bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Academic Outcomes of Children with Isolated Orofacial Clefts Compared with Children without a Major Birth Defect
Authors: Knight Jessica , Cassell Cynthia H. , Meyer Robert E. , Strauss Ronald P. 
Published: May 2014

Objective To compare academic outcomes between children with orofacial cleft (OFC) and children without major birth defects. Design and Setting In 2007–2008, we mailed questionnaires to a random sample of mothers of school-aged children with OFC and mothers of children without major birth defects (comparison group). The questionnaire included Likert-scale, closed-ended, and open-ended questions from validated instruments. We conducted bivariate and multivariable analyses on parent-reported educational outcomes and bivariate analyses on parent-reported presence of related medical conditions between children with isolated OFC and unaffected children. Patients/Participants A random sample of 504 parents of children with OFCs born 1996–2002 (age 5–12 years) were identified by the North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program. A random sample of 504 parents of children without birth defects born 1996–2002 was selected from North Carolina birth certificates. Of the 289 (28.7%) respondents, we analyzed 112 children with isolated OFC and 138 unaffected children. Main Outcome Measures Letter grades, school days missed, and grade retention. Results Parents of children with isolated OFC reported more developmental disabilities and hearing and speech problems among their children than comparison parents. Children with isolated OFC were more likely to receive lower grades and miss more school days than unaffected children. Because of the low response rate, results should be interpreted cautiously. Conclusion Children with isolated OFC may have poorer academic outcomes during elementary school than their unaffected peers. Future studies are needed to confirm these results and determine whether these differences persist in later grades.
Estimation of Bone Loss Biomarkers as a Diagnostic Tool for Peri‐Implantitis
Authors: Rakic Mia , Struillou Xavier , Petkovic‐Curcin Aleksandra , Matic Smiljana , Canullo Luigi , Sanz Mariano , Vojvodic Danilo 
Published: May 2014

Background: The aims of this study are to estimate the profile of bone loss biomarkers in peri‐implant tissues and to identify potential prognostic biomarkers of peri‐implantitis.Methods: Peri‐implant crevicular fluid samples collected from 164 participants (52 patients with peri‐implantitis, 54 with mucositis, and 58 with healthy peri‐implant tissues) were analyzed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays to evaluate concentrations of the receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB (RANK), soluble RANK ligand (sRANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), cathepsin‐K, and sclerostin.Results: Concentrations of RANK, sRANKL, OPG, and sclerostin were significantly increased in patients with peri‐implantitis compared with patients with healthy peri‐implant tissues. Comparisons between peri‐implantitis and mucositis demonstrated significantly higher values of sclerostin in peri‐implantitis samples. Comparisons between mucositis and healthy peri‐implant tissues showed significantly increased levels of RANK and cathepsin‐K in mucositis.Conclusion: These results are suggestive of a role of sRANKL, OPG, and sclerostin as prognostic biomarkers in peri‐implantitis.
Diurnal Variability in Reflectance Measurements from Cotton
Authors: Oliveira Luciane F. , Scharf Peter C. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTDiurnal variability of reflectance measurements on crop plants has been documented for passive sensors, but minimally studied for active sensors. Active sensors are now commercially available for crop management decisions including diagnosis and control of N rate. Our objective was to quantify variability during the day for both passive and active sensors mounted above a cotton canopy, and to assess the effect that this variability would have on N rate decisions. Measurements were taken from 0600 to 2000 h at early square, midsquare, and early flower growth stages using Cropscan (passive), Crop Circle (active), and GreenSeeker (active) reflectance sensors. Average CV for GreenSeeker was higher than for Crop Circle for visible/near‐infrared (Vis/NIR) (P = 0.01) and possibly for normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) as well (P = 0.15). Variability in Cropscan reflectance was much higher in north‐south than in east‐west rows. When restricted to east‐west rows, Cropscan CVs were equal to or lower than the other sensors. Nitrogen rates calculated from sensor measurements also were more variable for GreenSeeker (SD ≥ 19 kg N ha–1) than for Crop Circle (SD ≥ 12 kg N ha–1) (P < 0.09). GreenSeeker NDVI followed a consistent diurnal pattern: lower in midday and higher in morning and evening. A regression equation using temperature, solar radiation, and solar time explained 45 to 50% of this variability, and could potentially be used to correct values during field use. Additional study to isolate causal factors of variability is justified. Strategies to compensate for drift in reflectance measurements will be needed when using sensors to control applications of N fertilizer or other inputs, even for active sensors.
