bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lagrangian tracing of Sahelian Sudan moisture sources
Authors: Salih Abubakr A. M. , Zhang Qiong , Tjernström Michael 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe Sahelian Sudan is an arid to semiarid region that depends on the seasonal rainfall as the main source of water, but its rainfall has large interannual variability. Such dry regions usually have their main moisture sources elsewhere; thus, the rainfall variability is directly related to the moisture transport. This study seeks to identify source regions of water vapor for Sahelian Sudan during the monsoon period, from July to September. We have used the Lagrangian trajectory model FLEXPART driven by ERA‐Interim reanalysis for the time period 1998 to 2008. The results show that most of the air masses that reach this region during the monsoon period have their major origins over the Arabian Peninsula, Central Africa, or are associated with the tropical easterly jet. Flow associated with Intertropical Convergence Zone contributes almost half of the total precipitated water; most of it comes from Central Africa. This suggests that moisture recycling is the major contributor, compared to Oceanic sources. The flows from the northeast (Arabian Peninsula and north Asia) and east (Horn of Africa and north Indian Ocean) contribute about one third of the precipitated water. The rest of precipitated water comes from the Mediterranean, subtropical Atlantic, and western Sahel, all with smaller contribution. Our results also indicate that different subregions of Sahelian Sudan have different moisture sources. Such result needs to be taken into account in seasonal forecasting practices.
Gravity wave propagation through a vertically and horizontally inhomogeneous background wind
Authors: Heale C. J. , Snively J. B. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA combination of ray theory and 2‐D time‐dependent simulations is used to investigate the linear effects of a time‐dependent, vertically, and horizontally inhomogeneous background horizontal wind field on the propagation, refraction, and reflection of small‐scale gravity wave packets. Interactions between propagating waves of different scales are likely to be numerous and important. We find that a static medium‐scale wave wind field of sufficient amplitude can channel and/or critical‐level filter a small‐scale wave or cause significant reflection, depending upon both waves' parameters. However, the inclusion of a time‐dependent phase progression of the medium‐scale wave can reduce energy loss through critical‐level filtering by up to ∼70% and can also reduce reflection by up to ∼60% for the cases simulated. We also find that the relative direction of propagation between the small‐scale and medium‐scale wave can significantly affect small‐scale wave filtering. When the phases are progressing in the same horizontal direction, the small‐scale wave is far more likely to become trapped and ultimately critical‐level filtered than if the phases are propagating in opposite horizontal directions unless reflection occurs first. Considerations of time‐dependent winds associated with medium‐scale‐propagating waves and their directionality are important for assessing the propagation and dispersion of small‐scale waves over large horizontal distances.
Facile Protocol for Catalytic Frustrated Lewis Pair Hydrogenation and Reductive Deoxygenation of Ketones and Aldehydes
Authors: Mahdi Tayseer , Stephan Douglas W. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA series of ketones and aldehydes are reduced in toluene under H2 in the presence of 5 mol % B(C6F5)3 and either cyclodextrin or molecular sieves affording a facile metal‐free protocol for reduction to alcohols. Similar treatment of aryl ketones resulted in metal‐free deoxygenation yielding aromatic hydrocarbons.
Optimization of bioprocess conditions improves production of a CHO cell‐derived, bioengineered heparin
Authors: Baik Jong Youn , Dahodwala Hussain , Oduah Eziafa , Talman Lee , Gemmill Trent R. , Gasimli Leyla , Datta Payel , Yang Bo , Li Guoyun , Zhang Fuming , Li Lingyun , Linhardt Robert J. , Campbell Andrew M. , Gorfien Stephen F. , Sharfstein Susan T. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractHeparin is the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the world today. Heparin is currently produced from animal tissues, primarily porcine intestines. A recent contamination crisis motivated development of a non‐animal‐derived source of this critical drug. We hypothesized that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells could be metabolically engineered to produce a bioengineered heparin, equivalent to current pharmaceutical heparin. We previously engineered CHO‐S® cells to overexpress two exogenous enzymes from the heparin/heparan sulfate biosynthetic pathway, increasing the anticoagulant activity ∼100‐fold and the heparin/heparan sulfate yield ∼10‐fold. Here, we explored the effects of bioprocess parameters on the yield and anticoagulant activity of the bioengineered GAGs. Fed‐batch shaker‐flask studies using a proprietary, chemically‐defined feed, resulted in ∼two‐fold increase in integrated viable cell density and a 70% increase in specific productivity, resulting in nearly three‐fold increase in product titer. Transferring the process to a stirred‐tank bioreactor increased the productivity further, yielding a final product concentration of ∼90 μg/mL. Unfortunately, the product composition still differs from pharmaceutical heparin, suggesting that additional metabolic engineering will be required. However, these studies clearly demonstrate bioprocess optimization, in parallel with metabolic engineering refinements, will play a substantial role in developing a bioengineered heparin to replace the current animal‐derived drug.
Helsinki experience on nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants for treating cervical artery dissection
Authors: Mustanoja Satu , Metso Tiina M. , Putaala Jukka , Heikkinen Noora , Haapaniemi Elena , Salonen Oili , Tatlisumak Turgut 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundCervical artery dissection (CeAD) patients with or without stroke are frequently treated with either antiplatelet agents or vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), but few data are reported on the use of nonvitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs).MethodsBetween November 2011 and January 2014, we recorded data from patients with a stroke due to vertebral (VAD) or internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD). Patients using oral anticoagulants were included in the study and were divided into two treatment groups: patients using NOACs and those using VKAs. Excellent outcome was defined on modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤1 at 6 months.ResultsOf 68 stroke patients (67% male; median age 45 [39–53]), six (8.8%; two with VAD and four with ICAD) were treated with NOACs: three with direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and three with direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at baseline was 4 (3–7) in the NOAC versus 2 (1–7) in the VKA groups. Complete recanalization at 6 months was seen in most patients in the NOAC (n = 5; 83%) and VKA (n = 34; 55%) groups. All the patients using NOACs had mRS ≤1 at 6 months and none had an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In the VKA group most patients (n = 48; 77%) had mRS ≤1, one patient (1.7%) had an ICH and one died.ConclusionsIn this small, consecutive single‐center patient sample treating ischemic stroke patients with CeAD with NOACs did not bring up safety concerns and resulted in similar, good outcomes compared to patients using VKAs.
Blood pressure differences between patients with lacunar and nonlacunar infarcts
Authors: Altmann Marianne , Thommessen Bente , Rønning Ole Morten , Reichenbach Antje S. , Fure Brynjar 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBackgroundElevated blood pressure is frequently seen in acute stroke, and patients with lacunar and nonlacunar infarcts may have different underlying mechanisms for increase in blood pressure. The impact of hypertension as a risk factor may also vary. The aims of the present study were to investigate blood pressure in patients presenting with lacunar syndromes but with different anatomical subtypes of stroke, to explore the impact of subtype on blood pressure, and to identify stroke‐related factors associated with hypertension.MethodsConsecutive patients presenting with an acute lacunar syndrome were enrolled. Patients were classified into a lacunar or nonlacunar group based on radiological verified infarcts. Blood pressure was measured. Between‐group differences were analyzed by χ2‐test, t‐test, and Mann–Whitney U test, as appropriate. We performed linear regression to analyze the association between blood pressure and lacunar infarct, and multiple linear regression to adjust for other covariates.ResultsOne hundred thirteen patients were included. Seventy five percent had lacunar and 25% nonlacunar infarcts. There was no significant difference in clinical severity between the two groups. In the linear regression model, we found a significant association between blood pressure and lacunar infarct. No other factor was significantly associated with blood pressure in the two groups.ConclusionsLacunar infarcts may be independently associated with higher blood pressure compared to nonlacunar infarcts with the same clinical severity. Blood pressure differences between different subtypes of stroke may not be related to clinical severity but to the underlying cause of stroke.
Synthesis of Fluorene‐Bridged Arylene Vinylene Fluorophores: Effects of End‐Capping Groups on the Optical Properties, Aggregation Induced Emission
Authors: Zhang Guo‐Feng , Chen Tao , Chen Ze‐Qiang , Aldred Matthew P. , Meng Xianggao , Zhu Ming‐Qiang 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe have synthesized a series of fluorene‐based fluorophores, in which a central fluorene core has been modified with different peripheral arylene vinylene substituents that are able to activate aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics. 9,9‐Dioctylfluorene doubly end‐capped at the 2,7‐positions with triphenylethene groups, such as 4‐(2,2‐diphenylvinyl)phenyl (F1‐(2,2)‐HTPE) and 4‐(1,2‐diphenylvinyl)phenyl (F1‐(1,2)‐HTPE) were synthesized and compared to the tetraphenylethene analogue (F1‐TPE). Both F1‐(2,2)‐HTPE and F1‐(1,2)‐HTPE glow with a deep blue fluorescence in THF solution with emission maxima (λem) of 426 and 403 nm, respectively. The λem slightly red‐shifts in the solid‐state to 458 nm for F1‐(2,2)‐HTPE and 437 nm for F1‐(1,2)‐HTPE. The fluorescence quantum yields (øF) of F1‐(2,2)‐HTPE (øF=35.1 %) and F1‐(1,2)‐HTPE (øF=26.2%) were found to be higher in solution compared to the near quenching of F1‐TPE (øF=0.1%). Consequently, this results in weaker AIE‐stability of F1‐(2,2)‐HTPE (αAIE=1.5) and F1‐(1,2)‐HTPE (αAIE=1.9) compared to F1‐TPE (αAIE=125), suggesting that four phenyl groups are necessary for efficient AIE‐activity of these fluorene bridged arylene vinylene type materials. In addition, decreasing the steric hindrance around the arylene vinylene moiety by removal of a phenyl ring is another method to decrease the AIE characteristics, in a similar manner to the commonly known "phenyl‐locking". Non‐polar triphenylethenes are poorer AIE materials than their tetraphenylethene analogues. Replacing the hydrogen atom of F1‐(2,2)‐HTPE with a cyano group affords fluorene end‐capped with 2,3,3‐triphenylacrylonitrile (F1‐TPAN), which boosts the AIE‐effect to αAIE=90.5 and red‐shifts the solid‐state emission (λem=528 nm) with near quenching in THF solution (øF=0.12%). X‐ray crystallographic analysis of F1‐TPAN indicates that the introduction of cyano groups can not only diminish the intramolecular steric hindrance in comparison of F1‐TPE, but also improve the molecular cohesion ability via multiple CH···N interactions.
Both tumor depth and diameter are predictive of sentinel lymph node status and survival in Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Smith Franz O. , Yue Binglin , Marzban Suroosh S. , Walls Brooke L. , Carr Michael , Jackson Ryan S. , Puleo Christopher A. , Padhya Tapan , Cruse C. Wayne , Gonzalez Ricardo J. , Sarnaik Amod A. , Schell Michael J. , DeConti Ronald C. , Messina Jane L. , Sondak Vernon K. , Zager Jonathan S. 
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUNDThe purposes of this study were 1) to determine the impact of primary tumor‐related factors on the prediction of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) status and 2) to identify clinical and pathologic factors associated with survival in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC).METHODSAn institutional review board–approved, retrospective review of patients with MCC treated between 1988 and 2011 at a single center was performed. Patients were categorized into 5 groups: 1) negative SLN, 2) positive SLN, 3) clinically node‐negative but SLN biopsy not performed, 4) regional nodal disease without a known primary tumor, and 5) primary MCC with synchronous clinically evident regional nodal disease. Factors predictive of the SLN status were analyzed with logistic regressions, and overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) were analyzed with Cox models and competing risk models assuming proportional hazards, respectively.RESULTSThree hundred seventy‐five patients were analyzed, and 70% were male; the median age was 75 years. The median tumor diameter was 1.5 cm (range, 0.2‐12.5 cm), and the median tumor depth was 4.8 mm (range, 0.3‐45.0 mm). One hundred ninety‐one patients underwent SLN biopsy, and 59 (31%) were SLN‐positive. Increasing primary tumor diameter and increasing tumor depth were associated with SLN positivity (P = .007 and P = .017, respectively). Age and sex were not associated with the SLN status. Immunosuppression, increasing tumor diameter, and increasing tumor depth were associated with worse OS (P = .007, P = .003, and P = .025, respectively). DSS differed significantly by group and was best for patients with a negative SLN and worst for those with primary MCC and synchronous clinically evident nodal disease (P = .018).CONCLUSIONFor patients with MCC, increasing primary tumor diameter and increasing tumor depth are independently predictive of a positive SLN, worse OS, and worse DSS. Tumor depth should be routinely reported when primary MCC specimens are being evaluated histopathologically. Cancer 2015;121:3252–3260. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Gas Sorption Properties of Isostructural Co‐MOFs Containing Dipyridylporphyrin Linkers with Different Substituents at the 10,20‐meso‐Positions
Authors: Choi In‐Hwan , Chae Seung Hyun , Huh Seong , Lee Suk Joong , Kim Sung‐Jin , Kim Youngmee 
Published: June 2015

AbstractTwo new isostructural 3D dipyridylporphyrin‐based MOFs, [Co(DpyDClP)]6·18H2O (I) and [Co(DpyDCNP)]6·18H2O (II), were prepared and structurally characterized by X‐ray crystallography [DpyDClP: 5,15‐di(4‐pyridyl)‐10,20‐di(4‐chlorophenyl)porphyrin; DpyDCNP: 5,15‐di(4‐pyridyl)‐10,20‐di(4‐cyanophenyl)porphyrin]. They display exactly the same framework structures, notwithstanding different substituents at the 10,20‐meso‐positions of the dipyridylporphyrin backbones. Both substituents, –Cl for I and –CN for II, are completely exposed to the open space of solvent‐free I and II. Therefore, the two MOFs have the same framework structures with distinct pore functionalities. Solvent‐free I and II have solvent‐accessible void volumes of 17.3 and 14.9 %, respectively. The thermal properties of I and II are very similar, but the gas sorption properties strongly depend on the pore dimensions and functionalities. Compound I has a higher uptake of CO2 compared with that of II due to its larger void volume. Particularly, CO2 sorption isotherms at 196 K indicate dramatically different patterns depending on the meso‐substituents. Whereas I shows S‐shape isotherms for CO2 adsorption/desorption at 196 K, II does not. The sorption of N2, H2, and CH4 by the two MOFs was also investigated.
Study of the Chemoselectivity of Multicomponent Heterocyclizations Involving 3‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazole and Pyruvic Acids as Key Reagents, and Biological Activity of the Reaction Products
Authors: Murlykina Maryna V. , Sakhno Yana I. , Desenko Sergey M. , Shishkina Svetlana V. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Sysoiev Dmytro O. , Kornet Maryna N. , Schols Dominique , Goeman Jan L. , Van der Eycken Johan , Van der Eycken Erik V. , Chebanov Valentin A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThree‐component reactions involving 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole, aldehydes, including salicylic aldehydes, and pyruvic acids were studied in detail. The reaction pathway and products of the heterocyclizations could be changed by variation of the reaction parameters. The broad antimicrobial activity of the products was also studied. Compound 9d showed specific anti‐influenza virus (A/H1N1) activity, with an IC50 of 0.57 μM and a CC50 of >100 μM.
Concise Construction of Bicyclo[6.4.0] and ‐[7.4.0] Frameworks by [4+2] Cycloaddition of 3,4‐Dimethylene‐2,5‐bis(phenylsulfonyl)cycloalk‐1‐enes
Authors: Mukai Chisato , Ueda Masanobu , Takahashi Yasuhito , Inagaki Fuyuhiko 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe thermal intermolecular [4+2] cycloadditions of vicinal bis(exo‐methylene)cyclooctene with carbon dienophiles efficiently produce the bicyclo[6.4.0] framework. Similar cycloadditions with the one‐carbon‐homologated cyclononene derivatives result in the formation of the bicyclo[7.4.0] skeleton. Both aza‐ and oxadieonphiles are suitable for this [4+2] reaction and provide the corresponding hetero‐Diels–Alder‐type products.
