bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parsing the variability in CH4 flux at a spatially heterogeneous wetland: Integrating multiple eddy covariance towers with high‐resolution flux footprint analysis
Authors: Matthes Jaclyn Hatala , Sturtevant Cove , Verfaillie Joseph , Knox Sara , Baldocchi Dennis 
Published: June 2014

AbstractRestored wetlands are a complex mosaic of open water and new and old emergent vegetation patches, where multiple environmental and biological drivers contribute to the measured heterogeneity in methane (CH4) flux. In this analysis, we replicated the measurements of CH4 flux using the eddy covariance technique at three tower locations within the same wetland site to parse the spatiotemporal variability in CH4 flux contributed by large‐scale seasonal variations in climate and phenology and short‐term variations in flux footprint movement over a mosaic of vegetation and open water. Using a hierarchical statistical model accounting for site‐level environmental effects, tower‐level footprint and biological effects, and temporal autocorrelation, we partitioned the key drivers of the daily CH4 flux variability among the three replicated towers. The daily mean air temperature and mean friction velocity, a measure of momentum transfer, explained a significant variability in CH4 flux across the three towers, and the abundance and spatial aggregation of vegetation in the flux footprint along with the daily gross primary productivity explained much of the tower‐level variability. This statistical model captured 67% of the total variance in the daily integrated growing season CH4 fluxes at this site, which bridged an order of magnitude from 80 to 480 mg C m−2 d−1 during the measurement period from 10 May 2012 to 24 October 2012.
Experimental comparison between centimeter‐ and millimeter‐wave ultrawideband radio channels
Authors: Martinez‐Ingles Maria‐Teresa , Molina‐Garcia‐Pardo Jose‐Maria , Rodríguez José‐Víctor , Pascual‐García Juan , Juan‐Llácer Leandro 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis paper analyzes radio wave propagation phenomena at two very different frequency bands: 2–10 GHz (centimeter wave) and 57–66 GHz (millimeter wave (mm‐W)). The two frequency bands have been measured using the same equipment and under similar propagation conditions, such as path loss, root‐mean‐square delay spread, maximum excess delay, and Rician K factor, and their respective correlations compared. Obstructed line of sight situations have also been considered by using metal and cardboard obstructions. The statistical distributions, main specular reflections, and decay factors have been found similar for the two bands. However, the measured path loss, correlation in terms of electrical distances, and the K factor are higher for the millimeter‐wave frequency band. Indeed, the importance of propagation mechanism changes from one band to the other, which must be considered in the design of future mm‐W systems.
Immunoglobulin M oligoclonal bands: Biomarker of targetable inflammation in primary progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Villar Luisa M. , Casanova Bonaventura , Ouamara Nadia , Comabella Manuel , Jalili Farzaneh , Leppert David , de Andrés Clara , Izquierdo Guillermo , Arroyo Rafael , Avşar Timuçin , Lapin Sergey V. , Johnson Trina , Montalbán Xavier , Fernández Oscar , Álvarez‐Lafuente Roberto , Masterman Donna , García‐Sánchez María I. , Coret Francisco , Siva Aksel , Evdoshenko Evgeniy , Álvarez‐Cermeño José C. , Bar‐Or Amit 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveTo identify a biomarker distinguishing patients who, despite a primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) clinical course, may nonetheless benefit from immune therapy.MethodsThe presence or absence of both immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM oligoclonal bands (OCB) was blindly examined in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from a large PPMS patient cohort, and related to clinical and imaging evidence of focal inflammatory disease activity.ResultsUsing both cross‐sectional samples and serial sampling in a subgroup of patients followed prospectively as part of the placebo‐controlled OLYMPUS study of rituximab in PPMS, we found that the presence of CSF‐restricted IgM OCB (but not of IgG OCB) is associated with an active inflammatory disease phenotype in PPMS patients. This finding was confirmed in an independent, multicenter validation cohort.InterpretationThe presence of CSF IgM OCB may be a biomarker for a subset of PPMS patients with more active inflammatory disease, who may benefit from immune‐directed treatments. Ann Neurol 2014;76:231–240
TEOS as an improved alternative for chitosan beads cross‐linking: A comparative adsorption study
Authors: Copello Guillermo J. , Villanueva María E. , González Joaquín A. , López Egües Sofía , Diaz Luis E. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTIn this work the use of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) for cross‐linking of chitosan hydrogel beads was studied at the level of 1 mmol TEOS per gram of chitosan. They were compared with glutaraldehyde and epichlorohydrin cross‐linked beads. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, SEM, water content, nitrogen content, and their point of zero charge. The performance of the anionic dye Remazol Black (RB) and the cationic Cd(II) adsorptions was assessed in order to characterize the sorbate–sorbent interaction. Adsorption experimental data were analyzed using two‐ and three‐parameter isotherm models along with the evaluation of mean adsorption energy and standard free energy. The adsorption was observed to be pH dependent. The uptake rate of RB and Cd(II) showed that the three type of beads followed a similar kinetic behavior. For both sorbates the TEOS cross‐linked beads showed the higher maximum adsorption capacity, followed by epichlorohydrin and glutaraldehyde cross‐linked beads. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41005.
