bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Mononuclear Tri‐Spin Compounds based on the Lanthanide‐Nitronyl Nitroxide Radicals: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Qiao Xue‐Mei , Zhang Chen‐Xi , Kong Yu‐Kun , Wang Qing‐Lun , Zhang Yu‐Ying 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTwo LnIII complexes based on a nitronyl nitroxide radical were synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically: [Ln(hfac)3[NITPhm‐Cl]2][0.5CH3(CH2)5CH3] [Ln = Er (1), Nd (2)] [hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate, NITPhm‐Cl = 2‐(3′‐chlorophenyl)‐4, 4,5, 5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide]. X‐ray crystal structure analysis revealed that the two complexes have similar mononuclear tri‐spin structures, in which the metal ions are octacoordinated by two radicals and three hfac molecules to form a slightly distorted dodecahedral arrangement. Each tri‐spin unit connects through intermolecular hydrogen bonds, resulting in the formation of one‐dimensional wave‐like chain. Both of the complexes form a one‐dimensional structure by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements studies revealed that there are antiferromagnetic interactions between the paramagnetic ions (LnIII and radical).
Two Cadmium Coordination Compounds with 5‐Sulfonyl‐1,2,4‐benzenetricarboxylate Ligand: Syntheses, Structures, and Photoluminescence
Authors: Cao Hai‐Yan , Liu Qing‐Yan , Li Li‐Qin , Wang Yu‐Ling , Chen Li‐Li , Yao Yang 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTwo new cadmium(II) coordination compounds, [Cd4(SBTC)2(2,2′‐bpy)6(H2O)4](2,2′‐bpy) (1) (2,2′‐bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridyl) and {[K2Cd(SBTC)(H2O)4](H2O)2}n (2), were synthesized using a novel ligand of 5‐sulfonyl‐1,2,4‐bezenetricarboxylic acid (H4‐SBTC) featuring three carboxylate groups and one sulfonate group stationed on a phenyl central motif. Compound 1 is a discrete tetranuclear [Cd4(SBTC)2(2,2′‐bpy)6(H2O)4] structure with a solvated 2,2′‐bpy molecule, wherein the four cadmium ions are bridged by two μ3‐SBTC4– ligands. The discrete tetranuclear [Cd4(SBTC)2(2,2′‐bpy)6(H2O)4] motif is extended into a three‐dimensional (3D) supramolecular framework through hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions. In compound 2 the cadmium ions and potassium ions are interconnected by the SBTC4– ligands and bridging water molecules to give a complex 3D structure. The 3D structure is constructed by a rare 3D inorganic cadmium‐potassium‐oxide framework, in which the cadmium and potassium ions are bridged by the sulfonate groups and bridging water molecules. In the solid state, compounds 1 and 2 exhibit photoluminescence with emission maximum at 380 and 445 nm, respectively.
[Li2(tF‐BDC)(DMF)2]: A New Alkali Metal Salt of Tetra­fluoroterephthalic Acid (H2tF‐BDC)
Authors: Dolfus Benedikt , Ruschewitz Uwe 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe DMF solvate of lithium tetrafluoroterephthalate [Li2(tF‐BDC)(DMF)2] (H2tF‐BDC = tetrafluoroterephthalic acid) was synthesized and structurally characterized from X‐ray single crystal data (Pbcn, Z = 8). Li+ (CN = 4) is coordinated tetrahedrally by four oxygen atoms of three different tF‐BDC2– linkers and one DMF molecule. The LiO4 tetrahedra are connected by common vertices to chains, which are bridged by tF‐BDC2– linkers to form a 2D polymeric unit. The DMF molecules are oriented perpendicular to these polymeric sheets, which are stacked along [100] in an AB fashion and held together by weak van der Waals interactions. Single crystals of [Li2(tF‐BDC)(DMF)2] were synthesized by precipitation from an ethanol/DMF solvent mixture, but single‐phase samples were only obtained by a mechanochemical approach starting from lithium acetate and H2tF‐BDC by adding DMF. The thermal stability of [Li2(tF‐BDC)(DMF)2] was investigated by DTA/TG measurements. The (endothermic) decomposition starts at 170 °C and is followed by a second exothermic decomposition at approx. 300 °C. The weight losses are in good agreement with a release of DMF and CO2. LiF is identified in the residue after heating at 500 °C.
