bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Group Antigens of Lactobacillus casei
Authors: Shimohashi Hirotaka , Kamiyama Kuniyoshi , Arai Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGroup antigens of Lactobacillus casei were analyzed by immunodiffusion in agar. Antigens were extracted with cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA) from whole cells or cell‐wall preparations. Using cell‐wall extracts as antigens, group B strains were clearly distinguished from group C strains. The antigen specific for group B was designated as antigen 1, and for group C as antigen 2. Group B cells contained either antigen 4 or antigen 5, in addition to antigen 1, in their cell walls, and were divided into two subgroups. TCA extracts of the whole‐cell preparations contained an antigen common to groups B and C. This antigen was called antigen 3. Antigen 3 was not found in the cell‐wall extracts. All species of lactobacilli and some species of other genera were found to contain this antigen in their whole‐cell extracts. Inhibition tests with various sugars showed that L‐rhamnose was the most effective inhibitor for antigens 1 and 5, α‐glucoside for antigen 4, β‐glucoside for antigen 2, and hexosamines for antigen 3.
Slime Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Murakawa Takeo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTChemical properties and compositions of slimes produced by two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains of different colonial types were investigated. The main component of the slime from strain IFO 3445 was found to be DNA, contaminated with small amounts of protein. On the other hand, the slime from a mucoid‐type strain No. 24 was an alginate‐like substance consisting of mannuronic and glucuronic acids, and contained traces of protein and nucleic acid. Slimes from twenty clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were investigated for their chemical compositions. Slimes from eighteen strains consisted of DNA, while, two strains of a mucoid‐type produced slimes composed of polyuronic acid.
Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterial Fractions
Authors: Taniyama Tadayoshi , Watanabe Takeshi , Azuma Ichiro , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe addition of adjuvant (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin‐cell wall skeleton; BCG‐CWS) to the culture medium substantially increased the immune response of mouse spleen cells to immunization with heterologous erythrocytes and hapten–protein conjugate in vitro. Cell walls of mycobacteria, nocardia and corynebacteria and their cell wall constituents were used as adjuvants. In the present case, it was found that cell walls of mycobacteria, nocardia and corynebacteria markedly facilitated primary humoral response of mouse spleen cells to heterologous erythrocytes in vitro. The adjuvant effect of BCG‐CWS was present only in the formation of 19 S antibody in both primary and secondary responses, but not in that of 7 S antibody in vitro. Primary antihapten response of mouse spleen cells against dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP‐KLH) also succeeded when BCG‐CWS was added to the culture medium, and it was found that BCG‐CWS increased the helper activity of carrier specific helper T cells in vitro where a double chamber system, separated by a cell‐impermeable nucleopore membrane, was used. This result suggested that BCG‐CWS acts on T cells, resulting in the release of soluble factor(s) from T cells capable of exerting an adjuvant effect. Furthermore, mucopeptide moiety of BCG‐CWS retained some adjuvant activity, but other cell wall constituents, such as mycolic acid, arabinose mycolate, and arabinogalactan, did not show any adjuvant effect in vitro. These results strongly imply that mucopeptide moiety of BCG‐CWS plays an important role in the development of adjuvanticity.
Typing of Herpes Simplex Virus Strains of Genital and Nongenital Origins
Authors: Kawana Takashi , Shinkai Kenkichi , Yoshino Kamesaburo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTHerpes simplex virus strains isolated from genital and nongenital sites were classified into type 1 (HSV‐1) and type 2 (HSV‐2) by endpoint neutralization tests using IgM of rabbits hyperimmunized with either HF (HSV‐1) or UW‐268 (HSV‐2) strain. It was found that about one‐third of the genital isolates belonged to type 1, in contrast to the general concept that HSV‐2 represents genital herpes strains. These HSV‐1 strains, differing from HSV‐2, were mostly isolates from acute herpetic lesions of female patients with constitutional symptoms. On the other hand, all nongenital isolates except one were determined to be HSV‐1. There was no intermediate type equally neutralizable by both types of IgM. A majority of the HSV‐2 strains produced large plaques in chick embryo (CE) cells before passage through avian cells. In contrast, all HSV‐1 strains failed to produce such large CE plaques even after serial passages through avian hosts.
