bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A general framework for animal density estimation from acoustic detections across a fixed microphone array
Authors: Stevenson Ben C. , Borchers David L. , Altwegg Res , Swift René J. , Gillespie Douglas M. , Measey G. John 
Published: October 2014

SummaryAcoustic monitoring can be an efficient, cheap, non‐invasive alternative to physical trapping of individuals. Spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) methods have been proposed to estimate calling animal abundance and density from data collected by a fixed array of microphones. However, these methods make some assumptions that are unlikely to hold in many situations, and the consequences of violating these are yet to be investigated.We generalize existing acoustic SECR methodology, enabling these methods to be used in a much wider variety of situations. We incorporate time‐of‐arrival (TOA) data collected by the microphone array, increasing the precision of calling animal density estimates. We use our method to estimate calling male density of the Cape Peninsula Moss FrogArthroleptella lightfooti.Our method gives rise to an estimator of calling animal density that has negligible bias, and 95% confidence intervals with appropriate coverage. We show that using TOA information can substantially improve estimate precision.Our analysis of theA. lightfootidata provides the first statistically rigorous estimate of calling male density for an anuran population using a microphone array. This method fills a methodological gap in the monitoring of frog populations and is applicable to acoustic monitoring of other species that call or vocalize.
Evaluation and management implications of uncertainty in a multispecies size‐structured model of population and community responses to fishing
Authors: Thorpe Robert B. , Le Quesne Will J. F. , Luxford Fay , Collie Jeremy S. , Jennings Simon 
Published: October 2014

Summary

Implementation of an ecosystem approach to fisheries requires advice on trade‐offs among fished species and between fisheries yields and biodiversity or food web properties. However, the lack of explicit representation, analysis and consideration of uncertainty in most multispecies models has limited their application in analyses that could support management advice.

We assessed the consequences of parameter uncertainty by developing 78 125 multispecies size‐structured fish community models, with all combinations of parameters drawn from ranges that spanned parameter values estimated from data and literature. This unfiltered ensemble was reduced to 188 plausible models, the filtered ensemble (FE), by screening outputs against fish abundance data and ecological principles such as requiring species' persistence.

Effects of parameter uncertainty on estimates of single‐species management reference points for fishing mortality (FMSY, fishing mortality rate providing MSY, the maximum sustainable yield) and biomass (BMSY, biomass at MSY) were evaluated by calculating probability distributions of estimated reference points with the FE. There was a 50% probability that multispecies FMSY could be estimated to within ±25% of its actual value, and a 50% probability that BMSY could be estimated to within ±40% of its actual value.

Signal‐to‐noise ratio was assessed for four community indicators when mortality rates were reduced from current rates to FMSY. The slope of the community size spectrum showed the greatest signal‐to‐noise ratio, indicating that it would be the most responsive indicator to the change in fishing mortality F. Further, the power of an ongoing international monitoring survey to detect predicted responses of size spectrum slope was higher than for other size‐based metrics.

Synthesis and applications: Application of the ensemble model approach allows explicit representation of parameter uncertainty and supports advice and management by (i) providing uncertainty intervals for management reference points, (ii) estimating working values of reference points that achieve a defined reduction in risk of not breaching the true reference point, (iii) estimating the responsiveness of population, community, food web and biodiversity indicators to changes in F, (iv) assessing the performance of indicators and monitoring programmes and (v) identifying priorities for data collection and changes to model structure to reduce uncertainty.
Outcomes for minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: widening inclusion criteria based on preoperative imaging results
Authors: Reilly Daniel J , Chew Grace L. , Eckhaus Jazmin , Smoll Nicolas R. , Farrell Stephen G. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundPrimary hyperparathyroidism is caused by a single adenoma in at least 80% of cases. Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) has overtaken bilateral neck exploration as the gold standard for treatment in cases with adequate preoperative localization. There is evidence that, following careful review of preoperative imaging by the surgeon, increasing numbers of patients can successfully undergo MIP.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of 225 consecutive cases performed by a single surgeon. Outcomes for patients with disease reported as localized by radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians using sestamibi and ultrasound were compared with patients with negative or indeterminate localization studies, in which the surgeon reviewed the sestamibi, performed an ultrasound study and identified likely single adenomas and planned MIP.ResultsOne hundred and sixty patients with radiologist‐localized disease and an additional 29 patients with surgeon‐localized disease underwent MIP. The surgeon‐localized group had higher rates of conversion to bilateral neck exploration (21% compared with 4%, P = 0.004), but rates of failure to cure were comparable between the two groups (4.3% compared with 2.8%).ConclusionCareful review of preoperative sestamibi and ultrasound studies by an experienced surgeon can increase the number of patients that can successfully undergo MIP for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. Offering MIP to these patients does not result in increased rates of failure or recurrence.
Preoperative radiation and free flap outcomes for head and neck reconstruction: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Herle Pradyumna , Shukla Lipi , Morrison Wayne A. , Shayan Ramin 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere is a general consensus among reconstructive surgeons that preoperative radiotherapy is associated with a higher risk of flap failure and complications in head and neck surgery. Opinion is also divided regarding the effects of radiation dose on free flap outcomes and timing of preoperative radiation to minimize adverse outcomes. Our meta‐analysis will attempt to address these issues.MethodA systematic review of the literature was conducted in concordance to PRISMA protocol. Data were combined using STATA 12 and Open Meta‐Analyst software programmes.ResultsTwenty‐four studies were included comparing 2842 flaps performed in irradiated fields and 3491 flaps performed in non‐irradiated fields. Meta‐analysis yielded statistically significant risk ratios for flap failure (RR 1.48, P = 0.004), complications (RR 1.84, P < 0.001), reoperation (RR 2.06, P < 0.001) and fistula (RR 2.05, P < 0.001). Mean radiation dose demonstrated a trend towards increased risk of flap failure, but this was not statistically significant. On subgroup analysis, flaps with >60 Gy radiation had a non‐statistically significant higher risk of flap failure (RR 1.61, P = 0.145).ConclusionPreoperative radiation is associated with a statistically significant increased risk of flap complications, failure and fistula. Preoperative radiation in excess of 60 Gy after radiotherapy represents a potential risk factor for increased flap loss and should be avoided where possible.
Rotigotine is a potent agonist at dopamine D1 receptors as well as at dopamine D2 and D3 receptors
Authors: Wood Martyn , Dubois Vanessa , Scheller Dieter , Gillard Michel 
Published: October 2014

Background and PurposeRotigotine acts as a dopamine receptor agonist with high affinity for the dopamine D2, D3, D4 and D5 receptors but with a low affinity for the dopamine D1 receptor. We have investigated this further in radioligand binding and functional studies and compared the profile of rotigotine with that of other drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD).Experimental ApproachThe binding of rotigotine to human dopamine D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 receptors was determined in radioligand binding studies using [3H]rotigotine and compared with that of standard antagonist radioligands. Functional interactions of rotigotine with human dopamine receptors was also determined.Key Results[3H]rotigotine can be used as an agonist radioligand to label all dopamine receptor subtypes and this can be important to derive agonist affinity estimates. Rotigotine maintains this high affinity in functional studies at all dopamine receptors especially D1, D2 and D3 receptors and, to a lesser extent, D4 and D5 receptors. Rotigotine, like apomorphine but unlike ropinirole and pramipexole, was a potent agonist at all dopamine receptors.Conclusions and ImplicationsRotigotine is a high‐potency agonist at human dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors with a lower potency at D4 and D5 receptors. These studies differentiate rotigotine from conventional dopamine D2 agonists, used in the treatment of PD, such as ropinirole and pramipexole which lack activity at the D1 and D5 receptors, but resembles that of apomorphine which has greater efficacy in PD than other dopamine agonists but has suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties.
Preparation and Evaluation of 99mTc‐labeled anti‐CD11b Antibody Targeting Inflammatory Microenvironment for Colon Cancer Imaging
Authors: Cheng Dengfeng , Zou Weihong , Li Xiao , Xiu Yan , Tan Hui , Shi Hongcheng , Yang Xiangdong 
Published: October 2014

CD11b, an active constituent of innate immune response highly expressed in myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), can be used as a marker of inflammatory microenvironment, particularly in tumor tissues. In this research, we aimed to fabricate a 99mTc‐labeled anti‐CD11b antibody as a probe for CD11b+ myeloid cells in colon cancer imaging with single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In situ murine colon tumor model was established in histidine decarboxylase knockout (Hdc−/−) mice by chemicals induction. 99mTc‐labeled anti‐CD11b was obtained with labeling yields of over 30% and radiochemical purity of over 95%. Micro‐SPECT/CT scans were performed at 6 h post injection to investigate biodistributions and targeting of the probe. In situ colonic neoplasma as small as 3 mm diameters was clearly identified by imaging; after dissection of the animal, anti‐CD11b immunofluorescence staining was performed to identify infiltration of CD11b+ MDSCs in microenvironment of colonic neoplasms. In addition, the images displayed intense signal from bone marrow and spleen, which indicated the origin and migration of CD11b+ MDSCs in vivo, and these results were further proved by flow cytometry analysis. Therefore, 99mTc‐labeled anti‐CD11b SPECT displayed the potential to facilitate the diagnosis of colon tumor in very early stage via detection of inflammatory microenvironment.
Short‐Term Second Language and Music Training Induces Lasting Functional Brain Changes in Early Childhood
Authors: Moreno Sylvain , Lee Yunjo , Janus Monika , Bialystok Ellen 
Published: October 2014

