bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of smoking on the surgical outcome of Crohn's disease: a propensity‐score matched National Surgical Quality Improvement Program analysis
Authors: Kulaylat A. N. , Hollenbeak C. S. , Sangster W. , Stewart Sr D. B. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimSmoking is known to have a deleterious effect on Crohn's disease (CD). The present study addressed the specific impact of smoking on the outcome of surgery for CD.MethodA review of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database (2005–2012) identified 7631 patients with CD who underwent surgical resection. Patients were stratified based on smoking status and were compared with univariate statistical tests. Generalized linear regression and multiple logistic regressions were used to model the impact of smoking on the surgical outcome [length of stay (LOS), mortality, postoperative complications and readmission]. To confirm the validity of the regression models and to evaluate the influence of smoking in comparable patient cohorts, a propensity score match was also performed.ResultsThere were 2047 (26.8%) patients with CD identified as current smokers, and 5584 (74.2%) identified as non‐ or ex‐smokers. Smokers were more likely to have a pulmonary comorbidity, preoperative weight loss and a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists classification. No differences in mortality were observed between smokers and non‐ or ex‐smokers in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, smoking status was not significantly associated with LOS. Morbidity (OR 1.20, P = 0.003), particularly infectious (OR 1.30, P < 0.001) and pulmonary (OR 1.87, P < 0.001) complications, and readmission (OR 1.58, P = 0.004) were significantly associated with smoking status. These findings were validated on propensity‐score matching analysis.ConclusionIn patients with CD, the detrimental effects of smoking on surgical outcomes are driven by infectious and pulmonary complications, and by an increased likelihood of readmission.
Significance of R1 resection margin in colon cancer resections in the modern era
Authors: Khan M. A. S. , Hakeem A. R. , Scott N. , Saunders R. N. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAimCircumferential resection margin involvement (R1) in rectal cancer is a predictive factor for poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to confirm the prognostic significance of R1 in colon cancer resection and to establish whether the introduction of laparoscopic colorectal surgery influenced this.MethodProspectively collected data on a patient pathway data manager for sequential patients with colon cancer treated at our specialist unit from January 2005 to December 2010 were analysed. There were 1110 colonic resections (elective 865; emergency 245). A circumferential resection margin involvement of < 1 mm was considered positive.ResultsThe total R1 rate was 13.3% (elective 10.4%; emergency 23.6%; P < 0.001). Other statistically significant risk factors for an R1 resection included tumour perforation (P < 0.001), poorly differentiated carcinoma (P < 0.001), T4 tumour (P < 0.001), vascular invasion (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), distant metastasis (P < 0.001) and palliative resection (P < 0.001). Over half of the elective resections were undertaken laparoscopically (486/865; 56.2%). When compared with elective open resection (379/865; 43.8%), the R1 rate was similar (P = 0.491) with similar disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). The overall relapse rate was 18.9% in R0 and 55.5% in R1 resections (P < 0.001). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed significant improvements in DFS and OS in R0 over R1 patients.ConclusionThe R1 margin in colon cancer resection is an important marker for advanced disease and a prognostic factor for DFS and OS. The introduction of laparoscopic surgery has not influenced the outcome in our unit despite a complex case mix.
Availability of Alternatives and the Processing of Scalar Implicatures: A Visual World Eye‐Tracking Study
Authors: Degen Judith , Tanenhaus Michael K. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractTwo visual world experiments investigated the processing of the implicature associated with some using a “gumball paradigm.” On each trial, participants saw an image of a gumball machine with an upper chamber with orange and blue gumballs and an empty lower chamber. Gumballs dropped to the lower chamber, creating a contrast between a partitioned set of gumballs of one color and an unpartitioned set of the other. Participants then evaluated spoken statements, such as “You got some of the blue gumballs.” Experiment 1 investigated the time course of the pragmatic enrichment from some to not all when the only utterance alternatives available to refer to the different sets were some and all. In Experiment 2, the number terms two, three, four, and five were also included in the set of alternatives. Scalar implicatures were delayed relative to the interpretation of literal statements with all only when number terms were available. The results are interpreted as evidence for a constraint‐based account of scalar implicature processing.
Immunocytochemical analysis of p63 and 34βE12 in fine needle aspiration cytology specimens for breast lesions: a potentially useful discriminatory marker between intraductal papilloma and ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Hoshikawa S. , Sano T. , Hirato J. , Oyama T. , Fukuda T. 
Published: March 2015

