bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Controlled Trial of Antepartum Glucocorticoid Treatment for Prevention of the Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Premature Infants
Authors: McDonald Sarah D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This first randomized controlled trial of antenatal corticosteroids allocated 287 pregnant people between 24 to 36 weeks’ gestation to receive 2 doses, 24 hours apart, of either: 12 mg betamethasone or identical-appearing 6 mg cortisone acetate (&lt;2% the potency) as the control. Five categories of pregnant patients were included, the majority being the preterm labor group (n = 213, 76%; with 226 infants), of whom approximately 23% delivered &lt;24 hours after entry into the trial, and presumably did not receive the second dose. The primary outcome, respiratory distress syndrome was experienced by 12/143 (8.4%) in the betamethasone group and 31/120 (25.8%) in the control group; hence reported on in 263 infants among at least 295 infants in the trial (89%). Perinatal death occurred in 16/153 (10.4%) and 25/126 (19.8%) in the betamethasone and control groups, respectively. The authors noted their encouraging preliminary evidence warranted further study, including corticosteroid dose.
Prevention of Early-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease with Selective Intrapartum Chemoprophylaxis
Authors: Turner Megan J. , Wright Clyde J. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
At the time of this trial, group B Streptococcus (GBS) was responsible for most newborn deaths from early-onset sepsis in the United States. However, mother-to-infant transmission was known to be preventable with maternal prophylaxis. This single-center study asked whether maternal and neonatal prophylaxis would prevent early-onset GBS disease when applied to the highest-risk population (GBS-colonized mothers with preterm labor or prolonged rupture of membranes). A total of 180 high-risk mothers were randomized to ampicillin during labor or no treatment. Neonatal colonization was present in 9% of treated infants versus 51% of control infants (p &lt;0.001). There were no cases of bacteremia among treated infants at delivery, versus 6% among controls (p = 0.024).
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Fraud and Abuse
Authors: George Alexander J. , Rothman Brian , Case Edward G. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
False and fraudulent claims represent an important problem for healthcare payers. As the largest healthcare payer in the United States, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services commit a significant number of resources to combat and litigate incidents of fraud. As such, healthcare providers should know how to recognize fraud and abuse; be familiar with major healthcare-related fraud and abuse laws, including the False Claims Act; understand his or her obligation in reporting fraudulent behavior and protections afforded to whistleblowers (qui tam or whistleblower lawsuits); and appreciate the importance of compliant practices. This chapter reviews these principles in a problem-based learning discussion format.
Assent and Consent in Pediatrics
Authors: Kennedy Kerri O. , Robins Berklee , Elster Nanette 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Medical decision-making for children differs from decision-making in the adult population in several important ways. First, children should not be considered as simply “little adults” with respect to decision-making. They have unique needs and considerations which vary depending on the child’s age and developmental capacity. Additionally, rather than two parties (doctor and patient) constituting the therapeutic relationship, there are now three, perhaps even four if the parents are not in agreement with each other. In this triadic doctor-parent/guardian-child relationship, parents and physicians engage in shared decision-making about medical treatment for the child while seeking the child’s assent depending on their age, maturity level, the nature of the decision at hand, and the child’s desire to be involved. Finally, children’s capacity for understanding and involvement in the process may vary depending on developmental factors as well as lived experiences. This complexity has led to the development of several standards that may be applied in making decisions about the healthcare of children, which will be discussed in this chapter.
The Medical Ethics of the Placebo Effect
Authors: Rae Ali I. , Cetas Justin S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The placebo effect is an important factor in both clinical medicine and biomedical research. This chapter explores the ethics surrounding the use of clinical placebos, which has recently been debated. Different strategies have been employed to circumvent the ethical quandaries surrounding the use of clinical placebo. While the use of placebo pills in clinical research has been generally accepted, the use of sham surgery in surgical placebo-controlled trials remains contested. This chapter explores the arguments surrounding sham-surgery controlled research. The authors also review the nocebo effect in order to discuss the inverse impact of negative expectation on treatment outcomes. Evidence suggests that each of these effects is modulated by a complex interaction of individual patient and larger sociocultural factors. These factors are briefly overviewed. A more nuanced understanding of the ethics of the placebo and nocebo effects and their functional utility in the enterprise of medicine is warranted.
Cognitive Errors in Diagnosis and Clinical Reasoning
Authors: Restrepo Daniel , Rencic Joseph 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Misdiagnosis is common and costly. When it occurs, it is often due to cognitive errors by a diagnostician. Research in psychology has described the dual-process theory, a two-system model of cognition that explains how humans process information. System 1 thinking refers to intuitive, subconscious associations made based on pattern recognition. System 2 thinking, conversely, consists of slow, effortful, and analytical thought processes. Cognitive shortcuts described in System 1 thinking are known as heuristics. The term “bias” is typically used when a heuristic leads to a judgment error. Some, but certainly not all, misdiagnoses can be traced back to failures in System 1 thinking and its cognitive biases. Common causes of misdiagnosis stem from the representativeness and availability heuristics. Additionally, certain cognitive biases are overrepresented in cases of misdiagnosis, including premature closure, anchoring, framing, base rate neglect, and confirmation. This chapter serves as an overview for the learner to learn these concepts and use them to help prevent diagnostic mistakes in their practice.
