bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of interventions in reducing pain and maintaining physical activity in children and adolescents with calcaneal apophysitis (Sever's disease): a systematic review
Authors: James Alicia M , Williams Cylie M , Haines Terry P 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundCalcaneal apophysitis, also commonly known as sever's disease, is a condition seen in children usually aged between 8–15 years. Conservative therapies, such as taping, heel lifts and orthotic intervention are accepted management practices for calcaneal apophysitis, though there is very little high quality research examining the efficacy of such treatment modalities. Previous narrative literature reviews and opinion pieces provide some evidence for the use of heel raises or orthoses. The aim of this manuscript was to complete a systemic review on the treatment options for calcaneal apophysitis as measured by pain reduction and maintenance of physical activity.MethodsA search strategy completed by two reviewers examined nine databases from inception to May 2012. Search terms included heel pain, children, adolescent, calcaneal apophysitis, sever's disease, treatment, and management (full text publications, human studies). Systematic reviews, randomised control trials, case series, and case studies were included. The reference lists of the selected articles were also examined. The methodology, quality and risk of bias was examined and assessed using the PEDro scale.ResultsNine articles were retrieved including three clinical trials involving randomisation, two case series, two retrospective case reviews, and two case reports. Effect size calculations and a meta analysis were unable to be completed due to the limited data reported within the literature. Numerous treatment options were reported throughout the literature, though few were examined against a control or alternate treatment option in well‐designed trials. The limited evidence indicated that orthoses provided greater short‐term pain relief than heel raises. Health practitioners should view these results with caution, as there were apparent methodological problems with the employed study design and limited follow‐up of participants.ConclusionThere is limited evidence to support the use of heel raises and orthoses for children who have heel pain related to calcaneal apophysitis. Further research is needed to generate higher quality evidence with larger sample sizes, and validated measures of pain and function to establish effective treatment approaches for children with calcaneal apophysitis.
Inferring the potential risks of H7N9 infection by spatiotemporally characterizing bird migration and poultry distribution in eastern China
Authors: Shi Benyun , Xia Shang , Yang Guo-Jing , Zhou Xiao-Nong , Liu Jiming 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
In view of the rapid geographic spread and the increasing number of confirmed cases of novel influenza A(H7N9) virus infections in eastern China, we developed a diffusion model to spatiotemporally characterize the impacts of bird migration and poultry distribution on the geographic spread of H7N9 infection.

Methods
Three types of infection risks were estimated for 12 weeks, from February 4 to April 28, 2013, including (i) the risk caused by bird migration, (ii) the risk caused by poultry distribution, and (iii) the integrated risk caused by both bird migration and poultry distribution. To achieve this, we first developed a method for estimating the likelihood of bird migration based on available environmental and meteorological data. Then, we adopted a computational mobility model to estimate poultry distribution based on annual poultry production and consumption of each province/municipality. Finally, the spatiotemporal risk maps were created based on the integrated impacts of both bird migration and poultry distribution.

Results
In the study of risk estimation caused by bird migration, the likelihood matrix was estimated based on the 7-day temperature, from February 4 to April 28, 2013. It was found the estimated migrant birds mainly appear in the southeastern provinces of Zhejiang, Shanghai and Jiangsu during Weeks 1 to 4, and Week 6, followed by appearing in central eastern provinces of Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, and Tianjin during Weeks 7 to 9, and finally in northeastern provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang during Weeks 10 to 12.
In the study of risk caused by poultry distribution, poultry distribution matrix was created to show the probability of poultry distribution. In spite of the fact that the majority of the initial infections were reported in Shanghai and Jiangsu, the relative risk of H7N9 infection estimated based on the poultry distribution model predicted that Jiangsu may have a slightly higher likelihood of H7N9 infection than those in Zhejiang and Shanghai, if we only take the probability of poultry distribution into consideration.
In the study of integrated risk caused by both bird migration and poultry distribution, the higher risk in southeastern provinces occurred during the first 8 weeks, and that in central eastern provinces appeared during Weeks 8 to 12, and that in northeastern provinces since Week 12. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate the poultry markets as long as the poultry-to-poultry transmission is not so well understood.

