bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicity of Dispersants and Dispersed Oil To An Alaskan Marine Organism
Authors: Rhoton Sara L. , Perkins Robert A. , Richter Zachary D. , Behr-Andres Christina , Lindstrom Jon E. , Braddock Joan F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) conducted toxicity assays on Alaskan tanner crab larvae (Chionoecetes bairdi) using the oil dispersant Corexit 9500, Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil, and dispersed ANS crude oil. These tests were conducted in Seward, Alaska using filtered saltwater at ambient temperature (6°C) and salinity (35%c). Similar toxicity assays were conducted at UAF on the reference species Mysidopsis bahia and Menidia beryllina under standard testing conditions (25°C and 20%c salinity). The methods used for these tests were developed by the Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Research Forum (CROSERF) and involve both continuous and spiked (declining concentration) exposure testing regimes.
Toxicity data, expressed as EC50, were calculated using the defined response of “Affected,” as the typical response was decreased phototatic response; death as an endpoint was not often observed. The larvae were evaluated and placed into the following categories: Alive, Affected, Mortally Affected, and Dead. Results suggest that the tanner crab larvae are generally more resistant (EC50 = 355 mg/L) than M. beryllina (LC50 = 205 mg/L) and less resistant than M. bahia (LC50 = 622 mg/L) to dispersant solutions under spiked exposure.
The Toxicity of Oil-Contaminated Sediments During Bioremediation of a Wetland
Authors: Mueller Danica C. , Bonner James S. , Autenrieth Robin L. , Lee Kenneth , Doe Kenneth 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Inorganic nutrients were applied to oiled wetland sediments during an experiment to assess the effect of enhanced bioremediation on petroleum degradation and toxicity reduction. For a period of 6 months after the controlled application of oil to experimental plots, oiled wetland sediment samples were tested for acute toxicity. The three treatments evaluated were an oiled control, inorganic nutrient addition, and inorganic nutrient addition plus an alternate electron acceptor. Sediment toxicity was assessed using Microtox® and amphipod bioassays. The Microtox® 100% Test detected significant sediment toxicity up to 29 days after oil and treatment application while the Solid-Phase Test detected significant sediment toxicity up to Day 15. The Microtox 100%® Test showed elevated toxicity on Day 8 for nutrient plus alternate electron acceptor plots and reduced toxicity on Day 15 for nutrient plots, relative to oiled controls. The observed decrease in sediment toxicity from the Microtox® assays correlated with petroleum losses. Oiled sediments were initially highly toxic to amphipods with average mortality rates ranging from 86 to 92%. Amphipod mortality decreased significantly 71 days after treatment to between 47 and 28%. However, a significant increase in mortality was observed at Day 140 in plots receiving nutrient amendments, possibly due to elevated ammonia levels.
Summary of Spill Events In Canada 1984–1995
Authors: Cloutier Gilles , Boersma Dora , Charlebois Patricia , Hazra Asit , Lau Carol , Thakur Raj 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In November 1998, Environment Canada published a report called “Summary of Spill Events in Canada, 1984–1995.” The report provides a detailed analysis of spill information gathered from several agencies across the country. The poster includes the following:Statistical analysis and spill trends presented as a series of graphs that explore spills for seven key industry sectors, and that look at the sources, causes, and reasons of spills, as well as the distribution of spills sizes.Trends over the 12-year period, that show spill frequency and volume over time. A key finding is that the quality of spill reporting, as measured by median spill size in Canada, has steadily progressed throughout the period.
Selecting a Preferred Restoration Alternative for the Julie N Oil Spill
Authors: Reilly Timothy J. , Csulak Frank , Van Cott Paul 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The selection of preferred restoration alternatives during the restoration planning phase of a natural resource damage assessment occurs through the implementation of a multifaceted process. This process requires identifying the nature and extent of resources injured by an oil spill; identifying appropriate restoration alternatives which address the resources injured, scaling the restoration alternatives to quantified injuries and selecting the most appropriate restoration option(s) for implementation with appropriate public participation.
The Trustee Council for the Julie N oil spill, occurring in Portland Harbor, Maine, on September 27, 1996, is currently undergoing this process. This paper presents the major activities associated with selecting the preferred restoration options, and offers lessons learned to date, regarding the implementation of this process.
Integration Use of GIS and Web-GIS for the Oil-Spill Incident Making Use of Some Lessons from the Nakhodka Oil-Spill Disaster in January 1997
Authors: Goto Shintaro , Oyama Hayato 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This research deals with a Web-GIS application to prevent nearshore damage from environmental disaster such as the Nakhodka oil spill, which occurred on January 2, 1997, in the Sea of Japan.
In the Nakhodka oil-spill disaster, information was provided from various places to the Internet, as the oil moved north in the Sea of Japan. However, the character-based information was updated hour by hour during the event, so it was difficult to unify the data. Moreover, considering that information was needed by a total of 770,000 volunteers gathered for oil-spill restoration, it was important to transfer the information on the incident in a timely manner. In such a situation, software, which could offer information on management of the nearshore environment, was needed. The authors constructed the Web-GIS to offer information linked to a map on the World Wide Web using CGI (Common Gateway Interface).
In a situation such as the nearshore region in Japan, which is controlled by two or more organizations, this system was effective in unifying information about the disaster. Moreover, because there is the possibility that many people in various fields would take part in damage prevention from an environmental disaster like the Nakhodka oil spill, Web-GIS can offer and standardize the information for various organizations. and integral use of GIS in the client server and Web-GIS can offer many domestic information to the decision maker in the oil-spill incident including the political judgement.
Improving Communication Through Public Relations Research1
Authors: Milbury Jim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Public affairs programs often communicate with their customers, or publics, in simply one direction. During a pollution incident press releases are generated and sent to the news media, corporate executives give positive sound bites for the evening news, and reporters' questions are answered. Evidence of whether the response and cleanup was successful is typically evaluated by the slant of the television or newspaper reports. However, public opinion may radically differ with what is being reported. It is important, therefore, to have a public relations methodology established to directly measure public opinion. It is especially important to measure a “baseline” opinion before an incident occurs that will help determine the variance of public perception in your community and clearly determine if, and by how much, your corporate image has been damaged or improved. This paper will offer usable suggestions of how to measure, both quantitatively and qualitatively, public opinion.
Training and Technical Progression: “A Synergistic Success”
Authors: Linderman Ken , Glover Nick 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Today's jobs in the spill response industry require a combination of a various technical skills and training to ensure an appropriate level of readiness is maintained. In addition, dedicated spill response team members must exhibit a combination of “soft skills,” such as leadership, communication, and teamwork, in order to sustain effective spill response operations.
In pursuit of a comprehensive system for measuring, tracking and developing these attributes, Alaska Clean Seas developed a “Technician Progression Program” that provides the spill response technicians meaningful standards and a guide to develop these skills.
As a result, the program sustains a priority for safety, builds personnel competencies, ensures regulatory compliance, and provides a clear and measurable path for technician advancement and organizational growth.
Optimizing Hydraulic Cleaning Techniques for Oiled Coarse Sediment Beaches: Meso-Scale Field Trials
Authors: Mauseth Gary , Erickson Gerald , Sergy Gary , Blenkinsopp Sandra 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The objectives of this ongoing study are to: (1) determine the biological effects on intertidal biota associated with the use of hydraulic cleaning techniques, and (2) develop data on environmentally optimum combinations of hydraulic cleaning parameters for use by oil spill responders. This report presents the initial results of the meso-scale field trials phase of the project. Hydraulic cleaning parameters examined in the meso-scale field trials were: (1) water pressures from deluge to approximately 10.0 psi (69.0 kPa), (2) water temperatures from ambient to 60°C. In 1997, groups of colonized cobbles were collected from a donor beach in Lizzie Cove on Hunter Island, British Columbia, dosed with Bunker C fuel oil, and treated at various combinations of water pressure and temperature. Species monitored included the algae Fucus spp. and Mastocarpus papillatus; the barnacle Balarus glandula, limpets (Lottiidae) and snails (Littorina spp.). Un-treated oiled and unoiled controls were also established. The treated and control sets of cobbles were returned to the original donor beach and allowed to recover subject to natural environmental conditions, including predation and recruitment. Biological observations of abundance and mortality were made immediately post-treatment (48 to 72 hours) and 1 year post-treatment. These data were then statistically compared within treatment groups, between years and to control cobble data. Among the main findings of the meso-scale field trials were: (1) greater mortality at all treatment levels 1 year post-treatment for Fucus spp., Balanus glandula, Lottiidae and Littorina spp. (with some exceptions), than seen immediately post-treatment. Trends in the data over increasing temperatures and pressures seen immediately post-treatment are not apparent 1 year post-treatment; (2) dramatic increases in the percent coverage of Mastocarpus papillatus were observed 1 year post-treatment as compared with pre-treatment coverage, including the unoiled control; (3) 1 year post-treatment, no significant differences were seen between mortalities in the various treatment combinations and the untreated, oiled control for Fucus spp. and Balanus glandula; and (4) preliminary evidence exists that pressure washing of oiled cobbles at high pressures and temperatures has negative effects on recruitment in Balanus glandula.
Sorbents for Oil and Chemical Spills: Development of Methodology To Assess Environmental Impact
Authors: Fejes Jonas , Zetterberg Anne , Andersson Stefan , Svenson Anders 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Today it is impossible for a sorbent user to choose a sorbent with the lowest or acceptable environmental impact for his application—especially if he wants to know the total impact from production to disposal of the sorbent. The aim is to develop a method that gives information about the environmental impact from all phases of a sorbent's life cycle.
