bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THECHALLENGER: HUGH HAMILTON LINDSAY AND THE RISE OF BRITISH ASIA, 1832–1865
Authors: Bickers Robert 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the life and activities of Hugh Hamilton Lindsay (1802–81), an East India Company official who worked at Canton from 1820. Lindsay's is a key voice in the challenge to the Company's policies in China on the cusp of the abolition of its monopoly, and to British policy on the eve of the first ‘Opium War’ with the empire of the Qing. Lindsay first made his mark on Sino-British relations by leading a covert East India Company foray north along the Chinese coast in 1832 in the shipLord Amherst, and in widely disseminating his bullish conclusions and policy recommendations in publications and reports that followed. He is known as a bellicose pamphleteer, but a more complex picture emerges if we follow Lindsay and his commercial activities as the British fanned out from Canton into the Chinese ‘treaty ports’ opened after 1842, and across Britain's wider developing empire in Asia. His field of operations developed to include the British colony of Labuan and led him into a heated public conflict with Sir James Brooke in the early 1850s. Lindsay was never happy with thestatus quo: he lobbied and hectored, and in business he innovated, and pushed hard on the frontiers of British power and influence. Commercial opportunity drove him, but so did a specific vision of the ‘English character’, and notions of pride and national and personal honour.
AUDITORY SNAPSHOTS FROM THE EDGES OF EUROPE
Authors: Beckerman Michael , Schwartz Jessica , Huntford Roland , Buckton Roger , Cwach Michael , Karnes Kevin C. , Cooley Timothy J. , Werb Bret , Gelbart Petra , Summit Jeffrey A. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTThis article presents thirty ‘auditory snapshots’ from a wide variety of geographical locations and contexts in order to elaborate several points. First, we believe that the study of history cannot be separated from the study of sound, whether in the form of ‘soundscapes’ or pieces of music. Second, we find that considerations of edges, into which we fold such things as provinces, peripheries and frontiers, can be greatly enriched by looking at a broad range of musical phenomena, from the liturgy of Ugandan Jews to reggae-infused Polish mountain songs and from the sounds of Mozart's Black contemporary Saint-Georges toSilent Nighton the Southern Seas. Finally, drawing on certain ideas from James C. Scott'sThe Art of Not Being Governed, we argue that paradoxically, in music, the middle often has unusual properties. In other words, musical structure mimics the ongoing battle between those in positions of authority and those who wish to evade that authority. Beginnings and endings, then, tend to be sites of power and convention, while middles attempt to subvert it. While culturally and geographically we may contrast centres and peripheries, in music the centre is often the edge.
Characteristics of patients withClostridium difficileinfection in Taiwan
Authors: LIN Y.-C. , HUANG Y.-T. , LEE T.-F. , LEE N.-Y. , LIAO C.-H. , LIN S.-Y. , KO W.-C. , HSUEH P.-R. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYThe medical records of 84 patients with stool cultures positive forClostridium difficileduring the period August 2007 to June 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. A case of confirmed (toxigenic)C. difficileinfection (CDI) was defined by the presence of symptoms (fever, diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort or distension, ileus) and the presence of toxigenicC. difficile. Patients with compatible clinical symptoms and stool cultures positive for non-toxigenicC. difficileisolates were defined as probable (non-toxigenic) CDI cases. Of these 84 patients, 50 (59·5%) were diagnosed as confirmed CDI and 34 (40·5%) as probable CDI. Thirteen (15·5%) of the 84 patients died during their hospital stay. Usage of proton pump inhibitors was a significant independent risk factor for CDI (OR 3·21,P = 0·014). Of the 50 isolates associated with confirmed CDI, seven (8·3%) carried binary toxin genes (cdtAB), and six (7·1%) had a deletion in thetcdCgene. The mortality rate in confirmed CDI patients with isolates exhibiting deletion in thetcdCgene (2/6, 33·3%), those with isolates harbouring binary toxin genes (2/7, 28·6%), and those with isolates containing mutations ingyrA(2/7, 28·6%) andgyrB(1/2, 50%) was higher than the overall mortality rate (10/50, 20%) in patients with confirmed CDI.
A multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) ofListeria monocytogenesisolated from Norwegian salmon-processing factories and from listeriosis patients
Authors: LUNESTAD B. T. , TRUONG T. T. T. , LINDSTEDT B.-A. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to characterizeListeria monocytogenesisolated from farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the processing environment in three different Norwegian factories, and compare these to clinical isolates by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). The 65L. monocytogenesisolates obtained gave 15 distinct MLVA profiles. There was great heterogeneity in the distribution of MLVA profiles in factories and within each factory. Nine of the 15 MLVA profiles found in the fish-associated isolates were found to match human profiles. The MLVA profile 07-07-09-10-06 was the most common strain in Norwegian listeriosis patients.L. monocytogeneswith this profile has previously been associated with at least two known listeriosis outbreaks in Norway, neither determined to be due to fish consumption. However, since this profile was also found in fish and in the processing environment, fish should be considered as a possible food vehicle during sporadic cases and outbreaks of listeriosis.
Seasonality ofYersinia enterocoliticabioserotype 1B/O:8 infections in Poland
Authors: RASTAWICKI W. , SZYCH J. , ROKOSZ N. , ZACHARCZUK K. , GIERCZYŃSKI R. 
Published: December 2012

SUMMARYBoth serological and bacteriological investigations revealed a cyclic, seasonal pattern ofYersinia enterocolitica1B/O8 infections in Poland during the years 2008–2011. A large increase in incidence was observed in the second quarter and a decrease in the third quarter of each year. Such seasonal changes were not seen in the case of infections caused by the other enteropathogenicYersiniabioserotypes.
The Brazilian school feeding programme: an example of an integrated programme in support of food and nutrition security
Authors: Sidaner Emilie , Balaban Daniel , Burlandy Luciene 
Published: December 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe present paper analyses the advances and challenges of the school feeding programme in Brazil (PNAE), as part of the Brazilian experience building up an integrated food and nutrition security national system. It explores the role of policy and regulatory frameworks in constructing quality service delivery and intersectoral integration.DesignReview of PNAE and federal government technical documents and studies, legislation, minutes of meetings and official documents of the National Council of Food and Nutrition Security from 2003 to 2011.SettingFood insecurity has decreased significantly in Brazil in the last decade, indicating that appropriate choices were made in terms of public policies and institutional arrangements, which other countries can learn from.SubjectsBrazil food and nutrition security system; school feeding; school food.ResultsBrazil's integrated food and nutrition security policy approach promoted intersectorality in the food system, articulating actions to guarantee access to healthy food and to strengthen family farming. The quality of school meals has progressively improved; in particular, the availability of fruits and vegetables increased. However, national standards regarding menu composition have not yet been met. Regulations were an important factor, along with the policy approach linking food production, nutrition, health and education. Challenges are related to conflict of interests and to farmers’ insufficient capacity to meet supply requirements and comply with technical procedures.ConclusionsLocal food production, school meals and nutrition education can be linked through integrated programmes and policies, improving access to healthier foods. Government leadership, strong legislation, civil society participation and intersectoral decision making are determinant.
Resistance to Degradation of Resin-Dentin Bonds Produced by One-Step Self-Etch Adhesives
Authors: Toledano Manuel , Cabello Inmaculada , Yamauti Monica , Giannini Marcelo , Aguilera Fátima S. , Osorio Estrella , Osorio Raquel 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThe objective of this article is to evaluate the resistance to degradation of resin-dentin bonds formed with three one-step adhesives. Flat, mid-coronal dentin surfaces were bonded with the self-etching adhesives [Tokuyama Bond Force (TBF), One Up Bond F Plus (OUB), and G-Bond (GB)]. The bonded teeth were subjected to fatigue loading, chemical degradation, and stored in distilled water for four time periods (up to 12 months). Specimens were tested for microtensile bond strength and microleakage. Fractographic analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy. Bonded interfaces were examined by light microscopy using Masson's trichrome staining. An atomic force microscope was employed to analyze phase separation and surface nanoroughness (Ra) at the polymers. Vickers microhardness and the degree of the conversion (DC) were also determined. ANOVA and multiple comparisons tests were performed. Bond strength significantly decreased after the chemical challenge, but not after load cycling. Aging decreased bond strength after 6 months in TBF and GB, in OUB after 12 months. An increase of the nonresin protected collagen zone occurred in all groups, after storing. TBF showed the highest roughness, microhardness, and DC values, and GB showed the lowest. Mild self-etch one-step adhesives (TBF/OUB) showed a higher degree of cure, lower hydrophilicity, and major resistance to degradation of resin-dentin bonds when compared to highly acidic self-etching adhesive (GB).
BARNA National Audit on Staffing in the Post Anaesthetic Care Unit – Results
Authors: Smedley Pat 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis general audit on staffing the Post Anaesthetic Care Unit (PACU) was commissioned as a result of discussions around staffing held at two British Anaesthetic and Recovery Nurses Association (BARNA) Talks seminars in November 2009 and March 2010. Audit forms were sent to all BARNA members and made available on its website. One hundred audit forms were returned. The audit results clearly indicated that many problems exist in ensuring safe and appropriate staffing in the PACU at all times. The audit results highlighted the need for BARNA to take a lead in promoting information to inform PACU staff planning and to make this information freely available on its website.
Comparative Theories in Clinical Decision Making and their Application to Practice: a Reflective Case Study
Authors: Gladstone Nicholas 
Published: December 2012

AbstractWithin this article the author critically reviews the theories surrounding clinical decision making and judgement while discussing a clinical incident, and his experiences of decision making within his own practice setting. Exploring the works of Elstein and Schwarz, Benner, Hammond and Hamm, the author discusses how aspects from each of their theories relate to his practice and clinical reasoning before concluding on the clinical decision-making process and factors that can influence their successful application.
Impact Assessment on a Newly Implemented Service Utilising Recovery Nurses as Transfer Nurses, Incorporating a Literature Review of Pressure Ulcer Reduction Strategies, i.e. Mattress and Overlay Types, for Patients on Hospital Trolleys
Authors: Dawkins Sarah 
Published: December 2012

AbstractA new service was implemented as a pilot scheme. It utilised Recovery Nurses as transfer Nurses, to return patients to a ward following surgery, thereby reducing patient wait times on hospital trolleys. Patient wait times, on hospital trolleys raised concerns for tissue viability, which had implications for increased in-patient length of stay and costs. An impact assessment of the new service was undertaken to identify and analyse the direct and indirect impacts of the pilot scheme.A systematic review of Government literature over the preceding two decades highlighted patient experience and pressure ulcer reduction was high on their agenda. There was little published literature around overlays and mattress types for hospital trolleys as preventative measures for pressure ulcers, yet pressure area care can be traced back to 1962.The lack of nationally agreed guidelines to assess the suitability of the standard hospital trolley still remains a problem, and research was not able to provide clear, discrete answers to clinicians, to aid decision making. Hospital trolley mattresses need to have the same value placed upon them as bed mattresses and pressure-relieving devices and more risk management strategies need to be utilised for pressure sore prevention, where trolleys are concerned.
“Globus Symptoms”: A Rare Case of Giant Osteochondroma of the Axis Treated with High Cervical Extrapharyngeal Approach
Authors: Wong Ken , Bhagat Shaishav , Clibbon Jonothan , Rai A. S. 
Published: December 2012

Background Osteochondroma is the most common primary bone tumor, composing 35% of benign bone tumors and 9% of all bone tumors; 1.3 to 4.1% of all osteochondromas originate from the spine. A rare differential diagnosis for globus symptoms is an osteochondroma originating from the anterior surface of the axis. We describe a rare case of osteochondroma of the dens resulting in “globus symptoms” (the subjective sensation of a mass in the throat) treated with excision via the high cervical extrapharyngeal approach. Purpose To discuss the surgical management of this problem, with an emphasis on surgical approach used. The clinical history, examination, and investigations are presented and illustrated, along with clinical patient outcome. Study Design/Setting This article is a case report of a patient treated at the Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics in an active university teaching hospital. Methods Case presentation. For the discussion, we used handpicked articles, as well as MEDLINE and PubMed database searches with the keywords “C2,” “dens,” “osteochondroma,” “globus,” “extrapharyngeal approach.” Results Uncomplicated procedure. Histological analysis confirmed a benign osteochondroma with no evidence of malignancy. The patient underwent an uncomplicated postoperative recovery and was discharged 24 hours after surgery, fully ambulatory and eating and drinking well. Conclusions The high cervical retropharyngeal approach is safe and reproducible for the excision of osteochondromas or osteophytes of the upper cervical spine.
