bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving beyond the guild concept: developing a practical functional trait framework for terrestrial beetles
Authors: FOUNTAIN‐JONES NICHOLAS M. , BAKER SUSAN C. , JORDAN GREGORY J. 
Published: October 2014

1. New logical and analytical frameworks for studying functional traits have led to major advances in plant and freshwater ecology at local and global scales. The ecological and taxonomic diversity of terrestrial adult beetles (Coleoptera) means that functional trait approaches should have considerable power to illuminate the function not only of these animals but also of the ecosystems in which they occur.2. Even though the functional trait concept is not new in ecology, it is still plagued with inconsistencies in methodology and terminology. Plant‐based studies have shown that an integrated and relatively consistent functional trait approach facilitates comparisons between studies, and allows the full utility and predictive capacity of trait‐based approaches to be realised.3. This review outlines a logical framework for adult beetle functional trait studies using uniform terminology and methodology similar to those used by plant ecologists. Beetle life‐history and ecomorphological trait studies are synthesised and it is shown that a combination of both is analogous to the functional trait approach. A general functional trait list for beetles and potential functional links is outlined, as are potential analysis approaches. A consistent functional trait approach, coupled with advances in molecular techniques, has the capability to provide deeper insights into beetle community assembly and how beetles impact ecosystems and will enable worldwide comparisons and predictions to be made.
Impacts of exotic spider spillover on resident arthropod communities in a natural habitat
Authors: HOGG BRIAN N. , DAANE KENT M. 
Published: October 2014

1. The spillover of exotic predators from managed ecosystems into natural habitats may exacerbate the biodiversity losses caused by land‐use intensification.2. In the present study, the impacts of the exotic wandering spider Cheiracanthium mildei L. Koch in an oak woodland ecosystem adjacent to an intensively‐managed agricultural system were examined.3. Abundance and species richness of resident spiders and insects in oak branches were reduced in the presence of C. mildei. Contrary to expectations, C. mildei did not disproportionately affect other wandering spider species, but appeared to impact spiders from all tested functional groups. Numbers of herbivorous and predatory insects were also lower in the presence of C. mildei.4. Although the apparent effects of this spider extend to multiple trophic levels in oak woodland, its voracity and relatively large size may ultimately strengthen herbivore suppression in the vineyard–oak woodland landscape.
Unilateral medial frontal cortex lesions cause a cognitive decision‐making deficit in rats
Authors: Croxson Paula L. , Walton Mark E. , Boorman Erie D. , Rushworth Matthew F. S. , Bannerman David M. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe medial frontal cortex (MFC) is critical for cost–benefit decision‐making. Generally, cognitive and reward‐based behaviour in rodents is not thought to be lateralised within the brain. In this study, however, we demonstrate that rats with unilateral MFC lesions show a profound change in decision‐making on an effort‐based decision‐making task. Furthermore, unilateral MFC lesions have a greater effect when the rat has to choose to put in more effort for a higher reward when it is on the contralateral side of space to the lesion. Importantly, this could not be explained by motor impairments as these animals did not show a turning bias in separate experiments. In contrast, rats with unilateral dopaminergic midbrain lesions did exhibit a motoric turning bias, but were unimpaired on the effort‐based decision‐making task. This rare example of a cognitive deficit caused by a unilateral cortical lesion in the rat brain indicates that the MFC may have a specialised and lateralised role in evaluating the costs and benefits of actions directed to specific spatial locations.
Factors affecting the measurement of soil pH buffer capacity: approaches to optimize the methods
Authors: Wang X. , Tang C. , Mahony S. , Baldock J. A. , Butterly C. R. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryAn accurate measurement of soil pH buffer capacity (pHBC) is essential for estimating lime requirement and predicting soil acidification in farming systems. The soil pHBC is commonly determined by acid‐base titration (1:5 soil : solution); however, no standardized equilibration time, type of acid and alkali or concentration of electrolyte has been recommended. This study aimed to establish a standard procedure that is relatively method‐independent and reflects the actual soil pH buffering ability. Nineteen soils with a wide range of pH, clay and organic carbon contents were used. Measuring pHBC in a 0.01 m CaCl2 suspension minimized the effects of both ionic strength and cation valence after addition of different types and rates of alkalis and acids. The time required to reach near equilibrium (1 hour to 28 days) was greatly expedited by sonication pretreatment. For soils with a large carbon content, biological reactions alone could elevate soil pHBC and addition of biocides was essential during pHBC measurement. When compared with two commonly used methods, 1:1 soil : water extraction and field moist incubation, the 1:5 CaCl2 method was less affected by ionic strength and biological activity, and more suitable for use as a standard method. We recommend using 0.01 m CaCl2 at a soil‐to‐solution ratio of 1:5, with addition of HCl and NaOH or Ca(OH)2, chloroform and sonication for pHBC determination.
