bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deinococcus
Authors: Battista John R. , Rainey Fred A. 
Published: August 2015

Dei.no.coc' cus. Gr. adj.deinosstrange or unusual; Gr. n.kokkosa grain or berry; M.L. masc. n.Deinococcusunusual coccus.“Deinococcus‐Thermus” / Deinococci / Deinococcales / Deinococcaceae / DeinococcusDeinococcusstrains form eitherspherical cells0.5–3.5 µm in diameter, orrods0.6–1.2 µm wide × 1.5–4.0 µm long. Spherical cells form pairs or tetrads and appear larger than other cocci. Species aremesophilicorthermophilic, with optimum growth temperatures of 25–35°C or 45–50°C, respectively. With the exception ofD. grandis, all species stain Gram‐positive.Nonmotile, without a differentiated resting stage.Aerobic, catalase is produced. Several distinct cell wall layers are visible by electron microscopy of sections and an outer membrane is included. The peptidoglycan is type A3β and containsl‐ornithine. Menaquinone 8(MK‐8) is the predominant respiratory quinone. The phospholipids do not include phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, or derivatives. Fatty acids are saturated or monounsaturated. Unbranched 15, 16, and 17 carbon acids predominate in mesophilic species, branched 16 and 17 carbon acids in thermophilic species.Chemoorganotrophic; metabolism is respiratory. May be proteolytic. All natural isolates areionizing‐radiation resistant. The habitat of the mesophilic species is not defined, thermophilic species are found in hot springs.The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 62–70.Type species:Deinococcus radioduransBrooks and Murray 1981, 354.
Halobacillus
Authors: Spring Stefan 
Published: August 2015

Ha.lo.ba.cil'lus. Gr. n.
hals
salt; L. n.
bacillus
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Halobacillus
salt (‐loving) rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Halobacillus
Spherical to oval cells, 1.0–2.5 µm in diameter, occurring singly, in pairs, or aggregates (packets of four or more cells) or straight rod‐shaped cells with pointed ends having a width of 0.5–1.4 µm and a length of 2.0–4.5 µm, occurring singly, in pairs, or short chains. The length of rod‐shaped cells can be up to 20 µm under some culture conditions. Gram‐positive. Endospores are formed. Motility, if present, is tumbling and conferred by one or more flagella. Colonies are circular, smooth, slightly raised, and opaque. Pigmentation by a nondiffusible pigment is variable ranging from cream‐white or pale yellow to bright orange.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40–43.

Type species
:
Halobacillus halophilus
(Claus, Fahmy, Rolf and Tosunoglu 1983) Spring, Ludwig, Marquez, Ventosa and Schleifer 1996, 495
VP
(
Sporosarcina halophila
Claus, Fahmy, Rolf and Tosunoglu 1983, 503.)
Paraliobacillus
Authors: Yamasato Kazuhide , Ishikawa Morio 
Published: August 2015

Pa.ra.li.o.ba.cil'lus. Gr. adj.paralioslittoral; L. n.bacillusrod; N.L. masc. n.Paraliobacillusrod inhabiting littoral (marine) environment.Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / ParaliobacillusCells are Gram‐positive,endospore‐forming rodsthat aremotile by peritrichous flagella(Figure 1).Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase‐positive when cultivated aerobically. Pseudocatalase‐negative.Requires carbohydrate, sugar alcohol, or related compounds for growth in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Glucose is aerobically metabolized to produce acetate and pyruvate as main organic acids. In anaerobic cultivation, lactate, formate, acetate, and ethanol are the end products from glucose, with a molar ratio of approximately 2:1:1 for the latter three products, without gas production. Slightly halophilic and extremely halotolerant. Slightly alkaliphilic. Containsmeso‐diaminopimelic acid in cell‐wall peptidoglycan.The menaquinone type is menaquinone‐7. Cytochromes are present. Occupies an independent lineage within the halophilic/halotolerant/alkaliphilic and/or alkalitolerant group*in rRNA group 1 of the phyletic group classically defined as the genusBacillus(Ash et al., 1991).DNA G+C content(mol%): 35.6 (HPLC).Type species:Paraliobacillus ryukyuensisIshikawa, Ishizaki, Yamamoto and Yamasato 2003a, 627VP(Effective publication: Ishikawa, Ishizaki, Yamamoto and Yamasato 2002, 275.).
Paenibacillus
Authors: Priest Fergus G. 
Published: August 2015

