bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation of internal wave polarity conversion generated by a rising tide
Authors: Li Lan , Wang Caixia , Grimshaw Roger 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe observations reported here are based on time series of in situ observation data in Laoshan Bay off the Qingdao coast. A chain of thermistors (T‐chain) at a fixed location recorded a sequence of elevation internal waves followed by depression internal waves passing by over an elapsed time of about 1 h. This observed polarity conversion at a fixed location is caused by the vertical stratification variation mainly induced by the rising tide, which is believed to be the first reported observation of this kind. The process of an elevation internal wave train converting to a depression wave train is simulated using the variable‐coefficient extended Korteweg‐de Vries (veKdV) equation, which also provides a further comparison between theory and the reported observations.
What does it take to flood the Pampas?: Lessons from a decade of strong hydrological fluctuations
Authors: Kuppel S. , Houspanossian J. , Nosetto M. D. , Jobbágy E. G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWhile most landscapes respond to extreme rainfalls with increased surface water outflows, very flat and poorly drained ones have little capacity to do this and their most common responses include (i) increased water storage leading to rising water tables and floods, (ii) increased evaporative water losses, and, after reaching high levels of storage, (iii) increased liquid water outflows. The relative importance of these pathways was explored in the extensive plains of the Argentine Pampas, where two significant flood episodes (denoted FE1 and FE2) occurred in 2000–2003 and 2012–2013. In two of the most flood‐prone areas (Western and Lower Pampa, 60,000 km2 each), surface water cover reached 31 and 19% during FE1 in each subregion, while FE2 covered up to 22 and 10%, respectively. From the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the flood events, we distinguished slow floods lasting several years when the water table is brought to the surface following sustained precipitation excesses in groundwater‐connected systems (Western Pampa), and “fast” floods triggered by surface water accumulation over the course of weeks to months, typical of poor surface‐groundwater connectivity (Lower Pampa) or when exceptionally strong rainfalls overwhelm infiltration capacity. Because of these different hydrological responses, precipitation and evapotranspiration were strongly linked in the Lower Pampa only, while the connection between water fluxes and storage was limited to the Western Pampa. In both regions, evapotranspirative losses were strongly linked to flooded conditions as a regulatory feedback, while liquid water outflows remained negligible.
Stabilization of Single‐Input LTI Systems by Proportional‐Derivative Feedback
Authors: Abdelaziz Taha H. S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article presents an efficient solution to the stabilization pole placement problem for single‐input linear time‐invariant (LTI) systems by proportional‐derivative (PD) feedback. For a controllable system, any arbitrary closed‐loop poles can be placed in order to achieve the desired closed‐loop system performance. Its derivation is based on the transformation of linear system into Hessenberg form by a special coordinate transformation before solving the pole placement problem. The available degrees of freedom offered by PD feedback are utilized to obtain closed‐loop systems with small gains. So, the minimization problem for a suitably chosen cost function is formulated. Simulation results are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Spatial analysis of gastroschisis in the national birth defects prevention study
Authors: Yazdy Mahsa M. , Werler Martha M. , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Shaw Gary M , Mosley Bridget S. , Vieira Veronica M. ,   The National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: April 2015

BackgroundGastroschisis is a birth defect where loops of bowel are protruding from the abdominal wall at birth. Previous research has suggested that gastroschisis cases can occur in clusters. The objective of this study was to identify if there were areas of elevated gastroschisis risk using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), 1997 through 2007.MethodsWe obtained data on cases (n = 371) through population‐based birth defects surveillance systems in Arkansas, California, and Utah; controls (n = 2359) were selected from the same geographic areas as cases. Mothers were interviewed on demographic information and exposures during pregnancy, including residential history. We used first trimester maternal addresses and generalized additive models to create a continuous map surface of odds ratios (OR) by smoothing over latitude and longitude. Permutation tests were used to assess whether location of maternal residence was important and identify locations with statistically significant ORs.ResultsIn Arkansas, adjusted ORs in the southwest corner were 2.0 and the global deviance was not statistically significant (p‐value: 0.57). Adjusted ORs for California indicated areas of increased risk with ORs 1.3 (p‐value: 0.34). In Utah, the adjusted ORs were elevated (OR: 2.4) in the south‐eastern corner of the study area (p‐value: 0.34).ConclusionThe results of this study, while not statistically significant, suggest there were spatial variations in gastroschisis births. We cannot rule out that these variations were due to edge effects or residual confounding. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:544–553, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Juxtamembrane contribution to transmembrane signaling
Authors: Deng Wei , Li Renhao 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTSignaling across the cell membrane mediated by transmembrane receptors plays an important role in diverse biological processes. Recent studies have indicated that, in a number of single‐span transmembrane receptors, the intracellular juxtamembrane (JM) sequence linking the transmembrane helix with the rest of the cytoplasmic domain participates directly in the signaling process via several novel mechanisms. This review briefly highlights several modes of JM dynamics in the context of signal transduction that are shared by different types of transmembrane receptors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 317–322, 2015.
