bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Parameters in the COMPASS Divertor During Ohmic Plasmas
Authors: Dimitrova M. , Dejarnac R. , Popov Tsv. K. , Ivanova P. , Vasileva E. , Kovačič J. , Stöckel J. , Havlicek J. , Janky F. , Panek R. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis paper reports on probe measurements of the electron energy distribution function and plasma potential in the divertor region of the COMPASS tokamak during D‐shaped plasmas. The probe data have been processed using the novel first‐derivative technique. A comparison with the results obtained by processing the same data with the classical probe technique, which assumes Maxwellian electron energy distribution functions is presented and discussed. In the vicinity of the inner and outer strike points of the divertor the electron energy distribution function can be approximated by a bi‐Maxwellian, with a dominating low‐energy electron population (4‐7 eV) and a minority of higher energy electrons (12‐25 eV). In the private flux region between the two strike points the electron energy distribution function is found to be Maxwellian with temperatures in the range of 7‐10 eV. The comparative analysis using both techniques has allowed a better insight into the underlying physical processes at the divertor region of the COMPASS tokamak. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Langmuir Probe Evaluation of the Plasma Potential in Tokamak Edge Plasma for Non‐Maxwellian EEDF
Authors: Popov Tsv. K. , Dimitrova M. , Ivanova P. , Hasan E. , Horáček J. , Dejarnac R. , Stöckel J. , Weinzettl V. , Kovačič J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe First derivative probe technique for a correct evaluation of the plasma potential in the case of non‐Maxwellian EEDF is presented and used to process experimental data from COMPASS tokamak. Results obtained from classical and first derivative techniques are compared and discussed. The first derivative probe technique provides values for the plasma potential in the scrape‐off layer of tokamak plasmas with an accuracy of about ±10%. Classical probe technique can provide values of the plasma potential only, if the electron and ion temperatures are known as well as the coefficient of secondary electron emission. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A New Deduction Method of Heat Flux Evolution From Thermal Probe Data
Authors: Matsuura H. , Nagaoka K. , Morisaki T. , Masuzaki S. , Osakabe M. , Tanaka H. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractMeasurement and control of divertor heat flux are a crucial issue for realization of fusion burning plasma. However, time‐dependent heat flux is often difficult to be estimated experimentally, because thermal diffusion process in thermal probe tips takes time longer than the discharge duration of present experiments. A new reconstruction method for time dependent heat flux from the measurement of the thermal probe tip temperature is proposed in this paper. The heat flux of the Large Helical Device divertor leg was analyzed by the proposed method as the function of the time for the first time. This indicates that heat flux measurement with thermal probes would become a monitoring tools even for the future fusion devices. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pica and rumination behavior among individuals seeking treatment for eating disorders or obesity
Authors: Delaney Charlotte B. , Eddy Kamryn T. , Hartmann Andrea S. , Becker Anne E. , Murray Helen B. , Thomas Jennifer J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractObjectivePica and rumination disorder (RD)—formerly classified within DSM‐IV Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood—are now classified within DSM‐5 Feeding and Eating Disorders. Though pica and RD have been studied in select populations (e.g., pregnant women, intellectually disabled persons), their typical features and overall prevalence remain unknown. This study examined the clinical characteristics and frequency of DSM‐5 pica and RD among individuals seeking treatment for eating disorders and obesity.MethodWe conducted structured interviews with adolescent and young adult females from a residential eating disorder center (N = 149), and adult males and females with overweight or obesity from an outpatient weight‐loss clinic (N = 100).ResultsSeveral participants reported ingesting non‐nutritive substances (e.g., ice) for weight‐control purposes. However, only 1.3% (n = 2; 95% CI: .06% to 5.1%) at the residential eating disorder center and 0% at the weight‐loss clinic met DSM‐5 criteria for pica, consuming gum and plastic. Although no eating disorder participants were eligible for an RD diagnosis due to DSM‐5 trumping rules, 7.4% (n = 11; 95% CI: 4.0% to 12.9%) endorsed rumination behavior under varying degrees of volitional control. At the weight‐loss clinic, 2.0% (n = 2; 95% CI: 0.1% to 7.4%) had RD.DiscussionDSM‐5 pica and RD were rare in our sample of individuals seeking treatment for eating disorders and obesity, but related behaviors were more common. The wide range of pica and rumination presentations highlights the challenges of differential diagnosis with other forms of disordered eating. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:238–248)
Immune priming and pathogen resistance in ant queens
Authors: Gálvez Dumas , Chapuisat Michel 
