bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein Synthesis in the Isolated Forespores from Sporulating Cells of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Watabe Kazuhito , Iida Seiichi , Nakamura Keiko , Ichikawa Tomio , Kondo Masaomi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDeveloping forespores were isolated from Bacillus subtilis at different stages of sporulation and protein synthesis in the forespore compartment was examined. Pulse‐labeling experiments indicated that [14C]phenylalanine was continuously incorporated into the sporangium throughout sporulation, and at t5 (early stage V of sporulation) 58% of the radioactivity was located in the forespore compartment. Significantly high incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine was observed when the isolated forespores at t5 were incubated with the corresponding mother‐cell cytoplasmic fraction or an amino acid mixture. About 73% of the radioactivity incorporated into the isolated forespore at t5 was found in the cytoplasmic fraction and 26% in the membranous fraction. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐gel electrophoresis showed that the 14C‐labeled cytoplasmic protein had a molecular weight of about 20,000, and that a protein having the same molecular weight was present in the t5 forespore as a slight protein band and also in the mature spore as a clear protein band. Gel electrophoresis also revealed that the 14C‐labeled membranous‐soluble protein (prepared by solubilization with detergents) had broad peaks with molecular weights of about 74,000, 33,000, 20,000, and 12,000.
Isolation of Antigenically Active Components from Leptospiral Serovar‐Specific Lipopoly‐saccharide Antigen by Alkaline Treatment
Authors: Tsuji Masayoshi , Kawaoka Yoshihiro , Naiki Masaharu , Yanagawa Ryo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe serovar‐specific main antigen (TM antigen) of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola, which has lipopolysaccharide properties, was treated with 0.1 n sodium hydroxide. This treatment degraded the antigen into two major antigenic components, one of high and one of low molecular weight. The component with the lower molecular weight (approximately 4,000 daltons) consisted mainly of carbohydrates, having lost almost all of the fatty acid and protein components of the original antigen. Although the substance lacked immunoprecipitable activity, it continued to show serovar‐specific inhibitory potency in a radioimmunoassay system as well as in a microscopic immunoagglutination reaction of the organisms. The antigenic activity of the compound was also reduced by periodate oxidation as was that of the TM antigen. A component with the same chemical and physicochemical properties was also produced by alkaline treatment from a different serotype TM antigen (serovar kremastos Kyoto), but it showed no antigenic activity.
Spontaneously Induced Suppressor Cells In Vitro: Nonspecific Suppression of In Vitro Antibody Formation
Authors: Kodama Kazue , Kurashige Satonori , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNonspecific suppressor cells were induced during in vitro culture of normal mouse spleen cells (SPC) using the Marbrook culture system. The suppressor cells inhibited both the primary and secondary antibody‐formation responses antigen nonspecifically in vitro, and both IgM‐ and IgG‐responses were inhibited. The supernatants from suppressive precultured cells were not suppressive. The suppressor cells also inhibited the response of allogeneic SPC beyond H‐2 compatibility. The induction of the suppressor cells did not require the presence of antigen but required fetal calf serum (FCS) or both FCS and 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME). The suppressor cells were generated from the nylon‐wool adherent, radiation‐sensitive T cell population. On the other hand, the suppressor cells were nylon‐wool nonadherent, relatively radiation‐sensitive T cells.Actively antibody‐producing cells were not affected by the suppressor cells. The suppressor cells inhibited the mitogenic responses of normal SPC to phytohemagglutinin‐P (PHA), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A (Con A). The suppressor cells themselves inhibited the growth of EL4 cells (T‐cell leukemia of C57BL/6 mouse origin) and MOPCll cells (B cells, plasmacytoma of BALB/c mouse origin) even at a low effector‐to‐target cell ratio (E:T ratio = 1:1), but did not kill these tumor cells. These results indicate that the target cells of the suppressor cells are both T and B cells, and that the mechanism of action of the suppression is either inhibition of proliferation or inhibition of early events in the course of the immune response.
