bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bryophyte flora and vegetation of South-West Asia
Authors: Frey Wolfgang 
Published: January 2014

Synopsis176 liverwort species and 649 moss species are known from SW Asia; the total number of species in the different countries is indicated. Families of outstanding bryo-geographical interest or with endemic taxa are the Aytoniaceac, Frullaniaceae, Ricciaceae, Southbyaceae, Targioniaceae, Wiesnerellaceae, Grimmiaceae, Bryaceae, Fabroniaceae, Funariaceae, Orthotrichaceae, Pottiaceae and Splachnobryaceae.The “Northern”, Euxine-Hyrcanian, Afromontane and Circum-Tethyan elements and their characteristic taxa are discussed. Emphasis is given to the Circum-Tethyan element and its characteristic species; also to endemic taxa especially in the generaTortula, CrossidiumandTargionia. As in the phanerogams, the bryoflora of the arid parts of SW Asia includes a considerable percentage of endemic species. The published information on the bryophytic vegetation of SW Asia is summarised.
The hepatic flora of South-West Asia: a survey
Authors: Bischler H. , Jovet-Ast S. 
Published: January 2014

SynopsisThe hepatic flora of SW Asia strongly resembles that of the Mediterranean area; one notes only some Asiatic elements in the E and tropical African ones in the S. The only phytogeographical unit sufficiently well delimited at the level of hepatics corresponds to the Mesogean area, probably colonised, after the drying up of the Tethys, by species adapted to a dry climate and probably coming as much from the N as the S. This hepatic flora, unlike that of the phanerogams, is thus not diversified.
Weeds of South-West Asia in North America with special reference to the Cruciferae
Authors: Rollins Reed C. , Al-Shehbaz Ihsan A. 
Published: January 2014

SynopsisWeeds strongly connect the present-day floras of N America and SW Asia because 85·2% of the Old World herbaceous weeds now present on the N American continent are also present in SW Asia. But surprisingly only 1·5% had their origin strictly in SW Asia. The Compositae (69), the Cruciferae (52), and Gramineae (71) far outrank any other family in the number of herbaceous weed species. Evidence from such genera of the Cruciferae asAlyxsumandBrasscasuggests that some of the more recently arrived weeds in the American west are pre-adapted to arid areas, for they have penetrated the open, undisturbed deserts in great numbers. This pre-adaptation may have taken place in SW Asia whence the species were probably introduced to America. Considering N America empty of Old World weeds before modern man arrived, could evidence be found that any assortative segregation has taken place here over time? This seems to have happened among the species ofCarduria, but not along geographic lines. Rather, they seem to have sorted away from each other on an ecological basis, perhaps because of pre-adaptation to different environmental circumstances.
Health Impact of the 2004 Andaman Nicobar Earthquake and Tsunami in Indonesia
Authors: Guha-Sapir Debarati , van Panhuis Willem Gijsbert 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBackground:The human impact of the tsunami that occurred on 26 December 2004 was enormous, with Indonesia bearing a huge proportion of the losses. The aftermath brought predictions of communicable disease outbreaks and widespread fear of epidemics. However, evidence from previous disasters due to natural hazards does not support all of these predictions. The objectives of this study were to: (1) describe the relative importance of infectious diseases and injuries as a consequence of a disaster due to natural hazards; and (2) identify key recommendations for the improvement of control and surveillance of these diseases during and after disasters.Methods:A team from the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters visited Jakarta and Banda Aceh from 11–23 January 2005, and collected data from the Central and Provincial Ministries of Health (MOH), the World Health Organization (WHO), and a field hospital from the International Committee of the Red Cross in Banda Aceh. The epidemiological profiles of diseases before and after the tsunami were compared. Cholera, tetanus, wounds and wound infections, acute respiratory infections, malaria, and dengue were included in this analysis.Results:Certain diseases (e.g., cholera, malaria, dengue) are not always an immediate priority post-disaster. Rates of disaster-related health conditions requiring emergency response fell by half, and became negligible around four weeks after the precipitating events. Some conditions, such as aspiration pneumonia and tetanus, which normally are rare, require special preparedness for emergency personnel. In addition, resistant and rare pathogens are associated with disasters due to natural hazards in the tropics and require specialized knowledge for the rapid and successful treatment of related infections.Conclusions:Within the first four weeks of a disaster, international humanitarian agencies in the health sector should start working with the MOH. The WHO surveillance system established immediately after the tsunami offers lessons for developing a prototype for future emergencies. Guidelines for tetanus and aspiration pneumonia should be included in disaster medicine handbooks, and humanitarian aid groups should be prepared to provide emergency obstetrics and post-natal services. Relief funding after naturally occurring disasters should consider funding sustainability. Donors should know when to stop providing emergency relief funds and transition to recovery/development strategies.
