bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining Racial Disparities in Infant Health in Brazil
Authors: Nyarko Kwame A. , Lopez-Camelo Jorge , Castilla Eduardo E. , Wehby George L. 
Published: February 2013

Objectives. We sought to quantify how socioeconomic, health care, demographic, and geographic effects explain racial disparities in low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB) rates in Brazil.Methods. We employed a sample of 8949 infants born between 1995 and 2009 in 15 cities and 7 provinces in Brazil. We focused on disparities in LBW (< 2500 g) and PTB (< 37 gestational weeks) prevalence between infants of African ancestry alone or African mixed with other ancestries, and European ancestry alone. We used a decomposition model to quantify the contributions of conceptually relevant factors to these disparities.Results. The model explained 45% to 94% of LBW and 64% to 94% of PTB disparities between the African ancestry groups and European ancestry. Differences in prenatal care use and geographic location were the most important contributors, followed by socioeconomic differences. The model explained the majority of the disparities for mixed African ancestry and part of the disparity for African ancestry alone.Conclusions. Public policies to improve children’s health should target prenatal care and geographic location differences to reduce health disparities between infants of African and European ancestries in Brazil.
Evolution of Tobacco Labeling and Packaging: International Legal Considerations and Health Governance
Authors: Mackey Tim K. , Liang Bryan A. , Novotny Thomas E. 
Published: February 2013

Numerous national governments have recently adopted packaging and labeling legislation to curb global tobacco uptake. This coincides with the World Health Organization’s 2011 World No Tobacco Day, which recognized the extraordinary progress of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). The tobacco industry has presented legal challenges to countries, including Australia, Uruguay, and the United States, for enacting legislation meeting or exceeding FCTC obligations. We argue that national governments attempting to meet the obligations set forth in public health treaties such as the FCTC should be afforded flexibilities and protection in developing tobacco control laws and regulations, because these measures are necessary to protect public health and should be explicitly recognized in international trade and legal agreements.
Doula Care, Birth Outcomes, and Costs Among Medicaid Beneficiaries
Authors: Kozhimannil Katy Backes , Hardeman Rachel R. , Attanasio Laura B. , Blauer-Peterson Cori , O’Brien Michelle 
Published: February 2013

