bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slow‐growing species cope best with drought: evidence from long‐term measurements in a tropical semi‐deciduous moist forest ofCentralAfrica
Authors: Ouédraogo Dakis‐Yaoba , Mortier Frédéric , Gourlet‐Fleury Sylvie , Freycon Vincent , Picard Nicolas 
Published: October 2013

SummaryUnderstanding how drought affects annual tree growth in tropical forests is of crucial importance to predict their response to climate change. Previous studies, mainly led in theNeotropics and inSoutheastAsia, have yielded contradictory results which might be explained by differences in species studied, in the tree development stages considered, or by differences in other environmental factors than water availability.Here, we described the growth responses of functional groups of tree species to drought in aCentralAfrican semi‐deciduous moist forest. Species groups were automatically defined using a finite mixture model, which grouped species according to their growth model parameters. The growth model considered the variation in species response to drought, and the effect of competition for resources and of tree development stage on growth. Groups were further characterized by species functional traits. Nine species groups were identified. They differed in their ability to acquire, use and conserve resources, as suggested by their differences in maximum growth rate, regeneration guild, maximum dbh, wood density and leaf habit. The species were organized along a light requirement gradient that here closely matched a broader continuum of plant strategies for resource use, from slow‐growing shade‐tolerant conservative species to fast‐growing pioneer acquisitive species.Tree growth decreased with drought intensity, and species drought tolerance was found to be related to resource use strategy: slow‐growing species using a conservative strategy were the least sensitive to variations in water availability, while fast‐growing species using an acquisitive strategy were the most sensitive.Synthesis. Shade‐tolerant species, characterized by a low potential growth rate and thus a conservative strategy of resource use, were found to be the least sensitive to drought. This supports the hypothesis of a single axis summarizing multiple traits that represents a general trade‐off between the conservation and rapid acquisition of resources.
Is a Baccalaureate in Nursing Worth It? The Return to Education, 2000–2008
Authors: Spetz Joanne , Bates Timothy 
Published: October 2013

ObjectiveA registered nurse (RN) license can be obtained by completing a baccalaureate degree (BSN), an associate degree (AD), or a diploma program. The aim of this article is to examine the return to baccalaureate education from the perspective of the nurse.Data SourcesNational Sample Survey of Registered Nurses, 2000, 2004, and 2008.Study DesignThe effect of education on RN wages is estimated using multivariate regression, both for initial education and for completing a second degree. The coefficients are used to calculate lifetime expected earnings. Multinomial logistic regression is used to examine the relationship between education and job title.Principal FindingsLifetime earnings for nurses whose initial education is the BSN are higher than those of AD nurses only if the AD program requires 3 years and the discount rate is 2 percent. For individuals who enter nursing with an AD, lifetime earnings are higher if they complete a BSN. The BSN is associated with higher likelihood of being an advanced practice registered nurse, having an academic title, and having a management title.ConclusionsBecause baccalaureate education confers benefits both for RNs and their patients, policies to encourage the pursuit of BSN degrees need to be supported.
Legal Geography: An Australian Perspective
Authors: BARTEL ROBYN , GRAHAM NICOLE , JACKSON SUE , PRIOR JASON HUGH , ROBINSON DANIEL FRANCIS , SHERVAL MEG , WILLIAMS STEWART 
Published: October 2013

AbstractLaw is a powerful influence on people and place. Law both creates and is created by the relationship between people and place, although it rarely acknowledges this. Law frequently operates as if space does not matter. Law and legal processes, therefore, deserve greater attention from geographers. Legal geography is an emerging field of inquiry that facilitates much‐needed attention to the interrelationships among the environment, people and social institutions, including formal laws but also informal rules, norms and lore. Legal geographers seek to make the invisible visible: to bring the law into the frame of geography, and space and place into focus for the law. Both critical and applied in approach, legal geography offers descriptive, analytical and normative insight into economics, justice, property, power, geopolitics, governance and scale. As such it can enrich most areas of geographic inquiry as well as contribute to current policy debates about the regulation of space and place. Legal geography is a way for enlarged appreciations of relationality, materiality, multiscalarity and agency to be used to interrogate and reform the law. This introduction to a special ‘themed paper’ section of Geographical Research provides a window on legal geography scholarship, including its history, contribution and ambition. The papers in the collection explore issues grounded in the legal geographies paradigm, variously analysing matters empirically detailed while engaging in broader, theoretical debates and using both Australian and international case studies.
An Isochrone Map of the Prehistoric Seascape around Samoa
Authors: DI PIAZZA ANNE 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis paper presents a new geometry of the western Pacific based on an analysis of the time necessary for canoes to sail to islands around Samoa. Using methods proposed by Francis Galton in 1866 and 1881, updated by a computer simulation of sailing trajectories, the author demonstrates the existence of a navigational threshold east of Samoa through systematic ‘displacement’ of islands according to sailing time in winter and summer – a threshold that helps explain the ca 2000 year pause between the Lapita era settlement of Melanesia–West Polynesia and the settlement of East Polynesia.
Proceedings of the November 2011 Traceability Research Summit
Authors: Hickey Caitlin , Bhatt Tejas 
Published: October 2013