Surface relief gratings induced by pulsed laser irradiation in low glass‐transition temperature azopolysiloxanes
Authors: Damian Victor , Resmerita Elena , Stoica Iuliana , Ibanescu Constanta , Sacarescu Liviu , Rocha Licinio , Hurduc Nicolae 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPolymers capable of generating surface relief gratings (SRGs) were studied intensively in the last period for their applications in hot research areas, such as data storage, solar energy conversion, plasmonics, and biology. In the case of azopolymers, SRGs can be generated by two main procedures: pulsed or continuous laser irradiation. In this article, we discuss the possibility of obtaining stable SRGs with azopolysiloxanes with low glass‐transition temperature values, depending on the illumination type. These studies evidenced that the polymer chemical structure had a strong influence on the SRG stability in time. For the unsubstituted azobenzene, unstable surfaces resulted, whereas for the substituted azo groups stable reliefs were obtained. A parallel discussion between the pulsed and continuous irradiation techniques and structuration mechanisms is given. The operational conditions strongly affected the relief quality when the pulsed laser irradiation method was used. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41015.
Crystallization behavior of partially crosslinked poly(β‐hydroxyalkonates)/poly(butylene succinate) blends
Authors: Ma Piming , Cai Xiaoxia , Wang Wei , Duan Fang , Shi Dongjian , Lemstra Piet J. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPartially crosslinked poly(β‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐β‐hydroxyvalerate)/poly(butylene succinate) (PHBV/PBS) and poly(β‐hydroxybutyrate)/poly(butylene succinate) (PHB/PBS) blends were prepared by melt compounding with dicumyl peroxide. The effect of partial crosslinking on crystallization of the PHBV/PBS and PHB/PBS blends was investigated systematically. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the overall crystallization rates of both PHBV and PBS in their blends were enhanced considerably by the partial crosslinking. Similar results were also detected in the PHB/PBS blends. The polarized optical microscope observation displayed that the nuclei density of PHBV was increased while the spherulitic morphology did not change much. Conversely, the PBS spherulites turned into cloud‐like morphology after the partial crosslinking which is a result of the decrease in spherulite size, the reduction in interspherulite distance and the interconnection of fine PBS domains. Wide angle X‐ray diffraction patterns confirmed the enhancement in crystallization of the PHBV/PBS blends after the partial crosslinking without modification on crystalline forms of the PHBV and PBS components. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41020.
