bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salicylic acid: an old hormone up to new tricks
Authors: Boatwright Jon Lucas , Pajerowska‐Mukhtar Karolina 
Published: April 2013

SummarySalicylic acid (SA) acts as a signalling molecule in plant defence against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic phytopathogens. The biosynthesis of SA on pathogen detection is essential for local and systemic acquired resistance, as well as the accumulation of pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins. SA biosynthesis can occur via several different substrates, but is predominantly accomplished by isochorismate synthase (ICS1) following pathogen recognition. The roles of BTB domain‐containing proteins, NPR1, NPR3 and NPR4, in SA binding and signal transduction have been re‐examined recently and are elaborated upon in this review. The pathogen‐mediated manipulation of SA‐dependent defences, as well as the crosstalk between the SA signalling pathway, other plant hormones and defence signals, is also discussed in consideration of recent research. Furthermore, the recent links established between SA, pathogen‐triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response are highlighted.
Which national group will I identify myself with? The role of preferred and perceived identity representations
Authors: Duriez Bart , Reijerse Arjan , Luyckx Koen , Vanbeselaere Norbert , Meeus Joke 
Published: April 2013

AbstractResearch shows that the more people identify with a national in‐group, the more their citizenship representation becomes in line with the citizenship discourse attached to this national‐identity. However, although national identification may lead to a preference for a specific citizenship representation, national identification might itself depend on preexisting citizenship representation preferences. In line with this, a longitudinal study among Flemish‐Belgian high‐school students (N = 275) showed reciprocal relations between national identification and citizenship representation. A second study among Flemish‐Belgian high‐school students (N = 407) then showed that strength of national identification does not simply depend on preexisting citizenship representation preferences but on the (mis)match between such preferences and the citizenship representation perceived to be attached to a national‐identity. In addition, results showed that the relation between national identification and out‐group attitudes depends on the national‐identity under consideration.
Concurrent overactivation of the cytosolic glutamine synthetase and the GABA shunt in the ABA‐deficient sitiens mutant of tomato leads to resistance against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Seifi Hamed Soren , Curvers Katrien , De Vleesschauwer David , Delaere Ilse , Aziz Aziz , Höfte Monica 
Published: April 2013

Summary

Deficiency of abscisic acid (ABA) in the sitiens mutant of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) culminates in increased resistance to Botrytis cinerea through a rapid epidermal hypersensitive response (HR) and associated phenylpropanoid pathway‐derived cell wall fortifications. This study focused on understanding the role of primary carbon : nitrogen (C : N) metabolism in the resistance response of sitiens to B. cinerea. How alterations in C : N metabolism are linked with the HR‐mediated epidermal arrest of the pathogen has been also investigated.

Temporal alterations in the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) cycle and phenylpropanoid pathway were transcriptionally, enzymatically and metabolically monitored in both wild‐type and sitiens plants. Virus‐induced gene silencing, microscopic analyses and pharmacological assays were used to further confirm the data.

Our results on the sitiens–B. cinerea interaction favor a model in which cell viability in the cells surrounding the invaded tissue is maintained by a constant replenishment of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle through overactivation of the GS/GOGAT cycle and the GABA shunt, resulting in resistance through both tightly controlling the defense‐associated HR and slowing down the pathogen‐induced senescence.

Collectively, this study shows that maintaining cell viability via alterations in host C : N metabolism plays a vital role in the resistance response against necrotrophic pathogens.
Identification of a novel microRNA (miRNA) from rice that targets an alternatively spliced transcript of the Nramp6 (Natural resistance‐associated macrophage protein 6) gene involved in pathogen resistance
Authors: Campo Sonia , Peris‐Peris Cristina , Siré Christelle , Moreno Ana Beatriz , Donaire Livia , Zytnicki Matthias , Notredame Cedric , Llave César , San Segundo Blanca 
Published: April 2013

Summary

Plants have evolved efficient defence mechanisms to defend themselves from pathogen attack. Although many studies have focused on the transcriptional regulation of defence responses, less is known about the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) as post‐transcriptional regulators of gene expression in plant immunity. This work investigates miRNAs that are regulated by elicitors from the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in rice (Oryza sativa).

