bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Different Ether Carboxylic Acids on Polyester Fibre Friction
Authors: Dutschk V. , Myat S. , Brünig H. , Märtin J. , Stolz M. , Breitzke B. , Cherif Ch. , Heinrich G. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The influence of different surface active ether carboxylic acids as spin finishes on polyester fibre friction has been studied. The fibre friction was indirectly assessed through measurements of yarn tensile forces during the melt-spinning process. After manufacturing, the friction of fibre against steel was evaluated using the method of inclined plane. Results for the static fibre-steel friction coefficient obtained are in good agreement with the yarn tensile force data. The influence of different finishing agents as lubricants on the fibre friction was revealed.
A Comparative Analysis between Different Ether Carboxylic Acids with Respect to Wettability and Surface Topography of Abrasively Treated Polyester Fabrics
Authors: Dutschk V. , Myat S. , Märtin J. , Stolz M. , Breitzke B. , Cherif Ch. , Heinrich G. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Wetting properties and surface topography of different polyester fabrics have been determined before and after their mechanical abrasion. As protective finishes, different surface active ether carboxylic acids were used. The influence of different weave types of the fabrics – woven and knitted – on their abrasive resistance was revealed. A comparative analysis between different ether carbon acids with respect to wettability of fabrics, surface topography parameters and mechanical treatment by abrasion was done.
Hydrolysis of α, β-Layered Sodium Disilicate in Ions Binding Process
Authors: Dong J.-X. , Li L.-P. , Xu H. , Li J.-P. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractIn different type water, the hydrolysis of α, β-Na2Si2O5was investigated near washing clothing concentration by XRD, SEM chemical analysis and residual solid yield. β-Na2Si2O5changed to kanemite in distilled water. In water with Ca2+or Mg2+, β-Na2Si2O5transformed to a mixture of kanemite, Ca(OH)2and amorphous silicate or a mixture of kanemite (NaHSi2O5·3 H2O), Mg(OH)2and amorphous silicate. α-Na2Si2O5changed to an unknown phase in distilled water. In water with Ca2+or Mg2+, α-Na2Si2O5transformed to a mixture of unknown phase, Ca(OH)2and amorphous silicate or a mixture of unknown phase, Mg(OH)2and amorphous silicate. The experimental data showed that the divalent cation binding process of α, β-Na2Si2O5belongs to a mixture process with divalent cations exchange with Na+cation and precipitation in form of insoluble amorphous solid.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Antifungal Agents Containing Copper(II) Soaps and Derived from Mustard and Soyabean Oil
Authors: Sharma R. , Tank P. , Saxena M. , Bhutra R. , Ojha K. G. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractThe solid copper(II) soaps derived from Mustard oil and Soyabean oil and their complexes with ligands containing nitrogen and sulphur atoms like urea, thiourea and 2-amino-6-chloro benzothiazole have been synthesized and characterised by elemental analysis, IR, NMR, ESR spectroscopy and magnetic moment studies. From the analytical data, the stoichiometry of the complexes have been observed to be 1: 1 (metal: ligand). The magnetic moment studies suggest the dimeric nature of the complexes. IR, NMR and ESR spectral details confirm that complexation has taken place successfully. The results indicate that the complexes possess elongated octahedral geometry. Conductometric studies suggest that the soaps and complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. The fungi toxicities of these ecofriendly and biodegradable soaps and complexes have been investigated.
Conductivity Measurements as a Method for Studying Ionic Technical Grade Surfactants
Authors: Carey E. , Patil S. R. , Stubenrauch C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The critical micellar concentrations (cmc) of cationic alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (C10TAB – C16TAB) and of anionic alkyl sulfates (SDS, technical grade Sulfopon 12G and Sulfopon 1214G) were determined using specific conductivity and surface tension measurements. While the cationic surfactants were purified, the anionic surfactants were used as received. In the former case, surface tension and conductivity measurements lead to the same cmc values. In the latter case, measuring the specific conductivities (bulk property) proved to be superior compared to measuring the surface tensions (surface property) because the presence of highly surface active impurities creates a pronounced minimum in the surface tension isotherm, which makes it impossible to determine an accurate value for the cmc. On the other hand, these impurities do not influence the conductivities, i. e. that the conductivities can be used to determine cmc values of impure and technical grade ionic surfactants, respectively. Moreover, an evaluation of the specific conductivities allows for the determination of the degree of micelle ionization (α) of the ionic surfactant solutions and thus provides additional useful information.
Phase Separation Study of a Surface-Active Drug, Promazine Hydrochloride, in Presence of Surfactants and Ureas
Authors: Kabir-ud-Din  , Al-Ahmadi Mohd. D. A. , Naqvi A. Z. , Akram Mohd. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
As clouding in drugs causes high concentration of drug at a particular site which may prove harmful to the body, the clouding behaviour of a tricyclic phenothiazine drug promazine hydrochloride (PMZ) in aqueous solutions has been studied in the presence of surfactants and ureas. The cloud point (CP) decreases with increase in pH due to deprotonation of the drug molecules. Addition of non-ionic and cationic (conventional as well as Gemini) surfactants increased the CP whereas anionic surfactants showed a peaked profile. The urea family additives influenced the CP in both ways that depended whether they contain >C=O or >C=S moiety: the former interacts with the micelles and lowers the CP while the latter (due to its electropositive character) may not interact and hence CP increases. Dye solubilization results indicate micellar growth with the addition of surfactants in PMZ solutions. The results are interpreted taking cognizance of mixed micelle formation, hydrophobic interactions, and/or change in solvent structure.
Solubilization of PCBs by Surfactant Solution: Minimization of Partitioning Loss of Surfactant
Authors: Müllerová M. , Šváb M. , Vysopalová Z. , Nováková T. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Studies of solubilization of organic contaminants by surfactants are complicated by the fact that the effective surfactant concentration is decreased by partitioning into the organic phase. This paper introduces an experimental setup for surfactant solubilization where the partitioning loss of surfactants is minimized. Using this setup, two anionic (sodium dodecyl sulphate and Spolapon AOS 146) and one nonionic surfactant (Novanik 0633 A) were compared. When comparing solubilization efficacies expressed as multiples of the critical micelle concentration, the two anionic surfactants were able to solubilize a higher amount of polychlorinated biphenyls. For lower surfactant concentrations, solubilization efficacies were similar for all surfactants. However, it is necessary to take into account that the critical micelle concentration of the nonionic surfactant is considerably lower.
Highly Concentrated Cocamidopropyl Betaine – The Latest Developments for Improved Sustainability and Enhanced Skin Care
Authors: Herrwerth S. , Leidreiter H. , Wenk H. H. , Farwick M. , Ulrich-Brehm I. , Grüning B. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Today Cocamidopropyl Betaine (CAPB) is the most important secondary surfactant used in personal care and household products. Even the most modern CAPB-types still contain more water than active matter. Water which needs to be heated in the manufacturing process, which needs to be transported, and needs to be stored in storage tanks. The high water content not only contributes to the cost of production and logistics, but is also not favorable with respect to sustainability. Continuous research in the field of betaines has lead to another break-through in CAPB quality with a product containing approximately 47% active matter and less than 43% water. Thus, savings in energy consumption and shipping volume of more than 36% can be achieved as compared to the common 30% CAPB quality. The typically desired surfactant properties, the positive effects on foam and rheology could be maintained. Moreover, further improvements in quality and even additional skin care effects such as enhanced skin moisturization could be achieved.
N,N-bis-(2-Hydroxyethyl) Oleamide: Synthesis, Kinetic Study and Yield Optimization
Authors: Edrissi M. , Falamaki C. , Moradi F. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)oleamide (NHEO) was synthesized using oleic acid and diethanolamine in 1:1 molar ratio using orthophosphoric acid as catalyst. The reaction kinetics at 140°C has been evaluated. The latter follows a first order reaction rate which is in accordance with the reaction mechanism proposed. Yield optimization has been performed implementing an L4 Taguchi orthogonal array. The chemical analysis, rheological behavior and stabilizing ability of the product for metal and metal oxide slurries has been investigated.
