bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth response of four freshwater algal species to dissolved organic nitrogen of different concentration and complexity
Authors: Fiedler Dorothea , Graeber Daniel , Badrian Maria , Köhler Jan 
Published: May 2015

Summary

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) compounds dominate the nitrogen pool of many lakes, but their importance as nitrogen sources for freshwater phytoplankton is not fully understood. Previous growth experiments demonstrated the availability of urea and amino acids but often at unnaturally high concentrations. The importance of complex DON compounds for growth of common phytoplankton species is still unknown.

This study compared changes in chlorophyll a concentrations of freshwater phytoplankton with different DON compounds of varying complexity (urea, dissolved free (DFAA) and combined amino acids (DCAA), natural organic matter (NOM)) or with nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Monocultures of Chlamydomonas spp., Cyclotella meneghiniana, Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena flos‐aquae were incubated with dissolved nitrogen compounds at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 mg N L−1, which is within the range of concentrations that have been observed in a typical Central European shallow, eutrophic lake.

All studied species grew in all treatments, but their biomass gains decreased with increasing complexity of the N source. Urea addition caused the strongest biomass increase, only in some cases matched by nitrate.

Urea was also utilised over a longer time period than any other compound, including nitrate. The assumed delay in availability with increasing compound complexity was not supported by this experiment.

The studied species differed in their temporal response and their compound preferences. Therefore, DON composition can influence biomass and structure of phytoplankton communities.

These experiments demonstrate the importance of the main DON compounds for phytoplankton growth when no inorganic nitrogen is available. DON should in future be included in nitrogen budget calculations and management strategies, especially in relation to reducing nitrogen loading.
Dominant tree species are at risk from exaggerated drought under climate change
Authors: Fensham Roderick J. , Fraser Josie , MacDermott Harry J. , Firn Jenifer 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPredicting the consequences of climate change on forest systems is difficult because trees may display species‐specific responses to exaggerated droughts that may not be reflected by the climatic envelope of their geographic range. Furthermore, few studies have examined the postdrought recovery potential of drought‐susceptible tree species. This study develops a robust ranking of the drought susceptibility of 21 tree species based on their mortality after two droughts (1990s and 2000s) in the savanna of north‐eastern Australia. Drought‐induced mortality was positively related to species dominance, negatively related to the ratio of postdrought seedlings to adults and had no relationship to the magnitude of extreme drought within the species current geographic ranges. These results suggest that predicting the consequences of exaggerated drought on species’ geographic ranges is difficult, but that dominant species like Eucalyptus with relatively slow rates of population recovery and dispersal are the most susceptible. The implications for savanna ecosystems are lower tree densities and basal area.
Seed‐dispersal networks on the Canaries and the Galápagos archipelagos: interaction modules as biogeographical entities
Authors: Nogales M. , Heleno R. , Rumeu B. , González‐Castro A. , Traveset A. , Vargas P. , Olesen J. M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAimMutualistic network parameters, such as modularity and nestedness, show non‐random linkage patterns. Both increase network stability in different ways. Modularity hampers extinction cascades, whereas nestedness resists network disassembly. We explore these parameters in seed‐dispersal networks in two archipelagos and the significance of life history, habitat, geography and phylogeny as drivers of linkage patterns and the applicability of modules as biogeographical entities.LocationCanaries (Atlantic Ocean) and Galápagos (Pacific Ocean).MethodsWe compiled data on plant–seed disperser interactions from own observations and the literature, estimated network parameters describing interaction patterns (connectance, nestedness and modularity) and constructed a backbone phylogeny for the analyses.ResultsThe Canarian network was highly nested but weakly modular, whereas the Galápagos network showed the opposite characteristics. Most key network species are native and have a favourable conservation status. Modularity in the Canaries is correlated with habitats (indirectly affected by altitude and orientation), whereas in the Galápagos it mainly reflects the functional roles of species.Main conclusionsThe divergent link patterns for the archipelagos imply that the highly nested Canarian network is stable against disassembly, whereas the modular Galápagos network may show strong resistance against extinction cascades. This difference may be driven by the specific evolutionary dynamics on the archipelagos.
Diameter of main tumor feeding artery of a hepatocellular carcinoma: Measurement at the entry site into the nodule
Authors: Irie Toshiyuki , Kuramochi Masashi , Takahashi Nobuyuki 
Published: May 2015

