bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ductility of Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Koch C.C. , Morris D.G. , Lu K. , Inoue A. 
Published: July 2014

Ductility is defined as the ability of a material to change shape without fracture. It is of critical importance for engineering materials for both manufacturability and Performance. Measures of ductility include percent elongation (uniform plastic flow prior to mechanical instability—necking—or fracture) and percent reduction in area. Fracture toughness is also some measure of potential ductility. Engineering materials exhibit wide variations in ductility which can often limit their application.Ductility is a property of nanocrystalline materials which might be predicted to be enhanced by extrapolation of its grain-size dependence in conventional polycrystalline materials. It has been predicted that extrapolation of the grain size, or the scale of the microstructure, to the nanoscale will lead to both strengthening and an increase in ductility. As far as failure and ductility are concerned, this idea is based on experience with conventional materials, where the yield and fracture stress show different dependencies on the grain size. The fracture stress typically increases faster than the yield stress with decreasing grain size such that ductile/brittle transitions can occur. For example, the ductile / brittle transition temperature in mild steel can be lowered about 40°C by reducing the grain size by a factor of five. In terms of how ductility may be affected by the extreme grainsize reduction to the nanoscale, we consider the following. Firstly, it may be recalled that obtaining ductility relies simply on plastic deformation occurring without the catastrophic onset of failure mechanisms, and therefore we can examine possibilities of changing ductility in terms of avoiding failure.
A Focus on Glasses
Authors: Galeener F.L. 
Published: July 2014

The following series of articles focuses attention on five important groups of glassy materials: silica, oxynitride, phosphate, chalcogenide, and halide glasses. Each author has made a concerted effort to indicate the nature of the scientific questions and technological applications which make his individual area of materials research both exciting and timely. Nevertheless, these five articles can cover only a few of the identifiable areas of glass science and technology which are active and find new importance today. A broader picture can be obtained by perusal of the general texts listed in References 1-13.Glasses are usually defined as a sub-class of amorphous materials which exhibit a glass transition and are formable by quenching from the melt. They include numerous oxides, chalcogenides, halides, polymers, organic glasses, and amorphous metals. We have chosen to discuss only the first three of these groupings, which largely comprise the traditional inorganic glasses. The oxide glasses are only partly covered by our first three articles; completeness would require descriptions of activities involving alkalisilicate glasses, alumino-silicates, boro-silicates, boro-phosphates, and more.Amorphous materials which are not viewed as glasses include tetrahedral amorphous semiconductors like a-Ge and a-Si, either pure or containing alloy levels of H, F, Cl, B, P, or other elements.
Drosophilid Species (Diptera) in the Brazilian Savanna are Larger in the Dry Season
Authors: Przybylska M S , Roque F , Tidon R 
Published: July 2014

AbstractRecently, interest in the effects of global climate change on biological communities has grown substantially. Both historical records and model predictions indicate that temperatures and aridity will likely increase in the continental interiors, although the effects of increased aridity have been less studied. The Brazilian savanna has a strong annual dry season, during which time drosophilid populations experience bottlenecks. In this study, we monitored a drosophilid assemblage in the core area of the Brazilian savanna throughout 1 yr. We then compared fly wings collected in the dry and rainy seasons for two common drosophilid species, Drosophila mercatorum Patterson & Wheeler and Drosophila simulans Sturtevant. Drosophilid abundance and richness decreased significantly in the dry season, confirming previous findings. In addition, although no significant differences in wing shape were observed for flies collected during the two seasons, the wing size of both focal species was significantly higher in the dry season. Considering the reported association between Drosophila Fallén wing size and body size, we deduced that the flies were larger in the dry season. D. mercatorum and D. simulans were also found at higher relative abundances in the dry season, when most species were not collected in the field. The observed difference in wing size could have been the result of biotic or abiotic factors, such as larval density and climate. More efforts are necessary to untangle the factors that lie behind this pattern, but it is possible that increased size is an advantageous trait when struggling against dry conditions.
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance bone formation in orthodontically expanded maxillae in rats
Authors: Ekizer Abdullah , Yalvac Mehmet Emir , Uysal Tancan , Sonmez Mehmet Fatih , Sahin Fikrettin 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To transplant bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the interpremaxillary suture after rapid maxillary expansion with the aim of increasing new bone formation in the suture.

