bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Accessible Cellulose Surface Influences Cellulase Synergism during the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Substrates
Authors: Hu Jinguang , Gourlay Keith , Arantes Valdeir , Van Dyk J. S. , Pribowo Amadeus , Saddler Jack N. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractEffective enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose requires the synergistic action of a suite of cellulase components. Most previous studies have only assessed cellulase synergism on model cellulosic substrates. When the actions of individual and combinations of cellulases (Cel7A, Cel6A, Cel7B, Cel5A) were assessed on various pretreated lignocellulosic substrates, Cel7A was shown to be the major contributor to overall cellulose hydrolysis, with the other enzymes synergistically enhancing its hydrolytic efficiency, at least partially, by facilitating Cel7A desorption (assessed by a double‐sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay). When the influences of various substrate physicochemical characteristics on the effectiveness of enzyme synergism were assessed, a strong relationship was observed between cellulose accessibility (as determined by the cellulose binding module technique) and the degree of synergism, with greater synergy observed on the more disorganized/accessible cellulose surface.
Artificial neural network in diagnosis of urothelial cell carcinoma in urine cytology
Authors: Muralidaran Chandrasekaran , Dey Pranab , Nijhawan Raje , Kakkar Nandita 
Published: January 2015

Aims and objectiveTo build up an artificial neural network (ANN) model in the diagnosis of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) in urine cytology smears.Material and methodsWe randomly selected a total of 115 urine cytology samples, out of which 59 were histopathology proven UCC cases and remaining 56 were benign cases from routine cytology samples. All the carcinoma cases were proven on histopathology. Image morphometric analysis was performed on Papanicolaou's stained smears to study nuclear area, diameter, perimeter, standard deviation of nuclear area, and integrated gray density. Detailed cytological features were also studied in each case by two independent observers and were semi‐quantitatively graded. The back propagation ANN model was designed as 17‐11‐3 with the help of heuristic search. The cases were randomly partitioned as training, validation, and testing sets by the program. There were 79 cases for training set, 18 cases for validation set and 18 cases for test set.ResultIn the training set, ANN was able to diagnose all the malignant and benign cases. In the test set, all the benign and malignant cases were diagnosed correctly. However, one of the low grade cases was diagnosed as high grade UCC by ANN model.ConclusionsWe successfully built an ANN model in urine from the visual and morphometric data to identify the benign and malignant cases. In addition, the system can also identify the low grade and high grade UCC cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:443–449. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spectrum of fungal and parasitic infections on fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Gochhait Debasis , Dey Pranab , Rajwanshi Arvind , Nijhawan Raje , Radhika Srinivasan , Gupta Nalini 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundThe incidence many fungal and parasitic lesions are on the rise over the decades. In this study, we have analyzed the spectrum of fungal and parasitic lesions diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in a tertiary health care center.MethodsThis is a retrospective study conducted in the period three years and included all cases of fungal and parasitic lesions in the body (superficial and deep) identified on FNAC.ResultsThere were total of 125 cases comprising of 59 parasitic cases and 66 fungal infections over this period. The various organisms were confirmed by special stains whenever required. In the parasitic group a cysticercosis (43), hydatid (8), filariasis (5), toxoplasmosis (1), leishmaniasis (1), and amoebiasis (1) were identified. The fungal infections included aspergillosis (36), mucormycosis (6), histoplasmosis (3), cryptococcus (4), and candidiasis (2). About a total of 15 cases were broadly classified as fungal infection only.ConclusionsFNAC is an easy, reliable, and minimally invasive method to diagnose and categorize the various fungal and parasitic lesions in the body for early and definitive treatment. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:450–455. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Salivary cytokines as a minimally‐invasive measure of immune functioning in young children: Correlates of individual differences and sensitivity to laboratory stress
Authors: Riis Jenna L. , Granger Douglas A. , DiPietro Janet A. , Bandeen‐Roche Karen , Johnson Sara B. 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTThere is growing interest in minimally‐invasive measures of environmentally‐responsive biological systems in developmental science. Contributing to that endeavor, this study explores the intercorrelations, correlates, and task‐sensitivity of proinflammatory salivary cytokines in childhood. Saliva was sampled from 125 healthy five‐year old children (49% male) across a series of cognitive and emotional challenge laboratory tasks. Samples were assayed for cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, TNFα), and markers of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation (salivary cortisol and alpha‐amylase [sAA]). Cytokines were positively intercorrelated and task‐sensitivity varied. Except IL‐8, cytokines were elevated in children with oral health issues and tobacco smoke exposure. Among boys, cytokines were positively related to sAA and negatively related to cortisol. The findings suggest that in healthy children, salivary cytokine levels reflect compartmentalized oral immune activity. Associations between ANS and HPA activity and cytokines in saliva may present opportunities for minimally‐invasive methods to explore neuroendocrine–immune interactions during development. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 153–167, 2015.
Improving care for patients with acute heart failure: before, during and after hospitalization
Authors: Cowie Martin R. , Anker Stefan D. , Cleland John G. F. , Felker G. Michael , Filippatos Gerasimos , Jaarsma Tiny , Jourdain Patrick , Knight Eve , Massie Barry , Ponikowski Piotr , López‐Sendón José 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAcute heart failure (AHF) is a common and serious condition that contributes to about 5% of all emergency hospital admissions in Europe and the USA. Here, we present the recommendations from structured discussions among an author group of AHF experts in 2013.The epidemiology of AHF and current practices in diagnosis, treatment, and long‐term care for patients with AHF in Europe and the USA are examined. Available evidence indicates variation in the quality of care across hospitals and regions. Challenges include the need for rapid diagnosis and treatment, the heterogeneity of precipitating factors, and the typical repeated episodes of decompensation requiring admission to hospital for stabilization.In hospital, care should involve input from an expert in AHF and auditing to ensure that guidelines and protocols for treatment are implemented for all patients. A smooth transition to follow‐up care is vital. Patient education programmes could have a dramatic effect on improving outcomes. Information technology should allow, where appropriate, patient telemonitoring and sharing of medical records. Where needed, access to end‐of‐life care and support for all patients, families, and caregivers should form part of a high‐quality service.Eight evidence‐based consensus policy recommendations are identified by the author group: optimize patient care transitions, improve patient education and support, provide equity of care for all patients, appoint experts to lead AHF care across disciplines, stimulate research into new therapies, develop and implement better measures of care quality, improve end‐of‐life care, and promote heart failure prevention.
Alkynated and azidated octadecane as model compounds for kinetic studies of Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition in vegetable oils
Authors: Hong Jian , Radojčić Dragana , Hairabedian Djavan , Wan Xianmei , Petrović Zoran S. 
Published: January 2015

Alkynated and azidated octadecane, synthesized from 9‐octadecene, were used as model compounds for alkynated and azidated vegetable oils to study the kinetics of thermal Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. Alkyne and azide groups of alkynated and azidated octadecane possess low reactivity as they are branched in the middle of an 18‐carbon chain. Reaction kinetics was studied by GPC, 1H NMR, and DSC. Detailed kinetic analysis revealed that the reaction of alkynated and azidated octadecane required 24 h to reach 90% conversion at 100°C. The activation energy of the reaction is 55 kJ/mol.Practical applications: The kinetics study of this model reaction is necessary for estimating the extent of reaction and necessary curing time of the thermal polycycloaddition of alkynated and azidated vegetable oils whose main components are triglyceride‐containing aliphatic chains of 16–22 carbons.Kinetics of thermal Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of alkynated and azidated octadecane (A‐OCD and Az‐OCD) as model compounds for alkynated and azidated vegetable oils was studied by GPC, DSC, and spectroscopic methods.
