bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urinary, Fecal, and Dual Incontinence in Older U.S. Adults
Authors: Wu Jennifer M. , Matthews Catherine A. , Vaughan Camille P. , Markland Alayne D. 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of urinary (UI), fecal (FI), and dual incontinence (DI) and to identify shared factors associated with each type of incontinence in older U.S. women and men.DesignPopulation‐based cross‐sectional study.SettingNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005–2010).ParticipantsWomen and men aged 50 and older.MeasurementsUI was defined as moderate to severe (≥3 on a validated UI severity index, range 0–12); FI was at least monthly loss of solid, liquid, or mucus stool; and DI was the presence of UI and FI.ResultsWomen were more likely than men to report UI only and DI but not FI only (UI only, women 19.8%, men 6.4%; FI only, women 8.2%, men 8.4%; DI women, 6.0%, men 1.9%). In both sexes, prevalence increased with age. In regression models adjusted for parity and hysterectomy, DI in women was associated with non‐Hispanic white race (odds ratio (OR) = 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–3.4), depression (OR = 4.7, 95% CI = 2.0–11.1), comorbidities (OR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.9–9.6 for ≥3 comorbidities vs none), hysterectomy (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2–2.7), and diarrhea (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.5–5.0). In men, ADL impairment (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.2–4.9) and poorer self‐rated health (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.5–5.30) were associated with DI.ConclusionUI, FI, and DI are common in older women and men. Factors associated with DI were distinct from those associated with UI and FI. There were also differences according to sex, with DI associated with depression and comorbid diseases in women and lack of functional ability and poorer self‐rated health in men.
Metabolic clues to salubrious longevity in the brain of the longest‐lived rodent: the naked mole‐rat
Authors: Triplett Judy C. , Swomley Aaron , Kirk Jessime , Lewis Katilyn , Orr Miranda , Rodriguez Karl , Cai Jian , Klein Jon B. , Buffenstein Rochelle , Butterfield D. Allan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNaked mole‐rats (NMRs) are the oldest‐living rodent species. Living underground in a thermally stable ecological niche, NMRs have evolved certain exceptional traits, resulting in sustained health spans, negligible cognitive decline, and a pronounced resistance to age‐related disease. Uncovering insights into mechanisms underlying these extraordinary traits involved in successful aging may conceivably provide crucial clues to extend the human life span and health span. One of the most fundamental processes inside the cell is the production of ATP, which is an essential fuel in driving all other energy‐requiring cellular activities. Not surprisingly, a prominent hallmark in age‐related diseases, such as neurodegeneration and cancer, is the impairment and dysregulation of metabolic pathways. Using a two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis proteomics approach, alterations in expression and phosphorylation levels of metabolic proteins in the brains of NMRs, aged 2–24 years, were evaluated in an age‐dependent manner. We identified 13 proteins with altered levels and/or phosphorylation states that play key roles in various metabolic pathways including glycolysis, β‐oxidation, the malate‐aspartate shuttle, the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) cycle, the electron transport chain, NADPH production, as well as the production of glutamate. New insights into potential pathways involved in metabolic aspects of successful aging have been obtained by the identification of key proteins through which the NMR brain responds and adapts to the aging process and how the NMR brain adapted to resist age‐related degeneration.
imageThis study examines the changes in the proteome and phosphoproteome in the brain of the naked mole‐rat aged 2–24 years. We identified 13 proteins (labeled in red) with altered expression and/or phosphorylation levels that are conceivably associated with sustained metabolic functions in the oldest NMRs that may promote a sustained health span and life span.
Filopodia formation driven by membrane glycoprotein M6a depends on the interaction of its transmembrane domains
Authors: Formoso Karina , García Micaela D. , Frasch Alberto C. , Scorticati Camila 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMembrane glycoprotein M6a, which belongs to the tetraspan proteolipid protein family, promotes structural plasticity in neurons and cell lines by unknown mechanisms. This glycoprotein is encoded byGpm6a, a stress‐regulated gene. The hippocampus of animals chronically stressed by either psychosocial or physical stressors shows decreased M6a expression. StressedGpm6a‐null mice develop a claustrophobia‐like phenotype. In humans,de novoduplication ofGPM6Aresults in learning/behavioral abnormalities, and two single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the non‐coding region are linked to mood disorders. Here, we studied M6a dimerization in neuronal membranes and its functional relevance. We showed that the self‐interaction of M6a transmembrane domains (TMDs) might be driving M6a dimerization, which is required to induce filopodia formation. Glycine mutants located inTMD2 andTMD4 of M6a affected its dimerization, thus preventing M6a‐induced filopodia formation in neurons.In silicoanalysis of three non‐synonymousSNPs located in the coding region ofTMDs suggested that these mutations induce protein instability. Indeed, theseSNPs prevented M6a from being functional in neurons, owing to decreased stability, dimerization or improper folding. Interestingly,SNP3 (W141R), which caused endoplasmic reticulum retention, is equivalent to that mutated inPLP1, W161L, which causes demyelinating Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease.imageIn this work we analyzed the functional contribution of transmembrane domains (TMDs) of the neuronal membrane glycoprotein M6a. We determined that certain glycines present in TMD2 and TMD4 are critical for filopodia induction in neurons. In addition, three nsSNPs located in the coding region of TMD2 and TMD3 of GPM6A impair M6a function by affecting its stability, folding and dimer formation.
Lack of TNF‐alpha receptor type 2 protects motor neurons in a cellular model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in mutant SOD1 mice but does not affect disease progression
Authors: Tortarolo Massimo , Vallarola Antonio , Lidonnici Dario , Battaglia Elisa , Gensano Francesco , Spaltro Gabriella , Fiordaliso Fabio , Corbelli Alessandro , Garetto Stefano , Martini Elisa , Pasetto Laura , Kallikourdis Marinos , Bonetto Valentina , Bendotti Caterina 
Published: May 2015

