bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Presidents of the European Commission: Transactional or Transforming Leaders?
Authors: Tömmel Ingeborg 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the leadership of three Commission Presidents: Jacques Delors, Jacques Santer and Romano Prodi. It questions whether these Presidents performed as transactional or transforming leaders – that is, whether they ‘mattered’ as forceful promoters of the European project. Drawing on leadership theory, the article identifies three factors providing opportunities and setting constraints, as decisive for exercising political leadership: the institutional setting, the situational context and the personal qualities of the office holders. It analyzes to what extent these factors, and the interplay among them, shape the leadership of the Commission Presidents, and which of these factors are conditional for the exercise of transforming leadership. It concludes that only Delors was able to act as a transforming leader, whereas Santer and Prodi mainly performed as transactional leaders. These differences are explained by variations in the situational context and the personal qualities of the incumbents and the interplay between all three factors determining political leadership.
Psychometric Properties of the Differentiation of Self Inventory‐Revised in Turkish Adults
Authors: Işık Erkan , Bulduk Sabiha 
Published: April 2013

The purpose of the current study was to examine the validity and reliability of (Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 2003, 29, 209) Differentiation of Self Inventory‐Revised (DSI‐R; Skowron & Schmit, 2003) in Turkish adults. The DSI‐R was translated, independently back‐translated, and revised. Two independent samples of adults over the age of 25 were used. The original 46‐item DSI‐R was not supported by the data derived from Sample 1 (n = 221). However, a revised 20‐item, four‐factor model fit the data well. This 20‐item model was subsequently cross‐validated with a second sample of Turkish adults (n = 187). Scale scores showed adequate internal consistency, 5‐week test–retest reliability, and satisfactory convergent and criterion‐related validity. It was concluded that Turkish DSI‐R (DSI‐T) is a valid and reliable measure to assess an individual's differentiation level. In light of the findings, implications for the use of the DSI‐T and ideas for future research are discussed.
INNOVATION, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN LAGGING REGIONS
Authors: Stephens Heather M. , Partridge Mark D. , Faggian Alessandra 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTThe paper investigates what are the most important factors in fostering growth in rural, remote regions with historically low growth rates. In particular, we focus on the lagging Appalachian region and compare it to both nearby counties and other similarly lagging U.S. counties. Factors such as self‐employment, human capital, creativity, university spillovers and high‐technology clusters are considered. Our results suggest that entrepreneurship and creativity factors are key to increasing growth in the Appalachian region and in similar lagging regions nationally. However, there is little evidence that other knowledge‐based factors are conducive to growth in these regions.
Suramin inhibits PDGF-stimulated receptor phosphorylation, proteoglycan synthesis and glycosaminoglycan hyperelongation in human vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Little Peter J , Rostam Muhamad Ashraf , Piva Terrence J , Getachew Robel , Kamato Danielle , Guidone Daniel , Ballinger Mandy L , Zheng Wenhua , Osman Narin 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Objectives
Suramin is a polysulfonated naphthylurea with antiparasitic and potential antineoplastic activity. Suramin's pharmacological actions, which have not yet been fully elucidated, include antagonism of the action of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) at its receptor. We investigated the effects of suramin on PDGF-stimulated proteoglycan synthesis.

Methods
Human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were incubated in the presence and absence of PDGF and suramin with [3H]thymidine or 35SO4 as radiolabels. Mitogenic response was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation. PDGFβ receptor phosphorylation was assessed by western blotting. Proteoglycan size and glycosaminoglycan chain synthesis and size were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Alphascreen phosphotyrosine assay kit was used to investigate PDGFβ receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition by suramin.

Key findings
Suramin decreased PDGF-stimulated proliferation, proteoglycan synthesis and GAG chain hyperelongation. Suramin also directly inhibited PDGFβ receptor kinase activity as well as PDGFβ receptor phosphorylation in intact VSMCs.

