bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imprinted X chromosome inactivation: evolution of mechanisms in distantly related mammals
Authors: Waters Shafagh A. , Waters Paul D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn females, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) ensures transcriptional silencing of one of the two Xs (either in a random or imprinted fashion) in somatic cells. Comparing this silencing between species has offered insight into different mechanisms of X inactivation, providing clues into the evolution of this epigenetic process in mammals. Long-noncoding RNAs have emerged as a common theme in XCI of therian mammals (eutherian and marsupial). Eutherian X inactivation is regulated by the noncoding RNA product of XIST, within a cis-acting master control region called the X inactivation center (XIC). Marsupials XCI is XIST independent. Instead, XCI is controlled by the long-noncoding RNA Rsx, which appears to be a functional analog of the eutherian XIST gene, insofar that its transcript coats the inactive X and represses activity of genes in cis. In this review we discuss XCI in eutherians, and contrast imprinted X inactivation in mouse and marsupials. We provide particular focus on the evolution of genomic elements that confer the unique epigenetic features that characterize the inactive X chromosome.
Patterns of adherence to management among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in South-South Region of Nigeria
Authors: Emmanuel Oyewole , Otovwe Agofure 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Aims: The study investigated the pattern of adherence to medication and dietary treatment among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study conducted among 350 consented patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from a secondary public healthcare facility. Materials and Methods: A semistructured questionnaire was interviewer-administered to obtain information on respondents′ sociodemographic characteristics, level of adherence to medication and dietary treatment, and suggestions on ways of improving adherence to treatment. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression were used to analyze the data with level of significance set at 0.05. Results: Mean age of respondents was 57.9 ± 9.8 years, 60.9% were females and 78.0% were married. Some respondents exhibited total adherence to medication (58.9%) and dietary (67.4%) treatment, respectively. Determinants of nonadherence to medication and dietary treatment include using alternative traditional medicine (herbs) for the treatment of the disease (odds ratio (OR) = 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.568-1.916) and consuming foods more than recommended quantity (OR = 6.28, 95% CI = 3.919-10.083). One of the suggested ways by the respondents to improve adherence to treatment was self-discipline (46.9%). Lack of awareness on the seriousness of the disease (42.6%) was a major challenge confronting patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Creation of awareness on the seriousness of the disease was suggested by 39.1% of respondents. Conclusions: Use of alternative medicine (herbs) and eating more than the recommended quantity of foods remain a challenge among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Comprehensive health promotion and education strategies including patient counseling on diabetes care with emphasis on adherence to medication and dietary treatment regimen should be organized regularly for diabetes patients.
Morphometric studies of the craniofacial region of the African sideneck turtle (Pelusios castaneus)
Authors: Igado O. , Olukole S. , Oke B. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Introduction and Methods: Morphometric analysis of the craniofacial regions of the African sideneck turtle (Pelusios castaneus) were carried out with the aim of generating data which could be useful in wildlife veterinary clinical practice as well as in the comparative regional anatomy of turtles. Results: The average weight of turtles used for this study was 0.51 ± 0.39kg, while the mean weight of head was 20 ± 6.50g. The mean palpebral fissure lengths for the left and right eyes were 0.75 ± 0.10 and 0.77 ± 0.11cm respectively, while the orbital heights of the left and right eyes and the distance between the medial canthi were 0.74 ± 0.11, 0.75 ± 0.11 and 0.59 ± 0.10cm respectively. Out of the twenty parameters measured, only four showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between the sexes, with the male values being higher in all the four cases. There were strong positive correlations between the left and right lengths of palpebral fissure (r= 0.959) and between the left and right orbital heights (r= 0.964). Conclusion: The data obtained in this study, being the first report on craniofacial indices of the African sideneck turtle, is expected to serve as baseline data on the craniofacial anatomy of the animal and hence in the comparative regional anatomy of both fresh water and sea turtles.
