bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newborn screening for critical congenital heart disease: Essential public health roles for birth defects monitoring programs
Authors: Olney Richard S. , Botto Lorenzo D. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractNewborn screening for critical congenital heart defects, added in September 2011 to the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel in the United States, is a new public health priority and has particular relevance for state birth defects surveillance programs. In this commentary, we review the background to potential involvement by birth defects programs with screening, and detail key questions that these programs can evaluate: (1) health outcomes after newborn screening among affected children; (2) missed primary targets of screening (i.e., affected children who were not screened or had false‐negative screens); (3) burden and screening accuracy for secondary targets; (4) the role of altitude, sociodemographic characteristics, and other special circumstances; (5) the contribution of prenatal and clinical diagnoses before newborn screening; and (6) costs and service utilization. To address these issues, monitoring programs will need to pay particular attention to: (1) data sources and quality; (2) timeliness; (3) long‐term follow‐up for comprehensive outcomes; (4) reporting standards; and (5) state and national program coordination. Although some aspects of involvement with these screening programs will require new partnerships and paradigm shifts in birth defects program operations, the visibility of these screening programs among stakeholders will also provide birth defects programs with new opportunities to demonstrate their usefulness. Birth Defects Research (Part A), © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rural and urban distribution of trauma incidents in Scotland
Authors: Morrison J J , McConnell N J , Orman J A , Egan G , Jansen J O 
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Background
Trauma systems reduce mortality and improve functional outcomes from injury. Regional trauma networks have been established in several European regions to address longstanding deficiencies in trauma care. A perception of the geography and population distribution as challenging has delayed the introduction of a trauma system in Scotland. The characteristics of trauma incidents attended by the Scottish Ambulance Service were analysed, to gain a better understanding of the geospatial characteristics of trauma in Scotland.

Methods
Data on trauma incidents collected by the Scottish Ambulance Service between November 2008 and October 2010 were obtained. Incident location was analysed by health board region, rurality and social deprivation. The results are presented as number of patients, average annual incidence rates and relative risks.

Results
Of the 141 668 incidents identified, 72·1 per cent occurred in urban regions. The risk of being involved in an incident was similar across the most populous regions, and decreased slightly with increasing rurality. Social deprivation was associated with greater numbers and risk. A total of 53·1 per cent of patients were taken to a large general hospital, and 38·6 per cent to a teaching hospital; the distribution was similar for the subset of incidents involving patients with physiological derangements.

Conclusion
The majority of trauma incidents in Scotland occur in urban and deprived areas. A regionalized system of trauma care appears plausible, although the precise configuration of such a system requires further study.
Feasibility Study of a Solar Reactor for Phenol Treatment by the Photo‐Fenton process in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Nogueira K. R. B. , Nascimento C. A. O. , Guardani R. , Teixeira A. C. S. C. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractSolar reactors can be attractive in photodegradation processes due to lower electrical energy demand. The performance of a solar reactor for two flow configurations, i.e., plug flow and mixed flow, is compared based on experimental results with a pilot‐scale solar reactor. Aqueous solutions of phenol were used as a model for industrial wastewater containing organic contaminants. Batch experiments were carried out under clear sky, resulting in removal rates in the range of 96–100 %. The dissolved organic carbon removal rate was simulated by an empirical model based on neural networks, which was adjusted to the experimental data, resulting in a correlation coefficient of 0.9856. This approach enabled to estimate effects of process variables which could not be evaluated from the experiments. Simulations with different reactor configurations indicated relevant aspects for the design of solar reactors.
