bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The stability of child abuse reports: a longitudinal
study of the reporting behaviour of young adults
Authors: FERGUSSON D. M. , HORWOOD L. J. , WOODWARD L. J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The aims of this study were to use longitudinal report data on physical and sexual
abuse to examine the stability and consistency of abuse reports.Methods. The study was based on the birth cohort of young people studied in the Christchurch
Health and Development Study. At ages 18 and 21 years, these young people were questioned about
their childhood exposure to physical punishment and sexual abuse. Concurrent with these
assessments, sample members were also assessed on measures of psychiatric disorder and suicidal
behaviour.Results. Reports of childhood sexual abuse and physical punishment were relatively unstable and
the values of kappa for test–retests of abuse reporting were in the region of 0·45. Inconsistencies in
reporting were unrelated to the subject's psychiatric state. Latent class analyses suggested that: (a)
those not abused did not falsely report being abused; and (b) those who were abused provided
unreliable reports in which the probability of a false negative response was in the region of 50%.
Different approaches to classifying subjects as abused led to wide variations in the estimated
prevalence of abuse but estimates of the relative risk of psychiatric adjustment problems conditional
on abuse exposure remained relatively stable.Conclusions. There was substantial unreliability in the reporting of child abuse. This unreliability
arose because those who were subject to abuse often provided false negative reports. The
consequences of errors in reports appear to be: (a) that estimates of abuse prevalence based on a
single report are likely to seriously underestimate the true prevalence of abuse; while (b) estimates
of the relative risk of psychiatric adjustment problems conditional on abuse appear to be robust to
the effects of reporting errors.
Consequences of anxiety in older persons: its effect
on disability, well-being and use of health services
Authors: de BEURS E. , BEEKMAN A. T. F. , van BALKOM A. J. L. M. , DEEG D. J. H. , van DYCK R. , van TILBURG W. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Although anxiety is quite prevalent in late life, its impact on disability, well-being, and
health care utilization of older persons has not been studied. Older persons are a highly relevant age
group for studying the consequences of anxiety, since their increasing numbers put an extra strain
on already limited health care resources.Methods. Data of a large community-based random probability sample (N=659) of older subjects
(55–85 year) in the Netherlands were used to select three groups: subjects with a diagnosed anxiety
disorder, subjects with merely anxiety symptoms and a reference group without anxiety. These
groups were compared with regard to their functioning, subjective well-being, and use of health care
services, while controlling for potentially confounding variables.Results. Anxiety was associated with increased disability and diminished well-being. Older persons
with a diagnosed anxiety disorder were equally affected in their functioning as those with merely
anxiety symptoms. Although use of health services was increased in anxiety sufferers, their use of
appropriate care was generally low.Conclusions. Anxiety has a clear negative impact on the functioning and well-being of older subjects.
The similarity of participants with an anxiety disorder and those having merely anxiety symptoms
regarding quality of life variables and health care use was quite striking. Finally, in spite of its grave
consequences for the quality of life, appropriate care for anxiety is seldom received. Efforts to
improve recognition, disseminate effective treatments in primary care, and referring to specialized
care may have positive effects on the management of anxiety in late life.
Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and
delusions: the psychotic symptom rating scales
(PSYRATS)
Authors: HADDOCK G. , McCARRON J. , TARRIER N. , FARAGHER E. B. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Scales to measure the severity of different dimensions of auditory hallucinations and
delusions are few. Biochemical and psychological treatments target dimensions of symptoms and
valid and reliable measures are necessary to measure these.Method. The inter-rater reliability and validity of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS:
auditory hallucination subscale and delusions subscale), which measure several dimensions of
auditory hallucinations and delusions were examined in this study.Results. The two scales were found to have excellent inter-rater reliability. Their validity as
compared with the KGV scale (Krawiecka et al. 1977) was explored.Conclusions. It is concluded that the PSYRATS are useful assessment instruments and can
complement existing measures.
Frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia:
a cross-sectional and longitudinal study of
neuropsychiatric features
Authors: GREGORY CAROL A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The term frontotemporal dementia (FTD) covers both the temporal and frontal
presentations of this condition. The frontal variant (fv) presents with insidious changes in
personality and behaviour, with neuropsychological evidence of disproportionate frontal
dysfunction. Although psychiatric features are well recognized, there is little systematic data
examining the mental state using assessment instruments and no reported studies of the longitudinal
progress and assessment.Methods. Fifteen patients with a diagnosis of FTD(fv) were assessed using the Comprehensive
Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS). A subgroup of five patients were reassessed annually using the
same instrument, generating data over a 3-year period.Results. At initial assessment a third of 15 patients had no psychiatric symptoms to report. Three
patients reported symptoms of sadness, but only one patient met criteria for DSM-IV major
depressive episode. One patient experienced symptoms of elation, but did not meet criteria for
manic episode, while two patients had hypochondriacal complaints but did not meet DSM-IV
criteria for hypochondriasis. One of these patients also experienced the compulsion to count but did
not meet criteria for obsessive compulsive disorder. The objective mental state was, on the whole,
not congruent with the reported symptoms. Five patients assessed over a 3-year period showed no
progression of their subjectively reported symptoms.Conclusions. Psychiatric symptoms although often present were characterized by their shallowness,
lack of elaboration and non-development over time.
Thermodynamics of nucleic acids and their interactions with ligands
Authors: Lane Andrew N. , Jenkins Terence C. 
Published: July 2002

