bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histomorphological effect of ascorbic acid on mercury chloride-induced changes on the cerebellum of adult wistar rats
Authors: Ibegbu A. , Animoku Abdulrazaq A. , Micheal Ayuba , Daniel Brosu , Adamu Sadeeq A. , Peter Akpulu , Hamman W. , Umana U. , Musa S. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Introduction. Mercury is one of the most hazardous environmental contaminants to living organisms and the central nervous system has been shown to be the main target. Objective. The present work was aimed at evaluating the effect of ascorbic acid on mercury chloride-induced changes on the cerebellar cortex of adult Wistar rats. Material and method. Thirty Wistar rats of average weight of 200g and were randomly divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. The animals in Group 1 (control) were administered with distilled water, Groups 2 and 3 were administered with 52mg/kg and 26.25mg/kg body weight of HgCl respectively while Groups 4 and 5 were administered with 52mg/kg of HgCl and 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid and 26.25gm/kg of HgCl and 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid respectively, while Group 6 was administered with 5mg/kg of ascorbic acid. The administration was through oral route, daily for 3 weeks. Results. The result of the biochemical parameters showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) on the mean SOD and LPO values after the administration of mercury chloride and Ascorbic acid. Histological observation of the cerebellar cortex, showed normal histo-morphology in Groups 1 and 6 while, the cerebellum in Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 showed some degenerative, necrotic and cellular changes. Conclusion. However, ascorbic acid administration has shown to ameliorate the induced degenerative changes in the cerebellum caused by mercury chloride toxicity in Wistar rats.
Content of 4(5)-methylimidazole, caffeine and chlorogenic acid in commercial coffee brands
Authors: Dieu Phan Thi Thanh , Bittová Miroslava , Mikulášek Kamil , Kráčmar Stanislav , Kubáň Vlastimil , Valášek Pavel , Svobodová Blanka 
Published: May 2015

Content of 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MeI), caffeine and chlorogenic acid in commercial coffee brands were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV DAD and MS detectors. Positive ion ESI mass spectra of the 4-MeI standard yielded intense signals corresponding to [M+H]+ (83.0604) and [2M+H]+ ions (165.1115). Also, adducts of 4-MeI with acetonitrile from mobile were detected - [M+ACN]+ ions (124.0849). The LOD of 2.5 ng mL-1 and LOQ of 8.4 ng.mL-1 were calculated according to the following formulas: LOD = 3.SD/S, and LOQ = 10.SD/S, where S is the slope of the calibration curve and SD is the standard deviation of the noise. The caffeine content was compared to the results of the standard addition, 1st derivative and liquid-liquid extraction spectrophotometry. 4-MeI was in tens µg g-1 in the Vietnamese coffees while in units µg.g-1 in all Czech and Brazilian coffees (<2.4 µg.g-1 and <4.9 µg.g-1, respectively). The results for caffeine were within the documented range (0.31 - 2.20%) in all coffee samples. The lower content of caffeine and chlorogenic acid was observed in Vietnamese coffees. All the methods used for determination of caffeine in the Czech and Brazilian coffees gave acceptable precision and accuracy. However, there were significant differences in the results in Vietnamese coffees. The caffeine extractability (100 °C, 3 min brewing) almost reached 100% in Czech and Brazilian coffees, while it was less than 90% in Vietnamese coffees. The Czech and Brazilian coffees tend to produce more caffeine in brews than the Vietnamese coffee because of the different composition of blends and the particle size degree.
