bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
There’s the Rub: a narrative review of the benefits and complications associated with Vicks VapoRub use
Authors: Valido Austin , Boncompagni Ana Carolina , Tsang Michelle , Hume Patricia 
Published: February 2025

Background
Vicks VapoRub (VVR) is a globally popular over-the-counter remedy marketed for use as a topical antitussive and analgesic. This review seeks to provide health professionals and care providers with a thorough summary of the benefits and complications associated with VVR use reported in the medical literature, identify off-label consumer behaviors that might increase the risk of health complications, and encourage further research into over-the-counter (OTC) medications.

Methods
Three databases—PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase—aided in creating a pool of 220 studies. For inclusion, studies had to discuss the therapeutic application of VVR in humans or a complication arising from its use.

Findings
Thirty-seven articles were found to meet inclusion criteria. Nine synthesis groups were created: three groups concern the product’s efficacy in regard to upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptom treatment (n = 7), onychomycosis treatment (n = 2), and in the context of wound care (n = 2). Six groups collate case reports that describe VVR-related complications, including VVR-associated lipid pneumonia (n = 11), ocular injury (n = 5), camphor toxicity (n = 5), dermatological conditions (n = 3), psychosis (n = 1), and respiratory distress (n = 1). The evidence around the use of VVR for the treatment of URTI symptoms and onychomycosis is limited and inconclusive. Even more limited cross-sectional data concerns its use in wound care. Many of the complications described in our study (e.g., multi-organ failure, ocular evisceration, severe pneumonia) involve product misuse. This review was designed to help guide patients on the safe and appropriate use of VVR (e.g., advising patients to avoid heating, ingesting, or intranasal/intrabuccal/ocular application of the product). In general, the severity of complications associated with misuse of VVR highlights the importance of complementary and alternative medicine disclosure and discussion.
Development and validation of a nomogram predicting multidrug-resistant tuberculosis risk in East China
Authors: He Fang , Wang Shu , Wang Hua , Ding Xing , Huang Pengfei , Fan Xiaoyun 
Published: February 2025

Objective
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a global health threat. Our study aimed to develop and externally validate a nomogram to estimate the probability of MDR-TB in patients with TB.

Methods
A total of 453 patients with TB in Anhui Chest Hospital between January 2019 and December 2020 were included in the training cohort. In addition, 116 patients with TB from Anhui Provincial Hospital Infection District between January 2015 and November 2023 were included in the validation cohort. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to build a predictive model by combining the feature selected in the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model. The C-index, calibration plot, and decision curve analysis were implemented to evaluate the predictive model’s discrimination, calibration, and clinical practicality. Then, logistic regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) models were constructed using R software, and the accuracy, goodness of fit, and stability of the models were verified using the validation cohort.

Results
Eight variables of patients with TB were selected using the best penalization parameter of the LASSO regression method, and the nomogram was established. The model displayed good discrimination with a C-index of 0.752 and good calibration. A high C-index value of 0.825 could still be reached in the validation cohort. The decision curve analysis demonstrated the clinical value of the model.

Conclusion
In this study, we constructed the LASSO regression model based on eight clinical traits and outcomes of laboratory tests, providing a novel insight for evaluating MDR-TB.
Evaluation of Formulated Suspension with Varying Concentrations of Pectin Derived from Mango (Mangifera indica Linn.) Peel and Acacia (Acacia Senegal L.) as Suspending Agents
Authors: Nyabuti Ian M. 
Published: February 2025

