bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variable selection using P‐splines
Authors: Gijbels Irène , Verhasselt Anneleen , Vrinssen Inge 
Published: September 2014

Selecting among a large set of variables those that influence most a response variable is an important problem in statistics. When the assumed regression model involves a nonparametric component, penalized regression techniques, and in particular P‐splines, are among the commonly used methods. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief review of variable selection methods using P‐splines. Starting from multiple linear regression models, with least‐squares regression, and Ridge regression, we review standard methods that perform variable selection, such as LASSO, nonnegative garrote, the SCAD method, etc. We briefly discuss a general framework of penalization and regularization methods. Going toward more flexible regression models, with some nonparametric component(s), we discuss P‐splines estimation. For some examples of flexible regression models, we then review a few variable selection methods using P‐splines. A brief discussion on grouped regularization techniques and on a robust variable selection method is given. Furthermore, we mention key ingredients in Bayesian approaches, and end the paper by drawing the attention to several other issues in variable selection with P‐splines. Throughout the paper we provide some illustrations.WIREs Comput Stat2015, 7:1–20. doi: 10.1002/wics.1327This article is categorized under:Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric MethodsStatistical Models > Model Selection
Using DNA to evaluate field identification of cougar sex by agency staff and hunters using trained dogs
Authors: Beausoleil Richard A. , Warheit Kenneth I. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTCougar (Puma concolor) hunting has been classified typically as either selective‐hunting with the aid of dogs or nonselective‐hunting without dogs; this is based on the assumption that hunters using dogs to tree cougars can better identify sex of cougars prior to harvest. Subsequent to hunt activity, 94% of all wildlife agencies that allow cougar hunting have mandatory inspections where sex is identified and recorded by agency staff. To test the ability of hunters and agency staff in Washington, USA, to correctly identify sex of cougars in the field, laboratory analysis of DNA from tissue samples collected by experienced hound handlers using biopsy darts and collected during staff inspection of mortalities, respectively, was compared with visual identification and used to determine error rates. The sex assigned by dog hunters in the field matched sex from DNA analysis 70% of the time (n = 159); correct identification varied between 57% and 88%/year. The sex identified by agency staff during inspection of mortalities matched DNA analysis 87% of the time (n = 1,329); correct identification varied between 71% and 90%/year. Because sex misclassification has the potential to alter intended harvest as well as assessing success of management prescriptions, agencies may want to initiate education programs internally and outside their agency. The majority of states and provinces already have mandatory inspections; therefore, agencies would benefit from initiating DNA collection during mandatory inspections to identify error rates of sex identification by staff within their jurisdiction. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Divalent Copper Selenate Complex: Two Types of Octahedral Coordination in the Unit Cell and Disordered 1,4‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
Authors: Rekik Walid , Loulou Nkhili Nouha , Naïli Houcine , Dahaoui Slimane 
Published: September 2014

Abstract The new hybrid compound (C6H14N2)[Cu(H2O)6][Cu(SeO4)2(H2O)4]2 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n, with the unit cell parameters: a = 7.2469(2) Å, b = 9.5360(2) Å, c = 22.1919(5) Å, and β = 95.789(2)°. The structure was solved by conventional direct methods. The R and wR values for 76142 measured reflections were 0.0337 and 0.0625, respectively. Within the structure of this new compound, the transition metal adopts two types of octahedral coordination. Indeed, Cu1 is coordinated by four water molecules and two selenate groups to form the tetraaquadiselenatocuprate(II) anion [Cu(SeO4)2(H2O)4]2–, whereas Cu2 adopts another octahedral environment formed by six water molecules, but three of them crystallographically independent. The Cu1 and Cu2 atoms display the so‐called (4+1+1) and (4+2) type of coordination, respectively, that has often been observed in other compounds containing the same transition metal, which is consistent with a Jahn‐Teller distortion. The crystal structure of the title complex consists of isolated metallic polyhedra and disordered dabcodiium cations linked together by two types of hydrogen bond, OW–H···O and N–H···O, only. The thermogravimetric analysis shows that the dehydration of the compound takes place in four steps. The decomposition leads to the copper oxide in the last stage.
