bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Effect of Four Surgical Periodontal Therapies and One Non‐Surgical Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Mailoa James , Lin Guo‐Hao , Khoshkam Vahid , MacEachern Mark , Chan Hsun‐Liang , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: June 2015

Background: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the long term (≥2 years) effect of four surgical and non‐surgical therapies in treating periodontal disease.Methods: An electronic search of four databases and a hand search of peer‐reviewed journals for relevant articles were conducted. Prospective human controlled clinical trials were included that compared surgical therapy to non‐surgical therapy in ≥10 patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis with a follow‐up period of ≥2 years and that reported change in probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) after the therapy. Random effect meta‐analysis was performed to compare the outcome of surgical and non‐surgical therapy in shallow, moderate, and deep PD.Results: Eight human prospective clinical trials were included. In 1‐ to 3‐mm PD, scaling and root planing (SRP), modified Widman flap (MWF), and osseous surgery (OS) resulted in 23.2%, 39.4%, and 61.39% CAL loss, respectively; SRP, MWF, and OS resulted in increased mean PD of 2.5%, 3.3%, and 6.3%, respectively. In 4‐ to 6‐mm PD, SRP, MWF, and OS resulted in 8.4%, 6.5%, and 5.22% CAL gain, respectively; SRP, MWF, and OS resulted in 18.7%, 25.4%, and 30.8% PD reduction, respectively. In PD ≥7 mm, SRP, MWF, and OS resulted in 9.8%, 14.2%, and 9.38% CAL gain, respectively; SRP, MWF, and OS resulted in mean PD reduction of 21.6%, 33.1%, and 42.8%, respectively.Conclusions: Surgical therapy had significantly more CAL loss than non‐surgical therapy in shallow PD. In moderate PD, MWF had significantly more PD reduction than SRP, and there was significantly less CAL gain with surgical therapy. In deep PD, OS had significantly higher PD reduction than SRP.
Deja vu for Petroleum Engineers: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Fernandez Tony 
Published: June 2015

What’s Ahead–From TWA’s Editor-in-Chief
I remember my first year in the industry very fondly: it was 2006, oil prices had been climbing steadily for over half a decade, and the “big crew change” was starting to become dinner table discussion. The brain drain that would eventually come from the retirement of senior employees was imminent, experts advised, and it seemed like companies were taking advantage of the good times to hire like crazy as they positioned themselves to hedge the effect on their operations.
I vividly remember a recruitment event organized by a large independent during the ATCE for which they rented the entire Sea World theme park in San Antonio and threw a party for us. It was an extraordinarily memorable event for any impressionable recent grad, and the future seemed prosperous. The Petroleum Economist encapsulated the hiring spree by quoting the head of US recruiting for one of the supermajors as saying, “Times are very good for us…and we are expanding– USD 60 [a barrel] oil will do a lot for your business. At the same time…a large number of employees are in their 50s and we need to increase our hiring across the board.”
Academia listened to industry’s pleas for help, experiencing a meteoric rise in petroleum engineering enrollment not seen since the 1980s (Fig 1). Unfortunately, those students in the 1980s largely found themselves unemployed upon graduation as a result of cost-cutting measures following the oil price collapse of 1987, the result of which became the very same “lost generation” of talent that evidently now needs to be bridged by the big crew change.
Fast-forward to today and, after some wild swings in commodity prices, to be sure, we nonetheless see oil once again hovering at around the same USD 60 mark which I fondly recall from the birth of my career. But a quick study of the headlines paints a starkly different picture this time around, as seemingly every company is either laying off people, freezing hiring, or doing both. An onslaught of such headlines has turned the mood in university campuses to an anxious and somber (if not pessimistic) one, which is completely opposite to the confident euphoria when I was there. I encourage you to read the TWAInterAct section, which features comments from SPE student chapter presidents on how the price drop is affecting students.
How Petroleum Industry Young Professionals Can Survive the Oil Price Volatility
Authors: Okoroafor Rita , Munisteri Islin , Sturgess David , Zafar Asif 
Published: June 2015

