bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Pitlick Jamie M , Crannage Andrew J , Murphy Julie A 
Published: September 2013

Objective: To evaluate the literature on use of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer for the first 3–6 months of anticoagulant therapy. Data Sources: A preliminary literature search of PubMed (1966–May 2009) was performed, using the MeSH database when possible, with the terms venous thromboembolism, venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, neoplasm, vitamin K antagonist, and low-molecular-weight heparin. Bibliographies of all articles retrieved were also reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All studies published in English with data describing the safety and/or efficacy of LMWH in subjects with cancer for the first 3–6 months of anticoagulant therapy for VTE were included. Data Synthesis: Five studies that met the above criteria were identified. When compared with vitamin K antagonists, LMWH therapy decreased recurrent VTE in subjects with cancer. Many of these studies had important limitations, including open-label design, relatively short duration, ineffective LMWH dosing, and small sample size. Conclusions: The studies analyzed support the American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines' recommendation for the use of LMWH for the first 3–6 months of anticoagulant therapy for VTE in patients with cancer. Specifically, in clinical trials, tinzaparin and dalteparin have demonstrated increased efficacy compared with vitamin K antagonists. ACPE Universal Program Number: 407-000-09-055-H01-P (Pharmacists)
From Bench to Bedside: Understanding the Science behind the Pharmacologic Management of MDMA- and other Sympathomimetic-Mediated Hyperthermia
Authors: Banks Matthew L , Sprague Jon E 
Published: September 2013

Objective: To evaluate the scientific rationale and efficacy of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for sympathomimetic-induced hyperthermia and related sequelae. Data Sources: Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1940-September 2010) using the terms MDMA [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine], methamphetamine, toxicity, and hyperthermia. In addition, reference citations from identified publications were reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles written in English identified from data sources were evaluated. Data Synthesis: The treatment of sympathomimetic-induced hyperthermia is a challenging problem for health-care professionals. The lack of clinical trials further complicates the development of evidence-based treatment algorithms. Preclinical studies have mostly been with the sympathomimetic MDMA and have demonstrated a reversal of MDMA-induced hyperthermia with a mixed serotonin 5-HT1A agonist/5-HT2A antagonist or mixed α1- and β1,2,3-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Conclusions: Because of the nature by which patients are exposed to these agents, therapeutic interventions for sympathomimetic-mediated hyperthermia still lack evidence from clinical trials with human subjects. Pharmacologic treatments that should be avoided are antipyretics and the ryanodine receptor antagonist dantrolene. Promising future therapies may involve mixed 5-HT1A agonist/5-HT2A antagonists such as the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine, or mixed α1- and β1,2,3-adrenergic receptor antagonists such as carvedilol, as current preclinical research suggests.
Hypertension Secondary to Ingestion of Licorice Root Tea
Authors: Eid Tony Joseph , Morris Amanda A , Shah Sachin A 
Published: September 2013

Objective: To report a case of hypertension secondary to ingestion of licorice root tea. Case Summary: A 46-year-old African American female with newly diagnosed stage 1 hypertension presented with a blood pressure measurement of 144/81 mm Hg and a reduced plasma potassium level of 3.2 mEq/L. The patient attempted lifestyle modifications prior to initiating an antihypertensive agent, but at a follow-up appointment, her blood pressure remained elevated. A current laboratory panel revealed a depressed morning plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) of 5 ng/dL and low morning plasma renin activity (PRA) of 0.13 ng/mL/h. Later it was revealed that the patient regularly (1–2 cups/day) consumed “Yogi Calming” tea, a blend of herbs, including licorice root. The patient was advised to discontinue consumption of the herbal tea, and at a subsequent appointment, her blood pressure was 128/73 mm Hg and her laboratory panel had improved, including serum potassium concentration of 4.1 mEq/L, PAC of 6 ng/dL, and PRA of 0.19 ng/mL/h. Discussion: Excessive consumption of licorice has been well documented to cause pseudohyperaldosteronism, characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, and suppressed plasma renin and aldosterone levels. Glycyrrhizin, the active ingredient in licorice, inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, an oxidase responsible for the conversion and inactivation of cortisol to cortisone. Chronic ingestion of licorice-containing foods has been demonstrated to cause pseudohyperaldosteronism. These include soft candies, lozenges, and dietary supplements, but licorice-containing teas have been infrequently described. Based on the Naranjo probability score, our patient's hypertension appears to have been a probable licorice-induced reaction secondary to a licorice-containing tea. Conclusions: Herbal and dietary supplements are frequently consumed by patients without full knowledge of the contents of the products or the impact on their health. In clinical practice, when hypertension is accompanied by hypokalemia and reduced PRA and PAC, licorice consumption should be investigated and causal hypertension ruled out.
Eptifibatide-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Subsequent Thrombosis
Authors: Giuliano Christopher , Edwin Stephanie B , Kador Hani , Mooney Marjorie 
Published: September 2013

