bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A method for scale‐up of co‐electrospun nanofibers via flat core‐shell structure spinneret
Authors: Wu Huihui , Zheng Yuansheng , Zeng Yongchun 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAn approach to the scale‐up of co‐electrospinning via a flat core‐shell structure spinneret has been developed in this study. The spinneret with a flat surface involves shell‐holes and core‐needles. Electric field simulation reveals that the flat core‐shell spinneret configuration creates a more uniform electric field gradient. Experimental study shows that in comparison with the conventional needle co‐electrospinning, core‐shell nanofibers produced by this new designed setup are finer and of better morphology. Composite nanofibers with special morphologies can be fabricated by modifying the structure of this spinneret. The production rate of the core‐shell nanofibers can be enhanced by increasing the hole and needle number of the spinneret. This novel design is expected to provide a promising method towards the massive production of core‐shell nanofibers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41027.
Comparison of rigid divinylbenzene with flexible 1,7‐octadiene crosslinks in acrylic acid resins—effects on kinetics of swelling and loading of heavy metal ions from water
Authors: Wasim Ali Syed , Malik Muhammad Arif , Jan Saida , Naeem Kashif 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAcrylic acid–1,7‐octadiene resin was synthesized in beaded form by a two‐step process: suspension polymerization of ethylacrylate and 1,7‐octadiene monomers, followed by hydrolysis using either 98% H2SO4 or 10 M NaOH. Acrylic acid–divinylbenzene resins were also synthesized by the same process for the purpose of comparing a rigid divinylbenzene with a flexible 1,7‐octadiene crosslinkage in the acrylic acid resins. Swelling of the resins in distilled water shows that replacing divinylbenzenes with 1,7‐octadiene makes the resin achieve greater swelling in a significantly shorter time. 1,7‐Octadiene also allowed for an increase in crosslinkage to 20% compared to 4% in the case of divinylbenzene, without compromising the loading rates of toxic heavy metal ions like Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cr3+ from water samples. The acrylic acid–1,7‐octadine resin was found useful for removal of the toxic heavy metal ions from wastewater samples. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41038.
Influence of the excystment time on the breeding success of juvenile freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera)
Authors: Eybe Tanja , Thielen Frankie , Bohn Torsten , Sures Bernd 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.) is an endangered species. Rearing in captivity for eventual release is one possible method of increasing the likelihood of persistence in different rivers. As rearing is a time‐consuming procedure, knowledge about conditions that increase survival and growth rates and decrease the period of the parasitic stage would be advantageous.
Experiments with two excystment periods (one preterm in January, induced by artificially raising the water temperature, and a natural one in May) were performed, and the growth and survival rates of juvenile mussels were determined. Furthermore, meristic parameters of the host fish (brown trout, Salmo trutta) infested with glochidia in August the year before were investigated before and after both juvenile collection periods.
In January the mean intensity was 151.5 glochidia per fish (±260.6) and 80% of host fish were infested. In May, the mean intensity was 142.7 glochidia per fish (±177.0) with 30% of fish infested with glochidia. Although the condition factors of the fish decreased during the experiments to 0.8 ± 0.1 (January) and 0.7 ± 0.2 (May), no apparent influence on the growth or survival rate of the juvenile mussels was obvious.
The output of juvenile mussels was higher in the January excystment period (2854 compared with 2310).
During both excystment periods, the length of the freshly excysted juveniles increased slightly from the first to the last day of collection. Mussels excysted with a mean length of 0.32–0.33 mm (at the beginning of the excystment period) and 0.38 mm (at the end).
