bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethics and geoengineering: reviewing the moral issues raised by solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal
Authors: Preston Christopher J. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAfter two decades of failure by the international community to respond adequately to the threat of global climate change, discussions of the possibility of geoengineering a cooler climate have recently proliferated. Alongside the considerable optimism that these technologies have generated, there has also been wide acknowledgement of significant ethical concerns. Ethicists, social scientists, and experts in governance have begun the work of addressing these concerns. The plethora of ethical issues raised by geoengineering creates challenges for those who wish to survey them. The issues are here separated out according to the temporal spaces in which they first arise. Some crop up when merely contemplating the prospect of geoengineering. Others appear as research gets underway. Another set of issues attend the actual implementation of the technologies. A further set occurs when planning for the cessation of climate engineering. Two cautions about this organizational schema are in order. First, even if the issues first arise in the temporal spaces identified, they do not stay completely contained within them. A good reason to object to the prospect of geoengineering, for example, will likely remain a good reason to object to its implementation. Second, the ethical concerns intensify or weaken depending on the technology under consideration. The wide range of geoengineering technologies currently being discussed makes it prudent that each technique should be evaluated individually for its ethical merit. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:23–37. doi: 10.1002/wcc.198This article is categorized under:

Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Ethics and Climate Change
Representing climate change in museum space and places
Authors: Cameron Fiona , Hodge Bob , Salazar Juan Francisco 
Published: November 2012

AbstractMuseums and science centers hold a unique position in the media and political landscape as trusted information sources and are emerging as key players in climate change debates. The modes of engagement with audiences, visitors, and publics allow museums to provide sensorial and affective experiences though the agency of objects and immersive environments, which facilitate an active role on the part of audiences in cocreating narratives around climate change. This article draws on the research findings of an Australian Research Council Linkage project, Hot Science, Global Citizens: the agency of the museum sector in climate change interventions. Hot Science was an international, interdisciplinary project that interrogated the roles of museums and science centers in climate change as places to provide information, activate and broker discussions, and decisions around climate change issues, locally and transnationally. We put forward nine propositions, distilled from the project research findings and the sector‐wide views presented during a symposium held in 2011. We use these propositions to look critically at the ways in which climate change challenges the established concepts and practices of museums and science centers as places of influence, relevance, and certainty in an uncertain world. This includes, for example, the way science is produced, represented, and communicated. Recognizing the complexity and multiscalar nature of climate change entails building more effective responses that translate into action. The big task of the museum sector is not only to inform publics on the science of climate change but also to equip citizens with tactical knowledges that enable participation in actions and debates on climate change that affect their futures. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:9–21. doi: 10.1002/wcc.200This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Communication
Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Knowledge and Practice
Trans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > Humanities and the Creative Arts
Epigenetic mechanisms in learning and memory
Authors: Blaze Jennifer , Roth Tania L. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRecent discoveries have associated epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA (miRNA) processing, with activity‐dependent changes in gene expression necessary to drive long‐term memory formation. Here, we discuss the current interpretation of epigenetic mechanisms in the context of memory and sustained behavioral change. One of the two emerging viewpoints is that epigenetic mechanisms subserve information storage in the central nervous system (CNS), a notion supported by rodent studies of fear, recognition and spatial memories, and stress. The second viewpoint is that epigenetics serves as a mechanism for passing on acquired information across generations, a provocative notion now supported by several lines of work using developing and adult rodents. Continued research on such mechanisms promises to advance our understanding of biological pathways linking experiences to long‐term and even multigenerational trajectories in neurobiology and behavior. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:105–115. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1205This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Behavior
Fumarylacetoacetate inhibits the initial step of the base excision repair pathway: implication for the pathogenesis of tyrosinemia type I
Authors: Bliksrud Yngve T. , Ellingsen Amund , Bjørås Magnar 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHereditary tyrosinemia type I (HT1) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a deficiency in human fumarylacetoacetate (FAA) hydrolase (FAH), which is the last enzyme in the catabolic pathway of tyrosine. Several reports suggest that intracellular accumulation of intermediates of tyrosine catabolism, such as FAA and succinylacetone (SA) is important for the pathogenesis in liver and kidney of HT1 patients. In this work, we examined the effect of FAA and SA on DNA glycosylases initiating base excision repair (BER), which is the most important pathway for removing mutagenic DNA base lesions. In vitro assays monitoring DNA glycosylase activities demonstrated that FAA but not SA inhibited base removal. In particular, the Neil1 and Neil2 DNA glycosylases were strongly inhibited, whereas inhibition of Nth1 and Ogg1 were less efficient. These DNA glycosylases initiate excision of a broad range of mutagenic oxidative base lesions. Further, FAA showed a modest inhibitory effect on the activity of the alkylbase DNA glycosylase Aag and no significant inhibition of the uracil DNA glycosylase Ung2. These data indicate that FAA inhibition of DNA glycosylases removing oxidative base lesions in HT1 patients may increase mutagenesis, suggesting an important mechanism for development of hepatocarcinoma and somatic mosaicism.
Characteristics of Emergency Department Transfers for Hand Surgery Consultation
Authors: Bauer Andrea S. , Blazar Philip E. , Earp Brandon E. , Louie Dexter L. , Pallin Daniel J. 
Published: November 2012

Background The purpose of this study was to establish the characteristics of patients who are transferred from referring emergency departments (EDs) to two receiving institutions for hand-related emergencies. Our primary hypothesis was that many transferred patients would not require emergent specialty intervention. Our secondary hypotheses were that treatment would differ by day of presentation and type of insurance coverage. Methods We searched ED records for all hand-related cases over 1 year. We reviewed charts for demographics and treatment details. The main outcome measures were whether patients were seen by a hand surgeon or underwent surgery within 24 h of transfer. Results The study group comprised 296 patients. Ninety-two percent saw a specialty resident, and 48 % saw a hand surgeon. Thirty-nine percent of patients were taken to the operating room within 24 h of presentation. Of patients transferred on the weekends, 48 % saw a hand surgeon versus 61 % of those transferred on weekdays. Similarly, 51 % of patients transferred on a weekday were taken to the OR within 24 h, while 38 % of patients transferred on a weekend were taken to the OR in the same time frame. Conclusions More than half of transfers for hand emergencies did not result in examination by a hand surgeon, and nearly two thirds did not require a visit to the OR within 24 h. Patients transferred on the weekend were less likely to see a hand surgeon than those transferred on weekdays. Alternative methods of consultation might allow avoidance of transfer.
Polyol‐Derived Alkoxide/Hydroxide Base Catalysts II: Transesterification Reactions
Authors: Gok Hwee Yoong Felicia , Emami Shahram , Shen Jianhneg , Reaney Martin J. T. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBiodiesel, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), was produced by transesterification of canola oil with methanol in the presence of a series of alkoxide/hydroxide base catalysts produced from glycerol, 1,2‐propanediol, 1,3‐propanediol, xylitol, or sorbitol produced by dehydration reaction of sodium hydroxide in the presence of polyols. Transesterification reactions proceeded efficiently in the presence of sodium alkoxide catalysts prepared at three different mole ratios of sodium hydroxide to glycerol (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1). The production of methyl ester during the course of the reaction was determined repeatedly and the reaction progress was compared with that achieved in a reaction catalyzed by freshly prepared anhydrous sodium methoxide as a standard catalyst. Sodium alkoxide/hydroxide catalysts activity during the first 2 min of the reaction was in the order of: sorbitol < xylitol < sodium methoxide < 1,2‐propanediol < 1,3‐propanediol < glycerol regardless of the mole ratio of sodium hydroxide to glycerol. All catalysts showed a higher methyl ester accumulation at higher ratios of sodium hydroxide to polyol and had the following order 1:1 < 2:1 < 3:1 (sodium hydroxide:glycerol). Several of these catalysts were as powerful as sodium methoxide in catalyzing the transesterification reaction at the same mole concentration. All alkoxide/hydroxide catalysts resulted in a high FAME accumulation (>95 wt%) in a single transesterification batch reaction.
AMDD: Antimicrobial Drug Database
Authors: Danishuddin Mohd , Kaushal Lalima , Hassan Baig Mohd , Khan Asad U. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the major concerns for antimicrobial chemotherapy against any particular target. Knowledge of the primary structure of antimicrobial agents and their activities is essential for rational drug design. Thus, we developed a comprehensive database, anti microbial drug database (AMDD), of known synthetic antibacterial and antifungal compounds that were extracted from the available literature and other chemical databases, e.g., PubChem, PubChem BioAssay and ZINC, etc. The current version of AMDD contains ∼2900 antibacterial and ∼1200 antifungal compounds. The molecules are annotated with properties such as description, target, format, bioassay, molecular weight, hydrogen bond donor, hydrogen bond acceptor and rotatable bond. The availability of these antimicrobial agents on common platform not only provides useful information but also facilitate the virtual screening process, thus saving time and overcoming difficulties in selecting specific type of inhibitors for the specific targets. AMDD may provide a more effective and efficient way of accessing antimicrobial compounds based on their properties along with the links to their structure and bioassay. All the compounds are freely available at the advanced web-based search interface http://www.amddatabase.info.
Massed versus spaced visuospatial memory in cognitively healthy young and older adults
Authors: Jackson Colleen E. , Maruff Paul T. , Snyder Peter J. 
Published: November 2012

