bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the SOS/umu test and high‐content in vitro micronucleus test to determine genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of nine benzothiazoles
Authors: Ye Yan , Weiwei Jiang , Na Li , Mei Ma , Kaifeng Rao , Zijian Wang 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTBenzothiazole and benzothiazole derivatives (BTs) have been detected in various environmental matrices as well as in human beings, but little is currently available regarding their toxicities. In our study, genotoxicities of nine BTs (benzothiazole [BT], 2‐chlorobenzothiazole [CBT], 2‐bromobenzothiazole [BrBT], 2‐fluorobenzothiazole [FBT], 2‐methylbenzothiazole [MeBT], 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole [MBT], 2‐aminobenzothiazole [ABT], 2‐hydroxy‐benzothiazole [OHBT] and 2‐methythiobenzothiazole [MTBT]) are comprehensively evaluated by the SOS/umu test using the bacterial Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 for DNA‐damaging effect and the high content in vitro micronucleus test using two human carcinoma cells (MGC‐803 and A549) for chromosome‐damaging effect. The cytotoxicity of BTs on both bacteria and two human cells was also evaluated. Except for the cytotoxic effect of MBT on MGC‐803 and A549, the other tested BTs showed more than 50% cytotoxicity at their highest concentrations in a dose‐dependent manner, and their LC50s ranged from 19 (MBT in bacteria) to 270 mg l–1 (CBT in A549). Activation and inactivation were observed for specific BTs after metabolism. On the other hand, no evidence of genotoxicity was obtained for BT, FBT and MBT, and DNA damage was induced by ABT, OHBT, BrBT and MTBT in MGC‐803, by MeBT in A549 and by CBT in both cells. Through quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis, two structure alerts for chemical genotoxicity, including heterocyclic amine and hacceptor‐path3‐hacceptor are present in ABT and OHBT respectively; however, the underlying mechanisms still need further evaluation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absence of mature microRNAs inactivates the response of gene expression to carcinogenesis induced by N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea in mouse liver
Authors: Luan Yang , Qi Xinming , Xu Liang , Ren Jin , Chen Tao 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThis study aims to evaluate the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in chemical tumorigenesis by evaluating genomic gene expression in miRNA knockout mice. Previous studies showed that mice without mature miRNAs due to hepatocyte‐specific Dicer1 knockout (KO) had a much higher liver tumor incidence than wild‐type mice. In this study, Dicer1 KO or the wild‐type mice were treated intraperitoneally with genotoxic carcinogen N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) at a single dose (150 mg kg–1 that resulted in liver tumorigenesis) or the vehicle at 3 weeks of age. The animals were killed 2 weeks after treatment and the liver samples were collected for the gene expression study. Principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that gene expression was globally altered by the Dicer1 KO and ENU exposure. There were 5621, 3286 and 2565 differentially expressed genes for Dicer1 disruption, ENU treatment in wild‐type mice and ENU treatment in Dicer1 KO mice, respectively. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes suggests that the Dicer1 KO mouse liver lost their capability to suppress the carcinogenesis induced by ENU exposure in genomic level. In addition, the miRNA‐mediated BRCA1 and P53 signaling pathways were identified as the main pathways responsible for the tumorigenesis. We conclude that the mouse livers in the absence of mature miRNAs could not appropriately respond to carcinogenic insults from ENU treatment, indicating that miRNAs play a critical role in chemical carcinogenesis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishment of a short‐term, in vivo screening method for detecting chemicals with juvenile hormone activity using adult Daphnia magna
Authors: Abe Ryoko , Watanabe Haruna , Yamamuro Masumi , Iguchi Taisen , Tatarazako Norihisa 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTJuvenile hormone (JH) and JH agonists have been shown to induce male offspring production in various daphnids, including Daphnia magna using OECD TG211. The critical period (about 1h) for JH action on ova in the parent's ovary to induce male offspring is existing at 7‐8h later from ovulation. Therefore, we considered that adult D. magna could be used to produce a short‐term screening method for detecting JH analogs. Using this method, we successfully demonstrated male offspring induction in the second broods after exposure to JH or JH agonists. After investigating the exposure time, the number of repetitions and the exposure concentration, we established a short‐term, in vivo screening method for detecting JH analogs using adult D. magna. We examined positive and negative control chemicals using a previously developed method and verified the validity of our new testing method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of cylindrospermopsin on a common carp leucocyte cell line
Authors: Sieroslawska Anna , Rymuszka Anna 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTCylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cytotoxin produced by different cyanobacterial species, increasingly detected in water reservoirs worldwide. There is very little information available concerning the effects of the toxin on fish immune cells. The aim of the study was to elucidate the potential impact of cylindrospermopsin on the selected parameters of a common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) leucocyte cell line (CLC). The cells were incubated with the cyanotoxin at concentrations of 10, 1 or 0.1 µg ml–1 for up to 48 h. Cell viability and proliferation, apoptosis/necrosis induction, cell morphology and phagocytic activity were determined. The two higher toxin concentrations occurred to be evidently cytotoxic in a time‐dependent manner and influenced all studied parameters. The lowest used concentration had no effects on cell viability and cell number; however, a strong reduction of bacteria uptake after 24‐h exposure was detected. The obtained results indicate that cylindrospermopsin may interfere with the basic functions of fish phagocytic cells and as a consequence influence the fish immunity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel autofocusing method using the angle of hilbert space for microscopy
Authors: Tan Zuojun , Sun Dehui , Xie Jing , Chen Lu , Li Liang 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTAutofocusing technology is indispensable for routine use of microscopes on a large scale in biological field. The autofocusing method using the angle of Hilbert space is brought forward to measure whether the image is focused or not. The angle of Hillbert space can be used to evaluate accurately the similarity degree of two images. The experiment results show that the autofocusing method can decrease the computational cost and get accuracy for real‐time biological and biomedical images with noise robustness. The focus curves are smooth and possess the unimodality, the monotonicity and the symmetry. Compared with other classic and optimum focus method, the Hilbert method demonstrates its robustness to noise and can improve the focus speed. The experiments showed that the proposed method can increase the overall performance of an autofocus system and has strong applicability in various autofocusing algorithms. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:289–295, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cadmium contaminated soil affects retinogenesis in lizard embryos
Authors: Simoniello Palma , Trinchella Francesca , Filosa Silvana , Scudiero Rosaria , Magnani Dario , Theil Thomas , Motta Chiara Maria 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTLizards are soil surface animals that represent an important link between invertebrates and higher predators. Being part of wild fauna, they can be affected by contamination from anthropic activities and in particular, pesticides and chemical substances of various nature that reach the soil surface directly or through fall out. Among these substances, heavy metals such as cadmium may exert particularly marked toxic effect on both adult and embryos. In lizards, recent studies show that cadmium may cause developmental defects, including alteration of eye development, with appearance of unilateral microphthalmia and retinal folding. In the present study, the effects of cadmium incubation on retinal development were investigated demonstrating that cadmium interferes with cell cycle regulation by increasing proliferation. An increased expression of Otx2 and Pax6 genes, markers of retinal differentiation, was also found. However, the cellular localization of Pax6 and Otx2 transcripts did not change in treated embryos: in the early stages of retinogenesis, the two genes were expressed in all retinal cells; in the differentiated retina, Otx2 remained in the cellular bodies of retinal cells forming the nuclear and the ganglion layers, whereas Pax6 was expressed only in the cells of the inner nuclear and the ganglion layers. Data suggest that the increased expression of Pax6 and Otx2 could be ascribed to the hyperproliferation of retinal cells rather than to an effective gene overexpression. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 207–219, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Another one bites the dust: Bite force and ecology in three caviomorph rodents (Rodentia, Hystricognathi)
Authors: Becerra Federico , Echeverría Alejandra Isabel , Casinos Adrià , Vassallo Aldo Iván 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTMammals have developed sophisticated strategies adapting to particular locomotor modes, feeding habits, and social interactions. Many rodent species have acquired a fossorial, semi‐fossorial, or even subterranean life‐style, converging on morphological, anatomical, and ecological features but diverging in the final arrangement. These ecological variations partially depend on the functional morphology of their digging tools. Muscular and mechanical features (e.g., lever arms relationship) of the bite force were analyzed in three caviomorph rodents with similar body size but different habits and ecological demands of the jaws. In vivo forces were measured at incisors' tip using a strain gauge load cell force transducer whereas theoretical maximal performance values, mechanical advantages, and particular contribution of each adductor muscle were estimated from dissections in specimens of Ctenomys australis (subterranean, solitary), Octodon degus (semi‐fossorial, social), and Chinchilla laniger (ground‐dweller, colonial). Our results showed that C. australis bites stronger than expected given its small size and C. laniger exhibited the opposite outcome, while O. degus is close to the expected value based on mammalian bite force versus body mass regressions; what might be associated to the chisel‐tooth digging behavior and social interactions. Our key finding was that no matter how diverse these rodents' skulls were, no difference was found in the mechanical advantage of the main adductor muscles. Therefore, interspecific differences in the bite force might be primarily due to differences in the muscular development and force, as shown for the subterranean, solitary and territorial C. australis versus the more gracile, ground‐dweller, and colonial C. laniger. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 220–232, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beta‐thymosin gene polymorphism associated with freshwater invasiveness of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)
Authors: Michalak Katarzyna , Czesny Sergiusz , Epifanio John , Snyder Randal J. , Schultz Eric T. , Velotta Jonathan P. , McCormick Stephen D. , Brown Bonnie L. , Santopietro Graciela , Michalak Pawel 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTPredicting the success of a species' colonization into a novel environment is routinely considered to be predicated on niche‐space similarity and vacancy, as well as propagule pressure. The role genomic variation plays in colonization success (and the interaction with environment) may be suggested, but has not rigorously been documented. To test an hypothesis that previously observed ecotype‐specific polymorphisms between anadromous and landlocked alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) populations are an adaptive response to osmoregulatory challenges rather than a result of allele sampling at founding, we examined multiple anadromous and landlocked (colonized) populations for their allelic profiles at a conserved region (3′‐UTR end) of a β‐thymosin gene whose protein product plays a central role in the organization of cytoskeleton. The putatively ancestral β‐thymosin allele was prevalent in anadromous populations, whereas a newly derived allele was overrepresented in landlocked populations; a third allele was exclusive to the anadromous populations. We also conducted a complementary set of salinity exposure experiments to test osmoregulatory performance of the alewife ecotypes in contrasting saline environments. The pattern of variation and results from these challenges indicate a strong association of β‐thymosin with colonization success and a transition from species with an anadromous life history to one with only a freshwater component. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 233–240, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A tetrapod‐like repertoire of innate immune receptors and effectors for coelacanths
Authors: Boudinot Pierre , Zou Jun , Ota Tatsuya , Buonocore Francesco , Scapigliati Giuseppe , Canapa Adriana , Cannon John , Litman Gary , Hansen John D. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe recent availability of both robust transcriptome and genome resources for coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) has led to unique discoveries for coelacanth immunity such as the lack of IgM, a central component of adaptive immunity. This study was designed to more precisely address the origins and evolution of gene families involved in the initial recognition and response to microbial pathogens, which effect innate immunity. Several multigene families involved in innate immunity are addressed, including: Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG1)‐like receptors (RLRs), the nucleotide‐binding domain and leucine‐rich repeat containing proteins (NLRs), diverse immunoglobulin domain‐containing proteins (DICP) and modular domain immune‐type receptors (MDIRs). Our analyses also include the tripartite motif‐containing proteins (TRIM), which are involved in pathogen recognition as well as the positive regulation of antiviral immunity. Finally, this study addressed some of the downstream effectors of the antimicrobial response including IL‐1 family members, type I and II interferons (IFN) and IFN‐stimulated effectors (ISGs). Collectively, the genes and gene families in coelacanth that effect innate immune functions share characteristics both in content, structure and arrangement with those found in tetrapods but not in teleosts. The findings support the sister group relationship of coelacanth fish with tetrapods. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 415–437, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fast simulation of alternating magnetic fields around a crack in a pipeline system using a dipole model method
