bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time and deprivation trends in incidence of primary liver cancer subtypes in England
Authors: Konfortion Julie , Coupland Victoria H. , Kocher Hemant M. , Allum William , Grocock Melanie J. , Jack Ruth H. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesPrimary liver cancer consists of distinct subtypes with differing aetiology so it is valuable to study the incidence of these subtypes separately. This study aims to investigate time and socio‐economic deprivation trends in the incidence of primary liver cancer subtypes in England, identifying the burden in the population.MethodsData were extracted from the population‐based National Cancer Data Repository (NCDR) for patients diagnosed with primary liver cancer between 1990 and 2009. Subtypes were defined by the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10) codes: liver cell carcinoma (C22.0), intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma (C22.1), other (C22.2–C22.4, C22.7) and unspecified (C22.9). A sensitivity analysis was carried out on the main histological subtypes of liver cell carcinoma and intrahepatic bile duct using the 2nd edition of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD‐O‐2). Male and female age‐standardized incidence rates per 100 000 World standard population were calculated for each year and for the period 1999–2009 by socio‐economic deprivation quintile.ResultsA total of 40 945 patients were diagnosed with primary liver cancer between 1990 and 2009. Liver cell carcinoma incidence increased in men from 0.63 in 1990 to 2.48 per 100 000 in 2009. While incidence was low in women, rates increased from 0.18 to 0.59, respectively. Intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma incidence increased between 1990 and 2009 from 0.40 to 1.25 per 100 000 in men, and from 0.28 to 1.08 in women. Incidence of the other liver cancer subtype remained low throughout the study period at less than 0.3 per 100 000 in each year in both men and women. The highest rate of liver cell carcinoma and intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma was generally in men and women resident in the most deprived areas between 1999 and 2009. The largest difference by deprivation quintile was observed for liver cell carcinoma in men, where the incidence was more than double in the most deprived quintile with an average rate of 3.56 per 100 000 compared to the least deprived quintile at 1.43.ConclusionsLiver cell carcinoma and intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma incidence increased between 1990 and 2009 in both sexes. This pattern was largely driven by patients living in the most deprived areas. Differences observed may be due to the variation in the prevalence of known risk factors such as chronic hepatitis B and C viral infections and excessive alcohol consumption.
Practices and preferences for detecting chronic medication toxicity: a pilot cross‐sectional survey of health care providers focusing on decision support systems
Authors: Dischinger Hannah R. , Cheng Elizabeth , Davis Lisa A. , Caplan Liron 
Published: June 2014

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesAdverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a critical concern: they are costly, both in dollars and in diminishing patients' quality of life. ADRs that occur due to prolonged exposure to a pharmaceutical agent (adverse drug reactions of long latency, ADRLLs) may be easier to prevent than acute ADRs, as ADRLLs inherently require continued medication exposures. This pilot study used glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIO) as an example ADRLL. The aims were to survey health care providers' current practices in avoiding ADRLLs and the perceived utility of decisional support systems (DSS) to aid them in preventing GIO.MethodsWe administered an anonymous, cross‐sectional survey to health care providers (fellows, doctor assistants, nurse practitioners and attending doctors) focusing on their methods to monitor for and prevent ADRLLs. The questionnaire also gauged usage of electronic medical records (EMRs) and each provider's perceived utility of specific DSS‐based approaches to monitoring for GIO. Data were interpreted using descriptive statistics and histograms.ResultsA majority of the 33 responding providers (84.8%) reported that their primary ADRLL avoidance technique is simply remembering that a patient is on chronic glucocorticoids. The most favourably perceived DSS options included tracking medications on a flow sheet (84.8%) and digital tracking of cumulative glucocorticoid exposure with real‐time prompts (83.9%).ConclusionsSurveyed providers reported that additional DSS implementation may help in the avoidance of ADRLLs such as GIO. Providers ranked both digital and non‐digital DSS favourably, but a computerized approach is appealing in that it may be integrated into extant EMR systems.
