bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermokarst Lake Morphometry and Erosion Features in Two Peat Plateau Areas of Northeast European Russia
Authors: Sjöberg Ylva , Hugelius Gustaf , Kuhry Peter 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTHigh‐resolution satellite remote sensing analysis (n = 637 lakes) and field measurements (n = 29 lakes) of two peat plateau areas in northeast European Russia were carried out to investigate lake morphology, map shoreline erosion indicators and assess possible orientation patterns in lake and shore morphology. The study includes the first detailed characterisation of the shape and size of thermokarst lakes in organic terrain. The area covered by lakes is 7.0 per cent and 13.6 per cent, and median lake size is 184 m2 and 265 m2, respectively, for the two study areas. In both areas, most lakes have a similar northwest to southeast orientation, and shores most commonly face northeast or southwest. The shores are generally steeper and have more cracks and lake depths are greater along shores facing northeast or southeast, and along the shorelines of larger lakes. Shores with a peat substrate are more heterogeneous than those with a mineral substrate in terms of steepness, cracks and water depths. Since the lakes are generally small, the shoreline/area ratio is high and a large part of the peat plateau areas can potentially be affected by shoreline erosion. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ensemble spread‐based assessment of observation impact: application to a global ocean analysis system
Authors: Storto Andrea , Masina Simona , Dobricic Srdjan 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article explores an ensemble strategy for evaluating the impact of different observing networks. The impact is represented by the relative ensemble spread increase, in model space, of data‐denial ensemble simulations with respect to an ‘all‐observation’ ensemble experiment, evaluated independently for each observing network. The forecast‐error covariance intercomparison reduces to the ensemble spread intercomparison; thus, the method can be applied to any assimilation system and requires only the proper construction of an ensemble system, although the impact assessment results depend on the specific configuration of the investigated analysis system. Our approach allows us to determine the impact of the observing networks in model space (unlike Observing System Experiments) and for different forecast ranges of the ocean general circulation model. No tangent‐linear and adjoint coding of the ocean model are required. The method is applied for demonstration to a large‐scale global ocean variational analysis system. The ensemble members are generated by (i) perturbing the observations within the 3D‐Var assimilation scheme, (ii) perturbing the surface forcing, and (iii) stochastically perturbing the ocean model parametrisation tendencies. The impact is calculated for CTDs, XBTs, moorings, Argo, sea‐level anomaly observations and sea‐surface temperature measurements from space‐borne microwave instruments within the three‐year period from January 2003 to December 2005. It turns out, on the global scale, that altimetry exhibits the largest impact on near‐surface temperature and sea‐surface height. In contrast, deep‐ocean impacts are led by the Argo float network. As expected, space‐borne observations (sea‐level anomaly and sea‐surface temperature observations) increase their impact in the Southern Ocean, due to the lack of a robust network ofin situobservations. The results of the impact on the salinity indicate the great importance of Argo floats, especially in the northern Extratropics.
On a greedy 2‐matching algorithm and Hamilton cycles in random graphs with minimum degree at least three
Authors: Frieze Alan 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTWe describe and analyse a simple greedy algorithm 2greedy that finds a good 2‐matching M in the random graph when . A 2‐matching is a spanning subgraph of maximum degree two and G is drawn uniformly from graphs with vertex set , cn edges and minimum degree at least three. By good we mean that M has components. We then use this 2‐matching to build a Hamilton cycle in time w.h.p. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 45, 443‐497, 2014
Incremental inconsistency detection with low memory overhead
Authors: Falleri Jean‐Rémy , Blanc Xavier , Bendraou Reda , da Silva Marcos Aurélio Almeida , Teyton Cédric 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYEnsuring models’ consistency is a key concern when using a model‐based development approach. Therefore, model inconsistency detection has received significant attention over the last years. To be useful, inconsistency detection has to be sound, efficient, and scalable. Incremental detection is one way to achieve efficiency in the presence of large models. In most of the existing approaches, incrementalization is carried out at the expense of the memory consumption that becomes proportional to the model size and the number of consistency rules. In this paper, we propose a new incremental inconsistency detection approach that only consumes a small and model size‐independent amount of memory. It will therefore scale better to projects using large models and many consistency rules. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced measurement of surface charge distribution with high potential
Authors: Kumada Akiko , Wangcen Qin , Hidaka Kunihiko 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA measuring technique with a multilayer insulator is proposed to enable charge distribution measurement on an insulator of high potential. By using this technique, the residual charge distribution of the positive surface discharge was successfully measured with an electrostatic probe; nevertheless its potential is 10 times higher than the measurable range of an electrostatic probe. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Imputation
Authors: Rässler Susanne , Rubin Donald B. , Zell Elizabeth R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractMissing data are a common problem in statistics. Imputation, or filling in the missing values, is an intuitive and flexible way to address the resulting incomplete data sets. We focus on multiple imputation, which, when implemented correctly, can be a statistically valid strategy for handling missing data. The analysis of a multiply‐imputed data set is now relatively standard using readily available statistical software. The creation of multiply‐imputed data sets is more challenging than their analysis but still straightforward relative to other valid methods of handling missing data, and we discuss available software for doing so.Ad hocmethods, including using singly‐imputed data sets, almost always lead to invalid inferences and should be eschewed, especially when valid interval estimation or hypothesis testing is the objective.WIREs Comput Stat2013, 5:20–29. doi: 10.1002/wics.1240This article is categorized under:Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Data Reduction, Smoothing, and FilteringStatistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Sampling
RETRACTED: Inosine‐specific cleavage of RNA for microarray analysis of RNA A‐to‐I editing targets
Authors: Huang Hurng‐Wern , Chang Hsueh‐Wei , Wang Hui‐Chun , Lu Chiu‐Jin , Chen Shaio‐Wen , Yi Szu‐Cheng , Wang Hay‐Yan , Cho Chung‐Lung , Wu Cheng‐Hsuan , Yang Jyuer‐Ger , Tseng Chao‐Neng 
Published: December 2012

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor.It has come to our attention that there is substantial duplication of some figures between this Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Science article and an earlier paper by the same authors, Chao‐Neng Tseng et al, A method to identify RNA A‐to‐I editing targets using I‐specific cleavage and exon array analysis, Molecular and Cellular Probes, Vol 27, 38‐45 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2012.08.008.One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re‐use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.
BENEFITS OF CONTINUOUS SUBCUTANEOUS INSULIN INFUSION ON QUALITY OF LIFE
Authors: Lukács Andrea , Kiss-Tóth Emőke , Varga Beatrix , Soós Andrea , Takác Peter , Barkai László 
Published: December 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the general health-related quality of life (HRQoL), the metabolic control (HbA1c), the anthropometric measurement, and the cardiorespiratory fitness (expressed by VO2max) in youths with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) to those receiving multiple daily injections (MDI). We looked for factors influencing the HRQoL and metabolic control.Methods: A total of 239 patients treated with CSII (51 girls and 53 boys) or MDI (64 girls and 71 boys) between ages 8 and 18 years were assessed with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Generic Core Scales, and Diabetes Module. VO2max was evaluated using the 20-meter shuttle run test.Results: CSII group had significantly better HRQoL according to both child self-report and parent proxy-report. Youths with CSII reported better physical, emotional, and school-related functioning, and had less diabetes-related fear and symptoms than the MDI group. There were no significant differences in body mass index z-scores, insulin doses, HbA1c, and VO2max between the groups. HRQoL was predicted by the CSII therapy (β = −0.220; p = .000) and the VO2max (β = 0.386; p = .000), other clinical and anthropometric parameters had no effect; the HbA1c was predicted only by VO2max (β = −0.353; p = .000).Conclusions: Diabetic youths treated with CSII therapy have better HRQoL than those treated with MDI. There are no differences between the investigated groups in anthropometric data, glycated hemoglobin, and physical fitness. Moreover, good physical fitness has an important role in achieving better metabolic control and HRQoL, which underlines the importance of regular aerobic exercise in the treatment and care of type 1 diabetes in childhood.