Small RNA libraries were constructed from rice tissues and subjected to high‐throughput sequencing for the identification of elicitor‐responsive miRNAs. Target gene expression was examined by microarray analysis. Transgenic lines were used for the analysis of miRNA functioning in disease resistance.

Elicitor treatment is accompanied by dynamic alterations in the expression of a significant number of miRNAs, including new members of annotated miRNAs. Novel miRNAs from rice are proposed. We report a new rice miRNA, osa‐miR7695, which negatively regulates an alternatively spliced transcript of OsNramp6 (Natural resistance‐associated macrophage protein 6). This novel miRNA experienced natural and domestication selection events during evolution, and its overexpression in rice confers pathogen resistance.

This study highlights an miRNA‐mediated regulation of OsNramp6 in disease resistance, whilst illustrating the existence of a novel regulatory network that integrates miRNA function and mRNA processing in plant immunity.
Promotion of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I during the evolution of NADP–malic enzyme‐type C4 photosynthesis in the genus Flaveria
Authors: Nakamura Naoya , Iwano Megumi , Havaux Michel , Yokota Akiho , Munekage Yuri Nakajima 
Published: April 2013

Summary

C4 plants display higher cyclic electron transport activity than C3 plants. This activity is suggested to be important for the production of ATPs required for C4 metabolism.

To understand the process by which photosystem I (PSI) cyclic electron transport was promoted during C4 evolution, we conducted comparative analyses of the functionality of PSI cyclic electron transport among members of the genus Flaveria, which contains several C3, C3–C4 intermediate, C4‐like and C4 species.

The abundance of NDH‐H, a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase‐like complex, increased markedly in bundle sheath cells with the activity of the C4 cycle. By contrast, PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5) and PGR5‐LIKE1 increased in both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in C4‐like Flaveria palmeri and C4 species. Grana stacks were drastically reduced in bundle sheath chloroplasts of C4‐like F. palmeri and C4 species; these species showed a marked increase in PSI cyclic electron transport activity.

These results suggest that both the expression of proteins involved in PSI cyclic electron transport and changes in thylakoid structure contribute to the high activity of cyclic electron flow in NADP–malic enzyme‐type C4 photosynthesis. We propose that these changes were important for the establishment of C4 photosynthesis from C3–C4 intermediate photosynthesis in Flaveria.
Host‐specific salivary elicitor(s) of European corn borer induce defenses in tomato and maize
Authors: Louis Joe , Peiffer Michelle , Ray Swayamjit , Luthe Dawn S. , Felton Gary W. 
Published: April 2013

Summary

Plants turn on induced defenses upon insect herbivory. In the current study, we evaluated the role of European corn borer (ECB) elicitors (molecules secreted by herbivores) that either induce/suppress defenses in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Zea mays (maize), two very important crop plants that are grown for food and/or fuel throughout the world.

We used a combination of molecular, biochemical, confocal and scanning electron microscopy, caterpillar spinneret ablation/cauterization, and conventional insect bioassay methods to determine the role of ECB elicitors in modulating defenses in both tomato and maize crop plants.

Our results clearly demonstrate that the components present in the ECB saliva induce defense‐related proteinase inhibitors in both tomato (PIN2) and maize (MPI). Presence of glucose oxidase in the ECB saliva induced defenses in tomato, but not in maize. However, ECB saliva induced genes present in the jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway in both tomato and maize.

Although ECB saliva can induce defenses in both tomato and maize, our results suggest that host‐specific salivary components are responsible for inducing host plant defenses. Proteomic analysis of ECB salivary elicitors and plant receptors/signaling mechanisms involved in recognizing different ECB elicitors remains to be determined.
Extremal Dependence in International Output Growth: Tales from the Tails
Authors: de Carvalho Miguel , Rua António 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article explores the comovement of the economic activity of several OECD countries during periods of large negative and positive growth. Extremal dependence measures are here applied to assess the degree of cross‐country tail dependence of output growth rates. Our main empirical findings are: (i) cross‐country tail dependence is much stronger during periods of large negative growth, than during the ones of large positive growth; (ii) cross‐country growth is asymptotically independent; (iii) cross‐country tail dependence is considerably stronger than the one arising from a Gaussian dependence model. In addition, our results suggest that, among the typical determinants for explaining international output growth synchronization, only economic specialization similarity seems to play a role during such extreme periods.
Timing and Route of Amiodarone for Prevention of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation after Cardiac Surgery: A Network Regression Meta‐analysis
Authors: CHATTERJEE SAURAV , SARDAR PARTHA , MUKHERJEE DEBABRATA , LICHSTEIN EDGAR , AIKAT SHAMIK 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundWe attempted to evaluate if an oral‐only regimen was as effective in preventing postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiac surgery, in comparison to a regimen that included intravenous (IV) administration using a network meta‐analysis of available data, and also attempted to assess if preoperative administration at least 1 day before surgery was superior to postoperative prophylaxis (at least 1 day after surgery).MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials’ databases for randomized controlled trials conducted between 1990 and 2011 that assessed rates of POAF with amiodarone. Finally an interaction odds ratio was computed to assess the efficacy of an oral‐only regimen of amiodarone compared to one including IV administration and to evaluate if preoperative amiodarone was superior to postoperative prophylaxis.ResultsTwenty‐three studies (total N = 3,950) were included. Both regimens of amiodarone improved risk of POAF; oral‐only risk ratio (RR) was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49–0.70; P < 0.01) and regimen including IV RR was 0.57 (95% CI 0.43–0.75, P < 0.01). The interaction odds ratio was 1.17 (95% CI 0.72–1.89, P = 0.533). Both preoperative amiodarone (P < 0.01) and postoperative prophylaxis were effective (P = 0.0009), irrespective of duration.ConclusionsThis systematic review suggests a regimen of both oral‐only and one including IV administration, as well pre‐ and postoperative administration of amiodarone is effective in prevention of POAF after cardiac surgery.
GIANT EMBRYO encodes CYP78A13, required for proper size balance between embryo and endosperm in rice
Authors: Nagasawa Nobuhiro , Hibara Ken‐Ichiro , Heppard Elmer P. , Vander Velden Kent A. , Luck Stanley , Beatty Mary , Nagato Yasuo , Sakai Hajime 
Published: April 2013

SummaryAmong angiosperms there is a high degree of variation in embryo/endosperm size in mature seeds. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying size control between these neighboring tissues. Here we report the rice GIANT EMBRYO (GE) gene that is essential for controlling the size balance. The function of GE in each tissue is distinct, controlling cell size in the embryo and cell death in the endosperm. GE, which encodes CYP78A13, is predominantly expressed in the interfacing tissues of the both embryo and endosperm. GE expression is under negative feedback regulation; endogenous GE expression is upregulated in ge mutants. In contrast to the loss‐of‐function mutant with large embryo and small endosperm, GE overexpression causes a small embryo and enlarged endosperm. A complementation analysis coupled with heterofertilization showed that complementation of ge mutation in either embryo or endosperm failed to restore the wild‐type embryo/endosperm ratio. Thus, embryo and endosperm interact in determining embryo/endosperm size balance. Among genes associated with embryo/endosperm size, REDUCED EMBRYO genes, whose loss‐of‐function causes a phenotype opposite to ge, are revealed to regulate endosperm size upstream of GE. To fully understand the embryo–endosperm size control, the genetic network of the related genes should be elucidated.
A case of well‐differentiated palpebral liposarcoma in a Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Quinton Jean‐François , Ollivier Franck , Dally Claire 
Published: April 2013

