bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of geography and climate on patterns of cell size and body size in the lizardAnolis carolinensis
Authors: GOODMAN Rachel M. , ECHTERNACHT Arthur C. , HALL Jim C. , DENG Lihan D. , WELCH Jessica N. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractGeographic patterns in body size are often associated with latitude, elevation, or environmental and climatic variables. This study investigated patterns of body size and cell size of the green anole lizard,Anolis carolinensis, and potential associations with geography or climatic variables. Lizards were sampled from 19 populations across the native range, and body size, red blood cell size and size and number of muscle cells were measured. Climatic data from local weather stations and latitude and longitude were entered into model selection with Akaike's information criterion to explain patterns in cell and body sizes. Climatic variables did not drive any major patterns in cell size or body size; rather, latitude and longitude were the best predictors of cell and body size. In general, smaller body and cell sizes in Florida anoles drove geographic patterns inA. carolinensis. Small size in Florida may be attributable to the geological history of the peninsular state or the unique ecological factors in this area, including a recently introduced congener. In contrast to previous studies, we found thatA. carolinensisdoes not follow Bergmann's rule when the influence of Florida is excluded. Rather, the opposite pattern of larger lizards in southern populations is evident in the absence of Florida populations, and mirrors the general pattern in squamates. Muscle cell size was negatively related to latitude and red blood cell size showed no latitudinal trend outside of Florida. Different patterns in the sizes of the 2 cell types confirm the importance of examining multiple cell types when studying geographic variation in cell size.
Relationship between major depression and insulin resistance: Does it vary by gender or race/ethnicity among young adults aged 20–39 years? (严重抑郁症与胰岛素抵抗的关系：在20–39岁的青年成人中这种关系是否会受到性别或者种族/族裔的影响？)
Authors: Shen Qiuhua , Bergquist‐Beringer Sandra 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo examine the relationship between major depression and insulin resistance by gender and race/ethnicity among young adults without diabetes mellitus.MethodsSecondary analyses of cross‐sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008 were performed (n = 2265). Major depression was measured by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9. Insulin resistance was measured by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for risk factors of insulin resistance were conducted.ResultsThere was a significant negative association between major depression and insulin resistance among men. For women, no significant association was found. There was no significant interaction between race/ethnicity and major depression on insulin resistance (Wald χ2 = 4.2927, P = 0.2315). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were significantly associated with insulin resistance among both men (odds ratio [OR] 1.255, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.195–1.318 for BMI; OR 1.095, 95% CI 1.076–1.115 for WC) and women (OR 1.220, 95% CI 1.182–1.260 for BMI; OR 1.084, 95% CI 1.064–1.105 for WC).ConclusionsThere are gender differences in the relationship between major depression and insulin resistance among adults aged 20–39 years. No evidence was found to support the role of race/ethnicity in this relationship. Health care professionals should be aware of risk factors for insulin resistance and develop interventions to help prevent the progression of insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Implementing image analysis in laboratory‐based experimental systems for ecology and evolution: a hands‐on guide
Authors: Pennekamp Frank , Schtickzelle Nicolas 
Published: March 2013

Summary

Experimental laboratory systems (ELS) are widely applied research tools to test theoretical predictions in ecology and evolution. Combining ELS with automated image analysis could significantly boost information acquisition due to the ease at which abundance and morphological data is collected. Despite the advantages of image analysis, the technology has not been fully adopted yet, presumably due to the difficulties of technical implementation.

The tools needed to integrate image analysis in ELS are nowadays readily available: digital camera equipment is purchased at limited costs and free software solutions which allow sophisticated image processing and analysis exist. Here, we give a concise description how to integrate these pieces into a largely automated image analysis workflow. We provide researchers with necessary background information on the principles of image analysis, explaining how to standardize image acquisition and how to validate the results to reduce bias.

Three cross‐platform and open‐source software solutions for image analysis are compared: ImageJ, the EBImage package in R, and Python with the SciPy/scikit image libraries. The relative strengths and limitations of each solution are compared and discussed. In addition, a set of test images and three scripts are provided in the Online Supplementary Material to illustrate the use of image analysis and help biologists to implement image analysis in their own systems.

