bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small shear modulus of cubic CaSiO3 perovskite
Authors: Kawai Kenji , Tsuchiya Taku 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCa‐perovskite (CaPv) is considered to be one of the most abundant minerals in the Earth's lower mantle (LM). Furthermore, previous static calculations and mean‐field theory suggest that it has a much larger shear modulus than bridgmanite (MgPv). In this study, the elasticity of cubic CaPv was reinvestigated using the density functional constant‐temperature first principles molecular dynamics method under the correct conditions to simulate its elasticity. Our new results clearly demonstrate that cubic CaPv has comparable bulk and slightly smaller shear moduli than Fe‐bearing MgPv. This is because the boundary condition for the supercell used in this study allows for the rotational phonon motion of SiO6 octahedra under strain, which predominantly affects the decrease in C11 and C44. Acoustic wave velocities determined from the elastic moduli indicate that cubic CaPv has slower velocities and larger densities than Fe‐bearing MgPv and preliminary reference Earth model in the LM. This suggests that if CaPv‐rich material exists, it can accumulate in the lowermost LM and produce a seismically low‐velocity anomaly.
The interhemispheric and F region dynamo currents revisited with the Swarm constellation
Authors: Lühr Hermann , Kervalishvili Guram , Michaelis Ingo , Rauberg Jan , Ritter Patricia , Park Jaeheung , Merayo Jose M. G. , Brauer Peter 
Published: March 2015

AbstractBased on magnetic field data sampled by the Swarm satellite constellation it is possible for the first time to determine uniquely F region currents at low latitudes. Initial results are presented from the first 200 days of formation flight (17 April to 5 November 2014). Detailed results have been obtained for interhemispheric field‐aligned currents connecting the solar quiet day magnetic variation (Sq) current systems in the two hemispheres. We obtain prominent currents from the Southern (winter) Hemisphere to the Northern around noon. Weaker currents in opposite direction are observed during morning and evening hours. Furthermore, we could confirm the existence of vertical currents above the dip equator, downward around noon and upward around sunset. For both current systems we present and discuss longitudinal variations.
Patrilineal populations show more male transmission of reproductive success than cognatic populations in Central Asia, which reduces their genetic diversity
Authors: Heyer Evelyne , Brandenburg Jean‐Tristan , Leonardi Michela , Toupance Bruno , Balaresque Patricia , Hegay Tanya , Aldashev Almaz , Austerlitz Frederic 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTObjective: The extent to which social organization of human societies impacts the patterns of genetic diversity remains an open question. Here, we investigate the transmission of reproductive success in patrilineal and cognatic populations from Central Asia using a coalescent approach. Methods: We performed a study on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome polymorphism of patrilineal and cognatic populations from Central Asia. We reconstructed the gene genealogies in each population for both kind of markers and inferred the imbalance level of these genealogies, a parameter directly related to the level of transmission of reproductive success. Results: This imbalance level appeared much stronger for the Y chromosome in patrilineal populations than in cognatic populations, while no difference was found for mtDNA. Furthermore, we showed that this imbalance level correlates negatively with Y‐chromosomal, mtDNA, and autosomal genetic diversity. Conclusions: This shows that patrilineality might be one of the factors explaining the male transmission of reproductive success, which, in turn, lead to a reduction of genetic diversity. Thus, notwithstanding the fact that our population genetic approach clearly shows that there is a strong male‐biased transmission of reproductive success in patrilineal societies, it also highlights the fact that a social process such as cultural transmission of reproductive success could play an important role in shaping human genetic diversity, although we cannot formally exclude that this transmission has also a genetic component. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:537–543, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Weaning age in an expanding population: stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of infant feeding practices in the Okhotsk culture (5th–13th centuries AD) in Northern Japan
