bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objectively Assigning Species and Ages to Salmonid Length Data from Dual‐Frequency Identification Sonar
Authors: Gurney W. S. C. , Brennan Louise O. , Bacon P. J. , Whelan K. F. , O'Grady Martin , Dillane Eileen , McGinnity P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFishery managers need robust ways of objectively estimating the quantitative composition of fish stocks, by species and age‐class, from representative samples of populations. Dual‐frequency identification sonar data were used to first visually identify fish to a broad taxon (Salmonidae). Subsequently, kernel‐density estimations, based on calibrated size‐at‐age data for the possible component species, were used to assign sonar observations both to species (Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar or Brown Trout Salmo trutta) and age‐classes within species. The calculations are illustrated for alternative sets of calibration data. To obtain close and relevant fits, the approach fundamentally relies on having accurate and fully representative subcomponent distributions. Firmer inferences can be made if the component data sets correspond closely to the target information in both time and space. Given carefully chosen suites of component data, robust population composition estimates with narrow confidence intervals were obtained. General principles are stated, which indicate when such methods might work well or poorly.
Differentiation of Sympatric Arctic Char Morphotypes Using Major Histocompatibility Class II Genes
Authors: Conejeros Pablo , Phan Anna , Power Michael , O'Connell Michael , Alekseyev Sergey , Salinas Iván , Dixon Brian 
Published: May 2014

AbstractArctic CharSalvelinus alpinushave colonized northern postglacial lakes within the last few thousand years. Divergent populations have adapted to thrive in the prevailing oligotrophic environments and thus have developed morphotypes with different ecological behaviors. The morphotypes usually differ in size, morphology, coloration, feeding ecology, and/or habitat occupancy. Although morphotypes that have very divergent spawning seasons should become genetically segregated, genetic differentiation, in most cases, has been weak. Thus, results to date have suggested that Arctic Char morphotype separation has been driven largely by the environmentally mediated phenotypic plasticity of the species, with differentiation between morphotypes having commenced too recently to generate substantial genetic drift. Here we used the major histocompatibility (MH) class II genes in an attempt to isolate sympatric Arctic Char morphotypes known to be ecologically differentiated. These morphotypes are from postglacial lakes in both Siberia and eastern Canada, and differ in either diet, habitat occupancy, or both. The MH Class II allelic polymorphism was significantly different between morphotypes. This suggested there is differential heritable adaptation to the natural selection exerted by pathogens unique to each ecological niche within each lake.
Assessing the Long‐Term Reproductive Contribution of Stocked Fish to Largemouth Bass Populations
Authors: Nannini Michael A. , Diana Matthew J. , Claussen Julie E. , Philipp David P. , Wahl David H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe evaluated the reproductive contribution of stocked Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides relative to resident populations. The reproductive contribution of stocked fish was determined using the MDH‐B2* allele as a genetic tag for fingerlings stocked into five study lakes. We first determined the relative survival of stocked fish by calculating the proportion of adults (which were clipped at stocking) in the population and compared it with initial survival the first fall after stocking. Stocked fish relative survival to adulthood varied among the five study lakes and was lower than initial survival after stocking. Once these stocked fish were mature, it was possible to assess their reproductive contribution to each population by comparing the prestocking frequencies of the MDH‐B2* allele with poststocking frequencies. Reproductive contribution of stocked fish was high in small lakes but relatively low in larger ones. Neither adult Largemouth Bass density nor prey density affected reproductive contribution of stocked fish. Based on the proportion of stocked adults in the populations, reproductive contribution of stocked fish was similar to that of wild fish. Our results indicate that reproductive contribution of stocked fish will depend on survival of stocked fish to maturity. The influence of stocked fish will likely persist in successive generations, and potential genetic effects on wild populations of Largemouth Bass should be taken into account when making stocking decisions.
Identifying Suitable Habitat for Chinook Salmon across a Large, Glaciated Watershed
Authors: Bidlack Allison L. , Benda Lee E. , Miewald Tom , Reeves Gordon H. , McMahan Gabriel 
Published: May 2014

AbstractEcosystem management requires information on habitat suitability across broad scales; however, comprehensive environmental surveys in remote areas are often impractical and expensive to carry out. Intrinsic Potential (IP) models provide a means to identify on a broad scale those portions of the landscape that can provide essential habitat for various freshwater fish species. These models are derived from watershed patterns and processes that are persistent and not readily affected by human activities. We developed an IP model for rearing habitat of Chinook Salmon throughout the Copper River watershed (63,000km2) in southcentral Alaska, utilizing digital elevation models, expert opinion, and field surveys. Our model uses three variables—mean annual flow, gradient, and glacial influence—and adequately predicts where probable habitat for juvenile Chinook Salmon occurs across this large landscape. This model can help resource managers map critical habitat for salmon throughout the Copper River watershed, direct field research to appropriate stream reaches, and assist managers in prioritizing restoration actions, such as culvert replacement. Intrinsic Potential modeling is broadly applicable to other salmonid species and geographies and may inform future work on the ecological impacts of climate change in polar and subpolar river systems.
