bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutting Off the Dictator: The United States Arms Embargo of the Pinochet Regime, 1974–1988
Authors: BAWDEN JOHN R. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn 1976, the US Congress halted arms sales to Chile. This paper examines the congressional debate over arms sales to Chile and the political and military consequences of the action. Recent scholarship has largely overlooked the embargo and its implications for regional security dynamics in South America. Initially US sanctions increased Chile's diplomatic isolation and military vulnerability, which made regional conflict more likely. However, Chile's ability to surmount the effects of the embargo eventually increased Augusto Pinochet's independence vis-à-vis Washington. When the Reagan administration began pushing for a transition to democracy, it lacked two key instruments for influencing a military government: weapons sales and security assistance.
Pre- and perinatal hypoxia associated with hippocampus/amygdala volume in bipolar disorder
Authors: Haukvik U. K. , McNeil T. , Lange E. H. , Melle I. , Dale A. M. , Andreassen O. A. , Agartz I. 
Published: August 2013

BackgroundPre- and perinatal adversities may increase the risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Hypoxia-related obstetric complications (OCs) are associated with brain anatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia, but their association with brain anatomy variation in bipolar disorder is unknown.MethodMagnetic resonance imaging brain scans, clinical examinations and data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway were obtained for 219 adults, including 79 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar disorder (age 29.4 years,s.d. = 11.8 years, 39% male) and 140 healthy controls (age 30.8 years,s.d. = 12.0 years, 53% male). Severe hypoxia-related OCs throughout pregnancy/birth and perinatal asphyxia were each studied in relation toa prioriselected brain volumes (hippocampus, lateral ventricles and amygdala, obtained with FreeSurfer), using linear regression models covarying for age, sex, medication use and intracranial volume. Multiple comparison adjustment was applied.ResultsPerinatal asphyxia was associated with smaller left amygdala volume (t = −2.59,p = 0.012) in bipolar disorder patients, but not in healthy controls. Patients with psychotic bipolar disorder showed distinct associations between perinatal asphyxia and smaller left amygdala volume (t = −2.69,p = 0.010), whereas patients with non-psychotic bipolar disorder showed smaller right hippocampal volumes related to both perinatal asphyxia (t = −2.60,p = 0.015) and severe OCs (t = −3.25,p = 0.003). No associations between asphyxia or severe OCs and the lateral ventricles were found.ConclusionsPre- and perinatal hypoxia-related OCs are related to brain morphometry in bipolar disorder in adulthood, with specific patterns in patients with psychoticversusnon-psychotic illness.
A synthesizer for gigawatt class high power microwaves
Authors: Fang Jinyong , Huang Huijun , Sun Jing , Zhang Zhiqiang , Liang Tiezhu , Huang Wenhua , Huang Puming 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe high power microwave (HPM) synthesis method is presented in this paper for gigawatt level. The gigawatt level HPM could be synthesized from two separate input wave-guides according to the coupled-wave and orthogonal polarization theory. The synthesizer is used by two back to back circular wave-guides. The main channel is the circular wave-guide connected to the output port, which transmits horizontal polarization TE011mode. The operating bandwidth is only limited by the barrier wave-lengthλcof circular wave-guide. The sub-channel transmits vertical polarization TE011mode and the operating bandwidth is up to several hundred MHz. The energy of sub-channel could be coupled into main channel through continuous long-slit coupling structure. The synthesizer can be analyzed using numerical simulation method, which focuses on the power capability. The simulation results indicate that the transmission efficiency of the main channel is above 99%, the coupling efficiency of the sub-channel is above 96%, which also validates the reasonability of synthesizer design. At the same time, the prototype of synthesizer is designed and the HPM experiment system is established. The transmitting and coupling efficiency are both greater than 95% in cold test condition and they are also greater than 90% in gigawatt class test condition, the power capability of the synthesizer reaches about 1.2GW. The test results validate the feasibility of synthesizer for gigawatt class HPM.
Heterogeneity of Letter Fluency Impairment and Executive Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Pettit Lewis , McCarthy Martina , Davenport Richard , Abrahams Sharon 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLetter fluency deficits are commonly detected in non-demented Parkinson's disease (PD) patients but the underlying cause remains uncertain. We investigated the role of slowed processing speed and executive dysfunction. Eighteen non-demented PD participants and nineteen controls were compared on letter fluency using a fluency index (Fi); the average time to “think” of each word, a measure independent of motor speed. Video analyses produced thinking times to switch between word clusters and generate a word within a cluster. Correlational and regression analyses were undertaken with tests of processing speed and executive functioning. The PD group exhibited significantly longer fluency indices than controls across all components. Performance on tests of executive functioning explained a significant proportion of variance whereas performance in processing speed tests did not. Moreover, PD participants with an executive functioning impairment showed significantly worse switching fluency indices only compared with Controls and PD participants without executive dysfunction. PD participants with executive dysfunction exhibited a disproportionate impairment in the time taken to switch between clusters than to think of words within clusters. Executive functioning contributed to fluency performance more than processing speed. Cognitive heterogeneity and motor slowing, may mask the profile of cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–9)
Association of eating speed and energy intake of main meals with overweight in Chinese pre-school children
Authors: Lin Ming , Pan Liping , Tang Lixia , Jiang Jingxiong , Wang Yan , Jin Runming 
Published: August 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association between eating behaviours (eating speed and energy intake of main meals) and overweight in pre-school children.DesignCross-sectional study. Data consisted of measurements (height and weight), questionnaire information (eating behaviours of eating speed and overeating) and on-site observation data (meal duration and energy intake of main meals).SettingSeven kindergartens in Beijing, China.SubjectsPre-school children (n1138; age range 3·1–6·7 years old) from seven kindergartens participated in the study.ResultsThe multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of overweight in participants with parent-reported ‘more than needed food intake’ was 3·02 (95 % CI 2·06, 4·44) compared with the ‘medium food intake’ participants, and higher eating speed was associated with childhood overweight. For the two observed eating behaviours, each 418·7 kJ (100 kcal) increase of lunch energy intake significantly increased the likelihood for overweight by a factor of 1·445, and each 5-min increase in meal duration significantly decreased the likelihood for overweight by a factor of 0·861. Increased portions of rice and cooked dishes were significantly associated with overweight status (OR = 2·274; 95 % CI 1·360, 3·804 and OR = 1·378; 95 % CI 1·010, 1·881, respectively).ConclusionsEating speed and excess energy intake of main meals are associated with overweight in pre-school children.
Water Exclusion Layers Probed by Depth Scan Confocal Raman Microscopy
Authors: Teschke Omar , Bonugli Luiz O. , dos Santos Marcus V.P. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDepth scan confocal Raman microscopy was employed to map water and air spatial distributions in immersed superhydrophobic films. Due to the lack of visible nanobubbles on flat surfaces, we have probed heterogeneous surfaces where solid–liquid, liquid–vapor, and vapor–solid coexist. Depth scan profiles show liquid exclusion (vapor) layers inside the fiber arrangement and water in contact only at the fiber apex.
Mental models of organic weed management: Comparison of New England US farmer and expert models
Authors: Jabbour Randa , Zwickle Sarah , Gallandt Eric R. , McPhee Katherine E. , Wilson Robyn S. , Doohan Doug 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWeeds are a major challenge for organic farmers, yet we know little about the factors influencing organic farmers’ weed management decisions. We hypothesized that farmers and scientist ‘experts’ differ in fundamental areas of knowledge and perceptions regarding weeds and weed management. Moreover, these differences prevent effective communication, outreach programming and research prioritization. An expert mental model, constructed primarily from interviews with research scientists and extension professionals, revealed expert emphasis on knowledge of ecological weed management as crucial for successfully implementing such strategies. We interviewed 23 organic farmers in northern New England, yielding an aggregate farmer mental model to compare with the expert model. Farmers demonstrated knowledge of the major concepts discussed by experts, but differed in emphasis. Farmers placed less emphasis on ecological complexity than experts. One-third of farmers interviewed discussed the potential role of weeds as indicators of soil nutrient status, a concept of which experts were skeptical. Farmer beliefs about the weed seedbank highlighted potential misconceptions regarding seed persistence, with one-fourth of farmers focusing on the concept that seeds can live for an exceptionally long time in the soil, while experts focused on the concept of the seed half-life. Farmers emphasized the role of experience, both their own and that of other farmers, rather than knowledge derived from scientific research. Farmers considered yield and the cost of time and labor as equally at risk because of weeds, whereas experts predominantly discussed yield loss. During discussions of management, both farmers and experts most emphasized risks associated with cultivation and benefits associated with cover cropping. These results have prompted us, first, to develop new educational materials focused on weed seed longevity and management of the weed seedbank, and, second, to conduct regional focus groups with farmers who prioritize fertility management in their efforts to control weeds, especially manipulations of soil calcium and magnesium.
Left atrial deformation parameters in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a 2D speckle tracking imaging study
Authors: Kocabay Gonenc , Karabay Can Yucel , Colak Yasar , Oduncu Vecih , Kalayci Arzu , Akgun Taylan , Guler Ahmet , Kirma Cevat 
Published: August 2013

The presence of the metabolic syndrome is a strong predictor for the presence of NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) in patients with NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). In the present study, we assessed LA (left atrial) deformation parameters in patients with NAFLD using 2D-STE (speckle tracking echocardiography) and to investigate if any changes exist between subgroups of the NAFLD. A total of 55 NAFLD patients and 21 healthy controls were included in the study. The diagnosis of NAFLD was based on liver biopsy. After patients were categorized into groups according to histopathological analysis (simple steatosis, borderline NASH, definitive NASH), all patients underwent echocardiography with Doppler examination. In the 2D-STE analysis of the left atrium, LA-Res (peak LA strain during ventricular systole), LA-Pump (peak LA strain during atrial systole), LA-SRS (peak LA strain rate during ventricular systole), LA-SRE (peak LA strain rate during early diastole) and LA-SRA (peak LA strain rate during atrial systole) were obtained. LA-Res, LA-Pump and LA-SRA were lower in the NAFLD group than in the control group. LA-Res was found to be significantly lower in NAFLD subgroups compared with healthy subjects (43.9±14.2 in healthy controls compared with 31.4±8.3 with simple steatosis, 32.8±12.8 with borderline NASH and 33.8±9.0 with definitive NASH). LA-Pump was significantly lower in the NAFLD group (18.2±3.1 in healthy controls compared with 13.3±4.7 with borderline NASH and 14.4±4.7 with definitive NASH). There were significant differences in LA-SRA between healthy controls compared with simple steatosis and borderline NASH (−1.56±0.36 compared with 1.14±0.38 and 1.24±0.32 respectively). Correlation analysis showed significant correlation of LA-Res values with E (early diastolic peak velocity)/Em (early diastolic mitral annular velocity) ratio (r=−0.50, P≤0.001), with LAVI (LA volume index; r=−0.45, P≤0.001) and with Vp (propagation velocity; r=0.39, P≤0.001). 2D-STE-based LA deformation parameters are impaired in patients with NAFLD with normal systolic function. Although LA-Res and pump function parameters might be useful in estimating LV (left ventricular) filling pressure in the NAFLD patient group, it could not be used for differentiating the subgroups.
Performance and throughput analysis of turbo decoder for the physical layer of digital‐video‐broadcasting‐satellite‐services‐to‐handhelds standard
Authors: Shrestha Rahul , Paily Roy 
Published: August 2013

In this study, coding performance of turbo decoder compliant to the physical layer of digital‐video‐broadcasting‐satellite‐services‐to‐handhelds (DVB‐SH) standard for additive‐white‐Gaussian‐noise (AWGN) and frequency selective fading channels are presented. The modulation of transmitted bits is carried out with orthogonal‐frequency‐division‐multiplexing (OFDM) technique, incorporating 1 K‐fast‐Fourier‐transform (1K‐FFI) where each subcarrier is modulated using quadrature‐phase‐shift‐keying (QPSG) or quadrature‐amplitude‐modulation (QAM) schemes. Performance analysis of turbo decoder for the decoding iterations of 3, 8, 14 and 18 as well as the sliding window sizes of 10, 20, 30 and 40 are investigated for both the channels. Discussion on the values of these design metrics to achieve optimum coding performance is also presented. The optimisation of system throughput for turbo decoder based on the decoding iteration and sliding window size for various processor speed ranging from 200 MHz to 1 GHz is carried out. Such an analysis is presented for non‐parallel radix‐2 as well as parallel radix‐4 configuration of turbo decoder to meet the system throughput specification of third‐generation wireless communication standard ranging from 100 to 300 Mbps. The coding performance of turbo decoder based on max‐log‐MAP, log‐MAP and Maclaurin series‐based algorithms are studied for both the channel conditions. Simultaneously, the running time for each of these algorithm in a 64 bit processor is also presented for comparison. Finally, the coding performance of turbo decoder for various code rates of 1/5, 2/9, 1/4, 2/7, 1/3, 2/5 and 1/2 are carried out.
Hierarchical modulated quadrature amplitude modulation with signal space diversity and maximal ratio combining reception in Nakagami‐m fading channels
Authors: Saeed Ayesha , Quazi Tahmid , Xu Hongjun 
Published: August 2013

This study combines hierarchical modulation with signal space diversity (SSD) to present an unequal error protection scheme with improved bit‐error rate (BER) performance for single as well as multiple antenna reception by employing maximal ratio combing in Nakagami‐m fading channels. The optimal rotation angles for different constellation priority parameter α are derived. A theoretical BER expression in Nakagami‐m fading channels using the nearest neighbour approximation approach is also derived. This is confirmed as a valid performance approximation for single and multiple antenna reception through simulations. The resultant scheme produces improved BER performance for both important and less important data without consuming any additional power than a non‐SSD system at the cost of increased complexity at detection. Specifically, performance gains of up to 18 and 17 dB at a BER of 1 × 10−5 for base and refinement bits, respectively, are observed for single receive antenna with Nakagami m = 1. A further improvement of roughly 3 dB at a BER of 1 × 10−6 for base bits at N = 3 receiver antennas is found as hierarchy is increased. Although the gain is observed to decrease as m increases, a gain of 14 dB at 1 × 10−6 for α = 4 is achieved even as m increases from m = 1 to m = 3.
Be good for love or for money? The roles of justice in the Chinese hotel industry
Authors: Hon Alice H.Y. , Lu Lin 
Published: August 2013

PurposeDrawing on the social exchange theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the interactional justice of supervisors and the job performance of subordinates in an expatriate context. Specifically, the authors take a relational approach by introducing help intention directed to the supervisor (upward help intention) as the mediator. The moderating role of distributive justice in the relationship between upward help intention and job performance is also considered.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted among 232 service employees and their expatriate supervisors in multinational hotels in China. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the proposed model.FindingsThe statistical results of this study supported the positive effect of interactional justice on job performance as well as the mediating effect of upward help intention. Meanwhile, it was also found that when the level of distributive justice is high, the relationship between upward help intention and job performance is strengthened, whereas the effect is leveled off when the level of distributive justice is low.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study suggest that managers in the service industry should be sensitive in treating their subordinates, as it will lead to positive interpersonal relationship, which in turn, will stimulate job performance. Moreover, the fair organizational compensation system aids the managers in turning good interpersonal results into positive performance outcomes.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on justice by revealing the relational mechanism between interactional justice and job performance, and the economic boundary of this relationship.
