bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of locomotion scoring for dairy cows by experienced and inexperienced raters using live or video observation methods
Authors: Schlageter-Tello A , Bokkers EAM , Groot Koerkamp PWG , Van Hertem T , Viazzi S , Romanini CEB , Halachmi I , Bahr C , Berckmans D , Lokhorst K 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLameness is considered a major problem in dairy production. Lameness is commonly detected with locomotion scores assigned to cows under farm conditions, but raters are often trained and assessed for reliability and agreement by using video recordings. The aim of this study was to evaluate intra- and inter-rater reliability and agreement of experienced and inexperienced raters for locomotion scoring performed live and from video, and to calculate the influence of raters and the method of observation (live or video) on the probability of classifying a cow as lame. Using a five-level locomotion score, cows were scored twice live and twice from video by three experienced and two inexperienced raters for three weeks. Every week different cows were scored. Intra- and inter-rater reliability (expressed as weighted kappa,kw) and agreement (expressed as percentage of agreement, PA) for live/live, live/video and video/video comparisons were determined. A logistic regression was performed to estimate the influence of the rater and method of observation on the probability of classifying a cow as lame in live and video observation. Experienced raters had higher values for intra-rater reliability and agreement for video/video than for live/live and live/video comparison. Inexperienced raters, however, did not differ for intra- and inter-rater reliability and agreement for live/live, live/video and video/video comparisons. The logistic regression indicated that raters were responsible for the main effect and the method of observation (live or from video) had a minor effect on the probability for classifying a cow as lame (locomotion score ≥ 3). In conclusion, under the present experimental conditions, experienced raters performed better than unexperienced raters when locomotion scoring was done from video. Since video observation did not show any important influence in the probability of classifying a cow as lame, video observation seems to be an acceptable method for locomotion scoring and lameness assessment in dairy cows.
The risk factors affecting the development of vent pecking and cannibalism in free-range and organic laying hens
Authors: Lambton SL , Knowles TG , Yorke C , Nicol CJ 
Published: February 2015

AbstractInjurious pecking remains one of the biggest animal welfare and economic challenges for free-range egg producers. This prospective epidemiological study investigated the development of vent pecking (VP) and cannibalism on 62 free-range and organic UK farms (119 flocks). Flocks were visited at 25 (± 5) and 40 (± 5) weeks of age. Rates of VP were recorded and farmers were asked whether they had observed cannibalism in their flocks. Environmental and management data were collected for each flock. Risk factors associated with these behaviours were modelled using MLwiN. VP was observed in 19.5 and 29.9% of flocks, at mean rates of 0.35 and 0.21 bouts per bird per h, at 25 and 40 weeks, respectively. Cannibalism was reported at 22.6% of visits. The odds of flocks showing VP or cannibalism increased with rate of severe feather pecking (SFP). VP was more likely to be observed in laying houses with more and/or longer pop holes and where feed was scattered on the floor. Providing more aerial perch length, or perches > 0.5 m in height, was associated with increased risk of VP. When SFP was excluded from the model, likelihood of VP was higher in flocks fed pelleted feed. All of these may provide a useful basis from which to derive management strategies to reduce the risk of VP and thus improve the welfare of laying hens. However, it is important to remember that this study does not elucidate the causal relationships between these variables, and further work is needed to understand the mechanism behind these associations.
La interactividad como arte
Authors: Zapata Ignacio Vázquez 
Published: February 2015

Desde los inicios del siglo XX la tecnología ha tenido una influencia creciente sobre la actividad artística y la expresión creativa. En la era digital la interactividad ha abierto a muchos artistas y técnicos la posibilidad de realizar obras en las que la interactividad constituye el componente fundamental de la obra. Los principios que determinan este tipo de relación entre artista y espectador tienen que ver con las posibilidades tecnológicas pero también con la forma en que contemplamos la obra de arte.
