bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Risk Factors for Specific Language Impairment: A Prospective Pregnancy Cohort Study
Authors: Whitehouse Andrew J. O. , Shelton W. M. R. , Ing Caleb , Newnham John P. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
Although genetic factors are known to play a causal role in specific language impairment (SLI), environmental factors may also be important. This study examined whether there are prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors that are associated with childhood SLI.

Method

Participants were members of the Raine Study, a prospective cohort investigation of pregnant women and their offspring. Parent report indicated that 26 children had received a clinical diagnosis of SLI. Data from antenatal and birth medical records were compared between the children with SLI and typically developing comparison children (
N
= 1,799).

Results
There were no statistically significant differences between the SLI and comparison groups in the individual prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors examined. Aggregate risk scores were calculated for each period on the basis of factors known to be associated with neurodevelopmental disorder. There were no group differences in aggregate risk scores in the prenatal and perinatal periods. However, significantly more children in the SLI group (50%) compared with the comparison group (27.6%) experienced 2 or more risk factors during the neonatal period.

Conclusion
The vast majority of prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal complications do not play a clear causal role in childhood SLI. However, poor neonatal health may signify increased risk for SLI.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14963601
Can Children With SLI Detect Cognitive Conflict? Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence
Authors: Epstein Baila , Shafer Valerie L. , Melara Robert D. , Schwartz Richard G. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
This study examined whether children with specific language impairment (SLI) are deficient in detecting cognitive conflict between competing response tendencies in a GO/No-GO task.

Method
Twelve children with SLI (ages 10–12), 22 children with typical language development matched group-wise on age (TLD-A), and 16 younger children with TLD (ages 8–9) matched group-wise on language skills (TLD-L) were tested using a behavioral GO/No-GO paradigm with simultaneous collection of event-related potentials. The N2 component was used as a neural index of the ability to detect conflict between GO and No-GO response tendencies.

Results
Hit rates did not differentiate the 3 groups. The TLD-L children demonstrated the highest false-alarm rates. The N2 component was attenuated and showed delayed divergence of GO and No-GO amplitudes in SLI relative to TLD-A children in response to stimuli presented at various probability levels. The N2 effect in children with SLI resembled that of children with TLD who were approximately 3 years younger.

Conclusions
School-age children with SLI exhibit a maturational lag in detecting conflict between competing response alternatives. Deficient conflict detection may in turn hinder these children's ability to resolve conflict among semantic representations that are activated during language processing.
Effect of Posttraumatic Stress on Study Time in a Task Measuring Four Component Processes Underlying Text-Level Reading
Authors: Sullivan Michael P. , Griffiths Gina G. , Moore Sohlberg Mckay 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
To investigate the effect of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on 4 components underlying text-level reading comprehension.

Method
A group of 17 veterans with PTSD and 17 matched control participants took part. An experimental task required participants to read and study 3-sentence paragraphs describing semantic features associated with real and unreal objects. Each paragraph was followed by true–false statements that assessed knowledge access, text memory, inference, and integration.

Results
The results revealed that the PTSD group took significantly longer than the control group to study the paragraphs. Although there was no group difference in test statement accuracy, the PTSD group also took significantly longer to respond to the test statements.

Conclusions
Overall, the results provide evidence for the control theory of attention but suggest that more direct measures of task-irrelevant processing during text-level reading are needed. More important, the results begin to lay a foundation for developing not only diagnostic but also intervention strategies.
Acoustic Cues to Perception of Word Stress by English, Mandarin, and Russian Speakers
Authors: Chrabaszcz Anna , Winn Matthew , Lin Candise Y. , Idsardi William J. 
Published: April 2014

PurposeThis study investigated how listeners' native language affects their weighting of acoustic cues (such as vowel quality, pitch, duration, and intensity) in the perception of contrastive word stress.MethodNative speakers (N= 45) of typologically diverse languages (English, Russian, and Mandarin) performed a stress identification task on nonce disyllabic words with fully crossed combinations of each of the 4 cues in both syllables.ResultsThe results revealed that although the vowel quality cue was the strongest cue for all groups of listeners, pitch was the second strongest cue for the English and the Mandarin listeners but was virtually disregarded by the Russian listeners. Duration and intensity cues were used by the Russian listeners to a significantly greater extent compared with the English and Mandarin participants. Compared with when cues were noncontrastive across syllables, cues were stronger when they were in the iambic contour than when they were in the trochaic contour.ConclusionsAlthough both English and Russian are stress languages and Mandarin is a tonal language, stress perception performance of the Mandarin listeners but not of the Russian listeners is more similar to that of the native English listeners, both in terms of weighting of the acoustic cues and the cues' relative strength in different word positions. The findings suggest that tuning of second-language prosodic perceptions is not entirely predictable by prosodic similarities across languages.
Spatial and Temporal Lingual Coarticulation and Motor Control in Preadolescents
Authors: Zharkova Natalia , Hewlett Nigel , Hardcastle William J. , Lickley Robin J. 
Published: April 2014

