bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERANAN GURU IPA DAN IPS DALAM MENANAMKAN NILAI YANG TERKANDUNG DALAM KONTEN IPA DAN IPS DI MADRASAH IBTIDA’IYAH
Authors: Wafiqni Nafia , Milama Burhanudin 
Published: April 2015

This study aimed at determining the role of science and social studies teachers in instilling the values contained in science and social studies content at Government Elementary School. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative. Through a case study, this qualitative approach was intended to gain in dept understanding of social situation, and find patterns, hypotheses and theories. Subjects in this study were 10 teachers who teach science and social studies at Islamic elementary schools that were selected from randomly chosen elementary schools from North Jakarta, South Jakarta, Central Jakarta, West Jakarta and East Jakarta. The results of the study revealed that responsibility, collaborative work, mutual respect, and respect could be developed by teachers through teaching and learning process. Yet, other values that were specifically generated from the material content of science and social studies have not been tried out to be developed except in teachers’ lesson plans. DOI: 10.15408/tjems.v1i2.1271
DINAMIKA POLITIK PENDIDIKAN AGAMA DI INDONESIA
Authors: Bisyri Muhammad 
Published: April 2015

Law No. 4/1950 Jo. Law No. 14/1954 stated that the purpose of education was to create a moral human being. It was interpreted that moral human being could be created not only through religion because the basis of moral was not always religion. Therefore, in the 1950s religion was not compulsorily taught at school. At later stage, as stipulated in Law No. 2/1989 that education was to create a complete human being devoting to God Almighty One, religion was a compulsory at school. The gap between these laws was that school with certain religion was not required to teach other different religions. This stipulation has later become problematic. In 2003, Law No 20 about national education system was enacted emphasizing the existence of religion education. This law mandated that religion was a compulsory in every education institution whereby the subject matters to be suited to the students and taught by the relevant teacher. It has been apparent that education has historically been improved from time to time. DOI: 10.15408/tjems.v1i2.1272
Um debate acerca da origem da Geografia Escolar no Brasil
Authors: Albuquerque Maria Adailza Martins de 
Published: April 2015

Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir a origem da Geografia escolar brasileira, buscando reconfigurar o papel das províncias neste processo e nos contrapor a posição de autores que estabeleceram como marco de origem dessa disciplina a fundação do Colégio Pedro II. Para dar continuidade a pesquisa que pretendemos construir para fundamentar a nossa posição discutiremos a possibilidade de criação de uma rede de pesquisadores para trabalhar com temáticas relativas à Geografia escolar, na busca de compreender a contribuição das províncias do Nordeste na constituição histórica dessa disciplina no século XIX.
A livraria de Antonio Cazimiro Leite (1794)
Authors: Santos Vera Maria dos 
Published: April 2015

Em Sergipe os livreiros e leitores coloniais deixaram poucos indicativos acerca dos seus livros e das suas leituras. Entretanto, através de seus inventários post-mortem podemos recuperar os indícios dos mesmos. A proposta deste artigo, sob os auspícios do inventário post-mortem de Jozefa Maria de Siqueira, falecida em 1794, é a de compor o perfil do seu marido e inventariante, o livreiro Antonio Cazimiro Leite, morador da cidade de São Cristóvão da Capitania de Sergipe Del Rey, que tinha em sua livraria quinhentos livros. Esse inventário, tratado mediante o crivo da história cultural e do entendimento de Darnton (1990) que tem o livreiro como um agente cultural, importante no processo de difusão e de circulação dos materiais impressos, nos dá subsídios para a compreensão da existência de um mercado consumidor desses bens culturais no século XVIII.
A gramática de Castro e o ensino de Língua Inglesa para fins comerciais (1759)
Authors: Teles Thadeu Vinícius Souza 
Published: April 2015

Este texto estuda a institucionalização do ensino de língua inglesa em Portugal e na América Portuguesa, através da análise do compêndio Grammatica Lusitano-Anglica & Lusitano-Anglica ou Grammatica Nova, Ingleza e Portugueza, e Portugueza e Ingleza (1759), escrita por Jacob Castro e lançada em Londres em 1731. A necessidade da aprendizagem da língua inglesa se justificou diante do grande volume de transações comerciais mantidas entre portugueses e ingleses, especialmente após o Terremoto de Lisboa (1755), quando os sinais dos problemas econômicos e administrativos portugueses tornaram-se evidentes. As evidências de pesquisa indicam que tenha sido este o principal compêndio utilizado por um número significativo de comerciantes portugueses que precisavam da língua inglesa para seu exercício profissional. A partir de um suporte teórico que embasa a pesquisa, a presente reflexão se desenvolve sob a lente de Carvalho (1978), Howatt (1984), Oliveira (2006), Teles (2012) e Torre (1985). Desse modo, serão apresentadas e analisadas algumas representações de como este compêndio relacionou o ensino de língua inglesa e elementos comerciais em seus diálogos, textose listas de verbos e palavras, incentivando a sistematização da língua inglesa como disciplina escolar em Portugal e, consequentemente, no Brasil.
