bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymph Nodes
Authors: Rezk Sherif A , Weiss Lawrence M 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

The lymph nodes are numerous encapsulated structures occurring in mammalians along the lymphatics. They contain lymphoid cells with a precise microanatomy organised to react to a variety of antigens via humoral and cellular immune responses. Lymph nodes consist of a cortex (B‐cell zone) with primary and secondary follicles, a paracortical region (T‐cell zone), sinuses and medullary cords. High endothelial venules represent a specialised vasculature with specific receptors for immune cells, which facilitate the migration of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. The main function of the lymph node is to generate an efficient immune response to antigens that have penetrated the organism in the areas drained by that node. Follicular dendritic cells present antigen to naïve B cells inside the germinal centres, whereas interdigitating dendritic cells present antigen to naïve T cells in the paracortex. Malignant lymphoma represents the overwhelming majority of primary lymph node neoplasms, including both Hodgkin and non‐Hodgkin lymphomas.

Key Concepts

The main function of the lymph node is to generate an immune response to antigens in the drained areas.

Most mature lymphocytes constantly recirculate between tissue and peripheral blood every day.

High endothelial venules possess specific properties that attract lymphocytes.

Germinal centres are created and dominated by a few large B‐cell clones that exhibit intraclonal diversity.

Reactive changes and enlargement of the lymph node usually takes an exaggerated form of the normal immune response.

Malignant lymphomas represent the overwhelming majority of lymph node neoplasms.
Animal Glycolipids
Authors: Schnaar Ronald L 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Glycolipids are integral components of animal cell membranes, composed of a glycan covalently linked to a lipid. They include glycosphingolipids (GSLs) (ceramide‐linked), glycoglycerolipids (diacylglycerol‐ or alkylacylglycerol‐linked) and glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) (phosphatidylinositol‐linked). Their lipid components are embedded in a cell membrane with their glycans extending outwards where they interact with components in the plane of the same membrane or with glycan‐binding proteins, including soluble proteins and those on surfaces of other cells. Most animal glycolipids are GSLs, which can be as simple as ceramide monosaccharides or as large and complex as branched ceramide octadecasaccharides. Animal glycoglycerolipids are a simpler family, primarily galactose or sulphogalactose linked to glycerolipid. GPIs are glycans attached to the common membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol at one end and to a protein at the other, anchoring the protein to the membrane. Animal glycolipids serve diverse and essential functions in cell physiology in animals as simple as
Caenorhabditis elegans
and as complex as humans.

Key Concepts

Animal glycolipids are amphipathic molecules composed of a lipid embedded in a cell membrane and a glycan extending outwards.

Most animal glycolipids are glycosphingolipids (GSLs), glycans carried on a ceramide lipid core.

GSL glycans can be as simple as a single neutral sugar (glucosylceramide and galactosylceramide) or can be large, complex, branched and/or charged.

GSLs are categorised as neutral GSLs, sulphated GSLs or gangliosides (sialic acid containing GSLs).

Animal GSLs are named based on seven distinct neutral tetrasaccharide cores referred to as: ganglio‐, lacto‐, neolacto‐, globo‐, isoglobo‐, mollu‐ and arthro‐series.

Animal glycoglycerolipids include galactose and 3‐sulphogalactose bound to diacylglycerol or alkylacylglycerol. They are scarce except in testes, where they are the major glycolipids and are required for spermatogenesis.

Animal glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) consist of a core tetrasaccharide in glycosidic linkage to the inositol of phosphatidylinositol, a common membrane phospholipid.

Animal GPIs carry a distal ethanolamine group, the terminal amine of which is linked via amide linkage to a select group of proteins, anchoring them to the membrane.

Animal glycolipids tend to associate into functional microdomains in the plane of the membrane, often with sphingomyelin, cholesterol and select signalling proteins.

