bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful Treatment of Type B Insulin Resistance With Rituximab
Authors: Manikas Emmanouil-Dimitrios , Isaac Iona , Semple Robert K. , Malek Rana , Führer Dagmar , Moeller Lars C. , Führer-Sakel Dagmar 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Context:
Type B insulin resistance is a very rare disease caused by autoantibodies against the insulin receptor. The mortality of type B insulin resistance is high (&gt;50%), and management of this disease is not yet standardized. We report the successful treatment of a patient with type B insulin resistance with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone.

Case Description:
A 45-year-old woman presented with unintended weight loss of 20 kg, unusually widespread acanthosis nigricans, and glucose levels &gt; 500 mg/dL, which could not be controlled with up to 600 IU/d of insulin. Because of the severity of the insulin resistance combined with features of insulin deficiency, type B insulin resistance was suspected. Detection of high levels of insulin receptor autoantibodies confirmed the diagnosis. Neither immunosuppressive therapy with Ig iv nor plasmapheresis had an effect on glucose levels or insulin dose. Because the patient's condition was deteriorating, we started rituximab (750 mg/m2 in two doses 2 wk apart) together with cyclophosphamide (100 mg/d orally) and dexamethasone 40 mg/d for 4 days. Two months after initiation of rituximab therapy, fasting glucose levels ranged from 80 to 110 mg/dL and could be controlled with very low insulin doses. Glycated hemoglobin decreased from 11.8 to 6.5%. Two months later, insulin therapy was stopped, and the patient showed normal blood glucose readings.

Conclusion:
In this patient with type B insulin resistance, Ig treatment and plasmapheresis failed to improve the condition. Finally, treatment with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and steroids was successful in inducing a complete remission.
Africa’s missed agricultural revolution: a quantitative study of the policy options
Authors: O’Gorman Melanie 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDespite the widespread diffusion of productivity-enhancing agricultural technologies the world over, agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa has typically stagnated. This paper develops a quantitative model in order to shed light on the sources of low labor productivity in African agriculture. The model provides a vehicle for understanding the mechanisms leading to low agricultural labor productivity, in particular, how the interactions between factor endowments, government investment and technology adoption may have culminated in agricultural stagnation. I calibrate the model to data for four Sub-Saharan African economies, and use this calibrated model to provide insight into policy aimed at increasing agricultural productivity in these four countries. Policies aimed at improving rural infrastructure or productivity in the non-agricultural sectors, or allowing for land transferability, would be most effective for increasing agricultural labor productivity, and would further bring increases in household welfare for each of the countries I calibrate to.
Performance criteria and quality indicators for the pre-analytical phase
Authors: Plebani Mario , Sciacovelli Laura , Aita Ada , Pelloso Michela , Chiozza Maria Laura 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe definition, implementation and monitoring of valuable analytical quality specifications have played a fundamental role in improving the quality of laboratory services and reducing the rates of analytical errors. However, a body of evidence has been accumulated on the relevance of the extra-analytical phases, namely the pre-analytical steps, their vulnerability and impact on the overall quality of the laboratory information. The identification and establishment of valueable quality indicators (QIs) represents a promising strategy for collecting data on quality in the total testing process (TTP) and, particularly, for detecting any mistakes made in the individual steps of the pre-analytical phase, thus providing useful information for quality improvement projects. The consensus achieved on the developed list of harmonized QIs is a premise for the further step: the identification of achievable and realistic performance targets based on the knowledge of the state-of-the-art. Data collected by several clinical laboratories worldwide allow the classification of performances for available QIs into three levels: optimum, desirable and minimum, in agreement with the widely accepted proposal for analytical quality specifications.
