bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse drug events in patients admitted to an emergency department: an analysis of direct costs
Authors: Meier Florian , Maas Renke , Sonst Anja , Patapovas Andrius , Müller Fabian , Plank‐Kiegele Bettina , Pfistermeister Barbara , Schöffski Oliver , Bürkle Thomas , Dormann Harald 
Published: June 2014

AbstractPurposeSeveral economic evaluations of adverse drug events (ADEs) exist, but the underlying methodology has not been standardized so far. The aim of the study was to combine prospective, intensive pharmacovigilance methods, and standardized accounting data to calculate direct costs of community‐acquired ADEs (caADEs) contributing to emergency department (ED) admission and subsequent hospitalization.MethodsA prospective observational study with three phases extending over 2 years was implemented in a 749 bed tertiary care hospital with an annual ED census of approximately 45 000 patients. The patient records of all adult non‐trauma ED admissions were systematically analyzed by a team of emergency physicians, clinical pharmacologists, and pharmacists for potential ADE. Associated diagnosis related group costs were extracted from standardized accounting data.ResultsOf 2262 patients attending the ED during the study periods, the hospitalization of 366 patients (16.2%) was related to one or more caADEs of which 97.5% were considered predictable and 62.0% were classified as preventable. The mean caADE‐related diagnosis related group costs were €2743 (95% bias‐corrected and accelerated CI: €2498 to €3018). Extrapolated to a national scale, this corresponds to caADE‐related costs of €2.245bn for the German health insurance funds, annually. Costs of €1.310bn could be attributed to events classified as predictable and preventable.ConclusionsIn an ED, caADEs are frequent, and a significant proportion of these events and their related costs appear to be predictable and preventable. The ED as a first‐line provider for ADE cases appears to be an appropriate environment to implement strategic and operative improvements for enhanced patient safety. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binary hairy nanoparticles: Recent progress in theory and simulations
Authors: Chen Cangyi , Tang Ping , Qiu Feng 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTBinary polymer brushes, including mixed homopolymer brushes and diblock copolymer brushes, are an attractive class of environmentally responsive nanostructured materials. Owing to microphase separation of the two chemically distinct components in the brush, multifaceted nanomaterials with functionalized and patterned surfaces can be obtained. This review summarizes recent progress on the theory and simulations related to binary polymer brushes grafted to flat, spherical, and cylindrical substrates, with a focus on patterned morphologies of multifaceted hairy nanoparticles, an intriguing class of hybrid nanostructured particles (e.g., nanospheres and nanorods). In particular, powerful field theory and particle‐based simulations suitable for revealing novel structures on these patterned surfaces, including self‐consistent field theory and dissipative particle dynamics simulations, are emphasized. The unsolved yet critical issues in this research field, such as dynamic response of binary polymer brushes to environmental stimuli and the hierarchical self‐assembly of binary hairy nanoparticles, are briefly discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1583–1599
An actuator line method with novel blade flow field coupling based on potential flow equivalence
Authors: Schluntz Justine , Willden Richard H. J. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes‐embedded actuator line model for wind and tidal turbine simulation has been implemented and validated using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Phase VI wind tunnel experimental results. Actuator line models, first introduced by Sørensen and Shen, represent the blades virtually, enabling time‐resolved rotor simulations without requiring blade boundary layer discretization. This results in a lower computational cost than blade‐resolved simulations while preserving the predominant features of the rotor flow. The present method introduces a novel technique, based on potential flow equivalence, to determine the local flow velocity at the blade, and a method of projecting the resulting momentum sources to the flow field. These methods circumvent the requirement for smearing techniques used in other actuator line models. In addition, the model is adapted for use with an unstructured mesh, thereby enabling turbine components such as the tower and nacelle to be explicitly included in the domain. The model is validated through comparison of computed integrated loads and local force coefficients with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Phase VI experimental results. Results for local force coefficients indicate general agreement with experiment, although discrepancies associated with three‐dimensional flow effects are observed at the tips. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dream and reality of histology agnostic cancer clinical trials
Authors: Lacombe Denis , Burock Susen , Bogaerts Jan , Schoeffski Patrick , Golfinopoulos Vassilis , Stupp Roger 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEmerging technologies and progress in data processing allowed for new insights on gene expression, genomics and epigenomics, and mechanisms of cancer genesis and progression. The development of new therapeutic strategies should therefore be triggered by the understanding of the underlying biology through sophisticated clinical trials. Therefore, the methodology and the design of cancer clinical trials as well as the methods of their implementation are under profound changes. Targeting specific pathways has open the hope of a more focused and personalized medicine which has the potential to bring more efficient and tailored treatments to patients. It has been questioned therefore whether clinical trials traditionally designed for specific tumor types could not re‐visited towards trials gathering patients based on molecular features rather than pure pathology criteria. The complexity of the cancer biology being the result of so many different interactive mechanisms whether driving or not the process of cancer cells is an additional level of complexity to approach more inclusive clinical trial access. Nevertheless, a number of innovative solutions to address biological challenges across histologies have been initiated and the question of whether histology agnostic trials could be conceived is a logical next question. This paper questions the advantages and the limits of clinical trials performed across tumor types bearing similar selected molecular features and looks further into the feasibility of such histology agnostic trials.
Efficient genetic manipulation of the NOD-Rag1-/-IL2RgammaC-null mouse by combining in vitro fertilization and CRISPR/Cas9 technology
Authors: Li Feng , Cowley Dale O. , Banner Debra , Holle Eric , Zhang Liguo , Su Lishan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHumanized mouse models have become increasingly important and widely used in modeling human diseases in biomedical research. Immunodeficient mice such as NOD-Rag1-/-IL2RgammaC-null (NRG) or NOD-SCID-IL2RgammaC-null (NSG) mice are critical for efficient engraftment of human cells or tissues. However, their genetic modification remains challenging due to a lack of embryonic stem cells and difficulty in the collection of timed embryos after superovulation. Here, we report the generation of gene knockout NRG mice by combining in vitro fertilization (IVF) and CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Sufficient numbers of fertilized embryos were produced through IVF and a high rate of Fah gene targeting was achieved with microinjection of Cas9 mRNA, gRNA and single strand oligonucleotide DNA (ssDNA) into the embryos. The technology paves the way to construct NRG or NSG mutant mice to facilitate new humanized mouse models. The technology can also be readily adapted to introduce mutations in other species such as swine and non-human primates.
NOD1 receptor is up-regulated in diabetic human and murine myocardium
Authors: Prieto Patricia , Vallejo-Cremades María Teresa , Benito Gemma , González-Peramato Pilar , Francés Daniel , Agra Noelia , Terrón Verónica , Gónzalez-Ramos Silvia , Delgado Carmen , Ruiz-Gayo Mariano , Pacheco Ivette , Velasco-Martín Juan P. , Regadera Javier , Martín-Sanz Paloma , López-Collazo Eduardo , Boscá Lisardo , Fernández-Velasco María 
Published: June 2014

