bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Standardized Method for Quantification of Humic and Fulvic Acids in Humic Ores and Commercial Products
Authors: Lamar Richard T , Olk Daniel C , Mayhew Lawrence , Bloom Paul R 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Increased use of humic substances in agriculture has generated intense interest among producers, consumers, and regulators for an accurate and reliable method to quantify humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) in raw ores and products. Here we present a thoroughly validated method, the new standardized method for determination of HA and FA contents in raw humate ores and in solid and liquid products produced from them. The methods used for preparation of HA and FA were adapted according to the guidelines of the International Humic Substances Society involving alkaline extraction followed by acidification to separate HA from the fulvic fraction. This is followed by separation of FA from the fulvic fraction by adsorption on a nonionic macroporous acrylic ester resin at acid pH. It differs from previous methods in that it determines HA and FA concentrations gravimetrically on an ash-free basis. Critical steps in the method, e.g., initial test portion mass, test portion to extract volume ratio, extraction time, and acidification of alkaline extract, were optimized for maximum and consistent recovery of HA and FA. The method detection limits for HA and FA were 4.62 and 4.8 mg/L, respectively. The method quantitation limits for HA and FA were 14.7 and 15.3 mg/L, respectively.
Modification to AOAC Official Methods 2009.01 and 2011.25 to Allow for Minor Overestimation of Low Molecular Weight Soluble Dietary Fiber in Samples Containing Starch
Authors: McCleary Barry V 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
AOAC Official Methods 2009.01 and 2011.25 have been modified to allow removal of resistant maltodextrins produced on hydrolysis of various starches by the combination of pancreatic α-amylase and amyloglucosidase (AMG) used in these assay procedures. The major resistant maltodextrin, 63,65-di-α-D-glucosyl maltopentaose, is highly resistant to hydrolysis by microbial α-glucosidases, isoamylase, pullulanase, pancreatic, bacterial and fungal α-amylase and AMG. However, this oligosaccharide is hydrolyzed by the mucosal α-glucosidase complex of the pig small intestine (which is similar to the human small intestine), and thus must be removed in the analytical procedure. Hydrolysis of these oligosaccharides has been by incubation with a high concentration of a purified AMG at 60°C. This incubation results in no hydrolysis or loss of other resistant oligosaccharides such as FOS, GOS, XOS, resistant maltodextrins (e.g., Fibersol 2) or polydextrose. The effect of this additional incubation with AMG on the measured level of low molecular weight soluble dietary fiber (SDFS) and of total dietary fiber in a broad range of samples is reported. Results from this study demonstrate that the proposed modification can be used with confidence in the measurement of dietary fiber.
Comprehensive Multi-Disciplinary Assessment Protocol for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Dodd Janet L. , Franke Lauren K. , Grzesik Jeanette K. , Stoskopf Jenna 
Published: June 2014

Legal mandates established under IDEA specify a student must be assessed in all areas of suspected disability. Never is this task more overwhelming than its application to the assessment of a student suspected of a diagnosis of autism. The assessment of an individual suspected of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis is a complex task and is dependent on the integration of information gleaned from assessments conducted by an array of professionals, each with their own distinct area of expertise. The purpose of this article is to introduce the Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Assessment Protocols-Autism Spectrum Disorder, referred to as the CMAPs, as a mechanism for organizing multidisciplinary team assessments. The CMAPs were developed in response to the challenges experienced by school-based assessment teams in developing appropriate and legally defensible assessment plans. The CMAPs provide teams a systematic, organizational, and comprehensive platform to organize the assessment of students across the spectrum of the disorder with the goal of making the task less overwhelming. Each assessment protocol considers the assessment needs of individuals with ASD using their communication skills as a preliminary starting point.
