bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of the retention behavior of small polar molecules on different types of stationary phases used in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography
Authors: Vlčková Hana , Ježková Kateřina , Štětková Kateřina , Tomšíková Helena , Solich Petr , Nováková Lucie 
Published: March 2014

The retention behavior of a large group of analytes (35) with varied properties (pKa and logP) was studied on eight hydrophilic interaction LC columns with different surfaces, stationary phase chemistries, and types of particles. The acetonitrile content (5–95%), buffer concentration (0.5–200 mM), and pH of the mobile phase (3.8 and 6.8) were evaluated for their effects on the retention behavior. The type of stationary phase had a significant impact on the selectivity and retention time of the tested analytes. Completely different selectivity was observed on the aminopropyl stationary phase. In this study, the influence of the buffer concentration was similar for all tested columns, except for the aminopropyl stationary phase. Increasing the buffer concentration led to decreased retention times for the basic compounds and increased retention times for the acidic compounds, while the inverse behavior was observed on the aminopropyl stationary phase. The selectivity of the individual stationary phases was evaluated at pH 3.8 and 6.8. Much lower selectivity differences between the stationary phases were observed at pH 6.8 than pH 3.8. Bare silica stationary phases were used in the comparison of the particles (fused‐core and fully porous particles of 3 and 1.7 μm) and the columns provided by different manufacturers.
Polymers Based on Stable Phenoxyl Radicals for the Use in Organic Radical Batteries
Authors: Jähnert Thomas , Häupler Bernhard , Janoschka Tobias , Hager Martin D. , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: March 2014