ObjectiveWe applied immunocytochemistry to fine needle aspiration (FNA) breast lesion slides in an attempt to enhance their objectivity and specificity.MethodsWe analysed 56 FNA specimens from patients with histologically confirmed breast lesions, using 34βE12 and p63 antibodies. Immunostained slides were examined in terms of both solitary positive cells (within clusters and non‐clusters) and positive clusters within a slide.ResultsPositive scores (≥2) for p63+ cells and percentages of p63+ clusters differed significantly (P < 0.001) between malignant (3 of 34; 9%) and benign (11 of 22; 50%) cases and varied between benign and malignant groups: intraductal papilloma (IDP) (2 of 8), other benign lesions (9 of 14), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (1 of 11) and invasive carcinoma (IC) (2 of 23). Similarly, 34βE12 scores were higher in benign cases (IDP, 8 of 8; other benign, 9 of 14) than in malignant cases (DCIS, 1 of 11; IC, 3 of 23). As well as a significant difference between benign and malignant cases (17 of 22, 77% versus 4 of 34, 12%; P < 0.001), the percentage of 34βE12+ clusters was significantly higher in IDP compared with DCIS (P = 0.001).ConclusionsThe immunostaining of FNA breast specimens for p63 and 34βE12 may help in difficult diagnoses.
New systemic agents in dermatology with respect to fertility, pregnancy, and lactation
Authors: Grunewald Sonja , Jank Alexander 
Published: March 2015

SummaryWith the increasing use of new, predominantly biologic drugs in dermatology, questions frequently arise in clinical practice as to their safety in women wishing to conceive as well as during pregnancy and lactation. Apart from the Summary of Product Characteristics and the Physician's Desk Reference, reliable information may be obtained from databases such as the one compiled by the Center for Pharmacovigilance and Consultation on Embryonal Toxicology at Charité University Medical Center Berlin (https://www.embryotox.de). Another source of information is researching recent publications, for example via PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed).This article presents current knowledge from the sources mentioned above, and gives detailed information about the use of new biologic agents in women wishing to conceive as well as during pregnancy and lactation. Drugs reviewed include: infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept, metastatic for psoriasis, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, imatinib, ipilimumab for melanoma, vismodegib for basal cell carcinoma, rituximab for cutaneous lymphoma as well as omalizumab and anakinra used in the treatment of allergies.
Charcot foot syndrome
Authors: Jeffcoate W. J. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractCharcot foot syndrome is an uncommon complication of diabetes but is potentially devastating in its consequences. Outcome is made worse by widespread professional ignorance leading to delayed diagnosis, but it is also hampered by lack of understanding of its causes and lack of treatments with proven effectiveness, other than offloading. There remains a desperate need for studies into its causes as well as comparative audit and trials designed to determine the best treatment for this difficult condition. Such work can probably only be effectively carried out through the establishment of multicentre networks. Nevertheless, improved understanding in recent years of the likely role of inflammatory pathways has raised awareness of the multiple ways in which the effects of neuropathy may be manifest in the development of the Charcot foot. This awareness is also leading to the realization that similar processes may conceivably contribute to the refractoriness of other foot diseases in diabetes, including both chronic unhealing ulcers and osteomyelitis.
Linking anthropogenic resources to wildlife–pathogen dynamics: a review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Becker Daniel J. , Streicker Daniel G. , Altizer Sonia 
Published: March 2015

