bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The courtship song of fanning males in the fruit fly parasitoidPsyttalia concolor(Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Canale A. , Benelli G. , Lanzo F. , Giannotti P. , Mazzoni V. , Lucchi A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn this paper we describe acoustically the wing-fanning behaviour showed by the male of the braconidPsyttalia concolortowards females and other conspecific males.Psyttalia concoloris a synovigenic koinobiont larval–pupal endoparasitoid of many Tephritidae, used in olive crops to control the olive fruit fly,Bactrocera oleae. In this braconid male wing fanning produces a courtship song characterised by sequences of homogenous pulses with harmonic structure and a fundamental frequency of about 180 Hz. Song parameters can vary according to the behavioural context. Statistically significant differences, both in terms of pulse frequency and duration, characterise fanning towards females in comparison with male–male approaches. Moreover, the pulse duration is associated with the fanning song displayed before a successful courtship. Our observations allowed us to define the airborne component of the sound and to definitely confirm the exclusive role of the wings in signal production within sexual communication inP. concolor.
Canadian and American Voting Strategies: Does Institutional Socialization Matter?
Authors: Roy Jason , Singh Shane 
Published: January 2013

Abstract.This paper uses data from an online voting experiment to examine the impact of institutional socialization on the vote decision process. More specifically, we examine how Canadian and American voters differ in their vote decision processes in two- and four-party elections. Our expectation is that Canadian voters, who are more familiar with multiparty electoral context, will adjust to the increased complexity of the four-party competition by engaging in a more detailed decision process. Alternatively, we expect US voters, who are less familiar with multiparty competitions, will not undertake such an adjustment, perhaps even engaging in a less detailed vote calculus under more complex conditions. Results lend support to our expectations, offering insight into how institutional design and socialization can affect voter decision processes.Résumé.Cet article utilise des données tirées d'une expérience de vote en ligne pour examiner l'impact de la socialisation institutionnelle sur le processus décisionnel menant au vote. Nous examinons en particulier comment les électeurs canadiens et américains diffèrent dans leur processus décisionnel lors d'élections à deux et à quatre partis. Nos attentes sont les suivantes : Les électeurs canadiens, plus familiers avec le multipartisme, s'ajusteront à la plus grande complexité d'une élection à quatre partis en s'engageant dans un processus décisionnel plus sophistiqué. Les électeurs américains, quant à eux habitués davantage au bipartisme, ne feront pas de tels ajustements lorsque le contexte électoral se complexifiera et auront peut-être même tendance à simplifier leur processus décisionnel. Nos résultats tendent à confirmer nos attentes, offrant ainsi un aperçu de la façon dont le contexte institutionnel et la socialisation qui en résulte peuvent influencer le processus décisionnel des électeurs.
The Complexity Conundrum: Why Hasn't the Gender Gap in Subjective Political Competence Closed?
Authors: Thomas Melanee 
Published: January 2013

Abstract.In the 1960s, the gender gap in subjective political competence was assumed to reflect women's lack of socioeconomic resources, their confinement to the domestic sphere and their gender role socialization. Since then, women have moved into the labour force in vast numbers and conceptions of gender roles have been radically altered under the influence of the feminist movement. Yet, the gender gap in subjective political competence persists. This paper uses the Canadian Election Studies (1965–2008) to analyze gender differences in subjective political competence across time. Not only is the association between affluence and subjective political competence weaker for women, but the effect of affluence has weakened over time for women but not for men. Few generational effects are found; this suggests that the politicizing role of feminist socialization is much weaker than had been anticipated.Résumé.Depuis les années 1960, la littérature en science politique assume que l'écart entre les hommes et les femmes en matière de compétence politique subjective était dû au manque de ressources financières des femmes, à leur confinement à la sphère domestique et au rôle traditionnel que la société leur accordait. Depuis, les femmes ont intégré le marché du travail en masse et le contexte social a changé sous l'influence du mouvement féministe. Pourtant, l'écart entre les hommes et les femmes en matière de compétence politique subjective persiste. À l'aide des Études Électorales Canadiennes (1965–2008), cet article analyse les différences entre hommes et femmes en matière de compétence politique subjective à travers le temps. Les résultats montrent que non seulement le lien entre l'affluence économique et la compétence politique subjective est plus faible chez les femmes que chez les hommes mais que ce lien s'est affaibli au cours des années chez les femmes. De plus, peu d'effets générationnels sont constatés. Cela suggère que l'effet sur les attitudes politiques de la socialisation féministe s'avère beaucoup plus faible qu'anticipé.
Use of fluorescence-based sensors to determine the nitrogen status of paddy rice
Authors: LI J. W. , ZHANG J. X. , ZHAO Z. , LEI X. D. , XU X. L. , LU X. X. , WENG D. L. , GAO Y. , CAO L. K. 
Published: January 2013

