bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clicked (AB)2C‐type miktoarm terpolymers: Synthesis, thermal and self‐assembly properties, and preparation of nanoporous materials
Authors: Song Jie , Lee Eunji , Cho Byoung‐Ki 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA well‐defined (PEO‐PS)2‐PLA miktoarm terpolymer (1) was synthesized by stepwise click reactions of individually prepared poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), polystyrene (PS, polymerized by atom transfer radical polymerization), and polylactide (PLA, polymerized by ring‐opening polymerization) blocks. As characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and small‐angle X‐ray scattering techniques, the terpolymer self‐assembled into a hexagonal columnar structure consisting of PLA/PEO cylindrical cores surrounded by PS chains. In contrast, the ion‐doped sample (1‐Li+) with lithium concentration per ethylene oxide = 0.2 exhibited a three‐phase lamellar structure, which was attributed to the microphase separation between PEO and PLA blocks and to the conformational stabilization of the longest PLA chain. The two‐phase columnar morphology before the ion doping was used to prepare a nanoporous material. PLA chains in the cylindrical core region were hydrolyzed by sodium hydroxide, producing nanopores with a pore diameter of about 14 nm. The resulted nanoporous material sank to the bottom in water, because of water‐compatible PEO chains on the walls. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
The presence of two different target‐site resistance mechanisms in individual plants of Alopecurus myosuroides Huds., identified using a quick molecular test for the characterisation of six ALS and seven ACCase SNPs
Authors: Marshall Ron , Hanley Steven J , Hull Richard , Moss Stephen R 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDTarget‐site resistance to ALS‐ and ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides in the grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides is associated with well‐characterised allelic variants encoding ALS‐ and ACCase‐based resistance. The potential for combined ALS and ACCase resistance presents a threat to future control, given the extent to which these herbicides are used. The authors present a primer extension method for rapid detection of known resistance‐conferring substitutions.RESULTSIndividuals showing combined resistance to field‐rate mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron and cycloxydim were identified in four field‐collected populations, with proportions ranging from 30 to 100%. Genotyping with the SNaPshot primer extension kit showed the T197 and L574 ALS and L1781 ACCase isoforms to be associated with ALS and ACCase resistance whenever they occurred.CONCLUSIONCombined ALS and ACCase target‐site resistance threatens future control of A. myosuroides. The SNaPshot extension assay provides a reliable new multiplexable method for characterising known allelic variants of the ALS and ACCase genes of A. myosuroides. The method offers significant advantages over both CAPS/dCAPS and PASA in that full genotyping can be accomplished at any nucleotide position using a single extension primer. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Management of an ACCase‐inhibitor‐resistant Lolium rigidum population based on the use of ALS inhibitors: weed population evolution observed over a 7 year field‐scale investigation
Authors: Collavo Alberto , Strek Harry , Beffa Roland , Sattin Maurizio 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDA 7 year experiment was set up in 2002 to evaluate the long‐term effects of weed management strategies based on graminicidal sulfonylureas (SUs) on the evolution of a Lolium rigidum population resistant to ACCase inhibitors in a continuous wheat cropping system. The strategies included the continued use of ALS inhibitors, the continued application of ACCase inhibitors and a simple resistance management strategy based on a biennial rotation of herbicide mode of action (MoA).RESULTSThe efficacy of the tested SUs in the field decreased significantly, starting from the fourth treatment in all control strategies. Regardless of control strategy, the few survivors of the ALS treatment in the third season produced a significant number of ACCase‐ and ALS‐resistant (multiple‐resistant) progeny. Continuous ALS and biennial rotation of herbicides reduced weed densities, but L. rigidum conserved its ACCase resistance trait. Enhanced metabolism was detected in ALS‐resistant plants, whereas target site was primarily involved in the ACCase‐resistant individuals.CONCLUSIONAt the end of the experiment, multiple‐resistant individuals were found in all samples coming from the control strategies investigated. The biennial rotation between ALS and other MoA appeared to delay the development of resistance to SUs over continuous treatments, but additional measures will likely need to be taken in order to make this sustainable in the long term, whereas the field efficacy of SUs remained relatively high until the end of the experiment. Integrated weed management with more diversity should be introduced in oversimplified cropping systems in order to sustainably manage resistant L. rigidum populations. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
