bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Role of Internal Climate Variability in Future Climate Trends
Authors: Thompson David W. J. , Barnes Elizabeth A. , Deser Clara , Foust William E. , Phillips Adam S. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Internal variability in the climate system gives rise to large uncertainty in projections of future climate. The uncertainty in future climate due to internal climate variability can be estimated from large ensembles of climate change simulations in which the experiment setup is the same from one ensemble member to the next but for small perturbations in the initial atmospheric state. However, large ensembles are invariably computationally expensive and susceptible to model bias.
Here the authors outline an alternative approach for assessing the role of internal variability in future climate based on a simple analytic model and the statistics of the unforced climate variability. The analytic model is derived from the standard error of the regression and assumes that the statistics of the internal variability are roughly Gaussian and stationary in time. When applied to the statistics of an unforced control simulation, the analytic model provides a remarkably robust estimate of the uncertainty in future climate indicated by a large ensemble of climate change simulations. To the extent that observations can be used to estimate the amplitude of internal climate variability, it is argued that the uncertainty in future climate trends due to internal variability can be robustly estimated from the statistics of the observed climate.
B1 homogeneity of breast MRI using RF shimming with individual specific values in volunteers simulating patients after mastectomy
Authors: Abe Takayuki 
Published: May 2015

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a 3-T MRI scanner is now widely used for clinical examinations. However, B1 inhomogeneity becomes larger with MRI scanners using 3-T and higher. It especially becomes a problem in the breast. To improve B1 homogeneity, a RF shimming technique has been developed. Purpose To evaluate the B1 homogeneity of breast MRI using RF shimming with individual specific values for subjects after mastectomy. Material and Methods The subjects are healthy female volunteers who underwent normal breast imaging, followed by imaging of one breast while the other breast was bound tightly to the chest by bleached cotton cloths (simulating volunteers after mastectomy). B1 mappings were performed with RF shimming using two techniques: (i) optimized fixed value; and (ii) individual specific values using a 3-T MRI scanner. The means and standard deviations of the B1 maps for all slices in the breast were measured and compared between the fixed value and the individual specific value cases. Results For normal volunteers, the breast B1 variation was not statistically significantly different between the RF shimming techniques. For volunteers after simulated surgery, the breast B1 variation was (1.02 ± 0.29) with the fixed value and (0.98 ± 0.22) with the individual specific value ( P < 0.01). With the individual specific optimization, B1 variation for all slices in the breast was improved for volunteers after simulated surgery. Conclusion RF shimming with individual specific values has the potential to improve the B1 homogeneity of breast MRI in patients after mastectomy.
WikiHyperGlossary (WHG): an information literacy technology for chemistry documents
Authors: Bauer Michael A , Berleant Daniel , Cornell Andrew P , Belford Robert E 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Background
The WikiHyperGlossary is an information literacy technology that was created to enhance reading comprehension of documents by connecting them to socially generated multimedia definitions as well as semantically relevant data. The WikiHyperGlossary enhances reading comprehension by using the lexicon of a discipline to generate dynamic links in a document to external resources that can provide implicit information the document did not explicitly provide. Currently, the most common method to acquire additional information when reading a document is to access a search engine and browse the web. This may lead to skimming of multiple documents with the novice actually never returning to the original document of interest. The WikiHyperGlossary automatically brings information to the user within the current document they are reading, enhancing the potential for deeper document understanding.

Results
The WikiHyperGlossary allows users to submit a web URL or text to be processed against a chosen lexicon, returning the document with tagged terms. The selection of a tagged term results in the appearance of the WikiHyperGlossary Portlet containing a definition, and depending on the type of word, tabs to additional information and resources. Current types of content include multimedia enhanced definitions, ChemSpider query results, 3D molecular structures, and 2D editable structures connected to ChemSpider queries. Existing glossaries can be bulk uploaded, locked for editing and associated with multiple social generated definitions.

Conclusion
The WikiHyperGlossary leverages both social and semantic web technologies to bring relevant information to a document. This can not only aid reading comprehension, but increases the users’ ability to obtain additional information within the document. We have demonstrated a molecular editor enabled knowledge framework that can result in a semantic web inductive reasoning process, and integration of the WikiHyperGlossary into other software technologies, like the Jikitou Biomedical Question and Answer system. Although this work was developed in the chemical sciences and took advantage of open science resources and initiatives, the technology is extensible to other knowledge domains. Through the DeepLit (Deeper Literacy: Connecting Documents to Data and Discourse) startup, we seek to extend WikiHyperGlossary technologies to other knowledge domains, and integrate them into other knowledge acquisition workflows.
Determination of Chloride Content in Planar CH3NH3PbI3−xClx Solar Cells by Chemical Analysis
Authors: Cojocaru Ludmila , Uchida Satoshi , Jena Ajay Kumar , Miyasaka Tsutomu , Nakazaki Jotaro , Kubo Takaya , Segawa Hiroshi 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Methylammonium lead mixed-halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3−xClx) has been widely used for photovoltaic conversion. Supposedly, the presence of chloride ions in perovskite precursors enhances the coverage, morphology, and stability of the final perovskite film. It also improves carrier diffusion length in the perovskite film. Due to these advantages, the mixed-halide compound has been adopted for use in planar structure perovskite solar cells and it has led to significant enhancement in power conversion efficiency. However, until now, the exact content of chloride in the final product (CH3NH3PbI3−xClx) is under debate and has not been reported yet. In this article, we show the exact amount of chloride ions in the final perovskite film, determined by chemical analysis with ion chromatography.
Modern Child in Modern Educational Environment
Authors: Бородкина  , Borodkina N. , Тихомирова  , Tikhomirova O. 
Published: May 2015

