bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct measurement of lower thermospheric neutral density using multifrequency incoherent scattering
Authors: Nicolls Michael J. , Bahcivan Hasan , Häggström Ingemar , Rietveld Michael 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIncoherent scatter (IS) is sensitive to collisional properties of the ion gas when the mean free path is close to the radar wave number. However, it has been traditionally difficult to infer the rate of collisions from IS measurements because of ambiguities in the theory for measurements at a single wave number (k). We demonstrate that multifrequency measurements to achieve diversity in k can allow for direct inference of the composition‐weighted ion‐neutral collision frequency in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. By direct, we mean that no significant constraints are imposed on the interpretation of the IS spectra and that interpretation relies only on the IS formalism (rather than a steady state ion‐momentum equation, for example). The technique is demonstrated using measurements from the European Incoherent Scatter VHF and UHF radar systems. This technique can be used to investigate neutral atmosphere variations as well as the validity of collision models commonly used in the IS formalism.
Enhancement of ultralow frequency wave amplitudes at the plasmapause
Authors: Clausen L. B. N. , Glassmeier K.‐H. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe present measurements of ultralow frequency (ULF) wave amplitudes measured by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes while crossing the plasmapause. During one crossing on 24 June 2007 which we study in detail, all three probes of which data that were obtained show an increase in the ULF compressional wave amplitude between 10 and 50 mHz by about 30%. These results are confirmed by a statistical study that examines the ULF compressional wave amplitude in the same frequency range averaged over 132 sharp plasmapause crossings between June 2007 and December 2007 made by THEMIS C, D, and E. Sharp plasmapause crossings are defined as those where the density increases by more than a factor of 50 over a spatial scale of 500 km. We find that assuming that the plasmapause can be approximated by a tangential MHD discontinuity, a ULF wave amplitude enhancement of 30% is in good agreement with theoretical transmission coefficient calculations if the plasma density increases from about 4 cm−3 on the magnetospheric trough side to about 540 cm−3 on the plasmaspheric side while simultaneously the magnetic field magnitude increases from 250 nT to 350 nT. These results might have important implications for the detection of global fast modes by satellites as their amplitude is hence expected to be higher inside the plasmasphere than outside.
On the physical and biogeochemical processes driving the high frequency variability of CO2 fugacity at 6°S, 10°W: Potential role of the internal waves
Authors: Parard Gaëlle , Boutin J. , Cuypers Y. , Bouruet‐Aubertot P. , Caniaux G. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe availability of nutrients in the mixed layer is the main limitation to organic carbon biological production in the tropical regions. In this paper, we investigate the potential role of internal waves at promoting the development of biological activity on a PIRATA mooring at 6°S, 10°W. This mooring is located above the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge where we observe strong internal waves. Using a one‐dimensional physical and biogeochemical coupled model, we simulate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Providing the influence of vertical advection and turbulent diapycnal diffusivity are (it is vertical advection + turbulent dipycnal mixing) accounted for, we find that this model provides a good fit with observed in situ CO2 fugacity (fCO2). Main effect of internal waves is to rapidly increase the DIC, thus the fCO2 and the nutrients in the mixed layer. The latter induce progressive development of biological activity leading to gradual DIC decrease. Our study highlights the importance of correctly taking into account the effect of internal waves in tropical regions.
