bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gestalt Therapy
Authors: Brownell Philip 
Published: January 2015

AbstractGestalt therapy is an experiential, evidence‐based approach originally developed by Frederick Perls (1893–1970), Laura Perls (1905–90), and Paul Goodman (1911–72) as a revision of psychoanalysis. The multifaceted options available to a gestalt therapist cluster around the four main tenets of its theory, unified in a process of contacting within the therapist–client field. Contact is defined as meetings of various kinds between self and other in which the therapist can follow the emerging experience of the client, engage the client in dialogue, purposefully address some aspect of the client's field, and/or negotiate an experiment. It is at once experiential and experimental, dialogical, field oriented, and phenomenological. The general theory of change is paradoxical—people become what they might be by being what they are. This entry explains gestalt therapy in terms of its originators, philosophical base, view of persons, view of pathology, approach to psychotherapy, and evidence base.
Logotherapy
Authors: Brownell Philip 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Logotherapy is an existential and phenomenological approach to psychotherapy originating in the thinking of Viktor Frankl (1905–97). It was the third major school of psychotherapy arising from Vienna, Austria in the first half of the twentieth century, and can be seen as a revision of classic psychoanalysis. Its organizing construct is the will‐to‐meaning, which is not a drive theory but a theory of interest and of growth toward human actualization emerging from the spiritual nature of the human person. This entry describes logotherapy, including its founder, philosophical base, view of persons, view of pathology, and approach to psychotherapy.
K
raepelin,
E
mil (1856–1926)
Authors: Engstrom Eric J. , Weber Matthias M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) was a German clinical psychiatrist best known for his division of endogenous psychoses into two forms: dementia praecox and manic‐depressive illness. He became one of the most influential psychiatrists in the first quarter of the twentieth century. More recently he has inspired the work of so‐called neo‐Kraepelinians, who have ascribed to him paradigmatic status as a new, post‐Freudian “father” of clinical psychiatry, the
DSM
, and quantitative methodologies.
P
inel,
P
hilippe (1745–1826)
Authors: Charland Louis C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Philippe Pinel (1745–1826) is often said to be the father of modern clinical psychiatry. He is most famous for being a committed pioneer and advocate of humanitarian methods in the treatment of the mentally ill, and for the development of a mode of psychological therapy known as moral treatment. Pinel also made important contributions to nosology and the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorder, especially the psychopathology of affectivity, stressing the role of the passions in mental disorder. Pinel also conducted what may be considered one of the first large‐scale clinical trials in psychiatry and was also arguably the first to introduce the new statistical methods of the time to that domain.
Esquirol, Jean‐Étienne (1772–1840)
Authors: C. Charland Louis 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAlong with Philippe Pinel (1745–1826), Jean‐Étienne Esquirol (1772–1840) is often considered one of the fathers of clinical psychiatry. While his indebtedness to the views of his teacher, Pinel, is indisputable, his own later contributions to the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorder are often considered to be clinically superior and more sophisticated than those of his mentor. Esquirol's contributions to the psychopathology of affectivity are especially important and differ in many important respects from those of Pinel, who also stressed the role of the passions in mental disorder.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Authors: Forman Evan M. , Juarascio Adrienne S. , Martin Lindsay M. , Herbert James D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAcceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) that utilizes six core psychological process of change (acceptance, defusion, present moment awareness, self as context, values and committed action) to help individuals achieve psychological flexibility (i.e., the ability to choose one's behavior even when doing so brings a person into contact with aversive internal experiences).ACTshares many features of traditionalCBTand its distinctiveness has been a subject of debate. However,ACTappears to operate at least partially through distinct processes, and to emphasize experiential acceptance and valued behavior change over attempts to restructure thoughts or achieve symptom reduction. Empirical support forACTand its hypothesized therapeutic processes is mounting quickly, but much of it suffers from methodological shortcomings.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Psychological Problems
Authors: Hughes Brian M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractComplementary and alternative therapies are those therapies not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine, and are popularly used for both physical and mental health problems. Common classifications include therapies based on natural products, mind–body principles, body‐based practices, and other treatments. Such therapies can appear to be efficacious without actually being so, due to a number of psychological effects. Their standing remains controversial.
Mental Status Exam
Authors: Wiger Donald E. , Mooney Natale B. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The mental status exam (
MSE
) is an evaluation of a person's current mental state. It is an integral part of any mental health assessment, and can incorporate information from clinical interviews, testing, and self‐report information.
MSEs
usually gather information on an individual's appearance, activity level, speech/language, attitude, affect/mood, stream of consciousness, sensorium/cognition, insight, and judgment.
Dimensional versus Categorical Models of Psychopathology
Authors: Widiger Thomas A. , Gore Whitney L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Mental disorders are currently diagnosed within the

