bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hate Speech
Authors: Brison Susan 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Hate speech is speech that vilifies, harasses, intimidates, or incites hatred toward an individual or group on the basis of a characteristic such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation. The word “speech” here refers not only to verbal inscriptions and utterances, but also to pictorial representations and symbols, such as swastikas and Ku Klux Klan masks, and expressive acts, such as cross‐burning and the defacing of mosques (
see
Speech, Freedom of). While most people acknowledge that hate speech is often offensive and sometimes harmful, there is considerable debate about whether it is so harmful that it should be legally restricted (
see
Harm; Offense). In the United States, hate speech is generally considered protected speech, under the free speech clause of the First Amendment of the US Constitution, and most Anglo‐American philosophical writing about hate speech has discussed whether – and, if so, why – this position is justified. Although the right to freedom of expression, including the right to engage in hate speech, is widely considered in the United States to be a fundamental human right of virtually paramount value, in other countries, free speech rights are constrained by other rights, such as the rights to dignity, respect, and equality; and laws restricting hate speech, such as speech inciting racial hatred and Holocaust denial, are relatively uncontroversial (Bollinger 1986; Schauer 2005;
see
Civil Rights; Rights).
Friendship
Authors: Cocking Dean 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAlong with family and romance, certain types of friendship present ideals of a central kind of personal love, attachment, and identification with others. At their best, all these personal loves involve intimacy, deep affection, trust, loyalty, (desired) shared activity, mutual interest, valuing, and concern for one another's well‐being. It is also commonly agreed that, across these features of such personal loves, i.e., our intimacy, trust, loyalty, valuing, and so on, we will be guided by interest and concern for the particular person who is our beloved, and this will lead us to act for their sake (seeEmotion;Love;Loyalty;Personal Relationships).
Speech, Freedom of
Authors: McGowan Mary Kate 
Published: January 2013

AbstractFreedom of speech is a legal right that protects speech against unwarranted state regulation (seeRights). It involves a presumption against the regulation of speech that makes it more difficult (but not impossible) for the state to regulate speech. The idea here is that because speech is so valuable, there have to be especially compelling reasons to regulate it. Consequently, it takes more to justify the regulation of speech than it does to regulate non‐speech. In this way, a principle of free speech extends special protections to speech that make it more difficult to regulate. Suppose, for example, that a government were to prohibit any criticism of the president. Such a prohibition would be unacceptable in any state committed to a principle of free speech. This is because being able to say what one thinks is valuable and unjustified restrictions on (political) speech are harmful (seeHarm). For this reason, a principle of free speech protects speech against regulations of this sort.
Hedonism
Authors: Heathwood Chris 
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Hedonism is among the oldest, simplest, and most widely discussed theories of value – theories that tell us what makes the world better or what makes a person's life go better. It is in fact among the very oldest of philosophical doctrines still defended today, dating back to the Indian philosopher Cārvāka around 600
BCE
and the Greek philosopher Aristippus around
BCE
. Hedonism, in a word, is the view that “pleasure is the good.” In its most comprehensive form, hedonism about value holds that the only thing that ultimately ever makes the world, or a life, better is its containing more pleasure or less pain. The term “hedonism” is also sometimes used to refer to doctrines about other topics. “Universal hedonism” sometimes stands for the view that we ought to bring the greatest balance of pleasure over pain into the world that we can (
see
Utilitarianism), and “psychological hedonism” the view that all human behavior is motivated ultimately by desires to obtain pleasure or avoid pain. Our topic here is hedonism about value.
Generalismvs. Particularism
Authors: McKeever Sean , Ridge Michael 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMoral particularism challenges the long‐standing, though by no means universal, assumption that moral thought and discourse essentially involves rules or abstract principles. Such an assumption is at work if we expect that a successful normative moral theory must include general principles or if we expect that a virtuous person must be someone who “sticks to principles.” To this somewhat traditional view, moral particularism opposes a constructive alternative according to which the moral landscape is highly variable and context sensitive and the virtuous moral agent exercises discernment to navigate it (seeParticularism).