Authors: Tsutaya Takumi , Ishida Hajime , Yoneda Minoru 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTObjective: The Okhotsk people were sedentary hunter–gatherer–fishers who lived and prospered in Sakhalin, Hokkaido, and the Kurile Islands during the 5th to 13th centuries AD. They expanded rapidly along the northeastern coast of Hokkaido. We reconstructed infant feeding practices of the Moyoro population of the Okhotsk culture in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Methods: Stable isotope ratios in 58 subadult human skeletons were measured. Results: The results suggest that complementary foods with a relatively low carbon isotope ratio were consumed during and after weaning, as observed in ethnographic descriptions of northern human populations such as the Ainu and isotopically suggested in ancient northern hunter–gatherer–fisher populations. Nitrogen isotope ratios of subadults showed that the age at the end of weaning in the Moyoro population was 1.8 (1.4–2.2 in 95% credible interval) years, which is earlier than that in other northern hunter–gatherer–fisher populations. Conclusions: Because weaning age is one of the most important determinants of fertility, a shorter breastfeeding period suggests increased fertility. Furthermore, better nutrition would further promote the population increase, and thus populations of the Okhotsk culture could expand into new regions. These findings are consistent with recent emerging evidence of great contributions of the Okhotsk to the formation of later Ainu populations and culture. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:544–555, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental defects in the teeth of three wild chimpanzees from theTaï forest
Authors: Smith Tanya M. , Boesch Christophe 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Developmental defects in teeth (accentuated lines and hypoplasias) have played a critical role in studies of childhood disease, nutrition, weaning, environmental variation, and early mortality. While these enigmatic structures have been lauded for their potential insights into human evolution, few studies have examined defects in individuals of known histories.Materials and Methods:Here we document defects in the molars of three wild juvenile chimpanzees from the Taï forest (Pan troglodytes verus) and compare them with behavioral, epidemiological, and environmental records.Results:Accentuated lines of differing intensities were found throughout molar crown and root growth, and were most common in a juvenile who demonstrated slow skeletal growth and prolonged maternal dependence. These defects were observed in association with some but not all injuries and disease outbreaks in this community. A 10‐year record of accentuated line frequency across individuals shows a significant negative correlation with rainfall, but does not correlate with fruit availability or reveal significant annual trends. Several hypoplasias formed between ∼0.6 and 5.8 years of age on molar crowns and roots of the three individuals, however, available behavioral and epidemiological records do not explain their causation.Discussion:While teeth may provide precise and accurate records of illness and trauma in some cases, inferring seasonal cycles, social stress, or weaning in living or fossil primate dentitions requires additional evidence beyond the presence, absence, or degree of expression of these defects. Studies that microsample bulk and trace elements may provide a more secure context for the interpretation of environmental, physiological, and dietary changes that impact dental tissue formation. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:556–570, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of the pedicled nasoseptal flap in the endoscopic management of cholesterol granulomas of the petrous apex
Authors: Karligkiotis Apostolos , Bignami Maurizio , Terranova Paola , Ciniglio‐Appiani Mario , Shawkat Abdulrahman , Verrilaud Benjamin , Meloni Francesco , Herman Philippe , Castelnuovo Paolo 
Published: March 2015

BackgroundNowadays the endoscopic approach represents a useful alternative to traditional surgical approaches in the treatment of cholesterol granulomas (CGs) of the petrous apex (PA). Recently the nasoseptal flap (NSF) has been employed to permit long‐term patency of drainage site. The purpose of this study is to report our experience with the NSF in the endoscopic management of CG and to analyze the advantages, limitations, and outcomes of the technique.MethodsA retrospective analysis was carried out on 10 patients affected by CG of the PA who had been treated endoscopically, using the NSF.ResultsAn endoscopic transpterygoid approach was used for 6 patients and the remaining 4 were treated using the transclival approach. A NSF was used in all 10 cases. In 6 cases the flap was ipsilateral to the lesion whereas in 4 it was contralateral. In 90% of our patients no evidence of disease was observed after a mean follow‐up period of 35.7 months, with resolution of their symptoms. One patient presented a recurrence because of a technical error (inadequate placement of the flap in the cavity), and has been retreated endoscopically.ConclusionThe pedicled NSF seems to be helpful in avoiding the concentric growth of the granulomatous cyst epithelium while assuring ventilation and drainage of the cyst. However, bigger studies with longer‐term follow‐up are needed to confirm these findings. Correct and meticulous placement of the flap inside the cystic cavity is the most critical issue for the success of the procedure.
