bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competitive displacement between two invasive whiteflies: insecticide application and host plant effects
Authors: Sun Di-Bing , Liu Yin-Quan , Qin Li , Xu Jing , Li Fang-Fang , Liu Shu-Sheng 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe cryptic species Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), formerly referred to as ‘B biotype’, of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex entered China in the mid 1990s, and the Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species, formerly referred to as ‘Q biotype’, of the same whitefly complex entered China around 2003. Field surveys in China after 2003 indicate that in many regions MED has been replacing the earlier invader MEAM1. The factors underlying this displacement are unclear. We conducted laboratory experiments and field sampling to examine the effects of insecticide application on the competitive interactions between MEAM1 and MED. In the laboratory, on cotton, a plant showing similar levels of suitability to both whitefly species, MEAM1 displaced MED in five generations when initial populations of the two species were equal and no insecticide was applied. In contrast, MED displaced MEAM1 in seven and two generations, respectively, when 12.5 and 50.0 mg l−1 imidacloprid was applied to the plants via soil drench. Field sampling indicated that in a single season MED displaced MEAM1 on crops heavily sprayed with neonicotinoid insecticides but the relative abundance of the two species changed little on crops without insecticide spray. We also examined the effects of host plants on the competitive interactions between the two species in the laboratory. When cohorts with equal abundance of MEAM1 and MED were set up on different host plants, MEAM1 displaced MED on cabbage and tomato in five and seven generations, respectively, but MED displaced MEAM1 on pepper in two generations. As field populations of MED have lower susceptibility than those of MEAM1 to nearly all commonly used insecticides including imidacloprid, insecticide application seems to have played a major role in shifting the species competitive interaction effects in favour of MED in the field across China. Host plants may also shape competition between the two species depending on the relative levels of plant suitability.
The effect of micro via‐in pad design on surface‐mount assembly defects: part II – voiding and spattering
Authors: Lee Yong‐Won , Kim Keun‐Soo , Suganuma Katsuaki 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a solution procedure to minimize/eliminate voiding and spattering defects in the assembly of 0201 chip components with micro via‐in pads and 95 wt.%Sn‐5 wt.%Sb solder alloy.Design/methodology/approachIn total, four different micro via‐in pad designs were compared (via‐hole opening size): ultra small via‐in pads (d: 10 μm), small via‐in pads (d: 20 μm), and large via‐in pads (d: 60 μm), as well as designs with no via‐in pads and capped via‐in pads. Two process variables were also evaluated for the goal of achieving a high‐yield assembly solution in micro via‐in pad and lead‐free solder systems. Potential factors, such as the preheat conditions of the reflow profile and stencil aperture size, which might affect voiding and spattering in solder joints with micro via‐in pad, were investigated. Solder voiding frequency and size were also determined from X‐ray inspection and sample cross‐section analysis.FindingsThe results indicated that larger via‐holes were seen to create bigger voiding than smaller via‐holes. For smaller via‐holes, spattering is a greater problem than voiding in solder joints. Ultra small via‐in pads generated higher spattering compared to no via‐in pads and capped via‐in pads. Capped via‐in pads exhibited the best results in preventing voiding and flux spattering, and provided a wide process window for the selection of process parameters. It is also indicated that spattering was found to rapidly reduced with both increasing stencil opening size and use of reflow profile with long‐preheat conditions.Originality/valueThe findings provide certain process guidelines for surface‐mount assembly with via‐in pad substrate design. The strategy is to prevent voiding and spattering by adopting capped via‐in pads, if possible, when applying micro via with the 95 wt.%Sn‐5 wt.%Sb solder alloy system.
Surface oxide analysis of lead‐free solder particles
Authors: Luo Xin , Du Wenhui , Lu Xiuzhen , Yamaguchi Toshikazu , Jackson Gavin , lei Ye Li , Liu Johan 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe composition and thickness of surface oxide of solder particles is extremely important to the quality of interconnect and reliability of packaged system. The purpose of this paper is to develop an observable measurement to research the issue.Design/methodology/approachAES (Auger electron spectroscopy), XPS (X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and STEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy) were employed to examine the oxide layer on microscale solder powders. Conventional techniques and FIB (Focus Ion Beam) were employed for the TEM sample preparation. High angle annular dark field (HAADF) pattern was applied to distinguish the oxide layer and the solder matrix by the contrast of average atomic number. The results were confirmed by AES and XPS measurement.FindingsThe solder powders were exposed to air (70% relative humidity) at 150°C for 0, 120 and 240 h for the accelerated growth of oxide. The surface oxide thickness was 6 nm and 50 nm measured by TEM for 0 h and 120 h samples, respectively. It was found that the increase in surface oxide thickness of solder particles is proportional to the rooting of time. The elemental distribution along the oxide was quantified by line scanning using STEM and the atomic ratio of Sn to O in the oxide layer nearer to the outer, the middle, and the inner (adjacent to the solder matrix) was found to be 1:2, 2:3 and 1:1, respectively. The result was validated using XPS which gave Sn to O ratio of 1:2 at 5 nm depth of surface oxide.Originality/valueThis is the first time FIB technology has been used to prepare TEM specimens for solder particles and TEM pictures shown of their surface oxide layer. Though requiring more care in sample preparation, the measurements by TEM and STEM are believed to be more direct and precise.
Fluidic aligned, dense SWNTs arrays as potential die adhesive and thermal interface material
Authors: Rong Hao , Wang Baoming , Lin Wei‐Qing , Sun Lichao , Zheng Jin‐Cheng , Lu Miao 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report a simple, room temperature approach to assemble dense, vertically aligned single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) between a chip and its substrate acting as a kind of thermal interface material by virtue of better mechanical and thermal properties.Design/methodology/approachTwo silicon chips, with shallow trenches about 2 μm deep on the surface, were pressed together face to face with the trench direction perpendicular to each other. SWNT aqueous solution was driven into the gap between the two chips by capillary force. Later, the sample was baked to remove the moisture completely.FindingsSWNTs beams were found to be assembled in the gap and have their two ends bonding with the interface of the two chips, respectively. The shear strength of the two chips was measured, and the thermal conductivity of the stacked chip‐SWNTs‐chip was tested using a laser flash method. In result, shear strength up to about 100 kPa, and an average thermal conductivity of 19.3 W·m−1·K−1 were demonstrated.Originality/valueThe paper proposes an approach to grown dense SWNT array bridging a chip and its substrate, and these SWNTs have potential capability to provide mechanical strength and higher thermal conductance instead of commercial thermal interface materials.
A random walk solution for fractional diffusion equations
Authors: Zielinski D.P. , Voller V.R. 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop an alternative numerical approach for describing fractional diffusion in Cartesian and non‐Cartesian domains using a Monte Carlo random walk scheme. The resulting domain shifting scheme provides a numerical solution for multi‐dimensional steady state, source free diffusion problems with fluxes expressed in terms of Caputo fractional derivatives. This class of problems takes account of non‐locality in transport, expressed through parameters representing both the extent and direction of the non‐locality.Design/methodology/approachThe method described here follows a similar approach to random walk methods previously developed for normal (local) diffusion. The key differences from standard methods are: first, the random shifting of the domain about the point of interest with, second, shift steps selected from non‐symmetric, power‐law tailed, Lévy probability distribution functions.FindingsThe domain shifting scheme is verified by comparing predictive solutions to known one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional analytical solutions for fractional diffusion problems. The scheme is also applied to a problem of fractional diffusion in a non‐Cartesian annulus domain. In contrast to the axisymmetric, steady state solution for normal diffusion, a non‐axisymmetric solution results.Originality/valueThis is the first random walk scheme to utilize the concept of allowing the domain to undergo the random walk about a point of interest. Domain shifting scheme solutions of fractional diffusion in non‐Cartesian domains provide an invaluable tool to direct the development of more sophisticated grid based finite element inspired fractional diffusion schemes.
How Agile can transform manufacturing: the case of Wikispeed
Authors: Denning Stephen 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the views of the author, who has written extensively on the management tools needed for continuous innovation, and who believes that an Agile management process methodology that has revolutionized software development, has the potential to transform manufacturing.Design/methodology/approachThe paper offers a glimpse of what Agile manufacturing will look like from the experience of Wikispeed, a California C‐Corporation that in three months developed a functional road‐safety‐legal automobile prototype able to travel 100 miles per gallon.FindingsAt Wikispeed as in Agile software development, work proceeds by trying to identify what customers want, defining those wants in terms of precisely articulated tests, prioritizing which tests are to be worked on, working in short cycles to deliver features or products that meet the tests, finding out from customers whether that's what they really want, and then continuing the cycle once again.Research limitations/implicationsThe Wikispeed case is reported on.Practical implicationsIn the Agile process, self‐organizing teams work in short cycles called “sprints” and develop the features and products in a series of projects or modules to facilitate rapid, customer‐valued innovation.Originality/valueWith Agile, the work of project teams enables a firm's product to continuously evolve in the light of the experience they gain and through customer feedback.
