bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insitu Hybrid Composites Reinforced with B4C and Tio2 in an Al7075 Matrix Formed and It’s Mechanical and Wear Properties are Analysed.
Authors: Jayanth H  
Published: June 2024

Hybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs) have growing application of in structural and reliability critical applications and has replacements of ceramics due to their first-class wettability and inherent ductility and toughness. This research is determined on the influence of dealing out on hybrid alumunium composite reinforced right through Al, B4C and Tio2 reactions. In order to examine the outcome of Al-Ti based intermetallic compounds on the properties in situ Al3Ti were likely to form over and above TiB and TiC. . The in situ composite that had a B4C and Tio2 content of 6wt% of B4C exhibited considerably high strength (20.94kN) and elastic modulus of (169.82N/mm2).These insitu composites can be accepted to have excellent mechanical strain tolerance. Hardness value was calculated using a Vickers micro hardness tester. It is observed that the 6wt% B4C of reinforcement had highest hardness number (91.90VHN).SEM micrograph observations indicate that the reinforcement was homogeneously distributed in hybrid aluminium metal matrix (HAMC) in addition to Morphological characterization plus wear behaviour of aluminium hybrid composites were investigated, amounts of B4C ( 2, 4, and 6wt %) were added to. The morphological characterization of all synthesized composites was performing using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrum (EDS) and Elemental Maps. The wear resistance of aluminium hybrid composite (HAMC) reinforced with 6 wt% B4C particles was highest amongst all the synthesized composites.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/pst.482
Psychological Distress Among High School Students in Bangkok Thailand
Authors: Thanachoksawang Chatchai , Arphorn Sara , Jarupat Maruo Suchinda , Punneng Suwatsa , Ishimaru Tomohiro , Bangkadanara Goontalee 
Published: June 2024

Introduction This study investigated psychological distress among high school students in Thailand. A sample of 8,345 students from thirty-five Bangkok schools voluntarily participated, responding to a questionnaire and undergoing stress assessments. Socio-demographic factors including grade level, school scale, hometown, parental marital status, presence of siblings, gender, health conditions, online classes, and family monthly income were analyzed. Results Of the participants, 1,087 (13.02%) experienced psychological distress. Grade level, school scale, hometown, parental marital status, and siblings’ presence showed no significant associations with distress. However, being female or transgender correlated with higher distress levels. Students with health issues and those in online classes also experienced elevated distress. Additionally, a family monthly income below 10,000 Thai Baht was associated with distress. Conclusion This study sheds light on factors contributing to psychological distress in high school students. It highlights the need for tailored support for vulnerable groups within the student population, emphasizing the role of educators, policymakers, and mental health professionals in addressing these challenges.
The effectiveness of Dragon Boat racing on body image and traumatic symptoms of breast cancer patients
Authors: Fioretti Chiara , Coppola Silvia , Boscaino Sara , Celia Giovanna , Vastola Rodolfo , Cozzolino Mauro 
Published: June 2024

Objective The present study investigated the effectiveness of a Dragon Boat training program in women with breast cancer body image and traumatic distress processing. Methods 29 breast cancer patients (M(SD) age= 51 (7.41)) voluntarily participated in a physical activity program. Seventeen (Intervention Group) enrolled in a Dragon Boat racing program, while 12 (the Control Group) individually performed alternative physical activities. Before and after the intervention, patients completed the Body Image Scale (BIS) and the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R). Results The Intervention Group reported a decrease in Body Image negative perception (Pillai’s trace = .352, F(1,27) = 14.111, p = .001; partial η2 = .951) and in traumatic symptoms (Pillai’s trace = .283, F(1,27) = 10.682, p = .003; partial η2 = .883). Conclusions Authors discuss the role of Dragon Boat racing in improving positive body image after the experience of breast cancer.
Peran Artificial Intelligence (AI) dalam Proses Pengambilan Keputusan terhadap Kinerja Organisasi: Analisis SLR
Authors: Hendrian Hendrian , Purwana Dedi , Saparuddin Saparuddin , Wahono Puji 
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this research is to analyze the role of AI in decision-making on organizational performance. The method used is qualitative with secondary data. The data used is metadata on documents found on the Scopus website. The data was analyzed by the SLR method. The results of this study show that AI can help identify potential solutions by predicting the problems being studied by testing various variables and conditions in the simulation of organizational activities. AI can also improve performance through integration in decision-making. However, not all roles performed by humans should be handled by AI, such as customer service. The use of AI agents as public service operators compared to human operators has a negative impact on the perception of the mutuality of public control in the organization-public relationship
GIÁ TRỊ KẾT HỢP CỦA SIÊU ÂM ĐÀN HỒI SÓNG BIẾN DẠNG VÀ CHỌC HÚT TẾ BÀO BẰNG KIM NHỎ TRONG CHẨN ĐOÁN U TUYẾN VÚ
Authors: Nguyễn Minh Huy , Nguyễn Phước Bảo Quân 
Published: June 2024

