bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and validity of Brief Problem Monitor, an abbreviated form of the Child Behavior Checklist
Authors: Piper Brian J. , Gray Hilary M. , Raber Jacob , Birkett Melissa A. 
Published: April 2014

AimThe parent form of the 113‐item Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is widely utilized by child psychiatrists and psychologists. This report examines the reliability and validity of a recently developed abbreviated version of the CBCL, the Brief Problem Monitor (BPM).MethodsCaregivers (n = 567) completed the CBCL online and the 19 BPM items were examined separately.ResultsInternal consistency of the BPM was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91) and satisfactory for the Internalizing (0.78), Externalizing (0.86), and Attention (0.87) scales. High correlations between the CBCL and BPM were identified for the total score (r = 0.95) as well as the Internalizing (0.86), Externalizing (0.93), and Attention (0.97) scales. The BPM and scales were sensitive and identified significantly higher behavioral and emotional problems among children whose caregiver reported a psychiatric diagnosis of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, developmental disabilities, or autism spectrum disorders relative to a comparison group that had not been diagnosed with these disorders. BPM ratings also differed by the socioeconomic status and education of the caregiver. Mothers with higher annual incomes rated their children as having 38.8% fewer total problems (Cohen's d = 0.62) as well as 42.8% lower Internalizing (d = 0.53), 44.1% less Externalizing (d = 0.62), and 30.9% decreased Attention (d = 0.39). A similar pattern was evident for maternal education (d = 0.30–0.65).ConclusionOverall, these findings provide strong psychometric support for the BPM, although the differences based on the characteristics of the parent indicate that additional information from other sources (e.g., teachers) should be obtained to complement parental reports.
Hemodynamic monitoring of middle cerebral arteries during cognitive tasks performance
Authors: Boban Marina , Črnac Petra , Junaković Anamari , Malojčić Branko 
Published: April 2014

AimThe aim of this study was to obtain temporal pattern and hemispheric dominance of blood flow velocity (BFV) changes and to assess suitability of different cognitive tasks for monitoring of BFV changes in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA).MethodsBFV were recorded simultaneously in MCA during performance of phonemic verbal fluency test (pVFT), Trail Making Tests A and B (TMTA and TMTB) and Stroop tests in 14 healthy, right‐handed volunteers aged 20–26 years.ResultsA significant increase of BFV in both MCA was obtained during performance of all cognitive tasks. Statistically significant lateralization was found during performance of Stroop test with incongruent stimuli, while TMTB was found to have the best activation potential for MCA.ConclusionOur findings specify TMTB as the most suitable cognitive test for monitoring of BFV in MCA.
Methodological challenges in studies of bright light therapy to treat sleep disorders in nursing home residents with dementia
Authors: van der Ploeg Eva S. , O'Connor Daniel W. 
Published: April 2014

AimNumerous studies have explored the effectiveness of bright light therapy as a treatment of sleep disorders in nursing home and long‐stay geriatric hospital residents, most of whom have dementia. A recent Cochrane Collaboration meta‐analysis of 10 selected studies concluded that there was insufficient evidence to assess its therapeutic efficacy as most available studies had methodological problems. We sought to remedy this situation by developing proposals to guide research methods in future studies.MethodsBased on the literature and our own clinical and research experience, we developed a series of proposals relating to study design, participant selection, light delivery modalities and outcome measures that we believe will maximize the chances of identifying a bright light treatment effect. We then checked adherence to these proposals in all relevant published experimental studies.ResultsOf the 18 studies published in the last two decades that met our selection criteria, only half the studies had selected participants with a sleep disorder. Eleven studies excluded people with severe vision loss; seven included a clinical rating of sleep, and five measured baseline lighting levels. Most checked psychoactive medication prescriptions but few reported changes in prescriptions over the course of the study. Most also checked treatment adherence and included some control for differences in amount of social contact.ConclusionsEvidence for the effectiveness of bright white light treatment in people residing in nursing homes is equivocal. We anticipate that the quality of this evidence will be improved if researchers refine their study methods and adopt a more uniform approach.
