bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating maximal heart rate with the ‘220-age’ formula in adolescent female volleyball players: a preliminary study
Authors: Nikolaidis Pantelis Theodoros , Padulo Johnny , Chtourou Hamdi , Torres-Luque Gema , Afonso José , Heller Jan 
Published: May 2015

PurposeAlthough maximal heart rate (HR<sub>max</sub>) is used widely to assess exercise intensity in training, there are limited data with regards to the validity of age-based prediction equations of HR<sub>max</sub> in volleyball players. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the measured-HR<sub>max</sub> of two prediction equations (Fox-HR<sub>max</sub> = 220 − age and Tanaka-HR<sub>max</sub> = 208 − 0.7 × age) in young female volleyball players.MethodsThe study involved 47 volleyball players (age 13.39 ± 2.01 years, body mass 54.0 ± 10.8 kg, height 162.7 ± 10.2 cm) who performed a graded exercise field test (20 m shuttle run endurance test) to assess HR<sub>max</sub>. Measured-HR<sub>max</sub> values were compared with the Fox and Tanaka prediction equations.ResultsThe results showed that mean scores for HR<sub>max</sub> significantly differed between measured and predicted values (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>ŋ</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.49). Post-hoc tests revealed that Fox-HR<sub>max</sub> overestimated measured-HR<sub>max</sub> (mean difference 5.7 bpm; 95% CI [3.0, 8.5]), whereas Tanaka-HR<sub>max</sub> was similar to measured-HR<sub>max</sub> (-2.2 bpm; 95% CI [-4.9, 0.4]). HR<sub>max</sub> did not correlate with age (<i>r</i> = 0.16, <i>p</i> = 0.291).ConclusionsThe results of this study failed to validate the widely used ‘220−age’ formula in volleyball players. Coaches and fitness trainers should take into account that the overestimation of HR<sub>max</sub> by the Fox equation might lead to prescribing exercise at a higher intensity than what is targeted. Therefore, the Tanaka equation appears to offer a more accurate prediction equation of HR<sub>max</sub> than the Fox equation in young female volleyball players.
The sports background, personality, attitudes, and social competencies of coaches and assistant coaches in the just soccer program for pupils with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Schliermann Rainer , Stolz Isabel , Anneken Volker 
Published: May 2015

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to empirically analyze the sports background, personality dimensions, attitudes, and social competencies of adult head coaches and young assistant coaches involved in the German <i>Einfach Fußball</i> (<i>Just Soccer</i>) program, which promotes the participation of pupils with intellectual disabilities in soccer/sports and society.MethodsThe study recruited 28 head coaches and 29 assistant coaches who completed a questionnaire battery of standardized instruments (NEO Five-Factor Inventory, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Social Self-Efficacy) as well as self-developed instruments. Analysis of the data involved descriptive and inferential statistical procedures. A descriptive comparison of the assistant coaches with a normative sample of males aged 16-20 years was performed.ResultsThe head coaches were found with little soccer/sports experience with persons with disabilities prior to participation in the <i>Just Soccer</i> program. However, the majority were familiar with these persons through personal/vocational contacts. Overall, the head coaches were differentiated by formal coaching levels and playing backgrounds, with very few holding any additional formal qualifications in special education. The assistant coaches presented below average scores in the analyzed five personality dimensions when compared with the normative sample. Their attitudes and social competencies did not change during their 8-month involvement in <i>Just Soccer</i>.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the important role of the coaching staff in the success of the <i>Just Soccer</i> program. Coaches involved in such activities should be familiarized with needs of people with disabilities, be stress-resistant, and possess a balanced set of personality traits. In addition, the results suggest that such individuals should be coaches/players from conventional soccer clubs instead of special school physical education teachers.
A critical review of position- and velocity-based concepts of postural control during upright stance
Authors: Portela Fellipe Machado , Rodrigues Erika Carvalho , Ferreira Arthur de Sá 
Published: May 2015

PurposePostural control during quiet standing has been modeled by concepts using kinematic variables estimated from center of pressure (COP) signals. The concept of position-based postural control has had particular ramifications in the literature, although a more recent concept of velocity-based control has been proposed as being more relevant.MethodsThis study reviews the literature investigating these concepts and their respective quantitative methods alongside current supporting evidence and criticisms.ResultsThe position-based control concept suggests the existence of two control loops that alternate whenever certain thresholds are exceeded. Such a theory is supported by studies describing the time delay between the skeletal muscle activation and CoP displacement. However, this concept has been criticized to be the result of statistical artifacts due to it not being adapted to the analysis of bounded time series. Conversely, the velocity-based control concept claims that velocity is the most relevant kinematic variable for postural control. Such a theory suggests that postural adjustments are executed to change the trajectory of the CoP whenever the velocity crosses a threshold. Both theories have their major methodological limitations, while interpretation of data from the position-based concept is difficult, velocity-based thresholds are empirical and still need verification in different motor tasks and populations.ConclusionsGiven the observed similarities and mutual exclusivity of both concepts, there is a need for the development of methods that can quantitatively analyze stabilometric signals while simultaneously considering both kinematic variables.
