bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic versus open distal pancreatectomy: is a randomized trial necessary?
Authors: Kooby David A. , Vollmer Charles M. 
Published: July 2015

HighlightMomentum for minimally invasive pancreatectomy is slow and distal pancreatectomy is the most commonly performed laparoscopically. Nakamura and colleagues in Japan used propensity score matching to compare open and laparoscopic techniques for removing the left side of the pancreas. We provide a review and commentary relating to this study.
Nanomechanics and Origin of Rubber Elasticity of Novel Nanostructured Thermoplastic Elastomeric Blends Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Banerjee Shib Shankar , Kumar Kotnees Dinesh , Sikder Arun K. , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: July 2015

PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping is an advanced atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique for measuring the mechanics of a sample surface by probing at the nanoscale. This nanomechanical mapping is performed in novel nanostructured thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) and thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) consisting of nanolevel dispersion of fluoroelastomer phase (60–80 nm) in the continuous polyamide matrix. Both in the case of TPE and TPV, elastic modulus and adhesion force (between the tip and sample surface) from the continuous matrix phase to the dispersed rubber particle through the nanometric interface (4–5 nm) are analyzed. The effect of dynamic vulcanization on the nanomechanical properties of the interface and the dispersed rubber phase of the blends is discussed. The origin of rubber elasticity in thermoplastic elastomeric blends in spite of the plastic as the continuous phase is proposed. It was shown for the first time that the interconnected dispersed rubber phase through the thin rubber ligament of 4–12 nm width in the thermoplastic matrix significantly contribute to the rubber elasticity in TPE and TPV.
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Arctic metrology: calibration of radiosondes ground check sensors in Ny‐Ålesund
Authors: Musacchio Chiara , Bellagarda Simone , Maturilli Marion , Graeser Jürgen , Vitale Vito , Merlone Andrea 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe Arctic research village of Ny‐Ålesund (79 ° N, 12 ° E) on the Spitsbergen island of Svalbard archipelago, with its logistics and infrastructure, provides a unique access to the Arctic environment. Among the several international environmental and climate monitoring programmes constantly running there, the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN) has established one of its stations at the Alfred Wegener Institute observatory. Calibration of sensors and measurement traceability are fundamental aspects of climate observations, as requested by the GRUAN measurement procedures. In the framework of the MeteoMet project, a transportable climatic chamber for the calibrations of air temperature and pressure sensors was studied and manufactured. In June 2014, a calibration campaign involved the transport and use of one of those systems in the Ny‐Ålesund GRUAN station. The result of the campaign has been the complete calibration of temperature and pressure sensors for radiosonde pre‐launch ground checks. The resulting calibration curves were obtained with lower uncertainties and more robust characterization of the sensors, with respect to the usual procedures adopted. Given the opportunity of the calibration device operating already in place and the presence of the metrology staff, the calibration was extended to the sensors equipping the Amundsen‐Nobile Climate Change Tower. The present study reports on the ‘Arctic metrology 2014’ campaign and the plans for the establishment of a permanent laboratory for metrology in Ny‐Ålesund. The aim is to address the measurement traceability needs arising from the multidisciplinary measurements made by the scientific community operating there.
Determination of the potential bioavailability of plant microRNAs using a simulated human digestion process
Authors: Philip Anna , Ferro Valerie A. , Tate Rothwelle J. 
Published: July 2015

ScopeThe “dietary xenomiR hypothesis” proposes that microRNAs (miRNAs) in foodstuffs survive transit through the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and pass into cells intact to affect gene regulation. However, debate continues as to whether dietary intake poses a feasible route for such exogenous gene regulators. Understanding on miRNA levels during pretreatments of human diet is essential to test their bioavailability during digestion. This study makes the novel first use of an in vitro method to eliminate the inherent complexities and variability of in vivo approaches used to test this hypothesis.Methods and resultsPlant miRNA levels in soybean and rice were measured during storage, processing, cooking, and early digestion using real‐time PCR. We have demonstrated for the first time that storage, processing, and cooking does not abolish the plant miRNAs present in the foodstuffs. In addition, utilizing a simulated human digestion system revealed significant plant miRNA bioavailability after early stage digestion for 75 min. Attenuation of plant messenger RNA and synthetic miRNA was observed under these conditions.ConclusionEven after an extensive pretreatment, plant‐derived miRNA, delivered by typical dietary ingestion, has a robustness that could make them bioavailable for uptake during early digestion. The potential benefit of these regulatory molecules in pharma nutrition could be explored further.
Pionier der bioanorganischen Chemie
Authors: Rüdiger W. Seidel  
Published: July 2015

