bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The reading ideal and reading preferences in the age of Joseph II
Authors: Kollárová Ivona 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
When censorship was reformed during the era of Joseph II publishing and the book trade underwent a liberalisation. Enlightenment conceptions helped create the image of the ideal reader—someone who reads to acquire knowledge or to improve his spiritual life. During the reign of Joseph II reading spread to all social strata, but readers’ preferences did not follow a reading ideal. This is demonstrated by significant urban-rural disparities. The publishing projects of the Protestant elite met with failure in the distribution phase and with the indifference country people displayed towards spiritual literature. This relates to several other social phenomena such as literacy and living conditions. Archival sources, which are relevant to lending library research, indicate the reading preferences of the urban classes. An uncontrollable reading mania targeted literature and short political and anticlerical writing, which triggered public discussions on the dangers of uncontrolled reading. The print medium helped shape a “reading public“, whose reading activities occupied an area between mainstream cultural consumption and the dissemination of political news.
Social trust, norms and morality
Authors: Popper Miroslav 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
The article approaches the topic of social trust from an evolutionary perspective. It begins by summarising the most influential approaches that have defined specific and social trust and ascertains what causes differences in degrees of trust and how the potential risk of deception might be lowered. It then notes that the basis of morality had already been formed during the era of prehistoric man, who was able to create coalitions against aggressors and to socially control the behaviour of deviants. It points out, however, that having a certain predisposition to behaving cooperatively or an increased sensitivity to recognising and not tolerating behaviour aimed at abusing cooperation is not a sufficient guarantee of the fact that people will always (or at least in the majority of situations) favour cooperation over deception. One of the reasons for this is a tendency to favour short-term gains over long-term ones. The article argues that establishing norms (moral, social and legal) produces a higher level of social trust because it not only “encourages” individuals to behave in certain ways in particular situations but also works as a sanction which “discourages” the individual from socially deviant behaviour. The article then focuses on a debate about the causal relationship between social trust and social capital. It discusses the suggestion that political institutions, government and the judiciary may reduce rather than raise levels of social capital and consequently also the level of social trust. This is partly because of their powerful position and the consequent scope for corruption and partly because of the fact that even when attempting to act honestly, representatives of these institutions cannot sufficiently reflect upon dynamic change at the local level. Finally, the article ends by adopting the position that social trust is built primarily from bottom up and so it is risky to continually doubt the very existence and usefulness of social norms and morality and to be governed simply by legal norms.
Mechanochemical and combustion synthesis of CeB6
Authors: Akgün Barış , Sevinç Naci , Çamurlu H. Erdem , Topkaya Yavuz 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
CeB6 powder was prepared via combustion synthesis (CS) and mechanochemical processing (MCP) methods starting from CeO2, B2O3 and Mg powder mixtures. In CS, reactant mixtures were ignited in a preheated pot furnace under argon atmosphere. Products contained CeB6, MgO and Mg3B2O6, as revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. After leaching in 1 M HCl for 15 h, MgO was removed but Mg3B2O6 could not be removed from the products. Ball milling of products in ethanol prior to leaching made the removal of Mg3B2O6 possible by leaching. Yield of CeB6 was 68.6 % in CS. MCP was performed in a stainless steel vial with a planetary ball mill at 300 rpm for 30 h. MCP products contained CeB6, MgO and small amount of Fe. Leaching in 1 M HCl for 30 min was sufficient to remove MgO. Yield of CeB6 was 84.4 % in MCP. According to scanning electron microscopy examinations, particles of CeB6 prepared by CS and MCP had submicrometer size. Average particle sizes were determined as 290 nm and 240 nm, respectively.
Thermodynamic modeling of the Ba–Mg binary system
Authors: Ren Xin , Li Changrong , Du Zhenmin , Guo Cuiping , Chen Sicheng 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
On the basis of the thermochemical and phase equilibrium experimental data, the phase diagram of the Ba–Mg binary system has been assessed by means of the calculation of phase diagrams technique. The liquid phase is of unlimited solubility and modeled as a solution phase using the Redlich–Kister equation. The intermetallic compounds, Mg17Ba2, Mg23Ba6 and Mg2Ba, with no solubility ranges are treated as strict stoichiometric compounds with the formula Mg
m
Ba
n
. Two terminal phases, Bcc_Ba and Hcp_Mg, are kept as solution phases, since the solubilities of the two phases are of considerable importance. After optimization, a set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters has been obtained. The calculated values agree well with the available experimental data.
Low cycle fatigue behavior under asymmetric loading of two AZ31B magnesium alloys with different microstructures and textures
Authors: Geng Changjian , Du Xinghao , Wu Baolin , Wang Yandong , Zhang Yudong , Esling Claude 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Low cycle fatigue experiments under asymmetric loading on differently prepared AZ31 alloys show that the alloy with fine grains exhibits higher stress amplitudes than those of the alloy with coarse grains at the same strain amplitudes. The elastic strain in the tensile process is higher than that in the compressive process for both alloys, but the difference is much smaller for the alloy with fine grains. The microstructure with fine grains exhibits a symmetrical hysteresis loop and cyclic strain softening at the early fatigue stage at low strain amplitude.
L'imputabilité, une technologie stratégique : la responsabilisation des performances dans l'enseignement en Europe
Authors: Ozga Jenny 
Published: June 2013

