bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COLD REGIONS SPILL RESPONSE1
Authors: Marsh Gordon D. , Schultz Lawrence A. , DeBord Frank W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As a part of its Arctic Pollution Response Research and Development Program, the U.S. Coast Guard in 1977 awarded a systems analysis contract to ARCTEC Incorporated to identify the pollution response system requirements for dealing with spills in ice-infested waters. A cold regions oil pollution response system was defined through an engineering and cost effectiveness analysis of six oil spill scenarios, selected to encompass the broad range of oil spill and environmental conditions likely to be encountered offshore Alaska. Also identified were modifications to the system required to extend the response capability to the seasonally ice-infested waters of the lower 48 states, including the Great Lakes, the northern rivers, and the northern coastal regions. Projections were made of the behavior of the spilled oil in ice-infested waters, and oil spill response scenarios were developed for three levels of spill response. Three distinctly different types of spill response operations were identified: (1) for a thick, stable, level shorefast ice situation; (2) for a dynamic, hum-mocky, heavily concentrated broken ice situation; (3) for the case of light broken ice and open water. The presence of ice was found to aid response efforts in some cases and to hinder or preclude response efforts in others. This paper discusses the three types of spill response required for cold regions and reviews the six Alaskan and three lower 48 scenarios used to define the system requirements.
OIL SPILL CONTROL AND ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES USED AT THE S.S. SANSINENA EXPLOSION SITE—A COAST GUARD PERSPECTIVE1
Authors: White W. W. , Kopeck J. T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
At 1938 PST on Friday, December 17, 1976, the Liberian tankership Sansinena exploded and burned while taking on ballast at the Union Oil Terminal, Berth 46, Los Angeles harbor, California. In addition to the loss of nine lives and millions of dollars in property damage, approximately 30,000 barrels of oil was spilled onto Los Angeles harbor waters. The majority of this oil sank to the bottom of the harbor and had to be removed mechanically over the following sixteen months utilizing oil removal equipment designed and constructed especially for this spill. Two years after the Sansinena disaster the reconstructed Union Oil Terminal is in full operation, with only an occasional small oil sheen stirred from the bottom by propwash to remind us of the havoc of that December Friday.
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL-DISPERSANT MIXTURES IN FRESH WATER
Authors: Scott Brian F. , Nagy Elmer , Sherry James P. , Dutka Bernard J. , Glooschenko Valanne , Snow Norman B. , Wade P. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A series of spills using oil and dispersant was begun July 5, 1978 in a set of artificial freshwater ponds. Prior to the spills, the ponds had been allowed to stabilize and the water as well as a number of biological components including zooplankton, phytoplankton, bacteria, and fungi was regularly monitored. These parameters also were determined regularly after the spill as was the distribution of the stressing agents. The short-term results, encompassing the observations made for 55 days following the spills, indicate that the oil-dispersant mixture affects the zooplankton, phytoplankton, bacteria, fungi, and dissolved oxygen to a greater degree than oil alone. Also, in the oil-dispersant ponds there was an enhancement of the dissolved reactive silica values relative to the oiled and control ponds.
CONTINGENCY PLANS: A USEFUL TOOL OR BUREAUCRATIC BURDEN?
Authors: Donohoe Michael J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since the idea of contingency planning for environmental emergencies became fashionable in the late 1960s, the process by which contingency plans are formulated and promulgated has undergone many refinements. However, contingency planning is all too often accomplished for its own sake, to comply with government regulation or company policy, or to establish a decisionmaking hierarchy so complex it precludes realistic implementation.
This paper presents and discusses alternative methods available to personnel responsible for preparing contingency plans. Further, it provides positive guidelines to assist in making contingency plans functional, usable reference publications.
The state of the art in the areas of pollution prevention, spill control, and cleanup have been greatly enhanced by experience and innovation on the part of operators and administrators.
This paper is not intended to be a “cookbook” solution, but rather, a compilation of input by users. We hope it will close the gap between “planning” and the other areas of environmental practice.
CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR OIL SPILL LITIGATION
Authors: Haubold Samuel A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Advance planning and prompt post-spill response are highly important to the successful defense of oil spill damage claims. Failure to anticipate the requirements of litigation can result in a defendant being unable to refute false or inflated claims. The objective of a properly designed legal response plan is to facilitate an immediate data-collection and fact-gathering program for possible use in subsequent litigation. It is essential that all information be preserved in a legally acceptable form because it must meet strict evidential requirements for later use at trial.
DISPERSANT USE GUIDELINES FOR FEDERAL REGIONS IX AND X
Authors: Smith Randall W. , Pavia Robert 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Regional Response Teams in California, Oregon, and Washington have attempted to deal with the problem of providing rapid approval or denial of dispersant use requests during a major spill event. Realizing that the On-Scene Coordinator must act quickly in order for the dispersants to be effective, the RRT undertook a program to develop a system that would allow for approval or denial within four hours.
The Regional Response Teams in Standard Federal Regions IX and X developed and implemented Dispersant Use Guidelines, from 1978 to the present, to enhance the regions’ capability to respond rapidly to requests for approval of dispersant use. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters associated with spilled oil and dispersants are evaluated in this procedure. A decision to use dispersants is based on balancing the possible contamination of the environment with other factors. Damages expected from spills not treated with dispersants are compared to damages which would be expected if the oil were successfully treated. The objective is to minimize the impact of spilled oil on natural resources.
This paper summarizes the progress of two Regional Response teams in responding to the questions of dispersant use, reviewing dispersant guidelines, and recommending minimum standards for documentation. The procedure involves the interaction and cooperation of the several agencies, and promotes the timely use of knowledge and information.
THE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION TRAINING PROGRAM IN OIL SPILL PREVENTION, CONTROL, AND RESPONSE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1
Authors: Hayes Terence Michael , Okamura Bin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since March 1979, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has funded the post of International Maritime Organization (IMO) inter-regional consultant on marine pollution, and more than 50 missions have been conducted to developing countries. Activities during these missions include risk assessment, identification of locally available resources, contingency planning, and identification of training requirements. This paper deals with the development by IMO of a three-phase program which is funded by the Swedish International Development Authority and UNDP. The detailed program, consisting of national seminars and short- and long-term fellowships, is described, together with the particular problems of tropical and sub-tropical environments as identified by the seminar participants. This program is underway in Bangladesh, Chile, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Thailand.
OIL DEGRADATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF VARIOUS CO-DISPOSAL METHODS
Authors: Halmø Gerd 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study on disposal of oily debris from polluted beaches was performed under laboratory conditions in columns simulating a vertical segment of a landfill. Nine different mixtures of oily debris were tested in parallel, including debris pre-mixed with municipal waste, and mixtures with oil absorbents like pine bark and lime. Fertilizers were used to give an optimum C:N ratio. Oil degradation and leachate formation and composition were studied for one year. The results show that if oily debris i.e., oily sand, gravel, and seaweed, is placed directly in a landfill leachates will have unacceptably high oil content. When oily sand was mixed with pine bark and seaweed was mixed with lime, the disposal experiments showed a complete stabilization of the oil. Lime stabilization, however, caused a leachate of unfavorably high alkalinity.
Oxygen appears to be the primary limiting parameter for oil degradation in landfills, and small units or different configurations must be used to improve air diffusion into the mass. Mixing the oily debris with municipal waste had a favorable effect on both biodegradation and stability towards leakage.
AN APPROACH TO OBSERVING OIL AT SEA
Authors: Pavia Robert , Payton D. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Any response to an oil spill incident requires expedient observations of the appearance, location, and distribution of the spilled oil. These observations are fundamental for the determination of spill severity, initialization of trajectory forecasts, and planning of mitigation efforts. Present techniques for determining oil distribution over large areas of water rely predominantly on visual estimation from various types of aircraft. The need to rely on observers in aircraft has resulted in a variety of problems during past spill responses. These problems center on inconsistent classification of types, amounts, and distribution of oil. Inconsistent terminology results in poor reporting of oil conditions, which in turn hinders spill mitigation planning.
