bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-Aperture Microfluidic Probes as Flow Dipoles: Theory and Applications
Authors: Safavieh Mohammadali , Qasaimeh Mohammad A. , Vakil Ali , Juncker David , Gervais Thomas 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA microfluidic probe (MFP) is a mobile channel-less microfluidic system under which a fluid is injected from an aperture into an open space, hydrodynamically confined by a surrounding fluid and entirely re-aspirated into a second aperture. Various MFPs have been developed and have been used for applications ranging from surface patterning of photoresists to local perfusion of organotypic tissue slices. However, the hydrodynamic and mass transfer properties of the flow under the MFP have not been analyzed and the flow parameters are adjusted empirically. Here, we present an analytical model describing the key transport properties in MFP operation, including the dimensions of the hydrodynamic flow confinement (HFC) area, diffusion broadening and shear stress as a function of: (i) probe geometry (ii) aspiration-to-injection flow rate ratio (iii) gap between MFP and substrate and (iv) reagent diffusivity. Analytical results and scaling laws were validated against numerical simulations and experimental results from published data. These results will be useful to guide future MFP design and operation, notably to control the MFP “brush stroke” while preserving shear-sensitive cells and tissues.
Characterizing unextendible product bases in qutrit-ququad system
Authors: Yang Ying-Hui , Gao Fei , Xu Guang-Bao , Zuo Hui-Juan , Zhang Zhi-Chao , Wen Qiao-Yan 
Published: July 2015

AbstractUnextendible product bases (UPBs) play an important role in quantum information theory. However, very little is known about UPBs in Hilbert space of local dimension more than three. In this paper, we study the UPBs in qutrit-ququad system and find that there only exist six, seven and eight-state UPBs. We completely characterize the six-state and seven-state UPBs. For eight-state UPBs, seven classes of UPBs are found. As auxiliary results, we study the distinguishability of qutrit-ququad UPBs by separable measurements and find that there exists a UPB that cannot be distinguished.
EEG neural oscillatory dynamics reveal semantic and response conflict at difference levels of conflict awareness
Authors: Jiang Jun , Zhang Qinglin , Van Gaal Simon 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAlthough previous work has shown that conflict can be detected in the absence of awareness, it is unknown how different sources of conflict (i.e., semantic, response) are processed in the human brain and whether these processes are differently modulated by conflict awareness. To explore this issue, we extracted oscillatory power dynamics from electroencephalographic (EEG) data recorded while human participants performed a modified version of the Stroop task. Crucially, in this task conflict awareness was manipulated by masking a conflict-inducing color word preceding a color patch target. We isolated semantic from response conflict by introducing four color words/patches, of which two were matched to the same response. We observed that both semantic as well as response conflict were associated with mid-frontal theta-band and parietal alpha-band power modulations, irrespective of the level of conflict awareness (high vs. low), although awareness of conflict increased these conflict-related power dynamics. These results show that both semantic and response conflict can be processed in the human brain and suggest that the neural oscillatory mechanisms in EEG reflect mainly “domain general” conflict processing mechanisms, instead of conflict source specific effects.
Realistic wave-optics simulation of X-ray phase-contrast imaging at a human scale
Authors: Sung Yongjin , Segars W. Paul , Pan Adam , Ando Masami , Sheppard Colin J. R. , Gupta Rajiv 
Published: July 2015

AbstractX-ray phase-contrast imaging (XPCI) can dramatically improve soft tissue contrast in X-ray medical imaging. Despite worldwide efforts to develop novel XPCI systems, a numerical framework to rigorously predict the performance of a clinical XPCI system at a human scale is not yet available. We have developed such a tool by combining a numerical anthropomorphic phantom defined with non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) and a wave optics-based simulator that can accurately capture the phase-contrast signal from a human-scaled numerical phantom. Using a synchrotron-based, high-performance XPCI system, we provide qualitative comparison between simulated and experimental images. Our tool can be used to simulate the performance of XPCI on various disease entities and compare proposed XPCI systems in an unbiased manner.
Micro-concave waveguide antenna for high photon extraction from nitrogen vacancy centers in nanodiamond
Authors: Rajasekharan Ranjith , Kewes Günter , Djalalian-Assl Amir , Ganesan Kumaravelu , Tomljenovic-Hanic Snjezana , McCallum Jeffrey C. , Roberts Ann , Benson Oliver , Prawer Steven 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy colour center (NV− center) in nanodiamond is an excellent single photon source due to its stable photon generation in ambient conditions, optically addressable nuclear spin state, high quantum yield and its availability in nanometer sized crystals. In order to make practical devices using nanodiamond, highly efficient and directional emission of single photons in well-defined modes, either collimated into free space or waveguides are essential. This is a Herculean task as the photoluminescence of the NV centers is associated with two orthogonal dipoles arranged in a plane perpendicular to the NV defect symmetry axis. Here, we report on a micro-concave waveguide antenna design, which can effectively direct single photons from any emitter into either free space or into waveguides in a narrow cone angle with more than 80% collection efficiency irrespective of the dipole orientation. The device also enhances the spontaneous emission rate which further increases the number of photons available for collection. The waveguide antenna has potential applications in quantum cryptography, quantum computation, spectroscopy and metrology.
Automated astatination of biomolecules – a stepping stone towards multicenter clinical trials
Authors: Aneheim Emma , Albertsson Per , Bäck Tom , Jensen Holger , Palm Stig , Lindegren Sture 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTo facilitate multicentre clinical studies on targeted alpha therapy, it is necessary to develop an automated, on-site procedure for conjugating rare, short-lived, alpha-emitting radionuclides to biomolecules. Astatine-211 is one of the few alpha-emitting nuclides with appropriate chemical and physical properties for use in targeted therapies for cancer. Due to the very short range of the emitted α-particles, this therapy is particularly suited to treating occult, disseminated cancers. Astatine is not intrinsically tumour-specific; therefore, it requires an appropriate tumour-specific targeting vector, which can guide the radiation to the cancer cells. Consequently, an appropriate method is required for coupling the nuclide to the vector. To increase the availability of astatine-211 radiopharmaceuticals for targeted alpha therapy, their production should be automated. Here, we present a method that combines dry distillation of astatine-211 and a synthesis module for producing radiopharmaceuticals into a process platform. This platform will standardize production of astatinated radiopharmaceuticals and hence, it will facilitate large clinical studies focused on this promising, but chemically challenging, alpha-emitting radionuclide. In this work, we describe the process platform and we demonstrate the production of both astaine-211, for preclinical use and astatine-211 labelled antibodies.
Ortho-methylated 3-hydroxypyridines hinder hen egg-white lysozyme fibrillogenesis
Authors: Mariño Laura , Pauwels Kris , Casasnovas Rodrigo , Sanchis Pilar , Vilanova Bartolomé , Muñoz Francisco , Donoso Josefa , Adrover Miquel 
Published: July 2015

AbstractProtein aggregation with the concomitant formation of amyloid fibrils is related to several neurodegenerative diseases, but also to non-neuropathic amyloidogenic diseases and non-neurophatic systemic amyloidosis. Lysozyme is the protein involved in the latter and it is widely used as a model system to study the mechanisms underlying fibril formation and its inhibition. Several phenolic compounds have been reported as inhibitors of fibril formation. However, the anti-aggregating capacity of other heteroaromatic compounds has not been studied in any depth. We have screened the capacity of eleven different hydroxypyridines to affect the acid-induced fibrillization of hen lysozyme. Although most of the tested hydroxypyridines alter the fibrillation kinetics of HEWL, only 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine, 3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine and 3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylpyridine completely abolish fibril formation. Different biophysical techniques and several theoretical approaches are combined to elucidate their mechanism of action. O-methylated 3-hydroxypyridines bind non-cooperatively to two distinct but amyloidogenic regions of monomeric lysozyme. This stabilises the protein structure, as evidenced by enhanced thermal stability and results in the inhibition of the conformational transition that precedes fibril assembly. Our results point to o-methylated 3-hydroxypyridines as a promising molecular scaffold for the future development of novel fibrillization inhibitors.
