bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation Study of Nonlocal Transport from Edge to Core in Tokamak Plasmas
Authors: Yagi M. , Matsuyama A. , Miyato N. , Takizuka T. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe simulation study of nonlocal transport from edge to core in tokamak plasmas is performed using the 4‐field reduced MHD model. A toroidally‐elongated cylindrical particle source is applied in the plasma edge, after saturation of the resistive ballooning turbulence is attained. After a short time, the source is switched off and plasma response is investigated in detail. The nonlocal transport appears at the location far from the edge source. It is found that the particle source induces (0,0) and (±1, 0) modes of density fluctuations, where (m, n) indicates the set of poloidal mode number m and the toroidal mode number n. These modes interact with each other by the nonlinear and/or toroidal couplings. The symmetry of (±1, 0) modes breaks after switching‐off the source and the formation of the spiral structure with poloidal rotation is observed, which yields a connection between core and edge regions. In this simulation, the convective cell mode such as (1,0) mode contributes the nonlocal transport. The simulation result indicates that two dimensional transport plays an essential role to produce the nonlocal transport. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Benchmarks of KIPP: Vlasov‐Fokker‐Planck Code for Parallel Plasma Transport in the SOL and Divertor
Authors: Chankin A. V. , Coster D. P. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBenchmarks of the new 1D2V kinetic code KIPP (KInetic code for Plasma Periphery) for parallel plasma transport in the scrape‐off layer (SOL) and divertor of magnetic confinement fusion devices are presented. The code is based on the continuum discretisation scheme for the Vlasov‐Fokker‐Planck equation. It assumes plasma quasi‐neutrality, maintained by the electron parallel momentum balance, and uses a logical sheath boundary condition for the Debye potential drop at material surfaces. The code is parallelized under the MPI environment, with the most time consuming part, Coulomb collisions, being calculated simultaneously for all spatial locations by separate processors using a sparse matrix solver for the full non‐linear collision operator in two velocity variables: parallel and gyro‐averaged perpendicular velocities. KIPP is being developed with the aim of integrating it into SOLPS (B2‐Eirene), to replace fluid treatment of parallel plasma transport with the kinetic one. Benchmark results for parallel electron heat conduction and electron‐ion thermoforce for highly collisional plasmas are presented, as well as some results for less collisional plasmas. This paper focuses on the 1d2v features of the code, with the 0d2v features presented earlier in [1, 2]. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impact of a Langmuir Probe on Turbulence Measurements in the Scrape‐Off‐Layer of Tokamaks
Authors: Colin C. , Tamain P. , Ghendrih P. , Schwander F. , Serre E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAn issue for Langmuir probe measurements of SOL turbulence concerns the impact of the probe itself on plasma transport. The aim of this paper is to investigate this issue with a synthetic reconstruction of Langmuir probe measurements by inserting a synthetic probe into a 2D fluid SOL turbulence code. The effect of a biased probe is analysed as a function of its size. It is shown that the probe creates a transport barrier whose effect is non‐local and affects the current's circulation in the plasma. The plasma density is depleted by the presence of the probe as well as the electrostatic potential. A strong impact on turbulence can also be observed. Such observations imply that the probed turbulence can differ significantly from the probe‐free turbulence. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Density and Temperature Correlations in the SOL; Implications for Gas Puff Imaging of Turbulence
Authors: Moulton D. , Marandet Y. , Tamain P. , Ghendrih Ph. , Futtersack R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractUsing a two‐dimensional turbulence model, a strong linear correlation is found between density and electron temperature within scrape‐off layer fluctuations. This has important implications for gas puff image interpretation for two commonly used lines, Dα and HeI (587.6 nm). Dα emission responds approximately linearly to proportional changes in the underlying plasma density and electron temperature, making image interpretation relatively straightforward. However, above ∼25 eV, HeI (587.6 nm) emission is approximately constant with proportional changes in density and electron temperature, so underlying plasma perturbations may go unseen. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stabiity of the Radiative Mode m = n = 0 and Density Limit in Tokamaks
Authors: Morozov D. Kh. , Mavrin A. A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe problem of density limit and thermal disruption is one of the most important in ITER project. Different reasons for the disruption discuss now. At least 3% of disruptions are produced by the high level of impurity radiation from the edge [P.C. De Vries et al., Nucl. Fusion 51, 053018 (2011)]. Two reasons of the thermal disruption have been discussed earlier using simplified radiation model, the equilibrium loss [J.F. Drake, Phys. Fluids 30, 2429 (1987)], and radiation instability of the mode m = 0, n = 0 [M.Z. Tokar, Phys. Plasmas 7, 2432 (2000)]. Using the simplified model M.Z. Tokar founds two solutions. One of them is stable, the other is unstable. It is shown in the present paper that the unstable solution appears if the plasma density exceeds the critical value. The latter is found as a function of discharge parameters. It is shown also that the stable regime exists for realistic discharge parameters independently of plasma density. These regimes didn't investigated by M.Z. Tokar. Also, more adequate radiation models are discussed including charge‐exchange. It is shown that the impurity ‐ main plasma charge‐exchange decreases the critical density. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recent Improvements in the EMC3‐Eirene Code
Authors: Feng Y. , Frerichs H. , Kobayashi M. , Bader A. , Effenberg F. , Harting D. , Hoelbe H. , Huang J. , Kawamura G. , Lore J. D. , Lunt T. , Reiter D. , Schmitz O. , Sharma D. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe EMC3‐Eirene code is improved in many aspects. Ad hoc boundary conditions for intrinsic impurities at the SOL‐core interface are removed by implicitly coupling to a 1D core model. Non‐uniform cross‐field transport coefficients are allowed in the new code version. A particle splitting technique is implemented for improving the Monte Carlo statistic in low‐temperature ranges of most interest. Domain splitting, which was possible for the toroidal direction only, is now feasible for all three directions, facilitating mesh optimization for any specific divertor configuration. Stellarator‐specific constraints on mesh construction have been relaxed. Axisymmetric neutral‐facing components have been moved to cylindrical coordinates. All these features have improved the code performance and capability significantly. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A randomized controlled trial and novel mathematical analysis of the analgesic effect of oxycodone versus paracetamol orodispersible tablets
Authors: Martini C.H. , Proto P. , Olofsen E. , van Velzen M. , Aarts L. , Dahan A. , Niesters M. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundFor effective treatment of acute pain, a rapid onset of action is important. Here we quantify the antinociceptive profile of an orodispersible oxycodone tablet (OOT) in a randomized, double‐blind, active comparator (paracetamol orodispersible tablet, POT), crossover study design in a population of healthy volunteers.MethodsTwelve female volunteers were randomized to receive 20 mg OOT and 500 mg POT sublingually on two occasions. The electrical pain threshold (EPTh), electrical pain tolerance (EPTol) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were obtained at regular intervals for 5 h. Time‐response data were analysed with a longitudinal pharmacodynamic model characterized by rate constants for analgesia onset (kON), offset (kOFF), potency parameter (EFF) and validated with a bootstrap analysis. Values are the median (95% CI) as derived from the bootstrap analysis.ResultsOOT produced a rapid increase in response values. For electrical pain analgesia onset, t½kON, 44 (25–67) versus analgesia offset, t½kOFF, 156 (63–552) min, p < 0.01. For pressure pain, t½kON equalled t½kOFF: 30 (16–48) min. OOT was most potent on EPTol: EFF 0.95 (0.39–1.71), p < 0.01, with similar potencies on EPTh, 0.43 (0.19–0.87) and PPT, 0.40 (0.21–0.67). Paracetamol displayed 14% of the analgesic efficacy of oxycodone.ConclusionsThe analgesic effect of orodispersible oxycodone was successfully quantified using a mathematical model of analgesia evolution. This method allows quantification of a variety of responses times from sparse data sets. Response times as defined by a 30% increase in response thresholds varied significantly among end points: EPTol 15 min, PPTh 18 min and EPTh 41 min.
Bismuth Nanoparticles in Stripping Voltammetry of Sulfide Ions
Authors: Sudakova L. A. , Malakhova N. A. , Stozhko N. Yu. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractFor the first time, carbon screen‐printed electrodes (CSPE) modified with bismuth nanoparticles have been used to determine sulfide ions with stripping voltammetry (SV) by formation of sparingly soluble compounds with the electrode material. The impact of weight, degree of bismuth dispersion on CSPE surface, and Bi2S3 accumulation parameters on the sensitivity of the sensor have been studied. It has been established that bismuth nanoparticles (Binano) as agglomerates of about 180 nm exhibit the optimum sensory properties. The linear concentration range has been observed over the interval of 0.93–5 µM sulfide ions during the accumulation time of 75 s. A detection limit of 0.15 µM sulfide ions was achieved.
Evaluation of displacement‐based vulnerability assessment methodology using observed damage data from Christchurch
Authors: Uma S. R. , Dhakal Rajesh P. , Nayyerloo Mostafa 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYOn 22 February 2011, Christchurch City experienced a destructive magnitude (Mw) 6.2 aftershock following the main event of magnitude (Mw) 7.1 on the 4 September 2010. Severe damage was inflicted on the building stock, particularly within the central business district (CBD) of Christchurch. The strong motion stations around the CBD region and extensive building damage survey information from the Christchurch City Council provided a unique opportunity to calibrate a theoretical regional vulnerability assessment model developed and refined to be applicable for New Zealand (NZ) buildings. In this study, data from the building safety evaluation survey conducted by Christchurch City Council are synthesised and processed to extract details on building typologies in the CBD region and the colour tagging assigned to each building depending on the degree of damage.A displacement‐based framework is used to carry out vulnerability assessment for Christchurch buildings to estimate damage sustained under the recorded ground motions in the February event. As the damage survey indicators were ‘colour tags’, a mapping scheme has been explored to link the observed colour tagging damage statistics with ‘drift‐based damage limit states’ adopted in the theoretical approach. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to calibrate the mapping scheme, which can provide estimates of proportions of buildings likely to fall in different colour regimes when used in conjunction with the proposed vulnerability assessment methodology. It is shown that the methodology is reasonably robust, thereby increasing the confidence in using this approach to predict seismic vulnerability of building stock in NZ. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environment: Social Cost of Carbon Statistical Modeling Is Smoke and Mirrors
Authors: Dayaratna Kevin , Kreutzer David 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIntended to measure the economic damage that an additional ton of carbon dioxide creates via climate change, the social cost of carbon (SCC) estimated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will be used in many regulatory benefit‐cost analyses. This study discusses research conducted at The Heritage Foundation analyzing two of the three main statistical models the EPA uses to estimate the SCC.
Sufficient Conditions for a Digraph to be Supereulerian
Authors: Bang‐Jensen Jørgen , Maddaloni Alessandro 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA (di)graph is supereulerian if it contains a spanning eulerian sub(di)graph. This property is a relaxation of hamiltonicity. Inspired by this analogy with hamiltonian cycles and by similar results in supereulerian graph theory, we analyze a number of sufficient Ore type conditions for a digraph to be supereulerian. Furthermore, we study the following conjecture due to Thomassé and the first author: if the arc‐connectivity of a digraph is not smaller than its independence number, then the digraph is supereulerian. As a support for this conjecture we prove it for digraphs that are semicomplete multipartite or quasitransitive and verify the analogous statement for undirected graphs.
Cardiac stress test is normal in pre‐motor Parkinson's disease
Authors: Yahalom Gilad , Maor Elad , Hassin‐Baer Sharon , Segev Shlomo , Sidi Yechezkel , Kivity Shaye 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTCardiac sympathetic denervation is an early nonmotor feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of the current study was to trace evidence for cardiac dysfunction abnormalities in the premotor phase of PD. We retrospectively reviewed treadmill ergometric tests of a large cohort (n = 16,841) between 2000 and 2012, that attended the Executive Screening Survey (ESS) at Sheba Medical Center. Heart rate and blood pressure profiles as well as exercise capacity were compared between subjects who later developed PD and age‐ and sex‐matched subjects (ratio 1:2) who did not. We identified 28 subjects (24 males) who developed PD at follow‐up. The PD group was older than the group of subjects who did not develop PD on first ergometric test (64.82 ± 8.82 vs. 48.91 ± 10.60 years, P < 0.001). The time between the first ergometric test and motor symptoms onset was 4.64 ± 2.86 years. Patients who later developed PD had lower maximal heart rate (P < 0.001) and lower heart rate reserve than healthy controls (P < 0.001); however, compared with age‐ and sex‐matched subjects, subjects who developed PD had similar exercise capacity and heart rate profile during rest, exercise, and recovery, even 1 year before diagnosis. In this study, we did not detect significant signs of sympathetic dysfunction during the premotor phase of PD. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Urgent need for better education: example of maternal dyspnea in a twin pregnancy
Authors: Baud David , Van Mieghem Tim , Windrim Rory , Raio Luigi , Keunen Johannes , Ryan Greg 
Published: June 2014

What's already known about this topic?Monochorionic pregnancies are 1/200 pregnancies, one in seven of whom will develop twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS)TTTS is usually lethal to both twins if untreated.Timely fetoscopic laser ablation of the ‘culprit’ placental anastomoses is curativeWhat does this study add?Surveillance is the chorionicity diagnosis early and q2 weekly ultrasounds until deliveryRefer urgently to an appropriate fetal medicine unit if discordant fluid volumes or Dopplers
Optimization of direct arylation polymerization (DArP) through the identification and control of defects in polymer structure
Authors: Rudenko Andrey E. , Thompson Barry C. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTAs a newly emerged protocol for the synthesis of conjugated polymers, direct arylation polymerization (DArP) is an environmentally friendly and cost‐effective alternative to traditional methods of polymerization. DArP efficiently yields conjugated polymers with high yield and high molecular weight. However, DArP is also known to produce defects in polymer chemical structure. Together with molecular weight and polydispersity, these defects are considered to be important parameters of polymer structure and they have a strong impact on optical, electronic and thermal properties of conjugated polymers. The four major classes of conjugated polymer defects inherent for DArP have been identified: homocoupling regiodefects, branching defects, end group defects, and residual metal defects. To have a precise control over the polymer properties, it is important to understand what causes the defects to form during the polymerization process and be able to control their content. Here within the scope of current literature, we discuss in detail the definition and origin of all these defects, their influence on polymer properties and effective means to control the defects through fine tuning of the DArP reaction parameters. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 135–147
Nonparametric Changepoint Estimation for Sequential Nonlinear Profile Monitoring
Authors: McGinnity Kelly , Chicken Eric , Pignatiello Joseph J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe consider changepoint detection in a process in which the observed points are profiles: large sets of functionally related points (x,y). Few changepoint detection methods have been proposed that do not rely in some capacity on the assumption that the observational errors are normally distributed. In this paper, a nonparametric distribution‐free wavelet method is proposed for monitoring for changes in sequences of nonlinear profiles. No assumptions are made on the nature or form of the changes between the profiles other than finite square‐integrability, and no distributional assumption is made on the noise. Using only the magnitudes and location maps of thresholded wavelet coefficients, our method uses the spatial adaptivity property of wavelets to accurately detect profile changes when the signal is obscured with a variety of non‐Gaussian errors. The proposed method outperforms existing (and much more complex) methods under various conditions of non‐Gaussianity. The method does not rely on estimates designed for normally distributed errors, yet it is robust enough to work reasonably well under Gaussian conditions. The efficiency of the proposed method, including comparisons with existing profile monitoring methods, is shown via simulation. We also apply the proposed method to vertical density profile data, a common real data set used in profile monitoring. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term performance of the Kiel carbonate device with a new correction scheme for clumped isotope measurements
Authors: Meckler A. Nele , Ziegler Martin , Millán M. Isabel , Breitenbach Sebastian F. M. , Bernasconi Stefano M. 
Published: June 2014

RATIONALECarbonate clumped isotope thermometry is a powerful new technique increasingly used in many fields in earth science. Recently, it has been shown that clumped isotope measurements can be performed with a Kiel carbonate preparation device and micro‐volume analyses, allowing measurements of small (1.5–2 mg) carbonate samples. However, common data correction schemes rely on measurements of gases prepared offline, potentially leading to unrecognized biases in the results.METHODSWe propose a new correction scheme for the Kiel device method including: (1) A pressure‐sensitive baseline correction (PBL) of the raw beam signals; (2) Transfer of data to the absolute reference frame; (3) Correction for acid fractionation; (4) Correction for average standard offsets; (5) When necessary, correction for Δ47 scale compression based on offsets among standards with different ordering state. The long‐term performance of the new scheme was tested with a large set of standard measurements (N = 432) obtained over the course of 15 months.RESULTSThe PBL correction reliably removes composition‐dependent artifacts, which are commonly corrected for with gas measurements, and offsets observed in micro‐volume measurements when ion beams are imbalanced. We show that the shape of the PBL can vary strongly and needs to be properly characterized. Combined PBL and standard correction resulted in long‐term stability with standard deviations in Δ47 of 0.012–0.016 ‰ for the five standards over the whole period, close to the average error of 0.011 ‰ observed for individual measurements consisting of 10 replicate analyses.CONCLUSIONSOur correction scheme eliminates the need for routine gas measurements, allowing for equal treatment of samples and standards with the Kiel device setup. While the PBL and standard data obtained over 15 months reveal variable mass spectrometer behavior, they provide a robust means of correction, yielding reproducible results from small carbonate samples in the long term. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods of Split Reporter Reconstitution for the Analysis of Biomolecules
Authors: Yoshimura Hideaki , Ozawa Takeaki 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIntracellular signaling inside living cells is controlled by the specific localization of biomolecules, including proteins, with timescales ranging from milliseconds to several hours. To elucidate the related spatial and temporal signal processes, development of optical probes for cellular events is a challenging task in present studies. Herein, we describe recent advances in the basic design of the optical probes, which have been inspired by luminescent creatures, and their practical application to visualize intracellular events in living cells and animals. A discussion of different probe designs reveals their benefits and shortcomings.
Biomarkers of Coronary Artery Disease: The Promise of the Transcriptome
Authors: Siemelink Marten Antoon , Zeller Tanja 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The last years have witnessed tremendous technical advances in the field of transcriptomics that enable the simultaneous assessment of nearly all transcripts expressed in a tissue at a given time. These advances harbor the potential to gain a better understanding of the complex biological systems and for the identification and development of novel biomarkers. This article will review the current knowledge of transcriptomics biomarkers in the cardiovascular field and will provide an overview about the promises and challenges of the transcriptomics approach for biomarker identification.
Device therapy in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients
Authors: Sumitomo Naokata 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundDevice therapy is an established therapy for preventing sudden cardiac death or managing refractory congestive heart failure in adults. However, it is performed less commonly in pediatric populations. This review aimed to examine the indications and problems associated with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device implantations in pediatric and congenital heart disease (CHD) patients.ResultsIn a multicenter study in Japan, the cardiac condition of CHD patients improved by 83% after CRT device implantation. The need for CRT devices is more common in children than in adults. After ICD implantation, 44% of the patients experienced appropriate shocks, and epicardial lead implantation was performed in one‐third of the patients. Nonendocardial electrode placement is mandatory for ICD implantation in small infants and patients with certain CHDs. Although inappropriate ICD discharges due to sinus tachycardia or other supraventricular tachycardias are common in children, the indication for ICD implantation may be higher than that reported in children.ConclusionsDespite the limited experience, limitations of device implantations owing to the size of the devices, and necessity for nonendocardial electrode placement, device implantations are required in more pediatric and CHD patients than expected.