Thermochemistry and Chemical Vapor Transport of In2M3O12 (M = Mo, W)
Authors: Steiner Udo , Schmidt Marcus , Schnelle Walter 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe standard entropy of compounds In2M3O12 (M = Mo, W) were determined to be S°298 = 390 ± 6 (M = Mo] and S°298 = 404 ± 6 J·mol–1·K–1 (M = W). The entropies of formation from the binary oxides are ΔS°R, 298 = 52 J·mol–1·K–1 (M = Mo] and ΔS°R, 298 = 72 J·mol–1·K–1 (M = W). Both compounds possess positive enthalpies of formation from the oxides at 298 K and are entropically stabilized. Transition enthalpies of the monoclinic to orthorhombic phase transition were measured for In2M3O12 by differential scanning calorimetry. Crystals of In2M3O12 (size up to a few mm) were deposited by means of chemical vapor transport along a temperature gradient ΔT = 100 K using transport agent chlorine. Deposition rates are between 0.2 and about 15 mg·h–1, depending on mean transport temperature and amount of chlorine. Experimental results were compared to predictions by means of thermodynamic modelling. A detailed analysis of the chemical vapor transport behavior was carried out regarding gaseous compounds involved in the transport process, dominant transport reactions and influence of moisture content.
Resection Margin Clearance in Pancreatic Cancer After Implementation of the Leeds Pathology Protocol (LEEPP): Clinically Relevant or Just Academic?
Authors: Gebauer Florian , Tachezy Michael , Vashist Yogesh K. , Marx Andreas H. , Yekebas Emre , Izbicki Jakob R. , Bockhorn Maximilian 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackground and objectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the overall survival (OS) after R0/R1 resections in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) of the pancreatic head after implementation of a standardized histopathologic protocol (Leeds Pathology Protocol, LEEPP).MethodsOne hundred and twenty‐five patients underwent surgical resection because of PDAC of the pancreatic head. Patients were histopathologically examined according to a standardized protocol. Their oncologic outcome and clinicopathologic data were compared with those of a patient group before implementation of the LEEPP (n = 116).ResultsThe R1 rate increased significantly from 13 to 52 %. There was no significant difference in OS between R0 and R1 resections. The median OS in patients with a tumor clearance of less than 2 mm from the resection margin was 15.1 months (12.1–18.1 months) versus 22.2 months (7.8–36.7 months) (P = 0.046). Multivariate analysis revealed a margin clearance or 2 mm and more as an independent prognosticator for OS.ConclusionsWith applying the LEEPP, there was still no significant correlation between the R‐status and OS in patients with PDAC. However, since a margin clearance of 2 mm or more is a predictive factor for OS, the R1 definition might have to be adapted in PDAC.
A scoping review of the literature on the involvement of service users in personality disorder services
Authors: Montgomery L. , Donnelly M. 
Published: September 2014

BackgroundService user involvement is receiving increasing support from mental health policy makers, service planners and research commissioners. However, we lack a good understanding of the nature and extent to which service users are involved in personality disorder (PD) services and the effects of involvement in these services.ObjectivesTo review and appraise published sources; increase understanding about service user involvement in PD services; and highlight knowledge gaps and related issues.MethodsA scoping review methodology was adopted. Data were ‘charted’ to illustrate the landscape of writings and views and a qualitative analysis synthesized the results in terms of key emergent themes.ResultsOnly a small amount of published work was identified with significant gaps in the literature. Effects were reported mostly in terms processes and emotional and practical benefits for service users. Emergent themes were wellness and health, recruitment and support for service users.ConclusionsThis scoping review uncovered a lack of published work despite service user involvement being a key strand of health policy. There is a need for outcomes-focused research regarding service user involvement. Successful user involvement in PD services requires attention to be focused on the context, recruitment, support and ‘wellness’ of service users.
FAMILIES' RESPONSE TO AIDS: NEW INSIGHTS INTO PARENTAL ROLES IN FOSTERING HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE
Authors: DIMBUENE ZACHARIE TSALA 
Published: September 2014

SummaryWorldwide, there is a consensus that parents must be involved in children's HIV/AIDS education. However, there is little evidence that speaks to this advocacy for improving adolescent health. This study developed and tested four hypotheses about (i) the relationship between parents' and adolescents' knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission routes and prevention strategies conditional upon (ii) parents' gender, (iii) communication about sexuality, and (iv) the parent–adolescent education gap. The sample consisted of 306 parent–adolescent dyads from the 2002 Cameroon Family and Health Survey. Adolescents were aged 12–19 years. Overall, fifteen items about HIV/AIDS transmission routes and prevention strategies were analysed. Descriptive results showed that parents fared better than adolescents regardless of the AIDS fact considered. An exception was the correct use of condoms (parents 57% vs adolescents 61%). The generation gap probably explains this result: parents are more conservative, reluctant and distant from condoms compared with adolescents, who are more receptive and open to discussing sex with peers. Multivariate ordered logistic regressions showed a significant positive effect of parents' HIV/AIDS knowledge on adolescents' HIV/AIDS knowledge, thus supporting the main hypothesis of direct parental influences. Parent–adolescent communication about sexuality showed positive and significant effects on adolescents' HIV/AIDS knowledge, suggesting an ‘enhancing effect’ when combined with the effect of parents' HIV/AIDS knowledge. Against the background that parents in sub-Saharan Africa do not teach their children about sexuality, the study demonstrated that families can play an important role in HIV/AIDS education. These findings have major implications for HIV/AIDS interventions involving adolescents, parents or both, in fostering accurate HIV/AIDS knowledge among adolescents, which could lead to protective sexual behaviours.
Constitutional, Criminal, Civil
Authors: Orren Karen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWith a view to elaborating a developmental theory of constitutionalism in the United States, this essay explores the relationship among constitutional, criminal, and civil law. It supports, with relevant case materials, a single proposition: civil litigants are afforded contested constitutional protections in federal court to the extent that the judges attribute an aspect of criminality to the underlying facts or issues in question. The essay tests this proposition in the areas of punitive damages, double jeopardy, and constitutional torts; discusses the mirroring of the stipulated pattern in legal maneuvering on constitutional issues; and briefly spells out its implications for the larger theory.
Managing uncertainty in potential supplier identification
Authors: Ye Yun , Jankovic Marija , Kremer Gül E. , Bocquet Jean-Claude 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAs a benefit of modularization of complex systems, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) can choose suppliers in a less constricted way when faced with new or evolving requirements. However, new suppliers usually add uncertainties to the system development. Because suppliers are tightly integrated into the design process in modular design and therefore greatly influence the outcome of the OEM's products, the uncertainty along with requirements satisfaction of the suppliers and their modules should be controlled starting from potential supplier identification. In addition, to better satisfy new requirements, the potential supplier identification should be combined with architecture generation to enable the new technology integration. In this paper, we propose the Architecture & Supplier Identification Tool, which generates all possible architectures and corresponding suppliers based on new requirements through matrix mapping and propagation. Using the Architecture & Supplier Identification Tool, the overall uncertainty and requirements satisfaction of generated architectures can be estimated and controlled. The proposed method aims at providing decision support for early design of complex systems, thereby helping OEMs have an integrated view of suppliers and system architectures in requirements satisfaction and overall uncertainty.
