bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing Trend of Fatal Falls in Older Adults in the United States, 1992 to 2005: Coding Practice or Reporting Quality?
Authors: Kharrazi Rebekah J. , Nash Denis , Mielenz Thelma J. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectivesTo investigate whether changes in death certificate coding and reporting practices explain part or all of the recent increase in the rate of fatal falls in adults aged 65 and older in the United States.DesignTrends in coding and reporting practices of fatal falls were evaluated under mortality coding schemes for International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Ninth Revision (1992–1998) and Tenth Revision (1999–2005).SettingUnited States, 1992 to 2005.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older with falls listed as the underlying cause of death (UCD) on their death certificates.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was annual fatal falls rates per 100,000 U.S. residents aged 65 and older. Coding practice was assessed through analysis of trends in rates of specific UCD fall ICD e‐codes over time. Reporting quality was assessed by examining changes in the location on the death certificate where fall e‐codes were reported, in particular, the percentage of fall e‐codes recorded in the proper location on the death certificate.ResultsFatal falls rates increased over both time periods: 1992 to 1998 and 1999 to 2005. A single falls e‐code was responsible for the increasing trend of fatal falls overall from 1992 to 1998 (E888, other and unspecified fall) and from 1999 to 2005 (W18, other falls on the same level), whereas trends for other falls e‐codes remained stable. Reporting quality improved steadily throughout the study period.ConclusionBetter reporting quality, not coding practices, contributed to the increasing rate of fatal falls in older adults in the United States from 1992 to 2005.
Public Disclosure to Improve Physical Education in an Urban School District: Results From a 2‐Year Quasi‐Experimental Study
Authors: Thompson Hannah R. , Vittinghoff Eric , Linchey Jennifer K. , Madsen Kristine A. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDMany elementary schools have policies requiring a minimum amount of physical education (PE). However, few schools comply with local/state PE policy and little is known about how to improve adherence. We evaluated changes in PE among fifth‐grade classes, following participatory action research efforts to improve PE quantity and policy compliance that focused on publically disclosing PE data.METHODSData were collected in 20 San Francisco public elementary schools in spring 2011 and 2013. PE schedules were collected and PE classes were directly observed (2011, N = 30 teachers; 2013, N = 33 teachers). Data on the proportion of schools meeting state PE mandates in 2011 were shared within the school district and disclosed to the general public in 2012.RESULTSFrom 2011 to 2013, PE increased by 11 minutes/week based on teachers' schedules (95% CI: 3.0, 19.6) and by 14 minutes/week (95% CI: 1.9, 26.0) based on observations. The proportion of schools meeting the state PE mandate increased from 20% to 30% (p = .27).CONCLUSIONSPositive changes in PE were seen over a 2‐year period following the public disclosure of data that highlighted poor PE policy compliance. Public disclosure could be a method for ensuring greater PE policy adherence.
Trends in Cyberbullying and School Bullying Victimization in a Regional Census of High School Students, 2006‐2012
Authors: Kessel Schneider Shari , O'Donnell Lydia , Smith Erin 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchools are increasingly being called upon to address cyberbullying and its consequences. This study compares cyberbullying and school bullying trends and examines help‐seeking among cyberbullying victims.METHODSWe analyzed self‐report data over 4 surveys (2006‐2012) from more than 16,000 students in 17 MetroWest Boston high schools. Using generalized estimating equations, we examined school and cyberbullying victimization trends by sex, grade, and sexual orientation.RESULTSFrom 2006 to 2012, cyberbullying increased from 15% to 21% (p < .001). In 2006, school bullying was 1.7 times higher than cyberbullying (26% versus 15%); by 2012, school bullying and cyberbullying were similar (23% versus 21%). Cyberbullying increased more among girls (17% to 27%; p < .001) than boys (12% to 15%; p < .001). There was no net increase in school bullying among girls (26% in 2006 and 2012) and a decrease among boys (25% to 18%; p < .001). Sexual minorities were more likely than heterosexuals to be bullied at school and online at every survey. Only 33% of cyberbullying victims told an adult; more victims told parents/non‐school adults (29%) than school adults (17%).CONCLUSIONSDespite decreases in school bullying, cyberbullying rose steadily, particularly among girls. Increased attention to sociodemographic differences in bullying could promote help‐seeking and positive online behavior.
How Food as a Reward Is Detrimental to Children's Health, Learning, and Behavior
