bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waging Peace
Authors: Vatanparast Roxana 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the concept and suggested content of a contemporary jus post bellum legal framework through the lens of critical legal and political theory. The chapter’s central argument is that jus post bellum is characterized by a series of ambiguities, contradictions, and problems which seriously weaken arguments in favor of formalizing jus post bellum principles in a body of law. The chapter also argues that the creation of a new jus post bellum body of law may not be necessary, and may in effect have unintended consequences that are contrary to both the foundational aspirations of jus post bellum and humanitarian ideals. While this chapter argues against formalizing jus post bellum principles in a body of law, it concludes that jus post bellum may be a useful (theoretical) concept in the international legal discourse.
The Compatibility of Justice for Women with Jus Post Bellum Analysis
Authors: Aoláin Fionnuala Ní , Haynes Dina Francesca 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Feminist scholars have paid particular attention to the post-conflict arena because it is perceived to offer a unique and infrequent opportunity to address a range of harms that women experience during cyclical and systematic violence. It also provides an opportunity to address the compounded and structural harms that women experience in societies where they are marginalized, underrepresented, and discriminated against. However, to date, jus post bellum has largely escaped feminist analysis. The authors are quizzical as to the gendered imagination of hereto developed jus post frameworks, viewing them as largely exclusionary of and uninterested in the gendered dimensions of armed conflict and its aftermath. The chapter challenges the presumed universality of jus post theorizing and poses a quizzical challenge to how portends to offer an encompassing framework that diligently addresses the needs, desires, and challenges of women in conflict and post-conflict settings.
Of Jus Post Bellum and Lex Pacificatoria
Authors: Bell Christine 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses whether a jus post bellum regime operating across different types of conflict is possible and desirable, and if not, how we should best situate and respond to contemporary developments in international law relating to terminating intra-state conflict. It explores what arguably has been the main driver of the legal concept of jus post bellum: the relationship between law and practice in contemporary peace negotiations in deeply divided societies. The chapter argues that a dynamic relationship between law and practice has generated novel interpretations and even mutations in the relevant international law so as to give some substance to arguments for a “third way” regime, or lex pacificatoria. The chapter considers whether it is firstly possible, and secondly desirable, to try to “complete” and develop this lex pacificatoria into a clearer set of legal standards and even a new regime such as a jus post bellum.
Conflict Termination from a Human Rights Perspective
Authors: Wählisch Martin 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The exact moment when the application of jus post bellum is supposed to begin and end is still under debate. This chapter approaches the question from a human rights perspective, analyzing the practice of international human rights bodies regarding “post”-conflict situations. Elections, the reintegration of militia, security sector reforms, the re-establishment of diplomatic relations, and progressing economic developments have been used as political factors for marking an approaching end of jus post bellum. However, international practice also shows that assessment of the “post” needs to be context specific and varies according to the concrete case at hand. The chapter assesses the ECtHR decision Sejdić and Finci v Bosnia and Herzegovina, recommendations of UN human rights monitoring bodies concerning Lebanon’s post-Civil War confessional power-sharing system, and the transition of Libya after the international military intervention in 2011. The chapter concludes with a synopsis of indicators for defining the temporal scope of jus post bellum.
In-Work Poverty
Authors: Marx Ive , Nolan Brian 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter surveys the phenomenon of in-work poverty across Europe, setting the scene for its main focus: how can policy respond? International trade and skill-biased technological change are seen to be threatening the (potential) earnings of workers while at the same time policy in many countries has become focused on increasing the number of people in work. There thus exists legitimate ground for concern that more workers potentially find themselves in jobs that do not generate sufficient income to escape poverty. It is argued that which policy action, or set of policy actions, is most appropriate, cannot be seen as entirely independent from normative notions that underlie the various ways in which the causes of in-work poverty can be construed. The chapter considers relevant policy strategies, including the maximization of work-intensity, minimum wage setting, direct income supplements and tax credits.
Social Redistribution, Poverty, and the Adequacy of Social Protection
Authors: Cantillon Bea , Van Mechelen Natascha , Pintelon Olivier , Van den Heede Aaron 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSocial protection systems traditionally serve a dual purpose: to maintain acquired living standards in the event of social risks and to combat poverty by guaranteeing adequate minimum incomes. More recently, these goals – which are basically instances of damage compensation – have been complemented with a third objective, namely to foster ‘active inclusion’ as a means of preventing or rectifying damage. Starting from the hypothesis that the tensions between these objectives of social protection may have increased the chapter considers changes in poverty reduction by social transfers according to household work-intensity. In order to identify the role of policies it considers trends in spending levels and benefit generosity. It then reflects on the potentials and constraints to achieve more adequate minimum income protection. The most important conclusion to be drawn is the striking – and in many countries rising – inadequacy of social protection for individuals living in households with a low work-intensity.
The Redistributive Capacity of Services in the European Union
Authors: Verbist Gerlinde , Matsaganis Manos 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWelfare states provide social benefits in cash and – increasingly – in kind. This chapter analyses the redistributive capacity of services, more specifically health care, education and childcare. First, the methodological issues associated with the quantification of social service delivery and the construction of a counterfactual are explored. The results show that services reduce inequality more than cash benefits do. To correctly interpret this result, it is however important to disentangle the effect of ‘size’ and the effect of ‘design’. Services for non-elderly individuals are, in all countries, much more important in size than cash transfers for the non-elderly, a fortiori if education is included. Using concentration coefficients it is shown that, in most countries, cash transfers are more ‘pro-poor’ than in-kind benefits. Obviously, the larger the share of either spending on cash benefits or spending on services, the larger the equalizing impact on the (extended) income distribution.
Who Benefits from Investment Policies? The Case of Family Activation in European Countries
Authors: Van Lancker Wim , Ghysels Joris 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFamily policy is a constituent part of the traditional social policy mix that has been subject to profound changes in terms of both scope and substance following the emergence of the social investment paradigm. Therefore, the shift from cash to service spending is further explored with a specific focus on family policy (i.e. child benefits, childcare services and parental leave benefits). Based on expenditure trends, little support is found for the hypothesis of a generalized crowding-out process of cash benefits by service spending. Rather, there is evidence of overwhelming diversity across countries, in terms of policy effort, the balance between cash and in-kind spending, and the redistributive impact of family policy. A more detailed comparison of family policy in Flanders and Sweden provides indications of the importance of policy design in enhancing the distributive impact of policy.
The Reform Capacities of European Welfare States
Authors: Hemerijck Anton 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the social investment paradigm and the ‘new politics’ of the welfare state. It is argued that, alongside serious retrenchments, there have been deliberate attempts to rebuild social programmes and institutions to accommodate for the new economic and social realities of the 21st century, roughly in line with social investment priorities, in the fields of family services, gender equality, employment policy, labour market regulation and human capital formation. The European welfare reform momentum of the past two decades is captured as a search for a new welfare state, which is incomplete and resulting from institutionally bounded and contingent adaptation to new social realities.
Identifying the Skeleton of the Social Investment State
Authors: De Deken Johan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this chapter the possibilities and limitations of using expenditure data to measure ‘social investment’ are discussed. The analysis of expenditure data is an obvious choice for attempts to identify to what extent governments have adopted the agenda of an ‘activating ‘ and ‘enabling’ welfare state as well as to operationalize policies that can potentially account for cross-national differences in poverty trends. The chapter explores the possibilities and limits of operationalizing social investment policies on the basis of social expenditure data. It is shown that the use of expenditure data to map the skeleton of the social investment state is fraught with conceptual and methodological problems. The chapter comments on the spending data related to old and new social risks that are reported in the Appendix to the book.