Mục tiêu: Mô tả đặc điểm hình ảnh siêu âm 2D và siêu âm đàn hồi sóng biến dạng (SWE) u tuyến vú. Xác định giá trị kết hợp của siêu âm SWE và chọc hút tế bào bằng kim nhỏ (FNAC) trong chẩn đoán u tuyến vú.
Đối tượng và phương pháp: 79 bệnh nhân nữ có u tuyến vú được siêu âm 2D và SWE, đo vận tốc sóng biến dạng (SWV) trong u và ngoại vi u, phân loại theo ACR-BIRADS 2013. Bệnh nhân tiếp tục được FNAC dưới hướng dẫn siêu âm và sinh thiết mô bệnh học sau phẫu thuật bóc u. Đối chiếu kết quả siêu âm 2D, siêu âm SWE, FNAC với kết quả mô bệnh học để xác định giá trị kết hợp của siêu âm SWE và FNAC trong chẩn đoán u tuyến vú.
Kết quả: Trong 79 bệnh nhân có 37 u vú lành tính, 42 u vú ác tính. SWV trung bình u vú lành tính thấp hơn u vú ác tính (p < 0,01). Điểm cắt SWV trong chẩn đoán phân biệt u vú lành tính và ác tính tại ngoại vi u: 2,25 m/s; trong u: 5,1 m/s. Siêu âm SWE kết hợp FNAC có giá trị cao trong chẩn đoán u tuyến vú với Se = 97,6%, Sp = 94,6%, Acc = 96,2%, PPV = 95,3%, NPV = 97,2%, độ phù hợp cao với kết quả mô bệnh học sau phẫu thuật Kappa = 0,924.
SINH THIẾT U PHỔI DƯỚI HƯỚNG DẪN SIÊU ÂM KINH NGHIỆM LÂM SÀNG
Authors: Nguyễn Ngọc Tuấn Anh , Nguyễn Quốc Dũng 
Published: June 2024

Tóm tắt: Sinh thiết xuyên thành ngực dưới hướng dẫn của siêu âm được chỉ định với khối tổn thương phổi hoặc trung thất nằm ở ngoại vi tiếp giáp với bề mặt thành ngực – màng phổi và các tổn thương tại màng phổi. Trong một số ít trường hợp, việc sinh thiết dưới hướng dẫn siêu âm không hề dễ: Chúng tôi xin trình bày 1 ca bệnh mà khối u ở phía trước xương vai.
Từ khóa: Sinh thiết xuyên thành ngực, sinh thiết phổi dưới hướng dẫn siêu âm, u phổi…
Keywords: Transthoracic biopsy, The ultrasound-guided transthoracic biopsies, lung tumor...
KHẢO SÁT ĐẶC ĐIỂM HÌNH ẢNH CT SCAN ĐỘNG HỌC DI CĂN GAN Ở BỆNH NHÂN UNG THƯ ĐẠI TRỰC TRÀNG
Authors: Lê Quang Khang , Đỗ Hải Thanh Anh , Lý Vân Anh 
Published: June 2024

