bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of antifungal prophylaxis and fungal diagnostic tests employed in malignant haematology and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) inAustralia andNewZealand
Authors: van Hal S. J. , Gilroy N. M. , Morrissey C. O. , Worth L. J. , Szer J. , Tam C. S. , Chen S. C. , Thursky K. A. , Slavin M. A. 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis article reports the findings of a survey developed to assess the current use of antifungal prophylaxis among haematology and infectious disease clinicians across Australia andNewZealand, and their alignment with existing consensus guidelines for the use of antifungal agents in the haematology/oncology setting (published 2008). Surveyed clinicians largely followed the current recommendations for prophylaxis in the setting of induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia, as well as autologous and low‐risk allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In keeping with guideline recommendations, posaconazole was the agent used by most centres for high‐risk allogeneicHSCT. However, its routine continuation for 75–100 days post‐transplantation without de‐escalation suggested use beyond those indications described in the 2008 guidelines, namely pre‐engraftment neutropenia and graft‐versus‐host disease. Variations in practice were observed in other settings, such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome, reflecting the general lack of evidence for antifungal prophylaxis in these patient populations and changing perceptions of risk. With regard to the availability of testing in cases of suspected breakthroughIFD, 40% of centres did not have access to investigative bronchoscopy within 48 h of referral, and results ofAspergillusgalactomannan (GM), fungal polymerase chain reaction and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) were not available within 48 h in 83%, 90% and 85% of centres respectively. The survey's findings will influence the recommendations provided in the updated 2014 consensus guidelines for the use of antifungal agents in the haematology/oncology setting.
Hybrid Views in Meta‐ethics: Pragmatic Views
Authors: Fletcher Guy 
Published: December 2014

AbstractA common starting point for ‘going hybrid’ is the thought that moral discourse somehow combines belief and desire‐like aspects, or is both descriptive and expressive. Hybrid meta‐ethical theories aim to give an account of moral discourse that is sufficiently sensitive to both its cognitive and its affective, or descriptive and expressive, dimensions. They hold at least one of the following: (i) moral thought: moral judgements have belief and desire‐like aspects or elements; (ii) moral language: moral utterances both ascribe properties and express desire‐like attitudes. This entry concerns hybrid theories of moral language. The main division within such theories is between those treating the expression of desire‐like attitudes (hereafter ‘attitudes’) as semantic and those treating it as pragmatic. This entry exclusively focuses on pragmatic forms of (ii) and examines the prospects for treating moral attitude expression as working via certain standard pragmatic mechanisms. I explain these mechanisms, outline the properties that standardly define them, and test to see whether moral attitude expression matches them. At the end, I briefly explain a more minimal pragmatic alternative. The main conclusions are that we should disregard presupposition and conventional implicature views and that the most plausible options for a pragmatic hybrid view are a generalised conversational implicature view and a more minimal pragmatic view.
Adam Smith on Markets and Justice
Authors: Herzog Lisa 
Published: December 2014

AbstractThis paper discusses Adam Smith's views of social justice. It first describes Smith's optimistic view of markets, for example with regard to the absence of negative externalities, which implies that he considered certain normative problems to be the exception rather than the rule. Then, Smith's views on redistribution are discussed: although he is sympathetic to progressive taxation, his main focus remains on free markets, which can partly be explained by his distrust of politicians. If one takes a closer look as Smith's views of markets, however, it turns out that one of the reasons why he endorses them is their distributive features. He saw them as an antidote to the inequalities of the feudal age, offering all individuals an opportunity to work their way up to a decent standard of living and leading to more equality in the long run. Thus, Smith's account, while out‐dated in certain ways, can serve as an inspiration for thinking about distributive justice not only as a question of redistributive taxation but also as a question of the institutional design of markets.
Enhancing Liquid Hydrocarbon Pipeline Leak Detection Using Instrumented Aerial Surveillance
Authors: Banica Adrian , Waslen Doug , Tolton Boyd T. 
Published: December 2014

Suncor Energy Inc. contacted Synodon as part of an effort to enhance pipeline leak detection. Ideally, Suncor needed a technology that could detect natural gas as well as liquid hydrocarbon releases. Synodon’s new technology is an aircraft mounted gas remote sensing instrument that has been used for detecting leaks from natural gas pipelines for over four (4) years and was expanding their capability to include liquid hydrocarbons.
This paper will describe the steps that Suncor and Synodon have taken over the last two years to develop and validate this detection technology. Synodon completed a number of studies including laboratory and field tests that demonstrated the ability of Synodon’s technology to remotely detect ground-level plumes of vapours released from a liquid hydrocarbon pipeline.
Synodon conducted full atmospheric analytic modeling followed by laboratory measurements to determine the level of sensitivity of its instrument measurement to both methane and various liquid hydrocarbon vapors including gasoline, condensates and synthetic crude oil. Suncor participated in the development of test methodology and field execution in order to witness and validate the results.
Based on this work, Suncor has determined an optimum inspection frequency based on theoretical spill size, SCADA leak detection thresholds and conventional aerial patrol constraints.
The results and conclusions of this work will be presented.
Interpretation and Evaluation of Near Girth Weld, Short Axial Cracks in a Petroleum Pipeline
Authors: Chebaro Mohamed R. , Hugger Achim F. , Ironside Scott D. , Garcia Luis A. Torres , Rusu Dorin I. 
Published: December 2014

A Canadian crude oil pipeline presented a unique cracking mechanism exhibited by short, branched axial cracks located in the vicinity of girth welds. These attributes, among others, translated into added depth sizing complexity for ultrasonic crack in-line inspection (ILI) tools. The scope presented in this paper encompasses results from three crack ILIs carried out between 2011 and 2013.
The assessment and mitigation of such atypical cracks required innovative interpretation and evaluation techniques. First, unique ILI analysis approaches and reporting criteria were implemented and validated beyond established design specifications. The goal was to characterize the very short features at girth welds, while understanding and managing sizing limitations associated with conventional ILI analysis methods. This was attained from a laboratory ILI pull-testing program performed on field cut-outs containing cracks of interest, in addition to detailed non-destructive examinations (NDE) completed in field and laboratory settings. Second, customized, depth-independent, likelihood-based evaluation criteria were developed to identify and mitigate cracking with such distinct attributes. The ensuing model was then validated against a comprehensive field NDE program using different sizing techniques (e.g., Phased Array and Multi-angle Shear Wave). This paper highlights the key findings from the analytical, experimental and field studies and describes the novel methodology followed in the assessment of crack-related features reported by ILI.
Bicarbonate, Temperature, and pH Influences on the Passivation of API-X100 Pipeline Steel in Simulated Groundwater Solutions
Authors: Gadala Ibrahim M. , Alfantazi Akram 
Published: December 2014

The influence of bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) concentration and related environmental parameters such as pH and temperature on the passivation of API-X100 pipeline steel is the focus of this investigation. NS4 solution simulating groundwater trapped under disbonded coatings at regions where near-neutral stress corrosion cracking (SCC) occurs was used as a reference. Bicarbonate content in the solutions was increased steadily and the critical HCO3− concentration at which passivation becomes evident is found using potentiodynamic polarization sweeps. Multi-step dissolution is observed especially in higher pH solutions, owing to the involvement of hydroxide ions (OH−) in the adsorption of hydrous Fe(OH)2. Dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS) is used to study and compare interfacial processes in active, pre-passive, passive, and trans-passive regions. The results of the potentiodynamic and DEIS tests achieve good agreement.
The protective properties of the passive film formed at three different HCO3− concentrations (critical passivation and two higher concentrations) and temperatures (25, 50, and 75 °C) are studied. The combined effect of HCO3− and temperature resulted in a pH range from ∼6.7 to 9.3 for the nine conditions in the corresponding test matrix. Passive films were formed at a suitable anodic potential and then studied with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Mott-Schottky, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests. Evidence of adsorption and diffusion, in addition to significant resistance from the passive film, is observed and accounted for in the equivalent circuit, which achieved good correspondence when fitted with the experimental data. The protective properties of the overall passive film are enhanced with increased bicarbonate and decreased temperature. Positive slopes in the Mott-Schottky plots reveal the n-type semi-conductive behavior of the passive films in all conditions and the CV results highlight the proposed reaction sequences occurring in different potential scan regions. CV measurements also confirm the enhanced protective properties of passive films with increased bicarbonate and lower temperatures observed in the EIS analysis.
IWEX: New Horizons for Pipeline Girth-Weld AUT Inspection
Authors: Portzgen Niels , Deleye Xavier , Gaffard Vincent , van der Ent Jan , Schouten Jasper 
Published: December 2014

