bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐ to three‐month‐old infants prefer moving face patterns to moving top‐heavy patterns
Authors: Ichikawa Hiroko , Tsuruhara Aki , Kanazawa So , Yamaguchi Masami K. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractNewborn infants prefer face‐like patterns over non‐face‐like patterns. This preference is explained by newborns' preference for a “top‐heavy” configuration, that is, for geometric patterns that have more elements in the upper part than in the lower part of the configuration (Simion, Valenza, Macchi Cassia, Turati, & Umiltà, 2002). However, for 3‐month‐old infants, face preference cannot be explained only by a preference for “top‐heaviness” because they prefer veridical face images over top‐heavy images. The present study used geometric patterns to investigate whether 2‐ to 3‐month‐old infants' preference for face patterns exceeds their preference for top‐heavy configurations. In Experiment 1, we revealed that the infants preferred the face pattern to the top‐heavy pattern only when the internal elements of the patterns were presented with face‐like movements. This facilitative effect of internal movement was observed again in Experiment 2, in which the patterns were presented with non‐face‐like movements. These results suggest that 2‐ to 3‐month‐olds' preference for geometric face patterns is greater than their preference for top‐heavy patterns only when aided by the movement of internal elements.
Children's reading impairments: From theory to practice
Authors: Snowling Margaret J. , Hulme Charles 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis paper outlines the nature and characteristics of children's reading disorders and considers current ideas about the definitions of dyslexia and reading comprehension impairment. We argue that reading skills show continuous variations within the population, making the diagnostic “cut‐offs” used in the identification of reading disorders essentially arbitrary. We argue that there is a considerable overlap between children's reading and language disorders and discuss methods for the early identification of children's reading disorders. We argue that interventions for reading disorders need to be evidence based, and review the evidence for the effectiveness of current approaches to intervention. We conclude by considering the extent to which learning to read in different languages may depend on some universal cognitive principles, as well as processes that may differ between alphabetic and nonalphabetic writing systems.
Neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in childhood anxiety
Authors: Hum Kathryn M. , Manassis Katharina , Lewis Marc D. 
Published: October 2012

Background:  The present study was designed to examine the cortical processes that mediate cognitive regulation in response to emotion‐eliciting stimuli in anxious children.Methods:  Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded from clinically anxious children (n = 29) and typically developing children (n = 34). Event‐related potential components were recorded while children performed a go/no‐go task using facial stimuli depicting angry, calm, and happy expressions.Results:  Anxious children had significantly greater posterior P1 and frontal N2 amplitudes, components associated with attention/arousal and cognitive control, respectively, than typically developing children. Anxious children also had significantly greater error‐related negativities and correct‐response negativities relative to typically developing children. For the anxious group only, there were no differences in neural activation between face (emotion) types or trial (Go vs. No‐go) types. A regression analysis revealed that No‐go N2 amplitudes for calm faces predicted self‐reported anxiety levels.Conclusions:  Anxious children appeared to show increased cortical activation regardless of the emotional content of the stimuli. Anxious children also showed greater medial‐frontal activity regardless of task demands and response accuracy. Taken together, these findings suggest indiscriminate cortical processes that may underlie the hypervigilant regulatory style seen in clinically anxious individuals.
Cosmesis and body image after single‐port access surgery for gynaecologic disease
Authors: Song Taejong , Kim Tae‐Joong , Cho Juhee , Kim Im‐Ryung , Kang Pureun Narae , Lee Jeong‐Won , Bae Duk‐Soo , Kim Byoung‐Gie 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundLittle is known about patient satisfaction with single‐port access (SPA) surgery for gynaecologic disease related to body image and cosmesis.AimsThis study aimed to determine cosmetic satisfaction with SPA surgery.MethodsPostal questionnaires, including the Body Image Questionnaire, were sent to 159 women who had undergone SPA surgery between May 2008 and April 2010.ResultsHundred and forty‐six women participated in this study. Most of the women reported a relatively high body image and cosmetic score. The mean scores were 19.6 ± 1.1 and 21.9 ± 2.5, respectively. More than 67% of the women (N = 98) reported that the scar was invisible, and 97.3% of the women said that they would recommend SPA surgery to others.ConclusionSingle‐port access surgery is a good option for the management of gynaecologic disease with respect to patient satisfaction.
Several cases of work‐related allergic contact dermatitis caused by isocyanates at a company manufacturing heat exchangers
Authors: Engfeldt Malin , Isaksson Marléne , Zimerson Erik , Bruze Magnus 
Published: October 2012

Background. A 43‐year‐old woman was referred by her occupational health service with suspected occupational contact dermatitis. In connection with the investigation, a workplace visit was undertaken at her company, which used an adhesive based on pre‐polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate in one of its units. During the visit, we became aware of six other employees with skin problems who were then referred to our department for investigation.Objectives. To investigate the seven employees complaining about skin problems.Methods. Seven employees were patch tested with a baseline series, an isocyanate series, and a series with work material.Results. Five of seven patients had occupational contact allergy. Four reacted to isocyanate‐related test preparations, and one to a cleanser used at the workplace.Conclusions. Workplace visits constitute an important part of an occupational investigation, as they might give a broader picture of the problems at a company. In this case, it was found that 5 of 100 employees currently had or had previously had occupation‐related skin problems. Owing to ‘healthy worker selection’, some of these patients might have been missed if we had not performed a full‐scale workplace visit.
Increase in vesicular hand eczema after house dust mite inhalation provocation: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over study
Authors: Schuttelaar Marie Louise A. , Coenraads Pieter Jan , Huizinga Janneke , De Monchy Jan G. , Vermeulen Karin M. 
Published: October 2012

Background. It is unclear whether the respiratory tract is involved in eliciting or aggravating eczematous lesions in patients with vesicular hand eczema.Objectives. To investigate the effect of inhalation of house dust mite (HDM) on vesicular hand eczema.Methods. Eighteen patients with vesicular hand eczema and HDM allergy received inhalation challenges with four concentrations of HDM in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over study. Early asthmatic reactions and late asthmatic reactions were defined as a placebo‐corrected fall of 15% or more from baseline of forced expiratory volume in 1 second. Hand eczema was scored according to the Dyshidrotic Eczema Area and Severity Index (DASI) at baseline, and 1, 6, 24 and 48 hr.Results. The median DASI increased significantly as compared with baseline at 6 and 48 hr after HDM inhalation. This increase was significantly different between the provocations at 6 hr. The median vesicles score increased significantly from baseline at 24 and 48 hr. Patients with a placebo‐corrected increase in the number of vesicles at 24 hr and 48 hr had significantly more often late asthmatic reactions than those without an increase in the number of vesicles. Patients with a placebo‐corrected increase of the DASI score at 24 hours had as a group a higher mean total IgE level than those without an increase of the DASI score.Conclusion. Hand eczema increased significantly more after HDM provocation than after placebo provocation. An increase in the number of vesicles was preceded by late asthmatic reactions. The group patients with an increase of hand eczema tended to have a higher mean total IgE level.
A structural voyage toward an understanding of the MHC‐I‐restricted immune response: lessons learned and much to be learned
Authors: Gras Stephanie , Burrows Scott R. , Turner Stephen J. , Sewell Andrew K. , McCluskey James , Rossjohn Jamie 
Published: October 2012

SummaryT cells that express clonally distributed αβ T‐cell receptors (TCRs) corecognize antigenic peptides (p) bound to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC‐I) and class II molecules (MHC‐II). Extensive human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphism enables HLA molecules from different haplotypes to capture an array of self‐ and microbe‐derived peptide antigens that is fundamental to adaptive immunity. T cells developing in the thymus are selected for weak binding to self‐peptide‐HLA complexes generating a vast repertoire of clonally distinct T cells in the periphery. Indeed, diversity within germline loci and the finally assembled TCR genes, coupled with inherent TCR cross‐reactivity, enables CD8+ T cells to survey the multitude of pHLA‐I landscapes. Precisely how does the TCR ligate to pHLA‐I, and how does knowledge of the detailed structural interactions inform immunobiology? A recent number of our structural studies concerning the TCR‐pMHC‐I axis, alongside others in the field, have provided insight into HLA‐I polymorphism, pMHC‐I flexibility, TCR bias, TCR polymorphism, maintenance of self‐tolerance, T‐cell cross‐reactivity, and alloreactivity. Collectively, the data also provide an opportunity to address the structural correlates of MHC‐I restriction. Here, we provide our perspective concerning these advances in the field. Although much key information has been gleaned, the structural data show that some of the key concepts surrounding the TCR‐pMHC‐I interaction remain controversial and unresolved.
The structural basis of HLA‐associated drug hypersensitivity syndromes
Authors: Pompeu Yuri A. , Stewart Jon D. , Mallal Simon , Phillips Elizabeth , Peters Bjoern , Ostrov David A. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryRecent data suggest alternative mechanisms that promote human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐associated drug syndromes. Hypersensitive responses have been attributed to drug interactions with HLA molecules, peptides presented by HLA molecules and T‐cell antigen receptors. Definition of an increasing number of HLA‐associated drug syndromes suggests that polymorphism in the antigen‐binding cleft residues influence recognition of specific drugs. Recent data demonstrate that small molecule drugs bind within the antigen‐binding cleft of HLA in a manner that alters the repertoire of HLA‐bound peptide ligands. This drug recognition mechanism permits presentation of self‐peptides to which the host has not been tolerized. This altered repertoire mechanism is analogous to massive polyclonal T‐cell responses occurring in mismatched HLA organ transplantation in which the drug in effect creates a novel HLA allele. Alteration of the self‐peptide repertoire by HLA‐binding small molecules may be the mechanistic basis for a diverse set of deleterious T‐cell responses since the antigen‐binding cleft has structural features that are compatible with binding drug‐like small molecules. Small molecule drugs that bind elements of the trimolecular complex (T‐cell receptor, peptide, and HLA) may cause short‐ and long‐term adverse effects by a diverse set of mechanisms.
Molecular basis of lipid antigen presentation by CD1d and recognition by natural killer T cells
Authors: Girardi Enrico , Zajonc Dirk M. 
Published: October 2012

SummaryTogether with peptides, T lymphocytes respond to hydrophobic molecules, mostly lipids, presented by the non‐classical CD1 family (CD1a–e). These molecules have evolved complex and diverse binding grooves in order to survey different cellular compartments for self and exogenous antigens, which are then presented for recognition to T‐cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of T cells. In particular, most CD1d‐presented antigens are recognized by a population of lymphocytes denominated natural killer T (NKT) cells, characterized by a strong immunomodulatory potential. Among NKT cells, two major subsets (type I and type II NKT cells) have been described, based on their TCR repertoire and antigen specificity. Here we review recent structural and biochemical studies that have shed light on the molecular details of CD1d‐mediated antigen recognition by type I and II NKT cells, which are in many aspects distinct from what has been observed for peptide major histocompatibility complex‐reactive TCRs.
Treatment of spinal cord compression: are we overusing radiotherapy alone compared to surgery and radiotherapy?
Authors: Hutton Jonathon , Leung John 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIntroductionThis article describes how patients with metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) were treated from 2005 to 2011 at a single institution. A comparison is made with an international and standardized scoring system which would have predicted which patients would have a better outcome with neurosurgery in addition to radiotherapy in accordance with current best practice standards.MethodA retrospective audit of allMSCCpatients presenting from 2005 to 2011 was undertaken. An assessment of outcome was made by using ambulatory assessment tool and by comparing overall survival with published standards.ResultsIn all, 39 patients were identified, of whom 37 received radiotherapy alone and two (5%) received surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. The international standardized scoring system predicted 28 (72%) of the 39 patients might have had a better outcome with neurosurgery in addition to radiotherapy.MSCCpatients generally had reasonable outcomes, but selected patients could potentially do better with decompressive surgery.ConclusionThere is a subset ofMSCCpatients who have poor predicted ambulatory rates after radiotherapy alone and who may benefit from decompressive surgery. It is recommended thatMSCCpatients be categorized according to the international scoring system to identify appropriate candidates for surgical intervention and postoperative radiotherapy or radiotherapy alone.
Mitochondrial Composition, Function and Stress Response in PlantsF
Authors: Jacoby Richard P. , Li Lei , Huang Shaobai , Pong Lee Chun , Millar A. Harvey , Taylor Nicolas L. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe primary function of mitochondria is respiration, where catabolism of substrates is coupled to ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. In plants, mitochondrial composition is relatively complex and flexible and has specific pathways to support photosynthetic processes in illuminated leaves. This review begins with outlining current models of mitochondrial composition in plant cells, with an emphasis upon the assembly of the complexes of the classical electron transport chain (ETC). Next, we focus upon the comparative analysis of mitochondrial function from different tissue types. A prominent theme in the plant mitochondrial literature involves linking mitochondrial composition to environmental stress responses, and this review then gives a detailed outline of how oxidative stress impacts upon the plant mitochondrial proteome with particular attention to the role of transition metals. This is followed by an analysis of the signaling capacity of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, which studies the transcriptional changes of stress responsive genes as a framework to define specific signals emanating from the mitochondrion. Finally, specific mitochondrial roles during exposure to harsh environments are outlined, with attention paid to mitochondrial delivery of energy and intermediates, mitochondrial support for photosynthesis, and mitochondrial processes operating within root cells that mediate tolerance to anoxia and unfavorable soil chemistries.
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[ A. Harvey Millar (Corresponding author)]
Adsorptive Depletion of CD14+CD16+ Proinflammatory Monocyte Phenotype in Patients With Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: Clinical Efficacy and Effects on Cytokines
Authors: Fujisawa Tomomi , Murase Kana , Kanoh Hiroyuki , Takemura Masao , Ohnishi Hidenori , Seishima Mariko 
Published: October 2012

AbstractGeneralized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a subtype of psoriasis with strong association with activated neutrophils. Adsorptive granulocyte and monocyte apheresis (GMA) is an extracorporeal intervention for selective depletion of activated granulocytes and monocytes. However, the immunological mechanism(s) for the effect of GMA on patients is not fully defined yet. We investigated the effects of GMA on the ratio of CD14+CD16+ proinflammatory monocytes/CD14+ monocytes and cytokine/chemokine production by these leukocytes including CXCL8, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in five patients with active GPP. CD14+CD16+ monocytes were significantly elevated in patients with active GPP, and GMA markedly reduced the CD14+CD16+/CD14+ ratio together with improvement of patients' clinical symptoms. The serum levels of CXCL8, CCL3 and CCL4 were increased in active GPP patients. Likewise, CCL2 production from monocytes was increased in active GPP patients. Further, CCL3 and CCL4 production from monocytes in active GPP patients were reduced after a course of GMA. Serum CCL5 level and the release of CCL5 from monocytes in active GPP were significantly reduced, but TNF‐α level in active GPP was similar to controls. Based on these results, we believe that in addition to neutrophils, elevated CD14+CD16+ proinflammatory monocytes are part of the immune pathology in GPP. Accordingly, selective depletion of CD14+CD16+ monocytes by GMA should be therapeutic in this condition.
Selective Plasma Exchange With Dialysis in Patients With Acute Liver Failure
Authors: Nakae Hajime , Igarashi Toshiko , Tajimi Kimitaka 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSelective plasma exchange with dialysis is a blood purification therapy in which simple plasma exchange is performed using a selective membrane plasma separator while the dialysate flows out of the hollow fibers. To evaluate the effect of plasma exchange with dialysis, biochemical examination of the blood, for example, the oxidative stress regulation system and interleukin 18 levels, was performed in patients with acute liver failure. We studied four patients with acute liver failure in whom the therapy was performed (nine times in total). The degree of hepatic encephalopathy and interleukin 18 levels decreased significantly after treatment. However, total protein levels did not change significantly. The level of reactive oxygen species and total antioxidant capacity did not change significantly. Plasma exchange with dialysis may be a useful blood purification therapy in cases of acute liver failure in terms of the removal of water‐soluble and albumin‐bound toxins.
Fibrinogen Salvage During DF Thermo Using Evaflux‐5A Plasma Fractionators
Authors: Nakashima Momoko , Yasui Masahide , Ihara Akira 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDF Thermo, a modified form of double‐filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), has been used for the treatment of various indications such as arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO). In case of ASO, fibrinogen is a substance to be removed by DFPP. On the other hand, plasmapheresis for chronic viral hepatitis C became an insurance covered treatment in Japan in April 2008. Since then DFPP has also become a treatment of chronic viral hepatitis C as an adjunctive therapy for the purpose of improving the effect of medication. Therefore, there has been a growing concern in recent years about patients' low fibrinogen levels due to DFPP treatment. With the aim of improving fibrinogen retention by DF Thermo, we examined by in vitro trial, the effects when recirculating the filtrate and elevating its temperature. The trial was conducted using bovine plasma, run through experimental circuits with the same configuration as the clinical setting of the One‐Way method and DF Thermo method. The DF Thermo circuit contained a thermostat, on which the temperature was set to 40°C. Two One‐Way method circuits were prepared with different temperature settings, i.e., 20°C and 40°C. With these three different conditions, variance of the fibrinogen retention under different temperatures and the implementation of recirculation were compared. Results show that the DF Thermo circuit tends to have enhanced the fibrinogen retention compared to the One‐Way method 20°C and 40°C. The explanation is likely as follows: viscosity of plasma reduces when warmed, which in turn helps maintain the permeability of membrane, and the recirculation of the plasma helps prevent membrane fouling, thus more fibrinogen is retained in the DF Thermo method.
Researching Transport Choices: The Possibilities of ‘Mobile Methodologies’ to Study Life‐on‐the‐Move
Authors: HARADA THERESA , WAITT GORDON 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPersonal transport choices are under increased government scrutiny as private cars are attributed with exacerbating carbon emissions. This paper appraises the value of mobile methodologies for researching transport choices through paying closer attention to life‐on‐the‐move. Drawing on key debates within geography regarding the ‘new’ mobilities paradigm that challenge ideas which render drivers as lifeless, this paper illustrates the merits and challenges of designing a project that embraced mobile methodologies to explore the unwilled and unforeseen aspects of driving. Examples are drawn from a project conducted inWollongong,NewSouthWales,Australia.
Ambiguity and relational signals in regulator–regulatee relationships
Authors: Etienne Julien 
Published: October 2012

AbstractResponsive Regulationtranslated an ongoing academic debate about behavior orientation and regulatory enforcement into a synthetic framework. Yet ethnographic studies reveal that ambiguity pervades regulator–regulatee interactions and suggest that the reality of regulatory encounters may be too ambivalent to fit the picture of the regulatory “game” at the heart of Ayres and Braithwaite's theory. This article proposes to address this ambivalence by drawing the outline of a relational signaling approach to regulatory encounters. The regulatory game is deconstructed into several ideal types of regulator–regulatee relationships. Within each ideal type ambiguity is managed with relational signals, namely behaviors that take a specific signification depending on the nature of the relationship. A relational signaling approach can account for the varying meanings of cooperation, defection, and mutual social control across different regulator–regulatee dyads.