bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analgesic interaction between ondansetron and acetaminophen after tonsillectomy in children: The Paratron randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Ramirez L. , Cros J. , Marin B. , Boulogne P. , Bergeron A. , de Lafont G.E. , Renon‐Carron F. , de Vinzelles M‐A. , Guigonis V. , Nathan N. , Beaulieu P. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe mechanism of action of acetaminophen remains unclear. One hypothesis involves an interaction with the serotoninergic system. Antagonists to serotonin (5‐HT)3 receptors (setrons) have antiemetic properties. Therefore, co‐administration of acetaminophen and a setron could lead to a decrease or a loss of acetaminophen analgesic effects. The aim of this study was to demonstrate such an interaction.MethodsParatron is a prospective, randomized, controlled, double‐blind, parallel group trial. All children aged 2–7 years (n = 69) scheduled for a tonsillectomy ± adenoidectomy received intraoperative acetaminophen with ondansetron or droperidol. Pain scores [Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS)], morphine consumption and the incidence of post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were measured for 24 h following surgery.ResultsPain scores were not different at all times between the groups but median morphine consumption (μg) in recovery was 322.5 [interquartile range (IQR) 0.0–500.0] and 0 (IQR 0‐0) in the ondansetron (n = 35) and droperidol (n = 34) groups, respectively (p = 0.004). The percentages of patients who received morphine titration were 57.1% and 20.6% in the ondansetron and droperidol groups, respectively (p = 0.008). No significant difference was found for PONV.ConclusionsAn interaction between acetaminophen and ondansetron is suggested, with children receiving three times more morphine during pain titration in the recovery room. More studies are necessary to evaluate whether this finding is clinically relevant enough to preclude the simultaneous perioperative administration of both drugs in the future.
A critique on neuroscientific methodologies in organizational behavior and management studies
Authors: Lindebaum Dirk , Jordan Peter J. 
Published: September 2014

SummaryOrganizational neuroscience continues to flourish in organizational behavior and management studies as indicated by the growing number of publications. However, with a few exceptions, substantive critiques of organizational neuroscience are conspicuous by their absence. In this point–counterpoint article, we aim to redress this imbalance. We do so by asking two significant yet neglected questions: (i) how strong is the science behind this domain, and (ii) why are we doing this type of research (the so what? question)? Our analysis shows that the science behind organizational neuroscience is far less rigorous than currently advocated (due to low statistical power of some neuroimaging studies plus an inability to locate mental phenomena precisely in the brain). In terms of the so what? question, we encourage researchers to move away from general statements and become more specific about the phenomena they research. We contend that the practical implications of this research, as well as inferences of the link to behavioral changes, are currently overstated. We also underscore the importance for these studies to become contextually sensitive in order for the researchers to capture important events in the workplace. Finally, we offer some suggestions for future research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethics and genomic medicine, how to navigate decisions in surgical oncology
Authors: Devon Karen M. , Lerner‐Ellis Jordan P. , Ganai Sabha , Angelos Peter 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUsing genetic information to make medical decisions and tailor treatments to individuals will likely provide major benefits and become an important part of health care. Surgical oncologists must ethically apply scientific genetic information in a complex and evolving environment to the benefit of their patients. In this review we address ethical issues associated with: indications for genetic testing, informed consent for testing and therapy, confidentiality, targeted therapy, prophylactic surgery, and genetic testing in children. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:18–23. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Migrant Labour in Rural Tourism: Continuity and Change
Authors: Piso Annemarie 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper considers the impact of the recession on the availability of migrant labour in the Yorkshire Dales and reassesses how the practice of employing migrant workers, previously explored by the author, has influenced current sources of recruitment. Findings suggest constantly evolving and altering patterns of migration not only shaped by economic and spatial factors but also socially constructed by the interactions of employers and migrants. In particular, results indicate how subjective experiences and judgements made around the use of social networks can recreate as well as transform the specific use of migrant labour in each establishment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Quasi‐Mixture’ Descriptors for QSPR Analysis of Molecular Macroscopic Properties. The Critical Properties of Organic Compounds
Authors: Mokshyna E. , Nedostup V. I. , Polishchuk P. G. , Kuzmin V. E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRational approach towards the QSAR/QSPR modeling requires the descriptors to be computationally efficient, yet physically and chemically meaningful. On the basis of existing simplex representation of molecular structure (SiRMS) the novel ‘quasi‐mixture’ descriptors were developed in order to accomplish the goal of characterization molecules on 2D level (i.e. without explicit generation of 3D structure and exhaustive conformational search) with account for potential intermolecular interactions. The critical properties of organic compounds were chosen as target properties for the estimation of descriptors’ efficacy because of their well‐known physical nature, rigorously estimated experimental errors and large quantity of experimental data. Among described properties are critical temperature, pressure and volume. Obtained models have high statistical characteristics, therefore showing the efficacy of suggested ‘quasi‐mixture’ approach. Moreover, ‘quasi‐mixture’ approach, as a branch of the SiRMS, allows to interpret results in terms of simple basic molecular properties. The obtained picture of influences corresponds to the accepted theoretical views.
