bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'homme pluriel
Authors: Markovits-Pessel Francine 
Published: January 2015

Diderot a fréquenté tous les savoirs dans la circulation de l’ Encyclopédie , mais ce pluriel n’est pas simple énumération : Diderot substitue des codes à un ordre des choses supposé naturel, et dont le renversement entraîne la déstabilisation de la conscience de soi. Cette critique du cogito fait éclater l’unité fondatrice du sujet pensant en un pluriel : « l’anatomie métaphysique ». Au lieu de supposer un Diderot matérialiste ou athée, catégorisation indéformable de l’histoire des idées, et des galeries de portraits des grands hommes, on étudiera donc ici le cheminement des arguments, avec ou sans l’aveu de l’auteur.
Europe-Maghreb : un partenariat stratégique à construire
Authors: Cambon Christian , Durrieu Josette 
Published: January 2015

À la recherche d’économies dynamiques à fort taux de croissance et à bas coûts de production, les entreprises européennes et américaines portent leur regard au loin, principalement vers l’Asie. Pour autant, ce mouvement est-il exclusif d’un renforcement des liens avec l’espace proche ? L’Europe doit-elle se détourner de sa proximité géographique, et n’apprécier les pays de la rive sud de la Méditerranée que comme une menace de laquelle l’étanchéité croissante des frontières la protégerait ? Notre perception est fixée sur la réponse à des questions immédiates : le développement du terrorisme, la stabilité politique, les phénomènes migratoires, les trafics, etc. Cette vision étroite n’est-elle pas une partie du problème ? Une autre perspective est envisageable. Compte tenu de ces atouts, et malgré ces faiblesses, la région doit être perçue par les Européens comme une formidable opportunité. L’objectif est bien pour la France et pour l’Europe, grâce à une coopération renforcée, de conduire à une plus grande intégration des économies et à la constitution à long terme d’un ensemble dynamique fondé sur les complémentarités. Il est d’ailleurs le moyen le plus sûr de répondre aux risques d’instabilité. Le moment est venu d’une démarche volontariste et ouverte en ce sens.
Turquie : un État pivôt à la recherche d'un statut régional
Authors: Biad Abdelwahab 
Published: January 2015

Dotée d’un régime démocratique stable, d’une économie dynamique, d’une armée moderne, d’un attrait culturel certain héritée d’un passé glorieux, la Turquie s’est imposé depuis l’avènement du gouvernement AKP comme un soft power particulièrement entreprenant dans son voisinage eurasiatique. En effet, ce pays est un cas unique auxquels l’histoire, la culture, le mode de vie la rattachent à deux mondes, l’Europe et l’Asie, l’Occident et l’Orient. Héritière de l’Empire ottoman, la Turquie entend « capitaliser » sa position au carrefour de l’Europe et de l’Asie en rampant avec la politique traditionnelle des liens exclusifs avec « l’euro-atlantisme » dont les résultats lui paraissent pour le moins décevants (adhésion toujours attendue à l’Union européenne). C’est ce statut d’« État-pivot » entre l’Europe occidental, le monde arabe et l’Asie centrale dont la Turquie a fait un atout qui imprègne la nouvelle diplomatie « néo-ottomanienne ». Mais, cette « échappée orientale » ne s’est pas déployée sans difficultés comme l’illustrent ses démêlés dans les conflits du Moyen-Orient.
Pour une croissance partagée entre l'Afrique, la Chine et l'Europe
Authors: Emanuely Ludovic 
Published: January 2015

La « Croissance partagée Afrique - Chine - Europe » (Croissance PEACE) se veut être une alternative à un système économique mondialisé qui a démontré ses limites et ses injustices. L’Afrique est demandeuse d’une croissance partagée avec la Chine et la France qui représentent pour elle des partenaires complémentaires. La « croissance partagée » n’est pas une théorie économique idéaliste, c’est une alternative durable pour une économie tripartite équilibrée aujourd’hui démontrée. Son large réseau sur les trois axes de ce partenariat (Afrique - Chine -Europe) permet à Croissance PEACE de faire aboutir des projets sur le continent africain en remettant les africains au cœur de leur développement.
