bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single-molecule studies of polymerase dynamics and stoichiometry at the bacteriophage T7 replication machinery
Authors: Geertsema Hylkje J. , Kulczyk Arkadiusz W. , Richardson Charles C. , van Oijen Antoine M. 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceThe DNA replication machinery is a multiprotein assembly that is responsible for a rapid and faithful duplication of the genome. Based on biochemical, structural, and genetic studies, we have obtained a very detailed picture of its different enzymatic activities that underlie unwinding of the parental duplex DNA and incorporation of nucleotides into daughter DNA. However, little is known about the dynamic changes in composition of the complex during replication. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence methods to visualize the dynamics with which individual DNA polymerases, the replication protein responsible for DNA synthesis, associate with and dissociate from the replication machinery. Our results show that the DNA polymerase remains associated with the replication complex for a much shorter time than our previous models suggested.
Harvesting renewable energy from Earth’s mid-infrared emissions
Authors: Byrnes Steven J. , Blanchard Romain , Capasso Federico 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Renewable energy can be generated whenever heat flows from a hotter to a colder body. One such flow is from the warm surface of Earth to cold outer space, via infrared thermal radiation. An emissive energy harvester (EEH) is a device that can generate energy from emitting thermal radiation into the clear sky. We calculate how much power is thermodynamically available, using a location in Oklahoma as a case study. We discuss two possible ways to make such a device: A thermal EEH (analogous to solar thermal power generation) and an optoelectronic EEH (analogous to photovoltaic power generation). For the latter, we propose using a rectifying antenna, and we discuss its operating principles, efficiency limits, system design considerations, and possible technological implementations.
Differential regulation of S-region hypermutation and class-switch recombination by noncanonical functions of uracil DNA glycosylase
Authors: Yousif Ashraf S. , Stanlie Andre , Mondal Samiran , Honjo Tasuku , Begum Nasim A. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) has been known as a critical base excision repair protein required for class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). On the other hand, its precise function in both CSR and SHM is extremely debatable and elusive. Here, we showed that UNG suppresses S region SHM (s-SHM) by recruiting the faithful DNA repair complex and, in the absence of UNG, the error-prone repair complex that induces s-SHM overrides. Moreover, UNG promotes activation-induced cytidine deaminase-induced CSR by regulating S-S synapse and DNA end repair. Interestingly, the enzymatic activity of UNG is dispensable for s-SHM suppression and CSR promotion.
Tospovirus ambisense genomic RNA segments use almost complete repertoire of stable tetraloops in the intergenic region
Authors: Clabbers Max T. B. , Olsthoorn Rene C. L. , Gultyaev Alexander P. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Summary: The intergenic regions of the ambisense RNA segments of viruses from the Tospovirus genus form large extended RNA structures that regulate virus replication. Using comparative structure analysis, we show the presence of conserved alternative conformations at the apical parts of these structures. In one conformation, a branched Y-shape, the 5′-proximal hairpin arms are mostly capped by exceptionally stable tetraloop motifs. The tetraloop hairpins are folded in both virus and virus-complementary sense RNAs, and different tetraloops can functionally replace each other. Folding simulations show that the branched Y-shape structures can undergo a conformational transition to alternative extended rod-like conformations. Functional importance of both alternatives is supported by nucleotide covariations. The balanced equilibrium between alternative structures is evidenced by native gel electrophoresis of mutant RNA transcripts with shifted equilibria. The tetraloops play a role in the stability and dynamics of structures but may also be recognized by proteins involved in translation and/or replication.
Contact: goultiaevap2@chem.leidenuniv.nl
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Conditions for the validity of SNP-based heritability estimation
Authors: Lee James J. , Chow Carson C. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe heritability of a trait (h2) is the proportion of its population variance caused by genetic differences, and estimates of this parameter are important for interpreting the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In recent years, researchers have adopted a novel method for estimating a lower bound on heritability directly from GWAS data that uses realized genetic similarities between nominally unrelated individuals. The quantity estimated by this method is purported to be the contribution to heritability that could in principle be recovered from association studies employing the given panel of SNPsThus far the validity of this approach has mostly been tested empirically. Here, we provide a mathematical explication and show that the method should remain a robust means of obtainingunder circumstances wider than those under which it has so far been derived.
Metabolic Flux Analysis of Plastidic Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Poplar Leaves Emitting and Nonemitting Isoprene
Authors: Ghirardo Andrea , Wright Louwrance Peter , Bi Zhen , Rosenkranz Maaria , Pulido Pablo , Rodríguez-Concepción Manuel , Niinemets Ülo , Brüggemann Nicolas , Gershenzon Jonathan , Schnitzler Jörg-Peter 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe plastidic 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is one of the most important pathways in plants and produces a large variety of essential isoprenoids. Its regulation, however, is still not well understood. Using the stable isotope 13C-labeling technique, we analyzed the carbon fluxes through the MEP pathway and into the major plastidic isoprenoid products in isoprene-emitting and transgenic isoprene-nonemitting (NE) gray poplar (Populus × canescens). We assessed the dependence on temperature, light intensity, and atmospheric [CO2]. Isoprene biosynthesis was by far (99%) the main carbon sink of MEP pathway intermediates in mature gray poplar leaves, and its production required severalfold higher carbon fluxes compared with NE leaves with almost zero isoprene emission. To compensate for the much lower demand for carbon, NE leaves drastically reduced the overall carbon flux within the MEP pathway. Feedback inhibition of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity by accumulated plastidic dimethylallyl diphosphate almost completely explained this reduction in carbon flux. Our data demonstrate that short-term biochemical feedback regulation of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity by plastidic dimethylallyl diphosphate is an important regulatory mechanism of the MEP pathway. Despite being relieved from the large carbon demand of isoprene biosynthesis, NE plants redirected only approximately 0.5% of this saved carbon toward essential nonvolatile isoprenoids, i.e. β-carotene and lutein, most probably to compensate for the absence of isoprene and its antioxidant properties.