To demonstrate the reliability and versatility of a validated image analysis workflow, we introduce our own Tetrahymena thermophila ELS. Then, examples from evolutionary ecology are provided showing the advantages of image analysis to study different ecological questions, aiming at both the population and individual level.

Experimental laboratory systems that integrate the advantages of image analysis extend their application and versatility compared with regular ELS. Such improvements are necessary to understand complex processes such as eco‐evolutionary feedbacks, community dynamics and individual behaviour in ELS.
Prolonged inspiratory time produces better gas exchange in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery: A randomised trial
Authors: KIM W. H. , HAHM T. S. , KIM J. A. , SIM W. S. , CHOI D. H. , LEE E. K. , LEE S. M. 
Published: March 2013

BackgroundLaparoscopic surgery performed with a patient in the Trendelenburg position is known to have adverse effects on pulmonary gas exchange and respiratory mechanics. We supposed that prolonged inspiratory time can improve gas exchange at lower airway pressure.MethodsOne hundred patients undergoing gynaecologic laparoscopic surgery were randomly assigned to one of four groups: conventional inspiratory‐to‐expiratory (I : E) ratio (Group 1 : 2), I : E ratio of 1 : 1 (Group 1 : 1), 2 : 1 (Group 2 : 1), or 1 : 2 with external positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O (Group 1 : 2 PEEP). Tidal volume was set to 6 ml/kg, and I : E ratio was adjusted at the onset of pneumoperitoneum. Arterial blood gas analysis with measurements of partial pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2), and physiologic dead space‐to‐tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) was performed 15 min after anaesthetic induction (T1), and 30 (T2) and 60 min (T3) after onset of CO2 insufflation.ResultsPaO2/FiO2 at T3 in Groups 1 : 1, 2 : 1, and 1 : 2 PEEP were higher than Group 1 : 2. The partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide at T3 in Group 2 : 1 was lower than the other groups. The VD/VT at T2 and T3 were lower in Groups 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 than Groups 1 : 2 and 1 : 2 PEEP. Peak or plateau airway pressure was higher in Group 1 : 2 PEEP than the other groups.ConclusionsA prolonged inspiratory time demonstrated a beneficial effect on oxygenation. Furthermore, it showed better CO2 elimination without elevating the peak or plateau airway pressure compared with applying external PEEP. In terms of gas exchange and respiratory mechanics, a prolonged inspiratory time appears to be superior to applying external PEEP in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in the Trendelenburg position.
High levels of oncomiR‐21 contribute to the senescence‐induced growth arrest in normal human cells and its knock‐down increases the replicative lifespan
Authors: Dellago Hanna , Preschitz‐Kammerhofer Barbara , Terlecki‐Zaniewicz Lucia , Schreiner Carina , Fortschegger Klaus , Chang Martina W.‐F. , Hackl Matthias , Monteforte Rossella , Kühnel Harald , Schosserer Markus , Gruber Florian , Tschachler Erwin , Scheideler Marcel , Grillari‐Voglauer Regina , Grillari Johannes , Wieser Matthias 
Published: March 2013

