bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Flaked Flint from the Red Crag
Authors: Sollas W. J. , Moir J. Reid 
Published: October 2013

The remarkable specimen which forms the subject of this communication was presented to me by Mr. Reid Moir, who had extracted it with his own hands from the base of the Red Crag exposed in Messrs. Bolton & Laughlin's brick field, near Ipswich.It is a fragment of a nodule of chalk flint, irregularly rhombic in outline, with nearly flat base and a rounded upper surface which slopes away on each side from a medium line (the shorter diameter) joining the two obtuse angles of the rhomb.The upper rounded side formed part of the original surface of the nodule and retains the whitish weathered crust, 8 mm. or more in thickness, which was formed while the nodule lay embedded in the chalk. The exterior of this crust has since been traversed by solutions which have deposited in its pores some silica and ferric hydrate, thus forming a brown superficial layer which is now too hard to be scratched with a knife.
Eoliths.—Their Origin And Age
Authors: Kendall H. G. O. 
Published: October 2013

The discovery of these interesting stones by Mr. Benjamin Harrison on the high plateau of Kent, as long ago as 1885, their endorsement by Sir Joseph Prestwich, and the controversy about them which has since ensued, are, no doubt, known to all.An eolith, in the strict sense of the word, is usually understood to be a flattish piece of flint, naturally fractured as to its plane surfaces, but chipped or hacked around its edges, in a direction more or less approaching a right angle to those surfaces. In some cases the piece of flint is not flat, and the chipping may then have been applied in a rather different manner. It should be noted that sarsens and other stones were used, as well as flint.Not a few persons are dissatisfied with the word “eolith.” It bears an awkward resemblance to “neolith.” Moreover, it has begged the question, before exhaustive evidence has been forthcoming, of the position in prehistoric time of this particular series of chipped flints.Even supposing that the eoliths ought to be placed (as has been taken for granted by some) before the Palaeolithic industry, our present knowledge would not be sufficient to enable us to assert, without fear of contradiction, that these are man's first efforts in chipping flints.
Discovery of a New Phase of Early Flint Mining at Grimes' Graves, Norfolk
Authors: Armstrong A. Leslie 
Published: October 2013

The discovery of Floor 85, in 1920, with its definite three period stratification, for the first time demonstrated what some people had long suspected, viz., that the Grimes' Graves industry was not confined to any one period exclusively, but was the outcome of a practically continuous local development from an early stage in the pre-historic period down to the end of Neolithic times, and the exploration of this Floor established three important facts:—(1) That an early industry had existed on the site characterised by the practice of naturalistic engraving on flint crust and the production of flint implements of certain distinctive types from mined flint of the variety known as Floor-stone.(2) That that industry was the earliest so far recognised at Grimes' Graves and was clearly not contemporary with any of the 366 visible mine shafts on the site, but ante-dated them so considerably that the implements of the lowest level, F.85c, had become patinated and buried beneath accumulations of humus, etc., before mining operations commenced at that place.
A Flaking Site on Kelling Heath, Norfolk
Authors: Sainty J. E. 
Published: October 2013

The site occupies the top and upper slope of the gravel plateau O.D. 200 feet, ¾ mile West by South of Weybourne Station. (See Ordnance Datum Map, Norfolk, Sheet X., S.W., 6-ins. to 1 mile). It consists of unploughed heathland, mainly undisturbed, though during the war some trenches were dug, whilst, at some past date, heather “turves” have been cut for the making of a turf bank, possibly an old boundary bank. As a result stony patches occur among the heather, and it was the discovery in August, 1923, by my daughter, Olive, of a worked point (Fig. 11) on one of these patches that led to the investigation of the site.The parish boundary between Weybourne and Kelling lies at the foot of the eastern slope of the plateau at this spot. 1,100 yards East by South is a tumulus, adjoining which are the “Weybourne Pits,” whilst just over a mile west by north lie a series of tumuli on Salthouse Heath.
Geological Notes on the Acheulean Site at Whitlingham, Norfolk
Authors: Boswell P. G. H. 
Published: October 2013