Effect of Mannitol on Postreperfusion Cardiac Output and Central Venous Oxygen Saturation during Orthotopic Liver Transplant: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Sahmeddini Mohammad Ali , Zahiri Siamak , Khosravi Mohammad Bagher , Ghaffaripour Sina , Eghbal Mohammad Hossein , Shokrizadeh Sakine 
Published: June 2014

Context Attenuating postreperfusion syndrome during orthotopic liver transplant is very important for transplant anesthesiologists because of the syndrome's complications. Oxygen-derived free radicals play an important role in the genesis of postreperfusion syndrome, but the effect of mannitol (a free radical scavenger) on attenuating the syndrome is unclear. Objectives To investigate the effectiveness of infusing mannitol during the anhepatic phase in preventing postreperfusion syndrome, as indicated by postreperfusion cardiac output and central venous oxygen saturation. Design In a randomized clinical trial, 53 patients who had undergone orthotopic liver transplant were allocated to 2 groups. During the anhepatic phase, patients in the mannitol group received 1g/kg mannitol, whereas those in the control group received physiological saline. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and central venous oxygen saturation were measured before and after the portal vein was declamped. Serum levels of sodium and potassium were recorded at baseline and after portal vein declamping. Setting Shiraz Organ Transplant Center, Shiraz, Iran. Results In the mannitol group, no significant change was found in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and central venous oxygen saturation before and after declamping of the portal vein ( P= .78, P= .59, and P= .83, respectively). However, after declamping in the control group, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and central venous oxygen saturation were significantly lower than before declamping ( P= .003, P= .001, and P <.001, respectively). No significant change in serum levels of sodium and potassium from baseline to after declamping were found in either group. Conclusion Infusion of mannitol 1 g/kg during the anhepatic phase was effective in attenuating postreperfusion syndrome without stress about hyperkalemia or hyponatremia during anesthesia.
Information Sources, Donation Knowledge, and Attitudes toward Transplant Recipients in Australia
Authors: Hyde Melissa K. , Chambers Suzanne K. 
Published: June 2014

Context Knowledge is linked consistently with organ donation attitudes, willingness, and consent. Negative information about donation and the recipients of donation can affect public opinion and donation willingness. However, it is unclear which information sources are most important in forming knowledge, particularly in Australia where little prior research exists. Objectives To identify information sources that may inform Australians' organ donation knowledge and attitudes toward transplant recipients. Participants 1487 Australian residents aged 18 years or older who completed an online survey. Main Outcome Measures Self-reported knowledge, information sources, and attitudes toward transplant recipients. Results Participants felt fairly well informed about organ donation, particularly if they registered donation wishes, were female, and were older. More than half reported their driver's license, television news, and discussion with family/friends as donation information sources. However, information sources contributing to knowledge were personal experience, online, hospital, government campaign, discussion with family/friends, Medicare, doctor's surgery, and the newspaper. Differences based on registration status, sex, and age, were found. Discussion with family/friends and movies or television shows, as well as not having seen information in a newspaper or doctor's surgery, contributed to positive attitudes toward recipients, although the variance explained was small. Conclusions People felt more informed by personal, medical, and government information sources than by mass media. Family discussion was not only a common information source but also contributed significantly and positively to both donation knowledge and attitudes toward recipients. Further exploration of information sources contributing to donation knowledge and community attitudes toward transplant recipients among young men is needed.
