bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observed characteristics and projected future changes of extreme consecutive dry days events of the growing season in Serbia
Authors: Bezdan Atila , Bezdan Jovana , Blagojević Boško , Baumgertel Aleksandar , Lazić Irida , Tošić Milica , Djurdjević Vladimir 
Published: July 2024

AbstractOne of the frequently used drought metrics in scientific research is the consecutive dry days (CDDs) because it effectively indicates short‐term droughts important to ecosystems and agriculture. CDDs are expected to increase in many parts of the world in the future. In Serbia, both the frequency and severity of droughts have increased in recent decades, with most droughts being caused by a lack of precipitation during the warmer months of the year and an increase in evapotranspiration due to higher temperatures. In this study, the frequency and duration of extreme CDDs in the growing season in Serbia were analysed for the past (1950–2019) and the future (2020–2100) period. The Threshold Level Method over precipitation data series was used to analyse CDD events, where extreme CDDs are defined as at least 15 consecutive days without precipitation. In contrast to the original definition of the CDD as the maximum number of consecutive days with precipitation less than 1 mm, here we defined the threshold that is more suitable for agriculture because field crops can experience water stress after 15 days of no rainfall or irrigation. An approach for modelling the stochastic process of extreme CDDs based on the Zelenhasić–Todorović (ZT) method was applied in this research. The ZT method was modified by selecting a different distribution function for modelling the durations of the longest CDD events, enabling a more reliable calculation of probabilities of occurrences. According to the results, future droughts in Serbia are likely to be more frequent and severe than those in the past. The duration of the longest CDDs in a growing season will be extended in the future, lasting up to 62 days with a 10‐year return period and up to 94 days with a 100‐year return period. Results indicate a worsening of drought conditions, especially in the eastern and northern parts of Serbia. The results can help decision‐makers adapt agricultural strategies to climate change by providing information on the expected durations of extreme rainless periods in future growing seasons. Although the analysis was performed in Serbia, it can be applied to any other region.
Use of proxy observations to evaluate the accuracy of precipitation spatial gridding
Authors: McGrath Ray , Nolan Paul 
Published: July 2024

AbstractA WRF‐based high‐resolution reanalysis of the Irish climate (1981–2010) is used to create proxy daily precipitation observations at the locations of climatological sites used for precipitation monitoring; the data are statistically representative of the real precipitation climate both for mean (over monthly, seasonal and annual periods) and extreme values. The proxy observations are spatially interpolated to the original WRF grid using a typical gridding package and compared against the original data to assess gridding errors. The errors are more complex than the estimates provided by the gridding software; systematic biases are evident which by the inclusion of strategically placed additional observing sites are shown to be greatly reduced. There is also evidence of systematic differences in trend analyses of extreme precipitation over the period. The method provides independent estimates of the errors that arise from actual gridding applications. It also facilitates the testing of the optimality of a network by highlighting possible inadequacies in an existing station layout and suggesting new observing site locations to fill gaps. Uncertainties regarding the errors in real precipitation observations, and possible spurious impacts linked to temporal changes in the real observing network, are avoided by this method.
Assessing the risk of subsoil compaction in croplands using the soil compaction stratification ratio as an indicator
Authors: Zhang Wantao , Ji Jingyi , Li Binbin , Zhang Zuoyuan , Zuo Zhenjiang , Xu Mingxiang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAccurate prediction of subsoil compaction in cropland areas is important for food security and sustainable agricultural production development. This study evaluated the validity and advantages of the soil compaction stratification ratio (SR) as an indicator for assessing the risk of subsoil compaction and presented a theoretical framework for predicting and evaluating subsoil compaction risk. Geographic information system and remote sensing technologies were utilized in combination with a state‐of‐the‐art ensemble machine learning model to quantitatively predict the spatial distribution and uncertainty of subsoil compaction risk in croplands. The results showed that the subsoil bulk density (BD) was significantly greater than the topsoil BD in Shaanxi Province, China. Compared with that of the subsoil BD, the stratification ratio of the bulk density (SRBD) exhibited greater sensitivity to subsoil compaction, and it accurately reflected spatial variations in subsoil compactness. The SRBD exhibited obvious spatial heterogeneity, and the mean annual precipitation, elevation, and mean land surface temperature substantially influenced its spatial distribution. The critical thresholds of the SRBD for the low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk groups were 1.01, 1.21, and 1.32, respectively. Low subsoil compaction dominated in the mountainous and hilly areas, whereas the Guanzhong Plain and Hanzhong Basin exhibited medium levels of subsoil compaction. Some croplands in the central Guanzhong Plain experienced severe subsoil compaction issues. In conclusion, the soil compaction SR was found to be an effective indicator of subsoil compaction by effectively eliminating soil background differences. This approach has potential applications in cropland management, digital soil mapping, and early warning of soil compaction risk.
