bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
II.—On the Motion, Equilibrium, and Forms of Liquid Films
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: January 2013

I. On some Transformations in Films when brought in contact with Surfaces of Glass.(1.) Let a film be formed on the rim of a cylindrical wine-glass, at or very near its margin; cover it immediately with a watch-glass, and holding the latter firmly in its place, invert the whole, so that the film is placed in a vertical position. The film will now attach itself to the watch-glass at the lowest point where it is in contact with the margin of the wine-glass, and will run up the concave surface of the former. At the same time, the film will leave the margin of the wine-glass at its upper edge, and retreat into the glass, running down its inner surface. A film of the form of the segment of a sphere will thus be produced, which, with the upper portions of the inner surfaces of the watch-glass and wine-glass, will form a hollow filled with air, as shown in fig. 1. This state of matters will remain the same, in whatever position we now place the wine-glass, the figure which has thus been produced being one of equilibrium. The phenomenon produced arises from the fact, that when the original film is first taken up on the margin of the wine-glass, a drop of liquid always remains in the bottom of the glass, and when the glass is inverted, so as to bring the film into the vertical position, this drop runs down the inner surface of the glass till, reaching its lowest point, it brings the film into close contact with the watch-glass; the film now attaches itself to and spreads itself over the surface of the latter in a similar way to what takes place when a bubble blown from a pipe is brought into contact with any smooth surface, whilst the original system of equilibrium being now disturbed, the upper part of the film is put in motion, and a new system of equilibrium is formed.
IV.—On the Burning Mirrors of Archimedes, with some Propositions relating to the concentration of Light produced by Reflectors of different forms
Authors: Scott John 
Published: January 2013

As the reputed fact of Archimedes having burned the Roman ships engaged in the siege of Syracuse, by concentrating on them the solar rays, has not only been doubted but disbelieved by some of the most eminent scientific men, I shall briefly give the evidence on both sides.The burning of the ships of Marcellus is mentioned by most of the ancient writers who refer to the machines which Archimedes employed in the defence of his native city, and their statements have been repeated by succeeding authors, without any doubts having been expressed until comparatively recent times. Our earliest authorities on the subject are Diodorus Siculus, Lucian, Galen, Dion, and Pappus.
II. A Geometrical Investigation of some curious and interesting Properties of the Circle, &c.
Authors: Glenie James 
Published: January 2013

Dear Sir,As the following paper refers in a great measure to the general theorems published by your father, I now commit it to your care, and that of my friend Mr Playfair, Professor of Natural Philosophy. I wish it to be communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and, if approved of, to be inserted in their Transactions as soon as possible. Indeed, I trust, that even simple as it is, it will not be altogether unacceptable to that learned body.I am,Dear Sir,Most sincerely your, &c.Jas Glenie.
X.—On the Structure and Affinities of the Platysomidæ
Authors: Traquair Ramsay H. 
Published: January 2013

The genera, which I at present include under the family term Platysomidæ, are the following:—1. Eurynotus, Agassiz.2. Benedenius, Traquair.3. Mesolepis, Young.4. Eurysomus, Young.5. Wardichthys, Traquair.6. Cheirodus, M'Coy.7. Platysomus, Agassiz.
IV. On the Lines that divide each semidiurnal Arc into Six equal Parts
Authors: Cadell W. A. 
Published: January 2013

The divisions of the day which different nations have employed, are denoted by hour-lines of various kinds on the sphere. Of these hour-lines, drawn on a supposition that neglects the inequalities of the Earth's motion, there are three kinds.The first kind denotes hours counted from the meridian, equal to each other at all declinations of the sun. These lines are great circles on the sphere, passing through the poles of the equator, and every pair intercepting a similar arc on each of the parallels. Of this kind are the hour-lines of sidereal time, counted from the meridian, and the hour-lines of solar time, counted from the meridian.
XXIII.—On the Growth of Grilse and Salmon
Authors: Young Andrew 
Published: January 2013

The history of the habits and development of the salmon has been for ages a subject of dispute, even among men of science and experience. The general theory which prevailed regarding its earlier stage of existence was, that the spawn deposited in the autumn or beginning of winter, produced by development the smolts which were seen descending to the sea in the course of the next ensuing spring.In regard to its after state, some supposed that the smolts which descended the rivers in spring or early summer returned as grilses that same season. Many doubted this theory, and maintained that it was impossible, or very improbable, that they should return so speedily in that greatly enlarged condition; their only argument, however, being founded on the unlikelihood of such a rapid growth.
XXXV.—Chemical Examination of the Tagua Nut or Vegetable Ivory
Authors: Connell Arthur 
Published: January 2013

