bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La démocratie a-t-elle encore une dimension épistémique ?
Authors: Habermas Jürgen , Aubert Isabelle , Genel Katia 
Published: December 2012

Résumé Après avoir comparé le modèle délibératif de la démocratie aux modèles libéral et républicain, j’envisage les possibles renvois à la recherche empirique, puis j’examine les preuves empiriques qui peuvent soutenir l’hypothèse selon laquelle la délibération politique développe un potentiel de recherche de la vérité. Les parties principales du texte servent à lever les doutes que l’on peut avoir de prime abord concernant le contenu empirique et l’applicabilité du modèle communicationnel de la politique délibérative (Introduction, sections I, II, III). Deux conditions critiques sont dégagées : une communication politique médiatisée dans l’espace public peut favoriser les processus de légitimation délibérative dans des sociétés complexes à condition premièrement qu’un système des médias autorégulé gagne son indépendance à l’égard de l’environnement social et deuxièmement que des publics anonymes garantissent un feed-back entre les discussions d’une élite informée et une société civile réactive (sections IV, V, VI, VII). [N. d. T. : la traduction de ce texte paraît dans deux numéros de Participations . L’Introduction et les sections I, II, III sont traduites dans ce n?2012-3 ; les sections IV, V, VI et VII le seront dans le n?2013-1.]
The Need for Nursing Education in the Care of Adults With Congenital Heart Defects
Authors: Lawler Billie A. 
Published: December 2012

Background:
The population of adults with congenital heart defects is rapidly expanding. Formal and informal nursing education offers little if any training in the care of adults with congenital heart defects, creating a disparity between the growing need for care for these patients and the availability of knowledgeable providers.

Methods:

A needs assessment survey was conducted to assess educational needs, use of available resources, and learning method preferences of nurses within a Midwestern community hospital (
N
= 800). The convenience sample included 269 responses (
n
= 269). A pilot survey was conducted with a subset of the population (
n
= 18).

Results:
The results showed a poor understanding of adults with congenital heart defects, with findings similar to those of previous studies.

Conclusion:
Providing education may help to prepare nurses to care for adults with congenital heart defects as these patients are seen in increasing numbers in all areas of health care.
Medical Decision-Making in Dementia Patients
Authors: Appel Jacob M. 
Published: December 2012

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Know how to assess “capacity” in patients with dementia.

2.
Know informed consent rights for patients with dementia.

3.
Deliniate the difference between “best interests” in a patient with dementia vs. “standard of care.”

A 78-year-old widowed female with a history of cognitive decline and breast cancer treated with lumpectomy 5 years earlier is admitted to the medical service of a community hospital after suffering several weeks of increasingly intense and intractable back pain. Accompanying the patient is her only child, an unmarried adult daughter with whom she has been living with for several years.
Predictors for the Outcome of Small-incision Lenticule Extraction for Myopia
Authors: Hjortdal Jesper Ø. , Vestergaard Anders H. , Ivarsen Anders , Ragunathan Suganiah , Asp Sven 
Published: December 2012

PURPOSE:
To study the influence of patient- and surgery-related parameters on the predictability, efficacy, and safety of small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) for treatment of myopia.

METHODS:
This prospective, clinical quality, control study comprised 670 eyes from 335 patients with myopia up to −10.00 diopters (D) (spherical equivalent refraction) and astigmatism up to 2.00 D treated with SMILE in both eyes and followed for 3 months.

RESULTS:

Preoperative mean spherical equivalent refraction was −7.19±1.30 D. In eyes with emmetropia as the target refraction, 84% obtained uncorrected distance visual acuity ⩽0.10 logMAR (20/25 or better Snellen equivalent) at 3 months. Mean corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) improved from −0.03 to −0.05 logMAR (
P
<.01). Two or more lines of CDVA were lost in 2.4% (16 eyes). The achieved refraction was 0.25±0.44 D less than attempted after 3 months, and 80% (537 eyes) and 94% (631 eyes) were within ±0.50 and ±1.00 D of attempted correction, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that spherical equivalent refraction undercorrection was predicted by increasing patient age (0.10 D per decade;
P
<.01) and steeper corneal curvature (0.04 D per D;
P
<.01). Safety and efficacy of the procedure were minimally affected by age, gender, and simultaneous cylinder correction.

