bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New dasycladalean algal species from the Kalana Lagerstätte (Silurian, Estonia)
Authors: Mastik Viirika , Tinn Oive 
Published: April 2015

AbstractA Silurian (Llandovery, Aeronian) Lagerstätte in Kalana, Estonia, has revealed exceptionally preserved noncalcified thalli of dasycladalean (divison Chlorophyta) algal fossils. The siphonous, serially segmented fossils ofPalaeocymopolia silurican. sp. are closely similar toP. nunavutensis, a Ludlovian species from the Arctic Canada. The occurrence of closely related species at Baltica and Laurentia paleocontinents indicates a wide distribution of noncalcified algal flora on both sides of the Iapetus Ocean in the Paleozoic. The exceptionally well-preserved specimens from the Kalana Lagerstätte show similarity to extant speciesCymopolia barbata, with lack of a calcium carbonate skeleton being the major observable difference from the latter.
Folate status and concentrations of serum folate forms in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2
Authors: Pfeiffer Christine M. , Sternberg Maya R. , Fazili Zia , Lacher David A. , Zhang Mindy , Johnson Clifford L. , Hamner Heather C. , Bailey Regan L. , Rader Jeanne I. , Yamini Sedigheh , Berry R. J. , Yetley Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2015

Serum and erythrocyte (RBC) total folate are indicators of folate status. No nationally representative population data exist for folate forms. We measured the serum folate forms (5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF), unmetabolised folic acid (UMFA), non-methyl folate (sum of tetrahydrofolate (THF), 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-formylTHF), 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (5,10-methenylTHF)) and MeFox (5-methylTHF oxidation product)) by HPLC–MS/MS and RBC total folate by microbiologic assay in US population ≥ 1 year (n approximately 7500) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2. Data analysis for serum total folate was conducted including and excluding MeFox. Concentrations (geometric mean; detection rate) of 5-methylTHF (37·5 nmol/l; 100 %), UMFA (1·21 nmol/l; 99·9 %), MeFox (1·53 nmol/l; 98·8 %), and THF (1·01 nmol/l; 85·2 %) were mostly detectable. 5-FormylTHF (3·6 %) and 5,10-methenylTHF (4·4 %) were rarely detected. The biggest contributor to serum total folate was 5-methylTHF (86·7 %); UMFA (4·0 %), non-methyl folate (4·7 %) and MeFox (4·5 %) contributed smaller amounts. Age was positively related to MeFox, but showed a U-shaped pattern for other folates. We generally noted sex and race/ethnic biomarker differences and weak (Spearman's r< 0·4) but significant (P< 0·05) correlations with physiological and lifestyle variables. Fasting, kidney function, smoking and alcohol intake showed negative associations. BMI and body surface area showed positive associations with MeFox but negative associations with other folates. All biomarkers showed significantly higher concentrations with recent folic acid-containing dietary supplement use. These first-time population data for serum folate forms generally show similar associations with demographic, physiological and lifestyle variables as serum total folate. Patterns observed for MeFox may suggest altered folate metabolism dependent on biological characteristics.
Using predator attack data to save lives, human and crocodilian
Authors: Pooley Simon 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAs human populations grow and transform undeveloped terrestrial and aquatic habitats, human–wildlife conflict inevitably increases. This is particularly problematic for large predators and the humans who live alongside them. Relatively little research has been conducted on alleviating adverse human encounters with one of the most significant predator species in Africa, the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus. This short communication raises questions about some of the general statements made to explain the incidence of attacks by crocodiles. Some of the limitations of the data on such attacks are considered, with recommendations on what kinds of data are required. Data collection and analysis, and how they can inform more effective mitigation efforts, are discussed.
Modelling the Age Dynamics of Chronic Health Conditions: Life-Table-Consistent Transition Probabilities and their Application
Authors: Denton Frank T. , Spencer Byron G. 
Published: April 2015