Effects of storage time and temperature on coagulation tests and factors in fresh plasma
Authors: Feng Limin , Zhao Ying , Zhao Hongcan , Shao Zhexin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCoagulation tests and factors measurements have been widely applied in clinical practice. Pre-analytical conditions are very important in laboratory assessment.Here,we aim to determine the effects of storage time and temperature on activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (Fbg), prothrombin time (PT), the international normalized ratio (INR), thrombin time (TT), factor VIII activity (FVIII:C) and factor IX activity (FIX:C) in fresh plasma. Seventy-two blood samples were tested after storage for 0 (baseline), 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h at 25°C (room temperature) and 4°C (refrigeration) in two centers. The mean percentage change of greater than 10% and the numbers of samples with greater than 10% percentage changes more than 25% were used to determine clinically relevant difference. We demonstrated that samples for Fbg, PT/INR and TT could be safely stored for ≤24 h; FVIII:C for ≤2 h; FIX:C for ≤4 h both at 4°C and 25°C; and APTT for ≤12 h at 4°C and ≤8 h at 25°C.
Treatment of obesity with the resveratrol-enriched rice DJ-526
Authors: Baek So-Hyeon , Chung Hea-Jong , Lee Heui-Kwan , D'Souza Roshan , Jeon Youngju , Kim Hyeon-Jin , Kweon Soon-Jong , Hong Seong-Tshool 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObesity is the most prevalent disease in the world which poses a serious risk for various chronic diseases. However, currently there are not any therapeutic agents that reduce body weight without causing serious side effects. In order to prevent and/or treat obesity and related diseases through a nutraceutical approach, we created a resveratrol-enriched transgenic rice accumulating 1.4 μg/g of resveratrol in its grain, DJ-526. Feeding of mice with the resveratrol-enriched rice DJ-526 showed excellent anti-obesity effect with reduction of body weights and abdominal fat volumes compared to the control by 20.0% and 31.3%, respectively. Also, the consumption of the resveratrol-enriched rice DJ526 significantly improved the blood lipid profiles and glucose levels in the animal experiments. Our resveratrol-enriched rice DJ-526 rice could provide both safe and convenient way for people with obesity and related diseases without major change of lifestyle or unwanted side effects from medication.
1.7/2.6 GHz high‐efficiency concurrent dual‐band power amplifier with dual‐band harmonic wave controlled transformer
Authors: Chen Peng , He Songbai , Wang Xianfei , Dai Zhijiang 
Published: January 2014

A 1.7/2.6 GHz high‐efficiency concurrent dual‐band power amplifier (DBPA) with a dual‐band harmonic wave controlled transformer is demonstrated. The proposed dual‐band transformer, which transfers the fundamental and the second harmonic impedances of each frequency, is directly transmission line implemented with the help of an optimisation algorithm. The measurement results show that the proposed DBPA has performances of 70 and 64% power added efficiency with an 11 dB gain and a 41 dBm output power at 1.7 and 2.6 GHz, respectively. Its average drain efficiency is more than 42% and the adjacent channel leakage ratios are lower than −46 dBc at both frequencies with the digital predistortion adjustment for a 5 MHz WCDMA signal input.
A Kinetic-Theory Description of Fluids
Authors: Rezzolla Luciano , Zanotti Olindo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter illustrates how the foundations of the fluid description are rooted in statistical mechanics and in kinetic theory. This approach, which is appropriate for those systems composed of a very large number of free particles and extending over a length-scale much larger than the inter-particles separation, is first presented in the Newtonian framework and then extended to the relativistic regime. A number of fundamental conceptual steps are taken and treated in detail: the introduction of a distribution function that depends on the positions and on the four-momentum of the constituent particles, the definition of the energy–momentum tensor as the second moment of the distribution function, the discussion of the relativistic Maxwell–Boltzmann equation with the corresponding H-theorem and transport equations. Finally, equations of state are described for all possible cases of relativistic or non-relativistic, degenerate or non-degenerate fluids.
Taking Form by Phase
Authors: Borer Hagit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter takes as its starting point the conclusions of Chapter 9, according to which the best way to capture restrictions on the formation of complex words is by constraining the derivation itself, a conclusion that strongly suggests that the derivation must be by phase. Comparing the domain of spellout as articulated in Chapter 9 and the domain of Content matching (as likewise previously articulated), a specific proposal is made on the constraining of derivations by phase. Key claims and conclusions are: that Content matching is always optional; that Content may be matched on the basis of partially realized roots, but fully realized functional vocabulary; and that the domain of spellout, in contrast with the domain of Content matching, may extend beyond ExP-segments. The chapter, finally, brings together the various components of the grammar as they emerge from the model as a whole, including narrow syntax, formal semantics, spellout, and Content matching, proposing a model of utterances as conjunctions, in particular, of formal-semantic representations and Contented phonologically realized strings.
