bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protective Effects of Low Calcium Intake and Low Calcium Absorption Vitamin D Receptor Genotype in the California Collaborative Prostate Cancer Study
Authors: Rowland Glovioell W. , Schwartz Gary G. , John Esther M. , Ingles Sue Ann 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Background: High calcium intake is consistently associated with increased prostate cancer risk in epidemiologic studies. We previously reported that the positive association between calcium intake and risk of aggressive prostate cancer was modified by the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CDX-2 binding site of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, among African American men.
Methods: We expanded our previous study to include White men, a population with a higher calcium intake and a higher prevalence of the low absorption allele. We also examined VDR polymorphisms at other loci unrelated to calcium absorption. The study included 1,857 prostate cancer cases (1,140 with advanced stage at diagnosis, 717 with localized stage) and 1,096 controls. OR were estimated using conditional logistic regression.
Results: Among both Blacks and Whites, we observed a threshold for calcium intake (604 mg/d) below which prostate cancer risk declined sharply. Low calcium intake was most strongly associated with decreased risk among men with the VDR Cdx2 low calcium absorption genotype (P for interaction = 0.001 and P = 0.06 for Whites and African Americans, respectively). Among all men with this genotype, those in the lowest quartile of calcium intake (≤604 mg/d) had a 50% reduction in risk as compared with those in the upper three quartiles [OR = 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.36–0.67]. The association between calcium intake and prostate cancer risk was not modified by genotype at other VDR loci.
Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that genetic determinants of calcium absorption influence prostate cancer risk.
Impact: The differences between African Americans and Whites in calcium absorption and dietary calcium intake may contribute to racial disparities in prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(1); 16–24. ©2012 AACR.
False Positives in Cancer Epidemiology
Authors: McLaughlin Joseph K. , Tarone Robert E. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Background: A recent attempt to estimate the false-positive rate for cancer epidemiology studies is based on agents in International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) category 3 (agent not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans) in the IARC Monographs Program.
Methods: The estimation method is critiqued regarding biases caused by its reliance on the IARC classification criteria for assessing carcinogenic potential.
Results: The privileged position given to epidemiologic studies by the IARC criteria ensures that the percentage of positive epidemiologic studies for an agent will depend strongly on the IARC category to which the agent is assigned. Because IARC category 3 is composed of agents with the lowest-assessed carcinogenic potential to which the estimation approach in question could be applied, a spuriously low estimated false-positive rate was necessarily the outcome of this approach.
Conclusions: Tendentious estimation approaches like that employed will by necessity produce spuriously low and misleading false positive rates.
Impact: The recently reported estimates of the false-positive rate in cancer epidemiology are seriously biased and contribute nothing substantive to the literature on the very real problems related to false-positive findings in epidemiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(1); 11–15. ©2012 AACR.
Knowledge Integration in Cancer: Current Landscape and Future Prospects
Authors: Ioannidis John P.A. , Schully Sheri D. , Lam Tram Kim , Khoury Muin J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Knowledge integration includes knowledge management, synthesis, and translation processes. It aims to maximize the use of collected scientific information and accelerate translation of discoveries into individual and population health benefits. Accumulated evidence in cancer epidemiology constitutes a large share of the 2.7 million articles on cancer in PubMed. We examine the landscape of knowledge integration in cancer epidemiology. Past approaches have mostly used retrospective efforts of knowledge management and traditional systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Systematic searches identify 2,332 meta-analyses, about half of which are on genetics and epigenetics. Meta-analyses represent 1:89-1:1162 of published articles in various cancer subfields. Recently, there are more collaborative meta-analyses with individual-level data, including those with prospective collection of measurements [e.g., genotypes in genome-wide association studies (GWAS)]; this may help increase the reliability of inferences in the field. However, most meta-analyses are still done retrospectively with published information. There is also a flurry of candidate gene meta-analyses with spuriously prevalent “positive” results. Prospective design of large research agendas, registration of datasets, and public availability of data and analyses may improve our ability to identify knowledge gaps, maximize and accelerate translational progress or—at a minimum—recognize dead ends in a more timely fashion. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(1); 3–10. ©2012 AACR.
Molecular Pathways: Regulation of Metabolism by RB
Authors: Clem Brian F. , Chesney Jason 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The discovery of the retinoblastoma (RB-1) gene as a tumor suppressor that is disrupted in a majority of human cancers either via direct or indirect genetic alterations has resulted in increased interest in its functions and downstream effectors. Although the canonical pathway that links this tumor suppressor to human cancers details its interaction with the E2F transcription factors and cell-cycle progression, recent studies have shown an essential role for RB-1 in the suppression of glycolytic and glutaminolytic metabolism. Characterization of the precise metabolic transporters and enzymes suppressed by the RB-E2F axis should enable the identification of small molecule antagonists that have selective and potent antitumor properties. Clin Cancer Res; 18(22); 6096–100. ©2012 AACR.
Predictors of Mortality in 6975 Patients With Chronic Heart Failure in the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico-Heart Failure Trial
Authors: Barlera Simona , Tavazzi Luigi , Franzosi Maria Grazia , Marchioli Roberto , Raimondi Elena , Masson Serge , Urso Renato , Lucci Donata , Nicolosi Gian Luigi , Maggioni Aldo P. , Tognoni Gianni 
Published: November 2012

