bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival Analysis Statistics Applied to Threshold Data Obtained from the Ascending Forced‐Choice Method of Limits
Authors: Hough Guillermo , Methven Lisa , Lawless Harry T. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractSensory thresholds are often collected through ascending forced‐choice methods. Group thresholds are important for comparing stimuli or populations; yet, the method has two problems. An individual may correctly guess the correct answer at any concentration step and might detect correctly at low concentrations but become adapted or fatigued at higher concentrations. The survival analysis method deals with both issues. Individual sequences of incorrect and correct answers are adjusted, taking into account the group performance at each concentration. The technique reduces the chance probability where there are consecutive correct answers. Adjusted sequences are submitted to survival analysis to determine group thresholds. The technique was applied to an aroma threshold and a taste threshold study. It resulted in group thresholds similar to ASTM or logarithmic regression procedures. Significant differences in taste thresholds between younger and older adults were determined. The approach provides a more robust technique over previous estimation methods.Practical ApplicationsDetection thresholds can indicate the level at which the average person is likely to notice a taste or smell. Therefore, they serve as an informative benchmark of when a tastant or aroma material will have an effect on consumer perception of that taste or flavor. They also serve as an indicator of the biological (sensory) potency of various taste and flavor materials. The survival analysis method outlined in this paper is recommended for the analysis of threshold data collected through the forced‐choice ascending concentration series method of limits. The new method takes into consideration an individual's sequence of incorrect and correct answers and the group's overall performance for a particular concentration, adjusting the individual's answers in a uniform manner. The adjusted answers can then be submitted to survival analysis statistical estimations to obtain more accurate group thresholds.
Bortezomib enhances fatty liver preservation in Institut George Lopez-1 solution through adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase and Akt/mTOR pathways
Authors: Bejaoui Mohamed , Zaouali Mohamed Amine , Folch-Puy Emma , Pantazi Eirini , Bardag-Gorce Fawzia , Carbonell Teresa , Oliva Joan , Rimola Antoni , Abdennebi Hassen Ben , Roselló-Catafau Joan 
Published: October 2013

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study is to investigate the protective mechanisms induced by bortezomib added to Institut George Lopez (IGL)-1 preservation solution to protect steatotic livers against cold ischaemia reperfusion injury and to examine whether these mechanisms occur through the activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), Akt/mTOR pathways.

Methods
Steatotic livers from obese rats were preserved for 24 h (at 4°C) in IGL-1 solution with or without bortezomib (100 nM) or pretreated with AMPK inhibitor adenine 9-α-D-arabinofuranoside and preserved in IGL-1 + bortezomib. Livers were then perfused for 2 h at 37°C. Liver injury (alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase) and function (bile production and vascular resistance) were measured. Also, Akt/mTOR, phosphorylated AMPK (pAMPK) and apoptosis were determined by Western blot analyses.

Key findings
Bortezomib addition to IGL-1 solution significantly reduced steatotic liver injury, improved graft function and decreased liver apoptosis. These benefits were diminished by the pretreatment of obese rats with AMPK inhibitor Ara. Western blot analyses showed a significant increase in pAMPK after ischaemia and reperfusion. We also observed a significant phosphorylation of Akt in IGL-1 + bortezomib group that, in turn, induced the phosphorylation of mTOR and glycogen synthase kinase 3β.

Conclusions
Bortezomib, at low and non toxic concentration, is a promising additive to IGL-1 solution for steatotic liver preservation. Its protective effect is due to the activation of AMPK and Akt/mTOR pathways.
Gaidropsarus granti from a Ligurian seamount: a Mediterranean native species?
Authors: Orsi Relini Lidia , Relini Giulio 
Published: October 2013

