bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimony-ResistantLeishmania donovaniExploits miR-466i To Deactivate Host MyD88 for Regulating IL-10/IL-12 Levels during Early Hours of Infection
Authors: Mukherjee Budhaditya , Paul Joydeep , Mukherjee Sandip , Mukhopadhyay Rupkatha , Das Shantanabha , Naskar Kshudiram , Sundar Shyam , Dujardin Jean-Claude , Saha Bhaskar , Roy Syamal 
Published: August 2015

AbstractInfection with antimony-resistant Leishmania donovani (SbRLD) induces aggressive pathology in the mammalian hosts as compared with ones with antimony-sensitive L. donovani (SbSLD) infection. SbRLD, but not SbSLD, interacts with TLR2/TLR6 to induce IL-10 by exploiting p50/c-Rel subunits of NF-κB in infected macrophages (Mϕs). Most of the TLRs exploit the universal adaptor protein MyD88 to activate NF-κB. We now show that infection of Mϕs from MyD88−/− mice with SbRLD gave rise to significantly higher intracellular parasite number coupled with elevated IL-10/IL-12 ratio in the culture supernatant as compared with infection in wild type (WT) Mϕs. Τhese attributes were not seen with SbSLD in similar experiments. Further, SbRLD infection upregulated miR-466i, which binds with 3′-untranslated region, leading to the downregulation of MyD88. Infection of MyD88−/− Mϕ or IL-12−/− Mϕ with SbRLD induced IL-10 surge at 4 h, whereas the same in WT Mϕ started from 12 h. Thus, absence of IL-12 in MyD88−/− mice favored early binding of NF-κB subunits to the IL-10 promoter, resulting in IL-10 surge. Infection of MyD88−/− mice with SbRLD showed significantly higher organ parasites coupled with ill-defined and immature hepatic granulomas, whereas in WT mice there were less organ parasites and the granulomas were well defined. From the survival kinetics it was observed that SbRLD-infected MyD88−/− mice died by 60 d postinfection, whereas the WT mice continued to survive. Our results demonstrate that SbRLD has evolved a unique strategy to evade host antileishmanial immune repertoire by manipulating host MyD88 to its advantage.
Namaste (counterbalancing) technique: Overcoming warping in costal cartilage
Authors: Agrawal Kapil S. , Bachhav Manoj , Shrotriya Raghav 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Background: Indian noses are broader and lack projection as compared to other populations, hence very often need augmentation, that too by large volume. Costal cartilage remains the material of choice in large volume augmentations and repair of complex primary and secondary nasal deformities. One major disadvantage of costal cartilage grafts (CCG) which offsets all other advantages is the tendency to warp and become distorted over a period of time. We propose a simple technique to overcome this menace of warping. Materials and Methods: We present the data of 51 patients of rhinoplasty done using CCG with counterbalancing technique over a period of 4 years. Results: No evidence of warping was found in any patient up to a maximum follow-up period of 4 years. Conclusion: Counterbalancing is a useful technique to overcome the problem of warping. It gives liberty to utilize even unbalanced cartilage safely to provide desired shape and use the cartilage without any wastage.
How were lipofilling cannulae designed and are they as safe as we believe?
Authors: Yazar Memet , Yazar Sevgi Kurt , Sevim Kamuran Zeynep , Irmak Fatih , Tekesin Merva Soluk , Kozanoğlu Erol , Karsidag Semra 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Background: Most practitioners in plastic surgery believe that blunt tipped cannulae are safer. Interestingly, there is no study about their safety, and the problem is exactly this. As the use of blunt tipped cannulae is somehow difficult, some surgeons try other extreme alternatives, such as sharp and cutting tipped injection needles. But, they can cause complications such as vessel damage. According to these hypotheses, we tried to design a cannula which would ease the application of lipofilling and which would minimise the trauma. Contrary to the injection needle, the tips of the cannula would be blunter, and trauma would be diminished. Objectives: After designing such a cannula, we compared it with the most frequently used Coleman type cannulae with regard to ease in utilisation, and safety. We also tried to evaluate the potential for trauma, of the regularly used cannulae. Materials and Methods: In the first part, the penetration capacity of all cannulae was measured and compared, and in the second part, the tissue damage was evaluated in an experimental model. Results: According to the statistical and histological findings, the pointed-tip cannulae, blunted to a certain degree, can be applied easily through the tissues. The surgeon works more comfortably and we have noted that these cannulae cause less tissue damage.
