bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PUBLIC INTEREST IN PRIVATE NUISANCE: COLLECTIVES AND COMMUNITIES IN TORT
Authors: Lee Maria 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe relevance of public interests in private law is at the heart of some central divides in tort scholarship. This paper argues that public interests pervade private nuisance cases. The uncertain and contested nature of public interests, and the absence in both the case law and the scholarly literature of an abstract definition of what is to count as a public interest, do not prevent these matters from playing a significant role in tort. In these circumstances, it is important to reflect on how we might set about articulating the public interest. This paper argues that administrative decisions that are intended to serve the public interest can in some cases provide a defensible vision of public interest for the purposes of private law. An examination of the process by which regulatory decisions were reached can provide indicators to assist in identifying and evaluating the strength of claimed public interests.
A 10-YEAR HOSPITAL-BASED HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM IN A PUBLIC HOSPITAL IN ARGENTINA
Authors: Demirdjian Graciela 
Published: May 2015

Objectives: To describe the first hospital-based health technology assessment (HTA) program in a public hospital in Argentina, and report some clinical, educational, economic and organizational results after 10 years of its implementation.Methods: A hospital-based HTA program was created in March 2001 at Hospital Garrahan (Buenos Aires, Argentina), a national pediatric facility with a self-managed budget. Its main goal is to promote a rational and evidence-based technologic development. The program consists of HTA reports for technology acquisition, clinical practice guidelines (CPG), capacity building in research and management, and technical support for health services research (HSR). The evaluation cycle comprises: prioritization, evidence synthesis, dissemination and monitoring. We report program performance, comment educational and organizational effects, and discuss unresolved issues and future challenges.Results: During the first 10 years the program produced 18 HTA reports on drugs (6 = 33 percent), therapeutic (6 = 33 percent), preventive (2 = 11 percent) or diagnostic (2 = 11 percent) procedures and institutional programs (3 = 17 percent). The scope covered effectiveness (12 = 67 percent), safety (10 = 56 percent), budget impact (6 = 33 percent), cost-effectiveness (2 = 11 percent) and organizational impact (3 = 17 percent). Mean time from request to report was 10 months. Eleven pediatric CPGs were submitted to expert consensus and disseminated for full-text Web access. A 1-year course on research and management was completed by 225 professionals in 6 years, and twenty-two projects for HSR were coached.Conclusions: Our experience shows that an HTA program is both feasible and useful in a public hospital of a developing country. Promotion of hospital-based HTA, professional integration in HTA activities and network collaboration to discuss unresolved issues with colleagues can multiply the benefits and optimize the use of hospital budgets.
Centralisers of Dehn twist automorphisms of free groups
Authors: RODENHAUSEN MORITZ , WADE RICHARD D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWe refine Cohen and Lustig's description of centralisers of Dehn twists of free groups. We show that the centraliser of a Dehn twist of a free group has a subgroup of finite index that has a finite classifying space. We describe an algorithm to find a presentation of the centraliser. We use this algorithm to give an explicit presentation for the centraliser of a Nielsen automorphism in Aut(Fn). This gives restrictions to actions of Aut(Fn) on CAT(0) spaces.
Ventral hippocampal afferents to the nucleus accumbens regulate susceptibility to depression
Authors: Bagot Rosemary C. , Parise Eric M. , Peña Catherine J. , Zhang Hong-Xing , Maze Ian , Chaudhury Dipesh , Persaud Brianna , Cachope Roger , Bolaños-Guzmán Carlos A. , Cheer Joseph F. , Deisseroth Karl , Han Ming-Hu , Nestler Eric J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractEnhanced glutamatergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a region critical for reward and motivation, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression; however, the afferent source of this increased glutamate tone is not known. The NAc receives glutamatergic inputs from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ventral hippocampus (vHIP) and basolateral amygdala (AMY). Here, we demonstrate that glutamatergic vHIP afferents to NAc regulate susceptibility to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). We observe reduced activity in vHIP in mice resilient to CSDS. Furthermore, attenuation of vHIP-NAc transmission by optogenetic induction of long-term depression is pro-resilient, whereas acute enhancement of this input is pro-susceptible. This effect is specific to vHIP afferents to the NAc, as optogenetic stimulation of either mPFC or AMY afferents to the NAc is pro-resilient. These data indicate that vHIP afferents to NAc uniquely regulate susceptibility to CSDS, highlighting an important, novel circuit-specific mechanism in depression.
