bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant‐available soil phosphorus. Part I: the response of winter wheat and spring barley to Olsen P on a silty clay loam
Authors: Poulton P. R. , Johnston A. E. , White R. P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIncreasing fertilizer costs have prompted farmers to ask whether soils could be maintained at lower levels of plant‐available phosphorus (Olsen P) than currently recommended without losing yield. To help answer this question, we assessed the response to Olsen P by spring barley grown from 1986 to 1991, followed by winter wheat from 1992 to 2008, on a silty clay loam soil. Each year the curve relating grain yield to Olsen P was fitted statistically to determine the asymptotic yield and the Olsen P associated with 98% of that yield, that is, the critical level of Olsen P. The variance accounted for by the relationship ranged between 83 and 97% in all but two years, suggesting that the availability of soil P was the major soil factor affecting yield and that Olsen P was a reliable measure of plant‐available P in soil. Asymptotic annual yield of spring barley ranged from 2.34 to 7.12 t/ha and of winter wheat from 3.87 to 10.36 t/ha. In part, this range in yields was because of changes in the cultivar grown while the range of yields for any one cultivar was probably due to differences in weather, principally rainfall, between years. Critical Olsen P ranged from 7 to 18 mg/kg for both cereal crops (with one outlier at 26 mg/kg for winter wheat) most probably due to seedbed and soil structure conditions affecting root growth, and thus acquisition of available soil P, and the way these soil factors were affected by weather. Thus, a general recommendation for cereals grown on this silty clay loam, which is comparatively easy to cultivate, would be to maintain Olsen P at about 20 mg/kg in the plough layer to minimize the risk of losing yield in some years. This value, 20 mg/kg, equivalent to 20 mg/L, is the midpoint of P Index 2, the recommended P Index given in the Fertiliser Manual (RB209) (Defra 2010) for soils growing arable crops and grass in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
How preferences, information and institutions interactively drive agenda‐setting: Questions in theBelgian parliament, 1993–2000
Authors: Vliegenthart Rens , Walgrave Stefaan , Zicha Brandon 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this article an integrated framework of agenda‐setting is proposed that incorporates the two main accounts of agenda‐setting: the information‐processing approach byComparativeAgendaProject scholars and the preference‐centred account advanced byComparativeManifestoesProject scholars. The study claims that attention allocation is determined at the same time by preferences, information and institutions, and that attention allocation is affected by the interactions between these three factors. An empirical test is conducted that draws upon a dataset of parliamentary questions/interpellations in Belgium in the period 1993–2000. It is found that attention in parliament is indeed driven by preceding party manifestos (preferences), by available information (media coverage) and by institutional position (government or opposition party). The evidence establishes that agenda‐setting is also affected by the interactions between preferences, information and institutions. Actors, given their preferences, treat information in a biased fashion, and institutions moderate information's role.
Defending the organisation, not the members: Unions and the reform of job security legislation inWesternEurope
Authors: Davidsson Johan Bo , Emmenegger Patrick 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEuropean labour markets are often described as rigid with comparatively high levels of job protection that do not allow for the flexible adjustment of employment to economic fluctuations. This interpretation overlooks important sources of flexibility, however. Research has shown that recent labour market policy reforms have allowed for the creation of two‐tier labour markets consisting of insiders in standard employment relationships and outsiders in non‐standard employment. This outcome has typically been explained by pointing to the representational interests of unions or social‐democratic parties. It has been argued that rather than protecting all labour market participants, unions and social‐democratic parties focus on the interests of their members and their core constituency, respectively, most of whom are in standard employment relationships. In contrast, it is argued here that unions' institutional power resources are the crucial variable explaining this outcome. In difficult economic times, when unions are asked to make concessions, they will assent to labour market reforms, but only to those that do not fundamentally threaten to undermine their organisational interests. In the context of job security legislation, this means that unions defend the protection of permanent contracts while they compromise on the regulation of temporary employment. This ‘second best solution’ allows them to protect their organisational interests, both by retaining their institutional role in the administration of dismissals and by living up to their institutional role as one of the organisations responsible for the direction of labour market policy reform. UsingfsQCAthis article shows that unions' institutional power resources are more apt to explain the observed two‐tier reform pattern than the unions' or the social‐democratic parties' representational interests.
Does Seeding a Locally Adapted Native Mixture Inhibit Ingress by Exotic Plants?
Authors: Falk Anthony D. , Fulbright Timothy E. , Smith Forrest S. , Brennan Leonard A. , Ortega‐Santos Alfonso J. , Benn Stephen 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNon‐native plant species often colonize retired agricultural lands, creating monocultures with low species diversity that provide poor wildlife habitat. We assessed whether sowing a mix of 29 locally adapted native species reduced invasion of non‐native plant species compared to allowing vegetation to colonize naturally following tillage. There was a sampling date × treatment interaction for canopy cover of perennial exotic plant species. Plots that were not sown to natives had two to six times greater canopy cover of exotic species than did plots with both preparation (woody vegetation removed, plowed, and disked) and control (no preparation or sowing) plots. Canopy cover of exotic plants was similar in prepared‐only and control treatments from October 2008 to June 2010, ranging from 8 to 40%. Percent absolute canopy cover of native vegetation was 10–20 times greater on prepared and planted plots than on prepared‐only plots during March 2009 to June 2010. Sowing a mix of locally adapted native species may inhibit encroachment by non‐native species for up to two years after sowing on retired agricultural land in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas.
The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes
Authors: Adl Sina M. , Simpson Alastair G. B. , Lane Christopher E. , Lukeš Julius , Bass David , Bowser Samuel S. , Brown Matthew W. , Burki Fabien , Dunthorn Micah , Hampl Vladimir , Heiss Aaron , Hoppenrath Mona , Lara Enrique , le Gall Line , Lynn Denis H. , McManus Hilary , Mitchell Edward A. D. , Mozley‐Stanridge Sharon E. , Parfrey Laura W. , Pawlowski Jan , Rueckert Sonja , Shadwick Laura , Schoch Conrad L. , Smirnov Alexey , Spiegel Frederick W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis revision of the classification of eukaryotes, which updates that of Adl et al. [J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52 (2005) 399], retains an emphasis on the protists and incorporates changes since 2005 that have resolved nodes and branches in phylogenetic trees. Whereas the previous revision was successful in re‐introducing name stability to the classification, this revision provides a classification for lineages that were then still unresolved. The supergroups have withstood phylogenetic hypothesis testing with some modifications, but despite some progress, problematic nodes at the base of the eukaryotic tree still remain to be statistically resolved. Looking forward, subsequent transformations to our understanding of the diversity of life will be from the discovery of novel lineages in previously under‐sampled areas and from environmental genomic information.
Creating effective scholarly posters: A guide for DNP students
Authors: Christenbery Thomas L. , Latham Tiffany G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPurposeDissemination of scholarly project outcomes is an essential component of Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) education. This article provides guidelines for professional poster development and presentation as well as suggestions for integrating poster development as part of the DNP curriculum.Data sourcesThis article was prepared by reviewing both theoretical and research‐based literature regarding professional poster development.ConclusionsEvidence indicates that poster presentations at professional conferences are an excellent venue for DNP students to successfully share the results of their scholarly projects. For posters to be both well perceived and received at conferences, certain guidelines must be followed regarding poster development. Guidelines include emphasizing a consistent message, clear focus, logical format, and esthetically pleasing design. Poster development guidelines and strategies need to be taught early and regularly throughout the DNP student's education.Implications for practiceDNP scholarly projects provide forward‐looking solutions to some of society's most formidable healthcare challenges. The dissemination of knowledge gleaned from the DNP scholarly projects is vital to 21st century global health. Effective poster presentations are critical to the dissemination of scholarly knowledge.
Dental caries in a cohort of very young American Indian children
Authors: Warren John J. , Kramer Katherine W. O. , Phipps Kathy , Starr Delores , Dawson Deborah V. , Marshall Teresa , Drake David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectives: This paper reports the prevalence and severity of caries in a group of 16‐month‐old American Indian children.Methods: The study is an ongoing longitudinal study of risk factors for caries in children from a Northern Plains Tribal community. Children were examined for caries and risk factor data collected at approximately 1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 months of age. Surface‐specific caries data were collected and the presence of precavitated “white spot” lesions was recorded at the subject level.Results: The mean age was 15.4 months for the sample of 232 children. Caries prevalence was 31.9 percent, while an additional 29.3 percent had white spot lesions only. Mean dmfs was 1.57, and ranged from 0 to 44 surfaces. Nearly 3 percent of all erupted tooth surfaces were affected and maxillary central incisors had the highest prevalence of caries (22 percent).Conclusions: Among the very youngest children, dental caries prevalence was very high among these American Indian children.
