bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gomphonema svalbardense sp. nov., a new freshwater diatom species (Bacillariophyta) from the Arctic Region
Authors: Pinseel Eveline , Kopalova Katerina , Vijver Bart Van de 
Published: June 2014

During a survey of freshwater diatoms from lakes in the region of Petuniabukta on Spitsbergen (Svalbard Archipelago) a new Gomphonema species, G. svalbardense sp. nov., has been recorded. The new taxon was previously cited in the literature as G. angustatum var. undulatum but this identification proved to be erroneous. Detailed morphology description of G. svalbardense based on light and scanning electron microscopy is presented in this paper and the morphological features of the taxon have been compared with similar species. Gomphonema svalbardense is characterized by its typical linear, almost naviculoid outline with undulating margins, with clearly inflated central part, asymmetric central area, lateral raphe with simple straight proximal endings and the weakly radiate striae. History, ecology and biogeography of the species, mainly based on literature data, have been included.
The Impact of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery on Health Care Use in Patients with Respiratory Comorbidities
Authors: Benninger Michael S. , Holy Chantal E. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveAnalyze health care needs and outcomes—defined by changes in health care utilization—in cohorts of patients with respiratory comorbidities and requiring sinus surgery for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).Study DesignRetrospective database analysis.SettingUS‐wide claims database (MarketScan).Subjects and MethodsAll patients with endoscopic sinus surgery (CPT 31254‐31288) in 2008 and at least 2 years of continuous enrollment prior and post surgery were analyzed for concurrent comorbidities (asthma, polyps, aspirin sensitivity, and allergies). Inpatient and outpatient events as well as prescriptions related to the treatment of CRS were analyzed for frequency and cost, based on respiratory comorbidities.ResultsA total of 9105 patients were included and subdivided as following: no respiratory comorbidity (N = 4780), asthma only (N = 1167), polyps and asthma (N = 721), Samter's triad (N = 91), and additional subgroups based on various combinations of concurrent comorbidities. Before surgery, costs were flat, ranging from $296.4 (95% CI, $263.1‐$329.8) per patient per year for patients in the no comorbidity group to $2189 (95% CI, $1449.2‐$2930.1) for patients with Samter's triad. Surgery was preceded by at least 6 months of increased health care utilization (outpatient care and prescriptions). Following surgery, health care needs declined rapidly and reached baseline levels within 3 to 4 postoperative months. Patients with asthma received significantly more health care for CRS than patients without asthma through the entire study.ConclusionsPatients with CRS incur continuous costs and health care needs, due to the chronic nature of their disease. All patients, regardless of comorbidity, experienced significant decline in health care needs following sinus surgery from their preoperative state.
Elective Lymphadenectomy during Salvage for Locally Recurrent Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Radiation
Authors: Prendes Brandon L. , Aubin‐Pouliot Annick , Egbert Nitin , Ryan William R. 
Published: June 2014

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the rate of occult metastases in patients with head and neck mucosal squamous cell carcinoma who have undergone therapeutic neck radiation, and then develop primary site recurrence, without clinical evidence of recurrent neck disease.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsHead and neck mucosal squamous cell carcinoma patients with N+ necks treated with primary radiation who developed primary site recurrence with radiologically resolved neck lymphadenopathy, treated with salvage primary‐site surgery with or without elective cervical lymphadenectomy (ECL). Main outcome measures were rate of occult nodal metastases, complication rates, and disease‐free survival.ResultsSixteen patients met inclusion criteria. Of 18 neck sides that underwent either ECL or observation for a mean follow‐up of 26 months, 4 (22.2%) were found to have positive occult cervical metastases, all on the ipsilateral side of preradiation neck disease. Patients with advanced T‐stage and/or free flap reconstruction were more likely to undergo cervical lymphadenectomy. Patients with persistent (as opposed to recurrent) primary site tumors had the highest rate of occult cervical metastases.ConclusionThe risk of occult nodal metastases of 22.2%, in this study, may be too high to justify routinely omitting elective cervical lymphadenectomy in this patient population. Lymphadenectomy should especially be considered in patients with persistent tumors, with advanced recurrent T‐stage, and undergoing free flap reconstruction.
The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on pulmonary function during robotic cardiac surgery
Authors: Wang G , Xiao S , Gao C 
Published: June 2014

