bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work it, wrap it, fix it, fold it
Authors: SCULTHORPE NEIL , HUTTON GRAHAM 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe worker/wrapper transformation is a general-purpose technique for refactoring recursive programs to improve their performance. The two previous approaches to formalising the technique were based upon different recursion operators and different correctness conditions. In this paper we show how these two approaches can be generalised in a uniform manner by combining their correctness conditions, extend the theory with new conditions that are both necessary and sufficient to ensure the correctness of the worker/wrapper technique, and explore the benefits that result. All the proofs have been mechanically verified using the Agda system.
Emergency Response in Resource-poor Settings: A Review of a Newly-implemented EMS System in Rural Uganda
Authors: de Ramirez Sarah Stewart , Doll Jacob , Carle Sarah , Anest Trisha , Arii Maya , Hsieh Yu-Hsiang , Okongo Martins , Moresky Rachel , Sachs Sonia Ehrlich , Millin Michael 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIntroductionThe goal of an Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system is to prevent needless death or disability from time-sensitive disease processes. Despite growing evidence that these processes contribute significantly to mortality in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs), there has been little focus on the development of EMS systems in poor countries.ProblemThe objective of this study was to understand the utilization pattern of a newly-implemented EMS system in Ruhiira, Uganda.MethodsAn EMS system based on community priorities was implemented in rural Uganda in 2009. Six months of ambulance logs were reviewed. Patient, transfer, and clinical data were extracted and analyzed.ResultsIn total, 207 cases were reviewed. Out of all transfers, 66% were for chief complaints that were obstetric related, while 12% were related to malaria. Out of all activations, 77.8% were for female patients. Among men, 34% and 28% were related to malaria and trauma, respectively. The majority of emergency transfers were from district to regional hospitals, including 52% of all obstetric transfers, 65% of malaria transfers, and 62% of all trauma transfers. There was no significant difference in the call to arrival on scene time, the time to scene or the scene to treatment time during the day and night (P > .05). Cost-benefit analysis revealed a cost of $89.95 per life saved with an estimated $0.93/capita to establish the system and $0.09/capita/year to maintain the system.ConclusionContrary to current belief, EMS systems in rural Africa can be affordable and highly utilized, particularly for life-threatening, nontrauma complaints. Construction of a simple but effective EMS system is feasible, acceptable, and an essential component to the primary health care system of LMICs.Stewart De RamirezS, DollJ, CarleS, AnestT, AriiM, HsiehYH, OkongoM, MoreskyR, SachsSE, MillinM. Emergency response in resource poor-settings: a review of a newly-implemented EMS system in rural Uganda. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(3):1-6.
Transfer of Real-time Ultrasound Video of FAST Examinations from a Simulated Disaster Scene Via a Mobile Phone
Authors: Adhikari Srikar , Blaivas Michael , Lyon Matthew , Shiver Stephen 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectiveDisaster management is a complex and difficult undertaking that may involve limited health care resources and evaluation of multiple victims. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of real-time ultrasound video transmission from a simulated disaster triage location via commercially available video mobile phones and assess the ability of emergency physicians to accurately interpret the transmitted video of Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) ultrasound examinations.MethodsThis was a prospective, observational study that took place at a simulated disaster scene put on for an Advanced Disaster Life Support (ADLS) course. The second component occurred at a Level I academic urban emergency department (ED) with an annual census of 78,000. Nineteen subjects at a simulated disaster scene were scanned using a SonoSite Titan ultrasound system (Bothell, Washington USA). An off-the-shelf, basic, video-capable mobile phone was used to record each ultrasound examination; and then immediately transmit the videos to another mobile phone approximately 170 miles away. The transmitted video was received by three emergency physicians with hospital credentialing in emergency ultrasound. Each FAST examination video was assessed for pathology, such as free fluid. The reviewers graded the image quality and documented the overall confidence level regarding whether or not a complete and adequate examination was visualized. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to examine the agreement between the reviewers and the sonologist who performed the ultrasound examinations.ResultsA total of 19 videos were transmitted. The median time for transmission of a video was 82.5 seconds (95% CI, 67.7 seconds-97.3 seconds). No video failed to transmit correctly on the first attempt. The image quality ratings for the three reviewers were 7.7, 7.5, and 7.4 on a 10-point Likert scale. There was a moderate agreement between the reviewers and sonologist in image quality rating and overall confidence level scores (rho = 0.6).ConclusionsReal-time portable ultrasound video transmission via commercially available video mobile phones from a simulated disaster triage location is feasible and emergency physicians were able to accurately interpret video of FAST ultrasound examinations.AdhikariS, BlaivasM, LyonM, ShiverS. Transfer of real-time ultrasound video of FAST examinations from a simulated disaster scene via a mobile phone. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(3):1-4.