Recovery of Nickel and Cobalt from Spent NiMH Batteries by Electrowinning
Authors: Bertuol D. A. , Amado F. D. R. , Veit H. , Ferreira J. Z. , Bernardes A. M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractFor nickel and cobalt recovery from spent NiMH batteries by electrowinning, the effect of different electrowinning parameters as boric acid concentration, temperature, current density, and pH were studied using different synthetic solutions. The optimized operational parameters were applied in an electrowinning test with a solution achieved by leaching the electrodes of NiMH batteries. The electrowinning tests were performed galvanostatically in a two‐compartment cell separated by an anionic membrane. A platinum/iridium‐coated titanium anode and a stainless‐steel cathode were used. A sodium sulfate solution served as anolyte. The results demonstrate the technical viability of nickel and cobalt recovery. The chemical composition of the obtained deposit presented high nickel and cobalt concentrations.
Analytical Approach for Calculating the Separation Efficiency of Uniflow Cyclones
Authors: Muschelknautz U. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAn approach for calculating the separation efficiency of uniflow cyclones for the separation of solid particles from gases is proposed. The analytical model is based on an equilibrium orbit concept, similar to that used in the Barth‐Muschelknautz model for conventional reverse‐flow cyclones, which has been proven to be successful for designing and calculating cyclones in a wide range of industrial applications. The proposed model takes into account the special flow pattern of uniflow cyclones, which differs substantially from that in reverse‐flow cyclones. The model provides correct dependencies of the separation efficiency on the main geometry and operation data of low‐loaded uniflow cyclones. Applying the calculation method to uniflow cyclones operated in test facilities indicates good agreement with experimental data.
The Effect of Stereochemistry on the Biological Activity of Natural Phytotoxins, Fungicides, Insecticides and Herbicides
Authors: Evidente Antonio , Cimmino Alessio , Andolfi Anna 
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACTPhytotoxins are secondary microbial metabolites that play an essential role in the development of disease symptoms induced by fungi on host plants. Although phytotoxins can cause extensive—and in some cases devastating—damage to agricultural crops, they can also represent an important tool to develop natural herbicides when produced by fungi and plants to inhibit the growth and spread of weeds. An alternative strategy to biologically control parasitic plants is based on the use of plant and fungal metabolites, which stimulate seed germination in the absence of the host plant. Nontoxigenic fungi also produce bioactive metabolites with potential fungicide and insecticide activity, and could be applied for crop protection. All these metabolites represent important tools to develop eco‐friendly pesticides. This review deals with the relationships between the biological activity of some phytotoxins, seed germination stimulants, fungicides and insecticides, and their stereochemistry. Chirality 25:59–78, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of High Frequency Sensors for Contactless Monitoring in Disposable Bioreactors
Authors: Nacke Thomas , Barthel Andreas , Frense Dieter , Meister Matthias , Cahill Brian P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractContamination‐free process measurement is essential for efficient monitoring of fermenters. This contribution introduces the use of high‐frequency sensors for the contactless measurement of the permittivity and conductivity of fermentation media. As microwaves can penetrate through plastic materials without much attenuation, it is possible to achieve measurement setups that can measure the media under test without any direct contact and with long‐term stability. The sensor can be installed directly to the outer surface of the fermenter or can be clamped onto tubing.