This remarkable seed or nut is now well known in London, as a substance extensively carved into a variety of ornaments, and capable of receiving as high a polish as the finest ivory; which it also greatly resembles in colour. I lately obtained various specimens both of the nut in its natural state and of the fine turnings produced in the process of working it, being desirous of submitting them to a chemical examination.The nuts in my possession vary in size from a pigeon's to a hen's egg, and have a somewhat angular shape. They are covered with a brown epidermis, and have an outer shell of an inch thick, and consisting of an outer white and an inner brown layer. The inner mass of the nut is remarkably close grained and homogeneous to the naked eye; and when cut and polished exactly resembles animal ivory. The hardness is considerable; the white mass yielding with some difficulty to a knife. Thin portions are translucent. The density of the white mass is 1.376, at 53° F.
XI. On the Law of the Diffusion of Gases
Authors: Graham Thomas 
Published: January 2013

It is the object of this paper tor establish with numerical exactness the following law of the Diffusion of Gases:“The diffusion or spontaneous intermixture of two gases in contact, is effected by an interchange in position of indefinitely minute volumes of the gases, which volumes are not necessarily of equal magnitude, being, in the case of each gas, inversely proportional to the square root of the Density of that gas.”These replacing volumes of the gases may be named equivalent volumes of diffusion, and are as follows: Air, 1; Hydrogen, 3.7947; Carbureted hydrogen, 1.3414; Water-vapour, 1.2649; Nitrogen, 1.0140; Oxygen, 0.9487 ; Carbonic acid, 0.8091; Chlorine, 0.6325, &c.; numbers which are inversely proportional to the square roots of the densities of these gases, being the reciprocals of the square roots of the densities, the density of air being assumed as unity.
X.—On an Unusual Drought in the Lake District in 1859
Authors: Davy John 
Published: January 2013

In a former communication to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, I gave an account of an unusual fall of rain in the Lake District in the month of January last year. That occurrence was followed by its opposite in May, June, and July; not for a long period, not since 1826, has the district suffered more from want of water than in those months.This drought is best shown by the following table, in which will be found the rain-fall for the several months of the year at five different places, only a few miles remote from each other. The table will also show the remarkable contrast as to excess and deficiency of rain during the period. It may be premised, that at Ambleside, where the drought appears to have been felt as much as anywhere, the ordinary fall of rain for the months in question is about three times as great; thus for May (our driest month of the twelve), taking the average of the preceding eleven years, it is 2·37 inches, for June 4·22 inches, for July 5·27 inches, making a total of 12·36 inches, against 4·54 inches of the months of drought.
XII.—On the Climate of Edinburgh for Fifty-six years, from 1795 to 1850, deduced principally from Mr Adie's Observations; with an Account of other and Earlier Registers
Authors: Forbes James D. 
Published: January 2013

1. The late Mr Alexander Adie, optician, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, was so generally known to be a zealous and careful observer of meteorological instruments, that an attempt to combine the results deducible from his labours carried on (though with one long break) over more than forty years, cannot be otherwise than interesting.2. The plan of superintending the careful reduction of the thermometrical part of Mr Adie's registers occurred to me a long time ago, but circumstances prevented the execution of it until two or three years since, when, through the kindness of Mr Adie and his family, the whole of the manuscript observations, commencing with 1795, were put into my hands, and the Council of the Royal Society of Edinburgh provided sufficient funds for the employment of computers for reducing them.3. The work has proceeded with frequent interruptions, but is at length complete. Before I proceed to detail the particulars of the reductions and their results, I will give a short account of the earlier observations on the climate of Edinburgh which I have been able to trace, some of which perhaps have hitherto escaped notice.
XVI.—Notes on the Mountain Limestone and Lower Carboniferous Rocks of the Fifeshire Coast from Burntisland to St Andrews
Authors: Brown Thomas 
Published: January 2013

In this paper I shall first refer to the circumstances under which the following observations were made.I had gone in the autumn of 1856 for a few weeks to Elie on the Fife coast, and was induced, as a means of relaxation and exercise in the open air, to pay some attention to the geology of the neighbourhood, resuming for a brief interval what was once a favourite pursuit. About a mile to the east of the village, I found a stratum well deserving attention—a thin bed of limestone—dipping inland a little beyond the cliff on which stands the ruined Castle of Ardross. The fossil shells which it contained were of unusual form, and beautifully preserved; there were fish remains of two or three species, and a small group of crustaceans still more remarkable. Among the fish I thought I could detect the large scales of an Irish species—the Holoptychius Portlockii—and among the crustaceans there were the valves of Dithyrocaris, a genus particularly characteristic of the Irish beds. At once the question arose whether these fossils might not serve as links connecting this Ardross bed with the Irish series. The point was of the more importance, that our leading geologists had been differing widely as to the true position of our Scottish coal strata in the geological scale. The lamented Professor Edward Forbes had assigned them a place comparatively high, while Sir Roderick Murchison, with surer judgment, had taken the opposite view and put them beneath the Newcastle coal-field.
II. Observations on the Natural History of Guiana
Authors: Lochead William 
Published: January 2013

Dear Sir,Allow me at present to trouble you with a few general observations on natural history, which I had an opportunity of making while on a botanical excursion, with my friend Mr Anderson, to the Dutch colony of Demerary. Guiana is a country but little known in Europe, though its animals and vegetables have added considerably to the catalogue of natural productions. It is not however the organic kingdom which I mean at present to touch upon; all I aim at is to give you some idea of the face of the country, as leading to the knowledge of its formation and present state. It is not a field for the mineralogist, as its interior is unexplored. But to the geologist, who wishes to trace revolutions of the latest date, it is not uninteresting to contemplate such a recent and singular country as Guiana.
X. Description of a Thermometer, which marks the greatest Degree of Heat and Cold, from one Time of Observation to another, and may also register its own Height at every Instant
Authors: Keith Alexander 
Published: January 2013

Thermometers have hitherto been defective for meteorological purposes, in so far as they only point out the degree of heat at the moment of inspecting them, but do not show what the difference of temperature has been, from the time of one observation to that of another: Nor has any instrument been yet constructed, so far as I have been able to learn, which will record the intermediate degrees of heat.The ingenious Robert Hook, in the end of the last century, mentions his intention of making a thermometer for the above purpose ; but it does not appear that it was ever executed: Neither does he explain how it was to have been done.
XXII. Account of the Erection of a Granite Obelisk, of a single Stone, about seventy feet high, at Seringapatam
Authors: Kennedy Alexander 
Published: January 2013

On the 19th of February last, I had the honour of reading to this Society, some notices of the mode of working and polishing granite, by the natives of India.One object of that paper was, from a view of the immense masses, which Indian artists are still in the habit of rendering obedient to their simple instruments, to deduce the probability of the similarity, if not of the identity, of the means now in use among them, with the processes by which the architects of the ancient world, raised the stupendous monuments which we still see in existence; and, as an instance of the very recent exercise of these arts, I mentioned the erection of a granite obelisk near Seringapatam, to the memory of the late Josiah Webbe, Esq. who died in the year 1805.
XXVIII. Description of some Indian Idols in the Museum of the Society
Authors: Cadell W. A. 
Published: January 2013

The figures, sculptured in full relief, and here represented by the four drawings in Plate XXIV., are idols brought from India in the year 1800, by Francis Simpson, Esq., which I had the honour of presenting to the Society at his request.According to information with which I have been favoured by gentlemen conversant with the literature of India, these idols are Cali, Suria and Buda.
XXXII. On the Mineralogy of the Faroe Islands
Authors: Trevelyan W. C. 
Published: January 2013

In compliance with your request, I send you a few notes of some of the principal geological facts I observed in Faroe, which may serve as a supplement to Sir George Mackenzie's and Mr Allan's accounts of these islands, which, as far as they extend, I found perfectly correct.The Coal in Suderoe, which was not visited by them, is situated between two thick beds of hard clay, resembling the Clunch-clay of this country; to which succeed beds of trap. In some parts, pieces of petrified wood are very abundant in the superincumbent clay, and also nodules of ironstone; and in the coal, pieces of wood resembling charcoal. The coal has the same degree of inclination as the other beds, dipping towards the south-east, at an angle of about 4° or 5°; being the same as the dip in the other islands, excepting in part of Myggenæas, where it is much greater, being near 45°.
IV.—Notice of an unusual Fall of Rain in the Lake District, in January 1829
Authors: Davy John 
Published: January 2013

The rain experienced in January of this year has so much exceeded the average quantity, considerable as that is in the Lake District, that I have been led to consider it worthy of record, especially keeping in mind, that as regards risks from floods, it is not the ordinary, but the extraordinary that is to be guarded against in the construction of all works with which water is concerned as an element of danger.It may not be amiss to premise, that the year preceding, as to weather, was chiefly remarkable for the mildness of the first quarter, for its high summer temperature, for the unusual cold experienced in November, and this succeeded by a mild December. January set in with weather of the same character, and was without any marked peculiarity, excepting its mildness, till the 9th, when rain commenced, and, with the exception of two or three days, continued to fall more or less heavily till the end of the month.
V.—Some Observations on the Coagulation of the Blood
Authors: Davy John 
Published: January 2013

