bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A deep learning anthropomorphic model observer for a detection task in PET
Authors: Shao Muhan , Byrd Darrin W. , Mitra Jhimli , Behnia Fatemeh , Lee Jean H. , Iravani Amir , Sadic Murat , Chen Delphine L. , Wollenweber Scott D. , Abbey Craig K. , Kinahan Paul E. , Ahn Sangtae 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackgroundLesion detection is one of the most important clinical tasks in positron emission tomography (PET) for oncology. An anthropomorphic model observer (MO) designed to replicate human observers (HOs) in a detection task is an important tool for assessing task‐based image quality. The channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) has been the most popular anthropomorphic MO. Recently, deep learning MOs (DLMOs), mostly based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have been investigated for various imaging modalities. However, there have been few studies on DLMOs for PET.PurposeThe goal of the study is to investigate whether DLMOs can predict HOs better than conventional MOs such as CHO in a two‐alternative forced‐choice (2AFC) detection task using PET images with real anatomical variability.MethodsTwo types of DLMOs were implemented: (1) CNN DLMO, and (2) CNN‐SwinT DLMO that combines CNN and Swin Transformer (SwinT) encoders. Lesion‐absent PET images were reconstructed from clinical data, and lesion‐present images were reconstructed with adding simulated lesion sinogram data. Lesion‐present and lesion‐absent PET image pairs were labeled by eight HOs consisting of four radiologists and four image scientists in a 2AFC detection task. In total, 2268 pairs of lesion‐present and lesion‐absent images were used for training, 324 pairs for validation, and 324 pairs for test. CNN DLMO, CNN‐SwinT DLMO, CHO with internal noise, and non‐prewhitening matched filter (NPWMF) were compared in the same train‐test paradigm. For comparison, six quantitative metrics including prediction accuracy, mean squared errors (MSEs) and correlation coefficients, which measure how well a MO predicts HOs, were calculated in a 9‐fold cross‐validation experiment.ResultsIn terms of the accuracy and MSE metrics, CNN DLMO and CNN‐SwinT DLMO showed better performance than CHO and NPWMF, and CNN‐SwinT DLMO showed the best performance among the MOs evaluated.ConclusionsDLMO can predict HOs more accurately than conventional MOs such as CHO in PET lesion detection. Combining SwinT and CNN encoders can improve the DLMO prediction performance compared to using CNN only.
Preparation of superhydrophobic carbon fiber composite surface with excellent durability
Authors: Xu Yuan , Zhang Fangyuan , Ren Shuaiyang , Shi Binghong , Li Peiwen , Ma Hailang , Li Jianwei , Zhang Fengwei 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSuper‐hydrophobic surface has excellent waterproof, self‐cleaning and delayed icing properties, and is widely used in various fields, but its lack of durability restricts its large‐scale use. In this paper, carbon fiber composite material with excellent mechanical properties is selected as the substrate, PTFE nanoparticles with excellent hydrophobicity are used as the surface energy substance, and metal screen is selected as the template, combined with hot pressing molding process, a super‐hydrophobic surface with multi‐level micro‐nano structure is successfully constructed. The test shows that the water contact angle of the surface is 169°, and the rolling angle is about 2°. The contact angle of the surface is also over 150° for other liquids, and it bounces off the external water droplets for three times, so it can easily take away pollutants and keep the surface dry and clean under the action of water flow. In the same icing environment, compared with the original surface, it can prolong the freezing time of droplets by 5 times. After repeated rubbing, the surface still has superhydrophobic properties until the whole surface is completely destroyed. The preparation method used in this study is simple, and the prepared superhydrophobic surface has excellent performance, which is expected to promote the application of superhydrophobic surface in practical working conditions.Highlights
The preparation method is fast, efficient, low‐energy and environment‐friendly, and the used materials are simple and economical, and can be reused.
The prepared surface has excellent hydrophobic performance for different media.
The prepared superhydrophobic surface has low adhesion and droplet rebound performance.
The prepared superhydrophobic surface has excellent delayed icing performance.
The prepared superhydrophobic surface has excellent wear resistance.
