bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shear-imposed falling film
Authors: Samanta Arghya 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe study of a film falling down an inclined plane is revisited in the presence of imposed shear stress. Earlier studies regarding this topic (Smith, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 217, 1990, pp. 469–485; Wei, Phys. Fluids, vol. 17, 2005a, 012103), developed on the basis of a low Reynolds number, are extended up to moderate values of the Reynolds number. The mechanism of the primary instability is provided under the framework of a two-wave structure, which is normally a combination of kinematic and dynamic waves. In general, the primary instability appears when the kinematic wave speed exceeds the speed of dynamic waves. An equality criterion between their speeds yields the neutral stability condition. Similarly, it is revealed that the nonlinear travelling wave solutions also depend on the kinematic and dynamic wave speeds, and an equality criterion between the speeds leads to an analytical expression for the speed of a family of travelling waves as a function of the Froude number. This new analytical result is compared with numerical prediction, and an excellent agreement is achieved. Direct numerical simulations of the low-dimensional model have been performed in order to analyse the spatiotemporal behaviour of nonlinear waves by applying a constant shear stress in the upstream and downstream directions. It is noticed that the presence of imposed shear stress in the upstream (downstream) direction makes the evolution of spatially growing waves weaker (stronger).
Weighted Estimates for Solutions of the General Sturm-Liouville Equation and the Everitt-Giertz Problem. I
Authors: Chernyavskaya N. A. , Shuster L. A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractConsider the equationwhereƒ∈Lp(ℝ),p∈ (1, ∞) andBy a solution of (*), we mean any functionyabsolutely continuous together with (ry′) and satisfying (*) almost everywhere on ℝ. In addition, we assume that (*) is correctly solvable in the spaceLp(ℝ), i.e.(1) for any function, there exists a unique solutiony∈Lp(ℝ) of (*);(2) there exists an absolute constantc1(p) > 0 such that the solutiony∈Lp(ℝ) of (*) satisfies the inequalityWe study the following problem on the strengthening estimate (**). Let a non-negative functionbe given. We have to find minimal additional restrictions forθunder which the following inequality holds:Here,yis a solution of (*) from the classLp(ℝ), andc2(p) is an absolute positive constant.
Uses and Forms of Violence among the Urban Poor
Authors: AUYERO JAVIER , DE LARA AGUSTÍN BURBANO , BERTI MARÍA FERNANDA 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBased on 30 months of collaborative fieldwork in a poor neighbourhood in Buenos Aires, Argentina, this paper scrutinises the multiple uses of violence among residents and the concatenations between private and public forms of physical aggression. Much of the violence reported here resembles that which has been dissected by students of street violence in the United States – that is, it is the product of interpersonal retaliation and remains encapsulated in dyadic exchanges. However, by casting a wider net to include other forms of aggression (not only criminal but also sexual, domestic and intimate) that take place inside and outside the home, and that intensely shape the course of poor people's daily lives, the paper argues that diverse forms of violence among the urban poor (a) serve more than just retaliatory purposes, and (b) link with one another beyond dyadic relationships.
Research trends in mobile assisted language learning from 2000 to 2012
Authors: Duman Guler , Orhon Gunseli , Gedik Nuray 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn order to trace how mobile assisted language learning (MALL) has evolved in recent years, we analysed studies published from 2000 to 2012 to examine their characteristics and research trends. These studies were published in international journals listed in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Sixty-nine studies that fit the time frame and study parameters were examined using a classification form. The results indicate that research in the field increased at a fast pace from 2008 and reached a peak in 2012. Teaching vocabulary with the use of cell phones and PDAs has remained popular over this period. A significant number of studies did not base their research on any theoretical framework. Applied and design-based research dominated the field, and these studies generally adopted quantitative research methods. Reflecting on these results, we suggest directions for future research and practices in the field.
Tabling, Rational Terms, and Coinduction Finally Together!