Immediate and lasting effects of music or second‐language training were examined in early childhood using event‐related potentials. Event‐related potentials were recorded for French vowels and musical notes in a passive oddball paradigm in thirty‐six 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children who received either French or music training. Following training, both groups showed enhanced late discriminative negativity (LDN) in their trained condition (music group–musical notes; French group–French vowels) and reduced LDN in the untrained condition. These changes reflect improved processing of relevant (trained) sounds, and an increased capacity to suppress irrelevant (untrained) sounds. After 1 year, training‐induced brain changes persisted and new hemispheric changes appeared. Such results provide evidence for the lasting benefit of early intervention in young children.
The embryonic development of the cnidarianHydractinia echinata
Authors: Kraus Yulia , Flici Hakima , Hensel Katrin , Plickert Günter , Leitz Thomas , Frank Uri 
Published: October 2014

SUMMARYWith the rapid increase of the quantity of molecular data, many animals joined the ranks of the so‐called ‘emerging models’ of Evo‐Devo. One of the necessary steps in converting an emerging model into an established one is gaining comprehensive knowledge of its normal embryonic development. The marine colonial hydrozoanHydractinia echinata– an excellent model for research on stem cells, metamorphosis, and allorecognition – has been studied for decades. Yet knowledge of its embryonic development remains fragmentary and incomplete. Here we provide a detailed account ofH. echinataembryonic development using in vivo observations, histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Furthermore, we propose a model describing the cellular basis of the morphogenetic movements occurring during development and also reveal a functional link between canonical Wnt signaling and regional differences in the morphology of the embryo.Hydractiniaembryogenesis is an example of the diversity and plasticity of hydrozoan development where multiple routes lead to the same result – the formation of a normal planula larva.
Formal plan for self‐disclosure enhances supported employment outcomes among young people with severe mental illness
Authors: McGahey Ellie , Waghorn Geoffrey , Lloyd Chris , Morrissey Shirley , Williams Philip Lee 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimYoung people with mental illness experience high levels of unemployment, which can be related to stigma and discrimination. This may result from poor choices in disclosing personal information, such as their mental illness diagnosis, in the workplace. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive validity of a formal plan to manage personal information (PMPI) during the early stages of supported employment. The focal question was: does the use of a brief structured PMPI lead to more employment outcomes for young people with a mental illness?MethodsA sample of 40 young unemployed mental health service users (mean age 23.9 years), who were also attending employment services on the Gold Coast, was asked about their disclosure preferences. If they preferred not to disclose at all, they did not complete a plan for managing personal information. If they preferred to disclose some personal information, they were provided with assistance to complete a PMPI. Baseline information was gathered from two equal groups of 20 individuals. Employment status was ascertained at a 6‐week follow‐up interview.ResultsThose who completed a plan to manage their personal information had 4.9 times greater odds of employment at 6 weeks than those who preferred not to disclose any personal information.ConclusionsA formal PMPI has promising predictive validity with respect to job seekers not opposed to pragmatic forms of self‐disclosure. Further research is needed to examine other properties of this decision‐making tool.
Self‐confidence of anglers in identification of freshwater sport fish
Authors: Chizinski C. J. , Martin D. R. , Pope K. L. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAlthough several studies have focused on how well anglers identify species using replicas and pictures, there has been no study assessing the confidence that can be placed in angler's ability to identify recreationally important fish. Understanding factors associated with low self‐confidence will be useful in tailoring education programmes to improve self‐confidence in identifying common species. The purposes of this assessment were to quantify the confidence of recreational anglers to identify 13 commonly encountered warm water fish species and to relate self‐confidence to species availability and angler experience. Significant variation was observed in anglers self‐confidence among species and levels of self‐declared skill, with greater confidence associated with greater skill and with greater exposure. This study of angler self‐confidence strongly highlights the need for educational programmes that target lower skilled anglers and the importance of teaching all anglers about less common species, regardless of skill level.
Prediction of biochemical recurrence after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy: Analysis of 784 Japanese patients
Authors: Hashimoto Takeshi , Yoshioka Kunihiko , Nagao Go , Nakagami Yoshihiro , Ohno Yoshio , Horiguchi Yutaka , Namiki Kazunori , Nakashima Jun , Tachibana Masaaki 
Published: October 2014

