bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogeography of Freshwater Algae
Authors: Sheath Robert G , Vis Morgan L 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Freshwater algae belong to numerous evolutionary lineages and the flora of any aquatic system has many species from some or all of these lineages. These algae have a range in morphology from single cells, flagellates, colonies and unbranched or branched filaments. They inhabit flowing and still waters in the regions where they can be attached (periphyton) or free‐floating (phytoplankton). In terms of biogeography, some algae are generalists having a cosmopolitan distribution; others are specialists either restricted to a particular habitat or geographic region and a third category are invaders from either marine or other freshwater habitats. Typically, the physiology of the alga will determine to which category an alga belongs. Freshwater algae may be distributed by wind, terrestrial and aquatic animals, and humans either intentionally or unintentionally. Our understanding of the biogeography of freshwater algae is somewhat limited and further research is needed.

Key Concepts:

Freshwater algae are diverse in their evolutionary relationships, their morphology (shape and size) and habitats they occupy.

Freshwater algae can be ‘generalists’ having a more cosmopolitan distribution, ‘specialists’ being restricted either in geography or habitat or ‘invaders’ from either the marine system or from freshwater typically outside their historic range.

Generalists tend to be able to tolerate a broad range in physical and chemical environments.

Specialists tend to have more specific physiological requirements or are not as readily dispersed.

Invaders from the marine system are able to survive in moderately low salinity environments.

The invasiveness of some freshwater algae has been attributed to nutrient pollution and potential climate change.

Freshwater algae can be dispersed via animals (aquatic and terrestrial), water, wind and human vectors such as ship ballast and fishing waders.
Construction Grammar
Authors: Fischer Kerstin 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Construction Grammar is a perspective on language deeply rooted in cognitive linguistics. Its main idea is that linguistic knowledge can be exhaustively described as a structured inventory of form–meaning pairs. While this perspective has proven extremely useful for the description of a large array of linguistic phenomena, a factor of considerable influence on the development of construction grammar has been the way in which it was embraced by a broad range of areas of applied linguistics, such as language acquisition, language emergence, interactional linguistics, language change, language typology, and last but not least second language acquisition.
Describing and Illustrating Data in Mixed Methods Research
Authors: Wesely Pamela M. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Describing and illustrating the data in mixed methods research involves crafting coherent reports on results and inferences from the analysis of those data. Because mixed methods research has both qualitative and quantitative aspects, this can be a difficult process. This entry first addresses the common techniques for illustrating the results from data analysis in mixed methods reports. It continues with a more comprehensive analysis of the recommended ways to structure findings and discussion sections in those reports.
Proficiency Scales
Authors: Shin Sun‐Young 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Understanding the nature and extent of second language (
L2
) learners' knowledge of the target language (
TL
) has been a major issue in the field of
L2
acquisition, assessment, and teaching. It is critical for
L2
researchers and teachers to have a means of defining and describing what it means to know a language and to use it for communicative purposes. Therefore, the concept of proficiency and development of proficiency scales has been the subject of ongoing and intense debate over many years. This entry introduces various views of the nature of proficiency along with three important proficiency guidelines. It includes limitations of current proficiency scales and suggestions for possible future directions for proficiency scale development and use.
Vocabulary and Speaking
Authors: Koizumi Rie 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Vocabulary plays an essential role in oral production. In theoretical models of first and second language (
L1
and
L2
, respectively) speaking processes vocabulary is indispensable in producing speech with appropriate meanings as well as in generating syntactic, morphological, and phonological structures.

