bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LAND REGIMES AND THE STRUCTURE OF POLITICS: PATTERNS OF LAND-RELATED CONFLICT
Authors: Boone Catherine 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis article proposes an analytic framework to describe variation in forms of land-related conflict that emerge in widely varying circumstances and settings. Focusing on conflict among smallholders, the article suggests that these social processes can often be thought of as redistributive conflicts that are shaped by the land tenure regimes that govern land access and allocation. Land tenure regimes can be conceptualized schematically as constituted by rules about property, authority, jurisdiction and citizenship, and as differentiated along these dimensions. They define a locus of political authority over land rights at the local level, a territorial arena, social groups with different land rights and interests, and the distribution of political and economic powers and rights among them. These arrangements vary across space and over time, shaping the political arenas in which land rights are contested and producing different forms of land-related conflict. In many situations, these dimensions of land regimes are blurred, layered and changing, adding additional dimensions of complexity to land politics that the analysis proposed here may help to illuminate.
V. Experiments on the Expansive Force of Freezing Water, made by Major Edward Williams of the Royal Artillery, at Quebec in Canada, in the years 1784 and 1785
Authors: Hutton Charles 
Published: January 2013

Sir,The following is an extract of a letter to me from Major Edward Williams, of the Royal Artillery, a learned man, and of great professional merit. Being at Quebec in some very cold winters, among various other ingenious experiments, it occurred to him to try the force of congelation in some of the iron bomb-shells, which are usually fired out of mortars in the practice of artillery; by filling the cavity of the shell with water, and then, having plugged up the fuze-hole, exposing it to the cold to freeze the water, in order to find whether the expansion of the ice would be capable of bursting the shell.
Erratum: Long-term ecological impacts of antibiotic administration on the human intestinal microbiota
Authors: Jernberg Cecilia , Löfmark Sonja , Edlund Charlotta , Jansson Janet K 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Correction to: The ISME Journal (2007) 1, 56–66; doi:10.1038/ismej.2007.3 Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed an error in a primer sequence in Table 1. The correct table is shown here. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience this may have caused.
Testosterone and β-oestradiol prevent inward remodelling of rat small mesenteric arteries: role of NO and transglutaminase
Authors: del Campo Lara , Guvenc Tuna Bilge , Ferrer Mercedes , van Bavel Ed , Bakker Erik N.T.P. 
Published: January 2013

Increasing evidence shows that sex hormones exert a protective effect on the vasculature, especially in the regulation of the active vasomotor responses. However, whether sex hormones affect vascular remodelling is currently unclear. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that testosterone in males and β-oestradiol in females prevent inward remodelling, possibly through inhibition of cross-linking activity induced by enzymes of the TG (transglutaminase) family. Small mesenteric arteries were isolated from male and female Wistar rats. Dose-dependent relaxation to testosterone and β-oestradiol was inhibited by the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), confirming that these hormones induce NO release. When arteries were cannulated, pressurized and kept in organ culture with ET-1 (endothelin-1) for 3 days we observed strong vasoconstriction and inward remodelling. Remodelling was significantly inhibited by testosterone in males, and by β-oestradiol in females. This preventive effect of sex hormones was not observed in the presence of L-NAME. Inward remodelling was also reduced by the inhibitor of TG L682.777, both in males and females. In arteries from female rats, ET-1 increased TG activity, and this effect was prevented by β-oestradiol. L-NAME induced a significant increase in TG activity in the presence of sex hormones in arteries from both genders. We conclude that testosterone and β-oestradiol prevent constriction-induced inward remodelling. Inward remodelling, both in males and females, depends on NO and TG activity. In females, inhibition of inward remodelling could be mediated by NO-mediated inhibition of TG activity.