Characterization of adolescent and pediatric renal cell carcinoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group study AREN03B2
Authors: Geller James I. , Ehrlich Peter F. , Cost Nicholas G. , Khanna Geetika , Mullen Elizabeth A. , Gratias Eric J. , Naranjo Arlene , Dome Jeffrey S. , Perlman Elizabeth J. 
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUNDThe current study was conducted to characterize the epidemiology, histology, and radiographic features of as well as the surgical approach to pediatric and adolescent renal cell carcinoma (pRCC).METHODSpRCC cases prospectively enrolled on the Children's Oncology Group study AREN03B2 underwent central pathology, radiology, surgery, and oncology review.RESULTSAs of June 2012, 120 of a total of 3250 patients enrolled on AREN03B2 (3.7%) were found to have unilateral RCC (median age, 12.9 years [range, 1.9‐22.1 years]; 52.5% were female). Central review classified these as translocation morphology (56 patients), papillary (20 patients), renal medullary carcinoma (13 patients), chromophobe (4 patients), oncocytoma (1 patient), conventional clear cell (1 patient), and RCC not otherwise specified (25 patients). Lymph node (LN) involvement (N+) was found in 35 of 73 cases (47.9%) for which LNs were sampled, including 19 of 40 cases with primary tumors measuring <7 cm (47.5%). Using a size cutoff of 1 cm, imaging detection of LN involvement had a sensitivity of 57.14% (20 of 35 cases; 95% CI, 39.35%‐73.68%) and a specificity of 94.59% (35 of 37 cases; 95% CI, 81.81%‐99.34%). Distant metastases were present in 23 cases (19.2%). Initial surgery was radical nephrectomy in 88 patients (73.3%), nephron‐sparing surgery in 18 patients (15.0%), and biopsy in 14 patients (11.7%). Compared with patients undergoing radical nephrectomy, those treated with nephron‐sparing surgery were less likely to have LNs sampled (6 of 18 patients [33.3%] vs 65 of 88 patients [73.9%]; P = .002).CONCLUSIONSTranslocation RCC is the most common form of pediatric and adolescent RCC. Lymph node disease is common and observed among patients with small primary tumors. Imaging has a high specificity but relatively low sensitivity for the detection of such lymph node disease. Failure to sample LNs results in incomplete staging and potentially inadequate disease control for younger patients with RCC. Cancer 2015;121:2457–2464. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Anaerobic digestion of thermal pretreated brewers' spent grains
Authors: Bochmann G. , Drosg B. , Fuchs W. 
Published: April 2015

Anaerobic digestion offers a good opportunity to degrade residues from breweries to biogas. To improve the anaerobic degradation process thermal pretreatment of brewers' spent grains (BSG) offers the opportunity to increase degradation rate and biogas yield.Aim of the work is to show the influence of the thermal pretreatment of BSG to anaerobic digestion. BSG were pretreated at different temperature levels from 100 to 200°C. The biogas production of thermally pretreated BSG lies between 30 and 40% higher than for untreated reference. The temperature of the pretreatment process has a significant influence on the degradation rate or gas yield, respectively. Up to a temperature of 160°C, the biogas yield rises. Temperatures over 160°C result in a slower degradation and decreasing biogas yield.Substrate with and without pretreatment gave a daily biogas yield of 430 and 389 Nm3 × kg−1 VS, respectively. Batch analysis of the biochemical methane potential gives a total methane yield of 409.8 Nm3 CH4 × kg−1 VS of untreated brewers' spent grains and 467.6 Nm3 CH4 × kg−1 VS of the pretreated samples.For pretreatment energy balance estimation has been carried out. Without any heat recovery demand is higher than the energy surplus resulting from pretreatment of BSG. With energy recovery by heat exchanger the net energy yield could be increased to 38.87 kWh × kg−1 FM or 8.81%. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1092–1096, 2015
A novel optimization technique for explicit finite‐difference schemes with application to AeroAcoustics
Authors: Cunha Guilherme , Redonnet Stéphane 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe present paper addresses the optimization of finite‐difference schemes when these are to be used for numerically approximating spatial derivatives in aeroacoustics evolution problems. With that view in mind, finite‐difference operators are firstly detailed from a theoretical point of view. Secondly, time, the way such operators can be optimized in a spectral‐like sense is recalled, before the main limitations of such an optimization are highlighted. This leads us to propose an alternative optimization approach of innovative character. Such a novel optimization technique consists of enhancing the scheme's formal accuracy through a