bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal dynamics in understanding hand—object interactions
Authors: Avanzini Pietro , Fabbri-Destro Maddalena , Campi Cristina , Pascarella Annalisa , Barchiesi Guido , Cattaneo Luigi , Rizzolatti Giacomo 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Combining EEG and transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques, we show that reactivation of visual areas plays a fundamental role for understanding conceptual object properties. We suggest that a similar top-down mechanism might also play a role in other higher-order cognitive functions. These results shed a new light on the basic mechanisms underlying perception.
Predicting overfishing and extinction threats in multispecies fisheries
Authors: Burgess Matthew G. , Polasky Stephen , Tilman David 
Published: September 2013

Significance
Threats to species from commercial fishing are rarely identified until species have suffered large population declines, by which time recovery can require costly remedial actions, such as fishery closures. We present a mechanistic approach to predicting the threats of future extinction or severe depletion posed by current multispecies fishing practices to a given population. We show that severe depletions recently experienced by four Pacific tuna and billfish populations could have been predicted in the 1950s, using our approach. Our results demonstrate that threatened species can be identified long before they experience severe population declines, providing time for preventative adjustments in fishing practices before consequences become severe and fishery closures or other socioeconomically disruptive interventions are required to protect species.
Inositol polyphosphate multikinase is a transcriptional coactivator required for immediate early gene induction
Authors: Xu Risheng , Paul Bindu D. , Smith Dani R. , Tyagi Richa , Rao Feng , Khan A. Basit , Blech Daniel J. , Vandiver M. Scott , Harraz Maged M. , Guha Prasun , Ahmed Ishrat , Sen Nilkantha , Gallagher Michela , Snyder Solomon H. 
Published: September 2013

Significance
The induction of immediate early genes (IEGs) by neural stimuli underlies much of the plasticity of brain function, but regulatory mechanisms have been obscure. Inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) is a notably pleiotropic enzyme that displays inositol phosphate kinase activity and phosphatidylinositol kinase activity and exhibits physiologically noncatalytic actions such as stabilizing the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 complex. We report that IPMK is required for IEG induction by neural activation and neurotrophic stimuli. We have elucidated the molecular mechanisms responsible for IPMK influences; namely, that it enhances the transcriptional coactivation ability of Creb-binding protein (CBP). This epigenetic regulation of IEGs may have both neural and nonneural implications, as IPMK and CBP are broadly expressed in a variety of tissues.
Synthetic polyubiquitinated α-Synuclein reveals important insights into the roles of the ubiquitin chain in regulating its pathophysiology
Authors: Haj-Yahya Mahmood , Fauvet Bruno , Herman-Bachinsky Yifat , Hejjaoui Mirva , Bavikar Sudhir N. , Karthikeyan Subramanian Vedhanarayanan , Ciechanover Aaron , Lashuel Hilal A. , Brik Ashraf 
Published: September 2013

