bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Externalizing biases and hallucinations in source-monitoring, self-monitoring and signal detection studies: a meta-analytic review
Authors: Brookwell M. L. , Bentall R. P. , Varese F. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundCognitive models have postulated that auditory hallucinations arise from the misattribution of internally generated cognitive events to external sources. Several experimental paradigms have been developed to assess this externalizing bias in clinical and non-clinical hallucination-prone samples, including source-monitoring, verbal self-monitoring and auditory signal detection tasks. This meta-analysis aims to synthesize the wealth of empirical findings from these experimental studies.MethodA database search was carried out for reports between January 1985 and March 2012. Additional studies were retrieved by contacting authors and screening references of eligible reports. Studies were considered eligible if they compared either (i) hallucinating and non-hallucinating patients with comparable diagnoses, or (ii) non-clinical hallucination-prone and non-prone participants using source-monitoring, verbal self-monitoring or signal detection tasks, or used correlational analyses to estimate comparable effects.ResultsThe analysis included 15 clinical (240 hallucinating patients and 249 non-hallucinating patients) and nine non-clinical studies (171 hallucination-prone and 177 non-prone participants; 57 participants in a correlation study). Moderate-to-large summary effects were observed in both the clinical and analogue samples. Robust and significant effects were observed in source-monitoring and signal detection studies, but not in self-monitoring studies, possibly due to the small numbers of eligible studies in this subgroup. The use of emotionally valenced stimuli led to effects of similar magnitude to the use of neutral stimuli.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that externalizing biases are important cognitive underpinnings of hallucinatory experiences. Clinical interventions targeting these biases should be explored as possible treatments for clients with distressing voices.
Three-dimensional use of marine habitats by juvenile emperor penguinsAptenodytes forsteriduring post-natal dispersal
Authors: Thiebot Jean-Baptiste , Lescroël Amélie , Barbraud Christophe , Bost Charles-André 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe juvenile phase is poorly known in Antarctic seabirds, despite being a critical period for individual survival. To better understand the ecology of young Antarctic seabirds, we surveyed for the first time the three-dimensional habitat use of six juvenile emperor penguins during their post-natal dispersal from Terre Adélie, using bio-telemetric tags. The tags transmitted location and activity data for nearly 100 days on average. One individual was followed during eight months and covered 7000 km, which represents the longest continuous individual survey for the species. Studied individuals first dispersed away from Antarctica, up to 54.7°S and 1250 km north of the pack-ice edge, in the Polar Frontal Zone. This highlighted a much looser association with sea ice and a greater at-sea range compared to previous knowledge on breeding adults. Juvenile penguins then moved southwards close to the extending pack-ice during autumn and winter. Over the survey duration, juveniles showed a contrasting use of marine habitats, with less mobility, less time underwater, and shallower dives (generally not over 50–100 m) in the pack ice, versus greater distances travelled, more time spent underwater, especially deeper than 100 m (up to 250–300 m) in open water. We discuss hypotheses which could explain the northward exodus of juvenile emperor penguins across contrasting habitats.
The First Undoubted ‘Magic Flute’?
Authors: Fawcett Trevor 
Published: January 2013

Which was the first reasonably complete and faithful performance of Die Zauberflöte in English?In common with other Mozart operas, and despite its unabated popularity on the Continent, Die Zauberflöte came late and haltingly to the English stage. The date of its introduction is somewhat problematic. Dennis Arundell has drawn attention to an advertisement in The Times of 29 March 1806. A comic opera, Adolf and Clara, was to be performed that evening at the German Theatre (or Sans Souci), Leicester Square: ‘After which, a Pantomime Dance: and, for the 1st time, a new Musical Piece, by Mozart, called The ENCHANTED FLUTE; and to conclude with the Optical Ballet.’ No more is known beyond the bald statement. The production was apparently in English, and admittedly there was music, but does it appear likely that this was a serious attempt at the whole work? Introduced into the programme as a mere afterpiece, sandwiched between other diversions, and so very modestly announced, it sounds at the best estimate a heavily truncated version. Indeed the probability is that the piece was got up hastily in order to capitalize on the interest aroused by the Haymarket's production of La clemenza di Tito two days earlier, that being the first time a Mozart opera had been performed in England.
Ladies in the Wheatstone Ledgers: The Gendered Concertina in Victorian England, 1835–1870
Authors: Atlas Allan W. 
Published: January 2013