Prognostic impact of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 single‐nucleotide polymorphism rs11554137 in malignant gliomas
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Wei , Boisselier Blandine , Rossetto Marta , Marie Yannick , Idbaih Ahmed , Mokhtari Karima , Gousias Konstantinos , Hoang‐Xuan Khê , Delattre Jean‐Yves , Simon Matthias , Labussière Marianne , Sanson Marc 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND.The IDH1 gene, which encodes isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, is frequently mutated in gliomas and acute myeloid leukemia. The single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (reference SNP no. rs11554137:C>T) located on IDH1 codon 105 has been associated with a poor outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia but has not been investigated in patients with gliomas.METHODS.The IDH1 codon 105 SNP was genotyped first in a series of 952 patients with grade 2 through 4 gliomas and was correlated with outcomes and tumor genomic profile. Then, it was genotyped in 2 validations sets of 306 patients with glioblastoma (GBM) and 591 patients with glioma.RESULTS.The minor allele codon 105 glycine (GGT) SNP (IDH1105GGT) was identified in 98 of 952 patients (10.3%) and was not associated with the codon 132 (IDH1132) mutation. Patients who had GMB with the IDH1105GGT variant had a poorer outcome than patients without the variant (median overall survival [OS], 10.7 months vs 15.5 months; P = .001; median progression‐free survival [PFS], 6.4 months vs 8.5 months; P = .003). The prognostic impact was confirmed in an independent validation set of 306 GBMs from the same center (median PFS, 6.8 months vs 9.7 months; P = .006; median OS, 13.9 months vs 18.8 months; P = .0187). In the second validation cohort (591 grade 2‐4 gliomas), a significant association was observed between IDH1105GGT and an adverse prognosis for the overall series and for patients with World Health Organization grade 3 gliomas, but the difference did not reach significance in patients with GBM.CONCLUSIONS.Taken together, the current data strongly suggested an association between the SNP rs11554137:C>T polymorphism and adverse outcomes in patients with malignant glioma. A single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located on codon 105 of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene (reference SNP rs11554137) is analyzed in 3 independent series of patients with gliomas. The SNP rs11554137 is independent of the occurrence of somatic mutation on IDH1 codon 132, but, per se, has a prognostic impact in malignant gliomas. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Cost‐effectiveness of alternating magnetic resonance imaging and digital mammography screening in BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation carriers
Authors: Cott Chubiz Jessica E. , Lee Janie M. , Gilmore Michael E. , Kong Chung Y. , Lowry Kathryn P. , Halpern Elkan F. , McMahon Pamela M. , Ryan Paula D, , Gazelle G. Scott 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Current clinical guidelines recommend earlier, more intensive breast cancer screening with both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and mammography for women with breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) mutations. Unspecified details of screening schedules are a challenge for implementing guidelines.METHODS:A Markov Monte Carlo computer model was used to simulate screening in asymptomatic women who were BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Three dual‐modality strategies were compared with digital mammography (DM) alone: 1) DM and MRI alternating at 6‐month intervals beginning at age 25 years (Alt25), 2) annual MRI beginning at age 25 years with alternating DM added at age 30 years (MRI25/Alt30), and 3) DM and MRI alternating at 6‐month intervals beginning at age 30 years (Alt30). Primary outcomes were quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs), lifetime costs (in 2010 US dollars), and incremental cost‐effectiveness (dollars per QALY gained). Additional outcomes included potential harms of screening, and lifetime costs stratified into component categories (screening and diagnosis, treatment, mortality, and patient time costs).RESULTS:All 3 dual‐modality screening strategies increased QALYs and costs. Alt30 screening had the lowest incremental costs per additional QALY gained (BRCA1, $74,200 per QALY; BRCA2, $215,700 per QALY). False‐positive test results increased substantially with dual‐modality screening and occurred more frequently in BRCA2 carriers. Downstream savings in both breast cancer treatment and mortality costs were outweighed by increases in up‐front screening and diagnosis costs. The results were influenced most by estimates of breast cancer risk and MRI costs.CONCLUSIONS:Alternating MRI and DM screening at 6‐month intervals beginning at age 30 years was identified as a clinically effective approach to applying current guidelines, and was more cost‐effective in BRCA1 gene mutation carriers compared with BRCA2 gene mutation carriers. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Human papillomavirus vaccine uptake among 18‐ to 26‐year‐old women in the United States
