bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A preliminary exploration of the physical properties of seagrass wrack that affect its offshore transport, deposition, and retention on a beach
Authors: Oldham Carolyn , McMahon Kathryn , Brown Eloise , Bosserelle Cyprien , Lavery Paul 
Published: December 2014

Lay AbstractThe accumulation of seagrass wrack on beaches provides a link between the marine and terrestrial environments and has been shown to play an important role in beach ecology. However there are parts of the world where accumulations of wrack are so pronounced that the wrack piles affect beach shape, and erosion can block harbors and breakwaters. The production of poisonous gases caused by its decay can become a human health hazard. Ideally, numerical models should allow us to predict wrack accumulation under a variety of management scenarios; however, there are few data to use in such numerical modeling. Indeed our understanding of how wrack is deposited to and removed from beaches is limited. This paper provides an exploratory investigation of a range of physical properties of seagrass wrack and establishes a baseline understanding of how these physical properties might impact on its transport and accumulation onto beaches.
Mass Accretion Processes in Young Stellar Objects: Role of Intense Flaring Activity
Authors: Orlando Salvatore , Reale Fabio , Peres Giovanni , Mignone Andrea 
Published: December 2014

According to the magnetospheric accretion scenario, young low-mass stars are surrounded by circumstellar disks which they interact with through accretion of mass. The accretion builds up the star to its nal mass and is also believed to power the mass out ows, which may in turn have a signicant role in removing the excess angular momentum from the star-disk system. Although the process of mass accretion is a critical aspect of star formation, some of its mechanisms are still to be fully understood. On the other hand, strong aring activity is a common feature of young stellar objects (YSOs). In the Sun, such events give rise to perturbations of the interplanetary medium. Similar but more energetic phenomena occur in YSOs and may in uence the circumstellar environment. In fact, a recent study has shown that an intense flaring activity close to the disk may strongly perturb the stability of circumstellar disks, thus inducing mass accretion episodes (Orlando et al. 2011). Here we review the main results obtained in the eld and the future perspectives.
Black Hole Results from XMM-Newton
Authors: Schartel Norbert 
Published: December 2014

XMM-Newton is one of the most successful science missions of the European Space Agency. Since 2003 every year about 300 articles are published in refereed journals making directly use of XMM-Newton data. All XMM-Newton calls for observing proposals are highly oversubscribed by factors of six and more. In the following some scientic highlights of XMM-Newton observations of black holes are summarized.
Design and Tests of the Hard X-ray Polarimeter X-Calibur
Authors: Beilicke M. , Cowsik R. , Dowkontt P. , Guo Q. , Kislat F. , Barthelmy S. , Okajima T. , Mitchell J. W. , Schnittman J. , Zeiger B. , De Geronimo G. , Baring M. G. , Bodaghee A. , Miyazawa T. , Finkelstein K. D. , Krawczynski H. 
Published: December 2014