Conclusions
These data show that inhibition of PDGFβ receptor phosphorylation in intact cells is necessary to define a fully active PDGF antagonist. They also confirm that PDGFβ receptor kinase activity is necessary for PDGF-mediated atherogenic changes in proteoglycan synthesis and support efforts to develop PDGFβ receptor antagonists as potential anti-atherosclerotic agents.
Herb–drug pharmacokinetic interaction of artificial calculus bovis with diclofenac sodium and chlorpheniramine maleate in rats
Authors: Peng Can , Lv Mengying , Tian Jixin , Huang Yin , Tian Yuan , Zhang Zunjian 
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the herb–drug pharmacokinetic interaction of artificial calculus bovis (ACB) with diclofenac sodium (DS) and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in rats.

Methods
A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of DS and CPM in rat plasma. The proposed method was successfully applied to compare the herb–drug pharmacokinetic interaction of ACB with DS and CPM in rats following intragastric administration.

Key findings
The proposed method had good linearity and no endogenous material interfered with the analytes and internal standard peaks. The lower limit of quantification of DS and CPM was 1 and 0.1 ng/ml, respectively. There was no apparent pharmacokinetic interaction between DS and CPM. Co-administration of ACB with DS noticeably increased the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC0-∞) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of DS, while the parameters time of peak concentration (Tmax), clearance (ClZ/F) and apparent volume of distribution (VZ/F) of DS significantly decreased. Meanwhile, co-administration of ACB with CPM noticeably increased the Tmax, ClZ/F and VZ/F of CPM. A marked decline in AUC0-∞ and Cmax of CPM occurred in the presence of ACB.

Conclusions
This study indicated that co-administration of ACB with DS and CPM can result in an apparent herb–drug pharmacokinetic interaction in rats.
Periodontal healing after application of enamel matrix derivative in surgical supra/infrabony periodontal defects in rats with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes
Authors: Shirakata Y. , Eliezer M. , Nemcovsky C. E. , Weinreb M. , Dard M. , Sculean A. , Bosshardt D. D. , Moses O. 
Published: April 2013