Materials and Methods:
Nineteen male Wistar rats were divided into two groups (control, n  =  9; experimental, n  =  10). Both groups were subjected to expansion for 5 days, and 50 cN of force was applied to the maxillary incisors with a helical spring. Pkh67+ (green fluorescent dye)–labeled MSCs were applied to the interpremaxillary suture after force application into the interpremaxillary suture of rats. Bone formation in the sutural area was histomorphometrically evaluated, including the amount of new bone formation (µm2), number of osteoblasts, number of osteoclasts, and number of vessels. Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical evaluation at the P &lt; .05 level.

Results:
After 10 days of retention, Pkh67+ can be detected in suture mostly in the injection site under fluorescence microscope. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that a single local injection of MSCs into the midpalatal suture increased the new bone formation in the suture by increasing the number of osteoblasts and new vessel formation, compared with controls injected with phosphate-buffered saline.

Conclusions:
This preclinical study might provide foundations for the underlying potential clinical use of MSCs after maxillary expansion. Given the fact that MSCs are currently in use in clinical trials, this approach might be a feasible treatment strategy to accelerate new bone tissue formation in midpalatal suture and to shorten the treatment period for patients undergoing maxillary expansion reinforcement
Leukocyte Profiles Differ Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes and Are Associated With Metabolic Phenotypes: Results From the German Diabetes Study (GDS)
Authors: Menart-Houtermans Barbara , Rütter Ruth , Nowotny Bettina , Rosenbauer Joachim , Koliaki Chrysi , Kahl Sabine , Simon Marie-Christine , Szendroedi Julia , Schloot Nanette C. , Roden Michael ,   for the German Diabetes Study Group
Published: July 2014

OBJECTIVE
Altered immune reactivity precedes and accompanies type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that the metabolic phenotype relates to the systemic cellular immune status.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 194 metabolically well-controlled patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 62, mean diabetes duration 1.29 years) or type 2 diabetes (n = 132, 1.98 years) and 60 normoglycemic persons underwent blood sampling for automated white blood cell counting (WBC) and flow cytometry. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was measured with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp tests.

RESULTS
Patients with type 2 diabetes had higher WBC counts than control subjects along with a higher percentage of T cells and activated T helper (Th) and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells but lower proportions of natural killer (NK) cells. In type 1 diabetes, the percentage of activated Th and Tc cells was also higher compared with control subjects, whereas the ratio of regulatory T (Treg) cells to activated Th cells was lower, suggesting diminished regulatory capacity. Parameters of glycemic control related positively to Treg cells only in type 2 diabetes. Upon age, sex, and body mass adjustments, insulin sensitivity correlated positively with monocytes, while circulating lipids correlated positively with T cell subsets in type 1 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
Immune cell phenotypes showed distinct frequencies of occurrence in both diabetes types and associate with insulin sensitivity, glycemia, and lipidemia.
Factors affecting the time lag to the second eye cataract surgery in a hospital-based population
Authors: Malik Charu , Bhatia Manjit S , Dhaliwal Upreet 
Published: July 2014

