bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Hydrologic Retention System and Water Quality Monitoring Program for a Human Decomposition Research Facility: Concept and Design
Authors: Wozniak Jeffrey R. , Thies Monte L. , Bytheway Joan A. , Lutterschmidt William I. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractForensic taphonomy is an essential research field; however, the decomposition of human cadavers at forensic science facilities may lead to nutrient loading and the introduction of unique biological compounds to adjacent areas. The infrastructure of a water retention system may provide a mechanism for the biogeochemical processing and retention of nutrients and compounds, ensuring the control of runoff from forensic facilities. This work provides a proof of concept for a hydrologic retention system and an autonomous water quality monitoring program designed to mitigate runoff from The Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science (STAFS) Facility. Water samples collected along a sample transect were analyzed for total phosphorous, total nitrogen,,, NH4, F−, and Cl−. Preliminary water quality analyses confirm the overall effectiveness of the water retention system. These results are discussed with relation to how this infrastructure can be expanded upon to monitor additional, more novel, byproducts of forensic science research facilities.
Effectiveness of Femur Bone Indexes to Segregate Wild from Captive Minks, Mustela vison, and Forensic Implications for Small Mammals
Authors: Zhou Xiao Li , Xu Yan Chun , Yang Shu Hui , Hua Yan , Stott Philip 
Published: July 2014

AbstractUtilization of free‐living populations of endangered wildlife species is usually strictly prohibited or restricted. Farming of endangered species can provide products that are in demand as a countermeasure. A novel forensic issue arises because it becomes necessary to discriminate the origin of given wildlife products. We tested the effectiveness of five measurements and four indexes of femur bone using farmed minks (n = 40) and escapees (n = 32). Results showed all measurements, namely body mass (Lf), body length (Mf), femur mass (Vf), femur length (Mb), and femur volume (Lb), were highly discriminatory. However, they are susceptible to the influence of nutrition level and sex. Femur length index (Ifl), femur linear density (Dl), and femur volume density (Dv) eliminated the influence of level of nutrition and were highly effective. However, Ifl and Dl were influenced by sex (p = 0.000). Because Dv was not influenced by sex (p = 0.683) and was highly effective, it was the preferred index.
Injuries of the Head from Backface Deformation of Ballistic Protective Helmets Under Ballistic Impact
Authors: Rafaels Karin A. , Cutcliffe Hattie C. , Salzar Robert S. , Davis Martin , Boggess Brian , Bush Bryan , Harris Robert , Rountree Mark Steve , Sanderson Ellory , Campman Steven , Koch Spencer , ‘Dale’ Bass Cameron R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractModern ballistic helmets defeat penetrating bullets by energy transfer from the projectile to the helmet, producing helmet deformation. This deformation may cause severe injuries without completely perforating the helmet, termed “behind armor blunt trauma” (BABT). As helmets become lighter, the likelihood of larger helmet backface deformation under ballistic impact increases. To characterize the potential for BABT, seven postmortem human head/neck specimens wearing a ballistic protective helmet were exposed to nonperforating impact, using a 9 mm, full metal jacket, 124 grain bullet with velocities of 400–460 m/s. An increasing trend of injury severity was observed, ranging from simple linear fractures to combinations of linear and depressed fractures. Overall, the ability to identify skull fractures resulting from BABT can be used in forensic investigations. Our results demonstrate a high risk of skull fracture due to BABT and necessitate the prevention of BABT as a design factor in future generations of protective gear.
Characteristics of Backspatter on the Firearm and Shooting Hand—An Experimental Analysis of Close‐range Gunshots
Authors: Kunz Sebastian N. , Brandtner Herwig , Meyer Harald J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractContact and close‐range gunshot injuries can produce bloodstains on the shooting hand and weapon. In this study, backspatter was analyzed in experimental horizontal pistol shots into blood‐filled sponges. The shooting distances were set between 0 and 45 cm. With increasing shooting distance, there was a significant decrease in the degree of backspatter. Microspatter could be detected on the weapon and shooting hand up to a shooting distance of 40 cm. They were predominantly located on thumb and index finger as well as the radial dorsal aspects of the hand. Fine spray of microspatter combined with elongated droplets in the shape of exclamation marks was found at contact and 2‐cm distance shots. An angular calculation based on the shape of the bloodstains was possible up to a shooting distance of 2 cm. No bloodstains were detected beyond 45 cm.
A Moderating Role for Gender in Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Alcohol Services Utilization: Results from the 2000 to 2010 National Alcohol Surveys
Authors: Zemore Sarah E. , Murphy Ryan D. , Mulia Nina , Gilbert Paul A. , Martinez Priscilla , Bond Jason , Polcin Douglas L. 
Published: July 2014

BackgroundFew nationally representative studies have examined racial/ethnic disparities in alcohol services utilization. Further, little is known about whether racial/ethnic disparities generalize across genders, and what factors account for these disparities. Thus, we aimed to describe the combined impact of race/ethnicity and gender on alcohol services utilization, and to explore the roles for social influence factors in explaining racial/ethnic and gender disparities.MethodsData were pooled across the 2000, 2005, and 2010 National Alcohol Surveys. Outcomes included lifetime utilization of any services, specialty alcohol treatment, and Alcoholics Anonymous. Social influence factors were assessed as lifetime social pressures (i.e., pressures from a partner, friends, and/or family), legal consequences, and work‐related consequences. Core analyses included only those with a lifetime alcohol use disorder (AUD).ResultsAnalyses revealed a pattern of lower services utilization among Latinos and Blacks (vs. Whites) and women (vs. men); further, race‐by‐gender interactions revealed that Black–White differences were limited to women, and provided some evidence of stronger Latino–White disparities among women (vs. men). Illustrating these patterns, among women, only 2.5% of Latinas and 3.4% of Blacks with a lifetime AUD accessed specialty treatment, versus 6.7% of Whites; among men, corresponding figures were 6.8% for Latinos, 12.2% for Blacks, and 10.1% for Whites. Racial/ethnic differences were typically robust (or stronger) when controlling for demographics and AUD severity. Evidence did not support a role for measured social influence factors in racial/ethnic disparities, but did suggest that these factors contribute to gender disparities, particularly among Whites and Blacks.ConclusionsFindings for substantial Latino–White and Black–White disparities, especially among women, highlight the need for continuing research on explanatory factors and the development of appropriate interventions. Meanwhile, our evidence for persistent gender disparities and for social influence factors as drivers of these disparities tentatively suggests a need for intensified outreach to female heavy drinkers.
Linkage disequilibrium over short physical distances measured in sheep using a high‐density SNP chip
Authors: Kijas James W. , Porto‐Neto Laercio , Dominik Sonja , Reverter Antonio , Bunch Rowan , McCulloch Russell , Hayes Ben J. , Brauning Rudiger , McEwan John ,   the International Sheep Genomics Consortium
Published: July 2014

SummaryThe extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between genetic loci has implications for both association studies and the accuracy of genomic prediction. To characterise the persistence of LD in diverse sheep breeds, two SNP genotyping platforms were used. First, existing SNP genotypes from 63 breeds obtained using the ovine SNP50 BeadChip (49 034 loci) were used to estimate LD decay in populations with contrasting levels of genetic diversity. Given the paucity of marker pairs separated by short physical distances on the SNP50 BeadChip, genotyping was subsequently performed for four breeds using the recently developed ovine HD BeadChip that assays approximately 600 000 SNPs with an average genomic spacing of 5 kb. This facilitated a highly accurate estimate of LD over short genomic distances (<30 kb) and revealed LD varies considerably between sheep breeds. Further, sheep appear to contain generally lower levels of LD than do other domestic species, likely a reflection of aspects of their past population history.
The impact of type 2 diabetes and obesity on the long‐term outcomes of more than 85 000 liver transplant recipients in the US
Authors: Younossi Z. M. , Stepanova M. , Saab S. , Kalwaney S. , Clement S. , Henry L. , Frost S. , Hunt S. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryBackgroundType 2 diabetes is known to negatively impact the outcome of chronic liver disease.AimTo evaluate the impact of diabetes on the outcomes of liver transplants (LT).MethodsStudy cohort included adults (>18 years) who received LT in the US between 1994 and 2013 (The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients). Pre‐ and post‐transplant diabetes was recorded in patients with mortality follow‐up.ResultsWe included 85 194 liver transplant recipients. Of those, 11.2% had history of pre‐transplant diabetes. The most common indications for liver transplant were hepatitis C (36.4%), alcohol‐related liver disease (20.6%), primary liver malignancy of unspecified aetiology (14.7%), cryptogenic cirrhosis (8.0%), hepatitis B (4.6%) and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (3.9%). A total of 96.5% transplants were from deceased donors, and 7.9% donors had history of diabetes. During an average 6.5 years of follow‐up, 31.3% recipients died and 8.8% had a graft failure. In multivariate survival analysis [at least 5 years of cohort follow‐up (N = 35 870)], after adjustment for age, ethnicity, insurance type, history of chronic diseases, HCV infection and noncompliance, independent predictors of recipient mortality included the presence of pre‐transplant diabetes [adjusted hazard ratio (95%CI) = 1.21 (1.12–1.30)] and developing diabetes post‐transplant [1.06 (1.02–1.11)]. Donor's history of diabetes was also independently associated with higher mortality [1.10 (1.02–1.19)]. Furthermore, donor's history of diabetes was also associated with an increased the risk of liver graft failure [1.35 (1.24–1.47)].ConclusionsPresence of type 2 diabetes pre‐ and post‐transplant, as well as presence of type 2 diabetes in the donors, are all associated with an increased risk of adverse post‐transplant outcomes.
STATIC AND DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF CENTRAL BANK TRANSPARENCY
Authors: Dai Meixing 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTUsing a New Keynesian framework, this paper shows that, under optimal discretion and optimal pre‐commitment in a timeless perspective, imperfect transparency about the relative weight assigned by the central bank to output‐gap stabilization generally reduces the average reaction of inflation to inflation shocks and the volatility of inflation, but increases those of the output gap in static and dynamic terms, and more so when inflation shocks are highly persistent. When inflation shocks are moderately persistent, opacity could improve social welfare if the weight assigned to output‐gap stabilization is low and this is more likely under pre‐commitment than under discretion.
Clinical and genetic characteristics of a large monocentric series of patients affected by thyroid hormone (Th) resistance and suggestions for differential diagnosis in patients without mutation of Th receptor β
Authors: Macchia Enrico , Lombardi Martina , Raffaelli Valentina , Piaggi Paolo , Macchia Lorenzo , Scattina Ilaria , Martino Enio 
Published: July 2014

SummaryObjectiveThe syndrome of resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is caused by a mutation of TH receptor β (TRβ) in 80% of cases. Patients without mutation (non‐TR‐RTH) may have a biochemical pattern that is difficult to differentiate from that of pituitary TSH‐secreting adenoma (TSHoma). Herein, we report a large monocentric series of RTH focusing on patients with non‐TR‐RTH, to evaluate possible clinical or biochemical parameters able to distinguish them from TSHoma.Design and patientsWe retrospectively reviewed the data of 99 consecutive patients with inappropriate TSH secretion (IST) syndrome referred to our Department between 1983 and 2011, identifying 68 patients with RTH and 31 patients with TSHomas.MeasurementsPatient records were reviewed for the main clinical, biochemical and imaging characteristics.ResultsOf our 68 patients with RTH, 16 (23·5%) did not show a TRβ mutation and did not have affected family members. Of these 16 patients, three developed a TSHoma, during follow‐up. To distinguish non‐TR‐RTH from TSHoma, we identified appropriate cut‐off values for the main biochemical parameters that demonstrated the greatest sensitivity and specificity (T3 suppression test, α‐subunit/TSH molar ratio, α‐subunit assay and TRH test) and we calculated the probability for each patient to develop a TSHoma.ConclusionsThe application of the identified cut‐offs could become a very useful tool in the challenging differential diagnosis between sporadic non‐TR‐RTH and TSHoma. It would then be possible to select the patients at higher risk of developing a TSHoma and therefore needing a closer follow‐up.