Adsorption of CTAB on Zeolite A Detected by Surfactant Ion-selective Electrode
Authors: Luo Y.-Y. , Du Z.-P. , Lu Y.-H. , Liu B.-X. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Adsorption of cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on zeolite A has been investigated using surfactant-selective electrode technique. The electrode consisted of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane based on neutral ion-pair carrier complex of cetyltrimethylammonium tetraphenylborate (CTA+TPB−). Adsorbance of CTAB on zeolite A was calculated from the potential and concentration response characteristics of the surfactant-selective electrode to get the surfactant adsorption isotherms. Adsorption isotherm of CTAB was S-shaped. The adsorbance was related to pH and electrolyte in the surfactant solutions.
Removal of Brilliant Blue R from Aqueous Solutions on Activated Carbon Produced from Carbonaceous Substrate
Authors: Alam S. , Ahmad M. , Bangash F. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Adsorption of brilliant blue R on activated carbon produced from the wood of Paulownia Tomentosa was investigated. Samples characterization by XRD, SEM, EDS and FTIR showed that the oxygen containing surface functional groups (carboxyls, lactones or phenols and ethers) were present on the surface which were eliminated at 800°C. Activation at 800°C, resulted in the opening of porous structure thereby increasing the adsorption capacity. Relatively high amounts of carbon with respect to oxygen were found in the samples with the rise in activation temperature. The adsorption kinetic at 10 and 45°C showed that the first order, Bangham and parabolic diffusion models are applied to the data. The rate constant increased with the rise in temperature of adsorption/activation. Thermodynamic properties (ΔE≠, ΔH≠, ΔS≠ and ΔGo) for the adsorption process were calculated. Positive values of ΔH≠ showed that the adsorption of brilliant blue R is endothermic. Negative values of ΔS≠ reflected the decrease in the disorder of the system at the solid-solution interface during adsorption. The Gibbs free energy, which is the driving force for adsorption is negative indicating spontaneous adsorption. Freundlich and Langmuir models described the equilibrium adsorption data and Thomas model was used for the column study.
Characterization of Commercial Polysorbates Using Different Chromatographic Techniques
Authors: Abrar S. , Trathnigg B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractPolysorbates – which are commercially available under the name Tween – are complex mixtures of different functionalities. Molar mass distribution and chemical composition of various Tween samples (20, 40, 60 and 65) were determined using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with dual detection. A separation of different functionalities was achieved using liquid chromatography under critical conditions (LCCC) on typical reversed phase columns with methanol – water and acetone – water as mobile phase. The size of the hydrophilic part was determined after microwave-assisted methanolysis, which allowed also the identification of the fatty acids bound to the hydrophilic core.
Synergism in Mixed Anionic–Amphoteric Surfactant Solutions: Influence of Anionic Surfactant Chain Length
Authors: Abdel-Rahem R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The influence of chain length on the composition of mixed micelles in binary mixtures of N,N-dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO) and sodium decyl-, sodium dodecyl- and sodium tetradecylsulfate (abbreviated as SDeS, SDS and STS, respectively) has been determined at 30°C. From the surface tension measurements, the critical micelle concentration (cmc) data were measured as a function of mixing composition. Cmc-values were then analyzed according to regular solution model. The composition of mixed micelles, the interaction parameter (β) and the activity coefficients were evaluated from the regular solution model for the all anionic-amphoteric mixed systems. The interaction parameter values indicated a synergistic interaction between DDAO and the three anionic surfactants at all mole fractions to be due to an overall attractive interaction in the mixed micelles. The strength of the interaction between the amphoteric surfactant and the sodium alkyl sulfate in three mixed systems obeys the following order: SDeS/DDAO > SDS/DDAO > STS/DDAO suggesting that the decrease in the length of anionic surfactant alkyl chain results in a stronger interaction with DDAO. On the other hand, the viscosity data reveals a viscosity increasing trend of STS/DDAO > SDS/DDAO > SDeS/DDAO.
