bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘These had most to give’: Kathleen Scott's sculpture at the Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge
Authors: Stocker Mark 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe bronze sculpture variously known as These had most to give, Aspiration and Youth, stands in the forecourt of the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) in Cambridge, and functions as a memorial to the British Antarctic Expedition polar party of 1911–1912. It is one of the most important works by Kathleen Scott, wife of Robert Falcon Scott, and a prominent and prolific sculptor. Originally intended as a war memorial and dating from 1922–1923, it received critical acclaim and was exhibited widely. Ten years later Kathleen Scott offered the sculpture to the SPRI to accompany its new building. The institute's committee of management wished to reject the gift, however, as its members considered it too successful in conveying ‘death and martyrdom and in general the tragic side of Polar work’, as Frank Debenham stated, rather than scientific research and discovery. After prolonged discussions with the institute's architect, Herbert Baker, who admired Kathleen Scott and this work, it was finally accepted and installed as inconspicuously as possible. This article reconstructs the historical background to the sculpture and the controversy that surrounded it, using primary source material. The relevance of the objections to the sculpture, as well as its positive qualities, are also briefly examined from a modern perspective.
Photobleaching/Photoblinking Differential Equation Model for Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging
Authors: Sanches J. Miguel , Rodrigues Isabel 
Published: September 2013

AbstractFluorescence images present low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), are corrupted by a type of multiplicative noise with Poisson distribution, and are affected by a time intensity decay due to photoblinking and photobleaching (PBPB) effects. The noise and the PBPB effects together make long-term biological observation very difficult. Here, a theoretical model based on the underlying quantum mechanic physics theory of the observation process associated with this type of image is presented and the common empirical weighted sum of two decaying exponentials is derived from the model. Improvement in the SNR obtained in denoising when the proposed method is used is particularly important in the last images of the sequence where temporal correlation is used to recover information that is sometimes faded and therefore useless from a visual inspection point of view. The proposed PBPB model is included in a Bayesian denoising algorithm previously proposed by the authors. Experiments with synthetic and real data are presented to validate the PBPB model and to illustrate the effectiveness of the model in denoising and reconstruction results.
Governing religion: the long-term effects of sacred financing
Authors: ROTHSTEIN BO , BROMS RASMUS 
Published: September 2013

Abstract:The absence of democracy in the Arab–Muslim world is a ‘striking anomaly’ for democratization scholars. This cannot be seen as caused by religion as such, as there are now several democratic Muslim-majority states. Popular explanations such as values, culture, economic development, natural resources, or colonial legacy have been refuted. Based on Ostrom's approach regarding local groups’ ability to establish institutions for ‘governing the commons’, we present a novel explanation for this puzzle, based on historical variations in institutions for financing religion. In Northwestern Europe, religion and secular services managed by local religious institutions have been financed ‘from below’, creating local systems for semi-democratic representation, transparency, and accountability. In the Arab–Muslim region, religion and local secular services have been financed ‘from above’, by private foundations lacking systems for representation and accountability. It is thus not religion, but how religion has been financed, that explains lacking successful democratization in the Arab–Muslim world.
Realization of ferromagnetic graphene oxide with high magnetization by doping graphene oxide with nitrogen
Authors: Liu Yuan , Tang Nujiang , Wan Xiangang , Feng Qian , Li Ming , Xu Qinghua , Liu Fuchi , Du Youwei 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe long spin diffusion length makes graphene very attractive for novel spintronic devices and thus has triggered a quest for integrating the charge and spin degrees of freedom. However, ideal graphene is intrinsic non-magnetic, due to a delocalized π bonding network. Therefore, synthesis of ferromagnetic graphene or its derivatives with high magnetization is urgent due to both fundamental and technological importance. Here we report that N-doping can be an effective route to obtain a very high magnetization of ca. 1.66 emu/g and can make graphene oxide (GO) to be ferromagnetism with a Curie-temperature of 100.2 K. Clearly, our findings can offer the easy realization of ferromagnetic GO with high magnetization, therefore, push the way for potential applications in spintronic devices.
Synthetic retinoid Am80 up-regulates apelin expression by promoting interaction of RARα with KLF5 and Sp1 in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Lv Xin-rui , Zheng Bin , Li Shu-ya , Han Ai-li , Wang Chang , Shi Jian-hong , Zhang Xin-hua , Liu Yan , Li Yong-hui , Wen Jin-kun 
Published: September 2013

Previous studies have demonstrated that both retinoids and apelin possess potent cardiovascular properties and that retinoids can mediate the expression of many genes in the cardiovascular system. However, it is not clear whether and how retinoids regulate apelin expression in rat VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells). In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of apelin expression regulation by the synthetic retinoid Am80 in VSMCs. The results showed that Am80 markedly up-regulated apelin mRNA and protein levels in VSMCs. Furthermore, KLF5 (Krüppel-like factor 5) and Sp1 (stimulating protein-1) co-operatively mediated Am80-induced apelin expression through their direct binding to the TCE (transforming growth factor-β control element) on the apelin promoter. Interestingly, upon Am80 stimulation, the RARα (retinoic acid receptor α) was recruited to the apelin promoter by interacting with KLF5 and Sp1 prebound to the TCE site of the apelin promoter to form a transcriptional activation complex, subsequently leading to the up-regulation of apelin expression in VSMCs. An in vivo study indicated that Am80 increased apelin expression in balloon-injured arteries of rats, consistent with the results from the cultured VSMCs. Thus the results of the present study describe a novel mechanism of apelin regulation by Am80 and further expand the network of RARα in the retinoid pathway.
Analytical model for threshold‐base current of a transistor laser with multiple quantum wells in the base
Authors: Basu Rikmantra , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Prasanta K. 
Published: September 2013

The authors investigate in this study the effect of incorporating multiple quantum wells (QWs) in the base of a heterojunction bipolar transistor laser on its performance. The expression for the terminal current is obtained by solving continuity equation in the base relating the bulk carrier density with the two‐dimensional (2D) carrier density via virtual states. The gain in the QW is obtained by considering strain, 2D density‐of‐states, polarisation dependent momentum matrix element, Fermi statistics and Lorentzian broadening. The authors have taken as the basis for comparison the calculated as well as the experimental threshold‐base current of 21.5 mA for a 16 nm wide InGaAs QW in GaAs base placed at 59 nm away from the emitter junction. Calculated value of 7.06 mA for three 16 nm wide QWs placed at 29, 59 and 79 nms in the base indicate substantial reduction in threshold‐base current. Calculations are also made for three QWs of different widths having variable barrier widths. Reduction of threshold‐base current by different amounts is observed in all cases.
Anadromous Sea Lampreys Recolonize a Maine Coastal River Tributary after Dam Removal
Authors: Hogg Robert , Coghlan Stephen M. , Zydlewski Joseph 
Published: September 2013

AbstractSedgeunkedunk Stream, a third‐order tributary to the Penobscot River, Maine, historically supported several anadromous fishes, including the Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar, Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, and Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus. However, two small dams constructed in the 1800s reduced or eliminated spawning runs entirely. In 2009, efforts to restore marine–freshwater connectivity in the system culminated with removal of the lowermost dam, thus providing access to an additional 4.6 km of lotic habitat. Because Sea Lampreys utilized accessible habitat prior to dam removal, they were chosen as a focal species with which to quantify recolonization. During spawning runs of 2008–2011 (before and after dam removal), individuals were marked with PIT tags and their activity was tracked with daily recapture surveys. Open‐population mark–recapture models indicated a fourfold increase in the annual abundance of spawning‐phase Sea Lampreys, with estimates rising from 59±4 () before dam removal (2008) to 223±18 and 242±16 after dam removal (2010 and 2011, respectively). Accompanying the marked increase in annual abundance was a greater than fourfold increase in nesting sites: the number of nests increased from 31 in 2008 to 128 and 131 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. During the initial recolonization event (i.e., in 2010), Sea Lampreys took 6 d to move past the former dam site and 9 d to expand into the furthest upstream reaches. Conversely, during the 2011 spawning run, Sea Lampreys took only 3 d to penetrate into the upstream reaches, thus suggesting a potential positive feedback in which larval recruitment into the system may have attracted adult spawners via conspecific pheromone cues. Although more research is needed to verify the migratory pheromone hypothesis, our study clearly demonstrates that small‐stream dam removal in coastal river systems has the potential to enhance recovery of declining anadromous fish populations.
Upper Thermal Tolerances of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout under Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures
Authors: Zeigler Matthew P. , Brinkman Stephen F. , Caldwell Colleen A. , Todd Andrew S. , Recsetar Matthew S. , Bonar Scott A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis is the southernmost subspecies of Cutthroat Trout, and as with the other subspecies, stream temperature regulates growth, reproductive success, distribution, and survival. An understanding of the upper thermal tolerance of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout is important for developing water temperature standards and for assessing suitable habitat for reintroduction and management. Hatch success of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout eggs was determined under static temperatures. The thermal requirements of fry and juveniles were also assessed under static and fluctuating temperature regimes using the acclimated chronic exposure method. Egg hatch success was 46–70% from 6°C to 16°C but declined significantly at 18°C and 20°C. Maximum growth of fry that were fed to satiation occurred at 15.3°C. The 30‐d ultimate upper incipient lethal temperature (UUILT) was 22.6°C for fry and 21.7°C for juveniles. Survival during fluctuating temperature experiments was dependent upon the daily maximum temperature and the daily fluctuation. The upper thermal limits for Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout were lower than those of Rainbow Trout O. mykiss but similar to those of other Cutthroat Trout subspecies. The low UUILT of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout relative to some salmonids may increase the risk of deleterious effects brought about by a changing climate, habitat alteration, and sympatric nonnative salmonids, which are known to outcompete Cutthroat Trout at temperatures above the species’ optimal range. Daily mean water temperatures near the Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout's optimal growth temperature of 15°C would be suitable for reintroduction of this subspecies. Depending on the daily temperature fluctuation, daily maximum temperatures within reintroduction streams and current habitat should remain at or below 25°C to ensure long‐term persistence of a Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout population. This information will aid in establishing water quality standards to protect habitat where the subspecies currently occurs.
Body Size and Growth Rate Influence Emigration Timing of Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Tattam Ian A. , Ruzycki James R. , Li Hiram W. , Giannico Guillermo R. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractJuvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss migrate extensively in freshwater during the fall. We used individual tagging to study the spatial origin, influences, and outcomes of fall migration on fish that emigrated from summer rearing tributaries during the fall (early emigrants) and those that did not (late emigrants) in the South Fork John Day River, Oregon. Fall migration amplified body size differences between early and late emigrants. There were more early emigrants from a lower‐gradient stream than from a higher‐gradient stream. Early emigration was positively related to individual summer growth rate and fall body size. Oncorhynchus mykiss dispersed downstream into higher‐order streams during the fall. Early emigrants shifted to an alternative location and experienced significantly greater winter growth than did late emigrants that remained in tributaries. Early emigrants initiated smolt migration sooner the following spring than did late emigrants. Early and late emigration from the South Fork John Day River was associated with asynchronous emigrant‐to‐adult survival rates.
Longitudinal changes in cardiac autonomic function and aerobic fitness indices in endurance runners: A case study with a high‐level team
Authors: Da Silva Danilo Fernandes , Verri Samara Manzano , Nakamura Fábio Yuzo , Machado Fabiana Andrade 
Published: September 2013

AbstractTo determine the effects of preparatory phase training on aerobic parameters, resting heart rate variability (HRV) and 5‐km performance of high‐level endurance runners and the relationship between the percentage change (% change) of resting HRV with the % change of aerobic parameters and 5‐km performance. Six runners were assessed before and after seven weeks of training. The aerobic parameters were determined in an incremental test. The HRV was assessed by a heart rate monitor. Athletes performed a 5‐km running test in a track. The analysis revealed ‘likely’ and ‘very likely’ improvements for velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake (O2max) (20.0±1.0 km·h−1 to 21.2±0.6 km·h−1) and 5‐km performance (18.0±0.4 km·h−1 to 18.9±0.7 km·h−1), respectively, as well as ‘likely’ decrease in high frequency (41.4±18.5 nu to 30.4±14.3 nu), and increase in low frequency (58.5±18.5 nu to 69.6±14.3 nu) band densities. The variation in the velocity associated with O2max showed the highest correlation with 5‐km performance (r=0.95). The % change in the square root of the mean sum of the squared differences between R–R intervals and standard deviation 1 were highly correlated with variation in 5‐km performance (r=0.69 and 0.66). Changes in the velocity associated with O2max and vagally mediated HRV were highly associated with 5‐km running performance within the investigated team. These results have important implications because these parameters can be assessed longitudinally to monitor adaptation to training.
Habitat‐former effects on prey behaviour increase predation and non‐predation mortality
Authors: Gribben Paul E. , Wright Jeffrey T. 
Published: September 2013

Summary

Habitat‐forming species can influence mortality on associated species via altering structural and non‐structural abiotic conditions. Importantly, these effects can occur simultaneously and in opposite directions, although how they contribute to the net outcomes for predator–prey interactions remain unexplored.

Seagrasses often have positive effects on associated fauna because their structure directly reduces predator encounter rates. However, we identified a ‘risky’ behaviour (shallower burial) in an infaunal bivalve at a high seagrass cover – likely induced by non‐structural abiotic change – suggesting positive effects may be outweighed by risky behaviours. We determined whether the physical structure of the seagrass interacted with burial behaviour of clams to determine the predation and non‐predation mortality and whether these interactions were mediated by the cover of the seagrass.

Surveys on an intertidal sand flat in Tasmania, Australia showed that the highest densities of a dominant bivalve, Katelysia scalarina, occurred at low (33%) seagrass cover, but the lowest densities and the highest proportion of unburied clams occurred at high (100%) cover. A field experiment manipulating burial depth, seagrass cover and predator access demonstrated that unburied clams suffered very high predation and non‐predation mortality compared to buried clams (~4x higher), which outweighed any positive effects of the seagrass structure in reducing predator access. Being unburied also had non‐lethal consequences with surviving unburied clams having a reduced tissue biomass compared to buried clams.

In this system, predation was driven by the availability of prey when they undertake a risky behaviour (shallow burial). However, significant changes in behaviour may only occur once a threshold of habitat‐former density is reached. In this instance, changes in behaviour were likely due to seagrass effects on sediment redox potential, which decreased significantly above 33% seagrass cover.

Our findings demonstrate that the negative effects of a habitat‐former on the behaviour of associated species, via alteration of non‐structural abiotic conditions, can outweigh any positive effects provided by increasing habitat structure as is commonly reported for habitat‐formers.
Demographic responses of a site‐faithful and territorial predator to its fluctuating prey: long‐tailed skuas and arctic lemmings
Authors: Barraquand Frédéric , Høye Toke T. , Henden John‐André , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Gilg Olivier , Schmidt Niels M. , Sittler Benoît , Ims Rolf A. 
Published: September 2013

Summary

Environmental variability, through interannual variation in food availability or climatic variables, is usually detrimental to population growth. It can even select for constancy in key life‐history traits, though some exceptions are known. Changes in the level of environmental variability are therefore important to predict population growth or life‐history evolution. Recently, several cyclic vole and lemming populations have shown large dynamical changes that might affect the demography or life‐histories of rodent predators.
Skuas constitute an important case study among rodent predators, because of their strongly saturating breeding productivity (they lay only two eggs) and high degree of site fidelity, in which they differ from nomadic predators raising large broods in good rodent years. This suggests that they cannot capitalize on lemming peaks to the same extent as nomadic predators and might be more vulnerable to collapses of rodent cycles.
We develop a model for the population dynamics of long‐tailed skuas feeding on lemmings to assess the demographic consequences of such variable and non‐stationary prey dynamics, based on data collected in NE Greenland. The model shows that populations of long‐tailed skua sustain well changes in lemming dynamics, including temporary collapses (e.g. 10 years). A high floater‐to‐breeder ratio emerges from rigid territorial behaviour and a long‐life expectancy, which buffers the impact of adult abundance's decrease on the population reproductive output.
The size of the floater compartment is affected by changes in both mean and coefficient of variation of lemming densities (but not cycle amplitude and periodicity per se). In Greenland, the average lemming density is below the threshold density required for successful breeding (including during normally cyclic periods). Due to Jensen's inequality, skuas therefore benefit from lemming variability; a positive effect of environmental variation.
Long‐tailed skua populations are strongly adapted to fluctuating lemming populations, an instance of demographic lability in the reproduction rate. They are also little affected by poor lemming periods, if there are enough floaters, or juveniles disperse to neighbouring populations. The status of Greenland skua populations therefore strongly depends upon floater numbers and juvenile movements, which are not known. This reveals a need to intensify colour‐ringing efforts on the long‐tailed skua at a circumpolar scale.
Selection, use, choice and occupancy: clarifying concepts in resource selection studies
Authors: Lele Subhash R. , Merrill Evelyn H. , Keim Jonah , Boyce Mark S. 
Published: September 2013

Summary

During the last decade, there has been a proliferation of statistical methods for studying resource selection by animals. While statistical techniques are advancing at a fast pace, there is confusion in the conceptual understanding of the meaning of various quantities that these statistical techniques provide.

Terms such as selection, choice, use, occupancy and preference often are employed as if they are synonymous. Many practitioners are unclear about the distinctions between different concepts such as ‘probability of selection,’ ‘probability of use,’ ‘choice probabilities’ and ‘probability of occupancy’.

Similarly, practitioners are not always clear about the differences between and relevance of ‘relative probability of selection’ vs. ‘probability of selection’ to effective management.

Practitioners also are unaware that they are using only a single statistical model for modelling resource selection, namely the exponential probability of selection, when other models might be more appropriate. Currently, such multimodel inference is lacking in the resource selection literature.

In this paper, we attempt to clarify the concepts and terminology used in animal resource studies by illustrating the relationships among these various concepts and providing their statistical underpinnings.
Job satisfaction, burnout and turnover intention in occupational therapists working in mental health
Authors: Scanlan Justin Newton , Still Megan 
Published: September 2013

Background/aimEmployee wellbeing is an important issue for mental health services. Poor employee wellbeing (i.e., high levels of burnout or low job satisfaction) is associated with poorer consumer outcomes and higher staff turnover. This study set out to examine factors related to job satisfaction, turnover intention and burnout in a group of occupational therapists in mental health.MethodThirty‐four occupational therapists (response rate approximately 60%) in a metropolitan public mental health service participated in a whole‐of‐service workforce survey. The survey included measures of job satisfaction, turnover intention, burnout, job hindrances, job challenges and job resources and questions about positive and negative aspects of positions and factors that attracted employees to their current position.ResultsBurnout was associated with lower job satisfaction and higher turnover intention. Higher job satisfaction was associated with rewards (remuneration and recognition) as well as cognitively challenging work. The variables most significantly associated with poorer wellbeing (higher turnover intention and burnout) were recipient contact demands (perception that contact with service users or families was demanding), and feelings of stress or fatigue.ConclusionThis study provides a detailed analysis of factors associated with job satisfaction, turnover intention and burnout in a group of occupational therapists working in mental health. To promote workforce wellbeing and enhanced retention, interventions to minimise burnout should be implemented and evaluated. These strategies should focus on enhancing job resources such as supervisor support, feedback and participation in decision making as well as building the personal resilience of occupational therapists working in mental health.