bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Countability and numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Zhang Niina Ning 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter studies the relationship between classifiers and the count-mass contrast. It shows that the contrast between count and mass is not binary. Instead, there are two independently attested features: numerability, the ability of a noun to combine with a numeral directly, distinguishes count from non-count nouns, and dimensionality, the ability of a noun to be modified by a size or shape modifier, distinguishes mass from non-mass nouns. Assuming numerals and size and shape modifiers are universally available, we are able to identify count and mass nominals in any language. Although all nouns in Chinese are non-count nouns, there is still a mass/non-mass contrast, with mass nouns selected by individuating classifiers and non-mass nouns selected by individual classifiers.
2 Distinctions in the linguistic encoding of motion: evidence from a free naming task
Authors: Vulchanova Mila , Martinez Liliana , Vulchanov Valentin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter presents and discusses the results of an exploratory free naming study of how biological motion is encoded in five languages: Bulgarian, Russian, English, Norwegian, and Italian. The cluster analysis of the data reveals interesting patterns of similarity as well as differences across all five languages. These patterns suggest that the linguistic encoding of motion may be based on a system of conceptual features, which reflect physical parameters, acknowledged to influence motion categorization both in visual perception and in linguistic semantics. It is proposed that some of these features are medium, phase, velocity, posture, method of propulsion, species, path orientation, and figure orientation. While all the languages in the sample make a clear distinction between non-supported high-velocity high-energy gaits (running), and supported slow-to-normal velocity motion (walking), they display greater variation in the latter domain, as well as in other types of motion (crawling, climbing). In addition, this study has revealed an interesting function of modifiers of the verb not observed previously. This function is dubbed the non-default explication function and this chapter suggests that its role is to signal non-default settings of the perceptual parameters characterizing motion scenes.
4 Verbs of aquamotion: semantic domains and lexical systems
Authors: Lander Yury , Maisak Timur , Rakhilina Ekaterina 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe current chapter elaborates on an approach which aims at the cross-linguistic comparison of lexical domains or (sub)systems. This approach is based on distinguishing among semantic domains which can be said to occur across languages and which are useful and relevant from a typological perspective. We illustrate this approach by exploring the conceptualization of motion / being in liquid medium (aquamotion), within which four general domains (swimming, sailing, drifting, and floating) are recognized. Using this distinction, we propose a typology of aquamotion systems that distinguishes between ‘rich’, ‘poor’, and ‘middle’ systems of aquamotion expressions depending on the lexical contrasts that the language displays.
6 The role of structure and function in the conceptualization of direction
Authors: Klippel Alexander , Tenbrink Thora , Montello Daniel R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter analyses a corpus of route directions given while viewing simple maps, focusing on the conceptualization of direction changes at decision points. It addresses the variability of conceptualizations underlying turning actions at decision points as well as the level of detail given to specify actions, and proposes a systematic approach to analysing route direction data that is suitable to account for the difference between structure and function. Verbalizations of trajectories within a route direction task may require different levels of detail depending on the spatial situation, to enable disambiguation to the degree needed to perform the route task. Characterization of aspects that influence the specification of spatial relations in the context of route directions accounts for (a) the spatial structure of an intersection, (b) the action to be performed at an intersection that demarcates functionally relevant parts, (c) the availability of additional features that can be used to anchor the action to be performed (landmarks), and (d) the conceptualization of this action as a result of structure and function and the features available.
8 Granularity in the cross‐linguistic encoding of motion and location
Authors: Staden Miriam van , Narasimhan Bhuvana 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores three ways in which the notion of ‘granularity’ emerges from the study of cross-linguistic event semantics. The first interpretation of granularity has to do with event segmentation for linguistic expressions. Depending on the language and cultural setting in which an event is encoded, humans vary in where they place event boundaries at the clausal level. Second, within the set boundaries of a ‘single event’ in time, there are many elements that could all receive expression. Again, languages show variation, both with respect to which elements are mentioned at all (the second interpretation of granularity), and the specificity with which these elements are characterized when mentioned (the third interpretation). It remains a matter for empirical research to discover whether these differences in linguistic expression reflect or inform different representations of event boundaries and event classification for non-linguistic purposes.
Socio-material Practices of Design Coordination: Objects as Plastic and Partisan
Authors: Whyte Jennifer , Harty Chris 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDrawing on detailed research on a construction megaproject, the chapter takes a practice-based approach to examining the practical and theoretical tensions between existing ways of working and the introduction of new digital coordination tools in design. The chapter analyzes the new hybrid practices that emerge, using insights from actor network theory, to articulate the delegation of actions to physical and digital objects within ecologies of practice. The three vignettes that we discuss highlight this delegation of actions, the “plugging” and “patching” of ecologies occurring across media and the continual iterations of working practices between different types of media. By shifting the focus from tools to these wider ecologies of practice, the approach has important implications for the stabilization of new technologies and practices and for managing technological change in the design of physical infrastructure.
AkrasiaAnd Self‐Rule In Plato'sLaws
Authors: Wilburn Joshua 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper challenges the commonly held view that Plato acknowledges and accepts the possibility of akrasia in the Laws. It offers a new interpretation of the image of the divine puppet in Book 1 - the passage often read as an account of akratic action -- and shows that it is not intended as an illustration of akrasia at all. Rather, it provides the moral psychological background for the text by illustrating a broader notion of self-rule as a virtuous condition of the soul (and lack of self-rule as a vicious condition). The paper examines key discussions in the Laws in order to show how Plato makes use of this broader notion of self-rule throughout the dialogue, and argues that nothing Plato says in the Laws commits him to the possibility of akrasia. One significant consequence of this interpretation of the puppet passage is that it avoids the need to posit developmentalism in Plato's late views about the embodied human soul, as some recent commentators have done: the moral psychology of the Laws, on this reading, is not incompatible with the Republic's tripartite theory of the soul.
The Teleological Significance Of Dreaming In Aristotle
Authors: Segev Mor 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn his discussions of dreaming in the Parva Naturalia, Aristotle neither claims nor denies that dreams serve a natural purpose. Modern scholarship generally interprets dreaming as useless and teleologically irrelevant for him. This paper argues that Aristotle's teleology permits certain types of dream to have a natural role in end-directed processes. Dreams are left-overs from waking experience, but they may, like certain bodily residues, be used by nature, which does ‘nothing in vain’ and makes use of available resources, for the benefit of the beings in which they occur. Contrary to prevalent opinions, Aristotle does not assimilate dreams to sensory illusions and does not hold that they have no interaction with our reasoning capacity. Dreams constitute a special class of the products of phantasia, but this does not prevent them from functioning like other (waking) phantasmata. In Aristotle's view, dreams regularly generate 'natural signs' of diseases and cause waking actions. This preparatory power of dreams, often dismissed or attributed to divine intervention in antiquity, is captured within Aristotle’s natural philosophy, and provides evidence that (some) dreams are (or should be) regarded by him as having a teleological significance.
The Platonic Origins Of Stoic Theology
Authors: Ademollo Francesco 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article investigates what the Stoic doctrine of the two principles, God and matter, owes to Plato. It engages with recent scholarly views to the effect that the Stoics were influenced by Old Academic interpretations of the Timaeus and argues that, although the Timaeus probably did play a role in the genesis of the Stoic doctrine, some role was also played by a dualist theory of flux set forth in the etymologies of the Cratylus. It also discusses Theophrastus’ account of Plato’s achievements in physics (fr. 230 FHS&G) and the report of Old Academic physics contained in Cicero’s Academica, 1. 24–9, and commonly taken to go back to Antiochus of Ascalon, and it shows that those reports too are likely to have been influenced by the Cratylus.
The Stoic Argument For The Rationality Of The Cosmos
Authors: Powers Nathan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractOne of ancient Stoicism's central claims is that the cosmos as a whole is a rational being, with plans and impulses of its own; but their justification for this claim has not been well understood. This paper argues, on the basis of a reexamination of the crucial evidence in Book 2 of Cicero's De natura deorum, that the Stoics took the rationality of the cosmos to be established as a consequence of two further claims which they endorsed: (1) the cosmos is an object unified by a nature; and (2) the various powers (including reason) found in the parts of a natured object originate, and are contained in, the ruling faculty of its nature.
How Primary-Process Emotional Systems Guide Child Development
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAll mammals share homologous primary-process emotional circuits, verified by the capacity of artificial activation of these systems to mediate “rewarding” and “punishing” effects in humans and other animals. These systems (SEEKING, RAGE, FEAR, CARE, PANIC/GRIEF, and PLAY) mediate social functions. These bottom-up primal emotional networks are fundamental for emotional reinforcement processes that regulate secondary-process learning and memory and lead to a diversity of higher cognitive functions, which, primarily via neural plasticity and learning, provide various top-down regulatory factors for emotional homeostasis as well as amplification of psychic disturbances. Many of the interminable controversies in psychological emotions studies may be due to different investigators focusing on different levels of organization within these multitiered levels of circular causality. A better understanding of the emotional primes can help guide the development of coherent new ways to optimize child development.