Polymers with pendant phenoxyl radicals are synthesized and the electrochemical properties are investigated in detail. The monomers are polymerized using ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) or free‐radical polymerization methods. The monomers and polymers, respectively, are oxidized to the radical either before or after the polymerization. These phenoxyl radicals containing polymers reveal a reversible redox behavior at a potential of −0.6 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Such materials can be used as anode‐active material in organic radical batteries (ORBs).
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A genetically engineered ovarian cancer mouse model based on fallopian tube transformation mimics human high‐grade serous carcinoma development
Authors: Sherman‐Baust Cheryl A , Kuhn Elisabetta , Valle Blanca L , Shih Ie‐Ming , Kurman Robert J , Wang Tian‐Li , Amano Tomokazu , Ko Minoru SH , Miyoshi Ichiro , Araki Yoshihiko , Lehrmann Elin , Zhang Yongqing , Becker Kevin G , Morin Patrice J 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRecent evidence suggests that ovarian high‐grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) originates from the epithelium of the fallopian tube. However, most mouse models are based on the previous prevailing view that ovarian cancer develops from the transformation of the ovarian surface epithelium. Here, we report the extensive histological and molecular characterization of the mogp–TAg transgenic mouse, which expresses the SV40 large T‐antigen (TAg) under the control of the mouse müllerian‐specific Ovgp‐1 promoter. Histological analysis of the fallopian tubes of mogp–TAg mice identified a variety of neoplastic lesions analogous to those described as precursors to ovarian HGSC. We identified areas of normal‐appearing p53‐positive epithelium that are similar to ‘p53 signatures’ in the human fallopian tube. More advanced proliferative lesions with nuclear atypia and epithelial stratification were also identified that were morphologically and immunohistochemically reminiscent of human serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC), a potential precursor of ovarian HGSC. Beside these non‐invasive precursor lesions, we also identified invasive adenocarcinoma in the ovaries of 56% of the mice. Microarray analysis revealed several genes differentially expressed between the fallopian tube of mogp–TAg and wild‐type (WT) C57BL/6. One of these genes, Top2a, which encodes topoisomerase IIα, was shown by immunohistochemistry to be concurrently expressed with elevated p53 and was specifically elevated in mouse STICs but not in the surrounding tissues. TOP2A protein was also found elevated in human STICs, low‐grade and high‐grade serous carcinoma. The mouse model reported here displays a progression from normal tubal epithelium to invasive HGSC in the ovary, and therefore closely simulates the current emerging model of human ovarian HGSC pathogenesis. This mouse therefore has the potential to be a very useful new model for elucidating the mechanisms of serous ovarian tumourigenesis, as well as for developing novel approaches for the prevention, diagnosis and therapy of this disease. Published 2014. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Temperature‐dependent Kelvin probe studies on GaN from 80 to 600 K
Authors: McNamara J. D. , Baski A. A. , Reshchikov M. A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this work, we report on the effect of temperature on near‐surface band bending and surface photovoltage (SPV) in GaN. Band bending and SPV during illumination and after switching the illumination off are calculated for n ‐type and p ‐type GaN by using a thermionic model. The temperature and temporal dependencies are compared with experimental data. We find that the thermionic model describes adequately the SPV values and its dynamics only at high temperatures. At temperatures below room temperature the observed SPV is much higher than predicted from the thermionic model, especially in the case of p ‐type GaN. This fact is explained by a significant shift of the quasi‐Fermi level in p ‐type GaN under illumination. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultra‐thin barrier quaternary InAlGaN HEMTs with state of the art sheet resistance
Authors: Gao Xiang , Pan Ming , Gorka Daniel , Oliver Mark , Schuette Michael , Ketterson Andrew , Saunier Paul 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe report transport properties measured from quaternary barrier InAlGaN high electron mobility transistor wafers on SiC substrates. With similar barrier thicknesses, higher mobility and sheet charge density were both demonstrated by a strained barrier quaternary In0.07Al0.75Ga0.18N HEMT comparing to a ternary In0.17Al0.83N HEMT with lattice matched barrier to the GaN buffer. With 1 nm AlN interlayer, sheet resistances of 218 Ω/□ and 228 Ω/□ were obtained from 4.8 nm and 4.4 nm barrier structures, respectively. Both structures also show excellent electron motilities. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of the physical, chemical and electrical properties of ALD Al2O3 on c‐ and m‐ plane GaN
Authors: Wei D. , Hossain T. , Nepal N. , Garces N. Y. , Hite J. K. , Meyer H. M. , Eddy C. R. , Edgar J. H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis study compares the physical, chemical and electrical properties of Al2O3 thin films deposited on gallium polar c‐ and nonpolar m ‐plane GaN substrates by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Correlations were sought between the film's structure, composition, and electrical properties. The thickness of the Al2O3 films was 19.2 nm as determined from a Si witness sample by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The gate dielectric was slightly aluminum‐rich (Al:O=1:1.3) as measured from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profile, and the oxide‐semiconductor interface carbon concentration was lower on c ‐plane GaN. The oxide's surface morphology was similar on both substrates, but was smoothest on c ‐plane GaN as determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Circular capacitors (50‐300 μm diameter) with Ni/Au (20/100 nm) metal contacts on top of the oxide were created by standard photolithography and e‐beam evaporation methods to form metal‐oxide‐semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs). The alumina deposited on c ‐plane GaN showed less hysteresis (0.15 V) than on m ‐plane GaN (0.24 V) in capacitance‐voltage (CV) characteristics, consistent with its better quality of this dielectric as evidenced by negligible carbon contamination and smooth oxide surface. These results demonstrate the promising potential of ALD Al2O3 on c ‐plane GaN, but further optimization of ALD is required to realize the best properties of Al2O3 on m ‐plane GaN. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of ternary wurtzite BAlN and BGaN by ENABLE‐MBE
Authors: Williamson Todd L. , Weisse‐Bernstein Nina R. , Hoffbauer Mark A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of dilute B content BAlN and BGaN has been performed by an advanced MBE technique called ENABLE. ENABLE is a direct chemical activation approach to film growth which uses an energetic beam of neutral N atoms to activate nitride thin film growth. Using the ENABLE‐MBE technology, up to 3.1% and 3.5% B has been incorporated in BAlN and BGaN, respectively. XRD scans indicate that the films are single phase and the crystalline quality is high. It has been shown in BAlN that a lower substrate temperature during growth leads to higher level of incorporation of B, with all other parameters held constant. Electrical measurements of BAlN shows reasonable breakdown voltage (∼25 V/µm) and leakage current (–9 nA at –20 V bias). (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
How do sustainability standards consider biodiversity?
Authors: Englund Oskar , Berndes Göran 
Published: March 2014

