bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Hollow Viscus Injury in Blunt Abdominal Trauma with Computed Tomography
Authors: Bhagvan Savitha , Turai Matthew , Holden Andrew , Ng Alexander , Civil Ian 
Published: October 2012

AbstractBackgroundEvaluation of blunt abdominal trauma is controversial. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen is commonly used but has limitations, especially in excluding hollow viscus injury in the presence of solid organ injury. To determine whether CT reports alone could be used to direct operative treatment in abdominal trauma, this study was undertaken.MethodsThe trauma database at Auckland City Hospital was accessed for patients who had abdominal CT and subsequent laparotomy during a five‐year period. The CT scans were reevaluated by a consultant radiologist who was blinded to operative findings. The CT findings were correlated with the operative findings.ResultsBetween January 2002 and December 2007, 1,250 patients were evaluated for blunt abdominal injury with CT. A subset of 78 patients underwent laparotomy, and this formed the study group. The sensitivity and specificity of CT scan in predicting hollow viscus injury was 55.33 and 92.06 % respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 61.53 and 89.23 % respectively. Presence of free fluid in CT scan was sensitive in diagnosing hollow viscus injury (90 %). Specific findings for hollow viscus injuries on CT scan were free intraperitoneal air (93 %), retroperitoneal air (100 %), oral contrast extravasation (100 %), bowel wall defect (98 %), patchy bowel enhancement (97 %), and mesenteric abnormality (94 %).ConclusionsCT alone cannot be used as a screening tool for hollow viscus injury. The decision to operate in hollow viscus injury has to be based on mechanism of injury and clinical findings together with radiological evidence.
Generating the mapping class group by torsion elements of small order
Authors: MONDEN NAOYUKI 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe show that the mapping class group of a closed, connected, oriented surface of genus at least three is generated by 3 elements of order 3. Moreover, we show that the mapping class group of a closed, connected, oriented surface of genus at least three is generated and by 4 elements of order 4.
The Conley–Zehnder indices of the rotating Kepler problem
Authors: ALBERS PETER , FISH JOEL W. , FRAUENFELDER URS , VAN KOERT OTTO 
Published: October 2012

AbstractWe determine the Conley–Zehnder indices of all periodic orbits of the rotating Kepler problem for energies below the critical Jacobi energy. Consequently, we show the universal cover of the bounded component of the regularized energy hypersurface is dynamically convex. Moreover, in the universal cover there is always precisely one periodic orbit with Conley–Zehnder index 3, namely the lift of the doubly covered retrograde circular orbit.
CO2-C losses and carbon quality of selected Maritime Antarctic soils
Authors: Carvalho Juliana Vanir De Souza , Mendonça Eduardo De Sá , La Scala Newton , Reis César , Reis Efrain Lázaro , Schaefer Carlos E.G.R. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractPolar Regions are the most important soil carbon reservoirs on Earth. Monitoring soil carbon storage in a changing global climate context may indicate possible effects of climate change on terrestrial environments. In this regard, we need to understand the dynamics of soil organic matter in relation to its chemical characteristics. We evaluated the influence of chemical characteristics of humic substances on the process of soil organic matter mineralization in selected Maritime Antarctic soils. A laboratory assay was carried out with soils from five locations from King George Island. We determined the contents of total organic carbon, oxidizable carbon fractions of soil organic matter, and humic substances. Two in situ field experiments were carried out during two summers, in order to evaluate the CO2-C emissions in relation to soil temperature variations. The overall low amounts of soil organic matter in Maritime Antarctic soils have a low humification degree and reduced microbial activity. CO2-C emissions showed significant exponential relationship with temperature, suggesting a sharp increase in CO2-C emissions with a warming scenario, and Q10 values (the percentage increase in emission for a 10°C increase in soil temperature) were higher than values reported from elsewhere. The sensitivity of the CO2-C emission in relation to temperature was significantly correlated with the humification degree of soil organic matter and microbial activity for Antarctic soils.
The Rio+20 Process: Forward Movement for the Environment?
Authors: Powers Ann 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThis commentary summarizes the events at the recent UN Conference on Sustainable Development, commonly referred to as Rio+20, noting both the role of official national delegations and the diversity of non-state parties that were involved in a variety of venues at and around Rio+20. It sketches the background of sustainable development efforts, maps the road from the original 1992 Rio Earth Summit to the 20th anniversary gathering, and comments on the Conference’s outcomes and their implications for international law and legal institutions. In answer to the much debated question of whether the Rio+20 was a success or a failure, or something in between, the author concludes that the Conference, while disappointing to many, may have furthered the cause of sustainable development by producing a document which reflects a baseline of international norms and by fostering the increasingly important role of civil society action, commitments and partnerships, and of transnational governance.
The CH4structure in Titan's upper atmosphere revisited
Authors: Cui J. , Yelle R. V. , Strobel D. F. , Müller‐Wodarg I. C. F. , Snowden D. S. , Koskinen T. T. , Galand M. 
Published: October 2012

