bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Captured by State and Church: Concerns about Civil Society in Democratic Hungary
Authors: Kover Agnes 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper conceptualizes challenges and dangers that have impacted Hungary’s civil society (third sector, nonprofit sector, voluntary sector) over the past decade. The cases presented illustrate the fragility of both the civil sector and its underlying democracy in Hungary. The boundaries between state and nonprofits reveal pervasive paternalistic/cliental processes stemming from the period between the two world wars and pre-1989 experience of public–private relations and issue management. On the one hand, old regime strategies have survived and been maintained by the overt and unreflected dependency of the civil sector on the state. Secondly, the boundaries between church organizations and civil nonprofits present a politically mis(non)managed process that has resulted in a fading role of non-church NGOs in the field of social service. This process can be traced back to an unequal and biased treatment of service provider organizations in an allegedly sector-neutral environment. Both cases illuminate operations that have resulted in a significant dismantling of the civil sector and a consequent deterioration of democracy in Hungary.
El abundante agua fría: Hermaphroditic Spanish Nouns
Authors: Eddington David , Hualde José Ignacio 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
According to some Spanish grammarians, including the Royal Spanish Academy, nouns like agua ‘water’, asa ‘handle’, etc., are feminine and take a phonologicallyconditioned allomorph of the definite article (el) that is identical to the masculine article. Our data, both from an experiment and from electronic searches, show that there is considerable fluctuation in the gender of prenominal, but not postnominal, modifiers, with nouns in this group even when no phonological conditioning is found. The facts are incompatible with models where nouns bear a specific gender feature of the lexicon, which they assign to all targets of agreement. Instead, these facts of hybrid agreement are best accounted for in an exemplar model. Regardless of the phonological origin of the phenomenon, speakers interpret sequences such as el agua as showing masculine agreement, which creates an analogical attractor for non-etymological agreement with prenominal modifiers, as in poco agua, el abundante agua, etc.
Viewpoint from Sociolinguistics and Contact Linguistics: On the Role of Dialectology in Modern Linguistics
Authors: Escobar Anna María 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In the latter decades of the 20th century, historical, typological, dialectological, and sociolinguistic research all contributed to demonstrating the limitations of focusing exclusively on language-internal synchronic data, and these and other disciplines that share a bottom-up perspective acquired respectability as participants in theorybuilding. In the 21st century, there is a renewed appreciation of the potential for such research to address questions that are central to linguistic theory. Dialectology is today a field in which the social changes occurring in human societies are naturally taken into consideration, and includes not only the study of dialects in the traditional sense but also the study of social dialects and second-language varieties. Dialectology has thus evolved into a rich and complex field which is ideally positioned to make important contributions to the process of building theories of language that are firmly based on empirical data.
Las tecnologías del habla en las lenguas románicas ibéricas
Authors: Llisterri Joaquim 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This paper reviews the development of speech technologies for Iberian Romance languages (Catalan, Galician, Spanish and Portuguese) with a special emphasis on the phonetic knowledge involved in the three core areas in the field: text-to-speech synthesis, automatic speech recognition and spoken language systems. Several important technological advances have taken place during the last decades and there is a substantial base of active researchers in the areas of engineering and computer science. However, the trend towards the use of automatic learning techniques and corpus-based models has seriously reduced the role of linguistics, favoring a reduction in time in the development of applications over basic research into the nature of the speech code.
Abstraction in Adult SLA
Authors: VanPatten Bill 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
I argue that abstraction is a critical feature of SLA research, although it is not relevant to every domain of that research. For those interested in the underlying mental representation of L2 learners, abstraction in the form of linguistic features (e.g. subject, Infl, ±strong agreement) is part and parcel of the tools needed to describe acquisition. For those interested in something like skill theory, such abstraction is not necessary to talk about the development of concepts such as fluency and accuracy. In the end, the importance of abstraction in SLA research is dependent on what aspect of SLA one focuses on.
Abstractness and Generative Syntax
Authors: Zagona Karen 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
In the field of generative syntax, abstractness has a crucial role in how the field is defined and in how it is practiced. This article discusses four ways in which abstractness is essential to progress in the field. First, abstractness is crucial to the formulation of grammars of individual languages. Second, abstractness is intrinsic to one of the goals of the theory, to provide a general theory of language in addition to particular grammars. Third, abstractness plays a role in observations about language, and is therefore an essential part of the empirical validation of the theory. Finally, the paradigm of generative grammar, with its interest in accounting for the linguistic capacity of humans, has increasingly shaped the questions that are investigated and the types of solutions that are considered.
Explicit Attitudes in Brazil Towards Varieties of Portuguese
Authors: Bugel Talia 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The study of language attitudes is relevant to the study of language use in society, language policy and planning, and language acquisition and learning. The purpose of this paper is to increase our knowledge of attitudes of native speakers about Portuguese varieties and the role of extralinguistic factors conditioning them. Seventy-nine adult Brazilian Portuguese native speakers were surveyed on their perception of outstanding language differences within various Portuguese-speaking areas, their preferences for specific regional varieties of their language, and their opinion on which variety of Portuguese would be the best choice to teach schoolchildren in Brazil, foreigners visiting Brazil, and Uruguayans and Argentineans in their home countries - in the context of regional integration under Mercosul. Results show the highest percentages of preference favoring the neutral/general variety of Portuguese as the first choice for teaching situations, followed by the Brazilian variety. This contrasts with the information collected on the subjective preferences of the same participants, who reported having a preference for a specific national or regional variety of Portuguese in 78.5% of their answers.
Historia humana de la lengua española y su computación
Authors: Marcos-Marín Francisco A. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The study of computational linguistics in Spain is presented from a prosopographical perspective, i.e., as the story of human groups. Furthermore, it could be the only way to understand the current situation, lacking a central coordinating institution. That choice also makes it easier to understand the difference between groups oriented to outcomes, products, and those oriented to projects, as well as the jamming of languages, political institutions and European bureaucracy. What matters is that the workgroup is a common feature for the interaction of computer scientists and linguists, engineers and industrially oriented managers. The presentation will introduce the basic concepts and knowledge, followed by the historical pact, then projects and products, with special attention to digital archives and corpora. The next section deals with projects mostly from the institutional point of view, which allows the inclusion of a larger number. A brief evaluation closes the article.
