bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes therapy‐focus on Asia: second‐line therapy debate: insulin/secretagogues
Authors: Eldor Roy , Raz Itamar 
Published: December 2012

SummaryThe following review is based on the second part of a debate entitled ‘Diabetes therapy‐ focus on Asia: 2nd line therapy: GLP1/DPP4 inhibitors versus Secretagogue/insulin therapy’, which was held during the ‘1st Asia Pacific Congress on Controversies to Consensus in Diabetes, Obesity and Hypertension (CODHy)’, in Shanghai, China, 2011. As such we reviewed only insulin and secretagogue therapy despite the existence of other therapeutic options. The article aims to shed light on the circumstances most adequate for use of these as second‐line agents, despite possible drawbacks. It is important to emphasize that regardless of it being a review of published evidence, it primarily represents the professional opinion of the writers.
Comparing the effectiveness of chronic water column tests with the crustaceans Hyalella azteca (order: Amphipoda) and Ceriodaphnia dubia (order: Cladocera) in detecting toxicity of current-use insecticides
Authors: Deanovic Linda A. , Markiewicz Dan , Stillway Marie , Fong Stephanie , Werner Inge 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratory tests are used to monitor water column toxicity in U.S. surface waters. The water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia is among the most sensitive test species for detecting insecticide toxicity in freshwater environments.Its usefulness is limited, however, when water conductivity exceeds 2,000 µS/cm (approximately 1 ppt salinity) and test effectiveness is insufficient. Water column toxicity tests using the euryhaline amphipod Hyalella azteca could complement C. dubia tests; however, standard chronic protocols do not exist. The present study compares the effectiveness of two water column toxicity tests in detecting the toxicity of two organophosphate (OP) and two pyrethroid insecticides: the short-term chronic C. dubia test, which measures mortality and fecundity, and a 10-d H. azteca test, which measures mortality and growth. Sensitivity was evaluated by comparing effect data, and end point variability was evaluated by comparing minimum significant differences. Tests were performed in synthetic water and filtered ambient water to quantify the influence of water matrix on effect concentrations. The H. azteca test detected pyrethroid toxicity far more effectively, while the C. dubia test was more sensitive to OPs. Among endpoints, H. azteca mortality was most robust. The results demonstrate that the H. azteca test is preferable when conductivity of water samples is 2,000 to 10,000 µS/cm or if contaminants of concern include pyrethroid insecticides. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:707–712. © 2012 SETAC
Mercury in the seafood and human exposure in coastal area of Guangdong province, South China
Authors: Li Ping , Feng Xinbin , Liang Peng , Man Chan Hing , Yan Haiyu , Chen Laiguo 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Consumption of fish and aquatic products is considered to be the main pathway of human exposure to methylmercury (MeHg). To assess human health risk through seafood consumption in a coastal area of Guangdong Province, South China, a total of 518 seafood samples (including fish, shrimp, crabs, and mollusks) were collected from 11 coastal cities for total mercury (THg) analysis. The THg concentrations varied significantly among different seafood groups and ranged from 0.11 to 317 ng/g (with a mean of 37.2 ng/g). The THg concentrations were relatively low compared with fish from Europe and North America, and no samples exceeded the national limit recommended by the Standardization Administration of China (0.5 µg/g wet wt). The ecological functional groups and cultured styles have significant effects on THg concentrations in the fish tissue. The median of probable daily intakes (PDIs) of MeHg via seafood consumption ranged from 42.6 to 71.4 ng/kg/d for different age groups, with fish contributing the major portion (84%). The results indicated potential health risks associated with seafood consumption for the general population in the coastal area of Guangdong Province, South China. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:541–547. © 2012 SETAC
Reciprocal longitudinal associations between pain and depressive symptoms in adolescents