Abstract Fifty thought leaders in the area of food traceability met for a 3rd time to discuss methodologies and finalize the principles that define their vision for traceability. Participants in the summit included representatives from industry, trade associations, government, academia, consumer groups, and more.One main focus of this summit included a discussion on the current regulations and voluntary initiatives in place regarding traceability. Overall, it was recognized that the recommendations from this summit group would be more specific and stringent in comparison to these current regulations and initiatives. The participants sought to be leaders in the traceability arena, with their recommendations leading the industry to optimal traceability systems and methods.Participants agreed on many principles for their vision of traceability, emphasizing the importance of access to traceability data. They discussed having industry be asked for “basic” tracing data prior to the need for a large‐scale investigation, having standards for sharing data, and having the data in electronic form. Participants foresaw the importance of capturing data electronically in the future, although they recognized that many firms do not currently do this. The group also saw a need for a transition period to implement changes, and to provide implementation training and resource aid to small businesses.Summit participants discussed specific definitions and examples for key data elements and critical tracking events that could be used by industry to capture tracing data at specific points within the supply chain. Overall, participants refined the goals of the summit group and started to identify specific ways to achieve those goals.
Vacuum immobilisation reduces tumour excursion and minimises intrafraction error in a cohort study of stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy for pulmonary metastases
Authors: Siva Shankar , Devereux Tomas , Kron Tomas , Gill Suki , MacManus Michael , Bressel Mathias , Chesson Brent , Callahan Jason , Pham Daniel , Hicks Rodney , Foroudi Farshad , Ball David 
Published: October 2013

AbstractIntroductionThe purpose of this study is to assess the impact of a vacuum immobilisation system on reproducibility of patient set‐up, interfraction stability and tumour motion amplitude.MethodsFrom February 2010 to February 2012 as part of a prospective clinical trial 12 patients with solitary pulmonary metastases had consecutive four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scans performed with and without vacuum immobilisation. The displacement of the tumour centroid position was recorded in each of the 10 phases of the 4DCT reconstruction. A further six patients with seven metastases underwent single fraction stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) during this period (a total of 19 targets) and were included in an analysis of positional reproducibility and intrafraction immobilisation. Couch shifts recorded in the medio‐lateral (X), cranio‐caudal (Y) and ventero‐dorsal (Z) planes.ResultsFor the 19 treatments delivered, the median (0–90% range) shift required immediately pretreatment was 1 mm (0–3) in the X‐plane, 2 mm (0–6) in the Y‐plane and 4 mm (0–8) in the Z‐plane, respectively. The mean (+/− standard deviation) of mid‐treatment shifts were 0.3 mm (+/− 0.7), 1.1 mm (+/− 2) and 0.8 mm (+/− 1.5) in the X, Y and Z planes, respectively. Mid‐treatment shifts were <2 mm in all directions (P = < 0.001). The length of treatment time correlated to the required shifts in the Z plane (r2 = 0.377, P = 0.005), but not in the X or Y planes (P = 0.198 and P = 0.653, respectively). In the subset of 12 patients who had two 4DCTs, the median (range) amplitude of tumour displacements in the X, Y and Z planes when immobilised were 0.9 mm (0.3–2.9), 2.6 mm (0.2–10.6) and 1.6 mm (0.5–5.5), respectively. Immobilisation reduced the volume of tumour displacement during respiration by a median of 52.6% (P = 0.021).ConclusionsVacuum immobilisation reduces total tumour excursion, facilitates reproducible positioning and provides robust intrafractional immobilisation during SABR treatments for pulmonary metastases.
Level of lactate in amniotic fluid and its relation to the use of oxytocin and adverse neonatal outcome
Authors: Wiberg‐Itzel Eva , Pembe Andrea B. , Wray Susan , Wihlbäck Anna‐Carin , Darj Elisabeth , Hoesli Irene , Åkerud Helena 
Published: October 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether the frequency of adverse neonatal outcome at delivery is related to the level of lactate in amniotic fluid and to the use of oxytocin.DesignProspective observational study.SettingSoder Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.PopulationSeventy‐four women in active labor with a gestational age ≥36 weeks and mixed parity.MethodsLevels of lactate in amniotic fluid were analyzed bedside from an intrauterine catheter every 30 min during labor. Deliveries were divided into groups with and without oxytocin.Main outcome measuresThe frequency of adverse neonatal outcome at delivery.ResultOf the deliveries 13.5% (10/74) concluded with an adverse neonatal outcome. The levels of lactate in amniotic fluid increased during labor, more so in deliveries where oxytocin was used. In the group with an adverse neonatal outcome, the level of lactate in amniotic fluid was significantly higher in the final sample before delivery (p = 0.04). In 18 deliveries, stimulation with oxytocin was temporarily halted for at least 30 min due to overly stimulated labor contractions. A decreasing level of lactate in amniotic fluid was shown within a median 5%/30 min. In the group where the administration of oxytocin was halted, there was no adverse neonatal outcome.ConclusionThe frequency of adverse neonatal outcome was associated with the level of lactate in amniotic fluid and with the use of oxytocin. The level of lactate in amniotic fluid may be an additional valuable tool when oxytocin is administered during labor.
Pilot study of a brief intervention based on the theory of planned behaviour and self‐identity to increase chlamydia testing among young people living in deprived areas
Authors: Booth Amy R. , Norman Paul , Goyder Elizabeth , Harris Peter R. , Campbell Michael J. 
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesThis study sought to estimate the effects of a novel intervention, compared with usual chlamydia testing promotion, on chlamydia test uptake and intentions among young people living in deprived areas. The intervention was based on the theory of planned behaviour, augmented with self‐identity, and targeted the significant predictors of chlamydia testing intentions identified in the previous research.MethodsCluster randomization was used to allocate college tutor groups (intervention n = 10; control n = 11) to the intervention or control group. The sample comprised 253 participants (intervention n = 145, control n = 108). The primary outcome was test offer uptake at the end of the session. Other outcomes measured at immediate follow‐up were intention, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and self‐identity.ResultsGeneralized estimating equations, controlling for cluster effects and sexual activity, found a small but non‐significant effect of condition on test offer uptake, OR = 1.65 (95% CI 0.70, 3.88) p = .25, with 57.5% of intervention participants accepting the offer of a test compared with 40.2% of control participants. Using the same analysis procedure, small‐to‐medium intervention effects were found on other outcome variables, including a significant effect on attitudes towards chlamydia testing, OR = 1.37 (95% CI 1.00, 1.87), p = .05.ConclusionsThe results provide encouraging initial evidence that this theory‐based intervention, targeting the key determinants of chlamydia testing, may help to improve chlamydia testing uptake in a high‐risk group. They support the conduct of a larger trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention.Statement of contribution
What is already known on this subject?

Young people living in areas of increased socio‐economic deprivation have been identified as a high‐risk group for chlamydia.

Previous research within an extended model of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) found that attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and self‐identity all significantly predicted chlamydia testing intentions in this high‐risk group.

What does this study add?

Development and testing of a novel, TPB‐based intervention targeting predictors of chlamydia testing intentions.

The intervention led to significantly more positive attitudes towards chlamydia testing.

Preliminary indication that a TPB‐based intervention may help to improve chlamydia testing in a high‐risk group.
Experiences of the implementation of a learning disability nursing liaison service within an acute hospital setting: a service evaluation
Authors: Castles Amy , Bailey Carol , Gates Bob , Sooben Roja 
Published: October 2013

Accessible Summary

This article is about learning disability liaison nurses, and whether they help people with learning disabilities to have a better experience when they are in hospital.

We talked to people with learning disabilities, their carers and hospital staff to find out what they thought about learning disability liaison nurses in acute hospitals.

Everybody thought that these nurses were very important, and that they helped patients and hospital staff to talk to each other and understand each other better.

This work shows that learning disability liaison nurses working in an acute hospital can help people with learning disabilities to receive a better service.

SummaryIt has been well documented that people with learning disabilities receive poor care in acute settings. Over the last few years, a number of learning disability liaison nurse services have developed in the United Kingdom as a response to this, but there has been a failure to systematically gather evidence as to their effectiveness. This article reports on a service evaluation that sought to establish whether implementing a learning disability liaison nurse service improved hospital experiences for patients with learning disabilities, and their carers, whilst in an acute hospital setting. Quantitative data were collected on all patients with learning disabilities referred to this service over a six‐month period, and this included numbers referred (elective and emergency), length of time for referral, presenting conditions and age profile, as well as activities of the liaison nurses. These data suggest an incremental rise in referral of patients with learning disabilities to this service over time, relatively few inappropriate referrals, referrals from hospital staff and community services were similar, and these nurses found that some patients with learning disabilities were not referred to the service. Concerning activities of these nurses, these were dominated by discharge planning, assisting in making reasonable adjustments, liaison work and assisting with mental capacity issues. In addition, patients with learning disabilities, their carers and hospital staff who had experience of this learning disability nursing liaison service were interviewed. It was found from these interviews that all participants understood the role of the liaison nurse and articulated that they improved communication as well as promoting holistic care. Those interviewed highlighted the importance of such a role and the need for it to continue. This service evaluation makes an important contribution to an ongoing gap in learning disability literature concerning the importance of such a service.
Autoacceleration of clinoform progradation in foreland basins: theory and experiments
Authors: Leva López J. , Kim W. , Steel R. J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUnderstanding the relationship between sedimentation and tectonics is critical to the analysis of stratigraphic evolution in foreland basins. Previous models of foreland basins have explained stratal development, but were done generally under the assumption that steady allogenic forcing produces a steady stratigraphic response. They did not consider autogenic shoreline behaviour during the development of the subsidence pattern characteristic of foreland basins. We present a mathematical model and flume experiments that explore how subsidence and sediment‐supply rates control the shoreline trajectory and the stratal patterns that fill foreland basins. Through these models, we found differing autogenic responses in the rate and direction of shoreline migration, and these generated three distinct styles of stratal architecture, despite the constant external forcing (i.e. constant sediment discharge and basin substrate tilting). The first response was ‘autoretreat’, where shoreline migration switched from initial progradation to retrogradation. The second response was progradation followed by constant aggradation of the shoreline. The third response was maintained progradation with a markedly accelerating rate. We termed this latter newly observed autogenic behaviour ‘shoreline autoacceleration’. These three modes of shoreline behaviour and their accompanying stratal architecture provide a basic framework for the relationship between sedimentation and tectonic activity in foreland basins under the simplified conditions presented here.
