bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Décrire les gestes professionnels pour comprendre des pratiques efficientes
Authors: Morel Françoise , Bucheton Dominique , Carayon Brigitte , Faucanié Hélène , Laux Sandrine 
Published: April 2015

Refonder le métier enseignant pour le rendre plus efficient et démocratique nécessite de décrire très finement les gestes professionnels des enseignants. Comprendre ainsi la co-activité des maitres et des élèves dans la classe, passe par des analyses en situation didactique précise et contextualisée. Une étude de cas : une pratique efficiente de l’enseignement de l’orthographe lexicale en cycle 3 de l’école primaire, décrit cette architecture complexe des gestes professionnels de l’enseignant dans la classe. L’étude montre l’entrelacs des préoccupations didactiques et pédagogiques pour s’ajuster et étayer au mieux les apprentissages des élèves. Elle donne à voir la pertinence des outils d’analyse proposés et leurs limites (multi-agenda, jeu croisé des postures, des gestes didactiques et gestes d’étude des élèves, logiques d’arrière-plan). L’invention de gestes professionnels nouveaux, sur des principes issus de la recherche et de l’innovation, implique aussi de refonder la formation. L’opposition théorie et pratiques apparait obsolète, la nature même des savoirs professionnels enseignés en formation doit dès lors être interrogée.
Des outils pour observer et accompagner les pratiques des enseignants
Authors: Dappe Laure 
Published: April 2015

Le présent article propose d’interroger la mise en relation des concepts de praticien réflexif ou de gestes professionnels et les pratiques de formateurs, à travers deux exemples : un accompagnement individuel et un accompagnement collectif. Si ces concepts sont de véritables outils d’analyse pour le formateur, permettant de déterminer avec finesse les besoins, ils ne s’avèrent pas être un support de médiation efficace entre le formateur et l’enseignant formé, entrainant même des résistances chez ce dernier. Par contre, le passage par un objet didactique permet d’engager une réflexion qui n’est pas centrée directement sur le sujet et qui aura, dans un deuxième temps, des effets positifs sur le développement de nouveaux gestes professionnels et participera à la construction d’une posture réflexive.
Des outils théoriques pour observer les pratiques enseignantes
Authors: Breugghe Lucie 
Published: April 2015

Le synopsis offre la possibilité de répertorier et de catégoriser tous les évènements d’une séquence d’enseignement. Grâce à cet outil de recherche qui pourrait devenir outil de formation, les gestes professionnels des enseignants de Cours préparatoire dans le domaine de la lecture compréhension apparaissent clairement, précisément et donne à voir une manière d’être, de faire, d’apprendre et de transmettre. Le visible et le non visible des pratiques enseignantes peuvent alors être atteints. La place, le statut du langage et du savoir apparaissent et sont interrogés. Neuf grandes catégories d’activités – du maitre ou des élèves – dans la classe ont été dégagées à partir de séquences vidéos : l’intendance, la mise en temporalité de l’objet « lire-comprendre », le rappel de récit... Chacune interroge la manière de dire et de faire des enseignants dans ce domaine délicat qu’est la lecture-compréhension.
L’économie symbolique du baptême
Authors: Labbé Yves 
Published: April 2015

Appuyée sur une recherche antérieure relative à la formation du sens dans les symboles, l’étude en montre la fécondité pour une interprétation du symbolisme baptismal, ressaisi dans sa situation liturgique, ici selon le rituel de l’initiation chrétienne des adultes. Ce regard philosophique porté sur la liturgie du baptême distingue d’abord les conditions naturelles et culturelles de ses formes symboliques. Il découvre ensuite comment le sens de ces formes se réalise effectivement dans la totalité de l’acte liturgique, à travers différentes compositions entre symboles, grâce aussi à une coopération de la parole, qui lève l’indétermination et surtout l’indécision des symboles, permettant ainsi de reconnaître comment le baptême identifie : par alliance et par assimilation. Une analyse conceptuelle appliquée à la liturgie ne serait-elle pas requise pour que celle-ci devienne théologie ?