Tuning the functionalities of a mesocrystal via structural coupling
Authors: Liu Heng-Jui , Liu Yun-Ya , Tsai Chih-Ya , Liao Sheng-Chieh , Chen Ying-Jiun , Lin Hong-Ji , Lai Chih-Huang , Hsieh Wen-Feng , Li Jiang-Yu , Chen Chien-Te , He Qing , Chu Ying-Hao 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn the past decades, mesocrystal, a kind of nanocrystals with specific crystallographic orientation, has drawn a lot of attention due to its intriguing functionalities. While the research community keeps searching for new mesocrystal systems, it is equally crucial to develop new approaches to tune the properties of mesocrystals. In this work, a self-organized two-dimensional mesocrystal composed of highly oriented CoFe2O4 (CFO) nano-crystals with assistance of different perovskite matrices is studied as a model system. We have demonstrated that the strain state and corresponding magnetic properties of the CFO mesocrystal can be modulated by changing the surrounding perovskite matrix through their intimate structural coupling. Interestingly, this controllability is more strongly correlated to the competition of bonding strength between the matrices and the CFO mesocrystals rather than the lattice mismatch. When embedded in a matrix with a higher melting point or stiffness, the CFO mesocrystal experiences higher out-of-plane compressive strain and shows a stronger magnetic anisotropy as well as cation site-exchange. Our study suggests a new pathway to tailor the functionalities of mesocrystals.
Normal fault earthquakes or graviquakes
Authors: Doglioni C. , Carminati E. , Petricca P. , Riguzzi F. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEarthquakes are dissipation of energy throughout elastic waves. Canonically is the elastic energy accumulated during the interseismic period. However, in crustal extensional settings, gravity is the main energy source for hangingwall fault collapsing. Gravitational potential is about 100 times larger than the observed magnitude, far more than enough to explain the earthquake. Therefore, normal faults have a different mechanism of energy accumulation and dissipation (graviquakes) with respect to other tectonic settings (strike-slip and contractional), where elastic energy allows motion even against gravity. The bigger the involved volume, the larger is their magnitude. The steeper the normal fault, the larger is the vertical displacement and the larger is the seismic energy released. Normal faults activate preferentially at about 60° but they can be shallower in low friction rocks. In low static friction rocks, the fault may partly creep dissipating gravitational energy without releasing great amount of seismic energy. The maximum volume involved by graviquakes is smaller than the other tectonic settings, being the activated fault at most about three times the hypocentre depth, explaining their higher b-value and the lower magnitude of the largest recorded events. Having different phenomenology, graviquakes show peculiar precursors.
Fasting activates macroautophagy in neurons of Alzheimer’s disease mouse model but is insufficient to degrade amyloid-beta
Authors: Chen Xigui , Kondo Kanoh , Motoki Kazumi , Homma Hidenori , Okazawa Hitoshi 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe developed a new technique to observe macroautophagy in the brain in vivo and examined whether fasting induced macroautophagy in neurons and how the induction was different between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model and control mice. Lentivirus for EGFP-LC3 injected into the brain successfully visualized autophagosome in living neurons by two-photon microscopy. The time-lapse imaging revealed that fasting increased the number, size and signal intensity of autophagosome in neurons. In AD model mice, these parameters of autophagosome were higher at the basal levels before starvation and increased more rapidly by fasting than in control mice. However, metabolism of exogenous labeled Aβ evaluated by the new technique suggested that the activated macroautophagy was insufficient to degrade the intracellular Aβ increased by enhanced uptake from extracellular space after fasting. Ordinary immunohistochemistry also revealed that fasting increased intracellular accumulation of endogenous Aβ, triggered cell dysfunction but did not mostly decrease extracellular Aβ accumulation. Moreover, we unexpectedly discovered a circadian rhythm of basal level of macroautophagy. These results revealed new aspects of neuronal autophagy in normal/AD states and indicated usefulness of our method for evaluating autophagy functions in vivo.
