bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Load Segmentation for Convergence of Distribution Automation and Advanced Metering Infrastructure Systems
Authors: Pamulaparthy Balakrishna , KS Swarup , Kommu Rajagopal 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Distribution automation (DA) applications are limited to feeder level today and have zero visibility outside of the substation feeder and reaching down to the low-voltage distribution network level. This has become a major obstacle in realizing many automated functions and enhancing existing DA capabilities. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) systems are being widely deployed by utilities across the world creating system-wide communications access to every monitoring and service point, which collects data from smart meters and sensors in short time intervals, in response to utility needs. DA and AMI systems convergence provides unique opportunities and capabilities for distribution grid modernization with the DA system acting as a controller and AMI system acting as feedback to DA system, for which DA applications have to understand and use the AMI data selectively and effectively. In this paper, we propose a load segmentation method that helps the DA system to accurately understand and use the AMI data for various automation applications with a suitable case study on power restoration.
Approaches to Study in Undergraduate Nursing Students in Regional Victoria, Australia
Authors: Brown Stephen , Wakeling Lara , Naiker Mani , White Sue 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIn developmental research to devise a strategy to identify students who may benefit from assistance with learning habits, approaches to study were explored in undergraduate nursing students (n=122) enrolled in a compulsory first-year course in physiology at a regional Australian university. The course constituted 30 credits (25%) of their first year of study. Using the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory (ASSIST), students were identified as adopting a deep (n=38, 31%), strategic (n= 30, 25%), or a surface (n=54, 44%) approach to study. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha [α]) for deep, strategic, and surface was 0.85, 0.87, and 0.76, respectively. Subsequently, a cluster analysis was done to identify two groupings: a “surface” group (n=53) and a “deep/strategic” group (n=69). The surface group scored lower in deep (33.28±6.42) and strategic (39.36±6.79) approaches and higher in the surface (46.96±9.57) approach. Conversely, the deep/strategic group scored 46.10±6.81, 57.17±7.81, and 41.87±6.47 in deep, strategic, and surface styles, respectively. This application of the ASSIST questionnaire and cluster analysis thus differentiated students adopting a surface approach to study. This strategy may enable educators to target resources, for example additional tutorial opportunities, peer-assisted study support, and tutor-led seminar sessions aimed at encouraging students to adopt a less superficial approach to study.
Toxicological evaluation of the aqueous extract of Acalypha wilkesiana in Wistar albino rats
Authors: Olukunle Johnny Olufemi , Jacobs Eniope Bamidele , Ajayi Olusola Lawrence , Biobaku Khalid Talha , Abatan Mathew Oluwole 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Background: Acalypha wilkesiana (Euphorbiaceae) is highly accepted for traditional treatment of human plasmodiasis in Africa.

Methods: The toxicological effects of the aqueous leaf extract of A. wilkesiana were studied in 45 male and female Wistar albino rats. An acute toxicity testing was done using 21 rats divided into seven groups and LD50 determined. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, the extract was administered orally over a period of 28 days to rats in three groups with doses of 400 mg kg−1, 800 mg kg−1 and 1,600 mg kg−1, respectively, and the fourth group administered with water served as control. Blood samples were collected for hematological and serum biochemical analysis; organs of the animals were harvested for histopathological examination.

Results: The acute toxicity testing showed that the extract was non-toxic at doses up to 3,000 mg kg−1 and the LD50 was calculated to be 2,828.34 mg kg−1. The study showed that at 1,600 mg kg−1 dose, the extract caused a decrease in the level of neutrophils (NEUT) while lymphocytes (LYMP) were statistically significantly increased. The administration of the extract also resulted in varying significant dose dependent increase in the levels of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). There were also significant increases in the level of total protein (TP), urea (URN) and albumin (GLB) especially at 1,600 mg kg−1 dosage. Histopathology showed that the extract caused mild to severe significant lesions that are dose dependent in the liver and kidney when compared with the control group.

Conclusions: Prolonged administration of high dose of A. wilkesiana extract has tendency to cause organ toxicity.
Varieties of Homeland Security: An Assessment of US State-level Definitions
Authors: Robinson Scott E. , Mallik Nicola 
Published: November 2014

AbstractHomeland Security continues to struggle to define itself as a field of practice and scholarship. The difficulty in defining the field has led to a variety of conflicts over membership, content, and focus. This article reviews some of the prominent debates over the meaning of homeland security as a field of study and practice. It then defines a simple schema for definitions of homeland security inspired by the academic and legislative debates over the issue. A frequency cataloging of definitions from US state agencies illustrates the continued relevance of a “partial membership” approach to defining the field. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the diversity of homeland security definitions for the development of the field.
The interplay between maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Farren Maria , Daly Niamh , O’Higgins Amy C. , McKeating Aoife , Maguire Patrick J. , Turner Michael J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThere is a strong epidemiological association between maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Since the publication of the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study on women with mild hyperglycemia in 2008, new criteria have been introduced in maternity services internationally for the diagnosis of GDM. As a result, the diagnosis of GDM may be made in one-third of obese women (n=68). The aim of this review was to examine the interplay between maternal obesity and GDM in light of the HAPO study and the subsequent revised diagnostic criteria. Obesity and GDM are important obstetric risk factors because they both are potentially modifiable. However, the new international criteria for the diagnosis of GDM have serious resource implications for maternity services provided to the large number of women attending for care in developed countries. Further consideration needs to be given as to whether obese women with mild hyperglycemia need to be referred to a multidisciplinary team antenatally if they do not require insulin treatment.
The use of key in projecting face-threatening acts in televised political debate
Authors: O’Grady Gerard 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Before the 2010 UK general election the leaders of the three major political parties engaged in three televised debates. In the debates they were prohibited from directly engaging with one another and from infringing on their rivals’ speaking rights. The leaders attempted to exercise power through positive face attacks. Previous evidence has indicated that in the United Kingdom quality face attacks are more severe than social-identity face attacks. I investigate the communicative value of key, the pitch height of the initial onset syllable, in which the leaders pitched their face attacks, and illustrate that the type, amount, and key of face attacks changed across the debates. In the final debate there was an increased use of high key, which added salience to positive face attacks. It was noticeable that only the candidate behind in the polls consistently selected high key to boost his quality face attacks. The others tended to pitch quality face attacks with mid key. I illustrate that selection of key established the context in which the face attack was to be understood and show that a fuller understanding of face work in political debate requires an account of the implicatures generated by prosodic selections such as key.
Schottky Solar Cells with CuInS2 Nanocrystals as Absorber Material
Authors: Borchert Holger , Scheunemann Dorothea , Frevert Katja , Witt Florian , Klein Andreas , Parisi Jürgen 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals with tunable optical properties
are promising materials for light harvesting in solar cells. So far,
in particular cadmium and lead chalcogenide nanocrystals were
intensively studied in this respect, and the device performance has
made rapid progress in recent years. In contrast, less research
efforts were undertaken to develop solar cells based on Cd- and
Pb-free nanoparticles as absorber material. In the present work, we
report on Schottky solar cells with the absorber layer made of
colloidal copper indium disulfide nanocrystals. Absorber films with up
to ∼ 500 nm thickness were realized by a solution-based
layer-by-layer deposition technique. The device performance was
systematically studied dependent on the absorber layer
thickness. Decreasing photocurrent densities with increasing thickness
revealed charge transport to be a limiting factor for the device
performance.
Chronic exposure to TGFβ1 regulates myeloid cell inflammatory response in an IRF7‐dependent manner
Authors: Cohen Merav , Matcovitch Orit , David Eyal , Barnett‐Itzhaki Zohar , Keren‐Shaul Hadas , Blecher‐Gonen Ronnie , Jaitin Diego Adhemar , Sica Antonio , Amit Ido , Schwartz Michal 
Published: November 2014

