bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MASSIVE USE OF BERM RELOCATION AND SURFWASHING DURING THE 2006 JYEH OIL SPILL (LEBANON): THE ACCURATE RESPONSE FOR BEACHES CLEANUP
Authors: Fichaut Bernard , Loubnan Bahr 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Following the bombardment of the Jyeh power station in Lebanon on July 16 2006, about 10 to 15000 tons of heavy fuel oil drifted 150 km northward all the way to the Syrian border. Because of the continuing war, the cleanup operations could not start until early September. The response consisted of conceptually dividing the coast line into several sectors managed by various operators; from Jyeh to Beyrouth, a 34.5 km stretch of shoreline, the treatment of beaches was assigned to the lebanese N.G.O “Bahr Loubnan’. In this area, 5.3 km of sandy and gravel beaches appeared to be heavily oiled on a width that seldomly exceeded 10 m. Oil was found buried down to a depth of 1.8 m at several locations. Additionnally oil was also found sunken in shallow waters in the breaker zones of numerous beaches. In order to minimize sediment removal and production of oily waste to be treated, it was decided to operate massive treatmenN in situ. After manual recovery of stranded oil, about 12,000 m of sediment including 1,000 m of cobbles have been relocated in the surf zone. Despite the lack of tides and of the generally calm weather conditions, surfwashing was very efficient due mainly to the fact that, in non tidal conditions, sediments are continuously reworked by wave açtion which operates at the same level on the beaches. Only 540 m of heavily oiled sand, was removed from beaches and submitted for further treatment. The lack of appropriate sorbents material in Lebanon to capture the floating oil released by surfwahing was also a challenge. This was addressed by using locally Nmanufactured sorbents, which proved to be very efficient and 60 m of sorbent soaked with oil were produced during the cleanup.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Vanhaverbeke Mark G. , Cotton Bernard C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Since the late 1960'S, the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), as well as many other agencies, academia, and industry, has spent millions of dollars on research and development (R&D) related to oil and hazardous material spill response. R&D projects were chosen by using a combination of methods: some started from regulations; some started from specific issues identified by the field or USCG program managers; and some were the result of workshops that brainstormed a list of prioritized projects. These methods were successful when multiple significant, manageable problems were identifiable, after the Exxon Valdez spill for example. With the changes initiated by the post-Exxon Valdez R&D effort in place, the response community has been more proficient, especially in responding to small oil spills. However, oil spill recovery rates are still low except under ideal conditions and it has been argued that, in the end, the results of a major spill have not significantly changed. A system might be defined as a group of processes or elements that function together towards some end result. Most systems don't function optimally due to gaps in capability. Not all gaps are equal in terms of impact on system performance. Systems analysis is a process of looking at a system holistically in an effort to identify the best opportunities, or leverage points, to improve overall system function. The USCG R&D Center and SAIC undertook a systems analysis of spill response in an effort to identify those leverage points that could significantly change the outcome of a large spill. Besides defining the response system, key elements of the analysis included system definition, expert evaluation of the system to identify capability gaps (potential leverage points), and system modeling to evaluate the impact of gap closure. This paper will lay out the process, the results of the expert evaluation, and what we learned from the system model.
THE PLANNING PROCESS OF THE PANAMA CANAL AUTHORITY AND ITS RESULTS FOR OIL SPILL PREPAREDNESS
Authors: P. Urho Gonzal 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Ships from all parts of the world transit daily through the Panama Canal. Some 13,000 to 14,000 vessels with all types of cargo use it every year. In fact, commercial transportation activities through the Canal represent approximately 5% of the world trade. This waterway is managed by the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) and, consistent with sound emergency preparedness actions, the ACP has developed a comprehensive contingency plan to provide the organization with a response system to minimize the consequences of adverse scenarios. The plan includes operational, strategic, and information toolbox components. It also uses the Incident Command System (ICS) and the Planning “P” model as a methodology to conduct a proactive response. The ICS allows responders to be organized with a common terminology, with clear hierarchy and functions, and with a modular and flexible structure. In this way, it adjusts to the needs of an incident, instead of trying to adjust the incident or responders to the normal structures of their agencies. The Planning “P” aids the process for the ICS to manage the incident by objectives and to elaborate concrete actions to mitigate all aspects of an incident, not just tactical matters. During the planning process, the need to increase oil spill response capabilities was recognized. Consequently, the ACP presented to its customers a program known as the Panama Canal Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (PCSOPEP) that went into effect on January 1, 2005, after ample consultation and modifications with the international maritime community. The successful implementation of the PCSOPEP involved several stages. The Regulation on Navigation in Panama Canal Waters was updated, establishing the responsibility of vessels during spills, the presentation of an oil spill plan specific for the Canal as a transit requirement, the application of tariffs to cover the costs of maintaining equipment and training, and the designation of the ACP as the sole oil spill removal organization in Canal waters. The implementation of these policies also involved the development of strategies, outlining investment projects, and increasing the baseline number of employees with training in oil spill response. Initially, response strategies focused on mechanical recovery, but the program considered the evaluation and incorporation of alternative countermeasures as response protocols at the level of a national contingency plan.
