bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Environment, Comorbidity, and Stage of Dementia to the Onset of Walking and Eating Disability in Long‐Term Care Residents
Authors: Slaughter Susan E. , Hayduk Leslie A. 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesTo estimate the relative effects of environment, comorbidities, stage of dementia and other variables on disability onset.DesignA 1‐year prospective cohort study was conducted in which the walking and eating abilities of long‐term care residents were observed fortnightly. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the contributions of individual and environmental factors to the onset of disability.SettingFifteen nursing homes in western Canada.ParticipantsOne hundred twenty residents with middle‐stage Alzheimer disease or related dementia.MeasurementsEnvironmental quality was assessed using the Professional Environmental Assessment Protocol, comorbidity using the Charlson Comorbidity Index, and stage of dementia using the Global Deterioration Scale.ResultsMore‐advanced baseline dementia had a direct effect on onset of walking and eating disability (standardized maximum likelihood estimate (SMLE) = 0.24, P = .006). Resident environment (SMLE = −0.25, P = .007) and comorbidities (SMLE = 0.32, P < .001) influenced disability onset approximately as strongly as stage of dementia. Smaller and publicly owned facilities provided superior environmental quality, which indirectly contributed to a delay in onset of walking and eating disability.ConclusionEnvironmental quality and extent of comorbidity are at least as important as progression of dementia in initiating or delaying the onset of disability.
Enhanced Fitness: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Home‐Based Physical Activity Counseling on Glycemic Control in Older Adults with Prediabetes Mellitus
Authors: Morey Miriam C. , Pieper Carl F. , Edelman David E. , Yancy William S. , Green Jennifer B. , Lum Helen , Peterson Matthew J. , Sloane Richard , Cowper Patricia A. , Bosworth Hayden B. , Huffman Kim M. , Cavanaugh James T. , Hall Katherine S. , Pearson Megan P. , Taylor Gregory A. 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesTo determine whether a home‐based multicomponent physical activity counseling (PAC) intervention is effective in reducing glycemic measures in older outpatients with prediabetes mellitus.DesignControlled clinical trial.SettingPrimary care clinics of the Durham Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center between September 29, 2008, and March 25, 2010.ParticipantsThree hundred two overweight (body mass index 25–45 kg/m2), older (60–89) outpatients with impaired glucose tolerance (fasting blood glucose 100–125 mg/dL, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <7%) randomly assigned to a PAC intervention group (n = 180) or a usual care control group (n = 122).InterventionA 12‐month, home‐based multicomponent PAC program including one in‐person baseline counseling session, regular telephone counseling, physician endorsement in clinic with monthly automated encouragement, and customized mailed materials. All study participants, including controls, received a consultation in a VA weight management program.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), calculated from fasting insulin and glucose levels at baseline and 3 and 12 months. HbA1c was the secondary indicator of glycemic control. Other secondary outcomes were anthropometric measures and self‐reported physical activity, health‐related quality of life, and physical function.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the PAC and control groups over time for any of the glycemic indicators. Both groups had small declines over time of approximately 6% in fasting blood glucose (P < .001), and other glycemic indicators remained stable. The declines in glucose were not sufficient to affect the change in HOMA‐IR scores due to fluctuations in insulin over time. Endurance physical activity increased significantly in the PAC group (P < .001) and not in the usual care group.ConclusionHome‐based telephone counseling increased physical activity levels but was insufficient to improve glycemic indicators in older outpatients with prediabetes mellitus.
Symptom Burden Predicts Hospitalization Independent of Comorbidity in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Salanitro Amanda H. , Hovater Martha , Hearld Kristine R. , Roth David L. , Sawyer Patricia , Locher Julie L. , Bodner Eric , Brown Cynthia J. , Allman Richard M. , Ritchie Christine S. 
Published: September 2012