Background and ObjectiveEpidemiologic and clinical studies have indicated that diabetes is a risk factor for periodontal disease progression and healing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate short‐term healing after enamel matrix derivative (EMD) application in combined supra/infrabony periodontal defects in diabetic rats.Material and MethodsThirty male Wistar rats were initially divided into two groups, one with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes and another one with healthy (non‐diabetic) animals. Bony defects were surgically created on the mesial root of the first maxillary molars. After root surface planing and EDTA conditioning, EMD was applied to the roots at one side of the maxillae, while those on the contralateral sides were left untreated. Animals were killed 3 wk after surgery, and block sections were prepared for histologic and histomorphometric analysis.ResultsThere was statistically significant more gingival recession in diabetic animals than in non‐diabetic animals. The length of the junctional epithelium was significantly shorter in the EMD‐treated sites in both diabetic and normoglycemic rats. Sulcus depth and length of supracrestal soft connective tissue showed no statistically significant differences between groups. In all animals, new bone formation was observed. Although new bone occurred more frequently in healthy animals, the extent of new bone was not significantly different between groups. In none of the teeth, a layer of new cementum was detectable. EMD had no influence on bone or cementum regeneration. Adverse reactions such as excessive inflammation due to bacterial root colonization, ankylosis and bone fractures were exclusively observed in diabetic animals, irrespective of EMD treatment.ConclusionWithin the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that periodontal healing was impaired in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. EMD had no beneficial effects on new bone and cementum formation during short‐term healing in this defect model and could not ameliorate the adverse effects in the systemically compromised animals.
Ponds in acidic mountains are more important for bats in providing drinking water than insect prey
Authors: Seibold S. , Buchner J. , Bässler C. , Müller J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractPonds, streams and other water bodies are known to attract high numbers of bats of various species and all foraging guilds. The attractiveness of these riparian habitats for bats lies in their providing the required large amounts of drinking water for successful reproduction and a potentially high supply of both aquatic and terrestrial prey insects compared to the surrounding habitats, and in the lower ultrasound interference over water than in forest habitats, important for foraging of open‐habitat bat species. The actual abundance of prey depends strongly on the productivity of the aquatic ecosystem, and therefore eutrophic riparian habitats are highly attractive to bats, but little is known about the reasons for the attractiveness of oligotrophic habitats. Here, we compared the bat activity, bat foraging activity and insect abundance around oligotrophic and less‐prey‐rich ponds in acidic near‐natural environments to two structurally similar, simple habitats, that is, clear‐cuts and meadows, by simultaneously recording echolocation calls and light trapping of insects. Our generalized linear mixed models showed no differences in prey abundance but higher bat activity at ponds than at meadows and clear‐cuts, and all locally indigenous bat species visited the ponds. The foraging activity of bats evaluated as the proportion of feeding buzzes to commuting passes positively correlated with prey abundance at meadows and clear‐cuts but not at water bodies. We therefore conclude that ponds in acidic mountain areas are more important to bats as a source of drinking water than as a source of prey. Our results indicate that bat monitoring in such a landscape by bat‐call recording and probably by mist netting is highly promising around water bodies, and that bat conservation strategies should maintain a continuous network of water sources as an important habitat feature.
Physical properties of the drill core from the El'gygytgyn impact structure, NE Russia
Authors: Maharaj Dharmindar , Elbra Tiiu , Pesonen Lauri J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe El'gygytgyn impact structure in northeast Russia was drilled in 2008/2009. The 3.5 Ma old structure has a rim‐to‐rim diameter of 18 km and is the only known impact structure that has been formed on a siliceous volcanic target. The petrophysical, rock‐ and paleomagnetic properties, including attempted reorientation of samples, along the El'gygytgyn drill core were analyzed. Physical properties, such as bulk density, porosity, seismic velocity, and electrical conductivity, clearly showed the propagation of shock and the associated fracturing. The grain density, however, was probably influenced by the postimpact hydrothermal activity and/or the distribution of impact melt. The highest values of electrical conductivity coincided with higher concentrations of particular metals as indicated by Raschke et al. (2012a). The rock‐ and paleomagnetic investigations showed iron‐titanium oxides with varying oxidation/reduction states as the main magnetic fraction in the core samples and indicated them as carriers for remanent magnetization. With few exceptions, most samples showed normal polarity of characteristic remanent magnetization and confirmed that the impact occurred after the Gauss/Gilbert (approximately 3.596 Ma) reversal. Shallower inclinations than that expected for a 3.5 Ma dipole field were probably due to impact‐related block movements and/or compaction.
Geminivirus Rep protein interferes with the plant DNA methylation machinery and suppresses transcriptional gene silencing
Authors: Rodríguez‐Negrete Edgar , Lozano‐Durán Rosa , Piedra‐Aguilera Alvaro , Cruzado Lucia , Bejarano Eduardo R. , Castillo Araceli G. 
Published: April 2013

Summary

Cytosine methylation is an epigenetic mark that promotes gene silencing and plays an important role in genome defence against transposons and invading DNA viruses. Previous data showed that the largest family of single‐stranded DNA viruses, Geminiviridae, prevents methylation‐mediated transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) by interfering with the proper functioning of the plant methylation cycle.

Here, we describe a novel counter‐defence strategy used by geminiviruses, which reduces the expression of the plant maintenance DNA methyltransferases, METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (MET1) and CHROMOMETHYLASE 3 (CMT3), in both locally and systemically infected tissues.

We demonstrated that the virus‐mediated repression of these two maintenance DNA methyltransferases is widespread among geminivirus species. Additionally, we identified Rep (Replication associated protein) as the geminiviral protein responsible for the repression of MET1 and CMT3, and another viral protein, C4, as an ancillary player in MET1 down‐regulation. The presence of Rep suppressed TGS of an Arabidopsis thaliana transgene and of host loci whose expression was strongly controlled by CG methylation. Bisulfite sequencing analyses showed that the expression of Rep caused a substantial reduction in the levels of DNA methylation at CG sites.

Our findings suggest that Rep, the only viral protein essential for replication, displays TGS suppressor activity through a mechanism distinct from that thus far described for geminiviruses.
Identification of Candida species in the clinical laboratory: a review of conventional, commercial, and molecular techniques
Authors: Neppelenbroek KH , Seó RS , Urban VM , Silva S , Dovigo LN , Jorge JH , Campanha NH 
Published: April 2013

In healthy individuals, Candida species are considered commensal yeasts of the oral cavity. However, these microorganisms can also act as opportunist pathogens, particularly the so‐called non‐albicans Candida species that are increasingly recognized as important agents of human infection. Several surveys have documented increased rates of C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. dubliniensis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei in local and systemic fungal infections. Some of these species are resistant to antifungal agents. Consequently, rapid and correct identification of species can play an important role in the management of candidiasis. Conventional methods for identification of Candida species are based on morphological and physiological attributes. However, accurate identification of all isolates from clinical samples is often complex and time‐consuming. Hence, several manual and automated rapid commercial systems for identifying these organisms have been developed, some of which may have significant sensitivity issues. To overcome these limitations, newer molecular typing techniques have been developed that allow accurate and rapid identification of Candida species. This study reviewed the current state of identification methods for yeasts, particularly Candida species.
Targeting melanoma by small molecules: challenges ahead
Authors: Haq Rizwan , Fisher David E. 
Published: April 2013

SummarySignificant progress has been made in targeting melanoma using small molecule inhibitors, but challenges remain. Here we describe the history of screening approaches in melanoma and their limitations. We propose several approaches to refine our screening models to enhance the discovery process. It is hoped that this discussion will stimulate further improvements in our development of small molecules inhibitors for treatment of melanoma patients.
Molecular, biochemical and morphological data suggest an affiliation of Spongiochrysis hawaiiensis with the Trentepohliales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Boedeker Christian , Karsten Ulf , Leliaert Frederik , Zuccarello Giuseppe C. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryThe aeroterrestrial, unicellular green alga Spongiochrysis hawaiiensis had been included in the ulvophycean order Cladophorales based on small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequence data, and represents so far the only fully terrestrial member of this order. Other characteristics of S. hawaiiensis that are atypical for Cladophorales include the presence of large amounts of carotenoids and a budding‐like mode of cell division. As the position of this terrestrial, unicellular alga in an order of aquatic, multicellular green algae is unusual, we re‐evaluated the phylogenetic relationships of this enigmatic organism based on supplementary SSU rDNA sequences as well as novel large ribosomal subunit (LSU) rDNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS rDNA) sequences. Additionally, we examined several morphological characters of S. hawaiiensis, as well as low molecular weight carbohydrate (LMWC) patterns of S. hawaiiensis and members of the Cladophorales and Trentepohliales as potential chemotaxonomic markers. We found S. hawaiiensis to be uninucleate. The analysis of the LMWC content detected the presence of the polyol erythritol in S. hawaiiensis and in the Trentepohliales, while this compound was missing in the Cladophorales. The phylogenetic analyses of the novel sequences placed S. hawaiiensis in the terrestrial Trentepohliales. This placement is supported by the aeroterrestrial habitat, the presence of large amounts of carotenoids, the uninucleate cells, and the presence of the polyol erythritol as a protective compound against water loss.
Culture studies on early development of Lessonia trabeculata (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales): Seasonality and acclimation to light and temperature
Authors: Murúa Pedro , Westermeier Renato , Patiño David J. , Müller Dieter G. 
Published: April 2013

