bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral characteristics of the plasma dispersionless injection during the storm recovery phase on 11 March 1998
Authors: He Z. H. , Chen T. , Liu Z. X. , Pu Z. Y. , Roth I. , Duan S. P. , Dunlop M. W. 
Published: October 2012

A substorm dispersionless injection event observed during the storm recovery phase on 11 March 1998 at geosynchronous orbit is carefully studied. The event shows the notable characteristics that for energetic ions the flux enhancement ratio before and after injection increases and remains elevated with increasing energy, while for energetic electrons it tends to decrease with increasing energy. In order to explain the unique injection feature, the authors propose a possible mechanism that velocity space diffusion in common to electric acceleration adjusts the particle injection state. Spectral characteristics of four different phases (pregrowth phase, the growth phase, the substorm expansion phase, and the recovery phase) have been investigated. The differential fluxes of electrons from 50 keV to 1.5 Mev and ions from 50 keV to 1.2 MeV measured by Synchronous Orbit Plasma Analyzer (SOPA) instrument onboard LANL satellite 1991–080 are found to be best fitted with the three‐parameter kappa distribution function (f ∼ A0 · E[1 + E / (κE0)]−κ−1) by Levenberg‐Marquardt and Universal Global Optimization methods. The evolutions of the three parameters in the above kappa distribution in different substorm phases have been depicted for both electrons and ions. In each phase, E0 and κ show an approximately linear relationship κ(E0) = κ0 + ηE0. This linear relationship can be obtained by solving the velocity space diffusion equation with an initial superthermal kappa distribution. Ion and electron are found to have opposite trend of parameters κ0 and η in each phase, which indicates that the different species of particles exert different velocity space diffusion processes so that their flux enhancement ratios before and after injection are rather different. This implies that not only electric field acceleration, but also velocity space diffusion plays a very important role in the particle injection.
Diurnal variations of the Fe layer in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere: Four season variability and solar effects on the layer bottomside at McMurdo (77.8°S, 166.7°E), Antarctica
Authors: Yu Zhibin , Chu Xinzhao , Huang Wentao , Fong Weichun , Roberts Brendan R. 
Published: October 2012

We provide one of the first reports on diurnal variations of the Fe layer in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) using nearly 1000 h of data collected with an Fe Boltzmann lidar at McMurdo, Antarctica from December 2010 through 2011. The Fe layer undergoes significant diurnal variations on the bottomside in autumn and spring with daytime downward extension and nighttime upward contraction. Such variations are absent in winter under 24‐h darkness. Summertime Fe density perturbations exhibit downward tidal phase progression. The bottom growth/contraction of Fe layer is shown to be a solar effect that is closely correlated with the solar elevation angle. The bottom transition corresponds to the solar elevation between −9° and −1° when sunlight passes through the lower atmosphere before reaching the MLT. Once the solar elevation is above −1°, the layer bottom remains nearly flat at its daytime altitude (∼70–73 km). When the solar elevation is below −9°, the layer bottom stays at its nighttime altitude (∼78–80 km). The descending transition rate at dawn is faster than the ascending rate at dusk. The time delay between appreciable Fe density and sunrise/sunset at the MLT increases with decreasing altitude and varies with season. We describe qualitatively how both neutral Fe chemistry with H, O and O3and photolysis of Fe‐containing molecular species may play important roles in Fe diurnal variations. Accurate rate coefficients for Fe neutral and photochemical reactions are essential to quantitatively explain the solar effects in diurnal variations of the Fe layer.
Mapping gravel bed river bathymetry from space
Authors: Legleiter C. J. , Overstreet B. T. 
Published: October 2012