Safety leadership: A meta‐analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours
Authors: Clarke Sharon 
Published: September 2012

A theoretical model of safety leadership, which incorporated both transformational and active transactional leadership styles, was tested using meta‐analytic path analysis. The final model showed that transformational leadership had a positive association with both perceived safety climate and safety participation, with perceived safety climate partially mediating the effect of leadership on safety participation. Active transactional leadership had a positive association with perceived safety climate, safety participation and safety compliance. The effect of leadership on safety compliance was partially mediated by perceived safety climate and the effect on safety participation fully mediated by perceived safety climate. The findings suggest that active transactional leadership is important in ensuring compliance with rules and regulations, whereas transformational leadership is primarily associated with encouraging employee participation in safety. Therefore, in line with the augmentation hypothesis of leadership, a combination of both transformational and transactional styles appeared to be most beneficial for safety. Avenues for further research and practical implications in terms of leadership training and development are discussed.Practitioner Points

Developed and tested a model of safety leadership, which shows that both transformational and active transactional leadership styles are important aspects of effective safety leadership.

Study has implications for practitioners who are involved with the design of leadership training and development programmes, as such programmes should be tailored to focus on a range of leader behaviours that encompass active transactional as well as transformational style.

Findings suggest that leadership styles have a differential effect on safety compliance and safety participation – thus, training and development programmes should make specific links between leader behaviours and their subsequent influence on employee behaviour.
A systematic review on the effects of local antimicrobials as adjuncts to subgingival debridement, compared with subgingival debridement alone, in the treatment of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Matesanz‐Pérez Paula , García‐Gargallo María , Figuero Elena , Bascones‐Martínez Antonio , Sanz Mariano , Herrera David 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimsTo update the existing scientific evidence on the efficacy of local antimicrobials as adjuncts to subgingival debridement in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.Material and MethodsFifty‐six papers were selected, reporting data from 52 different investigations. All the studies reported changes in probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) and most in plaque index (PlI) and/or bleeding on probing (BOP). Meta‐analyses were performed with the data retrieved from the studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria.ResultsThe overall effect of the subgingival application of antimicrobials was statistically significant (p = 0.000) for both changes in PPD and CAL with a weighted mean difference (WMD) of −0.407 and −0.310 mm respectively. No significant differences occurred for changes in BOP and PlI. Subgingival application of tetracycline fibres, sustained released doxycycline and minocycline demonstrated a significant benefit in PPD reduction (WMD between 0.5 and 0.7 mm). The rest of the tested outcomes demonstrated a high heterogeneity. The local application of chlorhexidine and metronidazole showed a minimal effect when compared with placebo (WMD between 0.1 and 0.4 mm).ConclusionsThe scientific evidence supports the adjunctive use of local antimicrobials to debridement in deep or recurrent periodontal sites, mostly when using vehicles with proven sustained release of the antimicrobial.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Orthologues of NPR1 Gene from Poplar
Authors: Shao Yuanhua , Zhang Hongmei , He Hongsheng , Cheng Beijiu , Xiang Yan 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe non‐expresser of pathogenesis‐related gene 1 (NPR1) is a significant regulator of systemic acquired resistance in plants. In this study, two homologous poplar genes, PtNPR1.1 (accession number JQ231218), PtNPR1.2 (accession number JF732893), were identified by bioinformatic analysis and cloned from Populus deltoids cv. Nanlin 95. A phylogenetic tree was generated from alignments of PtNPR1 protein sequences and NPR1‐like genes in other plants. Multiple protein alignments were also constructed to analyse the distribution of crucial domains and highly conserved functional amino acids. Cis‐element analysis revealed that the PtNPR1 promoters contain RAV1AAT and W‐boxes motifs, both of which are known to be functional cis‐elements of the RAV1 and WRKY proteins, respectively. The PtNPR1.1‐GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) fusion protein was expressed in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts, where it localized to the cytoplasm. Analysis of transcription levels by RT‐PCR revealed expression patterns of PtNPR1.1 and PtNPR1.2 in different tissues and following SA and MeJA treatment in different time courses. The results indicated that PtNPR1.1 and PtNPR1.2 represent promising candidates for engineering resistance to broad‐spectrum pathogens in poplar.