Comparison of occupancy modeling and radiotelemetry to estimate ungulate population dynamics
Authors: Duquette Jared F. , Belant Jerrold L. , Svoboda Nathan J. , Beyer Dean E. , Albright Craig A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractRadiotelemetry and unmarked occupancy modeling have been used to estimate animal population growth, but have not been compared for ungulates. We compared white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population growth estimates from radiomarked individuals and occupancy modeling of unmarked individuals and evaluated advantages and disadvantages of each method. Estimates of population growth were obtained using remote camera (N = 54/year) detection/non‐detection occupancy surveys of unmarked deer and from survival and recruitment data of radiomarked adult females (N = 87) and neonate fawns (N = 127) in a predominantly forested region of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, 2009–2011. We hypothesized that occupancy models and radiotelemetry data would have similar population growth trends because both methods sampled the same temporally closed population. Percent changes in camera trap data generally reflected finite population growth (λ) of radiomarked deer which increased (λ = 1.10 ± 0.01) from 2009 to 2010, but decreased (λ = 0.87 ± 0.02) from 2010 to 2011. Also, unmarked adult female abundance and fawn:adult female ratios generally reflected trends in radiomarked deer survival and recruitment. Royle–Nichols occupancy model abundance estimates had wide confidence intervals, which may preclude using this method from accurately estimating deer population growth. Radiotelemetry provided more precise population growth estimates, while allowing collection of vital rates and location data. However, the Royle–Nichols occupancy model may be preferred to radiotelemetry because it reflected yearly variation in population growth with reduced labor and no invasive marking. Researchers should consider the objectives and logistics of their study when choosing a specific method.
Process Development of Lappula squarrosa Oil Refinement: Monitoring of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Boraginaceae Seed Oils
Authors: Cramer Luise , Fleck Gunther , Horn Gert , Beuerle Till 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBoraginaceous plants are characterized by high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and show a high ratio of ω‐3/ω‐6 fatty acids. In addition, Lappula squarrosa (Boraginaceae) shows high levels of stearidonic acid content (ω‐3; 18:4; 6,9,12,15‐octadecatetraenoic acid) showing interesting medical and health promoting properties. On the other hand Boraginaceous plants contain genotoxic and carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). An HPLC–ESI–MS/MS sum parameter method was developed to monitor the total sum of 1,2‐unsaturated PA in seed oil. The method was used to monitor different steps in oil refinement using lab model experiments and pilot scale refinement of L. squarrosa seed oil. A limit of detection and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.02 μg retronecine equivalents (RE)/kg and 0.05 μg RE/kg were achieved, respectively. Multiple washing steps at pH 2.2 can significantly reduce the PA content to 0.07 % of the start value. In addition, combining washing with neutralization, bleaching and deodorization can reduce the PA content of L. squarrosa oil below the LOQ (0.05 μg RE/kg). The newly established method was further used to analyze the PA content of commercially available Boraginaceous seed oils (Echium spp., Borago officinalis). Three out of ten products were tested as PA positive (PA content ranging from not detected to 0.6 μg RE/kg product).
Depressive symptoms predict incident dementia during short‐ but not long‐term follow‐up period
Authors: Mirza Saira Saeed , de Bruijn Renée F.A.G. , Direk Nese , Hofman Albert , Koudstaal Peter J. , Ikram M. Arfan , Tiemeier Henning 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundWhether depression is a long‐term risk factor for dementia or represents a dementia prodrome is unclear. Therefore, we examined the relationship between depressive symptoms and dementia during short and long follow‐up in a population‐based cohort.MethodsIn the Rotterdam Study, 4393 nondemented individuals were followed for incident dementia for 13.7 years by continuous monitoring. Cox proportional hazards models for different time intervals were used to estimate the risk of incident dementia.ResultsFive‐hundred eighty‐two participants developed dementia during 13.7 years. Persons with depressive symptoms had an 8% increased risk of dementia compared with those without depressive symptoms during the overall follow‐up. The risk was highest in the short and intermediate follow‐up, particularly in men. We did not find an association in the follow‐up period beyond 10 years.ConclusionOur results suggest that late‐life depressive symptoms are part of a dementia prodrome rather than an independent risk factor of dementia.