Understanding river form and behavior requires an efficient means of measuring channel morphology. This study evaluated the potential to map the bathymetry of two clear‐flowing, shallow (<3 m deep) gravel bed rivers <60 m wide from 2 m‐pixel WorldView2 satellite images. Direct measurements of water column optical properties were used to quantify constraints on depth retrieval. The smallest detectable change in depth was 0.01–0.04 m and the maximum detectable depth was 5 m in green bands but <2 m in the near‐infrared; lower sensor radiometric resolution yields less precise estimates over a smaller range. An algorithm for calibrating a band ratioXto field measurements of depthdproved effective when applied to spectra extracted from images (R2= 0.822 and 0.594 for the larger and smaller stream, respectively) or measured in the field (R2= 0.769 and 0.452). This procedure also identified optimal wavelength combinations, but different bands were selected for each site. Accuracy assessment of bathymetric maps produced using various calibration approaches and image types indicated that: 1) a lineardvs.Xrelation provided depth estimates nearly as accurate as a quadratic formulation; 2) panchromatic and pan‐sharpened multispectral images with smaller 0.5 m pixels did not yield more reliable depth estimates than the original images; and 3) depth retrieval was less reliable in pools due to saturation of the radiance signal. This investigation thus demonstrated the feasibility, as well as the limitations, of measuring the bathymetry of clear, shallow gravel bed rivers from space.
Extra-electron induced covalent strengthening and generalization of intrinsic ductile-to-brittle criterion
Authors: Niu Haiyang , Chen Xing-Qiu , Liu Peitao , Xing Weiwei , Cheng Xiyue , Li Dianzhong , Li Yiyi 
Published: October 2012

AbstractTraditional strengthening ways, such as strain, precipitation and solid-solution, come into effect by pinning the motion of dislocation. Here, through first-principles calculations we report on an extra-electron induced covalent strengthening mechanism, which alters chemical bonding upon the introduction of extra-valence electrons in the matrix of parent materials. It is responsible for the brittle and high-strength properties of Al12W-type compounds featured by the typical fivefold icosahedral cages, which are common for quasicrystals and bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). In combination with this mechanism, we generalize ductile-to-brittle criterion in a universal hyperbolic form by integrating the classical Pettifor's Cauchy pressure with Pugh's modulus ratio for a wide variety of materials with cubic lattices. This study provides compelling evidence to correlate Pugh's modulus ratio with hardness of materials and may have implication for understanding the intrinsic brittleness of quasicrystals and BMGs.
Nitric oxide inhibits succinate dehydrogenase-driven oxygen consumption in potato tuber mitochondria in an oxygen tension-independent manner
Authors: Simonin Vagner , Galina Antonio 
Published: October 2012

NO (nitric oxide) is described as an inhibitor of plant and mammalian respiratory chains owing to its high affinity for COX (cytochrome c oxidase), which hinders the reduction of oxygen to water. In the present study we show that in plant mitochondria NO may interfere with other respiratory complexes as well. We analysed oxygen consumption supported by complex I and/or complex II and/or external NADH dehydrogenase in Percoll-isolated potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum) mitochondria. When mitochondrial respiration was stimulated by succinate, adding the NO donors SNAP (S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine) or DETA-NONOate caused a 70% reduction in oxygen consumption rate in state 3 (stimulated with 1 mM of ADP). This inhibition was followed by a significant increase in the Km value of SDH (succinate dehydrogenase) for succinate (Km of 0.77±0.19 to 34.3±5.9 mM, in the presence of NO). When mitochondrial respiration was stimulated by external NADH dehydrogenase or complex I, NO had no effect on respiration. NO itself and DETA-NONOate had similar effects to SNAP. No significant inhibition of respiration was observed in the absence of ADP. More importantly, SNAP inhibited PTM (potato tuber mitochondria) respiration independently of oxygen tensions, indicating a different kinetic mechanism from that observed in mammalian mitochondria. We also observed, in an FAD reduction assay, that SNAP blocked the intrinsic SDH electron flow in much the same way as TTFA (thenoyltrifluoroacetone), a non-competitive SDH inhibitor. We suggest that NO inhibits SDH in its ubiquinone site or its Fe–S centres. These data indicate that SDH has an alternative site of NO action in plant mitochondria.
Comparison of Narrative and Expository Writing in Students With and Without Language-Learning Disabilities
Authors: Koutsoftas Anthony D. , Gray Shelley 
Published: October 2012

