bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Restorative Justice Movement in Ireland: Building Bridges to Social Justice through Civil Society
Authors: Leonard Liam , Kenny Paula 
Published: February 2013

This article examines the emergence and influence of the restorative justice movement as a bridge between communities, civil society and the state in Ireland. It focuses on the Republic of Ireland, but also examines restorative conferencing in Northern Ireland. Separate sections reflect the emergence of a movement dedicated to the promotion of restorative justice as a vehicle for a holistic form of community-based justice in Ireland. The article covers the history, scope and philosophical-political background of the restorative justice movement, providing specific examples of the interchange between this restorative justice movement and civil society in Ireland, Northern Ireland, and the United States. The wider potential of the restorative justice movement is highlighted. This potential is demonstrated in the restorative movement's challenge to understandings of failed punitive approaches and through its socially redemptive alternative, which emphasises collective responsibility for crime amongst all of the community. The article examines the international background to restorative justice, and its theoretical understandings, with a focus on key theorists such as Strang and Braithwaite amongst others. It examines salient issues that underpin social justice and social control in Ireland, including the potential impacts of restorative justice policy and practice for the wider community and the state.
Can Civil Society Succeed Where Elites Have Failed in the War on Sectarianism? Towards an Infinitely Demanding Politics for the North
Authors: Doran Peter 
Published: February 2013

Caught between the well-armed imaginations of paramilitary organisations competing for the hearts and minds of a divided population, and state engineering of a liberal peace, civil society's impact on Northern Ireland's identity politics was limited during the thirty-year conflict. Specifically, the community and voluntary sector itself has tended to replicate as much as it challenged patterns of segregation in many of its own structures. With plans set out in the Northern Ireland Executive's Programme for Government (2008–11) to engage civil society in opening a new era of ‘good relations’ work to counter sectarianism and racism, civil society organisations will face a complex terrain, facing scepticism about their contribution to peace-making before the Good Friday Agreement, and working in a post-Agreement environment marked by continuing elite and communal antagonism demonstrated by the crisis at the turn of 2009 over devolution of justice and policing powers to the Northern Ireland Executive. A significant aspect of the resolution was a belated agreement by Sinn Fein and the DUP on a new community relation strategy, Cohesion, Sharing and Integration. This article suggests that civil society has a significant role to play in encouraging communities to confront the contradictions and tensions that continue to haunt the political architects of the Good Friday Agreement by affirming a radical and contingent vision of democracy as democratisation at a distance from the identity-saturated politics of the state-region of Northern Ireland. It draws on the work of Simon Critchley, Emmanuel Levinas and Wendy Brown, to offer an approach to identity politics in post-conflict Northern Ireland, focusing on the future orientation of civil society.
Learning by Story-Telling? Narratives in the Study of Work-Based Learning
Authors: Reissner Stefanie Constanze 
Published: February 2013

This paper1 describes in detail the narrative approach taken in a study of a particular facet of learning in the workplace – how people make sense of change. In unstructured in-depth interviews, employees were encouraged to tell their stories about their organisations, revealing details about the organisational culture and the ways in which this shaped the learning about change taking place within them. The paper shows that narrative analysis is a powerful tool with which to investigate work-based learning. It leads to new insights into how learning in the workplace can be conceptualised and supported in practice. Two key propositions are presented: a) Narratives play important roles in the workplace. They reflect the organisational culture and are therefore an ideal tool to assess whether an appropriate environment for learning – a ‘learning culture’ – exists. Such a learning culture is based on the values of trust and respect, making people feel comfortable in their workplaces. b) Narratives are also an important tool to manage change. Owing to the close relationship between change and learning, people learn about their changing roles and relationships in the workplace, and can adapt to them, through sharing stories. In this study, the researcher took the role of an observer-reporter, listening, recording and replaying the conversations prevalent in the organisation. To ensure the veracity of the data, the interviewees were given a copy of the transcript on which they were welcome to comment and to engage in shared interpretations.
From a ‘University Agenda’ to a ‘Collaborative Agenda’ – An Inquiry into a Tendency in Swedish Higher Education
Authors: Sandberg Håkan 
Published: February 2013

