bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and characterization of DH‐HEMT structures with various AlGaN barriers and AlN interlayers on 200 mm Si(111) substrates
Authors: Zhao Ming , Saripalli Yoga , Kandaswamy Prem Kumar , Liang Hu , Firrincieli Andrea , Decoutere Stefaan , Vancoille Eric 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAlGaN/GaN/AlGaN double heterojunction high‐electron‐mobility transistors were grown on 200 mm Si (111) using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The Al composition of AlGaN barrier varied from 20 at% to 30 at% and thickness from 10 nm to 20 nm. In some structures, a 1 nm AlN interlayer was inserted between AlGaN barrier and GaN channel. The as‐grown wafers were proven to be of high material quality and the layer thickness were well controlled to the target values. A buffer break down voltage of over 700 V were obtained for all grown wafers. Compared to their counterparts without AlN interlayer, structures with AlN interlayer showed a much lower and more uniform two‐dimensional electron gas sheet resistance. With the presence of AlN interlayer, the sheet resistance was much less sensitive towards variations in AlGaN barrier composition and thickness. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamics of carrier redistribution processes in InGaN/GaN quantum well structures
Authors: Badcock Tom J. , Dawson Phil , Davies Matthew J. , Oliver Rachel A. , Kappers Menno J. , Humphreys Colin J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe have studied the carrier dynamics in an InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well as a function of recombination energy between temperatures of 10 K and 100 K. For emission detected on the high energy side of the luminescence spectrum, the luminescence intensity and its decay time decrease strongly between 10 K and 50 K. In contrast, for emission detected on the low energy side of the spectrum, both of these quantities increase over the same temperature range. We attribute this behaviour to the thermally activated redistribution of carriers via energy‐loss hopping between localised states. On the basis of the respective changes in decay timescales for shallow and deep states, the average energy‐loss hopping times are inferred to increase with increasing energy depth of localisation and are thus consistent with spatially uncorrelated localisation within a Gaussian or exponential density of localised states. Under higher excitation densities this behaviour is suppressed due to the onset of saturation of the localised states. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Water Quality Monitoring Station Design for Remote Sites Experiencing Extreme Water Level Fluctuation
Authors: Rice C. L. , Weber D. S. , Haase C. S. , Piazza B. P. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Nature Conservancy and the US Fish and Wildlife Service initiated a multiyear floodplain restoration project on the Mollicy Farms tract of the Upper Ouachita National Wildlife Refuge (UONWR) located in north‐east Louisiana. Large magnitude flood pulses, remote setting and other factors presented major challenges to the monitoring effort. A planning and design process resulted in the creation of a water quality monitoring station that could deploy Yellow Springs Instruments water sampling equipment in areas with large ranges in water level throughout the UONWR floodplain. Details of the station design, fabrication and diagrams are provided. Monitoring data will help measure the impact that large‐scale floodplains have on water quality once they are reconnected to river systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase I/II adaptive design for drug combination oncology trials
Authors: Wages Nolan A. , Conaway Mark R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractExisting statistical methodology on dose finding for combination chemotherapies has focused on toxicity considerations alone in finding a maximum tolerated dose combination to recommend for further testing of efficacy in a phase II setting. Recently, there has been increasing interest in integrating phase I and phase II trials in order to facilitate drug development. In this article, we propose a new adaptive phase I/II method for dual‐agent combinations that takes into account both toxicity and efficacy after each cohort inclusion. The primary objective, both within and at the conclusion of the trial, becomes finding a single dose combination with an acceptable level of toxicity that maximizes efficacious response. We assume that there exist monotone dose–toxicity and dose–efficacy relationships among doses of one agent when the dose of other agent is fixed. We perform extensive simulation studies that demonstrate the operating characteristics of our proposed approach, and we compare simulated results to existing methodology in phase I/II design for combinations of agents. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Metafictive Nature of Postmodern Picturebooks
Authors: Pantaleo Sylvia 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThroughout its history, the ecology of the picturebook has been impacted by various social and cultural changes. Postmodernism is one perspective, among other conceptual and theoretical frameworks, that has been proposed to explain some of the fundamental changes evident in many contemporary picturebooks. A review of the literature (Pantaleo & Sipe, 2008) reveals agreement among researchers and theorists that metafiction is one of the most prominent features exhibited in postmodern literature. Succinctly, metafiction draws the attention of readers to how texts work and to how meaning is created through the use of a number of devices or techniques. Following an overview of postmodern picturebooks and metafictive devices, the author provides an analysis of the metafictive devices evident in the picturebook NO BEARS (McKinlay & Rudge, 2012). The article concludes with a discussion of how postmodern picturebooks with metafictive devices can contribute to students' development as readers, writers, and creative thinkers.
Performance analysis of MIMO cognitive amplify‐and‐forward relay networks with orthogonal space–time block codes
Authors: Chu Thi My Chinh , Phan Hoc , Zepernick Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we study the performance of multiple‐input multiple‐output cognitive amplify‐and‐forward relay networks using orthogonal space–time block coding over independent Nakagami‐m fading. It is assumed that both the direct transmission and the relaying transmission from the secondary transmitter to the secondary receiver are applicable. In order to process the received signals from these links, selection combining is adopted at the secondary receiver. To evaluate the system performance, an expression for the outage probability valid for an arbitrary number of transceiver antennas is presented. We also derive a tight approximation for the symbol error rate to quantify the error probability. In addition, the asymptotic performance in the high signal‐to‐noise ratio regime is investigated to render insights into the diversity behavior of the considered networks. To reveal the effect of network parameters on the system performance in terms of outage probability and symbol error rate, selected numerical results are presented. In particular, these results show that the performance of the system is enhanced when increasing the number of antennas at the transceivers of the secondary network. However, increasing the number of antennas at the primary receiver leads to a degradation in the secondary system performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A moving–resting process with an embedded Brownian motion for animal movements
Authors: Yan Jun , Chen Yung‐wei , Lawrence‐Apfel Kirstin , Ortega Isaac M. , Pozdnyakov Vladimir , Williams Scott , Meyer Thomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAnimal movements are of great importance in studying home ranges, migration routes, resource selection, and social interactions. The Global Positioning System provides relatively continuous animal tracking over time and long distances. Nevertheless, the continuous trajectory of an animal's movement is usually only observed at discrete time points. Brownian bridge models have been used to model movement of an animal between two observed locations within a reasonably short time interval. Assuming that animals are in perpetual motion, these models ignore inactivity such as resting or sleeping. Using the latest developments in applied probability, we propose a moving–resting process model where an animal is assumed to alternate between a moving state, during which it moves in a Brownian motion, and a resting state, during which it does not move. Theoretical properties of the process are studied as a first step towards more realistic models for animal movements. Analytic expressions are derived for the distribution of one increment and two consecutive increments, and are validated with simulations. The induced bridge model conditioning on the starting and end points is used to compute an animal's probability of occurrence in an observation area during the time of observation, which has wide applications in wildlife behavior research.
The Influence of Mindfulness on Upper Extremity Illness
Authors: Voskuijl Timothy , Ring David 
Published: January 2014