Assessment of the Risks of Transgenic Fluorescent Ornamental Fishes to the United States Using the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK)
Authors: Hill Jeffrey E. , Lawson Larry L. , Hardin Scott 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThree species of transgenic fluorescent ornamental fish are commercially available to the public in the United States—Zebra Danio Danio rerio, Black Tetra Gymnocorymbus ternetzi, and Tiger Barb Systomus tetrazona. Despite qualitative assessments of the risks of these transgenic fishes by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and two state agencies, critics argue that the risk assessment and approval processes were not transparent and that the results were never published or otherwise open to scientific scrutiny. We used an internationally recognized risk screening tool, the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK), to provide a transparent, peer‐reviewed assessment for the conterminous United States. We found that the three transgenic fluorescent ornamental fishes in question represent a low risk of invasiveness. Any risk is limited to the warmer regions of the country. No potential for hybridization with native species, little history of invasiveness elsewhere, a lack of traits associated with persistence, and small body size coupled with predation‐enhancing fluorescence all indicate that the ability of these species to become established and have impacts is limited even in warm regions. Our finding of low risk is consistent with the results of unpublished, qualitative agency assessments using expert panels or in‐house expertise. The risk screens identified few data gaps, areas of important uncertainty, or potentially elevated risk levels, thus suggesting that there would be limited gain to committing resources to a full risk assessment. A low‐risk result further indicates little need for risk management actions in addition to those already being taken. Risk screens such as FISK can have high value for managers because they capture important elements of risk, providing vital information for assessment and management decisions with relatively small investments in time and funding.
Diel Littoral–Pelagic Movements by Juvenile Bluegills in a Small Lake
Authors: Shoup Daniel E. , Boswell Kevin M. , Wahl David H. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDiel littoral–pelagic migrations by juvenile fish have been suggested as a mechanism that optimizes the trade‐off between predation risk and foraging return in open‐water habitats. However, previous study designs have not been able to conclusively demonstrate this behavior in the field. We applied a horizontally oriented hydroacoustic transducer, set at the open‐water edge of littoral vegetation, to observe diel fish behavior during two summers in Ridge Lake, Illinois, where the fish community is dominated by Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides and Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus. Based on acoustically tracked targets, most juvenile fish moved away from vegetated habitat at night and towards vegetation during the day. A greater number of predator‐sized fish were observed in the open water during the day than at night and weak acoustic targets, most likely zooplankton, were more abundant in the open‐water habitat at night. Therefore, it is likely that the reduced predator abundance and/or activity combined with potentially greater food availability in the open‐water habitat prompted an offshore migration at night that was reversed after sunrise. Diel horizontal migration patterns could affect the timing and location of interspecific interactions in systems where they occur and further research is needed to determine whether diel migrations alter ecosystem function.
Fishing‐Related Stressors Inhibit Refuge‐Seeking Behavior in Released Subadult Great Barracuda
Authors: Brownscombe Jacob W. , Nowell Liane , Samson Emma , Danylchuk Andy J. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractFisheries interactions that result in the capture and release of fish can cause behavioral impairments that increase the risk of postrelease predation. Increased predation risk has been attributed to reduced swimming capabilities; however, the role of refuge (structural shelter) use is still poorly understood. We examined the effect of fishing‐related stressors on the ability of subadult Great Barracuda Sphyraena barracuda to attain refuge in an experimental wetland in Eleuthera, The Bahamas. Twenty‐two Great Barracuda were either treated as controls with minimum stress, chased to exhaustion, or chased to exhaustion and air exposed for 90s. Reflex action mortality predictors (RAMP) including ability to maintain equilibrium and bursting response were assessed prior to release at a standardized location. The prop roots of red mangrove Rhizophora mangle provided refuge about 5m from the release point. Great Barracuda were visually monitored for up to 30min postrelease to quantify behavior (resting, swimming, directional changes) and the time when refuge was reached. The RAMP scores increased with the degree of stressor, and fish in both fishing‐related stressor treatments took significantly longer to reach refuge than control fish, while air exposed fish took significantly longer than fish that were only chased. Prior to reaching refuge, fish exposed to fishing‐related stressors spent less time swimming, and changed directions more frequently than control fish, indicating that impaired locomotory capabilities and disorientation inhibited refuge use. The inability to find refuge after an acute stressor such as capture and release fisheries may be an important factor contributing to postrelease mortality for relevant species.