Use of biotinylated plasmid DNA as a surrogate for HSV DNA to identify proteins that repress or activate viral gene expression
Authors: Mallon Stephen , Wakim Bassam T. , Roizman Bernard 
Published: December 2012

SignificanceDNA introduced into cells by infection or transfection is immediately coated by repressive histones and repressors. Viruses have evolved mechanisms to derepress their genes. What we know of these events is based on ChIP analyses that help identify the proteins involved in these processes, provided their identity is suspected and reagents are available. We report a procedure that enables identification of proteins hitherto not linked to these processes, based on the observation that HSV derepresses both viral DNA and DNAs introduced concurrently by transfection by using the transfected DNA as the surrogate for viral DNA.
The dark knight falters
Authors: Mirabal N. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
Tentative line emission at 111 and 129 GeV from 16 unassociated Fermi-LAT point sources has been reported recently by Su and Finkbeiner. Together with similar features seen by Fermi in a region near the Galactic Centre, the evidence has been interpreted as the spectral signature of dark matter annihilation or internal bremsstrahlung. Through a combination of supervised machine-learning algorithms and archival multiwavelength observations, we find that 14 out of the 16 unassociated sources showing that the line emission in the Su and Finkbeiner sample are most likely active galactic nuclei (AGN). Based on this new evidence, one must widen the range of possible solutions for the 100–140 GeV excess to include a very distinct astrophysical explanation. While we cannot rule out a dark matter origin for the line emission in the Galactic Centre, we posit that if the detection in the Su and Finkbeiner sample is indeed real it might be related to accretion, bubble or jet activity in nearby (z &lt; 0.2) AGN. Alternatively, given the right conditions, the similarity could be due to a chance occurrence caused by extragalactic background light absorption. Or else one must concede that the features are an artefact of instrumental or calibration issues.
Spatial Distribution of Crown Gall in a Commercial Nursery of Weeping Fig
Authors: Turechek W. W. 
Published: December 2012

Agrobacterium larrymoorei causes tumors on weeping fig. The association between propagation and pathogen spread in mother trees and daughter branches was studied in a commercial nursery. The mother tree planting was scouted for tumors prior to and after propagation. Branches selected for propagation were tagged to track disease development. The spatial distribution of crown gall in the mother tree planting was characterized with runs, join-count, and spatial autocorrelation analyses. The association of disease in mother trees and daughter branches was characterized with cross-correlation analysis. The incidence of crown gall in the mother tree planting increased from 7% prior to propagation to 32% eight months after propagation. Of the 4193 daughter branches monitored, 3.8% developed tumors. Runs analysis indicated significant clustering of diseased mother trees. Significant cross-correlations between mother trees and daughter branches with symptoms of crown gall were detected out to a distance of two plants from the source. Although pruning shears were routinely soaked in a disinfectant in this nursery, the degree of sterilization achieved apparently was not sufficient to prevent pathogen transmission. This study suggests that alternative sanitation measures should be sought and that infected mother trees and their neighbors should be avoided for propagation. Accepted for publication 5 November 2012. Published 26 November 2012.
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters for Long‐term Parenteral Nutrition in Infants With Intestinal Failure
Authors: Piper Hannah G. , de Silva Nicole T. , Amaral Joao G. , Avitzur Yaron , Wales Paul W. 