Practices and perceptions of adolescent girls regarding the impact of dysmenorrhea on their routine life: a comparative study in the urban, rural, and slum areas of Chandigarh
Authors: Rani Alka , Sharma Manoj Kumar , Singh Amarjeet 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
To estimate the prevalence, to compare the impact of dysmenorrhea on routine life among adolescent girls, to compare the practices and perceptions regarding Dysmenorrhea and to ascertain the reason for difference if any, a cross-sectional study was conducted in urban, rural and slum areas of Chandigarh, India. 300 girls in age group of 11–18 years, who had attained menarche were included in the study. A questionnaire including the Demographic and Family profile, menstrual history, Symptoms of Dysmenorrhea, Effect of pain on daily activities, Faces scale, Practices regarding Dysmenorrhea, Beliefs about menstruation was used. Analysis was done by percentage and chi square prevalance of dysmenorrhea was 61.33%. Sickness absenteeism due to dysmenorrhea was reported in 24.45% girls. Most common symptom experienced by the girls was stomach ache which was experienced by 139 girls; others symptoms experienced during menstruation were backache (107), and general body pain (80). Only 11.63% of the girls ever visited physician due to pain during menstruation. During menstruation only 10 girls use hot water bottle, 71 skip meal. Due to poor knowledge the practices were not optimal for pain management, which affected their school attendance. Formal as well as informal channels of communication, such as mothers and peers, need to be emphasized for the delivery of such information particularly linking instructions on menstrual hygiene to an expanded programme of health education in schools.
Control of hypertension and diabetes among adults aged over 40 years with or without physical disabilities
Authors: Lee Jung-A , Park Jong Heon 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDisabled individuals have poorer health compared to non-disabled individuals and they exhibit a higher prevalence of chronic diseases, such as hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). We explored how effectively blood pressure (BP) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level, factors influencing development of HTN and DM, were controlled in disabled and non-disabled individuals over the age of 40 years. We hypothesized that control of BP and FPG levels in disabled individuals would be lower than that in non-disabled participants.Records of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) were analyzed and the health screening program database was examined between the years 2007 and 2009. We identified patients who had used healthcare services to treat HTN or DM. Health-related information that might influence effective control of both BP and FPG levels in those with or without physical disabilities were examined.The extent of effective BP and DM control did not differ between people with and without disabilities, but plasma glucose levels were slightly better controlled in individuals with disabilities than those without disabilities. HTN and DM control was more closely associated with female gender, age, grade of disability, non-smoking and non-drinker status, engagement in physical activity, presentation for health examinations, and frequent tertiary hospital visits for HTN management.Our paper is significant because of our focus on differences between disabled and non-disabled individuals. Our results and future data from NHIS health screening programs can be used to regularly monitor population health status and to evaluate information relevant to the management of HTN and DM control.
Standardization of Curing and Microwave Drying of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Rhizomes
Authors: Gagare Santosh , Mudgal V.D. , Champawat P.S. , Pisal Amit 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Curing and drying are important unit operations in turmeric processing for production of good quality products. Optimization of the process parameters for curing and microwave drying of turmeric is the need of hour for quality production of dried turmeric. These parameters were optimized by conducting trials for curing (boiling in 0.1% sodium carbonate solution for 15, 30 and 45 min) and microwave drying (power levels of 1, 1.5 and 2 kW). The cured as well as dried rhizomes were evaluated for quality parameters. The optimum boiling time for curing and power level for microwave drying of turmeric rhizomes was found to be 30 min and 1.5 kW for quality production.
Degradation of Vitamin E in Nanoemulsions during Storage as Affected by Temperature, Light and Darkness
Authors: Hategekimana Joseph , Zhong Fang 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Vitamin E (VE) nanoemulsions confront physical instabilities and chemical degradation during processing and/or storage. Therefore, thermal stability and degradation kinetics of VE in nanoemulsions fabricated using low-energy emulsification method as a function of temperature under light and in the dark were studied. Nanoemulsions had small droplet diameter (≈110 nm). The thermal degradation of VE followed the first-order kinetics with samples heated at 75°C and above presenting the highest degradation rate and short half-life (5.22 min). The degradation of VE in long-term storage fitted the Weibull model with highest degradation in nanoemulsions stored under light at 40°C. However, VE retained in nanoemulsions after certain period of time might be boosted up when nanoemulsions are stored in the dark. Results showed that the physical stability tests alone are not enough to judge the stability of VE delivery systems, as the encapsulated VE might be lost during processing and storage.
