bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Usewear and residue analysis of stone artefacts from the Enclosed Chamber, Rocky Cape, Tasmania
Authors: Fullagar Richard , Jones Rhys 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Enclosed Chamber from the Rocky Cape South excavations of Rhys Jones (1971) contained a sealed, intact, 6,000 year old living area with excellent organic preservation and minimal post depositional disturbance. From a selection of 150 stones, RF identified 43 used implements with a total of 55 utilised edges/surfaces, after examining usewear and a preliminary analysis of residues. Only six artefacts had retouch. Specific activities identified include the processing of plant (wood, starchy, resinous and siliceous materials) and animal tissue (flesh, skin and bone). Discrete activity areas were not identified. However, the minimal evidence for stone working and the small number of identified tasks indicated by the usewear and residue analysis suggest an expedient use of the small shelter for domestic tasks, including plant food processing. The study demonstrates that an integrated approach, which examines both residues and usewear, has very high potential for determining the functions of not only fine‐grained stones, like chert, but also quartz and the coarse‐grained quartzites and silcretes, commonly found in many Australian archaeological sites.
Early Lapita settlement site at Bourewa, southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji
Authors: Nunn Patrick D. , Kumar Roselyn , Matararaba Sepeti , Ishimura Tomo , Seeto Johnson , Rayawa Sela , Kuruyawa Salote , Nasila Alifereti , Oloni Bronwyn , Ram Anupama Rati , Saunivalu Petero , Singh Preetika , Tegu Esther 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA newly‐discovered Lapita settlement at Bourewa on southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji, was established originally on an offshore island perhaps as much as 1220 BCE by people whose main concern was optimal access to the broad fringing reef. Satellite settlements were established at nearby Rove and Waikereira later in Lapita times. The three oldest radiocarbon dates obtained from the base of the tightly‐packed shell midden layer excavated at Bourewa and charcoal in the beach sand below are calibrated/corrected to 1220‐970 BCE, 1210‐940 BCE, and 1130‐910 BCE. The Bourewa Lapita site appears to be the oldest‐known in Fiji.
Assessing the impact of early colonial Australia on the physical environment: a comment on Gale and Haworth (2002)
Authors: Tibby John 
Published: November 2014