Tetrodotoxin‐resistant voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.8 constitutively interacts with ankyrin G
Authors: Montersino Audrey , Brachet Anna , Ferracci Géraldine , Fache Marie‐Pierre , Angles d'Ortoli Stephanie , Liu Wenjing , Rueda‐Boroni Fanny , Castets Francis , Dargent Bénédicte 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe tetrodotoxin‐resistant (TTX‐R) voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is predominantly expressed in peripheral afferent neurons, but in case of neuronal injury an ectopic and detrimental expression of Nav1.8 occurs in neurons of the CNS. In CNS neurons, Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 channels accumulate at the axon initial segment, the site of the generation of the action potential, through a direct interaction with the scaffolding protein ankyrin G (ankG). This interaction is regulated by protein kinase CK2 phosphorylation. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the interaction between Nav1.8 and ankG. GST pull‐down assay and surface plasmon resonance technology revealed that Nav1.8 strongly and constitutively interacts with ankG, in comparison to what observed for Nav1.2. An ion channel bearing the ankyrin‐binding motif of Nav1.8 displaced the endogenous Nav1 accumulation at the axon initial segment of hippocampal neurons. Finally, Nav1.8 and ankG co‐localized in skin nerves fibers. Altogether, these results indicate that Nav1.8 carries all the information required for its localization at ankG micro‐domains. The constitutive binding of Nav1.8 with ankG could contribute to the pathological aspects of illnesses where Nav1.8 is ectopically expressed in CNS neurons.
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The peripheral voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.8 can be abnormally expressed in central nervous system (CNS) neurons in cases of neuronal injury. We here demonstrated that Nav1.8 binds strongly and constitutively to the scaffolding protein ankyrin G. This indicates that Nav1.8 concentrates at the ankyrin G micro‐domains and could disturb the electrophysiological signature of CNS neurons where it is ectopicaly expressed.
The effect of heart failure nurse consultations on heart failure patients’ illness beliefs, mood and quality of life over a six‐month period
Authors: Lucas Rebecca , Riley Jillian P , Mehta Paresh A , Goodman Helen , Banya Winston , Mulligan Kathleen , Newman Stanton , Cowie Martin R 
Published: June 2014

Aims and ObjectivesTo explore the effect contact with a heart failure nurse can have on patients' illness beliefs, mood and quality of life.BackgroundThere is growing interest in patients' illness beliefs and the part they play in a patients understanding of chronic disease.DesignSecondary analysis on two independent datasets. Patients were recruited from five UK hospitals, four in London and one in Sussex. Patients were recruited from an inpatient and outpatient setting. The first dataset recruited 174 patients with newly diagnosed heart failure, whilst the second dataset recruited 88 patients with an existing diagnosis of heart failure.MethodsPatients completed the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Treatment Representations Inventory at baseline and six months. We used a linear regression model to assess the association that contact with a heart failure nurse had on mood, illness beliefs and quality of life over a six‐month period.ResultsPatients who had contact with a heart failure nurse were more satisfied with their treatment and more likely to believe that their heart failure was treatable. Contact with a heart failure nurse did not make a statistically significant difference to mood or quality of life.ConclusionsThis study has shown that contact with a heart failure nurse can improve patient satisfaction with treatment decisions but has less influence on a patient's beliefs about their personal control, treatment control and treatment concerns. With appropriate support, skills and training, heart failure nurses could play an important role in addressing individual patient's beliefs. There is a need to further investigate this.Relevance to clinical practiceExploring patients’ illness beliefs and mood could help to enhance person‐centred care. Heart failure nurses would need additional training in the techniques used.
