bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of smoke and non-smoke tobacco on nitric oxide levels in diabetic patients
Authors: Das Liza , Mishra Arvind , Mahdi Abbas Ali , Shankar Singh Amit 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Objective: Diabetes mellitus confers an increased cardiometabolic risk in affected individuals. Several mechanisms underlie this equation, but endothelial dysfunction has been implicated as the final common pathway by several studies. Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is one of the principal molecules mediating normal endothelial vasodilation. This study was aimed at ascertaining the effects of smoke and non-smoke tobacco, both of which are commonly used by Indians, on the serum NO levels. Materials and Methods: A total of 208 type 2 diabetic patients attending the diabetes clinic were enrolled in this study. Data on age, gender, smoking, and tobacco chewing were collected, and the serum levels of NO determined using nitrate reductase and Griess Reagent which converts nitrite to a deep purple azo compound. The amount of the azochromophore accurately reflected the amount of NO in the samples. Results: The mean value of serum NO in smokers was 54.92 μmol/L, as compared to 60.60 μmol/L in non-smokers. The mean value of serum NO in tobacco chewers was 57.32 μmol/L and in tobacco non-chewers was 60.61 μmol/L. In this study, a near-significant association was found between the low serum levels of NO in smokers as compared to nonsmokers. But there was no significant association of serum NO levels in tobacco chewers and non-tobacco chewers. Conclusion: In this study, the difference in effects of different forms of nicotine usage on the NO levels was assessed, as it provides an insight into the mechanism of the effects of oral versus inhaled forms of nicotine use. In conclusion, new facts have been elucidated in this study, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparison of smoke and nonsmoke tobacco in relation to the serum levels of NO for estimating the burden of vascular risk with various forms of tobacco use in diabetes.
Repeated Versus Varied Case Selection in Pediatric Resident Simulation
Authors: Tofil Nancy M. , Peterson Dawn Taylor , Wheeler Julie Turner , Youngblood Amber , Zinkan J. Lynn , Lara Diego , Jakaitis Brett , Niebauer Julia , White Marjorie Lee 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Repeated exposure to pediatric emergency scenarios improves technical skills, but it is unclear whether repeated exposure to specific cases affects medical decision making in varied cases.

Objective
We sought to determine whether repeated exposure to 1 scenario would translate to improved performance and decision making in varied scenarios.

Methods
Senior pediatrics residents participated in 3 scenarios with scripted debriefing. Residents were randomized to repeated practice (RP) scenarios or mixed (MIX) scenarios. RP residents completed pulseless electrical activity (PEA) with different stems (Case 1, 2, 3). MIX residents completed PEA (Case 1), seizure (Case 2), and ventricular tachycardia (Case 3) scenarios. Four months later, participants returned to complete 3 more cases: PEA (Case 4), seizure (Case 5), and critical coarctation (Case 6).

Results
Twenty-three residents participated in the study and were randomized to either the RP or the MIX group. The RP group showed statistically significant improvement in time to start chest compressions, whereas the MIX group showed no improvement. Use of a backboard improved significantly in Case 4 for the RP group but not for the MIX group. Similarly, time to check glucose in the seizure scenario was significantly better in the MIX group that had previous exposure to a seizure scenario. No differences in performance were noted between groups in Case 6, which was new to both groups.

Conclusions
Results of this study indicate that whereas repeated exposure may improve decision-making skills in similar scenarios, it may not translate to improved medical decision making in other scenarios.
Motivational Interviewing Interventions in Graduate Medical Education: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
Authors: Dunhill David , Schmidt Stacie , Klein Robin 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Motivational interviewing (MI) is a patient-centered method of behavior change counseling. It has shown promise in enabling patients to identify and improve problem health behaviors. Incorporating MI education into residency training may be beneficial.

Objective
To review the current evidence regarding the impact of MI education in graduate medical education.