Stratospheric volcanic ash emissions from the 13 February 2014 Kelut eruption
Authors: Kristiansen N. I. , Prata A. J. , Stohl A. , Carn S. A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMount Kelut (Indonesia) erupted explosively around 15:50 UT on 13 February 2014 sending ash and gases into the stratosphere. Satellite ash retrievals and dispersion transport modeling are combined within an inversion framework to estimate the volcanic ash source term and to study ash transport. The estimated source term suggests that most of the ash was injected to altitudes of 16–17 km, in agreement with space‐based lidar data. Modeled ash concentrations along the flight track of a commercial aircraft that encountered the ash cloud indicate that it flew under the main ash cloud and encountered maximum ash concentrations of 9 ± 3 mg m−3, mean concentrations of 2 ± 1 mg m−3over a period of 10–11 min of the flight, giving a dosage of 1.2 ± 0.3 g s m−3. Satellite data could not be used directly to observe the ash cloud encountered by the aircraft, whereas inverse modeling revealed its presence.
Biomass burning dominates brown carbon absorption in the rural southeastern United States
Authors: Washenfelder R. A. , Attwood A. R. , Brock C. A. , Guo H. , Xu L. , Weber R. J. , Ng N. L. , Allen H. M. , Ayres B. R. , Baumann K. , Cohen R. C. , Draper D. C. , Duffey K. C. , Edgerton E. , Fry J. L. , Hu W. W. , Jimenez J. L. , Palm B. B. , Romer P. , Stone E. A. , Wooldridge P. J. , Brown S. S. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractBrown carbon aerosol consists of light‐absorbing organic particulate matter with wavelength‐dependent absorption. Aerosol optical extinction, absorption, size distributions, and chemical composition were measured in rural Alabama during summer 2013. The field site was well located to examine sources of brown carbon aerosol, with influence by high biogenic organic aerosol concentrations, pollution from two nearby cities, and biomass burning aerosol. We report the optical closure between measured dry aerosol extinction at 365 nm and calculated extinction from composition and size distribution, showing agreement within experiment uncertainties. We find that aerosol optical extinction is dominated by scattering, with single‐scattering albedo values of 0.94 ± 0.02. Black carbon aerosol accounts for 91 ± 9% of the total carbonaceous aerosol absorption at 365 nm, while organic aerosol accounts for 9 ± 9%. The majority of brown carbon aerosol mass is associated with biomass burning, with smaller contributions from biogenically derived secondary organic aerosol.
Van Allen Probes observations linking radiation belt electrons to chorus waves during 2014 multiple storms
Authors: Liu Si , Xiao Fuliang , Yang Chang , He Yihua , Zhou Qinghua , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Funsten H. O. , Blake J. B. , Baker D. N. , Wygant J. R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDuring 18 February to 2 March 2014, the Van Allen Probes encountered multiple geomagnetic storms and simultaneously observed intensified chorus and hiss waves. During this period, there were substantial enhancements in fluxes of energetic (53.8–108.3 keV) and relativistic (2–3.6 MeV) electrons. Chorus waves were excited at locations L = 4–6.2 after the fluxes of energetic were greatly enhanced, with a lower frequency band and wave amplitudes ∼20–100 pT. Strong hiss waves occurred primarily in the main phases or below the location L = 4 in the recovery phases. Relativistic electron fluxes decreased in the main phases due to the adiabatic (e.g., the magnetopause shadowing) or nonadiabatic (hiss‐induced scattering) processes. In the recovery phases, relativistic electron fluxes either increased in the presence of enhanced chorus or remained unchanged in the absence of strong chorus or hiss. The observed relativistic electron phase space density peaked around L∗ = 4.5, characteristic of local acceleration. This multiple‐storm period reveals a typical picture that chorus waves are excited by the energetic electrons at first and then produce efficient acceleration of relativistic electrons. This further demonstrates that the interplay between both competing mechanisms of chorus‐driven acceleration and hiss‐driven scattering often occurs in the outer radiation belts.
Heat balances and thermally driven lagoon‐ocean exchangeson a tropical coral reef system (Moorea, French Polynesia)
Authors: Herdman Liv M. M. , Hench James L. , Monismith Stephen G. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe role of surface and advective heat fluxes on buoyancy‐driven circulation was examined within a tropical coral reef system. Measurements of local meteorological conditions as well as water temperature and velocity were made at six lagoon locations for 2 months during the austral summer. We found that temperature rather than salinity dominated buoyancy in this system. The data were used to calculate diurnally phase‐averaged thermal balances. A one‐dimensional momentum balance developed for a portion of the lagoon indicates that the diurnal heating pattern and consistent spatial gradients in surface heat fluxes create a baroclinic pressure gradient that is dynamically important in driving the observed circulation. The baroclinic and barotropic pressure gradients make up 90% of the momentum budget in part of the system; thus, when the baroclinic pressure gradient decreases 20% during the day due to changes in temperature gradient, this substantially changes the circulation, with different flow patterns occurring during night and day. Thermal balances computed across the entire lagoon show that the spatial heating patterns and resulting buoyancy‐driven circulation are important in maintaining a persistent advective export of heat from the lagoon and for enhancing ocean‐lagoon exchange.