Musculoskeletal anomalies in a large cohort of boys with 49, XXXXY
Authors: Sprouse Courtney , Tosi Laura , Stapleton Emily , Gropman Andrea L. , Mitchell Francie L. , Peret Rick , Sadeghin Teresa , Haskell Kathryn , Samango‐Sprouse Carole A. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract49, XXXXY is a rare aneuploidy and variant of Klinefelter syndrome, occurring in 1 per 80,000–100,000 live births. We present a cohort of 40 affected males, focusing on musculoskeletal problems. Subjects were participants in an annual 49er family support group meeting. Children were examined in a multidisciplinary clinic by a pediatric neurologist and geneticist, a pediatric orthopedist, a neurodevelopmentalist, and two physical therapists. The patient data were collected from this clinic from 2004 to 2012. All patients were required to have karyotypes that confirmed the presence of XXXXY. There was a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, particularly hypotonia (34 patients [85%]), radioulnar synostosis (30 [75%]), pes planus (26 [65%]), asymmetric hip rotation (27 [67.5%]), and clinodactyly (24 [60%]). Other, less common lower‐extremity disorders, included, 5 patients (12.5%) with unilateral club foot, 5 boys (12.5%) with pes cavus, 10 patients (25%) genu valgum and 2 children with genu varus (5%). To our knowledge, this is the first large cohort of boys with 49, XXXXY that focuses on musculoskeletal disorders. There was an increased incidence of hypotonia, clubfoot, avascular necrosis of the femoral head, radioulnar synostosis, and pes planus compared to the normative population. Boys with 49, XXXXY would benefit from multidisciplinary evaluations, particularly from pediatric orthopedists, physical therapists, neurologists, and geneticists for appropriate medical care. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the South Atlantic Convergence Zone affecting southern Amazonia in austral summer
Authors: de Oliveira Vieira Samuel , Satyamurty Prakki , Andreoli Rita Valeria 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTime series analysis of the average rainfall over a target area in southern Amazon Basin showed a spectral peak at 11 day period. An objective method for defining the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) is used to identify 28 episodes affecting southern Amazon Basin during the 10 summers in the period 1999–2010. The 28‐episode composite precipitation anomalies show significant positive values over the target area. The convergence of moisture over the target area in the SACZ composites is about 35% stronger than the climatological value. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Impact of variability in the Indian summer monsoon on the East Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Greatbatch Richard J. , Sun Xuguang , Yang Xiu‐Qun 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWe report on model experiments that support the hypothesis that the second mode of variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon is influenced by the variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon. The results suggest that the recent trend towards drier conditions in northern China in summer is, at least partly, a consequence of the synchronous drying trend over India in summer noted by some authors.
