bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE URINE OF WOMEN UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PRESENCE OF CREATIN
Authors: Krause R. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. Creatin is present in the urine of women immediately after menstruation; it may or may not be present during the intermenstrual period. In women creatin is therefore not an abnormal urinary constituent.2. Creatin is present in the urine of women during pregnancy. So‐called “post‐partum creatinuria” is only a temporary increase in the creatin excretion which occurs throughout pregnancy.3. After menstruation the distribution of the nitrogen in the urine is changed. There is an increase in the excretion of ammonia and of undetermined nitrogen, a decrease in the excretion of urea. A similar change takes place during pregnancy.4. Observations on a bitch during the œstrous and anœstrous periods confirm the existence of a correlation between creatinuria and the female sexual cycle.
ON THE REFLEX NATURE OF APNŒA IN THE DUCK IN DIVING. II. REFLEX POSTURAL APNŒA
Authors: Huxley Frances M. 
Published: December 2014

There is still a considerable amount of work to be done on the variations in posture which affect—and as to what degree they affect—the respiratory centre of the duck, and on the nature of the receptive elements which bring about these changes.The results so far determined are as follows:—1. A well‐marked reflex postural apnœa can be produced under the conditions brought about by extension or dorsi‐flexion of a duck's head and neck, when the animal lies upon its back.2. Its value to the duck appears to be as a mechanism to aid it in resisting the inspiration of water when in the diving position. Apnœa, as well as other reflex phenomena associated with diving, can be readily produced by placing the duck in the diving position, quite apart from the presence of water. The appearance of the apnœa is not, however, as constant in this position as in 1.3. The evidence also shows that the fact of extension or dorsi‐flexion of the neck plays a part in producing apnœa.4. Breathing continues when the vertex of the duck's head faces upwards, and it stops when the vertex faces downwards.5. Experiments made after having broken up the labyrinths indicate that their function upon respiration is twofold, causing it to continue in certain positions, e.g. vertex up, and stopping it in others, e.g. vertex down, and that after its destruction extension in all positions is generally capable of bringing about a pause in breathing.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE AURICULO‐VENTRICULAR JUNCTION OF THE MAMMALIAN HEART
Authors: Stanley Kent A. F. 
Published: December 2014

The muscular connection between auricle and ventricle in the heart of man is not single and confined to the A.V. bundle, but it is multiple.One point at which a muscular connection between auricle and ventricle exists is situated at the right margin of the heart.The coordinated action of the chambers of the heart is to some extent dependent upon the integrity of muscular connections other than that which exists in the A.V. bundle.It is proposed, for purposes of identification, to refer to the connection described as the “right lateral” connection.
EFFECTS OF LOWERING THE TEMPERATURE OF HOMOIOTHERMIC ANIMALS
Authors: Britton S. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. In the process of lowering the temperature of homoiothermic animals there is a progressive paralysis of the central nervous system as indicated by the gradual disappearance of voluntary and reflex actions. In recovery a definite order of reappearance of reactions occurs at different deep rectal temperatures as follows :—Knee jerk and micturition reflexes ............... 16°Achilles‐thrust, and anal sphincter respiratory reflex ................ 17Stepping reflex .......... 18Shivering reflex .......... 19.5Pinnae, vibrissae, flexion (of limb) and phonation reflexes ........ 20Clawing and winking reflexes ................. 21.5Head‐shake, corneal, sneezing and swallowing reflexes .................................. 22Light‐reflex ........... ................. 23Equilibrium, sight, smell and hearing ............ 27.5Co‐ordinated action (walking, etc.) ..... ....... 282. A special vibrissae reflex is described. This occurs readily at 20°.3. In the initiation and subsidence of stepping movements at low temperatures, a definite march or order is observed.4. A regular alternation between shivering and inspiration occurs between 22° and 24°.5. Exaggerated tonic spasms of the postural musculature occurs when the temperature of the recovering animal stands between 21° and 2°.6. In its progressive effects gradual cooling shows a strong similarity to the induction of anaesthesia, consciousness becoming abolished gradually and disappearing between 27° and 25°, while the ordinary reflexes are still maintained (24° to 19°). At low temperatures (19° or 20°) the pupil becomes constricted, to dilate widely just before death.7. No condition resembling “artificial hibernation” can be said to occur when a homoiothermic animal such as the cat is reduced to very low body temperatures; a definite thermogenic ability is retained even at 19°, from which temperature spontaneous recovery is effected in 10 to 12 hours.8. The activities of the heart, respiratory muscles and abdominal viscera are probably wholly responsible for an initial small rise in body temperature, but spontaneous shivering and stepping movements and an exaggerated muscular tonicity occurring above 20° are the chief factors in heat production and hence in recovery of the animal.9. So far as can be determined, death from exposure to cold is due to paralysis of the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata.
NERVOUS CONNECTIONS OF THE MAMMALIAN SPLEEN, INCLUDING AN ACCOUNT OF CERTAIN VISCEROMOTOR AND OTHER ABDOMINAL REFLEXES
Authors: Cleland J. G. P. , Tait John 
Published: December 2014