The impact of mesh size, turbulence parameterization, and land‐surface‐exchange scheme on simulations of the mountain boundary layer in the hectometric range
Authors: Goger Brigitta , Dipankar Anurag 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe horizontal grid spacing of numerical weather prediction models keeps decreasing towards the hectometric range. We perform limited‐area simulations with the Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model across horizontal grid spacings (1 km, 500 m, 250 m, 125 m) in the Inn Valley, Austria, and evaluate the model with observations from the Cross‐Valley Flow in the Inn Valley Investigated by Dual‐Doppler LIDAR Measurements (CROSSINN) measurement campaign. This allows us to investigate whether increasing the horizontal resolution automatically improves the representation of the flow structure, surface exchange, and common meteorological variables. Increasing the horizontal resolution results in an improved simulation of the thermally induced circulation. However, the model still faces challenges with scale interactions and the evening transition of the up‐valley flow. Differences between two turbulence schemes (1D turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and 3D Smagorinsky) emerge due to their different surface transfer formulations, yielding a delayed evening transition in the 3D Smagorinsky scheme. Generally speaking, the correct simulation of the mountain boundary layer depends mostly on the representation of model topography and surface exchange, and the choice of turbulence parameterization is secondary.
Entanglement in Quantum Dots: Insights from Dynamic Susceptibility and Quantum Fisher Information
Authors: Abouie Jahanfar , Vashaee Daryoosh 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis study investigates the entanglement properties of quantum dots (QDs) under a universal Hamiltonian where the Coulomb interaction between particles (electrons or holes) decouples into charging energy and exchange coupling terms. Although this formalism typically decouples the charge and spin components, confinement‐induced energy splitting can induce unexpected entanglement within the system. By analyzing the dynamic susceptibility and quantum Fisher information (QFI), significant behaviors are uncovered influenced by exchange constants, temperature variations, and confinement effects. In QDs with Ising exchange interactions, far below the Stoner instability (SI) point, where the QD is in a disordered paramagnetic phase, temperature reductions lead to decreased entanglement, challenging conventional expectations. These findings demonstrate that for QDs with small exchange interactions, the responses of easy‐plane () and easy‐axis () configurations are similar, with increased anisotropy broadening susceptibility and shifting its maximum to higher frequencies. For large exchange interactions, the susceptibility differences between easy‐plane and easy‐axis QDs become significant, with easy‐plane QDs exhibiting a higher susceptibility magnitude. Additionally, the study reveals that temperature variations affect the dynamic response functions differently in easy‐axis and easy‐plane QDs. In easy‐plane QDs, QFI consistently decreases with increasing temperature, whereas in easy‐axis QDs, QFI behavior is highly dependent on the strengths of and , showing either an increase or decrease with temperature based on specific coupling conditions. Conversely, at low temperatures, anisotropic Heisenberg models exhibit enhanced entanglement near isotropic points. Overall, this work contributes to advancing the understanding of entanglement in QDs and its potential applications in quantum technologies.
Soil‐vegetation interplay in a Holocene toposequence at Torres del Paine National Park, southern Andes, Chile
Authors: Senra Eduardo Osório , Schaefer Carlos Ernesto Gonçalves Reynaud , Soares de Oliveira Fábio , Michel Roberto , Bockheim James , Feital Gjorup Davi , Simas Felipe Nogueira Bello , Francelino Márcio Rocha 
Published: July 2024

AbstractChile's Torres del Paine National Park (TPNP) is one of the most impressive landscapes in southern Patagonia, with unique natural elements on the edge of the southern ice field, where knowledge of soils and ecological relationships is nonexistent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the chemical, physical, mineralogical, and micromorphological characteristics of Holocene soils along a local toposequence representing the main vegetation types of the TPNP. The morphological, chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties of 12 soil profiles were studied and classified according to Soil Taxonomy. Coevolution of vegetation and soil taxa is clearly evident since glaciation, with podsolization under austral Nothofagus pumilio forests leading to the development of spodosols, while paludization in local depressions with Nothofagus forests allowed the formation of histosols. Slopes covered with loess and tephra led to the formation of Andisols with shrub vegetation. Predominant parent materials include till from Late Quaternary advances of southern Andean ice, Pleistocene loess, and volcanic ash from surrounding Chilean volcanoes. The parent materials were strongly influenced by Late Quaternary climatic and landscape changes following the retreat of the Last Glacial Maximum in southern Patagonia, resulting in erosional and depositional conditions (windblown loess, fluvial glacial deposits, and moraines). Stable landforms show the influence of allochthonous volcanic ash shaping Andean features, combined with the accumulation of organic matter in hydromorphic soils. Three main groups of soils have been identified: loess‐rich soils, organic‐rich soils, and poorly developed soils. The latter show low fertility related to recent landforms on different substrates ranging from till, rocky slopes, talus, or glacial deposits. In high mountain regions under periglacial conditions, cryoturbation features indicate seasonal frost–thaw cycles without current permafrost. The diversity of soil orders in the mountains of southern Patagonia is comparable to similar environmental conditions and latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. However, the andic properties due to volcanic ejecta inputs, as well as organic‐rich soils at low altitudes of bottom valleys, are typical features of the soils at TNTP.
