bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations of plants
colonizing coal mine spoil in India
Authors: MEHROTRA V. S. 
Published: July 2002

A survey of soil and root samples collected beneath
some pioneering plants colonizing reclaimed mine
spoil at an opencast coal mine site at Chandrapur, Maharashtra
State, India, was conducted in
October 1994 to examine the possible host and edaphic influence
on the occurrence of arbuscular
mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Thirteen plant species were sampled to
determine the mycorrhizal root
colonization and the number of spores of individual AM
fungal species in the rhizosphere.Typical AM fungal infection was observed in roots of all
the plant species examined. Mycorrhizal
infection ranged from 20 to 95%. Sampled soils contained six
spore-forming species of AM fungi
(Acaulospora scrobiculata, Entrophospora
colombiana, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus
ambisporum, Scutellospora calospora and a
previously undescribed species of Glomus). Fungal
spore densities were not related to the mycorrhizal infection
levels. E. colombiana and G. ambisporum
were the leading species in terms of spore densities and
frequencies. Phenotypic variations in spores of AM fungi were
possibly related to the physical and chemical properties
of the mine spoil.It is concluded that the pioneering plant species on mine
spoils can cause the development of
different populations of AM fungi. The study also indicates
that certain species of AM fungi have
broad environmental requirements.
TIME's Past in the Present:
Nostalgia and the Black and White Image
Authors: GRAINGE PAUL 
Published: July 2002

In 1995, the Hubble Space Telescope sent back to astronomers at the
University of Arizona a series of vivid colour images of the Eagle Nebula,
a dense formation of interstellar gas and dust the likes of which cradle
newborn stars. As evidence that our perceptual universe, in every sense of
the word, is defined by the representational powers of colour technology,
the Hubble's “cosmic close-ups” are a clear case in point. Colour has
become a standard representational form and hence the visual form. If so,
what can be said of the recent popularity and proliferation of the black-and-white image?No self-respecting café-bar or discriminating home, it seems, can now
do without a black and white print on the wall. Commercial photography
and certain forms of advertising have found a new niche in black and
white, and even sepia is staging a come-back. The popularity of the black-and-white image cannot be divorced from the commercial culture in
which it circulates; it is a “look” and a marker of taste. Monochrome is
a stylistic trend but a revealing one, especially if one considers the
growing preoccupation in America with heritage and memory. Both
Susan Sontag and Roland Barthes give black and white a status of
authenticity judged in relation to past time “properly” captured. For
Sontag, monochrome gives an image a sense of age, historical distance,
and aura. She writes, “the cold intimacy of color seems to seal off the
photograph from patina.” Likewise, Barthes comments on the artifice of
colour, how it is a “coating applied later on to the original truth of black
and white.” For both critics, monochrome is an aesthetic of the authentic
figured around a basic quality of pastness.
Measurements of diapycnal diffusivities in stratified fluids
Authors: BARRY MICHAEL E. , IVEY GREGORY N. , WINTERS KRAIG B. , IMBERGER JÖRG 
Published: July 2002

Linearly stratified salt solutions of different Prandtl number were subjected to turbulent
stirring by a horizontally oscillating vertical grid in a closed laboratory system.
The experimental set-up allowed the independent direct measurement of a root mean
square turbulent lengthscale Lt, turbulent diffusivity
for mass Kρ, rate of dissipation
of turbulent kinetic energy ε, buoyancy frequency N and viscosity v, as time and
volume averaged quantities. The behaviour of both Lt
and Kρ was characterized over a wide range of the turbulence intensity measure,
ε/vN2, and two regimes were identified.In the more energetic of these regimes (Regime E, where
300 < ε/vN2 < 105), Lt
was found to be a function of v, κ and N, whilst Kρ
was a function of v, κ and (ε/vN2)1/3.
From these expressions for Lt and Kρ,
a scaling relation for the root mean square turbulent velocity scale Ut was derived,
and this relationship showed good agreement with direct measurements from other data sets.In the weaker turbulence regime (Regime W, where
10 < ε/vN2 < 300) Kρ was a
function of v, κ and ε/vN2.For 10 < ε/vN2 < 1000, our directly measured diffusivities,
Kρ, are approximately a factor of 2 different to the diffusivity predicted
by the model of Osborn (1980). For ε/vN2 > 1000, our measured diffusivities
diverge from the model prediction. For example, at ε/vN2 ≈ 104
there is at least an order of magnitude difference between the measured and predicted diffusivities.
The evolution of a uniformly sheared thermally

stratified turbulent flow
Authors: PICCIRILLO PAUL , VAN ATTA CHARLES W. 
Published: July 2002

Experiments were carried out in a new type of stratified flow facility

to study the evolution of turbulence in a mean flow possessing both uniform

stable stratification and uniform mean shear.The new facility is a thermally stratified wind tunnel consisting of ten

independent supply layers, each with its own blower and heaters, and is
capable

of producing arbitrary temperature and velocity profiles in the test section.

In the experiments, four

different sized turbulence-generating grids were used to study the effect
of

different initial conditions. All three components of the velocity were
measured,

along with the temperature. Root-mean-square quantities and correlations
were

measured, along with their corresponding power and cross-spectra.As the gradient Richardson number Ri = N2/(dU/dz)2 was increased, the downstream spatial evolution of the turbulent kinetic energy changed from increasing, to stationary, to decreasing. The stationary value of the Richardson number, Ricr, was found to be an increasing function of the dimensionless shear parameter Sq2/∈ (where S = dU/dz is the mean velocity shear, q2 is the turbulent kinetic energy, and ∈ is the viscous dissipation).The turbulence was found to be highly anisotropic, both at the small scales
and at

the large scales, and anisotropy was found to increase with increasing

Ri. The evolution of the velocity power spectra for

Ri [les ] Ricr, in which the

energy of the large scales

increases while the energy in the small scales decreases, suggests that
the

small-scale anisotropy is caused, or at least amplified, by buoyancy forces

which reduce the amount of spectral energy transfer from large to small
scales. For the largest values of Ri, countergradient buoyancy flux occurred for the small scales of the turbulence, an effect noted earlier in the numerical results of Holt et al. (1992), Gerz et al. (1989), and Gerz & Schumann (1991).
A theory of particle deposition in turbulent pipe flow
Authors: YOUNG JOHN , LEEMING ANGUS 
Published: July 2002

The paper describes a theory of particle deposition based formally on
the conservation
equations of particle mass and momentum. These equations are formulated in an
Eulerian coordinate system and are then Reynolds averaged, a procedure which
generates a number of turbulence correlations, two of which are of prime importance.
One represents ‘turbulent diffusion’ and the other
‘turbophoresis’, a convective drift
of particles down gradients of mean-square fluctuating velocity. Turbophoresis is
not a small correction; it dominates the particle dynamic behaviour in the
diffusion-impaction and inertia-moderated regimes.Adopting a simple model for the turbophoretic force, the theory is used to
calculate
deposition from fully developed turbulent pipe flow. Agreement with experimental
measurements is good. It is found that the Saffman lift force plays an important role
in the inertia-moderated regime but that the effect of gravity on deposition from
vertical flows is negligible. The model also predicts an increase in particle
concentration
close to the wall in the diffusion-impaction regime, a result which is partially
corroborated by an independent ‘direct numerical simulation’ study.The new deposition theory represents a considerable advance in physical
understanding over previous free-flight theories. It also offers many avenues
for future
development, particularly in the simultaneous calculation of laminar (pure inertial)
and turbulent particle transport in more complex two- and three-dimensional
geometries.
The interaction of spatially modulated vortex pairs with free surfaces
Authors: WILLERT CHRISTIAN E. , GHARIB MORTEZA 
Published: July 2002

Spatially modulated vortex pairs were generated below a free surface

by two counter-rotating flaps whose edges approximate a sinusoid.

The surface interactions of the

vertically approaching vortex pairs were visualized by the shadowgraph
technique.

Two limiting cases were investigated in detail: the interaction

with a surfactant-rich

(contaminated) surface and with a surfactant-poor (‘clean’)

surface. In the latter

case shadowgraph images showed that the underlying vortex core formed a
line of

circular surface depressions. Subsequent measurements of the temporally
evolving

velocity fields using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) of the
vortex pair

cross-sections and the subsurface plane confirmed the connection process
of the main

vortex core with the surface. As a result of the connection the initially
modulated

vortex tube was broken into a line of U-vortices. In the presence of surfactants

this connection could not be observed; rather a Reynolds ridge (or stagnation
line)

was formed and a very weak connection of the secondary separation vortex
could

be seen in the shadowgraphs as well as measured with the time-resolved
DPIV

technique.A prerequisite for connection of the vortex with the

surface is that the flow's

kinematics force the vortex core, that is, regions of concentrated vorticity,
toward

the surface. The ensuing locally concentrated viscous flux

of surface-parallel vorticity through the surface is balanced by

a local surface deceleration. Surface-normal

vorticity appears on each side of the decelerated region whose gradually

increasing circulation is directly balanced by the loss of

circulation of the surface-parallel

vortex. However, the shear forces caused by small amounts of surface

contamination and its associated subsurface boundary layer inhibit

the connection process by

preventing the essential viscous flux of parallel vorticity through the
surface.

Instead, the subsurface boundary layer is associated with

a flux of parallel vorticity

into the surface which then concentrates into the observable secondary
separation

vortex.
Miscible porous media displacements in the quarter five-spot configuration.

Part 2. Effect of heterogeneities
Authors: CHEN CHING-YAO , MEIBURG ECKART 
Published: July 2002

Direct numerical simulations are employed to investigate the coupling
between the
viscous fingering instability and permeability heterogeneities for miscible
displacements
in quarter five-spot flows. Even moderate inhomogeneities are seen to have
a strong
effect on the flow, which can result in a complete bypass of the linear
growth phase
of the viscous fingering instability. In contrast to their homogeneous
counterparts
(cf. Part 1, Chen & Meiburg 1998), heterogeneous quarter five-spot
flows are seen
to exhibit a more uniform dominant length scale throughout the entire flow
domain.
In line with earlier findings for unidirectional displacements, an optimal
interaction
of the mobility and permeability related vorticity modes can occur when
the viscous
length scale is of the same order as the correlation length of the heterogeneities.
This
resonance mechanism results in a minimal breakthrough recovery for intermediate

correlation lengths, at fixed dimensionless flow rates in the form of a
Péclet number
Pe. However, for a constant correlation length, the recovery does
not show a minimum
as Pe is varied.Confirming earlier observations, the simulations show a more rapid breakthrough

as the variance of the permeability variations increases. However, this
tendency is far
more noticeable in some parameter regimes than in others. It is furthermore
observed
that relatively low variances usually cannot change the tendency for a
dominant finger
to evolve along the inherently preferred diagonal direction, especially
for relatively
small correlation lengths. Only for higher variances, and for larger correlation
lengths,
are situations observed in which an off-diagonal finger can become dominant.
Due to
the nonlinear nature of the selection mechanisms at work, a change in the
variance
of the heterogeneities can result in the formation of dominant fingers
along entirely
different channels.
Some steady vortex flows past a circular cylinder
Authors: ELCRAT ALAN , FORNBERG BENGT , HORN MARK , MILLER KENNETH 
Published: July 2002

Steady vortex flows past a circular cylinder are obtained numerically as solutions
of the partial differential equation Δψ = f(ψ), f(ψ)
= ω(1 − H(ω − α)), where H is the
Heaviside function. Only symmetric solutions are considered so the flow may be
thought of as that past a semicircular bump in a half-plane. The flow is transplanted
by the complex logarithm to a semi-infinite strip. This strip is truncated at a finite
height, a numerical boundary condition is used on the top, and the difference equations
resulting from the five-point discretization for the Laplacian on a uniform grid are
solved using Fourier methods and an iteration for the nonlinear equation. If the area
of the vortex region is prescribed the magnitude of the vorticity ω is adjusted in an
inner iteration to satisfy this area constraint.Three types of solutions are discussed: vortices attached to the cylinder, vortex
patches standing off from the cylinder and strips of vorticity extending to infinity.
Three families of each type of solution have been found. Equilibrium positions for
point vortices, including the Föppl pair, are related to these families by continuation.
Minimalist architectures
Authors: CULICOVER PETER W. 
Published: July 2002

Ray Jackendoff, The architecture of the language faculty. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 1997. Pp. xiv+262.In The architecture of the language faculty Jackendoff responds to the
Minimalist Program (MP) of Chomsky (1995). There are three major
themes: the conceptual foundations of MP and its historical antecedents; the
interfaces between syntactic structure, phonetic structure and conceptual
structure, and the nature of the lexicon. The basic approach is that of
Jackendoff (1983, 1990), with roots going back at least as far as Jackendoff
1975. In the first chapter Jackendoff sets out the more or less standard views
about universal grammar and subjects them to a critical analysis. Chapters
2–4 focus on the various ‘interfaces’ between levels of representation,
and on how the interface relations are reified in individual lexical entries. Chapters
5–7 explore the properties of various types of lexical entries and the relations
between them. Chapter 8 concludes with a speculative essay on the relation
between language and thought.This book is a rich compilation of observations, analyses, suggestions,
perspectives, speculations and proposals. One could easily write a review at
least as long as the book, developing and responding to the many ideas that
it contains. Since space here is limited, I will concentrate on the main
conceptual and foundational issues that are addressed by the book. In many
ways, Jackendoff's work points to significant departures from classical
perspectives on the organization of grammar. I will focus some attention on
those areas where even more radical steps might be worth pursuing.
The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: a comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats
Authors: FRESCO D. M. , COLES M. E. , HEIMBERG R. G. , LIEBOWITZ M. R. , HAMI S. , STEIN M. B. , GOETZ D. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The clinician-administered version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS-CA) is a commonly used assessment device for the evaluation of social anxiety disorder and has been shown to have strong psychometric characteristics. Because of its apparently straightforward rating format and potential savings in time and effort, interest in the use of the LSAS as a self-report (LSAS-SR) measure has increased, and the LSAS-SR has been used in a number of studies. However, the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR have not been well established.Methods. This study examined the psychometric properties of the LSAS-SR in comparison to the LSAS-CA in a sample of 99 individuals with a primary diagnosis of social anxiety disorder and 53 individuals with no current psychiatric disorder.Results. There was little difference between the two versions of the LSAS on any scale or subscale score. Both forms were internally consistent and the subscale intercorrelations for the two forms were essentially identical. Correlations of each LSAS-SR index with its LSAS-CA counterpart were all highly significant. Finally, the convergent and discriminant validity of the two forms of the LSAS was shown to be strong.Conclusion. Results of this study suggest that the self-report version of the LSAS compares well to the clinician-administered version and may be validly employed in the assessment of social anxiety disorder.
The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the
WHO study of mental illness in general health care
Authors: GOLDBERG D. P. , GATER R. , SARTORIUS N. , USTUN T. B. , PICCINELLI M. , GUREJE O. , RUTTER C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. In recent years the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) has been
extensively used as a short screening instrument, producing results that are comparable to longer
versions of the GHQ.Methods. The validity of the GHQ-12 was compared with the GHQ-28 in a World Health
Organization study of psychological disorders in general health care. Results are presented for
5438 patients interviewed in 15 centres using the primary care version of the Composite
International Diagnostic Instrument, or CIDI-PC.Results. Results were uniformly good, with the average area under the ROC curve 88, range
from 83 to 95. Minor variations in the criteria used for defining a case made little difference to
the validity of the GHQ, and complex scoring methods offered no advantages over simpler
ones. The GHQ was translated into 10 other languages for the purposes of this study, and
validity coefficients were almost as high as in the original language. There was no tendency for
the GHQ to work less efficiently in developing countries. Finally gender, age and educational
level are shown to have no significant effect on the validity of the GHQ.Conclusions. If investigators wish to use a screening instrument as a case detector, the shorter
GHQ is remarkably robust and works as well as the longer instrument. The latter should only
be preferred if there is an interest in the scaled scores provided in addition to the total score.