DSM

as qualitatively distinct categories. However, the question of whether mental disorders are discrete clinical conditions or arbitrary distinctions along dimensions of functioning is a longstanding issue. The importance of this issue is escalating with the growing recognition of the frustrations and limitations engendered by the categorical model. The major innovation of the

DSM
‐5

was intended to be a further recognition of the dimensional perspective. An overview of the limitations of the categorical model and the potential advantages of the dimensional are provided herein, with a particular focus on depression, behavioral addiction, personality disorders, and intellectual disability.
G
oldberg,
L
ewis
R
. (b. 1932)
Authors: Saucier Gerard 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This entry describes the scientific contributions of Lewis R. Goldberg (b. 1932). Goldberg's most influential work includes (a) explaining the rationale for lexical studies of the structure of personality attributes; (b) the Big Five model of personality attribute structure, its bases in the lexicon, and the optimal way to measure it; (c) the development of a large public domain item pool as a resource for measuring the full range of personality tendencies; (d) examinations of the comparative validity of varying assessment methods; and (e) earlier work on clinical inference and judgments.
Incomplete Sentences Blank
Authors: Weis Robert 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank (RISB) is the most frequently used sentence completion test of personality and socioemotional functioning. A performance‐based test, the RISB is used to screen for adjustment problems, to facilitate case conceptualization and diagnosis, and to monitor treatment. The RISB can be interpreted quantitatively using a semi‐objective scoring system or qualitatively to identify areas of psychosocial conflict among respondents. When scored quantitatively, interscorer reliability, temporal stability, and internal consistency are adequate. Validity is supported by correlations with other measures of psychological distress, peer and clinician ratings of functioning, and differences in RISB scores for clinic‐referred and nonreferred individuals. Recent research suggests the RISB may be used with adolescents and adults. Data supporting the qualitative interpretation of RISB responses are limited. However, responses may be useful to complement other, objective components of psychological assessment and to obtain a description of clients' concerns in their own words.
Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
Authors: Black Corey , Zeanah Charles H. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Aberrant social behaviors in young children who experience serious neglect have been described for more than half a century and have been used as the basis for defining disorders of attachment. A broad consensus notes two phenotypes in early childhood—one characterized by socially withdrawn behavior and restricted positive affect and the other by disinhibited social behavior and repeated violations of conventional interpersonal boundaries. Reactive attachment disorder seems to be quite responsive to enhanced caregiving environments, although the indiscriminate behavior of disinhibited social engagement disorder persists in some cases even after affected children receive enhanced caregiving.
Rape Trauma Syndrome
Authors: Bliss Beth A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSymptoms of rape survivors were first noticed and reported by Burgess and Holmstrom in 1974, who coined the termrape trauma syndrome.The two noticed that victims of rape not only reported physical symptoms, but also numerous psychological effects of rape. Short‐term effects for rape victims typically include fear, anxiety, and hypervigilance, as well as flashbacks and problems with romantic relationships. Long‐term effects might include avoidance of places or people associated with the assault, emotional numbness, reexperiencing of the trauma through flashbacks or nightmares, and long‐term relationship instability. Rape trauma syndrome has been debated in the field, especially with regard to whether it should be allowed as a topic of expert testimony. Rape trauma syndrome is not a psychological diagnosis, but individuals in the field equate it to posttraumatic stress disorder where the stressor is rape.
Jackson,JohnHughlings (1835–1911)
Authors: Harrington Anne 
Published: January 2015

AbstractJohn Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911) was a British physician who helped to establish the emerging field of clinical neurology in the late nineteenth century, and argued for its relevance to the concerns of psychology, psychiatry, and philosophy of mind. In particular, his evolutionary‐dynamic approach to brain function and malfunction had a significant influence on twentieth‐century psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis.
A
chenbach,
T
homas
M
. (b. 1940)
Authors: Achenbach Thomas M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Thomas M. Achenbach (b. 1940) developed the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (
ASEBA
), which is used worldwide for ages 1½–90+ years and is available in 90 languages. Its use is reported in over 8,000 published studies from 80 societies. Achenbach earned his
BA
from Yale in 1962, was a German government fellow at Heidelberg University during the following year, obtained his
PhD
from the University of Minnesota in 1966, and was a postdoctoral fellow at the Yale Child Study Center. Beginning in 1967, Achenbach was a faculty member at Yale and then research psychologist at
NIMH
. Since 1980, he has been professor of psychiatry and psychology at the University of Vermont, where he is president of the nonprofit Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families. Achenbach's research has identified numerous syndromes and broader groupings of problems, for which he coined the terms “internalizing” and “externalizing.” He authored the first book for the discipline that he dubbed “developmental psychopathology.”
W
echsler,
D
avid (1896–1981)
Authors: Wasserman John D. , Kaufman Alan S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
David Wechsler (1896–1981) was the author of the leading intelligence and memory tests in the U.S.A. in the second half of the twentieth century. Wechsler's legacy is highlighted by the continued popularity of his scales and his key role in transforming psychometric testing into clinical assessment.
Achievement Testing
Authors: Schneider Deborah , Mather Nancy 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAchievement tests are assessments designed to evaluate skills, knowledge, or performance, primarily in the core academic areas of reading, writing, and mathematics. Achievement tests comprise three major forms: standardized assessments, curriculum‐based measurement, and informal teacher‐made evaluations. Achievement tests serve a variety of purposes in education, including comparing students' performance; assisting in grading, tracking, placement, promotion, and graduation decisions; determining eligibility for special services and programs; identifying patterns of strengths and weaknesses; diagnosing learning disabilities; determining response to intervention; and informing instructional planning. Standardized achievement tests are administered according to standardized protocols, and data derived from both standardized and informal achievement tests should be used in accordance with the purposes for which the tests were designed. Whatever the specific purpose of a given assessment, all achievement testing should be conducted with the aim of improving instruction and, consequently, the educational outcomes of the students being assessed.
Prisoner Ethics
Authors: Smith Shannon Toney 
Published: January 2015

AbstractClinical intervention and research with offender populations are particularly challenging endeavors to successfully navigate in an ethical manner. Clinicians working with offenders must balance the therapeutic interests of the inmate with the safety of other inmates and staff in the institution. They must also remain cognizant of the many special circumstances to be considered when adhering to ethical standards, including dual roles, barriers to informed consent, and confidentiality concerns. Research with prisoners, designated a vulnerable research population, must also be conducted in a manner that ensures participants are free from infringements (e.g., staff or inmate coercion; illicit pressure to obtain privileges or compensation) on their ability to voluntarily decide whether to enroll in or decline research participation.
Milieu Therapy in Residential and Inpatient Settings
Authors: Paul (deceased) Gordon L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Residential and inpatient settings are service sites when emotional, mental, and behavioral problems are severe enough to require 24‐hr treatment environments before clientele can return to less‐restrictive settings. The structure of staff and client responsibilities is the core of any residential program. Traditional inpatient wards are organized like medical hospitals for the physically ill, where staff administer psychosocial and biomedical treatments as more‐or‐less discrete entities. Here, the unit‐wide program provides supportive care. Treatment is

