bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social business and Grameen Danone Foods Limited
Authors: Sardana G.D. 
Published: June 2013

PurposeCapitalism as a concept is founded on “free economy” guided by a free price system and free access to markets. Many of the ills facing present day society such as unemployment, poverty, rising disparities of income, malnutrition, high polluted environment are getting increasingly linked to this corporate philosophy. Alternatives such as social business enterprises have been suggested and practiced by some of the enlightened entrepreneurs. This paper examines the tenets of social business, which advocates enhancing values to society, and the social benefit to all the stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachThis is an exploratory study and presents the origin, the rationale of the development of the strategic business model and its implementation. The model, based on the philosophy of social business, has been developed and practiced by Grameen Danone Foods Limited. The study has been conducted entirely on the basis of information and data available in the public domain.FindingsThe findings show an encouraging contribution towards enhancing social benefits to society. These are visible in meeting the needs of the children suffering from malnutrition, in the generation of employment and providing a rare dignity to the poor of the poorest. The shortfall in business results is traced to missing economy of scale of operations.Originality/valueSocial business is a new and a bold concept. It has faced many hurdles in its journey to meet objectives. The solutions it has discovered are sure to benefit many researchers, entrepreneurs, social‐welfare oriented societies, non‐profit organizations, national planners, regulators and society‐leaders.
Equity and the hidden factor land: a hypothesis
Authors: Loehr Dirk 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe paper seeks to develop a research hypothesis: although individual companies deviate, in an average observation equity seems to reflect the value of land, and profits appear to reflect the land rent‐earning capacity of the company's assets.Design/methodology/approachThis hypothesis is based on a broad interpretation of the almost forgotten production factor – land, as an exclusive real option. The article substantiates the connection between equity and key assets preliminarily by considering samples of balance sheets of Germany and the UK.FindingsThe land rent (in a wide sense) is hidden in many cases and diffusing on assets with similar features as land. Access to land (in a broad sense) and the foundation of the profits on rents appear to be an essential base for sustainable performance of companies.Originality/valueIf the hypothesis holds true, equity is nothing other than indirect participation in land (in a broad sense), with impacts on many concepts. For instance, investment policy of pension funds had to be revised, since old‐age provision in stocks would be an indirect investment in land – but an economy as a whole cannot build its savings on land. A consequent taxation on land and other natural resources could replace business taxation. Only a sound endowment with equity opens the access to land and similar assets, which is a challenge for small and medium sized companies.
Classification of CSR standards in the light of ISO 26000
Authors: Delchet‐Cochet Karen , Vo Linh‐Chi 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the different classifications of existing reference documents related to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and to propose a complementary approach of this subject in regard to ISO26000.Design/methodology/approachThe publication of ISO 26000 in November 2010, an International Standard providing guidelines for CSR, seems to have modified the landscape of reference documents by bringing up the issue of legitimacy in the overview of the standards. The paper analyzes four different classifications of existing reference documents related to CSR in order to understand their approach.FindingsThe issue of the purpose and legitimacy of tools evoked by ISO 26000 experts enables this paper to propose a complementary approach to existing classifications, by positioning the main tools related to CSR in relation to each other.Originality/valueThis article presents a comparison of existing classification of CSR standards in regard to ISO26000.
Connecting producers and consumers through fair and sustainable value chains
Authors: Doherty Bob , Huybrechts Benjamin 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThis paper seeks to pinpoint the role played by social enterprises in the growth and mainstreaming of fair trade.Design/methodology/approachThe review encompasses seminal papers on the growth and mainstreaming of fair trade.FindingsA crucial role is played by social enterprises in establishing fair trade in the mainstream. However this mainstreaming is contested and is argued by some to also lead to potential mission drift.Research limitations/implicationsThis review primarily investigates the Northern aspects of fair trade, in particular the role of social enterprise in the market growth of fair trade and its mainstreaming. However more research is required to unpack the producer perspectives of mainstreaming fair trade.Practical implicationsThe article investigates one of the pioneering fields of social enterprise to see what lessons can be drawn for other social enterprise sectors that have mainstream ambitions.Originality/valueThis contribution provides a novel review to demonstrate the role played by social enterprise in the growth of fair trade. It argues that the dual mission of fair trade is out of balance and is in danger of becoming reduced to a certification scheme based on minimum compliance. However a rebalancing of social and commercial objectives and acknowledging the innovative approach of fair trade social enterprises would strengthen this pioneering social movement.
The behaviour of solder pastes in stencil printing with electropolishing process
Authors: Lee Yong‐Won , Kim Keun‐Soo , Suganuma Katsuaki 
Published: June 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the effect of the electropolishing time of stencil manufacturing parameters and solder‐mask definition methods of PCB pad design parameters on the performance of solder paste stencil printing process for the assembly of 01005 chip components.Design/methodology/approachDuring the study, two types of stencils were manufactured for the evaluations: electroformed stencils and electropolished laser‐cut stencils. The electroformed stencils were manufactured using the standard electroforming process and their use in the paste printing process was compared against the use of an electropolished laser‐cut stencil. The electropolishing performance of the laser‐cut stencil was evaluated twice at the following intervals: 100 s and 200 s. The performance of the laser‐cut stencil was also evaluated without electropolishing. An optimized process was established after the polished stencil apertures of the laser‐cut stencil were inspected. The performance evaluations were made by visually inspecting the quality of the post‐surface finishing for the aperture wall and the quality of that post‐surface finishing was further checked using a scanning electron microscope. A test board was used in a series of designed experiments to evaluate the solder paste printing process.FindingsThe results demonstrated that the length of the electropolishing time had a significant effect on the small stencil's aperture quality and the solder paste's stencil printing performance. In this study, the most effective electropolishing time was 100 s for a stencil thickness of 0.08 mm. The deposited solder paste thickness was significantly better for the enhanced laser‐cut stencil with electropolishing compared to the conventional electroformed stencils. In this printing‐focused work, print paste thickness measurements were also found to vary across different solder‐mask definition methods of printed circuit board pad designs with no change in the size of the stencil aperture. The highest paste value transfer consistently occurred with solder‐mask‐defined pads, when an electropolished laser‐cut stencil was used.Originality/valueDue to important improvements in the quality of the electropolished laser‐cut stencil, and based on the results of this experiment, the electropolished laser‐cut stencil is strongly recommended for the solder paste printing of fine‐pitch and miniature components, especially in comparison to the typical laser‐cut stencil. The advantages of implementing a 01005 chip component mass production assembly process include excellent solder paste release, increased solder volume, good manufacture‐ability, fast turnaround time, and greater cost saving opportunities.
Kin recognition and competition in plants
Authors: Dudley Susan A. , Murphy Guillermo P. , File Amanda L. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryPlants recognize their kin and respond to growing with relatives with changes in functional traits. Here, we integrate competition and evolutionary theory to evaluate these changes.We draw parallels between the definitions and empirical measurement of competitive effect and competitive response from competition theory, and the costs and benefits of altruistic and selfish behaviours from kin selection theory.Do plants compete less with relatives, as these parallels suggest? While functional traits respond to the presence of relatives or strangers, no study has directly demonstrated that plants are less competitive with siblings.However, there are empirical challenges in identifying the competitive value of traits that are measured destructively, such as root allocation.If these challenges can be addressed, kin recognition responses can offer new insights into plant competition.
Do protected areas benefit freshwater species? A broad‐scale assessment for fish in Australia's Murray–Darling Basin
Authors: Chessman Bruce C. 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Assessment of the performance of protected areas in conserving freshwater biodiversity has been limited, has mostly involved small‐scale studies and has produced mixed findings.