Informed Consent in Genetics
Authors: Knoppers Bartha M , Avard Denise , Thorogood Adrian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis chapter discusses the important role that informed consent plays in healthcare and medical research involving genetic testing. The requirement of informed consent for treatment and research poses additional difficulties for certain populations. The ethical challenges posed by the informed consent process for newborns, children, adolescents and incompetent adults are each addressed separately. This chapter also highlights two recent developments that have implications for informed consent: next‐generation genetic sequencing technologies and biobanking. These developments increase uncertainty over the predictive value of genetic test results. They also raise ethical concerns about the disclosure of the results of genetic tests to individuals and families, and the storage and future use of samples and data. In order to protect the interests of patients and research participants, these issues need to be addressed in the informed consent process.Key Concepts:Informed consent must be obtained before medical treatment or participation in medical research.Parental consent is generally required for research involving children and adolescents. Parental consent must be exercised in the best interests of the child or adolescent. In some circumstances, adolescents may be authorised to consent themselves for medical care or research.Whenever possible, assent from the child should be obtained according to his or her level of development and capacities.Research involving children and adolescents should present no more than minimal risk, unless there is a prospect of direct benefit.Explicit parental consent is not required for newborn screening since it is traditionally justified by the right of the child to receive the potential health benefits from screening.The storage of newborn bloodspots has increased the demand that newborn screening samples be made available for research.Biobanking involving children or newborn bloodspots has the potential to generate new medical knowledge but poses ethical challenges.The volume of data produced by next‐generation sequencing poses new challenges for informed consent, especially because of the possibility of discovery of incidental findings.The return of results in paediatric genetic studies raises complex issues for the use of next‐generation sequencing where incidental findings are revealed.Genetic research and diagnostic testing can also pose challenges for competent adults given the familial nature of genetic information.Research on incompetent adults is now allowed if it provides at least an indirect benefit to the related population, but few guidelines exist to allow legal representatives to make decisions about such participation.Biobanking involves the storage of biological samples, often for future research of an uncertain nature. Broad consent has been used to address this issue. Re‐consent of participants may be necessary if the research framework changes.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Quaternary α‐Amino Acids and Their Phosphonate Analogues
Authors: Bera Kalisankar , Namboothiri Irishi N. N. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAsymmetric synthesis of α‐amino acids and their phosphonate analogues has received considerable attention due to their diverse biological activities. Quaternary α‐amino acids and their phosphonate analogues are often more resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation and therefore have been targets of various synthetic endeavors. This Focus Review provides a summary of recent approaches to catalytic asymmetric synthesis of quaternary α‐amino acids and α‐aminophosphonates.
Population Shuffling of Protein Conformations
Authors: Smith Colin A. , Ban David , Pratihar Supriya , Giller Karin , Schwiegk Claudia , de Groot Bert L. , Becker Stefan , Griesinger Christian , Lee Donghan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractMotions play a vital role in the functions of many proteins. Discrete conformational transitions to excited states, happening on timescales of hundreds of microseconds, have been extensively characterized. On the other hand, the dynamics of the ground state are widely unexplored. Newly developed high‐power relaxation dispersion experiments allow the detection of motions up to a one‐digit microsecond timescale. These experiments showed that side chains in the hydrophobic core as well as at protein–protein interaction surfaces of both ubiquitin and the third immunoglobulin binding domain of protein G move on the microsecond timescale. Both proteins exhibit plasticity to this microsecond motion through redistribution of the populations of their side‐chain rotamers, which interconvert on the picosecond to nanosecond timescale, making it likely that this “population shuffling” process is a general mechanism.
Total Synthesis of Ascospiroketal A Through a AgI‐Promoted Cyclization Cascade
Authors: Chang Stanley , Hur Soo , Britton Robert 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe total synthesis of four candidate stereostructures for the marine octaketide ascospiroketal A have been achieved. These concise and highly stereocontrolled syntheses feature a unique AgI‐promoted cyclization cascade involving an oxetanyl ketochlorohydrin to access the entire tricyclic core of the natural product in one step. These syntheses also establish the full stereochemistry for the ascospiroketal natural products.
Development of a time‐resolved fluorescence immunoassay for herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 IgG antibodies
Authors: Liang Qian‐Ni , Zhou Jian‐Wei , Liu Tian‐Cai , Lin Guan‐Feng , Dong Zhi‐Ning , Chen Zhen‐Hua , Chen Juan‐Juan , Wu Ying‐Song 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEnzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) specific for anti‐HSV glycoprotein G (gG) are most commonly used in the clinical diagnosis of HSV infection. But most of them are qualitative and with narrow detection ranges. A novel time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) methodology was developed for the quantitative determination of HSV IgG in human serum. The assay was based on an indirect immunoassay format, and performed in 96‐well microtiter plates. HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 were used as the coating antigens. Eu3+‐labeled goat anti‐(human IgG) polyclonal antibodies were used as tracers. The fluorescence intensity of each well was measured and serum HSV IgG levels quantified against a calibration curve. The detection range of the novel TRFIA was between 5 and 500 AU/mL. Assay sensitivity was 0.568 AU/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients of variation were 0.59–3.63% and 3.65–6.81%, respectively. Analytical recovery, dilution tests and serum panel tests were performed using TRFIA and the results proved satisfactory. There were no statistically significant differences in sensitivity and specificity between the TRFIA and commercial ELISAs. An effective, sensitive and accurate quantitative HSV type 1 and type 2 IgG TRFIA was successfully developed and provided diagnostic value in clinical use. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Valve‐sparing aortic root reconstruction in patient with prior renal transplantation
Authors: Ueki Chikara , Sakaguchi Genichi , Akimoto Takehide , Shintani Tsunehiro 
Published: November 2014

Key Clinical MessageWe describe a David operation in a 62‐year‐old renal transplant recipient with valsalva aneurysm and concomitant aortic insufficiency. The risk of postoperative infection seemed significant because he was receiving immunosuppressive therapy; thus, David operation was performed. He recovered uneventfully. David operation appears to be an attractive alternative in transplant recipients.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) as a Reusable Solvent Medium for an Asymmetric Organocatalytic Michael Addition. Application to the Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds.
Authors: Feu Karla S. , de la Torre Alexander F. , Silva Sandrina , de Moraes Junior Marco A. F. , Correa Arlene G. , Paixao Marcio W. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA highly stereoselective organocatalytic Michael addition of aldehydes to trans‐β‐styrenes (I) using polyethylene glycol as a recyclable solvent medium is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Selective Copper‐Catalyzed Organic Solvent‐Free and Biphasic Oxidation of Aromatic gem‐Disubstituted Alkenes to Carbonyl Compounds by tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide at Room Temperature.
Authors: Hossain Md. Munkir , Huang Wei‐Kai , Chen Hung‐Jie , Wang Pei‐Han , Shyu Shin‐Guang 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA simple catalyst system for the selective oxidative C—C double bond cleavage of gem‐disubstituted alkenes (I) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles with Base‐Activated Iridium N,P Ligand Complexes.
Authors: Mueller Marc‐Andre , Pfaltz Andreas 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe difficult asymmetric hydrogenation of the conjugated double bond in α,β‐unsaturated nitriles is achieved using a chiral Ir/N,P‐ligand complex in the presence of iPr2NEt.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles in PVP Solutions and Their Catalytic Activity in Suzuki and Heck Reactions in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Uberman Paula M. , Perez Luis A. , Martin Sandra E. , Lacconi Gabriela I. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of a palladium nanoparticle—poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) solution and their application in Suzuki and Heck cross‐coupling reactions is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethyl Ketones via the Cu‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Silyl Enol Ethers Using an Electrophilic Trifluoromethylating Agent.
Authors: Li Lun , Chen Qing‐Yun , Guo Yong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractExperimental evidence for a radical pathway is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Dimethylurea/Citric Acid as a Highly Efficient Deep Eutectic Solvent for the Multi‐Component Reactions.
Authors: Bafti Behnaz , Khabazzadeh Hojatollah 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDimethylurea/citric acid deep eutectic solvent is successfully used as dual catalyst and green reaction medium for the efficient synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes, quinolines and 2,4,5‐diarylimidazoles via multicomponent reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Allylic C—H Arylation with Electron‐Deficient Arenes by 1,1′‐Bi‐2‐naphthol—Palladium Cooperation.
Authors: Wang Gang‐Wei , Zhou An‐Xi , Li Shi‐Xia , Yang Shang‐Dong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe first successful use of 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol as the ancillary ligand in allylic C—H activation, and high selectivity allylic C—H acetoxylation and amination are described.
ChemInform Abstract: An Organocatalytic Synthesis of N‐Sulfonyl Imines Using Chloramine‐T in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Chawla Ruchi , Singh Atul K. , Yadav Lal Dhar S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe novel protocol using L‐proline as an organocatalyst allows the synthesis of N‐sulfonyl imines from aldehydes and chloramine‐T under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Chitosan Supported Ionic Liquid: A Recyclable Wet and Dry Catalyst for the Direct Conversion of Aldehydes into Nitriles and Amides under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Khalafi‐Nezhad Ali , Mohammadi Somayeh 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWith the dry catalyst nitriles are obtained as products whereas the wet catalyst gives the corresponding amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Oxidative C—H Olefination of Cyclic N‐Sulfonyl Ketimines Catalyzed by a Rhodium Catalyst.
Authors: Wang Nan‐Jin , Mei Shu‐Tao , Shuai Li , Yuan Yi , Wei Ye 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA useful method for the synthesis of ortho‐olefinated ketimines from readily accessible cyclic N‐sulfonyl ketimines and various olefins is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: TFAA/H3PO4‐Mediated C‐2 Acylation of Thiophene: A Direct Synthesis of Known and Novel Thiophene Derivatives of Pharmacological Interest.
Authors: Bindu P. , Naini Shravan Reddy , Shanmukha Rao K. , Dubey P. K. , Pal Sarbani 
Published: November 2014

Abstract14 Thiophene derivatives (III) are prepared by this new TFAA/H3PO4‐mediated acylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Multisubstituted 1H‐Pyrrole: Selenium‐Catalyzed Reaction of γ‐Nitro Substituted Carbonyl Compounds and Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: Umeda Rui , Mashino Tsukasa , Nishiyama Yutaka 
Published: November 2014

Abstractγ‐Nitro‐substituted carbonyl compounds undergo a selenium catalyzed reductive cyclization with CO as reducing agent to yield multi‐ to fully‐substituted pyrroles (II) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Addition of Ethanolamine Affording 2‐Hydroxymethyl Naphtho[2,1‐d]oxazoles from 2‐Naphthols.
Authors: Wang Xiuzhen , Yang Baoyun , Li Rui 
Published: November 2014

AbstractNaphtho[2,1‐d]oxazole derivatives [(III), (V), and (VII)] are synthesized by oxidation of starting 2‐naphthols in air mediated by CuCl2‐ethanolamin complex followed by addition of ethanolamine in one step.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Substituents on the Regioselectivity of the Reaction of α‐Tosyloxyketones with Thioureas in Acidic Medium: Access to 2‐Aminothiazoles and 2‐Imino‐2,3‐dihydrothiazoles.
Authors: Aggarwal Ranjana , Kumar Rajiv , Sanz Dionisia , Claramunt Rosa M. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe regioselectivity of the reaction of tosyloxyketones (I) with N‐substituted thioureas (II) is strongly influenced by the substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Flask Synthesis of 1,3,5‐Trisubstituted 1,2,4‐Triazoles from Nitriles and Hydrazonoyl Chlorides via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition.
Authors: Wang Li‐Ya , Tsai Henry J. , Lin Hui‐Yi , Kaneko Kimiyoshi , Cheng Fen‐Ying , Shih Hsin‐Siao , Wong Fung Fuh , Huang Jiann‐Jyh 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe synthesis of trisubstituted triazoles involves the conversion of nitriles into imidate intermediates followed by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with in situ generated nitrilimines.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted InCl3 Mediated Regioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Indolylpyran under Solvent‐Free Condition and Its Chemical Transformation to Indolyltriazolylpyran Hybrids.
Authors: Kamalraja Jayabal , Perumal Paramasivan Thirumalai 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA convenient one‐pot procedure is developed for the three‐component reaction of 3‐cyanoacetylindoles, 2‐nitroethenamine, and aromatic aldehydes to give indolylpyrans.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic Carboxylic Anhydrides as New Reagents for Formation of Chromone Ring.