Synthesis and structural characterisation of amides from picolinic acid and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid
Authors: Devi Prarthana , Barry Sarah M. , Houlihan Kate M. , Murphy Michael J. , Turner Peter , Jensen Paul , Rutledge Peter J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCoupling picolinic acid (pyridine-2-carboxylic acid) and pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid withN-alkylanilines affords a range of mono- and bis-amides in good to moderate yields. These amides are of interest for potential applications in catalysis, coordination chemistry and molecular devices. The reaction of picolinic acid with thionyl chloride to generate the acid chloridein situleads not only to theN-alkyl-N-phenylpicolinamides as expected but also the corresponding 4-chloro-N-alkyl-N-phenylpicolinamides in the one pot. The two products are readily separated by column chromatography. Chlorinated products are not observed from the corresponding reactions of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid. X-Ray crystal structures for six of these compounds are described. These structures reveal a general preference forcisamide geometry in which the aromatic groups (N-phenyl and pyridyl) arecisto each other and the pyridine nitrogenantito the carbonyl oxygen. Variable temperature1H NMR experiments provide a window on amide bond isomerisation in solution.
The Relationship Between Altered Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number And Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Mi Jia , Tian Geng , Liu Shuang , Li Xianglin , Ni Tianhui , Zhang Liwei , Wang Bin 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCurrently, a comprehensive assessment between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and cancer risk is lacking. We designed this meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that altered mtDNA copy number might influence genetic susceptibility to some specific types of cancer. The processes of literature search, eligibility appraisal and data retrieval were independently completed in duplicate. The mtDNA copy number which was dichotomized or classified into tertiles was compared between cancer cases and controls. Twenty-six articles with 38 study groups were analyzed among 6682 cases and 9923 controls. When dichotomizing mtDNA copy number at the median value, there was an 11% increased cancer risk for carriers of high mtDNA content (P = 0.320). By cancer type, high mtDNA content was associated with an increased risk for lymphoma (OR = 1.76; P = 0.023) but a reduced risk for skeleton cancer (OR = 0.39; P = 0.001). Carriers of the 2nd and 3rd tertiles of mtDNA copy number had an 1.74-fold (P = 0.010) and 2.07-fold (P = 0.021) increased risk of lymphoma, respectively. By contrast, there was correspondingly a 56% (P < 0.001) and 80% (P < 0.001) reduced risk of skeleton cancer. Our findings suggested that elevated mtDNA content was associated with a higher risk for lymphoma, but a lower risk for skeleton cancer.
Deletion of the Neurotrophic Factor neudesin Prevents Diet-induced Obesity by Increased Sympathetic Activity
Authors: Ohta Hiroya , Konishi Morichika , Kobayashi Yusuke , Kashio Atsuki , Mochiyama Takayuki , Matsumura Shigenobu , Inoue Kazuo , Fushiki Tohru , Nakao Kazuwa , Kimura Ikuo , Itoh Nobuyuki 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSome neurotrophic factors, which are potent regulators of neuronal development and function, have recently been implicated in the control of energy balance by increasing energy expenditure. We previously identified neudesin as a novel neurotrophic factor with potential roles in the central nervous system. Although neudesin is also expressed in various peripheral tissues including adipose tissue, its physiological roles have not yet been elucidated. We found that neudesin knockout (KO) mice were resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity and obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions. neudesin KO mice exhibited increased energy expenditure due to increased sympathetic activity, which resulted in increased heat production and fatty acid oxidation in brown adipose tissue and enhanced lipolysis in white adipose tissue. Thus, neudesin, which may be a negative regulator of sympathetic activity, could represent a novel regulator of the development of obesity and obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions.
Transcriptional control of fungal cell cycle and cellular events by Fkh2, a forkhead transcription factor in an insect pathogen
Authors: Wang Juan-Juan , Qiu Lei , Cai Qing , Ying Sheng-Hua , Feng Ming-Guang 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTranscriptional control of the cell cycle by forkhead (Fkh) transcription factors is likely associated with fungal adaptation to host and environment. Here we show that Fkh2, an ortholog of yeast Fkh1/2, orchestrates cell cycle and many cellular events of Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous fungal insect pathogen. Deletion of Fkh2 in B. bassiana resulted in dramatic down-regulation of the cyclin-B gene cluster and hence altered cell cycle (longer G2/M and S, but shorter G0/G1, phases) in unicellular blastospores. Consequently, ΔFkh2 produced twice as many, but smaller, blastospores than wild-type under submerged conditions and formed denser septa and shorter/broader cells in aberrantly branched hyphae. In these hyphae, clustered genes required for septation and conidiation were remarkedly up-regulated, followed by higher yield and slower germination of aerial conidia. Moreover, ΔFkh2 displayed attenuated virulence and decreased tolerance to chemical and environmental stresses, accompanied with altered transcripts and activities of phenotype-influencing proteins or enzymes. All the changes in ΔFkh2 were restored by Fkh2 complementation. All together, Fkh2-dependent transcriptional control is vital for the adaptation of B. bassiana to diverse habitats of host insects and hence contributes to its biological control potential against arthropod pests.
Characterization and Modeling of Nonfilamentary Ta/TaOx/TiO2/Ti Analog Synaptic Device
Authors: Wang Yu-Fen , Lin Yen-Chuan , Wang I-Ting , Lin Tzu-Ping , Hou Tuo-Hung 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA two-terminal analog synaptic device that precisely emulates biological synaptic features is expected to be a critical component for future hardware-based neuromorphic computing. Typical synaptic devices based on filamentary resistive switching face severe limitations on the implementation of concurrent inhibitory and excitatory synapses with low conductance and state fluctuation. For overcoming these limitations, we propose a Ta/TaOx/TiO2/Ti device with superior analog synaptic features. A physical simulation based on the homogeneous (nonfilamentary) barrier modulation induced by oxygen ion migration accurately reproduces various DC and AC evolutions of synaptic states, including the spike-timing-dependent plasticity and paired-pulse facilitation. Furthermore, a physics-based compact model for facilitating circuit-level design is proposed on the basis of the general definition of memristor devices. This comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of the promising electronic synapse can facilitate realizing large-scale neuromorphic systems.
A concise review of lobster utilization by worldwide human populations from prehistory to the modern era
Authors: Spanier Ehud , Lavalli Kari L. , Goldstein Jason S. , Groeneveld Johan C. , Jordaan Gareth L. , Jones Clive M. , Phillips Bruce F. , Bianchini Marco L. , Kibler Rebecca D. , Díaz David , Mallol Sandra , Goñi Raquel , van Der Meeren Gro I. , Agnalt Ann-Lisbeth , Behringer Donald C. , Keegan William F. , Jeffs Andrew 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLobsters are important resources throughout the world's oceans, providing food security, employment, and a trading commodity. Whereas marine biologists generally focus on modern impacts of fisheries, here we explore the deep history of lobster exploitation by prehistorical humans and ancient civilizations, through the first half of the 20th century. Evidence of lobster use comprises midden remains, artwork, artefacts, writings about lobsters, and written sources describing the fishing practices of indigenous peoples. Evidence from archaeological dig sites is potentially biased because lobster shells are relatively thin and easily degraded in most midden soils; in some cases, they may have been used as fertilizer for crops instead of being dumped in middens. Lobsters were a valuable food and economic resource for early coastal peoples, and ancient Greek and Roman Mediterranean civilizations amassed considerable knowledge of their biology and fisheries. Before European contact, lobsters were utilized by indigenous societies in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand at seemingly sustainable levels, even while other fish and molluscan species may have been overfished. All written records suggest that coastal lobster populations were dense, even in the presence of abundant and large groundfish predators, and that lobsters were much larger than at present. Lobsters gained a reputation as “food for the poor” in 17th and 18th century Europe and parts of North America, but became a fashionable seafood commodity during the mid-19th century. High demand led to intensified fishing effort with improved fishing gear and boats, and advances in preservation and long-distance transport. By the early 20th century, coastal stocks were overfished in many places and average lobster size was significantly reduced. With overfishing came attempts to regulate fisheries, which have varied over time and have met with limited success.
Parallel evolutionary pathways to antibiotic resistance selected by biocide exposure
Authors: Webber Mark A. , Whitehead Rebekah N. , Mount Manuella , Loman Nick J. , Pallen Mark J. , Piddock Laura J. V. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Objectives
Biocides are widely used to prevent infection. We aimed to determine whether exposure of Salmonella to various biocides could act as a driver of antibiotic resistance.

Methods
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was exposed to four biocides with differing modes of action. Antibiotic-resistant mutants were selected during exposure to all biocides and characterized phenotypically and genotypically to identify mechanisms of resistance.

Results
All biocides tested selected MDR mutants with decreased antibiotic susceptibility; these occurred randomly throughout the experiments. Mutations that resulted in de-repression of the multidrug efflux pump AcrAB-TolC were seen in MDR mutants. A novel mutation in rpoA was also selected and contributed to the MDR phenotype. Other mutants were highly resistant to both quinolone antibiotics and the biocide triclosan.

Conclusions
This study shows that exposure of bacteria to biocides can select for antibiotic-resistant mutants and this is mediated by clinically relevant mechanisms of resistance prevalent in human pathogens.
Critical Changes in Cortical Neuronal Interactions in Anesthetized and Awake Rats
Authors: Hudetz Anthony G. , Vizuete Jeannette A. , Pillay Siveshigan , Ropella Kristina M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAbstract
Neuronal interactions increase during stepwise emergence from desflurane anesthesia and were enhanced by visual stimulation to the greatest extent during the return of righting reflex. Critical changes in neuronal interaction correlate with depth of anesthesia and an experimental index of the return of consciousness.

Background:
Neuronal interactions are fundamental for information processing, cognition, and consciousness. Anesthetics reduce spontaneous cortical activity; however, neuronal reactivity to sensory stimuli is often preserved or augmented. How sensory stimulus–related neuronal interactions change under anesthesia has not been elucidated. In this study, the authors investigated the visual stimulus–related cortical neuronal interactions during stepwise emergence from desflurane anesthesia.

Methods:
Parallel spike trains were recorded with 64-contact extracellular microelectrode arrays from the primary visual cortex of chronically instrumented, unrestrained rats (N = 6) at 8, 6, 4, and 2% desflurane anesthesia and wakefulness. Light flashes were delivered to the retina by transcranial illumination at 5- to 15-s randomized intervals. Information theoretical indices, integration and interaction complexity, were calculated from the probability distribution of coincident spike patterns and used to quantify neuronal interactions before and after flash stimulation.

Results:
Integration and complexity showed significant negative associations with desflurane concentration (N = 60). Flash stimulation increased integration and complexity at all anesthetic levels (N = 60); the effect on complexity was reduced in wakefulness. During stepwise withdrawal of desflurane, the largest increase in integration (74%) and poststimulus complexity (35%) occurred before reaching 4% desflurane concentration—a level associated with the recovery of consciousness according to the rats’ righting reflex.