Soft Skills
Never mistake a lack of volatility for stability. Due to many influencing factors, the oil and gas industry has experienced several cycles of meteoric rises and plunges in oil price. With the volatility of oil prices comes key business decisions in the industry, which may or may not directly affect the career of young professionals (YPs). Fig. 1 shows the monthly crude oil prices from 1946 to November 2014, adjusted for inflation. Following significant oil price peaks, for example, in 1979 and 2008, were the declines. Below are some of the historically consistent reactions during downturns in oil prices:
An increased drive to develop alternative (and cheaper) sources of energy
Increased employment in industries other than the oil and gas industry*
Enrollment in petroleum engineering education decreased, but after staying steady for a few more years near the peak
Job cuts in organizations directly or indirectly related to the oil and gas industry
Job restructuring, such as giving international staff new roles in their home countries, within the oil and gas industry
Knowing that oil price is cyclic in nature and very volatile, how can one apply the past lessons today?
Be a High Performer
It is true that at USD 30/bbl no job is indispensable. Nonetheless, being a high performer improves your chances of surviving the volatile times while actively advancing your career. High performers are characterized by their ability to deliver consistent and excellent results with a reputation for being competent and trustworthy. They master technical challenges, continually refine their leadership skills, and act as role models with a positive attitude that enthuses the company culture.
Nodal Analysis for Unconventional Reservoirs—Principles and Application
Authors: Zhou Wentao , Banerjee Raj , Proano Eduardo 
Published: June 2015

Summary
Nodal analysis is the standard technique used to evaluate the performance of integrated production systems. Two curves represent the capacities of the inflow and of the outflow, and the intersection of the two curves gives the solution operating point. Limitations of traditional nodal analysis include:
Results are offered only at a snapshot, not as a function of time. Inflow-performance-relationship (IPR) models are limited, with none available for shale gas wells. Analysis is performed on a well-by-well basis, with no account of multiwell interference.
We propose a new nodal-analysis method that enables the study of transient production systems, such as unconventional reservoirs, with IPR models generated from a high-speed semianalytical reservoir simulator and outflow curves generated from a steady-state pipeline simulator. The use of analytical reservoir simulation allows accurate, reliable modeling of the real inflow system. The new approach studies the time-lapse behavior of the system, with consideration of production history and neighboring-well interference.
This new method enables the study of transient deliverability at the wellhead, where the measurement is usually available, and shows the time-lapse relationship between wellhead pressure and production rate. We provide examples of wellhead deliverability and choke management and explain advantages of the method with case studies involving tight and shale wells. The method is also applied to design and optimize artificial lift in unconventional wells and to study the method's validity over time. In addition, we discuss an example of operational well dynamics with time-lapse nodal analysis.
Furthermore, this new method generates discussion about some concepts that are often taken for granted—What should be the definition of IPR in a transient production system? On the IPR curve, is the zero-rate-pressure the reservoir pressure? Can IPR curves at two different timesteps cross each other? Finding the answers to these questions will help us better understand production systems.
The commonly used productivity-index (PI) method is reviewed and compared with the new method. Results show that one should not use the PI method when well operational conditions change.
In vitro and in vivo biofilm adhesion to esthetic coated arch wires and its correlation with surface roughness
Authors: Taha Mahasen , El-Fallal Abeer , Degla Heba 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To evaluate the in vitro ability of esthetic coated rectangular arch wires to retain oral biofilms and in vivo biofilm formation on these wires after 4 and 8 weeks of clinical use and to correlate the findings with the surface roughness of these wires.

Materials and Methods:
Three brands of esthetic coated nickel-titanium (NiTi) arch wires were selected. Arch wires retrieved after 4 and 8 weeks of intraoral use were obtained from 30 orthodontic patients. Surface roughness (SR) was assessed with an atomic force microscope. In vitro adhesion assays were performed using Streptococcus mutans (MS), Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The amount of bacterial adhesion was quantified using the colony-count method. Paired t-test, analysis of variance, post hoc Tukey's test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient test were used for statistical analysis at the .05 level of significance.