BackgroundThe present study examined the effect of massed versus spaced learning trials on 24‐hour delayed recall for a visuospatial learning task. To determine the utility of measuring the incremental benefit of spaced training as a cognitive assay that may be useful in early clinical trials, we used a within‐subject crossover design, with two small samples (typical sample sizes for phase I clinical trials).MethodsYoung adults and cognitively healthy older adults without significant physical, neurological, or psychiatric illness were trained on a visuospatial paired‐associate learning task under a massed condition (learning trials were presented in immediate succession) and a spaced condition (learning trials were presented with 15‐minute intertrial delays).ResultsStatistically significant differences between training conditions on the visuospatial task, such that young adult participants performed better on delayed recall after spaced training, were identified. Large effect sizes for young and older adults on this task suggest meaningful differences between training conditions, reflecting the expected “spacing effect.” The role of amyloid aggregation was also considered for a subset of participants; as amyloid levels increased, the benefit of spaced training decreased, suggesting that the effect of this training paradigm is modulated by disease burden.ConclusionsThe utility of this paradigm as a potential assay for phase I proof‐of‐concept trials, targeting molecular mechanisms that are central to the encoding and consolidation of new learning, is discussed.
Intersite variability of CSF Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in clinical setting
Authors: Dumurgier Julien , Vercruysse Olivier , Paquet Claire , Bombois Stéphanie , Chaulet Chloé , Laplanche Jean‐Louis , Peoc'h Katell , Schraen Susanna , Pasquier Florence , Touchon Jacques , Hugon Jacques , Lehmann Sylvain , Gabelle Audrey 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe assessment of total tau, phosphorylated tau (pTau‐181) and amyloid beta (Aβ 1–42) concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of subjects has been validated for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although these measurements have shown some variability, little is known about their intersite variability in clinical settings.MethodsA total of 880 subjects (AD, n = 515; non‐AD, n = 365) from three French memory centers were included. Receiver–operating characteristic analyses were performed to computerized area under curves (AUCs) and optimal thresholds for each biomarker in the three centers. A test–retest study was performed in a group of 32 CSF samples by repeated blind analysis of the three biomarkers using the same immunoassay batches in the three centers.ResultsIn the three centers, tau (AUC, 0.82–0.88) and pTau‐181 (AUC, 0.83–0.89) outperformed Aβ 1–42 (AUC, 0.70 –0.73) to discriminate subjects with AD from those without AD. An intersite variation of mean levels and cutoffs was observed for the three biomarkers. This variation was higher for Aβ 1–42 (range of cutoff, 368–582 pg/mL) than for tau (range of cutoff, 289–353 pg/mL). In a test–retest study, the mean interlaboratory coefficients of variation were 12.2% for Aβ 1–42, 11.3% for tau, and 11.5% for pTau‐181.ConclusionIntercenter variability of CSF biomarkers has been confirmed in a multisite cohort of subjects and can be improved in clinical settings. Efforts on harmonization of procedures should be encouraged to optimize the accuracy of CSF biomarkers in AD.