AbstractGale and Haworth (2002) suggest that European‐induced soil erosion increases occurred before official settlement near Guyra on the New England Tableland (NSW). Their analysis assumes that the derived 210Pb chronology from Little Llangothlin Lagoon is precisely accurate and that the lake geochemistry record exhibits marked changes below sediment levels purported to date to 1837. A parsimonious interpretation of presented historical and pollen data indicates that substantial changes in the vegetation, argued to occur before official occupation, are merely the environmental imprint of the first (official) European settlers. In this context, the use of the pollen record to validate the 210Pb chronology and the lower part of the chronology itself is misleading. Gale and Haworth's (2002) interpretation of the geochemical record, though not as reliant on accurate dating, is nevertheless unsatisfactory since alterations identified as substantial are, variously, a continuation of long term trends, only minor in nature or within long‐term variability.
Radiocarbon dates for earth mounds on the Adelaide River, Northern Australia
Authors: Brockwell Sally 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis paper reports new dates for mid to late Holocene occupation of the lower Adelaide River in northern Australia. Earth mounds located on the margins of the floodplains provide a series of radiocarbon determinations that suggest continuous settlement from at least 4000 years BP until recently. During that time the floodplains have undergone a dramatic environmental evolution from extensive mangrove swamps in the mid Holocene, through a variable mosaic of estuarine and freshwater conditions c.3000 years ago, to the freshwater floodplains extant since 2000 BP. These results have implications for the chronology of earth mounds elsewhere in northern Australia.
Determination of the myocardial performance index in deteriorating grades of intrauterine growth restriction and its link to adverse outcomes
Authors: Bhorat I. E. , Bagratee J. S. , Pillay M. , Reddy T. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to determine the fetal modified myocardial performance index (Mod‐MPI) and E‐wave/A‐wave peak velocities (E/A ratio) in deteriorating grades of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and its link to adverse outcomes defined as perinatal death, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, neonatal resuscitation, neonatal cord pH <7.15, intraventricular hemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.MethodForty three pregnant women with IUGR defined as the abdominal circumference <10th percentile for gestational age and umbilical resistance index >2 standard deviations in the third trimester of pregnancy were matched for gestational age and maternal age with 43 women with appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses. The IUGR group was subdivided on the basis of multivessel Doppler anomalies into different grades of growth restriction. Mod‐MPI and E/A ratio were determined and linked to perinatal outcome.ResultsThe median Mod‐MPI was significantly higher in growth‐restricted fetuses compared with controls (0.59 vs 0.37, p < 0.001) and increased with severity of IUGR, the classification of which was based on degree of abnormality of the umbilical resistance index, presence of arterial redistribution and degree of abnormality of the ductus venosus (DV) Doppler indices. A cut‐off Mod‐MPI value of 0.54 conferred a sensitivity of 87% [confidence interval (CI): 66–97%], specificity of 75% (CI: 55–91%) and a likelihood ratio (LR) of 3.47 for an adverse outcome. A cut‐off Mod‐MPI value of 0.67 conferred a sensitivity of 100% (CI: 54–100%), specificity of 81% (CI: 65–92%) and LR of 5.28 for perinatal death. No abnormal outcomes occurred in controls. In logistic regression analysis, the MPI remained a significant predictor of adverse outcome after adjusting for gestational age of delivery, fetal weight, E/A ratio, maternal age, DV Doppler indices, amniotic fluid index and umbilical artery resistance index [adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI: 2.60 (1.15–5.83), p‐value 0.02]. MPI fared significantly better than the E/A ratio as a predictor of adverse outcome (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94 and 0.76, p < 0.001).ConclusionFetal myocardial performance deteriorates with severity of growth restriction. There is an association between severity of the MPI elevation and rates of adverse perinatal outcome. The Mod‐MPI and E/A ratio have the potential to be integrated into routine surveillance techniques of the growth‐restricted fetus. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐acquisition analysis of untargeted accurate mass quadrupole time‐of‐flight MSE data for multiple collision‐induced neutral losses and fragment ions of glutathione conjugates
Authors: Brink Andreas , Fontaine Fabien , Marschmann Michaela , Steinhuber Bernd , Cece Esra Nurten , Zamora Ismael , Pähler Axel 
Published: November 2014

