bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Radon-type transform arising in photoacoustic tomography with circular detectors
Authors: Moon Sunghwan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography is the most well-known example of a hybrid imaging method.
In this article, we define a Radon-type transform arising in a version of photoacoustic tomography that uses integrating circular detectors and describe how the Radon transform integrating over all circles with a fixed radius is determined from this Radon-type transform. We consider three situations in which the centers of the circular detectors are located on a cylinder, on a plane, and on a sphere. This transform is similar to a toroidal Radon transform, which maps a given function to its integrals over a set of tori. We also study this object.
Homophily-Based Link Prediction in The Facebook Online Social Network: A Rough Sets Approach
Authors: Elkabani Islam , Aboo Khachfeh Roa A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractOnline social networks are highly dynamic and sparse. One of the main problems in analyzing these networks is the problem of predicting the existence of links between users on these networks: the link prediction problem. Many studies have been conducted to predict links using a variety of techniques like the decision tree and the logistic regression approaches. In this work, we will illustrate the use of the rough set theory in predicting links over the Facebook social network based on homophilic features. Other supervised learning algorithms are also employed in our experiments and compared with the rough set classifier, such as naive Bayes, J48 decision tree, support vector machine, logistic regression, and multilayer perceptron neural network. Moreover, we studied the influence of the “common groups” and “common page likes” homophilic features on predicting friendship between users of Facebook, and also studied the effect of using the Jaccard coefficient in measuring the similarity between users’ homophilic attributes compared with using the overlap coefficient. We conducted our experiments on two different datasets obtained from the Facebook online social network, where users in each dataset live within the same geographical region. The results showed that the rough set classifier significantly outperformed the other classifiers in all experiments. The results also demonstrated that the common groups and the common page likes features have a significant influence on predicting the friendship between users of Facebook. Finally, the results revealed that using the overlap coefficient homophilic features provided better results than that of the Jaccard coefficient features.
CFD of the MHD Mold Flow by Means of Hybrid LES/RANS Turbulence Modeling
Authors: Kratzsch Christoph , Asad Amjad , Schwarze Rüdiger 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the last decades, electromagnetic braking (EMBr) systems become a powerful tool to dampen possible jet oscillations in the continuous casting mold. Further studies showed that if a EMBr is not positioned correctly, it can induce flow oscillations. Hence, the design of these braking systems can be promoted by adequate CFD simulations. In most cases, unsteady RANS simulations (URANS) are sufficient to resolve low-frequency, large-scale oscillations of these MHD flows. Alternatively, Large Eddy Simulations (LES) may also resolve important details of the turbulence. However, since they require much finer computational grids, the computational costs are much higher. A bridge between both approaches are hybrid methods like the Scale Adaptive Simulation (SAS). In this study, we compare the performance of SAS with URANS and LES. Results are validated in detail by comparison with data from a Ruler-EMBr model experiment.
All-Optical Switching in Ultrashort Photonic Crystal Couplers Modified Y-branch Structure
Authors: Zahravi Masoud , Zahravi Mitra , Alipour-Banaei Hamed 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this paper, an all-optical switch based on photonic crystal directional coupler has been simulated and analyzed by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. An ultra small 3-channel wavelength division demultiplexer based on 2D photonic crystal was modified into all-optical switch suitable for integration. The output wavelengths of designed structure can be tuned for communication applications (around 1.5 µm, 1.4 µm, 1.3 µm) by locating suitable defect parameters in the corner of each resonance cavity and input waveguides. The bandwidth of each channel is about 1 nm.
The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among schoolchildren: a cohort study from Xinxiang, China
Authors: Li Pei-ling , Tian Yun-jiao , Wang Yan-hua , Zhang Cui-zhen , Gao Jun , Li Yu-hua , Li Shu-jun 
Published: January 2015

AbstractVitamin D deficiency (VDD) in children is widespread. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of VDD in schoolchildren from Henan Province, China.The study was conducted on school students from areas of Xinxiang, one of the largest cities of Henan Province in China, in the winter of 2013. A questionnaire on demographic data, socioeconomic status, sun exposure, and times of acute respiratory infections (RTI) in the past 12 months were completed for each student. Blood samples were taken to assess serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D].In our study, 606 schoolchildren completed the questionnaire. The median serum level of 25(OH)D was 20.5 ng/mL (interquartile range: 15.9–25.1). The prevalence of VDD and insufficiency was 46.9% (284/606) and 85.8% (520/606), respectively. VDD was more associated with female gender, high body mass index, lower socio-professional status, residence in urban areas, and less time spent outdoors. There was an inverse correlation between levels of 25(OH) and times of RTI (p<0.001).VDD and insufficiency are common among schoolchildren in Xinxiang. Supplementation with food fortification or vitamin D for Chinese children is warranted.
