bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
δ18O analysis of organic compounds: problems with pyrolysis in molybdenum‐lined reactors
Authors: Lombino Alex , Atkinson Tim , Firth Steve 
Published: September 2012

RATIONALEEffective δ18O determinations of organic compounds have been made using high‐temperature pyrolysis (HTP) units that employ molybdenum (Mo) foil as an oxidation barrier instead of glassy carbon. In this investigation we evaluated the performance of a Mo‐lined reactor during δ18O determinations from benzoic acid using a standard high‐temperature conversion elemental analyser (TC/EA) unit. Our Mo‐lined reactor was associated with poor performance statistics. It was hypothesised that this was as a consequence of the partitioning of oxygen within our system.METHODSIn order to test this hypothesis scanning electron microscopy energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDX) and Raman spectroscopy was conducted on two Mo‐lined reactors, which had been used for the analysis of benzoic acids.RESULTSThe EDX analysis revealed that the Mo metal, which had become severely pitted and corroded in the region corresponding to the hottest part of the furnace, was associated with Mo‐oxide patinas throughout its entire length.CONCLUSIONSA complex circular reaction between CO, Mo and C is likely to be responsible for the sequestering of a portion of sample oxygen into Mo‐oxides, fractionating our sample. Accurate analysis of benzoic acid and other compounds can therefore only be achieved if sample oxygen is quantitatively returned to gaseous CO, preventing the buildup of Mo‐oxides within the reactor over time. This is most likely to be achieved if sample gases have a sufficient residence time within the reactive glassy carbon bed, optimising the recovery of sample oxygen. However, such conditions are unlikely to have been met within our standard TC/EA system resulting in poor performance of the Mo‐liner compared with other HTP units. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of multiple constituents in the traditional Chinese medicine formula Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction and rat plasma after oral administration by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhao Xu , Long Zhimin , Dai Jinna , Bi Kaishun , Chen Xiaohui 
Published: September 2012

RATIONALELiquid chromatography (LC) coupled to positive electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) employing a time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometer was established to identify multi‐components of Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, and the constituents in rat plasma after oral administration of Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction.METHODSThe LC separation was achieved on a C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/0.2% formic acid with gradient program. The quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Q‐TOF) mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ion mode with an electrospray ionization source (ESI+). The capillary voltage of the ion source was set at 4500 V and the capillary exit was 90 V. The nebulizer pressure was maintained at 1.2 bar. Hexapole radio frequencies 1 and 2 were set to 200 Vpp and 250 Vpp, respectively.RESULTSA total 47 compounds in the Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction and 24 constituents in rat plasma after oral administration of Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction were identified. Of the 47 detected compounds in the Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction, 15 were identified by comparing the retention time and MS data with that of reference compounds and the rest were identified by MS analysis and retrieving the reference literature. Of the identified 24 compounds in rat plasma, 19 were the original form of the compounds absorbed from the 47 detected compounds, and the other five were the metabolites of the compounds existing in the Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction.CONCLUSIONSA fast and sensitive LC/Q‐TOF MS method has been developed and successfully utilized to screen the active ingredients of a Chinese medical formula, Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction, for the first time. The results indicated that the 24 compounds identified in rat plasma were the potential active ingredients of Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction, which provided helpful chemical information for further pharmacology and active mechanism research on Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction and other traditional Chinese medicines. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils amended with digestate derived from anaerobic treatment of food waste
Authors: Pezzolla Daniela , Bol Roland , Gigliotti Giovanni , Sawamoto Takuji , López Aranzazu Louro , Cardenas Laura , Chadwick David 
Published: September 2012

RATIONALEThe application of organic materials to agricultural lands is considered good practice to improve soil organic matter content and recycle nutrients for crop growth. The anaerobic treatment of food waste may have environmental benefits, particularly with regard to greenhouse gases (GHGs) mitigation and enhancement of carbon sequestration.METHODSThis work presents the results from a field experiment to evaluate CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from grassland amended with digestate produced by anaerobic fermentation of food waste. Experimental plots, located close to Rothamsted Research‐North Wyke, were established using a randomized block design with three replicates and two treatments, added digestate (DG) and the unamended control (CNT). The digestate was applied on three occasions at an equivalent rate of 80 kg N ha–1.RESULTSThe application of digestate led to an increase in CO2 emissions, especially after the 2nd application (74.1 kg CO2‐C ha–1 day–1) compared with the CNT soil (36.4 kg CO2‐C ha–1 day–1), whereas DG treatment did not affect the overall CH4 and N2O emissions. The total grass yield harvested on a dry matter basis was greater in the DG treated plots (0.565 kg m–2) than in the CNT plots (0.282 kg m–2), as was the 15 N content in the harvest collected from the DG plots.CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that the digestate can be applied to agricultural land as a fertilizer to grow crops. Our study was conducted in an exceptionally dry growing season, so conclusions about the effect of digestate on GHG emissions should take this into account, and further field trials conducted under more typical growing seasons are needed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐global regulation of output synchronization for heterogeneous networks of non‐introspective, invertible agents subject to actuator saturation
