bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GME Innovations Grant Program at the University of Michigan Health System—Fostering Changes in Education and Clinical Care
Authors: Colletti Lisa M. , Kolars Joseph C. , Woolliscroft James O. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background
Changes in graduate medical education (GME) have resulted in curricula, goals and objectives, and assessment methods becoming more formal, yet there is little financial support for the educational research required to develop better teaching approaches and assessment tools.

Objective
We sought to encourage the development of new educational tools and assessment methods to improve the overall conduct of GME at the University of Michigan.

Intervention
The University of Michigan Health System has recently established a new educational grant that is designed to foster innovative educational research in GME. We describe the experience with a new and robust internal educational grant, including the source of funding, mechanisms for reviewing and assessing the proposals, the types of proposals that have currently been funded, and the effect and results of these studies on GME at the University of Michigan Health System.

Outcomes
Projects funded by the grant have changed the curriculum in the involved programs, and many have resulted in sustained changes, including new methodologies in the simulation center, the development of an “academy” of faculty physicians with significant teaching expertise, and the creation of web-based teaching and assessment tools for “just in time” learning, and have been disseminated at national meetings and in peer-reviewed journals.

Conclusions
The GME Innovations Grant Program at the University of Michigan Health System has been successful to date, funding 11 proposals during the course of 6 years. Some of these proposals have resulted in permanent changes and additions to residency training programs.
A Memorial Service to Provide Reflection on Patient Death During Residency
Authors: Schoenborn Nancy L. , Cheng M. Jennifer , Christmas Colleen 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Background
Patient death can be emotionally and psychologically stressful for clinicians, particularly clinicians in training.

Objective
We describe an annual memorial service as a novel approach to help internal medicine residents cope with and reflect on the experiences of patient death.

Methods
We created a memorial service in 2010 for patients who had died under the care of the internal medicine residents in our institution. Residents, medical students, and medicine faculty attended the 1-hour service. The memorial service was repeated in 2011, and a 10-question survey was sent to evaluate its impact.

Results
Twenty-two participants in either the 2010 or 2011 memorial service responded to the survey. Most of the respondents thought that reflection on patient death was important (95%) and that the memorial service was helpful in facilitating such reflection and bringing closure (95%).

Conclusions
An annual memorial service helps trainees cope with the emotional impact of patient death. It can be easily adopted by other residency programs. The long-term impact of this experience on trainees' well-being and professional development is unknown.
Underestimation of Securities Fraud Aggregate Damages Due to Inter-Fund Trades
Authors: Feinstein Steven , Hu Gang , Marcus Mark , Ali Zann 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Aggregate damages in class action securities cases estimated using standard methodologies and public volume data may be understated due to the frequent occurrence of inter-fund trades. Inter-fund trades are internal crossing trades between funds within the same fund family and are one of the few instances of trading transactions that are not reported publicly. Consequently, while inter-fund trades show up in submitted claims they are omitted from the public trade volume data generally used to estimate aggregate damages. Using actual claims data obtained from a claims administrator in a recent case, we find a significant number of damaged shares attributable to inter-fund trades, for which traditional damage estimation models do not account without an adjustment to the models' trading volume input. Our findings have implications for how aggregate damages should be estimated and call for policy reform in the reporting of inter-fund trades.
Elagolix, an Oral GnRH Antagonist for Endometriosis-Associated Pain: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Carr Bruce , Giudice Linda , Dmowski W. Paul , O'Brien Chris , Jiang Ping , Burke Joshua , Jimenez Roland , Hass Steven , Fuldeore Mahesh , Chwalisz Kristof 
Published: October 2013