Renin‐angiotensin system blockers affect cognitive decline and serum adipocytokines in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Furiya Yoshiko , Ryo Miwa , Kawahara Makoto , Kiriyama Takao , Morikawa Masami , Ueno Satoshi 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundAccumulating evidence indicates an association of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with the metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by visceral fat accumulation with insulin resistance and altered secretion of adipocytokines such as adiponectin and leptin. The renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) regulates blood pressure and insulin resistance. Recent studies suggest that the RAS plays crucial roles in cognitive functions and that adipocytokines exert neuroprotective activity in the brain. We investigated whether RAS blockers (RASB) affect adipocytokines and cognitive function in patients with AD.MethodsWe studied 78 patients with a diagnosis of probable AD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition and 106 nondemented control subjects who visited our clinic with a main complaint of headache or dizziness. We examined retrospectively the effects of RASB on adipocytokines and cognitive decline in patients with AD who were divided into three groups: hypertension treated with RASB (HT‐RASB; n = 17), hypertension treated with other antihypertensive drugs (HT‐other; n = 34), and no hypertension (non‐HT; n = 27).ResultsThe HT‐RASB group had a significantly higher serum leptin level and a relatively larger visceral fat area than the other groups, because of the bias toward patients with MetS in this group. The HT‐RASB group also had a significantly lower immunoreactive insulin level, a relatively low homeostasis model assessment as an index of insulin resistance, and a relatively high serum adiponectin level among the three groups. Cognitive decline, estimated on the basis of the mean annual decline using the Hasegawa Dementia Scale score was significantly low in the HT‐RASB group.ConclusionTreatment with RASB might modulate serum adipocytokines and glucose homeostasis, potentially slowing cognitive decline in patients with AD.
Investigating the origin of candidate lava channels on Mercury with MESSENGER data: Theory and observations
Authors: Hurwitz Debra M. , Head James W. , Byrne Paul K. , Xiao Zhiyong , Solomon Sean C. , Zuber Maria T. , Smith David E. , Neumann Gregory A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractVolcanic plains identified on Mercury are morphologically similar to lunar mare plains but lack constructional and erosional features that are prevalent on other terrestrial planetary bodies. We analyzed images acquired by the MESSENGER spacecraft to identify features on Mercury that may have formed by lava erosion. We used analytical models to estimate eruption flux, erosion rate, and eruption duration to characterize the formation of candidate erosional features, and we compared results with analyses of similar features observed on Earth, the Moon, and Mars. Results suggest that lava erupting at high effusion rates similar to those required to form the Teepee Butte Member of the Columbia River flood basalts (0.1–1.2 × 106 m3 s–1) would have been necessary to form wide valleys (>15 km wide) observed in Mercury's northern hemisphere, first by mechanical erosion to remove an upper regolith layer, then by thermal erosion once a lower rigid layer was encountered. Alternatively, results suggest that lava erupting at lower effusion rates similar to those predicted to have formed Rima Prinz on the Moon (4400 m3 s–1) would have been required to form, via thermal erosion, narrower channels (<7 km wide) observed on Mercury. Although these results indicate how erosion might have occurred on Mercury, the observed features may have formed by other processes, including lava flooding terrain sculpted during the formation of the Caloris basin in the case of the wide valleys, or impact melt carving channels into impact ejecta in the case of the narrower channels.
Xenon Neuroprotection in Experimental Stroke
Authors: Sheng Siyuan P. , Lei Beilei , James Michael L. , Lascola Christopher D. , Venkatraman Talaignair N. , Jung Jin Yong , Maze Mervyn , Franks Nicholas P. , Pearlstein Robert D. , Sheng Huaxin , Warner David S. 
Published: November 2012

