bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metacommunity structure in a highly fragmented forest: has deforestation in the Atlantic Forest altered historic biogeographic patterns?
Authors: de la Sancha Noé U. , Higgins C. L. , Presley Steven J. , Strauss Richard E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAimTo determine whether there is evidence of changes in small mammals distributions and emergent metacommunity structure in the Atlantic Forest resulting from extensive habitat loss and fragmentation associated with anthropogenic activities.LocationSouth American Atlantic Forest from northeastern Brazil to eastern Paraguay.MethodsUsing presence–absence data for non‐volant small mammals, we analysed metacommunity structure for communities from 76 fragments distributed throughout Atlantic Forest. We evaluated coherence, range turnover and range boundary clumping for the entire non‐volant small mammal assemblage, marsupials, rodents and sigmodontine rodents separately. β‐diversity based on the multiplicative model was used to estimate the number of compartments (groups of sites with similar species composition) in Clementsian structures, and cluster analysis identified which sites formed compartments. Canonical correspondence analysis determined which environmental factors were associated with the gradients along which metacommunities were structured. Distance‐decay analysis evaluated the spatial structure in small mammal and environmental data, and Mantel tests evaluated correlations between them.ResultsRodent metacommunities had Clementsian structure, whereas marsupials had Gleasonian structure. Compartment locations for rodents were consistent with areas of endemism. Temperature seasonality was most associated with the gradients along which metacommunities were structured. Assemblage and environmental dissimilarity among sites had significant positive relationships with geographic distance.Main conclusionsCompartment locations in Clementsian structures mirrored historical refugium locations and important vicariance events associated with large rivers. Despite extensive deforestation in Atlantic Forest, small mammal distributions are consistent with expectations based on historical biogeography, suggesting that anthropogenic activities have not yet greatly affected geographic distributions of emergent metacommunity structures. However, extinction debt associated with recent fragmentation and habitat loss may exist. Any effective conservation plan for large and fragmented biomes must consider areas of endemism to maintain regional biodiversity and maintain sufficiently large and connected fragments to facilitate rescue effects and minimize effects of extinction debt.
New Start or False Start? The ICC and Electoral Violence in Kenya
Authors: Höhn Sabine 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis article investigates how far the International Criminal Court (ICC) trial of post‐election violence in Kenya represented a new start for Kenyan politics, for international criminal justice in Africa, and for the international response to democratic violence more broadly. For the first time an international criminal court investigated violence associated with the democratic process. The prosecution of instigators of violence was not only a demonstration of a far less patient international approach to a democratic process gone wrong; it also provided the internationally expected response to exceptional levels of violence in the face of domestic inaction. However, it is less clear whether the ICC case represents a new beginning for Kenya. It might be a new start for political accountability in the context of a weak domestic judiciary, but it cannot address the structural root causes of violence that require political reform rather than criminal prosecution.
New Law against an Old State: Land Restitution as a Transition to Justice in Post‐Apartheid South Africa?
Authors: Zenker Olaf 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTBased on a case study of the so‐called ‘Kafferskraal’ land claim, this article scrutinizes the ongoing land restitution process in post‐apartheid South Africa with regard to its capacity to provide a transition towards ‘justice’. After sketching the legal and institutional set‐up of land restitution, the justice of the actual restitution process is explored with reference to conflicting interpretations by various actors involved in this exemplary case. Here, a focus on divergent understandings of what historically constituted valid rights in land as well as forms of past compensation reveals continuing discrepancies regarding the legitimacy of various property regimes. These differences, leading to divergent evaluations of ‘the justice’ of this claim's final outcome, are shown to be ultimately rooted in incompatible logics of exceptionality and the ordinary, which conceive of land restitution in terms of either ‘law making’ or ‘law preserving’. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of such a configuration of land restitution as a measure of transitional justice.
Transitional Justice, States of Emergency and Business as Usual in Sierra Leone
Authors: Anders Gerhard 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis article situates the establishment of the Special Court for Sierra Leone in the wider context of the country's transitional period between 1999 and 2004. During this pivotal period, Sierra Leone experienced a massive state‐building intervention to establish the rule of law and introduce democracy. However, this new beginning was characterized by violent clashes between the leaders of the various warring factions who tried to secure political influence and security after the signing of the Lomé Peace Agreement in 1999. The article examines events that resulted in the unravelling of the peace agreement, the establishment of the Special Court and the arrests of hundreds of suspected rebels under a state of emergency, to show how they undermined the lofty promises of justice made by the representatives of the Special Court and the international community. It reveals the limited scope of the retributive project of international criminal justice at the intersections with the business‐as‐usual political manoeuvres that occurred after the end of the civil war.
Accounting Performance and Capacity Investment Decisions: Evidence from California Hospitals
Authors: Bai Ge , Hsu Sylvia H. , Krishnan Ranjani 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTCapacity decisions involve trade‐offs between the cost of capacity and the opportunity costs of lost sales. Accounting researchers posit that accounting performance provides sufficient information about these trade‐offs and thus can be used to formulate simple rules to assist capacity decisions. Empirical research has not examined the role of accounting information in capacity investment decisions at the department level in a multiproduct firm in the presence of social costs. Empirical analyses using department‐level data from California hospitals for the period 1998–2005 show that hospitals are more likely to make capacity investments in departments with high accounting performance. However, in the presence of demand variability, the association between accounting performance and capacity investment is attenuated because of the resulting increase in noise in accounting performance measures. Thus, the weight on accounting performance as a decision tool for capital investments reduces when there is demand variability. Another factor that reduces the weight on accounting performance is capacity utilization. Higher capacity utilization can lead to turning away or rerouting of patients to other hospitals and negatively impacts reputation and quality of care, which increases the hospital's social costs. Hence, hospitals do not require high accounting performance before investing in a department with high capacity utilization. This empirical evidence of the role of accounting performance in capacity investment decisions fills a gap in the capacity investment literature and furthers our understanding of the interactions between accounting performance and the operational determinants of firms’ capacity investment behavior.
Adoption of Mobile Telephony in Rural India: An Empirical Study
Authors: Gupta Ruchita , Jain Karuna 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTMobile telephony has become one of the major factors driving the social and economic development of a country. The objective of this article is to identify factors affecting the adoption of mobile telephony in rural India and examine their impact on its adoption. An explanatory empirical methodology with sequential design was used for this purpose, and new factors that affect users’ decisions to adopt mobile telephony in rural India were identified. We extended the technology acceptance model by integrating new factors for a developing nation. This study found that ensuring service transparency and identifying opinion leaders in the local community are key requirements for increasing the speed of adoption in the rural India. The findings of this study will provide insights for service providers and policy makers to develop strategies and policies that will enhance mobile telephony adoption in rural India.
Short‐type and conventional single‐balloon enteroscopes for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with surgically altered anatomy: Single‐center experience
Authors: Iwai Tomohisa , Kida Mitsuhiro , Yamauchi Hiroshi , Imaizumi Hiroshi , Koizumi Wasaburo 
Published: April 2014

