bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical Mixing and the Temperature and Wind Structure of the Tropical Tropopause Layer
Authors: Flannaghan Thomas J. , Fueglistaler Stephan 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Vertical mixing may lead to significant momentum and heat fluxes in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and these momentum and heat fluxes can force large climatological temperature and zonal wind changes in the TTL. The climatology of vertical mixing and associated momentum and heat fluxes as parameterized in the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) and as parameterized by the mixing scheme currently used in the ECMWF operational analyses are presented. Each scheme produces a very different climatology showing that the momentum and heat fluxes arising from vertical mixing are highly dependent on the scheme used. A dry GCM is then forced with momentum and heat fluxes similar to those seen in ERA-Interim to assess the potential impact of such momentum and heat fluxes. A significant response in the TTL is found, leading to a temperature perturbation of approximately 4 K and a zonal wind perturbation of approximately 12 m s−1. These temperature and zonal wind perturbations are approximately zonally symmetric, are approximately linear perturbations to the unforced climatology, and are confined to the TTL between approximately 10°N and 10°S. There is also a smaller-amplitude tropospheric component to the response. The results presented herein indicate that vertical mixing can have a large but uncertain effect on the TTL and that the choice and impact of the vertical mixing scheme should be an important consideration when modeling the TTL.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Pycnogenol on Plasma Lipids
Authors: Sahebkar Amirhossein 
Published: December 2013

Background: Pycnogenol, the standardized flavonoid-rich extract from the bark of French maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster Ait), has been shown to modify a number of cardiovascular risk factors. However, that Pycnogenol modulates plasma lipid levels is unclear due to the inconsistent findings. Objective: To examine the impact of Pycnogenol on lipid profile through a meta-analysis of available controlled clinical trials. Methods: Controlled trials assessing the effects of Pycnogenol on lipid parameters (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and triglycerides) were identified by electronic search in Medline and Scopus. Weighed mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated as effect size using random-effects meta-analysis. Sensitivity and meta-regression (for Pycnogenol dose and duration of supplementation) analyses were carried out using leave-one-out and unrestricted maximum likelihood methods, respectively. Results: A total of 7 trials comprising 442 patients (226 in the Pycnogenol and 216 in the control group) were identified. Meta-analysis did not reveal any significant effect of Pycnogenol on lipid parameters: total cholesterol: WMD: −0.03 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.34 to 0.28, P = .83; LDL-C: WMD: −0.07 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.29 to 0.15, P = .54; HDL-C: WMD: 0.00 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.04 to 0.05, P = .86; and triglycerides: WMD: 0.05 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.12 to 0.23, P = .55. All these effect sizes were robust in sensitivity analyses. Apart from a dose–effect association for the effect of Pycnogenol on LDL-C, there was no other association between Pycnogenol dose or its duration of supplementation with changes in any of the lipid parameters. Conclusion: Current clinical evidence does not suggest any significant effect of Pycnogenol on fasting lipid profile.
A targeted mutational landscape of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Odejide Oreofe , Weigert Oliver , Lane Andrew A. , Toscano Dan , Lunning Matthew A. , Kopp Nadja , Kim Sunhee , van Bodegom Diederik , Bolla Sudha , Schatz Jonathan H. , Teruya-Feldstein Julie , Hochberg Ephraim , Louissaint Abner , Dorfman David , Stevenson Kristen , Rodig Scott J. , Piccaluga Pier Paolo , Jacobsen Eric , Pileri Stefano A. , Harris Nancy L. , Ferrero Simone , Inghirami Giorgio , Horwitz Steven M. , Weinstock David M. 
Published: December 2013

Key Points
AITL is characterized by high frequencies of overlapping mutations in epigenetic modifiers, including TET2, IDH2, and DNMT3A. Targetable mutations are present in a subset of cases.
Continuous professional competence (CPC) for emergency medical technicians in Ireland: educational needs assessment
Authors: Knox Shane , Cullen Walter , Dunne Colum 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Background
As in other countries, the Irish Regulator for Pre-Hospital practitioners, the Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council (PHECC), will introduce a Continuous Professional Competence (CPC) framework for all Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), Paramedics and Advanced Paramedics (APs). This framework involves EMTs participating in regular and structured training to maintain professional competence and enable continuous professional developments. To inform the development of this framework, this study aimed to identify what EMTs consider the optimum educational outcomes and activity and their attitude towards CPC.

