bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthodontics and Prosthodontics—A Common Basis for Diagnosis, Treatment Planning and Research
Authors: L'Estrange P. R. 
Published: December 2014

With a dentate patient parameters are clearly defined. In the absence of pre-extraction data the prosthetic restoration of an edentulous patient can present considerable difficulty. Failure on the part of the individual to adapt to prosthetic treatment may in many instances be attributable to errors in diagnosis and treatment planning. An appreciation of the range of variation of hard and soft-tissue morphology in the population is a necessary Pre-requisite to successful long-term treatment. An attempt is made in this paper to show the common basis which exists between orthodontics and prosthetic dentistry in aspects of diagnosis. The application of concepts Well established in orthodontics to prosthetic treatment is discussed in addition to possible avenues of joint research between the two specialities of dentistry.
Health and Safety at Work in Orthodontic Practice
Authors: Lawrence Alan J. , Mordecai Robert M. 
Published: December 2014

Health and safety is now of major importance in general and specialist dental practice. Risk assessment and management is essential to ensure that practices are healthy and safe for staff, patients and visitors. Practitioners are required to do all that is reasonably practicable to ensure this. At the same time there is also the need to keep practising costs at an economic level. To comply requires a sound working knowledge of the law and regulations. It also involves turning general policies into specific surgery procedures that prevent accidents and promote good practice. Six new sets of regulations on health, safety and welfare were introduced in 1993 in the U K that brings us into step with matching regulations throughout The European Community. The general requirements, the new regulations and their background are discussed in the first of a two part article. Many of the specific problems related to orthodontic practice are discussed in the second article. Many problems can be addressed inexpensively by modifying working practice but this will need to involve the whole dental team.
Crystal Bonding—An Adhesive System with a Future?
Authors: Knox J. , Jones M. L. 
Published: December 2014

The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate the crystal bonding technique and to: (1) study the effect on crystal size, coverage, and morphology of altering the concentration of lithium sulphate in a crystal growth solution; (2) investigate the potential for reattachment of brackets, following the use of the crystal growth technique; (3) assess the deterioration of the crystal growth conditioning solution with time; (4) investigate the influence of polyacrylic acid enamel pretreatment on the bond strength subsequently achieved with the crystal growth technique; and (5) confirm that the use of crystal growth solutions to attach orthodontic brackets, results in minimal enamel surface change on debond when compared to the acid etch technique. The results of the study suggest that altering the lithium sulphate concentration of the crystal growth solution results in little alteration in the size, morphology, and coverage of crystal produced. The crystal growth technique allows reattachment of orthodontic brackets with no obvious deterioration in bond strength and the crystal growth solution shows little deterioration in performance after storage for 2 years. However, the hope that the use of the crystal growth technique might be a routine and valid alternative to the acid etch technique could not be confirmed.
Developmental Changes in Alignment of the Lower Labial Segment
Authors: Lundy H. James , Richardson Margaret E. 
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in lower incisor alignment at various developmental stages, from the time of eruption to the established permanent dentition and to try to predict the degree of crowding in the permanent dentition from that observed at earlier developmental stages. Forty-eight subjects (20 male, 28 female) with intact mandibular arches were selected from the Belfast growth study records. The lower incisor space condition was measured at each of four developmental stages: (1) initial eruption of the lower permanent incisors; (2) initial eruption of the permanent canines; (3) initial eruption of the second molars; (4) 3 years after eruption of the second molars. Differences in lower incisor space condition between each developmental stage were investigated and correlation analyses between the space conditions at each stage were carried out. On average, crowding of the lower incisors decreased to a statistically significant degree (—0·9 mm) between stages 1 and 2, and increased between stages 3 and 4 (0·4 mm). Significant correlation coefficients between space condition at each developmental stage were found, but were considered unreliable as predictors of lower incisor crowding in the mature dentition.
Individualized Catenary Curves: Their Relationship to Arch Form and Perimeter
Authors: Battagel Joanna M. 
Published: December 2014

Study casts of the lower arches of 35 children in whom arch alignment was considered acceptable, were examined using a reflex microscope. Arch perimeter was calculated mathematically from a method which required measurement of the mesio-distal widths of the teeth only. This was described as the ‘overlap’ method. Arch perimeter was also calculated using individualized catenary curves for each subject. Two calculations were made, recording arch width either at the distal contact points of the first permanent molars or between their mesio-buccal cusps. Arch perimeter measured from the length of the catenary curves was consistently shorter than that calculted by the overlap method. The variation ranged from 0·02 to 4·58 mm. The catenary constructed using the distal molar contacts gave a better representation of the actual arch form: the mean discrepancy was 2·36 mm, compared with 2·86 mm with the second method where arch width was measured between mesio-buccal cusps. Both techniques for calculation of arch perimeter were heghly reproducible. The catenary curve only approximated arch form well when the arch was relatively narrow across the inter canine region. For square arches this method was unsatisfactory. It is suggested that alternative techniques would be more reliable and the overlap method desribed here is considered satisfactory.
Lesions of the Mandibular Condyle in Juvenile Chronic Arthritis
Authors: Pearson Michafl H. , Rönning Olli 
Published: December 2014

A total of 371 serial dental panoramic radiographs from 71 children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) were examined to determine the presence and extent of radiographically detectable condylar abnormalities. The series included 12 children with so called ‘bird face’ deformity and 55 in whom facial growth was judged to be normal. By the age of 15 years, 27 patents (38 per cent), showed lesions of the TMJ, of which 14 (55 per cent) were bilateral. Of those cases with unilateral destruction, the left condyle was affected nine times more frequently than the right. All of the children with ‘bird face’ deformity had condylar abnormality, but these facial characteristics should not be condidered pathognomomic of juventile chronic arthritis. Moderate to severe condylar abnormality was detectable in 10·9 per cent of children with normal facial growth, and where condylar destruction is present it can often be established as early as 8 years. Systemic corticosteroids appear to have little or no effect on the condyle or mandibular growth.
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: Fact Not Fiction
Authors: Battagel Joanna M. 
Published: December 2014

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a recognized clinical disorder in which periods of cessation of breathing occur in the presence of inspiratory effort. Because this may have serious cardio-vascular and pulmonary consequences, diagnosis, and adequate treatment are important. Apart from its medical repercussions, OSA adversely affects the quality of life of both the sufferer and his family. This paper aims to give an overview of the complaint, defining and describing the disorder, reporting its signs and symptoms, and discussing its diagnosis and treatment. Particular attention will be given to those areas in which the orthodontist may play an active role.
In vitro Measurement of Enamel Demineralization in the Assessment of Fluoride-leaching Orthodontic Bonding Agents
Authors: Kindelan J. D. 
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to measure in vitro demineralization around orthodontic brackets, bonded with five different bonding agents. Two conventional bonding agents, two fluoride-leaching agents, and a glass ionomer were tested. A sixth group utilized a fluoride varnish after bonding. The amount of dissolved enamel mineral was determined from increases in the phosphorus concentration in the demineralizing solution and measurements were made over a 4 week period. The results confirmed that when fluoride is present in the form of a fluoride-leaching bonding agent or a fluoride varnish, resistance to demineralization is enhanced. Analysis of variance showed that Ketac-cem®, Concise® with Duraphat, and Pulpdent O.B.A.® performed statistically significantly better than Concise®, Bond-fast®, and Rely-a-bond®, in resisting enamel demineralization.
Growth of the Maxilla in Three Dimensions as Revealed Radiographically by the Implant Method
Authors: Björk A. , Skieller V. 
Published: December 2014

