bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of xylan to the brightness development and stability in the final ECF bleaching of eucalypt (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) kraft pulp
Authors: Loureiro Pedro E.G. , Sousa Joana I.T. , Carvalho M. Graça. V.S. , Evtuguin Dmitry V. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Xylans isolated from eucalypt kraft pulps have been characterized by modern analytical methods. The pulps were partially bleached (DEOPD) and fully bleached with either a final ClO2 (DEOPDD) or an alkaline H2O2 (DEOPDP) bleaching stage. Alternatively, xylan isolated from the DEOPD pulp was treated with ClO2 or with H2O2 under the same conditions as pulps in a final bleaching stage and were further characterized. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, size exclusion chromatography, UV-vis spectroscopy in cadoxen solution, and UV-resonance Raman spectroscopy were applied as analytical methods. The final ClO2 stage generated new unsaturated moieties in xylan, whereas H2O2 was very effective in the removal of xylan-related chromophores. The role of xylan to the delay of brightness development in the final ClO2 stage was highlighted by means of a pretreatment with xylanase Pulpzyme HC before the final bleaching stage. By this approach, the final bleachability of the pulp was boosted and the brightness stability of the fully bleached pulp was improved.
Characterization of the pore structure of nanoporous activated carbons produced from wood waste
Authors: Dobele Galina , Vervikishko Darya , Volperts Aleksandrs , Bogdanovich Nikolay , Shkolnikov Evgeny 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Highly developed nanoporous carbon materials have been prepared by a two-stage thermocatalytic process. In the first step, alder (Alnus rhombifolia) and birchwood (Betula pendula) were carbonized with and without a dehydration catalyst (H3PO4); in the second step, the material was activated by means of NaOH. The dependence of the porous structure of activated carbons from process parameters was characterized by the novel limited evaporation technique. Specific surface areas, pore volumes, and radii were calculated according to the Derjaguin-Broekhoff-de Boer theory. The tests of activated carbons as electrodes in supercapacitors demonstrated their high potential for this application.
Achieving “comity”: the role of linguistic stance in business English as a lingua franca (BELF) meetings
Authors: Pullin Patricia 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
(B)ELF research has highlighted the consensual and co-operative nature of (B)ELF interaction, i.e., the presence of comity or harmony. This paper aims to explore the role of stance markers in achieving comity within a business context. The study of stance markers has broadened its scope considerably in recent years, notably focussing more on spoken interaction in context, yet linguistic stance in (B)ELF remains a largely unexplored field. This paper will analyse the use of stance markers, which comprise a range of lexical and grammatical features of language, in authentic audio-recorded BELF interaction in meetings. Stance markers are of interest in that they reflect the multifunctional nature of language in contributing to the dynamic enactment of both interpersonal and transactional functions of language. In expressing opinions, evaluation, and affect, stance is also intrinsically linked to facework and relational work, which are important for nurturing and maintaining comity. Fine-grained analysis of the data, focussing in particular on the use of hedges and boosters, illustrates the way stance markers contribute to the achievement of comity, for example in negotiating tasks, dealing with disagreement, or clarifying understanding. The data also reflect the way business conventions, knowledge, and relations impact on communication.
Three Waves of Disinfectants to Inactivate Bacteria
Authors: Bashir Sajid , Dinn James , Liu Jingbo 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTMetallic silver nanoparticles (NPs) have extensively been used in the treatment of disease and purification and heralded the ‘first wave’ of disinfection science, the ‘second wave’ being the nanocomposite of metal-doped TiO2. Recent advances in engineered surfaces have enabled ultrahigh surface area and rapid sterilization via using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as the ‘third wave’ disinfectant. MOFs offer the same advantages as colloids but also have ultra high surface area, long term persistence and ultra low doses, applied for water purification.
Synthesis of Liposome Reinforced with Cholesterol and Application to Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation
Authors: Kamogawa Marina , Ube Takuji , Shimanuki Junichi , Harumoto Takashi , Yuasa Makoto , Ishiguro Takashi 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTLiposome was synthesized by using mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol in the ultrapure water or physiological saline. Phase transformation temperature and vibrational mode of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine molecule were detected by using transmission Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for aqueous solution, which we developed. The liposomes were fixed on an amorphous carbon mesh for ultra-high resolution transmission electron microscopy observation and stained with platinum thymidine blue. As-prepared liposomes reinforced with cholesterol were spherical in shape with size larger than 100 nm in diameter and still stable in the vacuum. Under the strong electron irradiation condition, the solution enclosed in the liposomes became unstable and then collapsed. On the other hand, the liposome synthesized in the physiological saline sometimes contains crystallized salt. As a result, the liposome shows proper strength to hold wet material in itself in a vacuum and can be used for the transmission electron microscopy observation.
Understanding Magnetite Biomineralisation: The Effect of Short Amino Acid Sequences on the {100} and the {111} Surface
Authors: Monnington Amy E. , Cooke David J. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTMagnetite (Fe3O4) formation within Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1 occurs under the influence of the Mms6 protein. It is hypothesised that if key iron binding sites within the C-terminus of the Mms6 protein are substituted for alanine, the protein’s overall iron binding ability is diminished. In this study, an atomistic model of Mms6-driven magnetite formation was developed and the attachment of series amino acid repeats (alanine-alanine, alanine-glutamic acid & glutamic acid-glutamic acid) to the {100} & {111} magnetite surfaces were investigated. Our results suggest the substitution of glutamic acid for alanine residues significantly reduces iron binding affinity of the system, thus confirming the hypothesis. In addition, it is shown that the surface of preferable attachment is the {111} magnetite surface.
Thinking Outside the Asclepias Box: Oleander Aphids and Honeyvine Milkweed
Authors: Colvin Sarah M , Snyder John C , Thacker Richard , Yeargan Kenneth V 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The oleander aphid, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, feeds on milkweeds in the Apocynaceae family. In Kentucky, A.nerii colonizes several common Asclepias species and honeyvine milkweed, Cynanchum laeve (Michaux). Previous studies investigating whether and how host plant characteristics influence A.nerii fitness have produced conflicting results. Our observations suggested that A.nerii more readily colonized C.laeve than Asclepias species. We hypothesized that aphid fitness differed among host plant species having different characteristics, and specifically, that A.nerii performance would be greatest on host plants having low cardenolide concentrations and few physical defenses. Physical and chemical characteristics were measured on C.laeve and three Asclepias species. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to compare A.nerii performance among these four milkweed species in the absence of natural enemies. Changes in aphid densities over time were examined in the presence of natural enemies. Plant characteristics and aphid performance were found to differ among milkweed species. In the absence of natural enemies, A.nerii performance was best on C.laeve. When exposed to natural enemies, A.nerii densities remained higher on A.incarnata and C. laeve than on A.syriaca and A.tuberosa. Physical differences between C.laeve, a vining milkweed, and tested Asclepias species may increase suitability of honeyvine milkweed for A.nerii colonization. Our results suggest that C.laeve may rely more on tolerance and less on nonpreference or antibiosis resistance to herbivores.
Salivary Gland Histology of the Predator Supputius cincticeps (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Castro Ancidériton A De , Canevari Glauco Da Cruz , Pikart Tiago G , Ribeiro Rafael C , Serrão José E , Zanuncio Teresinha V , Zanuncio José C 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Feeding behavior can explain how predaceous Pentatomidae use different food sources as a result of ecological and evolutionary changes. This study describes the salivary glands of adults of the predator Supputius cincticeps (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) to assist in understand the feeding habits of this natural enemy. A pair of principal and accessory glands in the prothorax form the salivary system of S. cincticeps. The principal glands are bilobed with a spherical anterior lobe and are smaller than the posterior lobe, which has a prolonged sack form. The accessory glands are present in a long and tubular form that arises from the terminal portion of the curved accessory duct. The salivary system of S. cincticeps presents the same morphological pattern of other Asopinae predators.