I analysed monitoring data from Australia's Murray–Darling Basin (>106 km2 and mostly arid or semi‐arid) to compare fish assemblages between rivers inside and outside of protected areas.

The average richness and abundance of native species were significantly lower at sites within protected areas, but these sites were weighted towards steeper terrain and colder climates.

When analysis was confined to a subset of geographically and environmentally matched sites, the richness and abundance of native species did not differ significantly between protected and unprotected areas, and only two native species were significantly more abundant within protected areas, whereas another two were significantly more abundant outside.

Synthesis and applications. Protected status probably has little effect on native fish in the Murray–Darling Basin because it does not, by itself, exclude threats such as alien fish and alteration of water regimes. My findings therefore support the view that reserves need to be designed and managed specifically for freshwater species if they are to be most effective in their conservation. In the Murray–Darling Basin, and in similar regions around the world, actions such as greater control of alien species and allocation of adequate environmental flows will likely be critical to enabling protected areas to realize their potential for aquatic conservation.
The resolution and regeneration of a cointegrate plasmid reveals a model for plasmid evolution mediated by conjugation and oriT site‐specific recombination
Authors: Wang Pengxia , Zhang Chunyi , Zhu Yiguang , Deng Yun , Guo Suxia , Peng Donghai , Ruan Lifang , Sun Ming 
Published: June 2013

