bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COST: Cognitive State Test, a brief screening battery for Alzheimer disease in illiterate and literate patients
Authors: Babacan-Yildiz Gulsen , Isik Ahmet T. , Ur Emel , Aydemir Emine , Ertas Can , Cebi Merve , Soysal Pinar , Gursoy Esra , Kolukisa Mehmet , Kocaman Gulsen , Celebi Arif 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTBackground: The aim was to develop a brief screening battery, Cognitive State Test (COST), for detecting the presence of dementia in both illiterate and literate patients and to assess its validity and reliability.Methods: COST is a cognitive screening tool that consists of almost all cognitive domains. It takes 5–7 minutes to administer, and has a maximum score of 30. Data were obtained from 114 healthy volunteers and 74 Alzheimer dementia (AD) patients. Subjects’ age divided into two groups: A1: <65 years; and A2: ≥65 years and their education level divided into three groups: E1: illiterate; E2: 1–5 years; and E3: ≥6 years. For assessing concurrent validity, total COST score was compared to the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL). Sensitivity and specificity were determined through a discriminant analysis using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's coefficient α.Results: For normal and AD subjects, mean age was 64.9±9.8 years (50 women and 64 men) and 67.2±13.2 years (55 women and 19 men), respectively. Schooling ranged from 0–15 years (mean 5.7±4.2 and 3.3±3.8 years, respectively), and 21 and 37 subjects were illiterate, respectively. The COST significantly and positively correlated with MMSE and MoCA, and significantly and inversely correlated with CDR, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and BADL. In the E1, E2, and E3 education groups, the optimal cut-off points of COST chosen for diagnosis of AD were 23/24 (sensitivity: 81%, specificity: 99%), 24/25 (sensitivity: 75%, specificity: 86%), and 26/27 (sensitivity: 77%, specificity: 84%), respectively. When illiterate and literate subjects were then pooled, the optimal cut-off score of COST was 24/25, which yielded a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 87%. Reliability of the COST was good (0.86).Conclusion: The COST is a valid and reliable screening battery for detection of dementia both in the illiterate and the literate Alzheimer patients.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in a premature baby with interrupted aortic arch and aortopulmonary window
Authors: Tzifa Aphrodite , Komnou Areti , Loggitsi Dimitra 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAortopulmonary window is a communication between the main pulmonary artery and the ascending aorta in the presence of two separate semilunar valves. The combination of an aortopulmonary window with interrupted aortic arch is rare. We discuss the unique case of an extremely premature infant weighing 1.7 kilograms who underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging as a pre-operative assessment in a high-field open 1.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging system as a one-stop investigation before complete repair.
When Pressure is Positive: A Literature Review of the Prehospital Use of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Authors: Williams Brett , Boyle Malcolm , Robertson Nicole , Giddings Coco 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackgroundHeart failure poses a significant burden of disease, resulting in 2,658 Australian deaths in 2008, and listed as an associated cause of death in a further 14,466 cases. Common in the hospital setting, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is a non-invasive ventilation technique used to prevent airway collapse and manage acute pulmonary edema (APO). In the hospital setting, CPAP has been known to decrease the need for endotracheal intubation in patients with APO. Therefore the objective of this literature review was to identify the effectiveness of CPAP therapy in the prehospital environment.MethodsA review of selected electronic medical databases (Cochrane, Medline, EMBASE, and CINAHL) was conducted from their commencement date through the end of May 2012. Inclusion criterion was any study type reporting the use of CPAP therapy in the prehospital environment, specifically in the treatment of heart failure and acute pulmonary edema. References of relevant articles were also reviewed.ResultsThe literature search located 1,253 articles, 12 of which met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies found that the use of CPAP therapy in the prehospital environment is associated with reduced short-term mortality as well as reduced rates of endotracheal intubation. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy was also shown to improve patient vital signs during prehospital transport and reduce myocardial damage.DiscussionThe studies conducted of prehospital use of CPAP to manage APO have all demonstrated improvement in patient outcomes in the short term.ConclusionAvailable evidence suggests that the use of CPAP therapy in the prehospital environment may be beneficial to patients with acute pulmonary edema as it can potentially decrease the need for endotracheal intubation, improve vital signs during transport to hospital, and improve short-term mortality.WilliamsB, BoyleM, RobertsonN, GiddingsC. When pressure is positive: a literature review of the prehospital use of continuous positive airway pressure. Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(1):1-10.
Transport of the plasma sheet electrons to the geostationary distances