Dual κ‐agonist/μ‐antagonist opioid receptor modulation reduces levodopa‐induced dyskinesia and corrects dysregulated striatal changes in the nonhuman primate model of Parkinson disease
Authors: Potts Lisa F. , Park Eun S. , Woo Jong‐Min , Dyavar Shetty Bhagya L. , Singh Arun , Braithwaite Steven P. , Voronkov Michael , Papa Stella M. , Mouradian M. Maral 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveEffective medical management of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia (LID) remains an unmet need for patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Changes in opioid transmission in the basal ganglia associated with LID suggest a therapeutic opportunity. Here we determined the impact of modulating both mu and kappa opioid receptor signaling using the mixed agonist/antagonist analgesic nalbuphine in reducing LID and its molecular markers in the nonhuman primate model.Methods1‐Methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine–treated macaques with advanced parkinsonism and reproducible LID received a range of nalbuphine doses or saline subcutaneously as: (1) monotherapy, (2) acute coadministration with levodopa, and (3) chronic coadministration for 1 month. Animals were assessed by blinded examiners for motor disability and LID severity using standardized rating scales. Plasma levodopa levels were determined with and without nalbuphine, and postmortem brain samples were subjected to Western blot analyses.ResultsNalbuphine reduced LID in a dose‐dependent manner by 48% (p < 0.001) without compromising the anti‐PD effect of levodopa or changing plasma levodopa levels. There was no tolerance to the anti‐LID effect of nalbuphine given chronically. Nalbuphine coadministered with levodopa was well tolerated and did not cause sedation. Nalbuphine monotherapy had no effect on motor disability. Striatal tissue analyses showed that nalbuphine cotherapy blocks several molecular correlates of LID, including overexpression of ΔFosB, prodynorphin, dynorphin A, cyclin‐dependent kinase 5, and increased phosphorylation of DARPP‐32 at threonine‐34.InterpretationNalbuphine reverses the molecular milieu in the striatum associated with LID and is a safe and effective anti‐LID agent in the primate model of PD. These findings support repurposing this analgesic for the treatment of LID. Ann Neurol 2015;77:930–941
Nonlinear arcsin‐electrodynamics
Authors: Kruglov Sergey I. 
Published: March 2015

A new model of nonlinear electrodynamics with three parameters is suggested and investigated. It is shown that if the external constant magnetic field is present the phenomenon of vacuum birefringence takes place. The indices of refraction for two polarizations of electromagnetic waves, parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic induction field are calculated. The electric field of a point‐like charge is not singular at the origin and the static electric energy is finite. We have calculated the static electric energy of point‐like particles for different parameters of the model. The canonical and symmetrical Belinfante energy‐momentum tensors and dilatation current are obtained. We demonstrate that the dilatation symmetry and dual symmetry are broken in the model suggested.
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The Double‐Histidine Cu2+‐Binding Motif: A Highly Rigid, Site‐Specific Spin Probe for Electron Spin Resonance Distance Measurements
Authors: Cunningham Timothy F. , Putterman Miriam R. , Desai Astha , Horne W. Seth , Saxena Sunil 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe development of ESR methods that measure long‐range distance distributions has advanced biophysical research. However, the spin labels commonly employed are highly flexible, which leads to ambiguity in relating ESR measurements to protein‐backbone structure. Herein we present the double‐histidine (dHis) Cu2+‐binding motif as a rigid spin probe for double electron–electron resonance (DEER) distance measurements. The spin label is assembled in situ from natural amino acid residues and a metal salt, requires no postexpression synthetic modification, and provides distance distributions that are dramatically narrower than those found with the commonly used protein spin label. Simple molecular modeling based on an X‐ray crystal structure of an unlabeled protein led to a predicted most probable distance within 0.5 Å of the experimental value. Cu2+ DEER with the dHis motif shows great promise for the resolution of precise, unambiguous distance constraints that relate directly to protein‐backbone structure and flexibility.