Background—
We developed a prognostic model to assess the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with chronic heart failure.

Methods and Results—

We examined 6975 patients with chronic heart failure enrolled in the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico-Heart Failure (GISSI-HF) trial (3.9 years follow-up). Multivariable Cox regression models were developed to predict mortality (1969 deaths). By stepwise selection, the full final model included 25 predictors. A reduced model, considering the most significant variables ranked according to the Wald χ
2
(
P
<0.0001) accounted for most of the prognostic information. Internal validation of the model was performed with bootstrap techniques. The discrimination ability of the reduced model constituted by 12 factors (concordance probability estimate, 0.693) was as good as the full final model (concordance probability estimate, 0.70). Among the first 12 independent risk factors emerging in the reduced model, the 3 most powerful predictors were older age, higher New York Heart Association class, and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate. Other independent predictors that increased risk included lower left ventricular ejection fraction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, male sex, higher uricemia, lower body mass index, lower hemoglobin, and aortic stenosis. The reduced model was used to build a nomogram to estimate the risk of death in individual patients. In a subgroup of patients, the 2 well-known biomarkers (high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide) emerged as the most powerful predictors of outcome.

Conclusions—
In a large contemporary population with chronic heart failure, this model offers good ability to assess the risk of death, confirming most of the risk factors that have emerged in recent trials.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00336336.
Hemodynamic Determinants of Dyspnea Improvement in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Solomonica Amir , Burger Andrew J. , Aronson Doron 
Published: November 2012

Background—
Dyspnea relief constitutes a major treatment goal and a key measure of treatment efficacy in decompensated heart failure. However, there are no data with regard to the relationship between hemodynamic measurements during treatment and dyspnea improvement.

Methods and Results—

We studied 233 patients assigned to right heart catheterization in the Vasodilation in the Management of Acute Congestive Heart Failure trial. Dyspnea (assessed using a 7-point Likert scale) and hemodynamic parameters were measured simultaneously at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 hours. Dyspnea relief was defined as moderate or marked improvement. There was a time-dependent association between the reductions in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP; 25.4, 24.6, 24.0, 23.5, 23.4, 21.5, and 19.9 mm Hg) and the percentage of patients achieving dyspnea relief (17.7%, 24.6%, 32.2%, 36.2%, 37.8%, 47.4%, and 66.1%, in the respective time points). Multivariable logistic generalized estimating equations modeling demonstrated that reductions of both PCWP and mean pulmonary artery pressure were independently associated with dyspnea relief. Compared with the highest PCWP quartile, the adjusted odds ratios for dyspnea relief were 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67–1.29), 1.07 (95% CI, 0.75–1.55), and 1.80 (95% CI, 1.22–2.65) in the third, second, and first PCWP quartiles, respectively (
P

trend

=0.003). Compared with the highest mean pulmonary artery pressure quartile, the adjusted odds ratios for dyspnea relief were 2.0 (95% CI, 1.41–2.82), 2.23 (95% CI, 1.52–3.27), and 2.98 (95% CI, 1.91–4.66) in the third, second, and first mean pulmonary artery pressure quartiles, respectively (
P
trend
<0.0001).

