bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multi-subject, multi-modal human neuroimaging dataset
Authors: Wakeman Daniel G , Henson Richard N 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe describe data acquired with multiple functional and structural neuroimaging modalities on the same nineteen healthy volunteers. The functional data include Electroencephalography (EEG), Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data, recorded while the volunteers performed multiple runs of hundreds of trials of a simple perceptual task on pictures of familiar, unfamiliar and scrambled faces during two visits to the laboratory. The structural data include T1-weighted MPRAGE, Multi-Echo FLASH and Diffusion-weighted MR sequences. Though only from a small sample of volunteers, these data can be used to develop methods for integrating multiple modalities from multiple runs on multiple participants, with the aim of increasing the spatial and temporal resolution above that of any one modality alone. They can also be used to integrate measures of functional and structural connectivity, and as a benchmark dataset to compare results across the many neuroimaging analysis packages. The data are freely available from https://openfmri.org/.
Direct growth of GaN layer on carbon nanotube-graphene hybrid structure and its application for light emitting diodes
Authors: Seo Tae Hoon , Park Ah Hyun , Park Sungchan , Kim Yong Hwan , Lee Gun Hee , Kim Myung Jong , Jeong Mun Seok , Lee Young Hee , Hahn Yoon-Bong , Suh Eun-Kyung 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWe report the growth of high-quality GaN layer on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and graphene hybrid structure (CGH) as intermediate layer between GaN and sapphire substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and fabrication of light emitting diodes (LEDs) using them. The SWCNTs on graphene act as nucleation seeds, resulting in the formation of kink bonds along SWCNTs with the basal plane of the substrate. In the x-ray diffraction, Raman and photoluminescence spectra, high crystalline quality of GaN layer grown on CGH/sapphire was observed due to the reduced threading dislocation and efficient relaxation of residual compressive strain caused by lateral overgrowth process. When applied to the LED structure, the current-voltage characteristics and electroluminescence (EL) performance exhibit that blue LEDs fabricated on CGH/sapphire well-operate at high injection currents and uniformly emit over the whole emission area. We expect that CGH can be applied for the epitaxial growth of GaN on various substrates such as Si and MgO, which can be a great advantage in electrical and thermal properties of optical devices fabricated on them.
Probing time-dependent mechanical behaviors of catch bonds based on two-state models
Authors: Chen Xiaofeng , Mao Zhixiu , Chen Bin 
Published: January 2015

AbstractWith lifetime counter-intuitively being prolonged under forces, catch bonds can play critical roles in various sub-cellular processes. By adopting different “catching” strategies within the framework of two-state models, we construct two types of catch bonds that have a similar force-lifetime profile upon a constant force-clamp load. However, when a single catch bond of either type is subjected to varied forces, we find that they can behave very differently in both force history dependence and bond strength. We further find that a cluster of catch bonds of either type generally becomes unstable when subjected to a periodically oscillating force, which is consistent with experimental results. These results provide important insights into versatile time-dependent mechanical behaviors of catch bonds. We suggest that it is necessary to further differentiate those bonds that are all phenomenologically referred to as “Catch bonds”.
Improved three‐phase, five‐level pulse‐width modulation switched voltage source inverter
Authors: Odeh Charles I. 
Published: January 2015

This study presents an improved three‐phase, five‐level pulse‐width modulation (PWM) switched voltage source inverter. The single‐carrier, multilevel PWM scheme is employed to generate the gating signals for the power switches. Operational principles with switching functions are given. By controlling the amplitude modulation index, three‐ and five‐level output phase voltage waveforms can be achieved. For modulation indices of 0.45, and 0.9, the proposed inverter topology was subjected to an R–L load and the respective number of output voltage level were synthesised. For a step change in the modulation index, the response of the proposed multilevel inverter circuit topology is demonstrated. Fast Fourier transform analyses of the output line voltage waveforms, at the indicated depth of modulation, were carried out and the corresponding total harmonic distortion values were obtained. Comparison of the proposed inverter configuration and the classical 3‐ϕ topologies is given based on the power circuit component count. Moreover, analysis of the conduction power losses in the power semiconductor switches of the proposed inverter topology is given. To verify the performance of the proposed inverter architecture, simulations and experiments are carried out on a 3.46 kW rated prototype of the proposed inverter for an R–L load; and adequate results are presented.
