bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Plug and Abandonment Solution, Improving the Well Economy and Reduction of the CO2 Footprint on NCS Wells
Authors: Perez Raymundo , Lende Gunnar , Tronstad Hanna , Håpnes Mats , Delabroy Laurent 
Published: June 2024

AbstractDue to new environmental and cost challenges in the oil and gas industry, operators are looking for solutions to save costs and reduce their CO2 footprint. The main objective of this project was to find a solution to save time in the plug and abandonment (P&A) operation and reduce the CO2 footprint in a manner that can be applied in future P&A operations in the Norwegian Waters.The first step was to perform a detailed engineering analysis of the new solution, comparing it with the standard P&A technique. Technical requirements, associated costs, additional risks, equipment, NORSOK D010 requirements and blend designs were considered. After this analysis, the decision was made to go for the new P&A solution. This implied placing one long cement plug in one go (1425m) using a sacrificial drill pipe and a disconnect tool. The cement plug was tailored to achieve competent slurry properties for the job, such as fluid loss (FL), free fluid (FF), thickening time (TT), wait on cement (WOC), etc. Pre-job laboratory tests were conducted to assess the suitability of this blend for the new technique.The project was then planned, and the proper tools, equipment, and slurry design were selected for the job. A detailed cost analysis compared a conventional P&A method, which implied placing 5 – 6 plugs, versus the new method of placing one long plug in one go with a sacrificial pipe and a disconnect tool. The HSE aspects were evaluated, significantly reducing rig time, slop generation, CO2 footprint and people's exposure in the red zone. The job was performed as planned, observing normal circulation throughout the whole cement job and a clear indication of the dart landing and the tool release. The well barrier was verified by tagging and pressure test after WOC confirmed hard cement and isolation at the theoretical top of the cement.This new P&A method has been used for five jobs in Norway in the last two years. No issues have been recorded. The tool was disconnected as planned, confirming its reliability. Substantial rig time savings and HSE improvements have been achieved on all jobs so far. Improved HSE and reduced CO2 emissions can be achieved with this new P&A method. The paper will also show the advantage of the tool compared with conventional P&A methods and how important this can be for both environmental improvements and cost reductions.
CCS in Depleted Gas Fields: Impact of Imposed Reservoir Pressure Limits on Storage Capacity and Efficiency
Authors: Ravestein T. , Breunese J. N. , Limberger J. , Bijkerk J. F. , Blasweiler M. , Machado C. , Khoshnevis Gargar N. , Remmelts G. , Dalman R. A. F. , van Driel W. W. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Storage capacity of CCS in depleted gas fields is mainly controlled by the produced gas volume and the pressure to which a field will be repressurized. While imposing a pressure limit can mitigate CO2 containment risk, it may reduce storage capacity and hence the storage efficiency of a field. The strong pressure dependency of storage efficiency indicates the need to strike the right balance between containment risk and storage efficiency, and the need to investigate legacy well integrity. This will allow a balanced evaluation by policy- and decision makers of the added value of conservative limits and storage efficiency.
A fast analytical method is derived to assess the impact of imposed pressure constraints on storage efficiency, to determine either lost or gained capacity. It provides decision makers with a tool to optimally balance storage capacity and containment. The data for this method is based on the portfolio of CCS projects and proprietary models that the Geological Survey of the Netherlands currently holds. As an extension of the method, a simplified function is proposed to estimate the density of CO2 for realistic pressure and temperature ranges for depleted fields. With this method a series of pressure limits were evaluated. Restricting bottom hole pressures to hydrostatic pressures, instead of planned final average reservoir pressures, could reduce storage capacity with 10 - 12% and storage efficiency with 8 - 10%.
How Thermal Diffusion Properties Work Against Hydrogen Cell Formation
Authors: MacMoy Ian , Kabanov Maxim 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This paper focuses on two things. What stresses are needed to make a grain structure susceptible to form a hydrogen-cell and the properties of thermal diffused alloys that act as a barrier to those stresses.
Giving a reprieve from metal susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement would and is a major step in controlling and neutralizing the sometimes-catastrophic upsets which are caused to the production process. We look at the difference between a conventional melted alloy substrate material and the properties of a thermally diffused alloy in stress relations such as; wear, chemical, tensile strength, shear, ductility, corrosion, galvanic properties, dissimilar metal, contact corrosion, thermal corrosion, all of which are hydrogen-cell forming stresses.