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole/graphene/nonwoven fabric composites used as electrodes of electrochemical capacitor
Authors: Liu Feifei , Wang Suwen , Han Gaoyi , Liu Ruiqin , Chang Yunzhen , Xiao Yaoming 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe reduced graphene oxide/nonwoven fabric (rGO/NWF) composites have been fabricated through heating the NWF coated with the mixture of GO and HONH2·HCl at 130°C, during which the GO is chemically reduced to rGO. Then the composites of polypyrrole (PPy)/rGO/NWF have been prepared through chemically polymerizing pyrrole vapor by using the FeCl3·6H2O adsorbed on rGO/NWF substrate as oxidant. Finally, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used as conductive enhancer to modify PPy/rGO/NWF through dip‐dry process to obtain MWCNTs/PPy/rGO/NWF. The prepared composites have been characterized and their capacitive properties have been evaluated in 1.0MKCl electrolyte by using two‐electrode symmetric capacitor test. The results reveal that MWCNTs/PPy/rGO/NWF possesses a maximum specific capacitance (Csc) of about 319 F g−1while PPy/rGO/NWF has aCscof about 277.8 F g−1at the scan rate of 1 mV s−1and that optimum MWCNTs/PPy/rGO/NWF retains 94.5% of initialCscafter 1000 cycles at scan rate of 80 mV s−1which is higher than PPy/rGO/NWF (83.4%). Further analysis reveals that the addition of MWCNTs can increase the charger accumulation at the outer and inner of the composites, which is favorable to improve the stability and the rapid charge‐discharge capacity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 41023.
Wear Pattern, Dental Function, and Jaw Mechanism in the Late Cretaceous Ankylosaur Hungarosaurus
Authors: Ősi Attila , Barrett Paul M. , Földes Tamás , Tokai Richárd 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTFeeding in thyreophoran dinosaurs is poorly understood. Although the group existed for over 130 million years, only the Early Jurassic basal thyreophoran Scelidosaurus harrisonii and the Late Cretaceous ankylosaurid Euoplocephalus tutus have been studied from this perspective in detail. In contrast to the earlier, conservative hypothesis of a simple “orthal pulping” feeding mode with no or limited tooth–tooth contact, recent studies have demonstrated precise dental occlusion with differing jaw mechanisms in these two species. Here, we describe the first detailed study of feeding related characters in a nodosaurid ankylosaur, Hungarosaurus tormai, from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary. Dental wear patterns comprising small, apical, and low‐angled facets on the maxillary and steep, extended, and bowl‐like facets on the dentary teeth reveal sophisticated tooth–tooth contact in this basal nodosaurid. The presence of two different scratch generations (vertical and low‐angled) on the dentary teeth unambiguously demonstrate a multiphasic powerstroke, which is further supported by the morphology of the quadrate‐articular and mandibular symphyseal joints and by the architecture of the reconstructed jaw adductors. Chewing started with an initial slicing phase associated with orthal movement that was followed by a retractive powerstroke with significant occlusal contact. Because of the curved tooth rows, these movements were probably facilitated by some mediolateral translation and/or axial rotation of the mandibles to produce precise shearing along the whole tooth row. These results demonstrate that complex jaw mechanisms and dental occlusion were more widespread among thyreophorans than thought previously and that palinal movement was present in at least two ankylosaurian lineages. Anat Rec, 297:1165–1180, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental Failure of Segmentation in a Caudal Vertebra of Apatosaurus (Sauropoda)
Authors: Lovelace David M. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA vertebral element assigned to an Apatosaurus cf. ajax from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation is described. The specimen exhibits an unusual morphology where two vertebrae are nearly seamlessly fused together, including the haemal arch that spans them. This morphology is thought be the result of a developmental abnormality. CT scans of the specimen reveal a thin zone of dorsoventral thickening between the two neural arches consistent with cortical bone. Contrast in internal morphology differentiates the anterior and posterior vertebral bodies with the anterior expressing greater porosity, which increased accommodation for barite‐rich calcite precipitation. No vacuities are observed to suggest the former presence of an intervertebral disk or intervertebral joints: the absence of an intervertebral disc or intervertebral joints is indicative of a condition known as block vertebra. Block vertebrae occur with the loss, or inhibition, of somitocoele mesenchyme early in embyogenesis (i.e., during resegmentation of the somites responsible for the formation of the affected vertebra). The derivatives of somitocoele mesenchyme include the intervertebral disc and joints. Although vertebral paleopathologies are not uncommon in the fossil record, this specimen is the first recognized congenital malformation within Sauropoda. Anat Rec, 297:1262–1269, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy and Histology of the Fibrocartilago humerocapsularis in Some Species of European Wild Birds
