bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gradient Information and Regularization for Gene Expression Programming to Develop Data-Driven Physics Closure Models
Authors: Waschkowski Fabian , Li Haochen , Deshmukh Abhishek , Grenga Temistocle , Zhao Yaomin , Pitsch Heinz , Klewicki Joseph , Sandberg Richard D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Learning accurate numerical constants when developing algebraic models is a known challenge for evolutionary algorithms, such as Gene Expression Programming (GEP). This paper introduces the concept of adaptive symbols to the GEP framework by Weatheritt and Sandberg (J Comput Phys 325:22–37, 2016a) to develop advanced physics closure models. Adaptive symbols utilize gradient information to learn locally optimal numerical constants during model training, for which we investigate two types of nonlinear optimization algorithms. The second contribution of this work is implementing two regularization techniques to incentivize the development of implementable and interpretable closure models. We apply

$$L_2$$

L
2

regularization to ensure small magnitude numerical constants and devise a novel complexity metric that supports the development of low complexity models via custom symbol complexities and multi-objective optimization. This extended framework is employed to four use cases, namely rediscovering Sutherland’s viscosity law, developing laminar flame speed combustion models and training two types of fluid dynamics turbulence models. The model prediction accuracy and the convergence speed of training are improved significantly across all of the more and less complex use cases, respectively. The two regularization methods are essential for developing implementable closure models and we demonstrate that the developed turbulence models substantially improve simulations over state-of-the-art models.
Patterns of Chemsex Substance Use and Its Association with HIV Transmission Risk Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Thailand: A Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Cheung Doug H. , Samoh Nattharat , Jonas Kai J. , Lim Sin How , Kongjareon Yamol , Guadamuz Thomas E. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSexualized substance use or “chemsex” may contribute to the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Thailand. Specific patterns of chemsex use may be associated with different HIV/STI transmission risks. We examined typologies and correlates of sexualized substance use among a sample of high-risk MSM (n = 532) who had attended a private sex party or circuit party in the past three years using latent class analysis. Multinomial regression was used to adjust for variables associated with the 3-class latent class model. We identified a 3-class model as the best fitting model, which included: (1) “negligible sexualized substance users” (36.7%), who had never engaged in chemsex in the past six months; (2) “sexualized substance users” (13.9%), who had a high level of sexualized alcohol use and a wide range of other substances before or during sex in the past six months; and (3) “exclusive chemsex users” (49.4%), who predominantly used crystal methamphetamine, amyl nitrite, and erectile dysfunctional drugs before or during sex in the past six months. Compared to negligible sexualized substance users, exclusive chemsex users were more likely to be HIV-positive, more likely to have six or more sexual partners in the past six months, less likely to have condom use at last anal intercourse, and more likely to have provided sex work. Relative to negligible sexualized substance users, sexualized substance users reported more frequent online sex-seeking behaviors. These subgroups of Thai MSM have unique substance use patterns and HIV-related risk profiles, underscoring the importance of targeted HIV prevention strategies.
Relationship Between Direct Aggression and Prosocial Behavior: The Role of Attention and Intelligence Among Children at Risk for Behavioral Problems
Authors: Chiodi Sofia Lira , Lúcio Patrícia Silva , Ilari Beatriz , Germano Nayana Di Giuseppe , Cogo-Moreira Hugo , Bortz Graziela 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the influence of attention and intelligence in the prediction of prosocial behavior by direct aggression (proactive or reactive) in school-aged children at risk for behavioral problems. The sample was composed of 64 children aged 6 to 8 years screened for risk of behavioral problems, who were enrolled in a clinical trial. Multiple regression models were tested to investigate the prediction of prosocial behavior by direct aggression (proactive or reactive), attention, and intelligence. Additive multiple moderation models were tested to analyze the conditional effect of attention and intelligence in the prediction of prosocial behavior by proactive and reactive aggression. Aggression (proactive or reactive), attention, and intelligence did not linearly predict prosocial behavior. Conditional effects were found only for the proactive aggression model. Negative impacts on prosocial behavior were observed among children with low attention and high intelligence performance, while medium and high levels of attention showed to be protective factors among low to medium intellectual ability children. Clinical impacts of the results are discussed.
The Relation between Parental Locus of Control and Willingness to Implement Parent Management Training Strategies
Authors: Drott Catherine E. , Elkins Sara R. , Kritikos Tessa K. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractIn child disruptive behavior treatment, successful parent management training (PMT) outcomes are dependent on parents’ use of strategies outside of sessions. This study aimed to identify the influence of parental locus of control (PLOC) on a key treatment acceptability variable: parents’ willingness to implement PMT strategies. We sought to investigate this relationship for individual strategies within PMT, given the composite nature of the intervention. In this study, 109 parents of children (ages 2–12) with disruptive behavior watched brief videos detailing three proactive PMT strategies (child-directed interaction, effective commands, positive attention) and three reactive PMT strategies (ignoring, time out, and removal of privileges) and rated their willingness to implement each strategy. Internal PLOC predicted greater overall willingness to use PMT strategies, above and beyond the influence of child age, child gender, and disruptive behavior severity. Notably, the relationship between willingness and PLOC differed across individual strategies. PLOC predicted willingness to implement proactive PMT strategies to a greater degree than willingness to implement reactive strategies. External PLOC may be a greater barrier to use of proactive strategies because of these strategies’ misalignment with external PLOC-related beliefs. Results have implications for the personalization of PMT based on parent cognitions, as well as for the separate analysis of individual components of PMT in future research.
Missing in action: capacity and capacity building in the IPCC’s AR 6
Authors: Klinsky Sonja , Sagar Ambuj 
Published: August 2024

