bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EMBARAZO ADOLESCENTE EN EL CONTEXTO FAMILIA, SAN JUAN DEL ORO, SANDIA-PUNO
Authors: JOVER QUIMPER HERNAN ALBERTO 
Published: July 2015

<p style="text-align: justify;">La investigación, tuvo el objetivo de analizar, el embarazo de los adolescentes en el contexto familia, San Juan del Oro; Sandia-Puno: 2011. Los materiales de estudio, fueron: la observación, la entrevista y el documental. La muestra fue de 160 madres adolescentes, de un universo de 398. El método de análisis, fue el hipotético-deductivo. Resultados, los factores individuales y el índice de maternidad-embarazo precoz, se aproxima a -1(.820). La correlación estuvo fuerte e inversamente asociadas con la adolescencia temprana y media, en la relación sexual, embarazos, grado de instrucción secundaria y primaria, autoestima baja y normal. Los factores sociodemográficos y el índice de embarazo-maternidad precoz, se aproxima a -1(.967). La correlación estuvo fuerte e inversamente asociadas, con poco control paternal y tipo de familia. Los factores socioeconómicos y el índice de maternidad-precoz de los adolescentes,se aproxima a -1(.867). La correlación estuvo fuerte e inversamente asociados, con la ocupación de los padres trabajo informal y formal, el nivel de ingreso bajo y medio, la inserción al trabajo en la adolescencia intermedia. Los factores socioculturales y el índice de embarazo-maternidad precoz, se aproxima a -1(.962). La correlación estuvo fuerte e inversamente asociados, con las normas de conducta familiares, educación sexual y capacitaciones.Discusión, los factores individuales, sociodemográficos, socioeconómicos y culturales, están asociados al índice de embarazo y maternidad precoz. Con afecciones a la salud, alteraciones de peso, anemias, hemorragias y abortos. Las normas de conductas inculcadas en el hogar, no siempre se acataron. Interrumpen, el desarrollo biológico y el aprendizaje de los códigos de valores éticos modernos. Escolaridad de alta repetición, deserción estudiantil y frustración en la autorrealización personal. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Palabras clave: adolescente, sociodemográfico, socioeconómico, sociocultural y embarazo.</p>
REFORMAS PENALES O REFORMAS SOCIALES: EN TORNO A LA LUCHA CONTRA LA INSEGURIDAD CIUDADANA EN PERÚ
Authors: ARAUJO FRIAS JAIME 
Published: July 2015

<h4 class="text-primary">Resumen</h4><p style="text-align: justify;">El presente artículo tiene por objeto reflexionar sobre las respuestas por parte de los políticos peruanos a uno de los problemas más acuciantes desatado en la última década en nuestro país, la inseguridad ciudadana. Se ha dicho que el aumento de la delincuencia es producto del desarrollo económico sostenido que ha venido experimentando el país y que es el precio que se tiene que pagar por ello. Es tal sentido, la medida que se ha tomado para enfrentar tal fenómeno ha sido las reformas legales penales.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En nuestra opinión dichas ideas respecto de la relación entre desarrollo económico y aumento de la inseguridad ciudadana son insostenibles, y de otro lado las reformas penales como única alternativa para enfrentar la ola de delitos es un absurdo. Pues las investigaciones sociales sugieren que la mejor alternativa son las reformas sociales antes que las reformas penales.</p><p><strong>PALABRAS CLAVE: </strong>* inseguridad ciudadana * ciudadanía * democracia * derecho penal</p><h4 class="text-primary">ABSTRACT</h4><p><strong>CRIMINAL OR SOCIAL REFORMS: EXAMINING THE FIGHT AGAINST INSECURITY IN PERU</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;">This article aims to reflect on the responses from Peruvian politicians to one of the most pressing problems </span><span style="text-align: justify;">unleashed in our country in the last decade, political insecurity. It has been said that the increase in crime is the result of sustained economic growth that the country has been experiencing and that’s the price you have to pay for it. In this vein, the measure taken up to address this phenomenon has been criminal law reform.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In our opinion these ideas about the relationship between economic development and increased insecurity are unsustainable and secondly penal reforms as the only way to address the crime wave is absurd. Social research suggests that the best solution involves social rather then penal reforms.</p><p><strong>KEY WORDS: </strong>* insecurity * citizenship * democracy * criminal law</p>
INCIDENCIA DE LOS CONFLICTOS SOCIALES EN LA REGIÓN PUNO
Authors: CHAMBI APAZA EMILIO , ESCOBAR MAMANI FORTUNATO 
Published: July 2015

<p>En todas las sociedades existen pugnas entre los actores sociales, tanto individuales o colectivos, unos por imponer sus intereses y otros por intentar conquistar sus derechos frustrados, cuando sus ansiedades y expectativas no son satisfechas. La investigación describe las controversias catalogadas como «conflicto». La metodología del trabajo fue la recolección de testimonios de actores sociales, tanto de quechuas, aimaras e hispanohablantes de la Región Puno, durante el año de 2013 a mayo del 2014. La primera fuente de recopilación, fue las grabaciones de declaraciones de protagonistas que denunciaron a través de la prensa hablada y escrita. Y por otro lado se realizó encuestas al azar a los implicados en el conflicto. Estos datos fueron corroborados con entrevistas individuales y en profundidad por medio de grupos focales relacionados al campo de la actividad económica, social, política y ambiental. Los resultados indican, que de un total de 192 familias del medio rural de Puno, el 29 % de los conflictos surgen por problemas del terreno (dentro de lo ambiental) y por herencia de padres a hijos, seguido por 14% de problemas que son conyugales y un 10% por daños a los cultivos, la delincuencia y el maltrato físico de las personas involucradas. Los hechos señalados indican que el mayor problema está relacionado con la propiedad de la tierra y la cuestión ambiental como recursos indispensables de subsistencia; es decir, el conflicto está en torno al control de los recursos naturales destinados al cultivo y pastoreo. Procesos, sobre las cuales deben adoptarse políticas públicas tanto para prevención y resolución de los conflictos sociales en Puno y el País.</p><p><strong>PALABRAS CLAVE: </strong>* Conflictos sociales * violencia * acción colectiva * política * cultura * tierra * territorio</p>
EL ANÁLISIS DE POLÍTICAS EN LA SOCIOLOGÍA DE LA ACCIÓN PÚBLICA
Authors: Fontaine Guillaume 
Published: July 2015

<span>La sociología de la acción pública encuentra su origen en el análisis de las políticas públicas, un campo de estudio que se estructuró y evolucionó al ritmo de la creación y la consolidación del Estado de Bienestar social hasta mediados de los años 1970, luego de la crisis de este modelo hasta el momento. El análisis de las políticas públicas está atravesado por dos tipos de problemas: los que nacen de la contraposición de las políticas públicas con la política y lo político; y aquellos que contraponen el análisis de las políticas con el análisis para las políticas. Su institucionalización en tanto disciplina académica fue determinada por ambos factores y tomó una orientación positivista, cuyos límites aparecieron pronto. </span>
Small Audit Firm Membership in Associations, Networks, and Alliances: Implications for Audit Quality and Audit Fees
Authors: Bills Kenneth L. , Cunningham Lauren M. , Myers Linda A. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
In this study, we examine the benefits of membership in an accounting firm association, network, or alliance (collectively referred to as “an association”). Associations provide member accounting firms with numerous benefits, including access to the expertise of professionals from other independent member firms, joint conferences and technical trainings, assistance in dealing with staffing and geographic limitations, and the ability to use the association name in marketing materials. We expect these benefits to result in higher-quality audits and higher audit fees (or audit fee premiums). Using hand-collected data on association membership, we find that association member firms conduct higher-quality audits than nonmember firms, where audit quality is proxied for by fewer Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) inspection deficiencies and fewer financial statement misstatements, as well as less extreme absolute discretionary accruals and lower positive discretionary accruals. We also find that audit fees are higher for clients of member firms than for clients of nonmember firms, suggesting that clients are willing to pay an audit fee premium to engage association member audit firms. Finally, we find that member firm audits are of similar quality to a size-matched sample of Big 4 audits, but member firm clients pay lower fee premiums than do Big 4 clients. Our inferences are robust to the use of company size-matched control samples, audit firm size-matched control samples, propensity score matching, two-stage least squares regression, and to analyses that consider changes in association membership. Our findings should be of interest to regulators because they suggest that association membership assists small audit firms in overcoming barriers to auditing larger audit clients. In addition, our findings should be informative to audit committees when making auditor selection decisions, and to investors and accounting researchers interested in the relation between audit firm type and audit quality.
SEC Comment Letters and Insider Sales
Authors: Dechow Patricia M. , Lawrence Alastair , Ryans James P. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACT
We document that insider trading is significantly higher than normal levels prior to the public disclosure of SEC comment letters relating to revenue recognition. Furthermore, insider trading is triple its normal level for firms with high short positions. We find a small negative return at the comment letter release date and a negative drift in returns of 1 to 5 percent over the next 50 days following the release. We also find that greater pre-disclosure sales are associated with a stronger negative drift. This evidence suggests that insiders appear to benefit from trading prior to revenue recognition comment letters. We investigate whether the delayed price reaction to comment letter releases is due to investor inattention. Consistent with this explanation, we document that comment letters are downloaded infrequently from EDGAR in the days following their public disclosure.
JEL Classifications: M41; M48; K42
Interventions That Restore Awareness of Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Yeoh Ester , Choudhary Pratik , Nwokolo Munachiso , Ayis Salma , Amiel Stephanie A. 
Published: July 2015

OBJECTIVE
Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) increases the risk of severe hypoglycemia (SH) sixfold and affects 30% of adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This systematic review and meta-analysis looks at the educational, technological, and pharmacological interventions aimed at restoring hypoglycemia awareness (HA) in adults with T1D.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, PsycINFO, and CINAHL from inception until 1 October 2014. Included studies described HA status at baseline. Outcome measures were SH rates, change in HA, counterregulatory hormone responses, and glycemic control.

RESULTS
Forty-three studies (18 randomized controlled trials, 25 before-and-after studies) met the inclusion criteria, comprising 27 educational, 11 technological, and 5 pharmacological interventions. Educational interventions included structured diabetes education on flexible insulin therapy, including psychotherapeutic and behavioral techniques. These were able to reduce SH and improve glycemic control, with greater benefit from the latter two techniques in improving IAH. Technological interventions (insulin pump therapy, continuous glucose monitoring, and sensor-augmented pump) reduced SH, improved glycemic control, and restored awareness when used in combination with structured education and frequent contact. Pharmacological studies included four insulin studies and one noninsulin study, but with low background SH prevalence rates.

CONCLUSIONS
This review provides evidence for the effectiveness of a stepped-care approach in the management of patients with IAH, initially with structured diabetes education in flexible insulin therapy, which may incorporate psychotherapeutic and behavioral therapies, progressing to diabetes technology, incorporating sensors and insulin pumps, in those with persisting need.
Relationship of Urologic Complications With Health-Related Quality of Life and Perceived Value of Health in Men and Women With Type 1 Diabetes: The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Cohort
Authors: Jacobson Alan M. , Braffett Barbara H. , Cleary Patricia A. , Dunn Rodney L. , Larkin Mary E. , Wessells Hunter , Sarma Aruna V. ,   the DCCT/EDIC Research Group
Published: July 2015

OBJECTIVE
Limited information exists about the influence of urologic complications on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied 664 men and 580 women from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Interventions and Complications Study: mean ages were 51.6 ± 6.6 and 50.6 ± 7.2 years and duration of diabetes was 29.5 ± 4.8 and 29.8 ± 5.1 years, respectively. We assessed associations of sexual dysfunction, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and, in women, urinary incontinence (UI) with general quality of life (SF-36), perceived value of health (EuroQol-5), diabetes-related quality of life (Diabetes Quality of Life Scale [DQOL]), and psychiatric symptoms (Symptom Checklist 90-R).

