bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical dual-band photometry and spectroscopy of the WZ Sge-type dwarf nova EZ Lyn during the 2010 superoutburst
Authors: Isogai Mizuki , Arai Akira , Yonehara Atsunori , Kawakita Hideyo , Uemura Makoto , Nogami Daisaku 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
We performed optical simultaneous dual-band (SDSS $g^{\kern1.5pt\prime}$- and i ′-bands) photometry and low-resolution spectroscopy for the WZ Sge-type dwarf nova EZ Lyn during its 2010 superoutburst. Dual-band photometry revealed that the $g^{\kern1.5pt\prime} - i^{\prime}$ color reddened with a decrease in brightness during the main superoutburst and the following rebrightening phase, whereas the color became bluer with a further decrease in brightness during the slow, final decline phase. With a fit to our photometric results by a blackbody function, we estimated the disk radius ratio (ratio of the disk radius to the binary separation) and compared this with that of V455 And, a WZ Sge-type object that did not show any rebrightening in the 2007 superoutburst. The comparison revealed: (1) the disk radius ratio of EZ Lyn decreased more slowly than that of V455 And, and (2) the radius ratio of EZ Lyn at the end of the main superoutburst was larger than that of V455 And. These results favor the mass reservoir model for the mechanism of rebrightening. During both the superoutburst plateau and subsequent rebrightening phase, Hα and Hβ lines were detected. The Hα line showed a double-peak profile from which we estimated the disk radius ratio. The comparison of this ratio with that derived by photometry indicates that the Hα disk was larger than the photometric one, which suggests that the optically thin gas was extended to the outer region more than the optically thick gas disk and was possibly responsible for the rebrightening phenomenon. Time-series dual-band photometry during the main superoutburst revealed that color variations during the early superhump show roughly the same behavior as that of V455 And, whereas color variations during the ordinary superhump display clear anticorrelation with brightness, in contrast to that seen in V455 And. Here, we discuss different color behaviors.
Suzaku studies of the supernova remnant CTB 109 hosting the magnetar 1E 2259+586
Authors: Nakano Toshio , Murakami Hiroaki , Makishima Kazuo , Hiraga Junoko S. , Uchiyama Hideki , Kaneda Hidehiro , Enoto Teruaki 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Ages of the magnetar 1E 2259+586 and the associated supernova remnant CTB 109 were studied. Analyzing the Suzaku data of CTB 109, its age was estimated to be ∼ 14 kyr, which is much younger than the measured characteristic age of 1E 2259+586, 230 kyr. This reconfirms the previously reported age discrepancy of this magnetar/remnant association, and suggests that the characteristic ages of magnetars are generally over-estimated as compared to their true ages. This discrepancy is thought to arise because the former are calculated without considering decay of the magnetic fields. This novel view is supported independently by much stronger Galactic-plane concentration of magnetars than other pulsars. The process of magnetic field decay in magnetars is mathematically modeled. It is implied that magnetars are much younger objects than previously considered, and can dominate new-born neutron stars.
A sting in the spit: widespread cross‐infection of multipleRNAviruses across wild and managed bees
Authors: McMahon Dino P. , Fürst Matthias A. , Caspar Jesicca , Theodorou Panagiotis , Brown Mark J. F. , Paxton Robert J. 
Published: February 2015

