bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Targeting of Photosensitizers
Authors: Tayyaba Hasan , Rai Prakash R. , Verma Sarika , Zheng Xiang 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Molecular Modifications of Photosensitizers

Small Molecules, Peptides, and Aptamers

Proteins

Delivering Photosensitizers via Targeted Nanoconstructs

Target Modification/Cellular Activation

Conclusion
Oxygen Effects in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Juzeniene Asta 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Role of Oxygen in Photodynamic Therapy:1O2GenerationDependence of the Photosensitizing Effect onO2ConcentrationThe Oxygenation Status in Tumors and Normal TissuesPDT‐Induced Reduction of Tumor OxygenationO2Consumption (Primary Reduction)Vascular Damage (Secondary Reactions)Photosensitizer Photobleaching (Secondary Reactions)Methods to Reduce Tumor Deoxygenation DuringPDTLow Fluence RatesFractionated Light ExposureOther MethodsChanges of Quantum Yields Related to Photosensitizer RelocalizationChanges of Optical Penetration Caused by Changes inO2ConcentrationConclusion
Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Li Wen‐Tyng 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an evolving technology which is approved as the modality for various tumors and non‐cancerous diseases worldwide. PDT combines a photosensitizer, visible light, and oxygen, and has the characteristics of high selectivity, minimal invasiveness, low side effects, and allowing repetitive application. The photophysics and mechanisms of action of photosensitizers leading to cell death upon photoactivation have been extensively studied. For systemic applications, it is important to deliver photosensitizers selectively and efficiently in order to lower the drug dose, minimize side effects of phototoxicity to nearby healthy tissue, and decrease the waiting time after drug administration. Selective therapeutic effects against tumor tissues can be provided by the nature of the drugs and tumor physiology. Improved targeting of photosensitizer helps in preventing damage to the surrounding healthy tissue and lowering the doses of drugs and light. To satisfy the needs for an ideal PDT drug, versatile nanoparticles have been synthesized. This chapter provides an overview of currently developed nanoparticles with some focus on enhancing PDT efficacy for cancers. Nanoparticles for PDT were classified into active and passive nanoparticles according to the functional roles in the enhancement of PDT efficacy. As active roles in PDT, nanoparticles may act like catalysts to produce free radicals from dissolved oxygen, and serve as reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulators or light sources for activating photosensitizers. As passive roles, nanoparticles can serve as carrier platforms of the photosensitizers by taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect to improve further the cellular uptake, biodistribution, bioavailability. and pharmacokinetics of the systemic delivery. Nanoparticles are sub‐classified by material composition into biodegradable and nonbiodegradable nanoparticles. Biodegradable nanoparticles are made of polymers that are hydrolyzed in a biological environment and hence release the photosensitizers. Nonbiodegradable nanoparticles are often used to protect the photosensitizers from fluctuations of the environment, in which the diffusion freely of oxygen in and out of the nanoparticles is essential. Because of its interdiscplinary nature, the application of nanoparticles in PDT presents numerous research opportunities.
Optical Coherence Tomographic Monitoring of Surgery in Oncology
Authors: Zagaynova Elena V. , Gladkova N.D. , Shakhova N.M. , Streltsova O.S. , Kuznetsova I.A. , Yanvareva I.A. , Snopova L.B. , Yunusova E.E. , Kiseleva E.B. , Gelikonov V.M. , Gelikonov G.V. , Sergeev A.M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionOCTTechniqueUrologyAccuracy ofOCTin Endoscopic Detection of Early CancerCombined Use ofOCTand Fluorescence Imaging for Cancer DetectionOCTGuided Surgery in Bladder Cancer (Open Surgery and Transurethral Resections)Transurethral ResectionsOpen SurgeryGastroenterologyOCTfor Endoscopic Monitoring of Barrett's Esophagus MalignancyDifferentiation Between Normal Esophagus and BenignBEDifferentiation BetweenHGDand BenignBEDifferentiation BetweenIMACand BenignBEDifferentiation Between Invasive Carcinoma and BenignBEMalignantBEVersus BenignBEOCTfor Surgical Guidance of Colon PolypsOCTin Guided Surgery of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Esophagectomy and Rectoectomy)GynecologyMethodology and Patient SelectionGuidance Biopsy During ColposcopyCross‐PolarizationOCTin OncologyCP‐OCTin OncogynecologyCP‐OCTin OncourologyCP‐OCTin OncogastroenterologyConclusionAcknowledgments
Microvascular Blood Flow: Microcirculation Imaging
Authors: Leahy Martin J. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMany diseases and disorders find their origin or early symptoms in the microcirculation. The “optical window” of lower scattering and absorption, 600–1200 nm, is often used to probe human tissue. Even in this region, scattering dominates absorption and much work has been done on the use of low‐coherence methods (e.g., OCT) to image tissue and the upper reaches of the microcirculation with only ballistic photons. However, the number of ballistic photons returning from depths of more than a few millimeters is so low as to be unusable, so that researchers are using diffuse light tomographic methods (DOT, PAT) for deeper tissue imaging with a 10‐fold depth enhancement. This chapter describes the various optical approaches to imaging both the architecture and function of the human microcirculation.
Laser Therapy
Authors: Mohan Anant 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areDiagnostic Applications of LasersAutofluorescence Bronchoscopy (AFB)Fibered Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy (FCFM)Therapeutic Uses of LaserPhotodynamic Therapy (PDT)Laser TherapyContraindicationsLaser Bronchoscopy ProcedureAnesthesiaTechniqueComplicationsOutcome
Glaucoma Laser Therapy
Authors: Töteberg‐Harms Marc , Ciechanowski Peter P. , Funk Jens 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Laser Trabeculoplasty (
LTP
) and Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (
SLT
)