The religious imperative of cost accounting in the early industrial revolution
Authors: Funnell Warwick , Williams Robert 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The paper aims to extend research which has sought to explain Britain's early success as an industrial power by identifying the influence of religious doctrine of the Dissenting Protestant churches on the development of accounting practices in the factory. The concern is not with specific accounting practices but with the social and moral environment which provided the incentives and permissions that encouraged late eighteenth century English industrialists to develop the practices that they used.Design/methodology/approach– The paper draws on the highly influential writings of social theorists such Weber, Sombart and Tawney to identify the religious doctrines that both motivated and justified the rational, ideological business practices of prominent businessmen.Findings– The rise of accounting as a powerful tool of control and discipline was significantly assisted by the teaching of the Dissenting Protestant churches on “calling”. Religious beliefs provided permissions, justifications and incentives which underpinned the entrepreneurial energies, opportunities and successes of the early industrialists. Accounting could be seen to assume almost the aura and nascent legitimacy of a religious practice, a means of sanctifying practices which were otherwise reviled by social elites.Originality/value– Despite encouragement from accounting researchers for histories of accounting which give greater credence to the reflexivity between accounting and society, this has yet to find a significant presence amongst the searches for beginnings in cost accounting where economic and management factors remain the overwhelming focus. Religious beliefs are shown to have been especially influential in the adoption of accounting practices by early industrialists who were frequently members of the Dissenting Protestant churches.
France's new economic regulations: insights from institutional legitimacy theory
Authors: Chelli Mohamed , Durocher Sylvain , Richard Jacques 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The paper seeks to adopt an institutional view of legitimacy to examine how a sample of French companies reacted to the introduction of the “New Economic Regulations” in French law in 2001 requiring that publicly listed companies disclose environmental information.Design/methodology/approach– The approach used in the paper is both quantitative and qualitative. A content analysis of environmental disclosure provided in annual reports, environmental reports and web sites by 26 French companies listed in the CAC 40 is performed throughout the period 2001-2011.Findings– The findings of this study show a significant and enduring improvement in the quality and quantity of environmental disclosure from 2001 to 2011. Even in the absence of penalties for non-compliance, the NRE law stimulated a stark and positive lasting change in the way that French companies account for their environmental information. These findings are consistent with the institutional view of legitimacy theory whereby legislation provides corporate managers with a representation of relevant audiences' perceptions about social and environmental reporting, prompting them to comply with the law to ensure organizational legitimacy.Originality/value– Social and environmental reporting studies generally adopt a strategic view of legitimacy to examine how organizations use social and environmental reporting to respond strategically to legitimacy threats. This study provides early empirical evidence about the relevance of institutional legitimacy theory in explaining environmental reporting.
Management, accounting and philosophy
Authors: Takeda Hiroshi , Boyns Trevor 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the “Kyocera approach” to business, i.e. the relationship between the Kyocera philosophy, the amoeba management system (AMS) and the associated management accounting system.Design/methodology/approach– Utilising a variety of secondary sources, including semi-autobiographical works written by Inamori, the architect of AMS, the authors examine in detail the links between the underlying Kyocera philosophy and the management and accounting principles derived therefrom. These sources are used to examine the historical origins of these principles, their influence on both the AMS and the management accounting system, and how these have developed over time.Findings– Both the AMS and the associated management accounting system can be shown to contain a mixture of influences, including traditional Asian/Japanese factors, but also Inamori/Kyocera-specific factors linked to Inamori's underlying philosophical approach to life and specific life experiences encountered by him. This suggests that while the Kyocera approach may be applicable more widely in Japan or Asia, outside of this context, the conflicts between Western and Asian cultures, although not necessarily insurmountable, may provide barriers leading to incomplete applications of the Kyocera approachOriginality/value– This study adds to the understanding of the interrelationship between management philosophy and management accounting practices, and the ability of individuals to determine culture within organisations. It illustrates the importance of historical research in obtaining a detailed understanding of the philosophical, cultural and religious underpinnings of current management and accounting practices.
Matching physicians to newly arrived refugees in a context of physician shortage: innovation through advocacy
Authors: Brunger Fern , S. Duke Pauline , Kenny Robyn 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– Access to a continuum of care from a family physician is an essential component of health and wellbeing. Refugees have particular barriers to accessing medical care. The MUN MED Gateway Project is a medical student initiative in partnership with a refugee settlement agency that provides access to and continuity of health care for new refugees, while offering medical students exposure to cross-cultural health care. This paper aims to report on the first six years of the project.

Design/methodology/approach
– Here the paper reports on: client patient uptake and demographics, health concerns identified through the project, and physician uptake and rates of patient-physician matches.

Findings
– Results demonstrate that the project integrates refugees into the health care system and facilitates access to medical care. Moreover, it provides learning opportunities for students to practice cross-cultural health care, with high engagement of medical students and high satisfaction by family physicians involved.

Originality/value
– Research has shown that student run medical clinics may provide less than optimum care to marginalized patients. Transient staff, lack of continuity of care, and limited budgets are some challenges. The MUN MED Gateway Project is markedly different. It connects patients with the mainstream medical system. In a context of family physician shortage, this student-run clinic project provides access to medical care for newly arrived refugees in a way that is effective, efficient, and sustainable.
The negative consequences of culture change management
Authors: Wankhade Paresh , Brinkman John 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyse the culture change management programme in one UK NHS ambulance service, documenting various perverse consequences of the change management and suggest further research implications.Design/methodology/approach– The paper reviews the literature on “culture” and “culture change” and identifies several perverse consequences of a culture change management programme through an in-depth case study analysis, based on interviews with trust staff and policy experts along with non-participant observation. Study was given ethical approval by the local NHS research ethics committee.Findings– Significant negative consequences of the culture change management programme in the ambulance service are systematically documented. The paper argues that any worthwhile study of organisational culture change management must take into account the perverse consequences of such a process and its overall impact on employees.Research limitations/implications– These findings come from detailed investigation from only one large ambulance trust in the UK. However they have significant implications for the organisational “culture-performance” debate.Practical implications– The paper draws out several policy and practice implications from this empirical study. Any meaningful evaluation of culture change initiatives should be seen not only in relation to success in achieving planned objectives, but also by keeping in mind negative consequences of culture change programmes.Originality/value– This paper makes an original contribution in identifying and systematically documenting the disjuncture between stated and unintended consequences of ambulance culture change management programme, which will be of value to academics, practitioners and policy makers including theory building.
Reflections on the PING! table tennis initiative
Authors: Mackintosh Chris , Cookson Graham , Griggs Gerald 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to establish the impact and effectiveness of the national PING! project implemented by a national governing body of sport (NGB) and key public sector partners in England. It establishes lessons learnt and areas to improve future programme development in this area of public sports management. In addition it is also evidencing a new approach to engaging with physical activity and sports development in local communities.

Design/methodology/approach
– The research study is based on a user survey with 375 respondents and two qualitative ethnographic case studies in two of the eight cities that were involved in the programme. These case studies encompassed 30 individual or group interviews, informal observations and site visits across the two cities.

Findings
– The research project has identified some of the key factors that lie behind the positive outcomes of the scheme, including a strong sense of participant community, diverse participant profiles, a hidden workplace impact and building an entry point for non-engaged sports participants to sport and physical activity. In addition, lessons have been learnt in terms of future programme management, design and development in this field of informal and recreational sports project. These include strengthening opportunities for sustainable continued participation, sharing information with other NGBs that are beginning to work in this style of delivery and building alternative pathways to the traditional club as an outlet' for novice participants.

Research limitations/implications
– The study is based in England and is limited to a one year research project. The qualitative case studies were also only conducted in two of the main partner cities.

Originality/value
– Very few empirical studies have examined this growing trend towards informal table tennis programmes and facilities. Likewise the paper also offers a novel evaluation approach for NGBs to gain richer more insightful depth of research lessons. It is also part of the growing literature that is questioning the foundations of “traditional sports development” practice and its associated sphere of public sector activity.
Delivery networks and community sport in England
Authors: Harris Spencer , Houlihan Barrie 
Published: March 2014

Purpose– The paper aims to utilise Adam and Kriesi's network approach to policy analysis to examine the range of exogenous factors that affect interactions in the community sport policy process from a local authority perspective.Design/methodology/approach– The research is based upon two case studies. Each case study involved semi-structured interviews with three local authority middle/senior managers, three senior County Sport Partnership (CSP) representatives, and eight regional/county national governing bodies of sport (NGB) representatives.Findings– While the two cases exhibit distinctive socio-economic and structural profiles they provide valuable evidence regarding the operation of the network of partners involved in community sport and also illustrate the utility of Adam and Kriesi's analytical framework. In relation to Adam and Kriesi's power/interaction model both cases illustrate the fragmentation of power at the community level although interaction in one case exhibits a pattern best characterised as “competition” whereas interaction in the other is more closely associated with “horizontal cooperation”.Research limitations/implications– The paper highlights the need for improved theorisation of partnership arrangements in community sport, in particular: examining the relationship between issues such as resources, organisational capacity, and traditional involvement in sport development and attitudes toward the community sport policy process; linked to this, mapping the causal relationships in partnerships, i.e. what factors lead to what actions or behaviours; and investigating the utility of various strategies in developing a more cohesive and effective sub-regional policy system.Originality/value– Local authority perspectives of community sport policy is an under-researched topic. It is timely to study these perspectives due to the refreshed community sport policy for 2013-2017, the traditional status of local government as the major funder of community sport, and the public sector budget reductions and reported implications for non-statutory services, such as community sport
A development curse: formal vs informal activities in resource-dependent economies
Authors: Papyrakis Elissaios 
Published: March 2014

Purpose
– The paper aims to examine the coexistence of formal and informal resource sectors in resource-dependent economies, whose production depends on an exhaustible (e.g. minerals) and a renewable resource stock (e.g. forest), respectively. It then examines the implications of declining mineral stocks on public revenues, labour movements between sectors, and economic growth in an attempt to elucidate the poor economic performance of many mineral-dependent countries.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper presents a theoretical model that describes the coexistence of a formal and informal resource-dependent sector, where individuals can direct their work effort. It then assesses how declining mineral stocks influence labour mobility across sectors and environmental degradation.

Findings
– Decreasing mineral stocks induce a relocation of labour towards informal production and deprive local authorities from public revenues collected within the formal economy. This constrains the ability to improve infrastructure and welfare over time and simultaneously imposes pressure on the local environment.

Originality/value
– The paper provides a novel theoretical mechanism that attempts to elucidate the “resource curse”, i.e. the poor economic performance of many mineral-rich economies. It purposely explores the implications of a coexistence of formal and informal resource activities on economic development for resource-dependent economies, in order to obtain new insights into this direction.