bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the ground level enhancement on 17 May 2012 using data from the global neutron monitor network
Authors: Mishev A. L. , Kocharov L. G. , Usoskin I. G. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe have analyzed the data of the world neutron monitor network for the first ground level enhancement of solar cycle 24, the ground level enhancement (GLE) on 17 May 2012. A newly computed neutron monitor yield function and an inverse method are applied to estimate the energy spectrum, anisotropy axis direction, and pitch angle distribution of the high‐energy solar particles in interplanetary space. The method includes the determination of the asymptotic viewing cones of neutron monitor stations through computations of trajectories of cosmic rays in a model magnetosphere. The cosmic ray particle trajectories are determined with the GEANT‐based MAGNETOCOSMICS code using Tsyganenko 1989 and International Geomagnetic Reference Field models. Subsequent calculation of the neutron monitor responses with the model function is carried out, that represents an initial guess of the inverse problem. Derivation of the solar energetic particle characteristics is fulfilled by fitting the data of the global neutron monitor network using the Levenberg‐Marquardt method over the nine‐dimensional parameter space. The pitch angle distribution and rigidity spectrum of high‐energy protons are obtained as function of time in the course of the GLE. The angular distribution appears quite complicated. It comprises a focused beam along the interplanetary magnetic field line from the Sun and a loss‐cone feature around the opposite direction, possibly indicative of the particle transport in interplanetary magnetic field structures associated with previous coronal mass ejections.
Physical causes of solar cycle amplitude variability
Authors: Cameron R. H. , Jiang J. , Schüssler M. , Gizon L. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe level of solar activity varies from cycle to cycle. This variability is probably caused by a combination of nonlinear and random effects. Based on surface flux transport simulations, we show that the observed inflows into active regions and toward the activity belts provide an important nonlinearity in the framework of Babcock‐Leighton model for the solar dynamo. Inclusion of these inflows also leads to a reproduction of the observed proportionality between the open heliospheric flux during activity minima and the maximum sunspot number of the following cycle. A substantial component of the random variability of the cycle strength is associated with the cross‐equatorial flux plumes that occur when large, highly tilted sunspot groups emerge close to the equator. We show that the flux transported by these events is important for the amplitude of the polar fields and open flux during activity minima. The combined action of inflows and cross‐equatorial flux plumes provides an explanation for the weakness of the polar fields at the end of solar cycle 23 (and hence for the relative weakness of solar cycle 24).
Analysis of Pairwise Comparison Matrices
Authors: González‐PachóN Jacinto , Romero Carlos 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Pairwise comparison method is a powerful and simple tool for modeling decision‐making problems when
n
objects (alternatives, criteria, etc.) are involved. In this article, the method description begins with a brief comment about its historical roots. Special emphasis is placed on the possible levels of rationality of the decision maker and how this feature conditions the mathematical methods used to derive preferential weights from a pairwise comparison matrix. This issue is linked in a natural way to the problem of aggregating individual pairwise comparison matrices into a consensus matrix. The article concludes with a discussion of the main advantages of the method in real‐world problems.
Introduction to Multiattribute Utility Theory
Authors: Butler John C. , Dyer James S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this article, we provide a synopsis of multiattribute utility theory. We begin with a brief review of single‐attribute utility theory and then explore preference conditions that allow for multiattribute models of common functional forms. In general, the term utility suggests preference measurement when there is uncertainty about the outcome(s) received. We conclude with an examination of the distinction between choices under certainty and uncertainty and explore the implications for multiattribute preference models.
Actuator fault estimation observer design for discrete‐time linear parameter‐varying descriptor systems
Authors: Wang Zhenhua , Rodrigues Mickael , Theilliol Didier , Shen Yi 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThis paper deals with actuator fault estimation for a class of discrete‐time linear parameter‐varying descriptor systems. By considering the fault as an auxiliary state vector, an augmented system is established. Then, a fault estimation observer is designed based on the augmented system. In this paper, the fault estimation observer design is formulated as a linear matrix inequality (LMI) feasibility problem. Therefore, all parameters of the observer can be simultaneously designed by solving a set of strict LMIs. In order to attenuate the effect of the unknown disturbance, fault variation, and measurement noise, we further propose a robust fault estimation observer design method, which is the main contribution of this paper. Finally, performance of the proposed robust fault estimation observer is shown through the application to a truck–trailer model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Higher‐order structural analysis of nylon‐66 nanofibers prepared by carbon dioxide laser supersonic drawing and exhibiting near‐equilibrium melting temperature
Authors: Hasegawa Toshinori , Mikuni Takumi 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTExtended chains and/or extended chain crystals (ECC) are important structures for improving the mechanical properties of polymer fibers. ECC have so far been produced using specially prepared materials or manufacturing methods. In our study on the production of nanofibers by carbon dioxide (CO2) laser supersonic drawing, we succeeded in producing nylon‐66 nanofibers having a high melting point near the equilibrium melting point (Tm0). Two melting points (Tm) of 260 and 276°C were observed for the nanofibers, with the latter temperature being close to the Tm0 (280°C) of nylon‐66. A nanofiber that was heat treated at 279°C for 10 min displayed a large stacked lamellar structure with an average crystal thickness of 140 nm. That value was close to the average molecular chain length of 212 nm, which was calculated from the average molecular weight of the nanofibers. It was inferred from these results that ECC corresponding to the average molecular chain length were present in the nanofibers. The CO2 laser supersonic drawing process is applicable to general purpose thermoplastic polymers and uses a simple drawing system. It is expected that this drawing method will help to improve the fundamental performance of general purpose polymers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40361.
The impact of microwave‐assisted thermal sterilization on the morphology, free volume, and gas barrier properties of multilayer polymeric films
Authors: Dhawan Sumeet , Varney Christopher , Barbosa‐Cánovas Gustavo V. , Tang Juming , Selim Farida , Sablani Shyam S. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTMicrowave‐assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) is an advanced thermal process that utilizes microwave (MW) energy for in‐package food sterilization. Benefits include much shorter processing times than conventional retort sterilization. This research explores how MATS affects the performance of high‐barrier multilayer polymeric films compared with conventional retort sterilization. The gas barrier, morphological, and free volume packaging properties of these films may influence the shelf‐life of shelf‐stable foods. In this study, we applied X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy in order to investigate film morphology and free volume characteristics, respectively. Results show that the conventional retort process affected gas barrier properties more than MATS processing did which could be explained by the morphological and free volume changes in the polymeric films. XRD revealed improved crystalline morphology of MW‐treated films in terms of overall crystallinity as compared with retort sterilization. On the other hand, higher free volume increase in MW‐treated films could be explained by the different heating mechanisms involved in MATS and retort sterilization. Overall, the oxygen transmission rate for both films remained below 2 cc/m2‐day after MATS and retort sterilization required for packaging applications for shelf‐stable foods. This work provides the basis for understanding the gas‐barrier changes of multilayer polymeric films after MATS application using Materials Science techniques. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40376.