AUT inspections of pipeline girth-welds are increasingly performed in the context of strain or fatigue sensitive applications (such as arctic, deepwater or ultra deepwater applications) with increased O&G companies’ requirements in terms of reliability, sensitivity and accuracy.
Commonly used ultrasonic girth weld solutions (based on the Zone Discrimination Technique) exhibits some weaknesses and limitations. The performance of the inspection (probability of detection “PoD” and sizing accuracy) strongly depends on geometric and metallurgical properties such as:
- wall thickness variations,
- UT probes positioning (as a result of band and scanner positioning),
- surface conditions,
- flaw type and orientation
- pipe to pipe alignment
- Geometry information (cap and root profiles) cannot effectively be extracted from AUT scans and defects interaction rules are very difficult to apply.
To reach a high confidence level in AUT inspection PoD and sizing accuracy, extensive and time consuming qualification programs as well as project specific qualification tests are carried out. By way of consequence, from an operating O&G Company point of view, there is a strong interest to promote the development of new inspection methods with lower sensitivity to equipment settings and less operator dependency and possibly reduced qualification requirements.
Inverse Wave Field Extrapolation (IWEX) is an image reconstruction process from UT propagated waves that, until now, was mainly used in seismic exploration. Recently, APPLUS RTD has pushed forward the technology to make it applicable to pipeline girth-weld inspection not only for onshore applications but also for an offshore lay barge context (e.g. with high productivity requirements).
In this paper, the weaknesses of the zone discrimination technique are first described and the areas where IWEX should bring improvements are highlighted. The IWEX technology is then described and an IWEX technology qualification route, matching both expectations of an AUT solutions provider and an O&G Operating company, is proposed.
The results of the qualification tests performed so far (including tests on defective welds) are detailed and the technology readiness level is discussed.
Recommendations for next qualification and operational steps are given.
Assessing the Probability of Detecting Crack Features Using Ultrasonic In-Line Inspection Tool Run Results and Excavation Data
Authors: Lu Dongliang , Skow Jason , Keane Sean 
Published: December 2014

The probability of detection (POD) describes the ability of an in-line inspection (ILI) tool to detect cracks and is one of the key performance indicators for ILI system qualification. The POD of an ILI tool is often specified by the vendor as the probability of a feature above a certain threshold size being detected by the tool. To verify the POD performance of ILI tools, selected pipeline sections from the ILI runs are excavated and inspected. The excavation data provide valuable information that can be used to assess the performance that the ILI tool achieved in a field environment.
This paper analyzes the performance of an ultrasonic testing (UT) tool in detecting stress corrosion cracking (SCC) features using the ILI run results and excavation data from several operating pipelines. Analysis of the excavation data shows that the POD for SCC features is dependent on both the maximum depth and the longest interacting length of the feature. As the SCC becomes deeper and longer, the POD increases. An analytical POD model is described in which the POD of the UT tool for SCC features is modeled as a function of the maximum depth and the longest interacting length. Parameters of the POD model are estimated using a maximum likelihood method based on the ILI and excavation data. The analytical POD model provides refined means to evaluate the POD performance for SCC features of the tool. The methodology described in this paper can be used for similar analyses of POD performance of other tools or for other types of features.
Pipeline Coating Selection Process: A Hybrid Multi-Criteria Based Approach
Authors: Hassanien Sherif , Krissa Len , Vorontsov Vitaly 
Published: December 2014

The most critical component of external corrosion prevention on pipeline is the protective coating system. The coating selection process can be extremely challenging due to the sheer number of manufacturers and products/options that are offered — often with limited performance data available. Relying solely on manufacturer’s recommendations or information can be problematic when the anticipated service environment has not been adequately characterized, application parameters not completely understood, and/or when there is a misunderstanding of the product’s capabilities. Although there are many test methods for evaluation of pipe coatings, there are no commonly accepted test protocols or acceptance criteria for selecting coatings. Moreover, laboratory based testing is often complicated, expensive, and rarely provides an accurate simulation of field conditions. Although in-house subject matter experts (SMEs) and/or independent coating specialists provide some confidence in coating selection, the diversity of background and experience between these experts frequently creates inconsistency in coating evaluations and can produce divergent or conflicting recommendations.
In this paper, an innovative approach is proposed to address these coating selection process challenges. The proposed approach incorporates a systematic analysis of critical material attributes within an expert environment, and applies established decision making techniques to the evaluation. Priorities are developed by structuring a hierarchy of criteria and eliciting technical judgment of company’s SMEs, stakeholders, and unbiased industry specialists. The Deterministic Analytic Hierarchy Process (d-AHP) is applied using pairwise comparisons for prioritizing coating products/options and achieving an optimal selection. The experts’ opinions can then be updated by technical lab-based results for a smaller selection of top ranked products. Laboratory tests would be expected to be completed annually based on smart selection of certain products and to ensure year-over-year consistency. This paper also presents a probabilistic approach that improves d-AHP in order to capture uncertainties in experts’ opinions and/or lab results through probabilistic AHP (p-AHP). Although this approach is not widely used within the pipeline industry, there is a potential opportunity to improve conventional approaches for selecting and approving coatings for pipelines based on a systematic/quantitative approach.
Effects of Microstructural Inhomogeneity on HIC Susceptibility and HIC Evaluation Methods for Linepipe Steels for Sour Service
Authors: Kim Kyu Tae , Ko Sang Gi , Han Jong Man 
Published: December 2014