Authors: MANTADELIS THEOFRASTOS , ROCHA RICARDO , MOURA PAULO 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTabling is a commonly used technique in logic programming for avoiding cyclic behavior of logic programs and enabling more declarative program definitions. Furthermore, tabling often improves computational performance. Rational term are terms with one or more infinite sub-terms but with a finite representation. Rational terms can be generated in Prolog by omitting the occurs check when unifying two terms. Applications of rational terms include definite clause grammars, constraint handling systems, and coinduction. In this paper, we report our extension of YAP's Prolog tabling mechanism to support rational terms. We describe the internal representation of rational terms within the table space and prove its correctness. We then use this extension to implement a tabling based approach to coinduction. We compare our approach with current coinductive transformations and describe the implementation. In addition, we present an algorithm that ensures a canonical representation for rational terms.
Causal Graph Justifications of Logic Programs
Authors: CABALAR PEDRO , FANDINNO JORGE , FINK MICHAEL 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this work we propose a multi-valued extension of logic programs under the stable models semantics where each true atom in a model is associated with a set of justifications. These justifications are expressed in terms ofcausal graphsformed by rule labels and edges that represent their application ordering. For positive programs, we show that the causal justifications obtained for a given atom have a direct correspondence to (relevant) syntactic proofs of that atom using the program rules involved in the graphs. The most interesting contribution is that this causal information is obtained in a purely semantic way, by algebraic operations (product, sum and application) on a lattice of causal values whose ordering relation expresses when a justification is stronger than another. Finally, for programs with negation, we define the concept ofcausal stable modelby introducing an analogous transformation to Gelfond and Lifschitz's program reduct. As a result, default negation behaves as “absence of proof” and no justification is derived from negative literals, something that turns out convenient for elaboration tolerance, as we explain with a running example.
The crisis as catalyst for reframing health care policies in the European Union
Authors: Helderman Jan-Kees 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSeen from the perspective of health, the global financial crisis (GFC) may be conceived of as an exogenous factor that has undermined the fiscal sustainability of European welfare states and consequently, their (expanding) health systems as well. Being one of the core programs of European welfare states, health care has always belonged to the sovereignty of European Member States. However, in past two decades, European welfare states have in fact become semi-sovereign states and the European Union (EU) no longer is an exogenous actor in European health policy making. Today, the EU not only puts limits to unsustainable growth levels in health care spending, it also acts as an health policy agenda setter. Since the outbreak of the GFC, it does so in an increasingly coercive and persuasive way, claiming authority over health system reforms alongside the responsibilities of its Member States.
The reactions to macro-economic crises in Nordic health system policies: Denmark, Finland and Sweden, 1980–2013
Authors: Lehto Juhani , Vrangbæk Karsten , Winblad Ulrika 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDenmark, Finland and Sweden have experienced two major recessions during the last 25 years. The adjustments to the earlier crisis in the late 1980s (Denmark) and early 1990s (Finland and Sweden) resembled the policies in many other European countries during the present crisis. The analysis of relationship of deep economic crises and growth period between them to the health system policies and institutions in the three countries from the 1980s to 2013 is based on a categorisation of reactions to external shocks as path conforming or path breaking. The results of the empirical long-term trends show that the reactions to deep recessions have been mainly temporary adjustments and acceleration of changes already prepared before economic crisis. The economic crisis in the three countries has not been ‘good enough’ to enable paradigmatic changes in the Nordic public, decentralised and equity-oriented health systems. Changes such as the slow privatisation in care funding and production and the adoption of new management practices indicate an ongoing paradigmatic change related to longer-term societal, ideological and political developments rather than directly to economic crises or growth.
The health effects of the global financial crisis: can we reconcile the differing views? A network analysis of literature across disciplines
Authors: Stuckler David , Reeves Aaron , Karanikolos Marina , McKee Martin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWhy are researchers studying the health effects of economic change reaching markedly varying conclusions? To understand these differences, we first systematically searched Web of Science for the literature on recessions and health yielding 461 articles and 14,401 cited documents. We then undertook a network analysis of co-citation pattern by disciplines, journals and backgrounds of the authors, followed by a chronological review of the literature, to trace the evolution of ideas. We then examined the extent to which earlier literature predicted what has happened in the 2007–2012 crisis. Our analysis finds the literature is dominated by disciplinary silos, with economics studies predominantly citing each other and relative isolation of psychiatry and substance abuse journals. Different philosophical approaches to assessing causality appear to contribute to varying interpretations, a tendency that is unlikely to be resolved without a shift in research norms. We conclude by calling for more inter-disciplinary research that combines empirical findings with a search for plausible mechanisms. This approach would evaluate not only the effects of economic shocks but also the mechanisms that offer protection against them.
Life history profiles for 27 strepsirrhine primate taxa generated using captive data from the Duke Lemur Center
Authors: Zehr Sarah M , Roach Richard G , Haring David , Taylor Julie , Cameron Freda H , Yoder Anne D 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSince its establishment in 1966, the Duke Lemur Center (DLC) has accumulated detailed records for nearly 4,200 individuals from over 40 strepsirrhine primate taxa—the lemurs, lorises, and galagos. Here we present verified data for 3,627 individuals of 27 taxa in the form of a life history table containing summarized species values for variables relating to ancestry, reproduction, longevity, and body mass, as well as the two raw data files containing direct and calculated variables from which this summary table is built. Large sample sizes, longitudinal data that in many cases span an animal’s entire life, exact dates of events, and large numbers of individuals from closely related yet biologically diverse primate taxa make these datasets unique. This single source for verified raw data and systematically compiled species values, particularly in combination with the availability of associated biological samples and the current live colony for research, will support future studies from an enormous spectrum of disciplines.
Progression of Symptoms on Blueberry Infected with Blueberry shock virus
Authors: Pscheidt Jay W. , Harper Nick 
Published: July 2014

A half acre of blueberries, planted in 1999, was free of virus symptoms until 2004 when Blueberry shock virus (BlShV) was first identified in a single plant. The progression of shock symptoms and recovery of plants was monitored until all plants were free of shock symptoms in 2013. The disease was greatest in 2008 with 53% of the plants expressing a shock reaction of blossom blight and no yield. Of the 408 plants, 53 expressed symptoms for 2 years in a row, 4 plants expressed symptoms 3 years in a row, 10 plants expressed shock symptoms after full recovery, and 8 never showed shock symptoms. Letting the disease run its course in small blocks will result in years in which growers may suffer up to 53% yield loss. In the years before and after this peak, growers may experience an average yield loss of 18%. Accepted for publication 27 March 2014. Published 20 June 2014.
Analysis of Ecstasy Tablets Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection
Authors: Porto Suely K. S. S. , Nogueira Thiago , Blanes Lucas , Doble Philip , Sabino Bruno D. , do Lago Claudimir L. , Angnes Lúcio 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA method for the identification of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) was developed employing capillary electrophoresis (CE) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D). Sample extraction, separation, and detection of “Ecstasy” tablets were performed in <10 min without sample derivatization. The separation electrolyte was 20 mm TAPS/Lithium, pH 8.7. Average minimal detectable amounts for MDMA and mCPP were 0.04 mg/tablet, several orders of magnitude lower than the minimum amount encountered in a tablet. Seven different Ecstasy tablets seized in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analyzed by CE‐C4D and compared against routine gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The CE method demonstrated sufficient selectivity to discriminate the two target drugs, MDMA and mCPP, from the other drugs present in seizures, namely amphepramone, fenproporex, caffeine, lidocaine, and cocaine. Separation was performed in <90 sec. The advantages of using C4D instead of traditional CE‐UV methods for in‐field analysis are also discussed.
