bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunomodulation in Mice by Experimental Infection with Yersinia enterooolitica
Authors: Ruiz‐Bravo Alfonso , Jimenez‐Valera MaríA , De Cienfuegos Gerardo Alvarez , Ruiz ConcepcióN , Kouwatli Khalil , Ramos‐Cormenzana Alberto 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIntraperitoneal infection of mice with two strains of Yersinia enterocolitica resulted in an inflammatory response and immunomodulation which appeared to be related to the invasive properties of the bacteria. The primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was enhanced by noninvasive cultures of Y. enterocolitica (serotype O:4–33 grown at 22 C and at 37 C, and serotype O:3 grown at 37 C), when given at the same time or two days after the antigen (invasiveness was tested on HeLa cells). In contrast, invasive cultures of serotype O:3 grown at 22 C, injected three days before the antigen suppressed the antibody response; enhancement was caused by these cultures only when given on the day of immunization. Delayed‐type hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes was also suppressed by invasive cultures of Y. enterccolitica. These data indicate that the temperature of growth as well as some serotype‐linked factors play a role in immunomodulation by Y. enterocolitica.
Germination of the Decoated Spores of Bacillus megaterium
Authors: Nakatani Yoshihiro , Imagawa Masayoshi , Takubo Yoshihiro , Nishikawa Jun‐Ichi , Nishihara Tsutomu , Kondo Masaomi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDecoated spores of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 12872 were prepared by extracting the inner coat components with an alkaline solution containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and dithiothreitol (SDS‐DTT) from outer coat‐deficient mutant spores, which were produced from one of the mutants isolated and named MAE‐05 by us. The decoated mutant spores germinated as well as the intact spores of the mutant and the parent, indicating that the outer and inner spore cats cannot be essential structures for the initiation of germination.When the SDS‐DTT‐treated MAE‐05 spores were converted to H‐spores by incubation in citrate‐phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) at 30 C for 3 hr, they lost their germinability by glucose and KNO3. Ca‐spores, prepared by treating H‐spores with 10 mM calcium acetate at 37 C for 60 min, regained the germinability. Experiments on the interaction of 45Ca with the cortex and the inner membrane isolated from H‐spores suggested that the calcium present in the inner membrane might be related to germinability.
Large‐Scale Survey of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Families
Authors: Kashiwagi Seizaburo , Hayashi Jun , Nomura Hideyuki , Ikematsu Hideyuki , Kajiyama Wataru 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTo investigate HBV transmission in families on three islands in Okinawa, Japan, prevalence of HBV markers in two groups of inhabitants was determined. One group consisted of members of families in which there was at least one HBsAg carrier (carrier families); the other group consisted of members of families in which there were no HBsAg carriers (non‐carrier families). A total of 3,261 serum samples were collected from subjects on Iriomote Island, Hateruma Island, and Yonaguni Island. These samples were tested for HBsAg by reversed passive hemagglutination (RPHA) and for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) by radioimmunoassay. Overall prevalences of HBsAg and anti‐HBc were 8.2 and 65.8 per cent respectively. The prevalence of anti‐HBC among members of carrier families (80.8%) was significantly higher than that among members of non‐carrier families (61.6%) (P< 0.001). The prevalence of anti‐HBc among members of carrier families was higher in all age groups, and was particularly so in children. Within carrier families, the prevalence of anti‐HBc was significantly higher in families in which there was at least one HBsAg carrier with HBeAg (94.5%) than in families with no HBeAg‐positive carriers (76.1%). This difference was especially marked in young children. These data suggest that in families with HBsAg carrier(s), the risk of transmitting HBV to members, particularly to young children, is higher than in families without carriers, and that the risk is further increased in families with HBeAg‐positive carrier(s).