Authors: Yang Tao , Stoorvogel Anton A. , Grip Håvard Fjær , Saberi Ali 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, we consider the semi‐global regulation of output synchronization problem for heterogeneous networks of invertible linear agents subject to actuator saturation. That is, we regulate the output of each agent according to an a priori specified reference model. The network communication infrastructure provides each agent with a linear combination of its own output relative to that of neighboring agents, and it allows the agents to exchange information about their own internal observer estimates while some agents have access to their own outputs relative to the reference trajectory.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simplified dynamic inflow model and its effect on the performance of free mean wind speed estimation
Authors: Henriksen L. C. , Hansen M. H. , Poulsen N. K. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTModel‐based state space controllers require knowledge of states, both measurable and unmeasurable, and state estimation algorithms are typically employed to obtain estimates of the unmeasurable states. For the control of wind turbines, a good estimate of the free mean wind speed is important for the closed‐loop dynamics of the system, and an appropriate level of modelling detail is required to obtain good estimates of the free mean wind speed. In this work, three aerodynamic models based on blade element momentum theory are presented and compared with the aero‐servo‐elastic code HAWC2. The first model, known as quasi‐steady aerodynamics, assumes instant equilibrium of the wind turbine wake, a modelling approach often used by model‐based control algorithms. The second model includes the dynamic wake also known as dynamic inflow and gives a more correct description of the actual physics of the wind turbine wake. The dynamic inflow model includes a number of dynamic states proportional to the number of radial points in the spatially discretised blade formulation. The large number of dynamic states inhibits the use of this model in model‐based control and estimation algorithms. The lack of dynamic inflow in the first model and large number of dynamic states in the second model lead to a third model, a simplified dynamic inflow model, which with only a single dynamic state is still able to capture the most significant dynamics of the more advanced dynamic inflow model. Simulations in the aero‐servo‐elastic code HAWC2 compare the ability to estimate the free mean wind speed when either the first or third model is included in the estimation algorithm. Both a simplified example with a deterministic step in wind speed and full degrees‐of‐freedom simulations with turbulent wind fields clearly show that the inclusion of the dynamic inflow model in the free wind speed estimation algorithm is important for good free mean wind speed estimates. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The high‐osmolarity glycerol– and cell wall integrity–MAP kinase pathways of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are involved in adaptation to the action of killer toxin HM‐1
Authors: Miyamoto Masahiko , Furuichi Yasuhiro , Komiyama Tadazumi 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFps1p is an aquaglyceroporin important for turgor regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previously we reported the involvement of Fps1p in the yeast‐killing action of killer toxin HM‐1. The fps1 cells showed a high HM‐1‐resistant phenotype in hypotonic medium and an HM‐1‐susceptible phenotype in hypertonic medium. This osmotic dependency in HM‐1 susceptibility was similar to those observed in Congo red, but different from those observed in other cell wall‐disturbing agents. These results indicate that HM‐1 exerts fungicidal activity mainly by binding and inserting into the yeast cell wall structure, rather than by inhibiting 1,3‐β‐glucan synthase. We next determined HM‐1‐susceptibility and diphospho‐MAP kinase inductions in S. cerevisiae. In the wild‐type cell, expressions of diphospho‐Hog1p and ‐Slt2p, and mRNA transcription of CWP1 and HOR2, were induced within 1 h after an addition of HM‐1. ssk1 and pbs2 cells, but not sho1 and hkr1 cells, showed HM‐1‐sensitive phenotypes and lacked inductions of phospho‐Hog1p in response to HM‐1. mid2, rom2 and bck1 cells showed HM‐1‐sensitive phenotypes and decreased inductions of phospho‐Slt2p in response to HM‐1. From these results, we postulated that the Sln1–Ypd1–Ssk1 branch of the high‐osmolality glycerol (HOG) pathway and plasma membrane sensors of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway detect cell wall stresses caused by HM‐1. We further suggested that activations of both HOG and CWI pathways have an important role in the adaptive response to HM‐1 toxicity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrogen starvation induces expression of Lg‐FLO1 and flocculation in bottom‐fermenting yeast