minimization of its leading‐order truncation error. This so‐called intrinsic optimization procedure is first detailed, before it is thoroughly analyzed, from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. The second part of the paper focuses on two particular intrinsically optimized schemes, which are carefully assessed via a direct comparison against their standard and/or spectral‐like optimized counterparts, such a comparative exercise being conducted utilizing several academic test cases of increasing complexity. There, it is shown how intrinsically optimized schemes indeed constitute an advantageous alternative to either the standard or the spectral‐like optimized ones, being allotted with both (i) the better scalability of the former scheme with respect to grid convergence effects when the grid density increases and (ii) the higher accuracy of the latter scheme when the discretization level becomes marginal. Thanks to that, such intrinsically optimized schemes offer very good trade‐offs in terms of (i) accuracy; (ii) robustness; and (iii) numerical efficiency (CPU cost). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non‐iterative implicit algorithm for the solution of advection–diffusion equation on a sphere
Authors: Skiba Yuri N. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryA numerical algorithm for the solution of advection–diffusion equation on the surface of a sphere is suggested. The velocity field on a sphere is assumed to be known and non‐divergent. The discretization of advection–diffusion equation in space is carried out with the help of the finite volume method, and the Gauss theorem is applied to each grid cell. For the discretization in time, the symmetrized double‐cycle componentwise splitting method and the Crank–Nicolson scheme are used. The numerical scheme is of second order approximation in space and time, correctly describes the balance of mass of substance in the forced and dissipative discrete system and is unconditionally stable. In the absence of external forcing and dissipation, the total mass and L2‐norm of solution of discrete system is conserved in time. The one‐dimensional periodic problems arising at splitting in the longitudinal direction are solved with Sherman–Morrison's formula and Thomas's algorithm. The one‐dimensional problems arising at splitting in the latitudinal direction are solved by the bordering method that requires a prior determination of the solution at the poles. The resulting linear systems have tridiagonal matrices and are solved by Thomas's algorithm. The suggested method is direct (without iterations) and rapid in realization. It can also be applied to linear and nonlinear diffusion problems, some elliptic problems and adjoint advection–diffusion problems on a sphere. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing for Polygenic Effects in Genome‐Wide Association Studies
Authors: Pan Wei , Chen Yue‐Ming , Wei Peng 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTTo confirm associations with a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), each with only a small effect size, as hypothesized in the polygenic theory for schizophrenia, the International Schizophrenia Consortium (2009, Nature 460:748–752) proposed a polygenic risk score (PRS) test and demonstrated its effectiveness when applied to psychiatric disorders. The basic idea of the PRS test is to use a half of the sample to select and up‐weight those more likely to be associated SNPs, and then use the other half of the sample to test for aggregated effects of the selected SNPs. Intrigued by the novelty and increasing use of the PRS test, we aimed to evaluate and improve its performance for GWAS data. First, by an analysis of the PRS test, we point out its connection with the Sum test [Chapman and Whittaker, , Genet Epidemiol 32:560–566; Pan, , Genet Epidemiol 33:497–507]; given the known advantages and disadvantages of the Sum test, this connection motivated the development of several other polygenic tests, some of which may be more powerful than the PRS test under certain situations. Second, more importantly, to overcome the low statistical efficiency of the data‐splitting strategy as adopted in the PRS test, we reformulate and thus modify the PRS test, obtaining several adaptive tests, which are closely related to the adaptive sum of powered score (SPU) test studied in the context of rare variant analysis [Pan et al., 2014, Genetics 197:1081–1095]. We use both simulated data and a real GWAS dataset of alcohol dependence to show dramatically improved power of the new tests over the PRS test; due to its superior performance and simplicity, we recommend the whole sample‐based adaptive SPU test for polygenic testing. We hope to raise the awareness of the limitations of the PRS test and potential power gain of the adaptive SPU test.
