bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fitness and stability of obligate cross-feeding interactions that emerge upon gene loss in bacteria
Authors: Pande Samay , Merker Holger , Bohl Katrin , Reichelt Michael , Schuster Stefan , de Figueiredo Luís F , Kaleta Christoph , Kost Christian 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Cross-feeding interactions, in which bacterial cells exchange costly metabolites to the benefit of both interacting partners, are very common in the microbial world. However, it generally remains unclear what maintains this type of interaction in the presence of non-cooperating types. We investigate this problem using synthetic cross-feeding interactions: by simply deleting two metabolic genes from the genome of Escherichia coli, we generated genotypes that require amino acids to grow and release other amino acids into the environment. Surprisingly, in a vast majority of cases, cocultures of two cross-feeding strains showed an increased Darwinian fitness (that is, rate of growth) relative to prototrophic wild type cells—even in direct competition. This unexpected growth advantage was due to a division of metabolic labour: the fitness cost of overproducing amino acids was less than the benefit of not having to produce others when they were provided by their partner. Moreover, frequency-dependent selection maintained cross-feeding consortia and limited exploitation by non-cooperating competitors. Together, our synthetic study approach reveals ecological principles that can help explain the widespread occurrence of obligate metabolic cross-feeding interactions in nature.
Multi‐level LINC transmitter with non‐isolated power combiner
Authors: Hur J. , Kim H. , Lee O. , Woo S. , Kim K. , Kim W. , Lee C.‐H. , Lim K. , Laskar J. 
Published: November 2013

By using a non‐isolated power combiner, the overall power efficiency can be improved by reducing the wasted power at the combined out‐phased signal. To further improve the efficiency of the low‐power mode, a multi‐power mode out‐phasing power amplifier (PA) is proposed with load modulation by switches. Compared with the conventional linear amplification using nonlinear component (LINC) transmitter, the proposed multi‐level LINC improves the power‐added‐efficiency more than 40% for a 7 dB peak‐to‐average power ratio orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal. To the authors' knowledge, the proposed LINC PA is the first multi‐level LINC PA without multiple power supplies.
Inducing host protection in pneumococcal sepsis by preactivation of the Ashwell-Morell receptor
Authors: Grewal Prabhjit K. , Aziz Peter V. , Uchiyama Satoshi , Rubio Gabriel R. , Lardone Ricardo D. , Le Dzung , Varki Nissi M. , Nizet Victor , Marth Jamey D. 
Published: November 2013

SignificanceSepsis occurs in the presence of a pathogen in the blood, often with increased blood clotting and inflammation that can cause severe tissue damage and organ failure leading to death. This article reports the mechanism of host protection mediated by the Ashwell-Morell receptor (AMR) of hepatocytes during sepsis caused byStreptococcus pneumoniae. The AMR protects the host primarily by diminishing the abundance of circulating platelets that have been remodeled by pathogen neuraminidase activity, thereby reducing the severity of coagulopathy, diminishing organ failure, and permitting host survival. The AMR is further selective in moderating circulating coagulation factors that are primarily prothrombotic. This study also presents an approach to preactivate AMR function early in sepsis to augment host protection and survival.
Free energy landscapes for initiation and branching of protein aggregation
Authors: Zheng Weihua , Schafer Nicholas P. , Wolynes Peter G. 
Published: November 2013

Significance
This study leverages a predictive protein-folding simulation model to study the free energy landscapes of fused oligomeric constructs to quantify the conditions under which these constructs spontaneously misfold. Constructs of this type have been used to probe the early stages of aggregation in the laboratory. Oligomeric species may be the toxic agents in misfolding-related diseases. The critical structures that initiate aggregation are shown to depend on specific sequence signals and thermodynamic conditions. Our results also suggest that branching due to the presence of multiple amyloidogenic segments may determine the morphology of protein aggregates.
Woven emotions
Authors: Díaz-Vera Javier E. 
Published: November 2013