Synthese und Kristallstruktur von Tribrommethyltriphenylphosphonium-bromid und Bis(tribrommethyltriphenylphosphonium)-tribroniid-bromid / Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Tribromomethyltriphenylphosphonium Bromide and Bis(tribromomethyltriphenylphosphonium) Tribromide Bromide
Authors: Vogt H. , Frauendorf C. , Fischer A. , Jones P. G. 
Published: February 2015

Tribromotriphenylphosphonium bromide 1 has been prepared by the reaction of triphenylphosphine with tetrabromomethane in dichloromethane. Colourless crystals were obtained by recrystallization from the same solvent. The light-sensitive crystals change colour to yellow. The crystals are triclinic, space group P1̄ , Z = 4, a = 1008.6(5), b = 1357.8(6), c = 1560.7(7) pm, α = 106.61(4), β = 91.80(4), γ = 93.88(4)°. In the solid state there are discrete monomeric (C6H5)3PCBr3
+ cations and Br- anions. The cation has a slightly irregular tetrahedral geometry around the P atom. The crystals contain one molecule CH2C12 per four molecules (C6H5)3PCBr4.
Bis(tribromomethyltriphenylphosphonium) tribromide bromide 2 can be obtained as a byproduct of the reaction of (C6H5)3P with CBr4 by variation of the reaction conditions. Red light-stable crystals are obtained by recrystallization from CH2C12. The crystals are monoclinic, space group C2/c, Z = 8, a = 2231.5(7), b = 1532.7(7), c = 1556.9(6) pm, β = 129.69(2)°. In the solid state bis(tribromomethyltriphenylphosphonium) tribromide bromide exists as discrete monomeric (C6H5)3PCBr3
+ cations and Br- and Br3
- anions. The Br anion and the central Br of Br3
- anion lie on crystallographic twofold axes. The cation has also a slightly irregular tetrahedral geometry around the P atom, with a long P-CBr3 bond.
Ethen/1-Hexen- und 1-Octadecen-Copolymerisation mit dem stereorigiden Zirkon-Katalysatorsystem iPr(CpFlu)ZrCl2/MAO: Einfluß der Temperatur / Copolym erization of Ethene/1-Hexene and 1-Oetadecen with the Stereorigid Zirconium Catalyst System iPr(CpFlu)ZrCl2/MAO : Influence of the Temperature
Authors: Mühlenbrock Peter H. , Fink Gerhard 
Published: February 2015

Ethene was copolymerized with 1-hexene and 1-octadecene at different temperatures to study the influence of the temperature. The stereorigid catalyst [2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yliden- (iso-propyliden)fluoren-9-yliden]zirconium dichloride iPr(CpFlu )ZrCl2 1 in combination with methylalumoxane MAO was used. The polymerization rate of ethene depends in a wide range on the temperature and the com onom er content in solution. In each case a large rate enhancem ent at low ratios [com onom er]/[ethene] was observed. A t 25 °C the polymerization rate of ethene increases continuously with increasing [1-hexene]/[ethene]-ratio. At 40 °C the consumption of ethene is nearly independent of the 1-hexene content in solution. Finally, at 60 °C, similar to the ethene/1-octadecene-copolymerisation at different temperatures, the polymerization rate of ethene decreases with increasing [1-hexene]/[ethene]-ratio. It is suggested that this behavior is caused by the mobility of the side chains in the copolym er near the active center, probably for sterical reasons. W ith increasing temperatures, the side chain becomes more and more flexible and thus the sterical hindrance is increased. This effect is even stronger with long chain α-olefins.