Genomic Selection for the Traits Expressed after Pollination in Allogamous Plants
Authors: Yabe Shiori , Ohsawa Ryo , Iwata Hiroyoshi 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTMass selection, a breeding method commonly used to improve allogamous crops, is characterized by low efficiency, especially when a target trait is expressed after pollination. The trait cannot be observed before pollination. Therefore, pollen from unselected plants contributes to the next generation. Genomic selection (GS) enables prediction of the genetic potential of plants from marker genotypes and selection of good pollen parents before pollination. This study investigated the potential of GS in mass selection of a trait expressed after pollination via breeding simulations with annual allogamous plants. We compared GS and phenotypic selection (PS) in traits expressed before and after pollination. Genetic gain attained by PS breeding was much lower than the gain by GS breeding in a trait expressed after pollination. Genetic gain attained by GS breeding was almost equal between traits expressed before pollination and after, except when the breeding cycle was once per year. High efficiency of GS breeding in a trait expressed after pollination was attributable to the high selection accuracy of chromosomes derived from a pollen parent at GS immediately after selection with model update, where we did not select pollen parents because of phenotype requirements. It engendered increased population size and prevented depletion of genetic variation in a breeding population. Results show that GS is effective for improvement of a trait expressed after pollination.
Time and Temperature Interactions in Freezing Tolerance of Winter Wheat
Authors: Skinner D. Z. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTTo survive the temperature fluctuations that occur during the winter months, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants must tolerate episodes of freezing of varying intensity and duration. In this study, the ability of six wheat cultivars to survive exposure to −13.5 to −16.5°C for 2, 3, or 4 h was measured. Tolerance was described as the percentages of plants surviving after time intervals at −10°C or less. The average survival of the six cultivars significantly decreased by about 50% as length of exposure to −10°C or less was increased from 325 to 525 min. Surprisingly, survival then increased with longer exposure times such that the percentages of plants surviving were similar after 675, and after 325 min at −10°C or less. The greater survival after longer exposure times to −10°C or less compared with shorter exposure times suggested that certain freezing tolerance mechanism(s) in wheat are activated only after sufficient exposure to subfreezing temperatures for a sufficient amount of time. Lesser exposure to either temperature or time apparently does not activate this mechanism, leading to greater plant death. Further characterization of this mechanism and its genetic control may lead to development of wheat lines with enhanced ability to survive harsh freezing conditions and thus improved winterhardiness.
Next Generation Transcriptomic Sequencing and Polymorphism Detection in Pepper Varieties Saengryeg 211 and Saengryeg 213
Authors: Ahn Yul‐Kyun , Tripathi Swati , Cho Young‐Il , Kim Jeong‐Ho , Lee Hye‐Eun , Kim Do‐Sun , Woo Jong‐Gyu , Yoon Moo‐Kyoung 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTLimited functional genomics resources and whole genome association studies could be substantially improved in pepper (Capsicum annuumL., Solanaceae) through the application of a molecular approach for characterization of gene content and identification of molecular markers. We performed 454 GS‐FLX Titanium massive parallel pyrosequencing of polyA‐selected and normalized cDNA libraries generated from a single pool of transcripts obtained from two pepper varieties, the highly pungent Saengryeg 211 and the nonpungent Saengryeg 213, for de novo transcriptome assembly, functional annotation, and in silico discovery of potential molecular markers. A single 454 pyrosequencing run generated 361,671 and 274,269 reads totaling 164.49 and 124.60 Mb of sequence data, which assembled into 23,821 and 17,813 isotigs and 18,147 and 15,129 singletons for both varieties, respectively. These reads were organized into 20,352 and 15,781 ‘isogroups’ for both varieties. Assembled sequences were functionally annotated on the basis of homology to genes in multiple public databases and assigned with gene ontology (GO) terms. Analysis of sequence variants identified a total of 11,584 and 9641 potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which eventually resulted in 665 and 632 genotype‐specific SNPs for both the varieties, respectively, after examining SNP frequency distribution for each mapped unigenes. High‐throughput transcriptome profiling and large scale of polymorphic marker discovery using next generation sequencing (NGS) of two pepper varieties provides valuable information for functional genomics resources, which will help to further improve the pepper‐breeding efforts with respect to genetic linkage maps, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, and marker‐assisted trait selection.
Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Ultra‐Dry Storage on Barbados Nut Seeds
Authors: Cui Kai , Wang Haiying , Li Kun , Liao Shengxi , Li Li , Zhang Chunhua 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, the feasibility of ultra‐dry storage of Barbados nut (Jatropha curcas L.) seeds was investigated. The J. curcas seeds were dehydrated to six different moisture contents (1.33–6.98%) and stored at ambient temperature for 3 yr. Then, the indices related to seed vigor were measured. To explore the mechanism of ultra‐dry storage, some physiological and biochemical indicators, including electrical conductivity (EC); contents of proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA); activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR); total soluble sugar content; and fatty acid composition, were determined. Results indicated that moisture content and prehumidification method significantly affected seed germination and vigor. The ultra‐dried seeds showed a higher germination percentage than nondehydrated seeds. The germination percentage of ultra‐dried seeds was negatively correlated with EC and MDA content and positively correlated with the activities of five antioxidant enzymes. As compared with the nondehydrated seeds, the ultra‐dried seeds had lower soluble sugar and higher unsaturated fatty acids contents. The moisture content of 4.06% was found to be the optimal ultra‐drying treatment, which is beneficial to enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, thereby slowing the decline in viability of J. curcas seeds.
Mapping of QTL for Tolerance to Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus in Two‐rowed Spring Barley
Authors: del Blanco Isabel A. , Hegarty Joshua , Gallagher L. W. , Falk B. W. , Brown‐Guedira G. , Pellerin E. , Dubcovsky J. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTCereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV‐RPV) causes a serious viral disease affecting small grain crops around the world. In the United States, it frequently is present in California where it causes significant yield losses, and when infections start early in development, plant death. CYDV is transmitted by aphids, and it has been a major impediment to developing malting barley in California. To identify chromosome locations associated with tolerance/resistance to CYDV, a segregating population of 184 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a cross of the California‐adapted malting barley line Butta 12 with the CYDV‐tolerant Madre Selva was used to construct a genetic map including 180 polymorphic markers mapping to 170 unique loci. Tolerance to CYDV was evaluated in replicated experiments where plants were challenged by aphid mediated inoculation with the isolate CYDV‐RPV in a controlled environment. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis revealed the presence of two major QTL for CYDV tolerance from Madre Selva on chromosomes 2H (Qcyd.MaBu‐1) and 7H (Qcyd.MaBu‐2), and 4 minor QTL from Butta 12 on chromosomes 3H, 4H, and 2H. This paper discusses the contribution of each QTL and its potential value to improve barley tolerance to CYDV.