Following Forceville (2005, 2011), in this paper I show that the same conceptual models underlie the expression of Old English emotions in both the language and the visual modes. Kövecses (2000, 2005) and Stefanowitsch (2004, 2006) have shown that verbal expressions and idioms used to describe emotions can be traced back to a limited number of conceptual metaphors. In the light of these findings, I will analyze here the pictorial representations of emotions in the Bayeux Tapestry, an 11th century embroidered cloth that narrates and depicts the events that led up to the Norman Conquest of England and the invasion itself. The tapestry, which has been described as an example of early narrative art (McCloud, 1993, pp. 12–14), shows hundreds of human figures in an astounding range of poses and circumstances.
My analysis of the set of pictorial signals used in the Anglo-Norman Bayeux Tapestry to represent emotion types such as ‘anger’, ‘grief’ and ‘fear’ shows that (1) Anglo-Norman artists used a well-organized set of visual stimuli to convey emotion-related meanings in a patterned way, that (2) the same idealised conceptual models are shared by verbal and visual modalities, and that (3) whereas verbal expressions of emotions regularly draw on non-embodied, behavioural concepts, visual representations show a clear preference for embodied container concepts.
Salinity.
Authors: Erskine W. , Upadhyaya H. D. , Malik A. I. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

This chapter focuses on salinity caused by Na+ and Cl- ions. The situation of salinity today and in 2050; physiology of salinity tolerance; variation among crops to salinity tolerance; and the inheritance of salinity tolerance are described. A mini-core approach to screen germplasm collections for salt tolerance and some methods (wide hybridization and genetic modification) to increase salt tolerance in crops are described. Four examples of ongoing domestications for saline environments are presented. Salt tolerance in plants seems to be a developmentally regulated process because tolerance varies with growth stage, generally increasing with the age of the plant. Given these diverse components of salinity tolerance, the future screening of genetic resources can focus on identifying the extremes for the individual components, which breeders can then recombine.
Predator effects on a detritus‐based food web are primarily mediated by non‐trophic interactions
Authors: Majdi Nabil , Boiché Anatole , Traunspurger Walter , Lecerf Antoine 
Published: November 2013

Summary

Predator effects on ecosystems can extend far beyond their prey and are often not solely lethally transmitted. Change in prey traits in response to predation risk can have important repercussions on community assembly and key ecosystem processes (i.e. trait‐mediated indirect effects). In addition, some predators themselves alter habitat structure or nutrient cycling through ecological engineering effects. Tracking these non‐trophic pathways is thus an important, yet challenging task to gain a better grasp of the functional role of predators.

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that, in detritus‐based food webs, non‐trophic interactions may prevail over purely trophic interactions in determining predator effects on plant litter decomposition. This hypothesis was tested in a headwater stream by modulating the density of a flatworm predator (Polycelis felina) in enclosures containing oak (Quercus robur) leaf litter exposed to natural colonization by small invertebrates and microbial decomposers. Causal path modelling was used to infer how predator effects propagated through the food web.

Flatworms accelerated litter decomposition through positive effects on microbial decomposers. The biomass of prey and non‐prey invertebrates was not negatively affected by flatworms, suggesting that net predator effect on litter decomposition was primarily determined by non‐trophic interactions.

Flatworms enhanced the deposition and retention of fine sediments on leaf surface, thereby improving leaf colonization by invertebrates – most of which having strong affinities with interstitial habitats. This predator‐induced improvement of habitat availability was attributed to the sticky nature of the mucus that flatworms secrete in copious amount while foraging. Results of path analyses further indicated that this bottom‐up ecological engineering effect was as powerful as the top‐down effect on invertebrate prey.