Expression of Herpes Simplex Virus Type‐Common Surface Antigens in Clonal Cells of an HSV Type 2‐Transformed Line: Effect of Adriamycin
Authors: Kako Daijiro , Ohnishi Yoshinari , Kimura Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe expression of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type‐common surface antigens (CSA) in a representative cell clone (155–4‐03) of hamster cell line 155–4 transformed by HSV type 2 was enhanced by treatment with inhibitors of RNA synthesis [adriamycin (ADM) and daunomycin] but not with inhibitors of DNA synthesis (2‐iododeoxyuridine, bleomycin, mitomycin C and cytosine arabinoside), although all these drugs decreased the number of viable cells to a similar extent. ADM‐enhanced CSA expression in the clone was inhibited by puromycin and 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose, suggesting that the enhanced expression required both protein synthesis and glycosylation. This enhanced expression was sensitive to protease inhibitors (antipain and p‐nitrophenyl‐p'‐guanidinobenzoate) and procaine, which is known to inhibit trypsin action and the organization of cell membrane‐associated cytoskeletal elements (microfilaments and microtubules). Furthermore, low concentrations of ADM (0.1 μg/ml) and actinomycin D (0.5 μg/ml) enhanced CSA expression additively, but the most effective concentrations of ADM (0.25 μg/ml) and actinomycin D (2 μg/ml) did not. These findings indicate that the two drugs enhance CSA expression in the clone by a common mechanism.
Analysis of the Inhibitory Effect of Canavanine on the Replication of Influenza RI/5+ Virus: II. Interaction of M Protein with the Plasma Membrane
Authors: Aoki Hiizu , Maeno Koichiro , Tsurumi Tatsuya , Takeura Shigeki , Shibata Motohiro , Hamaguchi Michinari , Nagai Yoshiyuki , Sugiura Yasuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhen influenza A/RI/5+ virus‐infected cells were incubated in medium to which 2 μg of canavanine (arginine analog) per ml had been added 4 hr after infection, all viral polypeptides were synthesized but the budding‐like process with the appearance of extracellular virus was completely inhibited. The plasma membrane isolated from these cells contained exclusively hemagglutinin (HA), and membrane (M) protein and nucleoprotein (NP) appeared to be associated with the nucleus, in contrast to untreated cells whose plasma membrane contained abundant HA, M protein, and NP. Disruption of canavanine‐treated cells by freeze‐thawing generated a number of hemagglutinating membranous vesicles or fragments containing exclusively HA. By isotope labeling it was found that the M protein synthesized in the presence of canavanine, together with HA and NP, is a canavanine‐substituted polypeptide. It is suggested that canavanine inhibits the formation of the mature envelope of influenza RI/5+, because of the inability of M protein to associate with the plasma membrane.
Purine Metabolic Enzymes in Lymphocytes: II. Adenosine Deaminase and Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Activities in the Immune Responses
Authors: Kurashige Satonori , Akuzawa Yuki , Yoshida Toshiharu , Teshima Chisato , Kodama Kazue , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractICR mice were immunized with sheep red blood cells (sRBC). Both adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) activities in spleen lymphocytes increased faster than the serum antibody titer and reached a peak one week after the immunization. ADA activity increased significantly in T lymphocytes but not in B lymphocytes collected from the spleens of the immunized mice. A statistically significant increase in PNP activity was found in both T and B lymphocytes from the spleens of the immunized mice.Spleen lymphocytes collected from ICR mice which had been immunized with mitomycin C‐treated sarcoma 180 (S180) cells one week earlier showed cytotoxic activity against viable S180 cells. Both ADA and PNP activities in spleen lymphocytes of S180‐immunized mice increased significantly, and both activities increased in T lymphocytes prepared from spleens of immunized mice. In contrast, an increase was found in PNP activity but not in ADA activity in B lymphocytes.These results suggest that an increase in both ADA and PNP activities may be necessary for the T‐cell response in both humoral and cellular immune responses, and that an increase in PNP activity may be necessary for the B‐cell response.
