bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circulatory and Respiratory Changes during Unilateral and Bilateral Cranial Nerve IX and X Block in Two Asthmatics
Authors: Eisele John H. , Jain Sushil K. 
Published: August 2015

1. The respiratory and circulatory effects of bilateral block of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves (IX and X) with local anaesthetic were studied in two subjects with obstructive airways disease (asthma).
2. In one subject bilateral block of IX and X decreased alveolar ventilation as evidenced by a rise in Pa,co2 and a fall in Pa,o2. There was no apparent ventilatory change in the other subject. The lung volumes (ERV and FRC) were unaffected by the block; however, the forced vital capacity and 1 s forced expired volume were slightly improved in both subjects.
3. During bilateral IX and X block neither subject showed a ventilatory response after 3 min of breathing 8·7% O2 in 91·3% N2. In one subject during a left-sided IX and X block, there was a normal hypoxic-ventilatory increase, whereas during a right-sided IX and X block the hypoxic-ventilatory response was slightly less than normal.
4. Unilateral IX and X block in both subjects produced tachycardia and hypertension which was approximately one half the increased heart rate and blood pressure that followed bilateral IX and X blockade.
5. Unlike the control responses, breathing 8·7% O2 in 91·3% N2 during bilateral IX and X block produced no change in heart rate and there was a continuous fall in the systemic blood pressure. The pulmonary arterial pressure, however, increased in response to hypoxia in the same manner as before the block.
The Effect of Moderate Exercise on Blood Metabolites in Patients with Hypopituitarism
Authors: Johnson R. H. , Rennie M. J. , Walton J. L. , Webster M. H. C. 
Published: August 2015

1. Six patients with panhypopituitarism and eight controls were studied before, during and after 30 min of moderate, steady exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Venous blood samples were taken for estimation of growth hormone, pyruvate, lactate, glucose, FFA, glycerol and ketone bodies.
2. Exercise caused a rise in serum growth hormone levels in control subjects and these fell to pre-exercise levels within 90 min. There was no change in the levels in the patients. The patients showed changes in blood metabolites resembling those of the controls. FFA levels were considerably elevated and post-exercise ketosis developed, these changes being more marked in the patients.
3. The differences in FFA and ketone bodies between patients and controls may be due to the lower levels of fitness in the patients. A further explanation may be that growth hormone depresses FFA levels after initial mobilization during exercise in normal subjects, but no such action can occur in patients with hypopituitarism.
4. It is concluded that growth hormone does not necessarily have a major role in fat mobilization or in the production of post-exercise ketosis. Thus, the lower levels of ketosis observed in athletes are not due to their lower levels of growth hormone.
The Effect of Enzymatic Depolymerization of Arterial Mucopolysaccharides on Sodium Ion Content and Vessel Reactivity
Authors: Harris G. S. , Palmer W. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. The presence of mucopolysaccharides within arterial walls may be associated with the high concentration of sodium ions within this tissue. These polyanions are sensitive to enzymatic depolymerization which results in a loss of the cation binding properties of the molecule.
2. In this study testicular hyaluronidase perfused through isolated arterial segments resulted in a decrease in reactivity of the artery to 65% that of control arteries. Associated with this finding was a 33% decrease in the sodium ion content of the stimulated hyaluronidase-treated artery. When a variety of other sympathetically innervated tissues were treated with hyaluronidase there was no decrease in reactivity or sodium ion content.
Isotope Studies in Normal and Diseased Knee Joints: 99mTc Uptake Related to Clinical Assessment and to Synovial Perfusion Measured by the 133Xe Clearance Technique
Authors: Dick W. C. , Deodhar S. D. , Provan Carol J. , Nuki G. , Buchanan W. W. 
Published: August 2015

