bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Analysis Evaluating The Purposes And Practices Of Clinical Documentation
Authors: Ho Y.-X. , Gadd C. S. , Kohorst K.L. , Rosenbloom S.T. 
Published: February 2014

Summary
Objectives: An important challenge for biomedical informatics researchers is determining the best approach for healthcare providers to use when generating clinical notes in settings where electronic health record (EHR) systems are used. The goal of this qualitative study was to explore healthcare providers’ and administrators’ perceptions about the purpose of clinical documentation and their own documentation practices.
Methods: We conducted seven focus groups with a total of 46 subjects composed of healthcare providers and administrators to collect knowledge, perceptions and beliefs about documentation from those who generate and review notes, respectively. Data were analyzed using inductive analysis to probe and classify impressions collected from focus group subjects.
Results: We observed that both healthcare providers and administrators believe that documentation serves five primary domains: clinical, administrative, legal, research, education. These purposes are tied closely to the nature of the clinical note as a document shared by multiple stake-holders, which can be a source of tension for all parties who must use the note. Most providers reported using a combination of methods to complete their notes in a timely fashion without compromising patient care. While all administrators reported relying on computer-based documentation tools to review notes, they expressed a desire for a more efficient method of extracting relevant data.
Conclusions: Although clinical documentation has utility, and is valued highly by its users, the development and successful adoption of a clinical documentation tool largely depends on its ability to be smoothly integrated into the provider’s busy workflow, while allowing the provider to generate a note that communicates effectively and efficiently with multiple stakeholders.
Citation: Ho Y-X, Gadd CS, Kohorst KL, Rosenbloom ST. A qualitative analysis evaluating the purposes and practices of clinical documentation. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 153–168 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-10-RA-0081
Moment tensor inversions of M ~ 3 earthquakes in the Geysers geothermal fields, California
Authors: Guilhem A. , Hutchings L. , Dreger D. S. , Johnson L. R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMicroearthquakes have come into high public awareness due to being induced by the development and exploitation of enhanced and natural geothermal fields, hydrofracturing, and CO2 sequestration sites. Characterizing and understanding the faulting process of induced earthquakes, which is generally achieved through moment tensor inversion, could both help in risk prediction and in reservoir development monitoring. However, this is a challenging task because of their lower signal‐to‐noise ratio at frequencies typically used in earthquake source analyses. Therefore, higher‐resolution velocity models and modeling of seismic waves at higher frequencies are required. In this study, we examine both the potentials to obtain moment tensor solutions for small earthquakes and the uncertainty of those solutions. We utilize a short‐period seismic network located in the Geysers geothermal field in northern California and limit our study to that which would be achieved by industry in a typical reservoir environment. We obtain full moment tensor solutions of M ~ 3 earthquakes using waveform modeling and first‐motion inversions. We find that these two data sets give complimentary but yet different solutions. Some earthquakes correspond possibly to complex processes in which both shear and tensile failures occur simultaneously or sequentially. This illuminates the presence of fluids at depth and their role for the generation of these small‐magnitude earthquakes. Finally, since first motions are routinely obtained for all magnitude earthquakes, our approach could be extended to small earthquakes where noise level and complex Green's functions prohibit using waveforms in moment tensor inversions.
Two‐stage evolution of the Earth's mantle inferred from numerical simulation of coupled magmatism‐mantle convection system with tectonic plates
Authors: Ogawa Masaki 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSelf‐consistent numerical models are developed for a coupled magmatism‐mantle convection system with tectonic plates in a two‐dimensional rectangular box to understand the Earth's mantle evolution. The mantle evolves in two stages owing to decaying internal and basal heating, provided that the lithosphere is mechanically strong enough to inhibit spontaneous formation of new subduction zones by ridge push force. On the earlier stage that continues for the first 1–2 Gyr, the deep mantle is strongly heated, and hot materials there frequently ascend to the surface as bursts. The mantle bursts cause vigorous magmatism and make the lithosphere move chaotically. The thermostat effect of the vigorous magmatism keeps the average temperature in the upper mantle below about 1800 K no matter how strongly the mantle is heated. As the heating rate of the mantle declines, however, the mantle evolves into the later stage where mantle bursts subside, rigid tectonic plates emerge to move rather steadily, and subducted basaltic crusts accumulate on the core‐mantle boundary to form compositionally dense piles. Hot plumes occasionally ascend from the basaltic piles to cause magmatism. It takes time on the order of one billion years for the slabs that sink into the lower mantle to return back to the upper mantle, and the long overturn time makes the thermal history of the upper mantle, which has been petrologically constrained for the Earth, distinct from that of the whole mantle. The long overturn time also makes water injected into the mantle by slabs distribute heterogeneously.
Responses of Discotic Liquid Crystals to Mechanical, Magnetic, and Electrical Fields
Authors: Bushby Richard J. , Boden Neville 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe responses of columnar discotic liquid crystals to mechanical, magnetic, electrical, and surface fields are reviewed. Alignment in thin open films and in confined samples such as small droplets, fibers, grooves, and capillaries are examined in detail. The principles that underlie their commercially significant lubrication properties are outlined. At the molecular level, detailed studies of mesogen dynamics using dielectric and nuclear spin relaxation spectroscopies provide insights into the translational and reorientational motion. The mechanism of electronic conduction is discussed within the context of our understanding of conduction in other molecular materials together with the factors governing charge carrier mobility. These materials combine the easy processability of amorphous molecular solids with charge mobilities approaching those in crystalline solids. This unique combination of properties opens the door to a variety of potential applications.
Star‐Shaped Mesogens
Authors: Lehmann Matthias 
Published: February 2014

AbstractStar‐shaped molecules are exciting non‐conventional mesogens in which more than two linear arms are symmertrically attached to a core building block via covalent or supramolecular bonds. The molecular structures comprise flexible, semi‐flexible and shape‐persistent scaffolds which may realize all kinds of mesophase topologies by nanosegregation. This requires different modes of self‐assembly depending on the mesogen structure, flexibility and void between the arms. Functionality can be incorporated by cores, arms and guest molecules generating multifunctional, highly organized complex materials for applications.
Liquid Crystal Crown Ethers and Related Compounds
Authors: Kaller Martin , Baro Angelika , Laschat Sabine 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLiquid crystalline crown ethers, which are characterized by their diversity and mesomorphic properties, are intensively studied particularly with respect to their ability to complex metal salts. In this chapter, selected examples of crown ether containing liquid crystals are discussed with focus on two aspects, namely, (i) how does a crown ether influence the thermal properties and (ii) how do complexed salts alter the thermal behavior.
Chromonic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Lydon John 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Chromonic systems are the lyotropic analogs of the thermotropic columnar mesophases. They are formed by soluble aromatic compounds, typically with between 3 and 10 fused aromatic rings. The molecules have aromatic cores with solubilizing hydrophilic groups around their peripheries. The basic structural units in these systems are elongated stacks of molecules (rather than individual molecules or micellar assemblies). There are two common chromonic phases; a more dilute phase consisting of a nematic array of columns (the
N
‐phase) and a more concentrated phase in which the columns lie in a hexagonal array (the
M
‐phase). Chromonic phases are formed by a range of compounds, including drugs, dyes, and nucleic acids. They have distinctive optical textures and characteristic multiperitectic phase diagrams (in contrast to the multieutectic phase diagrams of conventional amphiphiles).