A consistent approach to reporting observed oil distribution has been developed based on experience gained during the IXTOC I and Burmah Agate spills, as well as during other, smaller spills. It provides a uniform terminology for describing oil, including oil coverage and appearance terms, and a working vocabulary for oil sighting. A flight planning guide, data format for recording observations, and a mapping procedure for providing observations to other response personnel are also part of the scheme.
This approach to observing oil at sea can be used, with photographs, as a manual for rapidly training observers. Use of this approach during spills has shown it to be an effective and simple solution to recurrent problems in mapping oil slick distribution.
THE TEXACO CONNECTICUT'S OIL SPILL INCIDENT IN THE PANAMA CANAL
Authors: Von Chong Cesar , Jordan John C. , Gutierrez Ricardo 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The second largest recorded oil spill to occur in the waters of the Panama Canal happened on June 7, 1980. The 39,366 deadweight ton (dwt) United States tanker Texaco Connecticut, while on a northbound transit and laden with Alaskan crude, struck the east bank of Gaillard Cut, ripping its number 1 and 2 cargo tanks.
In a period of approximately six hours, from the time the tanker struck the bank of the canal until it was anchored for repairs at Limon Bay, the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal, an estimated 4,000 barrels (bbl) of crude were spilled in a distance of approximately 35 miles.
A multi-agency effort was deployed immediately. The Panama Canal Commission's own pollution control forces, in close working coordination with other units of the commission, the United States Army and the Government of the Republic of Panama were able to recover a total of 1,361 bbl of crude. Manual and mechanical methods of oil recovery were used during 27 days in which an estimated total of 29,396 man-hours were used at a total cost of approximately $800,000.
The environmental impact of the spill was observed by Panama Canal Commission biologists as well as by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI). Although no baseline data exists for comparison, it is apparent that no far reaching negative effects were imposed on the fauna and flora of Gatun Lake.
CASE HISTORY: OPEC IN SOUTHERN IDAHO
Authors: Willmann James C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The City of Nampa, Idaho, has had an oil pollution problem for about eight years. Oil was found in basements of downtown buildings, in sewers, and occasionally in a local stream. Numerous efforts to locate the source failed. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency assisted the city in locating the source and establishing a recovery system which continually removes oil from the shallow groundwater aquifer.
EXPOSURE OF ABARENICOLA PACIFICA TO OILED SEDIMENT: EFFECTS ON GLYCOGEN CONTENT AND ALTERATIONS IN SEDIMENT-BOUND HYDROCARBONS1
Authors: Augenfeld John M. , Anderson Jack W. , Kiesser Steven L. , Fellingham Gilbert W. , Riley Robert G. , Thomas Berta L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A one-month field experiment was conducted to determine the alterations of specific hydrocarbons within a fine sediment mixed with oil and to assess the impact of this contamination on the deposit-feeding polychaete, Abarenicola pacifica. Fresh or weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil was mixed with sediment in nominal concentrations between zero and 1,000 parts per million (ppm). Oiled sediment filled the exposure chambers or was placed in a layer over clean sediment. After one month of exposure under field conditions, concentrations of individual saturate and aromatic hydrocarbons in the worms’ body wall muscles were below the limits of detection (less than 0.2 ppm saturates and less than 0.08 ppm aromatics). Analyses of both saturates and aromatics in core samples of sediment systems containing or lacking worms indicated that bioturbation occurred in some instances. The relative release rates of specific aromatic hydrocarbons from sediments were greater at the surface and appeared to decrease with increasing molecular weight. The effect of exposure to oiled sediment on glycogen content of Abarenicola body wall was significant (p &lt;0.02). Analysis of individual variability in populations sampled between February and August showed that test groups of 12 control and 12 exposed animals could be used to demonstrate a reduction of 10 milligrams per gram (mg/g) in glycogen levels resulting from environmental conditions. Within the proper testing framework, analysis of Abarenicola glycogen content could be used to assess the effects of oil spills on benthic infauna.