Empirical studies on vocabulary and speaking proficiency are limited in scope and smaller in number than those on vocabulary and reading proficiency. However, some studies have shown the greater importance of vocabulary in speaking proficiency compared to other linguistic elements such as pronunciation and grammar. Adams examined factors that separated groups of
L2
learners belonging to neighboring levels (e.g., Levels 1 vs. 1+) of speaking proficiency assessed on a holistic scale. She found that out of five factors (i.e., accent, comprehension, fluency, grammar, and vocabulary), vocabulary was the only one that affected level differences between learners at novice and intermediate levels. For learners at intermediate levels and above, all the five factors affected level differences, but vocabulary frequently appeared as the discriminatory factor.
Vocabulary and Writing
Authors: Laufer Batia 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
We cannot communicate in speech or writing without knowing and using words that convey the ideas that we want to express. This is true for all languages, native and foreign. In the native language, lexical growth is concomitant with our cognitive development and education so that by the time we need to express complex ideas we have acquired the necessary lexis. In foreign languages, however, we usually experience a gap between what we want to convey in terms of content and what we can convey with the limited vocabulary we have. This is particularly true for writing, which is a more formal mode of expression than speech, and which is often characterized by more low‐frequent as well as academic vocabulary and requires, therefore, a more carefully chosen vocabulary. Learners are conscious of the importance of vocabulary and often report that their major problem in expression is lack of adequate lexis. In an interview that Coxhead conducted with learners of English as an additional language in New Zealand, learners reported the need for technical, academic, or professional words to express their ideas in writing.
Global exponential stability of a class of impulsive cellular neural networks with supremums
Authors: Stamova Ivanka , Stamov Trayan , Li Xiaodi 
Published: October 2013

