bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of isolating bacteria from synovial fluid in dogs with suspected septic arthritis
Authors: Scharf VF , Lewis ST , Wellehan JF , Wamsley HL , Richardson R , Sundstrom DA , Lewis DD 
Published: May 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of synovial fluid culture in obtaining the causative organism from dogs with suspected septic arthritis.MethodsIn this retrospective evaluation, synovial fluid cytology and microbiology submissions from dogs with suspected septic arthritis from March 2007 to August 2011 were reviewed. Synovial fluid cytology consistent with joint sepsis was identified. Cultures of synovial fluid from dogs with clinical histories and abnormalities consistent with septic arthritis were used to evaluate the efficacy of bacterial isolation.ResultsIn total, 36 dogs met the inclusion criteria. Initial aerobic cultures of joint fluid yielded bacterial growth in 44% of these dogs. All anaerobic cultures were negative. In 19% of the dogs with positive cultures, antibiotics had been administered prior to arthrocentesis compared with 10% of dogs with negative cultures. There was no association between culture efficacy and the administration of antimicrobial treatment prior to synovial fluid culture or recent surgery involving the affected joint (P = 0.637 and P = 0.106, respectively).ConclusionCulture of synovial fluid from dogs with suspected septic arthritis has a low yield, necessitating a more effective means of identifying bacteria from suspected septic joints in dogs.
Loss of RUNX1/AML1 arginine‐methylation impairs peripheral T cell homeostasis
Authors: Mizutani Shinsuke , Yoshida Tatsushi , Zhao Xinyang , Nimer Stephen D. , Taniwaki Masafumi , Okuda Tsukasa 
Published: May 2015

SummaryRUNX1 (previously termed AML1) is a frequent target of human leukaemia‐associated gene aberrations, and it encodes the DNA‐binding subunit of the Core‐Binding Factor transcription factor complex. RUNX1 expression is essential for the initiation of definitive haematopoiesis, for steady‐state thrombopoiesis, and for normal lymphocytes development. Recent studies revealed that protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), which accounts for the majority of the type I PRMT activity in cells, methylates two arginine residues in RUNX1 (R206 and R210), and these modifications inhibit corepressor‐binding to RUNX1 thereby enhancing its transcriptional activity. In order to elucidate the biological significance of these methylations, we established novel knock‐in mouse lines with non‐methylable, double arginine‐to‐lysine (RTAMR‐to‐KTAMK) mutations in RUNX1. Homozygous Runx1KTAMK/KTAMK mice are born alive and appear normal during adulthood. However, Runx1KTAMK/KTAMK mice showed a reduction in CD3+ T lymphoid cells and a decrease in CD4+ T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs, in comparison to their wild‐type littermates, leading to a reduction in the CD4+ to CD8+ T‐cell ratio. These findings suggest that arginine‐methylation of RUNX1 in the RTAMR‐motif is dispensable for the development of definitive haematopoiesis and for steady‐state platelet production, however this modification affects the role of RUNX1 in the maintenance of the peripheral CD4+ T‐cell population.
Comprehensive characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells from patients with Fanconi anaemia
Authors: Mantelli Melissa , Avanzini Maria Antonia , Rosti Vittorio , Ingo Daniela M. , Conforti Antonella , Novara Francesca , Arrigo Giulia , Boni Marina , Zappatore Rita , Lenta Elisa , Moretta Antonia , Acquafredda Gloria , de Silvestri Annalisa , Cirillo Valentina , Cicchetti Elisa , Algeri Mattia , Strocchio Luisa , Vinti Luciana , Starc Nadia , Biagini Simone , Sirleto Pietro , Bernasconi Paolo , Zuffardi Orsetta , Maserati Emanuela , Maccario Rita , Zecca Marco , Locatelli Franco , Bernardo Maria Ester 
Published: May 2015

SummaryFanconi anaemia (FA) is an inherited disorder characterized by pancytopenia, congenital malformations and a predisposition to develop malignancies. Alterations in the haematopoietic microenvironment of FA patients have been reported, but little is known regarding the components of their bone marrow (BM) stroma. We characterized mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from BM of 18 FA patients both before and after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Morphology, fibroblast colony‐forming unit (CFU‐F) ability, proliferative capacity, immunophenotype, differentiation potential, ability to support long‐term haematopoiesis and immunomodulatory properties of FA‐MSCs were analysed and compared with those of MSCs expanded from 15 age‐matched healthy donors (HD‐MSCs). FA‐MSCs were genetically characterized through conventional karyotyping, diepoxybutane‐test and array‐comparative genomic hybridization. FA‐MSCs generated before and after HSCT were compared. Morphology, immunophenotype, differentiation potential, ability in vitro to inhibit mitogen‐induced T‐cell proliferation and to support long‐term haematopoiesis did not differ between FA‐MSCs and HD‐MSCs. CFU‐F ability and proliferative capacity of FA‐MSCs isolated after HSCT were significantly lower than those of HD‐MSCs. FA‐MSCs reached senescence significantly earlier than HD‐MSCs and showed spontaneous chromosome fragility. Our findings indicate that FA‐MSCs are defective in their ability to survive in vitro and display spontaneous chromosome breakages; whether these defects are involved in pathophysiology of BM failure syndromes deserves further investigation.