MINNESOTA NORTH SHORE AND DULUTH-SUPERIOR HARBOR SPILL RESPONSE STRATEGIES
Authors: Leppälä Steven J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Minnesota Lake Superior shoreline (Minnesota'S “North Shore”) is characterized by a rocky shoreline with stretches of sand, gravel and cobble as well as several stream and ditch inlets into Lake Superior. The risk of spills is from both land and water. The 150 plus mile stretch of shoreline has a very limited amount of response equipment or nearby responders. The Duluth-Superior Harbor is at the estuarine mouth of the St. Louis River and is divided by the Minnesota and Wisconsin border. The harbor includes sensitive shorelines and habitats, numerous stream, ditch and storm sewer outfalls, as well as an active shipping industry.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a great tool for conducting data analysis and planning. GIS allows users to analyze and visualize large volumes of data to make decisions quickly. While many spill response planners use GIS as a planning response tool, many responders do not have the training and equipment to make efficient use of the capabilities of GIS. This project uses GIS to gather and analyze available data and then put it into a useful “hardcopy” visual format for responders to use in the field.
Maps produced from various GIS data sources outline the response strategies for sensitive areas to be protected; types and quantities of response equipment needed; access areas; and other important features. These “hardcopy” displays can be included in contingency plans. Larger laminated versions can be stored with response equipment caches.
For response planners that are more familiar with GIS, the tool includes several useful features including “clickable” hyperlinks that connect to georeferenced oblique aerial photos of the Lake Superior shoreline. Also included are GIS data from U.S. EPA and NOAA, including sensitive environment, economic and cultural resources; potential spill sources; and response resources. Where available, sewer data for both sanitary and storm sewers is included, along with high resolution aerial photos; navigation charts; highway stream crossing data; and other habitat information. These various data sources are valuable tools for spill response planners to more accurately and effectively develop workable response strategies and also for use during an actual response to more effectively and efficiently direct responders and resources. This GIS product also incorporates an Access database which allows for easy report generation and information updating.
IMPROVISED RESPONSE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Foley Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The one truly common learning point coming out of every oil spill debrief is the understanding that no two spills are ever the same. This inherent variety coupled with the unpredictable nature of oil spills ensures that we can only ever aspire to attaining a level of preparedness somewhere short of being fully ‘response-ready’.
Indeed, as the search for oil takes the industry further into unknown and unpredictable regions, responders are increasingly reliant on their initiative as one of the primary tools in a response. Remote locations, inadequate logistical support, unpredictable customs and poor planning can all lead to an absence of dedicated operational oil spill equipment where and when you need it most.
Attending training courses and acting out drill after drill can teach core skills and impart confidence through repetition, but perhaps the most important skill of any responder is the ability to improvise and adapt. Rather than dispelling the importance of oil spill training and drills, this paper explains how a thorough knowledge of response strategies and techniques can allow a responder to adapt and engineer an effective response using limited resources.
Within this paper, corralling without boom, in-situ gravity separation and dispersant application, are some of the examples within the author'S experience that will highlight the importance of ingenuity during an oil spill where adaptation and innovation have ensured a successful response despite the absence of dedicated oil spill equipment. The author concludes by exploring the merits and shortfalls of this approach and asks, “Is the responder'S toolbox really only limited by his imagination?”
THE POTENTIAL USE OF SMALL UAS IN SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Lehr William J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
For the last several decades, the sensors available for remote sensing of oil spills have changed significantly while the platforms for these sensors have remained unaltered. The limitations on these platforms are well known. Satellites are expensive, remote, and inflexible. Fixed-wing aircraft cannot hover easily over the spill site and often fly too fast for good observations. Helicopters are expensive, require specially trained pilots, and can be more hazardous than other alternatives.
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) provide a potentially new alternative platform for monitoring spill location and clean-up operations. The aircraft (also called unmanned aerial or airborne vehicles) fit into three general categories. Very large aircraft require much or more of the infrastructure of manned aircraft and will probably be deployed only in spills of national significance. Mid-range vehicles have proven their worth monitoring forests fires, emergencies with many similar requirements to oil spills, but still require designated landing and take-off facilities. A rapidly expanding category is the very small UAS that can be field launched and recovered. The range, guidance, and sensor availability of these aircraft have improved considerably from early prototypes. This paper explores the possibility of incorporating particularly these smaller UAS into spill response. Potential roadblocks include weather limitations, operator training, payload restrictions and regulatory restrictions. This last roadblock is presently the most difficult to overcome although re-consideration at the Federal Aviation Administration could modify existing regulations, making use of low-flying unmanned aircraft more plausible. Assuming the necessary regulatory changes, the paper explores typical applications and expected benefits from such system.
