bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competing goals draw attention to effort, which then enters cost-benefit computations as input
Authors: Hennecke Marie , Freund Alexandra M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDifferent to Kurzban et al., we conceptualize the experience of mental effort as the subjective costs of goal pursuit (i.e., the amount of invested resources relative to the amount of available resources). Rather than being anoutputof computations that compare costs and benefits of the target and competing goals, effort enters these computations as aninput.
SEMIAUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATORS FOR IN-HOSPITAL EARLY DEFIBRILLATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Nocchi Federico , Derrico Pietro , Masucci Gerardina , Capussotto Carlo , Cecchetti Corrado , Ritrovato Matteo 
Published: February 2014

Objectives: Semiautomated external defibrillators (AEDs) should be considered as a means to facilitate in-hospital early defibrillation (IHED) in areas where advanced life support rescuers are not readily available. In this study, we aimed to develop a checklist and a measurement protocol to evaluate and compare AEDs by assessing factors that may affect IHED.Methods: A clinical and technical comparison of six AEDs was performed. Technical specifications were analyzed, while an emergency team evaluated ergonomics and appropriateness for IHED at Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital. A measurement protocol was implemented, which aimed to assess the ability of defibrillators to recognize shockable and nonshockable rhythms, accuracy of delivered energy, and charging time.Results: Designs of AEDs differed in several features which influence their appropriateness for IHED. Some units showed poor ergonomics and instructions/feedback for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Differences between defibrillators in recognizing shockable and nonshockable rhythms emerged for polymorphic ventricular tachycardia waveforms and when the frequency and amplitude of input signals varied. Tests for accuracy revealed poor performances at low and high impedance levels for most AEDs. Notably, differences greater than 20 seconds were found in the time from power-on to “ready for discharge.”Conclusions: The approach we used to assess AEDs allowed us to evaluate their appropriateness with respect to the organizational context, to measure their parameters, and to compare models. Results showed that ergonomics and/or performances (timing and accuracy) could be improved in each device.
Aspects of the biology of the parasitic copepods Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus on farmed salmonids, and their treatment
Authors: Wootten R. , Smith John W. , Needham E. A. 
Published: February 2014

SynopsisThe general biology and pathology of Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus and the prevention and treatment of such ‘sea-lice’ infestations on farmed salmonids are described from the literature and original observations. The life-cycle of L. salmonis and probably also that of C. elongatus comprises the egg and 10 stages separated by moults, namely, two nauplius, one infective copepodite, four chalimus, two pre-adult and the adult (male and female) stages. Water temperature greatly affects the rate of development, especially for early larval stages. Heavy infestations of wild fish seem rare, and lice are lost fairly rapidly in freshwater. In Scotland at least L. salmonis shows a succession of generations on farmed salmonids; generation time is about six weeks at 9–12 C. Post-chalimus stages of C. elongatus may exchange between farmed salmonids and wild fish (especially gadoids). Epizootics (particularly with L. salmonis) cause great damage to salmonids in Norwegian and Scottish farms largely through feeding on host skin. The dermis is oedematous and haemorrhaged where lice feed, and blood seeps between scales; deaths probably result from osmoregulatory failure. Whilst prevention of infestation is difficult, a bath treatment for 1 h with 1 ppm of the organophosphorus compound Dichlorvos is effective against post-chalimus stages of L. salmonis on caged salmonids. Side effects are minimal and clearance rates from fish tissues satisfactory, but treatment may be required every 3–4 weeks.
First use of an intra-pericardial continuous flow ventricular assist device in a child with muscular dystrophy
Authors: Davies Ryan R. , Priest Marc , Pizarro Christian 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHeart failure is a common cause of death in patients with muscular dystrophy. Mechanical support may be an important component of long-term heart failure therapy in these patients. We present a report of a child with muscular dystrophy successfully implanted with a Heartware HVAD.
Bringing the Party Back In: How the DPJ Diminished Prospects for Japanese Agricultural Trade Liberalization under the TPP
Authors: GEORGE MULGAN AURELIA 
Published: February 2014