CONCLUSIONS:
Undercorrection of 0.25 D and small effects of patient age and corneal curvature suggest that the standard nomogram for SMILE need only minor adjustments. This study suggests that safety and efficacy are not influenced to any clinically significant degree by easily discernible patient factors.
Femtosecond Laser Technology in Corneal Refractive Surgery: A Review
Authors: Kymionis George D. , Kankariya Vardhaman P. , Plaka Argyro D. , Reinstein Dan Z. 
Published: December 2012

PURPOSE:
To discuss current applications and advantages of femtosecond laser technology over traditional manual techniques and related unique complications in corneal refractive surgical procedures, including LASIK flap creation, intracorneal ring segment implantation, astigmatic keratotomy, presbyopic treatments, and intrastromal lenticule procedures.

METHODS:
Literature review.

RESULTS:
From its first clinical use in 2001 for LASIK flap creation, femtosecond lasers have steadily made a place as the dominant flap-making technology worldwide. Newer applications are being evaluated and are increasing in their frequency of use.

CONCLUSIONS:
Femtosecond laser technology is rapidly becoming a heavily utilized tool in corneal refractive surgical procedures due to its reproducibility, safety, precision, and versatility.
Evacuation in Ice: Field Trials of a Conventional Lifeboat in Pack and Level Ice
Authors: Re Antonio J. Simoes , Veitch Brian 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Offshore exploration and production operations in sea ice conditions mustface the challenges of working in frontier environments. In the context of thecorresponding regulatory environment, operators will be expected to show thatnew technical and operational challenges have been addressed. Emergencyresponse in sea ice conditions is a case in point. In the event that marineevacuation of an installation is necessary, the lifeboat will have to becapable of being launched safely into ice, propelling itself away from thehazard area to some safe distance, and then affording a haven until personnelcan be recovered.
Some ideas are presented in this paper for improving the capabilities oflifeboats and for meeting the expectations embodied in regulations. The designand operational elements contemplated here are broadly based on model scaleexperiments and full-scale trials with conventional TEMPSC lifeboats that havebeen done over the course of a multi-year test program. Design considerationsinclude powering and propulsion, maneuvering, structural resistance to iceloads, and arrangement of the coxswain's cockpit (visibility). Operationalconsiderations include the coxswain's tactics in ice, simulator training forcoxswains, and ice management of evacuation routes. Finally, the use oftraining simulators for evaluating and demonstrating the efficacy of these andother improvements is discussed.

Approach
A program of model scale experiments and full-scale field trials has beenunderway for a period of several years to investigate the performancecapabilities and limitations of evacuation craft in sea ice. This paper focuseson a series of field trials with a small, conventional totally enclosed motorpropelled survival craft (TEMPSC). The lifeboat was tested in pack iceconditions in an ice channel cut in landfast ice on a freshwater lake. Thechannel was about 55m long and 32m wide and the ice was between 300mm and 400mmthick (with an average measured thickness of 340mm). The ice that was cut outof the level ice sheet to make the channel was further cut into floes of twobasic sizes, the smaller about 1.65m×2m and the larger about 3.2×2m. Thesecorresponded to floes that were about 30% and 50% the mass of the lifeboatitself. The ice concentration in the channel was controlled by removing some ofthe ice floes from the channel. Several ice channel transit tests werecompleted, starting with a pack concentration of 9/10ths. At the end of thetests in those conditions, more ice was removed from the channel until thegross concentration was 8/10ths and another set of transit trials was done. This process was repeated for consecutive concentrations of 7/10ths, 6/10ths,5/10ths, and 4/10ths. The same procedure was used in model scale tests reportedby the same authors (Simões Ré & Veitch 2003, Simões Ré et al. 2006). Indeed, the field tests replicated the model scale experiment conditions to theextent practicable. The field trials were done over a five-day period in March2010.
Experience of Designing Offshore Pipelines During Development of Arctic Offshore Fields
Authors: Mansurov M.N. , Lapteva T.I. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Development of offshore hydrocarbon (HC) fields is today's oil and gasindustry priority in the Russian Federation. Water areas of the Arctic shelfare considered to be potential offshore HC production regions. When designingpipelines for such fields it is necessary to take into account the impact ofspecific Arctic conditions including hazardous ice impact (ice gouging), possible presence of permafrost on the seabed, lithological andgeomorphological distinctive features of bottom soils. All main parametersensuring safety of offshore pipelines must be determined and validated at theearly design stage.
The paper reviews one of the main conditions that influences reliable operationof underwater pipeline systems, namely, stable position of the underwaterpipeline at design reference marks.
Calculations of offshore pipeline stability on the seabed use the followingmain conditions:–environmental conditions;–geotechnical conditions of the seabed;–bathymetrical conditions (water depth);–pipeline parameters (diameter, wall thickness).
Criteria of pipeline stability on the seabed include:floating up or submerging of pipeline;transversal stability;longitudinal stability.
Soils with weak strength properties, especially when they are used forbackfilling, may be potentially dangerous due to liquefaction underhydrodynamic forces. It is especially dangerous in the first years of operationwhen the soil is not consolidated enough. Relief in a local zone of dilutedsoil causes longitudinal stresses in pipeline, which may result in offshorepipeline stability loss. Liquefied soil potential depends also on backfillingprocess technology. This operation is performed by special ships - dredgers. Such ship has two pipes, one for soil suction, and the other equipped withwater injection nozzles - for washing out and backfilling. When a trench isbackfilled with controlled soil flow, " front" of backfill material is formedunder pipe working head and a layer of fluidized material appears in the upperpart of this " front". Therefore, if weak soil is used as backfill material, asize of liquefied soil layer will be considerable, as well as its impact on thepipeline. This process may lead either to floating up or submerging of pipelineinto the soil. To stabilize offshore pipelines position the following measurescan be taken: backfilling with soil not subject to liquefaction; pipelinelaying below the layer of liquefied soil to eliminate risks related to soilliquefaction; using different methods of ballasting.
North Slope Hydrate Fieldtrial: CO2/CH4 Exchange
Authors: Schoderbek David , Martin Kenneth Lloyd , Howard James , Silpngarmlert Suntichai , Hester Keith 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
CO2/CH4 exchange in a sandstone-hosted methane hydratereservoir was executed in the field, following several years of laboratoryexperimentation. Reservoir simulation and laboratory data informedfieldtrial design, including use of a cell-to-cell model that included correctliquid/vapor/hydrate phase behavior of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, andwater.
Most concepts for producing methane from hydrate deposits rely ondepressurization, heating, or chemical melting. These techniques resultin dissociation of hydrate into its water and gas constituents. Effectiveexchange of CO2 for CH4 in the crystalline hydratelattice, without dissociation, was long deemed an improbable recovery strategybecause experimental results on bulk hydrate samples indicated very slowreaction kinetics. Recent laboratory tests documented enhanced exchangekinetics and efficiency, attributed to the increased surface area present inporous media. A series of laboratory tests ranging from simple gas-richsystems to more complex gas-deficient / water-rich systems guided the design ofa field test program. Ignik Sikumi #1 was drilled in 2011 on the AlaskaNorth Slope, designed specifically for testing CO2/CH4exchange in hydrate-bearing sandstones.
Ignik Sikumi #1 was drilled vertically with chilled oil-based mud to a depthof 2600ft. Four hydrate-bearing sandstones were encountered, andpetrophysical evaluation indicated the Sagavanirktok " C Sand" hosted thehighest hydrate saturations. These sandstones occur in the subsurface atreservoir conditions similar to temperatures and pressure conditions of labtests. Reservoir modeling with conventional simulators and in-housecell-to-cell models guided both equipment design and test parameters. Anticipated low injection rates and cryogenic injectant required the design ofspecialized pumping equipment. Operations at Ignik Sikumi #1 re-commencedin December 2011. Following perforation, over 200,000 scf of mixedCO2/N2 gas was injected. A short unassisted flowperiod was followed by extended production testing via jet pumping. Results from the production test will be shown.
CO2/CH4 exchange is a novel approach to recovermethane from sandstone-hosted hydrates. Field trial has validatedlaboratory results and reservoir simulations, and has proven thatCO2 can be injected into naturally occurring sandstone-hostedhydrates. Subsequent flowback/drawdown testing produced injectants(nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and tracer gases) methane, water, and very finesand.
Probabilistic Methods for Ice Gouge Hazard Analysis in the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Caines Jonathan , Lanan Glenn , Sturge Amy , Georghiou Andreas , Paulin Mike 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
There are many challenges associated with the design and installation ofArctic subsea pipeline. A leading example is the Northstar developmentpipelines currently operating safely offshore the Alaskan North Slope. Uniqueoffshore Arctic environmental loading conditions, such as ice gouging, influence each pipeline design differently. Statistical distributions andprobabilistic assessments of ice gouge records can be used to predict designextreme gouge depths which can then be used to determine pipeline burial depthsrequired for protection against ice keels.
The Northstar subsea pipeline project used the statistical ice gougeanalysis method described by Lanan et al. (1986), based on the exponentialprobability distribution, to select design pipeline burial depths forprotection against ice gouging. This method was applied to publicly availabledata and site-specific survey data collected prior to the pipeline installationin 2000, to predict the design extreme ice gouge depths expected along thepipeline route. Each year since the pipeline installation, new ice gouge datahas been collected by BP Exploration (Alaska).
This paper reviews additional ice gouge data collected since installation ofthe Northstar pipelines and has assessed the use of alternate ice gougeanalysis methods to predict extreme ice gouge design depths for future pipelineinstallations in the Beaufort Sea, Data available from all Alaskan Beaufort Seaice gouge surveys in the Northstar pipeline area was also included in some ofthe statistical comparisons.
Results obtained using the exponential analysis method were compared toanalyses using alternate probability distribution functions (PDFs), such as theWeibull, gamma, and log-normal. Data thresholds have also been investigated forPDF fitting. Work by Caines (2009, 2011) has shown that alternate probabilitydistribution functions might be more appropriate for modeling ice gouge depthdata, compared to the traditional exponential method. A brief comparativeanalysis was conducted using known age Northstar pipeline route data toinvestigate the effects of using all available gouge depth data versus annualmaximums only.
Pipeline Engineering Solutions for Harsh Arctic Environments: Technology Challenges and Constraints for Advanced Numerical Simulations
Authors: Pike K. , Kenny S. , Kavanagh K. , Jukes P. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The design of offshore arctic pipelines must evaluate technical engineeringchallenges, primarily related to system demand and system capacity, and addressproject execution risk, primarily associated with pipeline trenching andlogisitics. One of the significant hazards, particularly in deeper water, isthe presence of extreme ice features; such as icebergs and multi-year pressureridges, that may gouge the seabed. A comprehensive engineering framework existsto support the analysis and design of offshore pipelines in ice gougeenvironments. However, there exists some aeas of technical uncertainty withinthe current state-of-practice that are highlighted in this paper. This studyfocuses on specific technical issues associated with the simulation of contactmechanics, definition of interface parameters, and need for physical datasetsfor the validation of advanced numerical simulation tools. Study specificconclusions and recommendations that address these technology needs to resolveuncertainty associated with the simulation of ice gouging events areprovided.

