bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crop Factor of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Its Relationship to the Salinity of Irrigation Water
Authors: Sameer Mohammed , Hamza Isam Kudhier , Abdulhameed Isam Mohammed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A lysimeters’ experiment was conducted in the fall season of 2022, at the College of Agriculture in Ramadi city west of Iraq, aiming to determine the actual water consumption and crop coefficient (Kc) of maize (Zea mays
L.) under irrigation with saline water. As well, calculating the reference evapotranspiration from evaporation pan data, climate data using Kharrufa equation, and yield coefficient for maize using three different salinity water types, distilled water (S0), saline water (S1), 2ds m−1 and (S2), 4ds m−1. The results confirmed the existence of an inverse relationship between actual evapotranspiration (ETa), reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and crop coefficient (Kc) as irrigation water salinity increased. ETa values risen to 1342.13 mm with distilled water (S0) and declined to 971.11 and 792.61 mm for treatments S1 and S2, respectively. ETo values, computed from evaporation pan, were 961.40 mm for treatment S0, decreasing to 867.18 and 825.25 mm for treatments S1 and S2, respectively. For July, August, and October, actual ETa values reduced by 64.9%, 7.5%, and 19.9%, respectively, compared to ETo values. ETa values calculated using Kharrufa equation, reached 937.15 mm. The total ETo values derived from the equation for treatment S0 were 30.17% lower than the measured values, while for treatment S2 were 22.14% higher. ETo values closely aligned with treatment S1, differing by only 3.49%, indicating ability to adopt of the Kharrufa equation for salinity levels up to 2 ds/m under field conditions during the growing season. Kc values, determined from ETa and ETo data, decreased across all growth stages with increasing irrigation water salinity. Highest Kc values were 0.59, 0.84, 1.55, 1.82, and 1.48 with distilled water (S0), without any change during the germination stage, and decreased by 3.5% and 7.1% for the vegetative stage, 13.5% and 32.2% for the flowering stage, 37.9% and 61.53% for the grain formation stage, and 49.3%, 68.3% for the maturation stage for treatments (S1 and S2), respectively.
The Effect of Different Parent Materials and Topography on the Mineral Properties of some Soils in Sulaymaniyah Governorate
Authors: Majied S. S. , Essa S. K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A study transect was chosen in the Sulaymaniyah Plain, extending from the Hiybat Sultan Heights in the north to the Qara dagh Heights in the south, and represented by four soil pedons (Hiybat Sultan, Khalikan, Bakra Jaw, and Qara Dagh), where both the Bakra Jaw and Khalikan pedons represent the sites of the plain region. This study was conducted for the purpose of knowing the effect of both the parent material and topography on the mineral properties of these soils. The results of diffraction X-ray examination of clay separated particles showed that the arrangement of clay minerals according to their dominance was according to the following order: smectite minerals > mica> chlorite >layered minerals > kaolinites. While the dominance of mica minerals within the soils of the plains of the plain region is due to the influence of the source material, slope, topography, and distance from high ends.
Effect of Adding Sheep Manure and Organic Extracts on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Growth and Yield
Authors: Sharqi Haneen Shartoh , Hussein Abdulhakeem D. , Al-Mashhdany Maysam A. R. , Sarheed Bassam R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in one of the agricultural fields of the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, in a sandy loam soil to cultivate fenugreek plants according to a randomized complete block design with three blocks to study the effect of adding sheep manure before planting at three levels (without addition (A0 0 µg.ha−1), A1 6 µg ha−1, A2 8 µg.ha−1). The treatments were also sprayed with commercial organic acids at concentrations of (0.5, 1, and 1.5) ml.L−1, were denoted as G1, G2, and G3, respectively. The treatments were also sprayed with manufactured organic acids at concentrations of (0.5, 1, and 1.5 ml L−1) and were denoted as M1, M2, and M3, respectively. In addition, there was a treatment of spraying with distilled water only (C). The results showed that the second level of sheep manure (A2) was superior with the highest rate for all growth and yield traits. The manufactured organic acids were superior with the highest rate of plant height, number of branches plant−1, number of pods plant−1, and number of seeds.pod−1. While the treatment of spraying with both industrial (M3) and commercial (G3) organic acids outperformed with the same rate for the weight of 100 seeds (1.7gm). The treatment of spraying with commercial organic acids (G2) was superior with the highest yield of 1.002 µg.ha−1, but it did not differ significantly from manufactured organic acids. The best interaction in giving the highest yield of fenugreek seeds in treatment A2G2 was 2.142 µg.ha-1compared to control treatment A0C when the yield of fenugreek seeds was 0.022 µg.ha−1.
