bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prosaïsme et flânerie chez Eudore Évanturel
Authors: Lambert Vincent 
Published: August 2015

Les Premières poésies d’Eudore Évanturel (1852-1919) forment un recueil qui détonne dans la littérature québécoise du XIXe siècle. Étranger au patriotisme littéraire de son temps, Évanturel est un poète de l’ut pictura poesis, comme Alfred Garneau, mais d’une manière tout à fait inattendue, avec un prosaïsme qui s’attache moins aux paysages silencieux qu’à l’univers urbain, à ses personnages variés, ses mondanités, ses intérieurs bourgeois. Poète ironique, livré à ses humeurs, Évanturel s’adonne à une flânerie qu’il faut distinguer de l’ivresse baudelairienne, car il est plus proche des chroniqueurs de son temps. Toutefois, dans cette attention distanciée, c’est la présence même du monde qui fait évènement.
Magnetic unmixing of first‐order reversal curve diagrams using principal component analysis
Authors: Lascu Ioan , Harrison Richard J. , Li Yuting , Muraszko Joy R. , Channell James E. T. , Piotrowski Alexander M. , Hodell David A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe describe a quantitative magnetic unmixing method based on principal component analysis (PCA) of first‐order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams. For PCA, we resample FORC distributions on grids that capture diagnostic signatures of single‐domain (SD), pseudosingle‐domain (PSD), and multidomain (MD) magnetite, as well as of minerals such as hematite. Individual FORC diagrams are recast as linear combinations of end‐member (EM) FORC diagrams, located at user‐defined positions in PCA space. The EM selection is guided by constraints derived from physical modeling and imposed by data scatter. We investigate temporal variations of two EMs in bulk North Atlantic sediment cores collected from the Rockall Trough and the Iberian Continental Margin. Sediments from each site contain a mixture of magnetosomes and granulometrically distinct detrital magnetite. We also quantify the spatial variation of three EM components (a coarse silt‐sized MD component, a fine silt‐sized PSD component, and a mixed clay‐sized component containing both SD magnetite and hematite) in surficial sediments along the flow path of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). These samples were separated into granulometric fractions, which helped constrain EM definition. PCA‐based unmixing reveals systematic variations in EM relative abundance as a function of distance along NADW flow. Finally, we apply PCA to the combined data set of Rockall Trough and NADW sediments, which can be recast as a four‐EM mixture, providing enhanced discrimination between components. Our method forms the foundation of a general solution to the problem of unmixing multicomponent magnetic mixtures, a fundamental task of rock magnetic studies.
Coseismic displacements from SAR image offsets between different satellite sensors: Application to the 2001 Bhuj (India) earthquake
Authors: Wang Teng , Wei Shengji , Jónsson Sigurjón 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSynthetic aperture radar (SAR) image offset tracking is increasingly being used for measuring ground displacements, e.g., due to earthquakes and landslide movement. However, this technique has been applied only to images acquired by the same or identical satellites. Here we propose a novel approach for determining offsets between images acquired by different satellite sensors, extending the usability of existing SAR image archives. The offsets are measured between two multiimage reflectivity maps obtained from different SAR data sets, which provide significantly better results than with single preevent and postevent images. Application to the 2001 Mw7.6 Bhuj earthquake reveals, for the first time, its near‐field deformation using multiple preearthquake ERS and postearthquake Envisat images. The rupture model estimated from these cross‐sensor offsets and teleseismic waveforms shows a compact fault slip pattern with fairly short rise times (<3 s) and a large stress drop (20 MPa), explaining the intense shaking observed in the earthquake.
Subduction initiation at relic arcs
Authors: Leng Wei , Gurnis Michael 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAlthough plate tectonics is well established, how a new subduction zone initiates remains controversial. Based on plate reconstruction and recent ocean drilling within the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana, we advance a new geodynamic model of subduction initiation (SI). We argue that the close juxtaposition of the nascent plate boundary with relic oceanic arcs is a key factor localizing initiation of this new subduction zone. The combination of thermal and compositional density contrasts between the overriding relic arc, and the adjacent old Pacific oceanic plate promoted spontaneous SI. We suggest that thermal rejuvenation of the overriding plate just before 50 Ma caused a reduction in overriding plate strength and an increase in the age contrast (hence buoyancy) between the two plates, leading to SI. The computational models map out a framework in which rejuvenated relic arcs are a favorable tectonic environment for promoting subduction initiation, while transform faults and passive margins are not.
Near‐surface Scholte wave velocities at Ekofisk from short noise recordings by seismic noise gradiometry
Authors: de Ridder S. A. L. , Biondi B. L. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe propose a new approach for imaging the subsurface using a stochastic wavefield of interface waves present in the ambient seismic field. Unlike seismic interferometry, our technique does not rely on cross correlations to obtain the Green's function between two seismic receivers. Rather, it relies on the local measurements of phase velocity obtained directly from the ratio between second‐order temporal and spatial derivatives of the wavefield. We process 10 min of ambient seismic noise recording made using a large and dense array installed over Ekofisk. We image a subsidence‐induced geomechanical imprint on the Scholte wave phase velocities in the near surface. This resulting phase velocity pattern is verified by comparison to results from a seismic‐noise cross‐correlation tomography.
Earthquake characteristics before eruptions of Japan's Ontake volcano in 2007 and 2014
Authors: Zhang Miao , Wen Lianxing 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe detect earthquakes associated with Japan's Ontake eruptions in 2007 and 2014 using the match‐and‐locate method. Thirty‐seven times more events (4949) than the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) catalog (133) and 30 times more events (1880) than the JMA catalog (62) are detected during the eruptions of 2007 and 2014, respectively. The detected earthquakes are further classified into three different types: long‐period (LP) events, LP‐associated events, and volcano‐tectonic (VT) earthquakes. Both LP and LP‐associated events are observed in the two eruptions. We suggest that the observed intense seismicity before both eruptions indicates the rewaking of Ontake volcano and might be used to predict its impending eruption in the long term. The temporal persistence and spatial concentration of LP and LP‐associated events may be used to predict the eventual eruption and eruption location, and the maximum magnitude of the LP events may be used as an indicator of eruption magnitude.
The 2003–2004 seismic swarm in the western Corinth rift: Evidence for a multiscale pore pressure diffusion process along a permeable fault system
Authors: Duverger Clara , Godano Maxime , Bernard Pascal , Lyon‐Caen Hélène , Lambotte Sophie 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMicroseismic multiplets occurring in the western Corinth rift, Greece, during a large swarm are analyzed to retrieve their spatiotemporal characteristics. These multiplets activated small subfaults at depth (∼7 km), up to 1 km long, at the root of two parallel active normal faults. The swarm migrates westward nearly horizontally over 10 km at an average velocity of 50 m/d with a diffusivity of 0.5 m2 s−1. It successively activates the Aigion fault, a relay zone in its hanging wall, and the Fassouleika fault. Within each multiplet, hypocenters also migrate with diffusivities ranging from 0.001 to 0.4 m2 s−1. The largest internal diffusivities appear at the core of the layer defined by the clusters. These results are interpreted as a hydroshear process caused by pore pressure migration within permeable corridors resulting from the intersection of the major faults with a brittle geological layer inherited from the Hellenic nappe stack.
The meteoroid stream of comet Encke at Mercury: Implications for MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging observations of the exosphere
Authors: Christou Apostolos A. , Killen Rosemary M. , Burger Matthew H. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe test the hypothesis that an annually repeatable Ca emission excess in Mercury's exosphere at a True Anomaly Angle (TAA) of 25° ± 5° is due to particles from comet 2P/Encke impacting the surface. By simulating the dynamical evolution of Encke particles under planetary perturbations and Poynting‐Robertson drag, we find that millimeter‐sized grains ejected 1–2 ×104 years ago encounter Mercury at TAA = 350°–30°. The timing of the excess emission is consistent with a major dust release episode
20 kyr ago, possibly due to Encke progenitor breakup. The emission mechanism is likely the direct injection of impact‐liberated Ca into sunlight rather than nightside surface adsorption for subsequent release at dawn. The timing of dust release from the comet depends on this mechanism; a 10 kyr age is implied by the direct‐injection scenario.