Successful High Enthalpy Aquifer Technology Field Trials - Hydraulic Stimulation of Shallow Underground Thermal Storage Wells at an Industrial Facility in Norway
Authors: Bastesen E. , Reilly B. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Industrial waste heat has enormous energy potential, with up to 50% of industrial energy output being lost as waste heat globally, according to the US Department of Energy (www.energy.gov). This loss is a needless drain on finances for industrial plants and creates enormous greenhouse gas emissions. The concept of a High Enthalpy Aquifer Technology (HEAT) system was developed to store and recover seasonal waste heat from industrial processes and turn bedrock into large-scale natural thermal batteries. The Kvitebjørn Varme (KVAS) district heating waste incineration facility in Tromsø, Norway, was the chosen site for a trial project to commercialize the HEAT concept. This technology has the potential to create huge savings on energy and greenhouse gas emissions for industrial plants.
A hydraulic stimulation method was developed to facilitate the injection and heat storage process, to reactivate the existing natural fractures, and to establish a hydraulic connection between the injector and the ten surrounding producer wells. Multiple closely spaced fractures were needed to increase the fracture volume for storage and improve the thermal exchange capacity of the rock. The formation is naturally fractured and contains brittle hairline clay-filled fractures which can be flushed during the hydraulic stimulation, and then propped with natural sand to facilitate the injection storage process. The planned stimulations involved a rig-less workover unit, specialized high pressure pumping equipment, and a high-pressure jetting tool which enabled selective perforation of the cemented casing and placement of 35 hydraulic stimulation stages.
During each of the stimulation stages, continuous monitoring on the active flowing producers confirmed positive connections to the producer wells. A monitoring system was installed to detect seismic anomaly events and a nearby monitoring well was used to detect ground water level changes during the stimulation. No chemicals were used in the process, only silica sand and water being used. A combined volume of 1,288m3 water and 88 tonnes of silica sand was utilized. The stimulations increased the total flow rate on the producer well with one order of magnitude. The HEAT system installed at Tromsø is now expected to store and to retrieve up to 8.0 GWh from the industrial facility annually.
This HEAT system solution offers a low footprint at surface, utilizing less than 10 wells which is far less than traditional borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) plants. The HEAT system can be installed at any number of industrial plants with a constant high level of waste heat. The heat storage does not incur emissions and has minimal energy loss. This solution does not require rare earth elements (REE) or any other elements to be used for the energy storage process. This trial concept was successfully proven, and operationally has further scope to be streamlined, further reducing the cost of each stored GWh.
Qualification of Tubulars and Connections for Use in Underground Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Albores O. E. , Errandonea D. , Marcolin G. , Busollo C. , Baronio E. , Abdo E. , Smith A. , Bufalini A. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
With the scope of assessing the capability of Underground Gas Storage wells to manage gas blends starting from 10% Hydrogen content and defining a new "100% Hydrogen ready" design for new wells, a set of dedicated tests have been designed and executed to prove the suitability of tubulars and premium connections. The objective of this paper is to describe the procedure used for the tests and highlight the results qualifying the material for use with hydrogen. Connections pressure testing was split into two phases to cover the full well life cycle. In the first phase, connections were subjected to pressurization-depressurization cycles in 100% Hydrogen to simulate injection and production. The second phase followed the API RP 5C5 4th Edition CAL IV to simulate the real expected stresses, using He (as a pressurizing medium). Helium was chosen to represent hydrogen as both have small atom sizes, but helium is inert, which makes it safe to be used in a conventional full-scale test facility. For metallurgy testing, four-point bending (FPBT) and slow strain rate (SSRT) tests were conducted on a modified L80 Type 1 sample in 100%Hydrogen, 160 bar pressure and temperature between 10 °C and 60 °C, and including H2S and CO2 in the medium. The pressure tests showed no leakage in connection sizes performed even after 100 cycles with 100% Hydrogen at an internal pressure of 250 bar. The second phase of tests at ambient temperature with and without bending and using Helium was successfully performed without leaks. The FPBT results showed that the modified L80 Type 1 material was not susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement under the expected well conditions at 10 °C and 60 °C, even with higher hydrogen ion activity propitiated by the H2S in wet conditions. Some pitting was present, mainly associated with wet acidified environments in the presence of CO2. The dry environment did not produce any type of features. The SSRT results confirmed that an increased Hydrogen embrittlement effect is produced with the addition of H2S in wet environments, requiring a degree of conservatism with such an approach. With the move towards hydrogen use, premium connections and tubular materials for service need to be qualified. There are currently no standards covering this sort of application. Therefore, the work presents a comprehensive experimental approach to satisfactorily assess the suitability of connections and materials at custom conditions for their application.
Pulse Testing: Where do we Stand?
Authors: Fokker P. A. , van Wees J. D. , Borello E. Salina , Viberti D. , Verga F. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Harmonic pulse testing has long been around as a technique complementary to conventional well testing. It has the advantages of easy employability, applicability during ongoing production and injection, and low cost. Disadvantages are the longer operation times required, the more complicated interpretation methodology, and the limited availability of interpretation tools. The present contribution will summarize the history and the principle of harmonic pulse testing, sketch the application possibilities and operational caveats, highlight some of the documented field applications, and discuss the method’s potential and further necessary developments.
The application of harmonic pulse testing started with the interference tests measuring pressure responses to injection rate pulses in adjacent wells. This developed into the identification of the pressure response to rate control in the frequency domain. Pulses that are not sinusoidal in shape contain multiple frequency components and when the response is linear, these components can be isolated and interpreted. If the coverage of frequencies is sufficient, an analysis similar to well test analysis can be performed and reservoir properties unveiled.
The simplest application of harmonic pulse testing is in a homogeneous reservoir. For an infinite-acting radial flow system, the interpretation will deliver values for reservoir permeability, compressibility, and skin. Wellbore storage can be taken into account as well. Extensions have been formulated to a reservoir with a partially penetrating or horizontal well, a closed reservoir, and a reservoir bounded at one side with a sealing fault. For injection wells in geothermal applications, correlations that include multiple mobility zones are available, which facilitates the identification of the location of a thermal front.
A successful analysis depends on the availability of good data. The main factors for the data quality are the accuracy of the operational control and the accuracy of the measurements. It is important that the transition between the pulses occurs fast and reproducibly; suboptimal control quickly reduces the number of useable frequency components. Further, the small variations in pressure that constitute the frequency content require precise determination with downhole measurements.
Harmonic pulse testing has great potential in monitoring reservoirs, storages, and geothermal systems, as it is proved by the successful case histories we present. We feel that the development of theory in a more diverse suite of well and reservoir configurations is possible and beneficial. In particular the combination with geomechanics, for instance in reservoirs that are fractured or otherwise stress-sensitive, may have large potential. Further, we see potential in studying the effect of harmonic temperature variations. The application of harmonic pulse testing would be greatly stimulated if tools were available that guide the user through the interpretation and matching steps.
Basic Sorbents for High-pressure CO2-Containing Streams: Experimental Investigations and Energy Evaluations
Authors: Barbacane N. , Ciulla M. , Di Giacomo S. , Wolicki R. D. , Castellani B. , Siani G. , Pilato S. , Moffa S. , Di Profio P. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Current liquid sorbents for CO2 capture in post-combustion gas mixtures are based on aqueous solutions of aliphatic alkanolamines, which react with carbon dioxide by forming carbamates. Regeneration of sorbents is therefore energy intensive. The present work shows that aromatic amines can be used advantageously, because of their lower energy demand. CO2 capture experiments are carried out in batch mode, allowing gas to flow into the headspace of a reactor at various pressures and temperatures. Sorption kinetics by the present liquid sorbents are measured by integrating data from a mass flow meter. Tests were conducted under two different pressures (10-20 bar) and temperatures (10-20 °C) for 4M water-ethanol solutions of the aromatic amines. CO2 sorption profiles show faster capture kinetics as the temperature and pressure, independently, increase. Alkylated derivatives are generally faster at sorbing CO2, while sorption amounts at the equilibrium are comparable for several species. Desorption/regeneration of sorbents occurred at a much lower temperature (30 °C) than with common alkanolamines. 80% saturation of some of the sorbents is very fast, being reached in 1-3 minutes. Loading capacities up to 200 mg CO2/g of sorbent solution (4.5 mol CO2/kg solvent) were observed. Energy demand calculations show how the present systems are much cheaper than those based on carbamate-forming sorbents. We propose that such energy savings may be invested in pressurization of a post-combustion flue gas, leading to the possibility of application of imidazole-based sorbents to this industrial process. In fact, it is shown that the energy burden added for pressurization is more than overcome by the drastic reduction of the sorption/desorption temperatures. This cooler process also decreases the corrosion potential of the sorbent.
Unraveling the first world pandemic in an ancient cosmopolitan city with archaeological and genetic evidence
Authors: Jiang Rays , Adapa Swamy Rakesh , Hendrix Karen , Upadhyay Aditya , Dutta Subhajeet , Vianello Andrea , O'Corry-Crowe Gregory , Ferrer Taitana , Monroy Jorge , wood Elizabeth , Ferreira Gloria , Decker Michael , Tripathy Sucheta , Tykot Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

The first world pandemic (541-767 CE) was investigated using archaeological, proteomic, genetic, and genomic technologies. Focusing on a mass burial site in Jerash, present-day Jordan, we generated evidence of a pandemic for the first time in this region of cultural and geopolitical significance. The burial site predates the Black Death by approximately 800 years, located in a unique cosmopolitan city at a cultural crossroad. The excavation results suggest an abrupt outbreak because the burials appeared to have occurred within a relatively short time range, encompassing a wide demographic range that included children, adolescents, and adults in comparable numbers. The stable isotope data revealed a diverse range of birth origins among the victims, suggesting the presence of first-generation immigrants in the population. Through whole genome capture and genetic analysis, we identified a Yersinia pestis lineage in multiple individuals of differing birth origins corresponding to the Justinian plague timeframe. This finding establishes the first genetic connection between plague pathogens and the first world pandemic long recorded in historical accounts.