Sustainability certification schemes and standards are meant to prevent a range of unacceptable socioeconomic and environmental consequences, such as threats to biodiversity. While there is wide support for conserving biodiversity, operationalizing this support in the form of guiding principles, criteria/indicators, and legislation is complicated. This study investigates how and to what extent 26 sustainability standards (eleven for forest management, nine for agriculture and six biofuel‐related) consider biodiversity, by assessing how they seek to prevent actions that can threaten biodiversity as well as how they support actions aimed at biodiversity conservation. For this purpose, a benchmark standard was developed, meant to represent a case with very high ambitions concerning biodiversity conservation. Of the assessed standards, the biofuel‐related standards demonstrated the highest level of compliance with the benchmark. On average, they complied with 72% of the benchmark's component criteria, compared to 61% for the agricultural standards and 60% for the forestry standards. Fairtrade, Sustainable Agriculture Network/Rainforest Alliance (SAN/RA), Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), and Roundtable on Responsible Soy (RTRS) were particularly stringent, while Green Gold Label S5 (GGLS5), PEOLG, Global Partnership for Good Agricultural Practices (GLOBALGAP), European Union Organic (EU Organic), National Organic Program (NOP), Green Gold Label S2 (GGLS2), and International Sustainability & Carbon Certification (ISCC) were particularly unstringent. All eleven forestry standards, six of the nine agricultural standards, and all six biofuel‐related standards addressed ecosystem conversion, ranging from requiring that high conservation value areas be identified and preserved to requiring full protection. Finally, key barriers to, and challenges for, certification schemes are discussed and recommendations are made for further development of sustainability standards. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:26–50. doi: 10.1002/wene.118This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Economics and Policy
Bioenergy > Climate and Environment
NOTATION AS LIBERATION
Authors: Barrett Richard 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper, originally the keynote address at a conference on notation in contemporary music held at Goldsmiths, University of London, in October 2013, examines the relationship between notation and improvisation in today's music. Starting from the position that improvisation is a method of composition, and that the two are in no way opposites, the author reflects on his dual practice as composer of often complexly notated scores and an improvising musician. The title subverts the familiar claim that it is improvisation that liberates the musician from the supposed tyranny of fixed notation, suggesting instead that notation may serve a valuable function in suggesting possible directions or points of focus in free improvisation.
Post-capture attitude control for a tethered space robot–target combination system
Authors: Huang Panfeng , Wang Dongke , Meng Zhongjie , Liu Zhengxiong 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYThis paper presents a novel scheme for achieving attitude control of a tumbling combination system in the post-capture phase of a tethered space robot (TSR). Given the combination rotation characteristics, tether force is applied to provide greater control torques for stabilising the attitude. The proposed control scheme involves two attitude controllers, which coordinate the controller of the tether force and thruster force and the controller of single thruster force. The numerical simulations include a comparison between this coordinated control and the traditional thruster control and a sensitivity analysis on initial values of parameters. Simulation results validate the feasibility of the attitude control scheme for a tumbling combination system, and fuel consumption of the attitude control is efficiently reduced using the coordinated control strategies.
The acquisition of relative clauses in spontaneous child speech in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: CHEN JIDONG , SHIRAI YASUHIRO 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the developmental trajectory of relative clauses (RCs) in Mandarin-learning children's speech. We analyze the spontaneous production of RCs by four monolingual Mandarin-learning children (0;11 to 3;5) and their input from a longitudinal naturalistic speech corpus (Min, 1994). The results reveal that in terms of the syntactic role of the head noun in the matrix clause, isolated noun phrase RCs dominate, followed by those that modify the subject or object of the matrix clauses and predicate nominal relatives. This pattern differs from those observed in English (Diessel & Tomasello, 2000), German (Brandt, Diessel & Tomasello, 2008), and Japanese (Ozeki & Shirai, 2007). Regarding the syntactic role of the head noun inside the RC (i.e. subject, object, or oblique relatives), the early RCs are dominated by object relatives. This pattern also differs from those observed in English and Japanese. We propose a multifactorial usage-based learning account for the developmental patterns.
Pregnancy-associated listeriosis in England and Wales
Authors: AWOFISAYO A. , AMAR C. , RUGGLES R. , ELSON R. , ADAK G. K. , MOOK P. , GRANT K. A. 
Published: March 2014