Selfing and Outcrossing Fertility in Common Bermudagrass under Open‐Pollinating Conditions Examined by SSR Markers
Authors: Tan Chengcheng , Wu Yanqi , Taliaferro Charles M. , Bell Greg E. , Martin Dennis L. , Smith Mike W. , Moss Justin Q. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTC. dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon is a cosmopolitan grass species with significant economic value for turf, forage, and soil conservation in the southern United States. The species has long been characterized as an outcrossing species based on heterogeneity of natural populations, comparison of seed set rates under self‐ and cross‐pollination, and assumption of widespread self‐incompatibility. However, reproductive behavior of plants in breeding populations based on definitive characterization of their progeny as to self‐ or cross‐pollinated origin is not available. The objective of this experiment was to quantify selfing and outcrossing rates of common bermudagrass plants grown in field environments conducive to interbreeding. Twenty‐five clonal common bermudagrass plants grown at Stillwater and Perkins, OK in a randomized complete block design with three replications were used in the study. Ten progeny from open‐pollinated seed harvested from each field plot of the maternal plants were grown in a greenhouse at the Agronomy Research Station, Oklahoma State University. Plant DNA samples were isolated from 1439 progeny from both sites along with the 25 seed parents. Eleven polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were chosen to identify breeding origin of the progeny by comparing SSR marker genotypes of the progeny with their respective maternal parents. Among the progeny examined, only two progeny plants from accessions A12281 and A12363 were identified to be selfed, indicating an extremely high outcrossing rate of 99.86%. The finding of complete or near complete outcrossing behavior in this experiment should assist in a fuller understanding of the sexual reproduction characteristics of common bermudagrass.
Evaluating the Role of Point Source Discharges Informs Statewide Nutrient Control Policy in Utah
Authors: Daigger Glen T. , Datta Tania , Stensel H. David , Whitlock Drury D. , Mackey John K. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT: An evaluation of costs, rate, and environmental impacts of upgrading publically owned treatment works (POTWs) in the State of Utah to four levels of nutrient control allowed a variety of nutrient control policies to be assessed. Upgrade costs and rate impacts indicated that costs would be within a defined range for many POTWs, especially with design capacities greater than 40,000 m3/day (∼10 mgd). However, costs were significantly higher for some POTWs with lower design capacities, and nutrient upgrades to the most stringent levels would not be affordable for these communities, representing about 15 percent of the service population. The resulting equity issues can be addressed through hardship grants program and/or regulations based on a trading scheme. Analysis demonstrated that trading offers advantages, including cost efficiency and flexibility to accommodate further nutrient reductions and population growth, and greater ability to interface with urban and rural nonpoint nutrient control. Currently, the State of Utah is establishing technology‐based nutrient limits that can be affordably implemented at all POTWs in phases. Additionally, a multi‐faceted approach is being evaluated that will consider prioritized watershed‐scale strategies, point and nonpoint sources of pollution, ecological and socioeconomic implications, and stakeholder participation in nutrient reduction programs.
Effect of Nutrients on Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in a Tropical Urban Coastal Lacustrine System
Authors: Sheela A. M. , Letha J. , Sabu Joseph , Jobin Thomas , Justus J. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT: The study on bioaccumulation of heavy metals in a lake reveals that during the nonrainy season, accumulation of cadmium in plankton is high in the upstream of the lake where anoxic freshwater condition exists resulting from inflow of urban wastes. Stern action is required to stop the bypass of sewage from the old sewer system especially in the commercial areas of Thiruvananthapuram city, either by augmenting the sewerage system or by treating sewage at the source. During monsoon season, the accumulation of heavy metals—namely lead and nickel, followed by cadmium and chromium—is high in phytoplankton resulting from high nitrate content caused by heavy rainfall. During postmonsoon, lead and nickel accumulation is high. The study emphasizes the need for stormwater management practices for the removal of lead in urban runoff from roads caused by vehicular exhaust, tire wear, and wastes from service stations and workshops.
Effect of Rotation Speed on the Quality of Friction Welded AA 6061/AA 7075 Joints
Authors: Orhan Ayhan , Asma Yücel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn this experimental study, the alloys AA6061 and AA7075 which have different properties but common usage areas such as aviation, space, and defence industry are difficult and problematic to be welded by conventional fusion welding methods. However, friction welding represents a modern and alternative joining method. For such welded joints, rotation speed was used as variable parameter, and so joints with different mechanical and microstructural properties were obtained. The crosssectional microstructure of friction welds were examined by optical microscopy. In order to determine the mechanical properties, microhardness and tensile tests were performed on the welded samples. Fracture surfaces obtained as a result of tensile tests were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fracture type as well as fracture surface characteristics were investigated.
