bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politics of appearances: Some reasons why the UN‐REDD project in Central Sulawesi failed to unite the various stakeholders
Authors: Howell Signe 
Published: April 2015

AbstractREDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) started as a global project aimed at reducing CO2 emissions by protecting tropical forests. At the same time, several so‐called co‐benefits were listed in the original documents, such as biodiversity and other environmental services, poverty reduction and sustainable livelihoods, and good governance. I argue that REDD+ quickly became a project in which these co‐benefits have emerged to be of central concern and that the rights of affected forest populations today dominate much of the REDD+ discourse. One reason for the redirected focus of REDD+ can be attributed to the activities of international and national environmental and human rights organisations. While this has arguably contributed to a process of democratisation in Indonesia, it has also slowed down the implementation of readiness projects. Taking my example from the UN‐REDD initiative in Central Sulawesi, I examine some reasons why it has been difficult to establish the proposed five REDD sites in the province.
Making REDD+ pay: Shifting rationales and tactics of private finance and the governance of avoided deforestation in Indonesia
Authors: Dixon Rowan , Challies Edward 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of changing rationales and tactics among actors engaged in mobilising private finance for Indonesia's emergent Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programme. Despite limited flows of private finance so far, private sector actors have been responsible for a great deal of development and innovation in the forest carbon sector in Indonesia, and have thus played – and continue to play – an important part in shaping the country's REDD+ programme. Drawing on extended field research and interviews with key actors engaged with REDD+ in Indonesia, we identify a variety of private investor motivations, strategies and tactics, many of which depart considerably from the common understanding of REDD+ as avoided deforestation funded through carbon offsets. As non‐state actors increasingly shape emerging REDD+ projects, they assume important roles as agents of environmental governance – working through a variety of private market and hybrid modes of forest/climate governance. We describe four general modes of engagement, centred around: investment in REDD+ verified emissions reductions; corporate social responsibility; sustainable commodities; and impact investment. The research thus contributes to an improved understanding of the nature of private REDD+ finance in Indonesia, and the implications, potential and limits of private, market‐based climate governance.
Climate change disputes and justice inCentralKalimantan,Indonesia
Authors: Lounela Anu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn 2010, the province ofCentralKalimantan inIndonesia was established as aClimateChange pilot province to reduce emissions from deforestation and through peat land forest rehabilitation. Today, international agencies, carbon traders, local and national governments, non‐governmental organisations, and local populations have participated in debates and disputes over the establishment of carbon forests and forest protection areas inCentralKalimantan. One such scheme, promoted by the government ofAustralia (KalimantanForest andClimatePartnership), intended to establish aREDD+ pilot project within an area that covers about 120 000 hectares inKualaKapuas inCentralKalimantan, the field location of this research. This specific dispute offers a case study based on ethnographic research that helps to illustrate how widespread climate change debates and disputes become embedded at local and national levels inIndonesia. The dispute overREDD+ will be discussed within a framework of dispute theories which focus on moments of crisis, wherein participants must present arguments and justify their actions and theories of justice. The article shows that competing and conflicting conceptions of justice that emerge in the dispute may bring to a halt a climate change pilot project in the locality.
Disease characteristics, treatment patterns, prognosis, outcomes and lymphoma‐related mortality in elderly follicular lymphoma in the United States
Authors: Nabhan Chadi , Byrtek Michelle , Rai Ashish , Dawson Keith , Zhou Xiaolei , Link Brian K. , Friedberg Jonathan W. , Zelenetz Andrew D. , Maurer Matthew J. , Cerhan James R. , Flowers Christopher R. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryData from the National LymphoCare Study (a prospective, multicentre registry that enrolled follicular lymphoma (FL) patients from 2004 to 2007) were used to determine disease characteristics, treatment patterns, outcomes and prognosis for elderly FL (eFL) patients. Of 2650 FL patients, 209 (8%) were aged >80 years; these eFL patients more commonly had grade 3 disease, less frequently received chemoimmunotherapy and anthracyclines, and had lower response rates when compared to younger patients. With a median follow‐up of 6.9 years, 5‐year overall survival (OS) for eFL patients was 59%; 38% of deaths were lymphoma‐related. No treatment produced superior OS among eFL patients. In multivariate Cox models, anaemia, B‐symptoms and male sex predicted worse OS (P < 0·01); a prognostic index of these factors (0, 1 or ≥2 present) predicted OS [hazard ratio (95% CI): ≥2 vs. 0, 4·72 (2·38–9·33); 1 vs. 0, 2·63 (1·39–4·98)], with a higher concordance index (0·63) versus the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (0·55). The index was validated in an independent cohort. In the largest prospective US‐based eFL cohort, no optimal therapy was identified and nearly 40% of deaths were lymphoma‐related, representing baseline outcomes in the modern era.
