bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Disease Outbreaks in Global Oil and Gas Workplaces
Authors: Diara Malick , Ngunjiri Susan , Marusiak Amanda Brown , Ben-Edet Affiong , Plenderleith Rob , Modrick Michelle , Buford Deena 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Problem Statement: In global companies with internationally mobile workforces and operations where people work and live together, infectious disease outbreaks can impact the health of workers and communities, disrupt operations and affect a company’s reputation. Emerging diseases such as coronaviruses and avian flu can be challenging in these settings. Adequate control of outbreaks in Company workplaces requires standardized measures that are globally communicated and applied consistently across worksites and countries.
Objectives and Scope: Provide a standard and efficient approach to infectious disease outbreak prevention and control, including communication procedures and action plans with staged response for both known and emerging infectious diseases with outbreak potential.
Method: Building on its global pandemic flu plans and site Infectious Disease Outbreak Management (IDOM) measures, the Company used a two-pronged communication approach to engage stakeholders and communicate with workers on latest emerging diseases: the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and avian influenza H7N9. This approach was developed within Company systems and interfaces at affiliate and headquarters levels, as well as with external experts to generate action plans aligned with scientific evidence progressively made available.
Significant New Information: This outbreak management model represents an effective global and scalable approach to mitigate the impact of various communicable diseases in workplaces. Standardized outbreak management and communication approaches are potential innovations for oil and gas companies that could better protect the health of their workers and business.
Conclusions: Infectious disease outbreak risk should be consistently integrated into safety, security, environmental and health programs of oil and gas sector companies, regardless of the geographic locations of their operation sites. Methodical application of evidence based outbreak prevention, preparedness and response measures, built on existing company systems, enables effective awareness, engagement and preparedness in Company sites.
Understanding the ALARP Concept: Its Origin and Application
Authors: Taylor Mark , Israni Chris 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Mr Edwards was a miner. He was tragically killed in November 1947 when the supporting structure of a roadway collapsed. His employers argued that it was too expensive to shore up every roadway in all of the mines. The judge, in the subsequent court case, in some respects, sided with the employers and stated in his judgment "that a computation must be made… in which the quantum of risk is placed in one scale and the sacrifice involved in the measures necessary for averting the risk (whether in time, trouble or money) is placed in the other…..". Since this judgment the concept of "As Low As Reasonably Practicable", ALARP, has formed a significant part of HSE practice and Risk analysis in much of the world where the regulatory framework is "goal" setting rather than "prescriptive". Does ALARP have a part to play in a US context?
The ALARP term comes from the tragic death of one individual; is it applicable to the prevention of Major Accident Hazards involving multiple deaths or major pollution of the environment? If so, how should the ALARP concept be applied? The difficulty arises as there is disconnect between the statistical analysis used to assess the risks, which is based on generalities, and the practical reality that major incidents will happen in the future; but what is not known is when and where major incidents they will happen. Rather like winning the lottery, it is inevitable that someone will win; it is, however, unlikely to be you as an individual. For these reasons, making decisions to reduce risk to the ALARP level is not obvious.
This paper discusses how the ALARP principle is applied to the design and operation of oil and gas facilities. Examples include: how decisions are made in relation to the layout of platforms; the requirement for accommodation platforms separate to the production platform; the positioning of flotels/walk to work vessels; the requirement for subsea isolation valves; or the requirement for deluge systems; all can be assessed with reference to the ALARP concept.
Furthermore, the paper discusses the benefits, difficulties and ambiguities associated with applying the ALARP principle in the real world.
Managing a Contractor Workforce Based on High Consequence Activities
Authors: Peterson Brent 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
With an ever growing contract workforce, the need to manage Health, Environment, and Safety (HES) performance is becoming increasingly relevant. A core item to managing performance is accurately gauging field HES performance of a contractor workforce.
To gauge HES performance accurately, a robust field verification process should be in place. The field verification process should have several key components including focus on critical tasks and controls, in depth-understanding from the verification team of the critical items, and a process for leveraging results of the field verification to hold contractor companies accountable.
In 2012, Chevron – San Joaquin Valley implemented a team to conduct accurate field verification of critical items related to fatality prevention. In 2013, the grading process used to hold contractor companies accountable for their HES performance was modified to include field verification results. By including the results of the field verification in the grading process, the contractor company’s grade either dropped if their field verification results were poor, or went up if their field verification results were good. The initial result of including field verification in the contractors grade were the scores declined holistically, indicating that performance was lower than it was understood to be.