Neurobiology and the Evolution of Mammalian Social Behavior
Authors: Sue Carter C. , Porges Stephen W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAt the heart of mammalian social behaviors are evolved neural and endocrine pathways that support both survival and reproduction in an “environment of evolutionary adaptiveness.” The physiological prototype for mammalian social behaviors can be found in birth, lactation, and maternal behavior. Two mammalian neuropeptides, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, are particularly critical to mammalian reproduction and sociality, with actions throughout the central and autonomic nervous systems. The same systems that regulate the formation of social bonds and attachments also regulate emotionality and reactivity to stressful experiences. Knowledge of these neurobiological systems helps to explain the causes and consequences of social behavior and the mechanisms through which social behavior is integrated with emotional regulation and management of the “stress of life.”
Developmental Optimization
Authors: Narvaez Darcia , Gleason Tracy R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractInformed by Darwin's description of the “moral sense,” this chapter addresses the characteristics of early life experience for young children as identified by the anthropologists for the environment of evolutionary adaptedness as part of social mammalian evolution (extensive breastfeeding, nearly constant touch, prompt response to needs, multiple adult caregivers and maternal social support, free play in nature, natural childbirth). The chapter examines how these characteristics may or may not be fundamental for optimal moral functioning.
Professional Lecturing in Early British Film Shows
Authors: Kember Joe 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAdding a magic-lantern-style educative lecturer to moving pictures was one way of addressing emerging concerns in the 1900s that moving pictures themselves did not fix attention. By delving into the detail of exhibition practices at St James’s Hall Plymouth, the chapter argues that town-hall shows there and elsewhere structured the manipulation of audience attention within new institutional configurations, and did so as early as 1901, not only after 1908 as previously understood. Shows at St James’s Hall serve to demonstrate that lecturers could contribute to the creation of new patterns of audience attention, mediating and modulating the various effects involved in moving-picture exhibition, and adapting a wide range of oral practices in doing so.
Eric Williams: Speaking to Pictures
Authors: Bottomore Stephen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn 1911, the former actor Eric Williams started a new career reciting to his own specially made films. Over the next few years he produced and acted in some dozen films, and recited to these in numerous theaters throughout the United Kingdom.The film narratives were based on pre-existing texts, such as scenes from Shakespeare or popular ballads by the likes of Frederick Weatherly or G. R. Sims. Williams had evident talent as an “elocutionist,” but the chapter argues that his appeal was also founded on a unique fusion of three factors: his films were specially made and not off the shelf, he appeared both in the film and reciting live in the theater, and he lip-synced some of the lines of the on-screen performers.
“Suitable Music”: Accompaniment Practice in Early London Screen Exhibition from R. W. Paul to the Picture Palaces
Authors: Christie Ian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores film exhibition in the 1890s and 1900s in light of evidence for the musical accompaniment of forms of screen media produced in London from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. Early films are also considered in terms of remediation, such as the emergence of films inspired by popular song titles at the turn of the century, and the fact that popular songs formed the principal content for the various synchronized sound systems developed in the 1900s. This chapter thus provides historical evidence that in London music would likely have been used to accompany early film exhibition from the inception of the medium.
The Reception of British Exhibition Practices in Moving Picture World, 1907–1914
Authors: Buhler James 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines reporting about music’s role in British film exhibition in the North American trade paper Moving Picture World between 1907 and 1914. It not only provides perspective on the way British exhibition was seen from abroad, it also draws attention to the role of the trade papers in formulating and disseminating industry ideology. The chapter shows how Moving Picture World contrasted deficient North American exhibition practices with the development of upscale exhibition standards in Britain, specifically London, from the late 1900s into the 1910s. While commentators tended to denigrate British film production as inferior to the North American product, they tended to promote London’s exhibition practices as superior. From the end of 1909, the other purpose this comparison served was to promote to North America the feasibility of more expensive cinemas that excluded vaudeville, but where music played a significant role.
Song Performance in the Early Sound Shorts of British Pathé
Authors: Scott Derek B. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the new demands, opportunities, and limitations of the medium of film as it attempted to capture theatrical performances in the early days of sound. During the early 1930s, it is interesting to see the impact on performers when they move from a theater stage to a film studio and are faced with a camera instead of a live audience. Four Pathé musical shorts have been chosen as case studies, and they are representative of three musical genres: music hall, operetta, and cabaret. These films contain performances by the Cockney music-hall comedian Gus Elen, the light-operatic tenor Richard Tauber, and the cabaret artist Greta Keller. These early musical shorts are valuable in showing how singers confronted a new audiovisual medium and tried to mould their performances appropriately.