Individuals collected after the first few days of the January excystment period were the most suitable for culture. Growth up to a minimum of 1 mm in 110 days and a survival rate of 62–98% were observed. Juvenile survival from the May excystment period was lower (7–38%) presumably owing to poor water quality in the river. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site fidelity, survival and conservation options for the threatened flapper skate (Dipturus cf. intermedia)
Authors: Neat Francis , Pinto Cecilia , Burrett Ian , Cowie Lewis , Travis Justin , Thorburn James , Gibb Fiona , Wright Peter J. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
In order to evaluate if marine protected areas (MPAs) can be expected to confer conservation benefits to large, mobile marine species it is important to assess their site fidelity and habitat ranging patterns. The flapper skate (Dipterus cf. intermedia) is a large, threatened elasmobranch for which MPAs are being considered on the west coast of Scotland. To inform MPA establishment, a multiannual mark–recapture programme, a year‐long static array acoustic study and an archival tagging study of flapper skate were undertaken.
Capture–mark–recapture (CMR) modelling of 280 individuals indicated significant heterogeneity in the recapture rate suggesting the region contained a mixture of site‐attached (resident) and vagrant (transient) individuals. The analysis estimated that 100–400 resident individuals were present in the study area. The number of transient individuals was estimated at around 25% of all those tagged. The average annual survival probability of resident individuals was estimated to be 0.64.
The acoustic study of 20 individuals demonstrated that over half were resident on a day‐by‐day basis for months at a time. Three individuals were detected over the entire year. Two individuals moved away immediately after tagging and over half moved out of the study area in the springtime.
Three data storage tags revealed that resident individuals utilized most of the available depth habitat (6–205 m) in the area and occasionally visited deeper areas outside the immediate study area.
The results indicate that the establishment of a MPA would confer conservation benefits to flapper skate in the area. Management should consider all depths in the study area, areas beyond the study site, and alternative conservation measures such as technical gear measures for fisheries. This study has implications for the conservation and management of similar long‐lived, mobile marine species.© 2014 Crown copyright. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zinc, magnesium, and calcium ion supplementation confers tolerance to acetic acid stress in industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilizing xylose
Authors: Ismail Ku Syahidah Ku , Sakamoto Takatoshi , Hasunuma Tomohisa , Zhao Xin‐Qing , Kondo Akihiko 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLignocellulosic biomass is a potential substrate for ethanol production. However, pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials produces inhibitory compounds such as acetic acid, which negatively affect ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Supplementation of the medium with three metal ions (Zn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) increased the tolerance of S. cerevisiae toward acetic acid compared to the absence of the ions. Ethanol production from xylose was most improved (by 34%) when the medium was supplemented with 2 mM Ca2+, followed by supplementation with 3.5 mM Mg2+ (29% improvement), and 180 μM Zn2+ (26% improvement). Higher ethanol production was linked to high cell viability in the presence of metal ions. Comparative transcriptomics between the supplemented cultures and the control suggested that improved cell viability resulted from the induction of genes controlling the cell wall and membrane. Only one gene, FIT2, was found to be up‐regulated in common between the three metal ions. Also up‐regulation of HXT1 and TKL1 might enhance xylose consumption in the presence of acetic acid. Thus, the addition of ionic nutrients is a simple and cost‐effective method to improve the acetic acid tolerance of S. cerevisiae.
Platinum‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Ring‐opening Reaction of Oxabenzonorbornadiene with Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Long Yuhua , Jiang Han , Zou Zhifu , Chen Kaixuan , Fang Yali 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA novel platinum‐catalyzed asymmetric ring‐opening reaction of oxabenzonorbornadiene with terminal alkynes is described. The reaction affords optically active cis‐2‐alkynyl‐1,2‐dihydronaphthalen‐1‐ols in moderate yields with good enantioselectivity in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pt(COD)Cl2/(S)‐BINAP and an excess of zinc powder. The products were obtained exclusively with the relative cis‐configuration of the ring substituents and the prevalent (1R,2S)‐configuration of the stereocenters, as determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Highly Efficient Dye‐sensitized Solar Cells by Co‐sensitization of Organic Dyes and Co‐adsorbent Chenodeoxycholic Acid
Authors: Wei Yinni , Wu Zhisheng , An Zhongwei , Chen Xinbing , Chen Pei , Liu Qianfeng 
Published: June 2014

AbstractApproach to highly efficient dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by co‐sensitization of organic dyes, AZ6+AZ5 with co‐adsorbent chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) is presented. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 8.55% and 8.31% are obtained from DSSCs co‐sensitized by AZ6 (0.3 mmol/L)+AZ5 (0.1 mmol/L) with CDCA concentration of 5 and 20 mmol/L in one step cocktail, respectively. The latter shows high stability in a period of 653 h under ambient conditions.
High‐fat diet induces early‐onset diabetes in heterozygous Pax6 mutant mice
Authors: Chen Yuanyuan , Feng Ruopeng , Wang Hong , Wei Rui , Yang Jin , Wang Liang , Wang Haining , Zhang Lin , Hong Tian‐pei , Wen Jinhua 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundType 2 diabetes is caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Our previous studies reported that paired box 6 mutation heterozygosity (Pax6m/+) led to defective proinsulin processing and subsequent abnormal glucose metabolism in mice at 6 months of age. However, high‐fat diet exposure could be an important incentive for diabetes development. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel diabetic model imitating human type 2 diabetes by exposing Pax6m/+ mice to high‐fat diet and to explore the underlying mechanism of diabetes in this model.MethodsOver 300 Pax6m/+ and wild‐type male weanling mice were randomly divided into two groups and were fed an high‐fat diet or chow diet for 6–10 weeks. Blood glucose and glucose tolerance levels were monitored during this period. Body weights, visceral adipose weights, blood lipid profiles and insulin sensitivity (determined with an insulin tolerance test) were used to evaluate obesity and insulin resistance. Proinsulin processing and insulin secretion levels were used to evaluate pancreatic β cell function.ResultsAfter 6 weeks of high‐fat diet exposure, only the Pax6m/+ mice showed dramatic postloading hyperglycaemia. These mice exhibited significant high‐fat diet‐induced visceral obesity and insulin resistance and displayed defective prohormone convertase 1/3 production, an increased proinsulin:total insulin ratio and impaired early‐phase insulin secretion, because of the Pax6 mutation. Hyperglycaemia worsened progressively over time with the high‐fat diet, and most Pax6m/+ mice on high‐fat diet developed diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance after 10 weeks. Furthermore, high‐fat diet withdrawal partly improved blood glucose levels in the diabetic mice.ConclusionsBy combining the Pax6m/+ genetic background with an high‐fat diet environment, we developed a novel diabetic model to mimic human type 2 diabetes. This model is characterized by impaired insulin secretion, caused by the Pax6 mutation, and high‐fat diet‐induced insulin resistance and therefore provides an ideal tool for research on type 2 diabetes pathogenesis and therapies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal water use by deciduous and evergreen woody species in a scrub community is based on water availability and root distribution
Authors: Ellsworth Patrick Z. , Sternberg Leonel S. L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn a seasonally dry plant community of central Florida, USA, that experiences water limitation in the dry season and high water availability in the wet season, we first tested whether evergreen woody species shift from shallow water in the wet season to deep water in the dry season. Second, we tested whether deciduous woody species restrict water uptake to the shallow soil during the wet season and cease water uptake during the dry season. To address these questions, we measured water source use of two deciduous and three evergreen species over 13 months using stable isotopes. As hypothesized in previous studies, we showed that leaflessness in deciduous plants is an important source of stem water isotopic fractionation. Therefore, we compared stable isotope ratios of stem water only when deciduous species had leaves and found that all species, except the evergreen Lyonia ferruginea, used proportionally the same water sources. Early dry season water use was based on water availability for all species except L. ferruginea, and deep soil (50–150 cm) was the most important water source. During the late dry and wet seasons, water uptake from each soil layer was based on its respective proportion of fine roots. Nevertheless, deep water remained an important water source throughout the year. This study clearly demonstrates the limitations of using stable isotopes of stem water when comparing deciduous versus evergreen species. Further, this study is the first to directly quantify depth of water uptake via isotope analysis and couple these findings with root distribution. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mono‐ and Dinuclear Complexes of Tricarbonylrhenium(I) with 4‐Methyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine‐4′‐carbonitrile
Authors: Mecchia Ortiz Juan H. , Morán Vieyra Faustino E. , Borsarelli Claudio D. , Romero Isabel , Fontrodona Xavier , Parella Teodor , Lis de Katz Noemí D. , Fagalde Florencia , Katz Néstor E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractNovel mono‐ and dinuclear tricarbonylrhenium(I) complexes of formula [Re(Mebpy‐CN)(CO)3Cl] (1), [Re(Mebpy‐CN)(CO)3(CH3CN)](PF6) (2), and [(CH3CN)(CO)3Re(Mebpy‐CN)Ru(NH3)5](PF6)3 (3), in which Mebpy‐CN = 4‐methyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine‐4′‐carbonitrile, were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic, photophysical, and computational techniques. The complete structure of complex 2 was determined by X‐ray diffraction. The increased conjugation in the bipyridyl ring owing to the nitrile substituent increases the emission quantum yields of the 3MLCT (metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer) lowest‐lying excited states of 1 and 2 with respect to the corresponding bpy complexes (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine). The mixed‐valent species of formula [(CH3CN)(CO)3Re(Mebpy‐CN)Ru(NH3)5]4+ (4) was prepared in situ and as a mixed salt; the charge recombination from its metal‐to‐metal charge‐transfer (MMCT) excited state is predicted to lie in the Marcus inverted region. The electronic structures and optical properties of all the reported complexes calculated by DFT and TD‐DFT methods agree reasonably well with experimental results.
DSPC or DPPC as main shell component influences ligand distribution and binding area of lipid‐coated targeted microbubbles
Authors: Kooiman Klazina , Kokhuis Tom J. A. , van Rooij Tom , Skachkov Ilya , Nigg Alex , Bosch Johannes G. , van der Steen Antonius F. W. , van Cappellen Wiggert A. , de Jong Nico 
Published: June 2014

Ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) consist of gas‐filled coated microbubbles with diameters of 1–10 µm. Targeted UCA can bind to biomarkers associated with disease through coating‐incorporated ligands, making ultrasound molecular imaging possible. The aim of our research was to compare the ligand distribution, binding area, and bound microbubble shape of 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DSPC) based and 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DPPC) based lipid‐coated microbubbles using super‐resolution microscopy. Ligand distribution was studied by conjugating the fluorescent streptavidin Oregon Green 488 to the biotinylated microbubbles. An inhomogeneous streptavidin distribution was found when DSPC was the main coating lipid. When DSPC was replaced by DPPC, a more homogeneous streptavidin distribution was observed. Binding area of targeted microbubbles was studied using biotinylated microbubbles bound to a streptavidin‐coated surface. DSPC microbubbles had a significantly smaller binding area than DPPC microbubbles. Whereas the bound DSPC microbubbles remained spherical, the DPPC microbubbles were dome‐shaped. This study reveals that lipid‐coated microbubbles differ in ligand distribution, binding area, and bound microbubble shape solely on the basis of their main lipid component.Practical applications: A homogeneous ligand distribution, larger binding area and domed shape upon binding could be advantageous for binding of targeted microbubbles, thereby favoring DPPC over DSPC as main lipid for UCA for ultrasound molecular imaging. The findings of the present study can be used for the design of targeted microbubbles with improved binding capabilities and for the ongoing research to acoustically distinguish bound from unbound microbubbles.Targeted biotinylated DSPC and DPPC‐based microbubbles bound to streptavidin‐coated surface. Left graph: binding area; right panels: microbubbles (red fluorescent) bound to streptavidin‐coated surface (green fluorescent).
