bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antagonistic Effects of Bacillus natto and Streptococcus faecalis on Growth of Candida albicans
Authors: Ozawa Kyosuke , Yabu‐Uchi Kanji , Yamanaka Kumiko , Yamashita Yutaka , Ueba Keizo , Miwatani Toshio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe growth‐inhibitory effects of Bacillus natto and Streptococcus faecalis on Candida albicans were investigated. When inoculated into the filtrate of a long‐term culture of B. natto strain BN (BN), a stock culture of C. albicans RIMD 0301020 lost its viability completely, whereas C. albicans RIMD 0301011, a fresh isolate from a clinical source, did not. In continuous flow (CF) culture the growth of both strains of C. albicans was suppressed by mixed cultivation with BN. On the other hand, in classical batch culture BN did not suppress the growth of C. albicans. S. faecalis BIO‐4R, a multi‐drug resistant strain, was also antagonistic to C. albicans RIMD 0301011 but symbiotic with BN in CF culture. These findings suggest that BN in concert with S. faecalis BIO‐4R may inhibit the growth of C. albicans in the intestinal tract.
Immune Interferon Produced In Vitro as a Quantitative Indicator of Cell‐Mediated Immunity
Authors: Ito Yasuhiko , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Shimokata Kaoru , Takeyama Hideo , Kunii Akira 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe present study was constructed to provide some information on the possibility of utilizing immune interferon as a quantitative indicator of cell‐mediated immunity and to clarify some of the nature of immune interferon‐producing cells (IIPC).When spleen cells derived from L cell‐sensitized mice were co‐cultivated with L cells, interferon appeared in the culture fluid. It was shown by additional experiments that the cells responsible for immune interferon production in this system were T‐lymphocytes assisted by macrophages. The pattern of kinetics of immune interferon production in vitro was similar to that of migration inhibitory factor or T cell‐mediated cytotoxicity.
Isolation and Characterization of Heat‐Resistant (HR) Mutants of Newcastle Disease Virus1
Authors: Iinuma Masao , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Hamaguchi Michinari , Yoshida Tetsuya , Nagai Yoshiyuki , Maeno Koichiro , Matsumoto Toshisada 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHeat‐resistant (HR) mutants (HR 70 and HR 74) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) which exhibited significantly higher thermostability in their infectivity than wild‐type virus were isolated and characterized. They differ from each other in their plaque morphology; HR 70 produces small turbid plaques, whereas those of HR 74 are large and clear. Cytopathogenicity of these mutants is much lower than that of wild‐type virus in cultured cells such as CEF, LLCMK2, and HeLa cells. Moreover, these HR mutants exhibited extended mean embryo survival times. Synthesis of cellular RNAs and proteins in cells infected with HR mutants was not significantly reduced under conditions in which synthesis of these macromolecules was strongly reduced in cells infected with wild‐type virus. No significant differences were observed between HR mutants and wild‐type virus in their other phenotypic characteristics such as the capacity for interferon production, growth characteristics at a low multiplicity of infection, and cleavage of viral glycoproteins in infected cells.From these findings, it was suggested that the inhibitory effect of virus infection on cellular macromolecular synthesis is a possible determinant of cytopathogenicity of NDV.
Intestinal Microflora and Bile Acids
Authors: Morotomi Masami , Kawai Yasuo , Mutai Masahiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn vitro cholic acid (CA) transformation by mixed fecal culture was investigated. Concentrations of glucose, peptone, and yeast extract in the medium and the initial pH of the medium markedly affected the CA transformation. Yeast extract enhanced the transformation, whereas high concentrations of glucose and peptone inhibited it. When the initial pH of the medium was below 6.5, CA was converted to 7‐keto‐deoxycholic acid (7KD),and formation of deoxycholic acid (DC) was not observed. In contrast, with an initial pH of 7.0, about 60% of the CA was converted to 7KD after 3 days of incubation, and then DC gradually formed after 4 days of incubation, following the disappearance of 7KD. The formation of DC in the cultured samples was paralleled in each case by disappearance of 7KD. In pure culture systems, Escherichia coli and some strains of Bacteroides formed 7KD from CA. No DC formation was observed in pure cultures of any of the strains examined.