RESULTS
In both men and women, urologic complications adversely affected HRQOL and psychiatric symptoms, even after accounting for history of depression leading to treatment. Multivariable analyses accounting for the presence of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy also revealed substantial independent effects. In men, for example, the odds (95% CI) of a low DQOL score (≤25th percentile) were 3.01 (1.90–4.75) times greater with erectile dysfunction and 2.65 (1.68–4.18) times greater with LUTS and in women, 2.04 (1.25–3.35) times greater with sexual dysfunction and 2.71 (1.72–4.27) times greater with UI/LUTS combined compared with men and women without such complications. Similar effects were observed for the other measures.

CONCLUSIONS
Sexual dysfunction and urinary complications with type 1 diabetes are associated with decreased quality of life and perceived value of health and with higher levels of psychiatric symptoms, even after accounting for other diabetes complications and depression treatment.
Trends in Health Care Expenditure in U.S. Adults With Diabetes: 2002–2011
Authors: Ozieh Mukoso N. , Bishu Kinfe G. , Dismuke Clara E. , Egede Leonard E. 
Published: July 2015

OBJECTIVEDirect medical cost of diabetes in the U.S. has been estimated to be 2.3 times higher relative to individuals without diabetes. This study examines trends in health care expenditures by expenditure category in U.S. adults with diabetes between 2002 and 2011.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe analyzed 10 years of data representing a weighted population of 189,013,514 U.S. adults aged ≥18 years from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. We used a novel two-part model to estimate adjusted mean and incremental medical expenditures by diabetes status, while adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and time.RESULTSRelative to individuals without diabetes ($5,058 [95% CI 4,949–5,166]), individuals with diabetes ($12,180 [11,775–12,586]) had more than double the unadjusted mean direct expenditures over the 10-year period. After adjustment for confounders, individuals with diabetes had $2,558 (2,266–2,849) significantly higher direct incremental expenditures compared with those without diabetes. For individuals with diabetes, inpatient expenditures rose initially from $4,014 in 2002/2003 to $4,183 in 2004/2005 and then decreased continuously to $3,443 in 2010/2011, while rising steadily for individuals without diabetes. The estimated unadjusted total direct expenditures for individuals with diabetes were $218.6 billion/year and adjusted total incremental expenditures were approximately $46 billion/year.CONCLUSIONSOur findings show that compared with individuals without diabetes, individuals with diabetes had significantly higher health expenditures from 2002 to 2011 and the bulk of the expenditures came from hospital inpatient and prescription expenditures.
Diabetes, Lower-Extremity Amputation, and Death
Authors: Hoffstad Ole , Mitra Nandita , Walsh Jonathan , Margolis David J. 
Published: July 2015

OBJECTIVE
The goal of the study was to determine whether complications of diabetes well-known to be associated with death such as cardiovascular disease and renal failure fully explain the higher rate of death in those who have undergone a lower-extremity amputation (LEA).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a longitudinal cohort study of patients cared for in the Health Improvement Network. Our primary exposure was LEA and outcome was all-cause death. Our “risk factor variables” included a history of cardiovascular disease (a history of myocardial infarctions, cerebrovascular accident, and peripheral vascular disease/arterial insufficiency), Charlson index, and a history of chronic kidney disease. We estimated the effect of LEA on death using Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS
The hazard ratio (HR) for death after an LEA was 3.02 (95% CI 2.90, 3.14). The fully adjusted (all risk factor variables) LEA HR was diminished only by ∼22% to 2.37 (2.27, 2.48). Furthermore, LEA had an area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of 0.51, which is poorly predictive, and the fully adjusted model had an AUC of 0.77, which is better but not strongly predictive. Sensitivity analysis revealed that it is unlikely that there exists an unmeasured confounder that can fully explain the association of LEA with death.

CONCLUSIONS
Individuals with diabetes and an LEA are more likely to die at any given point in time than those who have diabetes but no LEA. While some of this variation can be explained by known complications of diabetes, there remains a large amount of unexplained variation.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Related Events in the Canagliflozin Type 2 Diabetes Clinical Program
Authors: Erondu Ngozi , Desai Mehul , Ways Kirk , Meininger Gary 
Published: July 2015

OBJECTIVE
This study assessed the incidence of serious adverse events of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among patients with type 2 diabetes treated with canagliflozin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
All serious adverse events of DKA and related events (ketoacidosis, metabolic acidosis, and acidosis) from 17,596 patients from randomized studies of canagliflozin through 11 May 2015 were analyzed.

RESULTS
Serious adverse events of DKA and related events were reported in 12 patients (0.07%), including 4 (0.07%), 6 (0.11%), and 2 (0.03%) treated with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg and comparator, respectively; corresponding incidence rates were 0.522, 0.763, and 0.238 per 1,000 patient-years, respectively. Most patients with DKA and related events had a blood glucose &gt;300 mg/dL (16.7 mmol/L) at presentation of DKA, were on insulin, and had DKA-precipitating factors, including some with type 1 diabetes/latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood.

CONCLUSIONS
DKA and related events occurred at a low frequency in the canagliflozin type 2 diabetes program, with an incidence consistent with limited existing observational data in the general population with type 2 diabetes.
Salmonella Typhimurium Co-Opts the Host Type I IFN System To Restrict Macrophage Innate Immune Transcriptional Responses Selectively
Authors: Perkins Darren J. , Rajaiah Rajesh , Tennant Sharon M. , Ramachandran Girish , Higginson Ellen E. , Dyson Tristan N. , Vogel Stefanie N. 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Innate immune inflammatory responses are subject to complex layers of negative regulation at intestinal mucosal surfaces. Although the type I IFN system is critical for amplifying antiviral immunity, it has been shown to play a homeostatic role in some models of autoimmune inflammation. Type I IFN is triggered in the gut by select bacterial pathogens, but whether and how the type I IFN might regulate innate immunity in the intestinal environment have not been investigated in the context of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST). ST infection of human or murine macrophages reveals that IFN-β selectively restricts the transcriptional responses mediated by both the TLRs and the NOD-like receptors. Specifically, IFN-β potently represses ST-dependent innate induction of IL-1 family cytokines and neutrophil chemokines. This IFN-β–mediated transcriptional repression was independent of the effects of IFN-β on ST-induced macrophage cell death, but significantly dependent on IL-10 regulation. We further evaluated ST pathogenesis in vivo following oral inoculation of mice lacking IFN-β. We show that IFN-β−/− mice exhibit greater resistance to oral ST infection and a slower spread of ST to distal sterile sites. This work provides mechanistic insight into the relationship between ST and type I IFN, and demonstrates an additional mechanism by which IFN-β may promote spread of enteric pathogens.
Parasite Antigen-Specific Regulation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 Responses in Strongyloides stercoralis Infection
Authors: Anuradha Rajamanickam , Munisankar Saravanan , Dolla Chandrakumar , Kumaran Paul , Nutman Thomas B. , Babu Subash 
Published: July 2015

Abstract
Chronic helminth infections are known to be associated with modulation of Ag-specific CD4+ T responses. However, the role of CD4+ T cell responses in human infection with Strongyloides stercoralis is not well defined. To examine the role of CD4+ T cells expressing Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in strongyloidiasis, we compared the frequency (Fo) of these subsets in infected (INF) individuals with Fo in S. stercoralis–uninfected (UN) individuals. INF individuals exhibited a significant decrease in the spontaneous and Ag-specific Fo of both monofunctional and dual-functional Th1 cells compared with UN. Similarly, INF individuals also exhibited significantly decreased Fo of monofunctional and dual-functional Th17 cells upon Ag stimulation compared with UN. In contrast, both the spontaneous and the Ag-induced Fo of monofunctional and dual-functional Th2 cells was significantly increased in INF compared with UN individuals. This differential T cell response was predominantly Ag specific because it was abrogated upon control Ag or mitogen stimulation. The regulation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells was predominantly dependent on IL-10, whereas the regulation of Th2, but not Th1 or Th17, cells was also dependent on TGF-β. In addition, treatment of S. stercoralis infection significantly increased the Ag-specific Fo of Th1 and Th17 cells and decreased the Fo of Th2 cells in INF individuals. Thus, S. stercoralis infection is characterized by a parasite Ag-dependent regulation of monofunctional and dual-functional Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, a regulation also reversible by antihelminthic treatment.