bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective nematocidal effects of essential oils from two cultivated Artemisia absinthium populations
Authors: García-Rodríguez Juan José , Andrés María-Fé , Ibañez-Escribano Alexandra , Julio Luis F. , Burillo Jesús , Bolás-Fernández Francisco , González-Coloma Azucena 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) obtained from two crops and populations of thujone-free cultivated Artemisia absinthium were tested against two nematode models, the mammalian parasite Trichinella spiralis, and the plant parasitic root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. The EOs were characterized by the presence of (Z)-epoxyocimene and chrysanthenol as major components and showed time and population dependent quantitative and qualitative variations in composition. The EOs showed a strong ex vivo activity against the L1 larvae of the nematode Trichinella spiralis with a reduction of infectivity between 72 and 100% at a dose range of 0.5–1 mg/ml in absence of cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Moreover, the in vivo activity of the EO against T. spiralis showed a 66% reduction of intestinal adults. However, these oils were not effective against M. javanica.
In VivoReprogramming for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair
Authors: Chen Gong , Wernig Marius , Berninger Benedikt , Nakafuku Masato , Parmar Malin , Zhang Chun-Li 
Published: October 2015

AbstractCell reprogramming technologies have enabled the generation of various specific cell types including neurons from readily accessible patient cells, such as skin fibroblasts, providing an intriguing novel cell source for autologous cell transplantation. However, cell transplantation faces several difficult hurdles such as cell production and purification, long-term survival, and functional integration after transplantation. Recently,in vivoreprogramming, which makes use of endogenous cells for regeneration purpose, emerged as a new approach to circumvent cell transplantation. There has been evidence forin vivoreprogramming in the mouse pancreas, heart, and brain and spinal cord with various degrees of success. This mini review summarizes the latest developments presented in the first symposium onin vivoreprogramming glial cells into functional neurons in the brain and spinal cord, held at the 2014 annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in Washington, DC.
Developmental RacGAP α2-Chimaerin Signaling Is a Determinant of the Morphological Features of Dendritic Spines in Adulthood
Authors: Iwata Ryohei , Matsukawa Hiroshi , Yasuda Kosuke , Mizuno Hidenobu , Itohara Shigeyoshi , Iwasato Takuji 
Published: October 2015

Morphological characteristics of dendritic spines form the basis of cognitive ability. However, molecular mechanisms involved in fine-tuning of spine morphology during development are not fully understood. Moreover, it is unclear whether, and to what extent, these developmental mechanisms determine the normal adult spine morphological features. Here, we provide evidence that α2-isoform of Rac-specific GTPase-activating protein α-chimaerin (α2-chimaerin) is involved in spine morphological refinement during late postnatal period, and furthermore show that this developmental α2-chimaerin function affects adult spine morphologies. We used a series of mice with global and conditional knock-out of α-chimaerin isoforms (α1-chimaerin and α2-chimaerin). α2-Chimaerin disruption, but not α1-chimaerin disruption, in the mouse results in an increased size (and density) of spines in the hippocampus. In contrast, overexpression of α2-chimaerin in developing hippocampal neurons induces a decrease of spine size. Disruption of α2-chimaerin suppressed EphA-mediated spine morphogenesis in cultured developing hippocampal neurons. α2-Chimaerin disruption that begins during the juvenile stage results in an increased size of spines in the hippocampus. Meanwhile, spine morphologies are unaltered when α2-chimaerin is deleted only in adulthood. Consistent with these spine morphological results, disruption of α2-chimaerin beginning in the juvenile stage led to an increase in contextual fear learning in adulthood; whereas contextual learning was recently shown to be unaffected when α2-chimaerin was deleted only in adulthood. Together, these results suggest that α2-chimaerin signaling in developmental stages contributes to determination of the morphological features of adult spines and establishment of normal cognitive ability.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRecent studies of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans and their animal models have led to an attractive hypothesis that spine morphogenesis during development forms the basis of adult cognition. In particular, the roles of Rac and its regulators, such as Rac-specific GTPase-activating proteins (RacGAPs) and Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factors, are a topic of focus in spine morphogenesis and cognitive ability. Using a series of mice with global and conditional knock-out (KO) of RacGAP α-chimaerin isoforms (α1-chimaerin and α2-chimaerin), we provide compelling evidence demonstrating that α2-chimaerin is involved in spine morphological refinement during late postnatal development and that this developmental α2-chimaerin function affects adult spine morphologies. Furthermore, our results clearly showed that α2-chimaerin signaling during late postnatal development contributes to normal cognitive ability in adult mice.
Downregulation of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Promotes the Switch from Tangential to Radial Migration in the OB
Authors: Alfonso Julieta , Penkert Horst , Duman Ceren , Zuccotti Annalisa , Monyer Hannah 
Published: October 2015