Pae.ni.ba.cil'lus. L. adj.paenealmost; bacterial nameBacillus; N.L. masc. n.Paenibacillusalmost a bacillus.Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Paenibacillaceae” / PaenibacillusRod‐shaped cells of Gram‐positive structure, but usually stain variable or negative in the laboratory. Oval endospores are formed that distend the sporangium. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Facultatively anaerobic or strictly aerobic. Most species are catalase‐positive. Colonies are generally smooth and translucent, light brown, white, or sometimes light pink in color. Optimum growth generally occurs at 28–40°C and pH 7.0, although strains of some species are alkaliphilic. Growth is inhibited by 10% NaCl.Major fatty acid is C15:0 anteiso. Additional important fatty acid fractions often contain C16:0, C15:0 iso, and C17:0 anteiso.Two forward PCR primers, PAEN515F(5′‐GCTCGGAGAGTGACGGGTACCTGAGA)and 843F(5′‐TCGATACCCTTGGTGCCGAAGT)have been described, either of which can be used with an appropriate reverse primer, for example 1484R(TACCTTGTTACGACTTCACCCCA),for diagnostic amplification from the 16S rRNA gene.DNA G+C content(mol%): 40–59.Type species:Paenibacillus polymyxa(Prazmowski 1880) Ash, Priest and Collins 1994, 852VP(Effective publication: Ash, Priest and Collins 1993, 259) (Clostridium polymyxaPrazmowski 1880, 37;Bacillus polymyxaMacé 1889, 588).
Staphylococcus
Authors: Schleifer Karl‐Heinz , Bell Julia A. 
Published: August 2015

Staph.y.lo.coc'cus. Gr. n.staphylebunch of grapes; Gr. n.kokkosa grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.Staphylococcusthe grape‐like coccus.Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Staphylococcaceae” / StaphylococcusCells spherical, 0.5–1.5 µm in diameter, occurring singly, in pairs, in tetrads, in short chains (3–4 cells), and characteristically dividing in more than one plane to form irregular grape‐like clusters.Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonmotile. Resting stages not produced.Cell wall contains peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. The diamino acid present in the peptidoglycan isL‐lysine(peptidoglycan group A3). Usually unencapsulated or limited capsule formation.DNA G+C content(mol%): 27–41 (Tm, Bd).Type species:Staphylococcus aureusRosenbach 1 8 8 4, 18AL.
Sporobacterium
Authors: Mechichi Tahar , Patel Bharat K. C. 
Published: August 2015

Spo.ro.bac.ter'ium. Gr. n.sporaspore; Gr. neut. dim. n.bakterionrod; N.L. neut. n.Sporobacteriumsporeforming rod.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / SporobacteriumSlightly curved rods(5–10 µm × 0.4–0.8 µm).Gram‐stain‐positive. Terminal sporesdistend the cells. Motile byperitrichous flagella. Strictly anaerobic. Chemo‐organotrophic. Utilizes a wide range of aromatic compounds, crotonate, and methanol. Growth occurs between 25–45 °C and at pH 6.5–8.5. Isolated from an anaerobic methanogenic waste treatment digester fed with olive mill wastewater.DNA G+C content(mol%): 38.Type species:Sporobacterium oleariumMechichi, Labat, Garcia, Thomas and Patel 1999, 1747VP.
Peptostreptococcus
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki 
Published: August 2015

Pep.to.strep.to.cocc'cus. Gr. adj.
peptos
cooked, digested; N.L. masc. n.
Streptococcus
a bacterial genus name; N.L. masc. n.
Peptostreptococcus
the digesting streptococcus.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Peptostreptococcaceae” / Peptostreptococcus
Non‐spore‐forming obligately anaerobic Gram‐stain‐positive cocci. Cells may occur in pairs, irregular masses, or chains. Chemo‐organotrophs. The optimum temperature for growth is 37°C. Metabolize peptone and amino acids to acetic, butyric, isobutyric, caproic, and isocaproic acid (Holdeman et al., 1986). Carbohydrates are weakly fermented. Found in human intestine, vagina, and various abscesses. Diamino acid of peptidoglycan is lysine.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34–36.