Landforms as extended composite phenotypes
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTBiotic influences on geomorphology (and vice‐versa) are ubiquitous. This paper explores whether landforms may be extended (composite) phenotypes of biota, based on four criteria: process–form relationships between biota and landforms; evolutionary synchrony; selective pressure via ecosystem engineering and niche construction; and positive feedback benefitting the engineer organism(s). Coral reefs, peat bogs, biomantles, insect mounds, grassland soils, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, and some vegetation‐dependent sand dune types clearly meet these criteria. Karst landforms, meandering rivers, and tree uprooting pit‐mound systems meet the first three criteria, but positive feedback to engineer organisms has not been established. Research in biogeomorphology will surely identify other extended phenotypes. Implications are that biological evolution will continue to drive landscape metamorphosis, the appearance of new landform types, and presumably the disappearance of extended phenotypes associated with extinct species. Independently of extended phenotypes, tightly‐coupled geomorphological–ecological interactions such as coevolution, and biogeomorphic forms of ecosystem engineering and niche construction are common. The toposphere, encompassing Earth's landforms, is partly a biotic construct. Some elements would be present in an abiotic world, but the toposphere would not exist in anything resembling its contemporary state without a biosphere. This raises important questions with respect to Earth system evolution. The bio, litho‐, atmo‐, hydro‐, topo‐, and pedospheres coevolve at the global scale. Major biotic events have driven revolutions in the other spheres, but the atmosphere and the global hydrological system seem to have been relatively steady‐state at the global scale. The toposphere and pedosphere have not. This suggests that perhaps landforms and soils provide the major mechanisms or degrees of freedom by which Earth responds to biological evolution. Landforms and soils may thus be the ‘voice’ of the biosphere as it authors planetary change, even if clear biotic signatures are lacking. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of shallow groundwater–surface water interactions on the hydrological connectivity and water budget of a wetland complex
Authors: Brannen Rosa , Spence Christopher , Ireson Andrew 
Published: June 2015

AbstractLinkages between the controls on surface storage and catchment streamflow response were examined in a wetland‐dominated basin in the Canadian Prairie Pothole region. Snowmelt, surface storage, water table elevation, atmospheric fluxes, and streamflow were monitored during spring snowmelt and summer in a 1 km2 sub‐catchment containing a semi‐permanent pond complex connected via an intermittent stream. Snow accumulation in the basin in the spring of the 2013 study year was the largest in the 24‐year record. Rainfall totals in 2013 were close to the long term average, although June was an anomalously wet month. The water budget of the pond complex indicates that there was a significant subsurface contribution to surface storage. Activation of an effective transmission zone occurred between uplands and the stream network where the water table was located near the ground surface, which allowed significant lateral movement of subsurface water into the stream network. This was also important for maintaining and re‐establishing surface connectivity and streamflow during rainfall events. The observed period of surface‐water connectivity was one of the longest on record in the catchment due to unusually wet conditions; nevertheless, the results of this study have implications for how contributing area and runoff should be considered in monitoring and modelling studies in the region, as inclusion of more frequent and varied runoff processes will be essential to understanding changing streamflow regimes. © 2015 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Hydrological Processes. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐Dimensional in Vitro Model to Study Osteobiology and Osteopathology
Authors: Krishnan Venkatesh , Vogler Erwin A. , Mastro Andrea M. 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACTThe bone is an amazing organ that grows and remodels itself over a lifetime. It is generally accepted that bone sculpting in response to stress and force is carried out by groups of cells contained within bone multicellular units that are coordinated to degrade existing bone and form new bone. Because of the nature of bone and the extensiveness of the skeleton, it is difficult to study bone remodeling in vivo. On the other hand, because the bone contains a complex environment of many cell types, is it possible to study bone remodeling in vitro? We propose that one can at minimum study the interaction between osteoblasts (bone formation) and osteoclasts (bone degradation) in a three dimensional (3D) “bioreactor”. Furthermore, one can add bone degrading metastatic cancer cells, and study how they contribute to and take part in the bone degradation process. We have primarily cultured and differentiated MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts for long periods (2–10 months) before addition of bone marrow osteoclasts and/or metastatic (MDA‐MB‐231), metastasis suppressed (MDA‐MB‐231BRMS1) or non‐metastatic (MCF‐7) breast cancer cells. In the co‐culture of osteoblasts and osteoclasts there was clear evidence of matrix degradation. Loss of matrix was also evident after co‐culture with metastatic breast cancer cells. Tri–culture permitted an evaluation of the interaction of the three cell types. The 3D system holds promise for further studies of cancer dormancy, hormone, and cytokine effects and matrix manipulation. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2715–2723, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.