bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of executive job demands on dismissals of newly appointed CEOs
Authors: Wang Yu-Kai M , Yang Kun M 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWhy are some newly appointed CEOs dismissed from their positions while others are not? Is it hard for newly appointed CEOs to survive in highly diversified firms? Drawing upon the concepts of executive job demands and information-processing theory, we argue that newly appointed CEOs face entirely different degrees of complexity and challenges in their role, and that firms’ product diversification and international diversification predict dismissals of newly appointed CEOs after controlling for other possible explanatory variables. Additionally, we propose that appointment of a new outsider CEO makes newly appointed CEOs more vulnerable to dismissal and consequently strengthens the predicted relationships. The empirical results support our arguments. These results suggest that the demands faced by a high degree of (product or international) diversification are likely to present challenges that increase the likelihood of corporate disruption through the departures of newly appointed CEOs. Contributions to the CEO dismissal and succession literature are discussed.
HR strategy during culture change: Building change agency
Authors: Barratt-Pugh Llandis , Bahn Susanne 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis paper explores the role played by a Human Resources (HR) department orchestrating culture change during the merger of two large State departments with dissimilar cultures. A 2-year case study determined what HR strategies were having the greatest impact on embedding new organisational values to produce a more flexible culture and how these practices could be accelerated. This paper indicates how a more strategic approach by HR departments can support and develop relational managing capability that accelerates cultures change towards a more flexible work environment.This paper describes the context of the change process, the relevant literature, and outlines the research process. The findings from the phases of the data collection are summarised revealing the traumatic perceptions of the change process, but also the instrumental actions of some managers, working creatively with their teams to tackle new tasks and projects. The evidence suggests that these informal practices of task allocation were at the core of change agency in this case study and put the new flexible organisational values into action. The findings illustrate how the organisation moves from valuing managers for their technical competence to valuing managers for their relational competence.The paper then discusses what strategic HR actions were accelerating this process and illuminates the critical role of building managers as change agents. The paper concludes by confirming the need for a strategic approach by HR during organisational change. Building manager capability and supporting informal change agency practices is presented as a core focus for HR during such organisational cultural change programmes.
A Description of the Prehospital Phase of Aortic Dissection in Terms of Early Suspicion and Treatment
Authors: Axelsson Christer , Karlsson Thomas , Pande Katarina , Wigertz Kristin , Örtenwall Per , Nordanstig Joakim , Herlitz Johan 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPurposeAortic dissection is difficult to detect in the early phase due to a variety of symptoms. This report describes the prehospital setting of aortic dissection in terms of symptoms, treatment, and suspicion by the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) staff.Basic ProceduresAll patients in the Municipality of Gothenburg, Sweden, who, in 2010 and 2011, had a hospital discharge diagnosis of aortic dissection (international classification of disease (ICD) I 71,0) were included. The exclusion criteria were: age < 18 years of age and having a planned operation. This was a retrospective, descriptive study based on patient records. In the statistical analyses, Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for analyses of dichotomous and continuous/ordered variables.Main findingsOf 92 patients, 78% were transported to the hospital by the EMS. The most common symptom was pain (94%). Pain was intensive or very intensive in 89% of patients, with no significant difference in relation to the use of the EMS. Only 47% of those using the EMS were given pain relief with narcotic analgesics. Only 12% were free from pain on admission to the hospital. A suspicion of aortic dissection was reported by the EMS staff in only 17% of cases. The most common preliminary diagnosis at the dispatch center (31%) and by EMS clinicians (52%) was chest pain or angina pectoris. In all, 79% of patients were discharged alive from the hospital (75% of those that used the EMS and 95% of those that did not).ConclusionAmong patients who were hospitalized due to aortic dissection in Gothenburg, 78% used the EMS. Despite severe pain in the majority of patients, fewer than half received narcotic analgesics, and only 12% were free from pain on admission to the hospital. In fewer than one-in-five patients was a suspicion of aortic dissection reported by the EMS staff.AxelssonC, KarlssonT, PandeK, WigertzK, ÖrtenwallP, NordanstigJ, HerlitzJ. A description of the prehospital phase of aortic dissection in terms of early suspicion and treatment. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(2):1-8.
Dynastic Politicians: Theory and Evidence from Japan
Authors: ASAKO YASUSHI , IIDA TAKESHI , MATSUBAYASHI TETSUYA , UEDA MICHIKO 
Published: February 2015

AbstractDynastic politicians, defined as those whose family members have also served in the same position in the past, occupy a sizable portion of offices in many parts of the world. We develop a model of how dynastic politicians with inherited political advantages affect electoral outcomes and policy choices. Our model predicts that, as compared with non-dynastic legislators, dynastic legislators bring more distributions to the district, enjoy higher electoral success, and harm the economic performance of the districts, despite the larger amount of distributive benefits they bring. We test the implications of the model using data from Japan between 1997 and 2007.
Personal Attributes of Legislators and Parliamentary Behavior: An Analysis of Parliamentary Activities among Japanese Legislators
Authors: ONO YOSHIKUNI 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThis study explores the individual-level activities of legislators in parliament, which have been largely ignored in the literature on parliamentary democracies. Individual legislators are extensively involved in parliamentary activities such as drafting private members’ bills and posing questions, even though these activities have only been considered to play marginal roles in parliamentary democracies. Moreover, their engagement varies significantly. By using unique data from Japan, this study demonstrates that the personal attributes of legislators affect their choice of parliamentary activities. Under electoral systems with intra-party competition, legislators use parliamentary activities as an important means to inform their constituents about what they can do for them and how they differ from other legislators. In elections, candidates cultivate personal votes by exploiting the image drawn from their personal attributes and, once elected, they behave in accordance with their attributes in order to maintain their electoral ground. Thus, they devote themselves to different activities in parliament. The data analyzed here support this argument. The results of empirical analyses show that legislators with local-level political experience engage in particularistic pork-barrel activities that will benefit their local interests, while legislators with legal-work experience allocate their time and energy to general policy-making activities that will enhance their public image and visibility as legal experts.
Improving image contrast and material discrimination with nonlinear response in bimodal atomic force microscopy
Authors: Forchheimer Daniel , Forchheimer Robert , Haviland David B. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAtomic force microscopy has recently been extented to bimodal operation, where increased image contrast is achieved through excitation and measurement of two cantilever eigenmodes. This enhanced material contrast is advantageous in analysis of complex heterogeneous materials with phase separation on the micro or nanometre scale. Here we show that much greater image contrast results from analysis of nonlinear response to the bimodal drive, at harmonics and mixing frequencies. The amplitude and phase of up to 17 frequencies are simultaneously measured in a single scan. Using a machine-learning algorithm we demonstrate almost threefold improvement in the ability to separate material components of a polymer blend when including this nonlinear response. Beyond the statistical analysis performed here, analysis of nonlinear response could be used to obtain quantitative material properties at high speeds and with enhanced resolution.
Extensive load of somatic CNVs in the human placenta
Authors: Kasak Laura , Rull Kristiina , Vaas Pille , Teesalu Pille , Laan Maris 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPlacenta is a temporary, but indispensable organ in mammalian pregnancy. From its basic nature, it exhibits highly invasive tumour-like properties facilitating effective implantation through trophoblast cell proliferation and migration and a critical role in pregnancy success. We hypothesized that similarly to cancer, somatic genomic rearrangements are promoted in the support of placental function. Here we present the first profiling of copy number variations (CNVs) in human placental genomes, showing an extensive load of somatic CNVs, especially duplications and suggesting that this phenomenon may be critical for normal gestation. Placental somatic CNVs were significantly enriched in genes involved in cell adhesion, immunity, embryonic development and cell cycle. Overrepresentation of imprinted genes in somatic duplications suggests that amplified gene copies may represent an alternative mechanism to support parent-of-origin specific gene expression. Placentas from pregnancy complications exhibited significantly altered CNV profile compared to normal gestations, indicative to the clinical implications of the study.