The content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in red beetroot
Authors: Kavalcová Petra , Bystrická Judita , Tomáš Ján , Karovičová Jolana , Kovarovič Ján , Lenková Marianna 
Published: May 2015

Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) is an important raw material of plant origin with proven positive effects on the human body. They can be eaten raw, boiled, steamed and roasted. Red beetrooot is a rich source of minerals substances (manganese, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, copper). Beetroot contains a lot of antioxidants, vitamins (A, C, B), fiber and natural dyes. Red beetroot is also rich in phenol compounds, which have antioxidant properties. These colorful root vegetables help protect against heart disease and certain cancers (colon cancer). In this work we evaluated content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in red beetroot. Samples of plant material were collected at full maturity stages from areas of Zohor, Sihelné, and Sliač. Zohor, Sihelné, and Sliač are areas without negative influences and emission sources. Samples of fresh red beetroot were homogenized and were prepared as an extract: 50 g cut beetroot extracted by 100 ml 80% ethanol for sixteen hours. These extracts were used for analyses. The content of the total polyphenols was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). The absorbance was measured at 765 nm of wavelength against blank. Antioxidant activity was measured using a compound DPPH˙ (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) at 515.6 nm in the spectrophotometer. In the present experiment it was detected, that total polyphenols content in samples ranges from 820.10 mg/kg to 1280.56 mg/kg. Statistically significant highest value of total polyphenols was recorded in beetroot in variety of Renova from locality of Sliač (1280.56 ±28.78 mg/kg). Statistically significant the lowest content of total polyphenols was recorded in beetroot in variety of Renova from the village Sihelné (820.10 ±37.57 mg/kg). In this experiment the antioxidant activity in beetroot was evaluated and compared. The values of antioxidant activity were in interval from 19.63% to 29.82%.
Historical Rightness
Authors: SMITH STEVEN G. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In addressing issues of transgenerational justice, ethical analysis is overmatched by the challenge of assigning benefits and burdens to actors, monitoring cooperation between actors, and calculating the consequences of actions in long-term compound action. But justice-oriented ethics is not the only frame of reference in which rightness is judged. Our shared responsibility on a larger scale of action is the object of a distinctively historical reckoning that takes account of how action seems actually to have accumulated and seems likely to accumulate further over the long term. Historically responsible agents are obliged to act in accordance with more informed and considerate views of shared action over time. The most basic standard of historical rightness is greatness in the sense of a maximized participation of all actors in shared action. Actions can be responsible by promoting the freedom and solidarity of agents and the redemption of past actions without being demonstrably just.
The Intractable Dialectic of Tyranny and Terror
Authors: MARTIN TERENCE J. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThis essay offers a reading of “A dung-beetle hunting an eagle,” a commentary by Erasmus of Rotterdam that addresses the tyrannical use of power, the terrorizing character of revolt, and hence the tangled and vicious web of conflict between ruler and ruled. My claim is that Erasmus confronts us with the deeply disturbing and even eerie suggestion that once unleashed, the dark dialectic of tyranny and terror is hopelessly intractable, even as one may continue to uphold an alternative ideal, however awkwardly and certainly precariously, but also necessarily and ironically. This challenge speaks with unsettling effect to perennial features of political life.
The Anti-Intellectualism of the American University
Authors: COBB JOHN B. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The dominant ideal of the American university is to excel in research. To this end it has organized itself in terms of academic disciplines. These discourage critical thought. Their goal of good research could be realized in the context of intellectual inquiry. But the most prestigious universities today are those that have most fully rejected this alternative. The liberal arts colleges that hire their graduates have great difficulty maintaining the tradition of liberal arts. Concern for the holistic development of students is in tension with studies that aim to be “value free.” Value free research is done for the highest bidder. There is no place in the university for discussing its assumptions or those of the academic disciplines that make up its curriculum. Even if academic disciplines operate on mutually inconsistent assumptions, the university does not consider this worthy of study. The experts produced by the anti-intellectual university contribute more to the global crisis than to a positive response.
The Complexity of Simultaneous Geometric Graph Embedding
Authors: Cardinal Jean , Kusters Vincent 
Published: May 2015

Given a collection of planar graphs G1,...,Gk on the same set V of n vertices, the simultaneous geometric embedding (with mapping) problem, or simply k-SGE, is to find a set P of n points in the plane and a bijection ϕ: V → P such that the induced straight-line drawings of G1,...,Gk under ϕ are all plane. This problem is polynomial-time equivalent to weak rectilinear realizability of abstract topological graphs, which Kyncl (doi:10.1007/s00454-010-9320-x) proved to be complete for ∃ℝ, the existential theory of the reals. Hence the problem k-SGE is polynomial-time equivalent to several other problems in computational geometry, such as recognizing intersection graphs of line segments or finding the rectilinear crossing number of a graph. We give an elementary reduction from the pseudoline stretchability problem to k-SGE, with the property that both numbers k and n are linear in the number of pseudolines. This implies not only the ∃ℝ-hardness result, but also a 22Ω(n) lower bound on the minimum size of a grid on which any such simultaneous embedding can be drawn. This bound is tight. Hence there exists such collections of graphs that can be simultaneously embedded, but every simultaneous drawing requires an exponential number of bits per coordinates. The best value that can be extracted from Kyncl's proof is only 22Ω(√n).
Burnout e sua relação com o clima organizacional em funcionários de um hospital
Authors: Santos Sônia Maria Pessoto dos , Sousa Vanessa De , Rueda Fabián Javier Marín 
Published: May 2015

Introdução: Em contextos em que os contatos interpessoais são intensos, os profissionais estão sujeitos a diversas situações de estresse. A síndrome de burnout advém do contato com estressores interpessoais crônicos provenientes do ambiente de trabalho, e seu desenvolvimento é influenciado por alguns aspectos, entre eles, os socioambientais. Objetivo: Entender como se dá a interação entre os sintomas da síndrome de burnout e algumas variáveis do clima organizacional no ambiente hospitalar. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 565 profissionais de um hospital do interior do estado de São Paulo. A idade variou de 18 a 63 anos, sendo 72,2% do sexo feminino. Os dados foram coletados no ambiente hospitalar, no período de outubro a dezembro de 2012, respeitando-se os devidos procedimentos éticos. Para a análise dos dados, foram realizadas as estatísticas descritivas, assim como teste t de Student e correlação de Pearson. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que o fator exaustão emocional do MBI-HSS teve correlações estatisticamente significativas e negativas com todas as dimensões da CLIMOR, sendo elas moderadas com os fatores comunicação, integração e satisfação (r=-0,45); desenvolvimento profissional e benefícios (r=-0,46); e pontuação total (r=-0,52). As correlações dos fatores despersonalização e realização profissional do MBIHSS foram de magnitudes baixas com todas as dimensões da CLIMOR. Conclusão: Os dados corroboram a relação entre o clima organizacional e alguns sintomas do burnout. Há necessidade de que novas pesquisas sejam realizadas com delineamento e análises estatísticas mais sofisticadas e, ainda, que tenham grupos equiparados de pessoas com e sem síndrome de burnout.
Variations in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Somatic Dysfunction Between 4 Osteopathic Residency Programs
Authors: Hon Gregory A. , Snider Karen T. , Johnson Jane C. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Context: The American Osteopathic Association requires the integration of osteo-pathic principles and practice in all specialty residency training programs that it accredits, but the 4 residencies with the most integration of osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) have differences in training and emphasis on OMM as a primary treatment modality.

Objective: To study differences in OMM use for spinal pain between the neuro-musculoskeletal medicine/OMM (NMM/OMM), the family practice/osteopath-ic manipulative treatment (FP/OMT), the integrated FP/OMT and NMM/OMM (FP/NMM), and the internal medicine and NMM/OMM (IM/NMM) specialty residency training programs.

Methods: Medical records were reviewed for patient encounters from September 2011 through October 2013 at NMM/OMM, FP/OMT, FP/NMM, and IM/NMM residencies in a family medicine and OMM specialty clinic. Records were screened for a diagnosis of cervicalgia, thoracalgia, lumbago, or backache. The identifed encounters were compared to determine between-specialty differences in the number of chief complaints, non–somatic dysfunction assessments, body regions with diagnosed somatic dysfunction, body regions managed with OMT, and number and type of OMT techniques used.

Results: Eighteen residents had 2925 patient encounters that included 1 or more spinal pain diagnoses. Overall, 2767 patients (95%) received OMT. The probability (95% CI) of residents using OMT was 0.99 (0.98-0.99) for the NMM/OMM residents, 0.66 (0.55-0.77) for the FP/OMT residents, 0.94 (0.88-0.97) for the FP/NMM residents, and 0.997 (0.98-1.0) for the IM/NMM residents. The FP/OMT residents were less likely to manage spinal pain using OMT (P<.001) and documented fewer somatic dysfunction assessments and fewer musculoskeletal assessments (P<.001), but they documented significantly more non–somatic dysfunction assessments (P<.001). When using OMT, the FP/OMT residents diagnosed somatic dysfunction in fewer mean (95% CI) body regions (2.9 [2.4-3.5]) than the NMM/OMM (5.5 [4.9-6.2]), the FP/NMM (5.5 [4.8-6.3]), or the IM/NMM (4.6 [3.4-6.0]) residents (P<.001). The FP/OMT residents also managed fewer mean (95% CI) body regions with OMT (3.5 [3.0-4.1]) than the NMM/OMM (5.7 [5.2-6.3]), the FP/NMM (5.6 [5.0-6.3]), or the IM/NMM (4.7 [3.7-6.0]) residents (P<.001).

Conclusion: Although the FP/OMT residents used OMT less frequently than the other residents during spinal pain encounters, they provided care for a larger number and a wider variety of non–somatic dysfunction assessments.
Research Dissemination: Guiding the Novice Researcher on the Publication Path
Authors: Collins Karen A. , Brannan Grace D. , Dogbey Godwin Y. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Dissemination is an important part of translational research. When the results of high-quality studies reach a wide audience of peers, they provide an evidence base that can guide practice and improve patient care and safety. From proposal to publication, the authors provide the novice researcher with advice on ethics, tips on selecting a journal, a summary of manuscript requirements, and a brief outline of the submission process and outcomes. By demystifying these processes and outlining some of the basic requirements, the authors hope to encourage novice researchers to engage in quality research and prepare them for disseminating their results.
亚诺斯盆地 LB 区块油气成藏特征与富集规律
Authors: Feng Fang , Wang Xiaojie , Hu Junfeng , Hu Ping , Wang Huan 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Based on the analysis of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation, the controlling elements and pattern of reservoirs in the LB block of the Llanos Basin were summarized. The influencing factors for local hydrocarbon enrichment were identified, and favorable exploration targets were predicted. The LB block had a good potential for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. In the major reservoir (the Carbonera Formation), multiple sets of reservoir-cap assemblages developed. Traps included faulted noses and faulted anticlines associated with normal faults. Structure and reservoir were the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation. Hydrocarbon migrated laterally along massive sandstones in the C7 section of the Carbonera Formation. Firstly, they accumulated in structural traps in the C7 section, and then partially migrated upwards into the C5 section through faults and accumulated in structural and lithologic traps adjacent to the faults at the bottom of C5. Local hydrocarbon enrichment was affected by various factors, such as tectonic background, trap amplitude and reservoir quality.Low-amplitude faulted anticline reservoirs developed far away from faults in the C7 section and lithologic updip pinch-out reservoirs in the downthrown side of faults in the C5 section were predicted.
南美Llanos 盆地中部地区烃源岩与原油地球化学特征
Authors: Yu Qing , Xu guosheng , Xu Fanghao , Xu Shenghui , Zheng Lihui 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The central Llanos Basin in South America is an important petroliferous province. The analysis of the geochemical features of source rocks and crude oils in the study area revealed the process of hydrocarbon expulsion, migration and accumulation as well as the biodegradation features of crude oils. According to rock evaluation and crude oil composition, and combined with a variety of biomarker parameters, the geochemical features of source rocks and crude oils were analyzed systematically and comprehensively. Several conclusions were made as follows. Firstly, source rocks in the Gacheta Formation were deposited in a saline-water and weakly oxidizing to weakly reducing environment with little terrestrial organic matter, and kerogen in the Gacheta Formation was of sapropel-humic type. Source rocks in the Los Cuervos Formation were deposited in an oxidizing brackish-water environment with abundant terrestrial organic matter, and kerogen in the Los Cuervos Formation was of sapropel- humic and humic types. Source rocks in the Gacheta and Los Cuervos formations were both low-maturity and medium-maturity, showing large hydrocarbon-generating potentials. Secondly, 3 crude oil families were found in the central basin, named families A, B and C. Crude oils of family A originated from Cretaceous source rocks, while those of family B from Paleogene, and those of family C were a mixture of families A and B. Thirdly, for most of the crude oil samples, rearranged sterane was abundant, the dibenzothiophene/ phenanthrene ratio was low, and the Pr/Ph value was high, indicating that the source rocks were marine-facies shales rather than carbonates. Finally, crude oil composition was controlled by biodegradation and recharge. From the Santiago Oilfield to the La Gloria Oilfield, biodegradation effect weakened toward the NE. Influenced by the recharge of light oils, crude oils from the Cupiagua and Buenos Aires Oilfields had much higher API gravity values than those from the La Gloria and other oilfields
渝东南两套富有机质页岩的孔隙结构特征
Authors: Ma Yong , Zhong Ningning , Cheng Lijun , Pan Zhejun , Li Hongying , Xie Qingming , Li Chao 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
