bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical Considerations for Perforator Flap Thinning Procedures Revisited
Authors: Prasetyono Theddeus OH , Bangun Kristaninta , Buchari Frank B , Rezkini Putri 
Published: November 2014

Background A thin perforator flap is one of the best methods for covering defects. This study aimed to revisit and further test the rapidly advancing field of flap thinning techniques.
Methods We performed two cadaveric studies to test the known flap thinning methods, and then applied these methods to a clinical series. In the first study, five cadavers were used to observe the anatomical relation of the perforator with the subdermal plexuses and the subcutaneous fat layer by injecting a colored latex solution. The second study was done on four cadavers independently from the first study. Last, a clinical series was performed on 15 patients.
Results The areolar fat lobules of 10 anterolateral thigh perforator (ALT), seven deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP), and six thoracodorsal artery perforator (TAP) flaps were dissected to reduce the flap thickness guided by the colored vascular pattern. On average, the ALT, DIEAP, and TAP flaps were reduced to 32.76%±9.76%, 37.01%±9.21%, and 35.42%±9.41%, respectively. In the second study, the areolar fat lobules were directly dissected in six ALT, six TAP, and four MSAP flaps, and an average reduction in flap thickness of 53.41%±5.64%, 52.30%±2.88%, and 47.87%±6.41%, respectively, was found. In the clinical series, 13 out of the 15 cases yielded satisfactory outcomes with an average thickness reduction of 37.91%±7.15%.
Conclusions These multiple studies showed that the deep fat layer could be safely removed to obtain a thin yet viable perforator flap. This evidence suggests that the macroscopic flap thinning technique can achieve thin flaps. Surgeons should consider this technique before embracing the latest technique of supermicrosurgery.
Comparison of the Complications in Vertical Rectus Abdominis Musculocutaneous Flap with Non-Reconstructed Cases after Pelvic Exenteration
Authors: Jeon Heechang , Yoon Eul Sik , You Hi-Jin , Kim Hyon-Surk , Lee Byung-Il , Park Seung Ha 
Published: November 2014

Background Perineal reconstruction following pelvic exenteration is a challenging area in plastic surgery. Its advantages include preventing complications by obliterating the pelvic dead space and minimizing the scar by using the previous abdominal incision and a vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (VRAM) flap. However, only a few studies have compared the complications and the outcomes following pelvic exenteration between cases with and without a VRAM flap. In this study, we aimed to compare the complications and the outcomes following pelvic exenteration with or without VRAM flap coverage.
Methods We retrospectively reviewed the cases of nine patients for whom transpelvic VRAM flaps were created following pelvic exenteration due to pelvic malignancy. The complications and outcomes in these patients were compared with those of another nine patients who did not undergo such reconstruction.
Results Flap reconstruction was successful in eight cases, with minor complications such as wound infection and dehiscence. In all cases in the reconstructed group (n=9), structural integrity was maintained and major complications including bowel obstruction and infection were prevented by obliterating the pelvic dead space. In contrast, in the control group (n=9), peritonitis and bowel obstruction occurred in 1 case (11%).
Conclusions Despite the possibility of flap failure and minor complications, a VRAM flap can result in adequate perineal reconstruction to prevent major complications of pelvic exenteration.
A Retrospective Analysis of Ruptured Breast Implants
Authors: Baek Woo Yeol , Lew Dae Hyun , Lee Dong Won 
Published: November 2014

Background Rupture is an important complication of breast implants. Before cohesive gel silicone implants, rupture rates of both saline and silicone breast implants were over 10%. Through an analysis of ruptured implants, we can determine the various factors related to ruptured implants.
Methods We performed a retrospective review of 72 implants that were removed for implant rupture between 2005 and 2014 at a single institution. The following data were collected: type of implants (saline or silicone), duration of implantation, type of implant shell, degree of capsular contracture, associated symptoms, cause of rupture, diagnostic tools, and management.
Results Forty-five Saline implants and 27 silicone implants were used. Rupture was diagnosed at a mean of 5.6 and 12 years after insertion of saline and silicone implants, respectively. There was no association between shell type and risk of rupture. Spontaneous was the most common reason for the rupture. Rupture management was implant change (39 case), microfat graft (2 case), removal only (14 case), and follow-up loss (17 case).