Distinct Reactivities of Four Monoclonal Antibodies with Human Interleukin 2 Receptor
Authors: Tanaka Yuetsu , Tozawa Hideki , Hayami Masanori , Sugamura Kazuo , Hinuma Yorio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo new murine monoclonal IgG1 antibodies, H‐31 and H‐A26, were characterized in comparison with two previously obtained monoclonal antibodies against human interleukin 2 (IL‐2) receptor (IL‐2 R), anti‐Tac and HIEI. In immunofluorescence assays with various human hematopoietic cells, H‐31 and H‐A26 antibodies both reacted with only IL‐2 R‐positive cells, and they precipitated IL‐2 R molecules, glycoproteins with molecular weights of 60K and 53K daltons (gp60/gp53), from human T‐cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV‐I)‐carrying MT‐2 cells, as demonstrated by sequential immunoprecipitation after absorption of IL‐2 R with anti‐Tac. Antibody‐binding competition assays showed that H‐31 and anti‐Tac, and H‐A26 and HIEI, respectively, competed reciprocally in binding to the cells, and that anti‐Tac also inhibited the binding of HIEI but not vice versa. H‐31, like anti‐Tac, strongly inhibited the IL‐2‐dependent proliferation of normal activated T‐cells, absorption of IL‐2 and direct binding of IL‐2 to the cells, while H‐A26, like HIEI, inhibited those processes only weakly. The spectra of reactivities of these antibodies with various simian cell lines derived by HTLV‐I infection were different, as revealed by immunofluorescence studies. Human IL‐2 R was shown to express a unique antigenic determinant, detected with HIEI, that was not detectable in IL‐2 R molecules of Old and New World monkeys, and also to express determinants common to simian IL‐2 R molecules. These observations indicate that H‐31 and H‐A26 recognize human IL‐2 R molecules and that the antigenic sites on the IL‐2 R molecule defined by H‐31, H‐A26, anti‐Tac, and HIEI are different.
Fibrinogen Binding Inhibits the Fixation of the Third Component of Human Complement on Surface of Groups A, B, C, and G Streptococci
Authors: Chhatwal Gursharan S. , Dutra Iveraldo S. , Blobel Hans 
Published: November 2013

AbstractEffects of fibrinogen binding to M protein‐positive and ‐negative streptococci on fixation of the third component of human complement (C3) were determined. In all test cultures of serological groups A, B, C, and G fixation of C3 was observed in normal human serum as revealed by quantitative fluorescent immunoassay. Fibrinogen binding inhibited the fixation of C3 on streptococci. The degree of inhibition was proportional to the extent of fibrinogen binding. Thus, inhibition of C3 fixation was most pronounced in strongly fibrinogen‐positive streptococci of groups A, C, and G and not demonstrable in fibrinogen‐negative cultures of groups C and G. Trypsinization of the streptococci destroyed their capacity to bind fibrinogen and consequently the inhibitory effects on C3 fixation. The carboxymethylated α and β chains of fibrinogen moderately inhibited C3 fixation whereas γ chain had no influence. These studies may indicate that fibrinogen binding structures other than M protein could also be involved in streptococcal pathogenicity.
Stability of the Hexagonal Lattice Structure Formed by an R‐Form Lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella: Study of Long‐Range Stability
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Ohta Michio , Kido Nobuo , Ito Hideo , Naito Setsuko , Kuno Tsuneharu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe R‐form lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Klebsiella strain LEN‐111 (O3‐:K1‐) forms a hexagonal lattice structure with a lattice constant of 14 to 15 nm when it is precipitated by addition of two volumes of 10 mM MgCl2‐ethanol. The stability of this hexagonal lattice structure in long‐term incubation at 4 C was investigated. The hexagonal lattice structure was stable for at least 220 days when the LPS was suspended in distilled water, but it had been disintegrated into a rough mesh‐like structure when the LPS was suspended in 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) buffer, pH 8.5, at 4 C for 60 days. Half of the Mg bound to the LPS was released when the LPS was suspended in Tris buffer for 60 days, whereas Mg was not released when it was suspended in distilled water even for 220 days. By contrast, it was stable for at least 220 days in Tris buffer containing 5 mM MgCl2. The LPS suspended in Tris buffer for 60 days, at which time the structure had been disintegrated, could be restored to the original hexagonal lattice structure within 24 hr by addition of 5 mM MgCl2. From these results it is concluded that the hexagonal lattice structure of the LPS retains long‐range stability if Mg bound to the LPS is not released from the LPS.
