bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trans‐dimensional Bayesian inversion of controlled‐source electromagnetic data in the German North Sea
Authors: Gehrmann Romina A. S. , Dettmer Jan , Schwalenberg Katrin , Engels Martin , Dosso Stan E. , Özmaral Asli 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the first controlled‐source electromagnetic survey carried out in the German North Sea with a recently developed seafloor‐towed electrical dipole–dipole system, i.e., HYDRA II. Controlled‐source electromagnetic data are measured, processed, and inverted in the time domain to estimate an electrical resistivity model of the sub‐seafloor. The controlled‐source electromagnetic survey targeted a shallow, phase‐reversed, seismic reflector, which potentially indicates free gas. To compare the resistivity model to reflection seismic data and draw a combined interpretation, we apply a trans‐dimensional Bayesian inversion that estimates model parameters and uncertainties, and samples probabilistically over the number of layers of the resistivity model. The controlled‐source electromagnetic data errors show time‐varying correlations, and we therefore apply a non‐Toeplitz data covariance matrix in the inversion that is estimated from residual analysis. The geological interpretation drawn from controlled‐source electromagnetic inversion results and borehole and reflection seismic data yield resistivities of ∼1 Ωm at the seafloor, which are typical for fine‐grained marine deposits, whereas resistivities below ∼20 mbsf increase to 2–4 Ωm and can be related to a transition from fine‐grained (Holocene age) to unsorted, coarse‐grained, and compacted glacial sediments (Pleistocene age). Interface depths from controlled‐source electromagnetic inversion generally match the seismic reflector related to the contrast between the different depositional environments. Resistivities decrease again at greater depths to ∼1 Ωm with a minimum resistivity at ∼300 mbsf where a seismic reflector (that marks a major flooding surface of late Miocene age) correlates with an increased gamma‐ray count, indicating an increased amount of fine‐grained sediments. We suggest that the grain size may have a major impact on the electrical resistivity of the sediment with lower resistivities for fine‐grained sediments. Concerning the phase‐reversed seismic reflector that was targeted by the survey, controlled‐source electromagnetic inversion results yield no indication for free gas below it as resistivities are generally elevated above the reflector. We suggest that the elevated resistivities are caused by an overall decrease in porosity in the glacial sediments and that the seismic reflector could be caused by an impedance contrast at a thin low‐velocity layer. Controlled‐source electromagnetic interface depths near the reflector are quite uncertain and variable. We conclude that the seismic interface cannot be resolved with the controlled‐source electromagnetic data, but the thickness of the corresponding resistive layer follows the trend of the reflector that is inclined towards the west.
How many routes lead to migration? Comparison of methods to assess and characterize migratory movements
Authors: Cagnacci Francesca , Focardi Stefano , Ghisla Anne , van Moorter Bram , Merrill Evelyn H. , Gurarie Eliezer , Heurich Marco , Mysterud Atle , Linnell John , Panzacchi Manuela , May Roel , Nygård Torgeir , Rolandsen Christer , Hebblewhite Mark 
Published: September 2015

Summary

Decreasing rate of migration in several species as a consequence of climate change and anthropic pressure, together with increasing evidence of space‐use strategies intermediate between residency and complete migration, are very strong motivations to evaluate migration occurrence and features in animal populations.

The main goal of this paper was to perform a relative comparison between methods for identifying and characterizing migration at the individual and population level on the basis of animal location data.

We classified 104 yearly individual trajectories from five populations of three deer species as migratory or non‐migratory, by means of three methods: seasonal home range overlap, spatio‐temporal separation of seasonal clusters and the Net Squared Displacement (NSD) method. For migratory cases, we also measured timing and distance of migration and residence time on the summer range. Finally, we compared the classification in migration cases across methods and populations.

All methods consistently identified migration at the population level, that is, they coherently distinguished between complete or almost complete migratory populations and partially migratory populations. However, in the latter case, methods coherently classified only about 50% of the single cases, that is they classified differently at the individual‐animal level. We therefore infer that the comparison of methods may help point to ‘less‐stereotyped’ cases in the residency‐to‐migration continuum. For cases consistently classified by all methods, no significant differences were found in migration distance, or residence time on summer ranges. Timing of migration estimated by NSD was earlier than by the other two methods, both for spring and autumn migrations.

We suggest three steps to identify improper inferences from migration data and to enhance understanding of intermediate space‐use strategies. We recommend (i) classifying migration behaviours using more than one method, (ii) performing sensitivity analysis on method parameters to identify the extent of the differences and (iii) investigating inconsistently classified cases as these may often be ecologically interesting (i.e. less‐stereotyped migratory behaviours).
Can landscape‐scale approaches to conservation management resolve biodiversity–ecosystem service trade‐offs?
Authors: Cordingley Justine E. , Newton Adrian C. , Rose Robert J. , Clarke Ralph T. , Bullock James M. 
Published: September 2015

SummaryConservation management is increasingly being required to support both the provision of ecosystem services and maintenance of biodiversity. However, trade‐offs can occur between biodiversity and ecosystems services. We examine whether such trade‐offs can be resolved through landscape‐scale approaches to management.We analysed the biodiversity value and provision of selected ecosystem services (carbon storage, recreation, aesthetic and timber value) on patches of lowland heathland in the southern English county of Dorset. We used transition matrices of vegetation dynamics across 112 heathland patches to forecast biodiversity and ecosystem service provision on patches of different sizes over a 27‐year timeline. Management scenarios simulated the removal of scrub and woodland and compared (i) no management (NM); (ii) all heaths managed equally (AM); and management focused on (iii) small heaths (SM) and (iv) large heaths (LM).Results highlighted a number of trade‐offs. Whereas biodiversity values were significantly lower in woodland than in dry and humid heath, timber, carbon storage and aesthetic values were highest in woodland. While recreation value was positively related to dry heath area, it was negatively related to woodland area. Multicriteria analysis ranked NM highest for aesthetic value, carbon storage and timber value. In contrast, SM ranked highest for recreation and LM highest for biodiversity value. In no scenario did the current site‐based approach to management (AM) rank highest.Synthesis and applications. Biodiversity–ecosystem service trade‐offs are reported in lowland heathland, an ecosystem type of high conservation value. Trade‐offs can be addressed through a landscape‐scale approach to management, by varying interventions according to heathland patch size. Specifically, if management for biodiversity conservation is focused on larger patches, the aesthetic, carbon storage and timber value of smaller patches would increase, as a result of woody succession. In this way, individual heathland patches of either relatively high biodiversity value or high value for provision of ecosystem services could both potentially be delivered at the landscape scale.
Prescribed fire does not promote outbreaks of a primary bark beetle at low‐density populations
Authors: Tabacaru Crisia Alexandra , Park Jane , Erbilgin Nadir 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe causes of bark beetle outbreaks – particularly the role of disturbances – are poorly understood. Stand‐scale disturbances, like fires, can suddenly improve local host susceptibility and may attract beetles; however, whether such increases can lead to outbreaks in post‐disturbance stands is unclear.Using low‐densityDendroctonus ponderosaemountain pine beetle populations inPinus contortalodgepole pine forests in western Canada, we investigated whether prescribed fires promote outbreaks or provide only short‐term resources.Proportionally more burned than non‐burned trees were attacked. At one site, beetle attacks increased in response to a resource pulse, but the proportions of attacked trees and numbers of attacks per tree declined over four years after fire. Elsewhere, beetle attacks remained very low.As the resource (phloem) quality of burned trees remained high three years after fire, we propose that post‐fire mortality, resulting in fewer available host trees, can at least partially explain whyD. ponderosaedid not build up populations in burned stands.Synthesis and applications. Our study emphasizes the importance of examining long‐term trends in fire–bark beetle interactions, and of understanding low‐density beetle populations. Because fire does not seem to promote mountain pine beetle outbreaks, we recommend the continued use of prescribed fire for the general management ofP. contortaforests with low‐density beetle populations.
HDAC4 stabilizes SIRT1 via sumoylation SIRT1 to delay cellular senescence
Authors: Han Xiaolin , Niu Jing , Zhao Yang , Kong Qingsheng , Tong Tanjun , Han Limin 
Published: September 2015

SummaryThe nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide‐dependent protein deacetylase silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) regulates cellular lifespan in several organisms. Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) belongs to the class IIa group of HDACs; this class of HDACs is composed of proteins that are important regulators of gene expression that control pleiotropic cellular functions. However, the role of HDAC4 in cellular senescence is still unknown. This study shows that the expression patterns of HDAC4 and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1; the mammalian homolog of Sir2) are positively correlated during cellular senescence. Moreover, the overexpression of HDAC4 delays senescence, whereas the knockdown of HDAC4 leads to premature senescence in human fibroblasts. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that HDAC4 increases endogenous SIRT1 expression by enhancing its sumoylation modification levels, thereby stabilizing its protein levels. This study, therefore, provides a new molecular mechanism for the regulation of cellular senescence.
‘Social Mixing' or ‘Gentrification'? Contradictory Perspectives on Urban Change in the Berlin District of Neukölln
Authors: Huning Sandra , Schuster Nina 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIn the past two decades, the Berlin district of Neukölln has received considerable attention from politicians, planners, urban scholars and the media. This article discusses the role that the academic concepts of ‘social mixing' and ‘gentrification' play in the overlapping and partly contradictory narratives that have been employed to interpret transformations in one particular part of the district, Nord‐Neukölln. While the area is still characterized as a place of poverty and decline, it has more recently come to be known as a ‘hip place to be' among young (creative) urbanites, students and artists. Various urban players such as politicians, planners, urban sociologists, activists, interest groups and the media participate in the construction of these narratives and, in the process, adopt the concepts of social mixing and gentrification according to their respective rationales and preferences. Both concepts play a pivotal role in justifying contradictory claims and interventions. As a consequence, ‘social mixing' and ‘gentrification' are more than just analytical concepts for interpreting urban transformations; they have themselves become part of these transformations and have an impact on local developments. We conclude that urban scholarship must reflect more on its own role and positioning in the arena of urban transformation.
Food allergy in schools: The importance of government involvement
Authors: Lawlis Tanya , Bakonyi Sarah , Williams Lauren T. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAimChildren have the highest rates of food‐related allergic reactions. While 85% of children outgrow allergies including cow's milk and eggs by five years of age, allergies to peanuts and seafood continue into adulthood. The school setting poses a high‐risk environment for allergen exposure. The aim of the present study was to examine the availability, drivers and communication of school food allergy awareness and management policies/guidelines in one Australian education jurisdiction.MethodsA cross‐sectional study comprising an online survey of principals on school allergy awareness (n = 100) was conducted in public, catholic and independent primary and high schools in an Australian education jurisdiction between August 2011 and November 2012.ResultsSixty‐three per cent (17/27) of schools responding to the survey reported using food allergy management guidelines. An average of 13 students per school were reported to have a food allergy with 93% of schools reported having students with at least one food allergy. Parents, not government policy, were identified as primary drivers of food allergy guideline implementation and a third of schools provided anaphylaxis training annually. Communication of food allergy management was limited with only 42 school websites either providing access to policies/guidelines or providing a food allergy statement.ConclusionsDetailed awareness and management guidelines are integral for schools to adequately manage food‐induced allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, in the school environment. To enable this, national government support through legislation and policy is needed to ensure a consistent, up‐to‐date and policed approach to food allergy management in the Australian education sector.
Adequacy of the Activities in the Nursing Intervention Exercise Therapy: Ambulation for Medical‐Surgical Patients With Impaired Physical Mobility
Authors: Costa Renata Bulhões , dos Santos Eduarda Ribeiro , Lopes Camila Takao , Bergamasco Ellen Cristina 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo evaluate the adequacy of the activities in the nursing intervention Exercise Therapy: Ambulation for medical‐surgical patients with impaired physical mobility.MethodsA methodological study with 60 medical‐surgical nurses in a large hospital in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Nurses judged the appropriateness of the 20 activities that comprise the intervention, classified as major or minor.ResultsEight activities were classified as major and 12 as minor for the care of medical‐surgical patients with impaired physical mobility.Conclusion and Implications for PracticeThe activities of the intervention Exercise Therapy: Ambulation were considered adequate for medical‐surgical patients with impaired physical mobility. These results contribute to future content validation studies and teaching of undergraduate students.
Avian community responses to post‐fire forest structure: implications for fire management in mixed conifer forests
Authors: White A. M. , Manley P. N. , Tarbill G. L. , Richardson T. W. , Russell R. E. , Safford H. D. , Dobrowski S. Z. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFire is a natural process and the dominant disturbance shaping plant and animal communities in many coniferous forests of the westernUS. Given that fire size and severity are predicted to increase in the future, it has become increasingly important to understand how wildlife responds to fire and post‐fire management. TheAngoraFire burned 1243 hectares of mixed conifer forest inSouthLakeTahoe,California. We conducted avian point counts for the first 3 years following the fire in burned and unburned areas to investigate which habitat characteristics are most important for re‐establishing or maintaining the native avian community in post‐fire landscapes. We used a multi‐species occurrence model to estimate how avian species are influenced by the density of live and dead trees and shrub cover. While accounting for variations in the detectability of species, our approach estimated the occurrence probabilities of all species detected including those that were rare or observed infrequently. Although all species encountered in this study were detected in burned areas, species‐specific modeling results predicted that some species were strongly associated with specific post‐fire conditions, such as a high density of dead trees, open‐canopy conditions or high levels of shrub cover that occur at particular burn severities or at a particular time following fire. These results indicate that prescribed fire or managed wildfire which burns at low to moderate severity without at least some high‐severity effects is both unlikely to result in the species assemblages that are unique to post‐fire areas or to provide habitat for burn specialists. Additionally, the probability of occurrence for many species was associated with high levels of standing dead trees indicating that intensive post‐fire harvest of these structures could negatively impact habitat of a considerable proportion of the avian community.
Do Vietnamese upland farmers benefit from high world market prices for maize?
Authors: Luckmann Jonas , Ihle Rico , Kleinwechter Ulrich , Grethe Harald 
Published: September 2015