OIL SPILL MODELING—A TOOL FOR CLEANUP OPERATIONS
Authors: Rasmussen Dorte 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This study, carried out at the VKI, the Water Quality Institute, Denmark, includes development of an oil spill weathering model, which can be combined with a transport model to produce an operational oil spill model. The weathering model consists of three modules: a mass transport module, a heat transport module, and a module computing physical and chemical properties of the oil slick. The mass transport module takes the following processes into account: spreading, horizontal and vertical dispersion, evaporation, emulsification, and upwelling of dispersed oil droplets. The heat transport module takes into consideration solar radiation, heat transfer between the oil and water and the air, evaporative heat loss, and radiation. The oil is divided up into six fractions, with each fraction characterized by boiling point and chemical structure. The physical and chemical properties of the slick are calculated by summing up the corresponding properties of each fraction.
This weathering model computes the volume remaining on the water surface, water content, viscosity, surface tension, density, temperature, and area of the slick.
AN ESTUARINE OIL SPILL INCIDENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Mitchell N. , Pyburn B. , Syratt W. J. , Holmes P. D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In September 1983, the 218,000 deadweight ton VLCC Sivand collided with the jetty while berthing at the Immingham oil terminal on the River Humber in England. As a result of the collision, a 66-foot gash was sustained in the ship's hull below the water line and about 6,000 tons of Nigerian light crude oil was released into the Humber. A combination of fast currents and southeasterly winds carried the oil over a wide area of the estuary, polluting dock areas and river creeks and threatening a number of sensitive areas.
The cleanup following this incident, potentially the most serious in the U.K. since the Torrey Canyon, was a coordinated operation involving government, local authority, and industry resources. Four hundred tons of oil was recovered from docks, rivers, creeks, and inlets using disc and vacuum skimmers. A further estimated 2,000 tons was dispersed chemically using boats and aircraft.
Information on the effects of the oil and cleanup on the estuary has so far indicated that the impact was considerably less than originally feared. Monitoring of the estuary continues and should provide useful long-term information.
MANGROVE LEAF TISSUE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ION CONCENTRATIONS AS SUBLETHAL INDICATORS OF OIL STRESS IN MANGROVE TREES
Authors: Page D. S. , Gilfillan E. S. , Foster J. C. , Hotham J. R. , Gonzalez L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As part of an ongoing study of the long-term effects of the Zoe Colocotroni oil spill of March 17, 1973, in Bahia Sucia, Puerto Rico, the effects of the remaining oil on the red mangrove trees in the impact area were investigated. This study involved four sampling trips to the spill site and a reference area outside the spill zone between April 1979 and April 1981. The present study was based on the observation that stressed mangrove trees in the heavily oil-affected areas had a similar appearance to trees exhibiting stress due to hypersalinity in unoiled areas. The working hypothesis was that petroleum hydrocarbons induce stress in salt-excluding plants such as red mangroves by disrupting the ability of the roots to exclude ions from seawater. Measurements of sodium (the principal seawater cation) and potassium (a major physiological ion) were made on leaf samples taken from trees from oil-affected areas and reference areas. Sediment core samples were taken from the root zone of the trees sampled at each site and analyzed for hydrocarbons by gravimetric and gas chromatographic methods. The results show a relationship between sediment hydrocarbon concentration and the ratio of sodium to potassium for mangrove leaves sampled at each site. The results show that for trees exposed at the root zone to the least weathered oil, the values of this ratio for the leaves had the largest values, reflecting an oil-induced impairment of the salt (Na) exclusion mechanism. This approach to measuring the physiological health of mangrove trees at an oil spill site offers a potentially useful means of documenting oil stress and recovery from oil stress in salt-excluding halophytes. Because oil stress in mangroves appears to be a root membrane-directed effect, there may be a “window in time” between initial oil impact and plant damage, as oil penetrates the sediments, during which mitigation measures could be taken.
