bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soils Characteristics of Forest Phytocoenoses Occupied by Self-Regenerating Populations of Quercus Rubra in Silesian Upland / Właściwości Fizykochemiczne Gleb Na Stanowiskach Z Odnowieniem Dębu Czerwonego Na Wyżynie Śląskiej
Authors: Chmura Damian 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Northern Red Oak is a tree species native to North America. In Polish flora it has status of invasive plants. In the years 2008-2011 autoecological studies were conducted aiming at examination on what type of soils the species tends to regenerate ie appearance of seedlings in the vicinity of maternal trees. In total 250 phytosociological relevés and 100 soil samples (400 soil subsamples) were collected. It was observed that majority stands (almost 80%) of Northern Red Oak occupy sites very strongly acid and strongly acid. In reference to pH in KCl results are a little different, however, sites with soil very strongly acid (pH = 4.1-5.0) and stronly acid (pH < 4.1) also predominate. The investigated soils were typified by very low values of magnesium (< 10 mg/1000 g), phosphorus (< 3 mg/100 g) and potassium (< 7 mg/100 g). Total nitrogen in studied sites dominated in two the lowest classes (> 0.25%). The sites of Q. rubra are rich in organic carbon. Almost 50% of all sites covers two highest classes of concentration of this element ie 4.0-8.0% and > 8.0%. Soils where seedlings of Northern Red Oak were encountered, were characterized by humus medium for mezotrophic and eutrophic broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous forests - more than 60% had ratio of carbon and nitrogen CN > 25. In several sites this ratio reached 50. The lower values in case of content of calcium and loss on ignition dominate. The studies showed that soils on which species grows and also spontaneously regenerates are typical for coniferous and mixed coniferous forests, however, in natural range Q. rubra is component of deciduous forests. It could be associated with the fact of more frequent introduction of Northern Red Oak into poorer sites than the consequence of its habitat requirements.
Evaluation and Modeling Some Engineering Properties of Three Safflower Varieties
Authors: Shahbazi F. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Several physical properties of three safflower cultivars (IL-111, LRV51-51 and Zarghan279) at moisture contents of 10, 15, 20 and 25% were determined and compared. All the linear dimensions, geometric mean diameter and sphericity of safflower seeds increase linearly with increase in seed moisture content. The values of geometric properties were higher for IL-111cultivar than the LRV51-51 and Zarghan279 cultivars. The values of the bulk densities decreased, whereas the thousand seeds mass, true density and porosity were increased with increase in seed moisture content. All the gravimetric properties for the three cultivars of safflower were significantly different (p<0.05). The values of the terminal velocity for all cultivars were significantly increased as the moisture content increased. The terminal velocity for the three cultivars of safflower were significantly different (p<0.05). On the two different surfaces, the coefficient of static friction of the IL-111 cultivar was significantly greater than that of the other cultivars. The static coefficient of friction was higher on plywood and lower for galvanized steel. The values of the angle of repose increased with increase of the moisture content. The values of the angle of repose for Zarghan279 cultivar were higher than the IL-111, LRV51-51 cultivars.
Impact of Zinc and Manganese Application to Increase Productivity of Autumn Planted Maize (Zea Mays L.)
Authors: Khan H.Z. ,   Abdullah, Amin M. , Akbar N. , Saleem M.F. , Iqbal A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Micronutrients play a significant role in various plant metabolic processes and are required in much smaller amount by the plants as compared to the macronutrients. An experiment was conducted during 2011, at the Agronomic research area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to investigate the response of autumn planted maize to ZnSO4 and MnSO4 levels (10, 20 and 30 kg ha-1) and in combinations (5 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 + 5 kg ha-1 MnSO4, 10 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 + 10 kg ha-1 MnSO4 and 15 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 + 15 kg ha-1 MnSO4). The randomized complete block design (RCBD) having three replicates was used with plot size of 3 m x 6 m. The crop was planted on ridges 75 cm apart with recommended plant to plant distance of 25 cm. Maximum values for plant height at maturity (225 cm), cob diameter (4.29 cm), number of grains per cob (415), biological yield (20.15 tons ha-1), grain yield (7.42 tons ha-1) and seed protein content (8.96%) were recorded where 15 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 + 15 kg ha-1 MnSO4 was applied.
