bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast Cancer: Conventional Diagnosis and Treatment Modalities and Recent Patents and Technologies
Authors: Nounou Mohamed I. , ElAmrawy Fatema , Ahmed Nada , Abdelraouf Kamilia , Goda Satyanarayana , Syed-Sha-Qhattal Hussaini 
Published: September 2015

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. However, increased survival is due to the dramatic advances in the screening methods, early diagnosis, and breakthroughs in treatments. Over the course of the last decade, many acquisitions have taken place in this critical field of research in the pharmaceutical industry. Advances in molecular biology and pharmacology aided in better understanding of breast cancer, enabling the design of smarter therapeutics able to target cancer and respond to its microenvironment efficiently. Patents and research papers investigating diagnosis and treatment strategies for breast cancer using novel technologies have been surveyed for the past 15 years. Various nanocarriers have been introduced to improve the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, quantum dots, nanoparticles, and dendrimers. This review provides an overview of breast cancer, conventional therapy, novel technologies in the management of breast cancer, and rational approaches for targeting breast cancer.HighlightsBreast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. However, survival rates vary widely, optimistically heading toward a positive trend. Increased survival is due to the drastic shift in the screening methods, early diagnosis, and breakthroughs in treatments. Different strategies of breast cancer classification and staging have evolved over the years. Intrinsic (molecular) subtyping is essential in clinical trials and well understanding of the disease. Many novel technologies are being developed to detect distant metastases and recurrent disease as well as to assess response to breast cancer management. Intensive research efforts are actively ongoing to take novel breast cancer therapeutics to potential clinical application. Most of the recent research papers and patents discuss one of the following strategies: the development of new drug entities that specifically target the breast tumor cells; tailor designing a novel carrier system that can multitask and multifunction as a drug carrier, targeting vehicle and even as a diagnostic tool, direct conjugation of a therapeutic drug moiety with a targeting moiety, diagnostic moiety or pharmacokinetics altering moiety; or the use of innovative nontraditional approaches such as genetic engineering, stem cells, or vaccinations.
Adenomyosis: Pictorial Essay of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography Findings
Authors: Grigore Mihaela 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Adenomyosis is a common gynecological disease that is defined as the presence of nonneoplastic ectopic endometrial glands and stroma in the myometrium. These characteristics are associated with reactive overgrowth of the musculature. The aim of this pictorial essay was to delineate the specific sonographic features of adenomyosis as seen with twodimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography.

Methods
Evaluation of the adenomyosis is best achieved in daily practice with transvaginal ultrasonography.

Results
The most important features of adenomyosis are anechoic foci, striation, heterogeneous myometrium, and an asymmetrical uterine wall. All of these features were seen in this study by 2D ultrasonography. Three-dimensional ultrasonography allowed visualization of the thickness and disruption of the endometrial-myometrial junction.

Conclusion
Two-dimensional and 3D ultrasonography are valuable tools for diagnosing adenomyosis even in early stages of the disease because they make it possible to evaluate both the myometrium and the endometrial-myometrial junction. The combined information gained from the 2D and 3D ultrasonography examinations not only allows diagnosis of adenomyosis but also pinpoints the current stage of the disease.

How to cite this article
Grigore M. Adenomyosis: Pictorial Essay of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography Findings. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;9(2):188-192.
HDlive and Three-Dimensional Imaging in Prenatal Diagnosis of Sirenomelia in the First Trimester: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Raga Francisco , Caballero Oscar , Bonilla Francisco , Bonilla-Musoles Fernando , Carlos Castillo Juan 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
Herein a case of sirenomelia diagnosed in week 12 by using HDlive and three-dimensional (3D) imaging. These new technologies allowed for an early diagnosis and also depicting realistic images.

How to cite this article
Bonilla-Musoles F, Caballero O, Castillo JC, Bonilla F Jr, Raga F. HDlive and Three-Dimensional Imaging in Prenatal Diagnosis of Sirenomelia in the First Trimester: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;9(2):193-196.
Knowledge, Attitude and Perception Regarding Organ Donation among the Nursing Students
Authors: Krishnan Nadiya , Ghai Sandhya , Kaur Gagandeep , Kaur Sukhpal , Rana Deepika , Kathania Dimple , Thakur Godawari , Kaur Gurinder 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitude and perception regarding organ donation among the nursing students. The study was conducted at National Institute of Nursing Education, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh. Using stratified systematic random sampling technique, 200 nursing student undergoing graduation and postgraduation courses were enrolled in the study. The tool used for data collection was a self-administered structured questionnaire consisting of three parts, i.e. information profile, assessment of knowledge, and assessment of attitude and perception regarding organ donation. For the assessment of knowledge, 17 multiple choice questions with one correct answer was used. The maximum attainable score was 18. One question had two right answers and was given a score of two. A five point Likert scale consisting of 15 questions was used for assessment of both attitude and perception of subjects regarding organ donation. Maximum attainable score was 65. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of study revealed that 74.5% of the subjects had average knowledge, 22% had poor knowledge and only 3.5% had good level of knowledge regarding organ donation. The mean knowledge score of the subjects was 10.56 ± 2.01 with the range of 5 to 17. Regarding attitude and perception toward organ donation, 55.5% had neutral attitude and perception, 43.5% had positive attitude and perception and only 1% had negative attitude and perception.
It was concluded that majority of students had average knowledge about organ donation with neutral or positive attitude and perception. There is need to organize separate educational programs on organ donation for the nursing students other than their classroom teaching.

How to cite this article
Kaur S, Ghai S, Krishnan N, Rana D, Kathania D, Kaur G, Thakur G, Kaur G. Knowledge, Attitude and Perception Regarding Organ Donation among the Nursing Students. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(3):105-110.
An Interesting Unusual Case of Hypokalemic Quadriparesis in 48 Years Hypertensive Male Patient: A Liddle's Syndrome
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Jotideb , Roy Manoj Kumar , Chatterjee Apratim , Sarkar Anup , Roy Koushik , Lahiri Durjoy , Agarwal Rakesh , Mukhopadhyay Sumanto 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT
In 1963, Liddle et al described a disorder that looks like the features of primary aldosteronism, characterized by severe hypertension and hypokalemia but with negligible secretion of aldosterone. They theorized that this was ‘a disorder in which the renal tubles transport ions with such facility that the end result simulates that of a mineralocorticoid excess’. Liddle's syndrome involves abnormal kidney function, with excess reabsorption of sodium and loss of potassium from the renal tubule, and is treated with a combination of low sodium diet and potassiumsparing diuretic drugs (e.g. amiloride). We are reporting a case of 48 years known hypertensive patient admitted with acute onset quadriparesis, ultimately diagnosed as hypokalemia due to Liddle's syndrome, treated with low sodium salt and potassium sparing diuretics-amiloride responds dramatically.

How to cite this article
Roy MK, Chatterjee A, Sarkar A, Roy K, Lahiri D, Agarwal R, Mukhopadhyay S, Mukhopadhyay J. An Interesting Unusual Case of Hypokalemic Quadriparesis in 48 Years Hypertensive Male Patient: A Liddle's Syndrome. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(3):143-145.
Localized Gingival Enlargement induced by Systemic Administration of Phenytoin for the Management of Epidermolysis Bullosa
Authors: Gowda K Smitha , Vinod Shilpa 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTEpidermolysis bullosa (EB) represents a spectrum of diseases that are characterized by increased fragility and blistering of the skin. At present, while there is no specific treatment for EB, the therapeutic approaches are essentially palliative, which aims at achieving an acceptable quality of life. A rare case of EB in a 15-year-old Indian boy who was on phenytoin for its proposed action on collagenase and who developed localized gingival overgrowth as a side effect is reported here. The patient presented with vesiculobullous lesion, anonychia, dental anomalies and high caries activity which are the clinical manifestations of EB.How to cite this articleGowda KS, Vinod S. Localized Gingival Enlargement induced by Systemic Administration of Phenytoin for the Management of Epidermolysis Bullosa. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2015;4(1):58-61.
Assessing the Impact of Analytical Error on Perceived Disease Severity
Authors: Kroll Martin H. , Garber Carl C. , Bi Caixia , Suffin Stephen C. 
Published: September 2015

Context
The perception of the severity of disease from laboratory results assumes that the results are free of analytical error; however, analytical error creates a spread of results into a band and thus a range of perceived disease severity.

Objective
To assess the impact of analytical errors by calculating the change in perceived disease severity, represented by the hazard ratio, using non–high-density lipoprotein (nonHDL) cholesterol as an example.

Design
We transformed nonHDL values into ranges using the assumed total allowable errors for total cholesterol (9%) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (13%). Using a previously determined relationship between the hazard ratio and nonHDL, we calculated a range of hazard ratios for specified nonHDL concentrations affected by analytical error.

Results
Analytical error, within allowable limits, created a band of values of nonHDL, with a width spanning 30 to 70 mg/dL (0.78–1.81 mmol/L), depending on the cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Hazard ratios ranged from 1.0 to 2.9, a 16% to 50% error. Increased bias widens this range and decreased bias narrows it.

Conclusions
Error-transformed results produce a spread of values that straddle the various cutoffs for nonHDL. The range of the hazard ratio obscures the meaning of results, because the spread of ratios at different cutoffs overlap. The magnitude of the perceived hazard ratio error exceeds that for the allowable analytical error, and significantly impacts the perceived cardiovascular disease risk. Evaluating the error in the perceived severity (eg, hazard ratio) provides a new way to assess the impact of analytical error.
Non–Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants: The Clinician’s New Challenge
Authors: Yorkgitis Brian K. , Zhang Jeanette , Rappold Joseph F. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Millions of US patients are prescribed oral anticoagulants. Traditionally, oral anticoagulation was achieved with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). In recent years, non–VKA oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have emerged that provide an effective and convenient alternative to VKAs. These agents possess very different pharmacologic properties from what the medical community has grown accustom to with the VKAs. Thus, a new knowledge base is required for NOACs. One particular challenge with the NOACs is the lack of specific reversal agent, resulting in difficulties correcting the coagulopathy induced by these drugs when needed. A review of the current literature is presented to assist clinicians in gaining knowledge of the NOACs to care for patients.
On the formation and origin of substorm growth phase/onset auroral arcs inferred from conjugate space‐ground observations
Authors: Motoba T. , Ohtani S. , Anderson B. J. , Korth H. , Mitchell D. , Lanzerotti L. J. , Shiokawa K. , Connors M. , Kletzing C. A. , Reeves G. D. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMagnetotail processes and structures related to substorm growth phase/onset auroral arcs remain poorly understood mostly due to the lack of adequate observations. In this study we make a comparison between ground‐based optical measurements of the premidnight growth phase/onset arcs at subauroral latitudes and magnetically conjugate measurements made by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) at ~780 km in altitude and by the Van Allen Probe B (RBSP‐B) spacecraft crossing L values of ~5.0–5.6 in the premidnight inner tail region. The conjugate observations offer a unique opportunity to examine the detailed features of the arc location relative to large‐scale Birkeland currents and of the magnetospheric counterpart. Our main findings include (1) at the early stage of the growth phase the quiet auroral arc emerged ~4.3° equatorward of the boundary between the downward Region 2 (R2) and upward Region 1 (R1) currents; (2) shortly before the auroral breakup (poleward auroral expansion) the latitudinal separation between the arc and the R1/R2 demarcation narrowed to ~1.0°; (3) RBSP‐B observed a magnetic field signature of a local upward field‐aligned current (FAC) connecting the arc with the near‐Earth tail when the spacecraft footprint was very close to the arc; and (4) the upward FAC signature was located on the tailward side of a local plasma pressure increase confined near L ~5.2–5.4. These findings strongly suggest that the premidnight arc is connected to highly localized pressure gradients embedded in the near‐tail R2 source region via the local upward FAC.
Magneto‐ and cyclostratigraphy in the red clay sequence: New age model and paleoclimatic implication for the eastern Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Anwar Taslima , Kravchinsky Vadim A. , Zhang Rui 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Chinese Loess Plateau red clay sequences display a continuous alternation of sedimentary cycles that represent recurrent climatic fluctuations from 2.58 Ma to the Miocene. Deciphering such a record can provide us with vital information on global and Asian climatic variations. Lack of fossils and failure of absolute dating methods made magnetostratigraphy a leading method to build age models for the red clay sequences. Here we test the magnetostratigraphic age model against cyclostratigraphy. For this purpose we investigate the climate cyclicity recorded in magnetic susceptibility and sedimentary grain size in a red clay section previously dated 11 Myr old with magnetostratigraphy alone. Magnetostratigraphy dating based on only visual correlation could potentially lead to erroneous age model. In this study the correlation is executed through the iteration procedure until it is supported by cyclostratigraphy; i.e., Milankovitch cycles are resolved in the best possible manner. Our new age model provides an age of 5.2 Ma for the Shilou profile. Based on the new age model, wavelet analysis reveals the well‐preserved 400 kyr and possible 100 kyr eccentricity cycles on the eastern Chinese Loess Plateau. Further, paleomonsoon evolution during 2.58–5.2 Ma is reconstructed and divided into three intervals (2.58–3.6 Ma, 3.6–4.5 Ma, and 4.5–5.2 Ma). The upper part, the youngest stage, is characterized by a relatively intensified summer monsoon, the middle stage reflects an intensification of the winter monsoon and aridification in Asia, and the earliest stage indicates that summer and winter monsoon cycles may have rapidly altered. The use of cyclostratigraphy along with magnetostratigraphy gives us an effective method of dating red clay sequences, and our results imply that many presently published age models for the red clay deposits should be perhaps re‐evaluated.
Salt exchange in the Indian‐Atlantic Ocean Gateway since the Last Glacial Maximum: A compensating effect between Agulhas Current changes and salinity variations?
Authors: Simon Margit H. , Gong Xun , Hall Ian R. , Ziegler Martin , Barker Stephen , Knorr Gregor , van der Meer Marcel T. J. , Kasper Sebastian , Schouten Stefan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe import of relatively salty water masses from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic is considered to be important for the operational mode of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, the occurrence and the origin of changes in this import behavior on millennial and glacial/interglacial timescales remains equivocal. Here we reconstruct multiproxy paleosalinity changes in the Agulhas Current since the Last Glacial Maximum and compare the salinity pattern with records from the Indian‐Atlantic Ocean Gateway (I‐AOG) and model simulations using a fully coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model. The reconstructed paleosalinity pattern in the Agulhas Current displays coherent variability with changes recorded in the wider I‐AOG region over the last glacial termination. We infer that salinities simultaneously increased in both areas consistent with a quasi interhemispheric salt‐seesaw response, analogous to the thermal bipolar seesaw in response to a reduced cross‐hemispheric heat and salt exchange during times of weakened AMOC. Interestingly, these hydrographic shifts can also be recognized in the wider Southern Hemisphere, which indicates that salinity anomalies are not purely restricted to the Agulhas Current System itself. More saline upstream Agulhas waters were propagated to the I‐AOG during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1). However, the salt flux into the South Atlantic might have been reduced due to a decreased volume transport through the I‐AOG during the AMOC slowdown associated with HS1. Hence, our combined data‐model interpretation suggests that intervals with higher salinity in the Agulhas Current source region are not necessarily an indicator for an increased salt import via the I‐AOG into the South Atlantic.
Spironolactone for People Age 70 Years and Older With Osteoarthritic Knee Pain: A Proof‐of‐Concept Trial
Authors: Mcmurdo Marion E. T. , Sumukadas Deepa , Donnan Peter T. , Cvoro Vera , Rauchhaus Petra , Argo Ishbel , Waldie Helen , Littleford Roberta , Struthers Allan D. , Witham Miles D. 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo determine whether spironolactone could benefit older people with osteoarthritis (OA), based on a previous study showing that spironolactone improved quality of life.MethodsThis parallel‐group, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial randomized community‐dwelling people ages ≥70 years with symptomatic knee OA to 12 weeks of 25 mg daily oral spironolactone or matching placebo. The primary outcome was between‐group difference in change in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale scores. Secondary outcomes included WOMAC stiffness and physical function subscores, EuroQol 5‐domain (EQ‐5D) 3L score, and mechanistic markers. Analysis was by intent to treat, using mixed‐model regression, adjusting for baseline values of test variables.ResultsA total of 421 people had eligibility assessed, and 86 were randomized. Mean ± SD age was 77 ± 5 years and 53 of 86 (62%) were women. Adherence to study medication was 99%, and all participants completed the 12‐week assessment. No significant improvement was seen in the WOMAC pain score (adjusted treatment effect 0.5 points [95% confidence interval (95% CI) − 0.3, 1.3]; P = 0.19). No improvement was seen in WOMAC stiffness score (0.2 points [95% CI −0.6, 1.1]; P = 0.58), WOMAC physical function score (0.0 points [95% CI −0.7, 0.8]; P = 0.98), or EQ‐5D 3L score (0.04 points [95% CI −0.04, 0.12]; P = 0.34). Cortisol, matrix metalloproteinase 3, and urinary C‐telopeptide of type II collagen were not significantly different between groups. More minor adverse events were noted in the spironolactone group (47 versus 32), but no increase in death or hospitalization was evident.ConclusionSpironolactone did not improve symptoms, physical function, or health‐related quality of life in older people with knee OA.
Association of Visceral Fat and Liver Fat With Hyperuricemia
Authors: Yamada Akiko , Sato Kyoko K. , Kinuhata Shigeki , Uehara Shinichiro , Endo Ginji , Hikita Yonezo , Fujimoto Wilfred Y. , Boyko Edward J. , Hayashi Tomoshige 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo examine cross‐sectionally whether intraabdominal fat area (IAFA), i.e., visceral fat, and liver fat assessed by computed tomography (CT) are independently associated with hyperuricemia.MethodsSubjects were 801 Japanese men not taking antidiabetic, antihypertensive, or urate‐lowering medications, without any history of renal disease, cardiovascular disease, or cancer, and with serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dl. Abdominal, thoracic, and thigh fat areas were measured by CT. Total fat area (TFA) was the sum of these fat areas. Total subcutaneous fat area (TSFA) was TFA minus IAFA. Liver fat was assessed by liver‐to‐spleen (L/S) ratio measured by CT. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid level >7.0 mg/dl. Its association with adiposity was tested using logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of hyperuricemia was 19.6% (157 men). Both greater IAFA and lower L/S ratio were independently associated with hyperuricemia in models that simultaneously included IAFA and L/S ratio: multiple‐adjusted odds ratios of hyperuricemia for quintiles 3, 4, and 5 of IAFA were 2.16 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.02–4.59), 2.41 (95% CI 1.13–5.16), and 4.00 (95% CI 1.81–8.85), respectively, compared to quintile 1, and the L/S ratios for quintiles 3, 2, and 1 were 2.34 (95% CI 1.16–4.75), 2.15 (95% CI 1.06–4.34), and 2.79 (95% CI 1.35–5.76), respectively, compared to quintile 5. Both IAFA and L/S ratio remained significant even after adjusting for abdominal subcutaneous fat area, TFA, TSFA, body mass index, or waist circumference. Of all fat measurements, IAFA had the strongest association with hyperuricemia by Akaike's information criteria.ConclusionGreater amounts of both visceral fat and liver fat were independently associated with hyperuricemia.