bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fritz Haber und der “Krieg der Chemiker”
Authors: Friedrich Bretislav 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDer Physikochemiker Fritz Haber (1868–1934) ging für sein Ammoniak‐Syntheseverfahren zur Herstellung von künstlichem Dünger (“Brot aus der Luft”) in die Geschichte ein. Das Haber‐Bosch‐Verfahren wurde aber ebenso wichtig für die Erzeugung von Schießpulver. Während des ersten Weltkriegs entwickelte Haber Giftgaswaffen für die deutschen Truppen und wurde deswegen auch als “Vater des Gaskrieges” bekannt. Der erste Weltkrieg wird auch als “Krieg der Chemiker” bezeichnet. 1933 weigerte sich Haber, die Rassengesetze der Nazis auszuführen und trat aus Protest zurück. Er verlies Deutschland und starb wenige Monate später in der Schweiz.
Designing a digital teaching resource to explain phases of the moon: A case study of preservice elementary teachers making a slowmation
Authors: Nielsen Wendy , Hoban Garry 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis research studied a group of three preservice elementary teachers creating a narrated stop‐motion animation (Slowmation) from start to finish in 3 hours to explain the challenging concept of “phases of the moon” to elementary school children. The research questions investigated the preservice teachers' learning before and after the construction as well as how the preservice teachers designed the slowmation as a teaching resource. Data collection involved individual interviews immediately before and after the construction in conjunction with analysis of video and audio data collected during the construction process. Before the animation construction, the participants had little understanding of the causes of moon phases and one held an alternative conception. After creating the slowmation all three preservice teachers demonstrated more “elements” of the concept and appeared to resolve an alternative conception. There are two findings from this research: (i) creating a slowmation enabled the preservice teachers to develop more elements to contribute to their understanding of moon phases; (ii) the design of the slowmation was based on breaking the concept into a sequence of sub‐concepts that were represented digitally. Designing a digital teaching resource such as a slowmation to explain a concept involves preservice teachers breaking a concept down into coherent parts or “chunks” and representing the concept in multiple ways. This can be done within a science method class and is also a good way for the them to negotiate meanings about a difficult concept. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 1207–1233, 2015.
Preservice elementary teachers' emotional connections and disconnections to climate change in a science course
Authors: Hufnagel Elizabeth 
Published: May 2015

AbstractDue to emotions' evaluative nature, they provide a lens for understanding personal and urgent engagement with events and experiences. Grounding this work in ethnography and sociolinguistics, I utilized discourse analysis to study the emotions of 30 preservice elementary teachers expressed about climate change in a science course. I describe the emotional connections and disconnections within and across the three aspects of climate change that students engaged with most deeply: the impacts, lack of action, and causes of climate change. These emotional connections and disconnections provide new ways to understand preservice elementary teachers' emotional sense‐making of this scientific issue. Implications for examining features of emotions to make salient emotional sense‐making of climate change are discussed. This emotional engagement differs from other findings in which people typically distance themselves from climate change. In addition, the value of analyzing all emotional expressions (“positive” and “negative”) in science learning settings is explained. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 1296–1324, 2015.