Spondias mombin promotes gastric mucosa and lipid profile status in gastric ulceration
Authors: Akinlolu A. , Ghazali K. , Ameen O. , Odewabi A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Introduction: Spondias mombin has been reported to possess medicinal properties. Material and Methods: This study evaluated the anti-ulcer properties of Spondias mombin. Rats of Group I received physiological saline only while 40mg/kg/bodyweight of Indomethacin (an ulcerogen) was administered to rats of Groups II - VI. Four hours after administrations of the ulcerogen; rats of Groups III - VI were treated daily with oral administrations of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg/bodyweight of Spondias mombin bark extract and 40mg/kg/bodyweight of Omeprazole respectively for four days. Rats were euthanized on Days 1 (Group II) and 5 (Groups I and III - VI); stomach and liver samples were removed for evaluations of gastric acidity, histo-pathological and lipid profile status. Results: AAnalyses of gastric acidity and lipid profile status in the stomach and liver samples of rats of Group II showed statistically significant higher levels (P≤0.05) of gastric acidity, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides but lower high density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels (P≤0.05) when compared to rats of Groups I, and III - VI. Histo-pathological evaluations showed dose-dependent restorations of stomach and liver histology to pre-ulceration states in rats of Groups III - VI. Conclusions: This study concluded that Spondias mombin administrations promoted histo-pathological restorations of the stomach and liver; and lipid profile status of male wistar rats in Indomethacin - induced gastric ulceration.
The eye of the crepuscular rodent rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) (Wied, 1820)
Authors: Oliveira F. , Andrade-Da-Costa B. , Cavalcante J. , Silva S. , Soares J. , Lima R. , Nascimento E. , Cavalcante J. , Resende N. , Costa M. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Introduction: The rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) is a crepuscular Caviidae rodent belonging to suborder Hystricomorpha, inhabiting semiarid areas ofthe Brazilian Northeast region. Material and Methods: Previously anesthetized young adult rock cavies were submitted to transcardiac perfusion. The extraocular muscles and components of the eyeball were dissected and measures were taken. Some eyes were embedded in paraffin and sectioned to study the retinal structure. Results: The rock cavy has lateral eyes housed in a well-constituted bony orbit and endowed with well differentiated extrinsic musculature. Descriptive and morphometric anatomical study of the rock cavy eye showed axial diameter mean values of 10.67 ± 0.55 mm and an equatorial diameter of 11.64 ± 0.69 mm. It has a vertical slit pupil and a crystalline lens with a mean axial diameter of 5.4 ± 0.03 mm, which corresponds to about 45% of the eye axial diameter. The posterior nodal distance and the retinal magnification factor were estimated in 6.74 mm and 118 μm/degree, respectively. Conclusion: Anatomical features of the rock cavy eye suggest that it was designed to acquire greater light sensitivity, at the expense of a reduced resolution, compatible with a vision under mesopic conditions, beitting an animal with a pattern of predominantly crepuscular activity.
Comparative osteology and three dimensional computed tomography of Nile catfishes, in relation to feeding mechanisms
Authors: Eshra E. , El Asely A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Introduction: For the first time three- dimensional Computed Tomography was used in a study concerning Nile catfishes heads. Methods: The present study is carried out on 40 heads of four examplar species of catfish families, Bagridae (B. bajad); Clariidae (C.garpineus); Malapteruridae (M. electricus) and Mochokidae (S. schall). Specimens are double-stained for cartilage and bone, as done by Taylor and Van Dyke (1985). Results: the skull of M. electricus was consisted of both bones and cartilage, as the frontal, parietal, supraoccipital, postparietal, sphenotic and pterootic were remained cartilages in mature fish. In order to ease the studying process the bones of catfish skulls were arranged in clear twelve series. This arrangement may facilitate the diagnosis of the malformations and other related diseases. Despite the similarity of the feeding apparatus in the Nile-catfish, they have different feeding mechanisms. B. bajad able to feed on large sized preys because of the free branchiostegeal membrane, the large dimensions of the oral and pharyngeal gap limits. M. electricus has another method as we suggest that the liable cartilages which form the skull roof are easily squeezed by voluminous muscles, raise the roof of the mouth and expand the oropharynx. In S. schall the narrow oropharyngeal limits and the subterminal mouth are suitable for sucking small mollusks, a process aided by the hard pad of the upper lip and the brush like mandibular teeth. Conclusions: This work provides an anatomical description of the fish heads using 3D CT which may facilitate the diagnosis of malformations and other related diseases. It also discussed the different feeding habits of the Nile Catfish.
Anatomical and clinical correlates of the precondylar tubercle
Authors: Jaffar A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Introduction: The possible presence of the precondylar tubercle should be considered in order to avoid misinterpretation in radiographic images and confusion during surgical intervention. This study is aimed to describe and report the frequency of the precondylar tubercle and similar variations at the anterior margin of foramen magnum in order to alert the clinical community of their presence and of the possible associated variations. Materials and Methods: Fifty dry skulls were examined for variations at the anterior margin of foramen magnum. One skull with bilaterally prominent precondylar tubercles was studied using a spiral computerized tomography in order to demonstrate the radiographic appearance of the tubercle. Results: Precondylar tubercles were observed in 10% of the skulls. Other simulating observations included the presence of a midline spur, bilateral depression anteromedial to the occipital condyles, third occipital condyle, and a partly divided occipital condyle. In 89% of the cases these variations were associated with septation of the hypoglossal canal. Conclusion: The presence of a mere precondylar tubercle is not expected to produce neurological manifestations. However, its possible association with other variations should be considered. The size and location of the precondylar tubercle might evade plain radiographic films, but it can be readily revealed in axial computerized tomograms.
Variations of Gerdy's tubercle, proposal of a morphological classification: Anatomical study and its clinical importance
Authors: Kalra Sunita , Chauhan Puja , Khandelwal Ankit , Rani Pooja 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Introduction: Gerdy's tubercle is described as a triangular facet in standard textbooks of human anatomy. The present study addresses the prevalence and shape of the anterolateral tubercle, which has been named as Gerdy's tubercle in adult human tibia. Examination of tibia revealed in excess of usual variations in the shape and texture of tubercle present at the anterior surface of lateral condyle of tibia. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 103 (52 right and 51 left) of either sex dry Indian tibia bone to study the shape and texture of Gerdy's tubercle. The shape and texture of tubercle were very inconsistent and varied from a small circular smooth facet to very irregular rough facet. Results: Gerdy's tubercle was triangular & smooth in 44.6%, circular & smooth in 17.4%, vertically oval & smooth in 2.9%, transversely oval & smooth in 3.8%, irregular & rough in18.4% and triangular & rough in 6.7%. In 5.8% of tibia, it was unobtrusive. Conclusion: The different shapes of Gerdy's tubercle demonstrated in the present study may contribute to produce significant effect on surgical interventions and some shapes may be more prone to traumatic injuries on it.
Propaganda as Leftist Culture:
Authors: Ye Luofu 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This article aims to discuss Hong Kong's leftist culture during the Cultural Revolution. By reviewing the history of leftist culture in Hong Kong and analyzing Hong Kong's leftist publications before and during the Cultural Revolution, this article argues that during Hong Kong's involvement in the Cultural Revolution, the leftist culture in Hong Kong was degraded to propaganda and lost its status as major ideology. On the other hand, the colonial government was determined to improve the economic and education level after 1967 social unrest, and modern Hong Kong's identity emerged as a combination of commercial and consumer culture and traditional Chinese cultural heritage. Hong Kong's Maoist experience was a failure but it had a positive influence on social development.
From Taboo to Open Discussion:
Authors: Lanlan Du 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