AbstractTwo specimens of the Azorean rockling Gaidropsarus granti (Regan 1903) were caught in the period August 1989–January 1990 on a seamount located about 29 nautical miles south of Genoa, Ligurian Sea. The records remained unpublished because of errors in the literature concerning the two Macaronesian species Gaidropsarus granti and Gaidropsarus guttatus. Old and recent records of G. granti are now used to characterize morphological and ecological traits of this species. In particular, G. granti is unmistakably adapted to a sedentary life on hard substrata, and all records occurred in offshore slope waters, frequently on banks and seamounts. Ecological characteristics and biogeographical considerations are introduced in the discussion about the origin of the Mediterranean records of G. granti, specifically whether this fish should be considered an introduced or a native species.
Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination XI: Identification and elemental analysis of impact craters on Al foils from the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector
Authors: Stroud Rhonda M. , Allen Carlton , Ansari Asna , Anderson David , Bajt Saša , Bassim Nabil , Bastien Ron S. , Bechtel Hans A. , Borg Janet , Brenker Frank E. , Bridges John , Brownlee Donald E. , Burchell Mark , Burghammer Manfred , Butterworth Anna L. , Changela Hitesh , Cloetens Peter , Davis Andrew M. , Doll Ryan , Floss Christine , Flynn George , Frank David R. , Gainsforth Zack , Grün Eberhard , Heck Philipp R. , Hillier Jon K. , Hoppe Peter , Huth Joachim , Hvide Brit , Kearsley Anton , King Ashley J. , Kotula Paul , Lai Barry , Leitner Jan , Lemelle Laurence , Leroux Hugues , Leonard Ariel , Lettieri Robert , Marchant William , Nittler Larry R. , Ogliore Ryan , Ong Wei Jia , Postberg Frank , Price Mark C. , Sandford Scott A. , Tresseras Juan‐Angel Sans , Schmitz Sylvia , Schoonjans Tom , Schreiber Kate , Silversmit Geert , Simionovici Alexandre S. , Solé Vicente A. , Srama Ralf , Stephan Thomas , Sterken Veerle J. , Stodolna Julien , Sutton Steven , Trieloff Mario , Tsou Peter , Tsuchiyama Akira , Tyliszczak Tolek , Vekemans Bart , Vincze Laszlo , Westphal Andrew J. , Von Korff Joshua , Zevin Daniel , Zolensky Michael E. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination team analyzed thirteen Al foils from the NASA Stardust interstellar collector tray in order to locate candidate interstellar dust (ISD) grain impacts. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images reveal that the foils possess abundant impact crater and crater‐like features. Elemental analyses of the crater features, with Auger electron spectroscopy, SEM‐based energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscope‐based EDX spectroscopy, demonstrate that the majority are either the result of impacting debris fragments from the spacecraft solar panels, or intrinsic defects in the foil. The elemental analyses also reveal that four craters contain residues of a definite extraterrestrial origin, either as interplanetary dust particles or ISD particles. These four craters are designated level 2 interstellar candidates, based on the crater shapes indicative of hypervelocity impacts and the residue compositions inconsistent with spacecraft debris.
Volatiles produced by soil‐borne endophytic bacteria increase plant pathogen resistance and affect tritrophic interactions
Authors: D'ALESSANDRO MARCO , ERB MATTHIAS , TON JURRIAAN , BRANDENBURG ANNA , KARLEN DANIELLE , ZOPFI JAKOB , TURLINGS TED C. J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by soil microorganisms influence plant growth and pathogen resistance. Yet, very little is known about their influence on herbivores and higher trophic levels. We studied the origin and role of a major bacterial VOC, 2,3‐butanediol (2,3‐BD), on plant growth, pathogen and herbivore resistance, and the attraction of natural enemies in maize. One of the major contributors to 2,3‐BD in the headspace of soil‐grown maize seedlings was identified as Enterobacter aerogenes, an endophytic bacterium that colonizes the plants. The production of 2,3‐BD by E. aerogenes rendered maize plants more resistant against the Northern corn leaf blight fungus Setosphaeria turcica. On the contrary, E. aerogenes‐inoculated plants were less resistant against the caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis. The effect of 2,3‐BD on the attraction of the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris was more variable: 2,3‐BD application to the headspace of the plants had no effect on the parasitoids, but application to the soil increased parasitoid attraction. Furthermore, inoculation of seeds with E. aerogenes decreased plant attractiveness, whereas inoculation of soil with a total extract of soil microbes increased parasitoid attraction, suggesting that the effect of 2,3‐BD on the parasitoid is indirect and depends on the composition of the microbial community.
Latent class analysis of a series of 717 patients with vitiligo allows the identification of two clinical subtypes
Authors: Ezzedine Khaled , Le Thuaut Aurélie , Jouary Thomas , Ballanger Fabienne , Taieb Alain , Bastuji‐Garin Sylvie 
Published: October 2013

