bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contemporary constitutionalism and the dialectic of constituent power
Authors: THORNHILL CHRIS 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis article examines the changing status of constituent power in contemporary constitutionalism. It considers how, at face value, contemporary constitutional law reflects a post-constituent constitutional order, which is defined by a rupture with classical constitutional principles, such that the extra-legal source of constitutional order is diminished. However, it argues that the common perception of a decline in constituent power in constitutional norm construction is marked by an excessively literalistic understanding of the origins of constitutional norms and practices. As an alternative, drawing on systems-theoretical methodologies, the article proposes a functionalist, sociologically attuned reconstruction of the historical content of constitutional concepts, including the concept of constituent power. Through this perspective, it explains that constituent power, in conjunction with constitutional rights, always acted, not as an externally founding source of political agency, but as an inner projection of the political system, which served the internal organization of the political system as a distinct societal domain. The article concludes that the transnational constitutional models which are widespread in contemporary society, far from negating constituent power, re-articulate its primary functions, and they realize potentials for preserving the autonomy of the political system which constituent power always contained.
How well do climate models simulate cloud vertical structure? A comparison between CALIPSO‐GOCCP satellite observations and CMIP5 models
Authors: Cesana G. , Chepfer H. 
Published: September 2012

The Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite provides robust and global direct measurements of the cloud vertical structure. The GCM‐Oriented CALIPSO Cloud Product is used to evaluate the simulated clouds in five climate models using a lidar simulator. The total cloud cover is underestimated in all models (51% to 62% vs. 64% in observations) except in the Arctic. Continental cloud covers (at low, mid, high altitudes) are highly variable depending on the model. In the tropics, the top of deep convective clouds varies between 14 and 18 km in the models versus 16 km in the observations, and all models underestimate the low cloud amount (16% to 25%) compared to observations (29%). In the Arctic, the modeled low cloud amounts (37% to 57%) are slightly biased compared to observations (44%), and the models do not reproduce the observed seasonal variation.
A PBPK Model to Predict Disposition of CYP3A‐Metabolized Drugs in Pregnant Women: Verification and Discerning the Site of CYP3A Induction
Authors: Ke AB , Nallani SC , Zhao P , Rostami‐Hodjegan A , Unadkat JD 
Published: September 2012

Besides logistical and ethical concerns, evaluation of safety and efficacy of medications in pregnant women is complicated by marked changes in pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs. For example, CYP3A activity is induced during the third trimester (T3). We explored whether a previously published physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model could quantitatively predict PK profiles of CYP3A‐metabolized drugs during T3, and discern the site of CYP3A induction (i.e., liver, intestine, or both). The model accounted for gestational age‐dependent changes in maternal physiological function and hepatic CYP3A activity. For model verification, mean plasma area under the curve (AUC), peak plasma concentration (Cmax), and trough plasma concentration (Cmin) of midazolam (MDZ), nifedipine (NIF), and indinavir (IDV) were predicted and compared with published studies. The PBPK model successfully predicted MDZ, NIF, and IDV disposition during T3. A sensitivity analysis suggested that CYP3A induction in T3 is most likely hepatic and not intestinal. Our PBPK model is a useful tool to evaluate different dosing regimens during T3 for drugs cleared primarily via CYP3A metabolism.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e3; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.2; advance online publication 26 September 2012
Open Access: A New Model for Publishing in the Pharmacological Sciences
Authors: Conway M 
Published: September 2012

CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (CPT:PSP) is an online‐only, open access (OA) journal, which means that anyone, anywhere in the world, can access, download, print out, and read articles published here immediately upon publication on the journal's website at Nature and simultaneous deposit in the public‐access repository, PubMed Central. Using a Creative Commons license for authors, CPT:PSP permits authors to retain copyright in their articles and permits readers to download and reuse (with attribution) tables, data, and other elements of a paper. This Perspective provides an introduction to authors and readers of this new ASCPT journal about this approach to publishing.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e7; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.7; advance online publication 26 September 2012
Gewebe-Doppler-Imaging durch Ultraschall zeigt keine Verzögerung der
Feedforward-Aktivität der Bauchmuskeln bei schnellen Armbewegungen bei Patienten mit
chronischen Kreuzschmerzen
Authors: Schiller Stefan 
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung
Kann mithilfe von Gewebe-Doppler-Imaging (Tissue doppler imaging, TDI) durch Ultraschall
bei Patienten mit chronischen lumbalen Schmerzen (Chronic low back pain, cLBP) im
Vergleich zu schmerzfreien Personen eine Verzögerung der Aktivität der lateralen
Bauchmuskeln bei schnellen Armbewegungen nachgewiesen werden?