AbstractTissue microenvironment influences the function of resident and infiltrating myeloid‐derived cells. In the central nervous system (CNS), resident microglia and freshly recruited infiltrating monocyte‐derived macrophages (mo‐MΦ) display distinct activities under pathological conditions, yet little is known about the microenvironment‐derived molecular mechanism that regulates these differences. Here, we demonstrate that long exposure to transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGFβ1) impaired the ability of myeloid cells to acquire a resolving anti‐inflammatory phenotype. Using genome‐wide expression analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next‐generation sequencing, we show that the capacity to undergo pro‐ to anti‐inflammatory (M1‐to‐M2) phenotype switch is controlled by the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) that is down‐regulated by the TGFβ1 pathway. RNAi‐mediated perturbation of Irf7 inhibited the M1‐to‐M2 switch, while IFNβ1 (an IRF7 pathway activator) restored it. In vivo induction of Irf7 expression in microglia, following spinal cord injury, reduced their pro‐inflammatory activity. These results highlight the key role of tissue‐specific environmental factors in determining the fate of resident myeloid‐derived cells under both physiological and pathological conditions.
Pediatric Exposure to Laundry Detergent Pods
Authors: Valdez Amanda L. , Casavant Marcel J. , Spiller Henry A. , Chounthirath Thiphalak , Xiang Huiyun , Smith Gary A. 
Published: November 2014

OBJECTIVE:
Laundry detergent pods are a new product in the US marketplace. This study investigates the epidemiologic characteristics and outcomes of laundry detergent pod exposures among young children in the United States.

METHODS:
Using data from the National Poison Data System, exposures to laundry detergent pods among children younger than 6 years of age during 2012–2013 were investigated.

RESULTS:
There were 17 230 children younger than 6 years exposed to laundry detergent pods in 2012–2013. From March 2012 to April 2013, the monthly number of exposures increased by 645.3%, followed by a 25.1% decrease from April to December 2013. Children younger than 3 years accounted for 73.5% of cases. The major route of exposure was ingestion, accounting for 79.7% of cases. Among exposed children, 4.4% were hospitalized and 7.5% experienced a moderate or major medical outcome. A spectrum of clinical effects from minor to serious was seen with ingestion and ocular exposures. There were 102 patients (0.6%) exposed to a detergent pod via ingestion, aspiration, or a combination of routes, including ingestion, who required tracheal intubation. There was 1 confirmed death.

CONCLUSIONS:
Laundry detergent pods pose a serious poisoning risk to young children. This nationwide study underscores the need for increased efforts to prevent exposure of young children to these products, which may include improvements in product packaging and labeling, development of a voluntary product safety standard, and public education. Product constituent reformulation is another potential strategy to mitigate the severity of clinical effects of laundry detergent pod exposure.
Changes in Obesity Between Fifth and Tenth Grades: A Longitudinal Study in Three Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Schuster Mark A. , Elliott Marc N. , Bogart Laura M. , Klein David J. , Feng Jeremy Y. , Wallander Jan L. , Cuccaro Paula , Tortolero Susan R. 
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND:
Despite epidemic childhood obesity levels, we know little about how BMI changes from preadolescence to adolescence and what factors influence changes.

METHODS:
We studied 3961 randomly selected public school students and 1 parent per student in 3 US metropolitan areas in fifth and again in tenth grades. In each grade, we measured child and parent height/weight and calculated BMI category. We examined whether baseline sociodemographic characteristics, child health-related factors, and parental obesity were significantly associated with exit from and entry into obesity from fifth to tenth grade.