In Vitro Assessment with the Infrared Thermometer of Temperature Differences Generated During Implant Site Preparation: The Traditional Technique Versus the Single‐Drill Technique
Authors: Lucchiari Nicola , Frigo Anna Chiara , Stellini Edoardo , Coppe Matteo , Berengo Mario , Bacci Christian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeTo assess in vitro, using an infrared (IR) thermometer, temperature changes generated at implant sites by osteotomies involving two different drilling methods (with multiple drills versus only one) and to measure the influence of irrigation on the temperature variation.Materials and MethodsForty bone samples (from bovine rib) were divided into two groups of 20. Osteotomies were performed in group A with four drills, using the standard method (Leone Dental Implant System, final diameter 3.5 mm), and in group B with a single drill (Zero1 Drill, Leone Dental Implant System 3.5 mm diameter). In each group, half of the osteotomies were performed with irrigation (subgroups A1 and B1) and the other half without irrigation (subgroups A2 and B2). Two osteotomies were performed on each sample, using four different‐sized drills according to the standard technique on one side and using a single drill on the other side. The starting temperature (T0) and the maximum temperature (Tmax) reached in the bone were measured. Comparisons of ΔT were drawn between subgroups A1 and B1 and between subgroups A2 and B2. The data were analyzed using Student's t‐test (with 95% confidence interval).ResultsThe mean difference identified between the temperature produced with the last drill used in the traditional technique and that produced with the single drill was 0.3150 ± 1.0194°C when irrigation was used (group A1 vs group B1; not statistically significant). The mean difference between the temperature produced with the last drill of the traditional technique and that produced with the single drill was −0.3526 ± 0.5232°C when irrigation was not used (group A2 vs group B2; statistically significant).ConclusionsThe single‐drill method induced a significantly greater variation in temperature than the traditional method, but only when irrigation was used; without any irrigation, the difference in the temperature variation generated by the two methods was not statistically significant. In any case, bone heating during the osteotomy never exceeded 2°C and was clinically irrelevant, as thermal damage to bone has only been reported in the literature for temperatures beyond 47°C persisting for more than one minute.
Sinus Width Analysis and New Classification with Clinical Implications for Augmentation
Authors: Teng Minhua , Cheng Qian , Liao Jian , Zhang Xuan , Mo Anchun , Liang Xing 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeTo measure the distances between the medial and lateral sinus wall (sinus width [SW]) at different levels on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and apply those SW values to formulate a new sinus classification.Materials and MethodsEdentulous sites adjacent to maxillary sinuses with inadequate residual bone height (RBH) were included from the CBCT database. SW was measured at the heights of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 mm from the sinus floor. Mean SW was stratified into different groups by RBH, study sites (first and second premolars and molars), and measurement levels. Statistical analyses were conducted with commercially available software (IBM SPSS Statistics 19, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).ResultsA total 186 patients (mean age 50.4 years) with 267 edentulous sites were included. Mean SW was wider at molar sites, higher measurement levels, and sites with less RBH. Narrow, average, or wide sinuses were classified based on the 33rd and 67th percentile SW values at 1‐, 5‐, and 9‐mm measurement levels, respectively.ConclusionsSW at different levels relating to sinus floor elevation was measured. The proposed classification could contribute to estimate the difficulty of sinus augmentation, useful for the selection of surgical approaches. Further studies are required to testify its clinical implications.
Predictors of Alveolar Process Remodeling Following Ridge Preservation in High‐Risk Patients
Authors: Cosyn Jan , Cleymaet Roberto , De Bruyn Hugo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurpose(1) To clinically evaluate horizontal remodeling of the alveolar process (hard and soft tissues) following ridge preservation in high‐risk patients and (2) to identify predictors of such remodeling.Materials and MethodsPeriodontally healthy nonsmoking patients with a failing tooth in the anterior maxilla (15–25) were selected for a prospective case series. All were in need of a single implant and demonstrated high risk for aesthetic complications given an incomplete buccal bone wall and/or thin‐scalloped gingival biotype. Following flapless tooth extraction, ridge preservation was performed using one or more collagen‐enriched, bovine‐derived block grafts (Geistlich Bio‐Oss® Collagen® 100 mg, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland) without the additional use of membranes or soft tissue grafts. The change in buccopalatal dimension of the alveolar process between baseline (prior to tooth extraction) and 4 months was assessed on the basis of superimposed occlusal slides. Regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of alveolar process remodeling.ResultsForty‐two patients (21 females, 21 males; mean age 38) met the selection criteria and consented to the treatment. Mean alveolar process remodeling was 14% (SD 7, range 4–30) with minimal remodeling (≤10%) in 16 patients (38%) and advanced remodeling (>20%) in 10 patients (24%). A single implant could be installed in all subjects without additional guided bone regeneration. Connective tissue grafting was performed later on in the treatment for aesthetic purposes, hereby compensating for tissue loss at the buccal aspect. Predictors of alveolar process remodeling were tooth location (central incisors and cuspids > laterals incisors and premolars), tooth abscess (p = .025), and buccal bone loss (p = .035).ConclusionAlveolar process remodeling seems inevitable yet acceptable following ridge preservation in high‐risk patients. Proper case selection may reduce the incidence of advanced remodeling.