AimTo measure the diameter of the main tumor feeding artery (TFA) of a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nodule at the entry site into the nodule.MethodsFifty‐seven HCC nodules in 43 patients were analyzed using a 3‐D workstation and picture archiving system (PACS). TFA was defined as an artery connected to a HCC nodule on catheter‐assisted multidetector computed tomography angiography (CAMDCTA). The entry site of the main TFA into the nodule was identified on CAMDCTA, and the corresponding portion was measured on digital angiography (DA) or digital subtracted angiography (DSA). The measuring scale of the PACS was calibrated using the platinum tip of microballoon catheters 0.68 mm in diameter. We investigated the relationship between diameters of the nodule and its main TFA.ResultsThe diameters of the nodule and its main TFA ranged 7–63 mm (20.3 ± 12.7) and 0.12–1.79 mm (0.41 ± 0.32), respectively. Simple regression analysis revealed a relationship between diameters of the nodule and its main TFA (P < 0.0001). The diameter of the main TFA was less than 1 mm in 53 of 57 nodules (93.0%), and less than 0.5 mm in 42 (73.7%).ConclusionThe diameter of main TFA was thicker in the larger nodule. The size of commercially available porous gelatin particles (1 or 2 mm in diameter) seems too large for embolization of most of HCC nodules.
Sex differences in obesity incidence: 20‐year prospective cohort in South Africa
Authors: Lundeen E. A. , Norris S. A. , Adair L. S. , Richter L. M. , Stein A. D. 
Published: May 2015

SummaryBackgroundProspective data spanning childhood and adolescence are needed to better understand obesity incidence among children and to identify important periods for intervention.ObjectiveTo describe gender differences in overweight and obesity from infancy to late adolescence in a South African cohort.MethodsWe analysed body mass index at 1–2 years, 4–8 years, 11–12 years, 13–15 years and 16–18 years among 1172 participants in the South African Birth‐to‐Twenty cohort.ResultsAmong boys, overweight and obesity prevalence declined from age 1–2 years to 16–18 years. Among girls, overweight and obesity prevalence increased from 4–8 years to 16–18 years. Obesity incidence was highest from 4–8 years to 11–12 years in boys (6.8 cases per 1000 person‐years) and from 11–12 years to 13–15 years in girls (11.2 cases per 1000 person‐years). Among girls, obesity at 16–18 years was associated with overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–7.2) or obesity (OR = 8.0; 95% CI 3.7–17.6) at 1–2 years and overweight (OR = 6.8; 95% CI 3.3–13.9) or obesity (OR = 42.3; 95% CI 15.0–118.8) at 4–8 years; for boys, obesity at 16–18 years was associated with overweight at 1–2 years (OR = 5.6; 95% CI 1.7–18.0) and obesity at 4–8 years (OR = 19.7; 95% CI 5.1–75.9).ConclusionsAmong girls, overweight and obesity increased throughout childhood. Overweight and obesity were not widely prevalent among boys. Early childhood and post‐puberty may be important periods for intervention among girls.
Formation of Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ and Its Transformation to SrSi6N8:Eu2+ Controlled by Temperature and Gas Pressure
Authors: Wu Shin‐Mou , Hung Hao‐En , Hsieh Chi‐Hsing , Lin Yin‐Chih , Wang Li‐Chun , Tsai Yi‐Ting , Lin Chun Che , Liu Ru‐Shi 
Published: May 2015

