bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress concentration in an anisotropic body with three equal collinear cracks in Mode II of fracture. I. Analytical study
Authors: Craciun E.M. , Sadowski T. , Răbâea A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractOne consider an anisotropic, unbounded elastic body containing three collinear, equal cracks subjected to asymmetrically tangential stresses, case corresponding to Mode II of classical Fracture. We determine the elastic state produced in the body using the formalism of Riemann‐Hilbert problem and the representation of elastic stresses and displacements fields due to Lekhnitskii. Using the asymptotical analysis, we obtain the asymptotic values of the stress and the displacement fields in a vicinity of the cracks tips.
Effects of nitrogen addition on litter decomposition, soil microbial biomass, and enzyme activities between leguminous and non‐leguminous forests
Authors: Lv Yanna , Wang Congyan , Wang Fangyuan , Zhao Guiying , Pu Gaozhong , Ma Xu , Tian Xingjun 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAnthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is an expanding problem that affects the functioning and composition of forest ecosystems, particularly the decomposition of forest litters. Legumes play an important role in the nitrogen cycle of forest ecosystems. Two litter types were chosen from Zijin Mountain in China: Robinia pseudoacacia leaves from a leguminous forest (LF) and Liquidambar formosana leaves from a non‐leguminous forest (NF). The litter samples were mixed into original forest soils and incubated in microcosms. Then, they were treated by five forms of N addition: NH4+, NO3−, urea, glycine, and a mixture of all four. During a 6‐month incubation period, litter mass losses, soil microbial biomass, soil pH, and enzyme activities were investigated. Results showed that mixed N and NO3−‐N addition significantly accelerated the litter decomposition rates of LF leaves, while mixed N, glycine‐N, and urea‐N addition significantly accelerated the litter decomposition rates of NF leaves. Litter decomposition rates and soil enzyme activities under mixed N addition were higher than those under single form of N additions in the two forest types. Nitrogen addition had no significant effects on soil pH and soil microbial biomass. The results indicate that nitrogen addition may alter microbial allocation to extracellular enzyme production without affecting soil microbial biomass, and then affected litter decomposition process. The results further reveal that mixed N is a more important factor in controlling litter decomposition process than single form of N, and may seriously affect soil N cycle and the release of carbon stored belowground.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INTERVENTION TO REDUCE FEAR OF FALLING
Authors: van Haastregt Jolanda C. M. , Zijlstra G.A. Rixt , Hendriks Marike R. C. , Goossens Mariëlle E.J.B. , van Eijk Jacques Th.M. , Kempen Gertrudis I.J.M. 
Published: June 2013

Objectives:The aim of this study was to assess whether a multicomponent cognitive behavioral group intervention is preferable to usual care in terms of (healthcare) costs and effects on fear of falling and activity avoidance.Methods:This economic evaluation was embedded in a randomized controlled trial among 540 community-living adults in the Netherlands, aged 70 years and older who reported fear of falling and fear-induced activity avoidance. The participants allocated to the intervention group received a multicomponent cognitive behavioral group intervention consisting of eight weekly sessions and a booster session. The sessions were aimed at instilling realistic views of falls, reducing fall risk, and increasing activity and safe behavior. Participants in the control group received usual care. Cost outcome measures were healthcare costs, and patient and family costs. Clinical outcomes were fear of falling and activity avoidance. All outcomes were assessed at baseline and at 2, 8, and 14 months by means of registration forms, self-administered questionnaires, and interviews by telephone.Results:Participants were randomly allocated to intervention (n= 280) and control groups (n= 260). Costs for the intervention program were on average €276 per person. Total costs per person were comparable (€4,925 in intervention group and €4,828 in control group). Furthermore, favorable effects of the program were observed for fear of falling and activity avoidance.Conclusions:This study showed that the intervention program is preferable to usual care in terms of costs and effects. The program had comparable costs and significantly reduced fear of falling and associated activity avoidance among older community-living persons.
UNESCO and the Fate of the World Heritage Indigenous Peoples Council of Experts (WHIPCOE)
Authors: Meskell Lynn 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn December 2000, a World Indigenous Peoples Forum was held in conjunction with the 24th session of UNESCO's World Heritage Committee in Cairns, Australia. Representatives from Australia, Canada, and New Zealand harnessed the momentum of these events and their location to propose the formation of a new committee, the World Heritage Indigenous Peoples Council of Experts (WHIPCOE). The initiative was taken in response to concerns voiced by indigenous peoples to their lack of involvement in the development and implementation of laws, policies, and plans for the protection of their knowledge, traditions, and cultural values, which apply to their ancestral lands, within or comprising sites now designated as World Heritage properties. This article traces the fate of that proposal and underlines the intransigence of sovereign states during those short-lived discussions. It goes on to suggest alternate routes for indigenous representation and recognition within the World Heritage system.
Molecular mechanisms of multiple toxin–antitoxin systems are coordinated to govern the persister phenotype
Authors: Fasani Rick A. , Savageau Michael A. 
Published: June 2013

Significance
Persisters are drug-tolerant bacteria that account for the majority of bacterial infections. They are not mutants, but rather slowly growing cells in a heterogeneous population. Evidence links them to the toxin–antitoxin systems present in nearly all bacteria. To explore the connection, we have created a system-level model of toxin–antitoxin systems that includes molecular mechanisms, stochastic fluctuations, variable growth rate, and population dynamics. The results quantitatively describe how a noisy environment can give rise to a bet-hedging subpopulation of persisters that always exists, not just in reaction to stress. Furthermore, multiple toxin–antitoxin systems can cooperate to increase the persister frequency.
A simple scaling for the minimum instability time-scale of two widely spaced planets
Authors: Veras Dimitri , Mustill Alexander J. 
Published: June 2013

ABSTRACTLong-term instability in multiplanet exosystems is a crucial consideration when confirming putative candidates, analysing exoplanet populations, constraining the age of exosystems and identifying the sources of white dwarf pollution. Two planets that are Hill stable are separated by a wide-enough distance to ensure that they will never collide. However, Hill-stable planetary systems may eventually manifest Lagrange instability when the outer planet escapes or the inner planet collides with the star. We show empirically that for two nearly coplanar Hill-stable planets with eccentricities less than about 0.3, instability can manifest itself only after a time corresponding to x initial orbits of the inner planet, where log10x ∼ 5.2[μ/(MJupiter/Mȯ)]−0.18 and μ is the planet–star mass ratio. This relation applies to any type of equal-mass secondaries, and suggests that two low-eccentricity Hill-stable terrestrial-mass or smaller mass planets should be Lagrange stable throughout the main-sequence lifetime of any white dwarf progenitor. However, Hill-stable giant planets are not guaranteed to be Lagrange stable, particularly within a few tens of per cent beyond the critical Hill separation. Our scaling represents a useful ‘rule of thumb’ for planetary population syntheses or individual systems for which performing detailed long-term integrations is unfeasible.
Beyond the Global City Concept and the Myth of ‘Command and Control’
Authors: Smith Richard G. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractThe article argues that the lack of convincing empirical evidence for the global economy as being subject to ‘command and control’ results from that contention being a neo‐Marxist myth. First, imagining the global economy as being subject to ‘highly concentrated command’ through the function of some major cities as ‘strategic sites’ for the production of ‘command and control’ is traced back through several neo‐Marxist authors to narrate its genesis, and to argue that the lack of evidence for that proposition is a consequence of those antecedents envisioning capitalism as a totalizing structure, thus making the assumption that it is subject to control and coordination from a distance. Second, Taylor's interlocking world city network model is forensically examined to explain that it is fallacious because it is a structuralism that, bedevilled by a sorites paradox, contains the further problem of containing no credible evidence for the existence of ‘command centres’. Finally, the article moves beyond neo‐Marxism's key concepts by juxtaposing their assumptions with ethnographic results from social studies of finance, a manoeuvre which forges an understanding of cities as socio‐technical assemblages and eventful multiplicities, beyond, inter alia, the baseless assumption that the global economy is subject to ‘command and control’.
Dr Thomas Beddoes and the Politics of the Imagination
Authors: FAIRCLOUGH MARY 
Published: June 2013

AbstractColeridge's account of the imagination in Biographia Literaria as a phenomenon that functions to ‘idealize and to unify’ is still highly influential. But Coleridge's contemporaries explored alternative accounts of the phenomenon. For Thomas Beddoes the imagination was a vital stimulus of scientific enquiry and political activism. Beddoes's work demonstrates the extent to which the Romantic literary imagination was informed by investigations in other fields. This essay analyses Beddoes's exploration of the imagination in his scientific, political and medical practice. Beddoes's writings emphasise the importance of imaginative enquiry across all his works, and challenge the regulative effects of disciplinary distinctions.
Rebuilding Communities after Disasters: Lessons from the Tsunami Disaster in Sri Lanka
Authors: Mulligan Martin 
Published: June 2013

AbstractDisaster management literature is inundated with rhetoric about ‘community participation’ or ‘community‐led recovery’, yet the studies on how to achieve this have been unconvincing, displaying a shallow understanding of what ‘community’ means. Development scholars often argue that better preparation for ‘extreme events’ can prevent them from becoming ‘disasters’, but a string of recent disasters – from Haiti to Japan – reminds us that the world community will continue to be called on to help rebuild shattered communities. This article reflects the findings of a major study of social recovery from the 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka that set out to identify and analyse examples of good practice with regard to community‐led recovery. It aims to elaborate what a community development approach to disaster recovery might look like as part of a more ‘deliberative’ and patient approach to long‐term social recovery.
The osseointegration stimulatory effect of macrogeometry‐modified implants: a study in the rabbit
Authors: Chowdhary R. , Jimbo R. , Thomsen C. S. , Carlsson L. , Wennerberg A. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the bone stimulatory effect of compression forces through histomorphometric analyses of macrothreaded implants with microthreads in between.Material and methodsTwo sets of turned implants with different macrogeometries were prepared. The test group possessed microthreads in between macrothreads, and the control group had macrothreads only. The two‐implant groups were placed in both the femur and the tibiae of 10 rabbits. After 4 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and were subjected to histologic processing and histomorphometry. On the prepared stained sections, the total bone area (BA), new BA and bone‐to‐implant (BIC) were calculated.ResultsThe mean new BA% (SD) for the test group in the femur presented significantly higher values compared with the control group, being 32.84 (32.5) ± 6.04 and 27.31 (28.19) ± 5.66, respectively (P = 0.04). There were no differences for the new BA in the tibia or the total BA% for both bone types (P = 0.86, P = 0.131, and P = 0.131, respectively). The mean BIC% (SD) in the femur was 13.66 (11.49) ± 6.86 for the test group and 8.48 (7.92) ± 3.31 for the control group and in the tibia, 11.4 (11.88) ± 4.21 for the test group and 13.91 (12.06) ± 6.07 for the control group, respectively. There was no statistical significance among the groups tested.ConclusionThe modified implant macrogeometry with microthreads in between promoted effect in the femur. However, no statistical differences could be seen in the tibia, suggesting that the modification may be more effective in bone with poor bone quality, such as in the maxillary bone.
Allergic contact dermatitis from octylisothiazolinone
Authors: Mose Anja P. , Frost Simon , Öhlund Ulf , Andersen Klaus E. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundOctylisothiazolinone is a biocide that has been reported as a moderate, but rare contact allergen.ObjectivesTo investigate the occurrence of octylisothiazolinone contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis diagnosed and registered in the Allergen Bank at Odense University Hospital during the past 20 years. Octylisothiazolinone has been used for targeted testing only.MethodAll octylisothiazolinone‐patch test results registered in the Allergen Bank between January 1992 and February 2012 were analyzed.ResultsA total of 20 out of 648 patients patch tested with octylisothiazolinone had positive reactions. The majority of the patients (90%) with relevant sensitizations to octylisothiazolinone had been exposed in occupational settings and most patients were painters.ConclusionsOctylisothiazolinone is a relevant sensitizer.
Ethnicity, medical insurance, and living kidney donation
Authors: Reeves‐Daniel Amber Michelle , Farney Alan C. , Fletcher Alison J. , Assimos Dean , Westcott Carl , Rogers Jeffrey , Stratta Robert J. , Rocco Michael V. , Freedman Barry I. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundRelationships between race/ethnicity, recipient medical insurance, and living donor kidney transplantation (LKT) are incompletely described.MethodsAssociations between medical insurance and LKT were assessed in 447 recipients at a southeastern US transplant center. Primary and secondary payers were included in the analyses.ResultsA total of 387 deceased donor transplantations and 60 LKTs were performed in 246 (55%) European American (EA), 175 (39.2%) African American (AA), 15 (3.4%) Asian, and 11 (2.5%) Hispanic recipients. Among recipients, 182 (40.8%) were privately insured, 125 (28%) had Medicaid, and the remainder had Medicare, Medicare supplements, or Medicare replacement policies. A higher proportion of patients with private insurance, relative to those without private insurance, received LKT (22% vs. 7.6%, p < 0.0001). Among ethnic groups, LKT with, vs. without, private insurance was 27.5% vs. 12.4% in EAs (p = 0.0028) and 14.3% vs. 0.9% in AAs (p = 0.0005). Medicaid recipients (n = 125) were less likely to receive LKT than those without Medicaid (4.8% vs. 16.8%, p = 0.0003). Among the 69 AA recipients with Medicaid, none received LKT (0 Medicaid vs. 9.5% without Medicaid, p = 0.0065).ConclusionsRecipient insurance status is associated with LKT, positively with private insurance and negatively with Medicaid. AAs were impacted to a greater extent, potentially contributing to lower rates of LKT.
Do protected areas represent species' optimal climatic conditions? A test usingIberian water beetles
Authors: Sánchez‐Fernández David , Abellán Pedro , Picazo Félix , Millán Andrés , Ribera Ignacio , Lobo Jorge M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractAimTo assess the effectiveness of protected area networks in representing the climatic niche of Iberian water beetle species.LocationIberian Peninsula.MethodsWe used distribution data from 133 endemic water beetle species in the Iberian Peninsula. Climatic potential distributions were estimated by applying a multidimensional‐envelope procedure based on climatic data (both current and future) and observed occurrences. Mahalanobis distances were calculated to obtain continuous climatic suitability values within the climatic potential distribution. Two protected area networks were assessed: National Parks (NPs) and Natura 2000 (N2000). The average climatic suitability value for the cells overlapping with protected areas was calculated and compared with the average value of 10,000 random samples from the same number of cells within their entire potential distribution, which allowed to identify species whose climatic niches were optimally or marginally represented.ResultsFifty‐seven and 104 of the 107 considered taxa were represented with at least one occurrence inNPs andN2000, respectively, and the climatic potential distributions of 93 and all 107 taxa overlapped with NPs and N2000. While the climatic niches of 48 and 38 taxa were marginally represented in NPs and N2000, the climatic niches of only 11 and 29 were optimally represented by these two protected area networks. When predicted future climatic conditions were considered, both the climatic suitability values and the number of species whose potential distribution was represented by protected areas decreased.Main conclusionsAlthough the representation of endemic Iberian taxa could be considered adequate, these results show that for most of them the protected networks tend to include areas with climatic conditions close to the species tolerance limit, and the expected climate change only worsened this scenario. Thus, current protected areas cannot be considered to guarantee the long‐term survival of the species considered in this study.
A propensity score matched comparison of different insulin regimens 1 year after beginning insulin in people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Freemantle N. , Balkau B. , Home P. D. 
Published: June 2013

AimTo compare using propensity score analysis the outcome of beginning insulin therapy with basal, premix, mealtime + basal or mealtime insulin on the basis of data from 3031 people from the observational CREDIT (Cardiovascular Risk Evaluation in People with Type 2 Diabetes on Insulin Therapy) study. This approach overcomes likely confounding in baseline and unknown characteristics common to observational studies.MethodsEfficacy and safety outcomes were collected at baseline and at 1 year in previously insulin‐naïve people. Propensity score matched groups using all available baseline data were defined to compare outcomes by pairs of insulin regimens.ResultsFrom 2659 people with available data, propensity score matches were achieved for 686 people starting premix or basal insulin, 542 starting basal + mealtime or premix insulin and 400 starting basal or basal + mealtime. HbA1c reduction did not differ between the three pairs of insulin regimens. However, the relative risk of overall and nocturnal hypoglycaemia was lower (p = 0.010 to p < 0.001) with basal or basal + mealtime compared with premix insulin, and for nocturnal (p = 0.021) but not overall hypoglycaemia for basal compared to basal + mealtime insulin. Body weight increase was less for basal versus premix insulin [–1.3 (95% CI –2.1, –0.6) kg, p < 0.001] or versus basal + mealtime insulin [–1.4 (–2.5, –0.3) kg, p = 0.016], but did not differ between basal + mealtime and premix. Smaller groups matching mealtime insulin had some residual mismatching of HbA1c.ConclusionComparing insulin regimens between individuals matched by propensity scores indicated differences in hypoglycaemia and body weight change, despite similar HbA1c reductions. Our findings are consistent with those from randomized controlled trials.
Characteristics of global potential natural vegetation distribution from 1911 to 2000 based on comprehensive sequential classification system approach
Authors: Feng Qisheng , Liang Tiangang , Huang Xiaodong , Lin Huilong , Xie Hongjie , Ren Jizhou 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBioclimatology based vegetation classification models play an important role in the response of terrestrial ecosystems to global climate change. In this paper, three periods (1911–1940, 1941–1970 and 1971–2000) of Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV) maps were created based on the CSCS (Comprehensive Sequential Classification System) model and the CRU_TS 2.1 datasets. A model of the mean center was used to calculate the shift distance and direction for each broad vegetation category during the three periods. Results indicate that: (i) the area of tundra and alpine steppe and desert decreased by 5.1 and 5.5%, while the area of forest and grassland increased by 2.3 and 3.8% from 1911 to 2000 at global scale, respectively. However, there was a significant difference in the magnitude of area change in northern and southern hemispheres. And (ii) the tundra and alpine steppe, semi‐desert, savanna, temperate forest and subtropical forest shifted towards the poles; the frigid desert and temperate humid grassland shifted towards the equator, while the warm desert shifted towards southwest, the tropical forest shifted towards southwest in the northern hemisphere and southeast in the southern hemisphere, and the steppe shifted towards northeast in the northern hemisphere and northwest in the southern hemisphere. The shift distance of the warm desert in the southern hemisphere was the largest among the 10 broad vegetation categories.
Modifiable variables affecting interdialytic weight gain include dialysis time, frequency, and dialysate sodium
Authors: Thomson Benjamin K. A. , Dixon Stephanie N. , Huang Shi‐Han S. , Leitch Rosemary E. , Suri Rita S. , Chan Christopher T. , Lindsay Robert M. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractInterdialytic weight gain (IDWG) is associated with hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and all‐cause mortality. Dialysate sodium concentration may cause diffusion gradients with plasma sodium and influence subsequent IDWG. Dialysis time and frequency may also influence the outcomes of this Na+ gradient; these have been overlooked. Our objective was to identify modifiable factors influencing IDWG. We performed a retrospective multivariable regression analyses of data from 86 home hemodialysis patients treated by hemodialysis modalities differing in frequency and session duration to determine factors involved that predict IDWG. Age, diabetic status, and residual renal function did not correlate with IDWG in the univariable analysis. However, using a combination of backwards selection and Akaike information criterion to build our model, we created an equation that predicted IDWG on the basis of serum albumin, age, patient sex, dialysis frequency, and the diffusive balance of sodium, represented by the product of the duration of dialysis and the patient plasma to dialysate Na+ gradient. This equation was internally validated using bootstrapping, and externally validated in a temporally distinct patient population. We have created an equation to predict IDWG on the basis of independent factors readily available before a dialysis session. The modifiable factors include dialysis time and frequency, and dialysate sodium. Patient sex, age, and serum albumin are also correlated with IDWG. Further work is required to establish how improvements in IDWG influence cardiovascular and other clinical outcomes.