Resistance System of Mycobacterium bovis B.C.G. to Aminoglycoside‐ and Peptide‐Antibiotics
Authors: Tsukamura Michio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe resistance system of Mycobacterium bovis (B.C.G.) to aminoglycoside‐and peptide‐antibiotics has been studied. The phenotype of mutants isolated from the parent B.C.G. strain by a single‐step selection with an antibiotic were classified into the following three types: (1) resistant only to a low concentration (200 μg/ml) of kanamycin in Ogawa egg medium (k1R); (2) resistant to a low concentration (200 μg/ml) of viomycin and of capreomycin (2R); and (3) resistant to a high concentration (1,000 μg/ml or more) of kanamycin and low concentrations (100 to 200 μg/ml) of lividomycin and of paromomycin (KR). The mutants showing these phenotypes, k1R, 2R, and KR, were isolated from the parent strain by inoculating the strain into media containing 100 μg/ml of kanamycin, and 100 μ/g/ml of viomycin or capreomycin, and 1,000 μg/ml of kanamycin, respectively, at rates of 10−5‐10−6, 10−5‐10−6, and 10−6‐10−7, respectively, in a total viable population of the parent strain. Unlike in the case of M. tuberculosis, no mutant could be isolated from the parent strain by use of enviomycin, lividomycin, and/or paromomycin. In contrast to the fact that quadruply resistant mutants were isolated directly from the parent H37Rv strain of M. tuberculosis, such mutants could be isolated only by two‐step selections. Furthermore, the phenotypes of the quadruply resistant mutants were those showing a higher resistance or a broader spectrum than expected by the addition of phenotypes of individual mutations. In addition, it was shown that, in contrast to the fact that hextuply resistant mutants could be isolated directly from the parent strain of M. tuberculosis, such mutants were not isolated directly from the parent B.C.G. strain, but could be isolated only after pre‐incubation of the strain on a medium containing Tween 80.
Growth of Poliovirus in HeLa Cells Persistently Infected with HVJ (Sendai Virus)
Authors: Kimura Yoshinobu , Yoshii Saiji , Maeno Koichiro , Matsumoto Toshisada 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe growth of poliovirus in a HeLa cell culture persistently infected with the hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ, the Sendai strain of parainfluenza 1 virus) (HeLaHVJ) was studied. Plaques produced by poliovirus on HeLaHVJ cell monolayers were hazier, smaller and fewer than those on HeLa cells. HeLaHVJ cells were indistinguishable from normal HeLa cells with respect to adsorption rate and penetration efficiency of poliovirus. Extracellular yields of poliovirus in HeLaHVJ cells were lower, and the cytopathic changes were less than those in normal HeLa cells, while cell‐associated virus growth in HeLaHVJ cells was nearly equal to that in HeLa cells. HeLaHVJ cells responded more effectively to the action of magnesium chloride, which facilitates virus release from infected cells, resulting in an increase of virus yield to the level of normal HeLa cells, with an early appearance of cytopathic effects. No reduction in poliovirus yield could be detected in HeLa cells acutely infected with HVJ. The relationship between the inhibition of the release of poliovirus from HeLaHVJ cells and the persistent infection of the cells with HVJ is discussed.
Analysis of Nuclear Accumulation of Influenza Nucleoprotein Antigen in the Presence of p‐Fluorophenylalanine
Authors: Hamaguchi Michinari , Maeno Koichiro , Nagai Yoshiyuki , Iinuma Masao , Yoshida Tetsuya , Matsumoto Toshisada 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhen p‐fluorophenylalanine (FPA) was added to influenza virus RI/5+‐infected cells 4 hr after infection, virus‐specific proteins were synthesized but infectious progeny virus was not produced. In these cells, synthesis of viral RNA was strongly inhibited and nucleoprotein (NP) antigen was found predominantly in the nucleus in contrast to untreated cells in which NP antigen was distributed throughout the whole cell. The intracellular location and migration of NP were examined by isotope labeling followed by fractionation of infected cells. In untreated cells, a large portion of the NP was present in the cytoplasm and most of it was detected in the form of ribonucleoprotein (RNP). In contrast, in FPA‐treated cells little viral RNP was detectable and NP was present predominantly in the nucleus in a nonassembled, soluble form. When FPA was removed from the culture, synthesis of viral RNA was soon restored and a large amount of viral RNP appeared in the cytoplasm; this was followed by the production of infectious virus. The results of the experiments suggest that the NP synthesized in the presence of FPA is not assembled into viral RNP because of the lack of available RNA, and such NP migrates readily into the nucleus and accumulates there.
Effect of Molar Ratio of Fluorescent Dye to IgG on the Detection of Lymphocyte Surface Immunoglobulins by Immunofluorescence
Authors: Murata Michisato , Kawamura Akiyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLabeled antibodies with different F/P molar ratios of FITC to protein (F/P molar ratio) were used for the detection of surface immunoglobulin (S‐Ig) of human and mouse lymphocytes by membrane immunofluorescence, and the following results were obtained.

The percentage of S‐Ig bearing cells increased markedly when labeled anti‐human H‐ or L‐chains antibodies were used with higher F/P molar ratios. The investigation of frozen kidney sections of mice injected with human immunoglobulin revealed that such an increase of the positive ratio in S‐Ig was caused by increased non‐specific adsorption of the fraction of labeled antibody with a high F/P molar ratio.
This non‐specific adsorption phenomenon was observed at various intensities in materials from different species; materials from mice showed less non‐specific adsorption than those from humans.
It was possible to exclude reactivity with an Fc receptor using the top one third of the supernatant of labeled antibody centrifuged at 150,000 for 30 min.
Adenylate Cyclase Activity of Bordetella Organisms
Authors: Endoh Masahiko , Takezawa Toshiyuki , Nakase Yasukiyo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAbundant adenylate cyclase activity was found in the phase I cultures not only of Bordetella pertussis but also of B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. The enzyme activity in the culture fluid increased rapidly and reached a peak during the logarithmic growth phase. B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica especially produced a high activity of the enzyme in the culture fluid during the logarithmic phase, but little or no activity was detected in the cells throughout the growth period. In the culture of B. pertussis, the intracellular activity was higher than that in the culture fluid. Phase III cultures of these species lacked both the extracellular and intracellular enzyme activities throughout their growth.In the culture of B. parapertussis, accumulation of cyclic AMP was parallel to that of adenylate cyclase activity through the growth periods, but in B. pertussis there was no parallelism from the stationary through the declining phases. The difference in production patterns of the enzyme activity among the species is discussed.
The Molar Combining Ratio of Anti‐Albumin Fab' Fragments to Homologous and Heterologous Serum Albumins
Authors: Kamiyama Tsuneo , Katsube Yasuji , Imaizumi Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe number of antibody combining sites on bovine (BSA), goat (GSA) and sheep (SSA) serum albumins was studied using rabbit and chicken antibodies. In homologous reactions, the profiles of quantitative precipitations with chicken antibody were similar to those with rabbit antibody reported previously (12), and the antigenic valence in the extreme antibody excess zone was found to be 6–7 for each albumin.The univalent Fab' fragments of rabbit and chicken antibodies were prepared. The stoichiometry of the soluble complex formed with the Fab' fragment and fluorescence labeled albumin was analyzed by gel filtration, and the number of Fab' fragment molecules capable of binding to an albumin molecule was estimated. In a homologous reaction with both rabbit and chicken Fab' fragments, the Fab' to albumin combining ratio revealed from the molecular weight of the soluble complex was 14:1. In the heterologous reactions, the combining ratio was 5:1 for rabbit Fab' fragment to BSA, and 9:1 for chicken Fab' fragment to BSA. From the heterologous reactions between GSA and SSA, it was demonstrated that the combining ratios were 10–11:1 with rabbit Fab' fragment and 11–13:1 with chicken Fab' fragment.
Electron Microscopy of the Spherical Body of Oral Spirochetes In Vitro: Further Studies
Authors: Umemoto Toshihiko , Namikawa Isamu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe surface and inner structure of the spherical bodies (SB) produced by the human oral treponeme strain G7201, similar to Treponema macrodentium, were studied by electron microscopy. Ultrathin sectioning and scanning techniques demonstrated that in the presence of a high concentration of sucrose, the outer envelope of one or both terminal ends of this oral spirochete changed into a swollen structure, the SB. Spirochetal cells adhered firmly to the surface of the resultant body. The membrane of the SB, i.e. the outer envelope, enclosed the coiled protoplasmic cylinder and five axial fibrils which were located between the envelope and the cylinder. Large expanded protoplasmic cylinders were observed, surrounded by a partially disrupted double membrane in some SBs. A number of frizzly fibrous structures, which differed from axial fibrils in number and shape, were also observed within these SBs. Except for abnormal or partially broken cylinders, the protoplasmic cylinders tended to be located close to the inner surface of the SB membrane, resulting in a central vacant space with occasional axial fibrils.These findings suggest that the oral spirochete produces an SB by terminal expansion of the outer envelope in the presence of high concentrations of sucrose. The outer envelope of the SB, which consists of two electron‐dense layers, has the property of binding spirochetal cells to its outer layer and the protoplasmic cylinder and axial fibrils to the inner layer. Some protoplasmic cylinders were also observed to be swollen in the presence of high sucrose concentrations.
Mycoplasma pulmonis Arthritis in Congenitally Athymic (Nude) Mice
Authors: Kono Masako , Tanaka Hideo , Yayoshi Masumi , Araake Minako , Yoshioka Morimasa , Imai Miki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHistopathological examinations were performed on arthritic joints and other organs of strain BALB/cA nu/nu and nu/+ mice intravenously injected with Mycoplasma pulmonis strain m53. In both groups of mice suffering from polyarthritis, acute inflammatory lesions with infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the synovia and periarticular tissues were observed one to two weeks after injection. In nu/nu mice, the acute inflammation appeared repeatedly up to 20 weeks after inoculation, when the experiment was terminated, and furthermore, extensive synovial and periarticular necrosis were characteristically present after the 4th week. Only a small number of lymphocytes and plasma cells were in the lesions. In nu/+ mice, after the early acute inflammation of arthritis, relapses of the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were also observed in some mice in and after the 10th week. In addition, infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells was substantial after the 15th week. Focal necrosis was sometimes found in the liver of nu/nu mice. Perivascular infiltration of small lymphocytes and plasma cells was found in the lungs, liver and kidney of nu/+ mice in and after the 15th week. Repair mechanisms of injured articular tissues in nu/nu mice were histopathologically poor, while those in nu/+ mice seemed to be progressive and quite similar to those reported by many investigators for mice with the thymus intact. The histopathological differences are discussed in respect to the thymus‐dependent immune responses.
Morphological Changes during Conversion of Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum to Protoplasts by Sucrose‐Induced Autolysis
Authors: Ogata Seiya , Choi Kyoung Ho , Hongo Motoyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhen exponentially growing cells of Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum (ATCC 13564) were exposed to hypertonic concentrations of sucrose (0.3–0.5 M), rapid degradation of the cell wall occurred (sucrose‐induced autolysis). The morphological changes from the original rod‐shaped cells to protoplasts during the sucrose‐induced autolysis were investigated by phase contrast and electron microscopy. When the cells were autolysed in the sucrose solution (0.35 M), each cell began to swell at the middle or at one pole and then formed a small bulb at the swollen part. The bulb consisted of the cytoplasm which was enveloped by the plasma membrane and extruded from the small gap produced by the degradation of the cell wall. The bulb gradually enlarged as lysis progressed, and finally became a protoplast which had no cell wall. The large pre‐division cell frequently formed the bulb at the middle (septal site), while the small post‐division cell formed the bulb at the pole.
Heat‐Stable Enterotoxin Produced by Yersinia enterocolitica Isolated from Patients
Authors: Okamoto Keinosuke , Ichikawa Hidetaka , Kawamoto Yasuko , Miyama Akio , Yoshii Saiji 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwenty‐three strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated from children with gastrointestinal illness and examined for the production of enterotoxins by using both suckling mouse and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assay systems. Six strains were found to be enterotoxigenic in the suckling mouse assay, but all strains were negative in the CHO cell assay. Enterotoxin was detected in the culture supernatant when organisms were grown at 25 C but not at 37 C. Enterotoxin in a 15‐fold concentrated culture supernatant was precipitated by adding absolute ethanol to a concentration of 90%. However, after being dialyzed against distilled water in Spectra/por 6 membrane tubing, it was soluble in 80% acetone. One unit dose of partially purified enterotoxin was 5.0 μg of protein/mouse in the suckling mouse assay. The molecular weight of enterotoxin was between 10,000 and 50,000 daltons as determined by ultrafiltration. It was stable to heat (121 C × 20 min or 100 C × 60 min). These observations indicate that Y. enterocolitica isolated in Japan also produce an enterotoxin similar to the heat‐stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. However its physicochemical properties seem to be different from those of E. coli.
Differences between Surface Antigenic Determinants of Polar Monotrichous Flagella of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and of Related Species
Authors: Shinoda Sumio , Senoh Toshinobu , Asano Kazuyo , Nakahara Noriko , Ono Bun‐Ichiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractPolar monotrichous flagella (M‐flagella) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus have antigens in common with those of various species of Vibrio including V. cholerae and V. anguillarum, and of Beneckea, revealed by gel diffusion tests with flagellin monomers. However, antiserum against M‐flagellin of V. parahaemolyticus did not agglutinate cells of V. cholerae and V. anguillarum, although it did agglutinate cells of V. parahaemolyticus. Agglutination tests after absorption of the antiserum with purified M‐flagellar filaments or flagellin monomers and H‐agglutination inhibition tests demonstrated that there are two different antigenic determinants in M‐flagella as in lateral flagella. One is on the surface of the M‐flagella (surface antigenic determinant, SA) and disappears or is buried in dissociated monomers. The other is inside the flagella (internal antigenic determinant, IA) and is exposed when the flagella are dissociated to flagellin monomers. SA of V. parahaemolyticus is different from those of V. cholerae and V. anguillarum, whereas the three species have a common IA.
Studies on Structural Proteins of Chikungunya Virus
Authors: Konishi Eiji , Hotta Susumu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractChikungunya virus (CHIKV) was purified and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in discontinuous buffer systems. Three bands were revealed by staining with Coomassie blue; two of them (E1 and E2) were associated with the membrane, and one (C) with the core. Their molecular weights were estimated to be 56,000 (E1), 52,000 (E2), and 36,000 (C), irrespective of the concentration of acrylamide in the gels. The molar ratios of Ei, E2, and C were almost equal when the sample buffer was Tris‐HCl, whereas they were different when phosphate buffer was used.
Concanavalin A Agglutinability of Some Enveloped RNA Viruses Modified by Host Cell Transformation
Authors: Miki Takashi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe dependence on concanavalin A (Con A) concentration of agglutinability of some enveloped RNA viruses grown in transformed cells was compared with that of those grown in nontransformed cells. The avian oncoviruses were purified by centrifuging to equilibrium in a combination equilibrium: viscosity‐gradient of potassium tartrate and glycerol after conventional isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Avian oncoviruses were more agglutinable with Con A when grown in transformed cells than when grown in nontransformed cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus grown in transformed cells was also more agglutinable than the virus grown in nontransformed cells. These results agree with the concept that the envelopes are modified by host cell transformation and that, therefore, viruses grown in transformed cells are expected to be more agglutinable with Con A than those grown in nontransformed cell.
Isolation of Nontoxigenic Variants Associated with Enhanced Sporulation and Alteration in the Cell Wall from Clostridium botulinum Type A 190L by Treatment with Detergents
Authors: Takumi Kenji , Kinouchi Takemi , Kawata Tomio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNontoxigenic variants were isolated from Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190L after treatment with detergents such as deoxycholate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, Tween 80 and Brij‐58. Deoxycholate was most effective for obtaining the variants. The variants exhibited a markedly increased frequency of sporulation compared with the oligosporogenic parent strain. The cell wall of the parent strain was composed of an outer layer and an inner layer, whereas that of the variants lost the outer layer. After treatment with mitomycin C the parent strain was subjected to lysis and produced bacteriophages with a hexagonal head and a contractible tail, while the nontoxigenic variants did not yield bacteriophages or phage‐like structures. There appears to be a close relationship among the toxigenic and sporogenic properties, formation of the outer cell wall layer and lysogeny.