bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response to the January 1990 Arthur Kill Heating Oil Spill
Authors: Bubar Brian G. , Czarnecki J. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A spill of approximately 13,500 bbl (567,000 gallons) of No. 2 heating oil occurred on January 2, 1990, from an Exxon pipeline in the Arthur Kill waterway, which separates Staten Island from New Jersey. Areas affected by the spill included the New Jersey and New York shorelines of the Arthur Kill, Kill Van Kull, and Newark Bay, including environmentally sensitive areas at Pralls Island, Shooters Island, and Fresh Kills.
A preestablished Exxon management team supervised cleanup activities under the oversight of the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the pre-designated federal on-scene coordinator. A central command center was set up to interact with the appropriate agencies and to conduct morning and afternoon briefings. To assist in the cleanup, Exxon used equipment of the local oil spill cooperative, Clean Harbors Cooperative, five oil spill contractors, the USCG Atlantic Area Strike Team, and U.S. Navy skimmers. Cooperative equipment was primarily operated by a team of Exxon “first responders” during the initial stages of the response. Tri-state Bird Rescue and Exxon employees were actively involved in wildlife recovery and rehabilitation activities. At the operation's peak, more than 150 Exxon personnel and 400 contract personnel were involved; over 60,000 feet of containment and 400,000 feet of sorbent boom were used; and 40 vacuum trucks, 70 boats, 10 mobile skimmers, and 4 helicopters were in service. Within three weeks more than 140,000 gallons of oil were collected.
The Nestucca Major Oil Spill: A Christmas Story
Authors: Yaroch Gregory N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Near midnight on December 22, 1988, at the entrance to Grays Harbor, Washington, the tug Ocean Service breaks its towline to the barge Nestucca. In maneuvering to recapture the drifting barge, which is loaded with 70,000 barrels of Bunker C oil, it punctures one of Nestucca's cargo tanks. Pollution control forces are called into action. This narrative tells just how many people and organizations were involved in minimizing damage in two countries and credits their success to planning, preparedness, and cooperation.
Organizing for Response: The Unresolved Problem
Authors: Cohn Ruth E. , Wallace William A. , Harrald John R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the critical hours immediately following a significant spill, responders must perform three functions: determine the initial strategy and tactics, mobilize resources, and create the response organization. This paper examines the processes of creating and managing a smoothly functioning response organization. The current trend toward the creation of highly centralized response organizations based on the Incident Command System is criticized, based on research that demonstrates the need for a decentralized, flexible decision-making structure during a crisis. Research that examines the role of the external environment and organizational culture in the creation of effective crisis management organizations is identified. The formation of decision-centered organizations that effectively use decision-making groups is discussed. Until and unless these issues are better understood and addressed by disaster researchers and managers, organizing for response will remain an unresolved problem.
The Apex Barges Spill, Galveston Bay, July 19901
Authors: Greene Thomas C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A major spill of 692,000 gallons of catalytic feedstock oil resulted when the Greek tankship Shinoussa collided with and sank the tank barge Apex 3417 and damaged the tank barge Apex 3503 in the Houston Ship Channel, Galveston Bay, Texas on July 28, 1990. The owner of the barges took immediate action to contain and recover the oil and salvage the sunken barge, but on the sixth day withdrew from the cleanup. The Coast Guard On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) federalized the cleanup and continued for another 15 days, completing the cleanup on August 17, 1990. Bioremediation microbes were used for the first time by the OSC to treat oiled marsh areas. Visually, the treatment appeared successful. Several problems were encountered and lessons learned during the major cleanup operation.
National Oil Spill Response Planning in the U.S.S.R.: Principal Conceptions and Objectives
Authors: Khalimonov O. , Nunuparov S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
International and domestic experience in the response to major oil spills at sea confirms the vital necessity of a national contingency plan to guarantee effective utilization of national resources and those of assisting countries and organizations.
Experience in responding to recent major oil spills underlines deficiencies connected with the shortage of technical means and also with ineffective organization of the response and cooperation of all parties involved. This results in unjustifiable delays in decision making and, finally, in catastrophic damages to the environment.
The main principles of the U.S.S.R. national oil spill response plan, currently under consideration for approval, are as follows:involvement of a wide range of national forces and forces of the neighboring countries under preliminary agreed-upon schemes;strengthening and development of appropriate legal instruments to stipulate obligations of the parties involved in pollution response operations;development of a mechanism to reduce impediments to financial, technical, and related agreements required prior to commencement of operations (sources of finances, preliminary approval of the response technology by competent authorities, facilitation of custom procedures);unification of the structure of the U.S.S.R national contingency plan with a view to making it compatible with corresponding plans of neighboring countries following the prototype developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO);cooperation in the establishment of the international monitoring system, data bank, and computerized exchange of information.