American Shad Migratory Behavior, Weight Loss, Survival, and Abundance in a North Carolina River following Dam Removals
Authors: Raabe Joshua K. , Hightower Joseph E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDespite extensive management and research, populations of American Shad Alosa sapidissima have experienced prolonged declines, and uncertainty about the underlying mechanisms causing these declines remains. In the springs of 2007 through 2010, we used a resistance board weir and PIT technology to capture, tag, and track American Shad in the Little River, North Carolina, a tributary to the Neuse River with complete and partial removals of low‐head dams. Our objectives were to examine migratory behaviors and estimate weight loss, survival, and abundance during each spawning season. Males typically immigrated earlier than females and also used upstream habitat at a higher percentage, but otherwise exhibited relatively similar migratory patterns. Proportional weight loss displayed a strong positive relationship with both cumulative water temperature during residence time and number of days spent upstream, and to a lesser extent, minimum distance the fish traveled in the river. Surviving emigrating males lost up to 30% of their initial weight and females lost up to 50% of their initial weight, indicating there are potential survival thresholds. Survival for the spawning season was low and estimates ranged from 0.07 to 0.17; no distinct factors (e.g., sex, size, migration distance) that could contribute to survival were detected. Sampled and estimated American Shad abundance increased from 2007 through 2009, but was lower in 2010. Our study provides substantial new information about American Shad spawning that may aid restoration efforts.
Population Genetics of Arctic Grayling Distributed Across Large, Unobstructed River Systems
Authors: Reilly Jessica R. , Paszkowski Cynthia A. , Coltman David W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractWe investigated the population genetics of Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus distributed throughout several connected river systems in Alberta, Canada. Broad‐ and fine‐scale population structure was examined by genotyping nine microsatellite loci in 1,116 Arctic Grayling captured from 40 sites in the Hay, Peace, and Athabasca River basins. Genetic diversity tended to decline from north to south (allelic richness versus latitude: Spearman's rank correlation rs = 0.793, P < 0.05); the lowest level of diversity was detected in a stocked population. We found significant genetic divergence between and within major river basins (overall genetic differentiation index FST [θST] = 0.13) and strong isolation‐by‐distance patterns in the Peace River basin (Mantel's r = 0.97, P < 0.001) and Athabasca River basin (Mantel's r = 0.95, P < 0.001). Evidence for gene flow among sites in neighboring rivers (i.e., 25–100km apart) was common; significant genetic differentiation tended to occur at the subbasin level. The spatial scale of differentiation for Arctic Grayling is intermediate to those reported for other sympatric salmonid species that differ in population size and degree of spawning site fidelity.
Variation in Minijack Rate among Hatchery Populations of Columbia River Basin Chinook Salmon
Authors: Harstad Deborah L. , Larsen Donald A. , Beckman Brian R. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractIn Columbia River spring and summer Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, age of male maturation ranges from age 1 (microjack), 2 (minijack), 3 (jack), to 4 or 5 (adult) years. The presence of minijacks has been noted in several experimental studies and documented for a few hatchery programs; but, a comprehensive survey of their occurrence in hatchery production programs has never been conducted. We measured the proportion of minijacks among males released from several spring‐ and summer‐run Chinook Salmon hatchery programs throughout the Columbia River basin among brood years 1999–2010. The hatcheries surveyed included both segregated (uses only hatchery‐origin spawners in broodstock) and integrated (includes some degree of natural‐origin spawners in broodstock) programs. Minijacks were found in all programs monitored, and rates varied approximately 10‐fold across release groups, ranging from 7.9% to 71.4% of males in spring Chinook Salmon programs and from 4.1% to 40.1% of males in summer Chinook Salmon programs. Cumulative growth (i.e., size at release) was found to be positively correlated with minijack rate, but for only the integrated Chinook Salmon programs. Domestication selection may have occurred in segregated spring Chinook Salmon programs, increasing the threshold size for maturation and lowering minijack rates. Elevated minijack rates in Chinook Salmon hatchery programs result in a direct reduction in both the number of male smolts released and potential adult males available for harvest and spawning.
Extraction of arbutin and its comparative content in branches, leaves, stems, and fruits of Japanese pear Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Kousui
Authors: Sasaki Chizuru , Ichitani Masaki , Kunimoto Ko-Ki , Asada Chikako , Nakamura Yoshitoshi 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Arbutin is a tyrosinase inhibitor and is extensively used as a human skin-whitening agent. This study investigated the optimum conditions for extracting arbutin by ultrasonic homogenization from discarded branches pruned from Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Kousui) trees. The arbutin content was measured in the branches and also in the leaves, stems, fruit peel, and fruit flesh.