Purpose
Students with language-learning disabilities (LLD) demonstrate difficulties with written language, especially in the areas of productivity, complexity, and grammar. It is not clear how these deficits affect their performance on high-stakes tests, such as those required by the No Child Left Behind Act (U.S. Department of Education, 2002). This study used writing samples to compare how students with and without LLD scored on analytic writing measures that are typically used in writing research and on a more holistic measure of writing, the six-traits writing rubric (STWR; Education Northwest, 2006), which is used in high-stakes writing assessments.

Method
Fifty-six 4th and 5th graders with typical development (TD) or LLD produced 1 narrative and 1 expository writing sample. Measures of oral language ability and handwriting accuracy–speed were also obtained. The narrative and expository samples were scored using 5–6 separate analytic measures and 6 separate traits on the STWR.

Results
On narratives, the TD group scored significantly higher than the LLD group on 5 analytic measures and all 6 traits. Similarly, for expository, the TD group outscored the LLD group on 3 analytic measures and all 6 traits. Results demonstrate that the analytic scores of productivity, sentence complexity, and lexical diversity were correlated significantly with a higher overall score on the STWR for narrative writing samples only.

Discussion
Results of this study suggest that exclusive use of analytic scores to select treatment goals and document writing progress may not translate into increased scores on writing rubrics, particularly for expository writing samples.
Metalinguistics, Stress Accuracy, and Word Reading: Does Dialect Matter?
Authors: Jarmulowicz Linda , Taran Valentina L. , Seek Jamie 
Published: October 2012

Purpose
The authors examined the influence of demographic variables on nonmainstream American English (NMAE) use; the differences between NMAE speakers and mainstream American English (MAE) speakers on measures of metalinguistics, single-word reading, and a new measure of morphophonology; and the differences between the 2 groups in the relationships among the measures.

Method
Participants were typically developing 3rd graders from Memphis, TN, including 21 MAE and 21 NMAE speakers. Children received a battery of tests measuring phonological and morphological awareness (PA and MA), morphophonology (i.e., accurately produced lexical stress in derived words), decoding, and word identification (WID).

Results
Controlling for socioeconomic status, measures of PA, decoding, and WID were higher for MAE than for NMAE speakers. There was no difference in stress accuracy between the dialect groups. Only for the NMAE group were PA and MA significantly related to decoding and WID. Stress accuracy was correlated with word reading for the NMAE speakers and with all measures for the MAE speakers.

Conclusion
Stress accuracy was consistently related to reading measures, even when PA and MA were not. Morphophonology involving suprasegmental factors may be an area of convergence between language varieties because of its consistent relationship to word reading.
Oral Language Competence, Young Speakers, and the Law
Authors: Snow Pamela C. , Powell Martine B. , Sanger Dixie D. 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThis paper highlights the forensic implications of language impairment in 2 key (and overlapping) groups of young people: identified victims of maltreatment (abuse and/or neglect) and young offenders.MethodTwo lines of research pertaining to oral language competence and young people’s interface with the law are considered: 1 regarding investigative interviewing with children as victims or witnesses in the context of serious allegations of sexual abuse, and the other pertaining to adolescent offenders as suspects, witnesses, or victims. The linguistic demands that forensic interviewing places on these young people are also considered. Literature concerning the impact of early maltreatment on early language acquisition is briefly reviewed, as is the role of theory of mind in relation to the requirements of investigative interviewing of children and adolescents.ImplicationsHigh-risk young people (i.e., those who are subject to child protection orders because of suspected or confirmed maltreatment, and those who are engaged with the youth justice system) face an elevated risk for suboptimal language development but may need to draw on their language skills in high-stakes forensic interviews. Implications for early intervention policy and practice are identified, and the need for greater speech-language pathology advocacy and engagement in forensic interviewing research is emphasized.
Postschool Educational and Employment Experiences of Young People With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Conti-Ramsden Gina , Durkin Kevin 
Published: October 2012

Purpose
This study examined the postschool educational and employment experiences of young people with and without specific language impairment (SLI).