Objective: To report a case of thrombocytopenia and thrombosis associated with the administration of eptifibatide. Case Summary: We describe the case of a 63-year-old male who developed thrombocytopenia and thrombosis associated with eptifibatide administration. Eptifibatide (2 μg/kg/min, following a 180-μg/kg bolus) was administered on hospital day 5, with a baseline platelet count of 302 × 103/μL. Ten hours after eptifibatide initiation in the catheterization laboratory, the patient experienced new-onset hypotension, shortness of breath, and tachycardia. Computed tomography angiography revealed bilateral, multilobar, pulmonary emboli. Platelet count decreased to 94 × 103/μL. Eptifibatide was discontinued and lepirudin 16.5 mg/h was administered because of high suspicion of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). The platelet count returned to 127 × 103/μL on day 7. Heparin-induced platelet aggregation assay and antiplatelet factor 4 antibodies were negative. Eptifibatide-dependent platelet-reactive antibodies were detected in the patient's serum. The patient's platelet count continued to rise until day 16, when the patient was discharged on enoxaparin and warfarin. Discussion: Eptifibatide-associated thrombocytopenia has been described in several case reports, but concomitant thrombosis has been reported in only 2 cases. The Naranjo probability scale suggested a probable association between eptifibatide administration and the development of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia. Our patient also developed positive eptifibatide antibodies and had a negative HIT workup. These factors, in addition to the patient's clinical presentation, suggested that eptifibatide was the most likely cause of thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Conclusions: Despite the low incidence of thrombocytopenia and subsequent thrombosis with eptifibatide administration, it is imperative that patients receiving this drug have careful monitoring of their platelet count. If patients develop a profound thrombocytopenia in the setting of eptifibatide administration, we recommend evaluation for venous thromboembolism until further information is available about this adverse drug reaction.
Effects of Omeprazole on Vitamin and Mineral Absorption and Metabolism
Authors: Humphrey Melissa L , Barkhordari Nooshin , Kaakeh Yaman 
Published: September 2013

Objective: To examine the literature surrounding the effects of omeprazole on oral iron absorption and discuss the long-term use of omeprazole and its effect on vitamins C and B12, calcium, and magnesium absorption. Data Sources: The PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched for reports published in English between January 1968 and August 2012, using the terms absorption, ascorbic acid, proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, magnesium, calcium, ferrous sulfate, iron, and drug interactions. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Studies and reports published in English were selected for review. In some cases, reference citations from selected review articles were evaluated as well. Data Synthesis: Several micronutrients require an acidic environment for optimal absorption. Iron, vitamin C, and vitamin B12 absorption are dependent on the intestine's acidic environment. Several studies and case reports describe associations of omeprazole with altered calcium, magnesium, and vitamin B12 absorption. To date, there have been no prospective trials evaluating the effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on iron absorption. Conclusions: Existing data support the conclusion that the acid-suppressing effect of omeprazole can have important clinical implications for vitamin and mineral therapy. Clinicians should be cognizant of this issue in practice. Further studies exploring the relationship of PPIs and iron deficiency are warranted, especially in high-risk populations such as the elderly.
On and off-target effects of telomere uncapping G-quadruplex selective ligands based on pentacyclic acridinium salts
Authors: Iachettini Sara , Stevens Malcolm FG , Frigerio Mark , Hummersone Marc G , Hutchinson Ian , Garner Thomas P , Searle Mark S , Wilson David W , Munde Manoj , Nanjunda Rupesh , D’Angelo Carmen , Zizza Pasquale , Rizzo Angela , Cingolani Chiara , De Cicco Federica , Porru Manuela , D’Incalci Maurizio , Leonetti Carlo , Biroccio Annamaria , Salvati Erica 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Quadruplexes DNA are present in telomeric DNA as well as in several cancer-related gene promoters and hence affect gene expression and subsequent biological processes. The conformations of G4 provide selective recognition sites for small molecules and thus these structures have become important drug-design targets for cancer treatment.
The DNA G-quadruplex binding pentacyclic acridinium salt RHPS4 (1) has many pharmacological attributes of an ideal telomere-targeting agent but has undesirable off-target liabilities. Notably a cardiovascular effect was evident in a guinea pig model, manifested by a marked and sustained increase in QTcB interval. In accordance with this, significant interaction with the human recombinant β2 adrenergic receptor, and M1, M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors was observed, together with a high inhibition of the hERG tail current tested in a patch clamp assay.
Two related pentacyclic structures, the acetylamines (2) and (3), both show a modest interaction with β2 adrenergic receptor, and do not significatively inhibit the hERG tail current while demonstrating potent telomere on-target properties comparing closely with 1. Of the two isomers, the 2-acetyl-aminopentacycle (2) more closely mimics the overall biological profile of 1 and this information will be used to guide further synthetic efforts to identify novel variants of this chemotype, to maximize on-target and minimize off-target activities.
Consequently, the improvement of toxicological profile of these compounds could therefore lead to the obtainment of suitable molecules for clinical development offering new pharmacological strategies in cancer treatment.
Down regulation of SPAG9 reduces growth and invasive potential of triple-negative breast cancer cells: possible implications in targeted therapy
Authors: Sinha Abhilasha , Agarwal Sumit , Parashar Deepak , Verma Archana , Saini Shikha , Jagadish Nirmala , Ansari Abdul S , Lohiya Nirmal K , Suri Anil 
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Background
Recently, we reported an association of a novel cancer testis (CT) antigen, sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) expression in breast cancer clinical samples, indicating its potential role in carcinogenesis. Around 15% breast cancers are designated as triple-negative for which treatment modalities are limited. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the role of SPAG9 in triple-negative breast cancer cells.