Introduction: Cataract can be treated successfully, yet patients delay surgery. Surgery in one eye may not promote surgery in the second. Objectives: To determine the time lag to the second eye cataract surgery and identify the factors that affect it. Materials and methods: This study was conducted at an ophthalmology out-patient department of a teaching hospital and was an observational, cross-sectional study. Consecutive patients of over 45 years who had had cataract surgery in one eye and had visually significant senile cataract in the other were categorized into those that requested sequential surgery (Group 1) and those that refused (Group 2). The relevant history and vision were recorded. A questionnaire was used to seek possible responsible factors that determined the refusal for the second surgery. Statistical analysis: Categorical variables were compared between groups using the chi-square test and continuous variables using the Student t-test. Factors significantly affecting the time lag were subjected to the analysis of covariance. Rresults: Of the 250 patients of the study, only 104 (41.6 %) requested the second eye surgery, less than one-fifth within one year. Thirteen patients from Group 2 presented with complications of hypermaturity in the second eye. The average time lag was 2.39 ± 2.19 years. It was significantly more in Group 2 patients (p = 0.024) who also reported more barriers (2.75 ± 1.23 versus 1.58 ± 1.10; p = 0.005). The factors that increased the time lag were older age (p = 0.028), extra-capsular surgery (p < 0.001), and being able to manage after the first surgery (p = 0.011) in Group1, and eye-camp (p = 0.021) or extra-capsular surgery (p < 0.001) in Group 2 patients. Conclusions: One-fifth of the patients reported back for sequential surgery within one year. Patients who refused surgery had more barriers; most were related to the first surgery and should be anticipated by compassionate ophthalmic professionals after surgery in the first eye. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v6i1.10761 Nepal J Ophthalmol 2014; 6 (2): 31-38
Clinico-epidemiological characteristics of central retinal vein occlusion in a tertiary level eye care center of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Nirsara , Byanju Raghu Nandan , Bhattarai Binita , Bajracharya Kabindra , Shrestha Ruchi 
Published: July 2014

Background: Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is one of the common retinal disorders causing severe visual impairment. Objective: To study the clinical profile, risk factors and visual outcome in central retinal vein occlusion. Materials and methods: Seventy-four eyes of 74 patients with central retinal vein occlusion were retrospectively enrolled during the period of one year. All the patients in the study were classified with regard to their ischemic status into two groups, ischemic CRVO and non-ischemic CRVO. The demographic pattern of the patients was recorded. The other parameters studied were visual acuity, history of glaucoma, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. The patients were followed up at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after treatment. Results: The majority of the patients (n = 49, 66.2 %) had the ischemic type of CRVO, whereas, 25 (33.8 %) of them had the non-ischemic type. The CRVO was more commonly observed in males in both the groups. Hypertension was the most common risk factor associated with CRVO. The visual improvement was significantly better in non-ischemic CRVO (RR = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.01 – 0.31, p = 0.000). Conclusion: The CRVO was more common in males than in females. It was associated with systemic hypertension. The ischemic type of the CRVO was more prevalent than the non-ischemic one in this study. Visual outcome was better in the non-ischemic CRVO. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v6i1.10771 Nepal J Ophthalmol 2014; 6 (2): 39-45
Macular toxicity following brilliant blue G-assisted macular hole surgery – a report of three cases
Authors: Jindal Animesh , Pathengay Avinash , Mithal Kopal , Chhablani Jay , Pappuru Rajeev Reddy , Flynn Harry W 
Published: July 2014

Introduction: Brilliant blue G is a new dye used for staining the internal limiting membrane to ease its peeling in cases like a macular hole. Cases: Three patients presented with full-thickness idiopathic macular hole. They underwent pars planavitrectomy, Brilliant Blue G (BBG) stained internal limiting membrane peeling and fluid gas exchange. Observations: Postoperatively,the macular hole closed but foveal thinning and perifoveal hyperpigmentation presumably due to BBG toxicity were observed in all three patients. All of them had a subnormal final best corrected visual acuity. Conclusion:This case series highlights the unusual occurrence of macular toxicity following brillantblue G-assisted macular hole surgery. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v6i1.10779 Nepal J Ophthalmol 2014; 6 (2): 98-101
Humour et sociabilité dans les récits galants et les écrits mondains aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles en France
Authors: Hölzle Dominique 
Published: July 2014