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACTBackground and Aim:Infants with intestinal failure often require long‐term central access for delivery of parenteral nutrition (PN). Traditionally, surgically placed central venous catheters (CVCs) have been used; however, the complications associated with these catheters can lead to significant morbidity. Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are potentially superior to CVCs because they tend to be smaller, and can be placed without general anesthesia. The purpose of the study is to report the use of PICCs for long‐term administration of PN in infants with intestinal failure and compare with previously published catheter infection and venous thrombosis rates.Methods:A 4‐year review of infants younger than 12 months with intestinal failure and a PICC for PN delivery was performed to determine the incidence of catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) and PICC‐associated venous thrombosis. The complication rates were compared with those reported for CVCs and PICCs in the pediatric literature.Results:A total of 45 infants with intestinal failure, receiving PN through a PICC were included in the study. Data from 95 PICCs accounting for 10,189 catheter days were collected. The overall incidence of CRBSI was 5.3/1000 catheter days and the incidence of venous thrombosis was 2.0/1000 catheter days.Conclusions:PICCs offer an advantage over CVCs in that they can often be inserted without a general anesthesia and do not require manipulation of the vein. Given the low rate of CRBSI and venous thrombosis, we recommend PICCs for infants with intestinal failure requiring PN.
Decreased Photochemical Efficiency of Photosystem II following Sunlight Exposure of Shade-Grown Leaves of Avocado: Because of, or in Spite of, Two Kinetically Distinct Xanthophyll Cycles?
Authors: Jia Husen , Förster Britta , Chow Wah Soon , Pogson Barry James , Osmond C. Barry 
Published: December 2012

AbstractThis study resolved correlations between changes in xanthophyll pigments and photosynthetic properties in attached and detached shade-grown avocado (Persea americana) leaves upon sun exposure. Lutein epoxide (Lx) was deepoxidized to lutein (L), increasing the total pool by ƊL over 5 h, whereas violaxanthin (V) conversion to antheraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin (Z) ceased after 1 h. During subsequent dark or shade recovery, de novo synthesis of L and Z continued, followed by epoxidation of A and Z but not of L. Light-saturated nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) was strongly and linearly correlated with decreasing [Lx] and increasing [∆L] but showed a biphasic correlation with declining [V] and increasing [A+Z] separated when V deepoxidation ceased. When considering [ƊL+∆Z], the monophasic linear correlation was restored. Photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem (PSI; deduced from the delivery of electrons to PSI in saturating single-turnover flashes) showed a strong correlation in their continuous decline in sunlight and an increase in NPQ capacity. This decrease was also reflected in the initial reduction of the slope of photosynthetic electron transport versus photon flux density. Generally longer, stronger sun exposures enhanced declines in both slope and maximum photosynthetic electron transport rates as well as photochemical efficiency of PSII and PSII/PSI more severely and prevented full recovery. Interestingly, increased NPQ capacity was accompanied by slower relaxation. This was more prominent in detached leaves with closed stomata, indicating that photorespiratory recycling of CO2 provided little photoprotection to avocado shade leaves. Sun exposure of these shade leaves initiates a continuum of photoprotection, beyond full engagement of the Lx and V cycle in the antenna, but ultimately photoinactivated PSII reaction centers.
Local oxidative stress in interdigital tinea pedis
Authors: Ozturk Perihan , Arican Ozer , Kurutas Ergul B. , Karakas Tugba , Gungor Meltem 
Published: December 2012

AbstractSeveral skin diseases are believed to be associated with oxidative stress. Tinea pedis is an infection of the feet caused by fungi. The infectious diseases caused by dermatophytes are mainly related to the enzymes produced by these fungi. The cutaneous oxidative stress status of tinea pedis has not been demonstrated in the published work up to now. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in affected skin areas in a group of patients with interdigital tinea pedis. Thirty‐one consecutive patients with a diagnosis of unilateral interdigital tinea pedis were enrolled. The samples were obtained by scraping the skin surface. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde levels were measured spectrophotometrically. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and the levels of malondialdehyde were significantly higher on the lesional area than the non‐lesional area (P < 0.001). According to sex and fungal subtypes, there was no significant difference in the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with tinea pedis (P > 0.05). Our results suggested that antioxidant defense of lesional skin surface was higher compared to non‐lesional skin. This is possibly due to a compensatory response to various fungal infections and thereby protects the cells against oxidative damage.