Effect of Passive Administration of Alloantiserum Containing Antibody against Putative Acceptor(s) for T Cell‐Replacing Factor (TRF) in the Neonatal Stage on Development of B Cell Activity Responsive to TRF
Authors: Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Tsukada Satoshi , Hamaoka Toshiyuki , Sano Yoshimi , Koyama Nobuo , Takatsu Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPreviously, we showed that the antiserum raised in male (DBA/2Ha × BALB/c)F1(DCF1) mice (T cell‐replacing factor [TRF]‐low response animals) by immunizing them with activated B cells from BALB/c mice (TRF‐high‐responders) contained antibodies against putative TRF‐acceptor site(s). We have now evaluated the hypothesis that neonatal treatment of mice with the above antiserum suppresses the development of B cells responsive to TRF. Male DCF1 mouse anti‐BALB/c B‐cell antiserum or normal DCF1 mouse serum as a control was injected into BALB/c mice within 24 hr after birth. In the antiserum‐treated mice, no augmented primary immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were observed under the conditions in which markedly augmented IgM anti‐SRBC responses were induced in control BALB/c mice, suggesting that development of B cells reacting with male DCFi mouse anti‐BALB/c B‐cell antiserum is suppressed by the neonatal treatment with the antiserum. Furthermore, the development of B cell activity responsible for helper factors derived from T cells, such as TRF, was markedly suppressed in the neonatally antiserum‐treated mice, whereas activity of B cells capable of interacting directly with helper T cells through antigen‐bridges was not significantly affected by the same treatment. Such suppression of the B cell activity could be induced only when the antiserum was administered within 48 hr after birth. Moreover, neonatal treatment of mice with the antiserum induced suppressed responsiveness of B cells to a T‐independent type 2 antigen, TNP‐Ficoll. Neither serum‐borne suppressive serum components nor suppressor cells were detected by the system employed. These results support the hypothesis that TRF responsive B cells constitute a subpopulation distinct from the other B cells capable of cooperating with helper T cells via cognate interaction.
Protective Effect of Measles Virus Inoculation on Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Virus‐Infected Mice
Authors: Ohuchi Masanobu , Ohuchi Reiko , Mifune Kumato 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe Biken strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus caused a fatal neurologic disease in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. However, the mice were completely protected from the disease when a high dose of measles virus was given intracerebrally after the SSPE virus infection. The measles virus inoculation induced interferon production and immune responses. An experiment with athymic nude mice showed that interferon and anti‐measles antibody were able to prolong the incubation period of the disease but not to protect the SSPE virus‐infected nude mice from death. For complete protection, T lymphocytes appeared to be essential. The present study suggested that the protective effect of measles virus inoculation is basically due to the induction of immune responses and that SSPE virus infection in mice is susceptible to immune reactions.
Protective Effects of Nasal Immunization in Mice with Various Kinds of Inactivated Sendai Virus Vaccines
Authors: Miyamae Takeo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe immunoprophylactic effects of nasal vaccination with 13 different kinds of inactivated Sendai virus vaccines were compared by contact exposure to infector mice. Efficacies of the vaccines were evaluated on the basis of the presence of virus‐infected cells by immunofluorescent examination of the entire respiratory tract, including the nasal mucosa.A single or double inoculations of B‐propiolactone (0.5%)‐vaccine promoted the infection in the respiratory tract, particularly in the nasal mucosa, whereas three inoculations of B‐propiolactone (0.2%)‐vaccine provided considerable protection throughout the respiratory tract with only slight development of serum HI titer. Formalin (0.1%)‐vaccine and UV irradiated‐vaccine strongly protected the nasal mucosa from infection, but did not sufficiently safeguard the lower respiratory tract even with three vaccinations despite adequate development of serum antibody. Nearly complete protection of the entire respiratory tract was induced with six to eight inoculations of a vaccine treated excessively with both UV rays and 1% formalin, without significant development of serum antibody. Out of eight thermal vaccines, five (inactivated at 23 C, 30 C, 37 C and 7 C, and 30 C and 7 C) provided strong protection against infection when inoculated three times. The others inactivated at higher temperatures (37 C, 50 C, or 60 C) were not so protective. High serum HI titers developed, on the whole, with the drop in the temperature required for inactivating the virus. In eight immune mouse groups in which infection was strongly suppressed in the entire respiratory tract, most of the mice harbored less than 50 viral antigen‐positive cells in their nasal mucosa in the postexposure period. The number of the cells was assumed to be a useful criterion for evaluation of vaccine efficacy.
Protective Efficacy against Group B Streptococcal Infection in Neonatal Mice Delivered from Preimmunized Pregnants
Authors: Itoh Takako , Yan Xiao‐Jie , Nakano Hisao , Yoshioka Morimasa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNeonatal mice delivered from mothers preimmunized with heated or formalinized whole cell vaccines of type Ia, Ia/c and III/c group B streptococci were infected with each type of bacteria, and then serum antibodies of mothers and neonates who survived the experiments were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The relationship between the protectivity in neonate mice and the antibody titers to the type specific polysaccharide antigens and the protein c antigen of their sera were examined.In the Ia‐immunized group which showed high protection against the type Ia infection, anti‐Ia IgG antibody titers were low, and anti‐protein c IgG antibody was not detected. Type Ia/c and III/c vaccines were highly effective against both type Ia/c and III/c infection, but less effective in type Ia infection. The protein c antigen was identified in both type strains by the double diffusion assay, and the IgG antibodies to the protein c were significantly high in sera of both maternal mice immunized with types Ia/c or III/c organisms and their newborn infants. High titers of the protein c IgG antibody retained 3 to 4 weeks after the last injection of vaccines which corresponded to the period of pregnancy and lactation. Small amounts of IgM antibody to all antigens were detected only in maternal sera.These results suggest that IgG antibodies to the protein c antigen and to the type‐specific polysaccharide antigens are equally important protective factors which are transferable from preimmunized mothers to their newborn infants through placenta and/or lactation.
A Field Study of Infection with Human T‐Cell Leukemia Virus among African Primates
Authors: Ishida Takafumi , Yamamoto Kohtaro , Shotake Takayoshi , Nozawa Ken , Hayami Masanori , Hinuma Yorio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAfrican non‐human primates were surveyed seroepidemiologically for natural infection of human T‐cell leukemia virus type I (ATLV/HTLV‐I) or its closely related virus(es). Materials from three genera (Cercopithecus, Papio, and Theropithecus), four species (grivet monkey, Anubis baboon, Hamadryas baboon, and gelada), totalling 983 animals under natural conditions, were obtained in a field study in Ethiopia. Virus infection was determined by the indirect immunofluorescence test using HTLV‐I specific antigens. Animals seropositive for HTLV‐I were found among grivet monkeys and Anubis baboons including the hybrid offspring between Anubis and Hamadryas baboons but not pure‐Hamadryas baboons and geladas. From these results, the HTLV‐I family was proved to be widespread on the African continent and was regarded as a common retrovirus among catarrhines.
Properties of Monospecific Antibodies to the Glycoprotein of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Yamamoto Kiichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMonospecific (MSp‐) antisera against E1 and E2 glycoproteins of western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus were prepared and examined for binding activities to whole virions, hemagglutination‐inhibition (HI), neutralization (NT) and protection. Both anti‐E1 and anti‐E2 MSp‐antibodies (Abs) showed HI activity, but not NT activity. Both NT‐negative MSp‐Abs protected mice against WEE virus challenge. A competition experiment with monoclonal antibodies showed that these MSp‐antisera appear to lack the antibody population for some epitopes involved in viral neutralization.
Inherited Deficiency of the Seventh Component of Complement Associated with Meningococcal Meningitis: Lack of Serum Bactericidal Activity against Neisseria meningitidis in a Girl with C7 Deficiency and HLA Studies of a C7‐Deficient Japanese Family
Authors: Miyake Takeshi , Ohta Kuniaki , Kawamori Juzou , Hirao Takao , Akagaki Youji , Inai Shinya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn 8‐year‐old girl with meningococcal meningitis lacked serum complement activity. The seventh component of complement (C7) could not be detected in her serum by either functional or immunochemical analysis. The levels of the other components were within the normal range. Her serum complement activity was restored by the addition of purified C7. Her fresh serum showed a total absence of bactericidal activity against Neisseria meningitidis, group Y, but her serum bactericidal activity was restored by the addition of purified C7. The restoration of her serum bactericidal activity was completely inhibited in the presence of Mg2+ EGTA. These findings suggest that restoration of the bactericidal activity of her serum against N. meningitidis might be mediated by the specific antibody against N. meningitidis and the reconstituted complement system in her serum.Heterozygous deficiency of C7 was found in 10 of her family members. Genetic studies showed that the mode of inheritance might be an autosomal codominant trait. No genetic linkage between deficiency of C7 and the HLA system was found.
Ecological Studies of Legionella Species
Authors: Ikedo Masanari , Yabuuchi Eiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe occurrence and viable counts of Legionella pneumophila in acid‐treated water samples of 62 cooling towers on the main island of Japan were determined by inoculating them onto plates of Wadowsky‐Yee‐Okuda (WYO) agar medium. WYO plate cultures of 39 (63%) of the samples yielded L. pneumophila with viable counts ranging from 10 to 104 colony‐forming units per 100 ml.Of the L. pneumophila isolates, 157 were serologically identified as serogroup 1, and the remaining 21 were agglutinated by serogroup 3 (2 strains) and serogroup 6 (19 strains) antisera. In each culture‐positive water sample, the pH and the number of other bacteria were found not to be statistically significantly correlated with the viable counts of L. pneumophila. However, a higher rate of recovery of L. pneumophila was obtained with the water samples with a smaller number of other bacteria. Practical use of commercially available antialgal or antimicrobial agents was found not to be significantly effective for controlling the occurrence and growth of L. pneumophila in cooling tower water.
Experimental Infections of Dogs with Type C Influenza Virus
Authors: Ohwada Kazuo , Kitame Fumio , Homma Morio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA study was performed to determine if type C influenza infection could be established in dogs as a model for human cases. Mongrel dogs were infected with the Ann Arbor/1/50 strain of type C influenza virus and were examined for clinical symptoms, virus isolation and antibody response. After the first exposure to the virus, all infected animals developed nasal discharge and some of them also showed swelling of the eyelids, and suffusion of the eyes with tears and eye mucus, within 1 to 4 days. The animals showed an increase in hemagglutination‐inhibiting (HI) serum antibody, and recovery of the agent from the nasal swabs was successful. The symptoms lasted for as long as 10 days in most infected dogs, which was comparable to our human cases reported previously (Katagiri, S., Ohizumi, A., and Homma, M. 1983. J. Infect. Dis. 48: 51–56). After the second and third virus exposures at intervals of 50 days, all animals developed the same symptoms as those described above and the rise in antibody titer was evident. The virus could be recovered from four of the six dogs 2 to 5 days after the second exposure and from one dog as late as 10 days after the third exposure. Increases in antibody titer in the IgM fraction were observed after every infection. In control dogs which were mock‐infected with UV‐inactivated virus, no symptoms were evident and recovery of the virus was not successful although an increase in HI serum antibody titer was seen. These results show that mongrel dogs are sensitive to type C influenza virus and that repeated infections characteristic of human influenza C can be experimentally produced in dogs.
Serological Differences between Human T‐lymphotropic Virus Type‐I (HTLV‐I) and HTLV‐III/LAV
Authors: Harada Shinji , Purtilo David T. , Koyanagi Yoshio , Yamamoto Naoki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSera from each of five preselected groups of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIDS‐related complex (ARC), hemophilia, adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL), and healthy controls were examined for antibodies to human T‐cell leukemia (T‐lymphotropic) virus type‐I (HTLV‐I) and HTLV‐III by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) methods. All sera from five patients with AIDS, ARC, and hemophilia reacted at titers from 1: 512 to 1: 5,120 with fixed H9/HTLV‐III cells by IF but not with fixed MT‐1 cells carrying HTLV‐I. Similarly, sera from patients with AIDS, ARC, and hemophilia precipitated HTLV‐III‐specific polypeptides of 120K, 46K, and 24K. In contrast, sera from five patients with ATL did not react with fixed H9/HTLV‐III cells, but reacted with fixed MT‐1 cells. Moreover, HTLV‐I‐specific polypeptides of 68K, 28K, and 24K were precipitated with sera from ATL‐patients but not with anti‐HTLV‐III‐positive sera. Recently, we infected HTLV‐I‐carrying MT‐4 cells with HTLV‐III and provoked strong cytopathic effects. This system enabled testing for neutralizing antibodies to HTLV‐III. Neutralizing titers to HTLV‐III of five anti‐HTLV‐III‐positive sera ranged from 1:720 to 1:9,000. In contrast, all five seronegative controls showed no or only low reactivity to HTLV‐III envelope (1:80 and 100). However, three out of five anti‐HTLV‐I‐positive sera exhibited weak cross‐reactivities with HTLV‐III. The reactivities were expressed as <1:160, except for one case (1:720). They were considered to be nonspecific since they were negative for HTLV‐III antibodies in the radioimmunoprecipitation studies.