AbstractChanges to the institutional structure of trade policymaking are important to understanding why Japan remained largely on the sidelines of the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (TPP) negotiations in 2010-2012. The Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) embarked on a series of changes to policymaking institutions, which initially empowered the prime minister and cabinet at the expense of pro-agriculture backbenchers in the ruling party. However, the potential for a breakthrough on farm trade substantially diminished as the institutional reforms were reversed, allowing political supporters of domestic farm interests once more to assert their voice and influence in trade policymaking. Tracing the process of DPJ government decision-making on the TPP reveals that ‘bringing the party back in’ was a major factor in preventing Japan's formally joining the TPP negotiations, despite the strong pro-TPP sentiments of DPJ prime ministers, thus limiting prospects for agricultural trade liberalization.
Middle Powers and the Rise of China: ‘Identity Norms’ of Dependency and Activism and the Outlook for Japan–South Korea Relationsvis-à-visthe Great Powers
Authors: SON KEY-YOUNG 
Published: February 2014

AbstractHow do state identities and their accompanying norms affect security behaviour especially when states consider forming alliances or alignments? Are middle powers different from great powers in their security norms and preferences? This article identifiesdependencyandactivismas two ‘identity norms’ that constitute and reproduce medium-sized states asbona fidemiddle powers. This article argues that, due to the identity norms of a middle power, Japan and South Korea are reluctant to form a bilateral alliance between themselves and their efforts to socialize with China do not necessarily contradict their security relationships with the United States. The first section focuses on the norm of dependency to illustrate whether Japan and South Korea sought to strengthen bilateral alignment in the event of major security crises, provoked by China and North Korea. It argues that a middle power is not disposed to strengthen alignment with another middle power in the event of a national security crisis because of its entrenched norm of dependency on a great power. The second section elaborates the norm of middle power activism. Both Japan and South Korea have engaged in diplomatic efforts to enmesh China in a number of multilateral security mechanisms in order to hedge against the relative decline of US influences in East Asia.
Edge contact dependent spin transport for n-type doping zigzag-graphene with asymmetric edge hydrogenation
Authors: Deng Xiaoqing , Zhang Zhenhua , Tang Guiping , Fan Zhiqiang , Zhu Huali , Yang Changhu 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSpin transport features of the n-type doping zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) with an edge contact are investigated by first principle methods, where ZGNRs are C–H2 bonded at one edge while C–H bonded at the other to form an asymmetric edge hydrogenation. The results show that a perfect spin filtering effect (100%) in such ZGNR nanojunctions can be achieved in a very large bias region for the unchanged spin states regardless of bias polarities and the nanojunction with a contact of two C–H2 bonded edges has larger spin polarized current than that with a contact of two C–H bonded edges. The transmission pathways and the projected density of states (PDOS) demonstrate that the edge of C-H2 bonds play a crucial role for the spin magnetism and spin-dependent transport properties. Moreover, the negative differential resistance (NDR) effect is also observed in the spin-polarized current.
Flower-Shaped Domains and Wrinkles in Trilayer Epitaxial Graphene on Silicon Carbide
Authors: Lalmi B. , Girard J. C. , Pallecchi E. , Silly M. , David C. , Latil S. , Sirotti F. , Ouerghi A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTrilayer graphene is of particular interest to the 2D materials community because of its unique tunable electronic structure. However, to date, there is a lack of fundamental understanding of the properties of epitaxial trilayer graphene on silicon carbide. Here, following successful synthesis of large-area uniform trilayer graphene, atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the trilayer graphene on 6H-SiC(0001) was uniform over a large scale. Additionally, distinct defects, identified as flower-shaped domains and isolated wrinkle structures, were observed randomly on the surface using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS). These carbon nanostructures formed during growth, has different structural and electronic properties when compared with the adjacent flat regions of the graphene. Finally, using low temperature STM/STS at 4K, we found that the isolated wrinkles showed an irreversible rotational motion between two 60° configurations at different densities of states.
Cost‐effective sampling clock synchronisation scheme with its implementation in optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems
Authors: Chen Junchao , Li Yingchun , Song Yingxiong , Zhang Qianwu 
Published: February 2014

