bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pegylated Interferon Results in Higher Serological, but Not Virological, Response Rates When Compared to Continuous Entecavir
Authors: Sonneveld Milan J , Zoutendijk Roeland , Hansen Bettina E , Janssen Harry LA 
Published: August 2012

Background Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance are associated with an improved prognosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. These end points are more often achieved with a one-year course of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) compared with one year of nucleoside/nucleotide analogue therapy. However, prolonged nucleoside/nucleotide analogue therapy may result in comparable serological response rates as with PEG-IFN. Methods We compared serological and virological response rates among HBeAg-positive CHB patients treated with long-term continuous entecavir (ETV; n=91) for a median of 92 (IQR 50–132) weeks or one year of PEG-IFN ( n=266) with comparable follow-up. Results Median follow-up was 92 weeks (IQR 78–198) for patients treated with PEG-IFN and 92 weeks (IQR 50–132) for patients treated with ETV. Finite PEG-IFN therapy resulted in significantly higher rates of HBeAg seroconversion (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 3.16; P<0.001) and HBsAg clearance (HR 5.66; P=0.027) when compared to prolonged ETV treatment, whereas, ETV resulted in higher rates of HBV DNA undetectability (OR 31.14; P<0.001) also after adjustment for HBV genotype and other relevant baseline factors. Conclusions Our study shows that finite PEG-IFN is associated with a higher probability of serological, but not virological, response for HBeAg-positive CHB patients when compared to prolonged ETV, even after correction for baseline differences.
Relationship of Intrarenal Gene Expression and the Histological Class of Lupus Nephritis — A Study on Repeat Renal Biopsy
Authors: LU JIANXIN , SZETO CHEUK-CHUN , TAM LAI-SHAN , LAI FERNAND MAC-MOUNE , LI EDMUND KWOK-MING , CHOW KAI-MING , LI PHILIP KAM-TAO , KWAN BONNIE CHING-HA 
Published: August 2012

Objective.To study the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)/Fn14 and the interferon-inducible protein (IP-10)/CXCR3 axis in lupus nephritis (LN).Methods.We studied 113 patients with LN who had had repeat renal biopsies. Glomerular and tubulointerstitial messenger RNA expression of TWEAK, Fn14, IP-10, and CXCR3 were quantified.Results.Glomerular Fn14 expression decreased when changed from proliferative or mixed nephritis to membranous nephropathy (p = 0.016), and increased when changed from membranous to proliferative or mixed nephritis (p = 0.0006). On the other hand, tubulointerstitial TWEAK expression decreased when changed from proliferative or mixed nephritis to membranous nephropathy (p = 0.004), and increased when changed from membranous nephropathy to proliferative nephritis (p = 0.010). Tubulointerstitial IP-10 expression decreased when changed from proliferative or mixed nephritis to membranous nephropathy (p < 0.0001). Histological activity index correlated significantly with the glomerular expression of Fn14 (r = 0.421, p < 0.0001) and tubulointerstitial expression of TWEAK (r = 0.413, p < 0.0001) and IP-10 (r = 0.472, p < 0.0001).Conclusion.Glomerular Fn14 and tubulointerstitial TWEAK and IP-10 expression appeared to have consistent changes in relation to the histological class of LN and correlated with the histological activity index. Our findings suggest a specific role of these genes in the pathogenesis of LN.
Vertebral Fractures in Ankylosing Spondylitis Are Associated with Lower Bone Mineral Density in Both Central and Peripheral Skeleton
Authors: KLINGBERG EVA , GEIJER MATS , GÖTHLIN JAN , MELLSTRÖM DAN , LORENTZON MATTIAS , HILME ELISABET , HEDBERG MARTIN , CARLSTEN HANS , FORSBLAD-D’ELIA HELENA 
Published: August 2012

