bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Gastrointestinal Bleeding Among Patients with Atrial Fibrillation After Initiating Dabigatran Therapy
Authors: Lauffenburger Julie C. , Rhoney Denise H. , Farley Joel F. , Gehi Anil K. , Fang Gang 
Published: June 2015

Study ObjectivesTo identify demographic and clinical risk factors associated with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding among a large cohort of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who initiated dabigatran therapy for stroke prevention, and to describe patterns of subsequent anticoagulant use after occurrence of the GI bleeding event.DesignRetrospective cohort study.Data SourcesLarge, nationwide United States commercial insurance database.PatientsA total of 21,033 patients with nonvalvular AF who initiated dabigatran between October 19, 2010, and December 31, 2012.Measurements and Main ResultsWe used multivariate Cox regression analysis to estimate the effect of baseline demographic and clinical characteristics on the probability of a GI bleeding event. Patterns of anticoagulation use after GI bleeding were also examined descriptively. Of the 21,033 patients receiving dabigatran, 446 (2.1%) experienced a GI bleed during follow‐up. GI bleeding rates differed across many baseline characteristics. Male sex was associated with a lower risk (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64–0.95) of GI bleeding. Compared with patients younger than 55 years, those aged 55–64, 65–74, and 75 years or older yielded aHRs of 1.54 (95% CI 0.89–2.68), 2.72 (95% CI 1.59–4.65), and 4.52 (95% CI 2.68–7.64), respectively. Renal impairment (aHR 1.67, 95% CI 1.24–2.25), heart failure (aHR 1.25, 95% CI 1.01–1.56), alcohol abuse (aHR 2.57, 95%CI 1.52–4.35), previous Helicobacter pylori infection (aHR 4.75, 95% CI 1.93–11.68), antiplatelet therapy (aHR 1.49, 95% CI 1.19–1.88), and digoxin use (aHR 1.49, 95% CI 1.19–1.88) were also associated with an increased GI bleeding risk. Of the 446 patients who experienced a GI bleed, 193 (43.3%) restarted an anticoagulant, with most (65.8%) filling prescriptions for dabigatran; the mean time was 50.4 days until restarting any subsequent anticoagulant.ConclusionThe risk of GI bleeding in patients receiving dabigatran is highly associated with increased age and cardiovascular, renal, and other comorbidities, even after adjusting for other factors. Fewer than 50% of patients restarted an anticoagulant after experiencing a GI bleed. Clinicians should continue to monitor for these risk factors or consider whether alternative therapies may be appropriate.
Explosive Performance Properties of Erythritol Tetranitrate (ETN)
Authors: Manner Virginia W. , Preston Daniel N. , Tappan Bryce C. , Sanders V. Eric , Brown Geoff W. , Hartline Ernie , Jensen Brian 
Published: June 2015

AbstractErythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is a melt‐castable explosive with impressive performance, similar to the well‐known related nitrate ester, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Though ETN has been known since 1849, its properties have not been thoroughly investigated. We report here the first 1/2′′ copper cylinder tests of ETN, compared with PETN. We discuss detonation and wall expansion velocity, along with diameter effect information in unconfined rate stick tests. The detonation velocity of ETN is 99 % that of PETN in the same test setup, showing that performance properties are very similar for the two nitrate esters.
Crossing Borders and Traversing Boundaries: Closing the ‘Gap’ between Internal and International Migration in Asia
Authors: Hickey Maureen , Yeoh Brenda S.A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWithin migration studies, the division or ‘gap’ between internal and international migration research has grown over the past few decades despite growing calls to bring these literatures back into conversation. While distinctions between internal and international migration remain relevant in a world in which states retain the power to shape human movements across scales, this division within migration studies is problematic in light of the increasing complexity of human mobility. Scholars seeking to close the ‘gap’ highlight the common structural drivers of international and internal migration, and note an increasingly myopic focus on international migration overlooking the important economic and social contributions of internal migrants. While in basic alignment with these arguments, the contributions to this special issue focus instead on critically interrogating the relationship between internal and international migration research with the aim of provoking new insights across disciplinary and categorical boundaries. Each of the papers examines migration phenomena occupying the intellectual and empirical space between normative definitions of ‘internal’ and ‘international’ migration in order to relink them methodologically and empirically in contemporary migration research. The contributions included here draw on these migration phenomena that do not fit neatly into normative definitions of ‘internal’ and ‘international’ migration with the aim of not only narrowing or closing the ‘gap’, but of retheorising the relationship between them. The collective focus of this special issue, therefore, is to challenge ontological assumptions of ‘migration’ as a definable object of study and to theorise migration as a co‐constituted and relational process. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extended defects in MBE‐grown CdTe‐based solar cells
Authors: Wichrowska Karolina , Wosinski Tadeusz , Kret Sławomir , Rawski Michał , Yastrubchak Oksana , Chusnutdinow Sergij , Karczewski Grzegorz 
Published: June 2015

AbstractExtended defects in the p ‐ZnTe/n ‐CdTe heterojunctions grown by the molecular‐beam epitaxy technique on two different substrates, GaAs and CdTe, have been investigated by deep‐level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Four hole traps, called H1 to H4, and one electron trap, called E3, have been revealed in the DLTS spectra measured for the heterojunctions grown on the GaAs substrates. The H1, H3, H4 and E3 traps have been attributed to the electronic states of dislocations on the ground of their logarithmic capture kinetics. The DLTS peaks associated with the H1 and E3 traps were not observed in the DLTS spectra measured for the heterojunction grown on the CdTe substrate. They are most likely associated with threading dislocations generated at the mismatched interface with the GaAs substrate. Cross‐sectional TEM images point out that they are dislocations of the 60°‐type. In both the types of heterojunctions the H4 trap was observed only under forward‐bias filling pulse, suggesting that this trap is associated with the CdTe/ZnTe interface. In addition, TEM images revealed also the presence of intrinsic and extrinsic stacking faults in the CdTe layers, which may considerably affect their electronic properties. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In‐situ observation of chemical vapor deposition using SiHCl3 and BCl3 gases
Authors: Saito Ayumi , Miyazaki Kento , Matsui Misako , Habuka Hitoshi 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe lowest temperature for initiating the film deposition was evaluated by in situ monitoring using a highly sensitive langasite crystal microbalance (LCM) in order to produce a thin boron doped silicon film using trichlorosilane gas and boron trichloride gas at low temperatures. The thin films of silicon, boron and boron‐doped silicon were individually formed from the trichlorosilane gas, boron trichloride gas and their gas mixture, respectively, on the LCM. The silicon film deposition occurred between 570 and 600 °C, while the boron film deposition occurred between 470 and 530 °C. The film deposition from both gases occurred at temperatures higher than 530 °C. Based on secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements, the boron‐doped silicon film was determined to be formed on the silicon substrate at 570 °C. Thus, the LCM could be useful for developing a thin film formation process including that for doping. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Alumina thin films prepared by direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition of dimethylaluminum isopropoxide: a process‐structure investigation
Authors: Baggetto Loïc , Esvan Jérôme , Charvillat Cédric , Samélor Diane , Vergnes Hugues , Caussat Brigitte , Gleizes Alain , Vahlas Constantin 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe development of a new process to obtain amorphous alumina thin films is presented. We show for the first time the direct liquid injection chemical vapor deposition (DLI CVD) of alumina thin films using dimethylaluminum isopropoxide (DMAI) precursor in two oxidizing atmospheres. At high process temperature (500‐700 °C), the film growth takes place in the presence of O2 whereas at low temperature (150‐300 °C) H2O vapor is used. The materials characteristics, such as the surface morphology and roughness (SEM and AFM), crystal structure (XRD), composition (EPMA) and chemistry (XPS) are discussed in detail. Very smooth films, with typical roughness values lower than 2.0 nm are obtained. The thin films are all composed of an amorphous material with varying composition. Supported by both EPMA and XPS results, film composition evolves from a partial oxyhydroxide to a stoichiometric oxide at low deposition temperature (150‐300 °C) in the presence of H2O. At higher growth temperature (500‐700 °C) in the presence of O2, the composition changes from that of a stoichiometric oxide to a mixture of an oxide with aluminum carbide. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PEALD AlN: Controlling growth and film crystallinity
Authors: Banerjee Sourish , Aarnink Antonius A. I. , van de Kruijs Robbert , Kovalgin Alexey Y. , Schmitz Jurriaan 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe report on the growth kinetics and material properties of aluminium nitride (AlN) films deposited on Si(111), with plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD). Tri‐methyl aluminium (TMA) and NH3‐plasma were used as the precursors. The ALD window was identified in terms of the process parameters, and it showed that a 0.1 s of TMA pulse, 8 s of NH3‐plasma pulse, and 350 °C were the optimal conditions for ALD to occur. In‐situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), using a Cauchy optical model, was used to monitor the film growth in real time. The composition of the as‐grown AlN films were determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which revealed Al/N compositions of approximately 46% and 53%, also with low impurity (O, C) levels. The film crystallinity, measured with grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD), showed polycrystalline hexagonal (wurtzitic) crystalline planes. Finally, several techniques were employed to influence the film crystallinity. These included: ALD at different plasma powers and temperatures, in‐situ treatment of the Si(111) wafer with different plasma parameters (composition, power, duration) prior to deposition, and ALD on Si(100) and SiO2 substrates. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A computational view on vapour phase coagulation of nanoparticles synthesized by atmospheric pressure PECVD
Authors: Mishin Maxim V. , Zamotin Kirill Y. , Protopopova Vera S. , Uvarov Andrey A. , Filatov Leonid A. , Baryshnikova Marina V. , Boricheva Irina K. , Alexandrov Sergey E. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe article covers the computational framework providing an insight on vapour phase coagulation of nanoparticles synthesized by atmospheric pressure PECVD in an RF capacitive discharge. The proposed model is based on the solution of motion equations for neutral and charged nanoparticles in the plasma downstream area featuring a nonuniform distribution of electric potential. Within the model particles collisions are accounted by an O'Rourke derived stochastic method, reduction of computational time is attained by division of the nanoparticle stack into parcels. We argue that nanoparticles are mainly synthesized in the plasma downstream area. Size distribution of the particles is governed by their uneven motion in the nonuniform electric field. We demonstrate that particles of tens of nanometer in diameter result from coagulation of neutral nanoparticles, whereas the larger nanoparticles result from coagulation of charged particles. The model shows that charged particles trapped in the potential well in the vicinity of the discharge electrode grow up to micron size. The proposed model is validated by the experimental results of silicon dioxide nanoparticles synthesis; it may be extended to a vast range of materials provided certain modifications of the particles motion equations are done. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Individual privacy versus public good: protecting confidentiality in health research
Authors: O'Keefe Christine M. , Rubin Donald B. 
Published: June 2015

Health and medical data are increasingly being generated, collected, and stored in electronic form in healthcare facilities and administrative agencies. Such data hold a wealth of information vital to effective health policy development and evaluation, as well as to enhanced clinical care through evidence‐based practice and safety and quality monitoring. These initiatives are aimed at improving individuals' health and well‐being. Nevertheless, analyses of health data archives must be conducted in such a way that individuals' privacy is not compromised. One important aspect of protecting individuals' privacy is protecting the confidentiality of their data.It is the purpose of this paper to provide a review of a number of approaches to reducing disclosure risk when making data available for research, and to present a taxonomy for such approaches. Some of these methods are widely used, whereas others are still in development. It is important to have a range of methods available because there is also a range of data‐use scenarios, and it is important to be able to choose between methods suited to differing scenarios.In practice, it is necessary to find a balance between allowing the use of health and medical data for research and protecting confidentiality. This balance is often presented as a trade‐off between disclosure risk and data utility, because methods that reduce disclosure risk, in general, also reduce data utility. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An IPTG‐inducible derivative of the fission yeast nmt promoter
Authors: Kjærulff Søren , Nielsen Olaf 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWe here describe an IPTG‐inducible system that reveals that the lac repressor alone can function as a potent transmodulator to regulate gene expression in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This expression system is a derivative of the Sz. pombe nmt promoter, which normally is strongly repressed by thiamine. With appropriate positioning of a lac operator site (lacO) downstream of the TATA‐box, we show that gene expression from a chimeric nmt::lacO promoter can be regulated by the lac repressor up to two orders of magnitude in response to IPTG. The chimeric nmt::lacO promoter is rapidly induced and when GFP is used as a reporter; almost full induction is achieved 40 min after the addition of IPTG. Like the wild‐type nmt promoter, the chimeric nmt::lacO is repressed by thiamine. This allows expression in a short and defined window, e.g. the S‐phase of a synchronized cell population, by first adding IPTG to turn on expression, followed by addition of thiamine to switch off expression. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Comparison of Telephone Genetic Counseling and In‐Person Genetic Counseling from the Genetic Counselor's Perspective
Authors: Burgess Kelly R. , Carmany Erin P. , Trepanier Angela M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractGrowing demand for and limited geographic access to genetic counseling services is increasing the need for alternative service delivery models (SDM) like telephone genetic counseling (TGC). Little research has been done on genetic counselors’ perspectives of the practice of TGC. We created an anonymous online survey to assess whether telephone genetic counselors believed the tasks identified in the ABGC (American Board of Genetic Counseling) Practice Analysis were performed similarly or differently in TGC compared to in person genetic counseling (IPGC). If there were differences noted, we sought to determine the nature of the differences and if additional training might be needed to address them. Eighty eight genetic counselors with experience in TGC completed some or all of the survey. Respondents identified differences in 13 (14.8 %) of the 88 tasks studied. The tasks identified as most different in TGC were: “establishing rapport through verbal and nonverbal interactions” (60.2 %; 50/83 respondents identified the task as different), “recognizing factors affecting the counseling interaction” (47.8 %; 32/67), “assessing client/family emotions, support, etc.” (40.1 %; 27/66) and “educating clients about basic genetic concepts” (35.6 %; 26/73). A slight majority (53.8 %; 35/65) felt additional training was needed to communicate information without visual aids and more effectively perform psychosocial assessments. In summary, although a majority of genetic counseling tasks are performed similarly between TGC and IPGC, TGC counselors recognize that specific training in the TGC model may be needed to address the key differences.
The Schulman Method of Cosurfactant Titration of the Oil/Water Interface (Dilution Method): A Review on a Well‐Known Powerful Technique in Interfacial Science for Characterization of Water‐in‐Oil Microemulsions
Authors: Bardhan Soumik , Kundu Kaushik , Chakraborty Gulmi , Saha Swapan K. , Paul Bidyut K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractMicroemulsions are thermodynamically stable, isotropic transparent mixtures of two immiscible liquids (polar and nonpolar) and amphiphile(s) (usually surfactant and/or cosurfactant). The cosurfactant plays an important role by blending with surfactants, and partitioned between the coexisting aqueous and oleic phases to control the bending elasticity of the interfacial layer to render stability to the dispersion. The microheterogeneity of such dispersions makes them useful in biological and technological applications. Various techniques viz., conductance, interfacial tension, SANS etc. were applied to estimate the distribution of cosurfactant between the interface and the bulk oil. However, a simple but ingenious method comprising repetitively oil dilution with cosurfactant titration till attainment of stable microemulsions was also used to measure the distribution of cosurfactant. This review summarizes formation and characterization of water‐in‐oil microemulsions stabilized by single or mixed surfactants of different charge types and polar head groups or mixed surface active ionic liquid and surfactant, and cosurfactants of different lipophilicities in both hydrocarbons and long chain alkyl ester oil, emphasizing interfacial composition, thermodynamics of formation and structural parameters by the dilution method coupled with transport properties, microstructures and states of water organization inside the pool etc. using instrumental techniques. Applicability of the data obtained from dilution method in different areas, viz. nanomaterial synthesis, enzyme activity, etc. have been reported. Indeed, this article presented a journey of development and significant contribution in utilizing this elegant and inexpensive method to accomplish the formation of microemulsion through consistent motivation by researchers of different countries.
An Empirical Equation for Estimation of Kinematic Viscosity of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Biodiesel
Authors: Phankosol Suriya , Sudaprasert Kaokanya , Lilitchan Supathra , Aryusuk Kornkanok , Krisnangkura Kanit 
Published: June 2015

AbstractKinematic viscosity (µ) is an important physical property of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and biodiesel. In this work, the Martin's rule of free energy additivity is extended to cover the kinematic viscosity of saturated and unsaturated FAME commonly found in nature. The proposed model can also be extended to estimate kinematic viscosity of biodiesel. The kinematic viscosity of a FAME or a biodiesel can be easily estimated from its carbon number (z), number of double bonds (nd) at different temperatures (T) without a prior knowledge of the viscosity of individual FAME. Both zave and nd(ave) can be derived from its fatty acid composition. Thus, kinematic viscosity of biodiesel at temperatures between 20 and 100 °C and at atmospheric pressure can be estimated. The average absolute deviation (AAD) estimated at 20–100 °C for saturated, unsaturated FAME, biodiesels and biodiesel blends are 4.15, 3.25, 6.95 and 2.79 %, respectively. The biodiesels collected in this study (191 data points) have the zave and nd(ave) between 14.10 and 17.96 and 0.21–1.54, respectively. The standard deviation was 0.249. The proposed model would be good for estimation of viscosity of biodiesel containing normal fatty acids, generally found in biodiesel feed stocks.
Corrosion behavior of the friction-stir-welded joints of 2A14-T6 aluminum alloy
Authors: Qin Hai-long , Zhang Hua , Sun Da-tong , Zhuang Qian-yu 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of friction-stir-welded 2A14-T6 aluminum alloy was investigated by immersion testing in immersion exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) solution. Electrochemical measurements (open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed for analyzing the corrosion mechanism. The results show that, compared to the base material, the corrosion resistance of the friction-stir welds is greatly improved, and the weld nugget has the highest corrosion resistance. The pitting susceptibility originates from the edge of Al-Cu-Fe-Mn-Si phase particles as the cathode compared to the matrix due to their high self-corrosion potential. No corrosion activity is observed around the θ phase (Al2Cu) after 2 h of immersion in EXCO solution.
Magic and the British Middle Classes, 1750–1900
Authors: Waters Thomas 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis essay explores the attitudes of the British middle classes towards witchcraft, ghosts, and other so-called superstitions from the mid-eighteenth to the late nineteenth centuries. Conventional historiographical wisdom maintains that belief in magic among middle-class Britons declined gradually between the early modern and modern eras. Grounded in the study of newspapers, antiquarianism, public lectures, and literary fiction, this essay proposes a more precise chronology for the decline and subsequent resurgence of magic. It argues that it was only from the 1820s that the middle classes, the media that served them, the police, and certain politicians put popular superstitions under significant duress, and examines the agendas and anxieties underlying this temporary cultural shift away from magic. The later Victorian period saw the emergence of greater tolerance towards witchcraft and ghost beliefs, allowing them to be reinterpreted as picturesque folklore or fitting subjects for the enquiries of psychical science.