TRUTH AND SPEED-UP
Authors: FISCHER MARTIN 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the phenomenon ofspeed-upin the context of theories of truth. We focus on axiomatic theories of truth extending Peano arithmetic. We are particularly interested on whether conservative extensions of PA have speed-up and on how this relates to a deflationist account. We show that disquotational theories have no significant speed-up, in contrast to some compositional theories, and we briefly assess the philosophical implications of these results.
Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Schools: Validation of a Questionnaire
Authors: Neves Paula C. , Paixão Rui , Alarcão Madalena , Gomes A. Duarte 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe present study examines the psychometric properties (including factorial validity) of an organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) scale in a school context. A total of 321 middle and high school teachers from 59 schools in urban and rural areas of central Portugal completed the OCB scale at their schools. The confirmatory factor analysis validated a hierarchical model with four latent factors on the first level (altruism, conscientiousness, civic participation and courtesy) and a second order factor (OCB). The revised model fit with the data, χ2/gl = 1.97; CFI = .962; GFI = .952, RMSEA = .05. The proposed scale (comportamentos de cidadania organizacional em escolas- Revista CCOE-R)- is a valid instrument to assess teacher’s perceptions of OCB in their schools, allowing investigation at the organizational level of analysis.
Revitalizing Personalized Medicine: Respecting Biomolecular Complexities Beyond Gene Expression
Authors: Jayachandran D , Ramkrishna U , Skiles J , Renbarger J , Ramkrishna D 
Published: April 2014

Despite recent advancements in “omic” technologies, personalized medicine has not realized its fullest potential due to isolated and incomplete application of gene expression tools. In many instances, pharmacogenomics is being interchangeably used for personalized medicine, when actually it is one of the many facets of personalized medicine. Herein, we highlight key issues that are hampering the advancement of personalized medicine and highlight emerging predictive tools that can serve as a decision support mechanism for physicians to personalize treatments.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e110; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.6; published online 16 April 2014
Novel electro-optic chromophores based on substituted benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene π-conjugated bridges
Authors: Si Peng , Liu Jialei , Deng Guowei , Huang Heyan , Xu Huajun , Bo Shuhui , Qiu Ling , Zhen Zhen , Liu Xinhou 
Published: April 2014

The electro-optic coefficient of benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene unit (BDT)-based chromophores was improved to 102 pm V−1 with suitable isolation groups and electron donors.
Genetic approaches to generate hyper-producing strains of goadsporin: the relationships between productivity and gene duplication in secondary metabolite biosynthesis
Authors: Haginaka Kentaro , Asamizu Shumpei , Ozaki Taro , Igarashi Yasuhiro , Furumai Tamotsu , Onaka Hiroyasu 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Improving the productivity of secondary metabolites is highly beneficial for the utilization of natural products. Here, we found that gene duplication of the goadsporin biosynthetic gene locus resulted in hyper-production. Goadsporin is a linear azole containing peptide that is biosynthesized via a ribosome-mediated pathway in Streptomyces sp. TP-A0584. Recombinant strains containing duplicated or triplicated goadsporin biosynthetic gene clusters produced 1.46- and 2.25-fold more goadsporin than the wild-type strain. In a surrogate host, Streptomyces lividans, chromosomal integration of one or two copies of the gene cluster led to 342.7 and 593.5 mg/L of goadsporin production. Expression of godI, a self-resistance gene, and of godR, a pathway-specific transcriptional regulator, under a constitutive promoter gave 0.79- and 2.12-fold higher goadsporin production than the wild-type strain. Our experiments indicated that a proportional relationship exists between goadsporin production per culture volume and the copy number of the biosynthetic gene cluster.
Synthesis and pharmacokinetic characterization of a pH-sensitive polyethylene glycol ginsenoside CK (PEG-CK) conjugate
Authors: Mathiyalagan Ramya , Subramaniyam Sathiyamoorthy , Kim Yeon Ju , Natarajan Sathishkumar , Min Jin Woo , Kim Se Young , Yang Deok Chun 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The ginsenosides in Panax ginseng have vast structural and pharmacological efficacies. We covalently conjugated polyethylene glycol on the surface of CK (PEG-CK) through an acid-labile ester-linkage that showed increased solubility of CK. HPLC analysis showed that the release of CK was enhanced at acidic pH 5, whereas it was dramatically decreased at physiological pH 7.4. This might enhance the efficacy of CK.