Four‐Millimeter‐Long Posterior‐Mandible Implants: 5‐Year Outcomes of a Prospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Slotte Christer , Grønningsaeter Arne , Halmøy Anne‐Marie , Öhrnell Lars‐Olof , Mordenfeld Arne , Isaksson Sten , Johansson Lars‐Åke 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundThere is lack of evidence on long‐term success of short dental implants in reduced alveolar bone.PurposeIn this prospective 5‐year study, survival and marginal bone loss of 4‐mm implants, which supported fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) in severely resorbed posterior mandibles, were evaluated.Material and MethodsIn 28 patients, evaluation of 86 osseointegrated 4‐mm‐long implants, which supported a 3‐ or a 4‐unitFDPby crown splinting without the use of pontics or cantilevers, was performed over a 5‐year period.ResultsThree subjects dropped out for non‐study reasons: one subject had her three implants removed after 1 year and two subjects died (six implants). Five implants in three subjects were lost between 3 and 5 years. Twenty‐four subjects and 71 implants were active at the 5‐year follow‐up (92.2% survival). After 1 year, significant (p < .001) mean (standard error of the mean [SEM]) 0.44‐mm (0.05) marginal bone loss occurred. At 2, 3, and 5 years, mean (SEM) bone loss of 0.57 mm (0.06), 0.55 mm (0.07), and 0.53 mm (0.08) occurred, respectively (no significant change after 1 year). At 5 years, average plaque levels were 13.3%; 69% of the implants were plaque free. On average, mucosal bleeding occurred at 8.1% of the implants. During 5 years, two subjects experienced uncomplicated bridge loosening. No other complications occurred during the study.ConclusionFour‐millimeter implants can supportFDPsin severely resorbed posterior mandibles for 5 years with healthy peri‐implant conditions.
The effects of fibrinogen concentration on fibrin/atelocollagen composite gel: an in vitro and in vivo study in rabbit calvarial bone defect
Authors: Kim Beom‐Su , Kim Hyung‐Jin , Choi Jung‐Goo , You Hyung‐Keun , Lee Jun 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to optimize the fibrinogen concentration in fibrin and atelocollagen (AT‐COL) (fibrin/AT‐COL) composite gel for improving bone regeneration.Methods and materialsThe fibrin/AT‐COL composite gels were fabricated using various fibrinogen concentrations, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the resulting composite gels analyzed. The cytocompatibility of the composite gels was examined using human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSCs). Furthermore, in nine rabbits, the in vivo bone regeneration efficiency was evaluated using a rabbit calvarial defects model at 2 weeks (n = 3), 4 weeks (n = 3), and 8 weeks (n = 3).ResultsScanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the formation of a fibrin layer matrix and collagen fibril networks. The composite gel containing 40 mg/ml fibrinogen showed a densely packed fibrin matrix and displayed superior mechanical properties. Cells cultured in the composite gels prepared with 5–20 mg/ml fibrinogen appeared elongated, with a spindle‐like morphology. At a higher fibrinogen concentration (40 mg/ml), many cells were rounded and showed limited viability. In an in vivo study, at 8 weeks, the volume of fibrin/AT‐COL gel (P = 0.02) was significantly higher than that of fibrin gel alone in the newly formed bone. Histological analysis revealed more islands of newly formed bone filling the central area of the defect in the fibrin/AT‐COL gel‐implanted animals.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that optimization of the fibrinogen content of fibrin/AT‐COL composites should be beneficial for bone tissue engineering.
Learning to Manipulate and Categorize in Human and Artificial Agents
Authors: Morlino Giuseppe , Gianelli Claudia , Borghi Anna M. , Nolfi Stefano 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study investigates the acquisition of integrated object manipulation and categorization abilities through a series of experiments in which human adults and artificial agents were asked to learn to manipulate two‐dimensional objects that varied in shape, color, weight, and color intensity. The analysis of the obtained results and the comparison of the behavior displayed by human and artificial agents allowed us to identify the key role played by features affecting the agent/environment interaction, the relation between category and action development, and the role of cognitive biases originating from previous knowledge.