bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research Done in “A Good Way”: The Importance of Indigenous Elder Involvement in HIV Community-Based Research
Authors: Flicker Sarah , O’Campo Patricia , Monchalin Renée , Thistle Jesse , Worthington Catherine , Masching Renée , Guta Adrian , Pooyak Sherri , Whitebird Wanda , Thomas Cliff 
Published: April 2015

Objectives. We examined the role that Indigenous Elders can play in ensuring that community-based research (CBR) is conducted ethically. Methods. We present data from a larger qualitative study exploring ethical issues that occur in HIV-related CBR through the experiences of researchers engaged in CBR. Between May 2010 and July 2011, we interviewed 51 academic and community research team leaders of federally funded HIV CBR studies. We used thematic analysis techniques to identify themes. Results. Participating researchers engage Elders in research because Elders are keepers of Indigenous knowledge, dynamic ethical consultants, community protectors, and credible sources of information who are able to counsel and support, mediate conflict, provide local context and history, and conduct ceremonial roles. Potential challenges cited by participants to engaging Elders in research include finding the right “fit,” approaching Elders in a culturally appropriate way, and bureaucratic environments that do not honor Indigenous processes. Conclusions. Culturally appropriate Elder engagement in HIV CBR with Indigenous communities is vital for promoting positive relationships and culturally safe research that respects ceremony and Indigenous ways of knowing.
Marketing Practices of Vapor Store Owners
Authors: Cheney Marshall , Gowin Mary , Wann Taylor Franklin 
Published: April 2015

Objectives. We examined the marketing strategies for local vapor stores in a large metropolitan area in Oklahoma. Methods. Vapor store owners or managers (n = 33) participated in individual interviews regarding marketing practices in 2014. We asked owners about their marketing strategies and the groups they targeted. We transcribed the interviews and analyzed them for themes. Results. Store owners used a variety of marketing strategies to bring new customers to their stores and keep current customers coming back. These marketing strategies showed many parallels to tobacco industry strategies. Most owners engaged in some form of traditional marketing practices (e.g., print media), but only a few used radio or television advertising because of budget constraints. Owners used social media and other forms of electronic communication, pricing discounts and specials, and loyalty programs. Owners also had booths at local events, sponsored community events, and hosted them in their stores. Owners attempted to target different groups of users, such as college students and long-term smokers. Conclusions. Local vapor store marketing practices closely resemble current and former tobacco industry marketing strategies. Surveillance of marketing practices should include local and Web-based strategies.
A New Approach that Enables Simpler Well Completion and Higher Recovery
Authors: Bårdsen Johnny , Skeie Terje , Hannah Neil 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Objectives/Scope:
Focusing on a new way to complete and maintain wells, this paper will explain how a newly developed completion approach enables safer, more sustainable operations with higher production and recovery rates from a simple, durable and cost effective well construction.

Methods, Procedures, Process:
The approach, here referred to as the flex-well, concentrates on simplicity while providing all the components an operator requires to design and construct a completion that is fit-for-purpose; it can be as minimalistic or as intricate as the operator requires in order to accomplish maximum reservoir drainage. The flex-well has been engineered to provide a low total-cost-of-ownership solution that meets global operators' current and future drilling, deployment, and production challenges.
The flex-well integrates intervention solutions through a full-bore completion designed for easy access and proactive adjustment. Diagnostic solutions that convey information to surface through wireline data retrieval allow operators to achieve a detailed understanding of well characteristics without permanent cables to surface. This understanding allows for better decision making to optimize and manage the reservoir for maximum recovery throughout the life of the well. Based on the operators data driven decisions production and stimulation valves can be adjusted through wireline interventions, eliminating the need for control lines to surface. With no lines to surface the well design offers complete flexibility for inclusion or addition of multilaterals for infill drilling.

Results, Observations, Conclusions:
The benefits, simplicity and design flexibility of the concept makes it applicable for operators across all resource plays, conventional and unconventional. However, some factors and conditions do enhance the attractiveness of the solution, such as when traditional cementing is challenged, when high-pressure differentials are present, or when full-bore liner design is desired.

Novel/Additive Information:
This new way of designing and intervening in oil and gas wells offers the industry a safer approach that results in fewer people required offshore, simpler procedures and operations, and less equipment deployed for shorter time.
Determining the Cuttings Critical Transport Fluid Velocity using Simple Geometrical Approximations
Authors: Petersen Johnny 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Hole cleaning (cuttings transport) is a major concern and challenge while drilling inclined wells. Insufficient hole cleaning can cause several costly problems, such as an increase in ECD, excessive torque and drag, pack-off, cementing problems, stuck pipe, etc.
The physics of particle cuttings flow is very complicated, and it is impossible to accurately predict the cuttings flow with many different particles, differing in size, shape and density, in non-Newtonian fluids with multiple flow regimes.
The Critical Transport Fluid Velocity (CTFV) is the minimum fluid flow velocity in a pipe or annular region required to prevent the formation of a stationary cuttings bed. This paper will show that the determination of the CTFV for inclined wellbores is, for the most part, dependent on simple geometrical parameters and on fluid and cuttings parameters. This paper is the result of a study to determine the most significant physical phenomena involved in establishing the CTFV.
The governing equations discussed in this paper have been tested against the measurements of Thor Inge F. Larsen published in his Master's Thesis at the University of Tulsa in 1990. The results presented in this paper will show that physics based equations can replace many of the correlations suggested by Larsen.
The paper also shows that the same geometrical considerations are governing the changes in CTFV as the inner and outer diameters of the wellbore changes. We will show that one consequence of this is that using only the pipe hydraulic diameter, i.e. the difference in the inside and outside diameters in the annular region, is not sufficient in determining the change in CTFV as the pipe diameters change.
Suggestions for further experiments and necessary measurements in order to improve the accuracy are presented.
Subsea Well Life Extension Fatigue Challenges
Authors: Howells Hugh , Rimmer Alex , Ward Phil 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The growth in oil price and improvement in techniques for recovery of oil is resulting in an increasing need to keep subsea wells that have exceeded that initial design lives in operation. Life extension will require further drilling on the wells, the feasibility of which must be assessed in terms of the fatigue damage accumulation in the wellhead system. Consideration of fatigue resistance in the design of older wells was limited, if conducted at all, which has resulted in design features that form fatigue hotspots. Such features, coupled with the additional loading applied in further operations can lead to severe challenges in demonstrating fitness-for-purpose in terms of fatigue response.
Calculation of fatigue damage from both previous and future operations is conducted to demonstrate acceptable response. This analysis typically involves a number of assuptions that err on the side of conservatism. However, the severity of loading is such that steps must be taken to minimise these conservatisms where reasonably possible in order to meet faigue life targets. This in itself may not be enough, and the use of in-service monitoring and even component fatigue testing may be needed to meet the required objectives. This paper gives an overview of the design challenges that are faced in extending the service life of older wells, the steps that can be taken to improve calculated fatigue lives and how further steps such as in-service monitoring may be used to demonstrate fitness-for-pupose.
A Novel Approach to the Appraisal of Fractured Igneous Reservoirs
Authors: Bradley Tom , Aarnes Dr. Ingelinn , Øpsen Daniel , Harris Thomas 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The oil industry has traditionally concentrated on exploration and production of conventional clastic and carbonate hydrocarbon plays. More recently, though, fewer new conventional plays are being discovered, causing the industry to shift its attention to unconventional plays.
In addition to ‘shale’ plays, the existence of other types of unconventional plays such as fractured igneous reservoirs has been known for some time. Historically, unconventional plays have been overlooked by the industry because conventional petrophysical models cannot accurately quantify mineralogy and hydrocarbons in place. Very few analysis models have been developed, and a custom interpretation model is often required for individual plays.
Consequently, the oilfield services industry has developed new technologies for evaluating these formations. Pulsed neutron elemental spectroscopy services can accurately quantify complex multi-mineral lithologies. In-situ lithology-independent measurements of porosity, hydrocarbon saturation and hydrocarbon typing can be achieved with advanced nuclear magnetic resonance services. When the technologies are integrated, traditionally challenging formations can be accurately appraised.
The paper presents a case study where wireline pulsed neutron mineralogy, nuclear magnetic resonance, borehole imaging and formation pressure tester measurements are applied to appraise an unconventional igneous-fractured basement reservoir. A general model and workflow are proposed that enable accurate quantifying of mineralogy, water saturation and producibility in other fractured igneous reservoirs.
Precise quantification of deformation of the BHA for improved performance in directional drilling
Authors: Kukian Przemyslaw , Milsom Ian , Minett-Smith Daniel , Coveney Vincent 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Investigation of a quasi-static deformation can give important insights into a number of different aspects of directional drilling including: levels of stresses and strains developed and directional tendencies. Physical tests are carried out on a horizontal model made of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and scaled according to Froude principles. The effects of weight on bit (WOB) and torque on bit (TOB) are investigated. It is shown that when subjected to WOB and TOB the deformation of the model is three-dimensional, with WOB affecting mostly the deformation in the horizontal plane, whereas TOB has a significant effect on the vertical plane. Axial shortening due to WOB and TOB is also reported. However the effects of WOB are an order of magnitude greater than those of TOB.
Experimental Gas Absorption in Petroleum Fluids at HPHT Conditions
Authors: Flatabø Gudny Ø. , Torsvik Anja , Oltedal Velaug M. , Bjørkvik Bård , Grimstad Alv-Arne , Linga Harald 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
For efficient and safe well operations it is important to understand the behaviour of gas influx in petroleum fluids and the impact of relevant temperature and pressure changes in the well. Drilling simulators are tools for analysing gas kick detection limits, designing well control procedures, planning the chemicals and equipment needed on the rig, and generally for planning the well design. A major weakness in current models of kick detection is the lack of experimentally verified data in the HPHT region. The data from this study will be analysed and used as an input in a computational model of two phase gas-drilling fluid flow in the well, allowing better prediction of gas absorption.
This study will provide experimental measurements under HPHT conditions for oil based drilling fluids (OBDFs) and base oils mixed with methane. As a part of the DrillWell centre program, SINTEF has developed an experimental setup for studying the effects of natural gas dissolved in drilling fluids under conditions relevant for HPHT drilling operations. In this setup we are able to measure density and rheological properties of drilling fluids with different degrees of methane saturation at pressures and temperatures of up to 1000 bar and 200°C.
Base oils, the major constituent of OBDFs, contribute to the mud properties. Knowing the properties of the base oils at different pressure and temperature conditions enables assessment of the influence of the other components in the drilling fluid. In this paper we present measurements of a refined mineral base oil, especially designed for deepwater operations, and a linear paraffin oil. These base oils were tested for gas absorption capacity at various pressures and temperatures, and the effect of dissolved gas on the density of the base oils was measured. Experimentally determined saturation pressures show good correlation with predictions made with PVTsim for low gas-oil-ratios (GORs), however, at higher GOR-values the deviation is significant. The temperature influence on the saturation pressure is underestimated by PVTsim, demonstrating the need for more experimental data of drilling fluid behaviour at HPHT conditions. Furthermore, there was a clear difference in the maximum saturation pressure of the two base oils, which may be of high importance for the choice of drilling fluid at high reservoir pressures.
In the continuation of this study we will perform measurements of methane solubility in two OBDFs composed of the two base oils studied in this work, respectively. Density and viscosity of mixtures of OBDF/CH4 will be measured for various amounts of methane at pressures and temperatures ranging from standard ambient to HPHT. The resulting HPHT data will be highly important for improved calculation of bottom hole pressure and prediction of gas kicks.
The Application of the Reelwell Drilling Method in Drilling and Casing a Vertical Well in One-Hole Section
Authors: Tantawy Hesham F. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Since the sequence of geological formations penetrated whilst drilling have different pore and fracture pressures as well as characteristics, the well cannot be drilled in one section to total depth. The conventional well design consists of different hole sections and multiple sized casing strings used mainly to isolate each section and protect it from hazards in subsequent formations to reach the target safely.
Depending on the conditions encountered whilst drilling, three, four or more casing strings might be required. The cost of the casing strings represent approximately 20-40% of the total well cost. Additionally, running and cementing the casing consume rig time adding additional costs to the well.
The Reelwell Drilling Method (RDM) is a new method developed and tested that is based on the use of a Dual Drill String (DDS) where the drilling fluid flows to the bit via the drill string annulus, and the return flow carrying cuttings to the surface is through an inner pipe as the annulus is sealed off using a Rotating Control Device (RCD) atop the Blow Out Preventer (BOP). With this unique flow arrangement, nothing is flowing in the annulus.
The following is a proposal of how the RDM can be used to drill a vertical well in one hole section to the target. This includes stacking different drilling fluids possessing different weight and properties against each section, the procedures to do that safely without problems and the recommended practices. It is found feasible that the well can be drilled in one-hole section saving the cost of extra casing strings and rig time consumed.
Case Study: Dynamic Visualization of Miscibility for EOR Design and Implications for Field Planning
Authors: Godlewski John , Wu Emily 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
CO2 flooding is a well-known enhanced oil recovery method which is made attractive both by the opportunity to recover significant additional oil and the opportunity to sequester CO2 at abandonment. However, as the acquisition and compression of CO2 is costly, the flood must be carefully designed to maximize recovery from the injected volumes. Typically, design is done with a plan to maintain reservoir pressure above the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), but this study investigates if a far more detailed analysis of miscibility is warranted.
A pilot CO2 flood in Western Canada and its existing development plan are investigated. Instead of a relying on the single MMP from slim tube tests, miscibility is calculated on cell-by-cell basis with a tuned equation of state (EOS) and history matched reservoir model. A ‘distance’ to miscibility is calculated, in pressure terms, by comparing the saturation pressure to the cell pressure throughout the flood. The result is then visualized to illuminate possible improvements.
Because it takes in account changes in pressure, composition and temperature in both space and time, this method may model important reservoir phenomena that are not considered with the slim tube method - including channeling, buoyancy, heterogeneity, multiple gradients with depth, and cross-flow diffusion.
The calculation was applied to the field development plan to evaluate the effectiveness of the current strategy. Even though the MMP conditions were nominally met, the new parameter highlights areas where miscibility was not occurring and oil was being by-passed. The measure also shows areas where the CO2 concentrations were excessive, and so the injectant was underutilized in sweeping oil towards producers.
Based on these results, changes to the field development plan were proposed. Well plans and operating constraints were altered to improve downhole mixing and miscibility, leading to improvement in predicted oil recovery and economic measures such as capital expenditure, operating expenditure and net present value. These results demonstrate that MMP can be overly simplistic in the design of miscible flooding strategy.
The case-study presented adds to the database of past experience when designing EOR floods, while providing a simple visualization parameter to aid engineers in understanding and optimizing miscible recovery design. It is particularly useful for multiple contact floods, for fields with limited CO2 availability, and where in-situ heterogeneity, gradients with depth, and diffusion phenomena complicate recovery.
Integrated Reservoir Modelling of the Alvheim Field
Authors: Langaas Kåre , Hjellbakk Andor 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The Alvheim field is located offshore Norway, with a small portion extending into the UK sector. The field is composed of several low relief hydrocarbon accumulations within the Palaeocene Heimdal Formation. Production started in 2008. Recently, a new integrated reservoir model of the Alvheim field was built with the following key objectives: Integrate all known data/constraints, simplify where reasonable, and establish workflows for continuous maintenance/improvement.
The Alvheim field includes thin oil rim reservoirs with horizontal wells. The oil-water contact is varying, partly explained by aquifer depletion from nearby fields. Smaller sector models were constructed to test different alternatives for grid selection, saturation modelling, upscaling methods, initialisation methodology, aquifer modelling and lower completion (inflow control devices) modelling. The dynamic full field model is the main tool for production forecasting and should include all relevant constraints and optimisation aspects. The possibility to use active controls to honour the FPSO unit's swivel velocity constraints and to optimise gas lift were investigated. The studies showed that an orthogonal block centred grid was best for the dynamic full field model, giving a good representation of the horizontal wells and a very computationally efficient model. The static model grid was chosen to best honour the geological concepts and to be applicable in dynamic sector model studies. The varying hydrocarbon contacts were gridded as part of the saturation modelling in the static model and included in the upscaling to the full field dynamic model. Studies showed that the Heimdal aquifer model could be simplified and that the dynamic model could be initialised in 2008. The inflow control devices were found to impact the history match and have been implemented as part of the dynamic model. The active controls implemented in the dynamic full field model have simplified the forecast setup and has the ability to improve the forecast quality and the production optimisation. The new Alvheim model has proved to work well, and the established work flows are used for continuous model improvement.
Designing an Inter-Well Tracer Test in Produced Water Reinjection Fields
Authors: Arief Ibnu Hafidz 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Inter-well tracer test (IWTT) is a method used to track the movement of injection fluid and identify the field connectivity. The mechanism of IWTTs consists of injecting slugs of tracer in the water injector and observing the tracer at the producers from water samples.
One of the advantageous of the IWTT is the uniqueness of tracers which indicates to a specific tracer origin. However in fields which apply produced water reinjection, the original location of the tracer might not be determined. This is caused by the reinjection of produced tracer in other injectors. The tracer reinjection could add noises to the tracer data which might lead to misinterpretations.
The basic idea to overcome this problem is to minimize the noises so that it cannot be detected. It could be achieved by maintaining the noise level under the detection limit of the analytical tool (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). The noise created from the tracer reinjection is directly proportional to the amount of tracer being re-injected and the amount of tracer being re-injected is directly proportional to the initial amount of tracer being injected in the first injector. Therefore in order to minimize the noises, the initial tracer amount should also be minimized. However, too little amount of tracer might prevent the tracer from being observed in the target producers.
This paper discusses the methodology in optimizing the tracer amount. There are basically 4 criteria that need to be considered in optimizing the tracer amount. First, the tracer amount should be sufficient for the tracer to be detected in the target producers. Second, the tracer amount should be minimal to keep the noises below the detection limit. Third, the tracer amount should also results in minimum delay of tracer reading in the producers. The last criterion is to keep a minimum cost for the IWTT project.
This methodology has high potentials to serve as a guideline for reservoir engineers when designing an IWTT in PWRI fields. In conclusion, by having a proper design, the IWTT in PWRI fields can give the same benefits as in the non-PWRI fields.