AbstractLiposarcomas are rare malignant tumors of the adipose tissue which are well described in humans and animals. Wide margin excision is the recommended treatment for these infiltrative, slow to metastasize tumors. Primary liposarcoma with ocular localization is a very rare tumor in humans, dogs and cats. This report describes, for the first time, a palpebral liposarcoma in a 18‐month old guinea pig that presented with a large palpebral mass and purulent discharge in the right eye. The ophthalmic evaluation revealed a one‐centimeter infiltrating subcutaneous mass within the upper eyelid, a severe chemosis and hyperhemia of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva of the right eye. Cytologic examination of the mass revealed only epithelial cells. Histologic examination interpreted the lesion as a xanthogranulomatous reaction possibly secondary to meibomian gland rupture or inflammation. One month later, the mass had increased in size and the animal had stopped eating. Euthanasia was perfomed and a large biopsy was submitted for another histological examination. Histopathology revealed polygonal to rounded cells with a large, empty intracytoplasmic vacuole, and an ovoid, eccentrically located nucleus. The histology was consistent with a well‐differentiated liposarcoma. Given the unusual location, immunohistochemistry was performed to ascertain the mesenchymal nature of the neoplasm.
Siah2‐deficient mice show impaired skin wound repair
Authors: Musyoka James N. , Liu Mira C.P. , Pouniotis Dodie S. , Wong Christina S.F. , Bowtell David D. , Little Peter J. , Getachew Robel , Möller Andreas , Darby Ian A. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHypoxia is associated with the dermal wound healing process and hypoxia signaling is presumed to be crucial for normal wound repair. The Siah2 ubiquitin ligase controls the abundance of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha, and loss of Siah2 results in destabilization of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha under hypoxia. Utilizing Siah2−/− mice we demonstrate that cutaneous wound healing is impaired in these mice. Wounds in Siah2−/− mice heal slower and are associated with delayed induction of myofibroblast infiltration and reduced collagen deposition. This coincides with delayed angiogenesis and reduced macrophage infiltration into the wounds of Siah2−/− mice. We furthermore demonstrate that primary Siah2−/− dermal fibroblasts have reduced migratory capacities and produce less collagen than wild‐type fibroblasts. Additionally, Siah2−/− fibroblasts showed conserved responses to transforming growth factor‐β at the receptor level (pSmad 2C activation) but reduced responses downstream. Together, our data show, for the first time, that Siah2 is involved as a positive regulator in the wound healing response. Understanding the role of hypoxia signaling in tissue repair and fibrosis and interference with the hypoxia signaling pathway via regulation of Siah2 may provide new targets for clinical regulation of fibrosis and scarring.
Deep dermal fibroblast profibrotic characteristics are enhanced by bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Ding Jie , Ma Zengshuan , Shankowsky Heather A. , Medina Abelardo , Tredget Edward E. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHypertrophic scars are a significant fibroproliferative disorder complicating deep injuries to the skin. We hypothesize that activated deep dermal fibroblasts are subject to regulation by bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs), which leads to the development of excessive fibrosis following deep dermal injury. We found that the expression of fibrotic factors was higher in deep burn wounds compared with superficial burn wounds collected from burn patients with varying depth of skin injury. We characterized deep and superficial dermal fibroblasts, which were cultured from the deep and superficial dermal layers of normal uninjured skin obtained from abdominoplasty patients, and examined the paracrine effects of BM‐MSCs on the fibrotic activities of the cells. In vitro, deep dermal fibroblasts were found higher in the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of type 1 collagen, alpha smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor beta, stromal cell–derived factor 1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, an inhibitor of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 1). As well, deep dermal fibroblasts had low matrix metalloproteinase 1 mRNA, produced more collagen, and contracted collagen lattices significantly greater than superficial fibroblasts. By co‐culturing layered fibroblasts with BM‐MSCs in a transwell insert system, BM‐MSCs enhanced the fibrotic behavior of deep dermal fibroblasts, which suggests a possible involvement of BM‐MSCs in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic scarring.
Diabetes impairs adipose tissue–derived stem cell function and efficiency in promoting wound healing
Authors: Cianfarani Francesca , Toietta Gabriele , Di Rocco Giuliana , Cesareo Eleonora , Zambruno Giovanna , Odorisio Teresa 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAdipose tissue–derived stem cells (ASCs) are gaining increasing consideration in tissue repair therapeutic application. Recent evidence indicates that ASCs enhance skin repair in animal models of impaired wound healing. To assess the therapeutic activity of autologous vs. allogeneic ASCs in the treatment of diabetic ulcers, we functionally characterized diabetic ASCs and investigated their potential to promote wound healing with respect to nondiabetic ones. Adipose tissue–derived cells from streptozotocin‐induced type 1 diabetic mice were analyzed either freshly isolated as stromal vascular fraction (SVF), or following a single passage of culture (ASCs). Diabetic ASCs showed decreased proliferative potential and migration. Expression of surface markers was altered in diabetic SVF and cultured ASCs, with a reduction in stem cell marker‐positive cells. ASCs from diabetic mice released lower amounts of hepatocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A, and insulin‐like growth factor‐1, growth factors playing important roles in skin repair. Accordingly, the supernatant of diabetic ASCs manifested reduced capability to promote keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation and migration. Therapeutic potential of diabetic SVF administered to wounds of diabetic mice was blunted as compared with cells isolated from nondiabetic mice. Our data indicate that diabetes alters ASC intrinsic properties and impairs their function, thus affecting therapeutic potential in the autologous treatment for diabetic ulcers.
How mechanical deformations contribute to the effectiveness of negative‐pressure wound therapy
Authors: Daigle Patrick , Despatis Marc‐Antoine , Grenier Guillaume 
Published: April 2013

