bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti‐Vaccinia Activity of γ‐Thiochromanone‐1‐Thiosemicarbazone In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Tsunoda Akira , Miyazaki Keizo , Aota Toshinao , Matsumoto Shigehiro , Kumagai Katsuo , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA derivative of thiosemicarbazone, γ‐thiochromanone‐l‐thiosemicarbazone (SN‐13), which differed from N‐methylisatin‐β‐thiosemicarbazone (marboran) in that the carbonyl group in the C2 position of N‐methylisatin was lacking, has been found to possess an anti‐vaccinia effect as determined by the pulp disc method of plaque inhibition and by inhibition of cytopathic effect in tube cultures of chick embryo cells as well as by prevention of mouse tail lesions by the vaccinia virus. In tube cultures, SN‐13 was shown to be effective even when the treatment was started as late as 8 hr after virus infection, whereas no activity was observed with marboran when started from the 8th hr. SN‐13 was as effective as marboran on cross treatments of vaccinia virus with the two compounds in tube cultures, either by treatment at an early or a late stage of the virus growth. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of SN‐13 on vaccinia virus growth was completely reversed by actinomycin D similar to that observed with marboran in tube cultures. No additive effect of the two compounds was observed in animal tests.
Segregation of Unselected Markers in Mycobacterial Recombinants
Authors: Mizuguchi Yasuo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAnalysis of linkage and segregation of unselected markers was made using a recombination system of Mycobacterium smegmatis strains, Jucho and Lacticola. It was demonstrated that recombinants primarily possessed the genetic characters derived from Jucho. This suggested that strains Lacticola and Jucho did not play equivalent roles in zygote formation, and that zygotes were made up essentially of the chromosome from Jucho and contained only a segment of the chromosome from Lacticola. The ordering of the genes in strain Lacticola might be as follows; φrb, gly‐2+, leu‐7+, and str‐9. Results of backcrosses of recombinants with parental strains showed that there were four different mating types in the recombinants. This indicated that at least two different factors controlled mating in mycobacteria. D4 phage and phage Rabinowitschi did not have mating type specificities.
Morphological Changes in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Exposed to Cephalexin
Authors: Nishino Takeshi , Nakazawa Shozo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe action of cephalexin against Staphylococcus aureus No. 50774 and Escherichia coli NIH had been studied by phase contrast microscopy and electron microscopy. S. aureus grown on the cephalexin‐containing agar exhibited abnormal cell division when observed under the phase contrast microscope. Exposure of E. coli to cephalexin resulted in the formation of long filaments and spheroplasts. The degree of morphological changes was found to be dependent on the concentration of cephalexin added. Electron microscopic studies revealed that S. aureus upon exposure to cephalexin produced a swelling of the cross wall, which resulted in lysis of the cell or the production of a protoplast. E. coli exposed to cephalexin produced long filamentous forms. A number of mesosomes were seen in the filamentous forms. However, the presence of a cross wall or plasma membrane partitioning the elongated cell thus formed was never observed. The above‐mentioned findings offer morphological evidence that the antibacterial action of cephalexin is ascribed to the inhibition of cell division and possibly cell wall synthesis.
Immunochemical Studies on Bacterial Blood Group Substances
Authors: Furukawa Ken , Kochibe Naohisa , Takizawa Hisao , Iseki Shoei 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA‐decomposing enzyme preparation (α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminidase) from hog liver, liberates from the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella riogrande, which contains O antigen 40, 15.5% of its original amount of N‐acetylgalactosamine, destroying its ability of inhibiting the agglutination of human A red ceils by anti‐S. riogrande rabbit serum. From the structures of blood group A‐active oligosaccharides, obtained from the lipopolysaccharide by mild acid‐hydrolysis, it was assumed that the antigenic determinant of A specificity might have the following structure, which indicated the presence of N‐acetylgalactosaminyl residue as the non‐reducing end; α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyl‐(1→3)‐mannosyl‐glucosyl‐(1→3)‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyl‐glucose.