Graph Curvature for Differentiating Cancer Networks
Authors: Sandhu Romeil , Georgiou Tryphon , Reznik Ed , Zhu Liangjia , Kolesov Ivan , Senbabaoglu Yasin , Tannenbaum Allen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCellular interactions can be modeled as complex dynamical systems represented by weighted graphs. The functionality of such networks, including measures of robustness, reliability, performance and efficiency, are intrinsically tied to the topology and geometry of the underlying graph. Utilizing recently proposed geometric notions of curvature on weighted graphs, we investigate the features of gene co-expression networks derived from large-scale genomic studies of cancer. We find that the curvature of these networks reliably distinguishes between cancer and normal samples, with cancer networks exhibiting higher curvature than their normal counterparts. We establish a quantitative relationship between our findings and prior investigations of network entropy. Furthermore, we demonstrate how our approach yields additional, non-trivial pair-wise (i.e. gene-gene) interactions which may be disrupted in cancer samples. The mathematical formulation of our approach yields an exact solution to calculating pair-wise changes in curvature which was computationally infeasible using prior methods. As such, our findings lay the foundation for an analytical approach to studying complex biological networks.
Parametric study of 1310 nm ridge waveguide AlGaInAs‐InP semi‐conductor laser dynamics
Authors: Cantú Horacio I. , McKee Andrew , Eddie Iain , Kelly Anthony E. 
Published: July 2015

Dynamic performance of directly modulated Fabry–Pérot lasers is presented in this work subject to variation of parameters such as cavity length and facet reflectivity. This study is focused on the effect that physical parameters have on the slope of the laser resonance frequency against the square root of the injection current. Temperature variation is also studied to determine modulation bandwidth available for high speed device operation at 10 Gbps. The effect of facet reflectivity and temperature over the laser spectrum and wavelength is also discussed.
TACI deficiency leads to alternatively activated macrophage phenotype and susceptibility toLeishmaniainfection
Authors: Allman Windy R. , Dey Ranadhir , Liu Lunhua , Siddiqui Shafiuddin , Coleman Adam S. , Bhattacharya Parna , Yano Masahide , Uslu Kadriye , Takeda Kazuyo , Nakhasi Hira L. , Akkoyunlu Mustafa 
Published: July 2015

SignificanceHere, we described a novel role for transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) in determining Mϕ phenotype, a molecule that is previously known to be important in B-cell responses. We found that TACI-deficient mouse Mϕs manifest an M2 phenotype. We also observed that, in WT mouse Mϕs, TACI mediates B-cell activating factor- and a proliferation inducing ligand-induced signals that favor M1 polarization andLeishmaniaclearance. In TACI-deficient mice, M2-polarized status of Mϕs was responsible for the diminished Th1 response and increased susceptibility toLeishmaniainfection. These findings have implications in explaining the propensity of infants to develop asthma and weak responses to vaccines because infant Mϕs are likely to be M2-skewed due to severely reduced expression of TACI.
Explaining Cross-National Variations in the Informalisation of Employment
Authors: Williams Colin C. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to better understand cross-national variations in the informalisation of employment by evaluating critically three contrasting explanations which variously represent informal employment as more prevalent in: poorer under-developed economies (modernisation thesis); societies with high taxes, corruption and state interference in the free market (neo-liberal thesis) and societies with inadequate levels of state intervention to protect workers (political economy thesis). To evaluate these rival explanations, the relationship between the variable informalisation of employment in 10 Central and East European countries, measured using data from a 2007 Eurobarometer cross-national survey involving 5769 face-to-face interviews, and their broader work and welfare regimes are analysed. The finding is that wealthier, less corrupt and more equal societies and those possessing higher levels of taxation, social protection and effective redistribution via social transfers are significantly more likely to have lower levels of informalisation. No evidence is thus found to support the neo-liberal tenets that the informalisation of employment results from high taxes and too much state interference in the free market but evidence is found to positively confirm the modernisation and political economy theses as explanations for the cross-national variations in the informalisation of employment. The paper concludes by discussing the tentative theoretical and policy implications of these findings and calling for further evaluation of their wider validity both longitudinally and across other global regions.