Methods
SPAG9 mRNA and protein expression was investigated in various breast cancer cells of different hormone receptor status and different subtypes by employing reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real time PCR, Western blotting, indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Employing plasmid-based small interfering RNA (siRNA) approach, knockdown of SPAG9 was carried out in triple-negative breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, to assess its role on various malignant properties in vitro and in vivo.

Results

SPAG9 mRNA and protein expression was detected in all breast cancer cells. Further, IIF results showed that SPAG9 was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of breast cancer cells. FACS analysis revealed distinct SPAG9 surface localization in breast cancer cells. Gene silencing of SPAG9 resulted in significant reduction in cellular proliferation, colony forming ability, migration, invasion and cellular motility of MDA-MB-231 cells. Further, ablation of SPAG9 expression resulted in reduction in the tumor growth of human breast cancer xenograft in nude mice in vivo.

Conclusions
In summary, our data indicated that down regulation of SPAG9 reduces growth and invasive potential of triple-negative breast cancer cells, suggesting that SPAG9 may be a potential target for therapeutic use.
Development of a Multidirectional Simple Shear Testing Device
Authors: Rutherford C. J. , Biscontin G. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
A new simple shear testing device capable of applying multidirectional loading to soil specimens has been developed. The Texas A&M University multidirectional simple shear (TAMU-MDSS) device provides the ability to apply a large range of shear stresses and complex loading paths, such as figure-eight and circular patterns, to a cylindrical soil specimen confined by a wire-reinforced membrane. The load and torque experienced by the sample are directly measured by a multi-axis load cell installed above the specimen. Backpressure saturation of the specimen is made possible by the device’s ability to apply pressure in the chamber and backpressure to the water lines. Excess pore pressure is measured by a pressure transducer during the shearing phase of the testing. This paper describes the development of the TAMU-MDSS system and the capabilities of the device and presents test results on saturated clay soil specimens subjected to monotonic, unidirectional cyclic, and multidirectional loading.
Comparative Analyses Identify the Contributions of Exotic Donors to Disease Resistance in a Barley Experimental Population
Authors: Fang Zhou , Eule-Nashoba Amber , Powers Carol , Kono Thomas Y , Takuno Shohei , Morrell Peter L , Smith Kevin P 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Introgression of novel genetic variation into breeding populations is frequently required to facilitate response to new abiotic or biotic pressure. This is particularly true for the introduction of host pathogen resistance in plant breeding. However, the number and genomic location of loci contributed by donor parents are often unknown, complicating efforts to recover desired agronomic phenotypes. We examined allele frequency differentiation in an experimental barley breeding population subject to introgression and subsequent selection for Fusarium head blight resistance. Allele frequency differentiation between the experimental population and the base population identified three primary genomic regions putatively subject to selection for resistance. All three genomic regions have been previously identified by quantitative trait locus (QTL) and association mapping. Based on the degree of identity-by-state relative to donor parents, putative donors of resistance alleles were also identified. The successful application of comparative population genetic approaches in this barley breeding experiment suggests that the approach could be applied to other breeding populations that have undergone defined breeding and selection histories, with the potential to provide valuable information for genetic improvement.
Allelic Variation in a Cellulose Synthase Gene (PtoCesA4) Associated with Growth and Wood Properties in Populus tomentosa
Authors: Du Qingzhang , Xu Baohua , Pan Wei , Gong Chenrui , Wang Qingshi , Tian Jiaxing , Li Bailian , Zhang Deqiang 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass from trees provides a renewable feedstock for biofuels, lumber, pulp, paper, and other uses. Dissecting the mechanism underlying natural variation of the complex traits controlling growth and lignocellulose biosynthesis in trees can enable marker-assisted breeding to improve wood quality and yield. Here, we combined linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based association analysis with traditional linkage analysis to detect the genetic effect of a Populus tomentosa cellulose synthase gene, PtoCesA4. PtoCesA4 is strongly expressed in developing xylem and leaves. Nucleotide diversity and LD in PtoCesA4, sampled from the P. tomentosa natural distribution, revealed that PtoCesA4 harbors high single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity (πT = 0.0080 and θw = 0.0098) and low LD (r2 ≥ 0.1, within 1400 bp), demonstrating that the potential of a candidate-gene-based LD approach in understanding the molecular basis underlying quantitative variation in this species. By combining single SNP, multi-SNP, and haplotype-based associations in an association population of 460 individuals with single SNP linkage analysis in a family-based linkage populations (1200 individuals), we identified three strong associations (false discovery rate Q &lt; 0.05) in both populations. These include two nonsynonymous markers (SNP49 associated with α-cellulose content and SNP59 associated with fiber width) and a noncoding marker (SNP18 associated with α-cellulose content). Variation in RNA transcript abundance among genotypic classes of SNP49 was confirmed in these two populations. Therefore, combining different methods allowed us to examine functional PtoCesA4 allelic variation underlying natural variation in complex quantitative traits related to growth and lignocellulosic biosynthesis.
Influence of Body Mass Index on Survival in Veterans With Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Beason Tracey S. , Chang Su-Hsin , Sanfilippo Kristen M. , Luo Suhong , Colditz Graham A. , Vij Ravi , Tomasson Michael H. , Dipersio John F. , Stockerl-Goldstein Keith , Ganti Arun , Wildes Tanya , Carson Kenneth R. 
Published: September 2013

