bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TEN YEARS OF SALTMARSH MONITORING—THE CASE HISTORY OF A SOUTHAMPTON WATER SALTMARSH AND A CHANGING REFINERY EFFLUENT DISCHARGE
Authors: Dicks Brian , Iball Kingsley 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
One of the largest refinery and petrochemical plants in the U.K. has been discharging its effluents into the creek system of a Spartina anglica-dominated saltmarsh in Southampton Water since 1953. This resulted in extensive damage to the marsh system up to 1971. At that time, a program of effluent quality improvement commenced that has resulted first in recolonisation of small areas of damaged marsh followed by extensive recovery. Changes in the marsh vegetation have been studied first by transect surveys in 1969 and 1970 (to assess damage) and subsequently by twice-yearly vegetation mapping resurveys from 1972 to the present. This paper summarises the data from the 10 years of survey. The recovery/recolonisation has continued progressively to the present day, with improvements in effluent quality clearly related to saltmarsh recovery. However, although several annual and perennial marine species have been successful colonisers, the original dominant Spartina anglica has recolonised only poorly.
In addition to vegetation mapping, several series of Spartina transplantation experiments have been carried out to precisely define areas of continued effluent impact. These have formed a nucleus for Spartina recolonisation in some parts of the marsh and may well speed up the return of this species in these areas.
Using these relatively simple techniques it has been possible to identify differences in toxicity between different outfalls. This has been taken into account in site effluent management policy.
Research programmes have recently been extended to include recolonisation of the marsh by intertidal animals and detailed analysis of hydrocarbon contents of sediments over the marsh. Preliminary results from these programmes are described. These additional techniques improve monitoring sensitivity and provide valuable information for interpreting long-term effects of retention of hydrocarbons in sediments. They are designed to monitor continued effluent improvements being undertaken by the refinery.
RESPONSE TO THE ESSO BAYWAY OIL SPILL
Authors: Meyers Robert J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The 50,000 dwt tanker Esso Bayway punctured a hole in its bottom on January 28, 1979, spilling 6,500 barrels (bbl) of Light Arabian crude oil into the Neches River near Port Arthur, Texas. Oil impacted 3 miles (mi) of the river, adjacent bayous, and an environmentally sensitive salt marsh.
This paper describes the response to the spill by the Exxon Company, U.S.A., Marine Department. Several contractors using a variety of cleanup methods for collection and recovery of the oil were used during the 30-day operation. The preplanned implementation of an emergency response by an Exxon team of managers, supervisors, scientists, public affairs advisors, claims agents, accountants, and communications experts to coordinate the cleanup operation is discussed. In addition to the Exxon response team, scientists from academia were retained to provide guidance in the assessment of any potential environmental impacts. The United States Coast Guard (USCG), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), acting as the Scientific Support Coordinator, and state agencies also participated in the cleanup operation.
Cleanup was completed in 4 weeks at a cost of $1.5 million with minimum private claims, insignificant environmental damage, and positive media coverage and public reaction. This paper describes the efforts that obtained these results.
IMPACTS OF A SPILL OF NO. 6 FUEL OIL ON LAKE WINONA
Authors: Fremling Calvin R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A spill of about 7,400 gallons of No. 6 fuel oil into Lake Winona provided an unusual opportunity to observe the behavior of a residual fuel oil in a confined freshwater environment. Oil-laden condensate from Winona State University's heating plant entered Lake Winona via a storm sewer during the winter and, because of ice cover, went undetected until April 15, 1979. Because its density was almost the same as water, the oil caused unusual problems. Surface fractions were readily removed by standard measures, but cleanup was thwarted by heavier fractions which rose continually from the lake bottom and drifted throughout the lake. Scuba divers located a pool of heavy oil in a deep area near the storm sewer outlet and most of it was pumped into an on-shore reservoir. Globules of oil continued to rise from the lake bottom during the ensuing summer season, severely curtailing recreational use of the lake. The spill resulted in the deaths of waterfowl and it apparently stressed spawning sunfish sufficiently to trigger a kill by Flexibacter columnaris bacteria. The oil produced no taste problems in fish flesh. The cost of cleanup was almost $104,000, and a civil penalty of $3,500 was levied against the State of Minnesota. The entire episode was documented photographically.
THE ATLANTIC EMPRESS SINKING—A LARGE SPILL WITHOUT ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER
Authors: Horn Stuart A. , Neal Captain Phillip 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
At 1900 hours on July 19, 1979, the 288,000-deadweight-ton (dwt) Atlantic Empress and the 207,000-dwt Aegean Captain collided in the Caribbean Sea. In the fiery aftermath of the accident, 27 crewmen lost their lives. There was a strong possibility that a total of 3.5 million barrels of crude oil would be spilled; this would have been the largest spill to that time. Nearby islands with their tourist beaches and coral reefs were threatened. And yet, even though the Atlantic Empress eventually sank after burning for 14 days, no oil came ashore and no indications of any environmental damage were observed.
