bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aging, Rehabilitation, and Psychology
Authors: Gerstenecker Adam T. , Mast Benjamin T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of psychologists in the rehabilitation of older adults. The chapter begins with a review of the changes expected to take place in the population demographics of the United States and its impact on geriatric rehabilitation. The next section highlights core concepts in geriatric rehabilitation, as well as predictors of successful outcome. In the final sections of the chapter, psychologists’ roles within geriatric rehabilitation will be examined, with particular emphasis placed upon assessing cognitive impairment and depression, and specific interventions for treating depression in geriatric rehabilitation patients.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Kennedy Paul , Smithson Emilie F. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe neurological injury and resulting losses in sensation and movement is only one of the numerous consequences of damage to the spinal cord. Sustaining a spinal cord injury (SCI) not only leads to major changes in an individual's physical ability, but also to changes in his or her occupational status, in the leisure activities with which he or she engages, in social participation and in intimate relationships. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the psychological and social repercussions of SCI; research has looked into how these factors in turn affect adjustment to injury, self-care, quality of life, and morbidity, and professionals working in SCI rehabilitation have begun to consider how to promote positive adjustment in hospital settings. This chapter discusses psychological, social, and physical issues relating to SCI rehabilitation and covers the psychological interventions utilized in rehabilitation settings.
Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Baird Donita E. , Clarke David M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDiabetes mellitus has serious implications for both the individual and society. An understanding of associated psychological processes and interventions is critical in supporting people with diabetes. Factors thought to be important in optimal diabetes management are presented here, and potential difficulties experienced by patients are examined. This chapter deals with the cognitive, emotional, motivational, and psychosocial factors associated with the treatment of people with diabetes. Implications for practice are considered, including health service delivery factors and methods to facilitate self-management and address demoralization. Depression, anxiety, and eating disorders are examined. The whole person model is presented as a method of applying a cognitive-behavioral model within a biopsychosocial multidisciplinary framework. The role of clinical psychology in the care of people with diabetes is also considered.
Health Legislation and Public Policies
Authors: Cheak-Zamora Nancy , Reid-Arndt Stephanie A. , Hagglund Kristofer J. , Frank Robert G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAs demographics shift to include more elderly populations and those living with chronic medical conditions, costs for health care services continue to escalate. As a result, health care systems around the world increasingly struggle to provide cost-effective, coordinated, and quality health care to those they serve. Significant policy, procedural, and practice changes are essential in solving these growing problems. With experience in interdisciplinary teams, rehabilitation psychologists and other psychological providers have a clear vantage point from which to help guide movement toward an integrated health care model that values health promotion, prevention, and collaborative care. Psychologists can be an integral part of this new “interdisciplinary team,” but, as a profession, we must advocate for this inclusion and position ourselves to take on this new role through education and training.
Aspects of Culture Influencing Rehabilitation and Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Mpofu Elias , Chronister Julie , Johnson Ebonee T. , Denham Geoff 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDisability is largely defined by the sociocultural context in which it is perceived and in relation to the atypicality with which a person identified as having a disability participates in ordinary activities of daily living. The ways in which social others perceive the category of disability influences access to resources for participation, so that some disabilities may result in more restrictions to participation than others. Rehabilitation interventions for people with disabilities seek to maximize quality of daily life in typical community settings. Communities as participation environments differ in the extent to which they are structured to enable the full inclusion of others who may have disabilities. Concepts rooted in a human rights perspective to disability enable checks on assumptions on which opportunities for community participation are configured and distributed to accommodate the full range of human attributes, thus making it likely for changes to occur toward disability-inclusive sociocultural systems. Culturally safe contexts for participation are those that enable those with a disability to have the same access to resources for activities of daily living as those without disability. Research is needed on sociocultural systems to determine full community participation of people with disabilities and how this can best be implemented.
Rehabilitation Psychology: The Continuing Challenge
Authors: Kennedy Paul 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis book has explored a range of applied psychological models, the factors associated with adjustment, and the predictors of health outcomes. There is a need to move away from linear models and include broader themes, such as, genetic, social, and environmental factors. Although research is increasing in volume, we also need to be aware of engaging in initiatives that foster translational research. This afterword reports on a number of suggestions to enhance outcomes and value for rehabilitation providers. It highlights the remaining opportunities to develop the discipline and practice of rehabilitation psychology to address the challenges of the 21st century.
