bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF THYROID PREPARATIONS UPON THE CARDIAC AND VASCULAR NERVES
Authors: Dryerre Henry 
Published: December 2014

(a) Injection of thyroid extract produces a fall in the blood‐pressure in cats and dogs (but not in rabbits). This may or may not be accompanied by an alteration (slowing) in the heart‐rate.(b) The injection of thyroid extract has no constant specific effect upon the response to subsequent stimulation of the cardiac fibres of the vagus in the cat, dog, or rabbit, although variable effects are obtained in individual animals, some of the same species.(c) Injections of extract of liver or of tonsil, like those of thyroid, may or may not be followed by effects upon the cardiac nerves.(d) Similar phenomena also occur after the injection of Locke solution.(e) Thyroxine has no distinct effect, demonstrable in an “acute” experiment upon the cardiac nerves, or on the vasomotor system.(f) The strength of the stimulus necessary to be applied to the cervical vagus to obtain equivalent inhibition of the heart varies widely in normal animals, which have not previously received injections of animal extracts.The expenses of this investigation have been in part borne by grants from the Earl of Moray Endowment Fund for the promotion of research in the University of Edinburgh.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XII. THE EFFECT OF THE INJECTION OF THYROID EXTRACT ON THE POLYNUCLEAR COUNT IN A PERENNIBRANCHIATE AMPHIBIAN (NECTURUS MACULOSUS)
Authors: Charipper Harry A. 
Published: December 2014

1. A method is described for obtaining blood directly from the branchial circulation of perennibranchiate Amphibia.2. Determinations of the average normal polynuclear count are made in Necturus maculosus. This count is similar to that found in man and in the rabbit.3. Injections of extract of thyroid substance into the peritoneal cavity cause a deflection of the polynuclear count to the left. An increase in the number of cells of Class I. occurs and reaches a maximum which varies directly with the dosage.4. Thyroid will stimulate granulocytopoietic centres located in places other than the bone marrow.
RELATION OF THE LIVER TO ASPHYXIAL HYPER‐GLYCZEMIA IN FISHES
Authors: Simpson W. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. The normal blood‐sugar of the ling cod, when conditions are standardized, is quite constant and of the same order of magnitude as that of other Teleosts, (1), (2).2. In the few cases in which fish died under operation no hyperglycæmia developed during the twenty minutes that it occupied, thus confirming previous observations in showing that a delay occurs between asphyxiation and the onset of the hyperglycæmia, (1), (2), (3).3. Asphyxia, following complete heparectomy in fish, does not cause hyperglycæmia.4. Under control operation, “mock heparectomy,” asphyxia causes the development of the usual high blood‐sugar.5. These results show that the presence of the liver is essential to the development of asphyxial hyperglycæmia, and they contradict the view that “masked carbohydrates” present in normal blood are a source of the excess of blood‐sugar after asphyxia.
EXPERIMENTS WITH ADRENALINE
Authors: Burridge W. , Seth D. N. 
Published: December 2014

1. Experiments have been performed with adrenaline at dilutions between one part in one billion, 10−12, and one part in ten thousand, 10−4.2. At all dilutions the drug is found to be an augmentor.3. At low dilutions, 10−4 to 10−6, the drug exerts also a different and independent depressing action.4. A physiological method for estimating the rate of disappearance.(oxidation) of adrenaline in Ringer's solution is given.5. A particular dilution of adrenaline, one part in ten millions, is shown(a) to revive an exhausted heart,(á) to make an exhausted heart worse,(b) to accelerate,(b) not to accelerate,(c) to produce tone,(ć) not to produce tone, according to the experimental conditions.6. Hearts do not accelerate with adrenaline unless ventricular conditions make acceleration necessary, extra effort being met primarily by a lengthened stroke of the ventricular pump; acceleration coming in when a lengthened stroke no longer suffices. This result seems likely and reasonable, but it implies that the ventricle can influence the pacemaker's rate.7. Local antidromic impulses are normal factors in cardiac coordination.
THE ARNETH COUNT IN NORMAL AND IN THYROIDECTOMISED SHEEP
Authors: Simpson Ethel D. 
Published: December 2014