Dihydrophytol and phytol isomers as marker substances for hydrogenated and refined vegetable oils
Authors: Schröder Markus , Lehnert Katja , Hammann Simon , Vetter Walter 
Published: June 2014

Edible vegetable oils are an important part of the human diet. Products with different levels of processing are marketed for this purpose. Key‐products are virgin oils, refined oils, and partly or fully hydrogenated oils. In this study we explored whether compounds derived from trans‐phytol, i.e. the natural constituent of chlorophyll, could serve as marker compounds for identifying the processing type of oils, spreads and margarines. The evaluation was based on the contribution of the native trans‐phytol along with its transformation products cis‐ and iso‐phytol as well as dihydrophytol. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry operated in the selected ion monitoring mode enabled the detection of these compounds at >0.01 mg/100 g oil or fat. In virgin vegetable oils trans‐phytol was the principle phytol related compound while cis‐phytol was generally <0.05% and iso‐phytol and dihydrophytol were not detected at all. Refined vegetable oils contained trans‐, cis‐, and iso‐phytol but no dihydrophytol. Partly and totally hydrogenated vegetable oils contained dihydrophytol if at least 5% hydrogenated fat were present in the oil. The occurrence of cis‐ and iso‐phytol in vegetable oils can be used as indicators for refined oils while the presence of dihydrophytol in vegetable oils is an indication for hydrogenation.Practical applications: The analysis of trans‐phytol, cis‐phytol, iso‐phytol, and dihydrophytol can be used in food control for oil authentication. In this context iso‐phytol can serve as an additional marker for refined vegetable oils and dihydrophytol as a marker for hydrogenated vegetable oils.Native vegetable oils are containing trans‐phytol in the unsaponifiable matter. During the refining of vegetable oils measurable amounts of cis‐phytol and iso‐phytol are formed from trans‐phytol. In addition, hydrogenation of oils leads to formation of dihydrophytol from trans‐phytol and cis‐phytol, and these four compounds can be used to authenticate different qualities of vegetable oils.
Training shelter volunteers to teach dog compliance
Authors: Howard Veronica J. , DiGennaro Reed Florence D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study examined the degree to which training procedures influenced the integrity of behaviorally based dog training implemented by volunteers of an animal shelter. Volunteers were taught to implement discrete‐trial obedience training to teach 2 skills (sit and wait) to dogs. Procedural integrity during the baseline and written instructions conditions was low across all participants. Although performance increased with use of a video model, integrity did not reach criterion levels until performance feedback and modeling were provided. Moreover, the integrity of the discrete‐trial training procedure was significantly and positively correlated with dog compliance to instructions for all dyads. Correct implementation and compliance were observed when participants were paired with a novel dog and trainer, respectively, although generalization of procedural integrity from the discrete‐trial sit procedure to the discrete‐trial wait procedure was not observed. Shelter consumers rated the behavior change in dogs and trainers as socially significant. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed.
Struvite precipitation as a technology to be integrated in a manure anaerobic digestion treatment plant – removal efficiency, crystal characterization and agricultural assessment
Authors: Cerrillo Míriam , Palatsi Jordi , Comas Jordi , Vicens Jaume , Bonmatí August 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe formation of struvite (MgNH4PO4 · 6H2O) from digested slurry is an opportunity to recover nutrients as a slow‐release fertilizer. A series of batch and continuous experiments were conducted to assay the influence of operational parameters, total solids and organic matter content on the quality and size of struvite crystals formed. Finally, the agronomic bioavailability of struvite was assessed in a greenhouse experiment.RESULTSIn terms of process conditions an optimum pH of 9 was found, while changes in temperature (from 25 °C to 36 °C) showed to exert no influence whatsoever. On the other hand, though the presence of Na+ didn't affect the efficiency, high amounts of Ca2+ decreased the percentage of Mg2+ and NH4+ removed. CO2 stripping presented a reduction in the reagents required (NaOH) to raise the pH, with a similar removal efficiency and good quality of the struvite obtained. Nevertheless, the presence of organic matter resulted in a reduction on the size of struvite crystals. Agronomic assays showed that struvite P availability is similar to that of synthesis ammonium phosphate fertilizers.CONCLUSIONSThe results point to struvite precipitation as a good strategy to recover nutrients from digested manure and to improve nutrient management. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry