bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Geochemical and Mineralogical Studies of Two Cyclic
Transgressive Pelagic Limestone Units, Cretaceous Western Interior Basin,
U.S.
Authors: Arthur Michael A. , Dean Walter E. , Pollastro Richard M. , Claypool George E. , Scholle Peter A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Pelagic limestone units were deposited in the North American Western Interior seaway during two major Cretaceous transgressive episodes. The Bridge Creek Limestone Member of the Greenhorn Formation, deposited during the Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian transgression, and the Smoky Hill Member of the Niobrara Formation, deposited during the overall Early Coniacian-Early Campanian transgression, are both enriched in organic-carbon and exhibit smallscale carbonate cycles representing periodicities in the range 20 to 40 ky. The distinct periodicity and overall unusual depositional milieu of both units are reflected in their sedimentary structures, mineralogy, and geochemistry.
The Bridge Creek Limestone at Pueblo, Colorado, averages 78% CaCO3 and 1.75% organic carbon with ranges of 42-96% and 0.06-6.97%, respectively, across small-scale cycles. High concentrations of Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ti, Na, Cr, Ni, V; higher Sr/Ca and lower Si/Al ratios; and lighter δ180 in CaCO3 in dark-colored clay-rich beds all suggest periodic influx of terrestrial clay minerals during times of peak fresh water runoff from uplifted highlands to the west. Higher Sr/Ca ratios in marlstone beds than in limestone beds suggest that the marlstone beds have undergone less diagenetic removal of Sr. Higher concentrations of organic carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur, and preservation of some lamination in the clay-rich beds also suggest that the times of enhanced runoff may have induced stable salinity stratification in the water column, which led to gradual depletion of dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters and enhanced preservation of organic carbon in sediments. The geochemistry also suggests that a significant change in sedimentation occurred at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary.
The geochemical characteristics of the Niobrara Formation near Fort collins, Colorado, are very similar to those of the Bridge Creek Limestone at Pueblo, suggesting similar depositional conditions and source of clastic materials. However, the small scale cycles are present but more subdued in the Niobrara Formation than in the Bridge Creek Limestone, and the Niobrara Formation in the Fort Collins area has not been as altered by diagenesis.
Isotopic Studies of Organic Matter and Carbonate in Rocks of the
Greenhorn Marine Cycle
Authors: Pratt Lisa M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Variation in the carbon isotopic composition of organic matter in the Greenhorn Limestone are described for Black Mesa, Arizona; Pueblo, Colorado; Bunker Hill, Kansas; Ponca State Park, Nebraska; and Cone Hill, Montana. There is a 2.5 to 3.5 o/oo positive (heavy) excursion in carbon isotopic values spanning the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary at each of these localities. Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of inoceramid bivalve shells and whole-rock carbonate are reported for the Black Mesa and Pueblo sections. Oxygen isotopic values of whole-rock carbonate generally become more positive upward in the Greenhorn from the lower Lincoln Limestone Member through the Hartland Shale Member and into the lower Bridge Creek Limestone Member. This trend is inferred to reflect generally increasing salinity of Western Interior seawater associated with increasing water depths and less restricted oceanic connections as the Greenhorn transgression progressed. Superimposed on this overall trend are intervals with marked isotopic and geochemical fluctuations suggesting rapidly changing proportions of oceanic and riverine water or rapidly changing relative rates of evaporation and input. A particularly severe and rapid paleoenvironmental change is inferred to have occurred just prior to the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary defined by macrofossil extinctions.
Ammonite Record from Bridge Creek Member of Greenhorn Limestone at Pueblo
Reservoir State Recreation Area, Colorado
Authors: Cobban William A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Ammonites are listed from 25 beds of limestone and calcareous shale in the Upper Cretaceous Bridge Creek Member. Brief descriptions and faunal content are given for 14 distinctive beds of limestone. The lowest fourth of the member is late Cenomanian in age, the highest fourth is middle Turonian in age, and the rest is early Turonian. The greatest diversity of ammonites (9 species) occurs in one of the limestone beds of early Turonian age.
Biotic Patterns Across the Cenomanian-Turonian Extinction Boundary Near
Pueblo, Colorado
Authors: Elder William P. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary extinctions, as observed near Pueblo, Colorado, are represented by a series of events reflecting accelerated macrofaunal evolutionary and extinction rates. Four main events are recognized near Pueblo which are cumulatively responsible for 80% species-level and about 30% genera-level macrofaunal extinction. The two main extinction events near Pueblo occured about 250 and 200 Ka before the terminal extinctions at the stage boundary. In addition to the evolutionary and extinction related faunal turnover, fluctuations in the relative abundances of inoceramid bivalves, oysters and ammonites appear to be related to substrate and inferred habitat changes reflected by the climatically controlled lithologie cyclicity. The increased rates of evolution and extinction observed through the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary interval may have been driven by increased biotic stress resulting from eustatic highstand and increased climatic variability influencing temperature, salinity, and benthic oxygenation within the Western Interior seaway and globally.
High Resolution Stratigraphy and Detositional History of the Greenhorn
Regressive Hemicyclothem, Rock Canyon Anticline, Pueblo, Colorado
Authors: Glenister Linda M. , Kauffman Erle G. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The Greenhorn Cyclothem has become the model for eustatically-generated, third-order, cyclic sedimentation in Cretaceous epicontinental settings. The Rock Canyon Anticline sequence near Pueblo, Colorado, is the standard reference section for this cyclothem. The Greenhorn transgressive hemicyclothem (including the Muddy Sandstone, Mowry Shale, Graneros Shale, and the Greenhorn Formation through the middle Bridge Creek Limestone Member) has been the subject of detailed stratigraphic and paleontologic study for many years. In contrast, the Greenhorn regressive hemicyclothem (including the upper Bridge Creek Limestone Member, Greenhorn Formation, and the Fairport Shale, Blue Hill Shale, and Codell Sandstone Members of the Carlile shale) has received only general stratigraphic study. In this paper, high-resolution lithostratigraphic, geochemical, event-stratigraphic, and paleobiologic data for the Greenhorn regressive hemicyclothem are presented and analyzed in terms of facies and depositional history. The regressive sequence at Pueblo is nearly complete, and in general displays a graded, upward-coarsening suite of facies cut by rare disconformities. Cyclically bedded pelagic carbonates (Bridge Creek Limestone Member) grade upward through chalky and calcareous shales (Fairport Member) to dark non-calcareous shales becoming more silty and sandy upward (Blue Hill Shale Member), and the sequence terminates in lower, middle, and upper shoreface sands of the Codell Sandstone Member. The top of the cyclothem is truncated on middle-upper shoreface sandstones of the Codell by a regional transgressive unconformity at the base of the Niobrara Cyclothem. A second regional disconfor-mity may occur at the Fairport - Blue Hill member contact. Although the Greenhorn regressive facies sequence generally mirrors that of the transgression (the symmetrical cyclothem model), significant differences were recorded in this study which suggest that the Western Interior Basin was tectonically passive during eustatic fall and regional regression; subsidence did not outstrip or equal sedimentation rates and the basin filled; shallow water environments predominated. Thus, the regressive sequence of the Greenhorn Cyclothem is coarser-grained, more bioturbated, less laminated, and contains lower percentages of organic carbon than equivalent transgressive facies. Greater current circulation and higher levels of benthic oxygenation are implied during regression. Volcanic ash (bentonite) beds are extremely common in transgressive facies, and comparatively rare in regressive facies; this suggests a major slowdown in tectonism and associated volcanism during eustatic fall and regional regression. The number and extent of disconformities cutting the regressive sequence is far less than during either the Greenhorn or the Niobrara transgression; eustatic fall and regression were more continuous than the highly punctuated transgressive events.
Complications and Predictors of Need for Return to the Operating Room in the Treatment of Supracondylar Humerus Fractures in Children
Authors: Oetgen Matthew E , Mirick Gudrun E , Atwater Lara , Lovejoy John F 
Published: May 2015