X-ray polarimetry promises to give qualitatively new information bout high-energy astrophysical sources, such as binary black hole systems, micro-quasars, active galactic nuclei, and gamma-ray bursts. We designed, built and tested ahard X-ray polarimeter, X-<em>Calibur</em>, to be used in the focal plane of the InFOCuS grazing incidence hard X-ray telescope.X-<em>Calibur</em> combines a low-Z Compton scatterer with a CZT detector assembly to measure the polarization of 20−60 keV X-rays making use of the fact that polarized photons Compton scatter preferentially perpendicular to the electric field orientation; in principal, a similar space-borne experiment could be operated in the 5−100 keV regime. X-<em>Calibur</em> achieves a high detection efficiency of order unity.
The importance of robust corpora in providing more realistic descriptions of variation in English grammar
Authors: Davies Mark 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This paper provides many concrete examples of how English grammar varies in important ways, as a function of differences between genres, as a function of language change, and as a function of differences between dialects. We also show – in great detail – how several recent corpora – such as COCA (2008), COHA (2011), GloWbE (2013), and the BYU interface to the Google Book n-grams (2012) – allow us to accurately examine this full range of variation, in ways that are not available with smaller corpora. As a result, these new corpora allow us to provide a much more reliable and insightful view into English syntax than was possible even four or five years ago.
Extraction studies of actinides and lanthanides by bifunctional H-phosphonates
Authors: Rao C. V. S. Brahmmananda , Jayalakshmi S. , Subramaniam S. , Sivaraman N. , Vasudeva Rao P. R. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The extraction behavior of actinides and lanthanides was investigated
by three homologues of H-phosphonates viz. diamylhydrogen
phosphonate (DAHP), dihexylhydrogen phosphonate (DHeHP) and
dioctylhydrogen phosphonate (DOHP). These compounds were synthesized,
characterized by using elemental analysis, IR, NMR (1H,
13C and 31P) and mass spectroscopy. The
extraction behavior of these ligands was compared with a member of
dialkylalkyl phosphonate viz. diamylamyl phosphonate (DAAP). The
present study has been taken up to understand the influence of
phosphorus bonded hydrogen and alkyl groups in H-phosphonates
on the extraction behavior of actinides and lanthanides. The important
physicochemical properties such as density, viscosity, phase
disengagement time, dispersion number and solubility are also reported
for the first time. These compounds extract actinides through the
P–OH group which is present in tautomeric equilibrium
with the P–H bond at lower acidities, and through the
phosphoryl group at higher acidities thus exhibiting a dual
behaviour. The physical properties can be modified by suitably
designing the extractant based on the requirement for a given
purpose. The H-phosphonates have potential applications in
pre-concentration of large quantities of dilute solutions of uranium
and plutonium.
Sequestering of thorium ions from aqueous media on rice husk: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Zafar Shagufta , Khalid Nasir , Mirza Muhammad Latif 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The adsorption behaviour of thorium on rice husk has been studied by optimizing different parameters like nature of
electrolyte, amount of adsorbent, equilibration time, metal concentration, and temperature, employing batch method and
radiotracer technique. Maximum adsorption was observed at 0.0001 mol L
–1 HNO3, using 0.1 g of
adsorbent for 4 cm3 of 5.19 · 10
–5 mol L
–1 of Th+4 solution in fifteen minutes equilibration
time. The adsorption phenomenon was verified by FTIR, SEM and EDX techniques. The adsorption data was well fitted to
Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm equations. The characteristic Freundlich constants i.e.
1/n = 0.528 ± 0.019 and K = 4.88 × 10−4 ± 1.29 · 10
–5 mol g
–1 whereas the Langmuir constants
Q
m = (4.159 ± 0.234) × 10
–6 mol g
–1 and K
L = (3.627 ± 0.328) × 104 dm3 mol
–1 have been computed for the sorption system. The sorption free energy was found to be
11.24 ± 0.211 kJ mol
–1 showing chemisorption nature of interaction between thorium and rice husk. The results
showed that thorium adsorption on rice husk follows pseudo 2nd order with rate constant =
1.448 g mg
–1 min
–1. The determined negative values of ΔG indicated spontaneity of the process, whereas
the positive values of ΔH and ΔS confirmed endothermic nature and increased randomness during the adsorption
process respectively. The removal of Th+4 ions from spiked tap water was checked by employing the optimized experimental
parameters which indicated that rice husk is a good adsorbent for thorium ions and may be used for waste management of
radionuclides.
Evaluation of a generalized Selberg integral
Authors: Nagar Daya K. , Naranjo-Ríos Sandra Milena , Gupta Arjun K. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In this article, we evaluate the integral

∫

0

1

∫

0

1

x

α
+
g
-
1

y

α
+
h
-
1

(
1
-
x
)

β
+
k
-
1

(
1
-
y
)

