bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Accuracy of Standwise Forest Inventory in Mature Stands
Authors: Grīnvalds Ainārs 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Traditionally forest resources are estimated in each compartment or stand with ocular standwise forest inventory. However, this inventory technique has shortages with measurement accuracy. In the study the accuracy of the standwise forest inventory was estimated by comparing the growing stock volume of the standwise inventory with the accurate (instrumental) re-measurements. Comparison was done with 4515 mature stands of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), birch (Betula spp.), aspen (Populus tremula L.) and black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.). The stands’ measurements by callipers or by harvesters (recalculated to growing stock volume) were used for accurate re-measurements. The study results show that the volume of standwise forest inventory have relative bias of 17.6% (volume is underestimated by 17.6%) and relative root mean square error 27.5 % for the whole data. Spruce stands are more accurately measured and black alder stands - inaccurately. The accuracy of pine, birch and mixed stands was similar to overall trends. Stands with volume 200 - 300 m3 ha-1 are more accurately measured and stands with the volume less than 200 m3 ha-1 - most inaccurately. The accuracy of stands with the volume more than 300 m3 ha-1, decreases by increasing the volume of stands. The volume estimation of individual species has different trends in standwise forest inventory. The volume of pine and birch is overestimated and the volume of spruce, aspen and black alder is underestimated.
Characterisation of Hulled Oat Grain Physical and Biochemical Parameters Significant for Dietary Products/ Plçkðòaino Auzu Graudu Raksturojums Pçc Diçtisku Produktu Raþoðanai Nozîmîgâm Fizikâlâm Un Íîmiskâm Pazîmçm
Authors: Bleidere Māra , Timbare Regīna , Bobere Natalija , Paklone Madara , Jākobsone Ida , Zute Sanita 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The objectives of the study were to investigate the variability of oat (Avena sativa L.) grain physical traits and chemical composition and to determine relationships between traits. Field experiments including five hulled oat genotypes were carried out at the State Stende Cereal Breeding Institute for two seasons during 2010-2011. Variation of traits was mainly determined by genotype (ω2 = 53 - 88%), with the min/max values for 1000 kernel weight 32.4/36.5 g, test weight 470.0/507.9 g·L-1, hull content 215.4/265.6 g·kg-1, crude protein 110.0/124.9 g·kg-1, starch 456.9/483.0 g·kg-1, β-glucans 28.1/36.6 g·kg-1 and crude fat 46.2/60.0 g·kg-1. Oat variety ‘Arta’ had the highest test weight (507 g·L-1) and contents of crude protein (124.9 g·kg-1), β-glucans (36.5 g·kg-1), α-tocopherol (7.8 mg·kg-1), average crude fat (55.5 g·kg-1) and total phenolics (113.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/GAE 100 g-1 DM) in the grain. Expression of traits significantly depended on meteorological conditions in the specific year. In both years of investigation there were significant (p < 0.05) positive correlations between contents of β-glucans and crude fat, and negative correlation of β-glucans with starch content, total phenolics and antiradical scavenging activity.
Creating and Characterisation of New Red Clover Variety ‘Jancis’/ Sarkanâ Âboliòa Ðíirnes ‘Jancis’ Izveidoðana Un Tâs Raksturojums
Authors: Jansone Biruta , Rancāne Sarmīte , Bērziņš Pēteris , Jansons Aldis 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a red clover variety adapted to agro-climatic conditions of Latvia, suitable for different requirements of forage producers, resistant to most widespread diseases and producing high seed yield annually. Medium late ripening diploid red clover variety ‘Jancis’ was created at the LLU Research Institute of Agriculture in long-term work carried out since 1985. After free pollination of best samples of red clover collections from the VIR (St. Petersburg), individual and family selection among hybrids were carried out for approximately 20 years. Finally, best breeding line Nr. 43047 was registered as a variety ‘Jancis’. The variety is characterised by good winter hardiness, high dry matter yield (10-12 t·ha-1) and good persistence in the sward - up to 3-4 years. The variety is characterised by a long stem (90-110 cm) with 8-9 internodes, dark green leaves with a distinctive brighter picture, medium length and width of medial leaflet, and bright pink flower heads. ‘Jancis’ has stable annual seed yield in the conditions of Latvia; under favourable conditions reaching 500- 600 kg·ha-1 seeds. Since 2010, the variety ‘Jancis’ has been included in the common Latvian and EU Plant Variety Catalogue.