In this study, we reanalyze the CH4structure in Titan's upper atmosphere combining the Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) data from 32 flybys and incorporating several updates in the data reduction algorithms. We argue that based on our current knowledge of eddy mixing and neutral temperature, strong CH4escape must occur on Titan. Ignoring ionospheric chemistry, the optimal CH4loss rate is ∼3 × 1027 s−1or 80 kg s−1in a globally averaged sense, consistent with the early result of Yelle et al. (2008). The considerable variability in CH4structure among different flybys implies that CH4escape on Titan is more likely a sporadic rather than a steady process, with the CH4profiles from about half of the flybys showing evidence for strong escape and most of the other flybys consistent with diffusive equilibrium. CH4inflow is also occasionally required to interpret the data. Our analysis further reveals that strong CH4escape preferentially occurs on the nightside of Titan, in conflict with the expectations of any solar‐driven model. In addition, there is an apparent tendency of elevated CH4escape with enhanced electron precipitation from the ambient plasma, but this is likely to be a coincidence as the time response of the CH4structure may not be fast enough to leave an observable effect during a Titan encounter.
Examining Bargaining Power in the Northeast Multispecies Days-at-Sea Market
Authors: Lee Min-Yang 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The Northeast U.S. groundfish fishery is economically large and culturally important. Between 2004 and 2009, the primary management control used in this fishery was a tradable input allowance system known as Days at Sea (DAS); however, many regulatory institutions limited trading. These barriers included a set of “conservation equivalency” restrictions based on length and horsepower that were explicitly designed to restrain increases in the fishing power of the fleet. Despite these limitations, trade in the DAS market was fairly robust; by 2008, over 40% of all used DAS were traded. This research uses ordinary least squares and quantile regression to examine the effects of these institutional limitations on the bargaining power of traders in this market. The conservation equivalency restrictions adversely impacted the bargaining power of both small sellers and large buyers of DAS. Despite these bargaining power effects, prices were responsive to changes in aggregate supply and productivity in economically reasonable ways. Finally, the downward intrayear trend in price is consistent with decay in the time value component of financial options.
Received June 21, 2011; accepted June 21, 2012
Comparison of impact characteristics of four different ice hockey arena dasher boards
Authors: Poutiainen Piritta , Peltonen Jussi , Isolehto Juha , Avela Janne 
Published: October 2012