By the courtesy of Messrs. Sainty and Halls I was enabled to pay visits to the most interesting palæolithic site at Whitlingham, of which Mr. Sainty has given an account in the foregoing paper.In the interval between my first and second visits, the cost of excavation had been assisted by a grant from the Sladen Fund. The wonderful series of implements obtained, certainly unique for Britain and possibly for Western Europe, and the interesting geological considerations which flow from the facts recorded, seem to me to be ample justification for the generous action of the Sladen Trustees.In the preceding paper Mr. Sainty has given a clear and succinct account of the implementiferous beds and their accompanying deposits. Although his description of the geological features is, in my opinion, excellent, I have acceded to his request (unnecessary as it may seem) to add some geological notes on the deposits.
Notes on Some Mousterian Finds in Spain and Irak
Authors: Garrod D. A. 
Published: October 2013

The following sites were discovered by Mr. and Mrs. Harry Milton and myself during the summer and autumn of 1926, while I was excavating the Devil's Tower Cave at Gibraltar.(i) Llanos de la Horadada. This is a surface site, lying on rising ground to the west of the road from San Roque to the Rio Guadiaro, near the seventh kilometre-stone out of San Roque. The Llanos de la Horadada is a group of low hills forming a southern extension of the Sierra del Arco; it takes its name from a tunnel-like cave, the Cueva de la Horadada, which runs through an outcrop of Eocene sandstone about 1 km. to the west of the road.In a recently-ploughed field lying immediately above the road we found a small number of flint and quartzite implements, two of which, a small disc and a chopper, were unmistakably Mousterian (Fig. II, Nos. 1 and 2). The implements and flakes were all slightly abraded, and those which were made of flint were deeply patinated, some being white and others light brown.
Palaeolithic Implements from the Cannon-shot Gravel of Norfolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid 
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this paper is to describe and figure eight palæolithic flint implements discovered in the Cannon-shot gravel of Norfolk. The specimens were found during researches carried out under a grant from the Percy Sladen Trustees, to whom I am much indebted for their help. I have also to acknowledge the assistance given me by Mr. G. Maynard and Mr. J. E. Sainty, who have been intimately associated with my investigations.The Cannon-shot gravel derives its name from its contained rounded and battered flint pebbles, symmetrically shaped like the cannon-balls in use at the time when Wood and Harmer first examined it. This gravel is well-known to geologists, and extends over large areas in Norfolk. It often occupies high ground, and can be examined in the cliff sections along the north-east coast of this county, and also in many inland pits. The gravel, wnich contains an appreciable number of foreign rocks, usually presents little evidence of stratification, though horizontal and thin layers of sand and loam are to be observed in its mass. The contained stones often rest in a vertical or inclined position in the gravel, a fact which makes it difficult to believe that water-action of the normal kind was responsible for the laying down of the deposit.
On the Clactonian Industry at Swanscombe
Authors: Chandler R. H. 
Published: October 2013

The river gravels of the Boyne Hill (1st., 100 ft. and, in this district, the highest) Terrace of the Thames at Swanscombe (Kent) have yielded flint implements in thousands for many years.As long ago as 1905 these contemporary (not the derived) implements were correlated with the St. Acheul culture in the Somme Valley, and in 1912 some excavations were undertaken by the Geological Survey and the British Museum to determine the exact horizon at which these implements occur.These excavations showed conclusively that the level where the implements were so abundant was at the top of the middle gravel. The excavators regarded these middle gravel implements as of “Chelles” type, but recent work has caused the word “Chelles” to be used in a more restricted sense, and they may now be regarded as of St. Acheul type.The point of the exact determination of the middle gravel implements is important, on account of its bearing upon the age of the industry which occurs in the gravel below the middle gravel.
Bronze Age Settlements in Norfolk
Authors: Apling Harry 
Published: October 2013