Sports massage therapy on the reduction of delayed onset muscle soreness of the quadriceps femoris
Authors: Boguszewski Dariusz , Szkoda Sylwia , Adamczyk Jakub Grzegorz , Białoszewski Dariusz 
Published: May 2015

PurposeMassage therapy is one of most commonly applied treatments during athletic training. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of sports massage therapy on reducing post-exercise quadriceps muscle soreness.MethodsA sample of 29 women aged 24-26 years was divided into an experimental group (<i>n</i> = 15) receiving classic sports massage therapy and a control group (<i>n</i> = 14) given no treatment. An exercise session consisting of five sets of deep squat jumps was administered after which lower limb power as assessed via the vertical jump test. Muscle soreness was assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and exercise intensity with the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale. Subsequent measurements of lower limb power and muscle soreness were performed 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after the exercise session. Differences between the measurements were assessed by the Friedman and least significant difference tests while between-group comparisons involved the Mann-Whitney U test.ResultsThe largest decrease in lower limb power was observed between the first measurement after the exercise session and 24 h later (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The smallest decrease in power was observed in the massage group. The highest levels of muscle soreness were noted 24 h post-exercise in the massage group and 48 h post-exercise in the control group. The experimental group showed a decrease in muscle soreness in each subsequent measurement, with the results close to zero on the VAS 96 h postexercise.ConclusionsMassage therapy quickened recovery and improved muscle efficiency post-exercise and may serve as an effective treatment of muscle soreness. The analgesic effect of massage suggests it should be widely applied in sport, physical therapy and rehabilitation.
Guidelines for normalising Early Modern English corpora: Decisions and justifications
Authors: Archer Dawn , Kytö Merja , Baron Alistair , Rayson Paul 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Corpora of Early Modern English have been collected and released for research for a number of years. With large scale digitisation activities gathering pace in the last decade, much more historical textual data is now available for research on numerous topics including historical linguistics and conceptual history. We summarise previous research which has shown that it is necessary to map historical spelling variants to modern equivalents in order to successfully apply natural language processing and corpus linguistics methods. Manual and semiautomatic methods have been devised to support this normalisation and standardisation process. We argue that it is important to develop a linguistically meaningful rationale to achieve good results from this process. In order to do so, we propose a number of guidelines for normalising corpora and show how these guidelines have been applied in the Corpus of English Dialogues.
Modest XPath and XQuery for corpora: Exploiting deep XML annotation
Authors: Rühlemann Christoph , Bagoutdinov Andrej , O’Donnell Matthew Brook 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper outlines a modest approach to XPath and XQuery, tools allowing the navigation and exploitation of XML-encoded texts. The paper starts off from where Andrew Hardie’s paper “Modest XML for corpora: Not a standard, but a suggestion” (Hardie 2014) left the reader, namely wondering how one’s corpus can be usefully analyzed once its XML-encoding is finished, a question the paper did not address. Hardie argued persuasively that “there is a clear benefit to be had from a set of recommendations (not a standard) that outlines general best practices in the use of XML in corpora without going into any of the more technical aspects of XML or the full weight of TEI encoding” (Hardie 2014: 73). In a similar vein this paper argues that even a basic understanding of XPath and XQuery can bring great benefits to corpus linguists. To make this point, we present not only a modest introduction to basic structures underlying the XPath and XQuery syntax but demonstrate their analytical potential using Obama’s 2009 Inaugural Address as a test bed. The speech was encoded in XML, automatically PoS-tagged and manually annotated on additional layers that target two rhetorical figures, anaphora and isocola. We refer to this resource as the Inaugural Rhetorical Corpus (IRC). Further, we created a companion website hosting not only the Inaugural Rhetorical Corpus, but also the Inaugural Training Corpus) (a training corpus in the form of an abbreviated version of the IRC to allow manual checks of query results) as well as an extensive list of tried and tested queries for use with either corpus. All of the queries presented in this paper are at beginners to lower-intermediate levels of XPath/XQuery expertise. Nonetheless, they yield fruitful results: they show how Obama uses the inclusive pronouns we and our as a discursive strategy to advance his political strategy to re-focus American politics on economic and domestic matters. Further, they demonstrate how sentence length contributes to the build-up of climactic tension. Finally, they suggest that Obama’s signature rhetorical figure is the isocolon and that the overwhelming majority of isocola in the speech instantiate the crescens type, where the cola gradually increase in length over the sequence.
Effect of Celebrity Endorsement in Advertising Activities by Product Type
Authors: Karasiewicz Grzegorz , Kowalczuk Martyna 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This article seeks to answer two related questions: are celebrity endorsements more likely to be result in a higher evaluation of the product being advertised than use of an anonymous individual (e.g. a typical consumer); and, if present, do these positive effects vary by product category? To answer these two questions research was conducted on a 237 student sample employing a quasi-experiment consisting of four groups (two product categories and two types of endorsers) using data collected through an online survey. The results indicate that celebrity endorsements do have a positive impact on the evaluation of durable goods, but do not affect the evaluation of frequently purchased products. This finding largely confirms the assumptions of the match-up model, the meaning transfer model, and the ELM model.
Modelling selected parameters of granular elements in the mixing process
Authors: Matuszek Dominika 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the effects of mixing non-homogeneous bicomponent granular structures by the flow method with the use of an inverted cone insert as a supporting element. The analysis of homogeneity of mixtures after 10 consecutive flows was carried out based on computer image analysis. Based on these tests, the use of a nonlinear regression for the modelling of two selected parameters of the process was proposed. Spatial dependence was described by the relation between the variance of the tracer distribution (dependent variable) and density ratio of the mixed components, and the diameter of the cone insert used (independent variables). The mathematical description was made with the use of a ‘nonlinear regression’ module. The results obtained in these tests proved that the use of supporting insert improves the degree of mixability of granular materials. The twodimensional model in the form of a quadratic function may be a formula for describing the influence of selected parameters on the homogeneity of a granulate mixture before the beginning of the mixing process.
Effect of soil bulk density on forest tree seedlings
Authors: Kormanek Mariusz , Banach Jacek , Sowa Paweł 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The paper presents the results of an analysis of the influence of soil bulk density in a forest nursery plot on the growth and quality parameters of Scots pine and European beech seedlings. Particular density variants were obtained using a tractor device exerting controlled pressure on the soil, while field examinations were performed on an area of ‘Kłaj’ forest nursery in Niepołomice Forest District. Three series of plots were prepared for each species, applying a unit pressure of the values of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 kPa, corresponding to the dry bulk density in the range of 1.03-1.19 g cm-3, and control plots without the pressure. Seeds of the examined species were sown on the prepared plots, and after 6 months of growth the seedlings were subjected to biometric analysis determining differentiation in root neck diameter, length of the above-ground part and root system, as well as dry mass of particular parts of the plant. The quality of the seedlings was also determined using the method of Schmidt-Vogt. The results obtained show that the change in dry bulk density soil significantly affected most of the growth parameters of the examined seedlings. Especially high negative correlations were obtained for the length and dry mass of the root system. A significant influence of dry bulk density variant on all growth parameters of Scots pine seedlings, and on some parameters of European beech was demonstrated. An increase in soil bulk density clearly caused also a deterioration of European beech seedlings quality
Comparison of the Effectiveness of 1D and 2D Hmm in the Pattern Recognition
Authors: Bobulski Janusz 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a well established technique for image recognition and has also been successfully applied in other domains such as speech recognition, signature verification and gesture recognition. HMM is widely used mechanism for pattern recognition based on 1D data. For images one dimension is not satisfactory, because the conversion of one-dimensional data into a twodimensional lose some information. This paper presents a solution to the problem of 2D data by developing the 2D HMM structure and the necessary algorithms.
Directional Image Filtering Based on the Fourier Transform
Authors: Korohoda Przemysław , Grabska-Chrząstowska Joanna , Przybyło Jaromir 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
An algorithm to design the small size 2-D filter masks with arbitrarily selected rotation angle has been proposed. The classical filter mask of size 3 × 3 is obtained from the reference Fourier space characteristics, rotated in the Fourier domain. The efficiency of the suggested method was illustrated with examples based on the Sobel gradient mask and two test images. Comparative computations indicated that the accuracy of the filtering result with use of the small size filters is noticeably better when the filter has been designed with use of the Fourier characteristics rotation than after direct rotation of the mask in the pixel domain.
Image Segmentation and Object Counting as an Instance of Travelling Salesman Problem
Authors: Wołoszyn Paweł 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The goal of this paper is to evaluate possible application of travelling salesman problem and its solving methods to image segmentation and object counting. This approach is inspired both by human skill of subitization and by ability of biological systems to solve optimization problems. Subitizing, or the ability to determine a number of objects without counting them, can be treated as a special case of image processing focused on extracting objects from background and enumerating them. This paper describes a method of generating linear image profile based on simple graph representation in which an optimal or suboptimal cycle is sought. Segmentation and counting can be then carried out by dividing the profile into coherent segments.