RESULTS:
Fifth- and tenth-graders were 1%/2% underweight, 53%/60% normal weight, 19%/18% overweight, and 26%/20% obese, respectively. Among obese tenth-graders, 83% had been obese as fifth-graders and 13% had been overweight. Sixty-five percent of obese fifth-graders remained obese as tenth-graders, and 23% transitioned to overweight. Multivariately, obese fifth-graders who perceived themselves to be much heavier than ideal (P = .01) and those who had lower household education (P = .006) were less likely to exit obesity; by contrast, overweight fifth-graders were more likely to become obese if they had an obese parent (P &lt; .001) or watched more television (P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS:
Obese fifth-graders face challenges in reducing obesity, especially when they lack advantages associated with higher socioeconomic status or when they have a negative body image. Clinicians and others should educate parents on the importance of preventing obesity very early in development. Children who are not yet obese by fifth grade but who have an obese parent or who watch considerable television might benefit from monitoring, as might children who have negative body images.
Effect of substitutional doping on the thermal conductivity of Ti-based Half-Heusler compounds
Authors: Bhattacharya S. , Ponnambalam V. , Pope A.L. , Xia Y. , Poon S.J. , Littleton R.T. , Tritt T.M. 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTHalf-Heusler alloys with the general formula TiNiSn1-XSbXare currently being investigated for their potential as thermoelectric (TE) materials.1,2,3,4These materials exhibit high thermopower (40–250μV/K) and low electrical resistivity values (0.1 - 8mΩ-cm) which yields a relatively large power factor (α2σT) of (0.2 - 1.0) W/m♦K at room temperature. The challenge is to reduce the relatively high thermal conductivity (≈ 10 W/m♦K) that is evident in these materials. The focus of this research is to investigate the effect of Sb-doping on the Sn site and Zr doping on the Ti site on the thermal conductivity of TiNiSn. Highly doped half-Heusler alloys have shown marked reduction in thermal conductivity to values on the order of 3.5 - 4.5 W/m♦K. Systematic determination of thermal conductivity in a variety of these doped materials as well as Sb and Zr doped TiNiSn are presented and discussed.
CYTOTOXIC SATURATED FATTY ACIDS FROM THE INDONESIAN SEA CUCUMBER Holothuria sp.
Authors: Januar Hedi Indra , Nursid Muhammad , Chasanah Ekowati 
Published: November 2014

Sea cucumbers are one of Indonesia’s marine organism with the potential to be developed as possible herbal medicines. In a preliminary study of cytotoxic activity of ethanol extracts of 14Indonesian sea cucumber species, the most active extract came from the Holothuria sp. Thecurrent research aimed to identify the major cytotoxic component in the sea cucumber Holothuriasp., that yielded the most active extract. The samples were collected from South Lampung beach.Isolation of the cytotoxic component was done employing liquid flash and preparative reversedphase (C 18) chromatography. Cytotoxic ity evalu atio n of fractio ns collected durin g thechromatography was conducted using the MCF-7 tumor cell line. Elucidation of the structure ofmost active isolate was done by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy and GC-FID(Gas-Chromatography-Flame Ionisation Detector) analysis. The results of these analyses showedthe most active compound to be stearic acid; IC 50towards MCF-7 cells 10.32 ppm.
Nutritional and anti-nutrient composition of Karaya gum tree (Sterculia setigera) seed: a potential fish feed ingredient
Authors: Adelakun Kehinde Moruff , Mustapha Moshood Keke , Ogundiwin Damilare Ibukun , Ihidero Ambrose A 
Published: November 2014

