bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and interannual variability of an index of deep atmospheric convection over western boundary currents
Authors: Sheldon L. , Czaja A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe seasonal and interannual variability of an index measuring the potential for deep (surface‐to‐tropopause) convection over the extratropical oceans is studied using reanalysis data. It is found that most of the conditional instability is concentrated over the world's western boundary currents during winter, but shifts equatorward of the currents in summer. Conditional instability is only detected over the Gulf Stream and the East Australian Current in their respective summer season.The coupled ocean–atmosphere mechanisms controlling the variability of the convective index are then studied. It is found that the convective index displays a large interannual variability, which is primarily controlled by the erratic displacements of the storm tracks. Only weak negative feedback from the oceans is singled out on short (intraseasonal) time‐scales, reflecting the stabilization of the troposphere through the development of cold sea‐surface temperature anomalies. A larger role for warm oceanic advection in destabilizing the troposphere is, however, suggested on longer (interannual and decadal) time‐scales.
Nanomaterials and synergistic low‐intensity direct current (LIDC) stimulation technology for orthopedic implantable medical devices
Authors: Shirwaiker Rohan A. , Samberg Meghan E. , Cohen Paul H. , Wysk Richard A. , Monteiro‐Riviere Nancy A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNanomaterials play a significant role in biomedical research and applications because of their unique biological, mechanical, and electrical properties. In recent years, they have been utilized to improve the functionality and reliability of a wide range of implantable medical devices ranging from well‐established orthopedic residual hardware devices (e.g., hip implants) that can repair defects in skeletal systems to emerging tissue engineering scaffolds that can repair or replace organ functions. This review summarizes the applications and efficacies of these nanomaterials that include synthetic or naturally occurring metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites in orthopedic implants, the largest market segment of implantable medical devices. The importance of synergistic engineering techniques that can augment or enhance the performance of nanomaterial applications in orthopedic implants is also discussed, the focus being on a low‐intensity direct electric current (LIDC) stimulation technology to promote the long‐term antibacterial efficacy of oligodynamic metal‐based surfaces by ionization, while potentially accelerating tissue growth and osseointegration. While many nanomaterials have clearly demonstrated their ability to provide more effective implantable medical surfaces, further decisive investigations are necessary before they can translate into medically safe and commercially viable clinical applications. The article concludes with a discussion about some of the critical impending issues with the application of nanomaterials‐based technologies in implantable medical devices, and potential directions to address these. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:191–204. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1201This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants
Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement
Overview of DNA origami for molecular self‐assembly
Authors: Saaem Ishtiaq , LaBean Thomas H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractJudging by the number of atoms and the precision with which they are organized in three‐dimensional space, DNA origami assemblies represent the current acme of human molecular engineering accomplishments. A subset of structural DNA nanotechnology, DNA origami makes use of the programmable molecular recognition of complementary DNA cohesions to assemble designed structures. This review will discuss the development of concepts and methods involved in DNA origami with an eye toward future increases in origami size and sequence complexity, as well as exploring different methods for the production of the DNA molecular components (long biologically synthesized scaffold strands and the complex set of chemically synthesized staple strands). In future applications, the incorporation and organization of other materials (metals and other inorganics, protein enzymes, and other nanomaterials) upon or within DNA origami should result in tools for “bottom‐up” nanofabrication of biomedical, electronic, and photonic devices and materials. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:150–162. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1204This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures
Crossbreeding of a metallic color carnation and diversification of the peculiar coloration by ion-beam irradiation
Authors: Okamura Masachika , Nakayama Masayoshi , Umemoto Naoyuki , Cano Emilio A. , Hase Yoshihiro , Nishizaki Yuzo , Sasaki Nobuhiro , Ozeki Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn general, carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus) have each of four kinds of anthocyanins acylated by malic acid. A few carnation cultivars are known to display a peculiar dusky color supposedly caused by anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs). The hereditary pattern suggests that the peculiar color is controlled by a single recessive factor tightly linked with existence of AVIs containing non-acylated anthocyanins. To diversify the peculiar color carnation, we produced a bluish purple line displaying a highly novel metallic appearance by crossbreeding. By subjecting the line to ion-beam irradiation, we generated metallic reddish purple, metallic crimson and metallic red lines. The major anthocyanin of the metallic bluish purple and reddish purple lines was pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, whereas that of the metallic crimson and red lines was pelargonidin 3-glucoside. All four metallic lines did not have transcripts for anthocyanin malyltransferase. Metallic crimson and red lines did not express the acyl-glucose-dependent anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase gene. In contrast to the dusky color types, metallic lines have highly condensed AVIs and water-clear vacuolar sap in the petal adaxial epidermal cells. Differences in the number of AVIs on the abaxial side were observed within mutants containing the same anthocyanin, thereby affecting their shade and hue. We demonstrated that (1) a factor generating the AVIs is inactivated anthocyanin malyltransferase gene, (2) AVIs in water-clear vacuolar sap in the adaxial epidermal cells generate the novel metallic appearance, and (3) ion beam breeding is a useful tool for increasing metallic colors by changing anthocyanin structure and the level of AVIs.
