bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Massive accumulation of osteoclastic giant cells in rapid destructive hip disease
Authors: Seitz Sebastian , Zustin Jozef , Amling Michael , Rüther Wolfgang , Niemeier Andreas 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe term rapid destructive hip disease (RDHD) designates a rare coxarthropathy characterized by a rapid destruction of the femoral head within a few weeks to several months. The etiology and pathogenesis of RDHD are not understood. The goal of this study was to define the histological and histomorphometric hallmarks of RDHD to provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Fifteen consecutive RDHD patients (mean age 78.9 ± 6.4 years, 14 females) demonstrated the characteristic radiographic appearance of vanishing femoral head bone stock without signs of reactive anabolic changes. Histologic and histomorphometric analyses revealed severe bone resorption with significantly increased numbers of morphologically altered giant osteoclasts, the formation of giant cell granulomas both in bone marrow and the synovium and significantly increased osteoblast numbers and osteoid as compared to controls with primary osteoarthritis (OA). These results suggest that in RDHD, an unknown stimulus leads to a massive activation of osteoclasts and this in turn provokes a reactive increase in osteoblast activity that is too weak to counteract the rapid destruction of the hip, thus providing a rationale for a prospective systematic search for the stimuli upstream of the massively increased osteoclast activation in RDHD. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:702–708, 2014.
Off‐resonance suppression for multispectral MR imaging near metallic implants
Authors: den Harder J. Chiel , van Yperen Gert H. , Blume Ulrike A. , Bos Clemens 
Published: January 2014

PurposeMetal artifact reduction in MRI within clinically feasible scan‐times without through‐plane aliasing.Theory and MethodsExisting metal artifact reduction techniques include view angle tilting (VAT), which resolves in‐plane distortions, and multispectral imaging (MSI) techniques, such as slice encoding for metal artifact correction (SEMAC) and multi‐acquisition with variable resonances image combination (MAVRIC), that further reduce image distortions, but significantly increase scan‐time. Scan‐time depends on anatomy size and anticipated total spectral content of the signal. Signals outside the anticipated spatial region may cause through‐plane back‐folding. Off‐resonance suppression (ORS), using different gradient amplitudes for excitation and refocusing, is proposed to provide well‐defined spatial‐spectral selectivity in MSI to allow scan‐time reduction and flexibility of scan‐orientation. Comparisons of MSI techniques with and without ORS were made in phantom and volunteer experiments.ResultsOff‐resonance suppressed SEMAC (ORS‐SEMAC) and outer‐region suppressed MAVRIC (ORS‐MAVRIC) required limited through‐plane phase encoding steps compared with original MSI. Whereas SEMAC (scan time: 5′46″) and MAVRIC (4′12″) suffered from through‐plane aliasing, ORS‐SEMAC and ORS‐MAVRIC allowed alias‐free imaging in the same scan‐times.ConclusionORS can be used in MSI to limit the selected spatial‐spectral region and contribute to metal artifact reduction in clinically feasible scan‐times while avoiding slice aliasing. Magn Reson Med 73:233–243, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic value of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate in radical prostatectomy specimens
Authors: Kimura Kyosuke , Tsuzuki Toyonori , Kato Masashi , Saito Akiko M. , Sassa Naoto , Ishida Ryo , Hirabayashi Hiroki , Yoshino Yasushi , Hattori Ryohei , Gotoh Momokazu 
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUNDIntraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC‐P) is an adverse prognostic factor for radical prostatectomy (RP). The endpoint in most IDC‐P studies is increased prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether IDC‐P in RP specimens is an adverse prognostic factor for progression‐free survival (PFS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS).METHODSWe retrospectively evaluated 206 high‐risk prostate cancer patients treated with RP and analyzed data on age, serum PSA level at diagnosis, biopsy Gleason score (bGS), surgical margin (SM), clinical T stage (cT), extraprostatic extension (EPE), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), lymph node metastasis (LN), and neoadjuvant therapy.RESULTSAn IDC‐P component was found in 104 cases. Forty‐four patients experienced clinical failure, and 20 patients died of the disease. Patients with IDC‐P showed a higher bGS and stage (including cT, EPE, SVI, and LN) than those without IDC‐P. In univariate analysis, IDC‐P, PSA level, bGS, SM, cT, SVI, LN, and EPE (P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with PFS. IDC‐P (P = 0.0004), PSA level (P < 0.0001), SM (P = 0.0013), cT (P = 0.0019), SVI (P = 0.0012), and LN (P = 0.0002) were significantly associated with CSS. In multivariate analysis, IDC‐P (P = 0.0038), and cT (P = 0.0001) were significantly associated with PFS. IDC‐P (P = 0.0238) and PSA level (P = 0.0112) were significantly associated with CSS.CONCLUSIONSIDC‐P in RP specimens was an independent risk factor for PFS and CSS and could predict clinical outcomes. Prostate 74:680–687, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Science news stories as boundary objects affecting engagement with science
