bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Details of a Prospective Protocol for a Collaborative Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data from all Randomized Trials of Intravenous rt-PA vs. Control: Statistical Analysis Plan for the Stroke Thrombolysis Trialists' Collaborative Meta-Analysis
Authors:   The Stroke Thrombolysis Trialists' Collaborative Group
Published: May 2013

Rationale Thrombolysis with intravenous alteplase is both effective and safe when administered to particular types of patient within 4·5 hours of having an ischemic stroke. However, the extent to which effects might vary in different types of patient is uncertain. Aims and Design We describe the protocol for an updated individual patient data meta-analysis of trials of intravenous alteplase, including results from the recently reported third International Stroke Trial, in which a wide range of patients enrolled up to six-hours after stroke onset were randomized to alteplase vs. control. Study Outcomes This protocol will specify the primary outcome for efficacy, specified prior to knowledge of the results from the third International Stroke Trial, as the proportion of patients having a ‘favorable’ stroke outcome, defined by modified Rankin Score 0–1 at final follow-up at three- to six-months. The primary analysis will be to estimate the extent to which the known benefit of alteplase on modified Rankin Score 0–1 diminishes with treatment delay, and the extent to which it is independently modified by age and stroke severity. Key secondary outcomes include effect of alteplase on death within 90 days; analyses of modified Rankin Score using ordinal, rather than dichotomous, methods; and effects of alteplase on symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, fatal intracranial hemorrhage, symptomatic ischemic brain edema and early edema, effacement and/or midline shift. Discussion This collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from all randomized trials of intravenous alteplase vs. control will demonstrate how the known benefits of alteplase on ischemic stroke outcome vary across different types of patient.
Towards Coherence of EU External Migration Policy? Implementing a Complex Policy
Authors: Wunderlich Daniel 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe “Global Approach to Migration” represents the European Union's most advanced attempt to integrate non‐member states' interests into its policy agenda. Despite ambitions to achieve policy coherence, assessments of EU policy show that security measures, such as border control and readmission, dominate over “migration and development” and labour migration measures. The article addresses the questions why different components of migration policy differ in their implementation and how this impacts the effectiveness and coherence of the “Global Approach”. The main findings of EU interventions in Morocco and Ukraine show that implementation partners, logic of action and available resources shape policy components' implementation, with profound impact on coherence. Since preventive measures are more greatly affected by amibiguities than control measures, a more balanced EU policy requires EU practitioners to consider how feasible interventions are under each policy component and scale down migration control projects rather than undermine preventive measures and long‐term coherence.
Posture Development in Infants at Heightened versus Low Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Nickel Lindsay R. , Thatcher Alyssa R. , Keller Flavio , Wozniak Robert H. , Iverson Jana M. 
Published: May 2013

Evidence suggests that children and adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) exhibit difficulties with postural control. Retrospective video studies of infants later diagnosed with ASD indicate that infants who eventually receive an ASD diagnosis exhibit delays in postural development. This study investigates early posture development prospectively and longitudinally in 22 infants at heightened biological risk for ASD (HR) and 18 infants with no such risk (Low Risk; LR). Four HR infants received an autism diagnosis (AD infants) at 36 months. Infants were videotaped at home at 6, 9, 12, and 14 months during everyday activities and play. All infant postures were coded and classified as to whether or not they were infant‐initiated. Relative to LR infants, HR infants were slower to develop skill in sitting and standing postures. AD infants exhibited substantial delays in the emergence of more advanced postures and initiated fewer posture changes. Because posture advances create opportunities for infants to interact with objects and people in new and progressively more sophisticated ways, postural delays may have cascading effects on opportunities for infant exploration and learning. These effects may be greater for infants with ASD, for whom posture delays are more significant.
Effect of Exposure to Special Olympic Games on Attitudes of Volunteers towards Inclusion of People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Li Chunxiao , Wang Chee Keng John 
Published: May 2013

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of volunteering for Special Olympics Games (SOG) on the attitudes of volunteers towards inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities.MethodA repeated measures design with 3‐week follow‐up was used. There were 100 volunteers recruited for the study and 90 of them completed the study.ResultsIt was revealed that a 1‐week exposure to the SOG improved volunteers’ attitudes towards inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities significantly (P = 0.016). Females had more positive attitudes than males at all three time points of measures. The interaction effect of gender was not significant.ConclusionsA 1‐week exposure to the SOG can enhance volunteers’ positive attitudes towards inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities and this effect can maintain for up to a month.
Predictors of condom use in South African university students: a prospective application of the theory of planned behavior
Authors: Protogerou Cleo , Flisher Alan J. , Wild Lauren G. , Aarø Leif E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study was carried out among university undergraduates in Cape Town, South Africa. Structural equation models were tested with Mplus to predict intentions to use condoms and actual (subsequent) condom use. Theory of planned behavior (TPB) predictors (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control) explained 43% of the variance of intention to use condoms among the sexually active sample, and 31% among the sexually inactive. In a separate analysis—which also included intentions and previous condom use as predictors—57% of subsequent condom use among the sexually active students was explained. Moreover, age, religiosity, and relationship status were associated with condom use. Our findings provide support for the applicability and suitability of the TPB in South African student populations.
Social context and depression severity and duration in Canadian men and women: exploring the influence of social support and sense of community belongingness
Authors: Fowler Ken , Wareham‐Fowler Stacey , Barnes Caroline 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study examined the effects of 4 types of social support and sense of community belongingness on depression severity and duration in Canadian men and women. Using the concept of social capital, it is argued that sense of community belongingness is a distal social variable, distinct from proximal social factors (e.g., types of social support). Data associated with 6,112 respondents were extracted from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS; Statistics Canada, 2002) and analyzed. Regardless of gender, higher levels of positive social interaction, and a stronger sense of community belongingness predicted less severity and shorter duration. However, very intriguing gender differences also emerged, which are discussed with reference to the reciprocity norm, conservation of resources theory, and social capital.
Adenosine Testing in Atrial Flutter Ablation: Unmasking of Dormant Conduction Across the Cavotricuspid Isthmus and Risk of Recurrence
Authors: MORALES GUSTAVO X. , MACLE LAURENT , KHAIRY PAUL , CHARNIGO RICHARD , DAVIDSON EVAN , THAL SERGIO , CHING CK , LELLOUCHE NICOLAS , WHITBECK MATTHEW , DELISLE BRIAN , THOMPSON JENKS , DI BIASE LUIGI , NATALE ANDREA , NATTEL STANLEY , ELAYI CLAUDE S. 
Published: May 2013

Adenosine Unmasking Dormant Conduction Across the Cavotricuspid IsthmusBackgroundAdenosine‐induced hyperpolarization may identify pulmonary veins at risk of reconnection following electrical isolation for atrial fibrillation. The potential role of adenosine testing in other arrhythmic substrates, such as cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)‐dependent atrial flutter, remains unclear. We assessed whether dormant conduction across the CTI may be revealed by adenosine after ablation‐induced bidirectional block, and its association with recurrent flutter.Methods and ResultsPatients undergoing catheter ablation for CTI‐dependent flutter were prospectively studied. After confirming bidirectional block across the CTI by standard pacing maneuvers, adenosine (≥12 mg IV) was administered to assess resumption of conduction, followed by isoproterenol (ISP) bolus. Further CTI ablation was performed for persistent (but not transient) resumption of conduction.Bidirectional block across the CTI was achieved in all 81 patients (63 males), age 61.2 ± 11.0 years. The trans‐CTI time increased from 71.9 ± 18.1 milliseconds preablation to 166.2 ± 26.4 milliseconds postablation. Adenosine elicited resumption of conduction across the CTI in 7 patients (8.6%), 2 of whom had transient recovery. No additional patient with dormant conduction was identified by ISP. Over a follow‐up of 11.8 ± 8.0 months, atrial flutter recurred in 4 (4.9%) patients, 3/7(42.9%) with a positive adenosine challenge versus 1/74 (1.3%) with a negative response, P = 0.0016 (relative risk 31.7).ConclusionAdenosine challenge following atrial flutter ablation provoked transient or persistent resumption of conduction across the CTI in almost 9% of patients and identified a subgroup at higher risk of flutter recurrence. It remains to be determined whether additional ablation guided by adenosine testing during the index procedure may further improve procedural outcomes.
Quantifying the effects of migration and mutation on adaptation and demography in spatially heterogeneous environments
Authors: Débarre F. , Ronce O. , Gandon S. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractHow do mutation and gene flow influence population persistence, niche expansion and local adaptation in spatially heterogeneous environments? In this article, we analyse a demographic and evolutionary model of adaptation to an environment containing two habitats in equal frequencies, and we bridge the gap between different theoretical frameworks. Qualitatively, our model yields four qualitative types of outcomes: (i) global extinction of the population, (ii) adaptation to one habitat only, but also adaptation to both habitats with, (iii) specialized phenotypes or (iv) with generalized phenotypes, and we determine the conditions under which each equilibrium is reached. We derive new analytical approximations for the local densities and the distributions of traits in each habitat under a migration–selection–mutation balance, compute the equilibrium values of the means, variances and asymmetries of the local distributions of phenotypes, and contrast the effects of migration and mutation on the evolutionary outcome. We then check our analytical results by solving our model numerically, and also assess their robustness in the presence of demographic stochasticity. Although increased migration results in a decrease in local adaptation, mutation in our model does not influence the values of the local mean traits. Yet, both migration and mutation can have dramatic effects on population size and even lead to metapopulation extinction when selection is strong. Niche expansion, the ability for the population to adapt to both habitats, can also be prevented by small migration rates and a reduced evolutionary potential characterized by rare mutation events of small effects; however, niche expansion is otherwise the most likely outcome. Although our results are derived under the assumption of clonal reproduction, we finally show and discuss the links between our model and previous quantitative genetics models.
Spatial distribution of nests constrains the strength of sexual selection in a warbler
Authors: Taff C. C. , Freeman‐Gallant C. R. , Dunn P. O. , Whittingham L. A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn socially monogamous species, extra‐pair paternity may increase the strength of intersexual selection by allowing males with preferred phenotypes to monopolize matings. Several studies have found relationships between male signals and extra‐pair mating, but many others fail to explain variation in extra‐pair mating success. A greater appreciation for the role that ecological contingencies play in structuring behavioural processes may help to reconcile contradictory results. We studied extra‐pair mating in a spatial context in the common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), a territorial wood warbler. Over the course of 6 years, we observed 158 breeding attempts by 99 males, resulting in a total of 369 nests and 520 sampled nestlings. The spatial distribution of territories varied greatly, with males having between 0 and 10 close neighbours and between three and 39 neighbouring nestlings close enough to represent extra‐pair siring opportunities. Both within‐pair and extra‐pair reproductive success increased with breeding density, but the opportunity for sexual selection and strength of selection varied with density. Total variance in reproductive success was highest at low density and was mostly explained by variation in within‐pair success. In contrast, at high density, both within‐pair and extra‐pair successes contributed substantially to variance in reproductive success. The relationships between plumage and extra‐pair mating also varied by density; plumage was under strong sexual selection via extra‐pair mating success at high density, but no selection was detected at low density. Thus, ecological factors that structure social interactions can drive patterns of sexual selection by facilitating or constraining the expression of mating preferences.
How Controlling Shareholders Impact Debt Maturity Structure in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Yung‐Chuan , Chang Wei‐Hsien 
Published: May 2013

AbstractUsing data on listed companies in Taiwan from 1998 to 2009, our study investigates how controlling shareholder structure can affect debt maturity structure. The results indicate a significant negative relationship between ownership and debt maturity in the sample companies when control rights are lower than required control shareholdings. Conversely, the results also demonstrate that the separation of control from ownership displays a significant positive impact on debt maturity for controlling shareholder structure when control rights exceed cash‐flow rights. Overall, our results show that there is an inverted U‐shaped non‐linear relationship between control rights and the duration of liabilities in the control structure of ultimate controlling shareholders. Further, the consequence is that we find the required control shareholdings ratio serves as an important criterion in analyzing it, when dividing the control rights structure based on controlling shareholders into different combinations.
Implementation of IFRS for SMEs in Emerging Economies: Stakeholder Perceptions in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Turkey
Authors: Albu Cătălin Nicolae , Albu Nadia , Pali‐Pista Szilveszter Fekete , Gîrbină Maria Mădălina , Selimoglu Seval Kardes , Kovács Dániel Máté , Lukács János , Mohl Gergely , Müllerová Libuše , Paseková Marie , Arsoy Aylin Poroy , Sipahi Barıs , Strouhal Jiri 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis research investigates the perceptions of stakeholders involved in financial reporting in four emerging economies (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, and Turkey) regarding the possible implementation of IFRS for SMEs, in terms of costs, benefits, and strategy of adoption. In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with representatives of main stakeholders (preparers, auditors, regulators, professional bodies, and users). We find more support for IFRS for SMEs implementation in these four countries than suggested by the results of the European Commission's consultation for the European Union. Interviews reveal differences between stakeholder groups and between countries regarding the preferred implementation approach (mandatory adoption, voluntary adoption or convergence of national regulations with IFRS for SMEs). Interviews indicate the most support for the convergence approach. However, users oppose convergence and prefer the adoption of IFRS for SMEs. The convergence approach moves regulators' attention from users' needs to preparers' preferences and preparedness. This finding is relevant in the decision‐making process of national regulators, who should balance the needs of various stakeholders, but also the country's political and economic objectives.
EMBODIED CARBON IN TRADE: A SURVEY OF THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE
Authors: Sato Misato 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper critically reviews the literature on embodied carbon in trade and evaluates our present empirical understanding of these flows. A careful comparison of quantitative results from this literature exposes significant inconsistencies. For instance, estimates for emission embodied in world trade in 2004 range between 4.4 Gt and 6.2 Gt CO2, the difference corresponding to around half of Europe's annual emissions. A few consistent themes do nevertheless emerge from the literature. Most importantly, emissions in trade constitute a large and growing share of global emissions. Uncertainty about country‐level embodied emissions remains large, however, which presents severe limitations for the practical application of embodied carbon principles in climate policy.
Transforming New Ideas into Practice: An Activity Based Perspective on the Institutionalization of Practices
Authors: Reay Trish , Chreim Samia , Golden‐Biddle Karen , Goodrick Elizabeth , Williams B. E. (Bernie) , Casebeer Ann , Pablo Amy , Hinings C. R. (Bob) 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe develop an activity‐focused process model of how new ideas can be transformed into front line practice by reviving attention to the importance of habitualization as a key component of institutionalization. In contrast to established models that explain how ideas diffuse or spread from one organization to another, we employ a micro‐level perspective to study the subsequent intra‐organizational processes through which these ideas are transformed into new workplace practices. We followed efforts to transform the organizationally accepted idea of ‘interdisciplinary teamwork’ into new everyday practices in four cases over a six year time period. We contribute to the literature by focusing on de‐habitualizing and re‐habitualizing behaviours that connect micro‐level actions with organizational level theorizing. Our model illuminates three phases that we propose are essential to creating and sustaining this connection: micro‐level theorizing, encouraging trying the new practices, and facilitating collective meaning‐making.
A Note on the Adverse Effect of Competition on Consumers
Authors: DINDA SOUMYANANDA , MUKHERJEE ARIJIT 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIt is usually believed that higher competition, implying more active firms, benefits consumers. We show that this may not be the case in an industry with asymmetric cost firms. A rise in the number of more cost‐inefficient firms makes the consumers worse off in the presence of a welfare‐maximizing tax/subsidy policy. A rise in the number of more cost‐inefficient firms also reduces social welfare.
First Report of Dieback of Mango Caused by Fusarium decemcellulare in China
Authors: Qi Yan‐Xiang , Pu Jin‐Ji , Zhang Xin , Zhang He , Lu Ying , Yu Qun‐Fang , Zhang Hui‐Qiang , Xie Yi‐Xian 
Published: May 2013

AbstractDuring 2009–2011, a dieback disease of mango (Mangifera indica) has recently emerged on mango trees in Panzhihua City, Sichuan province of China. The disease is characterized by large irregular brown‐coloured speckles on the petioles and twigs, vascular necrosis and dry leaves and complete twig mortality. Fusarium species were isolated repeatedly from the infected petioles and twigs. The species was identified as Fusarium decemcellulare Brick based on morphology and sequence analysis of Translation Elongation Factor‐1alpha (TEF‐1α) gene. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by pathogenicity tests on potted mango seedlings. To our knowledge, this is the first record of dieback on mango caused by F. decemcellulare in China.
From distress to illness: a critical analysis of medicalization and its effects in clinical practice
Authors: Jacob J. D. , Gagnon M. , McCabe J. 
Published: May 2013

Accessible summary
Construct validity of ‘mental illness’ remains elusive and has been replaced by the more manageable problem of reliability. Health‐care professionals may reliably diagnose similar clusters of symptoms but, realistically speaking, these conditions may not be mental disorders.
Labelling individuals as mentally ill only accentuates the burden of disease by situating the problem within the person, rather than to engage in the difficult task of addressing the contextual elements that may be at the source of distress.
Drawing on research findings in the field of HIV/AIDS nursing, we can see the impact of psychiatric pathologization of women who experience treatment‐induced body changes and subsequently, must accept that their response to these changes become the target of psychiatric labelling and interventions.
We believe that health‐care providers first need to challenge the idea that distress associated with lipodystrophy should result in pathologization. We argue that nurses should be at the forefront of such an initiative because they have the professional responsibility to act as patient advocates.
AbstractThis paper is precisely aimed at exposing the limits of psychiatry's scientific claim‐making and exploring how psychiatric diagnoses come to be utilized in practice and affect those who become pathologized. Drawing on research findings in the field of HIV/AIDS nursing, we portray the impact of psychiatric pathologization of women who see their bodies transformed by antiretroviral therapy and subsequently, must accept that their response to these changes become the target of psychiatric labelling and interventions. In this paper, we therefore engage with the reader in a critical analysis that exposes the tensions that exist between individual experiences of distress and psychiatric pathologization. The first section of the paper is dedicated to the presentation of a theoretical framework in which we explore the medicalization process and the ontological issues regarding psychiatric diagnoses. The second section seeks to present the results from a qualitative research study in the field of HIV/AIDS nursing and serves as a case example to foster discussions on the implications of psychiatric pathologization in clinical practice.