Objectives. We compared childbirth-related outcomes for Medicaid recipients who received prenatal education and childbirth support from trained doulas with outcomes from a national sample of similar women and estimated potential cost savings. Methods. We calculated descriptive statistics for Medicaid-funded births nationally (from the 2009 Nationwide Inpatient Sample; n = 279 008) and births supported by doula care (n = 1079) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 2010 to 2012; used multivariate regression to estimate impacts of doula care; and modeled potential cost savings associated with reductions in cesarean delivery for doula-supported births. Results. The cesarean rate was 22.3% among doula-supported births and 31.5% among Medicaid beneficiaries nationally. The corresponding preterm birth rates were 6.1% and 7.3%, respectively. After control for clinical and sociodemographic factors, odds of cesarean delivery were 40.9% lower for doula-supported births (adjusted odds ratio = 0.59; P < .001). Potential cost savings to Medicaid programs associated with such cesarean rate reductions are substantial but depend on states’ reimbursement rates, birth volume, and current cesarean rates. Conclusions. State Medicaid programs should consider offering coverage for birth doulas to realize potential cost savings associated with reduced cesarean rates.
Prime ideals in 0-distributive posets
Authors: Joshi Vinayak , Mundlik Nilesh 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
In the first section of this paper, we prove an analogue of Stone’s Theorem for posets satisfying DCC by using semiprime ideals. We also prove the existence of prime ideals in atomic posets in which atoms are dually distributive. Further, it is proved that every maximal non-dense (non-principal) ideal of a 0-distributive poset (meet-semilattice) is prime. The second section focuses on the characterizations of (minimal) prime ideals in pseudocomplemented posets. The third section deals with the generalization of the classical theorem of Nachbin. In fact, we prove that a dually atomic pseudocomplemented, 1-distributive poset is complemented if and only if the poset of prime ideals is unordered. In the last section, we have characterized 0-distributive posets by means of prime ideals and minimal prime ideals.
Magnetic phase transition in KGd(WO4)2 double tungstate
Authors: Borowiec Mieczysław , Zayarnyuk Tetyana , Gutowska Maria , Więckowski Jarosław , Szewczyk Andrzej , Dyakonov Vladimir , Zubov Eduard , Barański Marek , Domukhovski Viktor , Pujol Maria , Aguiló Magdalena , Díaz Francesc , Szymczak Henryk 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
Investigations of the specific heat of the potassium gadolinium double tungstate KGd(WO4)2 have been performed over the temperature range from 0.05 K up to 4 K in zero magnetic field. The λ -type anomaly observed at T = 0.42 K was interpreted as an indication of a second order magnetic phase transition within the Gadolinium sublattice. The critical exponent α was determined from experimental data.
Effect of night and day temperature on the cover colour and quality parameters of apple
Authors: Lakatos Laszlo , Biniak-Pieróg Małgorzata , Żyromski Andrzej 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
The colour of fruits is considered to be an important quality indicator. Sale ability greatly depends on how well covered the colour is of the specific type of fruits. We used a visual colour scale (0-100 percent) for evaluation of colorization. We distinguished the yellow, green and red cultivars. In the following studies we show those results which consider the red type apples only.
Cover colour is one of the phenometric variables and it is a well-known fact that significant differences can be experienced year by year. The experienced oscillation can be the cause of inappropriate water- and nutriment supply; however it can be the result of some kind of plant disease, extremely high or low temperature, setting rate above the average and outstanding fruit density.
In the present examination it is postulated that the degree of cover colour is mostly influenced by day and night temperature. Therefore, our study aims to find out whether it is true or not. Cover colour belongs to those phenometric characteristic features, only the final value of which is taken into consideration; due to their nature of establishment or forming time it seems useless to follow closely the change in the time of vegetation. We analysed the ripening groups of apple varieties separately. We have found that at winter ripening cultivars has bigger importance of genetic properties whilst at summer and autumnal ripening ones the weather effects have bigger importance.
The research results shows that the day and night temperature has an important role on fruit quality parameters as sugar content, vitamin C content and on acidity also. Because we can modify the canopy temperature by using evaporative cooling system we have a chance to set up an optimal value of day and night temperature difference in the orchards.
The Mzab foggara: an original technique for collecting the water rising
Authors: Remini Boualem , Achour Bachir , Ouled Belkhir Cheikh , Baba Amar Dahmane 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This paper describes for the first time an original foggara, different from the classical foggara (foggara of Gourara) which collects water from the Intercalary Continental aquifer. Located in the middle of the Mzab River, this hydraulic system called the Mzab foggara is intended to exploit the flood waters. Two missions were carried in 2009 and 2010 in the Mzab Valley to describe the hydraulic system. The Mzab foggara constitutes of a gallery of ovoid form 200 m long equipped with 9 air shafts and a 900 m long seguia. The foggara of the Mzab River can drain water flow of 5 m3·s-1 to irrigate western part of the palm plantation of Ghardaia (located 600 km south of Algiers).
Availability and reliability analysis of large wind turbine systems in chosen localizations in Poland/Analiza dostępności i niezawodności dużej elektrowni wiatrowej w wybranych lokalizacjach w Polsce
Authors: Pytel Krzysztof 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

A reliability analysis of wind turbine systems applies to chosen localizations in
Poland was inspected. The average availability, capacity factor and energy efficiency of the
large wind turbine generator have been analyzed. It is noticed that if a failure rate
decreases by modernizing assemblies by removing chosen subassemblies and
reconstructing others, an average lifetime of the wind turbine enlarge noticeably.
Moreover, it is possible to find, both poor and excellent wind potential on areas classified
as not preferable for a wind industry.
Optimization and reliability of intelligent traffic lights control systems/Optymalizacja i niezawodność inteligentnych systemów sterowania ruchem drogowym
Authors: Topolska Katarzyna , Topolski Mariusz 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