Conclusions Saline implants have a shorter average duration of rupture, but diagnosis is easier and safer, leading to fewer complications. Previous-generation silicone implants required frequent follow-up observation, and it is recommended that they be changed to a cohesive gel implant before hidden rupture occurs.
Amelanotic Melanoma of the Root of the Tongue in A Canine Patient Treated by Electrochemotherapy
Authors: F.H. Maglietti  , S.D. Michinski  , I. Ricotti  , P. Maure  , L.M. Mir  , N. Olaiz  , G. Marshall  
Published: November 2014

Background: Electrochemotherapy is a novel tumor treatment routinely used for cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors in human patients in the European Union since 2006. Here we used it to treat an amelanotic melanoma of the root of the tongue in a canine patient. Case Presentation: The patient was a 9 year-old, female, Golden Retriever, dehydrated, cachectic and in a bad general condition due to the difficulty in eating and drinking provoked by the tumor. The procedure was performed with general anesthesia, with intravenous administration of bleomycin, and went uneventful. The only adverse effect was an important swelling of the tongue which lasted 2 days and was controlled with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Results and Conclusion: A good local control of the disease was achieved with a 83% reduction of the tumor mass, at day 21 after a single treatment. On the 33rd day the patient died after a digestive hemorrhage not related to the treatment. Electrochemotherapy was found a good approach to locally control the disease. The swelling of the tongue was an important side effect which has to be taken into account when treating this organ, and should be controlled with medication.
Impact of fluid deformation on mixing‐induced chemical reactions in heterogeneous flows
Authors: Borgne Tanguy Le , Ginn Timothy R. , Dentz Marco 
Published: November 2014

AbstractFast chemical reactions in geophysical flows are controlled by fluid mixing, which perturbs local chemical equilibria and thus triggers chemical reactions. Spatial fluctuations in the flow velocity lead to deformation of material fluid elements, which form the support volumes of transported chemical species. We develop an approach based on a lamellar representation of fluid mixing that provides a direct link between fluid deformation, the distribution of concentration gradients, and the upscaled reaction rates for fast reversible reactions. The temporal evolution of effective reaction rates is determined by the flow topology and the distribution of local velocity gradients. This leads to a significant increase of the reaction efficiency, which turns out to be orders of magnitude larger than in homogeneous flow. This approach allows for the systematic evaluation of the temporal evolution of equilibrium reaction rates and establishes a direct link between the reaction efficiency and the spatial characteristics of the underlying flow field as quantified by the deformation of material fluid elements.
Whistler‐mode waves inside flux pileup region: Structured or unstructured?
Authors: Fu H. S. , Cao J. B. , Cully C. M. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Vaivads A. , Angelopoulos V. , Zong Q.‐G. , Santolík O. , Macúšová E. , André M. , Liu W. L. , Lu H. Y. , Zhou M. , Huang S. Y. , Zhima Z. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDuring reconnection, a flux pileup region (FPR) is formed behind a dipolarization front in an outflow jet. Inside the FPR, the magnetic field magnitude and Bz component increase and the whistler‐mode waves are observed frequently. As the FPR convects toward the Earth during substorms, it is obstructed by the dipolar geomagnetic field to form a near‐Earth FPR. Unlike the structureless emissions inside the tail FPR, we find that the whistler‐mode waves inside the near‐Earth FPR can exhibit a discrete structure similar to chorus. Both upper band and lower band chorus are observed, with the upper band having a larger propagation angle (and smaller wave amplitude) than the lower band. Most chorus elements we observed are “rising‐tone” type, but some are “falling‐tone” type. We notice that the rising‐tone chorus can evolve into falling‐tone chorus within <3 s. One of the factors that may explain why the waves are unstructured inside the tail FPR but become discrete inside the near‐Earth FPR is the spatial inhomogeneity of magnetic field: we find that such inhomogeneity is small inside the near‐Earth FPR but large inside the tail FPR.
Tectonic control on the petrophysical properties of foredeep sandstone in the Central Apennines, Italy
Authors: Smeraglia Luca , Trippetta Fabio , Carminati Eugenio , Mollo Silvio 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPetrophysical properties of rocks and their applicability at larger scale are a challenging topic in Earth sciences. Petrophysical properties of rocks are severely affected by boundary conditions, rock fabric/microstructure, and tectonics that require a multiscale approach to be properly defined. Here we (1) report laboratory measurements of density, porosity, permeability, and P wave velocities at increasing confining pressure conducted on Miocene foredeep sandstones (Frosinone Formation); (2) compare the laboratory results with larger‐scale geophysical investigations; and (3) discuss the effect of thrusting on the properties of sandstones. At ambient pressure, laboratory porosity varied from 2.2% to 13.8% and P wave velocities (Vp) from 1.5 km/s to 2.7 km/s. The P wave velocity increased with confining pressure, reaching between 3.3 km/s and 4.7 km/s at 100 MPa. In situ Vp profiles, measured using sonic logs, matched the ultrasonic laboratory measurement well. The permeability varied between 1.4 × 10−15 m2 and 3.9 × 10−15 m2 and was positively correlated with porosity. The porosity and permeability of samples taken at various distances to the Olevano–Antrodoco fault plane progressively decreased with distance while P wave velocity increased. At about 1 km from the fault plane, the relative variations reached 43%, 65%, and 20% for porosity, permeability, and P wave velocity, respectively. This suggests that tectonic loading changed the petrophysical properties inherited from sedimentation and diagenesis. Using field constraints and assuming overburden‐related inelastic compaction in the proximity of the fault plane, we conclude that the fault reached the mechanical condition for rupture in compression at differential stress of 64.8 MPa at a depth of 1500 m.
Decoupling of Pacific subduction zone guided waves beneath central Japan: Evidence for thin slab
Authors: Padhy Simanchal , Furumura Takashi , Maeda Takuto 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe fine‐scale seismic structure of the northeast Japan subduction zone is studied based on waveform analyses of moderate‐sized (M4.5–6), deep‐focus earthquakes (h >350 km) and the finite difference method (FDM) simulation of high‐frequency (up to 8 Hz) wave propagation. Strong regional S wave attenuation anomalies for specific source‐receiver paths connecting the cluster of events occurring in central part of the Sea of Japan recorded at fore arc stations in northern and central Japanese Islands (Honshu) are used to model the deeper structure of the subducting Pacific Plate, where recent teleseismic tomography has shown evidence for a possible slab tear westward beneath the Sea of Japan. The character of the observed anomalous S wave attenuation and the following high‐frequency coda can be captured with the two‐dimensional (2‐D) FDM simulation of seismic waves in heterogeneous plate model, incorporating the thinning of the plate at depth, which is also compared with other possible causes of dramatic attenuation of high‐frequency S wave due to low‐Q or much weaker heterogeneities in the slab. The results of simulation clearly demonstrate that the dramatic loss of high‐frequency S wavefield from the plate into the surrounding mantle occurred due to the variation in the plate geometry (i.e., thinning of the plate) at depth near the source rather than due to variation in physical properties, such as due to the lowered‐Q and weaker heterogeneities in the plate. The presence of such a thin zone defocuses the high‐frequency slab‐guided S wave energy from the subducting plate into the surrounding mantle and acts as a geometric antiwaveguide. Based on the sequence of simulation results obtained, we propose thinning of Pacific Plate at depth subducting beneath northeastern Japan, localized to central part of Honshu, in agreement with the observations.
Variations of stratospheric water vapor over the past three decades
Authors: Dessler A. E. , Schoeberl M. R. , Wang T. , Davis S. M. , Rosenlof K. H. , Vernier J.‐P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe examine variations in water vapor in air entering the stratosphere through the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) over the past three decades in satellite data and in a trajectory model. Most of the variance can be explained by three processes that affect the TTL: the quasi‐biennial oscillation, the strength of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation, and the temperature of the tropical troposphere. When these factors act in phase, significant variations in water entering the stratosphere are possible. We also find that volcanic eruptions, which inject aerosol into the TTL, affect the amount of water entering the stratosphere. While there is clear decadal variability in the data and models, we find little evidence for a long‐term trend in water entering the stratosphere through the TTL over the past 3 decades.
Efficient Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of exo‐Nitroprolinates by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphoramidite⋅Silver(I) Complexes
Authors: Castelló Luis M. , Nájera Carmen , Sansano José M. , Larrañaga Olatz , de Cózar Abel , Cossío Fernando P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractChiral complexes formed by privileged phosphoramidites and silver triflate or silver benzoate are excellent catalysts for the general 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition between azomethine ylides generated from α‐amino acid‐derived imino esters and nitroalkenes affording with high dr the exo‐cycloadducts 4,5‐trans‐2,5‐cis‐4‐nitroprolinates in high ee at room temperature. In general, better results are obtained using silver rather than copper(II) complexes. In many cases the exo‐cycloadducts can be obtained in enantiomerically pure form just after simple recrystallization. The mechanism and the justification of the experimentally observed stereodiscrimination of the process are supported by DFT calculations. These enantiomerically enriched exo‐nitroprolinates can be used as reagents for the synthesis of nitropiperidines, by ester reduction and ring expansion, which are inhibitors of farnesyltransferase.magnified image
Enzymatic Redox Cascade for One‐Pot Synthesis of Uridine 5′‐Diphosphate Xylose from Uridine 5′‐Diphosphate Glucose
Authors: Eixelsberger Thomas , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSynthetic ways towards uridine 5′‐diphosphate (UDP)‐xylose are scarce and not well established, although this compound plays an important role in the glycobiology of various organisms and cell types. We show here how UDP‐glucose 6‐dehydrogenase (hUGDH) and UDP‐xylose synthase 1 (hUXS) from Homo sapiens can be used for the efficient production of pure UDP‐α‐xylose from UDP‐glucose. In a mimic of the natural biosynthetic route, UDP‐glucose is converted to UDP‐glucuronic acid by hUGDH, followed by subsequent formation of UDP‐xylose by hUXS. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) required in the hUGDH reaction is continuously regenerated in a three‐step chemo‐enzymatic cascade. In the first step, reduced NAD+ (NADH) is recycled by xylose reductase from Candida tenuis via reduction of 9,10‐phenanthrenequinone (PQ). Radical chemical re‐oxidation of this mediator in the second step reduces molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that is cleaved by bovine liver catalase in the last step. A comprehensive analysis of the coupled chemo‐enzymatic reactions revealed pronounced inhibition of hUGDH by NADH and UDP‐xylose as well as an adequate oxygen supply for PQ re‐oxidation as major bottlenecks of effective performance of the overall multi‐step reaction system. Net oxidation of UDP‐glucose to UDP‐xylose by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could thus be achieved when using an in situ oxygen supply through periodic external feed of H2O2 during the reaction. Engineering of the interrelated reaction parameters finally enabled production of 19.5 mM (10.5 g L−1) UDP‐α‐xylose. After two‐step chromatographic purification the compound was obtained in high purity (>98%) and good overall yield (46%). The results provide a strong case for application of multi‐step redox cascades in the synthesis of nucleotide sugar products.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Hydroxymethylation of Aryl‐ and Heteroarylboronic Acids using Aqueous Formaldehyde
Authors: Yamamoto Tetsuya , Zhumagazin Azamat , Furusawa Takuma , Tanaka Ryoji , Yamakawa Tetsu , Oe Yohei , Ohta Tetsuo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCyclometallated NHC palladium complexes prepared from palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2] and unsymmetrical 1,3‐diarylimidazolinium salts catalyzed the hydroxymethylation of (hetero)arylboronic acids using an excess amount of formalin to afford (hetero)arylmethanols in good to satisfactory yields.magnified image
Functional morphology of the hallucal metatarsal with implications for inferring grasping ability in extinct primates
Authors: Goodenberger Katherine E. , Boyer Doug M. , Orr Caley M. , Jacobs Rachel L. , Femiani John C. , Patel Biren A. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTPrimate evolutionary morphologists have argued that selection for life in a fine branch niche resulted in grasping specializations that are reflected in the hallucal metatarsal (Mt1) morphology of extant “prosimians”, while a transition to use of relatively larger, horizontal substrates explains the apparent loss of such characters in anthropoids. Accordingly, these morphological characters—Mt1 torsion, peroneal process length and thickness, and physiological abduction angle—have been used to reconstruct grasping ability and locomotor mode in the earliest fossil primates. Although these characters are prominently featured in debates on the origin and subsequent radiation of Primates, questions remain about their functional