bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular responses to the ingestion of sugary drinks using a randomised cross-over study design: does glucose attenuate the blood pressure-elevating effect of fructose?
Authors: Grasser Erik K. , Dulloo Abdul , Montani Jean-Pierre 
Published: April 2014

Overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been implicated in the pathogenesis of CVD. The objective of the present study was to elucidate acute haemodynamic and microcirculatory responses to the ingestion of sugary drinks made from sucrose, glucose or fructose at concentrations similar to those often found in commercial soft drinks. In a randomised cross-over study design, twelve young healthy human subjects (seven men) ingested 500 ml tap water in which was dissolved 60 g of either sucrose, glucose or fructose, or an amount of fructose equivalent to that present in sucrose (i.e. 30 g fructose). Continuous cardiovascular monitoring was performed for 30 min before and at 60 min after ingestion of sugary drinks, and measurements included beat-to-beat blood pressure (BP) and impedance cardiography. Additionally, microvascular endothelial function testing was performed after iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside using laser Doppler flowmetry. Ingestion of fructose (60 or 30 g) increased diastolic and mean BP to a greater extent than the ingestion of 60 g of either glucose or sucrose (P< 0·05). Ingestion of sucrose and glucose increased cardiac output (CO;P< 0·05), index of contractility (P< 0·05) and stroke volume (P< 0·05), but reduced total peripheral resistance (TPR;P< 0·05), which contrasts with the tendency of fructose (60 and 30 g) to increase resistance. Microvascular endothelial function did not differ in response to the ingestion of various sugary drinks. In conclusion, ingestion of fructose, but not sucrose, increases BP in healthy human subjects. Although sucrose comprises glucose and fructose, its changes in TPR and CO are more related to glucose than to fructose.
Changes in children's food group intake from age 3 to 7 years: comparison of a FFQ with an online food record
Authors: Vereecken Carine , Covents Marc , Huybrechts Inge , Kelly Colette , Maes Lea 
Published: April 2014

Few studies have investigated the relative validity of FFQ in young children and no study has investigated the relative validity of changes in children's food intake in a longitudinal context. The aim of the present study was to compare the FFQ of the longitudinal Family Influences on Food Intake study, assessing children's food intake in the previous 3 months, with a 3 d online food record when children were 3 and 7 years old, as well as to investigate the relative validity of changes in food group intake over a 4-year period. Parents (n 89) completed the FFQ and an online food record over three non-consecutive days on two separate occasions (January–April 2008 and 2012). Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Spearman's correlations were used to compare food group intake and changes in intake assessed using both methods. In 2008, the intake of eleven of the twenty-two food groups was overestimated and that of four food groups underestimated in the FFQ in comparison with the online tool; in 2012, the intake of four food groups was overestimated and that of seven food groups underestimated. Nevertheless, changes in intake did not differ significantly between the two methods for eighteen food groups. Correlations in 2008 and 2012 were, on average, 0·47; correlations between the changes in dietary intake were, on average, 0·26. The results suggest that despite the significant differences between the two methods for a number of food groups at both baseline and/or follow-up, the FFQ can be used to monitor changes in dietary intake for groups of young children.
Hydrogen and methane emissions from beef cattle and their rumen microbial community vary with diet, time after feeding and genotype
Authors: Rooke John A. , Wallace R. John , Duthie Carol-Anne , McKain Nest , de Souza Shirley Motta , Hyslop Jimmy J. , Ross David W. , Waterhouse Tony , Roehe Rainer 
Published: April 2014

The aims of the present study were to quantify hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) emissions from beef cattle under different dietary conditions and to assess how cattle genotype and rumen microbial community affected these emissions. A total of thirty-six Aberdeen Angus-sired (AAx) and thirty-six Limousin-sired (LIMx) steers were fed two diets with forage:concentrate ratios (DM basis) of either 8:92 (concentrate) or 52:48 (mixed). Each diet was fed to eighteen animals of each genotype. Methane (CH4) and H2emissions were measured individually in indirect respiration chambers. H2emissions (mmol/min) varied greatly throughout the day, being highest after feed consumption, and averaged about 0·10 mol H2/mol CH4. Higher H2emissions (mol/kg DM intake) were recorded in steers fed the mixed diet. Higher CH4emissions (mol/d and mol/kg DM intake) were recorded in steers fed the mixed diet (P< 0·001); the AAx steers produced more CH4on a daily basis (mol/d,P< 0·05) but not on a DM intake basis (mol/kg DM intake). Archaea (P= 0·002) and protozoa (P< 0·001) were found to be more abundant and total bacteria (P< 0·001) less abundant (P< 0·001) on feeding the mixed diet. The relative abundance ofClostridiumcluster IV was found to be greater (P< 0·001) and that of cluster XIVa (P= 0·025) lower on feeding the mixed diet. The relative abundance ofBacteroidesplusPrevotellawas greater (P= 0·018) and that ofClostridiumcluster IV lower (P= 0·031) in the LIMx steers. There were no significant relationships between H2emissions and microbial abundance. In conclusion, the rate of H2production immediately after feeding may lead to transient overloading of methanogenic archaea capacity to use H2, resulting in peaks in H2emissions from beef cattle.