Background: Nature has provided us a wide variety of materials to help improve and sustain the health of all living things either directly or indirectly. Pharmaceutical excipients used as suspending agents from natural sources are preferable due to their biocompatibility, abundance, and positive impact on the environment. Mangifera indica peel is excessively produced as a by-product of local food processing plants in Cebu. The objective of the study is to characterize the formulated suspensions with varying concentration of pectin from mango peel and acacia (Acacia Senegal L) as a suspending agent.
Objective: Determine the characteristics of the formulated suspensions with varying concentrations of pectin from mango peel and acacia as suspending agents
Methods: Paracetamol suspensions were prepared with mango pectin at concentrations of 2, 3 and 4 % and acacia (3%) as standard. The prepared suspensions were characterized based on sedimentation volume, degree of flocculation, flow rate, pH, viscosity and redispersibility.
Results and discussions: Mango pectin exhibited good sedimentation volume and viscosity-enhancing property, qualities which are important as a suspending agent in pharmaceutical suspensions.
Conclusion: The present review provided an overview of various aspects of natural suspending agent like general extraction method, physicochemical properties which supported the possible utility of mango peel derived pectin as a potential biomaterial in formulating pharmaceutical suspensions.
Effect of Foliar Application of Signal Molecules on Growth Characteristics and Rice Yield (Oryza sativa L.) on Salinity Resilience
Authors: K. R Shalini , M Ravi Babu , Ch Mukunda Rao , M Girija Rani , K Jayalalitha 
Published: February 2025

Aims: The present study highlights the effect of foliar applied signal molecules on growth, yield and yield attributes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salinity stress.
Study Design: Randomized block design.
Place and Duration of Study: Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh during kharif, 2023-24.
Methodology: Experiment was carried out with two contrast varieties (MCM103- Salt tolerant, as a check; BPT 5204- Salt susceptible) and with eight treatments viz., MCM 103 (Check variety) - T1, 0.25 mM/L of SNP - T2, 0.50 mM/L of SA -T3, 0.50 mM/L of BR -T4, 0.25 mM/L SNP+ 0.50 mM/L SA -T5, 0.25 mM/L SNP+ 0.50 mM/L BR -T6, 0.25 mM/L SNP+ 0.50 mM/L SA+ 0.50 mM/L BR -T7 and No spray control -T8 in three replications.
Results: The present study revealed that the foliar application of consortia, 0.25mM/L Sodium nitro prusside + 0.50mM/L Salicylic acid + 0.50mM/L Brassinosteroids (T7) showed better results under salinity stress of 4 dSm-1 in terms of improving growth besides increasing the yield and yield contributing characters in BPT 5204, a salt sensitive variety of rice.
Conclusion: The foliar application of 0.25 mM/L of Sodium nitro prusside + 0.50 mM/L of Salicylic acid + 0.50 mM/L of Brassinosteroids at before and after reproductive stages under soil salinity of 4 dSm-1 can minimize the effect of salinity stress in BPT 5204.
A biota of Ediacaran aspect from lower Cambrian strata on the Digermul Peninsula, Arctic Norway
Authors: CRIMES T. P. , McILROY D. 
Published: July 2002

Three elements of the ‘Ediacara fauna’ are described from lower Cambrian strata on the
Digermul Peninsula, Norway. Nimbia occlusa Fedonkin, 1980 and Tirasiana sp. occur approximately
80 m above the base of the Lower Breivik Member, which approximately coincides with the
Neoproterozoic–Cambrian boundary. A specimen of Cyclomedusa sp. has also been found in the
Lower Duolbasgaissa Member about 600 m above the boundary, in rocks of trilobite-bearing age.These discoveries add to a growing body of evidence that some elements of the dominantly
Neoproterozoic Ediacara fauna continue into the Phanerozoic, thereby diminishing the scope of a
possible late Neoproterozoic mass-extinction event.The taxa described here, particularly Nimbia and Cyclomedusa, also occur at many other localities
within Neoproterozoic strata and, in common with other elements of the Ediacara fauna, display
remarkable morphological variation. Some of this diversity in form is probably caused by environmental
and preservational factors. The possibility that it may, at least in part, reflect an inability of these
early life forms to replicate faithfully their genes during reproduction should, however, not be overlooked.
Robert Creeley and Robert
Duncan: A World of Contradiction
Authors: ENTWISTLE ALICE 
Published: July 2002