Results:
In vitro bacterial adhesion showed significant differences between wires in terms of MS adhesion (P  =  .01). All wires showed significant increases in SR (P  =  .001 after 4 weeks and .007 after 8 weeks) and biofilm adhesion (P  =  .0001 after 4 weeks and .045 after 8 weeks) after intraoral exposure. A significant positive correlation (P  =  .001 after 4 weeks and .05 after 8 weeks) was observed between these two variables in vivo, but the correlation was not significant for in vitro bacterial adhesion.

Conclusions:
SR and biofilm adhesion increased after intraoral use at all time intervals. There was a positive correlation between SR and biofilm adhesion in vivo only.
Mismatch of Sleep and Work Timing and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Vetter Céline , Devore Elizabeth E. , Ramin Cody A. , Speizer Frank E. , Willett Walter C. , Schernhammer Eva S. 
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE
To examine whether a mismatch between chronotype (i.e., preferred sleep timing) and work schedule is associated with type 2 diabetes risk.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In the Nurses’ Health Study 2, we followed 64,615 women from 2005 to 2011. Newly developed type 2 diabetes was the outcome measure (n = 1,452). A question on diurnal preference ascertained chronotype in 2009; rotating night shift work exposure was assessed regularly since 1989.

RESULTS
Compared with intermediate chronotypes, early chronotypes had a slightly decreased diabetes risk after multivariable adjustment (odds ratio 0.87 [95% CI 0.77–0.98]), whereas no significant association was observed for late chronotypes (1.04 [0.89–1.21]). Among early chronotypes, risk of type 2 diabetes was modestly reduced when working daytime schedules (0.81 [0.63–1.04]) and remained similarly reduced in women working &lt;10 years of rotating night shifts (0.84 [0.72–0.98]). After ≥10 years of shift work exposure, early chronotypes had a nonsignificant elevated diabetes risk (1.15 [0.81–1.63], Ptrend = 0.014). By contrast, among late chronotypes, the significantly increased diabetes risk observed among day workers (1.51 [1.13–2.02]) appeared largely attenuated if their work schedules included night shifts (&lt;10 years: 0.93 [0.76–1.13]; ≥10 years: 0.87 [0.56–1.34]; Ptrend = 0.14). The interaction between chronotype and shift work exposure was significant (Pinteraction = 0.0004). Analyses restricting to incident cases revealed similar patterns.