Modulation of Immune Response by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): Roles of Macrophages and T Cells in In Vitro Adjuvant Effect of LPS on Antibody Response to T Cell‐Dependent and T Cell‐Independent Antigens
Authors: Uchiyama Takehiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe roles of macrophages and T cells in the adjuvant effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were studied. In vitro anti‐trinitrophenyl (anti‐TNP) antibody responses to TNP‐Ficoll and TNP‐keyhole limpet hemocyanine (TNP‐KLH) in spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice showed the most enhancement, when LPS was added to cultures at 1 μg/ml 48 hr after culture was started. The responses to these antigens were enhanced markedly by LPS in whole and macrophage‐depleted spleen cells. The enhancement was greater in the latter group than in the former. The adjuvant effect among whole, T cell‐depleted, macrophage‐depleted and both macrophage‐ and T cell‐depleted spleen cells was compared. The response to TNP‐Ficoll was enhanced markedly by LPS in all groups. The enhancement was greater in the latter two groups than in the first two groups. The response to TNP‐KLH was enhanced by LPS strongly in macrophage‐depleted spleen cells, moderately in whole and both macrophage‐ and T cell‐depleted spleen cells, and only slightly in T cell‐depleted spleen cells. Enhancement was restored to T cell‐depleted spleen cells by adding T cells. The response to TNP‐KLH of macrophage‐depleted spleen cells of LPS‐responsive C3H/HeN mice which was enhanced by LPS was suppressed by adding splenic macrophages of C3H/HeN mice, but not of LPS‐nonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice. The response to TNP‐KLH of macrophage‐depleted spleen cells of C3H/HeJ mice was not enhanced by LPS, irrespective of the addition of macrophages of C3H/HeN mice. The results indicate that B cells are activated directly by LPS, and T cells enhance and macrophages suppress the adjuvant effect of LPS.
Purification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi by Percoll Density Gradient Centrifugation
Authors: Tamura Akira , Urakami Hiroshi , Tsuruhara Takashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPurification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi has been achieved by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. The microorganisms purified showed good retention of infectivity and intracellular morphology. Budding rickettsiae in the egressing stage and intracellular rickettsiae in the multiplying process were harvested separately and purified by this technique. In electron microscopic observations, the intracellular rickettsiae obtained were surrounded with double membrane‐layers of cell wall and cell membrane, and the budding rickettsiae were enveloped with an additional outermost membrane which may have originated from host cell membrane obtained in the budding process.
PPD‐Specific Proliferative Response in Humans: I. Analysis of PPD‐Specific Proliferative Cells from Tuberculous Pleurisy Patients and Healthy Controls with Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Human T Subsets
Authors: Okubo Yoshio , Kusama Shozo , Yano Akihiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPeripheral mononuclear cells (PBL) from tuberculin reaction (TR)‐negative tuberculous pleurisy patients proliferated poorly with PPD, while the cells of pleural effusion from these patients showed a proliferative response to PPD as well as did the healthy control PBL. Surface antigens of peripheral blood and pleural effusion were examined by using monoclonal antibodies. The Leu 1‐positive cell population can be divided into four groups, namely (1) Leu 1+, Leu 2a+, Leu 3a+, (2) Leu 1+, Leu 2a+, Leu 3a−, (3) Leu 1+, Leu 2a−, Leu 3a+, and (4) Leu 1+, Leu 2a−, Leu 3a− cell populations. Results of analysis of surface antigens of PPD‐specific proliferative cells in peripheral blood and pleural effusion from tuberculous pleurisy patients as well as healthy controls indicate that the PPD‐specific proliferative response is mediated by Leu 1+, Leu 2a−, Leu 3a+ cells and Leu 1+, Leu 2a−, Leu 3a− cells.
Suppressive Effect by Cooperation of Splenic and Peritoneal Adherent Cells on Generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Authors: Koga Yasuhiro , Taniguchi Kazuto , Kubo Chiharu , Nomoto Kikuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhen spleen cells primed in vivo against allogeneic lymphoid cells were used as responder cells in secondary mixed lymphocyte cultures, a high degree of cytotoxicity was generated even in the absence of splenic adherent cells. However, removal of adherent cells from such primed responder spleen cells reduced the cytotoxicity to some extent. On the other hand, when these responder cells were transferred into the peritoneal cavity of irradiated syngeneic mice together with antigenic cells, unseparated responder cells generated a lower degree of cytotoxicity than did adherent cell‐depleted responder cells. In an in vitro system, peritoneal adherent cells also suppressed the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by unseparated responders; however they augmented the cytotoxic T lymphocyte generation by adherent cell‐depleted responders. These adherent cell populations with augmenting activity became inhibitory when they coexisted. The mechanism of this inhibitory action remains unclear.