Objective.To study the prevalence and risk factors for vertebral fractures (VF) in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and the relation between VF, measures of disease activity, and bone mineral density (BMD) in different measurement sites.Methods.Patients with AS (modified New York criteria) underwent examination, answered questionnaires, and gave blood samples. Lateral spine radiographs were scored for VF (Genant score) and syndesmophyte formation through modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS). BMD was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the hip, radius, and lumbar spine in anteroposterior and lateral projections with estimation of volumetric BMD (vBMD).Results.Two hundred four patients (57% men) with a mean age of 50 ± 13 years and disease duration 15 ± 11 years were included. VF were diagnosed in 24 patients (12%), but were previously noted clinically in only 3 of the 24. Patients with VF were significantly older (p = 0.004), had longer disease duration (p = 0.011), higher Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (p = 0.011), mSASSS (p = 0.035), and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis patient global score-2 (BASG-2) (p = 0.032) and were more often smokers (p = 0.032). All women with a VF were postmenopausal. BMD was significantly lower at all measuring sites in the patients with VF. In logistic regression, high BASG-2, low BMD in femoral neck, and low lumbar vBMD were independently associated with presence of VF.Conclusion.VF in AS are common but are often not diagnosed. VF are associated with advanced age, longstanding disease, impaired back mobility, syndesmophyte formation, and lower BMD in both the central and peripheral skeleton. BMD in the femoral neck, total hip, and estimated vBMD showed the strongest association with VF.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The New Immunosuppressants?
Authors: Dhir Varun 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Mesenchymal stem cells are adult stem cells which can differentiate into cells of mesodermal lineage. osteoblasts, chondroblasts and adipocytes. They have an important property of immunosuppression which is mediated mainly through soluble mediators, like interleukin-1, transforming growth factor-β, nitric oxide, indoleamine 2,3 dioxegenase, etc. They have been shown to suppress both naive and antigen experienced T cells, lead to T cell arrest, and suppress Th1 and Th17 responses. They have also been shown to lead to development of tolerogenic dendritic cells, Th2 response and expansion of T regulatory cells. Importantly, MSCs are cells with a low immunogenic potential and hence have been used both in allogenic as well as xenogenic settings. MSCs have shown efficacy in suppressing the development of autoimmune disease in various animal models, like collagen induced arthritis, MRL-lpr mice, EAE mice, etc. They have been used in small human studies, some of which have shown benefit like in systemic lupus erythematosus. Also, they have been used in graft-verus-host disease in humans with promising results. However, a single randomized controlled trial has been done and, thus, their current status remains investigational. It is hoped that they may become part of the armamentarium to control and abberant or excessive immune reponse.

Key messages
(1) Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate only in one lineage (mesodermal). (2) They were first discovered in the bone marrow and this remains a common source, followed by adipose tissue. There are other sources: Synovial fluid, umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, placenta, fetal liver. (3) MSCs are immunosuppressive, the mechanism of which is not fully elucidated, but involves action on other cells mainly through soluble mediators, like TGFβ, IDO, IL-1, NO, etc. (4) MSCs have shown efficacy in various animal models of autoimmune diseases. There have been small human studies, some of which showed benefit, however, a single randomized controlled trial has been done. (5) MSCs may have a role in autoimmune diseases refractory to treatment or as an add onto prevent treatment side effects.

How to cite this article
Dhir V. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The New Immunosuppressants? J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(2):63-68.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Applications: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Varma Subhash , Malhotra Pankaj , Lad Deepesh P 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Hematopoietic stem cells have been at the forefront of stem cell research and its applications. Several advancements have occurred in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation since this was first accepted as a treatment for otherwise incurable hematological disorders. The progress in this field is to the extent that it is unfathomable to a single person be it a scientific researcher or a practicing clinician. In this internet era, most patients are also well informed of the utility of stem cells. There is a need to bridge the gap in knowledge of this science between the scientists, physicians and the public at large. This review aims to summarize the advances in hematopoietic stem cell applications.

