bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unravelling the Relationship between Raman Enhancement and Photocatalytic Activity on Single Anisotropic Au Microplates
Authors: Sun Yudie , Liu Honglin , Zhou Fei , Yang Liangbao , He Shengnan , Sun Bai , Liu Jinhuai 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAnisotropic noble‐metal structures are attracting increasing attention because of interesting size‐ and shape‐dependent properties and have emerging applications in the fields of optics and catalysis. However, it remains a significant challenge to overcome chemical contributions and acquire molecular insight into the relationship between Raman enhancement and photocatalytic activity. This study gives visualized experimental evidence of the anisotropic spatial distribution of Raman signals and photocatalytic activity at the level of single nanometer‐thin Au microtriangles and microhexagons. Theoretical simulations indicate an anisotropic spatial distribution and sharpness‐dependent strength of the electric‐field enhancement. Analysis by using statistical surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) supports this view, that is, Raman enhancement is on the order of corner>edge>face for a single microplate, but SERS measurements at different depths of focus also imply a concentration‐dependent feature of SERS signals, especially at the corners and edges. Similarly, the SERS signals of product molecules in plasmonic photocatalysis also exhibit asymmetrical strengths at different corners of the same microplate. However, by examining the variations in the relative intensities of the SERS peaks, the difference in the photocatalytic activities at the corners, edges, and faces has been successfully calculated and is highly consistent with electric‐field simulations, thus indicating that an increased number of molecules adsorbed at specific sites does not necessarily lead to a higher conversion ratio in noble‐metal photocatalysis. Our strategy weakens the assumed impact of plasmonic local heating and, to a certain extent, excludes the influence of concentration effects and chemical contributions in noble‐metal photocatalysis, thus clearly profiling plasmon‐related characteristics. This study also promises a new research direction to understand the enhancement mechanism of SERS‐active structures.
Practical Advice for Selecting the Material for Machinery and Equipment
Authors: Rähse Wilfried 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMaterialien für Produktionsanlage müssen korrosionsbeständig und mechanisch stabil sein. Daneben kommt es produktabhängig auch auf die Anlagen‐ und Produkthygiene an. Typische Materialien für Maschinen und Anlagen sind in der Chemie, Pharmazie und Lebensmittelindustrie hochwertige Edelstähle, aber auch Sondermetalle, Superlegierungen und Nichtmetalle sowie Kunststoffe. Zur Vermeidung von Kontaminationen erfolgt eine Politur des Edelstahls an produktberührten Oberflächen. Chemisch beständige Sonderwerkstoffe werden als massives Material eingesetzt oder oft auf ein Grundmaterial aus Stahl aufgebracht.
A Continuous Flow Strategy for the Coupled Transfer Hydrogenation and Etherification of 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)furfural using Lewis Acid Zeolites
Authors: Lewis Jennifer D. , Van de Vyver Stijn , Crisci Anthony J. , Gunther William R. , Michaelis Vladimir K. , Griffin Robert G. , Román‐Leshkov Yuriy 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHf‐, Zr‐ and Sn‐Beta zeolites effectively catalyze the coupled transfer hydrogenation and etherification of 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural with primary and secondary alcohols into 2,5‐bis(alkoxymethyl)furans, thus making it possible to generate renewable fuel additives without the use of external hydrogen sources or precious metals. Continuous flow experiments reveal nonuniform changes in the relative deactivation rates of the transfer hydrogenation and etherification reactions, which impact the observed product distribution over time. We found that the catalysts undergo a drastic deactivation for the etherification step while maintaining catalytic activity for the transfer hydrogenation step. 119Sn and 29Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR studies show that this deactivation can be attributed to changes in the local environment of the metal sites. Additional insights were gained by studying effects of various alcohols and water concentration on the catalytic reactivity.
Nickel‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Phenols and Arylboronic Acids Mediated by N,N‐Ditosylaniline
Authors: Chen Liangshun , Lang Hongyue , Fang Lei , Zhu Mengyun , Liu Jinqian , Yu Jianjun , Wang Limin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn efficient method for the construction of two distinct Caryl–Caryl bonds through the Ni‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of phenols with arylboronic acids has been developed. This reaction proceeds through the in situ tosylation of phenols by using N,N‐ditosylaniline as the sulfonylating reagent, which is highly active, markedly stable, and easily prepared. The scope with respect to the coupling partners – phenols and boronic acids – is broad, and sensitive functional groups are tolerated. Phenols, especially those containing an unprotected amino group, which are generally problematic for coupling under conventional one‐pot conditions, are also viable substrates in this transformation.
Optical dating and soil micromorphology at MacCauley's Beach, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Jankowski Nathan R. , Jacobs Zenobia , Goldberg Paul 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe ability to position landscapes in a context of time and space is a particular goal of Quaternary science research. The lack of context for dating samples published previously for MacCauley's Beach, an important site for the reconstruction of Australian sea levels, warranted a re‐evaluation of both the site stratigraphy and chronology. In this study, we combined optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sedimentary quartz grains and soil micromorphology of the same samples to improve our understanding of the depositional history and chronology of the sediments. This combination allowed the contextualization of samples not only in time and space, but also in terms of their depositional histories. The latter is important in OSL dating, where pre‐, syn‐ and post‐depositional processes can all influence the accuracy and precision of the final age estimates. The sediment profile at MacCauley's Beach is made up of three major units. The basal mottled mud layer has undergone extensive pedogenesis since deposition, and only a minimum age of 14.7 ± 2.7 ka could be calculated. The overlying grey mud, with OSL ages from the bottom and top of the unit of 10.0 ± 0.7 and 7.7 ± 0.5 ka, respectively, shows evidence of soil structure collapse. This unit correspond to the onset of the mid‐Holocene sea‐level high stand for this region. The overlying sand layer was first deposited at 7.5 ± 0.4 ka, with deposition continuing beyond 6.6 ± 0.4 ka. Not only does the chronology presented constrain the timing of deposition (and the extent of post‐depositional processes) at MacCauley's Beach, but the methodological approach used here can be applied to any site to aid in the interpretation of formation processes and assess their influence on OSL age determination. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ergonomics Service Learning Project: Implementing an Alternative Educational Method in an Industrial Engineering Undergraduate Ergonomics Course
Authors: Page Lenore T. , Stanley Laura M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) and the Engineer of 2020, an engineering education initiative, have recommended that engineering students be provided with opportunities to participate in real‐world projects to supply them with the skills they will need in the workplace. Service learning is a pedagogical approach where students apply skills they learn in a classroom to a real‐world problem identified by a community organization. In 2009, a service learning project was introduced in an undergraduate Ergonomics Industrial Engineering course composed of engineering and nonengineering students at Montana State University (MSU). Its integration and development in the existing course required creating a detailed project description and finding a partner organization. Students worked with clients or staff at the partner organization to develop ergonomic solutions for workplace health and safety issues and manufacturing productivity. At the end‐of‐semester presentations, the community partners, instructor, and other students assessed each solution's effectiveness. These assessments found that students, compared to the partner's feedback, undervalued their prototypes with regard to how they improved worker and process efficiency, and they overvalued their solution's creativity, cost, and implementation feasibility. In addition, the service learning course's technical and professional skills ranked above the average ABET course outcomes of MSU's Industrial Engineering fall courses. This demonstrates how the service learning project and the intended goals from ABET and Engineer 2020 come together—service learning exposes students to real‐world situations that better prepare and inform them of the skills that will be needed after graduation.
Validity of the dipole approximation in TEM‐EELS studies
Authors: Egerton R.F. , Mcleod R.A. , Malac M. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTNondipole effects in electron energy‐loss spectroscopy are evaluated in terms of deviation of the inelastic scattering from a Lorentzian angular distribution, which is assumed in established procedures for plural‐scattering deconvolution, thickness measurement, and Kramers‐Kronig analysis. The deviation appears to be small and may be outweighed by the effect of plural (elastic + inelastic) scattering, which is not removed by conventional deconvolution methods. In the core‐loss region of the spectrum, non‐Lorentzian behaviour stems from a reduction of the generalized oscillator strength from its optical value and (for energies far above an ionization threshold) formation of a Bethe‐ridge angular distribution. At incident energies above 200 keV, retardation effects further distort the angular dependence, even for core losses just above threshold. With an on‐axis collection aperture, non‐dipole effects are masked by the rapid falloff of intensity with scattering angle, but they may become important for off‐axis measurements. Near‐edge fine structure is sensitive to nondipole effects but these can be minimized by use of an angle‐limiting collection aperture. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:773–778, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Soil Conservation Through Sediment Trapping: A Review
Authors: Mekonnen Mulatie , Keesstra Saskia D. , Stroosnijder Leo , Baartman Jantiene E. M. , Maroulis Jerry 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPreventing the off‐site effects of soil erosion is an essential part of good catchment management. Most efforts are in the form of on‐site soil and water conservation measures. However, sediment trapping can be an alternative (additional) measure to prevent the negative off‐site effects of soil erosion. Therefore, not all efforts should focus solely on on‐site soil conservation but also on the safe routing of sediment‐laden flows and on creating sites and conditions where sediment can be trapped. Sediment trapping can be applied on‐site and off‐site and involves both vegetative and structural measures. This paper provides an extensive review of scientific journal articles, case studies and other reports that have assessed soil conservation efforts and the sediment trapping efficacy (STE) of vegetative and structural measures. The review is further illustrated through participatory field observation and stakeholders' interview. Vegetation type and integration of two or more measures are important factors influencing STE. In this review, the STE of most measures was evaluated either individually or in such combinations. In real landscape situations, it is not only important to select the most efficient erosion control measures but also to determine their optimum location in the catchment. Hence, there is a need for research that shows a more integrated determination of STE at catchment scale. If integrated measures are implemented at the most appropriate spatial locations within a catchment where they can disconnect landscape units from each other, they will decrease runoff velocity and sediment transport and, subsequently, reduce downstream flooding and sedimentation problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterizing Premotor Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Features and Objective Markers
Authors: Chahine Lama M. , Stern Matthew B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIncreasingly, it has been recognized that in order to affect underlying neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD), individuals must be identified before onset of the classic motor symptoms. Thus, for research purposes, a redefinition of PD has been proposed into preclinical, premotor, and motor phases. In the preclinical phase, no clinical signs or symptoms of PD are present. In the premotor phase, nonmotor manifestations are detectable. These include olfactory, neuropsychiatric, sleep, gastrointestinal, and autonomic changes. A multi‐modal approach is needed to maximize both sensitivity and specificity of any assessment of the premotor phase. To that end, several objective markers, such as dopaminergic imaging and electrophysiologic techniques, exist and are of potential utility. This review discusses the candidate nonmotor features and potential objective measures that may be used to define the premotor phase of PD.
A Multisample Model Validation of the Evidence‐Based Practice Questionnaire
Authors: Sesé‐Abad Albert , De Pedro‐Gómez Joan , Bennasar‐Veny Miquel , Sastre Pedro , Fernandez‐Dominguez Juan C. , Morales‐Asencio Jose M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEvidence‐based practice may be implemented more successfully if the barriers to its implementation have been previously identified. Many of the available instruments to measure these barriers have been validated in single samples or without confirmatory analyses. The objective of the study was to contrast the goodness of fit of two measurement models (24 items and 19 items) for the Spanish version of the Evidence‐Based Practice Questionnaire (EBPQ) in a sample of 1,673 full‐time registered nurses in 10 hospitals and 57 primary health care centers in the Spanish Public Health Service. The 19‐item model performed better in all four subsamples. A hypothesis of strict invariance, with equal factor loadings, intercepts, and error variance in all contexts in which it was evaluated, was supported. Goodness‐of‐fit indices provided strong evidence of good fit according to standard cut‐off criteria in a multisample confirmatory factor analysis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Canine prostate cancer cell line (Probasco) produces osteoblastic metastases in vivo
Authors: Simmons Jessica K. , Dirksen Wessel P. , Hildreth Blake E. , Dorr Carlee , Williams Christina , Thomas Rachael , Breen Matthew , Toribio Ramiro E. , Rosol Thomas J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn 2012, over 240,000 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer and over 28,000 died from the disease. Animal models of prostate cancer are vital to understanding its pathogenesis and developing therapeutics. Canine models in particular are useful due to their similarities to late‐stage, castration‐resistant human disease with osteoblastic bone metastases. This study established and characterized a novel canine prostate cancer cell line that will contribute to the understanding of prostate cancer pathogenesis.METHODSA novel cell line (Probasco) was derived from a mixed breed dog that had spontaneous prostate cancer. Cell proliferation and motility were analyzed in vitro. Tumor growth in vivo was studied by subcutaneous, intratibial, and intracardiac injection of Probasco cells into nude mice. Tumors were evaluated by bioluminescent imaging, Faxitron radiography, µCT, and histology. RT‐PCR and genome‐wide DNA copy number profiling were used to characterize the cell line.RESULTSThe Probasco cells grew in vitro (over 75 passages) and were tumorigenic in nude mice. Probasco cells expressed high levels of BMP2, CDH1, MYOF, FOLH1, RUNX2, and SMAD5 modest CXCL12, SLUG, and BMP, and no PTHrP mRNA. Following intracardiac injection, Probasco cells metastasized primarily to the appendicular skeleton, and both intratibial and intracardiac injections produced osteoblastic tumors in bone. Comparative genomic hybridization demonstrated numerous DNA copy number aberrations throughout the genome, including large losses and gains in multiple chromosomes.CONCLUSIONSThe Probasco prostate cancer cell line will be a valuable model to investigate the mechanisms of prostate cancer pathogenesis and osteoblastic bone metastases. Prostate 74: 1251–1265, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The liquid carbon challenge: evolving views on transportation fuels and climate
Authors: DeCicco John M. 
Published: July 2014

Carbon‐based liquid fuels are highly valued for transportation; they are the world's largest form of commercial energy and second largest source of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Strategies to address their CO2 emissions have been shaped by fuel cycle analysis (FCA), a version of lifecycle assessment that examines fuel products and their supply chains. FCA studies have diverse findings and large uncertainties. Disagreements are particularly sharp for biofuels, which are seen as key replacements for petroleum fuels. A critical reading of the evolving literature reveals problems of model structure, including system boundary misspecification, flawed carbon cycle representation, and use of a static framework to analyze dynamic systems. New analytic paradigms are needed for liquid fuels, given their tradability, the realities of the carbon cycle, and the implausibility of capturing carbon from mobile sources. Logical decomposition of options shows that, beyond measures to limit fuel demand, CO2 emissions from liquid fuels must be balanced by increasing the rate of net carbon fixation. Further analysis and discussion are needed of carbon accounting methods, energy research priorities, ways to link CO2 removal options to fuel‐related mitigation efforts, and the transportation elements of climate policy. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:98–114. doi: 10.1002/wene.133This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Climate and Environment
Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy
Energy Research & Innovation > Science and Materials
Small noncoding RNAs and male infertility
Authors: Gou Lan‐Tao , Dai Peng , Liu Mo‐Fang 
Published: July 2014

Small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a novel class of gene regulators that modulate gene expression at transcriptional, post‐transcriptional, and epigenetic levels, and they play crucial roles in almost all cellular processes in eukaryotes. Recent studies have indicated that several types of small noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), endo‐small interference RNAs (endo‐siRNAs), and Piwi‐interacting RNAs (piRNAs), are expressed in the male germline and are required for spermatogenesis in animals. In this review, we summarize the recent knowledge of these small noncoding RNAs in male germ cells and their biological functions and mechanisms of action in animal spermatogenesis. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:733–745. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1252This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
The effect of environmental dynamism on returns to inventory leanness
Authors: Eroglu Cuneyt , Hofer Christian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper adds to the empirical inventory management literature by examining the moderating effects of environmental dynamism on the relationship between inventory leanness and financial performance. While the financial implications of inventory management practices have been extensively studied in the literature, it is clear that lean inventory strategies may not have the same payoff for all firms in all industries. Grounded in inventory theory, this study explores how firm characteristics and environmental dynamism—measured in terms of innovative intensity, demand uncertainty and competitive intensity—moderate the inventory leanness–performance link. We use hierarchical linear modeling to analyze a data set of 5749 firm‐year observations from 123 U.S. manufacturing industries. In line with the hypotheses set forth, the results indicate that innovative intensity in an industry increases the effect of inventory leanness on firm performance while competitive intensity has the opposite effect. The hypothesis with respect to the moderating role of demand uncertainty is not supported. Another interesting and important finding is that inventory leanness accounts for nearly one third of the variation in firm performance after controlling for firm size and growth, thus underlining the importance of efficient and effective inventory management for overall firm success.
Die Bayerische Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft Multiresistente Erreger (LARE)
Authors: Kandler Ulla , Höller Christiane , Liebl Bernhard 
Published: July 2014

Einleitung
Die bayerische Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft multiresistente Erreger hat es sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, das Vorkommen dieser Erreger im gesamten bayerischen Gesundheitswesen zu reduzieren. Dieses Ziel kann nur erreicht werden, wenn die Einrichtungen des Gesundheitswesens gemeinsam an einem Strang ziehen und für die Umsetzung einheitlicher Strategien zur Bekämpfung multiresistenter Erreger sorgen.
Cathepsin S is increased in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with neuropathic pain—A support of the microglia hypothesis in humans
Authors: Gordh Torsten , Lind Anne-Li , Bodolea Constantin , Hewitt Ellen , Larsson Anders 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

Aims
Cathepsin S has been reported to be a biomarker of spinal microglial activation, a process suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of chronic neuropathic pain. So far this has been shown only in animal experiments. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of cathepsin S in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from a well-defined patient cohort suffering from neuropathic pain as compared to controls.

Methods
CSF samples from patients suffering from chronic neuropathic pain (n = 14) were analyzed for cathepsin S levels using commercial sandwich ELISAs (DY1183, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Control CSF was sampled from patients undergoing minor urological surgical procedures under spinal anaesthesia (n = 70), having no obvious pain suffering.

Results
The neuropathic pain group had significantly higher levels of CSF cathepsin S (median 15189 pg/mL, range 3213–40,040), than the control group (median 5911 pg/mL, range 1909–17,188) (p < 0.005, Mann–Whitney U-test).

Conclusion
The results support the existence of microglial activation in chronic neuropathic pain patients. CSF Cathepsin S may serve as a potential biomarker for this specific mechanism linked to neuropathic pain. In the future, Cathepsin S inhibiting drugs might become a new treatment alternative for neurophatic pain.