Numerical Analysis of the Taxonomy of Nocardiae and Rhodococci
Authors: Tsukamura Michio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe genera Nocardia and Rhodococcus were clearly differentiated in the present study. Eleven characteristics were shown to be useful for differentiation between these two genera. Nocardia asteroides sunsu stricto previously defined by Tsukamura was divided into two taxa. One contained the type strain and was considered to retain the name Nocardia asteroides in a new sense. Another was named in the present study as Nocardia nova sp. nov. Tsukamura. The type strain of this species is ATCC 33726. The following seven characters were useful for differentiating N. nova from newly defined N. asteroides: 1) arylsulfatase activity after 14 days; 2) catalase activity (semiquantitative); 3) β‐esterase activity; 4) pyrazinamidase activity; 5) utilization of citrate as a sole source of carbon; 6) utilization of 2,3‐butylene glycol as a sole carbon source; and 7) resistance to 5‐fluorouracil (20 μg/ml).The name Nocardia farcinica for Tsukamura's Kyoto‐I group should be rejected. This taxon has been named Nocardia paratuberculosis sp. nov. Tsukamura. The type strain is ATCC 23826.Three new species of the genus Rhodococcus were proposed: Rhodococcus aichiensis sp. nov. Tsukamura (type strain, ATCC 33611); Rhodococcus chubuensis sp. nov. Tsukamura (type strain, ATCC 33609); Rhodococcus obuensis sp. nov. Tsukamura (type strain, ATCC 33610).
A Simple and Practical Method for Typing and Strain Differentiatin of Herpes Simplex Virus Using Infected Cell DNAs
Authors: Ueno Tetsuji , Suzuki Nobutaka , Sakaoka Hiroshi , Fujinaga Kei 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA simple and practical method for typing and strain differentiation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) isolates, based upon analysis of the restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of viral DNAs, was established by using unlabeled infected cell DNAs. The preparation of infected cell DNA is technically easier than that of purified viral DNA or of radiolabeled viral DNA. The method provides a powerful and practical tool for epidemiological and clinical studies of HSV infection, which can be performed in most diagnostic laboratories. In order to select suitable restriction endonucleases for the study of HSV isolates, the cleavage patterns of viral DNAs (strains MacIntyre, HF, UW‐268, and SAV) with 12 enzymes were analyzed. Several enzymes, Bam HI, Kpn I, Pst I, Sal I, Sst I, and Xho I, were found to be useful for both typing and strain differentiation. With this method, HSV isolates from different individuals and from the same individual were analyzed by digestion of their infected cell DNAs with Bam HI. Six isolates from epidemiologically unrelated individuals were readily typed and differentiated from each other. Three isolates from the same individual showed very similar patterns. However, there was a small degree of difference between the first two isolates and the third isolate.
Crystallization and Some Properties of Leukocidin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Hirayama Toshiya , Kato Iwao , Matsuda Futami , Noda Masatoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA leukocidin was isolated and purified from autolysates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 158 by a combination of procedures such as column chromatography on DEAE‐Sephadex A‐50, gel filtration on Sephadex G‐100, and zone electrophoresis on pevikon. The purified preparation showed a single band in each experiment using electrophoreses in the presence or absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the agar‐gel Ouchterlony immunodiffusion test. The purified pseudomonal leukocidin was crystallized by salting out with saturated ammonium sulfate at pH 7.0 in a needle‐leaf like form. The molecular weight of the leukocidin was estimated to be 42,500 by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 40,000 by gel filtration, and 44,700 (3.3 s20,w) by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The isoelectric point of the leukocidin was estimated to be at pH 6.3 by isoelectrofocusing. Morphological studies of a leukocidin‐treated leukocyte showed that the formation of vacuoles of cytosolic granules and the swelling of the lobulated nuclei occurred prior to leukocyte enlargement.In a slide adhesion test with rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (1 × 106), the minimum cytotoxic dose for the destruction of all leukocytes was 13–20 ng of the crystallized toxin. Rabbit lymphocytes were one‐thirtieth as sensitive as rabbit leukocytes. Leukocidin did not act on rabbit erythrocytes or on platelets.
Abortive Infection of L Cells by Influenza B Virus: Defect in Bud Formation
Authors: Takeura Shigeki , Aoki Hiizu , Tsurumi Tatsuya , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Fujioka Hisashi , Yoshii Saiji , Maeno Koichiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHost‐dependent restriction of influenza B virus replication in L cells was analysed in comparison with productive infection in MDCK or 1–5C‐4 cells. The synthesis and intracellular distribution of virus‐specific proteins and the production of cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins in nonpermissive L cells were similar to those in permissive MDCK cells. However, an electron microscopic study of infected L cells showed neither extracellular virions nor budding virus particles on the cell surface, in contrast to MDCK cells which produced numerous virus particles. PAGE analysis of the plasma membrane isolated from the cells demonstrated no significant difference in the composition of viral polypeptides between permissive 1‐5C‐4 and nonpermissive L cells. It was noted that the abortiveness of influenza B virus infection in L cells may be due to a defect in host cell function involved in the initiation of virus budding.