CRISPR-engineered mosaicism rapidly reveals that loss of Kcnj13 function in mice mimics human disease phenotypes
Authors: Zhong Hua , Chen Yiyun , Li Yumei , Chen Rui , Mardon Graeme 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe era of genomics has demanded the development of more efficient and timesaving approaches to validate gene function in disease. Here, we utilized the CRISPR-Cas9 system to generate Kcnj13 mutant mice by zygote injection to verify the pathogenic role of human KCNJ13, mutations of which are thought to cause Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), an early-onset form of blindness. We found that complete loss of Kcnj13 is likely postnatal lethal. Among surviving F0-generation mice examined, 80% show mosaic KCNJ13 expression in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Mosaic expression correlates with decreased response to light and photoreceptor degeneration, indicating that Kcnj13 mutant mice mimic human KCNJ13-related LCA disease. Importantly, mosaic animals enable us to directly compare Kcnj13 mutant and wild-type RPE cells in the same eye. We found that RPE cells lacking KCNJ13 protein still survive but overlying photoreceptors exhibit cell degeneration. At the same time, wild-type RPE cells can rescue neighboring photoreceptor cells that overlie mutant RPE cells. These results suggest that KCNJ13 expression is required for RPE cells to maintain photoreceptor survival. Moreover, we show that CRISPR-Cas9 engineered mosaicism can be used to rapidly test candidate gene function in vivo.
A simple method for tuning the glass transition process in inorganic phosphate glasses
Authors: Fulchiron René , Belyamani Imane , Otaigbe Joshua U. , Bounor-Legaré Véronique 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe physical modification of glass transition temperature (Tg) and properties of materials via blending is a common practice in industry and academia and has a large economic advantage. In this context, simple production of hitherto unattainable new inorganic glass blends from already existing glass compositions via blending raises much hope with the potential to provide new glasses with new and improved properties, that cannot be achieved with classical glass synthesis, for a plethora of applications such as computers screens, glass-to-metal seals and storage materials for nuclear wastes. Here, we demonstrate that blends of the specific glass compositions studied are miscible in all proportions, an unreported phenomenon in hard condensed matter like glass. Interestingly, excellent agreement was found between the obtained data and calculated Tgs from theoretical equations (Supplementary information) for predicting the composition dependence of Tg for miscible blends with weak but significant specific interactions between the blend components. That this blending method is at present not applied to inorganic glasses reflects the fact that water and chemically resistant phosphate glasses with relatively low Tgs have become available only recently.
The tomato borer, Tuta absoluta, invading the Mediterranean Basin, originates from a single introduction from Central Chile
Authors: Guillemaud Thomas , Blin Aurélie , Le Goff Isabelle , Desneux Nicolas , Reyes Maritza , Tabone Elisabeth , Tsagkarakou Anastasia , Niño Laura , Lombaert Eric 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Lepidopteran pest of tomato, Tuta absoluta, is native to South America and is invasive in the Mediterranean basin. The species' routes of invasion were investigated. The genetic variability of samples collected in South America, Europe, Africa and Middle East was analyzed using microsatellite markers to infer precisely the source of the invasive populations and to test the hypothesis of a single versus multiple introductions into the old world continents. This analysis provides strong evidence that the origin of the invading populations was unique and was close to or in Chile and probably in Central Chile near the town of Talca in the district of Maule.
The relative contribution of common and rare genetic variants to ADHD
Authors: Martin J , O'Donovan M C , Thapar A , Langley K , Williams N 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly heritable. Genome-wide molecular studies show an increased burden of large, rare copy-number variants (CNVs) in children with ADHD compared with controls. Recent polygenic risk score analyses have also shown that en masse common variants are enriched in ADHD cases compared with population controls. The relationship between these common and rare variants has yet to be explored. In this study, we tested whether children with ADHD with (N=60) a large (>500 kb), rare (<1% frequency) CNV differ by polygenic risk scores for ADHD to children with ADHD without such CNVs (N=421). We also compared ADHD polygenic scores in ADHD children with and without CNVs with a group of population controls (N=4670; of whom N=397 had CNVs). The results show that children with ADHD with large, rare CNVs have lower polygenic scores than children without such CNVs (odds ratio (OR)=0.73, P=0.023). Although ADHD children without CNVs had higher scores than controls (OR=1.18, P=0.0031), this difference was not observed for ADHD children with CNVs (OR=0.86, P=0.27). These results are consistent with a polygenic liability threshold model of ADHD with both common and rare variants involved.
Simultaneous cryo X-ray ptychographic and fluorescence microscopy of green algae
Authors: Deng Junjing , Vine David J. , Chen Si , Nashed Youssef S. G. , Jin Qiaoling , Phillips Nicholas W. , Peterka Tom , Ross Rob , Vogt Stefan , Jacobsen Chris J. 
Published: February 2015

SignificanceX-ray fluorescence microscopy provides unparalleled sensitivity for measuring the distribution of trace elements in many-micrometer-thick specimens, whereas ptychography offers a path to the imaging of weakly fluorescing biological ultrastructure at beyond-focusing-optic resolution. We demonstrate here for the first time, to our knowledge, the combination of fluorescence and ptychography for imaging frozen-hydrated specimens at cryogenic temperatures, with excellent structural and chemical preservation. This combined approach will have significant impact on studies of the intracellular localization of nanocomposites with attached therapeutic or diagnostic agents, help elucidate the roles of trace metals in cell development, and further the study of diseases where trace metal misregulation is suspected (including neurodegenerative diseases).
Tetrahydrobiopterin and alkylglycerol monooxygenase substantially alter the murine macrophage lipidome
Authors: Watschinger Katrin , Keller Markus A. , McNeill Eileen , Alam Mohammad T. , Lai Steven , Sailer Sabrina , Rauch Veronika , Patel Jyoti , Hermetter Albin , Golderer Georg , Geley Stephan , Werner-Felmayer Gabriele , Plumb Robert S. , Astarita Giuseppe , Ralser Markus , Channon Keith M. , Werner Ernst R. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
We have recently identified the sequence of the ether lipid-cleaving enzyme alkylglycerol monooxygenase. Like nitric oxide synthases and aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, alkylglycerol monooxygenase needs tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactor. Whereas the former enzymes have well-established roles in the cell, the physiology of alkylglycerol monooxygenase is still not clear. Here we show its regulation in murine macrophage differentiation and its dependence on the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin in live murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Upon modulation of the activity of alkylglycerol monooxygenase and the key enzyme in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, we observe extensive changes in various lipid classes ranging from ether lipids to far more complex lipids. These findings point to an important role of tetrahydrobiopterin in cellular lipid homeostasis.
Contribution of reactive oxygen species to cerebral amyloid angiopathy, vasomotor dysfunction, and microhemorrhage in aged Tg2576 mice
Authors: Han Byung Hee , Zhou Meng-liang , Johnson Andrew W. , Singh Itender , Liao Fan , Vellimana Ananth K. , Nelson James W. , Milner Eric , Cirrito John R. , Basak Jacob , Yoo Min , Dietrich Hans H. , Holtzman David M. , Zipfel Gregory Joseph 
Published: February 2015

Significance
One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), which is a strong and independent risk factor for cerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and dementia. However, the mechanisms by which CAA contributes to these conditions are poorly understood. Results from the present study provide strong evidence that vascular oxidative stress plays a causal role in CAA-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction, CAA-induced cerebral hemorrhage, and CAA formation, itself. They also suggest that NADPH oxidase is the source of this oxidative stress and that strategies to inhibit NADPH oxidase may have therapeutic potential in patients with AD and CAA.
