bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution coefficients of cadmium and zinc in different soils in mono‐metal and competitive sorption systems
Authors: Shaheen Sabry M. , Tsadilas Christos D. , Rupp Holger , Rinklebe Jörg , Meissner Ralph 
Published: July 2015

AbstractWe aimed to investigate the distribution coefficients (Kd) of Cd and Zn in different soils in mono‐metal (MS) and competitive sorption (CS) systems. Eleven surface soil samples varying widely in their origin and properties were collected in Egypt and Greece. Sorption isotherms were determined and Kd derived. Clayey Entisols showed a higher affinity for Zn, while a Histosol showed a higher affinity for Cd. In MS the Kd of Zn was higher than the Kd of Cd in the studied soils, except for an Aridisol and acidic Alfisols. In case of CS the Kd of Zn was higher than the Kd of Cd in the soils. The Kd of Cd decreased in CS compared to MS. The decreasing percentage of Kd‐Cd ranged from 6.5% in the Histosol to 81.8% in the sandy Entisols. Kd‐Zn in CS decreased in the Entisols, Alfisols, and Histosol, but increased in the Aridisol, Vertisol, and Mollisol compared to MS. This suggests that upon co‐addition of the two metals to the soil Zn became preferentially sorbed at the expense of Cd. Permanent charge clayey soils with relatively low Fe‐, Al‐ and Mn‐oxides content sorbed more Cd and Zn than the variable charge red soils with a higher content of these oxides. Cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter, Ald, Fed, Feo, Alo and total carbonates are important for the sorption of Cd, whereas clay, CEC, Sid, Sio and Alo content determine the sorption of Zn.
Daytime leaf water use efficiency does not explain the relationship between plant N status and biomass water‐use efficiency of tobacco under non‐limiting water supply
Authors: Senbayram Mehmet , Tränkner Merle , Dittert Klaus , Brück Holger 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe increasing probability of seasonal droughts and freshwater scarcity emphasizes the importance of crop traits such as water‐use efficiency (WUE) and its relation to nutrient management. In an earlier study using soil substrate in a pot experiment, we reported significant positive effects of N supply on biomass WUE of tobacco. However, there was a debate that the latter may be due to indirect effects of N supply (hidden drought), most likely because plants supplied with adequate N generally have greater biomass and hence faster depletion of soil water in the root zone. In pot and in field situation, therefore, it is difficult to relate any variation in leaf or biomass WUE to the direct effect of N supply. In this context, the aim of the current study was to re‐examine to what extent N fertilization directly affects biomass WUE and related parameters under non‐limiting water supply in hydroponics. About 2 weeks after the transfer of tobacco seedlings into nutrient solution containing 2 mM N, plants were treated with high‐N or low‐N in the form of NH4NO3. A marked decrease in CO2 assimilation with low‐N supply compared to high‐N supply was measured already 5 d after onset of treatments (DAO). In contrast, three different experiments clearly showed that stomatal conductance (gs) remained almost constant until 5 DAO resulting in significantly lower leaf WUE under low‐N compared to high‐N. Leaf WUE decreased gradually (up to 42% lower leaf WUE) at later stages. Surprisingly, biomass WUE and whole‐plant δ13C values were not affected by N supply at any harvest date, which is in contrast to our earlier report where we observed clearly positive effects of N supply on biomass WUE of the same tobacco variety in a pot experiment with soil substrate. Night‐time respiration and transpiration rates (measured by gas exchange and thermal imaging) were significantly higher with high‐N supply than with low‐N supply. The data show that 48.6% and 9.8% of the beneficiary effect of N on daytime leaf WUE were lost when nocturnal stomatal conductance and night‐time respiration of the same leaves were taken into consideration. Thus, we conclude that earlier reports showing positive effects of N supply on biomass WUE and δ13C values in soil or field experiments may be due to indirect effect of N supply (e.g., hidden/mild drought).
