bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pneumomediastinum following zygomatic fracture – an uncommon but potentially life‐threatening complication
Authors: Houghton D. , Sidebottom A.J. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe report the case of a 35‐year‐old male who presented with left facial swelling and pain on deep inspiration following an isolated zygomatic complex fracture. Clinical examination and computer tomography confirmed cervicofacial emphysema and pneumomediastinum secondary to zygomatic fracture. This was subsequently managed conservatively with analgesia and antibiotics. Cervicofacial emphysema following maxillofacial trauma is not uncommon, but pneumomediastinum must be considered where chest pain develops and diagnosed early to minimise potentially life‐threatening conditions.
Pelvic Fractures at a New Level 1 Trauma Centre: Who Dies from Pelvic Trauma? The Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital Experience
Authors: Palmcrantz Johan , Hardcastle Timothy C , Naidoo Steven R , Muckart David J J , Ahlm Kristin , Eriksson Anders 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveTo identify the incidence of pelvic trauma, causes of death and factors predicting death with pelvic fractures.MethodsAll pelvic fractures were retrospectively identified from a registry spanning from March 2007 to August 2009. Data was captured on a proforma. Data for survivors, non‐survivors and a subgroup with pelvic injury as the underlying cause of death were compared.ResultsPelvic fracture incidence was 16% of major trauma cases. Patient with pelvic fractures had 31% mortality and 9% pelvic fracture‐induced mortality. Motor vehicle collisions were the commonest external cause of pelvic fractures (59%); however, the highest mortality was from falls >6 m. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 29 in survivors, 36 in non‐survivors, and 54 in the pelvic death subgroup. Type C fracture was a predictor of mortality (P = 0.135). 53% of the cases required transfusion in the first 24 hours. The pelvic death subgroup received a mean of 10.7 units of blood, versus 4 units for survivors and 3.7 units for non‐survivors (P = 0.259).ConclusionThe overall incidence of pelvic fracture and associated mortality were higher than previously reported. Fracture severity and falls from heights are associated with additional injuries (higher ISS) and mortality. More severe fractures cause deaths directly attributable to the pelvic injury. The requirement for major blood transfusions for pelvic fracture hemorrhage was related to mortality. Female patients appeared to fare worse than males.
Atrio‐Hisian Fibers Anatomy and Electrophysiology
Authors: BRECHENMACHER CLAUDE J. 
Published: October 2012

IntroductionIn this case, electrophysiology and histology could be studied in the same heart. Clinical investigation, clinical electrophysiology, and postmortem serial histological sections of the septum were analyzed.MethodsA patient with repeated seizures and a short PR interval with narrow QRS complex underwent electrophysiologic studies.ResultsThe patient died while experiencing a very rapid supraventricular tachycardia and histologic examination showed a atrio‐hisian bypass tract.ConclusionIn our study, the lack of lengthening of the PR interval in spite of progressively premature atrial stimulation connected with the presence of atrio‐hisian bypass tract.
Use of Computed Tomography to Identify Atrial Fibrillation Associated Differences in Left Atrial Wall Thickness and Density
Authors: DEWLAND THOMAS A. , WINTERMARK MAX , VAYSMAN ANNA , SMITH LISA M. , TONG ELIZABETH , VITTINGHOFF ERIC , MARCUS GREGORY M. 
Published: October 2012

IntroductionLeft atrial (LA) tissue characteristics may play an important role in atrial fibrillation (AF) induction and perpetuation. Although frequently used in clinical practice, computed tomography (CT) has not been employed to describe differences in LA wall properties between AF patients and controls. We sought to noninvasively characterize AF‐associated differences in LA tissue using CT.MethodsCT images of the LA were obtained in 98 consecutive patients undergoing AF ablation and in 89 controls. A custom software algorithm was used to measure wall thickness and density in four prespecified regions of the LA.ResultsOn average, LA walls were thinner (−15.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −23.2 to −7.8%, P < 0.001) and demonstrated significantly lower density (−19.7 Hounsfield Units [HU], 95% CI −27.0 to −12.5 HU, P < 0.001) in AF patients compared to controls. In linear mixed models adjusting for demographics, clinical variables, and other CT measurements, the average LA, interatrial septum, LA appendage, and anterior walls remained significantly thinner in AF patients. After adjusting for the same potential confounders, history of AF was associated with reduced density in the LA anterior wall and increased density below the right inferior pulmonary vein and in the LA appendage.ConclusionApplication of an automated measurement algorithm to CT imaging of the atrium identified significant thinning of the LA wall and regional alterations in tissue density in patients with a history of AF. These findings suggest differences in LA tissue composition can be noninvasively identified and quantified using CT.(PACE 2013; 36:55–62)
Tpeak – Tend and Tpeak – Tend/QT Ratio as Markers of Ventricular Arrhythmia Risk in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Patients
Authors: BARBHAIYA CHIRAG , PO JOSE RICARDO F. , HANON SAM , SCHWEITZER PAUL 
Published: October 2012

BackgroundCardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) increases transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) and can be pro‐arrhythmic. However, overall arrhythmia risk was not increased in large‐scale CRT clinical trials. Increased TDR as measured by Tpeak –Tend (TpTe) was associated with arrhythmia risk in CRT in a single‐center study. This study investigates whether QT interval, TpTe, and TpTe/QT ratio are associated with ventricular arrhythmias in patients with CRT‐defibrillator (CRT–D).MethodsPost‐CRT–D implant electrocardiograms of 128 patients (age 71.3 years ± 10.3) with at least 2 months of follow‐up at our institution's device clinic (mean follow‐up of 28.5 months ± 17) were analyzed for QT interval, TpTe, and TpTe/QT ratio. Incidence of ventricular arrhythmias was determined based on routine and directed device interrogations.ResultsAppropriate implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator therapy for sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation was delivered in 18 patients (14%), and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) was detected but did not require therapy in 58 patients (45%). Patients who received appropriate defibrillator therapy had increased TpTe/QT ratio (0.24 ± 0.03 ms vs 0.20 ± 0.04, P = 0.0002) and increased TpTe (105.56 ± 20.36 vs 87.82 ± 22.32 ms, P = 0.002), and patients with NSVT had increased TpTe/QT ratio (0.22 ± 0.04 vs 0.20 ± 0.04, P = 0.016). Increased QT interval was not associated with risk of ventricular arrhythmia. The relative risk for appropriate defibrillator therapy of TpTe /QT ratio ≥ 0.25 was 3.24 (P = 0.016).ConclusionIncreased TpTe and increased TpTe/QT ratio are associated with increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in CRT–D. The utility of TpTe interval and TpTe/QT ratio as potentially modifiable risk factors for ventricular arrhythmias in CRT requires further study.(PACE 2013; 36:103–108)
‘Slicing the Value Chain’ Internationally: Empirical Evidence on the Offshoring Strategy by French Firms
Authors: Jabbour Liza 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis study analyses firms’ offshoring strategy from an empirical perspective. It focuses on market thickness, firm heterogeneity and the relative costs of organisation modes. This study focuses on a set of theoretical predictions and creates a set of suitable variables to test their validity. This analysis is based on a data set from French manufacturing firms that provides detailed information on their offshoring strategy. The choice of offshoring modes is investigated through the estimation of a multinomial logit model and related to a set of explanatory variables at firm, industry and country level. The results emphasise the role of firm heterogeneity, asset specificity and of market thickness.
Bradycardic effects mediated by activation of G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor in rat nucleus ambiguus
Authors: Brailoiu G. Cristina , Arterburn Jeffrey B. , Oprea Tudor I. , Chitravanshi Vineet C. , Brailoiu Eugen 
Published: October 2012

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?Clinical and experimental studies indicate that estrogen increases cardiac vagal tone. The role of the G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor in autonomic cardiac control is not known.
What is the main finding and its importance?Using calcium imaging, electrophysiological techniques and in vivo studies of microinjection into the nucleus ambiguus and measurement of cardiovascular responses, we show that activation of the G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor in cardiac vagal neurons of the nucleus ambiguus increases cytosolic Ca2+ and depolarizes these neurons, leading to a decrease in heart rate. Our findings suggest a novel role for the G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor in modulation of cardiac vagal tone.
