bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The self in and as dialogue
Authors: Lysaker Paul H. , Lysaker John T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBecause we’d like to explore how one’s sense of self could suffer such a fate, we first need to explore how sense of self emerges, that is, how it is that we as human beings are disclosed to ourselves outside of psychosis. To that end, we now will thicken our understanding of sense of self. With that in hand, we can turn to how such disclosures might acquire the kind of character we saw in Chapter 2.Let’s begin with a hypothesis that governs our inquiry. Human beings engage in, even live as an ensemble of dialogues. Said otherwise, the locus of life that we are, and from which the first-person emerges, is dialogical. We relate to others and ourselves, we plan, imagine, remember, and lust only on the basis of dialogical relations. We are thus more than an atomistic entity. In elusive but crucial ways, our being is bound to and in some sense involves the presence of others, and our lives unfold as movements within ourselves and among others.Even at the outset, it is crucial to note that we are not claiming simply that selves employ narratives that synthesize their lives and that these narratives involve dialogues among various facets of a life. No doubt this happens to varying degrees, and we shall try to explain, at least in part, why and how, but our claim runs further than this. At base, the very self whose life one might gather up and redirect through a narrative is dialogical in the first place, and thus a multiple phenomenon in and of itself, not simply in its self-presentations.What follows does not provide a comprehensive account of the self. A comprehensive theory would identify and explain elements whose interactions constitute human being, as well as the principles that govern those interactions. Such a view would have to reckon with a vast array of phenomena, from perception and self-awareness to an infant’s journey into adulthood, from language and labor to emotion and conscience. It would recognize that human beings are not simply instantiations of an eidos or Platonist form, but unique, active loci of a temporally woven life. That said, our claim is nevertheless a strong one – dialogical relations are integral to the self, and those relations form an irreducible field out of which a sense of self is allowed to emerge.
Anti-psychiatry, values and the philosophy of psychiatry
Authors: Thornton Tim 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAt the heart of the debate about anti-psychiatry is a debate about the nature of mental illness itself. The anti-psychiatry view that mental illness does not exist has immediate repercussions for the justification of mental health care practice. Thus, the analysis of mental illness is not merely one question of interest to the philosophy of psychiatry, it is the key question. For that reason it is where I will begin. The first section of the chapter examines Szasz’ arguments based on the idea that mental and physical illness answer to distinct norms.Whilst physical illness is deviation from structural or functional integrity, mental illness, Szasz argues, depends on deviation from evaluative norms and thus mental illness cannot be treated by medical means. This view is contrasted with ologicallyminded defences of psychiatry offered by Kendell and Boorse. The second section describes two attempted overviews of the debate about mental illness. Fulford suggests that whilst value-theorists like Szasz, and descriptivists like Boorse and Kendell disagree about the status of mental illness they implicitly agree that physical illness is value-free. Fulford argues, however, that assumption is mistaken. He argues, instead, that illness as a whole is essentially value-laden, but mental illness appears more so because the values involved are more contested. Just because mental illness is valueladen, it does not follow that it is unreal. The third section examines Wakefield’s harmful dysfunction analysis of illness. This turns on reducing mental disorder to a biological dysfunction itself analysed into the purely descriptive terms of evolutionary theory. Biological functions look to be a promising way of ‘naturalising’ the idea of mental disorder because they are both normative (there is a prescriptive distinction between behaviour that accords with them and that which does not), but also rooted in scientific theory. I argue, however, that the very idea of biological function presupposes the kind of intelligibility exemplified in reason-giving. It does not explain it. Thus, it fails to explain disorder in more basic terms. The final section takes mild cognitive impairment as an example. The same general issues that concern mental illness as a whole apply to this difficult borderline condition helping to demonstrate the real difficulty of making a judgement as to its pathological status.
Conclusions and the future of philosophy of psychiatry
Authors: Thornton Tim 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe six chapters of this book have offered a snapshot of the diverse subjects that make up contemporary philosophy of psychiatry, but whilst they have ranged across the three main themes of the role of values, understanding meanings and the scientific and factual basis of mental health care, there have been some underlying common conclusions that have been re-emphasised throughout the book.In this brief final section, I will highlight three such unifying conclusions:there is an ineliminable role for non-algorithmic or uncodified judgement in mental health care;the basic unit of meaning or significance is the whole person;the best understanding of nature is a relaxed rather than a reductionist naturalism.
Psychopathic personality disorder
Authors: Callender John S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPsychopaths constitute 15% to 25% of male and female prison populations and they are responsible, relative to nonpsychopathic criminals for a disproportionate amount of criminal recidivism and violent crime (Hare, 2003). The prevalence in the wider male population is unknown but is estimated at around 0.75% (Blair et al., 2005).In this chapter I will begin by describing the defining characteristics of psychopathy. I will go on to describe the kinds of empirical research into psychopathy that have been carried out in recent years. I will then examine the concept of psychopathic personality with regard to its history, validity, and the reliability with which it can be diagnosed. I will then consider how such a disorder affects the agent's capacities for moral responsibility and whether such considerations should influence how we respond when someone with a psychopathic personality is convicted of a crime. I will conclude with discussion of how we should deal with psychopathic offenders in the light of the various theories of responsibility and punishment that have been described earlier in this text.The psychopath usually comes to clinical attention only after he or she has committed a crime. The fact of wrongdoing therefore provides the main stimulus for interest in, and concern about, this condition. The psychopath therefore lies at the intersection of psychiatric diagnosis and judgments of moral and legal responsibility. He or she exemplifies many of the dilemmas and conflicts that arise when psychiatry, morals, and the law come into contact with each other.
Priorities and ethics in health care
Authors: Griffiths Sian M. , Martin Robyn , Sinclair Don 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter aims to help you understand the language of ethics and the role ethics plays in public health, recognize ways in which public health ethics differ from bioethics, understand the principles of priority-setting within a constrained budget, appreciate how ethics should underpin public health interventions, and appreciate the importance of ethics-based public health policy-making.
Statistical understanding
Authors: Kumaran Kalyanaraman , Lang Iain 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe objective of this chapter is to help you to understand when statistical analysis would be useful, and to interpret correctly the statistics you encounter. It also contains an outline of how to use standardization to compare two populations. In public health practice you are likely to use statistics for two purposes: to summarize information about populations (descriptive statistics), and to make inferences from data derived from research or other analysis (inferential statistics).
Inference, causality, and interpretation
Authors: Lang Iain 
Published: February 2013