Huddling substates in mice facilitate dynamic changes in body temperature and are modulated by Shank3b and Trpm8 mutation
Authors: Landen Jason , Vandendoren Morgane , Killmer Samantha , Bedford Nicole , Nelson Adam 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Social thermoregulation is a means of maintaining homeostatic body temperature. While adult mice are a model organism for studying both social behavior and energy regulation, the relationship between huddling and core body temperature (Tb) is poorly understood. Here, we develop a behavioral paradigm and computational tools to identify active-huddling and quiescent-huddling as distinct thermal substates. We find that huddling is an effective thermoregulatory strategy in female but not male groups. At 23°C (room temperature), but not 30°C (near thermoneutrality), huddling facilitates large reductions in Tb and Tb-variance. Notably, active-huddling is associated with bidirectional changes in Tb, depending on its proximity to bouts of quiescent-huddling. Further, group-housed animals lacking the synaptic scaffolding gene Shank3b have hyperthermic Tb and spend less time huddling. In contrast, individuals lacking the cold-sensing gene Trpm8 have hypothermic Tb – a deficit that is rescued by increased huddling time. These results reveal how huddling behavior facilitates acute adjustments of Tb in a state-dependent manner.
Quantifying Thoracolumbar Fascia Deformation to Discriminate Acute Low Back Pain Patients and Healthy Individuals Using Ultrasound
Authors: Brandl Andreas , Wilke Jan , Horstmann Thomas , Reer Rüdiger , Egner Christoph , Schmidt Tobias , Schleip Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Reduced shear strain and deformability of the thoracolumbar fascia has been linked to low back pain. A number of ultrasound examination methods have been developed for laboratory rather than clinical practice. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and discriminative validity (patients vs. healthy individuals) of an ultrasound (US) measurement method for the quantification of thoracolumbar fascia deformation (TLFD). A Cross-sectional study with US assessment and rater blinding was conducted in a manual therapy clinic and a university laboratory. 16 acute low back pain (aLBP) patients and 15 healthy individuals performed a standardized trunk extension task. US measurements of TLFD were carried out independently by two raters by imaging the TLF in the starting and ending positions of the movement. Intrarater and interrater reliability were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and minimal detectable changes (MDC) were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the cut-off for TLFD to discriminate the study groups. Kappa statistics were performed to assess rater agreement in discrimination. The intrarater ICC was .92 with an MDC of 5.54 mm and the interrater ICC was .78 with an MDC of 8.70 mm (all p < .001). The cut-off for TLFD was 6 mm with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93.75%. The raters agreed with a κ of 0.74 (p < .001). The results showed that the reliability of the US method for assessing TLFD is moderate to excellent, and the ability to discriminate aLBP patients from healthy individuals is moderate. The method could be used to capture an additional parameter in morphological aLBP screenings.
Evaluation Methods for Damage of Aircraft Brake Moving Disc Based on Image Segmentation
Authors: WANG Yulin , HE Hu , XIA Zhenghong 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

There exists several problems such as low detection efficiency and strong subjectivity in evaluation for damage of aircraft brake moving disc based on personal experiences. This paper proposes a new evaluation method based on the image segmentation. This study reviews the backgrounds and literature of related researches and analyzes the various categories and features of brake moving disc. The image data set of damage area has been semantically segmented base on U-Net model and the model for quantitative analysis of the rust area and the calculation model for maximum radial width in shedding area have also been constructed. Finally, the image data of brake moving disc on Cessna 525 has been used to validate these models. The results show that: (1) the image segmentation of different categories of brake moving discs based on U-Net model works well and the average accuracy, average recall rate, average pixel accuracy and average ratio of Intersection over Union are 91%, 91%, 90% and 87% respectively. (2) the evaluation result for damage of brake moving disc is consistent with the empirical judgement form mechanics, thus verifying that the proposed algorithm is reasonable and feasible. The research results provide a reference basis for mechanical engineers to scientifically and quantitatively determine the degree of damage to aircraft braking moving disc and replacement needs.