Investigations on Determination of Nutritional Status of Pear Trees According to a New Index - Deviation From Optimum Percentage (DOP)
Authors: Mirabdulbaghi Mitra 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a private orchard (Kosar) in district of Shahriar of Alborz province (Iran), during 2012-2013, to determine the effects of B and Zn applied on flowers at full bloom stage on leaf macro and micronutrient contents at 90 days after full bloom (DAFB) of three pear cultivars (Spadona and Duchesse and a pear cultivar from Iranian national collection, named as Daregazi). The deviation from the optimum percentage (DOP) index of macro and micronutrients for two studied years was used to evaluate the nutritional status: optimal (DOP = 0), deficiency (DOP < 0) or excess (DOP > 0). The SDOP for two studied years is obtained by adding the values of DOP index irrespective of sign. The larger the SDOP, the greater is the intensity of imbalances among nutrients. In general, a DOP value close to the optimum level (DOP = 0) were observed in treated studied pear cultivars with B and Zn applied on flowers at full bloom stage compared with the control trees (without any application of boron and zinc). The DOPmacro and DOPmicro were, respectively, positive and negative for all of studied pear cultivars regardless of treatments. According to £DOP index (during 2012-2013), the combination of both products (borax+zinc sulfate treatments) at full bloom stage applied on flowers of three pear cultivars (Spadona, Duchesse and Daregazi) showed better balanced nutritional values than the rest of treatments.
Potassium Fertilization Influences Growth, Physiology and Nutrients Uptake of Maize (Zea Mays L.)
Authors: Hussain A. , Arshad M. , Ahmad Z. , Ahmad H.T. , Afzal M. , Ahmad M. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
A pot experiment in wire house was conducted to investigate the effect of potassium fertilization on physiology, growth and nutrient uptake of maize. Surface soil samples were collected and analyzed for soil physico-chemical properties and NPK contents. Pots were saturated with water and filled with soil (5 kg soil/pot). Potassium fertilizer was applied in five different treatments as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 with 0, 70, 100, 130, and 160 kg ha-1, respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus were applied @ 250 and 100 kg ha-1 (recommended), respectively, in all the pots, including control. Experiment was planned in completely randomized design (CRD), with three repeats. Plant growth, nutrient uptake and concentration in roots and shoots, net photosynthesis, rate of transpiration, stomatal conductance and substomatal CO2 concentration were significantly improved with increasing K application rate. It also increased water use efficiency (WUE) and decreased root: shoot dry weight ratio of maize. Treatment T3 resulted in maximum growth, physiological characteristics and nutrient uptake. It was concluded that K fertilization improves physiological characteristics resulting in enhanced WUE and nutrient uptake eventually producing more yield. It is recommended to apply K fertilization in drought stress conditions.
Economic Yield, Fiber Trait and Sucking Insect Pest Incidence on Advanced Genotypes of Cotton in Pakistan
Authors: Shahid M.R. , Farooq J. , Mahmood A. , Iqbal M.S. , Mahmood K. , Abbas H.G. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
To evaluate resistance against sucking insect pest of cotton 16 cultivars were used along with their economic yield and fiber traits. Population of jassid, whitefly and thrips was recorded by using leaf turn method, yield of seed cotton was determined by hand harvesting method, while qualitative fiber properties were measured through high volume instrumentation (HVI) method. Best yield performance and staple length was of FH- 158 (4000 kg/ha) (28.1 mm), respectively. Cotton cultivar FH-172 showed resistance toward jassid and thrips but FH-158 showed resistance against jassid. Thus these resistance cultivars along with other cultivars possessing resistance against insect pest should be explored. Additional research should identify the part of one pest species on the yield and fiber quality of cotton by managing other pest species to define better management strategies.
