bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Rurality Influence Treatment Decisions in Early Stage Laryngeal Cancer?
Authors: Mackley Heath B. , Teslova Tatiana , Camacho Fabian , Short Pamela F. , Anderson Roger T. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPurposeThe mortality rate of laryngeal cancer has been trending downward with the use of more effective surgical, radiation, and systemic therapies. Although the best treatment for this disease is not entirely clear, there is a growing consensus on the value of primary radiotherapy as an organ preservation strategy. This study examines urban‐rural differences in the use of radiotherapy as the primary treatment for early stage laryngeal cancer in Pennsylvania.Experimental DesignThe sample was drawn from the Pennsylvania tumor registry, which lists 2,437 laryngeal cancer patients diagnosed from 2001 to 2005. We selected 1,705 adults with early stage squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx for our analysis. Demographic data and tumor characteristics were included as control variables in multivariate analyses. Rurality was assigned by ZIP code of patient residence.ResultsControlling for demographic and clinical factors, rural patients were less likely than urban patients to receive radiotherapy as the primary treatment modality for early stage larynx cancer (OR 0.740, 95% CI 0.577‐0.949, P = .0087). No other associations between rural status and treatment choice were statistically significant.ConclusionsRelatively fewer rural patients with larynx cancer are treated primarily with radiation therapy. Further investigations to describe this interaction more thoroughly, and to see if this observation is found in larger population data sets, are warranted.
Canine T‐Zone Lymphoma: Unique Immunophenotypic Features, Outcome, and Population Characteristics
Authors: Seelig D.M. , Avery P. , Webb T. , Yoshimoto J. , Bromberek J. , Ehrhart E.J. , Avery A.C. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundCanine T‐cell lymphoma (TCL) is clinically and histologically heterogeneous with some forms, such as T‐zone lymphoma (TZL), having an indolent course. Immunophenotyping is an important tool in the classification of TCL in people, and can be equally useful in dogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesWe hypothesized that loss of expression of the CD45 antigen is a specific diagnostic feature of TZL.AnimalsTwenty dogs with concurrent histology and immunophenotyping by flow cytometry were studied in depth. An additional 494 dogs diagnosed by immunophenotyping were used to characterize the population of dogs with this disease.MethodsLymph node biopsies from 35 dogs with TCL were classified by 2 pathologists using WHO criteria. Twenty lymph nodes were from dogs with CD45− TCL and 15 were from CD45+ TCL. The pathologists were blinded to the flow cytometry findings. Outcome information was sought for the 20 dogs with CD45− lymphoma, and population characteristics of the additional 494 dogs were described.ResultsAll 20 CD45− cases were classified as TZL. The 15 CD45+ cases were classified as aggressive TCL and are described in an accompanying paper. TZL cases had a median survival of 637 days. Examination of 494 additional dogs diagnosed with TZL by immunophenotyping demonstrated that 40% of cases are in Golden Retrievers, are diagnosed at a median age of 10 years, and the majority have lymphadenopathy and lymphocytosis.ConclusionsTZL has unique immunophenotypic features that can be used for diagnosis.
Rodent population dynamics affect seedling recruitment in alpine habitats
Authors: Nystuen Kristin O. , Evju Marianne , Rusch Graciela M. , Graae Bente J. , Eide Nina E. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractQuestionsHow do rodents with cyclic population dynamics affect seedling recruitment in alpine habitats? Does disturbance from rodents have larger implications on seedling recruitment in some plant communities than in others?LocationSnowbeds and sheltered heaths in the low‐alpine zone in areas of Børgefjell and Dovrefjell, Norway.MethodsWe recorded seedling emergence, rodent activity and cover of mosses, lichens, litter and bare ground in 270 plots in snowbeds and sheltered heaths in a rodent population peak year and in the following low‐density year.ResultsSeedling recruitment was positively correlated with disturbances from lemmings and voles in both years. More seedlings emerged in the low‐density year than in the year of the population peak. Snowbeds had higher seedling recruitment than the sheltered heaths, but both habitats were equally affected by disturbances from rodents.ConclusionsRodent activity created gaps and increased seedling emergence in these alpine plant communities, particularly in the year after the rodent peak, both in snowbeds and sheltered heath habitats. Our study therefore suggests that regeneration patterns in alpine vegetation are tightly linked to the population cycles of lemmings and voles, which peak in density at 3‐ to 5‐yr intervals.