Synthesis, Structural Properties and Applications of Gemini Surfactants: A Review
Authors: Tyagi P. , Tyagi R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Gemini surfactants are most exciting new types of surfactants. They have two hydrophilic head groups and two hydrophobic groups in a molecule separated by a spacer group. Nowadays different types of geminis have been synthesized. Geminis show some characteristic features like low cmc, high surface activity, high solubility in water, good foaming and wetting properties, as well as low Krafft temperature. Geminis imply low eye and skin irritation. These surfactants are widely used as antifoaming and antimicrobial agents. This review paper deals with synthesis, properties and applications of various gemini surfactants.
Analysis of Surfactants by Thin-Layer Chromatography: A Review
Authors: Bhawani S. A. , Sulaiman O. , Hashim R. , Ibrahim M. N. Mohamad 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of surfactants is presented in this review. Various chromatographic systems useful for the identification, separation and quantification of surfactants are reported. New approaches in thin-layer chromatography enable analysts to separate and determine surfactants in complex mixtures (in various environmental samples). Thin-layer chromatographic methods are mainly used for the separation of surfactants either in the separation of different classes or separation of different groups within the same class.
Studies on Acoustic and Thermodynamic Behaviour of Terbium Laurate and Myristate in Mixed Organic Solvents
Authors: Kishore K. , Upadhyaya S. K. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Ultrasonic measurements were made on terbium laurate and myristate in 60/40 benzene-methanol mixture (v/v), to determine the critical micellar concentration (CMC), ultrasonic velocity and other acoustic parameters. The results confirm that there is a significant interaction between the soap and solvent molecules. The critical micellar concentration and thermodynamic parameters for dissociation and micellization process for terbium laurate and myristate in a mixture of 60/40 benzene-methanol (v/v) at different temperature were evaluated from conductivity measurements. The results showed that these soaps behave as weak electrolytes in dilute solutions.
Adsorption and Desorption of Ionic Surfactants
Authors: Pušić T. , Grancarić A. M. , Tarbuk A. , Šauperl O. , Soljačić I. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Surfactants as organic compounds are widely used in the processes of textile finishing and care with regard to different variations and specific hydrophilic/hydrophobic character. Specific behaviour of these compounds is partly based on the adsorption process. In this study the adsorption and desorption of ionic surfactants have been studied upon the influence of fibre composition and surfactant ionogenity as well as variation of hydrophobic chain length and hydrophilic group in the molecule. Textile fibres were characterized through electrokinetic potential, sorption characteristics and swelling capacity expressed by moisture regain and water retention value (WRV). Different types of cationic and anionic surfactants were adsorbed on cotton, wool, polyester and polypropylene fibres at 20°C during 60 minutes. The quantity of adsorbed surfactants on textile fibres was determined by potentiometric titration. The textile fibres were centrifuged afterwards and the amount of surfactants was determined in the centrifugate, respectively. Drying followed at 60°C. The desorption of surfactants was performed at 20°C during 30 minutes. The results showed a correlation between amount of adsorbed, desorbed and residual surfactants and swelling capacity expressed through WRV.
Alkyl Polyglycoside-Sorbitan Ester Formulations for Improved Oil Recovery
Authors: Wu Y. , Iglauer S. , Shuler P. , Tang Y. , Goddard W. A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
We measured interfacial tensions (IFT) of aqueous alkyl polyglucoside (APG) systems formulated with sorbitan ester-type cosurfactants against n-octane. The study focused on low to ultra-low IFT systems which are relevant for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In addition, we measured equilibrium adsorption concentrations of these surfactants and cosurfactants onto kaolinite clay, commonly found in oil reservoirs. We present one surfactant EOR laboratory flood experiment with one selected APG-sorbitan ester formulation with which we recovered 94% of initial oil in place (IOIP).
Dynamics of Formation of Vesicles Studied by Highly Time-resolved Stopped-flow Experiments
Authors: Barth A. , Grillo I. , Gradzielski M. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Phase behaviour and static structure of surfactant systems have been studied in much detail, but this applies much less so to their dynamic properties. Structural transitions in amphiphilic systems can be triggered by mixing different amphiphiles. Employing the stopped-flow technique we have studied the kinetics of formation of multilamellar vesicles starting from a micellar solution and a microemulsion containing a semipolar oil. This process has been investigated for various starting conditions and as a function of the charging of the amphiphilic system. The formation process is the faster the closer the starting solution is in composition to the final state and can be slowed down by the presence of ionic surfactant.
Comparison of Standards for Testing Electrical Dishwashers or Dishwashing Detergents
Authors: Brückner A.-K. , Stamminger R. , Bornkessel S. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
This study presents an overview of four international test standards for domestic dishwashers or dishwashing detergents: the European (EN 50242), the North American (AHAM), the Australian (AS/NZS) and IKW standard. All four standards were used to test five different dishwashers and two kinds of dishwashing detergents under standardised laboratory conditions to see if they deliver comparable results. Furthermore the practicability and selectivity of the different soiling and evaluation procedures were assessed. Additionally to a general comparison of the four standards, the focus lay on the soil egg yolk. The study shows that the general ranking between the dishwashers is similar, but the cleaning results of the individual soils and the performance levels differ a lot. Only the IKW soils are suitable to make a clear distinction between the detergents. Whereas the machines can be – more or less – distinguished with all standards except AS/NZS standard. Possible reasons for the varying results can be found in the different amounts of soil, the preparation methods or the cleaning performance evaluation, which shows the importance of designing accurate testing procedures for dishwashing.
Manual Dishwashing – How can it be Optimized?
Authors: Fuss N. , Stamminger R. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
The focus of this paper is to show an approach on how to optimize manual dishwashing. After presenting the method developed for simulating a repeatable manual dishwashing process, the report shows the results of the experimental study exploring the main impact factors for the optimization of the water consumption by applying a mathematical regression model. These experiments demonstrate that the water changes in the main washing bath and the water changes in the rinsing bath are significantly affecting the cleaning performance of the dishes. Concentration of cleanser is found to have a negative quadratic effect, and the interaction effect of the number of water changes in the rinsing bath with the amount of detergent (respectively Concentration of cleanser) is found to be significant. As an explanation of this behaviour, it is suspected that soil particles are transferred through foam residuals, which are not washed off in the rinsing bath. Because of several restrictions, such as having limited statistics and having excluded possible impact factors, the developed model aims at depicting tendencies of the impact factor effects and may not be generalized.
Cleaning Effect of Household Laundry Detergents at Low Temperatures
Authors: Laitala K. , Jensen H. Mollan 
Published: December 2013

AbstractLowering the washing temperature of laundry has environmental benefits, but consumers are reluctant to decrease the temperature in fear of not getting clean textiles. The objective of this study was to test eight leading laundry detergents for low temperature washing at 30°C and at 40°C. The cleaning effect was tested by measuring the reflection values of pre-soiled swatches after wash based on standard EN 60456. The results show that the difference in reflection value was on average only 1.9% higher at 40°C than at 30°C, indicating very small difference in cleaning effect. Most differences between temperatures could be seen in liquid detergents for white textiles, and least in powder detergents for coloured textiles. This confirms that modern detergents are suitable for wash at 30°C, and the soil removal will in most cases be satisfactory for household use instead of the more common wash at 40°C.
Bicontinuous Microemulsion as Reaction Medium for ω-Transaminase Catalysed Biotransformations
Authors: Laupheimer M. , Engelskirchen S. , Tauber K. , Kroutil W. , Stubenrauch C. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Due to their high enantioselectivity biotransformations, i.e. enzyme-catalysed conversion of organic compounds, are extremely attractive reactions. However, a limiting factor for choosing substrates is the enzyme-substrate incompatibility. This occurs when a hydrophilic enzyme which naturally resides in the aqueous cell cytoplasm is supposed to convert a hydrophobic substrate. In this context bicontinuous microemulsions appear to be a beneficial reaction medium for biotransformations, particularly due to their large interfacial area between a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic compound. As a “proof of concept” we performed ω-transaminase (EC 2.6.1.18) catalysed model reactions in a bicontinuous microemulsion of the type phosphate buffer/NaCl – n-octane – pentaethylene glycol monodecyl ether.