AbstractUrbanisation and agriculture cause declines for many wildlife, but some species benefit from novel resources, especially food, provided in human‐dominated habitats. Resulting shifts in wildlife ecology can alter infectious disease dynamics and create opportunities for cross‐species transmission, yet predicting host–pathogen responses to resource provisioning is challenging. Factors enhancing transmission, such as increased aggregation, could be offset by better host immunity due to improved nutrition. Here, we conduct a review and meta‐analysis to show that food provisioning results in highly heterogeneous infection outcomes that depend on pathogen type and anthropogenic food source. We also find empirical support for behavioural and immune mechanisms through which human‐provided resources alter host exposure and tolerance to pathogens. A review of recent theoretical models of resource provisioning and infection dynamics shows that changes in host contact rates and immunity produce strong non‐linear responses in pathogen invasion and prevalence. By integrating results of our meta‐analysis back into a theoretical framework, we find provisioning amplifies pathogen invasion under increased host aggregation and tolerance, but reduces transmission if provisioned food decreases dietary exposure to parasites. These results carry implications for wildlife disease management and highlight areas for future work, such as how resource shifts might affect virulence evolution.
Prevalence and etiology of epilepsy in a Norwegian county—A population based study
Authors: Syvertsen Marte , Nakken Karl Otto , Edland Astrid , Hansen Gunnar , Hellum Morten Kristoffer , Koht Jeanette 
Published: March 2015

SummaryObjectiveEpilepsy represents a substantial personal and social burden worldwide. When addressing the multifaceted issues of epilepsy care, updated epidemiologic studies using recent guidelines are essential. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence and causes of epilepsy in a representative Norwegian county, implementing the new guidelines and terminology suggested by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE).MethodsIncluded in the study were all patients from Buskerud County in Norway with a diagnosis of epilepsy at Drammen Hospital and the National Center for Epilepsy at Oslo University Hospital. The study period was 1999–2014. Patients with active epilepsy were identified through a systematic review of medical records, containing information about case history, electroencephalography (EEG), cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), genetic tests, blood samples, treatment, and other investigations. Epilepsies were classified according to the revised terminology suggested by the ILAE in 2010.ResultsIn a population of 272,228 inhabitants, 1,771 persons had active epilepsy. Point prevalence on January 1, 2014 was 0.65%. Of the subjects registered with a diagnostic code of epilepsy, 20% did not fulfill the ILAE criteria of the diagnosis. Epilepsy etiology was structural‐metabolic in 43%, genetic/presumed genetic in 20%, and unknown in 32%. Due to lack of information, etiology could not be determined in 4%.SignificanceEpilepsy is a common disorder, affecting 0.65% of the subjects in this cohort. Every fifth subject registered with a diagnosis of epilepsy was misdiagnosed. In those with a reliable epilepsy diagnosis, every third patient had an unknown etiology. Future advances in genetic research will probably lead to an increased identification of genetic and hopefully treatable causes of epilepsy.
Anti‐ictogenic and antiepileptogenic properties of brivaracetam in mature and immature rats
Authors: Dupuis Nina , Matagne Alain , Staelens Ludovicus , Dournaud Pascal , Desnous Béatrice , Gressens Pierre , Auvin Stéphane 
Published: March 2015

