bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data standards to support health information exchange between poison control centers and emergency departments
Authors: Del Fiol Guilherme , Crouch Barbara Insley , Cummins Mollie R 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Objective Poison control centers (PCCs) routinely collaborate with emergency departments (EDs) to provide care for poison-exposed patients. During this process, a significant amount of information is exchanged between EDs and PCCs via telephone, leading to important inefficiencies and safety vulnerabilities. In the present work, we identified and assessed a set of data standards to enable a standards-based health information exchange process between EDs and PCCs.
Materials and methods Based on a reference model for PCC–ED health information exchange, we (1) mapped PCC–ED information exchange events to clinical documents specified in the Health Level Seven (HL7) Consolidated Clinical Document Architecture (C-CDA) Standard, and (2) mapped information types routinely exchanged in PCC–ED telephone conversations to C-CDA sections.
Results Four C-CDA document types were necessary to support the PCC–ED information exchange process: History & Physical Note, Consultation Note, Progress Note, and Discharge Summary. Information types that are commonly exchanged between PCCs and EDs can be reasonably well represented within these C-CDA documents.
Conclusions A standards-based health information exchange process between PCCs and EDs appears to be feasible given a set of clinical data standards that are required for EHR certification in the USA, although the proposed approach still needs to be validated in actual system implementations. Such a process has the potential to improve the safety and efficiency of PCC–ED communication, ultimately resulting in improved patient care outcomes.
Endovascular revascularization results in IMS III: intracranial ICA and M1 occlusions
Authors: Tomsick Thomas A , Yeatts Sharon D , Liebeskind David S , Carrozzella Janice , Foster Lydia , Goyal Mayank , von Kummer Ruediger , Hill Michael D , Demchuk Andrew M , Jovin Tudor , Yan Bernard , Zaidat Osama O , Schonewille Wouter , Engelter Stefan , Martin Renee , Khatri Pooja , Spilker Judith , Palesch Yuko Y , Broderick Joseph P 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundInterventional Management of Stroke III did not show that combining IV recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) with endovascular therapies (EVTs) is better than IV rt-PA alone.ObjectiveTo report efficacy and safety results for EVT of intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) and middle cerebral artery trunk (M1) occlusion.MethodsFive revascularization methods for persistent occlusions after IV rt-PA treatment were evaluated for prespecified primary and secondary endpoints, after accounting for differences in key baselines variables using propensity scores. Revascularization was scored using the arterial occlusive lesion (AOL) and the modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Ischemia (mTICI) scores.ResultsEVT of 200 subjects with intracranial ICA or M1 occlusion resulted in 81.5% AOL 2–3 recanalization, in addition to 76% mTICI 2–3 and 42.5% mTICI 2b–3 reperfusion. Adverse events included symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) (8.0%), vessel perforations (1.5%), and new emboli (14.9%). EVT techniques used were standard microcatheter n=51; EKOS n=14; Merci n=77; Penumbra n=39; Solitaire n=4; multiple n=15. Good clinical outcome was associated with both TICI 2–3 and TICI 2b–3 reperfusion. Neither modified Rankin scale (mRS) 0–2 (28.5%), nor 90-day mortality (28.5%), nor asymptomatic ICH (36.0%) differed among revascularization methods after propensity score adjustment for subjects with intracranial ICA or M1 occlusion.ConclusionsGood clinical outcome was associated with good reperfusion for ICA and M1 occlusion. No significant differences in efficacy or safety among revascularization methods were demonstrated after adjustment. Lack of high-quality reperfusion, adverse events, and prolonged time to treatment contributed to lower-than-expected mRS 0–2 outcomes and study futility compared with IV rt-PA.Trial registration numberNCT00359424.
Report of a debate on Snowden's actions by ACM members
Authors: Adams A. A. 
Published: October 2014