Effect of virtual reality distraction on pain among patients with hand injury undergoing dressing change
Authors: Guo Chunlan , Deng Hongyan , Yang Jian 
Published: June 2014

Aims and objectivesTo assess the effect of virtual reality distraction on pain among patients with a hand injury undergoing a dressing change.BackgroundVirtual reality distraction can effectively alleviate pain among patients undergoing a dressing change. Clinical research has not addressed pain control during a dressing change.DesignA randomised controlled trial was performed.MethodsIn the first dressing change sequence, 98 patients were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group, with 49 cases in each group. Pain levels were compared between the two groups before and after the dressing change using a visual analog scale. The sense of involvement in virtual environments was measured using the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, which determined the relationship between the sense of involvement and pain level.ResultsThe difference in visual analog scale scores between the two groups before the dressing change was not statistically significant (t = 0·196, p > 0·05), but the scores became statistically significant after the dressing change (t = −30·792, p < 0·01). The correlation between the sense of involvement in a virtual environment and pain level during the dressing was statistically significant (R2 = 0·5538, p < 0·05).ConclusionVirtual reality distraction can effectively alleviate pain among patients with a hand injury undergoing a dressing change. Better results can be obtained by increasing the sense of involvement in a virtual environment.Relevance to clinical practiceVirtual reality distraction can effectively relieve pain without side effects and is not reliant on a doctor's prescription. This tool is convenient for nurses to use, especially when analgesics are unavailable.
The Effect of Relative Air Humidity on the Rheological Properties of Roasted Turkey Breast
Authors: Myhan Ryszard , Białobrzewski Ireneusz , Karpińska‐Tymoszczyk Mirosława , Danowska‐Oziewicz Marzena , Markowski Marek , Majewska Katarzyna 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe effect of relative humidity (RH) of air on the mechanical properties of roasted turkey breast was studied using a rheological model. The raw turkey breast with a moisture content of ca. 75%, protein content of ca. 24% and fat content of ca. 1% was roasted in a convection steam oven at 180C and five RH levels (0, 20, 50, 70 and 90%). The elastic modulus decreased, whereas the flow consistency index and the flow limit increased with an increase in RH from 0 to 70%. Significant differences were observed in elastic modulus between RH levels of 0 and 20% versus 50, 70 and 90%. As regard the flow consistency index and the flow limit, significant differences were observed between 0 versus 50 and 70% RH levels. No significant differences in those values were reported at RH exceeding 50%. The flow consistency index was independent of RH of air level.Practical ApplicationsThe proposed method can be used to determine the effect of treatment parameters on the rheological properties of the analyzed product, and to assess its final quality. The presented mathematical model allows to evaluate the rheological properties of turkey breast meat roasted in a convection steam oven independently of the type of mechanical tests used to determine those values. The obtained results support the selection of roasting parameters (relative humidity) aimed at yielding a product with the desired rheological properties.
Canine Pancreatic‐Specific Lipase Concentrations in Clinically Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Naturally Occurring Hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Mawby D.I. , Whittemore J.C. , Fecteau K.A. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundSpecificity of canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) assays in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is unknown.HypothesisResults ofcPLIassays differ for clinically healthy dogs and dogs with HAC.AnimalsSeventeen healthy dogs and 20 dogs withHACdiagnosed byACTHstimulation test results without evidence of clinical pancreatitis.MethodsDogs were enrolled between December 2009 and November 2010. SerumcPLIconcentrations were determined by quantitative (Spec cPL test,SPEC) and semiquantitative (SNAP cPL test,SNAP) assays. Results were categorized as normal, equivocal, or abnormal (SPEC) or negative or positive (SNAP). Associations between group andcPLIwere assessed using Fisher's exact test or the Mann–WhitneyU‐test. Spearman rank correlation coefficients (ρ) were determined forSNAPandSPECresults. Significance was set atP < .05.ResultsSpec cPL test concentrations were significantly (P < .001) higher in dogs withHAC(491.1 μg/L) than in healthy dogs (75.2 μg/L), with more abnormalSPECresults inHACdogs (P < .001). There were more (P = .002) positiveSNAPresults in dogs withHAC(55%) than in healthy dogs (6%).SNAPandSPECresults were highly correlated (ρ = 0.85;P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDogs withHAChad higherSPECconcentrations and more positiveSNAPresults than clinically healthy dogs with normalACTHstimulation test results. Specificity ofSPECandSNAPassays inHACdogs without clinical pancreatitis were 65 and 45%, respectively. Pending further study,SNAPandSPECresults should be interpreted cautiously in dogs withHACto avoid false diagnosis of concurrent pancreatitis.