Our findings suggest that predators have the potential to affect substantially carbon flow and nutrient cycling in detritus‐based ecosystems and that this impact cannot be fully appreciated without considering non‐trophic effects.
Current approach to masked hypertension: From diagnosis to clinical management
Authors: Dolan Eamon , James Kirstyn 
Published: November 2013

Summary

The term ‘masked hypertension phenomenon’ was first described by the late Professor Thomas Pickering and is commonly defined as having a normal clinic blood pressure (BP) but an elevated ‘out of office’ reading. In the main, these elevated readings have been provided through ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), but sometimes home BP monitoring is used. It is now largely accepted that ABPM gives a better classification of risk than clinic BP. Thus, the elevated ABPM levels should relate to higher cardiovascular risk, and it follows that these people may be regarded as being genuinely hypertensive and at higher cardiovascular risk.

The problem for clinical practice is how to identify and manage these individuals. The phenomenon should be suspected in individuals who have had an elevated clinic BP at some time, in young individuals with normal or normal–high clinic BP who have early left ventricular hypertrophy, in individuals with a family history of hypertension in both parents, patients with multiple risks for cardiovascular disease and perhaps diabetic patients. Masked hypertension appears to be more prevalent in individuals of male gender, with younger age, higher heart rate, obesity or high cholesterol levels and in smokers.

Those with masked hypertension are at higher risk of events such as stroke and have a higher prevalence of target organ damage, for example, nephropathy.

In conclusion, most of the debate around this topic relates to its reliable identification. Given the higher ambulatory mean blood pressure values there is an increased cardiovascular risk making this diagnosis important.
Effect of Inflation Targeting on Inflation Uncertainty: A SWARCH Analysis
Authors: Tas Bedri Kamil Onur , Ertugrul Hasan Murat 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe analyse the success of inflation targeting (IT) in decreasing inflation volatility by investigating inflation variance before and after IT. We contribute to the literature by implementing Markov‐Switching AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroscedastic methodology to model inflation volatility. After determining the unbiased conditional variances of inflation in each inflation‐targeting country, we investigate structural breaks in inflation variability by both analysing individual countries and conducting a panel data analysis. All of these methods conclude that IT helps most of the countries to achieve lower inflation uncertainty (volatility). We also examine the country‐specific factors that determine the effectiveness of inflation‐targeting adoption.
Australia's Productivity: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Parham Dean 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA terms‐of‐trade shock boosted growth in income and living standards over the past decade. It also brought on Australia's productivity growth slump. Now that the terms of trade have peaked, re‐invigorated productivity growth is needed to boost income and living standards. However, the economy is still going through the adjustments that have stifled productivity growth. Australians may not enjoy the same growth in prosperity as they have over the past two decades.
Factor Growth and Foreign Investment under Product Market Imperfection in the Harris–Todaro Economy
Authors: Yu Eden S. H. , Choi Jai‐Young 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the ramifications of an imperfect product market, with reference to factor growth and foreign investment, for a small Harris–Todaro economy with the agricultural (manufacturing) sector under perfect competition (monopoly protected by an import quota). It is shown that factor growth entails multiple component effects of conflicting signs (i.e. the primary growth effect, the distortionary production effect, and production and employment effects induced by changes in the domestic commodity prices), and, hence, can be welfare‐reducing. Similarly, an inflow of foreign capital can be immiserizing when the foreign capital earnings are repatriated at the domestic rental rate.
Community‐based distribution of misoprostol to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at home births: results from operations research in rural Ghana
Authors: Geller S , Carnahan L , Akosah E , Asare G , Agyemang R , Dickson R , Kapungu C , Owusu‐Ansah L , Robinson N , Mensah‐Homiah J 
Published: November 2013

ObjectiveTo report on a rigorous distribution and monitoring plan to track misoprostol for community‐based distribution to reduce postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in rural Ghana.DesignOperations research.SettingRural Ghana.SampleWomen in third trimester of pregnancy presenting to primary health centres (PHCs) for antenatal care (ANC).MethodsGhana Health Service (GHS), Millennium Village Projects, and the University of Illinois at Chicago conducted an operations research study designed to assess the safety, feasibility, and acceptability of community‐based distribution of misoprostol to prevent PPH at home deliveries in rural Ghana. One thousand doses (3000 tablets, 200 μg each) were obtained from the Family Health Division of GHS. Three 200‐μg tablets of misoprostol (600 μg) in foil packets were packaged together in secured transparent plastic packets labelled with pictorial messages and distributed to midwives at seven PHCs for distribution to pregnant women.Main outcome measuresCorrect use of misoprostol in home deliveries and retrieval of unused misoprostol doses, PPH rates and maternal mortality.ResultsOf the 999 doses distributed to midwives, 982 (98.3%) were successfully tracked, with a 1.7% lost to follow‐up rate. Midwives distributed 654 doses to women at third‐trimester ANC visits. Of women who had misoprostol to use at home, 81% had an institutional delivery and were able to return the misoprostol safely to the midwife. Of the women that used misoprostol, 99% used the misoprostol correctly.ConclusionsThis study clearly demonstrates that misoprostol distributed antenatally to pregnant women can be used accurately and reliably by rural Ghanaian women, and should be considered for policy implementation across Ghana and other countries with high home birth rates and maternal mortality ratios.
Primary mediastinal pleomorphic liposarcoma involving the superior vena cava
Authors: Chen Gang , Qiu Xiaoming , Liu Yi , Qiao Yanjie , Shi Tao , Chen Jun , Zhou Qinghua 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPrimary mediastinal liposarcomas are extremely rare. They are primarily diseases of adults; however, they may be encountered in children. They are characterized by their large size and variable histologic subtypes, which correlate with clinical behavior and prognosis. Although the overall prognosis is poor, it is dependent upon the histologic subtype and completeness of surgical excision. Herein we present a case of a primary mediastinal pleomorphic liposarcoma in a 49‐year‐old male who received an en‐bloc resection and superior vena cava replacement with Gortex graft. The patient has been disease‐free after surgery for over 14 months.
Neoliberal Reason and Its Forms: De‐Politicisation Through Economisation
Authors: Madra Yahya M. , Adaman Fikret 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis paper offers a historically contextualised intellectual history of the entangled development of three competing post‐war economic approaches, viz the Austrian, Chicago and post‐Walrasian schools, as three forms of neoliberalism. Taking our cue from Foucault's reading of neoliberalism as a mode of governmentality under which the social is organised through “economic incentives”, we engage with the recent discussions of neoliberal theory on three accounts: neoliberalism is read as an epistemic horizon including not only “pro‐” but also “post‐market” positions articulated by post‐Walrasian economists who claim that market failures necessitate the design of “incentive‐compatible” remedial mechanisms; the Austrian tradition is distinguished from the Chicago‐style pro‐marketism; and the implications of the differences among the three approaches on economic as well as socio‐political life are discussed. The paper maintains that all three approaches promote the de‐politicisation of the social through its economisation albeit by way of different theories and policies. © 2013 The Author. Antipode © 2013 Antipode Foundation Ltd.
Genetic variation in the monoamine oxidase A and serotonin transporter genes in sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: Opdal Siri H , Vege Åshild , Rognum Torleiv O 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to investigate common polymorphisms in the genes encoding monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and serotonin transporter (5‐HTT) in Norwegian cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This was done to further elucidate the role of genetic variation in these genes and SIDS.MethodsA variable number of tandem repeat area in the promoter of the MAOA gene and rs25531 in the promoter region of the gene encoding 5‐HTT were investigated in 193 SIDS cases and 335 controls. The methods used were polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment analysis and gel electrophoresis.ResultsThere were no differences between SIDS cases and controls for any of the investigated polymorphisms. This was also true when male and female SIDS cases were analysed separately.ConclusionThis article indicates that neither the VNTR in the promoter of the MAOA gene, nor rs25531 in the gene encoding 5‐HTT, is involved in SIDS. However, as medullary serotonergic abnormalities most likely contribute to the death in at least some SIDS cases, it is important to investigate these genes, as well as other genes involved in the serotonergic network, in more detail.
Herd Management: Labor Strategies in Local Food Production
Authors: Janssen Brandi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLocal food has become one of the fastest growing sectors of the natural food industry. Nationwide, farmers' market attendance and memberships in Community Supported Agriculture have increased dramatically. This increased demand for locally produced food puts producers in the position of having to decide whether or not to rapidly scale up their operations, collaborate with other producers, or turn business away. One of the major obstacles to growth faced by producers is access to reliable, affordable labor. This paper explores several mechanisms by which producers may obtain and retain reliable labor sources. The typical options include hiring paid employees, using volunteers, or hiring interns. Each of these strategies has advantages and disadvantages, both socially and economically for the producer and the community.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo [I]/Ki accurately predict P‐glycoprotein‐mediated drug‐drug interactions with dabigatran etexilate
Authors: Zhao Yuansheng , Hu Zhe‐Yi 
Published: November 2013

Background and purposeIn vitro inhibitory potency (Ki)‐based predictions of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp)‐mediated drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) are hampered by the substantial variability in inhibitory potency. In this study, in vivo‐based [I]/Ki values were used to predict the DDI risks of a P‐gp substrate dabigatran etexilate (DABE) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling.Experimental approachA baseline PBPK model was established with digoxin, a known P‐gp substrate. The Km (P‐gp transport) of digoxin in the baseline PBPK model was adjusted to Kmi to fit the change of digoxin pharmacokinetics in the presence of a P‐gp inhibitor. Then ‘in vivo’ [I]/Ki of this P‐gp inhibitor was calculated using Kmi/Km. Baseline PBPK model was developed for DABE, and the ‘in vivo’ [I]/Ki was incorporated into this model to simulate the static effect of P‐gp inhibitor on DABE pharmacokinetics. This approach was verified by comparing the observed and the simulated DABE pharmacokinetics in the presence of five different P‐gp inhibitors.Key resultsThis approach accurately predicted the effects of five P‐gp inhibitors on DABE pharmacokinetics (98–133% and 89–104% for the ratios of AUC and Cmax respectively). The effects of 16 other P‐gp inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of DABE were also confidently simulated.Conclusions and implications‘In vivo’ [I]/Ki and PBPK modelling, used in combination, can accurately predict P‐gp‐mediated DDIs. The described framework provides a mechanistic basis for the proper design of clinical DDI studies, as well as avoiding unnecessary clinical DDI studies.
A systematic review of instruments for assessment of capacity in activities of daily living in children with developmental co‐ordination disorder
Authors: van der Linde B. W. , van Netten J. J. , Otten E. , Postema K. , Geuze R. H. , Schoemaker M. M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractChildren with developmental co‐ordination disorder (DCD) face evident motor difficulties in activities of daily living (ADL). Assessment of their capacity in ADL is essential for diagnosis and intervention, in order to limit the daily consequences of the disorder. The aim of this study is to systematically review potential instruments for standardized and objective assessment of children's capacity in ADL, suited for children with DCD. As a first step, databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched to identify studies that described instruments with potential for assessment of capacity in ADL. Second, instruments were included for review when two independent reviewers agreed that the instruments (1) are standardized and objective; (2) assess at activity level and comprise items that reflect ADL; and (3) are applicable to school‐aged children that can move independently. Out of 1507 publications, 66 publications were selected, describing 39 instruments. Seven of these instruments were found to fulfil the criteria and were included for review: the Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Performance‐2 (BOT2); the Do‐Eat (Do‐Eat); the Movement Assessment Battery for Children‐2 (MABC2); the school‐Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (schoolAMPS); the Tuffts Assessment of Motor Performance (TAMP); the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD); and the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM). As a third step, for the included instruments, suitability for children with DCD was discussed based on the ADL comprised, ecological validity and other psychometric properties. We concluded that current instruments do not provide comprehensive and ecologically valid assessment of capacity in ADL as required for children with DCD.