AbstractCapacity building is recognized as one of three means of implementation (MOI) within the Paris Agreement, along with finance and technology. There is a good reason for this, namely that all aspects of climate action require multiple forms of capacity. In fact, it could be argued that capacity is foundational even to the other two MOIs as advancing both finance and technology requires a variety of capacities across multiple specific contexts. The Global Stocktake (GST) recognized the importance of capacity building for the achievement of the Paris Agreement and included its assessment within its evaluation of progress. However, unlike the other two MOIs, no chapter within the IPCC AR6 explicitly attempts to synthesize the state of knowledge about capacity or capacity building for climate action, and coverage of capacity remains scattered across the report. In this commentary we briefly reflect on the coverage of capacity and capacity building in the IPCC’s AR6 and develop some initial proposals for how knowledge about this key MOI could be better included in future assessment processes.
On the maximum size of ultrametric orthogonal sets over discrete valued fields
Authors: Aranov Noy Soffer , Behajaina Angelot 
Published: August 2024

AbstractLet $${\mathcal {K}}$$
K
be a discrete valued field with finite residue field. In analogy with orthogonality in the Euclidean space $${\mathbb {R}}^n$$

R

n

, there is a well-studied notion of “ultrametric orthogonality” in $${\mathcal {K}}^n$$

K

n

. In this paper, motivated by a question of Erdős in the real case, given integers $$k \ge \ell \ge 2$$

k
≥
ℓ
≥
2

, we investigate the maximum size of a subset $$S \subseteq {\mathcal {K}}^n {\setminus }\{\textbf{0}\}$$

S
⊆

K

n

\

{
0
}

satisfying the following property: for any $$E \subseteq S$$

E
⊆
S

of size k, there exists $$F \subseteq E$$

F
⊆
E

of size $$\ell $$
ℓ
such that any two distinct vectors in F are orthogonal. Other variants of this property are also studied.
Research trends on digital school leadership over time: Science mapping and content analysis
Authors: Wollscheid Sabine , Tømte Cathrine Edelhard , Egeberg Gunstein Christoffer , Karlstrøm Henrik , Fossum Lone Wanderås 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to map trends in literature about digital school leadership over the last decades. Combining bibliometric and automatic content analyses, we map and analyze a sample of 350 documents, retrieved in Web of Science (WoS), Scopus and Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) including titles and abstracts. The software VosViewer and Leximancer are used for analyses. Our sample is divided reflecting an early phase of digitalization in school (1992–2009), a phase of an increasing digitalization in school (2010–2020) and a phase of digitalization related to the Covid-19 pandemic (2021–2023). In general, the research literature on digital school leadership can be characterized as an emerging, fragmented, and inter-disciplinary field. Most literature is published after 2010 with an increase in publications after 2019, resulting in a peak in 2021. The literature is characterized by some influential highly connected authors revealing some changing thematic patterns over time. Further, findings highlight that when research on digital school leadership draws from various disciplines, this also indicates a need for a holistic and multifaceted approach. Scholars from different disciplines contribute to an updated understanding of digital school leadership. This interdisciplinary collaboration thus enriches the discourse, as it demonstrates how various perspectives may add new insights into the conceptualization of digital school leadership.
Comprehensive professional learning for teacher agency in addressing ethical challenges of AIED: Insights from educational design research
Authors: Mouta Ana , Torrecilla-Sánchez Eva María , Pinto-Llorente Ana María 
Published: August 2024