Diagnostic accuracy of the WHO clinical staging system for defining eligibility for ART in sub‐Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Munthali Chigomezgo , Taegtmeyer Miriam , Garner Paul G , Lalloo David G , Squire S Bertel , Corbett Elizabeth L , Ford Nathan , MacPherson Peter 
Published: June 2014

IntroductionThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that HIV‐positive adults with CD4 count ≤500 cells/mm3 initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART). In many countries of sub‐Saharan Africa, CD4 count is not widely available or consistently used and instead the WHO clinical staging system is used to determine ART eligibility. However, concerns have been raised regarding its discriminatory ability to identify patients eligible to start ART. We therefore reviewed the accuracy of WHO stage 3 or 4 assessment in identifying ART eligibility according to CD4 count thresholds for ART initiation.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed and Global Health databases and conference abstracts using a comprehensive strategy for studies that compared the results of WHO clinical staging with CD4 count thresholds. Studies performed in sub‐Saharan Africa and published in English between 1998 and 2013 were eligible for inclusion according to our predefined study protocol. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality and risk of bias using the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS‐2) tool. Summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity were derived for each CD4 count threshold and hierarchical summary receiver operator characteristic curves were plotted.ResultsFifteen studies met the inclusion criteria, including 25,032 participants from 14 countries. Most studies assessed individuals attending ART clinics prior to treatment initiation. WHO clinical stage 3 or 4 disease had a sensitivity of 60% (95% CI: 45–73%, Q=914.26, p<0.001) and specificity of 73% (95% CI: 60–83%, Q=1439.43, p<0.001) for a CD4 threshold of ≤200 cells/mm3 (11 studies); sensitivity and specificity for a threshold of CD4 count ≤350 cells/mm3 were 45% (95% CI: 26–66%, Q=1607.31, p<0.001) and 85% (95% CI: 69–93%, Q=896.70, p<0.001), respectively (six studies). For the threshold of CD4 count ≤500 cells/mm3 sensitivity was 14% (95% CI: 13–15%) and specificity was 95% (95% CI: 94–96%) (one study).ConclusionsWhen used for individual treatment decisions, WHO clinical staging misses a high proportion of individuals who are ART eligible by CD4 count, with sensitivity falling as CD4 count criteria rises. Access to accurate, accessible, robust and affordable CD4 count testing methods will be a pressing need for as long as ART initiation decisions are based on criteria other than seropositivity.
Impact of changes in barometric pressure on landfill methane emission
Authors: Xu Liukang , Lin Xiaomao , Amen Jim , Welding Karla , McDermitt Dayle 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLandfill methane emissions were measured continuously using the eddy covariance method from June to December 2010. The study site was located at the Bluff Road Landfill in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. Our results show that landfill methane emissions strongly depended on changes in barometric pressure; rising barometric pressure suppressed the emission, while falling barometric pressure enhanced the emission, a phenomenon called barometric pumping. There was up to a 35‐fold variation in day‐to‐day methane emissions due to changes in barometric pressure. Wavelet coherence analysis revealed a strong spectral coherency between variations of barometric pressure and methane emission at periodicities ranging from 1 day to 8 days. Power spectrum and ogive analysis showed that at least 10 days of continuous measurements was needed in order to capture 90% of the total variance in the methane emission time series at our landfill site. From our results, it is clear that point‐in‐time measurements taken at monthly or longer time intervals using techniques such as the trace plume method, the mass balance method, or the closed‐chamber method will be subject to large variations in measured emission rates because of the barometric pumping phenomenon. Estimates of long‐term integrated methane emissions from landfills based on such measurements could yield uncertainties, ranging from 28.8% underestimation to 32.3% overestimation. Our results demonstrate a need for continuous measurements to quantify annual total landfill emissions. This conclusion may apply to the study of methane emissions from wetlands, peatlands, lakes, and other environmental contexts where emissions are from porous media or ebullition. Other implications from the present study for hazard gas monitoring programs are also discussed.
Compaction around a rigid, circular inclusion in partially molten rock
Authors: Alisic Laura , Rudge John F. , Katz Richard F. , Wells Garth N. , Rhebergen Sander 
Published: June 2014

AbstractConservation laws that describe the behavior of partially molten mantle rock have been established for several decades, but the associated rheology remains poorly understood. Constraints on the rheology may be obtained from recently published experiments involving deformation of partially molten rock around a rigid, spherical inclusion. These experiments give rise to patterns of melt segregation that exhibit the competing effects of pressure shadows and melt‐rich bands. Such patterns provide an opportunity to infer rheological parameters through comparison with models based on the conservation laws and constitutive relations that hypothetically govern the system. To this end, we have developed software tools to simulate finite strain, two‐phase flow around a circular inclusion in a configuration that mirrors the experiments. Simulations indicate that the evolution of porosity is predominantly controlled by the porosity‐weakening exponent of the shear viscosity and the poorly known bulk viscosity. In two‐dimensional simulations presented here, we find that the balance of pressure shadows and melt‐rich bands observed in experiments only occurs for bulk‐to‐shear viscosity ratio of less than about five. However, the evolution of porosity in simulations with such low bulk viscosity exceeds physical bounds at unrealistically small strain due to the unchecked, exponential growth of the porosity variations. Processes that limit or balance porosity localization should be incorporated in the formulation of the model to produce results that are consistent with the porosity evolution in experiments.
Ferro and antiferromagnetism of ultrafine‐grained hematite
Authors: Jiang Zhaoxia , Liu Qingsong , Dekkers Mark J. , Colombo Claudio , Yu Yongjae , Barrón Vidal , Torrent José 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAluminum‐substituted hematite (here referred to as Al‐Hm) is an important magnetic mineral for paleo and environmental magnetism. However, the magnetic properties of nanosized Al‐Hm are poorly known. In this study, a series of Al‐Hm samples (fourteen samples) and their nonsubstituted counterparts (referred to as pure‐Hm) (seven samples) were synthesized with particle sizes ranging from 14 to 124 nm. With decreasing particle size, coercive force (Bc), magnetic remanence (Mr) acquired in a 5 T field at room temperature, and the maximum blocking temperature (Tb) of Al‐Hm descend gradually; Tb drops abruptly from 800 to 200 K at 17.2 ± 3.7 nm. This size defines the superparamagnetic (SP)/single‐domain (SD) threshold of Al‐Hm which is significantly lower than that of pure‐Hm (27.5 ± 1.5 nm). The antiferromagnetic high‐field susceptibility (χanti) and the saturation magnetization (Ms) for the weak ferromagnetic component in hematite are both correlated negatively with temperature between 20 and 300 K, and grain size in the vicinity of the SP threshold. For very small grains (below 16–17 nm), Tb increases with increasing particle size. However, beyond this size, it descends with increasing particle size up to 19 nm before increasing with grain size again. These trends are attributed to the competition of surface anisotropy and bulk anisotropy (elastic anisotropy). This new study substantially improves our understanding of the complex magnetic properties of fine‐grained Al‐Hm and pure‐Hm in natural sample, which is significant for the paleoenvironmental and climatic studies of natural samples, e.g., red beds/soils.
Influence of microscale heterogeneity and microstructure on the tensile behavior of crystalline rocks
Authors: Mahabadi O. K. , Tatone B. S. A. , Grasselli G. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the influence of microscale heterogeneity and microcracks on the failure behavior and mechanical response of a crystalline rock. The thin section analysis for obtaining the microcrack density is presented. Using micro X‐ray computed tomography (μCT) scanning of failed laboratory specimens, the influence of heterogeneity and, in particular, biotite grains on the brittle fracture of the specimens is discussed and various failure patterns are characterized. Three groups of numerical simulations are presented, which demonstrate the role of microcracks and the influence of μCT‐based and stochastically generated phase distributions. The mechanical response, stress distribution, and fracturing process obtained by the numerical simulations are also discussed. The simulation results illustrate that heterogeneity and microcracks should be considered to accurately predict the tensile strength and failure behavior of the sample.
