bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Marcellus Shale Gas Development in Pennsylvania and Local Perceptions of Risk and Opportunity
Authors: Schafft Kai A. , Borlu Yetkin , Glenna Leland 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRecent advances in gas and oil drilling technology have led to dramatic boomtown development in many rural areas that have endured extended periods of economic decline. In Pennsylvania's Marcellus gas fields, the recent development of unconventional shale gas resources has not been without controversy. It has been variously framed as a major opportunity for economic revitalization at the local and regional levels and energy independence at the national level, but also as a significant environmental risk, with uncertain and uneven economic benefits. We use data from a survey conducted in 309 school districts located within Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale region to study the ways local stakeholders perceive both risk and opportunity associated with gas extraction from Marcellus Shale. Our analyses indicate that there is a strong positive association between perceptions of risk and opportunity associated with gas extraction. Further, the intensity of perception of both risk and opportunity is directly associated with the amount of local drilling, suggesting the complexity of local contexts within which local stakeholders evaluate rapid boomtown‐associated community change. In total, these findings complicate the framing of unconventional gas extraction in the Marcellus Shale region, and indeed boomtown growth overall, as fundamentally polarizing issues.
Vascular Access Surveillance: Case Study of a False Paradigm
Authors: Paulson William D. , Moist Louise , Lok Charmaine E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe hemodialysis vascular access surveillance controversy provides a case study of how enthusiasm for a new test or treatment can lead to adoption of a false paradigm. Paradigms are the beliefs and assumptions shared by those in a field of knowledge, and are commonly included in clinical practice guidelines. The guidelines of the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative recommend that arteriovenous vascular accesses undergo routine surveillance for detection and correction of stenosis. This recommendation is based on the paradigm that surveillance of access blood flow or dialysis venous pressure combined with correction of stenosis improves access outcomes. However, the quality of evidence that supports this paradigm has been widely criticized. We tested the validity of the surveillance paradigm by applying World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for evaluating screening tests to a literature review of published vascular access studies. These criteria include four components: undesired condition, screening test, intervention, and desired outcome. The WHO criteria show that surveillance as currently practiced fails all four components and provides little or no significant benefit, suggesting that surveillance is a false paradigm. Once a paradigm is established, however, challenges to its validity are usually resisted even as new evidence indicates the paradigm is not valid. Thus, it is paramount to apply rigorous criteria when developing guidelines. Regulators may help promote needed changes in paradigms when cost and safety considerations coincide.
Human herpesvirus‐6 encephalitis during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation leads to poor prognosis
Authors: Shimazu Y. , Kondo T. , Ishikawa T. , Yamashita K. , Takaori‐Kondo A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntroductionIndications for the application of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from alternative donors have remarkably broadened in scope; however, the incidence of infections that lead to failure of HSCT, such as human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) encephalitis, has also increased.MethodsWe analyzed risk factors for symptomatic HHV‐6 reactivation and the development of HHV‐6 encephalitis in 140 consecutive adult patients who received allogeneic HSCT at our institution. Stem cell sources for the recipients were as follows: related‐donor bone marrow in 40, related‐donor peripheral blood in 5, unrelated bone marrow in 67, and unrelated cord blood in 28.ResultsSymptomatic HHV‐6 reactivation occurred in 22 patients (16%), and 11 patients manifested encephalitis. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis identified cord blood cell transplantation (CBT) as an independent predictor of HHV‐6 reactivation (P = 0.008). Hyponatremia or hypernatremia at the time of HHV‐6 reactivation was detected before the development of HHV‐6 encephalitis in 2 or 4 patients, respectively. Two patients died of HHV‐6 encephalitis and 6 patients died of relapse of underlying diseases. Survival analysis identified higher risk of the disease (P = 0.021) and HHV‐6 encephalitis (P = 0.003) as independent risk factors for reduced overall survival.ConclusionIn cases involving CBT or unrelated‐donor transplantation, patients should be carefully monitored for the symptomatic reactivation of HHV‐6.