The role of coaching in police driver training
Authors: Passmore Jonathan , Townsend Claire 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the potential value of coaching as a learning method for driver development within police blue light environments.Design/methodology/approachAn Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) study was undertaken with a sample of participants who had attended a five‐day coaching skills programme run for the Metropolitan Police Driving School, UK advanced driving instructors and a sample of police driving trainees who had been taught using a coaching approach.FindingsThe results indicate that the instructors who had taken part in the coaching training identified coaching as being of value in their work with developing advanced driving skills, specifically in raising awareness of police drivers and reducing drivers’ risk‐taking behaviour. The trainees indicated that they saw coaching as being of value in their learning in areas such as increased flexibility of approach and a focus on the relationship between attitude and driver behaviour.Research limitations/implicationsThe study suggested positive benefits based on the experiences of this small sample of police driving instructors and police trainees. As a result, the UK's Association for Chief Police Officers (ACPO) is reviewing the role of coaching for wider application in driver training and for further research on the wider application of coaching as a learning methodology.Originality/valueThis is the first empirical study of the application of coaching in a blue light and police driving environment. While further research is required into the impact on safety, the paper suggests coaching may be a useful learning approach to police driver training.
The state of police integrity in Armenia: findings from the police integrity survey
Authors: Kutnjak Ivkovich Sanja , Khechumyan Aleksandr 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the extent and nature of police integrity in Armenia. It analyses police officer views about misconduct seriousness, appropriate and expected discipline, and willingness to report misconduct.Design/methodology/approachThe respondents surveyed in this study are 468 Armenian police officers assigned to work in two large police departments, Yerevan and Lori. The overall response rate is 84 per cent. The respondents evaluated 11 hypothetical scenarios describing cases of police misconduct.FindingsAlthough the majority of the respondents recognized and labelled the behaviour described in the scenarios as rule violating, a large proportion, in some cases even above 40 per cent, did not do so. The respondents’ evaluations of misconduct seriousness varied greatly across the scenarios. In only two scenarios, describing the acceptance of a bribe from a speeding motorist and the theft of a watch from a crime scene, the respondents thought that both the appropriate and expected discipline should and would be severe; in all of the other scenarios, the respondents expected and approved of either no discipline at all or quite lenient discipline. The code of silence appears to be strong among our respondents, protecting almost all behaviours described in the questionnaire. Unique to Armenia is the finding that the respondents estimated that they would subscribe to the code of silence to a larger extent than their fellow officers would.Research limitations/implicationsPolice officers included in the survey come from two police departments.Practical implicationsPolice administrators interested in controlling the code of silence could apply the methodology used in this research to ascertain the extent and nature of the code beforehand. They could use the methodology to assess and compare the police officer perceptions of the discipline the agency is expected to mete out with the discipline meted out in actual cases and, if necessary, work on addressing the discrepancy between the perceptions and reality.Originality/valueAlthough Armenia has been one of the former Soviet republics that purged the communist government even before the breakdown of the Soviet Union, the transition toward democracy has been troublesome and riddled with widespread accusations of various types of failures in police integrity. The methodology used in this research enables measurement of the nature and extent of police integrity at the present time and also, subsequently, monitoring and detection of the changes in police integrity, which is particularly relevant for a police agency in transition.
The role of human resources in business model performance: the case of network‐based companies
Authors: Nielsen Christian , Montemari Marco 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThis paper is concerned with identifying the role(s) of the individual employee(s) in the value creation process of three network‐based business models that are analyzed through case studies. The paper aims to focus on how the relationships between the network‐partners internally and also outside the network affect value creation.Design/methodology/approachThe study conducted is a case study of three network‐based business models applying a semi‐structured interview approach as the primary source of data.FindingsThe study shows that, together with the terms “integrating” and “enabling” which the traditional literature tends to use, expressions like “building” and “aligning” can be added in order to describe the role of human resources in the value creation process of the network‐based business models. Human resources are found to be important for aligning the value proposition of the network as a whole to the customers' needs and expectations.Research limitations/implicationsThe generalizability of the results are restricted by the fact that the network‐based businesses studied have a different set of stakeholder tensions than more traditionally organized.Practical implicationsThis paper demonstrates the advantages of network‐based value configurations and indicates how performance measures may be directly derived from value creation maps.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to understanding advantages and drawbacks of network‐based companies and how such types of organization challenge the people within and outside of them.
Toward healthy prisons: the TECH model and its applications
Authors: Ross Michael W. , Jo Harzke Amy 
Published: March 2013

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how the TECH Model (testing for and treating infectious diseases and vaccination; environmental modification to prevent disease transmission; chronic disease identification and treatment; and health maintenance and education) can be used for assessing and achieving healthy prisons.Design/methodology/approachThis paper explores the concepts of “health in prison” and “healthy prisons” in the context of recent research and guidance. The paper then considers the TECH Model as an approach to achieving healthy prisons.FindingsUnder each of the four TECH Model domains are tasks to achieve a healthy prison. For prisons with poor or no resources, each domain contains steps that will improve prison health and move towards a healthy prison for both prisoners and staff. Implementation can thus be “low‐TECH” or “high‐TECH” depending on the setting and the available resources and the model is specifically designed to provide options for resource‐poor as well as resource‐rich correctional settings.Originality/valueThe TECH Model is a first step in characterizing the components of a healthy prison and the processes to achieve this. This Model could be implemented in all levels of prisons internationally.