Effects of material property variations on slip estimates for subduction interface slow‐slip events
Authors: Williams Charles A. , Wallace Laura M. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe investigate the influence of elastic heterogeneity on geodetic inversions of slow‐slip events by inverting for slip distributions of four events along the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. We generate Green's functions using a finite element code in conjunction with a New Zealand‐wide seismic velocity model to assign elastic properties. We find that these heterogeneous models typically require ~20% less slip than homogeneous models in cases where the slip is deep or there is reasonable geodetic coverage above the slipping region. In cases where the slip is shallow (and mostly offshore) and there is little geodetic coverage directly above the slipping region, the heterogeneous models can predict significantly larger amounts of slip (42% in our study). These changes in the predicted amounts of slip have important implications for quantifying slip budgets accommodated by slow slip at subduction zones worldwide.
Near‐field tsunami inundation forecast using the parallel TUNAMI‐N2 model: Application to the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake combined with source inversions
Authors: Oishi Yusuke , Imamura Fumihiko , Sugawara Daisuke 
Published: February 2015

AbstractTo contribute to tsunami early warning systems, we investigated the currently achievable speed of tsunami inundation simulations on a parallel computer as well as the benefits of high‐resolution and faster than real‐time inundation predictions. We found that a 5 m resolution inundation simulation can be 75 times faster than real time, requiring only 1.5 min to overview the inundation situation in Sendai City for the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. We developed a novel parallel tsunami model based on the well‐known TUNAMI‐N2 model and achieved 9.17 tera Floating‐point Operations Per Second (FLOPS) on 9469 CPU cores. The present model can accurately hindcast the observed inundated regions of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami using tsunami source estimations of the tFISH and tFISH/RAPiD algorithms, which can be instantly derived from real‐time observation data. The present high‐resolution predictions can provide clear images of imminent hazards/disasters and can provide guidance for appropriate evacuation actions.
Is inner core seismic anisotropy a marker for plastic flow of cubic iron?
Authors: Lincot A. , Merkel S. , Cardin P. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates whether observations of seismic anisotropy are compatible with a cubic structure of the inner core Fe alloy. We assume that anisotropy is the result of plastic deformation within a large‐scale flow induced by preferred growth at the inner core equator. Based on elastic moduli from the literature, body‐centered cubic or face‐centered cubic Fe produces seismic anisotropy well below seismic observations (<0.4%). A Monte Carlo approach allows us to generalize this result to any form of elastic anisotropy in a cubic system. Within our model, inner core global anisotropy is not compatible with a cubic structure of Fe alloy. Hence, if the inner core material is indeed cubic, large‐scale coherent anisotropic structures, incompatible with plastic deformation induced by large‐scale flow, must be present.
Tropical cyclones in the North American Regional Reanalysis: An assessment of spatial biases in location, intensity, and structure
Authors: Zick Stephanie E. , Matyas Corene J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLong‐term reanalysis data sets, such as the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), are data‐rich resources for weather and climate research. However, investigations into tropical cyclone (TC) structures are lacking. This study examines position, intensity, and structure of U.S. landfalling TCs in these data sets during 1998–2012. TC positions are determined using three dynamic and thermodynamic parameters. In NARR, positions are problematic near the domain boundary but show statistically significant improvements compared with CFSR in regions over the U.S. and near its coastlines. TC intensity is universally underestimated in both data sets, yet the pressure‐wind relationship is reasonably maintained. NARR and CFSR intensities are highly correlated (r = 0.93), suggesting that these data sets are limited in a similar fashion in their generation of intensity and that advanced data assimilation techniques are unable to overcome the shortcomings of low resolutions. To investigate TC structure, a 10‐storm composite is constructed using the most intense model TCs at peak intensity. Both models develop robust warm cores (T′ ~ 6–7 K), but the radius of maximum winds (>100 km) is too broad compared with storms in nature. Secondary circulation features in NARR are more realistic, particularly the shallow inflow layer, vertical motion in the inner core, and confined outflow in the upper troposphere. Results indicate that, over the U.S. and near its coastline, NARR positions and structure are competitive with or slightly improved upon CFSR. Away from the domain boundary, NARR is a suitable resource for evaluating TC positions and certain aspects of the secondary circulation.
Estimates of CO2 traffic emissions from mobile concentration measurements
Authors: Maness H. L. , Thurlow M. E. , McDonald B. C. , Harley R. A. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe present data from a new mobile system intended to aid in the design of upcoming urban CO2‐monitoring networks. Our collected data include GPS probe data, video‐derived traffic density, and accurate CO2 concentration measurements. The method described here is economical, scalable, and self‐contained, allowing for potential future deployment in locations without existing traffic infrastructure or vehicle fleet information. Using a test data set collected on California Highway 24 over a 2 week period, we observe that on‐road CO2 concentrations are elevated by a factor of 2 in congestion compared to free‐flow conditions. This result is found to be consistent with a model including vehicle‐induced turbulence and standard engine physics. In contrast to surface concentrations, surface emissions are found to be relatively insensitive to congestion. We next use our model for CO2 concentration together with our data to independently derive vehicle emission rate parameters. Parameters scaling the leading four emission rate terms are found to be within 25% of those expected for a typical passenger car fleet, enabling us to derive instantaneous emission rates directly from our data that compare generally favorably to predictive models presented in the literature. The present results highlight the importance of high spatial and temporal resolution traffic data for interpreting on‐ and near‐road concentration measurements. Future work will focus on transport and the integration of mobile platforms into existing stationary network designs.
A multiscale modeling framework model (superparameterized CAM5) with a higher‐order turbulence closure: Model description and low‐cloud simulations
Authors: Wang Minghuai , Larson Vincent E. , Ghan Steven , Ovchinnikov Mikhail , Schanen David P. , Xiao Heng , Liu Xiaohong , Rasch Philip , Guo Zhun 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this study, a higher‐order turbulence closure scheme, called Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB), is implemented into a Multiscale Modeling Framework (MMF) model to improve low‐cloud simulations. The performance of CLUBB in MMF simulations with two different microphysics configurations (one‐moment cloud microphysics without aerosol treatment and two‐moment cloud microphysics coupled with aerosol treatment) is evaluated against observations and further compared with results from the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 5 (CAM5) with conventional cloud parameterizations. CLUBB is found to improve low‐cloud simulations in the MMF, and the improvement is particularly evident in the stratocumulus‐to‐cumulus transition regions. Compared to the single‐moment cloud microphysics, CLUBB with two‐moment microphysics produces clouds that are closer to the coast and agrees better with observations. In the stratocumulus‐to‐cumulus transition regions, CLUBB with two‐moment cloud microphysics produces short‐wave cloud forcing in better agreement with observations, while CLUBB with single‐moment cloud microphysics overestimates short‐wave cloud forcing. CLUBB is further found to produce quantitatively similar improvements in the MMF and CAM5, with slightly better performance in the MMF simulations (e.g., MMF with CLUBB generally produces low clouds that are closer to the coast than CAM5 with CLUBB). Improved low‐cloud simulations in MMF make it an even more attractive tool for studying aerosol‐cloud‐precipitation interactions.
Ultrathin Alternating Copolymer Nanotubes with Readily Tunable Surface Functionalities
Authors: Chen Jianxin , Yu Chunyang , Shi Zengqian , Yu Songrui , Lu Zhongyuan , Jiang Wengfeng , Zhang Meng , He Wei , Zhou Yongfeng , Yan Deyue 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWell‐defined ultrathin nanotubes (30 nm in diameter and of micrometer‐scale length) were generated through the self‐assembly of a novel alternative copolymer synthesized using an epoxy–thiol click‐chemistry reaction. The self‐assembly mechanism was investigated both by experiments and using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. The obtained nanotubes can be readily functionalized with carboxy groups, amino groups, peptides, or other groups by simple modular click copolymerization.
Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Xie Haiming , Liu Zhengdong , Tan Chaoliang , Luo Zhimin , Li Hai , Lin Jiadan , Sun Liqun , Chen Wei , Xu Zhichuan , Xie Linghai , Huang Wei , Zhang Hua 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAs a unique two‐dimensional nanomaterial, layered black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets have shown promising applications in electronics. Although mechanical exfoliation was successfully used to prepare BP nanosheets, it is still a challenge to produce novel BP nanostructures in high yield. A facile top‐down approach for preparation of black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) in solution is presented. The obtained BPQDs have a lateral size of 4.9±1.6 nm and thickness of 1.9±0.9 nm (ca. 4±2 layers). As a proof‐of‐concept application, by using BPQDs mixed with polyvinylpyrrolidone as the active layer, a flexible memory device was successfully fabricated that exhibits a nonvolatile rewritable memory effect with a high ON/OFF current ratio and good stability.
Ausdehnung des Enzym‐Universums: Zugang zu nicht‐natürlichen Reaktionen durch mechanismusgeleitete, gerichtete Evolution
Authors: Renata Hans , Wang Z. Jane , Arnold Frances H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHohe Selektivitäten und ausgezeichnete Kontrolle des Reaktionsverlaufs regen Chemiker dazu an, in der organischen Synthese Biokatalysatoren einzusetzen. Viele nützliche Reaktionen sind auf diese Weise jedoch nicht zugänglich, weil sie im Repertoire der Natur nicht vorkommen. In diesem Aufsatz werden wir einen evolutiven Ansatz zur Entwicklung von Enzymen beschreiben, die solche nicht‐natürlichen Reaktionen katalysieren. Wir beginnen mit Beispielen dafür, wie die Natur neue katalytische Funktionen entdeckt hat und wie solche evolutiven Fortschritte im Labor nachvollzogen wurden, indem man von existierenden Enzymen ausging. Wir untersuchen dann nicht‐natürliche Enzymaktivitäten, die für die chemische Synthese entdeckt und verwendet wurden, wobei wir uns auf Reaktionen ohne natürliches Pendant konzentrieren. Wir zeigen Beispiele, wie nicht‐natürliche Aktivitäten durch gerichtete Evolution verbessert wurden, indem der Prozess nachgeahmt wurde, mit dem die Natur neue Katalysatoren erzeugt. Zum Schluss beschreiben wir noch Entdeckungen nicht‐natürlicher katalytischer Funktionen, die künftig Chancen auf eine Ausdehnung des enzymatischen Universums bieten können.
Sulfur Cathodes Based on Conductive MXene Nanosheets for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Liang Xiao , Garsuch Arnd , Nazar Linda F. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractLithium–sulfur batteries are amongst the most promising candidates to satisfy emerging energy‐storage demands. Suppression of the polysulfide shuttle while maintaining high sulfur content is the main challenge that faces their practical development. Here, we report that 2D early‐transition‐metal carbide conductive MXene phases—reported to be impressive supercapacitor materials—also perform as excellent sulfur battery hosts owing to their inherently high underlying metallic conductivity and self‐functionalized surfaces. We show that 70 wt % S/Ti2C composites exhibit stable long‐term cycling performance because of strong interaction of the polysulfide species with the surface Ti atoms, demonstrated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies. The cathodes show excellent cycling performance with specific capacity close to 1200 mA h g−1 at a five‐hour charge/discharge (C/5) current rate. Capacity retention of 80 % is achieved over 400 cycles at a two‐hour charge/discharge (C/2) current rate.
Chemical‐Reaction‐Induced Hot Electron Flows on Platinum Colloid Nanoparticles under Hydrogen Oxidation: Impact of Nanoparticle Size
Authors: Lee Hyosun , Nedrygailov Ievgen I. , Lee Changhwan , Somorjai Gabor A. , Park Jeong Young 
Published: February 2015

AbstractGeneration of hot electron flows and the catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) with different sizes were investigated using catalytic nanodiodes. We show that smaller Pt NPs lead to higher chemicurrent yield, which is associated with the shorter travel length for the hot electrons, compared with their inelastic mean free path. We also show the impact of capping on charge carrier transfer between Pt NPs and their support.