1. Uptake of intravenously administered radioactive technetium (99mTc) was measured over the knee joints in normal human volunteers, in patients with osteoarthritis and in groups of synovectomized and unoperated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The uptake was compared with clinical indices of inflammation (pain, tenderness swelling and stiffness), and the clearance rate of intra-articularly injected radioactive xenon (133Xe). The 99mTc uptakes were found to be unrelated to the isotope dose and the day-to-day reproducibility was acceptable.
2. The mean uptake of 99mTc was within normal limits in osteoarthritis. Both in synovectomized and in unoperated rheumatoid arthritis 99mTc uptake was significantly higher than in normal subjects.
3. Of the clinical indices studied significant correlation of 99mTc uptake was found with pain and swelling in all groups of patients studied.
4. Faster clearance of 133Xe in unoperated rheumatoid arthritis correlated well with the higher 99mTc uptakes.
5. The results confirm that 99mTc uptakes are raised in inflammatory arthritis but not in degenerative arthritis. The relation of 99mTc uptake to the clinical indices of inflammation and to the 133Xe clearance from the joint is discussed.
Lung Mechanics during Provocation of Asthma
Authors: Cade J. F. , Woolcock Ann J. , Rebuck A. S. , Pain M. C. F. 
Published: August 2015

1. The mechanical properties of the lungs of five symptom-free asthmatic subjects and two normal subjects were measured before and during provocation with nebulized methacholine.
2. Before provocation abnormalities of some aspects of the mechanical function of the lungs were found in four of the asthmatic subjects.
3. Pulmonary resistance increased within one breath of the methacholine inhalation and was the measurement of lung function which changed most in response to methacholine in both asthmatic and normal subjects. However, asthmatic subjects had a much greater response than normal subjects.
4. The results of the study suggest that both the large and the small airways respond to provocation with methacholine. The larger airways appear to respond faster than the smaller airways and the response of the smaller airways appears to be more prolonged.
Simultaneous Determination of Plasma Converting Enzyme and Angiotensinase Activity by Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Poulsen K. , Poulsen L. L. 
Published: August 2015

1. Homologous angiotensin-I was added to untreated plasma. Angiotensin-II which is formed by plasma converting enzyme and subsequently degradated by angiotensinases was determined as a function of time by using radioimmunoassay. Having determined the kinetics, the activities of converting enzyme and angiotensinases were calculated by a least-square fit of the theoretical curve to the experimentally measured values.
2. The method gives a simple measurement of converting-enzyme activity in untreated plasma; in plasma from salt-depleted and renal hypertensive rats this was found to be slightly increased but was normal in plasma from nephrectomized rats.
3. The half-lives for angiotensin-I in normal rat and human plasma were found to vary between 0·8 and 2·1 min, and the possibility that plasma converting enzyme participates in the regulation of the formation of angiotensin-II in vivo cannot be excluded.
4. The angiotensinase activity in rat plasma gave half-lives for angiotensin-II between 1·5 and 3·3 min; the half-life in normal human plasma was 10 min.
Intracellular pH Measured in Isolated Normal Human Leucocytes, by Using 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Oxazolidinedione under Conditions of Varying Extracellular Pco2 and Bicarbonate
Authors: Ahmed S. A. , Baron D. N. 
Published: August 2015

1. Leucocytes were separated from human peripheral blood and incubated under conditions of constant extracellular pH (about 7·40) but variable extracellular Pco2 and bicarbonate concentration. Intracellular pH of leucocytes was measured by the 5,5-dimethyl-2[14C],4-oxazolidinedione procedure.
2. At Pco2 40 mmHg, the intracellular pH was 7·104 ± 0·115 (mean±SD). At Pco2 15 mmHg, intracellular pH was 7·567 ± 0·084, and at Pco2 72 mmHg it was 7·098 ± 0·063.
The Haemodynamic Consequences of Adaptive Structural Changes of the Resistance Vessels in Hypertension
Authors: Folkow Björn 
Published: August 2015