Resolution of inflammation is altered in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wang Xiuzhe , Zhu Mingqin , Hjorth Erik , Cortés‐Toro Veronica , Eyjolfsdottir Helga , Graff Caroline , Nennesmo Inger , Palmblad Jan , Eriksdotter Maria , Sambamurti Kumar , Fitzgerald Jonathan M. , Serhan Charles N. , Granholm Ann‐Charlotte , Schultzberg Marianne 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundResolution is the final stage of the inflammatory response, when restoration of tissue occurs. Failure may lead to chronic inflammation, which is known as part of the pathology in the brain of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsSpecialized pro‐resolving mediators (SPMs), receptors, biosynthetic enzyme, and downstream effectors involved in resolution were analyzed in postmortem hippocampal tissue from AD patients and non‐AD subjects. SPMs were analyzed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).ResultsSPMs and SPM receptors were detected in the human brain. Levels of the SPM lipoxin A4 (LXA4) were reduced in AD, both in the CSF and hippocampus. An enzyme involved in LXA4 synthesis and two SPM receptors were elevated in AD brains. LXA4 and RvD1 levels in CSF correlated with Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores.ConclusionsA resolution pathway exists in the brain and the alterations described herein strongly suggest a dysfunction of this pathway in AD. MMSE correlations suggest a connection with cognitive function in AD.
Holocene rockfalls in the southern Negev Desert, Israel and their relation to Dead Sea fault earthquakes
Authors: Rinat Yair , Matmon Ari , Arnold Maurice , Aumaître Georges , Bourlès Didier , Keddadouche Karim , Porat Naomi , Morin Efrat , Finkel Robert C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractRockfall ages in tectonically active regions provide information regarding frequency and magnitude of earthquakes. In the hyper-arid environment of the Dead Sea fault (DSF), southern Israel, rockfalls are most probably triggered by earthquakes. We dated rockfalls along the western margin of the DSF using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN). At each rockfall site, samples were collected from simultaneously exposed conjugate boulders and cliff surfaces. Such conjugate samples initially had identical pre-fall (“inherited”) TCN concentrations. After boulder detachment, these surfaces were dosed by different production rates due to differences in post-fall shielding and geometry. However, in our study area, pre-rockfall inheritance and post-rockfall production rates of TCN cannot be evaluated. Therefore, we developed a numerical approach and demonstrated a way to overcome the above-mentioned problems. This approach can be applied in other settings where rockfalls cannot be dated by simple exposure dating. Results suggest rockfall ages between 3.6 ± 0.8 and 4.7 ± 0.7 ka. OSL ages of sediment accumulated behind the boulders range between 0.6 ± 0.1 and 3.4 ± 1.4 ka and support the TCN results. Our ages agree with dated earthquakes determined in paleoseismic studies along the entire length of the DSF and support the observation of intensive earthquake activity around 4–5 ka.
Lagrangian cascade in three-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic turbulence
Authors: Huang Yongxiang , Schmitt François G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this work, the scaling statistics of the dissipation along Lagrangian trajectories are investigated by using fluid tracer particles obtained from a high-resolution direct numerical simulation with $\mathit{Re}_{\lambda }=400$. Both the energy dissipation rate $\epsilon $ and the local time-averaged $\epsilon _{\tau }$ agree rather well with the lognormal distribution hypothesis. Several statistics are then examined. It is found that the autocorrelation function $\rho (\tau )$ of $\ln (\epsilon (t))$ and variance $\sigma ^2(\tau )$ of $\ln (\epsilon _{\tau }(t))$ obey a log-law with scaling exponent $\beta '=\beta =0.30$ compatible with the intermittency parameter $\mu =0.30$. The $q{\rm th}$-order moment of $\epsilon _{\tau }$ has a clear power law on the inertial range $10<\tau /\tau _{\eta }<100$. The measured scaling exponent $K_L(q)$ agrees remarkably with $q-\zeta _L(2q)$ where $\zeta _L(2q)$ is the scaling exponent estimated using the Hilbert methodology. All of these results suggest that the dissipation along Lagrangian trajectories could be modelled by a multiplicative cascade.