SummaryDeclining populations of bee pollinators are a cause of concern, with major repercussions for biodiversity loss and food security.RNAviruses associated with honeybees represent a potential threat to other insect pollinators, but the extent of this threat is poorly understood.This study aims to attain a detailed understanding of the current and ongoing risk of emerging infectious disease (EID) transmission between managed and wild pollinator species across a wide range ofRNAviruses.Within a structured large‐scale national survey across 26 independent sites, we quantify the prevalence and pathogen loads of multipleRNAviruses in co‐occurring managed honeybee (Apis mellifera) and wild bumblebee (Bombusspp.) populations. We then construct models that compare virus prevalence between wild and managed pollinators.MultipleRNAviruses associated with honeybees are widespread in sympatric wild bumblebee populations. Virus prevalence in honeybees is a significant predictor of virus prevalence in bumblebees, but we remain cautious in speculating over the principle direction of pathogen transmission. We demonstrate species‐specific differences in prevalence, indicating significant variation in disease susceptibility or tolerance. Pathogen loads within individual bumblebees may be high and in the case of at least oneRNAvirus, prevalence is higher in wild bumblebees than in managed honeybee populations.Our findings indicate widespread transmission ofRNAviruses between managed and wild bee pollinators, pointing to an interconnected network of potential disease pressures within and among pollinator species. In the context of the biodiversity crisis, our study emphasizes the importance of targeting a wide range of pathogens and defining host associations when considering potential drivers of population decline.
Ocean sunfish rewarm at the surface after deep excursions to forage for siphonophores
Authors: Nakamura Itsumi , Goto Yusuke , Sato Katsufumi 
Published: February 2015

Summary

Ocean sunfish (Mola mola) were believed to be inactive jellyfish feeders because they are often observed lying motionless at the sea surface. Recent tracking studies revealed that they are actually deep divers, but there has been no evidence of foraging in deep water. Furthermore, the surfacing behaviour of ocean sunfish was thought to be related to behavioural thermoregulation, but there was no record of sunfish body temperature.

Evidence of ocean sunfish feeding in deep water was obtained using a combination of an animal‐borne accelerometer and camera with a light source. Siphonophores were the most abundant prey items captured by ocean sunfish and were typically located at a depth of 50–200 m where the water temperature was <12 °C. Ocean sunfish were diurnally active, made frequently deep excursions and foraged mainly at 100–200 m depths during the day.

Ocean sunfish body temperatures were measured under natural conditions. The body temperatures decreased during deep excursions and recovered during subsequent surfacing periods. Heat‐budget models indicated that the whole‐body heat‐transfer coefficient between sunfish and the surrounding water during warming was 3–7 times greater than that during cooling. These results suggest that the main function of surfacing is the recovery of body temperature, and the fish might be able to increase heat gain from the warm surface water by physiological regulation.

The thermal environment of ocean sunfish foraging depths was lower than their thermal preference (c. 16–17 °C). The behavioural and physiological thermoregulation enables the fish to increase foraging time in deep, cold water.

Feeding rate during deep excursions was not related to duration or depth of the deep excursions. Cycles of deep foraging and surface warming were explained by a foraging strategy, to maximize foraging time with maintaining body temperature by vertical temperature environment.
Determinants of individual foraging specialization in large marine vertebrates, the Antarctic and subantarctic fur seals
Authors: Kernaléguen Laëtitia , Arnould John P. Y. , Guinet Christophe , Cherel Yves 
Published: February 2015

Summary

The degree of individual specialization in resource use differs widely among wild populations where individuals range from fully generalized to highly specialized. This interindividual variation has profound implications in many ecological and evolutionary processes. A recent review proposed four main ecological causes of individual specialization: interspecific and intraspecific competition, ecological opportunity and predation.

Using the isotopic signature of subsampled whiskers, we investigated to what degree three of these factors (interspecific and intraspecific competition and ecological opportunity) affect the population niche width and the level of individual foraging specialization in two fur seal species, the Antarctic and subantarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella and Arctocephalus tropicalis), over several years.

Population niche width was greater when the two seal species bred in allopatry (low interspecific competition) than in sympatry or when seals bred in high‐density stabilized colonies (high intraspecific competition). In agreement with the niche variation hypothesis (NVH), higher population niche width was associated with higher interindividual niche variation. However, in contrast to the NVH, all Antarctic females increased their niche width during the interbreeding period when they had potential access to a wider diversity of foraging grounds and associated prey (high ecological opportunities), suggesting they all dispersed to a similar productive area.

