bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Lysozyme on Mycobacteria
Authors: Kanetsuna Fuminori 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of lysozyme on the growth of several strains of mycobacteria was examined at pH 5.0–7.0 in Dubos medium containing various concentrations of lysozyme (100–2,000 μg/ml). Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. phlei were susceptible to lysozyme at pH 5.0–7.0. The effect of lysozyme was marked between pH 6.0 and 7.0 and the colony counts were reduced to approximately 0.1–10% after incubation with 100 μg of lysozyme per ml for 48 hr. At pH 5.0, 10–40% of the organisms survived treatment with 1,000 μg of lysozyme per ml for 48 hr. M. bovis strain BCG, M. tuberculosis, and M. fortuitum appeared to be more resistant to lysozyme than M. smegmatis and M. phlei.M. smegmatis and M. phlei did not contain detectable amounts of poly‐L‐glutamic acid, although the susceptibility of the mycobacteria to lysozyme did not correlate with the amounts of the polymer in the cell walls.The role of lysozyme in animal infections with so‐called saprophytic mycobacteria is discussed.
Estimation of Type‐Specific Neutralizing Antibody to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Uterine Cervical Cancer Patients by a New Absorption Method
Authors: Kawana Takashi , Yoshino Kamesaburo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA simple method of estimating type‐specific neutralizing antibody to type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV‐2) was devised with the use of the microneutralization system. Serially diluted serum was mixed in the well with a constant amount of type 1 virus (HSV‐1), and after 3 days' incubation at 37 C, the plate was irradiated with ultraviolet light. The absorbing HSV‐1 consisted of culture fluid plus an extract of infected Vero cells not especially concentrated. The well then received indicator HSV‐1 or HSV‐2, and after being left at 37 C for 1 hr a suspension of dispersed Vero cells was dropped into the wells, following our standard neutralization procedure. Preliminary tests with rabbit antisera showed that even a low level of HSV‐2 antibody was detected by this method, unless an exceptionally high titer of HSV‐1 antibody originally coexisted with the HSV‐2 antibody. Sera from acutely infected persons testified to the specificity of the antibody so detected. It was revealed by means of the new technique that the rate of HSV‐2 antibody was significantly higher in uterine cervical cancer patients than in control women. There was no correlation between the clinical stage of cervical cancer and the presence of HSV‐2 antibody.
Low Responsiveness of Human Neonatal Lymphocytes to a B‐Cell Mitogen, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SpA CoI)
Authors: Kasahara Tadashi , Harada Hirotomo , Shioiri‐Nakano Kohei , Itoh Yoshihisa , Kawai Tadashi , Hida Keita 
Published: November 2013

AbstractResponses of neonatal and adult lymphocytes to various mitogens were studied. Lymphocytes from umbilical cord blood (UCB) responded well to both phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, and also to pokeweed mitogen and Staphylococcus aureus Protein A. The responses of UCB lymphocytes to these mitogens were not significantly lower than those of adult peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). In contrast, UCB lymphocytes showed only a minimal response to killed Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SpA CoI), a potent B‐cell mitogen for human PBL, although the proportion of B cells in UCB was not less than that in PBL. The low level of response of lymphocytes from UCB to SpA CoI was not ascribed to differences in dose response or kinetics. Purified B cells from UCB were not stimulated by SpA CoI either, suggesting that the low responsiveness was not due to the suppressive effect of T cells or macrophages, but to some intrinsic defect in B cells in UCB. These results suggest that the B cells in neonates may be more immature than the T cells.
Cell Growth and Antimicrobial Activity of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages in Response to Glucocorticoids, Choleragen and Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Nozawa Ryushi T. , Yanaki Nobuko , Yokota Takeshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNormal, thioglycollate‐stimulated and BCG‐activated mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultivated in vitro with the conditioned medium of mouse L‐929 cells. The thioglycollate‐ and BCG‐macrophages rapidly proliferated, whereas normal macrophages grew more slowly. A clear morphological difference between the three types of macrophages in the culture was observed. Glucocorticoids inhibited the growth of the macrophages at pharmacological concentrations. Other steroids, progesterone, diethylstilbesterol and testosterone in that order, had a far lower growth‐inhibiting effect. Macrophages cultured with 10‐6 M dexamethasone had a reduced antimicrobial effect on Candida parapsilosis compared with that of the untreated cells. Choleragen had the same effect on the macrophages as glucocorticoids. The toxin inhibited growth at a concentration as low as 10 pg/ml and cells treated with 1 ng of choleragen per ml had decreased antifungal activity. Similarly, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide at 10 ng/ml inhibited the growth of thioglycollate‐macrophages. However, macrophages incubated with the lipopolysaccharide had enhanced anticandida activity. Thus, the immunosuppressors glucocorticoid and choleragen inhibited both the increase in the number of macrophages and the microbicidal activity of the phagocytes. Lipopolysaccharide, an immunostimulant, stimulated macrophage activity, but was toxic for cell growth.
Macrophage Activation by Muramyl Dipeptide (MDP) without Lymphocyte Participation
Authors: Nagao Shigeki , Miki Tomohiro , Tanaka Atsushi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn increase in the numbers of spread macrophages caused by macrophage stimulants was found to be a very sensitive measure for macrophage activation. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and lymphokines were found to activate macrophages dose‐dependently as measured by this parameter. Macrophage activation by MDP was strictly dependent on its adjuvant‐active stereochemically specific structures. Macrophage activation by MDP and LPS occurred without lymphocyte participation. It is suggested that LPS also activates macrophages via lymphocytes.
Mutual Relationship between Antibiotics and Resting Spores of Bacillus subtilis: Binding of Cyclic Polypeptide and Aminoglycoside Antibiotics to Spores and Their Inhibitory Effect on Outgrowth and Vegetative Growth
Authors: Tochikubo Kunio , Hayakawa Yoshiaki , Kojima Kiyohide 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNot only cyclic polypeptide antibiotics such as polymyxin B, colistin and gramicidin S but also aminoglycoside antibiotics such as streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin and kanamycin derivatives combined with the resting spores of Bacillus subtilis and inhibited outgrowth or vegetative growth after germination. All the antibiotics other than gramicidin S were released from the resting spores and their inhibitory action was reversed by the addition of Ca2+ and Fe3+. As the above antibiotics have free amino (or guanidine) groups in common, it was assumed that such groups play an important role in binding of the antibiotics to the resting spores. Moreover, it was shown that protamine and poly‐l‐lysine were also bound to the resting spores and were released from them by Ca2+. On the other hand, free carboxyl groups had been demonstrated in the outermost surface of the resting spores in a previous study. Thus, we assume that the mode of binding of the antibiotics to the resting spores may be due to the formation of reinforced ionic bonds between amino (or guanidine) groups in the antibiotics and carboxyl groups on the spore surface.
A New Candidate Type of Human Enterovirus (Drilon Strain) Isolated in the Philippines
Authors: Nakao Jose C. , Hara Minoru , Tagaya Isamu , Beran George W. , Macasaet Francisco F. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA cytopathogenic agent was isolated in monkey kidney (MK) cell cultures from the stool specimen of a 3‐month‐old Filipina hospitalized with lower respiratory disease. The agent was designated the Drilon strain. It was characterized as an enterovirus on the basis of electron microscopic morphology, nucleic acid type (RNA), resistance to ether and acid (pH 3.0) treatments, stabilization by molar MgCl2 against heat inactivation, and buoyant density in CsCl. The strain caused mild febrile illness in experimentally inoculated cynomolgus monkeys, but not in suckling mice. In addition to its effect in primary MK cells, the virus was cytopathogenic in primary and secondary human amnion or embryonic lung cell cultures and in WI‐38 or HEp‐2 cell lines, but not in primary bovine kidney, primary porcine kidney, primary embryonic mouse or primary embryonic chick cell cultures. The Drilon strain was not neutralized by reference antisera against the known enterovirus serotypes, and the antiserum prepared with the Drilon strain did not neutralize any of the recognized prototype enterovirus strains. Although the patient's sera were not available, antibodies against the Drilon strain were prevalent in normal Filipinos and Indonesians, but not in Japanese people. The Drilon strain fulfilled the criteria of human enterovirus and is considered a candidate for designation as a new type.
