bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing subjective well‐being and health‐related quality of life of Australian drug users in treatment in Regional and Rural Victoria
Authors: Miller Peter G. , Hyder Shannon , Zinkiewicz Lucy , Droste Nicolas , Harris Jane B. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe aim of this study is to examine the self‐reported subjective well‐being and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of alcohol and other drug users and to examine whether subjective well‐being in this sample would be predicted by either HRQOL and/or severity of dependence.Design and MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted of 201 Victorian substance users in individual targeted outpatient treatment for a variety of types of substance use. Participants were administered an interview, including the personal well‐being index, the SF‐8 health survey and the severity of dependence scale, in order to assess subjective well‐being, the mental health component of HRQOL and severity of drug dependence respectively.ResultsSubjective well‐being was predicted by mental health aspects of HRQOL (sr2 = 0.03) and by employment (sr2 = 0.05), rather than by severity of dependence [F(5, 146) = 5.60, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.14].Discussion and ConclusionsThe current sample of urban and regional substance users in outpatient treatment shows poorer levels of subjective well‐being than do the general population. Subjective well‐being was predicted by mental aspects of HRQOL and not by severity of drug dependence or by physical aspects of HRQOL. Treatment which aims to improve substance users' well‐being should include mental health interventions and pathways to employment. [Miller PG, Hyder S, Zinkiewicz L, Droste N, Harris JB. Comparing subjective well‐being and health‐related quality of life of Australian drug users in treatment in Regional and Rural Victoria. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:651‐657]
Phylogenetic trees do not reliably predict feature diversity
Authors: Kelly Steven , Grenyer Richard , Scotland Robert W. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimPhylogenetic trees provide a framework for understanding the evolution of features (properties, characters or traits) of species, where closely related species share many common or similar features. This property of phylogenetic trees has practical use in applications such as bio‐prospecting, where an optimal strategy exploits phylogenetic information to target closely related species to search for shared features of interest. The implicit corollary of this is that distantly related species share few features in common. This property of phylogenetic trees is thought to be useful for conservation evaluation in choosing sets of species that maximize the present utilitarian benefits of extant feature diversity (such as biologically active compounds or source systems for genetic engineering) as well as maximizing the range of evolutionary trajectories into the future.LocationGlobal.MethodsHere, we investigate the relationship between phylogenetic trees and biological features through both simulation and meta‐analysis of 223 publicly available feature matrices.ResultsWe demonstrate that phylogenetic tree distance, both in real and simulated datasets, is correlated with feature similarity only for a short relative distance along the tree, such that there is no relationship for the majority of the length of most phylogenetic trees. In other words, close relatives share more features than distant relatives but beyond a certain threshold increasingly more distant relatives are not more divergent in phenotype.Main conclusionsMeasures of phylogenetic diversity based upon maximizing phylogenetic distance may not maximize feature diversity.
Cichlid species‐area relationships are shaped by adaptive radiations that scale with area
Authors: Wagner Catherine E. , Harmon Luke J. , Seehausen Ole 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA positive relationship between species richness and island size is thought to emerge from an equilibrium between immigration and extinction rates, but the influence of species diversification on the form of this relationship is poorly understood. Here, we show that within‐lake adaptive radiation strongly modifies the species‐area relationship for African cichlid fishes. The total number of species derived fromin situspeciation increases with lake size, resulting in faunas orders of magnitude higher in species richness than faunas assembled by immigration alone. Multivariate models provide evidence for added influence of lake depth on the species‐area relationship. Diversity of clades representing within‐lake radiations show responses to lake area, depth and energy consistent with limitation by these factors, suggesting that ecological factors influence the species richness of radiating clades within these ecosystems. Together, these processes produce lake fish faunas with highly variable composition, but with diversities that are well predicted by environmental variables.
Parasitism of three attelabid weevils by Bracon (Uncobracon) apoderi Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Kyushu, Japan
Authors: Kuramitsu Kazumu , Komizo Katsuki 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe larval parasitoid Bracon (Uncobracon) apoderi Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is reported from Kyushu for the first time. Two host weevils, Phymatapoderus latipennis and Paroplapoderus pardalis (Coleoptera: Attelabidae), are newly recorded. Bracon apoderi parasitized three attelabid species, including Apoderus balteatus, but did not parasitize Cycnotrachelus roelofsi even though it is a dominant attelabid species in the study site. In addition, B. apoderi mainly parasitized suspended cradles rather than cut‐off cradles.