Comprehension of Prototypical Tense and Aspect Combinations in Child Spanish
Authors: Grinstead John , Pratt Teresa , McCurley Dan 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Both children and adults tend to produce predicates with lexical aspect, grammatical aspect and tense in particular prototypical combinations. While it has been argued that these prototypes constitute the linguistic knowledge that children have of tense, others argue that they are independent dimensions of knowledge, even in child language, and that the prototypical groupings of these dimensions in child language fall together for non-linguistic cognitive reasons. Recent studies of child Spanish suggest non-adult-like use of verb finiteness. In light of these facts, we seek to determine whether Spanish-speaking children are also delayed in their comprehension of prototypical tense and aspect combinations. Twenty-three Spanish-speaking children (mean age = 3;10) from Mexico City were given a comprehension task and scored on their ability to select a picture corresponding to different tense-aspect combinations. Children were largely able to successfully interpret tense and aspect information as it was conveyed in the adult-like cues.
Pidgin and Creole Studies: Their Interface with Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics
Authors: Schwegler Armin 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Until recently, dialectologists and general linguists with an interest in Hispanic or Lusophone studies essentially ignored pidgin or creole languages (for example, Bozal Spanish, Palenquero, Papiamento, São Tomense, and so on), several of which may be key for an understanding of the evolution of Spanish and Portuguese, especially as regards vernacular registers (including vernacular Brazilian Portuguese, popular Caribbean Spanish, and so forth).
This paper first provides an overview of the rise of creolistics as a wellorganized subdiscipline of linguistics from the 1980s to the present. In so doing, the study examines principal theoretical issues and major themes, and shows how several of these are of relevance to Hispanic and Lusophone linguistics. Explanations are offered as to why the two subfields were originally slow to interface with each other, and how and why this state of affairs has recently changed for the better. Section 5 -the core of the paper- reviews a selection of contemporary research endeavors (2005-2010) that have either successfully interfaced Hispanic and Lusophone linguistics with pidgin and creole studies (or vice versa), or concentrated on creole speech areas where Spanish or Portuguese has historically had a significant impact.
The Syntax-Semantics Interface in Grammar
Authors: Gutiérrez-Rexach Javier 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The points of convergence between syntax and semantics are numerous, highly debated, and now emerging as an important field of research. In this paper we explore the notion of an interface between syntax and semantics and how it has been characterized in linguistic theory. Several possible approaches are considered. The cornerstone of the syntax-semantics interface is the study of quantification, which has numerous empirical ramifications and associated topics. We briefly review some of the most promising prospects and developments in this dimension.
The Contribution of Brain Imaging to the Study of Human Language
Authors: Martín-Loeches Manuel 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This article presents an overview of the contribution of brain imaging techniques to the study of human language by first reviewing previous historical approaches to the study of the relationships between language and the brain. A brief introduction to modern brain imaging techniques follows, thereafter describing several concrete examples of contributions of these techniques to better know the human language, as well as to vivid debates into the linguistic and the psycholinguistic disciplines. This overview finishes with a comment on the present and the future of studying language with brain imaging techniques. It is concluded that these techniques are playing an essential role in the understanding of human language.
Semantic Extension in Grammaticalization as a Double-Scope Integration Process: The Case of the Ditransitive Construction with para in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Huelva Unternbäumen Enrique 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This article discusses the semantic changes inherent in the grammaticalization process that have led to the ditransitive construction [NP V NP para NP] in Brazilian Portuguese. We have tried to demonstrate that the high complexity of these changes cannot be conceived of solely as the result of a process of desemantization. As an alternative hypothesis, we propose that the conceptual structure of this construction is caused by a specific type of blending called doublescope blending. This type of blending is especially suitable for explaining one of the key features of the conceptual structure of [NP V NP para NP], namely the fact that this structure is composed of semantic aspects from different conceptual domains.
The Role of Functional Categories in L2 Spanish: Persistence of L1 CP Values in IL
Authors: Massery Laurie A. , Fuentes Claudio 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
English irrealis modality is usually captured by syntactic structures that often exclude overt complementizers that and for and include indicative or infinitival morphology. The Spanish equivalents to English structures of irrealis modality, however, typically require the overt subordinate marker que (‘that’) followed by a [+finite] subordinate verb. These syntactic differences between English and Spanish produce asymmetrical surface structures caused by functional categories (FCs). The primary goal of this study is to examine the role of FCs, and more specifically, complementizers (CPs), in the syntactic development of L1 English speakers with L2 Spanish. The results of our data suggest that L1 CP properties (i.e. CP = Ø) persisted in learners’ interlanguage (IL) systems, following the work of Schwartz & Sprouse (1996). As a result, learners at all levels of instruction intuitively perceived English-like [-overt] CP structures as more grammatical than their [+overt] CP counterparts, even at advanced levels of acquisition.
Voseo in Montevideo’s Advertising: Reflecting Linguistic Norms
Authors: Weyers Joseph R. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
This study examines the role of the voseo, tuteo, and ustedeo in written advertising in Montevideo, Uruguay. Analysis of 133 samples shows a preference for voseo in publicity, although tú and usted are also present. While written voseo - with or without a tonic pronoun - has traditionally been stigmatized in public education (Bertolotti & Coll 2003 and Gabbiani 2000), its predominant role in advertising suggests an increased acceptance of that written form in public venues. The study examines the language of publicity within the framework of politeness strategies, which explains that written publicity uses linguistic forms that lessen social distance and power [-D, -P] for the purpose of persuading consumers to buy. As such, voseo is the preferred form of address in commercial advertising in Montevideo, appearing in 83% of the samples. Voseo also has a strong presence in non-commercial advertising, where it appears in 44% of the examples in this study, irrespective of any stigma attached to its use.
The Role of Implicature in Castilian Pronominal Address Forms
Authors: Sinnott Sarah 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
Second person singular address forms in Castilian Spanish are shown to contribute meaning to an utterance via conventional and conversational implicature. The V form conventionally implicates distance regardless of context. The motivation behind the expression of distance is inferred based on context; it is conversationally implicated. Motivations for distance marking include respect and anger (among others). The T form relies on its opposition with V, in combination with context, to conversationally implicate content such as intimacy or disrespect (among others). Conclusions are based on interview and survey data from 92 native speakers in Madrid and Manzanares, Spain.
Mid-gut ACTH-secreting neuroendocrine tumor unmasked with 18F-dihydroxyphenylalanine-positron emission tomography
Authors: Ducry Julien , Gomez Fulgencio , Prior John O , Boubaker Ariane , Matter Maurice , Monti Matteo , Pu Yan , Pitteloud Nelly , Portmann Luc 
Published: March 2015