Modeling and evaluating evidence‐based continuing education program in nursing home dementia care (MEDCED)—training of care home staff to reduce use of restraint in care home residents with dementia. A cluster randomized controlled trial
Authors: Testad Ingelin , Mekki Tone Elin , Førland Oddvar , Øye Christine , Tveit Eva Marie , Jacobsen Frode , Kirkevold Øyvind 
Published: April 2015

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a tailored 7‐month training intervention “Trust Before Restraint,” in reducing use of restraint, agitation, and antipsychotic medications in care home residents with dementia.MethodsThis is a single‐blind cluster randomized controlled trial in 24 care homes within the Western Norway Regional Health Authority 2011–2013.ResultsFrom 24 care homes, 274 residents were included in the study, with 118 in the intervention group and 156 in the control group. Use of restraint was significantly reduced in both the intervention group and the control group despite unexpected low baseline, with a tendency to a greater reduction in the control group. There was a significant reduction in Cohen‐Mansfield Agitation Inventory score in both the intervention group and the follow‐up group with a slightly higher reduction in the control group, although this did not reach significance and a small nonsignificant increase in use of antipsychotics (14.1–17.7%) and antidepressants (35.9–38.4%) in both groups.ConclusionsThis study reports on the statistically significant reduction in use of restraint in care homes, both prior and during the 7‐month intervention periods, in both intervention and control groups. When interpreted within the context of the current climate of educational initiatives to reduce restraint and a greater focus on the importance of person‐centered care, the study also highlights the potential success achieved with national training programs for care staff and should be further evaluated to inform future training initiatives both in Norway and internationally. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of N‐Aroyl (Aryloxyacetyl)‐N′‐ferrocenyl Thiourea Derivatives
Authors: Zhang Qiong , Zhao Bihong , Song Yangyang , Hua Chengwen , Gou Xiaofeng , Chen Bang , Zhao Junlong 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIn this study, the synthesis of aminoferrocene was improved and a series of novel ferrocene‐containing thiourea compounds were designed and synthesized as potential plant growth regulators. All the new compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and X‐ray crystallography. Furthermore, the cytokinin and auxin activities of 5c and 5a–i were investigated. Notably, compounds 5e, 5g, and 5j in a concentration of 50 μg/mL exhibited significant cytokinin activity, and compounds 5b and 5h in a concentration of 50 μg/mL exhibited higher auxin activity than indoleacetic acid .
Epoch‐based likelihood models reveal no evidence for accelerated evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles in response to cenozoic climate change
Authors: King Benedict , Lee Michael S. Y. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTA broad scale analysis of the evolution of viviparity across nearly 4,000 species of squamates revealed that origins increase in frequency toward the present, raising the question of whether rates of change have accelerated. We here use simulations to show that the increased frequency is within the range expected given that the number of squamate lineages also increases with time. Novel, epoch‐based methods implemented in BEAST (which allow rates of discrete character evolution to vary across time‐slices) also give congruent results, with recent epochs having very similar rates to older epochs. Thus, contrary to expectations, there was no accelerated burst of origins of viviparity in response to global cooling during the Cenozoic or glacial cycles during the Plio‐Pleistocene. However, if one accepts the conventional view that viviparity is more likely to evolve than to be lost, and also the evidence here that viviparity has evolved with similar regularity throughout the last 200 Ma, then the absence of large, ancient clades of viviparous squamates (analogs to therian mammals) requires explanation. Viviparous squamate lineages might be more prone to extinction than are oviparous lineages, due to their prevalance at high elevations and latitudes and thus greater susceptibility to climate fluctuations. If so, the directional bias in character evolution would be offset by the bias in extinction rates. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 525–531, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Post‐2015 Global Development Agenda: A Latin American Perspective
Authors: Comim Flavio 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe paper briefly examines the literature that criticises the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) from a Latin American perspective. It presents some key stylised facts of development from the contemporary history of the region. It focuses on three structural features of Latin American development, namely, inequality, conflict and low State capacity. Finally, it discusses the relevance and adequacy of some MDGs and targets based on the theoretical criticisms and empirical evidence examined earlier. It concludes by offering suggestions for the post‐2015 global development agenda. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinctive oncological features of stage IIIA colorectal cancer: Analysis of prognostic factors for selective adjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Park Soo Yeun , Choi Gyu‐Seog , Park Jun Seok , Kim Hye Jin , Sakai Yoshiharu , Hasegawa Suguru , Watanabe Toshiaki , Kim Seon Hahn 
Published: April 2015

IntroductionIn the seventh TNM classification, stage IIIA includes tumors with early stage of bowel wall invasion and regional lymph node metastasis. We investigated the validity of the current TNM classification of patients with stage IIIA colorectal cancer and identified prognostic factors of them for ameliorating treatment strategies for them.MethodsThis study included the participation of four tertiary hospitals. A total of 4,236 patients with Stages I–IIIB colorectal cancer were analyzed. The primary end point was the 5‐year relapse‐free survival.ResultsThe 5‐year relapse‐free survival of patients with stage IIIA disease was similar to that of patients with stage IIA. The 5‐year relapse‐free survival was 88.9% in the chemotherapy group (n = 152) and 82.3% in the no‐chemotherapy group (n = 36, P = 0.111). Tumor differentiation (moderate or poor) and venous invasion were independent prognostic factors of relapse‐free survival.ConclusionsThe relapse‐free survival of patients with stage IIIA tumors was similar to that of patients with stage IIA tumors, and the prognosis of stage IIIA tumors varied significantly by the tumor factors identified. These factors can be used to predict the risk of disease recurrence and to optimize the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:882–890. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.