bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric Wake of Madeira: First Aerial Observations and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Grubišić Vanda , Sachsperger Johannes , Caldeira Rui M. A. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The island of Madeira is well known for giving rise to atmospheric wakes. Strong and unsteady atmospheric wakes, resembling a von Kármán vortex street, are frequently observed in satellite images leeward of Madeira, especially during summer months, when conditions favoring the formation of atmospheric wakes occur frequently under the influence of the Azores high.
Reported here is the analysis of the first airborne measurements of Madeira’s wake collected during the 2010 Island-induced Wake (I-WAKE) campaign. High-resolution in situ and remote sensing data were collected in the I-WAKE by a research aircraft. The measurements reveal distinctive wake signatures, including strong lateral wind shear zones and warm and dry eddies downwind of the island. A strong anticorrelation of the horizontal wind speed and sea surface temperature (SST) was found within the wake.
High-resolution numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model were used to study the dynamics of the wake generation and its temporal evolution. The comparison of the model results and observations reveals a remarkable fidelity of the simulated wake features within the marine boundary layer (MBL). Strong potential vorticity (PV) anomalies were found in the simulated MBL wake, emanating from the flanks of the island. The response of the wake formation within the MBL to surface friction and enhanced thermal forcing is explored through the model sensitivity analyses.
Robust Warming Pattern of Global Subtropical Oceans and Its Mechanism
Authors: Wang Guihua , Xie Shang-Ping , Huang Rui Xin , Chen Changlin 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The subsurface ocean response to anthropogenic climate forcing remains poorly characterized. From the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), a robust response of the lower thermocline is identified, where the warming is considerably weaker in the subtropics than in the tropics and high latitudes. The lower thermocline change is inversely proportional to the thermocline depth in the present climatology. Ocean general circulation model (OGCM) experiments show that sea surface warming is the dominant forcing for the subtropical gyre change in contrast to natural variability for which wind dominates, and the ocean response is insensitive to the spatial pattern of surface warming. An analysis based on a ventilated thermocline model shows that the pattern of the lower thermocline change can be interpreted in terms of the dynamic response to the strengthened stratification and downward heat mixing. Consequently, the subtropical gyres become intensified at the surface but weakened in the lower thermcline, consistent with results from CMIP experiments.
Heterogeneous Mixture Distributions for Modeling Multisource Extreme Rainfalls*
Authors: Shin Ju-Young , Lee Taesam , Ouarda Taha B. M. J. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Frequency analysis has been widely applied to investigate the behavior and characteristics of hydrometeorological variables. Hydrometeorological variables occasionally show mixture distributions when multiple generating phenomena cause the extreme events to occur. In such cases, a mixture distribution should be applied. Past studies on mixture distributions assumed that they are drawn from the same probability density functions. In fact, many hydrometeorological variables can consist of different types of probability density functions. Research on heterogeneous mixture distributions can lead to improvements in understanding the behavior and characteristics of hydrometeorological variables and in the capacity to model them properly. In the present study heterogeneous mixture distributions are developed to model extreme hydrometeorological events. To fit heterogeneous mixture distributions, the authors present an extension of the metaheuristic maximum likelihood approach. The performance of the parameter estimation method employed was verified through simulation tests. The fits of nonmixture, homogeneous mixture, and heterogeneous mixture distributions were evaluated through the application to a real-world case study of the extreme rainfall events of South Korea. Results indicate that the heterogeneous mixture distribution is a good alternative when sources possessing dissimilar statistical characteristics influence extreme hydrometeorological variables.
Forecast Comparison Based on Random Walks
Authors: DelSole Timothy , Tippett Michael K. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper proposes a procedure based on random walks for testing and visualizing differences in forecast skill. The test is formally equivalent to the sign test and has numerous attractive statistical properties, including being independent of distributional assumptions about the forecast errors and being applicable to a wide class of measures of forecast quality. While the test is best suited for independent outcomes, it provides useful information even when serial correlation exists. The procedure is applied to deterministic ENSO forecasts from the North American Multimodel Ensemble and yields several revealing results, including 1) the Canadian models are the most skillful dynamical models, even when compared to the multimodel mean; 2) a regression model is significantly more skillful than all but one dynamical model (to which it is equally skillful); and 3) in some cases, there are significant differences in skill between ensemble members from the same model, potentially reflecting differences in initialization. The method requires only a few years of data to detect significant differences in the skill of models with known errors/biases, suggesting that the procedure may be useful for model development and monitoring of real-time forecasts.
Effects of modified sit-to-stand training on balance control in hemiplegic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Liu Meng , Chen Jin , Fan Wenxiang , Mu Jingsong , Zhang Jinlong , Wang Li , Zhuang Jianhai , Ni Chaomin 
Published: August 2015

