bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass Spectrometry of the Lithium Adducts of Diacylglycerols Containing Hydroxy FA in Castor Oil and Two Normal FA
Authors: Lin Jiann‐Tsyh , Chen Grace Q. , Hou Ching T. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCastor oil can be used in industry. The molecular species of triacylglycerols containing hydroxy fatty acids (FA) in castor oil have been identified. We report here the identification of twelve diacylglycerols (DAG) containing hydroxy FA in castor oil using positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the lithium adducts. They were RR (diricinolein, R is ricinoleate), RL, RS, R‐diOH18:0, R‐diOH18:1, R‐diOH18:2, R‐triOH18:0, R‐triOH18:1, R‐triOH18:2, diOH18:0‐diOH18:1, diOH18:1‐diOH18:1 and diOH18:1‐diOH18:2. The MS2 fragment ions, [M + Li − FA]+ and [FA + Li]+, from the lithium adducts of DAG containing hydroxy FA (one or two hydroxy FA), were used for the identification. The additional fragment ions from the neutral losses of FA lithium salts [M + Li − FALi]+ were used for the identification of eleven DAG containing two normal FA in a soybean oil bioconversion product. The MS2 fragment ions from the neutral losses of FA lithium salts [M + Li − FALi]+ were not detected from the DAG containing hydroxy FA. The DAG containing FA with more hydroxyl groups than the other FA on the same DAG molecule tended to have a prominent fragment ion [FA + Li]+ and an undetectable fragment ion [M + Li − FA]+ while the FA was the more hydroxylated FA. Also the less hydroxylated FA of a DAG tended to have a prominent fragment ion [M + Li − FA]+ and an undetectable fragment ion [FA + Li]+ while the FA was the less hydroxylated FA.
Quadricepsplasty for congenital dislocation of the knee and congenital quadriceps contracture
Authors: Tercier Stéphane , Shah Hitesh , Joseph Benjamin 
Published: September 2012

Purpose We encountered problems with the Curtis and Fisher technique of quadricepsplasty for congenital quadriceps contracture, including wound dehiscence, insufficient lengthening of the quadriceps and instability of the knee. We modified the operative technique to address these three problems. We undertook this study to evaluate the results of the modified technique of quadricepsplasty to determine if we succeeded in overcoming these limitations of the original technique. Methods Twenty children (33 knees) underwent the modified Curtis and Fisher quadricepsplasty through a lateral incision; a long tongue of the rectus femoris was raised and the vasti mobilised without dividing the lateral retinaculae till the collateral ligaments. The children were followed up for a mean period of 63 months and evaluated. The healing of the wound, active and passive range of motion (ROM) of the knee, the stability of the knee, quadriceps power and knee function were assessed. Results Primary wound healing occurred in 32 of 33 knees. Adequate lengthening of the quadriceps sufficient to facilitate knee flexion to 90° was possible. Considerable improvement in the ROM was noted. In non-syndromic congenital dislocation of the knee (CDK), the quadriceps power was Grade 5, but minor degrees of extensor lag was noted. In a proportion of patients, minor degrees of joint instability was present. The majority of children were community walkers. The overall results were better in non-syndromic CDK than in children with arthrogryposis, but differences of some variables were not significant. Conclusion The modifications to the original Curtis and Fisher technique overcame the specific problems they were expected to avoid.
Time for Children: Trends in the Employment Patterns of Parents, 1967–2009
Authors: Fox Liana , Han Wen-Jui , Ruhm Christopher , Waldfogel Jane 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUsing data from the 1967–2009 years of the March Current Population Surveys (CPS), we examine two important resources for children’s well-being: time and money. We document trends in parental employment, from the perspective of children, and show what underlies these trends. We find that increases in family work hours mainly reflect movements into jobs by parents—particularly mothers, who in prior decades would have remained at home. This increase in market work has raised incomes for children in the typical two-parent family but not for those in lone-parent households. Time use data from 1975 and 2003–2008 reveal that working parents spend less time engaged in primary childcare than their counterparts without jobs but more than employed peers in previous cohorts. Analysis of 2004 work schedule data suggests that non-daytime work provides an alternative method of coordinating employment schedules for some dual-earner families.
Nation-Work: A Praxeology of Making and Maintaining Nations
Authors: Surak Kristin 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article bridges the literatures on nationalist projects and everyday nationhood by elucidating a repertoire of actions shared by both. Analysis of such “nation-work” contributes to the cognitive turn in ethnicity and nationalism research by showing how ethnonational categorization operates. Examining variation in this domain shows that though nationalism may project an image of a homogeneous “we”, internal heterogeneity is crucial for refining the experience and performance of membership in the nation.
Spectral effects of UV on psoriasis
Authors: Weatherhead Sophie C. , Farr Peter M. , Reynolds Nicholas J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) is a highly effective, relatively safe, affordable and widely used therapeutic option for moderate psoriasis. Several types of UVB lamp are available to treat psoriasis, both broadband and narrowband, allowing a choice of spectral emission. However despite years of clinical use, the mechanism of action of UVB in clearing psoriasis remained incompletely understood. Moreover, there has been little insight into how the relative effectiveness of different UVB wavelengths linked to the mechanism of action, although it is known that the action spectrum for clearance of psoriasis differs from the action spectrum of erythema. This paper examines the existing literature from which our current treatments have evolved, and offers new insight into the use of keratinocyte apoptosis as a biomarker which may help to optimise UV treatment in the future. When combined with a systems biology approach, this potential biomarker may provide insight into which wavelengths of UV are the most effective in clearing psoriasis, allowing a more rational and potentially an individually tailored approach to optimising phototherapy for psoriasis.
Dynamic changes in genomic histone association and modification during activation of the ASNS and ATF3 genes by amino acid limitation
Authors: Balasubramanian Mukundh N. , Shan Jixiu , Kilberg Michael S. 
Published: September 2012