The degree of individual specialization varied among populations and within the annual cycle. Highest levels of interindividual variation were found in a context of lower interspecific or higher intraspecific competition. Contrasted results were found concerning the effect of ecological opportunity. Depending on seal species, females exhibited either a greater or lower degree of individual specialization during the interbreeding period, reflecting species‐specific biological constraints during that period.

These results suggest a significant impact of ecological interactions on the population niche width and degree of individual specialization. Such variation at the individual level may be an important factor in the species plasticity with significant consequences on how it may respond to environmental variability.
The comparative efficacy of first‐ versus second‐generation electronic cigarettes in reducing symptoms of nicotine withdrawal
Authors: Lechner William V. , Meier Ellen , Wiener Josh L. , Grant DeMond M. , Gilmore Jenna , Judah Matt R. , Mills Adam C. , Wagener Theodore L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackground and AimsCurrently, electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) are studied as though they are a homogeneous category. However, there are several noteworthy differences in the products that fall under this name, including potential differences in the efficacy of these products as smoking cessation aids. The current study examined the comparative efficacy of first‐ and second‐generation e‐cigarettes in reducing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in a sample of current smokers with little or no experience of using e‐cigarettes.DesignTwenty‐two mildly to moderately nicotine‐dependent individuals were randomized to a cross‐over design in which they used first‐ and second‐generation e‐cigarettes on separate days with assessment of withdrawal symptoms directly prior to and after product use.Setting and participantsA community‐based sample recruited in the Midwest region of the United States reported a mean age of 28.6 [standard deviation (SD) = 12.9]. The majority were male (56.5%), Caucasian (91.3%), reported smoking an average of 15.2 (SD = 9.6) tobacco cigarettes per day, and a mean baseline carbon monoxide (CO) level of 18.7 parts per million (p.p.m.).MeasurementsSymptoms of withdrawal from nicotine were measured via the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale.FindingsAnalysis of changes in withdrawal symptoms revealed a significant time × product interaction F(1, 21) = 5.057, P = 0.036, n2P = 0.202. Participants experienced a larger reduction in symptoms of nicotine withdrawal after using second‐generation compared with first‐generation e‐cigarettes.ConclusionsSecond‐generation e‐cigarettes seem to be more effective in reducing symptoms of nicotine withdrawal than do first‐generation e‐cigarettes.
Addiction and suicide: A review
Authors: Yuodelis‐Flores Christine , Ries Richard K. 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundAddiction specialists frequently find themselves faced with suicidal behavior in their addictions patients. Although many addiction treatment programs will not accept clients with recent suicidal behavior, up to 40% of patients seeking treatment for substance dependence report a history of suicide attempt(s).1–3 Risk factors for suicide have been studied in the general population and among people with mental illness, less is known about risk factors in those with substance use disorders and co‐occurring disorders.MethodsStudies, psychological autopsies and recent reviews on risk factors for suicide and suicide attempts in patients with alcohol and drug use disorders and the relationship with co‐occurring mental illness were examined.Results and ConclusionsSuicidal behavior is a significant problem for people with co‐occurring disorders seeking addiction treatment. Several predisposing and precipitating risk factors such as marital and interpersonal relationship disruption, occupational and financial stressors, recent heavy substance use and intoxication as well as a history of previous suicide attempts and sexual abuse combine in an additive fashion with personality traits and mental illnesses to intensify risk for suicidal behavior in addiction patients. Major depression, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder and post‐traumatic stress disorder are especially associated with suicidal behavior in people with addictive disorders.Discussion and Scientific SignificanceTreatment implications of these findings are discussed. Addiction treatment providers should routinely gather information about client's suicidal histories, thoughts, and plans in order to assess risk and develop treatment plans for suicidality at various points in treatment. (Am J Addict 2015;24:98–104)
Cerclage for short cervix in twin pregnancies: systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials using individual patient‐level data
Authors: Saccone Gabriele , Rust Orion , Althuisius Sietske , Roman Amanda , Berghella Vincenzo 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of cerclage for preventing preterm birth in twin pregnancies with a short cervical length.DesignWe performed an individual patient data meta‐analysis. Searches were performed in electronic databases.SettingSidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.PopulationTwin pregnancies in mothers with short cervical length.MethodsWe performed an individual patient data meta‐analysis of randomized trials of twin pregnancies screened by transvaginal ultrasound in second trimester and where mothers had a short cervical length <25 mm before 24 weeks. Eligible women had to be randomized to cerclage vs. no‐cerclage (control).Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was preterm birth <34 weeks.ResultsThree trials with 49 twin gestations with a short cervical length were identified. All original databases for each included trial were obtained from the primary authors. Risk factors were similar in the cerclage and control groups, except that previous preterm birth was more frequent and gestational age at randomization and delivery were earlier in the cerclage group compared with the control group. Adjusting for previous preterm birth and gestational age at randomization, there were no statistically significant differences in primary (adjusted odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 0.23–3.79) and secondary outcomes. Rates of very low birthweight and of respiratory distress syndrome were significantly higher in the cerclage group than in the control group.ConclusionBased on these Level 1 data, cerclage cannot currently be recommended for clinical use in twin pregnancies with a maternal short cervical length in the second trimester. Large trials are still necessary.