We used a Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscope (FIB-SEM) to observe the pore structures of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang shale and the Upper Ordovician Wufeng to Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale, sampled in the southeast of Chongqing. Three-dimensional distributions of the nanometer-sized organic-matter pores were reconstructed and their pore structure parameters were analyzed quantitatively. Our work indicated that microfractures between strata, interparticle and intraparticle pores in the mineral matrix, and organic-matter pores were well-developed in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations. Pores within organic matter form a well-distributed honeycomb like structure with good connectivity, and the pore radius is between 3 and 100 nm. Porosity of organic matter calculated using the FIB-SEM 3-D reconstruction is between 9.13% and 18.42%,and the contribution of organic-matter pores in the total porosity is correlated with the total organic carbon (TOC) content. Dissolution pores and interparticle pores are developed in the Niutitang Formation while organic-matter pores are unevenly distributed. The organic-matter pores are tabular or pinhole with the pore radius between 3 and 25 nm and have poor connectivity. The calculated organic-matter porosity is below 1.59% and has little relationship with the TOC content. So the total porosity in the Niutitang shale mainly comes from the mineral matrix pores. The FIB-SEM results have shown significant differences in the pore structure of the two shales.
Mapping auroral activity with Twitter
Authors: Case N. A. , MacDonald E. A. , Heavner M. , Tapia A. H. , Lalone N. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractTwitter is a popular, publicly accessible, social media service that has proven useful in mapping large‐scale events in real time. In this study, for the first time, the use of Twitter as a measure of auroral activity is investigated. Peaks in the number of aurora‐related tweets are found to frequently coincide with geomagnetic disturbances (detection rate of 91%). Additionally, the number of daily aurora‐related tweets is found to strongly correlate with several auroral strength proxies (ravg≈0.7). An examination is made of the bias for location and time of day within Twitter data, and a first‐order correction of these effects is presented. Overall, the results suggest that Twitter can provide both specific details about an individual aurora and accurate real‐time indication of when, and even from where, an aurora is visible.
Air‐mass origin in the tropical lower stratosphere: The influence of Asian boundary layer air
Authors: Orbe Clara , Waugh Darryn W. , Newman Paul A. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA climatology of air‐mass origin in the tropical lower stratosphere is presented for the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry Climate Model. During late boreal summer and fall, air‐mass fractions reveal that as much as 20% of the air in the tropical lower stratosphere last contacted the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over Asia; by comparison, the air‐mass fractions corresponding to last PBL contact over North America and over Europe are negligible. Asian air reaches the extratropical tropopause within a few days of leaving the boundary layer and is quasi‐horizontally transported into the tropical lower stratosphere, where it persists until January. The rapid injection of Asian air into the lower stratosphere—and its persistence in the deep tropics through late (boreal) winter—is important as industrial emissions over East Asia continue to increase. Hence, the Asian monsoon may play an increasingly important role in shaping stratospheric composition.
Mammalian Cell Culture
Authors: Warner Dennis R. , Sakai Daisuke , Sandell Lisa L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractMammalian cell culture is the process of growing animal cells in vitro in a flask or dish. This unit describes the methods, equipment, supplies, and reagents used in a cell culture laboratory. Because preventing contamination and maintaining purity of cell cultures is arguably the greatest challenge in animal cell culture, the principles of aseptic technique in mammalian cell culture are presented in detail. Cell culture media and additives are discussed. A method of counting cells and assessing their viability with a hemacytometer is illustrated. The steps needed to maintain an adherent cell line by feeding and passing cells from one culture vessel to another are presented, and variations for passing suspension‐grown cells are also outlined. Long‐term cryogenic storage of cells in liquid nitrogen is discussed and a protocol for freezing cells is provided, as are details for thawing and recovering viable cells from frozen stocks. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.