Results
Of the 9 studies of MI education in graduate medical education training, most noted favorable outcomes after MI education. Outcomes included improvements in residents' view of MI, MI skill use and competency, and resident satisfaction with MI interventions. Of the 5 studies that looked at residents' views of MI, 3 found improvements in resident assessments of the importance of and confidence in using MI. Of the 4 studies of MI skills, 3 reported improvements in residents' use of and competency in the MI skill. The quality of MI education in the graduate medical education literature is limited by overreliance on preintervention and postintervention analysis as a study design, the variable intensity of educational interventions, and limited use of validated assessment tools and quantitative outcome measures.

Conclusions
Review of the literature shows that MI education can be successfully implemented within the residency education environment. The intensity of MI interventions, coupled with experiential learning and feedback, correlated with favorable outcomes in terms of resident use of MI skills and resident satisfaction. Further study is needed to determine which MI skills are most effectively taught to residents, the impact of MI training on resident behavior in clinical settings, and the impact on clinical outcomes.
Generating French virtual commuting networks at the municipality level
Authors: Lenormand Maxime , Huet Sylvie , Gargiulo Floriana 
Published: March 2014

We aim to generate virtual commuting networks in the rural regions of France in order to study the dynamics of their municipalities. Since it will be necessary to model small commuting flows between municipalities with a few hundred or thousand inhabitants, we have opted for the stochastic model presented by Gargiulo et al. (2012). This model reproduces various possible complete networks using an iterative process, stochastically selecting a workplace in the region for each commuter living in the municipality of a region. The choice is made considering the job offers in each municipality of the region and the distance to all of the possible destinations. This paper will present methods
for adapting and implementing this model to generate commuting networks between municipalities for regions in France. We address three different issues: How can we generate a reliable virtual commuting network for a region that is highly dependent on other regions for the satisfaction of its residents’ demands for employment? What about a convenient deterrence function? How can we calibrate the model when detailed data is not available? Our solution proposes an extended job search geographical base for commuters living in the municipalities; we compare two different deterrence functions and we show that the parameter is a constant for network linking municipalities in France.
On Homuncular Drives and the Structure of the Nietzschean Self
Authors: Katsafanas Paul 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
This article critiques three aspects of Clark and Dudrick's book. First, I question Clark and Dudrick's claim that Nietzsche recognizes a distinct will to value. Second, I argue that Clark and Dudrick's analysis of Nietzschean drives is philosophically and textually problematic. Third, I investigate their claim that Nietzsche understands the self as a “normative ordering” of drives, which they distinguish from a “causal ordering.” I raise some doubts about the cogency of this distinction.
Nietzsche's Psychology as a Refinement of Plato's
Authors: Janaway Christopher 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
Clark and Dudrick claim that Nietzsche takes Plato's theory of the soul to be “a hypothesis, which his own psychology is an attempt to refine.” This essay accepts that claim, but argues for a more streamlined account of the relation between Nietzsche and Plato than Clark and Dudrick give. (1) There is no justification for their suggestion that Nietzsche diagnoses an “atomistic need” as responsible for what he objects to in Plato's model. (2) The claim that “reason” is a motivationally inert set of cognitive capacities is not necessarily a point of disagreement with Plato. (3) Nietzsche's psychology does not require a generalized “will to value” as a counterpart to the will to truth. (4) Clark and Dudrick fail to recognize the Platonic soul elements as drives, and that the element that for Plato should govern in the best of souls can be interpreted as closely analogous to Nietzsche's will to truth.
Advancing the Agōn: Nietzsche's Pre-texts and the Self-Reflexive Will to Truth
Authors: Heit Helmut 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
This article argues that Clark and Dudrick's study of Beyond Good and Evil, despite numerous qualities and the correct conclusion that Nietzsche pursued a normative project, remains dissatisfying for two main reasons: First, the methodological distinction between esoteric and exoteric doctrines, problematic as it is from the outset, would require a detailed genetic reconstruction of Nietzsche's ways of obscuring his “real views” and of translating them into a new language. Clark and Dudrick, however, seem to use that distinction mainly to accommodate Nietzsche to their understanding of good philosophy. Second, their reconstruction of empiricist and idealistic epistemologies, given in terms of exclusive opposites, fails to appreciate how Nietzsche tries to replace such false contradictions with gradational differences and how he dialectically distributes approval and criticism to both through the composition of his aphorisms.
Nietzsche's Apollo
Authors: Pappas Nickolas 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACT
Nietzsche's account of Apollo and the Apollinian in The Birth of Tragedy contains underappreciated distortions. Apollinian moments in some tragedies are described as Dionysian. The Apollo seen in BT fails to interpret dreams (indeed this book renders dreams impervious to interpretation) and scarcely prophesies. Most important, Nietzsche's vision of the Apollinian as surface and bounded plane image denies Greek uses of sculpture in just the opposite way, namely to effect communication between the visible and invisible realms. It is improbable to suppose that Nietzsche is ignorant of such a prominent aspect of Greek culture, or that he simply wants to keep his aesthetic categories neatly demarcated. More likely, he represses the communicative Apollo in a gesture against modern Europe's nostalgic treatment of antiquity. Thus the familiar question of BT's accuracy sheds unexpected light on the familiar question of its relationship to nostalgia.
The TRUST (EvaluaTion of Bladder Function in Relapsing-Remitting MUltiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Natalizumab) Observational Study
Authors: Khatri Bhupendra O. , Foley John F. , Fink Jennifer , Kramer John F. , Cha Choon , You Xiaojun , Warth John D. , Foulds Pam 
Published: March 2014

