bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of the Entry of Dye into Neutrophils in the Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) Test
Authors: Segal A. W. , Levi A. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Washed buffy-coat preparations of human blood suspended in different media were exposed to the Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) and the mechanism of entry of the dye into neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes was investigated.
2. Stimulation of neutrophils with endotoxin and the presence of heparin and/or fibrinogen in the suspending medium were necessary for dye reduction.
3. NBT complexed with and precipitated heparin and/or fibrinogen from solution. The percentage of cells reducing the dye and the degree of precipitation of fibrinogen and heparin depended on the concentration of dye; the critical concentration of NBT necessary for each effect was the same.
4. Electron microscopy of stimulated neutrophils revealed the presence of amorphous material, which was probably complexed NBT, outside the cell, in the process of endocytosis and within membrane-bound vacuoles within the cytoplasm.
5. Neither complement nor immunoglobulins were obligatory for dye reduction in this system.
6. It is suggested that NBT only enters neutrophils in quantities visible by light microscopy, after stimulation which produces phagocytosis of a macromolecular complex of the dye and heparin and/or fibrinogen.
Intestinal Absorption of Dipeptides Containing Glycine, Phenylalanine, Proline, β-Alanine or Histidine in the Rat
Authors: Boullin D. J. , Crampton R. F. , Heading Christine E. , Pelling D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The intestinal absorption of carnosine, glycylglycine, glycyl-d-phenylalanine, glycyl-l-phenylalanine, glycyl-l-proline and l-prolylglycine were investigated after intraluminal injection of dipeptide into anaesthetized rats.
2. With all six dipeptides, the intact substance was detected by ion-exchange chromatography in blood samples taken from the superior mesenteric vein.
3. The rate of hydrolysis of the dipeptides in tissue homogenates was measured in vitro.
4. The relative rates of hydrolysis varied by a factor of 300; there was an apparent inverse relationship between rate of hydrolysis and detection of intact peptide.
5. Peptide absorption was accompanied by increases in venous concentrations of the component amino acids, which appeared in proportions appropriate to the view that peptide absorption preceded hydrolysis.
6. It is suggested that slowly hydrolysed dipeptides may pass intact through the intestine wall under physiological conditions.
Spironolactone and Amiloride in the Treatment of Low Renin Hyperaldosteronism and Related Syndromes
Authors: Kremer D. , Beevers D. G. , Brown J. J. , Davies D. L. , Ferriss J. B. , Fraser R. , Lever A. F. , Robertson J. I. S. 
Published: August 2015

1. Prolonged treatment with spironolactone in low-renin hyperaldosteronism invariably corrects plasma electrolyte abnormalities and usually lowers blood pressure.
2. Total exchangeable sodium, total body water, extracellular fluid and plasma volumes are reduced; total exchangeable and total body potassium, plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations are increased.
3. Spironolactone is similarly effective in patients with apparently isolated deoxycorticosterone (DOC) excess; also in suspected mineralocorticoid excess not associated with elevation of aldosterone or DOC.
4. Studies of amiloride reveal similar effectiveness to spironolactone in low-renin hyperaldosteronism and in suspected mineralocorticoid excess.
The Formation of Deoxycholic Acid and Chenodeoxycholic Acid in Man
Authors: Einarsson Kurt , Hellström Kjell 
Published: August 2015

1. The turnover of deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid was studied in six normolipaemic patients after oral administration of trace amounts of isotopically labelled compounds.
2. The mean values for half-life, pool size and turnover of deoxycholic acid were 3·0 days, 663 mg and 171 mg/day respectively. The corresponding values recorded for chenodeoxycholic acid were 2·8 days, 781 mg and 207 mg/day.
3. A comparison of the turnover rates of deoxycholic acid and cholic acid in three subjects indicated that 25–61% of the cholic acid was converted into deoxycholic acid.
4. Only trace amounts of radioactivity were recovered in the trihydroxycholanic acid fraction of duodenal bile after the administration of [14C]deoxycholic acid or [3H]chenodeoxycholic acid.
Competitive Protein-Binding Assay for 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol
Authors: Edelstein S. , Charman M. , Lawson D. E. M. , Kodicek E. 