Published: April 2014

AbstractGrowing empirical evidence indicates that invertebrates become more resistant to a pathogen following initial exposure to a nonlethal dose; yet the generality, mechanisms, and adaptive value of such immune priming are still under debate. Because life‐history theory predicts that immune priming and large investment in immunity should be more frequent in long‐lived species, we here tested for immune priming and pathogen resistance in ant queens, which have extraordinarily long life span. We exposed virgin and mated queens of Lasius niger and Formica selysi to a low dose of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, before challenging them with a high dose of the same pathogen. We found evidence for immune priming in naturally mated queens of L. niger. In contrast, we found no sign of priming in virgin queens of L. niger, nor in virgin or experimentally mated queens of F. selysi, which indicates that immune priming in ant queens varies according to mating status and mating conditions or species. In both ant species, mated queens showed higher pathogen resistance than virgin queens, which suggests that mating triggers an up‐regulation of the immune system. Overall, mated ant queens combine high reproductive output, very long life span, and elevated investment in immune defense. Hence, ant queens are able to invest heavily in both reproduction and maintenance, which can be explained by the fact that mature queens will be protected and nourished by their worker offspring.
Very low levels of direct additive genetic variance in fitness and fitness components in a red squirrel population
Authors: McFarlane S. Eryn , Gorrell Jamieson C. , Coltman David W. , Humphries Murray M. , Boutin Stan , McAdam Andrew G. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA trait must genetically correlate with fitness in order to evolve in response to natural selection, but theory suggests that strong directional selection should erode additive genetic variance in fitness and limit future evolutionary potential. Balancing selection has been proposed as a mechanism that could maintain genetic variance if fitness components trade off with one another and has been invoked to account for empirical observations of higher levels of additive genetic variance in fitness components than would be expected from mutation–selection balance. Here, we used a long‐term study of an individually marked population of North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) to look for evidence of (1) additive genetic variance in lifetime reproductive success and (2) fitness trade‐offs between fitness components, such as male and female fitness or fitness in high‐ and low‐resource environments. “Animal model” analyses of a multigenerational pedigree revealed modest maternal effects on fitness, but very low levels of additive genetic variance in lifetime reproductive success overall as well as fitness measures within each sex and environment. It therefore appears that there are very low levels of direct genetic variance in fitness and fitness components in red squirrels to facilitate contemporary adaptation in this population.
Di‐ and Tricationic Organic Salts: An Overview of Their Properties and Applications
Authors: D'Anna Francesca , Noto Renato 
Published: April 2014

AbstractDuring recent years growing interest has been devoted to the synthesis and applications of polycationic organic salts. Among them, di‐ and tricationic organic salts can be considered the natural evolution of monocationic ones. These last have given rise to the large class of ionic liquids. In the cases of di‐ and tricationic organic salts, the potential to change their structural features simply by varying the properties either of the charged heads or of the spacers separating them provides the opportunity to obtain materials suitable for different applications. This review article highlights recent progress in the study of the properties of di‐ and tricationic organic salts, as well as in some of their uses as solvent systems, receptors for anion recognition, ionic liquid crystals, low‐molecular‐weight gelators, additives for dye‐sensitized solar cells, and so on.
Gold(I)‐, Palladium(II)‐, Platinum(II)‐, and Mercury(II)‐Catalysed Spirocyclization of 1,3‐Enynediols: Reaction Scope
Authors: Zhdanko Alexander , Maier Martin E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe spirocyclization of different 1,3‐enynediols was investigated. The reaction was only efficient for the synthesis of [5,6]‐spiroacetals. In this case, the reaction was characterized by almost quantitative yields, short reaction times, and low catalyst loadings (0.5–1 %). When the synthesis of [6,6]‐spiroacetals was attempted, the reaction suffered from poor regioselectivity and a higher propensity of the intermediate dienol ethers to decompose under the acidic conditions, and it became no longer viable. But it is possible to generate the dienol ethers cleanly under milder conditions as a mixture of regioisomers. This striking difference in reaction efficiency was explained by the unstable dienol ethers cyclizing more quickly to give [5,6]‐spiroacetals than to give [6,6]‐spiroacetals. In this study, the successful application of a new cationic palladium pincer complex for electrophilic alkyne activation at room temperature has been demonstrated for the first time.
