bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE STATUS OF OILED WILDLIFE: RESEARCH AND PLANNING
Authors: Hay Keith G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The cleaning and rehabilitation of oiled wildlife, especially waterfowl, has been one of our most difficult environmental problems to solve. It is plagued by controversy, emotion, apathy, and a host of biological unknowns. Costs have been high and survival rates low. This paper discusses the efforts taken by organizations and individuals in recent years to reverse this trend. It assesses biological problems and outlines research results. It analyzes people problems and wildlife contingency planning and presents a review of recent accomplishments in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain.
OIL-SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANS FOR THE ALYESKA PIPELINE SYSTEM
Authors: Sartor James D. , Couch W. Donald , Kauffman David S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company has aimed for zero oil spillage in the design of the Alyeska pipeline system. The extent of the technical studies and efforts to minimize environmental impact are unprecedented in the annals of pipeline design. Examples include special design and construction techniques in areas of permafrost, burial, and river crossings, and special designs to withstand earthquake effects and fault movements. In addition, all essential data related to leak detection will be monitored. Alyeska will also conduct regular aerial and ground patrols of the pipeline route. At the marine terminal at Port Valdez, Alyeska has identified sources of potential oil spills and has incorporated in the terminal's design facilities for reducing the probability of a spill and minimizing the effects of spillage should it occur.
In view of the above considerations, the probability of a major oil spill seems remote. However, Alyeska recognizes the need to respond rapidly and effectively to a spill.
Comprehensive oil-spill contengency plans are being prepared to ensure that immediate steps are taken to protect the environment, to contain and clean up any spill, and to restore any affected areas. These are probably the most thorough and comprehensive plans of this nature yet developed. If a spill occurs on land or water, these plans assign immediate what-to-do and how-to-do-it actions to designated individuals.
A REVIEW OF THE UTILITY OF SELF-MIXING DISPERSANTS IN RECENT YEARS
Authors: Canevari Gerard P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the development during the past two years of self-mixing chemical dispersants to minimize damage from oil spills.
Some history regarding the acceptance (or lack thereof) of previous conventional dispersants requiring mixing energy is covered so that the progress manifested by the current self-mix dispersant approach can be readily appreciated.
The utility of the self-mix dispersant system is based upon both the elimination of the laborious mixing requirement and the formation of submicron diameter size oil droplets. The role of droplet size in the behavior and movement of dispersed oil as well as the effect of droplet size on the toxicological and ecological impact of the dispersed oil, are significant aspects that are discussed.
The planned research to determine the fate of dispersed oil under actual field conditions is outlined. This will permit a more accurate and objective assessment of the impact of dispersed oil on the marine environment than is now available from the extrapolation of laboratory bioassays. For example, the rapid dilution-dispersion of the oil into a large body of water is an important characteristic and advantage of the chemical dispersion process and is very much influenced by droplet size. However, in laboratory tests the concentration of the oil is maintained at a constant level during the test exposure, and little attention is directed toward the determination or control of the dispersed oil droplet size.
ENERGY DISSIPATIVE DEVICES TO CONTROL OIL SLICKS IN FAST-CURRENT ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Jensen D.S. , Lindenmuth W. , Beach R.L. , Norton D. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A concept to control and recover oil slicks in potential water current velocities of 10 knots is presented. The energy dissipation concept involves gradually slowing down the fast-moving oil slick and a layer of water flowing directly beneath such that the critical velocity Vc is never reached at the oil-water interface. In the process of slowing down, the oil layer thickens to a point where conventional recovery techniques may be used to remove the oil. Three research programs are discussed that investigate applications of the energy dissipation concept. These efforts under sponsorship of the U.S. Coast Guard include Hydronautics’ Surface Velocity Retarder Oil Skimmer (SVROS), Seaward's Streaming Fiber Device, and Texas & University's Porous Barrier System. Results of preliminary testing are discussed and analyzed. Program plans for subsequent work on the energy dissipation concept are described.
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD HIGH SEAS OIL CONTAINMENT SYSTEM (HSOCS)*
Authors: Dennis Samuel J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A detailed technical description of the High Seas Oil Containment System (HSOCS), presently being procured by the U.S. Coast Guard for operational use, is presented. Fifteen of the systems are scheduled for completion of delivery by March 1974. Each of the major subsystems of the HSOCS is described in detail. The HSOCS will be part of the equipment inventory of the Coast Guard Strike Teams of the National Strike Force for use in response to major oil spills on the high seas.
NAVY HARBOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP: A PROGRESS REPORT
Authors: Wilson Jack E. , Nadeau Paul F. , Premack Joel S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
After four years, significant progress has been achieved in the development of new equipment and techniques for the Navy oil spill program. Utilizing the systems analysis approach, the Navy has undertaken both intermediate and long-term efforts. The intermediate effort developed systems utilizing the best commercially available equipment with Navy-developed techniques. The long-range effort is refining and optimizing the intermediate systems.
The intermediate systems and cleanup techniques developed are now operational. Experience, to date, reveals that commercially available equipment is effective when properly applied to a well-defined spill problem. Significant progress is reported which should be of interest to others involved in research and development efforts, those involved in complex port facilities operation, and those involved in development of an effective oil spill cleanup capability.
BEACH PROTECTION BY A DEGRADABLE, SPRAYED FILM
Authors: Dailey J.J. , Cassidy P.E. , Yager B.J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The feasibility of beach protection against off-shore oil spills by means of a sprayed-on polymeric film is reported. The concept involves the spraying of a threatened beach area with a water-soluble polymer which forms a protective film on drying. The film prevents the adsorption and absorption of oil by sand, rocks, and wood and thus facilitates clean-up. Ideally, the film should degrade and dissolve within 2 to 3 weeks of application.
Eighteen candidate resins systems were screened initially for their solution and film properties. Five were selected for further testing, and two were chosen for small-scale, mock-beach protection tests. One coat of 55% polyvinyl acetate provides good protection against oil permeation of sand and against staining of wood and rocks. The film is nontoxic and clear; it does not adversely affect a beach site. However, under laboratory conditions, the film is quite slow to degrade.
DETERMINATION OF AN OIL EFFLUENT GUIDELINE FOR INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES IN THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY: IS 1 PPM REALISTIC AND OBTAINABLE?
Authors: Birns Karl F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In order to rationally control and issue permits for discharges into the state's waters, it is necessary to have a guideline or standard to compare the discharge to. This paper sets forth criteria for the establishment of a maximum limit of 1 ppm oil in a discharge. The state has the authority to control the effluent quality and is also empowered to prohibit any and all oil discharges. One ppm of oil can be measured and the technology to treat water to that limit does exist. The need for a 1-ppm limit is demonstrated by the deleterious effects that oil has on water quality, marine biota, and water usage.
MORPHOLOGICAL ANOMALIES IN ADULT OYSTER, SCALLOP, AND ATLANTIC SILVERSIDES EXPOSED TO WASTE MOTOR OIL
Authors: Gardner George R. , Yevich Paul P. , Rogerson Peter F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Waste motor oil concentrations of 20 ppm and higher induced lesions in the vascular systems of Atlantic silversides and oyster. These lesions were associated with the pseudobranch, the heart, and the arterial system of the Atlantic silversides, and the branchial efferent vein of the oyster. Lesions occurred in the gastro-intestinal tract of oyster, the gill and kidney of scallop, and the mantle of both species. Based on these preliminary exposures, the scallop, of the three species tested, demonstrated the highest sensitivity to the toxic effects of 20 ppm waste motor oil, or higher, for periods up to 60 days. The LC-50 (96 hr) value for waste motor oil and adult Atlantic silversides was 1,7000 ppm. Acute toxicity values were not determined for the oyster or scallop.