Modelling multiple fishing gear efficiencies and abundance for aggregated populations using fishery or survey data
Authors: Zhou Shijie , Klaer Neil L. , Daley Ross M. , Zhu Zhengyuan , Fuller Michael , Smith Anthony D. M. 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Fish and wildlife often exhibit an aggregated distribution pattern, whereas local abundance changes constantly due to movement. Estimating population density or size and survey detectability (i.e. gear efficiency in a fishery) for such elusive species is technically challenging. We extend abundance and detectability (N-mixture) methods to deal with this difficult situation, particularly for application to fish populations where gear efficiency is almost never equal to one. The method involves a mixture of statistical models (negative binomial, Poisson, and binomial functions) at two spatial scales: between-cell and within-cell. The innovation in this approach is to use more than one fishing gear with different efficiencies to simultaneously catch (sample) the same population in each cell at the same time-step. We carried out computer simulations on a range of scenarios and estimated the relevant parameters using a Bayesian technique. We then applied the method to a demersal fish species, tiger flathead, to demonstrate its utility. Simulation results indicated that the models can disentangle the confounding parameters in gear efficiency and abundance, and the accuracy generally increases as sample size increases. A joint negative binomial–Poisson model using multiple gears gives the best fit to tiger flathead catch data, while a single gear yields unrealistic results. This cross-sampling method can evaluate gear efficiency cost effectively using existing fishery catch data or survey data. More importantly, it provides a means for estimating gear efficiency for gear types (e.g. gillnets, traps, hook and line, etc.) that are extremely difficult to study using field experiments.
Pleiotropic functions of TNF-α in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial response to inflammation
Authors: Leppkes Moritz , Roulis Manolis , Neurath Markus F. , Kollias George , Becker Christoph 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn important function of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is to maintain the integrity of the mucosal barrier. Inflammation challenges the integrity of the mucosal barrier and the intestinal epithelium needs to adapt to a multitude of signals in order to perform the complex process of maintenance and restitution of its barrier function. Dysfunctions in epithelial barrier integrity and restoration contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Mucosal healing has developed to a significant treatment goal in IBD. In this review, we would like to highlight physiologic and pathologic adaptations of the intestinal epithelium to inflammation, exemplified by its responses to TNF-α. A large body of literature exists that highlights the diverse effects of this cytokine on IECs. TNF-α modulates intestinal mucus secretion and constitution. TNF-α stimulation modulates paracellular flow via tight junctional control. TNF-α induces intracellular signaling cascades that determine significant cell fate decisions such as survival, cell death or proliferation. TNF-α impacts epithelial wound healing in ErbB- and Wnt-dependent pathways while also importantly guiding immune cell attraction and function. We selected important studies from recent years with a focus on functional in vivo data providing crucial insights into the complex process of intestinal homeostasis.
Tryptophan Requirement of the Enterally Fed Term Infant in the First Month of Life
Authors: Huang Lisha , Hogewind‐Schoonenboom Jacomine E. , Zhu Li , Kraaijenga Juliette V.S. , van Haren Nicky P.C. , Voortman Gardi J. , Schierbeek Henk , Twisk Jos W.R. , Huang Ying , Chen Chao , van Goudoever Johannes B. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTObjectives:Tryptophan not only is an amino acid essential to protein synthesis but also serves as a precursor in 2 important metabolic pathways: the serotonin and the kynurenine pathways. Tryptophan is related to sleeping patterns. The objective of the present study was to determine the tryptophan requirement of term infants using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method with L‐[1‐13C]phenylalanine as the indicator.Methods:Enterally fed infants were randomly assigned to tryptophan intakes ranging from 0.5 to 73 mg · kg−1 · day−1 as part of an elemental diet. After 1‐day adaptation to the test diet, [13C]bicarbonate and L‐[1‐13C]phenylalanine tracers were given enterally. Breath samples were collected at baseline and during isotopic plateaus. The mean tryptophan requirement was determined by using the biphasic linear regression crossover analysis on the fraction of 13CO2 recovery from L‐[1‐13C]phenylalanine oxidation (F13CO2). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.Results:A total of 30 term neonates (gestational age 39 ± 1 weeks) were studied at 9 ± 4 days. F13CO2 decreased until a tryptophan intake of 15 mg · kg−1 · day−1; additional increases in tryptophan intake did not affect F13CO2. Mean requirement was determined to be 15 mg · kg−1 · day−1.Conclusions:The mean tryptophan requirement for elemental formula‐fed term infants is 15 mg · kg−1 · day−1. This requirement is lower than the present recommended intake of 29 mg · kg−1 · day−1, which is based on the average intake of a breastfed infant.