bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primordial black hole sterile neutrinogenesis: sterile neutrino dark matter production independent of couplings
Authors: Chen Muping , Gelmini Graciela B. , Lu Philip , Takhistov Volodymyr 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Sterile neutrinos (ν

s
s) are well-motivated and actively searched for hypothetical
neutral particles that would mix with the Standard Model active neutrinos. They are considered
prime warm dark matter (DM) candidates, typically when their mass is in the keV range, although
they can also be hot or cold DM components. We discuss in detail the characteristics and
phenomenology of ν

s
s that minimally couple only to active neutrinos and are produced in the
evaporation of early Universe primordial black holes (PBHs), a process we called “PBH sterile
neutrinogenesis”. Contrary to the previously studied νs
production mechanisms, this novel
mechanism does not depend on the active-sterile mixing. The resulting ν

s
s have a distinctive
spectrum and are produced with larger energies than in typical scenarios. This characteristic
enables ν

s
s to be WDM in the unusual 0.3 MeV to 0.3 TeV mass range, if PBHs do not
matter-dominate the Universe before evaporating. When PBHs matter-dominate before evaporating, the
possible coincidence of induced gravitational waves associated with PBH evaporation and
astrophysical X-ray observations from νs
decays constitutes a distinct signature of
our scenario.
Characterization of atmosphere-skimming cosmic-ray showers in high-altitude experiments
Authors: Tueros Matías , Cabana-Freire Sergio , Alvarez-Muñiz Jaime 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Atmosphere-skimming showers are initiated by cosmic rays with incoming directions such that the full development of the cascade occurs inside the atmosphere without ever reaching the ground. This new class of showers has been observed in balloon-borne experiments such as ANITA, but a characterisation of their properties is lacking. The interplay between the Earth's magnetic field, the long distances over which atmosphere-skimming showers develop, and the low density of the atmosphere they traverse gives rise to several effects that are not seen in downward-going cascades, and require detailed modeling. In this article, we used the latest version of the ZHAireS-RASPASS shower simulation program to tackle this problem, and dwell on the particular phenomena that arises from the peculiar environment in which these showers develop. We focus in particular on the properties of the longitudinal profile of the shower and its fluctuations as a function of cosmic-ray energy, direction and primary mass. We have also studied the phase-space of cosmic-ray arrival directions where detection in high-altitude experiments is more likely, and have found that only in a small range of directions the showers are sufficiently developed before reaching the altitude of the detector. Our results are relevant for the design of high-altitude and in particular balloon-borne experiments, and for the interpretation of the data they collect.
Applying simulation-based inference to spectral and spatial information from the Galactic Center gamma-ray excess
Authors: Christy Katharena , Baxter Eric J. , Kumar Jason 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The two most favored explanations of the Fermi Galactic Center gamma-ray excess (GCE) are millisecond pulsars and self annihilation of the smooth dark matter halo of the galaxy.
In order to distinguish between these possibilities, we would like to optimally use all information in the available data, including photon direction and energy information.
To date, analyses of the GCE have generally treated directional and energy information separately, or have ignored one or the other completely.
Here, we develop a method for analyzing the GCE that relies on simulation-based
inference with neural posterior models to jointly analyze photon directional and spectral information while correctly accounting for the spatial and energy resolution of the telescope, here assumed to be the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT).
Our results also have implications for analyses of the diffuse gamma-ray background, which we discuss.
Impact of the thermal contrast between the Arabian Sea and the Iranian Plateau on the interannual variability of the East Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Wang Lin , Wang Zhihao , Cao Jie , Liu Yimin , Wang Dongxiao , Leung Marco Y-T 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The land–sea thermal contrast is known to have a significant impact on the atmospheric circulation. We investigated the influence of the thermal contrast between the Arabian Sea (AS) and the Iranian Plateau (IP) on the interannual variability of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). It is found that the thermal distribution of AS–IP exhibits a fixed dipole mode. When the apparent heat over AS (IP) is higher (lower) than normal, summer rainfall is abundant over the mid- and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Japan with the adjacent maritime regions. By contrast, there is lower rainfall in North China and the coastal regions of South China. We attribute this phenomenon to the propagation of mid-latitude Rossby waves, which play a crucial role in regulating the atmospheric circulations on East Asia and the Northwest Pacific. Significant anomalies in the transport of water vapor were seen in our statistical analyses and were partly reproduced by the Linear Baroclinic Model and Weather Research and Forecasting model experiments. The anticipated outcomes of this research will help to identify another factor related to the variability of the EASM, and provide a scientific basis for understanding the distribution and interaction of thermal anomalies on the plateau system and the Indian Ocean.
Multidecadal variations in North Atlantic SSTs modulate the relationship between ENSO and the South Atlantic Subtropical Dipole since 1900
Authors: Yu Lejiang , Zhong Shiyuan , Vihma Timo , Sui Cuijuan , Sun Bo 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the long-term variability of the relationship between the El Niño South/Oscillation (ENSO) and the South Atlantic Subtropical Dipole (SASD), and their connection to multidecadal variations in the North Atlantic sea surface temperature (MDV-SST). Using a century’s worth of SST and atmospheric data and the Community Atmosphere Model version 5, the study found significant interdecadal variability in the correlation between the Niño3.4 index and the SASD index. This variability is closely linked to the North Atlantic MDV-SST, often interpreted as Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). This is demonstrated by significant ENSO-SASD correlations during warm (positive) phases of MDV-SST (1930–1960 and 2001–2020) and insignificant correlations during cold (negative) phases (1900–1929 and 1961–2000). Through a Gill-type response, MDV-SST excites Rossby wave over the tropical Pacific Ocean, influencing surface wind, SST, convective activities and upper-level zonal wind over the Pacific Ocean. During warm MDV-SST phases, the more eastward positioned Rossby wave source (RWS), triggered by SST and precipitation anomalies over the South Pacific Ocean, along with a stronger, more northward subtropical jet stream, propagates the wavetrain more eastwards into the South Atlantic Ocean, thereby strengthening the SST anomalies in the SASD. Conversely, during the cold MDV-SST phases, the more westward-positioned ENSO-related RWS and a stronger mid-latitude jet stream guide the wavetrain southeastwards into the southeastern Pacific Ocean, exerting less influence on the SST anomalies in the SASD. The Ekman pumping caused by anomalous surface pressure and the associated surface wind field as well as surface turbulent heat flux also affect the SST anomalies in the SASD and the ENSO-SASD relation.
Mixing artificial and natural intelligence: from statistical mechanics to AI and back to turbulence
Authors: Chertkov Michael (Misha) 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe paper reflects on the future role of artificial intelligence (AI) in scientific research, with a special focus on turbulence studies, and examines the evolution of AI, particularly through Diffusion Models rooted in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. It underscores the significant impact of AI on advancing reduced, Lagrangian models of turbulence through innovative use of Deep Neural Networks. Additionally, the paper reviews various other AI applications in turbulence research and outlines potential challenges and opportunities in the concurrent advancement of AI and statistical hydrodynamics. This discussion sets the stage for a future where AI and turbulence research are intricately intertwined, leading to more profound insights and advancements in both fields.
Temperature and medium structurization effect on spontaneous evolution of domains and bubbles in magnetic nanostructures
Authors: Janutka Andrzej 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Spontaneous evolutions of domains in magnetic nanowires and of magnetic bubbles in open ferromagnetic nanolayers are investigated using micromagnetic simulations. We compare temperature dependent dynamics of domain wall (DW) systems in Permalloy (Py) nanowires and systems of chiral DWs in ultra-thin nanowires with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). In Py nanowires DWs collide and, in majority of cases, the collision leads to the DW annihilation in disagreement with the expectation of topological protection of sums of all the magnetic charges attached to the nanowire edges which are carried by DWs. For our purpose of discussing the DW collision in the presence of thermal excitations, we revisit the problem of field-driven collisions of DWs in Py nanowires at zero temperature. We claim that thermal fluctuations can counteract the collision-induced annihilation of DWs, thought further improvement of stabilization of domain structures is achievable via structurization of the magnetic nanowires (dividing them into grains). In PMA-DMI nanowires, thermally-excited chiral DWs can be randomly approaching or moving away while not being annihilated. A problem related to the motion of chiral DWs is the spontaneous motion of magnetic bubbles in open PMA-DMI planes. The magnetic bubbles expand or shrink to vanishing dependent on strength of the DMI interaction. Such a motion appears to be be strongly influenced by temperature and by structural discontinuities of the magnetic layer.
The ultrametric backbone is the union of all minimum spanning forests
Authors: Rozum Jordan C , Rocha Luis M 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Minimum spanning trees and forests are powerful sparsification techniques that remove cycles from weighted graphs to minimize total edge weight while preserving node reachability, with applications in computer science, network science, and graph theory. Despite their utility and ubiquity, they have several limitations, including that they are only defined for undirected networks, they significantly alter dynamics on networks, and they do not generally preserve important network features such as shortest distances, shortest path distribution, and community structure. In contrast, distance backbones, which are subgraphs formed by all edges that obey a generalized triangle inequality, are well defined in directed and undirected graphs and preserve those and other important network features. The backbone of a graph is defined with respect to a specified path-length operator that aggregates weights along a path to define its length, thereby associating a cost to indirect connections. The backbone is the union of all shortest paths between each pair of nodes according to the specified operator. One such operator, the max function, computes the length of a path as the largest weight of the edges that compose it (a weakest link criterion). It is the only operator that yields an algebraic structure for computing shortest paths that is consistent with De Morgan’s laws. Applying this operator yields the ultrametric backbone of a graph in that (semi-triangular) edges whose weights are larger than the length of an indirect path connecting the same nodes (i.e. those that break the generalized triangle inequality based on max as a path-length operator) are removed. We show that the ultrametric backbone is the union of minimum spanning forests in undirected graphs and provides a new generalization of minimum spanning trees to directed graphs that, unlike minimum equivalent graphs and minimum spanning arborescences, preserves all

max
−
min

shortest paths and De Morgan’s law consistency.
On a class of stochastic fractional heat equations
Authors: Song Jian , Wang Meng , Yuan Wangjun 
Published: July 2024

For the fractional heat equation

∂

∂
t

u
(
t
,
x
)
=
−
(
−
Δ

)

α
2

u
(
t
,
x
)
+
u
(
t
,
x
)

W
˙

(
t
,
x
)

\frac {\partial }{\partial t} u(t,x) = -(-\Delta )^{\frac {\alpha }{2}}u(t,x)+ u(t,x)\dot W(t,x)

where the covariance function of the Gaussian noise

W
˙

\dot W

is defined by the heat kernel, we establish Feynman-Kac formulae for both Stratonovich and Skorohod solutions, along with their respective moments. In particular, we prove that

d
>
2
+
α

d>2+\alpha

is a sufficient and necessary condition for the equation to have a unique square-integrable mild Skorohod solution. One motivation lies in the occurrence of this equation in the study of a random walk in random environment which is generated by a field of independent random walks starting from a Poisson field.
Faith and reason
Authors: Trigg Roger 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
What role is there in faith for beliefs about what is true? Despite a cognitive element in faith, in cases of incomplete knowledge, we have to make a choice. The temptation is for reason to be reduced to what people with different identities, individually or collectively, decide. Reason becomes changed into an exercise of power. The ‘hermeneutics of suspicion’ tries to unmask deeper motivations. It not only turns its back on faith in God but also faith in reason. Discussions about the role of reason and religious faith go to the heart of basic ideas of human nature. Reason claims universal applicability, and it lies at the root of any religious belief claiming truth.
Gender history takes off
Authors: Burton Antoinette 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Gender history took root in academic writing in predominantly English-language publications after the 1980s. This chapter moves beyond early debates in the field of gender history to explore how historians of a variety of subjects—Islam, enslavement, the history of science, the French Revolution, colonialism—put gender to work in the context of social and cultural history. It surveys some of the major publications of the first 20 years of the field, showcasing the wide variety of archives and methods that shaped the development of gender history as a practice. The history of masculinity and sexuality is addressed, as are as the ways that gender has remained entangled with the question of women.
Associations of social engagement and loneliness with the progression and reversal of frailty: longitudinal investigations of 2 prospective cohorts from the UK and the USA
Authors: Cai Ziyi , Papacosta Anna Olia , Lennon Lucy T , Whincup Peter H , Wannamethee Sasiwarang Goya , Simonsick Eleanor M , Mathers John C , Ramsay Sheena E 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Social connections may impact the dynamic trajectory of frailty. Using data from the British Regional Heart Study (BRHS) in the UK (n = 715) and the US Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study (n = 1256), we conducted multinominal regression analyses to examine the association of baseline and change in social engagement and loneliness with progression to prefrailty and frailty, as well as their association with reversal to prefrailty and robust status among older adults. A higher level of social engagement at baseline (BRHS: relative risk ratio [RRR] 0.69 [95% CI, 0.55–0.85]; Health ABC: 0.56 [0.45-0.70]) and an increase in social engagement (BRHS: 0.73 [0.59-0.90]; Health ABC: 0.51 [0.41-0.63]) were associated with a lower risk of developing frailty. In BRHS, a higher level of loneliness at baseline (1.42 [1.10-1.83]) and an increase in loneliness (1.50 [1.18-1.90]) raised the risk of developing frailty. For reversal of frailty, higher social engagement at baseline (Health ABC: 1.63 [1.08-2.47]) and an increase in social engagement (BRHS: 1.74 [1.18-2.50]; Health ABC: 1.79 [1.17-.274]) were beneficial. Social connections may be potentially important and modifiable factors in both preventing and reversing progression of frailty in older adults.
Nineteenth-Century Intersex Bodies and the ‘Appearance of a Double Sex’: Nadar’s Medical Anti-Illustration
Authors: McBryde Brynne 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This essay demonstrates that Nadar’s 1860 ‘Hermaphrodite’ series disappeared from the famed French photographer’s oeuvre because it does not function as a medical illustration. It explains the relative obscurity of the series and reveals often-overlooked biases and distortions in medical illustrations. By placing the photographs in the context of nineteenth-century European medical theories about the intersex body, and the successful illustrations, often wood engravings, that accompanied those theories in texts, it reveals that Nadar’s series contradicted rather than supported existing anatomical teachings in an artistic medium renowned for its fidelity to nature, thus posing a threat to medical authority. Whereas doctors asserted that the hermaphrodite was a biological myth, an aberration obscuring natural male or female bodies that could be easily identified by experts, Nadar’s photographs, backed by the medium’s inherent claim to indexical truth, showed the intersex body as naturally integrated and complete and thus doomed themselves to obscurity.
A prospective observational cohort study comparing the treatment effectiveness and safety of ciclosporin, dupilumab and methotrexate in adult and paediatric patients with atopic dermatitis: results from the UK–Irish A-STAR register
Authors: Alexander Helen , Malek Rayka , Prieto-Merino David , Gribaleva Elizaveta , Baden Manisha , Beattie Paula , Brown Sara , Burton Tim , Cameron Shona , Coker Bola , Cork Michael J , Hearn Ross , Ingram John R , Irvine Alan D , Johnston Graham A , Lambert Alice , Lunt Mark , Man Irene , Newell Louise , Ogg Graham , Patel Prakash , Wan Mandy , Warren Richard B , Woolf Richard , Yiu Zenas Z N , Reynolds Nick , Ardern-Jones Michael R , Flohr Carsten 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background
The main conventional systemic treatments for atopic dermatitis (AD) are methotrexate (MTX) and ciclosporin (CyA). Dupilumab was the first novel systemic agent to enter routine clinical practice. There are no head-to-head randomized controlled trials or real-world studies comparing these agents directly. Network meta-analyses provide indirect comparative efficacy and safety data and have shown strong evidence for dupilumab and CyA.

Objectives
To compare the real-world clinical effectiveness and safety of CyA, dupilumab and MTX in AD.

Methods
We compared the effectiveness and safety of these systemic agents in a prospective observational cohort study of adult and paediatric patients recruited into the UK–Irish Atopic eczema Systemic TherApy Register (A-STAR). Treatment effectiveness measures included Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM), Peak Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale (PP-NRS), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and children’s DLQI (cDLQI). The minimum duration of treatment was 28 days and follow-up was 12 months. Adjusted Cox-regression analysis was used to compare the hazard ratios of achieving EASI-50, EASI-75 and EASI-90 over time, and linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate changes in efficacy scores. Treatment safety was assessed by examining adverse events (AEs) at follow-up visits.

Results
We included 488 patients (311 adults and 177 children/adolescents) on dupilumab (n = 282), MTX (n = 149) or CyA (n = 57). CyA and MTX were primarily used as the first-line treatment, while dupilumab was mainly a second-line systemic treatment as per UK National Institute of Clinical and Care Excellence (NICE) recommendations. EASI-50, EASI-75 and EASI-90 were achieved more rapidly in the dupilumab and CyA groups compared with MTX. After adjustment for previous severity, the reduction in EASI, POEM, PP-NRS and DLQI was greater for patients treated with dupilumab compared with MTX. In patients with severe disease the reduction in EASI, POEM and PP-NRS was even greater with CyA. The incidence rates of AEs were similar across groups (734, 654 and 594 per 10 000 person-month on CyA, dupilumab and MTX, respectively).

Conclusions
This real-world comparison of CyA, dupilumab and MTX in AD suggests that dupilumab is consistently more effective than MTX and that CyA is most effective in very severe disease within 1 year of follow-up.
Aerial Wildlife Image Repository for animal monitoring with drones in the age of artificial intelligence
Authors: Samiappan Sathishkumar , Krishnan B. Santhana , Dehart Damion , Jones Landon R , Elmore Jared A , Evans Kristine O , Iglay Raymond B 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Drones (unoccupied aircraft systems) have become effective tools for wildlife monitoring and conservation. Automated animal detection and classification using artificial intelligence (AI) can substantially reduce logistical and financial costs and improve drone surveys. However, the lack of annotated animal imagery for training AI is a critical bottleneck in achieving accurate performance of AI algorithms compared to other fields. To bridge this gap for drone imagery and help advance and standardize automated animal classification, we have created the Aerial Wildlife Image Repository (AWIR), which is a dynamic, interactive database with annotated images captured from drone platforms using visible and thermal cameras. The AWIR provides the first open-access repository for users to upload, annotate, and curate images of animals acquired from drones. The AWIR also provides annotated imagery and benchmark datasets that users can download to train AI algorithms to automatically detect and classify animals, and compare algorithm performance. The AWIR contains 6587 animal objects in 1325 visible and thermal drone images of predominantly large birds and mammals of 13 species in open areas of North America. As contributors increase the taxonomic and geographic diversity of available images, the AWIR will open future avenues for AI research to improve animal surveys using drones for conservation applications.
Database URL: https://projectportal.gri.msstate.edu/awir/