The social acceptability of handheld umbrellas for sun protection
Authors: McMichael Josette R. , Ezirike Jennifer , Veledar Emir , Rice Jessica E. , Chen Suephy C. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryPurposeLittle is known about handheld umbrella (HU) use for sun protection in the United States. We sought to determine whether women consider the HU a socially acceptable form of sun protection and whether viewing pictures of famous women carrying umbrellas is influential.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional survey study of 382 women. Participants viewed a collage of famous women carrying umbrellas to assess effect on social acceptability.ResultsTwelve percent had used a HU for sun protection. Participants were more likely to use an umbrella after viewing the collage (P < 0.001). The majority would consider umbrella use if recommended by a dermatologist. Independent predictors of social acceptability were age, had not lived in another country, sun protective clothing use and no sunscreen use, while skin color, ethnicity and education were not. Mean rating of social acceptability was an intermediate score of 5.41 (1 = not acceptable, 10 = totally acceptable) and increased to 5.88 postcollage (P < 0.001).ConclusionSocial acceptability of HUs was moderate. Popular media may play a role in whether women view HUs as a socially acceptable form of sun protection. Dermatologists may consider recommending HUs as an adjunct but not replacement for other methods of sun protection.
Floral biology of two Vanilloideae (Orchidaceae) primarily adapted to pollination by euglossine bees
Authors: Pansarin E. R. , Pansarin L. M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractVanilloideae comprises 15 genera distributed worldwide, among which are Vanilla and Epistephium (tribe Vanilleae). Based on field and laboratory investigations, the pollination biology of V. dubia and E. sclerophyllum was analysed. The former was surveyed in a semi‐deciduous mesophytic forest at the biological reserve of Serra do Japi and in a marshy forest at the city of Pradópolis, southeastern Brazil. The latter was examined in rocky outcrop vegetation in the Chapada Diamantina, northeastern Brazil. In the studied populations, the tubular flowers of V. dubia and E. sclerophyllum were pollinated by bees. Pollen was deposited on either their scutellum (V. dubia) or scutum (E. sclerophyllum). The mentum region of V. dubia is dry, whereas that of E. sclerophyllum presents a small quantity of dilute nectar. Flowers of E. sclerophyllum are scentless, while those of V. dubia are odoriferous. Although V. dubia is self‐compatible, it needs a pollinator to produce fruit. In contrast, E. sclerophyllum sets fruit through spontaneous self‐pollination, but biotic pollination also occurs. Both species are primarily adapted to pollination by euglossine bees. Pollination by Euglossina seems to have occurred at least twice during the evolution of Vanilleae. Furthermore, shifts between rewarding and reward‐free flowers and between autogamous and allogamous species have been reported among vanillas.
Latitudinal variation in the degree of crassulacean acid metabolism in Puya chilensis
Authors: Quezada I. M. , Zotz G. , Gianoli E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractCrassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a photosynthetic pathway found in many plant species from arid and semiarid environments. Few studies aiming to characterise plant species as CAM or C3 account for inter‐population differences in photosynthetic pathway, often relying on samples taken from herbarium material and/or a single plant or population. This may be especially problematic for species growing under contrasting climate conditions, as is the case for species with a wide geographic range. We used Puya chilensis, a species previously reported as CAM and C3, to study among‐population variation in expression of the CAM pathway within its distribution range, which spans a significant climate gradient. We carried out a wide sampling scheme, including five populations and a combination of analytical methods (quantification of nocturnal acidification and stable isotope measurements). The study populations of P. chilensis encompass the entire latitudinal distribution range, from semi‐arid to temperate oceanic climates. Our results indicate that CAM decreased with latitude. However, even in the southern (wetter) populations, where δ13C values were indicative of C3 metabolism, we found some nocturnal acidification. We stress the value of using two methods along with the use of samples from different populations, as this allows more reliable conclusions on the photosynthetic pathway for ‘probable’ CAM species that face varying climate conditions within their distribution ranges.
Moral Luck and the Problem of the Innocent Attacker
Authors: Statman Daniel 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to explore the relation between the right to self‐defense against an innocent attacker and the notion of moral luck. It argues that those who accept the existence of such a right rely on the assumption that mere agency makes a significant moral difference – which is precisely the assumption that underlies the view held by believers in moral luck. Those who believe in the right to self‐defense against innocent attackers are thus committed to the idea of moral luck much more than they usually acknowledge. The paper also argues that the arguments offered in support of moral luck, in particular the one based on the relation between agency and self‐identity, might help to shed light on the rather puzzling above right.
A comparison of adverse reaction rates for PAS C versus plasma platelet units
Authors: Cohn Claudia S. , Stubbs James , Schwartz Joseph , Francis Richard , Goss Cheryl , Cushing Melissa , Shaz Beth , Mair David , Brantigan Barbara , Heaton W. Andrew 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundPlasma constituents have been implicated in some types of platelet (PLT) transfusion reactions. Leukoreduced apheresis PLTs stored in InterSol have 65% less plasma than apheresis PLTs stored in 100% plasma (PPs). This study compared transfusion reaction rates in InterSol PLTs (PLT additive solution [PAS] C) versus PPs.Study Design and MethodsThe study design was an open‐label, nonrandomized retrospective review. Statistical methods were applied to substantiate noninferiority and superiority of PAS C compared to PP in terms of transfusion reaction rates. Adverse reactions (ARs) were categorized using the Biovigilance Component of the National Healthcare Safety Network. Active surveillance was used to monitor all transfusions, both with ARs and without ARs.ResultsA total of 14,005 transfusions from six study sites were included, with 9845 PP transfusions given to 2202 patients and 4160 PAS C to 1444 patients. A total of 165 ARs were reported. Percentages of transfusions with ARs were 1.37% for PPs, 0.55% for PAS C, and 1.13% overall. The relative risk (RR) for PAS C versus PPs was calculated as 0.403 with an upper confidence limit (UCL) of 0.663. Overall, ARs with the highest incidence were allergic transfusion reactions (ATRs) and febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs), at 0.66 and 0.40% of total transfusions reported, respectively. The relative risks (UCLs) for ATRs and FNHTRs, respectively, were 0.350 (0.686) and 0.336 (0.827).ConclusionsPAS C PLTs were statistically superior and noninferior to PPs with respect to the transfusion‐related AR rate. PAS C noninferiority and superiority were also demonstrated for ATRs and FNHTRs, separately.
Comparison of a new microscopic system for the measurement of residual leucocytes in apheresis platelets with flow cytometry and manual counting
Authors: Strobel J. , Antos U. , Zimmermann R. , Eckstein R. , Zingsem J. 
Published: April 2014

Background and ObjectivesSince 2001, all blood components in Germany must be leucocyte depleted. Recently, a new method for quality control of depletion was introduced. Our study aimed at the validation of the method for routine use in apheresis platelet concentrates.Materials and MethodsWe compared the new ADAM‐rWBC device with manual counting in the Nageotte chamber and flow cytometry, two standard methods, by measuring residual leucocytes in 40 units of apheresis platelet concentrates and in six geometrical dilution series.ResultsCell counts of residual leucocytes in the 40 units were below 106 cells per component with all methods, although mean cell counts were approximately 5 and 6 times higher in flow cytometry and ADAM‐rWBC, respectively, compared to the Nageotte chamber. No unit with <106 leucocytes was regarded as contaminated. The dilution series showed acceptable accuracy, especially in the range around the cut‐off (approximately 4·5 cells/μl in components with a volume of 220 ml) for regarding a concentrate as contaminated with leucocytes. No sample spiked with more than 4·5 cells/μl was counted as having less.ConclusionIn comparison with manual counting and flow cytometry, the ADAM‐rWBC device performed equally. The method is suitable for routine screening of leucocyte contamination of apheresis platelets.
