bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How We Decide in Moral Situations
Authors: Kaspar David 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe role normative ethics has in guiding action is unclear. Once moral theorists hoped that they could devise a decision procedure that would enable agents to solve difficult moral problems. Repeated attacks by anti-theorists seemingly dashed this hope. Although the dispute between moral theorists and anti-theorists rages no longer, no decisive victor has emerged. To determine how we ought to make moral decisions, I argue, we must first examine how we do decide in moral situations. Intuitionism correctly captures the essence of the moral element in such situations, finding itself located somewhere between moral theory and anti-theory. In order that intuitionism may constitute an improvement over predecessors in normative ethics we must proceed with awareness of the limits imposed by the still dominant framework of modern moral theory. I argue that the deliberatively open system of intuitionism, interlocked in practice with prudential considerations, allows us to constructively move normative ethics beyond those limits.
Suetonius' Tacitus
Authors: Power Tristan 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article discusses the relationship of Tacitus to his younger contemporary Suetonius, challenging the view that Suetonius wrote a ‘supplement’ to the historian. Scholarly focus on this pair has led to the widespread belief that Suetonius had read Tacitus’Annals,which is unsupported by the evidence. The prevailing consensus that the biographer may at times be subtly criticizing the historian persists in commentaries on Suetonius’Caesars.It is argued that where their two accounts appear to meet, Suetonius is better seen as responding to the earlier common source or sources, or distinguishing himself from the conventions of historiography at large.
A novel numerical calculation method for electron guns
Authors: Kang Y.F. , Zhao J. , Zhao J.Y. , Tang T.T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe problem of initial thermal velocity and the space charge effect of electron guns in numerical simulations have been investigated deeply. In general, the current software can meet the engineering requirements. However, the electron's initial thermal velocity and the space charge effect lack sufficient consideration. The above two factors significantly limit the performances of electron guns. Moreover, the parameters of electron guns are approximated based on a limited number of electron trajectories. Thus, the statistical distribution of the beam electron resulting from its initial thermal velocity is not considered adequately in present software. This paper introduces the equivalent meridional projected trajectory equation and the curvilinear axis evolution theory of the current density of toroidal electron sub-beam, and subsequently the current and charge density distributions in electron guns can be derived through iteration calculation. Based upon, the virtual crossover of an electron gun is determined by its current density distribution. As well as, a relevant numerical algorithm is developed and the related program is modified based on the popular commercial software SOURCE. Tungsten cathode guns, LaB6 cathode guns, field mission guns and Pierce guns are simulated respectively by examples. The calculations prove that the modified software is effective and practical.
Before the beginning: the development of tools of the trade
Authors: SLOBIN DAN I. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTBefore the beginning of theJournal of Child Languagein 1974 three technological innovations had set the stage for a fundamental expansion and revision of our understanding of the processes of child language acquisition. Portable audio and video recorders changed both the quantity and quality of data. Computers made it possible to store and search large corpora, to rapidly carry out statistical analyses of the distribution of linguistic forms and their changes over time, and to simulate models of acquisition. This essay is a personal and historical overview of the unexpected consequences of those technological innovations for the study of child language. In looking to the future, another tool, linguistic typology, is essential for building models of language acquisition.
Data and beyond
Authors: FLETCHER PAUL 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTPerusing early issues of this Journal from nearly forty years ago, we find many topics on the contents lists that could appear in a current issue. But the resources available to contributors for addressing questions of interest have changed dramatically, not least in the public availability of data. Here we look briefly at two assets which have accrued to the field in the intervening decades, and at the contributions they make. CHILDES provides a level playing field on which debates about the import of language sample data, especially longitudinal data, can be played out. The MBCDI and its offspring encourage the collection of data from large samples of individuals and so promote the exploration of factors that may explain individual differences. Both have been major contributions to the field.
