bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE BOKSMART INTERVENTION: THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE, EDUCATION AND PERCEPTIONS AND INJURY PREVENTION BEHAVIOUR IN RUGBY UNION PLAYERS
Authors: Brown J , Lubbe S , Lambert M , van Mechelen W , Verhagen E 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundRugby union (“rugby”) players have an above-average risk of injury compared to participants of other popular team sports. The BokSmart programme attempts to reduce injury risk in players through education of injury prevention practices.ObjectiveTo investigate whether correct knowledge, positive perceptions and education were associated with best-practice injury prevention behaviours in rugby players.DesignA questionnaire was completed annually by tournament rugby players between 2008–2012. Chi-squared analyses and a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) map investigated associations between 18 behaviours and their corresponding knowledge, perception and education components.SettingJunior (under-18) and senior (adult) annual rugby tournaments players.ParticipantsOf the 112 junior and 84 senior teams at the tournaments, 111 (99%, n=2279 players) and 81 (96%, n=1642 players) teams opted to complete the questionnaire.Assessment of risk FactorsRelationship between knowledge, education and perceptions, and injury prevention behaviours for rugby.Main outcome measurementsThe assessed injury prevention behaviours were injury management (ice, compression, etc.) mouthguard use, warming-up/cooling down, practicing techniques (scrumming, tackling, rucking) and physical conditioning.ResultsThe average age of players completing the questionnaire was 21±4 years. There was a significant (P<.05) positive relationship between knowledge/education for all 18 behaviours. In contrast, players' perceptions of the efficacy of injury prevention behaviour did not correspond with their self-reported behaviour. These findings were confirmed visually with an MCA map.ConclusionsThe findings above imply that the BokSmart intervention may have been effective in changing behaviour through knowledge and education, but not through perceptions. To improve injury prevention behaviour, BokSmart should focus on improving knowledge and education of players. Future ‘true’ prospective studies should investigate the above relationships, in particular how much influence BokSmart has on player's education/knowledge.
ARE FORCE ASYMMETRIES MEASURED IN JUMP TESTS ASSOCIATED WITH PREVIOUS INJURY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALLERS?
Authors: Cohen D , Clarke N , Harland S , Lewin C 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIn female athletes, bilateral aysmmetry in peak landing forces during the drop jump is associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk and is proposed as a marker of rehabilitation progression following ACL rupture. Less is known regarding the value of the assessment of these asymmetry in jump tasks in relation to recovery from other lower extremity injuries, particularly in male athletes.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between previous injury and bilateral limb asymmetry in peak ground reaction forces during a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a drop jump (DJ).DesignRetrospective study.SettingProfessional football club.Participants24 first team players.Risk factor assessmentCMJ and DJ performed on two force platforms placed side by side with one foot on each platform.Main outcome measurementsAsymmetry in peak force during the take-off and landing phases of a CMJ countermovement jump in healthy players who either had (INJ) or had not (N-INJ) sustained a non-contact lower extremity injury in the preceding season.ResultsCompared to N-INJ, P-INJ mean asymmetry in P-INJ was CMJ takeoff force was 8% higher (CMT-a), in landing force (CML-a) 57% higher, in DJ first landing (DJ1-a) and second landing (DJ2-a) 11% and 31% higher, respectively. None of these differences were significant, but based on Cohen'sd, the difference between INJ and N-INJ in CML-a was large (d=0.65), in DJ2-a was moderate (d=0.39) and in CMT-a and DJ1-a was small (d=0.13 and d=0.28, respectively).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that in pro footballers jump landing force asymmetry both in CMJ and DJ may be a marker of residual deficits associated with previous lower extremity injury. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine whether these asymmetries may also be a marker of future injury risk.