Conclusions—
A clinically significant improvement in dyspnea is associated with a reduction in both PCWP and mean pulmonary artery pressure.
The Lake of Black Swans—Attractors as a Source of Emergent Meaning
Authors: Tresilian Nicholas 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The conventional Western understanding of communication is profoundly asymmetric, biased towards a formal concept of communication as a one-way distribution of meaning from a Sender to a Receiver—the view enshrined in the Information Theory of Claude Shannon and implicit in Dawkins’ theory of the meme as a semantic replicator. Rational communication in the form of science has been singularly successful in identifying the probable and predictable, and thus in revealing nature’s laws. For the same reason rationality is fundamentally inadequate as the basis for a discourse with our chaotic planetary environment, where the probable and predictable are always in conflict with the improbable and unpredictable . . . a veritable lake of black swans (Taleb 2008).
The paper suggests that for our species to survive in that increasingly turbid lake we will need a more inclusive understanding of communication, taking into account both rational and relational communication, both the analytic and syncretic forms of meaning. The paper argues that the emergent forms of relational meaning have the potential to offer a more effective engagement with global risk than the predictive forms of the rational.
Evolution and Emergence: A Re-Evaluation of the “New Synthesis”
Authors: Crawford Michael James 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe modern obsession with methodological reductionism in some areas of biology is arguably a product of the exquisitely precise tools now available to dissect problems. Reductionist approaches assume that an understanding of atomized parts will be sufficient to approximate an understanding of the whole. Ironically, the sheer success of this approach and the consequent volume of data generated, particularly as a result of the genome projects, has made comprehension of the larger picture problematic. Consequently, historical patterns of more phenomenologically oriented analyses are re-emerging. This impulse is not new: Gould and Lewontin (1979) argued for a less reductionist view of evolution. They argue that an intense focus upon individual traits risks confusing evolutionary selection with the indirect consequences of other architectural decisions. They also argued that the “baggage” of ancestral traits constrains future possibilities for profound change. The “New Synthesis”, a more recent convergence of paleontology, evolutionary biology, genome science, and embryology provides fertile ground for their critique. New approaches to genome analysis and gene categorization have shown that profound inter-species similarities underlie a generic and robust body plan upon which variant morphologies are built. Moreover, phenomenologically oriented approaches have recently revealed functional and organizational similarities among diverse genomes that are indicative of large and preserved gene regulatory behaviours: genomes appear to be organized into similar regulatory blocks irrespective of species. The implications of these recent discoveries suggest that emergent organizational and functional properties of genomes could impose big constraints upon morphological innovation. They might also explain some of the curious and profound examples of convergent evolution that puzzled Darwin.
From the Dynamic Structure of the Brain to the Emergence of Time Experiences
Authors: van Wassenhove Virginie 
Published: November 2012