Water content dynamics in a volcanic ash soil slope in southern Chile
Authors: Dörner José , Huertas Jenny , Cuevas Jaime G. , Leiva César , Paulino Leandro , Arumí José L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAndisols present exceptional physical properties, making up < 1% of the world's soils. While there is a lot of information about non‐volcanic soil properties, research about soils of volcanic origin is limited. Specifically, no major studies have been carried out to improve our knowledge of these soils' hydrological behavior, which is relevant due to the impact of climate change on water resources and to the soil's role in the hydrological cycle. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the water content dynamics of a soil slope derived from volcanic ashes under different land covers. We hypothesized that land cover, rainfall, and air temperature, in addition to the hydraulic properties of the volcanic ash soil, regulate the slope's water content dynamics. Our study was conducted in S Chile, in a fluvial terrace covered by pastures in the uplands, a native forest in the adjacent slope, and a hygrophilous forest in the floodplain at the base of the slope, surrounding a stream. Soil physical properties, such as bulk density (Db), volume of macropores (wCP), plant available water (PAW) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were studied. Rainfall, air temperature, volumetric water content (θField) and soil temperature were continuously measured with data loggers. The groundwater level was also measured. Water content dynamics reflect the behavior of rainfall and air/soil temperatures under different land covers, as well as, revealing the specific behavior of volcanic soil's pore system (e.g., Db < 0.9 Mg m−3). Soil depths exposed to more intensive and dynamic wetting and drying cycles presented well‐defined water release ranges as compared to the pore system of deeper soil horizons. Soils present large water holding capacities (PAW > 24%), however, during summer they can reach volumetric water contents near to the permanent wilting point quickly at a depth of 5 cm. The water table altitude was directly related to the temporal changes of θField measured at a depth of 50 cm, highlighting the fact that the saturated and unsaturated zones are connected.
An Osteobiography of a 19th‐Century Dog from Toronto, Canada
Authors: Tourigny E. , Thomas R. , Guiry E. , Earp R. , Allen A. , Rothenburger J. L. , Lawler D. , Nussbaumer M. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractA 19th‐century dog burial uncovered from a historical homelot in Toronto, Canada, provided a unique opportunity to reconstruct the individual's osteobiography. Of particular interest are the dog's very large size and a suite of skeletal pathologies. Recovery of a nearly complete skeleton combined with the use of X‐rays and micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) allowed for a discriminating differential diagnoses. Stable isotope analyses were applied to investigate questions of diet. Results reveal an individual who suffered greatly from disease towards the end of his life and hint at its owners attitudes towards dogs. The interdisciplinary approach applied to this case study highlights the potential information obtainable from pet burials. We argue that better analyses and reporting of pet burials will help address research questions targeting broader themes related to human–animal relationships. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Central Australian Songs: A History and Reinterpretation of their Distribution through the Earliest Recordings
Authors: Gibson Jason 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThis paper contains a discussion of an unpublished essay by TGH Strehlow concerning the historic wax cylinder recordings of songs from Central Australia made by Walter Baldwin Spencer and Frank Gillen in 1901. The manuscript, written by Strehlow in 1968, begins with an explanation of the historical context of the song recordings, and the distribution of song and dance traditions across the Australian inland. Strehlow elucidates the content via information imparted to him by a number of Arrernte and Luritja men, who first heard these recordings over 50 years after they were made, in 1960. Their explanation of these songs reveals further information on the diffusion of song verses across vast regions in Central Australia (including Warumungu, Anmatyerr, Arrernte, and Warlpiri country), and the incorporation of European words and themes within altharte (public) songs in which men sing and dance. I have expanded Strehlow's information on Spencer's recordings further with additional information from other ethno‐historical sources and my own contemporary fieldwork. Combined, this research deepens the anthropological understanding of some of the earliest ethnographic sound recordings ever made in Australia.
