bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of Protective Antigen Carried by Flagella of Clostridium chauvoei
Authors: Tamura Yutaka , Minamoto Nobuyuki , Tanaka Shozo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe protective antigen present on the flagella of Clostridium chauvoei was studied by the mouse protection test. A partially purified flagella preparation (PPF) showed protective antigenicity after two intraperitoneal injections of 2 μg as protein, while the protective antigenicity of nonflagellated mutants (NFM) was 100‐fold less than that of the flagellated parent strain. Although the protective effect of antisera against the whole cells and PPF, in terms of ED50 values, was mostly lost after absorption with the parent strain, that of antisera after absorption with NFMs showed no appreciable loss. These results suggest that the flagella of Cl. chauvoei play some role in inducing protective immunity in mice.
Drug Resistance and R Plasmids in Vibrio anguillarum Isolated in Cultured Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)
Authors: Aoki Takashi , Kitao Tadatoshi , Watanabe Satoshi , Takeshita Sunao 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo hundred twenty‐six strains of Vibrio anguillarum collected from cultured ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) between 1978 and 1980 were studied for their sensitivities to 10 chemotherapeutics. In order to determine whether the drug‐resistant strains possessed transferable R plasmids, they were conjugated with Escherichia coli. Almost all the strains isolated during the 3 years showed resistance to nalidixic acid (NA) and/or furazolidone (NF). NA and NF resistance were not transferred to Escherichia coli from any of the strains. Chloramphenicol‐resistant strains were isolated in every year and almost all of them carried transferable R plasmids. Only one strain with tetracycline resistance was found among the strains tested. Strains resistant to sulfonamides, streptomycin, ampicillin (ABP), and trimethoprim (TMP) increased rapidly in 1980, and a large number of them carried transferable R plasmids.Transferable R plasmids encoded with resistance to ABP and TMP were detected for the first time in V. anguillarum strains. The R plasmids detected in the strains isolated in 1980 were classified into incompatibility groups E, A, and an untypable group. The R plasmid DNAs were cleaved by EcoRI to yield 11 to 13 fragments. The estimated molecular weights of the R plasmids from the five strains ranged from 97 to 104 M daltons.
Properties and Origin of Filamentous Appendages on Spores of Bacillus cereus
Authors: Kozuka Satoshi , Tochikubo Kunio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSome physical, chemical, and immunological properties of filamentous appendages and the exosporium on the spores of Bacillus cereus were examined for the purpose of elucidating the origin of filamentous appendages. The main components of both filamentous appendages and the exosporium were protein and their amino acid compositions were similar in point of a high content of glycine, alanine, threonine, valine, and acidic amino acids and a low content of basic and sulphur‐containing amino acids. Treatment with 1 N NaOH at 50 C solubilized the isolated appendages completely and the isolated exosporia partially. In both preparations the solubilized proteins consisted of highly acidic monomeric subunits with molecular weights between 2,000 and 5,000. Treatment of the spores with 2% 2‐mercaptoethanol at 37 C resulted in the isolation of long filamentous appendages without segmentation. When the spores were treated with 10% 2‐mercaptoethanol, there was partial destruction of the exosporium as well as detachment of the filamentous appendages. There was a common antigenic component in the exosporium and the tips of the filamentous appendages. Five strains of B. cereus having a common appendage antigen also had a common exosporium antigen, whereas six other strains had neither a common appendage antigen nor a common exosporium antigen. From these facts it was concluded that the filamentous appendages arose from the exosporium.
Taxonomic Studies on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Series
Authors: Tsukamura Michio , Mizuno Shoji , Toyama Haruo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNumerical classification of slowly growing mycobacteria, including 159 strains received as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti, was carried out using 88 characters, and the following results were obtained. 1) All 159 strains received as M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti formed one cluster, and no clear‐cut differentiation among these four species was achieved. These four species should be reduced to one species, M. tuberculosis. 2) Within the cluster, two subclusters appeared, with a number of strains located outside the subclusters. One subcluster was composed, except for two strains, of only M. tuberculosis strains, and another of M. bovis and M. africanum strains only. The subclusters were regarded as subspecies tuberculosis and subspecies bovis, respectively. M. africanum was regarded as a synonym of M. bovis, i.e., a niacin‐positive variety of M. bovis (subsp. bovis). 3) An intermediate subcluster was observed outside the M. tuberculosis and M. bovis subclusters. This may be regarded as intermediate between the two subspecies, tuberculosis and bovis. 4) In the last two decades, the characteristics of M. tuberculosis strains isolated from patients seemed to be approaching those of M. bovis strains. The recently isolated strains showed stronger arylsulfatase activity and lower resistance to thiophene‐2‐carboxylic acid hydrazide than the strains isolated 16 to 19 years ago.