CABS-flex predictions of protein flexibility compared with NMR ensembles
Authors: Jamroz Michal , Kolinski Andrzej , Kmiecik Sebastian 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Motivation: Identification of flexible regions of protein structures is important for understanding of their biological functions. Recently, we have developed a fast approach for predicting protein structure fluctuations from a single protein model: the CABS-flex. CABS-flex was shown to be an efficient alternative to conventional all-atom molecular dynamics (MD). In this work, we evaluate CABS-flex and MD predictions by comparison with protein structural variations within NMR ensembles.
Results: Based on a benchmark set of 140 proteins, we show that the relative fluctuations of protein residues obtained from CABS-flex are well correlated to those of NMR ensembles. On average, this correlation is stronger than that between MD and NMR ensembles. In conclusion, CABS-flex is useful and complementary to MD in predicting protein regions that undergo conformational changes as well as the extent of such changes.
Availability and implementation: The CABS-flex is freely available to all users at http://biocomp.chem.uw.edu.pl/CABSflex .
Contact : sekmi@chem.uw.edu.pl
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Evidence for a lower value for H0 from cosmic chronometers data?
Authors: Busti Vinicius C. , Clarkson Chris , Seikel Marina 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
An intriguing discrepancy emerging in the concordance model of cosmology is the tension between the locally measured value of the Hubble rate, and the ‘global’ value inferred from the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This could be due to systematic uncertainties when measuring H0 locally, or it could be that we live in a highly unlikely Hubble bubble, or other exotic scenarios. We point out that the global H0 can be found by extrapolating H(z) data points at high-z down to z = 0. By doing this in a Bayesian non-parametric way, we can find a model-independent value for H0. We apply this to 19 measurements based on differential age of passively evolving galaxies as cosmic chronometers. Using Gaussian processes, we find H0 = 64.9 ± 4.2 km s−1 Mpc−1 (1σ), in agreement with the CMB value, but reinforcing the tension with the local value. An analysis of possible sources of systematic errors shows that the stellar population synthesis model adopted may change the results significantly, being the main concern for subsequent studies. Forecasts for future data show that distant H(z) measurements can be a robust method to determine H0, where a focus in precision and a careful assessment of systematic errors are required.
The highest frequency detection of a radio relic: 16 GHz AMI observations of the ‘Sausage’ cluster
Authors: Stroe Andra , Rumsey Clare , Harwood Jeremy J. , van Weeren Reinout J. , Röttgering Huub J. A. , Saunders Richard D. E. , Sobral David , Perrott Yvette C. , Schammel Michel P. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
We observed the cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301 with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager at 16 GHz and present the first high radio-frequency detection of diffuse, non-thermal cluster emission. This cluster hosts a variety of bright, extended, steep-spectrum synchrotron-emitting radio sources, associated with the intracluster medium, called radio relics. Most notably, the northern, Mpc-wide, narrow relic provides strong evidence for diffusive shock acceleration in clusters. We detect a puzzling, flat-spectrum, diffuse extension of the southern relic, which is not visible in the lower radio-frequency maps. The northern radio relic is unequivocally detected and measures an integrated flux of 1.2 ± 0.3 mJy. While the low-frequency (&lt;2 GHz) spectrum of the northern relic is well represented by a power law, it clearly steepens towards 16 GHz. This result is inconsistent with diffusive shock acceleration predictions of ageing plasma behind a uniform shock front. The steepening could be caused by an inhomogeneous medium with temperature/density gradients or by lower acceleration efficiencies of high energy electrons. Further modelling is necessary to explain the observed spectrum.
Intubation Biomechanics
Authors: Hindman Bradley J. , Santoni Brandon G. , Puttlitz Christian M. , From Robert P. , Todd Michael M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Introduction:
Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in the presence of cervical spine instability may put patients at risk of cervical cord injury. Nevertheless, the biomechanics of intubation (cervical spine motion as a function of applied force) have not been characterized. This study characterized and compared the relationship between laryngoscope force and cervical spine motion using two laryngoscopes hypothesized to differ in force.

