bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not a Fourth Estate but a Second Legislature
Authors: Hart Roderick P. , LaVally Rebecca 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This essay argues that political journalism more closely resembles a Second Legislature of debaters than a Fourth Estate of onlookers. Here, we examine the scholarly literature on political news, specifically its linguistic qualities, to assert that journalism acts as a legislature in six ways: (1) By being a vessel of accommodation, (2) by prioritizing nativist agendas, (3) by reproducing regnant power dynamics, (4) by emphasizing traditionalist values, (5) by emphasizing proletarian attitudes, and (6) by being presentistic in orientation. Journalists choose the terms of debate—words that can advantage those in power or sometimes those seeking it. If all politics is local, so essentially is news of politics, fashioned by reporters in constituents’ vernacular. Although journalism guards against disorder, giving sway to institutional priorities, it also can be a cultural bellwether, capable of farsightedness and inclusion. In describing reporters as legislators, we bestow one of the highest compliments a democracy can pay its citizens.
Political Messages and Partisanship
Authors: Jarvis Sharon E. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
According to Schattschneider (1942, 1), political parties “created democracy, and … democracy is unthinkable” without them. This chapter makes a case for attending to the sounds of partisanship by (1) discussing the importance of listening to partisan messages, (2) examining the major findings on the uses and effects of party labels and partisan styles in the United States, (3) addressing unanswered questions in this area, and (4) showing how the talk surrounding the political parties in the United States, to date at least, underscores their indispensable roles in the polity.
Civic Norms and Communication Competence
Authors: Shah Dhavan V. , Thorson Kjerstin , Wells Chris , Lee Nam-jin , McLeod Jack 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The chapter examines the extant literature on political socialization, focusing on the role of communication in this process. Reviewing a wide range of approaches to socialization—from those stressing the role the institutions that teach young people civic values and practices to those emphasizing the role of dispositions that encourage political development and learning—we highlight communication’s influence in establishing civic norms and competencies. Increasingly, digital, social, and mobile media are implicated in these dynamics. We first define core concepts such as civic norms and the various sources from which they are acquired, communication competence and the challenges of navigating an increasingly complex media environment, socialization and attention to this ongoing process into adulthood, and citizenship and its changing styles and expanding boundaries. These core concepts provide the basis for considering the major points of development and dispute over political socialization.
Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia with Ropivacaine Does Not Compromise the Tolerance of Acute Normovolemic Anemia in Pigs
Authors: Pape Andreas , Weber Christian F. , Laout Mohammed , Steche Max , Kutschker Saskia , Horn Oliver , Zwissler Bernhard , Habler Oliver 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background:
The initial treatment of an acute blood loss with acellular fluids leads to the dilution of the red cell mass remaining in the vasculature, that is, to acute normovolemic anemia. Whether the compensation and, thus, the tolerance of acute anemia, are affected by sympathetic block induced by thoracic epidural anesthesia has not yet been investigated.

Methods:
Eighteen anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs were instrumented with thoracic epidural catheters and randomly assigned to receive an epidural injection of either 5-ml ropivacaine 0.2% (n = 9) aiming for a Th5–Th10 block or saline (n = 9) followed by continuous epidural infusion of 5 ml/h of either fluid. Subsequently, acute normovolemic anemia was induced by replacement of whole blood with 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution until a “critical” limitation of oxygen transport capacity was reached as indicated by a sudden decrease in oxygen consumption. The critical hemoglobin concentration quantified at this time point was the primary endpoint; secondary endpoints were hemodynamic and oxygen transport parameters.

Results:
Thoracic epidural anesthesia elicited only a moderate decrease in mean arterial pressure and cardiac index and a transient decrease in oxygen extraction ratio. During progressive anemia, the compensatory increases in cardiac index and oxygen extraction ratio were not compromised by thoracic epidural anesthesia. Critical hemoglobin concentration was reached at identical levels in both groups (ropivacaine group: 2.5 ± 0.6 g/dl, saline group: 2.5 ± 0.6 g/dl).