The first experiments within the project are being performed to evaluate the assessment of ecotoxicological tests on leachate from pure sorbent. The tests are: Microtox (bacteria), algae, potworm, plant, crustacean, and zebra fish. Further the influence of different leaching parameters has been studied with regards to their toxic response with Microtox. This has been accomplished by using a fractional factorial design and from the results a methodology for leaching pure sorbents has been developed. Some of the tests are still being performed whereas it is too early to make an evaluation of all of the results, but as expected some tests like Microtox, algae, and zebra fish rank the sorbents differently after toxicity. The plant tests did not show any toxicity.
The multivariate study of the influence of leaching parameters on the toxic response shows that the influential parameters differ with different sorbents. The parameters showed both individual and interaction effects.
Maintaining Ecosystem Integrity Using Geographic-Specific Tactical Response Plans
Authors: Lederer Cynthia A. , Kichner Jerzy J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
There were approximately 7,900 oil spills reported to the United States Coast Guard (USCG) totaling 410,000 gallons in the navigable waterways of the United States in 1997. The USCG acts as the Federal On-Scene Coordinator for coastal oil spills and is responsible for ensuring an environmental and economic balanced oil clean up operation. The majority of oil spill responses are reactive in nature and driven by the need to remove the oil from the environment expeditiously in concurrence with public expectations. In a reactive response the primary focus is on the removal of oil with less emphasis on the ecosystem integrity of an area due to time constraints. A proactive response is an environmentally driven response, which is referred to as an “environmental response.” An environmental response is accomplished utilizing Geographic-Specific Tactical Response Plans (GSTRPs) to select response options based on area specific environmental concerns. Essential to the effective use of this system is the identification and prioritization of environmentally sensitive areas and the designation of divisions prior to an oil spill. The GSTRPs compile information in the Area Contingency Plan (ACP) into a tactical field resource document. The required information in the ACPs have turned them into a cumulative response database. The GSTRPs balance the environment and maritime commerce by providing a field tool, which identifies area specific biological, ecological, physical, chemical, archaeo-cultural, and socio-economic concerns. The information in these plans allows minimal oversight and decreases the time spent on decision making during the first 24 hours of a response. This tool is reality-based for required resources, protection strategies, and area size. It was developed specifically for use in the Incident Command System and is effectively an Incident Action Plan for the first crucial hours of oil spill response operations.
Oil Spill Recovery Methods for Inlets, Rivers, and Canals
Authors: Wong Kau-Fui Vincent , Kusijanovic Ivo P. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The objective of this research is to design and test a boom arrangement that will have a collection efficiency which is better than that of simple booms. The design arrangement consisted of a ramp at an angle to the water level and of a set of five simple booms, not all with the same skirt-lengths. The variable parameters in the boom geometry tested were the angle of attack of the ramp and the horizontal separation of the ramp from the other booms. Tests were done at two different velocities. There was enough data for the flow velocity of 1.3 ft/s (2.8 knots) to derive correlations between these geometry variables and the oil collection efficiency. From the experiments in the open channel apparatus it was found that this boom arrangement was quite effective, collecting around 98% of the spilled oil when the angle of attack and horizontal separation reached their optimum values. The analysis shows a projected maximum collection efficiency of 99%. The experiments also showed that four simple booms are more than adequate, with the last one having a longer skirt.
Coastal High Marsh Oil Spill Cleanup By Burning: 5-Year Evaluation
Authors: Hyde Larry J. , Withers Kim , Tunnell J.W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On 7 January 1992, rupture of an underground oil transfer pipeline spilled 2,950 barrels of South Texas light crude oil (API gravity 37) into a high salt-marsh environment along Chiltipin Creek near Bayside, San Patricio County, Texas. The designated state On-Scene Coordinator, the Texas General Land Office (TGLO), after coordination with other resource agencies, authorized in situ burning as the primary cleanup technique. Plant frequencies, plant biomass, and hydrocarbon levels in impacted and control areas were monitored between October 1992 and January 1998. Despite severe initial damage, most of the impacted area was revegetated within the first two growing seasons. However, significant differences in vegetation patterns between the two areas continued to exist in January 1998. Linear regression of plant frequency data gives a predicted recovery in the year 2007 (14–15 years post-burn). Plant biomass in the impacted area approximated levels in the control area after only 2 years. Hydrocarbon concentrations in the impacted area remained high after 3 years, but a strong correlation to vegetation patterns over time was not apparent. Results of this study supports the hypothesis that use of in situ burning as a response tool has distinct advantages over other countermeasures.
Smart: Scientific Monitoring of Advanced Response Technologies
Authors: Barnea Nir , Laferriere Roger 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
SMART (Scientific Monitoring of Advanced Response Technologies) is a new monitoring program designed to provide the Unified Command with real-time field data when in situ burning and dispersants are used during oil spill response.
For dispersant monitoring, SMART recommends a three-tiered approach. Tier I has visual observation by trained observers from vessels or from aerial platforms. Tier II combines visual observations with water-column sampling using a fluorometer at a single depth. Tier III expands the fluorometry monitoring to several water depths, and uses a water-quality lab. Water samples for later analysis and correlation of fluorometry readings are taken both in Tier II and Tier III.
For in situ burning, SMART recommends deploying three or more monitoring teams, each equipped with a real-time particulate monitor with data-logging capability. The teams deploy downwind of the burn at sensitive locations, and report particulate concentration trends to the Unified Command.
In Situ Burning Wave Tank Tests at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska1
Authors: Buist Ian , McCourt James , Mullin Joseph V. , Glover Nick W. , Hutton Charlene , McHale Jim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A series of research burns was carried out in the fall of 1997 in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, in a new wave tank purpose-built for oil spill research and training. These tests were the culmination of a 3-year research project by Alaska Clean Seas (ACS) and S.L. Ross into the effects of oil type, emulsification, temperature and waves on in situ burning in Arctic open water conditions. The 1997 experimental program involved conducting mid-scale burns with fresh and weathered Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Milne Pt. crude oils and emulsion slicks in waves, including tests involving the addition of emulsion breakers. Emulsion breakers are surface active chemicals which are added at very low dosages (1:500 to 1:5000) to petroleum emulsions to promote separation of the emulsion into discrete oil and water phases.
Fish and Wildlife Recovery Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Wiens John A. , Brannon Ernest L. , Garshelis David L. , Burns John , Hoover-Miller Anne A. , Day Robert H. , Johnson Charles B. , Murphy Stephen M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The authors review studies of four taxa—pink salmon, sea otters, harbor seals, and several species of sea-birds—widely believed to have suffered severe impacts from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. These studies were conducted over a 10-year post-spill period and included pre-spill information where possible. They demonstrated earlier suggestions of negative impacts may have been unfounded (harbor seals) or the species either exhibited no obvious detrimental effects from the spill (pink salmon population runs, population density and habitat occupancy of half the 23 seabird species examined) or indicated impacts followed by clear evidence of subsequent recovery (sea otters, the remaining seabird species). These species' apparent resilience to perturbations such as oil spills may be related to these ecosystems' high natural variability. Evaluating spill effects is enhanced by long-term studies that recognize the natural variability of marine environments and use a rigorous study design. The results of such studies also must be interpreted objectively, free of preconceptions about spill effects and divorced from advocacy positions.
In Situ Burning: After-Action Review1(Successful Burn 48 Hours After Discharge)
Authors: Clark Tricia , Martin Robert D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A spill in May 1997, forced responders to think “outside the box” and utilize ingenuity and skills learned from previous experiences. The Region VI RRT Guidelines for In-shore/Near-shore In Situ Burn, while providing the framework for the plan, had to be modified on site to meet the special parameters this spill presented.Responders had not had previous opportunities to burn this type of environment and were not sure what type of successes to expect.The initial burn was to be conducted well outside of what is normally considered the window of opportunity for in situ burning.PM-10 monitors were to be utilized to monitor smoke plume fallout particle size.It was determined by the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) that RRT approval was not necessary and deferred to the consensus among state agencies having jurisdiction.
This response indicates inland/nearshore burns will continue to be utilized as a response tool and points to the need for ongoing evaluations and adjustments to pre-approvals and guidance documents responders utilize.
Past In Situ Burning Possibilities
Authors: Yoshioka Gary , Wong Eva , Grossman Beverly , Drake Wendy , Urban Robert W. , Hudon Tom , Hiltabrand Robert R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This study evaluates the feasibility of conducting in situ burning (ISB) on past major oil spills (i.e., spills since 1967 over 10,000 barrels in North America and over 50,000 barrels in South America and Europe) using current technology. A diverse set of 141 spills representing various combinations of parameters affecting spill response (e.g., spill size, oil type, weather conditions, sea temperature, and geographic location) initially were evaluated using four “Phase I” criteria: distance to populated area, oil weathering, logistics, and weather conditions. In Phase I, a spill that failed to meet one of the four criteria was considered an “unsuccessful” candidate for ISB. Spills that met all four criteria were further evaluated using a “Phase II” analysis that applied additional criteria and considered individual spill circumstances to determine if the spill should be rated a “successful,” “marginal call,” or “unsuccessful” ISB candidate.
In total, 47 of the 141 spills passed the Phase I analysis. Fourteen spills were ultimately determined successful in the Phase II analysis, and 12 were designated marginal calls. Proximity to populated areas was the most significant of the four Phase I criteria; 59 of the 141 spills did not pass Phase I because the incident occurred near a sizable city.