Conclusion
With reference to the reported infection cases, the demonstrated risk mapping results will provide guidance in active surveillance and control of human H7N9 infections by taking intensive intervention in poultry markets.
The effect of silver and aluminum oxide nanoparticles on thermophysical properties of nanofluids
Authors: Maddah Heydar , Rezazadeh Mahdokht , Maghsoudi Mojtaba , NasiriKokhdan Syamak 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
The present paper describes experimental and theoretical aspects of the effective thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and viscosity of nanofluids. The thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and viscosity of nanofluids increase with the nanoparticle volume fraction. The nanofluid was prepared by synthesizing Al2O3 and Ag nanoparticles using microwave-assisted chemical precipitation method and then dispersed in distilled water using a sonicator. Water nanofluid with nominal diameters of 20 and 40 nm at various volume concentrations (0.25% to 5%) at a temperature of 15°C was used for the investigation. The thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and viscosity of nanofluids were measured, and it was found that the viscosity and electrical conductivity increase is substantially higher than the increase in thermal conductivity. The pure base fluid thermal conductivity displayed a Newtonian behavior at 15°C; it transformed to a non-Newtonian fluid with the addition of a small amount of nanoparticles φ > 3%.
Dynamic estimation of reflectivity by minimum-delay seismic trace decomposition
Authors: Porsani Milton J. , Ursin Bjørn , Silva Michelângelo G. 
Published: May 2013

Spiking deconvolution corrects for the effect of the seismic wavelet, assumed to be minimum delay, by applying an inverse filter to the seismic trace to get an estimate of reflectivity. To compensate for propagation and absorption effects, one may use time-varying deconvolution, in which a different inverse filter is computed and applied for each output sample position. We modified this procedure by estimating a minimum-delay wavelet for each time-sample position of the seismic trace. This gives a decomposition of the seismic trace as a sum of minimum-delay wavelets, each multiplied by a reflectivity coefficient. The data vector is equal to a lower triangular wavelet matrix, with element 1 on the diagonal, multiplied by the seismic reflectivity vector. Recursive solution of this equation provides an estimate of reflectivity. The reflectivity estimation is a single-trace process that is sensitive to nonwhite noise, and it does not take into account lateral continuity of reflections. Therefore, we have developed a new data processing strategy by combining it with adaptive singular value decomposition (SVD) filtering. The SVD filtering process is applied to the data in two steps: (1) in a sliding spatial window on NMO-corrected CMP or common shot gathers (2) next, after local dip estimation and correction, on local patches in common-offset panels. After the SVD filtering, we applied the new reflectivity estimation procedure. The SVD filtering removes noise and improves lateral continuity, whereas the reflectivity estimation increases the high-frequency content in the data and improves vertical resolution. The new data processing strategy was successfully applied to land seismic data from northeast Brazil. Improvements in data quality are evident in prestack data panels, velocity analysis, and the stacked section.
Mineral Exploration using CSAMT data: Application to Longmen region metallogenic belt, Guangdong Province, China
Authors: Hu Xiangyun , Peng Ronghua , Wu Guiju , Wang Weiping , Huo Guangpu , Han Bo 
Published: May 2013

A controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) survey has been carried out to investigate potential iron (Fe) and polymetallic (Pb-Zn-Cu) deposits in Longmen region, which is one of the main metallogenic belts in southern China. Conducting geophysical surveys in this area is quite difficult due to mountainous terrain, dense forest, and thick vegetation cover. A total of 560 CSAMT soundings were recorded along twelve surveying lines. Two-dimensional Occam’s inversion scheme was used to interpret these CSAMT data. The resulting electric resistivity models showed that three large-scale highly conductive bodies exist within the surveying area. By integrated interpretation combined with available geologic, geophysical, and geochemical data in this area, three prospective mineral deposits were demarcated. Based on the CSAMT results, a borehole penetrating approximately 250-m depth was drilled at the location of 470 m to the northwest end of line 06, defined with a massive pyrite from the depth of 52–235 m with 7%–16% Fe content, as well as locally high-grade Pb-Zn- and Ag-Ti-bearing ores.
Somatic Mutations in H-RAS in Sporadic Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Identified by Exome Sequencing
Authors: Crona Joakim , Delgado Verdugo Alberto , Maharjan Rajani , Stålberg Peter , Granberg Dan , Hellman Per , Björklund Peyman 
Published: May 2013

Context:
Up to 60% of pheochromocytoma (PCC) and paraganglioma (PGL) are associated with either somatic or germline mutations in established PCC and PGL susceptibility loci. Most unexplained cases are characterized by an increased activity of the RAS/RAF/ERK signaling pathway. Mutations in RAS subtypes H, K, and N are common in human cancers; however, previous studies have been inconsistent regarding the mutational status of RAS in PCC and PGL.

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to identify novel disease causing genes in PCC and PGL tumors.

Design, setting, and participants:
Four benign and sporadic PCC and PGL tumors were subjected to whole exome sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq Platform. Sequences were processed by CLC genomics 4.9 bioinformatics software and the acquired list of genetic variants was filtered against the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer database. Findings were validated in an additional 78 PCC and PGL tumor lesions.

Results:
Exome sequencing identified 2 cases with somatic mutations in the H-RAS. In total, 6.9% (n = 4/58) of tumors negative for mutations in major PCC and PGL loci had mutations in H-RAS: G13R, Q61K, and Q61R. There were 3 PCC and 1 PGL; all had sporadic presentation with benign tumor characteristics and substantial increases in norepinephrine and/or epinephrine. H-RAS tumors were exclusively found in male patients (P = .007).

Conclusions:
We identified recurrent somatic H-RAS mutations in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Tumors with H-RAS mutations had activation of the RAS/RAF/ERK signaling pathway and were associated with male PCC patients having benign and sporadic disease characteristics. H-RAS could serve as a prognostic and predictive marker as well as a novel therapeutic target.
Paris’s 1900 Universal Exposition and the Politics of Urban Disaster
Authors: Soppelsa Peter 
Published: May 2013

National and international critics of Paris’s 1900 Universal Exposition claimed that it was a disaster on various levels. That year, in addition to two walkway collapses that killed thirteen people, Paris experienced numerous construction and transportation accidents; electrical failures and fires; a deadly heat wave followed by a water shortage, near sewer failure, and “great stink”; and typhoid and smallpox outbreaks that killed more than a thousand people. Taking the spatial turn in exposition studies, this article interprets these claims as part of a conservative disaster discourse that targeted the exposition to undermine the Third Republic and its progressive conception of urban modernity. Thus, rather than examining an actual disaster, I show how the Republic’s critics used fears of impending disaster to cast modern Paris as a “risk society” characterized by “normal accidents,” which in turn questioned the Republic’s project, widely hyped at the exposition, of controlling nature and achieving social progress through science and technology.
L’exposition universelle de 1900 a été accompagnée par des déclarations françaises et internationales de la catastrophe. Cette année-là, au-delà de l’effondrement de deux passerelles qui a tué treize personnes, Paris a connu de nombreux accidents de construction et de transport; des pannes électriques et des incendies; une vague de chaleur meurtrière, une disette d’eau, un échec d’égout, et un « Great Stink »; et des éruptions de fièvre typhoïde et de variole tuant plus de 1 000. Prenant le « tournant spatial » dans les « exposition studies », cet article interprète ces déclarations comme un discours conservateur qui a ciblé l’exposition afin de saper la Troisième République et sa conception de la modernité urbaine. Au lieu d’examiner une catastrophe réelle, cet article montre comment ce discours a exploité les craintes d’une catastrophe imminente pour présenter la modernité urbaine comme une « société du risque », caractérisée par des « accidents normaux », ainsi interrogeant le projet républicain de contrôler la nature et réaliser des progrès sociaux grâce aux nouvelles technologies scientifiques.
Evidence for transgenerational metabolic programming inDrosophila
Authors: Buescher Jessica L. , Musselman Laura P. , Wilson Christina A. , Lang Tieming , Keleher Madeline , Baranski Thomas J. , Duncan Jennifer G. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryWorldwide epidemiologic studies have repeatedly demonstrated an association between prenatal nutritional environment, birth weight and susceptibility to adult diseases including obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Despite advances in mammalian model systems, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unclear, but might involve programming mechanisms such as epigenetics. Here we describe a new system for evaluating metabolic programming mechanisms using a simple, genetically tractable Drosophila model. We examined the effect of maternal caloric excess on offspring and found that a high-sugar maternal diet alters body composition of larval offspring for at least two generations, augments an obese-like phenotype under suboptimal (high-calorie) feeding conditions in adult offspring, and modifies expression of metabolic genes. Our data indicate that nutritional programming mechanisms could be highly conserved and support the use of Drosophila as a model for evaluating the underlying genetic and epigenetic contributions to this phenomenon.
Inhibition of IκB kinase reduces the multiple organ dysfunction caused by sepsis in the mouse
Authors: Coldewey Sina M. , Rogazzo Mara , Collino Massimo , Patel Nimesh S. A. , Thiemermann Christoph 
Published: May 2013