BPG3 is a novel chloroplast protein that involves the greening of leaves and related to brassinosteroid signaling
Authors: Yoshizawa Eriko , Kaizuka Mai , Yamagami Ayumi , Higuchi-Takeuchi Mieko , Matsui Minami , Kakei Yusuke , Shimada Yukihisa , Sakuta Masaaki , Osada Hiroyuki , Asami Tadao , Nakano Takeshi 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Brassinosteroids are plant steroid hormones that regulate plant organs and chloroplast development. The detailed molecular mechanism for plant development by BR signaling is yet to be revealed, and many points regarding the relationship between BR signaling and chloroplast development remain unknown. We identify here the dominant mutant Brz-insensitive-pale green3-1D (bpg3-1D) from the Arabidopsis FOX lines that show reduced sensitivity to the chlorophyll accumulation promoted by the BR biosynthesis inhibitor, Brassinazole (Brz), in the light. BPG3 encodes a novel chloroplast protein that is evolutionally conserved in bacteria, algae, and higher plants. The expression of BPG3 was induced by light and Brz. The inhibition of electron transport in photosystem II of the chloroplasts was detected in bpg3-1D. These results suggest that BPG3 played an important role in regulating photosynthesis in the chloroplast under BR signaling.
“I’m Sorry for What I’ve Done”
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This book examines fifty-two apologetic allocutions produced during federal sentencing hearings. Defendants raised the topics of the offense, mitigation, future behavior, and the sentence in diverse ways, and this book explores the pros and cons associated with different forms. Because we have no way of ascertaining exactly how effective (or ineffective) an individual allocution is, case law, sociolinguistic and historical resources, and judges’ final remarks are used to develop hypotheses about defendants’ communicative goals as well as what might constitute an ideal defendant stance from a judge’s point of view. Defendants’ actual statements are assessed against this backdrop. The corpus is unique because the transcripts used for this study include paralinguistic features such as hesitations, wavering voice, and crying while talking. Among its highlights, the book proposes that although a ritualized apology formula (e.g., “I’m sorry” or “I apologize”) would appear to be a good fit for the context of allocution and even to be expected, the use of such formulas carries implications in this context that do not serve defendants' communicative goals. The book argues that the application of Austin’s (1962) performative-constative continuum reveals that offense-related utterances that fall closer to the constative end are more consistent with the discursive constraints on the speech event of allocution. Further, it proposes that the ideologies associated with allocution, in particular the belief that allocution functions as a protection for defendants, obscure the ways in which the context constrains what defendants can say and how effectively they can say it.
The Context of Federal Sentencing Hearings
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter explores the context of federal sentencing hearings, including the history of allocution and the language ideologies surrounding this tradition. I show how the practice of giving defendants an opportunity to speak before sentence is imposed has long been understood as a protection for defendants. In contrast, this study proposes that allocution offers significant benefits for the state and limited benefits for defendants. One reason for this is that the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (which, although no longer mandatory, are still applied in most cases) fundamentally limit the impact that an allocution can have on a defendant’s sentence. Ironically, in some capital cases, where a defendant’s allocution could make the difference between life and death, allocution has been rendered meaningless due to rules that prohibit juries from hearing the unsworn testimony of an allocution. The chapter closes with an examination of the three courtrooms in which the data were collected.
Indefinite Imposters
Authors: Rojas Violeta Vázquez 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn Spanish, the expression un servidor — "servant" — is commonly used to make reference to the speaker of an utterance, but it displays the third-person features of a regular determiner phrase. the author shows that, despite being headed by an indefinite determiner, un servidor has the distribution of definite phrases and it is excluded from existential contexts in its first-person interpretation. This supports the idea, put forth in Collins and Postal (2012), that full DPs that make reference to participants of the speech act contain a covert pronoun. The chapter proposes that the DPs that can enter these imposter structures must refer to capacities, and as such, have to be related to a particular situation that is deictically anchored to the speech act.
Aspects of the intonational phonology of Jamaican Creole
Authors: Gooden Shelome 
Published: April 2014

AbstractJamaican Creole has a stress-accent system, unlike Creoles like Saramaccan or Papiamentu. Lexical prominence is realized by stress with no lexically specified F0. Postlexical pitch accents are monotonal or bitonal and are associated with syllables with primary stress. Boundary tones mark higher level prosodic constituents associated with phrases edges.
Methodology of studying intonation: from data collection to data analysis
Authors: Jun Sun-Ah , Fletcher Janet 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis chapter describes the methodology of studying intonation from data collection (in the lab and in the field) to data analysis within the Autosegmental-Metrical model of intonational phonology. For data analysis, the chapter provides ways to characterize intonational tunes in terms of distinctive tonal categories and prosodic structure.