Dynasore enhances the formation of mitochondrial antiviral signalling aggregates and endocytosis‐independent NF‐κB activation
Authors: Ailenberg M , Di Ciano‐Oliveira C , Szaszi K , Dan Q , Rozycki M , Kapus A , Rotstein O D 
Published: April 2015

Background and PurposeDynasore has been used extensively as an inhibitor of clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. While studying the role of endocytosis in LPS‐induced signalling events, we discovered that dynasore itself induced activation of NF‐κB, independently of its effects on endocytosis and without involving the Toll‐like receptor 4 signalling pathways. The purpose of this study was to characterize this novel effect and to explore the underlying mechanism of action.Experimental ApproachWe utilized gel electrophoresis, microscopy, gene knockdown and luciferase‐based promoter activity to evaluate the effect of dynasore on cell signalling pathways and to delineate the mechanisms involved in its effects,Key ResultsDynasore activated the NF‐κB and IFN‐β pathways by activating mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein (MAVS). We showed that MAVS is activated by NOX/Rac and forms high molecular weight aggregates, similar to that observed in response to viral infection. We also demonstrated that dynasore‐induced activation of JNK occurs downstream of MAVS and is required for activation of NF‐κB and IFN‐β.Conclusion and ImplicationsThese findings demonstrate a novel effect of dynasore on cell signalling. We describe a novel Rac1‐, ROS‐ and MAVS‐mediated signalling cascade through which dynasore dramatically activates NF‐κB, mimicking the viral induction of this key inflammatory signalling pathway. Our results call attention to the need for a broader interpretation of results when dynasore is used in its traditional fashion as an inhibitor of clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. These results suggest the intriguing possibility that dynasore or one of its analogues might be of value as an antiviral therapeutic strategy or vaccine adjuvant.
Aldosterone down‐regulates the slowly activated delayed rectifier potassium current in adult guinea pig cardiomyocytes
Authors: Lv Yankun , Bai Song , Zhang Hua , Zhang Hongxue , Meng Jing , Li Li , Xu Yanfang 
Published: April 2015

Background and PurposeThere is emerging evidence that the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone is associated with arrhythmias in cardiovascular disease. However, the effect of aldosterone on the slowly activated delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs) remains poorly understood. The present study was designed to investigate the modulation of IKs by aldosterone.Experimental ApproachAdult guinea pigs were treated with aldosterone for 28 days via osmotic pumps. Standard glass microelectrode recordings and whole‐cell patch‐clamp techniques were used to record action potentials in papillary muscles and IKs in ventricular cardiomyocytes.Key ResultsThe aldosterone‐treated animals exhibited a prolongation of the QT interval and action potential duration with a higher incidence of early afterdepolarizations. Patch‐clamp recordings showed a significant down‐regulation of IKs density in the ventricular myocytes of these treated animals. These aldosterone‐induced electrophysiological changes were fully prevented by a combined treatment with spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist. In addition, in in vitro cultured ventricular cardiomyocytes, treatment with aldosterone (sustained exposure for 24 h) decreased the IKs density in a concentration‐dependent manner. Furthermore, a significant corresponding reduction in the mRNA/protein expression of IKs channel pore and auxiliary subunits, KCNQ1 and KCNE1 was detected in ventricular tissue from the aldosterone‐treated animals.Conclusions and ImplicationsAldosterone down‐regulates IKs by inhibiting the expression of KCNQ1 and KCNE1, thus delaying the ventricular repolarization. These results provide new insights into the mechanism underlying K+ channel remodelling in heart disease and may explain the highly beneficial effects of MR antagonists in HF.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Chinese Innovation in Cardiovascular Drug Discovery. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-23