In 1922 Miss N. F. Layard gave as her presidential address an account of some prehistoric cooking-places, which she had discovered near a stream at Buckenham Tofts, Norfolk (Proc., P.S.E.A., Vol. III., Part IV.). One of the hearths excavated consisted of a triangular mass of calcined flints, up to two feet in depth, and covering an area of over 100 square yards. This was on one end of a mound rising about ten feet above the general level of the swamp bordering the stream. Amongst this material were found several flint implements, including knives typical of the Bronze Age. There were also found two sherds of pottery corresponding closely to a known Bronze Age type, though this also continued into the Early Iron Age.Knowing nothing of Miss Layard's discoveries, in 1927 I came across similar deposits of pot-boilers, etc., at Hoe, near East Dereham. These are on either side of a small stream, which eventually runs into the River Wensum. Mr. Sainty and Mr. Newnham were good enough to come over and examine them, and Mr. Newnham subsequently gave a short account of them at the December meeting that year (Proc., P.S.E.A., Vol. V., Part III. page 311).I was able to revisit the site in June this year (1931), and at one place where, however, there was hardly a mound at all, a layer of pot-boilers, 6 ins. deep, was found under about 6 ins. of turf and soil. Excavation of an area 12 feet by 8 feet produced nearly a pailful of pottery fragments, three dozen scrapers, and an implement of the bone-breaker type, besides numbers of flakes and cores.
Prehistoric Man Round Bombay
Authors: Todd K. R. U. 
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this paper is to put on record the discovery of various sites, containing traces of prehistoric man, in the neighbourhood of Bombay.The area of greatest importance is that of Worli. It is a cotton milling suburb of Bombay, distant some 4 miles from the Fort, and is situated on low lying marshy ground and bounded to the West by a low steep hill having a maximum height of 100 ft. O.D., and consisting of igneous basalt overlying amygdaloidal trap with a dyke of F.W. strata between. This dyke contains fossils of marsh tortoises, frogs and plants resembling bulrushes. The basalt is capped with red earth which is decomposing trap, and contains nodules of agate and blocks of chert. West of the hill is the Arabian Sea. The northern extremity of this hill ends in a spur which juts out into the sea, and here is the fishing village of Koliwada, consisting of mud huts.
Modes of Prehension of some forms of Upper Palaeolithic Implements
Authors: Barnes Alfred S. 
Published: October 2013

Common sense and simple experiment have already indicated certain ways in which some of the more common forms of Upper Palaeolithic implements may have been held. Thus for example, there is a general consensus of opinion that knife blades were held either by the butt end only, or by the butt with the index finger extended along the back of the tool. When however, we come to consider other types of tools, such as the scrapers, we find that there are a number of possible ways in which such tools may be held. The actual way or ways in which these tools were held becomes therefore, largely a matter of conjecture unless we can fortify our opinion by relevant facts relating to some particular mode or modes of prehension.To guide us in selecting the particular way in which a tool was held from the many possible ways in which it could be held, we have the following factors:—(i) The general shape of the tool.(ii) The character of the traces of wear on the cutting edge due to use.(iii) The situation and character of any special trimming which may have been made to facilitate prehension.(iv) The degree of comfort or freedom from constraint with which a tool may be used in a given position.(v) The frequency of occurrence of tools of certain lengths and widths which are comparable with the average dimensions of the human hand when gripping an object in certain ways.(vi) The mode of prehension of stone tools adopted by existing primitive races.
Prehistoric Archaeology in Wales Since 1925
Authors: Grimes W. F. 
Published: October 2013

In this paper I shall endeavour to outline the progress which has been made recently in archaeological studies in the prehistoric periods in Wales. In the last number of the Proceedings (1931, 383–4), I contributed at the request of the Secretary a number of notes on this subject, taking as my starting point the publication of Dr. R. E. M. Wheeler's book, Prehistoric and Roman Wales, in 1925. In the present instance I propose to give a more detailed, as well as a more general account, demonstrating how recent research and discoveries have advanced our knowledge, clarifying the position in relation both to Wales herself and to the connexions of Wales with other external influences.The publication of Prehistoric and Roman Wales in 1925 may truly be said to mark the end of one era and the beginning of a new. Drawing together the scattered threads of what had been done before, Wheeler has given them meaning and set forth the results of many years of unorganised, frequently ill-considered, work in tangible form. In so doing, he has exposed the gaps in our knowledge and suggested, specifically or by implication, a policy in the form of a series of problems the elucidation of which will lead ultimately to a more complete picture of the early cultures of Wales, and hence of Britain as a whole. Wheeler's survey therefore forms a natural and admirable jumping-off place, and the subject will be treated in the following pages in its natural chronological sequence.
Some Norfolk Palaeolithic Discoveries: With an Appendix on Implementiferous Gravels in East Anglia
Authors: Sainty J. E. , Solomon J. D. 
Published: October 2013

