bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive observation and modeling of earthquake and temperature‐related seismic velocity changes in northern Chile with passive image interferometry
Authors: Richter Tom , Sens‐Schönfelder Christoph , Kind Rainer , Asch Günter 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe report on earthquake and temperature‐related velocity changes in high‐frequency autocorrelations of ambient noise data from seismic stations of the Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile project in northern Chile. Daily autocorrelation functions are analyzed over a period of 5 years with passive image interferometry. A short‐term velocity drop recovering after several days to weeks is observed for the Mw 7.7 Tocopilla earthquake at most stations. At the two stations PB05 and PATCX, we observe a long‐term velocity decrease recovering over the course of around 2 years. While station PB05 is located in the rupture area of the Tocopilla earthquake, this is not the case for station PATCX. Station PATCX is situated in an area influenced by salt sediment in the vicinity of Salar Grande and presents a superior sensitivity to ground acceleration and periodic surface‐induced changes. Due to this high sensitivity, we observe a velocity response of several regional earthquakes at PATCX, and we can show for the first time a linear relationship between the amplitude of velocity drops and peak ground acceleration for data from a single station. This relationship does not hold true when comparing different stations due to the different sensitivity of the station environments. Furthermore, we observe periodic annual velocity changes at PATCX. Analyzing data at a temporal resolution below 1 day, we are able to identify changes with a period of 24 h, too. The characteristics of the seismic velocity with annual and daily periods indicate an atmospheric origin of the velocity changes that we confirm with a model based on thermally induced stress. This comprehensive model explains the lag time dependence of the temperature‐related seismic velocity changes involving the distribution of temperature fluctuations, the relationship between temperature, stress and velocity change, plus autocorrelation sensitivity kernels.
A model of energy budgets over water, snow, and ice surfaces
Authors: Wang Jingfeng , Bras Rafael L. , Nieves Veronica , Deng Yi 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe recently formulated maximum entropy production (MEP) model over land surfaces has been generalized to water‐snow‐ice surfaces. Analytical solutions of energy budget in terms of the partition of surface radiative fluxes into (turbulent and/or conductive) heat fluxes at the earth‐atmosphere interface are derived as functions of surface temperature (e.g., sea surface temperature). The MEP model does not require data of wind speed, air temperature‐humidity, and surface roughness. Test of the MEP model using observations from several field experiments is encouraging. Potential applications of the proposed model for understanding long‐term trends in surface heat fluxes and for closing global surface energy budget at the Earth's atmosphere are suggested.
Suomi NPP VIIRS Imagery evaluation
Authors: Hillger Donald , Seaman Curtis , Liang Calvin , Miller Steven , Lindsey Daniel , Kopp Thomas 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) combines the best aspects of both civilian and military heritage instrumentation. VIIRS has improved capabilities over its predecessors: a wider swath width and much higher spatial resolution at swath edge. The VIIRS day‐night band (DNB) is sensitive to very low levels of visible light and is capable of detecting low clouds, land surface features, and sea ice at night, in addition to light emissions from both man‐made and natural sources. Imagery from the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite has been in the checkout process since its launch on 28 October 2011. The ongoing evaluation of VIIRS Imagery helped resolve several imagery‐related issues, including missing radiance measurements. In particular, near‐constant contrast imagery, derived from the DNB, had a large number of issues to overcome, including numerous missing or blank‐fill images and a stray light leakage problem that was only recently resolved via software fixes. In spite of various sensor issues, the VIIRS DNB has added tremendous operational and research value to Suomi NPP. Remarkably, it has been discovered to be sensitive enough to identify clouds even in very low light new moon conditions, using reflected light from the Earth's airglow layer. Impressive examples of the multispectral imaging capabilities are shown to demonstrate its applications for a wide range of operational users. Future members of the Joint Polar Satellite System constellation will also carry and extend the use of VIIRS. Imagery evaluation will continue with these satellites to ensure the quality of imagery for end users.
The influence of Nunataks on atmospheric boundary layer convection during summer in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica
Authors: Stenmark Aurora , Hole Lars Robert , Voss Paul , Reuder Joachim , Jonassen Marius O. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe effects of nunataks on temperature profiles and wind patterns are studied using simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Simulations are compared to hourly observations from an automatic weather station located at the Troll Research Station in Dronning Maud Land. Areas of bare ground have been implemented in the model, and the simulations correspond well with meteorological measurements acquired during the 4 day simulation period. The nunataks are radiatively heated during daytime, and free convection occurs in the overlying atmospheric boundary layer. The inflow below the updraft forces strong horizontal convergence at the surface, whereas weaker divergence appears aloft. In a control run with a completely ice‐covered surface, the convection is absent. In situ observations carried out by a remotely controlled balloon and a small model airplane compare well with model temperature profiles, but these are only available over the ice field upwind to the nunatak.
A 106 year monthly coral record reveals that the East Asian summer monsoon modulates winter PDO variability
Authors: Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Kawamura Takashi , Yamazaki Atsuko , Murayama Masafumi , Yamano Hiroya 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a dominant climate mode in the Pacific Ocean and thought to be related to seasonal to decadal changes in sea surface conditions. Colonies of long‐living Porites coral, widely used to reconstruct monthly to century‐scale tropical sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity records, were discovered near Koshiki Island, Japan (31°N, 129°E). A monthly resolved, 106 year δ18O record revealed that distinct decadal‐scale variability was significantly correlated with the PDO index. Our comparison showed 1 to 3 years lead‐lag correlation of summer coral δ18O with the winter PDO index, suggesting that the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) may act as the driving force of winter PDO variability over the last 100 years. Cross‐spectral analysis between the winter PDO index and summer coral δ18O suggested that recent and future global warming may lead to a more frequent and/or stronger teleconnection between EASM and PDO.
Dominant seismic noise sources in the Southern Ocean and West Pacific, 2000–2012, recorded at the Warramunga Seismic Array, Australia
Authors: Reading Anya M. , Koper Keith D. , Gal Martin , Graham Leon S. , Tkalčić Hrvoje , Hemer Mark A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractSeismic noise is important in determining Earth structure and also provides an insight into ocean wave patterns and long‐term trends in storm activity and global climate. We present a long‐duration study of seismic noise focused on the Southern Ocean using recordings from the Warramunga Seismic Array, Northern Territory, Australia. Using high‐resolution analysis, we determine the seismic slowness and back azimuth of observed seismic noise, microseisms, at hourly intervals through over a decade (2000–2012). We identify three dominant sources of body wave (P) noise in the Southern Ocean which we interpret to originate from a South Atlantic source propagating as PP waves, and Kerguelen Island and Philippine Sea sources propagating as P waves. We also identify surface waves from around the Australian coast. All sources show distinct seasonality and a low, but discernable, interannual variability.
Active back thrust in the eastern Taiwan suture revealed by the 2013 Rueisuei earthquake: Evidence for a doubly vergent orogenic wedge?
Authors: Chuang Ray Y. , Johnson Kaj M. , Kuo Yu‐Ting , Wu Yih‐Min , Chang Chien‐Hsin , Kuo Long‐Chen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractRapid exhumation of 3–10 mm/yr of the Taiwan metamorphic range is often explained as the unroofing of the retrowedge of a doubly vergent mountain belt. Yet, to date, the Central Range fault forming the boundary of the retrowedge has displayed no definitive evidence for recent seismic activity and no unambiguous geomorphic expression over much of the fault. The 2013 M6.4 Rueisuei reverse‐faulting earthquake nucleated at the eastern boundary of the retrowedge and appears to illuminate the west dipping Central Range fault. We estimate the fault geometry and coseismic slip distribution using a uniform stress drop slip inversion and surface displacements derived from GPS and strong‐motion data. We identify a ~42° dipping blind reverse fault, consistent with the previously proposed buried Central Range fault beneath the highly active Longitudinal Valley fault. This earthquake may be the first indication that rapid exhumation and uplift occur along a distinct fault structure bounding the eastern margin of the Taiwan retrowedge.
Influence of the Atlantic zonal mode on monsoon depressions in the Bay of Bengal during boreal summer
Authors: Pottapinjara Vijay , Girishkumar M. S. , Ravichandran M. , Murtugudde R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe influence of the Atlantic Zonal Mode (AZM) or the Atlantic Niño on monsoon depressions in the Bay of Bengal during the boreal summer (June–August) is studied. Our analysis shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the number of monsoon depressions in the Bay of Bengal between the warm and cold phases of the AZM; more (fewer) monsoon depressions form during the cold (warm) phase of AZM. It also shows that there are differences in spatial pattern of trajectories of monsoon depressions; during the cold phase of AZM, the tracks are relatively long and seem to cluster along the axis of core monsoon region compared to the warm phase of AZM. The analysis indicates an increase (a reduction) in low‐level cyclonic vorticity and midtropospheric humidity but a reduction (an increase) in vertical wind shear due to anomalous circulation pattern. All of these changes are favorable for the enhancement (suppression) of monsoon depressions during the cold (warm) phase of the AZM. Our analysis further shows a teleconnection pathway by which the AZM can influence the remote Indian Ocean. This could have implications for enhancing monsoon prediction skill, especially during non‐El Niño–Southern Oscillation years.
The Who, What, and Why of Human Intelligence Gathering: Self‐Reported Measures of Interrogation Methods
Authors: Redlich Allison D. , Kelly Christopher E. , Miller Jeaneé C. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryA great deal of research in the past two decades has been devoted to interrogation and interviewing techniques. This study contributes to the existing literature using an online survey to examine the frequency of use and perceived effectiveness of interrogation methods for up to 152 military and federal‐level interrogators from the USA. We focus on the who (objective and subjective interrogator characteristics), the what (situational and detainee characteristics), and the why (intended goal of interrogation). Results indicate that rapport and relationship‐building techniques were employed most often and perceived as the most effective regardless of context and intended outcome, particularly in comparison to confrontational techniques. In addition, context was found to be important in that depending on the situational and detainee characteristics and goal, interrogation methods were viewed as more or less effective. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Phosphine‐Catalyzed Regioselective [3+2] Cycloaddition of Ethyl 5,5‐Diarylpenta‐2,3,4‐trienoate with Aromatic Aldehydes and α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Wang Lu‐Feng , Cao Xiao‐Ping , Shi Zi‐Fa , An Peng , Chow Hak‐Fun 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTributylphosphine‐catalyzed regioselective [3+2] cycloadditions between ethyl 5,5‐diarylpenta‐2,3,4‐trienoate 1 and various aromatic aldehydes 2 to produce a wide variety of polysubstituted 2,5‐dihydrofurans 3, and between 1 and β‐unsubstituted α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds 5 to give polysubstituted cyclopentenes 6 with a quaternary carbon center, are reported. In both cases the reaction partners approach each other via the sterically less hindered orientation to afford the target products in excellent regioselectivity. The reaction mechanism involved first the generation of a zwitterionic intermediate between the butatriene 1 and PBu3. For the formation of 2,5‐dihydrofurans 3, the preferred cyclization mode encompassed the nucleophilic attack of the α‐position of butatriene to the aldehydic carbon of 2, followed by the ring closure between the aldehydic oxygen of 2 and the γ‐position of butatriene, which is the first report of a normal [3+2] cycloaddition between cumulenes and aldehydes. For the formation of cyclopentenes 6, the reaction involved attack of the γ‐position of the butatriene to the electron‐deficient β‐position of the α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds 5, followed by the ring closure between the α‐position of 5 and the α‐position of butatriene, which shows a different regioselectivity to the previously reported [3+2] cycloadditions between butatriene and olefins.magnified image
Copper Pincer Complexes as Advantageous Catalysts for the Heteroannulation of ortho‐Halophenols and Alkynes
Authors: Moure María Jesús , SanMartin Raul , Domínguez Esther 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA new, non‐symmetrical copper(II) pincer complex catalyzes much more efficiently the formation of benzofuran by the reaction between ortho‐iodophenols and alkynes. The lowest catalyst loadings are realized for this reaction, and bromo‐ and chlorophenols are heteroannulated for the first time. Strong evidence for hydrophenoxylation and intramolecular halogen atom‐transfer steps catalyzed by this remarkably active, recyclable homogeneous catalyst is provided.magnified image
Practical Methods for the Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Alkynes: Oxidative Trifluoromethylation of Copper Acetylides and Alkynes
Authors: Tresse Cédric , Guissart Céline , Schweizer Stéphane , Bouhoute Yassine , Chany Anne‐Caroline , Goddard Mary‐Lorène , Blanchard Nicolas , Evano Gwilherm 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTwo practical and complementary methods are reported for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated alkynes. The first one, a mix‐and‐stir process, is based on the oxidative trifluoromethylation of readily available and bench‐stable copper acetylides while the second one, which displays a broad substrate scope and has several advantages over existing procedures, is based on the oxidative copper‐catalyzed direct trifluoromethylation of terminal alkynes. Both reactions provide user‐friendly processes for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated acetylenes which can be easily obtained from readily available starting materials.magnified image
The Assembly‐Disassembly‐Organization‐Reassembly Mechanism for 3D‐2D‐3D Transformation of Germanosilicate IWW Zeolite
Authors: Chlubná‐Eliášová Pavla , Tian Yuyang , Pinar Ana B. , Kubů Martin , Čejka Jiří , Morris Russell E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHydrolysis of germanosilicate zeolites with the IWW structure shows two different outcomes depending on the composition of the starting materials. Ge‐rich IWW (Si/Ge=3.1) is disassembled into a layered material (IPC‐5P), which can be reassembled into an almost pure silica IWW on treatment with diethoxydimethylsilane. Ge‐poor IWW (Si/Ge=6.4) is not completely disassembled on hydrolysis, but retains some 3D connectivity. This structure can be reassembled into IWW by incorporation of Al to fill the defects left when the Ge is removed.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of [4]Cyclo‐2,7‐pyrenylene: Effects of Cyclic Structure on the Electronic Properties of Pyrene Oligomers
Authors: Iwamoto Takahiro , Kayahara Eiichi , Yasuda Nobuhiro , Suzuki Toshiyasu , Yamago Shigeru 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA cyclic tetramer of pyrene, [4]cyclo‐2,7‐pyrenylene ([4]CPY), was synthesized from pyrene in six steps and 18 % overall yield by the platinum‐mediated assembly of pyrene units and subsequent reductive elimination of platinum. The structures of the two key intermediates were unambiguously determined by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. DFT calculations showed that the topology of the frontier orbitals in [4]CPY was essentially the same as those in [8]cycloparaphenylene ([8]CPP), and that all the pyrene units were fully conjugated. The electrochemical analyses proved the electronic properties of [4]CPY to be similar to those of [8]CPP. The results are in sharp contrast to those obtained for the corresponding linear oligomers of pyrene in which each pyrene unit was electronically isolated. The results clearly show a novel effect of the cyclic structure on cyclic π‐conjugated molecules.
Partitioning of monobutyl itaconate and β‐carboxyethyl acrylate between organic and water phases
Authors: Fang Cheng , Wang Yuanyuan , Lin Zhongxiang , Daniels Eric S. , Klein Andrew 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTUnsaturated carboxylic acids are usually used as functional monomers at low concentrations in emulsion polymerization to improve the colloidal stability and the mechanical properties of the films prepared from the corresponding latexes. These acids are distributed between the aqueous and organic phases to different extents due to their various water solubilities. The partitioning behavior of two new vinyl acids, monobutyl itaconate (MBI) and β‐carboxyethyl acrylate (β‐CEA), between n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) and the water phases was studied in this work. In addition, the partitioning of commonly used acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) was also determined as a benchmark. It was found that the partition coefficients (D) of MBI and β‐CEA depended to a large extent on the acid concentration in the total comonomer mixture; the same trends were observed for AA and MAA. With the variation in monomer to water ratio (M/W), the D value of lipophilic acid MBI changed significantly, while for hydrophilic acid β‐CEA, the D value changed very little. Furthermore, the values of the partition coefficient of MBI and β‐CEA were very strong functions of pH, decreasing rapidly as the pH is increased. On the other hand, temperature has little effect on the partition coefficients for vinyl acids under typical emulsion polymerization reaction conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40868.
Needleless emulsion electrospinning for scalable fabrication of core–shell nanofibers
Authors: Zhou Zhengping , Wu Xiang‐Fa , Ding Yichun , Yu Meng , Zhao Youhao , Jiang Long , Xuan Chengluan , Sun Chengwen 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThis article reports a new needleless emulsion electrospinning method for scale‐up fabrication of ultrathin core–shell polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) fibers. These core–shell fibers can be incorporated at the interfaces of polymer composites for interfacial toughening and self‐repairing due to polymerization of IPDI triggered by environmental moisture. The electrospinnable PAN/IPDI emulsion was prepared by blending PAN/N,N‐dimethylformamide and IPDI/N,N‐dimethylformamide solutions (with the solute mass fraction of 1 : 1). The electrospinning setup consisted of a pair of aligned metal wires as spinneret (positive electrode) to infuse the PAN/IPDI emulsion and a rotary metal disk as fiber collector (negative electrode). The formed ultrathin core–shell PAN/IPDI fibers were collected with the diameter in the range from 300 nm to 3 μm depending on the solution concentration and process parameters. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the core–shell nanostructures. Dependencies of the fiber diameter on the PAN/IPDI concentration, wire spacing, and wire diameter were examined. Results show that needleless emulsion electrospinning provides a feasible low‐cost manufacturing technique for scalable, continuous fabrication of core–shell nanofibers for potential applications in self‐repairing composites, drug delivery, etc. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40896.
Synthesis, antimicrobial activity, and release of tetracycline hydrochloride loaded poly(vinyl alcohol)/soybean protein isolate/zirconium dioxide nanofibrous membranes
Authors: Wang Hualin , Li Yanan , Jiang Suwei , Zhang Peng , Min Sun , Jiang Shaotong 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTTetracycline hydrochloride loaded poly(vinyl alcohol)/soybean protein isolate/zirconium (Tet–PVA/SPI/ZrO2) nanofibrous membranes were fabricated via an electrospinning technique. The average diameter of the PVA/soybean protein isolate (SPI)/ZrO2 nanofibers used as drug carriers increased with increasing ZrO2 content, and the nanofibers were uneven and tended to stick together when the ZrO2 content was above 15 wt %. The Tet–PVA/SPI/ZrO2 nanofibers were similar in morphology when the loading dosage of the model drug tetracycline hydrochloride was below 6 wt %. The PVA, SPI, and ZrO2 units were linked by hydrogen bonds in the hybrid networks, and the addition of ZrO2 improved the thermostability of the polymer matrix. The Tet–PVA/SPI/ZrO2 nanofibrous membranes exhibited good controlled drug‐release properties and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The results of this study suggest that those nanofibrous membranes were suitable for drug delivery and wound dressing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40903.
Highly selective removal of organic dyes from aqueous solutions with chitin beads entrapping rectorite
Authors: Li Guoxiang , Lu Daichan , Shi Xindan , Cai Mingyue 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTBy blending chitin with rectorite and organic rectorite in an 8 wt % NaOH/4 wt % urea aqueous solution, we successfully fabricated millimeter‐scale chitin/rectorite composite beads (BCRs) and chitin/organic rectorite beads (BCO), respectively, via an optimal dropping technology. The adsorption of the organic dyes on the BCRs and BCOs were investigated to evaluate the selective removal of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) of different charges. Adsorption kinetics experiments were carried out, and the data fit a pseudo‐second‐order equation well. The results reveal that the BCR and BCO sorbents efficiently and selectively adsorbed MO and MB, respectively, from wastewater. The adsorption capacity (Qe) and removed percentage of MB by BCR were 0.1978 mg/g and 98.90%. The Qe and R values of MO by BCO were 0.3988 mg/g and 99.70%. Therefore, in this study, we dealt with the development of a clean and safe process for water pollution remediation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40905.