β
+
ℓ
-
1

|

x
-
y

|

2
γ

d
y

d
x
,

$
\int _{0}^{1}\int _{0}^{1} x^{\alpha +g-1}y^{\alpha +h -1}(1-x)^{\beta +k-1} (1-y)^{\beta +\ell -1} |{x -y}|^{2\gamma }\,\mathrm {d}y\,\mathrm {d}x ,
$

where α > 0, β > 0,
γ ≥ 0, and g, h, k, ℓ are positive integers. Explicit expressions of the above integral are derived in simple elementary functions for various values of g, h, k, and ℓ.
A Shigella flexneri Virulence Plasmid Encoded Factor Controls Production of Outer Membrane Vesicles
Authors: Sidik Saima , Kottwitz Haila , Benjamin Jeremy , Ryu Julie , Jarrar Ameer , Garduno Rafael , Rohde John R 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Shigella spp. use a repertoire of virulence plasmid-encoded factors to cause shigellosis. These include components of a Type III Secretion Apparatus (T3SA) that is required for invasion of epithelial cells and many genes of unknown function. We constructed an array of 99 deletion mutants comprising all genes encoded by the virulence plasmid (excluding those known to be required for plasmid maintenance) of Shigella flexneri. We screened these mutants for their ability to bind the dye Congo red: an indicator of T3SA function. This screen focused our attention on an operon encoding genes that modify the cell envelope including virK, a gene of partially characterized function. We discovered that virK is required for controlled release of proteins to the culture supernatant. Mutations in virK result in a temperature-dependent overproduction of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). The periplasmic chaperone/protease DegP, a known regulator of OMV production in Escherichia coli (encoded by a chromosomal gene), was found to similarly control OMV production in S. flexneri. Both virK and degP show genetic interactions with mxiD, a structural component of the T3SA. Our results are consistent with a model in which VirK and DegP relieve the periplasmic stress that accompanies assembly of the T3SA.
A Neuroprotective Function of NSF1 Sustains Autophagy and Lysosomal Trafficking inDrosophila
Authors: Babcock Daniel T , Shen Wei , Ganetzky Barry 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of toxic proteins that disrupt vital cellular functions. Degradative pathways such as autophagy play an important protective role in breaking down misfolded and long-lived proteins. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to defects in these pathways, but many of the details regarding the link between autophagy and neurodegeneration remain unclear. We previously found that temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants in Drosophila are enriched for those exhibiting age-dependent neurodegeneration. Here we show that one of these mutants, comatose (comt), in addition to locomotor defects, displays shortened lifespan and progressive neurodegeneration, including loss of dopaminerigic (DA) neurons. comt encodes N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive fusion protein (NSF1), which has a well-documented role in synaptic transmission. However, the neurodegenerative phenotypes we observe in comt mutants do not appear to depend on defects in synaptic transmission, but rather from their inability to sustain autophagy under stress, due at least in part to a defect in trafficking of lysosomal proteases such as cathepsin-L. Conversely, overexpression of NSF1 rescues α-synuclein-induced toxicity of DA neurons in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Our results demonstrate a neuroprotective role for NSF1 that involves mediation of fusion events crucial for degradative pathways such as autophagy, providing greater understanding of cellular dysfunctions common to several neurodegenerative diseases.
Cryptic Virulence and Avirulence Alleles Revealed by Controlled Sexual Recombination in Pea Aphids