1. Introduction 2551.1 General thermodynamics 2562. Nucleic acid thermodynamics 2602.1 DNA duplexes 2612.2 RNA duplexes 2632.3 Hybrid DNA–RNA duplexes 2642.4 Hydration 2672.5 Conformational flexibility 2692.6 Thermodynamics 2723. Nucleic acid–ligand interactions 2773.1 Minor groove binders 2783.2 DNA intercalators 2843.3 Triple-helical systems 2883.3.1 Structures 2883.3.2 Hydration 2913.3.3 Thermodynamics 2914. Conclusions 2955. Acknowledgements 2986. References 298In recent years the availability of large quantities of pure synthetic DNA and RNA has
revolutionised the study of nucleic acids, such that it is now possible to study their
conformations, dynamics and large-scale properties, and their interactions with small ligands,
proteins and other nucleic acids in unprecedented detail. This has led to the (re)discovery of
higher order structures such as triple helices and quartets, and also the catalytic activity of
RNA contingent on three-dimensional folding, and the extraordinary specificity possible with
DNA and RNA aptamers.Nucleic acids are quite different from proteins, even though they are both linear polymers
formed from a small number of monomeric units. The major difference reflects the nature of
the linkage between the monomers. The 5′–3′ phosphodiester linkage in nucleic acids carries
a permanent negative charge, and affords a relatively large number of degrees of freedom,
whereas the essentially rigid planar peptide linkage in proteins is neutral and provides only
two degrees of torsional freedom per backbone residue. These two properties conspire to
make nucleic acids relatively flexible and less likely to form extensive folded structures. Even
when true 3D folded structures are formed from nucleic acids, the topology remains simple,
with the anionic phosphates forming the surface of the molecule. Nevertheless, nucleic acids
do occur in a variety of structures that includes single strands and high-order duplex, triplex
or tetraplex (‘quadruplex’) forms. The principles of biological recognition and the related
problem of understanding the forces that stabilise such folded structures are in some respects
more straightforward than for proteins, making them attractive model systems for
understanding general biophysical problems. This view is aided by the relatively facile
chemical synthesis of pure nucleic acids of any desired size and defined sequence, and the ease
of incorporation of a wide spectrum of chemically modified bases, sugars and backbone
linkers. Such modifications are considerably more difficult to achieve with oligopeptides or
proteins.
Hill, Kenneth C. (editor in chief), Hopi dictionary/Hopìikwa
lavàytutuveni: A Hopi-English dictionary of the Third Mesa dialect,
with an English-Hopi finder list and a sketch of Hopi grammar. Compiled
by the Hopi Dictionary Project, Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology,
University of Arizona. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998. Pp. xviii,
900. Hb $85.00.
Authors: Bright William 
Published: July 2002