TOXIC, SUBLETHAL, AND LATENT EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM ON RED SEA MACROFAUNA
Authors: Eisler Ronald 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This report studies the effects of crudes and a chemical oil counteractant on survival, metabolism, and behavior of representative species of Red Sea macrofauna under controlled environmental conditions. Specifically, it examines the action of crude oil from fields in Iran and in the Sinai, a chemical oil dispersant, and oil-dispersant mixtures on juveniles or adults of octocorals, crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, and teleosts. The choice of bioassay methodology on response parameters, especially survival, is significant. A comparison of toxicity values derived from tests in large (1,500 Q), deep (2.0 m) tanks under conditions of continuous flow with those performed in small (3 Q) jars under static conditions demonstrated that most assay species were up to 30 times more resistant to almost all toxicants in large tanks. Tank tests also demonstrated a protective effect with increasing depth: organisms confined 1.0 to 1.8 m from the surface exhibited higher survival than those held at shallower depths. Sublethal and latent effects of oils and dispersants on Red Sea biota were reviewed and included reduction in feeding rate and egg case deposition of predatory gastropods, interference with substrate attachment by mussels, liver enlargement and lowered blood hematocrit values in fishes, and bio-accumulation of crude oils in octocorals.
These and other data presented herein suggest that introduction of petroleum into Red Sea ecosystems may disrupt established feeding-predator patterns, reproductive processes, defense mechanisms, and conceivably other systems, and it would constitute a potential threat to population stability.
BOONE CREEK OIL SPILL
Authors: Schultz Donald , Tebo L. B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the months of March through September 1972, a biological survey was conducted on the effects of a 7,000-gallon diesel fuel spill into Boone Creek, a small stream near Salem, South Carolina. Boone Creek empties into Lake Keowee, an impoundment on the Keowee River.
Macroinvertebrate organisms, periphyton, and fish were collected, preserved, identified, and enumerated. Sediment samples were taken for hydrocarbon analysis.
Oil was observed in the creek during the entire six-month study period.
Locations downstream from the oil spill generally contained reduced numbers and types of organisms.
An estimated 90% of the fish community was killed during the initial oil spill.
Periphyton growths, dominated by diatoms, increased at locations downstream from the oil spill during May and June.
Analysis of substrate sediment samples revealed hydrocarbons still present in Boone Creek and Lake Keowee 13 months after the spill occurred.
A PRACTICAL OIL SPILL CONTROL TRAINING SCHOOL
Authors: Robinson Joel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a practical oil spill control training course to be offered by Texas Engineering Extension Service of Texas A&M University, beginning in March, 1975. Objectives of the training course are listed, and a tentative schedule for a one-week course is presented. The course will offer basic “hands-on” training for first-line supervisors and above. The course will stress practical rather than theoretical aspects of spill control, and it will be updated and adjusted regularly to provide experience with modern equipment and techniques on a wide variety of spill situations.
DETERMINATION OF SULFUR-CONTAINING PETROLEUM COMPONENTS IN MARINE SAMPLES
Authors: Warner J. S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Sulfur-containing petroleum components such as benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, naphthobenzothiophene, and their alkyl derivatives are obtained along with aromatic hydrocarbons during the determination of hydrocarbons in marine samples. By using a sulfur-specific flame photometric detector in gas chromatographic analysis, the sulfur-containing components are determined separately from the aromatic hydrocarbons. Individual sulfur-containing components are identified by retention times and mass spectrometry.
It is shown that the fingerprint of sulfur-containing components can be more definitive of an oil source than the corresponding hydrocarbon fingerprint. It is also shown that sulfur-containing components can be preferentially concentrated in the marine environment. The techniques described have been used to identify and quantitate individual sulfur-containing compounds in marine tissue and sediment samples.