Reverse Effect of Gram‐Positive Bacteria vs. Gram‐Negative Bacteria on Adjuvant‐Induced Arthritis in Germfree Rats
Authors: Kohashi Osamu , Kohashi Yukiko , Takahashi Tokutaro , Ozawa Atsushi , Shigematsu Nobuaki 
Published: November 2013

AbstractGermfree (GF) F344 rats developed severe adjuvant‐induced arthritis with a 100% incidence after a single intradermal injection of heat‐killed Mycobacterium bovis (BCG). Specific pathogene‐free (SPF) rats developed less severe arthritis with a lower incidence. The rats colonized with Escherichia coli or Bacteroides developed mild disease comparable to that in SPF rats. The rats colonized with Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium acnes, Lactobacillus casei, L. fermentum, L. murini, and L. acidophilus developed more severe disease than that in GF rats. Furthermore, the rats colonized with a mixture of E. coli and the above lactobacilli developed very mild disease similar to that in SPF rats. These results suggest that (1) gram‐negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Bacteroides, may suppress the disease, possibly through their lipopolysaccharides, and may be responsible for the lower susceptibility of SPF rats; (2) gram‐positive bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium, P. acnes, and lactobacilli, may enhance the disease, possibly through their peptidoglycans; and (3) E. coli may play a dominant role in modulating the development of adjuvant‐induced arthritis.
Characterization of Pathogenic Constituents of Cryptococcus neoformans Strains
Authors: Kagaya Keiko , Yamada Toshihiko , Miyakawa Yozo , Fukazawa Yoshimura , Saito Shū 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe examined seven strains, comprising five serotypes, of Cryptococcus neoformans to determine what constituents of the organisms are responsible for pathogenicity and virulence in BALB/c mice. C. neoformans strains were divided into three virulence classes by survival rates after intravenous inoculation of 1 × 105 or 1 × 107 viable cells, and virulence was found not to be correlated with serotype or capsular size. C. neoformans cells resisted phagocytosis in different degrees in the presence of normal serum. Sensitivity of the C. neoformans strains to singlet oxygen ranged from resistance to susceptibility. Histological examination revealed that a weakly encapsulated virulent strain induced inflammatory responses with granuloma formation in the liver, lung, and kidney in addition to formation of cystic foci in the brain. In contrast, although the heavily encapsulated virulent strain produced granulomatous lesions in the liver, this strain preferably produced mucinous cystic foci in the lung, kidney, and brain. Correlation between virulence, and biological, histopathological and physiological evidence suggests that C. neoformans strains are endowed with the implicated multiple pathogenic constituents in various degrees and proportions. The following are suggested as the most important pathogenic constituents: (i) a polysaccharide capsule responsible for resistance to phagocytosis and formation of cystic foci; (ii) a cell surface structure for responsible for resistance to intra‐ or extracellular killing and induction of the granulomatous lesion; (iii) a growth rate suitable for interacting with phagocytic elimination.
Studies of Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection: The Macrophage as a Virus‐Harboring Cell
Authors: Hayashi Kozaburo , Saze Koichi , Ughida Yukio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDuring chronic infection of mice with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), the virus was isolated from various tissues by cocultivation with allogeneic mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Infectious virus was recovered from over 15% of the pancreases, salivary glands, kidneys, lacrimal glands, and spleens. When activated macrophages were obtained by intraperitoneal injection of peptone into mice infected 3 months earlier, they harbored MCMV.Macrophages or lymphocytes were infected with MCMV in vitro and injected into normal mice intravenously. The peritoneal cavities of these mice were then stimulated by peptone injection 3 months after the transfer, and peritoneal or splenic macrophages and lymphocytes were cocultured with allogeneic MEF. MCMV was recovered from the peritoneal and splenic macrophages and not from the lymphocytes.
Experimental Infection of Young Broiler Chicks with Treponema hyodysenteriae
Authors: Adachi Yoshikazu , Sueyoshi Masuo , Miyagawa Eiichi , Minato Hajime , Shoya Shigemi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn young broiler chicks which were inoculated with 108 cells of Treponema hyodysenteriae within 24 hr after hatching, numerous treponemes were observed by scanning electron microscopy on the surface of the cecal mucosa 7 and 14 days after the inoculation. However, in the groups inoculated with 107 cells, treponemes were not observed on the cecal mucosa 14 days after the inoculation, and the isolation rate from the cecal contents was lower than that from cecal contents of chicks inoculated with 108 cells.While the cecal mucosa of noninfected chicks had a smooth surface, that of the chicks infected with treponemes was generally roughened and the epithelium was eroded. Numerous treponemes were also observed within the eroded epithelium.
Immunogenicity and Protective Effect of Hemolysis Mutants of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Yayoshi Masumi , Araake Minako , Hayatsu Eizo , Takezawa Toshiyuki , Yoshioka Morimasa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTwo attenuated strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, P24‐S1 and P24‐S11, were tested for their ability as a live vaccine to confer on hamsters immune resistance against challenge infection with a virulent strain of M. pneumoniae, FH‐P24. Fifty percent protection was obtained by vaccination with the P24‐S1 strain administered once or twice. In contrast, only 10% of the animals were protected by the P24‐S11 vaccine even when it was given three times. Vaccination with the P24‐S1 strain resulted in higher humoral and cellular immune responses than the P24‐S11 did. These results suggest that the P24‐S1 strain has the primary qualities a vaccine which may be used for protection against human mycoplasmal infection.
Formation of a Hexagonal Lattice Structure by an R‐Form Lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella: Comparative Study of Preparations Extracted by the Phenol‐Water and the Phenol‐Chloroform‐Petroleum Ether Methods
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Ohta Michio , Kido Nobuo , Ito Hideo , Naito Setsuko , Kuno Tsuneharu 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn R‐form lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from Klebsiella strain LEN‐111 (O3‐:K1‐) by the phenol‐chloroform‐petroleum ether method was compared with that extracted by the phenol‐water method in the ability to form a hexagonal assembly. The LPS which was extracted by the phenol‐water method and dialyzed against tap water to remove phenol showed ribbon‐like structures, and it formed a hexagonal lattice structure with a lattice constant of 14.5 ± 0.3 nm when it was precipitated by addition of two volumes of 10 mM MgCl2‐ethanol. The LPS which was extracted by the phenol‐chloroform‐petroleum ether method and lyophilized consisted of ribbon‐like structures and their fragments and it often formed small pieces of a hexagonal lattice, although the LPS before lyophilization did not form such a lattice. When the LPS extracted by the phenol‐chloroform‐petroleum ether method was precipitated by addition of two volumes of 10 mM MgCl2‐ethanol, it formed essentially the same hexagonal lattice structure as that formed by the LPS extracted by the phenol‐water method. From these results it is concluded that the ability of the LPS to form a hexagonal lattice structure does not depend upon the method of its extraction from bacterial cells.
Studies on the Antigenic Structure of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Kobayashi Yuzuru , Hasegawa Hitoshi , Yamauchi Tetsuzo 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe antigenic relationships among 11 strains of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus were analyzed by using monoclonal antibodies (NARMA) against the Nakayama‐RFVL strain in hemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) and neutralization (Nt) tests. Of the 14 JE virus‐specific HI antibodies, all except NARMA 5 showed Nt reactivity with the homologous strain. The HI and Nt titers of these antibodies were not parallel. The 14 antibodies included the following characteristic antibodies: NARMA 3 is a species‐specific antibody with HI and Nt reactivities against JE virus, NARMA 13 is a species‐specific HI antibody, NARMA 6 is a Nakayama strain‐specific antibody with HI and Nt reactivities, and NARMA 5 is a Nakayama strain‐specific HI antibody. The 11 strains of JE virus were divided into four major antigenic groups. However, slight antigenic differences were found among some strains of the same group. Furthermore, competitive binding assays were performed to determine the distribution of antigenic determinants by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The results suggest the existence of at least five HI sites on the JE virus virion, and indicate that the JE species‐specific HI site and the flavivirus genus‐specific HI site are topologically distinct.
