bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porous deformable shell simulation with surface water flow and saturation
Authors: Um Kiwon , Kim Tae‐Yong , Kwon Youngdon , Han JungHyun 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a method for simulating the dynamics of porous deformable shells in the presence of water that floats on the surface or is absorbed into the interior. The proposed method enables various effects such as surface flow, capillary flow involving absorption and saturation of water, changes of the material properties caused by water saturation, and the deformable body dynamics including tearing. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method produces promising results.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Velocity Uniformity in a Single Microchannel Plate with Rectangular Manifolds at Different Entrance Velocities
Authors: Pan M. , Shao X. , Liang L. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe velocity distribution among microchannels with rectangular manifolds at different entrance velocities and the influences of structural parameters and entrance velocity on flow uniformity are investigated. The flow uniformity of a microchannel plate with rectangular manifold decreases with higher entrance velocity. At relatively low entrance velocity, the velocity distribution of the microchannel plate with centrosymmetric manifold is approximately symmetric. The velocity distribution becomes monotonically increased in a plate with large inlet manifold, whereas it becomes monotonically decreased in the one with large outlet manifold. A relatively uniform flow distribution can be obtained by the following conditions: longer microchannel, smaller microchannel width, symmetric manifold structure, larger manifold area, and perpendicular direction of inlet/outlet to the microchannel plane.
Generating Gas‐Liquid‐Liquid Three‐Phase Microflows in a Cross‐Junction Microchannel Device
Authors: Wang K. , Lu Y. , Qin K. , Luo G. , Wang T. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe generation of gas‐liquid‐liquid three‐phase microflows in a cross‐junction microchannel device is experimentally analyzed. Three gas‐phase and eight water‐phase flow manners at the cross junction are described with oil phase as continuous phase. Comparing with the gas‐liquid and liquid‐liquid two‐phase microflows, similar flow behaviors of dispersed phases exist in the three‐phase processes but new capillary numbers as well as the phase ratio of dispersed phases need to be introduced in the flow maps to distinguish the complicated three‐phase flow modes. Although the three‐phase flows are mercurial at the channel junction, only six flow patterns are observed in the downstream microchannel. According to the experimental results, the effects of bubble/droplet generation manners on their size distributions are indicated. The generation mechanisms of bubbles and droplets are analyzed and correlated equations are established for their average volumes.
Optimization of Wash‐Coating Slurries as Catalyst Carrier for Screen Printing into Microstructured Reactors
Authors: Pennemann H. , Dobra M. , Wichert M. , Kolb G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA screen printing procedure was developed to deposit catalyst coatings into microchannels by wash‐coating through a low‐cost technique suited for mass production. The composition of the suspension was optimized regarding the choice of solvent, binder, and additive so as to achieve both optimum rheological properties for screen printing and catalyst adhesion. The feasibility of screen printing catalysts into arrays of plates carrying microchannels was demonstrated and the long‐term durability of the catalytic performance of the screen‐printed coatings was proven experimentally.
