bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of interventions to reduce HIV‐related stigma and discrimination from 2002 to 2013: how far have we come?
Authors: Stangl Anne L , Lloyd Jennifer K , Brady Laura M , Holland Claire E , Baral Stefan 
Published: November 2013

IntroductionHIV‐related stigma and discrimination continue to hamper efforts to prevent new infections and engage people in HIV treatment, care and support programmes. The identification of effective interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination that can be integrated into national responses is crucial to the success of the global AIDS response.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of studies and reports that assessed the effectiveness of interventions to reduce HIV stigma and discrimination between 1 January 2002 and 1 March 2013. Databases searched for peer‐reviewed articles included PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO Host –CINAHL Plus, Psycinfo, Ovid, Sociofile and Popline. Reports were obtained from the www.HIVAIDSClearinghouse.eu, USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse, UNESCO HIV and AIDS Education Clearinghouse, Google, WHO and UNAIDS. Ancestry searches for articles included in the systematic review were also conducted. Studies of any design that sought to reduce stigma as a primary or secondary objective and included pre‐ and post‐intervention measures of stigma were included.ResultsOf 2368 peer‐reviewed articles and reports identified, 48 were included in our review representing 14 different target populations in 28 countries. The majority of interventions utilized two or more strategies to reduce stigma and discrimination, and ten included structural or biomedical components. However, most interventions targeted a single socio‐ecological level and a single domain of stigma. Outcome measures lacked uniformity and validity, making both interpretation and comparison of study results difficult. While the majority of studies were effective at reducing the aspects of stigma they measured, none assessed the influence of stigma or discrimination reduction on HIV‐related health outcomes.ConclusionsOur review revealed considerable progress in the stigma‐reduction field. However, critical challenges and gaps remain which are impeding the identification of effective stigma‐reduction strategies that can be implemented by national governments on a larger scale. The development, validation, and consistent use of globally relevant scales of stigma and discrimination are a critical next step for advancing the field of research in this area. Studies comparing the effectiveness of different stigma‐reduction strategies and studies assessing the influence of stigma reduction on key behavioural and biomedical outcomes are also needed to maximize biomedical prevention efforts.
Feeder‐Free Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts with Messenger RNA
Authors: Warren Luigi , Wang Jiwu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis unit describes a feeder‐free protocol for deriving induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human fibroblasts by transfection of synthetic mRNA. The reprogramming of somatic cells requires transient expression of a set of transcription factors that collectively activate an endogenous gene regulatory network specifying the pluripotent phenotype. The necessary ectopic factor expression was first effected using retroviruses; however, as viral integration into the genome is problematic for cell therapy applications, the use of footprint‐free vectors such as mRNA is increasingly preferred. Strong points of the mRNA approach include high efficiency, rapid kinetics, and obviation of a clean‐up phase to purge the vector. Still, the method is relatively laborious and has, up to now, involved the use of feeder cells, which brings drawbacks including poor applicability to clinically oriented iPSC derivation. Using the methods described here, mRNA reprogramming can be performed without feeders at much‐reduced labor and material costs relative to established protocols. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 27:4A.6.1‐4A.6.27. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Catalytic Enantioselective Hydrophosphonylation of Aldehydes Using the Iron Complex of a Camphor‐Based Tridentate Schiff Base [FeCl(SBAIB‐d)]2
Authors: Boobalan Ramalingam , Chen Chinpiao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn iron(III)‐Schiff base‐catalyzed, highly enantioselective hydrophosphonylation of various aldehydes is described. Under the optimized reaction conditions, 5 mol% of the iron/camphor‐based tridentate Schiff base complex [FeCl(SBAIB‐d)]2 produces high yields (up to 99%) of α‐hydroxy phosphonates in excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99%). The merits of this catalytic system are an easily synthesizable catalyst, inexpensive starting materials, practically simple aerobic reaction conditions, and low catalyst loading (5 mol%).magnified image
Highly Regioselective α‐Arylation of Coumarins via Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Activation/Desulfitative Coupling
Authors: Jafarpour Farnaz , Olia Mina Barzegar Amiri , Hazrati Hamideh 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA novel regioselective α‐arylation of coumarins with readily available arenesulfonyl chlorides and sodium arenesulfinates via palladium‐catalyzed direct CH functionalizations under mild reaction conditions is described. This protocol presents an unexpected and highly regio‐controlled arylation of coumarins at C‐3 to construct interesting 3‐arylcoumarins with fascinating biological and fluorescent properties. The regioselectivity observed is in sharp contrast with that expected for the Heck reactions.magnified image
Effects of rare earth ions (Tb, Ce, Eu, Dy) on the thermoluminescence characteristics of sol–gel derived and γ‐irradiated SiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Bajpai Namrata , Tiwari Ashish , Khan S. A. , Kher R. S. , Bramhe Namita , Dhoble S. J. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTHighly pure SiO2 and SiO2:RE nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol–gel method. The morphological, structural and optical properties of the nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD results indicate that all the samples studied were free from impurities. SEM/TEM results indicate that the samples were well dispersed. Surface characterization of the nanocrystals by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been carried out and the structure of surface‐bound SiO2 based on spectral analysis is proposed. Thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics were investigated to study the influence of rare earth dopants (Tb, Ce, Eu, Dy) on SiO2 matrix subjected to 0.5 kG (1 h) γ‐irradiation. Among these rare earth elements, Eu3+ was found to be the most efficient dopant for SiO2 showing maximum thermoluminescence intensity. SiO2:Eu0.5 seems to be a promising candidate for use as a TL dosimeter. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure–activity relationships of peptidomimetics that inhibit PPI of HER2‐HER3
Authors: Kanthala Shanthi , Gauthier Ted , Satyanarayanajois Seetharama 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTHuman epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 (HER2) is a tyrosine kinase family protein receptor that is known to undergo heterodimerization with other members of the family of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) for cell signaling. Overexpression of HER2 and deregulation of signaling has implications in breast, ovarian, and lung cancers. We have designed several peptidomimetics to block the HER2‐mediated dimerization, resulting in antiproliferative activity for cancer cells. In this work, we have investigated the structure–activity relationships of peptidomimetic analogs of Compound 5. Compound 5 was conformationally constrained by N‐ and C‐terminal modification and cyclization as well as by substitution with d‐amino acids at the N‐and C‐termini. Among the compounds studied in this work, a peptidomimetic Compound 21 with d‐amino acid substitution and its N‐ and C‐termini capped with acetyl and amide functional groups and a reversed sequence compared to that of Compound 5 exhibited better antiproliferative activity in HER2‐overexpressed breast, ovarian, and lung cancer cell lines. Compound 21 was further evaluated for its protein–protein interaction (PPI) inhibition ability using enzyme fragment complementation assay, proximity ligation assay, and Western blot analysis. Results suggested that Compound 21 is able to block HER2:HER3 interaction and inhibit phosphorylation of the kinase domain of HER2. The mode of binding of Compound 21 to HER2 protein was modeled using a docking method. Compound 21 seems to bind to domain IV of HER2 near the PPI site of EGFR:HER2, and HER:HER3 and inhibit PPI. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 693–702, 2014.
Ethnic disparities in adherence to breast cancer survivorship surveillance care
Authors: Advani Pragati S. , Ying Jun , Theriault Richard , Melhem‐Bertrand Amal , Moulder Stacy , Bedrosian Isabelle , Tereffe Welela , Black Shon , Pini Tunghi May , Brewster Abenaa M. 