Whole body diffusion weighted MRI – a new view of myeloma
Authors: Messiou Christina , Kaiser Martin 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe recent consensus statement from the International Myeloma Working Group has introduced the role of whole body (WB) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) into the management pathway for patients with multiple myeloma. The speed, coverage and high sensitivity of WB diffusion weighted (DW)‐MRI and the unique capability to quantify both burden of disease and response to treatment has led to increasing implementation at leading centres worldwide for imaging malignant marrow disease, both primary and metastatic. WB DW‐MRI is likely to have a significant impact on management decisions and pathways for patients with multiple myeloma. This review will introduce the basic principles of DW‐MRI, present current evidence for patients with myeloma and will discuss practicalities and exciting future applications.
Novel digital imaging techniques to assess the outcome in oral rehabilitation with dental implants: a narrative review
Authors: Benic Goran I. , Elmasry Moustafa , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimTo examine the literature on novel digital imaging techniques for the assessment of outcomes in oral rehabilitation with dental implants.Material and methodsAn electronic search of Medline and Embase databases including studies published prior to 28th December 2014 was performed and supplemented by a manual search. A synthesis of the publications was presented describing the use of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography, optical scanning, spectrophotometry or optical coherence tomography (OCT) related to the outcome measures in implant therapy.Results and conclusionsMost of the digital imaging techniques have not yet sufficiently been validated to be used for outcome measures in implant dentistry. In clinical research, cone beam CT (CBCT) is increasingly being used for 3D assessment of bone and soft tissue following augmentation procedures and implant placement. Currently, there are no effective methods for the reduction of artifacts around implants in CBCT. Optical scanning is being used for the 3D assessment of changes in the soft tissue contour. The combination of optical scan with pre‐operative CBCT allows the determination of the implant position and its spatial relation to anatomical structures. Spectrophotometry is the method most commonly used to objectively assess the color match of reconstructions and peri‐implant mucosa to natural dentition and gingiva. New optical imaging techniques may be considered possible approaches for monitoring peri‐implant soft tissue health. MRI and ultrasonography appear promising non‐ionizing radiation imaging modalities for the assessment of soft tissue and bone defect morphologies. Optical scanners and OCT may represent efficient clinical methods for accurate assessment of the misfit between the reconstructions and the implants.
Early development of circadian rhythmicity in the suprachiamatic nuclei and pineal gland of teleost, flounder (Paralichthys olivaeus), embryos
Authors: Mogi Makoto , Uji Susumu , Yokoi Hayato , Suzuki Tohru 
Published: May 2015

Circadian rhythms enable organisms to coordinate multiple physiological processes and behaviors with the earth's rotation. In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the sole master circadian pacemaker, has entrainment mechanisms that set the circadian rhythm to a 24‐h cycle with photic signals from retina. In contrast, the zebrafish SCN is not a circadian pacemaker, instead the pineal gland (PG) houses the major circadian oscillator. The SCN of flounder larvae, unlike that of zebrafish, however, expresses per2 with a rhythmicity of daytime/ON and nighttime/OFF. Here, we examined whether the rhythm of per2 expression in the flounder SCN represents the molecular clock. We also examined early development of the circadian rhythmicity in the SCN and PG. Our three major findings were as follows. First, rhythmic per2 expression in the SCN was maintained under 24 h dark (DD) conditions, indicating that a molecular clock exists in the flounder SCN. Second, onset of circadian rhythmicity in the SCN preceded that in the PG. Third, both 24 h light (LL) and DD conditions deeply affected the development of circadian rhythmicity in the SCN and PG. This is the first report dealing with the early development of circadian rhythmicity in the SCN in fish.