A cost‐effective scheme for sampling clock synchronisation based on the interpolation algorithm is proposed and implemented via field programmable gate array (FPGA). This scheme can provide a simpler and more economical achievement than the schemes that utilise expensive external clock recovery circuits. Low system complexity is another advantage of the proposed scheme due to the utilisation of the results of the frame synchronisation. Besides, a novel fractional sampling interval calculating algorithm which aims to calculate the fractional sampling time offset in a sampling interval is also proposed and this simpler operation algorithm based on least squares method is proved to fully satisfy the multi‐subcarrier characteristic of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol. The design and experimental results of a 2.5 Gb/s FPGA‐based optical OFDM receiver by using the scheme that was proposed earlier are presented here. A major improvement in this scheme for sampling clock synchronisation is demonstrated to be suitable for practical application.
Molecular profiling ofMycobacterium tuberculosisidentifies tuberculosinyl nucleoside products of the virulence-associated enzyme Rv3378c
Authors: Layre Emilie , Lee Ho Jun , Young David C. , Jezek Martinot Amanda , Buter Jeffrey , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Annand John W. , Fortune Sarah M. , Snider Barry B. , Matsunaga Isamu , Rubin Eric J. , Alber Tom , Moody D. Branch 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceWhereas most mycobacteria do not cause disease,Mycobacterium tuberculosiskills more than one million people each year. To better understand whyMycobacterium tuberculosisis virulent and to discover chemical markers of this pathogen, we compare its lipid profile with that of the attenuated but related mycobacterium,Mycobacterium bovisBacillus Calmette–Guérin. This strategy identified a previously unknownMycobacterium tuberculosis-specific lipid, 1-tuberculosinyladenosine, which is produced by the Rv3378c enzyme. The crystal structure of Rv3378c provides information supporting drug design to inhibit prenyl transfer. Discovery of 1-tuberculosinyladenosine provides insight into howMycobacterium tuberculosisresists killing in macrophages and a new target for diagnosing tuberculosis disease.
Effector and central memory T helper 2 cells respond differently to peptide immunotherapy
Authors: Mackenzie Karen J. , Nowakowska Dominika J. , Leech Melanie D. , McFarlane Amanda J. , Wilson Claire , Fitch Paul M. , O’Connor Richard A. , Howie Sarah E. M. , Schwarze Jürgen , Anderton Stephen M. 
Published: February 2014

SignificancePeptide immunotherapy (PIT) of ongoing allergy must control “memory” T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Memory T cells can be subdivided into effector memory T cells (Tem), which seem to be involved in immediate immune responses, and central memory T cells (Tcm), which are thought to provide long-term memory. We show that PIT can control allergic lung disease more effectively when the disease is driven by Tem Th2 cells, rather than by Tcm Th2 cells. PIT-treated Tcm remained more responsive to allergen, with a greater capacity to produce inflammatory Th2 cytokines in the lung. These were suppressed in PIT-treated Tem. These differences are important for clinical translation of PIT, because Tcm may be particularly dominant in some seasonal allergic conditions, such as hay fever.
Crystal structure of the proteasomal deubiquitylation module Rpn8-Rpn11
Authors: Pathare Ganesh Ramnath , Nagy István , Śledź Paweł , Anderson Daniel J. , Zhou Han-Jie , Pardon Els , Steyaert Jan , Förster Friedrich , Bracher Andreas , Baumeister Wolfgang 
Published: February 2014