Đặt vấn đề: Ung thư đại trực tràng là một loại ung thư phổ biến, có tỉ lệ mắc và tử vong cao và gan là cơ quan di căn thường gặp nhất. Cắt lớp vi tính động học giúp chẩn đoán dựa vào đặc điểm hình ảnh và tính chất bắt thuốc của tổn thương di căn phân biệt với các tổn thương khác.
Mục tiêu: Mô tả đặc điểm hình ảnh chụp cắt lớp vi tính động học của di căn gan ở bệnh nhân ung thư đại trực tràng.
Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang trên 39 bệnh nhân ung thư đại trực tràng di căn gan được chụp cắt lớp vi tính đủ 3 thì và có kết quả giải phẫu bệnh di căn gan. Từ kết quả giải phẫu bệnh xác định các tổn thương di căn gan và các tổn thương có đặc điểm hình ảnh học tương tự để đưa vào mẫu, Mô tả các đặc điểm hình ảnh quan sát được trên cắt lớp vi tính động học của các tổn thương trên.
Kết quả: 39 bệnh nhân có tổng cộng 92 tổn thương. Di căn gan có thể đơn độc (48,7%) hay nhiều ổ (51,3%). Phần lớn các tổn thương di căn gan ở gan phải nhiều hơn gan trái (62%). Tổn thương nhò hơn 5 cm tỉ lệ cao nhất (80,5%). Giới hạn tổn thương thường rõ (54,4%), đường bờ đều (58,7%). Ít quan sát thấy đóng vôi bên trong tổn thương (5,4%). So với nhu mô gan xung quanh, đậm độ của tổn thương trên phim không thuốc thường thấp (89,3%), bắt thuốc kém hơn ở cả thì động mạch và thì tĩnh mạch (lần lượt là 93,5% và 98,9%). Tổn thương thường bắt thuốc không đồng nhất (91,3%). Đặc điểm viền bắt thuốc mạnh ở ngoại vi u thường gặp (78,2%), viền bắt thuốc kéo dài đến thì tĩnh mạch ở 51 tổn thương (55,4%). Đặc điểm hoại tử trung tâm gặp khoảng 41,3% số u, có xu hướng xuất hiện nhiều ở các tổn thương lớn hơn 3 cm.
Kết luận: Đặc điểm hình ảnh thường gặp của di căn gan từ ung thư đại trực tràng là viền mỏng bắt thuốc mạnh ở ngoại vi tổn thương, đậm độ kém trên phim không thuốc, bắt thuốc kém so với nhu mô gan ở thì động mạch và tĩnh mạch, có hoại tử trung tâm ở tổn thương kích thước lớn, bắt thuốc không đồng nhất.
Từ khóa: ung thư đại trực tràng di căn gan, cắt lớp vi tính động học, đặc điểm hình ảnh.
Perforación de divertículo de Meckel por espina de pescado; una forma inusual de presentación del abdomen agudo en el adulto
Authors: Fonseca Barragán José Vicente , Valdivieso Estupiñán Patricia Jordana , Morillo Trujillo Jhonatan Francisco , Medina Guevara Lucia Mayte , Medina Oña Jonathan Arturo , Salamea Molina Diego Francisco , Bautista Arana Mirtha Marisol 
Published: June 2024