Robert Creeley's long and productive writing life has resolutely
witnessed
personal rather than public change. Notoriously self-absorbed, his reticent

poetry is fiercely individual in style and solipsistic in outlook. Like
the
poet, a man of few words, wryly humorous and intelligently self-contained,

Creeley's poems seem determined “to say as little as possible

as often as possible.” Yet the tightly crafted economy of this poetic
idiom
masks a curious amplitude which is easy to overlook. The tension
between the persistent “circularities” in Creeley's work,
his concern with
the dualistic energies of contradiction and paradox, and the brevity with

which such concerns are typically addressed, is worth noting, especially
in
the light of Creeley's abiding friendship with fellow poet, Robert
Duncan,
of whom Creeley once remarked:I've always felt very close to him as a writer, although our modes
of writing must
seem to readers quite apart. I tend to write very sparely, and Robert has
a lovely,
relaxed and generous kind of movement. But…[he] showed
me kinds of content
that I hadn't previously recognized.
Compressibility effects in a turbulent annular mixing layer. Part 1. Turbulence and growth rate
Authors: FREUND JONATHAN B. , LELE SANJIVA K. , MOIN PARVIZ 
Published: July 2002

This work uses direct numerical simulations of time evolving annular mixing layers,
which correspond to the early development of round jets, to study compressibility
effects on turbulence in free shear flows. Nine cases were considered with convective
Mach numbers ranging from Mc = 0.1 to 1.8 and turbulence Mach numbers reaching
as high as Mt = 0.8.Growth rates of the simulated mixing layers are suppressed with increasing Mach
number as observed experimentally. Also in accord with experiments, the mean velocity
difference across the layer is found to be inadequate for scaling most turbulence
statistics. An alternative scaling based on the mean velocity difference across a typical
large eddy, whose dimension is determined by two-point spatial correlations,
is proposed and validated. Analysis of the budget of the streamwise component of
Reynolds stress shows how the new scaling is linked to the observed growth rate
suppression. Dilatational contributions to the budget of turbulent kinetic energy are
found to increase rapidly with Mach number, but remain small even at Mc = 1.8
despite the fact that shocklets are found at high Mach numbers. Flow visualizations
show that at low Mach numbers the mixing region is dominated by large azimuthally
correlated rollers whereas at high Mach numbers the flow is dominated by small
streamwise oriented structures. An acoustic timescale limitation for supersonically
deforming eddies is found to be consistent with the observations and scalings and is
offered as a possible explanation for the decrease in transverse lengthscale.
Static wall layers in the displacement of two visco-plastic fluids in a plane channel
Authors: ALLOUCHE M. , FRIGAARD I. A. , SONA G. 
Published: July 2002

In a plane-channel displacement flow of two visco-plastic fluids, it is possible for
there to be a static residual layer of the displaced fluid left stuck to the walls of
the channel. This phenomenon provides an idealized model for the formation of a
wet micro-annulus, due to poor mud removal, during the primary cementing of an
oil well. Using a lubrication approximation, it is shown that sufficient conditions for
the non-existence of a static wall layer can be computed simply in terms of two
dimensionless parameters: the Bingham number for the displacing fluid (B1) and the
ratio of the yield stresses of the two fluids (ϕY). When these conditions are not met,
it is possible to compute the maximum possible static wall layer thickness hmax, which
depends on B1, ϕY and on a third dimensionless
parameter ϕB, a buoyancy to yield stress ratio.On computing displacements using the lubrication approximation, the interface is
observed to asymptotically approach the maximum static layer thickness as t → ∞.
Results from fully two-dimensional displacement computations are also presented.
These indicate that the displacement front propagates at a steady speed along the
channel, leaving behind a static layer which is significantly thinner than hmax. Surprisingly,
the computed static layer thickness is observed to decrease with a parametric
increase in the dimensionless yield stress of the displaced fluid. To explain these results
we analyse the streamline configuration close to a steadily advancing displacement
front. We demonstrate heuristically that the local visco-plastic dissipation functional
will be approximately minimized by a critical layer thickness at which the displaced
fluid begins to recirculate ahead of the displacement front. Comparison of the critical
recirculation limit with the static layer thickness computed from the fully transient
model gives a very close agreement, suggesting that a form of energy minimization is
responsible in this case for selecting the static layer thickness.
Kinematic dynamo action in large magnetic Reynolds number flows driven by shear and convection
Authors: PONTY YANNICK , GILBERT ANDREW D. , SOWARD ANDREW M. 
Published: July 2002

