bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Expanded VVP Technique to Resolve Primary and Environmental Circulations in Hurricanes
Authors: Harasti Paul R. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
An expansion of the volume velocity processing (VVP) single-Doppler radar analysis method is presented for use with hurricanes. The so-called hurricane VVP (HVVP) method connects the estimated coefficients of a second-order Taylor series expansion of the wind field to the kinematic properties of a wind model that assumes axisymmetry of the tangential and radial wind and a vertically varying environmental flow. HVVP extracts the average radial profiles of these wind components between 1.0- and 3.5-km altitudes along with two parametric indicators of axisymmetry. A new method is thus provided to simultaneously monitor the trends in lower-tropospheric hurricane and environmental winds near landfall. In addition, novel kinematic approximations between the radial variations of the tangential and radial winds developed for HVVP will be of interest to the hurricane research community.
Estimates of bias caused by expected average deviations of the true wind from the assumed wind model suggest that the HVVP method is capable of estimating the maximum wind magnitude of the primary circulation and the environmental wind components to within ~10% and ~2 m s−1 accuracy, respectively, while the radar is located beyond a distance of 2.5 times the radius of maximum wind from the circulation center. An application of the HVVP method to a case study of Hurricane Bret (1999) shows good agreement between the results from two WSR-88D radars located on opposite sides of the storm and a pseudo triple-Doppler radar wind analysis that included NOAA airborne Doppler radar observations.
The Community Development Progress and Evaluation Tool: Assessing community development fieldwork / Un outil pour évaluer les stages en développement communautaire: Le Community Development Progress and Evaluation Tool
Authors: Boudreau Mary Lou , Donnelly Catherine A. 
Published: September 2013

Background. Both the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (CAOT) and World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) fieldwork guidelines promote fieldwork experiences that build community capacity. Yet, no existing tool that assesses the unique skills of community development fieldwork could be identified within or outside of occupational therapy. Purpose. This article describes the development of the Community Development Progress and Evaluation Tool (CD-PET), an assessment of community development fieldwork in occupational therapy. Tool Development. The CD-PET was developed in five distinct phases: (a) literature review, (b) identification of a theoretical framework, (c) tool construction, (d) pilot testing, and (e) ongoing refinement. Focus groups yielded input from preceptors and students. Once developed, the assessment was pilot tested with feedback received through an online survey completed by preceptors and students. Key enablement skills identified in Enabling Occupation II provided the foundation for the tool. Implication. The CD-PET is a student assessment and learning tool for occupational therapy students and preceptors that supports learning in the key enablement skills that are used in community development fieldwork.
Choice in Multitasking
Authors: Katidioti Ioanna , Taatgen Niels A. 
Published: September 2013

Objective: The objective was to establish the nature of choice in cognitive multitasking. Background: Laboratory studies of multitasking suggest people are rational in their switch choices regarding multitasking, whereas observational studies suggest they are not. Threaded cognition theory predicts that switching is opportunistic and depends on availability of cognitive resources. Method: A total of 21 participants answered e-mails by looking up information (similar to customer service employees) while being interrupted by chat messages. They were free to choose when to switch to the chat message. We analyzed the switching behavior and the time they needed to complete the primary mail task. Results: When participants are faced with a delay in the e-mail task, they switch more often to the chat task at high-workload points. Choosing to switch to the secondary task instead of waiting makes them slower. It also makes them forget the information in the e-mail task half of the time, which slows them down even more. Conclusion: When many cognitive resources are available, the probability of switching from one task to another is high. This does not necessarily lead to optimal switching behavior. Application: Potential applications of this research include the minimization of delays in task design and the inability or discouragement of switching in high-workload moments.
The current practice of lift traffic design using calculation and simulation
Authors: Al-Sharif Lutfi , Al-Adem Mohamed D 
Published: September 2013

Lift traffic design can employ calculation or simulation methods. Calculation can be split into main categories: analytical equation-based methods and numerical methods. Simulation can be split into discrete event simulation and time-slice simulation. These methods vary in the level of computational complexity, as well as their ability to arrive at a value for the required performance parameters with acceptable accuracy and under the general case. Moreover, the repeatability of the results is an important consideration, as well as the simplicity and calculation time of the method used. This technical note provides a general overview of each of the four methods. It also discusses the suitable areas of application of each of the methods, showing the strengths and weaknesses of each of the four methods. This technical note concludes by outlining the current hybrid method used by designers in lift traffic design, whereby one of the calculation methods is used to find a starting arrangement and then the design is fine tuned using one of the simulation methods (e.g. changing speed, capacity of the lifts as well as the group control algorithm) in order to achieve the required average passenger waiting time and average passenger transit time. Practical application: This technical note provides a blueprint to lift traffic designers for the lift traffic design process. It emphasises the fact that calculation and simulation are not mutually exclusive methodologies, and shows how they complement each other, where the former provides a starting design and the latter allows the designer to fine tune the lift traffic design.
Framing Human Rights and Cultural Diversity Training in Social Work Classrooms—the Case of Female Marriage Immigrants in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Hsin-Yi , Tang I-Chen , Liu Pang-Li 
Published: September 2013

