bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Luminescence investigation of novel MgPbAl10O17:Tb3+ green‐emitting phosphor for solid‐state lighting
Authors: Panse V. R. , Kokode N. S. , Dhoble S. J. , Yerpude A. N. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this work, we studied the luminescence properties of Tb3+‐doped MgPbAl10O17 green phosphor. To understand the excitation mechanism and corresponding emission of the prepared phosphor, its structural, morphological and photoluminescence properties were investigated. In general, for green emission, Tb3 is used as an activator and the obtained excitation and emission spectra indicated that this phosphor can be effectively excited by a wavelength of 380 nm, and exhibits bright green emission centered at 545 nm corresponding to the f → f transition of trivalent terbium ions. The chromaticity coordinates were (Cx = 0.263, Cy = 0.723). The impact of Tb3+ concentration on the relative emission intensity was investigated, and the best doping concentration was found to be 2 mol%. This study suggests that Tb3+‐doped MgPbAl10O17 phosphor is a strong candidate for a green component in phosphor‐converted white light‐emitting diodes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radioactive seed localization in breast cancer treatment
Authors: Janssen N N Y , Nijkamp J , Alderliesten T , Loo C E , Rutgers E J T , Sonke J-J , Vrancken Peeters M T F D 
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Background
Breast cancer screening, improved imaging and neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) have led to increased numbers of non-palpable tumours suitable for breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Accurate tumour localization is essential to achieve a complete resection in these patients. This study evaluated the role of radioactive seed localization (RSL) in improving breast- and axilla-conserving surgery in patients with breast cancer with or without NST.

Methods
Patients who underwent RSL between 2007 and 2014 were included. Learning curves were analysed by the rates of minimally involved (in situ/invasive tumour cells on a length of 0–4 mm on ink) and positive resection margins (over 4 mm on ink) after BCS, and the median resection volume over time.

Results
A total of 367 patients with in situ carcinomas and 199 with non-palpable invasive breast cancer underwent RSL before primary surgery. A further 697 patients had RSL before NST, of whom 206 also underwent RSL of a histologically verified axillary lymph node metastasis. BCS was performed in 93·2 and 87·9 per cent of patients undergoing primary surgery for in situ and invasive tumours respectively, and 57·5 per cent of those in the NST group. The rate of BCS with positive resection margins was low and stable over time in the three groups (9·1, 9·7 and 11·2 per cent respectively). The median resection volume decreased significantly with time in the invasive cancer and NST groups.

Conclusion
In the present study of more than 1200 patients and 7 years of experience, RSL was shown to facilitate breast- and axilla-conserving surgery in a diverse patient population. There was a significant reduction in resection volume while maintaining low positive resection margin rates after BCS.
Supramolecular Ligands for Histone Tails by Employing a Multivalent Display of Trisulfonated Calix[4]arenes
Authors: Kimura Yasuaki , Saito Nae , Hanada Kayo , Liu Jiaan , Okabe Takayoshi , Kawashima Shigehiro A. , Yamatsugu Kenzo , Kanai Motomu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPost‐translational modification of histone tails plays critical roles in gene regulation. Thus, molecules recognizing histone tails and controlling their epigenetic modification are desirable as biochemical tools to elucidate regulatory mechanisms. There are, however, only a few synthetic ligands that bind to histone tails with substantial affinity. We report CA2 and CA3, which exhibited sub‐micromolar affinity to histone tails (especially tails with a trimethylated lysine). Multivalent display of trisulfonated calix[4]arene was important for strong binding. CA2 was applicable not only to synthetic tail peptides but also to endogenous histone proteins, and was successfully used to pull‐down endogenous histones from nuclear extract. These findings indicate the utility of these supramolecular ligands as biochemical tools for studying chromatin regulator protein and as a targeting motif in ligand‐directed catalysis to control epigenetic modifications.
Progress in Understanding the Genetic Information and Biosynthetic Pathways behind Amycolatopsis Antibiotics, with Implications for the Continued Discovery of Novel Drugs
Authors: Chen Su , Wu Qihao , Shen Qingqing , Wang Hong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSpecies of Amycolatopsis, well recognized as producers of both vancomycin and rifamycin, are also known for producing other secondary metabolites, with wide usage in medicine and agriculture. The molecular genetics of natural antibiotics produced by this genus have been well studied. Since the rise of antibiotic resistance, finding new drugs to fight infection has become an urgent priority. Progress in understanding the biosynthesis of metabolites greatly helps the rational manipulation of biosynthetic pathways, and thus to achieve the goal of generating novel natural antibiotics. The efforts made in exploiting Amycolatopsis genome sequences for the discovery of novel natural products and biosynthetic pathways are summarized.
Small‐Sized Tungsten Nitride Particles Strongly Anchored on Carbon Nanotubes and their Use as Supports for Pt for Methanol Electro‐oxidation
Authors: Liu Yuan , Yan Haijing , Zhou Xiaoguang , Li Mingxia , Fu Honggang 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe anchoring of small‐sized WN (tungsten nitride) nanoparticles (NPs) with good dispersion on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offers an effective means of obtaining promising materials for use in electrocatalysis. Herein, an effective method based on grinding treatment followed by a nitridation process is proposed to realize this goal. In the synthesis, a solution containing H4[SiO4(W3O9)4] (SiW12) and CNTs modified with polyethylenimine (PEI‐CNTs) was ground to dryness. Small‐sized WN NPs were anchored onto the CNTs with good dispersion after calcination under NH3. Under hydrothermal assembly conditions (absence of grinding), WN particles of larger size and with inferior dispersion were obtained, demonstrating the important role of the grinding process. The benefit of the small‐sized WN has been demonstrated by using WN/CNTs as a support for Pt to catalyze the methanol electro‐oxidation reaction. The mass activity of Pt‐WN/CNTs‐G‐70 (where G denotes the grinding treatment, and 70 is the loading amount (%) of WN in the WN/CNTs) was evaluated as about 817 mA mg−1Pt, better that those of commercial Pt/C (340 mA mg−1Pt) and Pt/CNTs (162 mA mg−1Pt). The Pt‐WN/CNTs‐G also displayed good CO tolerance. In contrast, Pt‐WN/CNTs prepared without the grinding process displayed an activity of 344 mA mg−1Pt, verifying the key role of grinding treatment in the preparation of WN/CNTs with good co‐catalytic effect.
Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Hydroxy Amides and β‐Amino Alcohols from α‐Keto Amides
Authors: Mamillapalli N. Chary , Sekar Govindasamy 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSynthesis of enantiomerically enriched α‐hydroxy amides and β‐amino alcohols has been accomplished by enantioselective reduction of α‐keto amides with hydrosilanes. A series of α‐keto amides were reduced in the presence of chiral CuII/(S)‐DTBM‐SEGPHOS catalyst to give the corresponding optically active α‐hydroxy amides with excellent enantioselectivities by using (EtO)3SiH as a reducing agent. Furthermore, a one‐pot complete reduction of both ketone and amide groups of α‐keto amides has been achieved using the same chiral copper catalyst followed by tetra‐n‐butylammonium fluoride (TBAF) catalyst in presence of (EtO)3SiH to afford the corresponding chiral β‐amino alcohol derivatives.
Growth of Hollow Transition Metal (Fe, Co, Ni) Oxide Nanoparticles on Graphene Sheets through Kirkendall Effect as Anodes for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yu Xianbo , Qu Bin , Zhao Yang , Li Chunyan , Chen Yujin , Sun Chunwen , Gao Peng , Zhu Chunling 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA general strategy based on the nanoscale Kirkendall effect has been developed to grow hollow transition metal (Fe, Co or Ni) oxide nanoparticles on graphene sheets. When applied as lithium‐ion battery anodes, these hollow transition metal oxide‐based composites exhibit excellent electrochemical performance, with high reversible capacities and long‐term stabilities at a high current density, superior to most transition metal oxides reported to date.
ChemInform Abstract: Superconductivity in the Niobium‐Rich Compound Nb5Se4.
Authors: Klimczuk T. , Baroudi K. , Krizan J. W. , Kozub A. L. , Cava R. J. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPolycrystalline Nb5Se4 is prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of NbSe2 and Nb (Ta ampoule in vacuum furnace, 1620 K, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Rigid Unit Mode‐Like Anisotropic Thermal Expansion of BaIr2In9.
Authors: Calta Nicholas P. , Han Fei , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractLarge single crystals of the title compound are prepared from the elements using In as a reactive flux (alumina crucible, 1000 °C, 2 d, 50—70% yield based on Ba).
ChemInform Abstract: Enabling Asymmetric Alkynylation of Azaaryl Aldehydes with Soai Autocatalyst.
Authors: Funes‐Maldonado Matias , Sieng Bora , Amedjkouh Mohamed 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA new sequence of autocatalysis—catalysis in asymmetric alkynylation of azaaryl aldehydes in the presence of Soai (5‐pyrimidyl)alkanol as chiral catalyst is documented.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synergistic Combinatorial and Chiroptical Study of Peptide Catalysts for Asymmetric Baeyer—Villiger Oxidation.
Authors: Giuliano Michael W. , Lin Chung‐Yon , Romney David K. , Miller Scott J. , Anslyn Eric V. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA combinatorial screening, rational library design, HPLC analysis, and a circular dichroism‐based assay lead to the identification of two families of peptide catalysts that induce opposite enantioselectivity in the asymmetric Baeyer—Villinger oxidation of cyclohexenone (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid/Rhodium‐Catalyzed Formal [3 + 3]‐Cycloaddition of Enoldiazoacetates with Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes.
Authors: Cheng Qing‐Qing , Qian Yu , Zavalij Peter Y. , Doyle Michael P. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe reaction proceeds via an initial Lewis acid‐catalyzed diastereoselective [3 + 2]‐cycloaddition followed by rhodium‐catalyzed chemoselective ring expansion.
ChemInform Abstract: An Aminopyridinato Titanium Catalyst for the Intramolecular Hydroaminoalkylation of Secondary Aminoalkenes.
Authors: Doerfler Jaika , Bytyqi Besnik , Hueller Sascha , Mann Nicola M. , Brahms Christian , Schmidtmann Marc , Doye Sven 
Published: October 2015

Abstract2‐Methylcyclohexyl‐ or 2‐methylcyclopentylamines are obtained as mixtures of trans‐ and cis‐diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Amination of Alcohols Assisted by Lewis Acid.
Authors: Pan Hui‐Jie , Ng Teng Wei , Zhao Yu 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA highly effective amination of primary and secondary alcohols with anilines, benzylamine, and piperidine is achieved using a catalytic amount of Knoelker′s complex (KNC) and AgF as co‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Addition of (Difluoromethyl)trimethylsilane to Selected α‐Imino Ketones and Aryl Diketones.
Authors: Obijalska Emilia , Utecht Greta , Kowalski Marcin K. , Mloston Grzegorz , Rachwalski Michal 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA chemoselective addition/reduction sequence allows the conversion of α‐imino ketones into difluoromethyl substituted aminoalcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Alkylation of C—H Bonds in Aromatic Amides with Styrenes via Bidentate—Chelation Assistance.
Authors: Shibata Kaname , Yamaguchi Takuma , Chatani Naoto 
Published: October 2015

Abstract8‐Aminoquinoline is used as bidendate directing group in alkylation reactions of aromatic C(sp2)—H bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Broensted Acid as a True Catalyst: Asymmetric Mukaiyama Aldol and Hosomi—Sakurai Allylation Reactions.
Authors: Sai Masahiro , Yamamoto Hisashi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA new chiral BINOL‐derived thiophosphoramide catalyst is prepared and applied for highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective Mukaiyama aldol reactions of various silyl enol ethers with aryl aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation (ATH) of α‐Phthalimide Ketones.
Authors: Xu Zhou , Li Yong , Liu Jing , Wu Nan , Li Ke , Zhu Songlei , Zhang Rongli , Liu Yi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractStarting from phthalimide ketones carrying various aryl substituents optically active amino alcohols are delivered in high yields and with high enantiomeric excess.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoredox Cross‐Coupling: Ir/Ni Dual Catalysis for the Synthesis of Benzylic Ethers.
Authors: Karakaya Idris , Primer David N. , Molander Gary A. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe photoredox cross‐coupling of α‐alkoxymethyl trifluoroborates with aryl bromides is achieved under mild conditions using a combination of an iridium photoredox catalyst and a nickel cross‐coupling catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Lithium Binaphtholate for Enantioselective Michael Addition of Acyclic α‐Alkyl‐β‐Keto Esters to Vinyl Ketones.
Authors: Kotani Shunsuke , Moritani Miyuki , Nakajima Makoto 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAsymmetric Michael addition of acyclic α‐alkyl‐β‐keto esters with vinyl ketones catalyzed by a chiral lithium binaphtholate is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral N,N′‐Dioxide—FeCl3 Complex‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Intramolecular Cannizzaro Reaction.
Authors: Wu Wangbin , Liu Xiaohua , Zhang Yuheng , Ji Jie , Huang Tianyu , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn environmentally benign air‐insensitive asymmetric reaction of (het)aryl and alkyl glyoxals with various alkyl alcohols is developed which provides Cannizzaro products in high yields and with high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki Cross‐Coupling in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Hoffmann Ina , Blumenroeder Bettina , Onodi nee Thumann Silvia , Dommer Sabine , Schatz Juergen 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA simple and efficient procedure for the Suzuki reaction of phenyl boronic acid or potassium phenyltrifluoroborate with aryl bromides and aryl iodides is reported The reaction can be conducted in pure water or aqueous media.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of Alkyltrifluoroborate Salts to Imines.
Authors: Lee Sumin , Lee Woo Lim , Yun Jaesook 
Published: October 2015

Abstractγ‐Amino ester are efficiently synthesized under mild reaction conditions and converted to the corresponding β,γ‐substituted lactams by cyclization reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura Type Cross‐Coupling Reactions of (2,2‐Difluorovinyl)benzene Derivatives with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Xiong Yang , Huang Tao , Ji Xinfei , Wu Jingjing , Cao Song 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe reaction fails using gem‐difluoroalkenes bearing electron withdrawing groups, aliphatic or hetaryl substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Earthworms: In Three‐Component Cascade Mannich‐Michael Reactions.
Authors: He Yan‐Hong , Song Jian , Yang Da‐Cheng , Guan Zhi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractStarting from cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one, arylamines and arylaldehydes the title reaction provides various isoquinuclidines in high yields as mixtures of endo/exo isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of N‐(Hetero)arylcarbazoles: Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reaction Between (Hetero)aryl Chlorides and N‐Carbazolylmagnesium Chloride.
Authors: Nakayama Yuji , Yokoyama Naota , Nara Hideki , Kobayashi Tohru , Fujiwhara Mitsuhiko 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe reactions proceed quickly under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Modular Synthesis of Pyrazolones Using an Alkene Aminocarbonylation Reaction.
Authors: Lavergne Kaitlyn , Bongers Amanda , Betit Lyanne , Beauchemin Andre M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA series of pyrazolones are obtained by reaction of enol ethers with hydrazones via aminocarbonylation of the enol ethers and subsequent nucleophile‐induced aromatization of the azomethine imine intermediates formed.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Alkyne Hydroacylation and Oxo‐Michael Addition: Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted Chroman‐4‐ones and Fluorinated Derivatives.
Authors: Du Xiang‐Wei , Stanley Levi M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSalicylic aldehydes and internal alkynes undergo an efficient Pd‐catalyzed tandem alkyne hydroacylation/oxo‐Michael addition process to yield 2,3‐disubstituted chromanones with good trans‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Double C—H Activation: A Straightforward Approach to Fused Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines from Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Kotla Siva K. Reddy , Choudhary Deepak , Tiwari Rakesh K. , Verma Akhilesh K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractOxidative coupling of 2‐aryl‐imidazopyridines with alkynes affords polycyclic imidazopyridines.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed γ‐Carbon Addition of Enals to Imines: Mechanistic Studies and Access to Antimicrobial Compounds.
Authors: Zheng Peng‐Cheng , Cheng Jiajia , Su Shihu , Jin Zhichao , Wang Yu‐Huang , Yang Song , Jin Lin‐Hong , Song Bao‐An , Chi Yonggui Robin 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTricyclic sulfonyl amides are conveniently and highly enantioselectively synthesized via a sequence of oxidation, γ‐carbon deprotonation, and nucleophilic addition of the γ‐carbon to imines.
ChemInform Abstract: The B(C6F5)3 Boron Lewis Acid Route to Arene‐Annulated Pentalenes.
Authors: Chen Chao , Harhausen Marcel , Fukazawa Aiko , Yamaguchi Shigehiro , Froehlich Roland , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Petersen Jeffrey L. , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe boron Lewis acid induced conversion of 1,2‐bis(arylethynyl)benzenes into substituted dibenzopentalenes and related systems is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed β‐Selective Hydroborylation of Ynamides: A Facile Access to (E)‐β‐Alkenylamide Boronates.
Authors: Bai Yihui , Zhang Fang , Shen Jiajia , Luo Fang , Zhu Gangguo 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe entitled hydroboration of ynamides using bis(pinacolato)diboron as the borylating reagent, affords (E)‐β‐alkenylamide boronates in good yields with excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Tertiary α‐Hydroxy Phosphonic Acid Derivatives under Aerobic Oxidation Conditions.
Authors: Maji Biplab , Yamamoto Hisashi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAcyclic as well as cyclic β‐ketophosphonates react with N‐protected hydroxylamines to give the corresponding α‐aminoxy derivatives in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization of Diaryl(hetaryl)alkynes under Selenobromination Conditions: Regioselectivity and Mechanistic Studies.
Authors: Paegle Edgars , Belyakov Sergey , Petrova Marina , Liepinsh Edvards , Arsenyan Pavel 
Published: October 2015

AbstractFunctionalized benzo[b]selenophene and selenophenothiophene derivatives are conveniently obtained from commercially available or easily accessible starting materials using in situ‐prepared SeBr4 and alkene additives as bromine scavenger.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Closing Metathesis of (η5‐Alkenylcyclopentadienyl)(alkenylphosphine)manganese (I) Dicarbonyl Complexes.
Authors: Tseng Ya‐Yi , Kamikawa Ken , Wu Qian , Takahashi Tamotsu , Ogasawara Masamichi 
Published: October 2015

AbstractVarious substrates are applied for the facile ring‐closing metathesis in the coordination sphere of (η5‐cyclopentadienyl)manganese complexes leading to C3‐ or C4‐bridged manganese complexes.
Nottingham Prognostic Index Plus: Validation of a clinical decision making tool in breast cancer in an independent series
Authors: Green Andrew R , Soria Daniele , Stephen Jacqueline , Powe Desmond G , Nolan Christopher C , Kunkler Ian , Thomas Jeremy , Kerr Gillian R , Jack Wilma , Cameron David , Piper Tammy , Ball Graham R , Garibaldi Jonathan M , Rakha Emad A , Bartlett John MS , Ellis Ian O 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe Nottingham Prognostic Index Plus (NPI+) is a clinical decision making tool in breast cancer (BC) that aims to provide improved patient outcome stratification superior to the traditional NPI. This study aimed to validate the NPI+ in an independent series of BC. Eight hundred and eighty five primary early stage BC cases from Edinburgh were semi‐quantitatively assessed for 10 biomarkers [Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PgR), cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, CK7/8, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER2, HER3, HER4, p53, and Mucin 1] using immunohistochemistry and classified into biological classes by fuzzy logic‐derived algorithms previously developed in the Nottingham series. Subsequently, NPI+ Prognostic Groups (PGs) were assigned for each class using bespoke NPI‐like formulae, previously developed in each NPI+ biological class of the Nottingham series, utilising clinicopathological parameters: number of positive nodes, pathological tumour size, stage, tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic counts. Biological classes and PGs were compared between the Edinburgh and Nottingham series using Cramer's V and their role in patient outcome prediction using Kaplan–Meier curves and tested using Log Rank. The NPI+ biomarker panel classified the Edinburgh series into seven biological classes similar to the Nottingham series (p > 0.01). The biological classes were significantly associated with patient outcome (p < 0.001). PGs were comparable in predicting patient outcome between series in Luminal A, Basal p53 altered, HER2+/ER+ tumours (p > 0.01). The good PGs were similarly validated in Luminal B, Basal p53 normal, HER2+/ER− tumours and the poor PG in the Luminal N class (p > 0.01). Due to small patient numbers assigned to the remaining PGs, Luminal N, Luminal B, Basal p53 normal and HER2+/ER− classes could not be validated. This study demonstrates the reproducibility of NPI+ and confirmed its prognostic value in an independent cohort of primary BC. Further validation in large randomised controlled trial material is warranted.
Massively parallel DNA sequencing from routinely processed cytological smears
Authors: Piqueret‐Stephan Laure , Marcaillou Charles , Reyes Cécile , Honoré Aurélie , Letexier Mélanie , Gentien David , Droin Nathalie , Lacroix Ludovic , Scoazec Jean‐Yves , Vielh Philippe 
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDData generated by next‐generation sequencing technologies have a pivotal role in precision medicine. These high‐throughput techniques are preferentially performed on fresh tissue, but there is an increasing need for protocols adapted to materials derived from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue and cytology specimens.METHODSThe aim of this work was to show that cytological material collected from archival smears processed for routine diagnoses could be used for massively parallel sequencing and array‐based genomic analysis for further studies.RESULTSAs a proof of concept, data obtained from May‐Grünwald Giemsa– and Diff‐Quik–stained archival smears were shown to be in keeping with those obtained from matched frozen controls.CONCLUSIONSThe quality of DNA extracted from routinely processed smears is compatible with the multitargeted sequencing of a large series of genes of interest with methods such as array‐based genomic analysis and whole‐exome sequencing. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:241–53. © 2015 American Cancer Society.