RATIONALEAnalytical methods to assess glutathione (GSH) conjugate formation based on mass spectrometry usually take advantage of the specific fragmentation behavior of the glutathione moiety. However, most methods used for GSH adduct screening monitor only one specific neutral loss or one fragment ion, even though the peptide moiety of GSH adducts shows a number of other specific neutral fragments and fragment ions which can be used for identification.METHODSNine reference drugs well known to form GSH adducts were incubated with human liver microsomes. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed with a quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer in untargeted accurate mass MSE mode. The data analysis and evaluation was achieved in an automated approach with software to extract and identify GSH conjugates based on the presence of multiple collision‐induced neutral losses and fragment ions specific for glutathione conjugates in the high‐energy MS spectra.RESULTSIn total 42 GSH adducts were identified. Eight (18%) adducts did not show the neutral loss of 129 but were identified based on the appearance of other GSH‐specific neutral losses or fragment ions. In high‐energy MSE spectra the GSH‐specific fragment ions of m/z 308 and 179 as well as the neutral loss of 275 Da were complementary to the commonly used neutral loss of 129 Da. Further, one abundant (yet unpublished) GSH conjugate of troglitazone formed in human liver microsomes was found.CONCLUSIONSA software‐aided approach was developed to reliably retrieve GSH adduct formation data out of untargeted complex full scan QTOFMSE data in a fast and efficient way. The present approach to detect and analyze multiple collision‐induced neutral losses and fragment ions of glutathione conjugates in untargeted MSE data might be applicable to higher throughput to assess reactive metabolite formation in drug discovery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climatic patterns modulate ecosystem and soil respiration responses to fertilization in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Jiang Jing , Shi Peili , Zong Ning , Fu Gang , Shen Zhenxi , Zhang Xianzhou , Song Minghua 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe responses of ecosystem (Rec) and soil (Rs) respiration to nutrient enrichment have been extensively investigated, aiding our understanding of ecosystem and soil carbon (C) balances in light of global changes. However, the effects of climatic variables and plant growth on CO2 fluxes under nutrient enrichment remain poorly known. We measured aboveground biomass (Ab), Rec, and Rs during three consecutive growing seasons (2010–2012) in a Tibetan alpine meadow where a nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilization experiment began in 2008. The five treatments were Ctrl (no N or P fertilization), LN and HN (addition of 5 and 10 g N m−2 year−1, respectively), LN + P and HN + P (the respective N treatments with 5 g P m−2 year−1 added). LN and HN did not affect Rec, Rs, or Ab during the three growing seasons, but both N + P treatments increased Ab in all 3 years. However, the effects of N + P on Rec and Rs varied among years: N + P increased Rec and Rs at most sampling times in 2010 and 2011, but the effect seemed to reach saturation in 2012. Additionally, Rec and Rs were positively correlated with Ab in N + P, indicating that enhanced Ab contributed considerably to the observed variation in Rec and Rs. Different climate patterns during three seasons drove the inconsistent relationships of CO2 fluxes with soil temperature and moisture. Our results suggest that temperature and precipitation patterns throughout the growing season are important modulators of CO2 fluxes under increasing nutrient levels in arid alpine meadow ecosystems.
Reconsidering the role of ‘semi‐natural habitat’ in agricultural landscape biodiversity: a case study
Authors: Duflot Rémi , Aviron Stéphanie , Ernoult Aude , Fahrig Lenore , Burel Françoise 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSemi‐natural habitats are considered as the main source of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Most landscape ecology research has focused on the amount (relative surface) and spatial organisation of these habitats. However, these two components of landscape heterogeneity, composition and configuration, are often correlated. Also, landscape structure effects on biodiversity were mostly observed locally, while there is a great need for studying landscape‐scale gamma diversity. We conducted a mensurative experiment to determine the independent effects of semi‐natural habitat amount and configuration on gamma diversity of carabid beetles and vascular plants. The influence of landscape heterogeneity components were tested on species richness, evenness and composition. Local diversity (species richness and composition) was compared across the various cover types to determine their relative contributions. Only carabid species evenness and composition were influenced by semi‐natural habitat amount. Carabid and plant species richness and plant species composition remained unaffected by semi‐natural habitats. Local diversity analysis showed that three types of habitats can be distinguished in agricultural landscapes: grasslands (temporary and permanent ones), woody habitats (woodlands and hedgerows) and row crops. These results beg for a re‐evaluation of the semi‐natural covers. Temporary and permanent grasslands are often similar, probably because of comparable farming management. Permanent grasslands and woody habitats are often combined as semi‐natural covers, although they support very different communities. The lack of effect of semi‐natural habitat amount and configuration on gamma diversity results from a more complex organisation of biodiversity in landscapes and supports the move from semi‐natural vs. farmland to habitat mosaic landscape representations.
Rationales for and limitations of preferred solutions for multi-functionality problems in LCA: is increased consistency possible?
Authors: Pelletier Nathan , Ardente Fulvio , Brandão Miguel , De Camillis Camillo , Pennington David 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Purpose
The ISO 14044 standard for life cycle assessment (LCA) provides the reference decision hierarchy for dealing with multi-functional processes. We observe that, in practice, the consistent implementation of this hierarchy by LCA practitioners and LCA guidance document developers may be limited. In an attempt to explain this observation, and to offer suggestions as to how consistency in LCA practice might be improved, we identify and compare the rationales for (and limitations of) different common approaches to solving multi-functionality problems in LCA.