Microplastics in the agricultural soils: Pollution behavior and subsequent effects
Authors: Yibo Li , Genshen Yang , Yu Chen , Lei Xiaoting , Ma Xiaoyi , Xing Xuguang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractMicroplastics (MPs), as a class of organic pollutants, pose numerous threats to soil. Their accumulation in agricultural soils has garnered significant attention due to the unknown impacts and risks they bring to agricultural production processes. This paper analyzes the source and distribution of MPs in farmland, systematically summarizes the accumulation, adsorption, migration, decomposition, and other pollution behaviors of MPs in farmland soil environment, in detail discusses the effects of microplastic (MP) pollution on soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial communities, outlines the main hazards they pose to agricultural crops, animals, and farmland soil enzyme activities, as well as the potential health risks of MPs to humans. The results indicate that MPs have been widely distributed in the agricultural soil environment through physics, chemistry, and carriers' activities, facilitating the transfer of substances between the environment and endangering the health of the ecological environment. MPs can also transfer along the food chain from low to high nutritional levels, posing a potential threat to human food safety. Finally, the future research direction and content of farmland MPs are put forward, providing relevant information and research ideas for understanding the MP pollution in farmland soil and future research directions.
Inference of Constitutive Relation of Phase‐Separated Polymers by Integrating Physics‐Informed Neural Networks and Symbolic Regression
Authors: Ran Yanlong , An Jiaqi , Zhang Liangshun 
Published: July 2024

AbstractHarnessing data to discover the underlying constitutive relation of phase‐separated polymers can significantly advance the fabrication of high‐performance materials. This work introduces a novel data‐driven method to learn the constitutive equation of diffusional transport of polymers from spatiotemporal density field. In particular, the data‐driven method seamlessly integrated physics‐informed neural networks for inference of approximate solution of diffusivity, and symbolic regression that form explicit expressions of diffusivity. The efficacy and robustness of this method are demonstrated by learning the distinct forms of diffusivity for the phase separation of homopolymer blends with various compositions. In addition, the data‐driven method is generalized to extract the constitutive relation of homogenous chemical potential in the phase separation of homopolymer blends. The data‐driven framework shows the potential for model discovery of nonlinear dynamic system from the spatiotemporal state variables.
Regioselective Synthesis of Pyrrole‐Based Poly(arylenevinylene)s via Mn‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation Polyaddition
Authors: Tsukahara Kakeru , Iwamori Ryota , Kuwabara Junpei , Kanbara Takaki 
Published: July 2024

AbstractMn‐catalyzed hydroarylation polyaddition of 1‐(2‐pyrimidinyl)pyrrole (1a) with aromatic diynes is investigated. The use of commercially available MnBr(CO)5 as a precatalyst under the optimized reaction conditions resulted in a site‐ and regioselective hydroarylation polyaddition, affording the corresponding poly(arylenevinylene)s (PAVs) with excellent vinylene selectivity. The reaction protocol eliminates the production of stoichiometric amounts of byproducts from the monomers. The nonstoichiometric polyaddition of an excess amount of 1a with aromatic diynes is also demonstrated. The 2‐pyrimidinyl substituent promoted the intramolecular transfer of the Mn catalyst walking through the 1a moiety.
The cellular and molecular targets of natural products against metabolic disorders: a translational approach to reach the bedside
Authors: Shen Xiaofei , Yang Hongling , Yang Yang , Zhu Xianjun , Sun Qingxiang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractMetabolic disorders, including obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome, are characterized by insulin resistance, abnormalities in circulating cholesterol and lipid profiles, and hypertension. The most common pathophysiologies of metabolic disorders are glucose/lipid metabolism dysregulation, insulin resistance, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. Although several agents have been approved for the treatment of metabolic disorders, there is still a strong demand for more efficacious drugs with less side effects. Natural products have been critical sources of drug research and discovery for decades. However, the usefulness of bioactive natural products is often limited by incomplete understanding of their direct cellular targets. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of the established and emerging molecular mechanisms of metabolic disorders. We further summarize the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of natural products on metabolic disorders, with highlights on their direct cellular targets, which are mainly implicated in the regulation of glucose/lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, metabolic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Finally, this review also covers the clinical studies of natural products in metabolic disorders. These progresses are expected to facilitate the application of these natural products and their derivatives in the development of novel drugs against metabolic disorders.
Epidemiology of Huntington's Disease in Latin America: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Medina Escobar Alex , Pringsheim Tamara , Gautreau Sylvia , Rivera‐Duarte Jose D. , Amorelli Gabriel , Cornejo‐Olivas Mario , Rossi Malco 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackgroundLatin America has played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of Huntington's disease (HD). However, previous global reviews include limited data from Latin America. It is possible that English‐based medical search engines may not capture all the relevant studies.MethodsWe searched databases in Spanish, Portuguese, and English. The names of every country in Latin America in English‐based search engines were used to ensure we found any study that had molecular ascertainment and provided general epidemiological information or subpopulation data. Additionally, we contacted experts across the region.ResultsThe search strategy yielded 791 citations; 24 studies met inclusion criteria, representing 12 of 36 countries. The overall pooled prevalence was 0.64 per 100,000 (prediction interval, 0.06–7.22); for cluster regions, it was 54 per 100,000 (95% CI, 34.79–84.92); for juvenile HD, it was 8.7% (prediction interval, 5.12–14.35), and 5.9% (prediction interval, 2.72–13.42) for late‐onset HD. The prevalence was higher for Mexico, Peru, and Brazil. However, there were no significant differences between Central America and the Caribbean versus South America.ConclusionThe prevalence of HD appears to be similar across Latin America. However, we infer that our findings are underestimates, in part because of limited research and underdiagnosis of HD because of limited access to molecular testing and the availability of neurologists and movement disorders specialists. Future research should focus on identifying pathways to improve access to molecular testing and education and understanding differences among different ancestral groups in Latin America. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
The free vastus lateralis—And conjoined vastus lateralis anterolateral thigh/tensor fascia lata flap for oncological chest wall reconstruction
Authors: Falkner Florian , Thomas Benjamin , Mayer Simon A. , Didzun Oliver , Knoedler Leonard , Panayi Adriana C. , Hundeshagen Gabriel , Vollbach Felix H. , Gazyakan Emre , Kneser Ulrich , Bigdeli Amir K. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIntroductionA reconstructive option for extensive chest wall reconstruction is the free myocutaneous vastus lateralis muscle (VL) flap which can be performed in isolation or in conjunction with a fasciocutaneus anterolateral thigh (cVLALT) and/or myofasciocutaneous tensor fascia lata flap (cVLTFL). We aimed to directly compare the outcomes of these reconstructive options.MethodsPatients who underwent oncological chest wall reconstruction with a free VL, cVLALT, or cVLTFL flap between February 2010 and 2022 were included in this retrospective study. Patient demographics, surgical characteristics, as well as medical and reconstructive outcomes, were evaluated. The operative outcomes between myocutaneous VL, cVLALT, and cVLTFL flap reconstructions were compared.ResultsA total of 41 patients underwent chest wall reconstruction with a free myocutaneous VL (n = 25; 61%), cVLALT (n = 14; 34%), or cVLTFL Three acute flap thromboses occurred in the entire cohort (3/41, 7%), with one myocutaneous VL flap failing because of recurrent venous thrombosis during the salvage procedure. Total flap necrosis was seen in two cases (5%; VL flap: n = 1; cVLALT flap: n = 1), and partial flap necrosis in one VL flap (1/25, 4%) and in the distal ALT portion of three cVLALT flaps (3/14, 21%). No significant difference was seen between isolated VL and conjoined VL flaps regarding the partial (p = .28) or total flap necrosis rate (p = .9).ConclusionThe free (conjoined) VL flap provides reliable outcomes for obliterating dead space achieving durable reconstruction of complex chest wall defects.
Immediate foot reconstruction and revascularization of toes using an interposition superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flow‐through flap: A case report
Authors: Mitsui Kohei , Banda Chihena H. , Danno Kanako , Hosomi Kento , Furuya Megumi , Narushima Mitsunaga , Ishiura Ryohei 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFoot injuries, particularly degloving injuries, can lead to segmental loss of neurovascular structures in the toes, making simultaneous reconstruction of both the foot and toes challenging. This case report presents a technique using the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flap for immediate reconstruction of the dorsal foot and revascularization of multiple toes. A 28‐year‐old man suffered a degloving injury on the dorsum of his foot resulting in a 9 × 6cm skin defect, open fracture dislocations, exposure of tendons, and neurovascular injury, which included a 6–7.5 cm segmental defect of the vessels supplying the first, second, and third toes leaving all three toes ischemic. Immediate reconstruction was performed by harvesting a 12.5 × 5cm SCIP flap including both the superficial and deep branches and incorporating the superficial inferior epigastric vein (SIEV). The SCIP deep branch was used to revascularize the third and second toes and the SIEV vein graft used for the first toe. The patient recovered well, no complications were observed at the 2‐year follow‐up, preserving all three toes and regaining mobility. The use of the SCIP flap as a flow‐through flap provides thin skin flap cover, good vessel caliber size match with digital vessels and reduces the need for vein grafts from distant sites improving surgical efficiency. These attributes make the flow‐through interposition SCIP flap an excellent choice for reconstructing foot defects and revascularizing toes. We report this case to demonstrate the utility of the SCIP flap in immediate soft tissue cover and digit revascularization.