The article presents problems of optimization and reliability to control the
movement of vehicles within the intersections using classical methods and genetic
algorithms with fuzzy evaluation of the chromosome. The authors doing research indicated
that the genetic operators allow controlling traffic lights about 40% more efficient than by
the classical method. Classical methods are defined as models based only on motion sensors
and on the basis of FIFO. The proposed model of reliability of intelligent traffic lights
control system is based on the time of operation, traffic density and average speed of
vehicles traveling on a given stretch.
Determination of time intervals between subsequent corrosion inspections based on the example of the TS-11 ‘Iskra’ aircraft/Wyznaczanie okresów wykonywania przeglądów korozyjnych na przykładzie samolotu TS-11 „Iskra”
Authors: Zieja Mariusz , Barszcz Piotr 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

When the operation is driven by the actual technical condition of the equipment
with current monitoring of the reliability level the problem appears how to schedule
inspections intended for restoring sound technical condition of aircrafts with regard to
corrosion protective coatings and keep them permanently available for operation with
determination of maintenance jobs that must be carried out in the plane. The methods that
enable estimation how frequently inspections for detection of corrosion traces should be
carried out include the method of characteristic sets, the Fourier spectral analysis as well
as the methods of indices that reflect the process of the aircraft operation. Each of the
foregoing methods is suitable for the equipment operation but the only method that takes
into account the conditions that occurred during operation of the specific aircraft unit is
the method of indices that reflects the process of the aircraft operation.
The method for corrosion prevention and corrosion processes monitoring of structural components in aircrafts/Metoda zapobiegania i nadzoru nad procesami korozyjnymi elementów konstrukcji statków powietrznych
Authors: Zieja Mariusz , Barszcz Piotr 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Operation, maintenance and overhauls by technical condition of equipment
with simultaneous monitoring of the reliability level consists in acquisition, storage,
verification and analysis of information related to reliability and efficiency of the
operation process involving a set of products classified to a single, common type. Results
of the completed analyzes serve as a basis for taking decisions on the scope of necessary
prophylactic works. Each item of the product is replaced after such a defect that presents
no harm to the overall functioning of the system. In such a case an extremely important
task is to determine the schedule and scope of inspections intended for restoration of full
operability of the aircraft in respect of corrosion spots and condition of protective
coatings. The proposed method comprises four phases consisting of the following
operations: initial assessment, indirect examinations, direct tests and final evaluation.
Estimating the Trunk Transverse Surface Area to Assess Swimmer's Drag Force Based on their Competitive Level
Authors: Barbosa Tiago , Morais Jorge , Costa Mário , Mejias Jean , Marinho Daniel , Silva António 
Published: February 2013

Estimating the Trunk Transverse Surface Area to Assess Swimmer's Drag Force Based on their Competitive Level
The aim of this study was to compute and validate trunk transverse surface area (TTSA) estimation equations to be used assessing the swimmer's drag force according to competitive level by gender. One group of 130 swimmers (54 females and 76 males) was used to compute the TTSA estimation equations and another group of 132 swimmers (56 females and 76 males) were used for its validations. Swimmers were photographed in the transverse plane from above, on land, in the upright and hydrodynamic position. The TTSA was measured from the swimmer's photo with specific software. It was also measured the height, body mass, biacromial diameter, chest sagital diameter (CSD) and the chest perimeter (CP). With the first group of swimmers it was computed the TTSA estimation equations based on stepwise multiple regression models from the selected anthropometrical variables. The TTSA prediction equations were significant and with a prediction level qualitatively considered as moderate. All equations included only the CP and the CSD in the final models. In all prediction models there were no significant differences between assessed and estimated mean TTSA. Coefficients of determination for the linear regression models between assessed and estimated TTSA were moderate and significant. More than 80% of the plots were within the 95% interval confidence for the Bland-Altman analysis in both genders. So, TTSA estimation equations that are easy to be computed by coached and researchers were developed. All equations accomplished the validation criteria adopted.
How Informative are the Vertical Buoyancy and the Prone Gliding Tests to Assess Young Swimmers' Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Profiles?
Authors: Barbosa Tiago , Costa Mário , Morais Jorge , Moreira Marc , Silva António , Marinho Daniel 
Published: February 2013

How Informative are the Vertical Buoyancy and the Prone Gliding Tests to Assess Young Swimmers' Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Profiles?
The aim of this research was to develop a path-flow analysis model to highlight the relationships between buoyancy and prone gliding tests and some selected anthropometrical and biomechanical variables. Thirty-eight young male swimmers (12.97 ± 1.05 years old) with several competitive levels were evaluated. It were assessed the body mass, height, fat mass, body surface area, vertical buoyancy, prone gliding after wall push-off, stroke length, stroke frequency and velocity after a maximal 25 [m] swim. The confirmatory model included the body mass, height, fat mass, prone gliding test, stroke length, stroke frequency and velocity. All theoretical paths were verified except for the vertical buoyancy test that did not present any relationship with anthropometrical and biomechanical variables nor with the prone gliding test. The good-of-fit from the confirmatory path-flow model, assessed with the standardized root mean square residuals (SRMR), is considered as being close to the cut-off value, but even so not suitable of the theory (SRMR = 0.11). As a conclusion, vertical buoyancy and prone gliding tests are not the best techniques to assess the swimmer's hydrostatic and hydrodynamic profile, respectively.
Effect of Different Loads on Stroke and Coordination Parameters During Freestyle Semi-Tethered Swimming
Authors: Dominguez-Castells Rocio , Arellano Raul 
Published: February 2013

Effect of Different Loads on Stroke and Coordination Parameters During Freestyle Semi-Tethered Swimming
The aim of this study was to analyse to what extent the use of different loads modifies freestyle stroke and coordination parameters during semi-tethered swimming, and to examine whether those changes are positive or negative to swimming performance. First, behaviour of swimming speed (v), stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) with increasing loads was examined. Secondly, mean and peak speed of propulsive phases (propvmean and propvpeak) were analysed, as well as the relative difference between them (%v). Finally, index of coordination (IdC) was assessed. Eighteen male swimmers (22.10±4.31years, 1.79±0.07m, 76.74±9.00kg) performed 12.5m maximal sprints, pulling a different load each trial (0, 1.59, 2.21, 2.84, 3.46, 4.09, 4.71, 5.34, 5.96, 6.59, 7.21 and 7.84kg). Rest between repetitions was five minutes. Their feet were tied together, keeping a pull-buoy between legs and isolating the upper limb action. A speedometer was used to measure intra-cycle speed and the test was recorded by a frontal and a lateral underwater cameras. Variables v and SL decreased significantly when load increased, while SR remained constant (p<0.05). Propvmean and propvpeak decreased significantly with increasing loads (p<0.05). In contrast, %v grew when load rose (r = 0.922, p<0.01), being significantly different from free swimming above 4.71kg. For higher loads, swimmers did not manage to keep a constant velocity during a complete trial. IdC was found to increase with loads, significantly from 2.84kg (p<0.05). It was concluded that semi-tethered swimming is one training method useful to enhance swimmers' performance, but load needs to be individually determined and carefully controlled.
Qualitative Evaluation of Water Displacement in Simulated Analytical Breaststroke Movements
Authors: Martens Jonas , Daly Daniel 
Published: February 2013

Qualitative Evaluation of Water Displacement in Simulated Analytical Breaststroke Movements
One purpose of evaluating a swimmer is to establish the individualized optimal technique. A swimmer's particular body structure and the resulting movement pattern will cause the surrounding water to react in differing ways. Consequently, an assessment method based on flow visualization was developed complimentary to movement analysis and body structure quantification. A fluorescent dye was used to make the water displaced by the body visible on video. To examine the hypothesis on the propulsive mechanisms applied in breaststroke swimming, we analyzed the movements of the surrounding water during 4 analytical breaststroke movements using the flow visualization technique.
Effects of a Process-Oriented Goal Setting Model on Swimmer's Performance
Authors: Simões Paulo , Vasconcelos-Raposo José , Silva António , Fernandes Helder 
Published: February 2013

Effects of a Process-Oriented Goal Setting Model on Swimmer's Performance
The aim of this work was to study the impact of the implementation of a mental training program on swimmers' chronometric performance, with national and international Portuguese swimmers, based on the goal setting model proposed by Vasconcelos-Raposo (2001). This longitudinal study comprised a sample of nine swimmers (four male and five female) aged between fourteen and twenty, with five to eleven years of competitive experience. All swimmers were submitted to an evaluation system during two years. The first season involved the implementation of the goal setting model, and the second season was only evaluation, totaling seven assessments over the two years. The main results showed a significant improvement in chronometric performance during psychological intervention, followed by a reduction in swimmers' performance in the second season, when there was no interference from the investigators (follow-up).
Effectiveness of the Power Dry-Land Training Programmes in Youth Swimmers
Authors: Sadowski Jerzy , Mastalerz Andrzej , Gromisz Wilhelm , Niźnikowski Tomasz 
Published: February 2013

Effectiveness of the Power Dry-Land Training Programmes in Youth Swimmers
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the dry-land power training on swimming force, swimming performance and strength in youth swimmers. Twenty six male swimmers, free from injuries and training regularly at least 6 times a week, were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to one of two groups: experimental (n=14, mean age 14.0 ± 0.5 yrs, mean height 1.67±0.08 m and mean body mass 55.71 ±9.55 kg) and control (n=12, mean age 14.1 ± 0.5 yrs, mean height 1.61±0.11 m and mean body mass 49.07 ±8.25 kg). The experimental group took part in a combined swimming and dry-land power training. The control group took part in swimming training only. The training programmes in water included a dominant aerobic work in front crawl. In this research the experimental group tended to present slightly greater improvements in sprint performance. However, the stroke frequency insignificantly decreased (-4.30%, p>0.05) in the experimental group and increased (6.28%, p>0.05) in the control group. The distance per stroke insignificantly increased in the experimental group (5.98%, p>0.05) and insignificantly decreased in the control group (-5.36%, p>0.05). A significant improvement of tethered swimming force for the experimental group (9.64%, p<0.02) was found, whereas the increase was not statistically significant in the control group (2.86%, p>0.05). The main data cannot clearly state that power training allowed an enhancement in swimming performance, although a tendency to improve swimming performance in tethered swimming was noticed.
The Development and Prediction of Athletic Performance in Freestyle Swimming
Authors: Stanula Arkadiusz , Maszczyk Adam , Roczniok Robert , Pietraszewski Przemysław , Ostrowski Andrzej , Zając Adam , Strzała Marek 
Published: February 2013

The Development and Prediction of Athletic Performance in Freestyle Swimming
This paper analyses the dynamics of changes between the performances of elite freestyle swimmers recorded at particular Olympic Games. It also uses a set of chronologically ordered results to predict probable times of swimmers at the 2012 Olympic Games in London. The analysis of past performances of freestyle swimmers and their prediction have revealed a number of interesting tendencies within separately examined results of men and women. Women's results improve more dynamically compared with men's. Moreover, the difference between women's and men's results is smaller, the longer the swimming distance. As both male and female athletes tend to compete more and more vigorously within their groups, the gap between the gold medallist and the last finisher in the final is constantly decreasing, which provides significant evidence that this sport discipline continues to develop.