Constructing post‐PhD careers: negotiating opportunities and personal goals
Authors: McAlpine Lynn , Amundsen Cheryl , Turner Gill 
Published: August 2013

PurposeUntil relatively recently, the doctorate was generally perceived as preparation for a full‐time permanent academic position. However, this is no longer the case, with many PhD graduates working outside academia or in temporary full‐ and part‐time positions in higher education institutions. Yet, we know little of the ways in which they perceive and then navigate the transition from PhD to initial careers. Thus authors undertook an analysis of longitudinal data from six social sciences PhDs (part of a larger dataset) to document how they transitioned from the PhD and navigated a future.Design/methodology/approachDifferent forms of data, collected multiple times over two years, were analysed using emergent coding to capture the experiences of navigating a future.FindingsThe results enrich present understanding of this end‐of‐PhD period, in particular, highlighting individuals' growing understanding of academic, hybrid and non‐academic career opportunity structures, and the importance of personal intentions and relationships in defining possible horizons for action.Originality/valueThe conceptual and pedagogical contributions of this study to understanding doctoral and post‐doctoral career decision‐making are described.
The accelerated internationalization of born global firms: a knowledge transformation process view
Authors: Ying Huang Hsiu , Huei Hsieh Ming 
Published: August 2013

PurposeThis study aims to employ a knowledge‐based capability approach to explore how born global firms accelerate their internationalization.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts a qualitative in‐depth case study approach. Various types and sources of data were collected to provide a rich and solid foundation for theory development and data triangulation. These comprised semi‐structured interviews, field observations and archival material.FindingsThe findings show that the transformation process of international knowledge may more adequately account for the difference in internationalization at conventional globals and born globals than the “indigenous” knowledge resource, i.e. founder experience. Born global firms accelerate their internationalization process through a three‐stage transformation process: knowledge acquisition and dissemination, knowledge integration, and knowledge institutionalization. Two underlying knowledge mechanisms are identified: vertical and horizontal knowledge thrust.Originality/valueThe knowledge transformation process constitutes the basis of “acceleration” of born globals' internationalization. The speed of a born global's internationalization is rooted in its ability to transform internationalization knowledge resident in individual employees into organizational strategies and operational procedures. The finding bridges the gap by identifying effective organizational mechanisms in management of the knowledge process. The “speed‐up” mechanism identified in this research can equip born globals as well as conventional globals with the ability to respond quickly in a dynamic international environment.
Do multinational corporations flexibly respond to exchange rate fluctuations? A tale of two Korean MNCs
Authors: Park Young‐Ryeol , Song Sangcheol , Rhee Eun‐kyoung 
Published: August 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether Korean multinational corporations (MNCs) in the electronics and steel industries do shift their production across their foreign subsidiaries, located in different countries, as exchange rates fluctuate in foreign countries.Design/methodology/approachA case study was taken as a qualitative methodology to examine whether MNCs actually shift their production as multinational operational flexibility perspective predicts.FindingsFrom a case study of two Korean MNCs (LG Electronics and POSCO), it was found that even facing heightened production costs associated with host country currency appreciation, Korean MNCs do not shift their production to less costly locations due to industrial characteristics, limited capacity, and high tariff barriers. It was also found that they reduce the production costs internally and they also negotiate the costs with employees and suppliers to adjust the production costs associated with appreciated currency.Practical implicationsOur findings imply that certain industrial and environmental constraints make it difficult for MNCs to take flexible actions as multinational operational flexibility perspective predicts. The findings also shed additional light on the less‐explored argument over operational flexibility and vertical integration associated with cross‐country shifts of value chain activities, including production or sales.Originality/valueAlmost all literature taking the multinational operation flexibility view argues that MNCs are able to shift their productions for their own benefits. However, the authors of this paper find from their case studies that firms take advantage of other methods than production shifts in their responses to exchange rate fluctuations in their host countries. Thus this study gives an insight into when and how firms behave as the theory predicts.