Background
Xenon has been proven to be neuroprotective in experimental brain injury. The authors hypothesized that xenon would improve outcome from focal cerebral ischemia with a delayed treatment onset and prolonged recovery interval.

Methods
Rats were subjected to 70 min temporary focal ischemia. Ninety minutes later, rats were treated with 0, 15, 30, or 45% Xe for 20 h or 0 or 30% Xe for 8, 20, or 44 h. Outcome was measured after 7 days. In another experiment, after ischemia, rats were maintained at 37.5° or 36.0°C for 20 h with or without 30% Xe. Outcome was assessed 28 days later. Finally, mice were subjected to intracerebral hemorrhage with or without 30% Xe for 20 h. Brain water content, hematoma volume, rotarod function, and microglial activation were measured.

Results
Cerebral infarct sizes (mean±SD) for 0, 15, 30, and 45% Xe were 212±27, 176±55, 160±32, and 198±54 mm, respectively (P=0.023). Neurologic scores (median±interquartile range) followed a similar pattern (P=0.002). Infarct size did not vary with treatment duration, but neurologic score improved (P=0.002) at all xenon exposure durations (8, 20, and 44 h). Postischemic treatment with either 30% Xe or subtherapeutic hypothermia (36°C) had no effect on 28-day outcome. Combination of these interventions provided long-term benefit. Xenon improved intracerebral hemorrhage outcome measures.

Conclusion
Xenon improved focal ischemic outcome at 7, but not 28 days postischemia. Xenon combined with subtherapeutic hypothermia produced sustained recovery benefit. Xenon improved intracerebral hemorrhage outcome. Xenon may have potential for clinical stroke therapy under carefully defined conditions.
Prediction of Difficult Tracheal Intubation
Authors: Langeron Olivier , Cuvillon Philippe , Ibanez-Esteve Cristina , Lenfant François , Riou Bruno , Le Manach Yannick 
Published: November 2012

Background
It has been suggested that predicting difficult tracheal intubation is useless because of the poor predictive capacity of individual signs and scores. The authors tested the hypothesis that an accurate prediction of difficult tracheal intubation using simple clinical signs is possible using a computer-assist model.

Methods
In a cohort of 1,655 patients, the authors analyzed the predictive properties of each of the main signs (Mallampati score, mouth opening, thyromental distance, and body mass index) to predict difficult tracheal intubation. They built the best score possible using a simple logistic model (SCOREClinic) and compared it with the more recently described score in the literature (SCORENaguib). Then they used a boosted tree analysis to build the best score possible using computer-assisted calculation (SCOREComputer).

Results
Difficult tracheal intubation occurred in 101 patients (6.1%). The predictive properties of each sign remain low (maximum area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.70). Using receiver operating characteristic curve, the global prediction of the SCOREClinic (0.74, 95% CI: 0.72-0.76) was greater than that of the SCORENaguib (0.66, 95% CI: 0.60-0.72, P<0.001) but significantly lower than that of the SCOREComputer (0.86, 95% CI: 0.84-0.91, P<0.001). The proportion of patients in the inconclusive zone was 71% using SCORENaguib, 56% using SCOREClinic, and only 32 % using SCOREComputer (all P<0.001).

Conclusion
Computer-assisted models using complex interaction between variables enable an accurate prediction of difficult tracheal intubation with a low proportion of patients in the inconclusive zone. An external validation of the model is now required.