Methods:
Fourteen adults undergoing elective surgery were intubated twice (Macintosh, Airtraq). During each intubation, laryngoscope force, cervical spine motion, and glottic view were recorded. Force and motion were referenced to a preintubation baseline (stage 1) and were characterized at three stages: stage 2 (laryngoscope introduction); stage 3 (best glottic view); and stage 4 (endotracheal tube in trachea).

Results:
Maximal force and motion occurred at stage 3 and differed between the Macintosh and Airtraq: (1) force: 48.8 ± 15.8 versus 10.4 ± 2.8 N, respectively, P = 0.0001; (2) occiput-C5 extension: 29.5 ± 8.5 versus 19.1 ± 8.7 degrees, respectively, P = 0.0023. Between stages 2 and 3, the motion/force ratio differed between Macintosh and Airtraq: 0.5 ± 0.2 versus 2.0 ± 1.4 degrees/N, respectively; P = 0.0006.

Discussion:
The relationship between laryngoscope force and cervical spine motion is: (1) nonlinear and (2) differs between laryngoscopes. Differences between laryngoscopes in motion/force relationships are likely due to: (1) laryngoscope-specific cervical extension needed for intubation, (2) laryngoscope-specific airway displacement/deformation needed for intubation, and (3) cervical spine and airway tissue viscoelastic properties. Cervical spine motion during endotracheal intubation is not directly proportional to force. Low-force laryngoscopes cannot be assumed to result in proportionally low cervical spine motion.
Change in smoking status during two consecutive pregnancies: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Tran DT , Roberts CL , Jorm LR , Seeho S , Havard A 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo investigate changes in tobacco smoking in two consecutive pregnancies and factors associated with the change.DesignPopulation‐based cohort study.SettingNew South Wales, Australia, 2000–10.PopulationA total of 183 385 women having first and second singleton pregnancies.MethodsDescriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses of perinatal data linked to hospital admission data.Main outcome measuresProportion of women smoking during their first pregnancy who quit by their second, and of women not smoking in their first pregnancy who did smoke during their second.ResultsAmong 22 761 smokers in the first pregnancy, 33.5% had quit by their second. Among 160 624 non‐smokers in their first pregnancy, 3.6% smoked during their second. Women who were aged ≥25 years, were married, born in a non‐English speaking country, used private obstetric care, and lived in a socio‐economically advantaged area were more likely to quit or less likely to start smoking in the second pregnancy. Smokers who had gestational hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.36, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.23–1.51), a large‐for‐gestational‐age infant (OR 1.66, 95% CI, 1.46–1.89), and a stillbirth (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.06–1.94) were more likely to quit, whereas smokers whose infant was small‐for‐gestational‐age (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.60–0.70) or admitted to special care nursery (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81–0.94) were less likely to quit. Among non‐smokers in the first pregnancy, the risk of smoking in the second pregnancy increased with late antenatal attendance (e.g. ≥26 weeks, OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.14–1.48), gestational diabetes (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.07–1.45), preterm birth (e.g. spontaneous, OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.10–1.43), caesarean section (e.g. prelabour, OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01–1.26), and infant small‐for‐gestational‐age (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.26–1.48) or required special care nursery (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06–1.23). Inter‐pregnancy interval of ≥3 years was associated with either change in smoking status.ConclusionsMost smokers continue to smoke in their next pregnancy, even among those who experienced poor outcomes. Intensive interventions should be explored and offered to women at the highest risk.