AbstractTime perception remains an open question in cognitive neurosciences. Mechanisms for the encoding of time come in different flavors but the evidence remain sparse for the simplest questions, for instance, which areas in the brain constitute the most reliable sources for the encoding of time? Indeed, not one brain lesion in the cortex can account on its own for a total impairment in timing functions. The aim of this contribution is to highlight key concepts in the history of cognitive neurosciences that are relevant to the study of time perception. An alternative or a complementary approach to the classic clock model view is provided regarding ways in which the brain could automatically encode temporal properties.
Emergent Temporalities in Stravinsky’s “Le Sacre du Printemps”
Authors: Sills Helen 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
It has been suggested that time is a description of movement and relative change measured or compared against a standard, whether against sun and clocks in the physical world, or against mental constructs, such as the human experience of a subjective ‘now’. The human brain perceives rates of motion and change through both its sensory systems and its higher order processing pathways, and it seems, is uniquely equipped by its structures to derive a range of temporalities across both the physical and non-material worlds. Because we are perceptive and creative in both physical and abstract domains, we are able to make precise clock-time measurements and evaluate the effects of motion and forces in physical space (as in Einstein’s Theories of Relativity) and also distinguish the subjective temporalities that emerge as different qualities of motion expand our mental space to construct abstract meaning.
This paper looks at the movement patterns of Stravinsky’s ‘Le Sacre du Printemps’, a musical score for the ‘Ballets Russes’ which caused a riot at its première at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées in Paris in May, 1913. With hindsight, its first audience was much disturbed, perhaps not only by the highly dissonant sounds accompanying ‘primitive’ movements and the act of self-sacrifice, but also subliminally, by the work’s stark portrayal of pure temporalities: its activity, structure and organised complexity exposed them—and still exposes us, 100 years later—to the raw process of being and becoming, to both actual and emergent temporalities. In the course of ‘Le Sacre du Printemps’, Stravinsky’s organisation of motion, of both rhythm and pitch, transforms our temporal experience from that of the here and now, the physical ‘closeness between man and earth’, to that of the highly abstract ‘triumph of the human spirit’, in what he called ‘a single endless dialogue, an inconceivable conversation’. The means by which, and the point at which each of the four levels of organised movement emerges, is interesting in the light of our ability to construct temporality in both the physical and non-material realms. At the reductionist level, the work’s movement away from the ‘here and now’ invites connections and relations with current ideas about time in physics, while its marriage of rhythms in sound and space, its association of sound and gesture, and its organisation of motion creates a temporal entity whose effect upon the psyche is consistent with what is now known about the brain’s higher-order processing of music and movement.
Time and the Emergence of Values
Authors: Mooij J.J.A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractDuring the last century it has often been argued that mind emerges from matter. Values, on the other hand, were rather thought to be (merely) supervenient. However, it seems reasonable to conclude that values are at least conceptually (or epistemically) emergent on neutral facts. This process of emergence, of course, is a temporal process. It may have taken a long time for certain values to arise, and they presuppose conscious memory and expectation. Moreover, even when constituted, values involve time. They do so mainly in two ways. Firstly, by having a temporal aspect, as in certain moral virtues and obligations. Secondly, by having time itself as their object. Examples can be seen in religion (sacred/secular time), economy (“time is money”, time can be cheap or expensive, wasted or gained), sport (priority), science (idem) and art (rhythm and related properties).
Israel in Contemporary Evangelical Christian Millennial Thought
Authors: Ariel Yaakov 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIsrael and the Jewish people play a central role in the millennial thought of evangelical Christians. Drawing on older Christian messianic elements, as well as introducing new concepts, evangelicals have looked upon the Jews as historical Israel and at Palestine as ground zero of End-Times millennial events. Beginning in the nineteenth century, evangelicals have become actively involved in attempts to build a Jewish commonwealth in Palestine. They have looked upon the building of a Jewish state as a “sign of the time,” an indication that the current era is ending and the messianic events are about to occur. Especially in the aftermath of the 1967 war, evangelicals have become ardent supporters of Israel, turning in effect into a pro-Israel lobby in Washington and, at times, in other capitals too. Although evangelical Christians are engaged in extensive missionary work among Jews, an unprecedented cooperation has developed between groups of evangelicals and Orthodox-nationalist Jews. Among the mutual projects is the attempt to build the Temple in Jerusalem in preparation for the events preceding the arrival of the Messiah to earth.
A New Order of the Ages: Eschatological Vision in Virgil and Beyond
Authors: Jackson Peter 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Proceeding from the Latin mottoes for the Great Seal of the United States, this paper explores the use and repercussions of eschatological themes in Virgil’s poetry. A hitherto unnoticed datum in the history of the Great Seal’s final design exemplifies how comparatively recent readings of the myth of Aeneas and the Cumaean Sibyl could inform our understanding of how the same myth was conceived in the Augustan Age. The discussion revolves around topics such as ekphrasis, the conflation of memoir and myth, and the eschatological significance of spatial and temporal transmission. The final part of the paper introduces some new thoughts concerning the ludi tarentini and the centennial life span.
A Style-Sensitive Approach to Religion and Film
Authors: Last Richard 
Published: November 2012

AbstractReligion and film courses have become popular additions to undergraduate course calendars. However, this relatively new discipline still lacks methodological sophistication. The present study proposes that instructors and critics should begin to afford attention to the ways in which films articulate meaning through their audio-visual, stylistic dimensions. Film style is an important element of filmmaking that has largely been ignored by scholars of religion. By affording attention to the aspects of film that distinguish it from other artistic media, critics and instructors will be able to better illuminate the manner in which religious material is expressed through the film medium.
Belief in Animal Mind: Does Familiarity with Animals Influence Beliefs about Animal Emotions?
Authors: Morris Paul , Knight Sarah , Lesley Sarah 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Belief in the mental lives of nonhuman animals can have an impact on how we view and treat them, yet little is known about how and why laypeople attribute emotions to other species. The current study investigated how familiarity with animals (in terms of ownership) relates to beliefs regarding different emotions within and across species. An opportunity sample of 200 participants completed a questionnaire that measured familiarity with animals and beliefs about the capacity of a variety of species to experience a range of 16 different emotions. Participants reported varied levels of experience with animals and it was found that, regardless of familiarity, participants reported a wide variety of emotions in all the species they were asked to consider. However, participants who had never lived with an animal reported far fewer emotions than those who had, regardless of species. Keeping more than one animal did not increase the number of emotions reported. Keepers of a particular species always reported more emotions for that species than nonkeepers of that species. We conclude that familiarity with animals is an important determinant of belief about emotions in animals and animal mind in general.
Effect of Human Body Position on the Swimming Behavior of Bull Sharks, Carcharhinus leucas
Authors: Ritter Erich , Amin Raid 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThis study tested whether human body orientation can influence the behavior of bull sharks by examining sharks’ approach distances from a person positioned vertically or horizontally in the water. Results showed that bull sharks,Carcharhinus leucas, kept a significantly greater distance when the test subject was standing in chest-deep water with his head above water versus lying on the ocean floor. Furthermore, larger bull sharks in the immediate area withdrew when the subject entered the water.