Thermoelectric properties of Bi2Te3 disk fabricated from rice kernel‐like Bi2Te3 powder
Authors: Suriwong Tawat , Plirdpring Theerayuth , Threrujirapapong Thotsaphon , Thongtem Titipun , Thongtem Somchai 
Published: January 2015

Rice kernel (RK)‐like bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) crystals were successfully synthesised by microwave‐induced plasma heating of Bi and Te powders. Phase and morphology characterisation revealed the presence of the Bi2Te3 structure in the shape of RKs. The crystal orientation factor (f value) of RK Bi2Te3 powder was larger than that of the RK Bi2Te3 hot‐pressed disk. A comparison of the f values of both samples suggested that the RK shape has significant influence in reducing the f value after hot processing. The Seebeck coefficient (S), electrical resistivity (ρ) and thermal conductivity (κ) of the RK Bi2Te3 disk were determined over the temperature ranging from 323 to 623 K. The S value was negative over the whole temperature range, indicating an n ‐type thermoelectric RK Bi2Te3 disk. The power factor (S2ρ−1) was the highest at about 1.07 × 10−3W/m K2 at 323 K and decreased with increasing temperature. The maximum dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) of the RK Bi2Te3 disk was 0.26 at about 366 K.
The relationship between competencies acquired through Swiss academic sports science courses and the job requirements
Authors: Schlesinger T. , Studer F. , Nagel S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn view of the changes in and growing variety of sports‐related occupations, it is highly relevant for educational institutions to know how well the educational contents of their sport science courses meet the professional requirements. This study analyses the relationship between the competencies acquired through academic sports science courses and the requirements of the relevant jobs in Switzerland. The data for this empirical analysis were drawn from a sample of n = 1054 graduates of different academic sport science programmes at all eight Swiss universities. The results show that academic sport science courses primarily communicate sports‐specific expertise and practical sports skills. On the other hand, most graduates consider that the acquisition of interdisciplinary competencies plays a comparatively minor role in sport science education, even though these competencies are felt to be an important requirement in a variety of work‐related environments and challenges.
Does the Elephant Dance?
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This book surveys key features of contemporary Indian foreign policy. The text identifies relevant aspects of Indian history, examines the role of domestic politics and internal and external security challenges, and of domestic and international economic factors. It analyzes the specifics of India’s policy within its South Asian neighbourhood, and with respect to China, the USA, West Asia, East Asia, Europe, and Russia as well as multilateral diplomacy. The book also touches on Indian ties to Africa and Latin America, and the Caribbean. India’s ‘soft power’, the role of migration in its policy, and other cross-cutting issues are analyzed, as is the role and approach of several categories of foreign policy actors in India. Substantive conclusions touch on policies India may want or need to adjust in its quest for international stature.
India’s Contemporary Security Challenges
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the internal factors that have shaped Indian foreign policy post-independence. It first traces the evolution of India’s domestic politics and foreign policy since independence. It then discusses various domestic, regional, and global security challenges relevant to India today. It concludes by re-examining historical trends to determine if India can manage these challenges effectively as it negotiates its rise to great power status in the foreign policy sphere.
India’s Economy
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of India’s economy on its foreign policy since its independence in 1947. The first half deals with India’s economic development, and is divided into three periods: desperate times in the wake of the Raj (1947–66); autocracy and socialism (1966–90); and reforms, globalization, and growing global interdependence (1990 onwards). The second half considers how evolving economic patterns and relationships have affected India’s foreign policy and its ties with major partners. The chapter concludes that Indian foreign policy has shifted from the primacy of politics and geostrategic considerations to a new emphasis on economic interests and ties.
The Sino–Indian Relationship
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter analyses India’s relationship with China. It first sketches the history of the current and more recent relationship between the two countries and outlines the thematic issues on which they have agreed and disagreed. It then weighs the prospects for future conflict against the prospects for future cooperation. One conclusion arising from this narrative is that a deeper understanding of each other’s domestic compulsions and state-society relations would help identify and defuse potential sources of conflict before they get out of hand. Both countries have also done a creditable job of avoiding unwarranted antagonism and adventurism in their engagement with the other.
India’s East and Southeast Asia Policy
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines India’s policy towards the rest of the East and Southeast Asia, including the Southeast Asian nations, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and China. It describes India’s robust economic ties with South Korea; its cordial but substantively sub-par relationship with Japan; and the complex and rapidly developing relations India has with members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which includes several free trade arrangements and ‘strategic partnerships’. The chapter concludes that India enjoys a ‘soft power’ pull in relations with many Asian nations. But the region is unsentimental and to meet India’s expectations demands more Indian engagement than habitually provided by Delhi.
