bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bauschinger effect in undercooled 6082 aluminium wrought alloy
Authors: Reich M. , Kessler O. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Finite element method (FEM) modelling can be used to predict residual stresses and distortion during quenching. One part of the necessary constitutive equations covers the strain hardening model (isotropic, kinematic or mixed) for the material in an undercooled state. Therefore, tension and tension / compression tests of undercooled aluminium alloys like EN AW-6082 were performed in a quenching and deformation dilatometer. Samples have been solution annealed and quenched in the dilatometer at a supercritical cooling rate. Immediately after quenching, uniaxial tension or tension / compression tests at varying temperatures have been performed. These experiments allow a study on the influence of the temperature on the Bauschinger effect. The magnitude of the Bauschinger effect was found to decrease with increasing temperature. Finally, the results have been implemented in the material model of the FEM-Software SYSWELD®.
Modeling of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Oxyethylation in a Semi-Batch Reactor with Successive Dosing of Ethylene Oxide
Authors: Alejski K. , Bartkowiak P. , Szymanowski J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The profile of pressure change and the product composition were used to model oxyethylation of fatty acid methyl esters, carried out in a semi-batch reactor with successive dosing of ethylene oxide. It was found that the model fitted well with the experimental data obtained in the presence of a calcium-based catalyst. The introduction of the first and second oxyethylene groups are the slowest and the quickest step, respectively. The pseudo-rate constants of the successive steps are lower than the constant of the second step but approximately twice as high as the first rate constant. The modeling also demonstrates that the oxyethylation cannot proceed via oxyethylation of calcium alkoxylate and transesterification with fatty acid methyl esters.
Testing of the Fabric Damage Properties of Bleach Containing Detergents
Authors: Luijkx G. C. A. , Hild R. , Krijnen E. S. , Lodewick R. , Rechenbach T. , Reinhardt G. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In the development of new and improved bleach systems for laundry detergents there is a need for a reliable and generally accepted protocol to test on fibre damage. Several methods for measurement of damage to cotton are published in the international standards. In an inter-laboratory test some of these methods were applied to cotton that was repeatedly washed with bleach containing laundry detergents. It was found that not all measurements give consistent results. Based on the findings tensile strength loss measurement is regarded as the method of choice for determination of fibre damage by bleach containing detergents.
Self-Organized Nano-Particles for Enhanced Wetting of Hard Surfaces∗∗
Authors: Dreja M. , Noglich J. , Josa J. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractNano-particles or nanometer-thin layers are well established for permanent modification of hard surfaces. Depending on the physical and chemical properties, such films can lead to anti-scratch, anti-reflective and “self-cleaning” properties. The use of nano-particles and nanometer-thin polymeric films is also of interest for temporary applications. In this work it is shown that application of particle dispersions or polymers on hard ceramic surfaces can lead to distinct self-organization of the nano-particles due to electrostatic repulsion and surface free energy minimization. Some of the resulting semi-permanent surface modifications show reduced contact angles for hydrophilic liquids, which results in long-lasting effects of enhanced drainage, increased drying speed and reduced re-soiling. The self-organization of hydrophilic nano-sized particles with different size and surface characteristics is evaluated compared to polymeric surface modifiers.
Oilfield Applications of Anionic Alkylpolyglucosides
Authors: McGregor William M. , Fornara Dario , Pellizzon Tullio 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In conventional detergent compositions, synergism between alkylpolyglucosides and conventional anionic surfactants is exploited. Now improved types of binary mixture of alkylpolyglucoside with innovative alkylpolyglucoside ester based anionic surfactant have been successfully applied to wellbore cleaning for the oil and gas industry. In recent years the environmental aspects of wellbore cleaning agents has become critical in environmentally sensitive areas since in offshore operations where there can potentially be accidental contamination of the marine environment with surfactants. Binary mixtures of alkylpolyglucosides and alkylpolyglucoside-based anionic surfactants showed the cleaning performance required, combined with the advantage of outstanding environmental properties.
