bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The meanings older adolescents attach to spirituality
Authors: Spurr Shelley , Berry Lois , Walker Keith 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the details of the experiences and meanings that adolescents associate with spirituality.Design and MethodsThis exploratory qualitative study used focus group discussions to uncover the experiences of 22 adolescents ages 16–19 years from two midwesternCanadian high schools.ResultsThree themes emerged: understandings of spirituality, the influence of spirituality on wellness, and the moderating influences of spirituality.Practice ImplicationsThe unique stories and experiences of this study's participants provide nurses with some possible starting points and ideas for dialogue related to spirituality with their adolescent clients.
Exploring influencing factors of postoperative pain in school‐age children undergoing elective surgery
Authors: Chieng Ying Jia Shermin , Chan Wai Chi Sally , Liam Joanne Li Wee , Klainin‐Yobas Piyanee , Wang Wenru , He Hong‐Gu 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the influencing factors of postoperative pain among children undergoing elective surgery.Design and MethodsA survey was conducted in 2011 with a convenience sample of 66 children, 6 to 14 years old, in a tertiary hospital in Singapore.ResultsChildren experienced moderate preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain. Gender, preoperative anxiety, and negative emotional behaviors were significant influencing factors for postoperative pain. Boys reported less postoperative pain than girls.Practice ImplicationsEffective strategies for assessing and managing children's preoperative anxiety are needed to achieve an optimal postoperative pain management outcome.
Variation of traits and habitat use in three species of sea kraits in Taiwan
Authors: Wang S. , Lillywhite H. B. , Cheng Y. C. , Tu M. C. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThree sympatric species of sea kraits (Laticauda spp.) were found to have different degrees of aquatic tendencies at Orchid Island (=Lanyu), Taiwan. All species move to coastal areas at night. Generally, Laticauda semifasciata remain submerged in sea water, L. laticaudata emerge onto land, but remain not far from the water's edge, while L. colubrina tend to move farther inland away from the water. Attributes of morphology and physiology can influence the performance and survival of snakes differently in aquatic or terrestrial habitats, so we hypothesize that some attributes of structure and function will vary among these three sympatric species of sea kraits. We measured parameters of the body shape, vascular lung, saccular lung and hematocrit of sea kraits to investigate possible morphological correlates of their physiology. The most aquatic species, L. semifasciata, had a significantly more laterally flattened body form, larger saccular lung volume and higher hematocrit than the other two species, whereas only few differences were found between the two less aquatic species. L. laticaudata had a significantly higher hematocrit than L. colubrina.
The Review Paradox: On The Diachronic Costs of Not Closing Rational Belief Under Conjunction
Authors: Leitgeb Hannes 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe argue that giving up on the closure of rational belief under conjunction comes with a substantial price. Either rational belief is closed under conjunction, or else the epistemology of belief has a serious diachronic deficit over and above the synchronic failures of conjunctive closure. The argument for this, which can be viewed as a sequel to the preface paradox, is called the ‘review paradox'; it is presented in four distinct, but closely related versions.
Anesthesia and spinal muscle atrophy
Authors: Islander Gunilla 
Published: April 2013

SummarySpinal muscle atrophy (SMA) is autosomal recessive and one of the most common inherited lethal diseases in childhood. The spectrum of symptoms of SMA is continuous and varies from neonatal death to progressive symmetrical muscle weakness first appearing in adulthood. The disease is produced by degeneration of spinal motor neurons and can be described in three or more categories: SMA I with onset of symptoms before 6 months of age; SMAII with onset between 6 and 18 months and SMA III, which presents later in childhood. Genetics: The disease is in more than 95% of cases caused by a homozygous deletion in survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1). Pathophysiology: The loss of full‐length functioning SMN protein leads to a degeneration of anterior spinal motor neurons which causes muscle weakness. Anesthetic risks: Airway: Tracheal intubation can be difficult. Respiration: Infants with SMA I almost always need postoperative respiratory support. Patients with SMA II sometimes need support, while SMA III patients seldom need support. Circulation: Circulatory problems during anesthesia are rare. Anesthetic drugs: Neuromuscular blockers: Patients with SMA may display increased sensitivity to and prolonged effect of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers. Intubation without muscle relaxation should be considered. Succinylcholine should be avoided. Opioids: These should be titrated carefully. Anesthetic techniques: All types of anesthetic technique have been used. Although none is absolutely contraindicated, none is perfect: anesthesia must be individualized. Conclusion: The perioperative risks can be considerable and are mainly related to the respiratory system, from respiratory failure to difficult/impossible intubation.