AbstractMit seinen Arbeiten über biologisch inspirierte Übergangsmetallkomplexe makrocyclischer Schiff‐Basen‐Liganden war Ernst‐Gottfried Jäger in den 1960er Jahren einer der ersten, die in Deutschland ein neues Teilgebiet der anorganischen Chemie etablierten: die Bioanorganik.
Marge statt Masse
Authors: Bug Thorsten 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNach mehreren hervorragenden Geschäftsjahren suchen Chemieunternehmen aggressiv nach möglichst nichtzyklischen Wachstumssegmenten. Aufgrund von Transaktionen — vorrangig im Mindermengengeschäft der Spezialchemie — ändert sich die Produktionslandschaft in den hoch industrialisierten Regionen.
Diet and exercise improve chemoreflex sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Maki‐Nunes Cristiane , Toschi‐Dias Edgar , Cepeda Felipe X. , Rondon Maria Urbana P.B. , Alves Maria‐Janieire N. N. , Fraga Raffael F. , Braga Ana Maria F. W. , Aguilar Adriana M. , Amaro Aline C. , Drager Luciano F. , Lorenzi‐Filho Geraldo , Negrão Carlos E. , Trombetta Ivani C. 
Published: July 2015

ObjectiveChemoreflex hypersensitity was caused by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study tested the hypothesis that hypocaloric diet and exercise training (D+ET) would improve peripheral and central chemoreflex sensitivity in patients with MetS and OSA.MethodsPatients were assigned to: (1) D+ET (n = 16) and (2) no intervention control (C, n = 8). Minute ventilation (VE, pre‐calibrated pneumotachograph) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, microneurography) were evaluated during peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity by inhalation of 10% O2 and 90% N2 with CO2 titrated and central chemoreflex by 7% CO2 and 93% O2 for 3 min at study entry and after 4 months.ResultsPeak VO2 was increased by D+ET; body weight, waist circumference, glucose levels, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, and apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) (34 ± 5.1 vs. 18 ± 3.2 events/h, P = 0.04) were reduced by D+ET. MSNA was reduced by D+ET at rest and in response to hypoxia (8.6 ± 1.2 vs. 5.4 ± 0.6 bursts/min, P = 0.02), and VE in response to hypercapnia (14.8 ± 3.9 vs. 9.1 ± 1.2 l/min, P = 0.02). No changes were found in the C group. A positive correlation was found between AHI and MSNA absolute changes (R = 0.51, P = 0.01) and body weight and AHI absolute changes (R = 0.69, P < 0.001).ConclusionsSympathetic peripheral and ventilatory central chemoreflex sensitivity was improved by D+ET in MetS+OSA patients, which may be associated with improvement in sleep pattern.
Down‐regulation of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) by Slug promotes metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Wang Li , Sang Yi , Tang Jianjun , Zhang Ru‐Hua , Luo Donghua , Chen Mingyuan , Deng Wu‐Guo , Kang Tiebang 
Published: July 2015

AbstractDistant metastasis and local recurrence are still the major causes for failure of treatment in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), making it urgent to further elicit the molecular mechanisms of NPC metastasis. Using a gene microarray including transcription factors and known markers for cancer stem cells, prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) was found to be significantly down‐regulated in metastatic NPC in lymph node, compared to its primary tumour, and in NPC cell lines with high metastatic ability compared to those with low metastatic ability. NPC patients with low PSCA expression had a consistently poor metastasis‐free survival (p = 0.003). Knockdown and overexpression of PSCA respectively enhanced and impaired the migration and invasion in vitro and the lung metastasis in vivo of NPC cells. Mechanistically, the enhancement of NPC metastasis by knocking down PSCA probably involved epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), by up‐regulating N‐cadherin and ZEB1/2 and by activating RhoA. The down‐regulation of PSCA in NPC cells resulted directly from the binding of Slug to the PSCA promoter. PSCA may be a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for patients with NPC. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Useful surface parameters for biomaterial discrimination
Authors: Etxeberria Marina , Escuin Tomas , Vinas Miquel , Ascaso Carlos 
Published: July 2015