Ambulatory Anaesthesia/ Anestēzija Ambulatorajā Ķirurģija
Authors: Svediene Saule 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Ambulatory (outpatient) surgery refers to the admittance into hospital on the day of surgery of carefully selected and prepared patients for a planned surgical procedure and their discharge within hours. About 65% of all surgical procedures are performed on an outpatient basis. There are many benefits of ambulatory surgery: cost reduction up to 25-75%, efficiency, shorter waiting lists, lower cancellation rate, patient convenience, low morbidity/mortality, less infections and respiratory complications and less medication. All patients should follow a sequential pathway and be pre-assessed according to a set of ambulatory case criteria (health status, age, complexity of surgery, transport, and social support). An anaesthesia plan is developed by an anaesthesiologist, then accepted by the patient after discussion and documented. Anaesthetic management includes the usage of local anaesthetic or short-acting general anaesthetic drugs with fewer residual psychomotor effects and low incidence of postoperative malaise. Medical discharge criteria as well as the discharge organisation are also important. The readmission rate after outpatient surgery is about 1%. Nausea/vomiting, pain and operative site bleeding are the most common causes. Extended stay or inpatient facilities should be available for patients who cannot be discharged after a reasonable stay in the post-anaesthesia care unit areas
Factors Affecting a Successful Out-Of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Pirmsslimnīcas Etapa Kardiopulmonālo Reanimāciju Rezultātus Ietekmējošie Faktori
Authors: Setlers Kaspars , Vanags Indulis , Kalēja Anita 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A retrospective patient record analysis of the Emergency Medial Service’s Rîga City Regional Centre was provided from January 2012 through December 2013. 1359 adult patients were CPR treated for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest according to ERC Guidelines 2010. A total of 490 patients were excluded from the study. The main outcome measure was survival to hospital admission. Of 869 CPR-treated patients, 60% (n = 521) were men. The mean age of patients was 66.68 ± 15.28 years. The survival rate to hospital admission was 12.9% (n = 112). 54 of survived patients were women. Mean patient age of successful CPR was 63.22 ± 16.21 and unsuccessful CPR 67.20 ± 15.09. At least one related illness was recorded with 63.4% (n = 551) patients. There were 61 survivors in bystander witnessed OHCA and nine survivors in unwitnessed OHCA. The rate of bystander CPR when CA (cardiac arrest) was witnessed was 24.8%. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) as initial heart rhythm was significantly associated with survival to hospital admission in 54 cases (p < 0.0001). Age and gender affected return of spontaneous circulation. Survival to hospital admission had rhythm-specific outcome. Presence of OHCA witnesses improved outcome compared to bystander CPR. The objective of this study was to report patient characteristics, the role of witnesses in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and outcome of adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation
The cost of systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal carcinoma in Slovenia: discrepancy analysis between cost and reimbursement
Authors: Mesti Tanja , Boshkoska Biljana Mileva , Kos Mitja , Tekavčič Metka , Ocvirk Janja 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Background. The aim of the study was to estimate the direct medical costs of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana and to question the healthcare payment system in Slovenia.
Methods. Using an internal patient database, the costs of mCRC patients were estimated in 2009 by examining (1) mCRC direct medical related costs, and (2) the cost difference between payment received by Slovenian health insurance and actual mCRC costs. Costs were analysed in the treatment phase of the disease by assessing the direct medical costs of hospital treatment with systemic therapy together with hospital treatment of side effects, without assessing radiotherapy or surgical treatment. Follow-up costs, indirect medical costs, and nonmedical costs were not included.
Results. A total of 209 mCRC patients met all eligibility criteria. The direct medical costs of mCRC hospitalization with systemic therapy in Slovenia for 2009 were estimated as the cost of medications (cost of systemic therapy + cost of drugs for premedication) + labor cost (the cost of carrying out systemic treatment) + cost of lab tests + cost of imaging tests + KRAS testing cost + cost of hospital treatment due to side effects of mCRC treatment, and amounted to €3,914,697. The difference between the cost paid by health insurance and actual costs, estimated as direct medical costs of hospitalization of mCRC patients treated with systemic therapy at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana in 2009, was €1,900,757.80.
Conclusions. The costs paid to the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana by health insurance for treating mCRC with systemic therapy do not match the actual cost of treatment. In fact, the difference between the payment and the actual cost estimated as direct medical costs of hospitalization of mCRC patients treated with systemic therapy at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana in 2009 was €1,900,757.80. The model Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (AR-DRG) for cost assessment in oncology being currently used is probably one of the reasons for the discrepancy between pay-outs and actual costs. We propose new method for more precise cost assessment in oncology.
Screening the distribution of EU Support for Primary Education in Slovakia
Authors: Szitásiová Valéria 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The aim of the research paper was to analyse the distribution of education support financed by the European Union. We focused on the evaluation of the regional distribution of the primary education support within the less developed NUTS 2 regions in Slovakia which were eligible to receive a support through two selected political measures. Particularly, we analysed the Regional Operational Programme, particularly the Measure 1.1 Education Infrastructure that was aimed at modernizing the primary school buildings and equipment. On the other hand we examined also the Operational Programme Education, particularly its measure 1.1 Transformation of traditional to modern school that was focused on the modernization of content of education process. The analysis pointed out the main differences between the mentioned two support measures. It was also showed the territorial distribution of these EU funds at the NUTS 2 level, regional level and at the levels of particular districts and supported municipalities. These results were confronted with a selected indicator of development, through which the fulfilment of the principle of territorial concentration was examined.
District Heating Systems Performance Analyses. Heat Energy Tariff
Authors: Ziemele Jelena , Vigants Girts , Vitolins Valdis , Blumberga Dagnija , Veidenbergs Ivars 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The paper addresses an important element of the European energy sector: the evaluation of district heating (DH) system operations from the standpoint of increasing energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy resources. This has been done by developing a new methodology for the evaluation of the heat tariff. The paper presents an algorithm of this methodology, which includes not only a data base and calculation equation systems, but also an integrated multi-criteria analysis module using MADM/MCDM (Multi-Attribute Decision Making / Multi-Criteria Decision Making) based on TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution). The results of the multi-criteria analysis are used to set the tariff benchmarks. The evaluation methodology has been tested for Latvian heat tariffs, and the obtained results show that only half of heating companies reach a benchmark value equal to 0.5 for the efficiency closeness to the ideal solution indicator. This means that the proposed evaluation methodology would not only allow companies to determine how they perform with regard to the proposed benchmark, but also to identify their need to restructure so that they may reach the level of a low-carbon business.
Sustainable Use Of Macro-Algae For Biogas Production In Latvian Conditions: A Preliminary Study Through An Integrated Mca And Lca Approach
Authors: Pastare Laura , Romagnoli Francesco , Lauka Dace , Dzene Ilze , Kuznecova Tatjana 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The study focuses on sustainability evaluation of an algae-based energy system in Latvia with a holistic and integrated approach of multi-criteria analysis combined with life cycle assessment (including a practical side - biogas yield experiments of locally available algae).
The study shows potential for sustainable use of algae in Latvian conditions and thus that algal biomass can be utilized for the production of biogas. The most sustainable and feasible scenario of using algae for biogas energy production foresees the collection of algae biomass from natural water bodies. Important beneficial effects through the use of algae are related to avoiding global warming potential (GWP) and eutrophication impacts. Biogas batch experiments carried out with the local macrophyte C.demersum have shown a methane yield of 554 l CH4/kg VS.
The Necessity of Private Language: A Conceptual Confusion Latent in Diverse Episodes of the History of Psychology / Potrzeba języka prywatnego: zamieszanie pojęciowe zawarte w różnorodnych wątkach historii psychologii
Authors: Ariso José María 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe present paper aims to show how Wittgenstein’s so-called ‘private language argument’ (PLA) affects diverse psychological theories. To this end, it starts by describing the main lines of the PLA and explaining why the idea of a private language constitutes a logical impossibility. Then, it is shown that the psychological theories of Descartes, Locke, Husserl, James, Fodor and Chomsky presuppose the existence of a private language, so that these theories lack internal consistency. Lastly, it is clarified why PLA, far from turning Wittgenstein into a behaviourist, involves a critique of behaviourism
Creative Processes in Creativity Training / Procesy twórcze w warsztatach kreatywności
Authors: Rynkiewicz Justyna 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe article is an attempt to discover the essence of creativity trainings. Creativity is the ability to create new and valuable objects. Thus I will analyze those two adjectives “new” and “valuable”. What more I will undertake the problem of assumptions which are made by creators of creativity trainings. Then I will present the creative processes by Margaret Baden and ways to develop them. At the end I will try to identify conditions of the effectiveness of those trainings
The Role of State in the Sphere of Innovative Development of the Agricultural Complex of Ukraine1
Authors: Jurkovičová Lujza , Kubiniy Natalya , Hotra Viktoria V. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The article examines the current state of innovative agricultural development in Ukraine and determines the role of the state in the sphere of innovative development of the agricultural complex. It considers the most problematic characteristics and factors of the slowdown of innovative development of domestic agricultural enterprises. It also suggests measures that would promote the increase of innovative activity of agricultural enterprises.
New Focus on India: A CEE perspective for Investment, Business and Trade Development
Authors: Svobodová Valéria Honaizer , Fernandes Owen 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The expectations of Indian masses have skyrocketed since the new election results. There is excitement and anticipation in the air from all factions of society and industry. Will it be resurgent India taking giant strides towards a vibrating economy or will there be strategic moves on consolidation and then acceleration? The New Prime Minister has a proven record of doing things differently and has results to show that it worked for him at the state level. Will it work for the nation as a whole? What can Central Europe expect in terms of bilateral trade with India? This paper takes a look at some crucial factors.
