bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whistleblowing: a three part view
Authors: Francis R. D. , Armstrong A. F. , Foxley I 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide contrasting views on whistleblowing, and offers a three-fold view of whistleblowing. First, it gives some formal arguments. Second, it provides an account of whistleblowing from a whistle-blowers perspective. Third, it provides advice to potential whistle-blowers. Its main purpose is to outline the kinds of arguments in favour of whistleblowing, express some concerns and to provide advice in the form of suggestions.

Design/methodology/approach
– The initial two sections are provided to compare and contrast the academic and the practical consequences of deciding to blow the whistle. As such, it provides accounts that are meant to compare and contrast the two very different approaches. The final section gives suggestions for consideration for those contemplating blowing the whistle.

Findings
– The findings of this study are such that it is an argument rather then empirical data; notwithstanding, the perspectives that it brings to bear all point to the value of honesty, and its role as a justification for whistleblowing. Advice and suggestions stem from two rather different realms of discourse. The advice to prospective whistle-blowers is derived from extensive experience on the part of many. It is composed of both what questions to ask oneself, and what one must do to be self-protective.

Originality/value
– It is argued that corruption has little to commend it apart from the personal benefit of the corrupt acquisition of wealth, whereas openness and honesty appear to be a self-sustaining enterprise. Whistleblowing both enhances the quality of life in that it sustains the democratic process, and may well be related to economic prosperity. In all of this, the merit of transparency is basic.
Data breach trends in the United States
Authors: Holtfreter Robert E. , Harrington Adrian 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the trends of various types of data breaches and their compromised records in the USA using a new model recently developed by the authors.

Design/methodology/approach
– The 2,280 data breaches and over 512 million related compromised records tracked by the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse from 2005 through 2010 were analyzed and classified into four external, five internal and one non-traceable data breach categories, after which trends were determined for each.

Findings
– The findings indicate that although the trends for the annual number of data breaches and each of the internal and external categories and their related compromised records have increased over the six-year period, the changes have not been consistent from year to year.

Practical implications
– By classifying data breaches into internal and external categories with the use of this new data breach model provides an excellent methodological framework for organizations to use to develop more workable strategies for safeguarding personal information of consumers, clients, employees and other entities.

Originality/value
– The topic of data breaches remains salient to profit and nonprofit organizations, researchers, legislators, as well as criminal justice practitioners and consumer advocate groups.
Bitcoin and modern alchemy: in code we trust
Authors: Simser Jeffrey 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to explore the challenge posed by Bitcoin to regulators, particularly anti-money laundering regulators. Bitcoin is a crypto-currency based on open-source software and protocols that operates in peer-to-peer networks as a private irreversible payment mechanism. The protocol allows cross-border payments, for large and small items, with little or no transactional costs.Design/methodology/approach– Case studies and case law are examined as are relevant reports by regulators.Findings– Bitcoin is based on complex computer code supported by a robust community in a peer-to-peer network. Unlike other virtual currencies, Bitcoin appears to have obtained purchase and as such poses unique challenges to regulators.Research limitations/implications– Bitcoin is at a nascent stage and the evolution of the virtual currency is difficult to predict.Practical implications– Those who study financial systems, anti-money laundering regimes and asset forfeiture laws will have an interest in this topic.Originality/value– This is a new and emerging currency; there is limited literature on the implications of this currency to anti-money laundering systems.
Risk-based capital regulation revisited: evidence from the early 2000s
Authors: Hogan Thomas L. , Meredith Neil R. , Pan Xuhao (Harry) 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to replicate Avery and Berger’s (1991) analysis using data from 2001 through 2011. Although risk-based capital (RBC) regulation is a key component of US banking regulation, empirical evidence of the effectiveness of these regulations has been mixed. Among the first studies of RBC regulation, Avery and Berger (1991) provide evidence from data on US banks that new RBC regulations outperformed old capital regulations from 1982 through 1989.

Design/methodology/approach
– Using data from the Federal Reserve’s Call Reports, the authors compare banks’ capital ratios and RBC ratios to five measures of bank performance: income, standard deviation of income, non-performing loans, loan charge-offs and probability of failure.

Findings
– Consistent with Avery and Berger (1991), the authors find banks’ risk-weighted assets to be significant predictors of their future performance and that RBC ratios outperform regular capital ratios as predictors of risk.