The effect of LKB1 on the PI3K/Akt pathway activation in association with PTEN and PIK3CA in HNC
Authors: Ekizoglu S. , Dogan S. , Ulker D. , Seven D. , Gozen E.D. , Karaman E. , Buyru N. 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivePI3K/Akt signalling pathway is frequently activated in several types of cancer. However, activator molecules have not been analysed systematically in HNSCC. The aim of this study was to investigate upstream activators and inhibitors of this pathway.DesignProspective study.SettingUniversity hospital.Participants108 patients with HNC who were operated at the Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology.MethodsMutations in the coding exons and the flanking intronic sequences of the PIK3CA, PIK3R1 and AKT1 genes were analysed by direct sequencing. Expression levels in the tumours and non‐cancerous tissue samples were analysed by quantitative RT‐PCR, and Western blotting was performed to determine the phosphorylation levels of the Akt1 protein.ResultsTwo synonymous alterations in exon 20 of the PIK3CA gene, a 6‐bp duplication in the coding region of the PIK3R1 and two different alterations in the non‐coding regions of the AKT1 and PIK3R1 genes were observed. Significant downregulation of LKB1 and PTEN mRNA expression levels were detected in tumour tissues compared to non‐cancerous tissues. However, we did not observe any difference between the PIK3CA and AKT1 mRNA expression levels in the tumours and non‐cancerous tissue samples. Akt1 phosphorylation was increased in 53.57% of the patients.ConclusionsOur results indicate that the PI3K pathway has an important function in HNSCC progression with the contribution of more than one gene of this pathway. Our data suggest that in a high number of HNSCC tumours, PI3K/Akt signalling is activated by different molecules or by the combination of these molecules.
Tracking camera control in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy surgery
Authors: Wawrzynski J.R. , Smith P. , Tang L. , Hoare T. , Caputo S. , Siddiqui A.A. , Tsatsos M. , Saleh G.M. 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesPoor camera control during endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EnDCR) surgery can cause inadequate visualisation of the anatomy and suboptimal surgical outcomes. This study investigates the feasibility of using computer vision tracking in EnDCR surgery as a potential formative feedback tool for the quality of endoscope control.DesignA prospective cohort analysis was undertaken comparing junior versus senior surgeons performing routine EnDCR surgery. Computer vision tracking was applied to endoscopic video footage of the surgery: Total number of movements, camera path length in pixels and surgical time were determined for each procedure. A Mann–Whitney U‐test was used to test for a significant difference between juniors and seniors (P < 0.05).SettingOperating theatre.ParticipantsTen junior surgeons (<20 completed procedures) and 10 senior surgeons (>100 completed procedures).Main outcome measuresTotal number of movements of the endoscope per procedure. Path length of the endoscope per procedure.ResultsTwenty videos, 10 from junior surgeons and 10 from senior surgeons were analysed. Feasibility of our tracking system was demonstrated. Mean camera path lengths were significantly different at 119 329px (juniors) versus 43 697px (seniors), P ≪ 0.05. The mean number of movements was significantly different at 9134 (juniors) versus 3690 (seniors), P ≪ 0.05. These quantifiable differences demonstrate construct validity for computer vision endoscope tracking as a measure of surgical experience.ConclusionsComputer vision tracking is a potentially useful structured and objective feedback tool to assist trainees in improving endoscope control. It enables juniors to examine how their pattern of endoscope control differs from that of seniors, focusing in particular on sections where they are most divergent.