Neuroblast migration is a highly orchestrated process that ensures the proper integration of newborn neurons into complex neuronal circuits. In the postnatal rodent brain, neuroblasts migrate long distances from the subependymal zone of the lateral ventricles to the olfactory bulb (OB) within the rostral migratory stream (RMS). They first migrate tangentially in close contact to each other and later radially as single cells until they reach their final destination in the OB. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that interacts with cell-surface receptors to exert different cellular responses. Although well studied in other systems and a target for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, little is known about S1P in the postnatal brain. Here, we report that the S1P receptor 1 (S1P1) is expressed in neuroblasts migrating in the RMS. Usingin vivoandin vitrogain- and loss-of-function approaches in both wild-type and transgenic mice, we found that the activation of S1P1 by its natural ligand S1P, acting as a paracrine signal, contributes to maintain neuroblasts attached to each other while they migrate in chains within the RMS. Once in the OB, neuroblasts cease to express S1P1, which results in cell detachment and initiation of radial migration, likely via downregulation of NCAM1 and β1 integrin. Our results reveal a novel physiological function for S1P1 in the postnatal brain, directing the path followed by newborn neurons in the neurogenic niche.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe function of each neuron is highly determined by the position it occupies within a neuronal circuit. Frequently, newborn neurons must travel long distances from their birthplace to their predetermined final location and, to do so, they use different modes of migration. In this study, we identify the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1 (S1P1) as one of the key players that govern the switch from tangential to radial migration of postnatally generated neuroblasts in the olfactory bulb. Of interest is the evidence that the ligand, S1P, is provided by nearby astrocytes. Finally, we also propose adhesion molecules that act downstream of S1P1 and initiate the transition from tangential chain migration to individual radial migration outside of the stream.
Store-Operated Calcium Entry through Orai Is Required for Transcriptional Maturation of the Flight Circuit inDrosophila
Authors: Pathak Trayambak , Agrawal Tarjani , Richhariya Shlesha , Sadaf Sufia , Hasan Gaiti 
Published: October 2015

Store operated calcium entry (SOCE) is thought to primarily regulate calcium homeostasis in neurons. Subsequent to identification of Orai as the SOCE channel in nonexcitable cells, investigation of Orai function in neurons demonstrated a requirement for SOCE inDrosophilaflight. Here, by analysis of anOraimutant and by controlled expression of a dominant-negativeDrosophila Oraitransgene, we show that Orai-mediated SOCE is required in dopaminergic interneurons of the flight circuit during pupal development. Expression of dominant-negativeOraiin dopaminergic neurons of pupae abolished flight. The loss of Orai-mediated SOCE alters transcriptional regulation of dopaminergic neurons, leading to downregulation of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which is essential for dopamine synthesis, and the dopamine transporter, which is required for dopamine uptake after synaptic release. These studies suggest that modulation of SOCE could serve as a novel mechanism for restoring dopamine levels in dopaminergic neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe specificity of an animal's response to an environmental stimulus is determined in part by the release of neurotransmitters, which are sensed by responding neurons through cognate receptors on their surface. One way by which neurons respond is through release of calcium from intracellular stores followed by store refilling from extracellular calcium sources. This mechanism is called store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The function of SOCE in neurons has been debated. Here we describe a new function for SOCE in the regulation of neurotransmitter levels inDrosophilaflight neurons. This cell-signaling mechanism is required to maintain optimal levels of a key enzyme for dopamine synthesis and may serve as a mechanism for restoring dopamine levels in relevant pathological conditions.
Increased Dosage of High-Affinity Kainate Receptor Genegrik4Alters Synaptic Transmission and Reproduces Autism Spectrum Disorders Features
Authors: Aller M. Isabel , Pecoraro Valeria , Paternain Ana V. , Canals Santiago , Lerma Juan 
Published: October 2015

The understanding of brain diseases requires the identification of the molecular, synaptic, and cellular disruptions underpinning the behavioral features that define the disease. The importance of genes related to synaptic function in brain disease has been implied in studies describingde novogermline mutations and copy number variants. Indeed,de novocopy number variations (deletion or duplication of a chromosomal region) of synaptic genes have been recently implicated as risk factors for mental retardation or autism. Among these genes isGRIK4, a gene coding for a glutamate receptor subunit of the kainate type. Here we show that mice overexpressinggrik4in the forebrain displayed social impairment, enhanced anxiety, and depressive states, accompanied by altered synaptic transmission, showing more efficient information transfer through the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit. Together, these data indicate that a single gene variation in the glutamatergic system results in behavioral symptomatology consistent with autism spectrum disorders as well as in alterations in synaptic function in regions involved in social activity. Autistic features of these mice represent powerful tools for improving diagnosis and testing of specific treatments targeting abnormalities in glutamatergic signaling related to autism spectrum disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA genetic overlap exists between autism spectrum disorders (ASD), currently thought to represent a continuum of the same disorder with varying degrees of severity, and other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric endophenotypes. We show that the duplication of a single gene coding for a high-affinity kainate receptor subunit (i.e.,grik4) in a limited area of the brain recapitulates behavioral endophenotypes seen in humans diagnosed with autism (anhedonia, depression, anxiety, and altered social interaction), including some humans withGRIK4duplications. Therefore, it should be possible to use mice overexpressinggrik4to directly address circuit dysfunctions associated with ASDs and test specific treatments of autism-related behaviors.
The Stimulus-Dependent Gradient of Cyp26B1+Olfactory Sensory Neurons Is Necessary for the Functional Integrity of the Olfactory Sensory Map
Authors: Login Hande , Håglin Sofia , Berghard Anna , Bohm Staffan 
Published: October 2015