The microstructure of the copolymer was investigated with respect to Marcovian statistic 1. and 2. order. The experimental triad distribution is described satisfactorily only with the second order statistic. Independent of the temperature the r22 parameter is considerably greater than the r12 parameter, the insertion of an α-olefin thus being more favored for he sequence {R -(α-olefine)-(α-olefine)-Kat.} than for {R -(ethene)-(α-olefine)-Kat.}. It therefore appears that both last inserted monomers influence the insertion of the subsequent monomer, especially at high comonomer contents. Furthermore, the parameters for the α-olefin insertions r22 and r12 are nearly independent of the temperature of polymerization, whereas the r11 and r21 parameters increase with increasing temperature.
Photoreaktionen von Dekacarbonyldirhenium mit Allen und unverzweigten Allenderivaten / Photoreactions of Decacarbonyldirhenium with Allene and Unbranched Derivatives of Allene
Authors: Kreiter Cornelius G. , Michels Wolfgang , Heeb Gerhard 
Published: February 2015

Decacarbonyldirhenium (1) reacts upon UV irradiation with allene (2), 1,2-butadiene (3) and 2,3-pentadiene (4) preferentially by CO substitution and oxidative rearrangement to the corresponding enneacarbonyl-μ-η1:3-endiyl-dirhenium complexes 5, 9, and 15 and to the octacarbonyl-μ-η2:2-allene-dirhenium complexes 6, the stereoisomers 10, 11, and 16. At elevated temperature 5, 9, and 15 loose CO and yield by a reductive rearrangement also the complexes 6, 10, 11, and 16. In addition to these main products, depending upon the allene derivative used, various by-products are obtained.
By-products of the reaction o f 1 with 2 are octacarbonyl-μ-η3:3-(2,3-dimethylene-buta-1,4- diyl)dirhenium (7) and μ-η2:2-allene-hexacarbonyl-μ-η1:3-1-propene-1,3-diyl-dirheniurn (8). The photo reaction of 1 with 3 yields, in addition to 9-11, tetracarbonyl-η3-(E-5-ethylidene- 4-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)rhenium (12) and tetracarbonyl-η3-(Z-5-ethyliden-4- methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)rhenium (13) as a mixture of isomers. 1 and 4 form the by-products tetracarbonyl-η3-(EZ-3-penten-2-yl)rhenium (17), tetracarbonyl-η3-(EE-3-penten-2-yl)rhenium (18) and heptacarbonyl-μ-η1:2:1:2-(4,5-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene-3,6-diyl)dirhenium (19) with an unusually bridging and chelating ligand. The constitutions of the reaction products have been concluded from the IR and 1H NMR spectra. For 19 the crystal and molecular structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.
Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von [Cs4(Dibenzo-18-Krone-6)3](S6)2·2CH3CN / Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [Cs4(Dibenzo-18-Krone-6)3](S6)2·2CH3CN
Authors: Böttcher P. , Schnock M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
[Cs4(dibenzo-18-crown-6)3](S6)2·2CH3CN has been prepared from dibenzo-18-crown-6, Cs2CO3 and suifur in acetonitrile saturated with H2S. The title compound crystallizes in space group P 1̄ (lattice dimensions: a = 10,507(7) Å, b = 11,504(6) Å, c = 17,792(9) Å, α = 97,86(4)°, β = 105,86(4)°, γ = 101,48(5)°) with one formula unit. The crystallographic units are built of stacks of three crown ether molecules and two hexasulfide chains with the cations located between them. The conformation of the hexasulfide chains is all-cis.
Tetramesityldibismutan, Bis(dimesitylbismut)- und Bis(dimethylbismut)chalkogenide / Tetramesityldibismuthane, Bis(dimesitylbismuth)- and Bis(dimethylbismuth)chalcogenides
Authors: Breunig Hans Joachim , Ebert Klaus Heinz , Schulz Reinhold Ernst , Wieber Markus , Sauer Ingbert 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Reduction of Mes2BiBr with Na in liquid NH3 or with Cp2Co in THF or C6D6 gives Mes4Bi2 (1) as a red solid that reversibly becomes pink on cooling with liquid nitrogen. Oxidation of 1 in air, or reaction of Mes2BiBr with NaOH, gives (Mes2Bi)2O (2). (Mes2Bi)2S (3) and (Mes2Bi)2Se (4) are formed by reaction of Mes2BiBr with Na2S in water or with Na2Se in liquid NH3, respectively. (Mes2Bi)2Te (5) is obtained by reaction of 1 with Te or by reaction of Mes2BiBr with Na2Te. Reactions of Me4Bi2 with Se or Te produce (Me2Bi)2Se (6) and (Me2Bi)2Te (7). With equimolar amounts of p-benzoquinone tetramethyldibismuthane yields 1,4-C6H4(OBiMe2)2 (8). 1H NMR data and mass spectra of 1-8, UV-VIS data of 1-4, and the crystal structures of 2·0,5C2H5OH, 3 and 4 are reported.
Synthesis and Vibrational and Mass Spectra of (n-Bu)2Sn(O2PMe2)2, (n-Bu)2Sn(O2PMePh)2 and (n-Bu)2Sn(O2PPh2)2
Authors: Shihada Abdel-Fattah 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Di-n-butyltin dimethylphosphinate has been synthesized by the reaction of (n-Bu)2Sn(OCOCH3)2 with HO2PMe2 in benzene. The ractions of (n-Bu)2Sn(OCOCH3)2 with MePhPOCl and Ph2POCl in toluene have been used to prepare (n-Bu)2Sn(O2PMePh)2 and (n-Bu)2Sn(O2PPh2)2 respectively. On the basis of vibrational spectra and physical properties it is conclu ded that the title compounds are polymerized and the ligands function as O-P-O bridges between the tin atoms. The n-butyl groups are in trans position in the resulting octahedral environment around tin. Loss of n-butyl radicals and of the diorganophosphinate group from tin represent the main fragmentation processes in the El mass spectra of (n-Bu)2Sn(O2PRR′)2(RR′=Me2, MePh, Ph2). The mass spectra show Sn(O2PRR′)+ as the base peak.
Darstellung, 11B-NMR- und Schwingungsspektren mehrfach alkylierter closo-Hexaborate und Kristallstruktur von cis- und trans-[P(C6H5)4][B6H5(CH3)2] sowie mer-[P(C6H5)4][B6H4(CH3)3] / Preparation, 11B NMR and Vibrational Spectra of Multialkylated Hexaborates and Crystal Structures of cis- and trans-[P(C6H5)4][B6H5(CH3)2] and mer-[P(C6H5)4][B6H4(CH3)3]
Authors: Baurmeister J. , Franken A. , Preetz W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
By treatment of protonated monoalkyl-closo-hexaborates [B6H6R]-. R = CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7, i-C3H7 in aqueous alkaline solution with [As(C6H5)4]Cl the yellow orange deprotonated tetraphenylarsonium salts are precipitated, which react with methyl iodide or ethyl iodide to give dialkylated and protonated B6-compounds. The cisltrans isomers formed in a 1:1 ratio have been separated by ion exchange chromatography on diethylam inoethyl cellulose. Repeated deprotonation and reaction with methyl iodide affords mer-[B6H4 (CH3)3]-. The crystal structures of cis-[P(C6H5)4][B6H5(CH3)2] (I), trans-[P(C6H5)4][B6H5(CH3)2] (II) and mer-[P(C6H5)4][B6H4(CH3)3](III) have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses; I and II are monoclinic, space group P2/n, I with a = 11.8690(5), b = 7.2575(7), c = 15.8689(3) Å , β = 111.454(17)°; II with a = 13.2853(7), b = 7.4608(8), c = 13.3549(11), β = 93.5(11); III is tetragonal, space group P4/n with a = 13.363(2), c = 7.5051(13). The three methyl substituents are statistically distributed over four equatorial positions of the B6 cage. The 11B NMR spectra of the di- and trialkylated com pounds exhibit shifts of ipso-B atoms to lower, of antipodal-B atoms to higher field compared with [B6H7]-. The IR and Raman spectra of the di- and trimethyl derivatives are similar to those of monom ethylhexaborate.
