bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gingival crevicular fluid levels of interferon‐γ, but not interleukin‐4 or ‐33 or thymic stromal lymphopoietin, are increased in inflamed sites in patients with periodontal disease
Authors: Papathanasiou E. , Teles F. , Griffin T. , Arguello E. , Finkelman M. , Hanley J. , Theoharides T. C. 
Published: April 2013

ObjectiveTo investigate the hypothesis that levels of interferon (IFN)‐γ and interleukin (IL)‐4, as well as the newer cytokines IL‐33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples differ from sites of patients at various clinical stages of periodontal disease and controls.BackgroundPeriodontal diseases result from the complex interplay between pathogenic bacteria and the host's immune responses. Several inflammatory mediators, such as IFN‐γ and IL‐4, have been detected in GCF samples in patients with periodontitis, but the results are mostly contradicting due to the lack of uniformity and collection of sites and methods of analysis.Material and MethodsGCF samples were collected from sites with different clinical characteristics (healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis sites) from periodontally healthy ( n = 14), plaque‐induced gingivitis (n = 17) and chronic periodontitis (n = 11) subjects. The GCF samples were analyzed for the frequency of detection and levels of IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐33 and TSLP using a multiplex bead immunoassay.ResultsInflamed sites in both patients with plaque‐induced gingivitis and chronic periodontitis showed statistically significantly higher volume of GCF compared to non‐inflamed sites in all patients. IFN‐γ could be detected in about 50–70% of the samples analyzed and at significantly higher levels in sites with periodontitis compared to healthy sites in patients with chronic periodontitis (p = 0.035). We also show a statistically significant decrease of IFN‐? in healthy sites of patients with chronic periodontitis as compared to gingivitis sites in patients with plaque‐induced gingivitis (p = 0.047). Only some of the GCF samples showed detectable levels for IL‐4 and TSLP, while IL‐33 was below the detection level in all samples collected.ConclusionsThese results suggest that IFN‐γ levels in GCF depend on the clinical stage of the site and not on the disease stage of the patient, but need to be expanded to a greater number of subjects and additional analysis of corresponding gingival tissue biopsies for cytokine gene expression.
α‐Amylase is a potential growth inhibitor of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogenic bacterium
Authors: Ochiai A. , Harada K. , Hashimoto K. , Shibata K. , Ishiyama Y. , Mitsui T. , Tanaka T. , Taniguchi M. 
Published: April 2013

Background and ObjectivePorphyromonas gingivalis is a major etiological agent in the development and progression of periodontal diseases. In this study, we isolated a cell growth inhibitor against P. gingivalis species from rice protein extract.Material and MethodsThe cell growth inhibitor active against P. gingivalis was purified from polished rice extract using a six‐step column chromatography process. Its antimicrobial properties were investigated through microscope analysis, spectrum of activity and general structure.ResultsThe inhibitor was identified as AmyI‐1, an α‐amylase, and showed significant cell growth inhibitory activity against P. gingivalis species. Scanning electron microscopy micrograph analysis and bactericidal assay indicated an intriguing possibility that the inhibitor compromises the cell membrane structure of the bacterial cells and leads to cell death. Moreover, α‐amylases from human saliva and porcine pancreas showed inhibitory activity similar to that of AmyI‐1.ConclusionsThis is the first study to report that α‐amylases cause cell death of periodontal pathogenic bacteria. This finding highlights the potential importance and therapeutic potential of α‐amylases in treating periodontal diseases.
Managing the Difficult Penile Prosthesis Patient
Authors: Trost Landon W. , Baum Neil , Hellstrom Wayne J.G. 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Inflatable penile prostheses (IPPs) are associated with excellent long-term outcomes and patient/partner satisfaction. A small percentage of patients remain dissatisfied, despite acceptable surgical results.

Aims
This study aims to evaluate factors associated with patient satisfaction and dissatisfaction, define patient characteristics, which may identify elevated risk of postoperative dissatisfaction, and describe management strategies to optimize functional and psychological patient outcomes.

Methods
A review of urologic and non-urologic cosmetic surgery literature was performed to identify factors associated with patient satisfaction/dissatisfaction. Emphasis was placed on articles defining “high risk” or psychologically challenging patients.

Main Outcome Measures
Preoperative factors associated with patient satisfaction/dissatisfaction and character traits, which may identify elevated risk of postoperative dissatisfaction or otherwise indicate a psychologically challenging patient.

Results
Contemporary patient and partner satisfaction rates following IPP are 92–100% and 91–95%, respectively. Factors associated with satisfaction include decreased preoperative expectations, favorable female partner sexual function, body mass index ≤30, and absence of Peyronie's disease or prior prostatectomy. Determinants of dissatisfaction include perceived/actual loss of penile length, decreased glanular engorgement, altered erectile/ejaculatory sensation, pain, diminished cosmetic outcome, difficulty with device function, partner dissatisfaction and perception of unnatural sensation, complications, and extent of alternative treatments offered. Personality characteristics which may indicate psychologically challenging IPP patients include obsessive/compulsive tendencies, unrealistic expectations, patients undergoing revision surgery, those seeking multiple surgical opinions, feeling of entitlement, patients in denial of their prior erectile/sexual function and current disease status, or those with other psychiatric disorders. The mnemonic CURSED Patient is presented: “Compulsive/obsessive, Unrealistic, Revision, Surgeon Shopping, Entitled, Denial, and Psychiatric.”

Conclusions
Although the majority of IPP patients experience excellent, durable satisfaction and outcomes, a challenging subset of patients may be at increased risk of postoperative dissatisfaction. Appropriate recognition/prevention and management of this cohort may help to establish and strengthen relationships, reduce physical, emotional, and legal risk, and ultimately enhance patient satisfaction.
Summit on Medical School Education in Sexual Health: Report of an Expert Consultation
Authors: Coleman Eli , Elders Joycelyn , Satcher David , Shindel Alan , Parish Sharon , Kenagy Gretchen , Bayer Carey Roth , Knudson Gail , Kingsberg Sheryl , Clayton Anita , Lunn Mitchell R. , Goldsmith Elizabeth , Tsai Perry , Light Alexis 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Medical education in sexual health in the United States and Canada is lacking. Medical students and practicing physicians report being underprepared to adequately address their patients' sexual health needs. Recent studies have shown little instruction on sexual health in medical schools and little consensus around the type of material medical students should learn. To address and manage sexual health issues, medical students need improved education and training.

Aim
This meeting report aims to present findings from a summit on the current state of medical school education in sexual health and provides recommended strategies to better train physicians to address sexual health.

Methods
To catalyze improvements in sexual health education in medical schools, the summit brought together key U.S. and Canadian medical school educators, sexual health educators, and other experts. Attendees reviewed and discussed relevant data and potential recommendations in plenary sessions and then developed key recommendations in smaller breakout groups.

Results
Findings presented at the summit demonstrate that the United States and Canada have high rates of poor sexual health outcomes and that sexual health education in medical schools is variable and in some settings diminished. To address these issues, government, professional, and student organizations are working on efforts to promote sexual health. Several universities already have sexual health curricula in place. Evaluation mechanisms will be essential for developing and refining sexual health education.

Conclusions
To be effective, sexual health curricula need to be integrated longitudinally throughout medical training. Identifying faculty champions and supporting student efforts are strategies to increase sexual health education. Sexual health requires a multidisciplinary approach, and cross-sector interaction between various public and private entities can help facilitate change. Areas important to address include: core content and placement in the curriculum; interprofessional education and training for integrated care; evaluation mechanisms; faculty development and cooperative strategies. Initial recommendations were drafted for each.
Genocide Reconsidered: A Pragmatist Approach
Authors: Schneiderhan Erik 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe recent literature on genocide shows signs of taking what might be called a “processual turn,” with genocide increasingly understood as a contingent process rather than a singular event. But while this second generation's turn may be clear to those within the literature, the theory guiding the change is insufficiently specified. The theory regarding process and contingency is implicit, and, as such, genocide theory does not realize its full generative potential. The primary goal of this article is to provide a more robust theoretical framework for making sense of the continually evolving dimensions of genocide. It builds on the literature's existing foundations, most notablyMann's (2005) notion of “contingent escalations.” In the spirit of the recent revival ofAmerican Pragmatism in sociology, it draws on the work ofDewey,Mills,Follett, andAddams (among others) as part of a theoretical reconstruction using pragmatist concepts such as rupture, perplexity, vocabularies of motive, and experimentation to consider examples from the Rwandan genocide and show how we might explore the potential for non‐teleological intentionality on the part of genocidal actors. The result is an enhanced theoretical framework that offers “fresh eyes” for considering one of the worst (and most under‐theorized) social problems.
Alienation as Atrophied Moral Cognition and Its Implications for Political Behavior
Authors: Thompson Michael J. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractI present a theory of alienation that accounts for the cognitive processes involved with moral thinking and political behavior in modern societies. On my account, alienation can be understood as a particular kind of atrophy of moral concepts and moral thinking that affect the ways individuals cognize and legitimate the social world and their place within it. Central to my argument is the thesis that modern forms of social integration—shaped by highly institutionalized, rationalized and hierarchical forms of social life—serve to constrain the moral‐ cognitive powers of subjects leading to a condition of alienation as moral atrophy. This state results from the withering of the subject's internal powers of moral reflection and an overriding predisposition to rely on external value schemas to make sense of moral and political problems. I then present an analysis of alienated moral consciousness and its implications for modern social theory.
Endocrine evaluation after an intra‐articular therapeutic dosage of dexamethasone in horses
Authors: Capolongo F. , Gallina G. , Fidani M. , Baia F. , Montesissa C. 
Published: April 2013

This study investigated whether a single intra‐articular administration (IA) of dexamethasone (DEX) in horses at therapeutic dosage could exert a systemic effect by influencing the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity as a consequence of (limited) absorption and systemic distribution. The results indicated that DEX was detectable in urine collected 12–48 h after IA administration and that injection was accompanied by a reduced urine excretion of cortisol, 6β‐hydroxycortisol (6βOHF) and two other metabolites of cortisol lasting up to 48 h post‐DEX administration. The systemic effects in horses treated with DEX by IA route are similar to those that typically occur with short‐term treatment including the reduction in urinary cortisol concentration.
Phage biocontrol of enteropathogenic and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli during milk fermentation
Authors: Tomat D. , Mercanti D. , Balagué C. , Quiberoni A. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
Two bacteriophages, isolated from faeces, were assayed as biocontrol agents of pathogenic Escherichia coli during milk fermentation. Phage DT1 was tested on the strain E. coli DH5α, one enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strain and one Shiga toxigenic E. coli O157:H7 (STEC) strain. Phage DT6 was tested on two STEC strains (O157:H7 and non-O157). One additional assay was performed by using a cocktail of both phages against the O157:H7 STEC strain. Streptococcus thermophilus 10-C, the strain used as lactic starter, reached 109 CFU ml−1 after 4 h, while pH values fell to 4·5 after 8 h, regardless of the presence of E. coli strains and/or phages. In absence of phages, E. coli strains reached 4–6 log CFU ml−1 at 5–6 h. Escherichia coli DH5α and O157:H7 STEC strains were rapidly and completely inactivated by phage DT1 and phage cocktail, respectively, while O157:H7 STEC was completely inactivated either by DT1 or by DT6, after 8 h. The EPEC strain was not detected at 1 h (&lt;10 CFU ml−1) but grew afterwards, though at lower rates than without phage. For non-O157:H7 STEC, reductions lower than 1 log CFU ml−1 were observed for all sampling times. Phages DT1 and DT6, either individually or as a cocktail, effectively reduce O157:H7 STEC counts during milk fermentation, without compromising the starter culture performance.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Coliphages DT1 and DT6, isolated from faeces and selected on the basis of their host range, showed to be valuable tools for the control of pathogenic Escherichia coli during milk fermentation, without compromising the starter culture performance. Both phages, either individually or as a cocktail, may function as an extra safety barrier beyond traditional pasteurization, effectively reducing O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) counts during early growth, thus avoiding Shiga toxin production and accumulation.
The regulation of T‐cell recruitment to the human liver during acute liver failure
Authors: Tuncer Ceren , Oo Ye H. , Murphy Nick , Adams David H. , Lalor Patricia F. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground & AimsAcute liver failure (ALF) is a rare clinical syndrome with high mortality resulting from hepatocellular necrosis and loss of function. In seronegative hepatitis (SNH), a T‐cell‐rich infiltrate leads to immune‐mediated hepatocyte destruction, whereas in paracetamol poisoning, toxic metabolites induce hepatocyte necrosis, followed by a macrophage‐rich, lymphocytic infiltrate that is an important factor in driving repair and regeneration. The nature of the hepatic inflammatory infiltrate, key to ALF pathogenesis and outcome, is determined by the recruitment of effector cells from blood, but the molecular basis of recruitment is poorly understood. To determine the phenotype of circulating and hepatic lymphocytes in patients with ALF secondary to paracetamol overdose (POD) or SNH and investigate the molecular basis of lymphocyte recruitment.MethodsWe used FACS, immunohistochemistry and flow‐based adhesion assays to determine the regulation of lymphocyte adhesion.ResultsSNH and POD intrahepatic lymphocytes were αLβ2hi, CD69hi and CD38hi with a distinct homing phenotype being L‐selectinlo, CXCR3hi and CCR5+. Expression of chemokine ligands for the receptors CCR5, CXCR3 and CXCR6 and the adhesion molecules ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1 and VAP‐1 was markedly increased in the liver in ALF. Lymphocytes isolated from the livers of patients with SNH showed enhanced chemokine‐dependent adhesion and transmigration across the human hepatic endothelium in vitro under flow and used a combination of β1 and β2 integrins to adhere to endothelium and β2 integrins, CD31 and VAP‐1 to transmigrate.ConclusionAetiology‐dependent combinations of adhesion molecules and chemokines expressed within tissue during ALF recruit lymphocytes with a distinct homing phenotype.
Natural occurrence of reidite in the Xiuyan crater of China