Synthesis of highly luminescent and biocompatible CdTe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots using microwave irradiation: a comparative study of different ligands
Authors: He Hua , Sun Xing , Wang Xiaojuan , Xu Hai 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWe compared the effects of several ligands frequently used in aqueous synthesis, including L‐cysteine, L‐cysteine hydrochloride, N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC), glutathione and 3‐mercaptopropionic acid, for microwave synthesis of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) in a sealed vessel with varied temperatures and times, and then developed a rapid microwave‐assisted protocol for preparing highly luminescent, photostable and biocompatible CdTe/CdS/ZnS core–multishell QDs. The effects of molecular structures of these ligands on QD synthesis under high temperatures were explored. Among these ligands, NAC was found to be the optimal ligand in terms of the optical properties of resultant QDs and reaction conditions. The emission wavelength of NAC‐capped CdTe QDs could reach 700 nm in 5 min by controlling the reaction temperature, and the resultant CdTe/CdS/ZnS core–multishell QDs could achieve the highest quantum yields up to 74% with robust photostability. In addition, the effects of temperature, growth time and shell–precursor ratio on shell growth were examined. Finally, cell culturing indicated the low cytotoxicity of CdTe/CdS/ZnS core–multishell QDs as compared to CdTe and CdTe/CdS QDs, suggesting their high potential for applications in biomedical imaging and diagnostics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ectopic ureter, renal dysplasia, and recurrent epididymitis in an infant: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Dudek‐Warchoł Teresa , Szmigielska Agnieszka , Krzemień Grażyna , Warchoł Stanisław 
Published: January 2014

Key Clinical MessageThe most common etiologies of acute scrotum in boys <1 year of age are torsion of the testis or an appendix, urogenital anomalies, and epididymitis. We report an infant with recurrent epididymitis associated with single‐system ectopic ureter opening into the seminal vesicle and dysplastic right kidney. Treatment included nephroureterectomy.
Reaction Mechanism for the Dual Gold‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Dibenzopentalene: A DFT Study
Authors: Vilhelmsen Mie Højer , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA wide range of gold‐catalyzed reactions based on a dual activation mechanism has recently been reported in the literature. Herein, we present a computational investigation of the mechanism for the formation of dibenzopentalenes from 1‐ethynyl‐2‐(phenylethynyl)benzene. Transition states have been found, which substantiate the dual activation mechanism previously published and furthermore point towards a continuous presence of two gold moieties throughout the mechanistic cycle, an observation of high importance for all reactions in the field of dual activation. The initial activation of the diyne has been shown to proceed via an intermolecular transfer of a cationic gold catalyst from the thermodynamically preferred geminal‐σ,π‐acetylide complex to the active non‐geminal analogue. Furthermore, the regioselectivity of a 5‐endo versus a 6‐endo cyclization has been addressed, and the 5‐endo cyclization was found to be most favorable both thermodynamically and with regard to the activation barrier.
Peripherally and Axially Carboxylic Acid Substituted Subphthalocyanines for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Ince Mine , Medina Anaïs , Yum Jun‐Ho , Yella Aswani , Claessens Christian G. , Martínez‐Díaz M. Victoria , Grätzel Michael , Nazeeruddin Mohammad K. , Torres Tomás 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA series of subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) bearing a carboxylic acid group either at the peripheral or axial position have been designed and synthesized to investigate the influence of the COOH group positions on the dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC) performance. The DSSC devices based on SubPcs with axially substituted carboxylic acid groups showed low photovoltaic performance, whereas peripherally substituted one exhibited higher power conversion efficiency owing to improved injection from LUMO of SubPcs to the TiO2 conduction band.
Photochemistry of α‐Diketones in Carbohydrates: Anomalous Norrish Type II Photoelimination and Norrish–Yang Photocyclization Promoted by the Internal Carbonyl Group
Authors: Alvarez‐Dorta Dimitri , León Elisa I. , Kennedy Alan R. , Martín Angeles , Pérez‐Martín Inés , Riesco‐Fagundo Concepción , Suárez Ernesto 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA series of four α‐diketones placed as 1α‐pyruvoyl tethers on D‐glucopyranose and D‐glucopyranosiduronic acid skeletons was prepared in order to determine the influence of captodative and stereoelectronic effects on the regioselectivity of the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) in Norrish type II photochemical processes. We observed that the 1,5‐HAT regioselectivity can be switched between the two potentially abstractable syn‐1,3‐diaxial hydrogens at H6 and H8. Highly unusual photoproducts from Norrish type II photoelimination and Norrish–Yang photocyclization initiated by the excited internal carbonyl group were obtained, in some cases in excellent synthetic yield. The 1,5‐HAT transition state in the Norrish type II photoelimination was investigated by photochemical experiments in the crystalline state.
