bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ROYAL NAVY OIL SPILL RESPONSE POSTURE—DEVELOPMENTS SINCE THE MID 1970s1
Authors: Teasdale Geoffrey 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Parameters for the Royal Navy's current spill response postures and the associated required equipment are given, followed by discussion of ballast water problems resulting from the development of the modern warship. Equipment development is traced over the past decade in the three areas of dispersal, containment, and recovery: this is followed by detail of Royal Navy oil spill equipment, current holdings, and performance. The factors which have influenced oil spill response postures and equipment development during the past decade, are reviewed with indications given for the way ahead.
ADAPTING TECHNIQUES TO CONDITIONS: CLEANUP OF A WASTE OIL SPILL
Authors: Smith Joseph B. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Waste oil from an oil recycling facility in Portland, Oregon, was discharged accidentally into nearby Smith Lake. The cleanup effort was hampered by a number of factors, including vegetation in the lake and subfreezing temperatures. The recovery method that proved most successful consisted of washing the oil toward the shore, where it was picked up by rope mop and belt mop skimmers. Approximately 10,000 gal of emulsified oil were eventually recovered.
Topsoil was removed along the shoreline to a depth of 2 in. The property owner (the Port of Portland) also required that 18 in. of soil be removed in the area where the oil had entered the lake. New topsoil was installed and seeded.
TOXICITY OF DISPERSED AND UNDISPERSED PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL FRACTIONS TO SHRIMP AND FISH
Authors: Anderson Jack W. , Riley Robert , Kiesser Steve , Gurtisen James 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Many previous studies of oil toxicity used high oil concentrations and water soluble fractions (WSF). The aim of this study was to approximate field conditions, in which weathering and chemical dispersions reduce the volatile fractions of spilled crude oil. The objective was to determine the extent of toxicity reduction produced by decreased concentrations of monoaromatics and diaromatics.
The study measured the relative toxicity of fresh Prudhoe Bay crude (PBC) oil and two distillation fractions (Stage I and Stage II) and their chemical dispersions to the shrimp Pandalus danae and the fish Ammodytes hexapterus (sand lance). The hydrocarbon composition of the three oils, the WSF of the oils, and the chemical dispersions were measured.
Distillation of fresh PBC oil produced a Stage I oil containing very low amounts of monoaromatics (benzene and alkylbenzenes) but with the diaromatics relatively unchanged. Further distillation produced a Stage II oil which contained only higher molecular weight aromatics of three rings (phenanthrenes) and greater. Saturate hydrocarbons with corresponding boiling points also were removed.
Bioassays on shrimp with dispersed oils showed that the removal of monoaromatics (Stage I) reduced toxicity about sevenfold. The WSF of Stage I oil and both WSF and dispersions of Stage II oil were not toxic to shrimp. Toxicity from fresh PBC oil WSF and dispersions was likely the result of the combination of monoaromatic and diaromatic compounds.
Sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) mortality did not correlate with the aromatic content of the oils, but appeared to be affected by dispersed oil droplets of all three oils to about the same degree. The fish were more resistant to dispersed oil than the shrimp (higher toxicity index). However, when latent mortality is considered, the data show that the fish may be more sensitive than shrimp to dispersed oil.
USE OF HIGH-PRESSURE WATER MIXING FOR SHIP-BASED OIL SPILL DISPERSING
Authors: Belore R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses a project funded by Canada's Environmental Studies Revolving Fund to assess the potential of high-pressure water jets in assisting the chemical dispersion of oil at sea. Full-scale laboratory tests were conducted using 0.5-mm thick, fresh Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend crude oil treated with Corexit 9527 dispersant applied from an overhead spray boom at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 1: 100. The effects on dispersion efficiency of mixing jet pressure, mixing jet flow rate, jet standoff distance, and vessel speed were evaluated. Based on the test results, specifications for a practical high-pressure water jet system have been suggested. The system would operate with a nozzle pressure of 7,000 kPa, a flow rate of 55 L/min per nozzle, and nozzles positioned about 0.6 m from the water surface. In laboratory tests such a system was capable of dispersing 80 to 100 percent of the surface slick, whereas similar tests with the well-known Warren Spring Laboratory breaker board system resulted in only a 10 percent dispersion.