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUNDAdherence to guidelines for surveillance mammography and clinic visits is an important component of breast cancer survivorship care. Identifying ethnic disparities in adherence may lead to improved care delivery and outcomes.METHODSRecords were evaluated for 4535 patients who were treated for stage I, II, or III breast cancer at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, cancer center between January 1997 and December 2006. Generalized estimating equations and Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to evaluate ethnic differences in missed mammograms and clinic visits up to 4 years of follow‐up and the impact of those differences on overall survival.RESULTSNonadherence to guidelines for mammography (P = .0002) and clinic visits (P < .0001) increased over time. Hispanic and black patients were more likely to be nonadherent to guidelines for mammography (odds ratio [OR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10‐1.65; OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.11‐1.66, respectively) and clinic visits (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.27‐2.06; OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.13‐1.86, respectively) than white patients. There was an interaction between Hispanic ethnicity and endocrine therapy on nonadherence to mammography guidelines (P = .001). Nonadherence to mammography and clinic visit guidelines was not associated with overall survival.CONCLUSIONSWithdrawal from breast cancer survivorship care increases over time, and black and Hispanic patients are more likely to be nonadherent. An understanding of the reasons for ethnic disparities in adherence to guidelines for mammography and clinic visits is needed to improve retention in survivorship care. Cancer 2014;120:894–900. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
CH⋅⋅⋅N Hydrogen‐Bonding Interaction in 7‐Azaindole:CHX3 (X=F, Cl) Complexes
Authors: Shirhatti Pranav R. , Maity Dilip K. , Bhattacharyya Surjendu , Wategaonkar Sanjay 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe CH⋅⋅⋅Y (Y=hydrogen‐bond acceptor) interactions are somewhat unconventional in the context of hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Typical CH stretching frequency shifts in the hydrogen‐bond donor CH group are not only small, that is, of the order of a few tens of cm−1, but also bidirectional, that is, they can be red or blue shifted depending on the hydrogen‐bond acceptor. In this work we examine the CH⋅⋅⋅N interaction in complexes of 7‐azaindole with CHCl3 and CHF3 that are prepared in the gas phase through supersonic jet expansion using the fluorescence depletion by infra‐red (FDIR) method. Although the hydrogen‐bond acceptor, 7‐azaindole, has multiple sites of interaction, it is found that the CH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen‐bonding interaction prevails over the others. The electronic excitation spectra suggest that both complexes are more stabilized in the S1 state than in the S0 state. The CH stretching frequency is found to be red shifted by 82 cm−1 in the CHCl3 complex, which is the largest redshift reported so far in gas‐phase investigations of 1:1 haloform complexes with various substrates. In the CHF3 complex the observed CH frequency is blue shifted by 4 cm−1. This is at variance with the frequency shifts that are predicted using several computational methods; these predict at best a redshift of 8.5 cm−1. This discrepancy is analogous to that reported for the pyridine‐CHF3 complex [W. A. Herrebout, S. M. Melikova, S. N. Delanoye, K. S. Rutkowski, D. N. Shchepkin, B. J. van der Veken, J. Phys. Chem. A­ 2005, 109, 3038], in which the blueshift is termed a pseudo blueshift and is shown to be due to the shifting of levels caused by Fermi resonance between the overtones of the CH bending and stretching modes. The dissociation energies, (D0), of the CHCl3 and CHF3 complexes are computed (MP2/aug‐cc‐pVDZ level) as 6.46 and 5.06 kcal mol−1, respectively.
Iron‐mediated peroxidation in marine emulsions and liposomes studied by dissolved oxygen consumption
Authors: Kristinova Vera , Mozuraityte Revilija , Aaneby Jorunn , Storrø Ivar , Rustad Turid 
Published: November 2013

Low molecular weight (LMW) iron is present in most food in traces or significant amounts. Upon contact with unsaturated lipids LMW iron acts as a prooxidant. This creates oxidative stability problems for products containing marine polyunsaturated lipids. In this work, LMW iron‐mediated oxidation in fish oil emulsions stabilized with phospholipids and Tween and in liposomes made from phospholipids was studied. Marine and non‐marine sources of phospholipids were used. The aim was to evaluate how physicochemical factors and lipid properties affect the prooxidant activity of LMW iron. The oxidation was followed by measuring the rate of the dissolved oxygen consumption by fatty acids. Red‐ox cycling of iron (Fe3+/Fe2+) aided by decomposition of the pre‐formed lipid hydroperoxides was the major prooxidation mechanism in both emulsions and liposomes. The elimination of the pre‐formed lipid hydroperoxides prevented LMW iron‐mediated oxidation. The oxygen uptake rates were highest for various liposomes/emulsions at pH 4–5 making this an optimum pH for iron activity. The pro‐oxidant effect of iron was reduced by using less unsaturated phospholipids, specific amounts of emulsifiers, a presence of chloride anions, or xanthan gum. This work suggests that the iron ions are tightly associated with the phosphate groups within the phospholipids heads. The measurement of oxygen consumption is a good tool for systematic oxidation studies in emulsions and liposomes, and may be useful for assessment of optimal conditions for reduction of LMW iron‐mediated oxidation in emulsion‐like systems.Practical applications: For a successful addition of marine polyunsaturated lipids into processed food, it is important to understand the pro‐oxidation mechanisms of ubiquitous LMW iron, as well as how physicochemical conditions affect the pro‐oxidative activity or LMW iron. This work addresses these issues in emulsions and liposomes and the knowledge may help to characterize effective hurdles for pro‐oxidant activity of LMW iron. There is a need for quick and inexpensive oxidation assays in order to be able to screen and model the effects of different factors on the oxidative stability of lipids. The measurement of dissolved oxygen in emulsions and liposomes has been used in this study for evaluating the effect of the different psychochemical and chemical factors on iron‐mediated oxidation. This method has a potential as a tool for assessment of optimal conditions for prevention of LMW iron‐mediated lipid oxidation in emulsion type systems and understanding the possible mechanisms.
Joint relay‐pair selection for buffer‐aided successive opportunistic relaying
Authors: Nomikos N. , Vouyioukas D. , Charalambous T. , Krikidis I. , Makris P. , Skoutas D. N. , Johansson M. , Skianis C. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn this work, we present a buffer‐aided successive opportunistic relaying scheme that aims at improving the average capacity of the network when inter‐relay interference arises between relays that are selected for simultaneous transmission and reception. We propose a relay selection policy that, by exploiting the benefits of buffering at the relays, decouples the receiving relay at the previous time slot to be the transmitting relay at the next slot. Furthermore, we impose an interference cancellation threshold allowing the relay that is selected for reception to decode and subtract the inter‐relay interference. The proposed relaying scheme selects the relaying pair that maximises the average capacity of the relay network. Its performance is evaluated through simulations and comparisons with other state‐of‐the‐art half‐duplex and full‐duplex relay selection schemes, in terms of outage probability, average capacity and average delay. The results reveal that a trade‐off has to be made between improving the outage at the cost of reduced capacity and increased delay and vice versa. Finally, conclusions are drawn and future directions are discussed, including the need for a hybrid scheme incorporating both half‐duplex and full‐duplex characteristics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of Sulfur‐Containing Species on LaCrO3 (001) Surface: A First‐Principles Study
Authors: Zhou Y.‐J. , Lü Z. , Wei B. , Zhu X.‐B. , Xie Q.‐Y. , Li Y.‐Q. , Su W.‐H. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDensity functional theory calculations are employed to investigate the adsorption of sulfur‐containing species on the (001) surface of LaCrO3 (LCrO). Molecular adsorption is found to be stable with H2S binding preferentially at O site on the LaO‐terminated surface. The adsorption of H2S molecule leads to the electrons transferring from the substrate to the molecule and the charges rearrangement within the molecule. In addition, the adsorption of the corresponding S‐containing dissociated species (SH and S) is investigated. SH and S are found to be preferentially bind at the Cr site. We further predict the adsorption energies of sulfur‐containing species increase following the sequence H2S<SH<S for all the adsorption sites on LCrO (001) surface. Based on the adsorption energy comparison, LCrO is more sulfur‐tolerant than traditional Ni‐based anode materials, which is qualitatively in line with available experimental results. This study provides a scientific basis for rational design of sulfur‐tolerant anode materials for SOFCs.
The Effect of the Isotopic Exchange of the Oxygen Atom on the Absorption Intensity of the Vibration Bands of Benzophenone
Authors: Laulicht I. , Pinchas S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAccording to theory the sum of the integrated intensities of all absorption bands of a species, divided over the square of their respective frequencies should, under certain conditions, be independent of the isotopic constitution of the vibrating molecule. It was observed that of all the benzophenone bands in the 3500–370 cm−1 region only the CO stretching frequency at 1667 cm−1 and its CO bending vibration at 640 cm−1, shifted significantly as a result of labelling with O18; hence only the absorption intensity of these seems to be affected by this exchange. The planimetrically integrated intensity of the 1637 cm−1 CO18 stretching band, measured under a resolution of 1/10th of its half‐width, was found to be about 25% less than of the corresponding CO16 band. This decrease is not balanced by the tiny increase in the intensity of the 640/637 cm−1 band and disagrees with the theoretically expected value.