In June, 1927, Mr. H. H. Halls noticed that the footpath beside the main Cambridge line of the L.N.E.R. had been made up with gravel. With the then recent discovery of implementiferous gravels at Whitlingham fresh in his mind he scrutinised the gravel carefully and soon found definite flakes. With some difficulty the gravel was traced to its source, and proved to come from Messrs. J. &. J Colman's Carrow works, where to extensive alterations were in progress. By the courtesy of the Directors, Mr. Halls was enabled to visit the site and examine the sections exposed. No flakes were seen in situ, but the workmen were instructed what to look for, and he arranged that any find of apparent interest should be preserved for his inspection. Throughout the rest of the year Mr. Halls regularly visited the site and a number of flakes were recovered, and fragments of bone, too decayed for identification, were seen.Early in 1928 the Rev. T. C. Rae found the end of a broken hand-axe—a promise of future discoveries—and in February a good hand-axe was recovered from a sand layer 12 feet below the top of the section. The same deposit also yielded a worked flake of Chellean type, evidently derived from an older deposit, as well as some fresh-looking flakes with prominent bulbs. Finds of coarse scrapers and worked flakes continued steadily, and early in July a mammoth tooth, too disintegrated for preservation, prepared us for the discovery of a large portion of tusk, over three feet long.
Evidence of Human Sacrifice in Seacliff Cave, Scotland
Authors: Layard Nina Frances 
Published: October 2013

It is perhaps rather late in the day to be describing an experience of twenty-nine years ago, but unless it is done now, possibly a unique relic of the past, though still in existence, may remain unknown to a large majority of antiquaries.It was on the 15th of April, 1905, that accompanied by Miss Outram, I started from North Berwick, in East Lothian, Scotland, on a voyage of discovery along the picturesque coast. Our goal was a cave opened out rather more than a hundred years ago by Mr. George Sligo, on his property of Seacliff, in the county of Haddington. According to tradition there was incontestable evidence that on this spot human sacrifices had been offered in the remote past. Fired by these dramatic accounts, we decided to seek out the cave for ourselves, and if possible, to test the accuracy of these statements.A short drive took us to Seacliff House, marked by a cross on fig. 1. In the foreground stands Tantallon Castle, the ruined stronghold of the Douglases, and in the cliff beyond the promontory on which the Castle stands is Seacliff Cave below the arrow (fig. 1).As we turned the corner in the winding descent from the cliff, it was an arresting scene which held us for amoment spell-bound. At the mouth of a cave, hollowed out in the red sandstone cliff, stood a large pear-shaped stone, with every appearance of an altar, raised upon an artificial mound (fig. 3). Its surface, which was approximately flat, was covered with a small blood-red plant, which had crept over it, and hanging down, seemed to drip over the edge, conjuring up with startling effect, the scene of some gruesome Pagan sacrifice. It was with feelings almost akin to awe that we entered the cave, where other remains were equally suggestive both of occupation and worship.
The problem of raptor electrocution in Asia: case studies from Mongolia and China
Authors: DIXON ANDREW , MAMING ROLLER , GUNGA AMARKHUU , PUREV-OCHIR GANKHUYAG , BATBAYAR NYAMBAYAR 
Published: October 2013