Suppression of Phorbol Myristate Acetate‐Triggering of Macrophage H2O2 Release by Sarcoma 180 Originating Factor
Authors: Tomioka Haruaki , Saito Hajime 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA high molecular weight proteinaceous factor in the cell extract of sarcoma 180 (S‐180) was found to inhibit phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)‐triggering of macrophage H2O2 release. This factor (S‐180 factor) was stable at 56 C for 1 hr and resistant to ultraviolet‐irradiation. The S‐180 factor inhibited the specific binding of PMA to macrophages and this was accompanied by a parallel reduction of PMA‐triggered H2O2 release. S‐180 factor preferentially depressed macrophage H2O2 release in response to phorbol diesters including PMA, 4β‐phorbol 12β,13α‐diacetate, 4β‐phorbol 12β,13α‐didecanoate, 4β‐phorbol 12β,13α‐dibenzoate, and 4‐o‐methyl‐PMA rather than the H2O2 release triggered by wheat germ aggulutinin or by phagocytosis of latex particles. The S‐180 factor failed to affect the PMA‐elicited macrophage cell spreading and macrophage phagocytic activity against latex beads with or without PMA‐mediated stimulation. A similar inhibitory factor was found in the extracts of some other murine tumor cells (Ehrlich carcinoma and thymic leukemia) and normal cells (liver, spleen, and peritoneal exudate cells).
Effect of Mutacin Administration on Streptococcus mutans‐Induced Dental Caries in Rats
Authors: Ooshima Takashi , Yasufuku Yoshiaki , Izumitani Akira , Sumi Norio , Iwanami Takefumi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA bacteriocin from serotype c Streptococcus mutans strain C3603 was examined for its inhibitory effect on experimental dental caries in rats infected with S. mutans MT8148R (serotype c). Significant reduction in the incidence of dental caries was found only when bacteriocin was incorporated both in the drinking water and in the diet at a high concentration. However, caries reduction was not as great as expected and the addition of bacteriocin to drinking water alone had no effect on the recovery of S. mutans, plaque deposition or caries incidence. The bacteriocin activity must have been reduced in the oral cavity of rats, and the reasons were examined. Bacteriocin‐resistant mutants were not detected and the bacteriocin was not inactivated by saliva.Whereas the bacteriocin did not kill the S. mutans cells grown in a sucrose‐containing medium, it completely killed the cells grown in a sucrose‐free medium.
Solubilization and Partial Properties of Receptor Substance for Bacteriophage α2 Induced from Clostridium botulinum Type A 190L
Authors: Takumi Kenji , Takeoka Aya , Kinouchi Takemi , Kawata Tomio 
Published: November 2013

AbstractBacteriophage α2, one of the two inducible phages from Clostridium botulinum type A 190L, had a latent period of 55 min and an average burst size of 75 in C. botulinum type A Hall used as the host bacterium. The phage particles were adsorbed on the cell walls extracted with hot trichloroacetic acid (TCA‐walls). The receptor substance for the phage was solubilized from the TCA‐walls with Achromopeptidase and fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐150. The fraction having the highest level of receptor activity for the phage contained large amounts of muramic acid and glucosamine. Both authentic muramic acid and glucosamine significantly inactivated the phage, whereas glucose, galactose, L‐and D‐alanine, diaminopimeric acid, or D‐glutamic acid did not exhibit similar activity. There results strongly suggest that the receptor site for phage α2 is closely associated with glycan moieties of the cell wall peptidoglycan.
An Assay for the Receptor‐Destroying Activity of Influenza C Virus
Authors: Sugawara Kanetsu , Kitame Fumio , Homma Morio , Nakamura Kiyoto 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe have developed a convenient method for assaying the receptor‐destroying enzyme (RDE) activity of influenza C virus. This method measures the ability of the RDE to destroy the hemagglutination‐inhibition activity of a potent inhibitor present in rat serum. Some physico‐chemical properties of the RDE of influenza C virus were investigated by using this method. The temperature optimum for maximal activity of this enzyme was found to be 45 C to 53 C. There was little difference in thermostability between the RDE and hemagglutinating activities of influenza C virus. When influenza C virions were treated with various concentrations of trypsin, the RDE activity decreased in parallel with the decrease in the amount of residual gp88 glycoprotein, suggesting association of RDE with this glycoprotein.
