bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT COORDINATION IN BERMUDA: A SUCCESSFUL MODEL
Authors: Sleeter Thomas D. , Knap Anthony H. , Hughes I. Walwyn 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A complete oil spill contingency plan has been developed together with environmental sensitivity maps, a damage risk assessment, and a scientific support coordination plan. The contingency plan details the notification and mobilization of key personnel and equipment during the initial phases of a marine pollution incident. It sets out a pre-planned course of action and, depending on the magnitude of the incident, calls for the orderly involvement of communication networks and various governmental agencies including marine police, marine ports, fisheries, the police, fire department and the regiment, all of which are coordinated by the on-scene coordinator and his command team.
Environmental sensitivity maps have been developed to streamline decision making by the command team by identifying priority areas that require maximum effort for protection, cleanup, and conservation. The system ranks 15 coastal environments on a sensitivity scale of 1 to 10 with respect to the expected persistence of hazardous material spills (such as oil) along the coastline. The index is based on the geomorphology of the area, coastal processes, and the amount of physical energy to which the coastline is subjected. The maps also identify pertinent political and socioeconomic resources and areas of ecological significance. Water depths, current velocities, and distances across inlets are indicated for deployment of containment booms.
In addition, under a Scientific Support Response Plan all scientific activity during the pollution incident is coordinated and documented. The plan sets up the orderly flow of scientific information to the command team and coordinates an organized sampling protocol including documentation and proper “chain of custody” of environmental samples. This system, coupled with an analytical detection unit, has resulted in convictions for more than 22 minor oil pollution incidents in Bermuda.
REVIEW OF UNITED KINGDOM OIL SPILL RESPONSE TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT
Authors: Cormack Douglas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As a result of recent studies in the United Kingdom and elsewhere on the factors affecting oil spilled at sea, it has been possible to redefine the problems presented for oil spill response given the general nature of response techniques and their likely future development. This topic has benefited in the past two years from discussions in the Bonn Agreement Working Group on Technical Scientific and Operational Aspects of Oil Pollution. The influence of this problem definition on the choice of response equipment in the United Kingdom is discussed. The chosen equipment is described in relation to success in meeting identified requirements and likelihood of success in real operations. The status of the various approaches exemplified by individual equipment choices is presented and future developments anticipated.
A $1 MILLION SPILL DRILL AND TWO TONS OF ORANGES
Authors: Kaufmann Stephan , Brancato Sal G. , Maitland Frank , Martin Richard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A three-day, $1 million major spill drill was conducted by a small oil spill cooperative. How it was done and its results are reported here. The New Haven Harbor Petroleum Cooperative has industry personnel working with U.S. Coast Guard and environmental agencies of several states to train a smooth-working team for spill response. This formula of training and cooperation has worked to reduce spill incidence and size, as well as forging a respectful working relationship among all interested parties.
ECOLOGICAL MAPPING AND CLEANUP OF OIL SPILLS ONSHORE
Authors: Klokk Terje , Danielsen Arild , Sendstad Erling , Tommeraas Per 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An ecological mapping project aims at mapping in advance areas along the Norwegian coast most likely to be exposed to oil spills from offshore oil activities. Up to now, the southernmost parts of ths coast as well as those parts along the northern coast most likely to be subject to oil spills from possible wells at the Haltenbanken, Traenabanken and Trømsoflaket have been mapped. Oil originating from a blowout at the northern oilfields is likely to reach the coast in a few days. This stresses the necessity and demand for locality information in a survey able and operative form.
The maps provide information about important areas with respect to natural resources, and their value for nature conservation reasons, industrial utilization, or development. Among parameters recorded on the maps are geomorphological beach types and important geological, zoological and botanical localities. Further, seabird species, seals, local fishing places and important resorts or outdoor life areas are mapped. The mapping of areas for pelagic fish species, as well as localities for fish farming and storage in the sea of live catches, has been a subject of major concern. The geomorphological types are correlated to anticipated self-cleaning ability.
A matrix for prioritizing localities with respect to cleanup actions also is presented. This implies quantifying each locality with regard to its biological, commercial, and outdoor life importance and self-cleaning ability.
OIL SPILL PROTECTION PLANNING FOR NATURAL RESOURCES IN OREGON
Authors: Sutherland G. Bruce , Jones Irving W. , Smith Randall W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A series of oil spill protection plans for natural resources has been developed for high priority areas in Oregon. This series was begun following the Toyota Maru No. 10 oil spill in the Columbia River in 1978 and has continued to the present. The plans are designed for use by the on-scene coordinator, special forces, and advisory agencies.