SUMMARYListeriosis is a rare but severe foodborne disease with low morbidity and high case-fatality rates. Pregnant women, unborn and newborn babies are among the high-risk groups for listeriosis. We examined listeriosis cases reported to the enhanced surveillance system in England and Wales from 1990 to 2010 to identify risk factors influencing outcome. Cases were defined as pregnancy-associated if Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from a pregnant woman or newborn infants aged <28 days. Of the 3088 cases reported, pregnancy-associated listeriosis accounted for 462 (15%) cases and 315 cases resulted in a live birth. Several factors were identified as affecting the severity and outcome of listeriosis in pregnancy in both mother and child including: presence or absence of maternal symptoms, gestational age at onset of symptoms, and clinical presentation in the infant (meningitis or septicaemia). Deprivation, ethnicity and molecular serotype had no effect on outcome.
Individualization of drug therapy in older people
Authors: Scibona P , Angriman F , Vazquez C , Ferreyro BL , Perelsztein AG , Simonovich VA , Jauregui JR , Musso CG , Belloso WH 
Published: March 2014

SummaryOlder people are high consumers of prescription drugs and are at increasing risk of polypharmacy and adverse reactions. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modifications due to age and co-morbidities are an important consideration, but pharmacological background evidence to guide safe and effective therapeutic approaches are often inadequate since the older population is under-represented in clinical trials. We review the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes that are characteristic in old age and consider evidence regarding potentially safer prescription and monitoring of drugs commonly used in older patients. We also introduce the possible role of pharmacogenomics and therapeutic drug monitoring as tools to guide the individualization of drug therapy.
National Study of Ambulance Transports to United States Emergency Departments: Importance of Mental Health Problems
Authors: Larkin Gregory Luke , Claassen Cynthia A. , Pelletier Andrea J. , Camargo Carlos A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIntroduction:Understanding ambulance utilization patterns is essential to assessing prehospital system capacity and preparedness at the national level.Objective:To describe the characteristics of patients transported to US emergency departments (EDs) by ambulance and to determine predictors of ambulance utilization.Methods:Data were obtained from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey using mode of arrival, demographic and visit information, ICD-9-CM E and V-codes, and classified reasons for the visit.Results:The rates for ED visits of persons conveyed by ambulence were stable between 1997 and 2003, consisting of approximately one in every seven ED visits (14%). In 2003, there were 16.2 million ED visits for which an ambulance was used in the US. However, for patients with mental health visits, nearly one in three ED presentations (31%) arrived by ambulance. Significantly higher rates of ambulance use were associated with: (1) mental health visits; (2) older age; (3) African-Americans; (4) Medicare or self-pay insurance status; (5) urban ED location; (6) US regions outside of the South; (7) presentation between 12 midnight to 0800 hours; (8) injury-related visits; (9) urgent visit status; and/or (10) those resulting in hospital admission. Among mental health patients, older age, self-pay insurance status, urban ED location, regions outside the southern US, and urgent visit classification predicted ambulance use. Ambulance usage within the mental health group was highest for suicide and lowest for mood and anxiety disorder-related visits.Conclusion:Reliance on ambulance services varies by age, insurance status, geographic factors, time of day, urgency of visit, subsequent admission status, and type of mental health disorder. Even after controlling for many confounding factors, mental health problems remain an important predictor of ambulance use.
Molecular characterization of oil palmElaeis guineensisJacq. of different origins for their utilization in breeding programmes
Authors: Arias Diana , Ochoa Iván , Castro Fernando , Romero Hernán 
Published: March 2014