High Morphological Variability of Gerris Argentatus Schummel 1832 (Gerridae) and Probably Europe’S Smallest Gerrids, in the Danube Delta (Romania)
Authors: Olosutean Horea , Olosutean Codruța , Ilie Daniela 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACT
On a field trip to the Busurca Canal, near Sulina, in the Danube Delta, an apterous Gerris argentatus male was captured. It measured only 5.1 mm from the tip of the head to the end of the last abdominal segment, and was the smallest adult pond skater recorded in Europe. This specimen was also the first to be describe as an apterous form of G. argentatus, the species previously being known as either macropterous or micropterous. A large macropterous male, measuring 6.77 mm, was also collected in the same habitat, its size exceeding the known measurement for the species. Five G. argentatus females were taken from two sites on the Busurca Canal, each one measuring under the 7.5 mm length documented as a minimum for females of the species, with the smallest sample being only 6.59 mm in length.
Positronium as a probe of small free volumes in crystals, polymers and porous media
Authors: Goworek Tomasz 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPositronium (a hydrogen-like bound state of an electron and a positron) is a convenient probe to determine the sizes of subnanometric free volumes (voids) in condensed matter. A review of experimental methods used in positron spectroscopy and examples of their application to the free volume studies are presented.
Hydroxyapatite catalyzed cyclization of aryl enones: Solvent-free efficient synthesis of some 4-aryl-5,6-dihydro- 6-(substituted phenyl)-4H-1,3-oxazine-2-amines
Authors: Thirunarayanan G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSome 4-aryl-5,6-dihydro-6-(substituted phenyl)-4H-1,3-oxazine- 2-amine derivatives including 4-(4-methyl-1-naphthyl)-5,6- dihydro-6-(substituted phenyl)-4H-1,3-oxazine-2-amines have been synthesised by hydroxyapatite catalyzed solvent-free cyclization of aryl chalcones and urea using microwave irradiation under solventfree condition. The yields of the oxazines were more than 85%. The synthesised oxazine amines have been characterized by their physical constants, analytical and spectroscopic data.
Anal cancer: Current standards in care and recent changes in practice
Authors: Shridhar Ravi , Shibata David , Chan Emily , Thomas Charles R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAnswer questions and earn CME/CNEThe management of squamous cell carcinomas of the anal canal has evolved from surgery as first‐line treatment to curative chemoradiation, with surgery reserved for salvage. Significant progress has been made in understanding how to most effectively deliver chemotherapy and reduce toxicity through advancements in radiation delivery. The purpose of this article is to review the multimodality approach to the diagnosis and management of anal cancer based on a review of the published data and in light of available guidelines. CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65: 139–162. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Pattern of Chemical Ocular Injury: A Clinical Study
Authors: Das Subrata , Kabir Md. Firoz , Das Joyabrata , Hannan Ahmed Abdul , Chowdhury Md. Wazed , Nurul Anwar Saiem Mohd , Mothey Rajib 
Published: January 2015

Background: Chemical ocular injury is a common injury among the population of Bangladesh. This present study in aimed to evaluate the pattern of chemical ocular injury in our context.Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was done among 50 patients of chemical ocular injury by different substances between January and June 2013. After initial evaluation patients were also followed up for next 3 months to evaluate the visual outcome.Results: Male to female ratio was 1.7:1. Males between 21-30 years and 41-50 years were mostly affected whereas females of 41-50 were affected most. Most commonly affected occupation was service (36%) followed by housewives (22%) and majority (58%) were from low socio-economic conditions. Thirty five (70%) cases were alkali burn and remainder 15 (30%) were acid burn. Among alkali, hydrated lime Ca (OH)2 had highest percentage 82.8%. Most (46%) patients with good visual acuity i.e. 6/12  6/24 belongs to early (less than six hours) reporting time interval. It was found that 48% were grade  I and 34% cases were grade  II injury and other grades were not pronounced. Study showed that improvement of visual acuity after initial management and subsequent treatment was significant.Conclusion: Alkali burn is the common pattern of ocular injury in our country where lime is the common chemical substance. Early intervention is essential to avoid long term visual disability.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i1.19418
Positional cloning in maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, Poaceae)
Authors: Gallavotti Andrea , Whipple Clinton J. 
Published: January 2015

• Premise of the study: Positional (or map‐based) cloning is a common approach to identify the molecular lesions causing mutant phenotypes. Despite its large and complex genome, positional cloning has been recently shown to be feasible in maize, opening up a diverse collection of mutants to molecular characterization.• Methods and Results: Here we outline a general protocol for positional cloning in maize. While the general strategy is similar to that used in other plant species, we focus on the unique resources and approaches that should be considered when applied to maize mutants.• Conclusions: Positional cloning approaches are appropriate for maize mutants and quantitative traits, opening up to molecular characterization the large array of genetic diversity in this agronomically important species. The cloning approach described should be broadly applicable to other species as more plant genomes become available.