RÉSUMÉLes sondages sur les conditions de santé chroniques fournissent des informations sur la prédominance mais pas l'incidence et le processus de changement au sein de la population. Notre étude a révelé comment "les dynamiques d'âge" des conditions chroniques—les probabilités de contracter des conditions aux âges divers, de passer d'un état d'une maladie chronique à l'autre, et de mourir—peuvent être déduites des données sur la prédominance de ces conditions, qui peuvent être considerées comme irreversibles. Les matrices de transition de probabilité ont été construites pour les groupes d'âge successifs, la séquence représentant la dynamique d'âge des conditions de santé pour une population sédentaire. Nous avons simulé la trajectoire de vie d'une cohorte sous les probabilités initiales, et encore sous les probabilités altérées, afin d'explorer les effets de la réduction du taux d'incidence ou de la mortalité associée à une condition particulière. Nous avons démontré que ces enquêtes sur les conditions chroniques peuvent être rendues encore plus valables en permettant le calcul des probabilités de transition qui définissent le processus de vieillissement pour des conditions chroniques.
Characterizing HIV epidemiology in stable couples in Cambodia, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and India
Authors: CHEMAITELLY H. , ABU-RADDAD L. J. 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYUsing a set of statistical methods and HIV mathematical models applied on nationally representative Demographic and Health Survey data, we characterized HIV serodiscordancy patterns and HIV transmission dynamics in stable couples (SCs) in four countries: Cambodia, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and India. The majority of SCs affected by HIV were serodiscordant, and about a third of HIV-infected persons had uninfected partners. Overall, nearly two-thirds of HIV infections occurred in individuals in SCs, but only about half of these infections were due to transmissions within serodiscordant couples. The majority of HIV incidence in the population occurred through extra-partner encounters in SCs. There is similarity in HIV epidemiology in SCs between these countries and countries in sub-Saharan Africa, despite the difference in scale of epidemics. It appears that HIV epidemiology in SCs may share similar patterns globally, possibly because it is a natural ‘spillover’ effect of HIV dynamics in high-risk populations.
The better of two evils? Evidence that children exhibiting continuous conduct problems high or low on callous–unemotional traits score on opposite directions on physiological and behavioral measures of fear
Authors: Fanti Kostas A. , Panayiotou Georgia , Lazarou Chrysostomos , Michael Raphaelia , Georgiou Giorgos 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe present study examines whether heterogeneous groups of children identified based on their longitudinal scores on conduct problems (CP) and callous–unemotional (CU) traits differ on physiological and behavioral measures of fear. Specifically, it aims to test the hypothesis that children with high/stable CP differentiated on CU traits score on opposite directions on a fear–fearless continuum. Seventy-three participants (M age = 11.21; 45.2% female) were selected from a sample of 1,200 children. Children and their parents completed a battery of questionnaires assessing fearfulness, sensitivity to punishment, and behavioral inhibition. Children also participated in an experiment assessing their startle reactivity to fearful mental imagery, a well-established index of defensive motivation. The pattern of results verifies the hypothesis that fearlessness, assessed with physiological and behavioral measures, is a core characteristic of children high on both CP and CU traits (i.e., receiving the DSM-5 specifier of limited prosocial emotions). To the contrary, children with high/stable CP and low CU traits demonstrated high responsiveness to fear, high behavioral inhibition, and high sensitivity to punishment. The study is in accord with the principle of equifinality, in that different developmental mechanisms (i.e., extremes of high and low fear) may have the same behavioral outcome manifested as phenotypic antisocial behavior.
Crustose coralline algal species host distinct bacterial assemblages on their surfaces
Authors: Sneed Jennifer M , Ritson-Williams Raphael , Paul Valerie J 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are important components of many marine ecosystems. They aid in reef accretion and stabilization, create habitat for other organisms, contribute to carbon sequestration and are important settlement substrata for a number of marine invertebrates. Despite their ecological importance, little is known about the bacterial communities associated with CCA or whether differences in bacterial assemblages may have ecological implications. This study examined the bacterial communities on four different species of CCA collected in Belize using bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing of the V1–V3 region of the 16S rDNA. CCA were dominated by Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Actinomycetes. At the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level, each CCA species had a unique bacterial community that was significantly different from all other CCA species. Hydrolithon boergesenii and Titanoderma prototypum, CCA species that facilitate larval settlement in multiple corals, had higher abundances of OTUs related to bacteria that inhibit the growth and/or biofilm formation of coral pathogens. Fewer coral larvae settle on the surfaces of Paragoniolithon solubile and Porolithon pachydermum. These CCA species had higher abundances of OTUs related to known coral pathogens and cyanobacteria. Coral larvae may be able to use the observed differences in bacterial community composition on CCA species to assess the suitability of these substrata for settlement and selectively settle on CCA species that contain beneficial bacteria.
FGF1 and FGF19 reverse diabetes by suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
Authors: Perry Rachel J. , Lee Sangwon , Ma Lie , Zhang Dongyan , Schlessinger Joseph , Shulman Gerald I. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF1) and FGF19 have been shown to improve glucose metabolism in diabetic rodents, but how this occurs is unknown. Here to investigate the mechanism of action of these growth factors, we perform intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of recombinant FGF1 or FGF19 in an awake rat model of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and measure rates of whole-body lipolysis, hepatic acetyl CoA content, pyruvate carboxylase activity and hepatic glucose production. We show that ICV injection of FGF19 or FGF1 leads to a ∼60% reduction in hepatic glucose production, hepatic acetyl CoA content and whole-body lipolysis, which results from decreases in plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations. These effects are abrogated by an intra-arterial infusion of corticosterone. Taken together these studies identify suppression of the HPA axis and ensuing reductions in hepatic acetyl CoA content as a common mechanism responsible for mediating the acute, insulin-independent, glucose-lowering effects of FGF1 and FGF19 in rodents with poorly controlled T1D.
Witnessing magnetic twist with high-resolution observation from the 1.6-m New Solar Telescope
Authors: Wang Haimin , Cao Wenda , Liu Chang , Xu Yan , Liu Rui , Zeng Zhicheng , Chae Jongchul , Ji Haisheng 
Published: April 2015