Conclusion:
Thoracic epidural anesthesia with ropivacaine 0.2% does not decrease the tolerance to acute normovolemic anemia in healthy pigs. The hemodynamic compensation of acute anemia is fully preserved despite sympathetic block, and the critical hemoglobin concentration remains unaffected.
Erlotinib Salvage Therapy in Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Patients With Disease Progression After Previous EGFR-TKI Treatment
Authors: Wu Wen-Shuo , Wu Chieh-Hung , Lai Shinn-Liang , Chiu Chao-Hua , Shih Jen-Fu , Lee Yu-Chin , Chen Yuh-Min 
Published: June 2014

Background:
Erlotinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) with promising efficacy in treating pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Treatment choices are few when patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma have failed both EGFR-TKI and chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of erlotinib as salvage treatment for these nonresponsive patients.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed the chart records of our stage IV pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients who were diagnosed and treated between July 2004 and June 2013. Clinical data, including type of response to treatment, time to disease progression, duration between the end of first-line EGFR-TKI treatment and starting erlotinib treatment, and overall survival time, were collected.

Results:
A total of 98 patients were enrolled, and all had been treated with EGFR-TKI, either as a first-line therapy or following platinum-based chemotherapy; of them, 60 patients had a response to initial EGFR-TKI treatment. All received erlotinib as salvage treatment after their disease had progressed following EGFR-TKI treatment. Ninety-three (93.3%) patients had also received previous platinum-based chemotherapy. The median progression-free survival with erlotinib as salvage treatment for patients with and without a response to front-line EGFR-TKI was 4.9 and 3.4 months (P=0.869), respectively. The progression-free survival with erlotinib treatment in the sensitizing EGFR mutation group was 4.3 months, and in the EGFR wild-type group it was 2.6 months (P=0.22).

Conclusions:
In pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients who had been heavily treated, erlotinib could still be a choice, regardless of the EGFR mutation status, or whether the patients had responded to previous EGFR-TKI treatment.
Novel Association Between a Nonsynonymous Variant (R270H) of the G‐Protein–Coupled Receptor 120 and Liver Injury in Children and Adolescents With Obesity
Authors: Marzuillo Pierluigi , Grandone Anna , Conte Mariasole , Capuano Francesco , Cirillo Grazia , Di Sessa Anna , Umano Giuseppina R. , Romano Roberta , Perrone Laura , Miraglia del Giudice Emanuele 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe G‐protein–coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) is a receptor for polyunsaturated fatty acids with anti‐inflammatory activity. The R270H variant of GPR120 enhances inflammation in adipose and hepatic tissues. We investigated whether the R270H variant could play a role in determining liver injury in children and adolescents with obesity. Five hundred eighty‐one children with obesity were studied. No homozygotes and 20 heterozygotes for the 270H allele were found. Heterozygotes showed higher alanine transaminase (ALT) levels (P = 0.01) than wild‐type subjects, and also showed an odds ratio to have pathologic ALT of 3.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–8.0, P < 0.05). Moreover, we genotyped the same patients for the patatin‐like phospholipase‐containing domain 3 (PNPLA3) I148M polymorphism, which is implicated in the development of liver steatosis. Stratifying the patients with the GPR120 270H variant on the basis of their PNPLA3 polymorphism, we demonstrated a significant interaction effect on ALT levels (P = 0.00001), suggesting a driving effect of the PNPLA3 148M allele on liver injury in children with obesity carrying this variant.
Comparison of the 3D organization of sperm and fibroblast genomes using the Hi-C approach
Authors: Battulin Nariman , Fishman Veniamin S. , Mazur Alexander M. , Pomaznoy Mikhail , Khabarova Anna A. , Afonnikov Dmitry A. , Prokhortchouk Egor B. , Serov Oleg L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe 3D organization of the genome is tightly connected to its biological function. The Hi-C approach was recently introduced as a method that can be used to identify higher-order chromatin interactions genome-wide. The aim of this study was to determine genome-wide chromatin interaction frequencies using the Hi-C approach in mouse sperm cells and embryonic fibroblasts. The obtained results demonstrated that the 3D genome organizations of sperm and fibroblast cells show a high degree of similarity both with each other and with the previously described mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Both A- and B-compartments and topologically associated domains (TADs) are present in spermatozoa and fibroblasts. Nevertheless, sperm cells and fibroblasts exhibited statistically significant differences between each other in the contact probabilities of defined loci. Tight packaging of the sperm genome resulted in an enrichment of long-range contacts compared with the fibroblasts. However, only 30% of the differences in the number of contacts are based on differences in the densities of their genome packages; the main source of the differences is the gain or loss of contacts that are specific for defined genome regions. An analysis of interchromosomal contacts in both cell types demonstrated that the large chromosomes showed a tendency to interact with each other more than with the small chromosomes and vice versa. We found that the dependence of the contact probability P(s) on genomic distance for sperm is in a good agreement with the fractal globular folding of chromatin. The similarity of the spatial DNA organization in sperm and somatic cell genomes suggests the stability of the 3D structure of genomes through generations.
Transparency and foreign direct investment into Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Felix Ayadi Olusegun , Ajibolade Solabomi , Williams Johnnie , M. Hyman Ladelle 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The financial economics literature points to the likelihood that transparency affects the inflows of direct foreign investments. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between degree of transparency in an economy and the level of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows using cross-section and time series data from 13 Sub-Saharan African countries from 1998 through 2008.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper employed a panel unit root and panel cointegration tests to data from 13 Sub-Saharan countries from 1998 through 2008. The long-run equilibrium relationship is estimated by the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) method. The cointegration framework employed in this study accounts for individual as well as time effects by adjusting for potential heterogeneity and serial correlation existing in the data panel.

Findings
– The results imply that the level of transparency and size of FDI inflows into Sub-Saharan Africa have a long-run equilibrium relationship.

Research limitations/implications
– The role of multinational corporations in increasing the levels of corruption in host countries is supported in this study.

Practical implications
– The role of multinational corporations in contributing to the absence of transactional transparency in host countries is supported in this study. The OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions should be endorsed by African countries. African countries should make efforts to transform their domestic political and economic environments in order to enhance transparency and allow rule of law to apply.

Originality/value
– This paper is the first to empirically test the aforementioned long-run equilibrium relationship by isolating the role of transparency in international capital flows.
Food waste volume and composition in Finnish households
Authors: Silvennoinen Kirsi , Katajajuuri Juha-Matti , Hartikainen Hanna , Heikkilä Lotta , Reinikainen Anu 
Published: June 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to determine the volume and quality of food waste in Finnish households and discuss drivers for waste being produced.Design/methodology/approach– In total, 380 households weighed all solid food waste and liquid milk waste daily each time they disposed food during a two-week period. The authors concentrated only on avoidable food waste, i.e. all wasted food and raw material that could have been consumed, had they been stored or prepared differently. Other biowaste, such as vegetable peelings, coffee grounds, or bones, was not measured.Findings– The amount of food waste in households ranged from 0 to 160 kg/year. The average annual food waste was 23 kg per capita, 63 kg per household, and in total about 120 million kg/year. When comparing purchased food amount with avoidable food waste, the average waste was about 4-5 per cent. The main discarded foodstuffs were vegetables, home-cooked food and milk products. The principal reasons for disposing of foodstuffs were spoilage: e.g. mould, expiry of best before or use by date, plate leftovers, and preparing more food than needed. When examining waste per person, singles generally produced most waste.Practical implications– Knowledge about food waste will help development of new practices to decrease waste.Originality/value– The study estimated amounts of food waste in households using diaries and weighing. Such studies have often been based on statistics or interviews rather than exact weighing of waste.
Men in context: privilege and reflexivity in academia
Authors: Styhre Alexander , Tienari Janne 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on self-reflexivity and, in particular, explore the notion of context in relation to men's reflexivity in academic work.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper is a commentary on an earlier paper published in Equality, Diversity and Inclusion addressing the issue of reflexivity in organization studies and commented on by three different scholars.

Findings
– Relating specifically to men doing gender studies research, the authors argue that they are always men in context, and their “privilege” (and reflections on it) needs to be accounted for in situ; in relation to the assumptions, relations, and practices at hand, rather to some abstract and vague “privileges” contained in, and carried by, men as a general category.

Originality/value
– The paper seeks to advance a novel understanding of reflexivity not so much anchored in the willful capacity to reflect on scholarly work but as engagement with experiences of exclusion or unexpected outcomes in fieldwork and in interacting with other researchers.
Doing “male” diversity research in France: a self-reflective account
Authors: Klarsfeld Alain 
Published: June 2014