Observations on Nonconverting Phage, c‐n71, Obtained from a Nontoxigenic Strain of Clostridium botulinum Type C
Authors: Oguma Keiji , Iida Hiroo , Inoue Katsuhiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA nontoxigenic mutant (C‐N71) obtained from a toxigenic strain of Clostridium botulinum type C, Stockholm, with nitrosoguanidine treatment was found to be lysogenic by the lysis test. Although the filtrate of a passaged lysate of this nontoxigenic but lysogenic strain, C‐N71, lysed cells of the nontoxigenic strain C‐AO2 equally as well as the converting phage c‐st obtained from the strain C‐Stockholm, it did not convert C‐AO2 to the toxigenic state. The lysis spectrum of this filtrate was the same as that of the c‐st phage. The ability of the filtrate to lyse the indicator cells, C‐AO2, was destroyed neither by trypsin nor DNase but was inactivated by heat treatment at 80 C for 10 min. This suggested that the agent which caused lysis was not boticin but probably a phage. An electron micrograph of the complete phage, c‐n71, which was similar in morphology to that of the c‐st phage was obtained from the filtrate of strain C‐N71. Anti‐c‐n71 phage rabbit serum neutralized both the lytic and the converting activities of the c‐st phage. These findings strongly suggest that the c‐n71 phage is a mutant of the c‐st phage which lacks the gene controlling production of botulinum type C toxin.
Seven‐Year Follow‐Up Study of Rubella Syndrome in Ryukyu with Special Reference to Persistence of Rubella Hemagglutination Inhibition Antibodies
Authors: Ueda Kohji , Nishida Yukiaki , Oshima Kenji , Yoshikawa Hiromi , Ohashi Komei , Nonaka Saneo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies in 266 children with rubella syndrome born in 1965 in the Ryukyu Islands and their mothers were followed for seven years. Titers of rubella HI antibody in the mothers declined slowly, while those in the children declined rapidly up to 40 months of age. Thereafter decline of titers became extremely slow and only seven cases (three per cent) became seronegative for rubella HI antibody. Rubella HI antibody titers seemed to have no particular correlation to the severity of clinical manifestations.
Ecology of Enteroviruses in Tropics
Authors: Otatume Sinroku , Addy Patrick A‐K. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA continuing surveillance on enterovirus infection in healthy infants was conducted from October 1971 through February 1973 in urban areas in Ghana, West Africa. About 40 infants were visited in every two months for collection of faecal specimens and examined for infection. Enteroviruses were recovered in tissue culture. The overall isolation rate of enteroviruses was approximately 44%, and there was no seasonal difference between rainy and dry seasons. The rate of virus isolation in urban areas was significantly higher than in rural areas. Within the urban areas, however, no difference in the rate of virus isolation was detected between densely populated and sparsely populated areas. The results of virus identification revealed that all three types of Poliovirus, many types of Echovirus and a few Coxsackieviruses were isolated during the course of the study. It was observed that improvement of sanitary facilities decreased the frequency of virus infection among infants, but the condition of water supply did not influence the virus infection rate. Neither the age of infants nor the size of siblings showed any relation to the virus isolation rate. It was suggested from the results that many types of enteroviruses have been circulating continuously in the tropical urban community throughout the year.
Amoxycillin and Ampicillin
Authors: Miller M.A. , Kuemmerle N.B. , Gentile G. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn vitro antibacterial activities of ampicillin and amoxycillin were compared against pigmented and non‐pigmented strains of Serratia marcescens. Ampicillin appeared more effective than amoxycillin; three‐fourths of all strains consistently exhibited an ampicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of at least one tube less than that recorded for amoxycillin. Complete cross resistance was not observed as has previously been inferred. Further, greater bactericidal activity was demonstrated with ampicillin; minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were either the same as or one tube greater than the MIC. MBCs for amoxycillin, however, were significantly higher; often four to five times greater than the MIC. Ampicillin exhibited greater bactericidal activity as inferred from differences observed in the biological lesions induced, as recorded through observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Spheroplasts were the predominant morphological alteration induced by ampicillin. In contrast, only filament formation, which demonstrated a degree of reversibility, was induced by amoxycillin.