Invisible polynyas: Modulation of fast ice thickness by ocean heat flux on the Canadian polar shelf
Authors: Melling Humfrey , Haas Christian , Brossier Eric 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAlthough the Canadian polar shelf is dominated by thick fast ice in winter, areas of young ice or open water do recur annually at locations within and adjacent to the fast ice. These polynyas are detectable by eye and sustained by wind or tide‐driven ice divergence and ocean heat flux. Our ice‐thickness surveys by drilling and towed electromagnetic sounder reveal that visible polynyas comprise only a subset of thin‐ice coverage. Additional area in the coastal zone, in shallow channels and in fjords is covered by thin ice which is too thick to be discerned by eye. Our concurrent surveys by CTD reveal correlation between thin fast ice and above‐freezing seawater beneath it. We use winter time series of air and ocean temperatures and ice and snow thicknesses to calculate the ocean‐to‐ice heat flux as 15 and 22 W/m2 at locations with thin ice in Penny Strait and South Cape Fjord, respectively. Near‐surface seawater above freezing is not a sufficient condition for ocean heat to reach the ice; kinetic energy is needed to overcome density stratification. The ocean's isolation from wind under fast ice in winter leaves tides as the only source. Two tidal mechanisms driving ocean heat flux are discussed: diffusion via turbulence generated by shear at the under‐ice and benthic boundaries, and the internal hydraulics of flow over topography. The former appears dominant in channels and the coastal zone and the latter in some silled fjords where and when the layering of seawater density permits hydraulically critical flow.
Regional modeling of surface‐atmosphere interactions and their impact on Great Lakes hydroclimate
Authors: Bryan A. M. , Steiner A. L. , Posselt D. J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractLand and water surfaces play a critical role in hydroclimate by supplying moisture to the atmosphere, yet the ability of climate models to capture their feedbacks with the atmosphere relative to large‐scale transport is uncertain. To assess these land‐lake‐atmosphere feedbacks, we compare the controls on atmospheric moisture simulated by a regional climate model (RegCM) with observations and reanalysis products for the Great Lakes region. Three 23 year simulations, driven by one reanalysis product and two general circulation models, are performed. RegCM simulates wetter winters and drier summers than observed by up to 31 and 21%, respectively. Moisture advection exhibits similar biases, suggesting the contribution of external sources. Land surface fluxes account for nearly one third of summer precipitation according to two reanalysis products. RegCM underestimates reanalysis evapotranspiration by nearly 50%; however, the reanalyses overestimate measurements at three FLUXNET sites by up to a factor of 2, which may explain the model‐reanalysis differences. Neither RegCM nor the reanalyses capture the spatial variability in land evapotranspiration observed across the three FLUXNET sites, indicating a source of model uncertainty. In addition, RegCM underestimates the observed evapotranspiration response to its atmospheric drivers such as vapor pressure deficit and temperature. Over the lakes, one model member overestimates convective precipitation caused by enhanced evaporation under warm lake surface temperatures, highlighting the need for accurate representation of lake temperature in the surface boundary condition. We conclude that climate models, including those driving reanalyses, underestimate the observed surface‐atmosphere feedbacks and their influence on regional hydroclimate.
Optical progression characteristics of an interesting natural downward bipolar lightning flash
Authors: Chen Luwen , Lu Weitao , Zhang Yijun , Wang Daohong 
Published: January 2015

AbstractUsing high‐speed cameras, Lightning Attachment Process Observation Systems, and fast and slow electrical antennas, we documented a downward bipolar lightning flash that contained one first positive stroke with a peak current of 142 kA and five subsequent negative strokes hitting on a 90 m tall structure on 29 July 2010 in Guangzhou City, China. All the six strokes propagated along the same viewed channel established by the first positive return stroke. The leader which preceded the positive return stroke propagated downward without any branches at a two‐dimensional (2‐D) speed of 2.5 × 106 m/s. An upward connecting leader with a length of about 80 m was observed in response to the downward positive leader. The 10–90% risetimes of the return strokes' optical pulses ranged from 2.2 µs to 3.2 µs, while the widths from the 10% wavefront to the 50% wave tail ranged from 56.5 µs to 83.1 µs, and the half peak widths ranged from 53.4 µs to 81.6 µs. All the return strokes exhibited similar speeds, ranging from 1.0 × 108 m/s to 1.3 × 108 m/s. Each of the return strokes was followed by a continuing current stage (CC). The first positive stroke CC lasted more than 150 ms, much larger than all the subsequent negative stroke CC, ranging from 13 ms to 70 ms.
Isotope partitioning of soil respiration: A Bayesian solution to accommodate multiple sources of variability
Authors: Ogle Kiona , Pendall Elise 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIsotopic methods offer great potential for partitioning trace gas fluxes such as soil respiration into their different source contributions. Traditional partitioning methods face challenges due to variability introduced by different measurement methods, fractionation effects, and end‐member uncertainty. To address these challenges, we describe a hierarchical Bayesian (HB) approach for isotopic partitioning of soil respiration that directly accommodates such variability. We apply our HB method to data from an experiment conducted in a shortgrass steppe ecosystem, where decomposition was previously shown to be stimulated by elevated CO2. Our approach simultaneously fits Keeling plot (KP) models to observations of soil or soil‐respired δ13C and [CO2] obtained via chambers and gas wells, corrects the KP intercepts for apparent fractionation (Δ) due to isotope‐specific diffusion rates and/or method artifacts, estimates method‐ and treatment‐specific values for Δ, propagates end‐member uncertainty, and calculates proportional contributions from two distinct respiration sources (“old” and “new” carbon). The chamber KP intercepts were estimated with greater confidence than the well intercepts and compared to the theoretical value of 4.4‰, our results suggest that Δ varies between 2 and 5.2‰ depending on method (chambers versus wells) and CO2 treatment. Because elevated CO2 plots were fumigated with 13C‐depleted CO2, the source contributions were tightly constrained, and new C accounted for 64% (range = 55–73%) of soil respiration. The contributions were less constrained for the ambient CO2 treatments, but new C accounted for significantly less (47%, range = 15–82%) of soil respiration. Our new HB partitioning approach contrasts our original analysis (higher contribution of old C under elevated CO2) because it uses additional data sources, accounts for end‐member bias, and estimates apparent fractionation effects.
Survival and severity in dominant cerebellar ataxias
Authors: Monin Marie‐Lorraine , Tezenas du Montcel Sophie , Marelli Cecilia , Cazeneuve Cecile , Charles Perrine , Tallaksen Chantal , Forlani Sylvie , Stevanin Giovanni , Brice Alexis , Durr Alexandra 
Published: January 2015

AbstractInherited spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are known to be genetically and clinically heterogeneous. Whether severity and survival are variable, however, is not known. We, therefore, studied survival and severity in 446 cases and 509 relatives with known mutations. Survival was 68 years [95% CI: 65–70] in 223 patients with polyglutamine expansions versus 80 years [73–84] in 23 with other mutations (P < 0.0001). Disability was also more severe in the former: at age 60, 30% were wheelchair users versus 3% with other SCAs (P < 0.001). This has implications for genetic counseling and the design of therapeutic trials.
Classification of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Versus American College of Rheumatology Criteria. A Comparative Study of 2,055 Patients From a Real‐Life, International Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Cohort
Authors: Inês Luís , Silva Cândida , Galindo Maria , López‐Longo Francisco J. , Terroso Georgina , Romão Vasco C. , Rúa‐Figueroa Iñigo , Santos Maria J. , Pego‐Reigosa José M. , Nero Patrícia , Cerqueira Marcos , Duarte Cátia , Miranda Luís C. , Bernardes Miguel , Gonçalves Maria J. , Mouriño‐Rodriguez Coral , Araújo Filipe , Raposo Ana , Barcelos Anabela , Couto Maura , Abreu Pedro , Otón‐Sanchez Teresa , Macieira Carla , Ramos Filipa , Branco Jaime C. , Silva José A. P. , Canhão Helena , Calvo‐Alén Jaime ,   for the Rheumatic Diseases Registry of the Portuguese Society of Rheumatology,   the Registry of systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveThe new Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) 2012 classification criteria aimed to improve the performance of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) classification over the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1997 criteria. However, the SLICC 2012 criteria need further external validation. Our objective was to compare the sensitivity for SLE classification between the ACR 1997 and the SLICC 2012 criteria sets in a real‐life, multicenter, international SLE population.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional observational study of patients with a clinical diagnosis of SLE followed at the participating rheumatology centers and registered in the Portuguese and Spanish national registries. The sensitivity of the 2 classification sets was compared using McNemar's test. The sensitivity of ACR 1997 and SLICC 2012 was further examined in 5 subgroups, defined according to disease duration.ResultsWe included 2,055 SLE patients (female 91.4%, white 93.5%, mean ± SD age at disease onset 33.1 ± 14.4 years, mean ± SD age at SLE diagnosis 35.3 ± 14.7 years, and mean ± SD age at the time of the study 47.4 ± 14.6 years) from 17 centers. The sensitivity for SLE classification was higher with the SLICC 2012 than with the ACR 1997 (93.2% versus 85.6%; P < 0.0001). Of 296 patients not fulfilling the ACR 1997, 62.8% could be classified with the SLICC 2012. The subgroup of patients with ≤5 years since disease onset presented the largest difference in sensitivity between the SLICC 2012 and the ACR 1997 (89.3% versus 76.0%; P < 0.0001); this difference diminished with longer disease duration, and it was no longer significant for patients with >20 years of disease duration.ConclusionThe SLICC 2012 criteria were more sensitive than the ACR 1997 criteria in real‐life clinical practice in SLE. The SLICC 2012 criteria may allow patients to be classified as having SLE earlier in the disease course.
Continued Participation in a Ten‐Year Tight Control Treat‐to‐Target Study in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Why Keep Patients Doing their Best?
Authors: Markusse Iris M. , Dirven Linda , Han K. Huub , Ronday H. Karel , Kerstens Pit J. S. M. , Lems Willem F. , Huizinga Tom W. J. , Allaart Cornelia F. 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveTo identify risk factors for early study termination and motivators for adherence to a long‐term followup trial and to improve completeness of long‐term studies.MethodsRisk factors for early termination in 508 included patients were identified through Cox regression analysis. Patients completing the 10‐year followup filled in a questionnaire on possible motives for continued study participation.ResultsRisk factors for early termination were higher age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.02–1.04), functional disability during the preceding year (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.20–1.99), having achieved drug‐free remission (HR 6.62, 95% CI 2.07–21.14), limited joint damage (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97–0.995 for actual damage; HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.73–0.94 for damage progression), and few adverse events (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.26–0.47). A total of 288 of 313 patients (92%) attending the last visit answered the questionnaire. The majority mentioned contributing to scientific research (97% agreed), helping other patients (91%), and learning about new treatment strategies (84%) and their disease (85%) as reasons to continue participation. Next, patients mentioned tight control (202 of 278 patients), good treatment strategy (128 of 278), good medication (117 of 278), and good half‐term results (102 of 278) as motivators. More than 95% of patients experienced participation “as expected” or “better than expected.” Additional examinations during yearly visits (extra questionnaires, imaging) were mentioned as “worse than expected” (10%), as was answering routine questionnaires (7%).ConclusionContinued participation was relatively high in the Treatment Strategies for Rheumatoid Arthritis (BeSt) Study. Higher age, functional disability, drug‐free remission, little joint damage, and few adverse events predicted early study termination. Main motives for continued participation were a willingness to contribute to research, help future patients, and because patients had good experiences with the study protocol.
Preparation and Characterization of Low Polymerization Shrinkage and Bis‐GMA‐Free Dental Resin System
Authors: Yuan Shuang , Liu Fang , He Jingwei 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTBecause of the estrogenic effect of bisphenol A (BPA), the application of BPA derivatives such as Bis‐GMA in dentistry has been doubted. In this research, Bis‐GMA‐free dental resin systems were prepared by mixing 1,6‐bis(2′‐methacryloyoxy‐ethoxycarbonyl‐amino)‐2,4,4‐trimethylhexane (UDMA), silicon containing dimethacrylate monomer (SiMA), and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) together with different mass fraction. Double bond conversion, polymerization shrinkage, flexural strength, flexural, water sorption, and water solubility of prepared resins were investigated. Results showed that when UDMA/SiMA/TEGDMA was present in the ratio of 9:1:10 (wt/wt/wt), the obtained resin had the best comprehensive physicochemical properties and potential to be used as Bis‐GMA‐free dental resin.