SUMMARYIn this paper, we study the problem of global exponential stability for impulsive cellular neural networks with time‐varying delays and supremums. Using Young's inequality and Lyapunov‐like functions, new stability criteria are proved. Because supremums and impulses are relevant in various contexts, including problems in the theory of automatic control, our results can be applied in the qualitative investigations of many practical problems of diverse interest. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial Price Transmission of Soaring Milk Prices From Global to Domestic Markets
Authors: Acosta Alejandro , Ihle Rico , Robles Miguel 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTMilk has become one of the most volatile agricultural commodities in the international market. High volatility of commodity prices and their implications for food security are clearly among the most important issues facing policy makers today. Thus, a deeper understanding of the magnitude, speed, and symmetry to which global milk prices are being transmitted to domestic prices at the farm gate level is a fundamental factor in the design of appropriate policy measures oriented to reduce not only the level of milk price volatility, but also poverty and food insecurity. The purpose of this article is therefore to assess the dynamics of the relationship between global and domestic milk prices. [Econ Lit Classifications: Q11, Q13, Q17].
Racial/ethnic disparities in timing of death during childhood among children with congenital heart defects
Authors: Nembhard Wendy N. , Xu Ping , Ethen Mary K. , Fixler David E. , Salemi Jason L. , Canfield Mark A. 
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUNDInfants with congenital heart defects (CHD) have increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Little is known about racial/ethnic differences in timing of death during childhood. Our intent was to investigate racial/ethnic differences in mortality for CHDs during specific time periods in childhood.METHODSTexas Birth Defect Registry data were used for a retrospective cohort study with 30,015 singleton infants with a CHD, born January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2007, to non‐Hispanic (NH) white, NH‐black, or Hispanic women. Texas Birth Defect Registry data were linked to Texas death records to ascertain death. Kaplan–Meier survival probabilities and multivariable Cox‐proportional hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.RESULTSNH‐blacks and Hispanics with specific CHDs had increased mortality during the postneonatal period and early childhood. NH‐blacks had increased postneonatal mortality compared with NH‐whites for transposition of the great arteries (HR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.5–4.0), pulmonary valve atresia without ventricular septal defect (HR = 4.1; 95% CI, 1.7–9.7), Ebstein's anomaly (HR = 8.6; 95 CI, 1.2–61.1), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2–3.7), coarctation of the aorta (HR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2–3.5), ventricular septal defect (HR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.6−2.8), and atrial septal defect (HR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1−1.8). Hispanics had increased postneonatal mortality risk for tetralogy of Fallot (HR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1–3.5). Racial/ethnic increases in mortality risk were also observed during infancy and childhood.CONCLUSIONRacial/ethnic differences in mortality were most notably observed during the postneonatal period and early childhood. Future studies should assess factors associated with this disparity in mortality risk for infants with CHDs. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:628–640, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A rapid and sensitive method based on magnetic beads for the detection of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in human serum
Authors: Ren Zhi‐Qi , Liu Tian‐Cai , Hou Jing‐Yuan , Chen Mei‐Jun , Chen Zhen‐Hua , Lin Guan‐Feng , Wu Ying‐Song 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTCurrent clinically assays, such as enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and chemiluminescence immunoassay, for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are inferior in terms of either sensitivity and accuracy or rapid and high‐throughput analysis. A novel assay based on magnetic beads and time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay was developed for the quantitative determination of HBsAg in human serum. HBsAg was captured using two types of anti‐HBsAg monoclonal antibodies (B028, S015) immobilized on to magnetic beads and detected using europium‐labeled anti‐HBsAg polyclonal detection antibody. Finally, the assay yielded a high sensitivity (0.02 IU/mL) and a wide dynamic range (0.02–700 IU/mL) for HBsAg when performed under optimal conditions. Satisfactory accuracy, recovery and specificity were also demonstrated. The intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation were 4.7–8.7% and 3.8–7.5%, respectively. The performance of this assay was further assessed against a well‐established commercial chemiluminescence immunoassay kit with 399 clinical serum samples. It was revealed that the test results for the two methods were in good correlation (Y = 1.182X – 0.017, R = 0.989). In the current study, we demonstrated that this novel time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay could be used: as a highly sensitive, automated and high‐throughput immunoassay for the diagnosis of acute or chronic hepatitis B virus infection; for the screening of blood or organ donors; and for the surveillance of persons at risk of acquiring or transmitting hepatitis B virus. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three versus five micrometer chlorinated polysaccharide‐based packings in chiral capillary electrochromatography: efficiency and precision evaluation
Authors: Hendrickx Ans , Klerck Katrijn De , Mangelings Debby , Clincke Lies , Heyden Yvan Vander 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTIn an earlier part of this study (performance evaluation) it was observed, for home‐made capillary electrochromatography (CEC) columns, that smaller particle diameters do not always generate higher efficiencies. This phenomenon was further examined in this study, evaluating Van Deemter curves. Naphthalene and trans‐stilbene oxide were analyzed on four 3 µm and four 5 µm chlorinated polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) applying voltages ranging from 5 to 30 kV. Neither the 3 nor the 5 µm packings generated systematically the highest efficiencies. The varying column efficiencies were optimized by evaluating nine packing procedures for both 3 and 5 µm CSPs. Again it was observed that smaller particle‐size packings were not necessarily beneficial for the efficiency of the CEC analysis. This observation was statistically evaluated. A variability study evaluated different precision estimates related to column packing and replicate measurement conditions. The best columns with the highest efficiencies (for chiral separations) and good precision, that is, the lowest RSD values, were generated by the packing procedure in which an MeOH‐slurry and a water rinsing step of 8 h were applied. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directed Evolution by Using Iterative Saturation Mutagenesis Based on Multiresidue Sites
Authors: Parra Loreto P. , Agudo Rubén , Reetz Manfred T. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) in combination with reduced amino acid alphabets has been shown to be an efficient method for directed evolution. In order to minimize the screening effort, the number of residues in a given randomization site has thus far been restricted to two or three; this prevents oversampling from reaching astronomical numbers when 95 % library coverage is aimed for. In this study, ISM is applied for the first time by using randomization sites composed of five amino acid positions. The use of just two such sites (A and B) results in two different ISM pathways, A→B and B→A. A severely reduced amino acid alphabet (only five members) was employed for the building blocks—a minimal set of structurally representative amino acids. The Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase PAMO was chosen as the enzyme for this proof‐of‐principle study. The test system employed tuning of activity and diastereoselectivity in the oxidation of 4‐(bromomethylidene)cyclohexanone, which is not accepted by wild‐type PAMO. Although only 8–9 % library coverage was ensured (as calculated by traditional statistics), notable activity and 99 % diastereoselectivity were obtained, thus indicating that such an ISM strategy is viable in protein engineering.
Unzipping Nucleoside Channels by Means of Alcohol Disassembly
Authors: Vanegas Julie P. , Peisino Lucas E. , Pocoví‐Martínez Salvador , Zaragozá Ramón J. , Zaballos‐García Elena , Pérez‐Prieto Julia 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGold nanoparticles capped with simple adenosine derivatives can form colloidal aggregates in nonpolar solvents. Theoretical calculations indicate the formation of organic channels by the supramolecular assembly of the nanoparticles by means of hydrogen bonds between the adenine moieties. The aggregates were only negligibly sensitive to nPrOH, iPrOH, and tBuOH, whereas some showed a similar response to MeOH and EtOH, and others showed high selectivity toward MeOH. DNA nucleoside derivatives (1‐(2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)‐5‐methyluracil and 2′,3′‐O‐isopropylideneadenosine) as well as thymine and other aromatic compounds such as pyrene derivatives (pyrene, 1‐chloropyrene, 1‐hydroxypyrene, (1‐pyrenyl)methanol, and 2‐hydroxynapthalene) did not induce disassembly of the nanoparticle aggregates. Data suggest that the nucleoside channels allow access to alcohols according to their size, and an efficient interaction between the alcohol and the adenine units destabilizes the hydrogen bonds, which eventually leads to nanoparticle disassembly.
Water‐Dependent Optical Activity Inversion of Chiral DNA–Silica Assemblies
Authors: Liu Ben , Cao Yuanyuan , Duan Yingying , Che Shunai 
Published: October 2013

