bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weak lensing of strong lensing: beyond the tidal regime
Authors: Duboscq Théo , Hogg Natalie B. , Fleury Pierre , Larena Julien 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The analysis of strong lensing images usually involves an external convergence and shear, which are meant to model the effect of perturbations along the line of sight, on top of the main lens. Such a description of line-of-sight perturbations supposes that the corresponding gravitational fields can be treated in the tidal regime. Going one step further introduces additional effects, known as flexion, which have been hitherto neglected in strong lensing. In this work, we build a minimal model for the line-of-sight flexion, which adds four new complex parameters to the lens model. Contrary to convergence and shear, the line-of-sight flexion cannot be projected onto the main lens plane. For a ΛCDM cosmology, we predict the typical line-of-sight flexion to be on the order of 10-3 arcsec-1 on galactic scales. Neglecting its effect in lens modelling is found to bias the recovery of other parameters; in particular, the line-of-sight shear can be biased up to 2σ. Accounting for the line-of-sight flexion in our minimal framework restores accuracy, at the cost of degrading precision. With current imaging capabilities, the line-of-sight flexion is unlikely to be measurable on individual strong lensing images; it must therefore be considered a nuisance parameter rather than an observable in its own right.
Cosmic shear with small scales: DES-Y3, KiDS-1000 and HSC-DR1
Authors: García-García Carlos , Zennaro Matteo , Aricò Giovanni , Alonso David , Angulo Raul E. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractWe present a cosmological analysis of the combination of the DES-Y3, KiDS-1000 and HSC-DR1 weak lensing samples under a joint harmonic-space pipeline making use of angular scales down to ℓmax=4500, corresponding to significantly smaller scales (δθ ~ 2.4') than those commonly used in cosmological weak lensing studies. We are able to do so by accurately modelling non-linearities and the impact of baryonic effects usingBaccoemu. We findS8≡σ8√(Ωm/0.3) = 0.795+0.015-0.017, in relatively good agreement with CMB constraints fromPlanck(less than ~1.8σtension), although we obtain a low value of Ωm=0.212+0.017-0.032, in tension withPlanckat the ~3σ level. We show that this can be recast as an H0tension if one parametrises the amplitude of fluctuations and matter abundance in terms of variables without hidden dependence on H0. Furthermore, we find that this tension reduces significantly after including a prior on the distance-redshift relationship from BAO data, without worsening the fit. In terms of baryonic effects, we show that failing to model and marginalise over them on scalesℓ≲ 2000 does not significantly affect the posterior constraints for DES-Y3 and KiDS-1000, but has a mild effect on deeper samples, such as HSC-DR1. This is in agreement with our ability to only mildly constrain the parameters of the Baryon Correction Model with these data.
A hidden population of active galactic nuclei can explain the overabundance of luminous z > 10 objects observed by JWST
Authors: Hegde Sahil , Wyatt Michael M. , Furlanetto Steven R. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The first wave of observations with JWST has revealed a striking overabundance of luminous galaxies at early times (z > 10) compared to models of galaxies calibrated to pre-JWST data. Early observations have also uncovered a large population of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at z > 6. Because many of the high-z objects appear extended, the contribution of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to the total luminosity has been assumed to be negligible. In this work, we use a semi-empirical model for assigning AGNs to galaxies to show that active galaxies can boost the stellar luminosity function (LF) enough to solve the overabundance problem while simultaneously remaining consistent with the observed morphologies of high-z sources. We construct a model for the composite AGN+galaxy LF by connecting dark matter halo masses to galaxy and SMBH masses and luminosities, accounting for dispersion in the mapping between host galaxy and SMBH mass and luminosity. By calibrating the model parameters — which characterize the M
∙
-M* relation — to a compilation of z > 10 JWST UVLF data, we show that AGN emission can account for the excess luminosity under a variety of scenarios, including one where 10% of galaxies host BHs of comparable luminosities to their stellar components. Using a sample of simulated objects and real observations, we demonstrate that such low-luminosity AGNs can be `hidden' in their host galaxies and be missed in common morphological analyses. We find that for this explanation to be viable, our model requires a population of BHs that are overmassive (M
∙
/M* ~ 10-2) with respect to their host galaxies compared to the local relation and are more consistent with the observed relation at z = 4-8. We explore the implications of this model for BH seed properties and comment on observational diagnostics necessary to further investigate this explanation.