TheWaikatoRiver: Changing Properties of a LivingMāori Ancestor
Authors: van Meijl Toon 
Published: July 2015

AbstractInMāori cosmology, rivers and other waterways are conceptualised as living ancestors, who have their own life force and spiritual strength. The special status of rivers inMāori society also explains why they are sometimes separated from otherMāori claims to natural resources of which they were dispossessed in the 19th century. Until recently,Māori were often eager to contend that ownership of rivers is not their prime interest, but instead, they argued that they feel obliged and responsible to keep rivers fresh, clean, and flowing. This perspective, however, changed under the impact of a new government policy of selling shares in energy corporations that use freshwater and geothermal resources for energy production. In this paper,Iprovide an ethnohistorical account of theWaikatoRiver and show how conceptions of this ‘ancestral river’ changed in the course of colonial and postcolonial history, more specifically in response to a recent shift in government policy. In 2008, a joint management agreement was signed between the government andWaikatoMāori for a ‘clean and healthy river’, leaving the issue of ‘ownership’ undecided. Only two years later, however,Māori felt forced to claim ownership when the government moved to sell shares of power‐generating energy companies located along the river, which effectively transformed their ‘ancestor’ into a property object.
DIGRE: Drug‐Induced Genomic Residual Effect Model for Successful Prediction of Multidrug Effects
Authors: Yang J , Tang H , Li Y , Zhong R , Wang T , Wong STC , Xiao G , Xie Y 
Published: July 2015

Multidrug regimens are a promising strategy for improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects, especially for complex disorders such as cancer. However, the use of multidrug therapies is very challenging, due to a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of drug interactions. We herein present a novel computational approach—Drug‐Induced Genomic Residual Effect (DIGRE) Computational Model—to predict drug combination effects by explicitly modeling drug response curves and gene expression changes after drug treatments. The prediction performance of DIGRE was evaluated using two datasets: (i) OCI‐LY3 B‐lymphoma cells treated with 14 different drugs and (ii) MCF breast cancer cells treated with combinations of gefitinib and docetaxel at different doses. In both datasets, the predicted drug combination effects significantly correlated with the experimental results. The results indicated the model was useful in predicting drug combination effects, which may greatly facilitate the discovery of new, effective multidrug therapies.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2015) 4, 91–97; doi:10.1002/psp4.1; published online on 18 February 2015.
A Systems Pharmacology Model of Erythropoiesis in Mice Induced by Small Molecule Inhibitor of Prolyl Hydroxylase Enzymes
Authors: Singh I , Nagiec EE , Thompson JM , Krzyzanski W , Singh P 
Published: July 2015

Mammalian erythropoiesis is a conserved process tightly controlled by the hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF1) pathway. In this study, a small molecule inhibitor (PHI‐1) of prolyl‐hydroxylase‐2 (PHD2) enzyme involved in regulating HIF1α levels was orally administered to male BALB/c mice at 10 and 30 mg/kg. A systems pharmacology model was developed based on the measured PHI‐1 plasma exposures, kidney HIF1α, kidney erythropoietin (EPO) mRNA, plasma EPO, reticulocyte counts, red blood cells, and hemoglobin levels. The model fit resulted in the estimation of drug potency (IC50: 1.7μM), and systems parameters such as EPO mRNA turnover (kdeg_EPOmRNA: 0.43 hr‐1) and mean lifespan of reticulocytes (Tr: 81 hours). The model correctly described the observed 30–40‐fold increase in kidney HIF1α protein, ∼1,000 fold increase in EPO mRNA and 2–3‐fold increase in the reticulocytes at 30 mg/kg. This study presents the first parsimonious systems model of erythropoiesis to quantitatively describe the in vivo effects of PHD2 inhibition.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2015) 4, 106–115; doi:10.1002/psp4.12; published online on 11 February 2015.
Improving Drug Sensitivity Prediction Using Different Types of Data
Authors: Hejase HA , Chan C 
Published: July 2015

The algorithms and models used to address the two subchallenges that are part of the NCI‐DREAM (Dialogue for Reverse Engineering Assessments and Methods) Drug Sensitivity Prediction Challenge (2012) are presented. In subchallenge 1, a bidirectional search algorithm is introduced and optimized using an ensemble scheme and a nonlinear support vector machine (SVM) is then applied to predict the effects of the drug compounds on breast cancer cell lines. In subchallenge 2, a weighted Euclidean distance method is introduced to predict and rank the drug combinations from the most to the least effective in reducing the viability of a diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell line.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2015) 4, 98–105; doi:10.1002/psp4.2; published online on 18 February 2015.
Sobol Sensitivity Analysis: A Tool to Guide the Development and Evaluation of Systems Pharmacology Models
Authors: Zhang X‐Y , Trame MN , Lesko LJ , Schmidt S 
Published: July 2015

A systems pharmacology model typically integrates pharmacokinetic, biochemical network, and systems biology concepts into a unifying approach. It typically consists of a large number of parameters and reaction species that are interlinked based upon the underlying (patho)physiology and the mechanism of drug action. The more complex these models are, the greater the challenge of reliably identifying and estimating respective model parameters. Global sensitivity analysis provides an innovative tool that can meet this challenge.CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2015) 4, 69–79; doi:10.1002/psp4.6; published online 25 February 2015
The ratio of phosphatidylcholines to lysophosphatidylcholines in plasma differentiates healthy controls from patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Klavins Kristaps , Koal Therese , Dallmann Guido , Marksteiner Josef , Kemmler Georg , Humpel Christian 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundMetabolomic processes have been identified as being strongly linked to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, lipid metabolites appear to be highly useful as diagnostic substrates for the diagnosis of AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in plasma.MethodsWe analyzed plasma samples from controls (n = 35), MCI (n = 33), and AD patients (n = 43) using the AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit (Biocrates Life Sciences), which included quantitative analysis of 40 acylcarnitines, 21 amino acids, 19 biogenic amines, 15 sphingolipids, 90 glycerophospholipids, and sum of hexoses.ResultsWe found that individual lipid metabolites can differentiate controls from MCI and AD with relevant significance. However, the ratio between PC aa C34:4 and lysoPC a C18:2 differentiates controls from MCI (P = .0000007) and from AD (P = .0000009) with greater significance.ConclusionsThe results provide evidence that the ratio of these two lipid metabolites is useful for diagnosing MCI and AD with an accuracy of 82%–85%.
Emotional Regulation of Mental Pain as Moderator of Suicidal Ideation in Military Settings
Authors: Shelef L. , Fruchter E. , Hassidim A. , Zalsman G. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundIn the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) as well as in most armies throughout the world, the leading cause of death during peace-time is suicide. This study examines emotional regulation of mental pain as a contributor to suicidal ideation in soldiers.MethodsOne hundred sixty-eight IDF soldiers (aged 18–21 years, 59% males) completed the following self-report questionnaires: Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI); Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale (OMMP); and Emotional Regulation of Mental Pain questionnaire. Participants were divided into 3 groups: soldiers who attempted suicide (AS group,n= 58), soldiers under treatment by a mental health professional and reporting no suicidal behavior (PT group,n= 58), and controls (C group,n= 50).ResultsSuicide ideation, mental pain, and low emotional regulation were significantly higher in the suicidal group as compared to the two other groups (P< 0.001). Mental pain was significantly related to more suicide ideation in soldiers with low ability to regulate mental pain (P< .001 for the interaction).ConclusionEmotional regulation of mental pain moderates the link between mental pain and suicide ideation. Soldiers with high mental pain and low regulation of mental pain exhibited higher suicidal ideation. These findings may assist in planning prevention programs in the army and similar settings.
Reversal of P‐glycoprotein overexpression by Ginkgo biloba extract in the brains of pentylenetetrazole‐kindled and phenytoin‐treated mice
Authors: Zhang Ce , Fan Qing , Chen Shu‐Liang , Ma Hui 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of Ginkgo biloba extract and phenytoin (PHT) sodium as a dose regimen simulating the clinical treatment of patients with epilepsy, on P‐glycoprotein (P‐GP) overexpression in a pentylenetetrazole‐kindled mouse model of epilepsy. Epilepsy was induced by intraperitoneal administration of pentylenetetrazole (40 mg/kg) for 7 days followed by intragastric administration of PHT (40 mg/kg) for 14 days. Thirty mice that developed seizures were randomly divided into three groups and administered PHT as well as the following treatments: saline (negative control); verapamil (20 mg/kg, positive control); and G. biloba (30 mg/kg). Seizure severity was recorded 30 minutes after treatment on Day 4 of drug administration, after which the mice were euthanized, and their brains isolated. Western blots and immunohistochemistry were performed to analyze the expression of P‐GP and caspase‐3, respectively, in the brain tissue. High‐performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the concentrations of PHT in the brains of the treated mice. After 4 consecutive days of treatment, the seizure severity in the mice in the G. biloba extract group was more significantly reduced than the seizure severity in the saline control group, and a significant difference was observed between the G. biloba extract and verapamil control groups (p < 0.05). P‐GP expression in the brain more significantly decreased in the mice treated with G. biloba extract and verapamil than it did in the saline‐treated control group (p < 0.05). Compared with the saline‐treated control group, the mice treated with G. biloba extract and verapamil showed significantly increased brain PHT concentrations (p < 0.05). Furthermore, caspase‐3 expression in the brain tissue of the G. biloba extract group was significantly lower than that in the vehicle control group (p < 0.05); this finding demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of G. biloba. Therefore, this study showed that treatment with G. biloba extract in combination with PHT prevented the upregulation of P‐GP expression in mice. Moreover, G. biloba extract decreased seizure severity in pentylenetetrazole‐kindled/PHT‐treated mice through a mechanism that might be related to the reduction of P‐GP expression in the brain.