All digital folded low‐area, low‐power maximum power point tracking chip for photovoltaic energy conversion system
Authors: Wey I‐Chyn , Kuo Shu‐Hao 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we propose and implement a 12‐bit area‐efficient folded all‐digital maximum power point tracking (MPPT) chip based on gain‐adaptive perturb‐and‐observe algorithm for photovoltaic energy conversion system. Alternative to DSP or micro controller, realizing the MPPT algorithm by using ASIC can achieve higher energy conversion efficiency, lower power consumption and smaller chip area. By using gain‐adaptive perturb‐and‐observe MPPT algorithm, overall system power consumption can be reduced by overcoming the periodic perturbation issues that occur in conventional perturb‐and‐observe MPPT algorithm. The utilization of proportional integral controller allows fast and stable tracking of the maximum power point. Under high intensity sun illumination, the gain‐adaptive perturb‐and‐observe algorithm performs three times faster than the conventional perturb‐and‐observe MPPT algorithm. Under low intensity sun illumination, the gain‐adaptive perturb‐and‐observe algorithm can provide the same power conversion efficiency as the conventional perturb‐and‐observe MPPT algorithm. By using folding VLSI architecture, the MPPT algorithm can be realized with 74% chip area saving and 77% power consumption reduction. Finally, our proposed MPPT chip is implemented in TSMC0.18‐µm process, with 0.85 mm*0.79 mm chip area and 97.9% power conversion efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex differences in health‐related quality of life impairment associated with eating disorder features: A general population study
Authors: Mitchison Deborah , Mond Jonathan , Slewa‐Younan Shameran , Hay Phillipa 
Published: January 2013

AbstractObjective:To determine sex differences in the prevalence and impact of specific eating disorder features on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).Method:A general population sample of men (n = 1,479) and women (n = 1,555) completed interviews that assessed HRQoL (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form, SF‐36), and current regular occurrence of binge eating, extreme dietary restriction, purging, and overevaluation of weight or shape.Results:Men constituted a substantial minority (23–41%) of participants reporting eating disorder features. Objective binge eating had a greater impact on mental health impairment in men versus women, whereas the overevaluation of weight or shape had a greater impact on general and mental health impairment in women compared with men.Discussion:Eating disorder features that impact on HRQoL are now common in men; however, the impact of specific features may differ between sexes. © 2013 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013)
Deep eutectic solvents: Synthesis, application, and focus on lipase‐catalyzed reactions
Authors: Durand E. , Lecomte J. , Villeneuve P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIn recent years, a novel medium with similar properties to ionic liquids but with additional advantages regarding cost, environmental impact, and synthesis has been developed: deep eutectic solvents (DESs). These solvents result from the association between an organic salt (ammonium or phosphonium) with a hydrogen‐bond donor such as alcohols, acids, or amides. To date, the availability of green, inexpensive and easy to handle solvents is almost non‐existent. Therefore, DESs currently arouse growing interest in many research fields. This review deals with the major applications of this new family of solvents with a particular focus on lipase‐catalyzed reactions such as hydrolysis, aminolysis, or alcoholysis.
Oxidation of Propargylic Alcohols with a 2‐Quinoxalinol Salen Copper(II) Complex and tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide
Authors: Weerasiri Kushan C. , Gorden Anne E. V. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe copper(II) complex of 2‐quinoxalinol salen (salqu) is an efficient catalyst for the selective oxidation of propargylic alcohols to yield the corresponding α,β‐acetylenic carbonyl compounds when used in combination with the oxidant tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). Excellent yields (up to 99 %) are achieved for a variety of propargylic alcohols within 1 h of reaction time. The (salqu)copper(II) complex with TBHP can be used with propargylic alcohols that contain alkyl groups in the α‐position, which can be difficult to oxidize selectively with other commonly available methods. By using this catalytic protocol, excellent selectivity was also achieved for the oxidation of propargylic alcohols over that of isolated hydroxy groups, triple bonds, or propargylic methylene groups.
Inflammasome activation restricts Legionella pneumophila replication in primary microglial cells through flagellin detection
Authors: Jamilloux Yvan , Pierini Roberto , Querenet Mathieu , Juruj Carole , Fauchais Anne‐Laure , Jauberteau Marie‐Odile , Jarraud Sophie , Lina Gérard , Etienne Jérôme , Roy Craig R. , Henry Thomas , Davoust Nathalie , Ader Florence 
Published: January 2013

AbstractMicroglial cells constitute the first line of defense of the central nervous system (CNS) against microbial invasion. Pathogens are detected thanks to an array of innate immune receptors termed pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs have been thoroughly characterized in bone marrow‐derived macrophages, but the PRRs repertoire and functionality in microglial cells remain largely unknown. Microglial cells express various Toll‐like Receptors and the Nod1/2 receptors. Recently, a novel innate immune signalling pathway, the inflammasome pathway has been uncovered. Inflammasome activation leads to caspase‐1 activation, release of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL‐1β and IL‐18 and cell death in a process termed pyroptosis. One inflammasome receptor, NLRP3, has been characterized in microglial cells and associated with response to infections and in the initiation of neuro‐degeneration in an Alzheimer's disease model. Legionella pneumophila (L.pneumophila) is a flagellated bacterium replicating within macrophages. In bone marrow‐derived macrophages, L. pneumophila is detected in a flagellin‐dependent manner by the Naip5‐NLRC4 (Ipaf) inflammasome pathway. In this study, we decided to use L. pneumophila to investigate the presence and the functionality of this inflammasome in primary murine microglial cells. We show that microglial cells detect L. pneumophila infection in a flagellin‐dependent manner leading to caspase‐1‐mediated bacterial growth restriction, infected cell death and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL18. Overall, our data demonstrate that microglial cells have a functional Naip5‐NLRC4 inflammasome likely to be important to monitor and clear CNS infections by flagellated bacteria. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Olfactory ensheathing cells form the microenvironment of migrating GnRH‐1 neurons during mouse development
Authors: Geller Sarah , Kolasa Elise , Tillet Yves , Duittoz Anne , Vaudin Pascal 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDuring development, GnRH‐1 neurons differentiate extracerebraly from the nasal placode and migrate from the vomeronasal organ to the forebrain along vomeronasal and terminal nerves. Numerous studies have described the influence of different molecules on the migration of GnRH‐1 neurons, however, the role of microenvironment cells remains poorly understood. This study used GFAP‐GFP transgenic mice to detect glial cells at early developmental stages. Using nasal explant cultures, the comigration of glial cells with GnRH‐1 neurons was clearly demonstrated. This in vitro approach showed that glial cells began migrating from the explants before GnRH‐1 neurons. They remained ahead of the GnRH‐1 migratory front and stopped migrating after the GnRH‐1 neurons. The association of these glial cells with the axons combined with gene expression analysis of GFAP‐GFP sorted cells enabled them to be identified as olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of multiple glial cell‐type markers showing several OEC subpopulations surrounding GnRH‐1 neurons. Moreover, these OEC expressed genes whose products are involved in the migration of GnRH‐1 neurons, such as Nelf and Semaphorin 4. In
situ data confirmed that the majority of the GnRH‐1 neurons were associated with glial cells along the vomeronasal axons in nasal septum and terminal nerves in the nasal forebrain junction as early as E12.5. Overall, these data demonstrate an OEC microenvironment for migrating GnRH‐1 neurons during mouse development. The fact that this glial cell type precedes GnRH‐1 neurons and encodes for molecules involved in their nasal migration suggests that it participates in the GnRH‐1 system ontogenesis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Involvement of nitric oxide through endocannabinoids release in microglia activation during the course of CNS regeneration in the medicinal leech
Authors: Arafah Karim , Croix Dominique , Vizioli Jacopo , Desmons Annie , Fournier Isabelle , Salzet Michel 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe medicinal leech is notable for its capacity to regenerate its central nervous system (CNS) following mechanical trauma. Using an electrochemical nitric oxide (NO)‐selective electrode to measure NO levels, we found that the time course of NO release in the injured leech CNS is partially under the control of endocannabinoids, namely, N‐arachidonyl ethanolamide (AEA) and 2‐arachidonyl glycerol (2‐AG). Relative quantification of these endocannabinoids was performed by stable isotope dilution (2AGd8 and AAEd8) coupled to mass spectrometry in course of regeneration process or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) treatment. Data show that 2‐AG levels rose to a maximum about 30 min after injury or ATP treatment, and returned to baseline levels 4 h after injury. In same conditions, AEA levels also rapidly (within 5 min) dropped after injury or ATP treatment to the nerve cord, but did not fully return to baseline levels within 4 h of injury. In correlation with these data, chemoattraction activities of endocannabinoids on isolated leech microglial cells have been shown in vitro and in vivo reflecting that control over NO production is accompanied by the controlled chemoattraction of microglia directed from the periphery to the lesion site for neuronal repair purposes. Taken together, our results show that in the leech, after injury concurrent with ATP production, purinergic receptor activation, NO production, microglia recruitment, and accumulation to lesion site, a fine imbalance occurs in the endocannabinoid system. These events can bring explanations about the ability of the leech CNS to regenerate after a trauma and the key role of endocannabinoids in this phenomenon. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the role of retrosplenial cortex in long‐lasting memory storage
Authors: Katche Cynthia , Dorman Guido , Gonzalez Carolina , Kramar Cecilia P. , Slipczuk Leandro , Rossato Janine I. , Cammarota Martin , Medina Jorge H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is involved in a range of cognitive functions. However, its precise involvement in memory processing is unknown. Pharmacological and behavioral experiments demonstrate that protein synthesis and c‐Fos expression in the anterior part of RSC (aRSC) are necessary late after training to maintain for many days a fear‐motivated memory. Long‐lasting memory storage is regulated by D1/D5 dopamine receptors in aRSC and depends on the functional interplay between dorsal hippocampus and aRSC. These results suggest that the RSC recapitulates some of the molecular events that occur in the hippocampus to maintain memory trace over time. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteogenic potential of Sr‐doped calcium phosphate hollow spheres in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Hulsart‐Billström Gry , Xia Wei , Pankotai Eszter , Weszl Miklós , Carlsson Elin , Forster‐Horváth Csaba , Larsson Sune , Engqvist Håkan , Lacza Zsombor 
Published: January 2013

AbstractTreatment of osteoporotic fractures with conventional surgical methods is associated with a high rate of complications. Intense search for new treatment options includes development of specific biomaterials aimed to be part of the surgical armamentarium. Strontium doped calcium phosphate spheres (SrCPS) is a new material that might be of interest due to the influence on osteoclast and osteoblast activity. In the present study, we successfully constructed hollow spherical SrCPS particles with a diameter of ∼700 nm and shell thickness of ∼150 nm. The Sr content was about 20 wt %. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were investigated in vitro with concentrations from 0 to 1000 μg/mL of SrCPS in medium extract in a day chase study. The in vivo biocompatibility was tested in a delayed bone‐healing model in a rat vertebral defect by histology, μCT, and nanoSPECT. The SrCPS showed no toxicity in vitro with comparable cell number in all concentrations. Increased metabolism was seen in the cell viability study in cells exposed to 400 and 600 μg/mL. SPECT showed good biocompatibility with no local adverse effects and an increased osteoblast activity as compared to adjacent vertebra. SrCPS implantation induced bone formation and resulted in complete resorption and defect consolidation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Influence of surface features of hydroxyapatite on the adsorption of proteins relevant to bone regeneration
Authors: Fernández‐Montes Moraleda Belén , Román Julio San , Rodríguez‐Lorenzo Luís M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractProtein–surface interaction may determine the success or failure of an implanted device. Not much attention have been paid to the specific surface parametes of hydroxyapatite (OHAp) that modulates and determines the formation and potential activity of the layer of proteins that is first formed when the material get in contact with the host tissue. the influence of specific surface area (SSA), crystallite size (CS) and particle size (PS) of OHAp on the adsorption of proteins relevant for bone regeneration is evaluated in this article. OHAp have been prepared by a wet chemical reaction of Ca(OH)2 with H3PO4. One set of reactions included poly acrylic acid in the reactant solution to modify the properties of the powder. Fibrinogen (Fg) Fraction I, type I: from Human plasma, (67% Protein), and Fibronectin (Fn) from Human plasma were selected to perform the adsorption experiments. The analysis of protein adsorption was carried out by UV/Vis spectrometry. A lower SSA and a different aspect ratio are obtained when the acrylic acid is included in the reaction badge. The deconvolution of the amide I band on the Raman spectra of free and adsorbed proteins reveals that the interaction apatite–protein happens through the carboxylate groups of the proteins. The combined analysis of CS, SSA and PS should be considered on the design of OHAp materials intended to interact with proteins. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.