A numerical investigation is presented of kinematic dynamo action in a dynamically
driven fluid flow. The model isolates basic dynamo processes relevant to field generation
in the Solar tachocline. The horizontal plane layer geometry adopted is chosen as
the local representation of a differentially rotating spherical fluid shell at co-latitude
ϑ; the unit vectors [xcirc ], ŷ and zˆ
point east, north and vertically upwards respectively.
Relative to axes moving easterly with the local bulk motion of the fluid the rotation
vector Ω lies in the (y, z)-plane inclined at an angle
ϑ to the z-axis, while the base of
the layer moves with constant velocity in the x-direction. An Ekman layer is formed
on the lower boundary characterized by a strong localized spiralling shear flow. This
basic state is destabilized by a convective instability through uniform heating at the
base of the layer, or by a purely hydrodynamic instability of the Ekman layer shear
flow. The onset of instability is characterized by a horizontal wave vector inclined at
some angle ∈ to the x-axis. Such motion is two-dimensional, dependent only on two
spatial coordinates together with time. It is supposed that this two-dimensionality
persists into the various fully nonlinear regimes in which we study large magnetic
Reynolds number kinematic dynamo action.When the Ekman layer flow is destabilized hydrodynamically, the fluid flow that
results is steady in an appropriately chosen moving frame, and takes the form of a
row of cat's eyes. Kinematic magnetic field growth is characterized by modes of two
types. One is akin to the Ponomarenko dynamo mechanism and located close to some
closed stream surface; the other appears to be associated with stagnation points and
heteroclinic separatrices.When the Ekman layer flow is destabilized thermally, the well-developed convective
instability far from onset is characterized by a flow that is intrinsically time-dependent
in the sense that it is unsteady in any moving frame. The magnetic field is concentrated
in magnetic sheets situated around the convective cells in regions where chaotic particle
paths are likely to exist; evidence for fast dynamo action is obtained. The presence
of the Ekman layer close to the bottom boundary breaks the up–down symmetry of
the layer and localizes the magnetic field near the lower boundary.
Vortex generation by line plumes in a rotating stratified fluid
Authors: BUSH JOHN W. M. , WOODS ANDREW W. 
Published: July 2002

We present the results of an experimental investigation of the generation of coherent
vortical structures by buoyant line plumes in rotating fluids. Both uniform and
stratified ambients are considered. By combining the scalings describing turbulent
plumes and geostrophically balanced vortices, we develop a simple model which
predicts the scale of the coherent vortical structures in excellent accord with laboratory
experiments.We examine the motion induced by a constant buoyancy flux per unit length B,
released for a finite time ts, from a source
of length L into a fluid rotating with angular
speed Ω = f/2. When the plume discharges into a uniformly stratified environment
characterized by a constant Brunt–Väisälä frequency,
N>f, the fluid rises to its level
of neutral buoyancy unaffected by the system rotation before intruding as a gravity
current. Rotation has a strong impact on the subsequent dynamics: shear develops
across the spreading neutral cloud which eventually goes unstable, breaking into a
chain of anticyclonic lenticular vortices. The number of vortices n emerging from the
instability of the neutral cloud,
n = (0.65±0.1)Lf1/2/
(t1/2sB1/3),
is independent of the
ambient stratification, which serves only to prescribe the intrusion height and aspect
ratio of the resulting vortex structures. The experiments indicate that the Prandtl ratio
characterizing the geostrophic vortices is given by
P = Nh/(fR) = 0.47±0.12; where
h and R are, respectively, the half-height and radius of the vortices.
The lenticular vortices may merge soon after formation, but are generally stable and persist
until they are spun-down by viscous effects.When the fluid is homogeneous, the plume fluid rises until it impinges on a free
surface. The nature of the flow depends critically on the relative magnitudes of the
layer depth H and the rotational lengthscale
Lf = B1/3/f.
For H>10Lf, the ascent
phase of the plume is influenced by the system rotation and the line plume breaks
into a series of unstable anticylonic columns of characteristic radius
(5.3±1.0)B1/3/f
which typically interact and lose their coherence before surfacing. When
H<10Lf, the
system rotation does not influence the plume ascent, but does control the spreading of
the gravity current at the free surface. In a manner analogous to that observed in the
stratified ambient, shear develops across the surface current, which eventually becomes
unstable and generates a series of anticyclonic surface eddies with characteristic radius
(1.6±0.2)B1/3t1/3s
/f2/3. These surface eddies are significantly more stable than their
columnar counterparts, but less so than the lenticular eddies arising in the uniformly
stratified ambient.The relevance of the study to the formation of coherent vortical structures by leads
in the polar ocean and hydrothermal venting is discussed.
Conversion and onomasiological theory
Authors: VALERA SALVADOR 
Published: July 2002