Role of human papillomavirus testing and cytology in follow‐up after conization
Authors: Gosvig Camilla F. , Huusom Lene D. , Deltour Isabelle , Andersen Klaus K. , Duun‐Henriksen Anne Katrine , Madsen Ellen Merete , Petersen Lone K. , Elving Lisbeth , Schouenbourg Lars , Iftner Angelika , Svare Edith , Iftner Thomas , Kjaer Susanne K. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveAdequate follow‐up of women who have undergone conization for high‐grade cervical lesions is crucial in cervical cancer screening programs. We evaluated the performance of testing for high‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, cytology alone, and combined testing in predicting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) after conization.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingDenmark.Population667 women attending for conization.MethodsCervical specimens were collected during 2002–2006 at first visit after conization for cytological examination and Hybrid Capture 2 detection of high‐risk HPV. The women were passively followed until 2 years after first follow‐up visit by linkage to the nationwide Pathology Data Bank.ResultsAt first visit after conization (median time, 3.4 months), 20.4% were HPV‐positive and 17.2% had atypical squamous intraepithelial lesions or more severe cytology (ASCUS+). The 2‐year incidence of CIN2+ after conization was 3.6%. Sensitivity for detection of CIN2+ after conization was 81.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 58.1–94.6] for positive cytology (ASCUS+ threshold) and 95.2% (95% CI 76.2–99.9) for HPV testing and for combined testing. Specificity of ASCUS+ cytology (85.2%; 95% CI 82.0–88.0) was higher than that of HPV testing (82.4%; 95% CI 79.0–85.4) and markedly higher than that of combined testing (73.2%; 95% CI 69.3–76.8). The margin status had no significant added value.ConclusionsTesting for high‐risk HPV three to four months after conization is more sensitive than ASCUS+ cytology for identifying women at risk for relapse of CIN2+ within 2 years. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether HPV testing could be a stand‐alone test in follow up after conization.
Not just little adults: a review of 102 paediatric ethics consultations
Authors: Thomas Stefanie M. , Ford Paul J. , Weise Kathryn L. , Worley Sarah , Kodish Eric 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimThe American Academy of Pediatrics statement on institutional ethics committees highlights the importance of paediatric ethics consultation. However, little has been published on actual experience with ethics consultation in paediatrics. The objective of this study was to review and describe topics covered by a large retrospective sample of clinical ethics consultations in paediatric medicine.MethodsWe reviewed ethics consultations involving patients of <18 years of age from January 2005 to July 2013 at one institution. Descriptive statistics of the patient population, the reason for the ethics consultation and the consultant's perceived contribution to the case were generated. Subgroups of patients were compared based on demographic and clinical characteristics using Wilcoxon's rank sum tests, chi‐square tests and logistic regression models.ResultsMost of the 102 eligible consultations originated from intensive care units and were requested by attending physicians. The most frequent topic leading to consultation was end‐of‐life issues. Both younger age and male sex were associated with consults for end‐of‐life issues (p < 0.001 and p = 0.010).ConclusionThis analysis provides important information describing the type of consults requested in paediatric medicine, which is necessary given the movement towards professionalising clinical ethics consultation. Further empirical research is needed on ethics consultation in paediatrics.
Ascorbic Acid may Exacerbate Aspirin‐Induced Increase in Intestinal Permeability
Authors: Sequeira Ivana R. , Kruger Marlena C. , Hurst Roger D. , Lentle Roger G. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAscorbic acid in combination with aspirin has been used to prevent aspirin‐induced oxidative GI damage. We aimed to determine whether ascorbic acid reduces or prevents aspirin‐induced changes in intestinal permeability over a 6‐hr period using saccharidic probes mannitol and lactulose. The effects of administration of 600 mg aspirin alone, 500 mg ascorbic acid alone and simultaneous dosage of both agents were compared in a cross‐over study in 28 healthy female volunteers. These effects were also compared with that of a placebo. The ability of ascorbic acid to mitigate the effects of aspirin when administered either half an hour before or after dosage with aspirin was also assessed in 19 healthy female volunteers. The excretion of lactulose over the 6‐hr period was augmented after consumption of either aspirin or ascorbic acid compared with that after consumption of placebo. Dosage with ascorbic acid alone augmented the excretion of lactulose more than did aspirin alone. Simultaneous dosage with both agents augmented the excretion of lactulose in an additive manner. The timing of dosage with ascorbic acid in relation to that with aspirin had no significant effect on the excretion of the two sugars. These findings indicate that ascorbic acid does not prevent aspirin‐induced increase in gut permeability rather that both agents augment it to a similar extent. The additive effect on simultaneous dosage with both agents in augmenting the absorption of lactulose suggests that each influences paracellular permeability by different pathways.
Maintenance lenalidomide in combination with 5‐azacitidine as post‐remission therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Wei Andrew , Tan Peter , Perruzza Sarah , Govindaraj Chindu , Fleming Shaun , McManus Julie , Avery Sharon , Patil Sushrut , Stevenson William , Plebanski Magdalena , Spencer Andrew 
Published: February 2015