Deconstructing occupancy frequency distributions in stream insects: effects of body size and niche characteristics in different geographical regions
Authors: HEINO JANI 
Published: May 2015

1. Occupancy frequency distributions (OFDs) are one means to study species distribution patterns, allowing the delineation of rare and common species. Very few studies have deconstructed entire assemblages by ecological or biological characteristics and subsequently examinedOFDsin subgroups of species.2. The effect of deconstruction of entire assemblages by niche breadth, niche position or body size classes onOFDsin stream insects in three drainage basins was examined. It was hypothesized thatOFDsshould not vary between different drainage basins, but they should be affected by deconstruction into different niche breadth, niche position or body size classes.3. TheOFDswere typically strongly right‐skewed in all drainage basins. The set of small‐sized species was strongly dominated by rare species, whereas the importance of rare species decreased with increasing body size. Further, while theOFDsof sets of species with marginal niche position or small niche breadth were strongly dominated by rare species, those of species with non‐marginal niche position or large niche breadth showed highly variable degrees of occupancy. TheOFDsof non‐marginal species were even uniform in the entire data and one drainage basin, providing partial support to thea priorihypothesis.4. Niche‐based explanations are likely to account for occupancies of marginal and small‐niched species, whereas the distributions of non‐marginal and broad‐niched species may be not only affected by niche‐based mechanisms but also by spatial dynamics. Deconstruction ofOFDsby ecological and biological traits thus showed that the patterns may vary between different subgroups of species.
Indirect mutualism: ants protect fig seeds and pollen dispersers from parasites
Authors: JANDÉR K. CHARLOTTE 
Published: May 2015

1. Mutualisms are ubiquitous and ecologically important, but may be particularly vulnerable to exploitation by species outside of the mutualism owing to a combination of an attractive reward and potentially limited defence options. For some mutualisms, ants can offer dynamic and relatively selective protection against herbivores and parasites.2. The mutualism between fig trees and their pollinating wasps, a keystone mutualism in tropical forests, is particularly well suited for ant protection because pollinators are protected inside hollow inflorescences but parasites are exposed on the outside.3. In the present study, it was shown that the presence of ants provides a fitness benefit for both the pollinators and the hosting fig tree. The presence of ants (i) reduced abortions of developing figs, (ii) reduced herbivory of figs, and (iii) reduced parasitic wasp loads, resulting in more pollinators and more seeds in ant‐protected figs. Even when taking costs such as ant predation on emerging pollinators into account, the total fitness increase of hosting ants was threefold for the tree and fivefold for the pollinators.4. It was further shown that the seemingly most vulnerable parasitic wasps, of the genus Idarnes, have a specific behaviour that allows them to evade ant attack while continuing to oviposit.5. Ants were present on 79% of surveyed Panamanian fig trees. Together with previous studies from the Old World, the results found here imply that ants are both powerful and common protectors of the fig mutualism worldwide.
Leaching of soil‐derived major and trace elements in an arable topsoil after the addition of biochar
Authors: Riedel T. , Hennessy P. , Iden S. C. , Koschinsky A. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe addition of biochar to soils appears to be attractive for sequestering carbon and improving soil fertility. Biochar has been shown to alter carbon, nutrient and element cycling, but there is little information on the cycling of trace elements, which will be introduced increasingly into soils because of their use in modern technologies (e.g. rare earth elements) and significant concentrations in phosphate fertilizers. This study investigated, using column experiments, the effect of biochar addition on the leaching of soil‐derived trace metals from a soil contaminated with heavy metals. The biochar used in this study showed a clear potential to reduce soil‐derived trace metals, including transition metals, rare earth elements and heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), while increasing the amounts of essential nutrients such as potassium (K) and molybdenum (Mo). Uranium was mobilized in the presence of biochar, indicating a risk of increased leaching in biochar‐amended soils. During elution under anoxic conditions manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) oxides were reduced and a release of metals typically bound to these oxides such as Pb, cobalt (Co), zirconium (Zr) and niobium (Nb) was observed. The retention of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the amended soil led to a retention of DOM‐associated elements such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni). Analysis by liquid chromatography followed by ICP‐MS indicated an association with UV‐active DOM. In previous studies conducted with inorganic metal species added to soil, an increased retention of metals has often been interpreted as being caused by cation exchange with the biochar. Our results indicate that the decreased mobility of trace elements is at least partly caused by an enhanced retention of metal‐binding DOM after biochar application.
A Psychodynamic Phenomenology of Nankani Interpretive Divination and the Formation of Meaning
Authors: Denham Aaron R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDivination probes the inchoate, concealed, or mysterious in an effort to acquire knowledge, validate understandings, or imbue decisions with authority. Among the Nankani people in Northern Ghana, men communicate with ancestors through an interpretive form of divination to make decisions, uncover the hidden, and seek explanations for misfortune. Many scholarly accounts of divination emphasize social processes and divination's role in maintaining social cohesion and systems of jural authority, often focusing on visible and objective measures. In this article, I direct attention to the subjective experience and the sociocultural psychodynamics of Nankani divination, demonstrating how divination shapes interpretations of experience and works as a mediator within and between intraself and self‐other dynamics. By focusing on the client's experiences and object relations, I establish how Nankani divination generates meaning, addresses uncertainty, and brings forms of unformulated experience into awareness.