Synthesis of 3‐D Coronal‐Solar Wind Energetic Particle Acceleration Modules
Authors: Schwadron Nathan A. , Gorby Matt , Török Tibor , Downs Cooper , Linker Jon , Lionello Roberto , Mikić Zoran , Riley Pete , Giacalone Joe , Chandran Ben , Germaschewski Kai , Isenberg Phil A. , Lee Martin A. , Lugaz Noe , Smith Sonya , Spence Harlan E. , Desai Mihir , Kasper Justin , Kozarev Kamen , Korreck Kelly , Stevens Mike , Cooper John , MacNeice Peter 
Published: June 2014

Key Points
Radiation from low corona
Prompt SEP events from CME
Large doses in 2 h
MOF‐derived porous carbon for adsorptive desulfurization
Authors: Shi Yawei , Zhang Xiangwen , Wang Li , Liu Guozhu 
Published: June 2014

SignificanceZIF‐8, a typical and popular type of MOFs, was synthesized and carbonized directly to produce highly porous carbon without washing or activation. The resulting carbon was found to be a promising candidate for adsorption desulfurization of DBT with a maximum adsorption capacity of 26.7 mgS/g in the concentration range below 174 ppmS, and the adsorption capacity decreased approximately 17% with the addition of 10% para‐xylene. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2747–2751, 2014
Photochemical removal of NO and SO2 from flue gas using UV irradiation
Authors: Liu Hao , Wu Hao , Bao Jingjing , Yu Xianqun , Yang Hongmin 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThe simultaneous oxidation and removal efficiencies of SO2 and NO from simulated coal‐fired flue gas by UV irradiation were investigated experimentally. The influencing factors, such as the reaction temperature, the content of O2, H2O, SO2, and NO, on the removal of SO2 and NO were studied. The results indicated that NO had positive effect on the removal of SO2. Compared with the NO‐free case, the removal efficiency of SO2 was improved from 8% to 55% in the presence of 250 ppm NO. When the NO concentration rose from 250 to 700 ppm, the SO2 removal efficiency further increased from 55% to 64%. The increasing of reaction temperature enhanced the removal efficiencies of SO2 and NO, which increased by 28% and 36%, respectively, with the reaction temperature rising from 270 to 350 °C. It was found that O2 was conducive to the photochemical oxidization due to the generation of free radicals. As the O2 content increased from 0% to 8%, the removal efficiencies of NO and SO2 reached 40% and 55%, respectively. The positive effect of H2O on the simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 was also observed. The optimal conditions (250 ppm NO, 100 ppm SO2, 8% O2, 5% H2O, and reaction temperature 350 °C) were determined, and the removal efficiencies of SO2 and NO were 55% and 40%, respectively. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of micro and nano β‐TCP fillers in freeze‐gelled chitosan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Siddiqui Nadeem , Pramanik Krishna 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTTissue engineering holds an exciting promise in providing a long‐term cure to bone‐related defects and diseases. However, one of the most important prerequisites for bone tissue engineering is an ideal platform that can aid tissue genesis by having biomimetic, mechanostable, and cytocompatible characteristics. Chitosan (CS) was chosen as the base polymer to incorporate filler, namely beta‐tri calcium phosphate (β‐TCP). This research deals with a comparative study on the properties of CS scaffolds prepared using micro‐ and nano‐sized β‐TCP as filler by freeze gelation method. The scaffolds were characterized for their morphology, porosity, swelling, structural, chemical, biodegradation, and bioresorption properties. Rheological behavior of polymer and polymer‐ceramic composite suspensions were analyzed and all the suspensions with varying ratios of β‐TCP showed non‐Newtonian behavior with shear thinning property. Pore size, porosity of micro‐ and nano‐sized composite scaffolds are measured as 48–158 μm and 77% and 43–155 μm and 81%, respectively. The scaffolds containing nano β‐TCP possess higher compressive strength (∼2.67 MPa) and slower degradation rate as compared to composites prepared with micro‐sized β‐TCP (∼1.52 MPa). Bioresorbability, in vitro cell viability by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, proliferation by Alamar blue assay, cell interaction by scanning electron microscope, and florescence microscopy further validates the potentiality of freeze‐gelled CS/β‐TCP composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41025.
Preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐grafted attapulgite by surface‐Initiated radical polymerization
Authors: Yang Haicun , Pu Hongting , Gong Fanghong 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTPoly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was bonded on the surface of attapulgite (ATP) by using an ammonium persulfate amine redox initiation system via grafting from approach. ATP was modified with (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane to anchor amine groups on the surface, and then the amine‐functionalized ATP was further treated with methacryloyl chloride and 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanovaleric acid) to give methacryl‐ and azo‐functionalized ATP, respectively. Subsequently, surface‐initiated graft polymerization of MMA in a soap‐free emulsion was performed to afford ATP/PMMA hybrids. Meanwhile, graft polymerizations on the surface of methacryl‐ and azo‐functionalized ATP were carried out for comparison. The grafting of PMMA on the surface of ATP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The crystal structure of hybrids was characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The morphology of hybrids was observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The degree of grafting obtained from surface‐initiated graft polymerization in a soap‐free emulsion was found to be the greatest (29.4%) estimated from TGA. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41062.