AbstractContinuing professional development plays a pivotal role in creating opportunities for teachers to explore the evolving educational landscape. With the integration of Artificial Intelligence into education, these opportunities involve grasping teachers' attitudes, expectations, and pedagogical approaches, with a focus on ethical considerations. Nevertheless, existing research and professional learning opportunities often overlook the perspectives of educators on these themes. Aiming to bridge this gap, this Educational Design Research approach began with a systematic literature review, followed by a Delphi study to gather educational stakeholders’ insights on the ethical concerns of using AI in education. The current study presents the research third phase. It explores findings from focus groups with educators responsible for K-12 teacher education, informing the design of a training programme that addresses ethical concerns and agency. Four groups were conducted using a semi-structured script, centred on pre-provided scenarios. Data analysis involved thematic coding using both deductive and inductive approaches, revealing key themes related to: employing AI applications in course delivery for a mindful, hands-on exploration; discussing ethical and policy frameworks with a focus on contextual needs and technogeographies; addressing uncertainty, resistance, and transition; and fostering individual and collective agency regarding ethical issues through informal learning channels to build a nuanced narrative that challenges the corporate one. The study concludes by highlighting the importance of greater investment in professional development to enable educators to critically assess and reshape the values associated with education in the context of Artificial Intelligence, thereby contributing to the movement of aligning AI with our humanity.
Teaching English for general purposes through a MOOC in higher education: A quasi-experimental study to explore its effects on learner achievement and satisfaction
Authors: Uygun Emre , Cesur Kürşat 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has notably increased the use of distance education, particularly in Türkiye’s higher education English courses. Even after the normalisation process, compulsory English courses in Türkiye, the learners of which receive education in English for general purposes, are still being taught via distance education. Such a practice could well be implemented with a massive open online course (MOOC), called a language MOOC (LMOOC). To this end, the current study focused on the development, implementation, and evaluation of a General English Language MOOC (GELMOOC) designed according to the syllabi of Turkish universities. With 2957 participants enrolled, the course’s effectiveness was assessed through a single group pretest-posttest design, employing a quasi-experimental study. Accordingly, learners’ language achievement levels were assessed prior to and after the GELMOOC treatment. Then, a learner satisfaction survey was also administered post-course. Results showed significant improvements in English proficiency and high satisfaction with the course’s content, design, and delivery. The findings highlight the potential of and areas for improvement in LMOOCs in the literature and the foreign language teaching context.
Border Carbon Adjustments and Leakage in the Presence of Public Pollution Abatement Activities
Authors: Tsakiris Nikos , Vlassis Nikolaos 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis paper sheds light on the unidentified effects of unilateral environmental and trade actions within an international trade framework with two large open economies, transboundary pollution, and Public Pollution Abatement (PPA) activities. When private and public abatement coexists in the exporting country, stricter environmental policy by the importing one magnifies the carbon leakage effect. Pareto efficiency dictates that Border Carbon Adjustment (BCA) should account not only for the difference in carbon taxes between the two countries, but also for the policy’s unintended consequences on PPA. More importantly, we argue that a conditional reduction of BCA, subject to stricter environmental policy by the country that exports the polluting good, decreases global pollution and increases countries’ welfare. Such reform strategy generates strong incentives for countries with laxer environmental policy to adopt a stricter one.
Assessing the potential long-term effects of sea-level rise on salt marsh’s coastal protective capacity under different climate pathway scenarios
Authors: de Souza de Lima Andre , Cassalho Felicio , Miesse Tyler W. , Henke Martin , Canick Michelle R. , Ferreira Celso M. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSalt marshes act as natural barriers that reduce wave energy during storm events and help protect coastal communities located in low-lying areas. This ecosystem can be an important asset for climate adaptation due to its particular capability of vertically accrete to adjust to long-term changes in water levels. Therefore, understanding marsh protection benefits thresholds in the face of sea-level rise (SLR) is important for planning future climate adaptation. In this context, the main goal of this manuscript is to examine how the storm protection benefits provided by salt marshes might evolve under SLR projections with different probability levels and emission pathways. In this study, a modeling framework that employs marsh migration predictions from the Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) as parameterization into a hydrodynamic and wave model (ADCIRC + SWAN) was utilized to explicitly represent wave attenuation by vegetation under storm surge conditions. SLAMM predictions indicate that the SLR scenario, a combination of probability level and emission pathways, plays a substantial role in determining future marsh migration or marsh area loss. For example, results based on the 50% probability, stabilized emissions scenario show an increase of 45% in the marsh area on Maryland’s Lower Eastern Shore by 2100, whereas Dorchester County alone could experience a 75% reduction in total salt marsh areas by 2100 under the 1% probability, growing emissions scenario. ADCIRC + SWAN results using SLAMM land cover and elevation outputs indicate that distinct temporal thresholds emerge where marsh extent sharply decreases and wave heights increase, especially after 2050, and exacerbates further after 2080. These findings can be utilized for guiding environmental policies and to aid informed decisions and actions in response to SLR-driven environmental changes.
Microplastics pollution in tropical lakes: water, zooplankton, and fish in Central Mexico
Authors: Jiménez-Contreras Jorge , Fernández-Medina Raquel I. , Fernández-Araiza Mario A. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThe presence of microplastics in freshwater systems can have harmful effects on the food chain. Zooplankton, especially suspension and filter feeders, can ingest microplastics, which can cause adverse effects and transfer them to higher trophic levels. Here, we analyze the presence, abundance, and distribution of microplastics in surface water, zooplankton, and fish in two tropical lakes in central Mexico. We collected water samples in triplicate at three sites in each lake and 120 fish of the genus Chirostoma. From each water sample, 300 rotifers and 150 microcrustaceans were randomly isolated and processed independently. Of the particles found in the water, zooplankton, and fish from both lakes, the fragments were the predominant ones. The total abundance of microplastics in the water column of both lakes varied between 1.2 and 17.0 items L−1. In zooplankton, fragments were found predominantly with up to 0.1 items ind−1, while in fish, up to 4.5 items ind−1 was recorded. Our results confirm the presence of microplastics in different compartments of the food webs of freshwater bodies, water column, zooplankton, and fish. Further work is required on the possible effects of these stressors at the different trophic levels.
The Schema and Organization of the Cell: An Introduction to Ernst Brücke’s Die Elementarorganismen (1861)
Authors: Liu Daniel 
Published: August 2024

AbstractErnst Brücke’s 1861 essay Die Elementarorganismen has often been cited as a watershed in the history of physiology as well as in the history of cell theory. In its time it was widely read as a reform of animal cell theory, shifting the concept of the cell away from Schleiden and Schwann’s original cell schema of a membranous vesicle with a nucleus, and towards the protoplasm theory that had developed in botany, centered on the cell’s living contents. It was also notorious for its arguments against the necessity of both the nucleus and the cell membrane. An English translation of “The Elementary Organisms” is presented for the first time in this journal issue, with annotations and illustrations, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-024-09773-9. Brücke’s essay was not only an intervention into cell theory: historians can read it as a continuation of debates on the nature of the organism and theories of organization, and as an epistemological meditation on the microscope. In addition, although Brücke was known as a founder of the Berlin school of organic physics, “The Elementary Organisms” shows how he combined an avant-garde physicalist physiology with a much older tradition of comparative anatomy and physiology. The following introductory essay will provide a scientific biography of Ernst Brücke up to 1863, with background on debates on biological organization, cell theory, and muscle histology.
Rethinking Wear Rate Analysis: a New Dentin Exposure Proxy and its Applications to Ancient Chinese Populations
Authors: Yang Shiyu , Martínez Laura M. , Romero Alejandro , Carrascal Susana , Guo Jie , Dyowe Albert E. , Zhang Quanchao , Pérez-Pérez Alejandro 
Published: August 2024

AbstractAssessing age through dentin exposure often leads to underestimated age due to assumptions of constant molar wear rate. New methods for age-related dentin exposure accrual could facilitate cross-population comparisons independent of dietary habits and sociocultural strategies. We analyzed 3D dentin exposure surfaces in four Chinese archaeological samples to reveal variations in dentin exposure rates linked to socioeconomic practices. Linear regression models of dentin exposure areas across molar rows showed significant correlations, with the first molars exhibiting steeper slopes and smaller intercepts compared to the second molars, which had intermediate values, and the third molars showing the highest intercepts and lowest slopes. The first molar contributed most to overall dentin exposure in the molar quadrant, while the second molar wore faster post-eruption. Among populations, Banlashan, predominantly agriculturalist; Houtaomuga, focused on fishing; and Jiayi, a nomadic hunting society, displayed similar wear rate patterns. In contrast, Dunping, a Bronze Age nomadic settlement situated on a high-altitude plateau, exhibited distinctively lower wear rates. These observed dentin exposure rates aligned with ecological and dietary constraints, enabling interpopulation comparisons using the proposed 3D dentin exposure proxy. Moreover, the statistical model allows for comparing wear rates across populations relative to dietary habits and potentially estimating age at death for isolated archaeological specimens, whether humans or animals. The precision of this physiological age estimation depends on the regression models used, necessitating further research with specimens of known age at death.