AbstractUnderstanding causality and interpreting evidence in public health practice can be challenging. This chapter describes some of the key concepts involved, including association, causation, bias, confounding, and error. Although understanding the causes of things is a key public health skill, just as important are being aware of the limits to our understanding of what causes things, being able to communicate these limits to other people, and being able to make decisions even when the information we have is incomplete or inconclusive. This chapter will help you become familiar with some of the main concepts in this area, to understand how the inferences we can draw from evidence are shaped, and give you some insight into the limits of our understanding based on the available evidence.
Finding and appraising evidence
Authors: Brice Anne , Burls Amanda , Hill Alison 
Published: February 2013

AbstractMaking good public health decisions requires integrating good information (much of it routine) with good research evidence. However, there is a vast quantity of research evidence available, much of it poor quality. This chapter aims to help you find and appraise research evidence efficiently, so the best, most relevant research evidence is used to improve health.
Health care process and patient experience
Authors: Delnoij Diana 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter will help you to analyse the health care process and, in particular, the quality of this process and its outcomes from the patient’s perspective. You will read how you can measure quality from the patient’s perspective, how to interpret the findings, and how to take action based on the results. This chapter provides hands-on guidance with respect to the development and implementation of surveys measuring patient experiences. However, keep in mind that this is only a first step in the quality cycle. The results of such a survey give you a ‘diagnosis’ of the quality of care from the patients’ perspective. It does not really tell you what you should do to improve patient experiences, however. To find effective remedies for negative experiences, often you will have to do additional research.
Programme planning and project management
Authors: Fien John 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter draws from the project management and programme/project evaluation fields to provide a practitioner’s guide to programme planning and project management.This chapter covers the relationship between programmes and projects, the components of effective programme and project planning, how to develop a programme theory and logic model for a project, and how to implement it, ways of developing an evaluation strategy, managing projects as part of a programme, and the attributes of an effective programme planner and project manager.
Identification of Genes in Thuja plicata Foliar Terpenoid Defenses
Authors: Foster Adam J. , Hall Dawn E. , Mortimer Leanne , Abercromby Shelley , Gries Regine , Gries Gerhard , Bohlmann Jörg , Russell John , Mattsson Jim 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Thuja plicata (western redcedar) is a long-lived conifer species whose foliage is rarely affected by disease or insect pests, but can be severely damaged by ungulate browsing. Deterrence to browsing correlates with high foliar levels of terpenoids, in particular the monoterpenoid α-thujone. Here, we set out to identify genes whose products may be involved in the production of α-thujone and other terpenoids in this species. First, we generated a foliar transcriptome database from which to draw candidate genes. Second, we mapped the storage of thujones and other terpenoids to foliar glands. Third, we used global expression profiling to identify more than 600 genes that are expressed at high levels in foliage with glands, but can either not be detected or are expressed at low levels in a natural variant lacking foliar glands. Fourth, we used in situ RNA hybridization to map the expression of a putative monoterpene synthase to the epithelium of glands and used enzyme assays with recombinant protein of the same gene to show that it produces sabinene, the monoterpene precursor of α-thujone. Finally, we identified candidate genes with predicted enzymatic functions for the conversion of sabinene to α-thujone. Taken together, this approach generated both general resources and detailed functional characterization in the identification of genes of foliar terpenoid biosynthesis in T. plicata.
Unravelling the architecture of functional variability in wild populations of Polygonum viviparum L
Authors: Boucher Florian C. , Thuiller Wilfried , Arnoldi Cindy , Albert Cécile H. , Lavergne Sébastien 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Functional variability (FV) of populations can be decomposed into three main features: the individual variability of multiple traits, the strength of correlations between those traits and the main direction of these correlations, the latter two being known as ‘phenotypic integration’. Evolutionary biology has long recognized that FV in natural populations is key to determining potential evolutionary responses, but this topic has been little studied in functional ecology.