De Dadelsen : « un quelconque travail »
Authors: Frank Évelyne 
Published: April 2015

« Travail » est l’un des mots-clefs du poète français Dadelsen (1913-1957), avec tous les sens que ce mot peut avoir en français, en anglais, en allemand et en alsacien. L’A. en fait aussi presque un synonyme d’« œuvre » dans le vocabulaire biblique. Toujours charnel, le travail est ici une véritable application à vivre la condition humaine, devenant, dans l’expérience de la maladie, une sorte de phénoménologie et un effort de disponibilité à l’égard de celui qui vient jusque dans le terrible.
Le bétail des Somali d'Éthiopie : la mondialisation sur les marges
Authors: Pinauldt Géraldine 
Published: April 2015

Le commerce de bétail en Éthiopie est marqué par une frontière intérieure que dessine la vallée de l'Awash/vallée du Rift et qui matérialise une frontière cognitive entre les basses-terres Somali et les hautes-terres de l'Éthiopie. À l'ouest de cette ligne, le bétail nourrit principalement la consommation éthiopienne et à l'est, largement informel et dominé par les grands commerçants somali, il est exporté vers la péninsule arabique via le Somaliland. Profitant d'une conjonction de facteurs accélérant la "mise en mondialisation" du commerce de bétail, l'État éthiopien conjugue la captation des aides internationales pour des programmes d'accès aux marchés et de mise aux normes commerciales et vétérinaires avec une ouverture nouvelle à des investisseurs saoudiens. Mais ces projets se heurtent à la résistance d'un système géoéconomique pluri-centenaire dans une région Somali d'Éthiopie pas encore tout à fait acquise à la cause éthiopienne, pour lequel le bétail demeure une richesse non aliénable par l'État. Ici, la mise en mondialisation de l’Éthiopie, sous la forme d'une normalisation des échanges internationaux, donne à une occasion l'État éthiopien de mieux maîtriser un territoire périphérique et sa ressource. Cette utilisation des outils normatifs permet-elle d'intégrer l'économie de la région Somali d’Éthiopie et ainsi de rééquilibrer le territoire national, ou ce processus renforce-t-il cette frontière culturelle intérieure ?
Perspectives locales et globales pour la gestion des terres des régions montagneuses du Nord de l'Éthiopie
Authors: Nyssen Jan , Frankl Amaury , Poesen Jean , Zenebe Amanuel , Deckers Jozef 
Published: April 2015

Cet article de synthèse s'intéresse au passé et au futur de la gestion des terres en Éthiopie, mettant l'accent sur la partie Nord du pays. Comment l'état des sols et des forêts s'est-il modifié au cours du siècle dernier ? Comment ces modifications affectent-elles les moyens de subsistance de la population ? A la fin du XIXe siècle, il existait déjà des ravines de ruissellement au Nord de l'Éthiopie, bien que celles-ci se soient stabilisées vers 1935. Dans les années 1960, une recrudescence de ravinements s’est manifestée. Depuis environ 2000, les vitesses d'érosion décroissent de nouveau, en liaison avec une augmentation des activités de conservation et une couverture végétale améliorée. Par conséquent, la production totale de céréales en Éthiopie est désormais plus élevée que jamais, et la production par habitant entre 2005 et 2010 s'est élevée de 60 % par rapport à celle observée entre 1985 et 1990. On assiste actuellement à l’augmentation des exportations de fleurs et de légumes, ainsi qu'à l’essor de l’exportation d'un narcotique doux, le khat, qui nécessite de grandes quantités d'eau. Les transactions foncières internationales, qui par ailleurs stagnent bien en deçà des objectifs initiaux, n'ont pas apporté d'amélioration aux moyens de subsistance des populations locales.
Schadevergoedingsregelingen voor slachtofferschap van seksueel misbruik: kwetsbaar voor fraude?
Authors: Kunst Maarten 
Published: April 2015

Compensation schemes for victims of sexual abuse: Vulnerable for fraud?
Lately, several private and public compensation schemes have been established in the Netherlands for people who have been sexually abused as a minor by representatives of the Catholic Church, childcare workers or foster parents. Eligible for compensation are those who can make a reasonable case of the likelihood that they have been sexually abused. They do not have to provide indisputable proof of the abuse. The author of this article argues that this low burden of proof makes these compensation schemes vulnerable to fraud. He supports his argumentation with several examples of dishonest victims who have been unmasked as fraudsters. Furthermore, he explains that undetected fraud can have several adverse by-effects, such as the condemnation of falsely accused persons and impairment of the credibility of compensation schemes and agencies that run such schemes. The author concludes with emphasizing the need for more explicit policies on fraud prevention, detection, and control.
A spatial hybrid approach for downscaling of extreme precipitation fields
Authors: Bechler Aurélien , Vrac Mathieu , Bel Liliane 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFor a few decades, climate models are used to provide future scenarios of precipitation with increasingly higher spatial resolution. However, this resolution is not yet sufficient to describe efficiently what happens at local scale. Dynamical and statistical methods of downscaling have been developed and allow us to make the link between two levels of resolution and enable us to get values at a local scale based on large‐scale information from global or regional climate models. Nevertheless, both the extreme behavior and the spatial structures are not well described by these downscaling methods. We propose a two‐step methodology, called spatial hybrid downscaling (SHD), to solve this problem. The first step consists in applying a univariate (i.e., one‐dimensional) statistical downscaling to link the high‐ and low‐resolution variables at some given locations. Once this 1d‐link is performed, a conditional simulation algorithm of max‐stable processes adapted to the extremal t process enables us to get conditional distributions of extreme precipitation at any point of the region. An application is performed on precipitation data in the south of France where extreme (Cevenol) events have major impacts (e.g., floods). Different versions of the SHD approach are tested. Most of them show particularly good results regarding univariate and multivariate criteria and overcome classical downscaling techniques tested in comparison. Furthermore, these conclusions are robust to the choice of the 1d‐link functions tested and to the choice of the conditioning points to drive the conditional local‐scale simulations performed by the SHD approach.
Development and application of a logistic model to estimate the past and future hail potential in Germany
Authors: Mohr S. , Kunz M. , Keuler K. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis study investigates to what extent the frequency of hail events in the summer months has changed during the past decades and which changes are expected to occur in the future. To improve the diagnostics of hail events by considering various factors relevant for the formation of hail, a logistic hail model has been developed by means of a multivariate analysis method. This statistical model is based on a combination of appropriate meteorological parameters (convective parameter, moisture content, etc.) and synoptic weather types. The output of the model is a new index that estimates the potential of the atmosphere for hailstorm development, referred to as potential hail index. Validations with independent data sets confirm the reliability of the model results. For Germany, the logistic hail model applied to reanalysis data over the past decades shows a markedly north‐to‐south gradient with most of the potential hail days occurring in the south. Applied to an ensemble of seven regional climate model simulations, it is found that the potential for hail events will increase in the future (2021–2050) compared to the past (1971–2000), but only statistically significant in the northwest and south of Germany.
Determination of warm, sensitive permafrost areas in near‐vertical rockwalls and evaluation of distributed models by electrical resistivity tomography
Authors: Magnin Florence , Krautblatter Michael , Deline Philip , Ravanel Ludovic , Malet Emmanuel , Bevington Alexandre 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAlpine rockwalls with warm permafrost (near 0°C) are the most active rockfall detachment zones in the Mont Blanc massif (MBM, French Alps) with more than 380 recent events. Near‐vertical rockwall permafrost is spatially controlled by variations in rock fractures, snow cover, and microtopography. A reliable method to validate the distribution of permafrost in critical and unstable areas does not yet exist. We present seven electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys measured on five near‐vertical rockwalls in the MBM from 2012 and 2013 that have been calibrated with measurements on a granite sample in the laboratory. ERT shows consistent measurements of remaining sensitive permafrost relating to inferred temperatures from 0 to −1.5°C. ERT results demonstrate evidence of topographic controls on permafrost distribution and resistivity gradients that appear to reflect crest width. ERT results are compared to two permafrost index maps that use topoclimatic factors and combine effects of thin snow and fractures, where index model spatial resolution is crucial for the validation with ERT. In cryospheric environments, index maps seem to overestimate permafrost conditions in glacial environments. As a consequence, the sensitive areas of permafrost may slightly deviate from the results from distributed models that are only constrained by topoclimatic factors and interpreted with consideration of local fracture and snow conditions. This study demonstrates (i) that the sensitive and hazardous areas of permafrost in near‐vertical rock faces can be assessed and monitored by the means of temperature‐calibrated ERT and (ii) that ERT can be used for distributed model validation.