Authors: Polman Joseph L. , Hope Jennifer M.G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper explores how participating in a program spanning an informal science institution and multiple school sites engaged youth with science in a different way. In particular, teens in the program selected and researched science topics of personal interest, and then authored, revised, and published science news stories about those topics in an authentic publication venue with an outside editor. Through five case studies analyzed according to a sociocultural framework for engagement understood as involving actions, interests and identifications, the authors describe how the news story artifacts became “boundary objects” inhabiting several intersecting social worlds. These boundary objects are often mediated by adults acting as brokers spanning communities. The properties of the news stories that enable them to act as boundary objects include their mutability and shareability as electronic draft documents created in distributed learning environments and responded to by an editor based at a distance, their flexibility in terms of genres for expressing the meaning and importance of science, and their portability across space in the form of print‐ and web‐based publications that are valued by multiple communities. Implications for developing youth identities while fostering participation in critical thinking about science are discussed, along with further research needed on understanding the power of personal connections to health, and the role of brokers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 315–341, 2014
Minimally invasive therapy for fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma: case series and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Van Mieghem T. , Al‐Ibrahim A. , Deprest J. , Lewi L. , Langer J. C. , Baud D. , O'Brien K. , Beecroft R. , Chaturvedi R. , Jaeggi E. , Fish J. , Ryan G. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveLarge solid sacrococcygeal teratomas (SCT) can cause high‐output cardiac failure and fetal or neonatal death. The aim of this study was to describe the outcomes of minimally invasive antenatal procedures for the treatment of fetal SCT.MethodsA case review was performed of five fetuses with a large SCT treated antenatally using minimally invasive techniques, and a systematic literature review on fetal therapy for solid SCTs was carried out.ResultsFive women were referred between 17 + 5 and 26 + 4 weeks' gestation for a large fetal SCT with evidence of fetal cardiac failure. Vascular flow to the tumors was interrupted by fetoscopic laser ablation (n = 1), radiofrequency ablation (RFA; n = 2) or interstitial laser ablation  ±  vascular coiling (n = 2). There were two intrauterine fetal deaths. The other three cases resulted in preterm labor within 10 days of surgery. One neonate died. Two survived without procedure‐related complications but had long‐term morbidity related to prematurity. The systematic literature review revealed 16 SCTs treated minimally invasively for (early) hydrops. Including our cases, six of 20 hydropic fetuses survived after minimally invasive therapy (30%). Survival after RFA or interstitial laser ablation was 45% (5/11). Of 12 fetuses treated for SCT without obvious hydrops and for which perinatal survival data were available, eight (67%) survived. Mean gestational age at delivery after minimally invasive therapy was 29.7 ± 4.0 weeks. Survival after open fetal surgery in hydropic fetuses was 6/11 (55%), with a mean gestational age at delivery of 29.8 ± 2.9 weeks.ConclusionsFetal therapy can potentially improve perinatal outcomes for hydropic fetuses with a solid SCT, but is often complicated by intrauterine death and preterm birth. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A personal history of Bayesian statistics
Authors: Leonard Thomas Hoskyns 
Published: January 2014

The history of Bayesian statistics is traced, from a personal perspective, through various strands and via its re‐genesis during the 1960s to the current day. Emphasis is placed on broad‐sense Bayesian methodology that can be used to meaningfully analyze observed datasets. Over 750 people in science, medicine, and socioeconomics, who have influenced the evolution of the Bayesian approach into the powerful paradigm that it is today, are highlighted. The frequentist/Bayesian controversy is addressed, together with the ways in which many Bayesians combine the two ideologies as a Bayes/non‐Bayes compromise, e.g., when drawing inferences about unknown parameters or when investigating the choice of sampling model in relation to its real‐life background. A number of fundamental issues are discussed and critically examined, and some elementary explanations for nontechnical readers and some personal reminiscences are included. Some of the Bayesian contributions of the 21st century are subjected to more detailed critique, so that readers may learn more about the quality and relevance of the ongoing research. A recent resolution of Lindley's paradox by Baskurt and Evans is reported. The axioms of subjective probability are reassessed, some state‐of‐the‐art alternatives to Leonard Savage's axioms of utility are discussed, and Deborah Mayo and Michael Evan's refutation of Allan Birnbaum's 1962 justification of the likelihood principle in terms of the sufficiency and conditionality principles is addressed.WIREs Comput Stat2014, 6:80–115. doi: 10.1002/wics.1293This article is categorized under:Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bayesian Methods and Theory
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the Alkali Thiophosphates Na2P2S6, Na4P2S6, K4P2S6, and Rb4P2S6
Authors: Kuhn Alexander , Eger Roland , Nuss Jürgen , Lotsch Bettina V. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractFour compounds in the ternary systems Na‐P‐S, K‐P‐S, and Rb‐P‐S, Na2P2S6, Na4P2S6, K4P2S6, and Rb4P2S6 were prepared and structurally characterized using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Na2P2S6 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m (no. 11) with a = 6.6752(3) Å, b = 7.7968(4) Å, c = 9.0379(4) Å, and β = 90.151(1)° in a new structure type that can be described as a distorted Tl2P2S6 structure.The monoclinic structure of Na4P2S6 [space group C2/m, no. 12, a = 6.725(2) Å, b = 11.222(2) Å, c = 7.542(2) Å, and β = 107.03(3)°] is a stuffed variant of the FePS3 structure. K4P2S6 and Rb4P2S6 are isotypic and crystallize in the K4P2Se6 structure type [space group P21/c, no. 14, a = 13.243(3) / 13.538(3), b = 11.946(2) / 12.310(3), c = 8.396(2) / 8.751(2) Å, and β = 91.44(3) / 92.46(3)° for K4P2S6 / Rb4P2S6].
An invasive gull displaces native waterbirds to breeding habitats more exposed to native predators
Authors: Skórka Piotr , Martyka Rafał , Wójcik Joanna D. , Lenda Magdalena 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe effect of invasive opportunistic predators may include population changes in both native prey and native predators as well as alteration of predator–prey interactions. We analyzed the activity of native magpie Pica pica and changes in population, nest sites and nesting success probability of native waterbirds (namely: grebes, ducks, rails and native gulls) in response to the population growth of the invasive Caspian gull Larus cachinnans. The study was carried out at a reservoir in southern Poland and at a similar control reservoir where the Caspian gull was absent. Both the invasive gulls and the native magpie are opportunistic predators of nests of native waterbirds. The population increase of the invasive gull led to a decline in the population of native black‐headed gulls Larus ridibundus only. However, the invasive gull displaced all the native species from the breeding islets located in the central part of the reservoir to islets located close to the shoreline. The latter were frequently visited by magpies, which depredated on nests along the shores, leading to an up to threefold decrease in nesting success as compared with nests located in the central area of the invaded reservoir. Predation by Caspian gulls was rarely observed. Thus, the invasion of Caspian gull caused complex direct and indirect effects on the waterbird community that included competition for breeding sites, changes in the spatial distribution of nests and alteration of predation rate by native predators. Moreover, the effects of invasion may not be reflected by changes in population size of native species.
The Impact of Legislative Standards on Batterer Intervention Program Practices and Characteristics
Authors: Boal Ashley L. , Mankowski Eric S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractChanges in social policy are often pursued with the goal of reducing a social problem by improving prevention efforts, intervention program practices, or participant outcomes. State legislative standards for intimate partner violence intervention programs have been adopted nearly universally across the US, however, we do not know whether such standards actually achieve the intended goal of affecting programs’ policies and practices. To assess the effect that batterer intervention program (BIP) standards have on policies and practices of programs, this study used longitudinal surveys collected as part of an ongoing evaluation conducted from 2001 to the present to compare intervention program (N= 74) characteristics and practices at three time points before and after the adoption of standards in Oregon. Analyses were conducted to examine all BIPs in Oregon at each time point, as well as change among a subset of programs in existence at all survey assessments. Results indicate that across all programs, the use of mixed gender group co‐facilitation increased by 14 % between 2004 and 2008, while program length increased by approximately 12 weeks. However, other practices such as programs’ coordination with community partners were unchanged. Analyses of within‐program change revealed fewer differences, with only program length increasing significantly over the three assessments. These and other findings indicate that while standards affected program length as intended, other practices commonly addressed by legislative standards remained unchanged. The findings provide needed information regarding programs’ compliance with components of the standards, the potential need for compliance monitoring, and the potential impact of state standards on program effectiveness and on the prevalence of intimate partner violence.
Common versus psychopathology-specific risk factors for psychotic experiences and depression during adolescence
Authors: Kounali D. , Zammit S. , Wiles N. , Sullivan S. , Cannon M. , Stochl J. , Jones P. , Mahedy L. , Gage S. H. , Heron J. , Lewis G. 
