bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular composition and ultrastructure of Jurassic paravian feathers
Authors: Lindgren Johan , Sjövall Peter , Carney Ryan M. , Cincotta Aude , Uvdal Per , Hutcheson Steven W. , Gustafsson Ola , Lefèvre Ulysse , Escuillié François , Heimdal Jimmy , Engdahl Anders , Gren Johan A. , Kear Benjamin P. , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Yans Johan , Godefroit Pascal 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFeathers are amongst the most complex epidermal structures known and they have a well-documented evolutionary trajectory across non-avian dinosaurs and basal birds. Moreover, melanosome-like microbodies preserved in association with fossil plumage have been used to reconstruct original colour, behaviour and physiology. However, these putative ancient melanosomes might alternatively represent microorganismal residues, a conflicting interpretation compounded by a lack of unambiguous chemical data. We therefore used sensitive molecular imaging, supported by multiple independent analytical tests, to demonstrate that the filamentous epidermal appendages in a new specimen of the Jurassic paravian Anchiornis comprise remnant eumelanosomes and fibril-like microstructures, preserved as endogenous eumelanin and authigenic calcium phosphate. These results provide novel insights into the early evolution of feathers at the sub-cellular level and unequivocally determine that melanosomes can be preserved in fossil feathers.
Ethnicity-Dependent and -Independent Heterogeneity in Healthy Normal Breast Hierarchy Impacts Tumor Characterization
Authors: Nakshatri Harikrishna , Anjanappa Manjushree , Bhat-Nakshatri Poornima 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRecent reports of widespread genetic variation affecting regulation of gene expression raise the possibility of significant inter-individual differences in stem-progenitor-mature cell hierarchy in adult organs. This has not been explored because of paucity of methods to quantitatively assess subpopulation of normal epithelial cells on individual basis. We report the remarkable inter-individual differences in differentiation capabilities as documented by phenotypic heterogeneity in stem-progenitor-mature cell hierarchy of the normal breast. Ethnicity and genetic predisposition are partly responsible for this heterogeneity, evidenced by the finding that CD44+/CD24- and PROCR+/EpCAM- multi-potent stem cells were elevated significantly in African American women compared with Caucasians. ALDEFLUOR+ luminal stem/progenitor cells were lower in BRCA1-mutation carriers compared with cells from healthy donors (p = 0.0014). Moreover, tumor and adjoining-normal breast cells of the same patients showed distinct CD49f+/EpCAM+ progenitor, CD271+/EpCAM- basal and ALDEFLUOR+ cell profiles. These inter-individual differences in the rate of differentiation in the normal breast may contribute to a substantial proportion of transcriptome, epigenome and signaling pathway alterations and consequently has the potential to spuriously magnify the extent of documented tumor-specific gene expression. Therefore, comparative analysis of phenotypically defined subpopulations of normal and tumor cells on an individual basis may be required to identify cancer-specific aberrations.
Bridging the gap between in vitro and in vivo: Dose and schedule predictions for the ATR inhibitor AZD6738
Authors: Checkley Stephen , MacCallum Linda , Yates James , Jasper Paul , Luo Haobin , Tolsma John , Bendtsen Claus 
Published: August 2015

AbstractUnderstanding the therapeutic effect of drug dose and scheduling is critical to inform the design and implementation of clinical trials. The increasing complexity of both mono and particularly combination therapies presents a substantial challenge in the clinical stages of drug development for oncology. Using a systems pharmacology approach, we have extended an existing PK-PD model of tumor growth with a mechanistic model of the cell cycle, enabling simulation of mono and combination treatment with the ATR inhibitor AZD6738 and ionizing radiation. Using AZD6738, we have developed multi-parametric cell based assays measuring DNA damage and cell cycle transition, providing quantitative data suitable for model calibration. Our in vitro calibrated cell cycle model is predictive of tumor growth observed in in vivo mouse xenograft studies. The model is being used for phase I clinical trial designs for AZD6738, with the aim of improving patient care through quantitative dose and scheduling prediction.
Release of insulin from PLGA–alginate dressing stimulates regenerative healing of burn wounds in rats
Authors: Dhall Sandeep , Silva João P. , Liu Yan , Hrynyk Michael , Garcia Monika , Chan Alex , Lyubovitsky Julia , Neufeld Ronald J. , Martins-Green Manuela 
Published: August 2015