ObjectivesTo determine whether cumulative symptom burden predicts hospitalization or emergency department (ED) visits in a cohort of older adults.DesignProspective, observational study with a baseline in‐home assessment of symptom burden.SettingCentral Alabama.ParticipantsNine hundred eighty community‐dwelling adults aged 65 and older (mean 75.3 ± 6.7) recruited from a random sample of Medicare beneficiaries stratified according to sex, race, and urban/rural residence.MeasurementsSymptom burden score (range 0–10). One point was given for each symptom reported: shortness of breath, tiredness or fatigue, problems with balance or dizziness, leg weakness, poor appetite, pain, stiffness, constipation, anxiety, and loss of interest in activities. Dependent variables were hospitalizations and ED visits, assessed every 6 months during the 8.5‐year follow‐up period. Using Cox proportional hazards models, time from the baseline in‐home assessment to the first hospitalization and first hospitalization or ED visit was determined.ResultsDuring the 8.5‐year follow‐up period, 545 (55.6%) participants were hospitalized or had an ED visit. Participants with greater symptom burden had higher risk of hospitalization (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05–1.14) and hospitalization or ED visit (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.06–1.14) than those with lower scores. Participants living in rural areas had significantly lower risk of hospitalization (HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.69–0.99) and hospitalization or ED visit (HR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.70–0.95) than individuals in urban areas, independent of symptom burden and comorbidity.ConclusionGreater symptom burden was associated with higher risk of hospitalization and ED visits in community‐dwelling older adults. Healthcare providers treating older adults should consider symptom burden to be an additional risk factor for subsequent hospital utilization.
Hollow Dentures: Treatment Option for Atrophic Ridges. A Clinical Report
Authors: Caculo Shweta Pandurang , Aras Meena Ajay , Chitre Vidya 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSeverely atrophic ridges provide decreased retention, support, and stability and pose a clinical challenge to the success of complete denture prostheses. Extreme ridge resorption also increases the interridge distance. Restoration of the vertical dimension and esthetics thus demands increased height of the prosthesis and in turn leads to an increase in prosthesis weight. Reducing the weight of the denture enhances stability and retention and reduces further resorption of the jaw, thereby favoring the prognosis of the denture. This report describes the rehabilitation of an edentulous patient with resorbed maxillary and mandibular ridges and an increased interridge distance using simplified techniques of fabricating hollow dentures.
A Prosthetic Alternative for Severely Angled Implants Beneath a Maxillary Overdenture: A Clinical Report
Authors: Rilo Benito , Fernández‐Formoso Noelia , DaSilva Luis , Santana Urbano 
Published: September 2012

AbstractImplant‐retained overdentures have been shown to be a predictable, accepted option and represent a viable and cost‐effective treatment; however, patients with severe lack of bone volume and anatomical limitations are often a contraindication to the placement of osseointegrated implants without prior surgical procedures. In these situations, the placement of angled implants may offer a simple solution. This clinical report describes a case of dental rehabilitation using angled implants for a patient with a severely resorbed edentulous maxilla. The inclination has been solved by making a bar on the right side and individual pillars on the left side so as to obtain a functional and esthetic prosthetic result.
Travail faiblement rémunéré: perspective mondiale
Authors: LEE Sangheon , SOBECK Kristen 
Published: September 2012

Résumé.Ce numéro spécial – dont le présent article est l'introduction – traite du travail faiblement rémunéré dans plusieurs pays en développement: Afrique du Sud, Brésil, Chine, République de Corée et Inde. Les auteurs font le point sur ce phénomène: définition, mesure, évolution et moyens de l'atténuer. A cet égard, les variations entre pays montrent l'importance de deux instruments politiques: la négociation collective et le salaire minimum, dont l'efficacité dépend d'effets de seuil qui doivent être pris en considération pour l'action des pouvoirs publics. Ce numéro spécial vient en complément de «Travail à bas salaire en Europe et aux Etats‐Unis» (vol. 148 (2009), n° 4).
Les travailleurs faiblement rémunérés en Chine urbaine
Authors: DENG Quheng , LI Shi 
Published: September 2012

Résumé.Les auteurs évaluent le phénomène des bas salaires chez les travailleurs locaux et migrants dans les villes de Chine: avec un seuil de deux tiers du salaire médian, le nombre des travailleurs faiblement rémunérés est important. Si le taux de bas salaires est resté stable parmi les locaux entre 1995 et 2008, il a décliné chez les migrants, même si ces derniers connaissent un plus grand risque d'être mal payés. Après avoir exploré les déterminants et les effets sur le bien‐être du phénomène, les auteurs plaident pour le subventionnement de la formation, une application plus stricte du salaire minimum et la négociation collective d'entreprise.
Faibles rémunérations en République de Corée: les politiques sont‐elles efficaces?
Authors: HWANG Deok Soon , LEE Byung‐Hee 
Published: September 2012

Résumé.Malgré l'institution et le développement de la négociation collective, du salaire minimum ou de prestations liées à l'emploi, les faibles rémunérations sont de plus en plus fréquentes en République de Corée. Cela contredit les prévisions de nombre de publications, dont le Rapport mondial sur les salaires 2010/11 du BIT. Les auteurs se penchent sur ce paradoxe et concluent que, si l'éventail des mesures était approprié, c'est leur efficacité qui est en cause, du fait d'une couverture limitée et des niveaux de prestations insuffisants. Aux défaillances du marché du travail s'est ainsi ajoutée une défaillance des politiques.
Le classement des réglementations du travail à l'épreuve de la diversité des salaires minima
Authors: LEE Sangheon 
Published: September 2012

