bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do We Need This Blood Culture?
Authors: Parikh Kavita , Davis Aisha Barber , Pavuluri Padmaja 
Published: February 2014

Objectives:
This study describes blood culture collection rates, results, and microbiology laboratory charges for 4 leading pediatric inpatient diagnoses (asthma, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and skin and soft tissue infection [SSTI]) in low-risk patients.

Methods:
This retrospective cohort study was conducted at an urban, academic, quaternary children’s hospital. The study period was from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2011. Inclusion criteria were as follows: 6 months to 18 years of age and primary diagnosis of asthma (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision [ICD-9] codes 493.91–493.92), bronchiolitis (ICD-9 codes 466.11 and 466.19), SSTI (ICD-9 codes 680.00–686.99), or pneumonia (community-acquired pneumonia; ICD-9 codes 481.00–486.00). Patients with complex chronic conditions were excluded. Data were collected via administrative billing data and chart review. Descriptive statistics were performed; χ2 tests were used for categorical variables, and nonparametric tests were used for continuous variables because of non-normal distributions.

Results:
Administrative data review included 5159 encounters, with 1629 (32%) inpatient encounters and 3530 (68%) emergency department/outpatient encounters. Twenty-one percent (n = 343) of inpatient encounters had blood cultures performed, whereas 3% (n = 111) of emergency department/outpatient encounters had blood culture testing performed. Inpatient blood culture utilization varied according to diagnosis: asthma, 4%; bronchiolitis, 15%; pneumonia, 36%; and SSTI, 46%. Charts were reviewed for all 343 inpatients with blood culture testing. Results of all the blood cultures obtained for asthma and bronchiolitis admissions were negative, with 98% and 99% negative or false-positive (contaminant) for SSTI and community-acquired pneumonia, respectively. The approximate financial impact of blood culture utilization (according to gross microbiology laboratory charges) approximated $100 000 over the year for all 4 diagnoses.

Conclusions:
There was a high rate of negative or false-positive blood culture results for these common inpatient diagnoses. In addition, there was a low rate of clinically significant true-positive (pathogenic) culture results. These results identify points of potential blood culture overutilization.
Hybrid nanoarchitectured core shell plasmonic structures with tunable optical properties
Authors: Khosroabadi A. A. , Gangopadhyay P. , Norwood R. A. 
Published: February 2014