Conclusions:
Neuronal interactions in the cerebral cortex are augmented during emergence from anesthesia. Visual flash stimuli enhance neuronal interactions in both wakefulness and anesthesia; the increase in interaction complexity is attenuated as poststimulus complexity reaches plateau. The critical changes in cortical neuronal interactions occur during transition to consciousness.
Assisted Ventilation in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Doorduin Jonne , Sinderby Christer A. , Beck Jennifer , van der Hoeven Johannes G. , Heunks Leo M. A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractAbstract
Twelve patients with mild-to-moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome were ventilated in a randomized order with three ventilation modes: pressure control ventilation, pressure support ventilation, and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist. Lung-protective ventilation was maintained to a similar degree in all study arms; the results are hypothesis generating for using assisted ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first 48 h of therapy, which might include paralysis.
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background:
In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the use of assisted mechanical ventilation is a subject of debate. Assisted ventilation has benefits over controlled ventilation, such as preserved diaphragm function and improved oxygenation. Therefore, higher level of “patient control” of ventilator assist may be preferable in ARDS. However, assisted modes may also increase the risk of high tidal volumes and lung-distending pressures. The current study aims to quantify how differences in freedom to control the ventilator affect lung-protective ventilation, breathing pattern variability, and patient–ventilator interaction.

Methods:
Twelve patients with ARDS were ventilated in a randomized order with assist pressure control ventilation (PCV), pressure support ventilation (PSV), and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA). Transpulmonary pressure, tidal volume, diaphragm electrical activity, and patient–ventilator interaction were measured. Respiratory variability was assessed using the coefficient of variation of tidal volume.

Results:
During inspiration, transpulmonary pressure was slightly lower with NAVA (10.3 ± 0.7, 11.2 ± 0.7, and 9.4 ± 0.7 cm H2O for PCV, PSV, and NAVA, respectively; P < 0.01). Tidal volume was similar between modes (6.6 [5.7 to 7.0], 6.4 [5.8 to 7.0], and 6.0 [5.6 to 7.3] ml/kg for PCV, PSV, and NAVA, respectively), but respiratory variability was higher with NAVA (8.0 [6.4 to 10.0], 7.1 [5.9 to 9.0], and 17.0 [12.0 to 36.1] % for PCV, PSV, and NAVA, respectively; P < 0.001). Patient–ventilator interaction improved with NAVA (6 [5 to 8] % error) compared with PCV (29 [14 to 52] % error) and PSV (12 [9 to 27] % error); P < 0.0001.

Conclusion:
In patients with mild-to-moderate ARDS, increasing freedom to control the ventilator maintains lung-protective ventilation in terms of tidal volume and lung-distending pressure, but it improves patient–ventilator interaction and preserves respiratory variability.
Efficacy of 2 Regional Pain Control Techniques in Pediatric Foot Surgery
Authors: Lloyd Chandra H. , Srinath Arjun K. , Muchow Ryan D. , Iwinski Henry J. , Talwalkar Vishwas R. , Walker Janet L. , Montgomery Christopher , Milbrandt Todd 
Published: May 2015

Background:
Peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) have the potential to reduce postoperative pain. The use of ultrasound (US) to guide PNBs may be more beneficial than nerve stimulation (NS); however, very few studies have studied this technique in children. The objective of this study was to compare postoperative pain control in pediatric patients who had general anesthesia (GA) alone compared with those who had PNB performed by NS, or PNB with both NS and US guidance. Our hypothesis was that compared with NS, the US-guided PNB would result in reduced postoperative pain and opioid use, and that both PNB conditions would have improved outcomes compared with GA.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review of foot and ankle surgery included 103 patients who were stratified into 3 groups: GA, PNB with NS, and PNB with NS and US. Pain levels were measured with visual pain scales at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. Days of hospitalization, morphine and oxycodone use by weight, and time to first PRN opioid use were also recorded. A repeated measure analysis of variance was used to compare the groups, and the proportion of patients who reported a visual analog scale score of 0 was calculated for each time point.

Results:
There were no significant differences in pain levels between groups for the first 12 hours, but the US group had higher pain levels at 24 hours. Both US and NS groups had a longer time to PRN opioid use and used significantly less morphine compared with GA. The US group had a significantly greater proportion of pain-free patients than the other 2 groups for the first 6 hours.

Conclusions:
The use of US guidance is beneficial in postoperative pain control. Both US-guided and NS-guided PNB are preferable to GA alone for lower extremity orthopaedic surgery in the pediatric population.

Level of Evidence:
III, retrospective comparative study.