ObjectivesTo examine biochemical recurrence after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy in Japanese patients, and to develop a risk stratification model for biochemical recurrence.MethodsThe study cohort consisted of 784 patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy without neoadjuvant or adjuvant endocrine therapy. The relationships of biochemical recurrence with perioperative findings were evaluated. The prognostic factors for biochemical recurrence‐free survival were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard model analyses.ResultsDuring the follow‐up period, 80 patients showed biochemical recurrence. The biochemical recurrence‐free survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 92.2%, 85.2% and 80.1%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the prostate‐specific antigen level, prostate‐specific antigen density, biopsy Gleason score, percent positive core, pathological T stage, pathological Gleason score, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion and positive surgical margin were significantly associated with biochemical recurrence. In multivariate analysis, prostate‐specific antigen density ≥0.4 (P = 0.0011), pathological T stage ≥3a (P = 0.002), pathological Gleason score ≥8 (P = 0.007) and positive surgical margin (P < 0.0001) were independent predictors of biochemical recurrence. The patients were stratified into three risk groups according to these factors. The 5‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival rate was 89.4% in the low‐risk group, 65.6% in the intermediate‐risk group and 30.3% in the high‐risk group.ConclusionsThe prostate‐specific antigen density, pathological T stage, pathological Gleason score and positive surgical margin were independent prognostic factors for biochemical recurrence. The risk stratification model developed using these four factors could help clinicians identify patients with a poor prognosis who might be good candidates for clinical trials of alternative management strategies.
Is thermochemotherapy with the Synergo system a viable treatment option in patients with recurrent non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer?
Authors: Kiss Bernhard , Schneider Silvia , Thalmann George N , Roth Beat 
Published: October 2014

ObjectivesTo prospectively evaluate the outcome of combined microwave‐induced bladder wall hyperthermia and intravesical mitomycin C instillation (thermochemotherapy) in patients with recurrent non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer.MethodsBetween 2003 and 2009, 21 patients (median age 70 years, range 35–95 years) with recurrent non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (pTaG1‐2 n = 9; pTaG3 n = 3; pT1 n = 9; concurrent pTis n = 8) were prospectively enrolled. Of 21 patients, 15 (71%) had received previous intravesical instillations with bacillus Calmette–Guérin, mitomycin C and/or farmorubicin. Thermochemotherapy using the Synergo system was carried out in 11 of 21 patients (52%) with curative intent, and in 10 of 21 patients (48%) as prophylaxis against recurrence.ResultsThe median number of thermochemotherapy cycles per patient was six (range 1–12). Adverse effects were frequent and severe: urinary urgency/frequency in 11 of 21 patients (52%), pain in eight of 21 patients (38%) and gross hematuria in five of 21 patients (24%). In eight of 21 patients (38%), thermochemotherapy had to be abandoned because of the severity of the adverse effects (pain in 3/8, severe bladder spasms in 2/8, allergic reaction in 2/8, urethral perforation in 1/8). Overall, six of 21 patients (29%) remained free of tumor after a median follow up of 50 months (range 1–120), six of 21 patients (29%) had to undergo cystectomy because of multifocal recurrences or cancer progression and seven of 21 patients (33%) died (2/7 of metastatic disease, 5/7 of non‐cancer related causes).ConclusionsGiven the high rate of severe side‐effects leading to treatment discontinuation, as well as the limited tumor response, thermochemotherapy should be offered only in highly selected cases of recurrent non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer.
A qualitative study of young women's experiences of recovery from Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Lindgren Britt‐Marie , Enmark Annika , Bohman Anna , Lundström Mats 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimTo describe experiences of recovery from bulimia nervosa among young adult women.BackgroundMost studies into recovery from eating disorders focus on anorexia nervosa, although some include both anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Recovery has been described as beginning with renewed self‐esteem.DesignQualitative interview study.MethodsFourteen women were invited to participate; five women, between 23–26 years of age, who assessed themselves as healthy for at least 2 years agreed to take part in narrative interviews. Tape‐recorded interviews lasting 45–60 minutes (median 49 minutes) were conducted from February–April 2010 and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.FindingsThe interviews revealed four themes in recovery from bulimia nervosa: feeling stuck in bulimia nervosa, getting ready to change, breaking free of bulimia nervosa and grasping a new reality, each comprising two or more subthemes. The process of recovery was not linear, but rather went back and forth between progress and relapse. The women expressed strong ambivalence about leaving the illness behind. An important part of their recovery was their ability to accept themselves. It was essential for their recovery to be supported in developing a unique explanation of the cause of their illness.ConclusionWomen's ability to recover from bulimia nervosa and take control over their lives is based on their self‐efficacy. Effective care should therefore strive to strengthen women's beliefs in their own abilities, to instil hope for recovery and thus to bolster their self‐efficacy.