A subject related to readiness of the modern school in general and teachers in particular to respond adequately to modern junior schoolchildren
requests is offered for discussion in this paper. Conclusions based on research data are drawn about a gap between expectations of children
coming to school, and teachers’ ability to respond to their requests. Key features related to personal and social development of today&#180;s junior schoolchild, their influence on pupils’ attitude to school and family are marked out. Different views on understanding by the modern junior
schoolchildren their place in the world, school and family are considered. Reasons of decrease in junior schoolchildren’ educational motivations
are revealed, and possible ways for overcoming of connected with it difficulties are outlined.
Future Teacher’s Expressive Speech Formation
Authors: Байменова  , Baymenova A. 
Published: May 2015

Experience on integrative didactic providing of technological side of future teacher’s expressive speech formation process has been presented
in this paper. The means of art applied within this integrative didactic providing are described. The special attention has been paid to tasks-
exercises used in classroom and out-of-class work for students — future teachers.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Use by Additional Education Teacher in Junior Schoolchildren’ Design Activity Organization (Arts and Crafts Direction)
Authors: Несмеянова  , Nesmeyanova N. 
Published: May 2015

Questions related to information and communication technologies (ICT) use at the organization of design activity in additional education are
considered in this paper. Project’s main stages have been marked, ICT use forms at the design activity’s different stages have been revealed.
Works of Visual Art Use for Junior Schoolchildren’ Coherent Speech Development
Authors: Виноградова  , Vinogradova Natalya 
Published: May 2015

Features related to works of visual art use as a tool for junior schoolchildren’ live figurative and coherent speech development are revealed in
this paper. Examples of lessons on which subjects related to painting of various genres (landscapes, portraits, still-lives, etc.) become a basis for
creation of children&#180;s stories (descriptions, narrations, reasoning) are given.
Education of Junior-School Children in Multinational Class in the Spirit of Tolerance
Authors: Куимова  , Kuimova N. , Хаматгалиева  , Khamatgalieva S. 
Published: May 2015

Tyumen region teachers’ experience related to formation of junior schoolchildren culture of relationship with people around when learning in
multinational educational collective are revealed in this paper. The authors give examples of actions for children familiarization with various
nations’ traditions, customs, art, and show possibilities for active interaction of school and a family.
Direct and indirect photolysis of triclocarban in the presence of dissolved organic matter
Authors: Trouts Tamara D. , Chin Yu-Ping 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Photolysis is an important attenuation pathway for the removal of wastewater effluent organic micropollutants from surface waters. In this work, direct and indirect processes leading to the degradation of the disinfectant, triclocarban were studied. Photo-irradiation experiments were conducted in water collected from Old Woman Creek (OWC) a tributary of Lake Erie near Huron, OH, USA and in solutions of fulvic acids isolated from the Suwannee River, Georgia, USA (SRFA), Old Woman Creek (OWCFA) and Pony Lake, Antarctica (PLFA). Photodegradation of triclocarban proceeded faster in the presence of all three fulvic acids relative to deionized water. PLFA, an autochthonous dissolved organic matter (DOM) was found to be more reactive than the other fulvic acids, while the mostly allochthonous SRFA exhibited the lowest reactivity toward triclocarban. The later observation can be in part explained by anti-oxidant moieties present in SRFA. Photosensitized triclocarban degradation in whole water DOM from OWC was entirely attributable to the fulvic acid fraction and suggests that this component is the most photo-reactive fraction of the DOM. Anoxic and methanol-quenched experiments revealed unexpected results whereby the former suggests oxidation through reaction with triplet DOM, while the later is indicative of reaction with photo-generated hydroxyl radicals. It is possible that methanol can quench excited DOM species, which would shut down the triplet oxidation pathway. Finally, we observed no enhancement of triclocarban-photosensitized degradation through the addition of iron.
How to make lithography patterns print: the role of OPC and pattern layout
Authors: De Bisschop Peter 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This paper will review some of the methods that have been devised to bring lithography-generated patterns as close to the desired target patterns as possible, while making them also robust against inevitable deviations from the ideal conditions during the printing process. Optical proximity correction (OPC) is the first step in this process. Various ways have been developed for efficient creation of accurate process window aware OPC models. Also, the use of the actual OPC step, to transform the target patterns into actual lithography mask patterns has seen significant progress. A computational verification step then checks whether the predicted pattern shapes meet the quality requirements and identifies any residual failures or weak patterns (‘hotspots’). Once the mask is available, a second verification step, now looking at patterns on printed wafers, is performed to make sure that all critical patterns print to within the requested tolerances. Each of the steps in this flow can – and usually does – lead to corrective iterations to one of the previous steps. As the task of ensuring sufficient process margin is gradually becoming more difficult, with the ever decreasing pattern sizes, constraints are being increasingly defined on the type of patterns that can be allowed in the target layout itself (design restrictions), leading to a tendency toward more regular designs, an evolution that needs to be facilitated by the patterning technology and materials used. So the problem of ensuring good printability now also involves both layout and technology, and we will look into this aspect of the optimization problem as well.
Factors associated with low back pain in workers: the influence of anthropometric measures, abdominal endurance and hip flexibility
Authors: Portela Bruno Sergio , Vulczak Anderson , Queiroga Marcos Roberto 
Published: May 2015