The Alliance For or Against Progress? US–Brazilian Financial Relations in the Early 1960s
Authors: LOUREIRO FELIPE PEREIRA 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper analyses the role played by US economic assistance during the administrations of Jânio Quadros and João Goulart in Brazil (1961–4). It focuses on the negotiation and implementation of financial agreements associated with the Alliance for Progress, President Kennedy's aid programme for Latin America. It demonstrates that the Alliance had a positive impact during Quadros' administration, providing substantial resources to the country and placing economic growth ahead of economic stabilisation as the principal criterion for aid. Circumstances changed, however, when João Goulart became president, resulting in serious funding constraints. The paper suggests that the main reason for this was political, specifically regarding Washington's perception of Goulart's links with communist groups.
Neither So Low nor So Short: Wages and Heights in Bourbon Spanish America from an International Comparative Perspective
Authors: DOBADO-GONZÁLEZ RAFAEL , GARCÍA-MONTERO HÉCTOR 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper offers new quantitative evidence on living standards in Bourbon America through a pioneering study of both wages and heights. Wages were not low, nor were heights short, by the international standards of the period. The living standards of Spanish Americans thus compare favourably with those of other regions of the world, including Europe. As in many parts of the West, one can observe a trend towards the deterioration of real wages in Spanish America at the end of the period. Our findings suggest that the ‘Great Divergence’ in living standards between Spanish America and the developed Western countries might have taken place mainly after independence and that currently available GDP per capita estimates might be too low.
Paying for nature: what every conservationist should know about political economy
Authors: Scales Ivan R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGlobal conservation policy and global capitalism have become increasingly intertwined over the last decade. The move towards ‘green capitalism’ has manifested itself in diverse ways, most notably in the expansion of payments for environmental services and attempts to commodify nature. However, there are concerns that prioritizing the financial value of nature could undermine efforts to conserve biodiversity. One particularly strong set of critiques has emerged from political economy. While providing rich theoretical and empirical insights into the potential downsides of green capitalism, the literature is often dense and difficult for non-specialists to navigate. Here I review and translate its main concepts and critiques for a conservation audience. I begin by exploring the basic process of commodity exchange. I then consider nature as a reluctant and uncooperative commodity that often requires new institutions and technologies to be commodified. This means conservation organizations play a key role in green capitalism's political economy. These developments are likely to have considerable social and environmental impacts, with a highly uneven distribution of costs and benefits.
Evaluation of portable microscopic devices for the diagnosis of Schistosoma and soil-transmitted helminth infection
Authors: BOGOCH ISAAC I. , COULIBALY JEAN T. , ANDREWS JASON R. , SPEICH BENJAMIN , KEISER JENNIFER , STOTHARD J. RUSSELL , N'GORAN ELIÉZER K. , UTZINGER JÜRG 
Published: April 2014

SUMMARYThe diagnosis of parasitic worm (helminth) infections requires specialized laboratory settings, but most affected individuals reside in locations without access to such facilities. We tested two portable microscopic devices for the diagnosis of helminth infections in a cross-sectional survey in rural Côte d'Ivoire. We examined 164 stool samples under a light microscope and then re-examined with a commercial portable light microscope and an experimental mobile phone microscope for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths. Additionally, 180 filtered urine samples were examined by standard microscopy and compared with the portable light microscope for detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs. Conventional microscopy was considered the diagnostic reference standard. For S. mansoni, S. haematobium and Trichuris trichiura, the portable light microscope showed sensitivities of 84·8%, 78·6% and 81·5%, respectively, and specificities of 85·7%, 91·0% and 93·0%, respectively. For S. mansoni and T. trichiura, we found sensitivities for the mobile phone microscope of 68·2% and 30·8%, respectively, and specificities of 64·3% and 71·0%, respectively. We conclude that the portable light microscope has sufficient diagnostic yield for Schistosoma and T. trichiura infections, while the mobile phone microscope has only modest sensitivity in its current experimental set-up. Development of portable diagnostic technologies that can be used at point-of-sample collection will enhance diagnostic coverage in clinical and epidemiological settings.
The authority of God and the meaning of the atonement
Authors: DAVIS RYAN W. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractSubstitution and satisfaction theories of the atonement connect suffering or punishment to the possibility of forgiveness. I argue that even the most sophisticated versions of these theories cannot explain why the atonement was necessary. Instead, I suggest that the meaning of the atonement is in establishing the authority of God. God's authority, on this view, is analogous to the authority of a parent or friend. Christ's experience changed God to make him more like his children, and thereby to share a relationship of authority with them. On this proposal, the atonement is an act of divine humility.