Type 2 diabetes has a complex pathology that involves a chronic inflammatory state. Emerging evidence suggests a link between the innate immune system receptor NOD1 (nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 1) and the pathogenesis of diabetes, in monocytes and hepatic and adipose tissues. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of NOD1 in the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy. We have measured NOD1 protein in cardiac tissue from Type 2 diabetic (db) mice. Heart and isolated cardiomyocytes from db mice revealed a significant increase in NOD1, together with an up-regulation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and increased apoptosis. Heart tissue also exhibited an enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Selective NOD1 activation with C12-γ-D-glutamyl-m-diaminopimelic acid (iEDAP) resulted in an increased NF-κB activation and apoptosis, demonstrating the involvement of NOD1 both in wild-type and db mice. Moreover, HL-1 cardiomyocytes exposed to elevated concentrations of glucose plus palmitate displayed an enhanced NF-κB activity and apoptotic profile, which was prevented by silencing of NOD1 expression. To address this issue in human pathology, NOD1 expression was evaluated in myocardium obtained from patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2DMH) and from normoglycaemic individuals without cardiovascular histories (NH). We have found that NOD1 was expressed in both NH and T2DMH; however, NOD1 expression was significantly pronounced in T2DMH. Furthermore, both the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and the apoptosis mediator caspase-3 were up-regulated in T2DMH samples. Taken together, our results define an active role for NOD1 in the heightened inflammatory environment associated with both experimental and human diabetic cardiac disease.
Ecological dynamics of continuous and categorical decision‐making: The regatta start in sailing
Authors: Araújo Duarte , Davids Keith , Diniz Ana , Rocha Luis , Santos João Coelho , Dias Gonçalo , Fernandes Orlando 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEcological dynamics of decision‐making in the sport of sailing exemplifies emergent, conditionally coupled, co‐adaptive behaviours. In this study, observation of the coupling dynamics of paired boats during competitive sailing showed that decision‐making can be modelled as a self‐sustained, co‐adapting system of informationally coupled oscillators (boats). Bytracing the spatial–temporal displacements of the boats, time series analyses (autocorrelations, periodograms and running correlations) revealed that trajectories of match racing boats are coupled more than 88% of the time during a pre‐start race, via continuous, competing co‐adaptions between boats. Results showed that both the continuously selected trajectories of the sailors (12 years of age) and their categorical starting point locations were examples of emergent decisions. In this dynamical conception of decision‐making behaviours, strategic positioning (categorical) and continuous displacement of a boat over the course in match‐race sailing emerged as a function of interacting task, personal and environmental constraints. Results suggest how key interacting constraints could be manipulated in practice to enhance sailors' perceptual attunement to them in competition.
Evolutionary Archaeologies
Authors: Shennan Stephen 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This chapter starts by distinguishing the Darwinian evolutionary approach from other meanings of the word ‘evolution’ in archaeology. It goes on to distinguish three different strands of Darwinian evolution in the social sciences—evolutionary psychology, human behavioural ecology, and dual inheritance theory—the first of which has seen relatively limited application in archaeology. It is only the latter that gives a significant role to culture, distinguishing as it does between people’s genetic inheritance and what is transmitted to them culturally. Culture is regarded as a domain in which evolutionary processes operate at least semi-independently from their operation on genes. The chapter then describes these processes, explaining how some of them have no analogy in genetic evolution. The methodology for the archaeological application of the ideas is then outlined, and examples are presented. The chapter goes on to outline the theoretical framework of human behavioural ecology, a version of rational choice theory assuming that humans, like other animals, have evolved under the pressure of natural selection to maximize their reproductive success, and that behavioural plasticity enables them to respond speedily and adaptively to changes in the environment. This provides a basis for setting up cost–benefit models of what is optimal in specific circumstances. The theory has been extensively used by archaeologists, especially optimal foraging theory, but increasingly other areas as well, and examples are given. Finally, niche construction theory and gene-culture co-evolution, topics that have emerged more recently in archaeology, are presented.
How Abstract is Arithmetic?
Authors: Campbell Jamie I.D. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
What is the nature of the cognitive architecture that subserves memory for elementary arithmetic facts, such as 4 + 5 = 9 and 6 × 2 = 12? This article reviews research that has investigated the degree of dependence or independence of calculation processes on the conditions of problem encoding (e.g. by varying problem surface notation or semantic context). It also reviews evidence about the role of linguistic factors in the representation and performance of elementary arithmetic (e.g. transfer of practice within and between languages in bilinguals; effects of the linguistic structure for numbers). The evidence runs contrary to the view that arithmetic is essentially an abstract process that operates independently of encoding context or response output conditions. Instead, the evidence points to a cognitive architecture in which problem encoding and calculation processes are highly interactive and where linguistic codes provide an important, but not exclusive medium for arithmetic.
Bridging didactic, interdisciplinary service learning and practice in health professions education
Authors: St Hill Halcyon , Julie Yazici Hulya 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present an integrated model of didactic, practice and interdisciplinary service learning in healthcare education, and determine the students’ perceptions on the benefits of this integration.