Supracondylar humerus fractures are common pediatric injuries. Little is known about the risk factors for repeat operative procedures. A retrospective chart review of 709 patients treated for a displaced supracondylar humerus fracture was performed to identify risk factors for return to the operating room during the initial post-operative period. Deviations of routine fracture care were recorded and complication rates were compared between Gartland type 2 and 3 fractures using logistic regression. Type 3 fractures were found to have a higher complication rate, and, specifically, more peri-operative nerve palsies, more likely to need to return to the operating room for hardware removal, to lose fracture reduction, and require a return to the operating room for any reason. Five risk factors which may require returning to the operating room were identified: younger patient age, left sided fractures, type 3 fractures, peri-operative nerve palsy, and post-operative infection. In conclusion, Gartland type 3 supracondylar humerus fractures are associated with more complications then type 2 fractures. Risk factors for the need to return to the operating room in the post-operative period include: younger patient age, left sided fractures, type 3 fractures, peri-operative nerve palsy, and post-operative infection. Patients with these risk factors should be considered at risk for return to the OR and fracture fixation and follow up protocols should be adjusted for this risk.

Level of Evidence :
Prognostic Study, Level II.
Lower Dislocation Rate Following Total Hip Arthroplasty via Direct Anterior Approach than via Posterior Approach: Five-Year-Average Follow-Up Results
Authors: Tsukada Sachiyuki , Wakui Motohiro 
Published: May 2015

Objective:The aim of the study was to compare the dislocation rate between total hip arthroplasty (THA)viadirect anterior approach (DAA) andviaposterior approach (PA).Methods:We compared a consecutive series of 139 THAsviaDAA with 177 THAsviaPA. All study patients received ceramic-on-ceramic bearing surfaces and similar uncemented prostheses. Dislocation-free survival after THA was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier survival method and compared between groups using the log-rank test.Results:In the DAA group, none of 139 hips experienced dislocations in five-year-average follow-up. In the PA group, seven hips experienced dislocations among 177 hips (4 %). The dislocation was significantly less in the DAA group compared to the PA group (p = 0.033).Conclusion:The dislocation rate of THAviaDAA was significantly less than that of THAviaPA.
10-Year Survival of Acetabular Reinforcement Rings/Cages for Complex Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Ewers Alexander , Spross Christian , Ebneter Lukas , Külling Fabrice , Giesinger Karlmeinrad , Zdravkovic Vilijam , Erhardt Johannes 
Published: May 2015

Introduction :
Acetabular reinforcement rings/ cages (AR) are commonly used for reconstruction of bone defects in complex hip arthroplasty. The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the 10-year survival rate of Ganz reinforcement rings and Burch-Schneider cages used in a single institution.

Material and Methods :
Between September 1999 and June 2002 all ARs, implanted in one institution, were identified. All patients had regular clinical and radiographic follow-up and were included in this study. Their prospectively collected clinical and radiographic data was retrospectively analyzed. In case of death before the 10-year follow-up examination, patient’s families or their general practitioner was contacted by telephone. The main outcome measures were survival of the ARs and kind of revision surgery.

Results :
The 10-year survival rate was 77.7%. At 10-year follow-up, 5/60 (8,3%) patients could not be located and had to be excluded therefore. 27/55 (49,1%) were dead, whereof 22 had no revision of the ARs before death (after a mean of 66 months; range: 0 - 123). Of the remaining 28/55 (50,9%) patients, 23 patients (24 ARs) had no revision of the ARs.

Conclusion :
Despite the high mortality rate of this study’s collective, ARs for complex primary or revision total hip arthroplasty provided predictable long term results.

