bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cochlear Implants: Advances, Issues, and Implications
Authors: Spencer Patricia Elizabeth , Marschark Marc , Spencer Linda J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractFor both adults and children who have significant hearing losses, hearing aids have long provided some support for hearing language and environmental sounds. However, they often are insufficient to allow persons with the most severe hearing losses access to spoken language. More recently, cochlear implants (CIs) have been developed to assist individuals who have severe and profound hearing losses. Initially developed primarily for use by adults with late-onset hearing loss, they are now widely used by children, even at the infant and toddler ages. Cochlear implants convert sound into electrical signals that are delivered directly to peripheral portions of the auditory nerve. In most cases, this increases the availability of spoken language and other sounds, lowering but not completely eliminating many of the barriers confronting persons with greater levels of hearing loss. A number of factors, including length of period of hearing loss before use, age of first use, and cognitive abilities, have been identified as predictors of outcomes from cochlear implantation.
Epilogue: What We Know, What We Don’t Know, and What We Should Know
Authors: Marschark Marc , Spencer Patricia Elizabeth 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Significant new findings about social, psychological, linguistic, and pragmatic aspects of deafness have in some cases confirmed long-held assumptions and beliefs about deaf and hard-of-hearing persons—their communities, languages, patterns of learning, and achievements. In other cases, research has failed to support preexisting beliefs, and many issues remain insufficiently investigated. Research is especially needed about the continued development of deaf children, adults, and their communities in the context of technological advances, increased appreciation for alternative approaches to communication and language development, and recognition of the impact of cognitive as well as social abilities on development of literacy and academic skills.
A Design Science Approach to Evidence-Based Management
Authors: van Aken Joan Ernst , Romme A. Georges L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter we adopt a design-science approach to demonstrate how evidence-based management can extend experience-based management by judiciously gathering, validating, selecting, and using knowledge. The creative processes in which valid knowledge is used in designing and creating preferred futures are discussed, as well as the nature of the design knowledge needed for this. This includes knowledge on possible interventions with expected outcomes and on the mechanisms producing these outcomes.
Evidence-Based Management in “Macro” Areas: The Case of Strategic Management
Authors: Madhavan Ravi , Mahoney Joseph T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractDespite its intuitive appeal, evidence-based management (EBMgt) faces unique challenges in “macro” areas such as organization theory and strategic management, which emphasize actions by organizations and business and corporate leaders. The inherent focus on complex, multilevel and unique problems presents serious challenges that EBMgt scholars must address. EBMgt will nurture the establishment of a new model of research that is not only cumulative in its knowledge building but also promotes engaged scholarship. Further, the uncertainty and conflict that characterize “macro” decision contexts heighten the need for EBMgt. We put forward four recommendations to advance EBMgt: (1) using more sophisticated meta-analyses, (2) providing syntheses that go beyond quantitative summaries, (3) engaging in a disciplined conversation about our implicit “levels of evidence” frameworks, and (4) developing decision supports.
Research Findings Practitioners Resist: Lessons for Management Academics from Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Giluk Tamara L. , Rynes-Weller Sara L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe explore why practitioners resist scientific evidence and what academics—as researchers and educators—can do to promote its use. Evidence shows that practitioners often disbelieve, dismiss, or simply ignore findings from scientific studies. Drawing parallels between the fields of medicine and management, we discuss seven sources of resistance to research findings. Then, based on the relatively longer history of evidence-based medicine, we make recommendations for management academics wishing to more effectively advance evidence-based management.
Buried Treasure: A Business Librarian’s Insights on Finding the Evidence
Authors: Werner Roye 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter offers my perspective as a professional librarian and former manager on accessing the research evidence in the business and management fields. I describe the barriers faced by managers, students, and scholars in locating and reading the peer-reviewed literature: its scattered placement, varying formats, controlled access, and swiftly changing environment. I explore how those roadblocks are being overcome, and I offer practical recommendations for both managers and researchers on what they can do today to bring that evidence to light.