Mirror neurons: From origin to function
Authors: Cook Richard , Bird Geoffrey , Catmur Caroline , Press Clare , Heyes Cecilia 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis article argues that mirror neurons originate in sensorimotor associative learning and therefore a new approach is needed to investigate their functions. Mirror neurons were discovered about 20 years ago in the monkey brain, and there is now evidence that they are also present in the human brain. The intriguing feature of many mirror neurons is that they fire not only when the animal is performing an action, such as grasping an object using a power grip, but also when the animal passively observes a similar action performed by another agent. It is widely believed that mirror neurons are a genetic adaptation for action understanding; that they were designed by evolution to fulfill a specific socio-cognitive function. In contrast, we argue that mirror neurons are forged by domain-general processes of associative learning in the course of individual development, and, although they may have psychological functions, they do not necessarily have a specific evolutionary purpose or adaptive function. The evidence supporting this view shows that (1) mirror neurons do not consistently encode action “goals”; (2) the contingency- and context-sensitive nature of associative learning explains the full range of mirror neuron properties; (3) human infants receive enough sensorimotor experience to support associative learning of mirror neurons (“wealth of the stimulus”); and (4) mirror neurons can be changed in radical ways by sensorimotor training. The associative account implies that reliable information about the function of mirror neurons can be obtained only by research based on developmental history, system-level theory, and careful experimentation.
Unconsciously competing goals can collaborate or compromise as well as win or lose
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis commentary offers a friendly extension of Huang & Bargh's (H&B's) account. Not only do active goals sometimes operate unconsciously to dominate or preempt others, but simultaneously active goals can also collaborate or compromise in shaping behavior. Because neither goal wins complete control of behavior, the result may be that each is only partly satisfied.
A deeper integration of Selfish Goal Theory and modern evolutionary psychology
Authors: Conroy-Beam Daniel , Buss David M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractConceptually integrating Selfish Goal Theory with modern evolutionary psychology amplifies theoretical power. Inconsistency, a key principle of Selfish Goal Theory, illustrates this insight. Conflicting goals of seeking sexual variety and successful mate retention furnish one example. Siblings have evolved goals to cooperate and compete, a second example. Integrating Selfish Goal Theory with evolutionary theory can explain much inconsistent goal-directed behavior.
Mapping the goal space: Personality integration and higher-order goals
Authors: Hirsh Jacob B. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBy situating goals at the heart of human cognitive function, Huang & Bargh (H&B) provide a useful platform for understanding the process of personality integration as the gradual mapping of implicit motives into a coherently organized self-system. This integrative process is a critical feature of human development that must be accounted for by any complete goal theory.
Massively representational minds are not always driven by goals, conscious or otherwise
Authors: Huebner Bryce , Rupert Robert D. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe language of conscious and unconscious goals is rooted in a folk-taxonomy that is likely to inhibit progress in cognitive science. Severing the commitment to this taxonomy would allow Huang & Bargh (H&B) to consider a wider variety of representational forms with motivational force and to entertain the intriguing possibility that variations in the number of active-but-redundant representations account for variance in social behavior.
On the selection and balancing of multiple selfish goals
Authors: Kopetz Catalina , Hofmann Wilhelm , Wiers Reinout W. H. J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe selfish goal metaphor is interesting and intriguing. It accounts for the idiosyncrasies and inconsistencies in peoples' goal pursuits without invoking free will, self-regulatory, or self-control failures. However, people pursue multiple goals, sometimes simultaneously. We argue that the model proposed in the target article may gain significant theoretical and practical value if the principles underlying goal selection and/or balancing on a moment-to-moment basis are clearly specified and integrated with the notion of the selfish goal.
The conscious roots of selfless, unconscious goals
Authors: Moskowitz Gordon B. , Balcetis Emily 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe counter Huang & Bargh's (H&B's) metaphoric description of the unconscious, selfish goal on three points. First, we argue, unconscious goals are rooted in conscious choices related to well-being. Second, unconscious goal pursuit occurs through early-stage orienting mechanisms that promote individuals' well-being. Third, unconscious goals work selflessly, resulting in their own demise.
Goals reconfigure cognition by modulating predictive processes in the brain
Authors: Pezzulo Giovanni 
Published: April 2014

AbstractI applaud Huang & Bargh's (H&B's) theory that places goals at the center of cognition, and I discuss two ingredients missing from that theory. First, I argue that the brains of organisms much simpler than those of humans are already configured for goal achievement in situated interactions. Second, I propose a mechanistic view of the “reconfiguration principle” that links the theory with current views in computational neuroscience.