Stretchable Ultrasound Metalens for Biomedical Zoom Imaging and Bone Quality Assessment with Subwavelength Resolution
Authors: He Jiajie , Jiang Xue , Zhang Chuanxin , Li Ying , Liu Chengcheng , Liu Xin , Li Boyi , Peng Huisheng , Ta Dean 
Published: July 2024

AbstractUltrasound imaging is extensively used in biomedical science and clinical practice. Imaging resolution and tunability of imaging plane are key performance indicators, but both remain challenging to be improved due to the longer wavelength compared with light and the lack of zoom lens for ultrasound. Here, the ultrasound zoom imaging based on a stretchable planar metalens that simultaneously achieves the subwavelength imaging resolution and dynamic control of the imaging plane is reported. The proposed zoom imaging ultrasonography enables precise bone fracture diagnosis and comprehensive osteoporosis assessment. Millimeter‐scale microarchitectures of the cortical bones at different depths can be selectively imaged with a 0.6‐wavelength resolution. The morphological features of bone fractures, including the shape, size and position, are accurately detected. Based on the extracted ultrasound information of cancellous bones with healthy matrix, osteopenia and osteoporosis, a multi‐index osteoporosis evaluation method is developed. Furthermore, it provides additional biological information in aspects of bone elasticity and attenuation to access the comprehensive osteoporosis assessment. The soft metalens also features flexibility and biocompatibility for preferable applications on wearable devices. This work provides a strategy for the development of high‐resolution ultrasound biomedical zoom imaging and comprehensive bone quality diagnosis system.
Utilization of Additive Manufacturing Techniques for the Development of a Novel Scaffolds with Magnetic Properties for Potential Application in Enhanced Bone Regeneration
Authors: Orozco‐Osorio Yeison Alejandro , Gaita‐Anturi Angela Victoria , Ossa‐Orozco Claudia Patricia , Arias‐Acevedo María , Uribe Diego , Paucar Carlos , Vasquez Andres Felipe , Saldarriaga Wilmer , Ramirez Juan Gabriel , Lopera Alex , García Claudia 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis study focuses on designing and evaluating scaffolds with essential properties for bone regeneration, such as biocompatibility, macroporous geometry, mechanical strength, and magnetic responsiveness. The scaffolds are made using 3D printing with acrylic resin and iron oxides synthesized through solution combustion. Utilizing triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) geometry and mask stereolithography (MSLA) printing, the scaffolds achieve precise geometrical features. The mechanical properties are enhanced through resin curing, and magnetite particles from synthesized nanoparticles and alluvial magnetite are added for magnetic properties. The scaffolds show a balance between stiffness, porosity, and magnetic responsiveness, with maximum compression strength between 4.8 and 9.2 MPa and Young's modulus between 58 and 174 MPa. Magnetic properties such as magnetic coercivity, remanence, and saturation are measured, with the best results from scaffolds containing synthetic iron oxides at 1% weight. The viscosity of the mixtures used for printing is between 350 and 380 mPas, and contact angles between 90° and 110° are achieved. Biocompatibility tests indicate the potential for clinical trials, though further research is needed to understand the impact of magnetic properties on cellular interactions and optimize scaffold design for specific applications. This integrated approach offers a promising avenue for the development of advanced materials capable of promoting enhanced bone regeneration.
Naphthalene Diimide‐Modified SnO2 Enabling Low‐Temperature Processing for Efficient ITO‐Free Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Cho Il‐Wook , Kim Ga Yeon , Kim Sangcho , Lee Yu‐Jun , Oh Jaewon , Ryu Mee‐Yi , Lee Jinho , Lee Min Soo , Jang Soo‐Young , Lee Kwanghee , Kang Hongkyu 
Published: July 2024

AbstractA low‐cost and indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO)‐free electrode‐based flexible perovskite solar cell (PSC) that can be fabricated by roll‐to‐roll processing shall be developed for successful commercialization. High processing temperatures present a challenge for the PSC fabrication on flexible substrates. The most efficient planar n–i–p PSC structures, which utilize a metal oxide as an electron transport layer (ETL), necessitate high annealing temperatures. In addition, the device performance deteriorates owing to the migration of halogen ions, which causes the oxidation of the metal electrodes. These drawbacks conflict with the development of highly efficient flexible PSCs fabricated on ITO‐free transparent electrodes. Herein, an efficient ETL material that enables low‐temperature processing is presented. Tin dioxide (SnO2) is modified by (sulfobetaine‐N,N‐dimethylamino)propyl naphthalene diimide (NDI‐B) and used as an ETL. The NDI‐B effectively reduces the interfacial nonradiative recombination between the ETL and perovskite and suppresses the ion migration by passivating oxygen‐vacancy defects in SnO2 and strongly interacting with halogen ions, respectively. Based on the NDI‐B‐blended SnO2 ETL, a record PCE of 17.48% is achieved in the ITO‐free flexible PSC fabricated at low temperature.
Orally Delivered Stimulus‐Sensitive Nanomedicine to Harness Teduglutide Efficacy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Barros Andreia S. , Pinto Soraia , Viegas Juliana , Martins Claúdia , Almeida Helena , Alves Inês , Pinho Salomé , Nunes Rute , Harris Alan , Sarmento Bruno 
Published: July 2024

AbstractInflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2) analogs possess high potential in the treatment of IBD by enhancing intestinal repair and attenuating inflammation. Due to the enzymatic degradation and poor intestinal absorption, GLP‐2 analogs are administered parenterally, which leads to poor patient compliance. This work aims to develop IBD‐targeted nanoparticles (NPs) for the oral delivery of the GLP‐2 analog, Teduglutide (TED). Leveraging the overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the IBD environment, ROS‐sensitive NPs are developed to target the intestinal epithelium, bypassing the mucus barrier. PEGylation of NPs facilitates mucus transposition, but subsequent PEG removal is crucial for cellular internalization. This de‐PEGylation is possible by including a ROS‐sensitive thioketal linker within the system. ROS‐sensitive NPs are established, with the ability to fully de‐PEGylate via ROS‐mediated cleavage. Encapsulation of TED into NPs resulted in the absence of absorption in 3D in vitro models, potentially promoting a localized action, and avoiding adverse effects due to systemic absorption. Upon oral administration to colitis‐induced mice, ROS‐sensitive NPs are located in the colon, displaying healing capacity and reducing inflammation. Cleavable PEGylated NPs demonstrate effective potential in managing IBD symptoms and modulating the disease's progression.
Self‐Assembled Molecular Layers as Interfacial Engineering Nanomaterials in Rechargeable Battery Applications
Authors: He Xin , Kwon Minkyung , Chung Juchan , Lee Kangsik , Choi Yongjun , Im Yeji , Jang Jiung , Choi Yongjune , Yoon Hyo Jae 
Published: July 2024

AbstractRechargeable batteries have transformed human lives and modern industry, ushering in new technological advancements such as mobile consumer electronics and electric vehicles. However, to fulfill escalating demands, it is crucial to address several critical issues including energy density, production cost, cycle life and durability, temperature sensitivity, and safety concerns is imperative. Recent research has shed light on the intricate relationship between these challenges and the chemical processes occurring at the electrode‐electrolyte interface. Consequently, a novel approach has emerged, utilizing self‐assembled molecular layers (SAMLs) of meticulously designed molecules as nanomaterials for interface engineering. This research provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies underscoring the significant roles played by SAML in rechargeable battery applications. It discusses the mechanisms and advantageous features arising from the incorporation of SAML. Moreover, it delineates the remaining challenges in SAML‐based rechargeable battery research and technology, while also outlining future perspectives.