Introducing the data
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Past estimates of the numbers of loanwords from different sources in the vocabulary of English are surveyed. Totals of loanwords from different languages as reflected by the Oxford English Dictionary are examined, and issues to be considered when making use of such data are outlined. To give a clearer picture of loanword influence on the core lexicon, high-frequency words and basic vocabulary are looked at separately. The 1,000 most frequent words in the contemporary English British National Corpus are examined with respect to their language of origin and date of first attestation in English, using data from the OED. Additionally, the concept of basic vocabulary is introduced, and the words that realize the meanings found in a very large basic meaning list are also examined for their language of origin and date of first attestation. Both sets of data suggest two important areas of focus: firstly, the significant contribution of early borrowings from Scandinavian languages to the inner core of the most frequent words with the most basic meanings; and secondly, the massive contribution of words borrowed from French and Latin to high-frequency and basic vocabularies of English, as well as to the general lexicon.
Identifying Scandinavian borrowings and assessing their impact
Authors: Durkin Philip 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The criteria for identifying Scandinavian loanwords in English are reviewed in detail. Formal criteria are considered first, with the discussion covering words distinct in sound from their native cognates; borrowings with a different derivational morphology from a cognate; words with no native cognate where formal grounds indicate borrowing; and borrowings that preserve aspects of Scandinavian morphology. This is followed by a consideration of how loanwords can be identified on grounds other than word form. The discussion is complemented by brief sections on two categories of non-borrowed words that show Scandinavian influence: firstly, cases of apparent substitution of Scandinavian sounds in native words, and secondly words that probably show semantic influence from Scandinavian. The chapter concludes with a survey of different types of evidence that round out an assessment of the impact of Scandinavian loanwords on the English lexicon: the regional distribution of Scandinavian words; Scandinavian borrowings in the core vocabulary; the relationships of Scandinavian-derived lexis with other English words; and finally, borrowed word-forming elements. The chapter is followed by a brief summary of the main conclusions from chapters 9 and 10.
Computer-assisted studies
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This short chapter introduces and explains the operation of the computer programs specially devised to assist in the study of the text and the solving of the problems. It covers the derivations of point groups, recognition of point groups (interactive), internal and Cartesian coordinates, molecular geometry, best plane fit, reduction of a representation in point group D6h, unit cell reduction, matrix operations, and zone symbols/Miller indices. The programs can be accessed online according to the publisher’s instructions
The Legislation of Islam
Authors: Feener R. Michael 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of Islamic legislation in Aceh over the past half-century, as well as the form and content of the laws currently in force. Tracing the successive development of earlier attempts at legislating aspects of Islamic law in Aceh, it demonstrates the extent to which the particular concerns and goals of the current Shariʿa system are not unprecedented impositions by the Indonesian central government, but actually reflect earlier attempts of certain segments of Aceh’s Islamic leadership to advance an agenda of prescriptive social reform through the modern legislative apparatus of the state. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the controversial Shariʿa Criminal Code (Qanun Jinayat) passed by the provincial legislature in 2009, and its place within broader discussions of politics, law, and religion in Aceh.
The Principle of Loyalty in EU Law
Authors: Klamert Marcus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The book offers the first treatment in English to provide a thorough examination of the legal duties falling under the principle of loyalty in EU public law. Despite its seemingly innocuous wording, in what is now Article 4 (3) TEU, the principle of sincere cooperation has had a significant impact in deepening the reach of EU law within the Member States. The principle has been central to the development of Union law since the 1960s, and is still being relied on by the European Court of Justice to often-controversial effect. Providing a thorough discussion of the principle of loyalty in EU law, this book introduces a novel classification of the very diverse roles loyalty plays in the EU. It distinguishes between the effects loyalty prescribes for interlocking the legal orders of the Member States with Union law (cohesion), its application in preventing and resolving conflicts between the Union and the Member States (cooperation), and the loyalty principle’s role in the shaping of EU law (construction). It addresses important and yet unresolved questions pertaining to loyalty, such as its relation to the principles of solidarity, effectiveness, fidelity, pre-emption, the Union interest, institutional balance, and the unity of international representation. The book explains why the principle of loyalty has been neglected in the prevailing narratives about the constitutionalization of EU law, places it in its international context, examining how it has influenced EU law and the comparisons that can be drawn with national and international principles of law.
A Primer on Union Competences
Authors: Klamert Marcus 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Chapter 7 discusses the situation regarding the distribution of competence following the Lisbon Treaty. Several unresolved issues pertaining to what have hitherto been called ‘implied’ external competences are addressed. It is shown that the codification of complex principles such as the ERTA effect raise some fundamental questions on the wisdom of codifying case law in general and this regime on exclusive competence in particular. It examines whether we should still refer to ‘concurrent’ competences, and whether implied external competences continue to exist after the Lisbon Treaty. The nature of the ERTA effect and the rules it requires to operate, the Opinion 1/76 principle, the ILO principle, and the WTO principle are discussed in detail. This Chapter also explores the differences in the required degree of correlation of the scope of Union rules and the scope of the duty of abstention between exclusivity superveniens, the ERTA effect and the ILO effect.