bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey frequency and timing affect occupancy and abundance estimates for salt marsh birds
Authors: Wiest Whitney A. , Shriver W. Gregory 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTSalt marsh birds in eastern North America are high conservation priorities due to their restricted ranges, threats from sea‐level rise, and an overall lack of information related to their population status or trends. We calculated estimates of detection probabilities for clapper rail (Rallus crepitans), willet (Tringa semipalmata), seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus), and saltmarsh sparrow (A. caudacutus) breeding in Delaware Bay, USA. Our objectives were to model the effects of survey covariates on detection probabilities for occupancy and abundance estimates, determine how survey frequency (no. visits to a site) and survey timing (when in the season sites are sampled) affected the estimates, and how varying the number and timing of visits affected the estimates compared to the recommendations based on the North American Marsh Bird Monitoring Protocol. To make these comparisons, we defined 4 survey frequency (2, 3, 4, and 8 visits) and 3 survey timing (early, early‐middle‐late, and late season) scenarios. Our results are based on 480 surveys (i.e., call broadcast point counts) to 30 sampling locations located at Bombay and Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuges during the 2008 and 2009 breeding seasons. The scenario of 3 visits early in the season provided the lowest error estimates of occupancy and abundance. Distributing the survey effort across the season, our early‐middle‐late scenario, provided high variance estimates and should be avoided when designing monitoring programs for these tidal marsh obligate species. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Utility of preoperative computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in adult and pediatric cochlear implant candidates
Authors: Tamplen Matthew , Schwalje Adam , Lustig Lawrence , Alemi Aurash S. , Miller Mia E. 
Published: September 2015

Objectives/HypothesisDetermine the utility of preoperative imaging in adult and pediatric cochlear implant candidates.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsMedical records of 101 consecutive adult and 20 consecutive pediatric patients who underwent 137 cochlear implantation (CI) procedures at a single institution were reviewed.ResultsComputed tomography (CT) was obtained preoperatively in 110 (90.9%) patients, preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained in 102 (84.3%) patients, and both were obtained in 94 (77.7%) patients. MRI revealed one acoustic neuroma and two meningiomas, which affected surgical planning for three (2.2%) procedures. MRI identified enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) in 2.0% of adult patients. CT demonstrated middle ear disease in four (3.3%) patients. CT was useful in indicating round window and cochlear patency in three (2.2%) patients with cochlear otosclerosis. Twenty pediatric patients underwent 27 CI procedures. Preoperative CT in the pediatric cohort demonstrated five (25%) dysplastic cochleae, three (15%) dysplastic vestibules and/or semicircular canals, and three (15%) EVAs. In one patient, CT demonstrated a duplicated right internal auditory canal (IAC) and hypoplastic left IAC; MRI confirmed hypoplastic cochlear nerves.ConclusionsPreoperative MRI can demonstrate retrocochlear pathology, cochlear patency, and EVA in adults being evaluated for cochlear implantation. CT may provide additional information in patients with chronic otitis media or otosclerosis. However, in postlingually deafened adults without conductive or asymmetrical hearing loss, imaging is unlikely to affect surgical decision making. Both CT and MRI can identify anomalies in pediatric patients. MRI does not offer substantial benefit over CT for routine evaluation of pediatric inner ear and temporal bone anatomy.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 126:1440–1445, 2016
Bacteria‐based branched structures for bionanophotonics
Authors: Xin Hongbao , Li Yuchao , Li Baojun 
Published: September 2015

AbstractBranched photonic structures have served as paramount important components for nanophotonic integration and circuitry. However, these structures are generally constructed with photonic and plasmonic nanowires, which are nonbiomaterials and often need to be specially engineered to interface with cells and biological system. For bionanophotonics, photonic components assembled with self‐adaptive biomaterials are highly desirable to be directly interfaced with the dynamic biological system. In this work, branched structures for bionanophotonics assembled with natural living biomaterials, i.e., nanorod‐shaped Escherichia coli bacteria are reported. The E. coli cells were orderly trapped using a specially desired tapered optical fiber, forming structures with different branches and lengths. Light‐propagation performances along these branched structures were investigated, and the robustness property of the structures were demonstrated. The results show that the bacteria‐based branched structures provide different promising self‐sustainable and evolvable components, such as multidirectional waveguides and beam splitters, for bionanophotonics by connecting the biological and optical worlds with a seamless interface.
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Determination of Factors Influencing the Wet Etching of Polydimethylsiloxane Using Tetra‐n‐butylammonium Fluoride
Authors: Kleiman Maya , Ryu Keun Ah , Esser‐Kahn Aaron P. 
Published: September 2015

Polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) is the most widely used polymer in microfluidic devices. Microfluidic devices are used in all ranges of science. The microstructure of a microfluidic device influences its efficiency. One method for controlling microstructure is through wet etching. A particularly common etchant is tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF). This report shows that the etching rate of PDMS by a TBAF solution is controlled by the solvent in use. This report presents that solvent dictates interplay between the reactivity of the naked fluoride with the SiO bonds in the polymer chain and the solubility of the polymer chains. Both high reactivity and accessibility are necessary for a high etching rate. This gives a simple method to control the etching rate of PDMS and by that the microstructure of the microfluidic device.
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On parameterizations of plane rational curves and their syzygies
Authors: Bernardi A. , Gimigliano A. , Idà M. 
Published: September 2015

Let C be a plane rational curve of degree d and be its normalization. We are interested in the splitting type of C, where gives the syzigies of the ideal , and is a parameterization of C. We want to describe in which cases (, via a geometric description; namely we show that if and only if C is the projection of a rational curve on a rational normal surface in .
Phenacyl Ethyl Carbazolium as a Long Wavelength Photoinitiator for Free Radical Polymerization
Authors: Kara Merve , Dadashi‐Silab Sajjad , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: September 2015

A new phenacyl‐type photoinitiator based on ethyl carbazole as a long wavelength photo­initiator is developed for free radical polymerization. Phenacyl ethyl carbazolium hexafluoroantimonate (PECH) photoinitiator is synthesized in a two‐step, one‐pot manner by quaternizing ethyl carbazole with phenacyl bromide and subsequent ion exchange reaction with potassium hexafluoroantimonate. Under irradiation, PECH tends to undergo homolytic bond cleavage bringing about initiating free radicals. However, as evidenced by cyclic voltammetry and real‐time photobleaching studies, formation of initiating cationic species is highly unlikely as the photochemically formed charged carbazole units tend to couple.
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Strategies for the Optimization of Natural Leads to Anticancer Drugs or Drug Candidates
Authors: Xiao Zhiyan , Morris‐Natschke Susan L. , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung 
Published: September 2015