Isolation and Properties of Escherichia coli Mutants Which Are Nonpermissive for the Growth of Phage Lambda
Authors: Takahashi Seishi , Hidaka Saburo , Matsubara Kenichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTBy selecting survivors of λ phage infection, mutants of Escherichia coli K12 that block reproduction cycle of the phage have been isolated. Fourteen of these phage‐tolerant mutants (lam mutants) were chosen and characterized biochemically and genetically. It was shown that these mutants were tolerant to infection by all the lambdoid phages, except for few cases, but they were susceptible to infection by a non‐lambdoid temperate phage (φ299), P1 or T phages. The mutants can be divided into at least three groups: (1) A mutant (lam 16) strain that seems to block normal penetration of phage DNA: (2) Three mutant (lam 64, lam 67 and lam 71) strains that block an “early” step(s) of phage growth, including phage DNA synthesis: (3) Six mutant (lam 24, lam 25, lam 26, lam 27, lam 646 and lam 6) strains that block normal functioning of the gene E products and produce unusual head structures. Some lambdoid phages and λ mutants that overcome the interference by the lam mutations have been obtained, and were used as tools for characterizing the host mutations. Two (lam 12 and lam 13) mutant strains and one (lam 1) mutant were inferred as affecting the expression of “late” genes, and early gene, respectively, by this test.
Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV‐2)
Authors: Hirano Norio , Fujiwara Kôsaku , Matumoto Minoru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTVarious factor sinfluencing the plaque formation of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV‐2) in DBT cell monolayers were studied and a practical method for plaque assay was developed. Infected DBT cells yielded high‐titered virus and were a satisfactory source of complement‐fixing viral antigen. The predominant cytopathic effect of MHV‐2 in DBT cells was cell rounding and detachment, but no syncytial formation was observed. Fluorescent antibody staining revealed specific fluorescence only in the cytoplasm of infected DBT cells. In one‐step growth experiment, newly formed virus was first recognized within 4‐hr postinfection and showed subsequently a rapid exponential increase. Release of newly formed virus from the cell was rapid, and a continuous release lasted for a certain period of time. The average per‐cell yield of active virus was estimated to be about 6–7 × 102 plaque‐forming units.
Difference in Response to Mouse Hepatitis Virus among Susceptible Mouse Strains
Authors: Taguchi Fumihiro , Hirano Norio , Kiuchi Yoshihiro , Fujiwara Kôsaku 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAfter intraperitoneal inoculation with a high‐virulent mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) a significant difference was seen in survival time between DDD and CDF1 (BALB/c × DDD) mice, while 50% lethal doses were not significantly different. With 3 × 103 PFU of the virus CDF1 and DDD mice died in 45 and 120 hr, respectively, on the average. This difference of susceptibility between DDD and CDF1 mice was first demonstrable at the age of 1 week and was more pronounced at the age of 4 weeks but showed no dependence on the sex. Virus titers ran 2 to 3 log higher in the liver and blood of CDF1 than in those of DDD mice, while being only 1 log higher in the spleen. At an early stage of infection viral antigen was demonstrable by immunofluorescence in sinusoidal lining cells of the liver more prominently in CDF1 than in DDD mice. Interferon production occurring in parallel with virus growth was significantly higher in CDF1 than in DDD mice. In DDD mice, liver lesions were rather focal with some accumulation of round cells, while they were confluent with poor cellular response in CDF1 mice. Viral growth in cultured peritoneal macrophages from CDF1 mice was 1 log higher than in those from DDD mice. The results suggest that the divergence in response to MHV among susceptible mice greatly depends upon the susceptibility of macrophages and reticuloendothelial cells which constitute primary targets of the virus.