Physiological mechanisms in plant growth models: do we need a supra‐cellular systems biology approach?
Authors: POORTER HENDRIK , ANTEN NIELS P. R. , MARCELIS LEO F. M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn the first part of this paper, we review the extent to which various types of plant growth models incorporate ecophysiological mechanisms. Many growth models have a central role for the process of photosynthesis; and often implicitly assume C‐gain to be the rate‐limiting step for biomass accumulation. We subsequently explore the extent to which this assumption actually holds and under what condition constraints on growth due to a limited sink strength are likely to occur. By using generalized dose–response curves for growth with respect to light and CO2, models can be tested against a benchmark for their overall performance. In the final part, a call for a systems approach at the supra‐cellular level is made. This will enable a better understanding of feedbacks and trade‐offs acting on plant growth and its component processes. Mechanistic growth models form an indispensable element of such an approach and will, in the end, provide the link with the (sub‐)cellular approaches that are yet developing. Improved insight will be gained if model output for the various physiological processes and morphological variables (‘virtual profiling’) is compared with measured correlation networks among these processes and variables. Two examples of these correlation networks are presented.
Who Gains from Boycotts? A Welfare Analysis of Consumer Activism
Authors: Han Baran 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis paper explores the welfare consequences of product boycotts by linking product and labor markets. Consumers' threat of boycott can affect the firm's decision such as production location, size of operation and wage rate. Such conscientious action, however, can actually result in a welfare loss of the workers of concern as well as consumers themselves. The analysis suggests that consumers set their goals by studying the labor market and coordinating with local groups rather than demanding what may seem righteous.
Firm Entry under Financial Frictions
Authors: Casares Miguel , Poutineau Jean‐Christophe 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHow does a general‐equilibrium model behave when incorporating competitive firm entry that requires external finance? After conducting a steady‐state analysis, we reach three main results. First, the financial constraint has contractionary effects on both equity investment and the labor supply as they are inversely related to the marginal finance cost. Second, the dynamics of firm creation and destruction amplify the impact of changes in either productivity or banking efficiency due to procyclical firm entry. Third, a higher elasticity of substitution (that implies a lower mark‐up) cuts the number of firms and makes aggregate output fall.
Treatment Comparisons for Decision Making: Facing the Problems of Sparse and Few Data
Authors: Soares Marta O. , Dumville Jo C. , Ades A. E. , Welton Nicky J. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryAdvanced evidence synthesis techniques such as indirect or mixed treatment comparisons provide powerful analytic tools to inform decision making. In some cases, however, existing research is limited in quantity and/or existing research data are ‘sparse’. We demonstrate how modelling assumptions in evidence synthesis can be explored in the face of limited and sparse data by using an example where estimates of relative treatment effects were required in a synthesis of the available evidence regarding treatments for grade 3 or 4 pressure ulcers.
Simulating Spatial Dynamics and Processes in a Retail Gasoline Market: An Agent‐Based Modeling Approach
Authors: Heppenstall Alison J. , Harland Kirk , Ross Andrew N. , Olner Dan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSimulating the dynamics and processes within a spatially influenced retail market, such as the retail gasoline market, is a highly challenging research area. Current approaches are limited through their inability to model the impact of supplier or consumer behavior over both time and space. Agent‐based models (ABMs) provide an alternative approach that overcomes these problems. We demonstrate how knowledge of retail pricing is extended by using a ‘hybrid’ model approach: an agent model for retailers and a spatial interaction model for consumers. This allows the issue of spatial competition between individual retailers to be examined in a way only accessible to agent‐based models, allowing each model retailer autonomous control over optimizing their price. The hybrid model is shown to be successful at recreating spatial pricing dynamics at a national scale, simulating the effects of a rise in crude oil prices as well as accurately predicting which retailers were most susceptible to closure over a 10‐year period.