AbstractNatural products have made significant contribution to cancer chemotherapy over the past decades and remain an indispensable source of molecular and mechanistic diversity for anticancer drug discovery. More often than not, natural products may serve as leads for further drug development rather than as effective anticancer drugs by themselves. Generally, optimization of natural leads into anticancer drugs or drug candidates should not only address drug efficacy, but also improve absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profiles and chemical accessibility associated with the natural leads. Optimization strategies involve direct chemical manipulation of functional groups, structure–activity relationship directed optimization and pharmacophore‐oriented molecular design based on the natural templates. Both fundamental medicinal chemistry principles (e.g., bioisosterism) and state‐of‐the‐art computer‐aided drug design techniques (e.g., structure‐based design) can be applied to facilitate optimization efforts. In this review, the strategies to optimize natural leads to anticancer drugs or drug candidates are illustrated with examples and described according to their purposes. Furthermore, successful case studies on lead optimization of bioactive compounds performed in the Natural Products Research Laboratories at UNC are highlighted.
Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics and oxidative capacity in hemiparetic stroke survivors
Authors: Severinsen Kaare , Dalgas Ulrik , Overgaard Kristian , Pedersen Asger R. , øRtenblad Niels , Lund Caroline , Jakobsen Johannes K. , Andersen Henning 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Skeletal muscle is changed after stroke, but conflicting data exist concerning muscle morphology and oxidative enzyme capacity. Methods: In 36 chronic stroke patients bilateral rectus femoris muscle biopsies were analyzed, and fiber type proportions and cross‐sectional areas were determined by ATPase histochemistry. Enzymatic concentrations of citrate synthase (CS) and 3‐Hydroxyacyl‐coenzymeA‐dehydrogenase (HAD) were determined using freeze‐dried muscle tissue. Findings were correlated with clinical outcomes. Results: In the paretic muscles the mean fiber area was smaller (P = 0.0004), and a lower proportion of type 1 fibers (P = 0.0016) and a higher proportion of type 2X fibers (P = 0.0002) were observed. The paretic muscle had lower CS (P = 0.013) and HAD concentrations (P = 0.037). Mean fiber area correlated with muscle strength (r = 0.43; P = 0.041), and CS concentration correlated with aerobic capacity (r = 0.47; P = 0.01). Conclusions: In stroke survivors there is a phenotypic shift toward more fatigable muscle fibers with reduced oxidative enzymatic capacity that relates to clinical outcomes. Muscle Nerve 53: 748–754, 2016
Fourth‐order energy‐preserving locally implicit time discretization for linear wave equations
Authors: Chabassier J. , Imperiale S. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryA family of fourth‐order coupled implicit–explicit time schemes is presented as a special case of fourth‐order coupled implicit schemes for linear wave equations. The domain of interest is decomposed into several regions where different fourth‐order time discretizations are used, chosen among a family of implicit or explicit fourth‐order schemes. The coupling is based on a Lagrangian formulation on the boundaries between the several non‐conforming meshes of the regions. A global discrete energy is shown to be preserved and leads to global fourth‐order consistency in time. Numerical results in 1D and 2D for the acoustic and elastodynamics equations illustrate the good behavior of the schemes and their potential for the simulation of realistic highly heterogeneous media or strongly refined geometries, for which using everywhere an explicit scheme can be extremely penalizing. Accuracy up to fourth order reduces the numerical dispersion inherent to implicit methods used with a large time step and makes this family of schemes attractive compared with second‐order accurate methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emotional responses to the experience of cancer ‘alarm’ symptoms
Authors: Whitaker K. L. , Cromme S. , Winstanley K. , Renzi C. , Wardle J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo qualitatively explore associations between emotional responses to experience of cancer ‘alarm’ symptoms and help‐seeking in a community sample of adults.MethodInterviewees (n = 62) were recruited from a community sample (n = 2042) of adults aged ≥50 years, who had completed a health survey that included a list of cancer alarm symptoms. Participants who had reported an alarm symptom both at baseline and 3‐month follow‐up (n = 271), and who had consented to contact (n = 215), constituted the pool for invitations to interview.ResultsOver a third of participants (37%) described an emotional response to their symptom experience. In all these cases, there was evidence of awareness of the risk of cancer. Emotional responses were usually either classified as mild (‘worry’) or severe (‘fear’). Worry was often described in the context of a desire to seek medical help, either to rule out cancer or to minimise patient delay. In contrast, the ‘fear’ group described associations with death, the perceived incurability of cancer, and the consequence of a cancer diagnosis. Where the emotional reaction was fear, medical contact was seen as something to be avoided either because it had no value or because it was preferable not to be told a diagnosis.ConclusionIn this community sample, worry about the possibility of cancer was associated with help‐seeking, either for reassurance or as part of a ‘sensible’ strategy to deal with the risk. In contrast, fear was associated with avoiding help‐seeking or even thinking about cancer, which could lead to prolonged help‐seeking intervals. © 2015 The Authors. Psycho‐Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Investigation of the HIV‐1 matrix interactome during virus replication
Authors: Li Yan , Frederick Kristin M. , Haverland Nicole A. , Ciborowski Pawel , Belshan Michael 
Published: September 2015