Background Previous studies suggest a benefit of mindfulnessbased interventions on pain conditions. This study addresses the null hypothesis that mindfulness is not correlated with pain intensity or magnitude of disability in orthopedic upper extremity conditions. Methods In a prospective cohort, the correlation of the two separate aspects of mindfulness—acceptance and awareness—with disability and pain intensity was tested in patients with nonacute upper extremity conditions. Regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with arm-specific disability and pain intensity. Results Awareness and acceptance both correlated with arm-specific disability, but only awareness was retained as a predictor in the best multivariable model. Neither awareness nor acceptance correlated with pain intensity. Pain interference and symptoms of depression accounted for more of the variation in disability and pain intensity. Conclusion Improved mood and decreased pain interference (a greater sense that one can accomplish one's goals in spite of pain) may be more fruitful than increased mindfulness for patients with nonacute conditions of the upper extremity.
Anisotropic Einstein data with isotropic non negative prescribed scalar curvature
Authors: Fiedler Bernold , Hell Juliette , Smith Brian 
Published: January 2014

We construct time-symmetric black hole initial data for the Einstein equations with prescribed scalar curvature, or more precisely a piece of such initial data contained inside the black hole. In this case, the Einstein constraint equations translate into a parabolic equation, with radius as ‘time’ variable, for a metric component

u

that undergoes blow up. The metric itself is regular up to and including the surface at the blow up radius, which is a minimal surface.

We show the existence of Einstein constrained data with blow up profiles that are anisotropic (i.e. not

O(3)

symmetric) although the scalar curvature was isotropically prescribed.

Our results are based on center manifold theory for quasilinear parabolic equations and on equivariant bifurcation theory for not necessarily self-similar solutions of a self-similarly rescaled equation.

Résumé

Nous construisons des données initiales de trou noir à symétrie temporelle pour les équations d'Einstein dont la courbure scalaire est prescrite ; plus précisément une partie de telles données initiales contenue à l'intérieur du trou noir. Dans ce cas, les contraintes d'Einstein peuvent être exprimées à l'aide d'une équation parabolique dont la variable « temps » est le rayon, vérifiée par une composante

u

de la métrique qui subit une explosion en « temps » fini. La métrique elle-même est régulière jusqu'à la surface au rayon de l'explosion (inclue) ; cette surface est une surface minimale.