Authors: Le Minhhuy , Kim Jungmin , Vu Hoanghai , Shin Kisu , Lee Jinyi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study proposes a method for the fast simulation of the distribution of alternating magnetic fields around internal cracks as well as cracks on the inner and outer diameter surfaces of a pipe. This method, which uses a bobbin‐type magnetic camera to inspect cracks in small‐bore piping systems, is based on a dipole model, allowing for the rapid calculation and storage of data on the distribution of alternating magnetic fields around cracks from a sensor moving inside a pipe. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thorough investigation of the oxygen heterocyclic fraction of lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) juice
Authors: Costa Rosaria , Russo Marina , De Grazia Selenia , Grasso Elisa , Dugo Paola , Mondello Luigi 
Published: January 2014

Reversed‐phase‐HPLC analysis by means of superficially porous silica particle columns (fused‐core) was applied to the investigation of flavonoids, coumarins, and psoralens in lime juice samples. Hesperidin (367.0 ± 16.0 ppm) and eriocitrin (148.0 ± 7.9 ppm) were the most abundant flavonoids. Fifteen coumarins and furocoumarins were determined, including bergamottin (29.6 ± 1.1 ppm), 5‐geranyloxy‐7‐methoxycoumarin (16.5 ± 0.6 ppm), and oxypeucedanin hydrate (9.9 ± 0.5 ppm) as predominant compounds. These molecules are today well known for their beneficial effects on human health. As a consequence, the present study, beyond investigating for the first time the chemical composition of lime juice, highlights also its health‐promoting qualities, due to its content of flavonoids and coumarins.
Simultaneous determination of dyes in wines by HPLC coupled to quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Jia Wei , Chu Xiaogang , Ling Yun , Huang Junrong , Lin Yuanhui , Chang James 
Published: January 2014

A new method combining the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and ESI quadrupole Orbitrap high‐resolution MS was developed for the highly accurate and sensitive screening of 69 dyes in wines. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the QuEChERS sample preparation method for the determination of 69 different analytes in wines for the first time. After optimization, the maximum predicted recovery was 99.48% rate for canacert indigo carmine under the optimized conditions of 10 mL acetonitrile, 1.45 g sodium acetate, 107 mg primary secondary amine, and 96 mg C18. For the matrices studied, the recovery rates of the other 68 compounds ranged from 87.2–107.4%, with coefficient of variation < 6.4%. The mass accuracy typically obtained is routinely better than 1.6 ppm and only needed to be calibrated once a week. The LODs for the analytes are in the range 1–1000 μg/kg. This method has been successfully applied on screening of dyes in commercial wines, and it is very useful for the fast screening of different food additives.
Management regime influences shrubland birds and habitat conditions in the Northern Appalachians, USA
Authors: Smetzer Jennifer R. , King David I. , Schlossberg Scott 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTPopulation declines of birds that breed in early‐successional shrubland habitat are of great concern to conservationists throughout the northeastern United States. To help increase the efficiency and effectiveness of efforts to conserve these species and their habitats, we studied birds in temporary forest openings created through even‐aged timber harvest, and permanent wildlife openings maintained through mechanical treatment and prescribed burning in the Northern Appalachians, USA in 2010 and 2011. We assessed the effects of treatment method, time since last treatment, and retained tree cover on shrubland bird abundance and habitat conditions. Burned and mechanically treated wildlife openings differed only in grass and fern cover. Both types of wildlife openings had more grasses and forbs, and less bare ground than silvicultural openings. Six out of 8 focal bird species were less abundant in silvicultural openings than in wildlife openings. In contrast, abundance of only 1 species differed between burned and mechanically treated wildlife openings. Silvicultural openings supported the same species as wildlife openings, indicating that this management option could be used in place of more costly wildlife opening management. However, because birds were more abundant in wildlife openings, maintaining the current population size of shrubland birds under a management strategy based entirely on silviculture would require a 50–300% increase in the area of silvicultural openings, depending on the species. Individual species peaked in abundance at different times post treatment, indicating that managers must maintain a range of early‐successional conditions across the landscape to provide habitat for the entire suite of shrubland birds. Six species exhibited a negative relationship with the basal area of retained conifer cover, and 7 species with deciduous tree cover, indicating that the retention of overstory trees in openings reduced their utility to early‐successional birds. © 2014 The Wildlife Society, 2014.
Networks Based on Poly(α‐methylene‐δ‐valerolactone‐co‐δ‐valerolactone): Crosslinking Through Free‐Radical Vinyl Copolymerization
Authors: Stöhr Olesja , Ritter Helmut 
Published: January 2014

Unsaturated polyesters are synthesized via ring‐opening copolymerization of α‐methylene‐δ‐valerolactone and δ‐valerolactone. These polyesters 4a–c are mixed with ethyl methacrylate (EMA), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and α‐methylene‐δ‐valerolactone (α‐MVL), respectively. Then, crosslinking is carried out by free radical polymerization initiated by an azo‐initiator. A second glass transition is found with incorporation of HEMA and α‐MVL. These findings indicate the formation of phase‐separated polyester blocks crosslinked with the poly(meth)‐acrylic‐segments, respectively poly(α‐methylene‐δ‐valerolactone) segments.
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Diblock Copolymers with Miscible Blocks via One‐Pot Sequential Cationic Polymerization and Their Block‐Length‐Dependent Vesicular Aggregation
Authors: Banerjee Sanjib , Maji Tanmoy , Paira Tapas K. , Mandal Tarun K. 
Published: January 2014

A series of well‐defined poly(α‐methylstyrene)‐block‐poly(isobutyl vinyl ether) (PMS‐b‐PIBVE) diblock copolymers of varying compositions is synthesized via sequential cationic polymerization using an FeCl3‐based initiating system at 0 °C. The copolymers exhibit a single glass transition temperature (Tg). The Tg vs. composition relationships for the copolymers show positive deviation from a linear relationship, which is explained by the Kwei equation. The copolymer (PMS35‐b‐PIBVE145 and PMS60‐b‐PIBVE128) molecules self‐aggregate to form vesicles in organic solvents. However, the copolymers (PMS83‐b‐PIBVE94, PMS107‐b‐PIBVE52, and PMS129‐b‐PIBVE32) with higher rigid PMS contents do not form vesicles. PMS35‐b‐PIBVE145 vesicles can encapsulate hydrophobic and hydrophilic fluorescent macromolecules.
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A voxel‐based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging analysis of asymptomatic Parkinson's disease‐related G2019S LRRK2 mutation carriers
Authors: Thaler Avner , Artzi Moran , Mirelman Anat , Jacob Yael , Helmich Rick C. , van Nuenen Bart F.L. , Gurevich Tanya , Orr‐Urtreger Avi , Marder Karen , Bressman Susan , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Hendler Talma , Giladi Nir , Ben Bashat Dafna ,   the LRRK2 Ashkenazi Jewish Consortium
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundPatients with Parkinson's disease have reduced gray matter volume and fractional anisotropy in both cortical and sub‐cortical structures, yet changes in the pre‐motor phase of the disease are unknown.MethodsA comprehensive imaging study using voxel‐based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging tract‐based spatial statistics analysis was performed on 64 Ashkenazi Jewish asymptomatic first degree relatives of patients with Parkinson's disease (30 mutation carriers), who carry the G2019S mutation in the leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene.ResultsNo between‐group differences in gray matter volume could be noted in either whole‐brain or volume‐of‐interest analysis. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis did not identify group differences in white matter areas, and volume‐of‐interest analysis identified no differences in diffusivity parameters in Parkinson's disease‐related structures.ConclusionsG2019S carriers do not manifest changes in gray matter volume or diffusivity parameters in Parkinson's disease‐related structures prior to the appearance of motor symptoms. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society