Pharmacophore Modeling, Ensemble Docking, Virtual Screening, and Biological Evaluation on Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3β
Authors: Fu Gang , Sivaprakasam Prasanna , Dale Olivia R. , Manly Susan P. , Cutler Stephen J. , Doerksen Robert J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGlycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3) is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase which is engaged in a variety of signaling pathways, regulating a wide range of cellular processes. GSK‐3β, also known as tau protein kinase I (TPK‐I), is one of the most important kinases implicated in the hyperphosphorylation of tau that leads to neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, GSK‐3β has emerged as an important therapeutic target. To identify compounds that are structurally novel and diverse compared to previously reported ATP‐competitive GSK‐3β inhibitors, we performed virtual screening by implementing a mixed ligand/structure‐based approach, which included pharmacophore modeling, diversity analysis, and ensemble docking. The sensitivities of different docking protocols to induced‐fit effects were explored. An enrichment study was employed to verify the robustness of ensemble docking, using 13 X‐ray structures of GSK‐3β, compared to individual docking in terms of retrieving active compounds from a decoy dataset. A total of 24 structurally diverse compounds obtained from the virtual screening underwent biological validation. The bioassay results showed that 15 out of the 24 hit compounds are indeed GSK‐3β inhibitors, and among them, one compound exhibiting sub‐micromolar inhibitory activity is a reasonable starting point for further optimization.
CORPORATE TAX CUTS AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
Authors: Baccini Leonardo , Li Quan , Mirkina Irina 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAccurate policy evaluation is central to optimal policymaking, but difficult to achieve. Most often, analysts have to work with observational data and cannot directly observe the counterfactual of a policy to assess its effect accurately. In this paper, we craft a quasi‐experimental design and apply two relatively new methods—the difference‐in‐differences estimation and the synthetic controls method—to the policy debate on whether corporate tax cuts increase foreign direct investment (FDI). The taxation–FDI relationship has attracted wide attention because of mixed findings. We exploit a quasi‐experimental design for Russian regions, which were granted autonomy to reduce corporate profit tax in 2003, enabling them to simultaneously experiment with different tax policies. We estimate both the average and local treatment effects of two types of tax cuts on FDI inflows. We find that, on average, relative to the absence of tax cuts, nondiscriminatory tax cuts on direct investment profit increase FDI, but discriminatory tax cuts on selected government‐sanctioned investment projects do not. Yet for both types of tax cuts, local treatment effects vary dramatically from region to region. Our research has important implications for the design of tax policy and fiscal incentive, and the assessment of fiscal policy reforms.
Klein, schnell, hell
Authors: Engel Michael , Hennrich Frank , Krupke Ralph 
Published: September 2014

AbstractKohlenstoff‐Nanoröhren haben einzigartige elektrische und optische Eigenschaften. Besonders das schnelle Fließen der Ladungen prädestiniert sie für völlig neue Hochfrequenz‐Feldeffekt‐Transistoren. Diese könnten zum Beispiel die Telekommunikation erheblich beschleunigen. Auch als Lichtemitter mit präzise einstellbaren Eigenschaften sind Kohlenstoff‐Nanoröhren interessant. Ein Hindernis für technische Anwendungen waren bislang unselektive Syntheseverfahren, bei denen verschiedenste Typen von Nanoröhren zugleich entstehen. Neue, hoch selektive Sortierverfahren könnten diese Hürde überwinden.
Gravitationslinsen erhellen das Dunkel
Authors: Bartelmann Matthias 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDem kosmologischen Standardmodell zufolge besteht bei weitem die meiste Materie im Universum aus einer unbekannten, dunklen Substanz. Wie ist diese Dunkle Materie verteilt? Im Rahmen des internationalen Projekts “Clash” werden 25 massereiche Galaxienhaufen so genau wie nie zuvor beobachtet, um ihren inneren Aufbau möglichst präzise zu entschlüsseln. Die bisherigen Ergebnisse bestätigen das Bild der kalten Dunklen Materie, wonach die Ruheenergie der Teilchen wesentlich größer ist als ihre thermisch bedingte Bewegungsenergie.
Eine Lösung für das Heliumproblem
Authors: Good Jeremy 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPulsröhren‐ oder Gifford‐McMahon‐Kühler sind mit Stirling‐Motoren verwandt. Mit ihnen lassen sich heute extrem niedrige Temperaturen bis 1 K erreichen. Als kryogenfreie Systeme kommen sie mit einer kleinen Menge Helium als Arbeitsgas aus. Damit reduzieren sie den Verbrauch von flüssigem und gasförmigem Helium in Forschungs‐ und Laboranwendungen dramatisch. Sie ermöglichen neue Anwendungen und sind dabei im Betrieb viel kostengünstiger als herkömmliche Kühlverfahren. Je kostbarer und knapper Helium wird, desto wichtiger werden solche alternativen Kühltechnologien für Labore, die supraleitende Magnete einsetzen. Das gilt für die Physik ebenso wie die Chemie, Materialforschung, Pharmaforschung und Medizintechnik.
Strahlenoptik mit Ray Optics
Authors: Wilhelm Thomas , Aydinlik Hüseyin , Kuhn Jochen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMit der kostenfreien Android‐App Ray Optics lassen sich schnell und unkompliziert Abbildungen an Spiegeln und Linsen simulieren. Dabei bietet die App verschiedene Einstellmöglichkeiten und eignet sich beispielsweise zur Bestimmung des Ortes eines reellen oder virtuellen Bildes bei einer Linse, einer Linsenkombination oder einem Spiegel.
Lichtstrahlen und Kettenbrüche
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: September 2014

AbstractEr ist ein Autodidakt: Seine Familie, verarmte Hugenotten, können kaum mehr als den elementaren Schulbesuch bezahlen. So beginnt er mit zwölf Jahren zu arbeiten, als Gehilfe seines Vaters, eines Schneiders. Später verdient er als Buchhalter, Sekretär und Lehrer sein Brot. Gleichzeitig verschlingt er neugierig jedes Buch, das ihm zwischen die Finger kommt und beginnt auch mit eigenen physikalischen Experimenten, vor allem zur Optik.
Detection of morphine‐3‐sulfate and morphine‐6‐sulfate in human urine and plasma, and formation in liver cytosol
Authors: Andersson Maria , Björkhem‐Bergman Linda , Ekström Lena , Bergqvist Lena , Lagercrantz Hugo , Rane Anders , Beck Olof 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMorphine is still the mainstay in treatment of severe pain and is metabolized in the liver mainly by glucuronidation, partly to the pharmacologically active morphine‐6‐glucuronide (M6G). The sulfation pathway has attracted much less attention but may also form active metabolites. The aim of the present study was to study two sulfate metabolites of morphine in humans. Urine and plasma from newborns, adult heroin addicts, and terminal cancer patients was analyzed for the presence of morphine‐3‐sulfate (M3S) and morphine‐6‐sulfate (M6S) by a new liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method. In addition, morphine sulfation was studied in vitro in human liver cytosol preparations. M3S was present in urine and plasma from all study groups although at lower concentrations than morphine‐3‐glucuronide (M3G). The plasma M3S/M3G ratio was 30 times higher in newborns than in adults indicating that the relative sulfation is more important at early stage of life. M6S was measurable in only one plasma sample from a newborn patient, and in one of the urine sample from the drug testing group. The incubation of morphine with liver cytosol extracts resulted in approximately equal rate of formation of both M3S and M6S. In conclusion, sulfation of morphine is catalyzed in human liver but this minor metabolic pathway probably lacks clinical significance. The M6S metabolite is formed at a low rate, making it undetectable in most individuals.
Development of a ‘patient information leaflet’ for use following assessment of patients with reported or suspected paracetamol overdose in the UK
Authors: Potter Thomas , Chan Wui Ling , Archer John R. H. , Barrett Jessica , Dargan Paul I. , Wood David M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe aim of this study was to design an information leaflet for patients with paracetamol overdose based on Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency guidance and to assess its readability. A two‐sided one page information leaflet was designed for patients being discharged from hospital after a paracetamol overdose. Patients presenting with an acute paracetamol overdose, irrespective of whether they were treated or not, were recruited to read the leaflet and then answer a brief structured questionnaire based on the leaflet. The readability of the information leaflet was assessed using the Flesch reading ease score. Thirty patients (15 male, 12 female, 3 not recorded; mean age 38 ± 13.0 years) were recruited, wherein 100% of patients reported the language used was understandable, 96.6% knew which symptoms would require urgent medical review after discharge and 100% of patients knew the liver was affected by paracetamol. The Flesch reading ease score was 67.6 (out of a maximum of 100), equivalent to a UK reading age of 10–11years old. Our information leaflet for all patients being discharged after paracetamol overdose was well received by patients, provided them with the required knowledge and had an appropriate reading age based on UK literacy rates. We would recommend that this leaflet could be used as a template on a national level, localized to individual hospitals, to improve patient knowledge of paracetamol toxicity, and facilitate early medical review in the event of deterioration following discharge from the hospital.
Selective IAP inhibition results in sensitization of unstimulated but not CD40‐stimulated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Zhuang Jianguo , Laing Naomi , Oates Melanie , Lin Ke , Johnson Gillian , Pettitt Andrew R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDespite recent advances in therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) remains incurable and new treatment strategies are therefore urgently required. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are over‐expressed in CLL, suggesting both a role in disease pathogenesis and the potential for therapeutic targeting. To explore these questions, we evaluated the effects on primary CLL cells of AZD5582, a novel potent and selective inhibitor of IAPs. AZD5582 at nanomolar concentrations induced extensive degradation of cIAP‐1 and cIAP‐2, but minimally of X chromosome‐linked IAP (XIAP). However, these effects of AZD5582 produced little or no direct cytotoxicity, nor did they sensitize CLL cells to p53‐dependent killing by fludarabine or p53‐independent killing by dexamethasone. In contrast, AZD5582 significantly enhanced apoptosis induced by the death receptor (DR) agonist tumour necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL). Importantly, killing by TRAIL plus AZD5582 was independent of adverse prognostic features including TP53 deletion which is strongly associated with chemoresistance in CLL. Coculture experiments involving transfected mouse fibroblasts expressing human CD40L (CD154) to mimic the effect of T cells at sites of tissue involvement showed that CD40 stimulation almost completely prevented the killing of CLL cells by TRAIL plus AZD5582 despite up‐regulating TRAIL receptors 1 and 2. In conclusion, our findings confirm the rate‐limiting, upstream involvement of IAPs in the extrinsic but not intrinsic apoptotic pathway of CLL cells and suggest that drug combinations that simultaneously activate DRs and inhibit IAPs may have therapeutic potential in patients with CLL who have failed T‐cell‐depleting chemotherapy.