This paper provides a chronicle of the events of the days following the collision, including (1) activation of the Clean Caribbean Cooperative equipment stockpile, (2) airlifting 13 planeloads of ftrefighting foam, oil transfer gear, dispersants and pollution control equipment, (3) assembling an expert response team with an operation based on Trinidad, (4) providing four single-engine aircraft dispersant-spraying capability, and (5) mounting a major firefighting effort on board the burning ship.
The Atlantic Empress was the largest ship ever to sink. However, through a coordinated response effort and considerable assistance from natural forces, no harmful pollution resulted.
IMPACT AND PERSISTENCE OF IXTOC I OIL ON THE SOUTH TEXAS COAST
Authors: Gundlach Erich R. , Finkelstein Kenneth J. , Sadd James L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The blowout of Ixtoc I on June 3, 1979, released at least 476,000 tons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico until the well was capped on March 24, 1980. The predicted northward drift of the oil caused the U.S. government to sponsor a pre-spill coastline mapping project (called the Environmental Sensitivity Index), which was used in developing the response strategy of the U.S. Coast Guard Strike Team and accurately predicted the reaction and persistence of Ixtoc I oil along Gulf Coast beaches when major impacts occurred during August and September 1979. In total, approximately 3,900 tons of Ixtoc I oil washed onto exposed beaches of fine-grained sand and mixed sand and shell in south Texas. Little oil passed into the productive back-barrier lagoons. A tropical storm on September 13, 1979, removed more than 90 percent of the beached oil. By spring 1980, oil remained only as scattered tar mats (8 percent oil, 180 tons total) at the toe of the beach. The quantity of tar balls on the beach could not be differentiated from chronic accumulations.
FEDERAL/STATE COOPERATION IN OIL POLLUTION CONTROL*
Authors: Holt William F. , Rubel Fred N. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The maturation of the National Oil Pollution Control Program has been accompanied by an increasingly active involvement and greater leadership on the part of some states. The extent of the role that states ought to play in this effort is not firmly established.
This paper discusses current efforts to promote coordination and cooperation between federal and state units and highlights a mechanism for improving this interaction in such areas as contingency plan development, pollution response, and pollution prevention.
A COST EFFECTIVENESS APPROACH TO OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Schulze R. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Although large sums of money are spent on responding to oil spills, it is often difficult to assess the effectiveness of the spill response effort. This paper summarizes a portion of an analysis performed for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that evaluates the response effort in terms of the change of spill impact and the cost of producing this change. Using this method of analysis, this paper shows that in a typical inland spill situation the minimum acceptable level of response may be the most cost effective and that an intensive effort to recover the last traces of oil may have an adverse impact on the environment. This method of analysis has the potential for showing the level of response effort that can be used most effectively in typical spill situations and identifying procedures that are likely to have a low level of effectiveness or may even have an adverse effect on the environment.
TOXICITY OF BALLAST-WATER TREATMENT EFFLUENT TO MARINE ORGANISMS AT PORT VALDEZ, ALASKA*
Authors: Rice Stanley D. , Korn Sid , Brodersen Christine C. , Lindsay Stephen A. , Andrews Scott A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Approximately 12 million gallons of oily ballast water is taken ashore and treated daily at the Alyeska treatment plant, where tankers take on crude oil at the terminus of the Trans Alaska pipeline near Valdez, Alaska. Most oil is removed, but some light aromatic hydrocarbons (1 to 16 parts per million) remain in the large volume of discharged effluent. Between May and July, the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons in the treated effluent (measured by gas chromatography) generally declined as the seasonal temperatures increased. We measured the toxicity of the effluent on site at Valdez. For the larvae of crustaceans and of fish the median lethal concentration LC50 was between 10 and 2p percent of treated effluent in 96-hour static tests. For salmon fry and shrimp in repeated acute flow-through assays, the (LC50) was quite consistent, between 20 and 40 percent of treated effluent. Because the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons was much lower in the later tests but the toxicity of the effluent was not lower, toxicants other than aromatic hydrocarbons must contribute significantly to the toxicity of the effluent from the ballast-water treatment plant.
TAILORED OILSPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR OFFSHORE BLOWOUTS—A TALE OF LESSONS-LEARNED
Authors: Poley Johannes Ph. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the lessons learned over the last few years from experience in oil spill contingency planning, in regulatory as well as technological developments. Against the background of an advanced joint government-industry planning of tailored combat scenarios well in advance of an accident, the realistic requirements for regionalisation, organisation, and the extent of effort to be spent, are outlined.
