bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards an Open Source Analysis Toolbox for Street Network Comparison: Indicators, Tools and Results of a Comparison of OSM and the Official Austrian Reference Graph
Authors: Graser Anita , Straub Markus , Dragaschnig Melitta 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis article presents a novel open source toolbox for street network comparison based on the Sextante geoprocessing framework for the open source Geographic Information System Quantum GIS (QGIS). In the spirit of open science, the toolbox enables researchers worldwide to assess the quality of street networks such as OpenStreetMap (OSM) by calculating key performance indicators commonly used in street network comparison studies. Additionally, we suggest two new performance indicators for turn restriction and one‐way street comparisons specifically aimed at testing street network quality for routing. We demonstrate the use of this toolbox by comparing OSM and the official Austrian reference graph “Graph Integration Platform” (GIP) in the greater Vienna region.
Incidence of and risk factors for neonatal jaundice among newborns in southern Nepal
Authors: Scrafford Carolyn G. , Mullany Luke C. , Katz Joanne , Khatry Subarna K. , LeClerq Steven C. , Darmstadt Gary L. , Tielsch James M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo quantify the incidence of and risk factors for neonatal jaundice among infants referred for care from a rural, low‐resource, population‐based cohort in southern Nepal.MethodsStudy participants were 18 985 newborn infants born in Sarlahi District in southern Nepal from May 2003 through January 2006 who participated in a cluster‐randomised, placebo‐controlled, community‐based trial to evaluate the effect of newborn chlorhexidine cleansing on neonatal mortality and morbidity. Jaundice was assessed based on visual assessment of the infant by a study worker and referral for care. Adjusted relative risks (RR) were estimated to identify risk factors for referral for neonatal jaundice using Poisson regression.ResultsThe incidence of referral for neonatal jaundice was 29.3 per 1000 live births (95% confidence interval: 26.9, 31.7). Male sex, high birth weight, breastfeeding patterns, warm air temperature, primiparity, skilled birth attendance, place of delivery, prolonged labour, oil massage, paternal education and ethnicity were significant risk factors (P‐values < 0.01). After multivariable adjustment, sex, birth weight, difficulty feeding, prolonged labour, primiparity, oil massage, ambient air temperature and ethnicity remained important factors. Among infants with difficulty feeding, exclusive breastfeeding was a risk factor for neonatal jaundice, whereas exclusive breastfeeding was protective among infants with no report of difficulty feeding.ConclusionsSeveral known risk factors for neonatal jaundice in a low‐resource setting were confirmed in this study. Unique observed associations of jaundice with ambient air temperature and oil massage may be explained by the opportunity for phototherapy based on the cultural practices of this study population. Future research should investigate the role of an infant's difficulty in feeding as a potential modifier in the association between exclusive breastfeeding and jaundice.
Dissection of two major components of the post‐zygotic hybridization barrier in rice endosperm
Authors: Sekine Daisuke , Ohnishi Takayuki , Furuumi Hiroyasu , Ono Akemi , Yamada Toshihiro , Kurata Nori , Kinoshita Tetsu 
Published: October 2013