Fevered Decisions: Race, Ethics, and Clinical Vulnerability in the Malarial Treatment of Neurosyphilis, 1922–1953
Authors: Gambino Matthew 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSyphilis occupies a unique position in the history of U.S. medicine and medical ethics. Given its widespread prevalence and variable presentation, syphilis was a major professional concern among late nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century physicians. Syphilis was also at the center of perhaps the most famous example of medical racism in our history, the U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, in which officials followed the natural history of the disease in a cohort of black men for forty years without offering treatment, even once penicillin became available. In this essay, I call attention to a less well‐known aspect of syphilis and its history. I examine one of the disease's most dreaded manifestations, neurosyphilis (also known as general paresis or general paralysis of the insane), and its treatment via malarial inoculation from the 1920s into the 1950s. The goal of this treatment, dramatic even to observers at the time, was to produce spiking fevers that would kill the syphilitic spirochete and arrest the disease process. My focus will be on developments at St. Elizabeths Hospital, a large‐scale federal psychiatric facility in the District of Columbia that served the city's residents and members of the U.S. military. Physicians at St. Elizabeths were the first in the United States to experiment with malarial fever therapy, treating their initial cohort of patients in December of 1922.Malarial fever therapy raised a host of ethical questions, rendered all the more complex from today's vantage point by efforts to understand them within the context of the time. What sorts of risks, both from malaria and via indirect exposure, might be deemed acceptable in the treatment of a devastating and almost invariably fatal disease? How ought researchers and clinicians to have approached the question of consent, itself an evolving concept in the early decades of the twentieth century, when the disease they were targeting impaired a patient's ability to reason effectively? Finally, at a time when segregated and inferior care for black Americans was the norm and when the black community bore a disproportionate burden of disease, who would have had access to malarial fever therapy, and at what cost?
Degradation in the fatigue strength of dentin by diamond bur preparations: Importance of cutting direction
Authors: Majd B. , Majd H. , Porter J. A. , Romberg E. , Arola D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the degradation in fatigue strength of dentin by diamond bur preparations and to identify the importance of cutting direction. Three groups of coronal dentin specimens were prepared from unrestored third molars, including a flaw free “control,” and two groups that received a diamond bur cutting treatment performed parallel or perpendicular to the specimen length. The specimens were subjected to static or cyclic flexural loading to failure and the results were compared with data for carbide bur cutting. Under static loading diamond bur cutting resulted in significantly lower flexure strength (p ≤ 0.05) than the control for both cutting directions (from 154 to ∼124 MPa). However, there was no significant difference in the strength between the control and carbide bur treated specimens. Similarly, the fatigue strength of the diamond bur treated specimens was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.0001) than that of the control for both cutting directions. Cutting in the perpendicular direction resulted in nearly 60% reduction to the endurance limit (from 44 to 19 MPa). Based on the results, diamond bur cutting of cavity preparations causes a reduction in the fatigue strength of dentin, regardless of the cutting direction. To maintain the durability of dentin, cavity preparations introduced using diamond burs must be performed with appropriate cutting direction and followed by a finishing pass. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 39–49, 2016.
Shrimp wastewater as a source of astaxanthin and bioactive peptides
Authors: Amado Isabel Rodríguez , González Mª Pilar , Murado Miguel Anxo , Vázquez José Antonio 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDUltrafiltration (UF) has led to the recovery of valuable products from seafood processing wastes. However, the use of crustacean process wastewaters as a source of bioactive compounds with application in the chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries has been scarcely studied to date.RESULTSThis study reports the recovery of high concentrations of astaxanthin (10–13 µg mL−1) by 300 kDa ultrafiltration of shrimp cooking wastewater, indicating that astaxanthin is associated with high MW retained proteins. Individual UF with 300, 100 and 30 kDa MWCO membranes and the sequential UF 100 → 30 kDa were the most effective configurations for protein concentration. Hydrolysates from these three protein‐concentrated fractions showed very potent ACE‐inhibitory (1.98, 9.87 and 23.10 µg mL−1 IC50 values) and ß‐carotene bleaching activities compared with hydrolysates from other fish and seafood species.CONCLUSIONSAccording to these results, shrimp cooking wastewater is a good source of astaxanthin and bioactive peptides. This approach based on the ultrafiltration of shrimp cooking wastewaters contributes towards the depuration of this by‐product, while enabling the recovery and production of high value‐added products. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Human herpesvirus 8 seroconversion in a population‐based cohort of men in Tobago
Authors: McDonald Alicia C. , Jenkins Frank J. , Bunker Clareann H. , Wilson John W. , Patrick Alan L. , Weissfeld Joel L. 