Oncological outcome and long‐term complications in robot‐assisted radical surgery for early stage cervical cancer: an observational cohort study
Authors: Hoogendam JP , Verheijen RHM , Wegner I , Zweemer RP 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo report the oncological outcome and long‐term complications of radical surgery by robot‐assisted laparoscopy in early stage cervical cancer.DesignObservational cohort study.SettingTertiary referral centre.PopulationAbout 100 cervical cancer patients treated consecutively with robot‐assisted radical surgery between 2008 and 2013.MethodsTwo gynaecological oncologists specialised in minimally invasive surgery performed all surgeries on a three/four‐armed robotic system. Procedures consisted of pelvic lymph node dissection combined with a radical hysterectomy, radical vaginal trachelectomy or parametrectomy.Main outcome measuresRecurrence, survival and long‐term complication rates.Results104 robot‐assisted laparoscopies were performed in 100 patients (stage IA1–IIB), with a median follow‐up of 29.5 months (range 2.5–67.1 months). Thirteen cases were diagnosed with a loco‐regional (8%), distant (4%) or combined (1%) recurrence at a median of 14.4 months (range 2.9–34.8 months). All mortality (7%) was cervical cancer‐related and due to recurrent disease. Four recurrences receive palliative care and two are in complete remission. The overall 5‐year progression‐free and disease‐specific survival rates are 81.4 and 88.7%, respectively. Frequent complications were lymphoedema (26%), lower urinary tract symptoms (19%), urinary tract infection (17%) and sexual disorders (9%). Five patients had a vaginal cuff dehiscence. No complication‐related mortality occurred.ConclusionThe recurrence, survival and long‐term complication rates of robot‐assisted radical surgery for early stage cervical cancer in this cohort are reassuring concerning its continued clinical use.
Strategies Used in Production of Phenylalanine‐Free Foods for PKU Management
Authors: Soltanizadeh Nafiseh , Mirmoghtadaie Leila 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPhenylketonuria (PKU) is one of the most widespread dysfunctions caused by an inheritable problem in the phenylalanine metabolism. In this metabolic disease, gene mutations in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) result in phenylalanine accumulation that causes varying degrees of mental retardation. The most effective treatment is restriction of phenylalanine in diet provided through different strategies including combination of low‐protein foods, hydrolyzing of protein‐rich foods, or use of protein substitutes. Meat and meat products, sea foods, milk and infant formula, cereal products, and beans are among the modified foods for PKU management. Elimination of phenylalanine from food presents major technological, nutritional, and organolleptic challenges because protein, as an essential structure‐building and nutritional element, is removed. In addition, following this program is laborious, boring, and restrictive for both patients and their families. This paper reviews the current findings about PKU and the recent developments in the production of phenylalanine‐free foods. Also, the nutritional requirements and challenges encountered by PKU individuals and food technologists are finally discussed.
A Review on the Relationships between Processing, Food Structure, and Rheological Properties of Plant‐Tissue‐Based Food Suspensions
Authors: Moelants Katlijn R.N. , Cardinaels Ruth , Van Buggenhout Sandy , Van Loey Ann M. , Moldenaers Paula , Hendrickx Marc E. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract Nowadays, there is much interest in controlling the functional properties of processed fruit‐ and vegetable‐derived products, which has stimulated renewed research interest in process–structure–function relations. In this review, we focus on rheology as a functional property because of its importance during the entire production chain up to the moment of consumption and digestion. This review covers the literature of the past decade with respect to process–structure–rheology relations in plant‐tissue‐based food suspensions. It became clear that the structure of plant‐tissue‐based food suspensions, consisting of plant‐tissue‐based particles in an aqueous serum phase, is affected by many unit operations (for example, heat treatment) and that also the sequence of unit operations can have an effect on the final structural properties. Furthermore, particle concentration, particle size, and particle morphology were found to be key structural elements determining the rheological properties of these suspensions comprising low amounts of starch and serum pectin. Since the structure of plant‐tissue‐based products was shown to be changed during processing, rheological parameters of these products were simultaneously altered. Therefore, this review also comprises a discussion of the effect on rheological properties of the most relevant processing steps in the production of plant‐tissue‐based products. Linking changes in rheology due to processing with process‐induced alterations in structural characteristics turned out to be quite intricate. The current knowledge on process–structure–function relations can form the basis for future improved and novel food process and product design.