Introducción: El divertículo de Meckel (DM) es la anomalía congénita más común del tracto gastrointestinal, suelen ser asintomáticos, y se puede presentar con obstrucción, hemorragia, inflamación y perforación. La perforación por cuerpos extraños, es considerada una complicación con baja incidencia y a su vez aún más raro que esta sea por una espina de pescado que puede ocasionar sintomatología de un abdomen agudo. El mecanismo fisiopatológico consiste en la ingesta accidental de espina de pescado, pasando e ingresando por el lumen del divertículo y posteriormente la peristalsis intestinal lo moviliza hasta perforar el espesor total de su pared.
Objetivo: Dar a conocer esta rara presentación de perforación del Meckel por una espina de pescado.
Exposición del caso: Masculino de 25 años, que presentó un abdomen agudo, con dolor de gran intensidad en cuadrante inferior derecho y que en el transquirurgico se identificó una perforación del Meckel por una espina de pescado a 70 cm de la válvula ileocecal.
Conclusiones: Un DM complicado debe ser tomado en cuenta en la valoración de pacientes con abdomen agudo en el contexto del síndrome doloroso de fosa iliaca derecha. Y en los casos de perforación independientemente de la causal, la resección quirúrgica es mandatoria.
Diagnostic biomarkers in mastocytosis
Authors: Núñez Reyes Viviana Estephania , Proaño Pérez María Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Introduction: mastocytosis is a rare disease triggered by the KIT D816V mutation that increases the proliferation and survival of mast cells in several organs. Mast cells have crucial receptors such as KIT, TLR, complement (C5aR, C3aR), MHCI, MHCII, MRGPRX, and FcεRI that allow them to activate and degranulate in innate and adaptive immune responses. The prevalence of mastocytosis is 10 cases per 10,000 individuals worldwide and is classified into cutaneous and systemic mastocytosis, affecting both children and adults.Objective: characterize the specific biomarkers crucial for the prognosis, diagnosis, and monitoring of Mastocytosis.Method: a bibliographic review was conducted by searching information in databases such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar from March to May 2024, including a total of 35 English articles published in the last 10 years and several published before 2019 that contributed relevant information to the topic. Results: it has been determined that prognostic biomarkers help identify severe forms of the disease. Meanwhile, diagnostic and follow-up biomarkers are utilized to confirm the disease and evaluate its progression and treatment effectiveness. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that biomarkers can determine the risk of anaphylaxis, as well as the subtypes of mastocytosis.Conclusion: biomarkers for the prognosis of mastocytosis, such as basal serum tryptase (BST) and hereditary α-tryptasemia (HαT) were characterized. In addition, diagnostic and monitoring biomarkers such as the KID D816V mutation, analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs), CD25+/CD2+/CD30+, MITF, miRNAs, LBP, CXCL7, TGF-β1, PDGFRβ, IL-6, leukotrienes, prostaglandin, histamine, and IgE
Pengembangan Laboratorium Virtual untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik
Authors: Bogar Dominika Yonavista , Jufriansah Adi , Prasetyo Erwin 
Published: June 2024

Pembelajaran fisika merupakan pelajaran dalam rumpun IPA dengan memberikan pengalaman dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan, kompetensi serta sikap percaya diri siswa supaya bisa memahami serta menjelajahi lingkungan sekitar secara objektif. Keterampilan pelajaran IPA dilatih melalui kegiatan praktikum yang menjadikan teknik pelajaran bagi guru dalam membantu peserta didik menguasai mata pelajaran fisika. Ada beberapa hambatan yang dialami guru maupun peserta didik saat melaksanakan praktikum, yakni keterbatasan waktu, laboratorium yang kurang memadai, serta faktor keamanan. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, dibutuhkan guru yang kreativitas dalam mewujudkan pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan pada laboratorium nyata yaitu menggunakan pembelajaran berbasis laboratorium virtual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan media pembelajaran serta dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik yang berbasis virtual laboratory. Tipe penelitian yang digunakan adalah Research and Development (R&D) mengacu pada model 4-D. Hasil dari penelitian diperoleh 1) media pembelajaran berbasis laboratorium virtual secara keseluruhan berkualitas baik dan layak diterapkan pada proses pembelajaran, 2) media pembelajaran yang dikembangkan sudah diimplementasi melalui instrumen tes hasil belajar kognitif dari kategori tidak tuntas 6,6% dan kategori tuntas 93,3% sehingga skor persentase hasil belajar peserta didik kelas XI IPA yaitu 99,9%.
The Future of Education Related to SDG 16 (Peace, ‎Justice, and Strong Institutions)
Authors: Kowkas Sultan , Shayeb Shaheen , Bransi Narmeen 
Published: June 2024