Normal fault array evolution above a reactivated rift fabric; a subsurface example from the northern Horda Platform, Norwegian North Sea
Authors: Whipp P. S. , Jackson C. A‐L. , Gawthorpe R. L. , Dreyer T. , Quinn D. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe impact of a pre‐existing rift fabric on normal fault array evolution during a subsequent phase of lithospheric extension is investigated using 2‐D and 3‐D seismic reflection, and borehole data from the northern Horda Platform, Norwegian North Sea. Two fault populations are developed: (i) a population comprising relatively tall (>2 km), N‐S‐striking faults, which have >1.5 km of throw. These faults are up to 60 km long, penetrate down into crystalline basement and bound the eastern margins of 6–15 km wide half‐graben, which contain >3 km of pre‐Jurassic, likely Permo–Triassic, but possibly Devonian syn‐rift strata; and (ii) a population comprising vertically restricted (<1 km), NW‐SE‐striking faults, which are more closely spaced (0.5–5 km), have lower displacements (30–100 m) and not as long (2–10 km) as those in the N–S‐striking population. The NW‐SE‐striking population typically occurs between the N‐S‐striking population, and may terminate against or cross‐cut the larger structures. NW–SE‐striking faults do not bound pre‐Jurassic half‐graben and are largely restricted to the Jurassic‐to‐Cretaceous succession. Seismic‐stratigraphic observations, and the stratigraphic position of the fault tips in both fault populations, allow us to reconstruct the Late Jurassic‐to‐Early Cretaceous growth history of the northern Horda Platform fault array. We suggest the large, N‐S‐striking population was active during the Permo–Triassic and possibly earlier (Devonian?), before becoming inactive and buried during the Early and Middle Jurassic. After a period of relative tectonic quiescence, the N‐S‐striking, pre‐Jurassic fault population propagated through the Early‐Middle Jurassic cover and individual fault systems rapidly (within <10 Ma) established their maximum length in response to Late Jurassic extension. These fault systems became the dominant structures in the newly formed fault array and defined the locations of the main, Late Jurassic‐to‐Early Cretaceous, syn‐rift depocentres. Late Jurassic extension was also accommodated by broadly synchronous growth of the NW‐SE‐striking fault population; the eventual death of this population occurred in response to the localization of strain onto the N–S‐striking fault population. Our study demonstrates that the inheritance of a pre‐existing rift fabric can influence the geometry and growth of individual fault systems and the fault array as a whole. On the basis of observations made in this study, we present a conceptual model that highlights the influence of a pre‐existing rift fabric on fault array evolution in polyphase rifts.
Conservation of Tropical Plant Biodiversity: What Have We Done, Where Are We Going?
Authors: Krupnick Gary A. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPlant biodiversity in the tropics is threatened by intense anthropogenic pressures. Deforestation, habitat degradation, habitat fragmentation, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, global climate change, and the synergies among them have had a major impact on biodiversity. This review paper provides a brief, yet comprehensive and broad, overview of the main threats to tropical plant biodiversity and how they differ from threats in temperate regions. The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, an international program with 16 global targets set for 2020 aimed at understanding, conserving, and using sustainably the world's plant biodiversity, is then used as a framework to explore efforts in assessing and managing tropical plant conservation in a changing world. Progress on 13 of the 16 outcome‐oriented targets of the Strategy is explored at the pantropical scale. Within each target, I address current challenges in assessing and managing tropical plant biodiversity, identify key questions that should be addressed, and suggest ways for how these challenges might be overcome.