Significance
The 26S proteasome is a multiprotein complex that degrades proteins marked for destruction by the covalent attachment of polyubiquitin chains. Proteasome activity is essential for the removal of damaged, potentially toxic proteins and for the regulation of numerous cellular processes. Multiple crystal structures of the Rpn8-Rpn11 heterodimer, which is responsible for the removal of polyubiquitin tags before substrate degradation in the proteasome, provide insight into how substrate unfolding and isopeptide bond cleavage might be coupled, and how premature activation of this module is prevented. Its accurate function ensures timely degradation of substrates and, ultimately, the replenishment of the limited cellular pool of free ubiquitin.
Robust Hamiltonicity of Dirac graphs
Authors: Krivelevich Michael , Lee Choongbum , Sudakov Benny 
Published: February 2014

A graph is Hamiltonian if it contains a cycle which passes through every vertex of the graph exactly once. A classical theorem of Dirac from 1952 asserts that every graph on

n
n

vertices with minimum degree at least

n

/

2

n/2

is Hamiltonian. We refer to such graphs as Dirac graphs. In this paper we extend Dirac’s theorem in two directions and show that Dirac graphs are robustly Hamiltonian in a very strong sense. First, we consider a random subgraph of a Dirac graph obtained by taking each edge independently with probability

p
p

, and prove that there exists a constant

C
C

such that if

p
≥
C
log
⁡
n

/

n

p \ge C \log n / n

, then a.a.s. the resulting random subgraph is still Hamiltonian. Second, we prove that if a

(
1
:
b
)

(1:b)

Maker-Breaker game is played on a Dirac graph, then Maker can construct a Hamiltonian subgraph as long as the bias

b
b

is at most

c
n

/

log
⁡
n

cn /\log n

for some absolute constant

c
>
0

c > 0

. Both of these results are tight up to a constant factor, and are proved under one general framework.
Environmental dependence of star formation law in the disk and center of IC 342
Authors: Pan Hsi-An , Kuno Nario , Hirota Akihiko 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
The Kennicutt–Schmidt (K–S) law in IC 342 is examined using the 12CO-to-H2 conversion factor (XCO,v), which depends on the metallicity and CO intensity. Additionally, an optically thin 13CO (1–0) is also independently used to analyze the K–S law. XCO,v is two to three times lower than the galactic standard XCO in the galactic center and approximately two times higher than XCO at the disk. The surface densities of molecular gas ($\Sigma_{\mathrm{H_{2}}}$) derived from 12CO and 13CO are consistent with the environment in a high-$\Sigma _{\mathrm{H_{2}}}$ region. By comparing the K–S law in the disk and the central regions of IC 342, we found that the power law index of the K–S law (N) increases toward the central region. Furthermore, the dependence of N on $\Sigma _{\mathrm{H_{2}}}$ is observed. Specifically, N increases with $\Sigma _{\mathrm{H_{2}}}$. The derived N in this work and previous observations are consistent with the implication that star formation is likely triggered by gravitational instability in the disk (low-$\Sigma _{\mathrm{H_{2}}}$ region) of IC 342 and both gravitational instability and cloud–cloud collisions in the central region (high-$\Sigma _{\mathrm{H_{2}}}$ regime). In addition, the increasing N toward the high-$\Sigma _{\mathrm{H_{2}}}$ domain also matches the theoretical prediction regarding the properties of giant molecular clouds. The results of IC 342 are supported by the same analysis of other nearby galaxies.
Investigating speciation in face of polyploidization: what can we learn from approximate Bayesian computation approach?
Authors: Roux Camille , Pannell John R. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTDespite its importance in the diversification of many eucaryote clades, particularly plants, detailed genomic analysis of polyploid species is still in its infancy, with published analysis of only a handful of model species to date. Fundamental questions concerning the origin of polyploid lineages (e.g., auto- vs. allopolyploidy) and the extent to which polyploid genomes display disomic vs. polysomic vs. heterosomic inheritance are poorly resolved for most polyploids, not least because they have hitherto required detailed karyotypic analysis or the analysis of allele segregation at multiple loci in pedigrees or artificial crosses, which are often not practical for non-model species. However, the increasing availability of sequence data for non-model species now presents an opportunity to apply established approaches for the evolutionary analysis of genomic data to polyploid species complexes. Here, we ask whether approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), applied to sequence data produced by next-generation sequencing technologies from polyploid taxa, allows correct inference of the evolutionary and demographic history of polyploid lineages and their close relatives. We use simulations to investigate how the number of sampled individuals, the number of surveyed loci and their length affect the accuracy and precision of evolutionary and demographic inferences by ABC, including the mode of polyploidisation, mode of inheritance of polyploid taxa, the relative timing of genome duplication and speciation, and effective populations sizes of contributing lineages. We also apply the ABC framework we develop to sequence data from diploid and polyploidy species of the plant genusCapsella, for which we infer an allopolyploid origin for tetraC. bursa-pastoris≈ 90,000 years ago. In general, our results indicate that ABC is a promising and powerful method for uncovering the origin and subsequent evolution of polyploid species.
Psychosocial and physical activity behaviour among adults with intellectual disabilities in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Ada Suet Ying 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to get information on the background, demographic data and the lifestyle of adults with intellectual disability in Hong Kong shelter workshop; to get information on physical activity behaviour and psychosocial behaviour of adults with intellectual disability in Hong Kong sheltered workshop; to assess the concurrent validity and reliability of the baseline interview questionnaire (BIQ-C); and a trial run to test the feasibility on running a larger scale of study in future.

