bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Sample Preparation Method Using Rapid Nonheated Saponification Method for the Determination of Cholesterol in Emulsified Foods
Authors: Jeong In‐Seek , Kwak Byung‐Man , Ahn Jang‐Hyuk , Leem Donggil , Yoon Taehyung , Yoon Changyong , Jeong Jayoung , Park Jung‐Min , Kim Jin‐Man 
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  In this study, nonheated saponification was employed as a novel, rapid, and easy sample preparation method for the determination of cholesterol in emulsified foods. Cholesterol content was analyzed using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC‐FID). The cholesterol extraction method was optimized for maximum recovery from baby food and infant formula. Under these conditions, the optimum extraction solvent was 10 mL ethyl ether per 1 to 2 g sample, and the saponification solution was 0.2 mL KOH in methanol. The cholesterol content in the products was determined to be within the certified range of certified reference materials (CRMs), NIST SRM 1544 and SRM 1849. The results of the recovery test performed using spiked materials were in the range of 98.24% to 99.45% with an relative standard devitation (RSD) between 0.83% and 1.61%. This method could be used to reduce sample pretreatment time and is expected to provide an accurate determination of cholesterol in emulsified food matrices such as infant formula and baby food.Practical Application:  A novel, rapid, and easy sample preparation method using nonheated saponification was developed for cholesterol detection in emulsified foods. Recovery tests of CRMs were satisfactory, and the recoveries of spiked materials were accurate and precise. This method was effective and decreased the time required for analysis by 5‐fold compared to the official method.
Numerical Simulation of Variable Water Diffusivity during Drying of Peeled and Unpeeled Tomato
Authors: Xanthopoulos G. , Yanniotis S. , Boudouvis A.G. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  A mathematical model was formulated for the estimation, in conjunction with experimental measurements, of water diffusivity parameters during convective drying of peeled and unpeeled tomatoes. Fick's 2nd law of diffusion was solved numerically for a sphere, by explicit finite differences, considering shrinkage effect, variable diffusivity, and constant boundary conditions. Experiments were performed in a laboratory tunnel dryer. The equivalent radius of tomato decreased by 50% until the end of the process, which explains the necessity for shrinkage inclusion in the mass transfer model. The mean estimated diffusivities varied between 2.03 × 10−10 and 15.1 × 10−10 m2/s for peeled tomatoes and 0.59 × 10−10 and 15.2 × 10−10 m2/s for unpeeled tomatoes. The estimated water diffusivities and their variation with the tested drying temperatures (45, 55, and 65 °C) provide an insight of peeling effect during air‐drying. Peeling was beneficial since yielded greater drying rates and shortened significantly drying times, thus saving energy during drying. In all the studied cases, good agreement was found between experimental and predicted drying curves (≥ 0.99, mean relative deviation [MRD]≤ 0.12, and root mean square error [RMSE]≤ 0.03). In overall, the proposed methodology provides a reliable and easy estimation of temperature and moisture‐dependent mass transfer properties and drying simulation of shrinkable food products such as tomato.Practical Application:  Water diffusivity is a food property, difficult in estimation but essential in drying processing optimization. This property was estimated as a function of moisture content and drying temperature employing a numerical simulation procedure. The peeling effect was also studied and found beneficial for lower temperature drying (<55 °C) which is useful in the energy optimization of the drying process as well as the retention of the end‐product quality.
Prevalence of periodontal disease among inpatients in a psychiatric hospital in India
Authors: Gopalakrishnapillai Ajithkrishnan Champettil , Iyer Ramya Radhakrishnan , Kalantharakath Thanveer 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper assessed the periodontal status of inpatients at Government Mental Hospital, Vadodara, India, and studied the possible relationship between periodontal status and age, length of hospitalization, type of mental illness, and medication and tobacco use. Information about psychiatric diagnosis, length of hospitalization, and prescribed medication was obtained from hospital records. We interviewed 165 inpatients and recorded their chief dental complaints (if any) and relevant histories. Periodontal status was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Descriptive statistics, nonparametric tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses were used. The most prevalent periodontal condition was shallow pockets (47.27%). Some subjects (10.3%) had loss of attachment (LOA) of 9–11 mm. Age and length of hospitalization were significantly associated with periodontal status. Multiple logistic regression revealed that only age was significantly associated with periodontal pockets. Male gender, age, and tobacco‐related habits were significantly associated with LOA of more than 0–3 mm.