Type species
:
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
(Natvig 1905) Kluyver and van Niel 1936, 401
AL
(
Streptococcus anaerobius
Natvig 1905, 724).
Oscillospira
Authors: Kamagata Yoichi 
Published: August 2015

Os.cil.lo.spi'ra. L. n.oscilluma swing; L. n.spiraa spiral; N.L. fem. n.Oscillospirathe oscillating spiral.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / OscillospiraLarge rods or filaments 3–6 µm in diameter and 10–40 µm in length,divided by closely spaced cross‐walls into numerous diskshaped cells. Reproduction by transverse fission. Sometimes motile by means of numerous lateral flagella. Endospores occasionally formed.Growth in pure culture has not been reported.Found only in herbivorous animals.Oscillospira guilliermondiiis the only species of this genus.Type species:Oscillospira guilliermondiicorrig. Chatton and Pérard 1913, 1159AL.
Sporobacter
Authors: Grech‐Mora Isabelle , Fardeau Marie‐Laure , Garcia Jean‐Louis , Ollivier Bernard 
Published: August 2015

Spo.ro.bac'ter. Gr. n.sporaa spore; N.L. n.bactermasc. equivalent of Gr. neut. dim. n.bakterionrod; N.L. masc. n.Sporobactera spore‐forming rod.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / SporobacterSlightly curved rodsthat are 0.2–0.4 × 1–2 µm and occur singly or in pairs.Motile by peritrichous flagella. Gram‐stain‐positive. Terminal spore swelling the sporange. Chemo‐organotrophic andobligately anaerobicmember of the domainBacteria. Yeast extract (0.01%) is required for growth. Produces methylated sulfides from methylated aromatic compounds (e.g., 3,4,5‐trimethoxycinnamate) if sulfide or cysteine is present in the medium with acetate being the only volatile fatty acid produced from this metabolism. External electron acceptors are not used.Mesophilic and neutrophilic.DNA G+C content(mol%): 57 (HPLC).Type species:Sporobacter termitidisGrech‐Mora, Fardeau, Patel, Ollivier, Rimbault, Prensier, Garcia and Garnier‐Sillam 1996, 517VP.
Pectinatus
Authors: Haikara Auli , Juvonen Riikka 
Published: August 2015

Pec.ti.na'tus. L. part. adj.pectinatuscombed; N.L. masc. n.Pectinatuscombed (bacteria).Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / PectinatusSlightly curved rods,0.4–0.9μm in diameter and 2–50μm or more in length, with rounded ends. They occur singly, in pairs, and only rarely in short chains. In old cultures, very elongated cells with a helical shape can be found and round cell forms are also observed. Gram‐stain‐negative. According to the cell envelope structure, intermediates between Gram‐stain‐positive and Gram‐stain‐negative bacteria. Cadaverine or putrescine is found in the cell‐wall peptidoglycan.Motile, young cells form an “X” shape during movement whereas old cells have characteristically slow snakelike movements.Flagella emanate from only one side of the cell body. The organisms areobligately anaerobic,non‐spore‐forming mesophiles. They are cytochrome oxidase‐negative and do not produce indole, liquefy gelatin, reduce nitrate, or hydrolyze arginine. Urease and catalase may or may not be produced. The main metabolic products from glucose arepropionic and acetic acid.Hydrogen sulfide and acetoin are also produced and succinic and lactic acids may be produced. Originally isolated fromspoiled,packaged beer. The habitat outside the brewery is not defined.DNA G+C content(mol%): 38–41.Type species:Pectinatus cerevisiiphilusLee, Mabee and Jangaard 1978, 582ALemend. Schleifer, Leuteritz, Weiss, Ludwig, Kirchhof and Seidel‐Rüfer 1990, 25.
Sporomusa
Authors: Drake Harold L. , Gössner Anita S. 
Published: August 2015

Spo.ro.mu'sa. Gr. fem. n.sporaa spore; N.L. fem. n.musaa banana; N.L. fem. n.Sporomusaspore‐bearing banana.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / SporomusaMesophilic,acetogenic,anaerobic. Cells arebanana shaped, flagellated on the concave side of the cell, and formendosporesthat tend to be subterminal (Figure 1). Gram‐stain‐negative or weakly Gram‐stain‐positive. Growth can occur under bothchemo‐organotrophicandchemolithoautotrophicconditions.DNA G+C content(mol%): 42.0–48.6.Type species:Sporomusa sphaeroidesMöller, Ossmer, Howard, Gottschalk and Hippe 1985, 224VP(Effective publication: Möller, Ossmer, Howard, Gottschalk and Hippe 1984, 395.).
Finegoldia
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki 
Published: August 2015

Fine.gol'dia. N.L. fem. n.
Finegoldia
named after Sydney M. Finegold, an American microbiologist.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / Finegoldia
Non‐spore‐forming, obligately anaerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive cocci. Cells may occur in pairs, tetrads, and irregular masses and are 0.7–1.5 µm in diameter. Carbohydrates are not fermented. Indole is negative. The optimum temperature for growth is 37°C. Metabolize peptone and amino acids to acetic acid. Alkaline phosphatase test is variable among strains. Found in vagina, oral cavity, and various abscess‐forming human specimens. Differential characteristics from closely related genera are given in Table 1 and Table 2.

Type species
:
Finegoldia magna
(Prévot 1933) Murdoch and Shah 2000, 1415
VP
(Effective publication: Murdoch and Shah 1999, 557.) (
Diplococcus magnus
Prévot 1933, 140;
Peptococcus magnus
Holdeman and Moore 1972;
Peptostreptococcus magnus
Ezaki, Yamamoto, Ninomiya, Suzuki and Yobucchi 1983, 696).
Parvimonas
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Par.vi.mo'nas. L. adj.parvuslittle, small; Gr. fem n.monasa unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.Parvimonasa small monad.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family I / ParvimonasNonsporeforming, obligatelyanaerobicGram‐stain‐positivecocci. Cells may occur in pairs, chains, and masses and are 0.3–0.7 µm in diameter.Carbohydrates are not fermented. Indole is negative. Alkaline phosphatase is positive. The optimum temperature for growth is 37°C. Metabolize peptone and amino acids to acetic acid. Found in oral cavity and various human abscesses.DNA G+C content(mol%): 27–28.Type species:Parvimonas micra(Prévot 1933) Tindall and Euzéby 2006, 2712VP(Streptococcus microsPrévot 1933, 195;Peptostreptococcus microsSmith 1957, 537;Micromonas microsMurdoch and Shah 2000, 1415).
Anaerovorax
Authors: Schink Bernhard 
Published: August 2015

An.a.e.ro.vo'rax. Gr. suff.
an
non; Gr. n.
aer
air; L. adj.
vorax
voracious; N.L. masc. n.
Anaerovorax
an anaerobic voracious bacterium.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family III / Anaerovorax
Strictly anaerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria of fermentative metabolism, nonphotosynthetic; inorganic electron acceptors not used. Typical cell‐wall structure of Gram‐positive bacteria without an outer membrane but Gram‐negative staining. Nonsporeforming.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 29.6 ± 1.0.

Type species
:
Anaerovorax odorimutans
Matthies, Evers, Ludwig and Schink 2000, 1593
VP
.
Sulfobacillus
Authors: da Costa Milton S. , Rainey Fred A. , Albuquerque Luciana 
Published: August 2015