Burn wound healing involves a complex set of overlapping processes in an environment conducive to ischaemia, inflammation and infection costing $7.5 billion/year in the U.S.A. alone, in addition to the morbidity and mortality that occur when the burns are extensive. We previously showed that insulin, when topically applied to skin excision wounds, accelerates re-epithelialization and stimulates angiogenesis. More recently, we developed an alginate sponge dressing (ASD) containing insulin encapsulated in PLGA [poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)] microparticles that provides a sustained release of bioactive insulin for &gt;20 days in a moist and protective environment. We hypothesized that insulin-containing ASD accelerates burn healing and stimulates a more regenerative, less scarring healing. Using heat-induced burn injury in rats, we show that burns treated with dressings containing 0.04 mg insulin/cm2 every 3 days for 9 days have faster closure, a higher rate of disintegration of dead tissue and decreased oxidative stress. In addition, in insulin-treated wounds, the pattern of neutrophil inflammatory response suggests faster clearing of the burned dead tissue. We also observe faster resolution of the pro-inflammatory macrophages. We also found that insulin stimulates collagen deposition and maturation with the fibres organized more like a basket weave (normal skin) than aligned and cross-linked (scar tissue). In summary, application of ASD-containing insulin-loaded PLGA particles on burns every 3 days stimulates faster and more regenerative healing. These results suggest insulin as a potential therapeutic agent in burn healing and, because of its long history of safe use in humans, insulin could become one of the treatments of choice when repair and regeneration are critical for proper tissue function.
Early science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: dust constraints in a z ∼ 9.6 galaxy
Authors: Zavala J. A. , Michałowski M. J. , Aretxaga I. , Wilson G. W. , Hughes D. H. , Montaña A. , Dunlop J. S. , Pope A. , Sánchez-Argüelles D. , Yun M. S. , Zeballos M. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Recent observations with the GISMO (Goddard-IRAM Superconducting 2 Millimeter Observer) 2 mm camera revealed a detection 8 arcsec away from the lensed galaxy MACS1149-JD1 at z = 9.6. Within the 17.5 arcsec FWHM GISMO beam, this detection is consistent with the position of the high-redshift galaxy and therefore, if confirmed, this object could be claimed to be the youngest galaxy producing significant quantities of dust. We present higher resolution (8.5 arcsec) observations of this system taken with the AzTEC 1.1 mm camera mounted on the Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano. Dust continuum emission at the position of MACS1149-JD1 is not detected with an r.m.s. of 0.17 mJy/beam. However, we find a detection ∼11 arcsec away from MACS1149-JD1, still within the GISMO beam which is consistent with an association to the GISMO source. Combining the AzTEC and GISMO photometry, together with Herschel ancillary data, we derive a zphot = 0.7–1.6 for the dusty galaxy. We conclude therefore that the GISMO and AzTEC detections are not associated with MACS1149-JD1. From the non-detection of MACS1149-JD1 we derive the following (3σ) upper limits corrected for gravitational lensing magnification and for cosmic microwave background effects: dust mass &lt;1.6 × 107 M⊙, IR luminosity &lt;8 × 1010 L⊙, star formation rate &lt;14 M⊙ yr−1, and UV attenuation &lt;2.7 mag. These limits are comparable to those derived for other high-redshift galaxies from deep Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations.
Intracranial hemorrhage in setting of glioblastoma with venous
thromboembolism
Authors: Khoury Michael Nabil , Missios Symeon , Edwin Natasha , Sakruti Susmita , Barnett Gene , Stevens Glen , Peereboom David M. , Khorana Alok A. , Ahluwalia Manmeet S. 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Background
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a complication of glioblastoma. Anticoagulating patients with glioblastoma carries a theoretical risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive glioblastoma patients (2007–2013) diagnosed with VTE.

Results
The study population comprised of 523 glioblastoma patients of whom 173 (33%) had VTE events. Seventeen (10%) had ICH: 6 (35%) subdural hematomas and 11 (65%) intratumoral hemorrhages. In total, 4 patients with ICH required neurosurgical intervention. Enhancement in the area of subsequent intratumoral hemorrhage was noted in 9 of 10 with available pre-ICH scans. Multivariable regression did not show associations between ICH and tumor enhancement diameter or use of vascular-endothelial-growth-factor inhibitor. Fifteen (16%) patients receiving anticoagulation had ICH compared with 2 (2.6%) not receiving anticoagulation (P = .005). The method of anticoagulation was not associated with development of ICH. Median survival times from nondistal VTE diagnosis to death were 8.0 and 3.5 months (P = .05) in patients receiving anticoagulation and those not on anticoagulation, respectively.

Conclusion
Patients with glioblastoma and VTE on anticoagulation have increased incidence of ICH. However, development of ICH was not associated with lower median survival from time of VTE. Intratumoral hemorrhage occurred within the enhancing portion of tumor; however, no relationship was identified between the development of ICH and (i) the median diameter of enhancement or (ii) type of anticoagulant used. However, patients with absence of enhancing tumor did not have intratumoral bleed, suggesting gross total resection may limit this adverse outcome. It is appropriate to initiate anticoagulation in glioblastoma patients with VTEs.
The Effect of Cumulative Dissipated Energy on Changes in Intraocular Pressure After Uncomplicated Cataract Surgery by Phacoemulsification
Authors: Lee Roland Y. , Chen Rebecca I. , Kasuga Toshimitsu , Cui Qi N. , Porco Travis C. , Lin Shan C. 
Published: August 2015

Purpose:
To investigate the association between ultrasound energy, expressed as cumulative dissipated energy (CDE), and changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) after uncomplicated cataract surgery by phacoemulsification.

Methods:
In this prospective study, nonglaucomatous subjects underwent cataract surgery by phacoemulsification. IOP was compared by clustered linear regression at 4 separate time-points: preoperative, 1 day, 1 month, and 3 months after cataract surgery. Changes in the IOP were evaluated as a function of CDE using univariate and multivariate clustered linear regression models, which adjusted for sex, ethnicity, age, axial length, spherical equivalent, mean preoperative Shaffer gonioscopy grade of all 4 quadrants, cataract grade, preoperative IOP, central corneal thickness, and use of both eyes in the same subject.

Results:
One hundred sixty-one eyes (89 Asian, 49 white, 12 African, and 11 Hispanic) from 116 nonglaucomatous subjects were analyzed. The 161 eyes included 81 right and 80 left eyes. The 89 Asian eyes included 46 Chinese, 35 Filipino, and 8 Vietnamese. Preoperative IOP was 14.9±3.2 mm Hg. Postoperative IOP significantly increased to 16.0±4.9 mm Hg at 1 day (P=0.037) and decreased to 12.4±3.1 and 12.3±3.0 mm Hg at 1 and 3 months, respectively (both P<0.0001). IOP changes at 1 day, 1 month, and 3 months did not demonstrate significant associations with CDE measurements in either univariate or multivariate clustered linear regression analyses (all P>0.05).