MTF behavior of compressed sensing MR spectroscopic imaging
Authors: Heikal A. A. , Wachowicz K. , Fallone B. G. 
Published: April 2013

Purpose:To investigate the modulation transfer function (MTF) behavior of compressed sensing (CS) MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) with regard to CS reconstruction weights and the acquired peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR); which may have an effect on MTF due to the nonlinear nature of the CS reconstruction process.Methods:A specially designed phantom consisting of wedges arranged in a fan pattern was used to calculate the MTF of the MRSI scans. Arc profiles of the phantom yield a square wave with a spatial frequency inversely proportional to the radius of the profile. The MTF was derived by considering the amplitude ratio of the fundamental frequency between the ideal square wave and the reconstructed output. As compressed sensing relies on nonlinear reconstruction and a minimization algorithm that requires the definition of reconstruction weights, the behavior of the MTF with respect to the choice of reconstruction weights and peak SNR is not intuitive. As such, simulations were used to investigate the response of the MTF to CS reconstruction weights at varying peak SNRs. The resulting optimized reconstruction weight was used to reconstruct an experimental CS‐MRSI scan of the phantom and compare the corresponding MTF to those of a fully sampled dataset, and a time‐equivalent Nyquist‐sampled low‐resolution dataset.Results:Simulations showed that MTFs of CS‐MRSI datasets varied widely with different reconstruction weights. Moreover, the response of the MTF to peak SNR was not consistent across the range of reconstruction weights. An optimized reconstruction weight was derived from the simulations and used in reconstructing the experimental dataset. The MTF of the experimental CS‐MRSI dataset showed improvement over the equivalent Nyquist sampled dataset at the resolution limit of 0.1 MTF, while it suffered from reduced response at low resolutions between 0.4 and 0.8 lp/cm.Conclusions:The authors have shown that in certain cases small variations in the reconstruction weights yield a measureable effect on the CS reconstructed images, particularly with regard to MTF. Furthermore, it was found that peak SNR affects CS‐MRSI MTF especially at higher wavelet reconstruction weights. Accordingly, prior knowledge of the expected peak SNR is essential to optimize the CS reconstruction process. Their phantom‐MTF technique provides a quantitative performance measure of MRSI sequences, through which they were able to quantify a loss of 32.4% in spatial resolution for CS‐MRSI at 0.1 MTF compared to a loss of 48.6% for the time‐equivalent Nyquist‐sampled low‐resolution scans. They also showed that CS‐MRSI suffered decreased low‐resolution response as opposed to the equivalent low‐resolution datasets.
Dosimetric comparison of patient setup strategies in stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung cancer
Authors: Wu Jianzhou , Betzing Christopher , He Tongming T. , Fuss Martin , D'Souza Warren D. 
Published: April 2013

Purpose:In this work, the authors retrospectively compared the accumulated dose over the treatment course for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) of lung cancer for three patient setup strategies.Methods:Ten patients who underwent lung SBRT were selected for this study. At each fraction, patients were immobilized using a vacuum cushion and were CT scanned. Treatment plans were performed on the simulation CT. The planning target volume (PTV) was created by adding a 5‐mm uniform margin to the internal target volume derived from the 4DCT. All plans were normalized such that 99% of the PTV received 60 Gy. The plan parameters were copied onto the daily CT images for dose recalculation under three setup scenarios: skin marker, bony structure, and soft tissue based alignments. The accumulated dose was calculated by summing the dose at each fraction along the trajectory of a voxel over the treatment course through deformable image registration of each CT with the planning CT. The accumulated doses were analyzed for the comparison of setup accuracy.Results:The tumor volume receiving 60 Gy was 91.7 ± 17.9%, 74.1 ± 39.1%, and 99.6 ± 1.3% for setup using skin marks, bony structures, and soft tissue, respectively. The isodose line covering 100% of the GTV was 55.5 ± 7.1, 42.1 ± 16.0, and 64.3 ± 7.1 Gy, respectively. The corresponding average biologically effective dose of the tumor was 237.3 ± 29.4, 207.4 ± 61.2, and 258.3 ± 17.7 Gy, respectively. The differences in lung biologically effective dose, mean dose, and V20 between the setup scenarios were insignificant.Conclusions:The authors’ results suggest that skin marks and bony structure are insufficient for aligning patients in lung SBRT. Soft tissue based alignment is needed to match the prescribed dose delivered to the tumors.