A Systematic Review on the Impact of Internal Remittances on Poverty and Consumption in Developing Countries: Implications for Policy
Authors: Housen Tambri , Hopkins Sandra , Earnest Jaya 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the current literature on the usage and impact of internal remittances on recipient households in low‐income countries. A systematic review was conducted using six electronic and four informal databases. Using narrative synthesis, we reviewed 18 studies. The results of the review provide strong evidence revealing that internal migration is an important poverty reduction strategy with remittances having the greatest impact on the poorest households. Internal migrant remittances serve not only to improve livelihood by decreasing the household depth and severity of poverty but also increase household investment in education and housing. This review proposes recommendations for policy and future internal remittances research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast spectroscopic imaging of exfoliated graphene
Authors: Grancini Giulia , Martino Nicola , Bianchi Massimiliano , Rizzi Laura Giorgia , Russo Valeria , Li Bassi Andrea , Casari Carlo Spartaco , Petrozza Annamaria , Sordan Roman , Lanzani Guglielmo 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the carrier cooling dynamics in graphene flakes exploiting ultrafast transient absorption imaging technique. This tool enables us to combine nanoscale spatial resolution and sub‐picosecond (ps) time resolution. It provides many advantages over the standard transient absorption techniques because it directly investigates the excited state dynamics at a local scale that would be usually averaged out. The local dynamics show a photobleaching recovery in the first ps, assigned to cooling by electron–phonon scattering. We found that the photoexcited carrier dynamics is spatially uniform over the micrometer‐sized exfoliated graphene layer. magnified imageUltrafast pump–probe technique is combined with an optical microscope to investigate the local excited state dynamics in graphene flakes.
High density excitation effects in excitonic diffusion processes in Lz‐gradient quantum well
Authors: Konishi Syunya , Nagatomo Yusuke , Iwamitsu Kazunori , Shimamoto Tomoshige , Fujii Atsuhiro , Akai Ichiro 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe investigated high density excitation effects in propagation and diffusion processes of free excitons confined in an Lz‐gradient GaAs quantum well (QW). From measurements of µPL spectra, it was found that driving force owing to a confined‐energy gradient makes QW excitons propagate asymmetrically to the falling gradient direction. In addition, it was figured out that many body interactions among the high density QW excitons enhance their isotropic diffusion process in the Lz‐gradient QW (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tellurite hybrid microstructured optical fibers with flattened dispersion at the telecom window
Authors: Asano Koji , Duan Zhongchao , Tuan Tong Hoang , Suzuki Takenobu , Ohishi Yasutake 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe propose a tellurite hybrid microstructured optical fiber (HMOF) with the flattened chromatic dispersion and high nonlinearity at the telecom window to realize efficient parametric frequency conversion, Raman soliton and supercontinuum (SC) generation. This fiber consists of a TeO2‐Li2O‐WO3‐MoO3‐Nb2O5 (TLWMN) tellurite glass and TeO2‐ZnO‐Na2O‐P2O5 (TZNP) phospho‐tellurite glass as the core and cladding, respectively. This HMOF has air holes in the cladding surrounding the core with small diameter about 1.0 µm. This structural feature provides tellurite HMOFs with the large refractive index difference between the core and cladding and improvement in flexibility of dispersion management. To achieve the flattened chromatic dispersion at the telecom window, we have studied the structure of tellurite HMOF. And then, we analyzed the chromatic dispersion and nonlinearity of the designed tellurite HMOF. The flattened chromatic dispersion between ‐2 and 0.7 ps/nm/km in wavelength range from 1.4 to 2.2 µm and the nonlinearity γ = 4 m‐1W‐1 at wavelength of 1.55 µm are obtained. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural modification of chalcogenide glasses by gamma‐irradiation studied with DBAL technique
Authors: Kavetskyy Taras , Tsmots Volodymyr , Šauša Ondrej , Stepanov Andrey L. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe original experimental results on the study of structural modification of chalcogenide glasses by 60Co γ‐irradiation with energy of 1.25 MeV and dose of 2.41 MGy for As2S3, Ge15.8As21S63.2, Ge9.5As28.6S61.9 and Ge23.5As11.8S64.7alloys using Doppler broadening of annihilation line (DBAL) technique are reported. The γ‐irradiation‐induced effect is analyzed in terms of Doppler S and W annihilation parameters. In particular, the observed different slope of S ‐W plots for glassy (g‐) As2S3 and g‐Ge15.8As21S63.2studied in the unirradiated and γ‐irradiated states indicates that the defect structure of these alloys in the radiation‐modified state is different, obviously, as a result of various mechanisms of radiation‐induced defect formation. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phase competition and photomagnetism in supramolecular assemblies based on octacyanomolybdates of square antiprism configuration
Authors: Yamamoto Shoji , Ohara Jun 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe construct a microscopic theory on the photomagnetism in the cyano‐bridged bimetallic assemblies Cu2[Mo(CN)8]·&#55349;&#56525;H2O. Going through a grouptheoretical analysis on the ground‐state properties, we simulate photoirradiation and the resultant magnetization dynamics with a time‐dependent Hartree‐Fock method.It is not c‐axis‐polarized photons but those polarized in the ab plane that induce a macroscopic magnetization. Absorption of the photon energy is double‐stepped and the occurrence of a significant magnetization is simultaneous with the second stage (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Binding conformations, QSAR, and molecular design of Alkene‐3‐quinolinecarbonitriles as Src inhibitors
Authors: Zeng G. H. , Fang D. Q. , Wu W. J. , Zhang R. , Xie W. G. , Wu J. H. , Shen Y. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA theoretical study on binding orientations and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) of a novel series of alkene‐3‐quinolinecarbonitriles acting as Src inhibitors has been carried out by using the docking study and three‐dimensional QSAR (3D‐QSAR) analyses. The appropriate binding orientations and conformations of these compounds interacting with Src kinase were revealed by the docking studies, and the established 3D‐QSAR models show significant statistical quality and satisfactory predictive ability, with high R2 values and q2 values: comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model (q2 = 0.748, R2 = 0.972), comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) model (q2 = 0.731, R2 = 0.987). The systemic external validation indicated that both CoMFA and CoMSIA models possessed high predictive powers with
$ R{^2}_{\!\!\!\rm pred} $
values of 0.818 and 0.892,
$ {r^2}_{\!\!\!\rm m} $
values of 0.879 and 0.886,
$ {r^2}_{\!\!\!\rm m(LOO)} $
values of 0.874 and 0.874,
$ r^2_{\rm m(overall)} $
values of 0.879 and 0.885, respectively. Several key structural features of the compounds responsible for inhibitory activity were discussed in detail. Based on these structural factors, eight new compounds with quite higher predicted Src‐inhibitory activities have been designed and presented. We hope these theoretical results can offer some valuable references for the pharmaceutical molecular design as well as the action mechanism analysis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of 20(S)‐ginsenoside Rg3 on streptozotocin‐induced experimental type 2 diabetic rats: a urinary metabonomics study by rapid‐resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Niu Jun , Pi Zi‐Feng , Yue Hao , Yang Hongmei , Wang Yang , Yu Qing , Liu Shu‐Ying 
Published: October 2012

RATIONALE20(S)‐ginsenoside Rg3 is an active component of Panax ginseng. It is known that 20(S)‐ginsenoside Rg3 has a protective effect against hyperglycemia, obesity and diabetes in vivo, but the precise mechanisms of these actions have not yet been entirely elucidated.METHODSA urinary metabonomics method based on rapid‐resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (RRLC/MS) was developed to investigate the effect of 20(S)‐ginsenoside Rg3 on type 2 diabetic rats.RESULTSWith multivariate statistical analysis, a clear separation between type 2 diabetic rats and those treated with 20(S)‐ginsenoside Rg3 was achieved. Six potential biomarkers were found and identified.CONCLUSIONSThis work shows that the mechanism of the effect of 20(S)‐ginsenoside Rg3 on type 2 diabetes may be involved with the regulation of nucleic acid metabolism, energy metabolism and gut flora metabolism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accounting for the effects of lipids in stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N values) analysis of skin and blubber of balaenopterid whales
Authors: Ryan Conor , McHugh Brendan , Trueman Clive N. , Harrod Chris , Berrow Simon D. , O'Connor Ian 
Published: October 2012

RATIONALEStable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) of darted skin and blubber biopsies can shed light on habitat use and diet of cetaceans, which are otherwise difficult to study. Non‐dietary factors affect isotopic variability, chiefly the depletion of 13C due to the presence of 12C‐rich lipids. The efficacy of post hoc lipid‐correction models (normalization) must be tested.METHODSFor tissues with high natural lipid content (e.g., whale skin and blubber), chemical lipid extraction or normalization is necessary. C:N ratios, δ13C values and δ15N values were determined for duplicate control and lipid‐extracted skin and blubber of fin (Balaenoptera physalus), humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and minke whales (B. acutorostrata) by continuous‐flow elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF‐EA‐IRMS). Six different normalization models were tested to correct δ13C values for the presence of lipids.RESULTSFollowing lipid extraction, significant increases in δ13C values were observed for both tissues in the three species. Significant increases were also found for δ15N values in minke whale skin and fin whale blubber. In fin whale skin, the δ15N values decreased, with no change observed in humpback whale skin. Non‐linear models generally out‐performed linear models and the suitability of models varied by species and tissue, indicating the need for high model specificity, even among these closely related taxa.CONCLUSIONSGiven the poor predictive power of the models to estimate lipid‐free δ13C values, and the unpredictable changes in δ15N values due to lipid‐extraction, we recommend against arithmetical normalization in accounting for lipid effects on δ13C values for balaenopterid skin or blubber samples. Rather, we recommend that duplicate analysis of lipid‐extracted (δ13C values) and non‐treated tissues (δ15N values) be used. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation Over Directed Acyclic Gaussian Graphs
Authors: Yuan Yiping , Shen Xiaotong , Pan Wei 
Published: October 2012

AbstractEstimation of multiple directed graphs becomes challenging in the presence of inhomogeneous data, where directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are used to represent causal relations among random variables. To infer causal relations among variables, we estimate multiple DAGs given a known ordering in Gaussian graphical models. In particular, we propose a constrained maximum likelihood method with nonconvex constraints over elements and element‐wise differences of adjacency matrices, for identifying the sparseness structure as well as detecting structural changes over adjacency matrices of the graphs. Computationally, we develop an efficient algorithm based on augmented Lagrange multipliers, the difference convex method, and a novel fast algorithm for solving convex relaxation subproblems. Numerical results suggest that the proposed method performs well against its alternatives for simulated and real data.Statistical Analysis and Data Mining2011 DOI: 10.1002/sam.11168
A lightweight micropayment scheme based on Lagrange interpolation formula
Authors: Liu Yining , Yan Jihong 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTOn the basis of hash chain and Lagrange interpolation formula over a finite field, a lightweight micropayment scheme is proposed. Compared with Micali and Rivest's micropayment scheme, the improved scheme achieves three additional properties to ensure it suitable for mobile network. First it reduces the computing burden without digital signature algorithm, which is essential for limited mobile terminal. Second, the user, the merchant, and the bank are all equally involved in the selection of payable checks, which ensure the proposed scheme is fair for all parties. Moreover, the privacy of scheme is also achieved for the computational infeasibility of calculating the inverse of secure one‐way function. The improved micropayment scheme is secure, fair, and efficient, and privacy‐preserving, especially suitable for mobile network. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on electron‐beam‐irradiated (linear low‐density polyethylene)/(soya powder) blends under outdoor exposure