AbstractChanges in the homeostasis of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) have been demonstrated in patients and experimental models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the contribution of TNFα to the development of ALS is still debated. TNFα is expressed by glia and neurons and acts through the membrane receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2, which may have opposite effects in neurodegeneration. We investigated the role of TNFα and its receptors in the selective motor neuron death in ALS in vitro and in vivo. TNFR2 expressed by astrocytes and neurons, but not TNFR1, was implicated in motor neuron loss in primary SOD1‐G93A co‐cultures. Deleting TNFR2 from SOD1‐G93A mice, there was partial but significant protection of spinal motor neurons, sciatic nerves, and tibialis muscles. However, no improvement of motor impairment or survival was observed. Since the sciatic nerves of SOD1‐G93A/TNFR2−/− mice showed high phospho‐TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) accumulation and low levels of acetyl‐tubulin, two indices of axonal dysfunction, the lack of symptom improvement in these mice might be due to impaired function of rescued motor neurons. These results indicate the interaction between TNFR2 and membrane‐bound TNFα as an innovative pathway involved in motor neuron death. Nevertheless, its inhibition is not sufficient to stop disease progression in ALS mice, underlining the complexity of this pathology.
image
We show evidence of the involvement of neuronal and astroglial TNFR2 in the motor neuron degeneration in ALS. Both concur to cause motor neuron death in primary astrocyte/spinal neuron co‐cultures. TNFR2 deletion partially protects motor neurons and sciatic nerves in SOD1‐G93A mice but does not improve their symptoms and survival. However, TNFR2 could be a new target for multi‐intervention therapies.
VEHICLE ACCESS AND EXPOSURE TO NEIGHBORHOOD POVERTY: EVIDENCE FROM THE MOVING TO OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM
Authors: Dawkins Casey , Jeon Jae Sik , Pendall Rolf 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTThe geographic determinants of social and economic opportunity have received much scholarly attention. A missing link in this body of research is an emphasis on the range of factors influencing low‐income households’ exposure to neighborhood poverty over time. This paper examines the dynamics of exposure to neighborhood poverty for Moving to Opportunity (MTO) program participants. Our paper is unique in its emphasis on the role of vehicle access as it shapes exposure to neighborhood poverty. We find that vehicle access is an important factor shaping residential spells and transitions to low‐poverty neighborhoods over time. We also find that the combined influence of a geographically‐targeted residential mobility requirement and vehicle access substantially elevates a household's likelihood of accessing and staying in a low‐poverty neighborhood. These findings suggest that residential mobility programs and similar efforts to spatially deconcentrate poverty should pay particular attention to the transportation needs of low‐income households.
Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum for the Treatment of Peyronie's Disease: The Development of This Novel Pharmacologic Approach
Authors: Gelbard Martin K. , Chagan Larisa , Tursi James P. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Introduction
The conception of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) as treatment for Peyronie's disease (PD) was a vital first step in providing a nonsurgical, minimally invasive FDA-approved treatment for men with PD.

