bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ibaraki Virus, an Agent of Epizootic Disease of Cattle Resembling Bluetongue
Authors: Matumoto Minoru , Inaba Yuji , Tanaka Yoshio , Morimoto Tomiaki , Omori Tuneyoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIbaraki virus multiplied and induced cytopathic effects in primary cell cultures of bovine, sheep and hamster kidney and chick embryo, and cultures of BHK21‐WI2 cells of baby hamster kidney origin and mouse fibroblastic L cells, but did not in primary cultures of horse and swine kidney cells and HeLa cell cultures. The virus was readily passaged serially in 4 to 5‐day‐old eggs using the yolk sac inoculation and incubation at 33.5 C. The viral growth was better in eggs incubated at 33.5 C than 37 C, and in younger eggs, with high yields in yolk, yolk sac and embryo. The virus was passaged serially in newborn mice by the intracerebral route. The virus multiplied in the brain of mice of any age, but younger mice supported better viral growth and developed encephalitis. As the age of mice increased, the morbidity and mortality became lower, no deaths being observed in 2 to 3‐week‐old mice. These observations in cell cultures, embryonated eggs and mice emphasize the similarity of Ibaraki virus to bluetongue virus. No evidence was obtained that young adult rabbits and weanling guinea pigs are susceptible to Ibaraki virus. The virus seemed to have little if any pathogenicity but infectivity of a low grade for sheep, while the virus is capable of inducing clinical illness, even severe in some instances, in cattle. This is in contrast to bluetongue virus which is highly pathogenic for sheep and much less so for cattle. Serial passages in embryonated eggs and suckling mice resulted in attenuation for cattle of Ibaraki virus.
Comparison of Penicillinases Produced by R Factors Isolated from Ampicillin‐resistant Gram‐negative Bacteria
Authors: Ooka Tadaaki , Hashimoto Hajime , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAmong 9365 Shigella strains and 1435 other gram‐negative bacteria of clinical origin, 88 (0.9%) and 242 (16.9%) strains were resistant to aminobenzyl‐penicillin (AB‐PC). Of these 330 AB‐PC resistant strains, 138 (57%) transferred their AB‐PC resistance by conjugation. More than 50% of AB‐PC resistant Escherichia coli or Klebsiella strains carried R factors capable of conferring AB‐PC resistance. These R factors were transferred to E. coli K‐12 strains and after were examined for the levels of resistance to cephaloridine (CER) and 5 penicillins; (AB‐PC, penicillin‐G (PC‐G), phenethicillin, 6‐aminopenicillanic acid (6‐APA), and cloxacillin). Concerning PC‐G, AB‐PC or CER resistance, there were found 3 levels of drug‐resistance, labelled by us as low, middle and high. From the patterns of the resistance levels to 5 penicillins and CER, R+ strains were classified into 4 major groups. Group I strains were highly resistant to all of the penicillins tested and group II strains showed high resistance only to 6‐APA. Penicillinase (PCase) produced by group II strains was similar to that reported previously, and group I PCase showed almost the same substrate specificity but has 20 times higher specific activity as that of the group II PCase. In group III or IV, the resistance levels to some penicillins were low. Group IV PCase was different from that which has been thus far reported.
Macrolide Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Shimizu Mikio , Saito Tetsu , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIt was demonstrated that spiramycin (SP)‐resistance could be related to the decrease in binding of ribosomes to SP and that the SP‐binding to ribosomes was related with inhibition of polypeptide synthesis by SP in a cell‐free system in staphylococcal strains. These facts were also observed in Mac (macrolide)‐inducible strains, in which resistance to Mac antibiotics is enhanced by prior treatment with subinhibitory concentrations of erythromycin. From these results, it was concluded that the mechanism of resistance to Mac antibiotics is accounted for by alteration of ribosomes in staphylococcal strains and that this alteration of ribosomes is caused not only by mutation but also by induction.
