bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biological Applications of Inorganic Nanoparticle Drug Carriers
Authors: Zhao Mei‐Xia , Zeng Er‐Zao , Zhu Bing‐Jie 
Published: May 2015

AbstractInorganic nanoparticle drug carriers have potential applications in drug targeting, improving the release and bioavailability of drugs, and reducing the secondary effects of drugs. In recent years, a hot topic in the field of nanoparticle‐based drug delivery research has been to develop inorganic nanoparticle drug carriers that are capable of concomitant detection, monitoring, and localized treatment of specific disease sites. Such an inorganic carrier system would have great potential to improve early detection for therapeutic interventions, thereby enhancing the possibility of curing diseases. This could be achievable because of the possibility to detect abnormal cells before the appearance of diseased tissues or tumors. In this paper, we review the characteristics and advantages of various inorganic nanoparticle drug carriers, such as quantum dots (QDs), nanoscale magnetic particles, and nanoscale gold and silica, and discuss a selection of recent examples from this broad field.
Sn‐Beta Zeolite Catalysts with High Sn Contents Prepared from Sn–Si Mixed Oxide Composites
Authors: Iida Takayuki , Takagaki Atsushi , Kohara Shinji , Okubo Tatsuya , Wakihara Toru 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe hydrothermal preparation of Sn‐beta zeolites with high Sn contents is an eminent issue in zeolite syntheses, since these zeolites are some of the most anticipated materials for industrial catalysis. In this work, first, mechanochemical treatment was utilized to obtain a Sn–Si mixed oxide composite, in which the Sn was found to be homogeneously distributed inside the silica network. The composite was further used as the reactant for the crystallization of Sn‐beta zeolite catalysts. Incorporation of Sn into the framework was achieved up to Sn/(Sn+Si)=1.6 mol %, which is the highest value reported by far using conventional hydrothermal treatment. A high catalytic performance for glucose isomerization was also confirmed. These results suggest that the utilization of a mixed oxide composite is a critical method for the preparation of stannosilicate zeolites with high Sn contents through hydrothermal treatment.
Influence of Dopant Loading on the Photo‐ and Electrochemical Properties of (N, O)‐Co‐doped Graphene.
Authors: Baldoví Hermenegildo G. , Albarracín Ferran , Álvaro Mercedes , Ferrer Belén , García Hermenegildo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA series of (N, O)‐co‐doped graphenes with different N and O loadings are prepared by the pyrolysis of natural chitosan. When the percentage of dopant increases, the conduction‐band potential and charge‐separation quantum yield increase, whereas the charge‐separation lifetime decreases.
Metacognition in First Episode Psychosis: Item Level Analysis of Associations with Symptoms and Engagement
Authors: MacBeth Angus , Gumley Andrew , Schwannauer Matthias , Carcione Antonino , McLeod Hamish J. , Dimaggio Giancarlo 
Published: May 2015

Significant metacognitive impairments are observed in first episode psychosis (FEP) and chronic psychosis samples. There is evidence of associations between metacognition and presentation in FEP, but the relative contribution of metacognitive understanding of the self and the other is as yet unclear. The current study is a secondary analysis of date on metacognition, symptoms and engagement with treatment (help‐seeking) in an FEP sample. In a cross‐sectional cohort study, individuals in the first 12 months of treatment metacognition were assessed with the Metacognition Assessment Scale‐Revised version (MAS‐R). Psychotic symptomatology and help‐seeking within treatment (clinician‐rated service engagement) were also measured. An item level analysis of the MAS‐R was conducted exploring associations between symptoms and cognitive, emotional, differentiation, integration and decentration aspects of metacognition. We report that associations between negative symptoms and deficits in the understanding of other's mental states extend across cognitive, emotional, integrative and decentration aspects of metacognition. We also report associations between negative symptoms and understanding one's own mind. We also note that cognitive and decentration aspects of metacognition were significantly associated with help‐seeking once in treatment. Our findings suggest that an appreciation of metacognitive processes may inform treatment frameworks for FEP. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Messages

Individual components of metacognition including the capacity to relate cognitive and emotional variables are important in first episode phychosis.
Impaired metacognitive understanding of both one's own and others' mental states is associated with increased negative symptoms.
Metacognitive variables may be important in understanding how different individuals seek help or engage with services after the initiation of treatment.
Energy‐efficient error coding and transmission for cognitive wireless body area network
Authors: ul Hasan Najam , Ejaz Waleed , Atiq Mahin K. , Kim Hyung Seok 
Published: May 2015

SummaryWireless body area networks (WBANs) have been developed as human body monitoring systems to predict, diagnose and treat diseases. The two important concerns for WBAN are sensor lifetime and latency. Because the signal transmission in WBAN takes place in or around the human body, the fading and collision of the channel due to other existing wireless devices affect the packet error rate significantly. Hence, the lifetime and latency of the sensor are crucial. To mitigate these problems, a cognitive radio (CR) based WBAN can be a promising solution. In this paper, a cognitive forward error control mechanism for CR‐based WBAN has been presented. Several issues in CR‐based networks have been addressed so far to cope with energy and latency issues. However, the error control mechanism has not been investigated for CR networks. Furthermore, existing studies of the error control mechanism for wireless sensor networks cannot be applied to the CR network because of the opportunistic spectrum access mechanism (i.e. the intermittent availability of spectrum resources). The method presented in this paper adaptively selects the number of hops to the sink and adjusts the redundancy to minimize the expected latency and energy consumption. The mathematical analysis and numerical comparison show that the proposed method achieves better performance in terms of latency and energy efficiency in the multihop CR sensor network. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heteroskedasticity as a leading indicator of desertification in spatially explicit data
Authors: Seekell David A. , Dakos Vasilis 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRegime shifts are abrupt transitions between alternate ecosystem states including desertification in arid regions due to drought or overgrazing. Regime shifts may be preceded by statistical anomalies such as increased autocorrelation, indicating declining resilience and warning of an impending shift. Tests for conditional heteroskedasticity, a type of clustered variance, have proven powerful leading indicators for regime shifts in time series data, but an analogous indicator for spatial data has not been evaluated. A spatial analog for conditional heteroskedasticity might be especially useful in arid environments where spatial interactions are critical in structuring ecosystem pattern and process. We tested the efficacy of a test for spatial heteroskedasticity as a leading indicator of regime shifts with simulated data from spatially extended vegetation models with regular and scale‐free patterning. These models simulate shifts from extensive vegetative cover to bare, desert‐like conditions. The magnitude of spatial heteroskedasticity increased consistently as the modeled systems approached a regime shift from vegetated to desert state. Relative spatial autocorrelation, spatial heteroskedasticity increased earlier and more consistently. We conclude that tests for spatial heteroskedasticity can contribute to the growing toolbox of early warning indicators for regime shifts analyzed with spatially explicit data.
The power of regression to the mean: A social norm study revisited
Authors: Verkooijen Kirsten T. , Stok F. Marijn , Mollen Saar 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis research follows up on a study by Schultz et al. (), in which the effect of a social norm intervention on energy consumption was examined. The present studies included control groups to examine whether social norm effects would persist beyond regression to the mean. Both studies had a 2 (baseline consumption: below mean versus above mean) × 2 (message condition: no‐message control versus norm message) design. Based on baseline fruit (Study 1) or unhealthy snack (Study 2) consumption, students were classified as above mean or below mean for consumption. One week later, half of the students in the above‐mean and below‐mean groups received normative feedback; control groups did not. Neither study showed an effect of norm messages on behavior relative to control, providing evidence for regression to the mean as an alternative explanation. Findings highlight the importance of control groups to distinguish social norm intervention effects from mere regression to the mean.
Continuous dielectrophoretic particle separation using a microfluidic device with 3D electrodes and vaulted obstacles
Authors: Jia Yankai , Ren Yukun , Jiang Hongyuan 
Published: May 2015

This paper reports a microfluidic separation device combining 3D electrodes and vaulted obstacles to continuously separate particles experiencing strong positive dielectrophoresis (DEP) from particles experiencing weak positive DEP, or from particles experiencing negative DEP. The separation is achieved by first focusing the particle mixture into a narrow stream by a hydrodynamic focusing flow, and then deviating them into different outlets by AC DEP. The vaulted obstacles facilitate the separation by both increasing the non‐uniformity of the electric field, and influencing the particles to move in regions strongly affected by DEP. The 3D electrodes give rise to a spatially non‐uniform electric field and extend DEP effect to the channel height. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effects of the obstacles on electric field distribution and particle trajectories so as to optimize the obstacle height and compare with the experimental results. The performance of the device is assessed by separating 25 μm gold‐coated particles from 10 μm particles in different flow rates by positive DEP and negative DEP, and also separating 25 μm gold‐coated particles from yeast cells using only positive DEP. The experimental observation shows a reasonable agreement with numerical simulation results.
Geomorphological impact and morphodynamic effects on flow conveyance of the 1999 jökulhlaup at sólheimajökull, Iceland
Authors: Staines Kate E. H. , Carrivick Jonathan L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe 1999 jökulhlaup at Sólheimajökull was the first major flood to be routed through the proglacial system in over 600 years. This study reconstructed the flood using hydrodynamic, sediment transport and morphodynamic numerical modelling informed by field surveys, aerial photograph and digital elevation model analysis. Total modelled sediment transport was 469 800 m3 (+/‐ 20%). Maximum erosion of 8.2 m occurred along the ice margin. Modelled net landscape change was –86 400 m3 (+/‐ 40%) resulting from –275 400 m3 (+/‐ 20%) proglacial erosion and 194 400 m3 (+/‐ 20%) proglacial deposition. Peak erosion rate and peak deposition rate were 650 m3 s‐1 (+/‐ 20%) and 595 m3 s‐1 (+/‐ 20%), respectively, and coincided with peak discharge of water at 1.5 h after flood initiation. The pattern of bed elevation change during the rising limb suggested widespread activation of the bed, whereas more organisation, perhaps primitive bedform development, occurred during the falling limb. Contrary to simplistic conceptual models, deposition occurred on the rising stage and erosion occurred on the falling limb. Comparison of the morphodynamic results with a hydrodynamic simulation illustrated effects of sediment transport and bed elevation change on flow conveyance. The morphodynamic model advanced flood arrival and peak discharge timings by 100% and 19%, respectively. However, peak flow depth and peak flow velocity were not significantly affected. We suggest that morphodynamic processes not only increase flow mass and momentum but that they also introduce a feedback process whereby flood conveyance becomes more efficient via erosion of minor bed protrusions and deposition that infills or subdues minor bed hollows. A major implication of this study is that reconstructions of outburst floods that ignore sediment transport, such as those used in interpretation of long‐term hydrological record and flood risk assessments, may need considerable refinement. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High prevalence of discordant human papillomavirus and p16 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in an African American cohort
Authors: Liu Jeffrey C. , Parajuli Shobha , Blackman Elizabeth , Gibbs Denise , Ellis Ashley , Hull Anna , Beck J. Robert , Giri Veda , Iherjirka Patrick , Khurana Jasvir S. , Ragin Camille R. 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundMost studies on human papillomavirus (HPV)‐associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have been performed on white Americans. Our study examined the incidence of HPV in an African American oropharyngeal SCC cohort and its survival.MethodsAfrican American patients with oropharyngeal SCC in a combined tumor registry were identified. HPV16 testing was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from DNA extracted from tumor blocks. The p16 staining was performed using standard immunohistochemistry.ResultsForty‐four patients were identified for analysis. Seventy‐three percent of the tumors were HPV‐positive. Only 39% of the patients who were HPV‐positive were also p16‐positive. Survival between all 3 tumor types, patients who tested HPV‐positive/p16, HPV‐positive/p16‐positive, and HPV‐negative/p16‐negative was significantly different (p = .03). HPV/p16 status was significant on univariate and multivariate analysis.ConclusionHPV oropharyngeal SCC is strongly present in this African American cohort. Two thirds of the patients who were HPV‐positive were p16‐negative. Greater study is needed to explain the high p16 negativity among this HPV‐positive oropharyngeal SCC African American cohort. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E867–E872, 2016
Prospective study of sentinel node biopsy for high‐risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Gore Sinclair M. , Shaw Douglas , Martin Richard C. W. , Kelder Wendy , Roth Kathryn , Uren Roger , Gao Kan , Davies Sarah , Ashford Bruce G. , Ngo Quan , Shannon Kerwin , Clark Jonathan R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundNodal metastasis from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is poorly predicted clinically and is associated with a high mortality rate.MethodsFrom 2010 to 2013, patients with high‐risk cutaneous SCC were assessed with sentinel node biopsy (SNB) either at the time of primary cutaneous tumor resection or at secondary wide local excision.ResultsOf 57 patients, 8 (14%) had nodal metastasis. Significant predictors of metastasis are the number of high‐risk factors (p = .008), perineural invasion (PNI; p = .05), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI; p = .05). During a mean of 19.4 months, 9 patients developed recurrence and 6 died of cutaneous SCC, indicating that over 1300 patients would be required for a randomized controlled trial with 80% power to detect a significant difference in disease‐free survival.ConclusionLymph node metastasis occurs in 14% of patients with high‐risk cutaneous SCC. Larger studies will be required to identify which “high‐risk” factors should be considered as an indication for surgical assessment of the nodal basin. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E884–E889, 2016
Assessment of Silting Degree and Usable Lifetime of Small Reservoirs
Authors: Bogusław Michalec , Andrzej Wałęga 
Published: May 2015

AbstractStatistical analysis of the parameters describing the silting process in 53 small reservoirs, located in 4 catchments in different geographical regions, yielded a model explaining general relationships between mean annual silting ratio (SA) and silting intensity (Si), as defined by Ŝamov. The silting intensity (Si) depends mainly on the regional hydrological conditions and the capability of a drainage system to transport the sediment, and it was defined by Ŝamov as the ratio of the initial reservoir capacity (V0) to the mean annual volume of sediment flowing into the reservoir (R). Regional relationships between SA and capacity–watershed area ratio were also developed for water reservoirs located in four climatic regions, i.e. in the Upper Vistula Basin, in the Rio Grande Basin in North America, in Puerto Rico and in the North Caucasus. It was found that the usable lifetime, determined for reservoirs in the Upper Vistula Basin, where SA was from 0.06 to 5.08%, ranged from a few dozen to over 100 years. It was also discovered that determining the usable lifetime for small reservoirs using the Pitt and Thompson nomogram is impossible or subject to considerable error. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tolerance Of Faba Bean, Chickpea And Lentil To Salinity: Accessions' Salinity Response Functions
Authors: Rameshwaran Ponnambalam , Qadir Manzoor , Ragab Ragab , Arslan Awadis , Majid Ghalia Abdul , Abdallah Khalaf 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe productivity of crops irrigated with saline water or grown on salt‐affected soils depends on the salt tolerance of the crops, their accessions, and various environmental and cultural conditions such as soil properties, climate and irrigation methods. The level and ability of plants to tolerate salt stress is the most critical information for the successful management of salt‐affected agricultural lands and saline irrigation waters. In this paper, responses of three food legume crops (faba bean, chickpea and lentil) to salinity stress were analysed using the threshold‐slope linear response function and modified discount function. The response functions are calibrated using the 2009–2010 season data and validated using the 2010–2011 season data from faba bean, chickpea and lentil experiments conducted in Raqqa, Syria. The comparison was also made through SALTMED model predictions. The results of this study show that the salinity response functions and productivity of grain yield are highly variable within the accessions of the same crop. For optimum outcome, practitioners need to consider salinity response functions and also the productivity of different accessions and their response to salinity in relation to the soil and available irrigation water salinity levels. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualizing the Invisible Hand of Markets: Simulating Complex Dynamic Economic Interactions
Authors: Jaffé Klaus 
Published: May 2015