Authors: Frasinyuk Mykhaylo S. , Bondarenko Svitlana P. , Gorbulenko Nataliia V. , Turov Alexander V. , Khilya Volodymyr P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractChromones of type (III) or (VII) are prepared by the reaction of acetophenone derivatives of type (I) with cyclic carboxylic anhydrides.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free (Boc)2O‐Mediated C4‐Selective Direct Indolation of Pyridines Using TEMPO.
Authors: Qin Wen‐Bing , Zhu Jia‐Yi , Kong Yu‐Bo , Bao Yun‐Hong , Chen Zheng‐Wang , Liu Liang‐Xian 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA great variety of 3‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐indole derivatives is efficiently synthesized in one step.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Access to N‐(Un)substituted Isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones: Unusual Formation of Regioisomeric Isoquinolin‐1(4H)‐ones.
Authors: Chary R. Gangadhara , Dhananjaya G. , Prasad K. Vara , Vaishaly S. , Ganesh Y. S. S. , Dulla Balakrishna , Kumar K. Shiva , Pal Manojit 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe coupling—cyclization reaction of 2‐iodobenzamides (I) with terminal alkynes (II) in the presence of a catalytic amount of cupric acetate leads to isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones (III), whilst the reaction of amide (Ia) with alkynes (II) in the presence of excess Cu(O‐Ac)2 affords regioisomeric isoquinolin‐1(4H)‐ones (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐3‐carbohydrazide and Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine Derivatives.
Authors: Bhavsar Dinesh C. , Nikam Prashant S. , Gangurde Sachin A. , Toche Raghunath B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPyrazole derivatives are used as starting materials for the synthesis of a series of heterocyclic compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of 5‐Alkyl(aryl)‐3‐[(3‐trifluoromethyl)anilino]‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazolo [4,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐imines.
Authors: Li Hai‐Bo , Shi De‐Qing 
Published: November 2014

Abstract13 Title compounds of type (III) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Pteridines from the Leech Whitmania pigra
Authors: Li Tao , Wang Guo‐Cai , Wang Chun‐Hua , Ye Wen‐Cai 
Published: November 2014

Abstractisolation and structure elucidation of two new lumazines, whitmanines A (I) and B (II), along with a new pterin (III)
Does the primary site of colorectal cancer impact outcomes for patients with metastatic disease?
Authors: Price Timothy J. , Beeke Carol , Ullah Shahid , Padbury Robert , Maddern Guy , Roder David , Townsend Amanda R. , Moore James , Roy Amitesh , Tomita Yoko , Karapetis Christos 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUNDPrevious reports have described differences in biology and outcome for colorectal cancer based on whether the primary is right or left sided. Further division by right, left, and rectum or even exact primary site has also been explored. Possible differences in response to biological agents have also been reported based on side of primary lesion.METHODSWe explored the South Australian registry for metastatic colorectal cancer to assess if there were any differences in patient characteristics, prognostic markers, and treatment received and outcomes based on whether the primary was right or left sided. We also explored if differences exist based on left colon and rectum and by exact primary site.RESULTSTwo thousand nine hundred seventy‐two patients were analyzed. Thirty‐five percent had a right‐sided primary. The median overall survival for the entire group right versus left was 9.6 versus 20.3 months (P < .001). Multivariate analysis confirmed side of primary as an independent prognostic factor. For the group that had active therapy, defined as chemotherapy (± metastasis resection), median overall survival was right, 18.2 months; and left, 29.4 months (P < .001). Importantly, we found no suggestion of major differences if left side was divided by left colon and rectum, and trends by individual site still supported a left and right division.CONCLUSIONSPatients with a right‐sided primary have more negative prognostic factors and indeed have inferior outcomes compared with those with a left‐sided primary. Our data with further breakdown by exact site still favor a simple left‐versus‐right division moving forward for metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer 2015;121:830–835. © 2014 American Cancer Society.