Purpose– Little is known qualitatively about how men become involved in diversity research. The purpose of this paper is to address a part of the gap in this type of research.Design/methodology/approach– The paper provides a self-reflective account of how the author became involved in diversity work.Findings– The author argues that “doing diversity” can be said to reflect an implicit “tempered radical” (Meyerson and Scully, 1995) approach which triggered deep-level concerns about a particular invisible trait that – up to the present paper –the author had never addressed in the research.Research limitations/implications– The main limitation is that the contribution is based on a self-reflective account and can only be taken as a possibility among many possibilities; not as a representative situation.Practical implications– The diversity concept's vagueness which is often criticized for diluting pre-existing concerns about gender (and other) strands, appears to have the potential of helping male researchers to become aware of diversity strands they had never dared to address before, and to become aware of some of the male privileges they had enjoyed unknowingly.Social implications– The paper illuminates that white males can benefit from working on the concept of diversity. Having been induced to work on diversity from social pressures rather than from a personal initiative does not reduce the pleasure, excitement and learning drawn from doing diversity-related work.Originality/value– No paper to the author's knowledge focuses on male diversity research in France, an up-to-now silent area.
Entrepreneurial preparedness: an exploratory case study of Chinese private enterprises
Authors: L. Wang Catherine , Rafiq Mohammed , Li Xiaoqing , Zheng Yu 
Published: June 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to advance the conceptualisation of entrepreneurial preparedness (EP), and study how EP occurs in new venture creation and management.Design/methodology/approach– The paper primarily draws evidence from an exploratory case study of two Chinese high-tech private enterprises operating in the healthcare industry in Beijing, following a two-stage sampling process: informal, purposive sampling; and formal, theoretical sampling. Qualitative data collected from multiple semi-structured interviews within each firm were analysed using a thematic analytical framework.Findings– The paper advances the conceptualisation of EP as a cumulative, social and purposeful learning process. Accordingly, the paper highlights the roles of experiential learning, social learning and entrepreneurial goals (both performance and learning goals) as mechanisms that enable EP in entrepreneurial management.Research limitations/implications– The findings reveal idiosyncrasies of EP in a particular context. Future research may investigate different types of entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial firms. Furthermore, this study uses triangulation of retrospective interview data with concurrent interview and secondary data. Future research may pursue concurrent longitudinal case study data to unpack real-time events in entrepreneurial management.Practical implications– The findings have practical implications for entrepreneurs and “would-be” entrepreneurs to better understand their learning needs and how they can prepare themselves for entrepreneurial challenges.Originality/value– EP as an emerging concept within the entrepreneurial learning (EL) literature requires conceptual and empirical development. The paper advances the conceptualisation of EP, supported with empirical evidence. By articulating the cumulative, social and purposeful nature of EP, the paper contributes to the understanding of the human and social dynamics of EL.
Asylum, welfare and work: reflections on research in asylum and refugee studies
Authors: Mayblin Lucy 
Published: June 2014

Purpose– Over the past 30 years asylum has become an issue of great political significance, public interest and media coverage in most “Western” countries. Policies and laws designed to deal with asylum seekers have proliferated, as have the resources required to manage them. These developments have come as a result of the rise of asylum as a social, political and economic “problem” which is seen to necessitate urgent action. Within this context, some countries, such as Britain, have sought to limit asylum seekers’ social and economic rights. In Britain specifically this has involved making paid employment illegal for asylum seekers, and in the process making the government liable for the living costs of such individuals – creating a situation of forced welfare dependency. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– This paper provides a review of research into work and welfare policy relating to asylum seekers in Britain. The paper focuses particularly on three key issues which are affected by asylum policies relating to work and welfare. These have all received particular scholarly attention in recent years: destitution, illegal working and forced labour, and the impact on integration outcomes.Findings– In the final section the author proposes some directions for future research.Originality/value– The review is, of course, not exhaustive, but does provide an overview of key themes in the literature and should be of interest to scholars interested in the politics, sociology and social policy of asylum.
Bank resolution costs, depositor preference and asset encumbrance
Authors: C. Hardy Daniel 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to clarify the effects of introducing depositor preference on resolution costs, probability of default and bank funding costs, allowing for the possibility of collateralized funding.

Design/methodology/approach
– The importance of conflict among creditors in generating bankruptcy costs is documented. A model of such a conflict is provided, which is then used in analyzing the effects of depositor preference and other forms of asset encumbrance. The model takes into account the reactions of providers of secured and unsecured financing.

Findings
– Depositor preference and collateralization of borrowing may reduce the cost of settling the conflicts among creditors that arises in case of resolution or bankruptcy. This net benefit, which may be capitalized into the value of the bank rather than affect creditors’ expected returns, should result in lower overall funding costs and thus a lower probability of distress despite increasing encumbrance of the bank’s balance sheet. The benefit is maximized when resolution is initiated early enough for preferred depositors to remain fully protected.

Research limitations/implications
– The interaction of asset encumbrance with liquidity risk is not addressed directly.

Practical implications
– The issues addressed on the paper are currently the subject of debate by regulators and market participants. There are direct implications for prudential regulation and bank resolution policies.

Originality/value
– The theory of conflict resolution is applied to bankruptcy and bank resolution, generating rigorous analysis of an important practical issue.