AbstractMagnetic flux ropes are highly twisted, current-carrying magnetic fields. They are crucial for the instability of plasma involved in solar eruptions, which may lead to adverse space weather effects. Here we present observations of a flaring using the highest resolution chromospheric images from the 1.6-m New Solar Telescope at Big Bear Solar Observatory, supplemented by a magnetic field extrapolation model. A set of loops initially appear to peel off from an overall inverse S-shaped flux bundle, and then develop into a multi-stranded twisted flux rope, producing a two-ribbon flare. We show evidence that the flux rope is embedded in sheared arcades and becomes unstable following the enhancement of its twists. The subsequent motion of the flux rope is confined due to the strong strapping effect of the overlying field. These results provide a first opportunity to witness the detailed structure and evolution of flux ropes in the low solar atmosphere.
Increased signaling entropy in cancer requires the scale-free property of proteininteraction networks
Authors: Teschendorff Andrew E. , Banerji Christopher R. S. , Severini Simone , Kuehn Reimer , Sollich Peter 
Published: April 2015

AbstractOne of the key characteristics of cancer cells is an increased phenotypic plasticity,driven by underlying genetic and epigenetic perturbations. However, at asystems-level it is unclear how these perturbations give rise to the observedincreased plasticity. Elucidating such systems-level principles is key for animproved understanding of cancer. Recently, it has been shown that signalingentropy, an overall measure of signaling pathway promiscuity and computable fromintegrating a sample's gene expression profile with a protein interactionnetwork, correlates with phenotypic plasticity and is increased in cancer comparedto normal tissue. Here we develop a computational framework for studying the effectsof network perturbations on signaling entropy. We demonstrate that the increasedsignaling entropy of cancer is driven by two factors: (i) the scale-free (or nearscale-free) topology of the interaction network and (ii) a subtle positivecorrelation between differential gene expression and node connectivity. Indeed, weshow that if protein interaction networks were random graphs, described by Poissondegree distributions, that cancer would generally not exhibit an increased signalingentropy. In summary, this work exposes a deep connection between cancer, signalingentropy and interaction network topology.
Surface Modifications Induced by High Fluxes of Low Energy Helium Ions
Authors: Tanyeli İrem , Marot Laurent , Mathys Daniel , van de Sanden Mauritius C. M. , De Temmerman Gregory 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSeveral metal surfaces, such as titanium, aluminum and copper, were exposed to highfluxes (in the range of 1023m−2s−1) of low energy(<100 eV) Helium (He) ions. The surfaces were analyzed by scanningelectron microscopy and to get a better understanding on morphology changes both topview and cross sectional images were taken. Different surface modifications, such asvoids and nano pillars, are observed on these metals. The differences andsimilarities in the development of surface morphologies are discussed in terms ofthe material properties and compared with the results of similar experimentalstudies. The results show that He ions induced void growth and physical sputteringplay a significant role in surface modification using high fluxes of low energy Heions.
Simultaneous silence organizes structured higher-order interactions in neural populations
Authors: Shimazaki Hideaki , Sadeghi Kolia , Ishikawa Tomoe , Ikegaya Yuji , Toyoizumi Taro 
Published: April 2015