Here, we focus on the arctico‐alpine perennial plant species Polygonum viviparum L.. We used a comprehensive sampling of seven functional traits in 29 wild populations covering the whole environmental niche of the species. The niche of the species was captured by a temperature gradient, which separated alpine stressful habitats from species‐rich, competitive subalpine ones. We sought to assess the relative roles of abiotic stress and biotic interactions in shaping different aspects of functional variation within and among populations, that is, the multi‐trait variability, the strength of correlations between traits and the main directions of functional trade‐offs.

Populations with the highest extent of functional variability were found in the warm end of the gradient, whereas populations exhibiting the strongest degree of phenotypic integration were located in sites with intermediate temperatures. This could reveal both the importance of environmental filtering and population demography in structuring FV. Interestingly, we found that the main axes of multivariate functional variation were radically different within and across population.

Although the proximate causes of FV structure remain uncertain, our study presents a robust methodology for the quantitative study of functional variability in connection with species' niches. It also opens up new perspectives for the conceptual merging of intraspecific functional patterns with community ecology.
Postoperative urinary retention in benign inguinal and anorectal operations
Authors: Iramaneerat Cherdsak , Yongpradit Thada 
Published: February 2013

AimPostoperative urinary retention is the most common complication after elective inguinal and anorectal surgical procedures. The risk factors identified in the literature were inconsistent. We conducted this study to identify independent risk factors for postoperative urinary retention and to develop a model for predicting urinary retention.Patients and MethodsA retrospective case‐control study of medical records of patients who underwent elective benign inguinal and perianal operations at Siriraj Hospital between 2006 and 2008 was done. The risk factors identified from the univariate analyses (χ2‐test and t‐test) were examined together in a logistic regression analysis.ResultsWe reviewed 77 records of patients with urinary retention and 168 records of patients with no urinary retention. We identified three independent risk factors for postoperative urinary retention, including spinal anaesthesia (odds ratio: 4.41), limitation of activity (odds ratio: 6.47) and pain score (odds ratio: 1.80). We developed a model for making prediction of postoperative urinary retention, based on these three variables.ConclusionTo avoid postoperative urinary retention, a patient who receives an inguinal or perianal operation should avoid spinal anaesthesia, and have early ambulation and effective pain control.
Meta‐analysis of laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy for pancreatic diseases
Authors: Qiu Jianguo , Chen Shuting , Prasoon Pankaj , Wu Hong 
Published: February 2013