Prevalence and severity of substance use disorders
and onset of psychosis in first-admission psychotic patients
Authors: RABINOWITZ J. , BROMET E. J. , LAVELLE J. , CARLSON G. , KOVASZNAY B. , SCHWARTZ J. E. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Past studies have found inconsistent evidence
that substance use disorders are related
to earlier onset of schizophrenia or more severe symptoms. This study examines
prevalence and
severity of current substance use disorders and onset of psychotic illness
in a multi-facility sample.Methods. Data are from the Suffolk County Mental Health Project,
an epidemiological study of
first admission psychosis. The SCID and instruments measuring symptomatology,
personality and
background characteristics were administered. Respondents were stratified
into three groups: (a) no
life-time substance diagnosis; (b) in remission or reporting current
mild use at admission; and (c)
current moderate–severe substance abuse at admission.Results. Using the SCID severity rating, 17·4% of males
and 6·2% of the females had moderate or
severe current substance abuse, while 41·5% of males and 68·2%
of females had no lifetime
substance diagnosis. In almost all cases categorized as moderate–severe,
the substance diagnosis
predated onset of psychosis. Females categorized as moderate–severe
had an earlier age of onset of
psychosis than did females in the other groups. There were only slight
differences in symptom
severity among the groups but more marked antisocial behaviour in the moderate–severe
group.
Variables discriminating the moderate–severe from non-abuse groups
were BPRS thought
disturbance, adult anti-social behaviour and current cigarette smoking
for males and adult antisocial
behaviour and child–teen antisocial behaviour for females.Conclusions. Severity of substance abuse does not appear to
be a pivotal correlate of the early
features of psychotic illness.
A randomized controlled trial of guided imagery in bulimia nervosa
Authors: ESPLEN M. J. , GARFINKEL P. E. , OLMSTED M. , GALLOP R. M. , KENNEDY S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The objective of this study was to test a
guided imagery therapy designed to enhance
self-comforting in bulimia nervosa.Methods. A randomized controlled trial compared 6 weeks of
individual guided imagery therapy
with a control group. Fifty participants who met DSM-III-R criteria for
bulimia nervosa completed
the study. Measures of eating disorder symptoms, psychological functioning
and the experience of
guided imagery therapy were administered.Results. The guided imagery treatment had substantial effects
on the reduction of bingeing and
purging episodes; the imagery group had a mean reduction of binges of 74%
and of vomiting of
73%. The imagery treatment also demonstrated improvement on measures of
attitudes concerning
eating, dieting and body weight in comparison to the control group. In
addition, the guided imagery
demonstrated improvement on psychological measures of aloneness and the
ability for self-comforting.Conclusions. Evidence from this study suggests that guided
imagery was an effective treatment for
bulimia nervosa, at least in the short-term.
Social fears and social phobia in a community
sample of adolescents and young adults: prevalence,
risk factors and co-morbidity
Authors: WITTCHEN H.-U. , STEIN M. B. , KESSLER R. C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The paper describes prevalence, impairments,
patterns of co-morbidity and other
correlates of DSM-IV social phobia in adolescents and young adults, separating
generalized and
non-generalized social phobics.Methods. Data are derived from the baseline investigation of
the Early Developmental Stages of
Psychopathology Study (EDSP), a prospective longitudinal community study
of 3021 subjects, aged
14–24. Diagnoses were based on the DSM-IV algorithms of an expanded
version of the Composite
International Diagnostic Interview.Results. Lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV/CIDI social phobia
was 9·5% in females and 4·9% in
males, with about one-third being classified as generalized social phobics.
Twelve-month prevalence
was only slightly lower, indicating considerable persistence. Respondents
with generalized social
phobia reported an earlier age of onset, higher symptom persistence, more
co-morbidity, more
severe impairments, higher treatment rates and indicated more frequently
a parental history of
mental disorders than respondents with non-generalized social phobia.Conclusions. History of DSM-IV social phobia was found to be
quite prevalent in 14–24 year-olds.
The generalized subtype of social phobia was found to have different correlates
and to be
considerably more persistent, impairing and co-morbid than non-generalized
social phobia.
Although generalized social phobics are more likely than non-generalized
social phobics to receive
mental health treatments, the treatment rate in this sample was low despite
the fact that mental
health services are free in Germany.