Interacting with a suite of educative features: Elementary science teachers' use of educative curriculum materials
Authors: Arias Anna Maria , Bismack Amber Schultz , Davis Elizabeth A. , Palincsar Annemarie Sullivan 
Published: May 2015

AbstractNew reform documents underscore the importance of learning both the practices and content of science. This integration of practices and content requires sophisticated teaching that does not often happen in elementary classrooms. Educative curriculum materials—materials explicitly designed to support teacher and student learning—have been posited as a way to support teachers to achieve these ambitious goals, yet little is known about how elementary teachers actually use educative curriculum materials in their interactions with students. To address this gap, we used qualitative case study methods drawing mainly on videorecords of the enactments of lessons and teacher interviews to investigate how two fourth‐grade teachers enacted a curriculum unit enhanced with educative features. Evidence of language and teaching moves promoted by the educative features was observed in the teachers' enactments. Findings suggest that variation existed in the teacher–curriculum interactions within and across teachers and across the suite of educative features. The teachers drew on educative features that contained representations of teacher and student work to envision possibilities for teaching the lesson while they used other features for identifying main ideas for the lesson. Implications for curriculum developers and teacher educators are discussed based on the patterns found in the teachers' use of the educative curriculum materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53: 422–449, 2016
Between Tradition and Modernity: Marriage Dynamics in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Nedoluzhko Lesia , Agadjanian Victor 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe demographic literature on union formation in post-communist Europe typically documents retreat from marriage and increase in cohabitation. However, sociological and anthropological studies of post-Soviet Central Asia often point to a resurgence of various traditional norms and practices, including those surrounding marriage, that were suppressed under Soviet rule. We engage these two perspectives on union formation by analyzing transition to first marriage in Kyrgyzstan both before and after the collapse of the USSR. We use uniquely detailed marriage histories from a nationally representative survey conducted in the period 2011–2012 to examine the dynamics of traditional marital practices among that country’s two main ethnic groups—Kyrgyz and Uzbeks—focusing on trends in arranged marriages and in marriages involving bride kidnapping. The analysis reveals instructive ethnic and period differences but also indicates an overall decline in the risks of both types of traditional marriage practices in the post-Soviet era. In fact, although the decline has characterized all marriage types, it was more substantial for traditional marriages. We interpret these trends as evidence of continuing modernization of nuptiality behavior in the region.
Multimodal prediction of conversion to Alzheimer's disease based on incomplete biomarkers∗
Authors: Ritter Kerstin , Schumacher Julia , Weygandt Martin , Buchert Ralph , Allefeld Carsten , Haynes John‐Dylan ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2015

AbstractBackgroundThis study investigates the prediction of mild cognitive impairment‐to‐Alzheimer's disease (MCI‐to‐AD) conversion based on extensive multimodal data with varying degrees of missing values.MethodsBased on Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data from MCI‐patients including all available modalities, we predicted the conversion to AD within 3 years. Different ways of replacing missing data in combination with different classification algorithms are compared. The performance was evaluated on features prioritized by experts and automatically selected features.ResultsThe conversion to AD could be predicted with a maximal accuracy of 73% using support vector machines and features chosen by experts. Among data modalities, neuropsychological, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography data were most informative. The best single feature was the functional activities questionnaire.ConclusionExtensive multimodal and incomplete data can be adequately handled by a combination of missing data substitution, feature selection, and classification.
Long Non-Coding RNAs and their Biological Roles in Plants
Authors: Liu Xue , Hao Lili , Li Dayong , Zhu Lihuang , Hu Songnian 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
With the development of genomics and bioinformatics, especially the extensive applications of high-throughput sequencing technology, more transcriptional units with little or no protein-coding potential have been discovered. Such RNA molecules are called non-protein-coding RNAs (npcRNAs or ncRNAs). Among them, long npcRNAs or ncRNAs (lnpcRNAs or lncRNAs) represent diverse classes of transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. In recent years, the lncRNAs have been considered as important regulators in many essential biological processes. In plants, although a large number of lncRNA transcripts have been predicted and identified in few species, our current knowledge of their biological functions is still limited. Here, we have summarized recent studies on their identification, characteristics, classification, bioinformatics, resources, and current exploration of their biological functions in plants.
RETRACTED: Five‐year follow‐up of two types of contraceptive device fitted during elective cesarean delivery
Authors: Elsedeek Mervat S.E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo present follow‐up data for patients fitted with a copper intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) or the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (IUS) during cesarean delivery.MethodsBetween March 2006 and December 2011, a prospective study was undertaken of women who were scheduled to have a repeat cesarean for a singleton pregnancy and had chosen to undergo intraoperative fitting of an IUCD or the IUS. Participants were followed up for up to 5 years using transvaginal ultrasonography, clinical evaluation, and a questionnaire.ResultsAmong 143 participants, 63 requested the IUCD and 80 the IUS. Misalignment was more common at 6 weeks with the IUS (37 [46.3%] patients) than with the IUCD (22 [34.9%]; P = 0.06). Spontaneous expulsion occurred in the IUCD group only (4 [6.3%] patients). No pregnancies were reported in the IUS group, whereas 4 (6.3%) women with the IUCD became pregnant.ConclusionAlthough misalignment of an IUCD or the IUS is fairly common after intraoperative insertion, the contraceptive performance and menstrual pattern are not affected. Therefore, there is no need to remove or replace a misaligned IUCD or IUS.