Objective: To explore the effectiveness of modified sit-to-stand training on balance function in hemiplegic stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Rehabilitation medical centre. Participants: A total of 50 hemiplegic patients with stroke were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups ( n = 25 for each group). Interventions: Patients in the control group received the sit-to-stand training with symmetrical foot position, while patients in the experimental group were given the modified sit-to-stand training in which the paretic foot placed posterior. Subjects in both groups received 30 minutes of sit-to-stand training, five times a week, for four weeks. Main outcome measures: The time and weight-bearing distribution during sit-to-stand movement, the centre of pressure sway length during quiet standing, the centre of pressure sway areas during dynamic standing and Berg Balance Scale were assessed before and after completing the four-week sit-to-stand training. Results: Our data showed significant improvements in standing balance and the sit-to-stand movement for two groups in the post-training compared with the pre-training. After training, the rise time shortened more significantly in the experimental group (mean change, 0.90 ±0.25 seconds) than the control group (mean change, 0.42 ±0.18 seconds). Weight-bearing asymmetry showed significantly greater improvement in the experimental group (mean change, 0.17 ±0.10) than in the control group (mean change, 0.06 ±0.05). Centre of pressure sway length was significantly smaller in the experimental group (mean change, 27.85 ±10.58 cm) than in the control group (mean change, 21.95 ±8.19 cm). Centre of pressure sway areas was significantly larger in the experimental group (mean change, 84.24 ±26.48 cm2) than in the control group (mean change, 67.74 ±22.84 cm2) ( P = 0.027). The Berg Balance Scale was significantly higher in the experiment group (mean change, 8.4 ±3.1) than the control group (mean change, 5.8±2.8). Conclusions: A modified sit-to-stand training improves the balance function in hemiplegic stroke patients.
Relationship Between Glenoid Defects and Hill-Sachs Lesions in Shoulders With Traumatic Anterior Instability
Authors: Nakagawa Shigeto , Ozaki Ritsuro , Take Yasuhiro , Iuchi Ryo , Mae Tatsuo 
Published: August 2015

Background: While the combination of a glenoid defect and a Hill-Sachs lesion in a shoulder with anterior instability has recently been termed a bipolar lesion, their relationship is unclear. Purpose: To investigate the relationship of the glenoid defect and Hill-Sachs lesion and the factors that influence the occurrence of these lesions as well as the recurrence of instability. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The prevalence and size of both lesions were evaluated retrospectively by computed tomography scanning in 153 shoulders before arthroscopic Bankart repair. First, the relationship of lesion prevalence and size was investigated. Then, factors influencing the occurrence of bipolar lesions were assessed. Finally, the influence of these lesions on recurrence of instability was investigated in 103 shoulders followed for a minimum of 2 years. Results: Bipolar lesions, isolated glenoid defects/isolated Hill-Sachs lesions, and no lesion were detected in 86, 45, and 22 shoulders (56.2%, 29.4%, and 14.4%), respectively. As the glenoid defect became larger, the Hill-Sachs lesion also increased in size. However, the size of these lesions showed a weak correlation, and large Hill-Sachs lesions did not always coexist with large glenoid defects. The prevalence of bipolar lesions was 33.3% in shoulders with primary instability and 61.8% in shoulders with recurrent instability. In relation to the total events of dislocations/subluxations, the prevalence was 44.2% in shoulders with 1 to 5 events, 69.0% in shoulders with 6 to 10 events, and 82.8% in shoulders with ≥11 events. Regarding the type of sport, the prevalence was 58.9% in athletes playing collision sports, 53.3% in athletes playing contact sports, and 29.4% in athletes playing overhead sports. Postoperative recurrence of instability was 0% in shoulders without lesions, 0% with isolated Hill-Sachs lesions, 8.3% with isolated glenoid defects, and 29.4% with bipolar lesions. The presence of a bipolar lesion significantly influenced the recurrence rate, but lesion size did not. Conclusion: The prevalence of bipolar lesions was approximately 60%. As glenoid defects became larger, Hill-Sachs lesions also enlarged, but there was no strong correlation. Bipolar lesions were frequent in patients with recurrent instability, patients with repetitive dislocation/subluxation, and those playing collision/contact sports. Instability showed a high recurrence rate in shoulders with bipolar lesions.
The Impact of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes on WHO-Recommended Breastfeeding Practices
Authors: Piwoz Ellen G. , Huffman Sandra L. 
Published: August 2015