Seasonal Abundance and Synchrony between Laricobius osakensis (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) and its Prey, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in Japan
Authors: Vieira L C , Lamb A B , Shiyake S , Salom S M , Kok L T 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Laricobius osakensis Montgomery & Shiyake, native to Japan, is being measured as a potential biological control agent of the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, in the eastern United States. Adelges tsugae, a destructive pest threatening the hemlock ecosystems in the eastern United States, was introduced from Japan. This is the first detailed study of the life history of L. osakensis, A. tsugae, and their interaction in Japan. The seasonal abundance of L. osakensis and A. tsugae was assessed in a field study conducted from December of 2007 to November of 2008 in Hyogo, Nara, and Osaka Prefectures (Japan). The sistentes generation of A. tsugae in Japan matured 2 mo later than that reported in British Columbia, Canada, but 1 and 2 mo earlier than in Virginia and in Connecticut, respectively. Timing of the sexuparae generation occurrence in Japan was similar to that observed in Connecticut and Virginia, but this generation has not been observed in British Columbia. Phenological differences among the various A. tsugae population in the eastern U.S. states and Japan can be explained by temperature differences at the locations. Aestival diapause of the predator L. osakensis coincided with diapausing first-instar A. tsugae sistentes. The start of L. osakensis adult activity, oviposition, and larval development was synchronized closely with sistentes development resumption, sistentes adults close to oviposition, and sistentes adults with eggs, respectively. These results indicate good synchrony between L. osakensis and suitable prey stages of A. tsugae in the native habitat of both species.
Sexual Differences in Life History Traits ofPhilornis seguyi(Diptera: Muscidae) Parasitizing House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon)
Authors: Quiroga M A , Reboreda J C 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe studied life history traits of Philornis seguyi García, 1952 (Diptera: Muscidae) parasitizing house wrens, Troglodytes aedon (Vieillot) (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae), and analyzed sexual differences in the size of larvae, pupae, and adults, as well as in the length of larval and pupal stages and in adult survival. Males were larger than females at the larval, pupal, and adult stages, but there were no sexual differences in the length of larval and pupal stages, or in the time adults survived. Larvae developed in 5–6 d and started the larval-pupal molt within 24 h after abandoning the host. Pupal stage lasted for 9 d and its length was positively associated with size of the pupa. The size of the pupa was positively associated with that of the larva and the size of the adult with that of the pupa. In laboratory conditions, 86% of the larvae pupated and 75% of the pupae emerged as adults. In natural conditions, the proportion of unsuccessful pupae increased by the end of host's breeding season. The proportion of males and females that survived until the adult stage did not differ from random. Our results show that P. seguyi has a relatively short generation time, which would allow it a rapid population growth during the host breeding season, and indicate that intrasexual selection may have selected for large body size in P. seguyi males.
Aspects of the Biology of the Lady Beetle Diomus seminulus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): A Potential Biocontrol Agent Against the Yellow Sugarcane Aphid in Brazil
Authors: Auad A M , Fonseca M G , Monteiro P H , Resende T T , Santos D R 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The predator Diomus seminulus (Mulsant) has been found frequently on forage grasses feeding of Sipha flava (Forbes), suggesting that it is a natural predator of this aphid and has potential as a biological control agent for this pest in Brazil. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of temperature on biological aspects of D. seminulus and to determine whether odor is used by this predator to locate prey on forage grass infested with S. flava. We performed daily evaluations of the viability and duration of each instar of the larval and pupal stages at 16, 20, 24, and 28°C. The reproductive capacity and longevity of adults were estimated at 24°C. The use of odor by D. seminulus to search for aphids was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. The average duration of the embryonic period, each instar, larval, and pupal stages decreased significantly with increasing temperatures from 16 to 24°C. Eggs were blackened and parched, leading to low viability at 16 and 28°C. However, viability of the instars and larvae were not significantly affected by temperature. Adults of D. seminulus survived for &gt;135 d; however, peak oviposition occurred 20–50 d after emergence, suggesting that this is the ideal duration of adult maintenance in laboratory culture. The predator D. seminulus used the odors from aphid prey or volatile compounds released from attacked plants to locate their prey. These results provide support for the use of D. seminulus as a successful biological control for aphids.