Understanding and guiding the phase inversion process for synthesis of solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes
Authors: Hołda Agnieszka K. , Vankelecom Ivo F.J. 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTSince its introduction in membrane technology in the 1960's, phase inversion by means of immersion precipitation has been widely studied for the preparation of membranes to be applied in the fields of microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF). However, much less knowledge is available about this process in terms of integrally skinned asymmetric nanofiltration membranes, especially for more hydrophobic polymers applied in solvent resistant nanofiltration (SRNF). This review focuses on the preparation aspects of integrally skinned asymmetric membranes to be applied in the field of SRNF via phase inversion. It starts with the explanation of the basic principles of the phase inversion process, covering both thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. Further, it summarizes the parameters that significantly influence final membrane performance and morphology, including polymer type and concentration, casting solvent, additives, evaporation time, and temperature, humidity, membrane thickness, composition, and temperature of coagulation bath and post‐treatment. Literature contained within this review constitutes the core references in the field of SRNF, but also several references on preparation of MF, UF, aqueous NF, and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have been included to better clarify or illustrate certain aspects of the process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42130.
Synthesis, characterization, and dielectric properties of polymers functionalized with coumarone and diethanolamine
Authors: Bezgin Feride , Ayaz Nursel , Demirelli Kadir 
Published: March 2015

ABSTRACTA series polymers of the poly(4‐{[bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐7‐yl‐2‐methylpropanoate), P(CIMMAOC)‐DEA, were synthesized by modification of poly(4‐(chloromethyl)‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐7‐yl‐2‐ethylpropanoate), P(CIMMAOC), with diethanolamine (DEA). All polymers were structurally characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, UV–vis, and Fluorescence spectra. The electronic features of the polymer, such as lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies and electrostatic potential (ESP), and the vibrational frequencies were computed by the Becke3–Lee–Yang–Parr (B3LYP) functional using 3–21G* basis set. Dielectric measurements for P(CIMMAOC) and P(CIMMAOC)‐DEA were performed by means of an impedance analyzer as a function of frequency and temperature. It was found that the dielectric constant values decreased in the applied frequency range. The values of dielectric constant increased with a rise in concentrations of DEA in polymer for all temperatures. Dielectric constants of P(CIMMAOC) and P(CIMMAOC)‐DEA (60%) were calculated as 3.93 and 12.29 at 1 kHz, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42164.
The Political Economy of Mental Health in Vietnam: Key Lessons for Countries in Transition
Authors: Lee Kelley , Zappelli Rebecca , Goldner Elliot M. , Vu Nguyen Cong , Corbett Kitty K. , Murphy Jill 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAmong low‐ and middle‐income countries, there is evidence that populations experiencing rapid political and economic transition have particularly high burdens of disease and disability from mental health conditions. This paper undertakes a political economy analysis of mental health in Vietnam to enhance knowledge translation, notably how both explicit and tacit knowledge can be used to promote evidence‐based policy making. It argues that Vietnam's experience illustrates the need to better understand, not only how transition transforms societies, but how it impacts on the mental health needs and care of populations. The political economy of transition in Vietnam has so far given highest priority to economic growth through integration with the world economy and public sector reform. There is a need to recognise that transition in Vietnam poses both a potential threat to the care of people with mental health needs, and an opportunity to develop mental health services appropriate to local contexts.