Unmittelbare Schmerzreduktion bei Low Back Pain nach lumbaler Gelenkmobilisation und
gestreckten Liegestützen korreliert mit erhöhter Wasserdiffusion in den Bandscheiben
L5–S1
Authors: Hirtz Frederick 
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung
Am Department of Exercise Science, School of Public Health and Department of
Developmental Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine der University of South
Carolina wurde von Oktober 2008 bis Mai 2009 bei Patienten (N = 10) mit
unspezifischen lumbalen Rückenschmerzen (Low back pain, LBP), die nach manueller
Mobilisation und anschließenden Extensionsübungen eine Schmerzlinderung um mindestens 2
Punkte auf einer 10 Punkte umfassenden numerischen Rating Skala (NRS) angaben, die
Flüssigkeitsaufnahme des Diskus L5–S1 untersucht. Im Anschluss erfolgte ein Vergleich mit
Patienten (N = 10), die nach derselben Intervention keine Schmerzlinderung aufwiesen.
Calcium with the β-tin structure at high pressure and low temperature
Authors: Li Bing , Ding Yang , Yang Wenge , Wang Lin , Zou Bo , Shu Jinfu , Sinogeikin Stas , Park Changyong , Zou Guangtian , Mao Ho-kwang 
Published: September 2012

Using synchrotron high-pressure X-ray diffraction at cryogenic temperatures, we have established the phase diagram for calcium up to 110 GPa and 5–300 K. We discovered the long-sought for theoretically predicted β-tin structured calcium with
I
4
1
/amd symmetry at 35 GPa in a s mall low-temperature range below 10 K, thus resolving the enigma of absence of this lowest enthalpy phase. The stability and relations among various distorted simple-cubic phases in the Ca-III region have also been examined and clarified over a wide range of high pressures and low temperatures.
Differential effects of decoy receptor‐ and antibody‐mediated tumour necrosis factor blockage on FoxP3 expression in responsive arthritis patients
Authors: Ryder L. Rebekka , Ryder Lars P. , Bartels Else M. , Woetmann Anders , Madsen Hans O. , Ødum Niels , Danneskiold‐Samsøe Bente , Ribel‐Madsen Søren , Bliddal Henning 
Published: September 2012

Our aim was to clarify if anti‐tumour necrosis factor (TNF) drugs have effect on expression of three splice forms of FoxP3 mRNA in blood CD4+ T cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared with healthy controls. Forty‐five rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with anti‐TNF therapy were investigated in a 12‐week prospective cohort study. FoxP3 isoforms, CD25 and CTLA‐4 mRNA in blood CD4+ T cells were measured with quantitative real‐time PCR. Patients benefitting from the treatment, based on changes in DAS28 scores, revealed a significant decrease in expression of full‐length FoxP3 following 12 weeks treatment with TNF receptor 2 fusion protein (Etanercept), but not following treatment with anti‐TNF antibodies (Adalimumab or Infliximab). A partial normalization of the CTLA‐4/FoxP3fl ratio and a correlation between clinical improvement and change in FoxP3 mRNA expression were also seen in Etanercept responders. These changes were not observed in responsive patients treated with the antibody therapies. Our data suggest that TNF decoy receptor and anti‐TNF antibodies differ in their effect on FoxP3 expression in responsive patients. As Etanercept binds both TNF‐α and Lymphotoxin‐α (LT‐α), whereas the antibodies only target TNF‐α, LT‐α may regulate FoxP3 expression in a subset of RA patients. Our findings support the view that anti‐TNF treatment is mainly symptomatic.
The role of lipocalins in airway disease
Authors: Dittrich A. M. , Meyer H. A. , Hamelmann E. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryThe pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation and disease is complex and still not fully understood. Many cells, factors and mediators are involved in the different aspects of induction, maintenance and persistence of airway inflammation. The heterogeneity and redundancy of this system is one of the main reasons why novel therapeutic targets focusing on the pathogenesis of asthma only hesitantly reach the market and clinical application. Thus, it seems mandatory that we proceed in our efforts to better understand this micro cosmos to succeed in the development of safe and effective drugs for the treatment of more severe and refractory forms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. One of the more recently discovered mediators in the context of airway inflammation are the lipocalins (Lcns). They are a family of proteins that share functional and structural similarities and are involved in the transport of small hydrophobic molecules such as steroids and lipids into the cell. Lcns are found in many different cell types from plants and bacteria through invertebrate cells to cells of vertebrate origin. The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of Lcns in airway diseases, focusing on allergic and infectious inflammation. In particular, we will summarize the present knowledge about Lipocalin 1 and Lipocalin 2, where exciting new discoveries in the recent years have highlighted their role in pulmonary disease and infection. This new class of proteins is another putative candidate for the development of novel drugs against airway inflammation.
Implant placement under existing removable dental prostheses and its effect on oral health‐related quality of life
Authors: Wolfart Stefan , Moll Daniel , Hilgers Ralf‐Dieter , Wolfart Mona , Kern Matthias 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectiveOne aim of this prospective clinical study was to measure the effects of strategicimplant placement under removable partial dental prostheses (RPDPs) and among removable complete dental prostheses (RCDPs) on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL).Materials and methodsTwenty‐three patients participated in this study restored with RCDPs (n = 12) or RPDPs retained by telescopic crowns with 1–2 abutment teeth (n = 11). The total number of abutments was increased to 5–6 (maxilla) or to 4 (mandible) by placing implants in strategically advantageous regions. Ball attachments were attached to the implants and integrated in the existing denture. The Oral Health Impact Profile (49 questions) was completed by patients before implant placement, at baseline (integration of ball attachments), and during 12‐ and 24‐month follow‐up visits.ResultsThere were marked reductions of impacts in both groups when comparing pre‐treatment scores and scores at baseline (P < 0.0001), 12‐month (P < 0.0001), and 24‐month follow‐up visits (P < 0.0001), respectively. For none of the visits, a significant difference between the two groups was detected (P > 0.05).ConclusionIt can be concluded that a strategic placement of implants under the existing dental prostheses improves OHRQoL in both treatment groups.
Thermal effects of a combined irrigation method during implant site drilling. A standardized in vitro study using a bovine rib model
Authors: Strbac Georg D. , Unger Ewald , Donner René , Bijak Manfred , Watzek Georg , Zechner Werner 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the temperature changes during implant osteotomies with a combined irrigation system as compared to the commonly used external and internal irrigation under standardized conditions.Material and methodsDrilling procedures were performed on VII bovine ribs using a computer‐aided surgical system that ensured automated intermittent drilling cycles to simulate clinical conditions. A total of 320 drilling osteotomies were performed with twist (2 mm) and conical implant drills (3.5/4.3/5 mm) at various drilling depths (10/16 mm) and with different saline irrigation (50 ml/min) methods (without/external/internal/combined). Temperature changes were recorded in real time by two custom‐built thermoprobes with 14 temperature sensors (7 sensors/thermoprobe) at defined measuring depths.ResultsThe highest temperature increase during osteotomies was observed without any coolant irrigation (median, 8.01°C), followed by commonly used external saline irrigation (median, 2.60°C), combined irrigation (median, 1.51°C) and ultimately with internal saline irrigation (median, 1.48°C). Temperature increase with different drill diameters showed significant differences (P < 0.05) regarding drill depth, confirming drill depth and time of drilling as influencing factors of heat generation. Internal saline irrigation showed a significantly smaller temperature increase (P < 0.05) compared with combined and external irrigation. A combined irrigation procedure appears to be preferable (P < 0.05) to an external irrigation method primarily with higher osteotomy depths.ConclusionsCombined irrigation provides sufficient reduction in temperature changes during drilling, and it may be more beneficial in deeper site osteotomies. Further studies to optimize the effects of a combined irrigation are needed.