AbstractFor rural households in the north of Vietnam, maize cropping is the main source of income. In the face of the world market price increases of the recent past, we analyze the regional marketing chain of this commodity qualitatively and econometrically investigating to what extent smallholder farmers in developing countries are affected by international price movements. Vietnamese maize markets are found to be well integrated. Recent price hikes have fully transmitted along the regional supply chain so that farmers profited. Nevertheless, adverse factors such as increasing input prices have neutralized these benefits resulting in a decline in real income of smallholders.
Is there a slowdown in agricultural productivity growth in South America?
Authors: Trindade Federico José , Fulginiti Lilyan Estela 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article estimates agricultural productivity growth in 10 South American countries in 1969–2009 with the objective of investigating if the slowdown being measured in other countries is present in the region. Results show that productivity growth accounts for half of the three‐fold increase in agricultural output during this period and that performance is sensitive to R&D investments in the sector. The slowdown found for the 1990s to 2000s in the U.S. and some European economies does not seem to be present yet in South America. The region's total factor productivity (TFP) growth rate increased steadily from 1.07% during the 1970s to 2.29% during the 2000s. Given lags in adoption and the adaptive nature of innovations in these economies, we have yet to see the potential effects in South American agriculture of decreases in R&D in advanced economies.
Y‐Chromosomal Lineages of Latvians in the Context of the Genetic Variation of the Eastern‐Baltic Region
Authors: Pliss Liana , Timša Līga , Rootsi Siiri , Tambets Kristiina , Pelnena Inese , Zole Egija , Puzuka Agrita , Sabule Areta , Rozane Sandra , Lace Baiba , Kucinskas Vaidutis , Krumina Astrida , Ranka Renate , Baumanis Viesturs 
Published: September 2015

SummaryVariations of the nonrecombining Y‐chromosomal region were investigated in 159 unrelated Baltic‐speaking ethnic Latvians from four different geographic regions, using 28 biallelic markers and 12 short tandem repeats. Eleven different haplogroups (hgs) were detected in a regionally homogeneous Latvian population, among which N1c, R1a, and I1 cover more than 85% of its paternal lineages. When compared its closest geographic neighbors, the composition of the Latvian Y‐chromosomal gene pool was found to be very similar to those of Lithuanians and Estonians. Despite the comparable frequency distribution of hg N1c in Latvians and Lithuanians with the Finno‐Ugric‐speaking populations from the Eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, the observed differences in allelic variances of N1c haplotypes between these two groups are in concordance with the previously stated hypothesis of different dispersal ways of this lineage in the region. More than a third of Latvian paternal lineages belong specifically to a recently defined R1a‐M558 hg, indicating an influence from a common source within Eastern Slavic populations on the formation of the present‐day Latvian Y‐chromosome gene pool.
Phenotypic plasticity and targeting of Siglec‐FhighCD11clow eosinophils to the airway in a murine model of asthma
Authors: Abdala Valencia H. , Loffredo L. F. , Misharin A. V. , Berdnikovs S. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEosinophil recruitment in asthma is a multistep process, involving both trans‐endothelial migration to the lung interstitium and trans‐epithelial migration into the airways. While the trans‐endothelial step is well studied, trans‐epithelial recruitment is less understood. To contrast eosinophil recruitment between these two compartments, we employed a murine kinetics model of asthma. Eosinophils were phenotyped by multicolor flow cytometry in digested lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) simultaneously, 6 h after each ovalbumin (OVA) challenge. There was an early expansion of tissue eosinophils after OVA challenge followed by eosinophil buildup in both compartments and a shift in phenotype over the course of the asthma model. Gradual transition from a Siglec‐FmedCD11c− to a Siglec‐FhighCD11clow phenotype in lung tissue was associated with eosinophil recruitment to the airways, as all BAL eosinophils were of the latter phenotype. Secondary microarray analysis of tissue‐activated eosinophils demonstrated upregulation of specific integrin and chemokine receptor signature suggesting interaction with the mucosa. Using adhesion assays, we demonstrated that integrin CD11c mediated adhesion of eosinophils to fibrinogen, a significant component of epithelial barrier repair and remodeling. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only report to date dissecting compartmentalization of eosinophil recruitment as it unfolds during allergic inflammation. By capturing the kinetics of eosinophil phenotypic change in both tissue and BAL using flow cytometry and sorting, we were able to demonstrate a previously undocumented association between phenotypic shift of tissue‐recruited eosinophils and their trans‐epithelial movement, which implicates the existence of a specific mechanism targeting these cells to mucosal airways.