Published: January 2015

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8) is the causal agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). In Tobago, KS is not common; however, HHV‐8 seropositivity has been reported to be 39.9% in men with prostate cancer compared to <22.9% in healthier women and men. To understand HHV‐8 transmission, we examined HHV‐8 seroconversion and seroreversion, and risk factors for these changes in Tobago men.Serum specimens from a sub‐cohort of Tobago Prostate Survey men, aged 40–81 years (n = 381/442), were collected at baseline and a subsequent visit between 3 and 9 years and tested for HHV‐8 seropositivity using an immunofluorescence assay for antibodies against HHV‐8 lytic antigens. Poisson distribution was used to calculate HHV‐8 seroconversion and seroreversion rates and their 95% confidence intervals. Differences in baseline characteristics between HHV‐seroconverters versus persistent HHV‐8 seronegative men and HHV‐8 seroreverters versus HHV‐8 seropositive men were examined.HHV‐8 seropositivity was 12.3% (N = 381) at baseline, with HHV‐8 seropositivity significantly higher in increasing age groups, 40–49 (4.0%) to 70–81 (37.5%) years (P‐value trend <0.0001). HHV‐8 seroconversion and seroreversion rates were 0.23 per 100 person‐years (95% C.I., 0.06–0.58) and 2.42 per 100 person‐years (95% C.I., 0.89–5.26), respectively. There were significantly more HHV‐8 seroconverters who reported “ever smoked cigarettes of >6 months” at baseline compared to HHV‐8 persistent seronegative men (P‐value = 0.03). Baseline characteristics of HHV‐8 seroreverters did not differ from persistent seropositive men.Low HHV‐8 seroconversion and seroreversion rates were found. Data suggest that HHV‐8 transmission occurred at earlier ages, <40 years, in Tobago men. J. Med. Virol. 87:642–647, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pyrosequencing analysis of a bacterial community associated with lava‐formed soil from the Gotjawal forest in Jeju, Korea
Authors: Kim Jong‐Shik , Lee Keun Chul , Kim Dae‐Shin , Ko Suk‐Hyung , Jung Man‐Young , Rhee Sung‐Keun , Lee Jung‐Sook 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn this study, we analyzed the bacterial diversity in soils collected from Gyorae Gotjawal forest, where globally unique topography, geology, and ecological features support a forest grown on basalt flows from 110,000 to 120,000 years ago and 40,000 to 50,000 years ago. The soils at the site are fertile, with rocky areas, and are home to endangered species of plants and animals. Rainwater penetrates to the groundwater aquifer, which is composed of 34% organic matter containing rare types of soil and no soil profile. We determined the bacterial community composition using 116,475 reads from a 454‐pyrosequencing analysis. This dataset included 12,621 operational taxonomic units at 3% dissimilarity, distributed among the following groups: Proteobacteria (56.2%) with 45.7% of α‐Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria (25%), Acidobacteria (10.9%), Chloroflexi (2.4%), and Bacteroidetes (0.9%). In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified using polymerase chain reaction and domain‐specific primers to construct a clone library based on 142 bacterial clones. These clones were affiliated with the following groups: Proteobacteria (56%) with 51% of α‐Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria (7.8%), Actinobacteria (17.6%), Chloroflexi (2.1%), Bacilli (1.4%), Cyanobacteria (2.8%), and Planctomycetes (1.4%). Within the phylum Proteobacteria, 56 of 80 clones were tentatively identified as 12 unclassified genera. Several new genera and a new family were discovered within the Actinobacteria clones. Results from 454‐pyrosequencing revealed that 57% and 34% of the sequences belonged to undescribed genera and families, respectively. The characteristics of Gotjawal soil, which are determined by lava morphology, vegetation, and groundwater penetration, might be reflected in the bacterial community composition.