Clinical characteristics and insulin independence of Koreans with new‐onset type 2 diabetes presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Seok H. , Jung C. H. , Kim S. W. , Lee M. J. , Lee W. J. , Kim J. H. , Lee B‐W. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundWe evaluated the incidence, characteristics and insulin independence of Koreans with new‐onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) initially presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).MethodsWe analysed clinical and biochemical data from diabetic patients presenting with DKA. They were classified into ketosis‐prone diabetes (KPD) type 1A (KPD‐T1A) (A+β−), type 1B (KPD‐T1B) (A−β−), type 2A (KPD‐T2A) (A+β+) or type 2B (KPD‐T2B) (A−β+) according to the presence or absence of an autoantibody and β‐cell reserve. Changes in therapy after insulin discontinuation were evaluated for up to 4 years. We also compared clinical and biochemical characteristics between newly diagnosed T2D patients presenting with DKA and previously diagnosed T2D patients presenting with DKA.ResultsAmong 60 newly diagnosed KPD patients, 18, 21 and 21 patients were classified as KPD‐T1A, KPD‐T1B and KPD‐T2B, respectively. In the KPD‐T2B group, both fasting and stimulated C‐peptide were recovered over 6 months. After 4 years of DKA development, 75% of KPD‐T2B subjects no longer required insulin. Compared with previously diagnosed T2D patients presenting with DKA, newly diagnosed KPD‐T2B patients tended to be younger, more obese and showed better insulin secretory function after recovery from DKA.ConclusionsNew‐onset T2D patients presenting with DKA was not uncommon among the Korean population. In contrast to previously diagnosed T2D patients presenting with DKA, who showed a progressive decrease in insulin secretory function, new‐onset KPD‐T2B patients recovered insulin secretory function over time, and insulin independence could be expected. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining appropriate instream flows for anadromous fish passage on an intermittent mainstem river, coastal southern California, USA
Authors: Booth Derek B. , Cui Yantao , Diggory Zooey , Pedersen Dirk , Kear Jordan , Bowen Michael 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTSetting instream flows to protect aquatic resources is required by California state law, but this task is not straightforward for an intermittent river that is naturally dry six or more months of every year. The Santa Maria River, 200 km northwest of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, lies within the northern range of the federally endangered southern California steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and is a logical candidate for instream flow protection: the watershed historically supported the anadromous life history of this species, but fish must navigate the lowermost 39 km of the commonly dry mainstem river to move between the ocean and freshwater habitats in the upper watershed. Mainstem flows are partly controlled by Twitchell Dam, constructed across one of the Santa Maria River's two main tributaries in 1962. The dam is operated to maximize groundwater recharge through the bed of the mainstem Santa Maria River, thus minimizing discharge to the Pacific Ocean and so reducing already limited steelhead passage opportunities. Conventional criteria for determining suitable instream flows for steelhead passage are ill‐suited to intermittent, Mediterranean‐type rivers because they ignore the dynamic channel morphology and critical importance of headwater flows in providing cues that once presaged passage‐adequate mainstem discharges but no longer do so. Hydrologic analysis of pre‐dam flows, coupled with established criteria for successful O. mykiss migration, provides an objective basis for evaluating alternative dam‐management scenarios for enhancing steelhead passage, although their implementation would redirect some water that for the past half‐century has exclusively supported irrigated agriculture and municipal water supplies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aromatic Oligoamide Foldamers with a “Wet Edge” as Inhibitors of the α‐Helix‐Mediated p53–hDM2 Protein–Protein Interaction
Authors: Prabhakaran Panchami , Barnard Anna , Murphy Natasha S. , Kilner Colin A. , Edwards Thomas A. , Wilson Andrew J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper describes the design, synthesis and structural analysis of a 3‐O‐alkylated aromatic oligoamide that incorporates an additional hydrophilic 6‐O‐alkyl substituent in the central monomer. This oligomer exhibits low μM inhibitory potency against the p53–hDM2 interaction compared with its unfunctionalised counterpart and significantly improved solubility.
Electrical resistivity tomography revealing the internal structure of monogenetic volcanoes
Authors: Barde‐Cabusson Stéphanie , Bolós Xavier , Pedrazzi Dario , Lovera Raul , Serra Guillem , Martí Joan , Casas Albert 
Published: May 2013

AbstractEruptive activity of individual monogenetic volcanoes usually lasts a few days or weeks. However, their short lifetime does not always mean that their dynamics and structure are simple. Monogenetic cones construction is rarely witnessed from the beginning to the end, and conditions for observing their internal structure are hardly reached. We provide high‐resolution electrical resistivity sections (10 m electrode spacing) of three monogenetic cones from northeastern Spain, comparing our results to geological observations to interpret their underground continuation. The 100 m maximum depth of exploration provides information on almost the entire edifices, highlighting the relationships between Strombolian and hydromagmatic deposits in two multiphase edifices. A main observation is a column of distinct resistivity centered on the Puig d'Adri volcano, which we interpret as the eruptive conduit. This method can provide valuable information on the past volcanic dynamics of monogenetic volcanic fields, which has real implications for the forecast of future activity.
