bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntheses of Mg/Al Multinuclear Bridged Complexes. (II). Reactions of Aluminumtrihalide with Dialkylaminomagnesium
Authors: Chang Chung‐Cheng , Lin Su‐Ching , Tsai Chin‐Ngo , Liu Lin‐Kang 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAl2X6Mg[N(C2H5)2]2( X = Cl, Br), A12X4(NR2)2 (R = C2H5, i‐C3H7, X=Cl, Br), AlX3HNR2(R=i‐C3H7) were characterized by means of mass, infrared, and 1H, 13C and 27Al NMR spectra and elemental analyses. The crystal structures of two aluminum complexes, Al2Cl4[N(C2H5)2]2 and AlCl3HN(i‐C3H7)2, were determined by means of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, Al2Cl4[N(C2H5)2]2 crystallized in space group Pmcn with unit‐cell dimensions a = 10.577(2), b = 11.799(3) and c = 13.219(4) Å; structure analysis resulted in a final R = 0.043 for 999 observations. AlCl3HN(i‐C3H7)2 crystallized in space group Pcab with unit‐cell dimensions a = 10.545(7), b = 14.630(4) and c = 15.255(2) Å; structure analysis resulted in a final R = 0.041 for 1054 observations. The Al atoms in both structures show a tetrahedral bonding geometry with Al‐N lengths in the range 1.927(3) −1.956(4) A, and Al‐Cl lengths in the range 2.092(3) −2.128(3) Å. The four‐membered ring of Al2N2 in Al2Cl4[N(C2H5)2]2 is almost planar.
Conformational and Configurational Determination in 1,1,4,4‐Tetrafluoro‐2‐Propylidene‐3‐Methyl‐6‐Tert‐Butyl‐1,4‐Disila‐5‐Cyclohexene
Authors: Lee Chi‐Young , Chiang Hui‐Jean , Liu Chao‐Shiuan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA complete assignment of the 1H, 13C and 19F NMR spectra of 1,1,4,4‐tetrafluoro‐2‐propylidene‐3‐methyl‐6‐tert‐butyl‐1,4‐disila‐5‐cyclohexene 3, the product of the cycloaddition reaction between tetrafluorodisilacyclobutene 1 and cis, trans‐2,4‐hexadiene mediated by (n5‐C5H5)Mn(CO)3, has been made by means of various 2D NMR chemical shift correlation methods and selective heteronuclear decoupling techniques. An analysis of the three bond 13C‐1H coupling constants and two bond 13C‐19F coupling constants and the molecular modeling results enabled the determination of the conformation and configuration of compound 3. The conformation of 3 provides insight into mechanistic details of the Mn‐mediated cycloaddition.
Synthesis of Several 2‐Azafluorenones and 5H[1]Benzopyrano[3,4‐c]Py Riding‐Ones
Authors: Shiao Min‐Jen , Peng Chin‐Jen , Wang Jy‐Shib , Ma Ying‐Tsun 
Published: June 2015

AbstractConvenient syntheses of 2‐azafluorenones 5a‐f and 5H[1]benzopyrano[3,4‐c]pyridin‐5‐ones 6a‐b were performed by using intramolecular cyclization of 4‐arylnicotinic acids 4a‐F. 4a‐f were obtained via permanganate oxidation from the corresponding of 4‐arylpyridines 3a‐f in good yields.
Side Reactions in Peptide Synthesis: Failure of Coupling in Solid‐Phase Automatic Synthesis of a Fragment (Sequence 65‐74) of the Acyl Carrier Protein
Authors: Wu Chi‐Yue , Chen Wen‐Chao , Yu Hui‐Ming , Chen Shui‐Tein , Wang Kung‐Tsung 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTwo major side‐products and a desired peptide (each was one‐third) were found in analysis of a synthesized fragment (65‐74) of the acyl carrier protein by a solid‐phase automatic peptide synthesizer. The peptide mixtures were separated and collected by HPLC. Each isolated peptide was characterized via amino‐acid composition analysis, mass spectra and specific peptide‐bond cleavage to prove the sequence. Each by‐product had one amino‐acid missing (72Ile and 73Asn, respectively) from the sequence of ACP(65‐74).