Introduction
Authors: Diederich Nico J. , Brüne Martin , Amunts Katrin , Goetz Christopher G. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The Evolutionary Roots of Human Brain Diseases presents an evolutionary view of neurological and psychiatric conditions meant to complement and enrich existing medical perspectives. Modeling the complexity of human (social) life, human language, or manual dexterity, and mental or emotional behaviors that typify human neurological or psychological function and dysfunction and expanded and explained.
Adaptive Archaic Introgression
Authors: Dolgova Olga , Lao Oscar 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The canonical belief that anatomically modern humans (AMH) completely replaced archaic populations without admixture when they moved out of Africa (OOA) was challenged with the sequencing of the Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes. Comparison of the genetic variation between archaic and modern humans showed that both hybridized soon after the OOA. Whereas most of the archaic inheritance has been erased from the human genome by purifying selection, some archaic variants have reached high frequency in particular AMH populations. These archaic variants have been associated with evolutionary advantages associated mainly with immunity, metabolism, skin pigmentation, as well as brain size and functioning and positively selected in human populations. Furthermore, methodological advances suggest the existence of other archaic populations that interbred with AMH ancestors, highlighting a more complex population substructure of archaic populations at the time when AMH left Africa than the one retrieved from archaeological remains.
Evolutionary Aspects of Neuropsychopharmacology
Authors: Brüne Martin , Abed Riadh , John-Smith Paul St. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Neuropsychopharmacology has advanced drug development and discovery as well as the understanding of the neuronal “machinery.” However, there is very little reference to the evolution of “neurotransmitters” or “biomodulators” and their systems in the literature. For example, the evolutionary history of central nervous systems, the how and why brains came to utilize certain molecules to improve and accelerate the transmission of information, is largely unrecognized. This chapter, therefore, provides an overview of the evolutionary history of “neurotransmitters” or “biomediators” and some of their related systems. It deals with the evolution and evolutionary constraints of cell communication and focuses, as an exemplar, on the evolutionary story of glutamate and its role in brain health and disease. Possible implications of an evolutionary perspective on neuropsychopharmacology for the understanding of the constraints of neuropsychotropic drug action and for the development of new agents for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological conditions are discussed.
Carrier Screening and Newborn Screening
Authors: Phillips Amber Mathiesen , Roy Kali Bogaard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides information on carrier screening options available, including testing based on ethnicity, targeted to the family history or clinical situation, or by use of expanded carrier screening panels. It describes who should be offered testing, the timing of testing, how to evaluate the risks of conditions being tested, and how to interpret results. The chapter describes testing protocols for specific conditions including cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, FMR1–related conditions, and hemoglobinopathies. It reviews ethnicity-based screening, as in Ashkenazi Jewish and French-Canadian populations, as well as screening when there is a family history. It also discusses the use, benefits, and recommendations when offering expanded carrier screening. In addition, this chapter provides a description of newborn screening including the conditions generally screened, the process, and the role of the perinatal health care provider.
The effects of antiseizure medications on comorbidities
Authors: Rugg-Gunn Fergus J. , Patsalos Philip N. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The effects of antiseizure medications (ASMs) often extend beyond their therapeutic benefit on seizure activity. Typically, ASMs exert a therapeutic benefit for non-seizure conditions as a result of their effects on neuronal or cortical excitability via ion channel modulation and enhanced GABA-related inhibition, although other mechanisms exist. There is an increased prevalence of comorbid conditions in people with epilepsy compared to the general population. ASMs may also contribute to either the de novo development of a comorbidity or an exacerbation of a pre-existing condition. Many ASMs can affect the pharmacokinetics of non-ASM drugs; however, most interactions can be attributable to a small number of enzyme-inducing ASMs which enhance the metabolism of many drugs prescribed for various comorbidities and reduce their efficacy. In summary, the use of ASMs is challenging, complex, and possibly harmful. Knowledge of the potential benefits, adverse effects, and interactions is important in the effective and safe prescribing of ASMs to manage both epilepsy and non-seizure disorders.