Nachrichten
Authors: Weber Heike 
Published: December 2012

PD Dr. Sabine Vollstädt-Klein: Initial, habitual and compulsive alcohol use is characterized by a shift of cue processing from ventral to dorsal striatum. Addiction, 105, 1741–1749. Zu Beginn der Entwicklung einer Substanzabhängigkeit stehen hedonische Effekte des Substanzkonsums im Vordergrund, während im späteren Verlauf eher gewohnheitsmäßig oder gar zwanghaft konsumiert wird. Tierstudien konnten zeigen, dass diese Veränderungen mit einem Übergang von präfrontaler kortikaler Kontrolle durch striatale Kontolle einhergehen und außerdem Reizverarbeitungsprozesse sich innerhalb des Striatums von ventral nach dorsal verlagern. Beim Menschen gab es bisher noch keine Untersuchungen zu diesem Thema. In dieser Studie wurde mittels funktioneller Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRT) die neuronale Reizreaktion auf alkoholassoziierte visuelle Stimuli bei 21 schweren Trinkern ohne Behandlungswunsch (darunter 13 mit Alkoholabhängigkeit) und 10 leichten sozialen Trinkern als gesunde Kontrollen untersucht. Außerdem wurde mittels eines Fragebogens das Ausmaß zwanghafter Gedanken und Handlungen im Zusammenhang mit Alkohol erfasst. Die vorliegende Studie konnte die beschriebenen präklinischen Befunde bestätigen. Schwere Trinker aktivierten in Reaktion auf Alkoholreize eher das dorsale Striatum, während sich bei den Kontrollen mehr Aktivierung im ventralen Striatum und in präfrontalen Arealen zeigte. Dazu passend zeigte sich im ventralen Striatum eine Abnahme der Reizreaktion mit zwanghaftem Alkoholverlangen, während die Aktivierung im dorsalen Striatum mit stärkerem zwanghaftem Alkoholverlangen zunahm. Die Ergebnisse der Studie sind unter verschiedenen Aspekten als klinisch bedeutsam zu betrachten. Die vorliegenden Daten könnten erklären, warum Medikamente, welche die belohnenden Effekte von Alkohol reduzieren (wie beispielsweise Naltrexon) nur in Subgruppen alkoholabhängiger Patienten wirken. Diese Medikamente könnten vor allem bei nicht-abhängigen schweren Trinkern oder bei Alkoholabhängigen in früheren Stadien wirksam sein, da bei diesen Individuen noch die hedonischen Effekte des Alkohols, repräsentiert durch eine reizinduzierte Aktivierung im ventralen Striatum, im Vordergrund zu stehen scheinen. Frühere Studien zeigten, dass reizinduzierte Hirnaktivierung mit Rückfall assoziiert zu sein scheint. Daher könnte die fMRT-Reizreaktion zum Therapiemonitoring geeigneter sein als beispielsweise Fragebögen zum Alkoholverlangen, da Patienten oft sozial erwünscht antworten.