Uterine arterial embolization to assist induction of labor among patients with complete placenta previa
Authors: Peng Qiaozhen , Zhang Weishe 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate labor induction after uterine arterial embolization (UAE) among patients with complete placenta previa (CPP).MethodsA prospective study was conducted of women with a singleton pregnancy (16–35 weeks) and CPP admitted to a center in Changsha, China, for induction of labor because of a fetal anomaly between March 2009 and December 2013. Patients underwent intervention‐assisted labor induction (IALI) with UAE, or cesarean delivery. A control group of 30 women without CPP but undergoing labor induction was also enrolled. Hemoglobin levels, postpartum blood loss, and length of labor were assessed.ResultsMean postpartum blood loss was lower in the IALI group (n = 32; 301.25 ± 128.07 mL) than in the cesarean group (n = 15; 693.33 ± 244.85 mL; P = 0.049), but was not different from that in the control group (143.50 ± 16.06 mL; P = 0.325). The reduction in mean hemoglobin level was significantly lower in the IALI group (− 6.53 ± 2.20 g/L) than in the cesarean group (− 8.40 ± 2.17 g/L; P = 0.005), but higher than in the control group (− 0.20 ± 0.35 g/L; P = 0.007). Duration of labor did not differ between the IALI and control groups (8.70 ± 2.32 vs 4.76 ± 0.47 hours; P = 0.108).ConclusionUAE to assist induction of labor could be considered a feasible option for patients with CPP.
Healthcare providers’ perspectives on the social reintegration of patients after surgical fistula repair in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Young‐Lin Nichole , Namugunga Esperance N. , Lussy Justin P. , Benfield Nerys 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo understand perspectives of local health providers on the social reintegration of patients who have undergone fistula repair in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.MethodsIn a qualitative study, semi‐structured individual interviews were conducted with patient‐care professionals working with women with fistula at HEAL Africa Hospital (Goma) and Panzi Hospital (Bukavu) between June and August 2011. The interviews were transcribed and themes elicited through manual coding.ResultsOverall, 41 interviews were conducted. Successful surgical repair was reported to be the most important factor contributing to patients’ ability to lead a normal life by all providers. Family acceptance—especially from the husband—was deemed crucial for reintegration by 39 (95%) providers, and 29 (71%) believed this acceptance was more important than the ability to work. Forty (98%) providers felt that, on the basis of African values, future childbearing was key for family acceptance. Because of poor access and the high cost of cesarean deliveries, 28 (68%) providers were concerned about fistula recurrence.ConclusionProviders view postsurgical childbearing as crucial for social reintegration after fistula repair. However, cesarean deliveries are costly and often inaccessible. More work is needed to improve reproductive health access for women after fistula repair.
Laboratory evaluation of three dual rapid diagnostic tests for HIV and syphilis in China and Nigeria
Authors: Yin Yue‐Ping , Ngige Evelyn , Anyaike Chukwuma , Ijaodola Gbenga , Oyelade Taiwo A. , Vaz Rui Gama , Newman Lori M. , Chen Xiang‐Sheng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the laboratory‐based performance and operational characteristics of three dual rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for testing HIV and syphilis.MethodsThree dual RDTs (SD Bioline, Chembio, and MedMira) were evaluated using 1514 serum specimens archived at laboratories or collected from clinics in China and Nigeria to determine sensitivity and specificity, with 95% confidence intervals. Concordance of testing results read by two technicians, stability of testing results read at two time points, and test operation characteristics were also assessed.ResultsAll three of the evaluated RDTs gave excellent performance with a combined sensitivity ranging from 99.0%–99.6% for HIV and 98.3%–99.0% for syphilis, and a combined specificity ranging from 97.9%–99.0% for HIV and 97.2%–99.6% for syphilis. Concordance of testing results between two technicians and stability of testing results read within and one hour past the recommended reading period showed excellent agreement, with Kappa greater than or equal to 0.98.ConclusionsAll the tests were found to be very or fairly easy to use and easy to interpret the results. Further evaluations of these dual RDTs with whole blood in field settings, and more studies on the implication of introduction of these tests in HIV and syphilis control programs are needed.