Significance
This study describes the nonenzymatic preparation of a protein conjugated to a tetraubiquitin Lys48-based chain made of native isopeptide bonds. We show that certain properties of our model protein, the Parkinson disease-associated protein α-Synuclein (α-Syn), are differentially regulated depending on the length of the conjugated ubiquitin (Ub) chain. In addition, we show that cross-talks between phosphorylation and ubiquitination may play important roles in regulating α-Syn aggregation and pathophysiology. The versatile synthetic strategy described here will enable future studies to further dissect the roles of Ub chain lengths and linkage types, conjugated in a site-specific manner, in regulating the physiological and pathological functions of α-Syn and other proteins.
Area laws in a many-body localized state and its implications for topological order
Authors: Bauer Bela , Nayak Chetan 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The question whether Anderson insulators can persist to finite-strength interactions—a scenario dubbed many-body localization—has recently received a great deal of interest. The origin of such a many-body localized phase has been described as localization in Fock space, a picture we examine numerically. We then formulate a precise sense in which a single energy eigenstate of a Hamiltonian can be adiabatically connected to a state of a non-interacting Anderson insulator. We call such a state a many-body localized state and define a many-body localized phase as one in which almost all states are many-body localized states. We explore the possible consequences of this; the most striking is an area law for the entanglement entropy of almost all excited states in a many-body localized phase. We present the results of numerical calculations for a one-dimensional system of spinless fermions. Our results are consistent with an area law and, by implication, many-body localization for almost all states and almost all regions for weak enough interactions and strong disorder. However, there are rare regions and rare states with much larger entanglement entropies. Furthermore, we study the implications that many-body localization may have for topological phases and self-correcting quantum memories. We find that there are scenarios in which many-body localization can help to stabilize topological order at non-zero energy density, and we propose potentially useful criteria to confirm these scenarios.
Fish Oil (SMOFlipid) and Olive Oil Lipid (Clinoleic) in Very Preterm Neonates
Authors: Deshpande Girish , Simmer Karen , Deshmukh Mangesh , Mori Trevor A. , Croft Kevin D. , Kristensen Judy 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:Fat emulsions used in Australia for parenteral nutrition in preterm neonates have been based on either soybean oil or olive oil (OO). OO lipid Clinoleic has a high ratio of n‐6 to n‐3 fatty acids (9:1); this may not be ideal for long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supply. Newly available SMOFlipid has an appropriate ratio of n‐6 to n‐3 fatty acids (2.5:1). SMOFlipid also contains OO (25%), coconut oil (30%), and soybean oil (30%). The aims of the study were to evaluate the safety of the SMOFlipid and to test the hypothesis that SMOFlipid would lead to increased omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and reduced oxidative stress as compared with Clinoleic in preterm neonates (<30 weeks).Methods:Preterm neonates (23–30 weeks) were randomised to receive Clinoleic or SMOFlipid emulsion for 7 days. Investigators and outcome assessors were masked to allocation. Plasma F2‐isoprostanes (lipid peroxidation marker), red blood cell fatty acids, and vitamin E were measured before and after the study. Blood culture positive sepsis and growth were monitored for safety.Results:Thirty of 34 participants completed the study. Both emulsions were well tolerated without any adverse events. F2‐isoprostane levels were reduced in the SMOFlipid group as compared with baseline. Eicosapentanoic acid and vitamin E levels were significantly increased in the SMOFlipid group. Oleic acid and linoleic acid levels were increased in both groups. No significant differences were noted in poststudy docosahexaenoic acid levels in both groups despite higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid in SMOFlipid.Conclusions:SMOFlipid was safe, well tolerated, and showed beneficial effect in terms of reduction of oxidative stress by reducing lipid peroxidation levels in high‐risk preterm neonates.
Outcomes Following Infliximab Therapy for Pediatric Patients Hospitalized With Refractory Colitis–Predominant IBD
Authors: Falaiye Tolulope O. , Mitchell Keisha R. , Lu Zengqi , Saville Benjamin R. , Horst Sara N. , Moulton Dedrick E. , Schwartz David A. , Wilson Keith T. , Rosen Michael J. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:Although randomized trials demonstrated the efficacy of infliximab for both pediatric Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), few patients in these studies exhibited colitis requiring hospitalization. The aims of this study were to determine the rate of subsequent infliximab failure and dose escalation in pediatric patients who started taking infliximab during hospitalization for colitis‐predominant IBD, and to identify potential predictors of these endpoints.Methods:This is a single‐center retrospective cohort study of patients admitted from 2005 to 2010 with Crohn colitis, UC, or IBD‐unspecified (IBD‐U) and initiated on infliximab.Results:We identified 29 patients (12 Crohn colitis, 15 UC, and 2 IBD‐U; median age 14 years) with a median follow‐up of 923 days. Eighteen patients (62%) required infliximab dose escalation (increased dose or decreased infusion interval). Infliximab failure occurred in 18 patients (62%) because of ineffectiveness in 12 (67%) and adverse reactions in 6 (33%). Twelve patients (41%) underwent colectomy. Subsequent need for infliximab dose escalation was associated with lower body mass index z score (P = 0.01), lower serum albumin (P = 0.03), and higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (P = 0.002) at baseline. ESR predicted subsequent infliximab dose escalation with an area under the curve of 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72–1.00) and a sensitivity and specificity at a cutoff of 38 mm/hour of 0.79 (95% CI 0.49–0.95) and 0.88 (95% CI 0.47–0.99), respectively.Conclusions:Most hospitalized pediatric patients with colitis treated with infliximab require early‐dose escalation and fail the drug long term. Low body mass index and albumin and high ESR, may identify patients who would benefit from a higher infliximab starting dose.
Banking on Food: The State of Food Banks in High‐income Countries
Authors: Gentilini Ugo 
Published: September 2013