SummaryObjectiveBrivaracetam (BRV) is a new antiepileptic drug candidate rationally designed for high affinity and selectivity for the synaptic vesicle protein 2A. This study explored anti‐ictogenic and antiepileptogenic effects of BRV in rats at different stages of development.MethodsUsing a rapid kindling model in P14, P21, P28, and P60 rats, we studied two doses of BRV: 10 and 100 mg/kg injected intraperitoneally 30 min before afterdischarge assessment. We also assessed blood and brain concentrations of BRV 30 min after the injection.ResultsBRV 100 mg/kg significantly increased the afterdischarge threshold (ADT) at all ages, whereas BRV at 10 mg/kg increased ADT in P60, P28, and P21 rats. BRV also shortens the afterdischarge duration (ADD), achieving statistical significance with 10 and 100 mg/kg at P60 and with 100 mg/kg at P21. At P60, BRV increases the number of stimulations required to achieve a stage 4–5 seizure in a dose‐dependent manner. At P28 and P21, BRV increased the number of stimulations required to develop a stage 4–5 seizure in a dose‐dependent manner with almost complete elimination of stage 4–5 seizures. In contrast, at P14, BRV had no effect on the number of stage 4–5 seizures. An age‐related decrease in blood and brain concentrations of BRV was observed 30 min after injection of BRV 10 mg/kg, whereas with 100 mg/kg there were no significant age‐correlated differences in brain and serum BRV concentrations.SignificanceBRV exerted dose‐dependent anti‐ictogenic effects from P60 to P14 independent of brain maturation. BRV also exhibited antiepileptogenic effects at P60, whereas this effect need to be further evaluated at P28 and P21. We did not observe any effect on epileptogenesis at P14 at either dose.
Ablation of human skin mast cells in situ by lysosomotropic agents
Authors: Hagforsen Eva , Paivandy Aida , Lampinen Maria , Weström Simone , Calounova Gabriela , Melo Fabio R. , Rollman Ola , Pejler Gunnar 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMast cells are known to have a detrimental impact on numerous types of inflammatory skin diseases such as contact dermatitis, atopic eczema and cutaneous mastocytosis. Regimens that dampen skin mast cell‐mediated activities can thus offer an attractive therapeutic option under such circumstances. As mast cells are known to secrete a large array of potentially pathogenic compounds, both from preformed stores in secretory lysosomes (granules) and after de novo synthesis, mere inhibition of degranulation or interference with individual mast cell mediators may not be sufficient to provide an effective blockade of harmful mast cell activities. An alternative strategy may therefore be to locally reduce skin mast cell numbers. Here, we explored the possibility of using lysosomotropic agents for this purpose, appreciating the fact that mast cell granules contain bioactive compounds prone to trigger apoptosis if released into the cytosolic compartment. Based on this principle, we show that incubation of human skin punch biopsies with the lysosomotropic agents siramesine or Leu‐Leu methyl ester preferably ablated the mast cell population, without causing any gross adverse effects on the skin morphology. Subsequent analysis revealed that mast cells treated with lysosomotropic agents predominantly underwent apoptotic rather than necrotic cell death. In summary, this study raises the possibility of using lysosomotropic agents as a novel approach to targeting deleterious mast cell populations in cutaneous mastocytosis and other skin disorders negatively influenced by mast cells.
Effects of humic stress on the zooplankton from clear and DOC‐rich lakes
Authors: Robidoux Marilyne , del Giorgio Paul , Derry Alison 
Published: March 2015

Summary

Humic stress is associated with the widespread and ongoing browning of lakes. Natural landscape gradients in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) potentially result in aquatic communities with different tolerances to humic substances and thus expected contrasting responses to further lake browning.

If zooplanktonic species are adapted to different background concentrations of DOC, then we expected that the zooplankton from naturally DOC‐rich lakes would maintain higher diversity, biomass and overall density in the face of experimental browning than the zooplankton from DOC‐poor lakes. We tested this hypothesis in a common‐garden experiment by exposing, in enclosures, zooplankton from replicate DOC‐rich and DOC‐poor source lakes to simulated browning and to clear water.

We conducted a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial‐design field transplant experiment with zooplankton from replicate DOC‐rich (>8.5 mg L−1) and DOC‐poor (<3.5 mg L−1) lakes (Québec, Canada) over eight weeks. There were two fixed effects: water treatment (brown or clear water) and zooplankton source (from DOC‐rich or DOC‐poor lakes). Lake source was included as a random variable in the model for the response of copepod body size in the enclosures. A substance derived from peat, ‘SuperHume’, was used as a source of DOC.

The diversity, biomass and total density of zooplankton from DOC‐rich and DOC‐poor lakes did not differ upon experimental addition of further DOC. This was despite the presence of different copepod body size phenotypes between source lakes that could have potentially caused different community responses: several dominant species of copepods (Cyclops scutifer, Leptodiaptomus minutus and Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus) had a larger mean population body size in DOC‐rich source lakes than in DOC‐poor source lakes. Our findings suggest that the zooplankton from DOC‐rich lakes does neither better nor worse than zooplankton from DOC‐poor lakes when faced with browning from a humic stressor.
Development and testing of a scale for assessing the quality of home nursing
Authors: Chiou Chii‐Jun , Wang Hsiu‐Hung , Chang Hsing‐Yi 
Published: March 2015

