bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsea Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) for Local Holdup of Magnetic Levitating Bearings in Subsea Production Hardware
Authors: White Derek Alan , Greig Alex , Grob Harald 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The use of batteries subsea has historically been limited to powering autonomous instrumentation for oceanographic applications with power capacities typically limited to less than a few hundred watt-hours. Over the past decade, engineering design and technology advances in subsea applications have led to an increased focus on battery technology, including increased capacity. In particular, the growth of the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) market in the early 2000's lead to regular use of batteries subsea with capacities of up to tens of kilowatt-hours (kWhr).
In order to enhance production and maximize reliability of offshore fields, focus has increased on placing traditional terrestrial equipment subsea and incorporating electrically powered process equipment. Some of these applications have led to the deployment of large battery and UPS modules for subsea deployment. Notable applications include the recent development of 165kWhr battery modules for the Marine Well Containment Company (MWCC) to allow subsea pumping of dispersant from bladder fields to an uncontrolled hydrocarbon leak, and uninterruptible power supplies that have been marinized for holdup of critical equipment on compressors being qualified now for installation on the Ormen Lange oilfield.
This paper focuses on a concept system being developed and qualified for military applications, similar to the MWCC battery system. The focus is on a marinized pressure compensated battery module of 150kWhr, which can be daisy-chained or arranged in a hub configuration for up to 1.5MWhr of holdup capacity. This paper details original analysis on the application of these battery power modules to provide a UPS for dedicated use with magnetic levitating bearings common on subsea compressors and motors on subsea production systems. By providing a localized UPS system to the magnetic levitating bearing controllers, it is possible to provide a redundant power source, mitigating risk from failure of the primary subsea power supply. Coast down times for the magnetic bearings typically take just a few minutes and fit well within the voltage, current, and power supply levels of the UPS design described in this paper. The distributed UPS system design discussed herein utilizes a modular design. The modules discussed can be configured to allow for expansion and enhanced redundancy to be integrated subsea without the need for a unique qualification program.
This paper discusses potential applications of the UPS within subsea production equipment, including interface points, recovery, discharging, charging, and monitoring.
Integrated Use of 3D Seismic, Multibeam Sonar, and ROV To Confirm Deepwater Benthic Communities and Archeological Sites in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Irion Jack , Shedd William W. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Two of BOEM's regulatory responsibilities are the protection of chemosynthetic and coral communities, and archeological sites from impacts from the agency's permitted activities. BOEM geoscientists have used 3-D seismic data since 1998 to identify over 19,000 amplitude anomalies in the deep water GOM that are interpreted to be hard substrates suitable for benthic organisms. Where deep ocean currents are adequate to wash the fine hemipelagic mud off these carbonates, the latter becomes a clean, suitable substrate for benthic organisms. Unfortunately, 3-D seismic has a vertical sample of around 30 feet and cannot directly provide information about the cleanliness of the substrate. High resolution multibeam sonar does not penetrate more than a centimeter below the surface, so areas of high backscatter are indicative of clean substrate. Multibeam surveys in the GOM by the NOAA ship RV Okeanos Explorer in 2011 and 2012 not only identified those portions of BOEM's 3-D anomalies that were clean carbonate, but they also identified over 300 water column backscatter anomalies indicative of active seepage of gas from the seafloor, confirming those 3-D anomalies as active seep sites. The 2012 cruise had an ROV aboard to do direct video investigation of these sites.
BOEM relies on industry-conducted high resolution sidescan sonar surveys that are shot to accompany an operator's exploration or development plans. Hundreds of sonar targets have been reported to BOEM by industry as potential shipwreck targets and, so long as industry is able to avoid physically impacting these sites, they may remain as unidentified acoustic anomalies. In 2012, NOAA's research ship Okeanos Explorer equipped with the Little Hercules ROV provided BOEM the opportunity to visually inspect five of these targets to determine their historical significance. All of the sites proved to be historic remains, but one was discovered to be a well preserved early 19th century armed sailing ship. Because of Okeanos Explorer's unique capability to broadcast high definition video via Internet2 to shore-based command centers (as well as over a standard internet connection), the investigation was conducted remotely by a team of archaeologists from across the country and was shared real-time around the world.
Towards Persistent Real-Time Autonomous Surveillance and Mapping of Surface Hydrocarbons
Authors: Vuorenkoski Anni K , Thomas Jesse C , Dalgleish Fraser R , Ouyang Bing , Carragher Peter D 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This paper describes results and findings from a recent two month robotic surface seep monitoring mission in the north-eastern Gulf of Mexico. The studied sites are at Mississippi Canyon salt domes and mud volcanoes which have well known natural seepage, resulting in the existence of regular but short-lived surface oil slicks. Effective real-time monitoring of such phenomenon requires new in situ technology that is capable of long term persistent surveillance and robust autonomous hydrocarbon detection. The core component of this mission was the Wave Glider autonomous marine vehicle integrated with a multi-channel optical sensor payload and weather sensing instrumentation package. A statistical process control (SPC) based automatic hydrocarbon event detection algorithm was also further developed and demonstrated during the mission.
The paper also includes results describing the Wave Glider multi-sensor signatures to known hydrocarbon concentrations in typical marine elastic and inelastic scattering background environments. A series of experiments were independently conducted in both controlled laboratory conditions and also in a controlled spill facility, with ground truth spectrofluorometry and water sampling analytics results also being obtained. The event detection algorithmic approach was tested and refined using data from these sets of experiments, as well as the data acquired during the field mission. The algorithm was executed with near real-time Wave Glider data during the second month of the mission and results demonstrate that robust real-time surface hydrocarbon detection is possible and can be used to reconfigure the Wave Glider behavior, converting from a surveillance mode to a survey or mapping mode in order to determine the boundaries and origin of the identified surface slicks. To further corroborate with the in situ results, coincident SAR imagery collects were made at certain phases of the mission to assist with the analysis of the multi-sensor signatures, slick lifetime and spatial extent as derived by the Wave Glider measurements.
Relationships Between Oil Seeps and Seabed Morphologies
Authors: Cauquil Eric Charles , Jatiault Romain , Dhont Damien 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Owing to the permanence of a great quantity of natural oil seepages and to the variety of structures in the seafloor, the deep offshore of the Angolan margin is one of the most favorable areas in the world allowing a better understanding of the relationships between surface seepages and seabed morphologies. The analysis of radar satellite images at different dates shows that oil seeps form patterns of flower structures. Each petal of an isolated flower structure represents a single seepage, all of them converging toward an impact point at the sea surface that can be associated to an emission point or vent in the seafloor. The rising speed of the oil in a water column of 1800 m is 10 cm/s, which corresponds to a lateral drift of about 1000 m. Active vents in the seafloor correspond to submarine mounds and clustered pockmarks, whereas unit or single pockmarks are not associated to the leaking of oil.

Introduction
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors constitute a powerful tool to detect hydrocarbons at the sea surface because of the sensitivity of the microwave signal to the surface roughness (e.g., Williams and Lawrence, 2002; Zatyagalova et al., 2007). Oil slicks dampen the waves at the ocean surface and reduce the intensity of the backscattered radar signal, creating dark patches in the image. The distinction between natural oil seeps and look-alikes such as pollution and natural film slicks may be tricky with the sole use of SAR images. The categorization of oil slicks is merely based on the experience of the photo-interpreter how is able to recognize morphological and/or key features associated with either natural or man-made leakages.
The relationships between surface seepages and the emission point on the seabed is not well constrained because of the difficulty in recognizing (i) the precise location of the impact points of the oil at the sea surface, (ii) the distinction between deep-sea active and non-active vents, and (iii) the lateral drifting of the " oil plume" in the water column.
We focused our study on deep offshore of the Angolan margin which represents one of the most favorable areas for the study of natural oil seepage. The aims of this study are to map natural oil seeps from a collection of satellite radar images, to estimate the lateral drifting of the oil from the emission point to the surface impact point, and to determine the seabed morphologies related to active oil seepages from the analysis of bathymetric and seismic data.