SummaryLessonia trabeculata is an important economic and ecological algal resource of Chile. Due to intense use in abalone and alginate industries, severe problems of over‐harvesting are emerging. We compared sporophyte‐initiation and ‐growth in two populations from northern and southern Chile (Bahía Inglesa and Maicolpué) under laboratory conditions. Irradiance and temperature were the most important factors affecting gametophyte development. Meiospores harvested in spring exhibited maximum reproductive and growth potential, while spores released during autumn were moribund, and died within a few days. In both study sites, we found evidence for acclimation: Meiospores collected in summer required higher levels of irradiance and temperature for maximum development than winter spores. Juvenile sporophytes from both localities responded similarly to temperature and/or irradiance. The best conditions for recruitment of sporophytes from both localities were 15°C and white fluorescent light of 40–70 μmol m−2 s−1. Although due to its low growth potential L. trabeculata is not a good candidate for mariculture, our results provide the necessary knowledge for laboratory‐based seedling production, which is needed for restoration and repopulation projects in damaged areas.
Body Regard as a Moderator of the Relation between Emotion Dysregulation and Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury
Authors: Muehlenkamp Jennifer J. , Bagge Courtney L. , Tull Matthew T. , Gratz Kim L. 
Published: April 2013

Despite research documenting a strong association between emotion dysregulation and nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI), the moderators of this association have received little attention. Thus, it remains unclear why some individuals with heightened emotion dysregulation engage in NSSI and others do not. Body regard (i.e., how one perceives, experiences, and cares for the body) may be one such moderator, explaining the risk for NSSI among some individuals with emotion dysregulation. The current study used structural equation modeling within a sample of 398 undergraduates (26% reporting NSSI, mean frequency = 25.16, SD = 40.5) to test the interactive effect of emotion dysregulation and body regard on NSSI frequency when controlling for negative affect and borderline personality disorder symptoms. The interaction model provided a strong fit to the data and showed that emotion regulation was associated with NSSI only when low levels of body regard were present. Results suggest that body regard may be important to understanding who engages in NSSI within the context of emotion dysregulation. Possible mechanisms underlying the interaction between body regard and emotion dysregulation are discussed along with treatment and prevention implications.
Multiple joint metastasis of a transitional cell carcinoma in a dog
Authors: Colledge Sarah L. , Raskin Rose E. , Messick Joanne B. , Tiffany Reed L. , Wigle William L. , Balog Kelley A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAn 8‐year‐old castrated male hound mix was referred to the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for severe lameness, pollakiuria, and dyschezia. On presentation, the dog was nonweight bearing on the right rear limb and the right carpus was diffusely swollen. Synovial fluid analysis from the right carpus revealed a population of epithelial cells displaying marked anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, multinucleation, and prominent, variably sized nucleoli. A metastatic carcinoma with presumed prostatic or urothelial origin was diagnosed based on cytomorphology. Subsequent cytologic evaluation of peripheral lymph nodes revealed the presence of a similar neoplastic population. The dog was euthanized and synovial fluid from both stifle joints, as well as impression smears of the prostate gland, were collected. Carcinoma cells were identified in each stifle joint and in the prostate gland. Immunocytochemistry was performed on synovial fluid smears from 2 of the joints (right stifle and right carpus) and on impression smears of the prostate gland. The neoplastic population in the joints and prostate gland showed strong immunoreactivity to uroplakin III, a urothelial marker, indicating metastasis of a transitional cell carcinoma to multiple joints. In addition, evidence for epithelial to mesenchymal transition was identified using cytokeratin, an epithelial marker, and vimentin, a mesenchymal marker. A necropsy was performed and histopathology confirmed the presence of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma in various tissues. This case illustrates the importance of considering metastatic disease when a patient is presented with severe lameness and joint pain, and the clinical utility of synovial fluid cytology for diagnosis of metastasis in these cases.