AimIncreasing studies have reported on the feasibility of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) versus open distal pancreatectomy (ODP) for pancreatic diseases; however, the therapeutic efficacies between the two procedures remain controversial. The aim of the present study was to conduct a meta‐analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LDP for pancreatic diseases.Patients and MethodsSearches of the Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Database, and CNKI were performed to identify relevant studies published between January 2001 and December 2011.ResultsSixteen studies involving 1796 participants were included. LDP was associated with longer operative time [mean difference (MD): −13.45, 95 per cent confidence interval (95 per cent CI): 8.18–18.17, P < 0.00001] and fewer lymph nodes harvested (MD:−6.05, 95 per cent CI: −6.54 to −5.56, P < 0.00001), but higher spleen preservation rates [odds ratio (OR): 3.38, 95 per cent CI: 1.93–5.9, P < 0.00001], less estimated blood loss (MD: −389.75, 95 per cent CI: −407.96 to −371.55, P < 0.00001), shorter hospital stay (MD: −3.95, 95 per cent CI: −4.0 to −3.9, P < 0.00001) and less complications (OR: 0.47, 95 per cent CI: 0.25–0.88), P = 0.02] compared with patients undergoing ODP. There were no significant differences between the two groups in postoperative mortality and long‐term survival.ConclusionThe short‐term outcomes of LDP for pancreatic diseases were comparable with the open approach. Although ODP might be associated with shorter operative time and more lymph nodes harvested, individuals considering LDP might benefit from a shorter hospital stay and a faster resumption without an increase in postoperative morbidity and mortality.
Foot use and hand preference during feeding in captive black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti)
Authors: PAN Jing , XIAO Wen , TALBERT Matthew H. , SCOTT Matthew B. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPostural origin theory predicts that body postures are related to hand preference in nonhuman primates due to hemispheric specialization. Foot preference, especially in manipulating objects, is also a good predictor of hemispheric specialization in humans. We studied limb (hand and foot) preferences in 11 captive adult black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) to see how limb preference is influenced by postures and foot manipulation. Hand preference was significantly different for this group between quadrupedal standing and clinging postures, and sitting and clinging postures, but not between bipedal standing and clinging postures. Individuals were significantly more likely to use the right hand in the clinging posture than in quadrupedal standing or sitting postures. In the sitting posture, individuals maintained their respective hand preference even when the food was on the other side of the body. There was a gender difference in the sitting posture, where females preferred their right hand but males preferred their left. Individuals who did not routinely use their feet to manipulate objects, compared to those who did, shifted to greater right hand use from the clinging posture to the bipedal posture. One male individual and his offspring were more likely to use their feet to manipulate objects than the rest of the monkeys. In the present study, we reveal the first evidence of a postural effect on hand preference in R. bieti as well as a foot preference in this species. Our results mostly agree with the postural origin theory and hemispheric specialization.
Geometric morphometric study of the skull shape diversification in Sciuridae (Mammalia, Rodentia)
Authors: LU Xuefei , GE Deyan , XIA Lin , HUANG Chengming , YANG Qisen 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIt is generally accepted that the high phenotypic diversity of mammals is a combined result of developmental constraint and ecological adaptation, although the influence of these endogenous and exogenous factors varies in different mammal groups. The rodent family Sciuridae represents an ideal candidate for examining phenotypic diversity in relation to phylogeny and ecological adaptations. In the present study, we investigate the effects of phylogeny and lifestyle on the skull shape in different species of Sciuridae by applying geometric morphometric methods. In addition, we investigate the importance of allometry on sciurid skull shape, because results from geometric morphometrics sometimes dispute those of traditional morphometry. Here, we identify significant associations between patristic distances obtained from molecular phylogeny and shape distances in all 3 views of the cranium and the lateral view of the mandible. Multivariate regression demonstrates that shape differences among lifestyle categories are substantial, especially in the dorsal and ventral structures after the influence of phylogeny is taken into account. Allometry plays an important role in the shape variation, although its importance on different skull structures varies. Our results indicate that complex structures of this highly diverse mammal group, which occupies different niches, are affected by ecological factors and developmental constraint.
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Cichorium Intybus Root Extract Using Orthogonal Matrix Design
Authors: Liu Haitao , Wang Quanzhen , Liu Yuyan , Chen Guo , Cui Jian 
Published: February 2013

Abstract Solvent, impregnation time, sonication repetitions, and ultrasonic power were important factors in the process of ultrasound‐assisted extraction from chicory (Cichorium intybus) root, while there were no studies about optimizing these 4 factors for extract yield, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity of the extracts using orthogonal matrix design. The present research demonstrated that the solvent composition played a significant role in the improving extract yield, TPC, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. The other 3 factors had inequable effect on different purposes, ultrasonic power could improve TPC and antioxidant activity, but long time of extraction lowered antioxidant activity. The TPC increased from 22.34 to 27.87 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/100 g (dry extracts) with increasing solvent polarity. The half inhibition concentration (IC50, μg/mL) of the radical scavenging activity of the chicory extracts ranged from 281.00 to 983.33 μg/mL. The content of caffeoylquinic acids of root extract, which was extracted by the optimal combination was 0.104%. Several extracts displayed antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhi, while Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. resisted against all the extracts. Combination of 70% ethanol v/v, 24‐h impregnation time, 3 sonication rounds, and 300‐W ultrasonic input power was found to be the optimal combination for the chicory extract yield, TPC, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity.