bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What makes a galaxy radio-loud?
Authors: Ortega-Minakata R. A. , Torres-Papaqui J. P. , Andernach H. , Coziol R. , Islas-Islas J. M. , Plauchu-Frayn I. , Neri-Larios D. M. , Rojas-Granados M. del C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe compare the Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) of radio-loud and radio-quiet AGNs in three different samples observed with SDSS: radio-loud AGNs (RLAGNs), Low Luminosity AGNs (LLAGNs) and AGNs in isolated galaxies (IG-AGNs). All these galaxies have similar optical spectral characteristics. The median SED of the RLAGNs is consistent with the characteristic SED of quasars, while that of the LLAGNs and IG-AGNs are consistent with the SED of LINERs, with a lower luminosity in the IG-AGNs than in the LLAGNs. We infer the masses of the black holes (BHs) from the bulge masses. These increase from the IG-AGNs to the LLAGNs and are highest for the RLAGNs. All these AGNs show accretion rates near or slightly below 10% of the Eddington limit, the differences in luminosity being solely due to different BH masses. Our results suggests there are two types of AGNs, radio quiet and radio loud, differing only by the mass of their bulges or BHs.
Fitting the full SED of galaxies to put constraints on dust attenuation and star formation determinations
Authors: Buat Veronique , Giovannoli Elodie , Boquien Mederic , Heinis Sébastien 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe combination of far-IR and UV-optical rest-frame data has proved to be very efficient to extract physical parameters from the SEDs of galaxies. Using Herschel and ancillary data from the Herschel Reference Survey and GOODS-Herschel Key Projects, we show how dust attenuation properties can be estimated inside local galaxies as well as in the distant Universe.
Dark gas: a new possible link between low and high-energy phenomena
Authors: Torii Kazufumi , Fukui Yasuo , Sano Hidetoshi , Sato Junki , Okuda Takeshi , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Kawamura Akiko , Mizuno Norikazu , Onishi Toshikazu , Ogawa Hideo 
Published: August 2012

AbstractGalactic-scale studies of γ-rays and sub-mm radiation suggest that a significant amount of neutral interstellar medium is not detectable either in CO or HI (Grenier et al. 2005; Ade et al. 2011). This component is called “dark gas”. Here we argue that cool and dense atomic gas without molecules is responsible for the dark gas. This interpretation is supported by a recent finding of cool HI gas corresponding to the TeV γ-ray shell in the SNR RX J1713.7-3946 (Fukui et al. 2011). Such HI gas is not recognized under a usual assumption of optically thin HI emission but is identified by a careful analysis considering optically thick HI. The typical column density of such HI gas is a few times 1021 cm−2 and is also identified as visual extinction.
Cosmic ray production and emission in M82
Authors: Yoast-Hull Tova , Everett John , Gallagher J. S. , Zweibel Ellen 
Published: August 2012

AbstractStarting from first principles, we construct a simple model for the evolution of energetic particles produced by supernovae in the starburst galaxy M82. The supernova rate, geometry, and properties of the interstellar medium are all well observed in this nearby galaxy. Assuming a uniform interstellar medium and constant cosmic-ray injection rate, we estimate the cosmic-ray proton and primary & secondary electron/positron populations. From these particle spectra, we predict the gamma ray flux and the radio synchrotron spectrum. The model is then compared to the observed radio and gamma-ray spectra of M82 as well as previous models by Torres (2004), Persicet al. (2008), and de Cea del Pozoet al. (2009). Through this project, we aim to build a better understanding of the calorimeter model, in which energetic particle fluxes reflect supernova rates, and a better understanding of the radio-FIR correlation in galaxies.
Minor-merger-driven growth of early-type galaxies over the last 8 billion years
Authors: Kaviraj S. , Crockett R. M. , Silk J. , Ellis R. S , Yi S. K. , O'Connell R. W. , Windhorst R. , Whitmore B. C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe summarise recent progress in understanding the star formation activity in early-type galaxies (ETGs), using recent studies that leverage photometry in the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. While classically thought to be old, passively-evolving systems, recent UV studies have revealed widespread star formation in ETGs, with ~20% of the stellar mass in today's ETGs forming at late epochs (z < 1). A strong correlation is found between the presence of morphological disturbances and blue UV colours, suggesting that the star formation is merger-driven. However, the major merger rate at late epochs is far too low to satisfy the number of disturbed ETGs, indicating that minor mergers drive the star formation in these galaxies over the latter half of cosmic time. Together with the recent literature which suggests that minor mergers may drive the size evolution of massive ETGs, these results highlight the significant role of minor mergers in driving the evolution of massive galaxies in the low and intermediate-redshift Universe.
Thermal‐elastic stresses and the criticality of the continental crust
Authors: Schrank C. E. , Fusseis F. , Karrech A. , Regenauer‐Lieb K. 
Published: August 2012