Cortical surface area and thickness in adult survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Tamnes Christian K. , Zeller Bernward , Amlien Inge K. , Kanellopoulos Adriani , Andersson Stein , Due‐Tønnessen Paulina , Ruud Ellen , Walhovd Kristine B. , Fjell Anders M. 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundAdvances in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have led to great improvements in survival rates and outcomes, but there is concern about cognitive late effects. We aimed to determine whether ALL survivors have smaller cortical surface area and/or thickness, and test whether this is related to disease and treatment variables and self‐reported executive functioning in everyday life.ProcedureMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 130 adult long‐term survivors of childhood ALL (age: 18–46 years; age at diagnosis: 0–16 years; years since diagnosis: 7–40) and 130 healthy controls were assessed to estimate and compare regional cortical surface area and thickness. Information on disease and treatment factors were obtained from patients’ records, and executive functioning in survivors was measured using a validated questionnaire (BRIEF‐A).ResultsSmaller cortical surface area was observed in several regions in both cerebral hemispheres in ALL survivors. In these regions, mean surface area was 4.1–5.5% smaller in ALL survivors compared to healthy controls. In contrast, only one region showed lower cortical thickness in ALL survivors. There were no significant associations between cortical surface area/thickness in these regions and disease or treatment variables. In ALL survivors, smaller surface area in prefrontal regions, encompassing parts of the superior frontal gyri and the left anterior cingulate cortex, was associated with problems in executive functioning, specifically with emotional control and self‐monitoring.ConclusionsALL survivors had smaller surface area in several cortical regions and smaller surface area in prefrontal regions was associated with reported problems in executive functioning. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1027–1034. © 2015 The Authors. Pediatric Blood & Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temperature‐dependency analysis and correction methods of in situ power‐loss estimation for crystalline silicon modules undergoing potential‐induced degradation stress testing
Authors: Spataru Sergiu , Hacke Peter , Sera Dezso , Packard Corinne , Kerekes Tamas , Teodorescu Remus 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe propose a method for in situ characterization of the photovoltaic module power at standard test conditions, using superposition of the dark current–voltage (I–V) curve measured at the elevated stress temperature, during potential‐induced degradation (PID) testing. PID chamber studies were performed on several crystalline silicon module designs to determine the extent to which the temperature dependency of maximum power is affected by the degradation of the modules. The results using the superposition principle show a mismatch between the power degradation measured at stress temperature and the degradation measured at 25 °C, dependent on module design, stress temperature, and level of degradation. We investigate the correction of this mismatch using two maximum‐power temperature translation methods found in the literature. For the first method, which is based on the maximum‐power temperature coefficient, we find that the temperature coefficient changes as the module degrades by PID, thus limiting its applicability. The second method investigated is founded on the two‐diode model, which allows for fundamental analysis of the degradation, but does not lend itself to large‐scale data collection and analysis. Last, we propose and validate experimentally a simpler and more accurate maximum‐power temperature translation method, by taking advantage of the near‐linear relationship between the mismatch and power degradation. This method reduces test duration and cost, avoids stress transients while ramping to and from the stress temperature, eliminates flash testing except at the initial and final data points, and enables significantly faster and more detailed acquisition of statistical data for future application of various statistical reliability models. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.