julithe Marion , Mimoun Maurice , Combadière Béhazine , Perrin Hélène 
Published: August 2014

AbstractWe developed a NOD‐Scid IL2rγnull mouse model transplanted with human skin that brings fundamental insight on in vivo cellular mechanisms of intradermal immunization and antigen presentation by dermal dendritic and epidermal Langerhans cells for skin T‐cell immunity. Indeed, T‐cell immunity is a crucial checkpoint for the induction of in vivo rapid control of skin infection. With the long‐term preservation of a complete human skin immune system, this model offers the unique opportunity not only to better understand mechanisms of skin immune response but also to test new compounds and devices for cutaneous routes of vaccination, as well as new therapeutics approach for skin diseases, allergies or infections.
Role of epidermal γδ T‐cell‐derived interleukin 13 in the skin‐whitening effect of Ginsenoside F1
Authors: Han Jiyeon , Lee Eunkyung , Kim EunJoo , Yeom Myung Hun , Kwon Ohsang , Yoon Tae Hong , Lee Tae Ryong , Kim Kwangmi 
Published: August 2014

AbstractGinsenoside F1 (GF1) is a metabolite of ginsenoside Rg1. Although GF1 has several benefits for skin physiology, the effect of GF1 on skin pigmentation has not been reported. We found that a cream containing 0.1% GF1 showed a significant whitening effect on artificially tanned human skin after 8 weeks of application. However, GF1 did not inhibit mRNA expression of tyrosinase or dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) in normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEMs) or cocultured NHEMs/normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Interestingly, GF1 enhanced production of interleukin 13 (IL‐13) from human epidermal γδ T cells. IL‐13 significantly reduced the mRNA expression and protein amount of both tyrosinase and DCT and reduced melanin synthesis activities in NHEMs, resulting in visible brightening of NHEM pellet. These results suggest that enhancement of IL‐13 production by GF1 from epidermal γδ T cells might play a role in the skin‐whitening effect of GF1 via the suppression of tyrosinase and DCT.
The dynamics of architectural complexity on coral reefs under climate change
Authors: Bozec Yves‐Marie , Alvarez‐Filip Lorenzo , Mumby Peter J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractOne striking feature of coral reef ecosystems is the complex benthic architecture which supports diverse and abundant fauna, particularly of reef fish. Reef‐building corals are in decline worldwide, with a corresponding loss of live coral cover resulting in a loss of architectural complexity. Understanding the dynamics of the reef architecture is therefore important to envision the ability of corals to maintain functional habitats in an era of climate change. Here, we develop a mechanistic model of reef topographical complexity for contemporary Caribbean reefs. The model describes the dynamics of corals and other benthic taxa under climate‐driven disturbances (hurricanes and coral bleaching). Corals have a simplified shape with explicit diameter and height, allowing species‐specific calculation of their colony surface and volume. Growth and the mechanical (hurricanes) and biological erosion (parrotfish) of carbonate skeletons are important in driving the pace of extension/reduction in the upper reef surface, the net outcome being quantified by a simple surface roughness index (reef rugosity). The model accurately simulated the decadal changes of coral cover observed in Cozumel (Mexico) between 1984 and 2008, and provided a realistic hindcast of coral colony‐scale (1–10 m) changing rugosity over the same period. We then projected future changes of Caribbean reef rugosity in response to global warming. Under severe and frequent thermal stress, the model predicted a dramatic loss of rugosity over the next two or three decades. Critically, reefs with managed parrotfish populations were able to delay the general loss of architectural complexity, as the benefits of grazing in maintaining living coral outweighed the bioerosion of dead coral skeletons. Overall, this model provides the first explicit projections of reef rugosity in a warming climate, and highlights the need of combining local (protecting and restoring high grazing) to global (mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions) interventions for the persistence of functional reef habitats.
Endodontic complications in teeth with vital pulps restored with composite resins: a systematic review
Authors: Dawson V. S. , Amjad S. , Fransson H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractComposite resin is used extensively for restoration of teeth with vital pulps. Although cell culture studies have disclosed harmful effects on pulpal cells, any untoward clinical effects, manifest as adverse pulpal responses, have yet to be determined. This study comprises a systematic review, designed to address the question of whether the risk of endodontic complications is greater with composite resin restorations than with other restorative materials, such as amalgam. The study methodology involved (i) formulation of the research question, (ii) construction and conduct of an extensive literature search with (iii) interpretation and assessment of the retrieved literature. A search of the medical database PubMed was complemented with a search of the Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL). The initial search yielded 1043 publications, the abstracts of which were read independently by the authors. After additional searches, 10 studies were included in the review. In all the included studies, the level of evidence was assessed as low. No conclusions could therefore be drawn. The included studies reported few, if any, endodontic complications. Little or no differences emerged between teeth restored with composite resins and those restored with amalgam. To determine whether composite resin restorations of teeth with vital pulps are associated with an increased risk for development of endodontic complications such as apical periodontitis, further evidence is needed, from well‐constructed studies with a large number of participants.
LL37 induces VEGF expression in dental pulp cells through ERK signalling
Authors: Khung R. , Shiba H. , Kajiya M. , Kittaka M. , Ouhara K. , Takeda K. , Mizuno N. , Fujita T. , Komatsuzawa H. , Kurihara H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo examine the in vitro effects of LL37 on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human pulp cells and to identify the intracellular signalling pathway involved.MethodologyPulp cells at passage 6 were treated with 10 μg mL−1 synthesized LL37, and an inhibition assay was performed with MAPK or NF‐κB inhibitors to determine the possible signalling pathway. VEGF mRNA, VEGF protein and phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels were determined by real‐time PCR, ELISA and Western blot, respectively. Data were analysed using t‐tests.ResultsLL37 significantly increased both the mRNA and protein levels of VEGF in pulp cells (P < 0.01). However, pre‐treatment with an ERK kinase inhibitor suppressed these increases. Furthermore, the inhibitor blocked LL37‐induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation.ConclusionsLL37 activated the ERK pathway to boost VEGF secretion from human pulp cells. Because of this angiogenic effect and its reported induction of pulp cell migration and antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria, LL37 may be applicable as a pulp capping material.