Immigration from marriage has been on the increase in Taiwan since the 1980s.There are more and more foreign women from Southeast Asian countries that have married Taiwanese men. After foreign spouses arrive in Taiwan, they face difficulties such as spousal abuse and social stigma. We should be aware that social work undergraduates can be culturally insensitive and may harbor unintentional discrimination toward these immigrants. We propose a module of introducing human rights, cultural diversity and female marriage immigrants into a social work curriculum. This framework is to spread social work education to a new area, namely, human rights.
Psychiatric diagnoses and cognitive impairment in pediatric multiple sclerosis
Authors: Weisbrot Deborah , Charvet Leigh , Serafin Dana , Milazzo Maria , Preston Thomas , Cleary Rebecca , Moadel Tiffany , Seibert Michelle , Belman Anita , Krupp Lauren 
Published: September 2013

Background: Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) represents approximately 5% of the MS population; information regarding clinical features is slowly accumulating. Cognitive and psychiatric impairments frequently occur, but remain poorly understood. Objectives: To describe psychiatric diagnoses among children with MS referred for psychiatric assessment and their relation to cognitive impairment. Methods: Forty-five pediatric MS patients (aged 8 to 17 years) were referred for outpatient psychiatric evaluation including a psychiatric interview (K-SADS), a clinician-based global assessment of functioning (Children’s Global Assessment Scale, CGAS), a neurologic examination including the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and a neuropsychological test battery. Results: The most common categories of psychiatric diagnoses were anxiety disorders ( n=15), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, n=12), and mood disorders ( n=11). Cognitive impairment was classified in 20/25 (80%) of patients meeting criteria for a psychiatric disorder versus 11/20 (55%) of those without psychiatric disorder ( p=0.08). Those diagnosed with anxiety or mood disorder had the highest frequency of cognitive impairment, with a significantly higher rate when compared with those with psychiatric diagnoses in other categories ( p=0.05). Conclusions: A variety of psychiatric diagnoses can occur in children with pediatric MS. Many of these children also had cognitive impairment, particularly those in the mood and anxiety groups.
Antibiotic Precautions in Athletes
Authors: Fayock Kristopher , Voltz Matthew , Sandella Bradley , Close Jeremy , Lunser Matthew , Okon Joshua 
Published: September 2013

Context: Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment for bacterial infections in patients of all ages. Athletes who maximally train are at risk for illness and various infections. Routinely used antibiotics have been linked to tendon injuries, cardiac arrhythmias, diarrhea, photosensitivity, cartilage issues, and decreased performance. Evidence Acquisition: Relevant articles published from 1989 to 2012 obtained through searching MEDLINE and OVID. Also, the Food and Drug Administration website was utilized. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Results: The team physician should consider alternative medications in place of the “drug of choice” when adverse drug effects are a concern for an athlete’s health or performance. If alternative medications cannot be selected, secondary preventative measures, including sunscreen or probiotics, may be needed. Conclusion: Physicians choose medications based on a variety of factors to help ensure infection resolution while limiting potential side effects. Extra precautions are indicated when treating athletes with certain antibiotics.
Socioeconomic demographics of patients referred to the Scottish National Service: Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Urinary Dysfunction
Authors: Lim DBN , Ramsay AK , Small DR , Conn IG 
Published: September 2013

Aim: Implantation of a permanent sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) device is reserved for patients who have demonstrated benefit during testing and patients selected for implantation must have shown a minimum level of understanding with the technology. The hypothesis behind this study was that the Scottish SNS for Urinary Dysfunction service unknowingly selected patients from higher socioeconomic classes, who seemed more likely to manage the technology. The objectives of this study were to analyse socioeconomic status of referrals and to compare socioeconomic classes of referrals which were (a) accepted for testing and (b) proceeding to permanent implantation. Methods and results: All patients referred to the service from April 2010–February 2013 were included in this study. Using the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2012, each patient’s postcode was matched to the corresponding datazone quintile (1–5, in descending order of deprivation). Altogether 178 referrals were analysed with no significant differences between each quintile observed: of these 56.7% progressed to testing, and 36.5 % progressed to permanent implantation with no significant difference in proportion between each quintile. Conclusion: Reassuringly, patient selection for sacral nerve stimulation in our study demonstrated no significant discrimination by socioeconomic status.
Anorectal toxicity of external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer
Authors: Bajwa Adeel , Raeburn Amanda , Taylor Stuart , Cohen Richard , Payne Heather , Emmanuel Anton 
Published: September 2013

Introduction: Maximising radiotherapy dosage is associated with better tumour response in prostate cancer. High dose three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D CRT) has allowed dose escalation to be safely achieved and the current standard dose in the UK with this technique is 74 Grays (Gy). Documenting normal tissue tolerance is critical and forms the basis of this prospective study of anorectal toxicity. Patients and methods: Seventeen consecutive men (median age 72 (range 50–79) years) with localised or locally advanced prostate cancer treated with 74 Gy of 3D CRT were studied. Wexner incontinence scores, comprehensive anorectal physiology and endoanal ultrasound were measured before and four months after completing treatment. Results: Wexner incontinence scores increased from a median of 0 to 1 (range 0–6) with treatment ( p=0.001). Patients developed faecal urgency (7/17), passive faecal loss (5/17) or a combination of both (3/17) as new anorectal symptoms. No patients reported episodes of frank faecal incontinence. A significant decline in rectal mucosal electrosensitivity (mean (standard deviation (SD)) thresholds increasing from 24.7 (10.7) to 34.3 (9.3) mA after treatment, p=0.003) and an increase in rectal elastance (mean (SD) of 0.056 (0.03) mm Hg/ml to 0.078 (0.036) mm Hg/ml pre- and post-treatment respectively, p=0.0181) was seen. No changes in anal canal manometry, rectal distension volumes and endoanal ultrasound were noted. Conclusions: Early anorectal symptoms are common after 3D CRT for prostate cancer. Rectal injury is evident with an increase in wall stiffness and a decrease in mucosal sensitivity. Longer term studies monitoring anorectal toxicity are warranted.
In vitro three-dimensional modeling of fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells
Authors: Lawrenson Kate , Notaridou Maria , Lee Nathan , Benjamin Elizabeth , Jacobs Ian J , Jones Christopher , Gayther Simon A 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells (FTSECs) have been implicated as a cell-of-origin for high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer. However, there are relatively few in vitro models of this tissue type available for use in studies of FTSEC biology and malignant transformation. In vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models aim to recreate the architecture and geometry of tissues in vivo and restore the complex network of cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions that occur throughout the surface of the cell membrane.

Results
We have established and characterized 3D spheroid culture models of primary FTSECs. FTSEC spheroids contain central cores of hyaline matrix surrounded by mono- or multi-layer epithelial sheets. We found that 3D culturing alters the molecular characteristics of FTSECs compared to 2D cultures of the same cells. Gene expression profiling identified more than a thousand differentially expressed genes between 3D and 2D cultures of the same FTSEC lines. Pathways significantly under-represented in 3D FTSEC cultures were associated with cell cycle progression and DNA replication. This was also reflected in the reduced proliferative indices observed in 3D spheroids stained for the proliferation marker MIB1. Comparisons with gene expression profiles of fresh fallopian tube tissues revealed that 2D FTSEC cultures clustered with follicular phase tubal epithelium, whereas 3D FTSEC cultures clustered with luteal phase samples.

Conclusions
This 3D model of fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells will advance our ability to study the underlying biology and etiology of fallopian tube tissues and the pathogenesis of high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer.
Tissue sparing, behavioral recovery, supraspinal axonal sparing/regeneration following sub-acute glial transplantation in a model of spinal cord contusion
Authors: Barbour Helen R , Plant Christine D , Harvey Alan R , Plant Giles W 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
It has been shown that olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) and Schwann cell (SCs) transplantation are beneficial as cellular treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI), especially acute and sub-acute time points. In this study, we transplanted DsRED transduced adult OEG and SCs sub-acutely (14 days) following a T10 moderate spinal cord contusion injury in the rat. Behaviour was measured by open field (BBB) and horizontal ladder walking tests to ascertain improvements in locomotor function. Fluorogold staining was injected into the distal spinal cord to determine the extent of supraspinal and propriospinal axonal sparing/regeneration at 4 months post injection time point. The purpose of this study was to investigate if OEG and SCs cells injected sub acutely (14 days after injury) could: (i) improve behavioral outcomes, (ii) induce sparing/regeneration of propriospinal and supraspinal projections, and (iii) reduce tissue loss.

Results
OEG and SCs transplanted rats showed significant increased locomotion when compared to control injury only in the open field tests (BBB). However, the ladder walk test did not show statistically significant differences between treatment and control groups. Fluorogold retrograde tracing showed a statistically significant increase in the number of supraspinal nuclei projecting into the distal spinal cord in both OEG and SCs transplanted rats. These included the raphe, reticular and vestibular systems. Further pairwise multiple comparison tests also showed a statistically significant increase in raphe projecting neurons in OEG transplanted rats when compared to SCs transplanted animals. Immunohistochemistry of spinal cord sections short term (2 weeks) and long term (4 months) showed differences in host glial activity, migration and proteoglycan deposits between the two cell types. Histochemical staining revealed that the volume of tissue remaining at the lesion site had increased in all OEG and SCs treated groups. Significant tissue sparing was observed at both time points following glial SCs transplantation. In addition, OEG transplants showed significantly decreased chondroitin proteoglycan synthesis in the lesion site, suggesting a more CNS tolerant graft.

Conclusions
These results show that transplantation of OEG and SCs in a sub-acute phase can improve anatomical outcomes after a contusion injury to the spinal cord, by increasing the number of spared/regenerated supraspinal fibers, reducing cavitation and enhancing tissue integrity. This provides important information on the time window of glial transplantation for the repair of the spinal cord.
Comparison of rectal swabs and faeces for real-time PCR detection of enteric agents in Rwandan children with gastroenteritis
Authors: Kabayiza Jean-Claude , Andersson Maria E , Welinder-Olsson Christina , Bergström Tomas , Muhirwa Gregoire , Lindh Magnus 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Molecular diagnostics have emerged as an efficient and feasible alternative for broad detection of pathogens in faeces. However, collection of stool samples is often impractical in both clinical work and in epidemiology studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of rectal swabs as compared with traditional faeces samples for detection of enteric agents by PCR.

Method
Three hundred twenty-six pairs of rectal swab and stool samples, obtained from Rwandan children aged 0.5-4.99 years, with or without diarrhoea, were analysed by multiple real-time PCR amplifying 3 viral, 6 bacterial and one protozoan target.

Results
For all agents there was a significant correlation (R2 0.31-0.85) between Ct values in faeces and rectal swabs. For most agents the Ct values, a marker for target concentration, were significantly lower (by 1–3 cycles) in faeces, indicating pathogen content up to ten times higher than in rectal swabs. Despite this, there was no significant difference in detection rate between faeces and rectal swabs for any agent, reflecting that pathogen concentration was far above the limit of detection in the majority of cases.

Conclusion
The similar detection rates and the Ct value correlations as compared with traditional faeces samples indicate that rectal swabs are accurate for real-time PCR-based identification of enteric agents and may be used also for quantitative estimation of pathogen load.
Assessment of population exposure to PM10 for respiratory disease in Lanzhou (China) and its health-related economic costs based on GIS
Authors: Sun Zhaobin , An Xingqin , Tao Yan , Hou Qing 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Evaluation of the adverse health effects of PM10 pollution (particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter) is very important for protecting human health and establishing pollution control policy. Population exposure estimation is the first step in formulating exposure data for quantitative assessment of harmful PM10 pollution.

Methods
In this paper, we estimate PM10 concentration using a spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution 0.01° × 0.01°. PM10 concentration data from monitoring stations are spatially interpolated, based on accurate population data in 2000 using a geographic information system. Then, an interpolated population layer is overlaid with an interpolated PM10 concentration layer, and population exposure levels are calculated. Combined with the exposure-response function between PM10 and health endpoints, economic costs of the adverse health effects of PM10 pollution are analyzed.

Results
The results indicate that the population in Lanzhou urban areas is distributed in a narrow and long belt, and there are relatively large population spatial gradients in the XiGu, ChengGuan and QiLiHe districts. We select threshold concentration C0 at: 0 μg m-3 (no harmful health effects), 20 μg m-3 (recommended by the World Health Organization), and 50 μg m-3 (national first class standard in China) to calculate excess morbidity cases. For these three scenarios, proportions of the economic cost of PM10 pollution-related adverse health effects relative to GDP are 0.206%, 0.194% and 0.175%, respectively. The impact of meteorological factors on PM10 concentrations in 2000 is also analyzed. Sandstorm weather in spring, inversion layers in winter, and precipitation in summer are important factors associated with change in PM10 concentration.

Conclusions
The population distribution by exposure level shows that the majority of people live in polluted areas. With the improvement of evaluation criteria, economic damage of respiratory disease caused by PM10 is much bigger. The health effects of Lanzhou urban residents should not be ignored. The government needs to find a better way to balance the health of residents and economy development. And balance the pros and cons before making a final policy.