bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where have All the Educated Workers Gone? Services and Wage Inequality in Three Asian Economies
Authors: Mehta Aashish , Felipe Jesus , Quising Pilipinas , Camingue Shiela 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe wage returns to college have risen relative to those to secondary education in many developing economies. In India, the Philippines and Thailand, this is related to the expansion of services employment. We show this using decompositions connecting shifts in the returns to education to changing job opportunities. High‐skill services employment grew slowly while relative demand in the sector shifted from secondary to college graduates, pushing workers with secondary education into low‐skill intensive services. These polarizing trends in services employment account for the growing convexity of the Mincerian wage profile, and may constrain governments seeking to use educational expansion to alter the wage distribution.
Major QTLs for critical photoperiod and vernalization underlie extensive variation in flowering in the Mimulus guttatus species complex
Authors: Friedman Jannice , Willis John H. 
Published: April 2013

Summary

Species with extensive ranges experience highly variable environments with respect to temperature, light and soil moisture. Synchronizing the transition from vegetative to floral growth is important to employ favorable conditions for reproduction. Optimal timing of this transition might be different for semelparous annual plants and iteroparous perennial plants.

We studied variation in the critical photoperiod necessary for floral induction and the requirement for a period of cold‐chilling (vernalization) in 46 populations of annuals and perennials in the Mimulus guttatus species complex. We then examined critical photoperiod and vernalization QTLs in growth chambers using F2 progeny from annual and perennial parents that differed in their requirements for flowering.

We identify extensive variation in critical photoperiod, with most annual populations requiring substantially shorter day lengths to initiate flowering than perennial populations. We discover a novel type of vernalization requirement in perennial populations that is contingent on plants experiencing short days first. QTL analyses identify two large‐effect QTLs which influence critical photoperiod. In two separate vernalization experiments we discover each set of crosses contain different large‐effect QTLs for vernalization.

Mimulus guttatus harbors extensive variation in critical photoperiod and vernalization that may be a consequence of local adaptation.
Comparison of the Effect of Human Milk and Topical Hydrocortisone 1% on Diaper Dermatitis
Authors: Farahani Leila Amiri , Ghobadzadeh Maryam , Yousefi Parsa 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDiaper dermatitis is one of the most common skin problems in infants and children, affecting between 7% and 35% of infants. This randomized clinical trial compared the efficacy of hydrocortisone 1% ointment with that of human breast milk in treating acute diaper dermatitis in infants ages 0 to 24 months. Infants with diaper rash were treated with either hydrocortisone 1% ointment (n = 70) or human breast milk (n = 71) for 7 days. Improvement in the rash from baseline was seen in both treatment groups on days 3 and 7; there was no significant difference in total rash scores on days 3 and 7. Treatment with human breast milk was as effective as hydrocortisone 1% ointment alone. Human breast milk is an effective and safe treatment for diaper dermatitis in infants.
Ambient Air Pollution and Traffic Exposures and Congenital Heart Defects in the San Joaquin Valley of California
Authors: Padula Amy M. , Tager Ira B. , Carmichael Suzan L. , Hammond S. Katharine , Yang Wei , Lurmann Frederick , Shaw Gary M. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackgroundCongenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Studies suggest associations between environmental contaminants and some anomalies, although evidence is limited.MethodsWe used data from the California Center of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study and the Children's Health and Air Pollution Study to estimate the odds of 27 congenital heart defects with respect to quartiles of seven ambient air pollutant and traffic exposures in California during the first 2 months of pregnancy, 1997–2006 (n = 822 cases and n = 849 controls).ResultsParticulate matter < 10 microns (PM10) was associated with pulmonary valve stenosis [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)Fourth Quartile = 2.6] [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.2, 5.7] and perimembranous ventricular septal defects (aORThird Quartile = 2.1) [95% CI 1.1, 3.9] after adjusting for maternal race/ethnicity, education and multivitamin use. PM2.5 was associated with transposition of the great arteries (aORThird Quartile = 2.6) [95% CI 1.1, 6.5] and inversely associated with perimembranous ventricular septal defects (aORFourth Quartile = 0.5) [95% CI 0.2, 0.9]. Secundum atrial septal defects were inversely associated with carbon monoxide (aORFourth Quartile = 0.4) [95% CI 0.2, 0.8] and PM2.5 (aORFourth Quartile = 0.5) [95% CI 0.3, 0.8]. Traffic density was associated with muscular ventricular septal defects (aORFourth Quartile = 3.0) [95% CI 1.2, 7.8] and perimembranous ventricular septal defects (aORThird Quartile = 2.4) [95% CI 1.3, 4.6], and inversely associated with transposition of the great arteries (aORFourth Quartile = 0.3) [95% CI 0.1, 0.8].ConclusionsPM10 and traffic density may contribute to the occurrence of pulmonary valve stenosis and ventricular septal defects, respectively. The results were mixed for other pollutants and had little consistency with previous studies.
Viral and bacterial infection in acute asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increases the risk of readmission
Authors: Wark Peter A.B. , Tooze Melinda , Powell Heather , Parsons Kristy 
Published: April 2013