Some antiallergic and antiasthmatic drugs and many commercial dyes have proved to be chromonic, but the ability to form liquid crystalline phases appears to be incidental to their dyeing and medicinal properties. However, recent studies have shown that the combination of self‐ordering, ease of alignment, sensitivity to changing conditions and additives, coupled with their optical and electrooptical properties, gives these systems unique and potentially valuable properties – and it is expected that these will lead to a new generation of applications. It is predicted that there will be increased emphasis on the development of a range of sophisticated devices, either produced from or actually incorporating chromonic phases. These include polarizers, optical compensators, light‐harvesting devices, and biosensors for medical diagnosis.
TN
,
STN
, and Guest–Host Liquid Crystal Display Devices
Authors: Raynes Peter 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Nematic liquid crystal display modes dominate
LCD
technology. Early nematic display modes were based on twisted nematic (
TN
), supertwisted nematic (
STN
), and various guest–host modes based on the addition of dyes. Although other display modes based on nematic liquid crystals are now widely used for certain applications such as in
TVs
, the
TN
,
STN
, and guest–host modes remain in widespread use today. The construction, operation, and electrooptical properties of these modes are described together with their multiplexing performance.
Bistable Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Jones Cliff 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
A wide variety of different bistable liquid crystal devices have been suggested from the outset of LCD research. In the early years, this was motivated by the need to produce complex images with a high degree of electrical multiplexing. Today, with the advent of low‐cost TFT panels that meet all addressing requirements, interest in bistable LCD is still strong, motivated by the promise of low‐cost complex displays with negligible power consumption.
Despite this variety, there are a number of common factors that need to be considered for practical devices. Following an exhaustive review of these factors, many of the options for bistable nematic displays are described in detail. This includes modes in which the bistability occurs in the bulk of the LCD, such as the bistable twisted nematics (BTN and Binem) and splay–bend modes, and surface bistable modes, such as ZBD.
Photonic Micro‐ and Nanostructures, Metamaterials
Authors: Kitzerow Heinz‐Siegfried 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPeriodic structures with feature sizes comparable to the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation (“photonic crystals”) or feature sizes much smaller than the considered wavelength (“metamaterials”) can have unique optical properties, including ‐ for example ‐ unusual transmission, reflection, and diffraction, enhanced or inhibited transmission of emitters embedded in these structures, or zero and even negative refraction, which offer many opportunities for integrated optics and photonics. This topical field may benefit from liquid crystals in two ways:A mesophase with an intrinsic periodic structure may behave as a natural, self‐organized material of this kind or serve as a template for producing such materials.An artificial structure can be equipped with tunable optical properties by infiltration with liquid crystals owing to their optical nonlinearity or the sensitivity of their dielectric permittivity to external controlling parameters.This chapter gives an overview of the latter type of photonic crystals (including microstructured fibers) and metamaterials. Emerging concepts of possible applications for tunable light sources, integrated tunable filters or switchable optical components, and optical sensors are summarized.
Unerwartete Bildung eines [4]Radialens und mehrerer Dendralene bei der Addition von Tetracyanoethylen an ein Tetraaryl[5]cumulen
Authors: Januszewski Johanna A. , Hampel Frank , Neiss Christian , Görling Andreas , Tykwinski Rik R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDie Verwendung von Cumulenen in chemischen Umsetzungen eröffnet die Möglichkeit, strukturell interessante und potenziell nützliche konjugierte Moleküle herzustellen. Die Cycloadditionsreaktion eines Tetraaryl[5]cumulens mit dem elektronenarmen Olefin Tetracyanoethylen liefert außergewöhnliche Produkte, darunter funktionalisierte Dendralene und Alkylidencyclobutane sowie ein symmetrisches [4]Radialen mit einer besonderen Solvatochromie, dessen λmax‐Werte sich dem Nah‐IR‐Bereich nähern. Diese kohlenstoffreichen Produkte wurden spektroskopisch und röntgenographisch (für fünf der Verbindungen) untersucht. Auch ein möglicher Ablauf der Cycloadditionsreaktion wurde mithilfe mechanistischer und theoretischer Untersuchungen ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen das Potenzial von [5]Cumulenen, als Vorstufen für neuartige konjugierte Systeme zu dienen.
Greenhouse gas mitigation effects of integrating biomass production into European agriculture