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE RESPONSE TO THE ARCO ANCHORAGE OIL SPILL, PORT ANGELES, WASHINGTON1
Authors: Levine Robert A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On December 21, 1985, at approximately 4:25 p.m. PST, the Arco Anchorage ran aground in Port Angeles Harbor. Two holes were torn in the ship's bottom, resulting in a spill of 5,690 barrels (239,000 gallons) of Alaska North Slope crude oil.
This paper describes the Arco Marine response procedure during this spill, and the philosophies and methods used during the spill cleanup. The primary offshore cleanup method was recovery using booms and skimmers. Weather conditions permitted their effective operation. Removal of oiled debris was the primary onshore cleanup method. Port Angeles Harbor is a major timber storage area; log bundles are stored in the harbor awaiting pickup by ships. When log bundles were oiled during the spill, a method was devised to clean them. Oil percolated into coarse sediments on Ediz Hook, the most heavily oiled area. It was determined that large enough quantities of oil were trapped in the sediments to warrant removal. A cleanup method incorporating a combination of physical agitation to a depth of approximately 12 inches and high-pressure water jets effectively removed most of the entrained oil. The paper also describes the waste management plan that was developed.
STRATEGY FOR MONITORING THE SHORT-TERM DISTRIBUTION OF DISPERSED OILS
Authors: Railsback Steven F. , Robilliard Gordon A. , Mortenson Jack R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An experimental program for monitoring the short-term distribution and concentration of chemically dispersed oil slicks has been developed for Clean Bay, the San Francisco area oil spill cleanup cooperative. The methods used in the program are experimental and still under development. The objectives of the program are to (1) document the surface area and volume of water affected by dispersed oil, (2) estimate the effectiveness of the dispersant, (3) determine the peak oil-dispersant concentration, and (4) determine the range of oil-dispersant concentrations in the affected water. Additional objectives that may be attained if field conditions are acceptable are to (5) estimate the rate at which oil disperses downward, and (6) estimate what fraction of the light-molecular-weight hydrocarbons are evaporated after application of the dispersant. The program includes oil concentration measurements made with a field fluorometer and by laboratory analysis. The program is flexibly designed so that it can be adapted to a variety of field conditions.
THE LASER IGNITION DEVICE AND ITS APPLICATION TO OIL SPILLS
Authors: Waterworth Michael D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A laser ignition device, intended initially for the controlled burning of forest logging slash, has been developed and successfully tested, for this and other applications. The device employs a kilowatt class carbon dioxide laser, the output of which is beam expanded and then focused to give a small, intense spot of heat at distances from approximately 50 to 1,500 m. Acquisition and precise focus control are achieved by the use of a laser rangefinder and acquisition telescope. The device is fully steerable, can be ground based, airborne, or mounted on seacraft.
ENHANCED BIODEGRADATION OF A LIGHT CRUDE OIL IN SANDY BEACHES
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Levy Eric M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Laboratory tests conducted at 3° C and 20° C indicate that biodegradation of a light crude oil (condensate) by indigenous microflora of sandy beach environments can be enhanced by the addition of an oleophilic nutrient. However, field trials conducted over a 204 day period in the intertidal zone of a sandy beach in Atlantic Canada demonstrated an acute toxic response by natural microflora to the “unweathered” condensate, and bacterial growth in the oiled sediments did not increase until the concentration of toxic low molecular weight aromatic compounds had been reduced by evaporation and/or dissolution. Chemical and bacteriological data suggest that this increase in bacterial numbers within the oiled enclosures may not be a direct consequence of condensate utilization. Although biodegradation of condensate stranded in beaches may be limited by the availability of nutrients, a single application of an oleophilic nutrient immediately following the addition of the crude oil did not enhance biodegradation. While limited biodegradation of the oil was observed in sediments seeded with bacteria, evidence shows that such allochthonous microorganisms were not sustained in the natural environment. This work suggests that the most promising approach to enhancing the biodegradation of oil stranded in sandy beach environments is through periodic replenishment of nutrients after the indigenous microflora have adapted to the contaminated sediments.
RECOVERY OF BRITTANY COASTAL MARSHES IN THE EIGHT YEARS FOLLOWING THE AMOCO CADIZ INCIDENT
Authors: Baca Bart J. , Lankford Thomas E. , Gundlach Erich R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The salt marshes on the Brittany coast of France have undergone a number of changes and have been influenced by man-made and natural factors since the Amoco Cadiz spill of March 1978. This work catalogs the ecological changes which have occurred over the past eight years and presents original data on the present state of these marshes.
The recovery of Brittany coastal marshes began following cleanup operations which were often damaging to marsh and marsh substrate. The physical and toxicological properties of the oil also were damaging in the short term, especially to annual species. Natural recovery began primarily by invasion of exposed areas with annuals and rhizome spreading of perennials. Within four years, an almost logarithmic recruitment process was begun by annuals followed by perennials. Pioneer and opportunistic species increased, facilitated by partially vegetated substrates available for seed and seedling retention and by increased seed and rhizome production. Man-induced restoration was also important and was done largely by planting wild or cultured stock. The final stage of marsh recovery, as existing today, is the emergence of perennial species of high and low marsh at elevations and tidal exposures typical for their growth.
These successional changes in a marsh following a major oil spill (and various other man-made impacts) provide an understanding of the complex processes involved in marsh recovery. This understanding allows the formulation of planning guidelines to predict the long-term impacts of future incidents and to make proper recommendations for cleanup and restoration to aid the recovery process.
THE FATE OF STRANDED OIL FOUR YEARS AFTER AN EXPERIMENTAL SPILL ON A SHELTERED GRAVEL BEACH
Authors: Owens Edward H. , Humphrey Blair , Hope Dave , Robson Wishart , Harper John R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Field studies on a remote, sheltered gravel beach have monitored the fate of 15 m3 of aged medium crude oil that was released onto the water surface and allowed to strand. The initial volume of oil (5.3 m3) retained on the shore in August 1981 was reduced to 1.3 m3 by August 1985, but oil that had been contained within an intertidal asphalt pavement remained relatively unweathered. By 1985, the pavement accounted for almost 30% of the oil remaining on the beach, even though it covered only 5% of the contaminated area. Oil-in-sediment concentrations remained high in the pavement samples (19,000 mg/kg); elsewhere on the beach, the concentrations in surface sediment samples ranged between 50 and 4,000 mg/kg, and the oils had undergone considerably greater evaporative weathering and biodegradation.
THE ROLE OF JUNCUS ROEMERIANUS IN CLEANUP OF OIL-POLLUTED SEDIMENTS
Authors: Lytle Julia S. , Lytle Thomas F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Several locations in the Mississippi Sound of the Central Gulf of Mexico have been sites of accidental and simulated oil spills over the past decade, providing excellent testing grounds for detecting interactions of indigenous marsh vegetation with petroleum pollutants. Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus, dominant marsh plants of this region, show resilience in the face of acute oil spills, with J. roemerianus decidedly more resilient in chronic exposures. More important, J. roemerianus can remove large amounts of petroleum hydrocarbons from the underlying sediments and from the water column. Collections of Juncus and underlying sediment from five estuarine environments showed levels and distributions of petroleum hydrocarbons in the aerial leaf portions that mirrored those found in the sediment substrate. Up to 9,000 ppm total hydrocarbons were found in J. roemerianus growing in oil-contaminated sediments. In two different studies, salt marsh plots of Juncus roemerianus and Spartina alterniflora were exposed to sediments inoculated with three different crude oils, an alkene, chrysene, and naphthalene, and uptake was monitored with time. Juncus was able to take up hydrocarbons unaltered within 10 days. Spartina showed no evidence of uptake, though it did show relative increases in lipid fractions.
