bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of spatial variability of smog episodes over National Capital Delhi during (2013–2017)
Authors: Mushtaq Fayma , Farooq Majid , Lala Mili Ghosh Nee , Banerjee Saswati , Tirkey Anamika Shalini , Shaheen Farzana , Meraj Gowhar 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAir pollution is a pressing issue in Delhi, with smog occurrences causing reduced visibility and various respiratory problems. A series of severe SMOG (smoke + fog) episodes between 2013 and 2017 with reduced visibility and exceptionally high PM2.5 concentrations have been reported in Delhi especially around Diwali festival (October–November). The Smog of 2016 is referred as Great Smog of Delhi. This study examined remote sensing data from 2013 to 2017 to investigate smog episodes in Delhi during pre-Diwali, post-Diwali, and Diwali. Satellite-derived parameters viz absorbing aerosol index (AAI), aerosol optical depth (AOD), and ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) along with air pollution data and climatic parameters were used to analyze smog episodes. The results showed that during smog episodes, AOD, AAI and PM2.5 concentrations exceeded permissible limits significantly at all stations across Delhi during the Diwali festival. The ground-based observations at different locations across Delhi and satellite data-derived datasets confirmed the severity of smog episodes. The findings indicate that burning of fire crackers coupled with agriculture stubble burning and subsequent transport of the smoke from North Western states through the Capital had a greater impact on deteriorating air quality in Delhi than local pollution, especially during unfavorable weather conditions associated with high humidity and weaker winds. The outcomes highlight the significance of remotely sensed information in identifying smog episodes and their severity in Delhi. It also underlines the necessity for efficient interventions to control air pollution, particularly amid festivals like Diwali.
Ein „Außenseiter in der Mitte“. Historisches Denken, Erinnerungsgeschichte und intellektuelles Engagement in der Autobiografie des französischen Historikers Pierre Nora
Authors: Kroll Thomas 
Published: July 2024

ZusammenfassungDie Autobiografie des französischen Historikers Pierre Nora (Jahrgang 1931), ein Pionier der Erinnerungsgeschichte, bietet vielfältige Einsichten in die Ideen- und Historiografiegeschichte Frankreichs seit 1945. Mit der Konzeption der Erinnerungsorte und der ego-histoire hat Nora großen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Geschichtswissenschaften seit den 1980er Jahren genommen. Seine besondere intellektuelle Stellung hat sich nicht zuletzt daraus ergeben, dass Nora parallel zwei Karrieren durchlaufen hat, nämlich die eines Universitäts- und Zeithistorikers sowie die eines leitenden Mitarbeiters im renommierten Pariser Verlag Gallimard. Diese Zwischenposition rückt Nora, der aus einer assimilierten jüdischen Familie stammt, in das Zentrum der Erzählung seiner Autobiografie, die er mithilfe der rhetorischen Figur des „Außenseiters in der Mitte“ konstruiert. Einen weiteren narrativen Fluchtpunkt der Erzählung bildet das Verhältnis von französischer Nation und Judentum. Schließlich stellen die Erinnerungen ein Plädoyer für die Nationalgeschichte dar, der Nora eine grundlegende Bedeutung für die Identität Frankreichs zuschreibt.
Submerged surface texturing of AISI 304L using the pulsating water jet method
Authors: Stolárik Gabriel , Klichová Dagmar , Poloprudský Jakub , Chlupová Alice , Nag Akash , Hloch Sergej 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSubmerged jets have a variety of practical applications due to their versatility in providing efficient and environmentally friendly options for treatment in various industries. The physical background is based on the continuous water jet (CWJ) application powered via stagnation pressure. However, it is known that impact pressure is much more effective than static pressure. When the impact pressure is repeated with a high frequency per time unit, the erosive effects of water can be used even at pressures below 100 MPa, which is attractive from the point of view of the low demands of the hydraulic system. Surface modification utilising impact pressure can be achieved by employing the pulsed water jet (PWJ) method. The combination of parameters such as the traverse speed and trajectory pattern can control the number of water clusters impacting the material surface. So far, the field of application of PWJ for surface treatment has mostly been investigated water atmospheric conditions. This article focuses on the possibility of the surface modification of AISI 304L stainless steel using the PWJ method under submerged conditions. The results are compared to those obtained under atmospheric conditions. The reference samples were treated by the same technological conditions using a continuous water jet (CWJ). The affected surfaces were characterised using areal surface roughness parameters Sa, Sz, Sp, and Sv, and the surface topography and mechanism of erosion wear were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. A significant increase in all roughness parameters was confirmed using the PWJ compared to the CWJ method (both in atmospheric and submerged conditions), which confirms the importance of using impact pressure. The surface treatment by PWJ under submerged conditions resulted in a decrease of the surface roughness parameter Sa by approximately 97% compared to atmospheric conditions at a traverse speed of 2 mm/s for perpendicular interleaved trajectory, nevertheless, the homogeneity of treatment over a larger area was improved.
Revolutionizing engineered cementitious composite materials (ECC): the impact of XGBoost-SHAP analysis on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based ECC predictions
Authors: Uddin Md Nasir , Al-Amin  , Hossain Shameem 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis study integrates previous experimental data and employs machine learning (ML) methods, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), to predict the compressive strength (CS) and tensile strength (TS) of engineered cementitious composites (ECC). XGBoost emerged as the superior model among the four ML models, providing an interpretable and highly accurate predictive framework. To optimize the model performance, hyperparameter tuning using a fivefold cross-validation approach with the data divided into 80% training and 20% testing subsets. The Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) algorithm was also employed to reveal the impact of important features, such as the water/binder ratio, fly ash content, and water reducer dosage, on the model’s predictions and their interrelationships. The XGBoost demonstrates the most exemplary performance, as reflected in the R2 values of 0.92 and 0.97 for CS and TS testing, respectively. The SHAP analysis provided insights into the impact of individual features on CS and TS, shedding light on how specific characteristics influence the predictive accuracy of these properties. This highly accurate prediction model uncovers insights into correlated features, aids in creating new mix designs of ECC, and supports global efforts toward a low-carbon future in the construction industry by reducing carbon emissions.
Unrevealing the challenge of perinatal transmission and risk factors of Hepatitis C virus infection in India: a review
Authors: Sharma Swati , Bhavani R , Singh Kamal 
Published: July 2024

AbstractIn the field of global health challenges, perinatal transmission of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has emerged as a serious concern, particularly within the intricate landscape of healthcare in India. The intricate dance between maternal health, prenatal care, and the viral dynamics of HCV raises complex questions about prevention, detection, and intervention strategies. Despite remarkable progress in healthcare infrastructure, India grapples with the persistent challenge of preventing mother-to-child transmission of HCV, a phenomenon that demands nuanced exploration and strategic interventions. This review embarks on an insightful journey to highlight the multifaceted aspects of the challenge of perinatal transmission of HCV infection in India, shedding light on the existing obstacles, diagnostic dilemmas, risk factors and the imperative need for comprehensive preventive strategies. As we navigate through the intricacies of this public health dilemma, a deeper understanding of the socio-economic, cultural, and medical aspects is essential to pave the way for effective solutions and, ultimately, protect the next generation from the burden of HCV-related complications.
Intensifying Gender Inequality: Why Belgian Female Students (Sometimes) Gain Less Internal Political Efficacy from Citizenship Education Than Male Students
Authors: Matthieu Joke , Erzeel Silvia , Caluwaerts Didier 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPersistent gender inequalities in internal political efficacy have traditionally been attributed to gender differences in resources. This article complements the resource model by focusing on how gendered political socialization occurs during citizenship education and how citizenship education might mitigate, reproduce, or intensify inequalities. Based on multilevel models on a 2016 survey dataset (3898 students across 150 schools) of Belgian senior high school students, we show that citizenship education increases internal political efficacy for both male and female students. However, we also find that citizenship education intensifies inequalities since male students gain more from it than female students, especially in schools with a conservative gender role culture. Our results indicate that the influence of citizenship education depends on the gendered school context in which it is offered. In this respect, citizenship education risks intensifying rather than mitigating gender inequalities.
Hydro‐Biogeochemical Controls on Nitrate Removal: Insights From Artificial Emergent Vegetation Experiments in a Recirculating Flume Mesocosm
Authors: Waterman B. R. , Hansen A. T. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractEnvironments with aquatic vegetation can mitigate excess nitrogen (N) loads to downstream waters. However, complex interactions between multiple hydro‐biogeochemical processes control N removal within these environments and thus complicate implementation of aquatic vegetation as a management solution. Here, we conducted controlled experiments using a canopy of artificial rigid emergent vegetation in a recirculating flume mesocosm to quantify differences in rates of mass transport and nitrate (NO3−N) removal between the open channel‐canopy interface across a range in nominal water velocities. We found NO3−N removal rates were 86% greater with the canopy present compared to no canopy control experiments and were always greatest at intermediate velocity (6 cms−1). With the canopy present, a hydrodynamically distinct mixing layer formed at the open channel‐canopy interface, and resources, such as carbon (C), CN ratios, and dissolved oxygen, differed between open channel and vegetated canopy. The dimensionless Damköhler (Da) number indicated NO3−N removal rates were reaction limited (Da << 1) for all canopy experiments, yet across all velocities NO3−N removal was more reaction limited in the open channel than the canopy due to higher rates of mixing and less contact time with reactive surfaces. We found significant relationships between NO3−N removal rates and Da with hydrodynamic metrics (mixing zone width and Reynolds number, respectively), suggesting that NO3−N removal in the presence of rigid vegetation can be enhanced by manipulating flow conditions. These findings demonstrate that rigid emergent vegetation‐open channel interfaces create conditions conducive for NO3−N removal and with effective management can improve overall water quality.
Home Waste Audit: A Community Science Activity to Increase Waste Literacy and Reduce Household Waste
Authors: De Frond Hannah , Gutierrez Rafaela F. , Debreceni Susan , Rochman Chelsea M. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe amount of household waste produced worldwide is increasing every year. In combination with other actions to reduce waste production and improve waste management, community engagement and community‐focused programs are needed to motivate the public to change their behavior in such a way that reduces their waste generation and increases the accuracy of waste sorting. It is also helpful for people to become more waste literate to empower them to be part of the solution. The Home Waste Audit (HWA) is a community science activity designed to increase waste literacy and reduce household waste. In the HWA, participants record their waste for a set period of time, research their local waste streams, and complete surveys to share perceptions of household waste habits. Here, we present data from a HWA conducted in 2021 as a case study. Before the audit, 60% of participants underestimated their weekly waste generation. Throughout the HWA, weekly waste count among households decreased by 31%. Participants found purchasing items with less/no packaging and avoiding single‐use plastics challenging. Easier changes included learning which items can/cannot be recycled and repurposing waste items. Several changes to waste habits were maintained 1 year after participation. These results demonstrate that the HWA is an effective tool for individuals to be a part of the solution by learning about local waste streams, reducing waste production, and accurately managing their household waste.
