bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect Of Void Formation On The Reliability Of ED-XRF Measurements In Lead-Free Reflow Soldering
Authors: Koncz-Horváth D. , Gergely G. , Gácsi Z. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In lead-free reflow soldering, the presence of voids should be taken into account. For this reason, the effect of the applied heating profiles was examined via the characterization of voids in galvanic and immersion Sn coatings. According to EU Directive 2002/95/EC, the screening of Pb element of reflow soldering (i.e. of electrical and electronic equipment) is necessary; and the practical implementation of this measurement is largely affected by the characteristics of the solder (i.e. the presence of voids and the inhomogeneity of the solder). Comparing the results of the above two coating methods, it was found that by chemical coating more voids were formed and the detected lead content was higher than for galvanic Sn. The standard deviation of Ag and Cu concentrations was mainly influenced by the appearance of large compounds in the second case, while with chemical coating, no large compounds were formed due to the elevated number of voids.
Effects Of Nickel On The Microstructure And The Mechanical Properties Of Sn-0.7Cu Lead-Free Solders
Authors: Gyenes A. , Simon A. , Lanszki P. , Gácsi Z. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of small amount nickel addition (0, 200, 400, 800, 1800 ppm) on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder alloys. It is known that even ppm level Ni additions have significant effects on the microstructure of Sn-Cu solder alloys. Ni suppresses the growth ofβ-Sn dendrites in favour of eutectic formation. As the nickel content increases, the microstructure undergoes a morphological evolution from hypoeutectic through fully eutectic to hypereutectic. Along with these transformations, the mechanical properties of the alloy also significantly change. Based on the experimental results presented in this paper, the Sn-0.7Cu solder achieves maximum strength at the addition level of 800 ppm Ni, when the microstructure becomes fully eutectic.
Morphology Change Of Si Deposit In Molten Salt Electrorefining
Authors: Ryu H.Y. , Kwon S.C. , Han M.H. , An Y.S. , Lee J.S. , Lee J.H. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The effects of processing parameters on the morphology change in a Si deposit recovered by means of molten salt electrorefining are evaluated using electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry at 800°C. It was found that concentration of K2SiF6 and current density were important parameters in determining deposit size. Higher concentrations of K2SiF6 were effective in coarsening the silicon deposit and decreasing the cell potential. Silicon nanofiber was recovered at 5 wt% of K2SiF6 whereas dense particles were prepared at 30 and 50 wt% of K2SiF6. The morphology of the Si deposit was determined by the concentration of Si in the electrolyte which is related to the formation of crystal and growth of Si. The formation mechanism of the Si deposit was interpreted by using high resolution TEM as well as electrochemical properties.
Investigation Of Intermetallic Compounds In Sn-Cu-Ni Lead-Free Solders
Authors: Nagy E. , Kristaly F. , Gyenes A. , Gacsi Z. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMC) play an important role in Sn-Cu lead-free soldering. The size and morphology of the intermetallic compounds formed between the lead-free solder and the Cu substrate have a significant effect on the mechanical strength of the solder joint.
In the soldering process of Sn-Cu alloys, Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compounds are formed. The complex structural behaviour of Cu6Sn5 IMC is temperature- and composition-dependent and it is long since subject to scientific research. The Cu6Sn5 phase basically exists in two crystal structures: hexagonal η-Cu6Sn5 (at temperatures above 186°C) and monoclinic η’-Cu6Sn5 (at lower temperatures). In the presence of Ni in the solder, the η-η’ transformation does not occur, therefore, the η-Cu6Sn5 phase remains stable.
In this study the role of Ni in the (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 intermetallic compound in Sn-Cu lead-free solders was examined. Sn-Cu alloys with different Cu content (0.5 to 1 mass%) were modified through Ni addition. The morphology of the intermetallic compounds of the modified Sn-Cu alloys was investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the IMC phases were examined with X-ray diffraction method (XRD).
Extraction Of Cobalt From Spent CMB Catalyst Using Supercritical CO2
Authors: Joo S.-H. , Shin S.M. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The metal extraction from spent CMB catalyst using supercritical CO2(scCO2) was investigated with single organic system, binary organic system and ternary organic system to extract metal ions. Leaching solution of spent CMB catalyst containing 389 mg L−1 Co2+, 187 mg L−1 Mn2+, 133 mg L−1 Na+, 14.97 mg L−1 Ca2+ and 13.2 mg L−1 Mg2+. The method consists of scCO2/ligands complexation process and metal extraction process at 60°C and 200bar. The result showed the Co and Mn was selectively extracted from Mg, Ca and Na in the ternary system of mixture of Cyanex272, DEA and Alamine304-I.
Correlation Between Superheated Liquid Fragility And Onset Temperature Of Crystallization For Al-Based Amorphous Alloys
Authors: Guo J. , Hu X. , Liu J. , Feng T. , Yoon E.Y. , Kim H.S. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Amorphous alloys or metallic glasses have attracted significant interest in the materials science and engineering communities due to their unique physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The viscous flow of amorphous alloys exhibiting high strain rate sensitivity and homogeneous deformation is considered to be an important characteristic in thermoplastic forming processes performed within the supercooled liquid region because it allows superplastic-like deformation behavior. Here, the correlation between the superheated liquid fragility, and the onset temperature of crystallization for Al-based alloys, is investigated. The activation energy for viscous flow of the liquid is also investigated. There is a negative correlation between the parameter of superheated liquid fragility and the onset temperature of crystallization in the same Al-based alloy system. The activation energy decreases as the onset temperature of crystallization increases. This indicates that the stability of a superheated liquid can affect the thermal stability of the amorphous alloy. It also means that a liquid with a large superheated liquid fragility, when rapidly solidified, forms an amorphous alloy with a low thermal stability.
Chemical Homogenization Of Liquid Steel Flowed Through Continuous Casting Slab Tundish During Alloying Process
Authors: Cwudziński A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis paper presents the results of research on the behaviour of an alloy addition in steel flowing through the tundish used for casting slabs. The device under examination is a wedge-shaped single-nozzle tundish of a capacity of 30 Mg. Due to the complexity of alloy addition dissolution and dispersion in metallurgical processes, a decision was made to use the Species Model available within the Ansys-Fluent®program. For describing the turbulence, the Realizable k-ɛmodel was chosen. By defining the heat losses on respective planes making up the virtual model, the non-isothermal conditions existing during the flow of liquid steel through the tundish were considered. From the performed numerical simulations, the fields of steel flow and steel temperature and alloy addition concentration in the tundish working space were obtained. In order to accurately illustrate the process of chemical homogenization in the tundish working space, mixing curves were recorded. Based on the obtained results (mixing curves), the mixing time needed for achieving the 95% level of chemical homogenization was calculated.
New Wear Resistant Iron-Base Matrix Materials For The Fabrication Of Sintered Diamond Tools
Authors: Konstanty J. , Romański A. , Baczek E. , Tyrala D. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe possibility of the use of inexpensive iron-base powders in the production of sintered diamond tools is again explored. Ball-milled Fe-Ni-Cu-Sn-C and Fe-Mn-Cu-Sn-C powders were consolidated to a virtually pore-free condition by hot pressing at 900°C. The resultant materials are characterised by a combination of high Knoop hardness, 260-440 and yield strength, 780-1350 MPa, and resistance to abrasion. These properties can be significantly modified by changing the milling time.
Dimensional Changes, Microstructure, Microhardness Distributions And Corrosion Properties Of Iron And Iron-Manganese Sintered Materials
Authors: Kupková M. , Hrubovčáková M. , Zeleňák A. , Sułowski M. , Ciaś A. , Oriňáková R. , Turoňová A. Morovská , Žáková K. , Kupka M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIron samples and Fe-Mn alloys with Mn content of 25 wt.% and 30 wt.% were prepared by blending, compressing and sintering with the aim to study their dimensional changes, microstructure, microhardness distribution and primarily the electrochemical corrosion behaviour in a simulated body environment.The light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and micro-hardness measurements revealed a microheterogeneous multiphase structure of sintered Fe-Mn samples. The potentiodynamic tests have demonstrated that the corrosion rates of such Fe-Mn alloys immersed in Hank’s solution were higher than those for a pure iron, and also higher than the rates reported for homogeneous Fe-Mn alloys.