The Chiral Separation and Enantioselective Degradation of the Chiral Herbicide Napropamide
Authors: Qi Yanli , Liu Donghui , Sun Mingjing , Di Shanshan , Wang Peng , Zhou Zhiqiang 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe chiral pesticide enantiomers often have different toxic effects and environmental behaviors, which suggests that the risk assessments should be on an enantiomeric level. In this work, the chiral separation of the napropamide enantiomers and the stereoselective degradation in tomato, cucumber, rape, cabbage, and soil were investigated. Napropamide enantiomers could be separated absolutely by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Chiralpak IC column with a resolution factor of 11.75 under the optimized condition. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for cleanup of the enantiomers in the vegetable samples. The residue analysis method was validated. Good linearities (R2 = 0.9997) and recoveries (71.43% ‐97.64%) were obtained. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.05 mg/kg in soil and 0.20 mg/kg in vegetables. The results of degradation showed that napropamide dissipated rapidly in vegetables with half‐lives of only 1.13–2.21 days, but much more slowly in soil, with a half‐life of 11.95 d. Slight stereoselective degradation of the two enantiomers was only observed in cabbage, with enantiomeric fraction (EF) = 0.46, and there was no enantioselectivity in the other vegetables. The degradation of napropamide in the five matrixes was fast, and there was no enantioselectivity. Chirality 28:108–113, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphology, projection pattern, and neurochemical identity of Cajal's “centrifugal neurons”: The cells of origin of the tectoventrogeniculate pathway in pigeon (Columba livia) and chicken (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Vega‐Zuniga Tomas , Mpodozis Jorge , Karten Harvey J. , Marín Gonzalo , Hain Sarah , Luksch Harald 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis (GLv) is a prominent retinal target in all amniotes. In birds, it is in receipt of a dense and topographically organized retinal projection. The GLv is also the target of substantial and topographically organized projections from the optic tectum and the visual wulst (hyperpallium). Tectal and retinal afferents terminate homotopically within the external GLv‐neuropil. Efferents from the GLv follow a descending course through the tegmentum and can be traced into the medial pontine nucleus. At present, the cells of origin of the Tecto‐GLv projection are only partially described. Here we characterized the laminar location, morphology, projection pattern, and neurochemical identity of these cells by means of neural tracer injections and intracellular fillings in slice preparations and extracellular tracer injections in vivo. The Tecto‐GLv projection arises from a distinct subset of layer 10 bipolar neurons, whose apical dendrites show a complex transverse arborization at the level of layer 7. Axons of these bipolar cells arise from the apical dendrites and follow a course through the optic tract to finally form very fine and restricted terminal endings inside the GLv‐neuropil. Double‐label experiments showed that these bipolar cells were choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)‐immunoreactive. Our results strongly suggest that Tecto‐GLv neurons form a pathway by which integrated tectal activity rapidly feeds back to the GLv and exerts a focal cholinergic modulation of incoming retinal inputs. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2377–2396, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laterally projecting cerebrospinal fluid‐contacting cells in the lamprey spinal cord are of two distinct types
Authors: Jalalvand Elham , Robertson Brita , Wallén Peter , Hill Russell H. , Grillner Sten 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTCerebrospinal fluid‐contacting (CSF‐c) cells are found in all vertebrates, but their function remains elusive. In the lamprey spinal cord, they surround the central canal and some have processes passing the gray matter to the lateral edge of the flattened spinal cord. Stimulation of CSF‐c cells at the central canal elicits GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in intraspinal stretch receptor neurons (edge cells). Here, we characterize laterally projecting CSF‐c cells according to their morphology, phenotype, and neuronal properties by using immunohistochemistry, retrograde tracing, calcium imaging, and whole‐cell recordings. We identify two types of CSF‐c cells. Type 1 cells have a bulb‐like ending that protrudes into the central canal and a lateral process that ramifies ventrolaterally and laterally with a dense plexus surrounding the mechanosensitive dendrites of the edge cells. Most type 1 cells fire spontaneous action