Sound at the Film Society
Authors: Riley John 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes the soundscapes of selected performances at the London-based Film Society and examines the reasoning behind some of its decisions concerning the sonic presentation of films. With a guaranteed income from subscriptions, the Film Society operated from a number of London cinemas from 1925 until 1939, and under club conditions showed films that they felt were artistically or technically worthy but had little commercial prospect or that risked censorship. The society’s financial stability enabled it to experiment with accompaniments and to employ approaches that might have proved unacceptable in commercial cinemas. These ranged from the conventional (pianists, orchestras, or records) to the less usual (speakers or complete silence), and single performances often embraced some permutation of these.
The Inheritance of Rāhula
Authors: Crosby Kate 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSome Buddhist narratives express the hurt and humiliation experienced by Yasodharā at the Buddha’s abandonment of their son Rāhula. Yet such texts are outnumbered by those that depict Rāhula, the son of the Buddha, as the glorious culmination of many lifetimes of rehearsal and aspiration. He was the direct recipient of the Buddha’s tender guidance to enlightenment. This chapter explores the relationship between the Buddha and his son, drawing on canonical, commentarial, and later literature, looking especially at Theravada sources while also taking into account Sanskrit and Chinese material. The chapter then turns to Rāhula as a role model of modest, uncomplaining obedience as both son and apprentice. Beautiful poetry praises Rāhula’s majestic mirroring of his father’s greatness. The individual teaching texts addressed by the Buddha to Rāhula are identified as age-appropriate instruction for young monks from the age of seven to early adulthood. These specific sutta texts were seen by the tradition as designed with the child practitioner in mind, placing them among the earliest surviving literature for children.
Representing Childhood in Chinese Buddhism
Authors: Kyan Winston 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPictorial and textual representations of the Sujati Jataka in medieval China illustrate more than the perfection of generosity that is the central message in numerous jataka tales; the specific description of a young boy cutting and offering his flesh to his starving parents involve complicated social and cultural issues of self-mutilation, cannibalism, and the parent-child relationship that illuminate the construction of childhood in medieval China. Focusing on visual representations of this narrative from Mogao Caves and original translations of this story from the Sutra on the Wise and Foolish and the Sutra on Repaying Kindness, this chapter situates representations of the Sujati Jataka into shifting attitudes toward childhood authority and parental responsibility that take place in medieval Chinese Buddhism from the sixth to eighth century, when tensions between Buddhist ideals of renouncing the family and Confucian imperatives of filial piety were particularly intense.
Monk and Boy
Authors: Borchert Thomas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAmong the Dai-lue, a Theravāda Buddhist minority of Southwest China, it used to be that all young men were ordained as novices as a process of learning how to be a good member of society. In the early twenty-first century, being a good community member is no longer tied to Buddhist culture. Nonetheless, a significant portion of Dai-lue boys continue to ordain and to study in Buddhist temples. This chapter attempts to explain why boys continue to ordain and what life is like for them in the temples, emphasizing the necessity of seeing them as ordinary boys and as monastics.
“Give Me My Inheritance”
Authors: Scheible Kristin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFor Western Buddhists, there is a palpable, practical tension between the perceived ideal of the celibate virtuoso and the demands of contemporary lay life. On a deeper “spiritual” level something structural is at work as well – the tension between the agency involved with the individualized, self-focused cultivation that is Western Buddhist practice, and the sense that it is a child’s right to encounter and choose to follow his or her own path in due time. What models are there for first generation Buddhists to follow or consider when raising their own children? What are some of the sources to which Western Buddhists have turned to help them navigate the complexities and challenges balancing their personal pursuits and perceived parenting responsibilities? How might the story of the Buddha’s own disbursement of his inheritance to his son Rahula resonate with Western Buddhists?
The Powerful Reach of Early Childhood Development
Authors: Shonkoff Jack P. , Richter Linda 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This introductory commentary informs a broad understanding of the basic science of early childhood and early brain development, and its foundational importance for guiding productive public and private sector policies to address the needs of young children and their families. The chapter helps bridge the divide between investments focused on child survival and those focused on child development, with the aim of illustrating the complementary nature of these two imperatives—survival and development—and explaining how both can be advanced through an integrated strategy driven by a set of core developmental concepts supported by research in neuroscience, developmental psychology, and the economics of human capital formation. The primary objective is to demonstrate the overlapping features of effective interventions that save children’s lives and those that maximize their later health and developmental potential, and to underscore how this artificial division is transcended by advances in the developmental sciences.