in

rather than
by
or
through
the unit‐wide program. Milieu therapy, in contrast, means treatment
by
the environment. Therapeutic community and social learning approaches to milieu therapy have emerged as the most promising alternatives. In both, an overriding set of principles and procedures is followed by all clinical personnel with all clientele. For milieu therapy units, treatment is
by
and
through
their psychosocial programs. Evidence clearly supports social learning programs and particular therapeutic community approaches as replacements for traditional practices.
Pain Management
Authors: McGeary Cindy A. , Swanholm Eric , Gatchel Robert J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Effective pain management techniques are essential, particularly given the suffering and ever‐increasing costs associated with pain. Pain management techniques exclusively based on the biomedical model are insufficient to alleviate pain. Instead, pain management techniques should address biological, psychological, and social factors to treat the pain patient, as exemplified by the biopsychosocial model. One component of this model—cognitive behavioral therapy (
CBT
)—has proven effective in managing pain. Techniques that fall within the scope of
CBT
include psychoeducation, symptom monitoring, exercise, thought monitoring, communication skills training, pacing, relaxation, distraction techniques, problem‐solving skills, and self‐monitoring. These techniques can be used in conjunction with one another, and they are tailored to the individual needs of each patient. It is also important that individuals suffering from pain are educated about effective pain management techniques, relative to treatment modalities that have no empirical research support, so that pain sufferers can make the most educated decisions regarding their treatment.
Kleptomania
Authors: Guerdjikova Anna I. , McElroy Susan L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Kleptomania is a disabling psychiatric illness characterized by stealing urges and behaviors that are experienced as uncontrollable. The urge to steal is often associated with tension or anxiety; the act of stealing may be pleasurable and gratifying at the moment, but it is often associated with guilt and remorse afterwards. Kleptomania is an impulse control disorder (ICD) that frequently emerges during adolescence. It is more common in women than men and is often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, especially other ICDs, substance use, and mood disorders. Individuals with kleptomania suffer in their social and occupation functioning and many face legal consequences related to stealing. Although no specific treatment has been empirically supported, preliminary data suggest that the opioid antagonist naltrexone and cognitive behavioral strategies may be helpful. Management of co‐occurring conditions is also important. Further research into the epidemiology, psychology, neurobiology, and treatment of kleptomania is greatly needed.
Behavioral Observation
Authors: Bakeman Roger , Haynes Stephen N. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Behavioral observation is useful for the assessment of persons with limited verbal abilities, the measurement of persons' behavior in their natural environments, and the measurement of functional relations among contemporaneously occurring behaviors and environmental events. It is particularly useful for measuring clinically important sequences of interactions between persons and for examining how these sequences influence behavior and vary across contexts. Systematic behavioral observation is often applied within time‐series correlational or experimental (e.g.,
ABAB
) designs. The validity and clinical utility of behavioral observation data depend on selecting the best coding schemes, methods of recording behavior and events, time‐sampling strategies, subjects to observe, observation settings (e.g., analog or in the participants' natural environment), observers (e.g., participant or nonparticipant), and data analytic strategies for a given assessment context. Observer accuracy is an important dimension of behavioral observation and can be evaluated in several ways (e.g., Cohen's κ).
Syndrome, Disorder, and Disease
Authors: Peterson Destiny , Keeley Jared W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Defining syndrome, disease, and disorder can be challenging since they are all terms used to define a person's state of being. All have similarities and differences. A syndrome is a constellation of signs and symptoms that occur together and covary over time. A disorder is also a collection of signs and symptoms, but it has known associated features that are presumed to be related. A disease is an involuntary physiological or biological illness that typically has some underlying cause.
J
uvenile Transfer/Waiver
Authors: Sellers Brian G. , Kimonis Eva R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Juvenile transfer, or waiver, is the legal mechanism through which youthful offenders are certified to be adjudicated in criminal court. Four waiver methods exist and vary greatly in process and the amount of discretion given to judges, prosecutors, and state legislators. The major criteria used in transfer determinations include potential dangerousness, sophistication‐maturity, and amenability to treatment. Current trends reflect an increased use of automatic forms of waiver that focus primarily on potential dangerousness and may present a host of ethical concerns if developmental maturity and treatability are not given appropriate weight in transfer decisions. Juveniles who are waived to criminal court also face adult sanctions that may have an adverse impact on their prosocial development and future prospects for successful reintegration into society as productive members.
Tarasoff
and the Duty to Warn
Authors: Foellmi Melodie , Rosenfeld Barry 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The case of
Tarasoff v. California Board of Regents
(1976) shocked the mental health community by imposing civil liability (i.e., damages and financial compensation) for a psychotherapist's failure to warn an individual of the risk posed by his patient. As a consequence of
Tarasoff
, many jurisdictions now require mental health professionals to take action if they determine that their patient presents a risk of danger to another person. This requirement has been operationalized in some jurisdictions as a “duty to warn” their patient's potential victim, whereas other jurisdictions have imposed a “duty to protect,” which requires the mental health professional take steps to protect the potential victim(s). Protecting the potential victim might involve warning him or her directly, alerting the authorities, or taking other actions to prevent the harm from occurring (e.g., initiating psychiatric hospitalization). The manner in which courts have applied these legal concepts has varied depending on the specific details of the case and the jurisdiction.
Treatment Adherence/Compliance
Authors: Miller Tricia A. , Robin DiMatteo M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNonadherence to treatment recommendations is a significant barrier to the improvement of health outcomes. Patient nonadherence (also called noncompliance) refers to the failure of a patient to follow specific treatment recommendations as directed by a health‐care professional. Patient nonadherence varies widely across different conditions and patient populations. Current empirical research continues to examine, assess, and predict the challenges patients face in their self‐care. Improvement in patient adherence depends on several key factors, including a realistic assessment of the patient's knowledge and understanding of their specific treatment regimen, and a collaborative partnership between the patient and clinician. Provider–patient communication can help to increase patient satisfaction and improve adherence. Health professionals can use the elements of the information‐motivation‐strategy (IMS) model to assist patients in building effective disease management strategies to maximize treatment adherence.
Attorney–Client Privilege
Authors: Klotzle Rebecca Gray 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The attorney–client privilege is a legal protection that prevents the disclosure of confidential communications made between an attorney and client for the purposes of legal advice or assistance. Based on the attorney's duty to protect a client's confidences, the attorney–client privilege is one of the oldest privileges recognized by American courts and requires the existence of an attorney, a client, a communication made for the purpose of obtaining legal advice or assistance, and an anticipated confidentiality. With few exceptions, the attorney–client privilege serves as an absolute protection unless the litigant waives the privilege through disclosure of the confidential communications.