Victorian England held firm convictions about which instruments were appropriate for middle- and upper-class women, whether professionals or well-bred amateurs. Conventional wisdom holds that, until the informal ban on women playing the violin began to loosen in the 1870s, only three instruments were deemed suitable: piano, harp, and guitar. There was, however, a fourth instrument to which women had recourse: the English concertina, developed by the physicist Charles Wheatstone circa 1830.This study looks at the 978 women for whom there are 1,769 transactions-about 12% of the total-recorded in nine extant Wheatstone & Co. sales ledgers that list the firm's day-to-day sales from April 1835 to May 1870. It is in two parts: (1) an Introduction, which analyses the data presented in the Inventory from a demographic-sociological point of view and places Wheatstone's commerce with women into the context of its business activity as a whole; and (2) the Inventory (with three appendices), which lists every transaction for each of the 978 women, identifies as many of them as possible, and offers a miscellany of comments about both the women and the transactions. Briefly, the roster of Wheatstone's female customers reads like a list of Victorian England's rich-and-famous: the Duchess of Wellington and 146 other members of the titled aristocracy (more than twice as many as their male counterparts), the fabulously wealthy philanthropist Angela Burdett Coutts, members of the landed gentry, and such mainstays of London's musical life as the guitarist Madame R. Sidney Pratten, the organist Elizabeth Mounsey, and the contralto Helen Charlotte Dolby, as well as a large number of Professors of Concertina.
Therapeutic Strategies in Post–Facial Paralysis Synkinesis in Adult Patients
Authors: Terzis Julia K. , Karypidis Dimitrios 
Published: January 2013

Background:
Facial synkinesis comprises unwanted facial muscle contractions in different facial muscle groups following voluntary ones, in cases of incomplete recovery from facial paralysis. Facial expressivity and function are impaired, and the psychological integrity of the patients is seriously affected.

Methods:
Thirty-one adult patients (older than 18 years) presenting with post–facial paralysis synkinesis were included in this study. The mean patient age was 39.6 years and the mean denervation time was 124 months.

Results:
There were five patient groups. Group A (n = 9) underwent cross-facial nerve grafting and secondary microcoaptations. Group B (n = 8) had cross-facial nerve grafting, secondary microcoaptations, and botulinum toxin type A injections. Group C (n = 6) received cross-facial nerve grafting, secondary microcoaptations, botulinum toxin type A, and selective neurectomies. Group D (n = 2) underwent cross-facial nerve grafting, direct muscle neurotization, and botulinum toxin type A. Group E underwent other means of treating synkinesis (n = 6), such as botulinum injections alone (n = 1), biofeedback alone (n = 2), biofeedback with selective neurectomies and myectomies (n = 2), and biofeedback and botulinum injections (n = 1). Group B had the highest synkinesis improvement (100 percent), followed by groups A and C (66 percent). Functional results were improved, with smile improvement being higher in group C and eye closure being higher in groups A, B, and E.

Conclusion:
Meticulous patient selection and evaluation followed by an individualized form of treatment, most frequently including cross-facial nerve grafting and secondary microcoaptations along with botulinum toxin type A and biofeedback including facial muscle retraining, constitute an effective and reliable methodology with which to combat post–facial paralysis synkinesis.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
The Three Dermoglandular Flap Support in Reduction Mammaplasty
Authors: Pascone Michele , Di Candia Michele , Pascone Christian 
Published: January 2013

Background:
Bilateral breast reduction is an established procedure performed to relieve the physical pain and psychological discomfort associated with heavy, pendulous breasts. Numerous techniques have been developed over the years with several refinements to obtain safe nipple-areola complex transposition and harmonious breast shape. Based on the experience of the senior author (M.P.), the three dermoglandular flap technique is proposed to achieve a safe and aesthetically pleasing breast reduction through the surgical concept of dermal support.

Methods:
The authors analyzed the benefits of the three dermoglandular flap technique performed in a selected group of smoking patients with a potentially high risk of postoperative complications and high probability of breast ptosis recurrence (each patient had breast volume >1000 cc, breast nipple ptosis grade 3 on Regnault's scale, and body mass index >27). Blood supply to the nipple-areola complex was based on an inferior-central pedicle.

Results:
Between 1995 and 2007, 47 smokers underwent bilateral breast reduction using the three dermoglandular flap technique. Their ages ranged from 37 to 63 years (mean, 49 years), and their average body mass index was 31.2 kg/m2 (range, 27 to 38). The overall complications rate was 14.9 percent. No wound breakdowns and no complete or partial necrosis of the nipple-areola complex was observed. Follow-up ranged from 18 to 48 months (mean, 32 months).

Conclusions:
Three dermoglandular flap reduction mammaplasty produced good cone shape, soft texture, and fullness in the central and inferior pole with satisfactory breast projection and was stable over time. It offers a safe and practical approach in the treatment of challenging breast hypertrophy.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Bone Biology and Physiology
Authors: Buck Donald W. , Dumanian Gregory A. 
Published: January 2013

Summary:
The principles of bone biology and physiology permeate all subspecialty practices in plastic and reconstructive surgery, from hand surgery to aesthetic surgery. Despite its importance in our practices, these topics rarely surface within textbooks, literature reviews, or residency curricula. The authors present the second portion of a two-part review of the important concepts of bone biology and bone physiology relevant to plastic surgery, in an effort to ameliorate this educational gap.
Safety, Efficacy, and Modifications of the Dermal Bra Technique for Reduction Mammaplasty and Ptosis Correction
Authors: Guo Ke , Sun Jiaming , Qiao Qun , Guo Nengqiang , Guo Liang 
Published: January 2013

Background:
The dermal bra technique was reported by the authors in 2003 for reduction mammaplasty and ptosis correction. The authors have summarized and modified continuously and here share their experience and analyze the long-term safety and efficacy of this technique.

Methods:
Three hundred forty-seven patients underwent the dermal bra technique in the authors' department from October of 2003 to October of 2011, and 213 of them were followed successfully for 3 months to 2 years. Patients before and after October of 2006 were divided into early and late groups. The incidence of complications, the long-term satisfaction rate, and modifications that have been developed were noted and analyzed.

Results:
Short-term complications occurred in 55 breasts (7.9 percent), including hematoma (seroma), delayed wound healing, fat necrosis, deep folds, necrosis, and numbness of the nipple-areola complex. Long-term complications were found in 28 breasts (6.6 percent), including widened scar and enlarged areola, irregular areola, secondary ptosis, sunken nipple-areola complex, numbness of the nipple-areola complex, cyst, and chronic infection. Except for one case of nipple-areola complex numbness, all complications were corrected successfully. The long-term satisfaction rate was 95.7 percent. With three major modifications (W- or V-shaped gland resection, medial rotation of gland flap, and modified purse-string suture), the short-term and long-term complication rates (p < 0.01) and satisfaction rate (p < 0.05) of the late group were improved significantly compared with the early group.

Conclusion:
Effective modifications have significantly improved the safety and efficacy of the dermal bra technique and have made it a mature approach for reduction mammaplasty and ptosis correction.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Deep and Superficial Keloid Fibroblasts Contribute Differentially to Tissue Phenotype in a Novel In Vivo Model of Keloid Scar
Authors: Supp Dorothy M. , Hahn Jennifer M. , Glaser Kathryn , McFarland Kevin L. , Boyce Steven T. 
Published: January 2013

Background:
Keloids are thick fibrous scars that are refractory to treatment and unique to humans. The lack of keloid animal models has hampered development of effective therapies. The authors' goal was to develop an animal model of keloids using grafted engineered skin substitutes composed of keloid-derived cells. To demonstrate the model's utility, differences between deep and superficial keloid fibroblasts were investigated.

Methods:
Engineered skin substitutes were prepared using six combinations of cells: 1, normal keratinocytes and normal fibroblasts; 2, normal keratinocytes and deep keloid fibroblasts; 3, normal keratinocytes and superficial keloid fibroblasts; 4, keloid keratinocytes and normal fibroblasts; 5, keloid keratinocytes and deep keloid fibroblasts; and 6, keloid keratinocytes and superficial keloid fibroblasts. Engineered skin substitutes stably grafted to athymic mice were evaluated for wound area, thickness, and gene expression.

Results:
Deep keloid fibroblasts displayed elevated expression of type 1 collagen alpha 1 (COL1A1), transforming growth factor β-1, periostin, plasminogen activator inhibitor 2, and inhibin beta A compared with superficial keloid fibroblasts and normal fibroblasts. After grafting, engineered skin substitutes in group 5 were significantly thicker than controls and had increased COL1A1 expression. Engineered skin substitutes in group 6 showed significantly increased area. Histologic analysis revealed abnormal collagen organization in engineered skin substitutes containing deep keloid fibroblasts or superficial keloid fibroblasts.

Conclusions:
Aspects of the phenotypes of engineered skin substitutes prepared with keloid cells are analogous to thickening and spreading of human keloid scars. Therefore, use of keloid engineered skin substitutes is a valuable new tool for the study of keloid scarring.
Guiding Local Perforator Flaps with Preoperative Imaging
Authors: Rozen Warren M. , Paddle Alenka M. , Chubb Daniel , Wilson Jeremy , Grinsell Damien , Ashton Mark W. 
Published: January 2013

Background:
Perforator flap nomenclature continues to evolve, with many classification schemes reported. Each of them focuses on the fascial penetration pattern of perforators, which has no impact on flap perfusion. With the advent of advanced imaging technologies, the subcutaneous course of perforators can be highlighted for the first time, offering new insight into flap design.

Methods:
The current study presents the authors' technique for imaging local perforator flaps with computed tomographic angiography, utilizing a standard technique for perforator imaging with computed tomographic angiogram, regardless of whether the flap is a local or free flap, and regardless of body region. This technique has been used in more than 1000 image-guided perforator flaps, with the current study highlighting three such cases in different body regions.

Results:
With the use of preoperative imaging, flap design can be based on the subcutaneous ramification of individual perforators. Several ramification patterns are presented and potential improvements to nomenclature schemes suggested.

Conclusion:
With the use of preoperative imaging, “image-guided” perforator flaps that are truly axial-pattern in terms of their arterial supply can be designed.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Diagnostic: V.
Does Abdominoplasty Have a Positive Influence on Quality of Life, Self-Esteem, and Emotional Stability?
Authors: Papadopulos Nikolaos A. , Staffler Vera , Mirceva Vesna , Henrich Gerhard , Papadopoulos Othon N. , Kovacs Laszlo , Herschbach Peter , Machens Hans-Günther , Biemer Edgar 
Published: January 2013

Background:
In a previous prospective study, the authors evaluated the quality of life in patients undergoing aesthetic surgery. In this survey, the authors split up the operative indication and analyzed quality of life, self-esteem, and emotional stability after abdominoplasty alone.

Methods:
Sixty-three patients participated in the study. The testing instrument consisted of a self-developed questionnaire to collect demographic and socioeconomic data and a postoperative complication questionnaire developed especially for abdominoplasties. In addition, a standardized self-assessment test on satisfaction and quality of life (Questions on Life Satisfaction), the Rosenberg Self -Esteem Questionnaire, and the Freiburg Personality Inventory were used.

Results:
Significantly increasing values in some items of the standardized self-assessment test on satisfaction and quality of life were found: sum scores of the General Life Satisfaction showed a significant improvement (p = 0.004) and the scores of the items housing/living conditions (p = 0.000) and family life/children (p = 0.000). Within the Satisfaction with Health module, a significant improvement in the items mobility (p = 0.02) and independence from assistance (p = 0.01) was found. Values in the module Satisfaction with Appearance (Body Image) increased regarding satisfaction with the abdomen (p = 0.001). Over 84 percent were very satisfied with the aesthetic result, 93.4 percent would undergo the same treatment again, and 88.9 percent would further recommend the operation. Data revealed that participants' self-esteem was very high and their emotional stability was very well balanced.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that abdominoplasty increases most aspects of quality of life, particularly family life, living conditions, mobility, and independency from assistance. Also, patient self-esteem and emotional stability ratings are very high postoperatively.
Methodologically Rigorous Clinical Research
Authors: Yang Lynda J.-S. , Chang Kate W.-C. , Chung Kevin C. 
Published: January 2013

Background:
Rigorous methodology increases the quality of clinical research by encouraging freedom from the biases inherent in clinical studies. As randomized controlled studies (clinical trial design) are rarely applicable to surgical research, the authors address the commonly used observational study designs and methodologies by presenting guidelines for rigor.

Methods:
The authors performed a review of study designs, including cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies and case series/reports, and biases and confounders of study design.

Results:
Details about biases and confounders at each study stage, study characteristics, rigor checklists, and published literature examples for each study design are summarized and presented in this report.

Conclusions:
For those surgeons interested in pursuing clinical research, mastery of the principles of methodologic rigor is imperative in the context of evidence-based medicine and widespread publication of clinical studies. Knowledge of the study designs and their appropriate application, and strict adherence to study design methods can provide high-quality evidence to serve as the basis for rational clinical decision-making.
Single-Surgeon Experience of 87 Buccal Mucosal Graft Harvests
Authors: Cohen Seth D. , Armenakas Noel A. , Light David M. , Fracchia John A. , Glasberg Scot B. 
Published: January 2013

Summary:
Although buccal mucosa has been the preferred graft material for use in the reconstruction of anterior urethral strictures for approximately 20 years, the plastic surgery literature is lacking in studies describing and evaluating this technique. The authors sought to report their experience with the technique of buccal mucosa graft harvest for use in urethral reconstruction. The authors identified 87 consecutive patients who underwent buccal mucosal graft harvesting during a 15-year period from 1995 to 2010. All donor sites were closed primarily. Preoperatively, a specialty-specific evaluation was performed by plastic surgeons and urologists. Postoperative donor-site morbidity was followed clinically. Eighty-seven patients underwent buccal harvesting. A single buccal graft was harvested in 75 patients (86.2 percent) and bilateral grafts were harvested in 12 patients (13.8 percent). The median patient age of the patients was 42 years (range, 16 to 78 years). There were no major intraoperative or postoperative complications. Minor complications included mild discomfort, numbness, cheek swelling, and restriction of oral movement, all of which resolved by the 3-month postoperative visit. The ability to eat and drink postoperatively was diminished during only the first 24 to 48 hours in all patients. Our series provides a 1-year follow-up in a substantial cohort looking at clinical outcomes after buccal harvesting. These results confirm the safety and efficacy of buccal mucosal harvesting to provide an effective and cosmetically superior option for urethral reconstruction.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.