Summary
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) plays a pivotal role in sepsis. Activation of NF-κB is initiated by the signal-induced ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of inhibitors of kappa B (IκBs) primarily via activation of the IκB kinase (IKK). This study was designed to investigate the effects of IKK inhibition on sepsis-associated multiple organ dysfunction and/or injury (MOD) and to elucidate underlying signaling mechanisms in two different in vivo models: male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to either bacterial cell wall components [lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan (LPS/PepG)] or underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce sepsis-associated MOD. At 1 hour after LPS/PepG or CLP, mice were treated with the IKK inhibitor IKK 16 (1 mg/kg body weight). At 24 hours, parameters of organ dysfunction and/or injury were assessed in both models. Mice developed a significant impairment in systolic contractility (echocardiography), and significant increases in serum creatinine, serum alanine aminotransferase and lung myeloperoxidase activity, thus indicating cardiac dysfunction, renal dysfunction, hepatocellular injury and lung inflammation, respectively. Treatment with IKK 16 attenuated the impairment in systolic contractility, renal dysfunction, hepatocellular injury and lung inflammation in LPS/PepG-induced MOD and in polymicrobial sepsis. Compared with mice that were injected with LPS/PepG or underwent CLP, immunoblot analyses of heart and liver tissues from mice that were injected with LPS/PepG or underwent CLP and were also treated with IKK 16 revealed: (1) significant attenuation of the increased phosphorylation of IκBα; (2) significant attenuation of the increased nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunit p65; (3) significant attenuation of the increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression; and (4) a significant increase in the phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Here, we report for the first time that delayed IKK inhibition reduces MOD in experimental sepsis. We suggest that this protective effect is (at least in part) attributable to inhibition of inflammation through NF-κB, the subsequent decrease in iNOS expression and the activation of the Akt-eNOS survival pathway.
Synthesis of Diverse Aromatic Oxophosphorus Compounds by the Michaelis–Arbuzov-type Reaction of Arynes
Authors: Yoshida Suguru , Hosoya Takamitsu 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Arynes, generated in situ from o-(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflates by treatment with a fluoride, have been shown to react efficiently with various alkoxyphosphines via a mechanism similar to the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction. Diverse aromatic oxophosphorus compounds, including derivatives with an ortho-ester function, have become easily available from a common aryne precursor by this method.
Ultraviolet-light-responsive Liquid Marbles
Authors: Nakai Keita , Fujii Syuji , Nakamura Yoshinobu , Yusa Shin-ichi 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Photoresponsive liquid marbles were prepared using spiropyran (SP) powder. The liquid marbles were transferred to a Petri dish containing water and remained stable on the water surface for more than a week in the dark. The liquid marbles disintegrated immediately upon irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light.
Crystal structure of 1-[5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-2-methylthiophen-3-yl]-2- (2-cyano-1,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-4-yl) -3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluoro-cyclopent- 1-ene, C23H14F8N2S
Authors: Cui Shiqiang , Li Hui , Fan Congbin 
Published: May 2013

Abstract C23H14F8N2S, triclinic, P1¯ (no. 2), a = 8.701(2) Å, b = 11.881(2) Å, c = 12.342(3) Å, α = 64.932(3)°, β = 71.913(3)°, γ = 86.599(3)°, V = 1094.7 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0425, wRref(F2) = 0.1244, T = 294 K.
Genome-Wide Patterns of Codon Bias Are Shaped by Natural Selection in the Purple Sea Urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Authors: Kober Kord M , Pogson Grant H 
Published: May 2013

AbstractCodon usage bias has been documented in a wide diversity of species, but the relative contributions of mutational bias and various forms of natural selection remain unclear. Here, we describe for the first time genome-wide patterns of codon bias at 4623 genes in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Preferred codons were identified at 18 amino acids that exclusively used G or C at third positions, which contrasted with the strong AT bias of the genome (overall GC content is 36.9%). The GC content of third positions and coding regions exhibited significant correlations with the magnitude of codon bias. In contrast, the GC content of introns and flanking regions was indistinguishable from the genome-wide background, which suggested a limited contribution of mutational bias to synonymous codon usage. Five distinct clusters of genes were identified that had significantly different synonymous codon usage patterns. A significant correlation was observed between codon bias and mRNA expression supporting translational selection, but this relationship was driven by only one highly biased cluster that represented only 8.6% of all genes. In all five clusters preferred codons were evolutionarily conserved to a similar degree despite differences in their synonymous codon usage distributions and magnitude of codon bias. The third positions of preferred codons in two codon usage groups also paired significantly more often in stems than in loops of mRNA secondary structure predictions, which suggested that codon bias might also affect mRNA stability. Our results suggest that mutational bias has played a minor role in determining codon bias in S. purpuratus and that preferred codon usage may be heterogeneous across different genes and subject to different forms of natural selection.
Using Genome-Wide Association Analysis to Characterize Environmental Sensitivity of Milk Traits in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Streit Melanie , Wellmann Robin , Reinhardt Friedrich , Thaller Georg , Piepho Hans-Peter , Bennewitz Jörn 
Published: May 2013

AbstractGenotype-by-environment interaction (GxE) has been widely reported in dairy cattle. One way to analyze GxE is to apply reaction norm models. The first derivative of a reaction norm is the environmental sensitivity (ES). In the present study we conducted a large-scale, genome-wide association analysis to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect general production (GP) and ES of milk traits in the German Holstein population. Sire estimates for GP and for ES were calculated from approximately 13 million daughter records by the use of linear reaction norm models. The daughters were offspring from 2297 sires. Sires were genotyped for 54k SNPs. The environment was defined as the average milk energy yield performance of the herds at the time during which the daughter observations were recorded. The sire estimates were used as observations in a genome-wide association analysis, using 1797 sires. Significant SNPs were confirmed in an independent validation set (500 sires of the same population). To separate GxE scaling and other GxE effects, the observations were log-transformed in some analyses. Results from the reaction norm model revealed GxE effects. Numerous significant SNPs were validated for both GP and ES. Many SNPs that affect GP also affect ES. We showed that ES of milk traits is a typical quantitative trait, genetically controlled by many genes with small effects and few genes with larger effect. A log-transformation of the observation resulted in a reduced number of validated SNPs for ES, pointing to genes that not only caused scaling GxE effects. The results will have implications for breeding for robustness in dairy cattle.