Thoracodorsal artery perforator flap: Indeed a versatile flap
Authors: Jain Leena , Kumta Samir M. , Purohit Shrirang K. , Raut Rashmi 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Introduction: The thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap has emerged as one of the ideal perforator flaps. We, hereby, describe its versatility in indications (free/pedicled), methods of harvest (patient position and paddle orientation) and perforator consistency. Materials and Methods: We have performed a total of six TDAP flaps-five free and one pedicled, over a period of 1-year from March 2014 to February 2015 at a single centre. Our indications have been: Reconstruction of oral cavity, breast and upper and lower extremities. Results: We had neither any failures nor any re-explorations. The average perforator length is about 6 cm and the pedicle length can be extended to 12-14 cm by including the thoracodorsal artery. There is inconsistency in perforator position; however, the presence of a perforator is certain. It can be harvested in lateral, prone or supine position, thus, does not require any position change allowing a two-team approach to reconstruction. The paddle can be oriented vertically or horizontally, both healing with scars in inconspicuous locations. Apart from providing a good colour match for extremities, this flap can be thinned primarily. Conclusion: The versatility of TDAP has several advantages that make it a workhorse flap for most reconstructions requiring soft tissue cover. Further, the ease of harvest makes it a good perforator flap for beginners. Its use in chimerism with the underlying latissimus dorsi muscle provides reconstruction for coverage and volume replacement.
White Roll Vermilion turn down flap in primary unilateral cleft lip repair: A novel approach
Authors: Mishra R. K. , Agarwal Amit 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Aim: Numerous modifications of Millard′s technique of rotation - advancement repair have been described in literature. This article envisions a new modification in Millard’s technique of primary unilateral chieloplasty. Material and Methods: Eliminating or reducing the secondary deformities in children with cleft lip has been a motivating factor for the continual refinement of cleft lip surgical techniques through the years. Vermilion notching, visibility of paramedian scars and scar contracture along the white roll are quite noticeable in close-up view even in good repairs. Any scar is less noticeable if it is in midline or along the lines of embryological closure. White Roll Vermilion turn down Flap (WRV Flap), a modification in the Millard’s repair is an attempt to prevent these secondary deformities during the primary cleft lip sugery. This entails the use of white roll and the vermilion from the lateral lip segment for augmenting the medial lip vermilion with the final scar in midline at the vermilion. Result: With an experience of more than 100 cases of primary cleft lip repair with this technique, we have achieved a good symmetry and peaking of cupid’s bow with no vermilion notching of the lips. Conclusion: WRV flap aims to high light the importance of achieving a near normal look of the cleft patient with the only drawback of associated learning curve with this technique.