SummaryCellular senescence of normal human cells has by now far exceeded its initial role as a model system for aging research. Many reports show the accumulation of senescent cells in vivo, their effect on their microenvironment and its double‐edged role as tumour suppressor and promoter. Importantly, removal of senescent cells delays the onset of age‐associated diseases in mouse model systems. To characterize the role of miRNAs in cellular senescence of endothelial cells, we performed miRNA arrays from HUVECs of five different donors. Twelve miRNAs, comprising hsa‐miR‐23a, hsa‐miR‐23b, hsa‐miR‐24, hsa‐miR‐27a, hsa‐miR‐29a, hsa‐miR‐31, hsa‐miR‐100, hsa‐miR‐193a, hsa‐miR‐221, hsa‐miR‐222 and hsa‐let‐7i are consistently up‐regulated in replicatively senescent cells. Surprisingly, also miR‐21 was found up‐regulated by replicative and stress‐induced senescence, despite being described as oncogenic. Transfection of early passage endothelial cells with miR‐21 resulted in lower angiogenesis, and less cell proliferation mirrored by up‐regulation of p21CIP1 and down‐regulation of CDK2. These two cell‐cycle regulators are indirectly regulated by miR‐21 via its validated direct targets NFIB (Nuclear factor 1 B‐type), a transcriptional inhibitor of p21CIP1, and CDC25A, which regulates CDK2 activity by dephosphorylation. Knock‐down of either NFIB or CDC25A shows a phenocopy of over‐expressing miR‐21 in regard to cell‐cycle arrest. Finally, miR‐21 over‐epxression reduces the replicative lifespan, while stable knock‐down by sponges extends the replicative lifespan of endothelial cells. Therefore, we propose that miR‐21 is the first miRNA that upon its knock‐down extends the replicative lifespan of normal human cells.
Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives
Authors: Rutten B. P. F. , Hammels C. , Geschwind N. , Menne‐Lothmann C. , Pishva E. , Schruers K. , van den Hove D. , Kenis G. , van Os J. , Wichers M. 
Published: March 2013