Synthesis and Characterization of Block Copolymers of Poly(Butylenes Terephthalate‐Co‐Adipate)
Authors: Tsai Hong‐Bing , Li Hsiao‐Chian , Yu Fu‐Hsi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe block copolyesters of poly(butylene terephthalate)(PBT) and poly(butylene adipate)(PBA) were prepared by a novel two‐stage method. In the first stage, high molecular weight PBT and PBA were melt mixed in the presence of 1,4‐butanediol at 275 °C. In the second stage, vacuum was applied to raise the molecular weight. The extent of transesterification was controlled by the proportion of 1,4‐butanediol. The sequence distribution and the thermal properties of the block copolyesters were characterized by NMR and DSC respectively.
Spectral and Kinetic Studies of Free Radicals of Atmospheric Interest
Authors: Leet Yuan‐Pern 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA review of spectral and kinetic studies of free radicals of atmospheric interest in this laboratory during the past decade is given. The spectral experiments involved infrared absorption and laser‐induced fluorescence in the UV‐visible spectral region to detect radicals in a flow reactor, a supersonic jet or isolated in matrices. IR absorption of several reaction intermediates and vibronic analyses of many electronic transitions have been reported. The discharge‐flow and the laser‐photolysis techniques were employed to investigate the kinetics of radical reactions which are important in the atmosphere; the temperature dependence of the rate coefficients was determined. Information on the rate coefficients of several important reactions has been reported. The detailed rate coefficients of some equilibrium reactions involving OH at various temperatures were determined from the bi‐exponential temporal profiles of the concentration of OH; ΔH and ΔS of the reaction were consequently obtained.
Regioselective Reactions of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides by Enzymes
Authors: Wu Shih‐Hsiung , Ong Geok‐Toh , Hsiao Kwo‐Feng , Wang Kung‐Tsung 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPeracetylated mono‐ and disaccharides were regioselectively hydrolyzed by hydrolytic enzymes such as lipases and proteases; thus many partially acetylated mono‐ and disaccharides could be prepared by this way.
Gender Differences in the Measurement of Creative Problem‐Solving
Authors: Hardy Jay H. , Gibson Carter 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDespite significant scholarly attention, the literature on the existence and direction of gender differences in creativity has produced inconsistent findings. In the present paper, we argue that this lack of consensus may be attributable, at least in part, to gender‐specific inconsistencies in the measurement of creative problem‐solving. To explore this possibility, we empirically tested assumptions of multiple‐group measurement invariance using samples borrowed from four recent studies that assessed creative problem‐solving (J.D. Barrett et al., 2013; K.S. Hester et al., 2012; D.R. Peterson et al., 2013; I.C. Robledo et al., 2012). Across the four samples, apparent gender differences emerged on all three components of S.P. Besemer & K. O'Quin's (1999) three‐facet model of creativity (i.e., quality, originality, and elegance) such that, on average, females appeared to exhibit higher baseline levels of creativity. However, in light of violations of measurement invariance assumptions across genders found in these samples, comparisons such as these may not ultimately be appropriate. Although the underlying factor structure and factor loadings on a unitary creativity factor were consistent across gender (i.e., weak factorial invariance), measurement in‐equivalence assumptions were violated at the subfacet level (i.e., strong factorial invariance). Implications of these findings for understanding gender differences in creative problem‐solving are discussed.
A Multilevel Model of Team Cultural Diversity and Creativity: The Role of Climate for Inclusion
Authors: Li Ci‐Rong , Lin Chen‐Ju , Tien Yun‐Hsiang , Chen Chien‐Ming 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe developed a multi‐level model to test how team cultural diversity may relate to team‐ and individual‐level creativity, integrating team diversity research and information‐exchange perspective. We proposed that the team climate for inclusion would moderate both the relationship between cultural diversity and team information sharing and between cultural diversity and employee information elaboration. We collected time‐lagged data from 384 members and their leaders within 57 multicultural work teams. The results showed that team cultural diversity was positively related to both team creativity and individual creativity through team information sharing and employee information elaboration, respectively. We also found that the indirect positive relationship with team creativity and individual creativity was stronger for team cultural diversity when climate for inclusion of multicultural work teams was stronger.
