bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil Tests at Extreme Conditions Yield New Data For Reservoir Modeling
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen 
Published: February 2015

HP/HT Research
Drilling in the extremely deep waters of the US Gulf of Mexico has revealed huge oil reservoirs, and gaps in the industry’s capabilities.
While much attention has gone toward creating high-performance equipment to develop and produce oil from high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) formations such as the Lower Tertiary, researchers around the world have been quietly working on measuring how oil behaves under those extreme conditions.
“New tools are needed to represent reservoir fluid properties at temperatures from subsea (~30°F) to the reservoir temperatures near 400°F and pressures ranges from ambient to 30,000 psi,” said Jefferson Creek, a senior research consultant at Chevron Energy Technology. “Developing numerical representations requires a solid base of appropriate measured data to benchmark performance of new equations or new procedures.”
A study organized and backed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) of the United States Department of Energy first looked to see if any laboratory had tested how oil performs at really high pressures and temperatures.
“The bottom line is there are huge gaps in data in high-temperature reservoirs where they are already producing,” said Robert Enick, a research professor at the University of Pittsburgh, one of the lead researchers on the NETL project.
One reason for the gap was the lack of equipment capable of making those measurements and the obstacles facing anyone who wanted to build it. It is extremely tough to prevent leaks at those pressures, and the usual measurement methods do not work because sensors cannot survive at those temperatures. The devices they created to do the job showed that the formulas commonly used at lower temperatures and pressures are a poor fit once the temperature exceeds 300°F.
When commonly used models were used to extrapolate those properties under HP/HT conditions, density predictions were off by as much as 50%, and viscosity errors were as high as 75%, according to a project presentation. Based on multiple HP/HT density and viscosity tests of components that make up crude oil, equations were identified that offered a good correlation to the data. By tweaking some of the parameters in those equations it was possible to get a closer fit with the test results.
Now the results are being passed on to the large oil companies working in ultradeepwater.
The Power of the Industrial Internet: Turning Data Into Insight and Action
Authors: White Paul 
Published: February 2015

Talent & Technology
Over the past 200 years, since the days of the Industrial Revolution, we have experienced several waves of innovation, which have had a profound effect on our everyday lives. Today, across the oil and gas industry, we are on the cusp of a new transformative era, with the potential to radically change the way we do business and interact not just with the physical world, but also with the world of analytics.
In the latter part of the 18th and early part of the 19th centuries, the Industrial Revolution represented the first wave of advancement, with innovation and technology primarily applied to agriculture, manufacturing, and energy production. It delivered a period of unprecedented growth and changed people’s lives significantly.
The second wave took place at the end of the 20th century, at a much faster rate—over a period of approximately 50 years—and was characterized by the emergence of the Internet. With fewer than 300 computers connected in 1981, that earliest manifestation is unrecognizable to today’s, where connectivity is almost ubiquitous and the Internet is responsible for providing billions of people with instant access to massive amounts of information, changing the way we shop, socialize, and execute much of our business.
Today, we are experiencing a third wave, the emergence of the “industrial Internet,” a place in which the physical and analytical worlds collide. The industrial world is being digitized and reshaped by “big data,” opening up new and unprecedented levels of productivity. Data coupled with expertise- driven knowledge are important to a company’s ability to achieve improved outcomes.
Essentially a convergence of machines and intelligent data, the industrial Internet is enabled by advanced computing, data analytics, low-cost sensing, and new levels of connectivity, all permitted by the Internet. It is a deep meshing of the digital world with the world of equipment and machines; one that, by 2020, will see an estimated 50 billion devices connected and communicating, not only with their owners, but also with each other. This revolution holds the potential to bring about a profound and significant transformation of global industry and, in turn, changes to many aspects of daily life, including the way we work.
A large proportion of the devices connected to the Internet now are smartphones, tablets, and computers. In the future, almost all technically active devices will be connected to the Internet, limited not just to a range of consumer devices such as TVs or refrigerators, but also including a broad range of industrial equipment, such as gas turbines, wind turbines, and the full range of subsea systems.
Technology Focus: Offshore Production (November 2014)
Authors: Thomas Sally A. 
Published: February 2015

Technology Focus

Shallow-water offshore production began before 1900 and continues to be important today. Technology to maximize economic production from shallow-water fields can be adapted from onshore or deepwater technologies. Improvements in monitoring-system capabilities (and costs) are direct contributors to optimizing well and facilities operations. Several case studies illustrate the benefits of applying existing technology to increase production in mature operations.
The first case study is of a gas/condensate field. Typical liquid-handling strategies were first applied to mitigate production decline, including converting the test separator to a low-pressure separator. Regular well testing is required for allocation and reservoir management. Previously, low-pressure wells were shut in during the well tests, resulting in production losses. Clamp-on sonar meters allow well testing every 2 months without shutting in production. Data from the sonar metering and other production-surveillance techniques have been used to optimize well cycling.
The second case study describes implementation of through-tubing technology for sand control at a normally unmanned platform. The platform is located in shallow water with onerous sea states. Significant sand production began from an unconsolidated oil zone when the original gas well was converted to commingled production. This paper describes the selection and installation of through-tubing sand control and subsequent selection and installation of through-tubing gas lift. Critical success factors for well rejuvenation at this marginal field include managing marine issues and crane limits.
The last case study discusses installation of a downhole electric heater in an offshore heavy-oil well. Heating heavy-oil reservoirs is uncommon offshore. This successful heater application uses a three-phase system with a cold section to protect the electrical submersible pump (ESP) used to lift the oil. Distributed-temperature sensing monitors temperature profiles in the well. Cable connections—power for the heater and the ESP—are critical for successful operation. JPT
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
IPTC 16858 Downhole Electrical Heating for Heavy-Oil Enhanced Recovery: A Successful Application in Offshore Congo by F. Bottazzi, Eni, et al.
OTC 23948 Full-Scale Testing of Distributed-Temperature Sensing in Flexible Risers and Flowlines by Nick Weppenaar, NOV Flexibles, et al.
OTC 23968 Large-Diameter-Riser Laboratory Gas Lift Tests by G. Zabaras, Shell, et al.
Sonar Metering Optimizes Production in Liquid-Loading-Prone Gas Wells
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: February 2015

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 166652, ’Use of Sonar Metering To Optimize Production in Liquid-Loading-Prone Gas Wells,’ by C.A. Shields and M. Dollard, Marathon Oil UK, and S. Sridhar, G. Dragnea, and M. Illingsworth, Expro Meters, prepared for the 2013 SPE Offshore Europe Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Aberdeen, 3-6 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper discusses the use of clamp-on sonar flowmeters to minimize losses associated with well testing and to gain the subsequent benefits seen with respect to production optimization and well deliquefication. Clamp-on sonar flowmetering is a nonintrusive technology that measures the flow velocity of the fluid stream. This intensive well-management strategy has assisted in reducing the production decline of the East Brae field in the North Sea.
Introduction
The East Brae platform (Fig. 1) is located 275 km northeast of Aberdeen in Block 16/3a in a water depth of 110 m. The reservoir comprises high- permeability sands deposited by turbidity currents. The reservoir has an average porosity of 17% and an average permeability of 558. md. The platform initially started producing condensate, while reinjecting the gas, in December 1993. Exporting of the gas began in 1994, and reinjection was phased out. The current topside holds a low- pressure (LP) separator (test separator) operated at 217 psig, a high-pressure (HP) separator (first-stage separator) currently operated at 406 psig, and second- and third-stage separators. It also includes a gas-processing and - dehydration plant, three gas-compression trains, and produced-water-processing facilities for discharge into the sea.
There are currently 12 producing monobore wells on the East Brae platform. Former gas-injection wells have now been converted to producing wells. The wells are inclined up to a maximum deviation of 45°. The reservoir fluid is a retrograde gas condensate that exhibits compositional variation with depth. The reservoir has an active aquifer that has encroached into the producing layers as reservoir pressure has depleted through production.
Background: Allocation and Well Testing
On the East Brae platform, production allocation for the wells has typically been carried out by individual well tests of each well in the test separator on a monthly basis. The well test records the amount of oil and gas produced from a well during the first stage of separation. The oil and gas are then processed further in the plant. Some of the oil is vaporized into the gas phase as it is stabilized in lower-pressure separators, and some of the gas is liquefied as it is cooled and compressed. As a result of these equilibrium changes, the oil and gas rates exported from the platform (known as its “potentials”) that are attributable to a single well are not directly comparable with the oil and gas rates measured at the test separator for that well.