Methods
All EMTs registered in Ireland (n = 925) were invited via email to complete an anonymous online survey. Survey questions were designed based on Continuous Professional Development (CPD) questionnaires used by other healthcare professions. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed.

Results
Response rate was 43% (n = 399). 84% of participants had been registered in Ireland for less than 24 months, while 59% had been registered EMTs for more than one year. Outcomes were: evidence of CPC should be a condition for EMT registration in Ireland (95%), 78% believed that EMTs who do not maintain CPC should be denied the option to re-register. Although not required to do so at the time of survey, 69% maintained a professional portfolio and 24% had completed up to 20 hours of CPC activities in the prior 12 months. From a list of 22 proposed CPC activities, 97% stated that practical scenario-based exercises were most relevant to their role. E-learning curricula without practical components were considered irrelevant (32%), but the majority of participants (91%) welcomed access to e-learning when supplemented by related practical modules.

Conclusion
EMTs are supportive of CPC as a key part of their professional development and registration. Blended learning, which involves clinical and practical skills and e-learning, is the optimum approach.
Expression of phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Dong Hongli , Claffey Kevin P , Brocke Stefan , Epstein Paul M 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Considerable epidemiological evidence demonstrates a positive association between artificial light at night (LAN) levels and incidence rates of breast cancer, suggesting that exposure to LAN is a risk factor for breast cancer. There is a 30-50% higher risk of breast cancer in the highest LAN exposed countries compared to the lowest LAN countries, and studies showing higher incidence of breast cancer among shift workers exposed to more LAN have led the International Agency for Research on Cancer to classify shift work as a probable human carcinogen. Nevertheless, the means by which light can affect breast cancer is still unknown. In this study we examined established human breast cancer cell lines and patients’ primary breast cancer tissues for expression of genetic components of phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6), a cGMP-specific PDE involved in transduction of the light signal, and previously thought to be selectively expressed in photoreceptors. By microarray analysis we find highly significant expression of mRNA for the PDE6B, PDE6C, and PDE6D genes in both the cell lines and patients’ tissues, minimal expression of PDE6A and PDE6G and no expression of PDE6H. Using antibody specific for PDE6β, we find expression of PDE6B protein in a wide range of patients’ tissues by immunohistochemistry, and in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Considerable expression of key circadian genes, PERIOD 2, CLOCK, TIMELESS, CRYPTOCHROME 1, and CRYPTOCHROME 2 was also seen in all breast cancer cell lines and all patients’ breast cancer tissues. These studies indicate that genes for PDE6 and control of circadian rhythm are expressed in human breast cancer cells and tissues and may play a role in transducing the effects of light on breast cancer.
COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE IN SEARCH OF THE GROUNDS AND BOUNDS OF ITS SUBJECT AREA
Authors: Дамирли Мехман Алышах оглы , Damirli Mehman 
Published: December 2013

Actualizing the problem of complex definition of the subject
of modern comparative jurisprudence, the author critically
analyzes existing approaches to the definition of the subject of comparative
jurisprudence, identifies main characteristics of the object
and the subject of comparative jurisprudence and offers author’s
definitions of them.
INDIVIDUAL FACES OF COMPARATIVE LAW AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF ITS DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Тюрина Оксана , Tyurina Oksana 
Published: December 2013

Based on the characteristics of the various understandings
of the subject of comparative jurisprudence the author considers its
subject-methodological possibilities in the cognition of the legal
reality at the national and global levels, grounded on the scientific
and methodological approaches, the potential for use in comparative
jurisprudence. Indicated that despite the variety and diversity of
legal systems human values are determined by the nature of human,
which in turn determines the nature and social essence of law. Emphasized
that in the context of intense scientific and technological
progress, affecting the globalization of social life and the processes
of legal unification, law is able to store and transmit the social
memory of humanity and to form the necessary standards of conduct,
grounded on the needs of society. In this context is argued a specific
role for comparative jurisprudence as a science, focused on the
identification of “self”, “next”, “other” by the way of comparative
cognition. One of the faces of comparative jurisprudence at the present
stage of development stands out for his humanistic orientation,
which can be implemented in combination and correlation with the
anthropological approach to comparative legal studies.
DEFENSE OF GEOGRAPHIC DESIGNATIONS ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF RUSSIA AND SWITZERLAND
Authors: Эберли Татьяна , Eberli Tatyana 
Published: December 2013

The essay focuses the legal substructures for the protection
of geographical indications leading to the russian und swiss law.
Details of the historical and the legal way of history to the development
concerning the geographical indications are further explained
also the statutory provisions concerning the protection of geographical
indications are shown. Shortly the main themes of geographical
indications of protective conceptions are elucidated.
Some factors that determine the outcome of lexical competition in language production: A corpus-based analysis of Russian speech errors
Authors: Gorokhova Svetlana 
Published: December 2013

AbstractSemantic substitution errors (slips of the tongue) naturally occurring in Russian normal speech were analyzed for word frequency, word length, target-error cooccurrence strength, and word association norms. Target word frequencies were found to be significantly lower than error word frequencies; besides, there is a very significant positive correlation between target and error frequency values. Contrary to the view that the frequency effect is located at the stage of phonological encoding, the results suggest that frequency is coded at an earlier stage of lexical selection. Word length is a significant variable that determines the outcome of the error for non-cohyponym target-error pairs but not for cohyponym pairs. At the same time, cohyponym target-error pairs are characterized by much higher cooccurrence measures and stronger associative links compared to non-cohyponym pairs. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed
Differing strategies in English and Japanese word segmentation: A computational-psycholinguistic approach to bootstrapping the lexicon
Authors: Peukert Hagen 
Published: December 2013

AbstractHow can six- to eight-month-olds find out where a word begins and where it ends in a continuous speech stream? A computer simulation reveals that the necessary information for segmenting word-like units is present though hidden in English Child-Directed-Speech. This holds even if the cognitive abilities of eight-month-olds constrain the range of possible segmentation algorithms. Applying transitional probability calculations to the incoming speech stream results in segmented chunks, most of which correspond to nonce formations. The key finding is, however, that the most frequent chunks from these formations are indeed words or phrases. Provided that infants prefer and recognize frequent items, it can be shown that a list of sound chains gradually augments a pseudo-lexicon of some eighty to one hundred entries. Now it can be further assumed that these entries are mapped to some new speech material. These mapping locate previously undetected word boundaries. In addition to that, from the pseudo-lexicon, other cues useful for segmentation - phonotactic constructions, prosody, or allophonic variants - could be unambiguously derived and used for complete segmentation before meanings are allocated to these chains. This segmentation mechanism does not seem to be universally true. A second line of computer simulations on Japanese reveals some indirect evidence against a universal segmentation mechanism based on transitional probabilities. To cope with the lack of representative samples of Japanese CDS, the segmentation algorithm was applied to Japanese adult speech (CSJ). For reasons of valid comparison, the simulation was also run on English adult speech (ICE-GB). While English adult speech still generates a viable lexicon, although at a significantly lower performance than English CDS, Japanese adult speech produces an error function that is, although above chance segmentation, insufficient for producing a lexicon
Constructional ‘scene encoding’ and acquisition: Mothers’ use of argument structure constructions in English child-directed speech
Authors: Zeschel Arne 
Published: December 2013

AbstractConstruction-based language models assume that grammar is meaningful and learnable from experience. Focusing on five of the most elementary argument structure constructions of English, a large-scale corpus study of child-directed speech (CDS) investigates exactly which meanings/functions are associated with these patterns in CDS, and whether they are indeed specially indicated to children by their caretakers (as suggested by previous research, cf. Goldberg, Casenhiser and Sethuraman 2004). Collostructional analysis (Stefanowitsch and Gries 2003) is employed to uncover significantly attracted verb-construction combinations, and attracted pairs are classified semantically in order to systematise the attested usage patterns of the target constructions. The results indicate that the structure of the input may aid learners in making the right generalisations about constructional usage patterns, but such scaffolding is not strictly necessary for construction learning: not all argument structure constructions are coherently semanticised to the same extent (in the sense that they designate a single schematic event type of the kind envisioned in Goldberg’s [1995] ‘scene encoding hypothesis’), and they also differ in the extent to which individual semantic subtypes predominate in learners’ input
Enhanced Na+, K+-ATPase activity and endothelial modulation decrease phenylephrine-induced contraction in aorta from ouabain-treated normotensive and hypertensive rats
Authors: Davel Ana Paula , Couto Gisele Kruger , Wenceslau Camilla Ferreira , Peres Emilia Cristina , Xavier Fabiano Elias , Rossoni Luciana Venturini 
Published: December 2013

Abstract

Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of long-term ouabain treatment on the vascular reactivity and Na+, K+-ATPase activity of a conductance artery from normotensive and hypertensive rats.

Methods: Male Wistar rats were treated with ouabain (~8.0 µg/day, subcutaneously) or vehicle for 5 and 20 weeks, and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) for 5 weeks. Vasoconstrictor response to phenylephrine (10−10 to 10−4 M) and relaxation curves to KCl (1–10 mM) were analyzed in thoracic aorta. The effects of endothelial removal, L-NAME (100 μM), and indomethacin (10 μM) were used to evaluate the endothelial, nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenase (COX) modulation of phenylephrine response, respectively. Protein expression of endothelial and neuronal NO synthase (NOS) and COX-2 were also investigated.

Results: The phenylephrine-induced contraction was reduced, whereas the relaxation to KCl was enhanced in the aorta of ouabain-treated Wistar rats and SHRs. In both strains, endothelial modulation of α-adrenergic response was enhanced, related to an increased NO and reduced COX-derived vasoconstrictor factor modulation. Aortas from 20-week ouabain-treated Wistar rats showed reduced COX-2 and enhanced eNOS protein expression. In SHRs, 5-week ouabain treatment reduced COX-2 and increased nNOS protein expression.

Conclusions: The results suggest that long-term ouabain treatment reduces the α-adrenergic response of aorta from normotensive rats and SHRs, associated with an increase of NO synthesis, reduced COX-2-derived vasoconstrictor factors, and enhanced ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase activity. These aortic mechanisms could be adjustments to the elevated blood pressure induced by ouabain, even in the presence of preexisting hypertension.
Humanity Bounded and Unbounded: The Regulation of External Self-determination under International Law
Authors: Howse Robert , Teitel Ruti 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
One of the most complex and uncertain areas of international legal doctrine concerns how to deal with the aspiration of a people to achieve self-determination through the establishment of a new state and the related claim to a specific territory over which statehood is to be exercised. Recently, when the General Assembly of the United Nations referred to the International Court of Justice the question of the legality of the declaration of independence by Kosovar Albanians, the Court was given an opportunity to clarify and develop the law on external self-determination. Instead, the Court answered extremely narrowly, confining its analysis to the legality of the act of declaration without determining any consideration of international legal norms applicable to the act of secession that was being proposed. This article intends to fill the gap left by the ICJ’s decision: first by critiquing the inadequacy and tensions visible in the existing doctrine and second by examining how recent developments in international law may allow for a more normatively coherent approach to the problem.
Liquid–liquid extraction of Np4+ and Pu4+ using several tetra-alkyl substituted diglycolamides
Authors: Gujar R. B. , Dhekane G. B. , Mohapatra P. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Extraction behavior of Np4+ and Pu4+ was investigated using several tetraalkylsubstituted diglycolamide (DGA)
extractants such as N,N,N′,N′-tetrapentyl-diglycolamide (TPDGA),
N,N,N′,N′-tetrahexyl diglycolamide (THDGA), N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide
(TODGA), and N,N,N′,N′-tetradecyl diglycolamide (TDDGA). The organic phases used were 0.1 M
solutions of the diglycolamide extractants in n-dodecane modified with 30% iso-decanol for avoiding third
phase formation while the aqueous phases contained dilute nitric acid solutions spikes with the radiotracers. The stoichiometry
of the extracted species was ascertained by ligand concentration variation experiments and was found to be
M(NO3)4 · 2L, where M was Np and Pu and L was the substituted DGA ligand. In general, the extraction equilibrium
constant (log K
ex) values for both Np4+ and Pu4+ showed an increasing trend with increasing alkyl group
chain length and the log K
ex values were higher for Pu4+ as compared to those for Np4+. While for
Np4+, the K
ex values were 7.03 ± 0.04 for TPDGA which increased steadily up to 7.98 ± 0.05 for TDDGA, for
Pu4+, the respective value for TPDGA was 7.32 ± 0.05 which increased to 7.78 ± 0.03 for TDDGA. Thermodynamic
parameters were also determined for the two-phase extraction equilibrium reaction.
Am(III) separation from acidic solutions by diamides of dipicolinic acid
Authors: Bubeníková M. , Rais J. , Selucký P. , Kvíčala J. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The separation of minor actinides from high level liquid waste (HLLW) belongs to the principal challenges of advanced nuclear
fuel treatment. We studied in this work several diamides of dipicolinic acid for direct separation of trivalent actinides from
post-PUREX raffinate. The N,N′-diethyl-N,N′-di-meta-tolyldipicolinamide, Et(m)TDPA,
exhibited the highest Am(III) extraction ability and sufficient Am(III)/Eu(III) selectivity (SFAm/Eu ≥ 5)
from all tested derivatives. Am(III) and Eu(III) extraction with the Et(m)TDPA into solvents of different polarities was
studied in detail. The extraction abilities of extractants dissolved in polar nitro- or fluorinated solvents were significantly
higher than those in less or low polar solvents like hexyl methyl ketone, 1-octanol, chloroform, toluene, etc.
Et(m)TDPA in nitrobenzene provided selective separation of americium from lanthanides (SFAm/Ln > 5) and
from the majority of other fission products (SF > 150) present in model PUREX raffinate. The co-extraction of some
undesirable elements as Zr and Pd was significantly suppressed by addition of oxalic acid and HEDTA to the raffinate solution.
Study on the acid–base surface property of the
magnetite graphene oxide and its usage for the removal of
radiostrontium from aqueous solution
Authors: Chen H. , Li J. X. , Zhang S. W. , Ren X. M. , Sun Y. B. , Wen T. , Wang X. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Acid–base titrations of magnetite/graphene oxide (M/GO) and Sr(II) adsorption onto M/GO were operated to investigate
surface properties of M/GO and surface complexation bonding interactions between Sr(II) and M/GO. Experimental results
showed that Sr(II) adsorption onto M/GO was facilitated by a high pH value and a low ionic strength. Modeling results
exhaustively explained the changes of adsorption morphological at different pH and ionic strengths. Thermodynamic parameters
(ΔH
○, ΔS
○, and ΔG
○) calculated from the adsorption isotherms showed
the adsorption of Sr(II) onto M/GO composite was an endothermic and spontaneous process. M/GO could be separated by
magnetic separation from aqueous solution in large scale. The adsorption performance suggests M/GO could be a promising
adsorbent material for the preconcentration and separation of radiostrontium from aqueous solution in radionuclide pollution
cleanup.