bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Material Prospects of Reconfigurable Transistor (RFETs) – From Silicon to Germanium Nanowires
Authors: Trommer Jens , Heinzig André , Heinrich Anett , Jordan Paul , Grube Matthias , Slesazeck Stefan , Mikolajick Thomas , Weber Walter M. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTReconfigurable nanowire transistors provide the operation of unipolar p-type and n-type FETs freely selectable within a single device. The enhanced functionality is enabled by controlling the currents through two individually gated Schottky junctions. Here we analyze the impact of the Schottky barrier height on the symmetry of Silicon nanowire RFET transfer characteristics and their performance within circuits. Prospective simulations are carried out, indicating that germanium nanowire based RFETs of the same dimensions will show a distinctly increased performance, making them a promising material solution for future reconfigurable electronics.
Recommendations for the Proper Handling of Cores and Sedimentological Analysis of Core Sequences
Authors: Siemers Charles T. , Tillman Roderick W. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The detailed sedimentological analysis of whole-diameter cores is greatly enhanced by the core being in good condition; ideally, cores should be complete (100% recovery) and well labeled with all pieces in correct order. Considerable information loss occurs when cores are mishandled; therefore, specific procedures should be followed. At the well site care should be exercised to preserve correct orientation of individual core segments and the core should be properly marked. Hügel orientation grooves cut in the core will facilitate core reconstruction. Commercial core analysis laboratories usually generate the greatest amount of information loss; therefore, special care should be used during subsampling for fluid-saturation analyses and porosity-permeability measurements. A core gamma-ray scan should be obtained whenever possible to aid in later core-to-log correlation. Finally, prior to detailed examination, it is recommended that the core be slabbed, lapped and photographed. X-ray radiography may be needed to enhance subtle sedimentary structures in massive-appearing sandstones and mudrocks.
For proper sedimentological core analysis we recommend a process-sedimentology approach which emphasizes detailed lithologic description and the recognition of genetic units within the vertical sequence. A continuous, detailed sketch should be made and a description made using a check list of important lithologic features. An understanding of Walther’s Law is required for maximum use of the vertical sequence. At least four types of genetic units can be delineated to interprete the physical, biological and chemical processes responsible for generating the sedimentary rock product of the core. Those types are: sedimentation unit, ichnogenetic unit, soft-sediment-deformation (s-s-d) unit, and diagenetic unit.
Finally, the sedimentological core analysis should be used to calibrate the wire-line logs and associated sursurface data. The main steps in such calibration are to first determine the core-to-log depth correction and then to determine the level at which genetic units and lithofacies can be recognized on the logs. Such calibration leads to better correlation of sedimentological information to nearby non-cored wells and allows for lateral extension of predictive sedimentological models throughout the subsurface study area.
Submarine-Fan Deposition of the Upper Cretaceous Winters Sandstone, Union Island Gas Field, Sacramento Valley, California
Authors: Williamson Charles R. , Hill David R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Thick-bedded, massive Winters sandstones are the principal reservoir facies of the Union Island gas field in the southern Sacramento Valley. The field is a structural-stratigraphic trap set up by structural closure against the Stockton Arch fault and by facies changes within the Winters Sandstone. Since the discovery of the field by Union Oil in early 1972, total gas production has been approximately 90,000,000 MCF from 16 wells.
Three major facies are recognized in the nearly 190 feet of conventional cores taken from four development wells in the field: (1) thick-bedded, porous (20 to 30%) massive sandstone, (2) inter-bedded thin sandstone and shale, and (3) laminated shale. Features in the cores as well as seismic, paleontologic, and regional subsurface data indicate a deep-water (bathyal) origin for the Winters Sandstone. X-radiographs of apparently “structureless”, massive sandstones at Union Island field exhibit horizontal or cross stratification in approximately 50% of the intervals examined. The stratification and other structures suggest that the massive sandstones as well as the thinner bedded sandstones were deposited by turbidity currents.
The Winters sandstones at Union Island field commonly show upward-fining and upward-thinning sequences, are elongate perpendicular to the depositional slope, and thicken toward the basin. They are interpreted to be coalesced channel deposits which formed at the base of the slope on the upper part of a sandy suprafan. Thinly interbedded sandstone and shale that separates the massive sandstones represents channel-abandonment and interchannel-overbank deposits.
