bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and application of polyacrylate nanocapsules loaded with lilial
Authors: Jing Hu , Weijun Deng , Liqin Liu , Zuobing Xiao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPolyacrylate nanocapsules loaded with lilial (PNLs) were prepared via miniemulsion polymerization. Then, the PNLs were applied directly to leather. The influence of the contents of the surfactant and lilial and the stirring speed on the mean size and fragrance loading capacity of the PNLs was investigated in detail. The microstructure of the PNLs was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron nicroscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The sustained release properties of the leather finished by PNLs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC‐FID). DLS showed that the mean size of the PNLs was 67.78 nm, and the polydispersity index was 0.076. TEM illustrated that the size of the spherical PNL varied in the range 30–80 nm. FTIR spectroscopy showed that lilial was encapsulated into the polyacrylate nanocapsules. TGA illustrated that the fragrance loading ratio of the nanocapsules reached 36.83%. SEM and GC‐FID indicated that the leather finished by the PNLs had better flexing endurance than that finished by lilial emulsion. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40182.
Butyl chloride as promoter in ethylene polymerization by magnesium ethoxide‐supported catalyst
Authors: Abedi Sadegh , Azadi Farhad , Daftari‐Besheli Majid , Majdabadi‐Farahani Noushin , Safinejad Ali 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe effects of butyl chloride as a promoter in the ethylene polymerization were studied using a Mg(OEt)2/TiCl4/triethyl aluminum (TEA) Ziegler–Natta catalyst system, where Mg(OEt)2, TiCl4, TEA were used as support, catalyst, and activator, respectively. The influence of BC on the catalyst performance, polymerization rate, and polymer properties were investigated. This study strongly indicates that BC could act as a promoter with high performance in the ethylene polymerization. There was a remarkable increase in the catalyst yield and polymerization rate, in particularly, in the presence of hydrogen which was used for controlling the molecular weight. A reduction in the polymer molecular weight was observed in the presence of BC and hydrogen. The morphology of the polymers was evaluated through scanning electron microscopy and particle size distribution. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 40189.
Synthesis of novel polyaniline/MgO composite for enhanced adsorption of reactive dye
Authors: Pandiselvi K. , Manikumar A. , Thambidurai S. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn this investigation, the porous structure of polyaniline/MgO (PANI/MgO) composites has been successfully synthesized by in‐situ oxidative polymerization method. The as‐prepared materials were characterized by Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The obtained composites, for the first time, are used as an adsorbent for the removal of the sulfonated anionic dye reactive orange 16 (RO) from aqueous solution. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms of RO on the PANI/MgO composites were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models, suggesting that the Langmuir model provides the better correlation of the experimental data and maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 558.4 mg g−1. In addition, adsorption kinetics was followed by both pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order, but the latter model matches the results much better than the former one. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40210.
The preparation and properties study of methoxy functionalized silicone‐modified epoxy resins
Authors: Ren Qinyu , Zou Huawei , Liang Mei 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn this work, a series of siloxane epoxy resins (E3074) were synthesized through reaction of poly(methylphenylsiloxane) (DC‐3074) with epoxy resin. The chemical structure of the resultant epoxy resin was determined by FTIR, GPC, and epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) tests. The mechanical measurements indicated that the tensile strength of E3074 was lower than that of neat epoxy resin after modification, while their elongations at break improved markedly when compared with that of epoxy resin. SEM revealed that the particle size of silicone had a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the modified epoxy resin. TGA results showed that the thermal stability of E3074 serials was better than that of epoxy resin. The char residue of E3074 at 600°C increased with the incremental content of silicone. DMA tests displayed that the addition of silicone effectively enhanced the damping properties of epoxy resin. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40212.
Early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis
Authors: Goh T , Goh L G , Ang C H , Wong C H 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
Necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly progressing skin infection characterized by necrosis of the fascia and subcutaneous tissue, accompanied by severe systemic toxicity. The objective of this systematic review was to identify clinical features and investigations that will aid early diagnosis.

Methods
A systematic literature search of PubMed was undertaken using the keywords ‘necrotising fasciitis’, ‘necrotising skin infection’, ‘diagnosis’ and ‘outcome’. Case series of 50 or more subjects with information on symptoms and signs at initial presentation, investigations and clinical outcome were included.

Results
Nine case series were selected, with a total of 1463 patients. Diabetes mellitus was a co-morbidity in 44·5 per cent of patients. Contact with marine life or ingestion of seafood in patients with liver disease were risk factors in some parts of Asia. The top three early presenting clinical features were: swelling (80·8 per cent), pain (79·0 per cent) and erythema (70·7 per cent). These being non-specific features, initial misdiagnosis was common and occurred in almost three-quarters of patients. Clinical features that helped early diagnosis were: pain out of proportion to the physical findings; failure to improve despite broad-spectrum antibiotics; presence of bullae in the skin; and gas in the soft tissue on plain X-ray (although this occurred in only 24·8 per cent of patients).

Conclusion
A high index of suspicion of necrotizing fasciitis is needed in a patient presenting with cutaneous infection causing swelling, pain and erythema, with co-morbidity of diabetes or liver disease. The presence of bullae, or gas on plain X-ray can be diagnostic. Early surgical exploration is the best approach in the uncertain case.
Kinetic Modeling of the Gas Antisolvent Process for Synthesis of 5‐Fluorouracil Nanoparticles
Authors: Esfandiari Nadia , Ghoreishi Seyyed M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMathematical modeling for 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) nanoparticle synthesis via gas antisolvent (GAS) process was investigated. 5‐FU was precipitated from a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution using CO2 as antisolvent. The particle size was controlled by nucleation and growth rates, therefore, the kinetic modeling study is essential. Thermodynamic modeling was applied to determine optimal operating conditions for experimental 5‐FU synthesis. Kinetic parameters were evaluated by fitting the particle size distribution predicted by the model to experimental data. The experimental and modeling results indicated that the particle size decreased with increasing the antisolvent addition rate.
Coadsorption Equilibria of Automotive Fuel Vapors on Wet Activated Carbon Filters
Authors: Göbel Manfred U. , Lange Marcus , Meller Karl , Möller Andreas , Schieferstein Eva , Seeger Thomas , U. Keller Jürgen 
Published: November 2013

AbstractKraftstoffdampf‐Rückhaltesysteme in PKWs enthalten gewöhnlich einen Aktivkohlefilter an dem die flüchtigen Kraftstoffkomponenten adsorbieren. Kurz vor Durchbruch dieser Stoffe wird die Zufuhr der Dämpfe unterbrochen und der Filter mithilfe von Umgebungsluft regeneriert. Da die Luft feucht ist, wird untersucht, ob im langjährigen Betrieb Wasser auf dem Filter kumuliert und so die Beladekapazität und Funktionsfähigkeit beeinträchtigt wird. Die Kosorptionsgleichgewichte von Wasser und n‐Pentan auf Aktivkohle wurden gemessen. Die Gemischbeladungen weichen nur wenig von den Summen der Reinstoffbeladungen beider Komponenten ab. Auch bei extremer Vorbefeuchtung der Kohle ist nur eine geringe Reduktion der Pentanbeladungskapazität zu beobachten.
Cortical inputs innervate calbindin‐immunoreactive interneurons of the rat basolateral amygdaloid complex
Authors: Unal Gunes , Paré Jean‐Francois , Smith Yoland , Paré Denis 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe present study was undertaken to shed light on the synaptic organization of the rat basolateral amygdala (BLA). The BLA contains multiple types of GABAergic interneurons that are differentially connected with extrinsic afferents and other BLA cells. Previously, it was reported that parvalbumin immunoreactive (PV+) interneurons receive strong excitatory inputs from principal BLA cells but very few cortical inputs, implying a prevalent role in feedback inhibition. However, because prior physiological studies indicate that cortical afferents do trigger feedforward inhibition in principal cells, the present study aimed to determine whether a numerically important subtype of interneurons, expressing calbindin (CB+), receives cortical inputs. Rats received injections of the anterograde tracerPhaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHAL) in the perirhinal cortex or adjacent temporal neocortex. Light and electron microscopic observations of the relations between cortical inputs and BLA neurons were performed in the lateral (LA) and basolateral (BL) nuclei. Irrespective of the injection site (perirhinal or temporal neocortex) and target nucleus (LA or BL), ∼90% of cortical axon terminals formed asymmetric synapses with dendritic spines of principal BLA neurons, while 10% contacted the dendritic shafts of presumed interneurons, half of which were CB+. Given the previously reported pattern of CB coexpression among GABAergic interneurons of the BLA, these results suggest that a subset of PV‐immunonegative cells that express CB, most likely the somatostatin‐positive interneurons, are important mediators of cortically evoked feedforward inhibition in the BLA. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1915–1928, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Second messenger networks for accurate growth cone guidance
Authors: Akiyama Hiroki , Kamiguchi Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGrowth cones are able to navigate over long distances to find their appropriate target by following guidance cues that are often presented to them in the form of an extracellular gradient. These external cues are converted into gradients of specific signaling molecules inside growth cones, while at the same time these internal signals are amplified. The amplified instruction is then used to generate asymmetric changes in the growth cone turning machinery so that one side of the growth cone migrates at a rate faster than the other side, and thus the growth cone turns toward or away from the external cue. This review examines how signal specification and amplification can be achieved inside the growth cone by multiple second messenger signaling pathways activated downstream of guidance cues. These include the calcium ion, cyclic nucleotide, and phosphatidylinositol signaling pathways. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 411–422, 2015
Fe(TAML)Li/(diacetoxyiodo)benzene‐Mediated Oxidation of Alcohols: Evidence for Mild and Selective C–O and C–C Oxidative Cleavage in Lignin Model Transformations
Authors: Napoly François , Jean‐Gérard Ludivine , Goux‐Henry Catherine , Draye Micheline , Andrioletti Bruno 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA novel combination of Fe(TAML)Li and (diacetoxyiodo)benzene for the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols at 25 °C in acetone is reported. In view of the interesting ability of this system to selectively cleave specific types of C–C bonds of elaborated alcohols, the application of this novel combination to the oxidative cleavage of lignin model molecules was investigated. Considering the numerous supported versions of the oxidant as well as the mild conditions employed, the developed methodology appears to be a promising lignin depolymerization strategy.
Annulations of α‐Carbamoyl Ketene Dithioacetals with Dicarboxylic Acid Dichlorides: Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrrolidinetriones and Piperidinetriones
Authors: Dong Ying , Guo Yaru , Liu Jun , Zheng Gang , Wang Mang 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn annulation strategy based on ketene dithioacetals is described. Under very mild conditions, a number of pyrrolidinetriones 2 and piperidinetriones 3 have been synthesized by the cycloaddition reaction of α‐carbamoyl ketene dithioacetals 1 with di‐carboxylic acid dichlorides in good to excellent yields. Further application of this protocol is highlighted by the synthesis of a set of fused pyrimidine derivatives 4/5 from 2/3 and amidines.
The effects of counterfactual defences on social judgements
Authors: Catellani Patrizia , Bertolotti Mauro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractResearch on counterfactuals (‘If only…’) has seldom considered the effects of counterfactual communication, especially in a defensive context. In three studies, we investigated the effects of counterfactual defences employed by politicians. We assumed that self‐focused upward counterfactuals (‘If only I…, the outcome would have been better’) are a form of concession, other‐focused upward counterfactuals (‘If only they…, the outcome would have been better’) are a form of excuse, and self‐focused downward counterfactuals (‘If only I…, the outcome would have been worse’) are a form of justification. In Study 1, a counterfactual defence led to a more positive evaluation of the politician than a corresponding factual defence. Of the two types of defence, the counterfactual defence reduced the extent to which the politician was held responsible for the past event and was perceived as more convincing. In Study 2, counterfactual excuse and counterfactual justification were equally effective and led to a more positive evaluation of the politician than counterfactual concession. In Study 3, the higher effectiveness of counterfactual justification was independent from perceived ideological similarity with the politician, supporting the strength of this defence. These results show that counterfactual defences provide subtle communication strategies that effectively influence social judgements. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biofuel Cell Based on Anode and Cathode Modified by Glucose Oxidase
Authors: Krikstolaityte Vida , Oztekin Yasemin , Kuliesius Jurgis , Ramanaviciene Almira , Yazicigil Zafer , Ersoz Mustafa , Okumus Aytug , Kausaite‐Minkstimiene Asta , Kilic Zeynel , Solak Ali Osman , Makaraviciute Asta , Ramanavicius Arunas 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA single compartment biofuel cell (BFC) based on an anode and a cathode powered by the same fuel glucose is reported. Glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger was applied as a glucose consuming biocatalyst for both anode and cathode of the BFC. The 5‐amino‐1,10‐phenanthroline modified graphite rod electrode (GRE) with cross‐linked GOx was used as the bioanode, and the GRE with co‐immobilised horseradish peroxidase and GOx was exploited as the biocathode of the BFC. The open‐circuit voltage of the designed BFC exceeded 450 mV and a maximal power density of 3.5 µW/cm2 was registered at a cell voltage of 300 mV.
Comparative effects of sediment versus aqueous polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure on benthic and planktonic invertebrates
Authors: Nowicki Carly J. , van Hees Edmond H. , Kashian Donna R. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are an environmental concern because of their adverse effects on humans and wildlife, and understanding the contribution of various matrices (i.e., sediment and water) to PCB exposure on aquatic communities is critical for successful remediation of impacted sites. The present study examined the toxicity of different routes of PCB exposure in aquatic invertebrates. In complementary laboratory and field experiments, the authors compared the effects of aqueous versus sedimentary exposure of PCBs on invertebrates. In laboratory bioassays, the planktonic Daphnia pulex and benthic Chironomus dilutus exhibited significant mortality when exposed to PCB-contaminated (1100 µg/g) sediment (p = 0.03 and p &lt; 0.01, respectively). In field experiments, adult Dreissena bugensis were placed in cages along a depth gradient at a reference site and a PCB-impacted site in St. Clair Shores, Michigan, USA. Mussels experienced significantly greater mortality (p &lt; 0.001) when placed in close proximity to impacted-site sediments compared with reference sediments. After 7 d, 94% of D. bugensis survived at the reference site compared with only 57% surviving at the impacted site. In addition, D. bugensis at the impacted site experienced significantly less mortality at the water surface (p &lt; 0.001) compared to those near the sediment. The present study demonstrates the importance of evaluating toxicity at the sediment–water interface. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:641–647. © 2013 SETAC
Embryonic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin impairs prey capture by zebrafish larvae
Authors: Chollett Danielle , Perez Kathryn E. , King-Heiden Tisha C. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

As a ubiquitous, persistent environmental contaminant, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has the potential to cause lethal deformities in larval fishes. Few studies have examined its impacts on larval growth and craniofacial development in conjunction with feeding capability. The authors used morphological and behavioral assessments to demonstrate that feeding capability of larvae is impaired even when craniofacial structures are not grossly malformed. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 25 pg TCDD/mL, 50 pg TCDD/mL, or 100 pg TCDD/mL or &lt;0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide for 1 h at 4 h postfertilization and then raised in clean water for 21 d or 90 d to assess craniofacial morphology, feeding capability, and long-term survival. The lower jaw was 5% smaller in 21-d larvae exposed to ≥50 pg TCDD/mL, and those larvae caught 10% fewer prey items; survival was reduced by 13% to 23%. The direct cause of TCDD's impacts on feeding capability is not known, but feeding success was correlated with growth, length of lower jaw, and survival. Since low larval mortality rates are key for recruitment, this suggests that exposure to concentrations of TCDD during embryonic development that do not initially cause mortality still has the potential to impact the recruitment success of feral fish. Furthermore, the present work provides additional evidence that behavioral end points are often more sensitive than morphological ones and should be included when assessing the sublethal toxicity of environmental contaminants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:784–790. © 2013 SETAC
Building Scenarios of Multiple Time Series that Take into Account the Effects of an Expected Intervention
Authors: Guerrero Víctor M. , Silva Eliud , Gómez Nicolás 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWe consider a forecasting problem that arises when an intervention is expected to occur on an economic system during the forecast horizon. The time series model employed is seen as a statistical device that serves to capture the empirical regularities of the observed data on the variables of the system without relying on a particular theoretical structure. Either the deterministic or the stochastic structure of a vector autoregressive error correction model of the system is assumed to be affected by the intervention. The information about the intervention effect is just provided by some linear restrictions imposed on the future values of the variables involved. Formulas for restricted forecasts with intervention effects and their mean squared errors are derived as a particular case of Catlin's static updating theorem. An empirical illustration uses Mexican macroeconomic data on five variables and the restricted forecasts consider targets for years 2011–2014. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GENDER INEQUALITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A CRITICAL REVIEW
Authors: Cuberes David , Teignier Marc 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe link between gender inequality and economic growth is a topic that is of growing interest, both in the academic literature and the policy arena. In this paper, we survey the literature that analyses this relationship from a macroeconomic perspective. We argue that that the existing theories provide a wide range of mechanisms through which these two variables may affect each other but also that more work needs to be carried out to obtain quantitative predictions out of these models. In the empirical arena, we note the lack of connection between most studies and the existing theories described earlier. In both cases, we propose approaches to alleviate these problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐farm comparison of variable rates of nitrogen with uniform application to maize on canopy reflectance, soil nitrate, and grain yield
Authors: Ma Bao‐Luo , Wu Tian‐Yun , Shang Jiali 
Published: November 2013

AbstractRecent development in canopy optical‐sensing technology provides the opportunity to apply fertilizer variably at the field scale according to spatial variation in plant growth. A field experiment was conducted in Ottawa, Canada, for two consecutive years to determine the effect of fertilizer nitrogen (N) input at variable‐ vs. uniform‐application strategies at the V6–V8 growth stage, on soil mineral N, canopy reflectance, and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.). The variable N rates were calculated using an algorithm derived from readings of average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of about 0.8 m × 4.6 m, and N fertilizer was then applied to individual patches of the same size of NDVI readings (0.8 m × 4.6 m) within a plot (2184 m2). Canopy reflectance, expressed as NDVI, was monitored with a hand‐held spectrometer, twice weekly before tasseling and once a week thereafter until physiological maturity. Soil mineral N (0–30 cm depth) was analyzed at the V6 and VT growth stages. Our data show that both variable and uniform‐application strategies for N side‐dressings based on canopy‐reflectance mapping data required less amount of N fertilizer (with an average rate of 80 kg N ha–1 as side‐dressing in addition to 30 kg N ha–1 applied at planting), and produced grain yields similar to and higher nitrogen‐use efficiency (NUE) than the preplant fully fertilized (180 kg N ha–1) treatment. No difference was observed in either grain yield or NUE between the variable‐ and uniform‐application strategies. Compared to unfertilized or fully fertilized treatments, the enhancements in grain yield and NUE of the variable‐rate strategy originated from the later N input as side‐dressing rather than the variation in N rates. The variable‐rate strategy resulted in less spatial variations in soil mineral N at the VT growth stage and greater spatial variations in grain yield at harvest than the uniform‐rate strategy. Both variable‐ and uniform‐application strategies reduced spatial variations in soil mineral N at the VT stage and grain yield compared to the unfertilized treatment. The variable‐rate strategy resulted in more sampling points with high soil mineral N than the uniform‐rate strategy at the VT stage.