Comparison of radar and gauge precipitation data in watershed models across varying spatial and temporal scales
Authors: Price Katie , Purucker S. Thomas , Kraemer Stephen R. , Babendreier Justin E. , Knightes Chris D. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPrecipitation is a key control on watershed hydrologic modelling output, with errors in rainfall propagating through subsequent stages of water quantity and quality analysis. Most watershed models incorporate precipitation data from rain gauges; higher‐resolution data sources are available, but they are associated with greater computational requirements and expertise. Here, we investigate whether the Multisensor Precipitation Estimator (MPE or Stage IV Next‐Generation Radar) data improve the accuracy of streamflow simulations using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), compared with rain gauge data. Simulated flows from 2002 to 2010 at five timesteps were compared with observed flows for four nested subwatersheds of the Neuse River basin in North Carolina (21‐, 203‐, 2979‐, and 10 100‐km2 watershed area), using a multi‐objective function, informal likelihood‐weighted calibration approach. Across watersheds and timesteps, total gauge precipitation was greater than radar precipitation, but radar data showed a conditional bias of higher rainfall estimates during large events (>25–50 mm/day). Model parameterization differed between calibrations with the two datasets, despite the fact that all watershed characteristics were the same across simulation scenarios. This underscores the importance of linking calibration parameters to realistic processes. SWAT simulations with both datasets underestimated median and low flows, whereas radar‐based simulations were more accurate than gauge‐based simulations for high flows. At coarser timesteps, differences were less pronounced. Our results suggest that modelling efforts in watersheds with poor rain gauge coverage can be improved with MPE radar data, especially at short timesteps. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Changes in the timing of snowmelt and the seasonality of nutrient loading: can models simulate the impacts on freshwater trophic status?
Authors: Pierson Donald C. , Samal Nihar R. , Owens Emmet M. , Schneiderman Elliot M. , Zion Mark S. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe New York City water supply region, located in the Catskill Mountains in upstate New York, has always had a historically variable snow cover, with consequent effects on the magnitude of spring runoff and the relative importance of winter versus spring periods on annual hydrologic and nutrient budgets. Simulations show that under present conditions (1966–2005), on average 38% (12%–70%) of the annual total dissolved phosphorus load occurs during winter (Nov–Feb), while future predictions (2046–2065 and 2081–2100) show winter nutrient loads may account for an average of 46% (18%–73%) of the annual load. It is expected that changes in the importance of winter nutrient loading will lead to some increase in phytoplankton growth under isothermal conditions prior to the onset of thermal stratification, a reduced bloom coinciding with the onset of thermal stratification, and on an annual basis somewhat lower levels of biomass. However, future climate simulations using two different one‐dimensional reservoir water quality models show no strong relationship between changes in algal biomass and the proportion of winter nutrient loading. The lack of a winter response calls into question model assumptions concerning the growth potential of phytoplankton under deeply mixed low light conditions, as well as factors influencing the bioavailability of nutrients input during the winter period. This illustrates the pitfalls of simulating future climate conditions, when the seasonality of model drivers has changed, and processes regulating winter conditions are not strongly represented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of vertical water balance on modelling Pantanal (Brazil) spatio‐temporal inundation dynamics
Authors: da Paz Adriano Rolim , Collischonn Walter , Bravo Juan Martín , Bates Paul D. , Baugh Calum 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe current benchmark approach for mathematical modelling of floodplain hydrologic regime consists of dynamically coupling one‐dimensional (1D) and two‐dimensional (2D) models for flow routing along the main channel and the floodplain, respectively. For large‐scale sites, floodplain inundation may spread over hundreds of square kilometres and may last for many months and even influence seasonal floods in following years. This paper aims at evaluating the effect of vertical water balance representation on modelling a large‐scale floodplain. The Pantanal wetland (140 000 km2; Brazil) is simulated using a 1D/2D coupled model approach, which also considers the representation of vertical water processes over the