Patterns of angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphism among an Egyptian cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Ahmed Afaf Z. , El‐Shahaly Hassan A. , Omar Aziza S. , Ghattas Maivel H. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimThis case control study was designed to determine the patterns of angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D) gene polymorphism in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and healthy controls.MethodsThe study population was divided into two groups: the study group included 66 RA patients diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for RA, and the control group included 66 healthy adults who were age‐and sex‐matched to the RA group. All RA patients were assessed by Disease Activity Score (DAS28), ACR Classification of Global Functional Disability Status and Sharp's score as outcome measures. Gene investigations for ACE I/D polymorphism were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in both groups.ResultsThe ACE I/D polymorphism was the (D/D) genotype in 60.6% (n = 40) of RA patients, the (I/D) genotype in 31.8% (n = 21) and the (I/I) genotype in 7.6% (n = 5). The frequency of (D) carriage was significantly higher in the RA cases than in the control group (76.5% vs. 53.8%, respectively, P = 0.0002). ACE D allele carriers were at higher risk of RA, 2.8 times higher than (I) carriers and those who had the homozygote (DD) genotype had 5.6 times the possibility of having RA. No correlations were observed between the homozygote (DD) genotype and disease activity or severity in RA patients.ConclusionsOur study suggests that high frequency of the ACE D allele contributes to the heritability of RA susceptibility compared to other ACE alleles. On the other hand, no association was detected between ACE I/D polymorphism and the severity of RA.
Effects of branched‐chain amino acid granules on serum albumin level and prognosis are dependent on treatment adherence in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Takaguchi Koichi , Moriwaki Hisataka , Doyama Hisashi , Iida Masayuki , Yagura Michiyasu , Shimada Noritomo , Kang Masahiro , Yamada Haruki , Kumada Hiromitsu 
Published: September 2012

AimTo test if the treatment adherence to branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) granules influences the serum albumin level and prognosis in prospective 2984 patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis who were prescribed BCAA granules containing 952 mg of L‐isoleucine, 1904 mg of L‐leucine and 1144 mg of L‐valine at 4.15 g/sachet three times a day after meals.MethodsThe primary end‐point was the time to the event defined as “hospital admission due to progression of hepatic failure”, and factors affecting this outcome were explored. Changes in serum albumin level were evaluated as the secondary end‐point.ResultsPatients were divided into the good adherence group (those who reported to have taken “nearly all” prescribed doses) and the poor adherence group (those who reported to have taken “approximately half” or “less” doses), because such stratification was validated by treatment responses in plasma BCAA/tyrosine ratio. Factors related to the primary end‐point were age, drug adherence during 6 months of study treatment, previous hepatic cancer, current clinical manifestations, previous clinical manifestations, baseline serum albumin level, platelet count and total bilirubin level. The cumulative event‐free survival was significantly higher in the good adherence group. Increase in the serum albumin level was also greater in the good adherence group.ConclusionHigher BCAA treatment adherence better raised the serum albumin level, leading to improvement of event‐free survival. These results indicate the importance of patient instruction for the adequate use of BCAA granules.
Comparison of epirubicin hydrochloride and miriplatin hydrate as anticancer agents for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Aramaki Takeshi , Moriguchi Michihisa , Bekku Emima , Asakura Kouiku , Sawada Akihiro , Endo Masahiro 
Published: September 2012

AimThe aim of this retrospective study was to compare the local control effects of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using epirubicin (EPIR) and that using miriplatin (MPT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsBetween January 2010 and July 2011, 218 HCC cases were treated with TACE, including 69 cases using EPIR or MPT as initial treatment. All 69 patients were treated with iodized oil and gelatin sponge particles. The local control rate (modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST] ver. 1.0), time to treatment failure (Kaplan–Meier and log–rank test) and adverse events were evaluated.ResultsForty‐two cases were treated using EPIR, and 27 cases were treated using MPT. All 69 patients had no previous treatment with TACE or hepatic arterial infusion. No serious adverse events were observed in either group. The response rates, including complete response (CR) and partial response (PR), of the EPIR group and the MPT group were 85.7% and 81.5%, respectively, with a time to treatment failure of 5.1 and 7.5 months, respectively. Excluding whole liver TACE cases, time to treatment failure was 5.4 months for the EPIR group and 10.1 months for the MPT group.ConclusionIn TACE naïve cases, there was no significant difference in local control between EPIR and MPT.