RÉSUMÉ Dans les sociétés mondaines, à l’époque classique, avoir de l’humour—terme anachronique—c’est être spirituel. L’esprit est la qualité la plus précieuse que peut avoir un galant, mais cette qualité est aussi rare qu’indéfinissable, et elle peut se transformer en défaut rédhibitoire. On ne peut approcher de l’esprit qu’en définissant ce qu’il n’est pas (la sottise, l’érudition, le sérieux), mais la difficulté tient également au fait que ce concept qui doit organiser les relations sociales dans le cadre des salons est constamment susceptible de se corrompre, et de devenir non plus le principe sur lequel se fonde l’harmonie des mondains, mais une arme qui réintroduit la violence dans un univers galant qui se voulait apaisé. Cette ambiguïté fondamentale de l’esprit était déjà présente dans les textes de Bouhours ou de Méré, eux qui n’ont cessé de distinguer le véritable esprit du faux esprit ou de la médisance, et c’est elle qui explique l’émergence d’une forme dégradée de l’esprit, le « bon ton », que condamnent tant Crébillon que Duclos. Le tableau des mœurs que proposent les auteurs du XVIIIe siècle est si négatif que l’on est en droit de se demander si l’« esprit » peut encore être perçu positivement, et si cette forme d’humour reste acceptable.
Rousseau et le combat pour le rire: L’Humour entre gaieté et moquerie
Authors: Menin Marco 
Published: July 2014

RÉSUMÉ Le présent article se propose de montrer à quel point le jugement que Jean-Jacques Rousseau porte sur l’humour et sur le rire peut nous aider à éclairer sa réflexion philoso‐ phique, notamment la genèse de l’émotion et le rôle que celle-ci peut jouer dans la conduite morale de l’individu. L’analyse généalogique de la passion du rire dans l’œuvre de Rousseau—qui s’inscrit de manière cohérente dans sa conception «vectorielle» de l’émotion—nous signale la nécessité de séparer nettement la réalisation positive de la bonne humeur, c’est à dire la gaieté, de sa dégénérescence négative, à savoir la moquerie. Dans le premier cas, il s’agit d’une émotion positive et légitime qui reprend le caractère naturel d’une passion pré-morale en l’élevant à outil d’édification de la socialité humaine; dans le second, il s’agit, au contraire, d’un sentiment artificiel et conventionnel qui fausse l’émotion et la transforme en un instrument de domination sur le prochain.
Dispersion of Bioactive Glass using Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide
Authors: Yehia Ahmed , Yassin Khaled E. , Shoeib Madeha , El-Bahrawy S. , Shalaby M. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe dispersion of bioactive glass, (BG), sample was studied using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). An array of experimental techniques like adsorption, Zeta potential and turbidity were used to achieve this goal. Turbidity was used as a parameter to reflect the degree of dispersion where a higher value of turbidity represents higher dispersion efficiency. Dispersion of the BG particles was largely affected by CTAB concentration and the solution pH. Dispersion of the BG particles was increased with increasing of CTAB concentration till the CMC of CTAB is reached. Above the CMC, the BG particles become hydrophilic causing a decrease in glass dispersion. On the other hand, dispersion of the BG particles was affected with the solution pH. It was increased with increasing pH till pH 9. At higher pH, dispersion was decreased where the formation of micelles is favored.
Inactivation of Human Norovirus by Common Domestic Laundry Procedures
Authors: Lemm Davina , Merettig Nadine , Lucassen Ralf , Bockmühl Dirk P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractToday, noroviruses (NoV) are the world's most common cause of human gastroenteritis. Because of its low infectious dose and its ability to persist in the environment, the virus can be easily transmitted from person-to-person. In addition, surfaces like toilet seats, door handles or clothes worn by infected patients might serve as transmission vectors. Although environmental contamination plays a big role in the spread of the virus, little is known about how contaminated surfaces and textiles can be cleaned efficiently to prevent infections. To estimate the lifelike situation, textiles were contaminated with NoV-containing stool and washed in a normal household machine using laundry detergents with or without activated oxygen bleach at different temperatures. The obtained results show that a sufficient inactivation of NoV-contaminated fabric requires a washing temperature of at least 60°C, even if a detergent with activated oxygen bleach is used.
Influence of Alcohols on Micellar and Release Balances of Cationic Surfactant – Carbethopendecinium Bromide (Septonex)
Authors: Oremusová Jarmila , Vitková Zuzana , Herdová Petra 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn objective of this work is analysis of influence of selected alcohols from the group of enhancers (ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol) and humectants (ethane-1,2-diol, propane-1,2-diol and propane-1,2,3-triol) in the hydrogels containing carbethopendecinium bromide on their associative (critical micelle concentration and thermodynamic parameters) and release properties (pH, percentage of drug release and the release rate constant). The studied hydrogels contained constant amounts of the gel-creating basis (polymer chitosan – 2.5% w/w), drug carbethopendecinium bromide (Septonex) – 1.0% w/w and additive of alcohol in 5 and 10% w/w concentrations. Associative parameter – critical micelle concentration (CMC) was evaluated by conductometric measurements. The CMC significantly increased in the environment of alcohols in comparison with water solutions as many as 50 times, while concentration of alcohols ranged within W = 0–100% mass fractions. Micellization in the both environments was spontaneous (ΔGm < 0), and from the energetic point of view it was exothermic (ΔHm < 0). The additive of alcohols in hydrogels supported the drug relase from hydrogels. As the concentration of alcohols increased the mass percentage of the drug released from gel increased as well.
Subsampling Reduces Sorting Effort for Waterfowl Foods in Salt-Marsh Core Samples
Authors: Livolsi Mark C. , Ringelman Kevin M. , Williams Christopher K. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Waterfowl researchers often use soil core samples to estimate food availability in foraging habitats, and these estimates are needed for bioenergetic models of carrying capacity. However, core sampling is frequently a time- and resource-intensive process, and some researchers have suggested that subsampling may be a valuable way to reduce processing time. We evaluated whether 10% and 25% by mass subsampling are appropriate techniques for reducing core-sorting effort while maintaining precision for samples taken in six separate habitat types along the Delaware bayshore. We found no significant difference between biomass found in 100% sorted cores and estimated biomass obtained by 10% and 25% subsampling. We found that 10% subsampling offered the greatest time savings, reducing mean sorting times by 77% (from 13.7 hours to 3.3 hours) from 100% sorted cores. We recommend that researchers consider subsampling to reduce core-sorting effort and cost, particularly when processing large numbers of cores.
Laser Ablation–Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: An Emerging Technology for Detecting Rare Cells in Tissue Sections
Authors: Managh Amy J. , Hutchinson Robert W. , Riquelme Paloma , Broichhausen Christiane , Wege Anja K. , Ritter Uwe , Ahrens Norbert , Koehl Gudrun E. , Walter Lisa , Florian Christian , Schlitt Hans J. , Reid Helen J. , Geissler Edward K. , Sharp Barry L. , Hutchinson James A. 
Published: July 2014

