bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PI3Kγ kinase activity is required for optimal T‐cell activation and differentiation
Authors: Ladygina Nadia , Gottipati Sridevi , Ngo Karen , Castro Glenda , Ma Jing‐Ying , Banie Homayon , Rao Tadimeti S. , Fung‐Leung Wai‐Ping 
Published: September 2013

Phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) is a leukocyte‐specific lipid kinase with signaling function downstream of G protein‐coupled receptors to regulate cell trafficking, but its role in T cells remains unclear. To investigate the requirement of PI3Kγ kinase activity in T‐cell function, we studied T cells from PI3Kγ kinase‐dead knock‐in (PI3KγKD/KD) mice expressing the kinase‐inactive PI3Kγ protein. We show that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from PI3KγKD/KD mice exhibit impaired TCR/CD28‐mediated activation that could not be rescued by exogenous IL‐2. The defects in proliferation and cytokine production were also evident in naïve and memory T cells. Analysis of signaling events in activated PI3KγKD/KD T cells revealed a reduction in phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) and ERK1/2, a decrease in lipid raft formation, and a delay in cell cycle progression. Furthermore, PI3KγKD/KD CD4+ T cells displayed compromised differentiation toward Th1, Th2, Th17, and induced Treg cells. PI3KγKD/KD mice also exhibited an impaired response to immunization and a reduced delayed‐type hypersensitivity to Ag challenge. These findings indicate that PI3Kγ kinase activity is required for optimal T‐cell activation and differentiation, as well as for mounting an efficient T cell‐mediated immune response. The results suggest that PI3Kγ kinase inhibitors could be beneficial in reducing the undesirable immune response in autoimmune diseases.
Nanostructured SnO2@TiO2 Core‐Shell Composites: A High‐Rate Li‐ion Anode Material Usable without Conductive Additives
Authors: Ji Ge , Ding Bo , Ma Yue , Lee Jim Yang 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIncreasing the power density of lithium‐ion batteries at the materials level is still the preferred strategy for meeting the requirements of large‐scale applications such as electric vehicles and grid‐scale energy storage. This paper reports a method to produce reversible Li‐ion storage hosts as nanoparticles furnished with their own current collectors. The consequent decrease in interparticle electrical resistance enabled SnO2 to be used as a lithium‐ion battery anode without conductive additives, even surpassing the rate performance of SnO2 with 10 wt % (typical value) carbon black conductive additive. The “current collector” in this case was a thin, conductive LiyTi1−yO2 shell on a core aggregated from SnO2 nanoparticles. Good electrical connectivity in the electrode was maintained even with the expansion and contraction of the Li‐ion storage host during discharging and charging. The composite fabricated as such delivered a charge (delithiation) capacity of 743 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 in the first cycle and 518 mAh g−1 at the end of 30 cycles without conductive additives. The charge capacity after increasing the current density by a factor of five was similar: 735 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 in the first cycle and 505 mAh g−1 at the end of 30 cycles. Hence the design was effective in minimizing the capacity loss in cycling at high current densities. Impendence measurements indicated that the charge transfer resistance of the composite without conductive additives was even smaller than the charge transfer resistance of pristine SnO2 mixed with carbon black. The TiO2‐coating method can therefore be an effective approach for the preparation of conductive additive‐free high‐power‐density anode materials.
Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Female Adolescents with First‐Onset Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Bühren K , Schwarte R , Fluck F , Timmesfeld N , Krei M , Egberts K , Pfeiffer E , Fleischhaker C , Wewetzer C , Herpertz‐Dahlmann B 
Published: September 2013

AbstractObjectivePatients with anorexia nervosa (AN) exhibit high rates of psychiatric comorbidity. To disentangle the effects of duration of illness on comorbid psychiatric symptoms, we investigated the rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders, suicidality and self‐harm behaviour in adolescent patients with a first onset of AN.MethodsIn adolescent females (n = 148) with a first onset of AN, body mass index, psychiatric comorbidity (according to DSM‐IV), depressive symptoms, suicidality and self‐injurious behaviour were assessed.ResultsSeventy patients (47.3%) met the criteria for at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder. The binge‐purging subtype was associated with increased rates of psychiatric comorbidity, suicidality and self‐injurious behaviour. The severity of eating disorder‐specific psychopathology influenced current psychiatric comorbidity and suicidal ideation.ConclusionPrevalence rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders and suicidal ideation are considerably lower among adolescents with AN compared with adults. An early and careful assessment, along with adequate treatment of the eating disorder, might prevent the development of severe psychiatric comorbidities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Predictors of coupling between structural and functional cortical networks in normal aging
Authors: Romero‐Garcia Rafael , Atienza Mercedes , Cantero Jose L. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractUnderstanding how the mammalian neocortex creates cognition largely depends on knowledge about large‐scale cortical organization. Accumulated evidence has illuminated cortical substrates of cognition across the lifespan, but how topological properties of cortical networks support structure‐function relationships in normal aging remains an open question. Here we investigate the role of connections (i.e., short/long and direct/indirect) and node properties (i.e., centrality and modularity) in predicting functional‐structural connectivity coupling in healthy elderly subjects. Connectivity networks were derived from correlations of cortical thickness and cortical glucose consumption in resting state. Local‐direct connections (i.e., nodes separated by less than 30 mm) and node modularity (i.e., a set of nodes highly interconnected within a topological community and sparsely interconnected with nodes from other modules) in the functional network were identified as the main determinants of coupling between cortical networks, suggesting that the structural network in aging is mainly constrained by functional topological properties involved in the segregation of information, likely due to aging‐related deficits in functional integration. This hypothesis is supported by an enhanced connectivity between cortical regions of different resting‐state networks involved in sensorimotor and memory functions in detrimental to associations between fronto‐parietal regions supporting executive processes. Taken collectively, these findings open new avenues to identify aging‐related failures in the anatomo‐functional organization of the neocortical mantle, and might contribute to early detection of prevalent neurodegenerative conditions occurring in the late life. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2724–2740, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Change and Paradox in Family Therapy
Authors: Goding Geoffrey A. 
Published: September 2013

This paper shows that when the interpersonal context in a family alters, solutions which have previously been successful may paradoxically increase the family's difficulties rather than resolve them. Therapy minors this process, in that when the family system is flexible, “commonsense” interventions may be effective, whereas with a rigid dysfunctional family system therapeutic interventions may be necessary which, among other things, paradoxically imply that no change is required. Some concepts derived from Watzlawick, Weakland and Fish are redefined and the mathematical group theory used by these authors is replaced by system theory in combination with the theory of logical types.A “behaviour disorder” family is used to illustrate the paradoxical mode of symptom development and also the use of a number of paradoxical therapeutic interventions.Possible reasons for the therapeutic power of these interventions are discussed; the concept of first and second order therapeutic paradoxes is introduced.
Bad Therapy A Training Technique
Authors: Lang Moshe 
Published: September 2013

This paper describes a new training technique. The therapist, with a role‐playing family, is instructed to do “bad therapy” — to make the family worse. Usually the “patients” and observers regard the “bad therapy” as beneficial — in fact, better than before. Several examples are given and a short discussion follows.“When I am good I am very very good, But when I am bad I am better”.
Systemic Task Setting in Family Therapy
Authors: White Michael 
Published: September 2013

The application of tasks to the “whole” family system as a method of restructuring family relationships is considered. The value of the introduction of such tasks is discussed.Systemic tasks are categorized as direct or paradoxical. A formula for the construction of direct tasks is outlined. The review of direct tasks and the introduction of paradoxical tasks are discussed together. It is proposed that the partial or complete failure of direct tasks provides fertile ground for the introduction of paradox.A clinical example, which illustrates the application of direct and paradoxical tasks, is presented.
Does the Therapeutic Relationship Matter? A Follow‐up Study of Adherence and Improvement in Family Therapy
Authors: Firestone Andrew , O'Connell Bernadette 
Published: September 2013

A follow‐up study of 83 families treated by family therapy at a child guidance clinic was conducted and the relation of client/therapist interaction to (i) drop out from therapy and (ii) improvement was examined.Early terminators were found to differ significantly from continuers as to their ratings of their relationship with the therapist, and trends were found for therapists' feelings to be associated with adherence to therapy. Early terminators were not distinguished by diagnosis, severity of case, or improvement rating.Improvement, on the other hand, was not associated with therapists' or clients' attitudes to each other. It is suggested that these factors are of greater significance in “joining” therapy than in its course.
The Theory Behind the Traps — Considerations for the Practice of Family Therapy in a Multi‐frame Work Team*
Authors: Sanders Catherine 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFamily systems theory as an approach to problem generation and change is practiced in many settings where other theoretical stances are also held. The issue of successful team work within a clinic where other therapists work from psychoanalytic and behavioural models is addressed. Structural, strategic and systemic approaches are compared with the psychoanalytic and behavioural. Particular attention is paid to apparent similarities between psychoanalytic and systemic family therapy theory.It is concluded that basic differences exist which make successful merging of the two views impossible. Practical examples of difficulties and attempted solutions are offered.
Reconstructing the Family's Reality — The Struggle of a Young Anorectic Woman and Her Family's Way of Viewing the World.*
Authors: Durrant Michael 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIt is argued that systemic family therapy has much to gain from phenomenological social psychology and the sociology of knowledge. The similarities between social psychological concepts of social rule theory and concepts from structural/strategic therapy are discussed, as is the need for an examination of the construction of reality to complete these concepts. The theory of the social construction of reality is presented and its relevance to the ways in which families behave discussed.A case involving a young anorectic woman and her family is presented in detail to demonstrate the process of altering the processes of reality construction in the family so as to allow the members to pursue alternatives.
The Status of Women in Australian Family Therapy*
Authors: Cross Judith 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThis article examines the participation of female family therapists as leaders in Australian family therapy. The involvement of women in publications, education and status positions is presented and shows that women are significantly under‐represented in these areas. A brief examination is then made of factors within the profession itself that mitigate against the advancement of women and their inclusion in the upper echelon.
Intervening in the School‐Family‐Clinic Triangle*
Authors: Relph Andrew 
Published: September 2013

AbstractIdeas from family therapy have recently been applied to school and learning problems. A systems view has been advocated rather than the more traditional individual one long used by teachers, parents and school psychologists. This paper describes a model that enables school problems to be formulated systematically and details the implications of this model for designing interventions. A new project in Perth that combines simultaneous interventions in family, social and educational systems is described and its work is illustrated with a case example.
New Discoveries of Old SON: A Link Between RNA Splicing and Cancer
Authors: Hickey Christopher J. , Kim Jung‐Hyun , Ahn Eun‐Young Erin 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe SON protein is a ubiquitously expressed DNA‐ and RNA‐binding protein primarily localized to nuclear speckles. Although several early studies implicated SON in DNA‐binding, tumorigenesis and apoptosis, functional significance of this protein had not been recognized until recent studies discovered SON as a novel RNA splicing co‐factor. During constitutive RNA splicing, SON ensures efficient intron removal from the transcripts containing suboptimal splice sites. Importantly, SON‐mediated splicing is required for proper processing of selective transcripts related to cell cycle, microtubules, centrosome maintenance, and genome stability. Moreover, SON regulates alternative splicing of RNAs from the genes involved in apoptosis and epigenetic modification. In addition to the role in RNA splicing, SON has an ability to suppress transcriptional activation at certain promoter/enhancer DNA sequences. Considering the multiple SON target genes which are directly involved in cell proliferation, genome stability and chromatin modifications, SON is an emerging player in gene regulation during cancer development and progression. Here, we summarize available information from several early studies on SON, and highlight recent discoveries describing molecular mechanisms of SON‐mediated gene regulation. We propose that our future effort on better understanding of diverse SON functions would reveal novel targets for cancer therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 224–231, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cassini/CAPS observations of duskside tail dynamics at Saturn
Authors: Thomsen M. F. , Wilson R. J. , Tokar R. L. , Reisenfeld D. B. , Jackman C. M. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractPlasma properties of Saturn's premidnight tail region are surveyed using Cassini/Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) ion observations from 2010. Only low‐latitude (|lat| < 6°) intervals in which the CAPS viewing was roughly symmetric inward and outward around the corotation direction are used. Our numerical moments algorithm returns nonzero ion density for 70% (999) of the intervals selected. Of these, 642 had detectable water‐group ion densities, and the remainder were dominantly, if not entirely, light ions. The derived plasma parameters are similar to those found in an earlier study for the postmidnight tail region, except that we find little evidence for the systematic outflows identified in that study, and we do find numerous significant inflow events. One such inflow is identified as a dipolarization event, the first reported plasma properties of such a structure at Saturn. A second, long‐lasting event may be evidence for the existence at times of a quasi‐steady reconnection region in the premidnight tail. The large majority of the plasma flows are found to be within 20° of the corotation direction, though with flow speeds significantly lower than full corotation. While the inflow events represent plausible evidence for internally driven mass loss in the premidnight region, the absence of significant outflow events suggests that in the region surveyed here, tail reconnection has not yet proceeded to involve lobe field lines, so the disconnected plasma continues its general motion in the corotation direction.