India and the World Economy, 1757–1947
Authors: Roy Tirthankar 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In the two centuries during which India became a part of the British colonial empire (ca. 1757–1947), the world economy experienced an unprecedented transformation. Britain, followed by Western Europe and European settler regions in North America, industrialized. International transactions in goods, labor, and capital grew in scale and diversified in destination as never before. Knowledge of institutions and technologies traveled far and wide. And much of the land located in tropical and equatorial Asia and Africa became colonies of major European nations. The Indian subcontinent was an important player in this transformation process. The region traded heavily with Europe. Indian workers populated tropical plantations in the Caribbean, the Pacific, and Southeast Asia. Indian entrepreneurs bought machines and hired foremen abroad in order to start modern factories. Foreign investment funded the railways and manufacturing industry in India. Many useful and valuable technological skills were transmitted from Europe to India, as were ideas and practices about property rights and contract law.
Performance of Indian Manufacturing in the Postreform Period
Authors: Gupta Poonam , Kumar Utsav 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article discusses the empirical evidence which shows the way in which various factors have affected industrial performance in India. It compares the Indian growth experience across sectors with the cross-country experience. It also compares the Indian manufacturing sector with that in selected other countries. The article provides an overview of the changes in the regulatory framework introduced in the industrial sector in India and discusses empirical evidence which shows how these regulatory changes have affected the manufacturing sector. It discusses the factors that have inhibited growth in the industrial sector, and looks at the way some of these factors have affected the relative size of the services and industrial sectors.
Fiscal Rules in India: are they Effective?
Authors: Buiter Willem H. , Patel Urjit R. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article considers India's experience with fiscal (responsibility) rules during the past decade. The article first provides an analytical foundation on how to think about debt sustainability in the Indian context. It argues that the fiscal space “vacated” in recent years by states has been usurped by the central government. The recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission regarding a roadmap for fiscal consolidation are also examined numerically—something that would be useful to policy makers. Some of the dimensions along which the assessment of fiscal rules takes place—for fiscal policy in Indian going forward—include scope for eliciting time-consistent behavior, features that encourage countercyclical behavior and safeguards against political opportunism.
Financial Frictions and Monetary Policy Transmission in India
Authors: Kletzer Kenneth 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on how the institutional structure of the financial sector and the role of financial intermediation in the Indian economy affect the transmission of monetary policy to the real economy. The article reviews a large amount of empirical literature on monetary transmission within the Indian context (with bank lending and the credit channel being more prevalent). One aspect that emerges from this discussion is that the effect of monetary disturbances on market interest rates, output, and prices, depends on the response of such disturbances to the yield curve. However, recent research on emerging markets shows that long-term rates are not responsive to changes in short-term rates. Thus, monetary policy has smaller effects on output and prices in emerging markets. In the Indian context, the shortcomings of the transmission mechanism further arise because of an underdeveloped financial system and the problem of credit rationing by formal sector banks.
Normative Systems: Logic, Probability, and Rational Choice
Authors: Chater Nick , Oaksford Mike 
Published: February 2013

AbstractNormative theories of how people should reason have been central to the development of the cognitive science of thinking and reasoning, both as standards against which how thought is assessed and as sources of hypotheses about how thought might operate. This chapter sketches three particularly important types of normative system: logic, probability, and rational choice theory, stressing that these can each be viewed as providing consistency conditions on thought. From the perspective of understanding thought, logic can be viewed as providing consistency conditions on beliefs; probability provides consistency conditions on degrees of beliefs; and rational choice provides consistency conditions on choices. Limitations of current normative approaches are discussed. Throughout this chapter, we provide pointers concerning how these ideas link with the empirical study of thinking and reasoning, as described in this book.
Insight
Authors: van Steenburgh J. Jason , Fleck Jessica I. , Beeman Mark , Kounios John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the century since the Gestalt psychologists introduced insight as a component process of perception and problem solving, researchers have studied the phenomenological, behavioral, and neural components of insight. Whether and how insight is different from other types of problem solving, such as analysis, has been a topic of considerable interest and some contention. In this chapter we develop a working definition of insight and detail the history of insight research by focusing on questions about the influence of the problem solver's prior knowledge, the origins and significance of representational change, and the roles of impasse and incubation. We also review more recent investigations of the neurological correlates of insight, discuss neurobehavioral states that facilitate or inhibit insightful problem solving, and highlight new methods and techniques that are proving useful in extending our knowledge of insight.