Variation in the Proportion of Weathering Indicators in Alluvial and Desert Sedimentary Soils in Western Iraq
Authors: Al-Mohammedi Muna Faraj , Alani Ahmed R. , Ibrahiem Muthana khleel 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted to distinguish flood sediments and desert sediments using total oxides values and observing variations in weathering indicators in the studied soils. The study area is located within the administrative boundaries of Anbar Governorate, where the study included several valleys, ranging from Al-Qaim valley, Al-Mohmouadi valley, Al-Damama valley, Houran valley, Al-Baghdadi valley, Zaghdan valley, Al-Sahliya valley, Sheikh Hadeed valley, by pedons for each site pedons with in the sedimentary and pedons with in the desert sediments After taking samples from each horizon, the samples were prepared for laboratory tests and the necessary analyzes were carried out. The total oxides in the soil that included were estimated Na2O, K2O, CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, SiO2, MgO using X-ray machine (XRF)Based on the results of the chemical analysis of the elements, the weathering indicators (WPl, PAI, CWI CAI, Vogts) In order to identify the activity of weathering processes of all kinds and to identify a difference in the degree of weathering as well as the extent of development of the soil of the study areas. Results of the complete elemental analysis (XRF) indicated an elevation in the proportions of weathering-resistant oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3). Silicon oxide(SiO2) predominated in all studied pedons, especially in desert soils, ranging between 28.47 to 38.21% in desert soils and 28.39-36.03% in alluvial soils. The proportions of Fe2O3 oxides varied between 2.62-7.90% with the lowest value found in Al-Damama valley soil at 4.60% and the highest in Al-Sahliya valley at 6.70%. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) reached its highest value at 9.31% in alluvial sedimentary soils and it is lowest at 4.73% in desert soils. Regarding the easily leachable elements, calcium oxide (CaO)ranked second in prevalence in both alluvial and desert sedimentary soils, ranging between 19.60 to34.20%. Sodium oxide (Na2O) showed a significant decrease in the studied soils due to leaching processes and its fast mobility, ranging between 0.08 to 2.36%. Calculations of weathering standards, including (Vogts, Cal, Cwl, PAl, WPl) showed that the highest level was in the soil of Al-Sahliya valley, within the alluvial sedimentary deposits(high rainfall) and it gradually decreased until it reached its lowest levels in the soil of Houran valley within the desert deposits(less rainfall).
Preparation and Characterization of Biochars from Plant and Animal Waste Under Different Pyrolysis Temperature
Authors: Ali Mustafa Hussein , Fahmi Alaa Hasan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Biochar is widely used for environmental and agricultural purposes due to its positive effect on soil fertility, immobilization of pollutants and sequestration of carbon. This research produced biochar from plant waste (palm fronds PFB) and animal waste (sheep manure SMB) at different pyrolysis temperatures (300 and 700 °C) and compared their physicochemical properties. The results showed the biochars produced at a low temperature (300 °C) had higher yield. However, the increasing pyrolysis temperature led to increased surface area, pore volume, EC, pH, ash content, carbon content, and negative zeta protentional. Sheep manure biochar (SMB) was higher elements (phosphorus, potassium, calcium). Therefore, it can be suggested to use sheep manure biochar as organic fertilizer for soil treatment rather than used for the removal of contaminants as preferred for palm fronds biochar produced at higher pyrolysis temperatures depending on their properties.