SummaryNon‐segmental vitiligo (NSV) is an enigmatic disease with various clinical courses. To empirically identify underlying subtypes of NSV, we performed latent class analysis (LCA) of 717 consecutive patients with NSV seen between 2006 and 2012 and were analyzed. Median age was 32 yrs (14–45), median age at NSV onset was 18 yrs (8–32), and median NSV duration 5 yrs (0.75–78.5). A two‐class model showed the best fit. Of the 717 patients, 280 (39%) belonged to LC1 and 437 (61%) to LC2. LC1 patients had high probabilities for early disease onset (<12 yrs), halo nevi, family history of premature hair greying, Koebner phenomenon, previous episodes of repigmentation, and family history of vitiligo. By contrast, LC2 patients were characterized by a late disease onset (after or at the age of 12 yrs, median age of 30 yrs) and acrofacial localization without any lesions on trunk or limbs. These two LCA classes (LC1, ‘prepubertal onset’; LC2, ‘post‐pubertal onset’) may help refining results from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and allow a more accurate genotype–phenotype correlation and help defining more directed treatment protocols.
Energy Policies and Domestic Politics in the MENA Region in the Aftermath of the Arab Upheavals: The Cases of Lebanon, Libya, and KSA
Authors: Khodr Hiba , Ruble Isabella 
Published: October 2013

This article is a comparative, exploratory multicase study examining the relationship between domestic politics and national policies in the energy sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Libya. Key research questions are: What are the key factors shaping this relationship in each of these countries and what are the main obstacles to better policy‐making processes and outcomes? To understand each country's context, a short overview of the energy profile and the political structure in terms of its legislative, political, and administrative institutions is provided. The study then identifies several challenges that fall under five major categories: political, policy‐related, administrative, strategic, and economic challenges. While this study does not focus on the impact the interplay may have on the prospects of democracy in each country, it particularly considers its repercussions in the light of the upheavals in the Middle East and North African region.Related Articles:
Sarquis, David J. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 871‐903. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00381.x/abstract

Luckhurst, Jonathan. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 958‐977. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00386.x/abstract

Mahler, Annegret. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 583‐611. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00305.x/abstract
Related Media:
. 2012. “.” November 1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2zNqxy32Q0

Ridgwell, Henry. 2013. “.” . May 22. http://www.voanews.com/content/us‐oil‐surge‐could‐impact‐mideast‐geopolitics/1665943.html
Gender Mainstreaming: A Five‐Country Examination
Authors: Hankivsky Olena 
Published: October 2013

Although gender mainstreaming (GM) has been the international norm for working toward gender equality in policies and practices since the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing 1995, its impact has been uneven. The lack of substantive results has led to debate surrounding GM's capacity for engendering meaningful policy change. This article synthesizes the input of key GM stakeholders (within government, academia, and nongovernmental organizations) across Canada, Australia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine. It discusses national approaches to mainstreaming gender, identifies key factors inhibiting and/or promoting GM, and proposes how current strategies can be modified, strengthened and/or replaced by alternative approaches. Central to the analysis is the question as to whether GM in current or expanded versions has the potential to addresses the wide variety of diversities among nation state populations.Related Media
. 2013. “.” http://www.eldis.org/go/topics/resource‐guides/gender/gender‐mainstreaming#.Ud7nzaz9zTo

. 2012. “.” Gender Equality. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/themes/gender‐equality/
Occurrence of Fusarium species in maize kernels grown in northwestern Spain
Authors: Aguín O. , Cao A. , Pintos C. , Santiago R. , Mansilla P. , Butrón A. 
Published: October 2013