Improvements in Biosolids Quality Resulting from the Clean Water Act
Authors: Hundal Lakhwinder S. , Kumar Kuldip , Cox Albert , Zhang Heng , Granato Thomas 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT: Promulgation of the Clean Water Act (CWA) authorized the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to regulate quality standards for surface waters and establish regulations limiting the amounts and types of pollutants entering the nation's waters. U.S. EPA imposed national pretreatment standards on industrial wastes discharged to the collection systems of publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) and promulgated General Pretreatment Regulations in 1978. This study analyzed trace metals data from the National Sewage Sludge Surveys conducted by U.S. EPA and the American Metropolitan Sewage Agencies (AMSA) to evaluate the effect of implementation of the national industrial pretreatment standards on concentrations of trace metals in sludges generated by POTWs in the United States. The data showed that implementation of pretreatment programs has been highly effective in reducing the amount of pollutants that enter POTWs and has resulted in a substantial reduction in the levels of trace metals in the municipal sludges. Concentrations of chromium, lead, and nickel in sludge declined by 78, 73, and 63%, respectively, within a year after promulgation of General Pretreatment Regulations. Resulting from these measures, metal concentrations in the sludges generated by a majority of POTWs in the United States are sufficiently low that the sludges can be classified as biosolids and also meet the U.S. EPA's exceptional quality criteria for trace metals in biosolids. This improvement gives POTWs the option to use their biosolids beneficially through land application.
Adsorption/Oxidation of Arsenic in Groundwater by Nanoscale Fe‐Mn Binary Oxides Loaded on Zeolite
Authors: Kong Shuqiong , Wang Yanxin , Zhan Hongbin , Yuan Songhu , Yu Mei , Liu Mingliang 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT: Nanoscale Fe‐Mn binary oxides loaded on zeolite (NIMZ) is synthesized and characterized. The as‐synthesized adsorbent is amorphous with 126 m2/g surface area; it is effective for the adsorption of both As(III) and As(V) in synthetic groundwater. It has high adsorption capacities of 296.23 and 201.10 mg/g for As(III) and As(V), respectively. For the adsorption of 2 mg/L arsenic, the aqueous concentration quickly decreases to less than 10 μg/L within 30 min. During the adsorption of As(III), the in‐aqueous measurement of As(V) shows a low concentration in the initial stage and disappears afterward. The fraction of As(V) on NIMZ gradually increases with time, proving the oxidation of As(III). The adsorption of As(III) and As(V) decreases with increasing pH. The anions of,, and significantly compete with arsenic for the adsorption sites. The inner‐sphere surface complexes are formed by As(III) or As(V) with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of NIMZ.
DECOMPOSITIONS OF CONTINUITY IN IDEAL TOPOLOGICAL SPACES
Authors: Al-Omari Ahmad , Noiri Takashi 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In this paper, we define new classes of sets called preopen sets, θI-semi-open sets, θI-β-open sets and θI-α-open sets in ideal topological spaces. Also, by using these sets, we obtain new decompositions of continuity in ideal topological spaces.
Problems Examination in Quality Management System
Authors: Ligarski Mariusz J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In the work, there was a method of problems examination presented in the certified quality management system according to the ISO 9001 standard. The own method of problems examination was suggested on the basis of reports from audits of the third party. There are method assumptions as well as practical application presented for the examination of nonconformities and weaknesses on a sample of 892 organizations certified by a chosen certifying body. Different types of compilations of obtained results are showed. Different possibilities of their application for the examination of relations of identified problems were indicated, depending on the size and profile of examined organizations. Different types of statistical tests were used in the method together with their possibilities. Concrete examples of uses of the method and statistical tests were provided for examining the relations between the size as well as profile of the organization and the number as well as type of nonconformities and weaknesses. It was attempted to determine what possibilities the method provides and to give the examples of its practical use. Additionally, an attention was paid to potential difficulties when applying the method.
Do we have a chance for small-scale energy generation? The examples of technologies and devices for distributed energy systems in micro & small scale in Poland
Authors: Kiciński J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This paper presents examples of technologies for distributed energy generation developed under the projects coordinated by the IFFM PAS in Gdańsk. These are CHP units (generating heat and electricity) for houses with a power from several to tens of kW and for municipalities in the form of the Municipal Energy Centers (with a capacity of several hundred kW up to several MW). A unique project, specializing in “energy-plus” technologies for residential houses and other buildings, which aims to build a Research Centre of PAS in Jabłonna is also presented,. These are key technologies for energy sector with respect to distributed generation.
Additionally, the article discusses the conditions and opportunities for the development of energy generation or more broadly: civic energy generation in our country. Civic energy generation is a great vision in which the citizen becomes an entity and do not subject to the energy market, and additionally has its virtual advisor in the form of smart grid and data processing technologies in a “digital cloud”.
Vector analysis of the current commutation in PM BLDC drives
Authors: Buja G. , Menis R. , Keshri R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The vector approach in either stationary or synchronous plane is commonly used for the analysis of the AC drives like induction and PM brushless AC drives whilst it has been hardly ever used for the PM brushless DC (BLDC) drives. A possible reason is that they require injection of square-wave currents into the motor phases, which are non-sinusoidal in nature. Recently, the PM BLDC drives have been analyzed by the help of the vector approach in the stationary plane. This paper applies such an approach to an in-depth analysis of the operation of the PM BLDC drives during the current commutations, illustrating the potentialities of the approach in giving a better insight into the current transients and the ensuing torque characteristics. At last, two voltage control strategies proposed to eliminate the torque ripple due to the current commutations are considered, showing that they can be readily understood by the vector approach.
Active power filters – optimization of sizing and placement
Authors: Maciążek M. , Grabowski D. , Pasko M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The significant problem of compensator placement and sizing in electrical networks has been analyzed in the paper. The compensation is usually realized by means of passive or active power filters. The former solution is widely used mainly because of the economical reasons, but the latter one becomes more and more popular as the number of nonlinear loads increases. Regardless of the compensator type the most important goal consists in voltage and current distortion drop below levels imposed by standards. Nevertheless, the desired effects should be achieved with the minimum cost. So far a few objective functions have been proposed for this optimization problem. It is claimed that minimization of the compensator currents leads also to the minimum costs. This paper shows that such simplified approach could lead to suboptimal solutions and in fact a function g(·) reflecting the relation between the compensator size and its price must be incorporated into objective functions. Moreover, in this case it is very easy to compare solutions obtained using compensators offered by different suppliers - it is enough to change the function g(·). Theoretical considerations have been illustrated by an example of active power filter allocation and sizing.
Experimental investigation and modelling of Friction Stir Processing of cast aluminium alloy AlSi9Mg
Authors: Węglowski M.S. , Dymek S. , Hamilton C.B. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is a novel solid state processing technique which can be used for microstructural modification of surface layers in metallic materials. This paper analyzes the effects of FSP process parameters on spindle torque acting on the tool and on the tool temperature. It has been shown that an increase in the rotational speed brings about a decrease in the torque and an increase of temperature. For temperature estimation in the stir zone a numerical model was applied, while for predicting a relationship between the spindle torque acting on the tool, rotational and travelling speeds and the down force, the artificial neural networks approach was employed. Light and electron (scanning and transmission) microscopy investigation showed that the FSP process reduces porosity and produces a more uniform distribution of second-phase particles.
A relaxation heuristic for scheduling flowshops with intermediate buffers
Authors: Magiera M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper presents a two-level relaxation heuristic for production planning for multistage flowshop systems with intermediate buffers. The method concerns unidirectional multistage systems where tasks with respect to many various types of products are performed simultaneously. The fixed and the alternative production routes are regarded in the method. The top-level is a stage loading, i.e., allocation of tasks among the stages. The base-level is a task scheduling - allocation of tasks among the stations. The linear mathematical models of mixed integer programming are used in the method. The time criterion is used in the minimization functions - the minimal schedule is fixed. The condition that variables are to be integers has been ignored in the heuristic. The relaxed heuristic developed in such a manner enables obtaining good results in a very short time. This paper discusses the multilevel approach as the developed production scheduling method serves the purpose of solving relatively large problems. Results of computational experiments with the proposed heuristic method are presented.
Parallel computations of the step response of a floor heater with the use of a graphics processing unit. Part 2: results and their evaluation
Authors: Gołębiowski J. , Forenc J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Using models and algorithms presented in the first part of the article, a spatio-temporal distribution of the step response of a floor heater was determined. The results have been presented in the form of heating curves and temperature profiles of the heater in the selected time moments. The computations results were verified through comparing them with the solution obtained with the use of a commercial program - NISA. Additionally, the distribution of the average time constant of thermal processes occurring in the heater was determined. The analysis of the use of a graphics processing unit in numerical computations based on the conjugate gradient method was done. It was proved that the use of a graphics processing unit is profitable in the case of solving linear systems of equations with dense coefficient matrices. In the case of a sparse matrix, the speed-up depends on the number of its non-zero elements.