Designing Strategies for the Implementation of EBMgt among Senior Management, Middle Management, and Supervisors
Authors: Speicher-Bocija Jayne , Adams Richard 
Published: February 2013

AbstractProponents of evidence-based management (EBMgt) point to a range of benefits accruing to users, including more effective decision making through exploitation of the science base. Despite this lure, incorporating research evidence findings is relatively new to much management practice. In this chapter, EBMgt is conceived of as a technological innovation, and we draw on diffusion-of-innovation theory and the transtheoretical stages-of-change model to explore some individual and organizational factors impacting the adoption of EBMgt at different levels of management. In light of this analysis, a number of strategies and initiatives to accelerate the adoption of EBMgt are proposed.
State Corporate Income Taxes
Authors: Brunori David 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAddressing the state corporate income tax (CIT), this article goes immediately to the question of whether the states can “rescue the state corporate income tax from near irrelevancy.” Even though the tax is used in forty-five states and the District of Columbia, it has diminished—dropping from a high of 9.5 percent of state revenues in 1997 to less than 5 percent today. In addition to simply broadening the tax base, the CIT is primarily justified on two grounds: as a complement to the tax on real property (which ignores the returns to the input of intangible property) and a need for a mechanism that integrates with the state personal income tax (to ensure some degree of neutrality by type of business organization). At the same time, the article largely dismisses the frequently cited justification that a state CIT adds to the progressivity of state public finance systems, noting that depending on the nature of the market, the tax is just as likely to be shifted forward to consumers in the form of higher prices or backward to factor suppliers such as labor as it is to be shifted to landholders in the form of lower rents and by reducing the shareholder return to equity.
Pullback Management: State Budgeting Under Fiscal Stress
Authors: Bourdeaux Carolyn , Hildreth W. Bartley 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article analyzes the challenge of state budgeting during periods of dramatic and unplanned declines in state revenue collections. Most public finance textbooks describe the budget process as an orderly cycle of preparation, approval, execution, and evaluation. When governments are experiencing a steady growth or only marginal declines in revenues such as during the past two decades (1989–2009), it's easy to see how state budget officials can become accustomed to a predictable, “regular rhythm.” Thus, when the Great Recession hit, a series of month-after-month and quarter-after-quarter revenue shortfalls affected nearly all state budgets. The result was that with little warning and preparation, policymakers faced midyear budget deficits. This article takes on the topic of managing midyear budget adjustments. Beginning with a review of the institutional tools available to governors and legislatures (e.g., allotments, apportionment, budgeting, impoundments, special fund transfers, fund withholdings, furloughs), the article carries out a study of how five states went about balancing their budgets in 2009–2010 and how the lessons from these state responses can inform those dealing with the next fiscal crisis.
The Intergovernmental Grant System
Authors: Scheppach Raymond C. , Hildreth W. Bartley 
Published: February 2013

AbstractHistory will write the two-year period of 2009 to 2010 as a watershed in the federal-state-local fiscal relationship. The outpouring of aid helped states to avoid cutting spending and increasing taxes in the depths of the Great Recession. Federal grants dramatically increased as a percentage of total state revenues, from 26 percent to 35 percent. The fiscal relief packages were harbingers for the future, because 70 percent of the federal grants were devoted to health and education. But the relief supplied by the federal stimulus was short-lived. The expected “new normal” revenue path means that states will continue to downsize and streamline along all fronts. Health-care spending holds the key. Existing health programs and the new Affordable Care Act, if is fully implemented, will mean that 130 million individuals will look to the states to help meet or, at least, control health-care costs. That is the difficult and expensive mission confronting the states in the future.
Employment in Low-Income Families
Authors: Hetzner Nina M. Philipsen , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn the past 50 years the labor force participation rate of mothers has surged, and rising numbers of children are spending time in nonparental care. These increases are especially dramatic for single mothers and mothers with young children. As a result, the effects of parental employment on child socioemotional, cognitive, and health outcomes in a low-income context have gained research attention. Findings highlight important differences between employment in low income samples versus higher or nationally representative income samples. In a low-income context results suggest that employment has either no association or a small positive association with child development. Yet, in a nationally representative context, the majority of studies suggest that early employment has a negative association with child socioemotional and cognitive development. Differences in effects by income are likely due to differences in the way low- and higher income children experience the pathways through which employment is linked with development. Parental employment out of the home influences aspects of the child's environment. Employment has been associated with the amount of time spent with a child, the amount of language used by parents with the child, the parent-child attachment relationship, the home environment, child care arrangements, the household income, and the family's access to health care. In turn, these environmental characteristics impact the socioemotional, cognitive, and physical development of the child. Implications and future directions for this field of work are discussed.