AbstractBackground and objectiveInfection is as an important trigger for acute asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this article was to determine the prevalence and impact of virus and bacterial infections in acute asthma and COPD.MethodsSubjects were recruited, within 24 h of hospital admission for acute exacerbations of asthma and COPD. Nose/throat swabs and sputum samples were collected and examined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for respiratory viruses and cultured for bacteria. The primary outcomes were length of stay (LOS) and readmission to hospital within 60 days.ResultsA total of 199 subjects were recruited (96 had asthma and 103 COPD) for 235 events (36 re‐presented). A virus was detected in 79 subjects (40%), bacteria in 41 (21%), and of these, 18 had both. Rhinovirus A was the most frequently isolated virus. A multivariate analysis was performed to control for confounders. It found that detection of a virus, a virus and bacteria, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and a diagnosis of COPD were all independent predictors of prolonged LOS, while risk of readmission within 60 days was increased with virus infection alone, virus and bacterial infection, lower FEV1 and current smoking.ConclusionsVirus infection, especially in the presence of chronic bacterial infection, is an important determinant of more severe acute exacerbations in both asthma and COPD, and patients with co‐infections are more likely to be readmitted to hospital following their exacerbation.
Sorption and desorption of phosphate on biochar and biochar–soil mixtures
Authors: Morales M. M. , Comerford N. , Guerrini I. A. , Falcão N. P. S. , Reeves J. B. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThe term biochar refers to materials with diverse chemical, physical and physicochemical characteristics that have potential as a soil amendment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the P sorption/desorption properties of various slow biochars and one fast pyrolysis biochar and to determine how a fast pyrolysis biochar influences these properties in a degraded tropical soil. The fast pyrolysis biochar was a mixture of three separate biochars: sawdust, elephant grass and sugar cane leaves. Three other biochars were made by slow pyrolysis from three Amazonian tree species (Lacre, Ingá and Embaúba) at three temperatures of formation (400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C). Inorganic P was added to develop sorption curves and then desorbed to develop desorption curves for all biochar situations. For the slow pyrolysis, the 600 ºC biochar had a reduced capacity to sorb P (4–10 times less) relative to those biochars formed at 400 °C and 500 °C. Conversely, biochar from Ingá desorbed the most P. The fast pyrolysis biochar, when mixed with degraded tropical mineral soil, decreased the soil's P sorption capacity by 55% presumably because of the high soluble, inorganic P prevalent in this biochar (909 mg P/kg of biochar). Phosphorus desorption from the fast pyrolysis biochar/soil mixture not only exhibited a common desorption curve but also buffered the soil solution at a value of ca. 0.2 mg/L. This study shows the diversity in P chemistry that can be expected when biochar is a soil amendment and suggests the potential to develop biochars with properties to meet specific objectives.
Task shifting an inpatient triage, assessment and treatment programme improves the quality of care for hospitalised Malawian children
Authors: Olson Daniel , Preidis Geoffrey A. , Milazi Robert , Spinler Jennifer K. , Lufesi Norman , Mwansambo Charles , Hosseinipour Mina C. , McCollum Eric D. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to improve paediatric inpatient surveillance at a busy referral hospital in Malawi with two new programmes: (i) the provision of vital sign equipment and implementation of an inpatient triage programme (ITAT) that includes a simplified paediatric severity‐of‐illness score, and (ii) task shifting ITAT to a new cadre of healthcare workers called ‘vital sign assistants’ (VSAs).MethodsThis study, conducted on the paediatric inpatient ward of a large referral hospital in Malawi, was divided into three phases, each lasting 4 weeks. In Phase A, we collected baseline data. In Phase B, we provided three new automated vital sign poles and implemented ITAT with current hospital staff. In Phase C, VSAs were introduced and performed ITAT. Our primary outcome measures were the number of vital sign assessments performed and clinician notifications to reassess patients with high ITAT scores.ResultsWe enrolled 3994 patients who received 5155 vital sign assessments. Assessment frequency was equal between Phases A (0.67 assessments/patient) and B (0.61 assessments/patient), but increased 3.6‐fold in Phase C (2.44 assessments/patient, P < 0.001). Clinician notifications increased from Phases A (84) and B (113) to Phase C (161, P = 0.002). Inpatient mortality fell from Phase A (9.3%) to Phases B (5.7) and C (6.9%).ConclusionITAT with VSAs improved vital sign assessments and nearly doubled clinician notifications of patients needing further assessment due to high ITAT scores, while equipment alone made no difference. Task shifting ITAT to VSAs may improve outcomes in paediatric hospitals in the developing world.
TheArabidopsisMediator complex subunitsMED14/SWPandMED16/SFR6/IEN1 differentially regulate defense gene expression in plant immune responses
Authors: Zhang Xudong , Yao Jin , Zhang Yanping , Sun Yijun , Mou Zhonglin 
Published: April 2013