significance. This study examines the relationship between these morphological characters of the Mt1 and a novel metric of pedal grasping ability for a large number of extant taxa in a phylogenetic framework. Results indicate greater Mt1 torsion in taxa that engage in hallucal grasping and in those that utilize relatively small substrates more frequently. This study provides evidence thatCarpolestes simpsonihas a torsion value more similar to grasping primates than to any scandentian. The results also show that taxa that habitually grasp vertical substrates are distinguished from other taxa in having relatively longer peroneal processes. Furthermore, a longer peroneal process is also correlated with calcaneal elongation, a metric previously found to reflect leaping proclivity. A more refined understanding of the functional associations between Mt1 morphology and behavior in extant primates enhances the potential for using these morphological characters to comprehend primate (locomotor) evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:327–348, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐throughput sequencing of fecalDNAto identify insects consumed by wildWeddell's saddleback tamarins (Saguinus weddelli,Cebidae,Primates) inBolivia
Authors: Mallott E.K. , Malhi R.S. , Garber P.A. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTThe genusSaguinusrepresents a successful radiation of over 20 species of small‐bodied New World monkeys. Studies of the tamarin diet indicate that insects and small vertebrates account for ∼16–45% of total feeding and foraging time, and represent an important source of lipids, protein, and metabolizable energy. Although tamarins are reported to commonly consume large‐bodied insects such as grasshoppers and walking sticks (Orthoptera), little is known concerning the degree to which smaller or less easily identifiable arthropod prey comprises an important component of their diet. To better understand tamarin arthropod feeding behavior, fecal samples from 20 wild Bolivian saddleback tamarins (members of five groups) were collected over a 3 week period in June 2012, and analyzed for the presence of arthropod DNA. DNA was extracted using a Qiagen stool extraction kit, and universal insect primers were created and used to amplify a ∼280 bp section of the COI mitochondrial gene. Amplicons were sequenced on the Roche 454 sequencing platform using high‐throughput sequencing techniques. An analysis of these samples indicated the presence of 43 taxa of arthropods including 10 orders, 15 families, and 12 identified genera. Many of these taxa had not been previously identified in the tamarin diet. These results highlight molecular analysis of fecal DNA as an important research tool for identifying anthropod feeding patterns in primates, and reveal broad diversity in the taxa, foraging microhabitats, and size of arthropods consumed by tamarin monkeys. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:474–481, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Critical role of the right uncinate fasciculus in emotional empathy
Authors: Oishi Kenichi , Faria Andreia V. , Hsu John , Tippett Donna , Mori Susumu , Hillis Argye E. 
Published: November 2014

ObjectiveCommon neurological diseases or injuries that can affect the right hemisphere, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and frontotemporal dementia, disrupt emotional empathy—the ability to share in and make inferences about how other people feel. This impairment negatively impacts social interactions and relationships. Accumulating evidence indicates that emotional empathy depends on coordinated functions of orbitofrontal cortex, anterior insula, anterior cingulate, temporal pole, and amygdala, but few studies have investigated effects of lesions to white matter tracts that connect these structures. We tested the hypothesis that percentage damage to specific white matter tracts connecting these gray matter structures predicts error rate in an emotional empathy task after acute right hemisphere ischemic stroke.MethodsWe used multivariate linear regression with percentage damage to 8 white matter tracts, age, and education as independent variables and error rate on emotional empathy as the dependent variable to test a predictive model of emotional empathy in 30 patients with acute ischemic right hemisphere stroke.ResultsPercentage damage to 8 white matter tracts along with age and education predicted the error rate in emotional empathy, but only percentage damage to the uncinate fasciculus was independently associated with error rate. Participants with right uncinate fasciculus lesions were significantly more impaired than right hemisphere stroke patients without uncinate fasciculus lesions in the emotional empathy task.InterpretationThe right uncinate fasciculus plays an important role in the emotional empathy network. Patients with lesions in this network should be evaluated for empathy, so that deficits can be addressed. ANN NEUROL 2015;77:68–74