Effects of Protein in Wheat Flour on Retrogradation of Wheat Starch
Authors: Xijun Lian , Junjie Guo , Danli Wang , Lin Li , Jiaran Zhu 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAlbumins, globulins, gliadins, and glutenins were isolated from wheat flour and the effects of those proteins on retrogradation of wheat starch were investigated. The results showed that only glutenins retarded retrogradation of wheat starch and other 3 proteins promoted it. The results of IR spectra proved that no S–S linkage formed during retrogradation of wheat starch blended with wheat proteins. Combination of wheat starch and globulins or gliadins through glucosidic bonds hindered the hydrolysis of wheat starch by α‐amylase. The melting peak temperatures of retrograded wheat starch attached to different proteins were 128.46, 126.14, 132.03, 121.65, and 134.84 °C for the control with no protein, albumins, glutenins, globulins, gliadins groups, respectively, and there was no second melting temperature for albumins group. Interaction of wheat proteins and starch in retrograded wheat starch greatly decreased the endothermic enthalpy (△H) of retrograded wheat starch. Retrograded wheat starch bound to gliadins might be a new kind of resistant starch based on glycosidic bond between starch and protein.
Diagnostic efficacy of diffusion‐weighted MRI for pre‐operative assessment of myometrial and cervical invasion and pelvic lymph node metastasis in endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Koplay Mustafa , Dogan Nasuh Utku , Erdogan Hasan , Sivri Mesut , Erol Cengiz , Nayman Alaaddin , Karabagli Pinar , Paksoy Yahya , Celik Cetin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroductionTo determine the diagnostic accuracy of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW‐MRI) for the pre‐operative assessment of patients with endometrial carcinoma and to assess myometrial and cervical invasion as well as pelvic lymph node metastasis.MethodsFifty‐eight women who underwent surgery for histopathologically confirmed endometrial carcinoma were included in the current study. Prior to surgery, patients were evaluated using pelvic DW‐MRI and gadolinium‐enhanced T1‐weighted imaging (Gd‐T1WI). Gd‐T1WI was evaluated together with T2‐weighted images. DW‐MR images were obtained in the axial plane using echo‐planar spin‐echo pulse sequences with different b factors. Endometrial carcinomas were observed as areas of increased intensity on DW‐MRI images, and their intensity was compared with the surrounding hypo‐intense myometrium. Pre‐operative DW‐MRI and Gd‐T1WI results were compared with post‐operative histopathological findings that served as reference standards.ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy of DW‐MRI for differentiation between superficial myometrial invasion and deep myometrial invasion were 85%, 89%, 81%, 92% and 88%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy rates were 82%, 91% and 89.6% for cervical invasion and 100%, 96% and 96.5% for pelvic lymph node metastasis, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV, and diagnostic accuracy of Gd‐T1WI for differentiation between superficial myometrial invasion and deep myometrial invasion were 85%, 81.5%, 71%, 91% and 83%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy were 73%, 89% and 86% for cervical invasion, respectively.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that DW‐MRI may be a good diagnostic tool with high sensitivity and specificity for assessing myometrial invasion and detecting tumour extension. We suggest that DW‐MRI should be considered as a routine part of the pre‐operative pelvic MRI in all patients with endometrial carcinoma.
Associations of OPRM1 A118G and alcohol sensitivity with intravenous alcohol self‐administration in young adults
Authors: Hendershot Christian S. , Claus Eric D. , Ramchandani Vijay A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractHuman laboratory and animal models implicate variation in the μ‐opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) as relevant for alcohol‐related reward. OPRM1 is associated with alcohol self‐administration in non‐human primate studies, but the relevance of this finding to human models is unclear. This study used computer‐assisted self‐infusion of ethanol (CASE) to examine associations among OPRM1 A118G genotype, subjective responses to alcohol and intravenous alcohol self‐administration in young heavy drinkers (n = 40, mean age = 19.95 years, SD = 0.82). Participants completed a 2‐hour CASE session comprising a priming phase followed by ad libitum self‐administration in a free‐access paradigm. Participants achieved a mean peak breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) of 81.18 mg% (SD = 24.96). Those with the OPRM1 118G variant (GA or GG genotypes) achieved significantly higher peak BrAC (M = 94.90 mg%, SD = 16.56) than those with the AA genotype (M = 74.46 mg%, SD = 25.36), reflecting a significantly greater number of alcohol requests among GA/GG participants. Eighty percent of GA/GG participants surpassed a threshold defining a laboratory analog of heavy alcohol exposure (80 mg%) compared with 46 percent of AA participants. Results indicated significant associations between subjective measures of alcohol sensitivity and CASE outcomes, although the pattern of findings differed across self‐report measures. Subjective responses did not differ by OPRM1 status. These results offer further support for the feasibility of the CASE paradigm and provide initial evidence for an association of OPRM1 with alcohol self‐administration in a human laboratory context.
Mapping and understanding the diversity of insects in the tropics: past achievements and future directions
Authors: Novotny Vojtech , Miller Scott E 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe still do not know how many insect species there are in tropical forests. The rate of species description peaked a century ago. Unfortunately, taxonomy ceased to be fashionable before it had completed cataloguing insect diversity. Molecular information combined with web‐based data dissemination promises to shorten the 20 years it takes on average for insect specimens to be described as new species. Our inability to enumerate tropical species has made estimates of their diversity popular. Plant‐based estimates, multiplying the number of plant species by the number of insect species effectively specialized to them, have been used for the past 150 years for global insect diversity estimates and recently also for the first local rainforest diversity estimate of arthropods, at 25 000 species. Why are there so many insect species in tropical forests? Insect diversity may be driven by latitudinal trends in vegetation. The near impossibility of conducting a complete census of complex plant–insect food webs in tropical forests should focus our attention upon the most common species and interactions. Recent studies of trees in Amazonia and herbivores in New Guinea suggest that such reduced food webs may be surprisingly simple and, thus, amenable to study, while still including more than 50% of all plant and insect individuals and their interactions. A pan‐tropical network of plots, modelled on the existing network of forest dynamics plots, and potentially utilizing the existing, but rather poorly used, network of canopy cranes, could provide spatially resolved data on plant–insect food webs. The study of food web dynamics requires experimental manipulation, which can range from exclusion or addition of single species to ecosystem‐wide manipulation of species composition and habitat fragmentation. Recent progress in molecular taxonomy, proliferation of community phylogenies, improved food web census techniques and an increasing focus on experiments promise an exciting time for tropical entomology.
Comparison of Complement Activity in Adult and Preterm Sheep Serum
Authors: Ahmed Shatha , Kemp Matthew W. , Payne Matthew S. , Kallapur Suhas G. , Stock Sarah J. , Marsh Henry C. , Jobe Alan H. , Newnham John P. , Spiller Owen B. 
Published: July 2014

ProblemFunctional complement activity is routinely measured utilizing rabbit antibody‐sensitized sheep erythrocytes. Due to complement inhibitor expression on erythrocytes, the development of an alternative method to measure complement function in sheep serum was required.Method of studySeveral species of target erythrocyte and sensitizing antibody were investigated for improved measurement of complement function testing.Results and conclusionGuinea pig erythrocytes were identified as the optimal target, although sensitizing them with rabbit antiguinea pig erythrocyte antibody did not enhance the lysis by maternal sheep serum. In contrast, preterm neonatal sheep serum was unable to efficiently lyse guinea pig erythrocytes unless pre‐sensitized with antibody. Further investigation revealed that maternal serum contained high levels of antibodies that cross‐reacted with guinea pig and rabbit erythrocytes, while no cross‐reacting antierythrocyte antibodies were found in preterm neonatal serum. Therefore, unlike primates, rabbits, and guinea pigs, no transplacental transfer of maternal IgG to foetal sheep occurs. Use of exogenous complement regulators is often used to dissect the contribution of complement to disease pathogenesis; however, we found that while full‐length soluble human complement receptor 1 (sCR1, CDX‐1135) was able to inhibit lysis of guinea pig erythrocytes by human and rat serum, no inhibition of sheep serum could be observed. Investigation of complement contribution to disease pathogenesis in the future will require the identification of an inhibitor that is effective against sheep complement.