In a recent work of an elaborate kind, displaying much ability, its author, Dr Richardson, has endeavoured to prove that the cause of the coagulation of the blood is of a chemical nature, and referable to the escape of a volatile matter, and that the volatile matter is ammonia.It is not my intention at present to consider the various circumstances which he brings forward in favour of his conclusion. I shall restrict myself to a few observations which I have made, the results chiefly of trials instituted for the purpose of testing his speculations, and of satisfying myself, if possible, on the subject.
VI.—Researches on Radiant Heat. Second Series.
Authors: Stewart Balfour 
Published: January 2013

1. The first part of this paper describes the following groups of experiments:—Group I. On the effect which roughening the surface of a body produces upon its radiation.II. On the nature of that heat which is radiated by rock-salt, at 212°F.III. On the radiation of glass and mica, at high temperatures.The second, or theoretical portion, of the paper, has reference to the law which connects the radiation of a particle with its temperature, and to Dulong and Petit's experiments on this subject.There is also an addition of a later date than the rest of the paper on General Diathermancy.
X.—On the Contact of the Loops of Epicycloidal Curves
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: January 2013

During the summer vacation, Mr Henry Perigal of London proposed to me the following problem:—“To determine the proportions of an epicycloid of which the loops touch each other.”The solution of this problem contains some points of interest to the general analyst, and exhibits relations between certain trigonometric formulæ and algebraic equations. I, therefore, offer an outline of it to the attention of the Royal Society.
IX.—On the Dynamical Theory of Heat. Part V. Thermo-electric Currents
Authors: Thomson William 
Published: January 2013

Preliminary §§ 97–101. Fundamental Principles of General Thermo-dynamics recapitulated.97. Mechanical action may be derived from heat, and heat may be generated by mechanical action, by means of forces either acting between contiguous parts of bodies, or due to electric excitation; but in no other way known, or even conceivable, in the present state of science. Hence Thermo-dynamics falls naturally into two Divisions, of which the subjects are respectively, the relation of heat to the forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency. The investigations of the conditions under which thermodynamic effects are produced, in operations of any fluid or fluids, whether gaseous or liquid, or passing from one state to the other, or to or from the solid state, and the establishment of universal relations between the physical properties of all substances in these different states, which have been given in Parts I.-V. of the present series of papers, belong to that first great Division of Thermo-dynamics—to be completed (as is intended for future communications to the Royal Society) by the extension of similar researches to the thermo-elastic properties of solids.
XXI.—On the Extent to which the received Theory of Vision requires us to regard the Eye as a Camera Obscura
Authors: Wilson George 
Published: January 2013

In the course of those researches on Colour-Blindness, which, at intervals, I have recently been engaged in prosecuting, I have encountered some phenomena connected with normal vision, which I am desirous to submit to the consideration of the Society. Those phenomena I have already in part detailed, in the account of the researches referred to, and I shall not, accordingly, repeat the description of them here, to a greater extent than is essential to rendering intelligible the question which I wish to submit for discussion.I venture to assume, that without adducing a lengthened series of authorities, I may take for granted, that, on the received theory of vision, the eye of man, as well as that of most of the lower animals, is regarded as essentially realizing, during the performance of its function of sight, the condition of a darkened chamber, or camera obscura. In more precise words: the theory in question teaches, that those rays of light, which reach the eye from the objects which they render visible, and entering at its front traverse all its transparent humours and membranes, last of all pierce the retina, and after making that impression upon it which is supposed to be the most important physical element of vision, are stopped, or absorbed by the dark pigment lining the choroid coat, and suffer extinction as visible rays. The dark surface of the choroid is thus held to abolish all the light which reaches it, so that none of the luminous rays return through the retina, or retrace their course across the chamber of the eye.
XXIII.—On a Problem in Combinations
Authors: Kelland Philip 
Published: January 2013

Several years ago, when discussing the question of the distribution of the stars, a problem occurred to Professor Forbes, which, simple as it is, appears to have escaped notice prior to that time. Having been consulted as to its solution, I communicated my results to Professor Forbes, who has inserted one of them in his paper printed in the Philosophical Magazine for 1850, vol. xxxvii., p. 425. But for the very ingenious application which Professor Forbes has there made of it, the problem might probably not be worth recurring to. As it is, I have thought it would not be altogether uninteresting to give the complete solution.The Problem is as follows:—There are n dice, each of which has p faces, p being not less than n; it is required to find the number of arrangements which can be formed with them, 1°, So that no two show the same face; 2°, That no three show the same face; 3°, That no four do so, and so on.