Richness is not all: how changes in avian functional diversity reflect major landscape modification caused by pine plantations
Authors: Lindenmayer David , Blanchard Wade , Tennant Philip , Barton Philip , Ikin Karen , Mortelliti Alessio , Okada Sachiko , Crane Mason , Michael Damian 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimTo quantify changes over a 15‐year period in bird functional diversity within woodland patches where woodland patches remained unchanged, but the surrounding landscape context has been altered by exotic plantation establishment.LocationSouth‐eastern Australia.MethodsUsing statistical modelling and principal coordinate analysis, we explored how a suite of functional diversity measures, bird species richness and the composition of the bird assemblage changed over time and in response to key covariates, including time since plantation establishment, woodland patch size, number of woodland patch boundaries surrounded by plantation and woodland vegetation type.ResultsThere was no significant change in species richness over time (with woodland patch size being the only significant effect on this measure). In contrast, we identified marked changes in the composition of bird assemblages, as well as significant temporal changes in functional diversity. The most substantial declines in functional diversity occurred in woodland patches completely surrounded by long‐established stands of radiata pine. Plantation age also affected the functional diversity of bird assemblages through attracting new (typically closed forest‐associated) species to the region. We also found reduced overlap in the amount of functional trait space defined by sets of species surveyed in successive years. This was linked to a shift away from solitary or pair‐forming species found in open‐woodland environments and which consume seeds and various other food resources, towards insectivorous, nectarivorous and closed forest‐associated taxa that occur in flocks or groups.Main ConclusionsExamination of temporal changes in functional diversity added new insights into the biotic changes associated with landscape transformation and the functional role of species being replaced.
Temporal dynamics of neural activity in motor execution and inhibition processing
Authors: Nakata Hiroki , Sakamoto Kiwako , Honda Yukiko , Kakigi Ryusuke 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAlthough many neuroimaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging have shown the neuronal networks for motor execution and inhibition processing, the precise activation timing of each brain region is not yet well understood. In the present study, we investigated the temporal dynamics of neural activities in multiple brain regions using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) simultaneously during somatosensory Go/No‐go paradigms. The results of MEG showed that neural activities in the bilateral premotor area at approximately 150 ms and in the primary motor cortex at approximately 250 ms were only detected in Go trials, while brain responses in the bilateral prefrontal cortex at approximately 170 ms were only observed in No‐go trials. In addition, the amplitudes of the N140 and P300 components in EEG was significantly larger in No‐go trials than in Go trials, and the latencies of N140 and P300 were significantly later in No‐go trials than in Go trials. Our results indicated the time courses of neural processing in response execution and inhibition processing, and revealed differences in their underlying neural mechanisms.
Selecting danger signals: dissociable roles of nucleus accumbens shell and core glutamate in predictive fear learning
Authors: Li Susan S. Y. , McNally Gavan P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractConditioned stimuli (CSs) vary in their reliability as predictors of danger. Animals must therefore select among CSs those that are appropriate to enter into an association with the aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). The actions of prediction error instruct this stimulus selection so that when prediction error is large, attention to the CS is maintained and learning occurs but when prediction is small attention to the CS is withdrawn and learning is prevented. Here we studied the role of glutamate acting at rat nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) and core (AcbC) α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in this selection of danger signals. Using associative blocking and unblocking designs in rats, we show that antagonizing AcbSh AMPA receptors via infusions of 2,3‐dihydroxy‐6‐nitro‐7‐sulphamoyl‐benzo[f]quinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (NBQX; 0.5 μg) prevents the unblocking of fear learning, whereas antagonizing AcbC AMPA receptors via infusions of NBQX (0.5 μg) prevents both the blocking and unblocking of fear learning. These results identify dissociable but complementary roles for AcbSh and AcbC glutamate acting at AMPA receptors in selecting danger signals: AcbSh AMPA receptors upregulate attention and learning to CSs that signal surprising USs, whereas AcbC AMPA receptors encode the predicted outcome of each trial.