Development of Thinking in Children
Authors: Gelman Susan A. , Frazier Brandy N. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChildren's thinking is of broad relevance to the study of thinking and reasoning, because it provides insight into fundamental issues concerning the building blocks of cognition, the role of experience, and how conceptual change comes about. The present chapter reviews four main aspects of children's thinking: (1) developmental changes, and how best to characterize such changes; (2) early cognitive capacities in infancy and early childhood, and the methodological tools that reveal these capacities; (3) causal reasoning and naive theories in childhood; and (4) the ways in which children are prepared to learn from the actions and testimony of others. The chapter ends with open questions and directions for future research.
Girlhood Songs, Musical Tales, and Musical Games as Strategies for Socialization into Womanhood among the Baganda of Uganda
Authors: Nannyonga-Tamusuza Sylvia 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines how children’s songs, musical tales, and games contribute to the socialization of rural Baganda girls in womanhood. Through metaphoric, symbolic, and idiomatic language; girlhood lullabies, musical tales, and games, gendered information is “dressed-up” to communicate a discourse that is otherwise only acceptable in private. Although the girls may not understand the gendered private discourse, the repeated performance of girlhood songs, tales, and games enhances memorization and storage of this information for use at a later time when the girls get married. Indeed, children’s music is important in the socialization of girls into womanhood and the life of a Baganda wife and mother.
Georgian (Caucasus) Children’s Polyphonic Conception of Music
Authors: Vallejo Polo 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the musical culture of children in Georgia, focusing on the phenomenon of vocal polyphony. It considers the possibility that if children can sing polyphonic songs with features that are similar to those of adults, then it should be possible to find in the children’s repertoire more “rudimentary” chords and/or simplified harmonic syntax processes. The aim is to determine whether children's polyphonic performance uses less complex harmonic structures that would then provide a key to a better understanding the complexities of Georgian music.
Integration in Mexican Children’s Musical Worlds
Authors: Sturman Janet 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the musical lives of children in Mexico. Mexican children enjoy music for the interactions it promotes with friends, family, and people they admire. Musical activities also help them reconcile the contrasting worlds that shape their lives. From centralized, government-sponsored programs and formal instruction, to regional drama and individual play, children learn from a very young age that there are many ways to be Mexican in the modern world. Ultimately, being musical is a way for children to connect with others. Despite new media and technology, the traditional method of learning music from one’s parents or close relatives, and by performing alongside them in family and community events, persists and influences even formal music instruction in conservatory and school settings.
Children’s Urban and Rural Musical Worlds in North India
Authors: Sarrazin Natalie 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the musical lives of children in urban and rural India. It focuses on three groups of children in North India: one in an urban area on the outskirts of Delhi—India’s capital city region of over 18 million people; one in a rural village in Bihar—India’s poorest and most illiterate state; and a child of a domestic servant. It addresses questions such as: what might a North Indian urban child’s musical repertoire look like? How might the repertoire differ from their rural counterpart? What is the impact of the media on traditional repertoires? It is shown that middle class children in urban and rural India enjoy rich musical lives, as schools and social rituals provide musical experiences and repertoires with both traditional and modern influences. While classical, folk, and national songs form the core of the public and private school canon, the deeply entrenched traditional and regional music survive alongside a cultural shift towards popular music.
Enjoyment and Socialization in Gambian Children’s Music Making
Authors: Koops Lisa Huisman 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article examines the musical socialization and enjoyment of children in Gambia. It presents vignettes and observations drawn from fieldwork in a densely populated, multi-ethnic, suburban area near the capital city, Banjul. Music helped children to better understand and affirm their place in their family, community, and school. It enabled them to acquire the knowledge necessary to participate in their culture, from religious traditions to courting rituals. It also allows then join in an enjoyable and prevalent part of cultural expression—music making.