Slow electron holes in multicomponent plasmas
Authors: Norgren C. , André M. , Graham D. B. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Vaivads A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractElectrostatic solitary waves (ESWs), often interpreted as electron phase space holes, are commonly observed in plasmas and are manifestations of strongly nonlinear processes. Often slow ESWs are observed, suggesting generation by the Buneman instability. The instability criteria, however, are generally not satisfied. We show how slow electron holes can be generated by a modified Buneman instability in a plasma that includes a slow electron beam on top of a warm thermal electron background. This lowers the required current for marginal instability and allows for generation of slow electron holes for a wide range of beam parameters that covers expected plasma distributions in space, for example, in magnetic reconnection regions. At higher beam speeds, the electron‐electron beam instability becomes dominant instead, producing faster electron holes. The range of phase speeds for this model is consistent with a statistical set of observations at the magnetopause made by Cluster.
Paul‐Mohr‐Coulomb failure surface of rock in the brittle regime
Authors: Makhnenko Roman Y. , Harvieux Justice , Labuz Joseph F. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Paul‐Mohr‐Coulomb failure criterion includes the intermediate principal stress σII and friction angles at the limiting stress states of σII = σIII and σII = σI, where σI and σIII are major and minor principal stresses. Conventional triaxial compression (σII = σIII), extension (σII = σI), and plane strain (σI ≠ σII ≠ σIII) experiments were performed on dry rock. The failure data were plotted in principal stress space, and material parameters were determined in the context of two internal friction angles and the theoretical uniform triaxial (all‐around equal) tensile strength. Assuming isotropy, the triaxial compression and extension results were used to construct a six‐sided pyramidal failure surface, and the extension friction angle was larger than the compression friction angle, a sufficient but not necessary condition of the intermediate stress effect. To capture the behavior of the rock in multiaxial loading, the Paul‐Mohr‐Coulomb criterion was extended to form a 12‐sided pyramid with best fit planes.
Orientation of X lines in asymmetric magnetic reconnection—Mass ratio dependency
Authors: Liu Yi‐Hsin , Hesse M. , Kuznetsova M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractUsing fully kinetic simulations, we study the X line orientation of magnetic reconnection in an asymmetric configuration. A spatially localized perturbation is employed to induce a single X line, which has sufficient freedom to choose its orientation in three‐dimensional systems. The effect of ion to electron mass ratio is investigated, and the X line appears to bisect the magnetic shear angle across the current sheet in the large mass ratio limit. The orientation can generally be deduced by scanning through the corresponding 2‐D simulations to find the reconnection plane that maximizes the peak reconnection electric field. The deviation from the bisection angle in the lower mass ratio limit is consistent with the orientation shift of the most unstable linear tearing mode in an electron‐scale current sheet.
Longitudinal and seasonal variation of the equatorial flux tube integrated Rayleigh‐Taylor instability growth rate
Authors: Wu Qian 
Published: August 2015

AbstractUsing the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM), the ionospheric Rayleigh‐Taylor instability growth rate is calculated. The seasonal and longitudinal variations of the growth rate from the TIEGCM appear to match that of the spread F observed by various satellite missions. The growth rate is strongly dependent on the angle between the sunset terminator and the geomagnetic field line near the magnetic equator. The TIEGCM simulations with nonmigrating tides show the zonal wave number 4 structure in the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability due to the inclusion of the nonmigrating diurnal eastward zonal wave number 3 and semidiurnal eastward zonal wave number 2 tides.