The Evolution of Indian Multilateralism
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter first traces the evolution of India’s approach to multilateralism over the last six decades. It then focuses on four substantive fields of foreign policy or forums of significance to its multilateral stance during this period of global (and Indian) transition and flux: the United Nations Security Council; the World Trade Organization and its Doha Round negotiations culminating in 2008; international efforts to combat climate change; and some emerging international groupings of states in which India is playing an active role or seeking to.
Conclusions
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This concluding chapter highlights a number of patterns and trends that emerged from the preceding chapters. It isolates a few specific issues, mostly regional ones (Kashmir, Afghanistan, China) and management of the economy, that are likely to remain troublesome for some time. It speculates on the kind of power India might turn into and whether it can avoid sharing the burden of managing the global commons and providing other international goods.
The Change from Within
Authors: Vardi Gil-li 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the generators of change in the way war is waged and the conditions without which change — whether intended, incidental, or even undesired — is not likely to take place. Using the German army of the interwar era as an example, it considers military culture as a mediator of external pressures for change and technology as a generator of change. It also compares the German experience with another army that faced tremendous political and economic transformations in the interwar era — the Red Army.
‘Killing is Easy’
Authors: DeGroot Gerard J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter analyses the impact of the atom bomb on war. It suggests that over the long term, the most important impact of the bomb appears to be its seminal role in making killing easy. In other words, its true importance might lie in the fact that it represented a final surrender to barbarity — a climactic assertion of the right of a nation to slaughter civilians for purposes of national security.
The Changing Character of Civil Wars, 1800–2009
Authors: Kalyvas Stathis N. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter surveys civil wars in both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, tracing the evolution of civil wars over time — both empirically and intellectually. It examines the broad outlines of their military characteristics (‘how they were fought on the ground’), as well as the way in which they have been described and understood by observers and participants alike. It argues that the way in which civil wars were fought is closely related to how they were understood and conceptualized.
Crime versus War
Authors: Reno William 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter analyses different uses of violence, in particular how political actors have used violence to assert their authority in pre-conflict regimes and once competition for power has grown fiercer. It connects the interests of these political actors and the constraints that they impose on each other with the personal interests and motivations of individuals. The study refrains from making judgements about what is ‘crime’ or ‘war’ and focuses instead on the circumstances that shape how people use violence when states collapse. It also provides testable hypotheses. For example, are there regime insiders who come to use protective violence in ways that apply to people who are not their immediate ethnic kinsmen? Are there regime outsiders who resort to plunder, and what happens to them?
Who Fights?—A Comparative Demographic Depiction of Terrorists and Insurgents in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Hoffman Bruce 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter sheds light on several key aspects of terrorism and insurgency that have remained remarkably constant over time. Indeed, a comparison of today’s terrorists and insurgents with their predecessors shows that very little has changed in the demographics, socio-economic backgrounds, education, and recruitment, that have always driven men and women into these realms of political violence.
The Civilian in Modern War
Authors: Roberts Adam 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter argues that the widely held view that civilians are worse off in today’s wars is flawed. It explores changes in the past two centuries in the roles and perceptions of the civilian. It questions the oft-repeated statistics showing an increase in the ratio of civilian to military casualties. It suggests that in the laws of war (also called international humanitarian law), there have been advances in internationally agreed standards of protection of civilians from the effects of war, and that in practice something has been achieved under the auspices of the United Nations and humanitarian relief bodies. Despite the problems encountered in the protection of civilians, such protection will remain an important aspect of international attempts to limit the effects of war.
Killing Civilians
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter begins by distinguishing between civilians and combatants from a moral point of view. It argues that none of the available theories motivating this distinction can support the idea that soldiers are inherently more legitimate targets of attack than civilians. It then discusses whether the foreseen killing of someone is, all else being equal, morally less bad than their intentional killing. It argues that it is not, and that therefore the idea that concomitant slaughter (another term for collateral damage) is not, all else being equal, as bad as terrorism is mistaken.
The Challenge of the Child Soldier
Authors: Goodwin-Gill Guy S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses present and emerging legal issues concerning child soldiers. It covers international laws on the protection of children; the reasons behind children’s involvement in armed conflict; consolidation and change in the legal framework governing the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict; the child soldiers of Sierra Leone; involvement of the UN Security Council; and UNICEF and the development of best practices.