SummaryPathogen infection in plants triggers large‐scale transcriptional changes, both locally and systemically. Emerging evidence suggests that theArabidopsisMediator complex plays a crucial role in these transcriptional changes. Mediator is highly conserved in eukaryotes, and its core comprises more than 20 subunits organized into three modules named head, middle and tail. The head and middle modules interact with general transcription factors andRNApolymerase II, whereas the tail module associates with activators, and signals through the head and middle modules to the basal transcription machinery. In Arabidopsis, three tail module subunits,MED14,MED15 andMED16, have been identified. BothMED15 andMED16 have been implicated in plant immunity, but the role ofMED14 has not been established. Here, we report the characterization of an Arabidopsis T–DNAinsertion mutant of theMED14gene. Similarly to themed15and/ormed16mutations, themed14mutation significantly suppresses salicylic acid‐induced defense responses, alters transcriptional changes induced by the avirulent bacterial pathogenPseudomonas syringaepv.tomato(Pst)DC3000/avrRpt2, and renders plants susceptible to bothPstDC3000/avrRpt2andPstDC3000. Themed14mutation also completely compromises biological induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), indicating that the tail module as a whole is essential forSAR. Interestingly, unlike themed16mutation, which differentially affects expression of severalSARpositive and negative regulators,med14inhibits induction of a large group of defense genes, including bothSARpositive and negative regulators, suggesting that individual subunits of the Mediator tail module employ distinct mechanisms to regulate plant immune responses.
Prognostic impact of concordant and discordant cytomorphology of bone marrow involvement in patients with diffuse, large, B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP
Authors: Shim Hyoeun , Oh Jae-Il , Park Sang Hyuk , Jang Seongsoo , Park Chan-Jeoung , Huh Jooryung , Suh Cheolwon , Chi Hyun-Sook 
Published: April 2013

BackgroundBone marrow involvement confers a poor prognosis in patients with diffuse, large, B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, the prognostic significance of concordant and discordant bone marrow involvement in these cases differs. We analysed this further in patients treated with R-CHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone) at a single institute.Design and MethodsThe cytomorphology of bone marrow involvement was evaluated in 632 patients who were diagnosed with DLBCL in primary tissues and had received R-CHOP therapy. Bone marrow trephine biopsies and clot sections were analysed, along with the immunohistochemical analysis of CD20, CD79a and CD3.ResultsBone marrow involvement was identified in 80 of our DLBCL patient subjects (12.7%). Of these, 32 (40%) showed discordant bone marrow involvement, and 48 (60%) showed concordant involvement. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that progression-free survival and overall survival was poorer in the concordant group (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis, adjusted for the International Prognostic Index score, showed that concordant involvement was an independent predictor of progression-free survival (p<0.001) and overall survival (p=0.011). Discordant involvement was not a negative prognostic factor independent of the International Prognostic Index.ConclusionsPrognostication based on bone marrow involvement cytomorphology is a useful indicator of progression-free survival and overall survival, independent of the International Prognostic Index score, in DLBCL patients. Accurate staging based on morphology should thus be included in bone marrow examinations of such cases.
Implicit and Explicit Second Language Training Recruit Common Neural Mechanisms for Syntactic Processing
Authors: Batterink Laura , Neville Helen 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
In contrast to native language acquisition, adult second-language (L2) acquisition occurs under highly variable learning conditions. Although most adults acquire their L2 at least partially through explicit instruction, as in a classroom setting, many others acquire their L2 primarily through implicit exposure, as is typical of an immersion environment. Whether these differences in acquisition environment play a role in determining the neural mechanisms that are ultimately recruited to process L2 grammar has not been well characterized. This study investigated this issue by comparing the ERP response to novel L2 syntactic rules acquired under conditions of implicit exposure and explicit instruction, using a novel laboratory language-learning paradigm. Native speakers tested on these stimuli showed a biphasic response to syntactic violations, consisting of an earlier negativity followed by a later P600 effect. After merely an hour of training, both implicitly and explicitly trained learners who were capable of detecting grammatical violations also elicited P600 effects. In contrast, learners who were unable to discriminate between grammatically correct and incorrect sentences did not show significant P600 effects. The magnitude of the P600 effect was found to correlate with learners' behavioral proficiency. Behavioral measures revealed that successful learners from both the implicit and explicit groups gained explicit, verbalizable knowledge about the L2 grammar rules. Taken together, these results indicate that late, controlled mechanisms indexed by the P600 play a crucial role in processing a late-learned L2 grammar, regardless of training condition. These findings underscore the remarkable plasticity of later, attention-dependent processes and their importance in lifelong learning.
A Feminist Pentecostal Theological Anthropology: North America and Beyond
Authors: Stephenson Lisa P. 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
In this article I focus on developing a feminist Pentecostal theological anthropology that can benefit Pentecostal women. I begin by highlighting various Pentecostal scholars whose anthropologies adopt the approaches of the imago Dei (a theo-logical approach) and the imago Christi (a christological approach). For all the merits that these two approaches have, they are ultimately inadequate on their own for Pentecostals as they have been presented thus far, because they lack a strong pneumatological component. Therefore, I expand the traditional theo-logical and christological approaches by highlighting the role of the Spirit in constituting the imago Dei and imago Christi, and by articulating a third way, the imago Spiritus, which enables pneumatology to stand on its own as a further approach to affirming women’s full humanity. I conclude by highlighting some of the issues Pentecostal women face globally and note how this anthropology can be beneficial for Pentecostal women worldwide.
An audit of the management of heart murmurs on the postnatal wards
Authors: O’Reilly KM , Hall FM , Richens T , Cunningham C , Simpson JH 
Published: April 2013