Objective The aim of this study was to estimate the efficacy of elagolix, an oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, for the treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. Methods This was a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel group study conducted at 37 US centers, consisting of an 8-week double-blind period followed by a 16-week open-label period. Patients were 137 women aged 18 to 49, with laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis and moderate to severe nonmenstrual pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea, who were administered elagolix 150 mg daily or placebo. The primary outcomes of the study were the daily assessment of dysmenorrhea, nonmenstrual pelvic pain and dyspareunia using a modified Biberoglu-Behrman scale. Results During the double-blind period, there were significantly greater mean reductions from baseline to week 8 in dysmenorrhea (-1.13 ± 0.11 vs. −0.37 ± 0.11, p<0.0001), nonmenstrual pelvic pain (-0.47 ± 0.07 vs. −0.19 ± 0.07, p = 0.0066), and dyspareunia scores (-0.61 ± 0.10 vs. −0.23 ± 0.10, p = 0.0070) in the elagolix group compared with placebo. Continued improvements were observed during the open-label treatment regardless of initial treatment allocation. Elagolix treatment was also associated with significant improvements in quality-of-life measures during the double-blind and open-label periods. The most common adverse events occurring with elagolix were nausea, headache and hot flush, each in 9.9% of patients. Conclusion Elagolix effectively reduced endometriosis-associated pelvic pain over a 24-week period and was well-tolerated.
Important Initiative Roles of CD44 and Tenascin in Sampson's Theory of the Pathogenesis and Development of Endometriosis
Authors: Igarashi Shigeo , Igarashi Toshio , Abe Yumiko , Liang Shan-Guang , Minegishi Takashi , Igarashi Masao 
Published: October 2013

Background Among several theories explaining the pathogenesis of endometriosis, Sampson's theory seems to be the most reliable and popular. However, this theory does have some problems. First, the onset of endometriosis is not as common as retrograde menstruation. Second, the surface of the peritoneum is capable of preventing the adhesion of foreign bodies such as endometrial cells. Regarding the first problem, several studies on immunosurveillance have been reported. The second problems has not yet been clarified, Therefore we investigated the problem in the present report. Methods Levels of CD44 and tenascin in both menstrual and peripheral blood were assayed in 19 healthy volunteer women in the first experiment. In the second experiment, the effects of tenascin on the activity of MMP-9 were investigated, because the invasive ability of endometriotic cells is known to be due to MMP activity. Results CD44 and tenascin concentrations were significantly higher in menstrual blood than in peripheral blood. Since CD44 is a specific hyaluronic acid receptor, CD44 in menstrual blood was demonstrated to be a specific matchmaker of adhesion between the endometrial cells and the peritoneal surface. Tenascin in menstrual blood and endometriotic cells up-regulated MMP activity and promoted the invasive action of endometriotic cells. Conclusion The present study clarified that adhesion of endometrial cells in menstrual blood on adhesion-preventive peritoneal surface was achieved by a mediator, CD44, in menstrual blood and that the ability of endometriotic cells to invade, induced by MMP, was achieved through up-regulation of MMP activity by the mediator tenascin.
Efficacy of Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty on Dysfunctional Fistulae Because of Inflow Stenosis
Authors: Caeiro Fernando , Carvalho Dulce , Cruz João , Santos João Ribeiro , Nolasco Fernando 
Published: October 2013