Level of Evidence :
Clinical investigation.
Clinical predictors of neurological outcome, functional status, and survival after traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review
Authors: Wilson Jefferson R. , Cadotte David W. , Fehlings Michael G. 
Published: May 2015

Object
The object of this study was to identify, by means of a systematic review of the literature, the acute clinical predictors of neurological outcome, functional outcome, and survival after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods
A comprehensive computerized literature review search was performed, using MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Selected articles were classified according to their level of evidence. Articles were then stratified into one of 3 domains depending on whether the primary focus was clinical prediction of 1) neurological outcome, 2) functional status, or 3) survival. For each study selected, clinical predictors related to patient demographic characteristics, injury mechanism, or neurological examination findings were extracted, and the individual relationship to outcome was defined.

Results
The initial search resulted in 376 citations. After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria and study review, 51 relevant articles were identified and graded. Of these, 25 provided predictors for neurological outcome, 22 for functional outcome, and 15 for survival, with several of the articles providing information on more than one type of outcome. All of the included studies were designated as providing Class I, II, or III levels of evidence. The severity of neurological injury (as measured by admission Americal Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grade, Frankel grade, or injury completeness), level of injury, and the presence of a zone of partial preservation were consistent predictors of neurological outcome. Severity of neurological injury, level of injury, reflex pattern, and age were consistent predictors of functional outcome. Finally, severity of neurological injury, level of injury, age, and the presence of multisystem trauma seen with higher-energy injury mechanisms were consistent predictors of survival.

Conclusions
On the basis on this review, the authors have identified a constellation of acute clinical features that may help to define an individual's profile for recovery and survival after SCI. This study will help to facilitate communication in the clinical realm and assist in classifying subsets of patients within future clinical studies.
Evaluation of clinical experience using cell-based therapies in patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review
Authors: Harrop James S. , Hashimoto Robin , Norvell Dan , Raich Annie , Aarabi Bizhan , Grossman Robert G. , Guest James D. , Tator Charles H. , Chapman Jens , Fehlings Michael G. 
Published: May 2015

Object
Using a systematic approach, the authors evaluated the current utilization, safety, and effectiveness of cellular therapies for traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCIs) in humans.

Methods
A systematic search and critical review of the literature published through mid-January 2012 was performed. Articles included in the search were restricted to the English language, studies with at least 10 patients, and those analyzing cellular therapies for traumatic SCI. Citations were evaluated for relevance using a priori criteria, and those that met the inclusion criteria were critically reviewed. Each article was then designated a level of evidence that was developed by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine.

Results
The initial literature search identified 651 relevant articles, which decreased to 350 after excluding case reports and reviews. Evaluation of articles at the title/abstract level, and later at the full-text level, limited the final article set to 12 papers. The following cellular therapies employed in humans with SCI are reviewed: bone marrow mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells (8 studies), olfactory ensheathing cells (2 studies), Schwann cells (1 study), and fetal neurogenic tissue (1 study). Overall the quality of the literature was very low, with 3 Grade III levels of evidence and 9 Grade IV studies.

Conclusions
Several different cellular-mediated strategies for adult SCI have been reported to be relatively safe with varying degrees of neurological recovery. However, the literature is of low quality and there is a need for improved preclinical studies and prospective, controlled clinical trials.
Translational potential of preclinical trials of neuroprotection through pharmacotherapy for spinal cord injury
Authors: Tator Charles H. , Hashimoto Robin , Raich Annie , Norvell Daniel , Fehlings Michael G. , Harrop James S. , Guest James , Aarabi Bizhan , Grossman Robert G. 
Published: May 2015