Enhanced in vitro CA1 network activity in a sodium channel β1(C121W) subunit model of genetic epilepsy
Authors: Hatch Robert J. , Reid Christopher A. , Petrou Steven 
Published: March 2014

SummaryObjectiveA NaVβ1(C121W) mouse model of human genetic epilepsy has enhanced neuronal excitability and temperature sensitivity attributed to a decreased threshold for action potential firing in the axon initial segment. To investigate the network consequences of this neuronal dysfunction and to establish a genetic disease state model we developed an in vitro assay to investigate CA1 network properties and antiepileptic drug sensitivity.MethodsCA1 network oscillations were induced by tetanic stimulation and average number of spikes, interspike interval (ISI), duration, and latency were measured in slices from control and NaVβ1(C121W) heterozygous mice in the presence and absence of retigabine or carbamazepine. Retigabine was also tested in a thermogenic seizure model.ResultsOscillations were reliably induced by tetanic stimulation and were maintained after severing connections between CA3 and CA1, suggesting a local recurrent circuit. Blocking α‐Amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), γ‐aminobutyric acid receptor A (GABAA), Ih, and T‐type Ca2+ channels/receptors reduced the number of spikes. Slices from NaVβ1(C121W) heterozygous mice displayed several hallmarks of increased network excitability including increases in duration of the oscillation, the number and frequency of spikes and a decrease in their onset latency. The effect of genotype on network excitability was temperature sensitive, as it was seen only at elevated temperatures. Carbamazepine and retigabine were more effective in reducing network excitability in slices from NaVβ1(C121W) heterozygous mice. Retigabine appeared to be more effective in suppressing time to thermogenic seizures in NaVβ1(C121W) heterozygous mice compared to wild‐type (WT) controls.SignificanceHippocampal networks of the NaVβ1(C121W) heterozygous mouse model of genetic epilepsy show enhanced excitability consistent with earlier single neuron studies bridging important scales of brain complexity relevant to seizure genesis. Altered pharmacosensitivity further suggests that genetic epilepsy models may be useful in the development of novel antiepileptic drugs that target disease state pathology.A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Social Reversal of Sex‐Biased Aggression and Dominance in a Biparental Cichlid Fish (Julidochromis marlieri)
Authors: Wood Kelsey J. , Zero Victoria H. , Jones Albyn , Renn Suzy C. P. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn biparental species, aggression, dominance, and parental care are typically sexually dimorphic. While behavioral dimorphism is often strongly linked to gonadal sex, the environment—either social or ecological—may also influence sex‐biased behavior. In the biparental cichlid fish Julidochromis marlieri, the typical social environment for breeding pairs consists of large females paired with smaller males. While both sexes are capable of providing territory defense and parental care, the larger female provides the majority of defense for the pair, while the smaller male remains in the nest guarding their offspring. We examine the contributions of sex and relative mate size to these sex‐biased behaviors in monogamous J. marlieri pairs. Both female‐larger and male‐larger pairs were formed in the laboratory and were observed for territorial aggression (against conspecifics and heterospecifics), dominance, and parental care. In female‐larger pairs, territorial aggression and intra‐pair dominance were female‐biased, while in male‐larger pairs this bias was reversed. For both pairing types, the presence of an intruder amplified sex differences in territorial aggression, with the larger fish always attacking with greater frequency than its mate. Though less robust, there was evidence for plasticity of sex‐bias for some egg care related behaviors in the inverse direction. Our study suggests that relative mate size strongly influences the sex bias of aggression and dominance in J. marlieri and that this aspect of the social environment can override the influence of gonadal sex on an individual's behavior. The remarkable plasticity of this species makes Julidochromis an exciting model that could be used to address the relationship between proximate and ultimate mechanisms of behavioral plasticity.
Multi‐parameter crack tip stress state description for evaluation of nonlinear zone width in silicate composite specimens in component splitting/bending test geometry
Authors: Veselý V. , Frantík P. , Sobek J. , Malíková L. , Seitl S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis paper is aimed at the approximation of the stress and displacement fields both in the vicinity and also at a larger distance from the crack tip in test specimens utilised for the determination of the fracture characteristics of quasi‐brittle materials. A novel geometry is considered, which, with changes in the specimen's shape proportions, offers a wide variety of crack tip constraint levels and consequently also a broad range of extents/shapes of the nonlinear zone evolving around the crack tip. The combination of (four‐point) bending and wedge splitting tests of notched prismatic specimens is proposed and numerically investigated. Several variants of boundary conditions are modelled. The stress intensity factor K, the T‐stress and the coefficients of even higher‐order terms of the Williams series are determined and subsequently utilised for analytical approximations of the stress field. The agreement between the analytical and numerical solution depending on the distance from the crack tip and the number of terms of the series, and taking into account the analytical expression, is discussed. The presented approach is expected to be a suitable technique employed as part of a procedure being developed for the estimation of the fracture process zone extent in silicate composite materials. Such materials are characterised by their quasi‐brittle fracture response, which is caused by the softening of the material in the nonlinear zone. It is shown that changes in specimen proportions and/or the positions of supports slightly influence the crack tip constraint level resulting in possible differences in the width of the nonlinear zone.
Electrical energy production from forest detritus in a forested wetland using microbial fuel cells
Authors: Dai Jianing , Wang Jun‐Jian , Chow Alex T. , Conner William H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractMicrobial fuel cell (MFC) technology has shown great potential for harvesting energy from waste organic materials. Here, we explored the potential of MFC‐based electricity generation from forest detritus, a large untapped biomass pool. Electricity generation from in situ MFCs and relevant environmental parameters (i.e., carbon sources and concentrations, temperature, water depth) in a seasonally flooded freshwater cypress‐tupelo wetland were monitored intensively for two flooding periods. Current outputs ranged from 0 to 1.27 mA (mean of 0.40 mA for flooding period) and were highly sensitive to environmental changes, showing seasonal and diel dependences. Excluding the influence of heavy storms, drought, or wetland icing, current output was highly temperature‐dependent dielly. Seasonally, current output gradually increased in the first 3–4 months (limited by temperature) and decreased slightly during the last 1–2 months (probably limited by carbon and nutrients) of both flooding periods. Litter extract of baldcypress (Taxodium distictum) with lower C/N ratio and aromatic content showed greater stable current outputs (0.57 mA) based on 50 mg l−1 biological oxygen demand compared to extracts of water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), suggesting that the current output of in situ MFCs could depend on the vegetation within a wetland. Our study highlights the potential application of MFC in generating green and sustainable electricity from forest biomass for powering remote sensors in wetland ecosystems.
High photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of Miscanthus lutarioriparius characterize an energy crop in the semiarid temperate region
Authors: Yan Juan , Zhu Caiyun , Liu Wei , Luo Fan , Mi Jia , Ren Yongjian , Li Jianqiang , Sang Tao 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe development of second‐generation energy crops on marginal land relies on the identification of plants with suitable physiological properties. In this study, we measured and compared leaf photosynthesis and water use efficiency of 22 populations from three Miscanthus species, M. lutarioriparius, M. sacchariflorus, and M. sinensis, planted in two experimental fields located in Qingyang of the Gansu Province (QG) and Jiangxia of the Hubei Province (JH) in China. QG is located in the Loess Plateau, one of the world's most seriously eroded regions particularly abundant in semiarid marginal land. At both locations, M. lutarioriparius produced the highest biomass and had the highest photosynthetic rates (A), with the growing‐season average of A reaching nearly 20 μmol m−2 s−1. Native to JH, M. lutarioriparius maintained a relatively high photosynthetic rate into the late growing stage in QG, for example, 15 μmol m−2 s−1 at temperature as low as 11.6 °C in October. All three species had higher water use efficiency (WUE) in semiarid QG than in warmer and wetter JH. In the late growing stage of M. lutarioriparius, instantaneous WUE (A/E) of the species nearly tripled in QG comparing to JH. Being able to maintain remarkably high photosynthetic rates when transplanted to a colder and drier location, these M. lutarioriparius populations serve as suitable wild progenitors for energy crop domestication in the Loess Plateau and other areas with the similar climates.
Bioenergy crop greenhouse gas mitigation potential under a range of management practices
Authors: Hudiburg Tara W. , Davis Sarah C. , Parton William , Delucia Evan H. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPerennial grasses have been proposed as viable bioenergy crops because of their potential to yield harvestable biomass on marginal lands annually without displacing food and to contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction by storing carbon in soil. Switchgrass, miscanthus, and restored native prairie are among the crops being considered in the corn and agricultural regions of the Midwest and eastern United States. In this study, we used an extensive dataset of site observations for each of these crops to evaluate and improve the DayCent biogeochemical model and make predictions about how both yield and GHG fluxes would respond to different management practices compared to a traditional corn‐soy rotation. Using this model‐data integration approach, we found 30–75% improvement in our predictions over previous studies and a subsequent evaluation with a synthesis of sites across the region revealed good model‐data agreement of harvested yields (r2 > 0.62 for all crops). We found that replacement of corn‐soy rotations would result in a net GHG reduction of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 with average annual yields of 3.6, 9.2, and 17.2 Mg of dry biomass per year for native prairie, switchgrass, and miscanthus respectively. Both the yield and GHG balance of switchgrass and miscanthus were affected by harvest date with highest yields occurring near onset of senescence and highest GHG reductions occurring in early spring before the new crops emergence. Addition of a moderate length rotation (10–15 years) caused less than a 15% change to yield and GHG balance. For policy incentives aimed at GHG reduction through onsite management practices and improvement of soil quality, post‐senescence harvests are a more effective means than maximizing yield potential.
Palaeocene–Eocene evolution of beta diversity among ungulate mammals in North America
Authors: Darroch Simon A. F. , Webb Amelinda E. , Longrich Nicholas , Belmaker Jonathan 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimThe Palaeocene–late Eocene transition in North America marks a critical interval in the evolution and diversification of land mammals, including adaptive radiation in the Palaeocene, and repeated waves of immigration over habitat bridges at the Palaeocene–Eocene boundary. We investigate the fossil record of ungulate mammals over this period to understand the effects of immigration and faunal exchange on local (alpha), regional (gamma) and between‐site (beta) diversity.LocationNorth America.MethodsWe use Palaeocene and Eocene records of North American ungulate mammals taken from the Paleobiology Database (PBDB), and calculate beta diversity among families and genera within the seven stages of the Cenozoic. We reconstruct geographic ranges sizes for studied taxa, and test trends in these ranges against null models used to control for sampling biases. Finally, we use Mantel tests to quantify the relationship between geographic distance and faunal dissimilarity within each time slice, in order to visualize changes in the spatial complexity of mammal communities.ResultsGamma diversity increases over the studied interval, with varying contributions from alpha and beta diversity. Beta diversity increases from the Palaeocene to Eocene, reflected in decreasing range size and increased correlation between reconstructed distance and faunal similarity. Increase in beta diversity over the Palaeocene–Eocene transition is driven by smaller geographic ranges among putatively invasive ‘immigrant’ and secondarily endemic taxa; range contraction among these groups in the middle–late Eocene leads to a Bartonian peak in beta diversity.Main conclusionsHigh gamma diversity in the Eocene was driven by high beta diversity rather than alpha diversity, indicating that range contraction in both immigrant and secondarily endemic taxa restructured the spatial organization of mammal communities. These parallel trends suggest that factors such as tectonic uplift or climate change were responsible, as opposed to ecological differences. Increase in beta diversity over the Palaeocene–Eocene boundary suggests that over longer time‐scales, mass immigration events can lead to greater overall richness and greater heterogeneity, rather than homogeneity, within regional assemblages.
Is taxonomic homogenization linked to functional homogenization in temperate forests?
Authors: Sonnier Grégory , Johnson Sarah E. , Amatangelo Kathryn L. , Rogers Dave A. , Waller Donald M. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimBiotic homogenization – the tendency for communities to converge in species composition – has occurred in many ecosystems, creating management challenges. The extent to which this convergence in species composition is related to convergence in trait composition (‘functional homogenization’), however, remains unresolved.LocationNorth America, Wisconsin.MethodsUsing extensive plant community survey data from the 1950s and 2000s, and values for 11 traits measured on 169 species, we examined changes in functional beta diversity across 151 upland forest stands distributed across southern and northern Wisconsin. To estimate functional beta diversity, we used two recently developed pairwise functional dissimilarity metrics, plus an additive partitioning of functional diversity approach.ResultsUsing pairwise functional dissimilarity metrics, we found no significant changes in functional beta diversity through time in either southern or northern upland forests. Under additive partitioning, species alpha diversity was lower than species beta diversity; whereas functional alpha diversity was much higher than functional beta diversity in both time periods and across all forest types. This suggests a high turnover of species but a low turnover of traits among communities.Main conclusionsAlthough upland forests in Wisconsin have experienced taxonomic homogenization, they have not undergone functional homogenization, which may reflect a high functional redundancy among Wisconsin forest plants. As species decline further or disappear in response to habitat fragmentation and other global changes, functional redundancy may decline in a way that could diminish the functional diversity of Wisconsin's forests at both local and regional scales.
CATEGORIES OF THE NON‐CONFORMIST: THE HISTORICAL FICTION OF INNER EMIGRATION
Authors: Klapper John 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTOne of the striking features of German literature after the First World War was the increasing popularity of the historical novel. The spread of the genre continued unabated beyond the year 1933 and historical subject matter is to be found in equal measure in the work of exiled writers, oppositionally‐minded inner emigrants and authors loyal to the Nazi cause. Non‐conformist writers within the Third Reich sought through varied techniques of camouflage and deliberate ambiguity to circumvent censors, whilst at the same time conveying their subversive Christian and humanist message to an esoteric sensitised readership. This article offers for the first time a categorisation of non‐conformist historical fiction, identifying four distinct approaches and illustrating how they are realised in inner emigrant works by Andres, Bergengruen, Jünger, Klepper, le Fort, Mitterer, Reck‐Malleczewen, Saile, Schneider and Wiechert. The suggested hermeneutic framework for historical fiction confirms certain well‐known shortcomings of inner emigrant writing but also reveals the ways in which this literature addressed a real need under National Socialism and countered the spiritual poverty of the time.