Isolation of R Factors Conferring Kanamycin Resistance from Tuberculous Patients Treated with Kanamycin
Authors: Hashimoto Hajime , Ike Yasuyoshi , Hosoda Tetsuji , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn a survey of 228 tuberculous patients who had received kanamycin (KM) treatment, KM‐resistant Escherichia coli or Escherichia freundii were isolated from 29. From the patients who had not received KM‐therapy, KM‐resistant strains were not isolated. Of the 29 KM‐resistant strains isolated, 5 E. coli strains were also resistant to other aminoglycoside antibiotics, i.e., paromomycin, fradiomycin and streptomycin. They were also resistant to chloramphenicol and sulfanilamide and all of these resistances could be transferred to E. coli strains by conjugation. The resistance was considered to be conferred by an R factor. The remaining 24 KM‐resistant strains were identified as E. freundii. In these level of KM‐resistance was rather low and conjugal transfer was not observed. All were resistant to paromomycin but sensitive to fradiomycin. When 381 KM‐sensitive strains were plated on an agar plate containing 25 μg of KM/ml, 23 KM‐resistant strains were isolated. The mutants thus obtained were similar to the second type of 24 KM‐resistant strains isolated from patients. Thus it was strongly suggested that the 24 strains carrying low levels of KM‐ and paromomycin‐resistance, that is, conjugally nontransmissible, appeared by spontaneous mutation in the intestines of patients who had received KM‐treatment.
Multiplication of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in Mouse Foot‐Pad Cell Culture
Authors: Matsuo Yoshiyasu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA limited multiplication of Mycobacterium lepraemurium was observed in cultures of mouse foot‐pad cells up to the third sub‐culture. After 96 hr of incubation at 33 C for phagocytosis, infected cells were washed to remove unphagocytized bacteria and transferred to new culture vessels. There was a 4.9‐fold increase in the number of bacteria during 70 days of successive cultures up to the third culture in flasks, giving an overall generation time of 30.4 days. Acid‐fast stained cover‐slips taken from the culture in Leighton tubes revealed intracellular multiplication of M. lepraemurium, frequently in bundles of hundreds of bacteria, and gave an average generation time of 16.4 days in the primary, 15.7 days in the secondary, and 8.1 days in the tertiary culture. Elongation of M. lepraemurium was observed as early as 6 days after infection. All attempts to grow the acid‐fast bacteria from the original bacillary suspension and the cell suspension at the end of the experiment on artificial culture media have failed. However, subcutaneous inoculations of these materials to mice produced the typical lesions caused by M. lepraemurium.
Reexamination and Characterization of the T‐Agglutination Complex or Pattern of Streptococcus pyogenes: Preparation of Anti‐T Factor Sera
Authors: Takizawa Kinjiro , Akiyama Shoichi , Miyamoto Yasushi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe T‐agglutination complex or pattern of Streptococcus pyogenes which cannot be strain typed by a single definite anti‐T monovalent serum but, because of the presence of a common T antigen, requires a set of two or more anti‐T sera. Of these complexes, strains belonging to the 3‐13‐B3264; 8–25‐Imp 19; and 5–27–44‐complexes from outside Japan were studied, and each could be typed as a definite T‐type. These discrepancies were attributed to the different procedures employed by us in adsorbing the original antisera. We observed the same patterns or complexes after complete removal, from our original antisera, of the non‐type‐specific or group‐specific antibodies by absorption. Consequently we postulate that these patterns merely represent cross reactions occurring in minor T antigens. Therefore we attempted in this investigation to improve the absorption procedures using a much larger amount of whole cells, to obtain separate factor sera. These were attained with little difficulty and the results given by these factor sera were clear cut. The present paper reports on the reexamination and characterization of the complex or pattern of the resulting T‐agglutination complexes.