GSLs function by binding laterally to molecules in the same membrane to regulate their activities (cis regulation) or by acting as receptors for soluble or cell surface glycan binding proteins (trans recognition).
Autoimmune Disease: Pathogenesis
Authors: Bellone Matteo 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAutoimmune diseases are a vast array of organ‐specific as well as systemic diseases, whose pathogenesis stems from the activation of B‐ and T‐lymphocytes reacting against antigens of the body's own tissues (defined as ‘self’). Lymphocytes are the main components of the adaptive arm of the immune system, and their major task is to rapidly remove pathogens (e.g. viruses or bacteria) in the absence of relevant tissue damage and self‐recognition. Also, innate immunity participates to this process by sensing pathogens, activating lymphocytes and contributing to pathogen clearance. In physiologic conditions, the cooperative efforts of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms avoid responsiveness of the immune system to self‐antigens, and the development of autoimmune diseases. Conversely, genetic predisposition and environmental triggers contribute to the alteration of either one of the two mechanisms, thus, favouring the induction of autoimmunity, and either complete and irreversible loss of function of the targeted tissue or its hyperfunction.Key ConceptsAutoimmune diseases are the result of specific immune responses directed against structures of the self.Autoimmune diseases are the consequence of an altered function of the immune system.Autoimmune disease may involve a single tissue or multiple organs.Consequences of an autoimmune reaction may either be the loss of function or the hyperfunction of the target tissue.An autoimmune response may be primarily T‐ or B‐cell mediated, or both.Innate immunity contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by activating lymphocytes and participating to the tissue damage.
Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Jonsson Roland , Brun Johan G 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSjögren's syndrome is a lymphoproliferative disease with autoimmune features characterised by mononuclear cell infiltration of exocrine glands, notably the lacrimal and salivary glands (autoimmune exocrinopathy). These lymphoid infiltrations lead to dryness of the eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), dryness of the mouth (xerostomia) and frequently, dryness of the nose, throat, vagina and skin. Sjögren's syndrome is associated with the production of autoantibodies because B‐cell activation is a consistent immunoregulatory abnormality. The spectrum of the disease extends from an organ‐specific autoimmune disorder to a systemic process (musculoskeletal, pulmonary, gastric, haematologic, dermatologic, renal and nervous system involvement). Sjögren's syndrome may occur alone (primary) or in association with almost any of the autoimmune rheumatic diseases (secondary), the most frequent being rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Sjögren's syndrome is also associated with an increased risk of B‐cell lymphoma development. Current treatments are mainly symptomatic.Key ConceptsDevelopment and validation of proposed consensus criteria for Sjögren's syndrome jointly by the ACR‐EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Classification Criteria Working Group are shortly to be finalised.Validated disease activity and damage indexes have been developed.Ultrasonography of major salivary glands is a coming investigative procedure.Treatment with biological agents is used in selected cases with systemic manifestations.The prevalence of Sjögren's syndrome is about the same as for systemic lupus erythematosus.Ectopic germinal centres and high focus score have been proposed at predictors for lymphoma development in addition to previously verified biomarkers.Interferon signature is an important pathophysiological finding.Saliva is a promising source of biologically relevant biomarker signatures.Recent GWAS have identified novel candidate genes.
ThePasteur Institute and Its International Network
Authors: Moulin Anne Marie 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe Pasteur Institute is a French institution pursuing unabated research in biomedical sciences since its creation in 1888. The institute has undergone in‐depth transformation while maintaining a triple orientation to research, teaching and applied sciences. The present International Pasteur Institutes network is composed of 32 centres scattered on the five continents, a powerful asset for its new function of surveillance of a global microbial world and contribution to Global Public Health. The Pastorian specificity is anchored in this long history and the esprit de corps of an international scientific community, sealed by anethicsin biomedical research that can conflict with the managerial transformations of the contemporary institution.Key ConceptsThe Pasteur Institute is a French centre of research in biomedical sciences.Its specificity lies in its strong link to its founder Louis Pasteur's doctrines and character.The International Pasteur Institute Network has developed branches all over the world.The present challenge for the network is to concile ethics of research and economic concerns.
Genetic Information Access, a Legal Perspective: A Duty to Know or a Right Not to Know, and a Duty or Option to Warn?
Authors: Lemmens Trudo , Luther Lori , Hoy Michael 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

It is often argued that concern with basic personal privacy suggests that individuals should be allowed to decide in isolation whether to obtain genetic information through testing and whether to make the results available to others. However, the familial nature of genetic information complicates matters by raising question regarding whether an individual has a moral duty to discover and/or reveal existing genetic information to possibly affected family members. Alternatively, if this information would harm family members, do individuals have a duty not to obtain, or at least not to divulge, genetic test results? What role, if any, should legislation play in dealing with access to genetic information at the familial level? Do health care professionals have a responsibility or a right to inform close family members of the genetic status of a related individual? We consider the personal, familial and public health care perspectives regarding this debate.

Key Concepts

Many individuals face conflicting psychological effects regarding the anticipation of obtaining genetic test results.

Despite the potential usefulness of genetic information, the majority of individuals facing potentially devastating genetic diseases opt not to undergo testing.

Results of an individual's genetic tests are often of interest to family members which raises complications regarding individual privacy.

Controversy also surrounds the responsibility of health care professionals whether to maintain patient privacy or inform affected family members.

Courts and lawmakers struggle with the question whether individual privacy should be respected when genetic information may be of significant interest to family members.

Courts have recognized that in some circumstances, health care providers have an option to warn family members of a genetic risk, when there is a significant risk of a serious and avoidable harm.

A strong case can be made that, with few exceptions (e.g. PKU), genetic information should fall under the usual rules protecting individual privacy and confidentiality.

Future discoveries in genetic information may lead to more exceptions to the duty of confidentiality.
Primer on Protein–Protein Interaction Maps
Authors: Marín‐de la Rosa Nora , Braun Pascal 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Interactions among proteins mediate regulatory, mechanical, structural and transport functions and are fundamental in the modulation of all cellular activities. About 15 years ago, it was first noted that physical interactions link most if not all proteins to each other in complex networks. The analysis of maps representing current knowledge about these molecular networks can provide insights that range from specific hypotheses on the function of a given protein to system‐level properties on the organisation or evolution of biological systems. Here, we provide an updated introduction to the numerous ways and available tools by which protein–protein interaction maps can be analysed, and caveats that need to be kept in mind.

Key Concepts

Protein–protein interaction maps are important tools to develop functional hypothesis, contextualise ‘omic’ gene lists, analyse system properties and systems evolution and provide an important basis for analysing system dynamics.

Networks can be assembled from small‐scale literature data, bioinformatic prediction and experimental high‐throughput technologies of which affinity‐purification followed by mass spectrometry or binary yeast‐based assays are most common.

Global and local properties of protein–protein interaction maps can be influenced by sociological, technological and experimental biases that need to be taken into account.

High‐throughput technologies can provide data that are in quality at least comparable to the high‐quality fraction from small‐scale studies in public databases.

Carefully benchmarked and appropriate quality controls must be implemented for all approaches.

Binary and co‐complex methodologies give rise to differential and complementary sets of protein interactions.

Bioinformatic tools are available that enable nonspecialists to analyse and use protein–protein interaction networks.
Early Modern/Renaissance Anatomy
Authors: Nutton Vivian 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThe learned practitioners of medicine at the beginning of the fourteenth century knew little about the structures and workings of the human body beyond what they had read in their books or gained from their experience of patients. Three hundred years later, anatomical study was a fundamental part of medical training throughout Western Europe, the dissection of human corpses was common in universities and enormous changes had occurred in the understanding of all aspects of the body. Anatomy, which encompassed what today includes physiology as well as anatomy itself, became the touchstone of the new medicine, and, thanks to the invention of printing, penetrated the cultural scene. Poems, plays, essays and images propagated to a wider public the results of dissection.
Impedimetric Monitoring of Cell‐Based Assays
Authors: Lukic Sonja , Wegener Joachim 
Published: September 2015

Abstract

Electrochemical impedance measurements (electric cell‐substrate impedance sensing, ECIS) have been established as a label‐free and noninvasive experimental tool to monitor and quantify the behaviour of adherent cells grown on planar gold‐film electrodes while they are exposed to chemical, biological or physical stimuli/stressors. Owing to the noninvasiveness of the measurement, impedance‐based cell observation provides continuous information about the cell response in real time. Different data acquisition modes in combination with tailored electrode layouts are used to assess the time courses of several fundamental processes in cell physiology such as cell adhesion, cell proliferation, cell migration, intracellular signal transduction or cell death. Experiments are performed entirely automated and computer‐controlled under regular cell culture conditions. State‐of‐the‐art instrumentation allows for the parallel analysis of up to 384 samples. Its multimodality and throughput suggest that ECIS can play a similar role for the analysis of cell‐based assays as flow cytometry.

Key Concepts

Electric cell‐substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is a noninvasive experimental technique to monitor adherent cells
in vitro
along different types of biomedical or bioanalytical assays with a time resolution that is adjustable from milliseconds to hours.

To perform ECIS‐based assays, the cells are grown on planar gold‐film electrodes deposited on the surface of a regular cell culture dish. ECIS is compatible with regular cell culture conditions, fully automated and software controlled.

The approach is sensitive to (1) the fractional coverage of the electrode surface and (2) the three‐dimensional shape of the cells attached to the electrode.

ECIS is significantly more sensitive for cell shape changes than optical microscopy.

On the basis of this generic sensitivity, different assays have been developed to monitor cell adhesion to biomaterial surfaces, cell proliferation, cell migration, cell death or the stimulation of cell‐surface receptors.