Development and Analytic of Odor Absorber
Authors: Böhmer Thomas , Müller Felix , Peggau Jörg 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The modern societies are not any more ready to accept malodors as an inevitable fact but they tend to control osmogens and spread good smells. Hereby the use of zinc ricinoleate has grown to a common system for odor control in recent years. Theoretical description of odor absorbing mechanism was done recently. For performance evaluation of these malodor absorbing systems a new analytical method, the solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), is now available. With this knowledge, the next task is to develop a malodor absorber system with required efficacy.
Enzymatic Production of Care Specialties Based on Fatty Acid Esters
Authors: Thum O. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of fatty acid ester based care specialties is a prime example of a modern, innovative and sustainable technology. This article gives an overview on the advantages of this process compared to traditional production methods. Economic as well as quality aspects will be discussed, furthermore, an example of a novel product that is only available by this biocatalytical method will be given.
Investigation on Detergent Tablet Stability: from Raw Materials to Tablet Properties
Authors: Chantraine F. , Viana M. , Brielles N. , Mondain-Monval O. , Branlard P. , Rubinstenn G. , Roux D. , Chulia D. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the functional characteristics (mechanical strength, disintegration and dissolution) of effervescent detergent tablets with chlorine provider under various storage conditions. The contribution of surfactant to the tablet stability was studied by comparing tablets without and with surfactant. After one year of storage in polypropylene tubes, the properties were modified for both formulas but the way to reach the end-point was different. In order to precise the influence of relative humidity, the tablets were exposed to controlled humidity levels, after a preliminary drying stage: with the surfactant, stability was better at lower humidity but for higher relative humidity, tablet properties were affected to a larger extent, compared to the formula without surfactant. Raman spectroscopy pointed out modifications of effervescent couple with humidity indicating i) a beginning of effervescence in the tablets and ii) the limiting effect of the surfactant on this phenomenon.
Rapid Synthesis for Mesoporous Molecular Sieves MCM-41
Authors: Liu L. , Xu H. , Dong J-X. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A facile method for rapid synthesis of mesoporous molecular sieves MCM-41 has been developed in the present work. After completion mixing of initial raw materials consisting of templating agent, source of silica as well as source of alkali in glycerol solvent at the temperature of 80°C, the mixture obtained was diluted by distilled water at once and filtrated to acquire high-quality mesoporous MCM-41, the obtained products were characterized and analyzed by Nitrogen adsorption-desorption, XRD and SEM technique, which shows the sample have good pore structure and unique morphology characterization.
Factors Influencing the Performance of Natural and Synthetic Additives as Iron Oxide Dispersants
Authors: Amjad Z. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThis paper deals with studies on the evaluation of natural additives and synthetic polymers as iron oxide dispersants in aqueous solution. The natural additives tested include lignosulfonate, fulvic acid, tannic acid, sodium alginate, starch, and green tea extract. It has been found that additives containing phenolic, carboxyl, and sulfonic acid groups i. e., lignosulfonate, fulvic acid, tannic acid, and green tea extract exhibit superior performance as iron oxide dispersants over alginate and starch. Among various synthetic polymers tested the results indicate that co- and ter-polymers containing carboxyl and sulfonic acid groups are better dispersants than the carboxyl group containing homo-polymers. The results on the influence of impurities i. e., Fe3+, Al3+, cationic flocculant, and biocides show that these impurities when present at low concentrations exhibit antagonistic effect on the dispersant performance. Results also show that dispersant performance decreases with increasing calcium ions concentration.
Effect of Polymer in a Dishwashing Detergent
Authors: Benmaza K. , Zaïd T. Ahmed , Chitour C. E. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Addition of a polymer to a surfactant containing solution occur very frequently. Both compounds are encountered in diverse products such as paints, foods, cosmetics, formulations of drugs and pesticides. The question arises, whether they interact with one another and if they do, in what extent this interaction influences the formulation properties. The scope of this study was simply to point out the advantages and/or the disadvantages of adding polymers in a dishwash liquid detergent. For this purpose we have formulated a dishwashing liquid detergent containing three major ingredients: Sodium laurylether sulfate (LES), Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate (SDS), and Sodium Polyacrylate (SPA). A response surface methodology was set up to find out the effects of each of these ingredients (factors) on the final properties of the liquid detergent (responses). Results show that SPA while providing a better control on viscosity, disadvantageously affects the washing performance.
Preparation of New Perfluoroalkylated Carbamate Group-containing Glycoside-based Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Trabelsi H. , Nasreddine M. , Dieng S. Y. , Szönyi S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The present work describes the synthesis of new perfluoroalkylated carbamate group-containing glycoside-based nonionic surfactants usable as co-surfactants for stabilizing injectable oxygen-carriers PFC emulsions and as potential antithrombotic agents. The key steps of the synthetic route converting F-alkyl oxoesters into new F-alkyl glycosides are: formolysis, conversion to the respective acid chloride, isocyanate formation and glycosidation. The perfluoroalkyl group is connected through a carbamate function to 6-position of the sugar ring, and the glycosidation is performed from unprotected sugar.
Influence of Polymer Architecture on the Stabilization of Iron and Manganese Ions in Aqueous Systems
Authors: Amjad Z. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The influence of polymers as stabilizing additives for iron and manganese ions was investigated in an aqueous system. The polymers tested include: homo-polymers of acrylic acid, maleic acid, methacrylic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid; co-polymer of acrylic acid: vinyl acetate, acrylic acid: hydroxypropyl acrylate, acrylic acid: carbitol acrylate, acrylic acid: 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid; and ter-polymer of acrylic acid: methacrylic acid: acrylic acid: acrylic acid: 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid: sulfonated styrene, acrylic acid: 2-acrylamido: t-butylacrylamide. It was found that polymer architecture i. e., monomer type, monomer charge, molecular weight, and polymerization solvent, strongly influences the performance of polymer as iron and manganese ions stabilizing additives. The stabilization data reveal the following order in terms of decreasing polymer performance: ter-polymer > co-polymer > homo-polymer.
Interfacial Tensions, Partition Coefficients, and Interfacial Elasticities: Measures for Emulsion Stability?
Authors: Buchavzov N. , Ravera F. , Hess S. , Liu Y. , Steinbrenner U. , Stubenrauch C. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn this study the interfacial as well as the surface tensions, the partition coefficients Kp, the interfacial elasticities, and the stabilities of o/w-emulsions of the same systems were measured and compared to find a quantitative correlation which can help to control the emulsion stability. The systems in question contain water, paraffin oil and one of four non-ionic technical surfactants commonly used as emulsifiers. While a clear correlation between emulsion stability and equilibrium interfacial tension was found, the different emulsifying capacities cannot be explained by the partition coefficients Kpor the surface tension. However, combining the Kpresults with the surface tension data allows us to estimate which emulsifier is more effective in solubilising a given amount of dispersed phase. Another method to classify emulsifiers is to carry out interfacial rheology measurements over a frequency range as broad as possible. Again a clear correlation between interfacial rheology and emulsifying capacity was found. This correlation, however, was restricted to surfactants of the same class. No correlation between interfacial rheology and emulsifying capacity could be found for emulsifiers of different molecular structure.
Synthesis, Characterization and Thermodynamic Parameters of Anionic Gemini Surfactants with Different Spacer Groups
Authors: Ali H. El-Sharkawy 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the micellization and adsorption thermodynamics (ΔmicH°, ΔmicG°, ΔmicS°, ΔadsH°, ΔadsG°, ΔadsS°) for three novel anionic Gemini surfactants with the same structure except the spacer length of the polymethylene chain have been synthesized based on nonylphenol (NP). The surface tension at cmc (γcmc) and critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the surfactants in aqueous solutions have been investigated. C20 values (surfactant concentration in the solution phase that will reduce the surface tension of the solvent by 20 mNm−1) were also obtained. The critical micellar concentration (cmc) and the minimum average area per surfactant molecule (Amin) at the air-water interface of Gemini surfactant decrease with increasing number of methylene moieties in the spacer and, consequently, with the enhanced hydrophilic character of the molecule. The results were discussed with particular emphasis on the effect of the length spacer on the hydrophilic character of the spacer group. The surface studies of the molecules confirm that the exothermic values of the differential enthalpy of micellization (ΔmicH°) decrease as the methylene moieties are lengthened. Moreover, the values of the free energy (ΔmicG°) and entropy (ΔmicS°) of micellization indicate an entropy driven phenomenon for all surfactants. The effect of length spacer on surfactant adsorption for Gemini surfactants was utilized to calculate such thermodynamic parameters as the free energy of adsorption (ΔadsG°) and the heat of adsorption (ΔadsH°). The low value of ΔadsH° is an evidence for the physical adsorption of anionic surfactants. The relatively large value of entropic contribution (TΔadsS°) indicates that the adsorption of anionic surfactants is entropically governed.
