bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substance use disorders in older people
Authors: O’Connell Henry , Lawlor Brian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter is divided into three main sections, focussing respectively on alcohol use disorders (AUDs), medication use disorders (MUDs), and use of illegal substances and nicotine, in older people. In each section we focus in detail on definitions and diagnosis, epidemiology, aetiology, clinical features, investigations, screening, management, and prognosis. More is known about AUDs in older people, hence this section is the longest, but MUDs in older people is also a significant problem and abuse of illegal drugs may become increasingly important in future years.
Sex in old age
Authors: Kellett John , Oppenheimer Catherine 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Ageing brings increasing diversity. This certainly applies to sexual behaviour. Those who work in the field of old age psychiatry can help their patients by understanding this diversity, making it safe and acceptable for patients to talk about whatever sexual concerns they have, and helping them in the acquisition of all the information they need. Sex in old age is not the frightening imperative of the teenager, but it can still contribute greatly to the quality of life.
Epidemiology of psychiatric disorder in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Costello E. Jane , Angold Adrian 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter has covered a lot of ground; from the first stirrings of understanding about childhood psychiatric disorders to the possibility of using molecular genetics to identify gene–environment interactions that can generate psychiatric disorder. There are fuzzy boundaries between epidemiology and developmental psychopathology, life course epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, services research, and clinical psychiatry. It will be important to keep these boundaries pervious, to share a common language where possible, and to learn and use one another's methods.
Assessment in child and adolescent psychiatry
Authors: Bostic Jeff , Martin Andrés 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe goals of assessment of a child/adolescent are to (1) detect psychopathology and its impacts on the child’s functioning in family, school, and peer domains, (2) allow appropriate intervention targets to be identified and prioritized; and (3) identify relevant variables, including family or school factors that may influence treatment adherence. This chapter covers the distinctive aspects of the psychiatric assessment in children, content and structure of the clinical interview, developmentally sensitive techniques for the psychiatric interview, neuropsychological testing, and laboratory evaluation in the child psychiatric evaluation.
The influence of family, school, and the environment
Authors: Maughan Barbara 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Like adult disorders, most child psychiatric problems are now regarded as multifactorially determined: both genetic and environmental factors play a role in their development. This chapter provides an overview of some of the key environmental elements in that equation. Subsequent chapters discuss risks for specific disorders; the focus here is on the more general issues that arise when considering the effect of environmental influences on the onset or persistence of psychopathology in childhood.
Psychodynamic child psychotherapy
Authors: Fonagy Peter , Target Mary 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPsychodynamic psychotherapy for children is based on a range of assumptions concerning mental functioning that have gradually evolved over the past 100 years out of the theories of Sigmund Freud. As these assumptions have been widely reviewed, we provide only a very brief introduction here. Techniques of child therapy differ considerably depending on the degree of pathology manifested by the child. Two sets of technique may be distinguished: those with single diagnosis, usually involving anxiety, are offered what most would recognize as ‘classical’ forms of psychodynamic, insight-oriented therapy. Those with multiple diagnoses, severe behavioural problems and/or emergent personality disorders require a different psychodynamic treatment approach. These will be discussed separately. Indications, contraindications, and the selection of procedures are then covered, as is managing treatment, efficacy, and limitations of the psychotherapeutic approach.
Stalking
Authors: Mullen Paul E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractNot a few psychiatrists, at least of my generation, have difficulties with the notion of problem behaviour like stalking being a proper subject for mental health concern. Psychiatry has traditionally been wary of concerning itself directly with criminal and antisocial behaviours. The approach taken in this chapter was, in contrast, to define a pattern of behaviour destructive to the interests of perpetrator and victim and then to examine its origins, effects, and potential therapeutic management. That this is an enterprise with risks for the ethical integrity of psychiatry is undoubted. But recognizing that psychiatry can have a role in assessing and managing problem behaviours, without first performing obfuscating transformations into supposed mental disorders such as paraphilias and impulse control disorders, allows a more clear sighted and effective approach to areas of human activity where our intervention can benefit both the actor and the wider community.
Palliative Care in the Chinese Context: An Integrated Framework for Culturally Respectful Practice
Authors: Leung Pamela Pui Yu , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Relating the kick velocities of young pulsars with magnetic field growth time-scales inferred from braking indices
Authors: Güneydaş A. , Ekşi K. Y. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
A nascent neutron star may be exposed to fallback accretion soon after the proto-neutron star stage. This high-accretion episode can submerge the magnetic field deep in the crust. The diffusion of the magnetic field back to the surface will take hundreds to millions of years depending on the amount of mass accreted and the consequent depth the field is buried. Neutron stars with large kick velocities will accrete less amount of fallback material leading to shallower submergence of their fields and shorter time-scales for the growth of their fields. We obtain the relation τOhm ∝ v−1 between the space velocity of the neutron star and Ohmic time-scale for the growth of the magnetic field. We compare this with the relation between the measured transverse velocities, v⊥, and the field growth time-scales, $\mu /\skew4\dot{\mu }$, inferred from the measured braking indices. We find that the observational data are consistent with the theoretical prediction though the small number of data precludes a strong conclusion. Measurement of the transverse velocities of pulsars B1509−58, J1846−0258, J1119−6127 and J1734−3333 would increase the number of the data and strongly contribute to understanding whether pulsar fields grow following fallback accretion.
Functional Characterization of Proanthocyanidin Pathway Enzymes from Tea and Their Application for Metabolic Engineering
Authors: Pang Yongzhen , Abeysinghe I. Sarath B. , He Ji , He Xianzhi , Huhman David , Mewan K. Mudith , Sumner Lloyd W. , Yun Jianfei , Dixon Richard A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is rich in specialized metabolites, especially polyphenolic proanthocyanidins (PAs) and their precursors. To better understand the PA pathway in tea, we generated a complementary DNA library from leaf tissue of the blister blight-resistant tea cultivar TRI2043 and functionally characterized key enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of PA precursors. Structural genes encoding enzymes involved in the general phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway and the PA-specific branch pathway were well represented in the library. Recombinant tea leucoanthocyanidin reductase (CsLAR) expressed in Escherichia coli was active with leucocyanidin as substrate to produce the 2R,3S-trans-flavan-ol (+)-catechin in vitro. Two genes encoding anthocyanidin reductase, CsANR1 and CsANR2, were also expressed in E. coli, and the recombinant proteins exhibited similar kinetic properties. Both converted cyanidin to a mixture of (+)-epicatechin and (−)-catechin, although in different proportions, indicating that both enzymes possess epimerase activity. These epimers were unexpected based on the belief that tea PAs are made from (−)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin. Ectopic expression of CsANR2 or CsLAR led to the accumulation of low levels of PA precursors and their conjugates in Medicago truncatula hairy roots and anthocyanin-overproducing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), but levels of oligomeric PAs were very low. Surprisingly, the expression of CsLAR in tobacco overproducing anthocyanin led to the accumulation of higher levels of epicatechin and its glucoside than of catechin, again highlighting the potential importance of epimerization in flavan-3-ol biosynthesis. These data provide a resource for understanding tea PA biosynthesis and tools for the bioengineering of flavanols.
Accuracy of detection of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia using electrical impedance spectroscopy with colposcopy
Authors: Tidy JA , Brown BH , Healey TJ , Daayana S , Martin M , Prendiville W , Kitchener HC 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo determine if electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) improves the diagnostic accuracy of colposcopy when used as an adjunct.DesignProspective, comparative, multi‐centre clinical study.SettingThree colposcopy clinics: two in England and one in Ireland.PopulationWomen referred with abnormal cytology.MethodsIn phase 1, EIS was assessed against colposcopic impression and histopathology of the biopsies taken. In phase 2, a probability index and cut‐off value for the detection of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HG–CIN, i.e. grade CIN2+) was derived to indicate sites for biopsy. EIS data collection and analyses were performed in real time and blinded to the clinician. The phase‐2 data were analysed using different cut‐off values to assess performance of EIS as an adjunct.Main outcome measureHistologically confirmed HG–CIN (CIN2+).ResultsA total of 474 women were recruited: 214 were eligible for analysis in phase 1, and 215 were eligible in phase 2. The average age was 33.2 years (median age 30.3 years, range 20–64 years) and 48.5% (208/429) had high‐grade cytology. Using the cut‐off from phase 1 the accuracy of colposcopic impression to detect HG–CIN when using EIS as an adjunct at the time of examination improved the positive predictive value (PPV) from 78.1% (95% CI 67.5–86.4) to 91.5%. Specificity was also increased from 83.5% (95% CI 75.2–89.9) to 95.4%, but sensitivity was significantly reduced from 73.6% (95% CI 63.0–82.5) to 62.1%, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was unchanged. The positive likelihood ratio for colposcopic impression alone was 4.46. This increased to 13.5 when EIS was used as an adjunct. The overall accuracy of colposcopy when used with EIS as an adjunct was assessed by varying the cut‐off applied to a combined test index. Using a cut‐off set to give the same sensitivity as colposcopy in phase 2, EIS increased the PPV to detect HG–CIN from 53.5% (95% CI 45.0–61.8) to 67%, and specificity increased from 38.5% (95% CI 29.4–48.3) to 65.1%. NPV was not significantly increased. Alternatively, applying a cut‐off to give the same specificity as colposcopy alone increased EIS sensitivity from 88.5% (95% CI 79.9–94.4) to 96.6%, and NPV from 80.8% (95% CI 67.5–90.4) to 93.3%. PPV was not significantly increased. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) to detect HG–CIN had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.887 (95% CI 0.840–0.934).ConclusionsEIS used as an adjunct to colposcopy improves colposcopic performance. The addition of EIS could lead to more appropriate patient management with lower intervention rates.
Human papillomavirus and non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Hsu Nan‐Yung , Lee Hue , Yen Yun , Cheng Ya‐Wen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractLung cancer is the most common cause of cancer‐related deaths in the world, causing more than one million deaths worldwide each year. Human papillomavirus (HPV) are small non‐enveloped DNA viruses that infect squamous epithelial cells. Relevant studies have reported lung cancer‐related HPV infection rates that fluctuate between 10% and 80%, depending on the various research methods and geographical factors. Various scholars gathered statistics from global research reports and found that 22.4% of the patients with lung cancer presented with an HPV infection, which suggested that HPV infection may relate to the tumorigenesis of non‐small cell lung cancer. This article will review the history and discovery of HPV, the correlation between HPV and lung cancer development, and carcinogenesis caused by HPV regulatory genes, such as p53, p21, p16INK4a, and genes related to hypermethylation and genome instability in lung cancer patients with HPV infection. In addition, because studies have highlighted the difference in clinical prognosis for HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative patients, articles demonstrating the correlation between HPV infection and prognosis for lung cancer patients will be reviewed.
Rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus and non‐rotaviral gastroenteritis analysis of hospital readmissions in England and Wales
Authors: Pockett Rhys D. , Campbell David , Carroll Stuart , Rajoriya Fiona , Adlard Nick 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo quantify readmissions with infectious diseases and differences in readmission patterns.MethodsUsing the CHKS database, children <5 years admitted to hospital in England and Wales, between 2000 and 2008, with rotavirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or non‐rotaviral gastroenteritis (NRV) were identified. All admissions within a 30‐day prior period were similarly identified, and the proportion of readmissions was calculated.ResultsThere were 365,693 admissions for RV, RSV and NRV; 17.2% were readmissions. In 36% of cases, the cause of the prior admission was also RV, RSV or NRV, with 64% having a different prior diagnosis. The majority of readmissions were within 5 days of their prior admission, the majority of those with RV (n = 2,566/58.7%) within 3 days, NRV (n = 11 326/53.5%) within 4 days and RSV (n = 18 811/50.2%) within 9 days of prior discharge. Readmission for RV was associated with greater LOS than RSV (p < 0.001) and NRV (p < 0.001), while cost per admission was greater for RV compared to RSV (p < 0.001) and NRV (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThirty‐six percent of readmissions indicated discharge without resolution from the first admission; nosocomial infection needs to be considered as a cause in the other. Although RSV represented the largest readmission group, higher costs and longer LOS were associated with RV.
A novel method of collection of saliva for estimation of steroid levels in extremely premature infants
Authors: Ng Sze M , Drury Josephine A , Turner Mark A , Didi Mohammed , Victor Suresh , Newland Paul , Weindling A Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimThe major advantage of salivary cortisol sampling is that it is considerably less invasive than taking a blood sample. However, previous methods of obtaining saliva in premature infants have been poorly tolerated and inaccurate. We describe a simple, non‐distressing technique for obtaining saliva samples to assess extremely premature infants' salivary cortisol status.MethodsWe prospectively obtained early morning saliva samples from extremely premature infants. Their gestational age ranged between 23 and 27 weeks. Saliva was obtained using four standard universal swabs by placing one swab at a time in the infant's mouth for 1–2 min. No salivary stimulants were used.ResultsThere were 65 infants (36 males). Mean gestation was 25.3 ± 1.3 weeks. This technique had a success rate of 85% in obtaining a mean of 150 μL of saliva (range 50–350 μL) by trained staff. No adverse events were recorded.ConclusionWe describe a novel, safe, non‐distressing and effective method of saliva collection for salivary cortisol measurement in extremely premature infants.
Macroinvertebrate community structure, secondary production and trophic‐level dynamics in urban streams affected by non‐point‐source pollution
Authors: JOHNSON ROBERT C. , JIN HWA‐SEONG , CARREIRO MARGARET M. , JACK JEFFREY D. 
Published: January 2013

Summary1. Despite non‐point‐source (NPS) pollution being perhaps the most ubiquitous stressor affecting urban streams, there is a lack of research assessing how urban NPS pollution affects stream ecosystems. We used a natural experimental design approach to assess how stream macroinvertebrate community structure, secondary production and trophic structure are influenced by urban NPS pollution in six streams.2. Differences in macroinvertebrate community structure and secondary production among sites were highly correlated with stream‐water specific conductivity and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations. Macroinvertebrate richness, the Shannon diversity index and the Shannon evenness index were all negatively correlated with specific conductivity. These patterns were driven by differences in the richness and production of EPT and other intolerant taxa. Production of the five most productive taxa, tolerant taxa, non‐insect taxa and primary consumers were all positively correlated with stream‐water DIP.3. Despite the positive correlation between primary consumer production and DIP, there was no correlation between macroinvertebrate predator production and either total or primary consumer macroinvertebrate production. This was observed because DIP was positively correlated with the production of non‐insect macroinvertebrate taxa assumed to be relatively unavailable for macroinvertebrate predator consumption. After removing production of these taxa, we observed a strong positive correlation between macroinvertebrate predator production and production of available prey.4. Our results suggest that urban NPS pollution not only affects macroinvertebrate community structure, but also alters secondary production and trophic‐level dynamics. Differences in taxon production in our study indicate the potential for altered energy flow through stream food webs and potential effects on subsidies of aquatic insect prey to riparian food webs.
Management of non‐healable or maintenance wounds with topical povidone iodine
Authors: Woo Kevin Y 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlthough complete healing may appear to be the logical goal for most patients and clinicians, some wounds do not have the potential to heal due to a number of factors such as inadequate vasculature, coexisting medical conditions and medications that prohibit the healing process. Local management of wounds that are considered to have poor potential for healing remains elusive. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence that supports the use of topical antiseptic agents in non‐healable wounds. Retrospective chart audit was conducted to evaluate the use of povidone iodine in the management of wounds that were deemed to have poor healing potential.
A multinational health professional perspective of the prevalence of mood disorders in patients with acute and chronic wounds
Authors: Upton Dominic , Solowiej Kazia , Woo Kevin Y 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRecent research has started to identify mood disorders and problems associated with acute and chronic wounds, which have been shown to contribute to delayed healing, poor patient well‐being and a reduced quality of life. Furthermore, mood disorders have been shown to have a negative impact on financial costs for service providers and the wider society in terms of treatment and sickness absence. This study aimed to survey a multinational sample of health professionals to explore their perspective and awareness of mood disorders amongst acute and chronic wound patients. Responses were received from n = 908 health professionals working in Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. A strong awareness of the prevalence of mood disorders appeared to be widespread among the health professionals across the world, in addition to a view on the potential factors contributing to these problems with mood. Despite this, it was thought that few patients were actually receiving treatment for their mood disorders. Implications for clinical practice include the need for health professionals to engage actively with their patients to enable them to learn from their experiences. Studies that explore the benefits of treatments and techniques appropriate for minimising mood disorders in patients with wounds would provide empirical evidence for health professionals to make recommendations for patients with acute and chronic wounds.
Student planners in school and out of school: who is managing whom?
Authors: Lenters Kimberly , McTavish Marianne 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the use of student planners (agendas) with elementary school students. It asks how teachers, students and parents in two classrooms engage in the literacy practice of using student planners. A literacy object originally introduced to manage schoolwork in and out of school for students with learning difficulties, planners are now used widely in school districts across North America. In this cross‐case analysis, planners are shown to be used for a number of functions beyond organising students’ schoolwork. The student planners were tools through which teachers, parents and publishers extended their spheres of influence – objects used to manage others when an individual was not physically present to do so and objects used to gain entry to the classrooms and homes for particular purposes.
Improved Design of Automatic Luminometer for Total Bacteria Number Detection Based on ATP Bioluminescence
Authors: Yue Weiwei , Bai Chengjie 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAn improved design of automatic luminometer for rapid detection of total bacterial number by adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence was developed. To reduce the impact of bioluminescence absorption and scattering, an automatic optical calibration unit was embedded into the luminometer. An automatic injection unit was integrated to add reaction reagents automatically for accuracy of quantitative reagents and reaction time. The original data of bioluminescence intensity were fitted to improve the detection range of the improved luminometer. After calibration using bacterial suspension containing known quantity of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the improved luminometer was used to measure more than 500 food samples. The results showed a satisfactory linear response (R = 0.858) when comparing with the results of conventional plate count method in the bacterial concentration range from 10 to 108 cfu/mL. The reproducibility of the luminometer was tested by 12 tests of standard E. coli and S. aureus suspension and the coefficient variation was 8.1%.Practical ApplicationsBased on the principle of ATP bioluminescence technology, an improved automatic luminometer was presented in this paper to detect bacterial numbers in food samples. Through data fitted based on ATP bioluminescence reaction kinetics and optical calibration, the measurement range of bacterial numbers could be improved to 10–108 cfu/mL. More than 500 actual food samples including meat products, dairy products, drink, condiment, candy, and paddy and so on, were selected and the numbers of bacteria were measured by the luminometer. The results demonstrated a good linear relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.858. Therefore, we propose that the improved design of luminometer in this paper has good potential to detect bacteria in food products to assist the safety assessment in food industry in practical applications.