The Spatial Pattern Assessment of Annual Rainfall in Iraq for Periods from 2001 to 2023
Authors: Al-Daoudi Ahmed S. , Al-Timimi Y. K. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the patterns of the annual rainfall in Iraq from 2001 to 2023 using data obtained from NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The period of study was divided into five periods, each spanning five years (except the first, and the fifth period), to analyze annual rainfall variations. Spatial distribution maps and descriptive statistics were generated to assess rainfall patterns across different regions of Iraq. Results indicate significant variability in rainfall amounts and distributions over the study interval, with the northeastern and southeastern strip regions consistently receiving higher rainfall than western and southwestern areas. During the first period (2001-2004), the highest maximum annual rainfall was in 2002 (912 mm/year), in contrast, the second period (2005-2009) recorded the lowest maximum annual rainfall in 2008 by about (439 mm/year). Analysis of the mean annual accumulative rainfall for each period illustrated that the first period 2001-2004 incorporated the highest maximum value of mean annual accumulative rainfall and standard deviation by about 765 mm/4 years, and 160.5 respectively. In contrast, the fifth period 2020-2023 has the lowest maximum value and standard deviation which reached 512 mm/5 years, and 89.2 correspondingly. Mean annual accumulative rainfall decreased over time, suggesting potential impacts of climate change on precipitation patterns in Iraq. These findings provide valuable insights for understanding and managing water resources, agriculture, and environmental sustainability in the region.
An Economic Study of the Water Footprint of the Most Important Strategic Crops in Iraq
Authors: Abdul Sura Sael , Hamid Al-Badri Bassem Hazem , Sharif Mohammad Omar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Water is mostly used in agricultural production. It is anticipated that future dietary changes, economic growth, and population expansion will raise the water demand. An overview of the water footprint and sustainability of crop production (wheat, barley, rice, and maize) for the years 2000–2022 is offered in this paper. The study concluded that the averages of the total water footprint of the study crops ranged respectively (11.00, 2.8211, 17.42, 2.71) billion m3, and the average proportion of the researched crops’ reliance on outside water resources is (20.25, 0.0044, 77.74, 0.0578)%, while the average proportion of the crops’ self-sufficiency in local water resources is (79.75, 100.00, 22.26, 99.94)%. The average unit productivity also reached irrigation water, respectively (0.00099, 0.0004, 0.0004, 0.0004). The investigation resulted in a set of suggestions. The grain crops studied are classified as water-consuming crops. Therefore, their water footprint is fairly large, and they exert a major strain on water resources, especially considering their widespread use. Based on this result, several suggestions were offered, the most significant of which is the need to calculate the water footprint of different crops in order to achieve self-sufficiency in local water resources and reduce reliance on foreign water resources.
Calculating Water Productivity Using the Portal WaPOR
Authors: Mahmoud Shatha Hadi , Ati Alaa Salih , Majeed Shatha Salim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The task of attaining food security while simultaneously ensuring the sustainable utilization of water resources poses a significant obstacle for both present and future generations. This problem is particularly pronounced in light of escalating pressures, including economic and demographic expansion, as well as the impacts of climate change. The agricultural sector accounts for 70 percent of global freshwater withdrawals. Hence, meticulous surveillance of water productivity in agriculture enables us to ascertain the efficiency of water utilization for crop cultivation and identify strategies for its optimization, especially in regions with limited water resources. Enhancing water productivity frequently serves as the primary approach for effectively regulating water demand in the agricultural sector. Systematic monitoring facilitates the assessment of disparities in water productivity and the identification of suitable measures to address these disparities. Water productivity refers to the measure or worth of output relative to the amount of water that is utilized in a positive manner to generate said output. Water productivity in agriculture can be quantified as the ratio of crop yield to the amount of water utilized for useful purposes. The FAO portal, WaPOR, provides open access to remotely sensed and derived data for monitoring water productivity. It oversees and documents the water efficiency of agriculture in Africa and the Near East, and offers unrestricted access to the water efficiency database and its numerous underlying map layers. The system facilitates the execution of direct data queries, analysis of time series data, computation of area statistics, and retrieval of essential variables related to assessments of water and land productivity.