Background: Bladder dysfunction is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study was designed to evaluate effects of natalizumab on bladder function in patients with relapsing-remitting MS.
Methods: The TRUST (EvaluaTion of Bladder Function in Relapsing-Remitting MUltiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Natalizumab) study was an open-label, single-arm, two-center study. Natalizumab-naive MS patients with disabling bladder dysfunction and initiating natalizumab were enrolled and followed for 6 months. The primary endpoint was change in the Urogenital Distress Inventory short form (UDI-6) score from baseline. Change in Incontinence Impact Questionnaire short form (IIQ-7) score from baseline was a secondary endpoint.
Results: Thirty patients were enrolled. Mean baseline characteristics were age 49.9 years, Expanded Disability Status Scale score 4.6, number of relapses in previous year 2.4, UDI-6 score 10.4, and IIQ-7 score 12.3. Mean changes in UDI-6 and IIQ-7 scores were significantly improved from baseline beginning at week 4 and up to week 24; mean improvements at 24 weeks were 4.4 (P &lt; .0001) and 4.9 (P = .0005) points, respectively. At week 24, 85.7% and 78.6% of patients demonstrated improvements from baseline in UDI-6 and IIQ-7 scores, respectively.
Conclusions: Incontinence-related quality of life as measured by UDI-6 and IIQ-7 scores improved significantly during natalizumab treatment.
What do Students Learn from Participation in an Undergraduate Research Journal? Results of an Assessment
Authors: Weiner Sharon A , Watkinson Charles 
Published: March 2014

INTRODUCTION Undergraduate research journals provide students with an opportunity to disseminate their work while learning about the scholarly publishing process. The opportunities to learn about scholarly communication have been demonstrated, but such journals also offer a means of helping students attain necessary information literacy competencies. By partnering in the publication of undergraduate journals, libraries can further strategic goals related to information literacy and establish a connection between library publishing and student success. This paper reports on an assessment of the Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research (JPUR) that was designed to evaluate student learning outcomes and demonstrate connections between journal participation and student success. METHODS The assessment plan included all student and faculty stakeholder groups. Online surveys were distributed to primary stakeholder groups annually for three years; students who attended workshops were asked to complete evaluations; and web metrics were collected. RESULTS The findings indicated that students experienced gains in learning as a result of writing an article, writing a research snapshot, or mentoring a student author. Because of their involvement with JPUR, student authors intended to publish articles in the future. JPUR influenced career decisions. Faculty were motivated to continue to act as mentors for undergraduate research. DISCUSSION &amp; CONCLUSION The assessment showed that student authors benefitted from experiencing the full spectrum of the scholarly publishing process. Notably, students gained knowledge of important information literacy concepts. These learning gains and the demonstrated influence of JPUR on student career and scholarly aspirations clearly show that publication of an undergraduate research journal supports university priorities for student success as well as the Libraries’ strategic priorities of information literacy and scholarly communication. It is recommended that other institutions that are publishing undergraduate journals undertake similar assessments, which will further establish the value of such publications.
Bottlenecks in the Open-Access System: Voices from Around the Globe
Authors: Bonaccorso Elisa , Bozhankova Reneta , Cadena Carlos Daniel , Čapská Veronika , Czerniewicz Laura , Emmett Ada , Oludayo Folorunso Fasina , Glukhova Natalia , Greenberg Marc L , Hladnik Miran , Grillet María Eugenia , Indrawan Mochamad , Kapović Mate , Kleiner Yuri , Łaziński Marek , Loyola Rafael D , Menon Shaily , Morales Luis Gonzalo , Ocampo Clara , Pérez-Emán Jorge , Peterson A Townsend , Poposki Dimitar , Rasheed Ajadi Adetola , Rodríguez-Clark Kathryn M , Rodríguez Jon Paul , Rosenblum Brian 
Published: March 2014

