bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composition of O‐Antigenic Lipopolysaccharides from Enterobacter cloacae
Authors: White Pippa J. , Gaston Michael A. , Wilkinson Stephen G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAnalyses have been carried out on lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from 14 strains of Enterobacter cloacae representing different O serotypes. All of the products appeared to have a composition and architecture typical of enterobacterial LPS, but points of interest include the absence of phosphate residues from the core oligosaccharide, the presence of both L‐glycero‐D‐mannoheptose and D‐glycero‐D‐mannoheptose (ratio usually about 4: 1), and the presence in lipid A of small amounts of fatty acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms (mainly C13) in addition to tetradecanoic acid and 3‐hydroxytetradecanoic acid. Monosaccharides identified as components of polymeric fractions from the LPS were glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, glucosamine, galactosamine, fucosamine, and galacturonic acid. Most polymeric fractions also probably contained an O‐acetyl substituent. Closely similar chemotypes found for the polymeric fractions from the LPS of cross‐reacting serotypes support the view that these fractions contain the O‐antigenic determinants and represent the side chains of the LPS.
Effect of Glucose on the Interaction of Hydrophobic Compounds with the Alanine Receptor Field of Bacillus subtilis Spores during Initiation of Germination
Authors: Yasuda Yoko , Tochikubo Kunio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGlucose interfered with the inhibitory action of hydrophobic compounds, such as n‐octanol, diphenylamine and 2‐tert‐butylphenol, during L‐alanine‐initiated germination of Bacillus subtilis spores. The action of glucose on the action of the hydrophobic compounds was not competitive, and the binding affinity of glucose was not essentially affected by the hydrophobic compounds, indicating the presence of separate binding sites for glucose and the hydrophobic compounds. The binding affinity of D‐alanine, a competitive inhibitor of L‐alanine, was not affected by the hydrophobic compounds, indicating separate binding sites for D‐alanine and the hydrophobic compounds. A possible arrangement of the binding sites for glucose and for the hydrophobic compounds in relation to those for L‐ and D‐alanine on the spores is discussed.
Preparation of Complement Fixation Antigen of Chlamydia psittaci Grown in Tissue Culture by Treatment with β‐Propiolactone
Authors: Chiba Nobuyuki , Takashima Ikuo , Arikawa Jiro , Hashimoto Nobuo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA new method of preparing a chlamydial complement fixation (CF) antigen by treatment with β‐propiolactone (BPL) is presented. Chlamydia psittaci strains Pigeon‐1041 and Budgerigar‐No. 1, and Chlamydia trachomatis strain L2/434/BU, propagated in L‐929 cell monolayers, were inactivated with BPL. This BPL‐treated antigen was useful for detecting CF antibodies in both human and pigeon sera, and it did not cause false‐positive reactions, as are sometimes observed between some human sera and phenol‐treated antigen derived from eggs. When this CF antigen was treated with potassium periodate and tested for reactivity with mouse immune ascitic fluid, it was found that the antigen contained type‐ or strain specificity as well as genus specificity. Immunization with the BPL‐treated antigen elicited type‐ or strain‐specific neutralizing antibody.
Relationships among Broad‐Spectrum and Narrow‐Spectrum Mannose‐Resistant Fimbrial Hemagglutinins in Different Yersinia Species
Authors: Old David C. , Adegbola Richard A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWhen 117 strains of Yersinia were grown in serial broth culture at 22 or 30 C, 44 (38%) formed a broad‐spectrum, mannose‐resistant hemagglutinin (MR/Y‐HA) associated with thick (8 nm) channelled (MR/Y) fimbriae; eight other strains (7%) formed a narrow‐spectrum, mannose‐resistant hemagglutinin (MR/K‐like HA) associated with thin (4 nm) non‐channelled (type 3‐like) fimbriae. The distribution of these two fimbrial hemagglutinins in different Yersinia species is discussed and their properties are compared with those of other reported mannose‐resistant hemagglutinins. The thick fimbriae of four Yersinia species were antigenically similar as judged by immunoelectronmicroscopy. Likewise, the thin fimbriae of three Yersinia species were antigenically similar, though different from the thick fimbriae.