SummaryFood banks provide food to charities and other grassroots organisations for supporting vulnerable populations. As such, they tend to complement more institutionalised, state‐provided safety net programmes. This paper is a first attempt to estimate the total number of people supported by food banks in high‐income countries (HICs). The analysis shows that nearly 60 million people turn annually to food banks in ‘rich’ nations – that is, a level similar to the entire population of France or Italy and representing about 7.2 per cent of the HIC population. Such level could be considered a conservative estimate. This scenario suggests a number of implications for social protection policy, as well as opening new frontiers for food assistance practice, partnerships and applied research. The paper concludes that (i) the need for food banks will likely stay high or even increase further in the coming future; (ii) food bank models, activities and operations require further review, appraisal and documentation; (iii) debates should not confuse responses to and causes of poverty, food insecurity and socio‐economic marginalisation; and (iv) the nature, context and objectives of food assistance in advanced economies are different from those in developing countries, although scope for galvanising cooperation exists.
Sex Work and its Linkages with Informal Labour Markets in India: Findings from the First Pan‐India Survey of Female Sex Workers
Authors: Sahni Rohini , Shankar V. Kalyan 
Published: September 2013

SummaryBased on the results of the First Pan India Survey of Female Sex Workers (n=3000), this paper positions sex work within the broader spectrum of informal labour markets that women engage with in India. It puts forth an important dimension missing so far in sex work studies in India – of sex workers with prior or simultaneous labour market work experience. Informal labour markets act as important sites/junctures linking poverty with sex work. For a substantial proportion of respondents, sex work was not their first experience of paid work. In the face of poverty and an early quest for livelihoods, they were pushed into informal labour activities, characterised by low, sticky wages and imminent possibilities of abuse. Placed in this context, their later entry into sex work emerges with a strong economic rationale and agency, as a deliberate, calculated choice offering higher incomes.
The emergence of subcellular pacemaker sites for calcium waves and oscillations
Authors: Nivala Michael , Ko Christopher Y. , Nivala Melissa , Weiss James N. , Qu Zhilin 
Published: September 2013