Seasonal evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice
Authors: Webster Melinda A. , Rigor Ignatius G. , Perovich Donald K. , Richter‐Menge Jacqueline A. , Polashenski Christopher M. , Light Bonnie 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe seasonal evolution of melt ponds has been well documented on multiyear and landfast first‐year sea ice, but is critically lacking on drifting, first‐year sea ice, which is becoming increasingly prevalent in the Arctic. Using 1 m resolution panchromatic satellite imagery paired with airborne and in situ data, we evaluated melt pond evolution for an entire melt season on drifting first‐year and multiyear sea ice near the 2011 Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station (APLIS) site in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. A new algorithm was developed to classify the imagery into sea ice, thin ice, melt pond, and open water classes on two contrasting ice types: first‐year and multiyear sea ice. Surprisingly, melt ponds formed ∼3 weeks earlier on multiyear ice. Both ice types had comparable mean snow depths, but multiyear ice had 0–5 cm deep snow covering ∼37% of its surveyed area, which may have facilitated earlier melt due to its low surface albedo compared to thicker snow. Maximum pond fractions were 53 ± 3% and 38 ± 3% on first‐year and multiyear ice, respectively. APLIS pond fractions were compared with those from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field campaign. APLIS exhibited earlier melt and double the maximum pond fraction, which was in part due to the greater presence of thin snow and first‐year ice at APLIS. These results reveal considerable differences in pond formation between ice types, and underscore the importance of snow depth distributions in the timing and progression of melt pond formation.
Tropical cyclones in the North American Regional Reanalysis: The impact of satellite‐derived precipitation over ocean
Authors: Zick Stephanie E. , Matyas Corene J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractContinued advancement in the realm of tropical cyclone (TC) forecasting requires a more accurate depiction of these storms at model initialization. This study examines the impact of precipitation assimilation on the representation of TCs in the North American Regional Reanalysis before and after the 2004 introduction of precipitation assimilation over ocean in the vicinity of TCs. The probability distribution function of rainfall rates indicates that light (heavy) precipitation was overforecast (underforecast) in the early time period. Since the precipitation assimilation is applied through an adjustment to the latent heating distribution, the data assimilation system in the later time period initializes a low‐level moisture and heating profile that is more conducive to the initiation of deep convection and the generation of precipitation. Consequently, the deep convection and enhanced latent heat release lead to a more robust warm‐core temperature perturbation and a better developed secondary circulation, which supplies the TC with larger quantities of moisture from the large‐scale environment. Furthermore, the evolution of TC size, which was objectively estimated though the radius of outermost closed isobar, is significantly more skillful (p < 0.05) in post‐2003 storms. Based on this study, precipitation assimilation leads to a better analysis of temperature, winds, and moisture in the vicinity of TCs, resulting in improved representations of the water budget and storm life cycle. Therefore, we conclude that efforts toward the development of precipitation assimilation techniques from radar and satellite data sets will be valuable toward the construction of improved TC forecasting tools with more authentic TC representation.
Solar wind at 33 AU: Setting bounds on the Pluto interaction for New Horizons
Authors: Bagenal F. , Delamere P. A. , Elliott H. A. , Hill M. E. , Lisse C. M. , McComas D. J. , McNutt Jr. R. L. , Richardson J. D. , Smith C. W. , Strobel D. F. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNASA's New Horizons spacecraft flies past Pluto on 14 July 2015, carrying two instruments that detect charged particles. Pluto has a tenuous, extended atmosphere that is escaping the planet's weak gravity. The interaction of the solar wind with Pluto's escaping atmosphere depends on solar wind conditions as well as the vertical structure of Pluto's atmosphere. We have analyzed Voyager 2 particles and fields measurements between 25 and 39 AU and present their statistical variations. We have adjusted these predictions to allow for the Sun's declining activity and solar wind output. We summarize the range of SW conditions that can be expected at 33 AU and survey the range of scales of interaction that New Horizons might experience. Model estimates for the solar wind standoff distance vary from ~7 to ~1000 RP with our best estimate being around 40 RP (where we take Pluto's radius to be RP = 1184 km).
A parametrization of a steady periodic solution of the Fourier equation to model soil temperature dynamics
Authors: Falocchi Marco , Barontini Stefano , Ranzi Roberto 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn dry days the temperature of the upper soil layers presents a characteristic asymmetric periodic‐like pattern with a minimum in the morning and a maximum in the afternoon. In view of estimating the conductive heat component of the surface energy balance, at local, basin, and global scales, in this study we use a periodic series solution of the Fourier equation to develop a simple procedure to accurately reconstruct the soil temperature and heat flux profiles. The method is based on weighting and phasing the Fourier harmonics by means of coefficients which do not depend on the soil thermal properties but only depend on the shape of the temperature boundary condition. The proposed coefficients can be regarded to as site independent and with good approximation universal. In order to calibrate and test the procedure, measurements of soil temperature, soil heat flux, and soil water content, collected during the CividatEX Experiment (summer 2012, summer 2013, and spring and summer 2014), in Italy, were used. The method accurately reproduced the temperature observations at three measurement depths within the upper 20 cm soil layer. Once assessed the soil thermal conductivity, the method proved to be effective also in reproducing the measured soil heat flux. The procedure was furthermore validated reconstructing with good results the soil temperature dynamics measured by an independent micrometeorological station in a different environment.
Analysis of the potential radiation hazard of the 23 July 2012 SEP event observed by STEREO A using the EMMREM model and LRO/CRaTER
Authors: Joyce C. J. , Schwadron N. A. , Townsend L. W. , Mewaldt R. A. , Cohen C. M. S. , von Rosenvinge T. T. , Case A. W. , Spence H. E. , Wilson J. K. , Gorby M. , Quinn M. , Zeitlin C. J. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe present a study of the potential radiation hazard of the powerful, superfast interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) observed by STEREO A on 23 July 2012. Using energetic proton flux data from the High Energy Telescope and Low Energy Telescope instruments aboard STEREO A together with the Earth‐Moon‐Mars Radiation Environment Module, we compute dose rates and accumulated doses during the event for both skin/eye and blood forming organs using four physically relevant levels of shielding. For spacesuit equivalent shielding, we compute a peak skin/eye dose rate of 1970 cGy‐Eq/d, a value far greater than those of the 2003 Halloween storms or the January and March solar energetic particle events of 2012. However, due to the relative brevity of the event, the resulting accumulated dose was just 383 cGy‐Eq, which is more aligned with the total doses of the 2003 Halloween and 2012 January/March events. Additionally, we use dose rates at STEREO B and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (LRO/CRaTER) during the event to show how the radiation impact is affected by the position of the ICME relative to the observer. Specifically, we find that the energetic particle event associated with the local shock and ICME passage at STEREO A caused greatly enhanced dose rates when compared to STEREO B and LRO/CRaTER, which were longitudinally distant from the ICME. The STEREO A/B dose rates used here will soon be made available to the community as a tool for studying the energetic particle radiation of solar events from different longitudes as a part of NASA's Heliophysics Virtual Observatories and on the Predictions of radiation from REleASE, EMMREM, and Data Incorporating CRaTER, COSTEP, and other SEP measurements (PREDICCS) and CRaTER websites.
Microbiology
Authors: Sattley W Matthew , Madigan Michael T 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMicrobiology is the study of microorganisms – biological entities too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Most major advances in microbiology have occurred within the past 150 years, and several important subdisciplines of microbiology have developed during this time, including microbial ecology, molecular biology, immunology, industrial microbiology and biotechnology. Microorganisms of various types exist in all three domains of life (theBacteria,ArchaeaandEukarya), and they are by far the most abundant life forms on Earth. Microscopic biological agents include bacteria, archaea, protists (protozoa and algae), fungi, parasitic worms (helminths) and viruses. Although a small percentage of microorganisms are harmful to certain plants and animals and may cause serious disease in humans, the vast majority of microorganisms provide beneficial services, such as assisting in water purification and the production of certain foods, and many are essential for the proper functioning of Earth's ecosystems.Key ConceptsThe science of microbiology has advanced rapidly since the late 1800s and has spawned numerous important environmental, industrial and medical subdisciplines.Microbes are found in all domains of life and include bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, certain helminths and viruses.Microorganisms are essential to the proper functioning of all of Earth's ecosystems; all nutrient (elemental) cycles are driven primarily by microbial activities.While the vast majority of microorganisms are beneficial and provide valuable services, some microbes cause serious disease and have developed resistance to many of our most useful antimicrobial drugs.