This volume, containing some 30,000 entries, takes
its place as one of the most sophisticated and comprehensive
dictionaries ever prepared for an American Indian language;
indeed, it is among the best dictionaries available for
any language of the world, and a model for future lexicographers
of “neglected” languages. The editorial team
– including Hill, Emory Sekaquaptewa, Mary E. Black,
Ekkehart Malotki, and the late Michael Lomatuway'ma
– compiled the work in consultation with a large
team of elder Hopi speakers from the westernmost Third
Mesa (the villages of Oraibi, Kykotsmovi, Hotevilla, Bacavi,
and Moencopi). Entries include information on inflection,
definitions, examples (often illustrating aspects of Hopi
culture), etymologies, and synonymy, as in the following
sample entry:(1) kyàasom|ta (∼tota)vn.p.
cook creamed corn. Hakim tùupeptote' mit
pay hingsavàwyat hakim poyot akw ang sispayangwu;
pu' hak ∼tangwu; kyasmi pamningwu. When
they roast sweet corn in the pit oven, they scrape the
kernels off the very short ears and cook them by boiling;
that is creamed corn. kyàasom-ta
[creamed:corn-caus] Syn. kyàasomkwiva.
Is vision continuous with cognition?: The case for cognitive impenetrability of visual perception
Authors: Pylyshyn Zenon 
Published: July 2002

Although the study of visual perception has made more progress
in the past 40 years than any other area of cognitive science, there
remain major disagreements as to how closely vision is tied to
cognition. This target article sets out some of the arguments for both
sides (arguments from computer vision, neuroscience, psychophysics,
perceptual learning, and other areas of vision science) and
defends the position that an important part of visual perception,
corresponding to what some people have called early vision, is
prohibited from accessing relevant expectations, knowledge, and
utilities in determining the function it computes – in other
words, it is cognitively impenetrable. That part of vision is complex
and involves top-down interactions that are internal to the early
vision system. Its function is to provide a structured representation
of the 3-D surfaces of objects sufficient to serve as an index into
memory, with somewhat different outputs being made available to
other systems such as those dealing with motor control. The paper also
addresses certain conceptual and methodological issues raised by this
claim, such as whether signal detection theory and event-related
potentials can be used to assess cognitive penetration of
vision.A distinction is made among several stages in visual processing,
including, in addition to the inflexible early-vision stage, a
pre-perceptual attention-allocation stage and a post-perceptual
evaluation, selection, and inference stage, which accesses long-term
memory. These two stages provide the primary ways in which cognition
can affect the outcome of visual perception. The paper discusses
arguments from computer vision and psychology showing that vision
is “intelligent” and involves elements of “problem
solving.” The cases of apparently intelligent interpretation
sometimes cited in support of this claim do not show cognitive
penetration; rather, they show that certain natural constraints on
interpretation, concerned primarily with optical and geometrical
properties of the world, have been compiled into the visual system.
The paper also examines a number of examples where instructions and
“hints” are alleged to affect what is seen. In each case
it is concluded that the evidence is more readily assimilated to the
view that when cognitive effects are found, they have a locus outside
early vision, in such processes as the allocation of focal attention
and the identification of the stimulus.
Symbolic dynamics for $\beta$-shifts and self-normal
numbers
Authors: SCHMELING JÖRG 
Published: July 2002

More than 30 years ago R\'enyi [1] introduced the representations of
real numbers with an arbitrary base $\beta > 1$ as a generalization of the
$p$-adic representations. One of the most studied problems in this field is
the link between expansions to base $\beta$ and ergodic properties of the
corresponding $\beta$-shift.In this paper we will follow the bibliography of Blanchard [2] and
give
an affirmative answer to a question on the size of the set of real numbers
$\beta$ having complicated symbolic dynamics of their $\beta$-shifts.
Conference Reports
Authors: Nahavandi Saeid 
Published: July 2002