It is generally accepted that a rise in systemic flow resistance constitutes the essential background of the increased arterial blood pressure in well-established hypertension, though the early ‘labile’ phases of essential hypertension in particular may exhibit a pattern simulating a moderately intense defence reaction, with enhanced cardiac output and muscle blood flow as the most characteristic features, apart from the rise in blood pressure. With respect to the increased flow resistance in the well-established phase, it is accepted that the vessels respond readily, and apparently normally, to vasodilator substances, from which the correct conclusion has been drawn that the resistance increase cannot be ascribed to any sclerotic narrowing of the resistance vessels (Pickering, 1968).
However, this observation has also generally led to the assumption that an increased smooth-muscle tone of the resistance vessels must be the explanation of the increased flow resistance and, despite the fact that there are numerous reports of medial hypertrophy in the precapillary resistance vessels for instance (Pickering, 1968), the possible haemodynamic consequences of such a type of structural vascular adaptation has hardly been considered at all. Instead the debate has mainly been concerned about whether the assumed increase of vascular tone is due to enhanced myogenic activity, to an increased neurogenic and/or hormonal exogenous stimulation of the vascular smooth muscles or whether these muscles might exhibit an enhanced sensitivity or ‘reactivity’ to such extrinsic stimuli.
In other words, if summarized in a diagram relating the extent of active smooth-muscle shortening to the degree of resistance increase in an idealized resistance vessel (Fig. 1), an increased smooth muscle activity, whatever its background, would mean a shift from the normal resting equilibrium at point O to a point B along the curve N.
However, one cannot safely deduce levels of vascular smooth-muscle activity between different individuals, or vascular beds, by simply assuming that they are proportional to the respective levels of current flow resistance. In each individual, or vascular bed, one must first relate the actual resistance level to that present when the vascular smooth muscles are completely inactive; i.e. when the resistance vessels are maximally dilated and exposed to the same amount of distending pressure. This latter resistance value provides the necessary ‘baseline’, or an equivalent of fully relaxed muscle length for a particular vascular bed, from which its current level of smooth muscle activity has to be judged in terms of the ratio between these two resistance values. This is simple and straightforward reasoning, but surprisingly enough studies along these lines were apparently not performed systematically until our group used this approach in analyses of the level of ‘basal tone’ in different vascular beds or individuals (Celander & Folkow, 1953; Löfving & Mellander, 1956; Folkow, 1956).
Hormones Released into the Circulation When the Urinary Bladder of the Anaesthetized Dog is Distended
Authors: Gilmore N. J. , Vane J. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. In anaesthetized dogs urinary bladder distension caused variable changes of mean blood pressure; these were unaffected by vagotomy.
2. Catecholamines were detected in the circulation during bladder distension in fourteen of seventeen dogs. The catecholamine concentration during bladder distension was greater after cervical vagotomy.
3. Vasopressin could not be detected in the blood during urinary bladder distension before or after section of the cervical vagus nerves. Cervical vagotomy itself resulted in a. transient release of vasopressin.
4. A prostaglandin-like material was sometimes detected in the circulation during or immediately after urinary bladder distension. The origin of this material was not determined; it was detected in arterial and venous blood.
5. Urine flow consistently decreased during urinary bladder distension. This decrease was due neither to circulating catecholamines nor to vasopressin; it was probably caused by renal sympathetic activity. Cervical vagotomy did not abolish the antidiuresis.
The Effect of Methylguanidine on Tissue Respiration in Vitro
Authors: Felgate R. A. , Taylor W. H. 
Published: August 2015

1. Slices of rat cerebral cortex, kidney and liver were incubated with Robinson's medium and the oxygen uptake measured for 4 h.
2. Methylguanidine was added to the incubation medium after 1 h to give final concentrations up to four times those found in chronic uraemia.
3. No significant inhibition of oxygen uptake was found at any of the concentrations tested.
A Quantitative Study of Skeletal-Muscle Purines and Pyrazolo[3,4-d]Pyrimidines in Gout Patients Treated with Allopurinol
Authors: Watts R. W. E. , Snedden W. , Parker R. A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid, allopurinol and oxipurinol have been determined in skeletal-muscle biopsies by quantitative high-resolution mass spectrometry.
2. The results obtained in six untreated gout patients and in seven gout patients who had been treated with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol for periods of about 2 years, have been compared with those obtained on muscle tissue from non-gouty subjects and with the results of previous microscopical studies of the same biopsies.
3. Measurable amounts of xanthine were detected more frequently in the allopurinol-treated gout patients than in the untreated patients. The concentration of uric acid was generally lower in the allopurinol-treated than in the untreated gout patients' muscle; and all except one of the allopurinol-treated subjects' tissue contained a measurable amount of oxipurinol. Allopurinol was detected less frequently than oxipurinol.
4. The concentrations of hypoxanthine and xanthine in the allopurinol-treated patients' muscle tissue are very much less than those which have been reported in congenital xanthine oxidase deficiency.
5. It is concluded that allopurinol can still be recommended as a useful drug in the treatment of gout but that longer studies during the clinical use of the drug would be of value.
The Effect of Changes in Lactate Uptake on the Intracellular pH of the Perfused Rat Liver
Authors: Cohen R. D. , Iles R. A. , Barnett D. , Howell M. E. O. , Strunin J. 
Published: August 2015