PurposeIn this study, the authors compared coarticulation and lingual kinematics in preadolescents and adults in order to establish whether preadolescents had a greater degree of random variability in tongue posture and whether their patterns of lingual coarticulation differed from those of adults.MethodHigh-speed ultrasound tongue contour data synchronized with the acoustic signal were recorded from 15 children (ages 10–12 years) and 15 adults. Tongue shape contours were analyzed at 9 normalized time points during the fricative phase of schwa-fricative-/a/ and schwa-fricative-/i/ sequences with the consonants /s/ and /ʃ/.ResultsThere was no significant age-related difference in random variability. Where a significant vowel effect occurred, the amount of coarticulation was similar in the 2 groups. However, the onset of the coarticulatory effect on preadolescent /ʃ/ was significantly later than on preadolescent /s/, and also later than on adult /s/ and /ʃ/.ConclusionsPreadolescents have adult-like precision of tongue control and adult-like anticipatory lingual coarticulation with respect to spatial characteristics of tongue posture. However, there remains some immaturity in the motor programming of certain complex tongue movements.
Coupling Dynamics Interlip Coordination in Lower Lip Load Compensation
Authors: van Lieshout Pascal , Neufeld Chris 
Published: April 2014

PurposeTo study the effects of lower lip loading on lower and upper lip movements and their coordination to test predictions on coupling dynamics derived from studies in limb control.MethodMovement data were acquired using electromagnetic midsagittal articulography under 4 conditions: (a) without restrictions, serving as a baseline; (b) with a small carrier device attached to the lower lip; (c) with a 50-g weight added to the device; and, at the end of the session (d) with the weight and device removed. For all conditions, 8 participants repeated nonwords at 2 speaking rates. Movement data were used to derive discrete kinematic measures, a cyclic index of spatiotemporal variability, phase deviations, and standard deviations of relative phase for interlip coupling.ResultsKinematic variables were not systematically affected by lower lip load. Phase deviations also showed no change, but in contrast, phase variability showed a significant increase for the lower lip load condition at fast rates.ConclusionLower lip load effects are comparable to the reported impact of homologous limb loading, showing evidence for a tight coupling between both lips in line with predictions from coordination dynamics accounts in the literature.
Tissue-Point Motion Tracking in the Tongue From Cine MRI and Tagged MRI
Authors: Woo Jonghye , Stone Maureen , Suo Yuanming , Murano Emi Z. , Prince Jerry L. 
Published: April 2014

PurposeAccurate tissue motion tracking within the tongue can help professionals diagnose and treat vocal tract–related disorders, evaluate speech quality before and after surgery, and conduct various scientific studies. The authors compared tissue tracking results from 4 widely used deformable registration (DR) methods applied to cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with harmonic phase (HARP)–based tracking applied to tagged MRI.MethodTen subjects repeated the phrase “a geese” multiple times while sagittal images of the head were collected at 26 Hz, first in a tagged MRI data set and then in a cine MRI data set. HARP tracked the motion of 8 specified tissue points in the tagged data set. Four DR methods including diffeomorphic demons and free-form deformations based on cubic B-spline with 3 different similarity measures were used to track the same 8 points in the cine MRI data set. Individual points were tracked and length changes of several muscles were calculated using the DR- and HARP-based tracking methods.ResultsThe results showed that the DR tracking errors were nonsystematic and varied in direction, amount, and timing across speakers and within speakers. Comparison of HARP and DR tracking with manual tracking showed better tracking results for HARP except at the tongue surface, where mistracking caused greater errors in HARP than DR.ConclusionsTissue point tracking using DR tracking methods contains nonsystematic tracking errors within and across subjects, making it less successful than tagged MRI tracking within the tongue. However, HARP sometimes mistracks points at the tongue surface of tagged MRI because of its limited bandpass filter and tag pattern fading, so that DR has better success measuring surface tissue points on cine MRI than HARP does. Therefore, a hybrid method is being explored.
The Effects of Indexical and Phonetic Variation on Vowel Perception in Typically Developing 9- to 12-Year-Old Children
Authors: Jacewicz Ewa , Fox Robert Allen 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate how linguistic knowledge interacts with indexical knowledge in older children's perception under demanding listening conditions created by extensive talker variability.

Method
Twenty-five 9- to 12-year-old children, 12 from North Carolina (NC) and 13 from Wisconsin (WI), identified 12 vowels in isolated /hVd/ words produced by 120 talkers representing the 2 dialects (NC and WI), both genders, and 3 age groups (generations) of residents from the same geographic locations as the listeners.

Results
Identification rates were higher for responses to talkers from the same dialect as the listeners and for female speech. Listeners were sensitive to systematic positional variations in vowels and their dynamic structure (formant movement) associated with generational differences in vowel pronunciation resulting from sound change in a speech community. Overall identification rate was 71.7%, which is 8.5% lower than for the adults responding to the same stimuli in Jacewicz and Fox (2012).

Conclusion
Typically developing older children were successful in dealing with both phonetic and indexical variation related to talker dialect, gender, and generation. They were less consistent than the adults, most likely because of less efficient encoding of acoustic-phonetic information in the speech of multiple talkers and relative inexperience with indexical variation.
Characteristics of Vocal Fold Vibrations in Vocally Healthy Subjects: Analysis With Multi-Line Kymography
Authors: Yamauchi Akihito , Imagawa Hiroshi , Sakakibara Ken-Ichi , Yokonishi Hisayuki , Nito Takaharu , Yamasoba Tatsuya , Tayama Niro 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
In this study, the authors aimed to analyze longitudinal data from high-speed digital images in normative subjects using multi-line kymography.

Method

Vocally healthy subjects were divided into young (9 men and 17 women;
M
age
= 27 years) and older groups (8 men and 12 women;
M
age
= 73 years). From high-speed digital images of phonation at a conversational frequency kymograms were created at 5 different levels of the vocal fold and were analyzed to determine the opening/closing longitudinal phase difference, open quotient, and speed index. Then age- and gender-related differences of these parameters were analyzed statistically.

Results
Young women frequently showed a pattern of posterior-to-anterior glottal opening and anterior-to-posterior glottal closure, and older women demonstrated various opening and closing patterns. Both young men and older men were similar to older women. The open quotient was maximal at the most posterior glottal level in young women, but it tended to be maximal at the anterior glottis in the other subgroups. The mean value of the 5 open quotients was largest in young women. The mean speed index had a large negative value in older subjects.

Conclusion
This study provides the first information about age-related differences of longitudinal oscillatory characteristics of the vocal folds obtained with high-speed digital imaging.
Modeling the Biomechanical Influence of Epilaryngeal Stricture on the Vocal Folds: A Low-Dimensional Model of Vocal–Ventricular Fold Coupling
Authors: Moisik Scott R. , Esling John H. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
Physiological and phonetic studies suggest that, at moderate levels of epilaryngeal stricture, the ventricular folds impinge upon the vocal folds and influence their dynamical behavior, which is thought to be responsible for constricted laryngeal sounds. In this work, the authors examine this hypothesis through biomechanical modeling.

Method
The dynamical response of a low-dimensional, lumped-element model of the vocal folds under the influence of vocal–ventricular fold coupling was evaluated. The model was assessed for F0 and cover-mass phase difference. Case studies of simulations of different constricted phonation types and of glottal stop illustrate various additional aspects of model performance.

Results
Simulated vocal–ventricular fold coupling lowers F0 and perturbs the mucosal wave. It also appears to reinforce irregular patterns of oscillation, and it can enhance laryngeal closure in glottal stop production.

Conclusion
The effects of simulated vocal–ventricular fold coupling are consistent with sounds, such as creaky voice, harsh voice, and glottal stop, that have been observed to involve epilaryngeal stricture and apparent contact between the vocal folds and ventricular folds. This supports the view that vocal–ventricular fold coupling is important in the vibratory dynamics of such sounds and, furthermore, suggests that these sounds may intrinsically require epilaryngeal stricture.
Articulatory Closure Proficiency in Patients With Parkinson's Disease Following Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus and Caudal Zona Incerta
Authors: Karlsson Fredrik , Olofsson Katarina , Blomstedt Patric , Linder Jan , Nordh Erik , van Doorn Jan 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
The present study aimed at comparing the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the caudal zona incerta (cZi) on the proficiency in achieving oral closure and release during plosive production of people with Parkinson's disease.

Method
Nineteen patients participated preoperatively and 12 months after DBS surgery. Nine patients had implantations in the STN, 7 bilaterally and 2 unilaterally (left). Ten had bilateral implantations in the cZi. Postoperative examinations were made off and on stimulation. All patients received simultaneous L-dopa treatment in all conditions. For a series of plosives extracted from a reading passage, absolute and relative measures of duration of frication and amplitude of plosive release were compared between conditions within each treatment group.

