bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relapsing–Remitting Central Nervous System Autoimmunity Mediated by GFAP-Specific CD8 T Cells
Authors: Sasaki Katsuhiro , Bean Angela , Shah Shivanee , Schutten Elizabeth , Huseby Priya G. , Peters Bjorn , Shen Zu T. , Vanguri Vijay , Liggitt Denny , Huseby Eric S. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS that causes the demyelination of nerve cells and destroys oligodendrocytes, neurons, and axons. Historically, MS has been thought to be a CD4 T cell–mediated autoimmune disease of CNS white matter. However, recent studies identified CD8 T cell infiltrates and gray matter lesions in MS patients. These findings suggest that CD8 T cells and CNS Ags other than myelin proteins may be involved during the MS disease process. In this article, we show that CD8 T cells reactive to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a protein expressed in astrocytes, can avoid tolerance mechanisms and, depending upon the T cell–triggering event, drive unique aspects of inflammatory CNS autoimmunity. In GFAP-specific CD8 TCR-transgenic (BG1) mice, tissue resident memory-like CD8 T cells spontaneously infiltrate the gray matter and white matter of the CNS, resulting in a relapsing–remitting CNS autoimmunity. The frequency, severity, and remissions from spontaneous disease are controlled by the presence of polyclonal B cells. In contrast, a viral trigger induces GFAP-specific CD8 T effector cells to exclusively target the meninges and vascular/perivascular space of the gray and white matter of the brain, causing a rapid, acute CNS disease. These findings demonstrate that the type of CD8 T cell–triggering event can determine the presentation of distinct CNS autoimmune disease pathologies.
Transcription Factor IRF4 Regulates Germinal Center Cell Formation through a B Cell–Intrinsic Mechanism
Authors: Willis Simon N. , Good-Jacobson Kim L. , Curtis Joan , Light Amanda , Tellier Julie , Shi Wei , Smyth Gordon K. , Tarlinton David M. , Belz Gabrielle T. , Corcoran Lynn M. , Kallies Axel , Nutt Stephen L. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
In response to antigenic stimulation, mature B cells interact with follicular helper T cells in specialized structures called germinal centers (GCs), which leads to the development of memory B cells and Ab-secreting plasma cells. The transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is essential for the formation of follicular helper T cells and thus GCs, although whether IRF4 plays a distinct role in GC B cells remains contentious. RNAseq analysis on ex vivo-derived mouse B cell populations showed that Irf4 was lowly expressed in naive B cells, highly expressed in plasma cells, but absent from GC B cells. In this study, we used conditional deletion of Irf4 in mature B cells as well as wild-type and Irf4-deficient mixed bone marrow chimeric mice to investigate how and where IRF4 plays its essential role in GC formation. Strikingly, GC formation was severely impaired in mice in which Irf4 was conditionally deleted in mature B cells, after immunization with protein Ags or infection with Leishmania major. This effect was evident as early as day 5 following immunization, before the development of GCs, indicating that Irf4 was required for the development of early GC B cells. This defect was B cell intrinsic because Irf4-deficient B cells in chimeric mice failed to participate in the GC in response to L. major or influenza virus infection. Taken together, these data demonstrate a B cell–intrinsic requirement for IRF4 for not only the development of Ab secreting plasma cells but also for GC formation.
Cutting Edge: Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection by a Subset of Lung Parenchyma–Homing CD4 T Cells
Authors: Sakai Shunsuke , Kauffman Keith D. , Schenkel Jason M. , McBerry Cortez C. , Mayer-Barber Katrin D. , Masopust David , Barber Daniel L. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Th1 cells are critical for containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but little else is known about the properties of protective CD4 T cell responses. In this study, we show that the pulmonary Th1 response against M. tuberculosis is composed of two populations that are either CXCR3hi and localize to lung parenchyma or are CX3CR1hiKLRG1hi and are retained within lung blood vasculature. M. tuberculosis–specific parenchymal CD4 T cells migrate rapidly back into the lung parenchyma upon adoptive transfer, whereas the intravascular effectors produce the highest levels of IFN-γ in vivo. Importantly, parenchymal T cells displayed greater control of infection compared with the intravascular counterparts upon transfer into susceptible T cell–deficient hosts. Thus, we identified a subset of naturally generated M. tuberculosis–specific CD4 T cells with enhanced protective capacity and showed that control of M. tuberculosis correlates with the ability of CD4 T cells to efficiently enter the lung parenchyma rather than produce high levels of IFN-γ.
Detection and characterisation of Plum pox virus (PPV) isolates from Eastern Slovakia revealed the presence of three main viral strains.
Authors: Rozák Július , Predajňa Lukáš , Gálová Zdenka , Glasa Miroslav 
Published: March 2014