Posterior pole asymmetry analysis and retinal thickness measurements in young relatives of glaucoma patients
Authors: Pekel Gökhan , Acer Semra , Yağcı Ramazan , Kaya Hüseyin , Özbakış Fatih , Bahar Alperen , Çetin Ebru Nevin 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe presence of a family history of glaucoma is a known risk factor for primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) in middle‐aged and older individuals. In this study, our aim was to demonstrate possible early glaucomatous alterations in young first‐ and second‐degree relatives of POAG patients by spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography. A total of 104 participants (52 relatives of POAG patients and 52 healthy individuals) were recruited in this cross‐sectional study. All the participants were between 17 years and 45 years of age. All eyes underwent testing with spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, hemifield macular thickness, macular ganglion cell complex thickness, posterior pole asymmetry analysis, and retinal arteriolar caliber measurements were taken for comparison between the study and control groups. The mean peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was 104.9 ± 8.8 μm in the study group and 105.6 ± 7.4 μm in the control group (p = 0.68). Although whole macular thickness measurements were higher in the control group when compared with the study group (p = 0.008), the macular ganglion cell complex thickness was similar in both groups (p = 0.87). The posterior pole asymmetry analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between the groups in the aspect of consecutive black squares (p = 0.79). The mean retinal arteriolar caliber was 85.9 ± 4.8 μm in the study group and 86.0 ± 5.0 μm in the control group (p = 0.90). In conclusion, young relatives of POAG patients do not show characteristic glaucomatous damage when compared with the controls.
The role of the emergency medical dispatch centre (EMDC) and prehospital emergency care safety: results from an incident report (IR) system
Authors: Mortaro Alberto , Pascu Diana , Zerman Tamara , Vallaperta Enrico , Schönsberg Alberto , Tardivo Stefano , Pancheri Serena , Romano Gabriele , Moretti Francesca 
Published: July 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe role of the emergency medical dispatch centre (EMDC) is essential to ensure coordinated and safe prehospital care. The aim of this study was to implement an incident report (IR) system in prehospital emergency care management with a view to detecting errors occurring in this setting and guiding the implementation of safety improvement initiatives.MethodsAn ad hoc IR form for the prehospital setting was developed and implemented within the EMDC of Verona. The form included six phases (from the emergency call to hospital admission) with the relevant list of potential error modes (30 items). This descriptive observational study considered the results from 268 consecutive days between February and November 2010.ResultsDuring the study period, 161 error modes were detected. The majority of these errors occurred in the resource allocation and timing phase (34.2%) and in the dispatch phase (31.0%). Most of the errors were due to human factors (77.6%), and almost half of them were classified as either moderate (27.9%) or severe (19.9%). These results guided the implementation of specific corrective actions, such as the adoption of a more efficient Medical Priority Dispatch System and the development of educational initiatives targeted at both EMDC staff and the population.ConclusionsDespite the intrinsic limits of IR methodology, results suggest how the implementation of an IR system dedicated to the emergency prehospital setting can act as a major driver for the development of a “learning organization” and improve both efficacy and safety of first aid care.