Historically, an incident or injury occurring within a contract company was the primary driver to take a focused look to understand what the gaps within their processes are and what mitigations should be in place. A significant benefit to holding contractor companies accountable for HES field verification performance is that an organization can react before an incident occurs based on what the field verification data is indicating.
While there generally are methods in place for verifying HES performance, there is opportunity to increase their value by including a robust field verification process and holding contract companies accountable for their performance. It is critical that supervisors and management understand the state of their contract workforce so appropriate controls can be put in place to mitigate and lower risk to the organization before incidents occur.
The Safety Leadership Challenge: Line Leaders as Safety Culture Change Agents
Authors: Krauss Autumn D. , Casey Tristan 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Frontline leaders (e.g., shift supervisors) serve the critical role of being the conduit of information and instruction from management to the frontline workforce. From a safety perspective, they translate the company’s safety vision into how safety is actually executed in the crews. Even with this important role, it is rare that shift supervisors are empowered to be true safety leaders through developmental opportunities and the integration of safety leadership into their key performance indicators.
For shift supervisors to take ownership of their crews’ safety and be influential safety culture change agents, effective safety leadership needs to be clearly defined and assessed so that targeted interventions can be implemented. This paper describes an ongoing research program on safety leadership that was initiated in an attempt to define the dimensions of effective safety leadership for frontline leaders, create an assessment to measure frontline leaders’ safety leadership, and inform evidence-based interventions to develop the safety leadership of specifically shift supervisors.
Based on this research program, the paper addresses the following topics: The eight dimensions of safety leadership, grounded in safety science and organizational psychology.The distinction between safety compliance and safety citizenship as two safety performance domains impacted by safety leadership.The results of a research study examining the impact of safety leadership on important safety factors like team safety climate and safety performance.Potential intervention opportunites to develop the safety leadership skills of shift supervisors.
Shift supervisors represent an excellent opportunity to foster strong positive safety climates within work crews and drive exemplary frontline safety performance. The research program described in this paper focuses specifically on how to turn shift supervisors into effective safety leaders.
The Outcomes of a Fishing Compensation Plan for Drilling Activities Elaborated With the Communities of the Marine Extractive Reserve of Canavieiras, Brazil
Authors: Pessoa Maria Eduarda , Kiperman Rebeca , Nascimento Antonio 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Drilling in shallow waters and sensitive areas has plenty of well-known environmental requirements. In Brazil, in addition to the common requirements for shallow water drilling, a "Fishing Compensation Plan" must be implemented in areas where artisan fishing is common. BM-J-2 Block, located in Jequitinhonha Basin, northeast of Brazil, falls into this category. This paper presents an E&P Company’s experience in the implementation of a pioneer fishing compensation plan, written, elaborated and executed by the local communities of the Marine Extractive Reserve of Canavieiras, which borders the west limit of the exploratory block. The Fishing Compensation Plan is a mitigation measure requested by the environmental agency as a condition of the environmental license.
Dermal Risk Assessment Using the IH SkinPerm Model
Authors: Tibaldi Rosalie S , Berge Wil ten 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The risk for skin absorption from chemical contact or from airborne vapor is sometimes questioned during workplace exposure assessments. Although of interest, assessing the dermal route of exposure has been a challenge due to a lack of sampling methods and dermal exposure values. The IH SkinPerm model was developed as a practical tool to help estimate the dermal absorbed dose from skin exposures to pure substances in occupational settings. Three types of dermal exposures can be simulated. The first type of scenario that can be modeled involves an instantaneous deposition, such as those received by accidental skin contact or splash situations. A second scenario that can be modeled is one where the deposition occurs over time, e.g., a repeated rate of skin exposure. The third scenario models the risk of vapor absorption through the skin. Real time description of dermal absorption and evaporated mass is provided in graphical displays and as numerical outputs. Comparisons of measured and estimated dermal absorbed dose show that IH SkinPerm estimated dermal absorbed dose was within a factor of 3 compared to the reported study values. The presentation will describe the use of the IH SkinPerm model with example scenarios involving skin exposure to chemicals with skin notations along with methodology to interpret results for dermal risk assessment.
Social Investment Programs and Indigenous Peoples: Field Case Study
Authors: Kuniholm Matthew , Frye Dana , Sanchez Isolina 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Across the Amazon region, Indigenous peoples live with vast reserves of non-renewable natural resources located under their lands. National regulations ruling extractive industries on Indigenous lands have historically been nonexistent, weak or poorly enforced. This situation, coupled with concerns over the associated financial, reputational and legal risks, has prompted some companies to establish internal standards seeking to ensure respect of Indigenous peoples’ rights and include affected communities in project benefits through participatory social investment programs. At the same time, national regulatory frameworks and international standards regarding Indigenous rights continue to evolve. This paper presents lessons learned from a field case study of six Indigenous communities in a remote area of the Amazon and describes how a major extractives operation located on Indigenous land in an area of globally important biodiversity has addressed these issues. It illustrates the company’s efforts to design and implement social investment programs aimed at minimizing the operation’s potential impacts and maximizing its potential socio-economic benefits among a recently acculturated Indigenous group. Participatory techniques were used to interview the communities and assess the company’s social performance against its own internal standards. Findings show that in order for a social license to be real and effective, it must involve not only the Indigenous peoples’ representative bodies but Indigenous populations at large. The main contribution of this paper is to provide an example of a participatory social investment strategy and the challenges in its implementation.
Using Technical Competence to Drive High-Grade Safety Performance
Authors: Novia M. D. , Fernandes M. D. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Did you know that getting trained is not the same as being competent? Generally speaking, a person who has the required knowledge, skills and behavior, and can perform a given task is considered competent. Why competence? The oil services industry cannot afford not to have it - the increasingly challenging environments, the current drive by industry and clients, scrutiny by the media, the focus of new regulations, and the "big crew change" are but a few reasons to name. However, the most important reason is the positive impact it has on health, safety and the environment. It is an essential part of doing business.
Having a competent workforce is an integral part of overall risk management. The focus on critical areas and the robustness of a competency program are as important as its implementation. As a case in point, this paper will focus on pressure testing and the significance of having competent personnel in this area that is critical to safety as well as business.
This paper presents the methodology of a global pressure testing competency program that has evolved from a multi-year safety initiative focused solely on pressure testing. The methodology is organized into multiple segments including web-based training courses covering the fundamentals of pressure, and advanced topics in pressure testing. A hands-on segment of the program involves the application of course knowledge to location-specific and equipment-specific competencies including an on-the-job training course and a workplace assessment.
The methodology by which people are trained is not only critical to the successful attainment of competence, but the instilling of behaviors that motivate the worker to compentently work safely.
Changing Culture and Behaviors in the Appalachian Basin
Authors: Reavis H. C. , Loop Steve 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Over the past decades major oil companies left the Appalachian Basin, leaving only small independents to operate the mature oil fields. Many of the regions drilling contractors worked under turnkey operations to drill shallow, vertical wells, developing a "get things done fast" working approach.
During the same period of time, major oil companies in the US adopted and implemented the health, safety and environment management system concept. This along with the maturing of OSHA as a regulatory body during the 1990’s drove significant change in the approach to safety and environmental matters. Larger independent oil companies followed suit. The industry began to realize the good safety and environment practices prevented loss and could even be viewed as a profit center.
The discovery of the Marcellus Shale brought major and large independents back to the Appalachian Basin, as they began to acquire regional independents and merge them into their operations. The safety and environmental performance expectations changed as well and service companies were confronted with the need to change their culture and implement process systems.
The work force was not prepared for the increased demand for trained and competent personnel. Those who had worked in the existing oil and gas industry had a hard time adapting to what seemed to be foreign concepts, such as conducting risk assessments, JSA and reporting every incident. While the concept of accountability was introduced, it took time and repetition of the message to make it take root. This is a two-year case study of a company effort to change corporate culture and behaviors, while at the same time growing the business at a fast pace.
An Optimized Protocol to Expedite Pit Closure
Authors: Hoffmann Rob , Conrad Dwayne , Kamath Roopa , Kolhatkar Ravi , Sabadell Gabriel , Douglas Carri 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Elimination of oily pits is a significant demonstration of environmental stewardship. A methodology was developed to simplify, expedite and optimize remediation and closure of oily pits at E&P facilities. Protocol development commenced with a lookback at over 400 historical pit closures to identify successful practices and improvement opportunities. The protocol was designed to eliminate process bottlenecks, incorporate recent advances in site characterization and remediation techniques, and embody the collective experience gained. The first step of the protocol is to compile an inventory of oily pits. A simple qualitative assessment addressing key drivers of potential risk is then used to prioritize the pits for characterization. Contrary to expectation, the lookback revealed that characterization generally constituted the longest-duration phase of pit closure. Recent advances in sampling and analysis technologies as well as value-of-information prompts were incorporated into the methodology to keep the characterization phase decision driven. Pit inactivation and content removal activities were included as part of the characterization step to enable full access for sampling. The lookback also indicated that two onsite treatment methods were used successfully to remediate hydrocarbon-impacted soil at about 90% of the locations. Simple predictive algorithms were derived to enable desktop evaluation of the feasibility of these two methods for a given pit, expediting remedial decision making. Land reclamation performed after remediation restores the area of the closed pit and renders it suitable for future use. Best practices in backfill profile design and revegetation were incorporated into the reclamation methodology. This paper will highlight the elements which significantly reduced the cycle time and advanced the state of practice.
Integrating Mental and Behavioral Health into Primary Care Clinics to Develop a System of Care Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Authors: Osofsky Howard , Osofsky Joy , Wells John , Weems Carl , Hansel Tonya , King Lucy , Ciccone Anne 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
1. This presentation will focus on the importance of behavioral health services in meeting community, physical and mental health needs.
2. The Mental and Behavioral Health Capacity Project (MBHCP) is part of the Gulf Region Health Outreach Program (GRHOP), covering impacted coastal regions of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. In collaboration with the Primary Care Capacity Project (PCCP) and other GRHOP projects, MBHCP is tasked with developing a sustainable system of mental and behavioral health care, decreasing barriers to care, and increasing access to care within primary care clinics. MBHCP directly delivers evidence-based therapeutic and supportive services to the clinics with on-site and telemedical psychiatric and psychological consultation and centralized care management. Lending relevance to the work, community surveillance data collected by LSUHSC Department of Psychiatry (the Louisiana MBHCP partner) in the Fall of 2010 and again one year post oil spill revealed increased symptoms of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress compared to national norms, with symptom scores higher for individuals directly impacted by the spill. A higher sense of ability to cope or bounce back from adversity was associated with fewer mental health symptoms.
3. Louisiana MBHCP data shows that a large number of clients are being referred by primary care providers for collaborative mental health services. The data show that the integration of mental and behavioral health services into primary care clinics has resulted in significant decreases at follow-up of depression, generalized anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Additionally, a greater decrease in mental health symptoms correlates with a greater decrease in physical health symptoms. Clinic feedback indicates enhanced comfort in dealing with complex mental health conditions.
4. Attention to the ecosystem is of fundamental priority in dealing with the impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. It is important to address the interdependence of the multiple components of the ecosystem and the importance of integration of mental and behavioral health services into primary care. Evidence-based mental health consultations and therapeutic services delivered onsite and with telemedicine can significantly improve physical and mental health of clients. Vicarious traumazation of clinic staff can be addressed, and clinic resilience to future disasters can be increased.
Assuring Safe Transport of Chemicals Land Where Regulations Do Not Exist. Safe Transport of Chemicals Can be Achieved Without Regulation
Authors: Fernandez Carolina Abril , Real Carlos Gomez 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Being a significant transporter in the Andean, Baker Hughes developed and uses an internal assurance process to ensure chemical mobilization supports the operations of the company, protects the environment (spills), and worker and public safety. Key features of the assurance process include: Specification and Condition of VehiclesDriver QualificationsContractor QualificationsJourney Management PracticesLoad Securement Specification standards
Use of the assurance process, internally and with qualified contractors, demonstrates positive impact to the business: 20% decrease in vehicular accidents during transportation of chemicals.60 % increase in reporting of incidents, demonstrates a shift in local HSE culture, by sub-contractors and local transporting suppliers. Note: In the past such companies did not report spills or problems during transportation until arriving to well site. Today when an incident occurs they inform as the event occurs.30 % improvement with transit control with the contractors, which includes journey tracking, attending emergency calls, monitoring contractor performance, and assurance of JMP (Journey Management Plan) adherence.23% increase in contract companies involved in the process of chemical transportation, with training in HSE standards and practices, quarterly audits to the process and local workshops.
The implementation of this assurance process (driver and vehicle qualifications, training, load securement, etc…) has proven to decrease incidents related to the transportation of chemical products by land.