Foaming Power and Foam Stability of Several Alkyl Polyglycosides
Authors: Bravo V. , Jurado E. , García A. , Gálvez A. , Reyes A. , Sabahi N. , Martínez J. F. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The foaming power and foam stability of three commercial alkyl polyglycosides (APG), Glucopon 215, 600 and 650, have been studied using a modified Ross Miles method. The effects of APG concentration (0.1–4.0 g/L) and temperature (30–60°C) on foam level have been analysed, determining the volume of air in the foam and the foaming power at different times (0–300 s). Furthermore, the foaminess was determined over time until 300 s, registering values from 0.95 or 0.96 to 0.98 or 0.99. Finally, different binary mixtures of surfactants have been assayed at 40°C. To prepare these mixtures Glucopon 650 was mixed with one of the following surfactants: two commercial fatty alcohol ethoxylates, Findet 1214N/23 and Findet 10/18, and a control foaming surfactant, Triton CF:32.
Influence of the Cross-sectional Geometry on Wettability and Cleanability of Polyester Woven Fabrics
Authors: Hasan M. M. Badrul , Dutschk V. , Calvimontes A. , Hoffmann G. , Heinrich G. , Cherif Ch. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Filament cross-sections used in textiles and composites are becoming more and more complex. The type of cross-sectional shape impacts filament properties and are therefore, yarn and fabric characteristics. In this paper, the influence of different filament cross-section geometry on fibre properties as well as on fabric surface characteristics was studied. PET (polyethylene terephthalate) filament yarns made from two different cross-sectional shaped filaments, round and cruciform, were manufactured by the melt spinning process. Polyester fabrics were manufactured in a needle band weave machine from these two types of filament yarns. Topographic characteristics of polyester fabrics manufactured were determined by an imaging instrument for optical roughness analysis based on the principle of chromatic aberration. Differences between soiling behaviour, cleanability and wettability of the fabrics were revealed and discussed.
Kinetic Modelling and Equilibrium of Amphoteric Collector Adsorption on Silica and Hematite
Authors: Selim K. A. , Abd El-Rahiem F. H. , El-Midany A. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Most of the world iron ores are associated with siliceous impurities. Upgrading schemes depend mostly on the removal of these impurities by flotation and/or selective flocculation techniques, which mainly influenced by the adsorption of collectors on both valuable and gangue minerals. In this study, the adsorption of amphoteric collector (dodecyl-N-carboxyethyl-N-hydroxyethyl-imidazoline) on silica and hematite was studied. The collector adsorption exhibits the preferential adsorption on silica at acidic pH range. While in case of hematite, the adsorption was the same over entire the studied pH range. The temperature was kept constant at 298 K and contact time of 60 min was found, from kinetic study, to be adequate to achieve equilibrium. In addition, two simplified kinetic models including a pseudo first-order equation and pseudo second-order equation were used to determine kinetic parameters, rate constants, and equilibrium sorption capacities. It was shown that the pseudo first-order equation perfectly describes the adsorption of collector. Moreover, the analysis of experimental isotherm data using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich equations showed that the Freundlich model reasonably fits the experimental data in the studied concentration range.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antifungal Activities of Copper(II) Soaps and their Complexes Derived from Azadirecta Indica (Neem) and Pongamia Pinnata (Karanj) Oil
Authors: Sharma R. , Khan S. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractNeem (Azadirecta indica) and Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) oils are ecofriendly, non-toxic, completely biodegradable with antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. The dark green colour Copper(II) soaps derived from Neem and Karanj oil, their greenish brown complexes with ligand 2-amino-6-methyl benzothiazole containing nitrogen and sulphur have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis. IR and NMR of complexes suggest that the complexation has taken place successfully. From the analytical data the stoichiometry of the complexes has been observed to be 1:1 (metal-ligand). Copper soaps and their complexes are good anti-fungal agents. The fungi toxicities of the oils, soaps and complexes of neem and karanj have been investigated. The results indicate that the strain of Candida species is susceptible towards complexes of benzothiazole.