Studies on Bacteriophage Distribution
Authors: Dhillon T. S. , Dhillon K. S. Elvera 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTwenty‐eight bacteriophage strains active on one or more species of Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from sewage and were classified into seven host range groups. Two isolates resemble S13, three isolates appear to be closely related to T1, and one seems to be related to T even phages. Members of one host range group are active on three bacterial species, viz., Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella sonnei. Some of the E. coli K12 strains selected for resistance to phage HK019 are sensitive to S13 but not to φ×174.
Electron Microscopic Studies on the Outer Layers of Staphylococcus aureus Using a Lytic Enzyme from Flavobacterium
Authors: Futai Masamitsu , Okabayashi Kinji , Mizuno Den'ichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe structure of the outer layers (cell wall and membrane) of Staphylococcus aureus was studied by electron microscope using a bacteriolytic enzyme from Flavobacterium sp. called the L‐11 enzyme. Comparative studies on the morphology of bacteria before and after treatment with this enzyme and cell wall and membrane fractions obtained from bacteria after the enzyme treatment led to the following conclusions. (1) The cell wall of S. aureus is composed of morphologically distinct two layers which are both susceptible to the L‐11 enzyme. (2) Between the cell wall and membrane, there is an electron opaque region which could not be stained using any of the methods tested. (3) Before treatment of bacteria with the enzyme the cell membrane could not be seen clearly. However, after enzyme treatment the membrane was clearly seen. (4) The infolding of the inner layer of the cell wall, forming a structure like a mesosome, was liberated by extensive enzyme treatment.
Antagonism of Non‐Inducer Ribonucleic Acid against Induction of Antiviral Cell Resistance and Interferon by Inducer Ribonucleic Acid
Authors: Kawade Yoshimi , Matsuyama Masako , Yamamoto Yoko , Ozaki Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTVarious single‐stranded RNAs, which do not induce antiviral cell resistance in L and chick embryo cells, were found to antagonize the action of inducer RNAs such as poly(C)·poly(I). The non‐inducing RNA inhibited production of interferon stimulated by inducer RNA, but did not inhibit the action of exogenously added interferon. Two aspects were discerned in the antagonism of non‐inducing RNA, namely intrinsic antagonism and anti‐protamine effect. The intrinsic antagonism is the one observed in the absence of protamine. The anti‐protamine effect is elimination of the potentiating action of protamine on inducing RNA [10] by non‐inducing RNA in a large excess over protamine. The relative importance of the two effects will vary depending on the concentrations of protamine and non‐inducing RNA used. Non‐inducer RNA added to cells pretreated with inducer RNA for 1–3 hr effectively inhibited the development of antiviral cell resistance, but was not very effective when added prior to inducer RNA. RNA from MS2 phage virions was found to be an inducer in chick embryo cell but a non‐inducer and antagonist in human embryo lung fibroblasts, indicating that a given RNA may possess both the inducer and the antagonist characters. The induction of interferon by viruses was not significantly inhibited by non‐inducing RNA. The results obtained are consistent with an assumption that non‐inducing RNA competitively inhibits the binding of inducer RNA to cellular receptor sites, although alternative interpretations are not excluded.
Properties of R Factors Isolated from Multiple‐Resistance Proteus rettgeri
Authors: Odakura Yoshihiro , Tanaka Tokumitsu , Yumoto Makoto , Inafuku Zensho , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMajority (80%) of the 40 strains of Proteus rettgeri isolated from clinical specimens were resistant to seven drugs: [chloramphenicol (CM), tetracycline (TC), dihydrostreptomycin (SM), sulfanilamide (SA), kanamycin (KM), ampicillin (APC), and cephaloridine (CER)], followed by those resistant to six drugs (15%), single TC‐resistance (2.5%) and non‐resistant strains (2.5%), in decreasing orders. Ninety‐five percent of the 39 multiple drug‐resistant strains conjugally transferred some of their resistance markers and 92% of the R+ P. rettgeri were found to be in a hetero‐R state. The R factor conferring single KM‐resistance was isolated most frequently but TC resistance was never transferable. Detailed analysis of two strains of P. rettgeri in a hetero‐R state, GN3162 and GN3163, using two recipients, Escherichia coli ML1410 and P. rettgeri GN3195, disclosed that resistance patterns of conjugants obtained from the same donor strain were almost identical in both recipients of the different species. When strain ML1410, which had received the whole pattern of multiple resistance of the original isolate, was used as a secondary donor, separate transfer of R factors was again observed. The component of R factors in the hetero‐R strains was determined by transduction experiments as R (KM), R (APC), R (CM. KM) and R (SM. SA). All of these R factors were fi–. Reconstruction of the original hetero‐R state was carried out by superinfection either in E. coli or P. rettgeri, and one of the original strains was observed to be carrying three kinds of R factors, viz., (CM. KM), (SM. SA), and (KM).
Origin of Thymidine Kinase in the Cells Infected with Infectious Canine Hepatitis Virus
Authors: Shinagawa Morikazu , Yanagawa Ryo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThymidine kinase (TK) was induced in dog kidney cells (DKC) and hamster embryo cells (HEC) infected with infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICHV). The enzyme activity increased and reached levels of 13 and 19 times as much as in uninfected cells by the 30th hr after infection in virus‐infected DKC and HEC, respectively. No difference in the pattern of inactivation at 45 C was found between the TK of infected and uninfected cells. The activity of the TK from ICHV‐infected DKC was not inhibited by a dog serum hyperimmunized against ICHV‐infected DKC. From these results it was concluded that the TK which increased in ICHV‐infected cells was of the cellular origin.
Slime Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Murakawa Takeo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTwo samples of slime obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, IFO 3445 and No. 24, the latter which produced mucoid colonies on brain heart infusion agar as well as on the synthetic agar medium, were investigated for their physicochemical properties, primarily for their viscosities. Results obtained indicated that the principal component of the slime from strain IFO 3445 might be a deoxyribonucleic acid‐like substance, while the slime from the mucoid strain No. 24 might be an alginic acid‐like substance.
Distribution of R Factors among Shigella Strains Isolated in Japan (II)
Authors: Tanaka Tokumitsu , Tsunoda Mitsuko , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTShigella strains isolated in Japan from 1968 through 1970 were surveyed for drug resistance and distribution of R factors. Of the 2688 strains, 93.4% were resistant to either one or various combinations of four drugs, tetracycline (TC), chloramphenicol (CM), streptomycin (SM) and sulfanilamide (SA). Among these resistant strains, 74.2, 10.7, 1.48, and 13.6% were quadruply, triply, doubly, and singly resistant, respectively. Fifty‐eight per cent of these resistant strains were found to carry R factors when judged by transferability of the resistance. The isolation frequencies of R (TC. CM. SM. SA), R (CM. SM. SA), R (SM. SA), and R (TC. SM. SA) factors were 73.2, 13.0, 11.5, and 1.3%, respectively. The strains resistant to drugs other than the aforementioned four were very few; 4.3, 3.4, and 0.7% being resistant to ampicillin (APC), nalidixic acid (NA), and kanamycin (KM), respectively. Among 117 APC‐resistant strains, 97.4% could transfer their APC resistance together with other resistance markers. Seventeen out of 18 KM‐resistant strains could transfer KM resistance by mixed culture. But none of the NA‐resistant strains could transfer their NA resistance. The authors could demonstrate strains carrying two different R factors in a cell and one of them was consistently an R (SM. SA) factor. These results were very similar to those obtained in surveys of strains isolated from 1965 through 1967.
Intracellular Components Associated with Chikungunya Virus‐Specific Ribonucleic Acids in Infected BHK21 Cells1
Authors: Igarashi Akira , Sasao Fuyoko , Fukai Konosuke 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTCytoplasmic extracts of BHK21 cells infected with Chikungunya virus were analyzed by sucrose gradient sedimentation. Besides 140 S nucleocapsid, 65 S component associated with 26 S single‐stranded ribonucleic acid was labeled with 3H‐uridine in actinomycin‐treated infected cells. The 65 S component, demonstrable in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid‐containing buffers, appeared to accumulate when protein synthesis was inhibited. After glutaraldehyde fixation, this component had a density of 1.48–1.50 g/ml in CsCl. Pulse‐chase experiments did not indicate that the 65 S component was a precursor of the 140 S nucleocapsid.
Replication of Adenovirus 12 Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Association with the Nuclear Membrane
Authors: Yamashita Tadashi , Shimojo Hiroto 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAnalysis of nuclei of adenovirus 12‐infected cells revealed that viral DNA replicated in association with the nuclear membrane and that complete viral DNA was liberated from the nuclear membrane. Analysis of isolated nuclei in vitro showed that DNA polymerase activity increased in the nuclear membrane of adenovirus 12‐infected cells without addition of primer DNA.
The Role of Complement in Immune Phagocytosis of Group A Streptococci by Mouse Peritoneal Phagocytic Cells
Authors: Saito Yuichi , Horikawa Takahiro , Kondo Wataru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe role of complement in ingestion of nonencapsulated virulent group A streptococci by mouse peritoneal phagocytic cells was studied in vitro in the presence of type‐specific IgG or IgM anti‐M antibody. Type‐specific IgG anti‐M antibody significantly enhanced the phagocytosis, whereas IgM antibody was less effective in opsonization of the virulent group A streptococci. The extent of phagocytosis of streptococci sensitized with IgG or IgM anti‐M antibody was not influenced by the presence of complement. These results suggested that complement was not an essential factor for efficient phagocytosis of virulent group A streptococci.
Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Natural Resistance to Bacterial Infections in Mice
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Ohta Fujito , Kato Osamu , Kobayashi Takashi , Nakashima Izumi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTDimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) immediately before bacterial challenge, shortened the survival time of mice infected i.p. with a lethal dose of Salmonella enteritidis NUB 1 (virulent strain) and increased the mortality rate for mice infected i.p. with various bacterial strains showing low virulence for mice, such as S. enteritidis NUB 31 (avirulent strain), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. It was revealed that DMSO enhanced multiplication of S. enteritidis NUB 1 or facilitated the survival of S. enteritidis NUB 31 in the bodies of mice. At 30 hr after infection with S. enteritidis NUB 1 or NUB 31, most of the viable bacteria contained in the peritoneal fluid were recovered from cells in mice treated with DMSO as well as in untreated mice. There was no evidence that DMSO exerted any direct effect on microorganisms to stimulate in vitro growth or to enhance their virulence for mice. Ingestion by phagocytes of S. enteritidis NUB 1 injected i.p. or intravenously was not inhibited by DMSO. Although DMSO caused a transient decrease in the number of peritoneal macrophages, the enhancing effect of DMSO on infection did not appear to be solely due to a decrease of peritoneal macrophages. The effect of DMSO was highest when it was administered within one hour before or simultaneously with the bacterial challenge. The acceleration of deaths of mice infected with S. enteritidis NUB 1 by DMSO was also observed when the two agents were given orally.
Studies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections Among Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Shigeta Shiro , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA rapid identification method of glucose nonfermentative gram‐negative rods was established and 320 strains isolated were divided into five groups according to their characteristics in pigmentation, acid from glucose, cytochrome oxidase activity and motility. Further characterization of the strains in each group resulted in the identification that the strains in group I were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, strains in group II, P. aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida. Achromogenic strains of P. aeruginosa were classified into group III, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Alcaligenes faecalis into group IV and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Acinetobacter anitratus and Achromobacter lwoffii) in group V. When fluorescent pigment production was taken as a standard, 259 out of 263 chromogenic strains were identified as P. aeruginosa and the remaining four were P. putida. Whereas forty‐five achromogenic strains included twenty‐four A. calcoaceticus, eight P. aeruginosa, six A. faecalis, five P. maltophilia and two P. alcaligenes. From May 1970 to June 1971, 368 strains of glucose nonfermentative rods were isolated from clinical specimens sent to the Central Laboratories of Tohoku University Hospital and three fourth (286/368) of the isolates were P. aeruginosa
A Further Numerical Taxonomic Study of the Rhodochrous Group
Authors: Tsukamura Michio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA computer taxonomy was carried out as an aid to clarify the relationships between the genera Mycobacterium, and Nocardia as well as the ‘Rhodochrous’ group. The last group contained slightly acid‐fast organisms isolated from sputa and soil and also included strains received as “Mycobacterium rhodochrous.” The group had been proposed as the genus Gordona by the present author. The rhodochrous group formed a cluster at the 87% similarity level and was clearly separated from all strains of the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. The cluster of the rhodochrous group was divided into seven subclusters at the 90% similarity level, and six of the seven corresponded to six species of the genus Gordona: G. bronchialis; G. rubropertincta (synonym G. rubra); G. terrae; G. aurantiaca; G. rhodochroa; G. rosea. If one accepts the concept that a phenetically well‐defined cluster is a species, each of the subclusters of the rhodochrous group should be regarded as a species and the entire group as a genus. Discrepancies between the results of numerical classification and the results of lipid analyses remain as a problem to be solved in the future.