AbstractChirality is widely found in nature and is expressed hierarchically in many organic–inorganic hybrid materials. Optical activity (OA) is the most fundamental attribute of these chiral materials. In this study, we found that the OA of impeller‐like chiral DNA–silica assemblies (CDSAs) was inverted with the addition of water. The state of DNA under dry and wet conditions, and the dual chirality of chiral DNA layers and twisted helical arrays of opposite handedness in CDSAs were considered to exert predominant effects on the OAs. The circular dichroism (CD) responses for the dry CDSAs were mostly attributed to the chiral arrangement of DNA layers, whereas the opposite CD responses for the wet CDSAs primarily originated from twisted helical arrays of DNA molecules. The observed CD signals were a super‐position of the two opposing OA responses. The increase in the longitudinal relation of DNA molecules due to the recovery of a double‐helical structure of DNA in the presence of water was considered to be the reason for the increase in intensity of the CD signals that originated from the twisted helical array, which led to the inversion of OA of the CDSAs. The inversion of the plasmon‐resonance‐based OAs for the chiral‐arranged achiral Ag nanoparticles (NPs) located in the channels of the CDSAs in dry and wet states further confirmed the dual chirality of DNA packing. Such research on DNA assemblies and metal NPs with dual, opposite chirality assists in the understanding of DNA hierarchical chirality in living systems and the creation of macroscopic ordered helical materials and biosensors.
Improvement of Fluid Phase Resonance Mixing with OpenFOAM
Authors: Schmalfuß Silvio , Säuberlich Ralph , Sommerfeld Martin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDas Fluidphasenresonanzmischen soll hinsichtlich zweier Anwendungsfälle verbessert werden: scherungsarmes Umwälzen und intensives Mischen. Dazu werden aus früheren Arbeiten gewonnene Kenntnisse und CFD‐Simulationen mit OpenFOAM genutzt. Die zwei neu gestalteten Varianten werden als instationäre Strömung zweier getrennt vorliegender Phasen mit 2D‐ und 3D‐Modellen simuliert. Zur Verifizierung der 3D‐Simulation werden die Geschwindigkeiten zusätzlich mittels Laser‐Doppler‐Anemometrie gemessen.
Drug Discovery Alliances in India—Indications, Targets, and New Chemical Entities
Authors: Differding Edmond 
Published: October 2013