Darstellung, 11B-NMR- und Schwingungsspektren von μ-Distickstoff-bis(pentahydro-closo-hexaborat)(2-), [B6H5(NN)B6H5]2-sowie Kristallstruktur von [As(C6H5)4]2[B6H5(NN)B6H5] / Preparation, 11B NMR and Vibrational Spectra of μ-Dinitrogen-bis(pentahydro-closo-hexaborate)(2-), [B6H5(NN)B6H5]2 and the Crystal Structure of [As(C6H5)4]2[B6H5(NN)B6H5]
Authors: Franken A. , Preetz W. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
By reduction of [B6H5(NO2)]2- with aluminium powder in aqueous alkaline solution the orange μ-dinitrogen-bis(pentahydro-closo-hexaborate)(2-), [B6H5(NN)B6H5]2-, is formed, which can be precipitated with tetraphenylarsonium ions. The crystal structure of [As(C6H5)4]2[B6H5(NN)B6H5] has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analy­sis; tetragonal, space group P4/n with a = 12.6610(12), c = 14.6790(11) Å. The B6 cages are slightly compressed (2%) in the direction of the connecting linear N2 bridge with bond lengths N-N of 1.129 and B-N of 1.421 Å. The 11B NMR spectrum exhibits signals at -27.0 (ipso-B), +1.26 (equatorial-B), +3.54 ppm (antipodal-B atoms). The NN stretching vibration is observed in the Raman spectra as a very strong line at 2065 cm-1.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Phosphors, 234 [1,2] Lithium-tetrahydrogencyclopentaphosphid: Synthese, Struktur und Reaktionen / Contributions to the Chemistry of Phosphorus, 234 [1,2] Lithium Tetrahydrogen Cyclopentaphosphide: Synthesis, Structure and Reactions
Authors: Baudler Marianne , Heumüller Rudolf , Faber Wolfgang 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Lithium tetrahydrogen cyclopentaphosphide. LiH4P5 (I). has been obtained by metalation of P2H4 at -78 °C with either n-BuLi or LiPH2 in polar solvents. Upon suitable performance of the reaction, compound I can be isolated at low temperature as a lemon-yellow solvent adduct. The structure as the monolithium salt of (PH)5 was confirmed by a complete analysis of the 31P{1H}-NMR spectrum. On warming above -35 °C, disproportionation occurs yield­ing Li2HP7. P2H4. and PH3. The reaction with n-BuLi produces the open-chain phosphides LiH4P3. LiH3P2, and LiPH2. The NMR parameters of LiH3P2 and LiH4P3 are reported. Reac­tion of 1 with P2H4 gives rise to the bicyclic and polycyclic phosphides LiH4P7, LiH5P8 and Li2H2P14, respectively.
Bromo-di(silyl)methanes - Precursors to Disilylcarbanionic Ligands
Authors: Bommers Sebastian , Beruda Holger , Paul Martin , Schmidbaur Hubert 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The reaction of the series of methyl/phenylchlorosilanes Me2PhSiCl, MePh2SiCl and Ph3SiCl with CHBr3/n-BuLi to give the corresponding bromo-di(silyl)methanes has been investigated. The selectivity of the reaction proved to be strongly influenced by the number of phenyl groups bound to silicon. As already established for Me3SiCl, Si-C coupling readily occurs with Me2PhSiCl to give (Me2PhSi)2CHBr (1) in good yields, whereas MePh2SiCl affords (MePh2Si)2CHBr (2) in lower yields. The molecular structures of 2 and the by-product (MePh2Si)2CBr2 have been determ ined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In the case of the fully arylated species, Ph3SiCl, only the monosilylated compound (Ph-Si)CH2Br (3) is generated. (HMe2Si)2CHBr (5) can be obtained starting from 1 by treatment with triflic acid to give (CF3SO3Me2Si)2CHBr (4), followed by reduction of 4 with LiAlH4 in diethyl ether. In situ metalation of 5 with n-BuLi affords (HMe2)2CHLi, which reacts instantaneously with a second equivalent of 5 to give the halogen-free dimer [(HMe2Si)2CH]SiMe2CH2SiMe2H (6).