SummaryTopographical features of biomaterials’ surfaces are determinant when addressing their application site. Unfortunately up to date there has not been an agreement regarding which surface parameters are more representative in discriminating between materials. Discs (n = 16) of different currently used materials for implant prostheses fabrication, such as cast cobalt‐chrome, direct laser metal soldered (DLMS) cobalt‐chrome, titanium grade V, zirconia (Y‐TZP), E‐glass fiber‐reinforced composite and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) were manufactured. Nanoscale topographical surface roughness parameters generated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), microscale surface roughness parameters obtained by white light interferometry (WLI) and water angle values obtained by the sessile‐water‐drop method were analyzed in order to assess which parameter provides the best optimum surface characterization method. Correlations between nanoroughness, microroughness, and hydrophobicity data were performed to achieve the best parameters giving the highest discriminatory power. A subset of six parameters for surface characterization were proposed. AFM and WLI techniques gave complementary information. Wettability did not correlate with any of the nanoroughness parameters while it however showed a weak correlation with microroughness parameters. SCANNING 37:429–437, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Long‐Term Economic Benefits of Natural Mentoring Relationships for Youth
Authors: Timpe Zach C. , Lunkenheimer Erika 
Published: July 2015

AbstractNatural mentors have been shown to help improve psychological and educational outcomes of youth, and may serve an important role for youth experiencing risk in the home. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we investigated the associations between natural mentors during youth and income during early adulthood, including how these relations were moderated by the absence of a father figure and race. We also estimated the lifetime economic benefits to having a natural mentor. The presence of a natural mentor alone did not have a significant impact on annual earnings during adulthood. However, youth without a father but who had a male mentor earned significantly more, on average, than those without a male mentor. These effects were more pronounced in a subsample of African American youth. The net present value of total lifetime benefits to having a male natural mentor was approximately $190,000 for all fatherless youth and $458,000 for African American fatherless youth. These results suggest that natural mentors play a crucial role in economic outcomes for youth, which may vary by sociodemographic factors.
Anatomic Relationships in Distal Radius Bridge Plating: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Dahl Jason , Lee Daniel J. , Elfar John C. 
Published: July 2015

Background Two separate approaches have been described for radiocarpal spanning internal fixation for high-energy distal radius fractures with metaphyseal extension. To our knowledge, relevant anatomic relationships and structures at risk for iatrogenic injury have not been identified in the literature. Methods Twelve fresh frozen cadaver arms were randomized to fixation with a dorsal radiocarpal spanning plate using one of two techniques: (1) index finger metacarpal fixation (index group) or (2) middle finger metacarpal fixation (middle group). Cadaveric dissection and relevant anatomic relationships were assessed in relation to the plate. Results Superficial branches of the radial sensory nerve were in contact with the index group plate in all specimens, while no contact occurred in the middle group specimens. No extensor digitorum comminus (EDC) middle extensor tendons contacted the plate in the index group; an average of 10 cm of plate contact was seen in the middle group. The extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon contacted the plate in both the index and middle groups for an average distance of 12.4 and 25.5 mm, respectively. One complication [EPL and extensor indicis proprius (EIP) entrapment] was observed in the middle finger metacarpal group. Conclusion Mounting the dorsal bridge plate to the index finger metacarpal places the superficial branches of the radial sensory nerve at risk during dissection, while mounting the plate to the middle finger metacarpal leads to a greater degree of tendon-plate contact.
A general self-preservation analysis for decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence
Authors: Djenidi L. , Antonia R. A. 
Published: July 2015