Interfaced heterogeneous nanodimers
Authors: Sun Yugang 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Dimerization of different nanocomponents in single nanoparticles becomes interesting due to not only inheritance of properties of both components but also generation of new properties associated with strong coupling of the two components. As a class of emerging nanomaterials, interfaced heterogeneous nanodimers (IHNDs) are attracting more attentions in the field of materials research, in particular, nanoscience and nanotechnology. This review provides a timely and comprehensive overview on the general principles for the synthesis of IHNDs and typical examples of IHNDs made of various compositional combinations. The current challenges related to the synthesis and characterization of IHNDs are summarized at the end of the review and future research directions are also discussed.
Form
Authors: Cannon Christopher 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Plato and Aristotle offered contrasting definitions of “form.” According to Plato, a “form” was external to the material world, a notion or idea or thought that can properly exist only in a mind. For Aristotle, “form” was always a part of some material thing. In Troilus and Criseyde, Geoffrey Chaucer offers a description that does not use the word “form,” and yet it implies a process that could be summarized with the word “formation.” This article discusses the advantages of a literary analysis that embraces a uniquely comprehensive definition of form, particularly in the realm of Middle English literature. It argues that each element of a comprehensive theory of literary form encompasses both thinking and writing in the Middle Ages. It also considers key aspects of the form of two representative Middle English texts, Pearl and Robert Mannyng’s Handlyng Synne.
Imaginative Theory
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
The literary theory of the medieval schools, found in academic prologues or commentaries, is often articulated in an analytical and explicit language. However, in both Latin and vernacular literary texts literary self-theorization may also be expressed in figured and metaphorical form. An example would be Guillaume de Machaut’s “Prologue,” but other widespread and recognizable literary theoretical figures include the dream, the mirror, the reading of a book, or the conversation overheard. It is important for scholarship in Middle English literature to focus more on these “imaginative” articulations of literary theory. This article examines one particular literary-theoretical figure, the chanson d’aventure (“the song of adventure”), which, depending on how it is put together, can perform an array of literary self-commentaries.
Vision, Image, Text
Authors: Brantley Jessica 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Vision is an important element in late medieval English reading. Although text and image appear to be antagonistic, they are nevertheless interdependent; W. J. T. Mitchell has argued that every seemingly discrete artwork should really be considered an “imagetext.” Medieval examples of such imagetexts include the narrative images commonly found in wall painting and manuscript illumination, as well as literary works that are organized around visionary experience. From courtly fantasies and prophetic allegories to spiritual revelations and philosophical meditations, narratives of vision constitute a distinct medieval literary genre during the Middle Ages, This article examines visionary experience in medieval literature, arguing that the seeming incommensurability of text and image is precisely why we find them together again and again. Using visionary writing to bring text and image into conversation, medieval artists try to reconcile the contradiction between the two representational modes.
Speculative Genealogies
Authors: Giancarlo Matthew 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
In medieval literature, romance and chronicle are known for their preoccupation with genealogy, family, and individual histories. Romances and chronicles are not only about kings and knights, or the rise and fall of reigns and rules; they are also concerned with improbable and strange events. This article focuses on Middle English romance reading and scholarship by presenting an example of storytelling that is both distant from and related to the genre: Lila Abu-Lughod’s book Veiled Sentiments. It also cites examples that illustrate how Middle English romances function as symbolical work in the representation and exploration of their contemporary social systems.