Role of Agricultural Sulfur and Phosphate Fertilizer Levels on the Availability of Specific Nutrients and the Productivity of Potatoe (Solanum Tuberosum L.)
Authors: Alwan Bushra Mahmoud , Mohsen Talib Khairy 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in Abu Ghraib’s sandy-loam soil during the autumn 2019–2020 season at one of the agricultural stations of the Soil Research Department. The current study sought to determine how phosphate fertilizer levels and agricultural sulfur affect the availability of specific nutrients and the productivity of potato cultivars (Sivra). Additionally, the experiment was set up using three replicates of the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Agricultural sulfur at levels S0 (without addition) and S1 (500 kg.ha−1) were two components of the test. The second is phosphate fertilizer, which comes in three levels: P0 (without adding), P1(50% fertilizer recommendation of 100 kg/ha), and P2 (100% fertilizer recommendation of 140 kg/ha). The treatments were given to the experimental units at random during the statistical analysis of the data, and the average of the treatments was compared using the least significant difference (L.S.D.) test at a probability level of 0.05. The Results of the study showed that the characteristics of the plants were significantly influenced by the concentration of agricultural sulfur S1. The P2S1 bilateral interaction treatment was 73.57 cm taller than the other treatments in terms of plant height. Additionally, at the maturity stage, the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the leaves were 2.60%, 0.42%, and 3.82%, respectively, while the amount of dry matter in the tubers was 20.72%. In addition, the yield characteristics, tuber weight, plant yield, and overall yield were significantly different from the control treatment, according to the results. With a tuber weight of 167.57 g/tuber, a plant yield of 1097.0 g/plant, a total tuber yield of 58.53 t.ha-1, and a starch percentage of 13.65%, the bilateral interaction treatment P2S1 was superior.
An Environmental Study to Determine The Groundwater Quality Index for Agricultural Purposes in Areas Near The Bahr Al-Najaf Depression Using GIS
Authors: Abdulshaheed Zainab Hussain , Halboos Mohanad Hazim 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In this research, the quality of groundwater was studied for fifty wells distributed in areas near the Bahr al-Najaf depression. Where a large discrepancy was observed in the readings and concentrations of the thirteen variables that were identified, they included both the acid function pH and their ranged between (7.11 - 7.29) and the electrical conductivity EC whose values in the number of wells measured were between (2351 - 8901 μS/cm) and the total dissolved salts TDS were between (1520 to 5773 mg/L). In this study, the concentrations of positive ions were also measured, including calcium, and their values ranged between (155 to 594 mg/L), sodium (235 to 895 mg/L), potassium (2 - 101 mg/L), and magnesium (60 to 337 mg/L). Negative ions represented by sulfates SO4
2- were also studied, and their concentrations ranged between (517 to 1919 mg/L), chlorides Cl− (293 to 1243 mg/L), and nitrates NO3
− (0.3 - 1.8 mg/L). The concentrations of heavy metals in the water of these wells were also studied, and their values included lead ions (0.00 - 0.0183 mg/L), cadmium (0.00 - 0.0038 mg/L), and manganese (0.2464 - 1.1628 mg/L). Then the water quality index WQI for these wells was determined, and a large discrepancy in the results was also noted after using the geographic information system GIS when drawing maps and distributing the results on them.
Mycorrhizal Effect on Potassium Availability, Potato Growth, and Yield in Relation to Potassium Fertilizer
Authors: Karim Al-Harqani Rusul Jamal Abdul , Oleiwi Mohammed Sallal , Mahmood Saad S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to cultivate Arizona potatoes in a private field located in the Abu Gharq district of Babylon province during the autumn season 2023-2024. The soil type utilized was Typic Torrifluvent clay loam. The research encompassed the investigation of how potassium fertilizer concentrations and the efficacy of mycorrhizae inoculation affected potassium availability, growth, and yield. The potato plants were inoculated with three different concentrations of mycorrhizae, denoted as M0, M1, and M2, respectively, at weighing 0, 10, and 20 g per plant. This pertains to the initial factor, whereas the second factor illustrated the sequential addition of potassium fertilizer in the form of potassium sulfate to the soil at three different levels (0, 125, and 250) kg.ha−1, denoted by the symbols K0, K1, and K2, respectively. The study utilized a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to conduct its experiments. The investigated vegetative growth characteristics were assessed at maturation, while leaf and tuber samples were collected to determine the concentrations of K, P, and N in the tubers and the soil subsequent to sowing. The results were evident. In comparison to the control treatment M0K0, the K2 M2 treatment exhibited greater values for vegetative growth trait indicators including plant height, number of main stems, leaf area, chlorophyll index, and dry weight of vegetative growth.
Pedogenic and Spatial Distribution of Gypsum Content in Soil Series units in Al-Dur District in Salah Al-Din Governorate
Authors: Mahmoud Hussein Imad , Ismaeal Ammar S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In order to diagnose the extent of development of some gypsum soils and their suitability for agricultural production, prepare maps of the spatial distribution of gypsum, and thus prepare a digital spatial database that fulfills the requirements for successful management of agricultural lands, five gypsum chain units were selected in the city of Al-Dur in Salah al-Din Governorate, and 5 soil beds were dug and models were taken from each horizon representative of the soil. Then, 41 surface samples were taken, representing all the series of the region, in order to prepare a map of the spatial distribution of gypsum using geospatial techniques. The results showed the diagnosis of the ochric epipedon surface horizon and the subsurface diagnostic horizon, the Gypsic Endopedon, in series A3.3 and A1.1, and the presence of gypsum in the form of gypsum cones in these horizons. The results of the spatial distribution map also revealed that the type of gypsum with a high content occupies a large area in the study area, estimated at about 44.26 km2, which leads to a problem in root growth and obstruction of the root system, which negatively affects the productivity of the crop and thus will negatively affect the productivity of agricultural lands, which requires the development of plans. Successful management achieves the preservation of the soil resource in order to achieve sustainable development goals of providing food and preserving these natural resources.
Preparing a Map of the Spatial Variation of Ready Phosphorus in the Units of Gypsum Soil Series in Al-Dur District / Salah Al-Din Governorate
Authors: Mahmoud Hussein Imad , Ismail Ammar S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In order to know the ready phosphorus content and the extent of its readiness in the soil, five series were chosen representative of the gypsum soils of the study area in the East Tarab Extension Project, Al-Dour District - Salah al-Din Governorate, and a representative pot for each series was dug. Geospatial techniques were used to prepare maps of the spatial distribution of ready-made phosphorus content in the study’s soil series, and the maps representing ready-made phosphorus in the soil series were distributed vertically for each representative level of each series. The results of the study of the series of stove soils for their ready-made phosphorus content showed the following. The lowest percentage was 0.177 mg.kg−1 found in the series E1.3, the first stove, P1, the last or fourth horizon, C3, at a depth of (58-100) cm, and also in the A4 series. 1. The third mass, P3, the last or fourth horizon, C3, with a depth of (80-100) cm, and also in the A3 series. 3 The fourth mass, P4, the last or fourth horizon, C3, with a depth of (70-100) cm, and the highest percentage was 21,207 mg. 1 kg within the E1.5 series, the second burner, the P2 first horizon, with a depth of (0-34) cm. As for the soil series of surface samples, the number of samples was 41 samples represented on the soil series of the study for preparing phosphorus maps, as it gave the highest percentage in sample No. (S6) and its percentage was (67.846) mg.kg−1, which is located in series A1.1. The lowest percentage was in sample No. (S23) and its percentage was (1.075) mg kg−1, which falls in series A4.1. The use of geospatial technologies has shown high efficiency and good accuracy in studying the mapping of the distribution of nutrients for gypsum soils and the content of these soils of elements. And their readiness. Also, the IDW spatial derivation technique was used to know the behavior of these soils and the extent of their readiness for ready phosphorus in the study soil series.