Synthesis of Cationic Surfactant Intermediates 3-(dimethylamino)-propane-1,2-di-alkylcarbamate
Authors: Zhang S.-M. , Qiao W.-H. , Chen Y.-X. , Liu D.-L. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Two cationic surfactant intermediates were synthesized by improved method. The alkyl isocyanates, dodecyl isocyanate (1a) and tetradecyl isocyanate (1b), were synthesized by corresponding alkyl amines and bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate (BTC) in anhydrous toluene. The yield of 1a–b reached 86%, the product was colorless liquid and the purity was measured more than 98% by GC. The target products, 3-(dimethylamino)propane-1,2-di-dodecylcarbamate (2a) and 3-(dimethylamino)propane-1,2-di-tetradecylcarbamate (2b) were synthesized by 1-dimethylamino-2,3-propanediol and alkyl isocyanates with triethylamine as catalyst, the yield of 2a–b was 65%.
Molecular, Surface, Thermodynamic Properties and Biodegradability of Nonionic Surfactants Based on Castor Oil
Authors: Gad E. A. M. , Azzam E. M. S. , Aiad I. , El-azab W. I. M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A series of nonionic surfactants containing different chains of polyethylene oxide monomethyl ether [–O(CH2CH2O)xCH3, x = 7, 12, 16, 44 and 112] based on castor oil were synthesized. Their structures were confirmed using FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra. Structural effects of the synthesized surfactants on surface tension (γ), critical micelle concentration (cmc) and hydrophile lipophile balance (HLB) were investigated. The effect of structural features on their surface behavior is analyzed through changes in surface properties, including effectiveness (πcmc) and efficiency (PC20) of adsorption, the surface excess concentration (Γmax) and the area per surfactant molecule at the air/water interface at surface saturation (Amin). Thermodynamic properties, adsorption and micellezation of the prepared surfactant in addition to their biodegradability were investigated.
Synthesis and Properties Evaluation of Sodium Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Ether Sulfonate
Authors: Zhang Y.-M. , Niu J.-P. , Li Q.-X. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Sodium salts of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfonates with different length of hydrophobic chain (CnE3SO3, n +; 14, 16, 18) were synthesized from sodium isethionate, then the structure was verified by IR. The temperature resistance, calcium-tolerant stability and salt tolerance were evaluated by pyrogenetic decomposition, phase separation and middle phase emulsion respectively. In addition the mixture of CnE3SO3 and heavy alkylbenzene sulfonate (HABS) was studied. The results showed that: (1) CnE3SO3 was very stable at 150°C especially in neutral, weak acid and weak alkaline conditions; (2) CnE3SO3 performed a good salt tolerance and have a rank of C18E3SO3 > C16 E3SO3 > C14E3SO3; (3) the calcium-tolerant stability of CnE3SO3 reached 8700 mg/L, 9500 mg/L and 10000 mg/L respectively; (4) CnE3SO3 was very good for improving the salt tolerance of mixture of CnE3SO3 and HABS. C18E3SO3 was the best in mixtures of Daqing crude oil/water containing C18E3SO3 and HABS in a ratio of ω(C18E3SO3):ω(HABS) = 3:7 and showed the strongest synergistic effect. The interfacial tension in the system Daqing crude oil/water reached a minimum in the order of 10–3 mN/m and was always below 10–2 mN/m for cNaCl from 0 to 15000 mg/L.