Results
Relative duration of frication increased in voiceless plosives in the on-stimulation condition in cZi patients. Similar trends were observed across the data set. Duration of prerelease frication and the release peak prominence increased in voiceless plosives on stimulation for both groups.

Conclusion
The increased release prominence suggests that patients achieved a stronger closure gesture because of DBS but that the increased energy available resulted in increased frication.
The Psychologist as an Interlocutor in Autism Spectrum Disorder Assessment: Insights From a Study of Spontaneous Prosody
Authors: Bone Daniel , Lee Chi-Chun , Black Matthew P. , Williams Marian E. , Lee Sungbok , Levitt Pat , Narayanan Shrikanth 
Published: April 2014

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine relationships between prosodic speech cues and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) severity, hypothesizing a mutually interactive relationship between the speech characteristics of the psychologist and the child. The authors objectively quantified acoustic-prosodic cues of the psychologist and of the child with ASD during spontaneous interaction, establishing a methodology for future large-sample analysis.MethodSpeech acoustic-prosodic features were semiautomatically derived from segments of semistructured interviews (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, ADOS; Lord, Rutter, DiLavore, & Risi, 1999; Lord et al., 2012) with 28 children who had previously been diagnosed with ASD. Prosody was quantified in terms of intonation, volume, rate, and voice quality. Research hypotheses were tested via correlation as well as hierarchical and predictive regression between ADOS severity and prosodic cues.ResultsAutomatically extracted speech features demonstrated prosodic characteristics of dyadic interactions. As rated ASD severity increased, both the psychologist and the child demonstrated effects for turn-end pitch slope, and both spoke with atypical voice quality. The psychologist's acoustic cues predicted the child's symptom severity better than did the child's acoustic cues.ConclusionThe psychologist, acting as evaluator and interlocutor, was shown to adjust his or her behavior in predictable ways based on the child's social-communicative impairments. The results support future study of speech prosody of both interaction partners during spontaneous conversation, while using automatic computational methods that allow for scalable analysis on much larger corpora.
Stuttering, Temperament, and Anxiety: Data From a Community Cohort Ages 2–4 Years
Authors: Kefalianos Elaina , Onslow Mark , Ukoumunne Obioha , Block Susan , Reilly Sheena 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether and when temperament differences, including precursors of anxiety, emerge before onset and during stuttering development.

Method

The authors prospectively studied temperament characteristics of a community cohort of children who stutter (
N
= 183) and children in the control group (
N
= 1,261).

Results

No significant differences were found at ages 2, 3, or 4 years between children who stutter and control children for
approach
or at ages 3 or 4 years for
easy/difficult
temperament. Both of these measures are precursors of anxiety. Significant differences were found for
reactivity
and
persistence
at age 3 years. Children who stutter were less reactive to environmental stimuli and had a reduced ability to attend to a task until completion. There was no evidence of this difference for
persistence
at age 4 years.
Reactivity
was not measured at age 4 years.

Conclusion
On the basis of parents' responses to the Short Temperament Scale, preschoolers who stutter did not have innately different temperaments from control children on those temperament traits measured from ages 2 to 4 years. They showed no signs of temperament precursors of anxiety before stuttering onset or shortly after. Results suggest, at most, that temperament is influenced somehow during the period after stuttering onset but with a waning developmental influence subsequently.
Reliability of an Automated High-Resolution Manometry Analysis Program Across Expert Users, Novice Users, and Speech-Language Pathologists
Authors: Jones Corinne A. , Hoffman Matthew R. , Geng Zhixian , Abdelhalim Suzan M. , Jiang Jack J. , McCulloch Timothy M. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate inter- and intrarater reliability among expert users, novice users, and speech-language pathologists with a semiautomated high-resolution manometry analysis program. We hypothesized that all users would have high intrarater reliability and high interrater reliability.

Method
Three expert users, 15 novice users, and 5 speech-language pathologists participated in this study. Following a 20-min training session, users analyzed 30 high-resolution manometry plots using an automated analysis program. Output parameters included 2- and 3-dimensional pressure integrals over 5 anatomical regions of interest. Intraclass correlations were used to examine inter- and intrarater reliability. An analysis of variance was also performed to determine any differences in mean output parameter values.

Results
Within-group interrater reliability ranged from 0.54 to 0.99, and intergroup reliability ranged from 0.92 to 0.99. Intrarater reliability ranged from 0.67 to 1.00 across all groups. There were no significant differences of output parameters among groups.

Conclusions
The high reliability observed after a short training session demonstrates that individuals with little to no prior knowledge of swallowing physiology can perform at a similar level as those with expertise. Given the quickness and ease of training in the use of this program, it has the potential for research and clinical utility.