Nous montrons l'existence de données vérifiant les contraintes d'Einstein, dont le profil d'explosion est anisotrope (i.e. elles ne sont pas

O(3)

-symétriques) alors que la courbure scalaire a été prescrite de façon isotrope.

Nos résultats sont basés sur la théorie des variétés centrales pour les équations paraboliques quasi-linéaires et sur la théorie équivariante des bifurcations pour des solutions de l'équation en variables auto-similaires, dont l'évolution n'est pas nécessairement auto-similaire.
Mantle plumes of Central Asia (Northeast Asia) and their role in forming endogenous deposits
Authors: Kuzmin M.I. , Yarmolyuk V.V. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The Phanerozoic within-plate magmatism and the related deposits of Siberia are reviewed. The formation of post-perovskite at about 2.5 Ga in the Earth’s interior and the isotope characteristics of within-plate igneous rocks have shown that plate tectonics and deep geodynamics started to operate at about 2–2.5 Ga. The assembly and breakup of supercontinents under the effect of the superplumes formed in layer D″ is considered. Thus, the supercontinent–superplume cycles spanning about 700 Ma are recognized in the Earth’s history.
The manifestations of the within-plate magmatic activity are found throughout the whole Phanerozoic. It was demonstrated earlier that between 570 and 160 Ma, the Siberian continent drifted within the African hot mantle field or large low shear velocity province (LLSVP). At least four plumes, excluding the superplume leading to the breakup of Rodinia at 750 Ma, interacted with the Siberian continent. The superplume leading to the breakup of Rodinia was also responsible for the origin of ultramafic intrusions with carbonatites hosting rare-metal (Nb, Ta, REE) mineralization as well as ultramafic–mafic intrusions with Cu–Ni–Pt mineralization localized along the rift zones.
The plumes originated in other Phanerozoic cycles formed most likely at the lower-upper mantle boundary, where most of the stagnant slabs is accumulated. Those plumes were responsible for the origin of within-plate igneous rocks. The granitic batholiths formed in the centers of zonal area surrounded by rift zones containing abundant rare-metal intrusions with rare-metal mineralization. Gold, tin, base metal, and porphyry copper deposits are also related to these zonal area.
The studies have shown that the formation of folded zones and related deposits which surround these zones as well as the structures of cratons and their metallogenic specialization should be considered in terms of both plate tectonics and plume tectonics.
Late Paleozoic granitoids in western Transbaikalia: sequence of formation, sources of magmas, and geodynamics
Authors: Tsygankov A.A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The evolution of Late Paleozoic granitoid magmatism in Transbaikalia shows a general tendency for an increase in the alkalinity of successively forming intrusive complexes: from high-K calc-alkaline granites of the Barguzin complex (Angara–Vitim batholith) at the early stage through transitional from calc-alkaline to alkaline granites and quartz syenites (Zaza complex) at the intermediate stage to peralkaline granitoids (Early Kunalei complex) at the last stage. This evolution trend is complicated by the synchronous development of granitoid complexes with different sets and geochemical compositions of rocks. The compositional changes were accompanied by the decrease in the scales of granitoid magmatism occurrence with time. Crustal metaterrigenous protoliths, possibly of different compositions and ages, were the source of granitoids of the Angara–Vitim batholith. The isotopic composition of all following granitoid complexes points to their mixed mantle–crustal genesis. The mechanisms of granitoid formation are different. Some granitoids formed through the mixing of mantle and crustal magmas; others resulted from the fractional crystallization of hybrid melts; and the rest originated from the fractional crystallization of mantle products or the melting of metabasic sources with the varying but subordinate contribution of crustal protoliths. Synplutonic basic intrusions, combined dikes, and mafic inclusions, specific for the post-Barguzin granitoids, are direct geologic evidence for the synchronous occurrence of crustal and mantle magmatism. The geodynamic setting of the Late Paleozoic magmatism in the Baikal folded area is still debatable. Three possible models are proposed: (1) mantle plume impact, (2) active continental margin, and (3) postcollisional rifting. The latter model agrees with the absence of mafic rocks from the Angara–Vitim batholith structure and with the post-Barguzin age of peralkaline rocks of the Vitim province.
Large fields of spodumene pegmatites in the settings of rifting and postcollisional shear–pull-apart dislocations of continental lithosphere