Abstract:Interest in patterned polymer-based flexible nanodevices and sub-100 nm metal and transparent conducting nanostructured electrodes have led us to modify the traditional nanoimprint lithography technique to enable fabrication of an array of sub-100 nm diameter electrode structures. Transparent conducting electrodes (TCOs) are fabricated by coating one or multiple TCO layers of choice on top of a polymer nanostructured scaffold of appropriate dimension. By optimizing the thickness of each of these layers one may tune and optimize the trade-off between the conductivity and transparency of the sample. Incorporation of plasmonic materials such as Ag leads to interplay of localized and tunable surface plasmon resonances within the TCO structures. At plasmon resonance the reflection of the sample is minimized and absorption in the TCO structures dominates. Experimental and simulated reflection spectra of these structures are in good agreement, including the appearance of sharp spectral features that are absent in a simple planar analog. The simulated Brewster angle of the nanopillars decreases compared to the planar reference sample by up to 10-13 degrees depending on the height of the pillars and indicates a reduced effective refractive index. The depolarization factor obtained by ellipsometry is about 0.05, as anticipated for ellipsoidal pillars.
A DLTS study of a ZnO microwire, a thin film and bulk material
Authors: Schmidt Florian , Schlupp Peter , Müller Stefan , Dietrich Christof Peter , von Wenckstern Holger , Grundmann Marius , Heinhold Robert , Kim Hyung-Suk , Allen Martin Ward 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTWe have investigated the electrical properties of a ZnO microwire grown by carbo-thermal evaporation, a ZnO thin film grown by pulsed-laser deposition on an a-plane sapphire, and a hydrothermally grown Zn-face ZnO single crystal (Tokyo Denpa Co. Ltd.). The samples were investigated by means of current-voltage measurements, capacitance-voltage measurements, and deep-level transient spectroscopy.The defects T2 [1,2] and E3 [1,3,4] were identified in all three sample types. Additionally, in the single crystal and thin film samples E64 [5] and E4 [1] were detected. These findings support the common opinion that T2 is an intrinsic defect since it is found in all the samples investigated and thus its occurrence is not related to any growth technique.
Precipitates of Cr at Σ3 <110> {112} GB in α-Fe
Authors: Dai Y.Y. , Ao L. , Sun Q.Q. , Yang L. , Nie J.L. , Peng S.M. , Long X.G. , Zhou X.S. , Zu X.T. , Liu L. , Sun X. , Gao F. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTPrecipitates of Cr at Σ3 <110> {112} GB in α-Fe have been studied using molecular dynamics with a two-band embedded atomic model potential. The accumulation and segregation of Cr atoms and the evolution of the GB depend on local Cr concentration and temperature. At the early stage, with the existence of vacancies, the strong attraction of Cr with the GB core provides a pathway for Cr atoms to quickly accumulate within the GB core. With the increase of Cr concentration, the size of Cr dilute precipitates increases dramatically. And the strong segregation of Cr at the GB is observed, when Cr concentration reach 20%. Also, the size of Cr precipitates increases with increasing the temperatures from 300 K to 1000 K. The accumulation and segregation of Cr atoms at the GB lead to significant deformation of the GB structure and the formation of GB steps, causing the displacement and broadening of the GB.
Domain Structure of a Unique Bacterial Red Light Photoreceptor as Revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Sorenson Blaire A. , Westcott Daniel J. , Sakols Alexandra C. , Thomas J. Santoro , Anderson Perry , Stojković Emina A. , Tsonchev Stefan , Nicholson Kenneth T. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTBacteriophytochromes (BphPs) are red-light photoreceptors found in photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic bacteria that have been recently engineered as infrared fluorescent tissue markers. Light-induced, global structural changes are proposed to originate within their covalently bound biliverdin chromophore and propagate through the protein. Classical BphPs undergo reversible photoconversion between spectrally distinct light absorbing states, red (Pr) and far-red (Pfr), respectively. RpBph3 (P3), from Rhodopseudomonas palustris, photoconverts between a Pr and a unique near-red (Pnr) light-absorbing state. Due to size and photosensitivity of BphPs, structures of the intact proteins have not been resolved by nuclear magnetic resonance and/or X-ray crystallography. Therefore, structural details about the light and dark-adapted structures of the intact BphPs are not well understood at the molecular level. We have utilized fluid cell atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the domain structure of intact P3 in its light-adapted state (Pnr). By varying the concentration of the protein, deposition time, and the ionic strength of the buffer, the aggregation of P3 on a mica surface can be controlled and single dimers may be observed in a biologically relevant media. Domain resolution has been achieved for several orientations of the dimer on the surface. The structural dimensions of the dimer have been compared to a modeled BphP in its intact form generated using PyMOL software. AFM experiments are currently underway to analyze the dark-adapted state (Pr) of P3 in order to observe the anticipated structural changes. Ultimately, the goal is to use AFM and other surface analytical methods such as scanning tunneling microscopy and electron microscopy to gain new insight into the unique photochemistry of P3.
Nanoscale scanning near-field ellipsometric microscopy (SNEM) imaging of heterogeneous polymers
Authors: Cumurcu Aysegul , Duvigneau Joost , Lindsay Ian D. , Schön Peter , Vancso G. Julius 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study a scanning near-field ellipsometric microscope (SNEM), a hybrid device of an atomic force microscope (AFM) and an ellipsometer, is used to obtain optical images of heterogeneous polymer thin films with a resolution below the diffraction limit of light. SNEM optical images of a microphase separated PS-b-P2VP block copolymer film collected with gold coated and bare silicon AFM probe tips were compared to obtain a deeper insight into the nature of the SNEM contrast mechanism. Furthermore, intensity vs. distance curves were recorded on a PS-b-PMMA block copolymer film simultaneously during the acquisition of force-displacement curves to study the far-field contribution of the optical signal to the optical image.
A Novel Method to Cover Metal Display in Implants Using a Modified Free Gingival Graft: A Case Report
Authors: El Nahass Hani Essam 
Published: February 2014

Introduction: Correction of an esthetic failure in the anterior esthetic zone is difficult, especially after placement of the final restoration. This case report describes a novel technique to cover metal display with a graft that combines the advantages of the free gingival and the subepithelial connective tissue grafts.Case Presentation: A patient presented to the author's private practice with marked metal display leading to compromised esthetics. To cover the metal display, it was decided to increase the amount of soft tissue surrounding the implant. A free gingival graft was obtained from the palate with two de‐epithelialized extensions to ensure adequate blood supply and excellent color match. The graft was adapted to the recipient site, which included a previously prepared bed and two pouches. The pouches accommodated the de‐epithelialized extensions. The clinical outcome exhibited superior results in both volume and quality of the gained soft tissue.Conclusion: The technique described in this case report could be considered as a method to cover metal display in the esthetic zone to improve the volume and quality of the tissue.
A Proposed Diagnostic Classification of Patients With Temporomandibular Disorders: Implications for Physical Therapists
Authors: Harrison Anne L. , Thorp Jacob N. , Ritzline Pamela D. 
Published: February 2014

Synopsis Physical therapists have an important role on the interprofessional team to provide care for people with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Diagnostic classification is a challenge in this population, given the complexities inherent in presentations of headache and orofacial pain, and is critical to selecting the appropriate intervention. The objectives of this paper were (1) to characterize the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the TMDs most commonly seen in the outpatient clinic, (2) to describe a systems screen to be used in the physical therapy examination to determine the need for interprofessional referral, and (3) to propose an approach for physical therapists to examine, evaluate, and classify patients with TMDs, based on previously validated methodologies. A modification of the diagnostic framework of the International Headache Society has provided the basis for the systems screen of people presenting with orofacial pain. The physical therapy examination and evaluation is based on the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD, developed and validated by a consortium of specialists from the American Academy of Orofacial Pain. Level of Evidence Diagnosis, level 5. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(3):182–197. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.4847
Zidovudine Induces Visceral Mitochondrial Toxicity and Intra-Abdominal Fat Gain in a Rodent Model of Lipodystrophy
Authors: Walker Ulrich A , Lebrecht Dirk , Reichard Wilfried , Kirschner Janbernd , Bissé Emmanuel , Iversen Line , Venhoff Ana C , Venhoff Nils 
Published: February 2014

Background The use of zidovudine is associated with a loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). We assessed if zidovudine treatment also affects visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and if uridine supplementation abrogates the adverse effects of zidovudine on VAT. Methods Rats were fed zidovudine for 21 weeks with or without simultaneous uridine supplementation. Control animals did not receive zidovudine, or were treated with uridine alone. Changes in SAT and VAT were monitored by magnetic resonance imaging. Adipose tissue was examined for structural and molecular signs of mitochondrial toxicity. Results Zidovudine induced lipoatrophy in SAT and fat hypertrophy in VAT. Compared with controls zidovudine-exposed VAT adipocytes had increased diameters, microvesicular steatosis and enlarged mitochondria with disrupted crystal architecture on electron microscopy. VAT adipocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers were diminished, as were mtDNA-encoded respiratory chain proteins. The ‘common’ mtDNA deletion was detected in high frequencies in zidovudine treated animals, but not in the controls. Although mtDNA depletion was more profound in SAT compared with VAT, the ‘common’ deletion tended to be more frequent in the VAT than in the SAT. Uridine coadministration abrogated all effects of zidovudine on VAT and SAT pathology. Conclusions Zidovudine induces a gain of intra-abdominal fat in association with quantitative and qualitative alterations of the mitochondrial genome and impaired expression of mtDNA-encoded respiratory chain components, indicating that zidovudine may contribute to abdominal fat hypertrophy in HIV-infected patients. In this rodent model, uridine supplementation abrogates both SAT and VAT pathology induced by zidovudine.
Towards a Sociology of Attitudes
Authors: Voas David 
Published: February 2014

The psychology of attitudes has made important contributions to knowledge over many decades, but it has tended to cause confusion in the study of social attitudes. From a sociological perspective, attitudes should be defined as prescriptive or evaluative judgements, not as individual predispositions to act in particular ways or to view something favourably or unfavourably. The basic distinction that has been lost is that between personal preferences, tastes or feelings on the one hand and social attitudes on the other. Attitudes also need to be distinguished from beliefs and values. Contrary to the current consensus in psychology, if not actual practice in sociology, attitudes are more usefully regarded as observable characteristics than as latent constructs. This perspective is applied to survey questions related to attitudes and then both theoretically and empirically to the concepts of tolerance and trust, with the aim of illustrating what might emerge from a more sociological treatment of attitudes. The analysis involves cross-national comparisons using the 2008 European Values Study. Distaste for multiple kinds of out-groups seems to be a better predictor of not wanting a homosexual as a neighbour than disapproval of homosexuality, and similar results are found for other ‘others’. With trust, the evidence shows that not only individual but also national differences in the perceived fairness of others have substantial effects. To the extent that trust is rooted in a moral evaluation of people in general, it qualifies as an attitude itself rather than being just a belief about the attitudes of others.
Transnational Migrations and YouTube Sensations: Korean Americans, Popular Music, and Social Media
Authors: Jung Eun-Young 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
This article addresses the music making of Korean Americans, focusing on their place within the emergent social media environment that has exploded in the last five years and comparing this with the very different environment of the previous decade. Biographical coverage of the careers of three Korean American musicians, two of whom have extensive social media presence, demonstrates how these media, particularly YouTube, represent a fundamental shift in the popular music profession, providing equalizing opportunities that are enabling some to circumvent racial barriers that have long existed and still persist in the major music and entertainment industries in the United States.
Envisioned, Ensounded, Enacted: Sacred Ecology and Indigenous Musical Experience in Yoreme Ceremonies of Northwest Mexico
Authors: Simonett Helena 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper explores an ecological approach to the perception of musical meaning. Ethnographically informed by a Yoreme understanding of seeing and hearing as interrelated perceptual activities, this paper critically evaluates the concept of soundscape and the dichotomization and hierarchization of our (Western) perception faculties. It is a contribution to the growing number of publications with an integrative humanistic-scientific theoretical approach to ethnomusicology, based on insights gained from indigenous cosmovision, perception of sound, and human-animal-environment relationships.
Multiple Buffering for Parallel Approximate Sequence Matching using Disk-based Suffix Tree on Multi-core CPU
Authors: Tamura Keiichi , Watanuki Yousuke , Kitakami Hajime , Takahashi Yoshifumi 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSuffix trees, which are trie structures that present the suffixes of sequences (e.g., strings), are widely used for sequence search in different application domains such as, text data mining, bioinformatics and computational biology. In particular, suffix trees are useful in bioinformatics applications, because they can search similar sub-sequences and extract frequent sequence patterns efficiently. In recent years, efficient construction of a suffix tree that allows faster sequence searches has become one of the most important challenges, because the number and size of the data that are stored in sequence databases have been increasing exponentially. This paper proposes a novel parallelization model for approximate sequence matching that uses disk-based suffix trees, which are built on hard disks not on memory, on a multi-core CPU. In the proposed parallelization model, we divide an entire sequence database into two or more sub-databases called partitions. For each partition, we build a disk-based suffix tree and define a task as an approximate sequence matching on one disk-based suffix tree. Moreover, the proposed parallelization model involves a multiple buffering management system to avoid conflicts among CPU-cores. We evaluated the proposed parallelization model using an actual amino acid sequence database on a PC. The experimental results show a substantial improvement in computation performance.
Efficient Migration of Application to Clouds: Analysis and Comparison
Authors: Rai Rashmi , Mehfuz Shabana , Sahoo G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOwing to the immense popularity in the last couple of years Cloud technology is being regarded as one of the most influential technology in new era. Given the long term benefits of adopting this new phenomenon, many organizations have decided to migrate to the cloud. However, due to rapidly evolving market and the security issues hovering over the cloud, most of the organizations are unsure about how to proceed with the migration into the cloud. After a brief introduction about the technology, this paper aims to provide an understanding of migration challenges. The paper analyses the migration of a web-based application, used for an academic organization, to the cloud. It also compares the application’s performance when deployed to a traditional server versus its deployment to Windows Azure.
A Model of Acceptance of Web 2.0 in learning in higher education: a case study of two cultures
Authors: Usoro Abel , Echeng Razep , Majewski Grzegorz 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThough a few empirical studies on acceptance of Web 2.0 as a social networking tool in teaching and learning exist, apparently none of such studies is on students and faculties views from different cultures which is the focus of this study. This paper reports on a pilot study that begins to fill this gap by investigating the perceptions, attitude and acceptance of Web 2.0 in teaching and learning from two countries (developed and developing). A conceptual model of 9 variables and associated hypotheses was designed based on literature review and initial primary study. A questionnaire was developed from the model operationalization and used to collect data from 317 students from 5 universities in Nigeria and 273 students and lecturers from one university in Scotland. The findings that came from data analysis indicate that all the variables are validated from the data collected in Scotland but motivation via learning management systems which are not presently used in these universities in Nigeria affect intention to use Web 2.0 in e-learning in Nigeria. Some of the validated variables are perceived usefulness and prior knowledge. The major conclusions and recommendations include the utilization of Web 2.0 facilities to stimulate participation in learning. This work will contribute to the body of knowledge on acceptance of Web 2.0 social networking tools in teaching and learning. It will aid the key players of e-learning which include content developers, technology vendors and service providers. It may also support management decisions toward investing better on technology so as to improve the educational sector.
Agile Software Development and Service Science
Authors: Meier Andreas , Ivarsson Jenny C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis paper shows the necessary steps, which should be taken in order to get the most out of agile software development in interdisciplinary settings involving scientific experts. If applied properly, Agile delivers increased productivity, higher quality and, last but not least, higher customer satisfaction. The task of developing high quality software is already difficult. Developing software for a new IT-enabled service in an interdisciplinary team however, is even more challenging.In interdisciplinary projects scientific experts from different fields need to work together with computer scientists, developers, testers, business analysts and domain experts. Software engineering is very time-consuming and scientific experts who have never been involved in a software project, often find it hard to understand why progress sometimes seems so slow. Therefore, it is important that they understand what it takes to write high-quality code, i.e. code that is clean, tested, documented and extendable at the right points. The best way to achieve this goal is to expand the software team, make the scientific experts an integral part of it and thus profit from their know-how.