Recent technical developments that directly influence the priorities, possibilities, and implementation of pollution-combat scenarios are discussed: boom/skimmer effectiveness, dispersant application, the “leave-it-alone” option, and new disposal developments. Special mention is made of SLIKFORCAST, a new tool for quantification of ? and ? contingency planning, and its use is illustrated with some examples.
COMPREHENSIVE SPILL MANAGEMENT AT AN OIL FIRED ELECTRIC POWER PLANT ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER*
Authors: Hansen Warren G. , McCormick Peter K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A comprehensive oil spill control project at an oil-fired electric power plant resulted in preparation of a spill prevention, control, and countermeasures (SPCC) plan for the facility and an operations manual for fuel transfer at the fuel dock on the Columbia River. Hydrologic studies led to the design of a spill containment system for the dock. Engineering techniques were established for evaluating the design's effectiveness in this estuarine location.
NAVIGATIONAL SAFETY APPROACHING OFFSHORE DEEPWATER PORTS*
Authors: Gardenier John S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Research on offshore deepwater ports was specifically directed and funded by Congress. Among the many resulting studies, two concerned the hazards of navigation associated with very large crude carriers (VLCCs) bringing imported oil into the Gulf of Mexico to these new offshore ports. A hazard and risk analysis study was done first. It is a good example of using several different methods in the same study to uncover hazards. Route analysis, field investigations, reviews of casualty data, and “systems safety” methods all helped with the final result. Tropical storms were defined as a major hazard; floating debris was identified as a possible hazard of uncertain severity for supertankers. The major problem that seemed subject to control and improvement is the problem of human factors affecting accident potential. To pursue the human factors issues, a simulator study was conducted using 12 pairs of masters and mates, 4 of whom had received bridge team training. Various realistic, moderately severe approach problems were simulated. Different navigation displays using off-ship and on-ship equipment were evaluated. It appears, based on the draft final report, that the existing navigational system can support safe approaches. Nonetheless, it is apparent that mariners have a tendency to discard some of the redundant safety capability available to them. Such practice should be discouraged. In addition, it is best to recognize that tendency when evaluating how much redundancy is worthwhile. A few improvements to the deepwater port approach navigation system should be considered.
AN OIL SLICK IGNITER FOR REMOTE AREAS
Authors: Meikle K. M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Two air-droppable igniters have been developed to ignite oil on the surface of melt pools on Arctic ice floes and in other remote, difficult-of-access locations. Performance has been satisfactorily demonstrated by prototype tests under both laboratory and field conditions. A substantial amount of spilled oil that would be prohibitively unsafe or expensive to remove by any other means can now be burned off to reduce adverse effects on the environment.
OIL SPILL RATES IN FOUR U.S. COASTAL REGIONS*
Authors: Froehlich Mary Ann , Bellantoni John F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The incidence of oil spills of more than 10,000 gallons in the years 1974 through 1977 was compared for four regions in the United States that carry heavy oil traffic: Greater New York-New Jersey, Delaware Bay, the Louisiana coast, and the northern Texas coast. The purpose was to determine whether there was any significant difference in oil spill rates among the four regions.
The spill data from the study were drawn from the Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS), the records of the National Response Center (NRC), and the Commercial Vessel Casualty File. Oil movement data were obtained from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States.
A comparison of PIRS and NRC data indicated that neither data source was complete. From the amount of agreement between the two sources and some statistical assumptions, it was estimated that the PIRS data covered about 75 percent of all spills and about 88 percent of all vessel-related spills.
The spill rates calculated for the four regions showed no significant differences. However, a significantly higher spill rate was noted for the Hudson River subdivision of the New York-New Jersey region. An examination of the spill reports showed that most of the spills were associated with poor weather conditions, that is, ice or fog.
THE INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION COMPENSATION FUND—FUNCTIONS AND OPERATIONS
Authors: Ganten Reinhard H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund, which was established in October 1979, pays compensation to victims of oil pollution incidents if the shipowner's liability is not sufficient to cover the whole damage. Payments by the Fund are based on the 1969 Civil Liability Convention and the 1971 Fund Convention, adopted at diplomatic conferences convened by the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO). The Fund is financed by contributions from the oil companies in Contracting States based on their receipts of crude and heavy fuel oil after sea-shipment. Claim settlement takes place in close cooperation with shipowners' insurers (P&I Clubs). This paper deals with the IMCO scheme only.