WORLD MANUFACTURING CONGRESS '97 18–21 NOVEMBER 1997, MASSEY UNIVERSITY, AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALANDThe World Manufacturing Congress '97 was organised jointly between Massey
University and International Computer Science Conventions (ICSC) of Canada. The event was held from 18–21 November at Albany Campus, Massey University in Auckland, New Zealand. This inaugural WMC attracted the participation of over 30 nations and many aspects of manufacturing systems, manufacturing technology and manufacturing management were presented by high profile authors. WMC '97 was dedicated to Philip Crosby for his devotion to the field of quality and more specifically his ÒQuality is Free" impetus to the quality revolution in the late 70's.
Language acquisition also needs non-connectionist models
Authors: HAHN ULRIKE 
Published: July 2002

Rethinking innateness is a timely volume which forcefully
demonstrates the
importance of modelling in understanding development, ‘innateness’,
and
the nature of change. It provides an inspiring vision of what developmental

psychology could one day be like, linking behaviour and biology via
connectionist models. However, Rispoli's worry about the book's
potential
for detrimental polarization does not seem unfounded. One aspect of the

book that deserves comment in this respect is the focus on connectionism
to
the exclusion of other types of model. It is unclear from Rethinking

innateness itself whether this exclusion of other approaches merely
stems
from the legitimate desire to write a focused book, or whether it possibly

reflects an actively held view that connectionism is the one true approach
to
modelling development. Regardless of the authors' intentions, the
role of
connectionism in relation to other computational approaches is an issue

which is particularly pertinent to the study of language acquisition.To clarify straightaway, I not only concur with Elman et al.
on the central
role of modelling, but also strongly believe that the task of the cognitive

scientist is not complete until one has an account of how a particular
process
is realised in a neural architecture. These two commitments give connectionist

models a central role. But they do not make connectionism the
exclusive modelling tool for the study of language acquisition, nor necessarily

the best path to currently pursue. The reasons for this are twofold.The first is a matter of research strategy. It is possible that more
rapid
progress and greater success might be made if one starts with high-level

models which give less immediate regard to matters of implementation.
On the Galois groups of iterated generic additive polynomials
Authors: ODONI R. W. K. 
Published: July 2002

Let p > 0 be prime, and let K be any field
of characteristic p.
Let X and Y be independent (commuting) variables over
K. A polynomial
f(X) ∈ K[X] is said
to be additive
(over K) if and only if
f(X+Y) = f(X)+f(Y)
in
K[X, Y]. It is elementary (and classical)
that the
additive f(X) over K are precisely the polynomials of
the type
Σj=0dajXpj,
where d [ges ] 0 and a0, …,
ad∈K. Now let k [ges ] 2, and
let X, Y, T0, …,
Tk−1 be algebraically independent over
K. We put q = ph (h
∈ ℕ) and defineformula here
Integration of Hydrostatic Pressure Information by Identified Interneurones in the Crab Carcinus maenas (L.); Long-Term Recordings
Authors: Fraser P. J. , Macdonald A. G. , Cruickshank S. F. , Schraner M. P. 
Published: July 2002

This paper was first presented at the RIN97 Conference held in Oxford under the auspices
of the Animal Navigation Special Interest Group, April 1997.Migrating species may utilise hydrostatic pressure. In the aquatic environment, hydrostatic
pressure changes much more rapidly than in air. In shallow water, tidal changes will impose
larger percentage changes on organisms than those experienced in deep water. Small changes
in pressure often cause locomotion (barokinesis) accompanied by orientation to light or
gravity, often partially compensating for the equivalent depth change. Until recently,
identification of hydrostatic pressure receptors without a gas phase has proved elusive, but
it is now known that thread hair receptors in the statocyst of the shore crab Carcinus maenas
respond to small changes in hydrostatic pressure. Using a tide machine, the responses of
thread hairs to sinusoidally changing pressure cycles have been examined, and this paper
reports progress monitoring this receptor and making long-term recordings from hydrostatic
pressure sensitive pathways in the crab's nervous system.
Risk factors for methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in a Japanese

elderly care nursing home
Authors: WASHIO M. 
Published: July 2002

Epidemiol. Infect.119, (1997), 285Correct last sentence to: ‘Unnecessary administration

of antibiotics as well as unnecessary hospitalization is not

advisable when treating the elderly in nursing homes.’
The long-term dynamics of tuberculosis and other diseases
with long serial intervals: implications of and for changing
reproduction numbers
Authors: VYNNYCKY E. , FINE P. E. M. 
Published: July 2002