1. The splenic nerve of the dog contains at least two sets of efferent fibres, distinct in their anatomical arrangement and in the form of contraction they induce, the one set being probably arteriomotor, the other trabeculomotor.2. Afferent fibres are present in all trunks of the splenic nerve.3. Certain discrete segments of the splenic vein and of its main branches are endowed with special contractility. The segments in question form the terminal stations of particular nerve‐twigs from a main venomotor trunk, electrical stimulation of which thus causes local bands of contraction in the specially innervated regions.4. The splenic venomotor fibres join the left phrenic nerve in the mid‐cervical region. Coursing with it as non‐medullated fibres, they eventually perforate the diaphragm, where for a time they accompany the inferior phrenic artery. Deviating towards the cceliac ganglion, they next join company with the splenic vein, and are eventually distributed to localised parts of the vein.5. Physiological dilatation of the spleen is due to passage of nervous impulses down these venomotor fibres. This conclusion follows from the fact that on electrical stimulation of these fibres the resulting engorgement of the spleen corresponds in degree and in duration to the contraction of the splenic vein; from the further fact that when the venomotor fibres degenerate after section, the spleen remains in a state of partial contraction; and from the fact that section of these fibres abolishes reflex dilatation. The venomotor fibres thus form the efferent pathway for physiological dilatation.6. The muscles of the ventral abdominal wall are maintained in a condition of steady postural tone, which, however, is momentarily inhibited at the commencement of each inspiration.7. When any given abdominal muscle is suddenly stretched or squeezed, both it and the other abdominal muscles on the same side exhibit a strong reflex contraction. At the same time the tone of the abdominal muscles of the opposite side is by reciprocal action temporarily inhibited.8. Increased tonic contraction, unaccompanied by inspiratory relaxation, occurs in particular regions of the ventral abdominal musculature as a result of effective stimulation of particular viscera through their afferent nerve fibres. The portion of this musculature innervated from the 9th thoracic segment upwards on the left side is particularly responsive to stimulation of the afferent nerve fibres of the splenic nerve. Under more powerful stimulation of the splenic afferents, the region involved in reflex contraction may extend from this special splenic area to a correspondingly delimited area on the opposite side. The above observations may well have a corresponding clinical application.9. The afferent fibres for the splenic visceromotor reflex enter the spinal cord by the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th dorsal roots and are confined to the left side.
THE ACTION OF ADRENALINE AND OF CERTAIN DRUGS UPON THE ISOLATED CRUSTACEAN HEART
Authors: Bain W. A. 
Published: December 2014