Plasma rich in growth factors in human extraction sockets: a radiographic and histomorphometric study on early bone deposition
Authors: Farina Roberto , Bressan Eriberto , Taut Andrei , Cucchi Alessandro , Trombelli Leonardo 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectivesTo determine whether and to what extent the additional application of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) to an extraction socket may influence the early bone deposition, as assessed by micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) scan as well as histomorphometric markers.Material and methodsTwenty‐eight patients (age range: 34–74 years) contributing 36 extraction sockets were included in the study. Sockets were either treated with PRGF (PRGF group; 18 sites in 11 patients) or left to spontaneous healing (control group; 18 sites in 17 patients). Radiographic and histomorphometric analysis was performed on bone cores trephined from each healing socket after 4–6 (T1) or 7–10 (T2) weeks of healing.ResultsPatients treated with PRGF application showed (i) similar bone volume and tissue mineral content, (ii) a trend, although not statistically significant, toward a greater number of CD68+ cells (at T1 and T2) and vVW+ cells (at T1), and (iii) a similar OCN staining score throughout the study, when compared with control group.ConclusionsPlasma rich in growth factors‐treated group did not show any enhancement in early (4 and 8 weeks) bone deposition compared with control group.
Histological evaluation at different times after augmentation of extraction sites grafted with a magnesium‐enriched hydroxyapatite: double‐blinded randomized controlled trial
Authors: Canullo Luigi , Heinemann Friedhelm , Gedrange Tomasz , Biffar Reiner , Kunert‐Keil Christiane 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjectivesTo histologically analyze the early angiogenesis–osteogenesis interplay in post‐extraction sockets augmented with magnesium‐enriched hydroxyapatite (Mg‐enriched HA).Material and MethodsTen post‐extraction sites underwent post‐extraction ridge preservation procedure. According to randomization, sites were divided into two balanced groups and bone specimens were collected 2 or 4 months after surgery. Sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin, Masson–Goldner trichrome, and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), respectively. Furthermore, indirect immunohistochemistry was performed using alkaline phosphatase, CD34 and caveolin‐1 antibodies. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated for each outcome variable. Data were then compared using one‐way ANOVA test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsHistomorphometric analysis presented 15.0% (±3.5) regenerated bone after 2 months of healing. After 4 months, regenerated bone increased 5.1‐fold up to 77.4% (± 8.6) (P < 0.001). On the contrary, vessels and capillary reduced from 645 (±33) to 255 (± 94) (caveolin‐1 expression, P = 0.008). These findings were confirmed by CD34 expression (301 ± 95 and 88 (±24), respectively, at 2 and 4 months (P = 0.046).ConclusionsWithin the limits of the present randomized controlled study, it can be concluded that Mg‐enriched HA is a suitable material for socket preservation and ensures early angiogenesis and early osteogenesis.
