bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical evaluation of antimicrobial use - A Turkish university hospital example
Authors: Hosoglu Salih , Parlak Zafer , Geyik Mehmet Faruk , Palanci Yilmaz 
Published: November 2013

Introduction: Antimicrobials are being used unnecessarily for different reasons. The aims of this study were: assessment of the quality of antimicrobial use and determination of the factors related to correct use. Method: Antimicrobial practice at Dicle University Hospital (DUH) was evaluated with a point prevalence approach. Using a standardized data collection form, the patients’ data (clinic, epidemiology, laboratory and antimicrobial use) was collected. Possible influential factors on antimicrobial use were examined. Results: In the surveillance study 1,350 inpatients were evaluated; 461 (34.1%) of them were using antimicrobials for treatment and 187 (13.9%) for prophylaxis. Antimicrobial indication was found in 355 of 461 patients (77.0%), and the number of antimicrobials was 1.8 per patient in the treatment group. The most common reason for antimicrobial use was community-acquired infection (57.9%). Pneumonia (20.4%), skin and soft tissue infections (9.11%) and urinary tract infections (7.9%) were the most common infectious diseases. Positive culture results were available for 39 patients (8.5.0%) when antimicrobial treatment started. All steps of antimicrobial use were found appropriate in 243 patients (52.7%). In multivariate analyses, clinical manifestation of infection at the beginning (p<0.001), presence of leukocyte counting (p<0.001) and prescription by an infectious disease specialist were found significantly positive factors for wholly appropriate antimicrobial use. Hospitalization with a diagnosis other than infection was found a significantly negative factor for appropriate antimicrobial use (p=0.001). Conclusion: The quality of antimicrobial use could be improved with better clinical and laboratory diagnosis and consultation with infectious diseases specialists
La sociologie des réputations
Authors: Chauvin Pierre-Marie 
Published: November 2013

La sociologie des réputations est un domaine de recherche en expansion mais encore peu structuré. L’article propose de participer à l’organisation de ce champ de recherche en suggérant une définition sociologique de la réputation et en identifiant cinq grandes questions transversales aux recherches existantes : le lien entre réputation et réalité (la théorie de la réputation-reflet comme repoussoir) ; le contrôle de la réputation par l’acteur réputé ; la dichotomie traditionnelle entre « bonne » et « mauvaise » réputation et sa validité ; les espaces et les temporalités des réputations ; enfin, les différentes « entités » réputées et leurs articulations possibles.
Valeurs incertaines, marchés aux puces, ventes en ligne : comment s'assurer de la qualité ?
Authors: Menger Pierre-Michel 
Published: November 2013

L’article analyse la réputation comme un jeu stratégique répété. C’est la dimension stratégique qui distingue la réputation d’autres notions, comme celles de notoriété ou de célébrité. Les interprétations stratégiques de la réputation voient en celle-ci une façon de réduire l’incertitude sur les actions possibles d’un joueur. Un joueur peut renoncer à des bénéfices immédiats et son partenaire dans l’interaction lui faire confiance en dépit de son information incomplète, si chacun voit les avantages d’une interaction répétée et durable. Un cas particulier concerne les situations où l’incertitude sur le comportement des acteurs ou sur la valeur de ce qu’ils échangent est symétrique. Dans ce cas, la réputation ne suffit plus à réduire l’incertitude : le recours à des garanties statutaires intervient, mais à la différence de la réputation et de la confiance, biens non rivaux, la position statutaire est un bien rival et l’avantage qu’il procure est cumulatif.
Brésil, juin 2013 : mouvement social et refus du « blindage » de la démocratie
Authors: Nobre Marcos , Voirol Olivier 
Published: November 2013

Il n’est pas facile de définir les implications politiques du mouvement social brésilien de juin 2013. Son mode de constitution par « vagues », sans leaders, en a fait un mouvement sans modèles, donc susceptible d’influences diverses selon les lieux, et pas toujours de gauche. Par-delà les revendications matérielles des manifestants, importantes en elles-mêmes, Marcos Nobre soulève un enjeu politique crucial. Le mouvement de juin lance un défi à un système politique qui fonctionne – depuis la « transition démocratique » des années 1980 opérée sous l’œil vigilant des militaires – uniquement sur la base de « mégamajorités », « blindées » et immobilistes. La rupture de ce consensus en juin 2013 serait-elle l’expression de nouvelles aspirations à un approfondissement démocratique ?
From Patents to Stock Buffering Schemes
Authors: Bertilorenzi Marco 
Published: November 2013