Purpose Autogenous fistulas are the preferential vascular access for hemodialysis. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the efficacy of angioplasty for dysfunctional fistulas because of inflow dysfunction. Methods We reviewed all the angiographic procedures performed on our institution between April 2007 and April 2009. Procedures performed in dysfunctional fistulas because of inflow stenoses were analyzed. Fistulas with stenoses out of these areas were excluded. The following data were collected: patient age and sex, fistula age at the time of intervention, location of fistula, number and location of stenosis, angiography referral criteria, clinical findings (presence or absence of thrills, bruits and pulsatility) and date of reintervention or failure. Results During the study period 215 fistulas were submitted to angiography of which, seventy-one presented inflow stenosis (33%). Mean follow-up was 21.72±9.26 months, and average age was 7.03 months. Two groups were considered: 31 fistulas comprising ≤6 months old, and 40 fistulas >6 months old. Primary patency rates±SE for older fistulas at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months, respectively, was 91.3%± 0.04%, 80.7%± 0.07%, 53.8% ±0.10% and 34.2±0.1%. versus 91.7±0.08%, 57.1 ±0.14%, 23±0.14%, 11.4%± 0.1% for younger fistulas (P=0.04). Fistulas ≤6 months old and multiple stenosis were associated with a poorer primary patency rate (P=0.005). Conclusions Inflow stenosis is frequently associated with fistula dysfunction. In this study we only analyzed AVF with inflow stenosis and we have shown that angioplasty can have great patency results, particularly for single lesions in matured fistulas.
Global burden of tuberculosis and lower respiratory infections attributable to alcohol consumption in 2004
Authors: Shield Kevin David , Samokhvalov Andriy V , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: October 2013

Shield, K. D., Samokhvalov, A. V. & Rehm, J. (2013). Global burden of tuberculosis and lower respiratory infections attributable to alcohol consumption in 2004. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(1), 11-18. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.49 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.49)Aim: To quantify the extent to which alcohol contributes to the global burden of tuberculosis (TB) and lower respiratory infections (LRI).Design: TB and LRI deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost due to alcohol consumption were calculated from alcohol-attributable fractions (AAFs) using various data sources.Measures: Deaths and DALYs lost were obtained from the World Health Organization (2004 revision of the Global Burden of Disease study). Alcohol consumption indicators were obtained from the ongoing Comparative Risk Assessment study. Relative risks were obtained from meta-analyses, and confidence intervals (CIs) for the AAFs were obtained using Monte Carlo simulations.Findings: In 2004 alcohol was responsible for 381,000 deaths (95% CI: 209,000–560,000), 215,000 from TB (95% CI: 135,000–295,000) and 167,000 from LRI (95% CI: 74,000–264,000); and 6,101,000 DALYs lost (95% CI: 3,463,000–8,777,000), 4,581,000 due to TB (95% CI: 2,835,000 to 6,326,000) and 1,152,000 due to LRI (95%CI: 954,000–566,000). This represents 0.65% of all deaths (95% CI: 0.36%–0.95%) and 0.40% of all DALYs lost (95% CI: 0.23%–0.23%) for people aged 15 years and older.Conclusions: The global burden of alcohol-attributable TB and LRI is substantial, and significant attention should be paid to monitoring it. Future research should focus on quantifying alcohol’s role in (1) the risk for infection, (2) disease progression, and (3) adherence to medication regimens, in order to ensure accurate descriptions of the resulting global burden attributable to alcohol consumption.
The patterns of alcohol use among Warsaw adolescents across 20 years - from 1988 to 2008
Authors: Okulicz-Kozaryn Katarzyna , Borucka Anna 
Published: October 2013