SummaryIn this Phase 1b study, the safety and tolerability of maintenance therapy, comprising lenalidomide (0–25 mg, days 5–25) in combination with azacitidine (50–75 mg/m2, days 1–5) every 28 d, was explored in 40 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in complete remission after chemotherapy. Eligibility included AML in first complete remission (CR1) with adverse risk karyotype (n = 8), fms‐related tyrosine kinase 3‐internal tandem duplication (FLT3‐ITD) (n = 5), age ≥60 years (n = 31) or AML in second remission (CR2) (n = 14). Dose‐limiting toxicity was not reached. Common toxicities were haematological, infection, injection pain, constipation, fatigue and diarrhoea. In CR1, median relapse‐free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was 12 and 20 months, respectively. In CR2, median RFS was 11 months, with median OS not yet reached. Among 29 patients with intermediate cytogenetic risk, RFS was 50% at 24 months. There were five patients with concomitant FLT3‐ITD and nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutation; none have relapsed and all are still alive after 17–39 months. Maintenance lenalidomide/azacitidine augmented the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, particularly in patients with NPM1 mutation. The lenalidomide/azacitidine maintenance combination was effective in suppressing residual DNA (cytosine‐5‐)‐methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A)‐positive disease, resulting in sustained remission in patients with concurrent NPM1 mutation. Azacitidine/lenalidomide as maintenance therapy for high‐risk AML warrants further exploration.