Summary
Study aim: to compare the physical fitness of bus drivers and fare collectors (working hours per day in sitting position = 7h) with and without low back pain. The subjects consisted of sixty-six bus drivers and fare collectors working in a public transport company.

Material and methods: the prevalence of low back pain, age and working time was determined for bus drivers and fare collectors using a questionnaire. All subjects underwent anthropometric assessment (weight, height and waist circumference), an abdominal endurance test and a hip flexibility test.

Results: there was a significant difference between the low back pain group (n = 27) and the group without pain (n = 39) in body mass index (27.5 ± 3.9 kg · m–2 vs. 25.6 ± 4.0 kg · m–2), waist circumference (92.5 ± 10 cm vs. 85.9 ± 9 cm), the abdominal endurance test (28.9 ± 17.5 repetitions vs. 38.4 ± 19.2 repetitions) and the hip flexibility test (69.1 ± 14.4 degrees vs. 78.3 ± 16.9 degrees). There was no significant difference in age and working time.

Conclusion: anthropometric measures, abdominal endurance and hip flexibility are deficient in bus drivers and fare collectors with low back pain. We suggest that workers with prevalent low back pain increase their physical fitness.
Imaging of native early embryogenic tissue
of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) by ESEM
Authors: Hřib Jiří , Vooková Božena , Neděla Vilém 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Environmental scanning electron microscopy
enables the investigation of uncoated pine early
embryogenic tissue samples in situ. The samples were
examined under low vacuum conditions (air pressure 550
Pa) at a temperature of around -18°C by the AQUASEM II noncommercial
environmental scanning electron microscope.
The native extracellular matrix surface network was imaged
by the environmental scanning electron microscope and
in dark field mode of the optical microscope too. The
backscattered electron detector disclosed brightness loci
in the cells of early embryogenic culture. This work shows
images of native pine embryogenic tissues. The continuity
of extracellular matrix with structural integrity of plant
organism is discussed.
A note on real algebraic groups
Authors: Azad Hassan , Biswas Indranil 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The efficacy of using complexifications to understand the structure of real
algebraic groups is demonstrated. In particular, the following two results are
proved:
(i) Let G be a connected solvable linear group whose eigenvalues are all
real. If the complexification G
ℂ of G is algebraic and operates
algebraically on a complex variety V, and some G orbit in V is compact, then
this orbit is a point. (ii) If L is a connected subgroup of a connected real linear semisimple group
G such that the complexification L
ℂ of L is algebraic
and L
ℂ contains a maximal torus of G
ℂ, then L
contains a maximal torus of G which complexifies to a maximal torus of
G
ℂ.
Investigation And Design Of Durable Pavement Structure Rehabililation
Authors: Karoliny Márton , Gáspár László 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Preservation of the appropriate quality of road assets needs timely rehabilitation of high-level design and construction. Since the actual life cycles of Hungarian road rehabilitation projects are often much lower than expected, research activities of the authors were concentrated on the development of an updated design technology of road pavement rehabilitation using scientifically based algorithms. The paper outlines the elements of a pavement rehabilitation design based on Hungarian and foreign literature survey, detailed own laboratory test series and trial section monitoring. The main steps of the design methodology comprise the Client’s data supply and disposition, site condition evaluation by the designer, deflection measurement in carefully selected points, eventual additional laboratory tests, choosing design subsections, correction of the equivalent thickness of the new asphalt layer, calculation of strain in wearing course. Besides, relationships are presented between various condition parameter data like bearing capacity values, unevenness measuring data and rut depth values. The pavement rehabilitation design technique suggested here – if widely in Hungary – can significantly contribute to attaining a much longer life cycle of rehabilitated roads than by now, and it is (would be) extremely efficient due to the very limited funds available for highway purposes.
Inverse problems for parabolic equations with interior degeneracy and Neumann boundary conditions
Authors: Boutaayamou Idriss , Fragnelli Genni , Maniar Lahcen 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
We consider a parabolic problem with degeneracy in the interior of the spatial domain and we focus on the well-posedness of the problem and on inverse source problems. The novelties of the present paper are two. First, the degeneracy point is in the interior of the spatial domain. Second, we consider Neumann boundary conditions so that no previous result can be adapted to this situation.
An adaptive multigrid conjugate gradient method for permeability identification of nonlinear diffusion equation