In 2012 Edward Snowden starting releasing a cache of computer files to a small number of journalists, which he claimed to have copied from servers at the US' National Security Agency (NSA). The NSA have disputed the context or interpretation of some of the material published by the journalists, but have confirmed that Snowden had previously worked at the agency as an employee of an external firm Booz Hamilton. The result of Snowden's revelations have included a large scale debate about the activities of both the US' NSA and their partner agency in the UK (Government Communications Headquarters) in monitoring the communications of individuals and organisations worldwide.
ACM SIGCAS makes an Award each year called the "Making a Difference Award". Typically this has gone to a researcher in computer ethics or a practitioner or researcher in some other field of computer science whose work has had a significant socially beneficial impact. In 2013 some members of SIGCAS engaged in an online debate about whether Snowden would be a worth recipient of this award. The arguments put forth in this debate illuminate the divided opinions regarding Snowden's actions in the general population are also present in the computer ethics community. A distillation of the arguments put forward are presented in this piece without individual attribution to the commenters.
Adenosine A2A Receptors Intrinsically Regulate CD8+ T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Cekic Caglar , Linden Joel 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) blockade enhances innate and adaptive immune responses. However, mouse genetic studies have shown that A2AR deletion does not inhibit the growth of all tumor types. In the current study, we showed that growth rates for ectopic melanoma and bladder tumors are increased in Adora2a−/− mice within 2 weeks of tumor inoculation. A2AR deletion in the host reduced numbers of CD8+ T cells and effector–memory differentiation of all T cells. To examine intrinsic functions in T cells, we generated mice harboring a T-cell–specific deletion of A2AR. In this host strain, tumor-bearing mice displayed increased growth of ectopic melanomas, decreased numbers of tumor-associated T cells, reduced effector–memory differentiation, and reduced antiapoptotic IL7Rα (CD127) expression on antigen-experienced cells. Intratumoral pharmacologic blockade similarly reduced CD8+ T-cell density within tumors in wild-type hosts. We found that A2AR-proficient CD8+ T cells specific for melanoma cells displayed a relative survival advantage in tumors. Thus, abrogating A2AR signaling appeared to reduce IL7R expression, survival, and differentiation of T cells in the tumor microenvironment. One implication of these results is that the antitumor effects of A2AR blockade that can be mediated by activation of cytotoxic T cells may be overcome in some tumor microenvironments as a result of impaired T-cell maintenance and effector–memory differentiation. Thus, our findings imply that the efficacious application of A2AR inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy may require careful dose optimization to prevent activation-induced T-cell death in tumors. Cancer Res; 74(24); 7239–49. ©2014 AACR.
The Role of Genome Sequencing in Personalized Breast Cancer Prevention
Authors: Sieh Weiva , Rothstein Joseph H. , McGuire Valerie , Whittemore Alice S. 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Background: There is uncertainty about the benefits of using genome-wide sequencing to implement personalized preventive strategies at the population level, with some projections suggesting little benefit. We used data for all currently known breast cancer susceptibility variants to assess the benefits and harms of targeting preventive efforts to a population subgroup at highest genomic risk of breast cancer.
Methods: We used the allele frequencies and effect sizes of 86 known breast cancer variants to estimate the population distribution of breast cancer risks and evaluate the strategy of targeting preventive efforts to those at highest risk. We compared the efficacy of this strategy with that of a “best-case” strategy based on a risk distribution estimated from breast cancer concordance in monozygous twins, and with strategies based on previously estimated risk distributions.
Results: Targeting those in the top 25% of the risk distribution would include approximately half of all future breast cancer cases, compared with 70% captured by the best-case strategy and 35% based on previously known variants. In addition, current evidence suggests that reducing exposure to modifiable nongenetic risk factors will have greatest benefit for those at highest genetic risk.
Conclusions: These estimates suggest that personalized breast cancer preventive strategies based on genome sequencing will bring greater gains in disease prevention than previously projected. Moreover, these gains will increase with increased understanding of the genetic etiology of breast cancer.
Impact: These results support the feasibility of using genome-wide sequencing to target the women who would benefit from mammography screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(11); 2322–7. ©2014 AACR.
EN-RAGE
Authors: Ligthart Symen , Sedaghat Sanaz , Ikram M. Arfan , Hofman Albert , Franco Oscar H. , Dehghan Abbas 
Published: October 2014

Objective—
Inflammation plays a key role in atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that novel inflammatory markers may predict the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).

Approach and Results—

We investigated the association of 16 inflammatory biomarkers with the risk of CHD in a random subset of 839 CHD-free individuals in a prospective population-based cohort study. A Bonferroni corrected
P
value of 3.1×10
−3
was used as a threshold of statistical significance. The mean age at baseline was 72.8 years. During a median follow-up of 10.6 years, 99 cases of incident CHD were observed. Among all inflammatory biomarkers, neutrophil-derived human s100a12 (extracellular newly identified receptor for advanced glycation end-products binding protein [EN-RAGE]) showed the strongest association with the risk of CHD (
P
value 2.0×10
−3
). After multivariable adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors, each standard deviation increase in the natural log-transformed EN-RAGE was associated with 30% higher risk of incident CHD (hazard ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.59). Further adjustment for previously studied inflammatory markers did not attenuate the association. Excluding individuals with prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired kidney function, or individuals using antihypertensive medication did not change the effect estimates. Cause-specific hazard ratios suggested a stronger association between EN-RAGE and CHD mortality compared with stable CHD.

Conclusions—
Our results highlight EN-RAGE as an inflammatory marker for future CHD in a general population, beyond traditional CHD risk factors and inflammatory markers.
Elastin-Derived Peptides Are New Regulators of Thrombosis
Authors: Kawecki Charlotte , Hézard Nathalie , Bocquet Olivier , Poitevin Gaël , Rabenoelina Fanja , Kauskot Alexandre , Duca Laurent , Blaise Sébastien , Romier Béatrice , Martiny Laurent , Nguyen Philippe , Debelle Laurent , Maurice Pascal 
Published: October 2014

Objective—
Elastin is the major structural extracellular matrix component of the arterial wall that provides the elastic recoil properties and resilience essential for proper vascular function. Elastin-derived peptides (EDP) originating from elastin fragmentation during vascular remodeling have been shown to play an important role in cell physiology and development of cardiovascular diseases. However, their involvement in thrombosis has been unexplored to date. In this study, we investigated the effects of EDP on (1) platelet aggregation and related signaling and (2) thrombus formation. We also characterized the mechanism by which EDP regulate thrombosis.

Approach and Results—
We show that EDP, derived from organo-alkaline hydrolysate of bovine insoluble elastin (kappa-elastin), decrease human platelet aggregation in whole blood induced by weak and strong agonists, such as ADP, epinephrine, arachidonic acid, collagen, TRAP, and U46619. In a mouse whole blood perfusion assay over a collagen matrix, kappa-elastin and VGVAPG, the canonical peptide recognizing the elastin receptor complex, significantly decrease thrombus formation under arterial shear conditions. We confirmed these results in vivo by demonstrating that both kappa-elastin and VGVAPG significantly prolonged the time for complete arteriole occlusion in a mouse model of thrombosis and increased tail bleeding times. Finally, we demonstrate that the regulatory role of EDP on thrombosis relies on platelets that express a functional elastin receptor complex and on the ability of EDP to disrupt plasma von Willebrand factor interaction with collagen.

Conclusions—
These results highlight the complex nature of the mechanisms governing thrombus formation and reveal an unsuspected regulatory role for circulating EDP in thrombosis.
Brachial Flow-Mediated Dilation and Incident Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: O’Neal Wesley T. , Efird Jimmy T. , Yeboah Joseph , Nazarian Saman , Alonso Alvaro , Heckbert Susan R. , Soliman Elsayed Z. 
Published: October 2014

Objective—
It is unknown whether endothelial dysfunction precedes atrial fibrillation (AF) development. The objective of this study was to examine the association of brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) with incident AF.