ObjectiveTo review the literature on psychological and biological findings on resilience (i.e. the successful adaptation and swift recovery after experiencing life adversities) at the level of the individual, and to integrate findings from animal and human studies.MethodElectronic and manual literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and PSYCHINFO, using a range of search terms around biological and psychological factors influencing resilience as observed in human and experimental animal studies, complemented by review articles and cross‐references.ResultsThe term resilience is used in the literature for different phenomena ranging from prevention of mental health disturbance to successful adaptation and swift recovery after experiencing life adversities, and may also include post‐traumatic psychological growth. Secure attachment, experiencing positive emotions and having a purpose in life are three important psychological building blocks of resilience. Overlap between psychological and biological findings on resilience in the literature is most apparent for the topic of stress sensitivity, although recent results suggest a crucial role for reward experience in resilience.ConclusionImproving the understanding of the links between genetic endowment, environmental impact and gene–environment interactions with developmental psychology and biology is crucial for elucidating the neurobiological and psychological underpinnings of resilience.
Predicting the distribution of a novel bark beetle and its pine hosts under future climate conditions
Authors: Smith Steven E. , Mendoza Ma. G. , Zúñiga Gerardo , Halbrook Kandres , Hayes J. L. , Byrne D. N. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the distribution of key biotic elements of forest ecosystems is essential in contemporary forest management and in planning to meet future management needs. Habitat distribution (niche) models based on known occurrences provide geographical structure for such management as the environmental factors change.Bark beetles play critical roles in coniferous forest dynamics in western North America. Among these insects,Dendroctonus rhizophagusThomas and Bright, which occurs in the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico, is unique in that it attacks only immature trees (Pinusspp.) and therefore represents a threat to forest regeneration. We developed current habitat distribution models forD. rhizophagusand itsPinushosts and projected these to future climate scenarios.Predicted suitable habitat ofD. rhizophaguscurrently covers approximately 119 000 km2of which approximately 11% is occupied, and overlap with suitable habitat for allPinushosts exceeds 99.5%. Some suitable habitat occurs isolated from knownD. rhizophagusoccurrences in Mexico and the south‐western U.S.A.Habitat distribution models were projected to four potential climate scenarios for the period 2040–2060 and this predicted the gains and losses of suitable D. rhizophagushabitat throughout the region. Areas of north‐western Mexico maintain large areas of suitable D. rhizophagusandPinushost habitat in all scenarios. Dispersal to isolated areas ofD. rhizophagushabitat appears unlikely.The results of the present study can be used to targetD. rhizophagusmonitoring and management activities and may serve as a model for the management of other invasive species.
Autoregulation of Coronary Blood Flow in the Isolated Beating Pig Heart
Authors: Schampaert Stéphanie , van 't Veer Marcel , Rutten Marcel C.M. , van Tuijl Sjoerd , de Hart Jurgen , van de Vosse Frans N. , Pijls Nico H.J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe isolated beating pig heart model is an accessible platform to investigate the coronary circulation in its truly morphological and physiological state, whereas its use is beneficial from a time, cost, and ethical perspective. However, whether the coronary autoregulation is still intact is not known. Here, we study the autoregulation of coronary blood flow in the working isolated pig heart in response to brief occlusions of the coronary artery, to step‐wise changes in left ventricular loading conditions and contractile states, and to pharmacologic vasodilating stimuli. Six slaughterhouse pig hearts (473 ± 40 g) were isolated, prepared, and connected to an external circulatory system. Through coronary reperfusion and controlled cardiac loading, physiological cardiac performance was achieved. After release of a coronary occlusion, coronary blood flow rose rapidly to an equal (maximum) level as the flow during control beats, independent of the duration of occlusion. Moreover, a linear relation was found between coronary blood flow and coronary driving pressure for a wide variation of preload, afterload, and contractility. In addition, intracoronary administration of papaverine did not yield a transient increase in blood flow indicating the presence of maximum coronary hyperemia. Together, this indicates that the coronary circulation in the isolated beating pig heart is in a permanent state of maximum hyperemia. This makes the model excellently suitable for testing and validating cardiovascular devices (i.e., heart valves, stent grafts, and ventricular assist devices) under well‐controlled circumstances, whereas it decreases the necessity of sacrificing large mammalians for performing classical animal experiments.
Arginase inhibition improves coronary microvascular function and reduces infarct size following ischaemia–reperfusion in a rat model
Authors: Grönros J. , Kiss A. , Palmér M. , Jung C. , Berkowitz D. , Pernow J. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAimIschaemia–reperfusion injury is associated with reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and microvascular dysfunction. One emerging mechanism behind reduced NO bioavailability is upregulation of arginase, which metabolizes the NO synthase substrate l‐arginine. This study investigated the effects of arginase inhibition on coronary flow velocity and infarct size during reperfusion.MethodsAnaesthetized rats, subjected to 30‐min coronary artery ligation and reperfusion up to 8 days, were treated with vehicle or the arginase inhibitor Nω‐hydroxy‐nor‐l‐arginine (nor‐NOHA; 100 mg kg−1) intravenously 15 min before ischaemia. Coronary flow velocity was determined repeatedly during reperfusion.ResultsArginase activity in the ischaemic‐reperfused myocardium was increased already at 20 min of reperfusion and maintained at 8 days. Infarct size was reduced by arginase inhibition at 2 h (39 ± 3% of the area at risk (AAR) vs. 51 ± 2% in the vehicle group, P < 0.01) and at 8 days of reperfusion (13 ± 2% of the left ventricle (LV) vs. 22 ± 2%, P < 0.05). Basal coronary flow velocity was higher during reperfusion in the group given nor‐NOHA, and it correlated inversely to infarct size (P < 0.01, r = −0.60). Hyperaemic coronary flow velocity was also increased in the nor‐NOHA‐treated group compared to vehicle at 24 h and at day 8 (P < 0.05).ConclusionIt is concluded that arginase activity is increased already during early reperfusion. Arginase inhibition increases coronary flow velocity and reduces infarct size that is sustained 8 days after reperfusion. Inhibition of arginase may thus be a promising therapeutic target to prevent the development of microvascular dysfunction and myocardial injury following ischaemia–reperfusion.
Between a rock and a soft place: microtopography of the locomotor substrate and the morphology of the setal fields of Namibian day geckos (Gekkota: Gekkonidae: Rhoptropus)
Authors: Russell Anthony P. , Johnson Megan K. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractMany species of gekkotans possess adhesive subdigital pads that allow them to adhere to, and move on, a wide variety of surfaces. The natural surfaces exploited by these lizards may be rough, undulant and unpredictable and therefore likely provide only limited, patchy areas for adhesive contact. Here, we examine the microtopography of rock surfaces used by seven species of Rhoptropus and compare this to several rough and smooth artificial surfaces employed in previous studies of gekkotan adhesion. These data are considered in relation to the form, configuration, compliance and functional morphology of the setal fields of these species. Our results demonstrate that natural rock surfaces are rough and unpredictable at the scale of the setal arrays, with equal amounts of variation existing within and between the various types of rock surfaces examined. Such surfaces differ from smooth and rough artificial surfaces in the proportion of surface area available for attachment and the relative predictability of surface undulance. Generally, setal field characteristics of individual species are not relatable to specific substrates, but instead are configured to allow for sufficient attachment to a wide variety of unpredictable surfaces. Our findings provide insight into the evolution and microanatomy of the adhesive system of gekkotan lizards and its adaptive relationship to topographically unpredictable surfaces.
Comparable Lumefantrine Oral Bioavailability when Co‐administered With Oil‐Fortified Maize Porridge or Milk in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Mwebaza Norah , Jerling Markus , Gustafsson Lars L. , Obua Celestino , Waako Paul , Mahindi Margarita , Ntale Muhammad , Beck Olof , Hellgren Urban 
Published: March 2013

