bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The DNA of Enterprise: Jane Jacobs and Henry George on Innovation and Development Through Spin‐Offs
Authors: Ellerman David 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe main training grounds for entrepreneurial, technical, and business capacities are existing businesses. There are two ways that this training can lead to new growth—just as there are two ways that existing biological DNA can lead to the growth of bio‐mass, namely, (1) existing organisms getting bigger or (2) by spinning out offspring who in turn can spin out more offspring. Where growth has been vibrant, e.g., Silicon Valley, it has followed the second route, growth by offspring. This is also the biological principle of plenitude. Conventional ownership structures lessen the incentives for spin‐offs since managers do not want to reduce the “empire” under their control. The biological principle of plenitude is best implemented with employee‐owned or cooperative firms (e.g., as in the Mondragon cooperative group). Inspired by ideas first proposed by Henry George and Jane Jacobs, this article explores the social benefits of applying the biological principle of plenitude by encouraging the proliferation of enterprises. This poses a conundrum for societies organized around the private business model: How can the social benefits of spin‐offs be realized when managers do not have an incentive to foster new businesses? We conclude with ways to address this problem.
Using Jane Jacobs and Henry George to Tame Gentrification
Authors: Combs Jason Leslie 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe solutions that Jane Jacobs proposed to improve neighborhoods created a paradoxical problem: improvement increased demand for the amenities of the area, which caused land prices to rise. The net result was at least partial displacement of the old residents of the neighborhood with new ones. Jane Jacobs has been criticized for ignoring gentrification, but she was clearly aware of this process and tried to find means to counter it. By combining the ideas of Henry George about land taxation with the ideals of Jane Jacobs about neighborhood diversity, we can mitigate the negative effects of gentrification and direct the energy of market forces into producing a greater supply of desirable neighborhoods.
Development and evaluation of training in culturally specific screening and brief intervention for hospital patients with alcohol‐related injuries
Authors: Whitty Megan , Nagel Tricia , Jayaraj Rama , Kavanagh David 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate health practitioners' confidence and knowledge of alcohol screening, brief intervention and referral after training in a culturally adapted intervention on alcohol misuse and well‐being issues for trauma patients.DesignMixed methods, involving semi‐structured interviews at baseline and a post‐workshop questionnaire.SettingTargeted acute care within a remote area major tertiary referral hospital.ParticipantsTen key informants and 69 questionnaire respondents from relevant community services and hospital‐based health care professionals.InterventionScreening and brief intervention training workshops and resources for 59 hospital staff.Main outcome measuresSelf‐reported staff knowledge of alcohol screening, brief intervention and referral, and satisfaction with workshop content and format.ResultsAfter training, 44% of participants reported being motivated to implement alcohol screening and intervention. Satisfaction with training was high, and most participants reported that their knowledge of screening and brief intervention was improved.ConclusionTargeted educational interventions can improve the knowledge and confidence of inpatient staff who manage patients at high risk of alcohol use disorder. Further research is needed to determine the duration of the effect and influence on practice behaviour. Ongoing integrated training, linked with systemic support and established quality improvement processes, is required to facilitate sustained change and widespread dissemination.
Comparative study of combined bevacizumab/targeted photocoagulation vs bevacizumab alone for macular oedema in ischaemic branch retinal vein occlusions
Authors: Tomomatsu Yoko , Tomomatsu Takeshi , Takamura Yoshihiro , Gozawa Makoto , Arimura Shogo , Takihara Yuji , Inatani Masaru 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPurposeTo investigate whether targeted retinal photocoagulation (TRP) of peripheral non‐perfused areas (NPAs) could prevent the recurrence of macular oedema (ME) due to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) after intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVB).MethodsEyes received 1.25 mg IVB only (IVB group) or combined with TRP (IVB + TRP group) of NPAs, more than 5 disc areas identified by fluorescein angiography in the patients with ME secondary to BRVO. Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) determined by optical coherence tomography were measured every month for 6 months.ResultsThirty‐eight patients were enrolled and randomized to IVB group (n = 19) and IVB + TRP group (n = 19). Both groups showed similar thinning in CRT at 1 week after IVB, IVB + TRP group maintained thinner retina at 2 (p = 0.0072) and 3 (p = 0.0086) months compared with IVB group in whom turned to thickened almost back to baseline at 3 months. The number of reinjections in IVB group (1.58 ± 0.69) was significantly greater (p = 0.0025) than that in IVB + TRP group (0.83 ± 0.62). BCVA significantly improved at 6 month in IVB + TRP group (p = 0.015), but not in IVB group.ConclusionTRP of NPAs reduced the amount of ME recurrence following IVB compared to IVB alone.
Topical dexamethasone–cyclodextrin nanoparticle eye drops for non‐infectious Uveitic macular oedema and vitritis – a pilot study
Authors: Shulman Shiri , Jóhannesson Gauti , Stefánsson Einar , Loewenstein Anat , Rosenblatt Amir , Habot‐Wilner Zohar 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of 1.5% dexamethasone nanoparticle (DexNP) drops in eyes with non‐infectious uveitic macular oedema and vitritis.MethodsIn a prospective pilot study, DexNP drops were administered four times a day for 4 weeks followed by drops tapering over a period of another 4 weeks. Follow‐up time was 12 weeks.ResultsFive eyes with macular oedema and three eyes with vitritis were included in the study. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) significantly improved from a median of 0.2 logMAR to a median of 0.15 logMAR at 4 weeks' time (p < 0.05). Median BCVA was 0.175 logMAR and 0.2 logMAR, at week 8 and 12, respectively (p > 0.05). Macular oedema significantly improved at all time‐points as compared to baseline (p < 0.05) and resolved in all eyes during follow‐up. One eye had macular oedema relapse at week 12. Vitritis improved in all eyes and resolved completely in two eyes. One eye had intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation which was well controlled with topical antihypertensive treatment, and one eye had cataract progression.ConclusionThis short pilot study demonstrates favourable effect of 1.5% DexNP eye drops on eyes with non‐infectious uveitic macular oedema and vitritis. Further comparative long‐term studies are warranted to assess this effect.
Diabetic polyneuropathy and the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy: a nationwide, population‐based study
Authors: Lin I‐Chan , Wang Yuan–Hung , Lin Cheng‐Li , Chang Yen‐Jung , Lee Shwu‐Huey , Wang I‐Jong 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPurposeTo assess the relationship between diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) and the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR).MethodsFrom 1997 to 2010, we identified 5031 newly diagnosed DPN patients and 20 124 controls matched for sex, age, and index year. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of DR between the DPN patients and the non‐DPN group. The adjusted hazard ratio was calculated and adjusted for age, sex, duration of diabetes and comorbidities of hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetic nephropathy.ResultsThe incidence rate of DR was 5.87‐fold higher in the DPN patients than in the non‐DPN group (44.0 vs. 7.22 per 1000 person‐years), with an adjusted HR of 5.41(95% CI = 4.92–5.94). The DPN‐to‐non‐DPN DR incidence rate ratio decreased with age (adjusted HR = 6.63 for subgroup younger than 65 years and adjusted HR = 3.91 for subgroup aged 65 years or older). Compared with the non‐DPN group, the DPN patients had a 5.63‐fold risk of non‐proliferative DR (adjusted HR = 5.63, 95% CI = 5.11–6.21) and a 3.67‐fold risk of proliferative DR (adjusted HR = 3.67, 95% CI = 2.57–5.23).ConclusionThe patients with DPN had an increased risk of developing DR and advanced DR compared with the non‐DPN group, particularly among the subgroup aged younger than 65 years.
The effects of rock climbing on cliff‐face vegetation
Authors: Clark Peter , Hessl Amy 
Published: May 2015

AbstractQuestionWhat are the effects of rock climbing on diversity, abundance and composition on cliff‐face vegetation along environmental and use gradients typical of modern climbing?LocationNew River Gorge National River, WV, US.MethodsWe compared species richness, abundance and composition of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens on 79 pre‐established rock climbs and 32 unclimbed ‘control’ sites across potential climb‐use intensity and cliff structure using linear models, residual analysis and NMDS ordination.ResultsDifferences in species richness and abundance associated with potential climb‐use intensity and cliff structure were variable across taxonomic groups. Linear models indicated that cliff angle was the strongest explanatory variable of species richness and abundance for all three taxonomic groups. Once the effects of biophysical variables were modelled, analysis of the residuals indicated that potential climbing‐use intensity had a small but negative effect on species richness and abundance of vascular plants (range 3–6%), no effect on bryophytes (0%) and a substantial effect on lichens (range 10–12%). Similarly, NMDS ordination indicated that cliff angle, canopy height and aspect were the primary drivers of species composition. We observed no change in community composition due to climbing.ConclusionsOther studies have observed significant impacts of climbing on vegetation at the base of cliffs. Here, we observe that potential climbing‐use intensity has some impact on species richness and abundance of vascular plants and more significant impacts on lichens, however cliff angle is a fundamental control on cliff vegetation. Because of the challenge in sampling steep and overhanging cliffs, we recommend that climbers be directly involved in the assessment, monitoring and management of cliff resources in order to ensure that the full range of biophysical conditions of cliff ecosystems are considered.
Prolyl hydroxylase inhibition corrects functional iron deficiency and inflammation‐induced anaemia in rats
Authors: Barrett Terrance D , Palomino Heather L , Brondstetter Theresa I , Kanelakis Kimon C , Wu Xiaodong , Yan Wen , Merton Katherine P , Schoetens Freddy , Ma Jing Ying , Skaptason Judy , Gao Jingjin , Tran Da‐Thao , Venkatesan Hariharan , Rosen Mark D , Shankley Nigel P , Rabinowitz Michael H 
Published: May 2015

Background and PurposeSmall‐molecule inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes are a novel target for the treatment of anaemia and functional iron deficiency (FID). Other than being orally bioavailable, the differentiation of PHD inhibitors from recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has not been demonstrated.Experimental ApproachJNJ‐42905343 was identified and characterized as a novel inhibitor of PHD and its action was compared with rhEPO in healthy rats and in a rat model of inflammation‐induced anaemia and FID [peptidoglycan‐polysaccharide (PGPS) model].Key ResultsOral administration of JNJ‐42905343 to healthy rats increased the gene expression of cytochrome b (DcytB) and divalent metal‐ion transporter 1 (DMT1) in the duodenum, and increased plasma EPO. Repeated administration of JNJ‐42905343 for 28 days increased blood haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). The serum iron concentration was increased with low doses (0.3 mg·kg−1) but reduced at high doses (6 mg·kg−1). In PGPS‐treated rats, administration of JNJ‐42905343 for 28 days corrected FID and anaemia, as reflected by increased blood haemoglobin, MCH and MCV. Increased expression of DcytB and DMT1 genes in the duodenum resulting in increased iron availability was defined as the mechanism for these effects. rhEPO did not affect DcytB and DMT1 and was not effective in PGPS‐treated rats.Conclusions and ImplicationsPHD inhibition has a beneficial effect on iron metabolism in addition to stimulating the release of EPO. Small‐molecule inhibitors of PHD such as JNJ‐42905343 represent a mechanism distinct from rhEPO to treat anaemia and FID.
Pelitinib (EKB‐569) targets the up‐regulation of ABCB1 and ABCG2 induced by hyperthermia to eradicate lung cancer
Authors: To Kenneth K W , Poon Daniel C , Wei Yuming , Wang Fang , Lin Ge , Fu Liwu 
Published: May 2015

Background and PurposePelitinib is a potent irreversible EGFR TK inhibitor currently in clinical trials for the treatment of lung cancer. Hyperthermia has been applied concomitantly with chemotherapy and radiotherapy to enhance treatment outcome. In this study, we investigated the ability of the combination of pelitinib with other conventional anticancer drugs to specifically target cancer cells with up‐regulated efflux transporters ABCB1/ABCG2 after hyperthermia as a novel way to eradicate the cancer stem‐like cells responsible for cancer recurrence.Experimental ApproachAlterations in intracellular topotecan accumulation, the efflux of fluorescent probe substrates, expression and ATPase activity of ABCB1/ABCG2 and tumoursphere formation capacity of side population (SP) cells sorted after hyperthermia were examined to elucidate the mechanism of pelitinib‐induced chemosensitization.Key ResultsWhile pelitinib did not modulate ABCB1/ABCG2 expressions, the combination of pelitinib with transporter substrate anticancer drugs induced more marked apoptosis, specifically in cells exposed to hyperthermia. The flow cytometric assay showed that both ABCB1‐ and ABCG2‐mediated drug effluxes were significantly inhibited by pelitinib in a concentration‐dependent manner. The inhibition kinetics suggested that pelitinib is a competitive inhibitor of ABCB1/ABCG2, which is consistent with its ability to stimulate their ATPase activity. SP cells sorted after hyperthermia were found to be more resistant to anticancer drugs, presumably due to the up‐regulation of ABCB1 and ABCG2. Importantly, pelitinib specifically enhanced the chemosensitivity but reduced the tumoursphere formation capacity of these SP cells.Conclusions and ImplicationsThis study demonstrated a novel approach, exploiting drug resistance, to selectively kill cancer stem‐like cells after hyperthermia.
Prevention of the degeneration of human dopaminergic neurons in an astrocyte co‐culture system allowing endogenous drug metabolism
Authors: Efremova Liudmila , Schildknecht Stefan , Adam Martina , Pape Regina , Gutbier Simon , Hanf Benjamin , Bürkle Alexander , Leist Marcel 
Published: May 2015

Background and PurposeFew neuropharmacological model systems use human neurons. Moreover, available test systems rarely reflect functional roles of co‐cultured glial cells. There is no humanin vitrocounterpart of the widely used 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's diseaseExperimental ApproachWe generated such a model by growing an intricate network of human dopaminergic neurons on a dense layer of astrocytes. In these co‐cultures,MPTPwas metabolized to 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐pyridinium (MPP+) by the glial cells, and the toxic metabolite was taken up through the dopamine transporter into neurons. Cell viability was measured biochemically and by quantitative neurite imaging, siRNA techniques were also used.Key ResultsWe initially characterized the activation ofPARP. As in mouse models,MPTPexposure induced (poly‐ADP‐ribose) synthesis and neurodegeneration was blocked byPARPinhibitors. Several different putative neuroprotectants were then compared in mono‐cultures and co‐cultures. Rho kinase inhibitors worked in both models;CEP1347, ascorbic acid or a caspase inhibitor protected mono‐cultures fromMPP+toxicity, but did not protect co‐cultures, when used alone or in combination. Application ofGSSGprevented degeneration in co‐cultures, but not in mono‐cultures. The surprisingly different pharmacological profiles of the models suggest that the presence of glial cells, and thein situgeneration of the toxic metaboliteMPP+within the layered cultures played an important role in neuroprotection.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur new model system is a closer model of human brain tissue than conventional cultures. Its use for screening of candidate neuroprotectants may increase the predictiveness of a test battery.
IL‐1β reduces tonic contraction of mesenteric lymphatic muscle cells, with the involvement of cycloxygenase‐2 and prostaglandin E2
Authors: Al‐Kofahi M , Becker F , Gavins F N E , Woolard M D , Tsunoda I , Wang Y , Ostanin D , Zawieja D C , Muthuchamy M , von der Weid P Y , Alexander J S 
Published: May 2015

Background and PurposeThe lymphatic system maintains tissue homeostasis by unidirectional lymph flow, maintained by tonic and phasic contractions within subunits, ‘lymphangions’. Here we have studied the effects of the inflammatory cytokine IL‐1β on tonic contraction of rat mesenteric lymphatic muscle cells (RMLMC).Experimental ApproachWe measured IL‐1β in colon‐conditioned media (CM) from acute (AC‐CM, dextran sodium sulfate) and chronic (CC‐CM, T‐cell transfer) colitis‐induced mice and corresponding controls (Con‐AC/CC‐CM). We examined tonic contractility of RMLMC in response to CM, the cytokines h‐IL‐1β or h‐TNF‐α (5, 10, 20 ng·mL−1), with or without COX inhibitors [TFAP (10−5 M), diclofenac (0.2 × 10−5 M)], PGE2 (10−5 M)], IL‐1‐receptor antagonist, Anakinra (5 μg·mL−1), or a selective prostanoid EP4 receptor antagonist, GW627368X (10−6 and 10−7 M).Key ResultsTonic contractility of RMLMC was reduced by AC‐ and CC‐CM compared with corresponding control culture media, Con‐AC/CC‐CM. IL‐1β or TNF‐α was not found in Con‐AC/CC‐CM, but detected in AC‐ and CC‐CM. h‐IL‐1β concentration‐dependently decreased RMLMC contractility, whereas h‐TNF‐α showed no effect. Anakinra blocked h‐IL‐1β‐induced RMLMC relaxation, and with AC‐CM, restored contractility to RMLMC. IL‐1β increased COX‐2 protein and PGE2 production in RMLMC.. PGE2 induced relaxations in RMLMC, comparable to h‐IL‐1β. Conversely, COX‐2 and EP4 receptor inhibition reversed relaxation induced by IL‐1β.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe IL‐1β‐induced decrease in RMLMC tonic contraction was COX‐2 dependent, and mediated by PGE2. In experimental colitis, IL‐1β and tonic lymphatic contractility were causally related, as this cytokine was critical for the relaxation induced by AC‐CM and pharmacological blockade of IL‐1β restored tonic contraction.
Agonist‐ and antagonist‐induced up‐regulation of surface 5‐HT3A receptors
Authors: Morton Russell A , Baptista‐Hon Daniel T , Hales Tim G , Lovinger David M 
Published: May 2015

Background and PurposeThe 5‐HT3 receptor is a member of the pentameric ligand‐gated ion channel family and is pharmacologically targeted to treat irritable bowel syndrome and nausea/emesis. Furthermore, many antidepressants elevate extracellular concentrations of 5‐HT. This study investigates the functional consequences of exposure of recombinant 5‐HT3A receptors to agonists and antagonists.Experimental ApproachWe used HEK cells stably expressing recombinant 5‐HT3A receptors and the ND7/23 (mouse neuroblastoma/dorsal root ganglion hybrid) cell line, which expresses endogenous 5‐HT3 receptors. Surface expression of recombinant 5‐HT3A receptors, modified to contain the bungarotoxin (BTX) binding sequence, was quantified using fluorescence microscopy to image BTX‐conjugated fluorophores. Whole cell voltage‐clamp electrophysiology was used to measure the density of current mediated by 5‐HT3A receptors.Key Results5‐HT3A receptors were up‐regulated by the prolonged presence of agonists (5‐HT and m‐chlorophenylbiguanide) and antagonists (MDL‐72222 and morphine). The up‐regulation of 5‐HT3A receptors by 5‐HT and MDL‐72222 was time‐ and concentration‐dependent but was independent of newly translated receptors. The phenomenon was observed for recombinant rodent and human 5‐HT3A receptors and for endogenous 5‐HT3 receptors in neuronal ND7/23 cells.Conclusions and ImplicationsUp‐regulation of 5‐HT3A receptors, following exposure to either agonists or antagonists suggests that this phenomenon may occur in response to different therapeutic agents. Medications that elevate 5‐HT levels, such as the antidepressant inhibitors of 5‐HT reuptake and antiemetic inhibitors of 5‐HT3 receptor function, may both raise receptor expression. However, this will require further investigation in vivo.
What makes an allergen?
Authors: Scheurer S. , Toda M. , Vieths S. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryAllergic diseases are an immune disorder reacting to certain type of allergen(s). Remarkably only a small number of proteins of the plant and animal proteome act as allergens. Therefore, allergens have been clustered according to their common structural, biochemical and functional features. Evidence has accumulated that some allergens possess intrinsic adjuvant properties to stimulate the innate immunity. The adjuvant properties appear to contribute to the allergenicity of the respective proteins, namely the ability to cause allergic sensitization in susceptible subjects or allergic reactions in sensitized individuals. Here, we discuss how allergens interact with the innate immune cells, in particular dendritic cells and epithelial cells, via binding to pattern recognition receptors, exhibiting proteolytic activities and/or inducting type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), thereby contributing to the sensitization and development of allergic diseases.
Who Dat?: Race and Its Conspicuous Consumption in Post‐KatrinaNewOrleans
Authors: PERRY MARC D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article explores the fraught neoliberal refashioning of post‐KatrinaNewOrleans in relation to concurrent modes of racialized inclusion and exclusion. I suggest an intensification of market forces during this period has hastened a privileging of certain acceptable, often gendered forms of blackness tied to their performance‐centered market consumption while simultaneously rendering others criminal and/or violently disposable. Such racial regulation, it is argued, is tantamount to a kind of “contractual blackness” withinNewOrleans' neoliberalized landscape that delineates commercially assimilable and therefore “good” black subjects from deviantly “bad” and hence expendable ones. The article follows with explorations of how someAfricanAmerican working class men mediate these duel economies of consumption/disposability through varying performative strategies of black possibility and alterity.