Distinct binding hotspots for natural and synthetic agonists of FFA4 from in silico approaches**
Authors: Patient Guillaume , Bedart Corentin , Khan Naim. A , Renault Nicolas , Farce Amaury 
Published: July 2024

AbstractFFA4 has gained interest in recent years since its deorphanization in 2005 and the characterization of the Free Fatty Acids receptors family for their therapeutic potential in metabolic disorders. The expression of FFA4 (also known as GPR120) in numerous organs throughout the human body makes this receptor a highly potent target, particularly in fat sensing and diet preference. This offers an attractive approach to tackle obesity and related metabolic diseases. Recent cryo‐EM structures of the receptor have provided valuable information for a potential active state although the previous studies of FFA4 presented diverging information. We performed molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations of four agonist ligands, TUG‐891, Linoleic acid, α‐Linolenic acid, and Oleic acid, based on a homology model. Our simulations, which accumulated a total of 2 μs of simulation, highlighted two binding hotspots at Arg992.64 and Lys293 (ECL3). The results indicate that the residues are located in separate areas of the binding pocket and interact with various types of ligands, implying different potential active states of FFA4 and a highly adaptable binding intra‐receptor pocket. This article proposes additional structural characteristics and mechanisms for agonist binding that complement the experimental structures.
Ultra‐low‐field magnetization transfer imaging at 0.055T with low specific absorption rate
Authors: Su Shi , Zhao Yujiao , Ding Ye , Lau Vick , Xiao Linfang , Leung Gilberto K. K. , Lau Gary K. K. , Huang Fan , Vardhanabhuti Vince , Leong Alex T. L. , Wu Ed X. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate magnetization transfer (MT) effects with low specific absorption rate (SAR) on ultra‐low‐field (ULF) MRI.MethodsMT imaging was implemented by using sinc‐modulated RF pulse train (SPT) modules to provide bilateral off‐resonance irradiation. They were incorporated into 3D gradient echo (GRE) and fast spin echo (FSE) protocols on a shielding‐free 0.055T head scanner. MT effects were first verified using phantoms. Brain MT imaging was conducted in both healthy subjects and patients.ResultsMT effects were clearly observed in phantoms using six SPT modules with total flip angle 3600° at central primary saturation bands of approximate offset ±786 Hz, even in the presence of large relative B0 inhomogeneity. For brain, strong MT effects were observed in gray matter, white matter, and muscle in 3D GRE and FSE imaging using six and sixteen SPT modules with total flip angle 3600° and 9600°, respectively. Fat, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood exhibited relatively weak MT effects. MT preparation enhanced tissue contrasts in T2‐weighted and FLAIR‐like images, and improved brain lesion delineation. The estimated MT SAR was 0.0024 and 0.0008 W/kg for two protocols, respectively, which is far below the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limit of 3.0 W/kg.ConclusionRobust MT effects can be readily obtained at ULF with extremely low SAR, despite poor relative B0 homogeneity in ppm. This unique advantage enables flexible MT pulse design and implementation on low‐cost ULF MRI platforms to achieve strong MT effects in brain and beyond, potentially augmenting their clinical utility in the future.
TP53 mutations in urothelial carcinoma: not all one and the same†
Authors: Barr Alexis R , Burley Amy , Wilkins Anna 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSystemic therapy options for urothelial carcinoma have expanded in recent years, with both immunotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy being widely available. However, we lack biomarkers to select which drug is likely to work best in individual patients. A new article in this journal by Jin, Xu, Su, et al reports that disruptive versus non‐disruptive TP53 mutations may guide these personalised therapy choices. Intriguingly, patients with disruptive TP53 tumour mutations had poor overall survival versus those with non‐disruptive TP53 mutations or wild type TP53 but responded particularly well to immunotherapy. Of relevance, an increased tumour mutational burden and increased effector CD8+ T‐cell infiltration was seen in tumours with disruptive mutations. The impact of different TP53 mutations on prognosis and therapy choices appears to be tumour‐ and therapy‐type specific, with no clear consensus on overall tumour phenotype according to type of mutation. Nonetheless, profiling of specific types of TP53 mutation is increasingly clinically feasible with targeted sequencing or immunohistochemistry. There is an urgent need for additional studies in urothelial cancer clarifying how the type of TP53 mutation present within a tumour can best be used as a predictive biomarker. Further important remaining questions include the impact of TP53 mutations on other clinically important aspects of the tumour microenvironment, including cancer‐associated fibroblasts. Furthermore, the impact of gain‐of‐function mutations in TP53 and other related genes signalling upstream or downstream of TP53 is of wide interest. © 2024 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.