Household participation in a Payments for Environmental Services programme: the Nhambita Forest Carbon Project (Mozambique)
Authors: Hegde Ravi , Bull Gary Q. , Wunder Sven , Kozak Robert A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractQuantitative research on household participation in the Payments for Environmental Services (PES) programme remains scarce. This paper aims to determine the key factors influencing household participation in a PES programme in Mozambique. Questionnaire-based quarterly surveys were conducted with 290 randomly selected households. We used the instrumental variables technique to identify the factors influencing household participation. The instrumental variables used for forest dependence were: household head born in the village, duration of residence of the household head in the village, ethnicity of the household head, business ownership of the household head and off-farm income of the household. The results show that education of household head and households' trust towards community members positively influenced household participation in PES, while forest dependence influenced it negatively. Future PES projects may thus need to focus more on developing social capital and the resource dependence of households.
The Judge in the Mirror: Kant on Conscience
Authors: Vujošević Marijana 
Published: September 2014

AbstractKant’s conception of conscience has been relatively neglected by Kant scholars and the secondary literature offers no explanation of whether (and if so, how) his treatments of conscience fit together. To achieve a fuller understanding of Kant’s general position on conscience, I question the widespread assumption that conscience is a feeling and account for the nature of conscience and its multiple functions. On my reading, conscience is ‘the internal judge’ whose verdict triggers certain emotional reactions. Through the moral self-evaluative activities of this inner judge, we come to know our character better. In the judgements of conscience, we take account of various psychological conditions while judging both whether these conditions stand in the way of our establishing moral maxims and whether we hold ourselves accountable for our actions. By arousing certain feelings, these judgements also move us to moral action.
Influence of grazing and land use on stream-channel characteristics among small dairy farms in the Eastern United States
Authors: Brand Genevieve , Vondracek Bruce , Jordan Nicholas R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRotational grazing (RG) is a livestock management practice that rotates grazing cattle on a scale of hours to days among small pastures termed paddocks. It may beneficially affect stream channels, relative to other livestock management practices. Such effects and other beneficial effects on hydrology are important to RG's potential to provide a highly multifunctional mode of livestock farming. Previous comparisons of effects of RG and confinement dairy (CD) on adjoining streams have been restricted in scale and scope. We examined 11 stream-channel characteristics on a representative sample of 37 small dairy farms that used either RG or CD production methods. Our objectives were: (1) to compare channel characteristics on RG and CD farms, as these production methods are implemented in practice, in New York, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, USA; and (2) to examine land use on these farms that may affect stream-channel characteristics. To help interpret channel characteristic findings, we examined on-farm land use in riparian areas 50 m in width along both sides of stream reaches and whole-farm land use. In all states, stream-channel characteristics on RG and CD farms did not differ. Whole-farm land use differed significantly between farm types; CD farms allocated more land to annual row crops, whereas RG farms allocated more land to pasture and grassland. However, land cover in 50 m riparian areas was not different between farm types within states; in particular, many RG and CD farms had continuously grazed pastures in riparian areas, typically occupied by juvenile and non-lactating cows, which may have contributed sediment and nutrients to streams. This similarity in riparian management practices may explain the observed similarity of farm types with respect to stream-channel characteristics. To realize the potential benefits of RG on streams, best management practices that affect stream-channel characteristics, such as protection of riparian areas, may improve aggregate effects of RG on stream quality and also enhance other environment, economic and social benefits of RG.
Vitamin D prevents cognitive decline and enhances hippocampal synaptic function in aging rats
Authors: Latimer Caitlin S. , Brewer Lawrence D. , Searcy James L. , Chen Kuey-Chu , Popović Jelena , Kraner Susan D. , Thibault Olivier , Blalock Eric M. , Landfield Philip W. , Porter Nada M. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Higher blood levels of vitamin D are associated with better health outcomes. Vitamin D deficiency, however, is common among the elderly. Despite targets in the brain, little is known about how vitamin D affects cognitive function. In aging rodents, we modeled human serum vitamin D levels ranging from deficient to sufficient and tested whether increasing dietary vitamin D could maintain or improve cognitive function. Treatment was initiated at middle age, when markers of aging emerge, and maintained for ∼6 mo. Compared with low- or normal-dietary vitamin D groups, only aging rats on higher vitamin D could perform a complex memory task and had blood levels considered in the optimal range. These results suggest that vitamin D may improve the likelihood of healthy cognitive aging.
Single-spin stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
Authors: Pfender Matthias , Aslam Nabeel , Waldherr Gerald , Neumann Philipp , Wrachtrup Jörg 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Mastering nanoscopic quantum systems promises applications in quantum information processing (QIP) and nanoscale metrology. However, the spatial density of individually addressable systems is not only limited by their size, but rather by the scale needed for control and readout. This affects upscaling of QIP devices and limits nanoscale sensors to be scanning probe devices with serial data acquisition. Here, we simultaneously apply parallel nanoscale microscopy and spin resonance methods on ensembles of optically addressable spins. The latter have been applied as qubits and nanoscale quantum sensors on the single level. In contrast, our method allows parallel individual addressing inside ensembles of qubits/sensors with nanometer distances. This promises a vast speedup for sensing applications compared with scanning probe methods.
Occupation of bare habitats, an evolutionary precursor to soil specialization in plants
Authors: Cacho N. Ivalú , Strauss Sharon Y. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Integrating molecular phylogenies with clade-wide ecological data is expanding our ability to address classic ecological questions, such as the origins and maintenance of plant soil specialists, a global source of plant biodiversity. We reconstruct selective forces related to serpentine soil specialization using clade-wide microhabitat characterizations, soil physicochemical data, and phylogenetic hypotheses. Surprisingly, species’ occupation of bare environments, not of chemically similar soils, preceded shifts to serpentine soils. Additionally, inhabiting bare environments traded off with competitive ability in multispecies greenhouse experiments, a relationship potentially contributing to soil endemism. We find that combining in situ detailed field ecological data, greenhouse experiments, and phylogenetic hypotheses can reveal underappreciated selective pressures and provide powerful tools to deepen our understanding of evolutionary pathways underlying biodiversity.
Basal p21 controls population heterogeneity in cycling and quiescent cell cycle states
Authors: Overton K. Wesley , Spencer Sabrina L. , Noderer William L. , Meyer Tobias , Wang Clifford L. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
Population heterogeneity can make the treatment of tumors more challenging. Whereas a therapeutic agent may be effective against one fraction of a population, it may be less effective against another fraction. Although heterogeneity can be genetic and attributed to mutations, there can also be nongenetic heterogeneity, where a clonal population can harbor distinct subpopulations. Here, we identified a single gene, p21, that was responsible for population heterogeneity in cell cycle activity and explain that this heterogeneity can arise from regulatory relationships of p21 with Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and E3 ubiquitin ligases. We suggest that, instead of using CDK inhibitors (CKIs) in cancer therapy, CKIs themselves should be targeted. Given concurrently with chemotherapy agents, CKI inhibitors would reduce tumor heterogeneity and thus increase chemotherapy efficacy.
ASCL1 is a lineage oncogene providing therapeutic targets for high-grade neuroendocrine lung cancers
Authors: Augustyn Alexander , Borromeo Mark , Wang Tao , Fujimoto Junya , Shao Chunli , Dospoy Patrick D. , Lee Victoria , Tan Christopher , Sullivan James P. , Larsen Jill E. , Girard Luc , Behrens Carmen , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Xie Yang , Cobb Melanie H. , Gazdar Adi F. , Johnson Jane E. , Minna John D. 
Published: September 2014

Significance
New advances in the treatment of aggressive neuroendocrine lung cancers are needed to improve survival in patients with this class of tumors. The current treatment approach, which has remained unchanged for the past 30 years, involves combination chemotherapy and radiation. To uncover novel drug targets, we identified the transcriptome of achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASCL1), a transcription factor that is both necessary for the proper development of neuroendocrine cells and essential for the growth and survival of neuroendocrine lung cancers. Analysis of downstream targets of ASCL1 has revealed unique molecular vulnerabilities that can be exploited for future therapeutic use.