Fusarium poses food and feed safety problems because most species produce mycotoxins. To understand the epidemiology of the Fusarium disease, efforts must focus more precisely on how environmental variables affect disease presence. The objectives of the present study were to monitor the occurrence of Fusarium species in maize kernels in northwestern Spain to determine the risk of mycotoxin contamination and to identify environmental traits affecting the composition of the Fusarium species identified. A combination of 24 environments was evaluated. The percentage of kernels infected by F. verticillioides ranged from 33 to 99%, supporting the idea that fumonisin contamination is the main maize‐based feed and food safety concern in this area. In this region, temperature and humidity primarily affected Fusarium spp. occurrence. Warmer temperatures during the later stages of kernel development and during kernel drying increased the frequency of F. verticillioides in maize kernels, while the presence of F. subglutinans was increased by higher relative humidity during the silking stage and cooler temperatures during kernel drying.
P–T–t estimation of deformation in low‐grade quartz‐feldspar‐bearing rocks using thermodynamic modelling and 40Ar/39Ar dating techniques: example of the Plan‐de‐Phasy shear zone unit (Briançonnais Zone, Western Alps)
Authors: Lanari Pierre , Rolland Yann , Schwartz Stéphane , Vidal Olivier , Guillot Stéphane , Tricart Pierre , Dumont Thierry 
Published: October 2013

AbstractPressure–Temperature–time (P–T–t) estimates of the syn‐kinematic strain at the peak‐pressure conditions reached during shallow underthrusting of the Briançonnais Zone in the Alpine subduction zone was made by thermodynamic modelling and 40Ar/39Ar dating in the Plan‐de‐Phasy unit (SE of the Pelvoux Massif, Western Alps). The dated phengite minerals crystallized syn‐kinematically in a shear zone indicating top‐to‐the‐N motion. By combining X‐ray mapping with multi‐equilibrium calculations, we estimate the phengite crystallization conditions at 270 ± 50 °C and 8.1 ± 2 kbar at an age of 45.9 ± 1.1 Ma. Combining this P–T–t estimate with data from the literature allows us to constrain the timing and geometry of Alpine continental subduction. We propose that the Briançonnais units were scalped on top of the slab during ongoing continental subduction and exhumed continuously until collision.
Low‐frequency human platelet antigens as triggers for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Peterson Julie A. , Gitter Maria , Bougie Daniel W. , Pechauer Shannon , Hopp Kathleen A. , Pietz Brad , Szabo Aniko , Curtis Brian R. , McFarland Janice , Aster Richard H. 
Published: October 2013

BackgroundTwenty‐four low‐frequency human platelet antigens (LFHPAs) have been implicated as immunogens in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT). We performed studies to define more fully how often these antigens trigger maternal immunization leading to NAIT.Study Design and MethodsIn a Phase 1 study, fathers of selected NAIT cases not resolved by serologic testing but thought to have a high likelihood of NAIT on clinical and serologic grounds were typed for LFHPAs by DNA sequencing. In a Phase 2 study, high‐throughput methods were used to type fathers of 1067 consecutive unresolved NAIT cases for LFHPAs. Mothers of 1338 unresolved cases were also typed to assess the prevalence of LFHPAs in a population racially/ethnically similar to the fathers.ResultsIn Phase 1, LFHPAs were identified in 16 of 244 fathers (6.55%). In Phase 2, LFPAs were found in only 28 of 1067 fathers (2.62%). LFHPAs were identified in 27 of 1338 maternal samples (2.01%). HPA‐9bw was by far the most common LFHPA identified in the populations studied and was the only LFHPA that was significantly more common in fathers than in mothers of affected infants (p = 0.02).ConclusionsMaternal immunization against recognized LFHPAs accounts for only a small fraction of the cases of apparent NAIT not resolved by standard serologic testing. Typing of the fathers of such cases for LFHPAs is likely to be rewarding only when a maternal antibody specific for a paternal platelet glycoprotein is demonstrated and/or there is compelling clinical evidence for NAIT.
Effect of 176Lu intrinsic radioactivity on dual head PET system imaging and data acquisition, simulation, and experimental measurements
Authors: Efthimiou Nikos , Loudos George , Karakatsanis Nicolas A. , Panayiotakis George S. 
Published: October 2013