Background: We aimed to investigate the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on pulmonary function under the conditions of one-lung ventilation (OLV) and carbon dioxide pneumothorax in robotic cardiac surgery. Methods: Ninety-eight patients underwent robotic cardiac surgery using the da Vinci Surgical System, including 58 on-pump surgeries and 40 off-pump surgeries. Respiratory parameters and arterial blood gases were assessed at the following time points: 25 min after the induction of anesthesia under two-lung ventilation (T1), 25 min after OLV (T2), 25 min after the termination of CPB under OLV in the on-pump group or 25 min after the main surgery intervention in the off-pump group (T3) and 20 min before the end of surgery (T4). Dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), alveolar-arterial PO2 difference (PA-aDO2), oxygenation index (OI) and artery-alveolar O2 pressure ratio (a/A) were calculated. Results: No significant differences in pulmonary function parameters between T2 and T3 were observed in the off-pump group. However, in the on-pump group, compared with those at T2, PETCO2, Ppeak, PaCO2 and PA-aDO2 at T3 were higher, whereas SpO2, Cdyn, PaO2, OI and a/A were lower (p<0.05). Comparisons between the two groups at T3 indicated that SpO2, Cdyn, PaO2, OI and a/A were higher, while Ppeak, PaCO2 and PA-aDO2 were lower in the off-pump group (p<0.01). Conclusions: In robotic cardiac surgery under the conditions of OLV and carbon dioxide pneumothorax, CPB worsened pulmonary function and tolerance to OLV and carbon dioxide pneumothorax.
CGRP infusion in unanesthetized rats increases expression of c-Fos in the nucleus tractus solitarius and caudal ventrolateral medulla, but not in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis
Authors: Bhatt Deepak K , Ramachandran Roshni , Christensen Sarah LT , Gupta Saurabh , Jansen-Olesen Inger , Olesen Jes 
Published: June 2014

Background and aims Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) infusion in migraineurs provokes headache resembling spontaneous migraine, and CGRP receptor antagonists are effective in the treatment of acute migraine. We hypothesized that CGRP infusion would increase molecular markers of neuronal activation in migraine-relevant tissues of the rat. Methods CGRP was infused intravenously (i.v.) in freely moving rats to circumvent factors like anesthesia, acute surgery and severe hypotension, the three confounding factors for c-Fos expression. The trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) was isolated at different time points after CGRP infusion. The level of c-Fos mRNA and protein expression in TNC were analyzed by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. c-Fos-stained nuclei were also counted in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), integrative sites in the brain stem for processing cardiovascular signals. We also investigated Zif268 protein expression (another immediate early gene) in TNC. The protein expression of p-ERK, p-CREB and c-Fos was analyzed in dura mater, trigeminal ganglion (TG) and TNC samples using Western blot. Results CGRP infusion caused a significant dose-dependent fall in mean arterial blood pressure. No significant activation of c-Fos in the TNC at mRNA and protein levels was observed after CGRP infusion. A significant increase in c-Fos protein was observed in the NTS and CVLM in the brain stem. Zif268 expression in the TNC was also not changed after CGRP infusion. p-ERK was increased in the dura mater 30 minutes after CGRP infusion. Conclusion CGRP infusion increased the early expression of p-ERK in the dura mater but did not increase c-Fos and Zif268 expression in the TNC. The rats may, thus, differ from migraine patients, in whom infusion of CGRP caused headache and a delayed migraine attack. The rat CGRP infusion model with c-Fos or Zif268 as neuronal pain markers in TNC is unsuitable for antimigraine drug testing.
Risk Factors for Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in High School Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Tyler Timothy F. , Mullaney Michael J. , Mirabella Michael R. , Nicholas Stephen J. , McHugh Malachy P. 
Published: June 2014

