bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Heterometallo‐Supramolecular Polymer with CuI and FeII Ions Introduced Alternately
Authors: Hossain Md. Delwar , Zhang Jian , Pandey Rakesh K. , Sato Takashi , Higuchi Masayoshi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA new heterometallo‐supramolecular polymer with alternating CuI and FeII ions (polyCuFe) was synthesized by simple 0.5:0.5:1 complexation of CuI and FeII salts with an unsymmetrical ditopic ligand (L1) bearing phenanthroline and terpyridine moieties as the metal coordination sites. Selective complexation was confirmed by UV/Vis spectroscopic titration experiments, and the alternate alignment of the two metal ions in polyCuFe was supported by ESI‐MS data. Cyclic voltammetry of a polyCuFe film showed two reversible redox waves at 0.29 and 0.78 V vs. Ag/Ag+ based on the redox of CuI/CuII and FeII/FeIII, respectively. Each oxidation state was successfully observed by acquisition of XPS spectra. A solid‐state display device was fabricated using the polymer film and a gel electrolyte. The device showed multi‐colour electrochromic behaviour by changing an applied potential, based on the different redox potentials of the two metal ions.
Triarylbismuthanes as Threefold Aryl‐Transfer Reagents in Regioselective Cross‐Coupling Reactions with Bromopyridines and Quinolines
Authors: Rao Maddali L. N. , Dhanorkar Ritesh J. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCross‐coupling studies using bromopyridines and bromoquinolines with triarylbismuths as threefold coupling reagents in substoichiometric amounts under Pd‐catalysed conditions are disclosed. The reactivity was high with both mono‐ and dibromopyridyl substrates, and mono‐ and bis‐couplings were carried out regioselectively. A library of monoaryl and diaryl pyridines was formed in high yields. A one‐pot strategy provided a simple and straightforward synthesis of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical diarylpyridines. Arylations of 2‐bromo‐ and 3‐bromoquinolines were achieved with triarylbismuth reagents. This study demonstrates that triarylbismuths may be used as threefold arylating reagents for the synthesis of aryl pyridines and quinolines through couplings with bromopyridines and bromoquinolines under Pd‐catalysed conditions.
Retrofit of reinforced concrete frames with buckling‐restrained braces
Authors: Mahrenholtz Christoph , Lin Pao‐Chun , Wu An‐Chien , Tsai Keh‐Chyuan , Hwang Shyh‐Jiann , Lin Ruei‐Yan , Bhayusukma Muhammad Y. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYDamage to buildings observed in recent earthquakes suggests that many old reinforced concrete structures may be vulnerable to the effects of severe earthquakes. One suitable seismic retrofit solution is the installation of steel braces to increase the strength and ductility of a building. Steel bracings have some compelling advantages such as their comparatively low weight, their suitability for prefabrication, and the possibility of openings for utilities, access, and light. The braces are typically connected to steel frames that are fixed to the concrete structure using post‐installed concrete anchors along the perimeter. However, these framed steel braces are not without some disadvantages such as heavier steel usage and greater difficulties during the installation. Therefore, braces without steel frames appear to be an attractive alternative. In this study, braces were connected to gussets furnished with anchor brackets, which were fixed by means of a few post‐installed concrete anchors. The clear structural system and the increased utilization of the anchors allowed the anchorage to be designed precisely and economically. The use of buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) provides additional benefits in comparison with conventional braces. BRBs improve the energy dissipation efficiency and allow the limitation of the brace force to be taken up by the highly stressed anchorage. Cyclic loading tests were conducted to investigate the seismic performance of BRBs connected with post‐installed anchors used to retrofit reinforced concrete frames. The tests showed that the proposed design method is feasible and increases strength as well as ductility to an adequate seismic performance level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition effect of glyphosate on the acute and subacute toxicity of cadmium to earthworm Eisenia fetida
Authors: Zhou Chui-Fan , Wang Yu-Jun , Sun Rui-Juan , Liu Cun , Fan Guang-Ping , Qin Wen-Xiu , Li Cheng-Cheng , Zhou Dong-Mei 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

The acute and subacute toxicities of cadmium (Cd) to earthworm Eisenia fetida in the presence and absence of glyphosate were studied. Although Cd is highly toxic to E. fetida, the presence of glyphosate markedly reduced the acute toxicity of Cd to earthworm; both the mortality rate of the earthworms and the accumulation of Cd decreased with the increase of the glyphosate/Cd molar ratio. The subcellular distribution of Cd in E. fetida tissues showed that internal Cd was dominant in the intact cells fraction and the heat-stable proteins fraction. The presence of glyphosate reduced the concentration of Cd in all fractions, especially the intact cells. During a longer period of exposure, the weight loss of earthworm and the total Cd absorption was alleviated by glyphosate. Thus, the herbicide glyphosate can reduce the toxicity and bioavailability of Cd in the soil ecosystems at both short- and long-term exposures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2351–2357. © 2014 SETAC
A compressible single‐temperature conservative two‐phase model with phase transitions
Authors: La Spina G. , de' Michieli Vitturi M. , Romenski E. 
Published: July 2014

SUMMARYA model for multidimensional compressible two‐phase flow with pressure and velocity relaxations based on the theory of thermodynamically compatible system is extended to study liquid–gas flows with cavitation. The model assumes for each phase its own pressure and velocity, while a common temperature is considered. The governing equations form a hyperbolic system in conservative form and are derived through the theory of a thermodynamically compatible system. The phase pressure‐equalizing process and the interfacial friction are taken into account in the balance laws for the volume fractions of one phase and for the relative velocity by adding two relaxation source terms, while the phase transition is introduced into the model considering in the balance equation for the mass of one phase the relaxation of the Gibbs free energies of the two phases. A modification of the central finite‐volume Kurganov–Noelle–Petrova method is adopted in this work to solve the homogeneous hyperbolic part, while the relaxation source terms are treated implicitly. In order to investigate the effect of the mass transfer in the solution, a 1D cavitation tube problem is presented. In addition, two 2D numerical simulations regarding cavitation problem are also studied: a cavitating Richtmyer–Meshkov instability and a laser‐induced cavitation problem. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kaempferia parviflora extract increases energy consumption through activation of BAT in mice
Authors: Yoshino Susumu , Kim Minji , Awa Riyo , Kuwahara Hiroshige , Kano Yuriko , Kawada Teruo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractKaempferia parviflora (KP) is a member of the ginger family and is known in Thailand as Thai ginseng, Krachai Dam or Black Ginger. The K. parviflora extract (KPE) was previously reported to have a number of physiological effects; however, the antiobesity effects of KPE and its mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, we conducted KPE feeding experiments (low dose: 0.5% KPE, high dose: 1.0% KPE) in mice to examine the antiobesity effects. For both 0.5% KPE and 1.0% KPE, 7 weeks’ feeding of KPE contained in a high‐fat diet (HFD) significantly decreased body weight gain, intraabdominal fat accumulation, and plasma triglyceride and leptin levels. Concurrently, KPE administration increased oxygen consumption in mice fed on a HFD. We also found that 1.0% KPE feeding significantly increased the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Moreover, KPE administration increased urinary noradrenaline secretion levels. These results demonstrate that KPE promotes energy metabolism by activation of BAT, at both doses and up‐regulation of UCP1 protein at a high dose. Although numerous challenges remain, the present study demonstrated that KPE suppresses HFD‐induced obesity through increased energy metabolism.
