bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repressor element‐1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is present in human control and Huntington's disease neurones
Authors: Schiffer Davide , Caldera Valentina , Mellai Marta , Conforti Paola , Cattaneo Elena , Zuccato Chiara 
Published: March 2014

AimsThe repressor element‐1 silencing transcription factor/neurone‐restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) is a master regulator of neuronal gene expression. REST/NRSF functions by recruiting other cofactors to genomic loci that contain the repressor element 1/neurone restrictive silencer element (RE1/NRSE) binding motif. In brain, demonstration of REST protein presence in neurones has remained controversial. However, RE1/NRSE containing neuronal genes are actively modulated and REST dysregulation is implicated in Huntington's disease (HD). We aimed to investigate REST distribution in autopsy brain from control and HD patients.MethodsBrain tissues from six controls and six HD cases (Vonsattel grade 3 and 4) were investigated using immunohistochemical analysis.ResultsREST was present in neurones and glial cells of the cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus and cerebellum. REST labelling was mainly cytoplasmic in neurones while preferential nuclear staining of REST was found in glial cells. We also found that REST and huntingtin (HTT) colocalize in human neurones. Low levels of cytoplasmic REST were detected in neurones of the HD cortex and caudate but no direct relationship between decreased neuronal REST expression and disease grade was observed.ConclusionsThese data support the notion of REST presence in human brain neurones and glial cells and indicate the importance of developing compounds able to restore REST‐regulated transcription of neuronal genes in HD.
Survey of chronic haemodialysis in children between 2007 and 2012 in China
Authors: Jiang Yeping , Shen Ying , Lau Keith Kwong Hung 
Published: March 2014

AbstractAimThe prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children has been on the rise in China and more and more paediatric patients are now relying on chronic renal replacement therapies to sustain their lives. However, there is still a lack of literature in China about their outcomes, thus making it difficult, if not impossible for the paediatric nephrology community to develop strategies to guide future developments and to better serve this group of sick children.MethodsOur institution has recently conducted a nation‐wide survey to obtain data of children with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) between the years 2007 to 2012. Questionnaires were distributed to 39 member hospitals of the Chinese Paediatric Nephrology Association. Only 28 of our member hospitals were actively providing dialysis services to children and their responses were included in this study.ResultsThere were a total of 1033 children with ESRD and within this cohort, 474 patients (45.9%) received chronic dialysis and 380 patients (80.2%) preferred haemodialysis.ConclusionHaemodialysis is far more commonly used than peritoneal dialysis in China and the outcomes were similar to the experiences in North America. The data we gained through this survey provides the foundation for future planning and development of the paediatric dialysis services in China.
Framework for controlling infection through isolation precautions inJapan
Authors: Kawakami Kazumi , Misao Hanako 
Published: March 2014

AbstractInJapan, nurses certified in infection control face organizational and structural challenges to the implementation of the recommended isolation precautions. In this study, we developed a conceptual framework for the problem‐solving process of certified nurses in infection control when implementing appropriate isolation‐precaution measures. We conducted a qualitative, descriptive study using directed content analysis. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 40 nurses who had over five years' experience in infection control. Factors assessing the risk of infection in patients were identified, including microorganism characteristics, patient characteristics, and risk of infection to the entire unit. The nurses also assessed the risk of infection in institutions from the following perspectives: organizational culture, infection control system, human resources, environment surrounding the facility, ethical issues, and external factors. Individual characteristics, such as attributes, knowledge, expertise, and job function, were identified as major influencing factors in the problem‐solving process. These findings could be useful for newly‐certified nurses in infection control and provide recommendations on implementing isolation‐precaution measures.
What we can learn about recovery: Lessons from the Fukushima survivors
Authors: Tone Mayuko , Stone Teresa 
Published: March 2014

AbstractRecovery from disaster can take a lifetime, and people looking in from outside might not appreciate the stages of recovery. Little talked about is the stigma, which might attach to the survivors of a disaster, especially if it is a man‐made disaster. This paper documents the account of a Japanese nursing student who visited the area 18 months after the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami, talked to the people there, and shared her reflections. The experiences of the Fukushima survivors are linked to those of victims of other disasters, whose recovery was impeded by being discriminated against and stigmatized.
Macroevolution of plant defenses against herbivores in the evening primroses
Authors: Johnson Marc T. J. , Ives Anthony R. , Ahern Jeffrey , Salminen Juha‐Pekka 
Published: March 2014

Summary

Plant species vary greatly in defenses against herbivores, but existing theory has struggled to explain this variation. Here, we test how phylogenetic relatedness, tradeoffs, trait syndromes, and sexual reproduction affect the macroevolution of defense.

To examine the macroevolution of defenses, we studied 26 Oenothera (Onagraceae) species, combining chemistry, comparative phylogenetics and experimental assays of resistance against generalist and specialist herbivores.

We detected dozens of phenolic metabolites within leaves, including ellagitannins (ETs), flavonoids, and caffeic acid derivatives (CAs). The concentration and composition of phenolics exhibited low to moderate phylogenetic signal. There were clear negative correlations between multiple traits, supporting the prediction of allocation tradeoffs. There were also positively covarying suites of traits, but these suites did not strongly predict resistance to herbivores and thus did not act as defensive syndromes. By contrast, specific metabolites did correlate with the performance of generalist and specialist herbivores. Finally, that repeated losses of sex in Oenothera was associated with the evolution of increased flavonoid diversity and altered phenolic composition.

These results show that secondary chemistry has evolved rapidly during the diversification of Oenothera. This evolution has been marked by allocation tradeoffs between traits, some of which are related to herbivore performance. The repeated loss of sex appears also to have constrained the evolution of plant secondary chemistry, which may help to explain variation in defense among plants.
Implementation of pregnancy weight management and obesity guidelines: a meta‐synthesis of healthcare professionals' barriers and facilitators using the Theoretical Domains Framework
Authors: Heslehurst N. , Newham J. , Maniatopoulos G. , Fleetwood C. , Robalino S. , Rankin J. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryObesity in pregnancy is rising and is associated with severe health consequences for both the mother and the child. There is an increasing international focus on guidelines to manage the clinical risks of maternal obesity, and for pregnancy weight management. However, passive dissemination of guidelines is not effective and more active strategies are required for effective guideline implementation into practice. Implementation of guidelines is a form of healthcare professional behaviour change, and therefore implementation strategies should be based on appropriate behaviour change theory. This systematic review aimed to identify the determinants of healthcare professionals' behaviours in relation to maternal obesity and weight management. Twenty‐five studies were included. Data synthesis of the existing international qualitative and quantitative evidence base used the Theoretical Domains Framework to identify the barriers and facilitators to healthcare professionals' maternal obesity and weight management practice. The domains most frequently identified included ‘knowledge’, ‘beliefs about consequences’ and ‘environmental context and resources’. Healthcare professionals' weight management practice had the most barriers compared with any other area of maternal obesity practice. The results of this review will be used to inform the development of an intervention to support healthcare professional behaviour change.
The effect of obesity prevention interventions according to socioeconomic position: a systematic review
Authors: Beauchamp A. , Backholer K. , Magliano D. , Peeters A. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryObesity prevention is a major public health priority. It is important that all groups benefit from measures to prevent obesity, but we know little about the differential effectiveness of such interventions within particular population subgroups. This review aimed to identify interventions for obesity prevention that evaluated a change in adiposity according to socioeconomic position (SEP) and to determine the effectiveness of these interventions across different socioeconomic groups. A systematic search of published and grey literature was conducted. Studies that described an obesity prevention intervention and reported anthropometric outcomes according to a measure of SEP were included. Evidence was synthesized using narrative analysis. A total of 14 studies were analysed, representing a range of study designs and settings. All studies were from developed countries, with eight conducted among children. Three studies were shown to have no effect on anthropometric outcomes and were not further analysed. Interventions shown to be ineffective in lower SEP participants were primarily based on information provision directed at individual behaviour change. Studies that were shown to be effective in lower SEP participants primarily included community‐based strategies or policies aimed at structural changes to the environment. Interventions targeting individual‐level behaviour change may be less successful in lower SEP populations. It is essential that our efforts to prevent obesity do not leave behind the most disadvantaged members of society.
The secure base script: Associated with early maladaptive schemas related to attachment
Authors: McLean Heather R. , Bailey Heidi N. , Lumley Margaret N. 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesTo examine the relations between traditionally assessed early maladaptive schemas and the attachment‐specific secure base script (a script‐like representation of what individuals expect to happen when they face distress), to inform our understanding of beliefs about the self in relation to others. The present study took an ecologically driven approach, assessing knowledge of the secure base script from descriptions of current relationships.DesignA cross‐sectional design was used.MethodsOne hundred forty‐six undergraduate students, recruited as part of a larger study on adversity and self‐concept, provided narrative descriptions of their current relationships. Narratives were coded for attachment‐related ‘secure base’ content using a secure base script scale for relationship narratives. Early maladaptive schemas were assessed with the Young Schema Questionnaire, and attachment was additionally evaluated using the Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire.ResultsSelf‐reported attachment avoidance and anxiety were related to secure base script content in theory‐consistent ways. The extent to which participants described secure base script content was inversely associated with four out of five maladaptive schemas characterized most centrally by disconnection from others. Furthermore, these associations remained significant when controlling for self‐reported attachment style. Self‐reported attachment avoidance and anxiety also were related to maladaptive schemas in a predictable pattern.ConclusionsResults bridge cognitive and attachment theories, supporting the interrelatedness of secure base script knowledge assessed in current relationships, and schema‐related content regarding connectedness with others. Better integration of theories regarding internal representations may serve to enrich psychotherapeutic formulation from a variety of clinical perspectives.Practitioner points

Schema Therapy's (Young, Klosko, & Weishaar, , Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press) early maladaptive schemas, with themes of disconnection from others/in relationships, are related to the attachment construct of knowledge of a secure base script.

Applying secure base script coding procedure to a relationship speech task provides a potentially valuable performance‐based tool for evaluating important attachment related constructs in a brief, non‐obtrusive format.

Better understanding of how self‐schema and attachment constructs are associated may be of benefit to case formulation for psychotherapeutic intervention.
Proton cellular influx as a probable mechanism of variation potential influence on photosynthesis in pea
Authors: SUKHOV VLADIMIR , SHERSTNEVA OKSANA , SUROVA LYUBOV , KATICHEVA LYUBOV , VODENEEV VLADIMIR 
Published: March 2014

AbstractElectrical signals (action potential and variation potential, VP) caused by environmental stimuli are known to induce various physiological responses in plants, including changes in photosynthesis; however, their functional mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the influence of VP on photosynthesis in pea (Pisum sativum L.) was investigated and the proton participation in this process analysed. VP, induced by local heating, inactivated photosynthesis and activated respiration, with the initiation of the photosynthetic response connected with inactivation of the photosynthetic dark stage; however, direct VP influence on the light stage was also probable. VP generation was accompanied with pH increases in apoplasts (0.17–0.30 pH unit) and decreases in cytoplasm (0.18–0.60 pH unit), which probably reflected H+‐ATPase inactivation and H+ influx during this electrical event. Imitation of H+ influx using the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) induced a photosynthetic response that was similar with a VP‐induced response. Experiments on chloroplast suspensions showed that decreased external pH also induced an analogous response and that its magnitude depended on the magnitude of pH change. Thus, the present results showed that proton cellular influx was the probable mechanism of VP's influence on photosynthesis in pea. Potential means of action for this influence are discussed.
A Scalable Bootstrap for Massive Data
Authors: Kleiner Ariel , Talwalkar Ameet , Sarkar Purnamrita , Jordan Michael I. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe bootstrap provides a simple and powerful means of assessing the quality of estimators. However, in settings involving large data sets—which are increasingly prevalent—the calculation of bootstrap-based quantities can be prohibitively demanding computationally. Although variants such as subsampling and the m out of n bootstrap can be used in principle to reduce the cost of bootstrap computations, these methods are generally not robust to specification of tuning parameters (such as the number of subsampled data points), and they often require knowledge of the estimator's convergence rate, in contrast with the bootstrap. As an alternative, we introduce the ‘bag of little bootstraps’ (BLB), which is a new procedure which incorporates features of both the bootstrap and subsampling to yield a robust, computationally efficient means of assessing the quality of estimators. The BLB is well suited to modern parallel and distributed computing architectures and furthermore retains the generic applicability and statistical efficiency of the bootstrap. We demonstrate the BLB's favourable statistical performance via a theoretical analysis elucidating the procedure's properties, as well as a simulation study comparing the BLB with the bootstrap, the m out of n bootstrap and subsampling. In addition, we present results from a large-scale distributed implementation of the BLB demonstrating its computational superiority on massive data, a method for adaptively selecting the BLB's tuning parameters, an empirical study applying the BLB to several real data sets and an extension of the BLB to time series data.
Excursion and Contour Uncertainty Regions for Latent Gaussian Models
Authors: Bolin David , Lindgren Finn 
Published: March 2014

SummaryIn several areas of application ranging from brain imaging to astrophysics and geostatistics, an important statistical problem is to find regions where the process studied exceeds a certain level. Estimating such regions so that the probability for exceeding the level in the entire set is equal to some predefined value is a difficult problem connected to the problem of multiple significance testing. In this work, a method for solving this problem, as well as the related problem of finding credible regions for contour curves, for latent Gaussian models is proposed. The method is based on using a parametric family for the excursion sets in combination with a sequential importance sampling method for estimating joint probabilities. The accuracy of the method is investigated by using simulated data and an environmental application is presented.
A Non-Parametric Entropy-Based Approach to Detect Changes in Climate Extremes
Authors: Naveau Philippe , Guillou Armelle , Rietsch Théo 
Published: March 2014

SummaryThe paper focuses primarily on temperature extremes measured at 24 European stations with at least 90 years of data. Here, the term extremes refers to rare excesses of daily maxima and minima. As mean temperatures in this region have been warming over the last century, it is automatic that this positive shift can be detected also in extremes. After removing this warming trend, we focus on the question of determining whether other changes are still detectable in such extreme events. As we do not want to hypothesize any parametric form of such possible changes, we propose a new non-parametric estimator based on the Kullback–Leibler divergence tailored for extreme events. The properties of our estimator are studied theoretically and tested with a simulation study. Our approach is also applied to seasonal extremes of daily maxima and minima for our 24 selected stations.
Stochastic Partial Differential Equation Based Modelling of Large Space–Time Data Sets
Authors: Sigrist Fabio , Künsch Hans R. , Stahel Werner A. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryIncreasingly larger data sets of processes in space and time ask for statistical models and methods that can cope with such data. We show that the solution of a stochastic advection–diffusion partial differential equation provides a flexible model class for spatiotemporal processes which is computationally feasible also for large data sets. The Gaussian process defined through the stochastic partial differential equation has, in general, a non-separable covariance structure. Its parameters can be physically interpreted as explicitly modelling phenomena such as transport and diffusion that occur in many natural processes in diverse fields ranging from environmental sciences to ecology. To obtain computationally efficient statistical algorithms, we use spectral methods to solve the stochastic partial differential equation. This has the advantage that approximation errors do not accumulate over time, and that in the spectral space the computational cost grows linearly with the dimension, the total computational cost of Bayesian or frequentist inference being dominated by the fast Fourier transform. The model proposed is applied to post-processing of precipitation forecasts from a numerical weather prediction model for northern Switzerland. In contrast with the raw forecasts from the numerical model, the post-processed forecasts are calibrated and quantify prediction uncertainty. Moreover, they outperform the raw forecasts, in the sense that they have a lower mean absolute error.
Inhibiting Interference – a grounded theory of health professionals' pattern of behaviour related to the relatives of older patients in fast‐track treatment programmes
Authors: Bøttcher Berthelsen Connie , Lindhardt Tove , Frederiksen Kirsten 
Published: March 2014

AimTo generate a grounded theory explaining health professionals' pattern of behaviour and experience related to the relatives of older patients in fast‐track treatment programmes during total joint replacement.BackgroundHealth professionals uphold standardised care for patients, and effect on quality is seen when relatives support patients during total joint replacement. Since health professionals often have problematic relationships with relatives, knowledge is needed of the health professionals' pattern of behaviour in relation to relatives of older patients in fast‐track treatment programme.DesignGrounded theory according to Glaser's methodology was used to generate substantive theory of health professionals' pattern of behaviour.MethodsData were collected from 2010 to 2011 by 44 health professionals in orthopaedic wards at two Danish hospitals. Data from nonparticipant observations, formal interviews, group interviews, informal interviews and written information material were collected, coded and analysed through the constant comparative method.FindingsInhibiting Interference emerged as health professionals' pattern of behaviour through which they resolved their main concern, striving for maintenance of the fast‐track treatment programme and principles. Their main concern was resolved by a main strategy: Focusing on Principles, by striving for patients' full compliance during the trajectory, followed by two strategies of social control: Accepting Compliant Motivators, by involving well‐informed relatives, and Avoiding Disobedient Doubters, by excluding relatives who do not comply with programme principles.ConclusionIn the health professionals' strive to maintain programme principles, relatives were perceived as interferences, if noncompliant with trajectory rules, resulting in exclusion with consequences for their potential of being resources for patients.