bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Multicriteria Risk Ranking of Zoonotic Diseases in a Developing Country: Case Study of Mongolia
Authors: McFadden A. M. J. , Muellner P. , Baljinnyam Z. , Vink D. , Wilson N. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryMany developing countries face significant health burdens associated with a high incidence of endemic zoonoses and difficulties in integrated control measures for both the human and animal populations. The objective of this study was to develop and apply a multicriteria ranking model for zoonoses in Mongolia, a country highly affected by zoonotic disease, to inform optimal resource allocation at the national level. Diseases were evaluated based on their impact on human health, livestock sector health and the wider society through affects on the economic value of livestock, as well as the feasibility of control in both the human and livestock population. Data on disease in Mongolia were collected from various government departments including the Mongolian State Central Laboratory, the Mongolian Department of Veterinary and Animal Breeding, the Mongolian Ministry of Health, Mongolian National Center for Communicable Diseases, the National Center for Zoonotic Disease and expert opinion from a workshop with a number of Mongolian Government officials and researchers. A combined score for both impact of the disease and feasibility of its control was calculated. Five zoonotic diseases were determined to be of high priority from this assessment (i.e. ovine brucellosis, echinococcosis (hydatids), rabies, anthrax and bovine brucellosis). The results supported some of the findings for high‐priority diseases (namely brucellosis, rabies and anthrax) from a previous priority setting exercise carried out in Mongolia in 2011, but also identified and ranked additional animal diseases of public health importance. While the process of model development was largely Mongolian specific, the experience of developing and parameterizing this multicriteria ranking model could be replicated by other countries where zoonoses have substantive impacts on both animal and human health.
Global Distribution and Prevalence of Arcobacter in Food and Water
Authors: Hsu T.‐T. D. , Lee J. 
Published: July 2015

SummaryThe emerging foodborne and waterborne pathogen, Arcobacter, has been linked to various gastrointestinal diseases. Currently, 19 species are established or proposed; consequently, there has been an increase in the number of publications regarding Arcobacter since it was first introduced in 1991. To better understand the potential public health risks posed by Arcobacter, this review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the global distribution and the prevalence of Arcobacter in food and water. Arcobacter spp. were identified in food animals, food‐processing environments and a variety of foods, including vegetables, poultry, beef, dairy products, seafood, pork, lamb and rabbit. A wide range of waterbodies has been reported to be contaminated with Arcobacter spp., such as wastewater, seawater, lake and river water, drinking water, groundwater and recreational water. In addition, Arcobacter has also been isolated from pets, domestic birds, wildlife, zoo and farm animals. It is expected that advancements in molecular techniques will facilitate better detection worldwide and aid in understanding the pathogenicity of Arcobacter. However, more extensive and rigorous surveillance systems are needed to better understand the occurrence of Arcobacter in food and water in various regions of the world, as well as uncover other potential public health risks, that is antibiotic resistance and disinfection efficiency, to reduce the possibility of foodborne and waterborne infections.
Higher oesophageal temperature at rest and during exercise in humans with patent foramen ovale
Authors: Davis James T. , Ng Chi‐Yan A. , Hill Sierra D. , Padgett Richard C. , Lovering Andrew T. 
Published: July 2015

Key points
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is present in ∼35% of the general population.
The respiratory system participates in thermoregulation via evaporative and convective heat loss so blood flow that bypasses the respiratory system, e.g. through a PFO, may not participate in respiratory system cooling.
We found that subjects with a PFO (PFO+) had a ∼0.4°C higher oesophageal temperature (Toesoph) than subjects without a PFO (PFO−) during pre‐exercise and exercise.
Toesoph in PFO+ subjects was associated with the estimated size of the PFO whereby subjects with a large PFO had a greater Toesoph than PFO− subjects and subjects with a small PFO.
During high intensity exercise breathing cold and dry air, PFO+ subjects achieved a higher Toesoph than PFO– subjects.
Absence of respiratory system cooling of shunted blood partially explains the differences in Toesoph between PFO+ and PFO– subjects; other differences in thermoregulatory responses that impact core temperature also likely exist.
AbstractRespiratory system cooling occurs via convective and evaporative heat loss, so right‐to‐left shunted blood flow through a patent foramen ovale (PFO) would not be cooled. Accordingly, we hypothesized that PFO+ subjects would have a higher core temperature than PFO– subjects due, in part, to absence of respiratory system cooling of the shunted blood and that this effect would be dependent upon the estimated PFO size and inspired air temperature. Subjects were screened for the presence and size of a PFO using saline contrast echocardiography. Thirty well‐matched males (15 PFO−, 8 large PFO+, 7 small PFO+) completed cycle ergometer exercise trials on three separate days. During Trial 1, subjects completed a test. For Trials 2 and 3, randomized, subjects completed four 2.5 min stages at 25, 50, 75 and 90% of the maximum workload achieved during Trial 1, breathing either ambient air (20.6 ± 1.0°C) or cold air (1.9 ± 3.5°C). PFO+ subjects had a higher oesophageal temperature (Toesoph) (P < 0.05) than PFO− subjects on Trial 1. During exercise breathing cold and dry air, PFO+ subjects achieved a higher Toesoph than PFO− subjects (P < 0.05). Subjects with a large PFO, but not those with a small PFO, had a higher Toesoph than PFO− subjects (P < 0.05) during Trial 1 and increased Toesoph breathing cold and dry air. These data suggest that the presence and size of a PFO are associated with Toesoph in healthy humans but this is explained only partially by absence of respiratory system cooling of shunted blood.
Post‐exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signalling and long‐term adaptations in muscle to strength training
Authors: Roberts Llion A. , Raastad Truls , Markworth James F. , Figueiredo Vandre C. , Egner Ingrid M. , Shield Anthony , Cameron‐Smith David , Coombes Jeff S. , Peake Jonathan M. 
Published: July 2015

Key points
Cold water immersion is a popular strategy to recover from exercise. However, whether regular cold water immersion influences muscle adaptations to strength training is not well understood.
We compared the effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on changes in muscle mass and strength after 12 weeks of strength training. We also examined the effects of these two treatments on hypertrophy signalling pathways and satellite cell activity in skeletal muscle after acute strength exercise.
Cold water immersion attenuated long term gains in muscle mass and strength. It also blunted the activation of key proteins and satellite cells in skeletal muscle up to 2 days after strength exercise.
Individuals who use strength training to improve athletic performance, recover from injury or maintain their health should therefore reconsider whether to use cold water immersion as an adjuvant to their training.
AbstractWe investigated functional, morphological and molecular adaptations to strength training exercise and cold water immersion (CWI) through two separate studies. In one study, 21 physically active men strength trained for 12 weeks (2 days per week), with either 10 min of CWI or active recovery (ACT) after each training session. Strength and muscle mass increased more in the ACT group than in the CWI group (P < 0.05). Isokinetic work (19%), type II muscle fibre cross‐sectional area (17%) and the number of myonuclei per fibre (26%) increased in the ACT group (all P < 0.05), but not the CWI group. In another study, nine active men performed a bout of single‐leg strength exercises on separate days, followed by CWI or ACT. Muscle biopsies were collected before and 2, 24 and 48 h after exercise. The number of satellite cells expressing neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) (10−30%) and paired box protein (Pax7) (20−50%) increased 24–48 h after exercise with ACT. The number of NCAM+ satellite cells increased 48 h after exercise with CWI. NCAM+‐ and Pax7+‐positive satellite cell numbers were greater after ACT than after CWI (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of p70S6 kinaseThr421/Ser424 increased after exercise in both conditions but was greater after ACT (P < 0.05). These data suggest that CWI attenuates the acute changes in satellite cell numbers and activity of kinases that regulate muscle hypertrophy, which may translate to smaller long‐term training gains in muscle strength and hypertrophy. The use of CWI as a regular post‐exercise recovery strategy should be reconsidered.
Age‐related differences in lean mass, protein synthesis and skeletal muscle markers of proteolysis after bed rest and exercise rehabilitation
Authors: Tanner Ruth E. , Brunker Lucille B. , Agergaard Jakob , Barrows Katherine M. , Briggs Robert A. , Kwon Oh Sung , Young Laura M. , Hopkins Paul N. , Volpi Elena , Marcus Robin L. , LaStayo Paul C. , Drummond Micah J. 
Published: July 2015