Learning Objectives
Describe the association between baseline BMI, weight loss, and survival in MM. Explain the importance of BMI and baseline weight loss as part of the standard history obtained in patients with MM.
Relations between the scaling exponents, entropies, and energies of fracture networks
Authors: Guđmundsson Agust , Mohajeri Nahid 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Fracture networks commonly show power-law length distributions. Thermodynamic principles form the basis for understanding fracture initiation and growth, but have not been easily related to the power-law size distributions. Here we present the power-law scaling exponents and the calculated entropies of fracture networks from the Holocene part of the plate boundary in Iceland. The total number of tension fractures and normal faults used in these calculations is 565 and they range in length by five orders of magnitude. Each network can be divided into populations based on ‘breaks’ (abrupt changes) in the scaling exponents. The breaks, we suggest, are related to the comparatively long and deep fractures changing from tension fractures into normal faults and penetrating the contacts between the Holocene lava flows and the underlying and mechanically different Quaternary rocks. The results show a strong linear correlation (r = 0.84) between the population scaling exponents and entropies. The correlation is partly explained by the entropy (and the scaling exponent) varying positively with the arithmetic average and the length range (the difference between the longest and the shortest fracture) of the populations in each network. We show that similar scaling laws apply to other lineaments, such as streets. We propose that the power-law size distributions of fractures are a consequence of energy requirements for fracture growth.
Metabolic Studies in the Pyelonephritic Rat
Authors: Davidson Mayer B 
Published: September 2013

Insulin antagonism characterizes infection, but the mechanism is unknown. Previous studies have been performed during the acute catabolic stage of infection, and the resultant metabolic changes reflect this decreased food intake and weight loss. To delineate metabolic alterations due to infection itself, rats with pyelonephritis induced by tail-vein injection of 1 ml. of Streptococcus faecalis (109 bacteria per milliliter) were studied two weeks later during a period of near-normal weight gain and food intake.
Fasting growth hormone concentrations (nanograms per milliliter) in the pyelonephritic rats were nearly five times normal (45.8 vs. 9.9). Intra-arterial glucose and insulin tolerance tests were impaired. Early glucose-induced insulin release was depressed. Fat pads from infected rats manifested higher basal lipolysis per cell. Glycerol-mediated gluconeogenesis by liver slices was decreased. This pathway was unaffected by insulin in infected rats but readily inhibited in control rats.
The following metabolic parameters were similar in control and infected animals: (in vivo) fasting concentrations of plasma glucose, free fatty acids, triglycerides, total corticoids, creatinine, insulin, glucagon, molar ratios of insulin and glucagon, glucose and insulin responses to tolbutamide, and glucagon and free fatty acid suppression after glucose; (in vitro) glucose metabolism by muscle and fat, epinephrine- and theophylline-stimulated lipolysis and re-esterification by epididymal fat pads, fasting hepatic glycogen content, glucose production by liver slices with and without alanine. No plasma insulin antagonist was found in the infected rats.
Metabolic alterations in infected rats can be demonstrated independently of the associated catabolism. Increased growth hormone secretion cannot explain all of these changes.