Constitutive Production and Characterization of Interferon‐Gamma in a Human T‐Lymphoblastoid Cell Line Transformed by a Human Retrovirus
Authors: Matsuyama Masako , Sugamura Kazuo , Hinuma Yorio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA human T‐lymphoblastoid cell line, TCL‐Fuj, constitutively produced a large amount of human gamma interferon (IFN) in culture fluids and has sustained stable IFN production for more than two years. When cells were incubated in RPMI‐1640 medium with 10% fetal calf serum for three days, IFN activity was detectable at a cell density of 6 × 104 cells/ml, whereas 2,000–16,000 units of IFN per ml were produced at 5–10 × 105 cells/ml. IFN production was also detected even in serum‐free medium and as early as 2 hr after cultivation in fresh medium. IFN was inhibited by treatment of cells with either actinomycin D or cycloheximide, indicating the requirement of IFN‐mRNA and protein for de novo synthesis. The molecular weight of the IFN was 45,000–60,000 as determined by Sephacryl S200 gel filtration. Two activity peaks corresponding to molecular weights of 22,000 and 39,000 were obtained by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis by isoelectric focusing revealed charge heterogeneity with four species at pIs of 6.0, 7.1, 8.6, and 9.3. Conventional IFN‐gamma inducers, concanavalin A and 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl‐phorbol‐13‐acetate, further enhanced the production of IFN in this cell line.
Antigenic Relationship between Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans Serotype B
Authors: Funayama Masahiro , Nishikawa Akemi , Shinoda Takako , Suzuki Motofumi , Fukazawa Yoshimura 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe examined the antigenic relationship between Candida parapsilosis and C. albicans serotype B with respect to antigenic factors 13 and 13b, specific for the former species and common to both species, respectively. Acetolysis of C. albicans serotype B cell‐wall mannan gave six oligosaccharides. Their chemical structure was determined by 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and partial acid hydrolysis. The structure of the hexasaccharide derived from C. albicans serotype B mannan was α‐D‐Manp‐(1–2)‐α‐D‐Manp‐(1–3)‐α‐D‐Manp‐(1–2)‐α‐D‐Manp‐(1–2)‐α‐D‐Manp‐(1–2)‐D‐Man (M6) which is identical to that from C. parapsilosis mannan. Inhibition of two precipitin reaction systems (anti‐C. albicans serotype B serum and anti‐C. parapsilosis serum to the respective homologous mannan), by oligosaccharides from homologous and heterologous mannans indicated that M6 from either C. albicans serotype B or C. parapsilosis was the most effective inhibitor. Moreover inhibition of the agglutination reaction between factor serum containing anti‐factors 13 and 13b and C. albicans serotype B or C. parapsilosis cells by oligosaccharides from both mannans also indicated that the M6s were the most effective inhibitors. These results suggest that the M6s derived from the two species are identical in their chemical structure, although the structures of the whole mannans of the two species are not identical as demonstrated by gel diffusion precipitation patterns, and that M6s may be involved in the specificities of antigenic factors 13 and 13b. The amount of M6 is larger in C. parapsilosis cell‐wall mannan, suggesting that high repeating frequency of M6 fragment may induce the antibody specific for C. parapsilosis.
Panning Separation for Monoclonal Antibody‐Specific T‐Cell Subsets: Effects of Enzymes and Metabolic Inhibitors
Authors: Goto Makoto , Bluestein Harry G. , Zvaifler Nathan J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe mechanisms of “panning,” a simple positive cell separation technique, were examined. Using monoclonal antibodies to “pan” for T cells (T101+, T4+, and T8+), we obtained enriched populations with 90% purity and viability from unfractionated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). We found that the “panning” method reflects an active process. It is sodium azide inhibitable and independent of the divalent cation concentration. Effective panning does not require capping, patch formation, or DNA synthesis. The cell yields are unaffected by mitomycin‐C or microtubule and microfilament blocking reagents such as concanavalin A, colchicine, and cytochalasin B. This economical technique provides large numbers of functionally intact monoclonal antibody‐specific cells within a relatively short time for further functional and biochemical characterization.