Summary
Ectopic ACTH Cushing's syndrome (EAS) is often caused by neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of lungs, pancreas, thymus, and other less frequent locations. Localizing the source of ACTH can be challenging. A 64-year-old man presented with rapidly progressing fatigue, muscular weakness, and dyspnea. He was in poor condition and showed facial redness, proximal amyotrophy, and bruises. Laboratory disclosed hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and markedly elevated ACTH and cortisol levels. Pituitary was normal on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and bilateral inferior petrosal sinus blood sampling with corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation showed no significant central-to-periphery gradient of ACTH. Head and neck, thoracic and abdominal computerized tomography (CT), MRI, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SSRS), and 18F-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) failed to identify the primary tumor. 18F-dihydroxyphenylalanine (F-DOPA)-PET/CT unveiled a 20-mm nodule in the jejunum and a metastatic lymph node. Segmental jejunum resection showed two adjacent NETs, measuring 2.0 and 0.5 cm with a peritoneal metastasis. The largest tumor expressed ACTH in 30% of cells. Following surgery, after a transient adrenal insufficiency, ACTH and cortisol levels returned to normal values and remain normal over a follow-up of 26 months. Small mid-gut NETs are difficult to localize on CT or MRI, and require metabolic imaging. Owing to low mitotic activity, NETs are generally poor candidates for FDG-PET, whereas SSRS shows poor sensitivity in EAS due to intrinsically low tumor concentration of type-2 somatostatin receptors (SST2) or to receptor down regulation by excess cortisol. However, F-DOPA-PET, which is related to amine precursor uptake by NETs, has been reported to have high positive predictive value for occult EAS despite low sensitivity, and constitutes a useful alternative to more conventional methods of tumor localization.

Learning points

Uncontrolled high cortisol levels in EAS can be lethal if untreated.

Surgical excision is the keystone of NETs treatment, thus tumor localization is crucial.

Most cases of EAS are caused by NETs, which are located mainly in the lungs. However, small gut NETs are elusive to conventional imaging and require metabolic imaging for detection.

FDG-PET, based on tumor high metabolic rate, may not detect NETs that have low mitotic activity. SSRS may also fail, due to absent or low concentration of SST2, which may be down regulated by excess cortisol.

F-DOPA-PET, based on amine-precursor uptake, can be a useful method to localize the occult source of ACTH in EAS when other methods have failed.
Improvement Methodology Increases Guideline Recommended Blood Cultures in Children With Pneumonia
Authors: Murtagh Kurowski Eileen , Shah Samir S. , Thomson Joanna , Statile Angela , Sheehan Brieanne , Iyer Srikant , White Christine , Ambroggio Lilliam 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:A national evidence-based guideline for the management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children recommends blood cultures for patients admitted with moderate to severe illness. Our primary aim was to increase ordering of blood cultures for children hospitalized with CAP from 53% to 90% in 6 months. The secondary aim was to evaluate the effect of obtaining blood cultures on length of stay (LOS).METHODS:At a tertiary children’s hospital, interventions to increase blood cultures focused on 3 key drivers and were tested separately in the emergency department and inpatient units by using multiple plan-do-study-act cycles. The impact of the interventions was tracked over time on run charts. The association of ordering blood cultures and LOS was estimated by using linear regression models.RESULTS:Within 6 months, the percentage of patients admitted with CAP who had blood cultures ordered increased from 53% to 100%. This change has been sustained for 12 months. Overall, 239 (79%) of the 303 included patients had a blood culture ordered; of these, 6 (2.5%) were positive. Patients who had a blood culture did not have an increased LOS compared with those without a blood culture.CONCLUSIONS:Quality improvement methods were used to increase adherence to evidence-based national guidelines for performing blood cultures on children hospitalized with CAP; LOS did not increase. These results support obtaining blood cultures on all patients admitted with CAP without negative effects on LOS in a setting with a reliably low false-positive blood culture rate.
Sociodemographic Attributes and Spina Bifida Outcomes
Authors: Schechter Michael S. , Liu Tiebin , Soe Minn , Swanson Mark , Ward Elisabeth , Thibadeau Judy 
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND:A National Spina Bifida Patient Registry (NSBPR) was begun in 2009 to help understand the natural history of spina bifida (SB) and the effects of treatments provided by SB clinics. We used the NSBPR to explore the relationship of sociodemographic characteristics with SB outcomes.METHODS:Using NSBPR data collected in 2009 to 2012, we examined the unadjusted association between demographic characteristics and 4 SB outcomes: bowel continence, bladder continence, mobility, and presence of pressure sores. We then developed multivariable logistic models to explore these relationships while controlling for SB clinic, SB type, and level of lesion.RESULTS:Data were available on 2054 patients &lt;22 years of age from 10 SB clinics. In the multivariable models, older age groups were more likely to have continence and pressure sores and less likely to be community ambulatory. Males and patients without private insurance were less likely to be continent and community ambulatory. Non-Hispanic blacks were less likely to be continent. Level of lesion was associated with all outcomes; SB type was associated with all but pressure sores; and all outcomes except community ambulation showed significant variation across clinic sites.CONCLUSIONS:Sociodemographic attributes are associated with SB outcomes. In particular, males, non-Hispanic blacks, and patients without private insurance have less favorable outcomes, and age has an impact as well. These characteristics need to be considered by clinicians who care for this patient population and factored into case-mix adjustment when evaluating variation in clinical and functional outcomes among different SB clinics.