Conclusions:
The amount of ultrasound energy delivered to the eye during phacoemulsification, expressed as CDE, was not associated with postoperative changes in IOP.
Determinants of RNA metabolism in theSchizosaccharomyces pombegenome
Authors: Eser Philipp , Wachutka Leonhard , Maier Kerstin C. , Demel Carina , Boroni Mariana , Iyer Srignanakshi , Cramer Patrick , Gagneur Julien 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTTo decrypt the regulatory code of the genome, sequence elements must be defined that determine the kinetics of RNA metabolism and thus gene expression. Here we attempt such decryption in an eukaryotic model organism, the fission yeastS. pombe. We first derive an improved genome annotation that redefines borders of 36% of expressed mRNAs and adds 487 non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). We then combine RNA labelingin vivowith mathematical modeling to obtain rates of RNA synthesis and degradation for 5,484 expressed RNAs and splicing rates for 4,958 introns. We identify functional sequence elements in DNA and RNA that control RNA metabolic rates, and quantify the contributions of individual nucleotides to RNA synthesis, splicing, and degradation. Our approach reveals distinct kinetics of mRNA and ncRNA metabolism, separates antisense regulation by transcription interference from RNA interference, and provides a general tool for studying the regulatory code of genomes.
Tax fraud: a socially acceptable financial crime in France?
Authors: Compin Frederic 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to point out that tax fraud, recognized as a scourge by both governments and responsible tax-payers, hits public finances hard with an inevitable knock-on effect on general welfare. Based on this observation, key players interviewed for this paper, including magistrates, a trade unionist and a high-ranking official, will attempt to provide some possible solutions to help understand why significant sections of public opinion consider this very particular form of financial crime to be legitimate, largely inspired by the notion that tax fraud and evasion are socially acceptable and even seen as a national sport in certain countries.

Design/methodology/approach
– The survey was carried out among 20 tax officials, a trade unionist, two magistrates and a high-ranking civil servant. The interviewees were carefully chosen for their ability to provide valuable insights into the reasons behind the lenient treatment of fraudsters by a state lacking the necessary means and structures to fight this crime.

Findings
– The fight against tax fraud has clearly sparked numerous controversies around evaluation, scope, criminal perpetrators and cooperation between services.

Social implications
– Tax fraud, an offence committed with the aim of avoiding taxation or reducing the amount of tax to be paid, ranges from low-level illegal activity, such as undeclared work to make ends meet, to more serious offences, such as value-added tax carousel fraud. All the unpaid tax resulting from such blatant flouting of the law represent a serious loss of revenue for the state and local authorities.

Originality/value
– The fight against tax fraud is crucial in determining taxpayers’ acceptance of the contribution required for state expenditure and investment. In a country such as France, where tax fraud is almost a national sport, combating this scourge will help restore the state’s budgetary sovereignty by making it central to people’s concerns about redistributive justice, tax equality and fair access to public goods.
Amending UN drug treaties to allow member states self-determination
Authors: Vanni Domitilla 
Published: August 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to analyse the fundamental principles of the main international conventions against use of drug and to verify if it would be preferable to let European Member States adopt specific measures according to own needs at a national level.

Design/methodology/approach
– The research uses a comparative approach by examining the different national legislations in respect of the discipline of the international conventions for finding analogies and differences between them.

Findings
– The research has discovered a wide variation in the criteria for triggering a legislative response and in the penalties for non-compliance. Nevertheless, there seems to be a trend towards countries focusing on penalising supply rather than possession of these substances.

Research limitations/implications
– To maintain a common international level in fighting against the use and commerce of drug to enforce the effectiveness of national regulations.

Practical implications
– The achievement of a high level of health protection, well-being and social cohesion to prevent and reduce drug use, dependence and drug-related damage to health and society.

Social implications
– To ensure a high level of security for the general public by taking action against drug production, cross-border trafficking in drugs and the diversion of chemical precursors used in drug production, as well as by intensifying preventive action against drug-related crime through effective cooperation, embedded in a joint approach.

Originality/value
– This is a fast-moving area of law, which continues to evolve for the different new substances being introduced in international drug traffic, so different solutions to the problem can be found by national legislators who need to be coordinated at an international level.
Power, dependence and frustration
Authors: Stone Gerard 
Published: August 2015

Purpose– This study aims to explore the existence and strength of power through focussing on the manner in which accountants exercise power in their advisory relationship with small business.Design/methodology/approach– Interviews provided insights into accountants’ power-related perceptions, experiences and use of power in the advisory relationship. A questionnaire accessed evidence from small business owner-managers (SBOMs). Power theoretical perspectives informed the analysis of the findings.Findings– Accountants’ expert and information power is a consequence of SBOMs’ dependence on their accountants’ expertise and knowledge. Accountants construct advisor roles and exercise power in a manner indicating that they attempt to manage rather than exploit power imbalances to the detriment of dependent SBOMs. However, outbreaks of frustration and conflict in the relationship illustrate the difficulties in managing the dysfunctional consequences of power imbalances.Research limitations/implications– While the findings are restricted to the Australian accountant–small business advisory relationship, they offer a basis for research into the effect of power on the relationship in other national contexts. Research which includes the views of managers of failed small businesses would also extend this work.Practical implications– The study’s focus on accountants’ experiences can assist practitioners endeavouring to develop advisory relationships with small business and designers of professional development programmes seeking to optimise the value of the advisory relationship.Originality/value– The paper extends the study of power to the under-researched yet important accountant–small business advisory area. Its findings are of interest to accountants and accounting policymakers who envisage a broadening of accountants’ small business advisory role.
The effects of fair trade on coffee growers: a framework and analysis
Authors: Omidvar Vahid , Giannakas Konstantinos 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe world coffee market has undergone a significant transformation in the past couple of decades resulting in declining farm prices despite the fact that coffee demand has been strong and consumer prices have been soaring. Fair Trade organizations have tried to address this price imbalance by providing an alternative method of trading aimed at increasing the prices received by coffee growers. Despite their noble objectives, Fair Trade movements have had limited success in improving coffee growers’ welfare, however. This paper utilizes a novel framework of heterogeneous producers and relevant market information to provide insights on the market and welfare impacts of the Fair Trade regime when important idiosyncrasies of Fair Trade production and marketing are included in the analysis.
Risk of developing Parkinson's disease among patients with asthma: a nationwide longitudinal study
Authors: Cheng C.‐M. , Wu Y.‐H. , Tsai S.‐J. , Bai Y.‐M. , Hsu J.‐W. , Huang K.‐L. , Su T.‐P. , Li C.‐T. , Tsai C.‐F. , Yang A. C. , Lin W.‐C. , Pan T.‐L. , Chang W.‐H. , Chen T.‐J. , Chen M.‐H. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundA cross‐sectional retrospective study suggested a link between allergic diseases and Parkinson's disease. However, the temporal association between asthma and Parkinson's disease remains unknown.MethodsFrom the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, 10 455 patients who were diagnosed with asthma between 1998 and 2008 and aged ≥45 years and 41 820 age‐ and sex‐matched controls were selected for our study and observed until the end of 2011. Those who developed Parkinson's disease during the follow‐up period were identified. We also examined the asthma severity, as indicated by the frequency of admission (times per year) for asthma exacerbation, and the risk of subsequent Parkinson's disease.ResultsPatients with asthma had an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.20–4.36) after we adjusted for demographic data, health system use, medical comorbidities, and medication use. Sensitivity tests yielded consistent findings after we excluded observations on the first year (HR: 2.90, 95% CI: 2.04–4.13) and first 3 years (HR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.64–3.69). Patients with asthma who had more frequent admissions (times per year) during the follow‐up period exhibited a greater risk of subsequent Parkinson's disease (>2: HR: 16.42, 95% CI: 5.88–45.91; 1‐2: 12.69, 95% CI: 5.03–31.71; 0‐1: HR: 2.92, 95% CI: 1.91–4.49).ConclusionPatients with asthma had an elevated risk of developing Parkinson's disease later in life, and we observed a dose‐dependent relationship between greater asthma severity and a higher risk of subsequent Parkinson's disease.