Cytotoxicity and Calcium‐Dependent Antigen of Yersinia
Authors: Okamoto Keinosuke , Kobayashi Tatsuhiko , Shinoda Sumio , Inoue Takashi , Yukitake Jun , Shimizu Kiyoji , Kawamoto Yasuko , Moriyama Takeshi , Miyama Akio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe relationship between invasiveness and calcium dependency was examined in various strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis by using established cell lines. Infection with calcium‐dependent bacteria resulted in the formation of microvilli and the adherence of bacteria on the cell surface, and the adherent bacteria were ingested 1.5 hr after infection. Morphological changes in the cells became visible 2 to 3 hr after infection, and intracellular multiplication of the ingested bacteria was noted. When the cells were incubated with bacteria at 37 C for 1.5 hr and then at 25 C, however, the morphological changes in the infected cells were not observed. No isogenic strains that had lost calcium dependency for growth at 37 C were able to elicit the morphological changes in the cells, though they possessed the ability to adhere to and penetrate the cells.The antigen(s) supposedly related to cytotoxicity of the calcium‐dependent Yersinia was sought by using antibodies prepared against calcium‐dependent bacteria and then absorbed with calcium‐independent bacteria and with calcium‐independent bacterial cytosol. Double diffusion tests between the antisera and bacterial cytosol extracts revealed the presence of an antigen which was a cytoplasmic substance common to all calcium‐dependent but not calcium‐independent strains of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis.
Effect of E‐64, Thiol Protease Inhibitor, on the Secondary Anti‐SRBC Response In Vitro
Authors: Amamoto Toshiro , Okazaki Tadayasu , Komurasaki Toshi , Hanada Kazunori , Omura Sadafumi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractE‐64, L‐trans‐epoxysuccinyl‐leucylamido (4‐guanidino) butane, a specific inhibitor of thiol proteases originally isolated from the culture of a fungus, was examined in connection with the immune responses to the splenocytes of mice.In cultures of C3H/He mouse splenocytes, E‐64 and its analogues showed mitogenic activity, and some of them enhanced the lymphocyte blast transformation induced by a suboptimal concentration of concanavalin A. E‐64 caused a significant suppressive effect on the secondary anti‐SRBC responses when 7‐ or 14‐day‐primed BDF1 mouse splenocytes were cultured with SRBC, while it induced no effect on cultured splenocytes either from mice treated with cyclophosphamide, from mice sensitized with dinitrophenyl‐Ficoll. The results with E‐64 and its close analogues revealed that their effects on the immune response roughly correlated with their inhibitory activity against thiol protease.These results suggest that a thiol protease might be involved in the process of secondary immune response in mouse splenocytes.
Isolation and Characterization of Canine Distemper Virus‐Specific RNA
Authors: Hirayama Norio , Senda Megumi , Yamamoto Hisashi , Yoshikawa Yasuhiro , Yamanouchi Kazuya 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTen species of virus‐specific RNA were detected in Vero cells infected with the FXNO strain of canine distemper virus (CDV). The largest RNA was the genome‐sized RNA and the nine smaller species were polyadenylated RNAs. Similar results were obtained for nine other strains of CDV. The molecular weights of these ten RNAs were determined to be 4.61 × 106, 2.46 × 106, 1.52 × 106, 1.32 × 106, 1.19 × 106, 1.07 × 106, 0.77 × 106, 0.65 × 106, 0.58 × 106. and 0.48 × 106. By in vitro translation of the polyadenylated RNAs in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, three different proteins which probably correspond to H, NP, and M were synthesized from the fraction containing RNAs 7, 8, 9, and 10.
Induction of Interferon and Activation of NK Cells and Macrophages in Mice by Oral Administration of Ge‐132, an Organic Germanium Compound
Authors: Aso Hisashi , Suzuki Fujio , Yamagughi Takahiro , Hayashi Yoshiro , Ebina Takusaburo , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAfter oral administration of an organic germanium compound, Ge‐132 (300 mg/kg), a significant level of interferon (IFN) activity was detected in the sera of mice at 20 hr and it reached a maximum of 320 U/ml at 24 hr. This IFN activity was lost after heat‐ or acid‐treatment, suggesting that the induced IFN is of ‐nature. The molecular weight of this IFN was estimated to be 50,000 daltons by gel filtration. The NK activity of spleen cells was increased 24 hr after the oral administration of Ge‐132, and cytotoxic macrophages were induced in the peritoneal cavity by 48 hr. In the mice receiving an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of trypan blue or carrageenan 2 days before oral administration of Ge‐132, neither induction of IFN nor augmentation of NK activity occurred, and X‐ray irradiation of mice also rendered the mice incapable of producing IFN, all indicating that both macrophages and lymphocytes are required for this IFN induction. Both NK and cytotoxic macrophages appeared 18 hr after ip administration of the induced IFN with a titer as low as 20 U/ml. These facts suggest that both the augmentation of NK activity and activation of macrophages in mice after oral administration of Ge‐132 are mediated by the induced IFN.