Tunica vaginalis flap following ‘Tubularised Incised Plate’ urethroplasty to prevent urethrocutaneous fistulaa
Authors: Hamid Raashid , Baba Aejaz A. , Shera Altaf , Ahmad Sarfaraz 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Surgery for hypospadias has been continuously evolving, implying thereby that no single technique is perfect and suitable for all types of hypospadias. Snodgrass technique is presently the most common surgical procedure performed for hypospadias. Materials and Methods: We analysed the results of tunica vaginalis flap (TVF) as an additional cover to the tubularised incised plate (TIP) repair. Results: A total of 35 patients of hypospadias were repaired using TIP urethroplasty and TVF as a second layer. Mean age at the time of presentation was 6.63 ± 3.4 years. Post-operative complications namely wound infection, flap necrosis, scrotal haematoma, scrotal abscess, urethral fistula, meatal stenosis were recorded and analysed during follow-up period. Need for re-do surgery was considered as failure of the operative procedure. Out of 35 patients, 8 (22.85%) patients had proximal penile hypospadias and 27 (77.14%) patients had distal penile hypospadias. Mean post-operative follow-up was 24.53 months. During the follow-up complications noticed included wound infection (n = 2), urethrocutaneous fistula (n = 1) and meatal stenosis (n = 1). Wound infection was managed with appropriate antibiotics as per hospital policy/culture and sensitivity reports. Meatal stenosis responded to bougie dilatation/calibration during follow-up. Conclusion: To conclude, TVF as an additional cover is associated with an acceptable complication rate and good cosmetic results if performed with meticulous tissue handling.
Bony tumour in an unusual location on the mandible
Authors: Sasidharan Aashish , Gohil Amish , Koshy Santosh , Gupta Ashish Kumar 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTOsteomas are benign osteogenic tumors that are seen in the facial bones, but uncommonly in the mandible. In the facial bones, both central and peripheral osteomas have been described. Peripheral osteomas have been described to occur in the frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses but are not common in jawbones. When in the mandible, they are usually found over the angle and inferior border of the mandible. We report on a solitary peripheral osteoma located unusually in the sigmoid notch of the left mandible causing facial asymmetry.
A rare case of plexiform schwannoma of the lower lip: Treatment and management
Authors: Dhua Subha 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTAn 18-year-old female presented with a swelling on the lower lip, which was insidious in onset and gradually progressive. The mass was completely excised under local anaesthesia. Complete histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies were conducted. The Antoni A areas were found along with typical verocay bodies composed of palisading nuclei and surrounding spaces filled with eosinophilic filaments. No necrosis was noted and there were no atypical mitotic figures. In the Antoni B region, a closely textured matrix with areas of edema, myxomatous changes, cystic degeneration and dilated vessels were noted. On the basis of the histopathologic and immunohistochemical staining with S-100 protein, a diagnosis of plexiform schwannoma was made and has been reported in this study. The post-operative view confirmed complete recovery after 6 weeks of surgery. This is a rare case with the tumour located in the lower lip, as very few cases have been reported in literature and it may be the first one reported from India.
Trends and variability in rain‐on‐snow events
Authors: Cohen Judah , Ye Hengchun , Jones Justin 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe analyzed rain‐on‐snow (ROS) events in two reanalysis products. ROS events are a relatively rare phenomenon outside of a few regional maxima including western Eurasia, the higher elevations of western North America, the northeastern United States, and southeastern Canada. ROS events occur at the high latitudes, especially away from the continental interior, and no robust trends were found in the frequency of ROS events. We also explored the variability of ROS events with dominant large climate modes. The most robust relationship was found with the Arctic Oscillation or North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/NAO). The most notable variability associated with the AO/NAO was a northeast/southwest dipole feature across western Eurasia. More ROS events were found for northeastern Europe for the positive phase of the AO/NAO due to the increased frequency of rainfall. However, more ROS events were found for Central Europe for the negative phase of the AO/NAO due to the increased frequency of snow cover.
Scaling multiblast craters: General approach and application to volcanic craters
Authors: Sonder I. , Graettinger A. H. , Valentine G. A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMost volcanic explosions leave a crater in the surface around the center of the explosions. Such craters differ from products of single events like meteorite impacts or those produced by military testing because they typically result from multiple, rather than single, explosions. Here we analyze the evolution of experimental craters that were created by several detonations of chemical explosives in layered aggregates. An empirical relationship for the scaled crater radius as a function of scaled explosion depth for single blasts in flat test beds is derived from experimental data, which differs from existing relations and has better applicability for deep blasts. A method to calculate an effective explosion depth for nonflat topography (e.g., for explosions below existing craters) is derived, showing how multiblast crater sizes differ from the single‐blast case: Sizes of natural caters (radii and volumes) are not characteristic of the number of explosions, nor therefore of the total acting energy, that formed a crater. Also, the crater size is not simply related to the largest explosion in a sequence but depends upon that explosion and the energy of that single blast and on the cumulative energy of all blasts that formed a crater. The two energies can be combined to form an effective number of explosions that is characteristic for the crater evolution. The multiblast crater size evolution has implications on the estimates of volcanic eruption energies, indicating that it is not correct to estimate explosion energy from crater size using previously published relationships that were derived for single‐blast cases.
Synergistic measurements of ocean winds and waves from SAR
Authors: Zhang Biao , Li Xiaofeng , Perrie William , He Yijun 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn this study we present a synergistic method to retrieve both ocean surface wave and wind fields from spaceborne quad‐polarization (QP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mode data. This algorithm integrates QP‐SAR wind vector retrieval model and the wave retrieval model, with consideration to the nonlinear mapping relationship between ocean wave spectra and SAR image spectra, in order to synergistically retrieve wind fields and wave directional spectra. The method does not require a priori information on the sea state. It combines the observed VV‐polarized SAR image spectra with the retrieved wind vectors from the VH‐polarized SAR image, to estimate the wind‐generated wave directional spectra. The differences between the observed SAR spectra and optimal SAR image spectra associated with the wind waves are interpreted as the contributions from the swell waves. The retrieved ocean wave spectra are used to estimate the integrated spectral wave parameters such as significant wave heights, wavelengths, wave directions and wave periods. The wind and wave parameters retrieved by QP‐SAR are validated against those measured by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) directional wave buoys under different sea states. The validation results show that the QP‐SAR SAR has potential to simultaneously measure the ocean surface waves and wind fields from space.
A simple inversion method for determining optimal dispersion model parameters from satellite detections of volcanic sulfur dioxide
Authors: Zidikheri Meelis J. , Potts Rodney J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA simple inversion scheme for optimizing volcanic emission dispersion model parameters with respect to satellite detections is presented in this paper. In this scheme, multiple dispersion model simulations, obtained by varying relevant model parameters, are created and compared against satellite detections using pattern correlation as a measure of model agreement with observations. It is shown that the scheme is successful in inferring emission source parameters such as those describing the vertical extent of the nascent sulfur dioxide emissions in the November 2010 Mount Merapi eruption in Java, Indonesia. These optimal parameter values then become a basis for improved forecasts of the transport of volcanic emissions.
Microbial Ecology—New Directions, New Importance
Authors: Zinder Stephen H. , Salyers Abigail A. 
Published: August 2015

This chapter will not give a comprehensive overview of microbial ecology, but will, instead, discuss the relevance of microbial ecology to pure culture studies and vice versa. Here it is explained how microbial ecology is linked with all branches of microbiology. Despite success in applying cultural techniques to the study of microbial ecosystems, it has long been known that the number of organisms obtained from most natural habitats using cultural techniques is usually one to several orders of magnitude lower than that seen under the microscope, a phenomenon termed the “great plate count anomaly”. Carl Woese's studies on molecular phylogeny had a revolutionary effect on microbial systematics. Woese's phylogeny made the extent of diversity in the microbial world more apparent by displaying genetic diversity in a way that had high visual impact and showed clearly how much diversity exists in the microbial world. The idea of unculturability is bolstered by the previously mentioned “great plate count anomaly”, since direct microscopic counts are so often much higher than viable counts.
There are several other reasonable explanations for this phenomenon, however. Pure culture studies can lead to the development of more sophisticated hypotheses about metabolic interactions between microorganisms in a natural environment.