Juridical Tools of Governmental Nature Used to Mitigate Various Difficulties of the Financial and Budgetary System
Authors: Bostan Ionel 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The lack of supervision and thorough regulation of the financial system, by virtue of the exercise of the principle of laissez-faire, is likely to lead to imbalances with destructive consequences on the standard of living and savings of the population. The global crisis which started in 2007 is the most illustrative example in this regard. This has highlighted the inability of the regulatory and supervisory institutions to adapt to the realities of the market. As a result, nowadays authorities are still concerned with restoring the balance between the freedom of the markets, firms and financial products and their appropriate regulation. The anticipated result: the installation of the sustainable growth. This requires the existence of a more transparent financial system, with severe rules in accounting/accounting reporting of assets and a mechanism for ensuring the integrity of the financial markets. We must assert that lately there has been a certain intensification of the intervention of the executive authority/government by juridical means (government ordinances and decisions) in the economic and business system, due, as we will show, to the deterioration of the financial problems. Therefore, in this paper we seek to emphasize the specific manner in which the national executive authority was involved in the direction shown. Obviously, we address the topic from the perspective of the economic and financial legislation, also considering the budgetary aspects and, to some extent, certain elements of impact. To this end, we used the most recent law and economic/financial bibliography, reports issued by prestigious specialized institutions and also the substantiation notes drafted by the governmental factors when adopting normative acts of the type described above, as the issue in question concerned us over the last five years.
The Argentinian Peso Crisis (2014)
Authors: Dapontas Dimitrios 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The flow work is focused around discovering the aspects that fixed Argentina's during the recent (2014) crisis nation's destiny. Variables focused around prior analysis utilizing the logistic regression model conveyed for a twelve years period (2002-2013 to clarify the occurrence and checking whether conceivable elements could be foreseeable. The results demonstrate that foreign exchange reserves reduction, monetary aggregates (M3) raise, crises in trading partners, oil price and consumer price index level seem to boost early 2014 turbulence and they also predicted accurately the forthcoming crisis. Also the development of the phenomenon was rapid giving positive signs later than the previous works suggested. The capital flight named as the major factor that led to depreciation is statistically unimportant.
Exploring the 'Cultural Tourism-Sustainable Development' Nexus: the Case of Croatia
Authors: Demonja Damir , Gredičak Tatjana 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Modern environment in which operate tourism-economic factors is characterized by a high level of instability and the dynamics of change. Changes with its influences determine external operating conditions, over which micro organizational units have no control. In order to successfully survive it is necessary to identify and adapt to them. Marketing strategy of cultural heritage tourist valorisation, in this context, appears as an adequate approach. Strategic management enables planning on an analysis of past events, and in a special way takes into account estimates and projections of future conditions of the environment. Also, it should take into account that the coexistence of cultural heritage with the achievements of modern life is defined with sustainable development syntax. This paper in which research, formulation and presentation of the results were used the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative, descriptive and historical methods outlines the development and analyzes the current state of cultural tourism in Croatia, and discusses approach to effective strategic marketing management of cultural heritage tourist valorisation, focusing on the sustainable development of tourism.
Multidimensional Analysis of Monthly Stock Market Returns
Authors: Gulseven Osman 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This study examines the monthly returns in Turkish and American stock market indices to investigate whether these markets experience abnormal returns during some months of the calendar year. The data used in this research includes 212 observations between January 1996 and August 2014. I apply statistical summary analysis, decomposition technique, dummy variable estimation, and binary logistic regression to check for the monthly market anomalies. The multidimensional methods used in this article suggest weak evidence against the efficient market hypothesis on monthly returns. While some months tend to show abnormal returns, there is no absolute unanimity in the applied approaches. Nevertheless, there is a strikingly negative May effect on the Turkish stocks following a positive return in April. Stocks tend to be bullish in December in both markets, yet we do not observe anya significant January effect is not observed.
Macroeconomic Trends in the New Member Countries of the European Union Before the Euro Area Debt Crisis
Authors: Todorov Ivan Krumov 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to outline the main macroeconomic trends in the new member countries of the European Union before the Euro Area debt crisis. In order to achieve this objective, the developments in a wide range of macroeconomic indicators (exchange rates, foreign trade, monetary policy, inflation, price levels, and fiscal balances, sovereign debt, GDP, labour productivity, composition of output and current account balances) have been analyzed. The analysis results in recommendations on the macroeconomic policies the new member countries should have implemented under global crisis condition in accordance with the peculiarities of their economies and their specific national priorities.
Baltic Sea coastal erosion; a case study from the Jastrzębia Góra region
Authors: Uścinowicz Grzegorz , Kramarska Regina , Kaulbarsz Dorota , Jurys Leszek , Frydel Jerzy , Przezdziecki Piotr , Jegliński Wojciech 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The coastline in the Jastrzębia Góra area can be divided into three major zones of general importance: a beach and barrier section, a cliff section, and a section protected by a heavy hydrotechnical construction. These areas are characterised by a diverse geology and origin, and hence different vulnerability to erosion. In addition, observations have demonstrated a different pace of erosion within each zone. Based on the results obtained by remote sensing methods (analysis of aerial photographs and maps), it has been determined that the coastline in the barrier area, i.e., to the west of Jastrzębia Góra, moved landwards by about 130 m, in a period of 100 years, and 80 m over about 50 years. A smaller displacement of the shoreline could be observed within the cliff. Between the middle of the twentieth and the start of the twenty-first centuries the shore retreated by about 25 m. However, in recent years, an active landslide has led to the displacement of the uppermost part of the cliff locally up to 25 m. Another issue is, functioning since 2000, a heavy hydrotechnical construction which has been built in order to protect the most active part of the cliff. The construction is not stable and its western part, over a distance of 50 m, has moved almost 2 m vertically downwards and c. 2.5 m horizontally towards the sea in the past two years. This illustrates that the erosional factor does not comprise only marine abrasion, but also involves land-based processes determined by geology and hydrogeology. Changes in the shoreline at the beach and barrier part are constantly conditioned by rising sea levels, the slightly sloping profile of the sea floor and low elevation values of the backshore and dune areas. Cliffs are destroyed by mass wasting and repetitive storm surges that are responsible for the removal of the colluvium which protects the coast from adverse wave effects. Presumably, mass movements combined with groundwater outflow from the cliff, plus sea abrasion cause destabilisation of the cliff protection construction.
Spatial variability of selected physicochemical parameters within peat deposits in small valley mire: a geostatistical approach
Authors: Pawłowski Dominik , Okupny Daniel , Włodarski Wojciech , Zieliński Tomasz 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Geostatistical methods for 2D and 3D modelling spatial variability of selected physicochemical properties of biogenic sediments were applied to a small valley mire in order to identify the processes that lead to the formation of various types of peat. A sequential Gaussian simulation was performed to reproduce the statistical distribution of the input data (pH and organic matter) and their semivariances, as well as to honouring of data values, yielding more ‘realistic’ models that show microscale spatial variability, despite the fact that the input sample cores were sparsely distributed in the X-Y space of the study area. The stratigraphy of peat deposits in the Ldzań mire shows a record of long-term evolution of water conditions, which is associated with the variability in water supply over time. Ldzań is a fen (a rheotrophic mire) with a through-flow of groundwater. Additionally, the vicinity of the Grabia River is marked by seasonal inundations of the southwest part of the mire and increased participation of mineral matter in the peat. In turn, the upper peat layers of some of the central part of Ldzań mire are rather spongy, and these peat-forming phytocoenoses probably formed during permanent waterlogging.
The Influence of Real Estate on Its Surroundings Based on the Example of the Manufaktura Complex in Lodz
Authors: Olbińska Katarzyna 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Real estate compared to other goods is distinguished by a high specificity. One of the signs of these specifics is the interdependence or correlation between property and its surroundings. On the one hand, the factor of closest neighborhood can largely shape the value of the property, while on the other hand, the function, use and development of real estate can strongly affect nearby property and the image of their entire neighborhood. The dynamics of the interdependence between the property and its environment reveal themselves most clearly in moments of transformation of real estate and its use.
This study has a research character. The focus of this article is one of the aspects of interdependence - the impact of the property, its use and development on its closest surroundings. The aim of this article is to show the manifestations of different types of external effects generated by the property.
Case study research was conducted on the housing market in Lodz for the purpose of the article. The study included the analysis of 3,444 transactions made during the period from July 2005 to December 2009 in the area of 27 precincts representing the proximal and distal environment of the Manufaktura complex. The study analyzed the impact of the transformation from a post-industrial area into a multifunctional one, with the dominant function of trade, on the prices and marketability of apartments located in the vicinity of the complex.
The performed analyses have not clearly confirmed the impact of the carried out transformations on the price of housing in areas surrounding the Manufaktura complex. However, the analyses did reveal that the proximity of the multifunction complex may be one of the factors influencing the activity of the housing market in the area.