A level playing field is key for global participation in science and scholarship, particularly with regard to how scientific publications are financed and subsequently accessed. However, there are potential pitfalls of the so-called “Gold” open-access (OA) route, in which author-paid publication charges cover the costs of production and publication. Gold OA plans in which author charges are required may not solve the access problem, but rather may shift the access barrier from reader to writer. Under such plans, everyone may be free to read papers, but it may still be prohibitively expensive to publish them. In a scholarly community that is increasingly global, spread over more and more regions and countries of the world, these publication access barriers may be quite significant. In the present paper, a global suite of colleagues in academe joins this debate. The group of colleagues, a network of researchers active in scholarly publishing, spans four continents and multiple disciplines in the natural sciences, humanities, and social sciences, as well as diverse political and economic situations. We believe that this global sampling of researchers can provide the nuance and perspective necessary to grasp this complex problem. The group was assembled without an attempt to achieve global coverage through random sampling.This contribution differs from other approaches to the open-access problem in several fundamental ways. (A) It is scholar-driven, and thus can represent the ‘other side of the coin’ of scholarly communication. (B) It focuses on narrative report, where scholars were free to orient their responses as they saw fit, rather than being confined to binary or scalar choices. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, (C) it distinguishes among institutions and countries and situations, highlighting inequalities of access among wealthy and economically-challenged nations, and also within countries depending on the size and location of particular institutions.
Projections of future summertime ozone over the U.S.
Authors: Pfister G. G. , Walters S. , Lamarque J.‐F. , Fast J. , Barth M. C. , Wong J. , Done J. , Holland G. , Bruyère C. L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractWe use a regional coupled chemistry‐transport model to assess changes in surface ozone over the summertime U.S. between present and a 2050 future time period at high spatial resolution under the A2 climate and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 anthropogenic precursor emission scenarios. Predicted changes in regional climate and globally enhanced ozone are estimated to increase surface ozone over most of the U.S.; the 95th percentile for daily 8 h maximum surface ozone increases from 79 ppb to 87 ppb. The analysis suggests that changes in meteorological drivers likely will add to increasing ozone, but the simulations do not allow separating meteorological feedbacks from that due to enhanced global ozone. Stringent emission controls can counteract these feedbacks; if implemented as in RCP8.5, the 95th percentile for surface ozone is reduced to 55 ppb. A comparison of regional to global model projections shows that the global model is biased high in surface ozone compared to the regional model and compared to observations. On average, both the global and the regional model predict similar future changes but reveal pronounced differences in urban and rural regimes that cannot be resolved at the coarse resolution of the considered global model. This study confirms the key role of emission control strategies in future air quality projections and demonstrates the need for considering degradation of air quality with future climate change in policy making. It also illustrates the need for high‐resolution modeling when the objective is to address regional and local air quality or establish links to human health and society.
Climate change impacts on the temperature and magnitude of groundwater discharge from shallow, unconfined aquifers
Authors: Kurylyk Barret L. , MacQuarrie Kerry T. B. , Voss Clifford I. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCold groundwater discharge to streams and rivers can provide critical thermal refuge for threatened salmonids and other aquatic species during warm summer periods. Climate change may influence groundwater temperature and flow rates, which may in turn impact riverine ecosystems. This study evaluates the potential impact of climate change on the timing, magnitude, and temperature of groundwater discharge from small, unconfined aquifers that undergo seasonal freezing and thawing. Seven downscaled climate scenarios for 2046–2065 were utilized to drive surficial water and energy balance models (HELP3 and ForHyM2) to obtain future projections for daily ground surface temperature and groundwater recharge. These future surface conditions were then applied as boundary conditions to drive subsurface simulations of variably saturated groundwater flow and energy transport. The subsurface simulations were performed with the U.S. Geological Survey finite element model SUTRA that was recently modified to include the dynamic freeze‐thaw process. The SUTRA simulations indicate a potential rise in the magnitude (up to 34%) and temperature (up to 3.6°C) of groundwater discharge to the adjacent river during the summer months due to projected increases in air temperature and precipitation. The thermal response of groundwater to climate change is shown to be strongly dependent on the aquifer dimensions. Thus, the simulations demonstrate that the thermal sensitivity of aquifers and baseflow‐dominated streams to decadal climate change may be more complex than previously thought. Furthermore, the results indicate that the probability of exceeding critical temperature thresholds within groundwater‐sourced thermal refugia may significantly increase under the most extreme climate scenarios.
A Practical Procedure for Iron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Sterically Hindered Aryl‐Grignard Reagents with Primary Alkyl Halides
Authors: Sun Chang‐Liang , Krause Helga , Fürstner Alois 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAlthough iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of arylmagnesium halides with alkyl halides are well established and proceed effectively under a variety of experimental conditions, they often find limitations when working with sterically hindered aryl‐Grignard reagents. Outlined in this paper is a practical solution that allows this gap in coverage to be filled. Specifically, it is shown that bis(diethylphosphino)ethane (depe) crafts an effective coordination environment about Fe(+2). This commercially available ligand is slim enough not to interfere with the loading of the iron center even by ortho,ortho‐disubstituted arylmagnesium halides, yet capable of preventing premature reductive coupling of the resulting organoiron species, which seem to be hardly basic either. The reaction is compatible with various polar functional groups as well as with substrates containing β‐heteroatom substituents. Moreover, the procedure even allows encumbered neopentylic electrophiles to be arylated with donors as bulky as mesitylmagnesium bromide, whereas secondary alkyl halides tend to eliminate.magnified image
Diastereotopic Group Selection in Hydroxy‐Directed Intramolecular CH Alkenylation of Indole under Oxidative Palladium(II) Catalysis
Authors: Kandukuri Sandeep R. , Jiao Lin‐Yu , Machotta Axel B. , Oestreich Martin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractGroup‐selective palladium(II)‐catalyzed ring closures involving CH bond alkenylation are reported. The cyclization precursors contain a prochiral bis(homoallylic) alcohol unit tethered to either an arene or an indole. The homobenzylic hydroxy group in these substrates is positioned to act as a directing group in the ortho‐selective CH bond activation prior to the cyclization event. Arene‐derived precursors reacted poorly, even when applying a protocol that had proven effective in intermolecular hydroxy‐directed CH bond alkenylations. No asymmetric induction was obtained with chiral ligands, mono‐N‐protected amino acids (MPAAs) in particular. Conversely, the cyclization of indole‐derived precursors was substantially more efficient, and installation of a substituent in the benzylic position rendered these intramolecular CH bond alkenylations diastereoselective. The diastereotopic group selection is high with diastereomeric ratios ranging from dr=91:9 to 94:6.magnified image