The spreading aspects of the seventeen sustainable development goals have been of concern to ‎researchers in education worldwide. These goals have shed light on and captured the attention of ‎very crucial issues. The significance of these issues (the core of each SDG) lies in their ‎importance, connectedness, and mutual influence on each other. Education, ‎ the highest peak of achievement in every society, and hence in the whole (small) world, is ‎directly affected by each SDG. That was the reason for considering the future of Education in sight ‎of one of the most influential sustainable goals, namely, peace, justice, and strong institutions. The ‎current paper is a position paper that discusses the float of the sixteenth sustainable goal along the ‎future of Education. The researchers propose two statements: firstly, SDG 4 (Quality Education) ‎and SDG 16 possess a reciprocal interaction property (i.e., mutually impact each other). ‎Secondly, this cyclic process has to start by first accomplishing SDG 16‎‏.
UMKM Life: Model Konseptual Penerapan Digitalisasi Ekonomi Syariah
Authors: Atqiya Ahya Hudatil 
Published: June 2024

Kombinasi antara ekonomi syariah dengan islamic fintech akan menjadi potensi yang lebih sinergis jika diterapkan mulai dari ekonomi mikro maupun makro. Penerapan islamic fintech dapat mempermudah perekonomian karena teknologi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dewasa ini terkait dengan kecepatan dan kemudahan dalam interaksi bisnis. Peningkatan produktivitas pada UMKM secara nyata akan dapat mendukung penguatan ekonomi nasional dalam jangka panjang. Sebagaimana ulasan sebelumnya, digitalisasi ekonomi syariah dapat diterapkan secara bijak pada banyak berbagai kegiatan ekonomi termasuk pada UMKM. Pada penelitian bertujuan untuk memberikan solusi dari permasalahan yaitu dengan menggunakan software yang memiliki nama “UMKM Life”. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu gambaran kasar dari aplikasi dan terdapat kajian lain yang membantu sehingga berdasarkan kajian literatur tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa sangat penting adanya digitalisasi UMKM pada masa revolusi 4.0. Kemajuan teknologi memang tidak bisa dihindari dan perlu melakukan penyesuaian. Dengan kondisi UMKM sekarang yang memiliki peluang digitalisasi menjadikan beberapa pemanfaatan teknologi sebagai peningkatan efisiensi dan produktivitas.
Pengaruh Variabel Makro Ekonomi Terhadap Nilai Tukar Rupiah di Indonesia
Authors: Widyaningrum Tri , Lubis Firsty Ramadhona Amalia 
Published: June 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami bagaimana Suku Bunga, Inflasi, Impor, dan Ekspor memengaruhi nilai tukar Rupiah. Kajian ini menjelaskan hubungan tersebut karena dapat berdampak pada kondisi ekonomi. Variabel yang diamati adalah Nilai Tukar Rupiah, dan faktor-faktor yang mungkin mempengaruhinya termasuk Suku Bunga, Inflasi, Impor, dan Ekspor. Data yang digunakan data Time Series dari rentang 2013-2019. Metode analisis data melibatkan Uji Stasioneritas Data, Uji Kointegrasi Johansen, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), Impulse Response Function (IRF), dan Variance Decomposition. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam jangka pendek variabel suku bunga berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai tukar, sedangkan dalam jangka panjang variabel suku bunga memiliki pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai tukar. Kemudian Variabel inflasi dalam jangka pendek dan jangka panjang berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap variabel nilai tukar. Variabel impor dalam jangka pendek tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai tukar , sedangkan dalam jangka panjang variabel impor berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai tukar. Terakhir variabel ekspor dalam jangka pendek tidak berpengaruh signifikan, berbeda dalam jangka panjang variabel ekspor berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai tukar.
Medical and Health Students’ Acceptance and Perceptions of E-learning During the COVID-19 Lockdowns in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alhur Anas , Alhur Arwa , Alhur Afrah 
Published: June 2024

