bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors among Urban Sikh Population of Amritsar
Authors: Shenoy Shweta , Sandhu Jaspal Singh , Singh Amrinder 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Metabolic syndrome (MS) refers to a cluster of various interrelated cardiometabolic risk factors that promote the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). South Asians also seem to have a peculiar body phenotype known as South Asian Phenotype, characterized by increased waist circumference, increased waist hip ratio, excessive body fat mass, increased plasma insulin levels and insulin resistance, as well as an atherogenic dyslipidemia, with low levels of HDL cholesterol and increased triglyceride levels. Epidemiologists in India and international agencies such as the world health organization (WHO) have been sounding an alarm on the rapidly rising burden of CVD for the past 15 years. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of ms in the Urban Sikh Population of Amritsar by means of a door-to-door survey. A secondary aim was to identify the risk factors for the development of ms. The sample size of 1089 subjects was calculated. This study focused on Urban Sikhs living in Amritsar, Punjab. The overall prevalence of ms in Urban Sikh population of Amritsar was 34.3% with a higher prevalence among women (41.4%) compared with men (28.2%). We also found that the prevalence of ms increases with age in both sexes. We infer that out of 1089 subjects there were only 84 subjects who reported with not a single abnormal component of the ms. The rest 1005 subjects had either one or more component abnormal in them.

How to cite this article
Singh A, Shenoy S, Sandhu JS. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and its Risk Factors among Urban Sikh Population of Amritsar. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(1):18-25.
Traumatic inferior epigastric vessel haemorrhage
Authors: Mohammed Babiker Ali , Dimassi Hani , Alshehri Fahad Mohammed 
Published: February 2015

Inferior epigastric vessel (IEV) bleeding usually results in a localised rectus sheath haematoma. This condition was thought to be uncommon and sometimes overlooked or misdiagnosed. Lately the condition has become more prevalent with life threatening bleeding which may need emergency intervention to save life. A case report of IEV bleeding following trauma in a 17-year-old male is reported. A CT scan enabled localisation of the injury site and showed signs of active bleeding. Facilities for embolization didn't exist in the hospital at the time. The bleeding was life threatening which required an emergency laparotomy.The laparotomy confirmed the source of the bleeding as the left IEV. The offending vessel was ligated and the haematoma was evacuated. The patient recovered well and his life was saved. Bleeding from the IEV is thought to be rare and the result is usually a haematoma which can be treated conservatively. The presentation is changing and there is an increase in severity and frequency of the bleeding which can endanger life. If facilities for embolization do exist, a minimally invasive procedure is the method of choice. If on the other hand they don't exist, which is the case in many hospitals; laparotomy should be performed where there is a threat to life.
A Republican in a Changing World: The Political Position and Attitudes of Tadeusz Kościuszko, 1798–1817
Authors: Czubaty Jarosław 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
One evening in April 1814, in a Paris occupied by Russian and Prussian forces, a strange scene took place that could have annoyed some observers. During a solemn party organized by the Polish princess Teodora Jabłonowska for Russia’s ruler, Tsar Alexander I, and his brother, Grand Duke Constantine, a modestly dressed old man appeared in the doorway. When the tsar saw him, he and his brother took the man by the arms and led him through the crowd calling, “A place! A place for a great man!” The man treated with such respect by the most powerful European ruler of the day was Tadeusz Kościuszko. The sixty-eight-year-old hero of the American War of Independence and the leader of the Polish insurrection of 1794 had accepted the invitation of Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, the tsar’s friend and advisor, and traveled to Paris to declare his support for rebuilding Poland under the protection of Alexander I.
Real‐time Contrast‐Enhanced Sonographically Guided Biopsy or Radiofrequency Ablation of Focal Liver Lesions Using Perflurobutane Microbubbles (Sonazoid)
Authors: Park Hee Sun , Kim Young Jun , Yu Mi Hye , Jung Sung Il , Jeon Hae Jeong 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the utility of Kupffer‐phase imaging by real‐time contrast‐enhanced sonography using the perflurobutane microbubble contrast agent Sonazoid (GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway) in guiding biopsy or radiofrequency (RF) ablation of focal liver lesions.MethodsA total of 75 patients (mean age, 59.7 years) who were referred for percutaneous biopsy (n = 42) or RF ablation (n = 33) were included in the study. Grayscale sonography and contrast‐enhanced sonography using Sonazoid were performed in all patients before the procedure. The conspicuity of each targeted liver lesion on grayscale sonography, vascular‐phase contrast‐enhanced sonography, and Kupffer‐phase contrast‐enhanced sonography was graded using a 5‐point scale. Lesion detection rates were calculated, and the conspicuity of the lesions among the imaging modalities was compared. The technical success of the procedures was also assessed.ResultsThe procedures were conducted in 66 patients (biopsy in 41 and RF ablation in 25) under real‐time guidance by Kupffer‐phase contrast‐enhanced sonography. Lesion detection rates were 77.3% (58 of 75), 84.0% (63 of 75), and 92.0% (69 of 75) on grayscale sonography, vascular‐phase contrast‐enhanced sonography, and Kupffer‐phase contrast‐enhanced sonography, respectively, and were significantly different among the 3 modalities (P= .034). Overall, lesion conspicuity was significantly increased on vascular‐phase and Kupffer‐phase contrast‐enhanced sonography compared to grayscale sonography (P < .001). Technical success rates for the procedures were 95.2% (40 of 42) for biopsy and 69.7% (23 of 33) for RF ablation.ConclusionsKupffer‐phase imaging by contrast‐enhanced sonography using Sonazoid increases the conspicuity of the liver lesions compared to grayscale sonography, and it is useful for real‐time guidance of percutaneous biopsy or RF ablation of focal liver lesions.
The Schmidt Reaction
Authors: Wrobleski Aaron , Coombs Thomas C. , Huh Chan Woo , Li Sze‐Wan , Aubé Jeffrey 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe classical form of the Schmidt reaction involves the reaction of a carbon‐centered electrophile with hydrazoic acid with loss of nitrogen, usually with a rearrangement that forms a new carbon‐nitrogen bond. Although the conversion of a ketone into an amide is the most commonly used variation, mechanistically related versions utilize an aldehyde, acid, or a carbocation generated from an alkene or alcohol as the electrophilic component. In recent years, the definition of the Schmidt reaction has been modified to include analogous reactions in which the hydrazoic acid is replaced by an alkyl azide, promoted by Lewis acids. The use of an alkyl azide uniquely permits the formulation of intramolecular Schmidt reactions of the azide with a carbonyl or carbocationic electrophile.
The Neber Rearrangement
Authors: Berkowitz William F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAn early investigation of the Beckmann rearrangement led Neber to discover that treatment ofO‐sulfonyl ketoximes with base led to the formation of 2H‐azirines. Neber's subsequent papers described in detail the full panoply of reactions, intermediates, and byproducts associated with the reaction, including α‐amino ketones formed by acidic hydrolysis of the azirines. This chapter is devoted to the base‐promoted rearrangement of oximeO‐derivatives, commonlyO‐sulfonates, representing the original “Neber” rearrangement, and the corresponding reaction ofN,N,N‐trimethylhydrazonium iodides, the “modified Neber” rearrangement, discovered by Smith.
Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Organotrifluoroborate Salts
Authors: A. Molander Gary , Jean‐Gérard Ludivine 
Published: February 2015

AbstractOrganotrifluoroborates are partners for cross‐coupling that have emerged as complementary and often unique alternatives to other organoboron reagents. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of all cross‐coupling reactions of the various classes of organotrifluoroborates that have been carried out through August, 2009.The chapter introduces the subject with a discussion of mechanistic considerations concerning the cross‐coupling, followed by a brief discussion of the stereochemical aspects of the transformation. The scope and limitations of the reactions are subsequently discussed, first in terms of the organotrifluoroborate and then the electrophilic partner of the reaction.Potential side reactions that are encountered are outlined with useful suggestions on how these can be avoided in practice. Applications in synthesis are described, detailing how organotrifluoroborates have been utilized in the construction of natural products, materials of all types, and pharmacologically active substances. A comparison to other cross‐coupling methods rounds out the descriptive part of the chapter.A detailed outline of experimental considerations and protocols has been assembled, gleaning information from the vast array of published procedures to assemble an overview of the most successful conditions. Representative procedures are included for each class of organotrifluoroborate coupling partner, and the tables provide a comprehensive listing of individual reactions.