Isolation of a New Drug‐Resistance Plasmid from a Strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Arm Taketoshi , Hamashima Hajime , Hasegawa Hiroko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA new R plasmid, pSA55, with a molecular weight of 112 mcgadaltons (Md), was isolated from a strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with multiple drug resistance. The pSA55 plasmid conferred on its host resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, trimethoprim and 2,4‐diamino‐6,7‐diisopropyl pteridine, and belongs to incompatibility group C. The plasmid was transferable to Escherichia coli, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus and NAG bivrio at a frequency of 10−3~‐7, and was stably inherited by the transconjugants of these species. The conjugal transfer of pSA55 plasmid was significantly affected by the growth culture phase. The resistance pattern and resistance levels of transconjugants were the same as those of the donor strain. We did not observe fluctuations in minimal inhibitory concentrations with transfer, unlike the case of V. cholerae. The relationship between the pSA55 plasmid and the Kanagawa phenomenon was not clarified in the present study.
Bactericidal Effect of Fatty Acids on Mycobacteria, with Particular Reference to the Suggested Mechanism of Intracellular Killing
Authors: Kanetsuna Fuminori 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of fatty acids on Mycobacterium smegmatis was examined in vitro at pH 5.0 to 7.0 to determine the role of fatty acids in the intracellular killing of mycobacteria. Unsaturated fatty acids showed strong bactericidal activity in low concentrations (0.005 to 0.02 mM), whereas saturated fatty acids, except for lauric and myristic acids, were not very effective even at a concentration of 0.2 mM. Addition of a saturated fatty acid (palmitic or stearic acid) to an unsaturated fatty acid (oleic or linoleic acid) did not strongly interfere with the bactericidal effect of the unsaturated fatty acid at pH 5.0 and 6.0. Ca2+ (3.0 mM), Mg2+ (1.0 mM), and γ‐globulin (0.4%) showed weak reversal effects on the bactericidal activity of unsaturated fatty acids at pH 5.0 and 6.0. Serum albumin and serum showed strong reversal effects. The concentrations of each fatty acid in a mixture (molar ratio, 1: 1: 1: 1) of oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids required for the killing of M. smegmatis in the presence of 2% serum (bovine, rabbit, or human) were 0.05 to 0.10 mM at pH 5.0 and 6.0 and 0.05 to 0.20 mM at pH 7.0, depending on the serum used.The susceptibilities of M. kansasii, M. bovis strain BCG, and M. tuberculosis to the mixture of the four fatty acids in the presence of 2% bovine serum were similar to that of M. smegmatis, although M. fortuitum was more resistant.
Immunomodulating Activities of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins
Authors: Kawaguchi‐Nagata Kumiko , Okamura Haruki , Shoji Ko , Kanagawa Hisami , Semma Masanori , Shinagawa Kunihiro 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe immunomodulating effects of staphylococcal enterotoxins on in vivo immune responses in C57BL/6 mice were examined. Of the five serological types A (SEA), B, C, D, and E (SEE), only SEA and SEE markedly suppressed the antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) when injected 1 day before or on the day of immunization with SRBC.Further study of SEA revealed that it did not affect the antibody response to a thymus‐independent antigen, salmonella flagella, but did affect the T‐cell‐mediated immune response. Contact sensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) was suppressed when SEA was injected before sensitization or before challenge with DNFB, indicating that SEA affected both the afferent and efferent phases of DNFB contact sensitivity. As the suppression of DNFB contact sensitivity could be transferred by anti‐Thy‐1.2 antibody‐sensitive spleen cells of SEA injected donors into normal or DNFB‐sensitized recipients, the suppression was thought to be an active one. However, SEA could augment the DNFB contact sensitivity when injected on the third day after sensitization with DNFB.These results indicate that the immunomodulating effects of SEA can be mediated by the T‐cell function.
