bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inappropriate Medication Prescriptions in Elderly Adults Surviving an Intensive Care Unit Hospitalization
Authors: Morandi Alessandro , Vasilevskis Eduard , Pandharipande Pratik P. , Girard Timothy D. , Solberg Laurence M. , Neal Erin B. , Koestner Tyler , Torres Renee E. , Thompson Jennifer L. , Shintani Ayumi K. , Han Jin H. , Schnelle John F. , Fick Donna M. , Ely E. Wesley , Kripalani Sunil 
Published: July 2013

ObjectivesTo determine types of potentially (PIMs) and actually inappropriate medications (AIMs), which PIMs are most likely to be considered AIMs, and risk factors for PIMs and AIMs at hospital discharge in elderly intensive care unit (ICU) survivors.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingTertiary care, academic medical center.ParticipantsOne hundred twenty individuals aged 60 and older who survived an ICU hospitalization.MeasurementsPotentially inappropriate medications were defined according to published criteria; a multidisciplinary panel adjudicated AIMs. Medications from before admission, ward admission, ICU admission, ICU discharge, and hospital discharge were abstracted. Poisson regression was used to examine independent risk factors for hospital discharge PIMs and AIMs.ResultsOf 250 PIMs prescribed at discharge, the most common were opioids (28%), anticholinergics (24%), antidepressants (12%), and drugs causing orthostasis (8%). The three most common AIMs were anticholinergics (37%), nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (14%), and opioids (12%). Overall, 36% of discharge PIMs were classified as AIMs, but the percentage varied according to drug type. Whereas only 16% of opioids, 23% of antidepressants, and 10% of drugs causing orthostasis were classified as AIMs, 55% of anticholinergics, 71% of atypical antipyschotics, 67% of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics and benzodiazepines, and 100% of muscle relaxants were deemed AIMs. The majority of PIMs and AIMs were first prescribed in the ICU. Preadmission PIMs, discharge to somewhere other than home, and discharge from a surgical service predicted number of discharge PIMs, but none of the factors predicted AIMs at discharge.ConclusionCertain types of PIMs, which are commonly initiated in the ICU, are more frequently considered inappropriate upon clinical review. Efforts to reduce AIMs in elderly ICU survivors should target these specific classes of medications.
Thoracic radiographic anatomy in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus)
Authors: Young Aisha N. , du Plessis Wencke M. , Rodriguez Daniel , Beierschmitt Amy 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe vervet monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus) is used commonly in cardiorespiratory biomedical research. This study was performed to establish reference values for thoracic structures and to describe the normal radiographic appearance of the vervet monkey thorax.MethodsRight lateral and dorsoventral thoracic radiographs of ten mature vervet monkeys were evaluated. Anatomic structures were characterized using descriptive statistics.ResultsNormal measurements of skeletal, pulmonary, mediastinal, and cardiovascular structures are reported herein. Several ratios were calculated to assess the cardiac silhouette, caudal vena cava, and pulmonary arteries and veins.ConclusionsConsistent measurements could be made on the majority of the thoracic structures evaluated. The aorta on lateral radiographs and the pulmonary veins on dorsoventral radiographs were obscured by a mild bronchointerstitial pattern and body conformation. Caudal vena cava‐tapering was occasionally noted and attributed to general anesthesia. Species‐specific thoracic radiographic reference values should prove useful in vervet monkey disease diagnosis and management.
The Social Evolution of the Term “Half‐Caste” in Britain: The Paradox of its Use as Both Derogatory Racial Category and Self‐Descriptor
Authors: Aspinall Peter J 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe term “half‐caste” had its origins in nineteenth century British colonial administrations, emerging in the twentieth century as the quotidian label for those whose ancestry comprised multiple ethnic/racial groups, usually encompassing “White”. From the 1920s–1960s the term was used in Britain as a derogatory racial category associated with the moral condemnation of “miscegenation”. Yet today the label continues to be used as a self‐descriptor and even survives in some official contexts. This paradox – of both derogatory racial category and self descriptor – is explored in the context of the term's social evolution, drawing upon the theoretical constructs of the internal‐external dialectic of identification and labelling theory.
Life after death: the critical role of extracellular DNA in microbial biofilms
Authors: Jakubovics N.S. , Shields R.C. , Rajarajan N. , Burgess J.G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe death and lysis of microbial cells leads to the release of cytoplasmic contents, many of which are rapidly degraded by enzymes. However, some macromolecules survive intact and find new functions in the extracellular environment. There is now strong evidence that DNA released from cells during lysis, or sometimes by active secretion, becomes a key component of the macromolecular scaffold in many different biofilms. Enzymatic degradation of extracellular DNA can weaken the biofilm structure and release microbial cells from the surface. Many bacteria produce extracellular deoxyribonuclease (DNase) enzymes that are apparently tightly regulated to avoid excessive degradation of the biofilm matrix. Interfering with these control mechanisms, or adding exogenous DNases, could prove a potent strategy for controlling biofilm growth.
Zooplankton distribution patterns at two seamounts in the subtropical and tropical NE Atlantic
Authors: Denda Anneke , Christiansen Bernd 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSpatial distribution patterns of zooplankton biomass in relation to local and large‐scale hydrographical and biological driving forces were studied at Ampère and Senghor, two shallow seamounts in the subtropical and tropical NE Atlantic, respectively. The study includes a first assessment of the taxonomic composition and an estimation of the respiratory carbon demand of the zooplankton community. Zooplankton was sampled during three cruises at the seamount and open ocean reference sites in May and October 2009 and in December 2010. Zooplankton standing stocks and the corresponding respiratory carbon demand were about six times higher at Senghor than at Ampère, with mean stocks of 24.7 and 4.6 g·m−2, respectively, in the upper 1000 m. Mean respiratory carbon demand in the epipelagic zone was calculated as 61.4 mg·C·m−2·day−1 for Senghor and 9.6 mg·C·m−2·day−1 for Ampère. At neither site were differences between seamount and open ocean sites significant. However, horizontal surveys across Ampère Seamount show clear differences between day and night distributions and a reduced biomass above the summit. Across Senghor, zooplankton biomass increased from the SW to the NE flank, with the highest concentrations in the subsurface layer of the chlorophyll maximum and just above a strong oxycline. The zooplankton community at Ampère Seamount reflects the oligotrophic character of the NE Atlantic subtropical gyre, whereas the nutrient‐rich waters of the cyclonic tropical gyre at Senghor support a higher biomass. This difference in the zooplankton biomass between the two seamounts can be attributed to the large‐scale hydrographical features governing the productivity regimes rather than to regional seamount effects.
Impacts and management of wild pigs Sus scrofa in Australia
Authors: Bengsen Andrew J. , Gentle Matthew N. , Mitchell James L. , Pearson Hayley E. , Saunders Glen R. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Globally, wild or feral pigs Sus scrofa are a widespread and important pest. Mitigation of their impacts requires a sound understanding of those impacts and the benefits and limitations of different management approaches.
Here, we review published and unpublished studies to provide a synopsis of contemporary understanding of wild pig impacts and management in Australia, and to identify important shortcomings.
Wild pigs can have important impacts on biodiversity values, ecosystem functioning and agricultural production. However, many of these impacts remain poorly described, and therefore, difficult to manage effectively. Many impacts are highly variable, and innovative experimental and analytical approaches may be necessary to elucidate them.
Most contemporary management programmes use lethal techniques to attempt to reduce pig densities, but it is often unclear how effective they are at reducing damage.
We conclude that greater integration of experimental approaches into wild pig management programmes is necessary to improve our understanding of wild pig impacts, and our ability to manage those impacts effectively and efficiently.
Mitochondrial DNA analyses reveal low genetic diversity in Culex quinquefasciatus from residential areas in Malaysia
Authors: LOW V. L. , LIM P. E. , CHEN C. D. , LIM Y. A. L. , TAN T. K. , NORMA‐RASHID Y. , LEE H. L. , SOFIAN‐AZIRUN M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe present study explored the intraspecific genetic diversity, dispersal patterns and phylogeographic relationships of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malaysia using reference data available in GenBank in order to reveal this species' phylogenetic relationships. A statistical parsimony network of 70 taxa aligned as 624 characters of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and 685 characters of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) gene revealed three haplotypes (A1–A3) and four haplotypes (B1–B4), respectively. The concatenated sequences of both COI and COII genes with a total of 1309 characters revealed seven haplotypes (AB1–AB7). Analysis using tcs indicated that haplotype AB1 was the common ancestor and the most widespread haplotype in Malaysia. The genetic distance based on concatenated sequences of both COI and COII genes ranged from 0.00076 to 0.00229. Sequence alignment of Cx. quinquefasciatus from Malaysia and other countries revealed four haplotypes (AA1–AA4) by the COI gene and nine haplotypes (BB1–BB9) by the COII gene. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that Malaysian Cx. quinquefasciatus share the same genetic lineage as East African and Asian Cx. quinquefasciatus. This study has inferred the genetic lineages, dispersal patterns and hypothetical ancestral genotypes of Cx. quinquefasciatus.
Genotypic diversity of environmental Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Northern Portugal
Authors: Ferreira Ana Sofia , Sampaio Ana , Maduro Ana Paula , Silva Inês , Teles Fernando , Martins Maria da Luz , Inácio João 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThe Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex members are the main agents of systemic cryptococcosis. This disease is believed to be acquired from the environment via fungal cell inhalation. Often, isolates recovered from environmental and clinical sources have proven to be genotypically similar. We assessed the occurrence of C. neoformans and C. gattii in environmental substrates collected in a Portuguese region. Twenty‐eight isolates were identified as C. neoformans – five from decaying Eucalyptus leaves and 23 from domestic pigeon droppings. The isolates were genotyped using a URA5‐RFLP approach. The C. neoformans VNIV (53.6%, n = 15) and VNI (32.1%, n = 9) genotypes were abundantly present among environmental isolates. The hybrid VNIII (14.3%, n = 4) genotype was underrepresented and the VNII was not found. Cryptococcus gattii was also not found although some isolates yielded a positive canavanine–glycine–bromothymol blue test.
3D asymmetry of operated children with oral clefts
Authors: Bugaighis I. , Mattick C. R. , Tiddeman B. , Hobson R. 
Published: July 2013

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo explore three‐dimensional (3D) facial asymmetry differences in operated children with oral clefts and to compare the results with a control group.Setting and Sample PopulationThe sample comprised one hundred and three 8‐ to 12‐year‐old children: 40 with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP); 23 with unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA); 19 with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP); 21 with cleft palate (CP) and 80 sex‐ and age‐matched controls living in the North East of England.Materials and Methods3D stereophotogrammetric facial scans were recorded for each participant at rest. Thirty‐nine landmarks were recorded for each scan. Thex,yandzcoordinates for each landmark were extracted. Kruskal–Wallis andMann–Whitney tests were conducted to identify 3Dlandmark asymmetry differences between the groups.ResultsStatistically significant differences were observed between all the groups. TheUCLPandUCLApatients displayed the greatest asymmetry, followed by theBCLPgroup. TheCPgroup was the least asymmetric among the cleft groups. Asymmetry was present to a lesser extent in the control group.ConclusionsShape analysis indicates the possible differences in the aetiology and growth pattern of theCPgroup compared toUCLAorUCLPandBCLPgroups.
Adult eclosion rhythm of the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella: response to various thermocycles with different means and amplitudes
Authors: KIKUKAWA SHIGERU , HASHIZUME RYOU , HONDA MIHO , INOUE YUKA , MAEKAWA TATSUYA , SAKATA RISA , TAKAHASHI NANAKO , TANAKA KUNIAKI , UCHIDA YU 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn addition to photoperiod, thermoperiod (or thermocycle) might be an important Zeitgeber for entraining the circadian oscillator controlling adult eclosion rhythm in the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). This is confirmed by exposing larvae receiving diapause‐preventing treatments to various thermocycles with different means and amplitudes of temperature. The thermocycles investigated in the present study are TC 8 : 16 h, TC 12 : 12 h, TC 16 : 8 h and TC 20 : 4 h, where T and C represent thermophase (30 °C) and cryophase (20 °C), respectively. For all thermocycles, the peak of adult eclosion rhythm occurs at around the mid‐thermophase. This indicates that the larvae use both ‘temperature‐rise’ and ‘temperature‐fall’ signals to adjust the eclosion phase in each thermocycle. The absence (DD) or presence (LL) of light affects this time‐keeping system slightly under the given thermocycle. The rhythmic adult eclosion noted after exposure of larvae to 30 °C DD for 14 days is recorded in the thermocycles (TC 12 : 12 h, DD; mean temperature = 25 °C) with different amplitudes of 27.5/22.5 °C, 26.5/23.5 °C and 25.5/24.5 °C. The peak in adult eclosion advances in time as the amplitude of the temperature cycle decreases. In the temperature cycle of 25.5/24.5 °C, a peak occurs at the end of the cryophase, 2 h before the temperature‐rise. The adult eclosion rhythm is also observed under various thermocycles (TC 12 : 12 h, DD) consisting of different temperature levels (30 to 20 °C) with different amplitudes. It is found that the temporal position of the peak advances significantly when the amplitude of the thermocycle becomes lower.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Reactive Dyes over MnTiO3/TiO2 Heterojunction Composites Under UV‐Visible Irradiation
Authors: Sivakumar Santhanam , Selvaraj Ayyasamy , Ramasamy Anaipalayam Kandasamy 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn this study, the photocatalytic degradation of organic reactive dyes have been investigated using MnTiO3/TiO2 heterojunction composites in the presence of electron acceptors under UV‐Visible light irradiation. This MnTiO3/TiO2 heterojunction composites were prepared by annealing different mass ratios of pyrophanite MnTiO3 (3–11 wt%) and TiO2 at 300°C. All the MnTiO3/TiO2 heterojunction composites were characterized by spectral techniques like X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and diffused reflectance UV‐visible spectroscopic analysis (DRS). Among them, 9 wt% MnTiO3/TiO2 heterojunction composites exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4). The photocatalytic efficiency of 9 wt% MnTiO3/TiO2 heterojunction composites was further enhanced by the addition of substantial amount of electron acceptors like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonium peroxydisulfate ([NH4]2S2O8). The presence of oxidants (electron acceptors) facilitates the fast degradation of dye solution even in higher concentration upto 200 mg/L. The photocatalytic activity of MnTiO3/TiO2 heterojunction composites was also studied for the degradation of other four different structured reactive dyes. The extent of mineralization of these organic reactive dyes during photocatalytic degradation was estimated from COD analysis. MnTiO3/TiO2 heterojunction composites was also found to have good photostability in the presence of oxidants.
UV Radiation Increases Carcinogenic Risks for Oral Tissues Compared to Skin
Authors: Agrawal Anant , Shindell Eli , Jordan Fredrick , Baeva Larissa , Pfefer Joshua , Godar Dianne E. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPeople can expose their oral cavities to UV (290–400 nm) by simply opening their mouths while outdoors. They can also have their oral cavities exposed to UV indoors to different UV‐emitting devices used for diagnoses, treatments and procedures like teeth whitening. Because the World Health Organization declared UV radiation as a complete human carcinogen in 2009, we asked if oral tissues are at a similar or higher carcinogenic risk compared to skin tissue. To understand the UVB (290–320 nm)‐related carcinogenic risks to these tissues, we measured initial DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), the repair rate of CPD (24 h) and the number of apoptotic dead cells over time resulting from increasing doses of erythemally weighted UV radiation. We used commercially available 3D‐engineered models of human skin (EpiDerm™), gingival (EpiGingival™) and oral (EpiOral™) tissues and developed an analytical approach for our tri‐labeling fluorescent procedure to identify total DNA, CPD and apoptotic cells so we can simultaneously quantify DNA repair rates and dead cells. Both DNA repair and apoptotic cell numbers are significantly lower in oral cells compared with skin cells. The combined results suggest UVB‐exposed oral tissues are at a significantly higher carcinogenic risk than skin tissues.
Structural and Photosensitizing Features of Phthalocyanine—Zeolite Hybrid Nanomaterials
Authors: Grüner Malte , Siozios Vassilios , Hagenhoff Birgit , Breitenstein Daniel , Strassert Cristian A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn this work, we have quantified for the first time the fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields of a silicon(IV) phthalocyanine bound to the surface of zeolite L nanocrystals. The photophysical properties were correlated with the absorption spectra and the morphology of the nanoparticles, and most importantly, with the fraction of photoactive chromophores. By comparison with the fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields of the free phthalocyaninate in dilute solution (ΦF = 0.50 and Φ∆ = 0.50, respectively), we conclude that for the most efficient nanoparticles nearly 80% of chromophores are active as monomeric units on the surface, as indicated by the corresponding quantum yields (ΦF = 0.40 and Φ∆ = 0.40). We further functionalized and raised the ζ‐potential of the best performing nanomaterial to improve its water dispersibility. The functionalization was monitored by thermogravimetric analysis and time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry, and its influence on the photophysical properties was assessed. The resulting nanomaterials are capable of establishing stable suspensions in water while retaining the ability to form reactive oxygen species upon irradiation with red light. This provides a basis for the rational design of photoactive nanomaterials for photodynamic therapy or water decontamination.
Identification of grapevine marker genes for early, non‐destructive Eutypa lata infection diagnosis
Authors: Camps C. , Kappel C. , Lecomte P. , Léon C. , Coutos‐Thévenot P. , Delrot S. , Gomès E. 
Published: July 2013

Eutypa lata is the causal agent of eutypa dieback, a highly damaging trunk disease affecting all grape‐growing areas, with currently neither an efficient curative treatment nor an early non‐destructive diagnostic method. The present work was carried out to discover grapevine genes expressed in response to the presence of E. lata that could be useful to develop an early (before visible foliar symptoms) and non‐destructive (using grapevine leaves) diagnostic tool. Microarray analyses were carried out from (i) infected plants showing characteristic E. lata foliar and vascular symptoms and positive pathogen recovery from vascular lesions (S+R+), (ii) infected plants showing no symptoms (S−R+), and (iii) symptomless plants with negative pathogen recovery (S−R−). Vineyard and greenhouse‐grown plants, naturally or artificially infected respectively, and uninoculated controls were characterized and leaf RNA was hybridized with 15k operon grapevine oligonucleotide microarrays. Among the grapevine genes differentially expressed between S−R+ and S−R− plants in greenhouse and vineyard conditions, 10 were highlighted as robust candidate genes for diagnosis: seven were specifically involved in response to infection and three were associated with symptom absence. Five were confirmed to be effective diagnostic marker genes usable in a qRT‐PCR‐based test performed on RNA extracted from grapevine leaves cultivated in either greenhouse or vineyard conditions. Furthermore, their expression profiles in response to infection with E. lata or other major grapevine fungi (Erysiphe necator, Plasmopara viticola, Botrytis cinerea) could be distinguished. The usefulness of these genes to develop an early and non‐destructive method for diagnosis of E. lata infection is discussed with regard to the advantages and drawbacks of previous E. lata diagnostic studies.
Audiovisual attention boosts letter‐speech sound integration
Authors: Mittag Maria , Alho Kimmo , Takegata Rika , Makkonen Tommi , Kujala Teija 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe studied attention effects on the integration of written and spoken syllables in fluent adult readers by using event‐related brain potentials. Auditory consonant‐vowel syllables, including consonant and frequency changes, were presented in synchrony with written syllables or their scrambled images. Participants responded to longer‐duration auditory targets (auditory attention), longer‐duration visual targets (visual attention), longer‐duration auditory and visual targets (audiovisual attention), or counted backwards mentally. We found larger negative responses for spoken consonant changes when they were accompanied by written syllables than when they were accompanied by scrambled text. This effect occurred at an early latency (∼ 140 ms) during audiovisual attention and later (∼ 200 ms) during visual attention. Thus, audiovisual attention boosts the integration of speech sounds and letters.
Privatization and Strategic Mergers across Borders
Authors: Beladi Hamid , Chakrabarti Avik , Marjit Sugata 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe present a theoretical model to capture the role of privatization in the incentives for and implications of cross‐border horizontal mergers. Absent any merger incentives in an autarkic equilibrium, we show that a decrease in the degree of privatization will lower the incentives for diversification of international production. The incentives for diversification for any given degree of privatization will fall when the private and public firms are allowed to move sequentially rather than simultaneously. The presence of the public firm also introduces a new source of asymmetry in the incentives for cross‐border mergers: a reduction in the degree of privatization at home will dampen the potential gains from a take‐over of a home firm by a foreign firm but magnify the potential gains from a take‐over of a foreign firm by a home firm.