bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Function Spaces and Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Taheri Ali 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis book presents a comprehensive treatment of aspects of classical and modern analysis relating to theory of ‘partial differential equations’ and the associated ‘function spaces’. It begins with a quick review of basic properties of harmonic functions and Poisson integrals and then moves into a detailed study of Hardy spaces. The classical Dirichlet problem is considered and a variety of methods for its resolution ranging from potential theoretic (Perron’s method of sub-harmonic functions and Wiener’s criterion, Green’s functions and Poisson integrals, the method of layered potentials or integral equations) to variational (Dirichlet principle) are presented. Parallel to this is the development of the necessary function spaces: Lorentz and Marcinkiewicz spaces, Sobolev spaces (integer as well as fractional order), Hardy spaces, the John-Nirenberg space BMO, Morrey and Campanato spaces, Besov spaces and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces. Harmonic analysis is deeply intertwined with the topics covered and the subjects of summability methods, Tauberian theorems, convolution algebras, Calderon-Zygmund theory of singular integrals and Littlewood-Paley theory that on the one hand connect to various PDE estimates (Calderon-Zygmund inequality, Strichartz estimates, Mihlin-Hormander multipliers, etc.) and on the other lead to a unified characterisation of various function spaces are discussed in great depth. The book ends by a discussion of regularity theory for second order elliptic equations in divergence form— first with continuous and next with measurable coefficients—and covers, in particular, De Giorgi’s theorem, Moser iteration, Harnack inequality and local boundedness of solutions. (The case of elliptic systems and related topics is discussed in the exercises.)
Sobolev Spaces Wk,p(Ω); A Resolution of the Dirichlet Principle
Authors: Taheri Ali 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis chapter introduces the Sobolev spaces of integer order on domains and discusses their embeddings and trace theorems. Here, the starting point is establishing various approximation results by smooth functions. Compact embeddings as well as Poincare and Sobolev type inequalities are also covered in detail.
Singular Integral Operators and Vector-Valued Inequalities
Authors: Taheri Ali 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn this chapter, the boundedness of the Hilbert transform on the line is established using both the real and the more classical complex methods. Riesz transforms and Calderon-Zygmund type operators are also discussed at length and then the method of rotations for homogenous singular integral operators with odd kernels is discussed before the vector-valued inequalities is further extended.
The Insubstantial and the Substantial Seculars
Authors: Lee Lois 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This chapter outlines the theoretical underpinnings of the notions of the secular as insubstantial and as substantial, as well as highlighting theoretical questions that preconceived notions of the secular have obscured. It draws out tensions between rival accounts of the secular as substantial and insubstantial that have rarely been articulated. It shows how problematic assumptions about the secular are rooted in established areas of theory—including secularization theory, rational choice theory, and postcolonial and critical accounts of the categories ‘religion’, ‘secular’, and ‘secularism’—but demonstrates also how these literatures provide resources for approaching secularity and non-religion in new research methodologies.
Out of the Shadows
Authors: Lee Lois 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores the challenging and contested idea of a secular body. It considers how distinguishing between non-religiosity, secularism, and secularity helps identify distinct forms of embodiment, variously manifest in modes of dress, physical habits, and attitudes. In a continued effort to recognize forms of non-religiosity that have not yet been given much attention (or even conceived of), this chapter highlights ways in which people infer non-religiosity through different types of absence—the notable absence of religious modes of dress or practice, the combination of religious representations from which non-religious meanings are emergent, the objectified sense of freedom from obstacle between people sharing non-religious norms—the real presence of which is only visible when these practices are disrupted in some way.
Beyond Unbelief
Authors: Lee Lois 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Having established the existence and array of visual, spatial, material, and embodied forms of non-religiosity, of the relationships and patterns of association informed by it, and of self-understandings and personal and political practices of self-classification and identification, this chapter focuses on belief. It demonstrates the existential threads that run through and appear to determine non-religious cultures in significant ways. It considers how existential positions are expressed in ideas and beliefs and are bound up with the material, social, and symbolic. The chapter shows how the philosophical gives form to these existential cultures, but also that these philosophical threads are experienced aesthetically and communally as well as intellectually. Demonstrating that existential cultures are refracted through religious and spiritual as well as non-religious cultures, this chapter argues that the study of existential cultures provides opportunities for developing new inclusive approaches to the study of religion.
Conclusion Reimagining the Secular
Authors: Lee Lois 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The Introduction suggests there are multiple ways of recognizing the non-religious in society and rethinking our idea of secularity in light of this. This concluding chapter revisits the notion of the secular, showing how recognizing non-religion as autonomous from it draws attention to implicit but long-standing questions about how the two relate. Shifts in thinking about non-religion and secularity have immediate implications—empirical, methodological, theoretical, and political, and this chapter also considers the central ones of these. It is also full of questions, because recognizing the non-religious and reformulating the idea of secularity points to multiple configurations of the religious, spiritual, non-religious, areligious, secular, and secularist—and about which there will be very much more to say.
Can camera trapping provide accurate estimates of small mammal ( Myodes rutilus and Peromyscus maniculatus ) density in the boreal forest?
Authors: Villette Petra , Krebs Charles J. , Jung Thomas S. , Boonstra Rudy 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEstimating population densities of small mammals (&lt; 100g) has typically been carried out by intensive livetrapping, but this technique may be stressful to animals and the effort required is considerable. Here, we used camera traps to detect small mammal presence and assessed if this provided a feasible alternative to livetrapping for density estimation. During 2010–2012, we used camera trapping in conjunction with mark–recapture livetrapping to estimate the density of northern red-backed voles ( Myodes rutilus ) and deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) in the boreal forest of Yukon, Canada. Densities for these 2 species ranged from 0.29 to 9.21 animals/ha and 0 to 5.90 animals/ha, respectively, over the course of this investigation. We determined if hit window—the length of time used to group consecutive videos together as single detections or “hits”—has an effect on the correlation between hit rate and population density. The relationship between hit rate and density was sensitive to hit window duration for Myodes with R2 values ranging from 0.45 to 0.59, with a 90-min hit window generating the highest value. This relationship was not sensitive to hit window duration for Peromyscus , with R2 values for the tested hit windows ranging from 0.81 to 0.84. Our results indicate that camera trapping may be a robust method for estimating density of small rodents in the boreal forest when the appropriate hit window duration is selected and that camera traps may be a useful tool for the study of small mammals in boreal forest habitat.
Preliminary Evidence of an Association Between ADHD Medications and Diminished Bone Health in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Howard Jeffrey T. , Walick Kristina S. , Rivera Jessica C. 
Published: September 2015