1. Mean intracellular pH (pHi) and lactate have been measured simultaneously in the isolated perfused rat liver on two successive occasions separated by an interval of 20 min. In some experiments extra lactate was added to the perfusion medium immediately after the first measurement of pHi.
2. There was a direct relationship between the change in pHi over this interval and the simultaneous change of lactate uptake.
3. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that lactate enters the liver cell at least partly in the ionized form and that its metabolism is accompanied by the effective production of hydroxyl ions.
4. These observations are discussed in terms of a possible control mechanism for lactate uptake by the liver.
The Effect of Tryptophan Load and Vitamin B6 Supplementation on Urinary Excretion of Tryptophan Metabolites in Human Male Subjects
Authors: Wolf H. , Brown R. R. 
Published: August 2015

1. Urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites of the kynurenine pathway before and after a loading dose of 2 g of l-tryptophan (both before and during supplementation with vitamin B6) was studied in normal young male subjects and in elderly male subjects with prostatic diseases.
2. The increase in urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites in the normal male subjects after a loading dose of 2 g of l-tryptophan was unchanged after vitamin B6 supplementation, indicating that this dose does not exceed the normal capacity of the kynurenine pathway.
3. It is therefore concluded that a loading dose of 2 g of l-tryptophan is preferable when studying the capacity of the kynurenine pathway.
4. In about three-quarters of the elderly male subjects with prostatic diseases, the capacity of the kynurenine pathway was normal.
5. In about one-quarter of the subjects with prostatic diseases after a loading dose of 2 g of l-tryptophan there was abnormally high urinary excretion of one or several tryptophan metabolites, which could be normalized by vitamin B6, indicating that the capacity of the kynurenine pathway had been exceeded in these subjects.
6. Urinary excretion of individual tryptophan metabolites after a loading dose of 2 g of l-tryptophan was constant in the same subject when studied under unchanged conditions, whether there was a normal or a decreased capacity of the kynurenine pathway.
7. It is concluded that a single determination of urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites after a loading dose of 2 g of l-tryptophan is sufficient to determine the capacity of the kynurenine pathway.
The Ability of Man to Detect Added Resistive Loads to Breathing
Authors: Noble M. I. M. , Frankel H. L. , Else Wendy , Guz A. 
Published: August 2015

1. Resistive loads were added to the airways of patients with tracheostomies; the patients were blindfolded and the loads introduced without their knowledge.
2. The ability to detect the loads was the same in a patient with C3 transection (chest wall and diaphragm disconnected from the brain) as in a control group of patients with no neurological lesion.
3. It is concluded that receptors in the chest wall and diaphragm are not involved in the genesis of the sensation by which added resistive loads are detected.
Rates of Absorption by rat Intestine of Pancreatic Hydrolysates of Proteins and Their Corresponding Amino Acid Mixtures
Authors: Crampton R. F. , Gangolli S. D. , Simson Pamela , Matthews D. M. 
Published: August 2015

1. Though the occurrence of intestinal mucosal uptake of intact peptides, with cellular hydrolysis to amino acids, has been established, the importance of this mode of absorption in protein absorption is not known. This paper describes a comparison of the rates of intestinal absorption of pancreatic hydrolysates of four proteins with those of the corresponding acid hydrolysates or amino acid mixtures.
2. The results show that the absorption of pancreatic hydrolysates, consisting largely of small peptides of two to six amino acid residues, is substantially more rapid than that of the corresponding mixtures of free amino acids. This shows that the small intestine has a high capacity for absorption from mixtures of small peptides such as might be produced during protein digestion, and supports the hypothesis that mucosal uptake of intact oligopeptides is an important mode of protein absorption.
The Reflex Stimulation of Catecholamine Secretion during the Acute Stage of Myocardial Infarction in the Dog
Authors: Staszewska-Barczak Janina 
Published: August 2015