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses in an Equine Patient Population: Part I – Adult Horses
Authors: Aleman M. , Holliday T.A. , Nieto J.E. , Williams D.C. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundBrainstem auditory evoked response has been an underused diagnostic modality in horses as evidenced by few reports on the subject.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo describeBAERfindings, common clinical signs, and causes of hearing loss in adult horses.AnimalsStudy group, 76 horses; control group, 8 horses.MethodsRetrospective.BAERrecords from the Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory were reviewed from the years of 1982 to 2013. Peak latencies, amplitudes, and interpeak intervals were measured when visible. Horses were grouped under disease categories. Descriptive statistics and a posthoc Bonferroni test were performed.ResultsFifty‐seven of 76 horses hadBAERdeficits. There was no breed or sex predisposition, with the exception of American Paint horses diagnosed with congenital sensorineural deafness. Eighty‐six percent (n = 49/57) of the horses were younger than 16 years of age. The most common causes ofBAERabnormalities were temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO, n = 20/20; abnormalities/total), congenital sensorineural deafness in Paint horses (17/17), multifocal brain disease (13/16), and otitis media/interna (4/4). Auditory loss was bilateral and unilateral in 74% (n = 42/57) and 26% (n = 15/57) of the horses, respectively. The most common causes of bilateral auditory loss were sensorineural deafness,THO, and multifocal brain disease whereasTHOand otitis were the most common causes of unilateral deficits.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAuditory deficits should be investigated in horses with altered behavior,THO, multifocal brain disease, otitis, and in horses with certain coat and eye color patterns.BAERtesting is an objective and noninvasive diagnostic modality to assess auditory function in horses.
The Neuronal Recycling Hypothesis for Reading and the Question of Reading Universals
Authors: COLTHEART MAX 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAre there universals of reading? There are three ways of construing this question. Is the region of the brain where reading is implemented identical regardless of what writing system the reader uses? Is the mental information‐processing system used for reading the same regardless of what writing system the reader uses. Do the word's writing systems share certain universal features? Dehaene offers affirmative answers to all three questions in his book. Here I suggest instead that the answers should be negative. And I ask: if reading is not universal in any sense, what does this imply about Dehaene's Neuronal Recycling hypothesis for reading?
Developmental Dyslexia and the Phonological Deficit Hypothesis
Authors: CASTLES ANNE , FRIEDMANN NAAMA 
Published: June 2014

AbstractDehaene (in Reading in the Brain) reviews and finds support for the phonological deficit hypothesis of developmental dyslexia, which proposes that dyslexics have a basic deficit in processing the constituents of spoken words. This hypothesis can be seen as reflecting three associated claims: a) there is only one basic kind of dyslexia; b) all (or most) dyslexic children have phonological impairments, and c) these phonological impairments cause their dyslexia. We consider each of these claims, and the evidence presented by Dehaene, and conclude that questions remain about all three. Phonological deficits alone seem unlikely to be able to account for the complexity and heterogeneity of developmental dyslexia.
The binding force of the staphylococcal adhesin SdrG is remarkably strong
Authors: Herman Philippe , El‐Kirat‐Chatel Sofiane , Beaussart Audrey , Geoghegan Joan A. , Foster Timothy J. , Dufrêne Yves F. 