Background:
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 3.5 million children use psychotropic drugs for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). With an increase in use of these types of drugs, thorough understanding of their potential side effects on the growing skeleton is needed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between use of ADHD medication and diminished bone health.

Methods:
Three waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey public-use data set, collected from 2005 through 2010, were compiled for this study (N=5315). Bone health was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans, which were performed for participants aged 8 to 17 years to determine bone mineral density (BMD) for 3 regions: (1) total femur; (2) femoral neck; and (3) lumbar. Use of ADHD medications was determined by self-reported responses to questions regarding prescription drug use, which were answered by either the respondent or the respondent’s parent or guardian. Multiple statistical techniques were used to produce estimates of association between ADHD medication use and z score age and sex standardized BMD measures, including survey adjusted univariate, survey adjusted multiple linear regression, and generalized estimating equations with a propensity-matched subsample (N=1967). Multivariate models adjusted for covariates including time period, age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income to poverty ratio, and total number of prescription medications.

Results:
Conservative estimates of the difference in standardized BMD measures between the ADHD medication group and the nonmedicated group range from −0.4855 (±0.27; P<0.001) for total femoral, −0.4671 (±0.27; P<0.001) for femoral neck, and −0.3947 (±0.29; P<0.01) for lumbar. Significantly more children on ADHD medications versus match subjects on no medication had BMDs with in osteopenic range (38.3% vs. 21.6%, P<0.01).