As an axis of identity, sexuality is a product of social relations framed by different networks of power. It is closely related to the social, political, and cultural milieu of a specific society. In China, discussions of sex during the Cultural Revolutionary period was remarkably limited, which is distinctly different from those of the post-Maoist era. Whereas the Maoist state had an aggressive regulation and policing of gender and sexuality, in post-Maoist culture erotic desire becomes a way of liberation. This article aims to take Azalea Mountain, one of the eight model operas in the Maoist era, and Red Azalea, Anchee Min's 1994 memoir about Cultural Revolution, as a case study to show that literary discourses of sexuality during the Maoist Cultural Revolution and the subsequent post-Mao era undergo a shift from a total absence to open discussion.
The Construction of the Image/Myth of a Martyr in the Cultural Revolution:
Authors: Wang Xian 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Jin Jingmai's novel The Song of Ouyang Hai was published in 1965 and became extremely popular in 1966 right before the launch of the Cultural Revolution. It can be regarded as a prelude to Cultural Revolution literature. The novel epitomizes the transition from the politically inclined “seventeen-year literature” (1949–66) to the highly politicalized “Cultural Revolution literature” (1966–76). It is also the perfect embodiment of the creation of the myth of a socialist martyr. In this article, I attempt to examine the features of socialist martyrs and decode the construction of the myth of such martyrs by exploring motifs such as diaries, letters, and the performative bodies in The Song of Ouyang Hai as well as related works and posters that feature revolutionary and socialist martyrs from the 1960s. The article also examines how the constant revisions of the novel driven by the political power struggles during and after the Cultural Revolution complicate and adumbrate the myth of the socialist martyr.
Teaching Early Reading Skills to Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Using Computer-Delivered Instruction: A Pilot Study
Authors: Tyler Emily J. , Hughes John C. , Wilson Meadhbh M. , Beverley Michael , Hastings Richard P. , Williams Bethan M. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Many children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) have considerable difficulty learning basic reading skills. Increasing evidence suggests individuals with IDD may benefit from instruction incorporating components of reading found to be effective for typically developing children. However, little research into reading instruction for children with IDD has incorporated these components. There is evidence for the efficacy of Headsprout® Early Reading program for typically developing children, and emerging evidence suggesting that children with autism can benefit from the program. The current study investigated the accessibility of Headsprout® Early Reading for children with IDD, and whether there were any measurable effects of the program on important early reading and language skills. Six children aged between 7 and 14 years with mild to moderate IDD completed the program, and all made measurable improvements across reading measures, demonstrating children with mild to moderate IDD can access (i.e., progress through and benefit from) the program.
Pressurized magma reservoir within the east rift zone of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i: Evidence for relaxed stress changes from the 1975 Kalapana earthquake
Authors: Baker Scott , Amelung Falk 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe use 2000–2012 InSAR data from multiple satellites to investigate magma storage in Kīlauea's east rift zone (ERZ). The study period includes a surge in magma supply rate and intrusion‐eruptions in 2007 and 2011. The Kupaianaha area inflated by ~5 cm prior to the 2007 intrusion and the Nāpau Crater area by ~10 cm following the 2011 intrusion. For the Nāpau Crater area, elastic modeling suggests an inflation source at 5 ± 2 km depth or more below sea level. The reservoir is located in the deeper section of the rift zone for which secular magma intrusion was inferred for the period following the 1975 Mw7.7 décollement earthquake. Reservoir pressurization suggests that in this section of the ERZ, extensional stress changes due to the earthquake have largely been compensated for and that this section is approaching its pre‐1975 state. Reservoir pressurization also puts the molten core model into question for this section of Kīlauea's rift zone.
Perturbation Methods
Authors: Murdock James 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
