bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Facets and Consequences of Uncertainty in Human–AI Interaction
Authors: Magni Federico , Yang Heather , Gong Yaping 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to assist or substitute humans in organizational processes. The transfer of decision-making power and task performance from humans to artificial agents increases uncertainty—defined as a state of not knowing stemming from incomplete and/or ambiguous information—for workers in several ways. Within the broader context of environmental and societal uncertainty, the authors focus specifically on uncertainty at the task level and develop a framework about uncertainty in human–AI interaction, showing that people experience three main facets of uncertainty in their interactions with AI: (a) usage uncertainty—not knowing what specific tasks AI can perform; (b) process uncertainty—not knowing how AI performs tasks and achieves its results; and (c) outcome uncertainty—not knowing what the outcome of AI’s processes will be and how to evaluate them. The authors discuss how each facet of uncertainty can lead to algorithm aversion and appreciation, as well as what can be done to change attitudes and behaviors toward AI from an uncertainty lens. The authors conclude by providing an outlook on how the “AI wave” is changing the nature of work and engendering fears of replacement due to the automation risk, and they ultimately suggest the development of joint cognitive systems between humans and technology to fruitfully regulate uncertainty in human–AI interaction.
The Neuroscience of Decision-Making Under Uncertainty
Authors: Brusoni Stefano , Feser Claudio , Laureiro-Martínez Daniella 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Many leadership decisions can be seen as instantiations of the exploration–exploitation dilemma, one that captures the fundamental decision uncertainty that exists between choosing a known option or an unknown alternative. There is no general rule or mathematical formula for making such decisions. However, understanding what drives the choice between exploitation and exploration under uncertainty is of fundamental importance because it can help leaders make decisions in more transparent, informed, and responsible ways. The authors seek out these drivers in recent research in management and neurosciences and explain how understanding the neuroscientific foundations of adaptation can help leaders make their organizations perform better in volatile and dynamic environments.
The Emotions in Transitional Justice
Authors: Jeffery Renée 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the place of the emotions in the development of transitional justice. It demonstrates that transitional justice has always been concerned, in part, with mediating and regulating the emotions of individual victims and perpetrators of human rights violations, groups engaged in violent conflicts, and societies marked by grievances, antagonisms, and division. In doing so, it details four phases in transitional justice’s engagement with the emotions. First is an initial emphasis on the idea that the resentment and anger felt by members of ousted authoritarian regimes present a risk to democratic transitions. Second is acknowledging victims’ negative emotions as legitimate but undesirable responses to human rights violations. Third is accepting that anger and resentment may play a positive role in motivating justice. And, lastly, is recognition of the significant role played by hope in sustaining the pursuit of justice in the face of setbacks and challenges.
Dual-Process Theories
Authors: Gawronski Bertram , Luke Dillon M. , Creighton Laura A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Dual-process theories propose that judgments and behavior can be understood as the product of two (sets of) qualitatively distinct processes—one characterized by features of automatic processing and the other by features of controlled processing. This chapter provides an overview of dual-process theories in social psychology, integrating both historical and conceptual developments. Distinguishing between three broad classes of dual-process theories, the chapter reviews the most influential examples of (a) domain-specific dual-process theories, which focus on particular phenomena, (b) domain-independent dual-system theories, which identify general principles of information processing, and (c) formalized dual-process theories, which quantify the joint contributions of two distinct processes to behavioral responses. The chapter also discusses critical arguments against each type of dual-process theorizing, which are integrated in a general outlook on future directions.
On Psychological Distance and Construal Level
Authors: Nguyen Tina , Fujita Kentaro 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
People often plan for events that extend beyond the here and now; they also need to be attuned to opportunities in the immediate context. This chapter extends construal level theory by adopting a self-regulatory perspective to understand how people address these challenges. It discusses how construal level—how abstractly or concretely events are represented—helps people to modulate regulatory scope, or the range of possibilities that they account for in goal-directed thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. More abstract, high-level construal supports the expansion of regulatory scope—allowing people to connect to and be guided by more distal considerations. By contrast, more concrete, low-level construal supports the contraction of regulatory scope, sensitizing people to goal-relevant opportunities afforded by their current environment. After reviewing supporting research, the chapter discusses future directions and novel implications derived from this regulatory perspective on construal level theory.
Stereotype Threat
Authors: Murphy Mary C. , Taylor Valerie J. , Steele Claude M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter conceptualizes stereotype threat as a situated theory of social cognition. It describes the psychosocial experience of stereotype threat and how it shapes basic social cognitive processes (e.g. attention, vigilance, working memory, metaperceptions, and rumination). The chapter discusses four ways this conceptualization clarifies the stereotype threat phenomenon and argues that appreciating (and assessing) its tie to perceivers’ sociocultural and historical context offers an approach that can strengthen other social cognition theories. In particular, stereotype threat research reveals that perceivers are not interchangeable: Who perceivers are—their social group memberships and sociocultural and historical contexts—shapes basic social cognitive processes and behavior. Likewise, what perceivers attend to is dynamic and inextricably tied to their sociocultural and historical context, as are the resulting outcomes. Thus, the chapter argues that stereotype threat and other social cognitive theories should distinguish between theorized processes in a given context and the theorized outcomes that result.
Gender as Embedded Social Cognition
Authors: Diekman Amanda B. , Schmader Toni 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines gender as a cultural construct enacted through social cognitive processes that are embedded within the self, social interactions, and societal institutions. The embeddedness perspective elaborates how the binary gender categorization can create real gendered outcomes and experiences even in the absence of biologically essential gender differences. These categories take on a reality outside the mind of perceivers because the meanings attached to gender categories are shared by others in the culture, enacted in social interactions, internalized into self-views, and maintained by social systems. Societal institutions organize around gender, producing gendered norms, roles, and expectations; these expectations shape interpersonal interactions and individual-level decisions and experiences. These social and individual experiences can create confirmation of the gendered expectations of others. Gendered expectations and experiences become internalized into the self. The chapter examines implications of this perspective for social cognition, as well as malleability in gender cognitions and outcomes.
Major Themes in the History of Social Cognition
Authors: Moskowitz Gordon B. , Okten Irmak Olcaysoy 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the central theoretical questions of the field of social cognition from a historical viewpoint. It first focuses on the rise of the discipline with its methodological breakthrough and introduces five dominating themes. It reviews the history of these themes by highlighting key questions, findings, trends, and controversies. First, the chapter focuses on the question of capacity and quality in social cognition and discusses the evolution of process models. Second, it unpacks the role of consciousness and describes the growing research on implicit and explicit social cognition. Third, it presents the classic and modern (dynamic) approaches to meaning making in social cognition. Fourth, it turns to the aftereffects of these meaning-making endeavors, the biases, and describes seven classes of biases that have continuously caught attention. Fifth, and finally, the chapter asks how social cognition corrects itself and reviews the history of research on regulating and controlling biases.
Interpersonal Cognition
Authors: Girme Yuthika U. , Maxwell Jessica A. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Some of the most frequent and important cognitions in everyday life are about close relationships—interpersonal cognition. Research at the intersection of close relationships and social cognition demonstrates how the interdependent nature of close relationships poses challenges for understanding traditional social cognitive processes and provides unique opportunities to advance social cognition theories. This chapter builds on foundational work from the first edition of The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition and reviews how interpersonal cognition guides four central goals—seeking close and intimate bonds with others, understanding partners and relationships, maintaining satisfying and stable relationships over time, and dissolving unsatisfying or unfulfilling relationships. It acknowledges the complexities inherent in intimate and dyadic relationship processes by discussing how individuals’ characteristics and contextual factors often shape the pursuit and consequences of these goals. The chapter concludes by highlighting unique aspects of interpersonal cognition that might be applied to social cognition more broadly.
Thinking in a Social Context
Authors: Schwarz Norbert 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
People do much of their thinking in a social context by drawing on information provided by others and sharing their own judgments with others. This information exchange is guided by the tacit assumptions underlying the conduct of conversations in everyday life. This chapter reviews these assumptions and their implications for social cognition research. It highlights that many familiar biases and shortcomings of human judgment reflect, in part, a basic misunderstanding about the nature of communication in research situations. Whereas participants assume that researchers are cooperative communicators, whose contributions are informative, relevant, and clear, the researchers may (deliberately or inadvertently) present information that does not meet these criteria. When this misconception is avoided, many familiar biases are attenuated or eliminated, suggesting that they are the result of faulty communication rather than faulty judgment.
Perception of Faces and Bodies
Authors: Johnson Kerri L. , Hugenberg Kurt 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Much of social cognitive science aims to understand how people construe, remember, and represent other people—social perception. Increasingly, social cognition does this using visual depictions of other people. This approach reveals the mechanisms by which observers form spontaneous impressions of others from merely a glimpse of the face or body. This chapter first reviews several of the central tenets of social cognitive research focused on face perception that have endured since the original volume of this handbook. Next, it reviews several more recent advances in social perception research. This includes a more dynamic understanding of social perception processes, the innovative and generative power of data-driven reverse correlation techniques, a growing emphasis on the visual perception of groups—ensemble perception, and an expansion from focusing on faces to include body perception and other forms of social sensory perception.
Vertical ozone formation mechanisms resulting from increased oxidation on the mountainside of Mount Tai, China