Oil spill protection plans for the lower Columbia and Willamette rivers and the Yaquina Bay estuary are completed, and plans are being developed for the Coos Bay estuary. Each area contains high priority natural resource areas. These include National Wildlife Refuge System lands and waters, estuarine sanctuary lands and waters, critical habitats for endangered species, and spawning or breeding areas for fish and migratory birds. Considerations for access, water intakes, and commercial interests are included in the plans.
The method of developing the plans for the three areas is discussed in detail. The process involves locating known vulnerable areas on a series of resource maps, describing the resources and their seasonal vulnerabilities on descriptive charts, and suggesting boom locations, oil containment sites, and access points on protective maps.
Resource protection and response is analyzed, and recommendations for improving the process are included for future use by the agencies involved in pollution response and resource management. The level of interagency cooperation necessary for both spill response and detailed resource protection planning is identified. The practical value of this approach to resource protection and contingency planning is discussed.
MARINE INDUSTRY GROUP (MIRG)
Authors: Meyers Robert J. , Bennett Michael R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Eleven companies involved in the marine transportation of petroleum in the Gulf of Mexico have established the Marine Industry Group (MIRG). MIRG is not an oil spill response organization, nor an oil spill cooperative. Rather, it is a group with the primary purpose of enhancing oil spill response capability in the Gulf of Mexico. Toward this end, MIRG has funded two oil spill contingency planning information projects which will:Identify the location of specific cleanup equipment and resources and provide information concerning the logistical requirements to deploy such equipmentProvide a survey which will identify and give information on the economically and ecologically sensitive areas in the Gulf of Mexico Both projects use available data and organize it into a format which can be useful for the broad area of interest where marine transporters operate.
This paper describes the organization and objectives of MIRG, defines the area of interest, describes the resources and logistics and the environmental survey projects, and outlines other activities of the group. The resources and logistics project is discussed at length. The method of assembling the resource information, the verification process, and the updating methods are discussed. The use of this resource data is demonstrated for a hypothetical oil spill scenario.
ORGANIZATIONAL OBSTACLES TO DECISION-MAKING DURING OIL SPILLS
Authors: Mew H. E. , Rooney-Char Ann Hayward , Webb James D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses a procedure for minimizing interagency conflict during oil pollution incidents. Under the organizational structure established by the National Contingency Plan, an on-scene coordinator depends on an accurate flow of information from a variety of agencies or groups for effective decision-making and a successful spill response effort. This paper identifies the different groups with responsibilities in spill incidents and discusses how their differing perspectives may lead to conflicts, imposing obstacles to decision-making. Although the differing perspectives reflect substantive issues, behavioral characteristics of organizations may actually precipitate or aggravate conflicts. Disagreements between agencies over substantive issues can be resolved to a large extent through conscientious development of the contingency plan, and frequent communication and joint training exercises among agencies are effective means for averting or minimizing conflict during actual spill incidents.
OIL SPILL PREPAREDNESS IN A TROPICAL OFFSHORE AREA
Authors: Tan Ging Tuang 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The systematic process by which an oil spill preparedness plan was developed for SSB/SSPC operations in the South China Sea used local wind, current, and weather data in a SLIKTRAK model adapted to estimate the spill costs and risks resulting from a well blowout. The model shows that the Sabah and Philippines shores would be likely to be affected, while the Brunei and Sarawak shores have a low probability. The minimum period in which oil will arrive at any shore is three days after the spill. February to early August are likely months in which a spill will arrive at a shoreline. Spills from late August to January are expected to move away from the coast. Mechanical recovery of spilled oil and chemical dispersant spraying from boats is effective from March to September while natural dispersion is enhanced from September to February. The local environmental data and local availability of vessels and resources greatly influence the choice of mechanical cleanup equipment.
An ecological marine macrobenthos survey has been carried out in the Sabah and Sarawak coastal waters. The fundamental aim of the program is to develop quantitative data on the current status of selected marine macrobenthic communities in these areas. This data could be used as a reference for comparison against any future surveys so that any environmental effects or modification resulting from oil spills may be assessed. A coastal resources study along the Sarawak coast also was being carried out to determine sensitive areas in order to prioritise the allocation of available oil spill control equipment and resources.
Finally, the roles and development of Shell oil spill cooperatives in this region have been based on the tier concept. Under this concept, SSB/SSPC would be primarily responsible for its own spill as the first tier. It is complemented on a reciprocal basis by close cooperation with Brunei Shell as the second tier. The third tier involves the cooperation of the Shell Companies in Southeast Asia—the ROSE scheme.