The Revised Road Map to theManual
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Second Edition ofBergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology(the“Systematics”) represents a major departure from the First Edition, as well as from the Eighth and Ninth Editions of theBergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology(the‘Determinative”), in that the organization of the content follows a phylogenetic framework based on analyses of the nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal small‐subunit RNA, rather than one based on phenotypic characters. The connection between systematics and evolution is pervasive but not logically necessary: purely phenetic taxonomies have been widely used in bacteriology; for many bacteriologists, the current “best practice” in bacterial systematics is polyphasic taxonomy, in which both phenotypic and genotypic information are used. Each volume of this edition will have an updated “road map” chapter (at the current rate of description of new taxa, the number of new genera validly published between the first volume and the fifth and last could number well over 500). A related strategy using genomic information for evolutionary studies has been to produce trees based on the presence or absence of orthologous genes in the genomes being analyzed. As new data become available, more precise placement is likely to occur. Higher taxa and genera that have been moved are listed in Table 2, along with the reasons for these moves. While we believe that the current taxonomy is a better reflection of reality than previous versions, we expect that further changes will be made as we work our way through the subsequent volumes and plan for future editions of theSystematics.
Comparative Study of Various Polymeric Superdisintegrants on the Design and Evaluation of Novel Antihypertensive Orodispersible Tablets
Authors: SARFRAZ RAI MUHAMMAD , AHMAD MAHMOOD , MAHMOOD ASIF , KHAN HAFEEZ ULLAH , BASHIR SAJID , MINHAS MUHAMMAD USMAN , SHER MUHAMMAD 
Published: August 2015

ABSTRACTSuperdisintegrants are major participants in orodispersible tablets (ODTs) to accord fast disintegration. A myriad of natural and synthetic disintegrants have been utilized. In present work, antihypertensive ODTs of atenolol and atorvastatin calcium were prepared in two groups based on a combination of superdisintegrants, i.e., F1–F15 (sodium starch glycolate and pregelatinized starch) and F16–F30 (croscarmellose sodium and Kyron T134). The direct compression method was adapted along with the effervescence and sublimation approach. The effect of manufacturing process, concentration, and type of superdisintegrants on characteristics of ODTs was observed. Rheological and compatibility studies such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were performed for drug and other markers. Scanning electron microscopy proved the presence of pores on the tablet surface. Postcompression parameters such as tablet hardness, thickness, diameter, weight variation, friability, disintegration time, dissolution studies, wetting time, wetting volume, water absorption ratio, modified disintegration, uniformity of contents, and stability studies were carried out. Finally, results were statistically evaluated by the application of one‐way analysis of variance test. Based on parameters formulation, F23 designed by the sublimation technique declared best one among all.
Pulmonary function in never‐smoker patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Kariya Shin , Okano Mitsuhiro , Higaki Takaya , Noyama Yasuyuki , Haruna Takenori , Nishizaki Kazunori 
Published: August 2015

BackgroundA close relationship between upper and lower respiratory tract diseases has been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate lung function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) who have never smoked.MethodsA total of 208 patients with CRS were enrolled in this study. Of these subjects, 96 patients were ever smokers and 112 patients were never smokers. CRS patients with lower pulmonary diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma were excluded from this study. Age‐matched normal control subjects (n = 55) who were never smokers were also recruited. Pulmonary function testing was performed using spirometry. Lund‐Mackay computed tomography (CT) score, peripheral blood eosinophil count, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in serum samples were examined. Nasal obstruction was evaluated by active anterior rhinomanometry.ResultsCRS patients who were ever smokers have decreased lung function. Never‐smoking patients with CRS also showed significant obstructive lung function changes as compared with normal controls. No significant correlation was detected between the clinical parameters (CT score, eosinophil count, IgE level, and nasal resistance) and lung function.ConclusionAsymptomatic obstructive lung function changes were observed in never‐smoking patients with CRS. Our findings suggest that patients with CRS should be followed carefully in order to detect lung diseases.