bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional supplementation: the additional costs of managing children infected with HIV in resource‐constrained settings
Authors: Cobb G. , Bland R. M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the financial implications of applying the WHO guidelines for the nutritional management of HIV‐infected children in a rural South African HIV programme.MethodsWHO guidelines describe Nutritional Care Plans (NCPs) for three categories of HIV‐infected children: NCP‐A: growing adequately; NCP‐B: weight‐for‐age z‐score (WAZ) ≤−2 but no evidence of severe acute malnutrition (SAM), confirmed weight loss/growth curve flattening, or condition with increased nutritional needs (e.g. tuberculosis); NCP‐C: SAM. In resource‐constrained settings, children requiring NCP‐B or NCP‐C usually need supplementation to achieve the additional energy recommendation. We estimated the proportion of children initiating antiretroviral treatment (ART) in the Hlabisa HIV Programme who would have been eligible for supplementation in 2010. The cost of supplying 26‐weeks supplementation as a proportion of the cost of supplying ART to the same group was calculated.ResultsA total of 251 children aged 6 months to 14 years initiated ART. Eighty‐eight required 6‐month NCP‐B, including 41 with a WAZ ≤−2 (no evidence of SAM) and 47 with a WAZ >−2 with co‐existent morbidities including tuberculosis. Additionally, 25 children had SAM and required 10‐weeks NCP‐C followed by 16‐weeks NCP‐B. Thus, 113 of 251 (45%) children were eligible for nutritional supplementation at an estimated overall cost of $11 136, using 2010 exchange rates. These costs are an estimated additional 11.6% to that of supplying 26‐week ART to the 251 children initiated.ConclusionsIt is essential to address nutritional needs of HIV‐infected children to optimise their health outcomes. Nutritional supplementation should be integral to, and budgeted for, in HIV programmes.
Relative benefits of on‐plot water supply over other ‘improved’ sources in rural Vietnam
Authors: Brown Joe , Hien Vo Thi , McMahan Lanakila , Jenkins Marion W. , Thie Lauren , Liang Kaida , Printy Erin , Sobsey Mark D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveAccess to improved water sources is rapidly expanding in rural centralVietnam. We examined oneNGO‐led piped water supply programme to assess the drinking water quality and health impacts of piped water systems where access to ‘improved’ water sources is already good.MethodsThis longitudinal, prospective cohort study followed 300 households in seven project areas inDaNang province,Vietnam: 224 households who paid for an on‐plot piped water connection and 76 control households from the same areas relying primarily on ‘improved’ water sources outside the home. The 4‐month study was intended to measure the impact of theNGO‐led water programmes on households' drinking water quality and health and to evaluate system performance.ResultsWe found that: (i) households connected to a piped water supply had consistently better drinking water quality than those relying on other sources, including ‘improved’ sources and (ii) connected households experienced less diarrhoea than households without a piped water connection (adjusted longitudinal prevalence ratio: 0.57 (95%CI0.39–0.86,P = 0.006) and households using an ‘improved’ source not piped to the plot: (adjusted longitudinal prevalence ratio: 0.59 (95%CI0.39–0.91,P = 0.018).ConclusionsOur results suggest that on‐plot water service yields benefits over other sources that are considered ‘improved’ by theWHO/UNICEFJoint Monitoring Programme.