A general framework of self-preservation (SP) is established, based on the transport equation of the second-order longitudinal velocity structure function in decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT). The analysis introduces the skewness of the longitudinal velocity increment, $S(r,t)$ ($r$ and $t$ are space increment and time), as an SP controlling parameter. The present SP framework allows a critical appraisal of the specific assumptions that have been made in previous SP analyses. It is shown that SP is achieved when $S(r,t)$ varies in a self-similar manner, i.e. $S=c(t){\it\phi}(r/l)$ where $l$ is a scaling length, and $c(t)$ and ${\it\phi}(r/l)$ are dimensionless functions of time and $(r/l)$, respectively. When $c(t)$ is constant, $l$ can be identified with the Kolmogorov length scale ${\it\eta}$, even when the Reynolds number is relatively small. On the other hand, the Taylor microscale ${\it\lambda}$ is a relevant SP length scale only when certain conditions are met. The decay law for the turbulent kinetic energy ($k$) ensuing from the present SP is a generalization of the existing laws and can be expressed as $k\sim (t-t_{0})^{n}+B$, where $B$ is a constant representing the energy of the motions whose scales are excluded from the SP range of scales. When $B=0$, SP is achieved at all scales of motion and ${\it\lambda}$ becomes a relevant scaling length together with ${\it\eta}$. The analysis underlines the relation between the initial conditions and the power-law exponent $n$ and also provides a link between them. In particular, an expression relating $n$ to the initial values of the scaling length and velocity is developed. Finally, the present SP analysis is consistent with both experimental grid turbulence data and the eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian numerical simulation of decaying HIT by Meldi & Sagaut (J. Turbul., vol. 14, 2013, pp. 24–53).
Interaction of a vortex ring with a single bubble: bubble and vorticity dynamics
Authors: Jha Narsing K. , Govardhan R. N. 
Published: July 2015

The interaction of a single bubble with a single vortex ring in water has been studied experimentally. Measurements of both the bubble dynamics and vorticity dynamics have been done to help understand the two-way coupled problem. The circulation strength of the vortex ring (${\it\Gamma}$) has been systematically varied, while keeping the bubble diameter ($D_{b}$) constant, with the bubble volume to vortex core volume ratio ($V_{R}$) also kept fixed at about 0.1. The other important parameter in the problem is a Weber number based on the vortex ring strength $(\mathit{We}=0.87{\it\rho}({\it\Gamma}/2{\rm\pi}a)^{2}/({\it\sigma}/D_{b});a=\text{vortex core radius},{\it\sigma}=\text{surface tension})$, which is varied over a large range, $\mathit{We}=3{-}406$. The interaction between the bubble and ring for each of the $\mathit{We}$ cases broadly falls into four stages. Stage I is before capture of the bubble by the ring where the bubble is drawn into the low-pressure vortex core, while in stage II the bubble is stretched in the azimuthal direction within the ring and gradually broken up into a number of smaller bubbles. Following this, in stage III the bubble break-up is complete and the resulting smaller bubbles slowly move around the core, and finally in stage IV the bubbles escape. Apart from the effect of the ring on the bubble, the bubble is also shown to significantly affect the vortex ring, especially at low $\mathit{We}$ ($\mathit{We}\sim 3$). In these low-$\mathit{We}$ cases, the convection speed drops significantly compared to the base case without a bubble, while the core appears to fragment with a resultant large decrease in enstrophy by about 50 %. In the higher-$\mathit{We}$ cases ($\mathit{We}>100$), there are some differences in convection speed and enstrophy, but the effects are relatively small. The most dramatic effects of the bubble on the ring are found for thicker core rings at low $\mathit{We}$ ($\mathit{We}\sim 3$) with the vortex ring almost stopping after interacting with the bubble, and the core fragmenting into two parts. The present idealized experiments exhibit many phenomena also seen in bubbly turbulent flows such as reduction in enstrophy, suppression of structures, enhancement of energy at small scales and reduction in energy at large scales. These similarities suggest that results from the present experiments can be helpful in better understanding interactions of bubbles with eddies in turbulent flows.
Toxoplasma gondiicoinfection with diseases and parasites in wild rabbits in Scotland
Authors: MASON SAM , DUBEY J. P. , SMITH JUDITH E. , BOAG BRIAN 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYIn wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on an estate in Perthshire, central Scotland, the seroprevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiwas 18/548 (3·3%). The wild rabbit could be aT. gondiireservoir and it has potential value as a sentinel ofT. gondiiin environmental substrates.Toxoplasma gondiiwas associated with female sex (P< 0·001) and with relatively heavy infections byEimeria stiedae(P= 0·036). It was not associated with the intensity of coccidial oocysts, the severity of myxomatosis caused by the virusMyxomatosis cuniculi, the intensity of roundworm eggs, the year or season, rabbit age or distance from farm buildings. Coinfections could have been affected by gestational down regulation of type 1 T helper cells. A sudden influx or release ofT. gondiioocysts might have occurred. This is the first report ofT. gondiiin any wild herbivore in Scotland and also the first report of lapineT. gondiias a coinfection withE. stiedae, M. cuniculiand helminths.
Multiple dilemmas of help and counteraction to teaching in complex social worlds
Authors: Poddiakov Alexander 
Published: July 2015