Authors: Lewandowski Holley A. , Law E.F. , Zhou C. , Murphy L. , Clarke G. , Palermo T.M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBackgroundElevated depressive symptoms are common in youth with chronic pain, and pain symptoms are frequent in adolescents with depressive disorders. While studies have identified concurrent associations between pain and depression over time in youth, it is unclear how change in one symptom impacts change in the other symptom.MethodsThis three‐time point 12‐month longitudinal study examined reciprocal associations among pain and depression in a clinical sample of adolescents (12–18) diagnosed with chronic pain (n = 55) or a depressive disorder (n = 40). Mixed‐effects multivariate models were used to test if changes over a preceding time interval predicted symptom severity at subsequent time points. Study group, age, sex, race, baseline pain intensity and baseline depressive symptoms were included as covariates.ResultsGeneralized estimating equations revealed that pain and depressive symptoms were significantly associated over time (β = 1.54; p < 0.001). As hypothesized, changes in pain were associated with subsequent depressive symptoms (β = 1.16; p < 0.001). Conversely, changes in depressive symptoms predicted subsequent pain (β = 0.026; p < 0.05), but with a weaker association. In the model predicting pain, an interaction between depressive symptoms and study group emerged (β = −0.02; p < 0.05), with change in depressive symptoms having the greatest impact on pain in the depressed sample.ConclusionsFindings extend previous adult research to an adolescent sample showing changes in pain intensity are predictive of subsequent depressive symptoms. In comparison to adult data, changes in depressive symptoms had less impact on subsequent pain in youth. Future research can examine how targeting persistent pain may also aid the treatment of depressive symptoms in adolescents.
Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) reduces oxidative stress in primary cortical neurons in vitro
Authors: Huang Ying‐Ying , Nagata Kazuya , Tedford Clark E. , McCarthy Thomas , Hamblin Michael R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractLow‐level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) involves absorption of photons being in the mitochondria of cells leading to improvement in electron transport, increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and greater ATP production. Low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by LLLT in normal cells that are beneficial. We exposed primary cultured murine cortical neurons to oxidative stressors: hydrogen peroxide, cobalt chloride and rotenone in the presence or absence of LLLT (3 J/cm2, CW, 810 nm wavelength laser, 20 mW/cm2). Cell viability was determined by PrestoblueTM assay. ROS in mitochondria was detected using Mito‐sox, while ROS in cytoplasm was detected with CellRoxTM. MMP was measured with tetramethylrhodamine. In normal neurons LLLT elevated MMP and increased ROS. In oxidatively‐stressed cells LLLT increased MMP but reduced high ROS levels and protected cultured cortical neurons from death. Although LLLT increases ROS in normal neurons, it reduces ROS in oxidatively‐stressed neurons. In both cases MMP is increased. These data may explain how LLLT can reduce clinical oxidative stress in various lesions while increasing ROS in cells in vitro. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Long‐distance laser propulsion and deformation‐ monitoring of cells in optofluidic photonic crystal fiber
Authors: Unterkofler Sarah , Garbos Martin K. , Euser Tijmen G. , Russell Philip St. J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWe introduce a unique method for laser‐propelling individual cells over distances of 10s of cm through stationary liquid in a microfluidic channel. This is achieved by using liquid‐filled hollow‐core photonic crystal fiber (HC‐PCF). HC‐PCF provides low‐loss light guidance in a well‐defined single mode, resulting in highly uniform optical trapping and propulsive forces in the core which at the same time acts as a microfluidic channel. Cells are trapped laterally at the center of the core, typically several microns away from the glass interface, which eliminates adherence effects and external perturbations. During propagation, the velocity of the cells is conveniently monitored using a non‐imaging Doppler velocimetry technique. Dynamic changes in velocity at constant optical powers up to 350 mW indicate stress‐induced changes in the shape of the cells, which is confirmed by bright‐field microscopy. Our results suggest that HC‐PCF will be useful as a new tool for the study of single‐cell biomechanics. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stimuli responsive deswelling of radiation synthesized collagen hydrogel in simulated physiological environment