Characterization of multilayer structures in fiber reinforced polymer employing synchrotron and laboratory X-ray CT
Authors: Wirjadi Oliver , Godehardt Michael , Schladitz Katja , Wagner Björn , Rack Alexander , Gurka Martin , Nissle Sebastian , Noll Andreas 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Specimens of carbon or glass fiber reinforced polymer can be imaged using both conventional laboratory X-ray micro-computed tomography equipment and synchrotron light sources. The image quality when using intense (partially) coherent synchrotron light is still superior, especially when applying phase-retrieval algorithms. In the resulting volume images, the fiber direction distribution and other mechanically relevant parameters such as volume fractions or layer thickness can be determined. In this contribution, we will demonstrate how fiber direction results can be used to detect regions with locally different fiber orientations in carbon or glass fiber reinforced polymer which arise in the molding process of such samples. To this end, we evaluate the three-dimensional fiber orientation tensor locally across the thickness of different specimens. For each resulting individual layer, we can automatically detect the layer thickness and the preferred fiber direction. These methods have been successfully applied to various commercial specimens. We will demonstrate results on volume images of samples from both synchrotron and laboratory micro-computed tomography and discuss the specific advantages and disadvantages in this application.
Tribological and micro/nano-structural characterization of some Fe-based sintered composites
Authors: Merie Violeta , Pustan Marius , Bîrleanu Corina , Cândea Viorel , Popa Cătălin 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
New iron-based composites were investigated for applications within the friction materials domain. This study presents the elaboration and the structural and tribological characterization of iron-based friction composites containing iron, copper, graphite and/or nickel, introduced in a powder state. The technology employed for obtaining these materials is via a classical powder metallurgy route. The porosity of the studied materials, the tribological characterization, the roughness of researched composites and their structure are marked out. Results showed that the samples elaborated from the material with 10 wt.% Cu, 7 wt.% graphite, 12 wt.% Ni and the rest iron, compacted at 600 MPa, presented the best tribological behavior. The presence of pearlite, ferrite, nickel-based and copper-based solid solutions and free graphite in composite structures is highlighted.
Impact toughness of welds deposited on H13 hot work tool steel
Authors: Mulc Matjaž , Skumavc Andrej , Taljat Boštjan , Tušek Janez 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
This paper presents the experimental results of the impact toughness and hardness of welds deposited on H13 hot work tool steel. To obtain the optimum combination of high hardness and high toughness, multipass gas tungsten arc welding was used to melt four different commercially available filler materials suitable for repair welding of HWTS. Special geometry of the welding sample is presented in this work. The focus is also on the technique of the preparation of the V-shaped notch in order to precisely evaluate the impact toughness. Two different preheating temperatures and two different post weld heat treatments were applied to the samples in order to obtain the effect of heat treatment on the impact toughness and hardness. Data show that weld deposited with filler material C on the base of the hot work tool steel and alloyed with vanadium exhibits high impact toughness in combination with high hardness in the as-welded condition and also after tempering.
Industrialised nanocrystalline bainitic steels. Design approach
Authors: Garcia-Mateo Carlos , Caballero Francisca G. , Sourmail Thomas , Smanio Veronique , de Andres Carlos Garcia 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Nanostructured microstructures consisting of a mixture of very thin plates of bainitic ferrite separated by C-enriched austenite are the main characteristics of the so called NANOBAIN steel family. This paper shows the theoretical approach followed in the design of a new, industrially viable, generation of NANOBAIN steels, a process in which industrial demands such as simpler chemical compositions, faster transformation kinetics and sufficient hardenability have also been considered. The microstructural and mechanical characterization of the bainitic microstructures obtained by isothermal transformation at different temperatures, come to confirm and to validate the theoretical approach used.