SummaryIn complex systems, many different parts interact in nonobvious ways. Traditional research focuses on a few or a single aspect of the problem so as to analyse it with the tools available. To get a better insight of phenomena that emerge from complex interactions, we need instruments that can analyse simultaneously complex interactions between many parts. Here, a simulator modelling different types of economies is used to visualize complex quantitative aspects that affect economic dynamics. The main conclusions are: (1) relatively simple economic settings produce complex nonlinear dynamics and, therefore, linear regressions are often unsuitable to capture complex economic dynamics; (2) flexible pricing of goods by individual agents according to their microenvironment increases the health and wealth of the society, but asymmetries in price sensitivity between buyers and sellers increase price inflation; (3) prices for goods conferring risky long‐term benefits are not tracked efficiently by simple market forces; (4) division of labour creates synergies that improve enormously the health and wealth of the society by increasing the efficiency of economic activity; (5) stochastic modelling improves our understanding of real economies, and didactic games based on them might help policy‐makers and nonspecialists in grasping the complex dynamics underlying even simple economic settings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproducibility of quantitative susceptibility mapping in the brain at two field strengths from two vendors
Authors: Deh Kofi , Nguyen Thanh D. , Eskreis‐Winkler Sarah , Prince Martin R. , Spincemaille Pascal , Gauthier Susan , Kovanlikaya Ilhami , Zhang Yan , Wang Yi 
Published: May 2015

PurposeTo assess the reproducibility of brain quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in healthy subjects and in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) on 1.5 and 3T scanners from two vendors.Materials and MethodsTen healthy volunteers and 10 patients were scanned twice on a 3T scanner from one vendor. The healthy volunteers were also scanned on a 1.5T scanner from the same vendor and on a 3T scanner from a second vendor. Similar imaging parameters were used for all scans. QSM images were reconstructed using a recently developed nonlinear morphology‐enabled dipole inversion (MEDI) algorithm with L1 regularization. Region‐of‐interest (ROI) measurements were obtained for 20 major brain structures. Reproducibility was evaluated with voxel‐wise and ROI‐based Bland–Altman plots and linear correlation analysis.ResultsROI‐based QSM measurements showed excellent correlation between all repeated scans (correlation coefficient R ≥ 0.97), with a mean difference of less than 1.24 ppb (healthy subjects) and 4.15 ppb (patients), and 95% limits of agreements of within −25.5 to 25.0 ppb (healthy subjects) and −35.8 to 27.6 ppb (patients). Voxel‐based QSM measurements had a good correlation (0.64 ≤ R ≤ 0.88) and limits of agreements of −60 to 60 ppb or less.ConclusionBrain QSM measurements have good interscanner and same‐scanner reproducibility for healthy and MS subjects, respectively, on the systems evaluated in this study. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2015;42:1592–1600.
An assessment of the barriers to the consumers' uptake of genetically modified foods: a neural network analysis
Authors: Rodríguez‐Entrena Macario , Salazar‐Ordóñez Melania , Becerra‐Alonso David 
Published: May 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis paper studies which of the attitudinal, cognitive and socio‐economic factors determine the willingness to purchase genetically modified (GM) food, enabling the forecasting of consumers' behaviour in Andalusia, southern Spain. This classification has been made by a standard multilayer perceptron neural network trained with extreme learning machine. Later, an ordered logistic regression was applied to determine whether the neural network can outperform this traditional econometric approach.RESULTSThe results show that the highest relative contributions lie in the variables related to perceived risks of GM food, while the perceived benefits have a lower influence. In addition, an innovative attitude towards food presents a strong link, as does the perception of food safety. The variables with the least relative contribution are subjective knowledge about GM food and the consumers' age. The neural network approach outperforms the correct classification percentage from the ordered logistic regression.CONCLUSIONThe perceived risks must be considered as a critical factor. A strategy to improve the GM food acceptance is to develop a transparent and balanced information framework that makes the potential risk understandable by society, and make them aware of the risk assessments for GM food in the EU. For its success, it is essential to improve the trust in EU institutions and scientific regulatory authorities. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry