bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joint-level mechanics of the walk-to-run transition in humans
Authors: Pires Neville J. , Lay Brendan S. , Rubenson Jonas 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTwo commonly proposed mechanical explanations for the WRT include the prevention of muscular over-exertion (effort) and the minimisation of peak musculoskeletal loads and thus injury risk. The purpose of this study was to address these hypotheses at a joint level by analysing the effect of speed on discrete lower-limb joint kinetic parameters in humans across a wide range of walking and running speeds including walking above and running below the WRT speed. Joint work, peak instantaneous joint power, and peak joint moments in the sagittal and frontal plane of the ankle, knee and hip from 8 participants were collected for 10 walking speeds (30–120% of their WRT) and 10 running speeds (80–170% of their WRT) on a force-plate instrumented treadmill. Of the parameters analysed, three satisfied our statistical criteria of the ‘effort-load’ hypothesis of the WRT. Mechanical parameters that provide an acute signal (peak moment and peak power) were more strongly associated with the gait transition than parameters that reflect the mechanical function across a portion of the stride. We found that both the ankle (peak instantaneous joint power during swing) and hip mechanics (peak instantaneous joint power and peak joint moments in stance) can influence the transition from walking to running in human locomotion and may represent a cascade of mechanical events beginning at the ankle and leading to an unfavourable compensation at the hip. Both the ankle and hip mechanisms may contribute to gait transition by lowering the muscular effort of running compared to walking at the WRT speed. Although few of the examined joint variables satisfied our hypothesis of the WRT, most showed a general marked increase when switching from walking to running across all speeds where both walking and running are possible, highlighting the fundamental differences in the mechanics of walking and running. While not eliciting the WRT per se, these variables may initiate the transition between stable walking and running patterns. Those variables that were invariant of gait were predominantly found in the swing phase.
Early deactivation of slower muscle fibres at high movement frequencies
Authors: Blake Ollie M. , Wakeling James M. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAnimals produce rapid movements using fast cyclical muscle contractions. These types of movements are better suited to faster muscle fibres within muscles of mixed fibre types as they can shorten at faster velocities and achieve higher activation-deactivation rates than their slower counterparts. Preferential recruitment of faster muscle fibres has previously been shown during high velocity contractions. Additionally, muscle deactivation takes longer than activation and therefore may pose a limitation to fast cyclical contractions. It has been speculated that slower fibres maybe deactivated before faster fibres to accommodate their longer deactivation time. This study aimed to test whether shifts in muscle fibre recruitment occur with derecruitment of slow fibres before the faster fibres at high cycle frequencies. Electromyographic (EMG) signals were collected from the medial gastrocnemius at an extreme range of cycle frequencies and workloads. Wavelets were used to resolve the EMG signals into time and frequency space and the primary sources of variability within the EMG frequency spectra were identified through principal component analysis. A general early derecruitment of slower fibres was evident at the end of muscle excitation for the higher cycle frequencies, and additional slower fibre recruitment was present at the highest cycle frequency. The duration of muscle excitation reached a minimum of about 150 ms and did not change for the three highest cycle frequencies suggesting a duration limit for the medial gastrocnemius. This study provides further evidence of modifications of muscle fibre recruitment strategies to meet the mechanical demands of movement.
Complementary therapies: education for community practice
Authors: Stevensen Caroline 
Published: August 2014

Complementary therapy education is in a state of rapid growth and development. Courses in a wide variety of therapies abound, offering different levels of qualifications and academic accreditation. It is very much the responsibility of the individual professional wishing to train in complementary therapies to sort through the maze of educational organisations and establishments. There are, at present, no specialist courses in complementary therapies for community health nurses. It is considered important to have introduced generalist training before specialism is embarked upon. This paper addresses a number of professional issues. These include course validation, continuing education, clinical supervision and professional indemnity insurance.
Combined phototherapy/low intensity laser on venous ulceration
Authors: Ashford RL , Brown NP , Nolan C , Lenton B , Howell C 
Published: August 2014

Some venous ulcers of the lower limb can prove to be extremely difficult to manage. The use of low intensity laser therapy is being used as an adjunct treatment modality in ulcer clinics. This paper describes the use of this modality on two chronic venous ulcers, using the single case experiment methodology. A treatment regime over a period of eight weeks was devised, whereby the patients received active therapy one week, followed by non-active the following week. This pattern was continued for the eight week period. The results presented are encouraging, both in terms of ulcer size reduction and pain levels.
A survey of patients' perceptions of life with an ileo-anal pouch
Authors: Bond Carolyn F , Bailey Bob , Corry Dominic , Jones Di , Notter Joy 
Published: August 2014

Since the advent of ileo-anal pouch surgery in the 1970s, there has been a gradual increase in the number of patients undergoing such surgery instead of the more traditional formation of an ileostomy. However, although the surgical procedures are clearly described and research is gradually accumulating regarding overall functioning and complications, little is known about the day to day practicalities of living with an ileo-anal pouch. A survey of over 200 people with ileo-anal pouches was conducted to gather information about daily living from the patients perspective. This paper presents some of the findings from the survey, which provided a wealth of information that not only highlights physiological factors and how they impinge on life, but also gives an indication of how the respondents view their quality of life and what additional help they feel would enhance it.
Eating disabilities following stroke
Authors: McLaren Susan 
Published: August 2014

Recent evidence suggests that individuals who have suffered a stroke are at risk of developing protein-energy malnutrition. Deterioration in nutritional status, dehydration and an increased morbidity and mortality have been associated with the presence of dysphagia and other eating problems.This paper reviews selected impairments in physical and cognitive functions which can impair food intakes and which may influence development of malnutrition in this vulnerable group, together with the interventions which may improve patient outcomes. Some of the vital aspects of successful management in the acute stage of illness are suggested here; including assessment of nutritional status, eating disability, prompt referral for expert advice on safe, adequate dietary provision, and radiological investigation of swallowing problems together with the use of appropriate aids to eating.
In search of excellence
Authors: Dilloway Mark 
Published: August 2014

Atrilogy of ambitious White Papers, the implementation of the Culyer Report (Department of Health (DoH) 1994) and the 1996 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE96) are providing a complex environment for all those associated with primary and community care. In response to the Culyer Report, both acute and community NHS trusts are forming research and development departments charged with maximising research income. Clinical and academic alliances are being forged throughout the country to take advantage of the funding opportunities, but the most successful will be those that received high ratings in RAE96. Primary Care: The Future – Choice and Opportunity (DoH 1996a) has set the agenda for the foreseeable future with its central proposal to deregulate general practice, but the established organisations will be the ones most favoured to undertake the extensive research and development opportunities that will arise through these DoH initiatives. Innovations in patient care must be supported by published evidence that can contribute to RAE2000 if organisations are to prosper.
Romancing feminism: From women’s studies to women’s fiction
Authors: Reid Boyd Elizabeth 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
After more than a decade as a feminist researcher and teaching women’s studies at tertiary level, I decided to investigate a new direction. Driven in part by the demise of women’s studies in universities – an international phenomenon – and looking for something completely different, I attended my first Romance Writers of Australia conference. To my surprise, the scene was all too familiar: predominantly female participants and presenters, a collaborative leadership model, a supportive atmosphere and lots of purple. In this article I muse upon arguments that romance is a form of feminism. Going back to its history in the Middle Ages and its invention by noblewomen who created the notion of courtly love, examining its contemporary popular explosion and the concurrent rise of popular romance studies in the academy that has emerged in the wake of women’s studies, and positing an empowering female future for the genre, I propose that reading and writing romantic fiction is not only personal escapism, but also political activism. Now also a published romance novelist, I chart my own Harlequin Escape from the ivory tower to the boudoir.
‘That complete fusion of spirit as well as body’: Heroines, heroes, desire and compulsory demisexuality in the Harlequin Mills & Boon romance novel
Authors: McAlister Jodi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In the romance novels published by Harlequin Mills & Boon, sex and love are inextricably intertwined. The governing paradigm of the romance is a concept I have termed ‘compulsory demisexuality’. Someone who is demisexual only experiences sexual attraction to someone with whom they have an emotional bond. In the romance, this means that sex is only truly pleasurable when the partners are in love. The intersection of this paradigm with the notion of one true love means that the romance hero and heroine can only find real sexual pleasure with the other. This paradigm manifests differently between genders. Generally, heroines are demisexual, whereas heroes become demisexual. This change wrought in the hero is the key to understanding the romance text as a text of feminine victory: the ubiquitous happily-ever-after of the romance takes place in the heroine’s world. The way in which compulsory demisexuality has been realized within category romances has also changed over time. This article will discuss the historical evolution of the gendered relationship between sex and love in relation to two key texts, Denise Robins’s Shatter the Sky (1933) and Lynne Graham’s Desert Prince, Bride of Innocence (2009), focusing particularly on how the heroine’s sexual desire has complicated this relationship.
The warrior woman in Harlequin’s Bombshell Athena Force series
Authors: Chivers Marian , Speed Lesley , Tasker Meg 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The theme of the warrior woman – the woman prepared to fight – appears in popular romance and in multiple time settings. This article will explore the way in which Silhouette Bombshell’s Athena Force series presents a series of romance heroines who are professional, trained warrior women. Rather than presenting these characters as a radical alternative to the more ‘traditional’ romance heroine, it will be shown that they attempt to accommodate a range of ideas about gender; they extend rather than reverse conventional ideas about femininity. There are, however, significant implications for the conventional romance plot as gender roles are unsettled and reconfigured. How are relationships between male and female warriors in the novels characterized, and how does this distinguish them from other contemporary romance fiction? Warrior women in fiction may be seen to subvert gender characteristics traditionally linked to biological traits and the conventional binary opposition between male and female gender roles. By stepping outside the accepted behaviour of females, the warrior woman makes us question those norms we may take for granted and provides another intriguing sub-genre for romance fiction.
Romance, romantic love and the ‘want of a fortune’
Authors: Fordham Helen , Milech Barbara 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The English novel arose in the mid-eighteenth century as a cultural expression of a new middle class, a class that absorbed contemporary philosophies of individualism and democracy, and emerged within societies anchored in both representative government and capitalistic economies. Contemporary reality television gives us versions of the modern novel. Sometimes reality programmes, like the earliest novels, are episodic: each episode is linked by a single narrative voice or character and tells us about some issue. Sometimes these programmes present a season of episodes shaped by conventions of character, theme, conflict and resolution: together the episodes of each season form chapters in a story of ordinary lives so the audience can eavesdrop on others’ lives and draw life lessons. The Bachelor and The Bachelorette are typical of the latter kind of reality television. Generically, the programmes are related to the modern romance novel – they recount the story of finding ‘true love. Across nine months of staged presentation and accompanying interviews, they portray individuals looking for love, despite hostile adversaries, personal misunderstandings and disappointed expectations. This narrative arc leads to a climax where love is either found or missed, but either way it is represented as a complex synthesis of sexual frisson, friendship and respect. And all this occurs within the (occluded) context of someone winning $250,000. This article takes Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice ([1813] 1995) as a touchstone for understanding the appeal and meanings of The Bachelor and The Bachelorette as contemporary versions of the romance novel in order to explore how the idealization of love remains tied to not only notions of women’s individualism/liberation, but also to capitalism.
Polar bears and evil scientists: Romance, comedy and climate change
Authors: Walker Lisa 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Climate change has been called the most boring subject the science world has ever had to present. Despite media stunts such as nude lie-ins to draw attention to the issue, recent polls show that the urgency of public opinion in relation to climate change has waned. This article argues that popular culture such as genre fiction can be an important communicative device in responding to climate change. It examines how a climate change theme can be developed in fiction and why romance and, in particular, romantic comedy, may be a suitable genre to make this issue relevant to the reader by connecting a global issue to its local effects. Climate change poses particular challenges to an author. My novel-in-progress, Melt (2013), is used as a case study of how these challenges may be met.
‘Hey little rich boy, take a good look at me’: Punk, class and British Oi!
Authors: Worley Matthew 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This article looks at the controversial music genre Oi! in relation to youth cultural identity in late 1970s and early 1980s Britain. By examining the six compilation albums released to promote Oi! as a distinct strand of punk, it seeks to challenge prevailing dismissals of the genre as inherently racist or bound to the politics of the far right. Rather, Oi! – like punk more generally – was a contested cultural form. It was, moreover, centred primarily on questions of class and locality. To this end, Oi! sought to realize the working-class rebellion of punk’s early aesthetic; to give substance to its street-level pretentions and offer a genuine ‘song from the streets’.
‘Prole Art Threat’: The Fall, the Blue Orchids and the politics of the post-punk working-class autodidact
Authors: Wilkinson David 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
In much of the writing that exists on The Fall, a persistent myth is perpetuated of the inscrutable character of Mark E. Smith. One of the contributing factors to this myth concerns Smith’s politics, commonly seen as ambiguous yet so far not analysed in detail. Here I shed some light on this issue. Furthermore, I wish to open up academic discussion on the work of The Blue Orchids, an outgrowth of The Fall, which developed an outlook inchoate in the original line-up, one which was lost when Smith became its driving force. There is a fascinating comparison to be made between the Fall and Blue Orchids on the basis of working-class negotiations of leftist post-punk at the dawn of Thatcherism. I examine how the two bands’ cultural production and political attitudes towards freedom and pleasure were shaped by residual countercultural and class-based influences. I then consider the divergent outcomes of Smith’s affinities with Thatcherism (which nevertheless retained oppositional elements) and The Blue Orchids’ mystical rejection of both the New Right and New Pop in favour of an oppositional ethos of fulfilment that was part G. I. Gurdjieff and part Worker’s Educational Association.
Comparison of a direct enzymatic assay and polyacrylamide tube gel electrophoresis for measurement of small, dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Authors: Vanavanan Somlak , Srisawasdi Pornpen , Rochanawutanon Mana , Kerdmongkol Jirapa , Kroll Martin H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSmall, dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) has been linked to the progression of cardiovascular disease. We compared two methods for determination of sdLDL-C, a direct enzymatic (ENZ) method and a polyacrylamide tube gel electrophoresis (PGE) assay, and investigated the associations of both sdLDL-C measurements with metabolic syndrome.We analyzed 242 patient sera for sdLDL and atherosclerosis-related markers. The PGE method separates the intermediate-density lipoprotein particles into three midbands (MID-A to MID-C) and the LDL particles into seven subfractions (LDL1 to LDL7); the sdLDL-PGE result is calculated as the sum of cholesterol concentrations from LDL3 to LDL7.The regression equation for sdLDL-C was [ENZThe ENZ assay for sdLDL-C correlated well with the PGE method. The ENZ method measures a broader range of atherogenic lipoprotein particles than PGE and has the potential to identify subjects with vascular risk, thus contributing in directing specific interventions for cardiovascular prevention.
Circulating keratan sulfate as a marker of metabolic changes of cartilage proteoglycan in juvenile idiopathic arthritis; influence of growth factors as well as proteolytic and prooxidative agents on aggrecan alterations
Authors: Winsz-Szczotka Katarzyna , Komosińska-Vassev Katarzyna , Kuźnik-Trocha Kornelia , Siwiec Andrzej , Żegleń Bogusław , Olczyk Krystyna 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the plasma keratan sulfate (KS) level as a potential marker of joint damage in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The influence of growth factors as well as proteolytic and prooxidative agents on aggrecan alterations were evaluated in this study.Plasma levels of KS, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 and 5 (ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5), and thiol groups (TG) were quantified in samples obtained from 30 healthy subjects and 30 patients with JIA before and after treatment.Increased (p<0.01) plasma KS was observed in JIA patients before treatment. Therapy resulted in a decrease in KS level. However, plasma KS level remained higher (p<0.05) than in controls. Increased levels of TGF-β1 (p<0.01) and PDGF-BB (p<0.05) in untreated JIA patients were recorded. Clinical improvement was accompanied by significant decrease in TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB, compared with a pretreatment condition and a control group. The concentrations of proteinases were characterized by different trends of alterations. When the ADAMTS-4 level increased (p<0.01) in the blood of untreated patients, the concentration of ADAMTS-5 was found to be reduced (p<0.0001), compared with controls. JIA treatment resulted in the normalization of ADAMTS-4 level. Plasma TG concentration was decreased only in untreated patients (p<0.05). We have revealed a significant correlation between plasma KS level and ADAMTS-4, TGF-β1, TG, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels.Plasma KS level in JIA patients, reflecting the aggrecan structure, indicates that treatment that modifies inflammation simultaneously does not contribute to total regeneration of articular matrix components and signalizes the need for further treatment.
Auto-validation of complete blood counts in an outpatient’s regional laboratory
Authors: Froom Paul , Barak Mira 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe rate of auto-validation is dependent on the ability of the laboratory information system (LIS) to integrate historical data, on the frequency and methods for identifying analyzer errors, and on the criteria for reflex testing, including the need for peripheral smear review. The rate of auto-validation in outpatient laboratories, however, is unclear.We examined 45,925 consecutive complete blood count (CBC) test results (1 January, 2014–31 January, 2014) from patients aged 50±24 years. The LIS auto-validates all samples according to set criteria. Technicians validated test results when previous CBC test results were required to determine: 1) the need for peripheral slide review and/or sample rerun or 2) the need for reflex testing to detect autoimmune hemolytic anemia or β-thalassemia minor.The auto-validation rates were 97.6% after rejecting results requiring validation to determine the need for a peripheral smear review and/or sample rerun. This decreased to 92.9% after including reflex testing to determine the reasons for normocytic and microcytic anemia. We estimated that auto-validation decreased the workload by 7.7–11.6 h per 3000 test results.We conclude that very high auto-validation rates are possible in outpatient general laboratories, leading to conformity in the validation process and a considerable estimated savings in technician time. Further studies are needed in other settings.
Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Lin Hugo You-Hsien , Hwang Daw-Yang , Lee Su Chu , Kuo Hung-Tien , Kuo Mei-Chuan , Chang Jer-Ming , Tsai Jer-Chia , Hung Chi-Chih , Hwang Shang-Jyh , Chen Hung-Chen 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTubulointerstitial damage is a final common pathway of most renal diseases. Whether urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL), a biomarker for renal tubular damage, is of prognostic value for clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients has not been well investigated.The uNGAL and proteinuria levels were measured among a cohort of 473 advanced CKD patients of various etiologies recruited during 2002–2009.The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 32.3±22.0 mL/min/1.73 mElevated uNGAL in CKD patients is associated with risks for ESRD and probably CV events. UNPR could improve the prediction for ESRD.