SummaryCointegrate plasmids are useful models for the study of plasmid evolution if their evolutionary processes can be replicated under laboratory conditions. pBMB0228, a 17 706 bp native plasmid originally isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis strain YBT‐1518, carries two nematicidal crystal protein genes, cry6Aa and cry55Aa. In this study, we show that pBMB0228 is in fact a cointegrate of two plasmids and contains two functional replication regions and two functional mobilization regions. Upon introduction into B. thuringiensis strain BMB171, pBMB0228 spontaneously resolves into two constituent plasmids via recombination at its oriT1 and oriT2 sites. The resolution does not require conjugation but can be promoted by conjugation. We further confirm that the resolution is mediated by oriT site‐specific recombination requiring Mob02281 or Mob02282. Additionally, the two constituent plasmids of pBMB0228 are mobilizable, and can fuse back via oriT site‐specific integration after entering into the same cell by conjugation. Our study confirms that native plasmid can reversibly interconvert between a cointegrate structure and its constituent plasmids. This study provides insight into the evolution of cointegrate plasmids, linking plasmid evolution with conjugation and the oriT site‐specific recombination function of relaxase.
Functional and compositional succession of bacterioplankton in response to a gradient in bioavailable dissolved organic carbon
Authors: Dinasquet Julie , Kragh Theis , Schrøter Marie‐Louise , Søndergaard Morten , Riemann Lasse 
Published: June 2013

SummaryStudies indicate that bacterial taxa utilize different fractions of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool, while others suggest functional redundancy among constituents of bacterioplankton, implying only a weak coupling between community structure and function. We examined bacterial compositional and functional [ectoenzymatic activities and growth efficiency; bacterial growth efficiency (BGE)] responses to a gradient in bioavailable DOC (bDOC). This was achieved over 10 days in DOC utilization assays containing Baltic Sea water with variable amounts of natural bDOC. Measurements of bacterial growth, O2 and DOC consumption in the assays using non‐invasive sampling showed that BGE changed over time and that the bDOC utilized accounted for 4–13% of the DOC pool. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes demonstrated minor differences at the phylum level between samples, whereas larger successional differences were discernible at lower phylogenetic levels. Our study suggests that changes in concentrations of bDOC affect bacterioplankton BGE and community structure by selecting for some taxa while the relative abundance of most taxa remained unaffected. Ectoenzymes activities suggested preferential degradation of protein‐rich compounds by bacteria, switching to carbohydrate‐rich DOC when proteins were depleted. Hence, there was a fairly weak linkage between bacterial community composition and DOC utilization suggesting that overall bacterioplankton community structure only to some extent has predictive power for processing of the DOC pool.
Competing Visions of Community: Empowerment and Abandonment in the Governance of Coalfield Regeneration
Authors: Doering Heike 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThis article engages with recent debates which assert that community participation and empowerment are place‐contingent. The particular nature of localities has regularly been taken to account for success or failure in processes of participation and regeneration. In contrast, this article exposes the failings based in the nature of the process of regeneration in the complex intersection of national agendas of community participation, regional objectives of economic growth and local aspirations of social cohesion and improved amenities. These agendas meet in the seemingly mutual pursuit of the ‘active community’. They become manifest in the micro‐politics of negotiating and enacting different constructions of community by the different actors ‘empowered’ in the regeneration process: regional development agencies, local government and local civil society. The article is based on ethnographic research in the Kent coalfield. The coalfields as distinct places have commanded a lasting place in the academic and policy literature: romanticized as the epitome of ‘communityness’ but demonized as the site of problem groups. This otherness has outlasted the industry the communities were built on. The analysis here shows that the social organization of regeneration in an arguably ‘different’ place is less driven by local specificities than by a failure to make visible conflicting constructions of community; therefore both the pathologizing of disadvantaged social groups and calls for more ‘community’ in policy delivery rather than policy reform are called into question.
Simulation training for breast and pelvic physical examination: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Dilaveri CA , Szostek JH , Wang AT , Cook DA 
Published: June 2013

