bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pig slurry characteristics, nutrient balance and biogas production as affected by separation and acidification
Authors: SOMMER S. G. , HJORTH M. , LEAHY J. J. , ZHU K. , CHRISTEL W. , SØRENSEN C. G. , SUTARYO  
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYAnimal slurry is separated in order to avoid excessive nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilization of crops in the field. To enhance fertilizer efficiency further, slurry and its separation products may be acidified, for instance in animal houses. The current study quantified the effects of these treatments, both individually and in combination, on fertilizer efficiency, energy production and heavy metal accumulation as a result of manure management. Acidification increased the availability of N to plants in the manure applied, and provided a better match between plant-available NPK in the manure and separation fraction applied to fields and crop need. Total biogas production was not affected by separation, whereas acidification reduced biogas production because the process was inhibited by a low pH and a high sulphur concentration. The amount of copper applied per hectare in the liquid manure to the wheat field was lower than the amount taken up and more zink and copper was applied in the solid fraction to maize field than taken up. The transportation and field application of solids and liquids did not increase management costs when compared to the transportation of slurry alone, but the investment and running costs of separators and manure acidification increased overall management costs.
Laryngeal sensory neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hamdan A L , Dowli A , Barazi R , Jabbour J , Azar S 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjective:To determine the prevalence of laryngeal sensory neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed, comprising 50 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 36 healthy controls. In the diabetic group, glycaemic control level, disease duration and presence of neuropathy were assessed. Participants were diagnosed with laryngeal sensory neuropathy if they had a cough, globus pharyngeus or throat clearing lasting for more than six weeks, in the absence of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease, allergies, asthma, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor intake or psychogenic disorders.Results:In the diabetic group, the mean age ± standard deviation was 44.66 ± 10.07 years. Sixty per cent of patients were male, 42 per cent had had diabetes for more than five years and 52 per cent had average to poor glycaemic control. The prevalence of laryngeal sensory neuropathy was 42 per cent in the diabetic group, compared with 13.9 per cent in controls; this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.005). There was no association between the prevalence of laryngeal sensory neuropathy and glycaemic control level, disease duration or presence of neuropathy.Conclusion:Laryngeal sensory neuropathy is more common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus than in controls.
Presentation and initial assessment of ENT problems in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's)
Authors: Martinez Del Pero M , McKiernan D , Jani P 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground:Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis) is a primary systemic vasculitis that affects medium to small sized vessels throughout the body. It often presents with symptoms and signs involving the ear, nose, and head and neck area.Objective:To highlight salient features of ENT-related issues in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and raise awareness of the condition.Methods:A case report of a patient with limited disease and an insidious onset is presented, along with a review of the current literature. In addition, basic initial management is described.Results:Eighty-six publications were used to describe salient features of ENT-related issues in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.Conclusion:The time to diagnosis has not reduced significantly in the last 10 years in the UK. A high index of suspicion is required for an earlier diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
Waypoints guidance of differential-drive mobile robots with kinematic and precision constraints
Authors: Boucher Patrice 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a new kinematic controller for the waypoints guidance of robotic mobile platforms. A notable feature of the controller is its ability to process the raw sequence of waypoints to produce smooth reference velocities from control laws that are derived by taking into account adriving profileincluding the velocity limits, the acceleration limits, the motion modes through each waypoint (forward or backward) and the precision constraints that are required to ensure accurate waypoints traversal. A mathematical analysis demonstrates the convergence of the movements through the waypoints sequence. In addition, we present a simple way to adapt the driving profile in order that the platform reaches the last waypoint at a prescribed time. A feed-forward unit is finally described, that compensates for delays and first-order poles in the velocity response of the platform. Various simulations and experiments on real robotic platforms demonstrate the behavior and the effectiveness of the solution.
Balancing artificial light at night with turtle conservation? Coastal community engagement with light-glow reduction
Authors: KAMROWSKI RUTH L. , SUTTON STEPHEN G. , TOBIN RENAE C. , HAMANN MARK 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYArtificial lighting is a significant threat to biodiversity. Although efforts to reduce lighting are crucial for species’ conservation efforts, management is challenging because light at night is integral to modern society and light use is increasing with population and economic growth. The development and evaluation of appropriate light management strategies will require positive public support, and a comprehensive understanding of public engagement with light pollution. This is the first study to examine public engagement with reducing light at night for the protection of a threatened species. A community campaign to reduce artificial light use was initiated in 2008 to protect marine turtles at a globally significant nesting beach. Semi-structured questionnaires assessed community engagement with light-glow reduction, using an existing theoretical constraints framework. Despite high levels of cognitive and affective engagement (knowledge and concern), behavioural engagement (action) with light reduction in this community was limited. Community perceptions of light reduction were dominated by ‘uncertainty and scepticism’ and ‘externalizing responsibility/blame’, implying that behavioural engagement in this community may be increased by addressing these widely-held perceptions using modified campaign materials and/or strategic legislation. Further refinement of the theoretical constraints framework would better guide future empirical and conceptual research to improve understanding of public engagement with critical environmental issues.
Young Adults’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes towards the Sexuality of Older Adults
Authors: Thompson Ashley E. , O’Sullivan Lucia F. , Byers E. Sandra , Shaughnessy Krystelle 
Published: July 2014

RÉSUMÉL’intérêt sexuel et la capacité sexuelle peut s’étendre loin dans la vie plus tard, entraînant de nombreux effets positifs sur la santé. Cependant, il y a peu de soutien pour l’expression sexuelle dans la vie plus tard, notamment chez les jeunes adultes. Cette étude a évalué et comparé les attitudes implicites et explicites de jeunes adultes face à la sexualité des adultes âgés. Un échantillon de 120 participants (18-24 ans, dont 58 pourcent femmes) ont rempli un auto-évaluation et une série de tests d’associations implicites, capturant les attitudes envers la sexualité parmi les personnes âgées. Malgré des rapports des attitudes explicites positifs, les jeunes ont révelé un biais implicite contre la vie sexuelle des personnes âgées. En particulier, les jeunes adultes ont montré des partis pris implicites favorisant les activités générales, par rapport aux activités sexuelles, et les jeunes adultes sur les adultes plus âgés. En outre, les biais favorisant les activités générales ont été amplifiées à l'égard de personnes âgées par rapport aux jeunes adultes. Nos résultats mettent en doute la validité de la recherche en s'appuyant sur les déclarations des attitudes sur la sexualité des adultes plus âgés.
What Do We Mean by Law and Social Transformation?.
Authors: Fudge Judy 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn Canada the entrenchment of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms generated a good deal of debate about the possibility of using law in the struggle for social transformation. Although couched in general terms, the current debate is ultimately about the possibility of asserting liberal democratic legal rights in courts in order to transform existing relations of subordination and domination. Somewhat remarkably, the positive claim that litigating entrenched legal rights encourages social transformation tends to be made almost exclusively at the theoretical level. Theoretical possibilities, rather than concrete victories, are invoked to support the claim for the transformative capacity of liberal legal rights. Instead of approaching the question of litigating social change from an exclusively theoretical perspective, this paper examines contemporary examples in order to illustrate some of the possibilities of and limits to this strategy. Specifically, the paper examines how both the labour and women's movements have used the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to further their social, political and economic goals. Not only did these two groups adopt widely different strategies during the entrenchment process, what is entailed by the assertion of bourgeois legal rights has a different meaning for each. Thus, by contrasting the experience of the labour and women's movements in invoking the Charter it is possible to begin to suggest the limits of liberal rights in the struggle for social transformation.
Street Prostitutes in Canada: An Evaluation of the Brannigan-Fleischman Opportunity Model
Authors: Lowman John 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOn the basis of a review of research on prostitution and prostitution in law enforcement in Canada, Brannigan and Fleischman have argued that prostitution is as mainly adult occupation motivated by financial gain, not “pathological work undertaken by the emotionally damaged and the young.” In this paper, an alternative interpretation suggests, among other things, that: 1) although the majority of Canadian street prostitutes are adult, most of them began their careers as youths; 2) a much larger proportion of street prostitutes report childhood “sexual” and other “abuse” than do non-prostitutes; and 3) the “choice” to prostitute ought to be understood in terms of the social-structures which circumscribe that choice.
Women in Enlightenment and Revolution and their Position in the First Modern Civil Codes
Authors: Wayand Dorothea 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWomen did not gain from the Revolution or the Enlightenment as men did. Seeking the cause for this, the paper concentrates upon the period of 1770–1810, and the area of Central and Western Europe. It is found that during the French Revolution a number of persons, mostly women, did fight on behalf of women's rights to freedom and equality. However, even before the Revolution was over, they had lost what little they had gained earlier. With Napoleon's Civil Code, a modern code in many ways, the time-honoured supremacy of the male was reasserted. In Prussia, a less violent struggle went on about women's rights. It was fought by men on both sides and it was occasioned by the lengthy creative process which resulted in the first of the modern codes by 1796. It reflected a few of the arguments made in favour of women, but in principle it enshrined male supremacy. The Austrian Civil Code extended the recognition of female equality a bit further. Both German codes were influenced by Enlightened theories; however, they were unable to overcome the long-established principle of “natural” male dominance.