Sul.fo.ba.cil'lus. L. neut. n.sulfursulfur; L. n.bacillussmall rod; N.L. masc. n.Sulfobacillussmall sulfur‐oxidizing rod.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family VI / SulfobacillusStraight rods, 0.5–0.8 µm in diameter by 3.0–5.0 µm in length. Terminal or subterminal ovoid or sphericalendospores. In some strains, the sporangium is swollen. Gram‐stain‐positive. Strains are generallynonmotile;a few strains may be motile.Colonies are not pigmented.Mesophilic or slightly thermophilicwith optimum growth temperatures between about 40 and 55 °C; the temperature range for growth is between 20 and 60 °C.Acidophilic, the pH range for growth is from about 1.5 to 5.5; the optimum is pH 1.9–2.4.Menaquinone‐7is the predominant respiratory quinone. Fatty acids are primarilyiso‐ andanteiso‐branched; straight‐chain fatty acids are also present. ω‐Cyclohexane or ω‐cycloheptane fatty acids are the major components of some strains.Aerobicwith a strictly respiratory type of metabolism; some strains grow underanaerobicconditions with ferric iron as electron acceptor. Species aremixotrophic, with limitedautotrophic and chemoorganotrophic growth. Mixotrophic growth occurs on Fe2+, S0, S2O32−, S4O62−, and sulfide minerals in the presence of yeast extract or single organic compounds. Yeast extract and a few sugars and organic acids are used as sole carbon and energy sources. Strains require yeast extract for growth. Found in acidicsoils and water of geothermal areas,mineral deposits,and ores.DNA G+C content(mol%): 47–57 (Tm).Type species:Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidansGolovacheva and Karavaiko 1991, 179VP.
Thermaerobacter
Authors: Spanevello Mark D. , Patel Bharat K. C. 
Published: August 2015

Therm.ae.ro.bac'ter. Gr. adj.thermoshot; Gr. n.aerair; L.bactermasc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.bakterionrod or staff; N.L. masc. n.Thermaerobacterrod, which grows at high temperatures in the presence of air.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family VI / ThermaerobacterRods, 2–10 × 0.2–0.6 µm usuallyarranged singly or in pairs.Stain Gram‐negative or Gram‐variable.Motilewithmonopolar or bipolar flagella. Nonmotile species do not possess flagella.May or may not form spores.Oxidase‐positive.Strict aerobes, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.Thermophilic, with growth occurring between 50 and 80 °C with optimum between 70 and 75 °C.Neutrophiles or alkalophileswith growth occurring between pH 5 and 10 with an optimum pH between 7 and 8.5.Chemoheterotrophic. May utilize organic substrates such as yeast extract, peptone, cellulose, starch, chitin, casein, Casamino acids, and a variety of sugars, carboxylic acids, and amino acids. Isolated from nonthermal sediments of the Mariana Trench, bore runoff channels of the thermal bore wells of Great Artesian Basin, and shallow marine hydrothermal vents.DNA G+C content(mol%): 69–72.Type species:Thermaerobacter marianesisTakai, Inoue and Horikoshi 1999, 625VP.
Moorella
Authors: Wiegel Juergen 
Published: August 2015

Moo.rel'la. N.L. fem. n.Moorellain honor of W.E.C. (Ed) Moore, an American bacteriologist, who worked with anaerobes.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / Thermoanaerobacteraceae / MoorellaIn early exponential growth phase, cells stain Gram‐positive. However, some species stain negative during the late exponential and stationary growth phases.Straight rods with a tendency to polymorphismunder stress conditions such as high glucose or high acetate concentrations.Physiology is obligately anaerobic,thermophilic,and chemolithoautotrophic and/or heterotrophic; produces acetate as sole or main fermentation product from sugars, C1carbon sources, and other substrates. Produces nearly 3 moles of acetate per mole of glucose consumed, which is sometimes called “homoacetogenic” fermentation. While growing on substrates other than hexoses, CO, or CO2/H2,Moorellaspecies can produce various products. May use nitrate, nitrite or fumarate as electron acceptors. Forms various aromatic compounds via decarboxylation of arylic acids, which are used as CO2donors under CO2‐limited conditions. The cell wall containsLL‐diaminopimelate (DAP).DNA G+C content(mol%): 53–55.Type species:Moorella thermoacetica(Fontaine, Peterson, McCoy, Johnson and Ritter 1942) Collins, Lawson, Willems, Cordoba, Fernández‐Garayzábal, Garcia, Cai, Hippe and Farrow 1994, 824VP(Clostridium thermoaceticumFontaine, Peterson, McCoy, Johnson and Ritter 1942, 705).
Caldicellulosiruptor
Authors: Rainey Fred A. 
Published: August 2015