Potential of in vivo MRI‐based nonlinear finite‐element analysis for the assessment of trabecular bone post‐yield properties
Authors: Zhang Ning , Magland Jeremy F. , Rajapakse Chamith S. , Bhagat Yusuf A. , Wehrli Felix W. 
Published: April 2013

Purpose:Bone strength is the key factor impacting fracture risk. Assessment of bone strength from high‐resolution (HR) images have largely relied on linear micro‐finite element analysis (μ FEA) even though failure always occurs beyond the yield point, which is outside the linear regime. Nonlinear μ FEA may therefore be more informative in predicting failure behavior. However, existing nonlinear models applied to trabecular bone (TB) have largely been confined to micro‐computed tomography (μCT) and, more recently, HR peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR‐pQCT) images, and typically have ignored evaluation of the post‐yield behavior. The primary purpose of this work was threefold: (1) to provide an improved algorithm and program to assess TB yield as well as post‐yield properties; (2) to explore the potential benefits of nonlinear μ FEA beyond its linear counterpart; and (3) to assess the feasibility and practicality of performing nonlinear analysis on desktop computers on the basis of micro‐magnetic resonance (μ MR) images obtained in vivo in patients.Methods:A method for nonlinearμ FE modeling of TB yield as well as post‐yield behavior has been designed where material nonlinearity is captured by adjusting the tissue modulus iteratively according to the tissue‐level effective strain obtained from linear analysis using a computationally optimized algorithm. The software allows for images at in vivo μMRI resolution as input with retention of grayscale information. Associations between axial stiffness estimated from linear analysis and yield as well as post‐yield parameters from nonlinear analysis were investigated from in vivo μ MR images of the distal tibia (N = 20; ages: 58–84) and radius (N = 20; ages: 50–75).Results:All simulations were completed in 1 h or less for 61 strain levels using a desktop computer (dual quad‐core Xeon 3.16 GHz CPUs equipped with 40 GB of RAM). Although yield stress and ultimate stress correlated strongly (R2 > 0.95, p < 0.001) with axial stiffness, toughness correlated moderately at the distal tibia (R2 = 0.81, p < 0.001) and only weakly at the distal radius (R2 = 0.34, p = 0.007). Further, toughness was found to vary by up to 16% for bone of very similar axial stiffness (<2%).Conclusions:The work demonstrates the practicality of nonlinearμ FE simulations at in vivo μMRI resolution, as well as its potential for providing additional information beyond that obtainable from linear analysis. The data suggest that a direct assessment of toughness may provide information not captured by stiffness.
Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Long-Acting Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Gautam Nagsen , Roy Upal , Balkundi Shantanu , Puligujja Pavan , Guo Dongwei , Smith Nathan , Liu Xin-Ming , Lamberty Benjamin , Morsey Brenda , Fox Howard S. , McMillan JoEllyn , Gendelman Howard E. , Alnouti Yazen 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT
Long-acting injectable nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) was developed with the explicit goal of improving medicine compliance and for drug targeting of viral tissue reservoirs. Prior nanoART studies completed in humanized virus-infected mice demonstrated sustained antiretroviral responses. However, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution of nanoART were not characterized. To this end, the PK and tissue distribution of nanoformulated atazanavir (ATV) and ritonavir (RTV) injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly in mice and monkeys were evaluated. Fourteen days after injection, ATV and RTV levels were up to 13-, 41-, and 4,500-fold higher than those resulting from native-drug administration in plasma, tissues, and at the site of injection, respectively. At nanoART doses of 10, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg of body weight, relationships of more- and less-than-proportional increases in plasma and tissue levels with dose increases were demonstrated with ATV and RTV. Multiple-dose regimens showed serum and tissue concentrations up to 270-fold higher than native-drug concentrations throughout 8 weeks of study. Importantly, nanoART was localized in nonlysosomal compartments in tissue macrophages, creating intracellular depot sites. Reflective data were obtained in representative rhesus macaque studies. We conclude that nanoART demonstrates blood and tissue antiretroviral drug levels that are enhanced compared to those of native drugs. The sustained and enhanced PK profile of nanoART is, at least in part, the result of the sustained release of ATV and RTV from tissue macrophases and at the site of injection.
Draft Genome Sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strain EPM1, Found in Association with a Culture of the Human Parasite Giardia duodenalis
Authors: Sassera Davide , Leardini Iacopo , Villa Laura , Comandatore Francesco , Carta Claudio , Almeida André , do Céu Sousa Maria , Gaiarsa Stefano , Marone Piero , Pozio Edoardo , Cacciò Simone M. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

We report the draft genome sequence of the
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
strain EPM1, found in association with a culture of
Giardia duodenalis
. The draft genome sequence of
S. maltophilia
strain EPM1, obtained with Roche 454 GS-FLX Titanium technology, is composed of 19 contigs totaling 4,785,869 bp, with a G+C content of 66.37%.
Understanding Barriers to Borrelia burgdorferi Dissemination during Infection Using Massively Parallel Sequencing
Authors: Troy Erin B. , Lin Tao , Gao Lihui , Lazinski David W. , Camilli Andrew , Norris Steven J. , Hu Linden T. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Borrelia burgdorferi
is an invasive spirochete that can cause acute and chronic infections in the skin, heart, joints, and central nervous system of infected mammalian hosts. Little is understood about where the bacteria encounter the strongest barriers to infection and how different components of the host immune system influence the population as the infection progresses. To identify population bottlenecks in a murine host, we utilized Tn-seq to monitor the composition of mixed populations of
B. burgdorferi
during infection. Both wild-type mice and mice lacking the Toll-like receptor adapter molecule MyD88 were infected with a pool of infectious
B. burgdorferi
transposon mutants with insertions in the same gene. At multiple time points postinfection, bacteria were isolated from the mice and the compositions of the
B. burgdorferi
populations at the injection site and in distal tissues determined. We identified a population bottleneck at the site of infection that significantly altered the composition of the population. The magnitude of this bottleneck was reduced in MyD88
−/−
mice, indicating a role for innate immunity in limiting early establishment of
B. burgdorferi
infection. There is not a significant bottleneck during the colonization of distal tissues, suggesting that founder effects are limited and there is not a strict limitation on the number of organisms able to initiate populations at distal sites. These findings further our understanding of the interactions between
B. burgdorferi
and its murine host in the establishment of infection and dissemination of the organism.
Geodetic Constants: Data Concerning the Interior of the Earth
Authors: Birch Francis 
Published: April 2013

ContentsPageTable 81. Figure of the Earth’s surface1042. Gravity at the surface; mass, mean density, moment of inertia1043. Pressure, density, acceleration of gravity and ellipticity of layers of equal density in the Earth1054. The Earth’s core106
1. Benfield, Z. f. Geophys. 13, 157, 1937.
2. Birch, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 29, 463, 1939.
3. Bullen, M. N. R. A. S. Geophys. Supp. 3, 395, 1936.
4. Bullen, Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zealand, 67, 122, 1937.
5. Bullen, idem, 69, 188, 1939.
6. Bullen, Bull. Seism. Soc. Amer. 30, 235, 1940.
7. Gutenberg and Richter, Beitr. z. Geophys. 54, 94, 1939.
8. Gutenberg and Richter, M. N. R. A. S. Geophys. Supp. 4, 363, 1938.
9. Jeffreys, M. N. R. A. S. Geophys. Supp. 4, 537, 548 and 594, 1939.
10. Lambert, The Internal Constitution of the Earth, Chap. 13, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1939.
11. Olczak, Acta Astron. 3, 81, 1938.
12. Williamson and Adams, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 13, 413, 1923.
Table 8–1.—Figure of the Earth’s Surface
(Ref. 10) Semi-axes of International Ellipsoid of Reference (1924): Equatorial, a = 6378.388 km.Polar, c = 6356.912 km.Radius of sphere of equal volume, α0 = 6371 km.Ellipticity of surface, (a – c)/a = 1/297 = 0.00337. (For ellipticity of internal levels, see Table 8–3.)Quadrant of a meridian = 10,002.288 km.Quadrant of the equator = 10,019.148 km.Area of surface = 5.101 × 1018 cm.2Volume = 1.0832