Return to Afghanistan: Migration as Reinforcement of Socio‐Economic Stratification
Authors: van Houte Marieke , Siegel Melissa , Davids Tine 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis paper explores a new avenue of the hierarchisation of mobility amongst voluntary and involuntary return migrants to Afghanistan. We introduce the concept of multidimensional and multi‐local embeddedness as an analytical approach to the multi‐sited experience of migration, which merges transnationalism and integration into one analytical framework. Drawing on an in‐depth case study that focuses on the life histories of 35 Afghan returnees from European countries, we argue that socio‐economic differences that existed prior to migration are reinforced by the migration experience, which results in strongly differentiated patterns of multidimensional embeddedness and transnational mobility. These patterns reinforce previously existing socio‐economic stratification and restrict expectations of return migration and development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave extraction–isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (ME‐IRIS): a novel technique for rapid extraction and in‐line analysis of δ18O and δ2H values of water in plants, soils and insects
Authors: Munksgaard Niels C. , Cheesman Alexander W. , Wurster Chris M. , Cernusak Lucas A. , Bird Michael I. 
Published: September 2014

RATIONALETraditionally, stable isotope analysis of plant and soil water has been a technically challenging, labour‐intensive and time‐consuming process. Here we describe a rapid single‐step technique which combines Microwave Extraction with Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectroscopy (ME‐IRIS).METHODSPlant, soil and insect water is extracted into a dry air stream by microwave irradiation within a sealed vessel. The water vapor thus produced is carried to a cooled condensation chamber, which controls the water vapor concentration and flow rate to the spectrometer. Integration of the isotope signals over the whole analytical cycle provides quantitative δ18O and δ2H values for the initial liquid water contained in the sample. Calibration is carried out by the analysis of water standards using the same apparatus. Analysis of leaf and soil water by cryogenic vacuum distillation and IRMS was used to validate the ME‐IRIS data.RESULTSComparison with data obtained by cryogenic distillation and IRMS shows that the new technique provides accurate water isotope data for leaves from a range of field‐grown tropical plant species. However, two exotic nursery plants were found to suffer from spectral interferences from co‐extracted organic compounds. The precision for extracted leaf, stem, soil and insect water was typically better than ±0.3 ‰ for δ18O and ±2 ‰ for δ2H values, and better than ±0.1 ‰ for δ18O and ±1 ‰ for δ2H values when analyzing water standards. The effects of sample size, microwave power and duration and sample‐to‐sample memory on isotope values were assessed.CONCLUSIONSME‐IRIS provides rapid and low‐cost extraction and analysis of δ18O and δ2H values in plant, soil and insect water (≈10–15 min for samples yielding ≈ 0.3 mL of water). The technique can accommodate whole leaves of many plant species. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of hydrophobicity on positive‐ and negative‐ion yields of peptides in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Osaka Issey , Takayama Mitsuo 
Published: September 2014

RATIONALEThe influence of hydrophobicity originating from an amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) residue on the ion yields of peptides has been empirically evaluated using positive‐ and negative‐ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. The enhancement effect of hydrophobicity was compared with that of the presence of basic and acidic residues of peptides.METHODSIn order to empirically understand the ion yields in soft ionization methods, we have divided the total ionization process into ionization efficiency of analyte molecules and the rate of desorption or vaporization of molecules. The ion yields of protonated and deprotonated molecules of peptides were evaluated.RESULTSThe presence of a Phe residue resulted in an increase in the ion yields of both the analyte ions [M + nH]n+ and [M–nH]n–. The relationship between the ion yields and hydrophobicities of peptides was evaluated using the partition coefficient measured by thin‐layer chromatography (PACTLC). A peptide containing a Phe residue at its C‐terminus gave a higher ion yield than when it was at the N‐terminus.CONCLUSIONSThe ion yields of peptides increased with increasing hydrophobicity both in positive‐ and negative‐ion ESI. The enhancement effect of hydrophobicity on the ion yields was higher than that of basicity and acidity of the peptides in ESI. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.