bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic Adsorptive Isolation and Biophysical and Biochemical Characterization of the Surface Film of Human Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
Authors: Winsel Klaus , Lunkenheimer Klaus , Geggel Katrina , Witt Christian 
Published: December 2013

AbstractLung surfactant is the surface active material of the lung alveoli that makes breathing possible. It consists of various amphiphilic components like phospholipids and surfactant proteins and can be isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage from the lungs. The function of the surfactant system of the lungs is dominated by the composition of the surface film. It is therefore highly probable that alterations of the lung surfactant in lung diseases are mostly reflected in the surface film of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of isolating the native surface film of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid with the high-performance surfactant purification apparatus HPS 1 from the technical as well as from the theoretical point of view.Basically this method represents a technique for the high-performance purification of ordinary surfactants to remove surface-active impurities and to achieve “surface-chemically” pure solutions. After adsorption from bulk BAL fluid (within 30 min) and subsequent compression of the adsorbed layer (by an surface area ratio of 1 to 30) the adsorbed layer was aspirated (one cycle) and the aspirated solution collected. This procedure was repeated for 100 and 200 times. The collected fractions of the aspirated solutions (after 100 and 200 cycles), the original BAL fluid pool and the residual bulk phase were analysed for the total protein, total phospholipids and phospholipid subclasses. In addition, the dynamic surface tension of the solutions was measured. Generally, there was an increase of the protein and the phospholipid concentrations in the aspirated fractions by a factor 2 to 3 in comparison to the corresponding concentrations of the BAL fluid. Analysis of the phospholipid subclasses shows that the aspirated solutions, i. e. the surface film, contains phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. Phosphatidylethanolamine was not detected in the surface film. The percentage of phoshatidylglycerol in the surface film (100 cycles) was noticeably increased by 11.4% and 7.0%, respectively, in comparison to that of the BAL fluid. The equilibrium surface tension values of the aspirated solutions amounted to 37.5 and/or 40.3 mN/m (lavage fluid 1) and 38.6 and/or 40.2 mN/m (lavage fluid 2). The results prove that proteins and different phospholipids are integral parts of the surface film of BAL fluid and that this technique provides a new advantageous possibility for the isolation of native lung surfactant.
Cetyltriethylammonium Bromide for Large Pore Mesoporous Silicas MCM-41 Preparation
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhang Gao yong , Dong Jin xiang 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Mesoporous silicas MCM-41 with larger and variable pore size were synthesized hydrothermally by using cetyltriethylammonium bromide (CTEAB) which has a larger hydrophilic head-group compared to cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as templating agent. Various factors such as surfactant and silica molar ratio, sodium hydroxide to silica molar ratio, the crystalization time, the amount of H2O on the pore structural properties of samples were investigated.
The experimental results showed that mesoporous silicas MCM-41 with a different pore diameter in the range of 4–7 nm can be obtained by adjusting surfactant and silica molar ratio. CTEAB is an effective templating agent for large pore diameter (>4 nm) of mesoporous silicas MCM-41. The MCM-41 pore structure properties did not change markedly when the amount of H2O increase in the range investigated in the paper.
Pseudo Ternary Diagrams of Pesticide Microemulsion Systems
Authors: Pratap A. P. , Bhowmick D. N. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
In application of pesticide formulations, use of microemulsion systems offer several advantages over conventional systems such as wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates (EC's), oil in water emulsions (O/W emulsions), water in oil emulsions (W/O emulsions) and aqueous suspension concentrates. Microemulsion systems are preferred for their long-term thermodynamic stability, low viscosity and ultimate economy. Microemulsion system also enables the usage of the least expensive solvent such as water. Formulation of agrochemical microemulsion is not a straightforward process. However, the pseudo ternary plot is a convenient mean of determining the compositions of microemulsion, macroemulsion and solubilized systems. Identification of specific regions in a pseudo ternary plot makes it possible to arrive at economical composition for microemulsion and solubilized systems. Such compositions gave maximum stability with the optimum usage of surfactants. These microemulsion and solubilized systems when diluted with the inexpensive solvent such as water gave macroemulsion and microemulsion respectively, which were stable over an extended period of time. This paper provides the basis for a simple procedure for the preparation of microemulsion systems employing water, oil, surfactant and cosurfactant.