Membrane potential‐dependent integration of synaptic inputs in entorhinal stellate neurons
Authors: Economo Michael N. , Martínez Joan José , White John A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTStellate cells (SCs) of the medial entorhinal cortex exhibit robust spontaneous membrane‐potential oscillations (MPOs) in the theta (4–12 Hz) frequency band as well as theta‐frequency resonance in their membrane impedance spectra. Past experimental and modeling work suggests that these features may contribute to the phase‐locking of SCs to the entorhinal theta rhythm and may be important for forming the hexagonally tiled grid cell place fields exhibited by these neurons in vivo. Among the major biophysical mechanisms contributing to MPOs is a population of persistent (non‐inactivating or slowly inactivating) sodium channels. The resulting persistent sodium conductance (GNaP) gives rise to an apparent increase in input resistance as the cell approaches threshold. In this study, we used dynamic clamp to test the hypothesis that this increased input resistance gives rise to voltage‐dependent, and thus MPO phase‐dependent, changes in the amplitude of excitatory and inhibitory post‐synaptic potential (PSP) amplitudes. We find that PSP amplitude depends on membrane potential, exhibiting a 5–10% increase in amplitude per mV depolarization. The effect is larger than—and sums quasi‐linearly with—the effect of the synaptic driving force, V ‐ Esyn. Given that input‐driven MPOs 10 mV in amplitude are commonly observed in MEC stellate cells in vivo, this voltage‐ and phase‐dependent synaptic gain is large enough to modulate PSP amplitude by over 50% during theta‐frequency MPOs. Phase‐dependent synaptic gain may therefore impact the phase locking and phase precession of grid cells in vivo to ongoing network oscillations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tris‐cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes with Three Different Ligands: a New Example with 2‐(2,4‐Difluorophenyl)pyridine‐Based Complex
Authors: Lepeltier Marc , Dumur Frédéric , Graff Bernadette , Xiao Pu , Gigmes Didier , Lalevée Jacques , Mayer Cédric R. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAn iridium(III) complex comprising three different cyclometalated phenylpyridine‐based ligands was designed and synthesized. Interestingly, mixed‐ligand complexes could be obtained by using a simple and straightforward procedure. A tris(heteroleptic) IrIII complex was obtained as a mixture of stereoisomers that could not be separated. Photophysical properties of the tris(heteroleptic) complex was investigated by UV/VIS absorption and luminescence spectroscopy, and compared with those of the parent homoleptic complexes. Modelling by time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) was also performed to elucidate the nature and the location of the excited state, and to support the experimental results.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrimido[1,2‐a]benzimidazoles under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Ghorbani‐Vaghei Ramin , Toghraei‐Semiromi Zahra , Karimi‐Nami Rahman , Salimi Zahra 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA series of pyrimido[1,2‐a]benzimidazoles were obtained from aldehydes, 2‐aminobenzimidazole and ethyl acetoacetate in good‐to‐excellent yields by a simple, mild, and efficient procedure utilizing N,N,N′,N′‐tetrabromobenzene‐1,3‐disulfonamide (TBBDA) and poly(N‐bromo‐N‐ethylbenzene‐1,3‐disulfonamide) (PBBS) as catalysts.
Raman spectroscopy of serum: A study on ‘pre’ and ‘post’ breast adenocarcinoma resection in rat models
Authors: Bhattacharjee Tanmoy , Khan Aarif , Kumar Piyush , Ingle Arvind , Maru Girish , Krishna C. Murali 
Published: July 2014

Risk of recurrence is a major problem in breast cancer management. Currently available prognostic markers have several disadvantages including low sensitivity and specificity, highlighting the need for new prognostic techniques. One of the candidate techniques is serum‐based Raman spectroscopy (RS). In this study, feasibility of using RS to distinguish ‘pre’ from ‘post’ breast tumor resection serum in rats was explored. Spectral analysis suggests change in proteins and amino acid profiles in ‘post’ compared to ‘pre‐surgical’ group. Principal‐Component‐Linear‐Discriminant‐Analysis shows 87% and 91% classification efficiency for ‘pre’ and ‘post‐surgical’ groups respectively. Thus, the study further supports efficacy of RS for theranostic applications.
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Animal Models of Allergic Airways Disease: Where Are We and Where to Next?
Authors: Chapman David G. , Tully Jane E. , Nolin James D. , Janssen‐Heininger Yvonne M. , Irvin Charles G. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIn a complex inflammatory airways disease such as asthma, abnormalities in a plethora of molecular and cellular pathways ultimately culminate in characteristic impairments in respiratory function. The ability to study disease pathophysiology in the setting of a functioning immune and respiratory system therefore makes mouse models an invaluable tool in translational research. Despite the vast understanding of inflammatory airways diseases gained from mouse models to date, concern over the validity of mouse models continues to grow. Therefore the aim of this review is twofold; firstly, to evaluate mouse models of asthma in light of current clinical definitions, and secondly, to provide a framework by which mouse models can be continually refined so that they continue to stand at the forefront of translational science. Indeed, it is in viewing mouse models as a continual work in progress that we will be able to target our research to those patient populations in whom current therapies are insufficient. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 2055–2064, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Derivation of Phase 3 dosing for peginterferon lambda‐1a in chronic hepatitis C, Part 2: Exposure–response analyses for efficacy and safety variables
Authors: Hruska Matthew , Wang Xiaodong , Chan Phyllis , Ahmad Alaa , Freeman Jeremy , Horga Maria Arantxa , Hillson Jan , Kansra Vikram , Lopez‐Talavera Juan‐Carlos 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis is the second of two manuscripts detailing the pharmacodynamic derivation of peginterferon lambda‐1a (Lambda) dosing and treatment durations for Phase 3 studies in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, based on Phase 2 data. Herein, we describe the derivation of regression models for 12‐week on‐treatment virologic response and safety outcomes at 120, 180, and 240 μg Lambda with ribavirin. In patients with HCV genotypes 1 or 4, there was a significant (P = 0.024) relationship between undetectable HCV‐RNA at Week 4 and Lambda exposure (AUC or Cmax), with the largest difference between adjacent dose levels between the 180 and 120 μg exposure ranges. Risk of Grade 3–4 aminotransferase or bilirubin elevations relative to a peginterferon alfa‐2a/ribavirin control were related to Lambda exposure for all patients, and the largest increase between adjacent dose levels was seen for 240 versus 180 μg. Anemia and neutropenia events were lower than control across all doses and exposures. Based on these data and those in our previous manuscript, Phase 3 studies will evaluate fixed 180 µg doses of Lambda in combination with ribavirin and a direct‐acting antiviral for 24–48 weeks in HCV genotypes 1 or 4 or 12–24 weeks in genotypes 2 or 3.
Foreign Ownership and Performance in Sub‐Saharan African Manufacturing and Services
Authors: Foster‐McGregor Neil , Isaksson Anders , Kaulich Florian 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis paper tests for differences in performance between foreign‐owned and domestically owned firms in a sample of manufacturing and services firms from 19 sub‐Saharan African countries. Results indicate that foreign‐owned firms perform significantly better than domestically owned ones in sub‐Saharan Africa across several performance measures, with the foreign‐ownership premia usually being larger for services firms. The results further indicate that firms owned by a transnational corporation perform better than those owned by individual foreign entrepreneurs, although there is little evidence of differences in performance between joint ventures and wholly owned foreign enterprises. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AVHRR warm‐season cloud climatologies under various synoptic regimes across the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands
Authors: Azorin‐Molina Cesar , Vicente‐Serrano Sergio‐M. , Chen Deliang , Connell Bernadette H. , Domínguez‐Durán María‐Ángeles , Revuelto Jesus , López‐Moreno Juan‐Ignacio 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study we retrieved the spatial distribution of mid‐afternoon clouds under various synoptic regimes across the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands for the warm/convective‐season, from May to October. Accurate daily cloud masks were derived by applying a daytime over land multispectral convective cloud detection algorithm spanning 15 years (1997–2011) of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) HRPT data. We processed a total of 2094 afternoon overpasses (between 1230 and 1720 UTC) corresponding to the NOAA‐14, NOAA‐16 and NOAA‐18 spacecrafts, and stratified daily cloud masks as a function of: (1) the automated circulation‐typing scheme of Jenkinson and Collinson and (2) the prevailing wind field at 850 hPa. The AVHRR warm‐season cloud climatology with high spatial resolution (1.1‐km) identified six representative areas (regions of interest; ROIs) with intensified cloud activity (hot spots). The results also revealed the typical spatial distribution of clouds for each synoptic regime across the whole region, identified the synoptic patterns and wind regimes under which high amounts of clouds occur for each ROIs, and showed that strong boundary layer winds in general increase the frequency of clouds. The regional cloud climatology presented here could be useful, e.g. to improve convective short‐term forecasting by identifying active cloud areas for each atmospheric type.