Short-Term Effects of Prescribed Burning on Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Assemblages in Ozark Forests
Authors: Verble Robin M , Yanoviak Stephen P 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Prescribed fire is a valuable and effective tool in forest management, and understanding the effects of fire on animal communities is increasingly important for monitoring and conservation. We quantified the short-term responses of leaf litter ants to fire in Ozark oak-dominated forests of Arkansas. We repeatedly surveyed litter ants in replicate burned and unburned sites via Berlese extraction, baiting, and hand collecting 30–170 d postfire. We collected 6,301 ants representing 59 species. Cumulative ant species richness was lower in burned forests than in unburned forests. However, differences in average richness and abundance between treatments were inconsistent overtime; lower ant abundance and species richness in burned sites occurred only during the first few months postburn. Ant species composition was very similar between treatments, although some species typically associated within mesic and lowland habitats were found only in unburned forests. We conclude that litter ant communities in Ozark forests, as in other regions, are relatively resilient to the effects of prescribed burning.
Agrilus auroguttatus(Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Seasonal Development withinQuercus agrifolia(Fagales: Fagaceae) in Southern California
Authors: Haavik L J , Coleman T W , Flint M L , Venette R C , Seybold S J 
Published: March 2013

AbstractWe investigated seasonal development of the goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), and physical conditions of the phloem within a preferred host species, coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia Née. We sampled infested trees on a monthly basis at two sites in southern California throughout 2011. Measurements of an exposed portion of the head capsule, the peristoma, indicated that there were four larval instars. Pupae and teneral or mature adults were found within trees from April through August. Adults were captured in flight between May and mid-October, with peak flight from July through August. Within-tree A. auroguttatus prepupal mortality did not differ between sites and increased significantly from 3 ± 3% in January to 36 ± 9% in March (mean ± SE). Prepupae were present in trees throughout most of the year, which made it difficult to determine generation time; it was likely 1 yr for the majority of individuals, and possibly longer or shorter than 1 yr for others. Seasonal A. auroguttatus development, according to within-tree development and adult trap catch, was apparently 2 mo ahead at one site, which had a greater past and current level of A. auroguttatus infestation compared with the other. There was also evidence at the more severely infested site that within-tree A. auroguttatus population densities were positively related to proportion of dying phloem tissue. This suggested that the level of current infestation affected host tree condition, or that dying tissue was more suitable for larval development.
Analysis of Early Hypertension and Clinical Outcome With Bevacizumab: Results From Seven Phase III Studies
Authors: Hurwitz Herbert I. , Douglas Pamela S. , Middleton John P. , Sledge George W. , Johnson David H. , Reardon David A. , Chen Dafeng , Rosen Oliver 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background.
Hypertension is associated with antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment, but the clinical implications of hypertension are uncertain. To assess the prognostic and predictive value of bevacizumab-related hypertension, a comprehensive analysis of whether hypertension and efficacy outcomes are associated was conducted on seven company-sponsored placebo-controlled phase III studies of bevacizumab.

Methods.
Patient-specific data were available from 6,486 patients with metastatic colorectal, breast, non-small cell lung, pancreatic, and renal cell cancers. Primary hypertension endpoint was a blood pressure (BP) increase of &gt;20 mmHg systolic or &gt;10 mmHg diastolic within the first 60 days of treatment. Additional endpoints included other predefined thresholds of change in BP and severity of hypertension graded using the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. To analyze the general prognostic importance of an early BP increase, multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess the correlation between BP changes and progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) outcomes in the control groups. To analyze whether early BP increases could predict for benefit from bevacizumab, similar analyses were conducted in the bevacizumab-treated and control groups.