Alarm scent‐marking during predatory attempts in the Cabrera vole (Microtus cabreraeThomas, 1906)
Authors: Gomes Luis Alexandre Piteira , Salgado Pedro Miguel Pedreirinho , Barata Eduardo Nuno , Mira António Paulo Pereira 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe alarm pheromones often released by animals under stressful situations seem to elicit behavioral changes in conspecifics, which in the appropriate context can be viewed as anti‐predatory responses. However, the releasing of alarm pheromones associated with predatory events has not been demonstrated in mammals. In the current study with wild‐caught Cabrera voles, we carried out experiments in the laboratory and in the field to assess the release of alarm pheromones in scent‐marks during simulated predatory events and disclose their effects on conspecifics. We first conducted an assay wherein voles where let to scent‐mark a clean substrate in the absence of disturbance (control) and under the simulation of predatory events. Contrarily to the control, no fecal boli were released and the area marked with urine was significantly larger during the predatory simulation. In a subsequent assay, we assessed the voles’ preference between urine‐marks released under predatory simulation and in control conditions. Voles showed a significant preference by control substrates. Finally, a third assay was carried out in the vole's habitat wherein the individual activity was monitored by radio‐tracking before and after placement of urine‐marks obtained during the conditions described above. The vole's activity was only reduced near the urine‐marks released during the simulated predatory events. The results suggest that: (1) during predatory attempts, Cabrera voles release an alarm pheromone in their urine‐marks; (2) the putative alarm pheromone reduces the voles’ activity in the surroundings of the marked area; (3) the putative alarm pheromone persists in the field affecting conspecifics’ activity for several days.
Violence against refugee women along the Thai–Burma border
Authors: Falb Kathryn L. , McCormick Marie C. , Hemenway David , Anfinson Katherine , Silverman Jay G. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo document the prevalence and characteristics of conflict victimization and its associations with past‐year intimate partner violence (IPV) among refugee women affected by the protracted conflict in Burma (Myanmar).MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 861 women living in 3 refugee camps along the Thai–Burma border from February to April 2008. Descriptive statistics were generated regarding experiences of conflict victimization and generalized estimating equations were used to determine the odds of reporting past‐year IPV.ResultsIn all, 9.6% of partnered women reported conflict victimization and 7.9% of women reported experiencing past‐year IPV. After accounting for demographic variables, women who experienced conflict victimization were 5.9 times more likely to report past‐year IPV than women who had not experienced conflict victimization (95% confidence interval, 5.0–6.9).ConclusionGiven the strong association uncovered in the present study, interventions to reduce the negative effects of conflict victimization should incorporate other forms of violence prevention, including IPV. Future longitudinal research is needed to discern pathways through which these experiences are related.
Comparative effect of 2 packages of pelvic floor muscle training on the clinical course of stage I–III pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Kashyap Rashmi , Jain Vanita , Singh Amarjeet 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the effect of 2 packages of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) on the clinical course of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) among women attending a gynecology outpatient department in Chandigarh, India.MethodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted between August 8, 2010, and October 31, 2011. Overall, 140 women with stage I–III POP were allocated to a 24‐week behavioral therapy intervention. Group A (n = 70) received 1‐to‐1 PFMT and a self‐instruction manual (SIM), whereas Group B (n = 70) received SIM alone. Symptoms were assessed using the POP symptom scale (POP‐ss), visual analog scale (VAS), and pelvic floor impact questionnaire‐7 (PFIQ‐7) scores.ResultsMarked improvements in mean POP‐ss, VAS, PFIQ‐7 scores were observed in both groups from baseline to week 24. However, significant between‐group changes in mean POP‐ss scores were observed from baseline to 6 weeks (P < 0.001), 18 weeks (P = 0.001), and 24 weeks (P = 0.002). Significant between‐group changes in mean VAS scores were observed at 18 and 24 weeks (P = 0.009 and P = 0.005). Significant between‐group changes in mean PFIQ‐7 scores were observed at 6 (P = 0.001), 18 (P < 0.001), and 24 weeks (P < 0.001).ConclusionProvision of both 1‐to‐1 PFMT and SIM led to greater improvements in POP symptoms than provision of SIM alone.ctri.nic.in: CTRI/2010/091/001190.