Spatial blockage of ionic current for electrophoretic translocation of DNA through a graphene nanopore
Authors: Lv Wenping , Liu Shengju , Li Xin , Wu Ren'an 
Published: April 2014

Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 1144–1151. DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300501The center stage of nanopore sequencing is to extract gene information from the translocation of DNA through a nanopore. Graphene nanopore technology has been promising ultra‐high resolution for gene sequencing owing to the atomic thickness and excellent electronic properties of the graphene monolayer. By filtering out the thermal noise of ionic current, the instantaneous conformational variations of DNA in a graphene nanopore could be unveiled from undulates of the blocked ionic current, because of the spatial blockage effect of DNA against ionic migration. It supplies a theoretical basis for the monitor of dynamical information of DNA in a graphene nanopore during sequencing from the ionic current fluctuation.
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A qualitative study of experiences, actions and motivations during accidental dwelling fires
Authors: Thompson Owain Frank , Wales David 
Published: April 2014

SummaryThis paper outlines the initial stage of Kent Fire and Rescue Service's project to develop a comprehensive understanding of the behaviours and associated motivations of those directly experiencing an accidental dwelling fire (ADF). Although human behaviour in fires in public, commercial and industrial spaces is a well‐established area, for the past 30 years, the study of human behaviour in dwelling fires has not received a comparable degree of attention. The first stage of this applied research was a pilot study comprising semi‐structured interviews with 10 individuals who had experienced an ADF and suffered physical injury as a result. This paper will outline the background to and findings of this qualitative study. Key among the findings was that several interviewees clearly expressed their desire to take early action to tackle or mitigate the effects of a fire. It also identified that a majority of interviewees entered or attempted to enter the room of fire origin to investigate, tackle or mitigate the effects of the fire and also expressed a strong belief in the validity and appropriateness of such actions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying Gene–Environment and Gene–Gene Interactions Using a Progressive Penalization Approach
Authors: Zhu Ruoqing , Zhao Hongyu , Ma Shuangge 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTIn genomic studies, identifying important gene–environment and gene–gene interactions is a challenging problem. In this study, we adopt the statistical modeling approach, where interactions are represented by product terms in regression models. For the identification of important interactions, we adopt penalization, which has been used in many genomic studies. Straightforward application of penalization does not respect the “main effect, interaction” hierarchical structure. A few recently proposed methods respect this structure by applying constrained penalization. However, they demand very complicated computational algorithms and can only accommodate a small number of genomic measurements. We propose a computationally fast penalization method that can identify important gene–environment and gene–gene interactions and respect a strong hierarchical structure. The method takes a stagewise approach and progressively expands its optimization domain to account for possible hierarchical interactions. It is applicable to multiple data types and models. A coordinate descent method is utilized to produce the entire regularized solution path. Simulation study demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed method. We analyze a lung cancer prognosis study with gene expression measurements and identify important gene–environment interactions.
The Pyreno‐Triazinyl Radical – Magnetic and Sensor Properties
Authors: Zheng Yonghao , Miao Mao‐sheng , Kemei Moureen C. , Seshadri Ram , Wudl Fred 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe report the first example of a stable pyrenotriazinyl radical, 1,3‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐pyrenotriazin‐4‐yl (PyT). Magnetic susceptibility measurements of the radical PyT show a transition from a paramagnetic state to an antiferromagnetic state. The pyrene moiety has a strong influence via ππ interactions in 1D chain stacks that result in the observed magnetic properties. Unexpectedly, the pyrene unit has essentially no effect on the electronic structure of the triazinyl core. Chemical sensing studies on various nitrophenol‐based compounds showed that the radical PyT exclusively senses picric acid (PA), as a pH sensor, with a detection limit of 5.0×10−6 M.
