bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relation between recitation styles and the different Qur’an scriptures
Authors: Akdemir Mustafa A. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe mutawatir hadiths that explain that the Qur’an was revealed on the basis of “seven letters” are regarded as the origin of the discipline of recitation. The styles whose methodology and principles were determined were named after a famous person over the course of time. Examples are the recitation style of Asim, the tradition of Hafs, and the method of Zeran.Together with this expansion and need, other problems appeared in the Othman period. The conversions of new tribes and Arabic communities to Islam led to an increase in different accents and language differences that in turn played a role in causing problems in Qur’anic education. Othman immediately asked Hafsa for the scripture she had gotten from Omar and assembled a committee. There is an agreement on six copies among the different narrations ranging from four to seven.Dots, vocalization, and other marks were also not used in the scriptures that Othman ordered transcribed. This was the result of a conscious decision. In this way each confirmed recitation style could be formed by this template. Therefore, his effort should be considered as not only compiling the pages of the Qur’an but also as an attempt to produce a scripture for collecting and detecting different recitation styles.The work of Caliph Othman is invaluable. He considered the different recitation styles in the context of "the seven letters" as real and, to protect the Qur’an from change or loss, since all represented a genuine text of the Qur’an, he retained the differences in the copies of the scriptures.Therefore, Othman’s scripture was prepared with a very limited number of spelling differences, which are reflected in the different scriptures as a necessity that has been transcribed with a specific way of reading and spelling Quraysh, whereby it was possible to acquire all permitted recitation styles and to read it.In addition to the fact that recitation styles make reading easier, exegetes observe that they also serve to enrich the message of the text. In other words, the styles provide flexibility to the texts so that they bear the intended meaning and messages. In this regard the recitation styles represent one aspect of the inimitability of the Qur’an.
The Historical Background of Lutherian Protestanism from an Islamic Perspective and Martin Luther’s View of the Qur’an, the Prophet Muhammad and the Turks
Authors: Hıdır Özcan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMartin Luther is one of the most important figures of the 16th century, a period of religious reformation in European history. He is the initiator of what later called “Protestantism”. Luther’s theological theories and tradition of thought belong to the foundations of contemporary Western civilization and also been effective in the formation of the world of thought in the West. In this regard, Luther is the first to take religious, political and socio-cultural dynamics into account for understanding Western civilization. It can be stated that the Ottomans -thus Islam and Muslims- had some political effect with respect to the emergence of Protestantism. However we lack information and documents to prove the existence of a religious effect. Along with this, it is obvious that the possibility of such an effect cannot be totally disregarded; it needs to profound en depth studies from comparative perspectives, especially by Muslim researchers.Although, from time to time, Luther expressed a positive view of Islam, the Qur’an, the Prophet Muhammad and Turks, his opinions in general are negative. It must not be overlooked that these theories and views are expressed within the negative political context of that time (the 16th century). Along with this, it is known that this negative attitude influences the negative depictions and descriptions regarding Islam, Qur’an, Prophet Muhammad and Muslims in the contemporary Western world. So it can be said that the negative image of Islam in the West has in fact a background that shows continuity from the Middle Ages until now. To understand our time, it is necessary to study this image in the Middle Ages thoroughly. It is obvious that both Westerners and Muslims have much to do to rectify this image.In this study, we attempt to analyze the historical background of Lutherian Protestantism and reconsider the view and attitudes of Martin Luther against the Qur’an, the Prophet Muhammad, and the Ottoman Turks, from the perspectives of the Islamic scholars.
The Values and Norms of Islam
Authors: Akgunduz Ahmed 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIslamic Law is one of the broadest and most comprehensive systems of legislation in the world. It was applied, through various schools of thought, from one end of the Muslim world to the other. It also had a great impact on other nations and cultures. We will focus in this article on values and norms in Islamic law. The value system of Islam is immutable and does not tolerate change over time for the simple fact that human nature does not change. The basic values and needs (which can be called maṣlaḥa) are classified hierarchically into three levels: (1) necessities (Ḍarūriyyāt), (2) convenience (Ḥājiyyāt), and (3) refinements (Kamāliyyāt=Taḥsīniyyāt). In Islamic legal theory (Uṣūl al‐fiqh) the general aim of legislation is to realize values through protecting and guaranteeing their necessities (al-Ḍarūriyyāt) as well as stressing their importance (al‐ Ḥājiyyāt) and their refinements (taḥsīniyyāt).In the second part of this article we will draw attention to Islamic norms. Islam has paid great attention to norms that protect basic values. We cannot explain all the Islamic norms that relate to basic values, but we will classify them categorically. We will focus on four kinds of norms: 1) norms (rules) concerned with belief (I’tiqādiyyāt), 2) norms (rules) concerned with law (ʿAmaliyyāt); 3) general legal norms (Qawā‘id al‐ Kulliyya al‐Fiqhiyya); 4) norms (rules) concerned with ethics (Wijdāniyyāt = Aḵlāqiyyāt = Ādāb = social and moral norms).
Discussions on the Influence of the Judeo-Christian Culture on Hadiths
Authors: Hıdır Özcan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAlthough it is difficult to determine the first Western scholar to claim the influence of Judaic culture on hadiths or tried to relate hadiths to the biblical texts, the Frenchman Barthelmy d’Herbelot (d. 1695) was the first orientalist to claim that many chapters in the hadith literature, including al-kutub al-sitta, were borrowed from the Talmud.The ideas and claims of some Western scholars such as Alois Sprenger, Ignaz Goldziher, Georges Vajda, and S. Rosenblatt up to the end of the 18th century led to many discussions that were defended and developed with new arguments by many Western scholars. Nowadays, the reflection of these claims in the Islamic world has become a serious hadith problem. In addition to the role of the conversion movement in the early Islam and the first Jewish converts to Islam, the non-Arabs known as almawālī, especially in the Ummayad period, and poets like Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt of the Jāhilliya period, who were believed to have read the early holy books, and preachers, are the most important factors playing a role in this influence. This study attempts to analyze the claims, opinions, and factors from the perspectives of the Islamic literature and Muslim scholars’ views towards the Jewish‐Christian tradition.
The Concept of Effective Islamic Spiritual Care
Authors: Isgandarova Nazila 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe paper discusses the effectiveness of Islamic spiritual and religious care based on an ethnographic study involving 15 Muslim spiritual caregivers. Six themes emerged from the interview. These six themes describe what the spiritual care providers see as effective Muslim spiritual care. 1. The most effective Muslim spiritual care is rooted in the Qur’an and the Hadiths. 2. Effective Muslim spiritual care also means creating a caring relationship with the patient. 3. Muslim scholars are one of the important sources of effective Islamic spiritual care. 4. The insights of psychology and the social sciences are a necessary part of effective Islamic spiritual care. 5. There is a need for continuing education. 6. Styles of effective Muslim spiritual care are varied.
Islam: the Religion of Peace?
Authors: Aydin Hayati 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe word islam as a verb is derived from the infinitive Arabic trilateral root of silm, salamet (peace and security). So, if Islam is characterized by peace and salvation, how can we interpret jihad verses? This article focuses on this point. I will discuss the subject and the impact of this apparent paradox with reference to Islam according to Qur’anic texts. The interpretation of jihad that I will explore best fits the religion that is characterized by peace and salvation.The intention of this article is to show evidence from religious sources that assert that Islam is not a religion that endorses terrorism but one that emphasizes peace and salvation.
A Model for Developing Meta-Cognitive Tools in Teacher Apprenticeships
Authors: Bray Paige , Schatz Steven 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
This research investigates a model for developing meta-cognitive tools to be used by pre-service teachers during apprenticeship (student teaching) experience to operationalise the epistemological model of Cook and Brown (2009). Meta-cognitive tools have proven to be effective for increasing performance and retention of undergraduate students. Postulating that the student teaching experience is a new type of learning ñ learning about practice (knowledge in action), instead of learning curriculum or pedagogy (knowledge possessed) ñ we suggest that a meta-cognitive tool set may prove similarly useful. Before studying the effectiveness of a tool set, however, a model which enables different programmes to evolve and develop appropriate tools is necessary. This case study research explores a model for the development of a context-specific tool set over 18 months, incorporating user feedback, researcher reflection and multiple-tool development. The model showed promise as a starting point for understanding and operationalising complex interactions with theory and practice.
Countryís Competitiveness and Sustainability in the Context of the Higher Education System Reforms
Authors: Jermolajeva Elita , Aleksejeva Ludmila 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The accumulation of knowledge and its use have become important factors that promote economic development as they contribute to a countryís competitiveness in the global economy. The basic significance of research is obtained by defining new approaches in the organisation, function and efficiency of the higher education system (HES) by emphasising its qualitative aspects. The aim of the article is to describe the influence of education reform on economic competitiveness, paying a special attention to analysing and evaluating international experiences from an interdisciplinary perspective, including economics, pedagogy, etc. Quantitative indicators are used to characterise specific features of the HES and the interaction of this system in the overall context of state development. Some aspects of the Latvian HES are also analysed. The economic activity of inhabitants often directly depends on their level of education. In order to reorganise the Latvian HES and increase its competitiveness and efficiency, thus ensuring quality and availability, the Latvian education system must define a middle-term (4ñ5 years) and long-term (10ñ15 years) development plan that is coordinated with national economic development.
Coping at School - Academic Success or/and Sustainable Coping in Future?
Authors: Sakk Monica 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The purpose of the research was to monitor opinions of learners, parents and teachers on the aspects of coping at the second level of primary school in both Estonian-medium and Russian-medium schools. The research was carried out from 2006 to 2011. The research used a questionnaire which was administered to 652 learners and their parents in Forms 4 through 6 at both Estonian-medium and Russian-medium general education schools. In the second part of the research, 30 teachers from the same selection were interviewed. The results of the research show that the learners, parents and teachers who took part in the research in both Estonian-medium and Russian-medium schools link the aspects of coping with academic success. Additionally, teachers in schools with Estonian as the language of instruction consider the learnersí skills of social coping also important. Both the Estonian-medium and Russian-medium school teachers consider home and parents the main factors that influence coping skills. According to the teachers, changes in society have changed common beliefs, attitudes and the way of thinking among the parents and the learners, causing difficulties in learnersí academic as well as social coping. Based on the rapid changes in society, it is important to reorient teacher education. Social skills, forming the basic skills of learning, and accessing different websites for studying will become crucial in teaching the new generation.
Why Education for Sustainable Development Needs Early Childhood Education: The Case of Norway
Authors: Eriksen Kristin Gregers 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
With this article, the author intends to outline a legitimising basis for implementing education for sustainable development (ESD) in early childhood education, in juridical, pedagogical and political terms. Starting from our current ecological crisis, the ontological assumptions of modern culture are considered obstructive to possibilities for mitigation. The author affirms a need for constructing new conceptual frameworks in the field of ESD suitable also for the youngest children. The very logic of the reigning notion of knowledge requires revision in order to secure successful implementation as well as fostering citizens with the moral agency required to meet calamity. Ontological insights from deep ecology are suggested integrated with the more practical epistemological concept of ecological habitus. Possible gains are not exclusively related to sustainability, but also include positive impacts on the life quality of young children as such.
An experimental study of interceptor’s effectiveness on hydrodynamic performance of high-speed planing crafts
Authors: Karimi Mohammad Hosein , Seif Mohammad Saeed , Abbaspoor Madjid 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Trim control mechanisms such as interceptors and trim flaps have been widely used in recent years in highspeed crafts for ride and trim control. In spite of their extensive application, a few studies investigating the impact of interceptors on planing craft performance, have been published. In the present study, the impact of interceptors on planing crafts hydrodynamic quality is investigated through application of an experimental method. Two scaled-down models of high-speed planing mono-hull and catamaran are tested with and without interceptors in calm water at different heights of the interceptors to investigate the effect of interceptors on drag reduction of the models. The first one is a scaled-down model of 11 m planing mono-hull boat and the test was conducted at the towing tank of Sharif University of Technology, Iran. The second one is a scaled-down model of 18 m planing catamaran boat and the test was conducted at the towing tank of Krylov Shipbuilding Research Institute (KSRI), Russia. The experimental results show a remarkable drag reduction of up to 15% for mono-hull model and up to 12% for catamaran model over the wide speed range of the models.
Wake-blade interaction in steam turbine stages
Authors: Świrydczuk Jerzy 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The article discusses the phenomenon of stator Wake/Rotor cascade (W/R) interaction in a steam turbine stage, and the ability to capture it in turbine stage design calculations making use of standard numerical codes. Firstly, the W/R interaction is analysed by comparing its real, experimentally recorded course with the numerical results obtained using vortex theory models and methods. This part of the analysis ends with formulating a conclusion about stochastic nature of the W/R interaction and indicating its reason, which is the vortex structure of the stator wake. Next, a question is discussed whether and how this stochastic nature of the examined phenomenon can be taken into account in calculations of Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. Differences are indicated between the uniform pattern of the stator wake obtained using a RANS code and the vortex structure of the real wake. It is concluded, however, that despite these differences the RANS results correctly reflect the time-averaged course of the real W/R interaction, and the process of averaging the flow parameters on the sliding plane between stator and rotor calculation areas can be treated as sort of “numerical averaging” of different realisations of the W/R interaction.
Numerical model to study the combustion process and emissions in the Wärtsilä 6L 46 four-stroke marine engine
Authors: Lamas M. I. , Rodríguez C. G. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to study the combustion process in a four-stroke marine diesel engine, the Wartsila 6L 46. The motivation comes from the importance of emissions from marine engines in the global emissions, particularly for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx). The pressure and temperature fields were obtained, as well as the exhaust gas composition. In order to validate this work, the numerical results were satisfactory compared with experimental ones, which indicates that this model is accurate enough to reproduce the fluid pattern inside the cylinder during the combustion process. Accordingly, the aim of future works is to use this numerical procedure to optimize the performance and reduce the emissions of the new marine engine designs.
Competitiveness of Countries in the World Innovation Economy: Central-Eastern Europe and Russia
Authors: Rodionova Irina 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The positions of countries of Central and Eastern Europe as well as Russia are listed in ranking tables by aggregated indices which characterise the readiness of the countries to transfer their economies to innovative development. The connection between the use of information technologies and national economic development based on the innovative economy is established. The author characterises the positions of Russia and the new EU members in terms of international indices, including the Global Competitiveness Index.
Rhyacophila kashmirensis sp. n. (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) from India
Authors: Kaur Lakhwinder , Saini Malkiat S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractRhyacophila kashmirensis sp. n. in the R. nabochepa subgroup belonging to the R. divaricata group from Gulmarg (Jammu and Kashmir) is described and illustrated. With the addition of this new species the R. nabochepa subgroup is now represented by four species from India.
Posttrauma cotreatment with lithium and valproate: reduction of lesion volume, attenuation of blood-brain barrier disruption, and improvement in motor coordination in mice with traumatic brain injury
Authors: Yu Fengshan , Wang Zhifei , Tanaka Mikiei , Chiu Chi-Tso , Leeds Peter , Zhang Yumin , Chuang De-Maw 
Published: July 2013

Object
Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and morbidity in young adults, no effective pharmaceutical treatment is available. By inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase–3 (GSK-3) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively, lithium and valproate (VPA) have beneficial effects in diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, in an excitotoxic neuronal model and in animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, and stroke, combined treatment with lithium and VPA produces more robust neuroprotective effects than treatment with either agent alone. Building on previous work that establishes that therapeutic doses of either lithium or VPA have beneficial effects in mouse models of TBI, this study evaluated the effects of combined treatment with subeffective doses of lithium and VPA in a mouse model of TBI.

Methods
Male C57BL/6 mice underwent TBI and were subsequently treated with lithium, VPA, or a combination of lithium and VPA 15 minutes post-TBI and once daily thereafter for up to 3 weeks; all doses were subeffective (1 mEq/kg of lithium and 200 mg/kg of VPA). Assessed parameters included lesion volume via H & E staining; blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity via immunoglobulin G extravasation; neurodegeneration via Fluoro-Jade B staining; motor coordination via a beam-walk test; and protein levels of acetylhistone H3, phospho-GSK-3β, and β-catenin via Western blotting.

Results
Posttrauma treatment with combined subeffective doses of lithium and VPA significantly reduced lesion volume, attenuated BBB disruption, and mitigated hippocampal neurodegeneration 3 days after TBI. As expected, subeffective doses of lithium or VPA alone did not have these beneficial effects. Combined treatment also improved motor coordination starting from Day 7 and persisting at least 21 days after TBI. Acetylation of histone H3, an index of HDAC inhibition, was robustly increased by the combined treatment 3 days after TBI.

Conclusions
Cotreatment with subeffective doses of lithium and VPA significantly attenuated TBI-induced brain lesion, BBB disruption, and neurodegeneration, and robustly improved long-term functional recovery. These findings suggest that potentiating histone acetylation by HDAC inhibition is probably part of the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects associated with this combined treatment for TBI. Because both lithium and VPA have a long history of safe clinical use, the results suggest that using a combination of these 2 agents at subtherapeutic doses to treat patients with TBI may also reduce side effects and enhance tolerability.