1. The action of adrenaline, ephedrine, ergotoxine, pilocarpine, and atropine has been studied on the heart of the crabs Maia squinado, Cancer pagurus, and Carcinus moenas.2. A method for the perfusion of the isolated heart in these genera is described.3. Adrenaline produces a marked acceleration of the rhythm and an increase in tone of the heart‐muscle in all cases.4. In Cancer, in addition to the above effects, there is a pronounced increase in the amplitude of the beats.5. The action of adrenaline is not reversible. In the lowest dilution in which it gives any effect, that effect is excitatory.6. Ephedrine has no action on the crab heart.7. Ergotoxine has a depressant action, but does not antagonise or reverse the action of adrenaline.8. Pilocarpine produces an effect similar to that obtained with adrenaline.9. Atropine has by itself no action on the heart in the dilutions employed, but antagonises the effect of pilocarpine.10. Atropine has no effect on the response to adrenaline.The author's acknowledgments are due to Dr E. J. ALLEN and Mr C. F. A. PANTIN for placing the facilities of the Marine Biological Laboratory at his disposal, and to Miss B. B. SMITH for assistance in conducting the experiments.
THE ACTION OF THE SKIN SECRETION OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN CLAWED TOAD
Authors: Gunn J. W. C. 
Published: December 2014

The main active principle in the skin secretion of the South African clawed toad is a sympatho‐mimetic substance similar to but not identical with adrenaline.In addition there is a varying proportion of a principle which stimulates the parasympathetic nerve‐endings.The expenses of this research have been defrayed by the Council of the University of Cape Town.
THE RATE OF RESPIRATION IN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Ramsey Robert , Warren Charles O. 
Published: December 2014

1. Erythrocytes, both nucleated and non‐nucleated, have been found to respire at rates comparable to that of other resting tissues (30 to 70 mm. 3/ grm./ hr.).2. The rate of oxygen consumption of erythrocytes in the intact animal is probably higher than the rates found in these experiments.3. A great but temporary increase in the oxygen consumption of erythrocytes invariably occurs upon hæmolysis by lytic agents.4. The increase in the oxygen consumption of erythrocytes upon hæmolysis is due to an increase in metabolism accompanying a liberation of cell contents.5. The material which respires is not limited to particles of microscopic size alone, for the filtrate obtained by passing a hæmolysed red‐cell suspension through a Berkefeld filter still shows considerable respiratory activity.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE CARBOHYDRATE TOLERANCE IN XENOPUS LÆVIS (South African Clawed Toad)
Authors: Bosman Louis Pierre , Zwarenstein Harry 
Published: December 2014

1. The normal blood‐sugar level in Xenopus lævis is about 44 mgs. per cent.2. On injection of glucose solution, blood‐sugar curves are obtained which vary in rapidity of rise and return to normal, according to the temperature at which the experiments are conducted.3. The renal threshold of Xenopus approximates that of man.We desire to tender our thanks to the Research Grant Board of the Union of South Africa for financial assistance in this work, and also to Mr D. Duncan for his invaluable aid.
MODE OF ACTION OF RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS: II. MODE OF ACTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Selladurai S. , Wright Samson 
Published: December 2014

1. In the cat (decerebrate or under chloralose anæsthesia) denervation of the carotid sinuses usually decreases the rate of breathing and the minute ventilation. The same result is obtained if the vagi are cut previously. It is concluded that the chemical composition of the blood stimulates the sinus nerve‐endings in the resting animal to discharge tonic excitor impulses to the respiratory centre.2. The response to CO2 is usually reduced by denervation of the sinuses in the intact or vagotomised animal. It is concluded that the altered condition of the blood resulting from the raised CO2 concentration stimulates respiration in part reflexly from the carotid sinuses.3. Vagotomy produces variable effects on the resting ventilation and on the response to C02. In animals under chloralose with sinuses denervated vagotomy frequently causes an enhanced reaction to C02. It is suggested that C02 may act differently on the various sensory components of the vagus nerve.4. As a rule the response of the intact animal to CO2 is greater than that of the same animal with sinuses denervated and vagi divided.
ABSORPTION OF OXYGEN FROM THE PERITONEAL CAVITY AND THE STOMACH
Authors: Singh Inderjit 
Published: December 2014

1. In the decapitated cat the lungs are about twenty times more efficient in absorbing oxygen than is the peritoneal cavity filled (500 c.c.) with pure oxygen; and about fifty times more efficient than the stomach containing 100 c.c. of oxygen. In a previous research the whole subcutaneous region gave results similar to the peritoneal cavity [Singh, 1932].2. In human subjects living in Rangoon the pulse‐rate in the prone position is always higher than in the supine position. This is perhaps a climatic effect (Appendix I).3. The cat's stomach when filled with 100 c.c. saline apparently slows the flow of fluid through the inferior vena cava when the animal is in the supine position (Appendix II).I beg to thank Dr Argyll Campbell of the National Institute for Medical Research for help, advice and suggestions in the publication of these results.
STUDIES ON THE FILTRATION MECHANISM OF THE INTESTINAL LYMPH AND ON THE ACTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE ON IT AND ON THE CIRCULATION OF THE INTESTINAL VILLI
Authors: Königes Helmut Gordon , Ottó Mary 
Published: December 2014

1. Measurements of blood‐pressure in the capillary, capillary veins, precapillary arteries of the intestinal villi of cats were carried out. The following values were found: blood‐pressure in the precapillary 37·3, in the capillary 31·3, in the postcapillary 24·3 mm. Hg.2. At the same time the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood serum of the mesenterial artery and vein gave values of 19·4 and 26·8 mm. Hg. respectively.3. The pressure in the central lymph‐vessel of the villus was also measured and found to be 24·5 mm. Hg.4. The discussion of an individual case led to the conclusion that the hæmodynamical and osmotic pressure conditions in the villi are such as make filtration of the lymph possible.5. The above values were estimated and recorded simultaneously before, during, and after the action of acetylcholine on the flow of lymph from the thoracic duct. The blood‐pressure in the carotid artery was also recorded. The observation of Beznák that acetylcholine causes an increase of blood‐pressure in the capillaries of the villi, which coincides with the fall of blood‐pressure in the medium‐sized arteries, is due to the relaxation of the precapillary arteries. Acetylcholine is regarded as a physiological lymph‐producer.The authors are particularly indebted to Professor A. B. L. Beznák for his helpful advice and criticism.
THE EFFECT OF THE ALARM REACTION ON WATER EXCRETION
Authors: Karády St. , Browne J. S. L. , Selye H. 
Published: December 2014

Experiments in the rat have confirmed the conception that an alarm reaction decreases the urine output irrespective of the stimulus which has been used to elicit it.If during the course of an alarm reaction produced by any stimulus the same or any other stimulus is given, then the second stimulus not only fails to cause water retention but actually increases urine output.These findings are in good accord with the assumption that two alarm reactions cannot be elicited in rapid succession, and that an alarm reaction produced by one stimulus raises the resistance of the organism both against this stimulus and against any other alarming agent.
THE EFFECT OF PONTINE TRANSECTION ON THE BLOOD‐SUGAR LEVEL OF THE DECEREBRATED FASTING CAT
Authors: Noltie H. R. 
Published: December 2014