Psychosocial determinants of risky sexual behaviour amongst South African male prison inmates in KwaZulu‐Natal and Mpumalanga Provinces
Authors: Sifunda Sibusiso , Reddy Priscilla , Braithwaite Ronald L. , Stephens Torrance , Ruiter Robert A.C. , van den Borne Bart 
Published: March 2013

PurposeTo inform future intervention programmes, the purpose of this paper is to explore the psychosocial and contextual determinants of intention to reduce risky sexual behaviour amongst inmates in South African prisons.Design/methodology/approachA cross sectional study using interviewer administered questionnaires was conducted with 357 inmates across four prison facilities in South Africa that were involved in a pre‐release health education intervention for parolees in two provinces.FindingsAbout 65 per cent of participants were first time offenders. Almost 50 per cent were unemployed prior to arrest and 66 per cent were married at time of incarceration. Self‐efficacy, general life skills efficacy and sexual communication were the strongest predictors of intention to reduce risky behaviour upon release. High intenders were significantly different from low intenders in their self‐efficacy, sexual communication, attitudes towards condom use and the perceived norm of sex being a non‐utilitarian transaction.Research limitations/implicationsOne of the key limitations is the low literacy levels amongst prison inmates. Data also relied heavily on self reports of behaviours that may have occurred prior to the participants being incarcerated.Originality/valueIt is concluded that the exploration of subpopulation specific behavioural determinants is a critical step in the development of effective, contextually‐relevant, health education interventions.
Degradation Index for Quality Evaluation of Commercial Dietary Supplements of Bilberry Extract
Authors: Yamamoto Masao , Yamaura Katsunori , Ishiwatari Makiko , Shimada Maki , Kado Sayaka , Seki Hiroko , Shimada Norimoto , Ueno Koichi 
Published: March 2013

Abstract In recent years, many anthocyanin‐containing dietary supplements of various dosages and formulations have been sold through advertising their large number of beneficial effects. On the other hand, there is an increased risk of distributing deteriorated supplements to consumers due to lax regulations, because in Japan these supplements are classified as food. Spectrophotometric methods are commonly used to control the quality of supplements. However, these methods have limitations with regard to assessing deterioration. In this study, we evaluated a new index for detection of deteriorated products. The stability of 3 formulations and the quality of 20 supplements were investigated by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography, which is superior to spectrophotometry for identifying and quantifying individual anthocyanins. The stability was not only affected by storage temperature but also by formulation. We defined “Degradation Index” (DI) as an indicator of the deterioration of supplements. Of 20 supplements investigated, the DI of 5 supplements was more than 3‐fold the value of Bilberon‐25, and the worst one was 12.7‐fold. These results suggest that DI could be a useful quality control index for detecting deteriorated supplements.
Compositional Characteristics of Materials Recovered from Headed Gutted Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) by Isoelectric Solubilization and Precipitation Using Organic Acids
Authors: Paker Ilgin , Beamer Sarah , Jaczynski Jacek , Matak Kristen E. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract Protein was recovered from headed gutted silver carp by isoelectric solubilization at pH 2.5, 3.0, 11.5, or 12.0 and precipitation (ISP) at pH 5.5 using acetic (AA) or a 30% formic and lactic acid combination (F&L) and 10 N sodium hydroxide. Total protein and fat recovery yields, proximate composition and mineral analyses of fractions were determined. Protein and lipid recovery yields when solubilized under basic conditions were comparable to yields reported from other studies using hydrochloric acid; however, the recovered fractions were less pure. Processing at basic pH using AA was more effective than F&L at removing impurities (P < 0.05) from the recovered protein fraction and impurities were effectively removed from recovered lipids regardless of processing pH or acid type (P > 0.05). For the most part, sodium was greater (P < 0.05) and there was less calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron (P < 0.05) in the recovered protein regardless of acid used when compared to the initial paste. This research shows that organic acids have the potential to recover protein and lipid by ISP processing.Practical Application: This research presents a reliable method for extracting nutritionally valuable fish protein and oils from otherwise hard to process fish and its byproducts. Replacing the traditionally used strong acids with organic acids might further accomplish bacterial load reduction while resulting in similar to or improved protein recovery yields. Therefore, this technology may increase the commercial viability of hard to process fish.