Key points
Five days of bed rest resulted in a reduction in leg lean mass and strength in older adults.
After bed rest, older (but not younger) adults had reduced amino acid‐induced anabolic sensitivity (blunted muscle protein synthesis; MPS) and enhanced markers associated with the ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy–lysosomal systems (increase in molecular markers related to muscle proteolysis).
Younger adults did not lose leg lean mass (via DXA) after 5 days of bed rest despite blunted amino acid‐induced mTORC1 signalling and increased skeletal muscle REDD1, REDD2 and MURF1 mRNA expression.
Exercise rehabilitation restored bed rest‐induced deficits in lean mass, strength, nutrient‐induced protein anabolism (protein synthesis and mTORC1 signalling) and select muscle proteolytic markers in older adults.
AbstractBed rest‐induced muscle loss and impaired muscle recovery may contribute to age‐related sarcopenia. It is unknown if there are age‐related differences in muscle mass and muscle anabolic and catabolic responses to bed rest. A secondary objective was to determine if rehabilitation could reverse bed rest responses. Nine older and fourteen young adults participated in a 5‐day bed rest challenge (BED REST). This was followed by 8 weeks of high intensity resistance exercise (REHAB). Leg lean mass (via dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry; DXA) and strength were determined. Muscle biopsies were collected during a constant stable isotope infusion in the postabsorptive state and after essential amino acid (EAA) ingestion on three occasions: before (PRE), after bed rest and after rehabilitation. Samples were assessed for protein synthesis, mTORC1 signalling, REDD1/2 expression and molecular markers related to muscle proteolysis (MURF1, MAFBX, AMPKα, LC3II/I, Beclin1). We found that leg lean mass and strength decreased in older but not younger adults after bedrest (P < 0.05) and was restored after rehabilitation. EAA‐induced mTORC1 signalling and protein synthesis increased before bed rest in both age groups (P < 0.05). Although both groups had blunted mTORC1 signalling, increased REDD2 and MURF1 mRNA after bedrest, only older adults had reduced EAA‐induced protein synthesis rates and increased MAFBX mRNA, p‐AMPKα and the LC3II/I ratio (P < 0.05). We conclude that older adults are more susceptible than young persons to muscle loss after short‐term bed rest. This may be partially explained by a combined suppression of protein synthesis and a marginal increase in proteolytic markers. Finally, rehabilitation restored bed rest‐induced deficits in lean mass and strength in older adults.
Endogenous casein kinase‐1 modulates NMDA receptor activity of hypothalamic presympathetic neurons and sympathetic outflow in hypertension
Authors: Li De‐Pei , Zhou Jing‐Jing , Pan Hui‐Lin 
Published: July 2015

Key points
Increased NMDA receptor activity and excitability of presympathetic neurons in the hypothalamus can increase sympathetic nerve discharges leading to hypertension.
In this study, we determined how protein kinases and phosphatases are involved in regulating NMDA receptor activity and firing activity of presympathetic neurons in the hypothalamus in normotensive and hypertensive rats.
We show that casein kinase‐1 inhibition increases NMDA receptor activity and excitability of presympathetic neurons in the hypothalamus and augments sympathetic nerve discharges in normotensive, but not in hypertensive, rats.
Our data indicate that casein kinase‐1 tonically regulates NMDA receptor activity by interacting with casein kinase‐2 and protein phosphatases in the hypothalamus and that imbalance of NMDA receptor phosphorylation can augment the excitability of hypothalamic presympathetic neurons and sympathetic nerve discharges in hypertension.
These findings help us understand the neuronal mechanism of hypertension, and reducing the NMDA receptor phosphorylation level may be effective for treating neurogenic hypertension.
AbstractIncreased N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is involved in elevated sympathetic outflow in hypertension. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying augmented NMDAR activity in hypertension remain unclear. In this study, we determined the role of casein kinase‐1 (CK1) in regulating NMDAR activity in the PVN. NMDAR‐mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and puff NMDA‐elicited currents were recorded in spinally projecting PVN neurons in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats. The basal amplitudes of evoked NMDAR‐EPSCs and puff NMDA currents were significantly higher in SHRs than in WKY rats. The CK1 inhibitor PF4800567 or PF670462 significantly increased the amplitude of NMDAR‐EPSCs and puff NMDA currents in PVN neurons in WKY rats but not in SHRs. PF4800567 caused an NMDAR‐dependent increase in the excitability of PVN neurons only in WKY rats. Also, the CK1ε protein level in the PVN was significantly lower in SHRs than in WKY rats. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular infusion of PF4800567 increased blood pressure and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity in WKY rats, and this effect was eliminated by microinjection of the NMDAR antagonist into the PVN. In addition, PF4800567 failed to increase NMDAR activity in brain slices of WKY rats pretreated with the protein phosphatase 1/2A, calcineurin, or casein kinase‐2 inhibitor. Our findings suggest that CK1 tonically suppresses NMDAR activity in the PVN by reducing the NMDAR phosphorylation level. Diminished CK1 activity may contribute to potentiated glutamatergic synaptic input to PVN presympathetic neurons and elevated sympathetic vasomotor tone in neurogenic hypertension.
Noise reduction for curve‐linear structures in real time fluoroscopy applications using directional binary masks
Authors: Wagner Martin , Yang Pengfei , Schafer Sebastian , Strother Charles , Mistretta Charles 
Published: July 2015