Nitrogen addition and mowing affect microbial nitrogen transformations in a C4 grassland in northern China
Authors: Wang C. , Butterbach‐Bahl K. , He N. , Wang Q. , Xing X. , Han X. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryMicrobial nitrogen (N) transformations play a key role in regulating N cycling in grassland ecosystems. However, there is still little information on how management of semi‐arid grassland such as mowing and/or N fertilizer application affects microbial activity and N transformations. In a field experiment in northern China, N was added at a rate of 10 g N m−2 year−1 as NH4NO3 to mown and unmown plots (4 × 4 m2) and in situ rates of net ammonification (Ramm), nitrification (Rnit) and mineralization (Rmin) were followed at monthly intervals for the vegetation growth periods in the years 2006–2009. In addition, we also measured soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), microbial respiration (MR) and peak above‐ground biomass in August of each measurement year. Driven by the pronounced inter‐annual variability of rainfall, all the properties investigated varied markedly across years. Nevertheless, we were able to demonstrate that over the 4 years N addition significantly stimulated Rnit, Rmin and MBN, on average, by 288, 149 and 11.6%, respectively. However, N addition decreased MBC significantly as well as the ratio of MBC:MBN by, on average, 10 and 23%, respectively, whereas an effect of N addition on MR could not be demonstrated. Mowing decreased MBN, MR and qCO2 significantly by 9, 28 and 24%, respectively, but no effects were found on microbial net N transformation rates and MBC. N addition and mowing interactively affected Ramm and Rmin, and MBN, MBC:MBN. In summary, our results indicate a positive effect of N addition but a negative effect of mowing on microbial N transformation in this C4 grassland in northern China.
Intracerebral hemorrhage at young age: long‐term prognosis
Authors: Koivunen R.‐J. , Tatlisumak T. , Satopää J. , Niemelä M. , Putaala J. 
Published: April 2015

Background and purposeIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disorder associated with dismal outcomes. The long‐term mortality and functional outcome of ICH in young patients was studied – areas so far poorly investigated.MethodsA follow‐up study was performed on a cohort of patients. Clinical and imaging data on ICH patients aged 16–49 were retrospectively obtained and linked with a nationwide cause‐of‐death register. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was evaluated for 30‐day survivors at a visit 9.7 (7.0–12.0) years after ICH onset. Independent factors associated with mortality and unfavorable functional outcome (mRS 2–5) were sought by multivariate analysis.ResultsAmongst the 268 1‐month survivors, 1‐year survival was 98.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 96.2%–100%], 5‐year survival 93.2% (89.3%–97.1%) and 10‐year survival 88.8% (84.9%–92.7%). After adjustment for age and intraventricular hematoma extension, male sex [odds ratio (OR) 3.36, 95% CI 1.28–8.80] and diabetes (OR 2.64, 1.01–6.89) were associated with increased mortality. Unfavorable functional outcome emerged in 49%. After adjustment for confounders, age (OR 1.09 per 1 year, 95% CI 1.03–1.15), initial stroke severity (1.17 per one National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score point, 1.08–1.27) and intraventricular hemorrhage (3.26, 1.11–9.55) were associated with unfavorable functional outcome.ConclusionsOf every 10 survivors of acute phase ICH at a young age, one died within 10 years after onset, male sex and diabetes being associated with increased mortality. Half the survivors did not achieve a favorable functional outcome, which was predicted by increasing age, initial stroke severity and intraventricular hemorrhage.
Improved morphological key to the species of the xylophilus group of the genus BursaphelenchusFuchs, 1937
Authors: Braasch H. , Schönfeld U. 
Published: April 2015

Correct identification of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus becomes more difficult, as more related or similar species are described. Spread of the nematode is being monitored worldwide, and in view of the fact that several new Bursaphelenchus species have been described, identification keys should be adjusted accordingly. Based on the identification key of the xylophilus group published by Braasch (2008) and the revised intrageneric grouping of Bursaphelenchus by Braasch et al. (2009), an improved dichotome morphological key including newly described species (B. paraluxuriosae, B. populi, B. macromucronatus, B. firmae, B. koreanus and B. gillanii) is presented. The recognition of the quarantine pest B. xylophilus using morphological characteristics in laboratories of the National Plant Protection Services is facilitated by a simplified key.