Development of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response
Authors: Nolan Cadets John P. , Blood Susan J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Oil Pollution Prevention and Response (OPPR) Convention represents current international efforts to improve capabilities to prepare for and respond to catastrophic oil spills. Initiated by the United States, it is being negotiated by the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Major components of the proposal include the establishment of an International Marine Pollution Information Center located at IMO headquarters, National Response Centers in each coastal state, and oil spill response contingency plans for ships. Other proposed articles include prepositioning of oil response equipment in high-risk areas, a research and development program for response techniques, and international cooperation during responses to catastrophic oil spills.
Several problems have complicated negotiations of the OPPR Convention. First, severe time constraints have been placed on the negotiators, with the final conference1 to consider the OPPR scheduled for November 1990. Second, the United States suffers from a lack of credibility in the IMO, since the Senate has not yet ratified previous initiatives, the 1984 protocols to the 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, and the 1971 Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage. Finally, the IMO's financial troubles have placed the concept of the International Information Center in jeopardy.
In spite of these obstacles, a clear majority of countries are willing to support the document, realizing that it fills a gap in marine oil pollution prevention and response. The OPPR Convention will likely be carried through to adoption by the November conference.
This paper traces the development of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Response and Prevention. It summarizes the background and initial proposals of the Convention, and then discusses the problems that arose during negotiations. Finally, it describes the present status of the Convention and offers a projection of its future direction.
Outcome of the IMO Conference on International Co-Operation on Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response1
Authors: Edwards David T. , Pascoe David B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In October 1989, the Assembly of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) unanimously adopted a resolution calling on the IMO to convene a diplomatic conference to consider the adoption of an international treaty instrument on oil pollution preparedness and response. This resolution was adopted in the wake of the Exxon Valdez disaster, which had occurred only six months previously and which focused the world's attention on the severe environmental consequences of a major oil spill and the need for an adequate and timely response to such an incident.
In November 1990, the IMO convened a diplomatic Conference on International Co-operation on Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response. This paper discusses in depth the outcome of this conference, in particular the provisions of the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990 (OPRC Convention) and related resolutions and recommendations adopted by the Conference.
This international convention fills a gap in the international framework of treaties dealing with marine pollution. Although there are, in many regions of the world, regional agreements and arrangements for responding to marine pollution emergencies, until now there has been no global framework for cooperation and mutual assistance in this field. Also, the effectiveness of many of these regional agreements and arrangements is entirely dependent on the capacity and resources of the states participating in them. For those regions of the world where such resources and expertise are not readily available, this convention will play a particularly important role in facilitating international cooperation at the global level, as well as in reinforcing regional arrangements and national oil pollution preparedness and response strategies.
The convention makes provision, among other things, for oil pollution emergency plans for ships, offshore platforms, and sea ports; oil pollution reporting procedures; establishment of national and regional systems for preparedness and response; the facilitation of international cooperation and mutual assistance; exchange of information; and promotion of research and development, and technical cooperation and training.
The convention also enhances the IMO's role in the promotion of international cooperation in combating oil pollution and assigns to the IMO a number of functions related to the implementation of the convention, notably with respect to information collection and dissemination and advisory and training services in the field of oil pollution preparedness and response.
Natural Resource Damage Assessment of the Shell Oil Spill at Martinez, California
Authors: Fischel Marion , Robilliard Gordon A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On April 23, 1988 about 400,000 gallons (9,500 barrels) of San Joaquin Valley crude oil were accidentally released from the Shell Oil Company Martinez Manufacturing Complex. The oil flowed into Peyton Slough, Suisun Bay, and Carquinez Strait of the San Francisco Bay system. Approximately one week after the oil spill, discussions on assessing the injury to natural resources were initiated between Shell and the federal and state agencies that were trustees of the affected resources. At this time, the trustees and Shell agreed that a single cooperative study should be conducted, managed by a contractor acceptable to all concerned parties. The lead trustee was the California Department of Fish and Game. However, within one month after the spill, the Attorney General's office of the State of California assumed responsibility for the damage assessment. Subsequently, legal considerations and constraints imposed by the state Attorney General's office prevented active participation in the study by the agencies.
The work agreed upon included video and aerial photographic surveys, and mapping of the areas affected by the spill; a study of fish and macroinvertebrate abundance and distribution; hydrocarbon analyses of fish and clam tissue; a comparison of the effects of oil on marsh vegetation; a survey of the distribution and abundance of the benthos; an ambient aquatic toxicity study; a survey of endangered species (birds and mammals); chemical analyses of the sediment and water; chemical and physical characterizations of San Joaquin Valley crude oil; and a study of the weathering of the oil. A preliminary study to estimate natural resource damages (economic analysis) also was conducted.
Studies on the Physical and Chemical Behavior of Oil and Dispersant Mixtures
Authors: Fingas Mervin , Bier Ian , Bobra Mark , Callaghan Sandra 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Laboratory studies on dispersant effectiveness were conducted to assess the effects of several variables and to determine the action mechanisms of dispersants. The variables examined were temperature, salinity, and dispersant quantity. Dispersant effectiveness was measured as a function of the five oil bulk components: asphaltenes, aromatics, polar compounds, saturate compounds, and waxes.
The effect of water temperature variation is logarithmically correlated with dispersant effectiveness. With regard to salinity, effectiveness is at a peak when salinity is about 40%c (parts per thousand) of typical commercial dispersant formulations and falls to nearly 0 as salinity decreases to 0. Effectiveness also falls to 0 as salinity rises from 40 to 80%o. This behavior is explained by the necessity for a certain level of ionic strength to stabilize the surfactant between the oil droplet and the water. Dispersant quantity was also found to be an important factor. Dispersant-to-oil ratios greater than about 1:40 or 1:60 result in very low dispersant effectiveness. Effectiveness is logarithmic with respect to dispersant-to-oil ratio.
Dispersion experiments wee conducted to investigate the effects of oil composition. Dispersant effectiveness is positively and strongly correlated with the saturate concentration in the oil and is negatively correlated with aromatic, asphaltene, and polar compound contents of the oil. Dispersant effectiveness is only weakly correlated with oil viscosity. Dispersant effectiveness is primarily limited by oil composition.
Dispersant Trials using the Pac Baroness, a Spill of Opportunity
Authors: Payne James R. , Clayton John R. , Phillips Charles R. , Robinson John , Kennedy Dave , Talbot Lt. Joe , Petrae Lt. Gary , Michel Jacqui , Ballou Tom , Onstad Skip 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Fuel oil released from the sinking of the PAC Baroness off Point Conception, California, was used as a spill of opportunity to study dispersant application technology and evaluate remote sensing methods used to track the slick. Forty-one gallons of the dispersant Corexit 9527 were applied by helicopter to a 100-m-by-700-m portion of the slick on 29 September 1987. Photographic documentation of the spill's behavior was completed from a U. S. Coast Guard H-3 helicopter, and the U.S. Coast Guard AirEye Falcon Jet was used for side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) coverage from an altitude of 5,000 ft and IR/UV scans from 400 ft. Continuous subsurface UV fluorescence measurements and grab samples of water beneath the slick were obtained from a support vessel before and after dispersant application. The results of the tests were somewhat equivocal, owing to the limited area and very thin nature of the slick, combined with 15-to-20-knot crosswinds, which caused breakup of both treated and untreated control areas. Photographs showed a subtle difference between the head of the slick (original subsurface source) and the treated area 200 m downcurrent, but the breakup of the oil due to the crosswind as the slick moved downcurrent precluded differentiation between the treated area and the untreated control area 700 m from the source. The SLAR data were of limited value because of the resolution of the technique and the extremely small area treated. The aerial UV scans did suggest a change in the slick behavior in the treated area; however, the ground-truth UV fluorescence measurements and subsequent chemical analyses did not indicate enhanced subsurface concentrations of dispersed oil. Attempts to complete another series of tests on 1 and 2 October 1987 were thwarted by adverse weather conditions and the continuing decline of the amount of oil surfacing from the vessel. Suggestions are presented for improving dispersant trials at future spills of opportunity.
Development of Dispersant Pre-Approval for Washington and Oregon Coastal Waters
Authors: Wiechert J. , Rideout M. L. , Little D. I. , McCormick D. M. , Owens E. H. , Trudel B. K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Washington State has initiated the development process for a dispersant pre-approval policy. In order to be more effective under the aegis of the Regional Response Team (RRT), the preapproval policy should, however, cover all of Region X, rather than only a given state within the region. The Region X RRT has, therefore, instigated an environmental impact statement (EIS) for dispersant use in the coastal waters of Washington and Oregon. The objective of this study is to develop recommendations for pre-approval so that a spill response can be immediate and therefore efficient and effective. Preparation of the EIS has been funded by industry through a Clean Sound Cooperative contract to Woodward-Clyde Consultants.
The first step in the study is to define those operational factors that limit the areas to be considered. The study then follows the dispersant decision guides summarized by the American Petroleum Institute2 to further define oil types, spill situations and geographical areas where dispersants are a viable option. Finally, there is an analysis of the environmental trade-offs associated with alternative treatment methods and with nontreatment, using the comparative modeling technique developed by S. L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd. The EIS document will be issued by the Washington Department of Ecology (WDOE) and will focus on areas where dispersant use could be beneficial in terms of ecological trade-offs. Based on the study, a statement from the State of Washington Department of Ecology is anticipated to be promulgated by the end of 1990.
Impacts of the Exxon Valdez Spill and Subsequent Cleanup on Intertidal Biota—1 Year Later
Authors: Houghton Jonathan P. , Lees Dennis C. , Driskell William B. , Mearns Alan J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A substantial amount of the crude oil which spilled from the tanker Exxon Valdez on March 24, 1989, was deposited on beaches in Prince William Sound. Major beach cleanup activities began in May and continued throughout the summer of 1989. Additional cleanup activities occurred during the summer of 1990. A study was conducted in 1989 to document the short-term impact to biota of hot water wash treatments. Additional field surveys were conducted in the summer of 1990 to evaluate recovery of littoral habitats from the effects of oiling and shoreline treatment. Stratified-random sampling was used to assess epibiota and infauna at 27 sites, representing several habitats and degrees of disturbance.
Preliminary data evaluations indicate that treatment methodologies applied in 1989 had varied effects on intertidal assemblages. Some treated rocky beaches were stripped of flora and fauna at mid- and upper intertidal elevations and showed relatively little colonization by mid summer 1990. On other oiled rocky beaches that received less severe or no treatment, the majority of the community dominants remained in place and significant recolonization was underway. Protected sand and gravel beaches subjected to hydraulic treatments displayed greatly altered beach morphology. Finer sands and gravels were flushed from upper intertidal elevations, often burying the lower beach in several centimeters of sediment, resulting in major reductions in infauna in 1990. Oiled but untreated sand and gravel beaches had a rich and varied infauna. The effects of 1989 shoreline treatment activities on intertidal flora and fauna were significant and widespread and will greatly complicate assessment of the long-term impacts of the oil itself.
Water-In-Oil Emulsification: A Physicochemical Study
Authors: Bobra Mark 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes the results of a study that examined the basic mechanism by which asphaltenes, resins, and waxes stabilize water-in-oil emulsions. Experiments were conducted on the emulsification behavior of model oils that contained alkane and aromatic components and emulsifying agents. Results clearly demonstrate the importance that the physical state of an emulsifying agent has upon its ability to stabilize emulsions. It was found that, to be effective, emulsifiers, asphaltenes, resins, and waxes must be in the form of finely divided, submicron particles. In addition, it was shown that the solvency strength of an oil, which is determined by its alkane and aromatic components, controls the solubility/precipitation behavior of these emulsifiers. The chemical composition of the oil determines not only the amount and size of precipitated particles, but also the composition and wetting properties of the particles. All these factors were shown to influence emulsification.
The use of a solubility model, using the Hildebrand-Scatchard equation, to predict the physicochemical conditions that favor water-in-oil emulsification, is discussed.
On Describing and Estimating the Fate of Stranded Oil
Authors: Sergy G. A. , Humphrey B. , Owens E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The prediction of stranded oil fate and natural removal rates is essential to the selection of environmentally appropriate shoreline cleanup techniques, environmental priorities and tradeoffs. Our experience is that monitoring and describing stranded oil fate and persistence is not an exact science. Interpretation of data requires a careful and experienced approach. The need for a consistent long-term data set and appropriate methodology is stressed. A review of the different data and indices leads to the conclusion that length of oiled shoreline is unsuitable as a detailed measure of the degree of oiling and of changes in shoreline oiling. Length (and width) data are more appropriate for scoping estimates and qualitative uses. On coarse or mixed sediment beaches, quantitative oil penetration and concentration data are very difficult to obtain and interpret, affecting the calculation of oil volumes or oiled sediment volumes. Equivalent Area (EA) oiled appears to be the most appropriate and practical all-round index for the degree of shoreline oiling and for comparing temporal changes. Surface oil cover data become less representative of subsurface oil over time due to differential removal rates. Indices of change of beached oil and data sets generated from various spill monitoring programs are examined. Long-term data from the Baffin Island Oil Spill Project provide information on rates of change that can be applied to projections for real-world spills, by representing one worse-case boundary condition for coarse sediment beaches.