Background: Shoulder strength and motion deficits in high school baseball pitchers have been implicated in injury risk. Purpose/Hypothesis: To prospectively determine if preseason strength and range of motion (ROM) are predictive of injury in high school baseball pitchers. It was hypothesized that ROM asymmetries and weakness would be predictive of injury. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Preseason strength and ROM measurements were made on 101 pitchers from 4 different high schools over 4 seasons (total 166 pitcher-seasons: 25 freshman, 46 junior varsity, and 95 varsity player-seasons). Glenohumeral internal rotation (IR), glenohumeral external rotation, and posterior shoulder ROM were measured bilaterally. Strength in IR, external rotation, supraspinatus (empty-can test), and scapular retraction was measured bilaterally (handheld dynamometer). Injury incidence (injuries per 1000 pitches) was computed for players categorized as above normal (≥1 SD above the mean), normal (within 1 standard deviation of the mean), and below normal (≤1 SD below the mean) for each potential risk factor. Injury was defined as a missed game or practice because of shoulder or elbow problem. Results: There were 28 upper extremity injuries (19 shoulder, 9 elbow; incidence, 0.58 injuries/1000 pitches). There was a trend for supraspinatus weakness to be associated with increased injury risk (relative risk [RR], 3.60; 95% CI, 0.75-17.32; P = .09). When analyzing major injuries only (>3 missed games), preseason supraspinatus weakness was significantly associated with increased injury risk (RR, 4.58; 95% CI, 1.40-15.01; P = .02). Paradoxically, pitchers with no IR loss were at increased risk compared with pitchers with ≥20° loss (RR, 4.85; 95% CI, 1.01-23.29; P = .04). Other ROM and strength measures were unrelated to injury risk. Conclusion: Although excessive loss of IR ROM is thought to be a risk factor for injury, the opposite was the case in this study. The absence of IR ROM loss in high school pitchers may indicate inadequate prior exposure to pitching, resulting in increased injury risk. Preseason supraspinatus weakness was associated with increased risk for a major injury, and preventative supraspinatus strengthening may be beneficial.
Effects of Continuous Irrigation During Burring on Thermal Necrosis and Fusion Strength in a Rabbit Arthrodesis Model
Authors: Haddad Steven L. , Hsu Andrew R. , Templin Cary R. , Ren Yupeng , Stewart Bruce , Kohli Navjot S. , Zhang Li-Qun 
Published: June 2014

Background: High-speed burring used to prepare bony surfaces during arthrodesis procedures can increase heat generation that may impede healing and fusion. Irrigation during burring has the potential to improve early healing of burred bone surfaces and result in a stronger fusion mass. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of continuous irrigation during burring on thermal necrosis and fusion strength in an in vivo arthrodesis animal model. Methods: A small joint rabbit ulnohumeral arthrodesis model was developed and utilized in 16 New Zealand white rabbits. Joints were prepared and contoured using a high-speed cutting burr and fixed in compression with crossed screws to obtain fusion. Prepared bony surfaces were either irrigated (n = 8) with chilled 6°C (43°F) saline or not irrigated (n = 8). Specimens were harvested, radiographed, mechanically tested for torque to failure and stiffness, and evaluated for histology. Results: Fusion rate was 100% (8/8) when joints were irrigated during burring and 75% (6/8) when joints were not irrigated ( P = .45). Mechanical testing showed a mean torque to failure of 0.85 Nm and 0.72 Nm in irrigated and nonirrigated specimens, respectively ( P = .57). Histology showed evidence of less mature osseous formation in nonirrigated specimens compared to irrigated specimens. Conclusion: There was an overall trend toward decreased fusion rate and lower fusion mass strength in nonirrigated fusion specimens compared with those treated with chilled irrigation during bone preparation. Clinical Relevance: Continuous chilled irrigation during bone preparation with burring may have a positive effect on fusion rate and fusion mass strength for arthrodesis procedures.
Preventive Effects of Eccentric Training on Acute Hamstring Muscle Injury in Professional Baseball
Authors: Seagrave Richard A. , Perez Luis , McQueeney Sean , Toby E. Bruce , Key Vincent , Nelson Joshua D. 
Published: June 2014