Epilepsy and psychopathological comorbidities
Authors: Mula Marco , Hesdorffer Dale C. , Trimble Michael R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines psychiatric comorbidities in patients with epilepsy. It reviews the history of neuropsychiatry of epilepsy with special reference to the relationship between the pathophysiology of epilepsy and that of behavioural abnormalities. Epidemiological evidence is presented highlighting the bidirectional relationship between epilepsy and the majority of psychiatric conditions. This chapter also examines major clinical problems encountered by clinicians when diagnosing and treating psychiatric disorders in epilepsy, such as the atypical phenomenology, often not in line with classificatory systems such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or the International Classification of Diseases, the risk of seizure worsening during psychotropic drug treatment, and drug interactions.
Epilepsy and driving
Authors: Somerville Ernest 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Driving is as important to those with epilepsy as to those without. A seizure at the wheel may result in a crash, which may be fatal. Efforts to eliminate this risk by banning people with epilepsy from driving are ineffective and may even be counterproductive. A harm minimization approach, permitting patients with an acceptably low risk of a seizure while driving to drive, is preferable, and forms the basis of the regulations in many countries. However, inaccuracy of the estimation of seizure probability in many clinical situations, with little relevant evidence, and the individual variability in time spent driving, mean that the rules are often arbitrary. The driver licensing authority should take responsibility for licensing decisions and not pass this on to the treating doctor, who has a conflict of interest and cannot be expected to make an objective assessment. However, the success of any system will depend on accurate information from the patient and compliance with the law by both patient and doctor.
The Human Connectome
Authors: Harris James C. , Coyle Joseph T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the understanding of nervous system connectivity in classical antiquity, when the first global structural account of the organization of the nervous system was proposed, and the emergence of Cajal’s revolutionary neuron doctrine, which was a paradigm shift in neuroscience. Cajal used Golgi’s anatomical methods to illustrate the basic framework of neural circuit organization that is refined in the model used today. Also reviewed are the four levels of analyses used in structural connectomes and functional connectomes, the synaptome, applications of artificial intelligence based on machine learning, brain neuronal network connectivity maps, and the development of the functional connectome.
Consciousness
Authors: Harris James C. , Coyle Joseph T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Consciousness refers to a general state of a person; it is a particular capability found in living systems. Consciousness is at the center of the study of both objective and subjective experience; to experience existence is to be conscious. Fundamentally, consciousness is subjectively experienced from the first-person perspective. This chapter introduces the study of consciousness. It reviews the history of the study of consciousness, current concepts of consciousness, consciousness from an evolutionary standpoint, various concepts of consciousness and the brain, consciousness and memory, and the relationship between sleep and consciousness. It also reviews clinical situations in which consciousness is affected, and it summarizes recent views on the neurobiology of consciousness.
Intellectual Developmental Disorder
Authors: Harris James C. , Coyle Joseph T. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
From a neurodevelopmental perspective, intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) is a failure of cognitive progression with onset in infancy. IDD is not a static condition but, rather, a dynamic one, which has multiple etiologies that must be considered in treatment planning. It is not a disease or an illness in itself but, rather, has heterogeneous etiologies. In IDD, thinking is not characteristically disordered, and perception is not distorted unless there is a concurrent mental disorder. This chapter reviews the history, diagnosis, classification, epidemiology, etiology, developmental issues, genetics, psychiatric assessment, psychopathology, and treatment of intellectual developmental disorders. Public law and the right to education and legal competency are also discussed.
[O ii] as an effective indicator of the dependence between the standardized luminosities of Type Ia supernovae and the properties of their host galaxies
Authors: Martin B , Lidman C , Brout D , Tucker B E , Dixon M , Armstrong P 
Published: August 2024

ABSTRACT
We have obtained Integral Field Unit (IFU) spectra of 75 Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) host galaxies from the Foundation Supernova Survey to search for correlations between the properties of individual galaxies and SN Hubble residuals. After standard corrections for light-curve width and SN colour have been applied, we find correlations between Hubble residuals and the equivalent width (EW) of the [${\rm O\, {\small II}}$] $\lambda \lambda$3727, 3729 doublet (2.3$\sigma$), an indicator of the specific star formation rate. When splitting our sample by SN colour, we find no colour dependence impacting the correlation between EW[${\rm O\, {\small II}}$] and Hubble residual. However, when splitting by colour, we reveal a correlation between the Hubble residuals of blue SNe Ia and the Balmer decrement (2.2$\sigma$), an indicator of dust attenuation. These correlations remain after applying a mass-step correction, suggesting that the mass-step correction does not fully account for the limitations of the colour correction used to standardize SNe Ia. Rather than a mass correction, we apply a correction to SNe from star-forming galaxies based on their measurable EW[${\rm O\, {\small II}}$]. We find that this correction also removes the host galaxy mass-step, while also greatly reducing the significance of the correlation with the Balmer decrement for blue SNe Ia. We find that correcting for EW[${\rm O\, {\small II}}$], in addition to or in place of the mass-step, may further reduce the scatter in the Hubble diagram.
