bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency care and first aid for farm animals in the UK - Mini Review.
Authors: Duncanson G. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
All members of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons are required to be able to provide emergency care, first aid and euthanasia for farm animals including poultry. They should be able to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, the very size of cattle makes the known principles difficult to put into practice. They have to make an assessment of pain and manage it. Farm animals are often violent and instant pain relief and sedation are required. Situations requiring first aid are fractures, ligament or tendon injuries, burns, acute metabolic disease and bloat. Practitioners require knowledge to deal with these emergencies.
Fish frauds: the DNA challenge.
Authors: Armani A. , Castigliego L. , Guidi A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The rising demand for seafood and trade globalization has brought about a rapid increase in the number of fish species traded. Consequently, the occurrence of mislabelling is growing as well, reaching levels of concerns in USA, Canada and Europe. In this light, the evolving consciousness of consumers and the new exigencies of commerce call for greater safety and quality requirements. These factors have made urgent the need for efficient traceability systems, aimed to ensure transparency on the identity and origin of the traded products and the compliance with the regulations concerning illegal fisheries and labelling. Moreover, greater efforts are necessary to create a list of market names that can be recognized both locally and internationally, in order to overcome the confusion regarding fish denominations. In this context, molecular analysis represents the most promising challenge to verify and support traceability in the seafood chain. Nowadays, the three mitochondrial genes
cytb
,
COI
and
16srRNA
are the most targeted for this purpose and, among the available procedures, the DNA bar coding is the most commonly applied to verify the labelling compliances, also at the official level. In this review, the most important issues relating to these topics have been reported and discussed.
Mortality of American Bullfrog Tadpoles Lithobates catesbeianus Infected by Gyrodactylus jennyae and Experimentally Exposed to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Authors: Paetow Linda J. , McLaughlin J. Daniel , Pauli Bruce D. , Marcogliese David J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the disease chytridiomycosis in postmetamorphic amphibians, has been linked to amphibian population declines. Different amphibian species, however, exhibit different susceptibility to Bd pathogenicity. At the same time, agricultural pesticides commonly found contaminating aquatic habitats have been reported to increase the susceptibility of amphibians to pathogens. To investigate whether certain pesticides are able to alter the pathogenicity of Bd to larval amphibians, we exposed larval American bullfrogs Lithobates catesbeianus to end-use formulations of the herbicides atrazine or glyphosate, and then exposed them to Bd. Following the experimental exposures, a preexisting infection of the tadpoles by the monogenean ectoparasite Gyrodactylus jennyae was detected in all experimental and control tadpoles. Gyrodactylus jennyae infection intensity varied, and individuals with heavy G. jennyae infections suffered more skin erosion due to grazing by the parasite. Tadpoles experimentally exposed to Bd, or to Bd and either herbicide, had significantly reduced survival rates compared with untreated tadpoles that were only infected by G. jennyae. Increased mortality was also correlated with degree of skin erosion; survival of tadpoles with severe skin erosion was significantly reduced compared with that of tadpoles with no, or mild, skin erosion. While infected with G. jennyae, the group of tadpoles with the lowest survival rate (exposed only to Bd) included significantly more individuals exhibiting severe skin erosion and significantly fewer individuals without skin erosion, compared with the control group. These results emphasize the potential pathogenicity of gyrodactylid infections in larval amphibian hosts and suggest that concomitant exposures to Bd may enhance infections and effects of G. jennyae in bullfrog tadpoles.
Received February 3, 2012; accepted August 10, 2012
Experimental Infection of Koi Carp with Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Type IVb
Authors: Cornwell Emily R. , LaBuda Sandra L. , Groocock Geoffrey H. , Getchell Rodman G. , Bowser Paul R. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) type IVb has a wide host range that includes at least three cyprinid species: Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas, Emerald Shiner Notropis atherinoides, and Bluntnose Minnow P. notatus. To date, VHSV IVb has only been found in wild fish. However, the possibility of infection in culture facilities remains. Koi Carp Cyprinus carpio are a major ornamental aquaculture species in the United States; however, their potential to become infected with VHSV IVb has not yet been examined. In this study, we exposed Koi to 3 × 106 PFU VHSV Great Lakes isolate MI03 by intraperitoneal injection. While we observed low mortality (0–5%), VHSV was isolated in cell culture from the majority of fish up to 28 d postexposure (DPE) and was detected by a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay up to 90 DPE, when the trial was terminated. The results of this study strongly suggest that Koi are at risk for VHSV infection, although their susceptibility by intraperitoneal injection appears to be low. This study also provides more evidence of the sensitivity of qRT-PCR for detection of VHSV IVb.
Received May 9, 2012; accepted September 14, 2012
Experimental characterization and modelling of non-linear coupling of the lower hybrid current drive power on Tore Supra
Authors: Preynas M. , Goniche M. , Hillairet J. , Litaudon X. , Ekedahl A. , Colas L. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
To achieve steady-state operation on future fusion devices, in particular on ITER, the coupling of the lower hybrid wave must be optimized on a wide range of edge conditions. However, under some specific conditions, deleterious effects on the lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) coupling are sometimes observed on Tore Supra. In this way, dedicated LHCD experiments have been performed using the LHCD system of Tore Supra, composed of two different conceptual designs of launcher: the fully active multi-junction (FAM) and the new passive active multi-junction (PAM) antennas. A non-linear interaction between the electron density and the electric field has been characterized in a thin plasma layer in front of the two LHCD antennas. The resulting dependence of the power reflection coefficient (RC) with the LHCD power is not predicted by the standard linear theory of the LH wave coupling. A theoretical model is suggested to describe the non-linear wave–plasma interaction induced by the ponderomotive effect and implemented in a new full wave LHCD code, PICCOLO-2D (ponderomotive effect in a coupling code of lower hybrid wave-2D). The code self-consistently treats the wave propagation in the antenna vicinity and its interaction with the local edge plasma density. The simulation reproduces very well the occurrence of a non-linear behaviour in the coupling observed in the LHCD experiments. The important differences and trends between the FAM and the PAM antennas, especially a larger increase in RC for the FAM, are also reproduced by the PICCOLO-2D simulation. The working hypothesis of the contribution of the ponderomotive effect in the non-linear observations of LHCD coupling is therefore validated through this comprehensive modelling for the first time on the FAM and PAM antennas on Tore Supra.
Surface modification of tungsten and tungsten–tantalum alloys exposed to high-flux deuterium plasma and its impact on deuterium retention
Authors: Zayachuk Y. , 't Hoen M.H.J. , Zeijlmans van Emmichoven P.A. , Terentyev D. , Uytdenhouwen I. , van Oost G. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Samples of tungsten and tungsten–tantalum alloy (with 5 mass per cent of Ta) were exposed to high-flux deuterium plasma at different fluences. The surface modification was studied with scanning electron microscopy, and deuterium retention was measured by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). In the high fluence range of ∼3.5 × 1026–1027 m-2, multiple large-size blisters are formed on the W surface, while blisters on the W–Ta surface are considerably smaller in size and number. Deuterium retention in this fluence range was found to be systematically higher in W than in W–Ta. Correlation between the evolution of the blistering patterns and the TDS spectra as a function of fluence suggests that trapping in the sub-surface cavities associated with blisters is the predominant trapping mechanism in tungsten in the case of high fluence exposures. We attribute the lower retention in W–Ta under the investigated conditions to the weaker blistering.
Context-specific repeatability of personality traits in a wild bird: a reaction-norm perspective
Authors: Kluen Edward , Brommer Jon E. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Animal personality is defined as behavior that is consistent across time and context. We here applied a reaction-norm perspective implemented as a random regression phenotypic model (RRPM) to behaviors measured on blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus. During 3 consecutive breeding and winter seasons (2007–2009), a total of 508 wild-caught blue tits were assayed in a standard, artificial setup (a bird cage) for 1) activity, 2) time to escape, and 3) neophobia-related behavior. Activity was found to be repeatable both within and across seasonal contexts, but escape time and neophobia-related behavior were repeatable only in winter. Our RRPM confirmed that this latter finding was due to crossing of the individual-specific reaction norms between the 2 seasonal contexts. Our work illustrates how a behavior measured in a standardized manner may or may not be repeatable across time within a context but not between contexts, depending on the interindividual variation in reaction-norm properties. Our findings suggest that research on animal behavior plasticity can benefit from taking onboard context-specific analyses in a more explicit manner than what is typically done.
Cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias
Authors: Kernick David , Goadsby Peter J. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter begins with an introduction to cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, before focusing on cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicranias, and SUNCT (short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing).