Published: January 2014

BackgroundAn argument often used to support the view that psychotic experiences (PEs) in general population samples are a valid phenotype for studying the aetiology of schizophrenia is that risk factors for schizophrenia show similar patterns of association with PEs. However, PEs often co-occur with depression, and no study has explicitly tested whether risk factors for schizophrenia are shared between PEs and depression, or are psychopathology specific, while jointly modelling both outcomes.MethodWe used data from 7030 subjects from a birth cohort study. Depression and PEs at age 18 years were assessed using self-report questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. We compared the extent to which risk factors for schizophrenia across sociodemographic, familial, neurodevelopmental, stress–adversity, emotional–behavioural and substance use domains showed different associations with PEs and depression within bivariate models that allowed for their correlation.ResultsMost of the exposures examined were associated, to a similar degree, with an increased risk of both outcomes. However, whereas female sex and family history of depression showed some discrimination as potential risk factors for depression and PEs, with stronger associations in the former, markers of abnormal neurodevelopment showed stronger associations with PEs.ConclusionsThe argument that PEs are valid markers for studying the aetiology of schizophrenia, made simply on the basis that they share risk factors in common, is not well supported. PEs seem to be a weak index of genetic and environmental risk for schizophrenia; however, studies disentangling aetiological pathways to PEs from those impacting upon co-morbid psychopathology might provide important insights into the aetiology of psychotic disorders.
Saturated output feedback control of uncertain nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots
Authors: Shojaei Khoshnam 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYMany research works on the control of nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots (WMRs) do not consider the actuator saturation problem and the absence of velocity sensors in practice. The actuator saturation deteriorates the tracking performance of the controller, and the use of velocity sensors increases the cost and weight of WMR systems. This paper simultaneously addresses these problems by designing a saturated output feedback controller for uncertain nonholonomic WMRs. First, a second-order input–output model of nonholonomic WMRs is developed by defining a suitable set of output equations. Then a saturated adaptive robust tracking controller is proposed without velocity measurements. For this purpose, a nonlinear saturated observer is used to estimate robot velocities. The risk of actuator saturation is effectively reduced by utilizing saturation functions in the design of the observer–controller scheme. Semi-global uniform ultimate boundedness of error signals is guarantied by the Lyapunov stability analyses. Finally, simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed controller. Compared with one recent work of the author, a comparative study is also presented to illustrate that the proposed saturated controller is more effective when WMR actuators are subjected to saturation.
Regenerative effects in the Sit-to-Stand and Stand-to-Sit movement
Authors: Wong Ronnie Joseph , Smith James Andrew 
Published: January 2014

SUMMARYWhile Sit-to-Stand and Stand-to-Sit are routine activities and are crucial pre-requisites to walking and running their underlying dynamics are poorly understood. Furthermore, the potential for using these movements to regenerate energy in energy-sensitive devices such as orthoses, prostheses and humanoid robots has never been examined. Insights in this domain can lead to more energy-efficient prosthesis, orthosis and humanoid robot designs.OBJECTIVES: The objectives are two-fold: first, to determine how much energy can be regenerated during standard movements related to transitions between sitting and standing on a scale humanoid model and second, to determine if the chosen actuator could produce better results if the gear ratio were modified. This manuscript's main contribution to the literature is by showing which joint provides the most regenerative effect during transitions between sitting and standing.MODEL DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION: Joint trajectories from existing biomechanics trials of sitting and standing transitions were fed into a 1/10 scale model of a humanoid robot. The robot model, developed in MapleSim, is comprised of standard and off-the-shelf subcomponents, including amplifier, NiMH battery and Robotis Dynamixel RX-28 actuators.RESULTS: Using the RX-28 actuator, the ankle, knee and hip joints all show a degree of regenerative effects, the hip demonstrates the most dramatic levels during the transition from standing to sitting. This contrasts with recent publications which show that the knee has the most important regenerative effects during walking and running. It is also found that for under 3 degree trajectory error the regenerative effect is best for all joints when the gear ratio is increased from the RX-28's 193:1 value to a value of approximately 760:1 for the ankle, 630:1 for the knee and 600:1 for the hip.CONCLUSIONS: During transitions between sitting and standing the greatest potential for regeneration occurs in the hips. Therefore, systems designed to implement regenerative effects between sitting and standing need to include subsystems at the hip for maximum regenerative effects.
Propositions as sessions
Authors: WADLER PHILIP 
Published: January 2014

AbstractContinuing a line of work by Abramsky (1994), Bellin and Scott (1994), and Caires and Pfenning (2010), among others, this paper presents CP, a calculus, in which propositions of classical linear logic correspond to session types. Continuing a line of work by Honda (1993), Hondaet al. (1998), and Gay & Vasconcelos (2010), among others, this paper presents GV, a linear functional language with session types, and a translation from GV into CP. The translation formalises for the first time a connection between a standard presentation of session types and linear logic, and shows how a modification to the standard presentation yields a language free from races and deadlock, where race and deadlock freedom follows from the correspondence to linear logic.