Authors: Laz Tabassum H. , Rahman Mahbubur , Berenson Abbey B. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among young adult women has been reported to be very low. The authors conducted this study to provide an update on HPV vaccine uptake among 18‐ to 26‐year‐old women.METHODS:The authors used the National Health Interview Survey 2010 data to estimate HPV vaccine coverage and their correlates.RESULTS:Overall, 22.7% of women initiated (≥1 dose) and 12.7% completed the vaccine (≥3 doses). Thus, about 56% of women who initiated the vaccine completed it. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that younger age, unmarried status, Papanicolaou test, influenza vaccine, lifetime vaccines, and HPV vaccine awareness were positively associated with receiving ≥1 and ≥3 doses. In addition, uninsured women were less likely to receive ≥1 dose (odds ratio [OR], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28‐0.84), and blacks (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.23‐0.99) and women with a family income <100% of the federal poverty level (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.21‐0.73) were less likely to receive ≥3 doses. Furthermore, based on vaccine initiators, blacks were less likely than whites to complete the vaccine (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.16‐0.55). Two thirds of unvaccinated women were not interested in future vaccination. Among those who were interested, >76.4% preferred to receive it free or at a lower cost, whereas 20% would pay the full cost of the vaccine.CONCLUSIONS:One in 8 women completed the 3‐dose HPV vaccine. Educational and vaccine financing programs are needed to improve the uptake among low‐income minority women who are at increased risk for cervical cancer. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Postsynaptic muscarinic m2 receptors at cholinergic and glutamatergic synapses of mouse brainstem motoneurons
Authors: Csaba Zsolt , Krejci Eric , Bernard Véronique 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn many brain areas, few cholinergic synapses are identified. Acetylcholine is released into the extracellular space and acts through diffuse transmission. Motoneurons, however, are contacted by numerous cholinergic terminals, indicating synaptic cholinergic transmission on them. The muscarinic m2 receptor is the major acetylcholine receptor subtype of motoneurons; therefore, we analyzed the localization of the m2 receptor in correlation with synapses by electron microscopic immunohistochemistry in the mouse trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal motor nuclei. In all nuclei, m2 receptors were localized at the membrane of motoneuronal perikarya and dendrites. The m2 receptors were concentrated at cholinergic synapses located on the perikarya and most proximal dendrites. However, m2 receptors at cholinergic synapses represented only a minority (<10%) of surface m2 receptors. The m2 receptors were also enriched at glutamatergic synapses in both motoneuronal perikarya and dendrites. A relatively large proportion (20–30%) of plasma membrane–associated m2 receptors were located at glutamatergic synapses. In conclusion, the effect of acetylcholine on motoneuron populations might be mediated through a synaptic as well as diffuse type of transmission. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2008–2024, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma Synthesis of Polymer‐Capped Dye‐Sensitised Anatase Nanopowders for Visible‐Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Kruth Angela , Hansen Sven , Beweries Torsten , Brüser Volker , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: November 2012

AbstractVisible‐light‐driven photocatalysis is currently attracting a great deal of attention because of its potential application in solar water splitting. However, the development of efficient and durable catalyst systems is still a challenging problem. In Ru dye‐sensitised TiO2 nanopowders, catalyst performances are found to decline as a result of poor bonding of the dye molecule to the TiO2 surface and subsequent detachment and self‐aggregation of the dye. Our strategy to improve the stability of the dye–TiO2 interface is the encapsulation of the dye/TiO2 assembly in an amino‐group‐containing polyallylamine layer anchored to TiO2. A low‐pressure pulsed microwave discharge plasma polymerization process was employed to coat a commercial anatase nanopowder with a thin polyallylamine layer to nanoconfine the adsorbed dye molecules. Electron microscopy and UV/Vis spectroscopy was carried out to characterise the resulting encapsulated nanostructures. The long‐term stability of the new nanomaterial as the photoactive component of a water reduction catalyst system for H2 evolution investigated in a slurry reactor under visible‐light irradiation showed stable evolution rates over a period of several days.