Okulicz-Kozaryn, K. & Borucka, A. (2013). Patterns of alcohol use among Warsaw adolescents across 20 years—from 1988 to 2008. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(2), 37-44. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i2.102 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i2.102)Aim: The study investigates patterns of alcohol drinking among 15-year-old Polish students in Warsaw over the past 20 years.Methods: Data were collected from six consecutive surveys, beginning in 1988 (N = 3918) and conducted every four years (in 2008, N = 1229).Results: Two-step cluster analysis across all six consecutive surveys indicated a clear differentiation of the social context of adolescent alcohol drinking patterns. Adolescents are least likely to drink alcohol alone (< 5%) or heavily with peers (< 10%), more likely to drink with parents (15%-20%), in moderate amounts with peers (11%-28%) or not at all (11%-27%), and most likely to be light social drinkers (30%-46%). Cross-gender comparisons suggest that traditional gender differences are fading away; the data show increases in moderate social drinking among females and abstinence among males.Conclusions: Our results confirm that adolescents’ patterns of alcohol use are stable over time, despite the social and political changes that have occurred in Poland since 1988, and reflect a pattern of mostly moderate drinking.
Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactors
Authors: Syron Eoin , Casey Eoin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe membrane‐aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) is an emerging technology for wastewater treatment. Oxygen diffuses through a gas‐permeable membrane into the biofilm where oxidation of pollutants, supplied on the biofilm side of the membrane, takes place. This article describes the important design and operational principles of MABRs and reviews the performance of previously published studies where the MABR has been applied for wastewater treatment. The challenges involved in scaling‐up the process are discussed.
Solvent‐Resistant Nanofiltration Membranes
Authors: Hendrix Katrien , Vankelecom Ivo F. J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSolvent‐resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) is a separation technique that allows separations in organic solvents down to a molecular level. It is a growing technology that is environmentally friendly because of its energy‐ and waste‐efficiency. This article comprises a general introduction to SRNF, explaining its basic principles and considerations. Different methods to evaluate SRNF performance are discussed as well as limitations and challenges of the separation method. A more fundamental discussion of the possible transport mechanisms for different types of SRNF membranes is given. Currently used characterization methods, both novel and state of the art, are listed and discussed. An up‐to‐date overview of SRNF membranes types found in recent literature is given, with subdivisions made for each type of material. Their preparation method is also discussed, as well as possible posttreatments. The most extensive part of this subchapter is dedicated to polymeric SRNF membranes, as these are most abundant in literature, but ceramic and mixed matrix membranes are also discussed. Lastly, commercially available SRNF membranes are mentioned.
Directed pathway evolution of the glyoxylate shunt in Escherichia coli for improved aerobic succinate production from glycerol
Authors: Li Ning , Zhang Bo , Chen Tao , Wang Zhiwen , Tang Ya-jie , Zhao Xueming 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
α-Ketoglutarate is accumulated as the main byproduct during the aerobic succinate production from glycerol by Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) in minimal medium. To address this issue, here a strategy of directed pathway evolution was developed to enhance the alternative succinate production route—the glyoxylate shunt. Via the directed pathway evolution, the glyoxylate shunt was recruited as the primary anaplerotic pathway in a ppc mutant, which restored its viability in glycerol minimal medium. Subsequently, the operon sdhCDAB was deleted and the gene ppc was reverted in the evolved strain for succinate production. The resulting strain E2-Δsdh-ppc produced 30 % more succinate and 46 % less α-ketoglutarate than the control strain. A G583T mutation in gene icdA, which significantly decreased the activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase, was identified in the evolved strain as the main mutation responsible for the observed phenotype. Overexpression of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in E2-Δsdh-ppc further reduced the amount of byproduct and improved succinate production. The final strain E2-Δsdh-ppc-sucAB produced 366 mM succinate from 1.3 M glycerol in minimal medium in fed-batch fermentation. The maximum and average succinate volumetric productivities were 19.2 and 6.55 mM h−1, respectively, exhibiting potential industrial production capacity from the low-priced substrate.
Resolving lost herbivore community structure using coprolites of four sympatric moa species (Aves: Dinornithiformes)
Authors: Wood Jamie R. , Wilmshurst Janet M. , Richardson Sarah J. , Rawlence Nicolas J. , Wagstaff Steven J. , Worthy Trevor H. , Cooper Alan 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Coprolites provide unique insights into the plant taxa consumed over a discrete time period by extinct herbivores and have typically been used to reconstruct the diets of single herbivore species. Through ancient DNA, pollen, and plant macrofossil analyses of 51 coprolites deposited by four species of extinct herbivore (the large avian moa of New Zealand) in a single rock shelter, we show the potential for coprolites to also resolve broader paleoecological questions around niche partitioning of extinct sympatric herbivore species and prehistoric herbivore community structure. Such information can help in our understanding of late Quaternary ecosystem functioning and the ecological consequences of prehistoric extinctions, as well as helping to inform rewilding efforts.
Introduction
Authors: McDonough Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
American Catholicism has undergone acceptance of the separation between church and state proclaimed at Vatican II, attenuation of the link between ecclesial authority and ministerial operations (in health care and higher education especially) that began in the late sixties, and a break in the bond between sexual comportment, gender roles, and church protocols. The ministries, the governance, and the sexual teachings of the church exist in tension, but apathy impedes reform largely because incentives for collective action are low when individual discretion is ample (notably, with regard to contraception, divorce, and the like). A division of labor prevails among reformers who target behavior, institutions, or beliefs; they face increasing difficulty as the gradient climbs from actions to organizational change to dogma. Change spans in-house quarrels concerning the supervision of sexuality and its links with clerical authority and the outreach ministries that exist in convoluted symbiosis with the larger community.
Shooting a Moving Target
Authors: Courtier Jesse , Ohliger Michael , Rhee Sue J. , Terreblanche Owen , Heyman Melvin B. , MacKenzie John D. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTThe chronic nature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) creates a lifelong effect on the morbidity of children affected by the disease. The ability to confidently identify and characterize complications resulting from IBD in the pediatric patient is of critical importance. Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is especially valuable in the diagnostic assessment of IBD; however, precise elucidation of complications including strictures can be difficult with standard MRE sequences. The recent development of faster MRI pulse sequences provides rapid, real‐time imaging of the intestinal tract. In this review, we describe how the addition of cine MRE confidently pinpoints areas of stricture, aids in lesion detection and diagnosis, and provides valuable information on intestinal motility.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: race‐specific effects of alcohol and tobacco on the risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Prabhu A. , Obi K. O. , Rubenstein J. H. 
Published: October 2013

SummaryBackgroundOesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with alcohol use, tobacco use and African or Asian descent. However, little is known about how racial background modifies the effects of alcohol or tobacco.AimTo investigate how racial and geographical background modifies the effect of alcohol and tobacco on OSCC via a systematic review and meta‐analysis of published literature.MethodsWe performed a literature search in multiple online databases regardless of language. Eligible studies were population‐based assessments of the effect of tobacco and/or alcohol on the risk of OSCC allowing stratification by race. The quality of studies was assessed by the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. Meta‐analyses were performed to estimate summary effects using random effect models.ResultsSystematic review identified 9668 unique citations of which 34 were eligible. The majority were of high quality. The effect of current smoking vs. never‐smoking was weaker among Asians than among Europeans [European: odds ratio (OR) = 4.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.13, 5.66; Asian: OR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.78, 2.99], with the 95% CIs not crossing, indicating statistical significance. Asians also trended towards weaker effects of long‐duration cigarette use and of heavy daily cigarette use. There was no difference in the effect of alcohol on OSCC risk by race.ConclusionsContrary to our hypothesis, a weaker effect of tobacco for OSCC was observed among Asians than among Europeans. Differences in other factors must explain the higher incidence of OSCC among Asians. More studies are needed to understand the cause of the disparate incidence of OSCC between races.
Evaluating Outside the Box: An Alternative Framework for Analysing Social Protection Programmes
Authors: Devereux Stephen , Roelen Keetie , Béné Christophe , Chopra Deepta , Leavy Jennifer , McGregor J. Allister 
Published: October 2013

SummaryThe evidence base on social protection programmes is expanding rapidly, largely pointing towards their positive impacts. Most evaluations rely heavily on quantitative techniques and experimental methods to allow for attribution of impacts. In this paper, we argue that new ways of investigation and analysis are needed to expand and deepen the evidence base in support of improved design and implementation of social protection. Greater emphasis on qualitative research, mixed methods and participatory evaluation is crucial, given current evidence gaps about programme dynamics and impacts. This paper proposes a new evaluation framework that goes beyond conventional approaches, by highlighting relatively neglected aspects related to programme processes, social dynamics and feedback loops in programme evaluations.