The scope of available assay formats has been further extended using elevated electric fields for well‐defined cell manipulation integrated into continuous, impedance‐based cell monitoring (e.g.
in situ
electroporation).
Treatment, Right to Refuse: Mental Health
Authors: Christopher Sheresa , Vitacco Michael J. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCourts have consistently found that adults who are mentally competent have the right to refuse treatment, even if such treatment is considered in their best interests. Given the inherent complications that arise when trying to balance the best interests of patients with their right to refuse treatment, practitioners must be informed about the way in which this dilemma may influence their practice. The right to refuse treatment is viewed from the perspective of therapeutic jurisprudence, which maximizes the constitutional rights of individuals with mental illness. To improve our understanding of the right to refuse treatment, court cases addressing the right to refuse treatment are examined. We further discuss the influence of right to refuse on clinical practice. Specifically, we examine limits associated with the right to refuse including dangerousness, a compelling state interest, a grave medical need, and in some cases as a stipulation of parole. Finally, we provide key considerations regarding the right to refuse treatment relevant to both practitioners and legal advocates.
Cyclopropenes for the Synthesis of Cyclopropane‐Fused Dihydroquinolines and Benzazepines
Authors: Luo Hui‐Xin , Niu You‐Hong , Cao Xiao‐Ping , Ye Xin‐Shan 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAn efficient method for the construction of cyclopropane‐fused dihydroquinolines was established by a novel Povarov‐type three‐component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, anilines and cyclopropenes in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. The reaction proceeded in a regioselective and diastereoselective manner. Furthermore, the dihydroquinolines were smoothly converted to benzazepine derivatives via a ring opening/isomerization sequence, further expanding the synthetic scope.magnified image
Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Pyrroles from Homopropargylic Amines via a Sonogashira Coupling/Intramolecular Hydroamination/Oxidation Sequence
Authors: Wang Chan , Huang Kaimeng , Wang Junying , Wang Hongkai , Liu Lingyan , Chang Weixing , Li Jing 
Published: September 2015

AbstractA one‐pot reaction of homopropargylic amines and aryl iodides was developed in the presence of a palladium (Pd) catalyst and generated a series of tetrasubstituted pyrrole derivatives in good to high yields. This process involved a Sonogashira, intramolecular hydroamination, cyclization and oxidation sequence of reactions.magnified image
Governance for Effective Policy‐Relevant Scientific Research: The Shared Governance Model
Authors: Burgman Mark 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDespite the aligned aspirations of many applied scientists and policy‐makers that science should contribute directly to policy decisions, there are significant gaps between what scientists provide and what policy‐makers can use. This article outlines the features that encourage effective adoption of scientific advice in public policy. It reviews some of the major impediments to its use. It describes governance mechanisms that aim to overcome these impediments, and discusses their strengths and weaknesses. Opportunities exist for designing governance mechanisms that will better support the development and persistence of the personal relationships that underpin the most effective delivery of science for policy.
Explaining the Role of Parental Education in the Regional Variations in Infant Mortality in India
Authors: Choudhury Pradeep Kumar 
Published: September 2015

AbstractUsing data from the National Family Health Survey (2005–06), this study examines the effect of parental education and the related factors (mother's exposure to mass media and her socio‐economic empowerment) in the regional variations in infant mortality in India. The study finds that parental education is significantly associated with reducing infant mortality to a varying degree at the regional level. It is also evident that children born to mothers having any kind of exposure to the mass media are less likely to die during infancy compared with children born to mothers having no mass media exposure. More importantly, parental education works better in regions that are socio‐economically underdeveloped. The findings of the study place emphasis on imparting education to mothers along with mass media exposure and higher level of socio‐economic empowerment to reduce infant deaths in India and also to minimise its glaring regional variations.
Aiding Women Candidates in Solomon Islands: Suggestions for Development Policy
Authors: Wood Terence 
Published: September 2015

AbstractThis article discusses the poor performance of women candidates in Solomon Islands elections and potential aid policy responses. The article outlines women candidates' performance, details challenges faced by women, examines existing aid work designed to help women candidates and provides policy suggestions. The article argues that existing aid policy focused on candidate training and voter education has achieved little because the main impediments women candidates face are access to finance and local gatekeepers, alongside more subtle normative constraints. These are barriers that are not easily shifted by training or education programs. Meanwhile, for reasons of political economy, another area of aid‐supported engagement, a parliamentary gender quota, is unlikely to be enacted. Reflecting this, and the nature of the challenges women candidates face, the article recommends donors also undertake work to help prospective women candidates engage with communities over time, building ties and reputations as providers of assistance.
CFD modeling for the estimation of pressure loss coefficients of pipe fittings: An undergraduate project
Authors: Perumal Kumar , Ganesan Rajamohan 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis work reports the outcomes of a senior undergraduate project done as part of a CFD course offered at Curtin University, Malaysia. Pressure loss coefficients for single phase flow through 90 degree bend has been estimated using CFD simulation. It is evident from the results that a validated CFD model is a reliable and cheap tool for loss coefficient estimation of any combination of pipe fitting and complex fluid / flow. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:180–185, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21695