Analysis Of Die Design For The Stamping Of A Bathtub
Authors: Hojny M. , Woźniak D. , Głowacki M. , Żaba K. , Nowosielski M. , Kwiatkowski M. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The paper presents example results of numerical and photogrammetric analysis leading to identify the causes of cracking and wrinkling during bathtub W1200 production. The verification of tools for the stamping of bathtub W1200 was performed using finite element method and photogrammetric system ATOS Triple Scan. A series of industrial tests was conducted to identify the model parameters. The major and minor strain distributions obtained from the finite element simulations were used in conjunction with the forming limit diagram to predict the onset of fracture. In addition, the effects of blank holder pressure and friction on the occurrence of fracture and wrinkling were investigated.
Quality Requirements Put On The Inconel 625 Austenite Layer Used On The Sheet Pile Walls Of The Boiler’s Evaporator To Utilize Waste Thermally
Authors: Słania J. , Krawczyk R. , Wójcik S. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Quality requirements and tests taken on the surfacing layer Inconel 625 are presented in the article. The reasons of using surfacing layer Inconel 625 and technologies of its making with a particular emphasis on the CMT method are described. Quality requirements for the surfacing weld Inconel 625 are provided. Basic requirements included in the Merkblatt 1166, as well as additional requirements, which are reflected in the technical specifications of the boilers’ producers are specified.
The Kinetics Of Ti-1Al-1Mn Alloy Thermal Oxidation And Charcteristic Of Oxide Layer
Authors: Klimecka-Tatar D. , Borkowski S. , Sygut P. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The main goal of the study was to carry out the treatment of cyclic oxidation of Ti alloy (Ti-1Al-1Mn) in air atmosphere. Based on measurements of mass gain of titanium alloy samples (Ti-1Al-1Mn) the kinetic oxidation curves during cyclic annealing were determined. The oxidized surface of the titanium alloy was carefully observed with optical microscopy equipment and the geometrical development, shape and surface morphology were defined. The phase composition of the obtained oxide layers on the Ti-alloy with qualitative analysis of the X-ray were defined. Since titanium alloys are among the most widely used metallic materials in dental prosthetics the corrosion measurements in a solution simulating the environment of the oral cavity were carried out. The results confirmed that the used titanium alloy easily covered with oxides layers, which to some extent inhibit the processes of electrochemical corrosion in artificial saliva solution.
The Influence Of The Rare Earth Metals Modification On The Fracture Toughness Of G17CrMo5-5 Cast Steel At Low Temperatures
Authors: Dzioba I. , Kasińska J. , Pała R. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the influence of the rare earth metals (REM) modification on mechanical properties and fracture toughness of G17CrMo5-5 cast steel at low temperatures. The REM was in the form of mishmetal. The research has been performed on serial (several) industrial melts. The fracture toughness values of unmodified and modified cast steel at the temperature range from −80°C to 20°C were tested. The reference temperatures of the brittle-to-ductile transition, TQ, for both unmodified and modified cast steel were determined. The positive influence of the modification by REM on the fracture toughness and the reference temperature TQ are shown.
Effect Of Milling Time On Microstructure Of AA6061 Composites Fabricated Via Mechanical Alloying
Authors: Tomiczek B. , Pawlyta M. , Adamiak M. , Dobrzański L.A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe aim of this work is to determine the effect of manufacturing conditions, especially milling time, on the microstructure and crystallite size of a newly developed nanostructural composite material with the aluminium alloy matrix reinforced with halloysite nanotubes. Halloysite, being a clayey mineral of volcanic origin, is characterized by high porosity and large specific surface area. Thus it can be used as an alternative reinforcement in metal matrix composite materials. In order to obtain this goal, composite powders with fine microstructures were fabricated using high-energy mechanical alloying, cold compacting and hot extrusion techniques. The obtained composite powders of aluminium alloy reinforced with 5, 10 and 15 wt% of halloysite nanotubes were characterized with SEM, TEM and XRD analysis. It has been proven that the use of mechanical alloying leads to a high degree of deformation, which, coupled with a decreased grain size below 100 nm and the dispersion of the refined reinforcing particles–reinforces the material very well.
Theoretical And Experimental Analysis Of Aluminium Bars Rolling Process In Three-High Skew Rolling Mill
Authors: Stefanik A. , Morel A. , Mróz S. , Szota P. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Technology of round bars rolling on a three-high skew rolling mills allows rolling of standard materials such as steel and aluminum, as well as new materials, especially hard deformable materials. The paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental rolling process of aluminum bars with a diameter of 20 mm. As the stock round bars with a diameter of 25 mm made of aluminum grade 1050A and aluminum alloy grade 2017A were used. The rolling process of aluminum bars has been carried out in a single pass. The numerical analysis was carried out by using computer program Forge2011®. On the basis of theoretical research it has been determined the state of deformation, stress and temperature distribution during rolling of aluminum bars. In addition, the results of theoretical research allowed to determine the schema of the metal plastic flow in the roll gap. Verification of the theoretical research was carried out during the rolling of aluminum bars on the RSP 40/14 laboratory three-high skew rolling mill. From the finished bars were taken the samples to set the shape and compared with the results of theoretical research. Finished aluminum round bars were characterized by low ovality and good surface quality.
Numerical Modelling Of Thermal And Structural Phenomena In Yb:YAG Laser Butt-Welded Steel Elements
Authors: Kubiak M. , Piekarska W. , Stano S. , Saternus Z. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe numerical model of thermal and structural phenomena is developed for the analysis of Yb:YAG laser welding process with the motion of the liquid material in the welding pool taken into account. Temperature field and melted material velocity field in the fusion zone are obtained from the numerical solution of continuum mechanics equations using Chorin projection method and finite volume method. Phase transformations in solid state are analyzed during heating and cooling using classical models of the kinetics of phase transformations as well as CTA and CCT diagrams for welded steel. The interpolated heat source model is developed in order to reliably reflect the real distribution of Yb:YAG laser power obtained by experimental research on the laser beam profile.On the basis of developed numerical models the geometry of the weld and heat affected zone are predicted as well as the structural composition of the joint.
The Assessment Of The Structure And Properties Of High-Carbon Steel Wires After The Process Of Patenting With Induction Heating
Authors: Wiewiórowska S. , Muskalski Z. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
One of the most important types of heat treatment that high-carbon steel wires are subjected to is the patenting treatment. This process is conducted with the aim of obtaining a fine-grained uniform pearlitic structure which will be susceptible to plastic deformation in drawing processes. Patenting involves two-stage heat treatment that includes heating the wire up to the temperature above Ac3 in a continuous heating furnace (in the temperature range of 850÷1050°C) followed by a rapid cooling in a tank with a lead bath down to the temperature range of 450÷550°C. The patenting process is most significantly influenced by the chemistry of the steel being treated, as well as by the temperature and the rate of heating and cooling of the wire rod or wire being patented.
So far, heating up to the austenitizing temperature has been conducted in several-zone continuous gas-fired or electric furnaces. Recently, attempts have been made in a drawing mill to replace this type of furnace with fast induction heating, which should bring about an energy saving, as well as a reduced quantity of scale on the patented wire.
This paper presents the analysis of the structure and mechanical properties of wires of high-carbon steel with a carbon content of 0.76%C after the patenting process using induction heating for different levels of the coil induction power.
Characterization Of An Equal Channel Angular Pressed Al-Zn-In Alloy
Authors: Banjongprasert C. , Jak-Ra A. , Domrong C. , Patakham U. , Pongsaksawad W. , Chairuangsri T. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is a technique that creates a high accumulated strain in metals and results in ultrafine-grained structure. In this study, Al-5Zn-0.02In was processed by ECAP at a room temperature using route Bc through an ECAP die (press angle of Φ = 100° and Ψ = 20°). The samples were subjected to ECAP with 1, 2, 3 and 4 passes. The processed specimens were characterized using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results confirmed the grain refinement of the alloy after ECAP to an average grain size less than 5 μm after 4-pass ECAP. The microhardness test shows that the hardness increased with the number of passes. The hardness of the cross-sectional area of the sample was similar to that tested along the pressing direction.
Electrolytes For Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Rękas M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSolid electrolytes for construction of the intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells, IT-SOFC, have been reviewed. Yttrium stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals, YTZP, as a potential electrolyte of IT-SOFC have been highlighted. The experimental results involving structural, microstructural, electrical properties based on our own studies were presented. In order to study aluminum diffusion in YTZP, aluminum oxide was deposited on the surface of 3 mol.% yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP). The samples were annealed at temperatures from 1523 to 1773 K. Diffusion profiles of Al in the form of mean concentration vs. depth in B-type kinetic region were investigated by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Both the lattice (DB) and grain boundary (DGB) diffusion were determined.
Solute-Vacancy Clustering In Al-Mg-Si Alloys Studied By Muon Spin Relaxation Technique
Authors: Nishimura K. , Matsuda K. , Komaki R. , Nunomra N. , Wenner S. , Holmestad R. , Matsuzaki T. , Watanabe I. , Pratt F.L. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Zero-field muon spin relaxation experiments were carried out with Al-1.6%Mg2Si, Al-0.5%Mg, and Al-0.5%Si alloys. Observed relaxation spectra were compared with the calculated relaxation functions based on the Monte Carlo simulation to extract the dipolar width (Δ), trapping (νt), and detrapping rates (νd), with the initially trapped muon fraction (P0). The fitting analysis has elucidated that the muon trapping rates depended on the heat treatment and solute concentrations. The dissolved Mg in Al dominated the νt at lower temperatures below 120 K, therefore the similar temperature variations of νt were observed with the samples mixed with Mg. The νt around 200 K remarkably reflected the heat treatment effect on the samples, and the largest νt value was found with the sample annealed at 100°C among Al-1.6%Mg2Si alloys. The as-quenched Al-0.5%Si sample showed significant νt values between 80 and 280 K relating with Si-vacancy clusters, but such clusters disappeared with the natural aged Al-0.5%Si sample.
Hydrogen Sensor Of TiO2-Based Nanomaterials
Authors: Łysoń-Sypień B. , Zakrzewska K. , Gajewska M. , Radecka M. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The aim of this research was to examine gas sensing properties of TiO2 based nanomaterials. Nanopowders of Cr doped TiO2 with constant Specific Surface Area, SSA, were obtained using Flame Spray Synthesis technique, FSS. Nanomaterials were characterized by Brunauer – Emmett – Teller adsorption isotherms, BET, X – ray diffraction, XRD, Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM, optical spectrometry UV – vis with the use of an integrating sphere as well as impedance spectroscopy. Detection of hydrogen was carried out over the concentration range of 50 - 3000 ppm at the temperatures extending from 200 to 400°C and synthetic air working as a reference atmosphere. As a result of experiments it appeared that incorporation of 5 at.% of Cr into TiO2 improved hydrogen sensing features due to small crystallite size and predominance of rutile polymorphic phase.
Reduction Kinetics Of NiS Sulphide
Authors: Smoła G. , Poczekajło A. , Grzesik Z. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Reduction mechanism and kinetics of NiS nickel sulphide obtained during the process of nickel sulphidation, have been studied as a function of temperature (723-873 K). It has been found that the reduction process follows linear kinetics with activation energy of 103 kJ/mol. It is important to note that during nickel sulphidation and after the reduction of nickel sulphide, the product sample shows highly developed surface, creating thus the potential possibilities to be applied in heterogeneous catalysis.