Interactions of Hardness Ions with Polymeric Scale Inhibitors in Aqueous Systems
Authors: Amjad Z. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The interactions of hardness ions (i. e., Ca, Mg, Ba) with anionic polymeric scale inhibitors (SI) containing different functional groups has been investigated using a turbidity technique. It has been found that all SI tested form insoluble salts with hardness ions under the experimental conditions used (pH 7.0 to 10.0, 25 to 65 °C, 100 to 1,000 mg/L Ca). The results indicate that compatibility of hardness ions with SI decreases with increasing pH, temperature, and hardness ion concentrations and increases with increasing NaCl concentrations. It has also been found that compatibility of hardness ion with SI can be improved by incorporating bulkier and hydrophobic monomer into SI structure. In addition, the data suggest that SI architecture (i. e., molecular weight, monomer functional group, and nature of polymerization solvents) influences the interactions of hardness ions with SI in aqueous systems.
Analysis of Odorants Produced from Indoor Drying Laundries and Effects of Enzyme for Preventing Malodor Generation
Authors: Nagoh Y. , Tobe S. , Watanabe T. , Mukaiyama T. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Recently more consumers hang and dry their laundries indoor for various reasons. Under these slow drying conditions malodor was sometimes generated. Gas chromatography analysis showed the odorants were composed of medium-chain alcohols, medium-chain aldehydes, ketones, fatty acids, N-compounds and S-compounds. Especially, medium-chain fatty acids were confirmed to make up a characteristic and striking sweaty and sour odor. The malodor is supposed to be formed from sebum and soils by oxidative degradation as well as by metabolism of microorganisms. This study shows that a laundry detergent with an enzyme possessing high protease as well as bacteriolytic activity can prevent washed clothes from malodor generation during such a prolonged drying.
Monomer Exchange Kinetics, Dynamics of Concentration Fluctuations, and Chain Isomerization of Nonionic Surfactant/Water Systems. Evidence from Broadband Ultrasonic Spectra
Authors: Hanke Elke , Telgmann Thomas , Kaatze Udo 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Ultrasonic absorption spectra, measured between 0.1 and 2000 MHz, are discussed for a variety of poly(ethylene glycol) monoalkyl ether/water (CiEj=H2O) mixtures. Depending on the temperature, the surfactant concentration, and on the length of the hydrophobic (Ci) as well as the hydrophilic part (Ej) of the surfactant molecules, the spectra reveal a multitude of shapes. The set of spectra, however, can be consistently described considering (i) a relaxation term representing the monomer exchange of the micellar solutions, (ii) another one that reflects the local fluctuations in the surfactant concentration, and, with several systems, (iii) additional terms due to CiEj associations or conformational isomerizations. The parameters of these terms are discussed in the light of relevant models. Evidence is presented for a more general view of a fluctuation controlled monomer exchange mechanism that combines aspects of both theoretical models, the micelle formation/decay kinetics and dynamics of local concentration fluctuations.
Synthesis and Investigation of Surfactants to the Purpose of Development of Fire Extinguishing Substances and Organisation of their Production in Ukraine*
Authors: Borovikov V. A. , Yurchenko I. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Foam concentrates for fire extinguishing have not been produced in Ukraine up to 1995, and need in them has been satisfied owing to their import. The purpose of the researches was development of biologically “soft” foam concentrates meeting today's requirements for the purpose of organization of their production in Ukraine. Analyses of raw materials sources and technological base of the country have been made as well as research of a number of surfactants, compounding of some foam concentrates have been developed and their production in Ukraine has been organized. Conditions of the most efficient application of a number of foam concentrates and ways for increasing of storage stability of their aqueous solutions in fire extinguishers and fire fighting installations have been found. A few normative documents and recommendations concerning testing and application of foam concentrates for fire extinguishing have been worked out.
Alkali Metal Cationization of Alkyl Glucosides under Electrospray Ionization Conditions
Authors: Zembrzuska Joanna , Zgoła-Grześkowiak Agnieszka , Frańska Magdalena 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Alkyl glucosides have been studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The effect of the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic parts of these compounds on the stability of [M + Na]+ ions has been evaluated by mass spectra at growing cone voltages. The longer the hydrophobic or the hydrophilic part, the higher the stability of these ions. It has been also found that solvent used affects the abundances of [M + Na]+ ions. In order to check if the radii of alkali metal ions influence the stability of their adducts with the compounds studied, the mass spectra have been recorded for solution containing lithium and potassium ions. The cations of smaller radius form more stable adducts, especially with the compounds having longer hydrophobic parts.
Krafft Points and Cloud Points of Polyoxyethylated Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Schott H. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The solubility of polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants (POSs) in water is limited by an upper and a lower critical temperature. The former, called cloud point (CP), is the temperature at which POSs precipitate from solution on heating because of excessive dehydration of their polyoxyethylene (POE) moieties. The latter, called Krafft point (KP), is the temperature at which POSs crystallize from solution on cooling because of increased alignment and attraction between their hydrocarbon chains. It occurs less frequently: Even if the POSs were capable of crystallizing, ice often crystallizes first.
Aqueous solutions of over 100 POSs were examined by obtaining their CPs and ascertaining whether they exhibit KPs. KPs were found in polyoxyethylated primary alcohols and fatty acid amides and in polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids. Only surfactants with strictly linear hydrocarbon chains crystallize, exhibiting KPs. Any branching, including that in polyoxyethylated linear secondary alcohols, prevents crystallization. Crystallization only occurs when the number mof carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chains equals or exceeds 12. The KPs are then proportional to m. In homologous series, the surfactants most prone to crystallizing are those with borderline solubility, which possess just enough oxyethylene groups to promote solubility in cold water. Large POE moieties depress or eliminate KPs.
The Problem of Purity in Evaluating Surfactant Performance
Authors: Iyer Ramasubramania 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Labeled surfactants have impurities in the form of un-reacted molecules or distributed products which is a constraint in evaluating its performance. This short review deals with the purity issue of surfactants and is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the methods of purification employed for obtaining a surface chemically pure surfactant for evaluation. In the second part the use of surface chemically impure surfactant in application areas of formulations is presented to highlight the impending impact on reproducibility of results.
Bleaching Product Development in View of Ecological Aspects
Authors: Cuypers L. , Hirschen M. , Reinhardt G. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The new European Detergents Regulation will enter into force 8 October 2005, dealing with the aerobic biodegradation of surfactants so far. An expansion of the regulation regarding all main organic detergent ingredients and anaerobic biodegradation aspects shall be reviewed until April 2009. Within the scope of this expansion also bleach activators will be affected, whereat in our opinion thought should been given to a specific characteristic of this ingredients category: whereas other detergent ingredients as surfactants, builders or solvents act in the washing process due to physical effects and therefore arrive at the environment in a chemical unchanged way, bleach activators react with per-oxo compounds during the washing process and hence change their chemical structure. So, regarding bleach activators, the environmental relevant compound differs from the compound being existent in the washing agent. This issue shall be pointed out considering various bleach activators as example.
Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous MCM-41 Templated by the Mixture of Cationic-Anionic Surfactant
Authors: Tai Xiumei , Wang Hongxia , Du Zhiping , Shi Xiuqi 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Using the mixture of cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic Sodium Alkyl Epoxy Ethylene Carboxylate (AEC9Na) as template, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as silica source, ethylenediamine (EDA) as base source, mesoporous MCM-41 has been synthesized at room temperature, characterized by X-ray power diffraction(XRD) and N2 adsorption. The results showed that with the change of the ratio of cationic to anionic surfactant the pore size can be controlled and the mesoporous MCM-41 has larger pore size than that synthesized by using CTAB alone as template.
Study on Production of High-monoester Sucrose Fatty Acid Esters by Improved Metallic Salt Method and Alcoholic Separation
Authors: Jinli Zhu , Shufen Zhang , Jinzong Yang , Pei Zhang 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Crude sucrose fatty acid esters made by solvent-free process are purified by an improved metallic salt method and alcoholic separation. It is found that purified sucrose fatty acid esters can be obtained only by the use of calcium chloride in an amount stoichiometrically equivalent to the amount of the potassium stearate to be removed or in a slight excess amount. Among other soaps, potassium stearate is removed more easily from the crude sucrose fatty acid esters, which shows that potassium stearate is the most suitable soap for the solvent-free synthesis of sucrose fatty acid esters. In addition, it is also found that pure sucrose fatty acid esters can be quantitatively separated into two fractions, one with high-monoester content, and the other with low-monoester content. Sucrose fatty acid esters with a wide range of HLB can be obtained by mixing the two parts in varied proportions. An equilibrium relationship between the distribution of sucrose fatty acid esters with a high HLB in liquid phase and sucrose esters with a low HLB in the precipitate is studied and a triangle graph and equations are given. According to the triangular graph and the equations, the yield of the two fractions can be predicted.
The Quantitative Characterization of Chemical Modification of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Micellar Solutions and Retention Model in Micellar Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Samokhina L. , Loginova L. , Stepanko D. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The micelle solutions of sodium dodecyl sulphate (NaDS) modified by simultaneously presence of different aliphatic alcohols and an inorganic salt have been quantitatively characterized by the values of critical micelle concentrations, the degrees of counter-ion binding and electrostatic potentials of surface. The obtained characteristics of hybrid micelles and the coefficients of modifier distribution between aqueous solution and micellar pseudophase were used to develop a conceptual retention model in micellar liquid chromatography (MLC). The new retention model takes into account the microenvironment changes of an analyte when it goes from the hybrid micellar eluent to a modified surface of alkyl-bounded sorbent.
Testing Robustness and Compatibility of Colour Damaging Washing Tests
Authors: Reinhardt G. , Ulshöfer H. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
A significant aspect when selecting new bleaching agents is their reactivity on dyed textiles. In this paper the colour damaging effect of various the bleach activators are compared with that of tetraacetyl ethylene diamine. The tests were carried out according to ISO 105-C09 (diagnostic single wash test) and a similar test as well as the recently developed colour damaging profile test (20 wash cycles) using the AISE Dye Set. The results confirm that new bleach systems can differ significantly in their reactivity and selectivity towards individual dyeings from the conventional peroxycarboxylic acids or peroxycarboxylic acid generating activators. ISO 105-C09 appears to be suitable for prediction of the effect of conventional peroxycarboxylic acids but shows deficiency in the assessment of new bleach systems such as perimidic acids.
Effect of Micelles on the Dynamic Surface Tension of Zwitterionic Surfactants
Authors: Delgado C. , López-Díaz D. , Merchán M. D. , Velázquez M. M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The dynamic surface tension of micellar surfactant solutions was measured using the maximum bubble pressure method. The chosen surfactants were carboxy- and sulfo-betaines. At the beginning, surface tension decay curves are consistent with a diffusion-controlled adsorption. However, at long times these curves were analyzed by using the Fainerman model. From these experiments, the rate constants for demicellization were obtained. The micelle dissociation rate constant depends of the surfactant concentration, the concentration dependence is interpreted by Aniansson's theory, and the micelle dissociation constant independent of surfactant concentration was calculated. The rate constants found in this work are of the same order of magnitude as those obtained using classical techniques for fast reactions.