Ozone Mortality Burden Changes Driven by Population Aging and Regional Inequity in China in 2013–2050
Authors: Chen Xiaokang , Jiang Zhe , Shen Yanan , Wang Shuxiao , Shindell Drew , Zhang Yuqiang 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAir pollution exposure is closely linked to population age and socioeconomic status. Population aging and imbalance in regional economy are thus anticipated to have important implications on ozone (O3)‐related health impacts. Here we provide a driver analysis for O3 mortality burden due to respiratory disease in China over 2013–2050 driven by population aging and regional inequity. Unexpectedly, we find that population aging is estimated to result in dramatic rises in annual O3 mortality burden in China; by 56, 101–137, and 298–485 thousand over the periods 2013–2020, 2020–2030, and 2030–2050, respectively. This reflects the exponential rise in baseline mortality rates with increasing age. The aging‐induced mortality burden rise in 2030–2050 is surprisingly large, as it is comparable to the net national mortality burden due to O3 exposure in 2030 (359–399 thousand yr−1). The health impacts of O3 pollution, shown as mortality burden per capita, are inequitably distributed, with more severe effects in less developed provinces than their developed counterparts by 23.1% and 21.5% in 2019 and 2030, respectively. However, the regional inequity in O3 mortality burden is expected to be mitigated in 2050. This temporal variation reflects evolving demographic dividend characterized by a larger proportion of younger individuals in developed regions. These findings are critical for targeted improvement of healthcare services to ensure the sustainability of social development.
Termination of Mid‐to‐Lower Crustal Extrusion on the Eastern Flank of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis: Implied From Trans‐Regional Ambient Noise Tomography
Authors: Tian Yining , Jiang Mingming , He Yumei , Ai Yinshuang , Hou Guangbing , Ling Yuan , Thant Myo , Sein Kyaing 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) serves as a natural laboratory for the study of intense continental collision and lateral extrusion tectonics. By aiming at the intricate tectonic dynamics south and southeast of the EHS, we integrate seismic data from new broadband stations in central Myanmar with permanent stations in southeastern Tibet to establish a high‐resolution 3‐D shear wave velocity model through ambient noise surface wave tomography. Our imaging results reveal distinct differences in crustal seismic velocity structures between the West Burma Block, Chuan‐Dian Block, and the Shan Plateau, highlighting the extent of oblique subduction and restricted crustal extrusion. Notably, two north‐south oriented low‐velocity zones in the mid‐to‐lower crust of southeastern Tibet are mainly confined within the Chuan‐Dian Block and terminate near the Red River Fault, with limited extension into the Shan Plateau.
How Did the Merger With a Tropical Depression Amplify the Rapid Weakening of Super Typhoon Hinnamnor (2022)?
Authors: Zheng Minglin , Zhang Ze , Zhang Weimin 
Published: July 2024

AbstractGrasping the physical interactions when two tropical cyclones (TCs) (TC) are in proximity is essential for boosting the accuracy of TC forecasts. This study dissects an uncommon scenario wherein the merging with Tropical Depression 13 W significantly hastened the rapid weakening of Super Typhoon Hinnamnor (2022), utilizing comparative experiments with and without 13 W in simulation's initial field. The findings reveal strong correlations between the merger, amplified environmental vertical wind shear (VWS), and Hinnamnor's consecutive weakening, unfolding in two stages— “top‐down” (Stage 1) and “bottom‐up” weakening (Stage 2) stage. In Stage 1, 13 W led to downdrafts from upper level, hindering the eyewall updrafts and weakening the warm core. In Stage 2, 13 W merged into Hinnamnor's outer rainband, introduced low‐entropy air into the boundary layer and also vied with the eyewall for energy. This research emphasizes that even minor, less‐intense vortices can have profound impacts on the rapid intensity change in TCs.
Improved Simulation of Antarctic Sea Ice by Parameterized Thickness of New Ice in a Coupled Climate Model
Authors: Fang Yongjie , Yao Junchen , Wu Tongwen , Wu Fanghua , Li Jianglong 
Published: July 2024

AbstractSea ice formation over open water exerts critical control on polar atmosphere‐ocean‐ice interactions, but is only crudely represented in sea ice models. In this study, a collection depth parameterization of new ice for flux polynya models is modified by including the sea ice concentration and ice growth rate as additional factors. We evaluated it in a climate model BCC‐CSM2‐MR and found that it improves simulation of Antarctic sea ice concentration and thickness in most of Indian and Atlantic sectors. Disagreement between the observed Antarctic sea ice expansion during 1981–2014 and the modeled decline still exists but is mitigated when the modified scheme is implemented. Further analysis indicates that these improvements are associated with the overcoming of premature closure of open water, which enhances the response of ocean to surface wind intensification during 1981–2014, and consequently slowdowns the sea surface temperature increase and the resulting Antarctic sea ice reduction.