Many educational institutions around the globe utilise E-Learning, which can provide multiple benefits for learners and teachers. Students have no geographical boundaries to prevent them from learning and receiving many other benefits based on their situation and needs. In this study, we aim to investigate the acceptance and perceptions of e-learning among medical and health students in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 lockdown. 99% of the respondents own technologies to access e-learning. We examined the students' learning types of preferences, and our analysis shows that around 45% preferred e-learning, 32% blended learning, and 23% chose traditional education. 29.3% disagreed, and 22% strongly disagreed that e-learning was easy to use. 32.6% agreed that e-learning was fixable, while 19.5% disagreed. We found that 16% disagreed that e-learning increases the efficiency and effectiveness of their learning, whereas 40% agreed. The researchers assessed respondents' preference for learning methods, and we reported that blended learning was preferable to traditional and e-learning. The current paper confirms the validity of the TAM model in measuring e-learning acceptance and use. We found that Medical and health students have a high favour of using e-learning. However, some issues exist in terms of its easiness.
Keputusan Childfree Pada Generasi Z Melalui Analisis Konten Media Sosial
Authors: Jurianto Mohammad Isham Ghoisyafikih , Islam Mohammad Rasikhul 
Published: June 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh media sosial yang signifikan dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan, termasuk kesehatan mental, perilaku konsumsi, hubungan sosial, penyebaran informasi, dan produktivitas. Selain itu, penting untuk memperluas kerangka teori dengan mempertimbangkan teori-teori sosial, psikologis, atau budaya yang relevan untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih komprehensif tentang pengaruh keputusan childfree pada generasi Z dalam konteks media sosial. Pendekatan ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan upaya mencari data melalui pengamatan observasi terhadap beberapa platform internet yang menyuarakan childfree, wawancara dilakukan kepada narasumber atas keputusannya memilih childfree dan data sekunder meliputi buku, jurnal dan penelitian terdahulu dengan teknik pengumpulan studi literatur dan analisis yang masih sinambung dengan topik yang akan diteliti. Hasil penelitian menunjukan media sosial sedikit banyak mempengaruhi pandangan, sikap, dan keputusan individu untuk tidak memiliki anak (childfree). Pada generasi baru yang lebih terbuka untuk menyuarakan pendapatnya di ruang media sosial, sudah tak jarang ditemui komunitas childfree disekeliling semakin menguatkan keputusan seseorang untuk childfree karena menganggap childfree bukan lagi hal yang tabu, karena setiap manusia memiliki hak atas dirinya sendiri. Dengan begitu dalam berinteraksi di media sosial penting bagi pengguna untuk lebih bijak memilah dan memilih informasi agar tidak melenceng akidah sebagai umat beragama.
Kegiatan Bermain Puzzle Untuk Menstimulasi Perkembangan Otak Anak Usia Dini Di TK Pniel Manulai II
Authors: Kale Sartika , Seran Agnes Sane , Ratna Aurelia Elisabeth , Fanleti Ago Sonia , Faot Agnes Agusta Kaes , Kause Adni Sofransin , Moruk Arkanjela , Yanti Asma Asra , Seran Bernadina , Asir Iin Inayah A.S. 
Published: June 2024

Kegiatan bermain puzzle ini bertujuan untuk menstimulasi otak anak usia dini. puzzle yang digunakan adalah puzzle yang bergambar hewan dan kendaraan dengan kepingan yang berbeda-beda diantaranya 9, 24, dan 30 kepingan. Tahapan pelaksanaan kegiatan ini berlangsung dari tahap (1) studi pendahuluan; (2) identifikasi metode; (3) pelaksanaan kegiatan; (4) evaluasi dengan menggunakan metode metode diskusi, tanya jawab, demontrasi dan resitasi. Kegiatan bermain puzzle dilakukan dalam satu hari dengan melibatkan 15 orang anak usia dini dan 5 orang guru dari TK Pniel Manulai II serta 9 orang mahasiswa PGPAUD, FKIP, UNDANA. Hasil yang didapatkan yaitu berjalannya kegiatan bermain puzzle ini dengan optimal dan berkembangnya beberapa kemampuan anak seperti kemampuan daya ingat, kerjasama antar mata,tangan dan mata, anak mampu memusatkan pikiran dan berkonsentrasi dengan baik, dan menyusun puzzle dengan baik dan benar berdasarkan warna, bentuk, ukuran dan pola dengan kreatif dan imajinatif (memecahkan masalah).