Authors: Wu Wanqi , Ge Yanzhen , Wang Yan , Su Jixin , Wang Xinfeng , Zhou Bin , Chen Jianmin 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The vertical distribution of ozone (O3) within the boundary layer (BL) and its ground-level effects have been extensively studied. However, observational limitations in obtaining high-resolution, real-time data on O3 and its precursors, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have led to a scarcity of research on O3 formation sensitivity and mechanisms. Online measurements for O3, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and VOCs were made on the mountainside of Mount Tai (∼550 m a.s.l.) in China during the summer of 2022 and were compared with the data from a ground-level site. The Master Chemical Mechanism (V3.3.1) was used to uncover a positive correlation between NOx and photochemical reaction rates on the mountainside, marking it as a NOx-limited regime in contrast to the VOC-limited regime identified at surface. On the mountainside, lower NO levels limited hydroxyl radicals (OH) recycling reactions, resulting in earlier O3 peaks and higher concentrations of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2) and organic peroxy radicals (RO2). The arrival of fresh air masses rich in NO accelerated OH radical cycling, enhanced atmospheric oxidization, and significantly impacted surface O3 concentrations though vertical transport. Moreover, NOx reduction scenario simulations show that when considering vertical transport, the peak O3 production rate at the surface is lower due to differences in O3 formation sensitivity vertically. This study highlights the significant sensitivity of O3 formation to NO within the BL, underscoring the potential impact of vertical in situ O3 formation above the ground on surface-level O3 concentrations through vertical exchange, particularly in cities with mountainous terrain.
A comparative study on the effects of biodegradable high-purity magnesium screw and polymer screw for fixation in epiphyseal trabecular bone
Authors: Chang Liang , Luo Ying , Li Weirong , Liu Fangfei , Guo Jiaxin , Dai Bingyang , Tong Wenxue , Qin Ling , Wang Jiali , Xu Jiankun 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
With mechanical strength close to cortical bone, biodegradable and osteopromotive properties, magnesium (Mg)-based implants are promising biomaterials for orthopedic applications. However, during the degradation of such implants, there are still concerns on the potential adverse effects such as formation of cavities, osteolytic phenomena and chronic inflammation. Therefore, to transform Mg-based implants into clinical practice, the present study evaluated the local effects of high-purity Mg screws (HP-Mg, 99.99 wt%) by comparing with clinically approved polylactic acid (PLA) screws in epiphyseal trabecular bone of rabbits. After implantation of screws at the rabbit distal femur, bone microstructural, histomorphometric and biomechanical properties were measured at various time points (weeks 4, 8 and 16) using micro-CT, histology and histomorphometry, micro-indentation and scanning electron microscope. HP-Mg screws promoted peri-implant bone ingrowth with higher bone mass (BV/TV at week 4: 0.189 ± 0.022 in PLA group versus 0.313 ± 0.053 in Mg group), higher biomechanical properties (hardness at week 4: 35.045 ± 1.000 HV in PLA group versus 51.975 ± 2.565 HV in Mg group), more mature osteocyte LCN architecture, accelerated bone remodeling process and alleviated immunoreactive score (IRS of Ram11 at week 4: 5.8 ± 0.712 in PLA group versus 3.75 ± 0.866 in Mg group) as compared to PLA screws. Furthermore, we conducted finite element analysis to validate the superiority of HP-Mg screws as orthopedic implants by demonstrating reduced stress concentration and uniform stress distribution around the bone tunnel, which led to lower risks of trabecular microfractures. In conclusion, HP-Mg screws demonstrated greater osteogenic bioactivity and limited inflammatory response compared to PLA screws in the epiphyseal trabecular bone of rabbits. Our findings have paved a promising way for the clinical application of Mg-based implants.
Computed tomography numbers obtained for varying iodine contrast concentrations by different-generation dual-energy computed tomography scanners
Authors: Tsukamoto Tomokatsu , Masuda Takanori , Takahata Takashi , Kawamoto Yoshinori , Uenaka Osamu , Mori Hiroki 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We compared the computed tomography (CT) numbers from monochromatic images obtained using the first-generation (Discovery CT750 HD: GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) and second-generation (Revolution CT: GE HealthCare) dual-energy CT (first and second DECT) scanners in phantom and clinical studies. In a polypropylene phantom, eight polypropylene tubes containing iodine at various concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 12, 20, 30 mg I per ml) were arranged in an outer circle. The iodine densities and CT numbers obtained after imaging with different-generation DECT scanners were analyzed. The CT numbers from images obtained from 61 consecutive patients with aortic disease who underwent CT with different-generation DECT scanners were compared during the arterial and delayed phases. The iodine concentration obtained from second DECT was more accurate than that from the first DECT in the phantom study. A significantly higher contrast enhancement was observed with the second DECT compared with the first DECT during the arterial phase in the clinical study. Contrast enhancement was higher with the second DECT than with the first DECT, and the second DECT was effective in minimizing the use of contrast materials.
Abstract 5: Decontamination of Two Umbilical Cord Blood Grafts Prior to Autologous Administration
Authors: Stancioiu Felician , Bulumac Bogdan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The contamination rate of umbilical cord blood (UCB) grafts is estimated to vary in public and family banking in the range of 3-10%, mostly by skin commensals which are not considered pathogenic. Contamination of grafts is not considered to be problematic when used in marrow transplant, with patients being already on a combination of broad-spectrum antibiotics; however the expanding use of cord blood for non-transplant procedures – mostly in neurology and regenerative medicine – brings this issue to the forefront.