Abstract
Administering immunoregulatory cells to patients as medicinal agents is a potentially revolutionary approach to the treatment of immunologically mediated diseases. Presently, there are no satisfactory, clinically applicable methods of tracking human cells in patients with adequate spatial resolution and target cell specificity over a sufficient period of time. Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) represents a potential solution to the problem of detecting very rare cells in tissues. In this article, this exquisitely sensitive technique is applied to the tracking of gold-labeled human regulatory macrophages (Mregs) in immunodeficient mice. Optimal conditions for labeling Mregs with 50-nm gold particles were investigated by exposing Mregs in culture to variable concentrations of label: Mregs incubated with 3.5 × 109 particles/ml for 1 h incorporated an average of 3.39 × 108 Au atoms/cell without loss of cell viability. Analysis of single, gold-labeled Mregs by LA-ICP-MS registered an average of 1.9 × 105 counts/cell. Under these conditions, 100% labeling efficiency was achieved, and label was retained by Mregs for ≥36 h. Gold-labeled Mregs adhered to glass surfaces; after 24 h of culture, it was possible to colabel these cells with human-specific 154Sm-tagged anti–HLA-DR or 174Yb-tagged anti-CD45 mAbs. Following injection into immunodeficient mice, signals from gold-labeled human Mregs could be detected in mouse lung, liver, and spleen for at least 7 d by solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and LA-ICP-MS. These promising results indicate that LA-ICP-MS tissue imaging has great potential as an analytical technique in immunology.