MEASURING SHOULDER EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ROTATION STRENGTH WITH A HAND-HELD DYNAMOMETER, AND RANGE OF MOTION USING A GONIOMETER AND A DIGITAL INCLINOMETER: COMPREHENSIVE INTRA- AND INTER RATER RELIABILITY STUDY OF SEVERAL TESTING PROTOCOLS
Authors: Cools A , De Wilde L , van Tongel A , Cambier D 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundShoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength measurements are imperative in the clinical assessment of the overhead athlete in the prevention and rehabilitation of sports related shoulder injuries. The method and type of assessment varies among clinicians and institutions. Until present, no comprehensive study ever examined reliability of a variety of procedures based on different testing equipment, and specific patient or shoulder position.ObjectiveTo establish absolute and relative reliability for several procedures measuring the rotational shoulder ROM and strength into internal (IR) and external (ER) rotation strength.DesignControlled laboratory study.Participants30 healthy subjects (15 male, 15 female) with a mean age of 22.1 (±1.4) years.Risk factor assessmentSubjects were examined by 2 examiners measuring ROM with a goniometer and inclinometer, and isometric strength with a Hand-Held-Dynamometer (HHD) respectively, in different patient's positions, and shoulder's positions. Relative reliability was determined by Intra-Class-Correlation coefficients (ICC). Absolute reliability was quantified by Standard-Error-of-Measurement (SEM) and Minimal-Detectable-Change (MDC). Systematic differences across trials or between testers, as well as differences among similar measurements under different testing circumstances were analyzed with dependent t-tests or ANOVA Repeated Measures (in case of 2 or more than 2 conditions respectively).Main outcome measurementsRange of motion (in degrees) and isometric muscle strength (in Newton).ResultsGood to excellent intra- and intertester reliability was established for IR and ER ROM and isometric strength measurements, regardless of patient or shoulder position or equipment used (ICC 0.85-0.99). No systematic differences were found across trials or between testers. However patient's position, as well as equipment resulted in different outcome measures.ConclusionsAll procedures examined showed acceptable reliability for clinical use. However, patient position and equipment might influence the results. For sport specific measurements, ROM and strength should be measured in positions, resembling the throwing position.
ELITE ATHLETES AND ORAL HEALTH: A REVIEW
Authors: Ashley P , Cole E , Diorio A , Tanday A , Needleman I 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundData on the impact of oral health on sporting performance is missing and the epidemiology of oral diseases in the elite athlete population is poorly understood.ObjectiveTo systematically review available evidence to determine the epidemiology of oral diseases in the elite athlete population and the impact of oral health on sporting performance.DesignSystematic review of the available literature. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, EBSCO SPORTDiscus and OpenGrey up to February 2013. Data extraction was carried out with a specially developed form. Data extracted related to the type of study (eg case control, cohort study etc.), methodological quality, sports included and oral health (including its impact on performance). Methodological quality was assessed using a modification of the Newcastle–Ottawa scale and CASP critical appraisal checklist.SettingElite division.ParticipantsRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) or observational studies with some measure of oral health used as an outcome. Studies assessing the impact of interventions on oral health were not included.Main outcome measurementsOral health, methodological quality of included studies.ResultsAfter screening 9208 citations, 38 studies remained. Most studies investigated trauma (n=31 papers, 82% of all included studies) with the remainder looking at oral health and other outcomes. Studies were subject to multiple methodological biases and use of a wide range of outcomes limited comparison between studies. In general head/face/dental trauma made up a very small proportion of injuries received by athletes during specific tournaments or over a fixed timespan with the exception of wrestling, ice hockey and football. Oral health as expressed by caries was poor in athletes. No studies to date had been designed to assess impact.ConclusionsThere is a lack of data on the oral health of elite athletes and its impact on performance.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL THAT BRIDGES THE ORGANIZATION-PRACTICE BARRIER IN OVERUSE INJURY PREVENTION: AN ACTION RESEARCH STUDY IN SWEDISH ATHLETICS
Authors: Dahlström Ö , Jacobsson J , Timpka T 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundSports organisations and sportspersons often suffer from an “autonomy-gap” obstructing implementation of interventions against overuse injuries. This obstruction has been described as the organisation-practice (OP) barrier.ObjectiveTo develop an inter-organisational sports safety promotion model targeted at prevention of overuse injuries by identifying initiatives that lastingly will bridge the OP barrier.DesignParticipatory action research with focus group interviews using the quality function deployment (QFD) technique.SettingSwedish athletics involving the Swedish Athletics Association (SAA), clubs, athletes, coaches, and other stakeholders in the sport.ParticipantsRepresentatives of Swedish athletics; officials from different divisions of the SAA, coaches, athletes, medical personal, club representatives and parents to youth athletes (year 1: n=12; year 2: n=35).Qualitative data collected and analyzedSports needs (Voice of Sports), organizational requirements, organizational changes.Main qualitative outcomesOrganizational facilitators of sports safety promotion targeted at prevention of overuse injuries.ResultsAnorganic sports safety modelresulted from the transformation of identified sports needs and organizational requirements into organisational changes. In this model, a dynamic and constantly active organisation-practice membrane reaches across the OP barrier. This organizational membrane consists of an infrastructure supporting continuous exchange of data and information between different actors in athletics. The central component is an Internet-based safety surveillance system covering Swedish athletics as a whole. A ‘Safety Forum’ is used for safety discussions between athletes, researchers, and SAA representatives, and a ‘Coaches’ Corner' allows communication between experienced coaches and younger colleagues.ConclusionsAn inter-organizational sports safety model facilitating collaboration between sports organisations and sportspersons was developed in the setting of Swedish athletics. The principal feature in the model is an infrastructure supporting continuous exchange of data and information between different actors. Further research is warranted to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of the novel model in overuse injury prevention.