Gap ecology in the Florida scrubby flatwoods: effects of time‐since‐fire, gap area, gap aggregation and microhabitat on gap species diversity
Authors: Dee Justin R. , Menges Eric S. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractQuestionsThe ecology of landscape gaps is important for the maintenance of species diversity in a variety of plant ecosystems. In the scrubby flatwoods community type of the pyrogenic Florida scrub, we aimed to identify the relationship between time‐since‐fire, gap area, quality (microhabitat) and aggregation (structural connectivity) with neighbouring gaps on gap species diversity and occupancy.LocationArchbold Biological Station (ABS), Lake Wales Ridge, south‐central Florida, USA.MethodsWe measured species diversity, gap area, aggregation and microhabitat (percentage bare sand) in 120 gaps divided evenly amongst 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 26 yrs since fire in the scrubby flatwoods of ABS (typical fire return interval of 5–20 yrs) throughout the summer of 2011.ResultsGap area and aggregation were significantly highest in the first 4 yrs after fire, but decreased and remained fairly constant at longer times‐since‐fire. Percentage bare sand gradually decreased with time‐since‐fire until a strong decline at the 26‐yr mark, where litter cover was significantly higher than all previous years. Gap area strongly and positively predicted species richness (total and herb spp.) and total species diversity (H'). Bare sand content was positively correlated with the richness of species that are obligate seeders post‐fire. Gap aggregation was generally a poor predictor of diversity components, although it positively influenced the occurrence of Stipulicida setacea, a seeder species that occasionally resprouts after fire. Overall, species richness and diversity peaked at intermediate times‐since‐fire, probably because long‐unburned gaps were too small and inundated with litter to sustain higher richness of herbs and obligate seeders.ConclusionIn a prior gap ecology study, in neighbouring more xeric rosemary scrub, gaps were larger, more persistent and had higher bare sand cover, resulting in higher levels of total species richness and diversity for decades longer after fire than gaps in this study. In both these types of Florida scrub, the threat of fire suppression and its adverse effects on gap area and microhabitat may be detrimental for several endemic species that depend on gaps.
Assessment of Aspergillus‐specific PCR as a screening method for invasive aspergillosis in paediatric cancer patients and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell recipients with suspected infections
Authors: Reinwald M. , Konietzka C. A. M. , Kolve H. , Uhlenbrock S. , Ahlke E. , Hummel M. , Spiess B. , Hofmann W.‐K. , Buchheidt D. , Groll A. H. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryInvasive aspergillosis (IA) remains difficult to diagnose in immunocompromised patients, because diagnostic EORTC/MSG criteria are often not met. As biomarkers might elucidate the pathogen, we analysed the performance of an Aspergillus PCR assay in blood for diagnosis of IA in immunocompromised paediatric patients with suspected infections. Ninety‐five haemato‐oncological paediatric patients were included over a period of 3 years, the underlying diseases consisting of acute leukaemia, solid tumours, non‐malignant immunocompromising disorders and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. We retrospectively analysed 253 consecutive episodes of suspected infections. Thirty‐eight patients had possible IA, none of the patients fulfilled EORTC/MSG criteria of probable/proven IA. PCR positivity was observed in 97/967 analyses. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of the PCR per episode were 34%, 78%, 31% and 81% using possible IA as endpoint. Taken together, an undirected blood screening by Aspergillus‐specific PCR is of little diagnostic value in a heterogenous paediatric patient cohort. Harnessing PCR for diagnosis of IA should thus be focused on blood analyses of more homogenous high‐risk patients and/or analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage, tissue or cerebrospinal fluid specimens.
The postantifungal effect and phospholipase production of oral Candida albicans from smokers, diabetics, asthmatics, denture wearers and healthy individuals following brief exposure to subtherapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate
Authors: Ellepola Arjuna N. B. , Joseph Bobby K. , Khan Z. U. 
Published: March 2014

SummaryCandida albicans is the major aetiological agent of oral candidosis and one of its important virulent factors is the production of extracellular phospholipases, which can be modulated by subtherapeutic concentrations of antifungal agents thus decreasing their pathogenicity. Hence, considering that chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) is a common antimicrobial mouthwash used in dentistry and that its concentration in the mouth reaches subtherapeutic levels during dosage intervals due to the diluent effect of saliva and cleansing effect of the oral musculature, the postantifungal effect (PAFE) and the phospholipase production of oral C. albicans following brief exposure to subtherapeutic concentrations of CG was studied. Fifty C. albicans planktonic oral isolates obtained from smokers, diabetics, asthmatics using steroid inhalers, partial denture wearers and healthy individuals were exposed to three subtherapeutic concentrations of CG (0.005%, 0.0025% and 0.00125%) for 1 h. Isolates unexposed to CG was the control group. Thereafter the antiseptic was removed and the PAFE and phospholipase production was determined by a turbidometric method and a plate assay using an egg yolk agar medium respectively. Mean PAFE (hours) of 50 oral isolates of C. albicans following 1‐h exposure to 0.005%, 0.0025% and 0.00125% CG was 6.97, 1.85 and 0.62 respectively. The phospholipase production of these isolates was significantly suppressed with a percentage reduction of 21.68, 18.20 and 14.04% following exposure to 0.005%, 0.0025% and 0.00125% CG respectively. Brief exposure of C. albicans isolates to subtherapeutic concentrations of CG would wield an antifungal effect by suppressing growth and phospholipase production, thereby quelling its pathogenicity.
A longitudinal study of conflict in new parents: The role of attachment
Authors: STEVEN RHOLES W. , KOHN JAMIE L. , SIMPSON JEFFRY A. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this longitudinal study of the transition to parenthood, couples reported on their own conflict resolution tactics and their perceptions of their partners' tactics. Their reports were analyzed in terms of their own and their partners' attachment styles. The results showed that more anxious and more avoidant persons used less effective conflict resolution styles. They showed that both actor and partner attachment styles were related to conflict resolution tactics. They also showed that in some cases less avoidant and less anxious persons showed improvement over time, using fewer ineffective and more effective resolution tactics. More avoidant and more anxious individuals, in contrast, showed little improvement and in some cases even showed decline over time.
Nurses' perceptions of working with immigrant patients and interpreters in Finland
Authors: Eklöf Niina , Hupli Maija , Leino‐Kilpi Helena 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo describe nurses' perceptions of the factors to consider when using interpreters in primary health care nursing with immigrant patients.Design and sampleThis was a qualitative study using inductive content analysis. The participants (n = 8) were public health nurses working in one Finnish primary health care center with experience of the use of interpreters.MeasuresData were collected using individual interviews and analyzed using inductive content analysis.ResultsThe factors to be considered when using interpreters are related to the interpreter, to the nurse, and to the patient. Important criteria for interpreters are their professional knowledge, professional role, and personal character. Careful planning and realization of the appointment is essential for the proper use and cost‐effectiveness. The patients' difficulties to understand the role of the interpreter, protection of patients' privacy, and patients' desires concerning the interpreter are factors to consider.ConclusionsThe use of an interpreter is dependent on multiple factors. The interpreter supports the communication between the nurse and the patient. Interpreter use can increase the amount of work undertaken by nurses and make the relationship between the nurse and the patient more complicated, or even create ethical problems.
State Intervention and Life Satisfaction Reconsidered: The Role of Governance Quality and Resource Misallocation
Authors: Jakubow Alexander 
Published: March 2014

To what extent does state intervention in the market condition how individuals subjectively experience the lives that they lead? Prevailing attempts to understand the relationship between state intervention and subjective well‐being have yielded mixed empirical results. However, these differences result from omitted variable biases, not different methodological choices. Drawing on insights from the new social risk and quality of governance literatures, this article contends that the policy orientation and administrative quality of welfare state programs jointly condition the effect of state intervention on life satisfaction. State intervention exerts a strong positive effect on perceived satisfaction with life when the quality of administrative institutions is high and policy interventions focus on insuring individuals against newer, post‐industrial forms of market risk. This main hypothesis is tested and confirmed against an empirical analysis of survey data taken from Wave 5 of the World Values Survey.Related Articles:Flavin,Patrick,AlexanderPacek, andBenjaminRadcliff.2011. “.”Politics & Policy39():251‐269.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00290.x/abstractDekker,Fabian.2010. “.”Politics & Policy38():765‐788.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00257.x/abstractAriely,Gal.2011. “.”Politics & Policy39():997‐1019.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00329.x/abstractRelated Media:Film Clips:.2009. “.”http://www.stiglitz‐sen‐fitoussi.fr/en/index.htmVeenhoven,Ruut.2013. “.”http://www1.eur.nl/fsw/happiness/
Preserving Institutional Power: The Supreme Court and Strategic Decision Making in the Separation of Powers
Authors: Marshall Bryan W. , Curry Brett W. , Pacelle Richard L. 
Published: March 2014

We argue that the Supreme Court's long‐term goal of maintaining legitimacy and institutional power reflects an underdeveloped strategic consideration in models of judicial decision making. Our article posits that both institutional‐ and policy‐related incentives exist for the Court to engage in strategic behavior, and that those motivations may be differentially applicable to decision making in constitutional versus statutory cases. Our results offer broad confirmation of the above hypotheses, providing an important supplement to our understanding of how Congress may affect the Supreme Court's role in constructing legal policy.Related Articles
McKenzie, Mark Jonathan, and Michael A. Unger. 2011. “ .” Politics & Policy 39 (): 813‐834. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00317.x/full

Sharma, Hemant, and John M. Scheb II. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 1077‐1105. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00325.x/full

Curry, Brett, and Banks Miller. 2008. “.” Politics & Policy 36 (): 1094‐1124. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00151.x/full
Related MediaFilm Clips: . 2012. “.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaoLMW5AF4Y

. 2012. “.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCA38zjwNJM
Philosophical Idling and Philosophical Relativity
Authors: Garcia Robert K. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPeter Unger has challenged philosophical objectivism, the thesis that traditional philosophical problems have definite objective answers. He argues from semantic relativity for philosophical relativity, the thesis that for certain philosophical problems, there is no objective answer. I clarify, formulate and challenge Unger's argument. According to Unger, philosophical relativism explains philosophical idling, the fact that philosophical debates appear endless, philosophical disagreements seem irresolvable, and very little substantial progress seems made towards satisfactory and definite answers to philosophical problems. I argue, however, that the reality of philosophical idling is doubtful and, ironically, undermined by philosophical relativism. I then raise problems for several steps in Unger's argument for philosophical relativity. I conclude by arguing that philosophical relativism can avoid self‐defeat only by an ad hoc limitation of its scope.
Self‐report questionnaire for measuring presence: development and initial validation
Authors: Kuis Esther E. , Goossensen Anne , van Dijke Jolanda , Baart Andries J. 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe concept of ‘presence’ appears frequently in the literature and seems to be a highly relevant concept in discussing and evaluating quality of relations in healthcare practices. However, no existing self‐report measure of presence for health professionals was found.PurposeThe purpose of this study was (i) to develop a self‐report questionnaire for measuring presence and (ii) to conduct initial psychometric testing of the questionnaire.MethodThe process followed two steps. Phase 1 consisted of the development of 64 items that were derived from the ‘theory of presence’ (ToP) as developed by Andries Baart in the Netherlands in 2001. Face and content validity were completed by a panel of experts in ToP. A pilot study to test understandability was done (N = 22). During Phase 2, 48 remaining items of the Presence Questionnaire for Caregivers (PQ‐C) were tested among 723 healthcare professionals. Exploratory principal component analysis was conducted, and reliability coefficients and known‐group validity were assessed.ResultsPrincipal component analysis showed three new components that were labelled ‘dedicated attitude’, ‘openness in perception’ and ‘reciprocal humaneness’. Thirty‐one items were retained which explain 25.4% of the variance. An initial psychometric assessment of the shortened scale showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 and a Spearman–Brown coefficient (for equal length) of 0.63. There were significant differences in sum scores between groups based on age, years of experience and familiarity with ToP.ConclusionIt appeared possible to develop a self‐report questionnaire for measuring presence and establish face and content validity. In initial exploratory factor analysis, the eight theoretical principles of ToP used to develop the questionnaire were not reflected, and three new components appeared. Further research is needed to examine the value of the three new dimensions, and investigation into the construct validity and reliability of the three new components is recommended.
Higher level molecular phylogeny of darkling beetles (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae)
Authors: KERGOAT GAEL J. , SOLDATI LAURENT , CLAMENS ANNE‐LAURE , JOURDAN HERVE , JABBOUR‐ZAHAB ROULA , GENSON GWENAELLE , BOUCHARD PATRICE , CONDAMINE FABIEN L. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractInsect diversity represents about 60% of the estimated million‐and‐a‐half described eukaryotic species worldwide, yet comprehensive and well‐resolved intra‐ordinal phylogenies are still lacking for the majority of insect groups. This is the case especially for the most species‐rich insect group, the beetles (Coleoptera), a group for which less than 4% of the known species have had theirDNAsequenced. In this study, we reconstruct the first higher level phylogeny based onDNAsequence data for the species‐rich darkling beetles, a family comprising at least 20 000 species. Although amongst all families of beetlesTenebrionidae ranks seventh in terms of species diversity, the lack of knowledge on the phylogeny and systematics of the group is such that its monophyly has been questioned (not to mention those of the subfamilies and tribes contained within it). We investigate the evolutionary history ofTenebrionidae using multiple phylogenetic inference methods (Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and parsimony) to analyse a dataset consisting of eight gene fragments across 404 taxa (including 250 tenebrionid species). Although the resulting phylogenetic framework only encompasses a fraction of the known tenebrionid diversity, it provides important information on their systematics and evolution. Whatever the methods used, our results provide strong support for the monophyly of the family, and highlight the likely paraphyletic or polyphyletic nature of several important tenebrionid subfamilies and tribes, notably the polyphyletic subfamiliesDiaperinae andTenebrioninae that clearly require substantial revision in the future. Some interesting associations in several groups are also revealed by the phylogenetic analyses, such as the pairing ofAphtoraBates withPhrenapatinae. Furthermore this study advances our knowledge of the evolution of the group, providing novel insights into much‐debated theories, such as the apparent relict distribution of the tribeElenophorini.
Continuum in HIV care from entry to ART initiation in rural KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Plazy Mélanie , Dray‐Spira Rosemary , Orne‐Gliemann Joanna , Dabis François , Newell Marie‐Louise 
Published: March 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo quantify time from entry in HIV care until Antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and identify factors associated with ART initiation in rural KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa.MethodsAdults ≥16 years entering the decentralised Hlabisa ART programme between 2007 and 2011 were followed until June 2013. Median survival times to ART initiation from date of programme entry and from date of ART eligibility were estimated with Kaplan–Meier methods. Associated factors were evaluated in Cox regressions, censoring for deaths.ResultsOf 37 749 adults (71.6% female), 17 638 (46.7%) initiated ART. Nearly half (46.9%) met the CD4 criteria for treatment eligibility at programme entry. Among the 20 039 individuals not yet ART‐eligible at entry, only 62.5% were retained in care with at least one further CD4 measurement, of whom 6688 subsequently became ART‐eligible. Overall, 65.5% of the 24 398 ART‐eligible individuals initiated ART over the study period. ART initiation was more likely in women (P < 0.001), in individuals ≥ 25 years old (P < 0.001) and in patients with low CD4 count (P < 0.001). Patients who became eligible during follow up were significantly more likely to initiate ART than those eligible at programme entry (72.6% vs. 62.9%, Adjusted Hazard Ratio = 1.46; 95% Confidence Interval [1.41–1.51]), adjusting for sex, age, year and CD4 count at eligibility.ConclusionsIn this rural programme, continuation of care remains challenging, especially in men and younger adults. ART initiation is more likely in those engaged prior eligibility than in those entering HIV care only late in their HIV disease.