Effect of Water Deficit Stress and Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid on Antioxidants Enzymes Activity in Leaves of Thymus Daenensis Subsp. Lancifolius
Authors: Bahari A.A. , Sokhtesaraei R. , Chaghazardi H.R. , Masoudi F. , Nazarli H. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In order to study the effects of water deficit stress and foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on the activity of five antioxidant enzymes (catalase - CAT; EC 1.11.1.6, ascorbate peroxidase - APX; EC 1.11.1.11, glutathione reductase - GR; EC 1.6.4.2, peroxidase - POD; EC 1.11.1.7 and polyphenol oxidase - PPO; 1.14.18.1) of Thymus daenensis (subsp. lancifolius), an experiment was conducted in factorial based on completely randomized design with three replicates, during 2013. Drought treated seedlings showed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), with a concomitant increase in the activities of the enzymes CAT, APX, GR, POD and PPO, compared to controls. Under medium water deficit, APX and PPO activities significantly increased by higher SA concentration (2 mM), but under control and sever water deficit conditions, there was no significant difference between 1 mM and 2 mM concentrations regarding APX and PPO activity. Under all levels of available water, increase in SA concentration from 0.1 mM to1 mM induced significant increase in GR activity. The maximum amount of GR (under medium water deficit condition) achieved from 1mM of SA. While the maximum amounts of APX, PPO (under medium water deficit condition), CAT and POD (under sever water deficit condition) achieved from 2 mM of SA. In total, our results suggest that application of SA (as a trigger of signal cascade) could be advantageous against water deficit stress, and could protect thyme plants in mentioned conditions.
Response of Berseem Clover (Trifolium Alexandrinum L.) to Chemical, Biological and Integrated Use of Fertilizers
Authors: Chaichi M.R. , Shabani G. , Noori F. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
To evaluate the effect of different fertilizer types on the vegetative growth characteristics, yield and forage quality of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum), the present experiment was conducted in Mahidasht Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station (Kermanshah, Iran), during 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The experimental treatments consisted of control (no fertilizer), chemical fertilizer, biological fertilizer and different combinations of chemical and biological fertilizing systems. A complete randomized block design with three replicates was employed for analysis of the data for each year. A combined analysis of variance was conducted to compare the data from the two years of the experiment. The results showed that the highest forage yield (172.1 g/m2) was produced in integrated fertilizer application (urea chemical fertilizer + mycorrhiza treatment). The highest crude protein content of 25% was obtained from integrated biological fertilizer treatment (nitrogen-fixing bacteria + phosphorussolubilizing bacteria treatment). The superiority of integrated fertilizer application for higher forage production and biological fertilizer application for higher forage quality in berseem clover could be recommended by the results of this experiment. Application of integrated fertilizing treatments not only optimized the chemical fertilizer application (consequently reducing the environmental pollutions), but it also enhanced forage quality in terms of higher macro a micronutrients concentrations. According to the results of this study it could be concluded that integrated fertilizing treatments may be accounted more efficient in dry farming than in irrigated agroecosystems.
International-local Linkages in Multistakeholder Partnerships Involved in Reconciliation, Inter-communal Bridgebuilding and Confidence-building
Authors: Roter Petra 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper focuses on the involvement of the international community (international actors) in post-conflict reconstruction in the context of multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) operating in the issue-area of reconciliation, inter-communal bridge-building and confidence-building. In particular, the paper analyses the international-local linkages within the MSPs, and suggests that although the involvement of the international community in post-conflict reconstruction (peace-building) is heavy and indispensable, it is neither straight-forward nor problem-free. In order to understand these linkages in a specific MSP context, a number of factors need to be taken into account and analysed. The paper suggests that at least three levels of analysis are required in order to understand the role of the international community and the international-local linkages in the context of MSPs addressing reconciliation, confidence-building and inter-community bridge-building in a post-conflict context. Firstly, the very complex nature of the international community itself, with many different actors seeking to achieve their own objectives in a very competitive environment; secondly, the very difficult conditions in war-torn societies that are operationally/institutionally unable to begin any peace-building processes on their own; and thirdly, the characteristics (motivations, organisation) of international and domestic actors themselves
The Bay of Bengal: Next theatre for strategic power play in Asia
Authors: Kabir Mohammad Humayun , Ahmad Amamah 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper explores the factors behind the increasing strategic significance of the Bay of Bengal in the current geopolitical context.