BIOMASS EXPORTATION FROM OFFSHORE PRODUCTION PLATFORMS IN EAST TEXAS
Authors: Fotheringham Nick 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Studies of the structure and development of the fouling community on active offshore production platforms in the Buccaneer Field, Texas, indicated that energy accumulated within this community was exported to components of the adjacent marine ecosystem along three major pathways. The most apparent pathway was through grazing fish. Gut content analyses of 191 fish representing 27 species indicated that the spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber), sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus), crested blenny (Hypleurochilus geminatus), cocoa damselfish (Pomacentrus variabilis), and cubbyu (Equetus acuminatus) feed extensively on fouling organisms. A second pathway linked the fouling community to the benthic fauna living beneath the platforms, which was apparently enriched by consumption of barnacles and other invertebrates dislodged from the platform legs by wave and current stresses, abrasion by boats, and foraging fish. Several fouling species, which did not occur on the structures themselves, were found on dislodged barnacle shells and gastropod shells occupied by hermit crabs. Thus, accumulation of biomass beneath the structures is apparently increased by the presence of these shells. The third pathway linked the fouling community to planktivorous fish and invertebrates through the release of planktonic larvae by fouling organisms. A significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) was found in the proportion of these larvae in the total plankton between stations within Buccaneer Field and those at a control site 8 kilometers east of the field.
OIL-DEGRADING POTENTIAL OF SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS NEAR OIL-PRODUCING PLATFORMS
Authors: Brown L. R. , Jeanes K. L. , Greenleaf W. F. , Frank Geoff 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
All surficial sediment samples were obtained either from areas near oil production platforms or from control areas some distance from these platforms during three separate cruises. All samples contained organisms capable of degrading crude oil in laboratory microcosm studies. Under conditions designed to test oil-degrading potential in situ, rate of degradation was not appreciably influenced by temperature fluctuations within a range of 15 to 27°C, or oil concentration, nor was it increased by added phosphorus or nitrogen. The maximum oil-degrading potential of the sediments was calculated to be 56 micrograms hydrocarbon carbon converted to carbon dioxide per milliliter of sediment per day. Oxygen diffusion into the sediments appeared to be the rate-limiting factor. Enrichment cultures prepared from platform sediments were more active than enrichment cultures prepared from control sediments. Studies with mixed and pure cultures revealed substrate preference for straight-chain hydrocarbons over the branched-chain compounds and aromatics. Some high molecular weight straight-chain aliphatics (about C30) and large amounts of branched-chain (C24 or C25) aliphatics were produced by some pure cultures isolated from sediment samples.
EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL ON MICROBIAL PROCESSES IN MARINE SEDIMENTS
Authors: Childers G. W. , Landers R. W. , Aranha H. G. , Ardahl A. H. , Randolph M. S. , Brown L. R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Studies were carried out to detect and quantitate 12 microbial processes occurring in sediments in the north central Gulf of Mexico, and to determine the impact of low-level concentrations of oil on these processes. Under the simulated in situ conditions employed, photosynthesis, nitrification, dentrification, nitrogen fixation, sulfate reduction, and phosphate uptake were minimal, while sulfur oxidation and catabolic carbonaceous processes (heterotrophic activity, lipolysis, proteolysis cellulolysis, and chitinolysis) were present with varying degrees of activity. Little difference in metabolic activity was detected between oil-production platform sites and corresponding control sites, among different sediment types, or among three sampling seasons, and the presence of oil at up to 200 microliter per milliliter sediment had no significant impact on reaction rates. Pure culture studies confirmed that low-level concentrations of crude oil had essentially no effect on these processes.
THE VENEZUELAN NATIONAL OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLAN
Authors: Achong Ian , Bennett John , Hatfield Chris , Boston Noel 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A national contingency plan has been developed to contend with oil spills which may originate from offshore operations and tanker traffic in the waters off Venezuela from the Gulf of Venezuela to the Orinoco Delta.
The plan was prepared for the Venezuelan oil industry which is made up of Petroleos de Venezuela, a holding company of the nationalized Venezuelan oil industry, and its affiliated companies, Lagoven S.A., Maraven S.A., Corpoven S.A., and Meneven S.A.
The plan is based on an assessment of existing human and environmental material resources, the establishment of the operational capabilities of these resources, an overview of existing environmental data, and field programs which identified areas of special concern and filled environmental data gaps. Ideas and information were exchanged frequently between the contractors and representatives of the affiliated companies of Petroleos de Venezuela during the formulation of the plan.
In the process of developing the national plan, an interim plan was prepared. The resulting final plan consists of a set of manuals with precise and detailed procedures to follow in case of a spill, an auxiliary set of manuals containing technical information to support the detailed instructions, and instructions on the implementation of the plan and training of personnel. An essential part is the production of 60 sensitivity charts describing the Venezuelan coast.
The Venezuelan oil industry is in the privileged position of not only having a master national oil spill contingency plan but also having available the experience to carry out the plan due to everyday experience accumulated in cleanup operations on Lake Maracaibo.
The Venezuelan National Oil Spill Contingency Plan is expected to serve as a model for future Caribbean plans.