Implication of hepatic stem cells in functional liver repopulation
Authors: Christ Bruno , Pelz Sandra 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe liver has an enormous potential to restore the parenchymal tissue loss due to injury. This is accomplished by the proliferation of either the hepatocytes or liver progenitor cells in cases where massive damage prohibits hepatocytes from entering the proliferative response. Under debate is still whether hepatic stem cells are involved in liver tissue maintenance and regeneration or even whether they exist at all. The definition of an adult tissue‐resident stem cell comprises basic functional stem cell criteria like the potential of self‐renewal, multipotent, i.e. at least bipotent differentiation capacity and serial transplantability featuring the ability of functional tissue repopulation. The relationship between a progenitor and its progeny should exemplify the lineage commitment from the putative stem cell to the differentiated cell. This is mainly assessed by lineage tracing and immunohistochemical identification of markers specific to progenitors and their descendants. Flow cytometry approaches revealed that the liver stem cell population in animals is likely to be heterogeneous giving rise to progeny with different molecular signatures, depending on the stimulus to activate the putative stem cell compartment. The stem cell criteria are met by a variety of cells identified in the fetal and adult liver both under normal and injury conditions. It is the purpose of this review to verify hepatic stem cell candidates in the light of the stem cell definition criteria mentioned. Also from this point of view adult stem cells from non‐hepatic tissues such as bone marrow, umbilical cord blood or adipose tissue, have the potential to differentiate into cells featuring functional hepatocyte characteristics. This has great impact because it opens the possibility of generating hepatocyte‐like cells from adult stem cells in a sufficient amount and quality for their therapeutical application to treat end‐stage liver diseases by stem cell‐based hepatocytes in place of whole organ transplantation. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Degraded Environments Alter Prey Risk Assessment
Authors: Lönnstedt Oona M. , McCormick Mark I. , Chivers Douglas P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractElevated water temperatures, a decrease in ocean pH, and an increasing prevalence of severe storms have lead to bleaching and death of the hard corals that underpin coral reef ecosystems. As coral cover declines, fish diversity and abundance declines. How degradation of coral reefs affects behavior of reef inhabitants is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that risk assessment behaviors of prey are severely affected by coral degradation. Juvenile damselfish were exposed to visual and olfactory indicators of predation risk in healthy live, thermally bleached, and dead coral in a series of laboratory and field experiments. While fish still responded to visual cues in all habitats, they did not respond to olfactory indicators of risk in dead coral habitats, likely as a result of alteration or degradation of chemical cues. These cues are critical for learning and avoiding predators, and a failure to respond can have dramatic repercussions for survival and recruitment.
Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Structural and Photoluminescence Properties of Y2Sn2O7:Eu Nanoparticles
Authors: Nigam Sandeep , Sudarsan Vasanthakumaran , Vatsa Rajesh Kumar 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe structural and photoluminescence properties of Eu3+‐doped Y2Sn2O7 nanoparticles have been systematically studied as a function of heat treatment temperature. Crystalline Y2Sn2O7:Eu nanoparticles with sizes in the range of 2–5 nm were prepared at the relatively low temperature of 700 °C. Based on the Rietveld refinement of powder X‐ray diffraction patterns, it was confirmed that the YO8/EuO8 polyhedra in the Y2Sn2O7:Eu lattice become more symmetric as the annealing temperature increases. The extent of distortion of the YO8/EuO8 polyhedra is reflected in the luminescence parameters Ω2 and Ω4, which are a measure of the polarizability of Y–O and Eu–O bonds in the lattice. There are a significant number of surface Eu3+ ions in the nanoparticles annealed at 700 °C and the emission intensities of the Eu3+ ions in the nanoparticles are mainly decided by the surface Eu3+ ions, the concentration of which decreases with increasing temperature. Incorporation of the nanoparticles in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix leads to a decrease in the 5D0 lifetime and this has been attributed to the quenching of the excited states of surface Eu3+ ions through the vibrations of different structural units in PMMA.
Total Synthesis of a 6,6‐Spiroketal Metabolite, Dinemasone A
Authors: Raji Reddy Chada , Srikanth Boinapally , Dilipkumar Uredi , Rao Kakita Veera Mohana , Jagadeesh Bharatam 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe stereoselective total synthesis of dinemasone A has been accomplished. The key reactions, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, lithium‐mediated epoxy alcohol opening, and double‐intramolecular hetero‐Michael addition, gave access to dinemasone A from lactic acid esters. The stereochemistry at the spiro carbon was determined using extensive NMR studies.