Role of Martian Crustal Fields in Ionospheric Electron Density Distribution and Subsequent South‐North Asymmetry: Insights From Multi‐Year MAVEN Observations During (MYs 33–36)
Authors: Nayak Chinmaya , Yiğit Erdal , Remya Bhanu , Bulusu Jayashree , Devanandhan S. , Singh Satyavir , Dimri A. P. , Padhye Pranjali 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThis study uses Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN observations of electron density and magnetic field for a period of four Martian years (MYs 33–36) (∼8 Earth years) to investigate the effects of Martian crustal magnetic fields on the distribution and variability of Mars' ionosphere. The results show a clear enhancement in electron density in the southern hemisphere in the region where the strong crustal magnetic fields are present with the longitudes between 120° and 240° (i.e., the central longitude), which is in agreement with previous studies. On the contrary, the corresponding northern hemisphere region in the central longitudes shows an exactly opposite behavior that the electron density is lower compared to the surrounding longitude regions. These effects are found to be primarily dayside phenomena. As opposed to dayside, the nightside electron density in the central longitudes are slightly reduced at altitudes below 200 km, compared to longitudes on its western and eastern sides. Above 200 km, the nightside effects are not very clear. Significant hemispheric asymmetry is observed in the longitude regions of enhanced crustal magnetic fields compared to other longitude regions during the daytime. This dayside south‐north asymmetry in the central longitude region is observed to be a constant feature across all seasons. However, on the nightside, the south‐north asymmetry remains more or less similar across all longitude regions, during all seasons implying a weakened control of the crustal fields over the nightside ionosphere. Even then, the southern hemisphere retains a stronger nightside ionosphere during all seasons except summer.
Xenolith Petrochronology (San Luis Potosi, Mexico) Constrains Heat Sources for Cenozoic Ultrahigh‐Temperature Metamorphism in the Lower Crust
Authors: Droubi Omar Khalil , Cipar Jacob H. , Smye Andrew J. , Garber Joshua M. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractUltrahigh‐temperature (UHT; >900°C) metamorphism drives crustal differentiation and is widely recognized in the rock record, but its geodynamic causes are debated. Previous work on granulite‐facies metapelite xenoliths from San Luis Potosí, Mexico suggests the lower crust experienced a protracted UHT metamorphic event that coincided with the onset of regional extension. To determine the duration, conditions, and heat sources of UHT metamorphism recorded by these xenoliths, this study characterizes the major‐element, trace‐element, and U‐Pb isotopic systematics of quartz, rutile, feldspar, garnet, and zircon by in situ electron microprobe (EPMA) and laser‐ablation inductively coupled‐plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS), and augments these data with detailed petrography, thermobarometry, phase equilibria modeling, and diffusion modeling. Thermobarometry and phase equilibria modeling suggest peak metamorphic conditions exceeded 0.7 GPa and 900°C. Zircon petrochronology confirms >15 Myr of UHT conditions since its onset at ∼30 Ma. A small population of zircon record elevated temperatures following transition from backarc compression to extension during the waning stages of orogenesis (60–37 Ma). Garnet preserves trace‐element zoning and mineral inclusions consistent with suprasolidus garnet growth and subsequent compositional modification by intracrystalline rare‐earth element diffusion during protracted heating, with diffusion chronometry timescales in agreement with zircon data, followed by fluid‐driven remobilization of trace elements along now‐healed fractures within ∼1 Myr of eruption. In sum, these data are most compatible with lithospheric mantle attenuation or removal as the dominant heat transport mechanism driving synextensional UHT metamorphism and crustal melting, which has bearing on models for crustal differentiation and formation of modern and ancient granulite terranes globally.