BEING MORAL AND HANDLING THE TRUTH
Authors: Thomas Laurence 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIt is generally agreed that Kant went too far in his claim that it is wrong to lie even if doing so will save an individual's life. The question remains whether it is morally permissible to tell a lie even if this does not involve saving the life of another individual. In this essay, I seek to answer this question affirmatively while at the same time setting strong constraints for when a lie (not involving saving a life) is morally permissible. I argue that lying is morally permissible in the face of what I call an egregious morally infelicitous question. Further, in some cases, lying is not only morally permissible but even reflects an unmistakable instance of considerable self-sacrifice. Needless to say, lies that constitute an instance of self-sacrifice are extremely rare. However, this possibility brings into sharp relief the truth that a lie need not stem from unsavory moral motives; it is upon this truth that the argument that it is morally permissible to lie in the face of an egregious morally infelicitous question relies. This essay ends with the quite poignant observation that there is nothing stable about out a society in which, owing to an unfailing duty to tell the truth, a person can obtain the truth merely by asking an egregious morally infelicitous question.
THE STORY OF A LIFE
Authors: Rosati Connie S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis essay explores the nature of narrative representations of individual lives and the connection between these narratives and personal good. It poses the challenge of determining how thinking of our lives in story form contributes distinctively to our good in a way not reducible to other value-conferring features of our lives. Because we can meaningfully talk about our lives going well for us at particular moments even if they fail to go well overall or over time, the essay maintains that our good must consist in something more than an accumulation of good discrete moments. Since persons have the capacities to reason, remember, and imagine, our good depends on a larger view of our lives that integrates its particular moments in a narrative. That narrative provides shape and texture to our lives. Storytelling serves to connect the events of our lives to each other, and to explain why the meaning and value of past events or features of our lives can shift as the life, and hence the story of the life, continues to unfold. The essay concludes that narrative enables us to see our lives in ways that support, encourage, or promote our self-concept and self-worth as agents who have controlling authority over our own lives.
THE PERFECTIONIST TURN
Authors: Den Uyl Douglas J. , Rasmussen Douglas B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis essay asks whether what is good for someone is distinct from her self-perfection, and whether it makes sense to understand either her good or her self-perfection in terms of the other. The essay adopts a traditional naturalistic understanding of perfection. It argues, however, that the conception of human nature that underlies the perfectionist view must be more individualistic than it is often taken to be. It goes on to distinguish individuative from generic features of human nature; because the account includes both types of characteristics, the concluding vision of human nature, and hence human perfection, is deeply individualized. What is good for an individual is linked to the exercise of her nature rather than to desires individuals simply happen to have.
QUALITIES OF WILL
Authors: Shoemaker David 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOne of P. F. Strawson's suggestions in “Freedom and Resentment” was that there might be an elegant theory of moral responsibility that accounted for all of our responsibility responses (our “reactive attitudes,” in his words) in a way that also explained why we get off the hook from those responses. Such a theory would appeal exclusively toquality of will: when we react with any of a variety of responsibility responses to someone, we are responding to the quality of her will with respect to us, and when we let her off the hook (either for her action or with respect to her qua agent), we are doing so in virtue of her lacking the capacity for the relevant quality of will. Strawson's own attempt to put forward such a view fails, for reasons Gary Watson has given, but several other theorists have advanced their own, more developed,Pure Quality of Willtheories in recent years (including Scanlon, Arpaly, and McKenna). Specifically, there have been three distinct interpretations of “will” defended in the literature, yielding three different possible targets of our responsibility responses: quality ofcharacter, quality ofjudgment, or quality ofregard.My first task in this essay will be to show that none of these theories individually can captureallof our responsibility responses, given our deeply ambivalent responses to several marginal cases (e.g., psychopathy, clinical depression, Alzheimer's dementia). One reaction to this fact might be to abandon the quality of will approach altogether. Another, more plausible, reaction is to develop a pluralistic account of responsibility, one that admits three noncompeting conceptions of responsibility, each of which emphasizes one of the three different qualities of will as the target of a distinct subset of our responsibility responses. On this pluralistic approach, marginal agents might be responsible on some conceptions, but not responsible on others. In the bulk of the paper, I discuss each of the relevant subsets of responsibility responses, the different qualities of will they target, what the capacities for the three qualities of will are, and how the pluralistic qualities of will approach could account for our ambivalence in the marginal cases.
SITUATIONISM, RESPONSIBILITY, AND FAIR OPPORTUNITY
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe situationist literature in psychology claims that conduct is not determined by character and reflects the operation of the agent's situation or environment. For instance, due to situational factors, compassionate behavior is much less common than we might have expected from people we believe to be compassionate. This article focuses on whether situationism should revise our beliefs about moral responsibility. It assesses the implications of situationism against the backdrop of a conception of responsibility that is grounded in norms about the fair opportunity to avoid wrongdoing that require that agents to be normatively competent and possess situational control. Despite the low incidence of compassionate behavior revealed in situationist studies, situationism threatens neither situational control nor normative competence. Nonetheless situationism may force revision of our views about responsibility in particular contexts, such as wartime wrongdoing. Whereas a good case can be made that the heat of battle can create situational pressures that significantly impair normative competence and thus sometimes provide a full or partial excuse, there is reason to be skeptical of attempts to generalize this excuse to other contexts of wartime wrongdoing. If so, moral responsibility can take situationism on board without capsizing the boat.
ON EATING ANIMALS
Authors: Gill Michael B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis essay is a critical response to Loren Lomasky's essay in this volume: “Is It Wrong to Eat Animals?” The essay argues that Lomasky both overestimates the value of eating meat and underestimates the harms to animals of practices surrounding meat eating. While Lomasky takes the fact that an animal would not have lived at all if it were not being raised for food to constitute a benefit for animals being so raised, this essay argues that it would be better for animals raised on factory farms to have never been born. It also contends that Lomasky overstates his case regarding the benefits of meat eating for human well-being. While gastronomic experiences can enrich our lives, it would be a mistake to think that meat eating is indispensable to the enrichment of our lives; one can
experience the flourishing of eating well without eating animals.
HUME AND SMITH ON SYMPATHY, APPROBATION, AND MORAL JUDGMENT
Authors: Sayre-McCord Geoffrey 
Published: February 2014

AbstractDavid Hume and Adam Smith are usually, and understandably, seen as developing very similar sentimentalist accounts of moral thought and practice. As similar as Hume's and Smith's accounts of moral thought are, they differ in telling ways. This essay is an attempt primarily to get clear on the important differences. They are worth identifying and exploring, in part, because of the great extent to which Hume and Smith share not just an overall approach to moral theory but also a conception of what the key components of an adequate account of moral thought will be. In the process, I hope to bring out the extent to which they both worked to make sense of the fact that we do not merely have affective reactions but also, importantly, make moral judgments.
MORAL EXPERTISE: JUDGMENT, PRACTICE, AND ANALYSIS
Authors: Driver Julia 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis essay defends moral expertise against the skeptical considerations raised by Gilbert Ryle and others. The core of the essay articulates an account of moral expertise that draws on work on expertise in empirical moral psychology, and develops an analogy between moral expertise and linguistic expertise. The account holds that expertise is contrastive, so that a person is an expert relative to a particular contrast. Further, expertise is domain specific and characterized by “automatic” behavior and judgment. Some disagreements in the literature regarding moral expertise are diagnosed as being due to failures to adequately distinguish different ways in which someone can be a moral expert. For example, expertise in action does not imply expertise in judgment or analysis.
VIRTUE ETHICS AND PRACTICAL GUIDANCE
Authors: Baker Jennifer 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this essay I argue that contemporary accounts of virtue ought to incorporate methods ancient virtue ethicists used in addressing an audience whose members were interested in improving their behavior. Ancient examples of these methods, I argue, model how to represent practical rationality in ethical arguments. They show us that when we argue for virtue we ought to address common claims, refer to moral reasoning as a stepwise process, and focus on norms when making recommendations. Our own ethical arguments will be improved if we do these things. To the extent that these methods are incorporated into our contemporary accounts of virtue, we will make important points of contact with the account of practical rationality that forms the very basis of the view.