bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Net effects of multiple stressors in freshwater ecosystems: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Jackson Michelle C. , Loewen Charlie J. G. , Vinebrooke Rolf D. , Chimimba Christian T. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe accelerating rate of global change has focused attention on the cumulative impacts of novel and extreme environmental changes (i.e. stressors), especially in marine ecosystems. As integrators of local catchment and regional processes, freshwater ecosystems are also ranked highly sensitive to the net effects of multiple stressors, yet there has not been a large‐scale quantitative synthesis. We analysed data from 88 papers including 286 responses of freshwater ecosystems to paired stressors and discovered that overall, their cumulative mean effect size was less than the sum of their single effects (i.e. an antagonistic interaction). Net effects of dual stressors on diversity and functional performance response metrics were additive and antagonistic, respectively. Across individual studies, a simple vote‐counting method revealed that the net effects of stressor pairs were frequently more antagonistic (41%) than synergistic (28%), additive (16%) or reversed (15%). Here, we define a reversal as occurring when the net impact of two stressors is in the opposite direction (negative or positive) from that of the sum of their single effects. While warming paired with nutrification resulted in additive net effects, the overall mean net effect of warming combined with a second stressor was antagonistic. Most importantly, the mean net effects across all stressor pairs and response metrics were consistently antagonistic or additive, contrasting the greater prevalence of reported synergies in marine systems. Here, a possible explanation for more antagonistic responses by freshwater biota to stressors is that the inherent greater environmental variability of smaller aquatic ecosystems fosters greater potential for acclimation and co‐adaptation to multiple stressors.
Contrasting impacts of continuous moderate drought and episodic severe droughts on the aboveground‐biomass increment and litterfall of three coexisting Mediterranean woody species
Authors: Liu Daijun , Ogaya Romà , Barbeta Adrià , Yang Xiaohong , Peñuelas Josep 
Published: July 2015

AbstractClimate change is predicted to increase the aridity in the Mediterranean Basin and severely affect forest productivity and composition. The responses of forests to different timescales of drought, however, are still poorly understood because extreme and persistent moderate droughts can produce nonlinear responses in plants. We conducted a rainfall‐manipulation experiment in a Mediterranean forest dominated by Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia, and Arbutus unedo in the Prades Mountains in southern Catalonia from 1999 to 2014. The experimental drought significantly decreased forest aboveground‐biomass increment (ABI), tended to increase the litterfall, and decreased aboveground net primary production throughout the 15 years of the study. The responses to the experimental drought were highly species‐specific. A. unedo suffered a significant reduction in ABI, Q. ilex experienced a decrease during the early experiment (1999–2003) and in the extreme droughts of 2005–2006 and 2011–2012, and P. latifolia was unaffected by the treatment. The drought treatment significantly increased branch litterfall, especially in the extremely dry year of 2011, and also increased overall leaf litterfall. The drought treatment reduced the fruit production of Q. ilex, which affected seedling recruitment. The ABIs of all species were highly correlated with SPEI in early spring, whereas the branch litterfalls were better correlated with summer SPEIs and the leaf and fruit litterfalls were better correlated with autumn SPEIs. These species‐specific responses indicated that the dominant species (Q. ilex) could be partially replaced by the drought‐resistant species (P. latifolia). However, the results of this long‐term study also suggest that the effect of drought treatment has been dampened over time, probably due to a combination of demographic compensation, morphological and physiological acclimation, and epigenetic changes. However, the structure of community (e.g., species composition, dominance, and stand density) may be reordered when a certain drought threshold is reached.
Experimental drought and heat can delay phenological development and reduce foliar and shoot growth in semiarid trees
Authors: Adams Henry D. , Collins Adam D. , Briggs Samuel P. , Vennetier Michel , Dickman L. Turin , Sevanto Sanna A. , Garcia‐Forner Núria , Powers Heath H. , McDowell Nate G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHigher temperatures associated with climate change are anticipated to trigger an earlier start to the growing season, which could increase the terrestrial C sink strength. Greater variability in the amount and timing of precipitation is also expected with higher temperatures, bringing increased drought stress to many ecosystems. We experimentally assessed the effects of higher temperature and drought on the foliar phenology and shoot growth of mature trees of two semiarid conifer species. We exposed field‐grown trees to a ~45% reduction in precipitation with a rain‐out structure (‘drought’), a ~4.8 °C temperature increase with open‐top chambers (‘heat’), and a combination of both simultaneously (‘drought + heat’). Over the 2013 growing season, drought, heat, and drought + heat treatments reduced shoot and needle growth in piñon pine (Pinus edulis) by ≥39%, while juniper (Juniperus monosperma) had low growth and little response to these treatments. Needle emergence on primary axis branches of piñon pine was delayed in heat, drought, and drought + heat treatments by 19–57 days, while secondary axis branches were less likely to produce needles in the heat treatment, and produced no needles at all in the drought + heat treatment. Growth of shoots and needles, and the timing of needle emergence correlated inversely with xylem water tension and positively with nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations. Our findings demonstrate the potential for delayed phenological development and reduced growth with higher temperatures and drought in tree species that are vulnerable to drought and reveal potential mechanistic links to physiological stress responses. Climate change projections of an earlier and longer growing season with higher temperatures, and consequent increases in terrestrial C sink strength, may be incorrect for regions where plants will face increased drought stress with climate change.
Efficient production of T cells from mouse pluripotent stem cells by controlled expression of Lhx2
Authors: Kitajima Kenji , Kawaguchi Manami , Miyashita Kazuya , Nakajima Marino , Kanokoda Mai , Hara Takahiko 
Published: July 2015

LIM‐homeobox transcription factor Lhx2 induces ex vivo amplification of adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in mice. We previously showed that engraftable HSC‐like cells are generated from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells by enforced expression of Lhx2. However, when these HSC‐like cells were transplanted into irradiated congenic mice, donor‐derived T cells were barely detectable, whereas other lineages of hematopoietic cells were continuously produced. Here we investigated T‐cell differentiation potential of the Lhx2‐induced HSC‐like cells using ESCs carrying doxycycline (dox)‐inducible Lhx2 expression cassette. Dox‐mediated over‐expression of Lhx2 conferred a self‐renewing activity to ESC‐derived c‐Kit+CD41+ embryonic hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), thereby converting them to HSC‐like cells. When these HSC‐like cells were transplanted into irradiated immunodeficient mice and they were supplied with a dox‐containing water, CD4/8 double negative T cells were detected in their thymi. Once the Lhx2 expression was terminated, differentiation of CD4/8 double positive and single positive T cells was initiated in the thymi of transplanted mice and mature T cells were released in the peripheral blood. These results showed that engraftable HSC‐like cells with full hematopoietic potential can be obtained from ESCs by the conditional expression of Lhx2.
Molecular typing for detection of high‐risk human papillomavirus is a useful tool for distinguishing primary bladder carcinoma from secondary involvement of uterine cervical carcinoma in the urinary bladder
Authors: Kao Hua‐Lin , Lai Chiung‐Ru , Ho Hsiang‐Ling , Pan Chin‐Chen 
Published: July 2015

AimsFor patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder and uterine cervix, distinguishing between metastasis and a second primary carcinoma has significant prognostic and therapeutic implications. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) in cervical carcinoma with secondary involvement of the bladder and primary bladder carcinoma, in order to explore whether the detection of HR‐HPV could help to differentiate between the two.Methods and resultsPaired bladder and cervix carcinoma specimens from 37 patients with cervical carcinoma with bladder involvement, four patients with bladder carcinoma with uterine cervical involvement and two patients with double primaries were studied with quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction and chromogenic in‐situ hybridization. Three hundred and seventy‐five bladder carcinomas and 220 cervical carcinomas were analysed as controls. All cases of cervical carcinoma with bladder involvement showed concordant HR‐HPV‐positive patterns. The four cases of bladder carcinoma with uterine involvement were negative for HR‐HPV. HR‐HPV was detected in the cervical carcinoma but not in the bladder carcinoma of the patients with double primaries. HR‐HPV was detected in 91.9% of cervical carcinomas but in none of the bladder carcinomas in the control group.ConclusionsMolecular typing for HR‐HPV detection is useful to distinguish bladder carcinoma from secondary involvement of cervical carcinoma.
A semi‐quantitative and thematic analysis of medical student attitudes towards M‐Learning
Authors: Green Ben L. , Kennedy Iain , Hassanzadeh Hadi , Sharma Suneal , Frith Gareth , Darling Jonathan C. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesSmartphone and mobile application technology have in recent years furthered the development of novel learning and assessment resources. ‘MBChB Mobile’ is a pioneering mobile learning (M‐Learning) programme at University of Leeds, United Kingdom and provides all senior medical students with iPhone handsets complete with academic applications, assessment software and a virtual reflective environment. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of MBChB Mobile on student learning.MethodsEthical approval was granted to invite fourth and fifth year medical students to participate in a semi‐quantitative questionnaire: data were collected anonymously with informed consent and analysed where appropriate using chi‐squared test of association. Qualitative data generated through focus group participation were subjected to both content and thematic analysis.ResultsA total of 278 of 519 (53.6%) invited participants responded. Overall, 72.6% of students agreed that MBChB Mobile enhanced their learning experience; however, this was significantly related to overall usage (P < 0.001) and self‐reported mobile technology proficiency (P < 0.001). Qualitative data revealed barriers to efficacy including technical software issues, non‐transferability to different mobile devices, and perceived patient acceptability.ConclusionsAs one of the largest evaluative and only quantitative study of smartphone‐assisted M‐Learning in undergraduate medical education, MBChB Mobile suggests that smartphone and application technology enhances students' learning experience. Barriers to implementation may be addressed through the provision of tailored learning resources, along with user‐defined support systems, and appropriate means of ensuring acceptability to patients.
Promoting Industrial Symbiosis: Using the Concept of Proximity to Explore Social Network Development
Authors: Velenturf Anne P.M. , Jensen Paul D. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryIndustrial symbiosis (IS) has been identified as a strategy for promoting industrial sustainability. IS has been defined as the development of close working agreements between industrial and other organizations that, through the innovative reuse, recycling, or sharing of resources, leads to resource efficiency. Key to IS are innovation and social network development. This article critically reviews IS literature and concludes that, to inform proactive strategies for promoting IS, the understanding of the social processes leading to resource innovation needs to be improved. Industrial ecologists generally believe that close geographical proximity and trust are essential to the development of IS. This article argues, however, that there is a need to learn more about the meaning of, need for, and specific role of geographical proximity and trust in IS and, additionally, that other potentially important social factors have remained underexplored. To move IS research forward, this article suggests to engage with research in economic geography on the concept of ‘proximity,’ which draws attention to the ways in which geographical, cognitive, institutional, social, and organizational distances between actors might affect innovation. Arguably, the analytically distinct, but flexible, dimensions of proximity can be useful to explore how and why IS develops. The resulting qualitative knowledge would form a basis for researching whether general patterns for IS development exist and, more important, could inform public and private strategies that indicate which actions could be taken, as well as when and in what way to promote resource synergies and sustainable industrial development.
Implementing a School‐Located Vaccination Program in Denver Public Schools
Authors: Shlay Judith C. , Rodgers Sarah , Lyons Jean , Romero Scott , Vogt Tara M. , McCormick Emily V. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchool‐located vaccination (SLV) offers an opportunity to deliver vaccines to students, particularly those without a primary care provider.METHODSThis SLV program offered 2 clinics at each of 20 elementary schools (influenza vaccine) and 3 clinics at each of 7 middle/preschool—eighth‐grade schools (adolescent platform plus catch‐up vaccines) during the 2009‐2010 and 2010‐2011 school years. Established programmatic processes for immunization delivery in an outreach setting were used. Billing and vaccine inventory management processes were developed. Vaccines from the federal Vaccines for Children program were used for eligible students. Third‐party payers were billed for insured students; parents were not billed for services.RESULTSThe proportion of enrolled students who received at least 1 dose of vaccine increased from year 1 to year 2 (elementary: 28% to 31%; middle: 12% to 19%). Issues identified and addressed included program planning with partners, development and implementation of billing processes, development of a solution to adhere to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act requirements, development and utilization of an easy‐to‐comprehend consent form, and implementation of standard work procedures.CONCLUSIONSThis SLV program offered an alternative approach for providing vaccinations to students outside of the primary care setting. To be successful, ongoing partnerships are needed.
A cross‐sectional survey of the effect on emerging adults living with a depressed parent
Authors: Mechling B. M. 
Published: July 2015

Accessible summary
Emerging adults, or those between ages 18 and 25, are at increased risk for mental health problems as they transition into adult roles and relationships. These risks are magnified when a parent has suffered with depression during that emerging adult's upbringing.
Studies examining children of depressed parents tend to focus on samples under the age of 18 when children have yet to develop abstract thinking (e.g. improved reasoning skills, greater understanding of life experiences) and have had less time to reflect on their own experience.
It has been difficult to decipher the most important elements experienced by these children and the impact on emerging adult outcomes and most studies lack theory guiding the work. Some evidence suggests that they encounter a form of loss.
This study is unique in that the retrospective experience of emerging adults who grew up with a depressed parent was examined using variables based on propositions from Ambiguous Loss Theory and the impact on current psychosocial well‐being.
AbstractA parent who is depressed is physically present, but may be psychologically absent, or different to their children. Changes in the parent–child relationship, feelings of loss, and increased stress can occur for the child. These factors can impair psychosocial well‐being throughout the child's upbringing, and the effects might impact that child the most in their transition to adulthood. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine factors experienced while growing up with a depressed parent that might contribute to the current psychosocial well‐being of emerging adults (individuals between the ages of 18 and 25) using ambiguous loss theory as a theoretical lens. A cross‐sectional, correlational design with multiple regression analysis was used to examine relationships between emerging adults' (n = 120) perceptions of retrospective duration and understanding of parent's depression, caregiving, stress, social support, hope, and boundary ambiguity and current psychosocial well‐being. Experiencing hope, stress, and then the length of parent's depression during their upbringing were the most predictive variables for emerging adult psychosocial well‐being. Findings from this study will help mental health professionals better understand factors contributing to outcomes for this population. The knowledge to be gained is important for developing or refining age and developmentally appropriate interventions aimed at improving outcomes of adult children of depressed parents.
Formation, Clearance and Mouthfeel Perception of Oral Coatings Formed by Emulsion‐Filled Gels
Authors: Camacho Sara , Liu Kun , van der Linden Anoek , Stieger Markus , van de Velde Fred 
Published: July 2015

AbstractFour emulsion‐filled gelatin gels varying in fat content (5 and 15%) and type of emulsifier (whey protein isolate: fat droplets bound to matrix; Tween 20: fat droplets unbound to matrix) were studied. We investigated (1) the formation and clearance dynamics of fat deposition on the tongue using in vivo fluorescence during oral processing; (2) influence of fat droplet characteristics on fat deposition on tongue and fatty mouthfeel; and (3) effect of follow‐up consumption (water or gelatin gel) on the removal of fat deposition on the tongue.We conclude that fat fraction deposited on tongue and fatty perception increased with increasing mastication time, and decreased after expectoration with increasing clearance time. Fat fraction deposited on tongue and fatty perception are higher in gels with unbound droplets compared to bound droplets, as well as in gels with 15% fat compared to 5% fat. Water removed deposited fat from the tongue faster than gelatin gel.Practical ApplicationsStudies about oral coatings that are formed after consumption of semisolid and solid foods are limited. This paper shows the possibility of characterizing the fat fraction in oral coatings after consumption of semisolid food gels using in vivo fluorescence technique. Moreover, it provides knowledge on the dynamic formation and clearance of fat deposition in oral coatings of food gels. The importance of oral processing time as well as characteristics of fat droplets in food gels on the properties and perceptions of oral coatings is demonstrated. Together, this understanding on how fat behaves during oral processing creates valuable insights that guide the design of low‐fat products with organoleptic properties of full‐fat products.
Does tail autotomy affect thermoregulation in an accurately thermoregulating lizard? Lessons from a 2200‐m elevational gradient
Authors: Zamora‐Camacho F. J. , Reguera S. , Moreno‐Rueda G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractTail autotomy is an antipredatory defense that allows lizards to escape predator attacks by shedding their tails. While the benefits of preserving life are indisputable, tail loss implies a number of physiological, social, reproductive and even metabolic costs derived from tail regeneration and reduced motility. In addition, predation risk is increased in lizards with autotomized tails. Metabolic rates increase with body temperature, which in ectotherms depends on external heat sources. Ectotherm thermoregulation is costly in terms of time consumption and exposure to predators, this cost depending on habitat thermal quality. In this work, we seek to disentangle the effects of tail autotomy on field and selected body temperature of an accurately thermoregulating lizard Psammodromus algirus in different thermal environments along a 2200‐m elevational gradient. We test two non‐mutually exclusive hypotheses. According to a physiological hypothesis, we expect lizards with autotomized tails to show higher body temperatures that allow them to regenerate lost tissues faster, at least when the thermal environment is not limiting (at mid and low elevations). By contrast, according to an ethological hypothesis, we expect lizards with autotomized tails to avoid exposure to predators by reducing thermoregulation time, thus showing lower temperatures than lizards with non‐autotomized tails. However, we found that the tail state did not significantly affect lizard field or selected body temperatures. On the one hand, a warmer thermal optimum could imply greater exposure to predators during basking, making motility‐impaired lizards with autotomized tails more vulnerable, which could explain why the physiological hypothesis of autotomy thermal effect does not apply. On the other hand, lower body temperatures could be physiologically costly for lizards, which, together with the other costs resulting from tail autotomy, could jeopardize lizard fitness. Therefore, both hypotheses were not supported.