In the sheep the Arneth count shows a limited distribution of polymorphs among the various classes. The large majority of cells lie in Class I., fewer in Classes II. and III., while Classes IV. and V. are practically unrepresented.Two or three weeks after thyroidectomy in the young lamb there is a deflection of the Arneth count to the right, so that relatively fewer cells of Class I. appear in the circulation, and more of Classes II., III., and IV. This deflection is temporary, disappearing after a period of three or four weeks, when the proportions of cells in the Arneth classes again become normal.The writer wishes to acknowledge her indebtedness to
Dr
John Tait for much helpful criticism.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XIII. THE DEVIATION OF THE COUNT BY VARIOUS AUTACOIDS AND ANIMAL EXTRACTS
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. , Thompson W. A. R. 
Published: December 2014

A left‐handed deviation of the Arneth count in rabbits is produced by various gonad extracts as well as by pituitrin, adrenalin, and insulin.The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund.
THE INFLUENCE OF BICARBONATE AND PHOSPHATE ON THE MOVEMENTS OF SURVIVING INTESTINE
Authors: M'Callum J. W. , Magee H. E. 
Published: December 2014

The effects of change in the bicarbonate and phosphate content of Tyrode's fluid at 38° on the pendular movements of surviving segments of ileum from rabbits which had fasted for fifteen hours are recorded. The pH of the fluid was kept constant, or its effects controlled.Sodium bicarbonate, independently of its alkalinity or its buffering action, beneficially affects the whole contractile process, its regularising action being the most outstanding. The results are immediate and reversible. In its absence the effect of Ca is fundamentally altered; but those of K and Mg are unchanged.The immediate effects of phosphate proved to be variable, but at pH 7.4 and above they were, on the whole, of a regularising nature, and independent of its pH or buffering effects. Concentrations of phosphate above or below 0.005 per cent. NaH2PO4 had, after numerous changes over several hours, a harmful effect. The actions of Ca, K, or Mg are unaltered by the absence of phosphate.The opinion is expressed that the actions of bicarbonate and phosphate are attributable to the anions HCO'3 and HPO'4 respectively.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XV. THE EFFECT OF TISSUE INJURY
Authors: Danzer M. 
Published: December 2014

1. Extracts of various organs and tissues, when injected into rabbits, deflect the polynuclear count. The deflection is due to the contained proteins.2. The destruction and absorption of tissues in vivo is followed by a similar deflection. It is possible that this fact accounts for the deflection of the polynuclear count after injury to various tissues. It is also suggested that the continual and normal breakdown of tissue in the body is sufficient to provide a stimulus for the continual and normal output of polymorphs by the marrow.
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION. —THE EFFECT UPON SALIVARY SECRETION OF THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, SODIUM CARBONATE, SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SODIUM CHLORIDE, AND SODIUM SULPHATE
Authors: Eddy Nathan B. 
Published: December 2014

In the dog salivary secretion, elicited by continuous administration of pilocarpine, is decreased by intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate, of sodium carbonate, or of sodium hydroxide. The decrease in secretion produced by sodium bicarbonate is greater the larger the dose, and is obtained in like degree whether the bicarbonate is injected in isotonic or in hypertonic solution. The effect of sodium carbonate upon secretion is greater than that of sodium bicarbonate, and the effect of sodium hydroxide greater than that of either of the other two substances.Intravenously administered sodium bicarbonate prevents almost completely the augmenting effect upon salivary secretion of a ten minute period of re‐breathing, though carbon dioxide accumulated in the re‐breathing tank to the same extent as in a similar period of re‐breathing without sodium bicarbonate administration.Each of the three alkaline agents increases submaxillary blood‐volume flow as a rule.Sodium chloride or sodium sulphate intravenously administered in isotonic solution increases submaxillary secretion and blood‐volume flow. Both agents administered in hypertonic solution decrease salivary secretion but increase more markedly submaxillary blood‐volume flow. The effect upon secretion of isotonic and hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate appears to be due to the increase in blood‐flow and to their influence upon the fluid available to the gland cells by withdrawal of water from the tissues.The described effects of the alkaline substances and neutral salts were obtained with the chorda tympani cut, and were not affected by cutting also the vago‐sympathetic.It is suggested that the effects upon salivary secretion of intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide are due mainly to changes in acid base equilibrium, in which the hydrogen‐ion concentration of the interior of the cell may be a major factor.A comparison of the effects of carbon dioxide, of sodium bicarbonate, and of sodium carbonate on pulmonary ventilation, mean blood‐pressure, and salivary secretion is made.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE RETINAL RESPONSES OF XENOPUS LÆVIS
Authors: Jolly W. A. , Hogben Lancelot 
Published: December 2014

1. When eyes of the same size, subjected to the same treatment, are tested, the retinal action current of Xenopus is of much smaller magnitude than that of Rana.2. The several deflections of the action current run a slower course in Xenopus than in Ranas.3. The recovery process which is essential to the manifestation of the C component is of much more protracted duration in Xenopus as compared with Rana.4. There are reasons for believing that the eye of Xenopus is relatively more sensitive to radiation of long wave‐length as compared with that of Rana.5. Qualitative differences are found in the response of the light‐adapted Xenopus eye on illumination by light of different wave‐length. Negative variation is more pronounced with violet light, and the darkening reaction consists of a positive deflection. The positive component is more pronounced with white light, and the darkening reaction consists of a negative deflection.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM CONTENT OF SERUM
Authors: Charles Enid 
Published: December 2014

1. No significant sex differences were observed in the calcium and magnesium content of the serum of the rabbit and the dogfish.2. In the case of Xenopus and the domestic fowl, females were found to have a significantly higher content of both calcium and magnesium than males.3. In the crawfish a significantly higher serum magnesium content was found in females.4. The serum magnesium content of the female dogfish showed great variability.This investigation was undertaken at the suggestion of Professor
Lancelot Hogben, to whose encouragement and advice acknowledgment is made.
PREGNANCY CHANGES IN THE RABBIT'S UTERUS AND THEIR RELATION TO ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY
Authors: Robson J. M. , Illingworth R. E. 
Published: December 2014

The statement of
Knaus, that the injection of an extract of the corpus luteum into mature non‐pregnant rabbits inhibits the in vitro reaction of the uterus to pituitrin, has been confirmed. Both the oxytocie and pressor fraction of the posterior lobe are inhibited.Small doses of alpha (œstrin, in oily solution) do not interfere with the progestational or inhibitory reactions of the corpus luteum hormone; large doses of alpha (more than 3000 mouse units) prevent the progestational reaction, but the pituitrin reaction is still inhibited.Inhibition of the pituitrin reaction was obtained in several cases with an extract of the human placenta. No proliferation was obtained. The corpus luteum extract was partitioned between petroleum ether and 50 per cent. alcohol. The petroleum ether fraction caused proliferation, but little or no inhibition. The 50 per cent. alcohol fraction, which formed a colloidal solution in water, caused some proliferation and complete inhibition.Saponification destroyed both the proliferative and inhibitory actions of the corpus luteum extract.It is suggested that the proliferative and inhibitory actions of the corpus luteum extract may be due to different factors.We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. B. P.
Wiesner for valuable help and advice in the course of this work.
THE EFFECT OF DESTRUCTION OF THE SPERMATOGENIC TISSUE BY X‐RAYS UPON CERTAIN SECONDARY GONADIC CHARACTERS OF THE COCK
Authors: Mirskaia L. , Crew F. A. E. 
Published: December 2014

The male characters of the head‐furnishings, voice, and behaviour, as far as fighting is concerned, are not dependent for their maintenance upon the endocrine activity of the spermatogenic tissue of the testis, for when this is obliterated by means of X‐rays, these characters remain unaffected.We wish to acknowledge the help that Dr A. W.
Green‐wood has given to us in the course of this study. His particular knowledge of the fowl has often stood between us and rash assumption.
EXPERIMENTAL ISCHÆMIA: SENSORY PHENOMENA, FIBRILLARY TWITCHINGS, AND EFFECTS ON PULSE, RESPIRATION, AND BLOOD‐PRESSURE
Authors: Reid Charles 
Published: December 2014

1. An account is given of the phenomena observed in limbs with ischæmia of about fifteen to thirty‐five minutes' duration, and also in the post‐ischæmic period.2. Ischæmia per se is not associated with any notable sensory phenomena beyond a feeling of numbness, provided the limb is kept warm and the occluding pressure is not more than about 30 mm. Hg above the systolic pressure.3. Serial contractions of ischæmic muscle set up continuous severe pain localised over the belly of the muscle. Static contraction of ischæmic muscle is also accompanied by pain of similar distribution, but of less extent and severity. The pain disappears almost immediately after re‐establishment of the circulation, and is probably due to the effects of metabolites.4. The effects on blood‐pressure of simple ischæmia and of ischæmia associated with serial and static muscular contractions are dealt with.5. Within one to two minutes following the re‐entry of blood into a limb after ischæmias lasting fifteen to thirty‐five minutes, an intense “pins and needles” sensation with hyperæsthesia develops; this rapidly reaches a maximum, and passes off in about ten minutes. Fibrillary twitchings are almost simultaneously evident (particularly in the small muscles of the hand), which cease shortly before the complete cessation of the sensory phenomena. These sensory and motor phenomena are phases in the recovery of nerve‐endings and of muscle fibres respectively.6. A relationship of the fibrillary twitchings to diminution in muscle calcium is indicated by observations on the muscles of the post‐ischæmic limbs of animals and on that of the blood calcium.7. Metabolites from the ischæmic limb pass into the blood and increase the depth of respiration and slow the pulse‐rate.I have pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness to Professor J. A.
MacWilliam for much kindly help and criticism.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XIX. THE ORGAN DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEUTROPHILIC POLYMORPHS WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR PASSAGE THROUGH MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Authors: Climenko David Robert 
Published: December 2014

1. The theory of the Arneth count is discussed.2. Arneth counts of the peripheral circulation are given, and corroborate the work of
Yeagfer and
Haterius.3. Comparative counts of the blood for various peripheral and splanchnic areas are given. These show a high degree of consistency.4. Counts from the bone marrow show a marked left‐handed deflection.5. Counts from mucosal smears show a marked right‐handed deflection.A portion of the expenses for this research was defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XX. A STUDY OF THE BLOOD CELLS OF PSEUDEMYS ELEGANS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Charipper Harry A. , Davis Daniel 
Published: December 2014

1. A polynuclear count cannot be made in Pseudemys elegans, since multilobed cells are absent.2. By considering eosinophils with spherical granules as young cells and eosinophils with ellipsoidal or rod‐like granules as older cells, a differential eosinophil count, comparable to the polynuclear count, can be made.3. The eosinophil of Pseudemys elegans reacts to hæmatopoietic stimuli in much the same way as does the neutrophil of the mammal.4. Injections of thyroxine and nucleic acid in Pseudemys elegans increase the total white cell population by stimulating the granulo‐cytopoietic centres, causing an increase in the number of young eosinophils. This effect is analogous to a left‐handed deflection in the polynuclear count of amphibians, birds, and mammals.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DUCTLESS GLANDS, THE SERUM CALCIUM, AND EGG‐LAYING IN THE FOWL
Authors: Macowan Marion M. 
Published: December 2014

In the yearly life‐cycle of the fowl the serum calcium approximates the mammalian level during the growth period. As the first ovum develops in the ovary the calcium rises rapidly, reaching a maximum level with an average of from 10–30 grm. The calcium then falls relatively slightly for egg weight above 30 grm. until the egg is laid, when these changes begin again. Associated with these there are distinct histological alterations in the parathyroids. Parathormone raises the blood calcium of hens in the growth period, but has no effect during moulting, or on the blood calcium of cocks.A supply of Ca in the diet sufficient only for maintenance does not permit of egg‐laying.The yearly cycle does not affect the structure of the pituitary, thymus, or adrenals. Seasonal variations in the size, structure and iodine content of the thyroid were confirmed.I wish to express my acknowledgements to Dr ORR, who suggested the investigation, to Professor MACLEOD and Dr MAGEE for assistance and criticism, and to Professor SHENNAN for the photograph.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XXI. THE EFFECT OF THE PARENTERAL INTRODUCTION OF CERTAIN COLLOIDAL METALS ON THE COUNT
Authors: Climenko David Robert 
Published: December 2014