Authors: Sam S.T. , Ismail H. , Ahmad Z. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractLinear low‐density polyethylene was blended with soya powder, and the blends were compatibilized with epoxidized natural rubber having 50 mol% of epoxidation. The content of soya powder was varied from 0 to 40 wt%. The blends were irradiated at 30 kGy with an electron beam. Degradation of the irradiated blends was evaluated by exposing the samples to an outdoor environment according to ISO 877.2. The degradation was monitored by changes in the tensile, morphological, and thermal properties, as well as the molecular structure and weight loss. The tensile strength and elongation at break (Eb) of the exposed samples decreased as a function of exposure period. The irradiated blends exhibited higher retention of tensile strength and Eb than nonirradiated blends after 1 year of exposure. The crystallinity of the irradiated blends increased upon exposure, though the nonirradiated blends showed higher crystallinity indicating higher degradability. Weight loss of the irradiated blends showed less change after 6 months of outdoor exposure, but significant change was observed after 1‐year exposure. The molecular weight changes of the irradiated blends exhibited the same trend as weight loss. All the results confirmed that the degradability of the irradiated blends was comparable to that of the nonirradiated blends upon long‐term outdoor exposure. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Evaluating winds and vertical wind shear from Weather Research and Forecasting model forecasts using seven planetary boundary layer schemes
Authors: Draxl Caroline , Hahmann Andrea N. , Peña Alfredo , Giebel Gregor 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThe existence of vertical wind shear in the atmosphere close to the ground requires that wind resource assessment and prediction with numerical weather prediction (NWP) models use wind forecasts at levels within the full rotor span of modern large wind turbines. The performance of NWP models regarding wind energy at these levels partly depends on the formulation and implementation of planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterizations in these models. This study evaluates wind speeds and vertical wind shears simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model using seven sets of simulations with different PBL parameterizations at one coastal site over western Denmark. The evaluation focuses on determining which PBL parameterization performs best for wind energy forecasting, and presenting a validation methodology that takes into account wind speed at different heights.Winds speeds at heights ranging from 10 to 160 m, wind shears, temperatures and surface turbulent fluxes from seven sets of hindcasts are evaluated against observations at Høvsøre, Denmark. The ability of these hindcast sets to simulate mean wind speeds, wind shear, and their time variability strongly depends on atmospheric static stability. Wind speed hindcasts using the Yonsei University PBL scheme compared best with observations during unstable atmospheric conditions, whereas the Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 PBL scheme did so during near‐stable and neutral conditions, and the Mellor–Yamada–Janjic PBL scheme prevailed during stable and very stable conditions. The evaluation of the simulated wind speed errors and how these vary with height clearly indicates that for wind power forecasting and wind resource assessment, validation against 10 m wind speeds alone is not sufficient. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Carb)2SnF4 (Carb = 2, 3‐Dihydro‐1, 3‐diisopropyl‐4, 5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐yliden – ein Carbenkomplex des vierwertigen Zinns
Authors: Göhner Martin , Herrmann Florian , Kuhn Norbert , Ströbele Markus 
Published: October 2012

Abstract2, 3‐Dihydro‐1, 3‐diisopropyl‐4, 5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene (1, Carb) reacts with tin tetrafluoride to give the complex (Carb)2SnF4 (3). The ligand properties of 1 are discussed in terms of the crystal structure and NMR data of 3.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of a New Lead Aluminum Fluoride Borate, Pb6AlB2O7F7
Authors: Dong Lingyun , Pan Shilie , Yang Zhihua , Zhao Wenwu , Dong Xiaoyu , Wang Ying , Huang Yineng 
Published: October 2012

AbstractA new compound, Pb6AlB2O7F7, was synthesized from the PbF2/B2O3 flux system, which is the first compound found in the PbF2/Al2O3/B2O3 system. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Cmca (No. 64) with unit cell parameters a = 11.649(7) Å, b = 18.300(11) Å, c = 6.394(4) Å, Z = 4. The crystal structure of Pb6AlB2O7F7 contains the group [Pb6BO11F10] as basal building unit, which connects with each other forming two‐dimensional ∞[Pb6BO11F10] layers, whereas aluminum atoms are filled in the interlayers. The IR spectrum further confirms the presence of BO3 groups. The calculated band structures and the density of states of Pb6AlB2O7F7 suggest that its indirect gap is 2.968 eV. The DSC analysis and X‐ray diffraction technique prove that Pb6AlB2O7F7 is a congruent‐melting compound.