Originality/value
– The study improves on Avery and Berger (1991) by using an updated data set from 2001 through 2011. The authors also discuss some potential limitations of this method of analysis.
MiFID II compliance – are we ready?
Authors: Prorokowski Lukasz 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to discuss the impact of nascent Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) initiatives and, thus, to deliver practical insights into MiFID II implementation, compliance and cost reduction MiFID II constitutes the backbone for the upcoming financial market reforms. With the first proposal of MiFID drafted in October 2011, this regulatory framework has undergone over 2,000 amendments. As MiFID II currently stands, this Directive attempts to address issues exposed by the global financial crisis.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study, based on secondary research and an in-depth analysis of the MiFID II framework, investigates structural and technological challenges entailed by this Directive. The analysis is broken down into the following sections: technological and structural challenges; costs of implementation; MiFID II teams; facilitating near real-time regulatory reporting; increased transparency requirements; and information technology (IT) initiatives for MiFID II compliance.

Findings
– MiFID II commands significant changes in business and operating models. With this in mind, the study indicates current technological and structural challenges faced by financial institutions and advises on ways of mitigating MiFID II risks. Although it is too early to assess the costs of implementing MiFID II, this paper suggests ways of reducing MiFID II-related costs. The study also advises on organising dedicated teams to deal with MiFID II. Furthermore, this paper argues that early investments in IT systems and processes would allow financial services firms to gain a competitive advantage and, hence, scoop up market share or launch new, lucrative services – especially in the area of collateralisation and market data processing.

Originality/value
– This paper shows that the current version of MiFID II still requires a great deal of attention from the regulators that need to readdress contentious issues revolving around the links between MiFID II and other regulatory frameworks such as European Market Infrastructure Regulation and Dodd–Frank. This study addresses the MiFID II compliance issues by adopting European Union and non-European Union banks’ and asset managers’ perspectives and, hence, delivers practical implications for risk managers and compliance officers of various financial institutions.
Shariah supervisory systems in Islamic finance institutions across the OIC member countries
Authors: Grassa Rihab 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to discuss the different practices and regulatory frameworks of Shariah supervision in Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) across Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states and to identify the gaps in current Shariah supervisory practices. Parallel with the rapid growth of Islamic finance worldwide, corporate governance has received a considerable amount of attention in Islamic finance. Shariah is a unique characteristic of Islamic finance. That is why the need for a good and efficient Shariah governance system for IFIs is considered to be a crucial requirement to ensure the development and the stability of the Islamic finance industry.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper is based on critical review of current laws and regulations for IFIs; this provides a reflective synthesis on the practical work of the Shariah supervisory system across the 25 different OIC member states.

Findings
– The paper reveals several findings. First, the authors observe a weak and poor Shariah supervisory system in most OIC member states. Furthermore, the authors detect various gaps in the current Shariah supervisory practices. Most of these shortfalls are linked to the current regulatory frameworks: the roles and the responsibilities of the national Shariah authority, and the institutional Shariah board’s duties and attributes.

Originality/value
– This paper’s originality and value lies in its critical review of current Shariah supervisory practices across 25 OIC member states. Also, the paper puts forward various suggestions to the regulatory authorities and to the Islamic Financial Services Board to enhance the Shariah governance system and to standardize the different practices of Shariah governance worldwide.
Organised crime goes online: realities and challenges
Authors: Lavorgna Anita 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this article is to provide an empirically based description of how the Internet is exploited by different types of organised crime groups (OCGs), ranging from Italian mafia-style groups to looser gangs.Design/methodology/approach– The article relies on a dataset collected from mid-2011 to mid-2013 and, specifically, on semi-structured interviews to law enforcement officials and acknowledged experts in Italy, the UK, the USA and The Netherlands; judicial transcripts; police records; and media news.Findings– This article provides an account of the main scope for which the Internet has been used for various criminal activities traditionally associated with the organised crime rhetoric, first and foremost, cross-border trafficking activities. This study also discusses some current legal and policy approaches to deal with OCGs operating online.Originality/value– This contribution addresses an under-investigated research field and aims to foster a reflection on the opportunity to integrate Internet crime research, and even more Internet crime investigations, into the everyday routines of criminologists, analysts and law enforcement officers.
The medical leadership challenge in healthcare is an identity challenge
Authors: Andersson Thomas 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this article is to describe and analyse the identity challenges that physicians with medical leadership positions face.Design/methodology/approach– Four qualitative case studies were performed to address the fact that identity is processual, relational and situational. Physicians with managerial roles were interviewed, as well as their peers, supervisors and subordinates. Furthermore, observations were made to understand how different identities are displayed in action.Findings– This study illustrates that medical leadership implies identity struggles when physicians have manager positions, because of the different characteristics of the social identities of managers and physicians. Major differences are related between physicians as autonomous individuals in a system and managers as subordinates to the organizational system. There are psychological mechanisms that evoke the physician identity more often than the managerial identity among physicians who are managers, which explains why physicians who are managers tend to remain foremost physicians.Research limitations/implications– The implications of the findings, that there are major identity challenges by being both a physician and manager, suggest that managerial physicians might not be the best prerequisite for medical leadership, but instead, cooperative relationships between physicians and non-physician managers might be a less difficult way to support medical leadership.Practical implications– Acknowledging and addressing identity challenges can be important both in creating structures in organizations and designing the training for managers in healthcare (both physicians and non-physicians) to support medical leadership.Originality/value– Medical leadership is most often related to organizational structure and/or leadership skills, but this paper discusses identity requirements and challenges related to medical leadership.
Failing hospitals: mission statements to drive service improvement?
Authors: McDonald Annabel , Sarfraz Aamer 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to consider whether the hospital mission statement can be used as a management tool to improve service provision in failing hospitals.

Design/methodology/approach
– A literature search into the potential value and harm of hospital mission statements was done, followed by a survey of initial attitudes within a failing hospital. Do they indicate likely success of the tool?

Findings
– Mission statement is a potentially valuable leadership tool in the hospital environment. The success of its implementation is broadly dependent on its being developed with the support of stakeholders and its real application to all management decisions and questions of asset allocation. The potential danger lies in the fact that it can be seen as an expensive expression of politically correct platitudes which leads to cynical alienation of stakeholders.

Research limitations/implications
– This was a small study within a single UK failing hospital, and extending its range will help to clarify whether its findings are typical of attitudes within such institutions.

Practical implications
– The likely success of the hospital mission statement as a management tool within a failing hospital is significantly limited by initial attitudes and preconceptions. Our research suggests that implementation is likely to be detrimental without preparatory involvement of the local community and hospital staff at all levels.

Social implications
– Hospital management cannot be divorced from the local community where patient confidence must be maintained.

Originality/value
– This paper complements previous research, which has looked at mission statement acceptance among the upper echelons of hospital management.
Characterization of seismic reflections from faults in a crystalline environment, Schneeberg, Germany
Authors: Schreiter Lena , Hloušek Felix , Hellwig Olaf , Buske Stefan 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTWe present an approach for analysing seismic reflections from faults in a crystalline hard rock environment. We analysed 3D seismic reflection data for geothermal reservoir characterization acquired in the Erzgebirge Region, Germany. The seismic image derived from this data set revealed two main features: a less pronounced reflector corresponding to a steeply dipping major fault zone Roter Kamm and a group of pronounced reflectors attributed to the existence of conjugate mineralized faults. We analysed these reflections in the pre‐stack data to characterize the nature and origin of reflectivity. This was done by extracting the corresponding waveforms from the raw data and carefully pre‐processing them, including amplitude correction for geometrical spreading and signal‐to‐noise enhancement. Reflection coefficients were derived from the pre‐processed shot gathers by comparing the amplitudes of the reflected and direct waves. Synthetic waveform modelling using the reflectivity method has been performed for several model families consisting of one‐dimensional velocity–depth functions with varying velocities, densities, and thicknesses of the layers. A comparison of the modelled and observed waveforms revealed that a reflection coefficient of 0.18 for the conjugate mineralized faults can be explained by single layers with high impedance contrast and a thickness between 30 m and 40 m, whereas the reflection from the Roter Kamm fault zone with a reflection coefficient of −0.23 requires a model consisting of several low‐velocity layers with a total thickness of up to 100 m embedded in a high‐velocity background model. These results are in accordance with the geological interpretation of these reflectors. However, the characteristics of these reflections vary significantly within the investigation area, both in terms of the reflection coefficient and the waveform, which is also in agreement with the general lateral variation of fault zone characteristics known from tectonic investigations such as geological mapping of outcrops and fabric analysis.
Biological Flora of the British Isles: Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Authors: Essl Franz , Biró Krisztina , Brandes Dietmar , Broennimann Olivier , Bullock James M. , Chapman Daniel S. , Chauvel Bruno , Dullinger Stefan , Fumanal Boris , Guisan Antoine , Karrer Gerhard , Kazinczi Gabriella , Kueffer Christoph , Laitung Beryl , Lavoie Claude , Leitner Michael , Mang Thomas , Moser Dietmar , Müller‐Schärer Heinz , Petitpierre Blaise , Richter Robert , Schaffner Urs , Smith Matt , Starfinger Uwe , Vautard Robert , Vogl Gero , von der Lippe Moritz , Follak Swen 
Published: April 2015

Summary

This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Common ragweed) that are relevant to understanding its ecology. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, and history, conservation, impacts and management.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a monoecious, wind‐pollinated, annual herb native to North America whose height varies from 10 cm to 2.5 m, according to environmental conditions. It has erect, branched stems and pinnately lobed leaves. Spike‐like racemes of male capitula composed of staminate (male) florets terminate the stems, while cyme‐like clusters of pistillate (female) florets are arranged in groups in the axils of main and lateral stem leaves.

Seeds require prolonged chilling to break dormancy. Following seedling emergence in spring, the rate of vegetative growth depends on temperature, but development occurs over a wide thermal range. In temperate European climates, male and female flowers are produced from summer to early autumn (July to October).

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is sensitive to freezing. Late spring frosts kill seedlings and the first autumn frosts terminate the growing season. It has a preference for dry soils of intermediate to rich nutrient level.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia was introduced into Europe with seed imports from North America in the 19th century. Since World War II, it has become widespread in temperate regions of Europe and is now abundant in open, disturbed habitats as a ruderal and agricultural weed.

Recently, the North American ragweed leaf beetle (Ophraella communa) has been detected in southern Switzerland and northern Italy. This species appears to have the capacity to substantially reduce growth and seed production of A. artemisiifolia.

In heavily infested regions of Europe, A. artemisiifolia causes substantial crop‐yield losses and its copious, highly allergenic pollen creates considerable public health problems. There is a consensus among models that climate change will allow its northward and uphill spread in Europe.
Selection in the host structures the microbiota associated with developing cod larvae (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Bakke Ingrid , Coward Eivind , Andersen Tom , Vadstein Olav 
Published: April 2015

SummaryMarine fish larvae are immature upon hatching, and share their environment with high numbers of bacteria. The microbial communities associated with developing fish larvae might be structured by other factors than those important in developing terrestrial animals. Here, we analysed the beta (β)‐diversity of the microbiota associated with developing cod larvae and compared it with the bacterial communities in water and live feed by applying pyrosequencing of bar coded v4 16S rDNA amplicons. A total of 15 phyla were observed in the cod larval microbiota. Proteobacteria was the most abundant, followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The composition and diversity of the cod larval microbiota changed considerably with age. The temporal and spatial patterns of β‐diversity could not be explained by stochastic processes, and did not coincide with changes in the rearing conditions. Furthermore, the larval microbiota was highly distinct from the water and the live feed microbiota, particularly at early developmental stages. However, the similarity between larval and water microbiota increased with age. This study suggests that strong selection in the host structures the cod larval microbiota. The changes in community structure observed with increasing age can be explained by altered selection pressure due to development of the intestinal system.
The culturome of the human nose habitats reveals individual bacterial fingerprint patterns
Authors: Kaspar Ursula , Kriegeskorte André , Schubert Tanja , Peters Georg , Rudack Claudia , Pieper Dietmar H. , Wos‐Oxley Melissa , Becker Karsten 
Published: April 2015

SummaryThe complex anatomy of the human nose might offer distinct microbial niches. Microbiota composition may affect nose inflammatory diseases and Staphylococcus aureus carriage. Considering different nasal cavity locations, microbial colonization was analysed across individuals exhibiting chronic nasal inflammatory diseases (n = 18) and those without local inflammation signs (n = 16). Samples were collected systematically during surgery and examined by an extensive culture‐based approach and, for a subset, by 16S rRNA gene community profiling. Cultivation yielded 141 taxa with members of Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium as most common isolates comprising the nasal core culturome together with Finegoldia magna. Staphylococcus aureus was most frequently found in association with Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes, and the posterior vestibules were redefined as S. aureus' principle habitat. Culturome analysis revealed host‐specific bacterial ‘fingerprints’ irrespective of host‐driven factors or intranasal sites. Comparisons between cultivable and molecular fingerprints demonstrated that only a small fraction of phylotypes (6.2%) was correlated. While the total number of different phylotypes was higher in the molecular dataset, the total number of identifications down to the species level was higher in the culturomic approach. To determine host‐specific microbiomes, the advantages of molecular approaches should be combined with the resolution and reliability of species identification by culturomic analyses.