Discussion:
The findings suggest that there are real and nontrivial differences in BMD for children and adolescents taking ADHD medications, as compared with similar children not taking any prescription medications. Prescribing physicians and parents should be aware of potential bone health risks associated with these medications.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—case-control study.
Medial prefrontal cortex population activity is plastic irrespective of learning
Authors: Singh Abhinav , Peyrache Adrien , Humphries Mark D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe prefrontal cortex is thought to learn the relationships between actions and their outcomes. But little is known about what changes to population activity in prefrontal cortex are specific to learning these relationships. Here we characterise the plasticity of population activity in the medial prefrontal cortex of male rats learning rules on a Y-maze. First, we show that the population always changes its patterns of joint activity between the periods of sleep either side of a training session on the maze, irrespective of successful rule learning during training. Next, by comparing the structure of population activity in sleep and training, we show that this population plasticity differs between learning and non-learning sessions. In learning sessions, the changes in population activity in posttraining sleep incorporate the changes to the population activity during training on the maze. In non-learning sessions, the changes in sleep and training are unrelated. Finally, we show evidence that the non-learning and learning forms of population plasticity are driven by different neuron-level changes, with the non-learning form entirely accounted for by independent changes to the excitability of individual neurons, and the learning form also including changes to firing rate couplings between neurons. Collectively, our results suggest two different forms of population plasticity in prefrontal cortex during the learning of action-outcome relationships, one a persistent change in population activity structure decoupled from overt rule-learning, the other a directional change driven by feedback during behaviour.Significance statementThe prefrontal cortex is thought to represent our knowledge about what action is worth doing in which context. But we do not know how the activity of neurons in prefrontal cortex collectively changes when learning which actions are relevant. Here we show in a trial-and-error task that population activity in prefrontal cortex is persistently changing, irrespective of learning. Only during episodes of clear learning of relevant actions are the accompanying changes to population activity carried forward into sleep, suggesting a long-lasting form of neural plasticity. Our results suggest that representations of relevant actions in prefrontal cortex are acquired by reward imposing a direction onto ongoing population plasticity.
Spatially-constrained growth enhances conversional meltdown
Authors: Lavrentovich Maxim O. , Wahl Mary E. , Nelson David R. , Murray Andrew W. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCells that mutate or commit to a specialized function (differentiate) often undergo conversions that are effectively irreversible. Slowed growth of converted cells can act as a form of selection, balancing unidirectional conversion to maintain both cell types at a steady-state ratio. However, when one-way conversion is insuffciently counterbalanced by selection, the original cell type will ultimately be lost, often with negative impacts on the population’s overall ftness. The critical balance between selection and conversion needed for preservation of unconverted cells and the steady-state ratio between cell types depends on the spatial circumstances under which cells proliferate. We present experimental data on a yeast strain engineered to undergo irreversible conversion: this synthetic system permits cell type-specifc fuorescent labeling and exogenous variation of the relative growth and conversion rates. We fnd that populations confned to grow on a fat agar surface are more susceptible than their well-mixed counterparts to ftness loss via a conversion-induced “meltdown.” We then present analytical predictions for growth in several biologically-relevant geometries – well-mixed liquid media, radially-expanding two-dimensional colonies, and linear fronts in two dimensions – by employing analogies to the directed percolation transition from non-equilibrium statistical physics. These simplifed theories are consistent with the experimental results.
Aligning corporate real estate with the corporate strategies of higher education institutions
Authors: Beckers Ronald , van der Voordt Theo , Dewulf Geert 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore how corporate real estate (CRE) managers of higher education institutions formulate their CRE strategies and CRE operating decisions to align CRE with the corporate strategies of these institutions.Design/methodology/approach– An analytical alignment framework has been developed, which was used to study the possible and actual connections between CRE management and corporate management at 13 large Dutch Universities of Applied Sciences. The data collection included a content analysis of the strategic plans of these universities and interviews with the CRE managers.Findings– The research findings show several layers of how CRE managers aim to align CRE with corporate goals to add value to the organization. It appears that the CRE strategies in-use are more clearly aligned with the corporate strategies than with the espoused CRE strategies.Practical implications– The paper emphasizes the relevance of involving CRE management in corporate decision-making to contribute to the attainment of the organizational objectives with an efficient and effective accommodation.Originality/value– Substantial changes in learning and teaching practices in higher education lead to evolving corporate strategies, which result in the need for aligned CRE strategies and CRE operating decisions. This paper makes practitioners and researchers aware of the differences between alignment-based espoused CRE strategies and alignment that results from CRE strategies in-use in the field of higher education. The findings and insights might be applicable in other sectors as well.
Facilities management outsourcing relationships in the higher education institutes
Authors: Lok Ka Leung , Baldry David 
Published: September 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to test the nine corollaries concerning the determinants of outsourcing relationship dimensions, strategic manoeuvres, clients’ and service providers’ evaluation regarding outsourcing category and outsourcing relationship types.The paper has the purpose of reviewing the concept of outsourcing in relation to FM, dealing with service providers’ performance and its effect on clients before providing a comprehensive discussion of outsourcing.Design/methodology/approach– A conceptual approach is adopted, suggesting that a study of outsourcing relationship between clients and service providers from these theoretical perspectives is used to develop corollaries about the relationships between the strategic manoeuvres identified and the different dimensions of outsourcing relationship. The corollaries are examined using non-parametric tests.Findings– The model of the facilities management (FM) outsourcing relationships presented in the paper shows performance of outsourcing services through evaluation of outsourcing categories on current and future FM contracts of clients and service providers. As a template of outsourcing relationships, the model is the context for predicting the important outsourcing categories to the future four FM outsourcing contracts, such as building maintenance, security, cleaning and catering. On prediction of those FM contracts, there is an inclination to the types of in-house and technical expertise on category of FM outsourcing relationship types from clients, whilst there is an equal inclination to the type of in-house outsourcing category from service providers.Originality/value– Management on outsourcing relationships between clients and service providers is now essential for effective outsourcing in FM. This paper provides an intriguing insight into how the effect of outsourcing relationships can be strategically implemented into the performance of service providers.
Administration and gender in Eretz Israel
Authors: Shehory-Rubin Zipora 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse the significance of the incidence of female principals in the urban sector of Eretz Israel, against the background of growing Jewish society, through the prism of which we can view the development of modern Hebrew education during the waning Ottoman rule.