Purpose:In this work, the authors aim for the estimation of the effect of176Lu intrinsic radioactivity on the performance of a dual head PET system dedicated to small animal imaging.Methods:A prototype camera has been used as a reference system in order to validate two GATE simulation models, which were used for the investigation. The first model includes the176Lu intrinsic radioactivity, while the second does not. The two models have been designed in order to provide similar sensitivities, in terms of count rate performance and scatter fraction, in the linear range of activities. In addition, the model with the 176Lu intrinsic radioactivity, has been validated in terms of background count rate. Different acquisition schemes have been examined in order to determine the optimum conditions to minimize the 176Lu effects, while maintaining a high trues count rate. In addition, the effect on the image quality, in terms of spatial resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and minimum detectable activity, was investigated.Results:Both models are in good agreement with the measured data. While, the presence of the176Lu altered the dead time of the model, it also affected the singles, trues, and randoms count rates. The noise equivalent count rate curves of the two models indicate that for low activities, the lack of 176Lu radioactivity leads to better noise properties due to the underestimation of the randoms. Signal‐to‐noise ratio measurement on coincidence images confirm the aforementioned claim, since the model without the 176Lu provides better less noisy images. Furthermore, the spatial resolution and the minimum detectable activity are overestimated.Conclusions:It has been proven that the lack of the176Lu intrinsic radioactivity has an impact on the design of the simulation modelˈs dead time. Even if there is an alignment with experimental results still the noise properties, for a wide range of activities, are overestimated. In addition, for low activities, better image quality, is presented, mainly due to the lack of the 176Lu photons which blur the images. Furthermore, it was shown that the use of a high hardware threshold allows the application of a wide energy window, which improves the statistics without a significant compromise on the quality of the detected photons, mainly, due to the early rejection of the low energy photons and the low scatter factor.
Demonstration of a software design and statistical analysis methodology with application to patient outcomes data sets
Authors: Mayo Charles , Conners Steve , Warren Christopher , Miller Robert , Court Laurence , Popple Richard 
Published: October 2013

Purpose:With emergence of clinical outcomes databases as tools utilized routinely within institutions, comes need for software tools to support automated statistical analysis of these large data sets and intrainstitutional exchange from independent federated databases to support data pooling. In this paper, the authors present a design approach and analysis methodology that addresses both issues.Methods:A software application was constructed to automate analysis of patient outcomes data using a wide range of statistical metrics, by combining use of C#.Net and R code. The accuracy and speed of the code was evaluated using benchmark data sets.Results:The approach provides data needed to evaluate combinations of statistical measurements for ability to identify patterns of interest in the data. Through application of the tools to a benchmark data set for dose‐response threshold and to SBRT lung data sets, an algorithm was developed that uses receiver operator characteristic curves to identify a threshold value and combines use of contingency tables, Fisher exact tests, Welch t‐tests, and Kolmogorov‐Smirnov tests to filter the large data set to identify values demonstrating dose‐response. Kullback‐Leibler divergences were used to provide additional confirmation.Conclusions:The work demonstrates the viability of the design approach and the software tool for analysis of large data sets.
North America; Plate-tectonic setting and tectonic elements
Authors: Bally A. W. , Scotese C. R. , Ross M. I. 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This volume is about the evolution of the North America Plate. It also briefly discusses the evolution of the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean as they relate to North America. We will briefly sketch the present outlines of the North America Plate, review the plate-tectonic development of North America in a global context, and offer an overview of the major tectonic (Fig. 1) and geomorphic elements of our continent.
Earthquakes are primary indicators of present plate boundaries and of plate motions that are related to these boundaries. The outline of the North America Plate is shown clearly on Figure 2, which is based only on the distribution of earthquakes occurring from 1977 to 1987. Note also the good definition of the Caribbean and Cocos Plates. In the Arctic regions (Fig. 3), earthquakes clearly outline the plate boundary along the mid-ocean ridge up to the north coast of Siberia. However, from there southward, across northeastern Siberia, the margin of the North America Plate is quite diffuse.
Substantial intraplate earthquakes (Fig. 2) have occurred particularly within the United States. The 1811 to 1812 New Madrid (Missouri) and the 1866 Charleston (South Carolina) earthquakes exceeded magnitude 7 and occurred in areas that are still active today (Seeber and Armbruster, 1988; Hinze and Braile, 1988). New England is another area of intraplate seismic activity. According to Zoback and others (1986), the midplate stress of the North America Plate is compressive, with a maximum horizontal principal stress oriented northeast to east northeast. The stress field extends from the Rocky Mountain front to within 230 km of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.