Wieferich pairs and Barker sequences, II
Authors: Borwein Peter , Mossinghoff Michael J. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe show that if a Barker sequence of length $n>13$ exists, then either n $=$ 3 979 201 339 721 749 133 016 171 583 224 100, or $n > 4\cdot 10^{33}$. This improves the lower bound on the length of a long Barker sequence by a factor of nearly $2000$. We also obtain eighteen additional integers $n<10^{50}$ that cannot be ruled out as the length of a Barker sequence, and find more than 237 000 additional candidates $n<10^{100}$. These results are obtained by completing extensive searches for Wieferich prime pairs and using them, together with a number of arithmetic restrictions on $n$, to construct qualifying integers below a given bound. We also report on some updated computations regarding open cases of the circulant Hadamard matrix problem.
Computing fundamental domains for the Bruhat–Tits tree for , -adic automorphic forms, and the canonical embedding of Shimura curves
Authors: Franc Cameron , Masdeu Marc 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe describe algorithms that allow the computation of fundamental domains in the Bruhat–Tits tree for the action of discrete groups arising from quaternion algebras. These algorithms are used to compute spaces of rigid modular forms of arbitrary even weight, and we explain how to evaluate such forms to high precision using overconvergent methods. Finally, these algorithms are applied to the calculation of conjectural equations for the canonical embedding of p-adically uniformizable rational Shimura curves. We conclude with an example in the case of a genus 4 Shimura curve.
Oxygen Limitation within a Bacterial Aggregate
Authors: Wessel Aimee K. , Arshad Talha A. , Fitzpatrick Mignon , Connell Jodi L. , Bonnecaze Roger T. , Shear Jason B. , Whiteley Marvin 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

Cells within biofilms exhibit physiological heterogeneity, in part because of chemical gradients existing within these spatially structured communities. Previous work has examined how chemical gradients develop in large biofilms containing >10
8
cells. However, many bacterial communities in nature are composed of small, densely packed aggregates of cells (≤10
5
bacteria). Using a gelatin-based three-dimensional (3D) printing strategy, we confined the bacterium
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
within picoliter-sized 3D “microtraps” that are permeable to nutrients, waste products, and other bioactive small molecules. We show that as a single bacterium grows into a maximally dense (10
12
cells ml
−1
) clonal population, a localized depletion of oxygen develops when it reaches a critical aggregate size of ~55 pl. Collectively, these data demonstrate that chemical and phenotypic heterogeneity exists on the micrometer scale within small aggregate populations.

IMPORTANCE
Before developing into large, complex communities, microbes initially cluster into aggregates, and it is unclear if chemical heterogeneity exists in these ubiquitous micrometer-scale aggregates. We chose to examine oxygen availability within an aggregate since oxygen concentration impacts a number of important bacterial processes, including metabolism, social behaviors, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. By determining that oxygen availability can vary within aggregates containing ≤10
5
bacteria, we establish that physiological heterogeneity exists within
P. aeruginosa
aggregates, suggesting that such heterogeneity frequently exists in many naturally occurring small populations.
Australian football players’ Achilles tendons respond to game loads within 2 days: an ultrasound tissue characterisation (UTC) study
Authors: Rosengarten Samuel D , Cook Jill L , Bryant Adam L , Cordy Justin T , Daffy John , Docking Sean I 
Published: April 2014

Background/aimThe Achilles tendon is a tissue that responds to mechanical loads at a molecular and cellular level. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the expression of anabolic and/or catabolic proteins can change within hours of loading and return to baseline levels within 72 h. These biochemical changes have not been correlated with changes in whole tendon structure on imaging. We examined the nature and temporal sequence of changes in Achilles tendon structure in response to competitive game loads in elite Australian football players.MethodsElite male Australian football players with no history of Achilles tendinopathy were recruited. Achilles tendon structure was quantified using ultrasound tissue characterisation (UTC) imaging, a valid and reliable measure of intratendinous structure, the day prior to the match (day 0), and then reimaged on days 1, 2 and 4 postgame.ResultsOf the 18 participants eligible for this study, 12 had no history of tendinopathy (NORM) and 6 had a history of patellar or hamstring tendinopathy (TEN). Differences in baseline UTC echopattern were observed between the NORM and TEN groups, with the Achilles of the TEN group exhibiting altered UTC echopattern, consistent with a slightly disorganised tendon structure. In the NORM group, a significant reduction in echo-type I (normal tendon structure) was seen on day 2 (p=0.012) that returned to baseline on day 4.SummaryThere was a transient change in UTC echopattern in the Achilles tendon as a result of an Australian football game in individuals without a history of lower limb tendinopathy.
Medical complications and deaths in 21 and 56 km road race runners: a 4-year prospective study in 65 865 runners—SAFER study I
Authors: Schwabe Karen , Schwellnus Martin , Derman Wayne , Swanevelder Sonja , Jordaan Esme 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundCardiac arrest and sudden death during distance-running events have been reported but other medical complications, including serious life-threatening complications have not been well described.ObjectiveTo document the incidence and nature of medical complications during 21 and 56 km running races.DesignProspective study.SettingTwo Oceans Marathon races (21 and 56 km races).Participants65 865 race starters (39 511—21 km runners, 26 354—56 km runners).MethodsMedical complications (defined as any runner requiring assessment by a doctor at the race medical facility or a local hospital on race day) were recorded in each of the 4 years of the study period. Complications were further subdivided into serious (potentially life-threatening) complications and deaths and were also analysed by system and final diagnosis.ResultsIn the 4 years, 545 medical complications were recorded, resulting in an overall incidence (per 1000 race starters) of 8.27. The incidence of serious (potentially life-threatening) medical complications was 0.56 (37 serious complications). Two deaths occurred in 21 km runners (incidence of 0.05). The most common specific medical complications were exercise-associated collapse (postural hypotension), dermatological conditions, musculoskeletal injuries and serious exercise-associated muscle cramping.ConclusionsThe incidence of medical complications was higher in 56 km runners but sudden cardiac deaths only occurred in 21 km runners. Serious medical complications were as common in 21 km as in 56 km runners. Risk factors for medical complications need to be determined in 21 and 56 km runners to plan strategies to reduce the risk of adverse medical events in endurance runners.
Introducing structured caregiver training in stroke care: findings from the TRACS process evaluation study
Authors: Clarke David J , Hawkins R , Sadler E , Harding G , McKevitt C , Godfrey M , Dickerson J , Farrin A J , Kalra L , Smithard D , Forster A 
Published: April 2014

ObjectiveTo evaluate the process of implementation of the modified London Stroke Carers Training Course (LSCTC) in the Training Caregivers After Stroke (TRACS) cluster randomised trial and contribute to the interpretation of the TRACS trial results. The LSCTC was a structured competency-based training programme designed to help develop the knowledge and skills (eg, patient handling or transfer skills) essential for the day-to-day management of disabled survivors of stroke. The LSCTC comprised 14 components, 6 were mandatory (and delivered to all) and 8 non-mandatory, to be delivered based on individual assessment of caregiver need.DesignProcess evaluation using non-participant observation, documentary analysis and semistructured interviews.ParticipantsPatients with stroke (n=38), caregivers (n=38), stroke unit staff (n=53).Settings10 of the 36 stroke units participating in the TRACS trial in four English regions (Yorkshire, North West, South East and South West, Peninsula).ResultsPreparatory cascade training on delivery of the LSCTC did not reach all staff and did not lead to multidisciplinary team (MDT) wide understanding of, engagement with or commitment to the LSCTC. Although senior therapists in most intervention units observed developed ownership of the LSCTC, MDT working led to separation rather than integration of delivery of LSCTC elements. Organisational features of stroke units and professionals’ patient-focused practices limited the involvement of caregivers. Caregivers were often invited to observe therapy or care being provided by professionals but had few opportunities to make sense of, or to develop knowledge and stroke-specific skills provided by the LSCTC. Where provided, caregiver training came very late in the inpatient stay. Assessment and development of caregiver competence was not commonly observed.ConclusionsContextual factors including service improvement pressures and staff perceptions of the necessity for and work required in caregiver training impacted negatively on implementation of the caregiver training intervention. Structured caregiver training programmes such as the LSCTC are unlikely to be practical in settings with short inpatient stays. Stroke units where early supported discharge is in place potentially offer a more effective vehicle for introducing competency based caregiver training.LINKED TRACS Cluster randomised controlled trial numberISRCTN49208824.