Authors: Zhang Xiangmei , Xu Ling , Wei Shicheng , Zhai Maolin , Li Jiuqiang 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCollagen hydrogels were prepared via radiation crosslinking. The simulated physiological environmental effects related to their biomedical applications on the volume phase transition of collagen hydrogel were studied, that is stimuli response to ions, temperature, and pH. The deswelling behavior of collagen hydrogel depends on the salt concentration, temperature, pH, and the hydrogel preparation procedure. Meanwhile, hydrogel structure related to the volume phase transition was investigated by FTIR, fluorescence spectrum, and HR‐MAS NMR. Deswelling in salt solution caused little change on collagen conformation, and a denser network led to more significant tyrosine‐derived fluorescence quenching. Hydrogen bonding between hydrated water and collagen polypeptide chain was dissociated and the activity of hydrophobic side chain increased, inducing a higher extent of contraction with the increasing of salt concentration. Moreover, salt solution treatments weakened the electrostatic interactions, side chains interactions, and hydrogen bonding of collagen hydrogel, which reduced the thermal stability of collagen hydrogel. Comparing with cell‐free collagen hydrogel contraction, fibroblasts did not aggravate contraction of collagen hydrogel significantly. This study elucidated the deswelling mechanism of radiation crosslinked collagen hydrogel in simulated physiological environment and provides strategies for controlling the stimuli response of collagen hydrogel in biomedical application. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
pH‐responsive hydrogels with dispersed hydrophobic nanoparticles for the oral delivery of chemotherapeutics
Authors: Schoener Cody A. , Hutson Heather N. , Peppas Nicholas A. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractAmphiphilic polymer carriers were formed by polymerizing a hydrophilic, pH‐responsive hydrogel composed of poly(methacrylic–grafted–ethylene glycol) (P(MAA‐g‐EG)) in the presence of hydrophobic PMMA nanoparticles. These polymer carriers were varied in PMMA nanoparticle content to elicit a variety of physiochemical properties which would preferentially load doxorubicin, a hydrophobic chemotherapeutic, and release doxorubicin locally in the colon for the treatment of colon cancers. Loading levels ranged from 49% to 64% and increased with increasing nanoparticle content. Doxorubicin loaded polymers were released in a physiological model where low pH was used to simulate the stomach and then stepped to more neutral conditions to simulate the upper small intestine. P(MAA‐g‐EG) containing nanoparticles were less mucoadhesive as determined using a tensile tester, polymer samples, and fresh porcine small intestine. The cytocompatibility of the polymer materials were assessed using cell lines representing the GI tract and colon cancer and were noncytotoxic at varying concentrations and exposure times. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Acceleration of coarse grain molecular dynamics on GPU architectures
Authors: Shkurti Ardita , Orsi Mario , Macii Enrico , Ficarra Elisa , Acquaviva Andrea 
Published: December 2012

AbstractCoarse grain (CG) molecular models have been proposed to simulate complex systems with lower computational overheads and longer timescales with respect to atomistic level models. However, their acceleration on parallel architectures such as graphic processing units (GPUs) presents original challenges that must be carefully evaluated. The objective of this work is to characterize the impact of CG model features on parallel simulation performance. To achieve this, we implemented a GPU‐accelerated version of a CG molecular dynamics simulator, to which we applied specific optimizations for CG models, such as dedicated data structures to handle different bead type interactions, obtaining a maximum speed‐up of
$14$
on the NVIDIA GTX480 GPU with Fermi architecture. We provide a complete characterization and evaluation of algorithmic and simulated system features of CG models impacting the achievable speed‐up and accuracy of results, using three different GPU architectures as case studies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calculation of wave‐functions with frozen orbitals in mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods. Part I. Application of the Huzinaga equation
Authors: Ferenczy György G. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMixed quantum mechanics/quantum mechanics (QM/QM) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods make computations feasible for extended chemical systems by separating them into subsystems that are treated at different level of sophistication. In many applications, the subsystems are covalently bound and the use of frozen localized orbitals at the boundary is a possible way to separate the subsystems and to ensure a sensible description of the electronic structure near to the boundary. A complication in these methods is that orthogonality between optimized and frozen orbitals has to be warranted and this is usually achieved by an explicit orthogonalization of the basis set to the frozen orbitals. An alternative to this approach is proposed by calculating the wave‐function from the Huzinaga equation that guaranties orthogonality to the frozen orbitals without basis set orthogonalization. The theoretical background and the practical aspects of the application of the Huzinaga equation in mixed methods are discussed. Forces have been derived to perform geometry optimization with wave‐functions from the Huzinaga equation. Various properties have been calculated by applying the Huzinaga equation for the central QM subsystem, representing the environment by point charges and using frozen strictly localized orbitals to connect the subsystems. It is shown that a two to three bond separation of the chemical or physical event from the frozen bonds allows a very good reproduction (typically around 1 kcal/mol) of standard Hartree–Fock–Roothaan results. The proposed scheme provides an appropriate framework for mixed QM/QM and QM/MM methods. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solvent‐free Synthesis of Novel and Known Octahydroquinazolinones/thiones by the Use of ZrOCl2.8H2O as a Highly Efficient and Reusable Catalyst
Authors: Karami Sajad , Karami Bahador , Khodabakhshi Saeed 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA solvent‐free reaction between urea/thiourea, dimedone and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of catalytic amounts of zirconium (IV) oxychloride octahydrate (ZrOCl2.8H2O) as a powerfull Lewis acid leads to octahydroquinazolinone/thione derivatives in good yields. This method has advantages such as avoidance of the organic solvents, production of pure products without any by‐product, short reaction times and simple operation.
The somatotopic organization of the olfactory bulb in elasmobranchs
Authors: Meredith Tricia L. , Kajiura Stephen M. , Hansen Anne 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe olfactory bulbs (OBs) are bilaterally paired structures in the vertebrate forebrain that receive and process odor information from the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the periphery. Virtually all vertebrate OBs are arranged chemotopically, with different regions of the OB processing different types of odorants. However, there is some evidence that elasmobranch fishes (sharks, rays, and skates) may possess a gross somatotopic organization instead. To test this hypothesis, we used histological staining and retrograde tracing techniques to examine the morphology and organization of ORN projections from the olfactory epithelium (OE) to the OB in three elasmobranch species with varying OB morphologies. In all three species, glomeruli in the OB received projections from ORNs located on only the three to five lamellae situated immediately anterior within the OE. These results support that the gross arrangement of the elasmobranch OB is somatotopic, an organization unique among fishes and most other vertebrates. In addition, certain elasmobranch species possess a unique OB morphology in which each OB is physically subdivided into two or more “hemi‐olfactory bulbs.” Somatotopy could provide a preadaptation which facilitated the evolution of olfactory hemibulbs in these species. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unique features of pedicellate attachment of the upper jaw teeth in the adult gobiid fish Sicyopterus japonicus (Teleostei, Gobiidiae): Morphological and structural characteristics and development
Authors: Sahara Noriyuki , Moriyama Keita , Iida Midori , Watanabe Shun 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSicyopterus japonicus (Teleostei, Gobiidae), a hill‐stream herbivorous gobiid fish, possesses an unusual oral dentition among teleost fishes on account of its feeding habitat. By using scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, including vital staining with tetracycline, we examined the development of the attachment tissues of the upper jaw teeth in this fish. The functional teeth of S. japonicus had an asymmetrical dentine shaft. The dentine shaft attached to the underlying uniquely shaped pedicel by means of two different attachment mechanisms. At the lingual base, collagen fiber bundles connected the dentine shaft with the pedicel (hinged attachment), whereas the labial base articulated with an oval‐shaped projection of the pedicel (articulate attachment). The pedicel bases were firmly ankylosed to the crest of the thin flange of porous spongy bone on the premaxillary bone, which afforded a flange‐groove system on the labial surface of the premaxillary bone. Developmentally, the pedicel and thin flange of spongy bone were completely different mineralized attachment tissues. The pedicel had a dual origin, i.e., the dental papilla cells, which differentiated into odontoblasts that constructed the internal surface of the pedicel, and the mesenchymal cells, which differentiated into osteoblasts that formed the outer face of the pedicel. A thin flange of spongy bone was deposited on the superficial resorbed labial side of the premaxillary bone proper, and later rapid bone remodeling proceeded toward the pedicel base. These unique features of pedicellate tooth attachment for the upper jaw teeth in the adult S. japonicus are highly modified teeth for enhancing the ability of individual functional teeth to move closely over irregularities in the rock surfaces during the scraping of algae. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstruction of cranial and hyobranchial muscles in the triassic temnospondylGerrothoraxprovides evidence for akinetic suction feeding