Published: August 2015

1. A competitive protein-binding assay for plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol was developed, using Sephadex LH-20 columns for the isolation of the sterol and a partially purified protein from rat serum as the binding protein.
2. The mean plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in eighteen male and female normal volunteers was 38 ± SD 14 pmol/ml (15–2 ± 5–6 ng/ml).
3. Levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in plasma of four male volunteers maintained for 2 months on a diet supplemented with 26·1 nmol (10 μg) of cholecalciferol a day were found to be significantly higher.
4. High correlation was established between plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol values obtained by the competitive protein-binding assay and values obtained by bioassay.
Lithium Accumulation in Bone after Oral Administration in Rat and in Man
Authors: Birch N. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. The concentration of lithium in bone was determined after various periods of lithium administration in rats of differing ages and also after discontinuation. Lithium content was determined in human bone of three lithium-treated and two control subjects.
2. There was an inverse relationship between age at commencement of treatment and the final bone lithium content. This suggests that lithium is incorporated into the mineral of rapidly growing bone.
3. The loss of lithium from bone after discontinuation of medication indicates that one fraction is lost rapidly, and a large fraction remains and is lost very slowly.
4. Analysis of human bone from three subjects after lithium discontinuation shows that concentrations exist similar to those of rat bone. Control human bone had a lithium concentration which was similar to that of control rat bone.
A Comparative Study of the Distribution of Soluble and Particulate Glycyl-l-Leucine Hydrolase in the Small Intestine
Authors: Das Manjusri , Radhakrishnan A. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. A comparative study has been made of glycyl-l-leucine hydrolase activity in the soluble and particulate fractions of intestinal mucosa from monkey, guinea-pig, rabbit and rat. The specific activity of the soluble enzyme is very high in monkey and guinea-pig, and lower in rabbit and rat. The particulate enzymes from all the four species show low specific activities and form 1–10% of the total activity.
2. The pH optima in all cases lie in the range 7·6–7·8. The Km values of the substrate were similar for both soluble and particulate enzyme from monkey and guinea-pig, but in the rabbit and rat the Km value with the particulate enzyme was higher than with the soluble enzyme.
3. The particulate enzyme activity in all cases was the highest in the distal regions of the intestine, whereas the soluble enzyme showed maximal activity in the proximal and middle regions.
Sodium and Potassium Transport Rates in Normal Human Leucocytes in Hypo-Osmolal Extracellular Fluid
Authors: Hilton P. J. , Patrick J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Sodium and potassium transport rates were studied in normal human leucocytes exposed to iso-osmolal and hypo-osmolal extracellular fluid.
2. Hypo-osmolality of the extracellular fluid led to an increase in sodium influx and a decrease in potassium influx expressed as mmol h−1 kg−1 cell dry weight. The fall in potassium influx was smaller than the rise in sodium influx and was confined to the ouabain-insensitive portion of the flux.
3. The rate constants for sodium and potassium efflux did not differ significantly between the iso-osmolal and hypo-osmolal media.
The Interference of Human IGG with the Double-Antibody Radioimmunoassay of Thyrotrophic Hormone and its Clinical Significance
Authors: Chapman C. , Hutton W. N. , Hayter C. J. 
Published: August 2015

1. High values for plasma thyrotrophic hormone, which did not correlate with other parameters of thyroid function, were found in patients with abnormally high plasma immunoglobulin concentrations.
2. Results indicate that human IgG interferes with the post-precipitation double-antibody radioimmunoassay of thyrotrophic hormone. It is possible that this interference occurs with similar radioimmunoassays of other substances.
Effects of Ethacrynic Acid and Frusemide on Urinary Phosphate in the Dog
Authors: Duarte C. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The renal excretion of phosphate was studied in dogs under control conditions and during infusion of ethacrynic acid or frusemide at different levels of filtered load.
2. Both of these diuretic compounds significantly enhanced the fractional excretion of phosphate at normal and moderately decreased filtered loads, and a good correlation between fractional excretions of sodium and phosphate could then be demonstrated.
3. When the blood flow to the left kidney was decreased by constricting the aorta below the right and above the left renal arteries, fractional excretion of phosphate decreased below control levels in the left kidney although that of sodium remained above pre-diuresis values.
