bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate trends in the Arctic as observed from space
Authors: Comiso Josefino C. , Hall Dorothy K. 
Published: March 2014

The Arctic is a region in transformation. Warming in the region has been amplified, as expected from ice‐albedo feedback effects, with the rate of warming observed to be ∼0.60 ± 0.07°C/decade in the Arctic (>64°N) compared to ∼0.17°C/decade globally during the last three decades. This increase in surface temperature is manifested in all components of the cryosphere. In particular, the sea ice extent has been declining at the rate of ∼3.8%/decade, whereas the perennial ice (represented by summer ice minimum) is declining at a much greater rate of ∼11.5%/decade. Spring snow cover has also been observed to be declining by −2.12%/decade for the period 1967–2012. The Greenland ice sheet has been losing mass at the rate of ∼34.0 Gt/year (sea level equivalence of 0.09 mm/year) during the period from 1992 to 2011, but for the period 2002–2011, a higher rate of mass loss of ∼215 Gt/year has been observed. Also, the mass of glaciers worldwide declined at the rate of 226 Gt/year from 1971 to 2009 and 275 Gt/year from 1993 to 2009. Increases in permafrost temperature have also been measured in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere while a thickening of the active layer that overlies permafrost and a thinning of seasonally frozen ground has also been reported. To gain insight into these changes, comparative analysis with trends in clouds, albedo, and the Arctic Oscillation is also presented.This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change
Anaerobic ferrous oxidation by heterotrophic denitrifying enriched culture
Authors: Wang Ru , Zheng Ping , Xing Ya-Juan , Zhang Meng , Ghulam Abbas , Zhao Zhi-qing , Li Wei , Wang Lan 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Heterotrophic denitrifying enriched culture (DEC) from a lab-scale high-rate denitrifying reactor was discovered to perform nitrate-dependent anaerobic ferrous oxidation (NAFO). The DEC was systematically investigated to reveal their denitrification activity, their NAFO activity, and the predominant microbial population. The DEC was capable of heterotrophic denitrification with methanol as the electron donor, and autotrophic denitrification with ferrous salt as the electron donor named NAFO. The conversion ratios of ferrous-Fe and nitrate-N were 87.41 and 98.74 %, and the consumption Fe/N ratio was 2.3:1 (mol/mol). The maximum reaction velocity and half saturation constant of Fe were 412.54 mg/(l h) and 8,276.44 mg/l, and the counterparts of N were 20.87 mg/(l h) and 322.58 mg/l, respectively. The predominant bacteria were Hyphomicrobium, Thauera, and Flavobacterium, and the predominant archaea were Methanomethylovorans, Methanohalophilus, and Methanolobus. The discovery of NAFO by heterotrophic DEC is significant for the development of wastewater treatment and the biogeochemical iron cycle and nitrogen cycle.
Nonlinear Transport of Positive Ions Below a Free Surface of Topological Superfluid $$^3$$He-B
Authors: Ikegami H. , Kono K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe B phase of the topological superfluid $$^3$$

3

He ($$^3$$

3

He-B) shows many exotic phenomena at a surface as well as in bulk. In this article, we describe the first study of the nonlinear transport behavior of positive ions trapped below a free surface of $$^3$$

3

He-B measured at very low temperatures (below 300 $${\upmu }$$
μ
K), investigated for the purposes of observing the Landau critical velocity for pair breaking and finding a signature of the Majorana surface Andreev bound states. We observe that nonlinearity sets in at a velocity smaller than the Landau critical velocity for bulk pair breaking, and find that the nonlinear behavior does not depend on the depth of the trapped ions even though the depth is varied over the coherence length. The lack of depth dependence indicates that the nonlinear behavior does not reflect properties of the surface Andreev bound states. The onset of the nonlinearity at a velocity smaller than the bulk pair breaking velocity might be due to the inelastic scattering of bulk quasiparticles.
Numerical study of the effect of surface wave on turbulence underneath. Part 2. Eulerian and Lagrangian properties of turbulence kinetic energy
Authors: Guo Xin , Shen Lian 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe effect of the rapid distortion of a surface wave on the kinetic energy of turbulence underneath is studied based on the simulation data of Part 1 (Guo & Shen,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 733, 2013, pp. 558–587). In the Eulerian frame, Reynolds normal stresses, which contribute to turbulence kinetic energy, are found to vary with the wave phase. An analysis of their budgets shows that their variation is dominated not only by the normal production term representing the wave straining effect on wave–turbulence energy exchange, but also by pressure effects including the pressure–strain correlation and pressure transport terms. In the Lagrangian frame, the net energy transfer from the wave to turbulence is analysed. It is found to be mainly contributed by the mean Lagrangian effect and the correlation between the Lagrangian fluctuations of the wave and turbulence; the former plays a major role in the overall wave energy dissipation, while the latter is associated with the viscous effect of the wave surface and is appreciable in the near-surface region. Models for various terms in wave–turbulence energy flux are discussed. The decay time scale of swells in oceans estimated from our simulations compares well with the results in the literature.
The virtual power principle in fluid mechanics
Authors: Yu Yongliang 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA conceptual framework on analytical mechanics for continuous fluid medium, which connects the fluid motion and all of the (internal and external) forces with mechanical power, is proposed by using the virtual power and the virtual velocity. Based on this framework, it is found that the internal virtual power is equal to the external virtual power in fluid dynamics, which is called the virtual power principle. This framework is also proved to be equivalent to the vector dynamics (Cauchy’s equation or Navier–Stokes equation). Furthermore, based on the virtual power principle, a theorem is introduced for continuous fluid medium, which indicates the relationship between the force (or torque) acting on a body immersed in a fluid and the specified virtual power. Subsequently, according to Galilean invariance, the detailed relationship for Newtonian fluids in incompressible flows is derived and used to illustrate the mechanisms on instantaneous forces: the added inertial effects, the boundary energy flux and dissipation effects, the vortex contribution, and the explicit body force contribution. As an application of the principle, the advantage of the V formation flight of geese is preliminarily discussed in the view of aerodynamics. Specifically, the total drag of the flock is reduced by contrast with the simple sum of the drag in solo fight and the optimal angle of V ranges from$60^{\circ }$to$120^{\circ }$. The principle could be a useful approach to reveal the contributions of the flow structures and the moving or deforming boundaries to the force and torque acting on a body, especially in a multibody system.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent scalar transport across a flat surface
Authors: Herlina H. , Wissink J. G. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTo elucidate the physical mechanisms that play a role in the interfacial transfer of atmospheric gases into water, a series of direct numerical simulations of mass transfer across the air–water interface driven by isotropic turbulence diffusing from below has been carried out for various turbulent Reynolds numbers ($R_T=84,195,507$). To allow a direct (unbiased) comparison of the instantaneous effects of scalar diffusivity, in each of the DNS up to six scalar advection–diffusion equations with different Schmidt numbers were solved simultaneously. As far as the authors are aware this is the first simulation that is capable to accurately resolve the realistic Schmidt number, $\mathit{Sc}=500$, that is typical for the transport of atmospheric gases such as oxygen in water. For the range of turbulent Reynolds numbers and Schmidt numbers considered, the normalized transfer velocity $K_L$ was found to scale with $R_T^{-{1/2}}$ and $\mathit{Sc}^{-{1/2}}$, which indicates that the largest eddies present in the isotropic turbulent flow introduced at the bottom of the computational domain tend to determine the mass transfer. The $K_L$ results were also found to be in good agreement with the surface divergence model of McCready, Vassiliadou & Hanratty (AIChE J., vol. 32, 1986, pp. 1108–1115) when using a constant of proportionality of 0.525. Although close to the surface large eddies are responsible for the bulk of the gas transfer, it was also observed that for higher $R_T$ the influence of smaller eddies becomes more important.
Thermal transpiration flow through a single rectangular channel
Authors: Yamaguchi Hiroki , Rojas-Cárdenas Marcos , Perrier Pierre , Graur Irina , Niimi Tomohide 
Published: March 2014

AbstractA thermal transpiration flow through a single rectangular micro-channel was studied experimentally for various gas species, including all rare gases, in order to investigate the influence of gas species on the flow properties. The final equilibrium flow characteristics and relaxation time of the pressure variation were evaluated as functions of the rarefaction parameter. The thermal molecular pressure difference was well fitted by the log-normal distribution function, and its magnitude was found to be strongly dependent on the gas species: a larger pressure difference was obtained for molecules of smaller diameter. However, for the thermal molecular pressure ratio and the thermal molecular pressure exponent, which are dimensionless quantities, the dependence on the gas species was negligible. The relaxation time of the pressure variation was well normalized by the characteristic time of the system. The influence of the geometry was evaluated by comparing the present results, obtained for the case of a rectangular channel, with already published data obtained for the case of a circular cross-section tube. The comparison showed that these two geometrical configurations influence the fluid flow in equal manner, if appropriate geometrical parameters are used for their representation.
Zircon geochronology of intrusive rocks from Cap de Creus, Eastern Pyrenees
Authors: DRUGUET ELENA , CASTRO ANTONIO , CHICHORRO MARTIM , PEREIRA M. FRANCISCO , FERNÁNDEZ CARLOS 
Published: March 2014

AbstractNew petrological and U–Pb zircon geochronological information has been obtained from intrusive plutonic rocks and migmatites from the Cap de Creus massif (Eastern Pyrenees) in order to constrain the timing of the thermal and tectonic evolution of this northeasternmost segment of Iberia during late Palaeozoic time. Zircons from a deformed syntectonic quartz diorite from the northern Cap de Creus Tudela migmatitic complex yield a mean age of 298.8±3.8 Ma. A syntectonic granodiorite from the Roses pluton in the southern area of lowest metamorphic grade of the massif has been dated at 290.8±2.9 Ma. All the analysed zircons from two samples of migmatitic rocks yield inherited ages from the Precambrian metasedimentary protolith (with two main age clusters at c. 730–542 Ma and c. 2.9–2.2 Ga). However, field structural relationships indicate that migmatization occurred synchronously with the emplacement of the quartz dioritic magmas at c. 299 Ma. Thus, the results of this study suggest that subduction-related calc-alkaline magmatic activity in the Cap de Creus was coeval and coupled with D2 dextral transpression involving NNW–SSE crustal shortening during Late Carboniferous – Early Permian time (c. 299–291 Ma). Since these age determinations are within the range of those obtained for undeformed (or slightly deformed) calc-alkaline igneous rocks from NE Iberia, it follows that the Cap de Creus massif would represent a zone of intense localization of D2 transpression and subsequent D3 ductile wrenching that extended into the Lower Permian during a transitional stage between the Variscan and Cimmerian cycles.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SHORT SCALE TO MEASURE HOW SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS SUPPORT THE CONTINUOUS AND CONSCIOUS ENDEAVOUR TO LOSE WEIGHT
Authors: TAKADA AKEMI , TAKAHASHI YOSHIMITSU , NISHIMURA SHUZO , KOSUGI SHINJI 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThis paper reports the development of a short scale (ten items) entitled ‘Social Relationships to Prevent Obesity’ (SRPO), which examines how social relationships support the continuous and conscious endeavour to lose weight. The construct and criterion validity of this scale were ascertained in this study. Factor structure and reliability were examined using data from a randomized controlled trial. A confirmatory factor analysis of the SRPO revealed three relevant factors. The results suggest that the SRPO has both validity and clinical utility and can thus be used as a screening tool in weight-loss interventions and to assess the degree of, and trends in, self-control for weight loss in individuals. The scale can also be used to examine the environmental and self-control problems faced by obese people – factors that should be considered when conducting weight-loss interventions.
Microsatellite variation of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in central and eastern Mediterranean: genetic panmixia in the Aegean and the Ionian Seas
Authors: Giantsis Ioannis A. , Mucci Nadia , Randi Ettore , Abatzopoulos Theodore J. , Apostolidis Apostolos P. 
Published: March 2014

Genetic variation of musselsMytilus galloprovincialisin central–eastern Mediterranean Sea is investigated in this study. A total of 550 individuals sampled from two cultured and 11 wild populations from Italy, Croatia, Greece and Turkey were genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations were observed in more than 75% of the tests performed. All populations showed extensive heterozygote deficits, which remained at significant levels even after correction for null alleles, providing evidence that null alleles were only partly responsible for deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in these molluscs. Moreover, null alleles seem to have limited influence on the population genetic differentiation. Similar levels of multi-locus heterozygosity and allelic richness were observed in all populations, cultured and wild, implying the sustainability of the exploited populations. Lack of isolation by distance and markedly low genetic differentiation between the nine Greek sampling sites (shoreline >1000 km) was revealed by Mantel tests, FSTvalues, exact tests and analyses of molecular variance, indicating that mussels from these regions are either at or close to panmixia. Similarly, patterns of genetic homogeneity were also found between the two Italian samples, whereas the observed genetic differentiation of the populations from Turkey and Croatia probably reflects the specific topographic and oceanographic conditions of these regions.
Aggression, DRD1 polymorphism, and lesion location in penetrating traumatic brain injury
Authors: Pardini Matteo , Krueger Frank , Hodgkinson Colin A. , Raymont Vanessa , Strenziok Maren , Amore Mario , Wassermann Eric M. , Goldman David , Grafman Jordan H. 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveThis study evaluated whether structural brain lesions modulate the relationship between pathological aggression and the dopaminergic system in traumatic brain injury (TBI). While converging evidence suggests that different areas of the prefrontal cortex modulate dopaminergic activity, to date no evidence exists of a modulation of endogenous dopaminergic tone by lesion localization in penetrating TBI (pTBI).MethodsThis study included 141 male Caucasian veterans who suffered penetrating pTBI during their service in Vietnam and 29 healthy male Caucasian Vietnam veterans. Participants were genotyped for 3 functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) rs686, dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) rs4648317, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met. Patients underwent brain CT scans and were divided into medial prefrontal cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, and posterior cortex lesion groups. Long-term aggression levels were evaluated with the agitation/aggression subscale of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory.ResultsOur data showed that carriers of more transcriptionally active DRD1 alleles compared to noncarriers demonstrated greater aggression levels due to medial prefrontal cortex lesions but reduced aggression levels due to lateral prefrontal cortex lesions independently of DRD2 rs4648317 or COMT Val158Met genotypes.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the relationship between pTBI-related aggression and the dopaminergic system is modulated by lesion location. Potentially lesion location could represent an easy-to-use, widely available, para-clinical marker to help in the development of an individualized therapeutic approach to pTBI-related pathological aggression.
A New Carbon Allotrope with Six-Fold Helical Chains in all-sp2 Bonding Networks
Authors: Wang Jian-Tao , Chen Changfeng , Wang Enge , Kawazoe Yoshiyuki 
Published: March 2014

AbstractUsing a recently developed approach to constructing covalent network structures from linear carbyne, we identify by ab initio calculations a new carbon allotrope in "Equation missing" ("Equation missing") symmetry that comprises six-fold helical chains with alternating sp2-type single and double bonds along the chains that are connected via zigzag benzene rings. This 6-fold carbene is characterized as a three-dimensional three-connected chiral crystalline modification of graphite. Phonon and electronic band calculations indicate that this new structure is dynamically stable and is a semiconductor with a band gap of 0.47 eV, in contrast to the semimetallic nature of graphite. Simulated x-ray diffraction patterns of the 6-fold carbene provide an excellent match to the previously unexplained distinct diffraction peak of a new carbon allotrope found in recent detonation experiments. These results establish a new carbon phase and offer insights into its outstanding structural and electronic properties.
Nitric oxide production by monocytes in children with OSA and endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Kheirandish-Gozal Leila , Wang Yang , Duggan Ryan C. , Harshan Vardhan Sindhuja , Tan Hui-Leng , Molero Ramirez Helena , Khalyfa Abdelnaby , Bhattacharjee Rakesh , Bandla Hari P.R. , Gozal David 
Published: March 2014

OSA (obstructive sleep apnoea) is associated with a higher risk for alterations in post-occlusive hyperaemia, an eNOS (endothelial NO synthase)-dependent endothelial response. However, since not all children manifest endothelial dysfunction, we hypothesized that differences in circulating monocyte subsets and NO production may underlie the vascular phenotype in paediatric OSA. Matched pre-pubertal children with OSA with abnormal endothelial function (OSAab) and with normal endothelial function (OSAn), and controls (CO) were recruited. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were subtyped into CD14+ and CD16+ cells, and NO production was assessed using flow cytometry. Endothelial dysfunction was defined as Tmax (time to reach maximal reperfusion) &gt;45 s by laser Doppler flowmetry. A total of 11 OSAab, 12 OSAn and 12 CO-matched children completed the study. The OSAab group had increased CD16+ and decreased CD14+ cell numbers. They also had increased CX3CR1 (CX3C chemokine receptor 1) expression in CD16+ monocytes (P&lt;0.01). Furthermore, monocytes from the OSAab group exhibited overall reduced NO production (787±71 compared with 1226±229 and 1089±116 median fluorescence intensity in the OSAn group and CO children respectively; P&lt;0.01). Significant bivariate associations emerged between NO production, monocyte subsets, CX3CR1 in CD16+ monocytes, the CD14+/CD16+ ratio and Tmax. Thus OSA in children is associated with increased numbers of pro-inflammatory monocytes and reduced NO production in circulating monocytes that are closely associated with endothelial function.
Speech Sound Production in 2-Year-Olds Who Are Hard of Hearing
Authors: Ambrose Sophie E. , Unflat Berry Lauren M. , Walker Elizabeth A. , Harrison Melody , Oleson Jacob , Moeller Mary Pat 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
The purpose of the study was to (a) compare the speech sound production abilities of 2-year-old children who are hard of hearing (HH) to children with normal hearing (NH), (b) identify sources of risk for individual children who are HH, and (c) determine whether speech sound production skills at age 2 were predictive of speech sound production skills at age 3.

Method
Seventy children with bilateral, mild-to-severe hearing loss who use hearing aids and 37 age- and socioeconomic status–matched children with NH participated. Children's speech sound production abilities were assessed at 2 and 3 years of age.

Results
At age 2, the HH group demonstrated vowel production abilities on par with their NH peers but weaker consonant production abilities. Within the HH group, better outcomes were associated with hearing aid fittings by 6 months of age, hearing loss of less than 45 dB HL, stronger vocabulary scores, and being female. Positive relationships existed between children's speech sound production abilities at 2 and 3 years of age.

Conclusion
Assessment of early speech sound production abilities in combination with demographic, audiologic, and linguistic variables may be useful in identifying HH children who are at risk for delays in speech sound production.
In a long-term experimental demography study, excluding ungulates reversed invader's explosive population growth rate and restored natives
Authors: Kalisz Susan , Spigler Rachel B. , Horvitz Carol C. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
In ecosystems worldwide, the presence of overabundant ungulates (e.g. deer, cows) and the invasion of exotic plants are disrupting native communities. A recent hypothesis causally links these problems implicating overabundant ungulates in enhancing invaders’ demographic success. We tested this hypothesis in a forest where white-tailed deer are overabundant and garlic mustard is aggressively invading. Using long-term, replicated deer exclusion/deer access plot pairs, we quantified population density, growth, and decline of this invader and native plants. We conclusively demonstrate that deer are required for garlic mustard success; its local extinction is projected where deer are absent. Our findings provide the first definitive support connecting overabundant ungulates to enhanced invader success, with broad implications for biodiversity and ecosystem function.
CD31 is a key coinhibitory receptor in the development of immunogenic dendritic cells
Authors: Clement Marc , Fornasa Giulia , Guedj Kevin , Ben Mkaddem Sanae , Gaston Anh-Thu , Khallou-Laschet Jamila , Morvan Marion , Nicoletti Antonino , Caligiuri Giuseppina 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceMuch is known about the costimulatory receptors that contribute to the full maturation of DCs, whereas the coinhibitory receptors that are involved in the control of DC maturation and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance remain largely unknown. This work reveals that CD31, a transhomophilic coreceptor constitutively expressed by resting DCs, has a key coinhibitory function. CD31 is lost by maturing DCs, and the absence of CD31 favors immunogenic maturation. In contrast, upholding CD31 signaling during maturation converts stimulated DCs into tolerogenic cells. These findings will likely have a substantial impact on immunology research, because knowledge of the immune modulation of DCs is important in immune homeostasis as well as in communicable and noncommunicable diseases, including infection, autoimmunity, and cancer.