The Effects of Amino Acids and Metals on the Infectivity of Poliovirus Ribonucleic Acid
Authors: Totsuka Atsuko , Ohtaki Kenya 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMost amino acids, except cysteine, protected the infectivity of phenol‐extracted poliovirus ribonucleic acid against inactivation during incubation at 37 C. Of these amino acids, histidine was most effective, whereas cysteine enhanced inactivation. Besides cysteine, three sulfhydryl compounds were also examined. Thioglycolic acid exhibited a similar effect as cysteine, but glutathione and mercaptoethanol were protective or enhancing in the inactivation of poliovirus RNA depending on the concentration of the drug. The effect of metal ions was diverse. Cu++ and Hg++ reduced the infectivity extensively, whereas Fe3+ and Al3+ were protective. Some of other metal ions were more or less inactivating, while the other metal ions examined were not. A protector and an inactivator of infectious RNA antagonized each other.
Localization of Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Okabayashi Kinji , Futai Masamitsu , Mizuno Den'ichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe localization of acid and alkaline phosphatases in Staphylococcus aureus was studied by fractionation of cells after treatment with the L‐11 enzyme and by electron microscopic histochemistry. The two enzyme activities were located in distinctly different positions at the surface of the cells. Acid phosphatase appeared to be localized around the cell membrane of the bacteria, because the enzyme was recovered exclusively in the membrane fraction and because deposition of lead phosphate was detected by electron microscopic histochemistry on the inner surface of the cell membrane of intact bacteria and spheroplasts. The highest specific activity of alkaline phosphatase was also associated with the membrane fraction. However, on electron microscopic histochemistry of intact cells, the deposition of lead phosphate was only seen on the outer surface of the cell wall.
Flagellar Morphology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Fujino et al) Sakazaki, Iwanami and Fukumi 19631
Authors: Yabuuchi Eiko , Miwatani Toshio , Takeda Yoshifumi , Arita Michiko 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe flagellar morphology of 88 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains, including a strain descended from Fujino's original strain EB101 (= ATCC17802 = KM1339) was studied. EB101 and 83 other strains (95%) showed mixed polar and peritrichous type of flagellation when grown on modified MOF (MMOF) agar after 16‐hr incubation at 20 C. Cultures containing numerous peritrichous cells showed wiggly movements in moist preparations and rapidly spreading growth in semisolid agar plates. Peritrichous flagella were easily removed mechanically from the soma. The mean wavelengths of polar and peritrichous flagella were 2.53 μm (normal type) and 1.72 μm (atypical curly type) respectively. Peritrichous cells on solid media appeared after incubation for 2.5 hr at 37 C and 7 hr at 20 C. Overnight incubation at 37 C and acidity of the medium due to fermentation of carbohydrate markedly ruined peritrichous flagella. Electron micrograph of cells grown on MMOF agar revealed a sheathed polar flagellum and unsheathed peritrichous flagella. A hook structure was demonstrated at the proximal end of the latter. Polar monotrichous cultures in MMOF broth sometimes contained some cells having several or many peritrichous flagella of atypical curly type. Seven strains of Vibrio cholerae were exclusively polar monotrichous on solid and in liquid media. The flagellation of V. parahaemolyticus is concluded as being a mixed polar‐peritrichous type. This fact would indicate that V. parahaemolyticus should be excluded from the genus Vibrio, since the genus Vibrio was defined as polar monotrichous.