Background and AimEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is technically challenging in patients with Roux‐en‐Y anastomosis and Billroth‐II anastomosis. Short‐type single‐balloon enteroscope (SBE) was developed to carry out ERCP in postoperative patients with a reconstructed intestine. It is useful because of its good rotational and straightening ability and the availability of various conventional ERCP accessories through the 3.2‐mm working channel, and it has a water‐jet channel.MethodsIn the present study, we compared outcomes between groups with short‐type SBE and conventional SBE.ResultsWith regard to reaching the blind end, mean time to reach the blind end, diagnostic success rate, therapeutic success rate, mean procedure time, and complication rate, there were no statistical differences between the two groups.ConclusionThe results suggest that both types of SBE are equally useful for ERCP in patients with a reconstructed intestine. Short‐type SBE may be more preferable because of its good specification and maneuverability.
Method and timing of resection of superficial non‐ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors
Authors: Kakushima Naomi , Ono Hiroyuki , Takao Toshitatsu , Kanemoto Hideyuki , Sasaki Keiko 
Published: April 2014

Background and AimNon‐ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (NADET) are rare, and there is no consensus regarding treatment indications and methods for superficial lesions. Records of patients with NADET over a 10‐year period were reviewed to clarify the present state of clinical management of superficial NADET.MethodsData related to clinicopathological characteristics, selection of treatment, and outcomes were collected and analyzed.ResultsOf 95 lesions, 73 were either adenoma or mucosal or submucosal invasive cancers. Half of the patients with a biopsy diagnosis of low‐grade adenoma were followed up without treatment. Results of endoscopic resection (ER), including endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for patients with high‐grade adenoma (HGA) or cancer showed a high en bloc resection rate. However, the risk of perforation was high among ESD cases. Surgery was done for patients with a diagnosis of cT1a or cT1b cancer, of which half underwent local resection. An upgrade in pathology between preoperative biopsy and final pathology was observed in 11/13 lesions with a biopsy diagnosis of HGA.ConclusionsSuperficial NADET, including HGA, should be treated endoscopically or surgically. For lesions with no risk of metastasis, local resection by EMR may be reasonable or clinically sufficient regarding the high complication rate of ESD. However, surgery remains a standard treatment for lesions that are technically impossible to remove by ER.
Impact of instrument channel diameter on therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography using balloon‐assisted enteroscopy
Authors: Kawashima Hiroki , Nakamura Masanao , Ohno Eizaburo , Goto Hidemi , Hirooka Yoshiki 
Published: April 2014