CROSS‐CULTURAL SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES ON TWO NEO‐PIAGETIAN COGNITIVE TASKS*
Authors: Miller Ronald , Pascual‐Leone Juan , Campbell Catherine , Juckes Timothy 
Published: January 2013

Two studies are reported concerning performance differences and similarities across cultures. Pascual‐Leone's tests of mental attention/energy (M‐power) were administered to Zulu‐speaking township children aged from 7 to 12 years. In study 1, the Compound Stimulus Visual Information task (CSVI) was used to determine whether children (N = 292) performed at theoretically predicted levels previously obtained with middle‐class Canadian children. In study 2, the children (N = 252) were required to complete the Figural Intersection Test (FIT) four times. Unlike the CSVI, in which learning is controlled by training prior to testing, the FIT assumes basic familiarity with the general test requirements. The purpose of repeated testing was to assess the extent of learning across trials. The results for study 1 indicate that subjects do perform at the predicted levels on the CSVI and have the same M‐power as Canadian children. The results for study 2 indicate that the subjects underperform on trial 1 of the FIT but overperform on trial 2 relative to Canadian children.Deux études sont rapportées concernant des différences et des similarités inter‐culturelles de performance. Les tests de l'attention mentale/énergie (‘M‐power’) de Pascual‐Leone ont été administrés à des enfants âgés de 7 à 12 ans provenant de communautés d'expression Zulu. Dans la première étude, la tâche d'information visuelle du stimulus composé (CSVI) a été utilisée pour déterminer si les enfants (N = 292) pouvaient performer aux niveaux prédits théoriquement qui avaient été préalablement observés chez les enfants Canadiens de classe moyenne. Dans la seconde étude, les enfants (N = 252) devaient compléter quatre fois le test de l'intersection des figures (FIT). Contrairement au CSVI, dans lequel l'apprentissage est contrôlé par l'entraînement qui précède l'administration du test, le FIT assume une familiarité de base avec les prérequis généraux du test. Le but visé par la répétition du test était d'évaluer l'étendue de l'apprentissage en fonction des essais. Les résultats de la première étude indiquent que les sujets obtiennent les performances prévues au CSVI et possèdent le měme niveau de ‘M‐Power’ que les enfants Canadiens. Les résultats de la seconde étude indiquent que, par comparaison avec les enfants Canadiens, les sujets livrent une performance inférieure au premier essai du FIT, alors qu'ils obtiennent une performance supérieure au second essai.
STRATÉGIES COGNITIVES ET PROCESSUS D'AUTORÉGULATION CHEZ DES FAMILLES EN SITUATION DE RÉSOLUTION DE PROBLÈMES LOGIQUES*
Authors: Larivée Serge , Bouffard‐Bouchard Thérèse , Tremblay Richard E. , Charlebois Pierre , Gagnon Claude 
Published: January 2013

The family is a fundamental learning environment for many basic skills such as the ability to solve everyday domestic problems. A lack of competence in this type of problem solving would expose the individual to more frustration and possibly create the conditions for greater aggression. Forty‐two low SES families, each including an aggressive boy, were invited to the laboratory for a problem‐solving session on two occasions, at an interval of two years. Subjects were asked to find four preset combinations of colours by systematic permutations of four colours using a computer. Three types of cognitive performance were examined: resolution strategies, autoregulation strategies and the success rate in finding the solution. Results showed that most of the families were consistent in their use of a non‐systematic strategy. Although some improvement in planning is observed during the second testing, no other improvement in autoregulation strategies was observed. In general, families had a better rate of success in finding the solution in the second session. The low cognitive level of these families and its stability are discussed.Étant donné que la famille constitue un terrain privilégié d'apprentissage, l'aggressivité comportementale de certains enfants pourrait résider dans le peu d'opportunités offertes par leur famille d'apprendre à affronter les problèmes de la vie quotidienne d'une manière réfléchie. Quarante‐deux familles de milieu socio‐économique faible, dont un des enfants est à risque d'inadaptation sociale et dont les parents sont peu scolarisés, ont à résoudre un problème nécessitant l'intelligence logique et ce, à deux ans d'intervalle (T‐1 et T‐2). La tâche consite à résoudre un problème de permutations à quatre éléments et se présente sous la forme d'un jeu d'ordinateur. Le fonctionnement cognitif est examiné selon trois dimensions: les stratégies cognitivcs de résolution, les stratégies d'autorégulation exercées, sur la démarche cognitive et l'issue de la démarche cognitive. L'examen des stratégies cognitives révèle que la majorité des familles utilisent une approche non stratégique et que cette approche est maintenue aussi bien à l'intérieur d'une séance donnée que d'une séance à l'autre. Exception faite de l'amélioration relevée à la séance 2 quant au contrôle exercé par les familles sur le déroulement de leur démarche cognitive, aucun changement n'émerge sur les autres critères de l'autorégulation. Finalement, les familles obtiennent une meilleure performance à la deuxième séance. La discussion porte sur la relative stabilité du niveau de fonctionnement cognitif des familles ainsi que sur la pauvreté apparente de leur répertoire de schèmes.