Authors: Canova Marco , Bombardi Cristiano , De Sordi Nadia , Clavenzani Paolo , Grandis Annamaria 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe occurrence and structure of the fibrocartilago humerocapsularis (FHC) in the shoulders of 72 subjects of various species of wild birds were evaluated by gross dissection and histological examination with the purpose of increasing the body of knowledge regarding this structure and verifying the functional hypotheses submitted in the past in other species. The results showed that the FHC has a conical shape with a narrow cavity on the inside. The structure is heterogeneous in the various species and consists of different tissues, such as hyaline cartilage, fibrous cartilage, and bone. From the data obtained in this study, there does not appear to be any correlation between ossification and the weight of the prey lifted, wing shape, and aging. This study also provided interesting preliminary data regarding the ossification of the FHC. In fact, in the Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix), the ossification seemed to be correlated with the mechanical stimulation of flying. Additional studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis. Anat Rec, 297:1189–1194, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A repeated‐measures analysis of the effects of soft tissues on wrist range of motion in the extant phylogenetic bracket of dinosaurs: Implications for the functional origins of an automatic wrist folding mechanism in crocodilia
Authors: Hutson Joel David , Hutson Kelda Nadine 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA recent study hypothesized that avian‐like wrist folding in quadrupedal dinosaurs could have aided their distinctive style of locomotion with semi‐pronated and therefore medially facing palms. However, soft tissues that automatically guide avian wrist folding rarely fossilize, and automatic wrist folding of unknown function in extant crocodilians has not been used to test this hypothesis. Therefore, an investigation of the relative contributions of soft tissues to wrist range of motion (ROM) in the extant phylogenetic bracket of dinosaurs, and the quadrupedal function of crocodilian wrist folding, could inform these questions. Here, we repeatedly measured wrist ROM in degrees through fully fleshed, skinned, minus muscles/tendons, minus ligaments, and skeletonized stages in the American alligatorAlligator mississippiensisand the ostrichStruthio camelus. The effects of dissection treatment and observer were statistically significant for alligator wrist folding and ostrich wrist flexion, but not ostrich wrist folding. Final skeletonized wrist folding ROM was higher than (ostrich) or equivalent to (alligator) initial fully fleshed ROM, while final ROM was lower than initial ROM for ostrich wrist flexion. These findings suggest that, unlike the hinge/ball and socket‐type elbow and shoulder joints in these archosaurs, ROM within gliding/planar diarthrotic joints is more restricted to the extent of articular surfaces. The alligator data indicate that the crocodilian wrist mechanism functions to automatically lock their semi‐pronated palms into a rigid column, which supports the hypothesis that this palmar orientation necessitated soft tissue stiffening mechanisms in certain dinosaurs, although ROM‐restricted articulations argue against the presence of an extensive automatic mechanism. Anat Rec, 297:1228–1249, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The anatomy of the larynx of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus, and its sound‐producing functions
Authors: Schoenfuss Heiko L. , Bragulla Hermann H. , Schumacher Jeffrey , Henk William G. , Craig George J. , Hillmann Daniel J. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis study describes the morphology of the laryngeal apparatus in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) with respect to respiration, deglutition, and vocalization. We also examined the intrinsic cricoarytenothyroid muscle (Musculus (M.) diverticuli laryngei) which forms the laryngeal diverticulum, to ascertain its interactions with the laryngeal cartilages during respiration and sound production. Five fetal larynges and four from adult whales were studied using noninvasive imaging, as well as macroscopic and microscopic techniques. The larynx extends from the skull base into the thoracic inlet. The dorsally curved laryngeal stalk, supported by epiglottis and the corniculate processes of arytenoid cartilages, is situated within the nasopharynx. The epiglottic cartilage exhibits a prominent medial ridge. The arytenoid cartilages are rod‐shaped, and extend through the laryngeal cavity. The thyroid cartilage possesses a prominent caudal horn with a fibrous articulation to the ventrally incomplete cricoid cartilage. The M. thyroepiglotticus forms the connection between epiglottic and thyroid cartilages. The M. cricothyroideus lateralis connects the caudal horn of the thyroid cartilage with the cricoid cartilage and the M. cricothyroideus medialis connects the cricoid and thyroid cartilage. An extensive laryngeal diverticulum (Diverticulum laryngis), formed by the laryngeal mucosa and M. diverticuli laryngei, is positioned caudo‐ventral to the laryngeal vestibule. The mucosa thickens into a fold medial to the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages. Experiments with airflow combined with histological and anatomical evidence strongly suggest a sound producing function for these (vocal) folds. This analysis provides the first account of sound producing structures and function in bowhead whales. Anat Rec, 297:1316–1330, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological Analysis of the Flippers in the Franciscana Dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei, Applying X‐Ray Technique
Authors: Castillo Daniela Laura Del , Panebianco María Victoria , Negri María Fernanda , Cappozzo Humberto Luis 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPectoral flippers of cetaceans function to provide stability and maneuverability during locomotion. Directional asymmetry (DA) is a common feature among odontocete cetaceans, as well as sexual dimorphism (SD). For the first time DA, allometry, physical maturity, and SD of the flipper skeleton—by X‐ray technique—of Pontoporia blainvillei were analyzed. The number of carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, and morphometric characters from the humerus, radius, ulna, and digit two were studied in franciscana dolphins from Buenos Aires, Argentina. The number of visible epiphyses and their degree of fusion at the proximal and distal ends of the humerus, radius, and ulna were also analyzed. The flipper skeleton was symmetrical, showing a negative allometric trend, with similar growth patterns in both sexes with the exception of the width of the radius (P ≤ 0.01). SD was found on the number of phalanges of digit two (P ≤ 0.01), ulna and digit two lengths. Females showed a higher relative ulna length and shorter relative digit two length, and the opposite occurred in males (P ≤ 0.01). Epiphyseal fusion pattern proved to be a tool to determine dolphin's age; franciscana dolphins with a mature flipper were, at least, four years old. This study indicates that the flippers of franciscana dolphins are symmetrical; both sexes show a negative allometric trend; SD is observed in radius, ulna, and digit two; and flipper skeleton allows determine the age class of the dolphins. Anat Rec, 297:1181–1188, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of Monochromatic Light on Development of Cecal Tonsil in Young Broilers
Authors: Li J. , Wang Z. , Cao J. , Dong Y.L. , Chen Y.X. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPreviously, the different monochromatic lights have been demonstrated to affect splenocyte proliferation and melatonin (MEL) secretion in broilers. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of different monochromatic lights on the development and immune function of broiler cecal tonsils, and to disclose the mechanisms underlying these phenomena. A total of 185 broilers (P0) including intact, sham‐operated, and pinealectomized groups were exposed to blue light (BL), green light (GL), red light (RL), and white light (WL) by a light‐emitting diode system for 14 days. Compared with RL groups, the GL in the intact and sham‐operated groups showed larger follicle areas (66.70%), higher percentages of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)‐positive cells (33.33%), increased numbers of IgA+ cells (48.60%), and increased antioxidase activity (33.33%–61.37%), whereas, the density of iNOS and MDA content in GL were lower (43.63%–54.43%) than that of RL. In contrast, after pinealectomy, the area of follicles, the percentage of PCNA‐positive cells, the number of IgA+ cells, and the antioxidase activity decreased in the different light treatments, but the density of iNOS and MDA content increased substantially. There was no significant difference in these parameters between broilers exposed to GL and other lights (P = 0.085–1.000). The results suggested that the enhanced effects of GL on the development and immune function of cecal tonsils in young broilers were mediated by elevated antioxidative status via up‐regulation of MEL. Anat Rec, 297:1331–1337, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.