bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolated thrombosis of the vein of Labbe after contralateral cortical subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown origin with positive antinuclear antibody
Authors: Tabuchi Sadaharu , Ishii Takashi , Nakayasu Hiroyuki , Watanabe Takashi 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe report a rare case of isolated thrombosis of the vein of Labbe after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) of unknown origin on the contralateral side. A 39‐year‐old man with no known previous medical history suffered from headaches and nausea. Computed tomography showed a mild SAH in the right distal Sylvian fissure. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) showed no vascular lesion responsible for the SAH. Six days after admission, he suddenly developed generalized seizures. Computed tomography showed a high‐density lesion in the left temporal lobe. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the pattern of hemorrhagic infarction. DSA showed a complete filling defect of the left vein of Labbe. Anticoagulation and anticonvulsant treatment were carried out. The clinical course was favorable. After discharge, laboratory examinations showed remarkably increased antinuclear antibody titer (×2560). Although the antiphospholipid syndrome was denied, the high level of antinuclear antibody might have been related to these lesions through an unknown etiology.
The importance of klotho in phosphate metabolism and kidney disease
Authors: Tan Sven‐Jean , Smith Edward R , Hewitson Tim D , Holt Stephen G , Toussaint Nigel D 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe discovery of fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF23) and its co‐receptor α‐klotho has broadened our understanding of mineral metabolism and led to a renewed research focus on phosphate homeostatic pathways in kidney disease. Expanding knowledge of these mechanisms, both in normal physiology and in pathology, identifies targets for potential interventions designed to reduce the complications of renal disease, particularly the cardiovascular sequelae. FGF23 has emerged as a major α‐klotho‐dependent endocrine regulator of mineral metabolism, functioning to activate vitamin D and as a phosphatonin. However, increasingly there is an appreciation that klotho may act independently as a phosphate regulator, as well as having significant activity in other key biological processes. This review outlines our current understanding of klotho, and its potential contribution to kidney disease and cardiovascular health.
Arabidopsis PTB1 and PTB2 proteins negatively regulate splicing of a mini‐exon splicing reporter and affect alternative splicing of endogenous genes differentially
Authors: Simpson Craig G. , Lewandowska Dominika , Liney Michele , Davidson Diane , Chapman Sean , Fuller John , McNicol Jim , Shaw Paul , Brown John W. S. 
Published: April 2014

Summary

This paper examines the function of Arabidopsis thaliana AtPTB1 and AtPTB2 as plant splicing factors.

The effect on splicing of overexpression of AtPTB1 and AtPTB2 was analysed in an in vivo protoplast transient expression system with a novel mini‐exon splicing reporter. A range of mutations in pyrimidine‐rich sequences were compared with and without AtPTB and NpU2AF65 overexpression. Splicing analyses of constructs in protoplasts and RNA from overexpression lines used high‐resolution reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

AtPTB1 and AtPTB2 reduced inclusion/splicing of the potato invertase mini‐exon splicing reporter, indicating that these proteins can repress plant intron splicing. Mutation of the polypyrimidine tract and closely associated Cytosine and Uracil‐rich (CU‐rich) sequences, upstream of the mini‐exon, altered repression by AtPTB1 and AtPTB2. Coexpression of a plant orthologue of U2AF65 alleviated the splicing repression of AtPTB1. Mutation of a second CU‐rich upstream of the mini‐exon 3′ splice site led to a decline in mini‐exon splicing, indicating the presence of a splicing enhancer sequence. Finally, RT‐PCR of AtPTB overexpression lines with c. 90 known alternative splicing (AS) events showed that AtPTBs significantly altered AS of over half the events.

AtPTB1 and AtPTB2 are splicing factors that influence alternative splicing. This occurs in the potato invertase mini‐exon via the polypyrimidine tract and associated pyrimidine‐rich sequence.
Osteoarthritis, obesity and weight loss: evidence, hypotheses and horizons – a scoping review
Authors: Bliddal H. , Leeds A. R. , Christensen R. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryObesity is widely acknowledged as a risk factor for both the incidence and progression of osteoarthritis, and has a negative influence on outcomes. Loss of at least 10% of body weight, coupled with exercise, is recognized as a cornerstone in the management of obese patients with osteoarthritis, and can lead to significant improvement in symptoms, pain relief, physical function and health‐related quality of life. However, questions still remain surrounding optimal management. Given the significant health, social and economic burden of osteoarthritis, especially in obese patients, it is imperative to advance our knowledge of osteoarthritis and obesity, and apply this to improving care and outcomes. This paper overviews what is already known about osteoarthritis and obesity, discusses current key challenges and ongoing hypotheses arising from research in these areas, and finally, postulates what the future may hold in terms of new horizons for obese patients with osteoarthritis.
Ectopic phytocystatin expression leads to enhanced drought stress tolerance in soybean (Glycine max) and Arabidopsis thaliana through effects on strigolactone pathways and can also result in improved seed traits
Authors: Quain Marian D. , Makgopa Matome E. , Márquez‐García Belén , Comadira Gloria , Fernandez‐Garcia Nieves , Olmos Enrique , Schnaubelt Daniel , Kunert Karl J. , Foyer Christine H. 
Published: April 2014

SummaryEctopic cystatin expression has long been used in plant pest management, but the cysteine protease, targets of these inhibitors, might also have important functions in the control of plant lifespan and stress tolerance that remain poorly characterized. We therefore characterized the effects of expression of the rice cystatin, oryzacystatin‐I (OCI), on the growth, development and stress tolerance of crop (soybean) and model (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Ectopic OCI expression in soybean enhanced shoot branching and leaf chlorophyll accumulation at later stages of vegetative development and enhanced seed protein contents and decreased the abundance of mRNAs encoding strigolactone synthesis enzymes. The OCI‐expressing A. thaliana showed a slow‐growth phenotype, with increased leaf numbers and enhanced shoot branching at flowering. The OCI‐dependent inhibition of cysteine proteases enhanced drought tolerance in soybean and A. thaliana, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation being much less sensitive to drought‐induced inhibition in the OCI‐expressing soybean lines. Ectopic OCI expression or treatment with the cysteine protease inhibitor E64 increased lateral root densities in A. thaliana. E64 treatment also increased lateral root densities in the max2‐1 mutants that are defective in strigolactone signalling, but not in the max3‐9 mutants that are defective in strigolactone synthesis. Taken together, these data provide evidence that OCI‐inhibited cysteine proteases participate in the control of growth and stress tolerance through effects on strigolactones. We conclude that cysteine proteases are important targets for manipulation of plant growth, development and stress tolerance, and also seed quality traits.
The Formulation of Epistemological Disjunctivism
Authors: French Craig 
Published: April 2014

AbstractI argue that we should question the orthodox way of thinking about epistemological disjunctivism. I suggest that we can formulate epistemological disjunctivism in terms of states of seeing things as opposed to states of seeing that p. Not only does this alternative formulation capture the core aspects of epistemological disjunctivism as standardly formulated, it has two salient advantages. First, it avoids a crucial problem that arises for a standard formulation of epistemological disjunctivism—the basis problem. And second, it is less committed than standard formulations are in the metaphysics of perception.
Molecular cytogenetic characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of the seven cultivated Vigna species (Fabaceae)
Authors: She C.‐W. , Jiang X.‐H. , Ou L.‐J. , Liu J. , Long K.‐L. , Zhang L.‐H. , Duan W.‐T. , Zhao W. , Hu J.‐C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe genomic organisation of the seven cultivated Vigna species, V. unguiculata, V. subterranea, V. angularis, V. umbellata, V. radiata, V. mungo and V. aconitifolia, was determined using sequential combined PI and DAPI (CPD) staining and dual‐colour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with 5S and 45S rDNA probes. For phylogenetic analyses, comparative genomic in situ hybridisation (cGISH) onto somatic chromosomes and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of 45S rDNA were used. Quantitative karyotypes were established using chromosome measurements, fluorochrome bands and rDNA FISH signals. All species had symmetrical karyotypes composed of only metacentric or metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. Distinct heterochromatin differentiation was revealed by CPD staining and DAPI counterstaining after FISH. The rDNA sites among all species differed in their number, location and size. cGISH of V. umbellata genomic DNA to the chromosomes of all species produced strong signals in all centromeric regions of V. umbellata and V. angularis, weak signals in all pericentromeric regions of V. aconitifolia, and CPD‐banded proximal regions of V. mungo var. mungo. Molecular phylogenetic trees showed that V. angularis and V. umbellata were the closest relatives, and V. mungo and V. aconitifolia were relatively closely related; these species formed a group that was separated from another group comprising V. radiata, V. unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis and V. subterranea. This result was consistent with the phylogenetic relationships inferred from the heterochromatin and cGISH patterns; thus, fluorochrome banding and cGISH are efficient tools for the phylogenetic analysis of Vigna species.
Interacting effects of warming and drought on regeneration and early growth of Acer pseudoplatanus and A. platanoides
Authors: Carón M. M. , De Frenne P. , Brunet J. , Chabrerie O. , Cousins S. A. O. , De Backer L. , Decocq G. , Diekmann M. , Heinken T. , Kolb A. , Naaf T. , Plue J. , Selvi F. , Strimbeck G. R. , Wulf M. , Verheyen K. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractClimate change is acting on several aspects of plant life cycles, including the sexual reproductive stage, which is considered amongst the most sensitive life‐cycle phases. In temperate forests, it is expected that climate change will lead to a compositional change in community structure due to changes in the dominance of currently more abundant forest tree species. Increasing our understanding of the effects of climate change on currently secondary tree species recruitment is therefore important to better understand and forecast population and community dynamics in forests. Here, we analyse the interactive effects of rising temperatures and soil moisture reduction on germination, seedling survival and early growth of two important secondary European tree species, Acer pseudoplatanus and A. platanoides. Additionally, we analyse the effect of the temperature experienced by the mother tree during seed production by collecting seeds of both species along a 2200‐km long latitudinal gradient. For most of the responses, A. platanoides showed higher sensitivity to the treatments applied, and especially to its joint manipulation, which for some variables resulted in additive effects while for others only partial compensation. In both species, germination and survival decreased with rising temperatures and/or soil moisture reduction while early growth decreased with declining soil moisture content. We conclude that although A. platanoides germination and survival were more affected after the applied treatments, its initial higher germination and larger seedlings might allow this species to be relatively more successful than A. pseudoplatanus in the face of climate change.
Genotype differences in the metabolism of proline and polyamines under moderate drought in tomato plants
Authors: Montesinos‐Pereira D. , Barrameda‐Medina Y. , Romero L. , Ruiz J.M. , Sánchez‐Rodríguez E. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWater stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and productivity of crops. The implication of compatible osmolytes such as proline and polyamines in osmotic adjustment has been widely described in numerous plants species under stress conditions. In the present study, we investigated the response of five cherry tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L.) subjected to moderate water stress in order to shed light on the involvement of proline and polyamine metabolism in the mechanisms of tolerance to moderate water stress. Our results indicate that the most water stress‐resistant cultivar (Zarina) had increased degradation of proline associated with increased polyamine synthesis, with a higher concentration of spermidine and spermine under stress conditions. In contrast, Josefina, the cultivar most sensitive to water stress, showed a proline accumulation associated with increased synthesis after being subjected to stress. In turn, in this cultivar, no rise in polyamine synthesis was detected. Therefore, all the data appear to indicate that polyamine metabolism is more involved in the tolerance response to moderate water stress.
Hypocrisy and the Nature of Belief
Authors: Zamulinski Brian 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe know that someone is a hypocrite when he acts inconsistently with his purported beliefs. Understanding how we know it is an essential aspect of understanding the nature of belief. We can recognize the phenomenon when beliefs are ‘inscribed’ in the brain, there is a disposition to maintain consistency among the propositions represented by the ‘inscriptions’, and the inscriptions and the disposition give rise to derivative disinclinations. Since the disinclinations ought to prevent certain actions, we notice the conflict between the beliefs hypocrites affirm and the actions they perform. ‘Inconsistency’ is a short‐hand description for the conflict. Derivative disinclinations differ from dispositions in several ways and objections to the latter are not transferable to the former. The account not only explains how we can recognize hypocrisy but is also compatible with most truisms about the nature of belief. Where it is not, the truisms can be explained away as understandable errors.
Influence of Perceptions of Current and Future Community on Residential Aspirations of Rural Youth
Authors: McLaughlin Diane K. , Shoff Carla M. , Demi Mary Ann 
Published: April 2014