The dynamics of the human arm with an observer for the capture of body motion parameters
Authors: Babiarz A. , Bieda R. , Jaskot K. , Klamka J. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper presents an analysis of a mathematical model of the human arm dynamics in terms of observability. The purpose of the performed experiments is the selection of an observer for the possibility of arm tracking. The arm model is based on the two-link manipulator moving horizontally and vertically. For the study a model was linearized and the model part responsible for the work of human muscles was omitted. The experimental part involved simulated measurements of the motion parameters that imitate real-IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) measurements. Finally, the simulation results using the observer in the form of a Kalman filter and the particle filter have been presented.
Low power 9-bit pipelined A/D and 8-bit self-calibrated D/A converters for a DSP system
Authors: Wawryn K. , Suszynski R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A low power, low voltage current mode 9 bit pipelined a/d converter and 8 bit self-calibrated d/a converter to interface a DSP system are presented in the paper. The a/d converter is built of 1.5 bit stages with digital error correction logic. The d/a converter is composed of 3 LSBs fine and 5 MSBs coarse current mode converters. The a/d and d/a converters were designed in 0.35 μm technology, then fabricated to verify the proposed concept. The performances of both converters are compared to the performances of known converter structures. The main advantages of the proposed converters are low power consumption and small chip area.
Quasi-analytic multidimensional signals
Authors: Hahn S.L. , Snopek K.M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
In a recent paper, the authors have presented the unified theory of n-dimensional (n-D) complex and hypercomplex analytic signals with single-orthant spectra. This paper describes a specific form of these signals called quasi-analytic. A quasi-analytic signal is a product of a n-D low-pass (base-band) real (in general non-separable) signal and a n-D complex or hypercomplex carrier. By a suitable choice of the carrier frequency, the spectrum of a low-pass signal is shifted into a single orthant of the Fourier frequency space with a negligible leakage into other orthants. A measure of this leakage is defined. Properties of quasi-analytic signals are studied. Problems of polar representation of quasi-analytic signals and of its lower rank representation are discussed.
Geotourism development in the Azores archipelago (Portugal) as an environmental awareness tool
Authors: Lima Eva Almeida , Machado Marisa , Nunes João Carlos 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The Azores archipelago is distinguished by its unique natural beauty and marine setting. Thanks to its volcanic origin, the region has a very rich and remarkable geodiversity that includes a diversity of landscapes with innumerable craters, volcanic lakes, fumaroles, hot springs, volcanic caves, marine fossil deposits and thermal water springs. The recognition of this valuable geological heritage came with the recent integration of the Azores Geopark into the European and Global Geopark Networks. The pressure that the increasing development of tourism have been exerting on these geological sites for the last years, and the need to create alternative forms of tourism, which contribute towards the socio-economic development in rural areas, have highlighted the importance of geotourism as a tool to promote and preserve the geological heritage of the Azores. Geotourism has turned to be an important instrument of environmental awareness through the local and foreign people.
Megaclasts in geoconservation: sedimentological questions, anthropogenic influence, and geotourism potential
Authors: Lubova Katrin A. , Zayats Pavel P. , Ruban Dmitry A. , Tiess Günter 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Megaclasts are sedimentary particles larger than boulders. Their huge size and scattered occurrence make them objects that deserve geological heritage, requiring conservation. Investigation of megaclasts for the purpose faces difficulties because of the distinction between boulders and megaclasts. Local study of Quaternary large stones in Mountainous Adygeja (W Caucasus, SW Russia) suggests ~ 2 m as a suitable size criterion, although only locally. Shape, occurrence, and origin of megaclasts require additional attention.
Geoconservation may result in anthropogenic disturbances of the natural landscape through removal of vegetation, access constructions, and restoration. The geotourism potential of megaclasts is partly determined by their huge size and their rare and scattered occurrence. Aesthetic qualities, local legends, and co-occurrence with prehistoric megalithic constructions increase this potential. The Maiden’s Stone in Mountainous Adygeja, which is ~ 35 m long, has been a tourist attraction already for decades. It is an impressive example of geoconconservation and geotourism connected with megaclasts. Generally, megaclasts increase the value (including the scientific importance) of the geological heritage of Mountainous Adygeja, where a geopark might be established.