Background: Suboptimal breastfeeding results in 800 000 child deaths annually. There are multiple causes of suboptimal breastfeeding, including marketing of breast-milk substitutes. Objectives: To describe sales and marketing of breast-milk substitutes and their influence on World Health Organization-recommended breastfeeding behaviors, focusing on low- and middle-income countries. Methods: Literature review. Results: Global sales of breast-milk substitutes reached US$40 billion in 2013. Growth in sales exceeds 10% annually in many low- and middle-income countries, while it is close to stagnant in high-income countries. Breast-milk substitutes are marketed directly to consumers via mass media and print advertisements and indirectly via incentives, free supplies, and promotions to and through health workers and facilities, retailers, and policy makers. Internet marketing via company web sites and social media is on the rise. Marketing influences social norms by making formula use seem to be extensive, modern, and comparable to or better than breast milk. Clear evidence of a negative impact is found when breast-milk substitutes are provided for free in maternity facilities and when they are promoted by health workers and in the media. Influences through other channels are plausible, but rigorous studies are lacking. It was not possible with the data available to quantify the impact of marketing relative to other factors on suboptimal breastfeeding behaviors. Marketing remains widespread even in countries that have adopted the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes to restrict such activities. Conclusion: Adoption of stricter regulatory frameworks coupled with independent, quantitative monitoring and compliance enforcement are needed to counter the impacts of formula marketing globally.
No Female Disadvantage in Anthropometric Status among Children in India
Authors: Corsi Daniel J. , Gaffey Michelle F. , Bassani Diego G. , Subramanian S.V. 
Published: August 2015

Female disadvantage in child mortality, intra-household allocation of food and coverage of health interventions has been shown to exist in India. At the same time, there has been limited examination of female disadvantage in nutritional status. Using measures of anthropometry and anthropometric failure, we study female disadvantage in child nutritional status from the data collected from the Indian National Family Health Survey (NFHS) undertaken in 1992–1993 and 2005–2006. Height and/or weight measurements were available on 70,148 children aged 0–47 months in both survey periods. Child anthropometry (height/length-for-age [HAZ], weight-for-age [WAZ], weight-for-height/length [WHZ]) and anthropometric failure (defined according to the 2006 WHO growth standards as stunting, wasting and underweight) were analysed using linear and logistic regression models. In pooled regression models, boys were more likely to have lower anthropometric scores and higher rates of anthropometric failure. Across survey periods, the change in anthropometric status was greater for boys compared to girls for WAZ/underweight and WHZ/wasting, but was similar for HAZ/stunting. Boy–girl differences in anthropometry (with boys doing worse) were greater at less than 24 months of age and narrowed over time particularly in the 0–5 and 6–11 month age groups, resulting in no gender differences in anthropometric status. Declines in anthropometric status in HAZ/stunting and WAZ/underweight were found among third or higher birth order boys and girls, especially within families with two preceding children of the same sex but also in households with preceding children of mixed genders, suggesting a birth order effect as opposed to a birth order and gender effect. In 1992–1993 and 2005–2006, levels of anthropometric failure were higher among boys compared to girls in a majority of states. Although girls had lower levels of anthropometric failure, the magnitude of the between survey period decline was higher in girls in fewer states compared to boys (5/20, 7/25 and 10/20 states for stunting, underweight and wasting, respectively).  In summary, in the most recently available data, using measures of anthropometric status, we did not find consistent evidence for female disadvantage in nutritional status among girls in India.
Clinical efficacy and safety following dose tapering of ciclosporin in cats with hypersensitivity dermatitis
Authors: Roberts Elizabeth S , Tapp Tiffany , Trimmer Ann , Roycroft Linda , King Stephen 
Published: August 2015

Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of reducing ciclosporin (CsA) dosing frequency from daily to every other day (EOD) or twice a week (TW) according to clinical response in cats with hypersensitivity dermatitis (HD) and treated with CsA. Methods One hundred and ninety-one cats with HD were given 7 mg/kg CsA daily for at least 4 weeks. Depending on clinical response, the dosing frequency was tapered from daily to EOD over the next 4 weeks and further to TW for an additional 4 weeks. Safety was evaluated through physical examinations, clinical pathology and the monitoring of adverse events (AEs). Results The majority of cats were able to have their dose of CsA tapered to either EOD (15.5%) or TW (62.9%) according to the clinical response. Observed AEs were most frequently mild and self-limiting vomiting and diarrhea. A higher percentage of AEs occurred with daily administration (73%) compared with other dosing regimens (27%). Conclusions and relevance Following 4 weeks of daily dosing at 7 mg/kg, CsA may be tapered to EOD or TW while maintaining the desired therapeutic response in cats with HD. Additionally, CsA appears to be well tolerated with fewer AEs at EOD or TW dosing. Establishing the lowest effective dosing frequency of CsA improves the drug’s safety profile.
Functional Changes of Dendritic Cells in C6 Glioma-Bearing Rats That Underwent Combined Argon-Helium Cryotherapy and IL-12 Treatment
Authors: Li Ming , Cui Yao , Li Xiqing , Guo Yanwu , Wang Bin , Zhang Jiadong , Xu Jian , Han Shuangyin , Shi Xiwen 
Published: August 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore changes in tumor tissues of glioma-bearing rats that underwent argon–helium cryoablation as well as changes in antitumor immunity before and after combined interleukin 12 treatment. Methods: Two hundred sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into a blank control group, intravenous injection interleukin-12 group, cryotherapy group, and cryotherapy + intravenous injection group. C6 glioma cells proliferated in vitro were implanted subcutaneously on the backs of rats to establish C6 glioma-bearing animal models. Each group underwent the corresponding treatments, and morphological changes in tumor tissues were examined using hematoxylin–eosin staining. CD11c staining was examined using immunohistochemistry, and differences in dendritic cells and T-cell subsets before and after treatment were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results: The control group showed no statistical changes in terms of tumor tissue morphology and cellular immunity, cryotherapy group, and cryotherapy + intravenous injection group, among which the count for the cryotherapy + intravenous injection group was significantly higher than those of all other groups. In the argon-helium cryotherapy group, tumor cells were damaged and dendritic cell markers were positive. The number of CD11c+ and CD86+ cells increased significantly after the operation as did the cytokine interferon-γ level ( P < .01), suggesting a shift toward Th1-type immunity. Conclusion: Combined treatment of argon–helium cryoablation and interleukin 12 for gliomas not only effectively injured tumor tissues but also boosted immune function and increased antitumor ability. Therefore, this approach is a promising treatment measure for brain gliomas.
Protecting Breastfeeding in West and Central Africa: Over 25 years of Implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes
Authors: Sokol Ellen , Clark David , Aguayo Victor M. 
Published: August 2015

Background In 1981 the World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes out of concern that inappropriate marketing of breastmilk substitutes was contributing to the alarming decline in breastfeeding worldwide and the increase in child malnutrition and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Objective To document progress, challenges, and lessons learned in the implementation of the International Code in West and Central Africa. Methods Data were obtained by literature review and interviews with key informants. Results Twelve of the 24 countries have laws, decrees, or regulations that implement all or most of the provisions of the Code, 6 countries have a draft law or decree that is awaiting government approval or have a government committee that is studying how best to implement the Code, 3 countries have a legal instrument that enacts a few provisions of the Code, and 3 countries have not taken any action to implement the Code. International declarations and initiatives for child nutrition and survival have provided impetus for national implementation of the Code. National action to regulate the marketing of breastmilk substitutes needs to be linked to national priorities for nutrition and child survival. A clearly defined scope is essential for effective implementation of national legislation. Leadership and support by health professionals is essential to endorse and enforce national legislation. Training on Code implementation is instrumental for national action; national implementation of the Code requires provisions and capacity to monitor and enforce the legislative framework and needs to be part of a multipronged strategy to advance national child nutrition and survival goals. Conclusions Nations in West and Central Africa have made important progress in implementing the International Code. More than 25 years after its adoption by the WHA, the Code remains as important as ever for child survival and development in West and Central Africa.
Iodine Deficiency in 2007: Global Progress since 2003
Authors: de Benoist Bruno , McLean Erin , Andersson Maria , Rogers Lisa 
Published: August 2015

Background Iodine deficiency is a global public health problem, and estimates of the extent of the problem were last produced in 2003. Objectives To provide updated global estimates of the magnitude of iodine deficiency in 2007, to assess progress since 2003, and to provide information on gaps in the data available. Methods Recently published, nationally representative data on urinary iodine (UI) in school-age children collected between 1997 and 2006 were used to update country estimates of iodine nutrition. These estimates, alongside the 2003 estimates for the remaining countries without new data, were used to generate updated global and regional estimates of iodine nutrition. The median UI was used to classify countries according to the public health significance of their iodine nutrition status. Progress was measured by comparing current prevalence figures with those from 2003. The data available for pregnant women by year of survey were also assessed. Results New UI data in school-age children were available for 41 countries, representing 45.4% of the world's school-age children. These data, along with previous country estimates for 89 countries, are the basis for the estimates and represent 91.1% of this population group. An estimated 31.5% of school-age children (266 million) have insufficient iodine intake. In the general population, 2 billion people have insufficient iodine intake. The number of countries where iodine deficiency is a public health problem is 47. Progress has been made: 12 countries have progressed to optimal iodine status, and the percentage of school-age children at risk of iodine deficiency has decreased by 5%. However, iodine intake is more than adequate, or even excessive, in 34 countries: an increase from 27 in 2003. There are insufficient data to estimate the global prevalence of iodine deficiency in pregnant women. Conclusions Global progress in controlling iodine deficiency has been made since 2003, but efforts need to be accelerated in order to eliminate this debilitating health issue that affects almost one in three individuals globally. Surveillance systems need to be strengthened to monitor both low and excessive intakes of iodine.