AbstractDuring recent years the incidence of ice hockey related concussions has increased. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine how dasher board materials and structures affect impact characteristics and thereby concussion risk. The measurements were divided into two parts; 1. physiological characteristics of body checks were determined in real game measurements, and 2. simulation of body checks in the laboratory. Peak forces and stopping distances were determined from the high‐speed camera data, and stiffness values were subsequently calculated. Dasher board materials and structures had a clear effect on impact characteristics. Flexible protective shielding material resulted in 17% and 16% lower peak forces, 110% and 136% greater stopping distances and 62% and 56% lower stiffness values in the straight and the corner parts of the dasher board, respectively, compared to the reference dasher board. However, the dasher board with flexible protective shielding material including metal shielding support posts between each shielding panel yielded inconsistent results. The shielding support posts were much stiffer compared to the protective shielding. The single‐framed dasher board was found to be 29% and 11% more flexible than its dual‐framed counterpart, and heavier protective shielding resulted in 33% and 19% higher element stiffness in the straight and the corner parts of the dasher board, respectively. In light of the results and the epidemiology of concussions, it seems that the most safe dasher board would be single‐framed with light and flexible protective shielding material, and would not include shielding support posts.
Steady-State Phosphorylation of Light-Harvesting Complex II Proteins Preserves Photosystem I under Fluctuating White Light
Authors: Grieco Michele , Tikkanen Mikko , Paakkarinen Virpi , Kangasjärvi Saijaliisa , Aro Eva-Mari 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
According to the “state transitions” theory, the light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) phosphorylation in plant chloroplasts is essential to adjust the relative absorption cross section of photosystem II (PSII) and PSI upon changes in light quality. The role of LHCII phosphorylation upon changes in light intensity is less thoroughly investigated, particularly when changes in light intensity are too fast to allow the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes to occur. Here, we demonstrate that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) stn7 (for state transition7) mutant, devoid of the STN7 kinase and LHCII phosphorylation, shows a growth penalty only under fluctuating white light due to a low amount of PSI. Under constant growth light conditions, stn7 acquires chloroplast redox homeostasis by increasing the relative amount of PSI centers. Thus, in plant chloroplasts, the steady-state LHCII phosphorylation plays a major role in preserving PSI upon rapid fluctuations in white light intensity. Such protection of PSI results from LHCII phosphorylation-dependent equal distribution of excitation energy to both PSII and PSI from the shared LHCII antenna and occurs in cooperation with nonphotochemical quenching and the proton gradient regulation5-dependent control of electron flow, which are likewise strictly regulated by white light intensity. LHCII phosphorylation is concluded to function both as a stabilizer (in time scales of seconds to minutes) and a dynamic regulator (in time scales from tens of minutes to hours and days) of redox homeostasis in chloroplasts, subject to modifications by both environmental and metabolic cues. Exceeding the capacity of LHCII phosphorylation/dephosphorylation to balance the distribution of excitation energy between PSII and PSI results in readjustment of photosystem stoichiometry.
Angiotensin‐(1–7) treatment ameliorates angiotensin II‐induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Yang Hui‐Yu , Bian Yun‐Fei , Zhang Hua‐Ping , Gao Fen , Xiao Chuan‐Shi , Liang Bin , Li Jin , Zhang Na‐Na , Yang Zhi‐Ming 
Published: October 2012

Summary

Angiotensin (Ang)‐(1–7), a metabolite of AngI and AngII, is a counter‐regulatory mediator of AngII. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Ang‐(1–7) on AngII‐induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). To this end, HUVEC were pretreated with 10−9, 10−8, 10−7 or 10−6 mol/L Ang‐(1–7) at for 30 min before being stimulated with 10−6 mol/L Ang‐II for another 24 h. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide and propidium iodide staining were used to analyse the effects of Ang‐(1–7) on AngII‐induced apoptosis.

Alone, 10−6 mol/L Ang‐(1–7) had no effect on the apoptosis of HUVEC following exposure of cells for 30 min, whereas AngII (10−6 mol/L, 24 h) significantly enhanced the number of apoptotic cells (P < 0.01). The AngII‐induced apoptosis of HUVEC was suppressed by 10−9–10−6 mol/L Ang‐(1–7). The anti‐apoptotic effects of Ang‐(1–7) were almost completely abolished by A‐779 (10−6 mol/L, 30 min), a specific Mas receptor antagonist.

In addition, Ang‐(1–7) inhibited AngII‐induced accumulation of cleaved caspase 3 and enhanced the expression of the anti‐apoptotic factor Bcl‐2 at both the mRNA and protein levels.

Angiotensin II upregulated the expression of lectin‐like oxidized low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1 (LOX‐1), which is involved in endothelial apoptosis, at both the mRNA and protein levels. This effect was blocked by Ang‐(1–7) in a concentration‐dependent manner, although A‐779 almost completely reversed Ang‐(1–7)‐mediated inhibition of AngII‐induced upregulation of LOX‐1.

Silencing of LOX‐1 using short interference RNA enhanced the protective effects of Ang‐(1–7) against AngII‐induced apoptosis in HUVEC.

Together, the results suggest that Ang‐(1–7) ameliorates AngII‐induced apoptosis of HUVEC at least in part by suppressing LOX‐1 expression.
Continuing decline of a keystone tree species in the Kruger National Park, South Africa
Authors: Helm Chantal V. , Witkowski Ed T. F. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra (marula), a keystone large tree species in southern Africa and heavily utilized by people and herbivores, is declining at an unprecedented rate in the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. Due to increasing concerns over large tree declines in the KNP, mirroring those in eastern Africa over the last 50 years, and local extinctions of marula populations in the north‐western KNP, adult trees in the southern KNP were monitored between 2001 and 2010. Annual mortality rates across all adult size classes ranged between 3.2 and 4.6%. Loss of adult marula trees in some areas over the last decade exceeded 25%. Rainfall had a strong influence on mortality rates temporally and spatially, but the distance to the nearest perennial river had little influence. Overall, marula populations continue to decline and further local extinctions are possible. Given the clearly unacceptable trends of decline, the next step is to utilize this information (i) to develop predictive models for the future dynamics of marula populations incorporating all drivers; (ii) to advocate active management of refugia within the park where marula populations are protected from elephant impacts; and in combination with (iii) continued monitoring.
Cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid is associated with manic and psychotic features in patients with bipolar I disorder
Authors: Olsson Sara K , Sellgren Carl , Engberg Göran , Landén Mikael , Erhardt Sophie 
Published: October 2012

Olsson SK, Sellgren C, Engberg G, Landén M, Erhardt S. Cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid is associated with manic and psychotic features in patients with bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 719–726. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objectives:  Kynurenic acid (KYNA), an end metabolite of tryptophan degradation, antagonizes glutamatergic and cholinergic receptors in the brain. Recently, we reported elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) KYNA in male patients with bipolar disorder. Here, we investigate the relationship between symptomatology and the concentration of CSF KYNA in patients with bipolar I disorder.Methods:  CSF KYNA levels from euthymic male {n = 21; mean age: 41 years [standard deviation (SD) = 14]} and female [n = 34; mean age: 37 years (SD = 14)] patients diagnosed with bipolar I disorder were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results:  Euthymic bipolar I disorder patients with a lifetime occurrence of psychotic features had higher CSF levels of KYNA {2.0 nm [standard error of the mean (SEM) = 0.2]; n = 43} compared to patients without any history of psychotic features [1.3 nm (SEM = 0.2); n = 12] (p = 0.01). Logistic regression, with age as covariate, similarly showed an association between a history of psychotic features and CSF KYNA levels [n = 55; odds ratio (OR) = 4.9, p = 0.03]. Further, having had a recent manic episode (within the previous year) was also associated with CSF KYNA adjusted for age (n = 34; OR = 4.4, p = 0.03), and the association remained significant when adjusting for a lifetime history of psychotic features (OR = 4.1, p = 0.05).Conclusions:  Although the causality needs to be determined, the ability of KYNA to influence dopamine transmission and behavior, along with previous reports showing increased brain levels of the compound in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, may indicate a possible pathophysiological role of KYNA in the development of manic or psychotic symptoms.
Perhaps Unidimensional Is Not Unidimensional
Authors: Dodds Pennie , Rae Babette , Brown Scott 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMiller (1956) identified his famous limit of 7 ± 2 items based in part on absolute identification—the ability to identify stimuli that differ on a single physical dimension, such as lines of different length. An important aspect of this limit is its independence from perceptual effects and its application across all stimulus types. Recent research, however, has identified several exceptions. We investigate an explanation for these results that reconciles them with Miller’s work. We find support for the hypothesis that the exceptional stimulus types have more complex psychological representations, which can therefore support better identification. Our investigation uses data sets with thousands of observations for each participant, which allows the application of a new technique for identifying psychological representations: the structural forms algorithm of Kemp and Tenenbaum (2008). This algorithm supports inferences not possible with previous techniques, such as multidimensional scaling.
Insect‐bite‐like reaction in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a study from the Israeli Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Study Group
Authors: Bairey Osnat , Goldschmidt Neta , Ruchlemer Rosa , Tadmor Tamar , Rahimi‐Levene Neomi , Yuklea Mona , Shvidel Lev , Berrebi Alain , Polliack Aaron , Herishanu Yair ,   the Israeli Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Study Group (ICLLSG)
Published: October 2012