1. The mechanism of catecholamine secretion after coronary occlusion was investigated in open-chest, anaesthetized dogs; the blood-bathed organ technique was used for continuous measurement of the changes in concentration of circulating catecholamines.
2. In dogs with increased output of adrenaline during the first hour after acute coronary occlusion, topical application of lignocaine to the infarcted area of the heart, spinal block at C1, bilateral section of thoracic splanchnic nerves, or ganglionic blockade virtually abolished adrenaline secretion.
3. Adrenaline secretion was abolished by bilateral vagotomy in 50% of the dogs, decreased in 28% and unchanged in the remaining 22%. Bretylium or guanethidine had no effect on adrenaline secretion in the early stages of myocardial infarction.
4. Seventeen of nineteen reserpinized dogs failed to secrete catecholamines during the first hour of coronary occlusion, even though the adrenal medulla responded to bradykinin, acetylcholine or nicotine. Noradrenaline infused either into the unoccluded carotid artery or intravenously restored adrenal medullary secretion.
5. When a sustained noradrenaline release occurred after coronary ligation, it was abolished by topical application of lignocaine to the ischaemic area of the heart or by ganglionic blockade. Neither bilateral vagotomy nor section of both thoracic splanchnic nerves suppressed noradrenaline liberation.
6. It is concluded that the adrenal medullary secretion of adrenaline which occurs in the early stages of myocardial infarction in the dog is induced reflexly from stimulation of cardiac receptors at the site and the boundary of the infarct. The reflex involves vagal as well as extra-vagal pathways and supraspinal structures. Enhanced liberation of noradrenaline in the early stage of infarction may reflect release from postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings in the heart.
The Role of Vasopressin and Urea in the Renal Concentrating Defect of Patients with Cirrhosis of the Liver
Authors: Vaamonde C. A. , Vaamonde Liliana S. , Presser J. I. , Morosi H. J. , Klingler E. L. , Papper S. 
Published: August 2015

1. The maximal urine osmolality in response to vasopressin during water diuresis and during hydropenia was studied in twenty patients with cirrhosis and sixteen noncirrhotic subjects under controlled dietary conditions.
2. The cirrhotic patients exhibited a significantly lower maximal urine osmolality under both experimental conditions.
3. During water diuresis decompensated and compensated cirrhotics had comparable maximal urine osmolalities after vasopressin. A decreased response of the renal tubules to vasopressin does not appear to have a significant role in the concentrating defect.
4. The cirrhotic patients had a significantly lower excretion rate of urea at high (water diuresis) and low (vasopressin antidiuresis or hydropenia) urine flow rates. The lower urine urea concentration accounted for most of the decrease observed in maximal urinary concentration. After vasopressin administration the absolute tubular reabsorption of urea was also significantly lower in cirrhotic patients. The results suggest that a decrease in the medullary urea content decreases medullary osmolality resulting in the defect in urine concentration noted in these cirrhotic patients at low urine flow rates.
5. Protein depletion or decreased urea synthesis may in part be responsible for the decreased availability of urea for the concentrating process in cirrhosis.
6. Lack of correlation between concentrating and diluting capacity in these patients suggested that decreased delivery of sodium to the distal site might not be the limiting factor common to both renal functional abnormalities observed in cirrhosis of the liver.
Intrarenal Distribution of Blood Flow during Saline Loading in the Dog
Authors: Bovee K. C. , Webster G. D. 
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of infusion of iso-osmotic saline on renal haemodynamics was studied to determine if the natriuresis that follows is associated with parallel and constant changes in renal cortical or outer medullary blood flow.
2. Blood flow was determined by external monitoring of the washout of 133Xe and the clearance of p-aminohippurate at two rates of saline loading in anaesthetized dogs.
3. After moderate saline loads (40 ml/kg body weight), increase in blood flow was limited to the renal cortex. After large saline loads (80 ml/kg body weight), a significant increase in outer medullary flow occurred in addition to increased cortical flow.
4. Changes in outer medullary blood flow as measured by the washout of 133Xe agreed with those predicted from the extraction of p-aminohippurate.
5. The extent of natriuresis did not consistently correlate with changes in either cortical or outer medullary blood flow. Whereas increases in renal blood flow were associated with a brisk natriuresis, it appears there is no simple relationship between increased cortical or outer medullary flow and sodium excretion.