SELECTION AND USE OF SHORELINE TREATMENT ENDPOINTS FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Sergy Gary A. , Owens Edward H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Shoreline treatment or shoreline cleanup endpoints are specific criteria assigned to a segment or unit of oiled shoreline or river bank that are used to define when sufficient treatment effort has been completed for that segment or unit. In effect, the endpoints are the practical definition of ‘clean for that particular segment of shoreline in that particular spill. The selection of appropriate and practical end points is part of the net environmental benefit evaluation in the decision process that is conducted during the development of the shoreline treatment plan. Endpoints affect the selection of response strategies and tactics, provide a target for the operations team, and are a standard against which the achievement of treatment can be compared so that closure can be achieved. This paper addresses endpoints in the context of the oiled-shoreline treatment decision process. The concepts and principles involved in the selection of endpoint criteria and measurement techniques are described. Explanations and examples are provided that can be used as a framework to guide and structure this vital element of the decision-making process. Three fundamentally different approaches to define and measure endpoints are identified; these being based on (a) analytical measurements, (b) judgements of impact assessment or (c) visual field measurements of the quantity and nature of oil. A step-wise guide is presented that can be used as a tool to assist in the selection of descriptors and phasing for endpoints based on qualitative/quantitative field observations using SCAT (Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Team) terminology.
TIER 3 RESPONSE FOR SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Wegner Isaac 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As an integral part of the new investment plan for the improvement of the Company'S environmental management capacity, Petrobras has set up then Environmental Defense Centers throughout important Brazilian regions. The Centers are endowed with ca. R$133 million investment for facilities and gear, and ca. R$ 65 million are to be devoted to operations and maintenance for one-year period. These Defense Centers are capable of facing the main emergencies that may spring out of oil and oil by-product spills. Together, they make up South America'S first environmental safety complex, a system that is fully capable of even providing services to other companies, thus foreseeing a demand that will certainly come through as oil E&P activities in the region grow.
RESOURCE TRACKING MANAGER: A DYNAMIC ELECTRONIC RESOURCE TRACKING AND MAPPING SYSTEM
Authors: Calderon Abram , Hielscher Al , Murphy John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Tracking resources in real time during response situations has proven to be an integral part of decision making within an Incident Command System (ICS) structure. To help with this process, a new and portable product called Resource Tracking Manager (RTM) was designed and developed. This product is built from two off-the-shelf technologies, ESRI ArcView® and Microsoft Access®. This paper discusses the use of both products in the RTM and explains how bridging them together creates a system that is accurate, easy to use, and informative. The primary features of this tracking system include: 1) The ability to edit resources on a map and have these edits reflected in the database. 2) The ability to edit resources in the database and have edits reflected on the map. The development of RTM has important implications for resource management in a response scenario. Knowing where resources are, and allocating them efficiently and effectively is key in responding successfully.
EFFECT OF WAVES ON A FLEXIBLE CONTAINMENT OIL BARRIER
Authors: Amini Azin , Boillat Jean-Louis , Schleiss Anton 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The main aim of the research project is to investigate the efficiency limits of a flexible barrier in containment of oil spills in deep undulating water. For this purpose, two-dimensional experiments with a flexible oil containment barrier have been carried out in a laboratory flume equipped with a pneumatic wave generator. The results have been analyzed and compared with similar cases for a rigid barrier.
The hydrodynamic basics describing oil containment behind a rigid barrier have been reviewed. influence of waves on containment procedure was scarcely investigated even in case of a rigid barrier. The initial failure velocity of containment system was measured in presence of waves with different heights and periods. To take into account the effect of barrier'S geometry, different drafts and ballast weights were examined.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND TRIBAL EQUIPMENT CACHING IN WASHINGTON STATE
Authors: Boyle Sarah , Byers David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the 2006 Legislative session, the Washington Department of Ecology received $1.45 million to pre-stage oil spill response equipment throughout the state.
In the event of a spill, this equipment can be rapidly mobilized and deployed for spill containment or to protect local resources.
Equipment caches are customized for each recipient. Available equipment includes storage trailers, boom vanes, containment boom, anchor systems, navigation lights, adsorbent materials, responder protective clothing, and safety and decontamination equipment. Recipients also receive equipment familiarization training with their mutual aid response agencies.
Eligible recipients include local government public agencies, such as Counties, Fire and Police Departments, Port Districts, Public Utility Districts, Emergency Management Departments, and Tribes.
Grant are awarded based on: substantial threat of an oil spill, resources that will be protected, recipient'S ability and willingness to deploy the equipment, proximity of nearby response equipment, and partnerships with other agencies.
As of March 2007, Ecology and its contractor, Global Diving and Salvage have:Delivered equipment to 36 of 60 recipients.Pre-staged 47 of 97 equipment caches.Pre-staged 32,600’ of 52,600’ of containment boomTrained approximately 400 of 1,000 first responders.
Equipment delivery and training will be completed by June 2007.
This equipment has been used to avert potentially devastating spills. Examples of successful use of the pre-staged response equipment include:The City of Gig Harbor initiated a spill response by deploying containment boom and adsorbent materials at the Peninsula Yatch Basin Marina when a vessel carrying 200 gallons of diesel caught fire.Tacoma'S Fire and Police Departments deployed adsorbent materials when a vessel sank at the Delin Docks Marina on the Thea Foss Waterway.The San Juan DEM and the Island Oil Spill Association established a protection zone with containment boom during the raising of the sunken F/V Stanley.
A SYSTEM FOR INTEGRATED SCAT DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT: ESCAT, SCATDB, AND PHOTOLOGGER
Authors: Lankford Jeffrey F. , Zelo Ian , Stumbaugh Matt R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During response, oiled shorelines must be surveyed to guide cleanup operations. The Shoreline Cleanup and Assessment Technique (SCAT) is a standard method for conducting these surveys. Multiple field teams often conduct SCAT. SCAT surveys quickly produce a large and complex dataset comprised of SCAT observations, GPS positions, and photographs. In order to guide response decision-making, SCAT field data must be processed and analyzed in a timely manner. Until recently, SCAT and GPS data were collected on standardized paper worksheets, transcribed to electronic form, and then incorporated into maps and other decision-making products. Photographs were not tightly managed alongside SCAT data. Today, with the emergence of robust handheld computing technology, the deficiencies inherent in paper data collection are no longer necessary or acceptable. Paper data collection can be slow, error prone, and lacking quality control and integration with GPS technology. Digital options are available to address these challenges. To improve methods, the Office of Response and Restoration is developing a digital field data collection and management system for SCAT data and photographs composed of: (1) specialized software for efficient SCAT data collection with GPS enabled handheld devices, (2) a relational SCAT database which expedites the synthesis of field data into decision making products, promotes community standards, and supports standard paper worksheet and digital data collection methods, and (3) an image database which allows for the processing, documenting, and sharing of large quantities of digital photographs. For this project, commonly used, readily available, and Open Source computing resources were chosen so that end-users could easily test, adopt, and improve this system.
PLANNING TO RESPOND DURING A PANDEMIC
Authors: Burton Sharon 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Avian influenza, H5N1, may present the world with its next pandemic. Once a fully contagious virus emerges, its global spread is inevitable. During the last century Spanish Flu took 6 months to go around the globe since most international travel at the time was via ship. Today, with the speed and volume of international air travel, the virus could spread in as little as 3 months. The potential loss of life is conservatively estimated at 2 million to 7.4 million deaths globally, and hospitalisation cases at 8.1 million. The predicted high rates of illness and worker absenteeism will contribute to social and economic disruption. Organisations, including oil spill response entities, need to develop response strategies and create plans in advance of the problem.
REGULAR AND BREAKING WAVES IN WAVE TANK FOR DISPERSION EFFECTIVENESS TESTING
Authors: Wickley-Olsen Erik , Boufadel Michel C. , King Tom , Li Zhengkai , Lee Ken , Venosa Albert D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The wave tank (32 m long × 2.0 m high × 0.6 m wide) at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Nova Scotia was used to simulate the propagation and breaking of deep water waves using a flap-type wavemaker. The water profile and velocity were measured using a wave gauge and an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). The wave periods of interest ranged between 1.18 and 2.08 seconds. A technique for generating breaking waves at the same location in the tank was used to obtain a spilling and a plunging breaker. We evaluated the energy dissipation rate at various depths in the tank for regular and breaking waves. Plunging breaking waves had heights of 0.25m. For the breaking experiments, the energy dissipation rate decreased from around 1.0 10−2 watts/kg a few centimeters below the surface to less than 5.0 10−4 watt/kg 20 cm deep in the water column. The regular waves had, on the average, an energy dissipation rate of 5.0 10−6 watt/kg deep in the water column. This indicates that breaking plays an important role in the dispersion of oil at sea.