Authors: Chen Ming , Yin Feng , Li Xiaodong , Xie Xiande , Xiao Wansheng , Tan Dayong 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe high‐pressure minerals of reidite and coesite have been identified in the moderately shock‐metamorphosed gneiss (shock stage II, 35–45 GPa) and the strongly shock‐metamorphosed gneiss (shock stage III, 45–55 GPa), respectively, from the polymict breccias of the Xiuyan crater, a simple impact structure 1.8 km in diameter in China. Reidite in the shock stage II gneiss displays lamellar textures developed in parental grains of zircon. The phase transformation of zircon to reidite likely corresponds to a martensitic mechanism. No coesite is found in the reidite‐bearing gneiss. The shock stage III gneiss contains abundant coesite, but no reidite is identified in the rock. Coesite occurs as acicular, dendritic, and spherulitic crystals characteristic of crystallization from shock‐produced silica melt. Zircon in the rock is mostly recrystallized. The postshock temperature in the shock stage III gneiss is too high for the preservation of reidite, whereas reidite survives in the shock stage II gneiss because of relatively low postshock temperature. Reidite does not occur together with coesite because of difference in shock‐induced temperature between the shock stage II gneiss and the shock stage III gneiss.
Characterization and morphological reconstruction of the Terny impact structure, central Ukraine
Authors: Sharpton V. L. , Krochuk R. V. , Herrick R. R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe Terny impact structure, located in central Ukraine, displays a variety of diagnostic indicators of shock metamorphism, including shatter cones, planar deformation features in quartz, diaplectic glass, selective melting of minerals, and whole rock melting. The structure has been modified by erosion and subsequently buried by recent sediments. Although there are no natural outcrops of the deformed basement rocks within the area, mining exploration has provided surface and subsurface access to the structure, exposing impact melt rocks, shocked parautochthonous target rocks, and allochthonous impact breccias, including impact melt‐bearing breccias similar to suevites observed at the Ries structure. We have collected and studied samples from surface and subsurface exposures to a depth of approximately 750 m below the surface. This analysis indicates the Terny crater is centered on geographic coordinates 48.13° N, 33.52° E. The center location and the distribution of shock pressures constrain the transient crater diameter to be no less than approximately 8.4 km. Using widely accepted morphometric scaling relations, we estimate the pre‐erosional rim diameter of Terny crater to be approximately 16–19 km, making it close in original size to the well‐preserved El'gygytgyn crater in Siberia. Comparison with El'gygytgyn yields useful insights into the original morphology of the Terny crater and indicates that the amount of erosion Terny experienced prior to burial probably does not exceed 320 m.
Emodin Improves Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Microcirculatory Disturbance in Rat Mesentery
Authors: Li Ang , Dong Lei , Duan Mei‐Li , Sun Kai , Liu Yu‐Ying , Wang Ming‐Xia , Deng Jing‐Na , Fan Jing‐Yu , Wang Bao‐En , Han Jing‐Yan 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectiveSepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Emodin is a major ingredient of Rheum Palmatum, a Chinese herb that is widely used in China for treatment of endotoxemia‐related diseases. This study intended to examine the effect of Emodin on LPS‐induced rat mesenteric microcirculatory disturbance and the underlying mechanisms.MethodsThe male Wistar rats received LPS (5 mg/kg/hr) for 90 min, with or without administration of Emodin (10 mg/kg/hr) by enema 30 min before (pre‐treatment) or after (post‐treatment) LPS infusion, and the dynamics of mesenteric microcirculation were determined by inverted intravital microscopy. Expression of adhesion molecules and TLR4, NF‐κB p65, ICAM‐1, MPO, and AP‐1 in mesentery tissue was evaluated by flow cytometry and Western‐blot, respectively.ResultsPre or post‐treatment with Emodin significantly ameliorated LPS‐induced leukocyte emigration, reactive oxygen species production and albumin leakage, and the expression of TLR4, NF‐κB p65, ICAM‐1, MPO and AP‐1 in mesentery.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate the beneficial role of Emodin in attenuating the LPS‐induced microcirculatory disturbance, and support the use of Emodin for patients with endotoxemia.
Semantic Comprehension, Inference and Psychological Externalism
Authors: Owens Joseph I. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe externalist examples of Burge, Putnam etc. were offered as examples of how it is physically identical twins can differ in mental states such as belief, and little attention was paid to the interpretations the twins impose on their respective acoustic inputs. The received story today is that this form of interpretation—the semantic reading one assigns the sounds one hears—is the product of inference. The problem for this inferential model is simple to state: though the twins are physical doppelgangers and don't differ in their acoustic inputs, they differ in the interpretations they impose on their respective inputs. I argue that the inferential model does not allow for how it is the twins arrive at these different interpretations. And, since the externalist examples are compelling, this tells against the inferential model.
Mirror Neurons and Social Cognition
Authors: Spaulding Shannon 
Published: April 2013

AbstractMirror neurons are widely regarded as an important key to social cognition. Despite such wide agreement, there is very little consensus on how or why they are important. The goal of this article is to explicate clearly the exact role mirror neurons play in social cognition. I aim to answer two questions about the relationship between mirroring and social cognition: What kind of social understanding is involved with mirroring? How is mirroring related to that understanding? I argue that philosophical and empirical considerations lead us to accord a fairly minimal role for mirror neurons in social cognition.