Family-based association study of ADHD and genes increasing the risk for smoking behaviours
Authors: Thakur Geeta A , Sengupta Sarojini M , Grizenko Natalie , Choudhry Zia , Joober Ridha 
Published: October 2012

ObjectiveTo investigate five top single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in different genes and loci (CHRNA3, BDNF, DBH and LOC100188947) that were highly associated with different dimensions of smoking behaviour, in relation to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).DesignCohort study consisting of a clinical sample of children with ADHD.SettingDouglas Institute ADHD Clinic, Montreal, Canada.PatientsFamilies of 454 children with ADHD aged
6–12 years old.InterventionsFamily-based association tests used to study the transmission of risk alleles within these five genetic markers.Main outcome measuresClinical diagnosis of ADHD, and a number of behavioural and neurocognitive phenotypes relevant to the disorder.ResultsOne SNP (rs1329650) from a non-coding RNA (LOC100188947) was significantly associated with overall ADHD diagnosis with the C* risk allele being over-transmitted from parents to children with ADHD (p=0.02). It was also over-transmitted to children with higher scores on Conners’ Parents (p=0.01) and Conners’ Teacher (p=0.002) index scores, and Child Behaviour Checklist withdrawn (p=0.001) and aggressive (p=0.007) behaviours. Children with poorer performances on executive and attention tasks were more likely to inherit the risk allele.ConclusionsThe C* allele of rs1329650 may be increasing the risk for ADHD and smoking behaviour through a common mechanism, possibly externalising behaviours and specific cognitive deficits that manifest as ADHD in childhood and are the gateway to smoking behaviour later in life. This exploratory study illustrates the use of comorbid disorders to investigate ADHD genetics. In spite of its relatively large sample size, replication in future studies is warranted.Trial Registration NumberNCT00483106.
Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Novel Genetic Determinants of DNA Repair Capacity in Lung Cancer
Authors: Wang Li-E , Gorlova Olga Y. , Ying Jun , Qiao Yawei , Weng Shih-Feng , Lee Annette T. , Gregersen Peter K. , Spitz Margaret R. , Amos Christopher I. , Wei Qingyi 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Suboptimal cellular DNA repair capacity (DRC) has been shown to be associated with enhanced cancer risk, but genetic variants affecting the DRC phenotype have not been comprehensively investigated. In this study, with the available DRC phenotype data, we analyzed correlations between the DRC phenotype and genotypes detected by the Illumina 317K platform in 1,774 individuals of European ancestry from a Texas lung cancer genome-wide association study. The discovery phase was followed by a replication in an independent set of 1,374 cases and controls of European ancestry. We applied a generalized linear model with single nucleotide polymorphisms as predictors and DRC (a continuous variable) as the outcome. Covariates of age, sex, pack-years of smoking, DRC assay-related variables, and case–control status of the study participants were adjusted in the model. We validated that reduced DRC was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in both independent datasets. Several suggestive loci that contributed to the DRC phenotype were defined in ERCC2/XPD, PHACTR2, and DUSP1. In summary, we determined that DRC is an independent risk factor for lung cancer, and we defined several genetic loci contributing to DRC phenotype. Cancer Res; 73(1); 256–64. ©2012 AACR.
Spatiotemporal Assessments of Dermal Hyperemia Enable Accurate Prediction of Experimental Cutaneous Carcinogenesis as well as Chemopreventive Activity
Authors: Konger Raymond L. , Xu Zhengbin , Sahu Ravi P. , Rashid Badri M. , Mehta Shama R. , Mohamed Deena R. , DaSilva-Arnold Sonia C. , Bradish Joshua R. , Warren Simon J. , Kim Young L. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Field cancerization refers to areas of grossly normal epithelium that exhibit increased risk for tumor occurrence. Unfortunately, elucidation of the locoregional changes that contribute to increased tumor risk is difficult due to the inability to visualize the field. In this study, we use a noninvasive optical-based imaging approach to detail spatiotemporal changes in subclinical hyperemia that occur during experimental cutaneous carcinogenesis. After acute inflammation from 10 weeks of UVB irradiation subsides, small areas of focal hyperemia form and were seen to persist and expand long after cessation of UVB irradiation. We show that these persistent early hyperemic foci reliably predict sites of angiogenesis and overlying tumor formation. More than 96% of the tumors (57 of 59) that developed following UVB or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (DMBA/PMA) treatment developed in sites of preexisting hyperemic foci. Hyperemic foci were multifocal and heterogeneously distributed and represented a minor fraction of the carcinogen-treated skin surface (10.3% of the imaging area in vehicle-treated animals). Finally, we also assessed the ability of the anti-inflammatory agent, celecoxib, to suppress hyperemia formation during photocarcinogenesis. The chemopreventive activity of celecoxib was shown to correlate with its ability to reduce the area of skin that exhibit these hyperemic foci, reducing the area of imaged skin containing hyperemic foci by 49.1%. Thus, we propose that a hyperemic switch can be exploited to visualize the cancerization field very early in the course of cutaneous carcinogenesis and provides insight into the chemopreventive activity of the anti-inflammatory agent celecoxib. Cancer Res; 73(1); 150–9. ©2012 AACR.