Objectives
We aimed to decontaminate the UCB grafts prior to intravenous administration, while keeping stem cells viable. We report two different scenarios when the decontamination of cord blood grafts was successfully performed. Practically we have added antibiotic in order to achieve in the thawed and treated UCB (ttUCB) an antibiotic concentration approximately 10 times higher than MIC100; (minimal inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic in mg/L at which 100% of the bacteria treated are killed); available from literature for the specific geographical area of the patient.

Methods
In first case, pathogen identification with the respective antibiogram was done before cryogenation, allowing easier preparation by adding the known antibiotic to the decryogenated graft immediately after thawing and after correcting the graft osmolarity by adding dextrane and albumin according to the Rubinstein protocol.
In the second situation, before cryogenation and storage, pathogen identification was performed but not antibiogram, so a sample of the cryogenated graft was used for antibiogram and confirmation blood culture before the graft was decryogenated.

Results
Cultures from ttUCB - both aerobic and anaerobic - were negative; CD34+ viability was 90%.The decontamination of cord blood grafts was successfully performed, with negative blood cultures and stem cell viability remaining around 90% and also clinical response recorded as improvement in levels of inflammation markers and patient functioning

Discussion
This work shows that decontamination of cord blood grafts can be safely performed after decryogenation and with good results, and the poster has details of the steps involved in the decontamination procedure used by us.
Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections in Periorbital Hyperpigmentation in Skin Phototypes III and IV: Strengthening the Assessment of Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Badran Aya Y. , Abd Elazim Nagwa E. , Yousef Azza Rady , Mekkawy Marwa M. 
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND
Periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH) is a therapeutic problem. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been successfully used in some pigmentary disorders including POH. Proper evaluation of treatment in POH can be difficult.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy and safety of PRP injections for POH in skin phototypes III and IV by multiple clinical tools.

METHODS
A clinical trial included 30 patients with POH, skin phototypes III and IV. Three sessions of intradermal PRP injections were used in periorbital area every month. Treatment was assessed on different clinical levels 1 month after the last session by POH severity grading, blinded photographic assessment, and patient satisfaction. Adverse effects of PRP were evaluated.

RESULTS
A significant improvement in POH was documented by disease severity grading, patient satisfaction, and to a lesser extent by photographic evaluation. Grade II-POH showed the best improvement. More than half of the cases were satisfied and very satisfied. Lower disease grades, constitutional POH, and epidermal pigmentation showed significant improvement. Side effects were mostly tolerated.

CONCLUSION
The present results confirmed the beneficial role of PRP in improving POH. Multiple clinical tools are preferred for a more reliable assessment of treatment. Certain clinical types and grades of POH are suggested to respond more to PRP therapy.
Distal Scaphoid Excision and Dermal Allograft Interposition in a Professional Athlete: Long-term Follow-up
Authors: Williams Eva A. , Chao Linda , Chen Eunise , Yoshida Ryu , Kulber David 
Published: August 2024

Summary:
Scaphoid nonunion occurs in 10%–15% of scaphoid fractures, potentially resulting in scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse. Distal scaphoid excision without allograft interposition is a known treatment, but can result in loss of carpal height and pain. This report describes the application of human acellular dermal matrix as an interposition graft after distal scaphoid excision for stage I scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse. Postoperatively, the patient initiated early range of motion and returned to full activity at 6 weeks. He demonstrated resolution of his pain 6 years later.