The use of spearfishing competition data in fisheries management: evidence for a hidden near collapse of a coastal fish community of Galicia (NE Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: Pita P. , Freire J. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe use of commercial catch statistics to estimate overfishing consequences has been criticised, but alternative long‐term data sets are rare. Long time‐series data sets from recreational fisheries competitions have been used to infer trends in coastal fish communities. Here an historic archive (1953–2007) of recreational spear fisheries in Galicia (NW Spain) was employed to estimate long‐term changes in coastal ecosystems. Using generalised additive regression models, decreases in the abundances of coastal rocky reef fishes of up to 76% over the last 50 years were found. In the same period, the mean body weight also decreased by 76%. In addition, relative catch frequency has decreased for the most valuable commercial species. Overfishing, amongst other human impacts, has brought these ecosystems so close to collapse that it is urgent to implement measures to ensure their recovery.
Ischemia‐modified albumin and advanced oxidation protein products as potential biomarkers of protein oxidation in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Altunoglu Esma , Guntas Gulcan , Erdenen Fusun , Akkaya Esen , Topac Ibrahim , Irmak Hulya , Derici Himmet , Yavuzer Hakan , Gelisgen Remise , Uzun Hafize 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to determine the systemic levels of oxidative stress markers, such as ischemia‐modified albumin (IMA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the prooxidant–antioxidant balance (PAB), to clarify protein redox homeostasis in patients with Alzheimer's disease, and to compare them with mentally healthy persons of the same age.MethodsA total of 38 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 34 sex‐ and age‐matched mentally healthy control subjects were included in this study.ResultsThe patients had significantly higher AOPP, IMA and PAB in the patient group than in the control group (P = 0.004, P = 0.001, P = 0.007, respectively). The FRAP was significantly lower in the patients with AD than in the control subjects (P = 0.002), and according to the receiver operating characteristic curves, the IMA and AOPP areas are below the 0.700 receiver operating characteristic curve line (area under the curve 0.817 and 0.730, respectively; 95% CI 0.709–0.898 and 0.612–0.828, respectively).ConclusionsIncreased IMA, AOPP and PAB, and decreased FRAP are likely to be results of oxidative stress, a condition in which an imbalance occurs between the production and inactivation of reactive oxygen species in AD. The IMA could be used for the better evaluation of clinical status, as well as the independent characteristic symptoms of AD, for the purposes of routine clinical laboratory analysis. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 872–880.
Canada and the Human Rights Framework: Historiographical Trends
Authors: Tunnicliffe Jennifer 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article examines trends in Canadian human rights history, with a focus on three major themes that have guided the scholarship: challenges to the characterization of Canada as a historically tolerant nation; a study of how, when, and through what mechanisms human rights became an important project for Canadians; and a critical assessment of the historical effectiveness of the human rights movement in promoting equality within Canadian society. In assessing where this vibrant and growing field of study could expand in the future, the article also contextualizes the Canadian historiography in the international literature on the development of the global human rights framework.