Cal.di.cel.lu.lo.si.rup'tor. L. adj.caldushot; N.L. n.cellulosumcellulose; L. masc. n.ruptorbreaker; N.L. masc. n.Caldicellulosiruptorcellulose‐breaker living under hot conditions.Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family III / CaldicellulosiruptorCells are straightrods.Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores not observed. Growth not obtained after heat treatment at 115 °C for 20 min. Growthstrictly anaerobic, occurring over the temperature range of 45–82 °C with optima in the range of 65–75 °C. No growth detected below 45 °C or above 82 °C. Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides serve as fermentable substrates.Cellulose is hydrolyzed by most strains.DNA G+C content(mol%): 35–37.5 (Tm, HPLC).Type species:Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticusRainey, Donnison, Janssen, Saul, Rodrigo, Bergquisy, Daniel, Stackebrandt and Morgan 1995, 197VP(Effective publication: Rainey, Donnison, Janssen, Saul, Rodrigo, Bergquist, Daniel, Stackebrandt and Morgan 1994, 265.).
Bulleidia
Authors: Wade William G. , Downes Julia 
Published: August 2015

Bull'eid'ia. L.n., named to honor Arthur Bulleid, a distinguished British oral microbiologist.
Firmicutes / Erysipelotrichia / Erysipelotrichales / Erysipelotrichaceae / Bulleidia

Straight or slightly curved, short rods
which occur singly or in pairs. Rods 0.5 µm in diameter and 0.8–2.5 µm in length.
Gram‐stain‐positive
but intensity of staining variable.
Nonsporeforming and nonmotile. Obligately anaerobic
. Optimal growth temperature 30–37 °C. Colonies are 0.7–0.9 mm in diameter, circular, entire, low convex, gray‐white and opaque with a glossy appearance after 7 d incubation on blood agar.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Bulleidia extructa
Downes, Olsvik, Hiom, Spratt, Cheeseman, Olsen, Weightman and Wade 2000, 982
VP
.
Brucella
Authors: Corbel Michael J. , Banai Menachem 
Published: August 2015

Bru. cel' la. L. dim. ending ‐ella; M.L. fem. n.Brucellanamed after Sir David Bruce, who first recognized the organism causing undulant (Malta) fever.Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Brucellaceae / BrucellaCocci,coccobacilli,or short rods, 0.5–0.7 × 0.6–1.5 µm. Arranged singly and, less frequently, in pairs, short chains, or small groups. True capsules are not produced. Do not usually show true bipolar staining. Resting stages are not known. Gram negative.Nonmotile; do not produce flagella.Aerobic, possessing a respiratory type of metabolism and having acytochrome‐based electron transport systemwith oxygen or nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor. Nitrate reductase is produced.Many strains require supplementary CO2for growth, especially on primary isolation. Colonies on serum‐dextrose agar or other clear media are transparent, raised, convex, with an entire edge and a smooth, shiny surface. They appear apale honey colorby transmitted light. Smooth strains produce perosamine synthetase and a distinctive lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nonsmooth variants of the smooth species occur, but there are also stable nonsmooth nomenspecies with a distinctive host range. Optimal temperature for growth 37°C. Growth occurs between 20 and 40°C. Optimal pH for growth 6.6–7.4.Catalase positive. Usually oxidase positive, but negative strains occur. Chemoorganotrophic. Most strains require complex media containing several amino acids, thiamin, nicotinamide, iron, and magnesium ions; some strains may be induced to grow on minimal media containing an ammonium salt as the sole nitrogen source.Growth is improved by serum or blood,but hemin(X‐factor)and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD:V‐factor)are not essential.Acid production does not occur from carbohydrates in conventional media, except forB.neotomae. Do not produce indole.Do not liquefy gelatinor inspissated serum. Do not lyse erythrocytes. Do not produceacetyl methyl carbinol(Voges–Proskauer test.)The methyl red test is negative. Intracellular parasites, transmissible to a wide range of animal species including man. The genome typically comprises two circular chromosomes, but a single large chromosome is present inB.suisbiovar 3.The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 57.9–59.Type species:Brucella melitensis(Hughes 1893) Meyer and Shaw 1920, 179 (Streptococcus melitensisHughes 1893, 235.)