SUMMARYThe environmental concern about diffuse pollution from nitrogen (N) fertilizers has led to increased research on the diagnosis of crop N status. The SPAD chlorophyll (Chl) meter is the most commonly used tool for rice (Oryza sativa L.) N status diagnosis, but measurements are conducted at a specific point and readings are affected by different leaf positions. Many measurements per plant must be taken in order to increase the accuracy of N status diagnosis, which limits its application. The present paper attempts to determine rice N status at the canopy level using Multiplex®, a new hand-held optical fluorescence sensor. The fluorescence emission of rice leaves under light excitation was utilized by Multiplex® to non-destructively assess rice leaf Chl and phenolic compound content. A field experiment was conducted in 2011 using a completely randomized split-plot design, with main-plot treatments being six N fertilizer application rates and subplot treatments being different plant densities. Leaf Chl and phenolic compounds were evaluated using the ratio of far-red fluorescence (FRF) to red fluorescence (RF) emission under red light excitation (simple fluorescence ratio, SFR_R) (R2 = 0·35, P < 0·01) and the ratio of decadic logarithm of red to ultra-violet (UV) fluorescence emission (R2 = 0·30, P < 0·01), respectively. Both SPAD reading and fluorescence-based indices including flavonoids (FLAV), nitrogen balance index (NBI_R) and SFR_R could be used to predict rice leaf N contents. The canopy FLAV, SFR_R and NBI_R were all highly correlated to average SPAD readings (R2 > 0·70 in most cases, P < 0·01). Therefore, Multiplex® can be used as an alternative to SPAD to determine rice N status in paddy fields.
SEX- AND AGE-RELATED MORTALITY PROFILES DURING FAMINE: TESTING THE ‘BODY FAT’ HYPOTHESIS
Authors: SPEAKMAN JOHN R. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryDuring famines females generally have a mortality advantage relative to males, and the highest levels of mortality occur in the very young and the elderly. One popular hypothesis is that the sex differential in mortality may reflect the greater body fatness combined with lower metabolism of females, which may also underpin the age-related patterns of mortality among adults. This study evaluated the ‘body fat’ hypothesis using a previously published and validated mathematical model of survival during total starvation. The model shows that at a given body weight females would indeed be expected to survive considerably longer than males in the absence of food. At a mass of 70 kg for example a female aged 30 would survive for 144 days compared with life expectancy of only 95 days for a male of the same age and weight. This effect is contributed to by both the higher body fatness and lower metabolism of the females at a given body weight. However, females are generally smaller than males and in addition to a sex effect there was also a major effect of body size – heavier individuals survive longer. When this body size effect was removed by considering survival in relation to BMI the sex effect was much reduced, and could be offset by a relatively small difference in pre-famine BMI between the sexes. Nevertheless, combining these predictions with observed mean BMIs of males and females across 48 countries at the low end of the obesity spectrum suggests that in the complete absence of food females would survive on average about 40% longer (range 6 to 64.5%) than males. The energy balance model also predicted that older adult individuals should survive much longer than younger adult individuals, by virtue of their lower resting metabolic rates and lower activity levels. Observations of the female survival advantage in multiple famines span a much wider range than the model prediction (5% to 210%). This suggests in some famines body fatness may be a significant factor influencing the mortality differential between the sexes, but in other famines other factors are likely to be more important. Moreover, the pattern of mortality in relation to age is completely opposite that predicted. These data emphasize the complex nature of famine mortality and suggest that a simple model of energy utilization alone is inadequate to explain the major aspects of this phenomenon.
PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES AMONG SHI'A POPULATIONS OF LEBANON
Authors: EL-KHESHEN GHADIR , SAADAT MOSTAFA 
Published: January 2013