Aim
To review the origins, clinical research history, and ultimately FDA approval of collagenase as PD treatment.

Methods
A PubMed search using (Peyronie's or Peyronie) AND collagenase, and limited to clinical research studies, returned nine papers that were examined in the current review.

Results
Collagenase as a PD treatment arose in response to a lack of effective nonsurgical treatments and the incomplete understanding of underlying PD etiology. Awareness of dense collagen in PD scarring and parallel initial exploration of collagenase to treat herniated lumbar discs coincided with and inspired laboratory-based investigation of collagenase effects on excised PD plaque tissue. The foundational conceptual work and the critical development of purified injectable collagenase allowed the pursuit of clinical studies. Progression of clinical studies into large-scale robust trials culminated in two important outcomes: development of the first validated, PD-specific measure of psychosexual function, the Peyronie's Disease Questionnaire, and the first FDA-approved treatment for PD.

Conclusions
Collagenase therapy began as an attempt to modify the structure of PD-related tunica albuginea scarring, despite the lack of a fundamental understanding of the scar's origin. If we wish to advance PD treatment beyond this first effective step, the future needs to bring us full circle to the starting point: We need a greater understanding of the control of collagen deposition and wound healing in men with PD.
Atmospheric N deposition alters connectance, but not functional potential among saprotrophic bacterial communities
Authors: Freedman Zachary B. , Zak Donald R. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe use of co‐occurrence patterns to investigate interactions between micro‐organisms has provided novel insight into organismal interactions within microbial communities. However, anthropogenic impacts on microbial co‐occurrence patterns and ecosystem function remain an important gap in our ecological knowledge. In a northern hardwood forest ecosystem located in Michigan, USA, 20 years of experimentally increased atmospheric N deposition has reduced forest floor decay and increased soil C storage. This ecosystem‐level response occurred concomitantly with compositional changes in saprophytic fungi and bacteria. Here, we investigated the influence of experimental N deposition on biotic interactions among forest floor bacterial assemblages by employing phylogenetic and molecular ecological network analysis. When compared to the ambient treatment, the forest floor bacterial community under experimental N deposition was less rich, more phylogenetically dispersed and exhibited a more clustered co‐occurrence network topology. Together, our observations reveal the presence of increased biotic interactions among saprotrophic bacterial assemblages under future rates of N deposition. Moreover, they support the hypothesis that nearly two decades of experimental N deposition can modify the organization of microbial communities and provide further insight into why anthropogenic N deposition has reduced decomposition, increased soil C storage and accelerated phenolic DOC production in our field experiment.
Two glycerol uptake systems contribute to the high osmotolerance of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
Authors: Dušková Michala , Ferreira Célia , Lucas Cândida , Sychrová Hana 
Published: May 2015