Authors: Ganushkina N. Y. , Amariutei O. A. , Shprits Y. Y. , Liemohn M. W. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe transport and acceleration of low‐energy electrons (50–250 keV) from the plasma sheet to the geostationary orbit were investigated. Two moderate storm events, which occurred on 6–7 November 1997 and 12–14 June 2005, were modeled using the Inner Magnetosphere Particle Transport and Acceleration model (IMPTAM) with the boundary set at 10 RE in the plasma sheet. The output of the IMPTAM was compared to the observed electron fluxes in four energy ranges (50–225 keV) measured by the Synchronous Orbit Particle Analyzer instrument onboard the Los Alamos National Laboratory spacecraft. It was found that the large‐scale convection in combination with substorm‐associated impulsive fields is the drivers of the transport of plasma sheet electrons from 10 RE to geostationary orbit at 6.6 RE during storm times. The addition of radial diffusion had no significant influence on the modeled electron fluxes. At the same time, the modeled electron fluxes are one (two) order(s) smaller than the observed ones for 50–150 keV (150–225 keV) electrons, respectively, most likely due to inaccuracy of electron boundary conditions. The loss processes due to wave‐particle interactions were not considered. The choice of the large‐scale convection electric field model used in simulations did not have a significant influence on the modeled electron fluxes, since there is not much difference between the equipotential contours given by the Volland‐Stern and the Boyle et al. (1997) models at distances from 10 to 6.6 RE in the plasma sheet. Using the TS05 model for the background magnetic field instead of the T96 model resulted in larger deviations of the modeled electron fluxes from the observed ones due to specific features of the TS05 model. The increase in the modeled electron fluxes can be as large as two orders of magnitude when substorm‐associated electromagnetic fields were taken into account. The obtained model distribution of low‐energy electron fluxes can be used as an input to the radiation belt models. This seed population for radiation belts will affect the local acceleration up to relativistic energies.
The tomato borer
Tuta absoluta
: insecticide resistance and control failure.
Authors: Guedes R. N. C. , Siqueira H. A. A. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The tomato borer
Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) evolved from a local South American concern to become a worldwide threat in tomato production less than three decades after initially spreading throughout South America, and eventually through Europe, North Africa and Middle East with an increased likelihood of invading Asia. Despite the studies performed thus far on this invasive species, management is difficult and insecticide is a major component of control. As a result, insecticide resistance has led to insecticide control failure in South America, where farmers have heavily relied on insecticide against this pest species since the 1980s. Reports from Chile, Argentina and, in particular, Brazil suggest that insecticide resistance evolves quickly in this species as a direct response to insecticide use (and overuse). Insecticide replacement for controlling the tomato borer typically leads to rapid changes in the patterns of insecticide resistance for this species. However, the resistance frequency for previously used compounds, such as pyrethroids, remains and likely results in a faster increase in resistance with selection, even in areas where this pest species was recently introduced. Recent genetic studies on the tomato borer suggest that insecticide resistance and control failure for this species in South America are also concerns elsewhere because newly introduced strains carry insecticide-resistance genes at a relatively high frequency even without local selection at the site of introduction.
A novel technique to fabricate 28 nm p-MOSFETs possessing gate oxide integrity on an embedded SiGe channel without silicon surface passivation
Authors: Yu M H , Liao M H , Huang T C , Wang L T , Lee T L , Jang S M , Cheng H C 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A novel technique to create a suspending stacked gate oxide and subsequently to fill in an embedded SiGe channel (ESC) between the gate oxide and the underlying silicon substrate is proposed for the first time to fabricate 28 nm p-metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (p-MOSFET). Without Si surface passivation on the ESC, such an ESC structure could achieve a p-FET transconductance (G
m) gain of 26% higher and a better I
on–I
off performance gain of 8% than that of conventional strained Si p-FETs with the source/drain (S/D) SiGe. Better S/D resistance (R
sd) in the resistance versus gate length plot and improved swing slope of the I
d–V
gs plot indicates higher mobility in the ESC devices. Moreover, the off-state gate current of the ESC structure is also comparable to the conventional ones. From the x-ray photoelectron spectrum analysis, only the Si–O bonding, and no Ge–O bonding at the SiGe/SiO2 interface could account for this superior gate oxide integrity for the ESC and strained Si structure. Therefore, such a novel technique with an ESC structure is very promising for the 28 nm p-MOSFET devices era.
A Conifer ABI3-Interacting Protein Plays Important Roles during Key Transitions of the Plant Life Cycle
Authors: Zeng Ying , Zhao Tiehan , Kermode Allison R. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractABI3 (for ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3), a transcription factor of the abscisic acid signal transduction pathway, plays a major role during seed development, dormancy inception, and dormancy maintenance. This protein appears to also function in meristematic and vegetative plant tissues and under certain stress conditions. We have isolated the ABI3 gene ortholog (CnABI3) from yellow cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis) and found that it was functionally similar to other ABI3 genes of angiosperms. Here, we report that using a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid approach, we have identified another protein of yellow cedar (CnAIP2; for CnABI3 INTERACTING PROTEIN2) that physically interacts with CnABI3. Functional analyses revealed that CnAIP2 plays important roles during key transitions in the plant life cycle: (1) CnAIP2 impaired seed development and reduced seed dormancy; (2) CnAIP2 promoted root development, particularly the initiation of lateral roots, and the CnAIP2 gene promoter was exquisitely auxin sensitive; and (3) CnAIP2 promoted the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive initiation (i.e. flowering). The nature of the effects of CnAIP2 on these processes and other evidence place CnAIP2 in the category of a “global” regulator, whose actions are antagonistic to those of ABI3.
L539 fs/47, a truncated mutation of human ether‐a‐go‐go‐related gene (hERG), decreases hERG ion channel currents in HEK 293 cells
Authors: Zhang Aifeng , Sun Chaofeng , Zhang Li , Lv Ying , Xue Xiaolin , Li Guoliang , Cui Changcong , Yan Gan‐Xin 
Published: November 2012

Summary

Mutations in the human ether‐a‐go‐go‐related gene (hERG) are responsible for congenital Type 2 long QT syndrome (LQT2). Previously, we reported a truncated mutation of hERG in a Chinese family with LQT2, namely L539 fs/47, which is composed of a 19 bp deletion mutation and an A1692G polymorphism. This mutation was found to cause an LQT2 phenotype. The aim of the present study was to investigate the functional role of L539 fs/47 at the cellular level and its potential contribution to the loss of function of hERG channels.

The function of the truncated mutation L539 fs/47 was evaluated by constructing a mutated plasmid, transfection of the mutated cDNA into HEK 293 cells and subsequent patch‐clamp, western blotting and immunostaining experiments.

Homologous expression of L539 fs/47 in HEK 293 cells produced a non‐functional protein that was detected in cell membranes. When L539 fs/47 was expressed simultaneously with wild‐type hERG, it suppressed wild‐type hERG currents in a dose‐dependent manner and changed the gating properties of the channel.

Although L539 fs/47 hERG proteins were detected on plasma membranes, they failed to generate hERG currents. In general, L539 fs/47 dose‐dependently decreases hERG ion channel currents and suppresses the function of wild‐type channels function. This may explain, in part, the clinical manifestations of LQT2 in the family with this mutation.
Do Early Career Indicators of Clinical Skill Predict Subsequent Career Outcomes and Practice Characteristics for General Internists?
Authors: Gray Bradley , Reschovsky James , Holmboe Eric , Lipner Rebecca 
Published: November 2012

ObjectiveTo study relationships between clinical skill measures assessed at the beginning of general internists' careers and their career outcomes and practice characteristics.Data SourcesGeneral Internist Community Tracking Study Physician Survey respondents (2000–2001, 2004–2005) linked with residency program evaluations and American Board of Internal Medicine board certification examination score records; n = 2,331.Study DesignCross‐sectional regressions of career outcome and practice characteristic measures on board examination scores/success, residency evaluations interacted with residency type, and potential confounding variables.Principal FindingsFailure to achieve board certification was associated with $27,206 (18 percent, p < .05) less income and 14.9 percent more minority patients relative to physicians scoring in the bottom quartile on their initial examination who eventually became certified (p < .01). Other skill measures were not associated with income. Scoring in the top rather than bottom quartile on the board certification examination was associated with 9 percent increased likelihood of reporting high career satisfaction (p < .05). Among physicians trained in community hospital residency programs, lower evaluations were associated with 14.5 percent higher share of minority patients (p < .05). Both skill measures were associated with practice type.ConclusionsThere are associations between early career skill measures and career outcomes. In addition, minority patients are more likely to be treated by physicians with lower early career clinical skills measures than nonminority patients.
Emotion in responses to the child with ‘additional needs’
Authors: Marrable Tish 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe work that is done with children and young people by the practitioners of health, education or social care forms part of their experience of growing up, and can have a profound impact on their future outcomes. Children may find themselves ‘impotent at the hands of powerful others’, particularly where their behaviour causes concern. This paper reports on a key theme from the author's doctoral research, demonstrating the ways that the emotion‐laden interactions between practitioners in multi‐agency children's services, children and parents, affected the diagnosis, treatment, communication and outcomes for children's well‐being, as defined within Every Child Matters. Exploring the emotion within interactions permits a different perspective on ‘need’, and finally, the paper argues for a more careful and emotionally reflective practice from those who work with children.
Neurodevelopmental consequences of maternal distress: what do we really know?
Authors: Schuurmans C , Kurrasch DM 
Published: November 2012

