bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slit Binding via the Ig1 Domain Is Essential for Midline Repulsion by Drosophila Robo1 but Dispensable for Receptor Expression, Localization, and Regulation in Vivo
Authors: Brown Haley E , Reichert Marie C , Evans Timothy A 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The midline repellant ligand Slit and its Roundabout (Robo) family receptors constitute the major midline repulsive pathway in bilaterians. Slit proteins produced at the midline of the central nervous system (CNS) signal through Robo receptors expressed on axons to prevent them from crossing the midline, and thus regulate connectivity between the two sides of the nervous system. Biochemical structure and interaction studies support a model in which Slit binding to the first immunoglobulin-like (Ig1) domain of Robo receptors activates a repulsive signaling pathway in axonal growth cones. Here, we examine the in vivo functional importance of the Ig1 domain of the Drosophila Robo1 receptor, which controls midline crossing of axons in response to Slit during development of the embryonic CNS. We show that deleting Ig1 from Robo1 disrupts Slit binding in cultured Drosophila cells, and that a Robo1 variant lacking Ig1 (Robo1∆Ig1) is unable to promote ectopic midline repulsion in gain-of-function studies in the Drosophila embryonic CNS. We show that the Ig1 domain is not required for proper expression, axonal localization, or Commissureless (Comm)-dependent regulation of Robo1 in vivo, and we use a genetic rescue assay to show that Robo1∆Ig1 is unable to substitute for full-length Robo1 to properly regulate midline crossing of axons. These results establish a direct link between in vitro biochemical studies of Slit–Robo interactions and in vivo genetic studies of Slit-Robo signaling during midline axon guidance, and distinguish Slit-dependent from Slit-independent aspects of Robo1 expression, regulation, and activity during embryonic development.
The Double-Reduction Landscape in Tetraploid Potato as Revealed by a High-Density Linkage Map
Authors: Bourke Peter M , Voorrips Roeland E , Visser Richard G F , Maliepaard Chris 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe creation of genetic linkage maps in polyploid species has been a long-standing problem for which various approaches have been proposed. In the case of autopolyploids, a commonly used simplification is that random bivalents form during meiosis. This leads to relatively straightforward estimation of recombination frequencies using maximum likelihood, from which a genetic map can be derived. However, autopolyploids such as tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) may exhibit additional features, such as double reduction, not normally encountered in diploid or allopolyploid species. In this study, we produced a high-density linkage map of tetraploid potato and used it to identify regions of double reduction in a biparental mapping population. The frequency of multivalents required to produce this degree of double reduction was determined through simulation. We also determined the effect that multivalents or preferential pairing between homologous chromosomes has on linkage mapping. Low levels of multivalents or preferential pairing do not adversely affect map construction when highly informative marker types and phases are used. We reveal the double-reduction landscape in tetraploid potato, clearly showing that this phenomenon increases with distance from the centromeres.
Lo relativo y lo universal en la defensa de las humanidades para la democracia
Authors: Galindo Liliana 
Published: September 2015

<p>Cuando se pone en duda la importancia del estudio de las humanidades aparecen varios argumentos en su defensa. En este ensayo se analiza uno de ellos: la democracia las necesita. A partir del modelo educativo para la democracia que Martha Nussbaum propone en<em> Sin fines de lucro: por qué la democracia necesita de las humanidades</em> se explora la noción de educación liberal, la necesidad de la democracia y la idea de humanidad que aparecen en este argumento, con el fin de preguntarnos sobre la importancia que se le da al estudio especializado de las humanidades en la educación superior, lo que se entiende por ellas, su autonomía frente a su función para la democracia, y la manera en que educan la forma en que vemos a los otros y nos relacionamos con ellos. </p>
The Pattern of Injury and Workload Associated with Managing Patients After Suicide Attempt by Jumping from a Height
Authors: Rocos B , Acharya M , Chesser T.J.S 
Published: September 2015