SummaryWe report a large number of raptors electrocuted on recently erected electricity distribution lines in the open landscapes of the Mongolian steppe and Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, China. Upland BuzzardsButeo hemilasiusand Saker FalconsFalco cherrug, characteristic raptors of these bioregions, were among those found to be electrocuted. Raptor electrocution was a consequence of poorly designed hardware configurations on anchor poles along surveyed lines on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and, additionally, on line poles in the Mongolian steppe. The design flaws were upright pin-insulators on earthed crossarms and the use of jump wires that passed over crossarms via pin insulators on anchor poles. Targeted mitigation of anchor poles could significantly reduce the incidence of electrocution on the lines surveyed on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, whilst all poles on the lines surveyed in the Mongolian steppe require remediation to make them safe for raptors. The Mongolian steppe and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are bioregions that hold the largest breeding and wintering populations of the globally threatened Saker Falcon. The existing and growing network of dangerous electricity distribution lines in these regions may potentially impact the Saker Falcon population, thus we suggest that preventative and/or mitigation measures are implemented.
Growth of Finiteness in the Third Year of Life: Replication and Predictive Validity
Authors: Hadley Pamela A. , Rispoli Matthew , Holt Janet K. , Fitzgerald Colleen , Bahnsen Alison 
Published: October 2013

PurposeThe authors of this study investigated the validity of tense and agreement productivity (TAP) scoring in diverse sentence frames obtained during conversational language sampling as an alternative measure of finiteness for use with young children.MethodLongitudinal language samples were used to model TAP growth from 21 to 30 months of age for 37 typically developing toddlers. Empirical Bayes (EB) linear and quadratic growth coefficients and child sex were then used to predict elicited grammar composite scores on the Test of Early Grammatical Impairment (TEGI; Rice & Wexler, 2001) at 36 months.ResultsA random-effects quadratic model with no intercept best characterized TAP growth, replicating the findings of Rispoli, Hadley, and Holt (2009). The combined regression model was significant, with the 3 variables accounting for 55.5% of the variance in the TEGI composite scores.ConclusionThese findings establish TAP growth as a valid metric of finiteness in the 3rd year of life. Developmental and theoretical implications are discussed.
High-speed laser microsurgery of alert fruit flies for fluorescence imaging of neural activity
Authors: Sinha Supriyo , Liang Liang , Ho Eric T. W. , Urbanek Karel E. , Luo Liqun , Baer Thomas M. , Schnitzer Mark J. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
Microscopy and neurophysiology experiments in live animals commonly involve complex surgical preparations, which are often time-consuming, demand considerable manual dexterity, and can sharply limit experimental throughput. Here we present a spatially precise laser microsurgical technique using a pulsed UV laser. Our approach reduces surgical time by up to two orders of magnitude while substantially improving reproducibility. Using the fruit fly as a model, we show that laser microsurgery leaves complex behaviors intact and allows us to visualize brain activity in live flies for up to 18 h, more than four times longer than reported previously using hand dissection. We also demonstrate laser microsurgery on nematodes, ants, and the mouse cranium, illustrating broad potential utility for both optical and electrophysiological studies.
Enduring legacy of a toxic fan via episodic redistribution of California gold mining debris
Authors: Singer Michael Bliss , Aalto Rolf , James L. Allan , Kilham Nina E. , Higson John L. , Ghoshal Subhajit 
Published: October 2013

Significance
This paper is of fundamental interest to the millions of residents living at the downstream end of this and other global river basins beset by industrial metals mining. Sediment-bound Hg has contaminated food webs of the San Francisco Bay-Delta, but the dominant geographical sources of Hg to downstream ecosystems in this and similar river basins are debated. Likewise, the processes by which Hg is delivered to lowlands and the patterns of its floodplain deposition are poorly understood. This research addresses a gap in generic theory of postmining fan evolution that enables anticipation, prediction, and management of contamination risk to food webs.
Hypermutability and error catastrophe due to defects in ribonucleotide reductase
Authors: Ahluwalia Deepti , Schaaper Roel M. 
Published: October 2013

Significance
The accuracy by which cells are able to replicate their chromosomal DNA is critical for the rate by which they produce mutations. To keep the mutation rate low, cells have developed several mechanisms including accurate base selection by DNA polymerase, exonucleolytic proofreading that can excise incorrectly inserted bases, and postreplicative DNA mismatch repair. Also important are the concentrations of the deoxynucleoside-5′-triphosphates (dNTPs) that serve as direct substrates for the DNA synthesis reaction. Here, we describe a case in which certain changes in the relative levels of the four dNTPs (dATP, dTTP, dGTP, dCTP) can profoundly disturb the overall replication fidelity by impairing the efficiency of each of the three main fidelity systems, leading to a case of extreme hypermutability.