The aim of this paper is to focus on the development of HE/CE in Sweden as a transition from a non-academic context to an academic context and a current trend back to a non-academic context considering the nature of the transitions, facilitating factors in these processes and consequences of the transitions. Generally health professional higher education has been transformed from being short and work-based to become a university programme. This is supported by non-controversial Higher Education Acts and facilitated by ideological, economic/organisational and political points of view that emphasise labour market needs for women, equalities between the sexes, professional groups struggling for authorisation and professional position (status) and growing complexity in work tasks with demands for quality development. The consequences are a gradually growing self-esteem and self-awareness among professionals beneath physician status, signified by non-physicians taking managerial positions, as well as a growing awareness of the need for teamwork. A transition in perspective concerning the usefulness of an academic approach in higher and continuing education for health professionals is ongoing. We seem to be standing on the top of an ‘academic hill’, and can see transitions towards formal learning in non-traditional learning contexts as well as an acceptance of the importance of non-formal learning in all kinds of contexts. Theoretical, ideological and economic arguments influence the transitions as well as the students' aspirations and attempts to seek meaning. Which context or mix of contexts is most productive for the learning processes necessary for health professionals? Today high-quality collaborative efforts such as action research and clinical teaching are stressed. In Sweden this clearly appears as a transition from a ‘university agenda’ to a ‘collaborative’ agenda in which the labour-market has a growing influence upon HE/CE and research. The result of this study is also discussed in terms of a ‘collaborative view’ and a ‘competitive view’.
Learning Cultures in Small to Medium-Size Enterprises and Their Role in Supporting the Learning Region
Authors: Fitzpatrick Maeve , O'Connell Janice , Murphy Eamonn 
Published: February 2013

The role of work-based learning is a pivotal part of developing the learning region. With rates of employment at their highest for many years across Europe, the need for up-skilling the workforce in many areas will be essential to retain competitiveness and employability. This paper will focus on quality management up-skilling in small to medium-size enterprises (SMEs) in five European countries. Recent statistics indicate that the role of quality management has become critical to the SME if they are to survive in the current economic climate. Results have shown time and again that a result of successful application of quality tools in any company is an increase in productivity, profitability, and customer satisfaction. Key to the successful delivery of these quality management systems are the skills and aptitudes of the person responsible for their deployment, the quality manager. However it remains to be determined what makes up the key behaviors and characteristics that indicate an individual is at the level of ‘expert’ practitioner and, if there are differences in opinion, to what extent. Also investigated are attitudes to requisite levels of education attainment for expert denomination and finally, whether the importance of expertise in other domains of practice is comparable between countries participating in the study (Ireland, Spain, Greece, Poland, and Sweden). The method of research chosen was qualitative interviews with senior management in SMEs in 20 companies across five countries. The rationale for the research design, method, and dissemination are discussed and an inventory of the characteristics deemed to qualify the practitioner as expert was then taken from the results. This was then compared across the participating countries. The paper concludes with recommendations for how educational institutions can facilitate full-time employees in achieving and maintaining the status of ‘domain expert’ and also recommends a strategy for future research into the effects of culture on attribution of key behaviors and characteristics on the novice-to-expert trajectory deemed critical to fluid mobility of highly skilled employees, a critical component in support of the learning region.
From Welfare to Higher Education: A Study of Lone Parent Students at Queen Margaret University College, Edinburgh
Authors: Horne Marjory , Hardie Cheryl 
Published: February 2013

Promoting access to education and reducing the number of people claiming state benefits have been key government priorities in recent years. In 1999 the present Government, recognising the existence of the benefit trap, introduced the ‘New Deal’ programme to encourage benefit claimants into work. Under the scheme participants may receive financial support for courses of up to one year. The scheme, therefore, does not apply to courses in higher education. For lone parents on state benefits, given high childcare costs, work is only a viable option if it is well paid. For those lacking qualifications the only way that this can be achieved is through higher education. In analysing the experiences of seven lone parent students at Queen Margaret University College in Edinburgh, this article provides an insight into factors that contribute to the under-representation of this group in higher education. The financial position of the lone parent on benefits is compared with that of the lone parent student. What it reveals are anomalies in the funding system and contradictions in the Government's policy of assisting benefit claimants into work.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Polycondensation and Polyaddition
Authors: Heitz Walter 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Polycondensation Reactions

Model Reactions and Mechanistic Considerations

Removing
HX

Removing
XY

Removing
X
2

Polyaddition Reactions

Si
H
Addition to Carbon Double Bonds

Ar
H
Addition to Carbon Double Bonds

Cycloaddition Reactions
Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Aerdts Annemieke M. , van Herk Alex M. , Klumperman Bert , Kurja Jenci , German Anton L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sections in this article arePolymerization TechniquesEmulsion PolymerizationMini‐ and Micro‐Emulsion PolymerizationBasic Principles of Emulsion PolymerizationParticle NucleationParticle GrowthMolar Mass and Molar Mass DistributionParticle Size DistributionIngredients in RecipesMonomersInitiatorsSurfactantsOthersEmulsion CopolymerizationPenultimate Unit Effect in CopolymerizationMonomer Partitioning in Emulsion PolymerizationComposition Drift in Emulsion Co‐ and TerpolymerizationTernary Emulsion CopolymerizationChemical Composition Distribution and Molar Mass Chemical Composition DistributionProcess Strategies in Emulsion CopolymerizationConstant Addition StrategyControlled Composition ReactorsOptimal Addition ProfileBatch, Semi‐Batch, and Continuous Emulsion PolymerizationParticle MorphologiesIntroduction to Particle MorphologiesCore–Shell MorphologiesOrganic CoresEncapsulation of Inorganic ParticlesHollow ParticlesSpecial Chemistry in Conventional Emulsion PolymerizationReactive LaticesCrosslinking of Polymers by Low Molar Mass Crosslink AgentsCrosslinking Between Polymers with Complementary Reactive GroupsReactive SurfactantsUnconventional Emulsion PolymerizationUnconventinal Free‐Radical Emulsion PolymerizationIonic Emulsion PolymerizationTransition Metal Catalyzed Emulsion PolymerizationEnzyme‐Catalyzed Emulsion PolymerizationConcluding RemarksApplicationsPaintsPaper CoatingsAdhesivesBiomedical and Pharmaceutical ApplicationsImpact ModifiersAppendixIAppendixII
Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Polymers
Authors: Rehahn Matthias 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionScope and StructurePolymers with only Main Group Elements in Their BackbonePolysilanesPolygermanes and PolystannanesPolysiloxanesPolycarbosilanesPolyphosphazenesPolysilazanesFurther Main Group Hybrid PolymersPolymers that have Transition Metals as Integral Parts of Their Main ChainsPoly(1,1′‐metallocenylenes)Poly(1,1′‐metallocenylene arylenes)Further Poly(1,1′‐metallocenylene) Derivatives with π‐Conjugated Bridging UnitsPoly(1,1′‐metallocenylene ethylenes)Phosphorus‐, Sulfur‐, and Selenium‐Bridged Poly(1, 1′‐metallocenylene) DerivativesFurther Poly(1,1′‐metallocenylene) Derivatives with Nonmetallic Bridging UnitsPoly(1,1′‐ferrocenylene silanes) and Poly(1,1′‐ferrocenylene germanes)Poly(metallaines)Polymers from Octahedrally Coordinated Polyimine‐Transition Metal ComplexesPolymers from Tetrahedrally Coordinated Polyimine‐Transition Metal ComplexesSchiff‐Base Coordination PolymersFurther Transition Metal Coordination PolymersPoly(phthalocyaninato)‐siloxanes and Related PolymersConclusionsAcknowledgements
Diels‐Alder Ladder Polymers: Synthesis and Aromatization
Authors: Schlüter A. Dieter 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis

Classical Routes–A Critical Perspective

Diels‐Alder Route

Characterization

Molecular Structure

Shape: Three‐Dimensional Versus Two‐Dimensional Coils

Molecular Weights

Aromatization

Monodisperse Ladders in the Nanometer Range

Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgements
Synthesis of Polyrotaxanes
Authors: Harada Akira 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionRotaxanes and CatenanesRotaxanesPreparation of RotaxanesRotaxanes Containing CyclodextrinCatenanesPreparation of CatenanesCatenanes Containing Metal ComplexesCatenanes Containing CyclodextrinOther CatenanesMain Chain PolyrotaxanesCrown EthersPolyestersPolyurethanesPolyaramidesBipyridinium PolymersPolystyrenes and PolyacrylonitrilesCyclodextrinsPoly(ethylene glycol)Poly(propylene glycol)Poly(methyl vinyl ether)Poly(oxytrimethylene)Poly(tetrahydrofuran)OligoethylenePolyisobutylenePolyestersMolecular NecklaceInclusion PolymerizationCyclophanesSide Chain PolyrotaxanesPreparation of Tubular Polymers from PolyrotaxanesSummary
Polymerization in Organized Media
Authors: Stupp Samuel I. , Osenar Paul 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTopochemical SystemsThermotropic SystemsLyotropic SystemsVesicles and BilayersLangmuir–Blodgett FilmsIntercalated SystemsThermodynamics/KineticsTwo‐Dimensional Products from Ordered MediaTwo‐Dimensional Confinement of MonomerTwo‐Dimensional Polymers from Self‐Assembling MonomersNanostructures Via the Polymerization of Supramolecular Units
Biocatalytical Routes to Polymers
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro , Uyama Hiroshi 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionBiosynthetic Pathways to PolymersPolypeptidesPolyestersChemical Synthetic Pathways to Polymers using Isolated EnzymesPolysaccharidesPolypeptidesPolyesters, Polycarbonates, and PolyamidesPolyaromatics
Synthesis of Cyclic Macromolecules
Authors: Ederle Yannick , Naraghi Kaynoush S. , Lutz Pierre J. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis of Cyclic Structures

Ring‐Chain Equilibria and Cyclization

Ring‐Chain Equilibria in Siloxane Heterocycles

Ring‐Chain Equilibria in other Heterocycles

Cyclization Reactions in Polyesters or Polyamides

End‐to‐End Cyclization Reactions

End‐to‐End Cyclization Based on Bimolecular Processes

End‐to‐End Cyclization based on Unimolecular Processes

Properties of Cyclic Polymers

Dilute Solution Properties

Size Exclusion Behavior

Limiting Viscosity Numbers

Thermodynamic and Hydrodynamic Properties

Solid State Properties

Structures Derived from Cyclic Polymers

Eight‐Shaped Polymers

Catenanes and Rotaxanes

Conclusions
Deep Centers in Semiconductors
Authors: Feichtinger Helmut 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionShallow and Deep Impurities: Technological and Physical RelevanceThe Identification Problem and the Localization‐Delocalization PuzzleDeep Centers: Electronic Transitions and ConceptsIonization at Thermal EquilibriumFranck‐Condon Transitions and RelaxationPhenomenological Models and Electronic StructureThe Point‐Ion Crystal Field ModelThe Defect Molecule PictureExample: Nitrogen in Gallium PhosphideTransition MetalsTransition Metals: Results of Quantitative CalculationsGap Levels and High Spin–Low Spin OrderingCoulomb Induced Nonlinear Screening and Self‐Regulating ResponseIonization Energies and TrendsTransition Metals in SiliconCompound Semiconductors and Bulk ReferencesExcited StatesInternal TransitionsRydberg‐Like StatesProperties of Selected SystemsChalcogens in SiliconSulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium in SiliconOxygen and Nitrogen in SiliconDXCenters in AlxGa1−xAsLarge Lattice Relaxation and MetastabilityMicroscopic Models forDXCentersDeep Transition Metal Donor–Shallow Acceptor Pairs in SiliconElectronic Structure and TrendsCharge State Controlled MetastabilityThermal Donors in SiliconHydrogen PassivationAppendix: Ionization Energies and Level Positions of Isolated Transition Metal Impurities in Silicon
Compound Semiconductor Processing
Authors: Mullin J. Brian 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionHistorical BackgroundPurificationGeneral Purification ProceduresZone Refinig and Related TechniquesProblems with Specific CompoundsInSbandGaSbInAsandGaAsInPandGaPII–VICompoundsTechnical Constraints to Melt Growth TechniquesChemical ReactivityMelting PointVapor PressureCrystal GrowthHorizontal GrowthVertical GrowthCrystal PullingLiquid Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) PullingThe low PressureLECTechniqueThe High PressureLECTechniqueCrystal Growth of Specific CompoundsInSbInAsandGaAsInPII–VICompounds: GeneralBulkHg1−xCdxTeCdTeandCd1−xZnxTeZnSeZnSandCdSFundamental Aspects of Crystal GrowthStructureTemperature Distribution, Crystal Shape and Diameter ControlSolute DistributionConstitutional SupercoolingFacet Effect, Anisotropic Segregation and TwinningDislocations and Grain BoundariesWafering and Slice Preparation
Photolithography
Authors: Leuschner Rainer , Pawlowski Georg 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionExposure ToolsImage Formation and ResolutionContact and Proximity PrintingOptical Mask AlignerX‐Ray StepperProjection PrintingNearUVProjection SystemsDeepUVProjection SystemsNonconventionalUVLithographyPost‐Optical LithographyPhotoresist ProcessingQuality Control and Resist DepositionPurity and Storage StabilityResist CoatingResist Exposure and DevelopmentCharacteristic Curve and Standing Wave EffectsProcess LatitudesDissolution Rate and Development MethodsPattern Inspection and Resist Profile SimulationEtching, Resist Stripping and PlanarizationPhotoresistsPrinciples of Photoresist ChemistryNegative‐Tone ResistsPhotocrossslinking Via AzidesFree‐Radical‐Initiated PolymerizationAcid‐Catalyzed CrosslinkingPositive‐Tone ResistsDissolution Inhibition/Dissolution PromotionAcid‐Catalyzed DeblockingPolymer DegradationSolvents for Photoresists and Main Resist SuppliersSpecial Photoresist TechniquesNonconventional Diazo Resist ProcessesResist Profile Modification and Image ReversalBilayer Systems for Contrast EnhancementSuppression of Reflections and Standing Wave EffectsDyed ResistsAntireflective LayersSilicon‐Containing Multilayer ResistsNegative‐Tone Silicon Bilayer ResistsPositive‐Tone Silicon Bilayer ResistsTop Surface ImagingGas Phase Silylation SystemsLiquid Phase Silylation SystemsTrends in Photolithography
Silicon Device Processing
Authors: Kwong Dim‐Lee 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionGetteringIntrinsic GetteringGettering by Hydrogen AnnealingDevice IsolationLOCOS‐Based IsolationAdvanced Isolation TechniquesSilicon‐on‐InsulatorGate DielectricsPreoxidation CleaningProcess Dependence of Gate Oxide QualityChemically Modified Gate OxidesCVDand Stacked OxidesShallow Junction FormationIon ImplantationAdvanced Techniques forp+‐nJunction FormationDiffusion from Doped Deposited LayersGas Immersion Laser DopingGas Phase DiffusionPlasma Immersion Ion ImplantationMetallizationGate ElectrodesContactsInterconnectionsPlanarization for Multilevel InterconnectionsCluster Tool TechnologyAdvantagesRapid Thermal ProcessingIn Situ Dry CleaningInterface EngineeringGate Stack of Oxide and OxynitrideDeposition ofDRAMStorage DielectricsSelective Deposition ProcessesUltra‐Shallow Junction FormationIntegratedCMOSProcessing Based onRTPGexSi1−x/SiHeteroepitaxy byRT‐CVDSingle‐Wafer Integrated Processing
Compound Semiconductor Device Processing
Authors: Parsey John M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionDoping ProcessesIon ImplantationDiffusion MethodsEpitaxial MethodsIsolation MethodsMesa EtchingIon Implantation IsolationSidegating and BackgatingDiffusionEtching TechniquesWet EtchingDry EtchingOhmic ContactsSchottky Barriers and GatesAnnealingDielectrics and Interlayer IsolationResistorsMetallization and Liftoff ProcessesMetallizationLiftoff ProcessesBackside Processing and Die SeparationBackside ProcessingDie Separation