Use of Plasma-Shell Technology for Concurrent Control of Chemical and Microbial Contaminants
Authors: Kurtz Vicki 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
An emerging treatment system, based on using Plasma-Shells as a high surface area source of Ultraviolet (UV) light, holds promise for addressing some of the key microbial and chemical water quality issues faced by small water systems. Plasma-Shells are hollow dielectric gas encapsulating shells that can be energized to emit light over a broad range of wavelengths. When the shells are coated with titanium dioxide and energized, advanced oxidation reactions can occur in tandem with disinfection. By optimizing the wavelength characteristics, it is possible to achieve pathogen inactivation (~250 nm) and also promote photocatalytic reactions through excitation of titanium dioxide (~350 nm). From a water treatment perspective, the net effect of these reactions is disinfection and photocatalytic mineralization of waterborne contaminants. A key advantage of titanium dioxide coated Plasma-Shells over more traditional UV light sources is that all components are rugged, inert, and safe. The ceramic based shell material and the encapsulated gas (neon and/or xenon) are inert and, therefore, do not impact water quality. The system is highly water efficient and does not generate a waste stream or process residuals. In addition, there are no consumable chemicals that need to be stored on-site. The shells can be regenerated on-site through an off-line thermal system. The high surface area of the Plasma-Shells allows for a relatively small technology footprint, compared to more traditional disinfection or oxidation systems. The size of the Plasma-Shells and the process design configuration can be tailored to provide reaction conditions that are appropriate to address a broad spectrum of chemical and microbial waterborne contaminants.
Key elements of the technology include:Simple construction, rugged design, and scalable to meet site specific constraints.Modular process configuration that can be adapted to meet specific treatment requirements.Reliable source of UV light that is devoid of mercury or other potential environmental contaminants.High surface area to volume ratio that can provide efficient contact time for inactivating or mineralizing microbial and chemical waterborne contaminants.Efficient activation of titanium dioxide due to its direct contact with the UV light source.Use of a thin film of titanium dioxide obviates the need for post-treatment filtration and accomplishes the photocatalytic reaction in a single-step.
Migration of oil and its subsurface expressions in the deep-water Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Diaz Gustavo , Garcia-Pineda Oscar , Kahn Peter , Callejon Angel 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The most robust evidence indicating that petroleum migrates in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is the presence of oil slicks at the surface of the sea coming from naturally sourced oil at the sea bottom.
The mechanisms for oil migration in the GoM involve the interplay of several variables (including faults, pressure, salt diapirism, etc.) These are not fully understood locally, let alone regionally, and are not well constrained to basin evolution. The use of numerical models helps to represent and visualize oil migration from the source to the traps and or seeps but it is limited by the lack of a complete geological picture. However, despite these limitations, numerical models are an important means of estimating the timing of oil migration.
Salt movement through time has a huge influence on the patterns of oil migration and re-migration. The underlying geometries of Allochthonous Salt can help focus oil to an up dip trap or in turn result in the breaching of a trap. Subsequent salt withdrawal may result in a weld which may or may not longer seal the hydrocarbons in place.
The characterization of successful plays in the GoM involves understanding seeps, oil fluxes, surface anomalies or hard crusts, along with plausible migration pathways of leakage and remigration of oil as related to salt tectonics. These elements are some of the building blocks to high-grade prospective areas for oil exploration.

Introduction
The first and most obvious observation is the presence of natural seepage occurring at the surface like sea-bottom pock marks and oil slicks (Fig. 1) The MacDonald Image Laboratory of Florida State University posted a video on the web (http://www.sarsea.org/natural_seapage/gallery.html) where it is possible to fully appreciate the most important characteristics of oil seepage: spatial variability of the point of origin, presence of carbonate hard crust, and domes and pock-marks.
Secondly, the identification of possible migration pathways relies on seismic data. By looking at deep seismic reflection data we can interpret mechanisms likely influencing petroleum movement from the source rock to the intermediate traps, and eventually into seeps. Interpreted faults and fractures seem to be the main conduits for oil migration.
The examples in this work show the dominant impact of salt movement on the migration. This salt was originally deposited over 160 mya. and has had a complex history of movement in resulting diapirs and salt canopies. Therefore, improving the combined knowledge of halokinesis, oil geochemistry and structural evolution of the basin it is possible to have a better picture of the migrating oil into traps, intermediate reservoirs and ultimately seeps.
Wind Testing of a Dual Derrick
Authors: Ross George , Beck Richard D , Jennings Tim , Jesudasen Sandeep , Martinez Jorge , Effenberger Mike , Botros Tammer 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Wind loading on drilling rigs is covered by API Specification 4F 3rd Edition, Specification for Drilling and Well Servicing Structures. The specification gives procedures for determining design wind loads on new drilling rigs. These wind loads impose significant loads on offshore facilities and are critical for the design of derrick tie-downs.
The API 4F wind methodology was developed for wind loading on square derricks. However, drilling structures exist in shapes other than square. One example is a dual derrick.
BP has a dual derrick on the Thunder Horse platform. During a reassessment of the derrick, it became apparent that current methodologies may not properly determine the wind loads on a dual derrick. To determine if the existing 4F wind methodology was suitable for a dual derrick, BP undertook a program consisting of a literature review and wind tunnel testing. The testing was performed with major components added to the structure in stages to determine the contribution of various major components on the overall wind load.
This paper discusses the results of the wind testing on the dual derrick, provides comparisons of the resulting wind loads with the current API 4F methodology, methodology based on a literature search, a modified methodology viewed as minimizing risk of underestimating loads, and provides suggestions for future wind tunnel testing.

Introduction
On the BP Thunder Horse semi-submersible is a dual derrick. A dual derrick is a relatively new drilling structure used for deep water drilling operations. Efficiencies exist from allowing dual hook load operations that make this type of structure advantageous. Figure 1 presents a photograph of the Thunder Horse derrick from the V-door face (long front). The derrick has a width to depth ratio of 2 to 1 versus the 1 to 1 ratio of a more traditional square derrick.
The Thunder Horse Dual Derrick was designed using the methodology in the 2nd edition of API 4F. API has issued a new edition of API 4F, the third (3rd) edition. API 4F 3rd Edition had extensive revisions to the wind methodology. In addition, environmental design conditions for the Gulf of Mexico have also been revised. The new metocean design criteria contain updated/higher wind speeds for the location in the Gulf of Mexico where the Thunder Horse semi-submersible is located. BP wanted to investigate the dual derrick using the new API wind methodology and the new metocean criteria.
Evaluations were made with the wind methodologies from API 4F 3rd Edition, ASCE 7, and other wind documents for loading on the dual derrick long and short faces. Inconsistencies were found among the methods. As a result, BP was faced with a decision to use the most conservative wind load values or perform wind tunnel testing to better understand the loads on the structure. BP elected to perform wind tunnel testing.
Virtually justifiable homicide: The effects of prosocial contexts on the link between violent video games, aggression, and prosocial and hostile cognition
Authors: Gitter Seth A. , Ewell Patrick J. , Guadagno Rosanna E. , Stillman Tyler F. , Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPrevious work has shown that playing violent video games can stimulate aggression toward others. The current research has identified a potential exception. Participants who played a violent game in which the violence had an explicitly prosocial motive (i.e., protecting a friend and furthering his nonviolent goals) were found to show lower short‐term aggression (Study 1) and show higher levels of prosocial cognition (Study 2) than individuals who played a violent game in which the violence was motivated by more morally ambiguous motives. Thus, violent video games that are framed in an explicitly prosocial context may evoke more prosocial sentiments and thereby mitigate some of the short‐term effects on aggression observed in previous research. While these findings are promising regarding the potential aggression‐reducing effects of prosocial context, caution is still warranted as a small effect size difference (d = .2–.3), although nonsignificant, was still observed between those who played the explicitly prosocial violent game and those who played a nonviolent game; indicating that aggressive behavior was not completely eliminated by the inclusion of a prosocial context for the violence. Aggr. Behav. 39:346–354, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exciplex‐Forming Co‐host for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Ultimate Efficiency
Authors: Park Young‐Seo , Lee Sunghun , Kim Kwon‐Hyeon , Kim Sei‐Yong , Lee Jeong‐Hwan , Kim Jang‐Joo 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPhosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with ultimate efficiency in terms of the external quantum efficiency (EQE), driving voltage, and efficiency roll‐off are reported, making use of an exciplex‐forming co‐host. This exciplex‐forming co‐host system enables efficient singlet and triplet energy transfers from the host exciplex to the phosphorescent dopant because the singlet and triplet energies of the exciplex are almost identical. In addition, the system has low probability of direct trapping of charges at the dopant molecules and no charge‐injection barrier from the charge‐transport layers to the emitting layer. By combining all these factors, the OLEDs achieve a low turn‐on voltage of 2.4 V, a very high EQE of 29.1% and a very high power efficiency of 124 lm W−1. In addition, the OLEDs achieve an extremely low efficiency roll‐off. The EQE of the optimized OLED is maintained at more than 27.8%, up to 10 000 cd m−2.
Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the external genitalia
Authors: Hennekam Raoul C.M. , Allanson Judith E. , Biesecker Leslie G. , Carey John C. , Opitz John M. , Vilain Eric 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAn international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the male and female genitalia, and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of these body regions. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.