Using electronic readers to monitor progress toward elimination of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV and syphilis: An opinion piece
Authors: Wedderburn Catherine J. , Murtagh Maurine , Toskin Igor , Peeling Rosanna W. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractElectronic readers and smartphones have the potential to standardize the interpretation of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and provide timely surveillance program data. RDTs are widely used for HIV and are being increasingly used for syphilis screening in pregnant women. Following the WHO initiative for the validation of elimination of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV and syphilis, there is a need for more extensive testing and data monitoring. However, access to timely and accurate data can be challenging once testing is decentralized as data quality at remote sites is often difficult to verify. Electronic RDT readers can help to ensure quality and allow automated data transmission, creating an opportunity for real‐time surveillance to inform control strategies and assess intervention impact. Furthermore, by linking the data to existing supply chain management software, stockouts can be minimized. The present opinion piece looks at the opportunities and challenges of using these tools within national elimination programs.
Assessment of the impact of rapid syphilis tests on syphilis screening and treatment of pregnant women in Zambia
Authors: Bonawitz Rachael E. , Duncan Julie , Hammond Emily , Hamomba Leoda , Nambule Jane , Sambambi Kennedy , Musonda Victor , Calise Alana , Knapp Anna , Mwale Jonas , McCauley James , Thea Donald , Herlihy Julie M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of rapid syphilis tests (RSTs) on syphilis testing and treatment in pregnant women in Kalomo District, Zambia.MethodsIn March 2012, health workers at all 35 health facilities in Kalomo Distract were trained in RST use and penicillin treatment. In March 2013, data were retrospectively abstracted from 18 randomly selected health facilities and stratified into three time intervals: baseline (6 months prior to RST introduction), midline (0–6 months after RST introduction), and endline (7–12 months after RST introduction).ResultsData collected on 4154 pregnant women showed a syphilis‐reactive seroprevalence of 2.7%. The proportion of women screened improved from baseline (140/1365, 10.6%) to midline (976/1446, 67.5%), finally decreasing at endline (752/1337, 56.3%) (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the proportion of syphilis‐seroreactive pregnant women who received 1 dose of penicillin before (1/2, 50%) or after (5/48, 10.4%; P = 0.199) RST introduction with low treatment rates throughout.ConclusionWith RST scale‐up in Zambia and other resource‐limited settings, same‐day test and treatment with penicillin should be prioritized to achieve the goal of eliminating congenital syphilis.