Key points
Calcium (Ca2+) is fundamental to biological cell function, and Ca2+ waves generating oscillatory Ca2+ signals are widely observed in many cell types.
Some experimental studies have shown that Ca2+ waves initiate from random locations within the cell, while other studies have shown that waves occur repetitively from preferred locations (pacemaker sites).
In both ventricular myocyte experiments and computer simulations of a heterogeneous model of coupled Ca2+ release units (CRUs), we show that Ca2+ waves occur randomly in space and time when the Ca2+ level is low, but as the Ca2+ level increases, waves occur repetitively from the same sites.
Ca2+ waves are self‐organized dynamics of the CRU network, and the wave frequency strongly depends on CRU coupling.
Using these results, we develop a theory for the entrainment of random oscillators, which provides a unified explanation for the experimental and computational observations.
Abstract  Calcium (Ca2+) waves generating oscillatory Ca2+ signals are widely observed in biological cells. Experimental studies have shown that under certain conditions, initiation of Ca2+ waves is random in space and time, while under other conditions, waves occur repetitively from preferred locations (pacemaker sites) from which they entrain the whole cell. In this study, we use computer simulations to investigate the self‐organization of Ca2+ sparks into pacemaker sites generating Ca2+ oscillations. In both ventricular myocyte experiments and computer simulations of a heterogeneous Ca2+ release unit (CRU) network model, we show that Ca2+ waves occur randomly in space and time when the Ca2+ level is low, but as the Ca2+ level increases, waves occur repetitively from the same sites. Our analysis indicates that this transition to entrainment can be attributed to the fact that random Ca2+ sparks self‐organize into Ca2+ oscillations differently at low and high Ca2+ levels. At low Ca2+, the whole cell Ca2+ oscillation frequency of the coupled CRU system is much slower than that of an isolated single CRU. Compared to a single CRU, the distribution of interspike intervals (ISIs) of the coupled CRU network exhibits a greater variation, and its ISI distribution is asymmetric with respect to the peak, exhibiting a fat tail. At high Ca2+, however, the coupled CRU network has a faster frequency and lesser ISI variation compared to an individual CRU. The ISI distribution of the coupled network no longer exhibits a fat tail and is well‐approximated by a Gaussian distribution. This same Ca2+ oscillation behaviour can also be achieved by varying the number of ryanodine receptors per CRU or the distance between CRUs. Using these results, we develop a theory for the entrainment of random oscillators which provides a unified explanation for the experimental observations underlying the emergence of pacemaker sites and Ca2+ oscillations.
Automatic detection of microcalcifications in breast ultrasound
Authors: Chang Ruey‐Feng , Hou Yu‐Ling , Huang Chiun‐Sheng , Chen Jeon‐Hor , Chang Jung Min , Moon Woo Kyung 
Published: September 2013