NEWTON AND WOLFF: THE LEIBNIZIAN REACTION TO THE PRINCIPIA, 1716–1763
Authors: STAN MARIUS 
Published: September 2012

abstractNewton rested his theory of mechanics on distinct metaphysical and epistemological foundations. After Leibniz's death in 1716, the Principia ran into sharp philosophical opposition from Christian Wolff and his disciples, who sought to subvert Newton's foundations or replace them with Leibnizian ideas. In what follows, I chronicle some of the Wolffians' reactions to Newton's notion of absolute space, his dynamical laws of motion, and his general theory of gravitation. I also touch on arguments advanced by Newton's Continental followers, such as Leonhard Euler, who made novel attempts to defend his mechanical foundations against the pro‐Leibnizian attack. This examination grants us deeper insight into the fate of Newton's mechanics on the Continent during the early eighteenth century and, more specifically, sheds needed light on the conflicts and tensions that characterized the reception of Newton's philosophy of mechanics among the Leibnizians.
Time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF‐MRA) of the normal equine head
Authors: MANSO‐DÍAZ G. , GARCÍA‐REAL M. I. , CASTELEYN C. , SAN‐ROMÁN F. , TAEYMANS O. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryReasons for performing study: Noncontrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is widely used in human and small animal medicine. However, this technique has not yet been described in the horse, and compared to other angiographic techniques MRA could be more cost efficient and potentially safer.Objectives: The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive anatomical reference of the normal equine head vasculature using a noncontrast MRA technique, on both low‐ and high‐field MRI.Methods: Five healthy adult horses were examined, 4 with a low‐field magnet (0.23T) and the remaining one with a high‐field magnet (1.5T). The magnetic resonance angiography sequence used was TOF (time‐of‐flight) 2D‐MRA and CT images of a vascular corrosion cast were subsequently used as anatomical references.Results: The MRA imaging protocol provided good visualisation of all major intra‐ and extracranial vessels down to a size of approximately 2 mm in diameter on both low‐ and high‐field systems. This resulted in identification of vessels to the order of 3rd–4th branches of ramification. The visibility of the arteries was higher than of the veins, which showed lower signal intensity. Overall, MRA obtained with the high‐field protocol provided better visualisation of the arteries, showing all the small arterial branches with a superior resolution.Conclusions: The use of a specific vascular sequence such as TOF 2D‐MRA allows good visualisation of the equine head vasculature and eliminates the need for contrast media for MRA.Potential relevance: Magnetic resonance angiography allows for visualisation of the vasculature of the equine head. Vessel morphology, symmetry and size can be evaluated and this may possibly play a role in preoperative planning or characterisation of diseases of the head, such as neoplasia or guttural pouch mycosis.
Experiences of poststroke fatigue: qualitative meta‐synthesis
Authors: Eilertsen Grethe , Ormstad Heidi , Kirkevold Marit 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimTo interpret and synthesize stroke survivors' experiences of poststroke fatigue.BackgroundSeveral studies have found fatigue to be a common and distressing difficulty experienced after stroke. This review has synthesized qualitative findings of stroke survivors' experiences of poststroke fatigue with the aim of guiding practice and further research.Data sourcesA computer‐aided search of the PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Embase databases was performed up to April 2012.Design and review methodsInterpretive qualitative meta‐synthesis. Of 167 papers identified, 12 were included.FindingsThree main themes of the experience of poststroke fatigue were identified. First, five characteristics were identified and interpreted as core characteristics of poststroke fatigue. These did not seem to be influenced by the context. Two additional, distressing characteristics were identified. These were interpreted as being more responsive to the context. Second, we found that the acknowledgement of poststroke fatigue by stroke survivors and their significant others were important for the experience of poststroke fatigue. This theme appeared to be consistent across studies and was interpreted as having a major impact on the third theme identified; coping with poststroke fatigue. Two main coping patterns appeared: one taking the fatigue into account and the other struggling to cope. Lack of acknowledgement of poststroke fatigue complicates the coping process and invokes additional emotional distress.ConclusionPoststroke fatigue is a complex phenomenon. Acknowledging its presence and impact is important to cope well with it. Lack of acknowledgement from significant others increases add to the burden.[Correction added after online publication 3 September 2012: Instances of the word ‘statistically’ have been removed from the Findings and Conclusion in the abstract section.]
Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses to a combination of drought and ozone in Medicago truncatula
Authors: IYER NIRANJANI J. , TANG YUHONG , MAHALINGAM RAMAMURTHY 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTDrought and tropospheric ozone are escalating climate change problems that can co‐occur. In this study, we observed Medicago truncatula cultivar Jemalong that is sensitive to ozone and drought stress when applied singly, showed tolerance when subjected to a combined application of these stresses. Lowered stomatal conductance may be a vital tolerance mechanism to overcome combined ozone and drought. Sustained increases in both reduced ascorbate and glutathione in response to combined stress may play a role in lowering reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide toxicity. Transcriptome analysis indicated that genes associated with glucan metabolism, responses to temperature and light signalling may play a role in dampening ozone responses due to drought‐induced stomatal closure during combined occurrence of these two stresses. Gene ontologies for jasmonic acid signalling and innate immunity were enriched among the 300 differentially expressed genes unique to combined stress. Differential expression of transcription factors associated with redox, defence signalling, jasmonate responses and chromatin modifications may be important for evoking novel gene networks during combined occurrence of drought and ozone. The alterations in redox milieu and distinct transcriptome changes in response to combined stress could aid in tweaking the metabolome and proteome to annul the detrimental effects of ozone and drought in Jemalong.
The WOX13 homeobox gene promotes replum formation in the Arabidopsis thaliana fruit
Authors: Romera‐Branchat Maida , Ripoll Juan José , Yanofsky Martin F. , Pelaz Soraya 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe Arabidopsis fruit forms a seedpod that develops from the fertilized gynoecium. It is mainly comprised of an ovary in which three distinct tissues can be differentiated: the valves, the valve margins and the replum. Separation of cells at the valve margin allows for the valves to detach from the replum and thus dispersal of the seeds. Valves and valve margins are located in lateral positions whereas the replum is positioned medially and retains meristematic properties resembling the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Members of the WUSCHEL‐related homeobox family have been involved in stem cell maintenance in the SAM, and within this family, we found that WOX13 is expressed mainly in meristematic tissues including the replum. We also show that wox13 loss‐of‐function mutations reduce replum size and enhance the phenotypes of mutants affected in the replum identity gene RPL. Conversely, misexpression of WOX13 produces, independently from BP and RPL, an oversized replum and valve defects that closely resemble those of mutants in JAG/FIL activity genes. Our results suggest that WOX13 promotes replum development by likely preventing the activity of the JAG/FIL genes in medial tissues. This regulation seems to play a role in establishing the gradient of JAG/FIL activity along the medio‐lateral axis of the fruit critical for proper patterning. Our data have allowed us to incorporate the role of WOX13 into the regulatory network that orchestrates fruit patterning.
Age‐related influence of vision and proprioception on Ia presynaptic inhibition in soleus muscle during upright stance
Authors: Baudry Stéphane , Duchateau Jacques 
Published: September 2012

Key points
The observed decrease in balance with ageing, vision suppression and compliance of the support surface may involve differential modulation of Ia afferent feedback from leg muscles.
The modulation of Ia presynaptic inhibition for the soleus muscle was assessed in young and elderly adults when standing in normal and modified visual (eyes closed) and proprioceptive conditions (foam support).
The results suggest that presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents increased when vision was suppressed and when standing on a foam mat, but more so in elderly adults, for whom the increase in Ia presynaptic inhibition was associated with greater activity of the leg muscles.
Young and elderly adults appear to rely less on segmental muscle afferent feedback to control the activation of leg muscles during upright stance when vision and proprioception are altered.
Abstract  This study investigated the modulation of Ia afferent input in young and elderly adults during quiet upright stance in normal and modified visual and proprioceptive conditions. The surface EMG of leg muscles, recruitment curve of the soleus (SOL) Hoffmann (H) reflex and presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents from SOL, assessed with the D1 inhibition and single motor unit methods, were recorded when young and elderly adults stood with eyes open or closed on two surfaces (rigid vs. foam) placed over a force platform. The results showed that elderly adults had a longer path length for the centre of pressure and larger antero‐posterior body sway across balance conditions (P < 0.05). Muscle EMG activities were greater in elderly compared with young adults (P < 0.05), whereas the Hmax expressed as a percentage of the Hmax was lower (P = 0.048) in elderly (38 ± 16%) than young adults (58 ± 16%). The conditioned H reflex/test H reflex ratio (D1 inhibition method) increased with eye closure and when standing on foam (P < 0.05), with greater increases for elderly adults (P = 0.019). These changes were accompanied by a reduced peak motor unit discharge probability when standing on rigid and foam surfaces (P ≤ 0.001), with a greater effect for elderly adults (P = 0.026). Based on these latter results, the increased conditioned H reflex/test H reflex ratio in similar sensory conditions is likely to reflect occlusion at the level of presynaptic inhibitory interneurones. Together, these findings indicate that elderly adults exhibit greater modulation of Ia presynaptic inhibition than young adults with variation in the sensory conditions during upright standing.