Published: June 2014

SummarySdrG is a cell surface adhesin from Staphylococcus epidermidis which binds to the blood plasma protein fibrinogen (Fg). Ligand binding follows a ‘dock, lock and latch’ model involving dynamic conformational changes of the adhesin that result in a greatly stabilized adhesin–ligand complex. To date, the force and dynamics of this multistep interaction are poorly understood. Here we use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to unravel the binding strength and cell surface localization of SdrG at molecular resolution. Single‐cell force spectroscopy shows that SdrG mediates time‐dependent attachment to Fg‐coated surfaces. Single‐molecule force spectroscopy with Fg‐coated AFM tips demonstrates that the adhesin forms nanoscale domains on the cell surface, which we believe contribute to strengthen cell adhesion. Notably, we find that the rupture force of single SdrG–Fg bonds is very large, ∼ 2 nN, equivalent to the strength of a covalent bond, and shows a low dissociation rate, suggesting that the bond is very stable. The strong binding force, slow dissociation and clustering of SdrG provide a molecular foundation for the ability of S. epidermidis to colonize implanted biomaterials and to withstand physiological shear forces.
Annual decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate is a risk factor for cardiovascular events independent of proteinuria
Authors: Nagai Kei , Yamagata Kunihiro , Ohkubo Reiko , Saito Chie , Asahi Koichi , Iseki Kunitoshi , Kimura Kenjiro , Moriyama Toshiki , Narita Ichiei , Fujimoto Shouichi , Tsuruya Kazuhiko , Konta Tsuneo , Kondo Masahide , Watanabe Tsuyoshi 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimsChronic kidney disease is a risk factor of the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, it is not clear whether decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), not reduced GFR, is a risk factor for the incidence of CVD independent of proteinuria.MethodsBy using a population‐based 521 123 person‐years longitudinal cohort receiving annual health checkups from 2008 to 2010, we examined whether the annual decline of estimated GFR is a risk factor for CVD development independent of proteinuria.ResultsDuring the follow‐up period, there were 12 041 newly developed CVD events, comprising 4426 stroke events and/or 8298 cardiac events. As expected, both reduced estimated GFR and proteinuria were risk factors for the development of CVD in our study population. Moreover, annual decline of estimated GFR was a significant and independent risk factor for the incidence of CVD (HR [95% CI], 1.23 [1.18–1.28] in males or 1.14 [1.10–1.18] in females for −10% per year) with covariant adjustment for proteinuria and reduced estimated GFR.ConclusionAnnual decline of GFR is an independent risk factor for CVD. Serial measurement of both creatinine and proteinuria would be better to predict the incidence of CVD in the general population.
The role of bile acids in functional GI disorders
Authors: Appleby Richard N. , Walters Julian R. F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundBile acids are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of functional GI disorders. New mechanisms have recently been described in the irritable bowel syndrome, chronic diarrhea and chronic idiopathic constipation. Identification of bile acid signaling through farnesoid X receptor (FXR), transmembrane G‐coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has led to the development of new, directly acting therapeutic agents. Despite these advances primary bile acid diarrhea remains under‐recognized partly because of the lack of a widely available diagnostic test.PurposeIn this review we will summarize the effects of bile acids on bowel function throughout the gastrointestinal tract and their roles in the pathogenesis of functional diseases. We will review established diagnostic tests and therapies for functional heartburn, dyspepsia and bile acid diarrhea. There will be a particular emphasis on recent trial data for emerging therapies such as Elobixibat and Obeticholic acid and novel diagnostic tests for bile acid diarrhea such as 7α‐Hydroxy‐4‐cholesten‐3‐one (C4) and FGF19. Finally we will discuss future directions for research in this rapidly evolving field, such as bacterial bile acid modification and identification of genetic anomalies associated with functional disorders.
Unofficial Development Assistance: A Model of Development Charities’ Donation Income
Authors: Arulampalam Wiji , Backus Peter G. , Micklewright John 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe empirical literature on the determinants of charities’ donation income, distinguishing the charitable cause, is small. We consider the case of development charities specifically. Using a panel covering a quarter of a century, we observe a strong fundraising effect and a unitary household income elasticity. We find evidence that the conventionally identified ‘price’ effect may simply be the product of omitted variable bias. Our results further suggest that public spending on development crowds in private donations for development. We find a positive spillover effect of fundraising, suggesting the efforts of one development charity may increase contributions to other development charities.