Rapid injection of near‐inertial shear into the stratified upper ocean at an Antarctic Circumpolar Current front
Authors: Forryan Alexander , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Polzin Kurt L. , Waterman Stephanie 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe impact on the upper ocean of the passage of a short, intense storm over a Southern Ocean site, in proximity to an Antarctic Circumpolar Current front, is characterized. The storm causes a wind‐induced deepening of the mixed layer and generates an inertial current. Immediate poststorm observations indicate a mixed layer extending to approximately 50 m depth. Subsequent measurements show the upper ocean to have restratified, injecting near‐inertial shear in stratified waters within 1 day of the storm's passage. This time scale for the development of near‐inertial shear is 1 order of magnitude shorter than that predicted by the β dispersion paradigm. The observed rapid changes in upper ocean stratification point to the existence of an as yet undocumented, efficient mechanism for injection of near‐inertial shear into the stratified ocean that is in turn associated with enhanced turbulence and mixing.
Dates and demography: are radiometric dates a robust proxy for long‐term prehistoric demographic change?
Authors: Attenbrow Val , Hiscock Peter 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCan archaeologists describe human population size and population growth in prehistoric Australia? This question is at the heart of some of the most intense debates about Australian prehistory: investigations into the spread of people into Australia, the rate of dispersal of people across the continent and the impact of colonisers on the environment. Australian researchers have proposed explicit models of population change based on measurements of quantities of “things” as proxies for regional and continental‐wide demographic change, the most common being numbers of habitation sites and/or numbers of artefacts per millennium. Recent researchers have focused on the number of radiometric dates as the proxy for numbers of people. This paper offers an overview of existing models, concluding with a brief critique of the proposition that number of dates per unit time must be reflecting demographic patterns. We suggest that alternative and novel interpretations of large compiled radiometric databases be considered, as these data can contribute to research questions beyond those of demography. Expanding the range of research agendas that employ radiometric datasets may repay the labour invested in their compilation while allowing exploration of the diverse questions about the Australian past that remain unanswered.
Bisulfite pretreatment changes the structure and properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch to improve enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production
Authors: Tan Liping , Sun Wan , Li Xuezhi , Zhao Jian , Qu Yinbo , Choo Yuen May , Loh Soh Kheang 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBisulfite pretreatment is a proven effective method for improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of empty fruit bunch (EFB) from oil palm for bioethanol production. In this study, we set out to determine the changes that occur in the structure and properties of EFB materials and fractions of hemicellulose and lignin during the bisulfite pretreatment process. The results showed that the crystallinity of cellulose in EFB increased after bisulfite pretreatment, whereas the EFB surface was damaged to various degrees. The orderly structure of EFB, which was maintained by hydrogen bonds, was destroyed by bisulfite pretreatment. Bisulfite pretreatment also hydrolyzed the glycosidic bonds of the xylan backbone of hemicellulose, thereby decreasing the molecular weight and shortening the xylan chains. The lignin fractions obtained from EFB and pretreated EFB were typically G‐S lignin, and with low content of H units. Meanwhile, de‐etherification occurred at the β‐O‐4 linkage, which was accompanied by polymerization and demethoxylation as a result of bisulfite pretreatment. The adsorption ability of cellulase differed for the various lignin fractions, and the water‐soluble lignin fractions had higher adsorption capacity on cellulase than the milled wood lignin. In general, the changes in the structure and properties of EFB provided insight into the benefits of bisulfite pretreatment.
Enhanced extraction of proteins using cholinium‐based ionic liquids as phase‐forming components of aqueous biphasic systems
Authors: Quental Maria V. , Caban Magda , Pereira Matheus M. , Stepnowski Piotr , Coutinho João A. P. , Freire Mara G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of ionic liquids (ILs) are promising platforms for the extraction and purification of proteins. In this work, a series of alternative and biocompatible ABS composed of cholinium‐based ILs and polypropylene glycol were investigated. The respective ternary phase diagrams, tie‐lines, tie‐line lengths and critical points were determined at 25°C. The extraction performance of these systems for commercial bovine serum albumin (BSA) was then evaluated. The stability of BSA at the IL‐rich phase was ascertained by size exclusion high‐performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Appropriate ILs lead to the complete extraction of BSA for the IL‐rich phase, in a single step, while maintaining the protein's native conformation. Furthermore, to evaluate the performance of these systems when applied to real matrices, the extraction of BSA from bovine serum was additionally carried out, revealing that the complete extraction of BSA was maintained and achieved in a single step. The remarkable extraction efficiencies obtained are far superior to those observed with typical polymer‐based ABS. Therefore, the proposed ABS may be envisaged as a more effective and biocompatible approach for the separation and purification of other value‐added proteins.
Chemical feasibility of the general acid/base mechanism of glmS ribozyme self‐cleavage
Authors: Dubecký Matúš , Walter Nils G. , Šponer Jiří , Otyepka Michal , Banáš Pavel 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTIn numerous Gram‐positive bacteria, the glmS ribozyme or catalytic riboswitch regulates the expression of glucosamine‐6‐phosphate (GlcN6P) synthase via site‐specific cleavage of its sugar‐phosphate backbone in response to GlcN6P ligand binding. Biochemical data have suggested a crucial catalytic role for an active site guanine (G40 in Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis, G33 in Bacillus anthracis). We used hybrid quantum chemical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations to probe the mechanism where G40 is deprotonated and acts as a general base. The calculations suggest that the deprotonated guanine G40− is sufficiently reactive to overcome the thermodynamic penalty arising from its rare protonation state, and thus is able to activate the A‐1(2′‐OH) group toward nucleophilic attack on the adjacent backbone. Furthermore, deprotonation of A‐1(2′‐OH) and nucleophilic attack are predicted to occur as separate steps, where activation of A‐1(2′‐OH) precedes nucleophilic attack. Conversely, the transition state associated with the rate‐determining step corresponds to concurrent nucleophilic attack and protonation of the G1(O5′) leaving group by the ammonium moiety of the GlcN6P cofactor. Overall, our calculations help to explain the crucial roles of G40 (as a general base) and GlcN6P (as a general acid) during glmS ribozyme self‐cleavage. In addition, we show that the QM/MM description of the glmS ribozyme self‐cleavage reaction is significantly more sensitive to the size of the QM region and the quality of the QM‐MM coupling than that of other small ribozymes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 550–562, 2015.
Evaluation of the enantioselective binding of imazalil to human serum albumin by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Asensi‐Bernardi Lucía , Martín‐Biosca Yolanda , Escuder‐Gilabert Laura , Sagrado Salvador , Medina‐Hernández María José 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this work, a methodology for the evaluation of enantioselective binding of imazalil (IMA) enantiomers to human serum albumin (HSA) that does not require the separation of free and bound to HSA fractions is developed. This methodology comprises the incubation of IMA–HSA designed mixtures for 30 min directly in the capillary electrophoresis system and the subsequent direct injection and chiral separation of IMA employing highly sulfated β‐cyclodextrin as chiral selector and the complete filling technique. Two mathematical approaches were used to estimate apparent affinity constants (K1), protein binding and enantioselectivity (ES) for both enantiomers of IMA. Moderate enantioselective binding of IMA enantiomers to HSA (ES = 2.0) was shown by the 1:1 stoichiometry and log K1 values of 3.4 ± 0.4 and 3.1 ± 0.3 for the first and second eluted enantiomers, respectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.