Authors: Ogata Tomoo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWhen exponentially growing cells of bottom‐fermenting yeast were starved for nitrogen or were grown on proline (a non‐preferred nitrogen source), flocculation was induced. This flocculation was not induced by starvation for either carbon or amino acids. Expression of Lg‐FLO1, which is required for flocculation of bottom‐fermenting yeast, was also found to be induced by starvation for nitrogen. This suggests that the flocculation of bottom‐fermenting yeast is under the control of a nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR)‐like mechanism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High Serum Palmitic Acid is Associated with Low Antiviral Effects of Interferon‐Based Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Miyake Teruki , Hiasa Yoichi , Hirooka Masashi , Tokumoto Yoshio , Watanabe Takao , Furukawa Shinya , Ueda Teruhisa , Yamamoto Shin , Kumagi Teru , Miyaoka Hiroaki , Abe Masanori , Matsuura Bunzo , Onji Morikazu 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection alters fatty acid synthesis and metabolism in association with HCV replication. The present study examined the effect of serum fatty acid composition on interferon (IFN)‐based therapy. Fifty‐five patients with HCV were enrolled and received IFN‐based therapy. Patient characteristics, laboratory data (including fatty acids), and viral factors that could be associated with the anti‐HCV effects of IFN‐based therapy were evaluated. The effects of individual fatty acids on viral replication and IFN‐based therapy were also examined in an in‐vitro system. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the level of serum palmitic acid before treatment and HCV genotype were significant predictors for rapid virological response (RVR), early virological response (EVR), and sustained virological response (SVR). High levels of palmitic acid inhibited the anti‐HCV effects of IFN‐based therapy. HCV replication assays confirmed the inhibitory effects of palmitic acid on anti‐HCV therapy. The concentration of serum palmitic acid is an independent predictive factor for RVR, EVR, and SVR in IFN‐based antiviral therapy. These results suggest that the effect of IFN‐based antiviral therapy in patients with HCV infection might be enhanced by treatment that modulates palmitic acid levels.
The Origin and Evolution of Metabolic Pathways: Why and How did Primordial Cells Construct Metabolic Routes?
Authors: Fani Renato 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
The emergence and evolution of metabolic pathways represented a crucial step in molecular and cellular evolution. In fact, the exhaustion of the prebiotic supply of amino acids and other compounds that were likely present on the primordial Earth imposed an important selective pressure, favoring those primordial heterotrophic cells that became able to synthesize those molecules. Thus, the emergence of metabolic pathways allowed primitive organisms to become increasingly less dependent on exogenous sources of organic compounds. Comparative analyses of genes and genomes from organisms belonging to Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya reveal that, during evolution, different forces and molecular mechanisms might have driven the shaping of genomes and the emergence of new metabolic abilities. Among these gene elongations, gene and operon duplications played a crucial role since they can lead to the (immediate) appearance of new genetic material that, in turn, might undergo evolutionary divergence, giving rise to new genes coding for new metabolic abilities. Concerning the mechanisms of pathway assembly, both the analysis of completely sequenced genomes and directed evolution experiments strongly support the patchwork hypothesis, according to which metabolic pathways have been assembled through the recruitment of primitive enzymes that could react with a wide range of chemically related substrates. However, the analysis of the structure and organization of genes belonging to ancient metabolic pathways, such as histidine biosynthesis, suggests that other different hypothesis, i.e., the retrograde hypothesis, may account for the evolution of some steps within metabolic pathways.
Evaluation of parameters for combining multiple textual sources of evidence for Web image retrieval using genetic programming
Authors: Saraiva Patrícia Correia , Cavalcanti João M. B. , Gonçalves Marcos A. , dos Santos Katia C. Lage , de Moura Edleno S. , Torres Ricardo da S. 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
Web image retrieval is a research area that is receiving a lot of attention in the last few years due to the growing availability of images on the Web. Since content-based image retrieval is still considered very difficult and expensive in the Web context, most current large-scale Web image search engines use textual descriptions to represent the content of the Web images. In this paper we present a study about the usage of genetic programming (GP) to address the problem of image retrieval on the World Wide Web by using textual sources of evidence and textual queries. We investigate several parameter of choices related to the usage of a framework previously proposed by us. The proposed framework uses GP to provide a good solution to combine multiple textual sources of evidence associated with the Web images. Experiments performed using a collection with more than 195,000 images extracted from the Web showed that our evolutionary approach outperforms the best baseline we used with gains of 22.36 % in terms of mean average precision.
THE MAKING AND UNMAKING OF AFRICAN LANGUAGES: ORAL COMMUNITIES AND COMPETITIVE LINGUISTIC WORK IN WESTERN KENYA
Authors: MACARTHUR JULIE 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThis article examines the history of efforts to create a standard written language in western Kenya. In the 1940s, the Luyia Language Committee worked to standardise one Luyia language out of a set of diverse, distinct, and yet mutually intelligible linguistic cultures. While missionaries worked to imbue translations with ideals of Christian discipline, domestic virtue, and civilisation, local cultural entrepreneurs took up linguistic work to debate morality, to further their political agendas, and to unite their constituents. Rather than subsume linguistic difference, these efforts at standardisation reveal the dynamism of oral communities, and how they encouraged a culture of competitive linguistic work. Examination of these efforts challenges previous historians' insistence on the role of linguistic consolidation in the making and unmaking of political communities in colonial Africa.
THE RANK EFFECT: POST-EMANCIPATION IMMOBILITY IN A SONINKE VILLAGE
Authors: GAIBAZZI PAOLO 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThe end of internal slavery in West Africa is generally associated with an increase in labour mobility. This article complicates this picture by showing that the effects of status – the rank effect – on people's ability to migrate often outlasted emancipation. In Sabi, a Soninke village in Upper River Gambia, economic migration intensified and globalised from the 1950s onwards. Although they have since been free to move, the descendants of slaves have migrated less than those of the freeborn. The article attributes this relative immobility to the enduring dynamics of socioeconomic marginalisation based on slave descent.
The grabbed state: lawyers, politics and public land in Kenya
Authors: Manji Ambreena 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTIn 2002, Kenya's new National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) undertook to investigate and ensure the recovery of all public lands illegally allocated by the outgoing government. A Commission of Inquiry into the Illegal and Irregular Allocation of Public Land, chaired by the lawyer Paul Ndung'u, was appointed. The commission's report sets out the illegal land awards made to powerful individuals and families, provides important information about the mechanisms by which public land was misallocated, and shows how the doctrine that public land should be administered and allocated ‘in the public interest’ was consistently perverted. This paper explores what the Ndung'u report tells us about the role of the legal profession in the illegal and irregular misallocation of public land. It makes clear that the legal profession, far from upholding the rule of law, has played a central role in land corruption, using its professional skills and networks to accumulate personal wealth for itself and others. This stands in contrast to the role of the legal profession in promoting good governance and the rule of law envisaged by donors of international development aid. This paper focuses on ‘local’ land grabbing, and argues that the ‘global land grab’ or ‘investor rush’ needs to be understood alongside local manifestations of land privatisation.
Memorial politics: challenging the dominant party's narrative in Namibia
Authors: Zuern Elke 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTGreater international attention to human rights, particularly genocide, has offered activists opportunities to draw on transnational networks and norms. Many examples have been documented of the varying successes of domestic movement organisations employing international support. Much less attention has been paid to cases lacking significant organisations, but small groups and even individuals can draw attention to their demands if they effectively engage transnational interest. Genocide offers a particularly potent means of generating attention. Namibia is engaged in domestic debates over crimes committed by German forces over a century ago. In a country with no large opposition party and no significant social movement mobilisation, a number of relatively small groups of activists are indirectly challenging the power of the dominant party by correcting its one-sided narrative of the country's anti-colonial heroes. German efforts to respond to crimes committed in the past offer further opportunities for activists to draw attention to heroes and histories beyond those celebrated by the dominant party.
Persistent infection with neurotropic herpes viruses and cognitive impairment
Authors: Watson A. M. M. , Prasad K. M. , Klei L. , Wood J. A. , Yolken R. H. , Gur R. C. , Bradford L. D. , Calkins M. E. , Richard J. , Edwards N. , Savage R. M. , Allen T. B. , Kwentus J. , McEvoy J. P. , Santos A. B. , Wiener H. W. , Go R. C. P. , Perry R. T. , Nasrallah H. A. , Gur R. E. , Devlin B. , Nimgaonkar V. L. 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundHerpes virus infections can cause cognitive impairment during and after acute encephalitis. Although chronic, latent/persistent infection is considered to be relatively benign, some studies have documented cognitive impairment in exposed persons that is untraceable to encephalitis. These studies were conducted among schizophrenia (SZ) patients or older community dwellers, among whom it is difficult to control for the effects of co-morbid illness and medications. To determine whether the associations can be generalized to other groups, we examined a large sample of younger control individuals, SZ patients and their non-psychotic relatives (n=1852).MethodUsing multivariate models, cognitive performance was evaluated in relation to exposures to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), controlling for familial and diagnostic status and sociodemographic variables, including occupation and educational status. Composite cognitive measures were derived from nine cognitive domains using principal components of heritability (PCH). Exposure was indexed by antibodies to viral antigens.ResultsPCH1, the most heritable component of cognitive performance, declines with exposure to CMV or HSV-1 regardless of case/relative/control group status (p = 1.09 × 10−5 and 0.01 respectively), with stronger association with exposure to multiple herpes viruses (β = −0.25, p = 7.28 × 10−10). There were no significant interactions between exposure and group status.ConclusionsLatent/persistent herpes virus infections can be associated with cognitive impairments regardless of other health status.