Brain 5-HT deficiency increases stress vulnerability and impairs antidepressant responses following psychosocial stress
Authors: Sachs Benjamin D. , Ni Jason R. , Caron Marc G. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
The biological factors that determine whether an individual develops mental illness, such as depression or posttraumatic stress disorder, or responds adequately to pharmacotherapy remain almost completely unknown. Using genetically modified mice, we demonstrate that low levels of brain serotonin lead to increased vulnerability to psychosocial stress and prevent the antidepressant-like effects of fluoxetine following stress exposure. Our data also show that inhibiting the lateral habenula can reverse stress-induced behavioral avoidance in serotonin-deficient animals, which fail to respond to fluoxetine. Our results provide additional insight into the serotonin deficiency hypothesis of depression and highlight the potential of targeting the lateral habenula to treat depression and anxiety disorders in patients who fail to respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Highly efficient conversion of superoxide to oxygen using hydrophilic carbon clusters
Authors: Samuel Errol L. G. , Marcano Daniela C. , Berka Vladimir , Bitner Brittany R. , Wu Gang , Potter Austin , Fabian Roderic H. , Pautler Robia G. , Kent Thomas A. , Tsai Ah-Lim , Tour James M. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Mechanistic studies of nontoxic hydrophilic carbon cluster nanoparticles show that they are able to accomplish the direct conversion of superoxide to dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide. This is accomplished faster than in most single-active-site enzymes, and it is precisely what dioxygen-deficient tissue needs in the face of injury where reactive oxygen species, particularly superoxide, overwhelm the natural enzymes required to remove superoxide. We confirm here that the hydrophilic carbon clusters are unreactive toward nitric oxide radical, which is a potent vasodilator that also has an important role in neurotransmission and cytoprotection. The mechanistic results help to explain the preclinical efficacy of these carbon nanoparticles in mitigating the deleterious effects of superoxide on traumatized tissue.
Automated analysis of high-throughput B-cell sequencing data reveals a high frequency of novel immunoglobulin V gene segment alleles
Authors: Gadala-Maria Daniel , Yaari Gur , Uduman Mohamed , Kleinstein Steven H. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
High-throughput sequencing of B-cell immunoglobulin receptors is providing unprecedented insight into adaptive immunity. A key step in analyzing these data involves assignment of the germline variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene-segment alleles that comprise each immunoglobulin sequence by matching them against a database of known V(D)J alleles. However, this process will fail for sequences that use previously undetected alleles, whose frequency in the population is unclear. Here we describe TIgGER, a computational method that significantly improves V(D)J allele assignments by first determining the complete set of gene segments carried by a subject, including novel alleles. The application of TIgGER identifies a surprisingly high frequency of novel alleles, highlighting the critical need for this approach.
Critical and maximally informative encoding between neural populations in the retina
Authors: Kastner David B. , Baccus Stephen A. , Sharpee Tatyana O. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
It is unknown what functional properties influence the number of cell types in the brain. Here we show how one can use a powerful framework from physics that describes the transitions between different phases of matter, such as between liquid and gas, to specify under what conditions it becomes optimal to split neural populations into new subtypes to maximize information transmission. These results outline a conceptual framework that spans both physical and biological systems and can be used to explain the emergence of different functional classes of neuronal types.
Visualization of a radical B
12
enzyme with its G-protein chaperone
Authors: Jost Marco , Cracan Valentin , Hubbard Paul A. , Banerjee Ruma , Drennan Catherine L. 
Published: February 2015

Significance
Metalloproteins are ubiquitous, accounting for about 30–50% of all proteins. Their functions are wide-ranging, but metalloproteins are frequently used to carry out challenging molecular transformations. Metalloprotein reactivity comes at a price, however, often requiring specialized molecular machinery for holoenzyme assembly. G-protein metallochaperones are an important part of this assembly apparatus, but an understanding of their molecular mechanisms has been hindered by a lack of structural data. Here, we describe crystal structures of a G-protein metallochaperone together with a target enzyme, in this case an adenosylcobalamin-dependent radical enzyme, thereby providing a visualization of the molecular architecture of the G-protein:target enzyme complex.