Purpose:Recent efforts in the reconstruction of interventional devices from two distinct views require the segmentation of the object in both fluoroscopic images. Noise might decrease the quality of the segmentation and cause artifacts in the reconstruction. The noise level depends on the x‐ray dose the patient is exposed to. The proposed algorithm reduces the noise and enhances the separability of curvilinear devices in background subtracted fluoroscopic images to allow a more accurate segmentation.Methods:The algorithm uses a set of binary masks to estimate a line conformity measure that determines the best direction for a directional filter kernel. If the calculated value exceeds a certain threshold, the directional kernel is used to obtain the filtered value. Otherwise, an isotropic filter kernel is used.Results:The evaluation was performed on a set of 36 fluoroscopic images using a vascular head phantom with three different guidewires and nine different x‐ray dosages from 6 nGy/pulse to 45 nGy/pulse as well as a clinical data set containing ten images. Compared with wavelet shrinkage and the bilateral filter, the proposed algorithm increased the average contrast to noise ratio by at least 17.8% for the phantom and 68.9% for the clinical images. The accuracy of the device segmentation was improved on average by at least 17.3% and 14.0%, respectively.Conclusions:The proposed algorithm was able to significantly reduce the amount of noise in the images and therefore increase the quality of the device segmentations compared to both the bilateral filter and the wavelet thresholding approach for all acquired noise levels using rotating directional filter kernels near line structures and isotropic kernels for the background. The application of the proposed algorithm for the 3D reconstruction of curvilinear devices from two views would allow a more accurate reconstruction of the device.
Evidence Map of Yoga for Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Duan-Porter Wei , Coeytaux Remy R. , McDuffie Jennifer R. , Goode Adam P. , Sharma Poonam , Mennella Hillary , Nagi Avishek , Williams John W. 
Published: July 2015

Background:This study describes evidence of yoga’s effectiveness for depressive disorders, general anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. We also address adverse events associated with yoga.Methods:We searched multiple electronic databases for systematic reviews (SRs) published between 2008 and July 2014, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) not identified in eligible SRs, and ongoing RCTs registered with ClincalTrials.gov.Results:We identified 1 SR on depression, 1 for adverse events, and 3 addressing multiple conditions. The high-quality depression SR included 12 RCTs (n = 619) that showed improved short-term depressive symptoms (standardized mean difference, –0.69, 95% confidence interval, –0.99 to –0.39), but there was substantial variability (I2 = 86%) and a high risk of bias for 9 studies. Three SRs addressing multiple conditions identified 4 nonrandomized studies (n = 174) for GAD/PD and 1 RCT (n = 8) and 2 nonrandomized studies (n = 22) for PTSD. We separately found 1 RCT (n = 13) for GAD and 2 RCTs (n = 102) for PTSD. Collectively, these studies were inconclusive for the effectiveness of yoga in treating GAD/PD and PTSD. The high-quality SR for adverse events included 37 primary reports (n = 76) in which inversion postures were most often implicated. We found 5 ongoing trials (3 for PTSD).Conclusions:Yoga may improve short-term depressive symptoms, but evidence for GAD, PD, and PTSD remain inconclusive.
Children’s Out-of-School Independently Mobile Trips, Active Travel, and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Examination from the Kids in the City Study
Authors: Oliver Melody , Parker Karl , Witten Karen , Mavoa Suzanne , Badland Hannah M. , Donovan Phil , Chaudhury Moushumi , Kearns Robin 
Published: July 2015

Background:The study aim was to determine the association between children’s objectively assessed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and active trips (AT) and independently mobile trips (IM) during out-of-school hours.Methods:Children aged 9 to 13 years (n = 254) were recruited from 9 schools in Auckland, New Zealand between 2011 and 2012. Children completed travel diaries and wore accelerometers for 7 days. Parents provided demographic information. Geographic information systems-derived distance to school was calculated. Accelerometer data were extracted for out of school hours only. Percentage of time spent in MVPA (%MVPA), AT, and IM were calculated. Generalized estimating equations were used to determine the relationship between daily %MVPA and AT and between daily %MVPA and IM, accounting for age, sex, ethnicity, distance to school, day of the week, and numeric day of data collection.Results:A significant positive relationship was observed between %MVPA and both AT and IM. For every unit increase in the daily percentage of trips made that were AT or IM, we found an average increase of 1.28% (95% CI 0.87%, 1.70%) and 1.15% (95% CI 0.71%, 1.59%) time in MVPA, respectively.Conclusion:Children’s AT and IM are associated with increased MVPA during out-of-school hours.
Associations of Sedentary Time and Breaks in Sedentary Time With Disability in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Chen Tao , Narazaki Kenji , Haeuchi Yuka , Chen Sanmei , Honda Takanori , Kumagai Shuzo 
Published: July 2015

Background:This cross-sectional study was performed to examine associations of objectively measured sedentary time (ST) and breaks in sedentary time (BST) with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disability in Japanese community-dwelling older adults.Methods:The sample comprised 1634 older adults (mean age: 73.3 y, men: 38.4%). Sedentary behavior was measured using a triaxial accelerometer. Disability was defined as inability in at least 1 of the IADL tasks using the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence.Results:After adjusting for potential confounders and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), longer ST was significantly associated with higher likelihood of IADL disability, whereas a greater number of BST was associated with lower likelihood of IADL disability. ST and BST remained statistically significant after mutual adjustment with odds ratio of 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI)], 1.00–1.70) and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.65–0.99), respectively.Conclusions:This study first demonstrated that shorter ST and more BST were associated with lower risk of IADL disability independent of MVPA and that the association for ST was independent of BST and vice versa. These findings suggest not only total ST but also the manner in which it is accumulated may contribute to the maintenance of functional independence in older adults.
Safe, Affordable, Convenient: Environmental Features of Malls and Other Public Spaces Used by Older Adults for Walking
Authors: King Diane K. , Allen Peg , Jones Dina L. , Marquez David X. , Brown David R. , Rosenberg Dori , Janicek Sarah , Allen Laila , Belza Basia 
Published: July 2015

Background:Midlife and older adults use shopping malls for walking, but little research has examined mall characteristics that contribute to their walkability.Methods:We used modified versions of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Healthy Aging Research Network (HAN) Environmental Audit and the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) tool to systematically observe 443 walkers in 10 shopping malls. We also observed 87 walkers in 6 community-based nonmall/nongym venues where older adults routinely walked for physical activity.Results:All venues had public transit stops and accessible parking. All malls and 67% of nonmalls had wayfinding aids, and most venues (81%) had an established circuitous walking route and clean, well-maintained public restrooms (94%). All venues had level floor surfaces, and one-half had benches along the walking route. Venues varied in hours of access, programming, tripping hazards, traffic control near entrances, and lighting.Conclusions:Despite diversity in location, size, and purpose, the mall and nonmall venues audited shared numerous environmental features known to promote walking in older adults and few barriers to walking. Future research should consider programmatic features and outreach strategies to expand the use of malls and other suitable public spaces for walking.