The G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) has been identified in several brain regions, including cholinergic neurons of the nucleus ambiguus, which are critical for parasympathetic cardiac regulation. Using calcium imaging and electrophysiological techniques, microinjection into the nucleus ambiguus and blood pressure measurement, we examined the in vitro and in vivo effects of GPER activation in nucleus ambiguus neurons. A GPER selective agonist, G‐1, produced a sustained increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in a concentration‐dependent manner in retrogradely labelled cardiac vagal neurons of nucleus ambiguus. The increase in cytosolic Ca2+ produced by G‐1 was abolished by pretreatment with G36, a GPER antagonist. G‐1 depolarized cultured cardiac vagal neurons of the nucleus ambiguus. The excitatory effect of G‐1 was also identified by whole‐cell visual patch‐clamp recordings in nucleus ambiguus neurons, in medullary slices. To validate the physiological relevance of our in vitro studies, we carried out in vivo experiments. Microinjection of G‐1 into the nucleus ambiguus elicited a decrease in heart rate; the effect was blocked by prior microinjection of G36. Systemic injection of G‐1, in addition to a previously reported decrease in blood pressure, also reduced the heart rate. The G‐1‐induced bradycardia was prevented by systemic injection of atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, or by bilateral microinjection of G36 into the nucleus ambiguus. Our results indicate that GPER‐mediated bradycardia occurs via activation of cardiac parasympathetic neurons of the nucleus ambiguus and support the involvement of the GPER in the modulation of cardiac vagal tone.
Dopamine infusion for postresuscitation blood pressure support after profound asphyxia in near‐term fetal sheep
Authors: Drury Paul P. , Booth Lindsea C. , Bennet Laura , Davidson Joanne O. , Wibbens Bert , Gunn Alistair Jan 
Published: October 2012

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?Dopamine is commonly used for blood pressure support in the neonate, but there is limited empirical evidence that it prevents hypotension or improves survival after asphyxia.
What is the main finding and its importance?Dopamine infusion delayed but did not prevent terminal hypotension after severe asphyxia in near‐term fetal sheep. We also demonstrate that hypotension is directly associated with exacerbated brain swelling, strongly supporting the concept that better ways of protecting the brain from hypotension during recovery from asphyxia are essential.
Dopamine is commonly used for blood pressure support in the neonate, but has limited empirical evidence to support its use. We tested the hypothesis that after near‐terminal asphyxia in utero, dopamine infusions would prevent secondary hypotension. Fetal sheep (122–129 days of gestation; term is 147 days) received umbilical cord occlusion for 15 min or sham occlusion (n = 5). If the mean arterial blood pressure fell below 90% of baseline within 6 h after occlusion, fetuses were randomized to either dopamine infusion starting at 4 μg kg−1 min−1 and titrated according to mean arterial blood pressure up to a maximum of 40 μg kg−1 min−1 (n = 5) or to the same volume of normal saline (n = 5). Dopamine infusion, initiated at a median of 180 min after occlusion (range 96–280 min), was associated with a marked but transient increase in mean arterial blood pressure and fall in femoral blood flow compared with saline. Terminal hypotension developed later in four of the five fetuses that received maximal dopamine infusions than in five of five receiving saline infusion [517 (range 240–715) versus 106 min (range 23–497) after the start of infusions, P < 0.05]. In conclusion, dopamine infusion delayed but did not prevent terminal hypotension after severe asphyxia.
Identification of Methanoculleus spp. as Active Methanogens during Anoxic Incubations of Swine Manure Storage Tank Samples
Authors: Barret Maialen , Gagnon Nathalie , Kalmokoff Martin L. , Topp Edward , Verastegui Yris , Brooks Stephen P. J. , Matias Fernando , Neufeld Josh D. , Talbot Guylaine 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTMethane emissions represent a major environmental concern associated with manure management in the livestock industry. A more thorough understanding of how microbial communities function in manure storage tanks is a prerequisite for mitigating methane emissions. Identifying the microorganisms that are metabolically active is an important first step. Methanogenic archaea are major contributors to methanogenesis in stored swine manure, and we investigated active methanogenic populations by DNA stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP). Following a preincubation of manure samples under anoxic conditions to induce substrate starvation, [U-13C]acetate was added as a labeled substrate. Fingerprint analysis of density-fractionated DNA, using length-heterogeneity analysis of PCR-amplifiedmcrAgenes (encoding the alpha subunit of methyl coenzyme M reductase), showed that the incorporation of13C into DNA was detectable atin situacetate concentrations (∼7 g/liter). Fingerprints of DNA retrieved from heavy fractions of the13C treatment were primarily enriched in a 483-bp amplicon and, to a lesser extent, in a 481-bp amplicon. Analyses based on clone libraries of themcrAand 16S rRNA genes revealed that both of these heavy DNA amplicons corresponded toMethanoculleusspp. Our results demonstrate that uncultivated methanogenic archaea related toMethanoculleusspp. were major contributors to acetate-C assimilation during the anoxic incubation of swine manure storage tank samples. Carbon assimilation and dissimilation rate estimations suggested thatMethanoculleusspp. were also major contributors to methane emissions and that the hydrogenotrophic pathway predominated during methanogenesis.