Background: Hamstring injuries are the second most common injury causing missed days in professional baseball field players. Recent studies have shown the preventive benefit of eccentric conditioning on the hamstring muscle group in injury prevention. Specifically, Nordic-type exercises have been shown to decrease the incidence of acute hamstring injuries in professional athletes. Purpose: This was a prospective study performed in coordination with a single Major League Baseball (MLB) organization (major and minor league teams) that targeted the effects of Nordic exercises on the incidence of acute hamstring injuries in the professional-level baseball player. Study Design: Prospective cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: The daily workouts of 283 professional baseball players throughout all levels of a single MLB organization were prospectively recorded. The intervention group participated in the Nordic exercise program and was compared with a randomly selected control group of professional athletes within the organization not participating in the exercise program. The incidence of hamstring injuries in both groups was compared, and the total number of days missed due to injury was compared with the 2 previous seasons. Results: There were 10 hamstring injuries that occurred during the 2012 season among the 283 professional athletes that required removal from play. There were no injuries that occurred in the intervention group (n = 65, 0.00%; P = .0381). The number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent 1 hamstring injury was 11.3. The average repetitions per week of the injured group were assessed at multiple time points (2, 4, 6, and total weeks) prior to injury. There were significantly fewer repetitions per week performed in the injured group at all time points compared with overall average repetitions per week in the noninjured group ( P = .0459, .0127, .0164, and .0299, respectively). After beginning the Nordic exercise program, there were 136 total days missed due to a hamstring injury during the 2012 season. This number was less than the 2011 season (273 days missed) and the 2010 season (309 days missed). Conclusion: Study results indicate the initiation of Nordic hamstring exercises may decrease the incidence of acute hamstring injuries and potentially decrease the total number of days missed due to injury in professional baseball players. Clinical Relevance: The financial and competitive interest in professional baseball players is of large importance to the player, team, and fans. Prevention of injuries is as important to all parties involved as the treatment and rehabilitation following an injury. This prospective study shows the initiation of a simple, free exercise can reduce the incidence of hamstring injury in the professional-level baseball player.
BMP signaling balances murine myeloid potential through SMAD-independent p38MAPK and NOTCH pathways
Authors: Cook Brandoch D. , Evans Todd 
Published: June 2014

Key PointsIn differentiating ESCs, embryonic myelopoiesis is restricted by BMP signaling, independent of SMAD1/5 activity. Blocking BMP signaling enhances Notch activity and deactivates p38MAPK, causing increased C/EBP levels and increased myeloid progenitors.
Fixed points for generalized "Equation missing"-contractions on generalized metric spaces
Authors: Aydi Hassen , Karapınar Erdal , Samet Bessem 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce some generalized(α,ψ)-contractive mappings in the setting of generalized metric spaces and, based on the very recent paper (Kirk and Shahzad in Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2013:129, 2013), we omit the Hausdorff hypothesis to prove some fixed point results involving such mappings. Some consequences on existing fixed point theorems are also derived.MSC:46T99, 47H10, 54H25.
Association of purine asymmetry, strand-biased gene distribution and PolC within Firmicutes and beyond: a new appraisal
Authors: Saha Sanjoy Kumar , Goswami Aranyak , Dutta Chitra 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
The Firmicutes often possess three conspicuous genome features: marked Purine Asymmetry (PAS) across two strands of replication, Strand-biased Gene Distribution (SGD) and presence of two isoforms of DNA polymerase III alpha subunit, PolC and DnaE. Despite considerable research efforts, it is not clear whether the co-existence of PAS, PolC and/or SGD is an essential and exclusive characteristic of the Firmicutes. The nature of correlations, if any, between these three features within and beyond the lineages of Firmicutes has also remained elusive. The present study has been designed to address these issues.

Results
A large-scale analysis of diverse bacterial genomes indicates that PAS, PolC and SGD are neither essential nor exclusive features of the Firmicutes. PolC prevails in four bacterial phyla: Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Tenericutes and Thermotogae, while PAS occurs only in subsets of Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Tenericutes. There are five major compositional trends in Firmicutes: (I) an explicit PAS or G + A-dominance along the entire leading strand (II) only G-dominance in the leading strand, (III) alternate stretches of purine-rich and pyrimidine-rich sequences, (IV) G + T dominance along the leading strand, and (V) no identifiable patterns in base usage. Presence of strong SGD has been observed not only in genomes having PAS, but also in genomes with G-dominance along their leading strands – an observation that defies the notion of co-occurrence of PAS and SGD in Firmicutes. The PolC-containing non-Firmicutes organisms often have alternate stretches of R-dominant and Y-dominant sequences along their genomes and most of them show relatively weak, but significant SGD. Firmicutes having G + A-dominance or G-dominance along LeS usually show distinct base usage patterns in three codon sites of genes. Probable molecular mechanisms that might have incurred such usage patterns have been proposed.