Tissue Damage–Associated “Danger Signals” Influence T-cell Responses That Promote the Progression of Preneoplasia to Cancer
Authors: He Ying , Zha Jikun , Wang Yamin , Liu Wenhua , Yang Xuanming , Yu Ping 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
T-cell responses may be shaped by sterile “danger signals” that are constituted by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). However, whether and what type of adaptive immune responses are triggered in vivo by DAMPs induced by tumor progression are not well characterized. In this study, we report that the production of HMGB1, an established DAMP released by dying cells, was critical for tumor progression in an established mouse model of prostate cancer. HMGB1 was required for the activation and intratumoral accumulation of T cells that expressed cytokine lymphotoxinα1β2 (LT) on their surface. Intriguingly, these tumor-activated T cells recruited macrophages to the lesion and were essential to promote the preneoplasia to invasive carcinoma in an LTβ receptor (LTβR)-dependent manner. Taken together, our findings suggest that the release of HMGB1 as an endogenous danger signal is important for priming an adaptive immune response that promotes malignant progression, with implications for cancer prevention and therapy. Cancer Res; 73(2); 629–39. ©2012 AACR.
Nitric Oxide–Dependent Downregulation of BRCA1 Expression Promotes Genetic Instability
Authors: Yakovlev Vasily A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) may link inflammation to the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. Traditionally, this link has been thought to be mediated by the effects of NO/RNS in generating DNA damage. However, this damage also stimulates DNA repair responses with subsequent blocks to cell proliferation and apoptosis, thereby preventing accumulation of NO/RNS-generated mutations. In addressing this conundrum, I describe here an alternative mechanism for understanding mutagenesis by NO/RNS. Moderate NO/RNS concentrations stimulated mutagenesis not directly by generating DNA damage but indirectly by modifying the activities of DNA repair and genome stability factors without affecting cell proliferation. NO/RNS at concentrations physiologically relevant to inflammation stimulated PP2A activity, leading to dephosphorylation of RBL2, its accumulation in the nucleus, and formation of RBL2/E2F4 complexes. RBL2/E2F4 formation in turn led to a shift in BRCA1 promoter occupancy from complexes containing activator E2F1 to complexes containing repressor E2F4, downregulating BRCA1 expression. By inhibiting BRCA1 expression, NO/RNS thereby reduces the ability of cells to repair DNA double-strand breaks through homologous recombination repair, increasing the involvement of error-prone nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). In summary, NO/RNS stimulates genetic instability by inhibiting BRCA1 expression and shifting DNA repair from high fidelity to error-prone mechanisms. Cancer Res; 73(2); 706–15. ©2012 AACR.
Buoyancy-Driven Interannual Sea Level Changes in the Tropical South Atlantic
Authors: Piecuch Christopher G. , Ponte Rui M. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Linear models of dynamical ocean adjustment to wind field changes, local atmospheric driving, and eastern boundary forcing are often invoked to explain observed patterns of interannual regional sea level variability. While skillful in some regions, these processes alone cannot explain low levels of interannual sea level variability observed in the tropical Atlantic. In this study, through a set of modeling approaches, interannual sea level changes in the tropical South Atlantic are attributed and the dynamical influence of buoyancy forcing is elucidated. Similar to recent findings in the southeast tropical Pacific, sea level patterns in the tropical South Atlantic (as estimated from a data-constrained ocean general circulation model) are found to result from the action of both surface wind and buoyancy forcing; in addition to static local effects, the buoyancy-driven changes comprise important nonlocal ocean dynamical processes. It is shown that the buoyancy-driven sea level changes can be understood within the framework of a linear first baroclinic mode Rossby wave model forced by atmospheric fields and variability along the eastern boundary. To lowest order, the linear model framework also reproduces qualitative patterns of basinwide compensation between wind- and buoyancy-driven sea level changes, which are mostly tied to the anticorrelation of both surface and boundary forcing. Results suggest that the ocean’s dynamical adjustment to buoyancy forcing exerts an important influence on interannual sea level changes across all tropical oceans.