Electrophoretic Patterns of Extracellular Deoxyribonuclease (DNase) and Their Correlation with T‐Type in Group A Streptococci
Authors: Miyakawa Yozo , Yamada Toshihiko , Shitara Masatsugu , Fukazawa Yoshimura 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMolecular heterogeneity of the extracellular deoxyribonuclease (DNase) in group A streptococci was demonstrated in 42 clinical isolates. Although Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of the extracellular DNase of all the isolates were heterogeneous, they could be divided into five main patterns with respect to the presence or absence of three DNase components including DNase B. By comparing the electrophoretic patterns of DNase in all the isolates with their T‐types, we found that the patterns were quite characteristic for their T‐types, especially in the prevalent T‐types 12 and 1, and that the isolates of T‐types 12 and 1 produced DNase B as their major extracellular DNase. Relative DNase B activity in the total extracellular DNase activity of group A, B, and G isolates was determined by the rapid method of neutralization with anti‐DNase B antibody. The results showed neutralization of DNase activity in all the isolates of group A streptococci, largely corresponding to their T‐types, but not of the isolates of groups B and G. These results indicate that the electrophoretic patterns of the extracellular DNase of group A streptococci are closely correlated with their T‐types, suggesting the physicochemical taxonomic value of these properties.
Adjuvant Activity of Klebsiella O3 Lipopolysaccharide: Inhibition of the Adjuvant Activity by Concanavalin A
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Kido Nobuo , Ohta Michio , Naito Setsuko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractKlebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide (KO3 LPS) was found to exhibit extraordinarily strong adjuvant activity in augmenting antibody responses and delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) to protein antigens in mice. The O‐specific polysaccharide chain of KO3 LPS consists of α‐mannoside. We investigated the effect of concanavalin A (Con A) or succinyl Con A, which is known to bind to α‐mannoside, on the adjuvant activity of KO3 LPS in augmenting DTH to ovalbumin. When KO3 LPS was mixed with Con A prior to injection, the strong adjuvant activity of KO3 LPS in augmenting DTH was inhibited and the degree of inhibition depended upon the dose of Con A. An equal amount of Con A elicited nearly complete inhibition of the adjuvant activity of KO3 LPS, Con A at 1/10 the amount of LPS elicited partial inhibition, and Con A at 1/100 the amount of LPS showed no inhibition. An equal amount of succinyl Con A, which induced less marked aggregation of KO3 LPS than Con A, elicited inhibition of the adjuvant activity of KO3 LPS to an extent similar to that by Con A. On the other hand, Con A or succinyl Con A bound to KO3 LPS did not impair in any way the lethal toxicity of KO3 LPS for mice which is known to be due to the lipid A moiety. From these findings it is concluded that the strong adjuvant activity of KO3 LPS does not solely depend upon the lipid A moiety but the O‐specific polysaccharide moiety plays an important role in expression of the adjuvant activity.
The Intestinal Microflora of Infants: Fecal Flora of Infants with Vitamin K Deficiency
Authors: Benno Yoshimi , Sawada Ken , Mitsuoka Tomotari 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe fecal flora of 10 infants with vitamin K deficiency (VKD) and 10 healthy infants was examined. All the infants were breast‐fed. In the infants with VKD, the total counts (P<0.01) and the numbers of bifidobacteria (P< 0.001) were lower than in the healthy infants, whereas bacteroides, veillonella and enterococci were present in greater numbers in the feces of infants with VKD. The incidence of the Bacteroides fragilis group was higher (P<0.05) in the infants with VKD than in the healthy infants. A significant reduction (P<0.05) in Bifidobacterium breve was shown in the infants with VKD. The data emphasize the abnormal flora in infants with VKD.
Hybridoma Antibodies Produced against Bromelain Derived Cores of Influenza Virus
Authors: Lecomte Jacqueline 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSplenic lymphocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with “cores” of influenza virus, obtained after bromelain cleavage of the surface glycoprotein, were fused with the P3‐NS1/1‐Ag‐1 mouse cell line to yield hybridoma cultures. Among 20 stable cloned hybrid cells secreting monoclonal antibodies, one was specific for the nucleoprotein (NP), 11 were specific for the membrane (M) protein and eight were specific for the hemagglutinin (HA). These “cores” used as immunogen contained only the internal proteins of the influenza virus, namely the three polymerases, the NP and the M protein and no HA when examined by standard procedures of SDS‐PAGE, electron microscopy and hemagglutination activity. It thus appeared that a small amount of contaminating antigens can sensitize a sufficient number of mouse B cells to be selected as hybrid partners. These antibodies were provisionally assigned as anti‐carbohydrate attached to the HA.