FPGA Implementation of Decision Trees and Tree Ensembles for Character Recognition in Vivado Hls
Authors: Kułaga Rafał , Gorgoń Marek 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Decision trees and decision tree ensembles are popular machine learning methods, used for classification and regression. In this paper, an FPGA implementation of decision trees and tree ensembles for letter and digit recognition in Vivado High-Level Synthesis is presented. Two publicly available datasets were used at both training and testing stages. Different optimizations for tree code and tree node layout in memory are considered. Classification accuracy, throughput and resource usage for different training algorithms, tree depths and ensemble sizes are discussed. The correctness of the module’s operation was verified using C/RTL cosimulation and on a Zynq-7000 SoC device, using Xillybus IP core for data transfer between the processing system and the programmable logic.
Detection and Recognition of Selected Class Railway Signs
Authors: Mikrut Sławomir , Mikrut Zbigniew , Moskal Agnieszka , Pastucha Elżbieta 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The paper aims at presentation of results of research on detection and recognition of selected class railway signs (W11p). When conducting the research, the authors have proposed their own algorithm, which achieved about 90% effectiveness at detecting W11p signs and 98% effectiveness at classifying them. The processes of localisation, segmentation and recognition of W11p signs were considerably simplified thanks to the application of backpropagation neural network. The authors believe that two non-standard methods related to the use of the network deserve attention: the application of an interactive method of generating the training set, owing to which also pixels highly diversified in terms of their colours could be included, and the use of a full spectrum of neural network responses, which made it possible to accomplish a feedback. It consisted in an automatic adjusting of the network responses’ threshold to the results of segmentation and recognition.
Apples, Quality Signs and Trademarks for Local Products
Authors: Becuţ Anda 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The interest for food quality is one result of the changes in consumption practices and of the food crisis that generated customers’ distrust. The latter became more and more interested not only in the food’s properties, but also in the conditions of its production (hygienic security, fairly paid labor and proper work conditions) and distribution (product’s origin, traceability control). In this context, the attention has moved to food production and distribution and to economic practices, focusing on the economic and social dimension of the food system. In this article, I have analyzed how food quality is built, both culturally (through signs such as authenticity, hygiene and ecology) and politically (through official labels such as protected designation of origin - PDO, protected geographical indication - PGI). I also analyze how Voineşti apples achieved commercial notoriety as an example of the food products known in the Francophone literature as ‘terroir’ products, in order to highlight specific practices of quality performing and different types of quality discourses related to them. I touch upon the economy of quality, the quality standards, signs and marks, the European and Romanian legislation regarding local products, the process of quality certification and the local products as quality products.
Stories of Love and Hate. Images of ‘Homeland’ in the Identity Narratives of Romanians in Ireland
Authors: Macri Gloria 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Identity is a term that has sparked criticisms in the academic debates, with some scholars fully embracing this rather insufficiently defined concept, whereas others militate for its complete removal from the vocabulary of social sciences. However, in spite of the fierce criticism, identity research has become a central part of the social sciences. Striving to address some of the existing challenges in identity scholarship, the research presented in this article focuses on the diaspora identity narratives of Romanians in Ireland. By adopting a constructivist perspective on identity, this is a study of the continuously flowing boundaries between ‘us’ and ‘them’, as well as of the boundaries where the symbolic space is negotiated and identities are fiercely debated, constructed and re-constructed. While Romanians use a multitude of ‘other’ groups against which they construct their diaspora identities, one of the key markers used in their identity narratives is their relation with the ancestral homeland. Interesting findings have emerged, as Romanians talked about their mixed feelings towards their homeland and their fellow countrymen. As these narratives of the homeland unfold, it becomes clear they bear a strong imprint on their diaspora identity and feelings of belonging. The study presents an analysis of data collected over a six-year period (2004-2010) in the archives of the online discussion forum of the Romanian community from Ireland.
Circulating Food and Relationships: the Movement of Food (and Other Things) Between Brazilians in Boston and Brazil
Authors: de Assunção Viviane Kraieski 
Published: May 2015

Abstract:
In 2009, I conducted fieldwork about the culinary practices of Brazilian immigrants in Greater Boston, USA. I assume that food is a good way to understand the migration process, because it is related to the construction of ethnic and national identity, as well as gender, power and class relations. In this article, I emphasize that food is used by Brazilian immigrants in Greater Boston to strengthen social relations with family members and relatives who stayed in Brazil. There is a circulation of many types of goods, such as laptops, computers and cosmetics, between the participants of social networks in the USA and Brazil. In this flow, I highlight the role of food, that maintains through its sensuality (specially smell and taste) the connection of the immigrants with their place of origin.