Design/methodology/approach
– A pre and post survey design was utilized to examine health professions students’ perspectives with respect to learning outcomes relevant to professional benefits of a service learning capstone. The surveys consisted of 36 items for measuring the interdisciplinary course characteristics and perceived benefits of the integrated approach. The required interdisciplinary (used interchangeably with interprofessional) course was constructed as an integrated didactic, practice interdisciplinary service learning model. The sample consisted of undergraduate students (n=53) who completed the interdisciplinary senior seminar capstone course taught by one faculty member in one of three course sections. Structural equation modeling based on partial least squares was used to analyze the significance of constructs. Students’ reflections on interdisciplinary service learning were also collected and summarized.

Findings
– The study demonstrated the significance of interdisciplinary course and team preparation on perceived professional benefits and positive community service learning experience.

Research limitations/implications
– Further studies are needed and being pursued to address practitioners’ perceptions of interdisciplinary education. To fully complete the assessment of interdisciplinary education, longitudinal studies must be pursued with graduates and their employers. A larger sample size could be used to repeat this study.

Practical implications
– The model employed in this study may be utilized as a component of practice education and clinical practice to address accreditation requirements, quality patient-centred care, and engaging students in valuing interprofessionalism and service.

Originality/value
– This study presents an integrated model of didactic, practice and interdisciplinary service learning in health professions education, and demonstrates the benefits of the model with health profession students’ perceptions of interprofessional education (IPE). This study contributes to professional learning research as the impact of IPE has been questionable due to lack of rigorous evidence.
Snakes and ladders for digital natives: information security education for the youth
Authors: Reid Rayne , Van Niekerk Johan 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– This paper aims to educate the youth about information security. Cyber technologies and services are increasingly becoming integrated into individual’s daily lives. As such, individuals are constantly being exposed to the benefits and risks of these technologies. Cyber security knowledge and skills are becoming fundamental life skills for today’s users. This is particularly true for the current generation of digital natives.