Children’s and Adolescents’ Musical Needs and Music Education in Germany
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This article explores the musical cultures of children and youth in Germany. The study draws upon the views of both children and scholars, in order to understand the impact of the German tradition of music education on children’s lives and to find ways to improve music education theory and practice. It discusses why music education is the least popular subject in German schools, suggesting a mismatch between student needs and the knowledge and skills music education offers them. It concludes that music education in Germany must address the musical needs of students and develop pathways for them to become self-determined musical individuals who use music they way they need it.
Why Behaviorism Isn't Satanism
Authors: Barrett Louise 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe history of comparative evolutionary psychology can be characterized, broadly speaking, as a series of reactions to Cartesian versus pragmatist views of the mind and behavior. Here, a brief history of these theoretical shifts is presented to illuminate how and why contemporary comparative evolutionary psychology takes the form that it does. This brings to the fore the strongly cognitivist research emphasis of current evolutionary comparative research, and the manner in which alternative accounts based on learning theory and other behaviorist principles generally receive short shrift. I attempt to show why many of these criticisms of alternative accounts are unjustified, that cognitivism does not constitute the radical lurch away from behaviorism that many imagine, and that an alternative “embodied and embedded” view of cognition—itself developing in reaction to the extremes of cognitivism—reaches back to a number of behaviorist philosophical principles, including the rejection of a separation between brain and body, and between the organism and environment.
Social Complexity and Intelligence
Authors: Dunbar R.I.M. , Sutcliffe A.G. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe social brain hypothesis (SBH) offers a framework for integrating evolutionary and social psychological perspectives on human social complexity. SBH offers an explanation for the evolution of unusually large brains among primates and we outline briefly the background theory and evidence. SBH predicts a natural community size of ∼150 for modern humans, and there is now considerable evidence confirming that this is the typical size of both personal social networks and key types of human community. Human communities are highly structured, with a distinct signature of grouping levels that scale with a ratio of ∼3 (i.e., layers at 5, 15, 50, 150, etc.). We argue that the layering arises from a trade-off between the costs of maintaining relationships (a linear function of time spent interacting) and the benefits that accrue from a particular level of investment (an asymptotic function of time). We suggest that trust is a particularly important mechanism in the stability and functionality of relationships.
Metacognition across Species
Authors: Smith J. David , Coutinho Mariana V. C. , Boomer Joseph , Beran Michael J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHumans can feel consciously uncertain and know when they do not know. These feelings and the responses to them ground the research literature on metacognition. It is a natural question whether nonhuman animals share this sophisticated cognitive capacity, and, thus, animal metacognition is an active research area within contemporary comparative psychology. This chapter summarizes this research area. We illustrate the area's original studies and describe recent approaches that addressed possible flaws in the original studies. We summarize the current empirical status of the field. We discuss the phylogenetic breadth of metacognition and consider the appropriate psychological interpretation of uncertainty responding by animals. Finally, we discuss the potential for animal metacognition research to reveal the evolutionary emergence of reflective mind more broadly construed.
Communication in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Zuberbühler Klaus 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThree major evolutionary trends are visible in primate communication. The first one has to do with the basic signal production mechanisms being increasingly controlled by complex cognition. This is evident by audience effects with gestural and vocal signals and by context-specific call sequences. The second transition has to do with increased control over signal morphology, a feature somewhat visible in ape vocal and gestural communication and particularly human language. The third transition is apparent in signal-processing mechanisms, which are increasingly based on learned world facts, rather than mere stimulus-response conditioning. Human communication appears to differ only gradually from other primates in these domains, apart from a highly cooperative social motivation, which influences human communication in profound ways.
Apes and the Evolution of Language: Taking Stock of 40 Years of Research
Authors: Lyn Heidi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn 1969, Allen and Beatrice Gardner published the first account of sign language-acquisition in a chimpanzee in Science. This paper stimulated numerous ape language studies using artificial communication systems. These reports and others set the stage for a long-standing debate that continues today concerning the extent to which nonhuman apes are capable of human language, and to what extent those abilities inform scientists seeking to understand the evolution of language. Despite its relatively short history, the field of ape language has been beset with considerable controversy, including debates over human influence on animal abilities, as well as relevance of such work for discussions on the evolution of language. This chapter will address these issues and the arguments involved and will also review the species, methodologies, and findings of the most prominent ape language projects.