Authors: Kanvil Sadia , Collins C Matilda , Powell Glen , Turnbull Colin G N 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Although aphids are worldwide crop pests, little is known about aphid effector genes underlying virulence and avirulence. Here we show that controlling the genetics of both aphid and host can reveal novel recombinant genotypes with previously undetected allelic variation in both virulence and avirulence functions. Clonal F1 progeny populations were derived from reciprocal crosses and self-matings between two parental genotypes of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) differing in virulence on a Medicago truncatula host carrying the RAP1 and RAP2 resistance genes. These populations showed Mendelian segregation consistent with aphid performance being controlled largely by a dominant virulence allele derived from only one parent. Altered segregation ratios on near-isogenic host genotypes differing in the region carrying RAP1 were indicative of additional heritable functions likely related to avirulence genes originating from both parents. Unexpectedly, some virulent F1 progeny were recovered from selfing of an avirulent parent, suggesting a reservoir of cryptic alleles. Host chlorosis was associated with virulence, whereas necrotic hypersensitive-like response was not. No maternal inheritance was found for any of these characteristics, ruling out sex-linked, cytoplasmic, and endosymbiotic factors. Our results demonstrate the tractability of dissecting the genetic basis of pest-host resistance mechanisms and indicate that the annual sexual cycle in aphids may lead to frequent novel genotypes with both increased and decreased virulence. Availability of genomes for both pest and host can facilitate definition of cognate gene-for-gene relationships, potentially leading to selection of crop genotypes with multiple resistance traits.
Novel Low Temperature Molten Salt Synthesis of a Li5La3Nb2O12 Solid State Electrolyte and Its Properties
Authors: Teng Shiang , Wang Wei , Tiwari Ashutosh 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTThe solid state electrolyte (SSE) of Li5La3Nb2O12 (LLNO) was synthesized via a novel molten salt synthesis (MSS) method at the relatively low temperature of 900°C. The low sintering temperature prevented the loss of lithium that commonly occurs during synthesis of the SSE using conventional solid state or wet chemical reactions. Recent publications have demonstrated that preserving the Li content is critical in improving the ionic conductivity of SSEs. The LLNO in this experiment showed a high Li-ion conductivity which is comparable to other values reported for LLNO. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirmed the formation of the cubic garnet Ia-3d crystal structure. In addition, the morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed a uniform grain size and crack-free microstructure. These results demonstrate that MSS is a powerful synthesis method to fabricate LLNO at a relatively low temperature while still achieving a high quality material.
Glass as dielectric for high temperature power capacitors
Authors: Patey Timothy J , Schlegel Christoph , Logakis Emmanuel 
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACTModern polypropylene film power capacitors are state of the art for power factor correction and many DC link applications, but their long-term commercial use is limited to temperatures of less than 85°C. The temperature limit is given by the dielectric polypropylene which has a melting point in the range of 140 to 170°C, while glass is much higher. Thus, the temperature limit could potentially be overcome by use of thin, alkali-free glass as dielectric. “Glass capacitors” employing ultra-thin and high purity glass layers are promising devices for high temperature applications in oil, gas, aerospace, hybrid electric vehicles, DC transmission, and pulsed power systems. This includes emerging power electronic systems using silicon carbide switches and diodes.This work analyzes and compares various glasses with a thickness of less than 50 µm by dielectric spectroscopy and elemental analysis. It is demonstrated that glass is attractive as dielectric for a wide frequency range up to 200°C. It argues that the dielectric losses are currently too great for thin glass to be used within a commercial power capacitor.While high temperature prototypes already exist, we demonstrate through our analysis that further developments are required to integrate this promising device into commercial systems. It is seen that even trace amounts of alkali materials can have an impact on losses. These losses must be further reduced through fundamental research into polarization/conduction mechanisms of various glass components.
Large‐scale expansion of no‐take closures within the Great Barrier Reef has not enhanced fishery production
Authors: Fletcher W. J. , Kearney R. E. , Wise B. S. , Nash W. J. 
Published: December 2014