Plum pox virus (PPV), the agent responsible for Sharka disease, is the most important viral pathogen of stone fruit trees world-wide, having an endemic status in Slovakia. To increase knowledge of PPV diversity in Slovakia, a set of 11 isolates, originated from the eastern part of the country, was characterised. The isolates were chip-budded from their original Prunus hosts to the susceptible GF305 indicators, exhibiting the symptoms of variable severity. A genomic region encompassing the partial NIb and the hypervariable 5´terminal region of the CP gene was amplified from all 11 isolates in RT-PCR and directly sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the grouping of the 11 Slovak isolates into 3 distinct clusters, representing the PPV-M (2 isolates), D (7 isolates) and Rec strains (2 isolates). The strain affiliation of isolates was further confirmed by strain-specific RT-PCR, using which the presence of additional mixed infection by minor PPV variants was detected in 2 samples. The results further contribute to the understanding of PPV diversity in Slovakia and confirm the specificity and sensitivity of molecular approaches used for the virus strain determination.
Nuovi labirinti
Authors: Pavia Rosario 
Published: March 2014

¿Qué esconde el mito del laberinto? ¿Por qué continuamos asociando a esta figura la forma y el sentido de la ciudad contemporánea? ¿Qué esperamos aún de este mito que recorre toda la historia de la cultura occidental y que aproxima nuestra condición espacial contemporánea a la antigua del mundo arcaico y clásico? El presente ensayo pretende ofrecer algunas respuestas desde nuestro tiempo presente: el laberinto como resultado del caos, no como sinónimo de desorden sino de un orden superior. Pero ante todo se trata de un dispositivo, construido desde el arte para confundir, someter a prueba y finalmente acabar provocando el asombro y la reflexión desde aquellos proyectos que se aproximan a él.
What hides behind the myth of the labyrinth? Why we continue associating this figure to the shape and direction of the contemporary city? What we expect from this myth that runs throughout the history of Western culture and throws our contemporary spatial condition to ancient archaic and classical world? This article seeks to provide some answers from our time: the labyrinth as a result of the chaos, not as a synonym of disorder but of a higher order. But above all, it is a device built from art to confuse, testing and finally end up causing surprise and reflection from projects that are close to him.
Bekleidung: Gottfried Semper y la técnica textil como origen de la envolvente en la arquitectura
Authors: Rueda Óscar , Pizarro Maria José 
Published: March 2014

A mediados del siglo XIX, Semper dejó escrito El principio de la vestimenta en la arquitectura-Das Prinzip der Bekleidung in der Baukunst-, enmarcado dentro su obra cumbre, El estilo. Con este texto argumentaba que la construcción se inició a partir de las técnicas textiles y, por tanto, que las envolventes en la arquitectura y sus patrones decorativos procedían de esta técnica y así se habían perpetuado a lo largo de la historia. Las repercusiones de esta teoría serían extraordinarias pues de esta manera Semper entregaba el protagonismo en la creación arquitectónica a la envolvente espacial, rompiendo con una larga tradición que otorgaba el protagonismo a la estructura perpetuada en los órdenes clásicos. Abrió de esta manera la puerta a nuevas formas de entender la envolvente en la arquitectura, que asumía desde ese momento autonomía y capacidad para transmitir códigos en el entorno de igual forma que los trajes y los vestidos lo permiten entre las personas, así como para ganar ligereza e independencia del soporte permitiendo incorporar nuevas tecnologías y materiales más acordes con los nuevos tiempos que se avecinaban. Con esta teoría Gottfried Semper sentaba las bases de una nueva arquitectura que se estaba gestando y eclosionaría en los albores del siglo XX.
In the middle of the 19th century, Semper wrote The Principle of Dressing in the Art ofBuilding -Das Prinzip der Bekleidung in der Baukunst-, framed inside his greatest work, The style. With this text, he established that the beginning of construction came from the textile techniques and,therefore, that the spatial enclosures in architecture and his decorative patterns came from this technique and it had been perpetuated along the history. The implications of this theory would be extraordinary because Semper handed the protagonism to the spatial enclosure,breaking with a long tradition that gave prominence to the structure perpetuated in the classical orders. He opened the door to new ways of understanding architecture envelope, that assumed since then autonomy and the ability to transmit codes in the environment in the same way that dressings and suits permitting it between the people. As well as to gain lightness and independence from bearing and so allowing to incorporate new technologies and materials more consistent with the changing times. Gottfried Semper laid the foundation for a new architecture that was being developed and would be born in the early twentieth century.
San Carlos de los Jupes
Authors: Rivaya-Martínez Joaquín , Cancel Carole 
Published: March 2014