Authors: Zhao Jingjun , Liu Tao 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In this paper, the adaptive multigrid conjugate gradient method is applied to the inversion of the space-dependent permeability function in a nonlinear diffusion equation, which plays an important role in promoting the permeability estimation within multiphase porous media flow. The forward problem is discretized using finite-difference methods and the estimation is formulated as a least-square minimization problem with a regularization term. Firstly, the conjugate gradient method for optimization is used to solve this parameter identification problem. Secondly, to reduce the amount of calculation, the idea of multigrid inversion and the necessary condition of “the optimal solution should be the fixed point of multigrid inversion” is considered. Then, by combining the multigrid multiscale method with the conjugate gradient method, a new inversion method called the adaptive multigrid conjugate gradient method is designed. The results of numerical simulations indicate that the proposed method can effectively reduce the required computation burden and have good ability in anti-noise.
Incorporating a posteriori error estimators in an adaptive
parametrization algorithm
Authors: Ben Ameur Hend , Kharrat Nizar , Mghazli Zoubida 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
We are interested on an inverse problem of distributed parameter estimation in a partial differential equation (PDE)
from measures of the PDE's solution. The considered parameter
is supposed to be a piecewise constant function. Identifying the parameterization consists on identifying
both values of the parameter and shapes of zones where the parameter is constant. We develop a posteriori
error estimators
for the considered inverse problem and we present a new algorithm, result of the combination between
adaptive parameterization technique, leading to overcome the underdetermination problem and, an
adaptive mesh technique, guided by a posteriori error estimators, providing more precise results.
Finding scattering data for a time-harmonic wave equation with first order perturbation from the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map
Authors: Agaltsov Alexey D. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
We present formulas and equations for finding scattering data from the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map for a time-harmonic wave equation with first order perturbation with compactly supported coefficients. We assume that the coefficients are matrix-valued in general. To our knowledge, these results are new even for the general scalar case.
Paris und Berlin nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg: Eine symbolische Nationalisierung der Hauptstädte?
Authors: Julien Elise 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
At the end of the First World War, the memories of the conflict which developed in France and Germany diverged widely. However, Paris and Berlin were something else than just a genuine reflection of their respective national context; their status as capital cities gave them common characteristics. Therefore some similar phenomena appear. On the one hand, those cities may offer a national backing to particular memories, which was especially sought. On the other hand, the concentration of marks of memory in those cities tended to consolidate them in an always more exclusively national role. Thus, a kind of reciprocal nationalization of memory by capital cities and of capital cities by memory occurred. This nationalization is particularly visible in the analysis of the national monuments that emerged in the post-war years. Nevertheless, such phenomena underline variations between Paris and Berlin: Paris stood out without any difficulty as the capital of France, even of the Allied world, while Berlin stood out as the capital of Prussia, with more difficulty as the capital of Germany.
Laser surgical treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD)-induced buccal mucosal sclerosis
Authors: Rupel Katia , Gobbo Margherita , Ottaviani Giulia , Biasotto Matteo 
Published: May 2015

AbstractOral sclerotic chronic graft-versus-host-disease (cGvHD) represents a distinctive phenotype of cGvHD which causes severe disability and morbidity due to impaired oral hygiene and food intake, jaw pain, tightness and discomfort. As it is a rare presentation, there is little published evidence on its management. Here, the case of a patient suffering from stage-2 oral sclerotic cGvHD treated with a bilateral surgical release of fibrous bands performed using a blue light-emitting diode laser (λ=445±5 nm) is presented. This was followed by maintenance of the mouth opening through a specifically designed resin intraoral device. After the laser-assisted surgical procedure, the patient did not experience any bleeding, pain or discomfort, and the mouth opening was increased from 12 mm to 20 mm. Over a 6-month follow-up period, the patient increased and stabilized the mouth opening from 20 mm to 25 mm helping to maintain and improve oral hygiene together with overall comfort and quality of life.