Introduction
Over the past decade, numerous studies have illustrated the simulationpotential of recent advancements in computational hardware and softwareplatforms to solve complex multi-physics problems involving large deformations, large strains and advanced constitutive models. For example, the ArbitraryLagrange Eulerian (ALE) modelling framework has been used to examine manypractical engineering problems such as ice gouging and ice/structureinteraction (e.g. Kenny et al., 2007; Konuk et al., 2005; 2009). Although theunderlying technical basis is sound and the innovative efforts are recognized, application of these advanced numerical procedures is ahead of the curve withrespect to the requisite benchmarks and validation (Pike et al., 2011a,b). Forice gouge events, there has been recent effort to address this issue (e.g. Panico et al., 2012; Phillips et al., 2010; Sancio et al., 2011); however, asshown in this study and others (e.g. Pike et al., 2011c; Rossiter and Kenny,2012), there is a need for a focused and collaborative effort in order toimprove confidence and reduce uncertainty in the numerical modelling proceduresthrough model validation (e.g. Panico et al., 2012; Phillips et al., 2010; Pikeet al., 2011a,b; Pike and Kenny, 2012a).
Evaluation of Lateral Vertical Pipeline/Soil Interactions
Authors: Rossiter C. , Kenny S. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Pipeline systems are integral components of the system infrastructure forthe transport of hydrocarbon resources. In arctic and harsh environments, thesepipelines may be subject to large deformation geohazards. Pipeline/soilinteraction events are often examined using a structural pipe/spring model. This approach does not account for more realistic soil constitutive behaviour, soil deformation mechanisms and effects of soil load transfer on pipelinemechanical response. This paper examines pipe/soil interaction events duringoblique lateral-vertical soil movements using plane strain finite elementanalysis. The results from this study provide a technical framework to assessthe effects of geotechnical loads on buried pipelines, highlight key parametersinfluencing soil yield envelopes, and identify soil failure mechanisms foroblique pipe/soil interaction events that can be used in the design of buriedpipelines for large deformation geohazards. The results may be used tobenchmark more complex loading events, such as coupled ice keel/seabed/pipelineinteraction, that has limited physical basis for validation.

Introduction
Current engineering practice recommends the use of structural beam/springmodels to simulate pipeline/soil interaction events for the prediction ofpipeline mechanical response (e.g. ALA, 2002; Honegger and Nyman, 2004). The" continuum" soil behaviour is idealised by a series of discrete, independent, orthogonal springs representing the distributed mechanical response along theaxial, lateral and vertical pipe axes. The soil spring load-displacementrelationship is generally defined by bilinear or hyperbolic expressions as afunction of the peak load and displacement at peak load. For large deformationground movement events; such as ice gouging or seismic fault movement, recentstudies indicate the structural models are deficient and do not account for thecomplex response including load coupling and superposition errors (Daiyan etal., 2010a; Peek and Nobahar, 2012; Phillips et al., 2004a). There is a need toevaluate the current state of practice for the numerical modelling ofpipeline/soil interaction events with respect to the simulation of morerealistic soil behaviour and complex loading events; such as obliquepipeline/soil interaction.
Pipeline/soil interaction is a multifaceted problem that involves theinterplay between factors including the magnitude and distribution of soilproperties (e.g. type, unit weight, strength parameters, constitutiverelationships, rate sensitivity), contact mechanics (e.g. interface properties)pipeline characteristics (e.g. diameter, burial depth) and load effects (e.g.oblique coupling, strain localization, discontinuous behaviour). This drivesthe development of a robust and comprehensive technical framework includinglaboratory tests to refine soil constitutive models and physical models tovalidate advanced computational models in support of engineering analysis anddesign activities (Kenny et al., 2007; Pike and Kenny, 2011, 2012).