Authors: Witzmann Florian , Schoch Rainer R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe cranial and hyobranchial muscles of the Triassic temnospondylGerrothoraxhave been reconstructed based on direct evidence (spatial limitations, ossified muscle insertion sites on skull, mandible, and hyobranchium) and on phylogenetic reasoning (with extant basal actinopterygians and caudates as bracketing taxa). The skeletal and soft‐anatomical data allow the reconstruction of the feeding strike of this bottom‐dwelling, aquatic temnospondyl. The orientation of the muscle scars on the postglenoid area of the mandible indicates that the depressor mandibulae was indeed used for lowering the mandible and not to raise the skull as supposed previously and implies that the skull including the mandible must have been lifted off the ground during prey capture. It can thus be assumed thatGerrothoraxraised the head toward the prey with the jaws still closed. Analogous to the bracketing taxa, subsequent mouth opening was caused by action of the strong epaxial muscles (further elevation of the head) and the depressor mandibulae and rectus cervicis (lowering of the mandible). During mouth opening, the action of the rectus cervicis muscle also rotated the hyobranchial apparatus ventrally and caudally, thus expanding the buccal cavity and causing the inflow of water with the prey through the mouth opening. The strongly developed depressor mandibulae and rectus cervicis, and the well ossified, large quadrate‐articular joint suggest that this action occurred rapidly and that powerful suction was generated. Also, the jaw adductors were well developed and enabled a rapid mouth closure. In contrast to extant caudate larvae and most extant actinopterygians (teleosts), no cranial kinesis was possible in theGerrothoraxskull, and therefore suction feeding was not as elaborate as in these extant forms. This reconstruction may guide future studies of feeding in extinct aquatic tetrapods with ossified hyobranchial apparatus. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rainfall variations in south‐eastern Australia part 2: a comparison of documentary, early instrumental and palaeoclimate records, 1788–2008
Authors: Gergis Joëlle , Ashcroft Linden 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTIn part 1 of this study, Fenby and Gergis (Fenby C, Gergis J. 2012. A rainfall history of south‐eastern Australia Part 1: comparing evidence from documentary and palaeoclimate records, 1788–1860. International Journal of Climatology) established a documentary chronology of droughts and wet years in south‐eastern Australia (SEA) from first European settlement in 1788 until widespread meteorological observations begin in 1860. We now compare this newly developed documentary record to a five‐station network of historical instrumental rainfall observations from the Sydney region for 1832–1859, and a 45‐station rainfall network from a broader range of SEA locations over the 1860–2008 period. After assessing geographical biases in the documentary and instrumental record due to population settlement, we identify eastern New South Wales (NSW) as the subregion of SEA that is capable of providing a continuous record of wet and dry years back to 1788. Documentary, historical instrumental and modern rainfall observations are then combined to develop an eastern NSW drought and wet year index over the 1788–2008 period. The eastern NSW drought and wet year index is compared to palaeoclimate reconstructions of SEA rainfall and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) since 1788. We investigate the relationship between droughts and wet years in eastern NSW and ENSO back to 1788, noting that the coastal NSW rainfall–ENSO relationship is not as pronounced as in inland areas of eastern Australia. While it is clear that ENSO influences rainfall variability in the broader SEA region, the signal recorded in coastal NSW is weak. This is most likely reflecting local orographic rainfall effects and deficiencies in the wet phase of the documentary record. Nonetheless, this study is the first of its kind in the Australasian region to combine documentary, early instrumental and modern meteorological rainfall observations using internationally comparable techniques, a significant advance in historical climatology for the region. The results of this study provide an opportunity for Australia to be included in cross‐regional drought comparisons from the Indo–Pacific regions of the Southern Hemisphere.