Experimental Myocarditis Induced in Mice by Infection with Influenza A2 Virus
Authors: Sakamoto Masahiro , Suzuki Fujio , Arai Sumio , Takishima Tamotsu , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA mouse model was established for the study of acute myocarditis that occurs during influenza infection. Challenge with more than 10 LD50 of mouse‐adapted influenza A2 virus (H2N2) induced myocarditis macroscopically discernible as white, irregularly shaped lesions which were shown by histological examination to consist of necrotic myofibers surrounded by infiltrating mononuclear inflammatory cells. After challenge with 10 LD50 of the virus, macroscopic myocarditis was found to advance in a progressive manner up to the 7th day, while the virus titer in the heart reached its peak on the 2nd day and began to decrease on the 5th day of infection. However, development of myocarditis was significantly suppressed in mice which were irradiated with 400 R of X‐rays before infection. In addition, myocarditis did not develop in congenitally athymic nude mice.These data indicate that myocarditis was not brought about by viral action directly, but that it was mediated by some function of the host against viral in‐vasion, which was abolished by X‐irradiation. The data also suggest that T cells played a key role in the development of myocarditis.
Interferon‐Inducing Activity of an Immuno‐therapeutic Anticancer Agent, SSM, Prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain Aoyama B
Authors: Hayashi Yoshiro , Ebina Takusaburo , Suzuki Fujio , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe interferon‐inducing capacity of arabinomannan‐lipid preparation (SSM) extracted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Aoyama B in both BCG‐sensitized and unsensitized mice was studied in comparison with that of purified protein derivative (PPD) prepared from the same tubercle bacillus. Although it is known that PPD cannot stimulate interferon production in BCG‐unsensitized mice, interferon activity was found in sera of both groups of mice after intravenous injection of SSM at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The maximum titer was detected 5 hr after injection. The interferon induced by SSM in both groups of mice shared certain physicochemical properties with the immune interferon induced by PPD in BCG‐sensitized mice. In BCG‐unsensitized mice, interferon induction by SSM was markedly inhibited by pretreatment with trypan blue and carrageenan, whereas it was not depressed in BCG‐sensitized mice given the same treatment or when interferon was induced by PPD. In addition, induction of interferon in BCG‐sensitized mice by SSM and PPD and in unsensitized mice by SSM was completely abrogated by pretreatment with hydrocortisone acetate and whole‐body x‐irradiation (700 R). These results suggest that in BCG‐unsensitized mice macrophages, in addition to X‐ray or hydrocortisone‐sensitive cells, may be required for interferon induction by SSM.
A Possible Role of R Plasmids in Bacterial Permeability for β‐Lactam Antibiotics
Authors: Ikeuchi Toru , Osada Yasuaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFour strains of clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens (13039, 13090, 13093, 14093) harboring R plasmids were highly resistant to ampicillin (ABPC) and cephaloridine (CER). With elimination of R plasmids from these strains by acriflavine treatment, ABPC‐resistance levels of these strains were markedly reduced. Reduction of CER‐resistance levels was also demonstrated in strains 13039 and 13093, but not in strains 13090 and 14093. The permeability of the former strains for CER was also decreased, but not in the latter strains. At the same time, β‐lactamase activity of these strains also almost completely disappeared when the R plasmids were eliminated. By broth matings with these strains, the recipient strains of S. marcescens 13031 (rif), Escherichia coli K‐12 (rif), and E. coli 15046 (rif) all acquired a high permeability barrier against CER with inheritance of the R plasmids from strains 13039 and 13093, but not from strains 13090 and 14093. The transconjugant of strain 13031 that inherited R plasmid 13093 was resistant not only to CER but also to cefazolin, cephalothin, and cephalexin. Its permeability to these antibiotics was significantly lower than that of the original strain. This fact suggests the possibility that the R plasmid from strain 13093 may be involved not only in production of β‐lactamases, but also in regulation of bacterial permeability for cephalosporins.
Clinical Studies on Cell‐Mediated Immunity in Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: Nonspecific Cellular Immunocompetence in Patients with Hydatid Mole and Trophoblastic Neoplasia
Authors: Sasaki Toshio , Fujisaki Syunichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe nonspecific cell‐mediated immunocompetence of 51 patients with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), including 16 patients with hydatid mole (HM), 24 with nonmetastatic trophoblastic neoplasia (NTN) and 15 with metastatic TN (MTN), was studied with the use of both in vitro and in vivo parameters of cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) such as lymphocyte blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), subpopulation constitution, and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD).The pretreatment cell‐mediated immune status of patients with HM developing no malignant sequelae was shown to be essentially similar, in terms of both in vitro PHA and in vivo DNCB reactivities, to that of normal women and of patients with benign gynecological diseases. In patients with TN, however, there was a significant depression in the blastogenic lymphocyte response to PHA before evacuation of the mole, which was persistently demonstrated after uterine evacuation and more marked throughout the course of disease in patients with MTN than in those with NTN, with a tendency to return to normal in remission. Moreover, patients with TN had a significant depletion of T lymphocytes as determined by rosette‐forming cell procedures before treatment, which was most evident in patients with MTN. Plasma from the MTN patients was also shown to have an inhibitory effect on PHA responsiveness of lymphocytes from normal women.There was an increased incidence of impaired reactivity to DNCB in patients with TN (higher in MTN than in NTN), compared with HM and benign diseases, while no such difference in incidence was observed in response to PPD.On the basis of these findings, a preliminary characterization of altered immunocompetence in patients with TN and its mechanism are discussed.
Induction of Transformed Phenotypes in Sheep Fibroblasts by Culture Fluids from Cells Persistently Infected with Bovine Leukemia Virus
Authors: Onuma Misao , Watarai Shinobu , Suneya Masahiko , Mikmi Takeshi , Izawa Hisao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractFLK cells are fetal lamb kidney cells persistently infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). 3178 cells, originating from calf‐form bovine lymphosarcoma, also showed persistent production of BLV and alteration of cell morphology after treatment with 5'‐iodo‐2'‐deoxyuridine. In the present paper, the first in vitro transformation of sheep fibroblasts by inoculation with BLV materials from these two cell lines is described. In a few passages after inoculation with these viral materials, morphological alteration occurred. The morphologically altered cells were grown as stable cultures and showed such transformed phenotypes as growth in soft agar medium, increased uptake of 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose and tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. This result, together with our previous observation of simultaneous induction of BLV expression and morphological alteration in 3178 cells, suggests the presence of some transforming capacity in these BLV materials similar to that in, for example, murine or avian acute leukemia viruses. The possible acquisition of such capacity during the prolonged passage is discussed.
Proliferative Response of Bone Marrow Cells to Concanavalin A Does Not Require Ia Antigen‐Positive Cells
Authors: Tanabe Masao J. , Nakano Masayasu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe in vitro proliferative response of murine bone marrow cells to concanavalin A (Con A) and the effect of anti‐Ia serum on the response were studied. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into cells prepared from the bone marrow of C3H/He, ATL, ATH, and C57BL/6 mice increased in the presence of certain doses of Con A. The bone marrow cells of athymic nude mice were also capable of responding to Con A, but cells prepared from the spleens of such mice were not. The addition of anti‐Ia serum to the cultures of bone marrow cells did not affect the responses of these cells to Con A, though their proliferative response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide was greatly reduced in the presence of the serum. Moreover, pretreatment of the bone marrow cells with anti‐Ia serum or anti‐Thy. 1.2 serum and rabbit complement did not abolish the ability of these cells to respond to Con A. These results indicate that there are some Ia negative and Thy. 1.2 negative cell populations in the marrow capable of responding to Con A. Furthermore, the effect of anti‐Ia serum on the Con A‐induced proliferative response of the spleen cells which had been obtained from γ‐irradiated and syngeneic bone marrow cell‐reconstituted mice was examined. The ability of these cells to respond to Con A increased gradually week by week after the reconstitution. The suppressive effect of anti‐Ia serum on the response of these cells gradually became much more pronounced after the reconstitution.
The Influence of Immunization with Live or Killed Staphylococcus aureus Vaccines on the Early Development of Opsonizing and Bactericidal Factors in Lymph and Blood of Sheep
Authors: Kennedy John W. , Watson Dennis L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn order to obtain sensitive measurements on the synthesis of opsonins following immunization with live or killed S. aureus vaccines, lymph was collected from the efferent popliteal lymphatic duct of sheep during the early phase of the immune response. Lymph and blood serum were assayed for opsonizing capacity using 3H‐labeled S. aureus.Within 1 hr after vaccination there was a rapid, transitory decrease in uptake by neutrophils of bacteria opsonized with lymph from sheep given the killed vaccine (Group 2). These results were in contrast to the relatively constant uptake rates of bacteria opsonized with lymph from sheep given the live vaccine (Group 1) and non‐vaccinated controls (Group 3) at this time. At 72, 96, and 120 hr post‐injection mean uptake values for bacteria opsonized with lymph from either vaccinated group were significantly greater than comparable values for controls.Mean uptakes for organisms opsonized with blood serum from Group 1 at 72 and 96 hr post‐injection were significantly greater than comparable values for the control group. The percentage of viable neutrophil‐associated bacteria decreased when lymph collected from animals in Group 2 in the first hour post‐injection was used to opsonize the organisms.Percentages of viable, neutrophil‐associated S. aureus for assays in which blood serum was used to opsonize remained relatively constant at around 45% for Groups 2 and 3. In contrast, however, values of viable neutrophil‐associated bacteria for Group 1 decreased during the 120 hr after immunization.
Human Antigen‐Presenting Cells: Characterization of the Cells in the T‐Lymphocyte Proliferative Response
Authors: Koide Yukio , Awashima Fumiyoshi , Akaza Tatsuya , Yoshida Takato O. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHuman antigen‐presenting cells (APC) which present the antigen to T lymphocytes resulting in a T‐lymphocyte proliferative response were found among peripheral mononuclear cells (MNC), by employing purified protein derivative (PPD) as soluble antigen.To assess the adherence capacity of human antigen‐presenting cells, MNC were separated by plastic Petri dishes or nylon wool columns. Plastic nonadherent cells were almost equivalent to unseparated cells in antigen‐presenting ability. Plastic adherent cells, however, showed better antigen‐presenting ability than unseparated cells. On the other hand, cells passed over nylon wool columns showed essentially no ability to present PPD to T lymphocytes. Removal of phagocytic cells by carbonyl iron resulted in about 50–70% reduction in antigen‐presenting ability. Carrageenan, which is known to be toxic to macrophages, had no effect on APC.By using both rabbit anti‐human Ia‐like antiserum and alloantiserum specific for HLA‐DR phenotype and complement, it was shown that APC possessed Ia‐like antigens, whereas they did not bear surface immunoglobulins.These results indicate that the human APC is probably a cell in the monocyte‐macrophage lineage.Allogeneic MNC were used as APC in order to determine whether any genetic restriction exists between MNC as APC and responding T lymphocytes. Optimal stimulation was shown to require identity of mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR)‐activating determinants between APC and T lymphocytes. It is, however, obscure whether an HLA‐D region restriction exists in these combinations because PPD‐pulsed allogeneic MNC lost their ability to elicit even MLR. It is possible that this failure to elicit MLR was caused by T lymphocytes among the MNC used as APC.
Lactate Dehydrogenase‐Elevating Agent Is Responsible for Interferon Induction and Enhancement of Natural Killer Cell Activity by Inoculation of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells into Mice
Authors: Koi Minoru , Saito Motoo , Ebina Takusaburo , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractInoculation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EAC) into the peritoneal cavities of outbred ddY mice induced interferon (IFN) in the circulation. The maximum titer (1,280 U) was obtained at 24 hr after inoculation. This induced IFN had the characteristics of type I IFN, i.e., stability at pH 2 and lability at 56 C. An increase in natural killer cell (NK) activity was also observed for the first 3 days after inoculation. In addition, plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was elevated in these mice. Inoculation of ascitic fluid or serum of EAC‐bearing mice into normal mice increased plasma LDH activity six‐ to sevenfold over normal levels and elevated activities persisted throughout the life of the mice. These results suggest that the LDH‐elevating agent was responsible for IFN induction and for enhancing NK activity. Because lactate dehydrogenase‐elevating virus (LDV) can be eliminated from tumor cells by passage in vitro, we attempted to grow EAC in tissue culture for several months and re‐examined whether the inoculation of such cells could elevate plasma LDH activity, induce IFN and enhance NK activity. The results showed that inoculation of the passaged cells had no effect on these activities in normal mice. Therefore, we concluded that the IFN inducer was LDV which contaminated the EAC and then enhanced the NK activity. N‐tropic murine leukemia virus also contaminated EAC, but this virus was not responsible because cultured cells of EAC still shed this virus.