Forage legumes rich in condensed tannins may increase n‐3 fatty acid levels and sensory quality of lamb meat
Authors: Girard Marion , Dohme‐Meier Frigga , Silacci Paolo , Ampuero Kragten Silvia , Kreuzer Michael , Bee Giuseppe 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDTannins intensively interact with rumen microbes, which is expected to have consequences for meat quality.RESULTSSilages prepared from birdsfoot trefoil (BT), sainfoin (SF), alfalfa (AF) or red clover (RC) were fed alone to 48 lambs. The SF contained five times more condensed tannins than BT, the other tanniferous plant. Growth and carcass performance, but not general meat quality, was reduced with BT and SF compared to AF and RC. Lambs fed SF had half the skatole levels in the perirenal fat than AF‐fed lambs. The longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle of the SF‐fed lambs, compared to RC and BT, had a lower intensity for ‘livery’ and ‘sheepy’ flavors but a stronger ‘grassy’ flavor. The intramuscular fat of BT‐ and SF‐fed lambs contained less saturated and more polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially 20:4n‐6, 20:3n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:5n‐3, with SF being more efficient than BT.CONCLUSIONThe SF was most promising to increase beneficial fatty acids and to reduce skatole content in lamb meat. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Trichoderma saturnisporum, a new biological control agent
Authors: Diánez Martínez Fernando , Santos Mila , Carretero Francisco , Marín Francisco 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDBiocontrol agents (BCAs) could be a viable alternative to chemicals in the management of fungal crop diseases. Screening for potential biocontrol and plant growth promoter isolates from a soil in Cádiz (Spain) was conducted. Several isolates showed antagonism in in vitro tests to several plant pathogens.RESULTSTwo isolates of Trichoderma saturnisporum (Ascomycetes, Hypocreales) were identified by sequencing of the rDNA region. One isolate was selected for further in vivo plant growth promotion and biological control assays. Results indicate that substrate application of T. saturnisporum improved plant quality and showed biological control activity against Phytophthora capsici and Phytophthora parasitica (Peronosporales, Peronosporaceae).CONCLUSIONThere are a few references to T. saturnisporum isolated from different media but not its ability to promote plant growth or biocontrol. This is the first report of T. saturnisporum as a seedling growth promoter and as biological control agent. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Emotional Activation and Habituation During Imaginal Exposure for PTSD Among Women With Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Harned Melanie S. , Ruork Allison K. , Liu Junny , Tkachuck Mathew A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe current study examined patterns and outcomes of emotional activation and habituation during imaginal exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants were 16 women with borderline personality disorder (BPD), PTSD, and recent suicidal and/or self‐injurious behavior who received imaginal exposure for PTSD concurrently with dialectical behavior therapy. The intensity of global distress and 6 specific emotions were assessed before and after imaginal exposure trials. Results indicated that significant within‐session habituation (WSH) occurred for global distress (Hedge's g effect size = −2.52) and fear (g = −0.80), whereas significant between‐session habituation (BSH) occurred for global distress (g = −2.18), fear (g = −1.89), guilt (g = −1.14), shame (g = −0.74), and disgust (g = −0.41). BSH significantly predicted PTSD diagnostic status at posttreatment, whereas activation and WSH were unrelated to outcome. Clients who remitted from PTSD showed significantly more BSH in global distress than nonremitters (η2 = .39). In addition, remitters reported reductions in sadness and anger across trials, whereas sadness and anger increased for those who did not remit (η2 = .54 and .40, respectively). Overall, BPD clients exhibited patterns of activation and habituation during imaginal exposure comparable to other client populations, and there was no evidence of persistent emotional engagement or habituation problems.
Management of the thyroid gland during total laryngectomy in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mourad Moustafa , Saman Masoud , Sawhney Raja , Ducic Yadranko 
Published: June 2015

Objectives/HypothesisThe goal of the study was to determine the role of routine total thyroidectomy and hemithyroidectomy in patients undergoing total laryngectomy for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.Study DesignThe study group consisted of 343 patients who underwent total laryngectomy (98 treated with surgery alone, 136 treated following radiation failure, and 109 following chemoradiation failure). Total thyroidectomy was performed in all obstructing and bilateral lesions or if there was suspicion of contralateral lobe involvement. Hemithyroidectomy was performed in all lateralized lesions. Retrospective histopathologic analysis of thyroid specimens was subsequently performed.ResultsIn all, 262 patients underwent total thyroidectomy during total laryngectomy, six of which demonstrated squamous cell carcinoma evident within the thyroid gland (4 from transglottic lesions, 2 from subglottic lesions). Hemithyroidectomy was performed in 81 patients, with only one patient demonstrating evidence of squamous cell carcinoma within the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism was observed in 88% (n = 61) of patients who underwent thyroid lobectomy alone, requiring hormone supplementation.ConclusionRoutine surgical management of the thyroid gland should not be performed, except in cases of subglottic primary lesions, lesions with significant subglottic extension, or transglottic lesions. Despite efforts to preserve the contralateral thyroid lobe in cases of selective lobectomy, these patients often have a high rate of hypothyroidism, and a total thyroidectomy should be considered when involvement of the thyroid gland is suspected.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 125:1835–1838, 2015
The contribution of inorganic and organic nutrients to the growth of a North American isolate of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate, Dinophysis acuminata
Authors: Hattenrath‐Lehmann Theresa , Gobler Christopher J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDiarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a globally significant human health syndrome most commonly caused by dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis. While ecosystem studies suggest that blooms of this mixotrophic dinoflagellate can be promoted by excessive nitrogen (N) loading, it is unclear whether these effects are direct (nutrient stimulation of Dinophysis) or indirect (nutrient stimulation of prey) since this alga is mixotrophic and culture studies investigating the effects of nutrients on Dinophysis have not been performed. We established an isolate of Dinophysis acuminata from New York waters and conducted controlled culture experiments to assess the effects of nutrients on the growth of this dinoflagellate with and without its prey, Mesodinium rubrum. Dinophysis was found to rapidly assimilate 15N‐labeled ammonium and urea, AND to a far lesser extent nitrate. Cultures grown with and without prey generally grew faster with ammonium, glutamine, or organic matter from sewage effluent added than respective controls, while nitrate grown cultures yielded significantly more rapid growth only when fed copious amounts of Mesodinium. Growth rates of Dinophysis also increased with the amount of Mesodinium available in cultures and achieved maximal growth rates (0.36 ± 0.01 d−1) when grown with high levels of Mesodinium and the amino acid, glutamine. Collectively, this study demonstrates that inorganic and organic N can directly promote the growth of Dinophysis and supports the hypothesis that accelerated N loading in coastal ecosystems can promote DSP producing blooms of this species and, thus, may be partly responsible for their recent expansion across the North America.
Dynamic oxygen challenge evaluated by NMR T1 and T2* – insights into tumor oxygenation
Authors: Zhao Dawen , Pacheco‐Torres Jesús , Hallac Rami R. , White Derek , Peschke Peter , Cerdán Sebastian , Mason Ralph P. 
Published: June 2015

There is intense interest in developing non‐invasive prognostic biomarkers of tumor response to therapy, particularly with regard to hypoxia. It has been suggested that oxygen sensitive MRI, notably blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) and tissue oxygen level‐dependent (TOLD) contrast, may provide relevant measurements. This study examined the feasibility of interleaved T2*‐ and T1‐weighted oxygen sensitive MRI, as well as R2* and R1 maps, of rat tumors to assess the relative sensitivity to changes in oxygenation. Investigations used cohorts of Dunning prostate R3327‐AT1 and R3327‐HI tumors, which are reported to exhibit distinct size‐dependent levels of hypoxia and response to hyperoxic gas breathing. Proton MRI R1 and R2* maps were obtained for tumors of anesthetized rats (isoflurane/air) at 4.7 T. Then, interleaved gradient echo T2*‐ and T1‐weighted images were acquired during air breathing and a 10 min challenge with carbogen (95% O2–5% CO2).Signals were stable during air breathing, and each type of tumor showed a distinct signal response to carbogen. T2* (BOLD) response preceded T1 (TOLD) responses, as expected. Smaller HI tumors (reported to be well oxygenated) showed the largest BOLD and TOLD responses. Larger AT1 tumors (reported to be hypoxic and resist modulation by gas breathing) showed the smallest response. There was a strong correlation between BOLD and TOLD signal responses, but ΔR2* and ΔR1 were only correlated for the HI tumors. The magnitude of BOLD and TOLD signal responses to carbogen breathing reflected expected hypoxic fractions and oxygen dynamics, suggesting potential value of this test as a prognostic biomarker of tumor hypoxia. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Trail of the Oldest Domestic Cat in Poland. An Insight from Morphometry, Ancient DNA and Radiocarbon Dating
Authors: Krajcarz M. , Makowiecki D. , Krajcarz M. T. , Masłowska A. , Baca M. , Panagiotopoulou H. , Romańska A. , Bednarczyk J. , Gręzak A. , Sudoł M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractIt is believed on the basis of archaeozoological research that the domestic cat appeared in Central Europe during the Roman Period. In Poland, the domestic cat is a common species in medieval deposits. Only a few finds of cat remains of pre‐medieval age have been reported from Poland to date, including several specimens from deposits older than the Roman Period, dated to the pre‐Roman Period and even the Bronze Age. To clarify the earliest history of the domestic cat in Poland, the paper presents a review of the available published cat remains and adds some data about newly discovered remains. Combined methods of morphometry and ancient DNA were applied to enable distinction of wildcats and domestic cats. The domestic cat remains were radiocarbon dated. In six cases of domesticated cat reported in the literature, five were positively taxonomically verified, both by morphology and by genetic analysis, and one was recognised as a European wildcat. According to radiocarbon chronology, the oldest studied find is dated to the fourth–third century bc and represents a wildcat. Only two individuals of domestic cat – skeletons from Łojewo and Sławsko Wielkie, both from Kuyavia region (central‐northern Poland) – represent the Roman Period (first–third century ad), and they are the oldest confirmed domestic cats in Poland. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secondary doping in poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) thin films
Authors: Nevrela Juraj , Micjan Michal , Novota Miroslav , Kovacova Sona , Pavuk Milan , Juhasz Peter , Kovac Jaroslav , Jakabovic Jan , Weis Martin 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe electrical and structural properties of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films deposited from aqueous dispersion using different concentrations of selected secondary dopants are studied in detail. An improvement of the electrical conductivity by three orders of magnitude is achieved for dimethyl sulfoxide, sorbitol, ethylene glycol, and N,N‐dimethylformamide, and the secondary dopant concentration dependence of the conductivity exhibits almost identical behavior for all investigated secondary dopants. Detailed analysis of the surface morphology and Raman spectra reveals no presence of the secondary dopant in fabricated films, and thus the dopants are truly causing the secondary doping effect. Although the ratio of benzenoid and quinoid vibrations in Raman spectra is unaffected by doping, the phase transition in PEDOT:PSS films owing to doping is confirmed. Further analysis of temperature‐dependent conductivity reveals 1D variable range hopping (VRH) charge transport for undoped PEDOT:PSS, whereas highly conductive doped PEDOT:PSS films exhibit 3D VRH charge transport. We demonstrate that the charge‐hopping dimensionality change should be a fundamental reason for the conductivity enhancement. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1139–1146
An ab initio Based Structure Property Relationship for Prediction of Ignition Delay of Hypergolic Ionic Liquids
Authors: Newsome David A. , Vaghjiani Ghanshyam L. , Sengupta Debasis 
Published: June 2015

AbstractCurrently, monomethyl hydrazine is the most widely used hypergolic rocket fuel. However, due to its high vapor toxicity, there is a need to develop low‐toxicity hypergolic fuels. Ionic liquids are one such potential category of fuels, since they are consistently characterized by ultra‐low vapor pressures, but designing ionic liquid propellants with ignition delay times that are comparable to that of monomethyl hydrazine is a challenge. This is because a fundamental understanding of the hypergolic nature of ionic liquids is far from clear. Quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) represents a simplified design approach for quantitatively predicting the ignition delay times based on linear correlations using a set of descriptors, which, in this work, define electrostatics, hydrogen bonding, and other structural features of the ionic liquids. Experimental ignition delay times for a set of 41 ionic liquids were collected for QSPR development. Experimental measurements of the ignition delay times were then correlated to theoretical descriptors determined from quantum mechanical calculations. A number of multi‐descriptor linear equations were analyzed by regression of the ignition delay data, showing reasonable success. The ignition delay values were observed to spread over a wide range, in large part due to the presence of oxygen in the fuel molecule. The training data was thus split into two sets and refitted to a set of linear equations, showing a systematic improvement in the correlation coefficients. The success of the present QSPR results is encouraging, which should motivate further efforts to enlarge the training set to include experimentally measured properties of ionic liquids for developing highly predictive capabilities.