AbstractHuman civilization has a system of different social tools, institutions, and types of positive and negative work with teaching/learning determined by different interests of many actors. Negative work is more hidden and less studied. A paradoxical adaptive problem for teachers with good intentions is design of teaching/learning that equips pupils for learning in future environments unknown to the teachers.
The benefits of an evolutionary framework for the investigation of teaching behaviour: Emphasis should be taken off humans as a benchmark
Authors: Ridley Amanda R. , Ashton Benjamin J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe agree with Kline that a lack of unification is preventing progress in understanding the occurrence of teaching behaviour and the selective pressures influencing its presence. However, we feel that the proposed framework, which incorporates mentalistic and cultural approaches, continues to overlook cases of teaching in nonhuman animals. We advocate the comparative functionalist framework to identify the proximate causes of teaching behaviour in both humans and other animals.
The proximate-ultimate confusion in teaching and cooperation
Authors: Thornton Alex , Raihani Nichola J. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractKline does an admirable job of extending the functionalist framework developed by comparative researchers to help understand the function and form of human teaching. Functionalist approaches consider the adaptive value and underlying mechanisms of behaviour as separate but complementary questions, avoiding the conflation of ultimate and proximate explanations that has long hindered research on teaching and other forms of cooperation.
Human teaching and learning involve cultural communities, not just individuals
Authors: Rogoff Barbara 
Published: July 2015

AbstractCultural accounts of how people facilitate learning extend beyond the five types of teaching outlined by Kline's target article. Rather than focusing so exclusively on individual teaching, cultural accounts examine the mutually constituting efforts of individuals who are teaching, together with those who are learning. Further, cultural research emphasizes the community contexts of people's arrangements for learning and their teaching/learning interactions.
On emotion-cognition integration: The effect of happy and sad moods on language comprehension
Authors: Egidi Giovanna 
Published: July 2015

AbstractI comment on Pessoa's (2013) idea that the interaction between emotion and cognition cannot be reduced to mutual interference. As an example that bolsters Pessoa's position, I discuss the effects of happy and sad moods on discourse and sentence comprehension. I distinguish between the effects of moods elicited without participants' knowledge (incidental) and moods elicited with participants' contribution (constructed).
The cognitive-emotional brain is an embodied and social brain
Authors: Kiverstein Julian , Miller Mark 
Published: July 2015

AbstractPessoa (2013) makes a compelling case for conceiving of emotion and cognition as deeply integrated processes in the brain. We will begin our commentary by asking what implications this view of the brain has for an ontology of cognition – a theory of what cognition is and what cognitive processes exist. We will suggest that Pessoa's book, The Cognitive-Emotional Brain, provides strong support for an embodied theory of cognition. We end our commentary by offering some speculation about how Pessoa's arguments naturally extend to social cognition.
When emotion and cognition do (not) work together: Delusions as emotional and executive dysfunctions
Authors: Petrolini Valentina 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIn this commentary, I argue that the cognitive-emotional framework put forward by Pessoa (2013) can be successfully applied to psychopathology and, in particular, to the reasoning of delusional subjects. More specifically, I show that the notion of executive competition (Ch. 7) offers a significant contribution to the idea that delusions may involve both executive and emotional dysfunctions.