Music, Modernity, and God
Authors: Begbie Jeremy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractCurrent theological narrations of the story of modernity typically ignore music, despite its ubiquitous role in modern culture and the ways in which music has been intertwined with modernity’s ambivalent relation to the Christian concept of God. In conversation with musicologists and music theorists, this collection of essays aims to demonstrate that the practices of music and its discourses bear their own kind of witness to some of the pivotal theological currents and counter-currents that have shaped modernity—that music has been affected in distinctive ways by those currents, and in some cases may have contributed to forming them. In addition, it seeks to show that in some cases, music is capable of yielding highly effective means of addressing and moving beyond some of the more intractable theological aporias which modernity has bequeathed to us. Particular attention is given to the complex relations between music and language, and the ways in which theology, a discipline involving language at its heart, can come to terms with practices which are undeniably coherent and meaningful but which nonetheless operate in ways that in many respects are quite distinct from language.
Music and God-Talk (1): Mapping the Field
Authors: Begbie Jeremy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn the preceding chapters, questions about language have never been far from view. Chapters 7 and 8 seek to elucidate a fruitful way of understanding the relation between music and language in the light of their complex interrelations in modernity. This chapter examines some of the ways in which the music–language relation has been theorized, especially in the last few hundred years, drawing on a critical examination of the work of Nicholas Cook. Cook outlines three models of multimedia: ‘conformance’, which supposes a direct correspondence between one medium and another; ‘contest’, which involves a contradiction between the media; and ‘complementation’, in which the media are seen as operating in discrete zones. While sympathetic to elements of all three, Cook advocates a metaphorical model in which the different attributes and capacities of each medium become ‘available’ to the other—a model carried forward in a modified form in Chapter 8.
Tonal word accents
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter lays out the basic information regarding the tonal accent distinction in Swedish. This lexical distinction is due to the presence of a lexical tone in some morphemes, especially in some very frequent syllabic suffixes. In intonation, the tonal cases come out as what is called accent 2. Accent 1 is fully made up of intonation tones. Beside the lexical accent 2 tones, there is a postlexical source for accent 2, namely in the context of two stresses (e.g. as in compounds). A few characteristic tonal contours are given in the chapter, to illustrate the way accents 1 and 2 come out in two intonational conditions: word accented and focus accented, where the latter is a higher prominence degree.
Intonation
Authors: Riad Tomas 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe intonation of Swedish is understudied but has recently received increasing attention. In this chapter some of the recent findings are reported, together with a number of typical structures. The chapter tries to demonstrate the contribution of lexical and intonational tones, respectively, to the resulting output. There are two prominence levels, known as word accent and focus accent. In both of them accent 1 and accent 2 are distinct. in addition, there are boundary phenomena, such as a final L or H boundary tone, and an initiality accent. The chapter contains many panels demonstrating a variety of structures, such as narrow focus, plateau formation, word accent used in focus function, deaccenting, tonal assimilation, etc. At the end of the chapter the hierachical perspective on phrasing is commented on, where all elements are incorporated into maximal prosodic words.
The typology revisited
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSome years after constructing the typology of drawings, I had occasion to look back at the 186 drawings from which I had developed the typology. The framework for this analysis was stimulated by questions raised by Sidney Strauss, as editor of a volume titled U-Shaped Behavioral Growth. Strauss suggested that I look among the 186 drawings for possibly conflicting representations. These, he posited, might be seen as instances that could account for apparent dips in development and might also illuminate transitional behavior. Thus, with Strauss’s challenge, I went back into the data in search of new insight. Revisiting the data, I saw the prototypes as focused instances within a continuing generative process. In this new context, drawings that I had discounted, because they seemed “odd” and bothersome “hybrids”, instead came to illuminate and confirm the more distinct prototypes that made up the original typology. Indeed, it was only in this context that the significance of the hybrids became clear. The new analysis focused on another one of the six rhythms that the children were asked to clap and draw, because it seemed most effectively to differentiate among them.
Introduction: What develops in music development?
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter introduces Part II, expanding the field of interest, providing a broader and also more detailed framework for thinking about musical development. Asking what we take to be “progress” in musical development, there is primary focus on the tension between the permanence of the score and the perceived changeable meaning of entities it encodes. In turn, the chapter asks how “progress” is related to notions of musical complexity—in the unfolding of a developing composition, as well as in developing a “hearing” and a performance of it.