Investigation of flow features around shallow round cavities subject to subsonic grazing flow
Authors: Marsden Olivier , Bogey Christophe , Bailly Christophe 
Published: December 2012

The focus of this work is the study of the asymmetric mean flow which can appear inside shallow cavities of circular planform, and for which limited experimental data is available. To this end, the behaviour of cylindrical cavities in grazing flow is investigated numerically, for varying ratios of diameter to depth. Large-eddy simulations (LESs) of cylindrical cavities of diameter D = 10 cm and depths H ranging from 1 to 10 cm, grazed by a flow at a Mach number 0.25, are reported. The diameter-based Reynolds number of these cavity flows is 600 000. The incoming boundary layer, of thickness δ/D = 0.17, is numerically tripped, in order to reach a highly disturbed state upstream of the cavity. Numerical flow results are compared to experimental findings obtained for similar configurations, and mean flow dependence on the ratio H/D is shown to be correctly reproduced. For cavities of depth greater than 0.7 times their diameter, a symmetric mean flow is obtained, as expected. For shallower cavities, of depth between 0.4 and 0.7 times the diameter, an asymmetric mean flow regime is observed, as previously described in a few experimental papers. Over a small range of depths, from 0.2 to 0.4 times the diameter, very low frequency flow unsteadiness or switching is found. Based on the LES results, a detailed description of these different flow patterns, in terms of both steady and unsteady aspects, is proposed. This description both confirms and adds to the relatively small amount of experimental data available for shallow cylindrical cavity flows.
Humean Rationality
Authors: Smith Michael 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article focuses on the relationship between reasons and rationality. It begins by explaining how Hume is led to his (grotesque) conclusion. The explanation lies in his view that the concepts of reason and rationality are best explained by reference to their relations in the theoretical domain, specifically in the domain of deductive reasoning. It then considers how Hume's conclusion might be avoided. The issue, to anticipate, is whether, once the understandings of the terms “reason” and “rationality” are liberalized in the way required to take a more sensible view about the nature of reason and rationality in the theoretical domain, there is a stable position left to take in the practical domain that retains anything of the spirit of Hume's remarks.
Bayesianism
Authors: Joyce James M. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article is concerned with Bayesian epistemology. Bayesianism claims to provide a unified theory of epistemic and practical rationality based on the principle of mathematical expectation. In its epistemic guise, it requires believers to obey the laws of probability. In its practical guise, it asks agents to maximize their subjective expected utility. This article explains the five pillars of Bayesian epistemology, each of which claims and evaluates some of the justifications that have been offered for them. It also addresses some common objections to Bayesianism, in particular the “problem of old evidence” and the complaint that the view degenerates into an untenable subjectivism. It closes by painting a picture of Bayesianism as an “internalist” theory of reasons for action and belief that can be fruitfully augmented with “externalist” principles of practical and epistemic rationality.
Rationality and Game Theory
Authors: Bicchieri Cristina 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article on rationality and game theory deals with the modeling of interaction between decision makers. Game theory aims to understand situations in which decision makers interact. Chess is an example of such interaction, as are firms competing for business, politicians competing for votes, jury members deciding on a verdict, animals fighting over prey, bidders competing in auctions, threats and punishments in long-term relationships, and so on. What all these situations have in common is that the outcome of the interaction depends on what the parties jointly do. Rationality assumptions and equilibrium play are the basic ingredients of game theory. The main focus of this article is on the relationship between rationality assumptions and equilibrium play.
Motivated Irrationality
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe literature on motivated irrationality has two primary foci: action and belief. This article explores two of the central topics falling under this rubric: akratic action (action exhibiting so-called weakness of will or deficient self-control) and motivationally biased belief (including self-deception). Among other matters, this article offers a resolution of Donald Davidson's worry about the explanation of irrationality. When agents act akratically, they act for reasons, and in central cases, they make rational judgments about what it is best to do. The rationality required for that is in place. However, to the extent to which their actions are at odds with these judgments, they act irrationally. Motivationally biased believers test hypotheses and believe on the basis of evidence. Again there is a background of rationality. But owing to the influence of motivation, they violate general standards of epistemic rationality.