CONCLUSIONS
In early chronotypes, type 2 diabetes risk increased with increasing duration of shift work exposure, whereas late types had the highest diabetes risk working daytime schedules. These data add to the growing body of evidence that workers could benefit from shift schedules minimizing interference with chronotype-dependent sleep timing.
Development of a clonal equine myoblast cell line capable of terminal differentiation into mature myotubes in vitro
Authors: Naylor Rosie J. , Piercy Richard J. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To produce a clonal equine myoblast cell line that retains the ability to divide for multiple passages and differentiate into multinucleated myotubes during specific conditions.
SAMPLE Cultured primary equine skeletal muscle-derived cells from a healthy Thoroughbred.
PROCEDURES Cell cultures were transfected by electroporation with a plasmid (pNIT) that expresses the temperature-sensitive simian vacuolating virus 40 large T antigen (TAg), which can be controlled by a doxycycline-responsive promoter. Cells that stably integrated the TAg were selected and expanded to passage 25. For each passage, differentiation and fusion properties of the cells were determined and immunocytochemical analyses were performed to evaluate expression of TAg and other muscle-specific proteins. Optimum conditions that led to cell differentiation into myotubes were also determined.
RESULTS Compared with nontransfected control cells, myogenic, desmin-positive cells expressed the TAg when incubated at 33°C and could be maintained in culture for numerous passages. Reduced expression of TAg was identified in cells incubated at 37°C or when incubated with doxycycline at 33°C. Expression of TAg was not detected when cells were incubated with doxycycline at 37°C, and when serum was withdrawn from the culture medium, those clones differentiated into a pure population of multinucleated myotubes.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that production of an immortalized clonal equine skeletal muscle cell line was possible. A clonal equine skeletal muscle cell line will be a valuable in vitro tool for use in equine physiology and disease research.
Comparison of two- and three-times-daily topical ophthalmic application of 0.005% latanoprost solution in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Tofflemire Kyle L. , Whitley Elizabeth M. , Allbaugh Rachel A. , Ben-Shlomo Gil , Robinson Casey C. , Overton Taryn L. , Thiessen Charlotte E. , Evans Erin A. , Griggs Angel N. , Adelman Sara A. , Ludwig Allison L. , Jens Jackie K. , Ellinwood N. Matthew , Peterson Chimene S. , Whitley R. David 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether 2- or 3-times-daily application of topical ophthalmic 0.005% latanoprost solution is more effective at lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in clinically normal dogs.
ANIMALS 9 clinically normal dogs.
PROCEDURES For each dog, I drop of latanoprost 0.005% solution was applied to 1 eye every 8 or 12 hours each day for 5 days; the contralateral eye received topical ophthalmic treatment with 1 drop of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution at the times of latanoprost application. Ocular examinations of both eyes were performed every 6 hours starting 48 hours prior to and ending 42 hours after the treatment period. Following a 5-week washout interval, the procedures were repeated but the previously latanoprost-treated eye of each dog received latanoprost application at the alternate frequency.
RESULTS Mean ± SD IOP reduction in the latanoprost-treated eyes was 31 ± 6.9% with 2-times-daily application and 33 ± 8.2% with 3-times-daily application. A 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant differences in IOP with contributions by treatment (2 or 3 times daily), time of day (diurnal variation), and individual dog. The maximum mean daily IOP reduction in latanoprost-treated eyes was detected on day 3 of latanoprost treatment in each group. Eyes treated 3 times daily had significantly smaller pupil diameter and greater conjunctival hyperemia than eyes treated 2 times daily.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The clinical importance of the ocular hypotensive effects of 3-times-daily topical ophthalmic application of 0.005% latanoprost solution in dogs with glaucoma warrants investigation.
Effect of exercise on serum markers of muscle inflammation in Spanish Greyhounds
Authors: Lucas Vanesa , Barrera Rafael , Duque Francisco J. , Ruiz Patricia , Zaragoza Concepcion 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of exercise on hematologic and biochemical values (especially markers of inflammation and muscle damage) in Spanish Greyhounds used for hunting without previous training.
ANIMALS 32 Spanish Greyhounds and 31 dogs of other breeds.
PROCEDURES Hematologic variables and concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and other biochemical markers were compared in samples obtained from Spanish Greyhounds 24 hours after exercise (eg, a hunting race) and 2 months after exercise (ie, at rest) and from non–Spanish Greyhounds at rest. All dogs were healthy. Hematologic and biochemical analyses were performed within 24 hours after samples were obtained, and results were compared by means of a Student t test.