AbstractOutmigration of youth has concerned rural communities and researchers for several decades. Yet not all communities experience extensive youth outmigration and some youth want to stay in their rural communities as adults. This article examines youth satisfaction with their current community and the importance of characteristics of the community in which they would like to live as an adult for youth preferences to leave or stay in their rural community. The data are for rural ninth‐grade youth in Pennsylvania from the Rural Youth Education Project. The results suggest that perceptions of available jobs and educational opportunities in both current and future community, parental and friend influences, and the quality of the natural environment and outdoor recreation are important in determining residential aspirations. In particular, identifying a clean natural environment and outdoor recreation as important in the adult community increases the likelihood that rural youth have residential aspirations to stay in their rural community. This research adds to our knowledge about factors important in determining youth residential aspirations by identifying attributes of community beyond jobs and educational opportunities that youth find attractive as they consider places to live as adults.
Capital Flows: The South African Experience
Authors: Rangasamy Logan 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThere has been a significant rise in the empirical work distinguishing between episodes of sharp slowdowns and surges in capital inflows. Much of this analysis has centred on gaining a better understanding of the cyclical behaviour of capital flows. This paper continues in this vein by identifying capital flow episodes for South Africa and analyses the nature and main drivers of cross‐border flows during these episodes. This paper makes two major contributions to the empirical work on South African capital flows. First, specific attention is given to some pertinent measurement issues in the identification of capital flow episodes for South Africa. The post capital account liberalisation period (post‐1995‐period) is delineated into a “normal” period (when capital inflows were close to historical averages) and an “abnormal” period (when capital inflows deviated significantly from the historical average). Second, the paper identifies some defining characteristics during these two periods. In this regard, the behaviour of domestic and foreign agents as drivers of capital flows and the probability of capital flow reversals across asset classes are given particular attention. Although these issues have significant policy implications, they have, to date, been given limited attention in the empirical work on South African capital flows.
Selective regulation of the chitin‐induced defense response by the Arabidopsis receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinase PBL27
Authors: Shinya Tomonori , Yamaguchi Koji , Desaki Yoshitake , Yamada Kenta , Narisawa Tomoko , Kobayashi Yoshihiro , Maeda Kanako , Suzuki Maruya , Tanimoto Takumi , Takeda Jun , Nakashima Masato , Funama Ryota , Narusaka Mari , Narusaka Yoshihiro , Kaku Hanae , Kawasaki Tsutomu , Shibuya Naoto 
Published: April 2014

SummaryRecognition of microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) initiates pattern‐triggered immunity in host plants. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) are the major components required for sensing and transduction of these molecular patterns. However, the regulation of RLCKs by PRRs and their specificity remain obscure. In this study we show that PBL27, an Arabidopsis ortholog of OsRLCK185, is an immediate downstream component of the chitin receptor CERK1 and contributes to the regulation of chitin‐induced immunity in Arabidopsis. Knockout of PBL27 resulted in the suppression of several chitin‐induced defense responses, including the activation of MPK3/6 and callose deposition as well as in disease resistance against fungal and bacterial infections. On the other hand, the contribution of PBL27 to flg22 signaling appears to be very limited, suggesting that PBL27 selectively regulates defense signaling downstream of specific PRR complexes. In vitro phosphorylation experiments showed that CERK1 preferentially phosphorylated PBL27 in comparison to BIK1, whereas phosphorylation of PBL27 by BAK1 was very low compared with that of BIK1. Thus, the substrate specificity of the signaling receptor‐like kinases, CERK1 and BAK1, may determine the preference of downstream RLCKs.
The Impact of R&D Activities on Exports of German Business Services Enterprises: First Evidence from a Continuous Treatment Approach
Authors: Fryges Helmut , Vogel Alexander , Wagner Joachim 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThis study uses newly available representative data from German business services firms and a continuous treatment approach based on the generalised propensity score to test for a causal effect of R&D activities (measured by the share of engineers and natural scientists in all employees) on the share of exports in total sales. We find evidence for a positive and statistically significant but small causal effect. This result is in line with the (non‐causal) results reported in Innovation, Globalization and Firm Dynamics. Lessons for Enterprise Policy, New York, Routledge, 2014 and 137, based on regression models with and without control for unobserved time‐invariant firm characteristics. The bottom line, then, is that R&D activity does matter for success of German business services firms on export markets – but not much.
Neurokinin‐1 receptor expression and antagonism by the NK‐1R antagonist maropitant in canine melanoma cell lines and primary tumour tissues
Authors: Borrego J. F. , Huelsmeyer M. K. , Pinkerton M. E. , Muszynski J. L. , Miller S. A. K. , Kurzman I. D. , Vail D. M. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractWe interrogated the neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK‐1R)/substance P (SP) pathway in canine melanoma tumour tissues and cell lines. NK‐1R messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression were observed in the majority of tumour tissues. Immunohistochemical assessment of archived tissue sections revealed NK‐1R immunoreactivity in 11 of 15 tumours, which may have diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic utility. However, we were unable to identify a preclinical in vitro cell line or in vivo xenograft model that recapitulates NK‐1R mRNA and protein expression documented in primary tumours. While maropitant inhibited proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in cell lines, in the absence of documented NK‐1R expression, this may represent off‐target effects. Furthermore, maropitant failed to suppress tumour growth in a canine mouse xenograft model derived from a cell line expressing mRNA but not protein. While NK‐1R represents a novel target, in the absence of preclinical models, in‐species clinical trials will be necessary to investigate the therapeutic potential for antagonists such as maropitant.
Unacceptably High Error Rates in Vitek 2 Testing of Cefepime Susceptibility in Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli
Authors: Rhodes Nathaniel J. , Richardson Chad L. , Heraty Ryan , Liu Jiajun , Malczynski Michael , Qi Chao , Scheetz Marc H. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT

While a lack of concordance is known between gold standard MIC determinations and Vitek 2, the magnitude of the discrepancy and its impact on treatment decisions for extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Escherichia coli
are not. Clinical isolates of ESBL-producing
E. coli
were collected from blood, tissue, and body fluid samples from January 2003 to July 2009. Resistance genotypes were identified by PCR. Primary analyses evaluated the discordance between Vitek 2 and gold standard methods using cefepime susceptibility breakpoint cutoff values of 8, 4, and 2 μg/ml. The discrepancies in MICs between the methods were classified per convention as very major, major, and minor errors. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for susceptibility classifications were calculated. A total of 304 isolates were identified; 59% (179) of the isolates carried
bla
CTX-M
, 47% (143) carried
bla
TEM
, and 4% (12) carried
bla
SHV
. At a breakpoint MIC of 8 μg/ml, Vitek 2 produced a categorical agreement of 66.8% and exhibited very major, major, and minor error rates of 23% (20/87 isolates), 5.1% (8/157 isolates), and 24% (73/304), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for a susceptibility breakpoint of 8 μg/ml were 94.9%, 61.2%, 72.3%, and 91.8%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for a susceptibility breakpoint of 2 μg/ml were 83.8%, 65.3%, 41%, and 93.3%, respectively. Vitek 2 results in unacceptably high error rates for cefepime compared to those of agar dilution for ESBL-producing
E. coli
. Clinicians should be wary of making treatment decisions on the basis of Vitek 2 susceptibility results for ESBL-producing
E. coli
.