Catalytic, Asymmetric, Intramolecular Carbon–Hydrogen Insertion
Authors: P. Doyle Michael , Liu Yu , Ratnikov Maxim 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The insertion of a chiral‐ligated metal carbene into an aliphatic C‐H bond to construct a carbon‐carbon bond imparts asymmetry into the resultant molecule to form enantiomerically enriched lactones, lactams, and cycloalkane derivatives and returns the chiral‐ligated metal to its catalytically active state. Insertion is favored by electron‐donating groups adjacent to the C‐H bond that undergoes insertion, and is disfavored by electron‐withdrawing groups. Chiral dirhodium(II) carboxamidates have proven to have the greatest breadth of high selectivities, but other classes of catalysts are selective in specific cases. Although there are examples of iodonium ylides as reactants, diazo compounds are the reactants of choice for these reactions. Diazocarbonyl compounds, especially diazoacetates and diazoacetamides, have reactivities and selectivities that are most suitable for high product yields and high stereoselectivities. This reaction is optimally designed for the formation of five‐membered ring compounds using diazoacetates and diazoacetamides and of four‐membered ring products with constrained diazoacetamides. Access to lignan lactones, baclofen, deoxyxylolactone, and rolipram, among others, exemplify the efficiencies of this methodology relative to other synthetic approaches.
Cycloadditions of Carbonyl Ylides Derived from Diazocarbonyl Compounds
Authors: M. Hodgson David , H. Labande Agnès , Muthusamy Sengodagounder 
Published: February 2015

Abstract[3 + 2] cycloadditions of carbonyl ylides with dipolarophiles provides a synthetically powerful way to make a variety of 5‐membered oxacycles. One of the best ways to generate carbonyl ylide intermediates is by transition metal‐catalyzed loss of nitrogen from diazocarbonyl compounds and trapping of the resultant metallocarbenes by a carbonyl group.This chapter covers the metal‐catalyzed intra‐ and intermolecular cycloadditions of carbonyl ylides derived from diazocarbonyl compounds with various dipolarophiles. The literature up to the end of 2011 is covered.A comprehensive discussion is provided of mechanism and stereochemistry, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and asymmetric cycloadditions. The structural scope at the diazo group, of the carbonyl group forming the ylide, and of the dipolarophile is delineated. A systematic analysis is presented of the scope and limitations of intra‐ and intermolecular cycloadditions of cyclic diazocarbonyl‐derived carbonyl ylides from ketones, esters, amides or imides, including cycloadditions of aromatic pyrylium and isomünchnone ylides. The generation of acyclic carbonyl ylides from aldehydes, ketones, or imides and their cycloadditions is also reviewed. Finally, important applications to the total synthesis of natural products and a critical comparison with other methods for carbonyl ylide generation‐cycloaddition are presented.
Ermittlung und Beurteilung chemischer Verunreinigungen der Luft von Innenraumarbeitsplätzen (ohne Tätigkeit mit Gefahrstoffen) [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2014]
Authors: Breuer Dietmar , Sagunski Helmut , Ball Michael , Hebisch Ralph , von Hahn Nadja , Lahrz Thomas , Nitz Gerda , Pannwitz Karl‐Heinz , Rosenberger Wolfgang 
Published: February 2015

AbstractVeröffentlicht in der ReiheAnalytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen, 11. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1998Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:EinleitungDefinitionenInnenräumeInnenraumarbeitsplätzeStoffe in der InnenraumluftMessstrategieVorermittlungPlanung der MessungMessung unter NutzungsbedingungenMessung unter AusgleichsbedingungenMessstrategie für ArbeitsplätzeMessverfahrenGrundlegende FeststellungenGaseFlüchtige organische VerbindungenSchwerflüchtige organische VerbindungenStäube und FasernLuftwechselBeurteilungswerteGrenzwerteRichtwerteLeitwerteReferenzwerteBeurteilung von MessergebnissenAnhang
Cyclisierung eines 1,4‐Diborabutadienliganden mit CO unter Einbeziehung beider Atome
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Ye Qing , Celik Mehmet Ali , Dewhurst Rian D. , Radacki Krzysztof 
Published: February 2015

AbstractEin (1,4‐Dibora‐1,3‐butadien)eisen‐Komplex wurde durch stöchiometrische Reaktion eines Eisenbis(borylen)‐Komplexes mit Diphenylacetylen erhalten. Dessen Umsetzung mit CO und PMe3 führte zu einem ungewöhnlichen ylidischen B2C3O‐Sechsring, der sowohl an die PMe3‐Gruppe als auch an das nullwertige Eisenkomplexfragment gebunden ist. Diese Reaktion ist eines der sehr seltenen Beispiele für die Einbindung beider Atome des CO‐Moleküls in ein Ringsystem.
Zur Rolle der Elektronenstruktur des heteronuklearen Oxidclusters [Ga2Mg2O5].+ in der thermischen Aktivierung von Methan und Ethan: ein ungewöhnlicher Dotierungseffekt
Authors: Li Jilai , Wu Xiao‐Nan , Schlangen Maria , Zhou Shaodong , González‐Navarrete Patricio , Tang Shiya , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDer heteronukleare Oxidcluster [Ga2Mg2O5].+, der ein ungepaartes Elektron an einem verbrückenden Sauerstoffatom (Ob.−) besitzt, wurde mittels Fouriertransformations‐Ionenzyklotronresonanz‐Massenspektrometrie (FT‐ICR‐MS) auf seine Reaktivität gegenüber Methan und Ethan untersucht. In diesen Experimenten wird sowohl in der Reaktion mit Methan als auch mit Ethan die Übertragung eines Wasserstoffatoms (hydrogen‐atom transfer, HAT) vom Substrat auf den Cluster beobachtet. Die Reaktionsmechanismen konnten durch quantenchemische Rechnungen aufgeklärt werden. Die durch die theoretischen Untersuchungen verdeutlichte Rolle von Spindichte und Ladungsverteilung für HAT‐Prozesse vertieft das mechanistische Verständnis von C‐H‐Bindungsaktivierungen und stellt zudem eine wichtige Orientierung für das rationale Design von Katalysatoren unter besonderer Betonung von Dotierungseffekten dar.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites: Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization with Acidic Monomers
Authors: Adali‐Kaya Zeynep , Tse Sum Bui Bernadette , Falcimaigne‐Cordin Aude , Haupt Karsten 
Published: February 2015

AbstractMolecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificial receptors which can be tailored to bind target molecules specifically. A new method, using photoinitiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for their synthesis as monoliths, thin films and nanoparticles is described. The synthesis takes place at room temperature and is compatible with acidic monomers, two major limitations for the use of ATRP with MIPs. The method has been validated with MIPs specific for the drugs testosterone and S‐propranolol. This study considerably widens the range of functional monomers and thus molecular templates which can be used when MIPs are synthesized by ATRP, as well as the range of physical forms of these antibody mimics, in particular films and lithographic patterns, and their post‐functionalization from living chain‐ends.
Cooperative Bond Activation and Catalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide at a Group 13 Metal Center
Authors: Abdalla Joseph A. B. , Riddlestone Ian M. , Tirfoin Rémi , Aldridge Simon 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA single‐component ambiphilic system capable of the cooperative activation of protic, hydridic and apolar HX bonds across a Group 13 metal/activated β‐diketiminato (Nacnac) ligand framework is reported. The hydride complex derived from the activation of H2 is shown to be a competent catalyst for the highly selective reduction of CO2 to a methanol derivative. To our knowledge, this process represents the first example of a reduction process of this type catalyzed by a molecular gallium complex.
Superprotonic Conductivity of a UiO‐66 Framework Functionalized with Sulfonic Acid Groups by Facile Postsynthetic Oxidation
Authors: Phang Won Ju , Jo Hyuna , Lee Woo Ram , Song Jeong Hwa , Yoo Kicheon , Kim BongSoo , Hong Chang Seop 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFacile postsynthetic oxidation of the thiol‐laced UiO‐66‐type framework UiO‐66(SH)2 enabled the generation of UiO‐66(SO3H)2 with sulfonic acid groups covalently linked to the backbone of the system. The oxidized material exhibited a superprotonic conductivity of 8.4×10−2 S cm−1 at 80 °C and 90 % relative humidity, and long‐term stability of the conductivity was observed. This level of conductivity exceeds that of any proton‐conducting MOF reported to date and is equivalent to the conductivity of the most effective known electrolyte, Nafion.