Mid‐brain decerebration in the fasting cat resulted, an hour later, in an average blood sugar of 220 mg. per cent., tending to rise to about 250 mg. in 3 hours' time, thereafter falling slowly. When decerebration was through the pons, the level was at first some 30 mg. higher, and in 4 hours rose to almost 340 mg.The initial high sugar consequent on mid‐brain decerebration was not maintained in absence of the adrenals (removed just after decerebration).“Bleeding back” behind the tentorium disturbed markedly both respiration and blood‐sugar concentration, preventing the usual fall of the latter.Destruction of the pituitary, immediately after decerebration, did not make the rate of change of blood sugar any different from that in animals where it was left in situ (though cut off from the brain stem).Cutting, at the start of the experiment, all the structures at the liver hilum, save the portal vein, did not alter the usual behaviour of the blood sugar of the decerebrate animal. Cutting at a later stage was followed by a slight rise in blood pressure, and an average rise of 50 mg. in blood sugar, apparent even in the adrenalectomised animal.High concentrations of liver glycogen did occur 3 hours after decerebration but the average value was 1–3 per cent. Decerebrate animals with high liver glycogen at this stage usually had a high initial, slowly falling blood sugar.Pontine transection some time after decerebration was followed by an average rise in blood sugar of 70 mg. A perceptible, though very small, rise in sugar occurred in absence of adrenals or of hepatic nerves (the latter were cut about 3 hours after decerebration). If the nerves had been out immediately after decerebration the rise in sugar following transection was just as great as when both adrenals and nerves were intact. In absence of adrenals and hepatic nerves, transection of the pons did not interrupt the trend of blood sugar evidenced prior to the section.The main cause of the blood‐sugar rise following transection of the pons of the fasting decerebrate animal is certainly liberation of adrenaline from the suprarenals.A considerable rise in blood pressure followed pontine transection even in the adrenalectomised decerebrate animal.Destroying the hepatic nerves by tearing and application of phenol left an appreciably higher liver glycogen content than when all the hilum structures save the portal vein were cut, suggesting that the arterial flow to the liver may be of consequence in this connection.The author acknowledges with thanks his indebtedness to the Medical Research Council for a grant in aid of expenses; to Professor Brocklehurst for facilities in the Department of Physiology, University of Bristol, where part of the investigation was carried out; to the late Professor J. J. R. Macleod, and to Professor A. Hemingway and Dr. J. M. Peterson for their interest and encouragement.
THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM EVIPAN ON THE HEART AND CIRCULATION
Authors: Das S. C. 
Published: December 2014

1. Intravenous injection of sodium evipan always causes a fall of blood‐pressure. This fall is not due to the reaction of the solution, but is partly due to vasodilation and partly to cardiac depression.2. Perfusion of cat's leg in situ gives evidence of direct vasodilatation as well as of vasomotor depression.3. Auricle strip of frog shows 10 per cent. depression with 1 in 50,000 of evipan, 25 per cent. with 1 in 20,000, 40 per cent. with 1 in 10,000, 60 per cent. with 1 in 5000, and 95 to 100 per cent. with 1 in 2000 concentration.4. Myocardiographic record of cat's heart in situ indicates auricular and ventricular depression even with small doses of evipan, showing that the cardiac factor plays a definite part in causing a fall of blood‐pressure.5. This depressant effect on circulatory system can be minimised to a great extent by giving the dose in fractions at short intervals, and still better by continuous intravenous infusion.The author gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Professor A. J. Clark for his advice and help throughout the course of his work.
THE EFFECT OF ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C), CALCIUM ASCORBATE, AND CALCIUM GLUCONATE ON THE REGENERATION OF BONE IN RATS
Authors: Bourne Geoffrey , MacKinnon MacKenzie 
Published: December 2014

A new technique has been described for the estimation of the power of a substance to accelerate the healing of bone.It has been found by this method that neither vitamin C nor calcium glucono‐galacto‐gluconate in the doses given accelerates the healing of bone in rats on an adequate diet when injected subcutaneously.On the other hand, it has been found that calcium ascorbate injected subcutaneously into rats does statistically increase the amount of bone regenerated by the end of 7 days.The vitamin C used for these experiments was Redoxon, Roche, and I am greatly indebted to Roche Products Ltd., not only for the vitamin C, but also for making the calcium ascorbate specially for this work at my request.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PITUITARY HORMONE
Authors: Landgrebe F. W. , Reid E. , Waring H. 
Published: December 2014

1. Modifications of the Landgrebe‐Waring [1941] method for obtaining a high yield of potent melanophore expanding hormone (“B”) are described.2. The best product L. R. W.1 contains per mg.—85,000 L. W. units “B” 1 Int. Unit pressor.3. Properties of our new extracts are compared with those of Stehle's [1936] extract.4. Extracts may be rich in “B” and yet exert no hyperglycæmic or anti‐insulin effects.5. The hyperglycæmia evoked by 0·1 mg. adrenaline is largely inhibited by subcutaneous injection of 0·25 mg. L. R. W.1. It is not claimed that this inhibition is due to “B” hormone itself.6. No significant amounts of “B” were detected in the blood or urine of untreated rabbits.7. Aqueous extracts of normal rabbit liver contain a melanophore excitant that, with the tests at present available, is indistinguishable from pituitary “B”‐hormone.