RECOVERING FOR MARINE LIFE DAMAGE: LEGAL ASPECTS OF ALLOCATING SOCIAL COSTS AND PROTECTING PUBLIC INTERESTS
Authors: Lutz Robert E. , Meck John P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Determining and evaluating wildlife damage is becoming a necessary procedure in the settlement or adjudication of harm resulting from major oil spills. This is especially so in light of the several present and the many proposed compensation funds which provide for wildlife damage. Once a dollar figure is ascertained, various methods are available in compensating for these damages.
In determining damages, two basic problems exist. First is the question of who owns the wildlife or who can assert a claim to ownership of the wildlife. Second, how can the fact and extent of damage to wildlife be assessed. The various theories supporting the right to wildlife damage recovery include: ownership in fee, trusteeship, parens patriae, public interest/private Attorney General, and citizen-guardian ad litem.
Ascertaining the fact and extent of damages must be reasonably certain and not speculative. Such certainty can be determined from statistical estimations based on adequate sampling or inventories. Wildlife damage resulting from a major oil spill can amount to many millions of dollars. Arriving at the final figure in most instances necessitates addressing two issues: one, placing a dollar figure on wildlife species having no current market value; two, calculating the damage of the destroyed wildlife in the context of the relevant ecosystem. Methods of evaluating currently non-marketable natural resources and damage to relevant ecosystems include replacement value, psychic value, and consumptive and non-consumptive use values.
Means of compensating and settling damage claims can be accomplished by a number of means including the traditional method of direct cash payment. Alternative approaches could include trust funds, specific replacement and restoration programs, maintenance of sanctuaries and reserves, and financing of wildlife refuges and habitats. Compensating for wildlife damage is moving from the strictly unquantifiable approach of civil penalties to an approach which allows for a quantification of damages. This article will discuss many of the issues, as briefly described above, relating to this expanded approach.
U.S. COAST GUARD AIRBORNE OIL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM STATUS REPORT1
Authors: Maurer A. T. , Edgerton A. T. , Meeks D. C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Evaluation of a U.S. Coast Guard prototype operational airborne coastal patrol system has been completed. The prototype system has proven effective for detection, monitoring, and assessment of offshore oil discharges; search and rescue operations; ice reconnaissance; and monitoring of foreign fishing activities in coastal waters. The system combines several sensors (side-looking radar, IR/UV line scanner, camera and passive microwave imager) with a real-time display system for effective operation around the clock and under all but extreme weather conditions. The Coast Guard subsequently contracted with Aerojet ElectroSystems Company to modify the sensor equipment for installation in a C-130 aircraft for operational deployment. Active operations using the modified system are scheduled to begin in January 1977. This paper describes the results of prototype operational evaluation, the operational configuration of the C-130 system, and the future plans for the system.
BLACK OIL DISPOSAL TECHNIQUES
Authors: Wise Neil , Brunk Peter A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
One of the most complex and frustrating problems encountered in any oil spill is the disposal of recovered product. This paper will discuss an alternative utilizing relatively simple and inexpensive techniques as developed in the Chesapeake Bay Spill of February 1976, in which 125,000 gallons of contaminated black oil was burned at a total cost of $7,000.
This is not, however, an endorsement of burning as a more desirable method, nor an endorsement of any particular product or brand, but rather a “limited application” technique to be considered where warranted. Indeed, the varying degrees of air pollution problems generated and their effect on ambient air quality standards1 may preclude any burning at all. Other alternatives must be considered, which could be more feasible or acceptable, depending on the local problems confronted in each instance. Therefore, other methods explored and exhausted before resorting to the brush burner are briefly mentioned, such as recycling, road use, burial, and a mechanical pit burner.
The main thrust of this paper is the use of the brush burner, a compact gasoline powered propeller fan which forces a high volume air supply to sustain a fire hot enough to burn contaminated black oil. Given the requisite circumstances—a relatively isolated and unpolluted area, a high water table which precluded pit-burning or burial, and very large quantities of recovered product—the brush burner proved to be an efficient, convenient, and highly cost effective disposal technique.