Résumé.La question de l'incidence des réglementations du travail sur l'emploi a suscité diverses tentatives de quantification des normes du travail aux fins de comparaisons internationales. L'auteur reconnaît l'apport de ces travaux à la recherche empirique, mais critique les indicateurs visant à classer les réglementations. Il examine les indicateurs relatifs au salaire minimum, notamment celui du programme de la Banque mondiale, Doing Business. Il identifie plusieurs lacunes – biais théoriques, erreurs de mesure, non‐prise en compte des particularités institutionnelles et de l'incertitude quant à l'effectivité des réglementations – et met en garde contre l'utilisation de ces classements pour orienter les politiques.
Low‐wage work: A global perspective
Authors: LEE Sangheon , SOBECK Kristen 
Published: September 2012

Abstract:This article provides a global overview of trends in low pay and policies for reducing its incidence. The special issue it introduces follows up on “Low‐wage work in Europe and the United States” (Vol. 148 (2009), No. 4), the focus here being on Brazil, China, India, the Republic of Korea and South Africa. After examining the definition and estimation of low pay, the authors give particular attention to two policies accounting for variations in cross‐country trends: collective bargaining and minimum wages. To address low pay effectively, they argue, minimum wages must be set within a certain range on account of threshold effects.
Trabajadores con baja remuneración en la China urbana
Authors: DENG Quheng , LI Shi 
Published: September 2012

Resumen.Con datos de encuestas CHIP y RUMCI de 1995 a 2008, se analiza cómo afecta el problema de la baja remuneración a los trabajadores de la China urbana, locales y migrantes. La tasa de baja remuneración (inferior a dos tercios del salario horario mediano) es elevada, se mantuvo relativamente estable para los locales entre 1995 y 2008 y disminuyó para los migrantes entre 2002 y 2007, aunque siguió siendo comparativamente muy superior. Tras investigar los determinantes del problema y sus consecuencias en el bienestar, los autores abogan por subvenciones a la formación, reforzar el cumplimiento del salario mínimo y promover la negociación salarial en las empresas.
Incumplimiento de la normativa sobre salario mínimo en Sudáfrica
Authors: BHORAT Haroon , KANBUR Ravi , MAYET Natasha 
Published: September 2012

Resumen.Este artículo trata de proporcionar datos cuantitativos para fundamentar mejor el debate sobre políticas de salario mínimo y su observancia en Sudáfrica y en otros países en desarrollo. Cotejando datos de la Encuesta de Población Activa de 2007 con los mínimos salariales oficiales establecidos por ocupación y zonas de ingresos, los autores presentan estimaciones del incumplimiento de estas normativas en Sudáfrica. El 44 por ciento de los trabajadores cubiertos percibe salarios inferiores al mínimo estipulado, con una diferencia media del 35 por ciento. El nivel de inobservancia es mayor en los sectores de la seguridad, la silvicultura y la agricultura.
Functional characterization of new allelic polymorphisms identified in the promoter region of the human MxA gene
Authors: Tran Thi Duc T. , Desmecht D. , Cornet A. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe Mx proteins are high‐molecular‐weight dynamin‐like proteins whose expression depends strictly on type‐I and type‐III interferons (IFN). Some isoforms are able to inhibit the life cycle of one or several viruses and are thus components of innate immune response. The human MxA protein displays the broadest antiviral spectrum which makes it appear as a key antiviral effector of innate immunity. Allelic polymorphisms located in the MxA gene promoter can be expected to affect the magnitude of MxA mRNA transcription in response to IFNs and therefore to alter the severity of viral diseases in humans. Here, three single nucleotide polymorphism sites (−309, −101 and +20) were examined for their ability to alter MxA gene promoter‐driven reporter expression. We show that, besides the previously reported role of −123A and −88T, the presence of ‐101G is equally important. Moreover, when a promoter construct carries these three critical nucleotides, a first additional positive effect is conferred by a C at position −309 and, in this latter case, a second additional effect is produced by a A at position +20. This finding is clinically useful to improve prediction of IFN‐responsiveness in patients not only with viral diseases for which type‐I IFN therapy is used.
Preliminary evidence of recovery from Tomato spotted wilt virus infection in Frankliniella occidentalis individuals
Authors: Mautino G.C. , Sacco D. , Ciuffo M. , Turina M. , Tavella L. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this study we analysed the ability of individual thrips to transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in a population of Frankliniella occidentalis over their lifespan as adults (about 10 days). In three experiments a total of 636 thrips were individually tested for their transmission capacity through leaf disc assays using four inoculation access periods (IAPs). Almost half of the transmitting thrips maintained the capacity to infect leaf discs in each of the four IAPs, confirming the persistent propagative nature of the transmission modality. Nevertheless, a relevant number of thrips (9.25% of transmitter thrips) was able to transmit in the early phases of their adult life (for the first two IAPs), but did not transmit the virus for the remainder of their lifetime. We compared the virus titer of these individuals at the end of the fourth IAP with that of individuals that maintained transmission ability in the four IAPs and showed a statistically significant difference. This difference could be evidence for recovery from TSWV infection in individual thrips.
Nutrition and dietetics in aged care
Authors: CHWANG Leh‐Chii 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim:  The global trends of rapid population ageing and increased risk of malnutrition among older people have a tremendous impact on nutrition care for the elderly. The present paper offers an overview of the challenging nutritional needs and problems of the elderly and explores strategies related to nutrition and dietetics to improve care for this particular segment of the population.Methods:  A narrative review on monitoring malnutrition and improving food services was undertaken with reference to the literature and drawing on the experience of the author.Results:  There is a wide range of problems associated with malnutrition in the elderly that have implications on strategies of intervention for addressing these problems.Conclusions:  The current challenges for dietitians include identifying and monitoring the nutritional needs and malnutrition problems of the elderly, improving the quality of food services in health‐care facilities, and initiating innovative approaches to nutrition and dietetic services in the community.
Food standards, dietary modelling and public health nutrition policy
Authors: MACKERRAS Dorothy 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAim:  The review aims to describe how the use of dietary modelling to inform the development of food standards sits within a larger risk analysis framework and to show how the framework has wider applicability.Method:  A narrative review is produced with reference to key published literature and authoritative sources related to the topic.Results:  An essential feature of this framework is the separation in thinking between risk assessment and risk management. In risk assessment, dietary modelling assists in characterising the risk of the dietary component of exposure to a given food chemical or nutrient intake for a specific population. Risk management is the process of deciding what, if anything, should be done about the potential risk and analysing what option(s) are available. In risk management, the results of RISK Assessment, other information, such as behavioural science and health economic analysis, and policy considerations, inform the decision about which option should be selected.To illustrate how the framework can be used in public health, the steps in the framework are compared with the steps for developing food‐based dietary guidelines, an educational tool aimed at the general public.Conclusion:  The framework can help make sense of the various streams of information used in the wider public health nutrition arena. Depending on the purpose, different types of dietary modelling might be needed in risk assessment and to develop risk management options.
Linking biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction: de‐polarizing the conservation‐poverty debate
Authors: Roe Dilys , Mohammed Essam Yassin , Porras Ina , Giuliani Alessandra 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe published literature leads the reader to expect polarization between conservation and development communities as to the relationship between biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. A survey of over 1,000 conservation and development professionals does not, however, support this depiction. Indeed it reveals a surprising consensus of opinion that there is a positive link between biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. Where there is some division, is over the direction of that link—conservation as a means to poverty alleviation, or poverty alleviation as a means to conservation—but again conservation and development organizations appear equally divided in their views. Extreme positions often dominate policy debates, hindering progress towards effective, integrated approaches. Our analysis indicates that this may be true of the conservation‐poverty debate. Debate is needed not on whether conservation and poverty are linked and whose role it is to address each agenda but on how to develop conservation and development programmes that find integrated solutions to shared challenges. This could greatly inform the process of revising national biodiversity strategies that has recently been started by Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and which potentially present a real opportunity for linking conservation and development in policy and practice.
Treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy and postpartum
Authors: BREYMANN CHRISTIAN , KRAFFT ALEXANDER 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYIron deficiency (ID), iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and the resulting reduction in blood reserves are one the most common problems in pregnancy. Both oral iron – the traditional treatment – and blood transfusion involve significant drawbacks. High doses of oral iron frequently cause side effects, and noncompliance is common. Therefore, intravenous iron, alone or in association with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), has been evaluated as an alternative in the management of ID in this setting. There is increasing evidence that iron sucrose is effective for treating IDA and safe for the mother and the fetus, using the recommended dosages and treatment regimens. In the postpartum period, both iron sucrose and ferric carboxymaltose have been shown to be efficacious, alone or in combination with rHuEPO. In pregnancy and in the postpartum period, the expected hemoglobin increase and treatment times are predictable according to the present data; therefore, in the presence of moderate‐to‐severe anemia, it can be questioned whether it is reasonable to wait for a response to oral iron. Indications for the use of iron sucrose and ferric carboxymaltose are preexisting moderate‐to‐severe anemia, no effect of oral iron, side effects of oral iron, refusal of blood transfusion, limited time until delivery, coexisting risk factors (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease, renal disease), the preoperative and postoperative periods and postpartum anemia. Future fields of research include the impact of intravenous iron therapy on patient satisfaction and quality of life, costs, hospital length of stay, blood transfusion rate, mortality rate, and other outcomes such as breastfeeding behavior and neonatal outcomes (e.g. birth weight, prematurity and neonatal iron stores).