Methods
The different prevalent understandings of specific approaches for dealing with multi-functional processes were identified, and their respective rationales were analyzed. This takes into account identifying the implicit underlying assumptions regarding the nature and purpose of LCA that support each approach.

Results and discussion
We identified what we believe to be three internally consistent but mutually exclusive schools of thought amongst LCA practitioners, which differ in subtle but important ways in terms of their understanding of the nature and purpose of LCA, and the multi-functionality solutions necessary to support them. These three divisions follow two demarcations. The first is between consequential and attributional data modeling approaches. The second is between adherence to a natural science-based approach (privileging physical allocation solutions) and a socioeconomic approach (favoring economic allocation solutions) in attributional data modeling.

Conclusions
We conclude that the ISO 14044 multi-functionality hierarchy should explicitly differentiate between attributional and consequential data modeling applications. We question the feasibility and practical utility of system expansion (currently privileged in the ISO hierarchy) in attributional data modeling applications. We suggest that ISO 14044 should also make explicit its rationale for privileging natural science-based approaches to solving multi-functionality problems and to more clearly differentiate between natural science and social science-based approaches. We also call for the formulation of additional guidance for solving multi-functionality problems, in particular for justifying the use of lower-tier solutions from the ISO hierarchy when these are applied in LCA studies. We suggest that this additional guidance and clarity in ISO 14044 will contribute to increased consistency in LCA practice and also increase the potential for users of information from LCA studies to make informed decisions as to their relevance within the context of specific intended applications.
Pyrocarbon Interposition Arthroplasty for Proximal Capitate Avascular Necrosis
Authors: Jagodzinski Nikolas A. , Taylor Clare F. , Al-Shawi Anmar K. 
Published: November 2014

Introduction Avascular necrosis of the capitate head is a rare condition commonly treated with partial wrist fusion. Although good functional results are usually reported, a degree of stiffness is to be expected. We report a pyrocarbon interposition arthroplasty technique in a young sportsman with 3.5 years of follow-up. Methods A 15-year-old rugby player presented with a 6-month history of wrist pain and stiffness with no preceding injury. The necrotic bone was replaced with interposition of a pyrocarbon interposition implant (PI2) (Tournier, Grenoble, France), originally designed to replace the trapezium. A concave socket was created in the distal fragment to accommodate the implant and prevent dislocation. Regular follow-up included subjective and objective measures. Results He was pain free by 6 weeks and regained good functional range of motion and grip strength by 3 months. He returned to playing rugby at the 1-year follow-up. At 2 years, he remained asymptomatic. After 3.5 years, he had no limitations in his heavy manual work as a plant mechanic and retained a good functional range of motion including the dart-thrower's motion. Conclusions Medium-term results appear to offer the benefits of being able to return to heavy manual labour as well as retaining a functional range of motion. It is difficult to predict long-term survival, but the outcome so far is encouraging, and conversion to midcarpal fusion remains a salvage option.
Vitamin E Conditionally Inhibits Atherosclerosis in ApoE Knockout Mice by Anti‐oxidation and Regulation of Vasculature Gene Expressions
Authors: Tang Futian , Lu Meili , Zhang Suping , Mei Meng , Wang Tieqiao , Liu Peiqing , Wang Hongxin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractLipid deposition in artery walls is implied in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and imbalance between uptake and efflux of cholesterol favors the deposition. We investigated the effect of vitamin E with the same dose and duration on the different stages of atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice and explored the potential mechanisms. The results showed that the ApoE KO mouse spontaneously develops atherosclerosis in an age‐dependent manner from 14 to 46 weeks on the regular chow. Vitamin E (100 mg/kg) supplementation to ApoE KO mice at 6, 14, and 22 weeks for 8 weeks significantly reduced the atherosclerotic lesion area by 41, 29 and 19 % respectively compared to the age‐matched control mice; however had no significant effect on the lesion when given at 30 and 38 weeks. In addition, vitamin E supplemented at the ages from 6 to 30 weeks decreased the contents of serum oxLDL and TBARS without affecting the TC and TAG contents in serum and liver. Furthermore, vitamin E supplemented at 6, 14 and 22 weeks down‐regulated vasculature mRNA expressions of scavenger receptor CD36 and up‐regulated mRNA expressions of PPARγ, LXRα and ABCA1 which are involved in reverse cholesterol transportation; however had no significant effects on these genes when given at 30 and 38 weeks. In conclusion, vitamin E with same dose and duration inhibits the early but not advanced atherosclerotic lesion in ApoE KO mice by anti‐oxidation and regulation of mRNA expression of genes involved in cholesterol uptake and efflux, which favors the improvement of atherosclerosis.
Outcomes of androgen replacement therapy in adult male hypogonadism: recommendations from the Italian society of endocrinology
Authors: Isidori A. M. , Balercia G. , Calogero A. E. , Corona G. , Ferlin A. , Francavilla S. , Santi D. , Maggi M. 
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Objective
We developed clinical practice guidelines to assess the individual risk–benefit profile of androgen replacement therapy in adult male hypogonadism (HG), defined by the presence of specific signs and symptoms and serum testosterone (T) below 12 nmol/L.