Amino acid deprivation of mammalian cells triggers several signalling pathways, the AAR (amino acid response), that results in transcriptional activation. For the ASNS (asparagine synthetase) and ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3) genes, increased transcription occurs in conjunction with recruitment of ATF4 to the gene. In HepG2 cells, analysis of the ASNS and ATF3 genes during AAR activation revealed increases in histone H3K4me3 (histone 3 trimethylated Lys4) and H4Ac (acetylated histone 4) levels, marks associated with active transcription, but a concurrent loss of total H3 protein near the promoter. The dynamic nature of AAR-regulated transcription was illustrated by a decline in ASNS transcription activity within minutes after removal of the AAR stress and a return to basal levels by 2 h. Reversal of ASNS transcription occurred in parallel with decreased promoter-associated H4Ac and ATF4 binding. However, the reduction in histone H3 and increase in H3K4me3 were not reversed. In yeast, persistence of H3K4me3 has been proposed to be a ‘memory’ mark of gene activity that alters the responsiveness of the gene, but the time course and magnitude of ASNS induction was unaffected when cells were challenged with a second round of AAR activation. The results of the present study document changes in gene-associated nucleosome abundance and histone modifications in response to amino-acid-dependent transcription.
Engineering a model protein cavity to catalyze the Kemp elimination
Authors: Merski Matthew , Shoichet Brian K. 
Published: September 2012

Synthetic cavitands and protein cavities have been widely studied as models for ligand recognition. Here we investigate the Met102 → His substitution in the artificial L99A cavity in T4 lysozyme as a Kemp eliminase. The resulting enzyme had
k
cat
/
K

M

= 0.43 M
-1
s
-1
and a (
k
cat
/
K

M

)/
k
uncat
= 10
7
at pH 5.0. The crystal structure of this enzyme was determined at 1.30 Å, as were the structures of four complexes of substrate and product analogs. The absence of ordered waters or hydrogen bonding interactions, and the presence of a common catalytic base (His102) in an otherwise hydrophobic, buried cavity, facilitated detailed analysis of the reaction mechanism and its optimization. Subsequent substitutions increased eliminase activity by an additional four-fold. As activity-enhancing substitutions were engineered into the cavity, protein stability decreased, consistent with the stability-function trade-off hypothesis. This and related model cavities may provide templates for studying protein design principles in radically simplified environments.
Simulated Equilibrium Walleye Population Density under Static and Dynamic Recreational Angling Effort
Authors: Schueller Amy M. , Fayram Andrew H. , Hansen Michael J. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of angling effort and how fish populations are affected by angler effort is an important and often unappreciated component of fisheries management. Our objective was to determine the extent to which angling-induced mortality limits walleye Sander vitreus population density in northern Wisconsin lakes. We developed a simulation model to evaluate the effects on long-term equilibrium walleye population density caused by effort limitations, density-dependent angling effort, and angling regulations. Equilibrium density was limited by angling effort when effort was held constant but was generally lower when effort was density dependent. Equilibrium density ranged from 3.46 to 21.79 adults/ha when effort was density dependent, similar to the observed median density in lakes sustained by natural reproduction (8.7 adults/ha). Median equilibrium density was 23.3 adults/ha when effort was zero. Equilibrium density was higher when harvest was regulated by a minimum length limit as opposed to no length limit and with no postrelease mortality than with postrelease mortality. Population collapse was more likely and equilibrium density was lower when the population density and effort/ha relationship was strongest. Because the observed relationship between adult walleye population density and effort/ha was weaker, we conclude that open-access walleye fisheries in northern Wisconsin are generally self-regulating. However, populations likely persist at lower population densities than would be expected if angling effort were limited to lower levels than those currently observed. Our results are intuitive; however, they suggest that density increases may be on the order of 100% when effort is severely restricted compared with open-access fisheries with unlimited effort. Other fish species may experience different expected density increases with restricted angler effort depending on a number of factors, but our results suggest that population density changes can be dramatic and that similar modeling exercises may be useful to managers of other fish species if increasing density is of interest.
Received December 19, 2011; accepted June 13, 2012
The Antemortem Neurobehavior in Fatal Paramethoxymethamphetamine Usage
Authors: Chen Wei-Hsi , Chui Chi , Yin Hsin-Ling 
Published: September 2012

Paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) is an emerging and prevalent psychoactive drug with a structure analogous to amphetamine and related psychostimulants. However, the neurobehavioral effect is only studied in experimental animals and is barely mentioned in human. The authors report the antemortem neurobehavioral manifestations in 8 patients with PMMA use. There were 2 different antemortem presentations. The first group of patients showed delirium, hypertalkativity, and incoherence speech and then turned into convulsion and death. They did not exhibit the typical hyperdopaminergic movement disorder. The second group of patients gradually fell asleep and then suffered respiratory or cardiovascular collapse. The heart blood PMMA level was higher in the second group than in the first group of patients. Forensic autopsy showed variable findings, ranging from no remarkable change to significant pathological damage similar to serotonin syndrome in both groups of patients. PMMA seems to enhance serotoninergism than dopaminergism, and exerts a concentration-related dual effect on human.
Influence of Added Enzymes and Bran Particle Size on Bread Quality and Iron Availability
Authors: Sanz‐Penella Juan Mario , Laparra José Moisés , Sanz Yolanda , Haros Monika 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThe aim of this investigation was to study the influence of different bran proportions and particle sizes, addition of fungal phytase, and α‐amylase addition on bread quality and phytate levels, and how these treatments affect availability of iron to intestinal epithelial (Caco‐2) cells. Potential mineral contributions to dietary reference intakes and phytate‐to‐mineral molar ratios were also evaluated. Wheat bran supplementation significantly affected bread quality. Smaller bran particle size affected crumb firmness negatively, whereas the use of α‐amylase, in some cases in combination with phytase, could improve technological bread quality. The use of phytase in the formulation significantly reduced the level of phytates, and phytate hydrolysis also led to smaller bran particle size. Increasing the bran proportion used in the bread formulation increased the iron concentration in bread samples by 18.9%. Phytase addition proved to be a useful strategy to improve iron dialyzability; however, incomplete dephytinization still had an inhibitory effect on iron uptake, with the exception of samples formulated with 10% bran. The inhibitory effect of phytate could be predicted from the values of the phytate‐to‐iron ratios. Reduction of particle size did not improve iron availability or uptake by Caco‐2 cells.
Misexpression of a Chloroplast Aspartyl Protease Leads to Severe Growth Defects and Alters Carbohydrate Metabolism in Arabidopsis
Authors: Paparelli Eleonora , Gonzali Silvia , Parlanti Sandro , Novi Giacomo , Giorgi Federico M. , Licausi Francesco , Kosmacz Monika , Feil Regina , Lunn John E. , Brust Henrike , van Dongen Joost T. , Steup Martin , Perata Pierdomenico 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe crucial role of carbohydrate in plant growth and morphogenesis is widely recognized. In this study, we describe the characterization of nana, a dwarf Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant impaired in carbohydrate metabolism. We show that the nana dwarf phenotype was accompanied by altered leaf morphology and a delayed flowering time. Our genetic and molecular data indicate that the mutation in nana is due to a transfer DNA insertion in the promoter region of a gene encoding a chloroplast-located aspartyl protease that alters its pattern of expression. Overexpression of the gene (oxNANA) phenocopies the mutation. Both nana and oxNANA display alterations in carbohydrate content, and the extent of these changes varies depending on growth light intensity. In particular, in low light, soluble sugar levels are lower and do not show the daily fluctuations observed in wild-type plants. Moreover, nana and oxNANA are defective in the expression of some genes implicated in sugar metabolism and photosynthetic light harvesting. Interestingly, some chloroplast-encoded genes as well as genes whose products seem to be involved in retrograde signaling appear to be down-regulated. These findings suggest that the NANA aspartic protease has an important regulatory function in chloroplasts that not only influences photosynthetic carbon metabolism but also plastid and nuclear gene expression.
An investigation about Brazilian mango and grape exports
Authors: de Castro Souza Roberta , Amato Neto João 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe objective of this paper is to characterise the transactions between European buyers and Brazilian mango and grape producers.Design/methodology/approachThe method selected for this paper was multiple case studies. The Brazilian mango and grape supply chains' export activities to Europe were investigated. The field research was undertaken in Brazil, Germany, The Netherlands and the UK. In total, 41 face‐to‐face interviews were carried out.FindingsThe supermarkets' literature tends to generalise the strategies of retailers focusing on differentiation and preferred suppliers. However, in empirical research conducted in the UK, Germany and The Netherlands it is possible to conclude that the procurement strategies of supermarkets can vary sharply. The results reveal the presence of different agents who demand different quality standards. The level of intensity depends on consumer behaviour, the features of product commercialised and the characteristics of the production segment in each country.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, in relation to the empirical method there is a limitation because the case study does not allow statistical generalisation. Consequently, it will be interesting to undertake quantitative research in order to quantify the variables presented and their impact on the structure of value chains. Second, the research focuses only on two stages of the supply chain, producers and buyers.Practical implicationsThe differences between UK and German supermarkets challenge the supermarket literature, which tends to generalise the strategies of retailers focusing on differentiation and preferred suppliers.Originality/valueThe study shows that the issue of influence and activities of retail agents along the value chain can be analysed taking several variables into consideration: the products commercialised; the distribution segment; and the consumer market. This result opens the way for analysing different structures of the value chain and the impact of these differences on the entry of producers for developing countries into the global market.
Concerns about animal welfare: a cluster analysis of German pig farmers
Authors: Franz Annabell , Deimel Ingke , Spiller Achim 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe Federal Government of Germany, as well as the European Commission, are discussing the enhancement of animal welfare requirements. This study aims to explore different groups of conventional German pig farmers with respect to their understanding of animal welfare. Based on the results, a target group is determined that is willing to take part in an animal welfare programme in accordance with the current state of research, i.e. considering the four “Welfare Quality” principles: good housing, good feeding, good health and especially appropriate behaviour.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 160 German pig farmers between March and May 2010 using an online questionnaire. Data analysis combines two quantitative methods. To reduce complexity and to identify the animal welfare perceptions of the farmers first an explorative factor analysis was conducted. Subsequently, based on the determined factors, the sample was divided into different groups by means of a cluster analysis.FindingsThree groups of pig farmers were defined with regard to the establishment of an animal welfare programme according to the current state of research. While a broad acceptance of the principles good housing, good feeding and good health exists among the farmers, the appropriate animal behaviour is only important for a small group of pig farmers. Therefore, the three groups should be addressed by the developers of an animal welfare programme, using different strategies to gain the support of all farmers.Originality/valueTo successfully introduce new animal welfare requirements, farmers are important actors to take into account. This paper is the first analysis of the animal welfare perceptions of conventionally producing German pig farmers and determines different groups for a comprehensive animal welfare husbandry system as currently discussed by scientists and politics.
Producer relationships segmentation in Malaysia's milk supply chains
Authors: Boniface Bonaventure 
Published: September 2012

PurposeResearch on buyer‐seller relationships in the agricultural sector receives little attention. A growing body of evidence suggests that strengthening buyer‐seller relationships fosters more efficient supply chains. Much of the long‐term relationship literature tends to treat suppliers as a homogeneous group when identifying motivations, strategies and incentives to enhance the quality of buyer‐seller relationships. This article aims to explore the role of long‐term relationships between buyers and sellers in Malaysia's dairy industry, taking into consideration the heterogeneous nature of producers.Design/methodology/approachThe study examines variation in relationship quality (trust, satisfaction, and commitment), loyalty and price satisfaction dimensions, using data from a survey of 133 dairy producers.FindingsCluster analysis suggests two well‐defined groups differing in terms of demographic characteristics and relationship perceptions about their buyers.Practical implicationsThe study results highlight ways milk buyers can develop and promote more appropriate and efficient marketing strategies with milk producers.Originality/valueThis study provides evidence of producer relationship segmentation in an agricultural industry of an emerging economy.
Fluorinated interactions in two different plain ZDDP oils using design of experiment (DOE) and chemistry characterization of tribofilms
Authors: Nehme Gabi 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the friction and wear performance of two plain ZDDP oils in the presence of fluorinated catalyst and PTFE combinations under extreme boundary lubrication of 385 Newton load (Hertzian contact pressure of 2.72 GPa). The mechanism of tribofilm formation and breakdown was followed carefully by monitoring the friction coefficient over the duration of the test.Design/methodology/approachVery reproducible boundary lubrication tests were conducted as part of design of experiment (DOE) to study the behavior of two different fluorinated plain oils in developing environmentally friendly (reduced P atd S) anti‐wear additives for future engine oil formulations. Friction and wear performance of ZDDP plain oils improve in the presence of fluorinated mix combinations. In order to understand the wear mechanism, different factors of chemical compositions and different wear responses were analyzed and optimized using DOE. Several chemistry combinations were prepared and tested under extreme boundary lubrication.FindingsThe interactions of fluorinated mix with minimum phosphorus were studied and compared. Tribofilms with thickness ranging from 300‐400 nm were developed during wear tests and were analyzed for two fluorinated plain oils that target reducing phosphorus.Originality/valueThe influence of catalyst and PTFE fluorinated mix were examined. Scanning electron microscopy with chemistry analysis was developed. Hardness of the tribofilms, X‐ray of the wear track and Auger spectroscopy confirm the present of fluorine and phosphorus. The two repeated tests that were conducted on both plain oils with minimum fluorinated mix confirm the prediction of the DOE model.