Excimer Laser Trabeculotomy (
ELT
)

Cyclophotocoagulation (
CPC
)
Ocular Blood Flow Measurement Methodologies and Clinical Application
Authors: Shoshani Yochai Z. , Harris Alon , Siesky Brent A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Background and Significance

Blood flow Methodologies

Color Doppler Imaging

Laser Doppler Flowmetry and Scanning Laser Flowmetry

Retinal Vessel Analyzer

Ocular Pulse Amplitude and Pulsatile Ocular Blood Flow

Laser Speckle Method (Laser Speckle Flowgraphy)

Digital Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope Angiography

Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography

Retinal Oximetry

Newly Developed Techniques

Relationship Between Blood Flow and Visual Function

Relationship Between Blood Flow and Optic Nerve Structure
Optical Coherence Tomography of the Human Larynx
Authors: Rubinstein Marc , Chark Davin , Wong Brian 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areAnatomyClinical ProblemsLaryngeal CancerImportance of Laryngeal Optical Coherence TomographyClinicalIn VivoApplicationsOCTDuring Microsurgical EndoscopyOffice‐BasedOCTOCTIntegrated with a Surgical MicroscopeOther Preclinical Applications ofOCTin the Larynx
In VivoBrain Imaging and Diagnosis
Authors: Krafft Christoph , Kirsch Matthias 
Published: December 2012

AbstractBiophotonic imaging techniques are attractive candidates for analyzing brain tissue nondestructively in real time and to provide intraoperativein vivodiagnosis. In this overview, various optical approaches are described forin vivobrain imaging in neurology and neurosurgery. Although the basic principles of each technique are summarized in Part 1 of this Handbook, they are briefly introduced in this chapter in the context of brain imaging. This is followed by details of their use in neuro‐oncology and functional imaging, on neurovascular pathologies, and on regeneration, transplantation, and stem cell monitoring.
Skin Diagnostics
Authors: Kaatz Martin , Lange‐Asschenfeldt Susaane , Fluhr Joachim , Köhler Johannes Martin 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionDermoscopyTechnical Principle and DevelopmentApplicationsPigmented Skin LesionsNon‐Pigmented Skin LesionsConclusionOptical Coherence Tomography (OCT)Technical Principle and DevelopmentApplicationsSkin TumorsInflammatory Skin DiseasesWound HealingBullous Skin DisordersOtherConclusionLaser Doppler ImagingTechnical Principle and DevelopmentApplicationsSkin TumorsInflammatory Skin DiseasesMicrocirculation of Chronic WoundsCollagenosis and Rheumatic DiseasesConclusionConfocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)Technical Principle and DevelopmentApplicationsTopography of Normal SkinSkin TumorsVascular Skin LesionsInflammatory Skin DiseasesInfectionsDrug DeliveryConclusionMultiphoton Laser ImagingTechnical Principle and DevelopmentApplicationsTopography of Normal SkinSkin TumorsSkin AgingDrug DeliveryConclusionRaman SpectroscopyTechnical Principle and DevelopmentApplicationsMolecular Structure of Normal SkinInflammatory Skin DiseasesConclusionAcknowledgement
Non‐Melanoma Skin Cancer
Authors: Kaatz Martin , Lange‐Asschenfeldt Susanne , Koehler Martin Johannes , Hipler Uta Christina 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Dermoscopy

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Optical Coherence Tomography (
OCT
)

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Actinic Keratosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (
CLSM
)

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Actinic Keratoses and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Multiphoton Tomography (
MPT
)

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Actinic Keratoses and Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Laser Doppler Imaging

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Raman Spectroscopy

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Actinic Keratoses and Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Pigmented Skin Lesions
Authors: Kaatz Martin , Lange‐Asschenfeldt Susanne , Peter‐Elsner  , Zimmermann Sindy 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Dermoscopy

Optical Coherence Tomography (
OCT
)

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (
CLSM
)

Multiphoton Laser Tomography (
MPT
)

Raman Spectroscopy

Laser Doppler Imaging
Sensing Glucose and Other Metabolites in Skin
Authors: Genina Elina A. , Larin Kirill V. , Bashkatov Alexey N. , Tuchin Valery V. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionLight–Tissue InteractionFluorescence MeasurementsIRSpectroscopyPhotoacoustic TechniqueRaman SpectroscopyOcclusion SpectroscopyReflectance SpectroscopyPolarimetric TechniqueOCTTechniqueConclusionAcknowledgments
Psoriasis and Acne
Authors: Ortel Bernhard , Calzavara‐Pinton Piergiacomo 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article arePsoriasisGeneral Principles of PhototherapiesUltravioletBPhototherapyPhotochemotherapyPhotodynamic TherapyLaser TherapyMechanisms of ActionAdverse EffectsSummaryAcneGeneral Principles of PhototherapiesUltraviolet Phototherapy andPUVAVisible Light PhototherapyPhotodynamic TherapyMechanisms and Adverse EffectsSummaryAcknowledgments
Wound Healing
Authors: Choi Bernard 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Wound‐Healing Response to Selective Optical Injury to the Microvasculature

Recent Applications of Optical‐Based Methods in Wound Healing

Low‐Level Laser Therapy (
LLLT
) – Wound Healing

LLLT
to Aid Cerebral Nervous System Repair Processes

Wound Healing after Laser Cartilage Reshaping

Novel Diagnostic Applications of Biophotonics to Study Wound Healing

Summary
The Use of Single‐Point and Ring‐Shaped Laser Traps to Study Sperm Motility and Energetics
Authors: Shi Linda Z. , Shao Bing , Nascimento Jaclyn , Berns Michael W. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Single‐Point Laser Trap

Ring‐Shaped Laser Traps

Biological Studies

Sperm Competition

Sperm Energetics

Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Transfection of Cardiac Cells by Means of Laser‐Assisted Optoporation
Authors: Nikolskaya Alena V. , Nikolski Vladimir P. , Efimov Igor R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The development of tissue and genetic engineering approaches to cardiovascular therapy is hampered by our limited ability to manipulate gene expression in 3D tissue structures with cellular resolution. An important unmet need is heterogeneous gene expression in cardiac cells and tissues, which requires targeted delivery of foreign DNA into selected cells or regions. Several techniques have been used for targeted transfection, such as direct microinjection into cells or targeted electroporation. However, these techniques have limited throughput or spatial resolution of transfection. We developed a method for transfection of cardiac cells by means of laser‐assisted optoporation and validated it using a standard confocal microscope. This technique allows for the transfection of selected cell types in the presence of other cell types provided that they are detectable with a microscope. This technique can work as a “gene printer” creating arbitrarily shaped areas of transfected cells.
Laser Surgery: an Overview
Authors: Pini Roberto , Rossi Francesca , Ratto Fulvio 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Laser–Tissue Interactions

Photothermal Effects

Low‐Temperature Effects (43–100 °
C
)

Medium‐ and High‐Temperature Effects (≥100 °
C
)

Controlling Heating Effects

Photomechanical Effects

Photoablation with Nanosecond Pulses

Photodisruption

Photoablation with Femtosecond Pulses

Notes on Laser Systems Suitable for Surgical Applications
Laser Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Huang Ying‐Ying , De Arce Vida J. Bil , De Taboada Luis , McCarthy Thomas , Hamblin Michael R. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The continued absence of any new pharmaceutical therapies for stroke has led researchers to test innovative approaches such as transcranial laser therapy. This approach is based upon a large body of knowledge gained from low‐level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) used for wound healing, pain relief and reduction of inflammation. Near‐infrared light (particularly 810 nm) shone on the head can penetrate into the brain where it can prevent neurons from dying, reduce inflammation, increase angiogenesis and stimulate neural progenitor cells to repair the lesion. This hypothesis has been tested in animal models of ischemic stroke created in rats and rabbits, with impressive results. Two clinical trials of stroke treated with a single transcranial exposure to 810 nm laser have been carried out with encouraging results. Laser therapy for stroke has the potential to become the treatment of choice for this dread disease.
Laser Photocoagulation
Authors: Fuisting Bettina , Richard Gisbert 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionRetinal DegenerationRetinal Tears, Retinoschisis, Retinal DetachmentDiabetic Retinopathy (DRP)Diabetic Macular Edema (DME)Proliferative Diabetic RetinopathyRetinal Vein OcclusionsCentral Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)Macular Diseases and Choroidal NeovascularizationAge‐Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)Transpupillary Thermotherapy (TTT) for the Treatment ofCNVPhotodynamic Therapy (PDT)Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSC)Choroidal Melanoma
Lasers in Restorative Dentistry
Authors: Kishen Anil 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionClassification of Lasers in Restorative DentistryLasers and Delivery SystemsLaser–Dental Tissue InteractionLaser Effects on Dental TissuesLaser Effect on EnamelLaser Effects on DentinLaser Effects on Dental PulpLasers in Operative DentistryLaser‐Assisted Tooth BleachingLaser‐Assisted Cavity Preparation and Caries RemovalLaser‐Assisted Adhesion in Tooth Color RestorationLaser‐Activated Polymerization of Composite ResinLaser‐Assisted Removal of Restorative Materials and Metal DowelsLaser‐Based Management of Dentin HypersensitivityApplication of Lasers in EndodonticsApplication of Lasers to Diagnose Dental Pulp HealthLaser‐Assisted Pulp Capping and PulpotomyLaser‐Assisted Root Canal Disinfection and ShapingLaser‐Assisted Root Canal ObturationLaser‐Assisted Root Canal RetreatmentLaser‐Assisted Apical SurgeryLasers in Periodontal TherapyLaser‐Assisted Periodontal Soft Tissue ManagementLaser‐Assisted Management of Periodontal PocketBactericidal Effect of Lasers on Periodontal PocketLaser‐Assisted Calculus RemovalLaser‐Assisted Management of Oral Hard TissuesLaser‐Assisted Management of Dental Hard TissueConclusion
Industrial Perspectives
Authors: Kandelbauer Andreas , Rahe Manfred , Kessler Rudolf W. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction and DefinitionsIntroductionHistorical AspectsDefinition of Quality: Product FunctionalityQuality ControlQuality AssuranceManagement and StrategyPATInitiativePATToolboxThe Concept of Quality by Design (QbD)ICHThe Concept of a Design SpaceImplications for Other Branches of the Life SciencesGeneral RemarksBiotechnologyFood IndustrySummary and OutlookToolboxes for Process Control and UnderstandingIntroduction: CausalitySamplingProcess ValidationRole of Design of Experiments (DoE)Role of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)Measurement Technologies (How to Measure)Selection of the Appropriate TechniqueWorking in Aqueous SystemsTrace AnalysisQualification of a SpectrometerData Analysis and Calibration (How to Process Data and How to Calibrate)IntroductionSpectral Data Pretreatments and Data CleaningChemometricsRegression AnalysisProcess Control (How to Control a Process)Specific Problems Encountered in Industrial Process AnalyticsMoisture Measurements (NIR,MW)NIRSpectroscopyMicrowave Resonance Technique (MWR)Process Analytics of Solids and Surfaces: Specular and Diffuse ReflectanceWorking in Multiple Scattering Systems: Separating Scatter from AbsorbanceBasics in the Measurement of Opaque SystemsSeparation of Scatter from AbsorptionOptical Penetration DepthSpectral Imaging and Multipoint SpectroscopySurvey Through Industrial ApplicationsSelection of ApplicationsPharmaceutical IndustryUV/Vis SpectroscopyNIRSpectroscopyRaman SpectroscopyImaging TechniquesFood and AgricultureUV/Vis SpectroscopyNIRSpectroscopyRaman SpectroscopyImaging TechniquesPolymersUV/Vis SpectroscopyNIRSpectroscopyRaman SpectroscopyImaging TechniquesPerspectivesTechnology Roadmap 2015+Medical Applications and Tomographic ImagingMulti‐ Point‐Information Systems in ManufacturingMultimodal Spatially Resolved SpectroscopyMicroreactor Control and Reaction Tomography
Detection of Explosives
Authors: Schade Wolfgang , Orghici Rozalia , Mordmüller Mario , Willer Ulrike 
Published: December 2012

Abstract

The detection of explosives is a research area of the utmost importance for maintaining the safety and security of the population. For this purpose, optical methods are well suited as they allow
in situ
, nondestructive and contact‐free detection of gaseous species. Distinct photonic sensor devices for the detection of explosives are described, taking into account their suitability for applications in real environments, where high sensitivity, selectivity, fast response and low false‐alarm rate are of great importance. The presented sensing approaches are based on different operation principles, all relying on the interaction of light with the hazardous substances in both the gaseous and condensed phases.
High‐Throughput and ‐Content Screening/Screening for New Pharmaceutics
Authors: Tannert Astrid , Schaefer Michael 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
For the development of new pharmaceutics, high‐throughput or high‐content screening approaches are widely applied in industry and also in academia. Many screening campaigns rely on photonic readouts, since assays are simple and fast to perform and can easily be miniaturized. Moreover, many repetitive measurements can be performed with most chromophores. Screening approaches can either be based on isolated target molecules, or apply live cell measurements. Multiple readout parameters from one screening assay are now more and more used to achieve an extensive characterization of on‐ and off‐target effects of the screened compounds. In this chapter we introduce general screening strategies and focus on assays that allow screening of compound libraries using photonic measurements.
Optical Measurements for the Rational Screening of Protein Crystallization Conditions
Authors: Janzen Christoph , Hoffmann Kurt 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

State of the Art of Protein Crystallization Techniques

A New Crystallization Method that Enables the Use of Optical Measurement Technologies

Optical Measurements for a Rational Crystallization Process

Static Light Scattering for the Analysis of the Pre‐Nucleation Phase

Dynamic Light Scattering for the Analysis of the Nucleation Phase

Quantitative Polarization Microscopy for the Analysis of the Post‐Nucleation Phase

Development of a New Optical Instrument

Measurement of Static and Dynamic Light Scattering in Small Volumes

Quantitative Polarization Microscopy

System Integration, Automation and Data Processing

Optical Measurements

Static Light Scattering

Instrument Performance

Measuring the Virial Coefficient of Proteins

Development of the Virial Coefficient with Different Solvent Parameters

Dynamic Light Scattering

Quantitative Polarization Microscopy

Outlook – An Iterative Optimization Process Based on Optical Measurements
Candle Light‐Style Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jou Jwo‐Huei , Hsieh Chun‐Yu , Tseng Jing‐Ru , Peng Shiang‐Hau , Jou Yung‐Cheng , Hong James H. , Shen Shih‐Ming , Tang Ming‐Chun , Chen Pin‐Chu , Lin Chun‐Hao 
Published: December 2012

AbstractIn response to the call for a physiologically‐friendly light at night that shows low color temperature, a candle light‐style organic light emitting diode (OLED) is developed with a color temperature as low as 1900 K, a color rendering index (CRI) as high as 93, and an efficacy at least two times that of incandescent bulbs. In addition, the device has a 80% resemblance in luminance spectrum to that of a candle. Most importantly, the sensationally warm candle light‐style emission is driven by electricity in lieu of the energy‐wasting and greenhouse gas emitting hydrocarbon‐burning candles invented 5000 years ago. This candle light‐style OLED may serve as a safe measure for illumination at night. Moreover, it has a high color rendering index with a decent efficiency.