Heating or cooling can lead to high stresses in rocks due to the different thermal‐elastic properties of minerals. In the upper 4 km of the crust, such internal stresses might cause fracturing. Yet it is unclear if thermal elasticity contributes significantly to critical stresses and failure deeper in Earth's continental crust, where ductile creep causes stress relaxation. We combined a heating experiment conducted in a Synchrotron microtomograph (Advanced Photon Source, USA) with numerical simulations to calculate the grain‐scale stress field in granite generated by slow burial. We find that deviatoric stresses >100 MPa can be stored during burial, with relaxation times from 100's to 1000's ka, even in the ductile crust. Hence, grain‐scale thermal‐elastic stresses may serve as nuclei for instabilities, thus rendering the continental crust close to criticality.
Deep sea hydrothermal plumes and their interaction with oscillatory flows
Authors: Xu Guangyu , Di Iorio Daniela 
Published: August 2012

The acoustic scintillation method is applied to the investigation and monitoring of a vigorous hydrothermal plume from Dante within the Main Endeavour vent field (MEF) in the Endeavour Ridge segment. A 40 day time series of the plume's vertical velocity and temperature fluctuations provides a unique opportunity to study deep sea plume dynamics in a tidally varying horizontal cross flow. An integral plume model that takes into account ambient stratification and horizontal cross flows is established from the conservation equations of mass, momentum and density deficit. Using a linear additive entrainment velocity in the model (E = αUm + βU⊥) that is a function of both the plume relative axial velocity (Um) and the relative ambient flow perpendicular to the plume (U⊥) gives consistent results to the experimental data, suggesting entrainment coefficients α = 0.1 and β = 0.6. Also from the integral model, the plume height in a horizontal cross flow (Ua) is shown to scale as 1.8B1/3Ua−1/3N−2/3 for 0.01 ≤ Ua ≤ 0.1 m/s where B is the initial buoyancy transport and N is the ambient stratification, both of which are assumed constant.
Constraints on the centroid moment tensors of the 2010 Maule and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes from radial modes
Authors: Zábranová E. , Matyska C. , Hanyk L. , Pálinkáš V. 
Published: August 2012

Surface acceleration caused by the radial modes depends only on the Mrr component of the centroid moment tensor and on its depth assuming the isotropic component to be negligible. The 0S0‐mode amplitude enables one to obtain a relatively narrow interval ofMrr values, whereas 1S0‐mode amplitude is more sensitive to centroid depth. We have used these facts to analyze the 2010 Maule (Chile)Mw = 8.8 and 2011 Tohoku (Japan) Mw = 9.1 earthquakes using PREM. Superconducting gravimeter data available within the framework of the Global Geodynamic Project reveal that the Mrr components of these earthquakes should be in the interval 0.95–1.15 × 1022 Nm (Maule) and 1.50–1.75 × 1022Nm (Tohoku), respectively. Re‐evaluation of the modal quality factorsQ is needed to obtain constraints on Mrrself‐consistently. The joint analysis of gravity data from both events yieldsQ = 5500 ± 140 for the 0S0 mode and Q = 2000 ± 80 for the 1S0 mode. We were not able to determine the quality factor of the 2S0 mode with an accuracy sufficient to allow meaningful constraints (Q = 1120 ± 270).
The Effect of Anatomic Factors on Tongue Position Variability During Consonants
Authors: Rudy Krista , Yunusova Yana 
Published: August 2012

PurposeThis study sought to investigate the effect of palate morphology and anthropometric measures of the head on positional variability of the tongue during consonants.MethodAn electromagnetic tracking system was used to record tongue movements of 21 adults. Each talker produced a series of symmetrical VCV syllables containing one of the consonants /t, d, s, z, ʃ, tʃ, k, g, j/ and corner vowels /i, a, u/. Distributions ofx,y, andzcoordinates at maximum tongue elevation were used to represent tongue position variability across contexts. Anthropometric palate and head measures were also obtained.ResultsPositional variability of the tongue differed between the front (e.g., alveolar and post-alveolar) and back (velar) consonant groups. A correlational analysis showed that tongue position variability of the front consonants was explained, to a degree, by palate curvature and palate length. The variability of the back consonants was not explained by any structural measures.ConclusionPalate morphology needs to be taken into account when making observations regarding the extent of tongue position variability during consonants in research and in achieving clinical goals.
Implicit Statistical Learning and Language Skills in Bilingual Children
Authors: Yim Dongsun , Rudoy John 
Published: August 2012

Purpose
Implicit statistical learning in 2 nonlinguistic domains (visual and auditory) was used to investigate (a) whether linguistic experience influences the underlying learning mechanism and (b) whether there are modality constraints in predicting implicit statistical learning with age and language skills.

Method
Implicit statistical learning was examined in visual and auditory domains. One hundred twelve English native speaking monolinguals and Spanish–English bilinguals age 5–13 years participated in the study. Language skills were measured by standardized language tests.

Results
The overall results showed that all children implicitly learned statistical regularities above chance level in both modalities. However, there was no group difference between monolingual and bilingual children on either visual or auditory tasks. Lastly, a different tendency in predicting implicit statistical learning was observed for each group. In the monolingual group, both age and language scores significantly explained auditory statistical learning, whereas age explained visual statistical learning. In the bilingual group, age explained auditory statistical learning, and nothing was significant for visual statistical learning.

Conclusions
These findings are discussed in terms of the extent to which implicit statistical learning is influenced by internal and external factors and a consideration of important notions when testing bilingual children’s language skills.
Factors Affecting the Processing of Intensity in School-Aged Children
Authors: Buss Emily , Hall Joseph W. , Grose John H. 
Published: August 2012

Purpose
Thresholds of school-aged children are elevated relative to those of adults for intensity discrimination and amplitude modulation (AM) detection. It is unclear how these findings are related or what role stimulus gating and dynamic envelope cues play in these results. Two experiments assessed the development of sensitivity to intensity increments in different stimulus contexts.

Method
Thresholds for detecting an increment in level were estimated for normal-hearing children (5- to 10-year-olds) and adults. Experiment 1 compared intensity discrimination for gated and continuous presentation of a 1-kHz tone, with a 65-dB-SPL standard level. Experiment 2 compared increment detection and 16-Hz AM detection introduced into a continuous 1-kHz tone, with either 35- or 75-dB-SPL standard levels.

Results
Children had higher thresholds than adults overall. All listeners were more sensitive to increments in the continuous than the gated stimulus and performed better at the 75- than at the 35-dB-SPL standard level. Both effects were comparable for children and adults. There was some evidence that children’s AM detection was more adultlike than increment detection.

Conclusion
These results imply that memory for loudness across gated intervals is not responsible for children’s poor performance but that multiple dynamic envelope cues may benefit children more than adults.
Understanding and Applying Genetics Knowledge in the Schools
Authors: Garrett Jennifer Walz 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working in school settings have an important role in the identification and treatment of children who exhibit speech, language, hearing, and swallowing disorders. It is necessary and important for SLPs to be aware of the growing research body of genetics and how the information applies to working with a variety of individuals. In this article, I will provide an overview about genetic causes and contributions to communication disorders and suggest ways SLPs can incorporate genetics knowledge into practice.
Complex Trauma and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Clinical Implications
Authors: Hyter Yvette D. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Complex trauma resulting from chronic maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure can significantly affect child development and academic outcomes. Children with histories of maltreatment and those with prenatal alcohol exposure exhibit remarkably similar central nervous system impairments. In this article, I will review the effects of each on the brain and discuss clinical implications for these populations of children.
Estimating Abundance and Life History Characteristics of Threatened Wild Snake River Steelhead Stocks by Using Genetic Stock Identification
Authors: Campbell Matthew R. , Kozfkay Christine C. , Copeland Timothy , Schrader William C. , Ackerman Michael W. , Narum Shawn R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAssessments of threatened wild Snake River steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss have historically been limited due to a lack of stock‐specific information and difficulties in field sampling efforts. We used genetic stock identification (GSI) to estimate the composition of wild adult steelhead migrating past Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River between August 24 and November 25, 2008. Further, we combined genetic data with information on sex, length, age, and run timing to examine for differences in life history or demography among stocks. In total, 1,087 samples collected at the dam were genotyped with 13 standardized steelhead microsatellite loci and a new modified Y‐chromosome‐specific assay that differentiates sex. A genetic baseline of 66 populations was used to complete GSI of unknown‐origin samples from Lower Granite Dam. Large differences in reporting group (stock) contributions were observed for the run as a whole; the Snake River–lower Clearwater River reporting group had the largest single contribution of 36.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 30.2–39.7%). Other large contributions were 15.4% (12.8–18.7%) from the upper Clearwater River reporting group and 13.9% (12.5–18.7%) from the lower Salmon River reporting group. Smaller contributions came from the other six reporting groups (Imnaha River: mean = 9.5%, 95% CI = 6.8–13.6%; upper Salmon River: 9.2%, 5.1–11.3%; South Fork Clearwater River: 7.6%, 4.3–8.9%; Middle Fork Salmon River: 5.1%, 3.5–6.4%; South Fork Salmon River: 2.7%, 1.3–3.6%; Elk Creek: 0.5%, 0.0–1.2%). Significant differences in reporting group contributions were observed when samples were grouped according to length, age, and run timing differences. Of the samples analyzed, 372 (34.9%) were identified as males and 694 (65.1%) were identified as females. Our results demonstrate that the GSI methodologies applied to Snake River steelhead have the potential of providing an efficient, minimally intrusive tool for obtaining stock‐specific abundance of this threatened distinct population segment. This technology can assist future viability status assessments of Snake River steelhead by contributing to refinements in population delineations, productivity calculations, and annual stock‐specific estimation of life history characteristics (e.g., age structure, sex ratio, and run timing).
Effects of Activity and Energy Budget Balancing Algorithm on Laboratory Performance of a Fish Bioenergetics Model
Authors: Madenjian Charles P. , David Solomon R. , Pothoven Steven A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe evaluated the performance of the Wisconsin bioenergetics model for lake trout Salvelinus namaycush that were fed ad libitum in laboratory tanks under regimes of low activity and high activity. In addition, we compared model performance under two different model algorithms: (1) balancing the lake trout energy budget on day t based on lake trout energy density on day t and (2) balancing the lake trout energy budget on day t based on lake trout energy density on day t + 1. Results indicated that the model significantly underestimated consumption for both inactive and active lake trout when algorithm 1 was used and that the degree of underestimation was similar for the two activity levels. In contrast, model performance substantially improved when using algorithm 2, as no detectable bias was found in model predictions of consumption for inactive fish and only a slight degree of overestimation was detected for active fish. The energy budget was accurately balanced by using algorithm 2 but not by using algorithm 1. Based on the results of this study, we recommend the use of algorithm 2 to estimate food consumption by fish in the field. Our study results highlight the importance of accurately accounting for changes in fish energy density when balancing the energy budget; furthermore, these results have implications for the science of evaluating fish bioenergetics model performance and for more accurate estimation of food consumption by fish in the field when fish energy density undergoes relatively rapid changes.
Genetic Characterization of American Shad in the Edisto River, South Carolina, and Initial Evaluation of an Experimental Stocking Program
Authors: Cushman Elizabeth , Tarpey Carolyn , Post Bill , Ware Kent , Darden Tanya 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe American shad Alosa sapidissima is an anadromous clupeid with once‐prolific stocks that have experienced major coastwide declines in abundance over the past century. The American shad spawning run in the Edisto River (South Carolina) has been exhibiting the same decreases as spawning runs in other coastal rivers, and stocking is now being considered as a restoration option for this river system. We utilized a suite of 13 microsatellite loci to provide a baseline genetic characterization of the Edisto River spawning run prior to supplementation and to evaluate the initial success of an experimental stocking program enacted from 2008 to 2010. No significant temporal genetic differentiation was found between sampling years, indicating that the genetic composition of the Edisto River spawning run is temporally stable over short time frames. Estimates of genetic diversity for Edisto River American shad were high (observed heterozygosity = 0.82–0.85) and similar to those observed in other river systems. Estimates of effective population size (3,505–8,379) resembled those reported for other diadromous species and were within the levels recommended for maintaining evolutionary potential. Hatchery‐produced individuals were detected within the 2010 year‐class of juvenile American shad prior to out‐migration (11/314 fish, or 3.5%), demonstrating initial success of the stocking effort (i.e., contribution of hatchery fish to the wild stock). Our results provide valuable information that can be incorporated into management plans for aiding the recovery of American shad in the Edisto River.
Estimating and Predicting Collection Probability of Fish at Dams Using Multistate Modeling
Authors: Plumb John M. , Connor William P. , Tiffan Kenneth F. , Moffitt Christine M. , Perry Russell W. , Adams Noah S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDams can be equipped with a bypass that routes a portion of the fish that enter the turbine intakes away from the powerhouse into flumes, where they can be counted. Daily passage abundance can be estimated by dividing the number of fish counted in the bypass by the sampling rate and then dividing the resulting quotient by the collection probability (i.e., the proportion of the fish population passing the dam that is bypassed). We used multistate mark–recapture modeling to evaluate six candidate models for predicting the collection probabilities of radio‐tagged subyearling fall Chinook salmon (n = 3,852) as a function of 1–2‐d time periods (general model), four different combinations of outflow (i.e., the total volume of water passing the dam) and turbine allocation (i.e., the proportion of outflow directed through the turbines), and a null (intercept only) model. The best‐fit model was the additive combination of turbine allocation and outflow, which explained 71% of the null deviance. Cross validation of the best‐fit model accounted for the variation that may arise from different data sets and the ensuing parameter values on the collection probability estimates and yielded a standard error of 0.613 that can be used to construct approximate 95% prediction intervals in nonstudy years. Such estimates have been unavailable and will be useful anywhere estimates of daily passage abundance at dams with bypasses are needed to manage migratory fishes.
Genetically Derived Estimates of Contemporary Natural Straying Rates and Historical Gene Flow among Lake Michigan Lake Sturgeon Populations
Authors: Homola Jared J. , Scribner Kim T. , Elliott Robert F. , Donofrio Michael C. , Kanefsky Jeannette , Smith Kregg M. , McNair James N. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNatural rates of straying are difficult to quantify over large spatial scales using direct observations, particularly for long‐lived fish species characterized by delayed sexual maturity and long interspawning intervals. Using multilocus microsatellite genotypes and likelihood‐based statistical methods, we quantified rates of immigration and emigration for six genetically differentiated (meanFST= 0.041) lake sturgeonAcipenser fulvescenspopulations in Lake Michigan based on adults (n= 437) captured in tributaries during the spawning season. Estimated rates of straying were high (mean = 0.105), asymmetrical, and highly variable across populations. We found no significant association between the total length (a surrogate measure of age) of individuals that strayed and those that did not. Linear distance between streams was more predictive of straying rates andFSTthan least‐cost distances estimated based on lakescape features (bathymetry and lake current patterns). Historical rates of gene flow estimated using coalescent analysis indicated a fully parameterized model with variable evolutionarily effective population sizes (θ range, 0.684–0.989), and variable and nonsymmetrical migration rates best explained the genetic data. Comparatively high estimates of relative historical gene flow from several numerically depressed populations suggest that these populations were once larger contributors to basinwide gene flow than indicated by estimates of contemporary straying rates. High rates of interpopulation straying contrast with highFST, suggesting that straying rates are poor indicators of successful reproduction following dispersal.