INNOVATIVE TRAINING: COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING
Authors: Peabody C. H. , Goodman R. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Response to recent oil spill incidents has shown the need to augment the training of oil spill response teams. At the spill site, the on-scene commander attempts to correlate all the available information to implement the optimum cleanup strategy promptly. In most cases, rapid decision-making is lacking. Traditional hands-on training supplies response crews with practical experience in oil spill cleanup but leaves the on-scene commander unprepared for the time pressures of a real situation. To simulate these pressures dramatically, a new technique using computer assisted learning has been developed for training on-scene commanders. The computer assisted learning system will not replace the hands-on training field exercises, but complement them.
Two oil spill scenarios have been developed. The first involves a continuous leak in a fast-flowing river system, limited equipment and manpower constraints. The second involves an instantaneous discharge in the open ocean. This introduces the problem of determining the spill location, compounded by weather and equipment concerns. A 48-hour scenario is simulated in four hours actual time. The on-scene commander responds to the spill situation by interacting with the computer display terminal. He can request weather information and spill trajectories, deploy booms and skimmers, and be presented with problems to be solved in a time-pressure situation. These problems include the sighting of oiled birds, press conference, labor strikes, weather changes, and equipment breakdowns. On termination of the simulated response, data are provided on the amount of oil recovered, the percent of shoreline oil, and the total cost of the cleanup. Average values are compiled for comparative purposes.
The computer assisted learning program has proven to be a useful adjunct to our usual training program and provides the on-scene commander trainee the opportunity to experience the time pressures of and decision-making required during an oil spill response.
SHORELINE EXPERIMENTS AND THE PERSISTENCE OF OIL ON ARCTIC BEACHES
Authors: Owens Edward H. , Harper John R. , Foget Carl R. , Robson Wishart 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Experiments associated with the oiling of beaches in an arctic environment show that fetch and wave-energy conditions at the shoreline are primary factors in determining the persistence of stranded oil. Five intertidal sections of coast were oiled, each of which differed in terms of shoreline exposure and fetch. The oil loadings of the test beaches that were oiled artificially were in the same range as those from an adjacent nearshore spill, so that the experimental results can be assumed to replicate real-world oiling conditions.
On the most exposed beach (fetch 90 kilometers) all oil was removed naturally after 80 days of exposure to open-water conditions. At a semi-exposed location, 85 to 95 percent of the oil was removed within 40 days, and at the most sheltered test sites (fetch less than 2 km) between 5 and 30 percent of the oil remained after an observation period of 160 open-water days. Data collection to determine fates of oil at the different sites over a four-year period is continuing.
In this relatively low-energy wave climate environment, with an open-water season of about 60 days, most exposed beaches would be cleaned naturally to levels less than 500 milligrams/kilogram within 100 days, but where the fetch is less than 10 to 25 km the expected persistence of oil stranded in the intertidal zone could be greater than 10 years.
BEACH CLEANING TESTS IN THE NETHERLANDS AT HOOK OF HOLLAND, SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1980
Authors: van Eden A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In 1978, the Dutch Minister of Transport and Public Works set up a national working group to look into the question of heavy oil pollution of the Dutch coast. This working group was given the task of selecting, from the wide range available, those methods for cleanup, treatment, and disposal of oil pollution which would be best suited for use in the Netherlands and give the best results in combating coastal oil pollution. At the same time, it was to draw up a contingency plan and inventory the facilities available.
Experiments to determine the best method of combating beach pollution caused by oil spills were undertaken with the following objectives in mind:Testing of preventive measures to limit beach pollution, such as herders, straw bales, sand embankments, and plastic linersTesting of various methods of removing oil (mousse) from the beachTesting of various methods for the final cleaning of a beach from which oil has been removed by dispersants, demulsifiers, etc.Testing of various preliminary treatments enabling better and more efficient transport of oil and making it more suitable for further processing. Mousse-breaking additives and other substances were tested thoroughly in this respect.1Testing of various methods for dealing with the collected oil, such as incineration in suitable installations
The experience gained from the tests and the results achieved were evaluated and substantial conclusions drawn. The working group now is in a position to give useful advice to the various coastal municipalities so that they will be able to combat coastal oil pollution more efficiently. This has been done.
THE WARREN SPRING LABORATORY BEACH MATERIAL WASHING PLANT FOR SHORELINE CLEANUP
Authors: Morris P. R. , Tookey D. , Walsh T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Warren Spring Laboratory has devised a continuous system for removal of weathered crude oil or residual fuel oil from beach material using a process involving agitation in seawater. The separated oil floats away from the cleaned material and then is recovered by separation; the process water is recycled. The system has been evaluated in pilot plant studies and later in a field trial sponsored by the Department of the Environment and the U. K. Petroleum Industries Association. In that test, 250 tons of soiled beach material from the Eleni V oil spill in 1978 were cleaned using a plant with a throughput of 10 tons per hour. The oil content of the raw feed material varied between two and six percent; the product contained about 0.15 percent oil. Further cleaning to almost zero oil was achieved by the return of the washed product to the shoreline at low tide. The equipment used was essentially a sand and gravel washing plant, modified to handle a coarser feed. Details of the washing techniques are presented together with an outline of the equipment and support services which would be required for a plant capable of handling a feed of about 100 tons per hour. The economics of cleaning the soiled beach material for a 100-mile length of coastline were studied for several situations and the overall cleaning cost shown to be less than that expected for landfill disposal.
A REVIEW OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART OF OIL SPILL FATE/BEHAVIOR MODELS
Authors: Huang James C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The fate and behavior of spilled oil can be affected by nine physical, chemical, and biological processes: advection, spreading, evaporation, dissolution, emulsification, dispersion, auto-oxidation, biodegradation, and sinking/sedimentation. Currently, oil fate predictions and/or the assessment of environmental impact or risk of a spill are based mostly on oil spill models which simulate only the advective processes and some which include also the spreading processes. These models do not account for the weathering or the loss of the spilled oil that may occur immediately or soon after the spill, and thus may lead to unrealistic assessments or inaccurate predictions.
Models with varying degrees of sophistication and with different approaches for the various weathering processes are being developed, some of them implemented in composite oil fate/behavior models that are constructed to provide more realistic or accurate predictions. To provide some understanding of the current state-of-the-art of these modeling technologies, this paper presents an overview and discussion of the available models for each of the nine oil fate/behavior governing processes.
TESTING OF CRUDE OILS AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PURPOSES
Authors: Mackay Donald , Stiver Warren , Tebeau Peter A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When crude oil or a petroleum product is to be produced or transported in the marine environment, there is always a risk of spills. To assess the nature of the risk and the likely behavior of the spilled oil, it is desirable to test the oil for those properties which will determine its environmental behavior and effects. Further, the properties should be expressed in the form of parameters in equations which are suitable for direct incorporation into oil spill models. Suitable tests for properties such as chemical composition, density, viscosity or rheology, volatility, aqueous solubility, and interfacial properties are suggested and equations suggested for these properties as a function of temperature and extent of weathering. Tests which can be used to predict the rates of environmental processes such as evaporation, water-in-oil emulsion formation, natural and chemically-induced dispersion and spreading are also reviewed and test inadequacies identified. A reasonably complete test protocol can be established now but some problems remain, especially with regard to characterization of an oil's natural dispersability.
HASBAH 6: OIL COMPANIES RESPONSE TO OIL POLLUTION IN THE ARABIAN GULF
Authors: Ryan P. Bernard 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Hasbah 6 well offshore Saudi Arabia blew out on October 2, 1980 and remained out of control for ten days. The oil which escaped from the well during this period formed a large slick which drifted southeast down the gulf, threatening the coastal areas of all states south of the blowout site. Oil spill countermeasures were mounted by several oil companies in the region either on their own initiative or upon direction from their respective states’ governments in attempts to minimize the adverse effects of the spill.
All of the oil companies known to be involved in responding to the oil spill were members of the Gulf Area Oil Companies Mutual Aid Organization (GAOCMAO), an organization formed in 1972 to promote cooperation among oil companies in the Arabian Gulf for oil pollution control and cleanup in the region. The Hasbah 6 incident served to demonstrate the value of GAOCMAO in facilitating cooperative responses by member companies to a common pollution hazard and highlighted many of the problems likely to be encountered in mounting a spill cleanup operation of this magnitude in a restricted and multi-national environment such as the Arabian Gulf.
THE FATE OF TWO LARGE OIL SPILLS IN THE ARABIAN GULF
Authors: Lehr William J. , Belen Murat S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In August and October 1980, two large oil spills occurred in the Arabian Gulf. The first, from an unidentified source, involved about 20,000 barrels of crude oil and impacted the entire north and west coasts of the island nation of Bahrain. The second occurred when the Ron Tapmeyer platform in the Hasbah offshore oil field blew out, releasing an estimated 50,000 barrels of thick crude into the Gulf. The spill subsequently covered large sections of the coastline of Qatar.
The fate of the oil from these spills is examined with respect to the unique conditions found in the region. A computer model is used for trajectory analysis of the spills and hypothesizing the possible origin of the first spill. Methods of cleanup and problems with the weathered oil are mentioned. The environmental damage caused by the Bahrain spill is assessed.