Design/methodology/approach
– Psychosocial behaviour was assessed by BIQ-C (Heller et al., 2006) with sub-scale self-efficacy, outcome expectation, barrier to exercise; and physical activity assessment by pedometers. The participants completed the BIQ-C with an interviewer on fifth day morning before started work. Both step counts were collected and activity data were recorded in a log book separately during working hours and non-working hours on each four consecutive weekdays.

Findings
– The percentage of obesity was serious among adults with intellectual disability in HK, especially on women; and adults with intellectual disability had more walking step counts in non-working time compared with that at working time, which was considered “low active” (5,000-7,499 step per day) in physical activity level. Besides, both male and female participants had high outcome expectation, barrier to exercise and low self-efficacy. Results showed that BIQ-C was valid and reliable as an outcome measure to be used for intellectual disability.

Research limitations/implications
– The sample represented adults with mild to moderate intellectual disability which were based on a centre supervisor
'
s confirmation, and then subjects were randomly selected to participate. The results were based on mild to moderate grade participants wearing pedometer for four consecutive days, for those who were unable to wear the pedometer by themselves were excluded from this study (severe intellectual disability). Moreover, the results only reflect the number of steps during weekdays, there was no data on weekends.

Practical implications
– Assessment tools are valid and reliable among adults with intellectual disability in Hong Kong. Study showed that running a larger scale of intervention is possible and feasible in sheltered workshop.

Originality/value
– There is relatively little information on the physical activity patterns and psychosocial behaviour of workers with intellectual disability in Hong Kong, intervention may help understanding and promote health in this population.
Mentoring relationships among managerial and professional women in Turkey
Authors: Koyuncu Mustafa , J. Burke Ronald , Alayoglu Nihat , Wolpin Jacob 
Published: February 2014

Purpose– Although qualified women are still underrepresented at ranks of senior management in all countries, considerable progress has been made in identifying work experiences associated with career success and advancement. The studies of mentor relationships in North America have shown that women receiving more functions from their mentors reported benefits such as greater job and career satisfaction, and female mentors provided more psychosocial functions than did male mentors. The present study examined antecedents and consequences of mentor relationships in a sample of managerial and professional women working for a large organization in Turkey. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– Data were collected from 192 women managers and professionals using anonymously completed questionnaires.Findings– The following results were obtained: having a mentor relationship had little impact on work outcomes, female and male mentors generally provided the same mentor functions, and mentor functions had little impact on work outcomes.Practical implications– Highlights the potential role of both organizational and societal values in mentoring programs.Originality/value– These findings are at odds with previously reported results obtained in Anglo-Saxon countries. Possible explanations for the failure to find previously reported benefits of mentoring are offered.