American Strategic Culture
Authors: Echevarria II Antulio J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of American strategic culture and what is assumed to be its ‘subset and product’ — the American way of war. Scholars have yet to reach a consensus on a set of characteristics that define American strategic culture. One can, nonetheless, find traits repeated in the literature. These include a preference for fighting wars as battles; a fascination with technology, also known as technological romanticism; and casualty aversion. The chapter also considers another trait — the American penchant for theorizing when it comes to military affairs — which has been overlooked by scholars of American strategic culture.
Conclusion
Authors: Barkawi Tarak , Brighton Shane 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The changing character of war concerns relations between the transformation of polities and societies through war and the effects of those transformations on war itself. This chapter begins with the observation that knowledge about war is caught up in these transformations, in this field of relations between war, politics, and society. It focuses on the relationship between war and knowledge about war, and offers a view of the impact of the changing character of war on war studies. It suggests that the nature of war poses special epistemological difficulties that, among other effects, deprive war studies of the kinds of foundational problematics and objects of inquiry around which scholarly disciplines and projects develop.
A review of impacts of marine dredging activities on marine mammals
Authors: Todd Victoria L. G. , Todd Ian B. , Gardiner Jane C. , Morrin Erica C. N. , MacPherson Nicola A. , DiMarzio Nancy A. , Thomsen Frank 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMarine dredging is an excavation activity carried out worldwide by many industries. Concern about the impact dredging has on marine life, including marine mammals (cetaceans, pinnipeds, and sirenians) exists, but effects are largely unknown. Through consulting available literature, this review aims to expand on existing knowledge of the direct and indirect, negative and positive impacts on marine mammals. In terms of direct effects, collisions are possible, but unlikely, given the slow speed of dredgers. Noise emitted is broadband, with most energy below 1 kHz and unlikely to cause damage to marine mammal auditory systems, but masking and behavioural changes are possible. Sediment plumes are generally localized, and marine mammals reside often in turbid waters, so significant impacts from turbidity are improbable. Entrainment, habitat degradation, noise, contaminant remobilization, suspended sediments, and sedimentation can affect benthic, epibenthic, and infaunal communities, which may impact marine mammals indirectly through changes to prey. Eggs and larvae are at highest risk from entrainment, so dredging in spawning areas can be detrimental, but effects are minimized through the use of environmental windows. Sensitive environments such as seagrass beds are at risk from smothering, removal, or damage, but careful planning can reduce degradation. Assessing impacts of contaminant remobilization is difficult, but as long as contaminated sediments are disposed of correctly, remobilization is limited in space and time. Effects of suspended sediments and sedimentation are species-specific, but invertebrates, eggs, and larvae are most vulnerable. Positive effects, including an increase in food, result from greater nutrient loads, but are often short term. Dredging has the potential to impact marine mammals, but effects are species and location-specific, varying also with dredging equipment type. In general, evidence suggests that if management procedures are implemented, effects are most likely to be masking and short-term behavioural alterations and changes to prey availability.
Heart of darkness: dust obscuration of the central stellar component in globular clusters younger than ∼100 Myr in multiple stellar population models
Authors: Longmore S. N. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
To explain the observed anomalies in stellar populations within globular clusters, many globular cluster formation theories require two independent episodes of star formation. A fundamental prediction of these models is that the clusters must accumulate large gas reservoirs as the raw material to form the second stellar generation. We show that young clusters containing the required gas reservoir should exhibit the following observational signatures: (i) a dip in the measured luminosity profile or an increase in measured reddening towards the cluster centre, with AV &gt; 10 mag within a radius of a few pc; (ii) bright (sub)mm emission from dust grains; (iii) bright molecular line emission once the gas is dense enough to begin forming stars. Unless the initial mass function is anomalously skewed towards low-mass stars, the clusters should also show obvious signs of star formation via optical emission lines (e.g. Hα) after the stars have formed. These observational signatures should be readily observable towards any compact clusters (radii of a few pc) in the nearby Universe with masses ≳106 Mȯ and ages ≲100 Myr. This provides a straightforward way to directly test globular cluster formation models which predict large gas reservoirs are required to form the second stellar generation. The fact that no such observational evidence exists calls into question whether such a mechanism happens regularly for young massive clusters in galaxies within a few tens of Mpc.