Background Investigation and management of neonatal heart murmurs varies widely and is dependent on local resources. In order to standardise the management of heart murmurs in our hospital a guideline (based on clinical examination with selective cardiology review) was introduced. Aims To establish adherence to and safety of the guideline; to review workload implications and to define the causes of neonatal heart murmurs in our population. Methods Patients were prospectively identified over a 2-year period (August 2006 to July 2008). Case notes were reviewed and examination findings, investigations, follow up and diagnosis recorded. Results 89 babies were identified. The guideline was generally well adhered to. In total 51 (57%) of babies were referred for cardiology assessment. In 40 babies this assessment included an echocardiogram. 30 babies (34%) had an underlying cardiac malformation: 25 were identified before discharge home. 15/30 (50%) of the babies with a cardiac malformation remain under cardiology follow up at the age of 1 year. No baby discharged from follow up without cardiology review subsequently presented with a cardiac problem. Conclusion A significant minority of babies with a heart murmur have an underlying cardiac malformation. Our guideline appears to ensure the timely identification of these babies and rationalises our use of specialist services.
Groove pancreatitis: A case series and review of the literature
Authors: Latham J , Sanjay P , Watt DG , Walsh SV , Tait IS 
Published: April 2013

Introduction Groove pancreatitis is a form of chronic pancreatitis affecting the space surrounded by the pancreatic head, duodenum and common bile duct. The clinical findings can conflict with pancreatic cancer causing diagnostic dilemma preoperatively. Case series We describe two patients with a history of alcohol excess, who presented with a few months history of upper abdominal pain associated with weight loss and vomiting. Endoscopic and radiological investigations related duodenal narrowing, biliary dilatation and multiple pseudocysts around the head of the pancreas and duodenum. A Whipple’s pancreaticoduodenectomy was carried out in both patients. Histopathology report demonstrated cystic areas in both medial and lateral walls of the duodenum microscopically consistent with groove pancreatitis. Conclusion The diagnosis of groove pancreatitis should be considered in patients with duodenal stenosis and cystic lesions around the head of the pancreas associated with history of alcohol excess. Differentiation from pancreatic cancer is difficult preoperatively.
Extracting words from the speech stream at first exposure
Authors: Shoemaker Ellenor , Rast Rebekah 
Published: April 2013

The earliest stages of adult language acquisition have received increased attention in recent years (cf. Carroll, introduction to this issue). The study reported here aims to contribute to this discussion by investigating the role of several variables in the development of word recognition strategies during the very first hours of exposure to a novel target language (TL). Eighteen native speakers of French with no previous exposure to Polish were tested at intervals throughout a 6.5-hour intensive Polish course on their ability to extract target words from Polish sentences. Following Rast and Dommergues’ (2003) first exposure study, stimuli were designed to investigate the effect of three factors: the lexical transparency of the target word with respect to the native language (L1); the frequency of the target word in the input; the target word’s position in the sentence. Results suggest that utterance position plays an essential role in learners’ ability to recognize words in the signal at first exposure, indicating acute sensitivity to the edges of prosodic domains. In addition, transparent words (e.g. professor ‘professor’) were recognized significantly better than non-transparent words (e.g. lekarz ‘doctor’), suggesting that first exposure learners are highly dependent on L1 phonological forms. Furthermore, the frequency of a target word in the input did not affect performance, suggesting that at the very beginning stages of learning, the amount of exposure to a lexical item alone does not play a significant role in recognition.