When a solvable mathematical problem is changed slightly, or perturbed, it may become unsolvable (in closed form). Perturbation theory enables an approximate solution to be constructed; in the simplest cases, this is done by adding successive correction terms to the solution of the unperturbed problem. The roots of the method, which lie in celestial mechanics, fluid flow, and quantum mechanics, are briefly described. The notions of perturbation series, uniform asymptotic validity, and regular and singular problems are defined. In the area of nonlinear oscillations, the most important methods are the Lindstedt method (or method of strained coordinates), the method of multiple scales, and the method of averaging; these are described and compared. Special results for the averaging of multifrequency Hamiltonian systems, including the Kolmogorov–Arnol'd–Moser theorem and the Nekhoroshev theorem, are briefly described. In dynamical systems, the Melnikov integral describes the perturbation of stable and unstable manifolds. Differential equations in which a small parameter multiplies the highest derivative lead to solutions having initial or boundary layers. The multiple‐scale method and methods of matched asymptotic expansions for these problems are described. The WKB method can also be used in certain cases. The matching method for partial differential equations is illustrated by the boundary layer problem for fluid flow. The newer RG method can sometimes replace these older methods; we compare three versions of the RG method via simple examples. Finally, several approaches to the problem of finding the eigenvalues (spectra) of perturbed matrices and linear transformations are described.
Special Functions
Authors: Athorne Chris 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe article conbtains sections titled:IntroductionDiscrete SymmetrySymmetriesCoxeter GroupsSymmetric FunctionsInvariants of Coxeter GroupsFuchsian EquationsContinuous SymmetryLie Groups and Lie AlgebrasRepresentationsThe Laplace OperatorSpherical HarmonicsSeparation of VariablesBessel FunctionsAddition LawsThe Hypergeometric EquationOrthogonalityOrthogonal PolynomialsFactorizationThe Bessel EquationHermiteLegendre“Factorization” of PDEsDunkl OperatorsSpecial Functions Without SymmetryAiry FunctionsLiouville TheoryDifferential Galois TheoryNonlinear Special FunctionsWeierstraß Elliptic FunctionsJacobian Elliptic FunctionsTheta FunctionsPainlevé TranscendentsDiscrete Special Functions– TheoryQuantum GroupsDifference Operators‐Hermite PolynomialsDiscrete Painlevé Equations
Graph and Network Theory
Authors: Estrada Ernesto 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis Chapter introduces the basic concepts of graphs and networks and their applications in physics. It explains the connections of graph theory with condensed matter and statistical physics by studying the tight‐binding, Hubbard and Potts models. The use of graphs for solving problems in quantum field theory is illustrated by studying the Feynman graphs. Other physical scenarios in which graph theory is presented here are the study of electrical networks and vibrational systems. The Chapter also introduces the concepts of random graphs and complex networks. In the last topic, the most relevant structural concepts for complex networks are studied and a few dynamical processes such as consensus, synchronization and epidemics spreading, are discussed.
Algebraic Topology
Authors: Robins Vanessa 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:IntroductionHomotopy TheoryHomotopy of PathsThe Fundamental GroupHomotopy of SpacesExamplesCovering SpacesExtensions and ApplicationsHomologySimplicial ComplexesSimplicial Homology GroupsBasic Properties of Homology GroupsHomological AlgebraOther Homology TheoriesCohomologyDe Rham CohomologyMorse TheoryBasic ResultsExtensions and ApplicationsForman's Discrete Morse TheoryComputational TopologyThe Fundamental Group of a Simplicial ComplexSmith Normal form for HomologyPersistent HomologyCell Complexes from DataFurther Reading
Differentiable Manifolds
Authors: Epstein Marcelo 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Differentiable manifolds are spaces on which differentiable functions can be defined. They are, therefore, a generalization of the ordinary ‐dimensional space ; hence their usefulness and ubiquity in Physics, particularly in field theories. A rigorous definition of (finite‐dimensional) differentiable manifolds is followed by a treatment of vector and tensor fields, differential forms, and the Lie derivative. This chapter serves as an introduction to the companion article on Topics in Differential Geometry.
Dynamical Systems
Authors: Barton David A.W. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Definition of a Dynamical System

Invariant Sets

Equilibria

Definition and Calculation

Stability

Linearization

Lyapunov Functions

Topological Equivalence

Manifolds

Local Bifurcations

Saddle‐Node Bifurcation

Hopf Bifurcation

Pitchfork Bifurcation

Center Manifolds

Limit Cycles

Definition and Calculation

Linearization

Topological Equivalence

Manifolds

Local Bifurcations

Period‐Doubling Bifurcation

Numerical Continuation

Natural Parameter Continuation

Pseudo‐Arc‐Length Continuation

Continuation of Bifurcations