Schuurmans C, Kurrasch DM. Neurodevelopmental consequences of maternal distress: what do we really know?A simple internet search of ‘maternal stress and pregnancy’ turns up hundreds of hits explaining that an adverse intrauterine environment can affect fetal development and potentially lead to various learning, behavioral, and mood disorders in childhood, as well as complex diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular conditions later in life. Indeed, a growing body of literature now links several intrauterine challenges, including maternal obesity and stress, with adverse developmental outcomes in the child. Over the past 5 years, nearly 5000 publications have explored the consequences of maternal distress on young offspring, a marked increase from the 475 published studies over a comparable period 20 years ago. Yet, despite this explosion of research and widespread warnings to pregnant mothers, we still lack a basic understanding of the pathophysiology linking adverse maternal health to the onset of disease in the child, especially regarding how prenatal and perinatal challenges might affect brain development. Recent studies have begun to explore the cellular basis of the abnormal brain cytoarchitecture associated with fetal exposure to intrauterine challenges. Here, our goal is to review the scientific evidence that maternal distress interferes with key neurodevelopmental steps, as an entry point toward mapping the pathophysiology of pre‐ and perinatal stress on the unborn child's brain.
A scientific evidence for the efficacy of biologic implants for soft tissue reconstruction
Authors: Smart N. J. , Bryan N. , Hunt J. A. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe challenges and complications arising from abdominal surgery frequently necessitate soft tissue reconstruction or augmentation. Soft tissue repair generally has been revolutionised by the introduction of synthetic meshes, but their use is contra‐indicated in contaminated or infected fields. Biologic materials derived from devitalised allo‐ or xenogeneic tissues have been proposed as a safer alternative to synthetics and provide an extracellular scaffold necessary for the in‐growth of new blood vessels and infiltration of native stromal cells. We review the scientific evidence behind commercially available biologic prostheses in relation to the impact of tissue source, manufacturing processes and supplemental cross‐linking on in vitro and in vivo (animal model and clinical) performance.Cross‐linked meshes exhibit increased resistance to collagenase activity and degradation whilst still allowing tissue in‐growth. Mesh durability may be the most important characteristic in determining optimal clinical outcomes, particularly in the context of the increased collagenase activity seen in contaminated or infected fields. Of all the biologic meshes currently available, HDMI cross‐linked acellular porcine dermis has been associated with the best clinical outcomes in contaminated or infected fields.
Anal bulking agents for faecal incontinence
Authors: Watson N. F. S. , Koshy A. , Sagar P. M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe aim of this review was to assess and evaluate reports of studies on the efficacy of anal bulking agents used in the treatment of faecal incontinence. A systematic review of the literature was carried out to identify studies that have reported on the use of anal bulking agents.A variety of biomaterials have been employed for anal bulking. These include autologous fat, bovine glutaraldehyde cross‐linked collagen, carbon‐coated zirconium oxide beads, dextranomer microspheres in a gel, hydrogel cross‐linked with polyacrylamide, polydimethylsiloxane elastomer in a gel, porcine dermal collagen and synthetic calcium hydroxylapatitie ceramic microspheres. Although the ideal site of injection (submucosal or intramuscular) and the mechanism of action remain the subject of debate, most published studies report a significant improvement in continence in at least 50% of subjects with mild to moderate symptoms with little or no associated morbidity.We concluded that anal bulking agents may be used to alleviate symptoms of faecal seepage and soilage.
Autonomy in Action: Linking the Act of Looking to Memory Formation in Infancy via Dynamic Neural Fields
Authors: Perone Sammy , Spencer John P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractLooking is a fundamental exploratory behavior by which infants acquire knowledge about the world. In theories of infant habituation, however, looking as an exploratory behavior has been deemphasized relative to the reliable nature with which looking indexes active cognitive processing. We present a new theory that connects looking to the dynamics of memory formation and formally implement this theory in a Dynamic Neural Field model that learns autonomously as it actively looks and looks away from a stimulus. We situate this model in a habituation task and illustrate the mechanisms by which looking, encoding, working memory formation, and long‐term memory formation give rise to habituation across multiple stimulus and task contexts. We also illustrate how the act of looking and the temporal dynamics of learning affect each other. Finally, we test a new hypothesis about the sources of developmental differences in looking.