Des brevets à la constitution de stocks stratégiques. L’évolution historique des cartels internationaux de l’aluminium (1886-1945) L’industrie internationale de l’aluminium a été profondément et durablement caractérisée par la formation de cartels. Dès la fin du xix e siècle, quand cette industrie est née, à la Seconde Guerre mondiale, une série continue d’ententes a été mise en place. Même si les interprétations les plus courantes considèrent la cartellisation seulement du point de vue de la compétition, cet article veut analyser les cartels sous la perspective de l’organisation industrielle, en étudiant leurs structures internes et l’impact qu’ils ont eu dans l’évolution des entreprises. Si la régulation industrielle était au cœur de l’activité des cartels pendant presque cinquante ans, sa légitimité a été progressivement mise en cause dans les années 1930 par l’intervention étatique. D’un plan de régulation internationale, donnée par les cartels, cette industrie a basculé vers une régulation nationale, pourvue par les politiques stratégiques. JEL Codes: F23, N42, N50, N60, N80, N10.
Epithelial NF-κB Orchestrates House Dust Mite–Induced Airway Inflammation, Hyperresponsiveness, and Fibrotic Remodeling
Authors: Tully Jane E. , Hoffman Sidra M. , Lahue Karolyn G. , Nolin James D. , Anathy Vikas , Lundblad Lennart K. A. , Daphtary Nirav , Aliyeva Minara , Black Kendall E. , Dixon Anne E. , Poynter Matthew E. , Irvin Charles G. , Janssen-Heininger Yvonne M. W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractNF-κB activation within the epithelium has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, yet the exact role of epithelial NF-κB in allergen-induced inflammation and airway remodeling remains unclear. In the current study, we used an intranasal house dust mite (HDM) extract exposure regimen time course in BALB/c mice to evaluate inflammation, NF-κB activation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and airway remodeling. We used CC10-IκBαSR transgenic mice to evaluate the functional importance of epithelial NF-κB in response to HDM. After a single exposure of HDM, mRNA expression of proinflammatory mediators was significantly elevated in lung tissue of wild-type (WT) mice, in association with increases in nuclear RelA and RelB, components of the classical and alternative NF-κB pathway, respectively, in the bronchiolar epithelium. In contrast, CC10-IκBαSR mice displayed marked decreases in nuclear RelA and RelB and mRNA expression of proinflammatory mediators compared with WT mice. After 15 challenges with HDM, WT mice exhibited increases in inflammation, AHR, mucus metaplasia, and peribronchiolar fibrosis. CC10-IκBαSR transgenic mice displayed marked decreases in neutrophilic infiltration, tissue damping, and elastance parameters, in association will less peribronchiolar fibrosis and decreases in nuclear RelB in lung tissue. However, central airway resistance and mucus metaplasia remained elevated in CC10-IκBαSR transgenic mice, in association with the continued presence of lymphocytes, and partial decreases in eosinophils and IL-13. The current study demonstrates that following airway exposure with an asthma-relevant allergen, activation of classical and alternative NF-κB pathways occurs within the airway epithelium and may coordinately contribute to allergic inflammation, AHR, and fibrotic airway remodeling.
MicroRNA-155 Tunes Both the Threshold and Extent of NK Cell Activation via Targeting of Multiple Signaling Pathways
Authors: Sullivan Ryan P. , Fogel Leslie A. , Leong Jeffrey W. , Schneider Stephanie E. , Wong Rachel , Romee Rizwan , Thai To-Ha , Sexl Veronika , Matkovich Scot J. , Dorn Gerald W. , French Anthony R. , Fehniger Todd A. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes important for host defense against viral infections and malignancy. However, the molecular programs orchestrating NK cell activation are incompletely understood. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) is markedly upregulated following cytokine activation of human and mouse NK cells. Surprisingly, mature human and mouse NK cells transduced to overexpress miR-155, NK cells from mice with NK cell–specific miR-155 overexpression, and miR-155−/− NK cells all secreted more IFN-γ compared with controls. Investigating further, we found that activated NK cells with miR-155 overexpression had increased per-cell IFN-γ with normal IFN-γ+ percentages, whereas greater percentages of miR-155−/− NK cells were IFN-γ+. In vivo murine CMV–induced IFN-γ expression by NK cells in these miR-155 models recapitulated the in vitro phenotypes. We performed unbiased RNA-induced silencing complex sequencing on wild-type and miR-155−/− NK cells and found that mRNAs targeted by miR-155 were enriched in NK cell activation signaling pathways. Using specific inhibitors, we confirmed these pathways were mechanistically involved in regulating IFN-γ production by miR-155−/− NK cells. These data indicate that miR-155 regulation of NK cell activation is complex and that miR-155 functions as a dynamic tuner for NK cell activation via both setting the activation threshold as well as controlling the extent of activation in mature NK cells. In summary, miR-155−/− NK cells are more easily activated, through increased expression of proteins in the PI3K, NF-κB, and calcineurin pathways, and miR-155−/− and 155-overexpressing NK cells exhibit increased IFN-γ production through distinct cellular mechanisms.