It has been well documented that slab internal quality is one of the key factors for reduced susceptibility of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in line pipe steels designed for sour gas service. In addition, the creation of a homogeneous microstructure which is heavily influenced by the slab internal quality is also a critical key parameter to reduce the HIC susceptibility in higher strength line pipe steel grade X60 and above. For the application of deep sea linepipe exposed to higher external pressure environments, heavy gauge in combination with higher strength steel is essential. Homogeneity of the steel microstructure is a key to success for thicker plates used in sour service HIC applications in combination with a deep sea environment.
In this paper, various microstructures were compared along with an evaluation of the effects of the various microstructures on HIC susceptibility in grades X52, X65 and X70 designed for sour service. The various microstructures compared consisted of polygonal ferrite and pearlite in the X52 and polygonal ferrite, pearlite, acicular ferrite and bainite in the X65 and X70. The effect of microstructural inhomogeneity on HIC susceptibility was comparatively lower for the X52 than that of the X65 and X70. The microstructure of grade X65 and X70 were different due to the different conditions of rolling and cooling that were applied. Grades X65/X70 had a microstructure of polygonal ferrite/pearlite with bainite islands that resulted in a high crack length ratio (CLR) value caused by different hardness regions across the microstructural matrix. A homogeneous fine acicular ferrite microstructure produced by optimizing temperature control during rolling and cooling showed no hydrogen induced cracking. In addition, this alloy/process/microstructure design resulted in improved toughness results in low temperature drop weight tear test (DWTT). This paper will describe the successful production results of plate and pipe for high strength heavier gauge line pipe steels with highly homogeneous microstructures designed for sour service by controlling chemical design and process conditions in rolling and cooling.
In addition, HIC evaluation methods utilizing both a traditional NACE TM0284 method versus that of a Scan-UT method were conducted and compared. A proposal to make the NACE TM0284 testing method more reliable by using Scan-UT method will be presented.
External Pipeline Leak Detection Based on Fiber Optic Sensing for the Kinosis 12″–16″ and 16″–20″ Pipe-in-Pipe System
Authors: Borda Carlos , DuToit Dana , Duncan Harry , Niklès Marc 
Published: December 2014

The concern of the pipeline industry and general population for a safe and green environment is higher than ever. This highlights the need for efficient leak detection to prevent environmental catastrophes and operational disruption. Therefore, accurate techniques to detect and locate very small leaks that could develop into larger leaks are a valuable asset for the construction of key pipelines. External pipeline leak detection systems based on distributed fiber optic sensing emerge as the most appropriate solution for automatic detection and localization of very small leaks.
In the case of the Kinosis pipeline system, two 11km Electrically Heat Traced Pipe-In-Pipe (EHTPIP) pipelines have been built between the Nexen Long lake upgrader and Nexen Kinosis SAGD facilities. The fiber optic sensing cable is directly in contact with the EHTPIP external surface. These pipelines carry Produced Emulsion and Boiler Feed Water at temperatures as high as 120°C and 150°C respectively. The fiber optic distributed sensing system provides temperature feedback information to the operator, not only in operation and in case of a leak but also when the Electrical Heat Trace system is turned on; in this case, the monitoring system can detect and locate overheating problems and/or signs of heating failures.
In the case of a leak, the outer temperature of the pipeline will increase; this will automatically be detected and monitored by the DITEST temperature monitoring system and will trigger an alarm to the Nexen LONG LAKE upgrader SCADA system for that specific location.
Furthermore, the combination of fiber optic distributed monitoring with the PIP technology enables to detect and locate a leak in the inner pipeline at a very early stage, therefore avoiding any environmental damage (the leak is still contained by the outer PIP tube) and giving time to the pipeline operator to plan a sectional replacement.