Pavol štekauer,A theory of conversion in English.
Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1996. Pp. 155.When, in 1891, Henry Sweet (1891–98, I: 38–40) used the term CONVERSION
for the process that today is also known as ZERO-DERIVATION, he was
probably not aware of the debate that the description of this process would
still raise one century later.štekauer's book bears witness to a renewed interest in conversion. Such an
interest partly stems from the fact that it is a simple (or, at least, apparently
so), extremely productive process, but also because it remains a challenge to
descriptive linguistics. How conversion operates, what its limits are, how
converted units should be categorised in the study of morphology and lexis,
and even what its real nature is are still open questions despite the attention
given to this issue ever since Sweet's grammar.This book meets some of these questions in the framework of an
onomasiological theory, which will be briefly discussed below. The book
consists of nine chapters, a section for notes and another for references. The
introduction (chapter 1, pp. 11–13) justifies the work and outlines the
structure of the book. The remaining eight chapters deal with the description
of conversion in the literature (chapter 2, pp. 15–22), its interpretation as
zero-derivation (chapter 3, pp. 23–43), the onomasiological theory and
conversion (chapter 4, pp. 45–53), phonological variation (chapter 5, pp.
55–95), the use and semantic range of converted units (chapter 6, pp.
97–113), proper nouns and conversion (chapter 7, pp. 115–126), directionality
(chapter 8, pp. 127–133), and the productivity of conversion (chapter 9, pp.
135–141).
Genetic risk factors for major depression in men and women: similar or different heritabilities and same or partly distinct genes?
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , GARDNER C. O. , NEALE M. C. , PRESCOTT C. A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Although women are at consistently greater risk for major depression (MD) than men, it is unclear whether sex modifies the aetiological impact of genetic factors on MD. Is the heritability of MD different in men and women? Do the same genetic risk factors predispose to MD in the two sexes?Methods. We obtained a lifetime history of MD by personal interview on two occasions from 6672 individual twins and 2974 complete twin pairs. Three diagnostic criteria of increasing narrowness were employed: DSM-III-R, DSM-III-R plus impairment and Washington University. To increase power by controlling for unreliability of assessment, we evaluated sex differences on genetic risk for MD using a structural equation measurement model.Results. Using DSM-III-R criteria, but not the two narrower definitions, heritability of MD was significantly greater in women than in men. In the three diagnostic systems, the genetic correlation in liability to MD in men and women was estimated at between +0·50 and +0·65. These estimates differed significantly from unity for the two broader definitions.Conclusion. Using broad but not narrower definitions of illness, genetic factors play a greater role in the aetiology of MD in women than in men. The genes that influence risk for MD in the two sexes are correlated but are probably not entirely the same. These results raise the possibility that, in linkage and association studies, the impact of some loci on risk for MD will differ in men and women.