Comment on ‘Relationship between magnetic field and tokamak size—a system engineering perspective and implications to fusion development’
Authors: Creely A.J. , Brunner D. , Eich T. , Greenwald M.J. , LaBombard B. , Mumgaard R.T. , Segal M. , Sorbom B.N. , Whyte D.G. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The recent Federici et al (2024 Nucl. Fusion
64 036025) article makes the argument that higher magnetic fields cannot reduce the size and cost of a tokamak-based fusion power plant due to: structural considerations of the toroidal field (TF) coils, the required thickness for neutron shielding and the blanket, and challenges with heat exhaust in the divertor. This conclusion is based on a series of assumptions that are design decisions made by the authors, not fundamental limits on physics or engineering. This Comment demonstrates that the conclusions of Federici et al are invalid if one makes different design choices and that its results are therefore not broadly generalizable.
Design of switching system between LED light and pulsed laser at the cold light source end of hysteroscopy
Authors: Wang JR , Ge CH , Wang QB , Zou GS , Zhang XM , Yi H , Zhang YL , Wu SL , Li H 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
With the development of photoacoustic imaging technology, photoacoustic imaging technology has the advantages of noninvasiveness, high resolution, high imaging speed, etc., and shows a broad application prospect in tumor tissue detection. As a tool for endometrial cancer screening, hysteroscopy, combined with photoacoustic imaging technology, is also radiation-free compared to other detection means, providing a better screening tool for uterine disease screening. Since hysteroscopy has only one light source incident end, in order to detect conveniently and save time and effort, we need to observe both the photoacoustic signal and the internal uterine condition for subsequent treatment, for this reason, this paper proposes a scheme to change the incident light source by using the rotating light source toggle switch of the reflector to collect the photoacoustic signal inversion image and the observation image of the cold light source of LED on the agar block samples and the isolated tissues, respectively, for image comparison. Image comparisons were performed. The experimental results show that this scheme achieves the expected effect, which can not only examine the photoacoustic signal of abnormal tissue to obtain its inverse image, but also directly observe and acquire images of the site, which is expected to be applied to the screening and clinical treatment of intrauterine diseases.
Study on Strength Behavior of Expansive Soil Stabilized with Dune Sand and Sodium Silicate
Authors: Mahdi Hayder A. , Ahmed Balqees A. , Ahmed Mahmood D. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
When designing structures constructed on soil that undergoes volumetric changes due to variations in its moisture content, the upward pressure exerted by the soil poses a risk to the safety of the facilities. A significant number of researchers are looking into solutions to either treat these soils or lessen the detrimental consequences they have. One treatment option involves stabilizing these soils by adding low-expansion soil or materials, which can impact their swell characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the effect that the addition of dune sand and sodium silicate material would have on the swellability and strength behaviour of swellable bentonite soil. Soil samples were prepared containing bentonite soil (68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82), dune sand (11%, 12%, and 15%), and sodium silicate (0%, 4%, 6%, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, and 21%), to Get different soils with varying swelling capacities. The increased addition rates of sodium silicate significantly affected the soil’s swelling qualities. This was evident in the decrease in swelling pressure, as assessed by the free swelling method, from 882 kPa to 38 kPa, despite the drop in the percentage of dune sand. The change also resulted in modifications to the mechanical test results. The value of Cc decreased from 0.29 to 0.21 when sodium silicate was added at a rate of 11%. Similarly, the value of Cs decreased from 0.032 to 0.024 when sodium silicate was added at 14%. Additionally, the shear strength parameter Cu increased from 110 kN/m2 to 261 kN/m2 when sodium silicate was added at a rate of 4%. Furthermore, the value of Φ increased from 10o to 41o when sodium silicate was added at 11%. The Atterberg limit’s swelling indicators also went down. The addition of 10% sodium silicate is an optimal solution for decreasing soil swelling and enhancing the mechanical characteristics of the soil, even at modest rates of dune sand addition.
Methodology for landslide risk assessment – a case study of the Poroj River catchment area
Authors: Jovanovski Milorad , Peshevski Igor , Nedelkovska Natasha , Papic Jovan Br. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The article presents basic elements of methodology for landslide risk assessment applied for a case study of the Poroj River catchment area in Macedonia. This region is known as very vulnerable and susceptible to landslide, erosion and flood phenomena, with high level of risks over affected population and infrastructure. Main elements of risk assessment are related to: preparation of shallow landslide susceptibility models, calculation of slope stability and probability of failure of large deep landslide Gjermo located in the middle of catchment area, using the software RocPlane, estimation of eroded volume of landslide with a risk of a damming of the river and determination of possible consequences due to these events. The presented methodology also includes elements of detecting unstable zones applying Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar technology. Several consequences with the landslide probability classes are defined, and they are combined as pairs of values in a risk matrix. Results are presented in a form of susceptibility maps for several scenarios (in relation to the values of the geotechnical parameters and the saturation degree of the ground) and the final landslide risk map. The obtained susceptibility maps show that shallow landslides models depend a lot on the saturation degree, but in the analyzed cases, it is evident that the area of Gjermo village landslide is in the zones where the safety factor F<1. From the prepared landslide risk map it is evident that the area of Gjermo village is at the highest risk. The surrounding area of the village, where some houses can be affected together with local infrastructure and the zone around the Hydro Power Plant - HPP3 are at medium risk, and the rest of the catchment area is at low risk because there is no population or infrastructure to be affected by possible sliding. The prepared maps can be used in the design of protection measures necessary to reduce the possible consequences.