Hydraulic Fracturing and Brook Trout Habitat in the Marcellus Shale Region: Potential Impacts and Research Needs
Authors: Weltman-Fahs Maya , Taylor Jason M 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Expansion of natural gas drilling into the Marcellus Shale formation is an emerging threat to the conservation and restoration of native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations. Improved drilling and extraction technologies (horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing) have led to rapid and extensive natural gas development in areas overlying the Marcellus Shale. The expansion of hydraulic fracturing poses multiple threats to surface waters, which can be tied to key ecological attributes that limit brook trout populations. Here, we expand current conceptual models to identify three potential pathways of risk between surface water threats associated with increased natural gas development and life history attributes of brook trout: hydrological, physical, and chemical. Our goal is to highlight research needs for fisheries scientists and work in conjunction with resource managers to influence the development of strategies that will preserve brook trout habitat and address Marcellus Shale gas development threats to eastern North America's only native stream salmonid.
RESUMEN
El crecimiento de las actividades de perforación de gas natural en la formación Marcellus Shale es una amenaza emergente para la conservación y restauración de las poblaciones nativas de la trucha de arroyo (Salvelinus fontinalis). La perforación más eficiente y las tecnologías de extracción (perforación horizontal y ruptura hidráulica) han facilitado el rápido y extensivo desarrollo de esta industria a las áreas que comprende la región Marcellus Shale. La expansión de las rupturas hidráulicas representa múltiples amenazas a las aguas superficiales, que pueden estar asociadas a atributos ecológicos clave que limitan las poblaciones de la trucha de arroyo. En la presente contribución se expanden los modelos conceptuales actuales que sirven para identificar tres fuentes potenciales de riesgo entre las amenazas a las aguas superficiales asociadas al creciente desarrollo del gas natural y los atributos de la historia de vida de la trucha de arroyo; atributos hidrológicos, físicos y químicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer notar las necesidades de investigación para los científicos pesqueros y trabajar junto con los manejadores de recursos para influir en el desarrollo de estrategias tendientes a preservar el hábitat de la trucha de arroyo; así mismo se atienden las amenazas que representa el desarrollo de la industria del gas natural para el único salmónido nativo de América del norte.
Application of Morphometric Analysis to Identify Alewife Stock Structure in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Lee Cronin-Fine  , Stockwell Jason D. , Whitener Zachary T. , Labbe Ellen M. , Willis Theodore V. , Wilson Karen A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus is an anadromous clupeid fish of long-standing ecological and socioeconomic importance along the Atlantic coast of North America. Since the 1970s, Alewife populations have been declining throughout the species’ range. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the decline, but a lack of basic information on population demographics inhibits hypothesis testing. In this study, we evaluated the use of morphometric analysis to discriminate among spawning stocks of Alewives collected from 24 sites in Maine and one site in Massachusetts. We first identified 10 morphometric measurements that were not influenced by the freezing–thawing process, and then used principal component and discriminant function analyses to develop stock-structure classification models from these 10 measurements. Classification models were able to discriminate Alewives to be from Maine or the single Massachusetts site 100% of the time. In addition, classification models correctly classified pooled sampling sites from the extreme western and eastern parts of Maine with 64% accuracy. Morphometric analysis may therefore provide an easily accessible, comparatively fast, and inexpensive method to discriminate marine-captured Alewives spawned in areas separated by major biogeographic regions, large geographic distances (100s of kilometers), or both, and thus help inform questions about stock composition at these spatial scales for assessment surveys and bycatch events.