Dans le présent article, nous analysons l’étude de l’imputabilité dans différents contextes nationaux dans le domaine de l’éducation en Europe, un domaine d’action de plus en plus important et en rapide évolution. Nous nous appuyons sur des recherches récentes et en cours pour examiner ce que nous dit l’évolution des pratiques d’imputabilité dans l’enseignement sur l’évolution de la gouvernance de l’enseignement (et, par extension, d’autres domaines de politique publique) dans des espaces stratégiques en pleine évolution. Nous soutenons en outre que l’imputabilité dans l’enseignement est de plus en plus définie comme une imputabilité technique, basée sur des mesures comparées de la performance internationales et nationales, si bien que l’imputabilité politique a été remplacée et la « performativité » contribue à la multiplication des problèmes de baisse de confiance dans les systèmes d’enseignement. Remarques à l’intention des praticien s Dans le présent article, nous situons l’évolution des mesures comparatives de la performance dans l’enseignement et dans d’autres services publics dans un cadre critique qui attire l’attention sur la réduction de l’imputabilité politique qui accompagne l’explosion des mesures de la performance. Notre article souligne à quel point la mesure comparative de la performance non seulement évince des formes plus complexes d’évaluation de la performance, mais crée aussi des relations de méfiance entre les professionnels de l’éducation et les pouvoirs publics. Les professionnels qui travaillent dans le secteur de l’éducation sont encouragés à examiner minutieusement le fonctionnement de technologies telles que PISA et à s’informer sur leurs conséquences politiques et leurs principes.
Entre offre et demande : Les limites du développement participatif en Afrique du Sud
Authors: Tapscott Chris Peter , Thompson Lisa 
Published: June 2013

La littérature sur le développement participatif s’intéresse en grande partie au côté « demande » et à la mesure dans laquelle les citoyens parviennent à pousser l’État à offrir les services de base. Les auteurs s’intéressent moins au côté « offre » du développement participatif, à savoir à la manière dont les institutions publiques mettent en œuvre les politiques de développement. L’Afrique du Sud d’après l’apartheid regorge de politiques et autres lois en faveur des processus participatifs. Dans la pratique, pourtant, ces mesures sont rarement à la hauteur des idéaux visés. Dans le présent article, nous examinons les programmes de logement social dans les communautés pauvres dans trois municipalités d’Afrique du Sud et soutenons qu’il existe un décalage entre la façon dont ceux qui formulent la politique interprètent la participation et la façon dont la question est interprétée par les communautés bénéficiaires et les représentants locaux. Nous en concluons qu’il faut s’intéresser bien plus aux raisons pour lesquelles les représentants ne parviennent pas à traduire les politiques nationales en actes si l’on veut que la démocratie participative obtienne une certaine légitimité parmi la population au sens large. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens La participation effective des citoyens dans les processus décisionnels est le facteur déterminant dans les programmes de développement participatifs. Une législation et une politique favorables sont des éléments essentiels dans ce cadre, mais qui ne suffisent pas à eux seuls pour garantir la participation. Les programmes participatifs doivent par conséquent prendre en considération la capacité des communautés à s’organiser et ils doivent prévoir les moyens et le temps nécessaire pour développer leur capacité à associer la population efficacement. Les agents à la tête des projets de développement participatifs doivent suivre une formation formelle pour bien comprendre que la manière dont les bénéficiaires participent est tout aussi importante que les activités proprement dites auxquelles ils sont associés.
The Pediatrician’s Role in the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy
Authors: Lau Claudia H. , Gupta Ruchi S. 
Published: June 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Recognize the signs and symptoms of food allergy versus food intolerance.

2.
Review currently available diagnostic testing modalities for food allergy and their applicability in the pediatric outpatient setting.

3.
Review appropriate management practices for pediatricians, including prescription of medications, counseling of families, and referrals to keep children safe.

Food allergy is a rapidly increasing and potentially life-threatening health concern in the United States. Given the ubiquity of food in our society and the absence of a cure, it is crucial that families receive proper guidance and medication to keep children safe. The pediatrician plays a key role to this end as he or she is often the first, and sometimes the only physician, these children can access. Accordingly, pediatricians must be equipped to recognize, manage, and evaluate food allergies over time while preventing unnecessary avoidance. This review provides practical translation of guidelines into recommended practices that are most pertinent to pediatricians.
Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management of Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome
Authors: Leonard Stephanie A. , Nowak-Wegrzyn Anna 
Published: June 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Recognize manifestations, diagnosis, and management of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) in an outpatient setting.

