bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperkyphosis, Kyphosis Progression, and Risk of Non-Spine Fractures in Older Community Dwelling Women: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF)
Authors: Kado Deborah M , Miller-Martinez Dana , Lui Li-Yung , Cawthon Peggy , Katzman Wendy B , Hillier Teresa A , Fink Howard A , Ensrud Kristine E 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

While accentuated kyphosis is associated with osteoporosis, it is unknown whether it increases risk of future fractures, independent of bone mineral density (BMD) and vertebral fractures. We examined the associations of baseline Cobb angle kyphosis and 15 year change in kyphosis with incident non-spine fractures using data from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. A total of 994 predominantly white women, aged 65 or older, were randomly sampled from 9704 original participants to have repeated Cobb angle measurements of kyphosis measured from lateral spine radiographs at baseline and an average of 15 years later. Non-spine fractures, confirmed by radiographic report, were assessed every 4 months for up to 21.3 years. Compared with women in the lower three quartiles of kyphosis, women with kyphosis greater than 53° (top quartile) had a 50% increased risk of non-spine fracture (95% CI, 1.10–2.06 after adjusting for BMD, prevalent vertebral fractures, prior history of fractures, and other fracture risk factors. Cobb angle kyphosis progressed an average of 7° (SD = 6.8) over 15 years. Per 1 SD increase in kyphosis change, there was a multivariable adjusted 28% increased risk of fracture (95% CI, 1.06–1.55) that was attenuated by further adjustment for baseline BMD (HR per SD increase in kyphosis change, 1.19; 95% CI 0.99–1.44). Greater kyphosis is associated with an elevated non-spine fracture risk independent of traditional fracture risk factors in older women. Furthermore, worsening kyphosis is also associated with increased fracture risk that is partially mediated by low baseline BMD that itself is a risk factor for kyphosis progression. These results suggest that randomized controlled fracture intervention trials should consider implementing kyphosis measures to the following: (1) further study kyphosis and kyphosis change as an additional fracture risk factor; and (2) test whether therapies may improve or delay its progression. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Passive temperature control of an outdoor photobioreactor by phase change materials
Authors: Uyar Basar , Kapucu Nurcan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhotobioreactors operated under sunlight require a temperature control system. Proposed cooling/heating systems increase the cost of the bioprocess due to their intensive energy utilization or the decrease in bioprocess efficiency they cause. In this study, a novel solar photobioreactor was developed in which phase change materials are employed for controlling the temperature without using external energy. The system was tested in outdoor conditions using Rhodobacter capsulatus as a model photosynthetic microorganism.RESULTSTests showed the considerable heat generation by bacteria in the photobioreactor, which makes the cooling system a must during the day. Compared with an uncontrolled photobioreactor, this design decreased the maximum temperature reached in the photobioreactor by 10°C, in addition to decreasing the rate of temperature increase by 26%, the energy required for cooling by 52%, and the duration of the cooling by 9%. The design also decreased the heating requirements during the night slightly.CONCLUSIONThis research suggests that phase change materials such as capric acid and Glauber's salt can be utilized for controlling the temperature of photobioreactors that operate under sunlight to obtain significant energy savings by decreasing the requirements for both active cooling and heating. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonoelectrochemical oxidation of carbamazepine in waters: optimization using response surface methodology
Authors: Tran Nam , Drogui Patrick , Brar Satinder K. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe decomposition of carbamazepine (CBZ) in synthetic solution and in municipal effluent was investigated using a sono‐electrochemical reactor. Sono‐electrolysis was conducted using two concentrical electrodes installed in a cylindrical reactor containing a ceramic transducer.RESULTSCBZ concentration (C0=10 mg L−1) optimally diminished up to 90% by applying a current intensity of 4.86 A for 177 min and by imposing an ultrasound power of 38.29 W. The optimal conditions were subsequently applied for tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater effluent contaminated with 10 µg CBZ L−1. The reported removal efficiencies of CBZ, TOC, COD and colour were 93%, 60%, 93% and 86%, respectively. Likewise, the toxicity was completely removed (bacterium Vibrio fisheri) from the municipal wastewater effluent (>96%).CONCLUSIONSThe advantages of coupling ultrasonication and electrooxidation (US‐EO) treatment for CBZ removal were demonstrated. An experimental design methodology based on response surface methodology was applied to determine the optimal experimental conditions in terms of cost/effectiveness of removal. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Epigenetics, plasticity, and evolution: How do we link epigenetic change to phenotype?
Authors: Duncan Elizabeth J. , Gluckman Peter D. , Dearden Peter K. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTEpigenetic mechanisms are proposed as an important way in which the genome responds to the environment. Epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation and Histone modifications, can be triggered by environmental effects, and lead to permanent changes in gene expression, affecting the phenotype of an organism. Epigenetic mechanisms have been proposed as key in plasticity, allowing environmental exposure to shape future gene expression. While we are beginning to understand how these mechanisms have roles in human biology and disease, we have little understanding of their roles and impacts on ecology and evolution. In this review, we discuss different types of epigenetic marks, their roles in gene expression and plasticity, methods for assaying epigenetic changes, and point out the future advances we require to understand fully the impact of this field. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 208–220, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Talonavicular joint coverage and bone morphology between different foot types
Authors: Louie Philip K. , Sangeorzan Bruce J. , Fassbind Michael J. , Ledoux William R. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTThis study explored three dimensional (3D) talonavicular joint (TNJ) coverage/orientation and bone morphology to reveal parameters that could classify and identify predispositions to cavus and planus feet. 3D models of 65 feet from 40 subjects were generated from computed tomography images classified as pes cavus, neutrally aligned, or asymptomatic/symptomatic pes planus. We calculated the talar and navicular overlap (TNJ coverage). We also measured orientation of the navicular, morphological parameters of the talus and navicular, and angular position of the talar head to body. Pes cavus showed significantly less talonavicular coverage (58 ± 2% talus and 86 ± 2% navicular) compared to asymptomatic pes planus (63 ± 2% and 95 ± 2%) and neutrally aligned feet (98 ± 2% navicular), and significantly more navicular dorsiflexion and adduction relative to the talus (p < 0.0083). The talar head in cavus feet was inverted relative to the body compared to planus feet (p < 0.0083). For symptomatic pes planus, significant abduction was measured for the navicular relative to the talus and the talar head was plantar flexed relative to the body (p < 0.0083). The talar head in planus feet was everted relative to the body compared to neutrally aligned feet. Both intrinsic (bone morphology) and extrinsic (bone position) differences exist in groups of feet described as cavus and planus. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:958–966, 2014.
Back‐channel‐etched thin‐film transistor using c‐axis‐aligned crystal In–Ga–Zn oxide
Authors: Yamazaki Shunpei , Hirohashi Takuya , Takahashi Masahiro , Adachi Shunsuke , Tsubuku Masashi , Koezuka Junichi , Okazaki Kenichi , Kanzaki Yohsuke , Matsukizono Hiroshi , Kaneko Seiji , Mori Shigeyasu , Matsuo Takuya 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOur crystalline In–Ga–Zn oxide (IGZO) thin film has a c‐axis‐aligned crystal (CAAC) structure and maintains crystallinity even on an amorphous base layer. Although the crystal has c‐axis alignment, its a‐axis and b‐axis have random arrangement; moreover, a clear grain boundary is not observed. We fabricated a back‐channel‐etched thin‐film transistor (TFT) using the CAAC‐IGZO film. Using the CAAC‐IGZO film, more stable TFT characteristics, even with a short channel length, can be obtained, and the instability of the back channel, which is one of the biggest problems of IGZO TFTs, is solved. As a result, we improved the process of manufacturing back‐channel‐etched TFTs.
A rabbit vocal fold laser scarring model for testing lamina propria tissue‐engineering therapies
Authors: Mau Ted , Du Mindy , Xu Chet C. 
Published: April 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo develop a vocal fold scarring model using an ablative laser in the rabbit as a platform for testing bioengineered therapies for missing or damaged lamina propria.Study DesignProspective controlled animal study.MethodsAn optimal laser energy level was first determined by assessing the depths of vocal fold injury created by a Holmium:YAG laser at various energy levels on fresh cadaveric rabbit larynges. The selected energy level was then used to create controlled unilateral injuries in vocal folds of New Zealand white rabbits, with the contralateral folds serving as uninjured controls. After 4 weeks, the larynges were harvested and subjected to excised‐larynx phonation with high‐speed imaging and immunohistochemical staining for collagen types I and III, elastin, and hyaluronic acid (HA) with quantitative histological analysis.ResultsA total of 1.8 joules produced full‐thickness injury of the lamina propria without extensive muscle injury. After 4 weeks, the injured vocal folds vibrated with reduced amplitude (P = 0.036) in excised‐larynx phonation compared to normal vocal folds. The injured vocal folds contained a higher relative density of collagen type I (P = 0.004), higher elastin (P = 0.022), and lower HA (P = 0.030) compared to normal controls. Collagen type III was unchanged.ConclusionsWith its potential for higher precision of injury, this laser vocal fold scarring model may serve as an alternative to scarring produced by cold instruments for studying the effects of vocal fold lamina propria bioengineered therapies.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope 124:2321–2326, 2014
The prevalence of bacterial infection in acute rhinosinusitis: A Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Smith Stephanie S. , Ference Elisabeth H. , Evans Charlesnika T. , Tan Bruce K. , Kern Robert C. , Chandra Rakesh K. 
Published: April 2014

Objectives/HypothesisTo systematically assess the prevalence of bacterial infection in adults with acute rhinosinusitis (ARS).MethodsElectronic databases were systematically searched for relevant studies published up to June 2012.ResultsTwenty‐nine articles, evaluating a total of 9,595 patients with a clinical diagnosis of ARS, were included in the study. Of these, 14 (48%) studies required radiographic confirmation of sinusitis, one study (3%) required evidence of purulence, 10 studies (35%) required both for inclusion in the study population, and four studies (14%) required neither. The random effects model estimate of prevalence of bacterial growth on all cultures was 53.7% (CI 48.4%–59.0%), ranging from 52.5% (CI 46.7%–58.3%) in studies requiring radiographic confirmation of sinusitis to 61.1% (CI 54.0%–68.1%) in studies requiring neither radiographic evidence nor purulence on exam. Studies that obtained cultures from antral swab had a prevalence of bacterial growth of 61.0% (CI 54.7%–67.2%), whereas those utilizing endoscopic meatal sampling had a prevalence of 32.9% (CI 19.0%–46.8%).ConclusionsFew studies evaluate the recovery of bacteria via culture in adults with a diagnosis of ABRS or ARS based on clinical criteria alone. With radiographic and/or endoscopic confirmation, antral puncture and endoscopically guided cultures produce positive bacterial cultures in approximately one‐half of patients. Opportunities exist to improve diagnostic accuracy for bacterial infection in ARS. Laryngoscope, 125:57–69, 2015
Competitive Molecular‐/Ion‐Recognition Responsive Characteristics of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐benzo‐12‐crown‐4‐acrylamide) Copolymers with Benzo‐12‐crown‐4 as Both Guest and Host Units
Authors: Wang Yin‐Mei , Ju Xiao‐Jie , Liu Zhuang , Xie Rui , Wang Wei , Wu Jiang‐Feng , Zhang Yan‐Qiong , Chu Liang‐Yin 
Published: April 2014

Novel dual molecular‐ and ion‐recognition responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐benzo‐12‐crown‐4‐acrylamide) (PNB12C4) linear copolymers with benzo‐12‐crown‐4 (B12C4) as both guest and host units are prepared. The copolymers exhibit highly selective sensitivities toward γ‐cyclodextrin (γ‐CD) and Na+. The presence of γ‐CD induces the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNB12C4 copolymer to shift to a higher value due to the formation of 1:1 γ‐CD/B12C4 host‐guest inclusion complexes, while Na+ causes a negative shift in LCST due to the formation of 2:1 “sandwich” B12C4/Na+ host‐guest complexes. Regardless of the complexation order, when γ‐CD and Na+ coexist with PNB12C4, competitive complexation actions of B12C4 as both guest and host units toward γ‐CD and Na+ finally form equilibrium 2:2:1 γ‐CD/B12C4/Na+ composite complexes, and the final LCST values of PNB12C4 copolymer reach almost the same level. The results provide valuable guidance for designing and applying PNB12C4‐based smart materials in various applications.
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Polymer Nanoparticles for Controlled Release Stimulated by Visible Light and pH
Authors: Dong Jie , Zhang Ruichen , Wu Hao , Zhan Xiaowei , Yang Huai , Zhu Siquan , Wang Guojie 
Published: April 2014

Polymer nanoparticles are prepared by self‐assembly of visible light and pH sensitive perylene‐functionalized copolymers which are synthesized by quaternization between 1‐(bromomethyl)perylene and the dimethylaminoethyl units of poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA). The perylene‐containing polymethacrylate segments afford the system visible light responsiveness and the unquaternized PDMAEMA segments afford the system pH responsiveness. The self‐assembled nanoparticles exhibit a unique dual stimuli response. They can be photocleaved under visible light irradiation, shrunken to smaller nanoparticles at high pH, and swollen at low pH. The structural change endows the nanoparticle with great potential as a sensitive nanocarrier for controlled release of Nile Red and lysozyme under this stimulation. The visible light responsiveness and synergistic effect on the release of loaded molecules with the dual stimulation may obviate the need for harsh conditions such as UV light or extreme pH stimulation, rendering the system more applicable under mild conditions.
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Preparation of Waterborne Polyurethane‐OMt Nanocomposites and Effect of Clay on UV Degradation
Authors: Açıkalın Engin , Atıcı Oya 
Published: April 2014

SummaryWaterborne polyurethane polymers (WPU) have gained importance for some decades because of their environmentally friendly characteristics due to low or zero content of solvents. Polyurethane properties can be modified by changing segmental structure or incorporating inorganic fillers into the polymer matrix. Montmorillonite (Mt) clay which is a member of smectite family is widely used in polymer clay composites as a filler. In this work, linear WPU nanocomposites were synthesized using different polyols as soft segment via acetone process which has many advantages over the prepolymer mixing process in terms of reliable reproducibility and convenience for obtaining linear polyurethanes. Sodium modified montmorillonite (NaMt) clay was used without any chemical pretreatment. WPU nanocomposites were prepared via in‐situ polymerization method by modification of sodium modified montmorillonite (NaMt) clay in polyol and following polyurethane reaction. Finally, spectroscopic, thermal, morphological characterizations and UV weathering tests carried out. As a result, different thermal and mechanical properties were observed due to different soft and hard segment content. Furthermore, increasing clay content caused lowering of resistance against UV degradation.
Non‐Linear Viscoelasticity of Filled Polymer Melts: Stress and Strain Amplification Approach
Authors: Domurath J. , Saphiannikova M. , Heinrich G. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThe aim of the present study is to develop an analytical stress and strain amplification approach (SSAA) for description of non‐linear mechanical response in polymer melts containing spherical hard inclusions in a non‐dilute regime. The main presumption of this approach is that non‐aggregating filler particles reinforce a polymer matrix purely hydrodynamically. The SSAA is verified by comparison with two other approaches existing in literature, when only stress or strain is amplified, and selected experimental results.
Flow Micro‐Calorimetry and FTIR Spectroscopy Study of Interfacial Interactions in Uncoated and Coated Calcium Carbonate Filled Polyurethane Adhesives
Authors: Donate‐Robles Jessica , Liauw Christopher M. , Martín‐Martínez José Miguel 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) ‐ calcium carbonate interactions were studied using flow micro‐calorimetry (FMC) and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). FMC enabled the determination of adsorption and desorption energies; in this study a model compound approach was used to acquire insight in to the effect of calcium carbonate type and presence of stearate coating on polymer – filler interactions. It was anticipated that this data will assist in the understanding of differing responses obtained from parallel plate rheometry and viscoelastic measurements of the filled polyurethanes. Three calcium carbonates (coated and uncoated precipitated calcium carbonate, and natural ultramicronized uncoated calcium carbonate) were used. A stronger TPU‐filler interaction was shown in the uncoated precipitated calcium carbonate due to the fact that more of the surface was available for interaction.
New Silica Fillers for Polymers used in Food Packaging
Authors: Arreche Romina , Blanco Mirta , Martín‐Martínez José Miguel , Vázquez Patricia 
Published: April 2014

SummarySeveral nanosilicas with different degree of hydrophobicity were prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) by using the sol‐gel method. Two modifiers, 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APS) and 1,1,1,3,3,3–hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), were added during the synthesis. The nanosilicas were added to commercial biopolymer (Hexamoll Dinch, BASF) intended for packaging of apples and pears. The nanosilicas were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopies, potentiometric titration, porosity and specific surface area, and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity by wetting tests. Colorimetry was used to assess the effect of the nanosilica in contact with apple pulp as the change in color with time was related to the efficiency of the packaging material. Addition of nanosilicas obtained with HMDS and APS increased the hydrophobicity of the biopolymer. The APS modified nanosilica showed an abrupt decrease in acidity as compared to the unmodified silica (i.e. the one prepared with only TEOS). On the other hand, the increase in HMDS maintained the spherical shape of the silica which also was maintained into the biopolymer. On the other hand, the nanosilica morphology was similar in the biopolymer materials, forming clusters or agglomerates. Finally, the brightness of the pieces of apple pulp in contact with the modified nanosilicas slightly increased with respect to the unmodified silica, and similar behavior was observed in the Hue angle.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of high power diode laser (HPDL) treated cast aluminium alloys
Authors: Labisz K. 
Published: April 2014

The appliance and development of modern technologies in the areas of surface engineering can be extended by laser surface treatment, especially using high power diode laser (HPDL) for remelting, feeding and/or alloying. The purpose of this work was to determine technological and technical conditions for tungsten carbide (WC) ceramic powder feeding into the surface layer of the laser treated Al–Si–Cu cast aluminium alloys with high power diode laser, as well as to investigate the microstructure and ceramic powder particle distribution in the surface layer.Special attention was devoted to monitoring of the layer morphology of the investigated material and on the particle occurred. Light and scanning electron microscopy as well as X‐Ray diffraction were used to characterize the microstructure of the remelted zone. A wide range of laser powers was choose and implicated by different process speed rates. Also one powder in form of tungsten carbide was used for feeding with the middle particle size of 80 µm.As the main findings there was found that, the obtained surface layer is without cracks and defects as well as has a comparably higher hardness value compared to the non remelted material. The hardness value increases according to the laser power used so that the highest power applied gives the highest hardness value in the remelted layer. Also the distribution of the tungsten carbide particles is good, but there are still possibilities for further modelling. The major purpose of this work is to study the effect of a high power diode laser melting on the cast Al–Si–Cu alloys structure to provide application possibilities for automotive and aviation industry.
Entire CAPN3 gene deletion in a patient with limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A
Authors: Jaka Oihane , Azpitarte Margarita , Paisán‐Ruiz Coro , Zulaika Miren , Casas‐Fraile Leire , Sanz Raúl , Trevisiol Nathalie , Levy Nicolas , Bartoli Marc , Krahn Martin , López de Munain Adolfo , Sáenz Amets 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTLimb‐girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A) due to mutations in the CAPN3 gene is one of the most common of autosomal recessive limb‐girdle muscular dystrophies. We describe a patient who had a typical LGMD2A phenotype and posterior compartment involvement on MRI. Different genetic analyses were performed, including microarray analysis. There was an apparently homozygous mutation in exon 24, c.2465G>T, p.(*822Leuext62*), and a lack of correlation in the disease segregation analyses. This suggested the presence of a genomic rearrangement. In fact, a heterozygous deletion of the entire CAPN3 gene was found. This novel deletion comprised the terminal region of the GANC gene and the entire CAPN3 gene. This finding points out the need to reconsider and adapt our current strategy of molecular diagnosis in order to detect these types of genomic rearrangements that escape standard mutation screening procedures. Muscle Nerve 50: 448–453, 2014