bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model Minority Stereotype
Authors: Miller Richard L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

The term “model minority” was first coined by sociologist whose article in the
New York Times Magazine
was titled “Success Story: Japanese American Style.” Since that time, the term has come to characterize a minority group whose members are more successful than the average member of the majority. Success is typically measured by achievement in areas valued by the majority, which can include income, education, family stability, and low crime rate. Model minorities can be ethnic, racial, or religious groups, although the term most often applies to ethnic minorities.
Murdock, George Peter
Authors: Ember Carol R. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
George Peter Murdock (called “Pete” by those who knew him) was born on May 11, 1897, on a farm in Meriden, Connecticut and he died on March 29, 1985, in Devon, Pennsylvania at the age of 87. He majored in American history at Yale University, where he received his A.B., later receiving the Ph.D. at Yale in the joint sociology‐anthropology program. He spent most of his teaching career at Yale in the anthropology department until 1960 when he moved to the University of Pittsburgh, retiring in 1975.
Natural Selection
Authors: Gharib Afshin 
Published: October 2013

AbstractNatural selection is Charles Darwin's revolutionary theory explaining the process of evolution. argued that change in species over evolutionary time is driven by a simple process. Within any population of organisms, there are more individuals produced in each generation than there are resources to support them. As a result, individuals have to compete with each other for survival and reproduction. Individuals possessing characteristics that make them most successful at competing against others in their particular environment will be more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their traits to the next generation. In this way, each generation will be composed of offspring of the most successful competitors of the previous generation. With each passing generation traits that confer an advantage in a particular environment will become more and more prevalent.
Naturalistic Observation
Authors: Beins Bernard C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Psychologists frequently conduct laboratory‐based studies that permit precise control of variables to which research participants are exposed. Such research often shows considerable internal validity because the investigators can identify the degree to which manipulated variables affect behavior and can rule out initially plausible extraneous variables as causes of behavior. However, the external validity of these studies is sometimes questionable because they may not show ecological validity; that is, the behaviors in the laboratory do not resemble those in the natural world. One alternative to laboratory experiments is naturalistic observation in which the researcher does not manipulate variables in the environment but instead observes behaviors as they naturally emerge.
Nemawashi (根回し)
Authors: Machizawa Sayaka 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Nemawashi
is a consensus‐building technique commonly used in Japanese society, especially in the business and political world. It is also defined as a process by which an informal agreement or conclusion is made prior to final and official decision making on a particular issue.
Nemawashi
is often used to bring an individual or group idea to an organizational decision. In
nemawashi
, there is usually a facilitator who works with the group, especially directly affected superiors and stakeholders, to secure their cooperation and achieve group consensus.
Noise
Authors: Bronzaft Arline L. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The United States was in the forefront of noise control when it passed the Noise Control Act in 1972 and set up the Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC) in the Environmental Protection Agency to carry out the mandate of this Act. However, when former President Ronald Reagan came into office, he largely defunded ONAC, leaving noise control to cities and states. It has essentially remained this way these past 30 years, despite the growth of noise as a nationwide problem. At first many of the states cut back on noise control with the loss of federal funding, but in the past few years, with increased pressure from community groups, more local areas in the United States are passing noise ordinances. New York City had passed its own noise code in the early 1970s, revising it a few years ago, largely in response to the fact that noise ranks high on complaints to its 311 Help Line.
Organizational Development
Authors: Nadler Joel T. , Hitchcock Ashlee M. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Organizational development (OD) is a systematic and deliberately planned course of action designed to improve an organization's efficacy. OD requires change through communication, scientific research, behavioral analysis, feedback, cooperation, and application. OD is as diverse as the organizations it is applied to; it can be directed at the micro (individual workers), meso (groups, teams, and departments), and macro (the organization as a whole) levels of the organization. OD is a planned organizational self‐reflection and self‐analysis for the purpose of creating a plan informed from past research aimed at organizational improvement and then evaluated for effectiveness through empirical assessment. An organization's motive for development can include survival, mergers, environmental response, and self‐improvement.
Osgood, Charles Egerton
Authors: Triandis Harry C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Born in 1916 and destined to become one of the most important psychologists of the twentieth century, Charles E. Osgood made contributions in numerous fields, such as psycholinguistics, synesthesia, multiple personality, speech hesitation, suicide notes, aphasia, language universals, facial expressions, color, metaphor, and cross‐cultural psychology.
Quality of Life
Authors: Chao Ruth Chu‐Lien , Ospina Fernando 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The perception of quality of life is influenced by the environments in which individuals live. Thus, quality of life refers to individuals’ personal satisfaction with their life within the cultural or intellectual conditions in which they live. Additionally, quality of life has long been an explicit or implicit policy goal of most societies, and researchers have sought adequate definition and measurement. Quality of life is assessed using objective indicators across a range of disciplines and scales. This concept is used in a wide range of contexts, including the fields of mental health, healthcare, and politics.
Regret
Authors: Wadkins Theresa A. , Miller Richard L. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractRegret is a negative reaction to something that one has either done or failed to do. This negative reaction can be expressed in the form of sadness, shame, depression, annoyance, embarrassment, or guilt. In a study, regret was the second most expressed emotion in everyday conversation, after love. Although the word may be commonly expressed, the term regret has not been clearly defined in the research. defined regret as “a more or less painful cognitive and emotional state of feeling sorry for misfortunes, limitations, losses, transgressions, shortcomings, or mistakes,” whereas defined it as “a negative, cognitively based emotion that we experience when realizing or imagining that our present situation would have been better had we acted differently.” Zeelenberg, van Dijk, van den Bos, defined regret as an “unpleasant feeling, experienced when people look back on bad decisions” or imagine that the present situation would be better if different decisions had been made.
Response Bias (Response Style)
Authors: Nguyen Angela‐MinhTu D. , Beins Bernard C. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Response bias (also known as response style) refers to patterns of responding on questionnaires or inventories in a consistent manner independent of the content of the questions. Research across cultures can lead to differences in responses for three underlying reasons. Differences can reflect (a) true variability in the construct being measured, (b) error variability associated with different response styles associated with culture, or (c) error variability involving structural elements of the questionnaire or inventory associated with linguistic or semantic issues. The issue of response bias relates to the latter two conditions.
Dimensions of Culture (Geert H. Hofstede) – Masculinity
Authors: Keith Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
According to, masculinity (MAS) is a cultural dimension with a focus on ambition, acquisition of wealth, and distinctly differentiated roles for men and women. Cultures low in MAS (and hence higher in femininity) are more likely to emphasize nurturing behaviors, caring, more flexible gender roles, and equality of the sexes. Hofstede has suggested that success in high MAS cultures is defined by winning, whether in academic, work, or leisure activities. Low MAS (femininity) tends to be associated with greater concern for quality of life as an indicator of success (some scholars have characterized high and low MAS as quantity of life and quality of life). Put another way, individuals in high MAS cultures are motivated by an interest in being the best, whereas those in low MAS cultures are motivated to like what they do.
Dimensions of Culture (Geert H. Hofstede) – Uncertainty Avoidance
Authors: Mootz Jennifer 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

In
A Behavioral Theory of the Firm
, first introduced the term Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) to describe how organizations avoid uncertainty in their environments by solving immediate problems rather than developing long‐term strategies and by imposing plans and structure. Between 1967 and 1973, IBM administered a multinational survey to its employees to assess employee attitudes and morale. Researcher Geert Hofstede analyzed the data following the survey, and he noticed that people endorsed some items differently based on their nationality. had an interest in work stress and found that stress seemed to correlate strongly with national anxiety factor scores cited by. Additionally, employee stress seemed to be related to how organizations structured their activities. determined that three items on IBM's employee survey, “discussing stress, a need for fixed company rules, and the intent to continue with the company” contributed to a factor he called the Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI).
Dimensions of Culture (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Affective Autonomy
Authors: Niu Jianghe 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The term autonomy describes the position of a person or a group of persons in which they take their own decisions in all regards. It is the condition of being autonomous. The person or the group of persons will be under their own control, with no other person or condition governing the decisions of their lives. Relationships in autonomous societies involve expressing the individual's internal attributes and uniqueness. Based on the nature of autonomy, described two types of autonomy: affective autonomy and intellectual autonomy.
Dimensions of Culture (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Harmony
Authors: Rahman Hartini Abdul 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Harmony is a value construct developed by in his cross‐cultural studies on individual and cultural value orientations. provided three bipolar dimensions of values representing alternative ways to distinguish cultures. The third of these is regulation of the relation of humankind to the natural and societal world. In responding to this issue, Schwartz produced two bipolar cultural value type responses, harmony and mastery. Harmony is accentuated in societies where the social and natural world is accepted as it is and emphasis is laid on fitting in harmoniously, rather than on changing or exploiting the current stability. Mastery, on the other hand, is the active control of the social and natural environment through self‐assertion values. Thus, the harmony versus mastery cultural dimension focuses on how societies regulate the relation between society and the natural environment.
Online Advertisements and Conceptual Implicit Memory: Advances in Theory and Methodology
Authors: Northup Temple , Mulligan Neil 
Published: October 2013

SummaryWe conducted three experiments to further our understanding, both theoretically and methodologically, of conceptual implicit memory within the advertising context. Results from the first experiment confirmed what previous research had suggested: using a brand generation task is a conceptual implicit memory measure. The first experiment also demonstrated that conceptual priming can be found using realistic‐looking advertisements embedded within a news website. Results from Experiments 2 and 3 suggest that not only is providing specific encoding instructions not necessary to induce conceptual or semantic processing but also that there were no differences based on whether the experimental procedure was conducted in a laboratory or online. Together, these results have implications for increasing the ecological validity of this type of research. By allowing participants to view realistic advertisements outside of a laboratory without specific encoding instructions, the procedure much more closely mimics how individuals actually interact with advertisements in real life. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
External validation of recombinant antigens for serodiagnosis of machine operator's lung
Authors: Barrera Coralie , Reboux Gabriel , Warfolomeow Isabel , Rognon Bénédicte , Millon Laurence , Roussel Sandrine 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundMachine operator's lung (MOL) is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis the diagnosis of which is difficult. Our laboratory previously developed an ELISA test using recombinant antigens from Mycobacterium immunogenum isolated in French plant. The objective was to validate the previous ELISA results with ten new suspected cases from Germany.MethodsTwo serological analyses were performed: ELISA with the six recombinant antigens, and electrosyneresis with crude antigens of M. immunogenum and three other main species isolated from contaminated metalworking fluids.ResultsThe two recombinant antigens acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, combined together, and electrosyneresis are useful in making the diagnosis regardless of the clinical and radiological data. Finally 9 out of the 10 suspected cases were declared as MOL.ConclusionsDespite the geographical distance, the crude and recombinant antigens produced to investigate the clustered French cases also proved to be useful in diagnosing the suspected cases in Germany. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:195–201, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene‐environment interaction of ApoE genotype and combat exposure on PTSD
Authors: Lyons Michael J. , Genderson Margo , Grant Michael D. , Logue Mark , Zink Tyler , McKenzie Ruth , Franz Carol E. , Panizzon Matthew , Lohr James B. , Jerskey Beth , Kremen William S. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractFactors determining who develops PTSD following trauma are not well understood. The €4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene is associated with dementia and unfavorable outcome following brain insult. PTSD is also associated with dementia. Given evidence that psychological trauma adversely affects the brain, we hypothesized that the apoE genotype moderates effects of psychological trauma on PTSD pathogenesis. To investigate the moderation of the relationship between PTSD symptoms and combat exposure, we used 172 participants with combat trauma sustained during the Vietnam War. PTSD symptoms were the dependent variable and number of combat experiences, apoE genotype, and the combat experiences × apoE genotype interaction were predictors. We also examined the outcome of a diagnosis of PTSD (n = 39) versus no PTSD diagnosis (n = 131). The combat × apoE genotype interaction was significant for both PTSD symptoms (P = .014) and PTSD diagnosis (P = .009). ApoE genotype moderates the relationship between combat exposure and PTSD symptoms. Although the pathophysiology of PTSD is not well understood, the €4 allele is related to reduced resilience of the brain to insult. Our results are consistent with the €4 allele influencing the effects of psychological trauma on the brain, thereby affecting the risk of PTSD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Next‐generation sequencing in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Schreiber Matthew , Dorschner Michael , Tsuang Debby 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSchizophrenia is a debilitating lifelong illness that lacks a cure and poses a worldwide public health burden. The disease is characterized by a heterogeneous clinical and genetic presentation that complicates research efforts to identify causative genetic variations. This review examines the potential of current findings in schizophrenia and in other related neuropsychiatric disorders for application in next‐generation technologies, particularly whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and whole‐genome sequencing (WGS). These approaches may lead to the discovery of underlying genetic factors for schizophrenia and may thereby identify and target novel therapeutic targets for this devastating disorder. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetics of brain structure: Contributions from the vietnam era twin study of aging
Authors: Kremen William S. , Fennema‐Notestine Christine , Eyler Lisa T. , Panizzon Matthew S. , Chen Chi‐Hua , Franz Carol E. , Lyons Michael J. , Thompson Wesley K. , Dale Anders M. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders requires an understanding of the genetics of brain structure and function. The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) is a longitudinal behavioral genetic study focused on cognitive and brain aging. Here, we describe basic science work carried out within the VETSA MRI study that provides meaningful contributions toward the study of neuropsychiatric disorders. VETSA produced the first comprehensive assessment of the heritability of cortical and subcortical brain structure sizes, all within the same individuals. We showed that neocortical thickness and surface area are largely genetically distinct. With continuous neocortical thickness maps, we demonstrated regional specificity of genetic influences, and that genetic factors did not conform to traditional regions of interest (ROIs). However, there was some evidence for different genetic factors accounting for different types of cortex, and for genetic relationships across cortical regions corresponding to anatomical and functional connectivity and brain maturation patterns. With continuous neocortical surface area maps, we confirmed the anterior–posterior gradient of genetic influences on cortical area patterning demonstrated in animal models. Finally, we used twin methods to create the first map of cortical ROIs based entirely on genetically informative data. We conclude that these genetically based cortical phenotypes may be more appropriate for genetic studies than traditional ROIs based on structure or function. Our results also suggest that cortical volume—the product of thickness and surface area—is a problematic phenotype for genetic studies because two independent sets of genes may be obscured. Examples supporting the validity of these conclusions are provided. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Taiwan schizophrenia linkage study: Lessons learned from endophenotype‐based genome‐wide linkage scans and perspective
Authors: Chen Wei J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTaiwan Schizophrenia Linkage Study (TSLS) was initiated with a linkage strategy for locating multiple genes, each of small to moderate effect, and aimed to recruit a large enough sample of pairs of affected siblings and their families ascertained from a multisite study. With a sample of 607 families successfully recruited, a total of 2,242 individuals (1,207 affected and 1,035 unaffected) from 557 families were genotyped using 386 microsatellite markers spaced at an average of 9‐cM intervals. Here the author reviews the establishment of TSLS and initial signal derived from linkage scan using the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Based on the limited success of the initial linkage analysis, a sufficient‐component causal model is proposed to incorporate endophenotypes and genes for schizophrenia. Four types of candidate endophenotype measured in TSLS, including schizotypal personality, Continuous Performance Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and niacin skin flush test, are briefly described. The author discusses different strategies of linkage analysis incorporating these endophenotypes, including quantitative trait loci (QTL) linkage analysis, clustering‐derived subgroups, ordered subset analysis (OSA), and latent classes for linkage scan. Then the author summarizes the linkage signals generated from seven studies of endophenotype‐based linkage analysis using TSLS, including QTL scan of neurocognitive performance, QTL scan of niacin skin flush, the family cluster of attention deficit and execution deficit, OSA by schizophrenia–schizotypy factors, nested OSA by age at onset and neurocognitive performance, and the latent class of deficit schizophrenia for linkage analysis. The perspective of combining next‐generation sequencing with linkage analysis of families is also discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A review of neuroimaging studies of young relatives of individuals with schizophrenia: A developmental perspective from schizotaxia to schizophrenia
Authors: Thermenos H.W. , Keshavan M.S. , Juelich R.J. , Molokotos E. , Whitfield‐Gabrieli S. , Brent B.K. , Makris N. , Seidman L.J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIn an effort to identify the developing abnormalities preceding psychosis, Dr. Ming T. Tsuang and colleagues at Harvard expanded Meehl's concept of “schizotaxia,” and examined brain structure and function in families affected by schizophrenia (SZ). Here, we systematically review genetic (familial) high‐risk (HR) studies of SZ using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), examine how findings inform models of SZ etiology, and suggest directions for future research. Neuroimaging studies of youth at HR for SZ through the age of 30 were identified through a MEDLINE (PubMed) search. There is substantial evidence of gray matter volume abnormalities in youth at HR compared to controls, with an accelerated volume reduction over time in association with symptoms and cognitive deficits. In structural neuroimaging studies, prefrontal cortex (PFC) alterations were the most consistently reported finding in HR. There was also consistent evidence of smaller hippocampal volume. In functional studies, hyperactivity of the right PFC during performance of diverse tasks with common executive demands was consistently reported. The only longitudinal fMRI study to date revealed increasing left middle temporal activity in association with the emergence of psychotic symptoms. There was preliminary evidence of cerebellar and default mode network alterations in association with symptoms. Brain abnormalities in structure, function and neurochemistry are observed in the premorbid period in youth at HR for SZ. Future research should focus on the genetic and environmental contributions to these alterations, determine how early they emerge, and determine whether they can be partially or fully remediated by innovative treatments. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.