THE IMPORTANCE OF USING APPROPRIATE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS IN OIL SPILL IMPACT STUDIES: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE AMOCO CADIZ OIL SPILL IMPACT ZONE
Authors: Gilfillan Edward S. , Page David S. , Griffin Barbara , Hanson Sherry A. , Foster Judith C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On March 16, 1978, the tanker Amoco Cadiz ran aground off the coast of North Brittany. Her cargo of 221,000 tons of light crude oil was released into the sea. More than 126 miles of coastline were oiled, including a number of oyster (Crassostrea gigas) growing establishments. The North Brittany coastline already was stressed by earlier additions of oil and metals.
In December 1979, 21 months after the oil spill, measurements of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, aspartate aminotransferase activity, and condition index were made in 14 populations of C. gigas. Five of the populations were outside the oil spill impact zone; nine populations were within it. At the same time the body burden of Cr, Ag, Pd, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Hg, as well as the body burden of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, was determined. Also at the same time, the numbers of total and fecal coliform bacteria in the ambient water were determined.
Results of stepwise multiple regression have shown that 21 months after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill, aromatic hydrocarbons were only one of three factors adversely affecting C. gigas populations in North Brittany. Multiple regression techniques can be extremely useful in identifying those stressors associated with physiological effects in populations of animals.
THE NOTION OF “POLLUTION DAMAGE,” WITH PARTICULAR REGARD TO DAMAGE TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Jacobsson Måns 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill incidents may cause damage of several different types: damage to property, consequential loss, pure economic loss, and damage to the environment. The last type presents the greatest problems in connection with liability and compensation, because it is not easily assessed in monetary terms.
This paper focuses on the problems relating to non-economic damage to the marine environment and economic loss as a consequence of damage to the environment. Some leading court cases are used to illustrate some of the problems.
The definition of “pollution damage” in the international conventions, i.e., the 1969 Civil Liability Convention and the 1971 Fund Convention, is discussed. The position taken by the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund in respect to claims for non-economic damage to the environment as well as claims for pure economic loss is described. The impact the new definition of this notion in the 1984 protocol to the Civil Liability Convention would have on the law of contracting states is examined.
UNITED STATES PROGRESS TOWARD ENACTMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE OIL SPILL LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION LEGISLATION
Authors: Corbett Charles R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Comprehensive oil spill liability and compensation legislation, including adoption of two important international oil spill treaties, has eluded the United States for too long. Although there is broad agreement in the Administration, both houses of Congress, oil and shipping interests, state governments and the environmental community that we need comprehensive oil spill legislation, these often divergent interests have not been able, at least as of this writing (December 1986), to agree on a compromise package.
Both houses of Congress passed bills during the 99th Congress, the latest House versions in Titles VI and VIII of H.R. 5300 and, in the Senate, S. 2799. These bills were dissimilar in several ways. However, most informed interests suggested that, had a compromise House bill emerged near the end of the Congress, a Senate-House conference committee could have reached agreement between the House offer and S. 2799. Unfortunately this did not occur. Also, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee reported out favorably (to the full Senate), the ratification of the 1984 protocols to the 1969 Civil Liability Convention and the 1971 Fund Convention (CLC and Fund), with a “reservation” and a number of “understandings.”
The need for appropriate legislation arises from deficiencies in and the patchwork approach of current U.S. legislation.
ON-SCENE COORDINATORS CAN EFFECTIVELY INFORM THE PUBLIC THROUGH THE NEWS MEDIA
Authors: Meidt Richard M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The news media influence public perceptions of environmental damage and response effectiveness during oil spills. Successful federal On-Scene Coordinators (OSC) recognize this fact, manage active public information efforts during major oil spills, and take active roles in media relations during spills' critical initial phases. The interests of the public, the news media, and the responder are best served by OSCs whose public information efforts are based on a program of accuracy, courtesy, and thrust of message. Such a program establishes the OSC as a credible source of information to outline the federal action being taken, counter speculation, and avoid inaccuracies. The Public Information Assist Team is a Coast Guard resource, ready to help federal OSCs meet the goals of public information and positive media relations during oil spills.