Cognitive functioning, metabolic control, and treatment type in youth with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Limbers Christine A. , Emery Kara , Young Danielle , Stephen Matthew 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThere is growing evidence that cognitive functioning plays an important role in self-care behavior and glycemic control in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. The aim of this pilot study was to examine whether there were differences in glycemic control and cognitive functioning between youth with T1D treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple daily injections.The sample consisted of 29 youth diagnosed with type 1 diabetes ages 6–15 years (mean age=11.72 years) receiving care at an outpatient pediatric endocrinology clinic. Youth were administered the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare youth with T1D treated with MDI vs. CSII on glycemic control, verbal memory, visual memory, attention/concentration, and intelligence.Mean intelligence scores for the insulin pump sample were higher than the daily injection sample. This difference was a medium to large effect. After controlling for demographic variables, age of onset for diabetes, and glycemic control, treatment type was still a significant predictor of intelligence demonstrating that CSII was associated with higher intelligence scores.The use of standardized measures of cognitive functioning in routine clinical care may shed some light on the complex interplay between cognitive functioning, treatment type, and glycemic control when managing pediatric patients with T1D.
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY): an update
Authors: Anık Ahmet , Çatlı Gönül , Abacı Ayhan , Böber Ece 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMaturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a group of monogenic disorders characterized by autosomal dominantly inherited non-insulin dependent form of diabetes classically presenting in adolescence or young adults before the age of 25 years. MODY is a rare cause of diabetes (1% of all cases) and is frequently misdiagnosed as Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) or Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A precise molecular diagnosis is essential because it leads to optimal treatment of the patients and allows early diagnosis for their asymptomatic family members. Mutations in the glucokinase (
Investigating “periphery” from a functionalist perspective
Authors: Traugott Elizabeth Closs 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSeveral models of pragmatic markers in initial and final position “outside” the clause are presented, many of them suggesting a sharp divide between periphery “outside” the core clause, and periphery “inside” the core. Characteristics of pragmatic markers often considered to be prototypical are discussed, especially syntactic and prosodic detachability. Evidence from prosody and from the historical development of some pragmatic markers, such as general extenders, suggests that “inner” and “outer” periphery are gradient, and that characteristics of pragmatic markers that are cited repeatedly are weak tendencies associated with a restricted set of pragmatic markers and cannot be used as diagnostics. Crucially, syntactic and prosodic detachability are in some cases not characteristic, nor is initial position.
Rewriting the Chinese National Epic in an Age of Global Consumerism: City of Life and Death and The Flowers of War
Authors: Yang Jing 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The Nanjing Massacre (1937–1938) has been rewritten by two controversial Chinese hits aimed at the global market: City of Life and Death (2009) and The Flowers of War (2011). Directed, respectively, by the rising director Lu Chuan and the internationally renowned “Fifth Generation” director Zhang Yimou, the films feature the complicated dynamics between Chinese refugees, Westerners and Japanese soldiers amidst the devastation. Their ambition to reach worldwide audiences, such as the nuanced treatment of wartime occupation and aesthetic references to Hollywood, is either affirmed by international awards or thwarted by the lackluster reception in the West. By examining the various globalist transformations in the cinematic narrative, this paper argues that what begins as a rearticulation of the patriotic discourse turns into a tentative construction of new identity at the historical moment of China’s rise. The reconfiguration of the national epic in City of Life and Death and The Flowers of War manifests a repositioning of Chinese self in response to global consumerism.
Mechanisms of removal of heavy metals and arsenic from water by TiO2-heterogeneous photocatalysis
Authors: Litter Marta I. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article is an overview of recent work performed in our laboratory on TiO2 heterogeneous photocatalysis of aqueous systems containing toxic forms of chromium, arsenic, lead, uranium and mercury. The cases of chromium and arsenic are treated in profundity. Photocatalytic treatments can convert the ionic species into their metallic solid form and deposit them over the semiconductor surface, or transform them into less toxic soluble species. When a transformation to the zerovalent state is possible, this allows the recovery of the metal from the waters, with an important economical return. Three types of mechanisms can be considered, all of them taking place through successive thermodynamically allowed monoelectronic electron transfer steps: (a) direct reduction by photogenerated electrons; (b) indirect reduction by intermediates generated by hole or hydroxyl radical oxidation of electron donors (reducing radicals); (c) oxidative removal by holes or hydroxyl radicals. Fundamentals of oxidative or reductive heterogeneous photocatalysis are described, with special emphasis on the role of organic donors present in the medium acting as synergists. This indicates the possibility of simultaneous treatment of pollutants of different chemical structure and properties present in the same medium.
Discrete fragment model for apparent formation constants of actinide ions with humic substances
Authors: Sasaki Takayuki , Yoshida Hatsumi , Aoyama Shunsuke , Kobayashi Taishi , Takagi Ikuji , Moriyama Hirotake 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A semi-empirical thermodynamic model was applied to estimate the
apparent formation constants of actinide ions, i.e., Th(IV),
Pu(IV) and Np(V), with humic substances (HSs), including
humic and fulvic acids, over a wide range of solution conditions,
i.e., pH, ionic strength, and HS and metal concentrations. The
hypothetical HSs consist of humic and fulvic acids with nine types of
simple organic ligands, which include aromatic and aliphatic carboxyl
groups and phenol groups, as binding sites. The abundance of each
binding site in the hypothetical HSs was determined via a fitting
analysis using an acid-dissociation dataset for several HSs. To
determine the apparent formation constant of a given metal ion with
HSs, 54 specific binding sites were considered, including nine
monodentate sites (1:1 metal/ligand complexes) and 45 bidentate
sites (1:2 metal/ligand complexes). The formation constant of each
monodentate binding was determined from the experimental data, while
those of the bidentate bindings were determined by considering two
monodentate bindings and the chelating effect, for which one of the
adjustable parameters was introduced in the model. Introduction of the
other parameter, which is related to the fraction of monodentate to
bidentate sites (i.e., the heterogeneity), afforded the parameter
values with good correlation with the apparent formation constant
data. The present model with adjusted parameter values well reproduced
the experimental apparent complex formation constants for actinide ion
interaction with HSs in a wide range of solution conditions except for
those obtained at trace concentrations.
Schwann cell transplantation for spinal cord injury repair: its significant therapeutic potential and prospectus
Authors: Kanno Haruo , Pearse Damien D. , Ozawa Hiroshi , Itoi Eiji , Bunge Mary Bartlett 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Transplantation of Schwann cells (SCs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for spinal cord repair. The introduction of SCs into the injured spinal cord has been shown to reduce tissue loss, promote axonal regeneration, and facilitate myelination of axons for improved sensorimotor function. The pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI) comprises multiple processes characterized by extensive cell death, development of a milieu inhibitory to growth, and glial scar formation, which together limits axonal regeneration. Many studies have suggested that significant functional recovery following SCI will not be possible with a single therapeutic strategy. The use of additional approaches with SC transplantation may be needed for successful axonal regeneration and sufficient functional recovery after SCI. An example of such a combination strategy with SC transplantation has been the complementary administration of neuroprotective agents/growth factors, which improves the effect of SCs after SCI. Suspension of SCs in bioactive matrices can also enhance transplanted SC survival and increase their capacity for supporting axonal regeneration in the injured spinal cord. Inhibition of glial scar formation produces a more permissive interface between the SC transplant and host spinal cord for axonal growth. Co-transplantation of SCs and other types of cells such as olfactory ensheathing cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells, and neural stem cells can be a more effective therapy than transplantation of SCs alone following SCI. This article reviews some of the evidence supporting the combination of SC transplantation with additional strategies for SCI repair and presents a prospectus for achieving better outcomes for persons with SCI.
Determination of Constant Parameters of Copper as Power-Law Hardening Material at Different Test Conditions
Authors: Kowser Md. A. , Mahiuddin Md. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In this paper a technique has been developed to determine constant parameters of copper as a power-law hardening material by tensile test approach. A work-hardening process is used to describe the increase of the stress level necessary to continue plastic deformation. A computer program is used to show the variation of the stress-strain relation for different values of stress hardening exponent, n and power-law hardening constant, α . Due to its close tolerances, excellent corrosion resistance and high material strength, in this analysis copper (Cu) has been selected as the material. As a power-law hardening material, Cu has been used to compute stress hardening exponent, n and power-law hardening constant, α from tensile test experiment without heat treatment and after heat treatment. A wealth of information about mechanical behavior of a material can be determined by conducting a simple tensile test in which a cylindrical specimen of a uniform cross-section is pulled until it ruptures or fractures into separate pieces. The original cross sectional area and gauge length are measured prior to conducting the test and the applied load and gauge deformation are continuously measured throughout the test. Based on the initial geometry of the sample, the engineering stress-strain behavior (stress-strain curve) can be easily generated from which numerous mechanical properties, such as the yield strength and elastic modulus, can be determined. A universal testing machine is utilized to apply the load in a continuously increasing (ramp) manner according to ASTM specifications. Finally, theoretical results are compared with these obtained from experiments where the nature of curves is found similar to each other. It is observed that there is a significant change of the value of n obtained with and without heat treatment it means the value of n should be determined for the heat treated condition of copper material for their applications in engineering fields.
The Action Execution Process Implemented in Different Cognitive Architectures: A Review
Authors: Dong Daqi , Franklin Stan 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
An agent achieves its goals by interacting with its environment, cyclically choosing and executing suitable actions. An action execution process is a reasonable and critical part of an entire cognitive architecture, because the process of generating executable motor commands is not only driven by low-level environmental information, but is also initiated and affected by the agent’s high-level mental processes. This review focuses on cognitive models of action, or more specifically, of the action execution process, as implemented in a set of popular cognitive architectures. We examine the representations and procedures inside the action execution process, as well as the cooperation between action execution and other high-level cognitive modules. We finally conclude with some general observations regarding the nature of action execution.
Grain Size Distribution of Stabilised Aeolian Dune Sediments in Inner Somogy, Hungary
Authors: Györgyövics Katalin , Kiss Tímea , Sipos György 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In Inner Somogy the former researches concluded that the grain size of stabilised aeolian dunes decreases from north to south fitting to grain size distribution of the alluvial fan the dunes were built of and to the prevailing wind. However, the trend is not so evident, if considering the dune types and sand moving periods. The aim of this paper is to analyse the grain size distribution trends from the point of view of (1) different dune classes, (2) OSL age and (3) general morphological characteristics of the region. During the analysis the grain size distribution of 345 samples from 17 cores (120-300 cm in depth) was determined, and 15 OSL samples were dated. According to the results, the material of simple forms and level 1 dunes (these are the lowest dunes on the surface of the alluvial fan) becomes finer southward, in accordance with the structure of the alluvial fan and prevailing wind direction. Similar trend applies for level 2 dunes (which were formed on the top of level 1 dunes), but it does not apply for level 3 dunes, which are situated on the top of other dunes. It seems that the grain size is inversely proportional to the size of a dune and its age, thus younger and smaller dunes have coarser and less well sorted material. The sediments of the oldest, large parabolic dunes are the finest, younger, medium size parabolic forms have fine material, and the youngest hummocks contain the coarsest sand. The decreasing grain size towards south is the most apparent along longitudinal residual ridges, while within parabolic dunes the wings contain finer material than their elevated head.
Vibration-Based Methods For Detecting A Crack In A Simply Supported Beam
Authors: Kindova-Petrova Dimitrina 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Variable loadings cause fatigue to the structural elements leading to crack initiation and propagation, which results in a decrease in the fatigue life of the elements. In particular, cracks decrease the stiffness and the natural frequency thus, causing specimens to fail under normal working conditions. This paper presents the application of the vibration- based technique for detecting the location and the size of a fatigue crack in structures. The two presented methods are based on the measurements of the natural frequencies of the cracked beam. The crack is modelled by a rotational spring. The predicted crack depth and location are compared with the actual data obtained from finite element models.
Impact of Tourist and One-Day Visitor Arrivals on Economic Growth. Case Study of the Cayman Islands
Authors: Podhorodecka Katarzyna 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The Cayman Islands are one of the SISODs, located in the Caribbean Sea, with a high number of foreign visitor arrivals and a GDP based to a large extent on tourism. They are also considered to be SITE islands and may even be characteristic of the subtype, PROFIT-SITE islands. The aim of the article is to provide an answer to the question of whether the increase in the number of tourist and one-day visitor arrivals1 had a positive impact on the creation of GDP in the Cayman Islands during the period 1983-2011. The hypothesis was that such a correlation should exist and it should be a strong positive correlation, but only between the increase in number of tourist arrivals and increase in GDP. The second question was: which year is the most economically affected by the increase in tourist and visitor arrivals (the same or the following year)? The hypothesis was that the biggest impact is recorded in the year in which the increase in tourist and visitor arrivals occurs (not in the following year). The third question was: has the global economic crisis affected the tourism sector in the Cayman Islands? The hypothesis was that the Cayman Islands were not as badly affected by the global economic crisis as other SISOD countries. The methods used by the author were literature analysis, data analysis and the Spearman correlation ratio.
Identifying the Climatic Conditions in Iraq by Tracking Down Cooling Events in the North Atlantic Ocean in the Period 3000–0 BC
Authors: Muslih Khamis D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), monthly averages of precipitation in the Baghdad station, and petrologic tracer proxy data for ocean properties in the North Atlantic (NA) have been used in an attempt to identify climatic conditions in Iraq during the study period. The study showed that contemporary changes in precipitation in Iraq are associated with NAO, as a negative relationship is found between them. Moreover, the study found that there is a strong negative correlation between NAOI and SST in NA, where drift ice indices explain between 33–36% of the NAOI variability.
The prolonged of cold Holocene periods led to a radical oceanography and atmospheric changes in the NA and the Mediterranean Sea, effectively contributing to the prevalence of cold and drought in the EM, including Iraq.
The analysis revealed as many as four intervals of significant cool drought phases prevailing over Iraq during the periods 2650–2500, 2200– 1900,1300–1200 and 1000–850 BC.