AbstractNegative‐pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has significantly improved healing rates and patient comfort since its inception. However, a considerable number of questions have been raised regarding its mechanisms of action. Many health care workers and researchers have attempted to clarify the role of NPWT in wound healing. The purpose of this perspective article is to assemble some of the concepts that have been put forward in order to propose an integrated view of the mechanisms involved in NPWT. Particular emphasis will be placed on mechanically induced tissue deformations and their involvement in some of the key processes of wound healing, including nutrient and oxygen transport, blood vessel formation, and cellular proliferation and differentiation, mainly of myofibroblasts.
Articulating and Stationary PARSIVEL Disdrometer Measurements in Conditions with Strong Winds and Heavy Rainfall
Authors: Friedrich Katja , Higgins Stephanie , Masters Forrest J. , Lopez Carlos R. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
The influence of strong winds on the quality of optical Particle Size Velocity (PARSIVEL) disdrometer measurements is examined with data from Hurricane Ike in 2008 and from convective thunderstorms observed during the second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) in 2010. This study investigates an artifact in particle size distribution (PSD) measurements that has been observed independently by six stationary PARSIVEL disdrometers. The artifact is characterized by a large number concentration of raindrops with large diameters (&gt;5 mm) and unrealistic fall velocities (&lt;1 m s−1). It is correlated with high wind speeds and is consistently observed by stationary disdrometers but is not observed by articulating disdrometers (instruments whose sampling area is rotated into the wind). The effects of strong winds are further examined with a tilting experiment, in which drops are dripped through the PARSIVEL sampling area while the instrument is tilted at various angles, suggesting that the artifact is caused by particles moving at an angle through the sampling area. Most of the time, this effect occurs when wind speed exceeds 20 m s−1, although it was also observed when wind speed was as low as 10 m s−1. An alternative quality control is tested in which raindrops are removed when their diameters exceed 8 mm and they divert from the fall velocity–diameter relationship. While the quality control does provide more realistic reflectivity values for the stationary disdrometers in strong winds, the number concentration is reduced compared to the observations with an articulating disdrometer.
This Is Another Place
Authors: Smith Jennyanne 
Published: April 2013

This Is Another Place is an autoethnographic narrative written while I was a live-in caregiver for my Nan who was 96 years old and suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease. During this time I was also writing my literature review on autoethnography and reflexive research as part of the initial stages of my Masters by Research. The narrative focuses on the juxtaposition of my life as a student of art and my life as a granddaughter who was dealing with the loss of her grandmother. It is also a glimpse into the associated depressions, experiences of guilt, and joys brought about by caring for a loved one toward the end of life. It is a narrative that I hope may provide a possible back story to some of the surly students we may come across as educators of real people and focuses on the space and time that alternative learning environments can give to us mere mortals when we may need somewhere to breathe.