bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multilingual gold-standard corpus for biomedical concept recognition: the Mantra GSC
Authors: Kors Jan A , Clematide Simon , Akhondi Saber A , van Mulligen Erik M , Rebholz-Schuhmann Dietrich 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Objective To create a multilingual gold-standard corpus for biomedical concept recognition.
Materials and methods We selected text units from different parallel corpora (Medline abstract titles, drug labels, biomedical patent claims) in English, French, German, Spanish, and Dutch. Three annotators per language independently annotated the biomedical concepts, based on a subset of the Unified Medical Language System and covering a wide range of semantic groups. To reduce the annotation workload, automatically generated preannotations were provided. Individual annotations were automatically harmonized and then adjudicated, and cross-language consistency checks were carried out to arrive at the final annotations.
Results The number of final annotations was 5530. Inter-annotator agreement scores indicate good agreement (median F-score 0.79), and are similar to those between individual annotators and the gold standard. The automatically generated harmonized annotation set for each language performed equally well as the best annotator for that language.
Discussion The use of automatic preannotations, harmonized annotations, and parallel corpora helped to keep the manual annotation efforts manageable. The inter-annotator agreement scores provide a reference standard for gauging the performance of automatic annotation techniques.
Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first gold-standard corpus for biomedical concept recognition in languages other than English. Other distinguishing features are the wide variety of semantic groups that are being covered, and the diversity of text genres that were annotated.
Religion and Education
Authors: Knight Mark 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Convinced that the lessons of Victorian religion are more positive and more varied than we sometimes think, this essay explores different ways in which Christianity in particular sought to educate people in the nineteenth century. In doing so, the essay questions some of the perspectives on religion passed down through the critical tradition, particularly the idea that a hermeneutics of suspicion should be our primary mode of interpretation. While suspicion plays an important role in our critical reading, it can also blind us to important aspects of Victorian religion and education, such as the very different attitudes towards education among Victorian Christians; the extent to which educational thought and practice were shaped by belief; the attempts to widen educational provision (through Sunday schools and Ragged schools, for instance); the instruction offered through devotional practices, hymns, and church; and the pervasiveness of preaching in Victorian life and literary culture.
Comparison Between Non-Catheterized And Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections Caused By Extended Spectrum B-Lactamase ProducingEscherichia ColiAndKlebsiella Pneumoniae
Authors: Ashraf Fouzia , Iram Shagufta , Riaz Gul-e-zar , Rasheed Farhan , Shaukat Mahmood 
Published: May 2015

Abstract:Catheter associated urinary tract infection’s (CAUTI) account for more than 80% of all healthcare associated infections (HAIs) as compared to non-catheterized urinary tract infections. Catheter associated urinary tract infections occur on the third day after insertion of catheter in patients having urinary tract infection (UTI). In long term catheter use, bio-film form along the catheter which increases the risk of antibiotic resistant pathogens. Most common pathogens involved were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae which produce the enzymes Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs).Objective:To compare the frequency of ESBLs in catheterized and non-catheterized UTI infections.Materials and Methods:This comparative study was conducted at the Microbiology Department, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, from June 2014 to January 2015. Urine samples were cultured according to WHO protocol and antimicrobial Susceptibility testing was performed byModified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion Method.Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were tested for ESBL production by phenotypic confirmatory method of disk diffusion synergy using a disc of amoxicillin-clavulonate (30μg) and ceftrixone (30μg), cefotaxime (30μg) and aztreonam (30μg) discs.Results:Out of 300 positive urinary isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from CAUTI, 65.33% were ESBL producing isolates whereas out of 300 positive urinary isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from non-catheterized UTI, 47.66% were ESBL producing isolates. The results were highly significant (p < 0.001).Conclusion:Results showed that frequency of ESBLs were higher in catheterized patients as compared to non-catheterized patients. This is suggestive of a need for regular screening and surveillance for ESBL producing organisms. Patients infected with these organisms should be nursed with contact precautions to avoid the spread of nosocomial infection.
A hardware implementation of intelligent ECG classifier
Authors: Tran Hoai Linh , Pham Van Nam , Nguyen Duc Thao 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to design an intelligent ECG classifier using programmable IC technologies to implement many functional blocks of signal acquisition and processing in one compact device. The main microprocessor also simulates the TSK neuro-fuzzy classifier in testing mode to recognize the ECG beats. The design brings various theoretical solutions into practical applications.

Design/methodology/approach
– The ECG signals are acquired and pre-processed using the Field-Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) IC due to the ability of precise configuration of analog parameters. The R peak of the QRS complexes and a window of 300 ms of ECG signals around the R peak are detected. In this paper we have proposed a method to extract the signal features using the Hermite decomposition algorithm, which requires only a multiplication of two matrices. Based on the features vectors, the ECG beats are classified using a TSK neuro-fuzzy network, whose parameters are trained earlier on PC and downloaded into the device. The device performance was tested with the ECG signals from the MIT-BIH database to prove the correctness of the hardware implementations.

Findings
– The FPAA and Programmable System on Chip (PSoC) technologies allow us to integrate many signal processing blocks in a compact device. In this paper the device has the same performance in ECG signal processing and classifying as achieved on PC simulators. This confirms the correctness of the implementation.

Research limitations/implications
– The device was fully tested with the signals from the MIT-BIH databases. For new patients, we have tested the device in collecting the ECG signals and QRS detections. We have not created a new database of ECG signals, in which the beats are examined by doctors and annotated the type of the rhythm (normal or abnormal, which type of arrhythmia, etc.) so we have not tested the classification mode of the device on real ECG signals.

Social implications
– The compact design of an intelligent ECG classifier offers a portable solution for patients with heart diseases, which can help them to detect the arrhythmia on time when the doctors are not nearby. This type of device not only may help to improve the patients’ safety but also contribute to the smart, inter-networked life style.

Originality/value
– The device integrate a number of solutions including software, hardware and algorithms into a single, compact device. Thank to the advance of programmable ICs such as FPAA and PSoC, the designed device can acquire one channel of ECG signals, extract the features and classify the arrhythmia type (if detected) using the neuro-fuzzy TSK network in online mode.
Convergence analysis of Bessel beamformer and its comparison with LMS in adaptive array system
Authors: Yasin M. , Akhtar Pervez 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to analyze the convergence performance of Bessel beamformer, based on the design steps of least mean square (LMS) algorithm, can be named as Bessel LMS (BLMS) algorithm. Its performance is compared in adaptive environment with LMS in terms of two important performance parameters, namely; convergence and mean square error. The proposed BLMS algorithm is implemented on digital signal processor along with antenna array to make it smart in wireless sensor networks.

Design/methodology/approach
– Convergence analysis is theoretically developed and verified through MatLab Software.

Findings
– Theoretical model is verified through simulation and its results are shown in the provided table.

Originality/value
– The theoretical model can obtain validation from well-known result of Wiener filter theory through principle of orthogonality.
Intercultural communication competence and preferred public relations practices
Authors: Ni Lan , Wang Qi , De la Flor Maria 
Published: May 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine how individual-level intercultural communication competence (ICC) represented by cultural empathy, open-mindedness, and flexibility predicts preferred use of symmetrical, two-way, conservation, and ethical public relations practices (PRPs) among public relations (PRs) students.Design/methodology/approach– Structural equation modeling was used to analyze self-report data from 268 PRs students surveyed at a southern university.Findings– Results indicated that empathy, open-mindedness, and flexibility together significantly predicted the preferred use of all four PRPs. The three ICC variables each had a positive direct effect on symmetrical and ethical PRPs. Empathy and flexibility each had a positive direct effect on two-way and conservation PRPs.Research limitations/implications– This study provides evidence that the PRPs resulted from Excellence Theory, despite controversies over their practicality, are closely and positively related with ICC qualities such as empathy, open-mindedness, and flexibility among future practitioners. Future research should overcome the limitations in this study by examining current practitioners instead of PR students who are the future practitioners, investigating the PRP instruments’ criterion-related and construct validity, as well as exploring different levels and types of ICC.Originality/value– This study is new in bridging the gap between preferred PRPs and the qualities needed for those PRPs, thereby addressing two limitations in the current intercultural PRs research.
PSIM simulations of a dc SQUID magnetometer
Authors: Ogunyanda Kehinde , Fritz Wilfred , van Zyl Robert 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to report the modelling and simulation work that predicts the behaviours of both a Josephson junction (JJ) and a dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). It is pertinent to predict the SQUID magnetometers’ behaviours via simulations, before subjecting them to real experiments because they are quite expensive to acquire, and can be easily damaged during test analysis.

Design/methodology/approach
– To achieve this, power simulation (PSIM) was used to model and simulate a JJ, using the basic equation that describes the effective current through it. A dc SQUID magnetometer, which is composed of two JJs, was then modelled and simulated using the modelled JJ. Thermal noise simulation is also included, to observe its effects on the magnetometer’s output. A directly coupled flux-locked loop circuit was later included in the simulation to amplify and linearise the SQUID’s output, which is usually sinusoidal.

Findings
– When steady bias currents were applied to the JJ, the resulting voltage across it was seen to oscillate. The JJ’s and SQUID’s voltage–current characteristics, and voltage–flux characteristics were also observed in the simulations, and the results respectively agree with the behaviours of a typical JJ and dc SQUID magnetometer.

Originality/value
– A way of simulating SQUIDs, without a superconducting simulation tool, is presented. The work provides a much simpler way of studying the behaviour of dc SQUID magnetometers, due to the easy accessibility and fast simulation capability of the software used, with an added advantage of being able to simulate the thermal noise effects, without having to import this facility from secondary software.
Decision-making framework for selecting ICT-based construction logistics systems
Authors: Fadiya Olusanjo , Georgakis Panos , Chinyio Ezekiel , Nwagboso Chris 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to discuss an integrated decision analysis framework for the investment justification of implementing alternative information and communication technology (ICT)-based logistics systems in the construction industry so as to enhance the decision-making process in selecting the best alternative.

Design/methodology/approach
– An integrated framework is proposed that is composed of a set of interrelated evaluation and analysis techniques that allow the identification and quantification of costs, benefits and risks involved in implementing ICT systems to mitigate problems that hinder the efficient operation of construction logistics. Such techniques include decision trees and multi-attribute decision-making under uncertainty that can be applied to the logistics planning of any new build construction project.

Findings
– The probabilities of providing benefits vary among the alternatives, and the probabilities will replace the uncertainties surrounding the impacts of the alternative ICT systems in addressing the identified construction logistics problems with chance events so as to estimate the expected cost of each alternative with respect to each selection attribute.

Practical implications
– This paper shows that it is almost certain that the analysed alternative ICT system will provide benefit because its probability of benefit is almost equal to 1.

Originality/value
– The framework captures the existing problems of logistics in construction process, potential solution that can address the problems through the implementation of ICT systems and the decision-making process in the selection of appropriate ICT solution. The output of the framework will help to make knowledge-based decision in selecting the best ICT system for addressing construction logistics problems.
Compressive behaviour of polypropylene filled with iron ore tailings
Authors: Onitiri M.A. , Adedayo S.M. 
Published: May 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to produce iron ore tailings reinforced polypropylene composites (ITR-PPCs) from conventional compo-casting (CC) and a proposed compo-indirect squeeze casting (C-ISC) processes. It intends to quantify the compressive behaviour of ITR-PPC with respect to production process, iron ore tailings volume and particle size inclusion in polypropylene (PP) through controlled material and compressive testing. The study aims to provide useful information on possibility of the use of ITR-PP for compressive applications which will culminate to judicious use of iron ore tailings that is been piled up as waste material at the iron ore beneficiation sites.

Design/methodology/approach
– ITR-PPC compression specimens were produced using C-ISC and CC processes. Prior to production, the iron ore tailings was dried at room temperature according to ASTM 618, ASTM 171 and ASTM E 41. The different particle sizes were generated using standard laboratory sieves. Uniaxial compressive test procedure according to ASTM D 695 was carried out on ITR-PPC compression specimens with length/diameter ratio equal to 2.0 under standard laboratory atmosphere on an Instrom 3,369 machine.

Findings
– It was discovered that pure PP produced using the C-ISC process exhibited better compressive strength and Young’s modulus of about 12 and 4.5 per cent, respectively, while a reduction of 9.2 per cent in yield strength was recorded. ITR-PPCs with 150-μm fillers produced from C-ISC process have lower yield stress, compressive strength and Young’s modulus at volume contents above 10 per cent. It also exhibited lower strain at fracture at volume content above 15 per cent, while composites filled with 212- and 300-μm particle size iron ore tailings using the C-ISC process had better strain at fracture.

Research limitations/implications
– The present work cannot ascertain the compressive behaviour of ITR-PPC produced from other production processes, hence the need for further work in this area.

Practical implications
– The paper provides an avenue to address the pollutant effect of iron ore tailings by putting it to judicious use through addition as fillers in plastics. It also removes the need for expensive and repeated experimentation to determine the compressive behaviour of ITR-PPCs.

Originality/value
– This paper has brought to fore the need to study iron ore tailings as filler in plastics and other material matrices.
Effects of intermedin on dorsal root ganglia in the transmission of neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury rats
Authors: Xiong Wei , Qiu Shu‐yi , Xu Ling‐yun , Zhang Chun‐ping , Yi Yun , Wu Qin , Huang Li‐ping , Liu Shuang‐mei , Wu Bing , Peng Li‐chao , Song Miao‐miao , Gao Yun , Liang Shang‐dong 
Published: May 2015

SummaryNeuropathic pain is a common and severely disabling state that affects millions of people worldwide. The P2X3 receptor plays a crucial role in facilitating pain transmission. Intermedin (IMD), which is also known as adrenomedullin 2 (AMD2) is a newly discovered hormone that is a member of the calcitonin/calcitonin gene‐related peptide family. The present research investigates the effects of IMD on pain transmission in neuropathic pain states as mediated by P2X3 receptors in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats were used as the neuropathic pain model. Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups as follows: blank control group (Control), sham operation group (Sham), CCI rats treated with saline group (CCI+NS), CCI rats treated with IMD1–53 group (CCI+IMD1–53), and CCI rats treated with IMD inhibitor IMD14–47 group (CCI+IMD14–47). The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) was tested by the von Frey method, and the thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) was tested via automatic thermal stimulus instruments. Changes in the expression of P2X3 receptors and IMD in CCI rat L4/L5 DRG were detected using immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. After treatment with intrathecal injection (i.t.), mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in the CCI+IMD1–53 group was maintained, but MWT and TWL in the CCI+IMD14–47 groups increased. The expression levels of P2X3 receptors and IMD in L4/L5 DRG in the CCI+NS and CCI+IMD1–53 groups were significantly increased compared with those in the Control group or the Sham group. After application of IMD14–47 in CCI rats, there was a decrease in the expression levels of P2X3 receptors and IMD in L4/L5 DRG. The phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in L4/L5 DRG in the CCI+NS group and the CCI+IMD1–53 group was stronger than that in the Control group or the Sham group; however, the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in the CCI+IMD14–47 group was much lower than that in the CCI+NS group or the CCI+IMD1–53 group. Our findings indicate that IMD might increase the sensitization effects of IMD on P2X3 receptors to alleviate chronic neuropathic pain injury. The IMD agonist IMD1–53 might enhance nociceptive responses mediated by P2X3 receptors in neuropathic pain, and the IMD inhibitor IMD14–47 could inhibit the sensitization of the P2X3 receptor in chronic neuropathic pain injury.
Government Size and Tax Evasion: Evidence from China
Authors: Li Lixing , Ma Guangrong 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates how government size affects tax evasion in China. Using matched county‐firm data for 1998–2005, we estimate the impact of county government size on the relationship between a firm's reported profit and imputed profit based on the national income accounts. A larger government is found to be correlated with more severe tax evasion, especially for state‐owned and collectively‐owned firms. Such an effect is stronger when local governance become worse. This paper shows that a large government does not bring about a strong state capacity to enforce tax rules at the local level in China.
Can the dopaminergic‐related effects of general anesthetics be linked to mechanisms involved in drug abuse and addiction?
Authors: Melo A. , Tavares I. , Sousa N. , Pêgo J. M. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundGeneral anesthetics (GA) are well known for the ability to induce a state of reversible loss of consciousness and unresponsiveness to painful stimuli. However, evidence from animal models and clinical studies show that GA exposure may induce behavioral changes beyond acute effects. Most research and concerns are focused on changes in cognition and memory.MethodsWe will look at effects of GA on behavior that is mediated by the dopaminergic system.ResultsPharmacological resemblance of GA with drugs of abuse, and the complexity and importance of dopaminergic systems in both reward seeking and addictive illnesses make us believe that it deserves an overview about what is already known and what matters to us as healthcare workers and specifically as anesthesiologists.ConclusionA review of available evidence strongly suggests that there may be a link between the effects of GA on the brain and substance abuse, partly explained by their influence on the dopaminergic system.
What if it gets crowded? Density‐dependent tortuosity in individual movements of a Neotropical mammal
Authors: A. L. Almeida Paulo José , Vieira Marcus Vinícius , Prevedello Jayme Augusto , Kajin Maja , Forero‐Medina German , Cerqueira Rui 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEffects of density dependence on animal movements have received much attention in ecology, but it is still debated to what extent dispersal and movements in general are density dependent, and their potential contribution to population regulation processes. Here, we determine the occurrence and nature of density dependence in the movements of a Neotropical marsupial, the black‐eared opossum Didelphis aurita Wied‐Neuwied 1826. Using spool‐and‐line tracking devices, we estimated the tortuosity of fine‐scale movements of 149 individuals by their fractal dimension D. We evaluated the relative importance of population size, reproductive or climatic seasons and reproductive maturity of individuals as determinants of movement tortuosity, using a model selection approach. Population size was the most important determinant of movement tortuosity, with season (climatic seasons for females, reproductive seasons for males) and reproductive maturity as secondary but also important variables. We detected a positive density‐dependent effect on movement tortuosity, resulting in more intensive use of areas by individuals during periods of high population size. This positive association between movement tortuosity and population size is more likely to result from intraspecific competition, which forces individuals to explore their environment more intensively during high‐density periods. Therefore, despite being density dependent, movements in D. aurita apparently do not contribute to population regulation mechanisms.