By use of the implant method the growth of the maxilla was analysed from profile and frontal (postero-anterior) cephalometric radiographs in nine boys with normal primary occlusion who were followed annually up to adult age without receiving any orthodontic treatment. The proportion of sutural and appositional growth in height was determined from profile radiographs with reference to implants in the infrazygomatic crest. The sutural lowering of the maxillary corpus was, on average, about twice as big as the apposition at the floor of the orbits. The resorptive lowering of the nasal floor amounted to about one-third of the appositional growth in height of the alveolar process. Our study suggests that the contour of the anterior surface of the zygomatic process could be used as a reference structure in growth analysis as this contour kept a constant relation to implants in the infrazygomatic crest and closely followed the natural growth rotation of the maxilla. In relation to the implants, the dentition as a whole drifted forward on the maxillary corpus, simultaneously with a smaller decrease in arch length which was partly related to a differentiated development in width of the maxilla. Measurements between bilateral implants on frontal radiographs proved that the growth in the median suture was greater posteriorly than anteriorly, whereby the two halves of the maxilla rotate in relation to each other in the transverse plane. This was reflected in the development of the dental arch as the increase in the bi-molar width showed a high correlation with the sutural growth posteriorly in the medium suture, while the increase in the bi-canine width was lesser. The forward drift of the dental arch led to a reduction in incisor spacing, which may give rise to an incisal secondary crowding.
The Calculation of Pressure in the Tissues Resulting from Torsional Forces
Authors: Steyn C. L. , Verwoerd W. S. 
Published: December 2014

A formula is described by means of which, on the basis of certain simplifying assumptions, the actual pressure at any point on the root surface of a tooth, subjected to torsional force, can be calculated. Calculations of pressures delivered by different mechanisms are presented. Although these calculations were based on average tooth measurements, individual calculations are possible by measuring a particular tooth on an accurate radiograph.
Respiratory Function in Relation to Facial Morphology and the Dentition
Authors: Linder-Aronson S. 
Published: December 2014

The findings are based on a study of 81 mouth-breathing patients with hypertrophic adenoid vegetations where adenoidectomy was performed. These patients have been compared with a similar number of control cases with the same sex and ages but without any nasal obstruction problems. A 5-year follow-up study on the same material has also been carried out. The results have shown that Children who had difficulties in nasal breathing were characterized by increases in both the lower and total facial heights; the sagittal depth of the bony nasopharynx was less; the tongue had a lower position; the upper arch was narrow; the upper and lower incisors were retroclined; the palatal vault was of normal height; there was a cross-bite or tendency towards cross-bite, a tendency towards open bite and normal antero-posterior relationship between upper and lower jaws. After adenoidectomy there was a normalization of the inclination of the upper and lower incisors, of the upper arch width, of the sagittal depth of the bony nasopharynx and of the inclination of the mandibular plane to the maxilla. The mechanism behind these changes is discussed. The results support the theory that disturbed nasal respiration can affect both facial morphology and the dentition.
Variation in Cephalometric Reference Lines
Authors: Foster T. D. , Howat A. P. , Naish P. J. 
Published: December 2014

The use of intracephalic reference lines in cephalometric assessment is valid only if these lines bear some constant relationship to the true horizontal and to each other. Otherwise, the use of a true horizontal would give the benefit that cephalometric assessment would be based on the same standards as clinical judgment. In using a true horizontal, however, the radiograph must be taken with the head in a reproducible natural posture. A study was carried out to assess the reproducibility of a natural head posture using a simple positioning method in a standard cephalostat, and to assess the variation in the relationship of the sella-nasion, Frankfort, maxillary and mandibular reference lines, to a true horizontal and to each other. Though in their mean inclinations the Frankfort and the maxillary reference lines were almost parallel to each other and to the true horizontal, the range of variation for all the reference lines was considerable. The range of variation in the reference lines was greater than the error of reproduction of head position, and the range of variation of the slope of the mandibular line was no greater than that for the slope of each of the other three lines. The sella-nasion line was reproduced more accurately that the other reference lines, using a digitizer. The possibilities of a simple cephalometric analysis based on a true horizontal are outlined.
Recent Graduate Opinion on Orthodontic Training
Authors: Pender N. 
Published: December 2014

A study was undertaken to assess the views of recent graduates on the undergraduate orthodontic curriculum. The opinions of dental graduates qualified since 1968 from The Welsh National School of Medicine, the University of Birmingham and the University of London were acquired by postal questionnaire. The three samples were in close agreement in the majority of data supplied. A close relationship existed with Central Government figures, where these were available. General Dental Practitioners were found to treat a small and diminishing proportion of the orthodontic case load in the General Dental Services. The Advice Service has a limited application. Consultants acquire small numbers of patients from many sources, whilst practitioners limited to orthodontics receive larger numbers of patients from fewer sources. The undergraduate course was considered to be too short and lacking emphasis on complex therapy. Chairside, small group teaching on a greater variety of cases might improve diagnostic ability at the expense of a reduced individual case load.
Misleading Classification of Isomers and Stereoisomers in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Fujita Shinsaku 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
The conventional schemes for classifying isomers are clarified to suffer from serious confusion, because they are misleadingly based on the pairing of stereoisomers and “constitutional isomers” and the pairing of enantiomers and “diastereomers.” The misleading features are demonstrated in detail by critically examining isomers of dihalobenzenes, cycloalkanes, 2,3,4-trihydroxyglutaric acids, and pentanols as representative examples. The serious confusion is concluded to stem from disregard for the concepts of equivalence relationships and equivalence classes. The conventional definitions of an isomeric relationship, a stereoisomeric relationship, and an enantiomeric relationship are revised respectively to connote a self-isomeric relationship, a self-stereoisomeric relationship, and a self-enantiomeric relationship. Thereby, these relationships are capable of working up to equivalence relationships, which generate equivalence classes of isomers, stereoisomers, and enantiomers. An isoskeletomeric relationship is proposed as an additional equivalence relationship, which generates an equivalence class of isoskeletomers. A new flowchart of classifying isomers is devised on the basis of these equivalence relationships. On the other hand, the term “constitutionally-isomeric” is replaced by the term constitutionally-anisomeric to emphasize the nature of an inequivalence relationship, i.e., the difference nature at which the relationship aims. The term “constitutionally-isomeric” and the plural form “constitutional isomers” are permitted only for the purpose of characterizing 2D structural formulas. The terms skeletally-anisomeric and diastereomeric are also used as inequivalence relationships. The plural form “diastereomers” is permitted if a reference molecular entity is given to be fixed, but its easy usage should be avoided because they do not mean equivalence classes.
Latex Polymer/Super Growth-Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites with High Electroconductivity Fabricated by Wet Processing
Authors: Shigeta Masahiro , Endo Tomoko , Kondo Yui , Uejima Mitsugu , Okada Susumu , Kaneko Kenji , Nakashima Naotoshi 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
Acrylonitrile–butadiene rubbers (NBR) have been widely used in many industrial applications due to their very low cost and high performance. In this study, we focus on the fabrication of NBR/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites using surfactant dispersed super-growth SWNTs (SG-SWNTs) as the nanocarbon, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for comparison. We found that the prepared NBR (15 wt %)/SG-SWNT composite showed a 10 S cm−1 conductance, which was much higher than that of the NBR (15 wt %)/MWNT composite. Such a high value would be due to the good dispersion of the/SG-SWNTs in the rubber matrix.
Emergence of Highly Elaborated π-Space and Extending Its Functionality Based on Nanocarbons: New Vistas in the Fullerene World
Authors: Yamada Michio , Akasaka Takeshi 
Published: December 2014

Abstract
How the electronic properties and chemical reactivity of empty fullerenes can be changed upon endohedral metal-doping? How the dynamic behavior and position of encapsulated metal atoms can be controlled? How its functionality can be extended by chemical treatments? We have addressed all aspects of endohedral metallofullerenes, including the synthesis, isolation, structure, chemical properties, and theoretical considerations and their applications in the related fields to answer these questions.
Can student mental health nurses be prepared for medicines management?
Authors: Hemingway Steve 
Published: December 2014