Comparison Between Circular Sewer Pipe and Non-Circular Sewer Cross Sections
Authors: Wirya Abdulrazaq Alend , Arbili Mohamed M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Circular pipes offer a significant advantage over non-circular ones because they maintain a higher flow velocity when half full or nearly full, even when the slope is the same. This advantage stems from the geometry of circles, which, among all polygon shapes, has the largest area for a given perimeter. As a result, circular pipes are the most cost-effective option for construction. However, when dealing with relatively low fluid flow, circular sections may not be the most efficient choice. At lower flow rates, there is greater friction when the flow cross-section is increases, leading to lower flow velocities. This lower velocity is the main drawback of circular pipes, as it provides more opportunities for sediment to settle within the pipe. Sewer system where the water level varies throughout the day. Using the Manning equation, you can easily observe this phenomenon. As the water level decreases, the flow speed also slows down because the space available for water to flow through becomes more restricted. When the water flow is reduced, maintaining a sufficiently high flow speed is crucial to prevent the accumulation of waste or debris. This emphasizes the importance of exploring different shapes for sewer pipes to find the most effective one. The current research employed both numerical and graphical analysis to illustrate the subtle differences between circular and non-circular cross sections. This discrepancy is particularly evident within a fullness ratio range of 0.05% to 0.25%. Conversely, beyond this range, circular sections exhibit a relatively higher velocity.
Smart Irrigation Technique in the Fixed Irrigation System Based on Soil Moisture Content
Authors: Mohsin Tahir Dana , Omran Al-Sulttani Ali 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The growing water demand has raised serious concerns about the future of irrigated agriculture in many parts all over the world, changing environmental conditions and shortage of water (especially in Iraq) have led to the need for a new system that efficiently manages the irrigation of crops. With the increasing population growing at a rapid pace, traditional agriculture will have a tough time meeting future food demands. Water availability and conservation are major concerns for farmers. The configuration of the smart irrigation system was designed based on data specific to the parameters concerning the characteristics of the plant and the properties of soil which are measured once in the research (permeability, pH, humidity, porosity, etc.), the soil moisture content sensors are placed in the root zone of plants when the crop needs to be irrigated the sensors send notifications to the user of the system from the application on a smartphone to operate the water pump and on the contrary when the soil saturated the sensors notify the user to turn off the water pump. This paper aims to discuss the aspects related to designing and fabricating an automatic irrigation system using sensors of soil moisture content using this method will save time and money significantly. The study found that the quantity of water consumed to irrigate the yellow corn crop in the portion assigned for smart irrigation technique in an area of 875 m2 is less than the amount of consumed water utilized in the section allocated for fixed sprinkler irrigation in the same area by 34.444%, furthermore, the yield of the yellow corn crop grown using smart irrigation technique exceeds that of the crop grown by fixed sprinkler irrigation. And also, human intervention will be reduced.
Applying SWOT Analysis to Manage Maintenance of Municipal Water Projects in Karbala City
Authors: Ibraheem Shaimaa , Tuama Al-Awadi Aysar , Jasim Mohammed Al-Saadi Riyadh 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This paper aims to study the maintenance management reality of four water treatment plants in Karbala governorate and indicate the problems that need to be addressed. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) techniques were used to analyze the maintenance management. A questionnaire was prepared according to SWOT analysis requirements. The Delphi technique and the Likert scale were utilized and applied to several water stations, based on plans and reports of design, operation and maintenance, and field visits to these stations. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire was organized and conducted to obtain the opinion of experts in the business sectors in the areas of operation, maintenance, implementation, and planning of water filtration plants, the academic sector, environment, and technology, as input to the SWOT model. Three rounds of the questionnaire were sent to more than 100 experts varying in qualifications and experience, taking into account the issues of the elements required for SWOT analysis which are management and use of water plants and networks, human resources and manpower, budget, financial and economic affairs. The weight, relative importance, and implementation of each item in each SWOT element and issues were computed. The results showed that in the internal elements, the element of strength has a higher importance than weakness, and this points to the necessity of supporting, developing, and paying attention to these points. At the same time, this does not mean neglecting the weak points. As for the external elements, the elements of opportunities and threats are equal in importance, attaining medium importance. Here, despite the presence of the external elements and the degree of medium importance, this does not mean in any way to leave these points outside the circle of attention, as their equal importance calls for the necessity of paying attention to these points with the same degree of attention because they still have the same effect. For issues within the SWOT elements, it was found that in strength, human resources have less importance compared to the budget and cost, which are equally important with management and use, which calls for more attention to these aspects. Whereas, in weakness, the three issues are equal in degree of importance, and opportunities, the issues are also equal in degree of importance. This shows that the three issues have the same impact within the elements of weakness, opportunity, and threat, which calls for attention to them to the same degree.