1. The action of colloidal preparations of the following metals upon the Arneth count is described: iron, cobalt, tin, copper, strontium, and nickel.2. It was found that in general small doses produce no significant deflection, but marked left‐handed shifts are produced with two to eight times the minimum dose.3. The effect produced by the various metals bears no definite relationship to the toxicity of the metals.4. It is tentatively suggested that the effect is a non‐specific one due to a deviation of the normal concentrations of the inorganic constituents of the blood serum.A portion of the expenses of this research, which was carried out during the tenure of a Carnegie Research Scholarship, was met by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund.
THE RATE OF RESPIRATION IN ERYTHROCYTES.—II. THE RATE IN MATURE RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Ramsey Robert , Warren Charles O. 
Published: December 2014

1. Orthochromatic rabbit erythrocytes suspended in saline consume oxygen at the minimum rate of 8.44 mm.3/grm./hr., and reticulocytes at the rate of 250 mm.3/grm./hr.2. In a sample of blood drawn from a normal rabbit, in which the reticulocyte concentration is 0·5 per cent., nearly 90 per cent. of the observed respiration of the red cells is due to the orthochromatic erythrocytes.3. With the progress of anæmia (by hæmorrhage) more oxygen is consumed by the red cells than can be accounted for on the basis that the two rates of respiration given above remain constant.
PREGNANCY CHANGES IN THE RABBIT'S UTERUS AND THEIR RELATION TO ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY.—II. THE ACTION OF GONADOTROPIC PREPARATIONS OF THE PITUITARY AND OF PREGNANCY URINE
Authors: Robson J. M. 
Published: December 2014

Minced bovine anterior pituitary lobe substance, alkaline extracts of the same, and gonadotropic extracts of the urine of pregnant women have been injected into rabbits and the duration of activity of the luteal tissue formed has been determined; progestational proliferation of the endometrium and inhibition of the in vitro reaction to a posterior pituitary lobe extract of the uterine musculature were used as criteria of luteal secretion. A single injection (intramuscular or intravenous) of the above preparations was, as a rule, followed by a period of luteal activity more or less equivalent to the duration of normal pseudopregnancy. Certain exceptions to this type of effect are described.Repeated injections have prolonged the period of luteal activity; towards the end of this period it has been possible, in a limited number of experiments, to obtain inhibition of the reaction of the uterus to the posterior pituitary lobe extract in the absence of progestational proliferation of the endometrium. The significance of these phenomena is discussed, and it is suggested that they may be explained on the assumption that the corpus luteum secretes two hormones responsible for the progestational and the inhibitory effects respectively.I wish to express my acknowledgments to Dr B. P.
Wiesner for help and advice; and to thank him and Mr R. E.
Illingworth for the pituitary and pregnancy urine extracts used.
STUDIES ON THE ACCELERATION AND INHIBITION OF HÆMOLYSIS. IV. THE EFFECT OF INITIAL pH ON SAPONIN, TAUROCHOLATE, AND GLYCOCHOLATE HÆMOLYSIS
Authors: Gordon Albert S. 
Published: December 2014

1. It is shown that hæmolytic systems containing saponin, sodium taurocholate, or sodium glycocholate as the lysin are affected by initial pH in the following manner:—(a) The rendering of systems more acid than pH 6•0 results in an acceleration which increases with the concentration of acid employed except in the case of lysis produced by high concentrations of sodium taurocholate, where the addition of acid results in an increasing inhibition up to pH 4•5, beyond which the addition of more acid results in acceleration.(b) Raising the pH beyond 6•0 results in an inhibition which reaches its maximum in the case of the bile salts at about pH 8•0, and in the case of saponin between pH 9•0 and pH 10•0.(c) High concentrations of acid as well as alkali cause acceleration in all the systems.2. Although the red cell is directly affected by high concentrations of acid or alkali, in moderate concentrations the effect is primarily upon the lysin.3. The empirical expression which has been employed to describe certain well‐known cases of inhibition is found to be applicable to the types of inhibition and acceleration encountered in this study.