Spreading Width for the α Cluster Resonance Evaluated with an Optical Model
Authors: Fumimoto T , Ishihara M , Maeda T , Nakamoto R , Ito M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
We evaluate the spreading width for the $\alpha$ + $^{40}$Ca cluster resonance from the optical potential used in $\alpha$ elastic scattering, which is determined so as to reproduce the differential cross section precisely. The spreading width calculated here represents the decay of the $\alpha$ + $^{40}$Ca resonances into more complicated states. The conversion of the optical potential into the spreading width is achieved by the absorbing boundary condition (ABC) method. The spreading width is derived by comparing the ABC calculation with and without the imaginary potential. We also estimate the upper value of the decay width of the $\alpha$ + $^{40}$Ca resonance into the compound nuclear state. From the results of the widths, the branching ratios decaying into various states are calculated. The effect of the spreading width is also included in the calculation of the isoscalar monopole and dipole transitions from the ground state in $^{44}$Ti to the $\alpha$ + $^{40}$Ca continuum states. We have found that the dissociation strength shifts to the lower-energy region by the effect of the spreading width. The enhancement of the dissociation strength in the low-energy region is discussed in connection with nuclear transmutation.
Patient Initiated Follow-Up (PIFU): how can rheumatology departments start to reap the benefits? A consensus document
Authors: Sengupta Raj , Bukhari Marwan , Cole Zoe , Kyle Stuart , MacDonald Gordon , McKay Kirsten , Irani Anushka , Perry Mark 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Patient Initiated Follow-Up (PIFU) is gaining momentum in the NHS, aiming to optimize outpatient care amidst rising service demands. PIFU is valuable in rheumatology, where the increasing demand for ongoing management exacerbates the patient backlog. Importantly, PIFU has demonstrated comparable safety and outcomes to traditional care in numerous studies. PIFU empowers patients, drives personalized care, increases efficiency, and has the potential to reduce waiting lists by allowing services to focus on new and acute cases. Effective PIFU implementation includes careful selection of patients, educating patients and healthcare staff, well defined operational guidelines, and robust remote monitoring. Digital solutions can enhance PIFU through patient education, active remote monitoring and streamlined escalation. Electronic Patient Reported Outcome Measures (ePROMs) provide a suitable and safe metric to monitor patients remotely. Given the potential benefits, outpatient departments should consider investing in PIFU as a solution to current healthcare delivery challenges and as a means for future proofing clinical systems against increasing service demands.
Searching for sleep in all the right places: My career in sleep research
Authors: Shiromani Priyattam J 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
My research has always focused on sleep, whether monitoring neural activity (microwires, c-Fos, calcium imaging), triggering it with optogenetics or pharmacologically (anandamide, cholinergic agonists), or measuring levels of endogenous sleep agents such as adenosine. A recurring theme of my research is to use new tools to find the sweet spot in the brain where the signal to sleep begins. My goal is to identify the circuit, determine whether it degrades with age or disease, and repair the circuit when it fails. I am deeply grateful to my mentors for introducing me to the science of sleep, to my students and colleagues for helping me in my quest, and to the NIH and VA Research for supporting the research. Because of the collective efforts of sleep researchers, the public is more aware of the importance of sleep to a healthy lifestyle.
Effect of Cannabis Usage on Thyroid Eye Disease
Authors: Zong Amanda M. , Barmettler Anne 
Published: August 2024

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between cannabis usage and thyroid eye disease (TED) in patients with autoimmune hyperthyroidism. While the association between cigarette smoking and TED is well established, the effect of cannabis on TED is unclear.Methods:This cohort study examined data from TriNetX, an electronic health record platform, for patients with autoimmune hyperthyroidism between December 1, 2003, and December 1, 2023. Primary outcomes were TED presentation (exophthalmos, eyelid retraction, eyelid edema, orbital edema, strabismus, and optic neuropathy) and treatment (teprotumumab, methylprednisolone, tarsorrhaphy, and orbital decompression) in cannabis users, nicotine users, and control patients. Propensity matching was performed to control for characteristics such as age, sex, race, prior thyroidectomy, and/or radio ablation. Relative risk between cohorts was calculated for each outcome in 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year intervals following diagnosis of autoimmune hyperthyroidism.Results:Of 36,186 patients with autoimmune hyperthyroidism, 783 were cannabis users, 17,310 were nicotine users, and 18,093 were control patients without cannabis or nicotine usage. Compared with control patients, cannabis users were more likely to be younger, male, and Black/African American and have anxiety or depression. After propensity matching, cannabis users were 1.9 times more likely to develop exophthalmos (p= 0.03) and 1.6 times more likely to develop any TED presentation (p= 0.049) in the 1-year interval although these differences did not remain statistically significant in the 2-year interval.Conclusions:Cannabis users had a significantly increased risk for TED outcomes in the 1-year interval. Further research is needed to inform TED management.