Construction of efficient experimental designs under multiple resource constraints
Authors: Harman Radoslav , Bachratá Alena , Filová Lenka 
Published: March 2015

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we introduce ‘resource constraints’ as a general concept that covers many practical restrictions on experimental design. Second, to compute optimal or near‐optimal exact designs of experiments under multiple resource constraints, we propose a tabu search heuristic related to the Detmax procedure.To illustrate the scope and performance of the proposed method, we chose the criterion of D‐optimality and computed efficient designs for (i) a block model with limits on the numbers of blocks and on the replications of treatments, (ii) a quadratic regression model with simultaneous marginal and cost constraints, and (iii) a non‐linear regression model with simultaneous direct and cost constraints. As we show, the proposed method generates similar or better results compared with algorithms specialized for computing optimal designs under less general constraints. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimicrobial Peptides from the Aurein Family Form Ion‐Selective Pores in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Wenzel Michaela , Senges Christoph Helmut Rudi , Zhang Jin , Suleman Selina , Nguyen Michael , Kumar Prashant , Chiriac Alina Iulia , Stepanek Jennifer Janina , Raatschen Nadja , May Caroline , Krämer Ute , Sahl Hans‐Georg , Straus Suzana Katarina , Bandow Julia Elisabeth 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe mechanism of action of aurein 2.2 and aurein 2.3, antimicrobial peptides from the frog Litoria aurea, was investigated. Proteomic profiling of the Bacillus subtilis stress response indicates that the cell envelope is the main target for both aureins. Upon treatment, the cytoplasmic membrane depolarizes and cellular ATP levels decrease. Global element analysis shows that intracellular concentrations of certain metal ions (potassium, magnesium, iron, and manganese) strongly decrease. Selective translocation of some ions over others was demonstrated in vitro. The same set of ions also leaks from B. subtilis cells treated with sublethal concentrations of gramicidin S, MP196, and nisin. Aureins do not permeabilize the cell membrane for propidium iodide thus excluding formation of large, unspecific pores. Our data suggest that the aureins acts by forming small pores thereby causing membrane depolarization, and by triggering the release of certain metal ions thus disturbing cellular ion homeostasis.
CXCR4 positive cell‐derived Pdx1‐high/Shh‐low cells originated from embryonic stem cells improve the repair of pancreatic injury in mice
Authors: Yu Tao , Qing Qing , Deng Na , Min Xiao‐Hui , Zhao Li‐Na , Li Jie‐Yao , Xia Zhong‐Sheng , Chen Qi‐kui 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTreatments for pancreatic injuries have been significantly improved recently, but full recovery of pancreatic function remains difficult. Embryonic stem cells have great potentialities for self‐renewal and multiple differentiations. In this study, we explored an approach to induce the differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells from embryonic stem cells in vitro. Male mouse embryonic stem cells were cultured by the hanging‐drop method to form embryoid bodies. The definitive endoderm marked by CXCR4 in embryoid bodies was sorted by magnetic activated cell sorting and subsequently administrated with b‐FGF, exendin‐4, and cyclopamine to induce the differentiation of putative pancreatic progenitor cells, which was monitored by Pdx1, and Shh expressions. The putative pancreatic progenitor cells were transplanted into female BALB/c mice with pancreatitis induced by L‐Arginine. Male donor cells were located by detecting sex‐determining region of Y‐chromosome DNA. Definitive endoderm cells (CXCR4+ cells) were sorted from 5‐day embryoid bodies. After 3‐day administration with b‐FGF, exendin‐4, and cyclopamine, Pdx1‐high/Shh‐low cells were differentiated from CXCR4+ cells. These cells developed into more amylase‐secreted cells in vitro and could specifically reside in the damaged pancreas acinar area in mice with acute pancreatitis to enhance the regeneration. The putative pancreatic progenitor cells (Pdx1‐high/Shh‐low cells) derived from mouse embryonic stem cells through the administration of b‐FGF, exendin‐4, and cyclopamine on the CXCR4+ cells in vitro could improve the regeneration of injured pancreatic acini in vivo.
High‐Temperature Electrochemistry of a Solvent‐Free Myoglobin Melt
Authors: Sharma Kamendra P. , Risbridger Thomas , Bradley Kieren , Perriman Adam W. , Fermin David J. , Mann Stephen 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe electrochemical responses from a hybrid biofluid comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) dispersed in a solvent‐free myoglobin melt are investigated over an extreme temperature range (30–150 °C). Incorporation of LiPF6 resulted in an approximately 20‐fold increase in the conductivity of the biofluid across the entire temperature range. A polaron‐type mechanism involving electron hopping from heme‐to‐heme centers of myoglobin, accompanied by extrinsic Li counter‐ion movement, is proposed for the charge‐transport kinetics in the solvent‐free melt. Significantly, the redox signature of the heme prosthetic group varied systematically and reversibly with temperature, which was consistent with hyperthermophilic unfolding/refolding of the protein structure.