En juillet 1787, Paruanarimuco, principal chef des Comanches jupes, sollicita le soutien de Juan Bautista de Anza, gouverneur espagnol du Nouveau-Mexique, en vue de la construction d’un village pour accueillir les siens. Les autorités du nord de la Nouvelle-Espagne s’empressèrent de donner suite à cette requête pour le moins inhabituelle, envisageant de créer ainsi un précédent chez les nomades païens de la frontière dans la sédentarisation et l’hispanisation des Jupes. C’est ainsi que débuta, en été 1787, la construction du village de San Carlos de los Jupes sur les rives de l’Arkansas, dans l’État actuel du Colorado, mobilisant main-d’oeuvre et fonds espagnols. Or, en janvier 1788, les Jupes quittèrent le village et n’y retournèrent jamais plus. Cet essai explore la fondation et la disparition de San Carlos selon une perspective ethnohistorique. L’auteur affirme que ce village comanche éphémère était voué à l’échec, et ce, pour diverses raisons écologiques, culturelles et géostratégiques.
De la déportation à l’invisibilisation
Authors: Giudicelli Christophe 
Published: March 2014

Pendant cent trente ans les Amérindiens de la vallée Calchaquíe sont parvenus à préserver leur autonomie, mettant en échec tous les dispositifs de colonisation de la province espagnole du Tucumán. Lors de deux campagnes menées entre 1659 et en 1667, le gouverneur du Tucumán réduisit définitivement cette enclave résistante par une mesure dramatique : ladénaturalisationde tous les habitants de la vallée et leur relocalisation aux quatre coins de la province, et même bien au-delà, jusqu’à Buenos Aires et aux rivages du río de La Plata. Jusqu’à une date récente, on a considéré que ces déportations avaient effacé toute trace des Indiens calchaquís de la région. L’objectif de cette étude est de rouvrir le dossier en dépassant cette perspective schématique, qui ne tient compte ni des processus d’invisibilisation desxixeetxxe siècles, ni des preuves documentaires attestant une permanence importante des intéressés, y compris comme entités collectives. Deux séries d’éléments imposent cette révision : l’avancée récente de la recherche historique et ethnohistorique argentine sur le sujet et les mouvements actuels de réémergence indienne, qui interrogent directement la thèse longtemps admise sans discussion d’une disparition immémoriale.
Migration et parenté
Authors: Maidana Carolina Andrea , Hébert Martin , Vyroubal Chavin Chavez 
Published: March 2014

Le terme qom est la manière dont se nomme le peuple autochtone aussi connu sous le nom de toba. Ce peuple habitait, avant le dépouillement généré par la conquête, la colonisation et l’expansion de l’État-nation du Cône Sud, la région géographique connue comme le Gran Chaco. Les migrations, une des nombreuses réponses/résistances de ce peuple devant l’avance du Blanc, ont impliqué des reformulations existentielles profondes, des processus de transformation ethnique complexes, une redéfinition et/ou réaffirmation identitaire qui, dans beaucoup de cas, s’expriment dans des espaces urbains recréés en termes ethniques. Une étude ethnographique au sujet des « quartiers tobas » qui se sont formés en périphérie des grandes villes permet d’analyser lesdits espaces en termes de réseaux sociaux d’expression territoriale, de comprendre ce qui est local et de rendre compte de la complexité qu’impliquent les nouvelles territorialités et les manières d’organisation dérivées de l’accès au sol urbain par la population autochtone migrante.
Les déplacés de Media Luna
Authors: Simon Lionel 
Published: March 2014

Les populations qui vivent à Media Luna – une localité située au nord de la péninsule de la Guajira – ont connu au début des années 80 des déplacements forcés. À cette époque, les travaux d’aménagement de la zone logistique de la compagnie El Cerrejón ont débuté par une phase préliminaire qui consistait à délocaliser les communautés de Media Luna (notamment). Ces déplacements restent dans la mémoire des populations comme un moment violent et profondément injuste. Les habitations et les cimetières ont été déplacés, les pâturages ont été confisqués. Événement majeur dans la trajectoire historique des populations, ce déracinement est porteur de lourdes conséquences. Cet article envisage, d’une part, les facteurs ayant mené à une négation de la réalité sociale et culturelle des Wayùus lors des négociations concernant leur territoire, et d’autre part la réalité actuelle des populations de Media Luna au regard des conséquences des délocalisations.
KA ATANAKANIHT
Authors: Jérôme Laurent 
Published: March 2014

En août 1961, lorsque le North Pioneer jette l’ancre au large d’Unamen Shipu (La Romaine), soixante-cinq Innus de Pakuashipi (Saint-Augustin) débarquent avec leurs biens pour s’installer dans leur nouvelle communauté, reconnue comme réserve depuis 1954 et dotée d’un missionnaire permanent depuis 1953. Au printemps 1963, quelques-uns de ces « expatriés » décident de faire le trajet inverse et de regagner leur territoire d’origine. Le trajet de retour – qui durera un mois – se fera à pied sur une distance d’environ deux cent cinquante kilomètres, avec femmes, enfants, chiens, canots et traîneaux. D’autres membres du groupe feront le même trajet de retour quelques mois plus tard, en avion et en bateau. D’autres encore ne repartiront jamais d’Unamen Shipu, où ils vivent toujours aujourd’hui. Cette note de recherche a pour objet de documenter ce projet avorté de relocalisation et d’interroger les perceptions des Innus à son égard. Les Innus parlent, en effet, de « déportation » : Ka atanakaniht.
Trends of CD4 cell count levels at the initiation of antiretroviral therapy over time and factors associated with late initiation of antiretroviral therapy among Asian HIV‐positive patients
Authors: Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin , Boettiger David , Lee Man Po , Omar Sharifah Fs , Tanuma Junko , Ng Oon Tek , Durier Nicolas , Phanuphak Praphan , Ditangco Rossana , Chaiwarith Romanee , Kantipong Pacharee , Lee Christopher Kc , Mustafa Mahiran , Saphonn Vonthanak , Ratanasuwan Winai , Merati Tuti Parwati , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Wong Wing Wai , Zhang Fujie , Pham Thanh Thuy , Pujari Sanjay , Choi Jun Yong , Yunihastuti Evy , Sungkanuparph Somnuek ,   TREAT Asia HIV Observational Databases (TAHOD) and the TREAT Asia Studies to Evaluate Resistance (TASER)
Published: March 2014

IntroductionAlthough antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been rapidly scaled up in Asia, most HIV‐positive patients in the region still present with late‐stage HIV disease. We aimed to determine trends of pre‐ART CD4 levels over time in Asian HIV‐positive patients and to determine factors associated with late ART initiation.MethodsData from two regional cohort observational databases were analyzed for trends in median CD4 cell counts at ART initiation and the proportion of late ART initiation (CD4 cell counts <200 cells/mm3 or prior AIDS diagnosis). Predictors for late ART initiation and mortality were determined.ResultsA total of 2737 HIV‐positive ART‐naïve patients from 22 sites in 13 Asian countries and territories were eligible. The overall median (IQR) CD4 cell count at ART initiation was 150 (46–241) cells/mm3. Median CD4 cell counts at ART initiation increased over time, from a low point of 115 cells/mm3 in 2008 to a peak of 302 cells/mm3 after 2011 (p for trend 0.002). The proportion of patients with late ART initiation significantly decreased over time from 79.1% before 2007 to 36.3% after 2011 (p for trend <0.001). Factors associated with late ART initiation were year of ART initiation (e.g. 2010 vs. before 2007; OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.27–0.59; p<0.001), sex (male vs. female; OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.18–1.93; p=0.001) and HIV exposure risk (heterosexual vs. homosexual; OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.24–2.23; p=0.001 and intravenous drug use vs. homosexual; OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.77–5.21; p<0.001). Factors associated with mortality after ART initiation were late ART initiation (HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.19–3.79; p=0.010), sex (male vs. female; HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.31–3.43; p=0.002), age (≥51 vs. ≤30 years; HR 3.91, 95% CI 2.18–7.04; p<0.001) and hepatitis C serostatus (positive vs. negative; HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.−4.36; p=0.035).ConclusionsMedian CD4 cell count at ART initiation among Asian patients significantly increases over time but the proportion of patients with late ART initiation is still significant. ART initiation at higher CD4 cell counts remains a challenge. Strategic interventions to increase earlier diagnosis of HIV infection and prompt more rapid linkage to ART must be implemented.
Annual variations in westward auroral electrojet and substorm occurrence rate during solar cycle 23
Authors: Guo Jianpeng , Pulkkinen T. I. , Tanskanen E. I. , Feng Xueshang , Emery Barbara A. , Liu Huixin , Liu Chaoxu , Zhong Dingkun 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe International Monitor for Auroral Geomagnetic Effects network magnetic measurements during the period 1995–2009 are used to characterize the annual variations in the westward electrojet. The results suggest that the annual variations in different local time sectors are quite different due to the different sources. In the MLT sector 2200–0100, the annual variations with maxima in winter suggest they are caused by the combined effects of the convective electric field and the conductivity associated with particle precipitation. Furthermore, the conductivity seems to play a more important role in the MLT sector ∼2200–2320, while the convective electric field appears to be more important in the MLT sector ∼2320–0100. In the MLT sector 0300–0600, the annual variations with maxima in summer suggest they are caused by solar EUV conductivity effect and the equinoctial effect. The solar EUV conductivity effect works by increasing ionospheric conductivity and enhancing the westward electrojet in summer, while the equinoctial effect works by decreasing solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling efficiency and weakening the westward electrojet in winter. In the MLT sector 0100–0300, the annual variations are relatively weak and can be attributed to the combined effects of annual variations caused by all the previously mentioned effects. In addition, we find that a significant annual variation in substorm occurrence rate, mainly occurring in the premidnight region, is quite similar to that in the westward electrojet. We suggest that elevated solar wind driving during the winter months contributes to higher substorm occurrence in winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
Seismic constraints of the formation process on the back‐arc basin in the southeastern Japan Sea
Authors: Sato Takeshi , No Tetsuo , Kodaira Shuichi , Takahashi Narumi , Kaneda Yoshiyuki 
Published: March 2014

AbstractTo clarify the formation process of the back‐arc basin in the Japan Sea, which is located next to the northwestern Pacific, a seismic survey using ocean bottom seismographs and an air gun array was undertaken in areas from the northern Yamato Basin to the coast of the northeastern Japan Island Arc off Awa‐shima Island. The crust beneath the northern Yamato Basin off Awa‐shima Island is approximately 16 km thick. The upper and lower crusts are, respectively, about 5 km thick with a steep velocity gradient and about 10 km thick with a gentle velocity gradient. In the basin, there are very few units with P wave velocity of 5.4–6.0 km/s, corresponding to the continental upper crust. The crustal structure of the northern Yamato Basin has characteristics of thicker oceanic crust. The high‐velocity lowermost crust in the northern Yamato Basin with 7.2–7.4 km/s might show melt formed by a slightly high mantle temperature during the opening of the basin. However, the crust beneath the areas from the Sado Ridge to the coast, which is approximately 25–26 km thick, is slightly thinner than that of the continental crust and island arc crust. The crustal structure beneath this area is inferred to be a rifted continental and/or a rifted island arc crust.
How do consumers infer corporate social responsibility? The role of organisation size
Authors: Green Todd , Peloza John 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTConsumers are generally supportive of firms that engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. However, consumers are also largely unaware of CSR activities of firms and often use available information to infer CSR. The current study utilises in‐depth consumer interviews to explore the influence of firm size on consumer perceptions of both CSR and corporate socially irresponsible behaviour through the lens of attribution theory. We identify two key emerging antecedents – consumer trust and expectations for CSR engagement – that are influenced by organisation size and ultimately distinguish the types of attributions consumers hold towards CSR and corporate socially irresponsible behaviour. Specifically, consumers have greater levels of trust and significantly lower expectations for CSR engagement for small firms. Conversely, a lack of trust exists amongst consumers towards large firms along with greater expectations for CSR engagement. Although the interview findings generally suggest that small firms benefit from CSR engagement because of positive attributions that consumers hold, we also identify opportunities for large firms to develop positive attributions amongst consumers. Further, we find that consumers are often willing to accept socially irresponsible behaviour by small firms whereas showing very little tolerance for similar transgressions by large firms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.