bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Survey of Fluid Therapy in Acute Pancreatitis: Current Practice Lacks a Sound Evidence Base
Authors: Haydock Matthew D. , Mittal Anubhav , van den Heever Marc , Rossaak Jeremy I. , Connor Saxon , Rodgers Michael , Petrov Maxim S. , Windsor John A. ,   Pancreas Network of New Zealand
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundFluid therapy (FT) is a critical intervention in managing acute pancreatitis (AP). There is a paucity of evidence to guide FT and virtually no data on current prescribing practice. This survey aims to characterize current practice and opinion with regard to FT in AP throughout New Zealand.MethodsInformation was collected on fluid selection, administration, and goal‐directed FT. The survey was distributed online and in print to all doctors employed in General Surgery Departments in New Zealand on 1 May 2012. Monthly email reminders were sent for 6 months.ResultsThe overall response rate was 47 % (n= 190/408). Crystalloids were the preferred initial fluid for all categories of severity; however, colloid use increased with severity (p< 0.001). Fluid volume also increased with severity (p= 0.001), with 74 % of respondents prescribing >4 L for AP with organ failure (OF). Clinicians treating 26–50 patients per year with AP were less likely to prescribe colloid for AP with OF (8 vs 43 %) (p= 0.001). Rate of fluid administration in AP with OF varied according to physicians’ seniority (p= 0.004); consultants prescribed >4 L more than other groups (83 vs 68 %). Only 17 % of respondents reported the use of guidelines.ConclusionsThis survey reveals significant variation in prescription of FT for AP, and aggressive FT is commonly prescribed for AP with OF. There is little adherence to published guidelines or best available evidence.
Duration and Timing of Exposure to Neighborhood Poverty and the Risk of Adolescent Parenthood
Authors: Wodtke Geoffrey T. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Theory suggests that the impact of neighborhood poverty depends on both the duration and timing of exposure. Previous research, however, has not properly analyzed the sequence of neighborhoods to which children are exposed throughout the early life course. This study investigates the effects of different longitudinal patterns of exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods on the risk of adolescent parenthood. It follows a cohort of children in the PSID from age 4 to 19 and uses novel methods for time-varying exposures that overcome critical limitations of conventional regression when selection processes are dynamic. Results indicate that sustained exposure to poor neighborhoods substantially increases the risk of becoming a teen parent and that exposure to neighborhood poverty during adolescence may be more consequential than exposure earlier during childhood.
Reading with Angels: Improving Literacy among Children in Foster Care
Authors: Knight Ruth 
Published: May 2013

The Pyjama Foundation is an Australian charity working to improve the literacy and numeracy outcomes for children in foster care. The foundation delivers the Pyjama Foundation Love of Learning programme, a learning-based mentoring programme in which volunteer ‘Pyjama Angels’ visit children in care each week to read books, play games and engage in other learning-based activities.This study surveyed 121 Love of Learning mentors (‘Pyjama Angels’) to assess their perceptions of the relationships they had developed with the children they mentored and of the children's improvement in their literacy skills, a key aim of the programme.The statistical data analysis based on the structural equation modelling and multiple regression approach showed that several factors had a statistically significant impact on the mentors’ perceptions of the children's improvement in literacy skills: relationship with the child, child's engagement and tenure in the programme, and frequency of meetings. Age and gender of the mentors were not found to have a statistically significant impact on mentors’ perceptions of this improvement, while mentors’ perceptions of their relationship with the children was the most important factor influencing their perceptions of improvement in literacy skills. The study did not include objective measures of the children's literacy outcomes, so its results are limited to the mentors’ perceptions. However, this study offers valuable insights for mentoring programmes working with children living in foster care.
Chronic oral carbamazepine treatment elicits mood-stabilising effects in mice
Authors: Kara Nirit Z. , Karpel Orit , Toker Lilach , Agam Galila , Belmaker Robert H. , Einat Haim 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveThe underlying biology of bipolar disorder and the mechanisms by which effective medications induce their therapeutic effects are not clear. Appropriate use of animal models are essential to further understand biological mechanisms of disease and treatment, and further understanding the therapeutic mechanism of mood stabilisers requires that clinically relevant administration will be effective in animal models. The clinical regimens for mood-stabilising drugs include chronic oral administration; however, much of the work with animal models includes acute administration via injection. An effective chronic and oral administration of the prototypic mood stabiliser lithium was already established and the present study was designed to do the same for the mood stabiliser carbamazepine.MethodsMice were treated for 3 weeks with carbamazepine in food. ICR mice were treated with 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75%, and C57bl/6 mice with 0.5% and 0.75%, carbamazepine in food (w/w, namely, 2.5, 5.0 or 7.5 g/kg food). Mice were then tested for spontaneous activity, forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and amphetamine-induced hyperactivity.ResultsOral carbamazepine administration resulted in dose-dependent blood levels reaching 3.65 μg/ml at the highest dose. In ICR mice, carbamazepine at the 0.5% dose had no effect on spontaneous activity, but significantly reduced immobility in the TST by 27% and amphetamine-induced hyperactivity by 28%. In C57bl/6 mice, carbamazepine at the 0.75% dose reduced immobility time in the FST by 26%.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate a behaviourally effective oral and chronic regimen for carbamazepine with mood stabilising-like activity in a standard model for mania-like behaviour and two standard models for depression-like behaviour.
Occurrence of the Ordovician-type aglaspididTremaglaspisin the Cambrian Weeks Formation (Utah, USA)
Authors: LEROSEY-AUBRIL RUDY , ORTEGA-HERNÁNDEZ JAVIER , KIER CARLO , BONINO ENRICO 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe Guzhangian Weeks Formation preserves a diverse, yet virtually unstudied, non-trilobite arthropod fauna. Here we describeTremaglaspis vanroyisp. nov., the oldest representative of an enigmatic group of extinct arthropods, the Aglaspidida.Tremaglaspiswas previously known from the Lower Ordovician and its morphology was regarded as particularly derived within the clade. Its occurrence in the Cambrian of Utah suggests that much of the early evolutionary history of the Aglaspidida remains unknown. A review of the environmental settings of previous aglaspidid findings suggests that these arthropods preferentially inhabited shallow-water environments, which may partially explain their limited fossil record.
Effect of unidirectional water currents on displacement behaviour of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrous droebachiensis
Authors: Morse Bryan L. , Hunt Heather L. 
Published: May 2013

Sea urchins can have important ecological effects on benthic communities through their aggregation and feeding behaviour. Urchin movement has been demonstrated to be negatively affected by wave action, but the impact of unidirectional tidal currents on urchin movement has not been investigated. This study examines the effect of unidirectional water velocity on the direction of displacement and movement rate of the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. In laboratory flume experiments there was a clear effect of water currents on the displacement of sea urchins. At speeds ≤30 cm s−1 urchins moved across the current in a downstream direction, but at speeds of ≥36 cm s−1 the urchins switched directions by more than 90° and moved across the current in an upstream direction. There was a significant effect of flow speed on urchin movement speed, with urchin movement speed decreasing as water current speed increased.
Planters and Naturalists: Transnational Knowledge on Colonial Indigo Plantations in South Asia
Authors: KUMAR PRAKASH 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe knowledge of indigo culture that developed on indigo plantations in colonial Bengal was remarkably cosmopolitan in its borrowings. The protean knowledge that was assembled in the first plantations in the Caribbean in the mid-seventeenth century had roots in various peasant traditions on the Indian subcontinent and elsewhere in the world. French naturalists committed this knowledge to texts, making them legible and portable whilst the needs of European empires ensured the perfection of this knowledge on separate continents even as it picked up heterogeneous forms at numerous sites. The heterogeneity of the knowledge attached to the practice of indigo manufacture was reproduced on the Indian subcontinent when indigo was reinvented as a colonial commodity. European planters generously drew on the texts describing indigo-making that were easily available, as the practice of dye making continued to evolve in the colonial locality. Some surviving peasant traditions of indigo culture on the subcontinent also impinged on the evolving knowledge. Thus multiple logics rather than the single colonial logic lay beneath the development of colonial indigo plantations in Bengal. An understanding of the process requires attention to the global genealogies of this knowledge system.
Comparative characterization of microRNA profiles of different genotypes ofToxoplasma gondii
Authors: XU M. J. , ZHOU D. H. , HUANG S. Y. , ZHAO F. R. , NISBET A. J. , LIN R. Q. , SONG H. Q. , ZHU X. Q. 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYThe present study compared the miRNA expression profiles of fiveToxoplasma gondiistrains, namely RH (Type I, ToxoDB10), TgXD (Type I, ToxoDB10), PRU (Type II, ToxoDB1), QHO (Type II, ToxoDB1) and TgC7 (ToxoDB9), by Solexa deep sequencing, bioinformatics analysis and real-time quantitative PCR. A total of 7, 15, 10, 12 and 10 miRNAs were found from RH, TgXD, PRU, QHO and TgC7 strains, respectively. Thirteen miRNAs were shared by three genotypes, with only one miRNA shared by all of the 5 strains and others shared by 2 or more strains. A large number of targets ranging from 1 to 185 were identified for commonly shared miRNAs and strain-specific miRNAs with complete or nearly complete complementarity. Functional prediction showed that these targets were mostly focused on catalytic activity (191 targets) and binding activity (183 targets). Nonetheless, the majority of targets and most of the miRNAs are related to the virulence or invasion proteins of different strains ofT. gondii, including ROP and MIC, as well as some other proteins, such as AMA1, GRA and RHO. The present study characterized comparatively the miRNA profiles of 3 different genotypes ofT. gondii, identified genotype-shared miRNAs and strain-specific miRNAs.
Can parasites use predators to spread between primary hosts?
Authors: CABLE JOANNE , ARCHARD GABRIELLE A. , MOHAMMED RYAN S. , MCMULLAN MARK , STEPHENSON JESSICA F. , HANSEN HAAKON , van OOSTERHOUT COCK 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYParasites typically have low reproductive fitness on paratenic hosts. Such hosts offer other significant inclusive fitness benefits to parasites, however, such as increased mobility and migration potential. The parasite fauna of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) is dominated by the directly transmitted ectoparasites Gyrodactylus bullatarudis and Gyrodactylus turnbulli. In the wild, close predatory and competitive interactions occur between the guppy and the killifish Rivulus hartii. Previous observations suggest that these fish can share gyrodactylids, so we tested experimentally whether these parasites can use R. hartii as an alternative host. In aquaria, G. bullatarudis was the only species able to transmit from prey to predator. Both parasite species transferred equally well to prey when the predator was experimentally infected. However, in semi-natural conditions, G. bullatarudis transmitted more successfully to the prey fish. Importantly, G. bullatarudis also survived significantly longer on R. hartii out of water. As R. hartii can migrate overland between isolated guppy populations, G. bullatarudis may have an enhanced ability to disperse and colonize new host populations, consistent with its wider distribution in the wild. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study demonstrating a predator acting as a paratenic host for the parasites of its prey.
Effect of cathode materials on the generation of runaway electron beams and X-rays in atmospheric pressure air
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Tarasenko Victor F. , Shao Tao , Baksht Evgeni Kh. , Burachenko Alexander G. , Yan Ping , Kostyray Igor' D. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn this work, experiments were performed to study the effect of cathode materials on the amplitude of the super-short avalanche electron beam (SAEB) current and X-ray density during discharges in atmospheric-pressure air. In the experiments, discharges were generated by three nanosecond-pulse generators in air gaps between a plane anode and a tubular cathode made of different metals. The output pulse of the three generators had a rise time of 0.3, 1, 15 ns, and a full width at half maximum of 1, 2, 30–40 ns, respectively. For the generators with pulse rise-time of 0.3 and 1 ns, the cathodes used in these experiments were made of stainless steel, permalloy, titanium, niobium, copper, brass, and aluminum. For the generator with pulse rise-time of 15 ns, the cathodes were made of stainless steel, titanium, copper, and aluminum. When the rise time of the applied pulse is 0.3 ns, our experimental results show that the amplitude of the voltage across the gap depends on the cathode material and reaches its maximum value when a stainless steel cathode is used. It is also observed that, under such situation, the maximum amplitudes of the SAEB current occur at maximum voltages across the gap when all other factors are equal. Furthermore, the amplitude of the SAEB current hereof is found to depend not only on the material of the sharp edge of the tubular cathode, but also on the material of the side surface of the tubular cathode. When the rise time of the applied pulse is 1 ns, the experimental results show that the average number of electrons in SAEB is also affected by the cathode materials. In addition, in the case that the rise time of the voltage pulse is 15 ns and the gap spacing is 8 cm, the experimental results show that the cathode material has no effect on the voltage amplitude across the gap and the X-ray density. The increase of the pulse repetition frequency from 250 to 500 Hz under such condition can lead to a three-fold increase in X-ray density in a repetitive pulsed mode.
Growth rate of modulation instability of a laser pulse propagating in clustered gas
Authors: Mishra Rohit K. , Jha Pallavi 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper deals with the analysis of growth rate of modulation instability of a laser pulse propagating in a clustered gas. Finite pulse effects are considered to be a perturbation. Growth rates of modulation instability for 100 fs and 80 fs at the centroid as well as at the front and back of the pulses are evaluated and graphically analyzed. It has been shown that with decrease in pulse duration the growth rate of modulation instability increases at the front, back as well as at the centroid of the pulse. It is also shown that the change in growth rate of modulation instability at the front as well as at the back of the pulse in comparison to the centroid of the pulse for 80 fs pulse is less in comparison to that of 100 fs pulse.
A finger skill transfer system using a multi-fingered haptic interface robot and a hand motion image
Authors: Endo Takahiro , Kobayashi Mana , Kawasaki Haruhisa 
Published: May 2013

SUMMARYThe teaching of how to exert fingertip forces and how to move the fingers is essential for transferring skill using the fingers to perform fine motor tasks. In this paper we accomplish the transfer of fingertip forces and positions in three-dimensional space by combining a multi-fingered haptic interface robot, which can measure and present the three-dimensional forces and positions at five fingertips, and an image display system that records a trainer's hand image and displays it to a trainee. Several experimental results show a high fingertip force and position transferability and the great potential of our proposed transfer system.
Leaf physiological response to light environment of three tree fern species in a Mexican cloud forest
Authors: Riaño K. , Briones O. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract:Abundance and physiology of three understorey tree fern species were compared in a Mexican cloud forest. We hypothesized that the distribution of species would be associated with canopy openness and leaf physiological characteristics. In gullies (1–2% full sun), Alsophila firma was abundant, Cyathea divergens was distributed in moderately open places (4–9%), and Lophosoria quadripinnata preferred more open canopy (9–30%). Although 11 leaf traits of five plants of each species growing under closed and open canopies over 1 y did not differ within species, there were significant interspecific differences. Alsophila firma had comparatively low maximum electron transport rate ETRmax (26.8 ± 1.81 μmol m−2 s−1) and ETR light saturation point (ETRLSP: 261 ± 36.1 μmol m−2 s−1), high specific leaf area (SLA), thin leaves and decreased quantum yield during a leaf desiccation experiment. Cyathea divergens had relatively high maximum quantum yield (0.84 ± 0.004), ETRmax (37.3 ± 1.8 μmol m−2 s−1) and ETRLSP (409 ± 40.0 μmol m−2 s−1). Lophosoria quadripinnata had comparatively thick leaves, low SLA, high predawn water potential, high density (606 ± 25.5 mm−2) and small length (0.026 ± 0.002 mm) stomata. The results support the hypothesis that light sensitivity shapes tree fern distribution in the cloud forest.
X-ray powder diffraction data for compound Er3Co4Al12
Authors: Wen Zhenwei , Liu Chen , Zeng Lingmin , Yan Jialin 
Published: May 2013

A new compound Er3Co4Al12 was prepared by arc melting under argon atmosphere. The powder X-ray diffraction data of Er3Co4Al12 were successfully indexed, giving a hexagonal structure with a = 8.6185(2) Å, c = 9.2347(3) Å, and unit-cell volume V = 594.04 Å3. Compound Er3Co4Al12 has the Gd3Ru4Al12 type-structure, Z = 2 and space group P63/mmc.
X-ray powder diffraction data for norandrostenedione
Authors: Tang Pei Xiao , Wu Xiao Qing , Pan Qing Qing , Zhang Li Li , Cheng Qiang , Li Hui 
Published: May 2013

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for norandrostenedione, C18H24O2, are reported [a = 26.3955(15) Å,b = 8.0476(4) Å,c = 7.3002(3) Å,α = β = γ = 90°, unit-cell volumeV = 1550.71 Å3,Z = 4, and space groupP212121]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with theP212121space group. No detectable impurity was observed.
Double aortic arch: postnatal obliteration of the left aortic arch. Is arterial duct closure responsible?
Authors: Rose David , D'Ascoli Riccardo , Ventriglia Flavia , Miraldi Fabio 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe present a case of double aortic arch with a predominant right and a double arterial duct detected by echocardiogram in a 28-week gestation foetus. The first evaluation revealed that both arches were perfused; the 1-month postnatal echocardiogram showed the closure of both arterial ducts and the partial obliteration of the left aortic arch between the left subclavian artery and the dorsal aorta. In our case, the postnatal obliteration of the left arch in a double aortic arch was probably due to the closure of the left-sided arterial duct.
Cyanobacteria isolated from the high-intertidal zone: a model for studying the physiological prerequisites for survival in low Earth orbit
Authors: Olsson-Francis Karen , Watson Jonathan S. , Cockell Charles S. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractCyanobacteria are capable of surviving the adverse conditions of low Earth orbit (LEO). We have previously demonstrated thatGloeocapsastrain OU_20,Chroococcidiopsisand akinetes ofAnabaena cylindricawere able to survive 548 days of exposure to LEO. Motivated by an interest to understand how cyanobacteria can survive in LEO, we studied the strategies thatGloeocapsastrain OU_20 employs to survive in its natural environment, the upper region of the intertidal zone. Here, cyanobacteria are exposed to fluctuations in temperature, UV radiation, desiccation and salinity. We demonstrated that an increase in salinity from 6.5‰ (BG-11 medium) to 35.7‰ (similar to that of seawater), resulted in increased resistance to UV radiation (254 nm), vacuum (0.7×10−3±0.01 kPa) and cold temperatures (–20 °C). Concomitantly, biochemical analyses demonstrated that the amount of fatty acids and mycosporine-like amino acids (a UV absorbing pigment) were higher in the stressed cells. Morphological analysis demonstrated that the electron density and thickness of the mucilaginous sheath were also greater than in the control cells. Yet, the control and stressed cells both formed aggregates. As a result of studying the physiological adaptation ofGloeocapsastrain OU_20 in response to salinity, we postulate that survival in the high-intertidal zone and LEO involves a dense extracellular mucilaginous sheath and the formation of aggregates. We conclude that studying the physiological adaptation of cyanobacteria in the intertidal zone provides insight into understanding survival in LEO.
Nutrient and population dynamics in a subglacial reservoir: a simulation case study of the Blood Falls ecosystem with implications for astrobiology
Authors: Fisher Thomson Mason , Schulze-Makuch Dirk 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSubglacial ecosystems have recently become of interest within the astrobiological community, as they represent a potentially habitable location in otherwise uninhabitable environments. We used data from Blood Falls, particularly the periodic discharge from the subglacial reservoir beneath Taylor Glacier, Antarctica, to construct an ecosystem model of the putative subglacial microbial community residing there using system dynamics modelling. The model results were, for the most part, within an order of magnitude of the geochemical field data. Productivity was quite low, at 6.4×10−5g carbon l−1yr−1. Based on the results, we draw the following conjectures for the search for life on Mars: A similar ecosystem would require a continual supply of oxidized iron for energy and generate significant amounts of reduced iron as a waste product, be relatively resilient to temporary disturbances, and, thermodynamically, would require at least 0.003 kJ mol l−1of energy to survive at that level of productivity. These results may help to better identify the constraints and boundaries of ecosystems in extreme environments, on Earth and other planetary bodies.