Participants
The task force consisted of eight clinicians experienced in treating HG, selected by the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE). The authors received no corporate funding or remuneration.

Consensus process
Consensus was guided by a systematic review of controlled trials conducted on men with a mean T < 12 nmol/L and by interactive discussions. The guidelines were reviewed and sequentially approved by the SIE Guidelines Commission and Executive Committee.

Conclusions
We recommend T supplementation (TS) for adult men with severely reduced T levels (T < 8 nmol/L) to improve body composition and sexual function. We suggest that TS be offered to subjects with T < 12 nmol/L to improve glycaemic control, lipid profile, sexual function, bone mineral density, muscle mass and depressive symptoms, once major contraindications have been ruled out. We suggest that lifestyle changes and other available interventions (e.g. for erectile dysfunction) be suggested prior to TS. We suggest that TS should be combined with currently available treatments for individuals at high risk for complications, such as those with osteoporosis and/or metabolic disorders. We recommend against using TS to improve cardiac outcome and limited mobility. We recommend against using TS in men with prostate cancer, unstable cardiovascular conditions or elevated haematocrit. The task force places a high value on the timely treatment of younger and middle-aged subjects to prevent the long-term consequences of hypoandrogenism.
Psychiatric rehabilitation: a model to enhance return to work outcomes
Authors: Tugman Kristin 
Published: November 2014

Background: According to the world health organization by 2030 depression will rank first in economic burden in all high-income countries. As behavioural health disabilities continue to increase, disability managers will continue to be challenged to find ways to assist these workers in their effort to return to productivity.Objectives: The objective of the discussion is to share a specific intervention strategy that disability managers can practically apply to effectively manage those individuals out of work on a behavioural/mental health claim. The process begins through using motivational interviewing to build a relationship so that the claims professional has the opportunity to recognize key intervention points throughout the absence from work. There are three components the disability manager should assess throughout the life of the event. The first is where the person is on the path to the disability mindset. This will help gain an understanding of current motivation for productivity. Disability is often experienced through specific consequence and those consequences can be both negative and positive. They evolve throughout the life of the leave. Recognition of the current consequence can help direct intervention. Finally specific cognitive barriers tend to emerge in the life of the disability such as faulty thinking, fear, or inactivity. If these barriers are not addressed the individual will not return to work.Methods: A 20-person disability management team with associated clinical and vocational resources is using these techniques among an active block of over 1000 disability claimants. The work started in November of 2013 and there are currently very preliminary findings.Findings: The results are positive with a reduction n closed duration days month over month. The technique will have been in place 1 year at the time of the conference and as a result more comprehensive data and outcomes will be shared.