Purpose:In an ultrasound (US) image, the presence of microcalcifications within breast lesions is an important indicator of malignancy. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel automatic detection system to find microcalcifications inside a breast lesion using an US image.Methods:Breast US images from 103 cases with microcalcifications were obtained using an US system with a 6–14 MHz transducer, and 585 microcalcification foci marked on 103 breast US images by a radiologist were used as the ground truth. After segmentation of the lesion contour using the level set method, the microcalcification candidates inside the lesion were found using adaptive speckle reduction and top hat filters. Then, three criteria were used to identify the real microcalcifications, including the mean, single point, and brightness criteria.Results:The proposed method revealed microcalcifications within the lesions in all 103 cases. The sensitivity and the false positive (FP) rate for the detection of microcalcification foci were 80.3% (470/585) and 3.1 per case, respectively. The sensitivities and FP rates for the benign and malignant cases were 79.2% (243/307) with a FP rate of 3.5 and 81.7% (227/278) with a FP rate of 2.6, respectively.Conclusions:The authors’ proposed method has the potential to provide a tool to help physicians detect microcalcifications within breast lesions.
Antiplasmodial Activity and Mechanism of Action of RSM-932A, a Promising Synergistic Inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum Choline Kinase
Authors: Zimmerman Tahl , Moneriz Carlos , Diez Amalia , Bautista José Manuel , Gómez del Pulgar Teresa , Cebrián Arancha , Lacal Juan Carlos 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the mechanism of action of inhibition of the choline kinase ofP. falciparum(p.f.-ChoK) by two inhibitors of the human ChoKα, MN58b and RSM-932A, which have previously been shown to be potent antitumoral agents. The efficacy of these inhibitors againstp.f.-ChoK is investigated using enzymatic andin vitroassays. While MN58b may enter the choline/phosphocholine binding site, RSM-932A appears to have an altogether novel mechanism of inhibition and is synergistic with respect to both choline and ATP. A model of inhibition for RSM-932A in which this inhibitor trapsp.f.-ChoK in a phosphorylated intermediate state blocking phosphate transfer to choline is presented. Importantly, MN58b and RSM-932A havein vitroinhibitory activity in the low nanomolar range and are equally effective against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains. RSM-932A and MN58b significantly reduced parasitemia and induced the accumulation of trophozoites and schizonts, blocking intraerythrocytic development and interfering with parasite egress or invasion, suggesting a delay of the parasite maturation stage. The present data provide two new potent structures for the development of antimalarial compounds and validatep.f.-ChoK as an accessible drug target against the parasite.
Comparative Evaluation of Serotonin Toxicity among Veterans Affairs Patients Receiving Linezolid and Vancomycin
Authors: Lodise T. P. , Patel N. , Rivera A. , Tristani L. , Lazariu V. , Vandewall H. , McNutt L. A. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
Despite the theoretical risk of serotonin toxicity (ST) with linezolid, “real-world” clinical evaluations of the risk of ST in patients receiving linezolid have been limited to case reports and noncomparator studies. An observational, matched-cohort study was conducted to evaluate the risk of ST among hospitalized patients who received linezolid or vancomycin at the Upstate New York Veterans Affairs Healthcare Network (Veterans Integrated Service Network 2 [VISN-2]). Matching criteria included VISN-2 hospital, hospital ward, prior hospital length of stay, age, and baseline platelet counts. The patients' electronic medical records were evaluated for symptoms consistent with ST and the Hunter serotonin toxicity criteria (HSTC) using an intensive, natural word search algorithm. The study included 251 matched pairs. Demographics and comorbidities were similar between groups. Over half of the study population received at least one concurrent medication with serotonergic activity. Receipt of agents with serotonergic activity was more pronounced in the vancomycin group, and the higher frequency was due to concomitant antihistamine and antiemetic use. Antidepressant use, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), was similar between groups. No patients in either group were found to meet the criteria using the word search algorithm for ST. Fewer linezolid patients than vancomycin patients met the HSTC overall (3.2% versus 8.8%) and when stratified by receipt of a concurrent serotonergic agent (4.3% versus 12.4%). Of the patients meeting the HSTC, most had past or present comorbidities that may have contributed to or overlapped the HSTC. This study of hospitalized patients revealed comparably low frequencies of adverse events potentially related to ST among patients who received linezolid or vancomycin.
The Clonal Distribution and Diversity of Extraintestinal Escherichia coli Isolates Vary According to Patient Characteristics
Authors: Banerjee Ritu , Johnston Brian , Lohse Christine , Chattopadhyay Sujay , Tchesnokova Veronika , Sokurenko Evgeni V. , Johnson James R. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT

The clonal distribution of
Escherichia coli
across an unselected population in the current era of widespread antimicrobial resistance is incompletely defined. In this study, we used a newly described clonal typing strategy based on sequencing of
fum

C

and
fim

H

(i.e., CH typing) to infer multilocus sequence types (STs) for 299 consecutive, nonduplicate extraintestinal
E. coli
isolates from all cultures submitted to Olmsted County, MN, laboratories in February and March 2011 and then compared STs with epidemiological data. Forty-seven different STs were identified, most commonly ST131 (27%), ST95 (11%), ST73 (8%), ST127 (6%), and ST69 (5%). Isolates from these five STs comprised two-thirds of health care-associated (HA) isolates but only half of community-associated (CA) isolates. ST131 was represented overwhelmingly (88%) by a single recently expanded H30 subclone, which was the most extensively antimicrobial-resistant subclone overall and was especially predominant in HA infections and among adults >50 years old. In contrast, among patients 11 to 50 years old, ST69, -95, and -73 were more common. Because of the preponderance of the H30 subclone of ST131, ST diversity was lower among HA than CA isolates, and among antimicrobial-resistant than antimicrobial-susceptible isolates, which otherwise had similar ST distributions. In conclusion, in this U.S. Midwest region, the distribution and diversity of STs among extraintestinal
E. coli
clinical isolates vary by patient age, type of infection, and resistance phenotype. ST131 predominates among young children and the elderly, HA infections, and antimicrobial-resistant isolates, whereas other well-known pathogenic lineages are more common among adolescents and young adults, CA infections, and antimicrobial-susceptible isolates.