Design/methodology/approach
– In addition to the archival material, contemporary newspapers provided an important source, as did memoirs of prominent people that, to some extent, filled in the “gaps”, more on the running of the schools and less on the activities of the four principals.

Findings
– A survey of the archival material reveals that the four women share biographical elements, their talents, personalities and education obtained abroad, style of school leadership and organization, not to mention their moral contribution to the education of girls in Eretz Israel.

Practical implications
– One may point to other fields in which women began to play a more prominent role, based on European training and experience. For instance, in medicine and a modern approach to midwifery, From 1900, modern trained female doctors, nurses and midwives began to be employed in hospitals and private practices around the country, helping to radically reduce childbirth fatalities and allowing women to consult a woman practitioner where before they had been unwilling to expose themselves to men. Although a direct link between the earlier presence of female educational administrators and the entry of women doctors may be difficult to establish, the atmosphere had certainly begun to change.

Social implications
– From that period on, during the British Mandate, and after the creation of the State of Israel, immense changes have been instituted. One can view the seeds of these changes as, at least in part, having been planted by the pioneering work of our four women. There were far reaching developments in the conception of female management from the time of the Ottoman rule through the period of the British Mandate.

Originality/value
– This research shines a light on a forgotten world and pursues a phenomenon not yet revealed in Zionist historiography − the running of girls’ schools by women in the Jewish community, under the dying Ottoman regime. The study allows us a deeper insight into the historical educational processes that fashioned the profession of head teachers, via pioneering female principals. Female administration in a patriarchal society, with a hegemonic male orientation that placed man at the centre and woman as secondary, faced these problems, obstacles and opposition. Women who were appointed to run schools had to justify their position by imitating the “masculine” style of management and to carry out their work − both pedagogical and administrative − without organizational, social or emotional support. They suffered opposition, internal (their male teaching staff) and external (from patrons and the religious community) and the need to respond to their criticism.
Nietzsche, Social Darwinism and the Chair of Music at Melbourne University
Authors: Rich Joe 
Published: September 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to challenge Matthew Lorenzon’s contention that the late 1890s outcry demanding Melbourne University music professor G.W.L. Marshall-Hall’s removal from office was precipitated by his praise of war in an 1898 public address. It also disputes Lorenzon’s view that the belligerent, anti-philanthropic content of the address was inspired by Alexander Tille’s Social Darwinist introduction to four works of Friedrich Nietzsche which, Lorenzon says, Marshall-Hall had misread.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper analyses the speech and responses to it, comparing its content with that of the book and taking into account Marshall-Hall’s annotations and other relevant remarks. It also considers the broader situational context in which the speech was delivered with a view to identifying additional influences.

Findings
– Despite superficial resemblances, Tille’s concern is with the physiological capabilities that determine the outcome of a universal struggle for physical survival, other qualities being important insofar as they contribute to such physiological power, whereas Marshall-Hall, driven by situational circumstances, focuses on contests for occupational pre-eminence in which physiology plays little part. While both men denigrate altruism they mean quite different things by it. Moreover, the speech had little to do with the ensuing furore, which stemmed primarily from offence caused by Marshall-Hall’s book of verse, Hymns Ancient and Modern. There is no reason to believe that he had misread Nietzsche.

Originality/value
– The paper contributes to Marshall-Hall scholarship by arguing that the controversy was driven by purely local circumstances, not international debates about evolution.