Key messages

Hematopoietic stem cells possess the characteristics of self renewal, differentiation, mobilization and apoptosis.
The transfer of hematopoietic stem cells to rescue a recipient's hematopoiesis, who has received conditioning with high dose chemotherapy and/or total body irradiation, constitutes hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
Hematopoietic stem cells can be obtained from the bone marrow, peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood.
Autologous HSCT involves the infusion of one's own hematopoietic stem cells. An allogeneic HSCT involves the infusion of hematopoietic stem cells from another individual.
Depending on the HLA match, the HSCT is of following types: Syngeneic, matched related, matched unrelated and haploidentical.
Patient selection and the timing of transplant are the most important factors determining transplant outcomes.
Hematopoietic stem cells and umbilical cord stem cells have applications in regenerative medicine as shown in preclinical and early clinical studies.

How to cite this article
Lad DP, Malhotra P, Varma S. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Applications: Past, Present and Future. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(2):69-74.
Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Bhat Sumrita , Kumar Ashok 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Limitations with the conventional methods have bought biomaterials to the forefront for the repair and restoration of tissue functions. Recent advances in the area of biomaterials have revolutionized the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. According to the nature of polymers they are divided into different classes and each one has found applicability in the area of regenerative medicine. Each class of biomaterials has a set of properties which makes them appropriate for a specific application. The most important property is the behavior of biomaterials when implanted in vivo. It should not elicit any immune rejection reactions neither should its byproducts be toxic to animal tissue. Any type of the biomaterial can be fabricated into a three-dimensional scaffold which can be used as housing for the initial growth and proliferation of the specific cell type. In addition to the conventional methods of scaffold fabrication few contemporary methods include ‘hydrogels’ and ‘cryogels’. These matrices possess interconnected porous network which facilitates the cell migration and proliferation. These gel matrices can be fabricated from both natural and synthetic polymers and have shown applicability in different areas of tissue engineering. Biomaterials have shown applicability as cardiovascular implants, orthopedic implants, dental implants, etc. Furthermore, recent advances in the regenerative medicine have shown that in addition to the use of autologous and allogenic sources, stem cells can prove to be a very good alternative. Stem cells interaction with biomaterials has shown applicability in the regenerative medicine and thus can have an immense potential in future.

How to cite this article
Bhat S, Kumar A. Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(2):81-89.
Late Opacification of Foldable Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Gupta Nishant , Ram Jagat , Chaudhary Manish , Sukhija Jaspreet Singh , Kumar Jaidrath 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Objective
To report opacification of hydrophilic acrylic and silicone foldable intraocular lenses (IOL).

Designs
Case series.

Participants
Five patients with IOL opacification.

Results
We report five eyes of five patients with late opacification of the intraocular lens (IOL). Three patients had hydrophilic acrylic (SC60B-OUV-MDR, Inc), two had silicone IOL (Allergan SI30NB). Two out of the three patients with opacified hydrophilic acrylic IOLs had diabetes mellitus. Three eyes with opacified acrylic IOL underwent IOL exchange with hydrophobic acrylic IOL. Two silicone IOL patients had no visually significant opacification and were managed conservatively.

Conclusion
IOL optic opacification in hydrophilic acrylic and silicone IOL may be due to defective material, manufacturing process, storage.

How to cite this article
Ram J, Gupta N, Chaudhary M, Sukhija JS, Gupta A, Kumar J. Late Opacification of Foldable Intraocular Lenses. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(2):95-97.
The Association between Nasal Septum Deviation and Sagittal Maxillary Growth Discrepancy
Authors: Bansal Ajay , Utreja Ashok Kumar , Panda Naresh Kumar , Jena Ashok Kumar , Singh Satinder Pal 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT

Objective
To test the hypothesis that there is no association between the nasal septum deviation and the sagittal growth discrepancy of maxilla.

Materials and methods
Total 80 subjects in the age range of 7 to 51 years were divided into four groups of 20 each. Group I included subjects with normally positioned maxilla, group II included subjects with protruded maxilla, and group III included subjects with retruded maxilla in relation to the anterior cranial base. Subjects who already had a deviated nasal septum were included in group IV. All the subjects were clinically examined for the evaluation of nasal septum deviation. The deviation of nasal septum was categorized into anterior and posterior deviation. The sagittal maxillary growth discrepancy in all subjects was evaluated from lateral cephalograms. The association between the deviation of nasal septum and the discrepancy of maxillary growth in the sagittal plane was tested by Chi-square test.

Results
Deviated nasal septum was more common among subjects with normal and retruded maxilla than subjects with protruded maxilla. Subjects in whom nasal septum was already deviated, various sagittal maxillary growth discrepancies were equally distributed. There was no association between the nasal septum deviation and sagittal growth discrepancy of the maxilla (χ2 = 2.143 and p = 0.342).

Conclusion
There was no association between nasal septum deviation and the sagittal growth discrepancy of the maxilla.

How to cite this article
Bansal A, Utreja AK, Singh SP, Panda NK, Jena AK. The Association between Nasal Septum Deviation and Sagittal Maxillary Growth Discrepancy. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(2):98-101.
Understanding and Managing Complete form of Sporadic Koro Syndrome associated with Depression
Authors: Panigrahi Mahima , Padhy Susanta Kumar , Behere Prakash B 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT
Koro is a term, probably of Malayasian origin, a culture bound syndrome, which refers to an episode of sudden and intense anxiety that the penis will recede into the body and possibly cause death. The syndrome is reported in South and East Asia including Eastern India, occasionally found in west. It can occur in localized epidemic and sporadic form or in complete and incomplete form. In some, this is reported as a forerunner of mood disorder and is understood in the context of psychosexual conflicts, personality and culture. Moreover, reports of sporadic Koro are rare from Noneastern India and report of a holistic and comprehensive approach to understand and manage such cases are lacking. Hence, In today's era of extinction of psychotherapeutic treatments particularly in India, this rare case is a small example of how such comprehensive holistic treatments can be helpful to our population.

How to cite this article
Panigrahi M, Padhy SK, Behere PB. Understanding and Managing Complete form of Sporadic Koro Syndrome associated with Depression. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(2):104-105.
The Psychology of Time: A View Backward and Forward
Authors: Hancock P. A. , Block Richard A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe selectively review the progress of research on the psychology of time during the past 125 years, starting with the publication of the first English-language psychological journal, The American Journal of Psychology. A number of important articles on the psychology of time appeared in this journal, including the widely cited early article by Nichols (1891). The psychology of time is a seminal topic of psychological science, and although it entered a phase of decline and even moribund neglect, the past several decades have seen a prominent renaissance of interest. This renewed vigor represents the rebirth of the recognition of the centrality of the psychology of time in human cognition and behavior. Our selective overview highlights a number of strands of progress and how they have helped lead to the present, in which the cognitive neuroscience of time and timing in the brain is one of the most fervent and fertile modern areas of brain research. We also discuss some remaining challenges and potential lines of progress.
Brightness of Different Hues Is a Single Psychophysical Ratio Scale of Intensity
Authors: Steingrimsson Ragnar , Luce R. Duncan , Narens Louis 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Recent studies based on testable behavioral axioms have concluded that psychological scales of subjective intensive attributes involving the ears and eyes form ratio scales. These studies have shown that a certain commutativity of proportion property must hold under either successive increases or successive decreases, with all other independent dimensions fixed. However, until recently limited attention has been paid to whether such subjective intensity scales differ when a dimension independent of intensity, such as frequency or wavelength (e.g., pitch in audition, hue in vision) is varied. Using a simple and favorably tested theoretical model for global psychophysics, Luce, Steingrimsson, and Narens (2010) arrived at a necessary and sufficient crossfrequency, commutativity condition for there to exist a common intensity ratio scale. Here we show that brightness—already established to be a ratio-scalable dimension—and hue satisfy the same conditions.
The Illusion of Fame: How the Nonfamous Become Famous
Authors: Landau Joshua D. , Leed Stacey A. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
This article reports 2 experiments in which nonfamous faces were paired with famous (e.g., Oprah Winfrey) or semifamous (e.g., Annika Sorenstam) faces during an initial orienting task. In Experiment 1, the orienting task directed participants to consider the relationship between the paired faces. In Experiment 2, participants considered distinctive qualities of the paired faces. Participants then judged the fame level of old and new nonfamous faces, semifamous faces, and famous faces. Pairing a nonfamous face with a famous face resulted in a higher fame rating than pairing a nonfamous face with a semifamous face. The fame attached to the famous people was misattributed to their nonfamous partners. We discuss this pattern of results in the context of current theoretical explanations of familiarity misattributions.
Using Heteromodal Communication to Optimize Knowledge and Awareness
Authors: Chevalier Jessica W. , Tree Jean E. Fox 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Accurate, error-free communication is essential for success in many areas, such as eyewitness testimony, human factors design, business, education, and personal relationships. Traditional communication uses similar modalities: Participants communicate by talking or by writing, but not both at the same time with the same addressees. New communicative technologies have broadened this vista. For example, one communicator can speak and the other can type. We tested communicative effectiveness using accuracy and error detection in a trivia recall test, evaluating the roles of presentation and retrieval modalities on reporting facts stored in longterm memory. Heteromodal communication (hearing and writing or reading and saying) was more effective than homomodal communication (hearing and saying or reading and writing), with the most correct responses and the most errors caught. This has direct connections to communicative success and applied tests of skill.
Retrospective: Julian Jaynes and The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind
Authors: Rowe Bill 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
In the previous installment we looked at the circumstances surrounding the great Catastrophe of 1200 b.c.e. That historic moment set the stage for a dramatic change in human consciousness. On the far side of that event we see people unencumbered by the stresses of reflexive self-awareness. On the near side we witness the advent of the self-conscious individual. This transition gave the world great literature, art, religion, and philosophy. But it also guaranteed a troubled existence, from the invitation to "know thyself" that we see in the Dialogues to the expulsion from the garden in Genesis for knowing too much. It does indeed seem that "Hellenistic existence had been propelled into an individualism without instruction, an aimlessness motivated by a profound sense of alienation; in short, into a crisis of freedom" (Martin, 1987, p. 24). This is, of course, the metaphorical self, described by Julian Jaynes. We ended the previous installment with a metaphorical rendering of that transition that I called flash blindness: When the lights come back on after the great Catastrophe, they come on with the psychological equivalent of dark-adapted eyes stabbed by the flash of a thousand halogen lights. Whole civilizations stumble their way into the uncompromising brilliance of human subjective consciousness. What do we do now? Now We Pray
Triple signification des noms universels, intellection et abstraction dans la Logica « Ingredientibus » : Super Porphyrium d’Abélard
Authors: Lafleur Claude , Carrier Joanne 
Published: August 2012

Étude préliminaire à la nouvelle édition critique et à la traduction inédite offertes, dans ce numéro thématique, du début de la Logica « Ingredientibus » : Super Porphyrium d’Abélard, cet article opère d’abord un survol d’ensemble du texte, avec insistance sur l’exposé relatif aux universaux, et approfondit ensuite trois points de doctrine difficiles, sur lesquels l’historiographie récente a parfois hésité ou buté : la troisième signification des noms universels ; la conception prisciano-platonicienne de la pensée divine ; l’univocité de la notion de status. Ce faisant, quant aux thèmes de l’intellection et de l’abstraction en particulier, une attention constante est portée au lien, parfois critique mais toujours fécond, existant entre cette portion de la Logica « Ingredientibus » et sa source principale, l’In « Isagogen » Porphyrii Commentorum Editio secunda de Boèce, dont l’article précédent fournit une présentation, le texte latin révisé et la première traduction française.