Results.
In six of seven studies, early BP increase was neither predictive of clinical benefit from bevacizumab nor prognostic for the course of the disease. For study AVF2107g, early increased BP was associated with longer PFS and OS times in the bevacizumab group but shorter OS time in the control group.

Conclusions.
Early treatment-related BP increases do not predict clinical benefit from bevacizumab based on PFS or OS outcomes. BP increases do not appear to have general prognostic importance for patients with advanced cancer.
Food‐web dynamics in a large river discontinuum
Authors: Cross Wyatt F. , Baxter Colden V. , Rosi-Marshall Emma J. , Hall Robert O. , Kennedy Theodore A. , Donner Kevin C. , Wellard Kelly Holly A. , Seegert Sarah E. Z. , Behn Kathrine E. , Yard Michael D. 
Published: March 2013

Nearly all ecosystems have been altered by human activities, and most communities are now composed of interacting species that have not co‐evolved. These changes may modify species interactions, energy and material flows, and food‐web stability. Although structural changes to ecosystems have been widely reported, few studies have linked such changes to dynamic food‐web attributes and patterns of energy flow. Moreover, there have been few tests of food‐web stability theory in highly disturbed and intensely managed freshwater ecosystems. Such synthetic approaches are needed for predicting the future trajectory of ecosystems, including how they may respond to natural or anthropogenic perturbations.We constructed flow food webs at six locations along a 386‐km segment of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon (Arizona, USA) for three years. We characterized food‐web structure and production, trophic basis of production, energy efficiencies, and interaction‐strength distributions across a spatial gradient of perturbation (i.e., distance from Glen Canyon Dam), as well as before and after an experimental flood. We found strong longitudinal patterns in food‐web characteristics that strongly correlated with the spatial position of large tributaries. Above tributaries, food webs were dominated by nonnative New Zealand mudsnails (62% of production) and nonnative rainbow trout (100% of fish production). The simple structure of these food webs led to few dominant energy pathways (diatoms to few invertebrate taxa to rainbow trout), large energy inefficiencies (i.e., <20% of invertebrate production consumed by fishes), and right‐skewed interaction‐strength distributions, consistent with theoretical instability.Below large tributaries, invertebrate production declined ∼18‐fold, while fish production remained similar to upstream sites and comprised predominately native taxa (80–100% of production). Sites below large tributaries had increasingly reticulate and detritus‐based food webs with a higher prevalence of omnivory, as well as interaction strength distributions more typical of theoretically stable food webs (i.e., nearly twofold higher proportion of weak interactions). Consistent with theory, downstream food webs were less responsive to the experimental flood than sites closest to the dam. We show how human‐induced shifts to food‐web structure can affect energy flow and interaction strengths, and we show that these changes have consequences for food‐web function and response to perturbations.
Effects of Disease Misclassification on Exposure–Disease Association
Authors: Chen Qixuan , Galfalvy Hanga , Duan Naihua 
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We explore how misclassification in disease status can distort the exposure–disease association in a study with dichotomous disease and exposure status. Methods. We define the difference in population odds ratios between populations with and without disease misclassification as population-level bias and derive the bias as a function of sensitivity and specificity for observed disease status. The magnitude and direction of bias can be elucidated through analytic derivations, as illustrated with numerical examples. Results. Patterns of bias exist not only for nondifferential misclassification but also for some differential misclassification scenarios. We have provided conditions defined in terms of sensitivity and specificity that correspond to each pattern of bias. Conclusions. Caution is needed in interpreting results when misclassification is present. Our findings can be used to assess the effects of disease misclassification in a population when sensitivity and specificity are known or can be estimated.