There is a need to enhance the pipeline of discovery and evaluation of neuroprotective pharmacological agents for patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Although much effort and money has been expended on discovering effective agents for acute and subacute SCI, no agents that produce major benefit have been proven to date. The deficiencies of all aspects of the pipeline, including the basic science input and the clinical testing output, require examination to determine remedial strategies. Where has the neuroprotective/pharmacotherapy preclinical process failed and what needs to be done to achieve success? These are the questions raised in the present review, which has 2 objectives: 1) identification of articles that address issues related to the translational readiness of preclinical SCI pharmacological therapies; and 2) examination of the preclinical studies of 5 selected agents evaluated in animal models of SCI (including blunt force trauma, penetrating trauma, or ischemia). The 5 agents were riluzole, glyburide, magnesium sulfate, nimodipine, and minocycline, and these were selected because of their promise of translational readiness as determined by the North American Clinical Trials Network Consortium.
The authors found that there are major deficiencies in the effort that has been extended to coordinate and conduct preclinical neuroprotection/pharmacotherapy trials in the SCI field. Apart from a few notable exceptions such as the NIH effort to replicate promising strategies, this field has been poorly coordinated. Only a small number of articles have even attempted an overall evaluation of the neuroprotective/pharmacotherapy agents used in preclinical SCI trials. There is no consensus about how to select the agents for translation to humans on the basis of their preclinical performance and according to agreed-upon preclinical performance criteria.
In the absence of such a system and to select the next agent for translation, the Consortium has developed a Treatment Strategy Selection Committee, and this committee selected the most promising 5 agents for potential translation. The results show that the preclinical work on these 5 agents has left numerous gaps in knowledge about their preclinical performance and confirm the need for significant changes in preclinical neuroprotection/pharmacotherapy trials in SCI. A recommendation is made for the development and validation of a preclinical scoring system involving worldwide experts in preclinical and clinical SCI.
Is surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy cost-effective? A cost-utility analysis based on data from the AOSpine North America prospective CSM study
Authors: Fehlings Michael G. , Jha Neilank K. , Hewson Stephanie M. , Massicotte Eric M. , Kopjar Branko , Kalsi-Ryan Sukhvinder 
Published: May 2015

Object
Surgical intervention for appropriately selected patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) has demonstrated favorable outcomes. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of this type of surgery in terms of cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained.

Methods
As part of a larger prospective multicenter study, the direct costs of medical treatment for 70 patients undergoing surgery for CSM at a single institution in Canada were retrospectively obtained from the hospital expenses database and physician reimbursement data. Utilities were estimated on the entire sample of 278 subjects enrolled in the multicenter study using SF-6D–derived utilities from 12- and 24-month SF-36v2 follow-up information. Costs were analyzed from the payer perspective. A 10-year horizon with 3% discounting was applied to health-utilities estimates. Sensitivity analysis was performed by varying utility gain by 20%.

Results
The SF-6D utility gain was 0.0734 (95% CI 0.0557–0.0912, p < 0.01) at 12 months and remained unchanged at 24 months. The 10-year discounted QALY gain was 0.64. Direct costs of medical treatment were estimated at an average of CaD $21,066. The estimated cost-utility ratio was CaD $32,916 per QALY gained. The sensitivity analysis showed a range of CaD $27,326–$40,988 per QALY gained. These estimates are within the limits for medical procedures that have an acceptable cost-utility ratio.

Conclusions
Surgical treatment for CSM is associated with significant improvement in health utilities as measured by the SF-6D. The direct cost of medical treatment per QALY gained places this form of treatment within the category deemed by payers to be cost-effective.
Extreme lateral transcondylar approach for resection of ventrally based meningioma of the craniovertebral junction and upper cervical spine
Authors: Liu James K. 
Published: May 2015

Ventrally based meningiomas at the craniovertebral junction can be challenging tumors to remove because of their deep location anterior to the lower brainstem and upper cervical spinal cord, and close association with complex neurovascular structures. The extreme lateral transcondylar approach provides excellent access and exposure to anterior and anterolateral intradural tumors involving the region of the craniovertebral junction, including the lower third of the clivus, the foramen magnum, and the upper cervical spine. This approach allows safe access for removal of these difficult tumors without any neural retraction. In this operative video manuscript, the author demonstrates an illustrative step-by-step technique for microsurgical resection of a ventrally based meningioma extending from the foramen magnum to C-2 using the extreme lateral transcondylar approach. The operative technique and surgical nuances, including the surgical approach, intradural tumor removal, and cranial base reconstruction, are illustrated in this video atlas.
The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/4uvPpEtEShU.