A New Strengthening Technique for Reinforced Concrete Corbels Openings Using Steel Plates
Authors: Hassan Hadeel Sadeq Mohammed , Yasir Ali Ammar 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to study the behavior of corbels with openings and aimed at examining the potential use of strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) corbels that had openings with steel plates. Experiments were done to examine the load-bearing capacity of ten corbels having square, circular, horizontal, and vertical holes. All corbels had symmetrical cantilever projections that measured 250mm long, 160mm wide, 240mm deep at the column face, and 80mm deep at the free end. Test parameters included the opening shape, the presence and absence of horizontal ties, and steel plates. There are three tested groups: group A included three corbels with horizontal ties, group B included three corbels without horizontal ties, and group C included four corbels, strengthening two corbels from group A and two corbels from group B. The results showed that the vertical opening has a greater impact than the horizontal opening in terms of maximum load. Also, the absence of horizontal closed ties increases cracking load by about 25%, decreases maximum load by about 16%, and increases service deflection by about 385%. On the other hand, corbels without horizontal ties had a negative effect on openings. The degradation in ultimate load and cracking load was about 16% and 25%, respectively, and the increase in service deflection was about 299%. The presence of the square opening reduced the maximum load by 13%, increase service deflection about 156%, decrease cracking load about 31%. Also, strengthening results have the greatest effect on vertical openings. The strengthening of corbels with openings by using steel plates showed that the greatest compensation for lost strength was in corbels without horizontal ties. The enhancement in ultimate load was about 33% more than corbel without steel plates and 12% more than reference without opening.
Enhancing Sewage Pipeline Project Cost Estimations in Iraq through Artificial Neural Network Models
Authors: Abbas Abdullah , Aswed Gafel K. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Managing wastewater systems effectively is vital, for planning as it impacts health and the environments sustainability. The financial aspect, especially estimating costs plays a role in project execution. Traditional cost estimation methods have often proven unreliable due to the nature of construction projects. This research introduces a perspective by using network (ANN) models to enhance the accuracy of cost predictions for sewer pipeline projects in Iraq. By analyzing a dataset that considers factors like project size, complexity, material types and regional aspects the study showcases how artificial neural networks can capture nonlinear relationships within the data. The main goals include pinpointing factors influencing cost estimation accuracy during the pre-design stage and crafting ANN-based tools tailored for various design phases. The approach involves constructing an ANN model validated against data from projects. It was found that ANN has the ability to predict the cost of implementing sewer pipe projects with a very good degree of accuracy, as the correlation coefficient (R) reached (97.1%), with an average accuracy rate of (98.5%). This research doesn’t just add value to construction management by offering a budgeting tool. It also helps allocate resources effectively ensuring the financial feasibility of important infrastructure projects.
Microstructure evolution in laser-based powder bed fusion of metals
Authors: Nadimpalli Venkata K , Yu Tianbo 
Published: August 2024

AbstractLaser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF) of metals offers the unique possibility of creating the microstructure voxel-by-voxel. The minimum voxel size in each direction is dependent on material dosing accuracy coupled with laser processing parameters. The rapid solidification conditions during LPBF lead to material heterogeneity coupled with hierarchical and non-equilibrium microstructures. The current paper delves into two different pathways available currently to control microstructure in LPBF, namely: in-situ microstructure control through material distribution to form functionally graded components with complex interfaces; application of post-processing thermo-mechanical treatments to control the microstructure. Unlike traditional manufacturing methods, each voxel in LPBF can be further processed multiple times after the first fusion process. Such in-situ processing presents further opportunity for tailoring the microstructure of each voxel in 3D. A future perspective is thus offered on the opportunities to control and engineer LPBF microstructures in metals.