BackgroundBreast and pelvic examinations are challenging intimate examinations. Technology‐based simulation may help to overcome these challenges.ObjectiveTo synthesise the evidence regarding the effectiveness of technology‐based simulation training for breast and pelvic examination.Search strategyOur systematic search included MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Scopus, and key journals and review articles; the date of the last search was January 2012.Selection criteriaOriginal research studies evaluating technology‐enhanced simulation of breast and pelvic examination to teach learners, compared with no intervention or with other educational activities.Data collection and analysisThe reviewers evaluated study eligibility and abstracted data on methodological quality, learners, instructional design, and outcomes, and used random‐effects models to pool weighted effect sizes.Main resultsIn total, 11 272 articles were identified for screening, and 22 studies were eligible, enrolling 2036 trainees. In eight studies comparing simulation for breast examination training with no intervention, simulation was associated with a significant improvement in skill, with a pooled effect size of 0.86 (95% CI 0.52–1.19; P < 0.001). Four studies comparing simulation training for pelvic examination with no intervention had a large and significant benefit, with a pooled effect size of 1.18 (95% CI 0.40–1.96; P = 0.003). Among breast examination simulation studies, dynamic models providing feedback were associated with improved outcomes. In pelvic examination simulation studies, the addition of a standardised patient to the simulation model and the use of an electronic model with enhanced feedback improved outcomes.Author's conclusionsIn comparison with no intervention, breast and pelvic examination simulation training is associated with moderate to large effects for skills outcomes. Enhanced feedback appears to improve learning.
Molecular characterization of DnaJ 5 homologs in silkworm Bombyx mori and its expression during egg diapause
Authors: Sirigineedi Sasibhushan , Vijayagowri Esvaran , Murthy Geetha N. , Rao Guruprasada , Ponnuvel Kangayam M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractA comparison of the cDNA sequences (1 056 bp) of Bombyx mori DnaJ 5 homolog with B. mori genome revealed that unlike in other Hsps, it has an intron of 234 bp. The DnaJ 5 homolog contains 351 amino acids, of which 70 contain the conserved DnaJ domain at the N‐terminal end. This homolog of B. mori has all desirable functional domains similar to other insects, and the 13 different DnaJ homologs identified in B. mori genome were distributed on different chromosomes. The expressed sequence tag database analysis of Hsp40 gene expression revealed higher expression in wing disc followed by diapause‐induced eggs. Microarray analysis revealed higher expression of DnaJ 5 homolog at 18th h after oviposition in diapause‐induced eggs. Further validation of DnaJ 5 expression through qPCR in diapause‐induced and nondiapause eggs at different time intervals revealed higher expression in diapause eggs at 18 and 24 h after oviposition, which coincided with the expression of Hsp70 as the Hsp 40 is its co‐chaperone. This study thus provides an outline of the genome organization of Hsp40 gene, and its role in egg diapause induction in B. mori.
Luxury uptake of magnesium by peas, Pisum sativum
Authors: Reid J.B. , Trolove S.N. , Tan Y. , Johnstone P.R. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIncreasing the magnesium (Mg) concentration of vegetables (biofortification) will often require ‘luxury’ uptake where the whole‐plant concentration of Mg (cp) is greater than required for maximum yield. Our aim was to quantify some of the physiological factors influencing luxury uptake of Mg to aid subsequent development of agronomic techniques for biofortification. Peas, Pisum sativum, were used as a test species. A sand culture experiment related vegetative growth and cp for plants grown with a range of Mg and potassium (K) supply rates. We developed a model of Mg uptake including feedback control exerted by cp. The model was parameterised with results from a solution culture experiment and then used to explore ways to increase luxury uptake of Mg. Feedback control of Mg uptake by cp was weak. Biomass did not increase if the Mg concentration exceeded 0.11% in the whole plant or 0.13% in the shoots. Values obtained in the field are often larger than this. Our results indicate that luxury uptake of Mg by peas is readily achieved, provided that there is ample supply of Mg2+ to the root surfaces. In field soils though, transport of Mg2+ to the roots may limit uptake and cation exchange processes restrict the ability of Mg fertilisers to substantially increase Mg uptake. Increasing root growth will usually increase Mg uptake, but cp may not rise if biomass is also increased.
Consequences of being Rhesus D immunized during pregnancy and how to optimize new prevention strategies
Authors: Tiblad Eleonor , Westgren Magnus , Pasupathy Dharmintra , Karlsson Anita , Wikman Agneta T. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the timing of Rhesus D (RhD) immunization in pregnancy and the consequences for the index pregnancy and for subsequent pregnancies to be able to optimize the design of antenatal screening and prevention programs.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingStockholm county, Sweden.PopulationAll RhD immunized pregnant women 1990–2008 before the introduction of routine antenatal anti‐D prophylaxis.MethodsData were collected from transfusion medicine registers and databases, medical records, the Swedish Medical Birth Register and the National Perinatal Quality Register and entered into a standardized database before analysis.Main outcome measuresThe order of pregnancy and trimester when immunization occurred and treatment of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.ResultsA total of 290 RhD immunized women were included in the study. In 147/290 (51%) of the women, sensitization occurred with their first‐born child and in 96/290 (33%) it occurred with their second‐born child. Anti‐D antibodies developed during the second or third trimester in 212/290 (73%) and in 61/290 (21%) at term or after delivery. In subsequent pregnancies 56% (144/259) of the neonates required treatment for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.ConclusionsBased on our study, at least half of the cases could potentially have been avoided by routine antenatal anti‐D prophylaxis in the beginning of the third trimester. To optimize the beneficial effects of new prevention programs, we propose providing anti‐D prophylaxis in gestational week 28–30 selectively to all RhD‐negative women with RhD‐positive fetuses.