4. The phosphaturic effect of ethacrynic acid and frusemide might be the result of a proximal site of action. The reversal of the phosphaturia by aortic constriction might have been caused by enhanced proximal reabsorption of phosphate and minimal delivery of this ion to the more distal sites of diuretic action.
The Contrasting Effects on Bone Histology of Vitamin D and of Calcium Carbonate in the Osteomalacia of Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Eastwood J. B. , Bordier P. J. , Clarkson E. M. , Chot S. Tun , De Wardener H. E. 
Published: August 2015

1. The histological appearances of cancellous bone from the ilium have been quantified in thirteen patients with osteomalacia due to chronic renal failure.
2. There was an excess of osteoid tissue and a reduction in the extent of the calcification front in that osteoid lamella lying next to calcified bone.
3. Administration of calcium compounds orally produced an increase of punctate calcification within the osteoid, but there was no change in the extent of the calcification front.
4. Administration of vitamin D produced a marked rise in the extent of the calcification front but no increase of punctate calcification within the osteoid.
5. This rise in the extent of the calcification front was not dependent on a rise in plasma calcium × plasma phosphorus product.
6. It is concluded that vitamin D has a direct action on the bone in patients with the osteomalacia of chronic renal failure.
Variation in Glomerular Sialic Acid Content in Diabetes and as the Result of Ageing
Authors: De Bats A. , Gordon A. H. , Rhodes E. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. The glomerular sialic acid content of kidneys from diabetic subjects, aged subjects and healthy young individuals was determined.
2. Similar mean sialic acid contents were found in the glomeruli of elderly diabetic subjects, and in age- and sex-matched non-diabetic subjects.
3. Higher mean sialic acid content was found in glomeruli from healthy, young non-diabetic subjects.
4. These results, in conjunction with other reported work, indicate that low sialic acid content may result from both diabetic and age changes in the glomeruli.
Pyloric Reflux: A Modification of the Two-Component Hypothesis of Gastric Secretion
Authors: Hobsley M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Gastric juice was obtained during continuous maximal stimulation with histamine diphosphate, 0.13 μmol h−1 kg−1 (0.04 mg h−1 kg−1) intravenously, in thirty-four control subjects, twenty-eight patients with duodenal ulcer, and eighteen with gastric ulcer. After correction for pyloric losses, the average rate of outputs of water, and of H+, Na+, K+ and Cl− were determined.
2. The results were analysed in terms of the two-component theory of gastric secretion. The acid components in control subjects and duodenal ulcer patients were similar in composition, but that in gastric ulcer patients was by comparison hypotonic and less acid and contained more sodium ions.
3. Calculation of the volume and composition of the alkaline component gave reasonable results in the control and duodenal ulcer groups, but impossible results in the gastric ulcer group. The gastric juice of gastric ulcer patients could not be described in terms of classical two-component theory.
4. In all three groups, volume correlated quite well with Cl− output alone, less well with H+ output, poorly with K+ output, and not at all with Na+ output. However, when volume was expressed as a function of the outputs of Cl− and one other ion, K+ performed poorly, H+ well, and Na+ best of all.
5. Some features suggest that reflux of alkaline liquid from the duodenum is a better explanation of these results than back-diffusion of H+ in exchange for Na+ between the lumen and wall of the stomach.
6. If the refluxing liquid is assumed to be isotonic, its composition can be calculated. Hence, the volume of reflux in a sample of gastric juice can be deduced. Reflux appeared to be more important in the gastric ulcer patients than in the other two groups.
Effects of a Sustained Muscular Contraction on Human Intraocular Pressure
Authors: Marcus D. F. , Edelhauser H. F. , Maksud M. G. , Wiley R. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Normal subjects performed fatiguing static hand-grip contraction at tensions of 20% and 55% of their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by applanation tonometry before, during and after the isometric exercise. Forearm blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein in both the exercised and non-exercised arm before and 2 min post-exercise for measurement of plasma lactate, osmolality, Pv,o2, Pv,co2 and pH.
2. During hand grip the heart rate and blood pressure increased significantly, whereas the IOP remained unchanged from control in both the 20% and 55% MVC experiments.