Conclusion
Co-occurrence of PAS, strong SGD and PolC should not be regarded as a genome signature of the Firmicutes. Presence of PAS in a species may warrant PolC and strong SGD, but PolC and/or SGD not necessarily implies PAS.
Cluster-based segmentation of dual-echo ultra-short echo time images for PET/MR bone localization
Authors: Delso Gaspar , Zeimpekis Konstantinos , Carl Michael , Wiesinger Florian , Hüllner Martin , Veit-Haibach Patrick 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Background
Magnetic resonance (MR)-based attenuation correction is a critical component of integrated positron emission tomography (PET)/MR scanners. It is generally achieved by segmenting MR images into tissue classes with known attenuation properties (e.g., bone, fat, soft tissue, lung, air). Ultra-short echo time (UTE) have been proposed in the past to locate bone tissue. In this study, tri-modality computed tomography data was used to develop an improved algorithm for the localization of bone in the head and neck.

Methods
Twenty patients were scanned using a tri-modality setup. A UTE acquisition with 22-cm transaxial and 24-cm axial field of view was acquired, with a resolution of 1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 mm3. The sequence consisted of two echoes (30 μs, 1.7 ms) with a flip angle of 10° and 125-kHz bandwidth. The CT images of all patients were classified by thresholding and used to compute maps of the posterior probability of each tissue class, given a pair of UTE echo values. The Jaccard distance was used to compare with CT the bone masks obtained when using this information to segment the UTE datasets.

Results
The results show the desired bony structures as a cluster pattern in the space of dual-echo measurements. The clusters obtained for the tissue classes are strongly overlapped, indicating that the MR data will not, regardless of the chosen space partition, be able to completely differentiate the bony and soft structures.
The classification obtained by maximizing the posterior probability compared well to previously published methods, providing a more intuitive and robust choice of the final classification threshold. The distance between MR- and CT-based bone masks was 59% on average (0% being a perfect match), compared to 76% and 69% for two previously published methods.

Conclusions
The study of tri-modality datasets shows that improved bone tissue classification can be achieved by estimating maps of the posterior probability of voxels belonging to a particular tissue class, given a measured pair of UTE echoes.
Intensive care unit admission in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: patient information and the physician’s decision-making process
Authors: Schmidt Matthieu , Demoule Alexandre , Deslandes-Boutmy Emmanuelle , Chaize Marine , de Miranda Sandra , Bèle Nicolas , Roche Nicolas , Azoulay Elie , Similowski Thomas 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Introduction
ICU admission is required in more than 25% of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at some time during the course of the disease. However, only limited information is available on how physicians communicate with COPD patients about ICU admission.

Methods
COPD patients and relatives from 19 French ICUs were interviewed at ICU discharge about their knowledge of COPD. French pulmonologists self-reported their practices for informing and discussing intensive care treatment preferences with COPD patients. Finally, pulmonologists and ICU physicians reported barriers and facilitators for transfer of COPD patients to the ICU and to propose invasive mechanical ventilation.

Results
Self-report questionnaires were filled in by 126 COPD patients and 102 relatives, and 173 pulmonologists and 135 ICU physicians were interviewed. For 41% (n = 39) of patients and 54% (n = 51) of relatives, ICU admission had never been expected prior to admission. One half of patients were not routinely informed by their pulmonologist about possible ICU admission at some time during the course of COPD. Moreover, treatment options (that is, non-invasive ventilation, intubation and mechanical ventilation or tracheotomy) were not explained to COPD patients during regular pulmonologist visits. Pulmonologists and ICU physician have different perceptions of the decision-making process pertaining to ICU admission and intubation.

Conclusions
The information provided by pulmonologists to patients and families concerning the prognosis of COPD, the risks of ICU admission and specific care could be improved in order to deliver ICU care in accordance with the patient’s personal values and preferences. Given the discrepancies in the decision-making process between pulmonologists and intensivists, a more collaborative approach should probably be discussed.