Micellar Characterisation of Saponin from Sapindus Mukorossi
Authors: Balakrishnan S. , Varughese S. , Deshpande A. P. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The micellar characteristics of a non-ionic, natural surfactant, saponin obtained from the soapnut tree, Sapindus mukorossi, were studied in aqueous solution. Critical micelle concentration of Sapindus saponin determined using conductivity measurements and UV absorption studies was 0.045 wt%. Increase in temperature and salt concentration led to decrease in the critical micelle concentration of Sapindus saponin. The critical micelle concentration was found to increase with increase in hardness of water and increase in pH. The micellar aggregation number was determined using cyclic voltammetry and was found to be between 13 and 21. The size of the Sapindus saponin micelles was determined using intrinsic viscosity measurements and was found to be independent of saponin concentration for concentrations above the CMC. Solubilisation of two types of crude oils and a vegetable oil was studied using micellar solubilisation technique. At lower concentrations of the surfactant, the micellar solubilisation of crude oils in saponin was better than synthetic surfactants like Triton X100® and SDS where as, the solubilisation of vegetable oil was better in synthetic surfactants.
Antagonisms between Surfactants: The Case of Laundry Detergents
Authors: Paye M. , Block C. , Hamaide N. , Hüttmann G.-E. , Kirkwood S. , Lally C. , Lloyd P. H. , Makela P. , Razenberg H. , Young R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Interaction between surfactants forms micelles that typically lead to a reduction of the irritation potential of the mixture. The objective of this study is to illustrate that such antagonism between surfactants is applicable to actual cases of consumer products e.g. laundry detergent products. The Zein test is an in vitro assay measuring corn protein denaturation by solutions of surfactant(s) and often used to predict their acute irritation potential. The Zein test data for the surfactant mixtures from nine representative laundry detergents demonstrate that the protein denaturation by the mixtures is, in all cases, lower than the cumulative score of protein denaturation by the different surfactants tested separately. The data clearly indicate that antagonism occurs between the actual surfactants present in their exact proportions as found in the consumer laundry detergent products. These data support the view that the hazard classification of detergent products as (irritant) by the dangerous preparation directive should not be based on a simple cumulative score of the irritation properties of the individual components of the products.
Krafft Points and Cloud Points of Polyoxyethylated Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Schott H. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants (POSs) are more soluble in cold than in hot water. On heating, they precipitate reversibly from aqueous solution at and above characteristic temperatures, which are called cloud points (CPs) because the solutions turn cloudy/opaque. The CPs of normally distributed POSs are correlated with the average number p of oxyethylene units per molecule by the linear equation (p – p0)/CP=A+B(p – p0). In a homologous series of POSs, the smallest value of p conducive to solubility in ice-cold water, p0, belongs to the surfactant with CP=0°. Its hydrophile-lipophile balance, HLB0, is a quantitative measure of the hydrophobicity of the parent fatty alcohols, CmH2m+1OH, fatty acids and alkylphenols. New CPs, especially of POSs with p approaching p0, are combined with published CPs in this study. The order of increasing HLB0 and hydrophobicity of the parent compounds, accompanied by decreasing CPs of their ethoxylates, is: saturated linear primary alcohols [m=18 (lowest HLB0=8.2), 16, 14.6, 13.3, 12.7, 12.0]<oleyl alcohol<saturated primary alcohols with multiple methyl branches (m=10, 13)<Guerbet alcohols (2-hexyldecanol, 2-butyloctanol)<p-nonyl (i.e., triisopropyl)phenol<p-octyl (i.e., diisobutyl)phenol<esterified saturated linear acids [m=18, 12 (highest HLB0=11.4)]. Interpolation by means of the equation above with the appropriate values of p0, A and B supplies the CP for any homologous POS belonging to one of the 14 groups investigated, based on its degree of ethoxylation p.