SummaryIn genetics, a consanguineous marriage means union between couples who are related as second cousins or closer. The present cross-sectional study was carried out in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages in the Shi'a population living in widespread territories in Lebanon including the Bekaa Valley, the south of Lebanon and the southern suburb of Beirut. Data on types of marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in the study was 1203. Consanguineous marriage was classified by the degree of relationship between couples. The overall frequency of consanguinity was found to be 28.4%, with first cousin marriages (21.3%) being the most common type followed by first cousins once removed (5.5%), then double first cousins (0.8%). The frequencies of second cousin and beyond second cousin marriages were the same at 0.4% of all the marriages. The mean inbreeding coefficient (α) was estimated at about 0.0161 for the population. There were no significant differences between the three studied territories for frequencies of different types of marriages (p>0.1), nor were there significant differences between the rural and urban areas (p>0.1).
Specificity of childhood psychotic symptoms for predicting schizophrenia by 38 years of age: a birth cohort study
Authors: Fisher H. L. , Caspi A. , Poulton R. , Meier M. H. , Houts R. , Harrington H. , Arseneault L. , Moffitt T. E. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundChildhood psychotic symptoms have been used as a subclinical phenotype of schizophrenia in etiological research and as a target for preventative interventions. However, recent studies have cast doubt on the specificity of these symptoms for schizophrenia, suggesting alternative outcomes such as anxiety and depression. Using a prospective longitudinal birth cohort we investigated whether childhood psychotic symptoms predicted a diagnosis of schizophrenia or other psychiatric disorders by 38 years of age.MethodParticipants were drawn from a birth cohort of 1037 children from Dunedin, New Zealand, who were followed prospectively to 38 years of age (96% retention rate). Structured clinical interviews were administered at age 11 to assess psychotic symptoms and study members underwent psychiatric assessments at ages 18, 21, 26, 32 and 38 to obtain past-year DSM-III-R/IV diagnoses and self-reports of attempted suicides since adolescence.ResultsPsychotic symptoms at age 11 predicted elevated rates of research diagnoses of schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and also suicide attempts by age 38, even when controlling for gender, social class and childhood psychopathology. No significant associations were found for persistent anxiety, persistent depression, mania or persistent substance dependence. Very few of the children presenting with age-11 psychotic symptoms were free from disorder by age 38.ConclusionsChildhood psychotic symptoms were not specific to a diagnosis of schizophrenia in adulthood and thus future studies of early symptoms should be cautious in extrapolating findings only to this clinical disorder. However, these symptoms may be useful as a marker of adult mental health problems more broadly.
Los Impactos Fiscales De Una Guerra Distante: Crisis y Restauración De La Real Hacienda En La Provincia De Yucatán (1801–1821)
Authors: Santiró Ernest Sánchez 
Published: January 2013

AbstractStarting from the quantitative reconstruction of revenues and expenses of the Royal Treasury in the Yucatan province during the period 1801-1821, the paper shows the transition from an unbalanced regional fiscal structure that depended on colonial transfers (situados) to offset the deficit, to one self-sufficient structure in the context of the Independence War and the liberalism of the Cortes de Cadiz. An autonomy based on the indigenous capitation tax and the fiscal control of foreign trade that was made in the ports of the Yucatan Peninsula.
Total quality management in the food compound industry
Authors: Cooke B. C. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractRecent media and consumer interest in the quality of food purchased in supermarkets and other outlets, is placing pressure on the agricultural industry to improve the quality of the product produced. The farmer has in the past been encouraged to produce quantity irrespective of quality, whereas today the emphasis is very much on the latter, with pressure to reduce quantity. Companies supplying the farming community must react to this changed situation, particularly if they are to be able to administer due diligence under the Food Safety Act.Dalgety Agriculture has thus embarked upon a quality initiative throughout the company involving training of staff on total quality management, registration of premises with the British Standards Institute under BS 5750 scheme and the adoption of the hazard analysis using critical control points (HACCP) technique to evaluate the areas of the company's operations where faults could most easily occur. The company has concluded that an approach to quality must be all-embracing involving all facets of our operations. The aim is to aid the company's farming customers in the attainment of a quality product for the customer of that farm.
Consumerism and the Liturgical Act of Worship
Authors: Brunk Timothy 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper selects three aspects of consumerism (individualism, the chronically reinvented self, and viewing nearly everything as a product or commodity) and assesses how they pose a challenge to liturgical worship, which is properly grounded in a Christian indentity that is fundamentally communal. When consumerism takes the form of shopping for a parish, it threatens to undermine this communal identity. At the same time, parish-shopping may well be an expression of a sincere search for a vital Christian community. This paper thus neither condemns nor condones parish shopping but stresses rather that there is work to be done to build up the sense of community in Roman Catholic parishes. Liturgical worship is an essential element in that process, but liturgy by itself cannot build or sustain community.
The Hermeneutics of Vatican II: Reception, Authority, and the Debate Over the Council's Interpretation
Authors: Colberg Kristin 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTThis article engages the on-going debate over the interpretation of Vatican II's documents. It argues that a careful examination of this dispute reveals that it is not primarily concerned with the existence of “rupture” or “continuity” in the council's texts, but instead is driven by fundamental questions regarding the nature of reception and the character of ecclesial authority. The article outlines the distinctive notions of reception operative in the debate over Vatican II and the way in which such views shape their proponents' hermeneutics of interpretation. To that end, it illumines a determinative link between larger paradigms of ecclesiological structure and related approaches to reception. The final section explores Vatican II's own documents for the ways that they address the authentic nature of reception and the character of legitimate authority. Ultimately, this study argues that Vatican II's affirmation of a dynamic notion of reception points a way forward for its own interpretation and, more broadly, for advancing the Church's overall self-understanding.
Interpersonal and Social Reconciliation: Finding Congruence in African Theological Anthropology
Authors: Scheid Anna Floerke 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTWestern scholars studying post-conflict truth and reconciliation commissions often presuppose a sharp divide between interpersonal and social forgiveness and reconciliation. This leads some to question and critique commissions that seek to promote forgiveness and reconciliation at both the interpersonal and the social levels. This project contends that the problem these scholars perceive may be based upon a dichotomy between the individual and the community that is absent in communitarian cultures. African theological anthropologies based on the notions ofpalaverandubuntuillustrate that the human person is profoundly formed and preserved by the community, which sustains the individual through the promotion of certain ethical standards. In this context, expressions of interpersonal forgiveness and reconciliation have social ramifications. Cross-cultural discussion with African theologians thus re-situates this debate. African theological anthropology demonstrates the congruence among interpersonal and social expressions of forgiveness and reconciliation based in the community's commitment to the common good.
Thomism and the Renewal of Theology. Chenu, Charlier, and theirRessourcement
Authors: Mettepenningen Jürgen , De Pril Ward 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTLa nouvelle théologieis often associated with a certain disapprobation of Thomism. Yet in its “first phase,” the theological renewal of the Dominicans M.-D. Chenu (Le Saulchoir) and Louis Charlier (Leuven) was founded and justified upon a historical hermeneutics of Thomas' conception of theology. Against neo-Thomism's excessive rationalism, both Chenu and Charlier strove to recover Thomas's reciprocal immanence of faith and theology by reorienting theology towards the revealed Given. Their concrete elaborations of this fundamental aim, however, ran along different lines. For Charlier, actual theology should be positive theology, regulated by collective faith as expressed in the official teaching of the Magisterium. Chenu on the other hand upholds a theology—both positive and speculative—animated by the theologian's subjective perception of faith. These differences reveal that Chenu and Charlier belong to different theological schools with their own theological traditions: the speculative-theological tradition of Le Sauchoir (A. Gardeil) versus the positive-theological tradition of Leuven (R. Draguet).
Identification of Crystalline Materials: Classification and Use of X-Ray Diffraction Patterns
Authors: Hanawalt J. D. , Rinn H. W. 
Published: January 2013