Calibration and Quality Assurance of Flux Observations from a Small Research Aircraft*
Authors: Vellinga Olaf S. , Dobosy Ronald J. , Dumas Edward J. , Gioli Beniamino , Elbers Jan A. , Hutjes Ronald W. A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Small environmental research aircraft (ERA) are becoming more common for detailed studies of air–surface interactions. The Sky Arrow 650 ERA, used by multiple groups, is designed to minimize the complexity of high-precision airborne turbulent wind measurement. Its relative wind probe, of a nine-port design, is furthermore used with several other airplanes. This paper gives an overview of 1) calibration of the model that converts the probe’s raw measurements to meteorological quantities; 2) quality control and assurance (QC–QA) in postprocessing of these quantities to compute fluxes; and 3) sensitivity of fluxes to errors in calibration parameters. The model, an adapted version of standard models of potential flow and aerodynamic upwash, is calibrated using an integrated method to derive a globally optimum set of parameters from in-flight maneuvers. Methods of QC–QA from the tower flux community are adopted for use with airborne flux data to provide more objective selection criteria for large datasets. Last, measurements taken from a standard operational flight are used to show fluxes to be most sensitive to calibration parameters that directly affect the vertical wind component. In another test with the same data, varying all calibration parameters simultaneously by ±10% of their optimum values, the model computes a response in the fluxes smaller than 10%, though a larger response may occur if only a subset of parameters is perturbed. A MATLAB toolbox has been developed that facilitates the procedures presented here.
The Role of Convectively Coupled Atmospheric Kelvin Waves on African Easterly Wave Activity
Authors: Ventrice Michael J. , Thorncroft Chris D. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe role of convectively coupled atmospheric Kelvin waves (CCKWs) on African easterly wave (AEW) activity is explored over tropical Africa during boreal summer. Examination of the pre-Alberto AEW in 2000 highlights the observation that the convective trigger for the initiation of the AEW was generated by a strong CCKW and that the subsequent intensification of the AEW at the West African coast was associated with a second CCKW. Composite analysis shows that, generally, AEW activity increases during and after the passage of the convectively active phase of strong CCKWs. The increase in AEW activity is consistent with convective triggering at the leading edge of the convective phase of the CCKW. This convective triggering occurs in a region where the background low-level easterly vertical wind shear is increased by the CCKW. As the AEW propagates westward through the convectively active phase of the CCKW, it can develop in an environment favorable for convection. It is also shown that this phase of the CCKW is characterized by enhanced meridional vorticity gradients in the core of the African easterly jet suggesting that enhanced mixed barotropic–baroclinic growth may also be responsible for enhanced AEW activity there.