Evaluation of risk factors for cytomegalovirus infection and disease occurring within 1 year of liver transplantation in high‐risk patients
Authors: Katsolis J.G. , Bosch W. , Heckman M.G. , Diehl N.N. , Shalev J.A. , Pungpapong S. , Gonwa T.A. , Hellinger W.C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies have demonstrated that cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease are associated with increased risk of graft loss and death in high‐risk (donor CMV seropositive/recipient CMV seronegative) liver transplant recipients (LTR) despite effective antiviral chemoprophylaxis. Predictors of CMV infection and disease in this important population are incompletely defined.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of 227 high‐risk first LTR who received primary anti‐CMV chemoprophylaxis during the first 100 days after transplant was performed. A large number of patient, donor, operative, and post‐transplant potential risk factors were collected. Associations of potential risk factors for CMV infection or disease that occurred during the first year after transplant were assessed using Cox regression models. After Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing, P‐values ≤0.00125 (associations with CMV infection) and ≤0.00122 (associations with CMV disease) were considered as statistically significant.ResultsCMV infection and disease occurred in 91 (40%) and 43 (19%) of LTR, respectively. In multivariable analysis, increased risk of CMV infection was observed for patients with lower model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score (P = 0.025), lower total bilirubin (P = 0.014), and longer operative time (P = 0.038), whereas increased risk of CMV disease was seen in patients with lower MELD score (P = 0.026), lower total bilirubin (P = 0.044), and lower international normalized ratio (P = 0.043). However, after adjustment for multiple testing, none of these findings approached statistical significance.ConclusionOur results suggest that interventions designed to prevent CMV infection and disease should be applied to all high‐risk LTR until more definitive predictors of these complications are identified.
Ureteral stent placement and BK viremia in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Kayler L. , Zendejas I. , Schain D. , Magliocca J. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntroductionBK virus (BKV) infection is an important cause of kidney transplant dysfunction. A possible association of double‐J ureteral stent placement and BK viremia has been suggested in previous studies; however, risk factors for BK are incompletely understood. We aimed to determine if stent placement is an independent risk factor for BK viremia.MethodsData were collected on consecutive kidney‐only transplant recipients between December 1, 2006 and June 30, 2010. All patients had at least 12 months of follow‐up.ResultsOf 600 consecutive kidney transplants, BK viremia within the first post‐transplant year was detected in 93 patients (15.5%); in 70 of these cases, the peak BKV polymerase chain reaction was ≥10,000 copies/mL. By multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for BK viremia were recipient age (P = 0.02) and stent placement (P = 0.03). Stents were placed in 49.2% and removed at a median of 46 days (range: 11–284) post transplantation; removals occurred within 0–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, 120–150, and >150 days post transplantation in 18.4%, 67.2%, 10.5%, 2.4%, 1.0%, and 0.3% of cases, respectively. No association was found of BK viremia with stent duration >46 days (P = 0.70) or by the 6‐level groupings (P = 0.92).ConclusionsAlthough we observed a significant association of BK viremia with stent placement, no dose‐dependent effect was seen.
A prospective study of downhill mountain biking injuries
Authors: Becker Johannes , Runer Armin , Neunhäuserer Daniel , Frick Nora , Resch Herbert , Moroder Philipp 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundDownhill mountain biking (DMB) has become an increasingly popular extreme sport in the last few years with high velocities and bold manoeuvres. The goal of this study was to provide information on the pattern and causes of injuries in order to provide starting points for injury prevention measures.MethodsWe performed a monthly e-mail-based prospective survey of 249 riders over one summer season ranging from April until September 2011.ResultsA total of 494 injuries occurred during the 29 401 h of downhill exposure recorded, of these 65% were mild, 22% moderate and 13% severe, of which 41% led to a total restriction greater than 28 days. The calculated overall injury rate was 16.8 injuries per 1000 h of exposure. For experts it was 17.9 injuries per 1000 h of exposure, which is significantly higher than the 13.4 for professional riders (OR 1.34; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.75; p=0.03). A significantly higher rate of injury was reported during competition (20 per 1000 h) than during practice (13 per 1000 h) (OR 1.53; 95% CI, 1.16 to 2.01; p=0.0022). The most commonly injured body site was the lower leg (27%) followed by the forearm (25%). Most frequent injury types were abrasions (64%) and contusions (56%). Main causes of injury reported by the riders were riding errors (72%) and bad trail conditions (31%).ConclusionsAccording to our data DMB can be considered an extreme sport conveying a high risk of serious injury. Strategies of injury prevention should focus on improvements in riders’ technique, checking of local trail conditions and protective equipment design.
Coping after recurrent miscarriage: uncertainty and bracing for the worst
Authors: Ockhuijsen Henrietta D L , Boivin Jacky , van den Hoogen Agnes , Macklon Nickolas S 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to understand how women with single or recurrent miscarriages cope during the waiting periods after miscarriage – waiting for pregnancy or waiting for pregnancy confirmation – and to investigate their perception of a ‘positive reappraisal’ coping intervention designed for these waiting periods. Positive reappraisal is a cognitive strategy to change the meaning of a situation, specifically reinterpreting the situation in a more positive way.MethodsA qualitative methodology was used. Data were obtained from two focus groups comprising nine women with one or more miscarriages.ResultsTwo core categories, ‘uncertainty’ and ‘bracing’, were highlighted during the waiting period for confirmation of an ongoing pregnancy. Women who had experienced a single miscarriage appraised this waiting period as benign and used distraction and coping by social support. Women with recurrent miscarriages could not confidently appraise the waiting period as one that would bring hope or joy and used bracing for the worst as their coping strategy to manage this ambivalence. With this strategy, women tried to control their current emotions, and looked into the future to try to minimise their distress if a further miscarriage occurred. Although all women thought that a ‘positive reappraisal’ coping intervention would be practical and applicable during waiting periods, only women with recurrent miscarriages actually wanted to use such an intervention.ConclusionsCoping interventions targeting reappraisal of the waiting period stressor situation could help women to cope as they wait for a subsequent pregnancy to be confirmed as ongoing. Coping interventions may need to be tailored, but before any strategy is introduced, further study is needed to identify the most appropriate approach.
SUBMODULARITY-BASED DECOMPOSING FOR VALUED CSP
Authors: HELAOUI MAHER , NAANAA WADY , AYEB BECHIR 
Published: January 2013

Many combinatorial problems can be formulated as Valued Constraint Satisfaction Problems (VCSPs). In this framework, the constraints are defined by means of valuation functions to reflect several degrees of coherence. Despite the NP-hardness of the VCSP, tractable versions can be obtained by forcing the allowable valuation functions to have specific features. This is the case for submodular VCSPs, i.e. VCSPs that involve submodular valuation functions only. In this paper, we propose a problem decomposition scheme for binary VCSPs that takes advantage of submodular functions even when the studied problem is not submodular. The proposed scheme consists in decomposing the problem to be solved into a set of submodular, then tractable, subproblems. The decomposition scheme combines two techniques that where already used in the framework of constraint-based reasoning, but in separate manner. These techniques are domain partitioning and value permutation.
Myeloid-Specific Expression of Ron Receptor Kinase Promotes Prostate Tumor Growth
Authors: Gurusamy Devikala , Gray Jerilyn K. , Pathrose Peterson , Kulkarni Rishikesh M. , Finkleman Fred D. , Waltz Susan E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRon receptor kinase (MST1R) is important in promoting epithelial tumorigenesis, but the potential contributions of its specific expression in stromal cells have not been examined. Herein, we show that the Ron receptor is expressed in mouse and human stromal cells of the prostate tumor microenvironment. To test the significance of stromal Ron expression, prostate cancer cells were orthotopically implanted into the prostates of either wild-type or Ron tyrosine kinase deficient (TK−/−; Mst1r−/−) hosts. In TK−/− hosts, prostate cancer cell growth was significantly reduced as compared with tumor growth in TK+/+ hosts. Prostate tumors in TK−/− hosts exhibited an increase in tumor cell apoptosis, macrophage infiltration and altered cytokine expression. Reciprocal bone marrow transplantation studies and myeloid cell–specific ablation of Ron showed that loss of Ron in myeloid cells is sufficient to inhibit prostate cancer cell growth. Interestingly, depletion of CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, was able to restore prostate tumor growth in hosts devoid of myeloid-specific Ron expression. These studies show a critical role for the Ron receptor in the tumor microenvironment, whereby Ron loss in tumor-associated macrophages inhibits prostate cancer cell growth, at least in part, by derepressing the activity of CD8+ T cells. Cancer Res; 73(6); 1752–63. ©2012 AACR.
The vascular biology of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
Authors: Asare Yaw , Schmitt Martin , Bernhagen Jürgen 
Published: January 2013

SummaryMacrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine with chemokine-like functions. MIF is a critical mediator of the host immune and inflammatory response. Dysregulated MIF expression has been demonstrated to contribute to various acute and chronic inflammatory conditions as well as cancer development. More recently, MIF has been identified as an important pro-atherogenic factor. Its blockade could even aid plaque regression in advanced atherosclerosis. Promotion of atherogenic leukocyte recruitment processes has been recognised as a major underlying mechanism of MIF in vascular pathology. However, MIF’s role in vascular biology is not limited to immune cell recruitment as recent evidence also points to a role for this mediator in neo-angiogenesis / vasculogenesis by endothelial cell activation and endothelial progenitor cell recruitment. On the basis of introducing MIF’s chemokine-like functions, the current article focusses on MIF’s role in vascular biology and pathology.
The Copernican Turn in the Study of Religion
Authors: King Richard 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Contemporary theoretical debates within the study of religion reflect the impact of a range of critical theories inspired by feminist, poststructuralist, postcolonial and “queer” perspectives on the field. Much of this work reflects a radicalization of a post-Kantian notion of the social construction of reality. It is argued that such theories represent an unfolding of the social and cultural implications of the Kantian epistemological project and reflects a similar “Copernican Turn” involving the recognition that the object of study—“religion,” is a construct reflecting the methodological and theoretical assumptions of the researcher. The article then offers a postcolonial critique of mainstream “secularist” historiographies of the field and argues for an alternative model for understanding the history and future of the field of the comparative study of religion, grounded in the practice of comparative cultural critique and commentary on dominant models of modernity.
Intraseasonal and Seasonal-to-Interannual Indian Ocean Convection and Hemispheric Teleconnections
Authors: Hoell Andrew , Barlow Mathew , Saini Roop 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDeep tropical convection over the Indian Ocean leads to intense diabatic heating, a main driver of the climate system. The Northern Hemisphere circulation and precipitation associated with intraseasonal and seasonal-to-interannual components of the leading pattern of Indian Ocean convection are investigated for November–April 1979–2008. The leading pattern of Indian Ocean convection is separated into intraseasonal and seasonal-to-interannual components by filtering an index of outgoing longwave radiation at 33–105 days and greater than 105 days, yielding Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO)- and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-influenced patterns, respectively. Observations and barotropic Rossby wave ray tracing experiments suggest that Indian Ocean convection can influence the ENSO-related hemispheric teleconnection pattern in addition to the regional Asian teleconnection. Equivalent barotropic circulation anomalies throughout the Northern Hemisphere subtropics are associated with both seasonal-to-interannual Indian Ocean convection and ENSO. The hemispheric teleconnection associated with seasonal-to-interannual Indian Ocean convection is investigated with ray tracing, which suggests that forcing over the Indian Ocean can propagate eastward across the hemisphere and back to Asia. The relationship between the seasonal-to-interannual component of Indian Ocean convection and ENSO is investigated in terms of a gradient in sea surface temperatures (SST) over the equatorial western Pacific Ocean. When the western Pacific SST gradient is strong during ENSO, strong Maritime Continent precipitation extends further westward into the Indian Ocean, which is accompanied by enhanced tropospheric Asian circulation, similar to the seasonal-to-interannual component of Indian Ocean convection. Analysis of the three strongest interannual convection seasons shows that the strong Indian Ocean pattern of ENSO can dominate individual seasons.
Influence of Recent Stratification Changes on ENSO Stability in a Conceptual Model of the Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Thual Sulian , Dewitte Boris , An Soon-Il , Illig Serena , Ayoub Nadia 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Changes in the mean circulation of the equatorial Pacific Ocean partly control the strong decadal modulation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This relationship is considered from the linear stability of a conceptual recharge/discharge model with parameters tuned from the observed mean state. Whereas decadal changes in the mean thermocline depth alone are usually considered in conceptual ENSO models, here focus is given to decadal changes in the mean stratification of the entire upper ocean (e.g., the mean thermocline depth, intensity, and thickness). Those stratification changes modify the projection of wind stress forcing momentum onto the gravest ocean baroclinic modes. Their influence on the simulated frequency and growth rate is comparable in intensity to the one of usual thermodynamic and atmospheric feedbacks, while they have here a secondary effect on the spatial structure and propagation of SST anomalies. This sensitivity is evidenced in particular for the climate shift of the 1970s in the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) dataset, as well as in a preindustrial simulation of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) model showing stratification changes similar to the ones after 2000. Despite limitations of the linear stability approach, conclusions on the sensitivity to stratification may be extended to interpret the modulation and diversity of ENSO in observations and in general circulation models.
An Analysis of the Short-Term Cloud Feedback Using MODIS Data
Authors: Zhou Chen , Zelinka Mark D. , Dessler Andrew E. , Yang Ping 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe cloud feedback in response to short-term climate variations is estimated from cloud measurements combined with offline radiative transfer calculations. The cloud measurements are made by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite and cover the period 2000–10. Low clouds provide a strong negative cloud feedback, mainly because of their impact in the shortwave (SW) portion of the spectrum. Midlevel clouds provide a positive net cloud feedback that is a combination of a positive SW feedback partially canceled by a negative feedback in the longwave (LW). High clouds have only a small impact on the net cloud feedback because of a close cancellation between large LW and SW cloud feedbacks. Segregating the clouds by optical depth, it is found that the net cloud feedback is set by a positive cloud feedback due to reductions in the thickest clouds (mainly in the SW) and a cancelling negative feedback from increases in clouds with moderate optical depths (also mainly in the SW). The global average SW, LW, and net cloud feedbacks are +0.30 ±1.10, −0.46 ±0.74, and −0.16 ±0.83 W m−2 K−1, respectively. The SW feedback is consistent with previous work; the MODIS LW feedback is lower than previous calculations and there are reasons to suspect it may be biased low. Finally, it is shown that the apparently small control that global mean surface temperature exerts on clouds, which leads to the large uncertainty in the short-term cloud feedback, arises from statistically significant but offsetting relationships between individual cloud types and global mean surface temperature.