Effect of fermentation by Bacillus subtilis on antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of black rice bran
Authors: Yoon Hyun Joo , Lee Kyoung Ah , Lee Jae Hoon , Jin Hyue Ju , Kim Hyun Jung , Kim Kee‐Tae , Paik Hyun‐Dong 
Published: October 2014

SummaryBlack rice bran was fermented with Bacillus subtilis KU3 isolated from Korean traditional food, Kimchi. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the fermented black rice bran were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin contents decreased from 171.54 mg GAE g−1 and 2.31 mg g−1 to 139.13 mg GAE g−1 and 2.12 mg g−1, respectively, after fermentation. Antioxidant activities determined by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, β‐carotene bleaching and ferric thiocyanate assay were correlated with total phenolic and anthocyanin contents. Non‐fermented black rice bran extract (NFBE) showed greater antioxidant activities than fermented black rice bran extract (FBE). Cytotoxic activities measured by MTT assay showed that both NFBE and FBE had over 50% activities. The cytotoxic activities of FBE against MCF‐7 and HeLa cells were 71.65% and 68.07%, respectively, at 8.0 mg mL−1, but those of NFBE were lower than 50%. These results suggested that the cytotoxic activity of black rice bran improved through fermentation, while antioxidant activity reduced.
Next generation sequencing: considering the ethics
Authors: Davey S. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThis review article discusses some of the ethical challenges posed by next generation sequencing (NGS), both in the clinical and research setting. Concerns such as how to deal with unexpected results apply equally to conventional techniques. However, these incidental findings are far more likely with the use of NGS and whole genome sequencing. Whilst the lines of responsibility are better defined in the clinical environment, disclosure of such findings in the research setting is less clear. Recruitment of volunteers for public biobank research, in particular, also raises questions regarding consent and confidentiality.
Does Child Sex Moderate Vulnerability to Postpartum Risk among Infants of Mothers at Risk for Psychopathology?
Authors: McGinnis Ellen , Bocknek Erika , Beeghly Marjorie , Rosenblum Katherine L. , Muzik Maria 
Published: October 2014

Early childhood behavior problems may indicate risk for subsequent psychopathology (Shaw, Gilliom, Ingoldsby, & Nagin, Developmental Psychology, 39, 2003, 189). There is some evidence to suggest that boys and girls may be differentially susceptible to postpartum risk factors that predict problem behaviors in early childhood (Kochanska, Coy, & Murray, Child Development, 72, 2001, 1091; Martel, Klump, Nigg, Breedlove, & Sisk, Hormones and Behavior , 55, 2009, 465). The main aim of this study is to examine whether child sex moderates the effect of infant and maternal predictors of toddler problem behaviors in a unique sample of high‐risk mother–child dyads. Analyses were based on data collected for 198 mother–child dyads (52% male offspring) followed longitudinally from birth to 18 months. Maternal and infant variables, including maternal PTSD and depression symptoms, maternal maltreatment history, observed maternal parenting quality, demographic risk, and infant negative emotionality and night waking, were used to predict toddler behavior problems. Although boys and girls displayed similar levels of total problem behaviors at 18 months overall, the specific set of infant and maternal variables that predicted toddler problems varied by child sex. The significant predictor for boys was maternal PTSD symptoms, whereas significant predictors for girls were infant negative emotionality and sleep problems. Results suggest that sex‐differentiated transmission of risk can be identified as early as 18 months postpartum. These differences suggest a gender‐specific biological sensitivity to maternal psychopathology, or alternatively, a gender‐specific reporting bias among mothers with childhood maltreatment histories.
Polyol Synthesis and Investigation of Ce1−xRExO2−x/2 (RE = Sm, Gd, Nd, La, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) Electrolytes for IT‐SOFCs
Authors: Dönmez Göknur , Sarıboğa Vedat , Gürkaynak Altınçekiç Tuba , Öksüzömer Mehmet Ali Faruk 
Published: October 2014

In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of dopant type and concentration on the ionic conductivity of ceria‐based electrolytes. Ceria electrolytes doped with samarium (SDC), gadolinium (GDC), neodymium (NDC), and lanthanum (LDC) for solid oxide fuel cells were prepared through the polyol process. Acetate compounds of cerium and dopants were used as starting materials, and triethylene glycol was used as a solvent. Prepared powders and pellets were characterized by TG/DTA, XRD, FTIR, SEM, EIS, and EDS techniques. The results of the TG/DTA and XRD indicated that a single‐phase fluorite structure formed at the relatively low calcination temperature of 500°C. The relative densities of the pellets were higher than 90% and these finding were supported by the SEM images. The lattice parameters of the samples increased with the dopant concentration. According to the electrochemical analysis results, the samples with maximum conductivity values were SDC‐20, GDC‐15, NDC‐15, and LDC‐15. The results of the impedance spectroscopy revealed that the SDC‐20 sample exhibited the highest ionic conductivity with a value of 4.29 × 10−2 S/cm at 800°C in air.
Vanadium in Borosilicate Glass
Authors: Sengupta Pranesh , Dey Krishna K. , Halder Rumu , Ajithkumar Thalasseril G. , Abraham Geogy , Mishra Raman K. , Kaushik Chetan P. , Dey Goutam K. 
Published: October 2014

Understanding the role of V2O5 within borosilicate glass matrices is important for the development of novel matrices toward immobilization of sulfate containing high‐level nuclear wastes. Present investigation shows, within sodium barium borosilicate glass matrix V2O5 can be homogeneously added up to 5 mol% and beyond which it separates out into three phases, for example, (i) silica (ii) Barium (Ba) – Vanadium (V) oxide, and (iii) glass matrix. 29Si MAS NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) studies of the samples show that below 5 mol% V2O5 addition, silicate network is dominantly constituted of Q2 and Q3 structural units, whereas above this, the network gets more polymerized through formation of Q3 and Q4 units. In case of borate network, 11B MAS NMR investigations revealed that the concentration of BO4 [(0B, 4Si)] unit increases gradually up to 5 mol% and then it decreases at the cost of BO4 [(1B, 3Si)], BO3 (symmetric) and BO3 (asymmetric) units. Micro‐Raman analyses of the samples showed that with additions of V2O5 in diluted concentrations, amorphous silicate network remained unaltered, whereas some amplification in signals corresponding to ring‐type metaborate and VO5 units exists. It is therefore apparent from both MAS‐NMR and micro‐Raman studies that with V2O5 additions within the solubility limit (≤5 mol%), borate network gets depolymerized leading to decrease in hardness from an average value of 5.0–4.2 GPa.
Effect of High‐Temperature Aging on the Fracture Toughness of 40 mol% Ceria‐Stabilized Zirconia
Authors: Jiang Kuo , Liu Songbai , Xi Wenjun 
Published: October 2014

The 40 mol% CeO2‐stabilized ZrO2 ceramic was synthesized by the sol‐spray pyrolysis method and aged at 1400°C–1600°C. The effects of high‐temperature aging on its fracture toughness were investigated after heat treatments at 1500°C for 6–150 h in air. Characterization results indicated that the activation energy for grain growth of 40 mol% CeO2‐stabilized ZrO2 was 593 ± 47 kJ/mol. The average grain size of this ceramic varied from 1.4 to 5.6 μm within the aging condition of 1500°C for 6–150 h. The Ce‐lean tetragonal phase has a constant tetragonality (ratio of the c‐axis to a‐axis of the crystal lattice) of 1.0178 during the aging process. It was found that the fracture toughness of 40 mol% CeO2‐stabilized ZrO2 was determined to be 2.0 ± 0.1 MPa·m1/2, which did not vary significantly with prolonging aging time. Since no monoclinic zirconia was detected in the regions around the indentation crack‐middle and crack‐tip, the high fracture toughness maintained after high‐temperature aging can be attributed to the remarkable stability of the tetragonal phase in 40 mol% CeO2‐stabilized ZrO2 composition.
Effectiveness of feedback for enhancing English pronunciation in an ASR‐based CALL system
Authors: Wang Y.‐H. , Young S.S.‐C. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis paper presents a study on implementing the ASR‐based CALL (computer‐assisted language learning based upon automatic speech recognition) system embedded with both formative and summative feedback approaches and using implicit and explicit strategies to enhance adult and young learners' English pronunciation. Two groups of learners including 18 adults and 16 seventh graders participated in the study. The results indicate that the formative feedback had a positive impact on improving the learners' speaking articulation, and the summative feedback aided the learners' self‐reflection and helped them to track their speaking progress. Furthermore, the implicit information such as model pronunciation with full sentences and audio recast benefitted the adult learners, whereas the young learners preferred the explicit learning information such as textual information of individual words for self‐correction. In addition, the results of this study also confirm that learners have different perceptions of the media modalities designed with implicit and explicit strategies in the feedback. Feedback with audio modality is more suitable for adults, whereas juxtaposed textual and audio modalities are better for young learners.
Impact of Steerable Sheaths on Contact Forces and Reconnection Sites in Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: ULLAH WAQAS , HUNTER ROSS J. , MCLEAN AILSA , DHINOJA MEHUL , EARLEY MARK J. , SPORTON SIMON , SCHILLING RICHARD J. 
Published: October 2014

Steerable Sheaths and Contact Force in AF AblationBackgroundIn preclinical studies, catheter contact force (CF) during radiofrequency ablation correlates with the subsequent lesion size. We investigated the impact of steerable sheaths on ablation CF, its consistency, and wide area circumferential ablation (WACA) line reconnection sites.Methods and ResultsFive thousand and sixty‐four ablations were analyzed across 60 patients undergoing first‐time ablation for persistent AF using a CF‐sensing catheter: 19 manual nonsteerable sheath (Manual‐NSS), 11 manual steerable sheath, and 30 robotic steerable sheath (Sensei, Hansen Medical Inc.) procedures were studied. Ablation CFs were higher in the steerable sheath groups for all left atrial ablations and also WACA ablations specifically (P < 0.006), but less consistent per WACA segment (P < 0.005). There were significant differences in the CFs around both WACAs by group: in the left WACA CFs were lower with Manual‐NSS, other than at the anterior–inferior and posterior–superior regions, and lower in the right WACA, other than the anterior–superior region. There was a difference in the proportion of segments chronically reconnecting across groups: Manual‐NSS 26.5%, manual steerable sheath 4.6%, robotic 12% (P < 0.0005). The left atrial appendage/PV ridge and right posterior wall were common sites of reconnection in all groups.ConclusionsSteerable sheaths increased ablation CF; however, there were region‐specific heterogeneities in the extent of increment, with some segments where they failed to increase CF. Steerable sheath use was associated with reduced WACA‐segment reconnection. It may be that the benefits of steerable sheath use in terms of higher CFs could be translated to improved clinical outcomes if regional weaknesses of this technology are taken into account during ablation procedures.
Cognitive impairments are different in single‐incidence and multi‐incidence ADHD families
Authors: Oerlemans Anoek M. , Hartman Catharina A. , de Bruijn Yvette G.E. , Franke Barbara , Buitelaar Jan K. , Rommelse Nanda N.J. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundWe may improve our understanding of the role of common versus unique risk factors in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by examining ADHD‐related cognitive deficits in single‐ (SPX), and multi‐incidence (MPX) families. Given that individuals from multiplex (MPX) families are likely to share genetic vulnerability for the disorder, whereas simplex (SPX) ADHD may be the result of sporadic (non‐)genetic causes unique to the patient, we hypothesized that cognitive impairments may be different in SPX and MPX ADHD as indicated by (a) the presence of cognitive deficits in MPX, but not SPX unaffected siblings and (b) dissimilar cognitive profiles in SPX and MPX ADHD patients.MethodsTasks measuring total IQ, verbal attention, executive functioning, motor functioning, and time estimation were administered to 31 SPX/264 MPX ADHD probands, 47 SPX/123 MPX unaffected siblings, and 263 controls, aged 6–19 years.ResultsSPX unaffected siblings were unimpaired compared to controls, except for verbal working memory, whereas MPX unaffected siblings showed impairments on most cognitive domains. The cognitive profiles of SPX and MPX probands were highly similar, except that verbal attention, response inhibition and motor control deficits were more pronounced in MPX probands, and ‐compared to their unaffected siblings‐ impairments in IQ, visual working memory and timing abilities were more pronounced in SPX cases.ConclusionsOur results support the hypothesis that a partly different cognitive architecture may underlie SPX and MPX forms of ADHD, which becomes evident when contrasting cognitive performances within families. Cognitive factors underlying MPX forms of ADHD are familial, whereas nonfamilial in SPX ADHD. SPX‐MPX stratification may be a step forward in unraveling diverse causal pathways.