Spot Test Detection of 1,2‐ and O‐Dioxo Compounds
Authors: Feigl F. , Ben‐Dor L. , Yariv S. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract1,2‐ and o‐dioxo compounds condense with phenylhydrazine in mineral acid solution to give yellow phenyl osazones. The non quinoidic 1,2‐dioxo compounds condense with ammonia and formaldehyde to give imidazoles which, as tertiary amines, show the Ohkuma color reaction with citric acid and acetic anhydride. Spot tests for pertinent dioxo compounds were developed on the basis of these facts.
Ion Exchange Isotherms of Montmorillonite and Structural Factors Affecting Them
Authors: Banin A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe exchange isotherms of the ion pairs Ca‐Na, Ca‐K, Na‐K, Ca‐H and Na‐H on the clay mineral montmorillonite were determined.It was found that the selectivity coefficient is not constant along a given isotherm but changes with the relative fractions of the adsorbed ions. This variation is attributed to the structural properties of the mineral, namely, tactoid formation in the Ca state, and the presence of different exchange sites affecting the energy of exchange.
Observations on Activity and Diffusion Coefficients in Na‐Montmorillonite
Authors: Low P. F. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDouble‐layer theory was used to obtain the distribution of electrical potential between adjacent clay particles. From this distribution, the activity coefficients of the sodium and chloride ions in the system were calculated. The calculated values were close to the observed ones. The porosity of the clay‐water system was calculated from the density and concentration of clay. The calculated value was used to calculate the geometry factor. Then this factor and the diffusion coefficient of water in bulk water were used to calculate the diffusion that water would have in the clay if the water therein had its normal viscosity. Results indicated that the water in the clay was about twice as viscous as normal water. Having the geometry factor and the viscosity of the water in the system, it was possible to compute the diffusion coefficients that Na+ and Cl− would have in the absence of electrical interaction with the clay. The computed values were close to those observed. To obtain closer agreement, electrical field strengths calculated by double‐layer theory were used in an empirical equation relating viscosity and field strength to obtain the distribution of viscosity relative to the particle surfaces. Also, double‐layer theory was used to obtain ionic distributions with respect to these surfaces. From the resulting distributions it was possible to determine, by means of appropriate equations, the ionic diffusion coefficients that should obtain in the clay system. Diffusion coefficients determined in this manner were somewhat better than those calculated without regard for electrical effects.
Undercooling, Freezing Point Depression, and Ice Nucleation of Soil Water
Authors: Anderson Duwayne M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCertain aspects of the phenomena of undercooling and ice nucleation in soils are discussed with respect to recently established properties of phase boundary water in soils. Nucleation temperature as a function of water content is given for representative clays. In view of the fact that silicate surfaces seem always to be separated from ice by an interfacial layer of unfrozen, liquid like water a new concept of heterogeneous nucleation is outlined. It is proposed that ice nucleation occurs in the undercooled interfacial water layer at some distance removed from the particle surfaces. This concept, in effect, suggests that heterogeneous nucleation (nucleation of ice due to the influence of a substrate) in all its essential aspects may be only a special case of homogeneous nucleation (no substrate present) of water.
Nitration of Pepsin, Thrombin and Carboxypeptidase B with Tetranitromethane
Authors: Sokolovsky M. , Riordan J. F. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTetranitromethane has been employed to examine the role of tyrosyl residues in the mechanism of action of a series of enzymes. Nitration partially inactivates pepsin but loss of peptidase and protease activities occur at different rates. The clotting activity of thrombin is virtually abolished by nitration with only a slight decrease in esterase activity. Both the esterase and peptidase activity of carboxypeptidase B are abolished simultaneously with the modification of one tyrosyl residue, indicating the marked similarity between this enzyme and carboxypeptidase A. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are almost unaffected by tetranitromethane. The role of tyrosyl residues in these enzymes is discussed.