H REFLEX FROM SOLEUS MUSCLE AFTER ANKLE SPRAIN OF A COLLEGE BASKETBALL PLAYER
Authors: Daikuya S , Ono A , Yabe K 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIn our previous study, we reported the neuro-muscular function after the reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament was changed compared with healthy subjects by electrophysiological study. In this study, the electrophysiological findings were reported in the patient with ankle sprain.ObjectiveTo clarify that the fluctuation of the excitability of spinal neural function after ankle sprain, we studied the alteration of H-reflex from the soleus muscle in a patient with ankle sprain.Design and settingThis study was the single case research, which belonged to the basketball team in university first division.PatientSubject was 21-year-old male college basketball player, left ankle inversed sprain (grade II). There were swelling, pain and instability. As for the activity of daily life, walking in pain was appeared, and going up and down stairs was needed too much time.Main outcome measurementsH-reflex from soleus muscle was recorded at before injury (medical check), three days after injury and one month after injury. H-reflex and maximal M wave from the bilateral soleus muscle were evoked at rest and amplitude ratio of H/Mmax (H/Mmax) was calculated and H/Mmax was compared between after and before injury.ResultsH/Mmax was increased at three days after ankle sprain on both injured side and non-injured side compared with both before and one month after injury, and long-latency-reflex was appeared on the only injured side after three days. After one month, electrophysiological findings became the same as before injury.ConclusionsIt was cleared that the excitability of spinal and supra-spinal neural function related to soleus muscle at three days after was increased due to pain, joint effusion and/or instability. Even if a slight injury like ankle sprain, the neural function has to be paid attention at least one month after injury in the field of physiotherapy.
DOES ADEQUATE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA (BA) CAN PREVENT THE EXCESS DECLINE OF PULMONARY FUNCTION OVER TIME AMONG ELITE ATHLETES?
Authors: Dohi M , Nose S , Kamahara K , Watanabe K , Yamaswa F , Ohta K , Kawahara T 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIt is known that the pulmonary function shows a decline over time. There is the potential for an increase of airway damage among athletes who have higher ventilation compared with normal population. This means that the athletes with BA are suffering the doubled risk of airway damage due to their chronic inflammation of asthma and hyperventilation by sport.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to investigate if higher ventilation over time causes airway damage among athletes and the adequate treatment for BA prevents unnecessary airway damage.DesignA retrospective study.SettingElite athletes, Olympic team.Main outcome measurement88 athletes older than 18 years old who participated both Beijing (2008) and London (2012) Olympic Games and underwent spirometry were included in this study. Spirometry measurements of athletes were collected at the pre-competition medical assessment before Beijing and London Olympic Games. The change in the values of spirometry parameters over four years was compared with its predictive values to verify if sports affect athlete's pulmonary function. Athletes were categorized into 4 groups depending on past history, present illness and treatment history of BA.ResultsAthletes who had a past history of BA have a tendency for the worse value than the predictive value in FEV1(forced expiratory volume in one second). However the change of value over four years has not shown significant difference. The other hand, asthmatic athletes who have an adequate treatment have not shown a different value to predictive values and the value did not show any chorological change over four years.ConclusionThe decline of pulmonary function over time was found in athletes. Our study suggests that exercise may not affect the aggravation of obstructive abnormality on asthmatic athletes with a proper treatment for BA.