Preventive Cardiology
Authors: Jennings Catriona , Mead Alison , Jones Jennifer , Holden Annie , Connolly Susan , Kotseva Kornelia , Wood David 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Preventive Cardiology provides practical advice on how to structure and run a preventive cardiology programme for existing patients, those at risk of developing cardiovascular disease, and their families, including patient identification and recruitment, assessment of lifestyle and risk factors, and implementing lifestyle change
Mental disorders as a worldwide public health issue
Authors: Saraceno Benedetto 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The twentieth century has witnessed significant improvements in somatic health in most countries. A number of key public health threats have been eradicated or brought under control under the leadership of WHO. Priority was given to communicable diseases in view of their inherent potential to spreading. At the present time, a focus on non-communicable diseases and mental health would now appear as the next natural step in public health priorities. In the case of mental health, this is due to the capacity of mental disorders to proliferate not only as a result of complex and multiple biological, psychological but also social determinants. WHO estimates that at any given time 450 million people suffer from some form of mental or brain disorder, including alcohol and substance use disorders. In other words, one in four of the world’s population suffer from different forms of mental, behavioural, and neurological disorders. This chapter looks at the economic and social costs of mental disorders, global resources for mental health, the treatment gap for mental disorders, and improving mental health care.
Transcultural psychiatry
Authors: Leff Julian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWith the mass movements of populations that have characterized the second half of the twentieth century, there can be few psychiatrists who do not encounter members of an ethnic minority group in their practice. The principles of transcultural psychiatry are obviously of relevance to this type of psychiatrist–patient interaction, but they are also of central importance even when the psychiatrist and patient share the same ethnic background. This is because within a particular ethnic group there are invariably many subcultures, for example based on religious affiliation, which encompass a diversity of beliefs. It is essential that the psychiatrist be aware of the common belief systems likely to be encountered, not simply to enhance rapport with patients and relatives, but in order to avoid serious mistakes in ascribing pathology to experiences that are accepted as normal by the subculture. This chapter looks at the contribution of psychiatric epidemiology (cultural influences on both the psychoses and the neuroses), contributions of anthropology, and finally the concept of depression.
The history of psychiatry as a medical specialty
Authors: Pichot Pierre 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The history of psychiatry as a medical specialty has to be distinguished from the history of psychiatric medical knowledge which began in ancient Greece with the birth of medicine as a science. For more than 2000 years, only physicians observed and treated mental illnesses, and institutions were created in which the ‘lunatics’ and the ‘insane’ were received. But, as rightly pointed out by Kraepelin, the truth is that psychiatry was not really a medical specialty. One can argue about the precise date of the appearance of psychiatry as a specific field of medicine and of the psychiatrist as a specialist, devoting his professional competence exclusively to the care of the mentally ill. Denis Leigh recognizes that ‘some degree of specialization occurred [in England] among respectable physicians’ in the middle of the eighteenth century when the monopoly of Bethlem was broken and new ‘lunatic hospitals’, such as St Luke’s were opened. On the other hand, the American historian Jan Goldstein stresses that in France the language, as an exact reflection of the underlying reality, began to use expressions such as homme spécial to describe a physician specializing in a branch of medicine such as psychiatry only around 1830. This chapter charts the history of psychiatry as a medical specialty from its beginnings to the present day.
Psychiatric ethics
Authors: Bloch Sidney , Green Stephen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractA myriad of ethical problems pervade clinical practice and research in psychiatry. Yet with few exceptions, psychiatric ethics has generally been regarded as an addendum to mainstream bioethics. An assumption has been made that ‘tools’ developed to deal with issues like assisted reproduction or transplant surgery can be used essentially unmodified in psychiatry. These tools certainly help the psychiatrist but the hand-me-down approach has meant that salient features of psychiatric ethics have been prone to misunderstanding. Psychiatric ethics is concerned with the application of moral rules to situations and relationships specific to the field of mental health practice. We will focus on ethical aspects of diagnosis and treatment that challenge psychiatrists, and on codes of ethics. Resolution of ethical dilemmas requires deliberation grounded in a moral theoretical framework that serves clinical decision-making, and we conclude with our preferred theoretical perspective.
The psychiatrist as a manager
Authors: López-Ibor Jr. Juan J. , Stefanis Costas 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIt is clear that the modern role of both the physicians, in general, and psychiatrists, in particular, requires intensive decision-making which is helped by management principles. Psychiatrists, in addition to their clinical qualifications and skills are asked to occupy positions and undertake responsibilities as clinical executives, directors of health care facilities, administrators of Academic units and even Mental Health Commissioners, all of them requiring managerial knowledge and leadership qualities. Increased pressure by patients for improved quality of services and access to new and innovative treatments needs to be balanced against the expectation of the health care system of the physician to act ‘economically’, following cost containment guidelines and staying within expenditure ceilings. Such decisions require specialized knowledge and a deep understanding of the principles and the functions of management and health economics. Such knowledge is only gained through specialized training by introducing management teaching, either at the undergraduate level or preferably at the residency level, as part of the core curriculum or as an elective which may include items such as administration principles, quality assurance, budgeting, resource allocation, accreditation procedures and what is close to the psychiatrist's clinical background the personnel management. This may be extended to ongoing professional education programmes for psychiatrists who are already active in the field.
Assessment of personality
Authors: Cloninger C. Robert 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe assessment of personality provides the context needed to understand someone as a whole person with particular goals and values that they pursue with a unique emotional style. A person's way of adapting to life experience can tell an experienced clinician much about his level of well-being and his vulnerability to various forms of psychopathology. Knowing a person's personality well can allow a psychiatrist to predict what other mental and physical disorders are likely to occur in the same person or in the same family. For example, individuals with antisocial personality are more likely to have substance abuse and less likely to have Parkinson's disease than others. On the other hand, if you learn someone has substance abuse, then you can reasonably suspect that they may be impulsive or novelty seeking. Recognition of the many associations between personality and psychopathology can greatly enhance clinical assessment and differential diagnosis in general. Understanding personality also helps in treatment planning because people differ markedly in the types of treatments to which they respond and with which they will comply. For example, personality traits predict much of the variability in response to antidepressants, whereas the symptoms of depression or other psychopathology do not. Personality develops over time in response to a changing internal and external environment. As a result, the longitudinal course of a person's development of personality and psychopathology is a key element in the clinical assessment of personality. Specifically, it is highly informative to know what a patient's personality was like as a child when assessing him in the presence of additional psycho-pathology, like a depression or anxiety state that modifies his emotions, thoughts, and behaviour. However, personality traits are not fixed and completely stable. Rather, each of us has a range of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours at any given point in time. As a result, our personality traits frequently vary within that range and occasionally change by moving beyond the previous range in response to particular internal and external events. Understanding the course of a person's development during his life is what allows the psychiatrist to understand him as a unique person.
Questionnaire, rating, and behavioural methods of assessment
Authors: Hall John N. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe earliest forms of psychiatric assessment were based on direct interviews with patients, on reported observations by those who knew the patient, and on direct observations by attendants—later nurses—in the care setting. Attempts to codify these forms of assessment had begun over 90 years ago, as illustrated by the ‘Behavior Chart’ of Kempf. The present range of structured psychiatric assessment methods grew from the 1950s in association with the introduction of neuroleptic medication and the development of psychiatric rehabilitation programmes. The two most frequently used types of systematic and structured assessment used in both clinical practice and research continue to be questionnaires and ratings. Their value lies in the systematic coverage of relevant content, and the potential for comparing scores across individuals and groups and over time. This section covers assessment methods that are appropriate for both self-report by patients and others—questionnaires—and observations and judgements made by others about the patient and their immediate circumstances—rating methods. This section will also briefly describe behavioural approaches to assessment of clinical relevance. Questionnaires offer the respondent a preset range of written questions covering the area of clinical interest, such as depression. The questions are usually completed by marking one of a set of provided response categories (forced-choice questions), but may be completed by the patient writing their own response in free text. Self-report and ‘self-monitoring’ methods are similar to the latter form of questionnaire, in that the patient completes a diary or pre-marked sheets. These are more open-ended, and any associated thoughts of the patient may be included. Self-report measures are used widely in cognitive behavioural interventions. Ratings are judgements about the quality or characteristics of a defined attribute or behaviour, completed subjectively, or on the basis of direct observation of the behaviour in question. While questionnaires are usually self-completed, ratings may be completed by one person with respect to another person. In psychiatric practice, ratings include those made by professional staff, often a nurse or care worker, or by a family member or informal carer, about a patient. Ratings and behavioural measures have a special use in the assessment of disturbed or bizarre behaviour, where the patient may have little insight or knowledge of the nature or degree of their disturbance, which may pose a major ongoing management problem, or a barrier to their placement in the community. An example of such a measure is the Aberrant Behavior Checklist. This is a 58-item behavioural rating scale completed by an informant, with the content covering five subscales: irritability, agitation, and crying; social withdrawal and lethargy; stereotyped behaviour; hyperactivity and non-compliance; and inappropriate speech.