Sustainable development of a breeding programme depends on having sufficient genetic variability to achieve genetic gains in each selection cycle. The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize families of the oil palm,Elaeis guineensisJacq., of different origins using microsatellite molecular markers. The value of the observed heterozygosity was higher than that of the expected heterozygosity in all of the progenies. The coefficients (GST= 0.207 andFST= 0.174) and AMOVA showed genotypic differences among the evaluated families. Likewise, this was reflected in the groups obtained by the dendrogram and principal coordinate analyses. This difference could have evolved due to the enrichment of some of the families with germplasm from different origins. Therefore, genetic relationships estimated from molecular data would be convenient to select families more distant from each group and palms more distant from each family selected to reserve genetic variability. This information will guide us in the decision-making process when planning breeding programmes focused on crosses to develop new populations with an acceptable broad genetic base and adaptability. In this way, sources of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors can be identified for the development of new varieties with competitive advantages for the sector.
In search of ligands and receptors of the pollen tube: the missing link in pollen tube perception
Authors: Hafidh Said , Potěšil David , Fíla Jan , Feciková Jana , Čapková Věra , Zdráhal Zbyněk , Honys David 
Published: March 2014

The journey undertaken by the pollen tube in angiosperms to reach the deeply embedded female gametophyte for fertilization involves persistent guidance by the female gametophyte and accurate perception of the signals by the pollen tube. Several ovule-secreted peptides have been identified. Nevertheless, there are no exact findings on how these signals are perceived by the pollen tube. As a novel approach, we have improvised a modified SIV (semi-in vivo) technique, SIV-PS (SIV pollen tube secretome), to perform gel-free LC–MS/MS for high-throughput analysis of pollen-tube-secreted proteins. Our approach has led to the identification of over 1400 protein groups. Among them are pollen-tube-secreted ligands and receptor proteins representing potential male components in perceiving ovule-emitted cues for guidance. The present article reviews the missing link in pollen tube perception and showcases the improvised SIV-PS as a tool for high-throughput and targeted study of the pollen tube secretome.
Genetic control of identity and growth in the early Arabidopsis embryo
Authors: Weijers Dolf 
Published: March 2014

Plants can grow complex and elaborate structures, in some species for thousands of years. Despite the diversity in form and shape, plants are built from a limited number of fundamental tissue types, and their arrangement is deeply conserved in the plant kingdom. A key question in biology is how these fundamental tissues, i.e. epidermal, ground and vascular tissue, are specified and organized in time and space. In the present paper, I discuss the use of the early Arabidopsis embryo as a model system to dissect the control of tissue formation and patterning, as well as the specification of the stem cells that sustain post-embryonic growth. I present recent insights into the molecules and mechanisms that control both the specification and the subsequent growth of the different cell types within the embryonic root. Finally, I discuss major unanswered questions and future challenges in using the embryo as a model to decipher the regulatory logic of plant development.
Glyoxalases and stress tolerance in plants
Authors: Kaur Charanpreet , Ghosh Ajit , Pareek Ashwani , Sopory Sudhir K. , Singla-Pareek Sneh L. 
Published: March 2014

The glyoxalase pathway is required for detoxification of cytotoxic metabolite MG (methylglyoxal) that would otherwise increase to lethal concentrations under adverse environmental conditions. Since its discovery 100 years ago, several roles have been assigned to glyoxalases, but, in plants, their involvement in stress response and tolerance is the most widely accepted role. The plant glyoxalases have emerged as multigene family and this expansion is considered to be important from the perspective of maintaining a robust defence machinery in these sessile species. Glyoxalases are known to be differentially regulated under stress conditions and their overexpression in plants confers tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. In the present article, we review the importance of glyoxalases in plants, discussing possible roles with emphasis on involvement of the glyoxalase pathway in plant stress tolerance.