Seasonal Methane Oxidation Potential in Manure Crusts
Authors: Nielsen Daniel A. , Schramm Andreas , Nielsen Lars P. , Revsbech Niels P. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTOrganic crusts on liquid manure storage tanks harbor ammonia- and nitrite-resistant methane oxidizers and may significantly reduce methane emissions. Methane oxidation potential (0.6 mol CH4m−2day−1) peaked during fall and winter, after 4 months of crust development. Consequences for methane mitigation potential of crusts are discussed.
The Salmonella Transcriptome in Lettuce and Cilantro Soft Rot Reveals a Niche Overlap with the Animal Host Intestine
Authors: Goudeau Danielle M. , Parker Craig T. , Zhou Yaguang , Sela Shlomo , Kroupitski Yulia , Brandl Maria T. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Fresh vegetables have been recurrently associated with salmonellosis outbreaks, and
Salmonella
contamination of retail produce has been correlated positively with the presence of soft rot disease. We observed that population sizes of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium SL1344 increased 56-fold when inoculated alone onto cilantro leaves, versus 2,884-fold when coinoculated with
Dickeya dadantii
, a prevalent pathogen that macerates plant tissue. A similar trend in
S. enterica
populations was observed for soft-rotted lettuce leaves. Transcriptome analysis of
S. enterica
cells that colonized
D. dadantii
-infected lettuce and cilantro leaves revealed a clear shift toward anaerobic metabolism and catabolism of substrates that are available due to the degradation of plant cells by the pectinolytic pathogen. Twenty-nine percent of the genes that were upregulated in cilantro macerates were also previously observed to have increased expression levels in the chicken intestine. Furthermore, multiple genes induced in soft rot lesions are also involved in the colonization of mouse, pig, and bovine models of host infection. Among those genes, the operons for ethanolamine and propanediol utilization as well as for the synthesis of cobalamin, a cofactor in these pathways, were the most highly upregulated genes in lettuce and cilantro lesions. In
S
. Typhimurium strain LT2, population sizes of mutants deficient in propanediol utilization or cobalamin synthesis were 10- and 3-fold lower, respectively, than those of the wild-type strain in macerated cilantro (
P
< 0.0002); in strain SL1344, such mutants behaved similarly to the parental strain. Anaerobic conditions and the utilization of nutrients in macerated plant tissue that are also present in the animal intestine indicate a niche overlap that may explain the high level of adaptation of
S. enterica
to soft rot lesions, a common postharvest plant disease.
Environmental Transcription of
mmoX
by Methane-Oxidizing Proteobacteria in a Subarctic Palsa Peatland
Authors: Liebner Susanne , Svenning Mette M. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) that possess the soluble form of methane monooxygenase (sMMO) are present in various environments, but unlike the prevalent particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), the
in situ
activity of sMMO has not been documented. Here we report on the environmental transcription of a gene (
mmoX
) for this enzyme, which was attributed mainly to MOB lacking a pMMO. Our study indicates that the sMMO is an active enzyme in acidic peat ecosystems, but its importance for the mitigation of methane releases remains unknown.
Gut and Root Microbiota Commonalities
Authors: Ramírez-Puebla Shamayim T. , Servín-Garcidueñas Luis E. , Jiménez-Marín Berenice , Bolaños Luis M. , Rosenblueth Mónica , Martínez Julio , Rogel Marco Antonio , Ormeño-Orrillo Ernesto , Martínez-Romero Esperanza 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTAnimal guts and plant roots have absorption roles for nutrient uptake and converge in harboring large, complex, and dynamic groups of microbes that participate in degradation or modification of nutrients and other substances. Gut and root bacteria regulate host gene expression, provide metabolic capabilities, essential nutrients, and protection against pathogens, and seem to share evolutionary trends.
Bartonella Infections in Deer Keds (Lipoptena cervi) and Moose (Alces alces) in Norway
Authors: Duodu Samuel , Madslien Knut , Hjelm Eva , Molin Ylva , Paziewska-Harris Anna , Harris Philip D. , Colquhoun Duncan J. , Ytrehus Bjørnar 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTInfections withBartonellaspp. have been recognized as emerging zoonotic diseases in humans. Large knowledge gaps exist, however, relating to reservoirs, vectors, and transmission of these bacteria. We describe identification by culture, PCR, and housekeeping gene sequencing ofBartonellaspp. in fed, wingless deer keds (Lipoptena cervi), deer ked pupae, and blood samples collected from moose,Alces alces, sampled within the deer ked distribution range in Norway. Direct sequencing from moose blood sampled in a deer ked-free area also indicatedBartonellainfection but at a much lower prevalence. The sequencing data suggested the presence of mixed infections involving two species ofBartonellawithin the deer ked range, while moose outside the range appeared to be infected with a single species.Bartonellawere not detected or cultured from unfed winged deer keds. The results may indicate that long-term bacteremia in the moose represents a reservoir of infection and thatL. cerviacts as a vector for the spread of infection ofBartonellaspp. Further research is needed to evaluate the role ofL. cerviin the transmission ofBartonellato animals and humans and the possible pathogenicity of these bacteria for humans and animals.
Autotransporter Protein-Encoding Genes of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Are Found in both Typical and Atypical Enteropathogenic E. coli Strains
Authors: Abreu Afonso G. , Bueris Vanessa , Porangaba Tatiane M. , Sircili Marcelo P. , Navarro-Garcia Fernando , Elias Waldir P. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

Autotransporter (AT) protein-encoding genes of diarrheagenic
Escherichia coli
(DEC) pathotypes (
cah
,
eatA
,
ehaABCDJ
,
espC
,
espI
,
espP
,
pet
,
pic
,
sat
, and
tibA
) were detected in typical and atypical enteropathogenic
E. coli
(EPEC) in frequencies between 0.8% and 39.3%. Although these ATs have been described in particular DEC pathotypes, their presence in EPEC indicates that they should not be considered specific virulence markers.
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Pathogenic Vibrios in Marine Recreational Waters of Southern California
Authors: Dickinson Gregory , Lim Keah-ying , Jiang Sunny C. 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the occurrence of three types of vibrios in Southern California recreational beach waters during the peak marine bathing season in 2007. Over 160 water samples were concentrated and enriched for the detection of vibrios. Four sets of PCR primers, specific for
Vibrio cholerae
,
V. parahaemolyticus
, and
V. vulnificus
species and the
V. parahaemolyticus
toxin gene, respectively, were used for the amplification of bacterial genomic DNA. Of 66 samples from Doheny State Beach, CA, 40.1% were positive for
V. cholerae
and 27.3% were positive for
V. parahaemolyticus
, and 1 sample (1.5%) was positive for the
V. parahaemolyticus
toxin gene. Of the 96 samples from Avalon Harbor, CA, 18.7% were positive for
V. cholerae
, 69.8% were positive for
V. parahaemolyticus
, and 5.2% were positive for the
V. parahaemolyticus
toxin gene. The detection of the
V. cholerae
genetic marker was significantly more frequent at Doheny State Beach, while the detection of the
V. parahaemolyticus
genetic marker was significantly more frequent at Avalon Harbor. A probability-of-illness model for
V. parahaemolyticus
was applied to the data. The risk for bathers exposed to recreational waters at two beaches was evaluated through Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The results suggest that the microbial risk from vibrios during beach recreation was below the illness benchmark set by the U.S. EPA. However, the risk varied with location and the type of water recreation activities. Surfers and children were exposed to a higher risk of vibrio diseases. Microbial risk assessment can serve as a useful tool for the management of risk related to opportunistic marine pathogens.