Facile Preparation of Light Refractive Poly(aroxycarbonyltriazole)s by Metal‐Free Click Polymerization
Authors: Li Hongkun , Wang Zhe , Li Jie , Zhao Engui , Sun Jing Zhi , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Qin Anjun , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: April 2014

A series of poly(aroxycarbonyltriazole)s (PACTs) with high molecular weights and regioregularities is prepared in excellent yields by the metal‐free click polymerization (MFCP) of dipropiolate (1) and diazides (2) in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 100 °C for 6 h. The MFCPs can proceed smoothly in an open atmosphere, without protection from oxygen and moisture. The PACTs show good solubility and processability. They are thermally stable and the temperatures of their 5% weight‐loss are higher than 363 °C. The polymers exhibit high optical transparency and refractive indices with low chromatic dispersions. Moreover, the polymer film containing benzophenone units can be cross‐linked upon UV irradiation to generate negative photoresist patterns with high resolution.
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New standards in underground loading and transport technology: electrically powered mining trucks in interaction with electrically powered LHD loaders / Neue Standards in der untertägigen Lade‐und Transporttechnik: Elektrisch angetriebene Minetrucks im Zusammenspiel mit elektrisch angetriebenen LHD‐Fahrladern
Authors: Wennmohs Karl‐Heinz 
Published: April 2014

AbstractFor the first time, a manufacturer has developed electrically powered LHD loaders and mining trucks (dump trucks) up to 50 tonnes payload for the non‐firedamp‐endangered mining field. These developments were based on the requirements signalled by numerous mines around the world. In comparison with diesel‐powered vehicles, electrically powered mining trucks can be used at significantly higher speeds, especially in the ramps during loaded uphill travel. This can be clearly seen in the extraction costs. With electric operation, significant cost savings can be made in ventilation, and the working conditions for the machine operators can be significantly improved. There has never been an interaction between LHD loaders and mining trucks with machines of this size, both electrically powered, up to the present time. In many mines around the world, this technique will be instrumental in future in supporting the steps necessary for economic recovery at greater depths.Erstmalig wurden von einem Hersteller elektrisch betriebene LHD‐Fahrlader und Minetrucks (Muldenkipper) bis 50 t Nutzlast für den nicht schlagwetter‐gefährdeten Bergbaubereich entwickelt. Diese Entwicklungen basierten auf Bedarfsmeldungen von zahlreichen Bergwerken weltweit. Elektrisch betriebene Minetrucks können im Vergleich zu dieselbetriebenen Fahrzeugen mit deutlich höheren Geschwindigkeiten besonders in den Rampen bei der beladenen Bergfahrt eingesetzt werden. Dieses lässt sich in den Gewinnungskosten signifikant darstellen. Mit dem elektrischen Betrieb lassen sich auch erhebliche Kosten in der Bewetterung einsparen und die Arbeitsplatzbedingungen für die Maschinenfahrer deutlich verbessern. Ein Zusammenspiel von LHD‐Fahrladern und Minetrucks, beide elektrisch angetrieben, hat es bis zum heutigen Zeitpunkt in dieser Gerätegröße noch nicht gegeben. Diese Technik wird zukünftig in zahlreichen Bergwerken weltweit die erforderlichen Schritte für die wirtschaftliche Gewinnung in größeren Teufen maßgeblich unterstützen.
Challenges of pump and process engineering for the transport of solids with hydraulic piston pumps / Herausforderungen der Pumpen‐ und Anlagentechnik zum Transport von Feststoffen mit hydraulischen Kolbenpumpen
Authors: Richter Archibald , Hövemeyer Dirk 
Published: April 2014

AbstractPutzmeister Solid Pumps GmbH provides solutions for the transport and storage of sludge and dense materials. Our solids pumps are used in the recycling of biomass and hazardous waste, as well as in power plants, sewage treatment plants, dewatering, mining and tunnel construction and in the mineral oil industry. The products and services include the planning of conveying tasks, advice in technical transport tasks, the supply of pumps, silos and piping with accessories. The delivery programme has also been expanded. Putzmeister offers complete packages with pumps, mixers, silos and piping. Assembly, start‐up on site and repair are performed by our Service Team.Die Putzmeister Solid Pumps GmbH bietet Lösungen zum Transport und Lagern von Schlämmen und Dickstoffen. Unsere Dickstoffpumpen werden eingesetzt bei der Verwertung von Biomasse und Sondermüll sowie in Kraftwerken, Klärwerken, bei der Gewässerentschlammung, im Berg‐ und Tunnelbau und in der Mineralölindustrie. Das Leistungsangebot umfasst die Planung von Förderaufgaben, die Beratung bei verfahrenstechnischen Transportaufgaben, die Lieferung von Pumpen, Silos und Rohrleitungen mit Zubehör. Zusätzlich wurde das Lieferprogramm erweitert. Wir haben komplette Pakete mit Mischern, Silos, Pumpen mit Konzipierung und Rohrleitungen im Angebot. Montage, Inbetriebnahme vor Ort und Instandhaltung wird von unserem Service‐Team durchgeführt.
The value of high‐dose chemotherapy in patients with first relapsed Ewing sarcoma
Authors: Rasper Meybrit , Jabar Susanne , Ranft Andreas , Jürgens Heribert , Amler Susanne , Dirksen Uta 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundPrognosis of patients with relapsed Ewing sarcoma (ES) is poor. The 5‐year overall survival (OS) is 13%. We analyzed high‐dose chemotherapy (HDtx) versus conventional chemotherapy (CHtx) in patients with relapsed ES.ProcedureData from 239 patients with first relapse, registered during 2000–2011 in the ES relapse registry of the Cooperative Ewing Sarcoma Study Group (CESS) were analyzed.ResultsOf 239 patients, 200 received various non‐HDtx second‐line CHtx regimens. Seventy‐three patients had additional HDtx followed by autologous stem cell rescue. The 2‐year event‐free survival (EFS) was 10% (SE = 0.02) in patients treated without HDtx and 45% (SE = 0.09) in patients treated with HDtx. In a second step, we focused on those patients who achieved complete remission (CR) or partial remission (PR) after four to six cycles of conventional second‐line CHtx. Here, the 2‐year EFS was 31% (SE = 0.08) without additional HDtx and 44% (SE = 0.09) with additional HDtx. In addition, multivariate regression analysis indicates absence of HDtx treatment, with a Hazard ratio (HR) of 2.90 (95% CI 1.41–6.0), and early relapse, with a HR of 4.76 (95% CI 2.31–9.78), as independent prognostic factors for EFS.ConclusionAdditional HDtx may contribute to further reduce the risk of further events in patients who respond to conventional second‐line CHtx. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1382–1386. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The cerebral palsy transition clinic: Administrative chore, clinical responsibility, or opportunity for audit and clinical research?
Authors: Burns Fiona , Stewart Robbie , Reddihough Dinah , Scheinberg Adam , Ooi Kathleen , Graham H. Kerr 
Published: April 2014

Purpose The majority of children with orthopaedic conditions in childhood survive to adult life, and there is a need for many of them to transition to adult services. This includes children with disorders such as club foot or developmental dislocation of the hip as well as those with complex syndromic conditions, bone dysplasias or neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy and myelomeningocele. In many tertiary paediatric centres, transition has become a formal process in which clinicians document and communicate the status of patients who have been under their care to ensure a smooth transfer to adult services. The purpose of this report is to support the need for clear communication when children with cerebral palsy transition to adult services and to suggest that this transition represents a significant opportunity for audit and clinical research. Methods Some of the factors to be considered in developing a minimum data sheet for the transfer or transition of children with cerebral palsy to adult services are described. Conclusion Using the model of adolescents with cerebral palsy transitioning to adult services, orthopaedic surgeons can be encouraged to develop similar methodology and documentation for many other conditions for the purposes of communication, facilitation of transition, audit and clinical research.
CONSTRUCTION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL QUANTUM FIELD MODELS THROUGH LONGO–WITTEN ENDOMORPHISMS
Authors: TANIMOTO YOH 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe present a procedure for constructing families of local, massive and interacting Haag–Kastler nets on the two-dimensional spacetime through an operator-algebraic method. A proof of existence of local observables is given without relying on modular nuclearity. By a similar technique, another family of wedge-local nets is constructed using certain endomorphisms of conformal nets recently studied by Longo and Witten.