bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Island cities: the case of Belfast, Northern Ireland
Authors: Royle Stephen A. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The paper considers Belfast as an ‘island city’ with reference to issues of identity and economy and especially in connection with a series of statements from the ‘Futures of Islands’ briefing document prepared for the IGU’s Commission on Islands meeting in Kraków in August 2014. Belfast as a contested space, a hybrid British/Irish city on the island of Ireland, exemplifies well how ‘understandings of the past condition the future’, whilst the Belfast Agreement which brought the Northern Ireland peace process to its culmination after decades of violence known as the ‘Troubles’ speaks to ‘island ways of knowing, of comprehending problems - and their solutions’. Finally, Belfast certainly demonstrates that ‘island peoples shape their contested futures’
The Bench: An open drug scene and its people
Authors: Gr⊘nnestad Trond Erik , Lalander Philip 
Published: April 2015

Aims This article describes life in an open illicit drug milieu in a Norwegian city. This site, called “the Bench”, is a stigmatised place, and if one sits there, one is marked with the stigma of the place. Our aim is to gain insights into what stigmatised people gain from frequently visiting and staying in a public place that in itself is stigmatised. Method – One of the authors spent a year of participant observation, studying what went on at the Bench. He managed to build rapport in a gradual process of inclusion. The theoretical perspective rests on classic ethnography, symbolic interactionism and sociology on labelling and purity and dirt. Results – “The Bench” is not only a local drug market, but also a social meeting place in which one can feel dignity, and where a certain humanisation process takes place through the rituals of everyday life. On “the Bench” it is possible to tell stories of decay, failures and shortcomings in life, stories that in other social arenas would be interpreted as symbols of stigma and degradation. “The Bench” is also a place in which different established power relations may be turned around through storytelling and jokes. This provides the bench-sitters with a sense of mutual control and agency. Conclusion – Socialising at “the Bench” is an expression of the need among social human beings to have their existences confirmed, in a society where they have been marginalised and looked upon as second-class citizens, as urban outcasts.
Hydrogen peroxide as a biodegradation stimulator in remediation processes of soils heavily contaminated with petrochemicals
Authors: Rosik-Dulewska Czesława , Krzyśko-Łupicka Teresa , Ciesielczuk Tomasz , Kręcidło Łukasz 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The soil contaminated with petroleum products must be excluded from the crops and treated to reclamation processes. Natural processes of decomposition of hydrocarbon compounds go very slow, so it is necessary to use bioaugumentation or stimulation in order to accelerate the return of the soil to high culture. In this study the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the process of cleaning soil strongly contaminated with pertochemicals was investigated. For this purpose, a pot experiment lasting 60 days was carried. The dynamics of changes in the population of filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria were examined and also content of aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alkanes), monoaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Experimental use of hydrogen peroxide in the process of biodegradation of petroleum compounds assisted in the analyzed soil led to an increase of the number of grampositive bacteria during the test. Stimulation of oil products biodegradation by hydrogen peroxide also increased by 35% decomposition efficiency of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C8-C40) and about 50% PAH’s in comparison to control samples without hydrogen peroxide. There was no influence of hydrogen peroxide on the content of monoaromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) with respect to controls, although in the end of experiment, the total concentration decreased by about 50% compared to the initial content.
Impact of torrefaction technique on the moisture contents, bulk density and calorific value of briquetted biomass
Authors: Saeed M. Azam , Ahmad Syed Waqas , Kazmi Mohsin , Mohsin Muhammad , Feroze Nadeem 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The concept of different compositional biomass is introduced to enhance the binding properties and utilize the use of different seasonal biomasses. The effect of densification on the heating values of single pure and mixed compositional biomasses is observed with and without applying special type of pretreatment named as ‘Torrefaction’. The moisture contents and bulk densities were also calculated for these briquettes. The effects of average moisture contents and bulk density (which show the swelling nature) on the heating values are also observed. The experiments have been performed on the pelletizer equipment to form briquetted biomass and bomb calorimeter was used to determine the calorific values of different briquettes. Finally, the percentage decrease in the average moisture contents of different categories of torrefied briquettes from non-torrefied briquettes were also calculated and compared.
20,000 In League Under the Sea: Anonymous Communication, Trust, MLATs, and Undersea Cables
Authors: Jaggard Aaron D. , Johnson Aaron , Cortes Sarah , Syverson Paul , Feigenbaum Joan 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Motivated by the effectiveness of correlation attacks against Tor, the censorship arms race, and observations of malicious relays in Tor, we propose that Tor users capture their trust in network elements using probability distributions over the sets of elements observed by network adversaries. We present a modular system that allows users to efficiently and conveniently create such distributions and use them to improve their security. To illustrate this system, we present two novel types of adversaries. First, we study a powerful, pervasive adversary that can compromise an unknown number of Autonomous System organizations, Internet Exchange Point organizations, and Tor relay families. Second, we initiate the study of how an adversary might use Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) to enact surveillance. As part of this, we identify submarine cables as a potential subject of trust and incorporate data about these into our MLAT analysis by using them as a proxy for adversary power. Finally, we present preliminary experimental results that show the potential for our trust framework to be used by Tor clients and services to improve security.
Automated Experiments on Ad Privacy Settings
Authors: Datta Amit , Tschantz Michael Carl , Datta Anupam 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
To partly address people’s concerns over web tracking, Google has created the Ad Settings webpage to provide information about and some choice over the profiles Google creates on users. We present AdFisher, an automated tool that explores how user behaviors, Google’s ads, and Ad Settings interact. AdFisher can run browser-based experiments and analyze data using machine learning and significance tests. Our tool uses a rigorous experimental design and statistical analysis to ensure the statistical soundness of our results. We use AdFisher to find that the Ad Settings was opaque about some features of a user’s profile, that it does provide some choice on ads, and that these choices can lead to seemingly discriminatory ads. In particular, we found that visiting webpages associated with substance abuse changed the ads shown but not the settings page. We also found that setting the gender to female resulted in getting fewer instances of an ad related to high paying jobs than setting it to male. We cannot determine who caused these findings due to our limited visibility into the ad ecosystem, which includes Google, advertisers, websites, and users. Nevertheless, these results can form the starting point for deeper investigations by either the companies themselves or by regulatory bodies.
The body self-awareness among women practicing fitness: a preliminary study
Authors: Brytek-Matera Anna , Kozieł Anna 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The purposes of the present study were to explore the relationship between body awareness and negative body attitude, interoceptive body awareness and physical self in women practicing fitness as well as to analyze the determinants of body awareness. The Body Awareness Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire and the Body Attitude Test were applied to 43 women practicing fitness and 32 non-fitness practitioners. Bodily self-awareness was connected with greater fitness practitioners’ interoceptive body awareness and greater physical self. Noticing and global esteem predicted body awareness in women practicing fitness.
Phenomenological and Psychodynamic Understanding of Schizophrenia (Silvano Arieti, Eugène Minkowski)
Authors: Szałek Piotr 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Schizophrenia still poses the greatest theoretical problems in contemporary psychopathology. These problems should be investigated through the works of authors who deal with schizophrenia representing different psychological theories. The author takes into consideration psychoanalytic and phenomenological point of view. The statements of those theories are encountered in the field of humanistic psychology.
Memory bias training by means of the emotional short-term memory task
Authors: Paulewicz Borysław , Blaut Agata , Gronostaj Aleksandra 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
According to major cognitive theories of emotional disorders cognitive biases are partly responsible for their onset and maintenance. The direct test of this assumption is possible only if experimental method capable of altering a given form of cognitive bias is available. The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of a novel implicit memory bias training procedure based on the emotional version of the classical Sternberg’s short-term memory task with negative, neutral and positive words. 108 participants, who completed the PANAS and the CES-D questionnaires, were randomly assigned to the control group (n = 33), the No-Negative group (n = 36), in which the target words in the Sternberg’s task were either positive or neutral but never negative or the Negative-New group (n = 39) in which the negative target words in the modified Sternberg’s task were always new. This training was followed by the recollection stage. Only one of the training protocols resulted in significant effects at the recall stage - individuals in the No-Negative group recalled more positive words and fewer negative words than those in the control group. These results show that it may be possible to experimentally induce memory bias characteristic of non-depressed individuals.
Ultrametric Distance in Syntax
Authors: Roberts Mark D. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Phrase structure trees have a hierarchical structure. In many subjects, most notably in taxonomy such tree structures have been studied using ultrametrics. Here syntactical hierarchical phrase trees are subject to a similar analysis, which is much simpler as the branching structure is more readily discernible and switched. The ambiguity of which branching height to choose, is resolved by postulating that branching occurs at the lowest height available. An ultrametric produces a measure of the complexity of sentences: presumably the complexity of sentences increases as a language is acquired so that this can be tested. All ultrametric triangles are equilateral or isosceles. Here it is shown that X̅ structure implies that there are no equilateral triangles. Restricting attention to simple syntax a minimum ultrametric distance between lexical categories is calculated. A matrix constructed from this ultrametric distance is shown to be different than the matrix obtained from features. It is shown that the definition of C-COMMAND can be replaced by an equivalent ultrametric definition. The new definition invokes a minimum distance between nodes and this is more aesthetically satisfying than previous varieties of definitions. From the new definition of C-COMMAND follows a new definition of of the central notion in syntax namely GOVERNMENT.
Clinical usefulness of serum neopterin in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Plata-Nazar Katarzyna , Szumera Małgorzata , Łuczak Grażyna , Liberek Anna , Sznurkowska Katarzyna , Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz Agnieszka , Lange Magdalena , Kamińska Barbara 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the usefulness of the serum concentration of neopterin (NPT) as a marker of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The study included 67 children with JIA (36 girls and 31 boys), aged between 3.8 and 17.9 years (mean 13.7±3.4 years), and 105 healthy controls (47 girls and 58 boys) of similar age, with no evidence of acute or chronic inflammation. Serum NPT was determined immunoenzymatically. The median serum concentration of NPT and prevalence of elevated serum NPT (>11 nmol/L) were significantly higher in children with JIA than in the controls: 6.044 vs. 4.734 nmol/L (p<0.001) and 30% vs. 5% (p<0.001), respectively. The serum concentration of NPT did not correlate with body temperature (R=0.00, p=0.97), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (R=0.09, p=0.47), leukocyte count (R=−0.05, p=0.70), C-reactive protein (R=−0.14, p=0.25), and procalcitonin levels (R=0.07, p=0.56). Furthermore, serum NPT was not associated with the type of JIA. However, children with exacerbation of JIA presented with significantly higher median serum level of NPT (10.912 vs. 4.471 nmol/L, p<0.001) and higher prevalence of serum NPT >11 nmol/L (50% vs. 0%, p<0.001) than did patients with remission. These data suggest that elevated serum concentration of NPT is an accurate marker of JIA exacerbation.
Morphological and Soil Determinants of Forest Cover Changes in Świętokrzyski National Park and Its Buffer Zone in the last 200 Years
Authors: Ciupa Tadeusz , Suligowski Roman , Wałek Grzegorz 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The research described in the paper utilized GIS methods and comparative cartography in order to analyze changes in forest cover in the period 1800-2011 in the Świętokrzyski National Park (76.26 km²) and its buffer zone (207.86 km²). The research was done for predefined elevation intervals, slope gradients, and genetic soil types. Source materials included historical maps as well as a digital elevation model. Changes in forest cover were noted in spatial and temporal terms and were usually linked to morphology and soil type. While the 19th century was characterized by intense deforestation, this process reversed starting in the early 20th century. Nevertheless, forest cover in the study area has still not returned to its state from 1800.
Impact of Hydrotechnical Structures on Hydrological Regime of the Gwda and Drawa Rivers
Authors: Kubiak-Wójcicka Katarzyna , Kornaś Marika 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The work attempts to determine the impact of hydrotechnical structures on regimes of rivers. The aim of the article is to compare hydrological regimes of the rivers Gwda and Drawa due to the differences of hydrotechnical works located on both rivers. The Gwda River is heavily managed by hydrotechnical infrastructure. Presently, there are twelve hydropower plants located along the entire length of the river. The Drawa River, on the other hand, has little hydrotechnical infrastructure. Only two hydropower plants are located on the Drawa River. The study of the hydrological regime was carried out on the basis of the analysis of changes of water stages and ice phenomena. River profiles selected for the analysis were located downstream of hydrotechnical works, i.e. hydropower plants. The conclusions were based on the comparative analysis. The impacts were identified as the differences in processes described by the analyzed parameters
Estimating DSGE model parameters in a small open economy: Do real-time data matter?
Authors: Capek Jan 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This paper investigates the differences between parameters estimated using real-time and those estimated with revised data. The models used are New Keynesian DSGE models of the Czech, Polish, Hungarian, Swiss, and Swedish small open economies in interaction with the euro area. The paper also offers an analysis of data revisions of GDP growth and inflation and trend revisions of interest rates.
Data revisions are found to be unbiased and not autocorrelated in all countries. Inflation is usually measured more accurately in real-time than GDP growth, but this is not the case in the euro area. The results of the core analysis suggest that there are significant differences between parameter estimates using real-time data and those estimated using revised data. The model parameters that are most prone to significant differences between real-time and revised estimations are habit in consumption and persistence of domestic supply, of demand, and of world-wide technology shocks. The impulse response analysis suggests that the model behavior based on real-time and revised data is different.
Gravity Models of Internal Migration – the Czech Case Study
Authors: Jandová Monika , Paleta Tomáš 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In this paper, the models of internal migration flows between regions (NUTS 3) in the Czech Republic in time series from 1991 to 2012 are tested. The paper aims to find out how size, distance and economic variables explain migration flows between Czech regions. Several versions of an extended gravity model were used for testing, where economic factors which are frequently mentioned in literature on migration were used as regressors (i.e. average wage, registered unemployment rate, job vacancies and job vacancies per applicant). Internal migration flow is the dependent variable. In comparison to the pure gravity model, the extending of models with the economic variables improves the results of the models only slightly. The results show that the highest explanatory value of migration is given by models with rates of the variables tested.
Particle Gibbs with ancestor sampling for stochastic volatility models with: heavy tails, in mean effects, leverage, serial dependence and structural breaks
Authors: Nonejad Nima 
Published: April 2015

AbstractParticle Gibbs with ancestor sampling (PG-AS) is a new tool in the family of sequential Monte Carlo methods. We apply PG-AS to the challenging class of stochastic volatility models with increasing complexity, including leverage and in mean effects. We provide applications that demonstrate the flexibility of PG-AS under these different circumstances and justify applying it in practice. We also combine discrete structural breaks within the stochastic volatility model framework. For instance, we model changing time series characteristics of monthly postwar US core inflation rate using a structural break autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average (ARFIMA) model with stochastic volatility. We allow for structural breaks in the level, long and short-memory parameters with simultaneous breaks in the level, persistence and the conditional volatility of the volatility of inflation.
Enhanced selective thermal emission with a meta-mirror following Generalized Snell’s Law
Authors: Khan M. Ryyan , Wang Xufeng , Sakr Enas , Alam Muhammad A. , Bermel Peter 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThermal emission plays a critical role in a wide variety of applications, including adjusting radiative losses in photovoltaics and selective solar absorbers, as well as enhancing the emission of high energy photons for thermophotovoltaics and photon-enhanced thermionic emission. In this work, we consider the benefit to thermal emission associated with replacing conventional mirrors with meta-mirrors following Generalized Snell’s Law. By reflecting light at a different angle than incident, they can couple internally guided thermal radiation modes to the escape cone, ideally starting from any internally-guided angle. We illustrate the concept with two meta-mirror structures: a graded index material and a xylophone structure. Even without optimization, angle-averaged selective thermal emission is significantly enhanced compared to the planar case at selected wavelengths. Furthermore, the central wavelength and bandwidth of the enhancement can be matched with the requirements of each application.
Phase-Field Modelling of radiation induced microstructures
Authors: Luneville L. , Demange G. , Pontikis V. , Simeone D. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThis work shows that realistic irradiation-induced phase separation and the resulting microstructures can be obtained via an adapted Phase Field (PF) modelling combined with atomistic Monte Carlo simulations in the pseudo-grand canonical ensemble. The last allow for calculating the equilibrium phase diagram of the silver-copper alloy, chosen as a model of binary systems with large miscibility gap and, for extracting the parameters of the excess free-energy PF functional. Relying on this methodology, the equilibrium phase diagram of the alloy is predicted in excellent agreement with its experimental counterpart whereas, under irradiation, the predicted microstructures are functions of the irradiation parameters. Different irradiation conditions trigger the formation of various microstructures consistently presented as a non-equilibrium “phase diagram” aiming at facilitating the comparison with experimental observations.
A Multicenter Study Using the SWAG Scale to Compare Secondary Alveolar Bone Graft Outcomes for Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Russell Kathleen , Long Ross E. , Daskalogiannakis John , Mercado Ana , Hathaway Ronald , Semb Gunvor , Shaw William 
Published: April 2015

Objective To assess secondary alveolar bone graft (ABG) outcomes using the standardized way to assess grafts, or SWAG scale, for patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Four cleft centers with different protocols. Methods One hundred sixty maxillary occlusal radiographs taken 3 to 18 months after secondary ABG for sequentially treated patients with CLP were assessed using the SWAG scale. Radiographs were scanned, standardized, blinded, and rated by six orthodontists using the SWAG scale. Randomized radiographs were rated twice, 24 hours apart, by the same raters. Main Outcomes Intrarater and interrater reliabilities were assessed. Means and SDs were calculated for ABG ratings using analysis of variance and Tukey tests (P < .05). Result The mean ABG age was 9.1 years (range = 7 to 10.1 years) and the mean follow-up age was 12.4 years (range = 8.2 to 20.4 years). Intrarater and interrater reliabilities were good (intrarater = 0.788, interrater = 0.705), and higher than published methods. Mean ABG ratings for the cleft centers were 4.53, 2.9, 3.63, and 5.0 and differed significantly. The two centers with the highest ABG ratings showed higher ratings for all thirds decreasing from apical to coronal. The two centers with lower ABG ratings showed poorer ABG ratings for all thirds, and the middle third received the highest ratings. Conclusions The SWAG scale overcomes the challenges of age and bone location. The SWAG method was validated for showing intercenter differences for overall bone fill as well as in vertical thirds. Surgical technique, timing, and expertise/volume were identified as possible factors related to outcome.