IMCO AND THE EVOLVING INTERNATIONAL SCHEME FOR CONTROLLING MARINE POLLUTION
Authors: Schubert Frederick P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the genesis, composition, and functions of the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) and the expanding role of this United Nations specialized agency in protection of the marine environment. Focusing on the work of IMCO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) established in the wake of the 1973 Marine Pollution Conference, the paper gives evidence of the universal concern for the oceans in the nature and scope of the family of international conventions developed under the auspices of IMCO. Also discussed is the extent to which U.S. regulations on prevention, control of, and response to marine pollution are looked at as models for international standards and, conversely, how IMCO-related activities bear upon U.S. regulations in this field. As the primary U.S. maritime regulatory and enforcement agency, the Coast Guard plays a leading role in IMCO affairs, particularly those concerned with the prevention of marine pollution. Its role in providing assistance to other IMCO member nations also is described, as are methods for mutual sharing of the latest techniques and methodologies for the prevention, control of, and response to pollution incidents.
CONTROLLING POLLUTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Epple Dennis , Visscher Michael , Wallace William A. , Wilkinson John W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Although federal legislation restricts the discharge of oil and other hazardous substances into inland and coastal waterways, debate continues over the best choice of institutional arrangements to control waterway pollution through regulations, standards, penalties and cleanup charges. No one approach is necessarily best in all situations. Issues addressed when determining public policy must be concerned with the tradeoff between methods chosen to influence polluter behavior and the cost of their enforcement. Using data from the U. S. Coast Guard's Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS) and the Port Safety and Security/Marine Environmental Protection Quarterly Activities Report, this paper examines a model describing the behavior of polluters in response to pollution control costs and, in so doing, stresses the potential economic impact. Implications for public policy also are presented.
DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH CURRENT STREAMLINED OIL BOOM/SKIMMER FOR INLAND WATERWAYS1
Authors: Folsom Blair A. , Johnson Clyde 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The streamlined oil boom/skimmer uses a slightly submerged slotted hydrofoil to skim a thin layer of oil and water into an attached sump where kinetic energy is dissipated, the oil and water are separated and the oil is retained and recovered. Because of the system's simplicity and low drag, it can be deployed as a high speed skimmer supported by a catamaran or as a high current boom with several adjacent sections spanning a high current area. Earlier work, reported in the 1973 and 1975 Joint Conferences on the Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, included preliminary feasibility tests, in which the potential for excellent high current performance was demonstrated, and small-scale bow wave tests. The work reported here includes applying the previous results to full-scale models, refining sump design, developing a stability control/flotation system and integrating these subsystems in a pre-prototype model for testing at OHMSETT.
SURFACE ENHANCEMENT—BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER
Authors: Wilson Jack E. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Pursuit of a concept as simple as reversing the oil spill spreading phenomenon has resulted in the development of a very effective methodology for cleaning up U.S. Navy oil spills. New equipment and techniques are now routinely used throughout the Navy where spills occur. Two comprehensive spill cleanup scenarios which extensively utilize the surface enhancement equipment and techniques are described. The two scenarios are: (1) confined area spill, with the skimmer in a stationary mode; and (2) open area spill, with the skimmer in a moving mode. The confined area stationary mode scenario employs boat propeller wash, air and water jets remote to the skimmer, surface active agents, granular or chip sorbents, and water and air jets built into the skimmer/boom system. Data is presented which shows that skimmer performance can be improved by factors of 8 and 18 for water and air enhancement systems respectively. The open area moving mode scenario employs a skimmer with boom and two utility boats in a “V” configuration with granular sorbents, piston film, etc., or a skimmer with oil concentration sweeps having built-in water jets and with granular sorbents, piston films, etc. Examples are presented which clearly show that low speed skimming (under 2.5 knots) while utilizing surface enhancement techniques is more cost effective than high speed skimming, even if 80% throughput efficiencies could be achieved.