floodplain. Four scenarios are simulated: Baseline (the reference scenario), NoVertBal (in which the vertical water balance over floodplain is turned off) and ETp+1 and ETp−1 scenarios, characterized by artificially increasing or decreasing daily potential evapotranspiration (ETp) by 1 mm, respectively. The results showed that the effect of the vertical water processes scenarios on channel flow is directly dependent on the lateral exchange of water between the channel and floodplain in the upstream river reach. This influence is stronger when there is a gain of water from the floodplain to the channel. The inclusion of these vertical water processes into floodplain modelling was essential to represent the process of wetting and drying, this effect being more relevant for areas not directly connected to main channels, which is a characteristic of the Pantanal region. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Common susceptibility alleles and SQSTM1 mutations predict disease extent and severity in a multinational study of patients with Paget's disease
Authors: Albagha Omar ME , Visconti Micaela Rios , Alonso Nerea , Wani Sachin , Goodman Kirsteen , Fraser William D , Gennari Luigi , Merlotti Daniela , Gianfrancesco Fernando , Esposito Teresa , Rendina Domenico , di Stefano Marco , Isaia Giancarlo , Brandi Maria Luisa , Giusti Francesca , Del Pino-Montes Javier , Corral-Gudino Luis , Gonzalez-Sarmiento Rogelio , Ward Lynley , Rea Sarah L , Ratajczak Thomas , Walsh John P , Ralston Stuart H 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT

Paget's disease of bone (PDB) has a strong genetic component. Here, we investigated possible associations between genetic variants that predispose to PDB and disease severity. Allelic variants identified as predictors of PDB from genome-wide association studies were analyzed in 1940 PDB patients from the United Kingdom, Italy, Western Australia, and Spain. A cumulative risk allele score was constructed by adding the variants together and relating this to markers of disease severity, alone and in combination with SQSTM1 mutations. In SQSTM1-negative patients, risk allele scores in the highest tertile were associated with a 27% increase in disease extent compared with the lowest tertile (p &lt; 0.00001) with intermediate values in the middle tertile (20% increase; p = 0.0007). The effects were similar for disease severity score, which was 15% (p = 0.01) and 25% (p &lt; 0.00001) higher in the middle and upper tertiles, respectively. Risk allele score remained a significant predictor of extent and severity when SQSTM-positive individuals were included, with an effect size approximately one-third of that observed with SQSTM1 mutations. A genetic risk score was developed by combining information from both markers, which identified subgroups of individuals with low, medium, and high levels of severity with a specificity of 70% and sensitivity of 55%. Risk allele scores and SQSTM1 mutations both predict extent and severity of PDB. It is possible that with further refinement, genetic profiling may be of clinical value in identifying individuals at high risk of severe disease who might benefit from enhanced surveillance and early intervention. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Cash Flow Training and Improved Microfinance Outcomes
Authors: Epstein Marc J. , Yuthas Kristi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDespite its promise as a powerful tool for alleviating poverty, research suggests that microfinance has had only a modest impact on development. Misallocation of funds by clients has been implicated as a major impediment to microfinance success. In this study, clients received training on how to track (but not manage) their cash flows during the first two meetings of the microfinance loan cycle. Examination of weekly cash flow shows that clients immediately invested the majority of their funds into the businesses and carefully managed revenues and expenditures to maintain sufficient food and other household expenditures throughout the loan cycle. It is not possible to know whether this behaviour occurred as a result of monitoring cash flow because clients who do not keep cash flow records do not have a reliable way to report expenditures. However, exit interviews provide evidence that cash flow tracking enhanced financial performance and control. When asked whether tracking cash flows affected their understanding and behaviour, half or more of the subjects responded that tracking their cash flow helped them to understand the importance of investing in the business, identify unnecessary expenditures and/or develop a better understanding of their revenues, expenses and profit. By investing a small amount of time in helping clients track cash flows, lenders can empower clients and potentially improve both the repayment and productive benefits of the loans they make. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing Aggregate Stability Tests for Soil Physical Quality Indicators