Long‐term associations between cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine use and health outcomes among patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zhu Carolyn W. , Livote Elayne E. , Scarmeas Nikolaos , Albert Marilyn , Brandt Jason , Blacker Deborah , Sano Mary , Stern Yaakov 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjectivesTo examine in an observational study (1) relationships between cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) and memantine use, and functional and cognitive end points and mortality in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD); (2) relationships between other patient characteristics and these clinical end points; and (3) whether effects of the predictors change across time.MethodsThe authors conducted a multicenter, natural history study that included three university‐based AD centers in the United States. A total of 201 patients diagnosed with probable AD with modified Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores ≥ 30 at study entry were monitored annually for 6 years. Discrete‐time hazard analyses were used to examine relationships between ChEI and memantine use during the previous 6 months reported at each assessment, and time to cognitive (MMSE score ≤ 10) and functional (Blessed Dementia Rating Scale score ≥ 10) end points and mortality. Analyses controlled for clinical characteristics, including baseline cognition, function, and comorbid conditions, and presence of extrapyramidal signs and psychiatric symptoms at each assessment interval. Demographic characteristics included baseline age, sex, education, and living arrangement at each assessment interval.ResultsChEI use was associated with delayed time in reaching the functional end point and death. Memantine use was associated with delayed time to death. Different patient characteristics were associated with different clinical end points.ConclusionsResults suggest long‐term beneficial effects of ChEI and memantine use on patient outcomes. As for all observational cohort studies, observed relationships should not be interpreted as causal effects.
From brand aversion or indifference to brand attachment: Authors' response to commentaries to Park, Eisingerich, and Park's brand attachment–aversion model
Authors: Park C. Whan , Eisingerich Andreas B. , Park Jason Whan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe primary purpose of our target article was to theoretically argue and empirically demonstrate that it is possible to elevate the customer–brand relationships to the desired level of human relationships by offering three types of self‐relevant benefits. In this response, we discuss the major comments provided by each set of commentators, which are insightful and thought‐provoking. It is our hope that this dialogue will open up a new avenue for future research regarding the nature and management of customer–brand relationships.
XI.—On q-Functions and a certain Difference Operator
Authors: Jackson F. H. 
Published: January 2013

In this paper my object is, primarily, to investigate the properties of a certain operative symbol which appears to be of great utility in discussing q-functions. The first part of the paper will consist of an investigation into the various forms ofand the nature of the inverse operations symbolised by Δ−n. With certain restrictions as to continuity, etc., φ(x) will denote an arbitrary function of x.
III.—A Petrological Study of the Arthur's Seat Volcano
Authors: Clark R. H. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisAethur's Seat is the remains of a dissected Lower Carboniferous volcano, from which were erupted a series of basaltic rocks representative of the province to which it belongs. The rocks occur as lavas, intrusions and tuffs, and include basalts of Dalmeny, Jedburgh, Dunsapie, Craiglockhart and Markle types, in addition to mugearite. For convenience the basalts of Dunsapie type have been subdivided into Normal and Feldspathic varieties.The volcano has been remapped; some minor departures from the six-inch Geological Survey map are recorded and certain changes in the numbering and classification of the lavas have been made.The petrographic characters of the various volcanic rocks are described in detail, with modal and chemical analyses. The composition of the parental magma of the volcano was probably very similar to that of Normal Dunsapie basalt. Markle and Craiglockhart types were produced as complementary differentiates of the parental liquid by a process of gravity differentiation, in which sinking of ferromagnesian crystals, particularly augites, played an important part. The basalts of Dalmeny and Jedburgh types, which in Arthur's Seat have strong chemical resemblances, probably represent only slightly differentiated parental magma. Concentrations of soda-rich volatiles produced intense albitisation in the Markle basalts and the mugearites. It is considered that the mugearites of Arthur's Seat crystallised initially as Jedburgh or Dalmeny types, and were altered to their present state during a deuteric phase.An attempt has been made to reconstruct the eruptive history of the volcano. The magma source appears to have been replenished with parental magma at least twice during the period of activity. The first and last eruptions were of Dunsapie basalt; the albitised products appeared at a fairly late stage.