BEACH AGITATION FOR CRUDE OIL REMOVAL FROM INTERTIDAL BEACH SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Miller James A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Arco Anchorage crude oil spill in Port Angeles Harbor, Washington, on December 21, 1985 resulted in oil contamination of approximately 7,000 feet of sheltered beach along the south side of Ediz Hook. The oil penetrated into coarse-grained beach sediments within much of the intertidal zone. Typical oil penetration depths ranged from 2 to 12 inches, Hydrocarbon concentrations in beach sediments six weeks after the spill ranged from 50 to 20,000 ppm with a mean of 2,900 ppm (total weight basis).
A beach agitation program was implemented to remove the oil trapped within pore spaces in the beach sediments. Various equipment was evaluated for beach agitation purposes, including raking machinery, rippers, and jetting apparatus. A bulldozer operating in shallow water with ripper teeth and a water jet system was found to be most effective.
Beach agitation was accomplished in segments with each work area isolated by containment booms and sorbent materials. Oil liberated by beach agitation was recovered by sorbents, rope skimmers, and a vacuum truck. By this method, the entire 7,000 feet of affected beach was treated in six weeks.
Chemical analysis of beach sediments before and after the beach agitation program indicated that the technique was very successful in removing the oil held in soil pore spaces. More than 74 percent of the crude oil was removed from areas of heavy beach contamination. Residual oil concentrations from less than 50 to 7,500 ppm remained following the beach agitation program, with a mean post-agitation oil concentration of 550 ppm. This oil, mostly adsorbed to soil particles, is not readily removed by agitation and is expected to decrease in concentration over time.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL SKIMMING SYSTEM TO MEET NAVY SPECIFICATIONS1
Authors: Smith Joseph B. H. , McLellan Charles , Pintler Larry R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Having determined that the Navy's small and medium oil skimmers should be replaced, the Naval Facilities Engineering Command issued a request for proposal for an oil skimming system. Requirements and selection criteria were developed by the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory.
Six technical proposals were found to meet Navy requirements. Of the manufacturers who were asked to submit prices for their systems, Crowley Environmental Services (CES) was the lowest bidder. The proposal submitted by CES was for a floating belt mop skimmer system.
The contract awarded to CES was conditional on the successful completion of two series of tests. In all the tests, the skimmer's performance confirmed the data submitted in the technical proposal.
SHIPBOARD NAVIGATIONAL RADAR AS AN OIL SPILL TRACKING TOOL1
Authors: Tennyson E. J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The utility of shipboard navigational radar as an oil spill tracking tool was evaluated in a wide range of sea states during an intentional oil spill exercise off Nova Scotia in September 1987. Specially tuned ship's radar onboard the Canadian Coast Guard Cutter Mary Hitchens was able to detect slicks of five barrels of spilled crude oil during periods of fog, rain, and darkness. Slicks were detectable in winds ranging from less than 10 knots up to more than 30 knots. There appeared to be a correlation between slick thickness and the capability for radar detection. This paper explores the observed limits of radar for detection during the exercise.
THE RECOVERY OF SPILLED HEAVY OIL WITH FISH NETTING
Authors: Brown H. M. , Goodman R. H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Most oil spill containment and recovery equipment is not suitable for use with heavy viscous crude oils. For these oils, nets have been suggested as a containment device, and some laboratory and open sea studies of their suitability have been conducted. We have used a trolley system in a large outdoor pool to measure net loading and to observe the behavior of nets in containing heavy neutrally buoyant oil (viscosity of 3 × 105 cSt at 10° C). For moderate towing speeds of about 0.3 meters per second, inexpensive ¼ inch mesh fish netting was found to be a suitable containment device.
INTEGRATED REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM FOR MARITIME SURVEILLANCE OPERATIONAL IN ITALY
Authors: Geraci Alberto L. , Lolli Ferdinando 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A multisensor system was integrated into the P.166-DL3 Piaggio aircraft that was selected for maritime surveillance by the Italian Merchant Marine Ministry for the Coast Guard. Four aircraft equipped with such a system are now operational in Italy. Sensors include bispectral scanner, FLIR system, aerial camera system, surveillance system operator console, and related facilities. In addition, four more aircraft have been purchased, and will be in operational use in the very near future with an improved sensor system. Current Coast Guard plans are to have 12 aircraft operational for maritime surveillance; further development will include in-flight data transmission and ground data processing capabilities.