Authors: de Wit Marc P. , Lesschen Jan Peter , Londo Marc H.M. , Faaij André P.C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAs energy crop production on European croplands expands, driven by accelerating consumption of bioenergy, there is a pressing need to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with this production. The present study considers on‐going yield increases as a means of boosting agricultural output which results in a limited need to convert nature areas and grasslands to additional cropland. For nine land‐use variants, the study evaluates cumulative greenhouse gas emissions, net organic carbon fluxes from the soil, and abated emissions achieved by replacing fossil fuels for transport with biofuels. The main finding is that, in European agriculture, it is possible to combine large‐scale biomass production with food production sustained at current levels, with limited direct or indirect land‐use changes and while accomplishing significant net greenhouse gas mitigation. Maintaining the current (business as usual) agricultural system results in 4.9 GtCO2‐eq. of cumulative emissions by 2030. Intensified food production and energy crop production on freed cropland combined with mitigation measure implementation significantly reduces cumulative emissions for the annual crop groups of oil, starch and sugarbeet to 1.9, 1.5 and 2.1 GtCO2‐eq., respectively. By 2030, perennial energy crop production can mitigate cumulative emissions to a large extent, reaching negative emissions (i.e. net sequestration) for grass and wood crops of –3.3 and –4.5 GtCO2‐eq., respectively. For the variants compared to the baseline, nitrous oxide emissions will increase modestly due to higher fertilizer‐application rates, though at improved efficiencies per unit crop quantity produced. Emission mitigation results partly from the temporary increase in SOC sequestration though mainly from replacement of fossil resources by biomass resources. The results indicate that research and policy efforts aimed at further increasing productivity can raise the output from existing European croplands while being able to reduce or mitigate emissions significantly.
Validated spectrofluorimetric determination of two pharmaceutical antihypertensive mixtures containing amlodipine besylate together with either candesartan cilexetil or telmisartan
Authors: Belal Tarek S. , Mahrous Mohamed S. , Abdel‐Khalek Magdi M. , Daabees Hoda G. , Khamis Mona M. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTAmlodipine besylate (AML) is available in fixed‐dose combination tablets with either candesartan cilexetil (CAN) or telmisartan (TEL). This work describes a simple, selective and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for analysis of AML/CAN and AML/TEL binary mixtures without prior separation. The method involves measurement of the native fluorescence of AML at excitation and emission wavelengths of 367 and 454 nm, respectively, in water without interference from either of the two drugs. By contrast, the intrinsic fluorescence of CAN was measured at excitation and emission wavelengths of 265 and 392 nm, respectively, in ethanol, while TEL was measured at 366 nm in 0.05 M sodium hydroxide solution using 294 nm as the excitation wavelength. The proposed spectrofluorimetric procedure was validated with respect to linearity, ranges, precision, accuracy, selectivity, robustness, detection and quantification limits. Regression analysis showed a good correlation between fluorescence intensity and concentration over the ranges 0.1–1.4, 0.025–0.25 and 0.0025–0.05 µg/mL for AML, CAN and TEL, respectively. Limits of detection were 0.034, 0.0063 and 0.0007 µg/mL for AML, CAN and TEL, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of several synthetic binary mixtures of different ratios and laboratory‐prepared tablets with good recoveries, and no interference from common pharmaceutical additives was observed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trehalose‐containing hydrocolloid edible films prepared in the presence of transglutaminase
Authors: Giosafatto C. Valeria L. , Di Pierro Prospero , Gunning A. Patrick , Mackie Alan , Porta Raffaele , Mariniello Loredana 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, edible hydrocolloid films were prepared by using Citrus pectins and the protein phaseolin in the presence of microbial transglutaminase, an enzyme able to catalyze isopeptide bonds between endo‐protein‐reactive glutamine and lysine residues. For the first time, trehalose, a nonreducing homodisaccharide into which two glucose units are linked together by a α‐1,1‐glycosidic linkage, was used as a component of hydrocolloid films constituted of both proteins and carbohydrates. Our data have demonstrated that these films act as very effective barriers to gases, especially to CO2. They also present a high antioxidant capability as measured by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay. In addition, the films were characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy, a powerful tool used to evaluate film surface topography and roughness. The results of our experiments clearly indicate that the trehalose‐containing films prepared both in the presence and absence of transglutaminase are composed of nanoparticles with a smooth surface, having similar roughness values (Rα). In conclusion, according to barrier and antioxidant properties and to their structure, it is possible to consider the trehalose‐containing films as innovative bioplastics potentially able to protect different kinds of foods. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 931–937, 2014.
Relevance of hepatoduodenal ligament lymph nodes in resectional surgery for gastric cancer
Authors: Lee S L , Lee H H , Ko Y H , Song K Y , Park C H , Jeon H M , Kim S S 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background
Hepatoduodenal lymph node (HDLN) positivity is considered distant metastasis in gastric cancer according to the seventh American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification. In contrast, the International Union Against Cancer seventh edition and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association both consider HDLN as a regional lymph node that can be included in the context of a curative resection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was justification for considering HDLN involvement as a distant metastasis for which resectional surgery could not have survival benefit.