Sports Hernia in National Hockey League Players
Authors: Jakoi Andre , O’Neill Craig , Damsgaard Christopher , Fehring Keith , Tom James 
Published: October 2012

Background: Athletic pubalgia is a complex injury that results in loss of play in competitive athletes, especially hockey players. The number of reported sports hernias has been increasing, and the importance of their management is vital. There are no studies reporting whether athletes can return to play at preinjury levels. Purpose: The focus of this study was to evaluate the productivity of professional hockey players before an established athletic pubalgia diagnosis contrasted with the productivity after sports hernia repair. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Professional National Hockey League (NHL) players who were reported to have a sports hernia and who underwent surgery from 2001 to 2008 were identified. Statistics were gathered on the players’ previous 2 full seasons and compared with the statistics 2 full seasons after surgery. Data concerning games played, goals, average time on ice, time of productivity, and assists were gathered. Players were divided into 3 groups: group A incorporated all players, group B were players with 6 or fewer seasons of play, and group C consisted of players with 7 or more seasons of play. A control group was chosen to compare player deterioration or improvement over a career; each player selected for the study had a corresponding control player with the same tenure in his career and position during the same years. Results: Forty-three hockey players were identified to have had sports hernia repairs from 2001 to 2008; ultimately, 80% would return to play 2 or more full seasons. Group A had statistically significant decreases in games played, goals scored, and assists. Versus the control group, the decreases in games played and assists were supported. Statistical analysis showed significant decreases in games played, goals scored, assists, and average time on ice the following 2 seasons in group C, which was also seen in comparison with the control group. Group B (16 players) showed only statistical significance in games played versus the control group. Conclusion: Players who undergo sports hernia surgeries return to play and often perform similar to their presurgery level. Players with over 7 full seasons return but with significant decreases in their overall performance levels. Less veteran players were able to return to play without any statistical decrease in performance and are likely the best candidates for repair once incurring injury.
Effects of T-2 toxin on testosterone biosynthesis in mouse Leydig cells
Authors: Yang Jianying , Zhang Yongfa , Jing Aihua , Ma Kaiwang , Gong Qiang , Qin Cuili 
Published: October 2012

Objective: To investigate the effects of T-2 toxin on testosterone biosynthesis in mouse Leydig cells. Methods: Leydig cells isolated from clean and healthy Kunming male mice, whose concentration was adjusted to 5 × 105/mL and the purity identified by the modified 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase staining method, were used to establish a primary Leydig cell culture model. Blank control group (treated with 0 ng/mL human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and 0 mol/L T-2 toxin), inductive control group (treated with 10 ng/mL hCG and 0 mol/L T-2 toxin), low-dose T-2-toxin-exposure group (treated with 10 ng/mL hCG and 10−9 mol/L T-2 toxin), middle-dose T-2 toxin-exposure group (treated with 10 ng/mL hCG and 10−8 mol/L T-2 toxin) and high-dose T-2-toxin-exposure group (treated with 10 ng/mL hCG and 10−7 mol/L T-2 toxin) were designed. The testosterone level was measured after 24 h incubation. Results: After 24 h culture in liquid medium containing serum, the fresh isolated Leydig cells grew well and the purity exceeded 90%. By inducing 10 ng/mL hCG, the testosterone level of Leydig cells increased significantly and the difference compared with the blank control was of statistical sense. Compared with the inductive control group, the testosterone level of Leydig cells decreased, and the difference was of statistical sense in all T-2-toxin-exposure groups. Furthermore, the decrease was due to the increase in the dosage of T-2 toxin. Conclusions: T-2 toxin can directly decrease the testosterone biosynthesis in the primary Leydig cells derived from the mouse testis.
Contribution of REN gene MBbo I polymorphism in conferring risk for essential hypertension: a case control study from South India
Authors: Vamsi U Mohana , Swapna N , Usha G , Vishnupriya S , Padma T 
Published: October 2012

Background: Renin is a rate-limiting enzyme of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) that plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure. The renin gene has been suggested as a marker for genetic predisposition to essential hypertension (EHT) in humans. The purpose of the study is to explore the association of a genetic marker of renin gene Mbo I polymorphism with EHT in the South Indian population. Methods: A total of 279 hypertensive and 200 normotensive subjects were genotyped for REN Mbo I polymorphism (RFLP) using the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: There were no significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and alleles for REN gene Mbo I polymorphism between hypertensive cases and controls ( p>0.05). The genotypic and allele frequencies were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium both in cases and controls. Females with Mbo I AA+GA genotypes had 1.87-fold higher risk to develop hypertension as compared with those with GG genotype (odds ratio 1.87; 95% confidence interval = 0.98–3.56, p = 0.057). Conclusions: Our results indicate that renin gene Mbo I site polymorphism is not associated with blood pressure levels and risk of hypertension. However, the present study demonstrates risk for females who are carriers of REN Mbo I A allele for developing essential hypertension.