Temperate Coliphage HK022: Clear Plaque Mutants and Preliminary Vegetative Map
Authors: Dhillon T.S. , Dhillon Elvera K.S. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWild type phage HK022 was mutagenized by N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine to induce clear plaque mutants. A total of 225 clear plaque mutants were isolated and 198 of these were assignable to one or the other of the two complementation groups of the corresponding cistrons which have been designated as cI and cII, respectively. Approximately 25% of the c mutants were found to be temperature‐sensitive (cts); producing turbid plaques at 32 C and clear plaques at 38 C and above. From complementation tests involving cI and cII mutants, bacteria lysogenic for cII prophage were frequently obtained. Double lysogens harboring a cI and a cII prophage were infrequently found and single lysogens harboring only a cI prophage have not been recovered. Bacterial lysogens harboring a prophage carrying a cts mutation in the cI cistron were readily obtainable. However, such lysogens show a lethal phenotype at 40 C and above, although they appear to be fully viable at 32 C. It is shown that by incubation of lysogens harboring a cts mutant of the cI cistron at 42 C, it is possible to isolate cryptic lysogens which are non‐immune but harbor at least one of the phage sus+ alleles. Genetic data involving cI, cII, and two complementing sus mutants of essential genes are presented. From these data the following vegetative map is deduced: sus4–cII‐cI‐sus3.
Distribution of Indigenous Lactobacilli in the Digestive Tract of Conventional and Gnotobiotic Rats
Authors: Watanabe Tsugio , Morotomi Masami , Suegara Nobuo , Kawai Yasuo , Mutai Masahiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDistribution of indigenous lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats was investigated at the species level. The indigenous lactobacilli isolated from conventional rats were divided into three groups, Lactobacillus acidophilus and its related strains, L. fermentum, and L. murini. Localization of the Lactobacillus groups in the gastrointestinal tracts could be distinguished clearly based on arabinose and glucose fermentation reaction of isolates from each part of the gastrointestinal tract. Group I (L. acidophilus and the related strains) and Group II (L. fermentum) were the major populations of lactobacilli on the walls of the non‐glandular part and in the contents of the stomachs of both conventional and gnotobiotic rats. Group I predominated in all the parts of the digestive tract of conventional rats, whereas Group II was in the minority in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tracts of both groups of rats. Group III (L. murini) was the predominant population of Lactobacillus in the lower part of small intestine of conventional rats and in all parts of the gastrointestinal tracts of gnotobiotic rats except for the wall of the non‐glandular part of the stomach.
Thermolabile Repression of Cephalosporinase Synthesis in Citrobacter freundii
Authors: Sawai Tetsuo , Nakajima Sachio , Morohoshi Toshiro , Yamagishi Saburo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn unusual regulatory system of cephalosporinase synthesis in Citrobacter freundii has been found. When the bacteria are grown at 20 C, the cephalosporinase is synthesized as a typical inducible enzyme and benzylpenicillin acts as an effective inducer. The enzyme, however, is synthesized in the absence of the inducer at growth temperatures above 25 C. When the growth temperature is shifted from 20 C to 37 C, the induction of enzyme synthesis is observed after about one half of the organism doubling time, but it does not occur in the presence of chloramphenicol. The reverse control mutants, the enzyme constitutive synthesis of which is markedly depressed by benzylpenicillin, were isolated from the C. freundii wild strain. The possibility that the enzyme synthesis is governed by a regulatory system analogous to the its mutant of the lac operon in Escherichia coli was suggested.
Dental Caries Induction in Experimental Animals by Clinical Strains of Streptococcus mutans Isolated from Japanese Children
Authors: Hamada Shigeyuki , Ooshima Takashi , Torii Mitsuo , Imanishi Hideaki , Masuda Norio , Sobue Shizuo , Kotani Shozo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOral implantation and the cariogenic activity of clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans which had been isolated from Japanese children and labeled with streptomycin‐resistance were examined in specific pathogen‐free Sprague‐Dawley rats. All the seven strains tested were easily implanted and persisted during the experimental period. Extensive carious lesions were produced in rats inoculated with clinical strains of S. mutans belonging to serotypes c, d, e, and f, and maintained on caries‐inducing diet #2000. Noninfected rats did not develop dental caries when fed diet #2000. Type d S. mutans preferentially induced smooth surface caries in the rats. Strains of other serotypes primarily developed caries of pit and fissure origin. Caries also developed in rats inoculated with reference S. mutans strains BH‐TR and FAIR (type b) that had been maintained in the laboratories for many years. However, the cariogenicity of the laboratory strains was found to have decreased markedly. All three S. sanguis strains could be implanted, but only one strain induced definite fissure caries. Two S. salivarius strains could not be implanted well in the rats and therefore they were not cariogenic. Four different species of lactobacilli also failed to induce dental caries in rats subjected to similar caries test regimen on diet #2000. S. mutans strain MT6R (type c) also induce caries in golden hamsters and ICR mice, but of variable degrees.
In Vitro Immune Response of Human Peripheral Lymphocytes
Authors: Kuritani Taro , Hirano Toshio , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCon A‐stimulation of human peripheral T lymphocytes induced both suppressor and helper T cells. Con A‐generated suppressor T cells inhibited PWM‐indueed IgG and IgM production in PBL. Lower concentrations of Con A (0.5 μg/ml) or shorter incubation periods (6 to 24 hr) induced mainly helper T cells, while higher concentrations of Con A (10 μg/ml) or longer incubation periods (at least 48 hr) induced suppressor T cells. Con A‐generated suppressor T cells were sensitive to mitomycin treatment and exerted their suppressor function on the early phase of differentiation and/or proliferation of B cells but not on the final differentiation of B cells to Ig‐producing cells. The identity of the MHC was not required for the expression of suppressor function. Suppressor T cells competed with helper T cells in PWM‐induced Ig‐production of PBL. This experimental system can be applied to estimate the regulatory function of T cells in several disease states.
Polyclonal B Cell Activation by Cell Wall Preparations of Gram‐Positive Bacteria
Authors: Saito‐Taki Tatsuo , Tanabe Masao J. , Mochizuki Hitoshi , Matsumoto Takao , Nakano Masayasu , Takada Haruhiko , Tsujimoto Masachika , Kotani Shozo , Kusumoto Shoichi , Shiba Tetsuo , Yokogawa Kanae , Kawata Shigeo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effects of polyclonal B cell activation (PBA) of cell walls and their cell wall fractions obtained from several kinds of gram‐positive bacteria were studied using the anti‐sheep red blood cell (SRBC) or anti‐trinitrophenylated (TNP) SRBC plaque forming cell (PFC) responses of cultured spleen cells from Balb/c, athymic nu/nu, their littermates (nu/+), C3H/He (LPS‐responder), C3H/HeJ (LPS‐non‐responder), (CBA/N × Balb/c) F1 male with an X‐linked defect in B cell function and the F1 female mice. The cell walls of Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 155), Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 8014), Micrococcus lysodeikticus (NCTC 2665), Mycobacterium rhodochrous (ATCC 184), Streptomyces gardneri (ATCC 23911) and Nocardia corynebacteriodes (ATCC 14898) had the ability to induce polyclonal B cell responses in the spleen cells of Balb/c, nu/nu, nu/+, C3H/He and C3H/HeJ mice. The cell wall fractions prepared by enzymatic digestion from the cell walls of S. epidermidis, S. gardneri or N. corynebacteriodes were also capable of inducing polyclonal B cell responses. The responses of spleen cells from (CBA/N × Balb/c) F1 male mice to these active preparations, except the cell walls of M. rhodochrous, were much lower than those of the F1 female mice. These findings indicate that the majority of the cell wall preparations lacks PBA ability for spleen cells with the CBA/N defect, except for the cell walls of M. rhodochrous which possess this ability. The PBA‐ability of synthetic peptidoglycan, muramyl dipeptide (N‐acetylmuramyl‐L‐alanyl‐D‐isoglutamine, MDP), was also examined, and a similar activity was observed in MDP.
An Outbreak of Acute Enteritis Due to Campylobacter fetus Subspecies jejuni at a Nursery School in Tokyo
Authors: Itoh Takeshi , Saito Kahiko , Maruyama Tsutom , Sakai Senzo , Ohashi Makoto , Oka Aiko 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn outbreak of acute enteritis due to Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni involving a total of 35 out of 74 children occurred at a nursery school in Tokyo in January 1979 and lasted for 7 days. It was the first case of a community outbreak of the disease to be recognized in Japan.The major symptoms observed in the patients consisted of diarrhea (88%), fever (82%), abdominal pain (39%), and vomiting (6.1%). The rate of isolation of the organism from the patients was 39%. Sera of four patients showed elevated agglutinin titers against the organism ranging from 1: 80 to 1: 320.Although it is suggested that the outbreak was caused by a communal lunch or between‐meal snacks prepared by and provided at the nursery school, the incriminated food, source and route of contamination could not be pinpointed.