The net and basic reproduction numbers are among the most widely-applied
concepts in
infectious disease epidemiology. A net reproduction number (the average
number of secondary
infectious cases resulting from each case in a given population) of above
1 is conventionally
associated with an increase in incidence; the basic reproduction number
(defined analogously
for a ‘totally susceptible’ population) provides a
standard measure of the ‘transmission
potential’ of an infection. Using a model of the
epidemiology of tuberculosis in England and
Wales since 1900, we demonstrate that these measures are difficult to apply
if disease can
follow reinfection, and that they lose their conventional interpretations
if important
epidemiological parameters, such as the rate of contact between individuals,
change over the
time interval between successive cases in a chain of transmission (the
serial interval).The net reproduction number for tuberculosis in England and Wales appears
to have been
approximately 1 from 1900 until 1950, despite concurrent declines in morbidity
and mortality
rates, and it declined rapidly in the second half of this century. The
basic reproduction number
declined from about 3 in 1900, reached 2 by 1950, and first fell below
1 in about 1960.
Reductions in effective contact between individuals over this period, measured
in terms of the
average number of individuals to whom each case could transmit the infection,
meant that the
conventional basic reproduction number measure (which does not consider
subsequent changes
in epidemiological parameters) for a given year failed to reflect the ‘actual
transmission
potential’ of the infection. This latter property is better described
by a variant of the
conventional measure which takes secular trends in contact into account.
These results are
relevant for the interpretation of trends in any infectious disease for
which epidemiological
parameters change over time periods comparable to the infectious period,
incubation period or
serial interval.
Milk consumption, body composition and pre‐weaning growth rates of Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) pups
Authors: Arnould John P. Y. , Hindell Mark A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPre‐weaning growth rates, body composition, milk consumption and mass gain efficiency were measured in Australian fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus pups born in two consecutive breeding periods. Australian fur seals have the highest birth mass of any fur seal species (male 8.3 kg; female 7.2 kg). While their absolute pre‐weaning growth rate (male 62 g·day−1; female 53 g·day−1) is similar to that of other temperate latitude fur seals, they have the longest birth‐mass doubling time of any otariid species (134–136 days). Daily milk consumption increased from 400 g·day−1 (5 MJ·day−1) after birth to 675 g·day−1 (13.7 MJ·day−1) at age 210 day. However, mean mass‐specific milk consumption (41 g·kg−1) is substantially lower than in other otariid species (58–70 g·kg−1) and, combined with a low mass gain efficiency (0.12 g·g−1), contributes to the low mass‐specific growth rates observed. There were no significant differences in either absolute or mass‐specific milk consumption between the sexes. Significant differences, however, were found between the sexes in the body composition of pups with females generally having larger body lipid stores than males for any given mass. Peak milk yield by Australian fur seal females is estimated at 0.60 MJkg−0.75, substantially less than in Antarctic fur seals. The low level of maternal energy transfer in Australian fur seals may reflect the relatively low marine productivity of their foraging areas.
The future of geriatrics: a public health perspective
Authors: Vetter Norman 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionSingle organ therapy for medical specialties, general medicine and its subspecialties,
has increasingly failed a number of groups of people over the last 200 years or so.
The largest group were elderly people who were summarily dismissed from the Infirmaries
from the days of their building as ‘vagabond beggars, incurables and elderly’.The vagabonds at least were welcomed after 1948, when the NHS diverted attention from people's cheque books and on to their illnesses. However, other groups have continued to suffer from the tyranny of single organ care, notably the ‘incurables’, young chronically sick people and those who were not capable of ‘getting better’ immediately. The lack of good, consistent mycocardial infection advice, despite excellent research findings, and a lack of rapid admission and full rehabilitation services for stroke victims remain a matter for concern in general medicine. How will new changes in the NHS, especially the development of Primary Care Groups (PCGs) and Trusts affect geriatrics?