Background and AimIn therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) using a balloon‐assisted enteroscope, each instrument insertion requires a long time, which prolongs the duration of the procedure. We conducted a retrospective single‐center study to compare instrument insertability of a double‐balloon enteroscope (DBE) with a 2.8‐mm instrument channel diameter and a prototype short single‐balloon enteroscope (SBE) with a 3.2‐mm instrument channel diameter.MethodsWe used a stop‐watch to measure instrument insertion time from the instrument channel port to the tip of the enteroscope when balloon‐assisted ERC was done. The instruments were divided into two groups (outer diameter larger or smaller than 2 mm). Lengths from the instrument channel port to the tip of the DBE (EI‐530B; FUJIFILM, Tokyo, Japan) and the prototype SBE (SIF‐Y0004‐V01; Olympus Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) were identical (1680 mm). ERC using DBE was carried out in four cases, as was ERC using SBE.ResultsThere was a significant time difference (P = 0.001) when using instruments whose outer diameters were >2 mm (53.5 ± 19.0 s in DBE vs 28.4 ± 8.4 s in SBE).ConclusionThe prototype SBE with a 3.2‐mm channel demonstrated not only that many types of instrument can be used, but also that the time required to insert instruments may be shorter than that with DBE with a 2.8‐mm channel.
Surgical management of superficial non‐ampullary duodenal tumors
Authors: Abe Nobutsugu , Suzuki Yutaka , Masaki Tadahiko , Mori Toshiyuki , Sugiyama Masanori 
Published: April 2014

Background and AimWe present our experiences with the so‐called ‘limited resections’ such as transduodenal excision and local full‐thickness resection for superficial non‐ampullary duodenal tumors (SNADT). The optimal surgical management for SNADT is also discussed.MethodsSix patients with SNADT (adenoma, n = 1; mucosal carcinomas, n = 2; submucosal carcinoma, n = 1; carcinoids, n = 2) were included in this study. Four patients underwent transduodenal excision, one local full‐thickness resection, and one laparoscopy‐assisted endoscopic full‐thickness resection as a modification of local full‐thickness resection.ResultsAll patients were successfully treated by these limited resections without any adverse events.ConclusionsSurgical resection is the treatment of choice for SNADT not amenable to endoscopic resection in terms of technical and/or oncological reasons. However, the optimal surgical management for SNADT remains controversial because of the complexity of the relevant anatomy of the duodenum, its rarity, the not well‐known incidence of nodal metastasis, and the wide spectrum of pathologies that can be encountered.
Endoscopic features and management of diminutive colorectal submucosal invasive carcinoma
Authors: Oka Shiro , Tanaka Shinji , Nakadoi Koichi , Asayama Naoki , Chayama Kazuaki 
Published: April 2014

Background and AimThe vast majority of diminutive (∼5 mm) colorectal tumors consist of a very low prevalence of advanced neoplasia, and a predict‐resect‐and‐discard policy has been proposed recently in Western countries. The histology of some diminutive colorectal tumors reveals carcinoma, not adenoma, although the frequency is relatively low. Clarifying the endoscopic features of diminutive submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma (CRC) during colonoscopy is important for managing diminutive lesions.MethodsA total of 111 cases of submucosal invasive CRC ≤10 mm were analyzed. The incidence of submucosal invasion in early CRC per gross type, size, location, pit pattern diagnosis, and rate of lymph node (LN) metastasis was evaluated.ResultsIn diminutive tumors, the overall submucosal invasion rate in early CRC was 9.6%; however, depressed tumors had a significantly higher frequency of submucosal invasion than protruded or flat elevated tumors. There were no significant differences in the distribution of submucosal invasive CRC between the diminutive tumors and those that were 6–10 mm. The pit pattern diagnosis of diminutive submucosal invasive CRC was type VI pit pattern in all cases. Each case of submucosal invasive CRC was completely resected by en bloc endoscopic resection, and there were no cases of LN metastasis.ConclusionDiminutive tumors with depression have a high frequency of submucosal invasive CRC and an initial indication for endoscopic resection.
Diagnostic algorithm of magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging for superficial non‐ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors
Authors: Kikuchi Daisuke , Hoteya Shu , Iizuka Toshiro , Kimura Ryusuke , Kaise Mitsuru 
Published: April 2014

Background and AimA novel diagnostic algorithm for magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging (ME‐NBI) for superficial non‐ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (SNADET) is needed because of diagnostic difficulties.MethodsIn the present study, ME‐NBI images taken prior to endoscopic treatment were retrospectively analyzed to investigate the relationship between ME‐NBI findings and pathological findings. Lesions displaying a single surface pattern were classified as monotype, and those displaying multiple surface patterns as mixed type. Surface pattern was classified as preserved, micrified, or absent. In addition, vascular pattern was classified as absent, network, intrastructural vascular (ISV), or unclassified.ResultsAccording to the revised Vienna classification, 100% (23/23) of mixed‐type lesions were category 4/5 tumors, whereas approximately 50% (10/23) of monotype lesions were category 3 tumors. In the monotype lesions, the probability of category 4/5 tumor was 100% (2/2) in lesions with an unclassified vascular pattern, 64.3% (9/14) in lesions with an ISV pattern, 33.3% (1/3) in lesions with an absent pattern, and 25.0% (1/4) in lesions with a network pattern.ConclusionThese findings suggest the possibility of developing an effective diagnostic algorithm for ME‐NBI for SNADET by determining their surface pattern and vascular pattern.
Evaluation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography using a newly developed short‐type single‐balloon endoscope in patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy
Authors: Shimatani Masaaki , Takaoka Makoto , Ikeura Tsukasa , Mitsuyama Toshiyuki , Okazaki Kazuichi 
Published: April 2014

Background and AimEndoscopic approaches for pancreatobiliary diseases in patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy had been impractical until the development of balloon‐assisted endoscope (BAE) made it feasible. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of a newly developed short‐type single‐balloon endoscope (s‐SBE) for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with altered gastrointestinal anatomy.MethodsFrom March 2013 to November 2013, s‐SBE‐assisted ERCP was done in our hospital in 26 postoperative patients who had surgically altered anatomy. We retrospectively evaluated the success rate of reaching the blind end, the mean time required to reach the blind end, the diagnostic success rate, the therapeutic success rate, the mean procedure time, and complications.ResultsThe success rate of reaching the blind end was 92.3%. The mean time required to reach the blind end was 25.3 min. The diagnostic success rate was 91.7%. The diagnostic success rate for naïve papilla was 75%. The mean procedure time was 56.0 min. The success rate of overall s‐SBE‐assisted ERCP was 84.6%. The complication rate was 3.8%.ConclusionDiagnostic and therapeutic ERCP using a newly developed s‐SBE is sufficiently effective.
Asserting The Primacy of Health Over Patent Rights: A Comparative Study of the Processes that Led to the Use of Compulsory Licensing in Thailand and Brazil
Authors: Rosenberg Stephanie T. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSince the 1970s, the United States has adopted a trade policy agenda that has forced countries to trade away flexible patent provisions for access to US markets. While pharmaceutical companies have argued that the recognition of patent rights is essential for recovering investments in research and development of pharmaceuticals and incentivizing future innovation, the lack of competition has had damaging consequences for public health, as companies tend to set the prices of treatments beyond the reach of consumers and government programs. Thailand and Brazil are bound by law to provide universal access to anti‐retroviral treatment (ART) to People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This has been made possible in part due to the universal health care systems in each country and the countries' local technical and industrial capacities that provide the government with affordable generic medicines. The introduction of stronger intellectual property protection laws however, has limited possibilities for procuring generic medicines and inflated the cost of treatment. Between 2006–2008, Thailand and Brazil used compulsory licensing to authorize generic competition against the consent of the pharmaceutical companies in order to guarantee the right to health and ensure the viability of government health budgets. This paper will demonstrate how the interaction between individual / collective action and structural and institutional elements in Thailand and Brazil produced propitious conditions for each country to assert the primacy of health over patent rights.
Bioethics in the Malay‐Muslim Community inMalaysia: A Study on the Formulation ofFatwaon Genetically Modified Food by the National Fatwa Council
Authors: Isa Noor Munirah , Baharuddin Azizan , Man Saadan , Chang Lee Wei 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe field of bioethics aims to ensure that modern scientific and technological advancements have been primarily developed for the benefits of humankind. This field is deeply rooted in the traditions of Western moral philosophy and socio‐political theory. With respect to the view that the practice of bioethics in certain community should incorporate religious and cultural elements, this paper attempts to expound bioethical tradition of the Malay‐Muslim community inMalaysia, with shedding light on the mechanism used by the National Fatwa Council to evaluate whether an application of biological sciences is ethical or not. By using the application of the genetically modified food as a case study, this study has found that the council had reviewed the basic guidelines in the main references ofshari'ahin order to make decision on the permissibility of the application. Thefatwais made after having consultation with the experts in science field. The council has taken all factors into consideration and given priority to the general aim ofshari'ahwhich to serve the interests of mankind and to save them from harm.