SummaryThe accumulation of glycerol is essential for yeast viability upon hyperosmotic stress. Here we show that the osmotolerant yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii has two genes, ZrSTL1 and ZrSTL2, encoding transporters mediating the active uptake of glycerol in symport with protons, contributing to cell osmotolerance and intracellular pH homeostasis. The growth of mutants lacking one or both transporters is affected depending on the growth medium, carbon source, strain auxotrophies, osmotic conditions and the presence of external glycerol. These transporters are localised in the plasma membrane, they transport glycerol with similar kinetic parameters and besides their expected involvement in the cell survival of hyperosmotic stress, they surprisingly both contribute to an efficient survival of hypoosmotic shock and to the maintenance of intracellular pH homeostasis under non‐stressed conditions. Unlike STL1 in Sa. cerevisiae, the two Z. rouxii STL genes are not repressed by glucose, but their expression and activity are downregulated by fructose and upregulated by non‐fermentable carbon sources, with ZrSTL1 being more influenced than ZrSTL2. In summary, both transporters are highly important, though Z. rouxii CBS 732T cells do not use external glycerol as a source of carbon.
Multiple modes of iron uptake by the filamentous, siderophore‐producing cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. PCC 7120
Authors: Rudolf Mareike , Kranzler Chana , Lis Hagar , Margulis Ketty , Stevanovic Mara , Keren Nir , Schleiff Enrico 
Published: May 2015

SummaryIron is a member of a small group of nutrients that limits aquatic primary production. Mechanisms for utilizing iron have to be efficient and adapted according to the ecological niche. In respect to iron acquisition cyanobacteria, prokaryotic oxygen evolving photosynthetic organisms can be divided into siderophore‐ and non‐siderophore‐producing strains. The results presented in this paper suggest that the situation is far more complex. To understand the bioavailability of different iron substrates and the advantages of various uptake strategies, we examined iron uptake mechanisms in the siderophore‐producing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Comparison of the uptake of iron complexed with exogenous (desferrioxamine B, DFB) or to self‐secreted (schizokinen) siderophores by Anabaena sp. revealed that uptake of the endogenous produced siderophore complexed to iron is more efficient. In addition, Anabaena sp. is able to take up dissolved, ferric iron hydroxide species (Fe′) via a reductive mechanism. Thus, Anabaena sp. exhibits both, siderophore‐ and non‐siderophore‐mediated iron uptake. While assimilation of Fe′ and FeDFB are not induced by iron starvation, FeSchizokinen uptake rates increase with increasing iron starvation. Consequently, we suggest that Fe′ reduction and uptake is advantageous for low‐density cultures, while at higher densities siderophore uptake is preferred.
The essential role of SepF in mycobacterial division
Authors: Gola Susanne , Munder Thomas , Casonato Stefano , Manganelli Riccardo , Vicente Miguel 
Published: May 2015

SummaryMycobacteria lack several of the components that are essential in model systems as Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis for the formation of the divisome, a ring‐like structure assembling at the division site to initiate bacterial cytokinesis. Divisome assembly depends on the correct placement of the FtsZ protein into a structure called the Z ring. Notably, early division proteins that assist in the localisation of the Z ring to the cytoplasmic membrane and modulate its structure are missing in the so far known mycobacterial cell division machinery. To find mycobacterium‐relevant components of the divisome that might act at the level of FtsZ, a yeast two‐hybrid screening was performed with FtsZ from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We identified the SepF homolog as a new interaction partner of mycobacterial FtsZ. Depending on the presence of FtsZ, SepF‐GFP fusions localised in ring‐like structures at potential division sites. Alteration of SepF levels in Mycobacterium smegmatis led to filamentous cells, indicating a division defect. Depletion of SepF resulted in a complete block of division. The sepF gene is highly conserved in the M. tuberculosis complex members. We therefore propose that SepF is an essential part of the core division machinery in the genus Mycobacterium.
The origins of reproductive isolation in plants
Authors: Baack Eric , Melo Maria Clara , Rieseberg Loren H. , Ortiz‐Barrientos Daniel 
Published: May 2015

SummaryReproductive isolation in plants occurs through multiple barriers that restrict gene flow between populations, but their origins remain uncertain. Work in the past decade has shown that postpollination barriers, such as the failure to form hybrid seeds or sterility of hybrid offspring, are often less strong than prepollination barriers. Evidence implicates multiple evolutionary forces in the origins of reproductive barriers, including mutation, stochastic processes and natural selection. Although adaptation to different environments is a common element of reproductive isolation, genomic conflicts also play a role, including female meiotic drive. The genetic basis of some reproductive barriers, particularly flower colour influencing pollinator behaviour, is well understood in some species, but the genetic changes underlying many other barriers, especially pollen–stylar interactions, are largely unknown. Postpollination barriers appear to accumulate at a faster rate in annuals compared with perennials, due in part to chromosomal rearrangements. Chromosomal changes can be important isolating barriers in themselves but may also reduce the recombination of genes contributing to isolation. Important questions for the next decade include identifying the evolutionary forces responsible for chromosomal rearrangements, determining how often prezygotic barriers arise due to selection against hybrids, and establishing the relative importance of genomic conflicts in speciation.ContentsSummary968I.Introduction968II.Reproductive barriers in plants970III.Geographic patterns and the origin of reproductive isolation971IV.Genetic changes and evolutionary drivers behind reproductive isolation973V.The timing of reproductive barriers979VI.Synthesis and future directions980Acknowledgements981References981
Pinus sylvestris switches respiration substrates under shading but not during drought
Authors: Fischer Sarah , Hanf Stefan , Frosch Torsten , Gleixner Gerd , Popp Jürgen , Trumbore Susan , Hartmann Henrik 
Published: May 2015

Summary

Reduced carbon (C) assimilation during prolonged drought forces trees to rely on stored C to maintain vital processes like respiration. It has been shown, however, that the use of carbohydrates, a major C storage pool and apparently the main respiratory substrate in plants, strongly declines with decreasing plant hydration. Yet no empirical evidence has been produced to what degree other C storage compounds like lipids and proteins may fuel respiration during drought.

We exposed young scots pine trees to C limitation using either drought or shading and assessed respiratory substrate use by monitoring the respiratory quotient, δ13C of respired CO2 and concentrations of the major storage compounds, that is, carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids.

Only shaded trees shifted from carbohydrate‐dominated to lipid‐dominated respiration and showed progressive carbohydrate depletion. In drought trees, the fraction of carbohydrates used in respiration did not decline but respiration rates were strongly reduced. The lower consumption and potentially allocation from other organs may have caused initial carbohydrate content to remain constant during the experiment.

Our results suggest that respiratory substrates other than carbohydrates are used under carbohydrate limitation but not during drought. Thus, respiratory substrate shift cannot provide an efficient means to counterbalance C limitation under natural drought.
Patients' participation in decision‐making in the medical field – ‘projectification’ of patients in a neoliberal framed healthcare system
Authors: Glasdam Stinne , Oeye Christine , Thrysoee Lars 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis article focuses on patients' participation in decision‐making in meetings with healthcare professionals in a healthcare system, based on neoliberal regulations and ideas. Drawing on two constructed empirical cases, primarily from the perspective of patients, this article analyses and discusses the clinical practice around decision‐making meetings within a Foucauldian perspective. Patients' participation in decision‐making can be seen as an offshoot of respect for patient autonomy. A treatment must be chosen, when patients consult physicians. From the perspective of patients, there is a tendency for healthcare professionals to supply the patients with the information that they think are necessary for them to make their own decision. But patients do not always want to be a ‘customer’ in the healthcare system; they want to be a patient, consulting an expert for help and advice, which creates resistance to some parts of the decision‐making process. Both professionals and patients are subject to the structural frame of the medical field, formed of both neoliberal framework and medical logic. The decision‐making competence in relation to the choice of treatment is placed away from the professionals and seen as belonging to the patient. A ‘projectification’ of the patient occurs, whereby the patient becomes responsible for his/her choices in treatment and care and the professionals support him/her with knowledge, preferences, and alternative views, out of which he/she must make his/her own choices, and the responsibility for those choices now and in the future. At the same time, there is a tendency towards de‐professionalization. In that light, participation of patients in decision‐making can be regarded as a tacit governmentality strategy that shapes the location of responsibility between individual and society, and independent patients and healthcare professionals, despite the basically desirable, appropriate, and necessary idea of involving patients in their own situations from a humanistic perspective.