V.—The Leadhills-Wanlockhead Lead and Zinc Deposits
Authors: Temple A. K. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe Leadhills–Wanlockhead mining field is situated within a synclinorial belt of greywackes, bounded to the north and south by anticlinoria in which lower stratigraphical elements are exposed. The universal strike is N.E.–S.W. The southern margin of the northern anticlinorium is delimited by a strike thrust fault, inclined to the north-west. The shear zone caused by this thrust is considered to be the principal structural feature governing the localization of the ore deposits.The complex N.E.–S.W. folding and faulting, imposed during the Caledonian orogeny, is crossed by a series of intersecting joints, whose average strike is N.N.W. The majority of the mineral veins also trend N.N.W. The formation of these discordant structural features under Caledonian stress is demonstrated by the presence of N.N.W. trending Caledonian dykes.Sinistrai movement along the joint pattern, ascribed to a reorientation of the “Caledonian” stress towards an “Hercynian” direction, resulted in the formation of open spaces on the more north-westerly trending members of the joint system in the greywacke belt. This feature is considered to be the secondary structural control responsible for the localization of the ore deposits.Fifty-seven minerals were identified from the deposits. Fifteen of these minerals had not been previously recorded from the locality, including (1) a new chromian mineral; (2) a new variety, chromian leadhillite; (3) a mineral previously recorded only as an artificial product, lead hydroxyapatite; (4) phœnicochroite, not previously confirmed in the British Isles.Two periods of mineralization were distinguished. The first consisted of quartz veins with which are associated small amounts of gold, pyrite and muscovite, tentatively assigned to the Caledonian orogeny, and the second comprised the lead-zinc mineralization. The paragenetic relationships of the primary minerals of the lead-zinc mineralization indicate two generations of sulphides; the second generation is accounted for by reprecipitation of elements derived from the replacement of the first generation by late stage quartz. A study of the distribution of elements through the paragenesis suggests that some elements were derived from other than a magmatic source, and that contamination has probably played a considerable rôle in the control of the character of the gangue minerals.Evidence that the mineralizing solutions had a deep-seated origin is provided by the mineral zones and the geochemical character of the deposit. Emplacement of the minerals took place at a temperature of the order of 143°−281° C, and a depth of the order of 2000–4000 feet below the surface.The Leadhills–Wanlockhead deposits are related to other lead-zinc deposits in Britain. On the basis of geochemical assemblage and the relation to igneous activity, it is concluded that the deposits were probably derived from the top of the tholeiitic crustal layer and the base of the granitic crustal layer, and were genetically associated with the Hercynian orogeny.
VI.—The Heart and Great Vessels in the Strepsirhini
Authors: Hill W. C. Osman , Davies D. V. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisDetails of the anatomy of the heart and the great vessels are recorded in the following genera of prosimian Primates,Loris, Arctocebus, Perodicticus, Galago, Galagoides, Hapalemur, Lemur, LepilemurandPropithecus, and comparison made with previously published data onNycticebus. Special attention is drawn to the proportions, shape and mode of branching of the systemic aorta, which is of typical lemurine pattern in all butLorisandPropithecus. In the heart, attention is paid particularly to the valvular arrangements in the right atrium, where much variation has been found; to the number of pulmonary veins entering the left atrium, also a variable feature; to the internal and external morphology of the ventricles and the valvular arrangements therein. The presence of an os cordis is recorded for the first time in any Primate (viz. inLoris), and the occurrence is mentioned of “brown” (glandular) fat sub-epicardially inLoris. The significance is discussed of the principal anatomical features.
VII.—Feeding and Reproduction in the Limapontiidæ
Authors: Gascoigne Thomas 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisIn a new synopsis of the family Limapontiidæ the differences between Limapontia capitata and L. depressa, which may sometimes be mistaken for one another, are specially noted. These two species and Acteonia cocksi, the remaining member of the family, are sap-suckers that feed on the cell contents of green filamentous algæ. The cells are slit open one at a time by the leading tooth of the radula and their contents drained. The host plants of A. cocksi and L. capitata are marine Cladophora spp.; L. depressa feeds on Vaucheria. The size of the buccal mass varies according to the host plants. The subterminal position of the anus in L. depressa is an adaptive feature. The reproductive system of A. cocksi is described and compared with those of the other two species. During copulation both A. cocksi and L. capitata transfer sperm by hypodermic impregnation: sperm are injected by means of a penial style into a closed bursa copulatrix. The bursa of L. depressa opens to the exterior by a short duct and the penial style functions as a conducting pipe. Reasons are given for suppressing the genus Acteonia, Quatrefages, and including A. cocksi in the genus Limapontia, Johnston.
VIII.—Studies of Floral Morphogenesis. I. Median Bisections of Flower Primordia in Primula bulleyana Forrest
Authors: Cusick Frank 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisA Brief description of the early stages of floral organogenesis in Primula bulleyana is followed by an account of the formation of flowers from experimentally incised primordia. The nature of the floral parts that develop alongside a median incision is related to the developmental stage of the flower primordium at the time of its bisection. The observations are discussed with reference to the determination of the parts of the flower.
XXVI.—The Plant Remains in the Scottish Peat Mosses
Authors: Lewis Francis J. 
Published: January 2013

The present paper deals with further investigations into the structure, the stratification, and the plant remains of peat deposits, carried on in various districts during 1907, 1908, and 1909.The objects of the research, stated briefly, are to determine, as far as the state of preservation of the material permits, the history of the flora on peat-covered areas since their formation during the later stages of the glacial period. This really resolves itself into a research dealing with the changes in distribution undergone in post-glacial times by part of the British flora.