SummaryA post‐zygotic hybridization barrier is often observed in the endosperm of seeds produced by interspecific or interploidy crosses. In Arabidopsis thaliana, for example, hybrid endosperm from both types of cross shows altered timing of cellularization and an altered rate of nuclear divisions. Therefore, it has been proposed that interspecific and interploidy crosses share common molecular mechanisms for establishment of an effective species barrier. However, these two types of hybridization barrier may be initiated by different intrinsic cues: the interspecific cross barrier arises after hybridization of genomes with differences in DNA sequences, while the interploidy cross barrier arises after hybridization of genomes with the same DNA sequences but differences in ploidy levels. In this study, we performed interploidy crosses to identify components of the post‐hybridization barrier in the endosperm of rice. We performed an intra‐cultivar cross of autotetraploid (4n) × diploid (2n) rice, and found precocious cellularization and a decreased rate of nuclear division in the syncytial endosperm. By contrast, seeds from the reciprocal cross showed delayed cellularization and an increased rate of nuclear division. This differential effect on nuclear division rates contrasts with the outcome of rice interspecific crosses, which were previously shown to have altered timing of cellularization without any change in nuclear division rates. Thus, we propose that the post‐zygotic hybridization barrier in rice endosperm has two separable components, namely control of the timing of cellularization and control of the nuclear division rates in the syncytial stage of endosperm development.
Synthetic nucleases for genome engineering in plants: prospects for a bright future
Authors: Puchta Holger , Fauser Friedrich 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBy inducing double‐strand breaks (DSB), it is possible to initiate DNA recombination. For a long time, it was not possible to use DSB induction for efficient genome engineering due to the lack of a means to target DSBs to specific sites. This limitation was overcome by development of modified meganucleases and synthetic DNA‐binding domains. Domains derived from zinc‐finger transcription factors or transcription activator‐like effectors may be designed to recognize almost any DNA sequence. By fusing these domains to the endonuclease domains of a class II restriction enzyme, an active endonuclease dimer may be formed that introduces a site‐specific DSB. Recent studies demonstrate that gene knockouts via non‐homologous end joining or gene modification via homologous recombination are becoming routine in many plant species. By creating a single genomic DSB, complete knockout of a gene, sequence‐specific integration of foreign DNA or subtle modification of individual amino acids in a specific protein domain may be achieved. The induction of two or more DSBs allows complex genomic rearrangements such as deletions, inversions or the exchange of chromosome arms. The potential for controlled genome engineering in plants is tremendous. The recently discovered RNA‐based CRISPR/Cas system, a new tool to induce multiple DSBs, and sophisticated technical applications, such as the in planta gene targeting system, are further steps in this development. At present, the focus remains on engineering of single genes; in the future, engineering of whole genomes will become an option.
Steam Turbine Rotor Blade Cascades Aerodynamic Performance Research at Off-Design Incidence
Authors: Feng Zi-Ming , Zhang Jin-Dong , Gu Hui-Bin 
Published: October 2013

A steam turbine rotor cascades aerodynamic performance test are performed in annular cascade wind tunnel. The tested blade is curved and has rear-loaded profile characteristic. The main goal of this research project is to measure the off-design incidence aerodynamic performance, such as static pressure coefficient, total pressure loss and streamline.
The test result indicates that incidence variation has little influence to the static pressure coefficient along blade profile, but has relatively significant influence to the profile loss. The blade profile loss increase continuously with the incidence sequence at 0°, −10° and +10°. At the tested incidence, the secondary flow intensity was very weak and its influence area was very small too. It states the aft-loaded blade profile has good incidence suitability.
Effective Radiation Modelling Technique for Transient Temperature Prediction of Gas Turbine Components
Authors: Cherukupalli S. Y. Suresh , Nelanti Krishna , Gujar Kamlesh G. , Palle John Sunil 
Published: October 2013

Gas Turbine engine components like Combustor, Diffuser, and Turbines are subjected to very high temperatures. Predicting accurate temperatures of such components demand accurate Radiation modeling along with Conduction and Convection. Radiation heat transfer modeling is very complex due to non linear dependence on temperature and additional parameters driving the heat transfer like shape factor, emissivity, surface area and absorbtivity of material.
The commercial software ANSYS developed various Radiation techniques like ‘Radiation Matrix’, ‘Radiosity’ and ‘Radiation modeling between a surface and a point’. A detailed study has been carried out to compare different Radiation models. The ease of building the model, computational time, accuracy, and limitations are thoroughly examined. It is found that all existing methods have some limitations in accuracy, computational time or system requirements.
To overcome some of these limitations, a new technique called ‘Surface Effect Element Method’ is proposed in this paper. This method uses ‘Radiosity’ for the shape factor computation and ‘Radiation modeling between a surface and a point’ for modeling Radiation between two surfaces. The average of one surface temperature is transferred to a single point which in turn is used to model the Radiation to the second surface and the same procedure is repeated for the second surface too.
A detailed study is carried out and the proposed technique is compared against the available methods. The new technique enables accurate computation of transient temperatures for gas turbine components leading to accurate life prediction for these components. It is shown that ‘Surface Effect Element Method’ has comparable accuracy but significantly lower cycle time and efforts compared to existing methods.
Thermal Analysis of Gas Turbine Bearing Compartment During Normal Operation Period
Authors: Kanike Nagaraju , Taluru Danteswara , Nelanti Krishna , Gujar Kamlesh G. 
Published: October 2013