Changes in extreme rainfall in the Philippines (1911–2010) linked to global mean temperature and ENSO
Authors: Villafuerte Marcelino Q. , Matsumoto Jun , Kubota Hisayuki 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTStatistical modelling of extreme values was used to detect potential changes in extreme rainfall in the Philippines and to investigate whether such changes are associated with the rising near‐surface global mean temperature and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The generalized extreme value distribution was formulated to its stationary and non‐stationary forms, and then was fitted by the maximum likelihood method to the series of daily rainfall annual maxima (RX1day) spanning 100 years (1911–2010) at 23 meteorological stations across the country. Subsequently, statistically significant changes in extreme rainfall in the country were detected; such changes were further linked to the near‐surface global mean temperature and ENSO. Specifically, the study has revealed a country‐averaged increase in the median intensity of extreme rainfall by about 4.3% °C−1 rise in the near‐surface global mean temperature. Furthermore, a seasonal influence of ENSO on extreme rainfall in the Philippines has been shown. In particular, the stations located in the northwest section of the country, where 75–100% of the RX1day occurred in the summer monsoon season (July–September) during the entire period of 1911–2010, showed an average increase in the median intensity of extreme rainfall by about 6.5% °C−1 increase in the ENSO index. These findings imply a potential intensification and increase in the occurrence of extreme rainfall into the future as the global mean temperature continues to rise, and such trends should be considered in adaptation strategies to minimize the disasters caused by extreme rainfall events in the Philippines.
Influence of Central and East ENSO on extreme events of precipitation in South America during austral spring and summer
Authors: Tedeschi Renata G. , Grimm Alice M. , Cavalcanti Iracema F. A. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTRecent studies show that different types of ENSO influence the atmospheric fields differently. In this study, precipitation anomalies and extreme events over South America are analysed with relation to two types of ENSO [East (strong Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA) on East Pacific) and Central (strong SSTA on Central Pacific)]. The composites of precipitation anomalies, during these two types of ENSO, show that there are different patterns, e.g. during austral summer of Central El Niño (CEN) there are negative precipitation anomalies in eastern Brazil that do not exist in East El Niño (EEN), whereas in southern Brazil there are positive precipitation anomalies during EEN that do not exist in CEN. Furthermore, the anomalies are mostly stronger and more extensive during EEN (Central La Niña – CLN) than in CEN (East La Niña – ELN), although there are some exceptions, such as during austral spring in southern Brazil, where anomalies during CEN (ELN) are stronger than during EEN (CLN). The anomalous frequency of extreme precipitation events shows generally patterns consistent with the anomalous precipitation behaviour, though the patterns are not always coincident, because the regions with significant increase of frequency of extreme events tend to be more extensive than those with increased seasonal precipitation. When the monthly or seasonal atmospheric anomalies associated with a type of ENSO episode are very similar (opposite) to the atmospheric anomalies associated with extreme precipitation in a certain region, then a significant enhancement (suppression) of the frequency of extreme events is observed in that region during this type of episode.
Online oxygen isotope analysis of sub‐milligram quantities of biogenic opal using the inductive high‐temperature carbon reduction method coupled with continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: IJIRI AKIRA , YAMANE MASAKO , IKEHARA MINORU , YOKOYAMA YUSUKE , OKAZAKI YUSUKE 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTWe present a method for determining sub‐milligram quantities of biogenic opal. The method employs the inductive high‐temperature carbon reduction method for dehydration of opal and reduction of silica, and a continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry system for direct analysis of the oxygen isotope ratio in the evolved carbon monoxide. The accuracy and precision of the online analytical system were evaluated by isotopic analysis of various quantities of standard SiO2 in the range 40–538 µg. The time required to analyse a single sample was relatively short (50 min); hence, our method is suitable for routine analysis for paleoenvironmental studies that require large amounts of time‐series data. The method was validated for samples in the sub‐milligram range and can be applied to oxygen isotope analysis of various types of biogenic opal that have not been analysed because of their small amounts in natural samples. We successfully applied our method to (i) the first oxygen isotope analysis of monospecific radiolarian skeletons and (ii) high‐resolution oxygen isotope analysis of Holocene diatom frustules from the Southern Ocean.