Authors: Fedewa Alicia L. , Davis Matthew Cody 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDDespite small‐ and wide‐scale prevention efforts to curb obesity, the percentage of children classified as overweight and obese has remained relatively consistent in the last decade. As school personnel are increasingly pressured to enhance student performance, many educators use food as a reward to motivate and reinforce positive behavior and high achievement. Yet, many educators have missed the link between student health and academic achievement.METHODSBased on a review of the literature, this article explores the link between childhood obesity and adverse mental and physical health, learning, and behavior outcomes. The role in providing children with food as a reward in the relationship between obesity and detrimental health and performance outcomes are examined.RESULTSThe use of food as a reward is pervasive in school classrooms. Although there is a paucity of research in this area, the few studies published in this area show detrimental outcomes for children in the areas of physical health, learning, and behavior.CONCLUSIONSIt is imperative that educators understand the adverse outcomes associated with using food as a reward for good behavior and achievement. This study provides alternatives to using food as a reward and outlines future directions for research.
Convenience Sampling for Acceptability and CATA Measurements May Provide Inaccurate Results: A Case Study with Fruit‐Flavored Powdered beverages Tested in Argentina, Spain and U.S.A.
Authors: Cardinal Paula , Zamora Maria Clara , Chambers Edgar , Carbonell Barrachina Ángel , Hough Guillermo 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe objective of this study was to measure the sensory acceptability and obtain check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) responses for fruit‐flavored powdered juices, with three different consumer segments: children and women who could be considered target populations, and a convenience sample of food‐science‐related consumers (FSRC). The study was conducted with a total of 550 consumers in four cities: Alicante (Spain), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Manhattan (U.S.A.) and 9 de Julio (Argentina). The products were reconstituted powdered juices with the following flavors: apple, cherry, grape, grapefruit, orange and pear. Overall, FSRC consumers had the lowest acceptability scores for these products. Regarding CATA results, multiple correspondence analysis showed cherry and grape juices were associated to artificial‐flavor and artificial‐color, with the FSRC respondents being mainly responsible for the use of these descriptors. Pear and orange were considered to have natural‐flavor and good‐color, mainly by children and women. A generalized linear model was used to analyze the effect of “sample,” “city” and “consumer segment” on the percentage of checks given to each descriptor. The “consumer segment” effect was significant for nearly all descriptors, with FSRC checking samples differently to women and children.Practical ApplicationsWhen convenience samples are assembled for food acceptability or CATA studies, the most convenient consumers to recruit often are food science students, staff or, in the case of companies, food science professionals or technicians. The consequences of using these convenience samples are not always considered. The present research is conclusive in showing the significant differences between FSRC and target populations, both in measuring acceptability and in consumer description using the CATA methodology. Development projects based on acceptability results from convenience samples of food scientists, students or technicians could lead to erroneous development directions.
Melatonin and endoplasmic reticulum stress: relation to autophagy and apoptosis
Authors: Fernández Anna , Ordóñez Raquel , Reiter Russel J. , González‐Gallego Javier , Mauriz José L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic organelle that participates in a number of cellular functions by controlling lipid metabolism, calcium stores, and proteostasis. Under stressful situations, the ER environment is compromised, and protein maturation is impaired; this causes misfolded proteins to accumulate and a characteristic stress response named unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR protects cells from stress and contributes to cellular homeostasis re‐establishment; however, during prolonged ER stress, UPR activation promotes cell death. ER stressors can modulate autophagy which in turn, depending of the situation, induces cell survival or death. Interactions of different autophagy‐ and apoptosis‐related proteins and also common signaling pathways have been found, suggesting an interplay between these cellular processes, although their dynamic features are still unknown. A number of pathologies including metabolic, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammation, and viral infections are associated with ER stress, leading to a growing interest in targeting components of the UPR as a therapeutic strategy. Melatonin has a variety of antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antitumor effects. As such, it modulates apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells, neurodegeneration and the development of liver diseases as well as other pathologies. Here, we review the effects of melatonin on the main ER stress mechanisms, focusing on its ability to regulate the autophagic and apoptotic processes. As the number of studies that have analyzed ER stress modulation by this indole remains limited, further research is necessary for a better understanding of the crosstalk between ER stress, autophagy, and apoptosis and to clearly delineate the mechanisms by which melatonin modulates these responses.
Sex dimorphism in periodontitis in animal models
Authors: Duan X. , Gleason R. C. , Li F. , Hosur K. B. , Duan X. , Huang D. , Wang H. , Hajishengallis G. , Liang S. 
Published: July 2015

Background and ObjectiveAlthough surveys in the USA have shown that male subjects are more prone to develop periodontitis, sex as a risk factor in periodontitis, and its mechanism, remain controversial. Animal models are ideal for investigating immunological mechanisms of sex dimorphism in periodontitis because in these models it is possible to exclude the interference of gender‐related risk factors, such as smoking and oral hygiene habits. Based on surveys in humans and reports on sex dimorphism in other diseases, our hypothesis is that sex is a risk factor in periodontitis.Material and MethodsDifferent murine models (oral gavage model and ligature model) for periodontitis have been utilized to determine susceptibility to periodontitis in female and male mice. Periodontal bone levels were measured as the distance from the cemento–enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest (CEJ‐ABC) in young female or male mice (8–10 wk of age). Differential expression of inflammatory mediators in the gingivae of female and male mice was determined by quantitative real‐time PCR.ResultsIn comparison with male mice, female mice displayed significantly (p < 0.05) increased periodontal bone loss, accompanied by elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐17A) and higher numbers of oral bacteria.ConclusionIn contrast to the results in humans, in which periodontitis susceptibility is also influenced by confounding gender‐related behaviors, in the murine oral gavage model and ligature model, female mice appear to be more susceptible to periodontal bone loss than male mice. In the ligature model, we observed significantly (p < 0.05) higher CEJ‐ABC distance, gingival proinflammatory cytokine production and number of oral bacteria in female mice. Furthermore, our results imply that female mice develop periodontitis with a higher progression rate. Our study has therefore established that animal models can be used to dissect the mechanisms underlying genuine gender‐based differences in periodontal disease susceptibility and/or progression.
Effect of Voided Volume on Voiding Patterns and Reliability of Uroflowmetry‐Electromyography Results in Children with Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Authors: DAYANC M. Murat , KIBAR Yusuf , IRKILATA H. Cem , SANCAKTUTAR Ahmet A. , EBILOGLU Turgay , GUR Ahmet , ERGIN Giray , ALP Bilal F. , GOK Faysal 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveTo examine whether voided volume (VV) could change the uroflow patterns and result in children with lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD).MethodsBetween January 2009 and May 2010, the children with LUTD were enrolled in this study. Uroflowmetry (UF) combined with electromyography (EMG) was performed two times and was reviewed independently by two urologists. UF‐EMG curves were classified as bell, staccato, intermittent, plateau, and tower. Patients' expected bladder capacity (EBC) and VV were recorded. Patients were divided into four groups according to their VV and EBC. Group 1, VV <50% of EBC; group 2, VV between 50 and 100% of EBC; group 3, VV between 100 and 125% of EBC; group 4, VV >125% of EBC.ResultsA total of 143 patients underwent UF‐EMG at least two times and 382 results were obtained. Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 consisted of 27, 60, 27 and 29 children, respectively. The percentages of normal, intermittent, plateau voiding patterns were 58.5, 12.8, 7.1% in group 1; 79.8, 5.4, 1.8% in group 2; 59.2, 8.5, 2.8% in group 3; and 37.2, 5.1, 2.6% in group 4, respectively. The percentages of staccato and tower pattern were 1.4, 20% in group 1; 9.1, 3.6% in group 2; 30, 0% in group 3; and 55.1, 0% in group 4, respectively. The rate of tower shape curve decreased as voided volume increased, but the rate of staccato curve increased as voided volume increased.ConclusionsIn case of exceeding the EBC, the test should be repeated with normal VV when UF results are being evaluated.
Survival of refractory presolar grain analogs during Stardust‐like impact into Al foils: Implications for Wild 2 presolar grain abundances and study of the cometary fine fraction
Authors: Croat T. K. , Floss C. , Haas B. A. , Burchell M. J. , Kearsley A. T. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe present results of FIB–TEM studies of 12 Stardust analog Al foil craters which were created by firing refractory Si and Ti carbide and nitride grains into Al foils at 6.05 km s−1 with a light‐gas gun to simulate capture of cometary grains by the Stardust mission. These foils were prepared primarily to understand the low presolar grain abundances (both SiC and silicates) measured by SIMS in Stardust Al foil samples. Our results demonstrate the intact survival of submicron SiC, TiC, TiN, and less‐refractory Si3N4 grains. In small (<2 μm) craters that are formed by single grain impacts, the entire impacting crystalline grain is often preserved intact with minimal modification. While they also survive in crystalline form, grains at the bottom of larger craters (>5 μm) are typically fragmented and are somewhat flattened in the direction of impact due to partial melting and/or plastic deformation. The low presolar grain abundance estimates derived from SIMS measurements of large craters (mostly >50 μm) likely result from greater modification of these impactors (i.e., melting and isotopic dilution), due to higher peak temperatures/pressures in these crater impacts. The better survivability of grains in smaller craters suggests that more accurate presolar grain estimates may be achievable through measurement of such craters. It also suggests small craters can provide a complementary method of study of the Wild 2 fine fraction, especially for refractory CAI‐like minerals.
Experiences regarding maternal age‐specific risks and prenatal testing of women of advanced maternal age in Japan
Authors: Murakami Kyoko , Turale Sue , Skirton Heather , Doris Faye , Tsujino Kumiko , Ito Misae , Kutsunugi Saeko 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe number of pregnant women of advanced maternal age has increased worldwide. Women in this group have an increased chance of fetal abnormality. To explore Japanese women's experiences regarding maternal age‐specific risks and prenatal testing, we conducted a descriptive qualitative study. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 16 women aged 35 years or over who had given birth within the previous three months to a healthy, term infant. Thematic analysis of transcribed interview data was performed and three major themes were identified: inadequate understanding of genetic risks; insufficiently informed choice regarding prenatal testing; and need for more information from health professionals. Some participants were not aware of maternal age‐specific risks to the fetus. Many took their cues from health professionals and did not raise the topic themselves, but would have considered prenatal testing if made aware of the risks. Nurses, midwives and other health professionals need to adequately inform pregnant women about the genetic risks to the fetus and offer testing at an appropriate stage early in the pregnancy.
How does biomass distribution change with size and differ among species? An analysis for 1200 plant species from five continents
Authors: Poorter Hendrik , Jagodzinski Andrzej M. , Ruiz‐Peinado Ricardo , Kuyah Shem , Luo Yunjian , Oleksyn Jacek , Usoltsev Vladimir A. , Buckley Thomas N. , Reich Peter B. , Sack Lawren 
Published: July 2015

Summary

We compiled a global database for leaf, stem and root biomass representing c. 11 000 records for c. 1200 herbaceous and woody species grown under either controlled or field conditions. We used this data set to analyse allometric relationships and fractional biomass distribution to leaves, stems and roots.

We tested whether allometric scaling exponents are generally constant across plant sizes as predicted by metabolic scaling theory, or whether instead they change dynamically with plant size. We also quantified interspecific variation in biomass distribution among plant families and functional groups.

Across all species combined, leaf vs stem and leaf vs root scaling exponents decreased from c. 1.00 for small plants to c. 0.60 for the largest trees considered. Evergreens had substantially higher leaf mass fractions (LMFs) than deciduous species, whereas graminoids maintained higher root mass fractions (RMFs) than eudicotyledonous herbs.

These patterns do not support the hypothesis of fixed allometric exponents. Rather, continuous shifts in allometric exponents with plant size during ontogeny and evolution are the norm. Across seed plants, variation in biomass distribution among species is related more to function than phylogeny. We propose that the higher LMF of evergreens at least partly compensates for their relatively low leaf area : leaf mass ratio.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a potent immunoregulator of the periodontal host defense system and alveolar bone homeostasis
Authors: Herbert B.A. , Novince C.M. , Kirkwood K.L. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a perio‐pathogenic bacteria that has long been associated with localized aggressive periodontitis. The mechanisms of its pathogenicity have been studied in humans and preclinical experimental models. Although different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans have differential virulence factor expression, A. actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), leukotoxin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been most extensively studied in the context of modulating the host immune response. Following colonization and attachment in the oral cavity, A. actinomycetemcomitans employs CDT, leukotoxin, and LPS to evade host innate defense mechanisms and drive a pathophysiologic inflammatory response. This supra‐physiologic immune response state perturbs normal periodontal tissue remodeling/turnover and ultimately has catabolic effects on periodontal tissue homeostasis. In this review, we have divided the host response into two systems: non‐hematopoietic and hematopoietic. Non‐hematopoietic barriers include epithelium and fibroblasts that initiate the innate immune host response. The hematopoietic system contains lymphoid and myeloid‐derived cell lineages that are responsible for expanding the immune response and driving the pathophysiologic inflammatory state in the local periodontal microenvironment. Effector systems and signaling transduction pathways activated and utilized in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans will be discussed to further delineate immune cell mechanisms during A. actinomycetemcomitans infection. Finally, we will discuss the osteo‐immunomodulatory effects induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans and dissect the catabolic disruption of balanced osteoclast–osteoblast‐mediated bone remodeling, which subsequently leads to net alveolar bone loss.
Screening for resistance to black rot in a Spanish collection of Brassica rapa
Authors: Lema Margarita , Cartea María Elena , Francisco Marta , Velasco Pablo , Soengas Pilar 
Published: July 2015

AbstractProductivity and quality of crops of Brassica rapa L. in north‐western of Spain are highly affected by black rot, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel) Dowson (Xcc). Several races of Xcc have been described in this area, being the race 6 the most frequent in B. rapa crops and races 1 and 4 the most frequent in B. oleracea crops. The control of the disease can be aided by the employment of resistant varieties. The aim of this work was to find sources of resistance to Xcc in a collection of open‐pollinated varieties of B. rapa from north‐western Spain. Resistance was evaluated in 191 landraces. Partial resistance to races 6, 1 and 4 and complete resistance to race 4 were identified in several landraces. Several accessions exhibited partial resistance to the three races. Sources of resistance were identified in landraces of different crops of the species (turnips, turnip greens and turnip tops). These landraces could be grown after selection for resistance or they can be donors of resistance genes in breeding programmes.