AbstractAn insect‐bite‐like reaction is known to occur in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Most of the literature, however, consists of isolated case reports or small case series. The aim of this retrospective study was to review the national experience with insect‐bite‐like reaction in a large group of patients with CLL. The study cohort of patients with these skin reactions consisted of 48 patients (25 males, 23 females) of mean age 64.8 yr (range 33–89) at skin eruption. Data on clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic characteristics, treatment, and outcome were collected from the medical files. Mean time between diagnosis of CLL and appearance of the skin lesions was 3.1 yr (range −4 to 14 yr). The eruption was not related to disease activity or the course of the hematological disease. The eruption preceded the diagnosis of CLL in 10 patients (by 0–4 yr); and followed the diagnosis in 36; in 11 patients, it occurred during therapy for CLL and in nine after therapy. Mean duration of the skin findings was 21.5 months (range 0.3–132). The eruption usually presented in summer, although it occurred also at other times of the year, and predominantly affected the upper and lower limbs, although it also appeared on unexposed areas. Treatment included local ointments, antihistaminics, oral steroids, antibiotics, phototherapy, and dapsone with varying responses. Insect‐bite‐like reactions is a relatively common and disturbing skin reaction in CLL patients, it may be related to the immune dysregulation accompanying CLL and further exacerbated by external factors, including actual insect bites, chemoimmunotherapy, and pyogenic infection.
Adipophilin/perilipin‐2 as a lipid droplet‐specific marker for metabolically active cells and diseases associated with metabolic dysregulation
Authors: Straub Beate Katharina , Gyoengyoesi Benedek , Koenig Maria , Hashani Merita , Pawella Lena Maria , Herpel Esther , Mueller Wolf , Macher‐Goeppinger Stephan , Heid Hans , Schirmacher Peter 
Published: October 2012

AimsLipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic storage compartments for energy‐rich fats that are nearly ubiquitously present in eukaryotic cells, exerting tissue‐specific functions in metabolically active cell types, and are increased in conditions following cellular damage or lipid overload. The LD–cytoplasm interface is stabilized by amphiphilic proteins of the PAT/perilipin family (perilipin/perilipin‐1, adipophilin/perilipin‐2, and TIP47/perilipin‐3). We evaluated the value of adipophilin immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of diseases associated with LD accumulation.Methods and resultsIn human tissues, adipophilin‐positive LDs were especially prominent in steroidogenic cells of the adrenal gland, testis, and ovary, in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells, in cardiac, striated and smooth myocytes, in lactating mammary gland epithelial cells, and in plurivacuolar adipocytes. Variable amounts of adipophilin‐positive LDs were also detected almost ubiquitously in epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and skin. In diseases associated with lipid storage, adipophilin was strongly expressed in lipid‐laden macrophages in atherosclerosis, in cardiomyopathies, kidney diseases, hepatocyte steatosis, colon ischaemia, and at the border of organ infarcts.ConclusionsAdipophilin immunohistochemistry visualizes small LDs in tissues under physiological and disease conditions that are not visible by conventional light microscopy. Immunohistology for adipophilin may facilitate histomorphological diagnosis of diseases and definition of the extent of metabolic dysregulation, such as in organ infarcts, cardiomyopathies, kidney diseases, and microvesicular steatosis.