Diagnostic Protocols for Evaluating the Degradation Mechanisms in Gel‐Polymer Lithium Batteries
Authors: Cabañero Maria Angeles , Orive Joseba , Bustinza Ainhoa , Gómez Germán , Celaya Ander , Bonilla Francisco , de Meatza Iratxe , López del Amo Juan Miguel , Casas‐Cabanas Montse 
Published: July 2024

AbstractGel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) present a promising alternative to standard liquid electrolytes (LE) for Lithium‐ion Batteries (LIBs) and Lithium Metal Batteries bridging the advantages of both liquid and solid polymer electrolytes. However, their cycle life still lags behind that of standard LIBs, and their degradation mechanisms remain poorly understood. A significant challenge is the need for specific diagnostic protocols to systematically study the degradation mechanisms of GPE‐based cells. Challenges include the separation of cell components and effective washing, as well as the study of the solid electrolyte interfaces, all complicated by the semi‐solid nature of GPEs. This paper provides a brief review of existing literature and proposes a comprehensive set of diagnostic tools for dismantling and evaluating the degradation of GPE‐based LIBs. Finally, these methods and recommendations are applied to LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO)–graphite cells, revealing electrolyte oxidation as a major source of cell degradation.
Towards Sustainability: An Eco‐Friendly Approach for Durable Anti‐Icing Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Authors: Pradhan Reshab , Grewal Harpreet Singh 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe growing interest in flexible superhydrophobic surfaces extends beyond various practical applications like solar panels, flexible electronics, etc. This study introduces a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly method to create a durable, flexible, and optically semi‐transparent superhydrophobic film with an extreme anti‐icing character. The prestrained polydimethylsiloxane film subjected to biofuel‐based flame treatment under controlled conditions induces microwrinkles with a superimposed cluster of nanoparticles while maintaining surface flexibility and transparency. This meticulous process enhances surface roughness, achieving superhydrophobic characteristics (θ > 165˚) with a remarkably low tilting angle (<3˚) with adhesion against water <2 µN (lower than Lotus leaf). The films applied over solar panels result in <1% voltage drop within 5 s due to effective cleaning under simulated rain. The remarkable anti‐icing performance of the developed film is characterized by ice adhesion <25 kPa over 50 icing/de‐icing cycles attributed to the presence of nanoclusters. The films displayed exceptional resilience and sustained efficacy under prolonged exposure to harsh external environments. These superhydrophobic films, characterized by flexibility, durability, and transparency, present promising opportunities for fabricating structures, even with intricate geometries. These findings imply a significant stride in the practical utilization of superhydrophobic surfaces, demonstrating their potential in diverse real‐world applications.
Successful treatment of a Himalayan cat with feline orofacial pain syndrome
Authors: Ertelt Katrin , Dörner Judith 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFeline orofacial pain syndrome is a neuropathic pain disorder in cats, characterised by oral discomfort and tongue self‐mutilation. The pathogenesis of feline orofacial pain syndrome remains unclear, but trigger factors such as dental disease and environmental stress have been described. Feline orofacial pain syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion, and suggested treatment includes administration of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents, opioids and adjuvant drugs for analgesia. This case report describes a 4‐year‐old female Himalayan cat with anorexia, ranula and unilateral lesions of the tongue. Clinical signs ranged from pawing at the mouth to tongue self‐mutilation during severe pain attacks. Although no dental disease was present, a dominant and suppressive partner cat may have had a stressful influence. First‐line treatment with non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and opioids could not prevent further pain attacks. Successful treatment was achieved with administration of pregabalin and minimisation of potential stress factors. No clinical signs of pain were observed in a follow‐up period of 2 years.