2.
Assess nutritional needs and provide anticipatory guidance for dietary management.

3.
Recognize the indications of when to refer for assessment of resolution of FPIES using physician-supervised food challenges.

Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is an under-recognized non-immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy affecting primarily infants and toddlers. An abnormal response to food antigen resulting in local inflammation is thought to lead to increased intestinal permeability and fluid shift. The primary features of acute FPIES are repetitive, projectile vomiting, lethargy, pallor, diarrhea, and dehydration. Chronic FPIES is typically seen in young infants with continued exposure to cow’s milk or soy-based formula. Biomarkers are lacking and patients may undergo extensive workups for their symptoms, which often leads to a delay in diagnosis and puts infants at risk for feeding difficulties, nutritional deficiencies, and failure to thrive. This review will provide a guide in how to recognize the clinical features of and manage FPIES.
The Impact of Food Allergies on Quality of Life
Authors: Bacal Liane R. 
Published: June 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Recognize and appreciate the impact of food allergies on psychosocial health.

2.
List the factors that have been shown to negatively affect health-related quality of life.

3.
Understand how physicians can directly help to improve a child’s quality of life while living with food allergies.

Food allergy is a serious problem affecting a growing number of children worldwide. There is a large body of evidence supporting the detrimental effects that food allergy can have on a child’s quality of life. With validated tools, we can identify these children and focus on how to protect, guide, and help them to live a safe life.
Recent research articulates how food allergies impact health-related quality of life (HRQL). There are studies reported from the child’s perspective, as well as studies reported from the parent’s perspective. With the development of validated disease and age-specific questionnaires, researchers can reliably gather data on the psychological aspect of children with food allergies.
The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the literature examining the psycho-social impact of food allergies on children. This article was designed to outline suggestions to help physicians care for the whole child — both mind and body.
Chemokine Unresponsiveness of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells Results from Impaired Endosomal Recycling of Rap1 and Is Associated with a Distinctive Type of Immunological Anergy
Authors: Pye Derek S. , Rubio Ignacio , Pusch Rico , Lin Ke , Pettitt Andrew R. , Till Kathleen J. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Trafficking of malignant lymphocytes is fundamental to the biology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Transendothelial migration (TEM) of normal lymphocytes into lymph nodes requires the chemokine-induced activation of Rap1 and αLβ2 integrin. However, in most cases of CLL, Rap1 is refractory to chemokine stimulation, resulting in failed αLβ2 activation and TEM unless α4β1 is coexpressed. In this study, we show that the inability of CXCL12 to induce Rap1 GTP loading in CLL cells results from failure of Rap1-containing endosomes to translocate to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, failure of chemokine-induced Rap1 translocation/GTP loading was associated with a specific pattern of cellular IgD distribution resembling that observed in normal B cells anergized by DNA-based Ags. Anergic features and chemokine unresponsiveness could be simultaneously reversed by culturing CLL cells ex vivo, suggesting that these two features are coupled and driven by stimuli present in the in vivo microenvironment. Finally, we show that failure of Rap1 translocation/GTP loading is linked to defective activation of phospholipase D1 and its upstream activator Arf1. Taken together, our findings indicate that chemokine unresponsiveness in CLL lymphocytes results from failure of Arf1/phospholipase D1–mediated translocation of Rap1 to the plasma membrane for GTP loading and may be a specific feature of anergy induced by DNA Ags.
Personal Assistance for Children and Adolescents (0‐18) with Physical Impairments
Authors: Mayo‐Wilson Evan , Montgomery Paul , Dennis Jane 
Published: June 2013

Studies urgently needed to assess effects of Personal Assistance for children and teens with physical impairments.Personal assistance is here defined as paid support of at least 20 hours per week for people with impairments. This review investigated the effectiveness of personal assistance versus any other form of care for children and adolescents with physical impairments. A literature search identified no studies that met the inclusion criteria.This review is part of a series of reviews; evidence from related reviews about different populations might be informative to researchers and practitioners.AbstractBackgroundThere is a high and increasing prevalence of impairments among children and adolescents in the West. Many countries offer personal assistance in the form of individualised support for people living in the community by a paid assistant other than a healthcare professional for at least 20 hours per week.ObjectivesTo assess the effectiveness of personal assistance for children and adolescents with physical impairments, and the impacts of personal assistance on others, compared to other interventions.Search methodsElectronic databases including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, Dissertation Abstracts International and a variety of specialist Swedish databases were searched from 1980 to June 2005; reference lists were checked; 345 experts, organisations, government bodies and charities were contacted in an attempt to locate relevant research.Selection criteriaChildren and adolescents with physical impairments (0‐18 years) living in the community who require assistance to perform tasks of daily living (e.g., bathing and eating) and participate in normal activities due to permanent impairments. Controlled studies of personal assistance in which participants were prospectively assigned to study groups and in which control group outcomes were measured concurrently with intervention group outcomes were included.Data collection and analysisTitles and abstracts were examined by two reviewers. 130 full papers were examined. None met the inclusion criteria.ResultsNo eligible studies were found.Authors’ conclusionsResearch in this field is limited. When implementing new programmes, recipients could be randomly assigned to different forms of assistance. While advocates may support personal assistance for myriad reasons, this review demonstrates that further studies are required to determine which models of personal assistance are most effective and efficient for particular people.
Etiology and management of esophageal impaction in children: A review of 11 years
Authors: Alrazzak Baraa Alabd , Al-Subu Awni , Elitsur Yoram 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Introduction: Esophageal impaction in children is a medical emergency that needs an immediate medical attention. In the last years multiple objects have been detected and were removed endoscopically. In the last decade, Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) has been associated with esophageal stenosis, leading to esophageal impaction with various objects including toys, food, coins and other. Aim: To determine the various objects and symptoms associated with impactions and to develop algorithm that guides Emergency Department Physicians and Primary care Providers when facing such problem in pediatric patient. Material and Methods: A retrospective chart review of all children referred to the pediatric gastroenterology service at Marshall University for FB impaction between 2000 and 2010 was performed. Foreign bodies treated by other specialties were excluded from this review. Clinical and demographic data were retrieved. Results: A total of 291 charts with the diagnosis of foreign body reviewed of which only 126 met the inclusion criteria and considered for final calculation. Male/Female ratio and mean age were 1.17:1.0, and 3.65 ± 0.75 years, respectively. Time of impaction before ER evaluation was: < 24hrs in 75 patients, >24hrs in 17 and in 34 the time of ingestion was not known. Radiology was performed in 118 patients, of whom 1 had pneumo-mediastinum and 1 had pneumothorax. Endoscopic localization of the objects showed: 81- proximal, 23- middle esophagus, and 22- in the distal esophagus. The esophageal mucosa showed non-specific changes in 37 patients, 5 with EoE features, 1 patient with hiatal hernia, 1 patient with candidiasis, and in 5 pts had no mucosal description. Conclusion: Children with foreign body in the esophagus are commonly seen in our Hospital ER. Those children may harbor undiagnosed medical conditions that will need future therapy. Careful endoscopic assessment with mucosal biopsies is needed to diagnose those conditions earlier. Referral to a GI specialist may be warranted.
Bilateral Spontaneous Hemotympanum Secondary to Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Wong Peter , Xu Caroline , Gomaa Nahla , Ho Allan 
Published: June 2013

Objective To present a case of spontaneous, bilateral hemotympanum secondary to chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. Methods Case report and review of the literature. Results Bilateral spontaneous hemotympanum is an exceedingly rare event. We present the first case of nontraumatic bilateral hemotympanum secondary to chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. The patient presented with a 7-day history of progressive bilateral hearing loss and a platelet count of 10 × 109/L after receiving his first dose of induction chemotherapy. A small, left-sided subdural hematoma was present in this patient though no extra-aural sources of bleeding to explain the bilateral hemotympanum were identified. Conclusion Full resolution of symptoms was achieved with conservative management.
Giant adrenal myelolipoma
Authors: Gautam S.C. , Raafat H. , Sriganesh S. , Zaffar I. , Olude I. , Komolafe F. , Qazi F. 
Published: June 2013

A fifty-two years old male presenting with a history of abdominal pain of six months duration was found on investigation to have a large non-functioning adrenal mass. Adrenal myelolipoma was diagnosed preoperatively and surgical resection was carried out. Only a small number of cases of giant adrenal myelolipoma (>3500 grams) have been reported. A brief review of literature is done.
Can IgA, C3, IL-6 and TNF-α act as predictors for reoccurrence of breast cancer among Iraqi women?
Authors: Mahdi Nadham Kadham , Al-Jowher Mohammad Hussein , Ali Hiba Q. 
Published: June 2013

Blood samples were collected from 30 women with age ranged from 27–70 years after 3 cycles of chemotherapy. Sera were used for IgA, IgG, IgM, C3, C4, IL-6 and TNF-α estimation. After 3 cycles of chemotherapy, all the immunological parameters reduced except TNF-α. Patients who developed disease reoccurrence after chemotherapy exhibit a significantly higher IgA, C3, IL-6 and TNF-α levels after 3 cycles of chemotherapy than patients who did not (p < 0.05). Therefore, serum IgA, C3, IL-6 and TNF-α can be used as predictors for breast cancer reoccurrence.