A rare opportunity to test hypotheses about potential fishery benefits of large‐scale closures was initiated in July 2004 when an additional 28.4% of the 348 000 km2 Great Barrier Reef (GBR) region of Queensland, Australia was closed to all fishing. Advice to the Australian and Queensland governments that supported this initiative predicted these additional closures would generate minimal (10%) initial reductions in both catch and landed value within the GBR area, with recovery of catches becoming apparent after three years. To test these predictions, commercial fisheries data from the GBR area and from the two adjacent (non‐GBR) areas of Queensland were compared for the periods immediately before and after the closures were implemented.The observed means for total annual catch and value within the GBR declined from pre‐closure (2000–2003) levels of 12 780 Mg and Australian $160 million, to initial post‐closure (2005–2008) levels of 8143 Mg and $102 million; decreases of 35% and 36% respectively. Because the reference areas in the non‐GBR had minimal changes in catch and value, the beyond‐BACI (before, after, control, impact) analyses estimated initial net reductions within the GBR of 35% for both total catch and value. There was no evidence of recovery in total catch levels or any comparative improvement in catch rates within the GBR nine years after implementation. These results are not consistent with the advice to governments that the closures would have minimal initial impacts and rapidly generate benefits to fisheries in the GBR through increased juvenile recruitment and adult spillovers. Instead, the absence of evidence of recovery in catches to date currently supports an alternative hypothesis that where there is already effective fisheries management, the closing of areas to all fishing will generate reductions in overall catches similar to the percentage of the fished area that is closed.
Vapor phase transport at a hillside landfill
Authors: Stauffer P. H. , Rosenberg N. D. 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
This paper reports the results from a series of two-dimensional, time-dependent simulations of heat and mass transfer through a partially saturated mesa-top landfill in northern New Mexico. Simulations use the finite element approach to solve the governing equations for a problem, wherein air mass, water mass, and energy are conserved. We use a computational grid that maintains complex topographic and stratigraphic boundaries. The 30 m of topographic relief at the site allows atmospheric communication with the subsurface air and water vapor within the mesa. Time-dependent heat and gas generated in the landfill through the decomposition of organic waste provide the main driving forces for vapor phase migration. We show that the magnitude of vapor phase migration is primarily controlled by gas generation source strength. Increased temperature has a secondary effect on vapor phase flux. Flow paths change considerably from pre-landfill to post-landfill conditions. Pre-landfill upflow of air through the mesa with maximum flux of 2 cm/yr is driven by ambient density gradients. Post-landfill gas input reverses the direction of flow beneath the landfill, forcing gas into dry, permeable pathways that lead into the mesa. Vapor advection along high permeability zones beneath the landfill may explain observations of landfill gas found at depth. Post-landfill vapor flux most likely peaked with a maximum flux on the order of 30 m/yr, within the first 20 years since closure. Advective transport of gas below the landfill is shown to dominate during the high productivity phase of gas generation. Transport of landfill gas is shown to be dominated by diffusion when the vapor phase flux falls below 1 to 3 m/yr. Model results suggest that capping the landfill with a low permeability layer could cause the vapor flux to be diverted into the surrounding mesa via dry pathways.
Diapiric origin of the Chessel-Noville Hills of the Rhone Valley interpreted from georadar mapping
Authors: Beres Milan , Green Alan G. , Pugin Andre 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
In an attempt to understand the origin of the enigmatic Chessel-Noville hills in the Rhone River plain of western Switzerland, we have recorded two and three-dimensional ground-penetrating radar (georadar) data and drilled six shallow boreholes. Cross-sections and maps of horizons extracted from the georadar data reveal normal fault zones under the hill flanks and minor grabens and domes below the hill crests. Comparable graben-like structures with normal step faults converging with depth are observed at a nearby outcrop. Fine sand and silt within some of the exposed faults may have been dragged into the fault planes or injected as clastic dikes under high pore pressures. A silt unit encountered in two of the boreholes correlates with a strong georadar reflection. Although angular calcareous boulders are scattered across the surface, the early suggestion that the hills are remnants of a large historic rockfall is not compatible with the subsurface lithologies and structures. Neither is the frequently referenced hypothesis that they are moraines. Moreover, the absence of significant thrust faulting and lack of strong structural trends in the georadar data and at outcrops are inconsistent with the more recent interpretation of the hills as glaciotectonic ridges. Instead, our results indicate that the hills and their internal structures represent vertically uplifted and deformed fluvio-deltaic sediments. Diapirism offers a plausible explanation for the observed uplift and deformation. Saturated fine-grained sediments underlying the former Rhone Delta may have been compacted and overpressured during burial by pro-grading deltaic sands and thickening sequences of fluvial sands and gravels. Under these conditions, mud diapirs may develop. Actual diapiric uplift and deformation may have been triggered by a large historic earthquake (e. g., Tauredunum event of 563 A.D.) that would have induced additional over-pressurization, liquefaction and upward mobilization of the fine-grained sediments. Such an earthquake may also have triggered the rockfall responsible for the scattered calcareous boulders.