Authors: Zagorsky V.Ye. , Vladimirov A.G. , Makagon V.M. , Kuznetsova L.G. , Smirnov S.Z. , D’yachkov B.A. , Annikova I.Yu. , Shokalsky S.P. , Uvarov A.N. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe authors analyze the geodynamic settings of large fields of spodumene pegmatites hosting Li and complex (Li, Cs, Ta, Be, and Sn) deposits of rare metals within the Central Asian Fold Belt. Most of the studied fields show a considerable time gap (from few tens of Myr to hundreds of Myr) between the spodumene pegmatites and the associated granites, which are usually considered parental. This evidence necessitates recognition of an independent pegmatite stage in the magmatic history of some pegmatite-bearing structures in Central Asia. The Precambrian–Late Mesozoic interval is marked by a close relationship between the large fields of spodumene pegmatites and extension settings of continental lithosphere. They occur either as (1) zones of long-lived deep faults bordering on trough (rift) structures experiencing the tectonic-magmatic activity or as (2) postcollisional zones of shearing and pull-apart dislocations. Thus, large fields of spodumene pegmatites might serve as indicators of continental-lithosphere extension. Important factors favoring the formation of rare-metal pegmatites both in collision zones and continental-rift settings are the presence of thick mature crust dissected by long-lived, deeply penetrating (down to the upper mantle) fault zones. They ease the effect of deep sources of energy and substance on crustal chambers of granite and pegmatite formation.
Types of endogenous geochemical fields and their significance for prospecting
Authors: Spiridonov A.M. , Zorina L.D. , Romanov V.A. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
When prospecting ore deposits in Trans-Baikal region the endogenous geochemical fields (EGF) are taken as the main search element, as was proposed by L.V. Tauson (1983). Such fields are classified into: geochemical fields of dispersion (GFD), concentration (GFC) and removal (GFR). With regard to their formation conditions they are subdivided into magmatic (associated with magmatic chambers), intratelluric (associated with activity of intratelluric emanations), hydrothermal-metamorphic (vadose-thermal solutions), metamorphogenic, and sedimentary-metamorphogenic ones. Magmatic EGFs are divided into three groups: magmatic, pneumatolytic, and hydrothermal stages. This study identified their polygenetic origin and association with ore-magmatic systems. The geochemical fields of ore zones, fields, and deposits result from the late and post-magmatic processes; they also include the EGF of host rocks and those which altered at pre-ore stage of the natural system development.
At ore deposits the EGFs are responsible for supply and redistribution of elements through the entire ore formation process. The fields were divided into EGF of poor concentration (contrast coefficient CC normalized after background to 10), mean (CC &gt;10–100), and intense (CC &gt;&gt; 100). The EGF intensity progressively increases at the hierarchy stage: “host rock—pre-ore metasomatite—syn-ore hydrothermalite—ore body—ore pillar”.
To summarize, the fields, ore districts, zones, and deposits are characterized by diverse patterns of dispersion, concentration, and removal.
The specific features of composition, structure, and zonal distribution of elements in geochemical fields are exemplified by some gold-bearing zones of the Trans-Baikal region. The paper reports new approaches to investigating these natural formations. The authors promote transition from the generally accepted evaluation of a halo separation to the volumetric survey of endogenous geochemical fields (GFD, GFC, and GFR included) of ore deposits and ore-magmatic systems, in general. The acquired evidence supports the assumption that endogenous geochemical fields should be regarded as a complete system differentiated in space and time preserving specifics and pattern of the internal structure.
Paediatric psychotropic prescribing practices in Ireland
Authors: McNicholas F. , Orakwue-Ononye N. , O’Hanrahan S. 
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesThis study describes the attitudes, knowledge and prescribing of psychotropic medication in children.MethodA study-specific questionnaire was mailed to all child psychiatrists, paediatricians and a group of registered general practitioners (GPs) from a selected Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services catchment area.ResultsIn the 116 respondents who replied (39% response rate), psychotropic medication was generally valued and used by all groups (70.1%). Respondents believed that the majority (61.9%) of their non-medical colleagues would also value/support the use of medication and this endorsement influenced the respondents’ prescribing rates. Initiating medication was viewed as the province of child psychiatry (78.6%). Medication is felt to be justified in a wide variety of mental health disorders, their use being reserved for severe presentations, with psychostimulants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors being most used. A significant number of GPs (60.9%) and paediatricians (63.4%) were felt to be lacking in competence in psychotropic prescribing, with a general request for more seminars in this area (61.5%) with almost half (45%) of them believing that they would prescribe more often.ConclusionThe use of psychotropic medication in children remains a valued and common practice in Ireland. Attitudinal and practice differences across professional groups exist, and although the experience is one of relative safety there was a strong desire for further education leading to a perceived increase in utilisation. The impact of perceived public opinion regarding psychotropic prescribing along with a lack of competence may represent a major barrier to effective prescribing, thus highlighting the importance of ongoing professional development and increased public health initiatives to increase knowledge and understanding in this increasingly important area.