bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time-Out as a Punishment for Stuttering
Authors: Haroldson Samuel K. , Martin Richard R. , Starr Clark D. 
Published: July 2014

The effects of making time-out from positive reinforcement (TO) contingent upon stuttering were studied in four adult stutterers. The theoretical basis of the study revolved around the notion that speaking is self-reinforcing, and that making TO from speaking contingent upon a specific response will decrease the frequency of that response. The general experimental procedure was one in which subjects spoke spontaneously and a red light was illuminated for 10 seconds contingent upon each stuttering. Subjects were not allowed to speak while the light was illuminated.
All four subjects evidenced a marked decrease in stuttering frequency during TO sessions. Some extinction of the suppression effect was observed during those sessions in which TO was removed.
The Acquisition of English Morphology by Normal and Educable Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Newfield Melanie U. , Schlanger Bernard B. 
Published: July 2014

To study the acquisition of English morphology by 30 educable mentally retarded children and 30 normal children, a list of lexicon words was developed which paralleled phonologically and morphologically the nonsense words used by Berko. Results indicate that significant quantitative differences existed favoring the normal children in all the measures of morphology, measured by lexicon words and nonsense words. Nevertheless, the order of acquisition of morphology by the retarded children, particularly in respect to nonsense words, paralleled that of the normal children.
With the normal and retarded children an undefined time lag existed between the production of correct English morphological inflection forms with familiar words and the generalization of these forms to unfamiliar words, indicating knowledge of a morphological rule. The retarded children demonstrated greater inability than the normal children studied in generalization from familiar to unfamiliar words.
Imparting Diagnostic Information to Mothers: A Comparison of Methodologies
Authors: Marshall Nancy R. , Goldstein Steven G. 
Published: July 2014

This study sought to evaluate maternal understanding of information obtained during a diagnostic consultation by mothers of speech-handicapped children as a result of two replay procedures: Video Tape Replay (VTR) and Audio Tape Relay (ATR).
A 35-item list (Communication Behavior Scale; CBS) of developmental levels in speech and language was constructed and validated. It consisted of items classified under the following variables: verbal comprehension, verbal communication, articulation ability, and intelligibility of speech.
One hundred twenty mothers of speech-handicapped children were divided into three groups of 40 each. All subjects, regardless of group, completed the CBS before and after they were seen by the diagnostician, a speech pathologist. Group I received only the regular diagnostic consultation from the speech pathologist; Group II (VTR) saw the entire diagnostic consultation again by video-tape replay; and Group III (ATR) heard the entire diagnostic consultation again by tape recording.
Statistically significant differences were found for all four variables between control and experimental groups. With one exception, no differences were found between the experimental groups. The implications of mechanical feedback and its utility in the diagnostic or research setting are discussed.
Auditory Perception of Sequenced Words in Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Aten James L. , Johns Donnell F. , Darley Frederic L. 
Published: July 2014

In a test of auditory perception of phonemes, 10 patients with apraxia of speech were compared with 10 matched normal control subjects on a task of pointing to pictures designated by sequences of auditory word stimuli. The test items were 190 sequences of two and three words with minimal variation of initial consonant, final consonant, medial vowel, or multiple phonemes.
The apraxic patients made significantly more perceptual errors as a group, but varied considerably in their level of performance. The achievement of some patients was within the range established by the control subjects; that of others was unequivocally inferior. The major deficit in the apraxic group appeared to be impairment of ability to retain the second- and third-syllable consonant elements in three-word sequences.
Apraxia of speech can occur in relatively pure form in the absence of auditory perceptual impairment. It can also occur in conjunction with reduced auditory retention span, which impairs the perception of sequences of words which are minimally varied phonemically.
Auditory Detection of Spondaic Words in Wide-Band Noise by Adults with Normal Hearing and by Children with Profound Hearing Losses
Authors: Erber Norman P. 
Published: July 2014

Auditory detection of spondaic words in wide-band noise was measured both for normal-hearing adults and for profoundly deaf children. For the normals, a close relation was found between the speech-to-noise (S/N) ratio required to raise detection for speech above the 50% (i.e. chance) level and the S/N ratio necessary to improve lipreading of similar materials (data from a previous study). This result suggested that the mere detection of speech patterns may provide sufficient information to supplement lipreading.
The deaf subjects required about 9 dB greater S/N ratio for 75% correct detection of words than did those with normal hearing. Subjects with moderate-to-severe hearing losses required intermediate S/N values. This finding implied that maximum communication effectiveness may occur for hearing-impaired children only at higher S/N ratios than that required by normal-hearing persons.
Supplementary data indicated a similarity between the S/N ratios required for detection by the ears of profoundly deaf children and by the hands of normal-hearing adults. A monaurally deaf adult subject reported introspectively that she perceived the acoustic stimuli through her deaf ear as vibratory in nature.
Cortical Excitability, Perseveration, and Stuttering
Authors: Sayles Daniel G. 
Published: July 2014

Twenty-three male stutterers were compared with 25 male nonstutterers on measures of speech behavior, perseveration, and neurologic function. Flicker fusion threshold was determined as the single measure of perseveration, and multiple oral readings of a 218-word passage were recorded. Stuttering frequency for all subjects was computed from the tapes and, for the stuttering subjects, measures of adaptation and consistency were derived. Routine resting EEG records were obtained, and recording was continued during sleep, hyperventilation, intermittent photic stimulation, and two episodes of oral reading, one before and one immediately after hyperventilation.
Abnormal or borderline EEGs were observed in 48% of the stutterers, as compared with 12% of the nonstutterers. Stutterers also exhibited a significantly greater cortical sensitivity to hyperventilation, regardless of age. This was true even of those with normal EEGs. Hyperventilation also appeared to reduce stuttering frequency among stutterers with anomalous EEGs.
With respect to stuttering frequency, adaptation, and consistency, stutterers with anomalous EEGs did not differ significantly from those with normal EEGs. Mean flicker fusion threshold was significantly lower in the stuttering group. Stutterers with anomalous EEGs had higher fusion thresholds than those with normal EEGs. Flicker fusion threshold appeared to be unrelated to stuttering frequency, adaptation, and consistency.
The First Three Words
Authors: Wingate Marcel E. 
Published: July 2014

The regularly reported influence on stuttering of early sentence position, particularly the first three words, evidently is confounded with the influence of grammatical class, another variable consistently found to correlate with stuttering frequency. Representative samples of English prose are found to contain, in early sentence positions, words of grammatical classes known to be associated with high stuttering frequency.
Use of a specially constructed passage, which markedly altered the grammatical class composition of the first three words of sentences, resulted in significant changes in the typical patterns of stuttering frequency associated with word position and grammatical class. The findings lead to an analysis which identifies linguistics stress as the essential feature responsible for the effect on stuttering of both grammatical class and sentence position.
Comparing Criteria of Hearing Impairment in the Elderly
Authors: Bess Fred H. , Lichtenstein Michael J. , Logan Susan A. , Burger M. Candice 
Published: July 2014

We determined and compared the associations of four commonly used audiometric criteria of hearing impairment with two functional outcome measures in 152 aged persons screened in primary care medicine practices. The outcome measures were the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP, a measure of global function), and the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly-Screening Version (HHIE-S, a communication-specific measure of functional impairment).
There were five main findings. (1) The four criteria of hearing loss were not independent. (2) The criterion of loss chosen depends on the functional measure of impairment. (3) Functional hearing impairment may also be classified by the number of criteria met. (4) A large subset (21%) of aged persons met one criterion but had little in the way of communicative or global dysfunction. (5) Hearing handicap as measured by the HHIE-S was directly associated with global dysfunction as measured by the SIP.
The Reliability of a Modified Simplex Procedure in Hearing Aid Frequency-Response Selection
Authors: Kuk Francis K. , Pape Nonalee M. C. 
Published: July 2014

The reliability of a modified simplex procedure to select the preferred frequency response on a programmable hearing aid was studied. The effect of stimulus materials on the selected frequency response, along with the consistency in which the selected frequency response was chosen in repeated test runs, was examined.
Two groups of hearing-impaired elderly adults (from 59 to 88 years of age, with a mean age of 70 years) who had worn hearing aids for at least 1 year, participated in the study. Subjects were seen for six sessions lasting 2 to 3 hours each. During each session, subjects listened through a programmable hearing aid and selected a preferred frequency response for optimal hearing using a modified simplex procedure. Discourse passages and consonant nonsense syllables, presented in quiet and in noise, were used as the test conditions. Subjective judgment of discourse clarity and syllable recognition were used as criteria. Three estimates of preferred frequency response were obtained within a session when subjective judgment was used as a criterion and two estimates were obtained within a session when syllable recognition was used as a criterion. Subjects returned for a retest approximately 1 week after completion of all test conditions.
The results of the study revealed that, depending on test conditions, approximately 30% of subjects selected the same frequency response and 80% of subjects showed test-retest deviation of less than one step size (one cell) in the selected frequency response. The consistency was highest for discourse material presented in noise and lowest for discourse material presented in quiet.
Subjects preferred more high-frequency response when consonant syllables were used for recognition than when discourse was used for subjective judgment. On the other hand, more subjects preferred more low-frequency response for discourse judgment than for consonant-syllable recognition. These results suggest that the choice of stimulus materials affect the outcome and consistency in which these outcomes are generated with the simplex procedure.
A Comparison of the Aided Performance and Benefit Provided by a Linear and a Two-Channel Wide Dynamic Range Compression Hearing Aid
Authors: Humes Larry E. , Christensen Laurel , Thomas Tara , Bess Fred H. , Hedley-Williams Andrea , Bentler Ruth 
Published: July 2014

The aided performance and benefit achieved with linear and two-channel wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) in-the-canal (ITC) hearing aids were established in 55 individuals. Study participants had been wearing either linear or adaptive-frequency-response (Bass Increase at Low Levels, BILL) ITC hearing aids for approximately one year before participation in this study. Outcome measures included aided performance and objective benefit in quiet and noise at a variety of speech levels (50, 60, and 75 dB SPL), at various levels of babble background (quiet, signal-to-babble ratios of +5 and +10 dB), and for various types of test materials (monosyllabic words and sentences in connected speech). Several subjective measures of aided performance (sound-quality judgments and magnitude estimates of listening effort) and relative benefit (improvement in listening effort and the Hearing Aid Performance Inventory, HAPI) were also obtained. Finally, self-report measures of hearing-aid use were also obtained using daily logs. Participants completed all outcome measures for the linear ITC hearing aids first, following 2 months of usage, and then repeated all outcome measures for the WDRC instruments after a subsequent 2-month period of use.
In general, although both types of hearing aids demonstrated significant benefit, the results indicated that the WDRC instruments were superior to the linear devices for many of the outcome measures. This tended to be the case most frequently when low speech levels were used. Many of the performance differences between devices most likely can be ascribed to differences in gain, and prescriptive approaches (DSL[i/o] vs. NAL-R), for the fixed volume control testing performed in this study.
Translation Research for the Rehabilitation of Left Spatial Neglect and Associated Disorders of Attention in Stroke Patients
Authors: Arene Nkiruka , Hillis Argye E. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The syndrome of unilateral neglect, typified by a lateralized attention bias and neglect of contralateral space, is an important cause of morbidity and disability after a stroke. In this review, we discuss the challenges that face researchers attempting to elucidate the mechanisms and effectiveness of rehabilitation treatments. The neglect syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder, and it is not clear which of its symptoms cause ongoing disability. We review current methods of neglect assessment and propose logical approaches to selecting treatments, while acknowledging that further study is still needed before some of these approaches can be translated into routine clinical use. We conclude with systems-level suggestions for hypothesis development that would hopefully form a sound theoretical basis for future approaches to the assessment and treatment of neglect.
Sphalerite is a geochemical catalyst for carbon−hydrogen bond activation
Authors: Shipp Jessie A. , Gould Ian R. , Shock Everett L. , Williams Lynda B. , Hartnett Hilairy E. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Organic compound transformations in the Earth commonly take place in the presence of minerals and aqueous solutions, but a mechanistic understanding of how minerals influence hydrothermal organic reactivity is virtually nonexistent. We present the first description of mineral catalysis of a fundamental organic reaction—carbon−hydrogen bond activation. The discovery that a common mineral, sphalerite (ZnS), can readily accomplish this reaction will interest not only geochemists but also the organic catalysis and green chemistry communities, because the solvent for organic reactions under these conditions is water. This work highlights the importance of aqueous processes in organic chemistry and shows how common minerals could be used as catalysts for organic reactions.
UV-B detected by the UVR8 photoreceptor antagonizes auxin signaling and plant shade avoidance
Authors: Hayes Scott , Velanis Christos N. , Jenkins Gareth I. , Franklin Keara A. 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceUV-B is a key component of sunlight. In plants, UV-B is perceived by the photoreceptor protein UVR8. Along with regulating photoprotective responses, UV-B dramatically inhibits stem elongation. Here we show how UV-B regulates plant architecture, using the agriculturally important shade avoidance response. When grown in dense stands, plants use reflected far-red light signals from neighbors to detect the threat of shading. In many species, these signals drive rapid elongation responses to overtop competitors. UV-B perceived by UVR8 provides a potent sunlight signal that inhibits shade avoidance. UVR8 activation stimulates multiple pathways that converge to block biosynthesis of the plant growth hormone auxin. Understanding how UV-B regulates plant architecture is central to our understanding of plant growth and development in sunlight.
GADD45γ regulates the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue
Authors: Gantner Marin L. , Hazen Bethany C. , Conkright Juliana , Kralli Anastasia 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) specializes in converting stored chemical energy into heat. When activated in response to cold, BAT increases the body’s metabolic rate and promotes fat loss. The recent identification of BAT in humans makes activation of this tissue an attractive target for counteracting obesity. However, our understanding of the intracellular pathways that regulate the response to cold is limited. Here, we identify a previously unknown regulator of BAT activation, growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein 45 γ, which is induced in response to cold and works via the MAPK p38 and the transcription factor estrogen-related receptor γ to enhance the expression of genes important for thermogenesis. Our findings may provide new avenues for the stimulation of energy expenditure.
Development of an antibody-based, modular biosensor for129Xe NMR molecular imaging of cells at nanomolar concentrations
Authors: Rose Honor M. , Witte Christopher , Rossella Federica , Klippel Stefan , Freund Christian , Schröder Leif 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceThe field of xenon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is moving closer to the development of targeted xenon biosensors for in vivo applications. It is motivated by aca.108-fold improved sensitivity compared with conventional proton MRI. This has been enabled by significant improvements to hardware (xenon polarizer design) and sensitivity (through the hyperpolarized129Xe chemical exchange saturation transfer technique). In this paper, we capitalize on these improvements by demonstrating targeted xenon imaging on cells using a modular xenon biosensor. With this method, we can detect target cells with as little as 20 nM of our xenon contrast agent. Imaging of such low levels of cell-specific xenon hosts is unprecedented and reinforces the potential of xenon–cryptophane biosensors for molecular imaging applications.
A critical appraisal of the use of microRNA data in phylogenetics
Authors: Thomson Robert C. , Plachetzki David C. , Mahler D. Luke , Moore Brian R. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
As progress toward a highly resolved tree of life continues, evolutionary relationships that defy resolution continue to be identified. Recently, the presence/absence of microRNA families has emerged as a potentially ideal source of information to resolve these difficult phylogenetic problems, and these data have been used to address several long-standing problems in the metazoan phylogeny. To our knowledge, this study performs the first rigorous statistical assessment of the phylogenetic utility of microRNAs and finds that a high incidence of homoplasy and sampling error renders published phylogenies based on microRNA data highly biased or uncertain. This study casts serious doubt on the central phylogenetic conclusions of several previous analyses of microRNA datasets.
Clade extinction appears to balance species diversification in sister lineages of Afro-Oriental passerine birds
Authors: Ricklefs Robert E. , Jønsson Knud A. 
Published: July 2014

SignificanceAlthough the number of species in major groups of organisms has been relatively stable over long periods, the dynamics of speciation and extinction are poorly understood. Analyses of the age and species richness of sister groups of species in the African and Oriental biogeographic regions suggest that continuing species production within clades is balanced by random catastrophic extinction of whole clades. Because these postulated “pulses” of diversification and extinction are highly clade specific and, by inference, largely independent of changes in the physical environment, the demise of clades might be caused by the rapid evolution and diversification of specialized pathogenic organisms.
FGF2 is a target and a trigger of epigenetic mechanisms associated with differences in emotionality: Partnership with H3K9me3
Authors: Chaudhury Sraboni , Aurbach Elyse L. , Sharma Vikram , Blandino Peter , Turner Cortney A. , Watson Stanley J. , Akil Huda 
Published: July 2014

Significance
This study investigates the role of epigenetics as a predisposing factor that modifies inborn emotional reactivity and the vulnerability or resilience to affective disorders, such as major depression or substance abuse. It tests the hypothesis that specific modified histones contribute to basal differences in temperament that bias emotional responses to the environment. It further describes the role of a growth factor that can modify these epigenetic patterns as it alters affective behavior.
EGF receptor uses SOS1 to drive constitutive activation of NFκB in cancer cells
Authors: De Sarmishtha , Dermawan Josephine Kam Tai , Stark George R. 
Published: July 2014

Significance
In normal cells, quiescent nuclear factor κB (NFκB) is activated by inflammatory stimuli. In most cancers, the abnormal constitutive activation of NFκB contributes to malignant progression and resistance to therapy. Overexpression or constitutive activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) in many cancers contributes to their proliferation and survival. We find that the constitutive activation of NFκB in several cancer cell lines is decreased by EGFR knockdown or by the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib. We used insertional mutagenesis to find that overexpression of Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1), a component of EGF-dependent pathways that facilitate cell growth and survival, causes erlotinib resistance and increases NFκB activation. SOS1 is required for EGF-dependent activation of NFκB but its GDP–GTP exchange activity is not, revealing a novel function for this protein.
Manno-oligosaccharide-binding ability of mouse RegIV/GST-fusion protein evaluated by complex formation with the carbohydrate-containing polyamidoamine dendrimer
Authors: Kato Yuta , Kochi Kazunori , Unno Hideaki , Goda Shuichiro , Hatakeyama Tomomitsu 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
The carbohydrate-binding properties of the C-type lectin-like mouse RegIV and glutathione S-transferase-fusion protein (GST-mRegIV) were examined using carbohydrate-containing polyamidoamine dendrimers (PD). GST-mRegIV showed affinity for mannan- and manno-oligosaccharide containing PD. Binding was inhibited by manno-oligosaccharides but not by mannose or other tested carbohydrates, suggesting that the binding site may have an extended structure in contrast with typical C-type lectins.