Firing temperature and gas pressure effect of synthesizing Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ were investigated. The emission intensity is positively correlated with the firing temperature under 0.1 and 0.5 MPa gas pressure. The Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ with the highest emission intensity was found at 1700°C and 1980°C under 0.1 and 0.5 MPa gas pressure, respectively. Although the maximum emission intensity of Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ obtained under 0.5 MPa gas pressure condition is higher than that under 0.1 MPa. The Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ synthesized under 0.5 MPa gas pressure in the temperature range from 1600°C to 1800°C have lower emission intensities than that synthesized under 0.1 MPa indicating that the melting of Sr3N2 is an important step for the formation of Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+. Moreover, the Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ undergoes phase transition into SrSi6N8:Eu2+ completely after elongating the heating duration to 6 h at 1980°C under 0.5 MPa gas pressure. The same feature was observed under 0.1 MPa gas pressure after firing 8 h at 1750°C. Different heating durations led to different degrees of phase transition.
Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of the Li0.995−xMgxSi2−xAlxN3: Eu2+0.005 Phosphors
Authors: Ding Jianyan , Wu Quansheng , Li Yanyan , Long Qiang , Wang Chuang , Wang Yuhua 
Published: May 2015

Li0.995−xMgxSi2−xAlxN3: Eu2+0.005 (LSN: xM) (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) phosphors were successfully synthesized by gas‐pressed sintering. Double substitution which is partial replacement of (LiSi)5+ with (MgAl)5+ is presented as a useful way to improve luminescence properties. With an increase in the substitution concentration, the intensity of the emission band of LSN: xM was enhanced and the peak position shows blue shift due to the decreased stokes shift. Furthermore, LSN: xM (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) shows narrower full width at half maximum and higher thermal stability than Li0.995Si2N3: Eu2+0.005.
The silence of biogeography
Authors: Lomolino Mark V. , Pijanowski Bryan C. , Gasc Amandine 
Published: May 2015

AbstractModern biogeography now encompasses an impressive diversity of patterns and phenomena of the geography of nature, providing insights fundamental to understanding the forces influencing the spatial and temporal dynamics of biological diversity. However, rather than praise our discipline for its great breadth of visions, our purpose here is to point out our glaring oversight of a potentially transformative frontier in the geography of nature. A new, emerging area called soundscape ecology, if guided by the principles of biogeography, holds the promise of ‘opening the ears’ of our field and providing fresh perspectives on fundamental problems being addressed by biogeographers.
Factors Affecting Medication Adherence in Children Receiving Outpatient Pharmacotherapy and Parental Adherence
Authors: Nagae Masaharu , Nakane Hideyuki , Honda Sumihisa , Ozawa Hiroki , Hanada Hiroko 
Published: May 2015

ProblemAlthough pharmacotherapy is an effective treatment for many psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, medication adherence rates among children are low. This study clarifies factors affecting children's medication adherence and the role of parental involvement.MethodPatients aged 7–17 years with a history of psychotropic medication treatment and their mothers were included in this study. Each mother and child completed self‐administered questionnaires. Thirty mother–child pairs who fully completed the questionnaires were included in the analysis.ResultsMedication adherence was greater in children and mothers when mothers felt that “children's symptoms improved with treatment and medication.” Medication adherence in children and mothers significantly correlated with the child's reported trust in their parent.ConclusionsThe results suggest the need for psychosocial support that considers the influence of mothers on medication adherence in children treated in child psychiatry departments.
Clinical practice in line with evidence? A survey among primary care physiotherapists in western Sweden
Authors: Bernhardsson Susanne , Öberg Birgitta , Johansson Kajsa , Nilsen Per , Larsson Maria E. H. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesEvidence‐based practice is becoming increasingly important in primary care physiotherapy. Clinical practice needs to reflect current best evidence and be concordant with evidence‐based clinical guidelines. There is limited knowledge about therapeutic interventions used in primary care physiotherapy in Sweden. The objectives were to examine preferred treatment interventions reported by publicly employed physiotherapists in primary care for three common musculoskeletal disorders (low back pain, neck pain and subacromial pain), the extent to which these interventions were supported by evidence, and associations with demographic variables.Methods419 physiotherapists in primary care in western Sweden were surveyed using a validated web‐based questionnaire.ResultsThe survey was completed by 271 respondents (65%). Median number of interventions reported was 7 (range 1–16). The most common treatment interventions across the three conditions were advice on posture (reported by 82–94%), advice to stay active (86–92%), and different types of exercise (65–92%). Most of these interventions were supported by evidence. However, interventions with insufficient evidence, such as advice on posture, TENS and aquatic exercise, were also used by 29–96%. Modalities such as laser therapy and ultrasound were sparingly used (<5%), which is in line with evidence. For neck pain, use of evidence‐based interventions was associated with gender and for subacromial pain, with work experience.ConclusionsAdvice and exercise therapy were the interventions most frequently reported across the three diagnoses, illustrating an active treatment strategy. While most reported interventions are supported by evidence, interventions with unclear or no evidence of effect were also used to a high extent.
Decline in Activities of Daily Living After a Visit to a Canadian Emergency Department for Minor Injuries in Independent Older Adults: Are Frail Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment at Greater Risk?
Authors: Provencher Véronique , Sirois Marie‐Josée , Ouellet Marie‐Christine , Camden Stéphanie , Neveu Xavier , Allain‐Boulé Nadine , Emond Marcel ,   the Canadian Emergency Team Initiative on Mobility in Aging
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo compare functional decline in activities of daily living (ADLs) of older adults visiting emergency departments (EDs) for minor injuries according to frailty and cognitive status.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingSeven Canadian EDs.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older who were independent in ADLs at baseline were recruited between March 2011 and March 2013 (N = 1,114).MeasurementsThe Older American Resources and Services (OARS) questionnaire was completed during the ED visit or within 7 days and 3 and 6 months after a minor injury to ascertain functional decline (≥1‐point drop in ADL score). Participants were considered frail based on the Canadian Study of Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale (≥Level 4, vulnerable). Cognitive impairment was defined as performing below cutoffs on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (<23/30) or Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (≤31/50). Four subgroups were created: frail with cognitive impairment, frail without cognitive impairment, nonfrail with cognitive impairment, nonfrail without cognitive impairment. Sociodemographic and health data were also collected.ResultsInformation on OARS, frailty, and cognitive impairment were available for 850 at 3 months and 728 at 6 months; 19.9% of participants showed declining function at 3 months and 25.3% at 6 months. After adjusting for age, number of comorbidities, and instrumental activity of daily living disability at baseline, frail participants with cognitive impairment were at significantly greater risk of functional decline at 3 (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) = 1.89; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.38–2.59) and 6 (aRR = 2.09; 95% CI = 1.45–3.00) months than nonfrail participants without cognitive impairment.ConclusionEasy‐to‐administer frailty and cognitive screening tools should be included in ED assessments to identify independent older adults at high risk of functional decline after minor injury so that appropriate services may be provided to prevent deterioration in ADLs.
Changes in Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐I and Its Binding Proteins Are Associated with Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults
Authors: Aneke‐Nash Chino S. , Parrinello Christina M. , Rajpathak Swapnil N. , Rohan Thomas E. , Strotmeyer Elsa S. , Kritchevsky Stephen B. , Psaty Bruce M. , Bůžková Petra , Kizer Jorge R. , Newman Anne B. , Strickler Howard D. , Kaplan Robert C. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo determine whether changes in insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) protein levels are greater in participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus or worsening glycemia than in normoglycemic individuals over a 9‐year follow‐up period.DesignRetrospective analysis of a cohort study.SettingParticipants were recruited from North Carolina, California, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.ParticipantsCardiovascular Health Study All Stars participants, a cohort study of community‐dwelling adults aged 65 and older (N = 897).MeasurementsPlasmaIGF‐I,IGFbinding protein (IGFBP)‐1, andIGFBP‐3 levels were assessed and American Diabetes Association cut‐points for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and diabetes mellitus were used to classify participants at baseline (1996–97) and follow‐up (2005–06).ResultsAt baseline, mean age was 76.3 ± 3.6, and 18.5% had diabetes mellitus. Participants withIFGalone andIGTplusIFGhad higherIGF‐I levels and lowerIGFBP‐1 levels than those with normoglycemia or diabetes mellitus. The greatest percentage change inIGFlevels occurred in those who had diabetes mellitus at baseline (9‐year changes: −9.3% forIGF‐I, 59.7% forIGFBP‐1, −13.4% forIGFBP‐3), the smallest in individuals who remained normoglycemic at follow‐up (9‐year changes: −3.7% forIGF‐I, 25.6% forIGFBP‐1, −6.4% forIGFBP‐3), and intermediate in those who were normoglycemic but developedIFGat follow‐up.ConclusionDegrees of glycemic impairment are associated with varying degrees of change inIGFprotein levels. The changes observed in the diabetes mellitus group have been previously shown to be associated with heart failure, cancer, and noncancer mortality.
Associations between dietary intake and the presence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Georgoulis M. , Kontogianni M. D. , Margariti A. , Tiniakos D. , Fragopoulou E. , Zafiropoulou R. , Papatheodoridis G. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundAlthough dietary habits have been associated with the likelihood of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the general population, similar associations in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients have not been explored. The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to assess the presence of the MetS and to explore its potential association with dietary habits in a sample of NAFLD patients.MethodsSeventy‐three adult patients with recent NAFLD diagnosis based on elevated liver enzyme levels and evidence of hepatic steatosis on ultrasound were enrolled. Participants' habitual food consumption was retrospectively assessed through a food frequency questionnaire and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) was assessed via the Mediterranean Diet Score (MedDietScore). The presence of the MetS was defined as the concomitant presence of at least three of its individual components, according to the criteria proposed by a recent joint statement of several major organisations.ResultsThe MetS was present in 46.5% of the sample, with increased waist circumference values and decreased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels being the most prevalent disorders (63% and 88.7%, respectively). Consumption of refined grains [odds ratio (OR) = 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.00–1.05] and red meat and products (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01–1.21) were positively associated with the presence of the MetS, whereas the consumption of whole grains (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.84–0.99) and MedDietScore (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.76–0.99) were negatively associated, after adjusting for participants' age, sex, daily energy intake and time spent in sedentary activities.ConclusionsLow refined grain and red meat intake, high whole grain intake and high adherence to the MD were associated with lower odds of the MetS in NAFLD patients.
‘Everything's fine, so why does it happen?’ A qualitative investigation of patients' perceptions of noncardiac chest pain
Authors: Webster Rosie , Thompson Andrew R , Norman Paul 
Published: May 2015

Aims and objectivesTo examine patients' perceptions and experiences of noncardiac chest pain, within the framework of the common sense model.BackgroundPatients with noncardiac chest pain have good physical prognosis, but frequently suffer prolonged pain and psychological distress. The common sense model may provide a good framework for examining outcomes in patients with noncardiac chest pain.DesignQualitative thematic analysis with semi‐structured interviews.MethodsIn 2010, participants recruited from an emergency department (N = 7) with persistent noncardiac chest pain and distress were interviewed using a semi‐structured schedule, and data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsSeven themes were identified; six of which mapped onto core dimensions of the common sense model (identity, cause, timeline, consequences, personal control, treatment control). Contrary to previous research on medically unexplained symptoms, most participants perceived psychological factors to play a causal role in their chest pain. Participants' perceptions largely mapped onto the common sense model, although there was a lack of coherence across dimensions, particularly with regard to cause.ConclusionPatients with noncardiac chest pain lack understanding with regard to their condition and may be accepting of psychological causes of their pain.Relevance to clinical practiceBrief psychological interventions aimed at improving understanding of the causes of noncardiac chest pain and providing techniques for managing pain and stress may be useful for patients with noncardiac chest pain.