INJURY AND ILLNESS RISKS DURING OUTDOOR EUROPEAN ATHLETICS CHAMPIONSHIPS: ANALYSIS OF HELSINKI 2012 CHAMPIONSHIPS
Authors: Edouard P , Depiesse F , Branco P , Alonso JM 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate the improvement in the medical surveillance system, and to continue the identification and analyses of the incidence and characteristics of newly incurred injuries and illnesses during major Athletics Championships, in order to discuss injury and illness risk factors.DesignProspective recording of newly occurred injuries and illnesses.SettingThe 2012 European Athletics Championships in Helsinki, Finland.ParticipantsThe 1342 registered athletes, and the physicians and physiotherapists from the national team and local organising committee.Main outcome measuresIncidence and characteristics of new injuries and illnesses.ResultsRegarding the medical surveillance system, all countries with more than 15 registered athletes (n=30; 60% of 50 national teams) participated in this study covering 1244 athletes (92.7% of 1342 registered), with report forms response rate of 90.7%.Overall 132 injuries were reported, representing an incidence of 97.6 injuries per 1000 registered athletes, and 61 (47%) resulted in time-loss from sport. The main injury diagnoses were hamstring strain, ankle sprain, lower leg strain, and trunk muscle cramps. Overuse (38%) was the predominant cause, but non-contact trauma represent 25% of injury causes. Injury risk was higher in male and increased with age. Injury risk during finals was significantly higher than during qualifying rounds. The highest incidences of injuries were found in combined events and middle- and long-distance events.27 illnesses were reported, with most of upper respiratory tract infections and gastro-enteritis/diarrhoea. Illness risk factors remains unclear.ConclusionsThe injury and illness surveillance system seems to have improved since the first Athletics studies. During elite Athletics Championships, the gender, age, finals and some disciplines seem to be injury risk factors. Illness risk factors remains unclear. Preventive interventions should focus on overuse injuries, hamstring strains, and adequate rehabilitation of previous injuries, and to decrease the risk of infectious diseases transmission (on appropriate event scheduling, appropriate sports clothes on weather conditions and heat acclimatization).
CHANGES OF MAXIMAL POWER OUTPUT OF LOWER EXTREMITY DURING A DECATHLON
Authors: Edouard P , Morin JB , Samozino P 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIn decathlon, a higher injury risk over other Athletics disciplines has been reported. It may be caused by neuromuscular fatigue, which may be induced by repeated maximal efforts over the two days of competition.ObjectivesTo determine the change in lower extremity power output over the course of a decathlon in order to better define/understand 1) the functional demands represented by decathlon, 2) the muscular mechanical capabilities determining decathlon performance, and 3) their potential relationships with injury risk factors.DesignCross-sectional controlled study.SettingField conditions during the 2010 French National Decathlon Championships.Participants6 national-level athletes and 11 representative control subjects.Main outcome measuresThe change in lower extremity power output, and its force and velocity components, was tested on the basis of maximal squat jump and cycling sprint measurements, at the beginning and end of the two days of competition.ResultsNo differences in squat jump and cycling sprint values were found between each testing time (P>.05), while significant lower squat jump values for control participants were reported at the second day beginning (P<.05).ConclusionsNo significant changes in lower extremity muscle power output were reported over the course of a decathlon, suggesting no substantial neuromuscular fatigue was induced by two days of decathlon competition. We can therefore reasonably assume that the accumulation of fatigue (and/or neuromuscular fatigue, if any) does not play a major role in injury risk in decathlon. Higher injury risk reported in decathlon may be due to the sum of the injury risks of the 10 events. Our study could be considered as a pilot study, and future studies should be done to confirm these preliminary results.
THE EFFECTS OF AN EIGHT WEEK ANKLE INJURY PREVENTION PILOT PROGRAMME ON RECREATIONAL BASKETBALL PLAYERS BALANCE AND AGILITY: A WITHIN SUBJECT DESIGN
Authors: Fisher P , Paton B , Mias E 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundA protective effect from neuromuscular training (NMT) has been demonstrated in basketball (Cumps et al, 2007). However, only limited evidence exists linking NMT and improvements in performance (Noyes et al, 2012).ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess for change in performance following the completion of an abridged version of an NMT programme aimed at reducing ankle injury rates in basketball players.DesignA cohort trial where all players were evenly assessed and included in the programme.SettingsBasketball players from two basketball institutions (High school league). 10 International- 14 non-international players (age 16–19 years).Participants39 players initially: 34 (12F- 22M) in the end (5 drop-outs).InterventionPlayers were assessed on the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and the Agility T Test (ATT) before they undertook 8 weeks of supervised progressive NMT that included balance tasks, jump tasks and cutting maneuvers. Subject's performance markers were re-tested upon completion of the programme.Main outcome measurementsThis study suggests that the supervised delivery of an 8-week NMT programme based on injury prevention in basketball results in significant improvements in performance markers.ResultsStatistically significant improvement in performance was seen in the SEBT in 11 of the 16 test directions following completion of the NMT (P≤.01). Composite SEBT values showed statistically significant improvement (P≤.05). Improvements in ATT were also seen upon completion of the NMT programme (P≤.05). Analysis of change in SEBT composite scores and ATT times showed no significant difference in improvement between sexes, injury history and playing level (P≥.05). Analysis of left and right legs in SEBT showed significant differences within subjects' Pre NMT (P≤.05), but Post NMT differences were no longer significant (P>.05).ConclusionThis program should be considered as a prevention tool during the pre-season and/or as a key part of the discharged criteria following an ankle injury.