RESULTS CRP concentration and muscle enzyme (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase) activities were significantly higher and serum iron concentration was significantly lower for Spanish Greyhounds after exercise than at rest. The WBC and neutrophil counts were significantly higher after exercise then at rest. Plasma alanine transaminase activity and total protein, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations were significantly higher after exercise than at rest. Spanish Greyhounds at rest had higher RBC counts, PCVs, and hemoglobin concentrations and lower WBC, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, compared with values for non–Spanish Greyhounds at rest.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Exercise of Spanish Greyhounds without prior training activated an acute-phase response represented by an increase in serum CRP concentration and decrease in serum albumin and iron concentrations. These changes, along with leukocytosis and neutrophilia, were indicative of a subclinical inflammatory state in Spanish Greyhounds.
Effects of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine on canine primary hepatocytes
Authors: LaDuke Kathleen E. , Ehling Sarah , Cullen John M. , Bäumer Wolfgang 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the cytotoxic effects of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine on canine hepatocytes.
SAMPLE Commercially available cryopreserved canine primary hepatocytes.
PROCEDURES The study consisted of 2 trials. In trial 1, hepatocytes were incubated with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, or 6-thioguanine at 1 of 6 concentrations (0.468, 0.937, 1.875, 3.750, 7.500, or 15.000 μmol/L) for 24, 48, or 72 hours. At each time, cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were determined for each thiopurine-concentration combination, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was determined for cells incubated with each thiopurine at a concentration of 15 μmol/L. In trial 2, hepatocytes were incubated with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, or 6-thioguanine at 1 of 3 concentrations (18.75, 37.50, or 75.00 μmol/L) for 24 hours, after which the free glutathione concentration was determined for each thiopurine-concentration combination and compared with that for hepatocytes incubated without a thiopurine (control).
RESULTS Incubation of hepatocytes with each of the 3 thiopurines adversely affected cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner; however, this decrease in cell viability was not accompanied by a concurrent increase in LDH or ALT activity. Likewise, free glutathione concentration for hepatocytes incubated for 24 hours with supratherapeutic thiopurine concentrations (> 18.75 μmol/L) did not differ significantly from that of control cells.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that thiopurines adversely affected the viability of canine hepatocytes in a time- and concentration-dependent manner but had a nonsignificant effect on the LDH and ALT activities and free glutathione depletion of those hepatocytes.
Anti-Aging Performance of Cardanol Grafted onto Polypropylene by Reactive Extrusion
Authors: Lin J.-R. , Lin J.-H. , Chen Q.-H. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The cardanol grafted onto polypropylene (CAPP) was prepared by reactive extrusion with polypropylene (PP) and natural renewable cardanol, which could improve the inherent defects of PP such as chemical inertness and hydrophobicity. Moreover, the cardanol grafted onto PP could resolve the degradation of PP during the process of reactive extrusion, storage and application. In this paper, the yield strength, tensile strength, elongation at break of modified and unmodified PPs were tested during the aging process. A possible aging mechanim of PP and anti-aging mechanism of cardanol grafted onto PP were proposed. Results showed that the initiator dicumyl peroxide caused the degradation of PP chains during the aging processing. After being aged for 24 h, the yield strength CAPP0 decreased from 28 MPa to 15 MPa and the elongation at break reduced by 795%. CAPPs possessed outstanding anti-aging performance owing to the cross-linking and entanglement of the side chains of cardanol grafted onto PP. The yield strength, tensile strength and the elongation at break of CAPP5 changed lightly even when it was in long-term irradiation for 480 h. The CAPPs had better anti-aging properties than the mixture of PP and 5% of cardanol. CAPP containing 3% of cardanol could effectively prevent the degradation of the main chain polypropylene.
Competition between α and β Crystallization in Isotactic Polypropylene: Effect of Nucleating Agents Composition
Authors: Wang S.-W. , Leng Y.-T. , Jiang J. , Zheng G.-Q. , Li Q. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Based on the different nucleation ability, different contents and proportions of the mixed nucleating agents were melt compounded with pure isotactic polypropylene resins employed in this work, selective β nucleating agent was a compound of pimelic acid and calcium stearate, the α nucleating agent was a type of dibenzylidene sorbitol derivative. The competition attributed to the different type of interactions between a nucleating agent and isotactic polypropylene molecular chains during crystallization was investigated in this research. For a low content of the mixed nucleating agents used, α nucleation dominated the crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene, while with an increase of the content of the mixed nucleating agents, the situation was reversed and β nucleation became dominant. In the β dominated region, both of the molecular chain and segmental motions were various with different nucleating agent proportion. Thus, the content and proportion of the components of the nucleating agents were the critical factors in the competition during crystallization.