Approach and Results—

A total of 2936 participants (mean age, 61±9.9 years; 50% women; 66% nonwhites) from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis with available ultrasound brachial FMD measurements who were free of baseline AF were included in this analysis. Baseline (2000–2002) FMD was computed from the percentage difference (%FMD) in brachial artery diameter and maximum diameter during measured vasodilator response. AF was ascertained from hospitalization data including Medicare claims during a median follow-up of 8.5 years. Probability-weighted Cox proportional-hazards regression was used to compute hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between FMD as a continuous variable (%FMD values per 1-SD increase) and incident AF. Incident AF was detected in 137 (4.7%) participants. Those with %FMD values below the sex-specific median value (median %FMD; men, 3.6%; women, 4.2%; incidence rate per 1000 person-years, 7.3; 95% confidence interval, 5.9–9.0) were more likely to develop AF than people whose %FMD values were above the median value (incidence rate per 1000 person-years, 4.5; 95% confidence interval, 3.4–5.8; log-rank
P
=0.0043). In a multivariable Cox regression analysis, each 1-SD increase in %FMD values (SD, 2.8%) was associated with less incident AF (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.70–0.99). These results were consistent across subgroups stratified by age, sex, and race/ethnicity.

Conclusions—
Smaller brachial FMD values are associated with higher rates of AF, suggesting a role for endothelial dysfunction in AF pathogenesis.
Loss of β-Catenin Promotes Chondrogenic Differentiation of Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells
Authors: Fang Ming , Alfieri Christina M. , Hulin Alexia , Conway Simon J. , Yutzey Katherine E. 
Published: October 2014

Objective—
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been implicated in human heart valve disease and is required for early heart valve formation in mouse and zebrafish. However, the specific functions of Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity in heart valve maturation and maintenance in adults have not been determined previously.

Approach and Results—

Here, we show that Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibits Sox9 nuclear localization and proteoglycan expression in cultured chicken embryo aortic valves. Loss of β-catenin in vivo in mice, using
Periostin
(
Postn
)
Cre
–mediated tissue-restricted loss of β-catenin (
Ctnnb1
) in valvular interstitial cells, leads to the formation of aberrant chondrogenic nodules and induction of chondrogenic gene expression in adult aortic valves. These nodular cells strongly express nuclear Sox9 and Sox9 downstream chondrogenic extracellular matrix genes, including
Aggrecan
,
Col2a1
, and
Col10a1
. Excessive chondrogenic proteoglycan accumulation and disruption of stratified extracellular matrix maintenance in the aortic valve leaflets are characteristics of myxomatous valve disease. Both in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that the loss of Wnt/β-catenin signaling leads to increased nuclear expression of Sox9 concomitant with induced expression of chondrogenic extracellular matrix proteins.

Conclusions—
β-Catenin limits Sox9 nuclear localization and inhibits chondrogenic differentiation during valve development and in adult aortic valve homeostasis.
Unnatural History of Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Cuypers Judith A.A.E. , Menting Myrthe E. , Konings Elisabeth E.M. , Opić Petra , Utens Elisabeth M.W.J. , Helbing Willem A. , Witsenburg Maarten , van den Bosch Annemien E. , Ouhlous Mohamed , van Domburg Ron T. , Rizopoulos Dimitris , Meijboom Folkert J. , Boersma Eric , Bogers Ad J.J.C. , Roos-Hesselink Jolien W. 
Published: October 2014

Background—
Prospective data on long-term survival and clinical outcome beyond 30 years after surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot are nonexistent.

Methods and Results—
This longitudinal cohort study consists of the 144 patients with tetralogy of Fallot who underwent surgical repair at <15 years of age between 1968 and 1980 in our center. They are investigated every 10 years. Cumulative survival (data available for 136 patients) was 72% after 40 years. Late mortality was due to heart failure and ventricular fibrillation. Seventy-two of 80 eligible survivors (90%) participated in the third in-hospital investigation, consisting of ECG, Holter, echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide measurement, cardiac magnetic resonance (including dobutamine stress testing), and the Short Form-36 questionnaire. Median follow-up was 36 years (range, 31–43 years). Cumulative event-free survival was 25% after 40 years. Subjective health status was comparable to that in the normal Dutch population. Although systolic right and left ventricular function declined, peak exercise capacity remained stable. There was no progression of aortic root dilation. A previous shunt operation, low temperature during surgery, and early postoperative arrhythmias were found to predict late mortality (hazard ratio, 2.9, 1.1, and 2.5, respectively). An increase in QRS duration and a deterioration of exercise tolerance and ventricular dysfunction did not predict mortality. Insertion of a transannular patch was a predictor for late arrhythmias (hazard ratio, 4.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–13.4).

Conclusions—
Although many patients needed a reoperation or developed arrhythmias, late mortality was low, and the clinical condition and subjective health status of most patients remained good. Previous shunt, low temperature during surgery, and early postoperative arrhythmias were found to predict late mortality.
Morphological reassessment and molecular assessment of Sargassum (Fucales: Phaeophyceae) species from the Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: ANDRADE-SORCIA GABRIELA , RIOSMENA-RODRIGUEZ RAFAEL , MUÑIZ-SALAZAR RAQUEL , LÓPEZ-VIVAS JUAN MANUEL , BOO GA HUN , LEE KYUNG MIN , BOO SUNG MIN 
Published: October 2014

Systematic molecular studies have not been performed on ecologically important brown algae (Sargassum) in the Gulf of California, Mexico, where 42 specific and infraspecific names have been recorded within this genus. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal ITS and mitochondrial cox1 and cox3 sequences, along with detailed morphological observations of Sargassum collected in the Gulf of California. We confirmed the presence of six species, five previously described—S. herporhizum, S. horridum, S. johnstonii, S. lapazeanum, and S. sinicola, as well as the newly described Sargassum ulixei sp. nov. which is characterized by terete primary axes arising from the stipe, lanceolate to elliptical sessile ecostate blades with smooth margins, cryptostomata, ellipsoidal vesicles with a short mucron, and cylindrical to ellipsoidal receptacles. The individual analyses and subsequent phylogenetic analysis recognized two groups previously described by Dawson, one as Sargassum and other as Horridum. Our studies suggest that the Gulf of California is a region with endemic Sargassum species, and is clearly distinguished from the Pacific side of Baja California, where recently introduced species are common. Based on phylogenetic relationships, we propose two geographical origins for the Sargassum from the Gulf of California: a first group originating from the proto-Gulf, related to species from the northern hemisphere (including five species); and a second group, containing S. sinicola, introduced when the southern end opened at a later stage.
Simulations of a Heat-Wave Event in New York City Using a Multilayer Urban Parameterization
Authors: Gutiérrez Estatio , González Jorge E. , Martilli Alberto , Bornstein Robert , Arend Mark 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe Weather Research and Forecasting mesoscale model coupled to a multilayer urban canopy parameterization was used to evaluate the evolution of a 3-day heat wave in New York City, New York, during the summer of 2010. Results from three simulations with different degrees of urban modeling complexity and one with an absence of urban surfaces are compared with observations. To improve the city morphology representation, building information was assimilated and the land cover land-use classification was modified. The thermal and drag effects of buildings represented in the multilayer urban canopy model improve simulations over urban regions, giving better estimates of the surface temperature and wind speed. The accuracy of the simulation is further assessed against more simplified urban parameterizations models. The nighttime excessive cooling shown by the Building Energy Parameterization is compensated for when the Building Energy Model is activated. The turbulent kinetic energy is vertically distributed when using the multilayer scheme with a maximum at the average building height, whereas turbulence production is confined to a few meters above the surface when using the simplified scheme. Evidence for the existence of horizontal roll vortices is presented, and the impact that the horizontal resolution and the time step value have on their formation is assessed.