Un organisme parlementaire d'évaluation technologique au Canada?
Authors: Jolivet Christian 
Published: July 2014

RésuméDans cet article, l'auteur propose la création d'un organisme parlementaire d'évaluation technologique. Après avoir défini le concept d'évaluation technologique et rappelé les insuffisances de l'évaluation parlementaire actuelle des développements technologiques, il expose les intérêts du Canada dans ce projet. La mise sur pied d'un organisme d'évaluation technologique viserait à mieux informer les parlementaires sur les questions à caractère technologique. Elle faciliterait aussi la tenue de véritables débats sur les développements technologiques ayant cours dans la société canadienne. Après un bref examen de certains modèles étrangers, l'auteur trace ensuite un portrait général du futur organisme parlementaire canadien d'évaluation technologique. Il traite des aspects reliés à l'organisation pratique et structurelle de l'organisme, qui serait composé d'une dizaine de parlementaires secondés par deux conseils consultatifs, et considère les éléments nécessaires à la réussite de ce projet. L'auteur s'interroge finalement sur la suffisance de l'institutionnalisation parlementaire canadienne de l'évaluation technologique dans le contexte actuel d'intégration économique à l'échelle nord-américaine et évoque l'opportunité d'une collaboration régionale en matière d'évaluation technologique.
La discrimination systémique: variation sur un concept unique
Authors: Demers Diane L. 
Published: July 2014

RésuméL'apport des sciences sociales a été marquant pour démontrer que l'approche législative de la première heure en matière de discrimination était erronnée quant au fondement individuel et intentionnel de ce phénomène. Les études sociologiques ont identifié des sources et des effets socio-culturels qui ont permis de mettre en lumière les dimensions collectives et perceptuelles d'un phénomène qui s'avère social et complexe avant d'être individuel. D'autre part, un survol des principaux arrêts de la Cour suprême du Canada démontrent une évolution juridique de la notion même de discrimination vers la reconnaissance de l'existence d'un concept unique aux variables ṣimples ou multiples, homogènes ou complexes mais surtout indissociables. L'article se termine par une présentation sommaire de l'approche systémique. Ce modèle d'analyse des phénomenes complexes est introduit comme un outil utile et pertinent dans l'étude de situations de discrimination dite systémique.
(Re)Placing the State: Family, Law and Oppression
Authors: Boyd Susan B. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this article I argue that an analysis of “the State” is necessary in order to understand legal developments related to “family” that are relevant to efforts to combat the oppression of heterosexual women, as well as of lesbians and gay men. Drawing on recent debates concerning postmodernism and feminist theory, I review efforts to reconceptualize the nature of the state not as a monolithic institution, but rather as a set of arenas, or the site of various discursive formations. Because laws are generated from within, but are only part of, concentrated forms of state power, feminists and progressive groups that are engaging with law must retain an explicit analysis of the state. This analysis must be more nuanced and displaced than it has been in instrumentalist and structuralist accounts, in order to explore the ways in which feminists have influenced legal change and whether this influence is positive or negative for different groups. The limits on law's ability to fundamentally transform the social relations of oppression must however be recognized. In particular, the relationship between overall state trends—for example privatization—and trends specific to certain state arenas such as courts and legislatures—for example enhanced women's rights to men's property and increased legal recognition of same sex couples—must be traced in order to determine the political impact of seemingly progressive movements in areas related to “the family”.
Feminism, Punishment and the Potential of Empowerment
Authors: Snider Laureen 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper argues that understanding the potential roles law and the state can play as transformative tools in counter-hegemonic feminist struggle requires that they be historically and structurally situated and contextualized, for both can be and have been facilitative as well as repressive. The paper examines, first, the negative consequences of using criminal law and the criminal justice system as instruments of reform, arguing that criminal law lacks transformative potential because of its particular role vis-à-vis the welfare state, dominant ideologies, and the struggle for change. Rights struggles are examined next, and it is argued that feminists should engage with law only under certain specified conditions to advance particular aims. The paper suggests some legal dead ends feminists should avoid, then examines alternative strategies which, it is argued, have the potential to empower and thereby to produce real and lasting improvements in women's lives.
The Regulation of Prostitution: Avoiding the Morality Traps
Authors: Shaver Frances M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThere are three types of sexual moralism in evidence in the discussions regarding the regulation of prostitution: the overt moral fervour of the Victorian crusaders, the more covert moralism of contemporary crusaders (residents) and legislators, and the principled moralism of contemporary radical feminism. It is maintained—using arguments and evidence from the author's own and other Canadian research—that each type has contributed heavily to the failure to adequately evaluate the nature of sex work. As a consequence, our ability to develop appropriate social and legal policies has been severely restricted. It is argued that the key to appropriate social and legal reform lies in recognizing four points: prostitution per se is not different from other work; prostitution as currently practised is different; the evaluation of commercial sex must be conducted in the broader context of human sexuality; and it is essential to focus on the specificity of women, rather than the specificity of prostitution.
La philosophie de la limite ou des limites du droit: notes sur un parcours
Authors: Sansfaçon Daniel 
Published: July 2014

RésuméCe texte interroge notre incapacité à penser les rapports sociaux au-delà du droit et des systèmes de droit. Pourquoi l'appel à la justice doit-il nécessairement passer par le droit? Même lorsqu'elle prend des allures post-modernes, comme dans l'oeuvre de Drucilla Cornell, la critique féministe du droit n'en débouche pas moins sur l'incontournabilité du droit. Ou alors sur un pessimisme juridico-politique comme chez MacKinnon. Examinant la justification féministe du recours au droit à partir de l'intervention du Fonds d'éducation et d'action juridique dans l'arrêtButlerde la Cour suprême du Canada en matière d'obscénité, l'auteur montre que le système juridique reste fermé à la différence, à l'altérité, donc à la justice.
Combating Cultural Appropriation in the American Southwest: Lessons from the Hopi Experience Concerning the Uses of Law
Authors: Howes David 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCultural appropriation involves the unauthorized use of elements of another culture (e.g., voice, practices, image or name) to the appropriator's commercial advantage. Cultural appropriation is experienced by some Native American cultures as an attack on their integrity which jeopardizes their very survival. The case of the Hopi Indians of Arizona is examined. The essay goes on to explore and evaluate various recourses which Native American peoples might employ to check the vulgarization and commercialization of their culture—namely the right to privacy, copyright, and the right of publicity. It is concluded that, to maximize cultural preservation, the right of publicity should be deployed.
Conflicting Visions: SM, Feminism, and the Law. A Problem of Representation
Authors: Hoople Terry 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this article, the author examines the problem of representing SM practice and practitioners. In particular the author is critical of the tendency to dismiss SM practitioners' self-representations as inadequate accounts because they are either symptomatic of their perversion or are simply indicators of practioners' internalization of patriarchal values and ideology, suggesting that an adequate analysis of SM can only be rendered by nonpractitioners. In conjunction with an analysis of a British House of Lords decision which upheld the convictions of SM practitioners for assault (R. v.Brown), and several feminist critiques of SM practice, the author attempts to demonstrate that nonpractitioners' representations of SM are themselves inadequate accounts insofar as they generally rely on the deployment of cultural stereotypes of “the sadomasochist,” or reflect cultural biases against ritual practices which involve the use of violence and pain. Proposing these as impediments to “seeing SM differently,” the author constructs a conflicting vision of the aims and form of SM practice and relations.
Sexual-Orientation Hate Propaganda: Time To Regroup
Authors: Major Marie-France 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTheCriminal Codecontains two articles that deal specifically with hate propaganda. Articles 318 and 319 of theCodeare not the result of an arbitrary measure taken by the Canadian legislator: they were enacted on the basis that it was necessary to offer protection to identifiable groups from propagators of hate. Although it is impossible to afford recourse against hate propaganda to all Canadian citizens, the present definition of identifiable groups must be expanded to include within its ambit those who are targeted because of their sexual orientation. This inclusion would signify to society at large that hate propaganda directed against gays and lesbians is unacceptable behavior and it would assure members of the homosexual community that they are full-fledged members of society. If we are to have laws to meet the concerns of special victimized groups, we must ensure that protection is given to all those who need it.
Introduction: Le Droit comme facteur d'exclusion
Authors: Bertrand Marie-Andrée 
Published: July 2014

Dans l'appel lancé aux auteurs en vue de ce numéro spécial sur l'exclusion, le comité de direction de la Revue les invitait à examiner non seulement la norme juridique et la jurisprudence sous l'angle de leur pouvoir de mise à l'écart mais aussi les institutions et les normes extra-juridiques; il leur proposait aussi de chercher, dans l'histoire des normes, l'origine des traitements inégaux.La réponse à cet appel a dépassé notre attente. Si la majorité des auteurs ont centré leur propos sur la norme juridique et ses effets inégalitaires, ils n'en ont pas pour autant négligé les normes sociales et les institutions para- et extrajudiciaires; quelques-un(e)s d'entre eux ont carrément pris pour cibles des institutions sociales et des normes non-juridiques.