Long‐term stress‐strain analysis of volcano flank instability: The eastern sector of Etna from 1980 to 2012
Authors: Alparone S. , Bonaccorso A. , Bonforte A. , Currenti G. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe investigated the evolution of seismicity and deformation in the unstable eastern flank of Etna volcano over a 30 year period (from 1980 to 2012). A significant temporal correlation has been revealed between periods of flank acceleration and intensified seismic activity by comparing seismicity along the northern border (Pernicana fault system) of the sliding flank and the deformation of the eastern flank. Two marked phases have been observed in 1984–1986 and in the years following 2002. These two phases are separated by an intermediate phase from 1987 to 2001, in which the flank sliding slowed down and the seismicity dropped drastically. This common temporal evolution in the deformation rate and seismic release supports the hypothesis that the seismicity in the northern border can be viewed as a marker of the response to accommodate the stress exerted by the traction of the eastern flank sliding. This interplay has also been corroborated by finite element method numerical computations that highlight a good correlation between the seismicity pattern and areas of positive stress changes induced by the sliding surface. The two intense phases of flank acceleration are representative of two main different sources: volcano flank instability stretching the eastern sector in the first 1984–1986 phase and magmatic intrusions pushing the eastern flank seaward since the 2002–2003 eruption. Establishing the relationship between flank acceleration and seismic activation therefore contributes to understanding Etna's mechanical behavior and provides insights into the processes regulating the unstable flank response.
Lymph node dissection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a critical review of the literature to date
Authors: Adachi Tomohiko , Eguchi Susumu 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDefinite policy or evidence in regards to the lymph node dissection (LND) for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) does not exist at present. We review and summarize the current knowledge about LND for ICC in reference to the literature to date. A Pubmed search was done to find the relevant literature. Only English literature from 2000 to 2013 was retrieved, using key words “intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma” and “lymph node”. In all selected articles, those which included a description of the difference in the survival results between the presence of lymph node metastasis (LNM), execution rate of LND, or institutional policy for LND were included in this review. In all reviewed articles, survival results of the LNM‐positive group, evaluated by the 5‐year survival rate, median survival time, or recurrence‐free survival time were clearly worse than the LNM‐negative group. However, the execution rate of LND was not often assessed, and therefore precise evaluation for the efficacy of LND is still controversial. Randomized controlled trials under the definite LND policy should be conducted to obtain precise survival results and clinical evaluation criteria for LND.
Umlagerungen vinyloger Carbonsäurechloride, VIII1) 1.5‐Pentadien‐Sauerstoffverschiebung nicht‐perhalogenierter Pentadienale
Authors: Roedig Alfred , Ruch Werner 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAusgehend von den Aldehyden 3a und 3b wird durch Wittig‐Olefinierung mit Triphenylphosphin‐carbomethoxymethylen, Bromierung, Dehydrobromierung und Verseifung der Ester 4 bzw. 5 zur En‐in‐säure 6 mit nachfolgender cis‐Halogenierung der Dreifachbindung über die weiteren Zwischenstufen 7 und 8 eine Synthese von umlagerungsfähigen polyhalogenierten 2H‐ bzw. 2‐ Methylpentadien‐(1.3)‐alen‐(5) 9 versucht. In der 2H‐Reihe scheitert dieses Vorhaben an einer Acetylen‐Allen‐Umlagerung der nicht faßbaren Säure 6a. Die bei der Dehydrobromierung und Verseifung von 5a gebildete Säure 11a lagert sich leicht von der cis‐ in die trans‐Form um. Die Derivate 11b–e sind sämtlich trans‐konfiguriert. Schließlich wird in dem Methyl‐substituierten Aldehyd cis‐9d erstmals eine nicht‐perhalogenierte Verbindung erhalten, die der 1.5‐Pentadien‐Sauerstoffverschiebung zugänglich ist. Der Vollzug der Umlagerung wird präparative durch Isolierung der Carbonsäure 17 und der Pyrone 18 und 19 gesichert.
Chlorierung von N‐Alkyl‐carbonsäureamiden
Authors: Grohe Klaus , Degener Eberhart , Holtschmidt Hans , Heitzer Helmut 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDie Chlorierung von N‐Alkyl‐carbonsäureamiden 1 führt zu N‐Acyl‐imidchloriden 2. Eine Ausnahme bilden im N‐Alkyl‐Res α‐verzweigten N‐Alkyl‐carbonsäureamide 6, die in N‐Acyl‐ketimine 8 übergehen. Die wichtigsten Eigenschaften und einige spektroskopische Daten von 2 und 8 werden angegeben.
Darstellung und Reaktionen α‐polychlorierter tertiärer Amine
Authors: Grohe Klaus , Klauke Erich , Holtschmidt Hans , Heitzer Helmut 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTert. α‐Polychloramine 3a–j werden durch photochemische Chlorierung von tert. Aminen 1a–h, tert. Formamidchloriden 4a–c und tert. Thioformamiden 5a–b erhalten. N.N‐Bis‐trichlormethyl‐aniline 3a–b zerfallen bei 160 – 200° in Isocyaniddichloride 2a–b und Tetrachlorkohlenstoff. Die Reaktionen von tert. α‐Polychloraminen mit wasserfreier Ameisensäure und Flußsäure werden beschrieben.
Isonitrile, V1) β‐ und γ‐Lactame aus 2.3‐Bis‐alkylimino‐oxetanen und Halogencarbonsäuren
Authors: Kabbe Hans‐Joachim , Joop Normann 
Published: September 2013

Abstract2.3‐Bis‐alkylimino‐oxetane 1 reagieren mit α‐ und β‐Halogencarbonsäuren unter Abspaltung von Halogenwasserstoff zu β‐ bzw. γ‐Lactamen 8–10, 13. Als Zwischenstufe werden α‐Halogenacylamino‐β‐ketocarbonsäureamide 6 diskutiert, die in einigen Fällen nicht isoliert werden können, sondern schon ohne Basenzusatz zu den Lactamen cyclisieren.
Zur weiteren Kenntnis des Chlorophylls und des Hämins, XXX1)Photoprotoporphyrine und ihre Umwandlung in Spirographis‐ sowie Isospirographis‐porphyrin2)
Authors: Inhoffen Hans Herloff , Jr. Hans Brockmann , Bliesener Klaus‐Michael 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDas durch Einwirkung von Licht und Sauerstoff auf Protoporphyrin‐IX‐dimethylester(1a)entstehende Photoprotopophyrin wird chromatographisch in zwei Isomere getrennt. Spektroskopische Daten und chemische Reaktionen beweisen hierfür die Strukturen2und3. Reduktion, Umlagerung und anschließende Glykolspaltung lassen aus2und3in guten Ausbeuten Spirographis‐ und Isospirographis‐porphyrin(14abzw.15)entstehen. Die Konstitution von14aist durch Umwandlung in 2‐Methoxycarbonyl‐deuteroporphyrin‐IX‐dimethylester(16b)bewiesen worden.
Zur Biosynthese von Pilocerein und Lophocerin
Authors: Schütte Horst Robert , Seelig Gerald 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAn Pachycereus marginatus (DC.) Britt. et Rose [Marginatocereus marginatus (DC.) Backeb.] wird gefunden, daß Tyrosin‐[2]14C, Mevalonsäure‐3′.4‐14C, Leucin‐2‐14C und Methionin‐[14CH3] in Lophocerin und Pilocerein inkorporiert werden. Nach Methionin‐14CH3‐Applikation findet sich die Radioaktivität zum überwiegenden Anteil in den O‐ und N‐Methyl‐Gruppen. Mevalonsäure‐[3′4‐14C] wird spezifisch in den Isobutyl‐Rest inkorporiert.
4‐Methyl‐hexadien‐(2.4)‐al und 6‐Methyl‐heptadien‐(3.5)‐on‐(2) als weitere Autoxydationsprodukte des Alloocimens
Authors: Suhadolc Tatjana , Hadzši Dušan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDie O2‐Übertragung auf Alloocimen (1) liefert polymeres Peroxid (2), das sich durch thermische Umlagerung in das bekannte Bis‐epoxid (3a, 3b), 4‐Methyl‐hexadien‐(2.4)‐al (4) und 6‐Methyl‐heptadien‐(3.5)‐on‐(2) (5) überführen läßt.