Where do they come from and where do they go?European natural habitats as donors of invasive alien plants globally
Authors: Kalusová Veronika , Chytrý Milan , Kartesz John T. , Nishino Misako , Pyšek Petr 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAimThe percentage of alien species found in a given habitat depends on the habitat vulnerability to invasion (invasibility) and the number of species introduced (propagule pressure). However, the global pool of alien species suited to a given habitat also varies. Here, we identify donor habitats of invasive alien plant species originating from Europe, examine the match between habitats they occupy inEurope and recipient areas and test whether donor habitats of invasive plants tend to be vulnerable or resistant to invasions.LocationEurope (source area),NorthAmerica and theWorld (recipient areas).MethodsNativeEuropean vascular plants invasive inNorthAmerica and other parts of theWorld were identified for 35European natural habitats. Percentages of species invasive outside Europe, of the total number of native species occurring in eachEuropean habitat, were used to compare these habitats as donors for invasion. Habitat preferences ofEuropean species in their recipient areas were compared with those inEurope.ResultsEuropean alluvial forests, alder carrs and coastal sand‐dunes harbour the highest percentages of native species that are invasive outsideEurope. Outside their native range,European species tend to invade habitats that are similar to their donor habitats inEurope, but species of alluvial and coastal habitats also frequently invade other habitats. European habitats that are important donors of invasive species globally experience the highest levels of invasion by alien species from other regions; this relationship was, however, not confirmed for invasions toNorthAmerica if considered separately.Main conclusionsSome European habitats are more important donors of invasive plants than others. Therefore, the level of invasion of different habitats is affected also by the differences in the number of invasive species provided by various donor habitats. At a global scale, more important donor habitats are also likely to be more invaded.
Resonance in neocortical neurons and networks
Authors: Dwyer Jennifer , Lee Hyong , Martell Amber , van Drongelen Wim 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNeocortical networks produce oscillations that often correspond to characteristic physiological or pathological patterns. However, the mechanisms underlying the generation of and the transitions between such oscillatory states remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined resonance in mouse layer V neocortical pyramidal neurons. To accomplish this, we employed standard electrophysiology to describe cellular resonance parameters. Bode plot analysis revealed a range of resonance magnitude values in layer V neurons and demonstrated that both magnitude and phase response characteristics of layer V neocortical pyramidal neurons are modulated by changes in the extracellular environment. Specifically, increased resonant frequencies and total inductive areas were observed at higher extracellular potassium concentrations and more hyperpolarised membrane potentials. Experiments using pharmacological agents suggested that current through hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated channels (Ih) acts as the primary driver of resonance in these neurons, with other potassium currents, such as A‐type potassium current and delayed‐rectifier potassium current (Kv1.4 and Kv1.1, respectively), contributing auxiliary roles. The persistent sodium current was also shown to play a role in amplifying the magnitude of resonance without contributing significantly to the phase response. Although resonance effects in individual neurons are small, their properties embedded in large networks may significantly affect network behavior and may have potential implications for pathological processes.
Temporal features of human tendon vibration illusions
Authors: Fuentes Christina T. , Gomi Hiroaki , Haggard Patrick 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMuscle spindles provide information about the position and movement of our bodies. One method for investigating spindle signals is tendon vibration. Vibration of flexor tendons can produce illusions of extension, and vibration of extensor tendons can produce illusions of flexion. Here we estimate the temporal resolution and persistence of these illusions. In Experiments 1 and 2, sequences of alternating vibration of wrist flexor and extensor tendons produced position illusions that varied with alternation period. When vibrations alternated at 1 Hz or slower, perceived position at the end of the sequence depended on the last vibration. When vibrations alternated every 0.3 s, perceived position was independent of the last vibration. Experiment 2 verified and extended these results using more trials and concurrent electromyographic recording. Although tendon vibrations sometimes induce reflexive muscle activity, we found no evidence that such activity contributed to these effects. Experiment 3 investigated how long position sense is retained when not updated by current information from spindles. Our first experiments suggested that vibrating antagonistic tendons simultaneously could produce conflicting inputs, leaving position sense reliant on memory of position prior to vibration onset. We compared variability in position sense after different durations of such double vibration. After 12 s of double vibration, variability across trials exceeded levels predicted from vibrations of flexor or extensor tendons alone. This suggests that position sense memory had decayed too much to substitute for the current conflicting sensory information. Together, our results provide novel, quantitative insight into the temporal properties of tendon vibration illusions.