Aim This paper reports on an evaluation of the Medicines with Respect project, which implemented a stepped approach to education and training in medicines management (MM) for mental health nurses (MHNs). Method In the retrospective qualitative study, nine MHNs were interviewed to gain their perceptions of the MM training they received at university and to find out if it still had relevance. Results Content analysis of the interview data revealed that overall the participants valued the theoretical and practical learning strategies they experienced, although criticisms relating to all aspects of the education and training were reported. The participants also reported that the approach prepared them for clinical practice as registered nurses. Such an approach may also build the capacity of MHNs to develop as prescribers.
Cytogenetic and Flow Cytometry Evaluation of Richter Syndrome Reveals MYC, CDKN2A, IGH Alterations With Loss of CD52, CD62L and Increase of CD71 Antigen Expression as the Most Frequent Recurrent Abnormalities
Authors: Woroniecka Renata , Rymkiewicz Grzegorz , Grygalewicz Beata , Błachnio Katarzyna , Rygier Jolanta , Jarmuż-Szymczak Małgorzata , Ratajczak Błażej , Pieńkowska-Grela Barbara 
Published: December 2014

Abstract

Objectives:
Richter syndrome (RS) is a transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) into high-grade lymphoma. There are only limited data on flow cytometry (FCM) and cytogenetics in RS.

Methods:
In this study, FCM, classic cytogenetics (CC), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed in eight RS cases.

Results:
Most cases of RS were characterized by a loss/decrease of CD52 and CD62L and increased CD71 expression. CC identified complex karyotypes, with losses of 9/9p and 17/17p as the most frequent in four of seven cases. Seven RS cases demonstrated MYC abnormalities. Disruptions of CDKN2A and IGH were identified in five of seven and four of seven RS cases, respectively.

Conclusions:
Newly diagnosed RS is an oncologic emergency, and a quick diagnostic decision is crucial in clinical practice. Therefore, in patients with CLL/SLL and rapidly enlarging asymmetric lymphadenopathy and/or extranodal tumors, we strongly advise FCM of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) material, including CD62L, CD52, and CD71 analysis as well as assessment of karyotype and at least MYC abnormalities by FISH of the same FNAB material. Loss of CD52 expression in RS most likely predicts resistance to alemtuzumab therapy, which is frequently used in CLL.
Emprego de métodos de apoio multicritério à decisão para seleção de uma escola de idiomas
Authors: Velasco Mileine Henriques Elias , Freitas André Luís Policani 
Published: December 2014

Atualmente, o interesse das organizações por profissionais que dominam mais de um idioma tem sido cada vez maior. Neste cenário, a escolha de uma escola de idiomas tem sido um dos problemas decisórios mais comuns, muitas vezes realizada em função de informações boca-a-boca, ações de marketing das escolas e experimentações sem critérios. Desejando contribuir para este problema, este artigo apresenta um estudo no qual foram empregados dois métodos de apoio à tomada de decisão (AHP e Média Ponderada) com o objetivo de escolher uma escola de idiomas. Para tanto, foram considerados o grau de importância de critérios relativos ao problema e o grau de satisfação de estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação em relação às escolas de idiomas que frequentavam. A escola de idiomas mais bem ordenada foi a mesma em ambos os métodos de AMD, embora algumas escolas tenham obtido posições diferentes. Foi constatado que a análise com o método AHP é mais rica e elaborada do que com a Média Ponderada. Porém, a grande quantidade de julgamentos paritários necessária ao estudo demandou atenção e significativo esforço cognitivo do decisor, além de maior tempo para realização das análises - aspectos que podem favorecer a preferência pelo uso da Média Ponderada em estudos similares.