Disturbed Follicular Architecture in B Cell A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM)10 Knockouts Is Mediated by Compensatory Increases in ADAM17 and TNF-α Shedding
Authors: Folgosa Lauren , Zellner Hannah B. , El Shikh Mohey Eldin , Conrad Daniel H. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
B cell A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is required for the development and maintenance of proper secondary lymphoid tissue architecture; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we show disturbances in naive lymph node architecture from B cell–specific ADAM10-deficient mice (ADAM10B−/−) including loss of B lymphocyte/T lymphocyte compartmentalization, attenuation of follicular dendritic cell reticula, excessive collagen deposition, and increased high endothelial venule formation. Because TNF-α signaling is critical for secondary lymphoid tissue architecture, we examined compensatory changes in ADAM17 and TNF-α in ADAM10B−/− B cells. Surprisingly, defective follicular development in these mice was associated with increased rather than decreased TNF-α expression. In this article, we describe an increase in TNF-α message, mRNA stability, soluble protein release, and membrane expression in ADAM10B−/− B cells compared with wild type (WT), which coincides with increased ADAM17 message and protein. To assess the mechanistic contribution of excessive TNF-α to abnormal lymphoid architecture in ADAM10B−/− mice, we performed a bone marrow reconstitution study. Rectification of WT architecture was noted only in irradiated WT mice reconstituted with ADAM10B−/− + TNF knockout bone marrow because of normalization of TNF-α levels not seen in ADAM10B−/− alone. We conclude that ADAM17 overcompensation causes excessive TNF-α shedding and further upregulation of TNF-α expression, creating an aberrant signaling environment within B cell cortical regions of ADAM10B−/− lymph nodes, highlighting a key interplay between B cell ADAM10 and ADAM17 with respect to TNF-α homeostasis.
Cutting Edge: Hypoxia-Induced Nanog Favors the Intratumoral Infiltration of Regulatory T Cells and Macrophages via Direct Regulation of TGF-β1
Authors: Hasmim Meriem , Noman Muhammad Zaeem , Messai Yosra , Bordereaux Didier , Gros Gwendoline , Baud Veronique , Chouaib Salem 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests a link between tumor hypoxia and immune suppression. In this study, we investigated the role of hypoxia-induced Nanog, a stemness-associated transcription factor, in immune suppression. We observed that hypoxia-induced Nanog correlated with the acquisition of stem cell–like properties in B16-F10 cells. We further show that Nanog was selectively induced in hypoxic areas of B16-F10 tumors. Stable short hairpin RNA–mediated depletion of Nanog, combined with melanocyte differentiation Ag tyrosinase-related protein-2 peptide-based vaccination, resulted in complete inhibition of B16-F10 tumor growth. Nanog targeting significantly reduced immunosuppressive cells (regulatory T cells and macrophages) and increased CD8+ T effector cells in tumor bed in part by modulating TGF-β1 production. Additionally, Nanog regulated TGF-β1 under hypoxia by directly binding the TGF-β1 proximal promoter. Collectively, our data establish a novel functional link between hypoxia-induced Nanog and TGF-β1 regulation and point to a major role of Nanog in hypoxia-driven immunosuppression.
Cutting Edge: Central Memory CD8 T Cells in Aged Mice Are Virtual Memory Cells
Authors: Chiu Bo-Chin , Martin Brian E. , Stolberg Valerie R. , Chensue Stephen W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe number of memory phenotype CD8 T cells increases dramatically with aging in both humans and mice. However, the mechanism for this is unknown. The prevailing hypothesis is that memory T cells accumulate with aging as a result of lifelong antigenic stimulation. However, data supporting this supposition are lacking. In this study, we demonstrate that central memory CD8 T cells, which represent a large majority of memory CD8 T cells in aged mice, are not memory cells that develop in response to antigenic stimulation but are virtual memory cells that develop without antigenic stimulation. In addition to phenotypic evidence, we show that accumulation of central memory CD8 T cells is independent of CD4 T cells, CCR5, and CXCR3, all of which are known to be essential for Ag-driven development of central memory CD8 T cells. Thus, this study reveals a novel mechanism for aging-related changes in CD8 T cells.
Low-Level Alanine Aminotransferase Elevations in Osteoarthritis Patients within Approximately 2 Weeks of Treatment Initiation with Daily Acetaminophen: A Retrospective Analysis Evaluating Subsequent Alanine Aminotransferase Activity on Continued Acetaminophen Therapy
Authors: Kuffner Edwin K. , Cooper Kimberly M. , Baggish Jeffrey S. , Lynch Joseph M. , Zimmerman Brenda A. , Bloom Leslie A. , Franklin Kathleen B. , Temple Anthony R. 
Published: November 2013

Published analyses have noted elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in patients taking up to 4000 mg/day of acetaminophen. Data from 3 osteoarthritis trials of acetaminophen 3900–4000 mg/day in which ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were recorded within approximately 2 weeks of therapy initiation were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with baseline ALT or AST above the upper limit of the reference range (ULRR) were excluded. Among 466 patients, 376 (80.7%) had no ALT elevations within approximately 2 weeks of treatment initiation. Elevations >1.5 and >3.0 times ULRR occurred in 4.5% and 0.9% of patients, respectively. Elevations were transient as most resolved (72.9%) or declined (22.4%) with continued treatment beyond 2 weeks. Within approximately 2 weeks of therapy initiation, no patient had ALT > 5 times ULRR or ALT > 3 times ULRR combined with bilirubin >2 times ULRR. ALT elevations were transient and asymptomatic; almost all resolved or declined while on continued therapy and appear not to be clinically important. Clinical trials.gov ID numbers: NCT00240799, NCT00240786
Protecting the U.S Medicine Supply: Integrating Approaches to Promote Safety
Authors: Theriault John 
Published: November 2013

The safety and efficacy of Americaâ€™s medicine supply has long been considered the â€œgold standardâ€ by which other countries are measured.Â Our â€œclosed systemâ€ comprised of strict regulations for the approval, manufacture and distribution of prescription drugs served us well in an era when those regulations could be enforced.Â Today, however, a global economy through which goods and services flow virtually unimpeded, and the ever-increasing demand for more accessible and affordable prescription drugs are threatening to overwhelm our regulatory systems and place the medicine supply at risk.Â The growing presence of substandard, adulterated and counterfeit medicine in the U. S. market is a warning sign that responsible parties need to act promptly to restore the overall integrity of the nationâ€™s prescription drug supply.Â This will require a holistic approach that employs advanced technology within a comprehensive strategy that includes stakeholder awareness, regulatory enforcement, legal change, and a sustained policy commitment to patient safety and global health.
Montréal érotique : pin-up et imagerie de nus chez le photographe de presse Conrad Poirier, 1912-1968
Authors: Godin-Laverdière Julie-Anne 
Published: November 2013

Cet article porte sur une portion méconnue de l’oeuvre de Conrad Poirier (1912-1968), un photojournaliste montréalais ayant oeuvré entre 1930 et 1960. Le fonds P48 de Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, où sont conservés les négatifs de Poirier, est principalement constitué de photographies de presse, mais renferme aussi une production personnelle qui emprunte à l’esthétique de la pin-up. Cette dernière est une image issue de la culture populaire mettant en scène une femme sensuelle dont le corps nu ou semi-dénudé est présenté dans des poses coquines empreintes de volupté. Cet article propose de réfléchir à la fois sur la présence de ces images dans les années 1940 et 1950 au Québec, malgré la censure qui était exercée à Montréal, et sur la production de Poirier à la même période. Afin de jeter un regard sur des images caractéristiques de la pin-up, les oeuvres du photographe ont été divisées en quatre catégories : tout d’abord, les pin-up collectionnées par Poirier, puis les photographies qu’il a lui-même réalisées, soit des représentations de nus, de femmes en maillot de bain et même de culturistes.
Les guides touristiques d’hôtels montréalais, 1857-1917 – Une stratégie publicitaire
Authors: Lefebvre Michèle 
Published: November 2013