Purpose :The aim of this study is to examine the pattern of injuries sustained and the hospital workload generated by patients who deliberately jump from height.Method :One regional trauma centre's admissions were scrutinized to find all patients who jumped, or were suspected of jumping from one storey or greater over a four year period. Patients who died prior to admission were excluded.Results :41 patients were included. Each patient suffered a mean of 3 injuries. The probability of calcaneal fracture was 0.32, of ankle injury 0.2, tibial fracture 0.2, femoral fracture 0.17, pelvic fracture 0.34, spinal injury 0.51, upper limb injury 0.26, head injury 0.2 and trunk injury 0.32. The mean length of inpatient stay was 7.9 days, rising to 17.9 for the 11 patients requiring intensive care. The average number of operations per patient was 1.5.Conclusion :Patients who jump from height generate large volumes of operative and inpatient workloads. Our data show that there may be a protective effect of limb trauma against lethal head, chest or pelvic injury. Injury to the upper limb is associated with a 4 times greater risk of head injury. The incidence of pelvic injury in this series is higher than in previous work. There was a high incidence of spinal fracture. Patients generated 64 surgical procedures and consumed a mean of 17.9 inpatient days, including prolonged stay in intensive care.
Comparison of Pre- and Postoperative Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Levels in Hip Arthroscopy
Authors: Seijas Roberto , Espinosa Wenceslao , Sallent Andrea , Cuscó Xavier , Cugat Ramón , Ares Oscar 
Published: September 2015

Purpose :to assess the loss in hematocrit and hemoglobin, if any, 24 hours after hip arthroscopy.Methods :thirty-five patients were included. Laboratory tests including complete blood count and white blood cells were performed one week prior to surgery and 24 hours after. Surgical time, volume of saline perfusion and pump perfusion was also recorded.Results :mean preoperative hematocrit was 42.01% (4.63 SD), whereas mean postoperative hematocrit at 24 h decreased to 36.78% (SD 5.11) (p <0.021.). Mean preoperative hemoglobin was 14.23 g/dL (1.73 SD), and mean postoperative hemoglobin at 24 h decreased to 12.40 g/dL (SD 1.92) (p =0.03.). Platelets and white blood cells, as well as the remaining biochemical parameters showed no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative samples. Lost blood volume worked out with the logarithmic method for estimated blood loss was which 0.78 liters (SD 0.45). Lost blood volume taking into account, the red blood cell mass was also 0.78 liters (SD 0.45).Conclusion :a significant decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit after hip arthroscopy was observed. Although patients did not show clinical signs of anemia or bleeding, blood loss should be considered when planning a hip arthroscopy, especially in patients at risk of anemia. According to our results, we recommend a postoperative control analysis at 24 h.Level of Evidence :level II, Diagnostic Study.
Mixed Martial Arts: History, Physiology and Training Aspects
Authors: Souza-Junior Tácito P. , Ide Bernardo N. , Sasaki Jeffer E. , Lima Rafael F. , Abad Cesar C. C. , Leite Richard D. , Barros Marcelo P. , Utter Allan C. 
Published: September 2015

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to review current knowledge on exercise physiology and sports training
that can be applied to develop training programs for Mixed Martial Arts.

Methods:
A non-systematic literature review
was conducted to search for articles related to history, physiology and training of Mixed Martial Arts and other Martial
Arts such as Judo, Wrestling, Jiu-Jitsu, and Karate. A review on aerobic, anaerobic, strength and power training was also
conducted and directly related to Mixed Martial Arts training.

Results:
There is scarce scientific information about training
methods and physiological responses to specific efforts in Mixed Martial Arts. Many studies were reviewed and
meaningful information on physiology and training were summarized for application in Mixed Martial Arts.

Conclusion:
The present study provides a review on important physiology and training aspects for successful preparation of Mixed
Martial Arts athletes.
Pseudocholinesterase as a prognostic marker for liver disorder
Authors: Dhungana Arun , Sinha Jitendra Narayan , Sapkota Saroj , Athokpam Rajendra Singh 
Published: September 2015

Background: Liver is the main source of pseudo cholinesterase. It is a non-specific cholinesterase found in the blood plasma and may be reduced in patients with advanced liver diseases. Measurement of serum pseudo cholinesterase activity serves as a sensitive indicator of synthetic capacity of the liver and can be used as a prognostic marker for carcinoma.Objective: To study pseudo cholinesterase activities in liver diseases.Method: A prospective study was conducted at College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital (CMS-TH), from May 2011 to May 2013 with 25 controls and 25 diagnosed cases each of carcinoma of liver, cirrhosis of liver, infective hepatitis and obstructive jaundice among both sexes of same age group attending medical outpatient and inpatient departments. Serum pseudo cholinesterase and other liver function tests were performed with semi-auto analyzer and Roche Hitachi 902 respectively.Results: Pseudo cholinesterase level was markedly decreased in carcinoma of liver (mean ± SD = 1369.48 ± 276.64 IU/L) followed by cirrhosis of liver (mean ± SD = 1735.16 ± 433.82 IU/L), infective hepatitis (mean ± SD = 3800.69 ± 764.17 IU/L), obstructive jaundice (mean ± SD = 5539 ± 791.05 IU/L) when compared with controls (mean ± SD = 6865.12 ± 928.41 IU/L). The difference in the means was statistically significant (p <0.001).Conclusion: There was significant decrease in pseudo holing esterase level in carcinoma of liver followed by cirrhosis of liver while less so in infective hepatitis. In obstructive jaundice the enzyme level was found to be decreased but higher than other liver diseases. The results indicated that with more severe liver cell destruction or cell degeneration, there was corresponding significant decrease in the level of pseudo cholinesterase, which could be used as diagnostic marker of liver disease.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 3, No. 4, Issue 10, Oct.-Dec., 2014Page: 131-135
Pharmacological effects of traditional herbal plant garlic (Allium sativum): A review
Authors: Paudel Keshab Raj 
Published: September 2015

This study aimed to review the different pharmacological effects of garlic. Garlic, Allium sativum, is a herbal plant which has been used in different food preparations since long time. Many studies have shown that allicin is the main compound in garlic which is generated from alliin with the help of alliinase enzyme and is responsible for many pharmacological effects. Different studies have shown that garlic has pharmacological effects such as antihypertensive, antihypercholesterolaemic, antiplatelet, hypoglycaemic, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, etc. However, studies in the literature havesome confl icting fi ndings and meta-analyses are also slightly different for different effects. Despite these fi ndings, most of the studies, including meta-analyses, have shown signifi cant antihypertensive and hypolipidaemic effects of garlic. Based on the data in the literature, regular dietary consumption of raw garlic, two to four grams, equivalent to one clove of garlic, or 600-900 mg garlic powder per day, if not contraindicated, may be effective for different benefi cialpharmacological effects.Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 4, Oct.-Dec., 2014Page: 158-161
Hor - a sedentarisation success for Tibetan pastoralists in Qinghai?
Authors: Ptackova Jarmila 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Most outside observers of current development in grassland areas of China see sedentarisation policies rather sceptically. Among other issues, the accelerated planning and implementation period, the poor quality of housing and facilities at the settlement sites, the lack of alternative livelihood opportunities and the loss of nomad culture are commonly mentioned in critiques of the rapid sedentarisation that has taken place in China in the past decade. Reports in the Chinese media tend to tell a different story, celebrating sedentarisation as a welcome step towards modernity among the grassland population. This paper examines one new settlement, Hor, where in 2009 locals confirmed the positive rhetoric of the government and averred that the advantages brought by sedentarisation outweighed its negatives. More recent research shows that the situation in Hor is, in fact, more complex and the touted successes of the sedentarisation policy may not be long-lasting.
Housing projects in the nomadic areas of China's eastern Tibetan plateau: representation, market logic, and governmentality
Authors: (Kabzung) Gaerrang 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This paper explores the Chinese government's efforts to develop housing projects in Sichuan Province, and to encourage Tibetan herders to settle and enter the market economy. The paper uses primary sources to analyse how media and government reports provide a constructed image of Tibetan herders and their cultural landscape. These reports depict Tibetan traditions, including Buddhism, as impediments to modernisation, secularisation, market-oriented logic, materialism, and governmentality. Finally, the reports are contextualised in a larger governmental effort to continue with housing and economic projects in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau.
Pha Yul: an analysis of grassland management policies in Amdo-Qinghai
Authors: Cencetti Elisa 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

This article does not aim to reconstruct the semantic evolution of
pha yul
. Rather, it seeks to retrace the evolution of the land management policies implemented by the Chinese government, through the study of the current polysemy of this concept. I will study the word pha yul analysing its multiple meanings, the different ways in which it is used and the articulation of these different meanings in light of recent political transformations and grassland management policies. This paper is based on data collected during ethnographic fieldwork between 2009 and 2010. I base the analysis on the example of two families of Tibetan herders relocated in a new settlement in the Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of mTsho lho (Chinese: Hainan) in Qinghai province. In the first part of the article, their life trajectories and survival strategies since the 1980s are discussed in relation to an analysis of transformations in land management policies and the concept of phayul. In the last part of the article, I will retrace the history of a number of heterogeneous land management policies - ranging from environmental protection to economic development - which have been implemented since the 1980s. Their succession and overlapping has deeply influenced herders' pastoral activities and their ways of exploiting regional resources. To a certain degree, these policies started social and economic transformations which actually met (and continue to meet) political, as well as environmental and economic aims of the Chinese government. Certain current uses of the word
pha yul
underline this trend. Nevertheless, others uses of this word highlight another kind of transformation, briefly analysed in the last part of the article: the rhetoric of Tibetan nationalism also uses the word
pha yul
to indicate the 'fatherland' of all Tibetans, claiming that it is big as or even greater than the entire Tibetan Plateau.
Infrastructure development and urbanisation in pastoralist Amdo (a research report)
Authors: Iselin Lilian 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The past two decades have seen massive investments in infrastructure development in China's western regions. Formerly hard to access, the remote grasslands of the Amdo region in Sichuan Province are today incorporated into an ever-growing road network, which connects dispersed summer and winter pastures with township centres and outlying townships with county towns, prefecture towns and, by extension, with provincial capitals and the national transportation system. Infrastructural development impacts on economic development not only in terms of access to markets, but also the basic mobility patterns of pastoralists. This paper elucidates the interrelationships between transportation infrastructure development, motorisation and urbanisation. I argue that motorisation plays an important role in the incorporation of nomads into the newly constructed settlements and the urban spaces of Amdo. The motorisation of pastoralist households, which developed alongside road construction, has produced new mobility patterns and facilitated novel types of movement. Pastoralists use motorised vehicles to maintain communication with townspeople and to access public spaces in urban centres. Accounts of urbanisation processes in pastoral regions cannot ignore the pastoralists who still live outside urban centres, but for whom motorisation and construction of roads has facilitated a wholly different level of access to urban areas that are, in multiple ways, inscribing urban forms onto the nomads' lands.
Lung‐derived exosome uptake into and epigenetic modulation of marrow progenitor/stem and differentiated cells
Authors: Aliotta Jason M. , Pereira Mandy , Sears Edmund H. , Dooner Mark S. , Wen Sicheng , Goldberg Laura R. , Quesenberry Peter J. 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundOur group has previously demonstrated that murine whole bone marrow cells (WBM) that internalize lung‐derived extracellular vesicles (LDEVs) in culture express pulmonary epithelial cell–specific genes for up to 12 weeks. In addition, the lungs of lethally irradiated mice transplanted with lung vesicle–modulated marrow have 5 times more WBM‐derived type II pneumocytes compared to mice transplanted with unmanipulated WBM. These findings indicate that extracellular vesicle modification may be an important consideration in the development of marrow cell–based cellular therapies. Current studies were performed to determine the specific marrow cell types that LDEV stably modify.MethodsMurine WBM‐derived stem/progenitor cells (Lin‐/Sca‐1+) and differentiated erythroid cells (Ter119+), granulocytes (Gr‐1+) and B cells (CD19+) were cultured with carboxyfluorescein N‐succinimidyl ester (CFSE)‐labelled LDEV. LDEV+ cells (CFSE+) and LDEV− cells (CFSE−) were separated by flow cytometry and visualized by fluorescence microscopy, analyzed by RT‐PCR or placed into long‐term secondary culture. In addition, murine Lin‐/Sca‐1+ cells were cultured with CFSE‐labelled LDEV isolated from rats, and RT‐PCR analysis was performed on LDEV+ and – cells using species‐specific primers for surfactant (rat/mouse hybrid co‐cultures).ResultsStem/progenitor cells and all of the differentiated cell types studied internalized LDEV in culture, but heterogeneously. Expression of a panel of pulmonary epithelial cell genes was higher in LDEV+cells compared to LDEV− cells and elevated expression of these genes persisted in long‐term culture. Rat/mouse hybrid co‐cultures revealed only mouse‐specific surfactant B and C expression in LDEV+ Lin‐/Sca‐1+cells after 4 weeks of culture, indicating stable de novo gene expression.ConclusionsLDEV can be internalized by differentiated and more primitive cells residing in the bone marrow in culture and can induce stable de novo pulmonary epithelial cell gene expression in these cells for several weeks after internalization. The gene expression represents a transcriptional activation of the target marrow cells. These studies serve as the basis for determining marrow cell types that can be used for cell‐based therapies for processes that injure the pulmonary epithelial surfaces.
An integrative approach to understanding the evolution and diversity of Copiapoa (Cactaceae), a threatened endemic Chilean genus from the Atacama Desert
Authors: Larridon Isabel , Walter Helmut E. , Guerrero Pablo C. , Duarte Milén , Cisternas Mauricio A. , Hernández Carol Peña , Bauters Kenneth , Asselman Pieter , Goetghebeur Paul , Samain Marie‐Stéphanie 
Published: September 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Species of the endemic Chilean cactus genus Copiapoa have cylindrical or (sub)globose stems that are solitary or form (large) clusters and typically yellow flowers. Many species are threatened with extinction. Despite being icons of the Atacama Desert and well loved by cactus enthusiasts, the evolution and diversity of Copiapoa has not yet been studied using a molecular approach.METHODS:Sequence data of three plastid DNA markers (rpl32‐trnL, trnH‐psbA, ycf1) of 39 Copiapoa taxa were analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches. Species distributions were modeled based on geo‐referenced localities and climatic data. Evolution of character states of four characters (root morphology, stem branching, stem shape, and stem diameter) as well as ancestral areas were reconstructed using a Bayesian and maximum likelihood framework, respectively.KEY RESULTS:Clades of species are revealed. Though 32 morphologically defined species can be recognized, genetic diversity between some species and infraspecific taxa is too low to delimit their boundaries using plastid DNA markers. Recovered relationships are often supported by morphological and biogeographical patterns. The origin of Copiapoa likely lies between southern Peru and the extreme north of Chile. The Copiapó Valley limited colonization between two biogeographical areas.CONCLUSIONS:Copiapoa is here defined to include 32 species and five heterotypic subspecies. Thirty species are classified into four sections and two subsections, while two species remain unplaced. A better understanding of evolution and diversity of Copiapoa will allow allocating conservation resources to the most threatened lineages and focusing conservation action on real biodiversity.
Bioinformatic identification and expression analysis of Nelumbo nucifera microRNA and their targets
Authors: Pan Lei , Wang Xiaolei , Jin Jing , Yu Xiaolu , Hu Jihong 
Published: September 2015

Premise of the study:Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a perennial aquatic herbaceous plant of ecological, ornamental, and economic importance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in plant development. However, reports of miRNAs and their role in sacred lotus have been limited.Methods:Using the homology search of known miRNAs with genome and transcriptome contig sequences, we employed a pipeline to identify miRNAs in N. nucifera. We also predicted the targets of these miRNAs.Results:We found 106 conserved miRNAs in N. nucifera, and 456 of their miRNA targets were annotated. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) analysis revealed the different expression levels of the 10 selected conserved miRNAs in tissues of young leaves, stems, and flowers of N. nucifera. Negative correlation of expression level between five miRNAs and their target genes was also revealed.Discussion:Combining bioinformatics and experiment analysis, we identified the miRNAs in N. nucifera. The results can be used as a workbench for further investigation of the roles of miRNAs in N. nucifera.