Restructuring conceptual intuitions through invented notations: From path making to map making
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter focuses on a single, closely worked out example in which one child (whom I shall call Brad) invents a series of notations, each one a significant transformation of the one before. The Introduction is followed in Part I by theoretical background, where I place the study in relation to relevant theoretical material and also describe the fundamental distinction between path maker and map maker. Part II includes a description of the tune-building task and includes comparisons between typical path makers and map makers both in the music domain and in large-scale space. Part III is the Story of Brad, beginning with descriptions of the environment in which the study took place. Part III is divided into five phases tracing Brad’s evolution from path making toward map making. Part IV summarizes and draws some implications for teaching and learning.
Developing musical structures: Going beyond the simples
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter traces the process through which two (imaginary) students develop their hearings of a brief Minuet by Beethoven. As the students’ hearings evolve, they come to hear the Minuet as a “developing musical structure.” At the same time, and through this process, the students are necessarily developing their own mental “musical structures.” And as the students learn, they come to hear the Minuet as “learning,” too.
Engaging complexity: Three hearings of a Beethoven Sonata movement
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAs the previous chapters have shown, and as experience tells us, individuals with no formal music instruction spontaneously invoke powerful organizing constraints guiding their apprehension of the familiar music of our culture. In the example that follows, the chapter introduces descriptions of hearings made by three students who are at differing stages in their musical experience. In doing so, we return to some of the questions that have motivated much of the work in preceding chapters.
Recapitulation and coda
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter proposes that we should notice, appreciate, and not be tempted to turn aside the organizing constraints that are naturally acquired through familiarity with the simples of our culture. It argues that if students are helped from the beginning to reflect on their hearings, including the conflicts that might emerge, they are more likely to build on, rather than forego, their ultimately powerful musical intuitions.
Qualitative Research on Islamic Nurture
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
This chapter introduces the qualitative research project, the methodological challenges faced and how the authors sought to overcome them. Sixty Muslim families were recruited in Cardiff, a city with a long-standing and ethnically diverse Muslim population. Interviews were conducted with both parents where possible and with all children aged twelve and under. Some children also completed oral and photographic diaries of a typical week in learning to be a Muslim and researchers conducted observation of formal educational settings. The methodological aspects around which the chapter is structured are as follows: the potential of a mixed-faith and mixed-ethnicity research team; recruitment of research participants; fieldwork conduct and rapport; and child-centred research methods.
Prologue
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter presents the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis, which holds that much of the explanatory role attributed to syntax in contemporary linguistics is properly the responsibility of semantics. The discussions cover two views on the relation between syntax and semantics; the mainstream syntactic structures compared with Simpler Syntax; application to Bare Argument Ellipsis; some other cases where Fregean compositionality does not hold; choosing between the two approaches; and rules of grammar as stored pieces of structure.
Markedness, antisymmetry, and complexity of constructions (2003)
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Nowak Andrzej 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis chapter examines the interactions between language change, language acquisition, markedness, and computational complexity of mappings between grammatical representations. It shows that markedness can produce ‘gaps’ in the distribution of combinations of linguistic features. Certain combinations will not occur, simply because there are competing combinations that are computationally less complex. One contributor to markedness in this sense is the degree of the transparency of the mapping between superficial syntactic structure and conceptual structure. The chapter develops a rough measure of complexity that takes into account the extent to which the syntactic structure involves stretching and twisting of the relations that hold in conceptual structure, and shows how it gives the right results in a number of specific cases.
Imperial Justice
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Focusing on the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the colonial regional Appeal Courts for West Africa and East Africa, it examines how judicial discourses of native difference and imperial universalism in local disputes influenced practices of power in colonial settings and shaped an evolving jurisprudence of Empire. Arguing that the Imperial Appeal Courts were key sites where colonial legal modernity was fashioned, the book examines the tensions that permeated the colonial legal system such as the difficulty of upholding basic standards of British justice while at the same time allowing for local customary divergence which was thought essential to achieving that justice. The modernizing mission of British justice could only truly be achieved through recognition of local exceptionality and difference. Natives who appealed to the Courts of Empire were entitled to the same standards of justice as their ‘civilized’ colonists, yet the boundaries of racial, ethnic, and cultural difference somehow had to be recognized and maintained in the adjudicatory process. Meeting these divergent goals required flexibility in colonial law-making as well as in the administration of justice. In the paradox of integration and differentiation, imperial power and local cultures were not always in conflict but were sometimes complementary and mutually reinforcing. The book draws attention not only to the role of Imperial Appeal Courts in the colonies but also to the reciprocal place of colonized peoples in shaping the processes and outcomes of imperial justice. A valuable addition to British colonial literature, this book places Africa in a central role, and examines the role of the African colonies in the shaping of British imperial jurisprudence.