Au cours de la seconde moitié du xixe siècle et du début du xxe siècle, la concurrence entre les grands hôtels montréalais est féroce. Pour se démarquer ou simplement survivre, ceux-ci doivent constamment améliorer leurs installations afin de répondre au goût du jour : agrandissements des lieux et rafraîchissement du décor, ajout de l’eau chaude, de l’électricité, de téléphones, d’ascenseurs, etc. Les nouveaux standards de luxe exigent des dépenses colossales. Pour être en mesure de les assumer, les propriétaires de grands hôtels doivent s’assurer d’afficher complet. C’est possiblement ce qui les incite à se lancer dans la publication de guides touristiques au sein desquels leurs établissements sont mis en valeur à l’exclusion des autres hôtels de la métropole. Cet article explore l’origine, les objectifs annoncés, les emprunts et les stratégies publicitaires de 25 de ces guides touristiques – détenus par Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec – publiés entre 1857 et 1917 par 10 importants établissements hôteliers montréalais : Donegana, St. Lawrence Hall, Montreal House, Ottawa, St. James, Albion, Queen’s, Windsor, Balmoral et Grand Union. Malgré des prétentions à offrir de justes informations au touriste, les producteurs de ces guides vont finir par en évacuer le véritable contenu touristique pour les transformer en de simples véhicules publicitaires.
Quality of home‐based rapid HIV testing by community lay counsellors in a rural district of South Africa
Authors: Jackson Debra , Naik Reshma , Tabana Hanani , Pillay Mogiluxmi , Madurai Savathee , Zembe Wanga , Doherty Tanya 
Published: November 2013

IntroductionLack of universal, annual testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in health facilities suggests that expansion of HIV testing and counselling (HTC) to non‐clinical settings is critical to the achievement of national goals for prevention, care and treatment. Consideration should be given to the ability of lay counsellors to perform home‐based HTC in community settings.MethodsWe implemented a community cluster randomized controlled trial of home‐based HTC in Sisonke District, South Africa. Trained lay counsellors conducted door‐to‐door HIV testing using the same rapid tests used by the local health department at the time of the study (SD Bioline and Sensa). To monitor testing quality and counsellor skill, additional dry blood spots were taken and sent for laboratory‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using the laboratory result as the gold standard.Results and discussionFrom 3986 samples, the counsellor and laboratory results matched in all but 23 cases. In 18 cases, the counsellor judged the result as indeterminate, whereas the laboratory judged 10 positive, eight negative and three indeterminate, indicating that the counsellor may have erred on the side of caution. Sensitivity was 98.0% (95% CI: 96.3–98.9%), and specificity 99.6% (95% CI: 99.4–99.7%), for the lay counsellor field‐based rapid tests. Both measures are high, and the lower confidence bound for specificity meets the international standard for assessing HIV rapid tests.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that adequately trained lay counsellors are capable of safely conducting high‐quality rapid HIV tests and interpreting the results as per the kit guidelines. These findings are important given the likely expansion of community and home‐based testing models and the shortage of clinically trained professional staff.
Identification of Preoperative Risk Factors Associated With the Conversion of Laparoscopic to Open Appendectomies
Authors: Gupta Natasha , Machado-Aranda David , Bennett Keturah , Mittal Vijay K. 
Published: November 2013

Abstract
Our goals were to (1) identify risk factors associated with conversion from laparoscopic to open appendectomies and (2) establish criteria that predict the possibility of conversion to an open technique. We did a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent laparoscopic appendectomies during a 5-year period (2004–2008). Preoperative risk factors, intraoperative findings, and postoperative complications were compared. We found that of 763 patients who had undergone laparoscopic appendectomy, 44 patients were converted to open technique (conversion rate of 5.8%). For these 44 patients, the male to female ratio was 2 to 1, and the men were older (45 versus 37 years of age, P &lt; 0.001). Conversion rates decreased with time (8.7% in 2004 versus 3.5% in 2008). Past surgical history was insignificant. However, a duration of symptoms of &gt;5 days as well as a white blood cell count &gt;20,000 were found to have a direct correlation. Incidence of postoperative complications did not increase in converted patients. The conversion rate is highest in male patients above 45 years of age, with over 5 days' duration of symptoms, leukocytosis &gt;20,000, and ruptured appendicitis on computed tomography scan. The presence of 3 to 4 of these risk factors should lower the threshold for consideration of conversion to open appendectomy.