Method

Nineteen-year-olds with (
n
= 50) and without (
n
= 50) SLI were interviewed on their education and employment experiences since finishing compulsory secondary education.

Results
On average, young people with SLI were less successful than their peers without SLI, but they did attain some achievements. Young people with SLI obtained ∼2, mostly vocational qualifications in the first few years post school. Young people continuing in education at 19 years were most commonly in lower level educational placements than their typically developing (TD) peers. Performance IQ and language/literacy skills were the strongest predictors of educational experience level at this age. Young people with SLI truant less and report feeling more supported than TD peers. In terms of employment, similar proportions of young people with and without SLI had jobs. A larger proportion of young people with SLI, however, were not in education, employment, or training at 19 years of age.

Conclusion
In the immediate postschool years, young people with SLI fare less well in education and employment than their TD peers.
Developmental Communication Impairments in Adults: Outcomes and Life Experiences of Adults and Their Parents
Authors: Clegg Judy , Ansorge Lydia , Stackhouse Joy , Donlan Chris 
Published: October 2012

PurposeThis study identifies the outcomes and documents the longitudinal life experiences of adults who attended a specialist residential school for children with pervasive and complex developmental communication impairments.MethodSemistructured interviews were carried out with 26 adult ex-pupils who had attended the school and the parents of 15 of the ex-pupils.ResultsSeven key themes were identified from the data, including (a) lack of appropriate support and the impact of this in early childhood, (b) advantages and disadvantages of specialist educational provision compared to mainstream and other provision, (c) changing impact of developmental communication impairments over time, (d) challenging transition away from specialist educational provision, (e) absence of appropriate support for adults with developmental communication impairments, (f) persisting impact of developmental communication impairments on social and emotional functioning in adult life, and (g) differences in perspective between the adult ex-pupils and their parents.ConclusionAcross the adult ex-pupils and their parents, the perceived reported benefits of early intervention, parental support, specialist educational provision, and guidance at times of transitions should inform current service provision for this vulnerable group of individuals and their families.
Longitudinal Patterns of Behavioral, Emotional, and Social Difficulties and Self-Concepts in Adolescents With a History of Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Lindsay Geoff , Dockrell Julie E. 
Published: October 2012

Purpose
This study explored the prevalence and stability of behavioral difficulties and self-concepts between the ages of 8 and 17 years in a sample of children with a history of specific language impairment (SLI). We investigated whether earlier behavioral, emotional, and social difficulties (BESD); self-concepts; and language and literacy abilities predicted behavioral difficulties and self-concepts at 16/17 years.

Method
In this prospective longitudinal study, 65 students were followed up with teacher behavior ratings and individual assessments of language, literacy, and self-concepts at 8, 10, 12, 16, and 17 years.

Results
The students had consistently higher levels than norms of 5 domains of BESD, which had different trajectories over time, and poorer scholastic competence, whose trajectory also varied over time. Earlier language ability did not predict later behavioral difficulties or self-concepts, but the prediction of academic self-concept at 16 by literacy at 10 years approached significance.

Conclusions
The importance of distinguishing domains of behavioral difficulties and self-concept is demonstrated. Language, when measured at 8 or 10 years of age, was not a predictor of behavior or self-concepts at 16 years, or of self-concepts at 17 years. The study stresses the importance of practitioners addressing academic abilities and different social–behavioral domains in delivering support for adolescents with SLI.
Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning of Secondary School Students With Low Academic and Language Performance: Perspectives From Students, Teachers, and Parents
Authors: Joffe Victoria L. , Black Emma 
Published: October 2012

PurposeAdolescence is a time of transition when young people with language difficulties are at increased risk of experiencing social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties (SEBD). Most studies of social, emotional, and behavioral functioning (SEBF) in individuals with language difficulties focus on children with a clinical diagnosis of language impairment. This study explores SEBF in a nonclinical group of 12-year-old students with low educational and language performance from their own perspectives and those of their parents and teachers.MethodThe Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997) was given to 352 mainstream secondary school students who were underperforming academically and had poor language performance. Two hundred and twenty-five of their parents and 230 of their teachers also completed the questionnaire.ResultsStudents with low educational attainment and poor language showed significantly greater SEBD than a normative sample as reported by themselves, their parents, and their teachers. Significant differences were found across informants, with students identifying more overall difficulties than parents or teachers.ConclusionSecondary school students with low academic and language performance are more vulnerable to experiencing SEBD compared to typically developing peers. The extent of their difficulties varied depending on the informant, emphasizing the importance of gaining views from multiple perspectives.
Screw Placement Accuracy for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery: A Study on 3-D Neuronavigation-Guided Surgery
Authors: Torres Jorge , James Andrew R. , Alimi Marjan , Tsiouris Apostolos John , Geannette Christian , Härtl Roger 
Published: October 2012

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the impact of 3-D navigation for pedicle screw placement accuracy in minimally invasive transverse lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF). Methods A retrospective review of 52 patients who had MIS-TLIF assisted with 3D navigation is presented. Clinical outcomes were assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Visual Analog Scales (VAS), and MacNab scores. Radiographic outcomes were assessed using X-rays and thin-slice computed tomography. Result The mean age was 56.5 years, and 172 screws were implanted with 16 pedicle breaches (91.0% accuracy rate). Radiographic fusion rate at a mean follow-up of 15.6 months was 87.23%. No revision surgeries were required. The mean improvement in the VAS back pain, VAS leg pain, and ODI at 11.3 months follow-up was 4.3, 4.5, and 26.8 points, respectively. At last follow-up the mean postoperative disc height gain was 4.92 mm and the mean postoperative disc angle gain was 2.79 degrees. At L5–S1 level, there was a significant correlation between a greater disc space height gain and a lower VAS leg score. Conclusion Our data support that application of 3-D navigation in MIS-TLIF is associated with a high level of accuracy in the pedicle screw placement.
The CORE‐10: A short measure of psychological distress for routine use in the psychological therapies
Authors: Barkham Michael , Bewick Bridgette , Mullin Tracy , Gilbody Simon , Connell Janice , Cahill Jane , Mellor-Clark John , Richards David , Unsworth Gisela , Evans Chris 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackground: There is a need for a generic, short, and easy‐to‐use assessment measure for common presentations of psychological distress in UK primary care mental health settings. This paper sets out the development of the CORE‐10 in response to this need. Method: Items were drawn from the CORE‐OM and 10 items were selected according to a combination of usefulness, coverage of item clusters, and statistical procedures. Three CORE‐OM datasets were employed in the development phase: (1) a primary care sample, (2) a sample from an MRC platform trial of enhanced collaborative care of depression in primary care, and (3) a general population sample derived from the Office of National Statistics Psychiatric Morbidity Follow‐up survey. A fourth dataset comprising a sample from an occupational health setting was used to evaluate the CORE‐10 in its standalone format. Results: The internal reliability (alpha) of the CORE‐10 was .90 and the score for the CORE‐10 correlated with the CORE‐OM at .94 in a clinical sample and .92 in a non‐clinical sample. The clinical cut‐off score for general psychological distress was 11.0 with a reliable change index (90% CI) of 6. For depression, the cut‐off score for the CORE‐10 was 13 and yielded sensitivity and specificity values of .92 (CI=.83–1.0) and 0.72 (CI=.60–.83) respectively. Conclusion: The CORE‐10 is an acceptable and feasible instrument that has good psychometric properties and is practical to use with people presenting with common mental health problems in primary care settings.