The study starts by highlighting the factors contributing to the rising importance of the littoral region from a general economic, geopolitical and energy perspective. It then analyses the specific objectives and strategic aspirations of the major powers involved in the Bay, and how those may turn the area into a hub of converging, and/or conflicting interests. The focus is then shifted toward the smaller littoral nations and their individual relations with the major players. Finally, challenges to stability in the region are discussed, and a cooperative approach is suggested for the context of the Bay.
The paper argues that the strategic importance of the Bay will considerably increase in the coming years. As the nations involved are major and rising powers, the power play in the area will inevitably reshape the dynamics of the region. The interests that are at stake are also of crucial importance to the countries involved; hence, their protection will also demand a rapid militarization of the littoral. Most of these countries are now redirecting their focus from land to sea, which is adding a whole new dimension to the importance of the Bay. However, this paper argues that cooperation and competition is in all the nations’ best interest, as any conflict in the Bay region could bring in political, economic and energy insecurity affecting all the concerned countries. Another dimension this paper explores is the implication of this competition on smaller nations and their role in the larger schemes of the major powers. In order to lay out an exhaustive and holistic view, historical, economic, military, geopolitical and social factors have been taken into account in this research
The Ominous Triangle: China-Taiwanthe United States relationship
Authors: Kuntić Dario 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper examines the complex issue of the triangular relationship between China, Taiwan and the United States. Due to its importance to both China and the United States, Taiwan has burdened the relationship between the two powers as long and as fierce as any. China considers Taiwan an integral part of its territory and has been unwilling to reject the use of force to settle the Taiwan issue. Under these conditions, Taiwan has chosen to balance China by aligning itself with the United States in order to avoid submission or destruction. Although the U.S. supports a “one-China” policy, it is strongly opposed to any move that could change the status quo in the Taiwan Strait by force. While both Beijing and Washington often emphasize positive engagement and dialogue, divergent interests of China and the United States over Taiwan, along with their contest for domination in East Asia, have remained a focal point of contention that could send the two powers on a collision course
The Algebraic Formulation: Why and How to Use it
Authors: Ferretti Elena 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Finite Element, Boundary Element, Finite Volume, and Finite Difference Analysis are all commonly used in nearly all engineering disciplines to simplify complex problems of geometry and change, but they all tend to oversimplify. This paper shows a more recent computational approach developed initially for problems in solid mechanics and electro-magnetic field analysis. It is an algebraic approach, and it offers a more accurate representation of geometric and topological features.
Determination of fracture parameters for interface cracks in transverse isotropic magnetoelectroelastic composites
Authors: Lei Jun , Sun Pengbo , Bui Tinh Quoc 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
To determine fracture parameters of interfacial cracks in transverse isotropic magnetoelectroelastic composites, a displacement extrapolation formula was derived. The matrix-form formula can be applicable for both material components with arbitrary poling directions. The corresponding explicit expression of this formula was obtained for each poling direction normal to the crack plane. This displacement extrapolation formula is only related to the boundary quantities of the extended crack opening displacements across crack faces, which is convenient for numerical applications, especially for BEM. Meantime, an alternative extrapolation formula based on the path-independent J-integral and displacement ratios was presented which may be more adaptable for any domain-based numerical techniques like FEM. A numerical example was presented to show the correctness of these formulae.
A Mechanistic Model of a Passive Autocatalytic Hydrogen Recombiner
Authors: Rożeń Antoni 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
: A passive autocatalytic hydrogen recombiner (PAR) is a self-starting device, without operator action or external power input, installed in nuclear power plants to remove hydrogen from the containment building of a nuclear reactor. A new mechanistic model of PAR has been presented and validated by experimental data and results of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The model allows to quickly and accurately predict gas temperature and composition, catalyst temperature and hydrogen recombination rate. It is assumed in the model that an exothermic recombination reaction of hydrogen and oxygen proceeds at the catalyst surface only, while processes of heat and mass transport occur by assisted natural and forced convection in non-isothermal and laminar gas flow conditions in vertical channels between catalyst plates. The model accounts for heat radiation from a hot catalyst surface and has no adjustable parameters. It can be combined with an equation of chimney draft and become a useful engineering tool for selection and optimisation of catalytic recombiner geometry.
Computational Fluid Dynamics and Experimental Studies of a New Mixing Element in a Static Mixer as a Heat Exchanger
Authors: Konopacki Maciej , Kordas Marian , Fijałkowski Karol , Rakoczy Rafał 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The main aim of this work is to study the thermal efficiency of a new type of a static mixer and to analyse the flow and temperature patterns and heat transfer efficiency. The measurements were carried out for the static mixer equipped with a new mixing insert. The heat transfer enhancement was determined by measuring the temperature profiles on each side of the heating pipe as well as the temperature field inside the static mixer. All experiments were carried out with varying operating parameters for four liquids: water, glycerol, transformer oil and an aqueous solution of molasses. Numerical CFD simulations were carried out using the two-equation turbulence k-ω model, provided by ANSYS Workbench 14.5 software. The proposed CFD model was validated by comparing the predicted numerical results against experimental thermal database obtained from the investigations. Local and global convective heat transfer coefficients and Nusselt numbers were detrmined. The relationship between heat transfer process and hydrodynamics in the static mixer was also presented. Moreover, a comparison of the thermal performance between the tested static mixer and a conventional empty tube was carried out. The relative enhancement of heat transfer was characterised by the rate of relative heat transfer intensification.
Asymmetrical decentralization in Spain – implications for politics and political system/ Decentralizacja niesymetryczna w Hiszpanii – implikacje polityczne i ustrojowe
Authors: Husar Wioletta 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGlobalization processes, weakening position of national states, integration processes, society changes and democratization of systems are just a few of the main determinants of dynamic changes taking place in the twentieth and twenty-first century. Their effects become revealed by, for example, an increasing independece tendencies among nations without their own countries. Spain, for centuries forming a heterogeneous state system, after the fall of the Francoist regime and facing the need for system transformation, has implemented many innovative solutions, especially in the field of territorial decentralization. The intensification of secession demands from the part of autonomous Spanish communities, seems to make introduction of reforms inevitable, reforms that would have to maintain the unity of the monarchy, and on the other hand, to live up to the expectations of the regions.
The right to adequate food as the example of human rights’ interdependence/ Prawo do właściwego wyżywienia jako przykład współzależności praw człowieka
Authors: Szkarłat Monika A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractVienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted on 1993 recognize and affirms that all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated. The right to adequate food as part of the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living (art. 11 CESCR) is inseparable from human dignity and physical survival of human kind.The fulfillment and holistic approach in human rights’ analysis is perceived as an effect of enforcement of human rights’ interdependence. The prerequisite of the right to food realization is the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger. On the other hand, right to adequate food is a wider ontological and legal concept than just the requirement to fight hunger. The proper fulfillment of the right depends on several conditions such as the realization of the right to health, work, education, women rights, rights of the child, property rights, right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications, right to information and freedom of choice etc. The proper explanation of terms such as ‘adequate food’ is a sine qua non indicator for those responsible for human rights’ fulfillment.