AbstractCo‐administration of artemether–lumefantrine with milk is recommended to improve lumefantrine (L) absorption but milk may not be available in resource‐limited settings. This study explored the effects of cheap local food in Uganda on oral bioavailability of lumefantrine relative to milk. In an open‐label, four‐period crossover study, 13 healthy adult volunteers were randomized to receive a single oral dose of artemether–lumefantrine (80 mg artemether/480 mg lumefantrine) with water, milk, maize porridge or maize porridge with oil on separate occasions. Plasma lumefantrine was assayed using high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Pharmacokinetic exposure parameters were determined by non‐compartmental methods using WinNonlin. Peak concentrations (Cmax) and area under concentration–time curve restricted to 48 hr after single dosing (AUC(0–48)) were selected for relative bioavailability evaluations using confidence interval approach for average bioequivalence. Lumefantrine exposure was comparable in milk and maize porridge plus oil study groups. When artemether–lumefantrine was administered with maize porridge plus oil, average bioequivalence ranges (means ratios 90% CI, 0.84–1.88 and 0.85–1.69 for Cmax and AUC(0–48), respectively) were within and exceeded acceptance ranges relative to milk (90% CI, 0.80–1.25). Both fasted and maize porridge groups demonstrated similarly much lower ranges of lumefantrine exposures (bioinequivalence) relative to milk. If milk is not available, it is thus possible to recommend fortification of carbohydrate‐rich food with little fat (maize porridge plus vegetable oil) to achieve similarly optimal absorption of lumefantrine after artemether–lumefantrine administration.
Maternal “Junk Food” Diet During Pregnancy as a Predictor of High Birthweight: Findings from the Healthy Beginnings Trial
Authors: Wen Li Ming , Simpson Judy M. , Rissel Chris , Baur Louise A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractBackgroundA high infant birthweight is associated with future risk of a range of adverse health consequences. This study sought to determine whether maternal “junk food” diet (energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor) predicts high birthweight in first‐time mothers in southwest Sydney, Australia.MethodsA community‐based longitudinal study was conducted with a total of 368 first‐time mothers and their newborns. Information about maternal “junk food” diet, including high consumption of soft drink, fast food, and/or processed meat and chips, and self‐reported prepregnant weight and height of first‐time mothers was collected by a face‐to‐face interview with mothers between 24 and 34 weeks of pregnancy. Birthweight was measured in hospital and reported by the mother, together with gestational age, when the baby was 6 months old. Logistic regression modeling was used to determine the factors predicting birthweight greater than 4.0 kg.ResultsEleven percent of newborns weighed more than 4.0 kg (12% boys, 9% girls). Compared with mothers who had a “junk food” diet, mothers who had not consumed “junk food” during pregnancy were significantly less likely to have a newborn weighing more than 4.0 kg, with adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.36, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) 0.14–0.91, p = 0.03, after adjusting for maternal weight status and gestational age. Compared with healthy and underweight mothers, overweight or obese mothers were more likely to have a newborn weighing more than 4.0 kg (AOR overweight 3.03, 95% CI 1.35–6.80; obese 3.79, 95% CI 1.41–10.25) after allowing for “junk food” diet and gestational age.ConclusionsMaternal “junk food” diet during pregnancy and prepregnant overweight and obesity were independent predictors of high infant birthweight. Early childhood obesity interventions should consider addressing these factors. (BIRTH 40:1 March 2013)