Investigation of Microorganisms in a West Texas Oilfield Using Growth and Genetic Testing
Authors: Kilbane John , Wylde Jonathan , Williamson Andy 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Increasing corrosion issues at a sour west Texas oilfield in the Permian Basin suggested that microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) could be the cause. However, multiple water and biofilm samples failed to show significant concentrations of microorganisms using traditional microbial growth media for the cultivation of APB, GHB and SRB. Microbial growth tests indicated the highest concentration of microorganisms as 103 cells/ml, while the results of genetic testing using qPCR indicated that microbial concentrations of up to 1000-fold higher were actually present. It was speculated that the type of microorganisms present in the samples from this saline (6 to 10%) thermophilic (60°C) field may not grow well in the standard microbial growth media. Additionally, isotopic analysis of sulfur in the hydrogen sulfide gas and in sulfate from formation water are consistent with microbiological sulfate reduction being responsible for reservoir souring at this location.
To characterize the microbial community composition of these samples more thorough DNA sequencing was performed on selected samples. The results of DNA sequence analyses show that the percentage of unclassified DNA sequences (unidentifiable at the genus level because no similar DNA sequences are present in the global database) ranged from 1.8% to 25.8%. Of the bacteria that could be identified, a high percentage of halophilic (salt loving) bacteria, and of SRB were observed in all samples.
These results demonstrate that genetic testing can provide data about microorganisms in some oilfield samples, even when standard microbial growth tests fail to indicate the presence of microorganisms. Moreover, standard microbial growth recipes are not well suited for the growth of microbes from all locations and there is a need for new formulations of microbial growth media for use in some locations, such as the Permian Basin. Using standard microbial growth tests in this case would have seriously under-estimated the integrity risk caused by the presence of high numbers of SRB that were demonstrated to be present by genetic analyses. Armed with the knowledge that significant concentrations of microbes were indeed present, but had different nutritional requirements than those provided in standard microbial growth media, new formulations of microbial growth media were developed by Intertek that are tailored to the requirements of these Permian Basin samples.
Investigation on a Novel Polymer with Surface Activity for Polymer Enhanced CO2 Foam Flooding
Authors: Xu X. , Saeedi A. , Rezaee R. , Liu K. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
CO2 foam flooding has been widely researched due to its outstanding capacity to mitigate viscous fingering, gravity override and unfavourable injectivity profile, which enables CO2 flooding to be more applicable and economical. Yet the primary concern of CO2 foam flooding is the instability or rupture of bubbles under harsh reservoir condition, thus a great number of investigations have been conducted to address this issue.
Through adding polymer into surfactant solution, Polymer Enhanced Foam (PEF) technique could stabilize foams due to dramatical increase in apparent viscosity. However, hydrolysed polyacrylamide (HPAM), the most used polymer, will greatly reduce the foamability of surfactant solution, which means sufficient foam may not be generated and sweep efficiency remains poor. What's more, HPAM is sensitive to salinity and temperature, affecting its behaviour in reservoirs. This research aims to study the performance of PEF using AOS as the foaming agent which is enhanced by polymer (HPAM/a novel polymer with surface activity, named AVS). One on hand, because of the surface active group on the molecular chain, this polymer can thicken surfactant solution without greatly affecting its foamability; on the other hand, phenyl group, sulfo group and other functional groups are introduced into polymer molecule, making AVS more salt and temperature tolerance.
The results demonstrated: 1) Under harsh condition (high salinity and temperature), viscosities of AVS solution were higher than that of HPAM; 2) The surface tensions between AVS solution and CO2 were lower, which was attributed to the introduction of surface activity group;3) The foaming factors of AOS/AVS were remarkable in a wide range of brine salinity (1000-50000 ppm) and temperature (25 °C-60 °C); 4) At high pressure (2000psi), the blockage of CO2 foam enhanced by AVS was encouraging and satisfactory; 5) During core flooding, if under same test conditions, tertiary oil recoveries obtained by AVS/AOS were 5% -7% higher than that of HPAM/AOS.
It is believed that this novel polymer has great potential in application of polymer enhanced CO2 foam flooding under various reservoir conditions.
Development and Evaluation of Non-Ionic Polymeric Surfactants as Asphaltene Inhibitors
Authors: Wang Min , Kaufman Jonathan , Chen Xin , Sungail Craig 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Asphaltenes are of particular interest to the petroleum industry because of their depositional effect which creates problems for production, storage, transportation and refinery processes. A class of non-ionic polymeric surfactants has been developed to prevent the aggregation of asphaltene colloids in crude oils. A surfactant dosage rate as low as 25 ppm can be used to keep the asphaltenes dispersed at nearly 100 %. These polymeric surfactants are made from sustainable and biodegradable raw materials and free of BTEX, other aromatic solvents and phenol formaldehyde resin.
The polymeric surfactants were synthesized with a range of monomers at various ratios and under different conditions. The products were then tested in three crude oils from the USA and Canada (API: 45-11 °) to evaluate their performance in a range of systems. The inhibition effect was analyzed with an optical scanning device according to ASTM D7061-06. It was found that the chemical bonding and physical absorption between an asphaltene molecule and the polymeric surfactant played an important role in stabilizing the asphaltene colloids in crude oil. The hydrophobic chain of the polymeric surfactant provided steric hindrance between the asphaltene colloids while the polar groups gave multiple interaction points for bonding and absorption to the asphaltene. Achieving a balance between these aspects of the molecular design has created a new class of polymeric surfactants based on sustainable and biodegradable raw materials which efficiently inhibit the precipitation of asphaltenes from a range of crude oils at low dose rates.
Development of Novel Anti-agglomerant Chemistries with Reduced Localized Corrosion Potential to Stainless and Duplex Steels
Authors: Panchalingam Vaithilingam , Liu Zhengwei , Rivers Gordon , Garza Tim , Cook Stuart , Stead Paul , McEachern Heather , Frostman Lynn 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Low dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs) have been used as alternatives to thermodynamic inhibitors such as methanol or mono ethylene glycol (MEG) to control hydrate problems. The major advantage of using LDHIs is that they control with a much lower dosage, typically 1 to 3vol% (based on water production volume), thus lowering storage requirements and logistical challenges, compared to much higher volumes required for methanol or MEG. Anti-agglomerants (AAs), as one type of LDHI, allow hydrates to form but inhibit growth and agglomeration of hydrate crystals. Some very effective AAs exhibit a pitting corrosion risk for offshore umbilical chemical delivery systems under certain conditions. An electrochemical method of cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP), a modified ASTM G-61 method at ambient temperature, and immersion testing using a modified ASTM G-31 method at elevated temperatures were used to evaluate pitting tendencies of AA formulations containing corrosion inhibitors on stainless and duplex steels. Initially, these corrosion inhibitors were effective in controlling pitting corrosion in stainless steel only as shown by CPP and immersion testing. After modifying the manufacturing process and adjusting solvent systems, the selected corrosion inhibitors have been shown to be effective for both stainless and duplex steels. Hydrate performance testing showed no performance compromise with the presence of corrosion inhibitors within the AA formulation or from changing the solvent system. Mitigation of pitting tendency was also confirmed by immersion testing at elevated temperatures.
Development of Novel Phosphate Based Inhibitors Effective For Oxygen Corrosion
Authors: Yepez Omar , Obeyesekere Nihal , Wylde Jonathan 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Corrosion inhibitors can behave as cathodic inhibitors when they mainly suppress the cathodic reaction. Conversely, they can also be anodic inhibitors when they mainly suppress the anodic reaction. When corrosion inhibitors interact with both cathodic and anodic reactions, they may behave as mixed inhibitors. This paper documents the electrochemical characterization of a phosphate ester based inhibitor which created protection from oxygen corrosion. Potentiodynamic polarization was used to determine the inhibitor behavior during the anodic and cathodic processes of corrosion. A system comprising a carbon steel electrode in 3.5% NaCl and a gas phase composed of 3% O2 in 97% CO2 with and without an inhibitor has been defined and tested. The oxygen corrosion mechanism on carbon steel was established through the comparison of the cathodic and anodic currents in the presence of 3% O2 in 97% CO2 and 100% CO2. The probable mechanism of inhibition by imidazoline and phosphate esters as well as the role of a sulfiding agent was explored. In the presence of oxygen, the anodic more than the cathodic inhibition performance was more related to the overall corrosion inhibition. As expected, phosphate ester based inhibitors demonstrated to be superior to imidazoline base inhibitors to abate oxygen corrosion. These results were confirmed with open-circuit (autoclave) corrosion experiments.
Use Of Anti-Agglomerates for Sour Gases, High Water Cuts And Its Performance Evaluation
Authors: Treybig D.S. , Fowles R. , Stannard D. , Smith C.S. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Gas hydrates can be easily formed during the transportation of oil and gas in pipelines under certain conditions. Water content, low temperatures and elevated pressure are required for the formation of gas hydrates. The industry uses a number of methods to prevent blockage by hydrates such as thermodynamic inhibitors, kinetic inhibitors and anti-agglomerates. Large volumes of thermodynamic inhibitors are required for prevention of hydrate formation which may result in environmental concerns. Natural gas in the U.S. may contain as much as 15 to 25% of hydrogen sulfide, while the figure could be as high as 30 percent in the rest of the world. Some kinetic hydrate inhibitors available today may not be effective in gas streams with hydrogen sulfide.