Received March 30, 2012; accepted October 14, 2012.
N‐terminal B‐type natriuretic peptide and the association with left ventricular diastolic function in a population at high risk of incident heart failure: results of the SCReening Evaluation of the Evolution of New‐Heart Failure Study (SCREEN‐HF)
Authors: McGrady Michele , Reid Christopher M. , Shiel Louise , Wolfe Rory , Boffa Umberto , Liew Danny , Campbell Duncan J. , Prior David , Krum Henry 
Published: January 2013

AimsImpaired diastolic function is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, but antecedents and predictors of progression to heart failure (HF) are not well understood. We examined associations between NT‐proBNP, HF risk factors, and diastolic function in a population at high risk for incident HF.Methods and resultsA total of 3550 subjects at high risk for incident HF (≥60 years plus ≥1 HF risk factor), but without pre‐existing HF or LV dysfunction were recruited. Participants at highest risk (n = 664) (NT‐proBNP in the highest quintile >254 pg/mL) underwent echocardiography. Moderate or severe diastolic dysfunction was observed in 25% [95% confidence interval (CI) 21–29%] of participants. Age (P = 0.001), male gender (P = 0.03), diabetes (P = 0.03), and NT‐proBNP (P = 0.002) were associated with severity of diastolic dysfunction after adjustment for HF risk factors and LVEF. In regression analysis, log‐transformed NT‐proBNP was also associated with LV mass index (P = 0.05), left atrial size (P < 0.0001), and Doppler ratio of the mitral valve E/e' (P = 0.001). Multiple HF risk factors were present in the majority of participants (>70%), but no association was observed between diastolic dysfunction and the number of risk factors reported (P = 0.3).ConclusionDiastolic dysfunction was observed in one in four of these high risk subjects (≥ 60 years, HF risk factor, NT‐proBNP >254 pg/mL). NT‐proBNP, age and diabetes were strongly associated with severity of diastolic dysfunction, whereas other HF risk factors and LVEF were not. More targeted surveillance using a combination of risk factors and biomarkers may improve identification of those at great risk of incident HF.
Anesthetic Techniques for Fetal Surgery
Authors: Ngamprasertwong Pornswan , Michelfelder Erik C. , Arbabi Shahriar , Choi Yun Suk , Statile Christopher , Ding Lili , Boat Anne , Eghtesady Pirooz , Holland Katherine , Sadhasivam Senthilkumar 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Background:
Use of high-dose inhalational anesthesia during open fetal surgery may induce maternal–fetal hemodynamic instability and fetal myocardial depression. The authors’ preliminary human retrospective study demonstrated less fetal bradycardia and left ventricular systolic dysfunction with lower dose desflurane supplemented with propofol and remifentanil IV anesthesia (SIVA). In this animal study, the authors compare maternal–fetal effects of high-dose desflurane anesthesia (HD-DES) and SIVA.

Methods:
Of 26 instrumented midgestational ewes, data from 11 animals exposed to both SIVA and HD-DES in random sequences and six animals exposed to HD-DES while maternal normotension was maintained were analyzed. Maternal electroencephalography was used to guide comparable depths of anesthesia in both techniques. Hemodynamic parameters, blood gas, and fetal cardiac function from echocardiography were recorded.

Results:
Compared with SIVA, HD-DES resulted in significant maternal hypotension (mean arterial pressure difference, 19.53 mmHg; 95% CI, 17.6–21.4; P < 0.0001), fetal acidosis (pH 7.11 vs. 7.24 at 150 min, P < 0.001), and decreased uterine blood flow. In the HD-DES group with maternal normotension, uterine blood flow still declined and fetal acidosis persisted, with no statistically significant difference from the group exposed to HD-DES that had maternal hypotension. There was no statistically significant difference in fetal cardiac function.

Conclusion:
In sheep, SIVA affects maternal hemodynamics less and provides better fetal acid/base status than high-dose desflurane. Fetal echocardiography did not reflect myocardial dysfunction in this model.
GLP‐2 Delays but Does Not Prevent the Onset of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Pigs
Authors: Benight Nancy M. , Stoll Barbara , Olutoye Oluyinka O. , Holst Jens J. , Burrin Douglas G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTObjectives:Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is complex disease thought to occur as a result of an immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract of preterm infants. Intestinal dysfunction induced by total parental nutrition (TPN) may increase the risk for NEC upon introduction of enteral feeding. We hypothesized that the intestinal trophic and anti‐inflammatory actions previously ascribed to the gut hormone, glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2), would reduce the incidence of NEC when given in combination with TPN in preterm piglets.Methods:Preterm, newborn piglets were nourished by TPN and infused continuously with either human GLP‐2 (100 μg · kg−1 · day−1) or control saline for 2 days (n = 12/group). On day 3, TPN was discontinued and pigs were given orogastric formula feeding every 3 hours, and continued GLP‐2 or control treatment until the onset of clinical signs of NEC for an additional 96 hours and tissue was collected for molecular and histological endpoints.Results:GLP‐2 treatment delayed the onset of NEC but was unable to prevent a high NEC incidence (∼70%) and severity that occurred in both groups. GLP‐2–treated pigs had less histological injury and increased proximal intestinal weight and mucosal villus height, but not crypt depth or Ki‐67–positive cells. Inflammatory markers of intestinal myeloperoxidase were unchanged and serum amyloid A levels were higher in GLP‐2–treated pigs.Conclusions:GLP‐2 did not prevent NEC and a proinflammatory response despite some reduction in mucosal injury and increased trophic effect.
The biology of habitat dominance; can microbes behave as weeds?
Authors: Cray Jonathan A. , Bell Andrew N. W. , Bhaganna Prashanth , Mswaka Allen Y. , Timson David J. , Hallsworth John E. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryCompetition between microbial species is a product of, yet can lead to a reduction in, the microbial diversity of specific habitats. Microbial habitats can resemble ecological battlefields where microbial cells struggle to dominate and/or annihilate each other and we explore the hypothesis that (like plant weeds) some microbes are genetically hard‐wired to behave in a vigorous and ecologically aggressive manner. These ‘microbial weeds’ are able to dominate the communities that develop in fertile but uncolonized – or at least partially vacant – habitats via traits enabling them to out‐grow competitors; robust tolerances to habitat‐relevant stress parameters and highly efficient energy‐generation systems; avoidance of or resistance to viral infection, predation and grazers; potent antimicrobial systems; and exceptional abilities to sequester and store resources. In addition, those associated with nutritionally complex habitats are extraordinarily versatile in their utilization of diverse substrates. Weed species typically deploy multiple types of antimicrobial including toxins; volatile organic compounds that act as either hydrophobic or highly chaotropic stressors; biosurfactants; organic acids; and moderately chaotropic solutes that are produced in bulk quantities (e.g. acetone, ethanol). Whereas ability to dominate communities is habitat‐specific we suggest that some microbial species are archetypal weeds including generalists such as: Pichia anomala, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas putida; specialists such as Dunaliella salina, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus spp. and other lactic acid bacteria; freshwater autotrophs Gonyostomum semen and Microcystis aeruginosa; obligate anaerobes such as Clostridium acetobutylicum; facultative pathogens such as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Pantoea ananatis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and other extremotolerant and extremophilic microbes such as Aspergillus spp., Salinibacter ruber and Haloquadratum walsbyi. Some microbes, such as Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Pseudoxylaria spp., exhibit characteristics of both weed and non‐weed species. We propose that the concept of nonweeds represents a ‘dustbin’ group that includes species such as Synodropsis spp., Polypaecilum pisce, Metschnikowia orientalis, Salmonella spp., and Caulobacter crescentus. We show that microbial weeds are conceptually distinct from plant weeds, microbial copiotrophs, r‐strategists, and other ecophysiological groups of microorganism. Microbial weed species are unlikely to emerge from stationary‐phase or other types of closed communities; it is open habitats that select for weed phenotypes. Specific characteristics that are common to diverse types of open habitat are identified, and implications of weed biology and open‐habitat ecology are discussed in the context of further studies needed in the fields of environmental and applied microbiology.