Assessing community health workers’ performance motivation: a mixed-methods approach on India's Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) programme
Authors: Gopalan Saji Saraswathy , Mohanty Satyanarayan , Das Ashis 
Published: September 2012

ObjectiveThis study examined the performance motivation of community health workers (CHWs) and its determinants on India's Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) programme.DesignCross-sectional study employing mixed-methods approach involved survey and focus group discussions.SettingThe state of Orissa.Participants386 CHWs representing 10% of the total CHWs in the chosen districts and from settings selected through a multi-stage stratified sampling.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe level of performance motivation among the CHWs, its determinants and their current status as per the perceptions of the CHWs.ResultsThe level of performance motivation was the highest for theindividualand thecommunity levelfactors (mean score 5.94–4.06), while thehealth systemfactors scored the least (2.70–3.279).Those ASHAs who felt having more community and system-level recognition also had higherlevels of earningas CHWs (p=0.040, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.12), asense of social responsibility(p=0.0005, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.25) and a feeling ofself-efficacy(p=0.000, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.54) on their responsibilities. There was no association established between their level of dissatisfaction on the incentives (p=0.385) and the extent of motivation. The inadequate healthcare delivery status and certain working modalities reduced their motivation. Gender mainstreaming in the community health approach, especially on the demand-side and community participation were the positive externalities of the CHW programme.ConclusionsThe CHW programme could motivate and empower local lay women on community health largely. The desire to gain social recognition, a sense of social responsibility and self-efficacy motivated them to perform. The healthcare delivery system improvements might further motivate and enable them to gain the community trust. The CHW management needs amendments to ensure adequate supportive supervision, skill and knowledge enhancement and enabling working modalities.
Molecular Epidemiology of EGFR and KRAS Mutations in 3,026 Lung Adenocarcinomas: Higher Susceptibility of Women to Smoking-Related KRAS-Mutant Cancers
Authors: Dogan Snjezana , Shen Ronglai , Ang Daphne C. , Johnson Melissa L. , D'Angelo Sandra P. , Paik Paul K. , Brzostowski Edyta B. , Riely Gregory J. , Kris Mark G. , Zakowski Maureen F. , Ladanyi Marc 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Purpose: The molecular epidemiology of most EGFR and KRAS mutations in lung cancer remains unclear.
Experimental Design: We genotyped 3,026 lung adenocarcinomas for the major EGFR (exon 19 deletions and L858R) and KRAS (G12, G13) mutations and examined correlations with demographic, clinical, and smoking history data.
Results: EGFR mutations were found in 43% of never smokers and in 11% of smokers. KRAS mutations occurred in 34% of smokers and in 6% of never smokers. In patients with smoking histories up to 10 pack-years, EGFR predominated over KRAS. Among former smokers with lung cancer, multivariate analysis showed that, independent of pack-years, increasing smoking-free years raise the likelihood of EGFR mutation. Never smokers were more likely than smokers to have KRAS G &gt; A transition mutation (mostly G12D; 58% vs. 20%, P = 0.0001). KRAS G12C, the most common G &gt; T transversion mutation in smokers, was more frequent in women (P = 0.007) and these women were younger than men with the same mutation (median 65 vs. 69, P = 0.0008) and had smoked less.
Conclusions: The distinct types of KRAS mutations in smokers versus never smokers suggest that most KRAS-mutant lung cancers in never smokers are not due to second-hand smoke exposure. The higher frequency of KRAS G12C in women, their younger age, and lesser smoking history together support a heightened susceptibility to tobacco carcinogens. Clin Cancer Res; 18(22); 6169–77. ©2012 AACR.
Decreased NK Cells in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Determined in Archival DNA
Authors: Accomando William P. , Wiencke John K. , Houseman E. Andres , Butler Rondi A. , Zheng Shichun , Nelson Heather H. , Kelsey Karl T. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Purpose: Natural killer (NK) cells are a key element of the innate immune system implicated in human cancer. To examine NK cell levels in archived bloods from a study of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a new DNA-based quantification method was developed.
Experimental Design: NK cell-specific DNA methylation was identified by analyzing DNA methylation and mRNA array data from purified blood leukocyte subtypes (NK, T, B, monocytes, granulocytes), and confirmed via pyrosequencing and quantitative methylation specific PCR (qMSP). NK cell levels in archived whole blood DNA from 122 HNSCC patients and 122 controls were assessed by qMSP.
Results: Pyrosequencing and qMSP confirmed that a demethylated DNA region in NKp46 distinguishes NK cells from other leukocytes, and serves as a quantitative NK cell marker. Demethylation of NKp46 was significantly lower in HNSCC patient bloods compared with controls (P &lt; 0.001). Individuals in the lowest NK tertile had over 5-fold risk of being a HNSCC case, controlling for age, gender, HPV16 status, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and BMI (OR = 5.6, 95% CI, 2.0 to 17.4). Cases did not show differences in NKp46 demethylation based on tumor site or stage.
Conclusions: The results of this study indicate a significant depression in NK cells in HNSCC patients that is unrelated to exposures associated with the disease. DNA methylation biomarkers of NK cells represent an alternative to conventional flow cytometry that can be applied in a wide variety of clinical and epidemiologic settings including archival blood specimens. Clin Cancer Res; 18(22); 6147–54. ©2012 AACR.