The objective of this work was to develop a hydrate inhibitor for sour environments at high water cut. This paper also investigated the effect of different operating parameters such as concentration of the inhibitor, percent water cuts (25, 75 and 100), salinity (10,000 and 50,000 chloride brine) and gases (hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, butane, carbon dioxide, propane ethane and methane). These anti-agglomerates were compared with kinetic inhibitors. Hydrate inhibitor testing was performed using an autoclave at 4 °C. Pressure, temperature and torque were recorded.
In this paper, we presented the development and use of a family of anti-agglomerate compounds that effectively function in a sour environment at high water cut. Torque measurements were used to determine the effectiveness of inhibitors. It was found in some cases that the torque for treatment containing ≤ 3% of these anti-agglomerates in 1% H2S was low (&lt; 3 Ncm) compared to a control (&gt; 20 Ncm) indicating no deposition of hydrates. Increasing the percentage of H2S to 4 % did not diminish the performance of selected anti-agglomerates. The best performing anti-agglomerate was also effective in both 10,000 ppm and 50,000 ppm chloride ions brine. These hydrate inhibitors maintained their effectiveness even with &gt; 24 hour shut-in. Field studies on the application of selected anti-agglomerate was presented.
Delayed-Release Suspending Aid Provides Cement-Slurry Stability in High-Temperature, Horizontal Wells
Authors: Funkhouser Gary P. , Leotaud Lennox , Bratcher Jason 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Successful liner cementing in unconventional shale wells is strongly dependent on slurry stability. A delayed-release, high-temperature suspending agent was developed that provides viscosification and stabilization of the slurry without causing excessive viscosification and mixing problems at the wellsite. The suspending aid was prepared from water-soluble, thermally stable monomers copolymerized with degradable crosslinking monomers. The crosslinks degrade as the temperature of the slurry increases, ultimately resulting in dissolution of the polymer and concomitant slurry viscosification. The performance of the suspending aid was demonstrated by means of laboratory testing under typical Eagle Ford shale conditions. Improvements were observed in terms of fluid-loss control (54 cc/30 min [control] to 28 cc/30 min), free fluid (5% [control] to 0%), sedimentation (Δρ 5.2 lbm/gal [control] to Δρ 0.2 lbm/gal), and consistometer off/on tests. Three field examples from the Eagle Ford are presented where the suspending aid was used to establish the desired mud-spacer-cement rheological hierarchy at bottomhole circulating temperature (BHCT); provide sufficient slurry stability to set the liner top plug, circulate out excess cement, and produce a competent cement sheath; and improve the mixability and stability of a barite-weighted spacer.
Microemulsions as Flowback Aids for Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery after Fracturing, Myth or Reality: A Turnkey Study to Determine the Features and Benefits
Authors: Mahmoudkhani Amir , O'Neil Bill , Wylde Jonathan J. , Kakadjian Sarkis , Bauer Martin 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Flowback aids have been long reported in the literature as being beneficial to enhance clean-up after stimulation treatments, and in particular hydraulic fracturing. The goal is for the flowback aids to allow the piston like flowback and return of fluids from the reservoir resulting in minimal losses to the formation and no memory effect that hampers back production. Microemulsions have also been reported in the literature and a review (including patent landscape) creates somewhat of a myth around their exact mechanism of performance and benefit to the application.
The present work was concerned with the development of flowback aids based on micro-/nano-emulsion technology for enhanced gas and oil recovery after fracturing application. The goal was to formulate microemulsion concentrates which form nanoemulsions when diluted into fracturing fluids and provide strong surface and interfacial tension reduction to minimize reservoir damage.
Microemulsions have been formulated with various possible surfactants and oil systems. The performance of the different formulations has been evaluated with different test methods, adopted from literature and industry best practice in order to screen for most promising microemulsion systems and compared to their aqueous equivalents to determine the performance benefits offered by emulsified packages. High throughput experimentation and robotic formulation was utilized to screen several thousand formulations from nearly 50 different surfactant packages. This allowed for incredible synergistic properties to be discovered very quickly and efficiently. The development of a new class of microemulsion package that is made up of almost 100% renewable and environmentally friendly components has made a large step change towards the state of the art of this class of flowback aids.
Regain permeability and core flow testing was performed on the best performing microemulsion formulations to determine the effect of field application. The result of this work was that microemulsions do offer some benefits over individual surfactants, not so much in surface tension modification but very much on the non-emulsification of crude oil and water and multiphase flow in porous media – so often seen as the primary damage mechanism in oil well fracturing.