The nutritional and anti-nutritive composition of Karaya gum tree (Sterculia setigera) seed collected from Federal College of Wildlife Management estate, New Bussa, Nigeria was evaluated from October to December, 2013 with the aim of providing data that will guide the effective utilization and inclusion of this under exploited tropical plant seed in fish feed formulation. The seeds were washed, dried, grounded and analyzed for the proximate composition, vitamin and mineral contents as well as the anti-nutritive factors using standard procedures. The result showed that the mean values for the proximate composition were: moisture 5.20%, ash 3.95%, fat 26.03%, fiber 6.15%, protein 13.39% and carbohydrate 45.27%. The plant also contained vitamins and relatively adequate essential mineral elements of nutritional importance of macro elements such as calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and micro elements of iron, manganese, zinc and copper. Some anti-nutritional factor such as; alkaloids, phytate, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, steroids and trace of oxalate were also found in the plant, but their composition will pose no serious nutritional problem if well processed before its inclusion in fish diet and could therefore be a cheap source of raw materials for the fortification applications in various fish feed formulations.
Post‐flowering Biomass and Nitrogen Accumulation of Lentil Substantially Contributes to Pod Production
Authors: Zakeri Hossein , Bueckert Rosalind 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTLentil (Len culinaris L.) is an indeterminate legume crop that continues to grow and accumulate biomass (DM) after flowering. Abundant N can stimulate post‐flowering vegetative growth of lentil and reduce partitioning of DM and N into pods. The effect of inoculant rhizobia, 50 kg N fertilizer ha–1 and non‐treated control treatments on DM and N partitioning of lentil was studied in Saskatchewan. Accumulated DM and N in leaf, stem and pod of eight lentil cultivars were measured at flowering, podding, and maturity. The results showed that more than 85% of DM (5.8 g DM plant–1) and N (143 mg N plant–1) were accumulated after lentil flowering. Of the 167 mg N and 6.5 g DM plant–1 at maturity, 58% DM and 75% N was in pod, 26% DM and 10% N was in stem, and leaf had the remaining 15% of the DM and N. The treatments affected N concentration and occasionally total DM and N content of the plant organs, but partitioning of DM and N among the three parts was independent of the treatments. In comparison, soil moisture significantly affected total and partitioning of DM and N into pod. Among the cultivars, the medium‐maturing cultivar CDC Milestone accumulated similar DM and N as late‐maturing ones, but allocated a greater portion of DM and N to pod than the late‐maturing cultivars. Overall, available N during pod‐filling promotes lentil biomass and pod production, but the efficiency of DM and N partitioning to pod is controlled by plant genotype and soil moisture.
The Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles Onto Activated Carbon
Authors: Jaworski W. , Streszewski B. , Szaciłowski K. , Pacławski K. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
This work reports the results of spectrophotometric, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and microscopic (SEM) studies of the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) deposition on activated carbon (AC) surface modified with primary (ethanolamine) and secondary (diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine) amines. It was found that this method is efficient for deposition of AuNPs from aqueous solution. However, nanoparticles change their morphology depending on the kind of amine used in experiments. On the AC surface modified with ethanolamine, the uniform spherical AuNPs were formed. In case of diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine application, the agglomerates of AuNPs are present. The diameter of individual AuNPs did not exceed 15 nm and was bigger as compared with the diameter of particles present in precursor solution (ca. 10 nm).
Analysis of Impact of Chosen Parameters on the Wear of Camshft
Authors: Burdzik R. , Konieczny Ł. , Stanik Z. , Folęga P. , Smalcerz A. , Lisiecki A. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The paper provides an analysis of the reasons for excessive wear of the camshafts system components based on models developed to describe the impact of selected material, technological and operational factors. The subject of the research was wear of camshaft cams studied in accordance with results of operation tests. Based on the said tests, the dependence of wear intensity of cams from their angular position was established. The respective calculation results enabled the function of cam fallibility to be determined.
Morphology of Carbides Crystallizing in Fe-C-V and Fe-C-V-Si Alloys
Authors: Kawalec M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Fe-C-V alloys with high vanadium content are included in the family of white cast irons, because all carbon present in this material is bound into vanadium carbides.The study presents the results of microstructural examinations of the volume solidifying Fe-C-V and Fe-C-V-Si alloys containing carbon in the range of 1.38÷4.14%, vanadium in the range of 6.77÷16.34% and silicon in the range of 0÷3.10%. Attention was focused on near-eutectic alloys.In Fe-C-V and Fe-C-V-Si alloys, depending on the chemical composition, can crystallize eutectic composed of ferrite and VC-type carbides highly differentiated morphology. In these alloys were observed following types of eutectic: fibrous eutectic, spiral, quasi-regular and globular.Moreover, both these alloys are crystallized in the form of non-faceted dendrites primary carbides and faceted dendrites primary carbides. The paper presents examples of the different microstructures. Also in order to examine the shape of the primary carbides and eutectics in a closer detail the specimens were deep-etched with aqua regia and then examined in the SEM.