AimTo develop a home nursing quality scale and to evaluate its psychometric properties.MethodThis was a 3‐year study. In the first year, 19 focus group interviews with caregivers of people using home nursing services were carried out in northern, central and southern Taiwan. Content analysis was carried out and a pool of questionnaire items compiled. In the second year (2007), study was carried out on a stratified random sample selected from home nursing organizations covered by the national health insurance scheme in southern Taiwan. The study population was the co‐resident primary caregivers of home care nursing service users. Item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were carried out on data from 365 self‐administered questionnaires collected from 13 selected home care organizations. In the third year (2008), a random sample of participants was selected from 206 hospital‐based home care nursing organizations throughout Taiwan, resulting in completion of 294 questionnaires from 27 organizations. Confirmatory factor analysis was then carried out on the scale, and the validity and reliability of the scale assessed.ResultsThe present study developed a reliable and valid home nursing quality scale from the perspective of users of home nursing services. The scale comprised three factors: dependability, communication skills and service usefulness. This scale is of practical value for the promotion of long‐term community care aging in local policies.ConclusionThe scale is ready to be used to assess the quality of services provided by home care nursing organizations. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 16: 358–364.
How Can One be a Boxer? : Pain and Pleasure in a Manila's Boxing Camp
Authors: Ishioka Tomonori 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper is an ethnographic account of daily life at a boxing gym in Manila in the Philippines. My book, Rokaru Boxer to Hinkon Sekai conducts a social analysis of three different topics in order to grasp the lives of Manilan boxers on both theoretical and empirical grounds—namely, daily life at a boxing gym, an international boxing market structure in which Filipino boxers are consumed as underdog roles, and the daily life in Manila's squatter areas to which the boxers are closely tied. The current study limits its examination to daily life in a boxing gym. Most of the unique characteristics that influence Filipino boxing can be found in the live‐in residencies of its gyms. The gym is a place for training and living. It is not only by training but also as a result of various aspects of their life here that young men are able to become boxers. Unlike the gym in the African American ghetto described by Loïc Wacquant, participating youths in Filipino boxing come from the absolute lowest tiers of society. The youths live in boxing camps where every aspect of their daily live is strictly regulated, and thus are they inscribed with the rules that must be observed in this sport. This study is an examination of the pains and pleasures of life at one such boxing camp.
Reduction of Radiation Exposure in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Using a New Image Integration Module: A Prospective Randomized Trial in Patients Undergoing Pulmonary Vein Isolation
Authors: AKBULAK RUKEN ÖZGE , SCHÄFFER BENJAMIN , JULARIC MARIO , MOSER JULIA , SCHREIBER DOREEN , SALZBRUNN TIM , MEYER CHRISTIAN , EICKHOLT CHRISTIAN , KUKLIK PAWEL , HOFFMANN BORIS A. , WILLEMS STEPHAN 
Published: March 2015

Reduced Radiation Exposure in AF AblationIntroductionRecently, a new image integration module (IIM, CartoUnivu™ Module) has been introduced to combine and merge fluoroscopy images with 3‐dimensional‐(3D)‐electroanatomical maps (Carto® 3 System) into an accurate 3D view. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of IIM on the fluoroscopy exposure during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) in a prospective randomized trial.Methods and resultsBetween June and November 2014, a total of 60 patients with PAF (73.3% male, 64.0 ± 9.2 years), who underwent PVI with the endpoint of unexcitability of the ablation line, were randomized to either a conventional 3D mapping system (Carto® 3 System) or to an additional IIM on the basis of an assumed reduction of fluoroscopy exposure by the use of IIM. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics. The median ablation procedure time was identical in both groups (140.7 ± 27.8 minutes vs. 140.8 ± 39.5 minutes; P = 0.851). A significant decrease of mean fluoroscopy time from 11.9 ± 2.1 to 7.4 ± 2.6 minutes (P < 0.0006) and median fluoroscopy dose from 882.9 to 476.5 cGycm2 (P < 0.001) was achieved. The main reduction of radiation could be realized during creation of the 3D‐map. No major complications occurred during the procedures. After a median follow‐up of 125.7 ± 45.6 days 80% of the patients were free from any atrial arrhythmias.ConclusionCartoUnivu™ module easily integrates into the workflow of PVI with the endpoint of unexcitability of the ablation line without prolonging the procedure time. It is associated with a marked reduction in fluoroscopic dose when compared to a conventional 3D mapping system.