PurposeLike all viruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) requires host cellular factors for productive replication. Identification of these factors may lead to the development of novel cell‐based inhibitors.Experimental designA Strep‐tag was inserted into the C‐terminus of the matrix (MA) region of the HIV‐1 gag gene. The resultant virus was replication competent and used to infect Jurkat T‐cells. MA complexes were affinity purified with Strep‐Tactin agarose. Protein quantification was performed using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH) MS, data were log2‐transformed, and Student t‐tests with Bonferroni correction used to determine statistical significance. Several candidate proteins were validated by immunoblot and investigated for their role in virus infection by siRNA knockdown assays.ResultsA total of 17 proteins were found to be statistically different between the infected versus uninfected and untagged control samples. X‐ray repair cross‐complementing protein 6 (Ku70), X‐ray repair cross‐complementing protein 5 (Ku80), and Y‐box binding protein 1 (YB‐1) were confirmed to interact with MA by immunoblot. Knockdown of two candidates, EZRIN and Y‐box binding protein 1, enhanced HIV infection in vitro.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe Strep‐tag allowed for the capture of viral protein complexes in the context of virus replication. Several previously described factors were identified and at least two candidate proteins were found to play a role in HIV‐1 infection. These data further increase our understanding of HIV host –cell interactions.
Prediction of the substrate for nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) adenylation domains by virtual screening
Authors: Lee T. Verne , Johnson Richard D. , Arcus Vickery L. , Lott J. Shaun 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTNonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) synthesize a diverse array of bioactive small peptides, many of which are used in medicine. There is considerable interest in predicting NRPS substrate specificity in order to facilitate investigation of the many “cryptic” NRPS genes that have not been linked to any known product. However, the current sequence similarity‐based methods are unable to produce reliable predictions when there is a lack of prior specificity data, which is a particular problem for fungal NRPSs. We conducted virtual screening on the specificity‐determining domain of NRPSs, the adenylation domain, and found that virtual screening using experimentally determined structures results in good enrichment of the cognate substrate. Our results indicate that the conformation of the adenylation domain and in particular the conformation of a key conserved aromatic residue is important in determining the success of the virtual screening. When homology models of NRPS adenylation domains of known specificity, rather than experimentally determined structures, were built and used for virtual screening, good enrichment of the cognate substrate was also achieved in many cases. However, the accuracy of the models was key to the reliability of the predictions and there was a large variation in the results when different models of the same domain were used. This virtual screening approach is promising and is able to produce enrichment of the cognate substrates in many cases, but improvements in building and assessing homology models are required before the approach can be reliably applied to these models. Proteins 2015; 83:2052–2066. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Father Involvement and Young, Rural African American Men’s Engagement in Substance Misuse and Multiple Sexual Partnerships
Authors: Barton Allen W. , Kogan Steven M. , Cho Junhan , Brown Geoffrey L. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis study was designed to examine the associations of biological father and social father involvement during childhood with African American young men’s development and engagement in risk behaviors. With a sample of 505 young men living in the rural South of the United States, a dual mediation model was tested in which retrospective reports of involvement from biological fathers and social fathers were linked to young men’s substance misuse and multiple sexual partnerships through men’s relational schemas and future expectations. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that levels of involvement from biological fathers and social fathers predicted young men’s relational schemas; only biological fathers’ involvement predicted future expectations. In turn, future expectations predicted levels of substance misuse, and negative relational schemas predicted multiple sexual partnerships. Biological fathers’ involvement evinced significant indirect associations with young men’s substance misuse and multiple sexual partnerships through both schemas and expectations; social fathers’ involvement exhibited an indirect association with multiple sexual partnerships through relational schemas. Findings highlight the unique influences of biological fathers and social fathers on multiple domains of African American young men’s psychosocial development that subsequently render young men more or less likely to engage in risk behaviors.
Treatment of Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Canada: A Review of Treatment Protocols from Canadian Pediatric Emergency Departments
Authors: Skitch Steven A , Valani Rahim 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveDiabetes is the most common pediatric endocrine disorder, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the leading cause of diabetes-related morbidity and mortality. This article reviews pediatric DKA treatment protocols from across Canada and identifies similarities and differences.MethodsPediatric tertiary centres in Canada were asked for a copy of their DKA treatment protocol. For each protocol, we collected information on the amount of initial fluid bolus, maintenance fluid rate, insulin infusion rate, potassium replacement, monitoring and adjustment for serum glucose, administration of bicarbonate, and treatment for cerebral edema.ResultsResponses were obtained from 13 sites. Treatment guidelines were consistent in their recommendations on timing and dosage of intravenous insulin, potassium replacement, monitoring and adjusting for serum glucose, and management of cerebral edema. Variability in treatment protocols was found chiefly in volume of initial fluid bolus (range: 5–20 mL/kg) and length of time boluses should be administered (20–120 min), maintenance fluid rates (based on weight or a 48-hr deficit), and the role of bicarbonate administration.ConclusionsThis is the first review of treatment protocols for pediatric DKA in Canada. It identified many common approaches but noted specific differences in fluid boluses, maintenance fluid rates, and bicarbonate administration. The extent of variation indicates the need for further study, as well as national guidelines that are evidence-based and consistent with best practices.
Human-mobility networks, country income, and labor productivity
Authors: FAGIOLO GIORGIO , SANTONI GIANLUCA 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis paper asks whether the level of integration of world countries in the international network of temporary human mobility can explain differences in their per-capita income and labor productivity. We disentangle the role played by global country centrality in the network from traditional openness measures, which only account for local, nearest-neighbor linkages through which ideas and knowledge can flow. Using 1995-2010 data, we show that global country centrality in the international temporary human-mobility network enhances both per-capita income and labor productivity. Our results hold cross-sectionally, as well as in a dynamic-panel estimation, and take into account potential endogeneity issues. Our findings imply that how close a country is to the theoretical technological frontier, depends not only on how much she is open to temporary human mobility, but mostly on whether she is embedded in a web of relationships connecting her with other influential partners in the network. Our exercises also suggest that most of the gain in income and productivity can be attained if country centrality in the network comes mostly from influential partners that lie not too far away from, but neither too close to them in the network.