Rationality and Psychology
Authors: Samuels Richard , Stich Stephen P. 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis article explores the debate over the extent to which ordinary human reasoning and decision making is rational. It starts by detailing some key experimental findings from the heuristics and biases tradition and describes a range of pessimistic claims about the rationality of ordinary people that these and related findings are sometimes taken to support. Such pessimistic interpretations of the experimental findings have not gone unchallenged, however, and one of the most sustained and influential critiques come from evolutionary psychology. This article outlines some of the research on reasoning that has been done by evolutionary psychologists and describes a cluster of more optimistic theses about ordinary reasoning that such psychologists defend. Although this article states that the most dire pronouncements made by writers in the heuristics and biases tradition are unwarranted, it also maintains that the situation is rather more pessimistic than sometimes suggested by evolutionary psychologists.
Legal Theory and the Rational Actor
Authors: Finkelstein Claire 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe application of rational actor theory to the law has been dominated by the law and economics movement. Law and economics began as a methodology for approaching legal questions; this combiation suggested using the tools provided by economic theory to solve problems in manifestly economic fields like antitrust and taxation. But it quickly moved beyond methodology to acquire both a normative and a descriptive thesis of its own. Law and economics thus regards law as a vehicle for maximizing utility, and it maintains that much of law can be explained as serving that function already. This article suggests reasons why laws that maximize social utility are not necessarily the best legal rules for individuals that seek to maximize their personal utility. In particular, it suggests that ideally rational individuals would be unlikely to select the principle of utility maximization as the basis for choosing ideal legal rules.
The Study of New York Government
Authors: Benjamin Gerald 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Six of New York's nine constitutional conventions occurred before the turn of the twentieth century. The New York constitution mandated in 1848 that a referendum be held every twenty years on whether a state convention should be held. One result of the governing processes defined in the state constitution is the public record that offers the basis for professional analysis and commentary on New York State government. Columbia University—and therefore New York State—was the American birthplace of the academic study of state government. The development of university-based public opinion polling organizations has a major impact on the study of state government and politics. This book assumes that governmental structure and institutions are the shaping factors in governance. It therefore tries to demonstrate how and why New York is governed.
Lobbying and the Interest Group System
Authors: Adler Norman , Gyory Bruce N. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article explores the lobbying industry and how it has changed within the interest group system in New York. New York is known for its activist government. It has also a bipartisan tradition of commitment to social justice and willingness to undertake programmatic experimentation. New York State's two major parties appear never to engage in the type of lobbying activity that would require them to register. It is noted that interest groups and their lobbyists spend a great deal of time both fashioning coalitions and trying to ensure that notice is taken of these coalitions. Proposed reforms could influence lobbying and perhaps even aim at shifting that lightening rod of public opinion away from the legislature to the lobbying community. Lobbying in New York has become an integrated component of the transmission system within the engine of state government.
The Judiciary and Judicial Reform
Authors: Salkin Patricia E. , Lavine Amy 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article describes the judiciary and judicial reform in New York. Reform has been ongoing, and in recent years the courts in New York have evolved into a unified system to manage better, among other things, the volume of cases, physical infrastructure, and human resources. The administrative board plays a mostly advisory role; many of the chief judge's responsibilities have in practice been delegated to the chief administrator. The court of appeals is responsible for appointing the state board of law examiners and establishing regulations for the admission of attorneys to practice law in the State of New York. The court of appeals has also become embroiled in nonfiscal issues that have major political dimensions and are arguably better resolved through the legislative process.
New York State and the National Government
Authors: Lefkowitz Joel 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
This article addresses the national government of New York State. New York State policy and institutional innovations, and the state's role in sectional alliances and conflict, influenced other states and national politics from the beginning, as did New Yorkers in the three branches of the national government. New Yorkers and New York initiated political institutions and articulated related political ideas that sometimes spread to other states and to national politics. New Yorkers had the most effect in the executive branch from the late nineteenth century through the New Deal. Supreme Court consideration of New York State laws set the stage for major constitutional changes. The purposes, methods, and magnitude of New York's power have varied over time and across different institutions. In recent years, New York gives more than it gets, and has a diminished role in the federal system.