AbstractActivity patterns of neural population are constrained by underlying biological mechanisms. These patterns are characterized not only by individual activity rates and pairwise correlations but also by statistical dependencies among groups of neurons larger than two, known as higher-order interactions (HOIs). While HOIs are ubiquitous in neural activity, primary characteristics of HOIs remain unknown. Here, we report that simultaneous silence (SS) of neurons concisely summarizes neural HOIs. Spontaneously active neurons in cultured hippocampal slices express SS that is more frequent than predicted by their individual activity rates and pairwise correlations. The SS explains structured HOIs seen in the data, namely, alternating signs at successive interaction orders. Inhibitory neurons are necessary to maintain significant SS. The structured HOIs predicted by SS were observed in a simple neural population model characterized by spiking nonlinearity and correlated input. These results suggest that SS is a ubiquitous feature of HOIs that constrain neural activity patterns and can influence information processing.
The emergence of hyper-altruistic behaviour in conflictual situations
Authors: Capraro Valerio 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSituations where people have to decide between hurting themselves or another person are at the core of many individual and global conflicts. Yet little is known about how people behave when facing these situations in the lab. Here we report a large (N = 2.379) experiment in which participants could either takexdollars from another anonymous participant or giveydollars to the same participant. Depending on the experimental treatments, participants were also allowed to exit the game without making any decision, but paying a costc ≥ 0. Across different protocols and parameter specifications, we found three major results: (i) when exiting is allowed and costless, subjects tend to exit the game; (ii) females are more likely than males to exit the game, but only when the cost of the exit is small; (iii) when exiting is not allowed, altruistic actions are more common than predicted by the dominant economic models. In particular, about one sixth of the subjects show hyper-altruistic tendencies, that is, they prefer givingyrather than takingx > y.In doing so, our findings shed light on human decision-making in conflictual situations and suggest that economic models should be revised in order to take into account hyper-altruistic behaviour.
Ketorolac salt is a newly discovered DDX3 inhibitor to treat oral cancer
Authors: Samal Sabindra K. , Routray Samapika , Veeramachaneni Ganesh Kumar , Dash Rupesh , Botlagunta Mahendran 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDDX3 belongs to DEAD box RNA helicase family and is involved in the progression of several types of cancer. In this work, we employed a High Throughput Virtual screening approach to identify bioactive compounds against DDX3 from ZINC natural database. Ketorolac salt was selected based on its binding free energy less than or equals to −5 Kcal/mol with reference to existing synthetic DDX3 inhibitors and strong hydrogen bond interactions as similar to crystallized DDX3 protein (2I4I). The anti-cancer activity of Ketorolac salt against DDX3 was tested using oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines. This compound significantly down regulated the expression of DDX3 in human OSCC line (H357) and the half maximal growth inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Ketorolac salt in H357 cell line is 2.6 µM. Ketorolac salt also inhibited the ATP hydrolysis by directly interacting with DDX3. More importantly, we observed decreased number of neoplastic tongue lesions and reduced lesion severity in Ketorolac salt treated groups in a carcinogen induced tongue tumor mouse model. Taken together, our result demonstrates that Ketorolac salt is a newly discovered bioactive compound against DDX3 and this compound can be used as an ideal drug candidate to treat DDX3 associated oral cancer.
Genome-wide association data suggest ABCB1 and immune-related gene sets may be involved in adult antisocial behavior
Authors: Salvatore J E , Edwards A C , McClintick J N , Bigdeli T B , Adkins A , Aliev F , Edenberg H J , Foroud T , Hesselbrock V , Kramer J , Nurnberger J I , Schuckit M , Tischfield J A , Xuei X , Dick D M 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAdult antisocial behavior (AAB) is moderately heritable, relatively common and has adverse consequences for individuals and society. We examined the molecular genetic basis of AAB in 1379 participants from a case–control study in which the cases met criteria for alcohol dependence. We also examined whether genes of interest were expressed in human brain. AAB was measured using a count of the number of Antisocial Personality Disorder criteria endorsed under criterion A from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV). Participants were genotyped on the Illumina Human 1M BeadChip. In total, all single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) accounted for 25% of the variance in AAB, although this estimate was not significant (P=0.09). Enrichment tests indicated that more significantly associated genes were over-represented in seven gene sets, and most were immune related. Our most highly associated SNP (rs4728702,P=5.77 × 10−7) was located in the protein-coding adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1 (ABCB1). In a gene-based test,ABCB1was genome-wide significant (q=0.03). Expression analyses indicated thatABCB1was robustly expressed in the brain.ABCB1has been implicated in substance use, and inpost hoctests we found that variation inABCB1was associated with DSM-IV alcohol and cocaine dependence criterion counts. These results suggest thatABCB1may confer risk across externalizing behaviors, and are consistent with previous suggestions that immune pathways are associated with externalizing behaviors. The results should be tempered by the fact that we did not replicate the associations forABCB1or the gene sets in a less-affected independent sample.
Thermal test method for high power three‐phase grid‐connected inverters
Authors: Balasubramanian Arun Karuppaswamy , John Vinod 
Published: April 2015

Semiconductor device junction temperatures are maintained within datasheet specified limits to avoid failure in power converters. Burn‐in tests are used to ensure this. In inverters, thermal time constants can be large and burn‐in tests are required to be performed over long durations of time. At higher power levels, besides increased production cost, the testing requires sources and loads that can handle high power. In this study, a novel method to test a high power three‐phase grid‐connected inverter is proposed. The method eliminates the need for high power sources and loads. Only energy corresponding to the losses is consumed. The test is done by circulating rated current within the three legs of the inverter. All the phase legs being loaded, the method can be used to test the inverter in both cases of a common or independent cooling arrangement for the inverter phase legs. Further, the method can be used with different inverter configurations – three‐ or four‐wire and for different pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques. The method has been experimentally validated on a 24 kVA inverter for a four‐wire configuration that uses sine‐triangle PWM and a three‐wire configuration that uses conventional space vector PWM.