Determination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Biochemical Test Methods
Authors: Arai Taketoshi , Otake Masako , Enomoto Seiji , Goto Sachiko , Kuwahara Shogo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA rapid and simple test method for the detection of acylamidase activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was devised. One loopful of a nutrient agar overnight culture of a test organism was inoculated into 1 ml of a test medium consisting of 0.2% KH2PO4, 0.01% MgSO4·7H2O, 0.5% NaCl and 0.1% acetamide (final pH 6.8). After aerobic incubation at 37C for 6 hr, one drop of Nessler's reagent was dropped into the test medium. A reddish‐brown sediment appeared immediately if results were positive. Of 40 test strains of P. aeruginosa 39 gave strongly positive results. A strain showed a weakly positive result after 6 hr incubation, but the reaction became stronger after 18 hr culture. Other species of Pseudomonas, and various species of bacteria such as genera Vibrio and Aeromonas, and family Enterobacteriaceae were negative in this test. From these experimental results, the acylamidase test was considered to be highly specific for strains of P. aeruginosa, and therefore useful as a reliable method for the identification of this species.
Polysomes Containing Infecting Viral Genome in Tobacco Leaves Infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Kiho Yukio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis study concerns the interaction between parental virus RNA and host cell components in tobacco leaves infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). By using a gentle method for disruption, extracts were obtained from tobacco leaves infected with 32P‐labelled TMV and the fate of infecting parental 32P‐TMV‐RNA was studied. Sucrose gradient centrifugation analysis showed that the parental 32P‐RNA distributed into four regions: free RNA, partially uncoated TMV, TMV and a structure heavier than TMV. The heavier structure was considered to be polysomes carrying the parental TMV‐RNA as messenger RNA based on its size, sensitivity to RNase, dependence of its formation on protein synthesis and the kinetics of its appearance after infection. Control experiments were done to exclude the possibility that the structure is not an artifact aggregate produced by an interaction between partially uncoated virus or its RNA and host cell components. Polysomes containing TMV‐RNA were found as membrane bound forms. Based on these data, it is suggested that uncoating of TMV and formation of polysomes are closely related and evidence has been obtained which suggests that uncovering of the viral genome and its translation takes place hand‐in‐hand on a single virion.
Factors Affecting the Germination of Spores of Clostridium botulinum Type E
Authors: Ando Yoshiaki , Iida Hiroo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGermination of spores of Clostridium botulinum type E under varying conditions of Eh, pH, temperature, activation, and nutrition was studied. Germination in a complex medium consisting of thiotone, glucose and bicarbonato occurred at any level of initial Eh, regardless of the poising procedures employed. On the other hand, postgerminative development was affected by the initial Eh in the germination medium. Under an anaerobic condition, germination, outgrowth and division of cells were characterized by a peculiar profile of an Eh‐time curve. The optimal conditions for germination of unheated spores in the complex medium were incubation at 37 C and pH 6.6. The rate of germination increased with ageing time, the maximum rate being attained after storing an aqueous suspension of spores at 4 C for 20 days. The optimal heat activation was indicated when subjecting spores to heat‐shock at 60 C for 10 min. Germination in a casamino acids medium was markedly stimulated by a supplementation of lactate. The minimum requirements of compounds needed for the germination of spores of C. botulinum type E were l‐alanine, glucose, lactate, and bicarbonate (CO2). Germination occurred only in the following combinations of these compounds: l‐alanine+glucose+lactate, l‐alanine+glucose+bicarbonate, or l‐alanine+lactate+bicarbonate.
Studies on the Antigenic Activities of Yeasts
Authors: Sunayama Hiroyoshi , Suzuki Shigeo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn order to provide further information about the immunochemical differences between two mannans of Candida albicans serotype A and serotype B, quantitative precipitation‐inhibition tests of anti‐C. albicans serotype B serum were carried out in the present study. Oligosaccharides were prepared by acetolysis of a homologous mannan, and a1→2 linked di‐, tri‐, tetra‐, penta‐ and hexasaccharide were separated in chromatographically homogeneous states. The latter two oligomers contained a small amount of an isomer containing a1→2 and a1→3 linkages. In the precipitation‐inhibition tests of anti‐C. albicans serotype B serum with its homologous mannan and heterologous mannan of C. albicans serotype A, the inhibitory power of the oligomers was of the following order; hexa‐> penta‐> tetra‐> tri‐> disaccharide, and the amounts for 50%‐inhibition of the former 4 oligomers were 0.02–0.03, 0.05–0.07, 0.1–0.2 and 0.3–0.4 μmoles respectively, whereas disaccharide was very poor inhibitor. The lower oligomers, a1→2 linked tri‐ and tetrasaccharide, showed considerably strong inhibitory activities. The results obtained in the present study confirmed that the antigenic determinants of the mannan of C. albicans serotype B is the hexasaccharide moiety corresponding to the longest branched chains of mannan, and moreover, the a1→2 linked tri‐ and tetrasaccharide moieties play an important factor in dominating immunochemical specificity.