Modern Gas turbine efficiency increase accompanied by higher turbine inlet temperature, pressure levels and rotor speeds. These demands an accurate thermal analysis of bearing compartments as large load transferred through bearings and heat load from surrounding environment. Two phase flow air &oil) is common in bearing compartments and it makes heat transfer coefficient estimation a difficult task. Bearing friction, oil churning, seals heat generations and heat input from the surroundings need to be considered accurately to predict the compartment temperatures at various operating conditions.
In addition to analysis for operating conditions, bearing compartment soak back analysis is also critical for safe operation of bearings. Absence of oil flow during shutdown of the engine can cause coking of oil film due to heat soak from the hot surroundings. Accurate soak back analysis is therefore required to simulate the thermal response of the bearing compartment during shutdown.
For the normal operating conditions, detailed numerical investigations are carried out to predict (i) optimal oil flow rate at a given rotor speed, (ii) maximum rotor speed allowed for the specified oil flow rate and (iii) the heat transfer rates for various air fractions of the oil & air mixture. The results are validated against available Engine data on scavenge oil and bearing race metal temperatures.
Spatial and temporal performance of 3D optical surface imaging for real‐time head position tracking
Authors: Wiersma Rodney D. , Tomarken S. L. , Grelewicz Zachary , Belcher Andrew H. , Kang Hyejoo 
Published: October 2013

Purpose:The spatial and temporal tracking performance of a commercially available 3D optical surface imaging system is evaluated for its potential use in frameless stereotactic radiosurgery head tracking applications.Methods:Both 3D surface and infrared (IR) marker tracking were performed simultaneously on a head phantom mounted on anxyz motion stage and on four human subjects. To allow spatial and temporal comparison on human subjects, three points were simultaneously monitored, including the upper facial region (3D surface), a dental plate (IR markers), and upper forehead (IR markers).Results:For both static and dynamic phantom studies, the 3D surface tracker was found to have a root mean squared error (RMSE) of approximately 0.30 mm for region‐of‐interest (ROI) surface sizes greater than 1000 vertex points. Although, the processing period (1/fps) of the 3D surface system was found to linearly increase as a function of the number of ROI vertex points, the tracking accuracy was found to be independent of ROI size provided that the ROI was sufficiently large and contained features for registration. For human subjects, the RMSE between 3D surface tracking and IR marker tracking modalities was 0.22 mm left‐right (x‐axis), 0.44 mm superior‐inferior (y‐axis), 0.27 mm anterior‐posterior (z‐axis), 0.29° pitch (around x‐axis), 0.18° roll (around y‐axis), and 0.15° yaw (around z‐axis).Conclusions:3D surface imaging has the potential to provide submillimeter level head motion tracking. This is provided that a highly accurate camera‐to‐LINAC frame of reference calibration can be performed and that the reference ROI is of sufficient size and contains suitable surface features for registration.
CT image assessment by low contrast signal detectability evaluation with unknown signal location
Authors: Popescu Lucretiu M. , Myers Kyle J. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose:To devise a new methodology for CT image quality evaluation in order to assess the dose reduction potential of new iterative reconstruction algorithms (IRA).Methods:Because of the nonlinear behavior of IRA, the authors propose a task‐based methodology consisting of measuring the detectability of small, low contrast signals at random locations. The authors test, via simulations, a phantom design that facilitates human and numerical observer studies in such conditions. The setup allows for the random selection of regions of interest (ROI) around each signal, so that the relative signal location is unknown if the ROIs are shown separately. With such a setup one can perform signal detectability measurements with a variety of image reading arrangements and data analysis methods. In this work, the authors demonstrate the use of the localization relative operating characteristic method. The phantom design also allows for efficient image evaluation utilizing an automatic signal search technique and a recently developed nonparametric data analysis method using the exponential transformation of the free response characteristic curve.Results:The authors present the application of these methods by performing a comparison between the filtered back projection (FBP) algorithm and a polychromatic iterative image reconstruction algorithm. In this generic illustration of the image evaluation framework, the expected improved performance of the IRA over FBP is confirmed.Conclusions:The results demonstrate the ability of these methods to determine signal detectability indices with good accuracy with only a small number, of the order of a few tens, of image samples.
Dimensionality and noise in energy selective x‐ray imaging
Authors: Alvarez Robert E. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose:To develop and test a method to quantify the effect of dimensionality on the noise in energy selective x‐ray imaging.Methods:The Cramèr‐Rao lower bound (CRLB), a universal lower limit of the covariance of any unbiased estimator, is used to quantify the noise. It is shown that increasing dimensionality always increases, or at best leaves the same, the variance. An analytic formula for the increase in variance in an energy selective x‐ray system is derived. The formula is used to gain insight into the dependence of the increase in variance on the properties of the additional basis functions, the measurement noise covariance, and the source spectrum. The formula is also used with computer simulations to quantify the dependence of the additional variance on these factors. Simulated images of an object with three materials are used to demonstrate the trade‐off of increased information with dimensionality and noise. The images are computed from energy selective data with a maximum likelihood estimator.Results:The increase in variance depends most importantly on the dimension and on the properties of the additional basis functions. With the attenuation coefficients of cortical bone, soft tissue, and adipose tissue as the basis functions, the increase in variance of the bone component from two to three dimensions is 1.4 × 103. With the soft tissue component, it is 2.7 × 104. If the attenuation coefficient of a high atomic number contrast agent is used as the third basis function, there is only a slight increase in the variance from two to three basis functions, 1.03 and 7.4 for the bone and soft tissue components, respectively. The changes in spectrum shape with beam hardening also have a substantial effect. They increase the variance by a factor of approximately 200 for the bone component and 220 for the soft tissue component as the soft tissue object thickness increases from 1 to 30 cm. Decreasing the energy resolution of the detectors increases the variance of the bone component markedly with three dimension processing, approximately a factor of 25 as the resolution decreases from 100 to 3 bins. The increase with two dimension processing for adipose tissue is a factor of two and with the contrast agent as the third material for two or three dimensions is also a factor of two for both components. The simulated images show that a maximum likelihood estimator can be used to process energy selective x‐ray data to produce images with noise close to the CRLB.Conclusions:The method presented can be used to compute the effects of the object attenuation coefficients and the x‐ray system properties on the relationship of dimensionality and noise in energy selective x‐ray imaging systems.
Automatic localization of the fetal cerebellum on 3D ultrasound volumes
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Yu Jinhua , Wang Yuanyuan , Chen Ping 
Published: October 2013