Stimulus-dependent expression of the retinoic acid-inactivating enzyme Cyp26B1 in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) forms a dorsomedial (DM)–ventrolateral (VL) gradient in the mouse olfactory epithelium. The gradient correlates spatially with different rates of OSN turnover, as well as the functional organization of the olfactory sensory map, into overlapping zones of OSNs that express different odorant receptors (ORs). Here, we analyze transgenic mice that, instead of a stimulus-dependent Cyp26B1 gradient, have constitutive Cyp26B1 levels in all OSNs. Starting postnatally, OSN differentiation is decreased and progenitor proliferation is increased. Initially, these effects are selective to the VL-most zone and correlate with reduced ATF5 expression and accumulation of OSNs that do not express ORs. Transcription factor ATF5 is known to stabilize OR gene choice via onset of the stimulus-transducing enzyme adenylyl cyclase type 3. During further postnatal development of Cyp26B1 mice, an anomalous DMhigh–VLlowexpression gradient of adenylyl cyclase type 3 appears, which coincides with altered OR frequencies and OR zones. All OR zones expand ventrolaterally except for the VL-most zone, which contracts. The expansion results in an increased zonal overlap that is also evident in the innervation pattern of OSN axon terminals in olfactory bulbs. These findings together identify a mechanism by which postnatal sensory-stimulated vitamin A metabolism modifies the generation of spatially specified neurons and their precise topographic connectivity. The distributed patterns of vitamin A-metabolizing enzymes in the nervous system suggest the possibility that the mechanism may also regulate neuroplasticity in circuits other than the olfactory sensory map.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mouse olfactory sensory map is functionally wired according to precise axonal projections of spatially organized classes of olfactory sensory neurons in the nose. The genetically controlled mechanisms that regulate the development of the olfactory sensory map are beginning to be elucidated. Little is known about mechanisms by which sensory stimuli shape the organization of the map after birth. We show that a stimulus-dependent gradient of a retinoic acid-inactivating enzyme Cyp26B1 modifies the composition, localization, and axonal projections of olfactory sensory neuron classes. The mechanism is novel and suggests the interesting possibility that local vitamin A metabolism could also be a mediator of stimulus-dependent modifications of precise spatial connectivity in other parts of the nervous system.
Functional Diversity of Subicular Principal Cells during Hippocampal Ripples
Authors: Böhm Claudia , Peng Yangfan , Maier Nikolaus , Winterer Jochen , Poulet James F.A. , Geiger Jörg R.P. , Schmitz Dietmar 
Published: October 2015

Cortical and hippocampal oscillations play a crucial role in the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memory. Sharp-wave associated ripples have been shown to be necessary for the consolidation of memory. During consolidation, information is transferred from the hippocampus to the neocortex. One of the structures at the interface between hippocampus and neocortex is the subiculum. It is therefore well suited to mediate the transfer and distribution of information from the hippocampus to other areas. By juxtacellular and whole-cell-recordings in awake mice, we show here that in the subiculum a subset of pyramidal cells is activated, whereas another subset is inhibited during ripples. We demonstrate that these functionally different subgroups are predetermined by their cell subtype. Bursting cells are selectively used to transmit information during ripples, whereas the firing probability in regular firing cells is reduced. With multiple patch-clamp recordingsin vitro, we show that the cell subtype-specific differences extend into the local network topology. This is reflected in an asymmetric wiring scheme where bursting cells and regular firing cells are recurrently connected among themselves but connections between subtypes exclusively exist from regular to bursting cells. Furthermore, inhibitory connections are more numerous onto regular firing cells than onto bursting cells. We conclude that the network topology contributes to the observed functional diversity of subicular pyramidal cells during sharp-wave associated ripples.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMemory consolidation is dependent on hippocampal activity patterns, so called hippocampal ripples. During these fast oscillations, memory traces are transferred from the hippocampus to the neocortex via the subiculum. We investigated the role of single cells in the subiculum during ripples and found that, dependent on their subtype, they are preferentially activated or inhibited. In addition, these two subtypes, the bursting and regular firing type, are differentially integrated into the local network: inhibitory cells are more densely connected to regular firing cells, and communication between regular and bursting cells is unidirectional. Together with earlier findings on different preferential target regions of these subtypes, we conclude that memory traces are guided to target regions of the activated cell type.
Tc1-like TransposaseThm3of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Can Mediate Gene Transposition in the Genome of Blunt Snout Bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)
Authors: Guo Xiu-Ming , Zhang Qian-Qian , Sun Yi-Wen , Jiang Xia-Yun , Zou Shu-Ming 
Published: October 2015

AbstractTc1-like transposons consist of an inverted repeat sequence flanking a transposase gene that exhibits similarity to the mobile DNA element, Tc1, of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. They are widely distributed within vertebrate genomes including teleost fish; however, few active Tc1-like transposases have been discovered. In this study, 17 Tc1-like transposon sequences were isolated from 10 freshwater fish species belonging to the families Cyprinidae, Adrianichthyidae, Cichlidae, and Salmonidae. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of these sequences using previously isolated Tc1-like transposases and report that 16 of these elements comprise a new subfamily of Tc1-like transposons. In particular, we show that one transposon, Thm3 from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix; Cyprinidae), can encode a 335-aa transposase with apparently intact domains, containing three to five copies in its genome. We then coinjected donor plasmids harboring 367 bp of the left end and 230 bp of the right end of the nonautonomous silver carp Thm1 cis-element along with capped Thm3 transposase RNA into the embryos of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala; one- to two-cell embryos). This experiment revealed that the average integration rate could reach 50.6% in adult fish. Within the blunt snout bream genome, the TA dinucleotide direct repeat, which is the signature of Tc1-like family of transposons, was created adjacent to both ends of Thm1 at the integration sites. Our results indicate that the silver carp Thm3 transposase can mediate gene insertion by transposition within the genome of blunt snout bream genome, and that this occurs with a TA position preference.
Graphitic Schottky Contacts to Si formed by Energetic Deposition
Authors: Alnassar Mohammad Saleh N , Leech Patrick W. , Reeves Geoff K. , Holland Anthony S. , Lau Desmond W. M. , McCulloch Dougal G. , Tran Hiep N. , Partridge Jim G. 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTCarbon films deposited by filtered cathodic vacuum arc have been used to form high quality Schottky diodes on p-Si. Energetic deposition with an applied substrate bias of -1 kV and with a substrate temperature of 100 °C has produced carbon diodes with rectification ratios of ∼ 3 × 106, saturation currents of ∼0.02 nA and ideality factors close to unity (n = 1.05). Simulations were used to estimate the effective work function and the thickness of an interfacial mixed (C/SiO2) layer from the current/voltage characteristics of the diodes.
Ausrichtung der Forschungen der akademischen Mitarbeiter an der Theologischen Fakultät, Sektion Tarnów
Authors: Stala Józef 
Published: October 2015

The 21st century brings new challenges for the society and every human being. Although today’s Europe is in the process of strengthening and enlarging its economic and political union, it seems to suffer from a profound crisis of values. Therefore, it is very important to have a proper perception and understanding of contemporary challenges for education and pedagogy. This might results in going through the effective learning processes, which enable a human being to function properly in his/her private and professional life. For all these reasons, the author of this article shows various aspects of scientific and didactic activities undertaken by the academic staff of the Faculty of Theology, Section in Tarnów, which is an integral part of the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow. A short historical sketch of establishment of the Faculty of Theology, Section in Tarnów enable to embed the academic work of this Faculty in specific realities and conditions.
Was John Paul II an Apologist of Christianity?
Authors: Michalik Andrzej 
Published: October 2015

The paper tries to answer the question whether John Paul II was an apologist of Christianity. Moving along scholastic methodology, the paper progress along three stages, exploring a negative statement (videtur quod non), justifying a positive assertion (sed contra), to formulate a conclusion (ergo). Through this methodology the paper argues that Pope John Paul II was the defender of Christianity. This methodology allows thorough study of the highlights of the pontificate of this Great Pope and on the basis of counter-points to bring out a more clear answer to the research question.
Der Mensch als Person: Die bestimmende Grundlage für Johannes Paul II. in seinem Bild von der Familie
Authors: Stala Józef 
Published: October 2015

Pope John Paul II frequently describes humans in terms of personal being. One could say that this is one of the most fundamental aspects in his teaching. This text analyses the anthropology underlying his papal teaching in the context of the modern world and modern family life. The author emphasizes that the contemporary context reflects a multifaceted crisis affecting humans. The text explores a core aspect of Pope John Paul II’s teaching in his vision of the family, which is the issue of how to understand the human being as a person. Fundamentally the family is presented as a communion of persons, then a person is shown as the primary determinant in family education.