Authors: Pulido Moncada Mansonia , Gabriels Donald , Cornelis Wim , Lobo Deyanira 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAlthough there is not a sole satisfactory methodology that applies universally up to now, aggregate stability has been proposed as an indicator of soil physical quality (SPQ). Difficulties persist when comparison of aggregate stability from different procedures are performed. The objective of this study is to evaluate appropriate aggregate stability methods that enable to distinguish the SPQ condition of both temperate and tropical medium‐textured soils. Among different methods tested, results show that wet sieving using the well known fast wetting methods of Kemper & Rosenau and of Le Bissonnais rendered similar results in both environments. The mean weight diameter value of both methods for assessing aggregate stability can be considered as a dependable indicator of soil structure status for comparing soils. These aggregate stability methods are in correspondence with only one out of the eight SPQ indicators when entirely soils were used. It was concluded that the aggregate stability should be used judiciously and in concert with other indicators for an overall assessing of the SPQ condition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fifty Years on: Long‐term Patterns of Land Sensitivity to Desertification in Italy
Authors: Salvati Luca , Zitti Marco , Perini Luigi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe Mediterranean region has been regarded as a critical hotspot for desertification due to the impact of soil degradation, the land‐use changes and the climate variations. Few large‐scale studies have been devoted to analyse trends in land sensitivity to desertification in the northern Mediterranean basin. The present paper contributes to this deserving issue by quantifying the level of land sensitivity to desertification in Italy at seven points between 1960 and 2010 at a fine spatial scale. The approach used followed the Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme that assesses changes in four key themes (climate, soil, vegetation and land management) related to land degradation processes. Italian land was classified into four levels of sensitivity to desertification (non‐affected, potentially affected, fragile and critical) according to the Environmentally Sensitive Area framework. Interestingly, although land surface area classified as ‘fragile’ and ‘critical’ grew homogeneously in Italy between 1960 and 1990, the increase observed in the most recent time period was spatially clustered and contributed to reverse the polarisation in ‘structurally vulnerable’ and ‘non‐affected’ regions observed in Italy. The paper discussed these trends in the light of socioeconomic changes that occurred in Italy after World War II. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative Mapping and Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Areas to Desertification in Central Iran
Authors: Jafari Reza , Bakhshandehmehr Leila 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDesertification is one of the main environmental and also social and economic problems facing Iran. Seventeen out of 31 Iranian provinces, which are home to approximately 70% of the total population, are affected by desertification. This study aimed to use geographic information system (GIS) and fuzzy logic for mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification based on Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use approach in Isfahan province, central Iran. Six desertification indicators including climate, soil, vegetation, soil erosion, groundwater, and management and policy quality were used to determine various types of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification. Seventeen desertification indices affecting the quality of each indicator were spatially mapped and assigned a value between 0 and 1 using a fuzzy logic option of ArcSDM3 software in GIS environment. Results showed that a 21·7% of the study area was classified as critical, 70% as fragile and 5·5% as potential, and 2·9% of the area was not affected by desertification. In the town of Borkhar, 64·2% of the area was classified as critical, followed by the towns of Isfahan and Nayin with 40·2% and 31·8%, respectively. Results at provincial scale indicated that the climate indicator and humidity index with a weighting mean of 0·71 and 0·77 were the most affective factors in the desertification of the study area. The developed model in this study can be used for mapping desertification status in other 16 provinces that contain desert areas. These assessments provide a GIS‐based desertification database that Iran as a member of the United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification can use to report the condition of desertification at national scale. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.