Determination of the T‐Cell Subset Producing γ‐Interferon in Tuberculous Pleural Effusion
Authors: Shimokata Kaoru , Kishimoto Hirotsugu , Takagi Eishi , Tsunekawa Hiroshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe percentage of cells of different T‐cell subsets and their functions in tuberculous pleural effusion were investigated. The percentage of OKT4‐positive cells was 65 ± 2% (mean ± SEM, n=8) and that of OKT8‐positive cells was 19 ± 3% (n=8). Pleural T lymphocytes of patients with tuberculous pleurisy responded well to stimulation with purified protein derivative of tuberculin, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was observed along with gamma interferon (IFN‐γ) production. When pleural T lymphocytes of patients with tuberculous pleurisy were treated with OKT4 monoclonal antibody and complement, a significant decrease in IFN‐γ production was observed in all eight patients (P<0.005), whereas no definite decrease in IFN‐γ production was found after treatment with OKT8 monoclonal antibody and complement. These results suggest that at least the OKT4+/OKT8− T‐cell subset is responsible for the antigen‐specific IFN‐γ production in pleural T lymphocytes of patients with tuberculous pleurisy.
Comparison of the Fecal Microflora in Rural Japanese and Urban Canadians
Authors: Benno Yoshimi , Suzuki Kunio , Suzuki Kunihiko , Narisawa Kimiko , Bruce W. Robert , Mitsuoka Tomotari 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe fecal microflora of nine rural healthy Japanese and eight urban healthy Canadians was examined. The two populations ate typical Japanese and western diets, respectively. The numbers of eubacteria (P<0.01), bifidobacteria (P<0.05), bacilli (P<0.01), lactobacilli and veillonellae and the frequency of occurrence of bifidobacteria were higher in the Japanese than in the Canadians. Higher numbers of bacteroides and lecithinase‐negative Clostridia were found in the Canadians. Twenty‐three genera and over 75 species or biovars were isolated from the feces of Japanese and 18 genera and over 66 species or biovars from the Canadians. The numbers of Bacteroides vulgatus (P<0.05), Clostridium coccides (P<0.001), and C. tertium (P<0.05) and the incidence of B. uniformis (P<0.01), C. innocuum (P<0.05), and Bacillus spp. (P<0.01) were significantly lower in the Japanese than in the Canadians. In contrast, the numbers of Eubacterium aerofaciens (P<0.001), and the incidence of Bifidobacterium adolescentis biovar b (P<0.01) and Bacillus subtilis (P<0.01) were significantly higher in the Japanese than in the Canadians. These findings suggest that significant reductions in anaerobic grampositive bacilli and increased numbers of bacteroides and Clostridia in the feces were induced by the intake of a western diet.
Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Strain‐Specific Antibodies against Prototype Strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
Authors: Murata Michisato , Yoshida Yoshiya , Osono Michiyo , Ohashi Norio , Oyanagi Miho , Urakami Hiroshi , Tamura Akira , Nogami Sadao , Tanaka Hiroshi , Kawamura Akiyoshi 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe have developed 18 hybridoma cell lines which secrete murine monoclonal strain‐specific antibodies to prototype strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi: nine anti‐Gilliam, four anti‐Karp and five anti‐Kato antibodies. All the monoclonal antibodies reacted only with their homologous strains in direct and indirect immunofluorescence (IF), or indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) test. By IF and IP tests with the monoclonal antibodies, 22 strains of R. tsutsugamushi, which were newly isolated from mites, field rodents and patients with Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in Japan, were all clearly identified as either Gilliam or Karp type. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting techniques revealed that the monoclonal antibodies recognized primarily the polypeptides of an apparent molecular weight of 54 to 56 kilodaltons of the homologous rickettsial surface. The monoclonal antibodies produced in the present study should enhance the serotyping and further analytical investigation of the rickettsial antigens since they recognize the strain‐ or type‐specific polypeptides and do not show any cross‐reaction among strains.