Input to interaction to instruction: three key shifts in the history of child language research
Authors: SNOW CATHERINE E. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIn the early years of theJournal of Child Language, there was considerable disagreement about the role of language input or adult–child interaction in children's language acquisition. The view that quantity and quality of input to language-learning children is relevant to their language development has now become widely accepted as a principle guiding advice to parents and the design of early childhood education programs, even if it is not yet uncontested in the field of language development. The focus on variation in the language input to children acquires particular educational relevance when we consider variation in access to academic language – features of language particularly valued in school and related to success in reading and writing. Just as many children benefit from language environments that are intentionally designed to ensure adequate quantity and quality of input, even more probably need explicit instruction in the features of language that characterize its use for academic purposes
Tanaidacea of the Amundsen and Scotia seas: an unexplored diversity
Authors: Pabis Krzysztof , Błażewicz-Paszkowycz Magdalena , Jóźwiak Piotr , Barnes David K.A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Scotia Arc and Amundsen Sea are contrasting regions within West Antarctica. The Scotia Sea shelf is well studied and central to the origin and diversity of the Southern Ocean benthic fauna, whilst the shelf of Amundsen Sea is one of the least studied shelf areas in the world; a ‘white spot’ on the map of benthic research. Here we report on the tanaidaceans collected using an epibenthic sledge on two expeditions, BIOPEARL 1 and 2, of the RRSJames Clark Rossin 2006 and 2008, respectively. This study represents the first analysis of the tanaidacean fauna of those two basins. Thirty-seven species were found in the Amundsen Sea from 500–1500 m depth and 51 species were found at depths ranging from 200–1600 m in the Scotia Sea. In the Scotia Sea, many species were unique to each of the study sites which may be evidence of allopatric speciation episodes. Site specificity was especially evident forTyphlotanaisandPseudotanais. Only three species were common to both basins. Around 90% of the species were previously undescribed. Our findings increase the number of the tanaidaceans known in the Southern Ocean by 50%.
Epiphytic diatom communities onPhyllophora antarcticafrom the Ross Sea
Authors: Majewska Roksana , Stefano Mario De 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAntarctic seaweeds play an important ecological role, but the vast macroalgal beds, typical of the shallow-water zone, are not efficiently grazed. However, macroalgal thalli are covered by epiphytic diatoms which represent a rich food source for higher trophic levels. We describe the abundances, growth form structure, species composition and distribution patterns in the diatom communities associated withPhyllophora antarcticafrom selected sites within the Ross Sea. The goal of this work was to learn more about the relationships between various components of the epiphytic community and its habitat. To examine diatoms at the microscale, four relatively well described sampling sites were chosen and analyses were performed on a large number of diatoms. All observations and counts were made with the scanning electron microscope. Samples collected in the same season but from different sites and under different sea and ice conditions differed significantly in terms of species composition, but all represented abundant and well-developed diatom communities. A list of species associated withP. antarcticafrom the investigated area is provided and the influence of the sampling effort on the observed diatom diversity is assessed.
Comparison of the offset distance of the tricuspid septal leaflet in neonates with Ebstein’s anomaly and neonates with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
Authors: Kim Min Jeong , Yu Jeong Jin , Kang So Yeon , Seo Chang Deok , Baek Jae Suk , Kim Young-Hwue , Ko Jae-Kon 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn indexed offset distance of the tricuspid septal leaflet ⩾8 mm/m2is a quantitative criterion for the diagnosis of Ebstein’s anomaly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of this criterion for the discrimination of Ebstein’s anomaly from pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in neonatal patients. A total of 122 neonatal patients, 56 with Ebstein’s anomaly and 66 with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, were enrolled. Diagnosis of each anomaly was based on typical morphologic features. Echocardiographic variables, including the offset distance of the tricuspid septal leaflet, were measured via an offline analysis of images recorded before 1 month of age. The offset distance of the tricuspid septal leaflet was indexed by the body surface area, and the indexed offset distances in the Ebstein’s anomaly and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum groups were 34.2 mm/m2(7.1–119.1 mm/m2) and 7.2 mm/m2(0.0–25.6 mm/m2), respectively. The indexed offset distance was ⩾8 mm/m2in 29 (43.9%) of the patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum; clinical and echocardiographic characteristics were comparable between these 29 patients and the remaining 37 patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. When an indexed offset distance ⩾8 mm/m2was applied as a cut-off for the diagnosis of Ebstein’s anomaly, the sensitivity was 0.963 and the specificity was 0.561. In conclusion, indexed offset distance ⩾8 mm/m2cannot be used as a cut-off for the diagnosis of complicated Ebstein’s anomaly in neonatal patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.
Long Live Teddy/Death to Woodrow: The Polarized Politics of the Progressive Era in the 2012 Election
Authors: Johnston Robert D. 
Published: July 2014

Two historic moments from the run-up to the 2012 presidential election might well stir the interest of readers of theJournal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era:December 6, 2011: President Barack Obama traveled to Osawatomie, Kansas, to deliver what proved to be his signature speech about the economy. Indeed, former labor secretary Robert Reich called the address, “the most important economic speech of his or any modern presidency.” Obama castigated radical free marketeers, he vindicated communal bonds, and he upheld the great middle class. And the reason that the president traveled to the metropolis of Osawatomie? Because in 1910 Theodore Roosevelt had gone there to repudiate the laissez-faire policies of the Gilded Age and put forth his case for a progressive “New Nationalism” in an oration that White House press secretary Jay Carney characterized as “the speech that really set the course for the 20th century.”
The democratic potential of systemic pluralism
Authors: KUYPER JONATHAN W 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis article analyses how, and under what conditions, a systemically-pluralist structure of international law provides a springboard for global democratization. I argue that contestation and deliberation – core values of democracy – can and do arise within systemic pluralism. Specifically, I contend that institutional heterarchy between legal orders and forum shopping by different actors provide a means to engender these democratic values. I maintain that democratization can be sought on both horizontal and vertical planes: the former being the sphere of multilateral negotiations; the latter being governance which links individuals directly to sites of public power. In making this argument, I analyse recent developments within global intellectual property law, establishing and treating the multiple jurisdictions in this issue-space as an instantiation of systemic pluralism. This article thus provides a normative strategy for ongoing democratization of international law. Systemic pluralism must still prove its merits in terms of stability, the rule of law, and other values. However, I provide a method to advance transnational democracy that takes seriously empirical realities and competing normative visions.
A dual role for planar cell polarity genes in ciliated cells
Authors: Boutin Camille , Labedan Paul , Dimidschstein Jordane , Richard Fabrice , Cremer Harold , André Philipp , Yang Yingzi , Montcouquiol Mireille , Goffinet Andre M. , Tissir Fadel 
Published: July 2014

Significance
Ependymal cilia are required for circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid and neurogenesis. To function properly, ependymal cilia must coordinate their beats in individual cells and across the tissue. Planar cell polarity (PCP) orients cilia in a given cell, thereby enabling their concerted beating. Here, we describe previously unidentified functions for PCP in cilia organization at the cell and tissue levels. We show that PCP is important for the correct positioning of the primary cilium in radial progenitors and motile cilia in ependymal cells and provide evidence that cilia positioning is important for function. We also describe cytoskeletal changes during ependymal differentiation and shed light on mechanisms by which polarity is acquired by radial progenitors and passed on to ependymal cells.
‘Outside Broadcast’: Looking Backwards and Forwards, Live Theatre in the Cinema—NT Live and RSC Live
Authors: Wardle Janice 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper explores the fairly recent phenomena of the live broadcasting of canonical theatrical and literary texts in cinema venues. It investigates how these productions are dependent on innovative technology and also utilise conventions and tropes from the earliest outside broadcasts. The paper considers ideas of place-shifting, necessitated by the productions existence in one time and two places, and considers how the performances are positioned as both ground-breaking and nostalgic. It is argued that the productions construct notions of ‘liveness’ and shape their own ‘communities of perception’, which help negotiate the theatrical and filmic blend of the productions. The paper considers how such broadcasts challenge the notion of ‘live theatre’ versus ‘film’ which has become a staple of adaptation criticism.
Asian Foxtail (Uraria crinita), a New Host for Sclerotium rolfsii from Taiwan
Authors: Shen Y. M. , Chao C. H. , Liu H. L. 
Published: July 2014

Asian foxtail (Uraria crinita (L.) Desv. ex DC.) is an herb cultivated for the use of roots and stems in Taiwanese cuisine. In September 2013, symptoms of leaf blight and basal rot were observed on U. crinita in a commercial field in Longjing District, Taichung, Taiwan, at an incidence of approximately 20%. White mycelia and brown sclerotia formed on the surfaces of the basal stems. The infected plant gradually wilted and eventually died. Diseased lower stem tissues were surface sterilized in 0.6% NaOCl, rinsed with sterile distilled water, and transferred to potato dextrose agar plates. The cultures were incubated at 25°C in the dark. The radial mycelial growth was 9.0 mm/day during the first 4 days, and the diameter of mature sclerotia was 1.76 mm following 3 weeks of incubation. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of the isolate was amplified by PCR using the primers ITS5 and ITS4 (2). The amplicon was cloned, sequenced, and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KJ677121). The sequence similarity was 99% compared with that of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. from Spain (GU080230) (1). Based on the characteristics, the fungus was identified as S. rolfsii. The fungal isolate (BCRC FU30230) was deposited in the Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on six 2-month-old potted U. crinita plants in a greenhouse. Prior to infesting the plant, fungal inoculum of S. rolfsii BCRC FU30230 was prepared by inoculating the isolate on autoclaved rice (rice/water/dextrose = 50:50:1) in a flask. After 20 days incubation at room temperature, rice colonized by S. rolfsii was placed near the base of the plants (approximately 30 g/plant) in the greenhouse. Sterile rice applied to an equal number of plants served as negative controls. All inoculated plants developed blight symptoms with mycelia and sclerotia produced near the bases of each seedling 1 week after inoculation at an average temperature of 26°C. The control plants remained healthy. The pathogen re-isolated from the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to the original isolate. The pathogenicity test was repeated by inoculated healthy plants with reduced inoculum (five granules/plant). A delay of symptom development was observed and similar results were obtained. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Sclerotium rot on U. crinita in Taiwan, and the first report on U. crinita as a host for S. rolfsii. References: (1) E. Remesal et al. Plant Dis. 94:280, 2010. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
First Report of Lettuce Chlorotic Leaf Rot Disease Caused by Phytoplasma in China
Authors: Lin J.-X. , Mou H.-Q. , Liu J.-M. , Chen J. , Ji C.-H. , Chen H.-Y. 
Published: July 2014

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) as annual or biennial crop is an important vegetable in China. The lettuce variety Feiqiao, which is extensively cultivated in autumn and winter, is grown for its stem and is a characteristic species bred in Yong'an City. Since October 2005, a new disease of lettuce has been observed sporadically in the fields. Initially, chlorotic symptoms, or a faded red color, were observed on the inner leaves of the infected lettuce plants. Then, the inner leaves bleached and appeared pale, while the top leaves became straight and elongated, and stopped growing. Gummosis was observed at the base of young leaves, and the whole plant became stunted and died. The disease was named lettuce chlorotic leaf rot disease. In 2008, there was a disease outbreak in Yong'an City with an incidence of approximately 30%. In 2012, total DNA was extracted from 0.1 g of leaf tissue collected from 20 symptomatic and five asymptomatic lettuce plants using the CTAB method. A PCR analysis was performed using the phytoplasma-specific primer set R16mF2/R16mR1 (1). An approximately 1.4-kb amplicon was obtained from all 20 symptomatic plants, but no corresponding DNA fragment was amplified from the five asymptomatic plants. PCR products were cloned in Escherichia coli DH5α, using the pMD18-T vector (TaKaRa, Japan), and two isolates were sequenced. The two 1,431-bp sequences were identical (GenBank Accession No. KJ668578). A BLAST analysis revealed a 99% identity between lettuce chlorotic leaf rot phytoplasma and mulberry dwarf phytoplasma, a group 16SrI phytoplasma described by Win et al. in 2012 (3). After analyzing with iPhyclassifier, the virtual RFLP pattern derived from the 16S rDNA F2n/R2 fragment was most similar to the reference pattern of the 16Sr group I, subgroup B (NC_005303), with a pattern similarity coefficient of 0.99 (2). Additionally, the leaf veins and roots with symptoms were processed for ultrastructural examinations using transmission electron microscopy. Many typical phytoplasma-like bodies were observed in the sieve elements in the leaf veins and roots, and they were spherical to oval or dumbbell shaped and 200 to 800 nm in diameter. In agreement with these findings, seven strains of phytoplasma from 16SrI-A and 16SrI-B subgroups were reported in association with lettuce plants exhibiting various types of symptoms which were not completely consistent with those observed in China (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a phytoplasma associated with lettuce in China. References: (1) R. E. Davis et al. Microbiol. Res. 158:229, 2003. (2) W. Wei et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57:1855, 2006. (3) N. K. K. Win et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 78:264, 2012. (4) J. Zhang et al. Phytopathology 94:842, 2004.
Engineering large viral DNA genomes using the CRISPR‐Cas9 system
Authors: Suenaga Tadahiro , Kohyama Masako , Hirayasu Kouyuki , Arase Hisashi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractManipulation of viral genomes is essential for studying viral gene function and utilizing viruses for therapy. Several techniques for viral genome engineering have been developed. Homologous recombination in virus‐infected cells has traditionally been used to edit viral genomes; however, the frequency of the expected recombination is quite low. Alternatively, large viral genomes have been edited using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) plasmid system. However, cloning of large viral genomes into BAC plasmids is both laborious and time‐consuming. In addition, because it is possible for insertion into the viral genome of drug selection markers or parts of BAC plasmids to affect viral function, artificial genes sometimes need to be removed from edited viruses. Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a common DNA virus with a genome length of 152 kbp, causes labialis, genital herpes and encephalitis. Mutant HSV is a candidate for oncotherapy, in which HSV is used to kill tumor cells. In this study, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat‐Cas9 system was used to very efficiently engineer HSV without inserting artificial genes into viral genomes. Not only gene‐ablated HSV but also gene knock‐in HSV were generated using this method. Furthermore, selection with phenotypes of edited genes promotes the isolation efficiencies of expectedly mutated viral clones. Because our method can be applied to other DNA viruses such as Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegaloviruses, vaccinia virus and baculovirus, our system will be useful for studying various types of viruses, including clinical isolates.