The role of TREM2 R47H as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lill Christina M. , Rengmark Aina , Pihlstrøm Lasse , Fogh Isabella , Shatunov Aleksey , Sleiman Patrick M. , Wang Li‐San , Liu Tian , Lassen Christina F. , Meissner Esther , Alexopoulos Panos , Calvo Andrea , Chio Adriano , Dizdar Nil , Faltraco Frank , Forsgren Lars , Kirchheiner Julia , Kurz Alexander , Larsen Jan P. , Liebsch Maria , Linder Jan , Morrison Karen E. , Nissbrandt Hans , Otto Markus , Pahnke Jens , Partch Amanda , Restagno Gabriella , Rujescu Dan , Schnack Cathrin , Shaw Christopher E. , Shaw Pamela J. , Tumani Hayrettin , Tysnes Ole‐Bjørn , Valladares Otto , Silani Vincenzo , van den Berg Leonard H. , van Rheenen Wouter , Veldink Jan H. , Lindenberger Ulman , Steinhagen‐Thiessen Elisabeth ,   SLAGEN Consortium, Teipel Stefan , Perneczky Robert , Hakonarson Hakon , Hampel Harald , von Arnim Christine A.F. , Olsen Jørgen H. , Van Deerlin Vivianna M. , Al‐Chalabi Ammar , Toft Mathias , Ritz Beate , Bertram Lars 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA rare variant in TREM2 (p.R47H, rs75932628) was recently reported to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, subsequently, other neurodegenerative diseases, i.e. frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we comprehensively assessed TREM2 rs75932628 for association with these diseases in a total of 19,940 previously untyped subjects of European descent. These data were combined with those from 28 published data sets by meta‐analysis. Furthermore, we tested whether rs75932628 shows association with amyloid beta (Aβ42) and total‐tau protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 828 individuals with AD or mild cognitive impairment. Our data show that rs75932628 is highly significantly associated with the risk of AD across 24,086 AD cases and 148,993 controls of European descent (odds ratio or OR = 2.71, P = 4.67 × 10−25). No consistent evidence for association was found between this marker and the risk of FTLD (OR = 2.24, P = .0113 across 2673 cases/9283 controls), PD (OR = 1.36, P = .0767 across 8311 cases/79,938 controls) and ALS (OR = 1.41, P = .198 across 5544 cases/7072 controls). Furthermore, carriers of the rs75932628 risk allele showed significantly increased levels of CSF‐total‐tau (P = .0110) but not Aβ42 suggesting that TREM2's role in AD may involve tau dysfunction.
On the identification of low allele frequency mosaic mutations in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients
Authors: Sala Frigerio Carlo , Lau Pierre , Troakes Claire , Deramecourt Vincent , Gele Patrick , Van Loo Peter , Voet Thierry , De Strooper Bart 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe cause of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. Given the growing evidence that protein aggregates can spread in a “prion‐like” fashion, we reasoned that a small population of brain cells producing such “prion‐like” particles due to a postzygotic acquired mutation would be sufficient to trigger the disease. Deep DNA sequencing technology should in principle allow the detection of such mosaics.MethodsTo detect the somatic mutations of genes causing AD present in a small number of cells, we developed a targeted deep sequencing approach to scrutinize the genomic loci of APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes in DNA extracted from the entorhinal cortex, one of the brain regions showing the earliest signs of AD pathology. We also included the analysis of the MAPT gene because mutations may promote tangle formation. We validated candidate mutations with an independent targeted ultradeep amplicon sequencing technique.ResultsWe demonstrate that our approach can detect single‐nucleotide mosaic variants with a 1% allele frequency and copy number mosaic variants present in as few as 10% of cells. We screened 72 AD and 58 control brain samples and identified three mosaic variants with low allelic frequency (∼1%): two novel MAPT variants in sporadic AD patients and a known PSEN2 variant in a Braak II control subject. Moreover, we detected both novel and known pathogenic nonmosaic heterozygous variants in PSEN1 and PSEN2 in this cohort of sporadic AD patients.DiscussionOur results show that mosaic mutations with low allelic frequencies in AD‐relevant genes can be detected in brain‐derived DNA, but larger samples need to be investigated before a more definitive conclusion with regard to the pathogenicity of such mosaics can be made.
Endoanal pilonidal sinus: case report and literature review
Authors: Talini Carolina , Fracaro Geanine Baggio , Araújo Allan Cezar Faria , Lima Doryane Maria dos Reis , Westphalen André Pereira 
Published: May 2015

AbstractPilonidal sinus is a term first used by Hodges in 1880 to describe granulomatous lesions containing hairs in its interior. The presence of endoanal pilonidal sinus is rare and only nine cases have been reported in medical literature. This article describes a male, 42 years, initially submitted to fistulotomy with seton placement that four years later evolved with complaints of anal purulent discharge associated with painful anal groin. During the first evaluation a small endoanal tumor was found. It was located in posterolateral anus position and contained hair in its interior, without purulent discharge at that moment. Underwent surgery that confirmed the presence of endoanal pilonidal sinus. The sinus was opened and left to heal by secondary intention. The patient had good outcome with no signs of recurrence.