Nature of Adult T‐Cell Leukemia‐Associated Membrane Antigen on the Surface of Adult T‐Cell Leukemia Virus‐Carrying Cells as Revealed by Membrane Immunofluorescence
Authors: Chosa Tom , Yamamoto Naoki , Koyanagi Yoshio , Kohno Michiaki , Nagata Kinya , Hinuma Yorio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAdult T‐cell leukemia‐associated membrane antigen (ATLMA) expressed on the surface of living ATL virus (ATLV)‐carrying cells was investigated by an indirect membrane immunofluorescence method using natural antibodies to ATLV in human sera. All the ATLV‐positive cell lines tested that had cytoplasmic ATL‐associated antigen (ATLA) detectable in acetone‐fixed cell smears were also positive for ATLMA, but ATLMA was not detected in any ATLV‐negative cell lines. The frequencies of ATLA‐ and ATLMA‐bearing cells in seven cell lines tested were roughly parallel. The frequency of expression of both ATLMA and ATLA in cultures of MT‐1 cells increased in the presence of 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine. All human sera having ATLA antibody had ATLMA antibody and the titers of the two were similar in most of the sera. The anti‐ATLMA titers of human sera determined by using an ATLV‐bound non‐ATL T‐cell line as antigen were also similar to the anti‐ATLA titers. Absorption of anti‐ATLMA‐positive sera with living MT‐2 cells, in which almost 100% of the cells express ATLA and ATLMA, caused parallel decreases in the anti‐ATLA and anti‐ATLMA titers. Analysis of the 125I‐labeled surface of MT‐2 cells by immunoprecipitation with anti‐ATLMA‐positive human serum followed by gel electrophoresis revealed that p19, p24, p28, and p46 polypeptides were specifically precipitated. These data suggest that ATLMA on the cell surface is not distinguishable from ATLA in the cytoplasm.
Characteristics of Chromosomal DNA Isolated from Escherichia coli Spheroplasts
Authors: Tada Yoshifumi , Yamaguchi Junji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe chromosomal DNA of Escherichia coli spheroplasts induced by penicillin G was studied biochemically and electron microscopically. Although the spheroplasts were unable to divide, they continued to synthesize chromosomal DNA for several hours even in the presence of penicillin G. Some differences were observed between the chromosomal DNA of the parent cells and that of the spheroplasts in sucrose gradient centrifugation and electron microscopy; two types of chromosomal DNA, a slower sedimenting form and a faster sedimenting form, were released from the gently lysed parent cells. The former was membrane‐free folded chromosome and the latter was membrane‐associated chromosome. In contrast, the chromosome from the spheroplast showed a single intermediate value of sedimentation coefficient between those of the chromosomal DNA from the parent cell. Cytochrome spreading for electron microscopy showed that the spheroplast chromosomal DNA formed an aggregated mass consisting of several chromosome‐molecules of the parent cell.
Community Outbreak of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Authors: Inoue Masanao , Nakashima Hiroshi , Ueba Osamu , Ishida Tatsuo , Date Hiroko , Kobashi Shizuko , Takagi Kanji , Nishu Tatsuo , Tsubokura Misao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn outbreak of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Kurashiki, Japan is described. This is the first conclusive report of a community outbreak of this microorganism. A total of 535 pupils, five teachers, and one food attendant contracted the organism. Causative organisms were detected in 19 out of 30 patients. All isolated strains belonged to serotype VA. Out of 653 sera of the pupils, 488 showed elevated agglutinin titers ranging from 1: 80 to 1: 1,280 or more within a period of 3 months.
Hepatic Drug‐Metabolizing Enzyme System and Endotoxin Tolerance: Structural Requirement of LPS in Induction of an Early Tolerance
Authors: Egawa Kiyoshi , Yoshida Michiko , Sakaino Rie , Kasai Nobuhiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe alteration of hepatic drug‐metabolizing enzyme activities in mice given Salmonella endotoxin by single or multiple intraperitoneal injections was investigated. An essentially the same biphasic, early and late phase, endotoxin tolerance was observed in the animals receiving a single injection of endotoxin or repetitive daily injections. The results of reciprocal cross tolerance tests using lipopolysaccharide and free lipid A preparations derived from Salmonella minnesota, Salmonella typhimurium, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Chromobacterium violaceum suggested that lipid A moiety plays an important role in the induction of early endotoxin tolerance to endotoxin response.