In the course of the past few years, X-ray and spectroscopic methods of analysis have found an increasing usefulness at the Dow Chemical Company. There are a large number of different types of problems on which information can be obtained by the variations of apparatus and technic which are possible in these two fields. It is not the purpose of this paper, however, to discuss these methods or applications in general, but to describe in some detail a scheme of classifying and using X-ray diffraction patterns which has been found very helpful in one particular application of X-rays — namely, that of identifying unknown substances by means of their Hull powder diffraction patterns.The inherent power of X-ray diffraction as a practical means of chemical analysis was pointed out a good many years ago. Having a different theoretical basis and depending upon an entirely different technic than other methods, it would be expected to supplement the information to be obtained from other methods and, at times, to be applicable where other methods are not suitable. It appears, however, that the use of this method has not increased at a rate commensurate with its unique and valuable features, and that it is used by relatively few academic and industrial laboratories.
Manual Search/Match Methods for Powder Diffraction in 1986
Authors: Hanawalt J. D. 
Published: January 2013

The objectives of this paper are: 1. to up-date the manual search system and index book described in 1936 and 1938; 2. to introduce a “work form” which serves to guide the analyst through the procedural steps involved in using the manual search index book and 3. to review briefly the literature on manual search/match systems.Two of the basic features of the 1936 design of the search index book were first, to divide the “d” range into arbitrarily sized “groups” and “subgroups” rather than using a scale of continuously decreasing “d” values, and second, to use the “d” values of the strongest lines of the diffraction pattern in order of decreasing intensity in making the entries of the standard patterns in the search index book. These two features are still the basis of the design of the 1986 Hanawalt Search Manual published by the JCPD S International Centre for Diffraction Data.The original use of the search index book at Dow Chemical was to lead the analyst to corresponding patterns among the thousands of Debye films which had been produced and placed on file. The “d” values and intensities of only the three or four strongest lines of the pattern were measured. Comparisons and indentifications were then made visually simply by holding the concerned films together in juxtaposition. Unfortunately, attempts to reproduce usable copies of such Debye films for general reference have not been satisfactory. Therefore, for general usage the diffraction data carried by the film negative or also the data from a diffractometer trace are recorded using the numerical values of the “d” spacings and intensities. These tables of numerical data are then used to represent the diffraction patterns. The search index book for general usage must therefore deal entirely with these numerical values.