How Welfare and Employment Policies Influence Children's Development
Authors: Huston Aletha C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, I review the research investigating the effects of welfare and employment policies on children's circumstances and development. A rich body of research comprises random assignment experiments testing policy variations as well as longitudinal investigations spanning the period of policy change before and after 1996. Both experimental tests and longitudinal studies indicate that, on average, parents’ transitions from welfare into employment produced little change in overall family income and little discernible effect on children's cognitive or social development or on the immediate family environment, but nuanced assessments indicate that effects on children's well-being vary depending on the features of the policies in place. The goal of this chapter is to illuminate how such policy variations matter for children's well-being. I conclude by discussing important welfare-to-work policy lessons.
Preventive Interventions: Parenting and the Home Environment
Authors: Huberman Harris S. , Mendelsohn Alan L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAlthough the central importance of parent-child interaction (PCI) in shaping early child development is well established, the effectiveness of preventive intervention approaches that mainly focus on PCI (as opposed to direct child stimulation) is more controversial. This chapter describes selected PCI-focused approaches in the United States and around the world, including home visiting models, group visit and community-based models, public health and primary care approaches, and comprehensive Early Child Development programs. While quite different in format, duration, and cost, these models share common attributes: they have a strong focus on PCI, they have the most impact with moderate-risk families, and they use participatory, interactive methods to engage parents and/or they take advantage of timing, context, and relationships (such as the primary-care encounter) to effectively promote parenting practices and parent-child relationships that support optimal child development. The importance of integrating these preventive approaches with other early childhood services and larger health systems and infrastructures is discussed.
Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Effects on Growth, Health, and Development in Young Children
Authors: Fernald Lia C. H. , Gertler Paul J. , Hidrobo Melissa 
Published: February 2013

AbstractConditional cash transfer (CCT) programs operate by giving cash payments to families only if they comply with a set of certain requirements relating to the health and education of family members. In this paper we discuss why and how CCTs could affect children's outcomes, and review evidence from CCT programs throughout the world that focus on the effects of CCT programs on birth outcomes, children's health and growth, and children's cognitive development. Finally, we examine the effects of CCT programs on factors that could indirectly affect child outcomes, such as growth monitoring and household food purchases. We discuss evidence from conditional cash transfer programs in Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, India, Nepal, and Jamaica, and unconditional cash transfer programs in South Africa, Malawi, and Ecuador.
Cross-Cultural and Cross-National Parenting Perspectives
Authors: Lansford Jennifer E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter focuses on understanding how culture and poverty jointly influence parenting. Depending on cultural, national, and socioeconomic contexts, parents’ attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors may differ, and specific forms of parenting may have different implications for children's development. Poverty can make it more difficult for parents to promote children's survival and development, protection from abuse and exploitation, and participation in making decisions that affect their lives. Both culture and poverty can affect the ways that parents show love and acceptance to children, stimulate children's cognitive development, teach them to be well-functioning members of society, and manage children's behavior. Ignoring cultural factors can lead to overgeneralizations about parenting. Precautions in research designs are needed to assess parenting in culturally valid ways that apply across nations. Parenting interventions are more effective when they are culturally sensitive. Culture and poverty often are confounded, making it important to consider both in attempts to understand parenting and children's development.
Introduction: Why Study Poverty?
Authors: Maholmes Valerie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis Introduction explains how this book came about. The book is an outgrowth of an research initiative called the Science and Ecology of Early Development (SEED), in which a research agenda was sought that would examine the impact of poverty on child development and health outcomes, and identify the most pressing scientific issues involving poverty and child development, and to offer new ideas and questions that would lead to the development of a “new science” of research. The Introduction then outlines the various parts of this book in detail, and the analysis contained therein.
Burglary
Authors: Bernasco Wim 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article addresses burglary in various countries and jurisdictions, in criminal law as well as in victimization survey questions. It discusses victims, offenders, and the police as sources of information. It presents data on the current prevalence of burglary in the United States, England, and Wales. This article discusses burglary targets and reviews data on the people who commit burglaries. Burglars are described in terms of their demographic attributes, motivations for burglary, co-offending patterns, and level of planning involved in the commission of a burglary. The burglary daily time cycle and its relation to target choice are also mentioned. The next section is dedicated to the issue of repeated burglaries against nearby addresses and is a phenomenon that has received considerable attention during the past decades. It discusses evidence on the effectiveness of situational burglary prevention measures and concludes by enumerating future research priorities.
Financial Crimes
Authors: Levi Michael 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article begins by examining the evidence on the extent and costs of financial crimes. It includes a broad variety of deceptions against a spectrum of poor and wealthy individuals and businesses. It present an analysis of organization of financial crimes at a general level and then discusses subtypes of fraud, based on their techniques and victim sectors. It provides an understanding of the organization of fraud in terms of how would-be offenders confront problems of gaining finance, gaining access to crime opportunities, and retaining their freedom and crime proceeds. There is a discussion of alternative model of thinking about financial crimes and involves clustering them as the skill sets, contacts, start-up capital, and running costs that they require. It concludes with an examination of the major regulatory and criminal justice policy options.
Organizational Crime
Authors: Shover Neal , Scroggins Jennifer 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article reviews and assesses theory and research on organizational crime. It notes the behavioral distinctiveness of acts considered under this procedure. Sources of data and methods used in studies of organizational crime are also discussed. This article documents variation in the distribution of organizational crime and the application of rational choice theory for its explanation. It provides a description about organizational criminal careers and reports about state and private responses to organizational crime. The next section examines the effects of economic globalization on competition, oversight, and organizational crime. It presents a research agenda for further attention and investigation. The record of research on organizational crime shows the need for increased attention on international organizational crime, the enhanced understanding of the contexts and meanings of organizational crime, comparative studies of regulatory oversight styles, and better statistical information.
Organized Crime
Authors: Finckenauer James 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article examines current U.S. organized crime control policy and its attendant practices in light of some recent criticisms. It requires the establishment the nature and character of criminal organizations and organized crime that might require special means for combating them and costs associated with their use. It also discusses the efficacy of the various tools in U.S. policy for combating organized crime. It explores cross-national comparative research and evaluation possibilities and also deals with risks and moral hazards inherent in particular organized crime control strategies and policies justifiable when weighed against their demonstrated effectiveness. This article ends up with the need of much greater collaboration between researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to understand better organized crime and to improve the effectiveness of methods to combat it. Much more attention must be devoted to prevention-oriented approaches to organized crime.
Environmental Crime
Authors: Yeager Peter Cleary , Simpson Sally S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article focuses on environmental offenses and policy within the United States with particular emphasis on legal approaches in other countries. It describes types and patterns of environmental lawbreaking by business organizations and analyses some of the data and measurement issues that perplex and challenge researchers. It explores individual, organizational, and structural explanations for environmental crime and examines national and international policies for regulating the environmental behaviors of business. Constraints on policy that shape environmental outcomes are also discussed. It concludes with a consideration of the implications of these findings for both future research and public policy. Future research should seek to assess, which combination of persuasion, inducement, and compulsion devices contribute most to industrial and state commitments to environmental protection.
Tax Evasion
Authors: Braithwaite Valerie 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article briefly maps the domain of tax evasion and draws on the best data available from the United States to illustrate the magnitude of the problem. It reviews the scientific literature on the primary drivers of tax evasion. The nature and extent of tax evasion vary across contexts and time, depending on opportunity to evade tax and the enforcement processes in place. It illustrates tax evasion as a white-collar crime, the substance of which is sometimes poorly specified and changes with economic and social conditions. There is a brief review on the reasons for individuals evading tax and includes discussion about benefits, coercion, obligation, and justice. It considers some of the strategies that governments are using to try to rebuild the effectiveness and integrity of their tax systems to ensure future sustainability.
Mainland Greece
Authors: Shelton Kim 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMycenaean civilization developed, grew to great heights, and collapsed, all during the Late Bronze Age. Rooted in Greece, where the period is called the Late Helladic (LH) period, the beginning, internal divisions, and end of this historical framework are based almost entirely on pottery styles. These ceramic phases do not necessarily correspond to historical periods, however, so there is occasionally a preference for chronological divisions centered on the life cycle of the palace—a defining cultural and architectural feature—following more closely the economic and political character of the society. The pottery sequence, though, allows for more narrowly refined periods that also take advantage of the most prevalent material artifact and one that is subject to relatively rapid style change and wide distribution.