EFFECTS OF DIESEL OIL ON COMMERCIAL BENTHIC ALGAE IN NORWAY1
Authors: Bokn Tor 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The kelp Laminaria digitata and the fucoid Ascophyllum nodosum are being studied to see if low, continuous dosage of diesel oil over a two-year period has any effects on length growth. This project is part of a larger experiment to assess long-term effects of low concentrations of oil on a simulated littoral rock community kept in four 50 m3 concrete basins equipped with artificially made waves and tide. Over three years, four fucoids planted along with associated flora and fauna have established luxuriant and relatively stable communities. From September 1982 to autumn 1984 the plants were exposed to diesel oil mixed with inlet seawater as a water-accommodated fraction. The exposure level averaged about 100 µg/L total hydrocarbons in the basin with the highest diesel oil concentration and about 25 µg/L in that with the lowest concentration. The other two basins served as controls. The work on A. nodosum started in June 1982. No significant growth difference was observed the first year. However, during 1983 and 1984, the new tips of plants in both oil-exposed basins were significantly shorter than those of the controls. No significant difference in growth of L. digitata was noted from March to July 1983. However, during spring 1984, growth of plants in both oil-exposed basins varied significantly from the controls. Studies of recovery will start at the end of the diesel oil exposure and will continue until 1986.
COMPARATIVE FATE OF CHEMICALLY DISPERSED AND UNTREATED OIL IN THE ARCTIC: BAFFIN ISLAND OIL SPILL STUDIES 1980–1983
Authors: Boehm Paul D. , Steinhauer William , Requejo Adolfo , Cobb Donald , Duffy Suzanne , Brown John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Two experimental oil spill studies designed to assess the comparative short and long term fates and effects of chemically dispersed and untreated nearshore discharges in the Arctic were undertaken as part of the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project. The fates of oil in the water column, in subtidal and beach sediments, and in five species of filter- and deposit-feeding animals were investigated. Analytical results indicate that the discharge of the chemically dispersed oil caused a large but short-lived chemical impact on the water column (up to 50 ppm), a significant initial bio accumulation of oil, and little sediment impact. In contrast, the untreated oil, allowed to beach, did not have a significant water column impact, but did result in a large scale landfall, continual long term erosion of oil off the beach, and increasing oil levels in subtidal sediments and deposit-feeding animals.
APPROACHES TO OIL SPILL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR MARINE VESSEL OPERATIONS
Authors: Painter Louis J. , Haley Donald R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An oil spill risk assessment study should show the estimated relationship between the magnitude of an adverse environmental impact and the probability of an impact's equaling or exceeding that magnitude. Any unacceptably large impact must have an acceptably low probability of occurrence. Unless such probabilities are correctly estimated, no informed decision can be made about the acceptability of a proposed project. In this paper, we review the basic rules of the calculus of probabilities, demonstrate their application to oil spill risk calculations, and discuss the analysis of data for estimating very low probabilities and the role of computer simulation models to estimate environmental effects. Throughout, a case study is used to point out the pitfalls and errors one should try to avoid. In this example, the correction of a number of errors in the probability calculations resulted in a 37-fold reduction in the collision spill probability estimate and a 3,500-fold reduction in the grounding spill risk estimate. Grounding spills had been estimated to have by far the most adverse environmental impacts. The corrections substantially reduced the expected values of the impacts.
OPERATIONAL AIR SURVEILLANCE AND EXPERIENCES IN THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: Schriel R. C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Surveillance of suspected oil pollution incidents in the Dutch sector of the North Sea by aircraft has proven useful in reducing the amount of oil discharged and apprehension of violaters. An operational approach based on experience has been developed, using both visual and remote sensing observations. A number of practical suggestions have been put forward for use in establishing whether or not a violation has occurred.