3. In the recovery period heart rate and blood pressure returned to control values within 3 min and the IOP decreased significantly from control in both the 20% and 55% MVC experiments.
4. When an occlusion cuff was inflated on the exercising arm just before release of the 55% MVC grip, the decreased IOP could be delayed until the cuff was released.
5. Post-exercise blood samples showed elevated lactate concentrations and Pv,o2 and decreased pH in the exercised arm; however, the values remained unchanged in the non-exercised arm. The decreased IOP after exercise may be related to an increased blood lactate concentration.
Changes in the Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma Lipoproteins during Administration of Intralipid to a Patient with Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency
Authors: Thompson G. R. , Heath J. , Press M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The fatty acid composition of the cholesterol esters, triglycerides and lecithin components of the major plasma lipoprotein classes was determined before and after the intravenous infusion of a linoleate preparation into a patient with essential fatty acid deficiency.
2. Marked differences developed between the fatty acid composition of the cholesterol esters of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) on the one hand and of low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) on the other hand.
3. The data suggest that the infused linoleate was selectively incorporated into LDL and HDL cholesterol esters by the action of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, after prior incorporation into lipoprotein lecithin. In contrast, there was no rise in the linoleate content of VLDL cholesterol esters, which probably originated in either the liver or the small intestine.
4. These findings support the concept that plasma cholesterol esters are heterogeneous.
The Effect of Prolonged Ethanol Treatment on the Sodium-Plus-Potassium-Ion-Stimulated Adenosine Triphosphatase Content of Cultured Human and Mouse Cells
Authors: Lindsay R. 
Published: August 2015

1. HeLa cells from human cervix and L cells from mouse fibroblasts were cultured in the presence and absence of ethanol.
2. Ethanol produced an increase in the sodium-plus-potassium-ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-ATPase).
3. This effect was inhibited by cycloheximide.
4. Ethanol did not change the Na-ATPase content of mouse L cells.
Vitamin D Metabolism and Parathyroid Function in Man
Authors: Mawer E. Barbara , Backhouse Joan , Hill L. F. , Lumb G. A. , De Silva Priyadarshini , Taylor Carol M. , Stanbury S. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. The metabolism of an intravenous pulse dose of double-isotope-labelled cholecalciferol has been studied in control subjects with widely differing states of vitamin D nutrition and in patients with primary disorders of parathyroid function.
2. The formation of labelled 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3] and labelled 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [24,25-(OH)2D3] has been related to the prevailing concentrations in serum of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25-(OH)D3], immunoreactive parathyroid hormonel, calcium and orthophosphate (Pi).
3. In control subjects with relative vitamin D deficiency [serum 25-(OH)D3 <2.5 nmol/l (10 ng/ml)], serum labelled 1,25-(OH)2D3 was related inversely to the serum 25-(OH)D3 and serum calcium, and directly to serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone. No formation of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was detectable in vitamin D-replete individuals, who appeared to form labelled 24,25-(OH)2D3 preferentially.
4. No control subject produced significant amounts of both labelled 1,25-(OH)2D3 and labelled 24,25-(OH)2D3 simultaneously.
5. All subjects with primary hyperparathyroidism produced significant amounts of labelled 1,25-(OH)2D3 and labelled 24,25-(OH)2D3 simultaneously; the renal turnover of 25-(OH)D3 was apparently greater than in nutritionally matched controls. Serum labelled 1,25-(OH)2D3 in this disease was not correlated with serum 25-(OH)D3, immuno-reactive parathyroid hormone, calcium or Pi. Production of labelled 24,25-(OH)2D3 was inappropriately high for the prevailing nutritional state.
6. The indirectly estimated molar concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 showed only a fourfold variation in control subjects (45-180 pmol/l), compatible with its having a regulated hormonal function.
7. The data suggest that the production of 1,25-(OH)2D3 from a pulse dose of cholecalciferol is normally regulated, directly or indirectly, by the parathyroid hormone.
Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow in Dogs at Normal Body Temperature and at 27°C
Authors: Chapman B. J. , Withey W. R. , Munday K. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Dogs cooled to 27°C were compared with control dogs maintained at 38°C. The mean arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were lower in the hypothermic animals.
2. The relation between mean arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow was investigated. Autoregulation of renal blood flow occurred in the kidneys of normothermic and hypothermic animals. Thus the reduction in renal blood flow during hypothermia is not due simply to the fall in mean arterial blood pressure.
3. Similarities between recordings of renal blood flow obtained at 38°C and 27°C suggest that its autoregulation occurs by the same mechanism at the two temperatures.
4. Autoregulation of renal blood flow occurred in hypothermic kidneys in the presence of a cold-induced vasoconstriction. The observed responses to cold and to alterations in mean arterial blood pressure may take place in different areas of the renal vasculature.
Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blockade on the Renal Vascular Response to a Low Sodium Diet in the Rabbit
Authors: Warren D. J. , Ledingham J. G. G. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of propranolol on total and regional renal blood flow was measured in conscious rabbits after 6 days on normal or low sodium diets.
2. Propranolol inhibited the fall in total superficial cortical renal blood flow which occurred in response to the low sodium diet but did not influence renal blood flow in rabbits on a normal sodium diet.
3. Reduction and redistribution of renal blood flow in response to a low sodium diet appears to be mediated by a beta-receptor mechanism and may be a consequence of intrarenal release of renin.
Anti-Hypertensive Adrenergic-Blocking Agents: Effects on Sodium Balance, the Renin-Angiotensin System and Haemodynamics
Authors: Safar M. E. , Weiss Y. A. , Corvol P. L. , Menard J. E. , London G. M. , Milliez P. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. The changes in plasma volume, haemodynamic variables, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were studied in forty-one hypertensive patients after administration of adrenergic-blocking agents. Four drugs were used: alpha-methyldopa (fourteen patients), guanethidine (ten patients), clonidine (nine patients) and reserpine (eight patients). Drugs were administered orally during 7 days' hospitalization on a normal sodium diet (110 mmol/day).
2. The four drugs had similar effects: a significant decrease in blood pressure, a significant increase in plasma volume and no change in stroke volume.
3. With alpha-methyldopa and guanethidine, heart rate, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were unchanged.
4. With reserpine and clonidine, heart rate and plasma renin activity were significantly decreased, whereas plasma aldosterone did not change significantly.
5. This study suggests that the decrease in plasma renin activity was related to the lowering of the heart rate rather than to sodium retention and that adrenergic-blocking agents can impair the normal relationship between stroke index and plasma volume, between plasma volume and plasma renin activity, and between plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone.
Prazosin in the Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: Fernandes M. , Smith I. Sanford , Weder A. , Kim K. E. , Gould Anne B. , Busby Patricia , Swartz C. , Onesti G. 
Published: August 2015

1. Prazosin decreases blood pressure in normotensive, renal hypertensive and spontaneous hypertensive rats. The effect is greatest in the last-named.
2. In spontaneously hypertensive rats the decrease in pressure is associated with a decrease in heart rate.
3. In hypertensive patients prazosin decreases blood pressure by decreasing total peripheral resistance with minor effects on cardiac output.
4. Prazosin is effective in the long-term therapy of hypertensive patients, alone and in combination with a diuretic. The effect on blood pressure is the same in the supine and standing position.
Carotid Baroceptor Re-Setting in the Hypertensive Dog
Authors: Sleight P. , Robinson J. L. , Brooks D. E. , Rees P. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. The behaviour of forty-four single carotid baroreceptor fibres from nine dogs with normal blood pressure was contrasted with that of forty-seven single fibres from nine dogs with renal (nephrectomy-clip) hypertension.
2. It was found that in response to a square-wave pressure step, the mean steady-state threshold pressure was 99.23 mmHg for the normotensive dogs and 12913 mmHg for the hypertensive dogs.
3. The degree of re-setting appeared to correlate with the duration of the hypertension but was not seen until an animal had been hypertensive for more than 4 days.
4. In one animal, hypertensive for 7 weeks but whose blood pressure returned towards normal after removal of the clip, the receptor characteristics were normal.
5. No change in the gain of the receptor sensitivity was seen.
6. Light-microscopy and electron miscroscopy of the opposite (non-perfused) carotid sinus revealed no differences in the fibre morphology or density between the hypertensive and normotensive animals (a random sampling, four normal and six hypertensive).