Purpose:Assessment of the fetal cerebellar volume on 3D ultrasound data sets is very important in the clinical evaluation of the fetal growth and health. However, the irregular shape of the cerebellum and the strong artifacts of ultrasound images complicate the segmentation without manual intervention. In this paper, the authors propose an approach to locate the cerebellum automatically, which is considered as a prework of the segmentation.Methods:The authors present a weighted Hough transform and a constrained randomized Hough transform to detect the fetal brain midline and the skull, respectively. By combining the location information of these two structures with local image features, a constrained probabilistic boosting tree is then proposed to search the cerebellum.Results:This algorithm was tested on ultrasound volumes of the fetal head with the gestational age ranging from 20 to 33 weeks. Compared with manual measurements, this algorithm obtained a satisfactory performance with the mean Dice similarity coefficient of 0.92 and the average processing time of 0.75 s per case.Conclusions:The results demonstrate that the proposed method is an automatic, fast, and accurate tool for searching the fetal cerebellum on ultrasound volumes.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Bacillus
sp. Strain SB47, an Obligate Extreme Halophile Isolated from a Salt Pan of the Little Rann of Kutch, India
Authors: Pal Kamal Krishna , Dey Rinku , Thomas Manesh , Sherathia Dharmesh , Dalsania Trupti , Patel Ilaxi , Savsani Kinjal , Ghorai Sucheta , Vanpariya Sejal , Sukhadiya Bhoomika , Mandaliya Mona , Rupapara Rupal , Rawal Priya , Saxena Anil Kumar 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the 4.46-Mbp draft genome sequence of
Bacillus
sp. strain SB47, an extreme halophile isolated from a salt pan of the Little Rann of Kutch, India. Exploring the genome of this organism will facilitate the understanding and isolation of the gene(s) involved in its extreme osmotolerance.
Glycolysis Back in the Limelight: Systemic Targeting of HK2 Blocks Tumor Growth
Authors: Ros Susana , Schulze Almut 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Summary: In a recent issue of Cancer Cell, Patra and colleagues report findings that underscore the importance of Hexokinase 2 (HK2) in tumor initiation and maintenance. The authors also show that HK2 can be systemically deleted without adverse physiologic consequences. These findings provide attractive insights into HK2 deletion as a potential therapeutic intervention for cancer. Cancer Discov; 3(10); 1105–7. ©2013 AACR.
Direct Comparison of Adjacent Endocardial and Epicardial Electrograms: Implications for Substrate Mapping
Authors: Tokuda Michifumi , Tedrow Usha B. , Inada Keiichi , Reichlin Tobias , Michaud Gregory F. , John Roy M. , Epstein Laurence M. , Stevenson William G. 
Published: October 2013

Background
Analysis of unipolar voltage maps has been used to detect epicardial scar, but data to define optimal parameters to identify scar remote from the recording site is limited. This study compares the characteristics of electrograms at endocardial sites adjacent to abnormal epicardial sites.

Methods and Results

Data obtained from endocardial and epicardial electroanatomical maps of 31 patients with scar‐related ventricular tachycardia were reviewed. Five hundred twenty‐three pairs of endo‐ and epicardial points were selected according to predefined criteria. The endocardial points adjacent to epicardial scar (bipolar voltage <1.5
mV
) had smaller unipolar voltage than those distant from epicardial scar (
P
<0.001). In multivariable analysis, unipolar voltage was the only endocardial electrogram predictor of epicardial scar (
P
<0.001,
OR
0.94, 95%
CI
0.93 to 0.97). An endocardial unipolar amplitude <4.4
mV
in the
right ventricular (RV)
(sensitivity 93%, specificity 76%) and <5.1
mV
in the
left ventricular (LV)
(sensitivity 91%, specificity 75%) was the optimal cutoff predicting epicardial scar. Applying these thresholds to electroanatomical maps, revealed a good match between endocardial unipolar abnormality and epicardial scar for 67% of
LV
and 75% of
RV
maps, respectively, but notably poor matches occurred in 8 (29%) maps (7 with nonischemic cardiomyopathy). Site‐by‐site correlations were better for ischemic than nonischemic cardiomyopathy.

Conclusions
This study supports the contention that unipolar electrograms are capable of indicating overlying epicardial scar during endocardial mapping, but illustrates limitations that appear to differ with nonischemic as compared to ischemic cardiomyopathy. The presence of epicardial arrhythmia substrate cannot be excluded by analysis of unipolar endocardial maps in some patients.