Geographic patterns of diversification and the latitudinal gradient of richness of rocky intertidal gastropods: the ‘into the tropical museum’ hypothesis
Authors: Rivadeneira Marcelo M. , Alballay Alex H. , Villafaña Jaime A. , Raimondi Peter T. , Blanchette Carol A. , Fenberg Phillip B. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate the existence of a latitudinal gradient of richness (LGR) in rocky intertidal gastropods and the role of evolutionary processes in shaping the LGR.LocationThe entire eastern Pacific coast, from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, encompassing ca. 120° latitude.MethodsThe LGR was assessed using field surveys and a comprehensive literature dataset from 308 rocky intertidal sites, representing 328 species and 159 genera. The importance of geographic patterns of diversification in shaping the LGR was assessed using three complementary approaches. First, we used the fossil record to evaluate the region of origination of genera (tropical vs. extra‐tropical). Secondly, we used a nestedness analysis to compare present‐day biogeographic distributions of genera with their region of origin. Finally, we evaluated the importance of biogeographic dynamics for shaping the LGR using a projection matrix and estimating transition probabilities among different biogeographic states.ResultsEastern Pacific rocky intertidal gastropods follow the canonical latitudinal gradient of richness (higher richness in the tropics). Originations were similar in the tropics and extra‐tropics, a pattern that was robust to geographic differences in fossil sampling. The biogeographic distribution of genera was significantly nested, irrespective of the region of origin of genera. The distribution dynamics model accurately reproduced the LGR and showed that key‐transitions are low extinction in the tropics and high dispersal of taxa from the extra‐tropics to the tropics.ConclusionsThe existence of a canonical LGR in rocky intertidal gastropods can be explained by the combined effect of reduced extinction rates in the tropics and the range expansion of taxa from the extra‐tropics toward the tropics, in what we have called the ‘into the tropical museum’ hypothesis.
Leaf form–climate relationships on the global stage: an ensemble of characters
Authors: Yang Jian , Spicer Robert A. , Spicer Teresa E. V. , Arens Nan Crystal , Jacques Frédéric M. B. , Su Tao , Kennedy Elizabeth M. , Herman Alexei B. , Steart David C. , Srivastava Gaurav , Mehrotra Rakesh C. , Valdes Paul J. , Mehrotra Naresh C. , Zhou Zhe‐Kun , Lai Jiang‐Shan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimEarly in their evolution, angiosperms evolved a diversity of leaf form far greater than that of any other group of land plants. Some of this diversity evolved in response to varying climate. Our aim is to test the global relationship between leaf form in woody dicot angiosperms and the climate in which they live.LocationWe have compiled a data set describing leaf form (using 31 standardized categorical characters) from 378 natural or naturalized vegetation sites from around the world. Our data include sites from all continents except Antarctica and encompass biomes from tropical to taiga, over a range of elevations from 0.5 m to over 3000 m.MethodsWe chose the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program sampling, scoring and analytical protocols to test the relationships between climate and leaf form, which is based on canonical correspondence analysis. Cluster analysis evaluates the role of historical factors in shaping the patterns, and pairwise Pearson correlations examine the relationships among leaf characters.ResultsWoody dicot leaf characters form a physiognomic spectrum that reflects local climate conditions. On a global scale, correlations between leaf form and climate are consistent, irrespective of climate regime, vegetation type or biogeographic history. Relationships with temperature variables are maintained even when leaf margin characters, regarded as being particularly well correlated with mean annual temperature, are removed.Main conclusionsIn natural woody dicot vegetation an integrated spectrum of leaf form has developed across multiple leaf character states and species. This spectrum appears more strongly influenced by prevailing climate than biogeographic history. The covariation of leaf traits across species suggests strong integration of leaf form. New methods of exploring structure in multidimensional physiognomic space enable better application of leaf form to palaeoclimate reconstruction.
Ecclesiastical Reform in Historiographical Context
Authors: Melve Leidulf 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe article initially discusses recent approaches to ecclesiastical reform and the Investiture Contest. In particular, it discusses the extent to which recent scholarship's concern with “power,” “local units,” “social aspects,” “discourse,” and “gender” has undermined earlier master narratives – accentuating as these did the unity of reform. The last part of the article argues for the need to establish new master narratives and puts forward a few suggestions in that respect.
Rumour and Politics
Authors: Coast David , Fox Jo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article examines the historiography of rumour and its relationship to other disciplines, including psychology and anthropology. It explores the methodological problems of defining rumours and interpreting source material, as well as the limitations of psychological interpretations. It examines the ways in which rumours can allow us to access past mentalities and understand popular and elite politics, also analysing attempts by governments to monitor rumours and what they can tell us about the relationship between the individual and the state. Finally, it explores how the interpretations of rumours shaped, and were shaped by, race, gender, social differences and cultural attitudes. Although social scientists and historians have approached the study of rumour in very different ways, closer collaboration between the two can illuminate our understanding of this complex and fascinating phenomenon.