AbstractGlobal pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have been building increasingly on the skills and services offered by Indian biotech companies through strategic collaborative partnerships and alliances to fuel their in‐house discovery and development pipelines. With the exception of generic press releases, however, very little has been published on the process and progress of drug discovery itself, such as the targets or modes of action involved, nor on the scientific output of such collaborations, and therefore on new chemical entities coming out of India through research collaborations. This Essay provides an analytical review of recent patents, patent applications, and peer‐reviewed publications of major research alliances. It aims at highlighting their scientific output as well as the considerable bandwidth of targets and therapeutic areas involved.
Development and Characterization of An Unshielded PatLoc Gradient Coil for Human Head Imaging
Authors: Welz Anna , Cocosco Chris , Dewdney Andrew , Gallichan Daniel , Jia Feng , Lehr Heinrich , Liu Zhenyu , Post Hans , Schmidt Hartmut , Schultz Gerrit , Testud Frederik , Weber Hans , Witschey Walter , Korvink Jan , Hennig Jürgen , Zaitsev Maxim 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA cylindrical head gradient insert for human imaging with non‐linear spatial encoding magnetic fields (SEMs) has been designed, optimized and successfully integrated with a modified 3T clinical MR system. This PatLoc (parallel acquisition technique using localized gradients) SEM coil uses SEMs that resemble second‐order magnetic shim fields, but with much higher amplitude as well as the possibility for rapid switching. This work describes the optimization of a coil design and measurement methods to characterize its SEMs, induced self‐eddy currents and concomitant fields. Magnetic field maps of the SEMs are measured and it is demonstrated that the induced self‐eddy current magnetic fields are small and can be compensated. A method to measure concomitant fields is presented and those fields are compared to simulated data. Finally, in vivo human images acquired using the PatLoc system are presented and discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 43B: 111–125, 2013
The role of adjuvant radiotherapy in the local management of desmoplastic melanoma
Authors: Guadagnolo B. Ashleigh , Prieto Victor , Weber Randal , Ross Merrick I. , Zagars Gunar K. 
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUNDIn the current study, the authors sought to evaluate outcomes, specifically with respect to adjuvant radiotherapy (RT), for patients with desmoplastic melanoma.METHODSThe records of 130 consecutive patients who presented between 1985 and 2009 with nonmetastatic desmoplastic melanoma and were treated curatively with either surgery alone (59 patients; 45%) or surgery and postoperative RT (71 patients; 55%) were retrospectively reviewed. Ages ranged from 21 years to 97 years (median age, 66 years). The location of the primary tumor was in the head and neck region in 62% of patients. Only 5 patients (4%) had lymph node involvement at the time of presentation.RESULTSThe median follow‐up was 6.6 years (range, 11 months‐24 years). Overall survival rates at 5 years and 10 years were 69% and 53%, respectively. Disease‐specific survival rates were 84% and 80%, respectively, at 5 years and 10 years. The actuarial rate of local recurrence was 17% at 5 years and beyond. Of the patients who underwent surgery without receiving postoperative RT, 14 (24%) experienced local recurrence. Of the 71 patients treated with surgery and postoperative RT, 5 (7%) experienced local recurrence. In a Cox multivariate regression model, improved local control was significantly associated with the receipt of postoperative RT (P = .009).CONCLUSIONSSurgery followed by postoperative RT appears to provide superior local control compared with surgery alone for patients with desmoplastic melanoma. Cancer 2014;120:1361–1368. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
A multidimensional resource model for dynamic resource matching in internet of things
Authors: Zhao Shuai , Zhang Yang , Yu Le , Cheng Bo , Ji Yang , Chen Junliang 
Published: October 2013

SummaryWith the development of Internet of Things (IoT), many middleware solutions have been proposed for the integration of physical world with the Web. However, most leading middleware solutions provide only limited resource matching and selection functionality. When significant amounts of resources are available, selecting the appropriate resources becomes challenging and time‐consuming. This paper addresses the growing issues of resource matching and selection in IoT solutions. In this paper, we propose a novel resource model to describe the IoT resources in a multidimensional manner. Based on the resource model, a resource matching algorithm that selects the well‐matched resources by matching the similarity between resources is proposed. Moreover, we constructed a combined resource set and used it and OWLS‐TC to evaluate our work comprehensively. Experimental results show that the proposed resource matching approach is more effective and efficient than existing approaches. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.