Cyclization of a 1,4‐Diborabutadiene Ligand with Both Atoms of CO
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Ye Qing , Celik Mehmet Ali , Dewhurst Rian D. , Radacki Krzysztof 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA 1,4‐dibora‐1,3‐butadiene iron complex was successfully synthesized through the stoichiometric reaction of an iron bis(borylene) complex with diphenylacetylene. This complex was treated with CO and PMe3, which led to the formation of an unusual six‐membered B2C3O ylidic ring bound to both the PMe3 group and zerovalent iron center. The reaction is a very rare example of the incorporation of both atoms of CO into a ring system.
Surface‐Induced Selection During In Situ Photoswitching at the Solid/Liquid Interface
Authors: Bonacchi Sara , El Garah Mohamed , Ciesielski Artur , Herder Martin , Conti Simone , Cecchini Marco , Hecht Stefan , Samorì Paolo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHere we report for the first time a submolecularly resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study at the solid/liquid interface of the in situ reversible interconversion between two isomers of a diarylethene photoswitch, that is, open and closed form, self‐assembled on a graphite surface. Prolonged irradiation with UV light led to the in situ irreversible formation of another isomer as by‐product of the reaction, which due to its preferential physisorption accumulates at the surface. By making use of a simple yet powerful thermodynamic model we provide a quantitative description for the observed surface‐induced selection of one isomeric form.
Mechanochromic Photonic‐Crystal Fibers Based on Continuous Sheets of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Sun Xuemei , Zhang Jing , Lu Xin , Fang Xin , Peng Huisheng 
Published: February 2015

AbstractA new family of mechanochromic photonic‐crystal fibers exhibits tunable structural colors under stretching. This novel mechanochromic fiber is prepared by depositing polymer microspheres onto a continuous aligned‐carbon‐nanotube sheet that has been wound on an elastic poly(dimethylsiloxane) fiber, followed by further embedding in poly(dimethylsiloxane). The color of the fiber can be tuned by varying the size and the center‐to‐center distance of the polymer spheres. It further experiences reversible and rapid multicolor changes during the stretch and release processes, for example, between red, green, and blue. Both the high sensitivity and stability were maintained after 1000 deformation cycles. These elastic photonic‐crystal fibers were woven into patterns and smart fabrics for various display and sensing applications.
Factors associated with high hospital resource use in a population‐based study of children with orofacial clefts
Authors: Razzaghi Hilda , Dawson April , Grosse Scott D. , Allori Alexander C. , Kirby Russell S. , Olney Richard S. , Correia Jane , Cassell Cynthia H. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundLittle is known about population‐based maternal, child, and system characteristics associated with high hospital resource use for children with orofacial clefts (OFC) in the US.MethodsThis was a statewide, population‐based, retrospective observational study of children with OFC born between 1998 and 2006, identified by the Florida Birth Defects Registry whose records were linked with longitudinal hospital discharge records. We stratified the descriptive results by cleft type [cleft lip with cleft palate, cleft lip, and cleft palate] and by isolated versus nonisolated OFC (accompanied by other coded major birth defects). We used Poisson regression to analyze associations between selected characteristics and high hospital resource use (≥90th percentile of estimated hospitalized days and inpatient costs) for birth, postbirth, and total hospitalizations initiated before age 2 years.RESULTSOur analysis included 2,129 children with OFC. Infants who were born low birth weight (<2500 grams) were significantly more likely to have high birth hospitalization costs for CLP (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.6 [95% confidence interval: 1.0–2.7]), CL (adjusted prevalence ratio: 3.0 [95% confidence interval: 1.1–8.1]), and CP (adjusted prevalence ratio: 2.3 [95% confidence interval: 1.3–4.0]). Presence of multiple birth defects was significantly associated with a three‐ to eleven‐fold and a three‐ to nine‐fold increase in the prevalence of high costs and number of hospitalized days, respectively; at birth, postbirth before age 2 years and overall hospitalizations.ConclusionChildren with cleft palate had the greatest hospital resources use. Additionally, the presence of multiple birth defects contributed to greater inpatient days and costs for children with OFC. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:127–143, 2015 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.