Cui bono? Selfish goals need to pay their way
Authors: Spurrett David 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe target article falls short of explaining the phenomena, including motivational conflict, that it sets out to. The two main reasons for this are: (1) It is unclear in what sense goals are “selfish”; (2) We need an account of how selfish goals motivate people. If selfish goals are not in the replication business, then what is in it for them? And if they do not offer people something that they want, how do they ever influence what people do?
Goals are not selfish
Authors: von Hippel William , von Hippel Frank A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe metaphor of selfish goals is misguided. Organisms can be considered vessels that further the interests of their genes, but not vessels that further the interests of their goals. Although goals can act at cross-purposes to each other and to longevity, such trade-offs are predicted by evolutionary theory. The metaphor of selfish goals provides no purchase on this problem.
The insufficiency of associative learning for explaining development: Three challenges to the associative account
Authors: Bertenthal Bennett I. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThree challenges to the sufficiency of the associative account for explaining the development of mirror mechanisms are discussed: Genetic predispositions interact with associative learning, infants show predispositions to imitate human as opposed to nonhuman actions, and early and later learning involve different mechanisms. Legitimate objections to an extreme nativist account are raised, but the proposed solution is equally problematic.
Reward in the mirror neuron system, social context, and the implications on psychopathology
Authors: Brown Elliot C. , Brüne Martin 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPositive and negative reinforcers guide our behaviors as we interact with others in our social environment. Here, we present evidence that highlights a central role for reward in the general functioning of the mirror neuron system (MNS). We also discuss the relevance of reward-related modulation on other previous findings revealing certain properties of the MNS, and on social context and psychopathology.
A mass assembly of associative mechanisms: A dynamical systems account of natural social interaction
Authors: Duran Nicholas D. , Dale Rick , Richardson Daniel C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe target article offers anegative, eliminativistthesis, dissolving the specialness of mirroring processes into a solution of associative mechanisms. We support the authors' project enthusiastically. What they are currently missing, we argue, is apositive, generativethesis about associative learning mechanisms and how they might give way to the complex, multimodal coordination that naturally arises in social interaction.
Evolution after mirror neurons: Tapping the shared manifold through secondary adaptation
Authors: Gervais Matthew M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCook et al. laudably call for careful comparative research into the development of mirror neurons. However, they do so within an impoverished evolutionary framework that does not clearly distinguish ultimate and proximate causes and their reciprocal relations. As a result, they overlook evidence for the reliable develop of mirror neurons in biological and cultural traits evolved to work through them.
Mirror representations innate versus determined by experience: A viewpoint from learning theory
Authors: Giese Martin A. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFrom the viewpoint of pattern recognition and computational learning, mirror neurons form an interesting multimodal representation that links action perception and planning. While it seems unlikely that all details of such representations are specified by the genetic code, robust learning of such complex representations likely requires an appropriate interplay between plasticity, generalization, and anatomical constraints of the underlying neural architecture.
Higher-level processes in the formation and application of associations during action understanding
Authors: Heil Lieke , van Pelt Stan , Kwisthout Johan , van Rooij Iris , Bekkering Harold 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe associative account described in the target article provides a viable explanation for the origin of mirror neurons. We argue here that if mirror neurons develop purely by associative learning, then they cannot by themselves explain intentional action understanding. Higher-level processes seem to be involved in the formation of associations as well as in their application during action understanding.
Associative and sensorimotor learning for parenting involves mirror neurons under the influence of oxytocin
Authors: Ho S. Shaun , MacDonald Adam , Swain James E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMirror neuron–based associative learning may be understood according to associative learning theories, in addition to sensorimotor learning theories. This is important for a comprehensive understanding of the role of mirror neurons and related hormone modulators, such as oxytocin, in complex social interactions such as among parent–infant dyads and in examples of mirror neuron function that involve abnormal motor systems such as depression.
Reconciling genetic evolution and the associative learning account of mirror neurons through data-acquisition mechanisms
Authors: Lotem Arnon , Kolodny Oren 
Published: April 2014

AbstractAn associative learning account of mirror neurons should not preclude genetic evolution of its underlying mechanisms. On the contrary, an associative learning framework for cognitive development should seek heritable variation in the learning rules and in the data-acquisition mechanisms that construct associative networks, demonstrating how small genetic modifications of associative elements can give rise to the evolution of complex cognition.
Contagious behavior: An alternative approach to mirror-like phenomena
Authors: Provine Robert R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractContagious behaviors such as yawning and itching/scratching have mirror-like properties and clearly defined stimulus and motor parameters; they are also relatively easy to study and should be part of the debate about mirror neurons and the neurological mechanisms of social behavior. The broadly tuned, multimodal stimuli of contagious behavior challenge present accounts of mirror mechanisms that focus on specific, mirrored acts.