Methods
This study enrolled consecutive patients with gastric cancer having D2 or greater resections, with removal and pathological assessment of the HDLN, between 1989 and 2009. The pathological stage of all patients was determined based on the seventh AJCC criteria, with HDLN included as a regional lymph node.

Results
A total of 1872 patients had their HDLN removed, of whom 68 had a metastatic lymph node in the hepatoduodenal ligament. The 5-year survival rate of these 68 patients was 30 per cent, compared with 47·7 per cent for those with stage III (P &lt; 0·001) and 9·8 per cent for those with stage IV (P = 0·007) HDLN-negative tumours. The 5-year survival rate of 41 patients with HDLN metastasis and no evidence of distant metastasis at any other site was significantly higher than that among 120 patients with stage IV disease without HDLN metastasis (P &lt; 0·001), whereas 5-year survival did not differ between the 41 patients with stage I–III disease with HDLN metastasis and 568 patients with stage III tumours without HDLN metastasis (P = 0·184). HDLN metastasis was not a significant factor for survival in multivariable analysis.

Conclusion
It is inappropriate to include the HDLN in the distant metastatic lymph node group in gastric cancer. The seventh AJCC criteria for node grouping should be revised.
Complications in surgery for Crohn's disease after preoperative antitumour necrosis factor therapy
Authors: Myrelid P , Marti-Gallostra M , Ashraf S , Sunde M L , Tholin M , Øresland T , Lovegrove R E , Tøttrup A , Kjær D W , George B D 
Published: February 2014

Abstract

Background
The use of biological therapy (biologicals) is established in the treatment of Crohn's disease. This study aimed to determine whether preoperative treatment with biologicals is associated with an increased rate of complications following surgery for Crohn's disease with intestinal anastomosis.

Methods
All patients receiving biologicals and undergoing abdominal surgery with anastomosis or strictureplasty were identified at six tertiary referral centres. Demographic data, and preoperative, operative and postoperative details were registered. Patients who were treated with biologicals within 2 months before surgery were compared with a control group who were not. Postoperative complications were classified according to anastomotic, infectious or other complications, and graded according to the Clavien–Dindo classification.

Results
Some 111 patients treated with biologicals within 2 months before surgery were compared with 187 patients in the control group. The groups were well matched. There were no differences between the treatment and control groups in the rate of complications of any type (34·2 versus 28·9 per cent respectively; P = 0·402), anastomotic complications (7·2 versus 8·0 per cent; P = 0·976) and non-anastomotic infectious complications (16·2 versus 13·9 per cent; P = 0·586). In univariable regression analysis, biologicals were not associated with an increased risk of any complication (odds ratio (OR) 1·33, 95 per cent confidence interval 0·81 to 2·20), anastomotic complication (OR 0·89, 0·37 to 2·17) or infectious complication (OR 1·09, 0·62 to 1·91).

Conclusion
Treatment with biologicals within 2 months of surgery for Crohn's disease with intestinal anastomosis was not associated with an increased risk of complications.