potentials that are abolished by tetrodotoxin, and all display spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials and IPSPs that remain in the presence of tetrodotoxin. GABA and somatostatin are colocalized in type 1 cells, and they express both GABA and glutamate receptors. Type 2 cells, on the other hand, have a flat ending protruding into the central canal and a laterally projecting process that ramifies only at the lateral edge. These cells show immunoreactivity to taurine, but they do not express GABA or somatostatin, nor do they have any active neuronal properties. Type 2 cells might be a form of glia. Type 1 CSF‐c cells are neurons and may play a modulatory role by influencing edge cells and thus the locomotor‐related sensory feedback. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1753–1768, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noninvasive sorting of stem cell aggregates based on intrinsic markers
Authors: Buschke D.G. , Squirrell J.M. , Vivekanandan A. , Rueden C.T. , Eliceiri K.W. , Ogle B.M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNoninvasive biomarkers hold important potential for the characterization and purification of stem cells because the addition of exogenous labels, probes, or reporters, as well as the disruption of cell‐cell and cell‐extracellular matrix interactions, can unintentionally but dramatically alter stem cell state. We recently showed that intensity of the intrinsically fluorescent metabolite, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), fluctuates predictably with changes in stem cell viability and differentiation state. Here, we use multiphoton flow cytometry developed in our laboratory to rapidly and noninvasively characterize and purify populations of intact stem cell aggregates based on NADH intensity and assessed the differentiation capacity of sorted populations. We found removal of aggregates with NADH intensity indicative of cell death resulted in a remaining population of aggregates significantly more likely to produce beating cardiomyocytes (26% vs. 8%,P < 0.05). Similarly, we found isolation of stem cell aggregates with NADH intensity indicative of future cardiac differentiation gave rise to more aggregates with beating cardiomyocytes at later time points (50% vs. 28%,P < 0.05). Further, coupling NADH intensity with gating based on size, enhances the enrichment for EBs capable of giving rise to cardiomyocytes (59% vs. 27%,P < 0.05). Thus, we demonstrate that endogenous properties of cell aggregates, such as NADH and size, can serve as gating parameters for large particle sorting devices to purify populations of stem cells or their progeny in a noninvasive manner, leading the way for improved therapeutic applications. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Basophil activation after nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs stimulation in patients with immediate hypersensitivity reactions to these drugs
Authors: Ariza Adriana , Fernandez Tahia D. , Doña Inmaculada , Aranda Ana , Blanca‐Lopez Natalia , Melendez Lidia , Canto Gabriela , Blanca Miguel , Torres Maria J. , Mayorga Cristobalina 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the drugs most frequently involved in allergic reactions of which two main types exist: IgE‐mediated and crossintolerance. The diagnosis of crossintolerance reactions is often based on the drug provocation test. The potential value of the basophil activation test (BAT) was evaluated using different basophil markers in the diagnosis of patients with crossintolerance to NSAIDs and cutaneous symptoms. We studied 46 patients with crossintolerance to NSAIDs and 45 tolerant controls. BAT was performed with acetyl salicylic acid, paracetamol, diclofenac, dipyrone, naproxen, and ibuprofen at four different concentrations using CD193 and CD203c as basophil markers and CD63 as activation marker. We compared BAT results using CD193+ or CD193+CD203c+ for basophil selection and found a significant increase in the stimulation index when using CD193+CD203c+ in both patients and controls (P = 0.004 and P = 0.017, respectively). Selection of living cells only produced an increase in basophil stimulation in patients for both CD193+ and CD193+CD203c+ (P < 0.001 for both), whereas in controls there was no change with CD193+ and a decrease with CD193+CD203c+ (P = 0.001). We found that CD193+CD203c+ increased the percentage of positive cases in patients and controls when compared with CD193+. When excluding dead cells, there was an increase of 21.7% in patients and 10% in controls. These results indicate that using CD193+CD203+, excluding dead cells, is the best approach for BAT although this test is not recommended for the diagnosis of patients with crossintolerance to NSAIDs owing to its low sensitivity and specificity. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry