bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amphetamine augments vesicular dopamine release in the dorsal and ventral striatum through different mechanisms
Authors: Avelar Alicia J. , Juliano Steven A. , Garris Paul A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAmphetamine has well‐established actions on pre‐synaptic dopamine signaling, such as inhibiting uptake and degradation, activating synthesis, depleting vesicular stores, and promoting dopamine‐transporter reversal and non‐exocytotic release. Recent in vivo studies have identified an additional mechanism: augmenting vesicular release. In this study, we investigated how amphetamine elicits this effect. Our hypothesis was that amphetamine enhances vesicular dopamine release in dorsal and ventral striata by differentially targeting dopamine synthesis and degradation. In urethane‐anesthetized rats, we employed voltammetry to monitor dopamine, electrical stimulation to deplete stores or assess vesicular release and uptake, and pharmacology to isolate degradation and synthesis. While amphetamine increased electrically evoked dopamine levels, inhibited uptake, and up‐regulated vesicular release in both striatal sub‐regions in controls, this psychostimulant elicited region‐specific effects on evoked levels and vesicular release but not uptake in drug treatments. Evoked levels better correlated with vesicular release compared with uptake, supporting enhanced vesicular release as an important amphetamine mechanism. Taken together, these results suggested that amphetamine enhances vesicular release in the dorsal striatum by activating dopamine synthesis and inhibiting dopamine degradation, but targeting an alternative mechanism in the ventral striatum. Region‐distinct activation of vesicular dopamine release highlights complex cellular actions of amphetamine and may have implications for its behavioral effects.
The Political Economy of Social Security in a Borrowing‐Constrained Economy
Authors: ARAWATARI RYO , ONO TETSUO 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper introduces a three‐income class, overlapping‐generations model with borrowing constraints. The labor income tax for financing pay‐as‐you‐go social security is determined in a majoritarian voting game played by successive generations. When the interest‐rate elasticity of consumption is low, the political equilibrium might be characterized by an equilibrium where the old and the middle‐income young individuals form a coalition in favor of a higher tax rate and greater social security, while the low‐ and the high‐income young individuals favor a lower tax rate and less social security. In this equilibrium, the size of social security is decreased by the mean‐preserving reduction of a decisive voter's wage if he/she is borrowing‐constrained.
The Quality of Sexual Experience in Women Correlates with Post-Orgasmic Prolactin Surges: Results from an Experimental Prototype Study
Authors: Leeners Brigitte , Kruger Tillmann H.C. , Brody Stuart , Schmidlin Sandra , Naegeli Eva , Egli Marcel 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Sexual intercourse, orgasm, and sexual satisfaction are associated with well-being and improved quality of life. The pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) may have an important role in regulating (and thus indexing) sexual satiety and satisfaction.

Aim
Physiological indices to quantify the quality and resulting satisfaction from female orgasm would be valuable. Therefore we aim to validate associations of orgasm-induced PRL surges with women's orgasm quality and subsequent sexual satisfaction.

Methods
In a prospective study, with a pre-post, single-blinded, cross-over design in a naturalistic field setting, we analyzed the correlation of women's post-orgasmic serum PRL surges following sexual intercourse with women's perceived quality of orgasm and resulting sexual satisfaction, as measured by a questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measures
PRL levels prior to and following penile-vaginal intercourse with and without orgasm, and scores from the Acute Sexual Experience Scale (ASES) on quality of orgasm and sexual satisfaction.

Results
An analysis of variance of the blood samples in nine women indicated large magnitude, significant effects of intercourse orgasm on PRL levels (P = 0.004, eta squared = 0.78), as well as an interaction with the effect of multiple orgasms (P = 0.008, eta squared = 0.80). PRL post/pre ratios and arithmetic difference correlated strongly with orgasm quality (r = 0.85, P = 0.016, and r = 0.69, P = 0.08) and sexual satisfaction (r = 0.75, P = 0.05 and r = 0.77, P = 0.045).

Conclusion
Women's intercourse orgasm induced PRL surges are strongly related to the quality of orgasm and subsequent sexual satisfaction. This implies that post-orgasmic PRL surges are an objective index of orgasm and orgasm quality. PRL might be used in future studies on basic research as well as a treatment target in sexual disorders in women.
Serum microRNA‐122 kinetics in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection during antiviral therapy
Authors: Köberle V. , Waidmann O. , Kronenberger B. , Andrei A. , Susser S. , Füller C. , Perner D. , Zeuzem S. , Sarrazin C. , Piiper A. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryThe levels of the liver‐specific microRNA‐122 (miR‐122) circulating extracellularly in the blood have been shown to be increased upon liver damage. However, it is unknown if the levels of serum miR‐122 are altered during antiviral therapy and reflect the therapeutic success. Here, we investigated miR‐122 serum levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection during antiviral therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Therefore, sera from 60 patients with chronic HCV infection genotype 1 showing sustained virological response (SVR), non‐response or relapse to therapy obtained at baseline, 4, 12, 24 weeks, end of treatment and follow‐up were analysed retrospectively for miR‐122 content by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription PCR. The time courses of miR‐122 were correlated with HCV RNA as well as standard liver parameters. We found that while there was no relation between serum miR‐122 and HCV RNA levels at baseline, the decline in HCV RNA upon beginning of the therapy closely correlated with the reduction of serum miR‐122 in the three different patient groups. Moreover, the serum miR‐122 level correlated well with alanine aminotransaminase, a marker of ongoing liver damage. At follow‐up serum miR‐122 levels remained low in SVR, but increased to baseline levels in patients not responding or showing relapse to therapy. In contrast, the serum concentration of the ubiquitously expressed miR‐16 did not change during therapy. We conclude that the serum level of miR‐122 well reflects the success of interferon/ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic HCV infection.
Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) after intravenous, subcutaneous and oral administration
Authors: Kimble B. , Black L. A. , Li K. M. , Valtchev P. , Gilchrist S. , Gillett A. , Higgins D. P. , Krockenberger M. B. , Govendir M. 
Published: February 2013

The pharmacokinetic profile of meloxicam in clinically healthy koalas (n = 15) was investigated. Single doses of meloxicam were administered intravenously (i.v.) (0.4 mg/kg; n = 5), subcutaneously (s.c.) (0.2 mg/kg; n = 1) or orally (0.2 mg/kg; n = 3), and multiple doses were administered to two groups of koalas via the oral or s.c. routes (n = 3 for both routes) with a loading dose of 0.2 mg/kg for day 1 followed by 0.1 mg/kg s.i.d for a further 3 days. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Following i.v. administration, meloxicam exhibited a rapid clearance (CL) of 0.44 ± 0.20 (SD) L/h/kg, a volume of distribution at terminal phase (Vz) of 0.72 ± 0.22 L/kg and a volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) of 0.22 ± 0.12 L/kg. Median plasma terminal half‐life (t1/2) was 1.19 h (range 0.71–1.62 h). Following oral administration either from single or repeated doses, only maximum peak plasma concentration (Cmax 0.013 ± 0.001 and 0.014 ± 0.001 μg/mL, respectively) was measurable [limit of quantitation (LOQ) >0.01 μg/mL] between 4–8 h. Oral bioavailability was negligible in koalas. Plasma protein binding of meloxicam was ~98%. Three meloxicam metabolites were detected in plasma with one identified as the 5‐hydroxy methyl derivative. This study demonstrated that koalas exhibited rapid CL and extremely poor oral bioavailability compared with other eutherian species. Accordingly, the currently recommended dose regimen of meloxicam for this species appears inadequate.
P‐glycoprotein in sheep liver and small intestine: gene expression and transport efflux activity
Authors: Ballent M. , Wilkens M. R. , Maté L. , Muscher A. S. , Virkel G. , Sallovitz J. , Schröder B. , Lanusse C. , Lifschitz A. 
Published: February 2013

The role of the transporter P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) in the disposition kinetics of different drugs therapeutically used in veterinary medicine has been demonstrated. Considering the anatomo‐physiological features of the ruminant species, the constitutive expression of P‐gp (ABCB1) along the sheep gastrointestinal tract was studied. Additionally, the effect of repeated dexamethasone (DEX) administrations on the ABCB1 gene expression in the liver and small intestine was also assessed. The ABCB1 mRNA expression was determined by real‐time quantitative PCR. P‐gp activity was evaluated in diffusion chambers to determine the efflux of rhodamine 123 (Rho 123) in the ileum from experimental sheep. The constitutive ABCB1 expression was 65‐fold higher in the liver than in the intestine (ileum). The highest ABCB1 mRNA expression along the small intestine was observed in the ileum (between 6‐ and 120‐fold higher). The treatment with DEX did not elicit a significant effect on the P‐gp gene expression levels in any of the investigated gastrointestinal tissues. Consistently, no significant differences were observed in the intestinal secretion of Rho 123, between untreated control (Peff S‐M = 3.99 × 10−6 ± 2.07 × 10−6) and DEX‐treated animals (Peff S‐M = 6.00 × 10−6 ± 2.5 × 10−6). The understanding of the efflux transporters expression and activity along the digestive tract may help to elucidate clinical implications emerging from drug interactions in livestock.
The humerus ofSouthAmerican caviomorph rodents: shape, function and size in a phylogenetic context
Authors: Morgan C. C. , Álvarez A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSouthAmerican caviomorph rodents comprise four major lineages encompassing wide taxonomic and ecological diversity, but the morphological diversity of their postcranial skeleton has not been thoroughly explored using phylogenetic comparative methods. The main goal of this work is to analyze their humerus using geometric morphometrics in a phylogenetic context and attempt to tease apart the influence of locomotory preferences and shared evolutionary history on morphological variation. We examined 28 genera in 9 families representing all major clades. Humeral shape was captured by 13 landmarks and four semilandmarks in2D. In the morphospace of the first two principal components, most taxa were located near the origin along both axes. Fossorial octodontoids were apart from this central group. Most caviids were separated in one extreme of the morphospace; the specialized digging ctenomyidCtenomys, the fossorial chinchillidLagostomusand the generalized cavioidCuniculuswere located at the opposite end. Phylogenetic signal was significant. Regressions of shape on size were not significant; regression of shape on habit was significant for raw data and not significant after phylogenetic control. Humeral shape variation was primarily associated with the phylogenetic structure of the group; additionally, some morphological traits were associated with particular habits and interpreted as functional specializations. This association between humeral shape and both phylogeny and habit at different hierarchical levels suggests early ecomorphological diversification of caviomorphs.
The water content and parental magma of the second chassignite NWA 2737: Clues from trapped melt inclusions in olivine
Authors: He Qi , Xiao Long , Hsu Weibiao , BALTA J. Brian , McSween Harry Y. , Liu Yang 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNWA 2737, the second known chassignite, mainly consists of cumulate olivine crystals of homogeneous composition (Fo = 78.7 ± 0.9). These brown colored olivine grains exhibit two sets of perpendicular planar defects due to shock. Two forms of trapped liquids, interstitial melts and magmatic inclusions, have been examined. Mineral assemblages within the olivine‐hosted magmatic inclusions include low‐Ca pyroxene, augite, kaersutite, fluorapatite, biotite, chromite, sulfide, and feldspathic glass. The reconstructed parental magma composition (A#) of the NWA 2737 is basaltic and resembles both the experimentally constrained parental melt composition of chassiginites and the Gusev basalt Humphrey, albeit with lower Al contents. A# also broadly resembles the average of shergottite parent magmas or LAR 06319. However, we suggest that the mantle source for the chassignite parental magmas was distinct from that of the shergottite meteorites, particularly in CaO/Al2O3 ratio. In addition, based on the analysis of the volatile contents of kaersutite, we derived a water content of 0.48–0.67 wt% for the parental melt. Finally, our MELTS calculations suggest that moderate pressure (approximately 6.8 kb) came closest to reproducing the crystallized melt‐inclusion assemblages.
Interpretation of overall colonic transit in defecation disorders in males and females
Authors: Shin A. , Camilleri M. , Nadeau A. , Nullens S. , Rhee J. C. , Jeong I. D. , Burton D. D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundThere is little information regarding gender‐specific measurements of colonic transit and anorectal function in patients with defecation disorders (DD). To compare overall colonic transit by gender in DD.MethodsIn 407 patients with constipation due to DD diagnosed by a single gastroenterologist (1994–2012), DD was characterized by anorectal manometry, balloon expulsion test, and colonic transit by scintigraphy. The primary endpoint was overall colonic transit (geometric center, GC) at 24 h (GC24). Effects of gender in DD on colonic transit, and comparison with transit in 208 healthy controls were assessed by Mann–Whitney rank sum test. Secondary endpoints were maximum anal resting (ARP) and squeeze (ASP) pressures. We also tested association of the physiological endpoints among DD females by pregnancy history and among DD patients by colectomy history.Key ResultsThe DD patients were 67 males (M) and 340 females (F). Significant differences by gender in DD patients were observed in GC24 (median: M: 2.2; F: 1.8; P = 0.01), ARP (median: M: 87.8 mmHg; F: 82.4 mmHg; P = 0.04), and ASP (median: M: 182.4 mmHg; F: 128.7 mmHg; P < 0.001). GC24 was slower in DD compared with same‐gender healthy controls. GC24 did not differ among DD females by pregnancy history. Anorectal functions and upper GI transit did not differ among DD patients by colectomy history.Conclusions & InferencesPatients with DD have slower colonic transit compared with gender‐matched controls. Among DD patients, males have higher ARP and ASP, and females have slower colonic transit. Although the clinical significance of these differences may be unclear, findings suggest that interpretation of these tests in suspected DD should be based on same‐gender control data.
Accuracy of volumetric measurement of simulated root resorption lacunas based on cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Wang Y. , He S. , Guo Y. , Wang S. , Chen S. 
Published: February 2013

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the accuracy of volumetric measurement of simulated root resorption cavities based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), in comparison with that of Micro‐computed tomography (Micro‐CT) which served as the reference.Setting and Sample PopulationThe State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases at Sichuan University.Material and MethodsThirty‐two bovine teeth were included for standardized CBCT scanning and Micro‐CT scanning before and after the simulation of different degrees of root resorption. The teeth were divided into three groups according to the depths of the root resorption cavity (group 1: 0.15, 0.2, 0.3 mm; group 2: 0.6, 1.0 mm; group 3: 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 mm). Each depth included four specimens. Differences in tooth volume before and after simulated root resorption were then calculated from CBCT and Micro‐CT scans, respectively. The overall between‐method agreement of the measurements was evaluated using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC).ResultsFor the first group, the average volume of resorption cavity was 1.07 mm3, and the between‐method agreement of measurement for the volume changes was low (CCC = 0.098). For the second and third groups, the average volumes of resorption cavities were 3.47 and 6.73 mm3 respectively, and the between‐method agreements were good (CCC = 0.828 and 0.895, respectively).ConclusionsThe accuracy of 3‐D quantitative volumetric measurement of simulated root resorption based on CBCT was fairly good in detecting simulated resorption cavities larger than 3.47 mm3, while it was not sufficient for measuring resorption cavities smaller than 1.07 mm3. This method could be applied in future studies of root resorption although further studies are required to improve its accuracy.
Moderate acute exercise (70% VO2 peak) induces TGF‐β, α‐amylase and IgA in saliva during recovery
Authors: Rosa L , Teixeira AAS , Lira FS , Tufik S , Mello MT , Santos RVT 
Published: February 2013

Strenuous exercise promotes changes in salivary IgA and can be associated with a high incidence of upper respiratory tract Infections. However, moderate exercise enhances immune function. The effect of exercise on salivary IgA has been well studied, but its effect on other immunological parameters is poorly studied. Thus, this study determined the effect of moderate acute exercise on immunological salivary parameters, such as the levels of cytokines (TGF‐β and IL‐5), IgA, α‐amylase and total protein, over 24 h. Ten male adult subjects exercised for 60 min at an intensity of 70% VO2 peak. Saliva samples were collected before (‘basal’) and 0, 12 and 24 h after an exercise session. The total salivary protein was lower after 12 and 24 h than immediately after exercise, whereas α‐amylase increased at 12 and 24 h after exercise compared with basal levels. The IgA concentration was increased at 24 h after exercise relative to immediately after exercise, and there was no difference in the IL‐5 while TGF‐β concentration increased in recovery. In conclusion, 70% VO2 peak exercise does not induce changes immediately after exercise, but after 24 h, it produces an increase in salivary TGF‐β without changing IL‐5.
Parenting Strategies African American Mothers Employ to Decrease Sexual Risk Behaviors in Their Early Adolescent Daughters
Authors: Aronowitz Teri , Eche Ijeoma 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveThe impact of parenting strategies on adolescent's behavior has been the focus of research in the past three decades; the findings have never been more critical, particularly among African American mothers. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 70% of all new HIV cases are among female African Americans (AA) aged 15–24 years. The purpose of this study is to explore the process by which AA mothers intervene with their early adolescent daughters to decrease risky sexual situations, with the long‐term goal of HIV prevention.Design and SampleA total of 64 AA mother‐daughter dyads were recruited and separate focus groups were conducted for mothers and daughters with 6–8 per group.MethodFocus group methodology with principles of participatory action research was employed to formulate focus group questions, recruit dyads, and to analyze the data.ResultsFive codes emerged: scaring, limit setting, monitoring, nurturing/instilling values and identifying with one's ethnicity. The findings also showed an interaction between neighborhood risks, mother‐daughter relationships and parenting strategies.ConclusionsParenting strategies could be targeted for public health prevention interventions with the long‐term goal of HIV prevention.
Preferred Communication Methods of Abused Women
Authors: Gilroy Heidi , McFarlane Judith , Nava Angeles , Maddoux John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo determine preferred communication methods of abused women.Design and SampleA naturalistic study utilizing principles of Community Based Participatory Research. A total of 300 first time users of criminal justice or safe shelter for abused women were interviewed in person.MeasuresThe Preferred Communication Questionnaire was used to determine preference.ResultsGiven the choice of phone voice, face to face, phone text, e‐mail, or Facebook, traditional methods of communication (face‐to‐face communication and phone voice) were the primary (80% combined) and secondary (58.6% combined) preferred sources among abused women. A total of 292 women (97.3%) gave at least two preferred methods of communication, 255 (85%) gave three preferred methods, 190 (63%) gave four, and 132 (44%) used all five methods.ConclusionsPublic health nurses and other professionals who serve abused women should be aware of their preferred method of communication for contact. The women in the sample preferred face‐to‐face and phone‐voice communication; however, many were open to newer forms of communication such as texting and Facebook. Caution should be used to protect the safety of abused women when using any kind of communication.
Large subclonal variation in Phytophthora infestans populations associated with Ecuadorian potato landraces
Authors: Delgado R. A. , Monteros‐Altamirano A. R. , Li Y. , Visser R. G. F. , van der Lee T. A. J. , Vosman B. 
Published: February 2013

The population of
Phytophthora infestans on potato landraces in three provinces (Carchi, Chimborazo and Loja) of Ecuador was analysed. All isolates (n = 66) were of the A1 mating type. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) were used to assess the genetic diversity of the isolates. The
P. infestans isolates from the potato landraces grouped in a single clade together with reference isolates belonging to the clonal lineage EC‐1. In the 66 SSR profiles obtained, 31 multilocus genotypes were identified. The 66 isolates constituted 49 different races according to the
Solanum demissum differential set (
R1 to
R11). The
P. infestans population was complex and virulent on 4 to 11
R
genes. Analysis showed that the subclonal variation in the Ecuadorian EC‐1 clone is increasing over time and is much larger than clonal variation in lineages in the Netherlands and Nicaragua, suggesting high mutation rates and little or no selection in Ecuador.
Cardiovascular stress reactivity tasks successfully predict the hypotensive response of isometric handgrip training in hypertensives
Authors: Badrov Mark B. , Horton Sean , Millar Philip J. , McGowan Cheri L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis study aimed to determine whether: (a) isometric handgrip (IHG) training lowers resting blood pressure (BP), (b) cardiovascular reactivity to a serial subtraction (SST), IHG (IHGT), and cold pressor (CPT) task predicts this hypotensive response, and (c) cardiovascular reactivity is attenuated posttraining. Resting BP and cardiovascular reactivity to a SST, IHGT, and CPT were measured in 24 hypertensives (51–74 years) before and after 10 weeks of IHG training (n = 12) or control (n = 12). IHG training lowered resting BP (Δ8/5 mmHg), whereby the decrease in systolic BP was correlated to pretraining systolic BP reactivity to the SST (r = −.85) and IHGT (r = −.79; all ps < .01), but not the CPT (r = .34; p > .01). Furthermore, following IHG training, systolic BP reactivity to the SST (Δ7 mmHg) and IHGT (Δ8 mmHg) was reduced (all ps < .01). The results offer promising implications for hypertensives and may provide a tool to identify IHG training responders.