Design/methodology/approach
– Within the design science paradigm, several case studies are used to evaluate the research artefact.

Findings
– The authors believe that the presented artefact could effectively convey basic information security concepts to the youth.

Research limitations/implications
– This study had a number of limitations. First, all the learner groups who participated in this study were too small to enable analysis of findings for statistical significance. Second, the data compiled on the long-term effectiveness of the game for Group B was incomplete. This limitation was the result of School B’s ethical concerns regarding learners being a vulnerable target audience.

Originality/value
– This paper presents and evaluates a brain-compatible, information security educational game that can be used to introduce information security concepts to the youth from a very young age.
Adapting educational programmes according to e-competence needs
Authors: Gourova Elissaveta , Kadrev Vassil , Stancheva Anushka , Kostadinov Petrov Georgi , Dragomirova Mila 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The aim of the paper is to present the experience of New Bulgarian University (NBU) and the methodology followed for changing its educational programmes and developing new ones according to the labour market needs.

Design/methodology/approach
– Initially, the paper focuses on the need for adapting curricula for meeting the labour market demands for information and communication technologies (ICT) professional skills. It provides an overview of the ICT skills supply and demand trends in Europe. A special emphasis is made on the dialogue of leading stakeholders in Europe for developing European E-Competence Framework. After introducing the overall picture in Europe, the paper presents the environment in Bulgaria for higher education, research and innovation and the ICT skills challenges in the country. The last part of the paper is based on the project methodology and its results. First, the methodology behind the design of a new Masters programme is given, and next, the concepts for adapting NBU educational programmes according to the labour market needs are presented.

Findings
– Bulgarian universities seldom introduce multidisciplinary educational programmes. Generally, industry involvement in higher education is at low level, and university programmes are not linked to skills needs of future employees. Some good examples exist in the ICT university – business collaboration.

Originality/value
– The development of information economy depends on the existence of adequate skills for using and developing ICT. In the last decades, ICT skills supply and demand remains an evergreen issue in many European Union Member States. Bulgaria also faces the challenges of meeting industrial demands for e-competences of its workforce. The paper presents an approach which could be followed by other university teams in designing or changing their educational programmes. At the same time, it provides insight on the overall environment in the country, and the challenges which different stakeholders face in the development of the knowledge-based economy.
Supporting navigation in Wikipedia by information visualization: extended evaluation measures
Authors: Wu I-Chin , Vakkari Pertti 
Published: June 2014

Purpose
– The authors introduce two semantics-based navigation applications that facilitate information-seeking activities in internal link-based web sites in Wikipedia. These applications aim to help users find concepts within a topic and related articles on a given topic quickly and then gain topical knowledge from internal link-based encyclopedia web sites. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– The WNavi
s application consists of three information visualization (IV) tools which are a topic network, a hierarchy topic tree and summaries for topics. The WikiMap application consists of a topic network. The goal of the topic network and topic tree tools is to help users to find the major concepts of a topic and identify relationships between these major concepts easily. In addition, in order to locate specific information and enable users to explore and read topic-related articles quickly, the topic tree and summaries for topics tools support users to gain topical knowledge quickly. The authors then apply the k-clique of cohesive indicator to analyze the sub topics of the seed query and find out the best clustering results via the cosine measure. The authors utilize four metrics, which are correctness, time cost, usage behaviors, and satisfaction, to evaluate the three interfaces. These metrics measure both the outputs and outcomes of applications. As a baseline system for evaluation the authors used a traditional Wikipedia interface. For the evaluation, the authors used an experimental user study with 30 participants.

Findings
– The results indicate that both WikiMap and WNavi
s supported users to identify concepts and their relations better compared to the baseline. In topical tasks WNavi
s over performed both WikiMap and the baseline system. Although there were no time differences in finding concepts or answering topical questions, the test systems provided users with a greater gain per time unit. The users of WNavi
s leaned on the hierarchy tree instead of other tools, whereas WikiMap users used the topic map.

Research limitations/implications
– The findings have implications for the design of IR support tools in knowledge-intensive web sites that help users to explore topics and concepts.

Originality/value
– The authors explored to what extent the use of each IV support tool contributed to successful exploration of topics in search tasks. The authors propose extended task-based evaluation measures to understand how each application provides useful context for users to accomplish the tasks and attain the search goals. That is, the authors not only evaluate the output of the search results, e.g. the number of relevant items retrieved, but also the outcome provided by the system for assisting users to attain the search goal.