Expanding the Enzyme Universe: Accessing Non‐Natural Reactions by Mechanism‐Guided Directed Evolution
Authors: Renata Hans , Wang Z. Jane , Arnold Frances H. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractHigh selectivity and exquisite control over the outcome of reactions entice chemists to use biocatalysts in organic synthesis. However, many useful reactions are not accessible because they are not in nature’s known repertoire. In this Review, we outline an evolutionary approach to engineering enzymes to catalyze reactions not found in nature. We begin with examples of how nature has discovered new catalytic functions and how such evolutionary progression has been recapitulated in the laboratory starting from extant enzymes. We then examine non‐native enzyme activities that have been exploited for chemical synthesis, with an emphasis on reactions that do not have natural counterparts. Non‐natural activities can be improved by directed evolution, thus mimicking the process used by nature to create new catalysts. Finally, we describe the discovery of non‐native catalytic functions that may provide future opportunities for the expansion of the enzyme universe.
CuSbS2‐Sensitized Inorganic–Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells Fabricated Using a Metal–Thiourea Complex Solution
Authors: Choi Yong Chan , Yeom Eun Joo , Ahn Tae Kyu , Seok Sang Il 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe device performance of sensitizer‐architecture solar cells based on a CuSbS2 light sensitizer is presented. The device consists of F‐doped SnO2 substrate/TiO2 blocking layer/mesoporous TiO2/CuSbS2/hole‐transporting material/Au electrode. The CuSbS2 was deposited by repeated cycles of spin coating of a Cu‐Sb‐thiourea complex solution and thermal decomposition, followed by annealing in Ar at 500 °C. Poly(2,6‐(4,4‐bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene)‐alt‐4,7(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)) (PCPDTBT) was used as the hole‐transporting material. The best‐performing cell exhibited a 3.1 % device efficiency, with a short‐circuit current density of 21.5 mA cm−2, an open‐circuit voltage of 304 mV, and a fill factor of 46.8 %.
Ligand‐Promoted Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Boronic Acids and Aryl Silanes by Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Yu Jingxun , Liu Jun , Shi Guangfa , Shao Changdong , Zhang Yanghui 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe first cross‐coupling reaction between aryl silanes and aryl boronic acids is described. This transformation represents one of the very few examples of coupling reactions between two nucleophilic organometallic reagents and provides a new method for the formation of biaryl compounds. The successful development of this reaction was enabled by the use of commercially available 2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (BINAP) as the ligand. A small amount of BINAP (3 mol %) was sufficient to suppress the formation of the homocoupling products, and the reaction yielded the cross‐coupling products with high selectivity under mild conditions, even when the ratio of the two coupling partners was 1:1.
Gelation and crosslinking characteristics of photopolymerized poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels
Authors: Hwang Ji Won , Noh Seung Man , Kim Bumsang , Jung Hyun Wook 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTThe gelation and crosslinking features of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels were scrutinized through the UV polymerization processes of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) mixtures. The real‐time evolutions of the elastic moduli of the prepolymerized mixtures with different crosslinking ratios of PEGMA and PEGDMA and the photoinitiator concentrations were measured during photopolymerization. The rheological properties were compared with other properties of the PEG hydrogels, including the relative changes in the CC amounts in the mixtures before and after UV irradiation, water swelling ratio, gel fraction, mesh size, and mechanical hardness. As the portion of PEGDMA as a crosslinker increased, the final elastic modulus and gel fraction increased, whereas the swelling ratio and scratch penetration depth at the hydrogel film surface decreased because of the formation of compact networks inside the hydrogels. These results indicate that there was a good correlation between the rheological analysis for predicting the crosslinking transition during photopolymerization and the macroscopic properties of the crosslinked hydrogels. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41939.
In Situ Chemical Oxidative Polymerization Preparation of Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/Graphene Nanocomposites with Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance
Authors: Xu Kongli , Chen Guangming , Qiu Dong 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThree different in situ chemical oxidative polymerization routes, that is, (A) spin‐coating and subsequent liquid layer polymerization, (B) spin‐coating followed by vapor phase polymerization, and (C) in situ polymerization and then post‐treatment by immersion in ethylene glycol (EG), have been developed to achieve poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/reduced graphene oxide (PEDOT/rGO) nanocomposites. As demonstrated by scanning electron microscopic and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopic techniques, PEDOT has been successfully coated on the surface of the rGO nanosheets by each of the three preparation routes. Importantly, all of the nanocomposites display a greatly enhanced thermoelectric performance (power factors) relative to those of the corresponding neat PEDOT.