Inhibition of Phage Growth by an Antibiotic Rugulosin Isolated from Myrothecium verucaria
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Nii Fusako , Shimizu Masanao , Watanabe Itaru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIt was found that (−)rugulosin, an antibiotic isolated from Myrothecium verucaria, had a potent anti‐phage effect on RNA phages (MS2, GA and Qβ) and DNA phages (δA and T4). The effect was almost independent of the host bacterial strains used. By a detailed investigation using MS2, it was revealed that the antibiotic did not affect the free phage or host bacterium alone but inhibited phage multiplication, and the degree of the inhibition depended on the multiplicity of infection. The inhibition was not mainly due to a drop in the burst size but rather was due to a decrease of the phage‐producing cells during the early stages of phage infection and replication.
Electron Microscopic Study of Rhinovirus Replication in Human Fetal Lung Cells
Authors: Kawana Rinji , Matsumoto Ichiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTHuman embryo lung cells infected with rhinovirus type 2 (HGP strain) were sampled at intervals during viral growth and thin sections examined by electron microscopy. Infectivity assay showed an increase of intracellular virus 7 to 8 hr postinoculation and a peak titer at 16 to 18 hr. Changes resulting from infection, as revealed by electron microscopy, comprised (i) the appearance in the cytoplasm, at 8 hr postinfection, of large ribosomal clusters, membrane‐enclosed bodies which proliferated extensively in the central zone of the cell, and viroplasm, aggregates of irregularly dense, coarse, granular material, and (ii) the appearance in the cytoplasm, at 16 hr postinoculation, of recognizable progeny virus particles. The particles were aligned along parallel fibrils or were found singly in some instances. As incubation continued, the particles became increasingly more spherical, and formed parallel long rows, and (iii) eventually, 24 hr after inoculation, formed closely packed viral crystals of a rectangular or hexagonal lattice. The mature progeny particles were 26 to 28 mμ in diameter. These changes were reminiscent of those reported previously for the polio and other enteroviruses.
Morphological and Biological Changes Induced by Thallium Acetate in Escherichia coli
Authors: Nakamura Masahiro , Kohguchi Kumiko 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTMorphological changes in Escherichia coli C‐600, from an elongated to a spherical form, induced by addition of 500 μg thallium acetate (TAL)/ml of nutrient agar are described. Properties of the TALR E. coli (resistant to TAL) were studied, comparing to those of original E. coli: the TALR E. coli cells were more fragile than those of the original cells in water and 3.5% NaCl solution, and more sensitive to heating, antibiotics except penicillin, and lysozyme. However, there were no differences of cell wall structure observed by an electron microscope and glucosamine contents of cells measured by chemical analysis between TALR E. coli and original one. A few cells of TALR E. coli were elongated by platinum ions, whereas most of the cells of original E. coli were elongated. Multiplications of coliphage T2 in TALr E. coli cells were faster and more numerous than in those of the original ones. Therefore, it might be presumed that morphological changes in E. coli C‐600 induced by thallium acetate would be caused by less rigidity in the cell wall constitution, without any loss of cytoplasmic function.
Experimental Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Mice
Authors: Kobayashi Fujio 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTComparative studies on the virulence of 22 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were made by means of intraperitoneal inoculation in mice. The LD50 values of these strains for mice ranged from 105 0 to 107.5 viable cells per mouse and the average was 106.6. The virulence of certain strains was significantly enhanced when these strains were inoculated mixed with mucin. The highly virulent strains were often found among the strains which were serologically untypable though no relationship could be found between the virulence of test strains and their other biological characteristics such as pigments, hemolysins and extracellular enzymes. The facts suggest that pigments and extracellular enzymes play no important role in the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa for mice. Moreover, no difference was seen on virulence among the strains isolated from the patients and healthy carriers. The susceptibility of ICR, ddN and CF#1 mice for P. aeruginosa was investigated. There was no clear difference in susceptibilities to P. aeruginosa infection.
Slime Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Goto Sachiko , Enomoto Seiji , Takahashi Yoshio , Motomatsu Reizo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAdequate experimental conditions for slime production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated using a cellophane plate method. Definite slime production was observed on heart infusion agar, brain heart infusion agar, yeast extract agar and synthetic agar, but not on nutrient agar. The addition of phosphate to the nutrient agar above 0.05% caused visible slime formation. Incubation at 37 C resulted in a higher yield of slime than at 25 C. Longer incubation seemed more favorable for slime production, while the pH reaction of the test media did not effect the slime yield. All the test cultures of P. aeruginosa produced large amounts of slime by this procedure. Cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens, other Pseudomonas spp. and certain vibrios also produced slime under these experimental conditions.
Studies on the Persistent Infection with Measles Virus in HeLa Cells
Authors: Minagawa Tomonori 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTHeLa/MV cells which have previously been found to contain measles antigen in more than 90% of cells were very similar to normal HeLa cells in their morphology and growth. Although almost all of HeLa/MV cells may be infected, only 10% of them released infectious virus particles. The hemadsorption test, however, showed that most of the infected cells produced by hemagglutinin. Two kinds of clones were obtained by cloning HeLa/MV cells in the presence of anti‐measles serum. One was the virus‐releasing clone and the other the uninfected clone which did not contain any measles antigen. The proportions of virus‐releasing clones to all clones varied between 20 to 54%, and did not show any increase even after recloning of the virus‐releasing clones. The susceptibility of the uninfected clones to the standard measles virus was not different from that of normal HeLa cells.
Studies on the Persistent Infection with Measles Virus in HeLa Cells
Authors: Minagawa Tomonori 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTHeLa cells were caused to degenerate by infection with the standard measles virus, while those infected with the virus released from the HeLa/MV culture (carried virus) readily established a carrier state. The carried virus had a longer latent period and a lower growth rate in both HeLa and Vero cell cultures as compared with the standard virus. Plaques by the carried virus on Vero cell cultures were delayed in appearance as compared with those by the standard virus. However, when the carried virus was passed once through Vero cells, the virus became able to form plaques as readily as the standard virus. Also the passed virus was found to have lost the ability to establish a carrier state. These results may suggest the possibility of a host‐controlled variation, though the mechanism of establishment of the HeLa/MV culture which harbors such a variant remains obscure.
Erythrocytes of Japanese Quail for Hemagglutination by Rubella Virus
Authors: Soda Kenji , Matumoto Minoru , Tabata Eizo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTErythrocytes (RBC) of adult Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, were found to be as sensitive as day‐old chick RBC for rubella virus hemagglutination (HA). Various factors involved in the HA were studied with quail RBC as well as with adult pigeon and day‐old chick RBC. Pigeon RBC, unlike chick and quail RBC, tended to show, without hemagglutinin, a pattern of sedimented RBC resembling the HA pattern by the virus at 4 C, to a lesser extent at room temperature, in 0.85% NaCl solution buffered with m/100 phosphate (PBS), and were prevented from doing so by addition of a small amount of bovine plasma albumin to the diluent. A small amount (about 10−3 m) of CaCL2 in PBS gave higher HA titers. The HA titer was higher at 4 C than at room temperature and much reduced at 36 C with chick and quail RBC. With pigeon RBC, addition of bovine plasma albumin to the diluent tended to reduce HA titers. The HA titer was highest at pH 5.8 to 6.8, and was inversely proportional to the RBC concentration. Under the conditions established on the basis of these findings, chick and quail RBC gave similar HA titers, but pigeon RBC gave consistently higher titers. However, these types of RBC gave no significant difference in HA‐inhibiting antibody titer when 4 units of hemagglutinin as determined with the homologous RBC was used.