bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of irrigant penetration up to working length and into simulated lateral canals using various irrigating techniques
Authors: Spoorthy E. , Velmurugan N. , Ballal S. , Nandini S. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of an apical negative pressure system, a passive ultrasonic irrigation system and a combination of both apical negative pressure and passive ultrasonic irrigation on the penetration of the irrigating contrast solution (ICS) up to working length and into simulated lateral canals.MethodologyThe root canals of 64 single‐rooted teeth were instrumented using the ProTaper rotary system. In each sample, three simulated lateral canals were created at 2, 4 and 6 mm levels from the root apex using a 06‐size C+ file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Samples were randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups (n = 16): group I ‐ conventional needle irrigation, group II ‐ passive ultrasonic irrigation, group III ‐ apical negative irrigation system and group IV ‐ combination of passive ultrasonic irrigation and apical negative pressure irrigation system. To examine irrigating solution penetration, Indian ink was mixed with 5.25% NaOCl and delivered into the root canals. Samples were then assessed by direct observation of the images taken using Canon EOS rebel T3. The depth of penetration of ICS up to the working length and into the simulated lateral canals was analysed using chi‐squared tests.ResultsThe combination (ANP and PUI) and ANP group had significantly deeper ICS penetration up to the working length (P < 0.001). The combination (ANP and PUI) and the PUI group exhibited significantly greater ICS penetration into lateral canals at the 6 mm level (P < 0.001). At the 4 and 2 mm levels, the combination of ANP and PUI had significantly greater ICS penetration into the lateral canals than the other groups (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe combination of ANP and PUI was the only group able to achieve irrigating contrast solution penetration both up to the working length and into lateral canals.
Effect of plant polyphenols and ascorbic acid on lipid oxidation, residual nitrite and N‐nitrosamines formation in dry‐cured sausage
Authors: Li Ling , Shao Junhua , Zhu Xudong , Zhou Guanghong , Xu Xinglian 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe effects of green tea,grape seed polyphenols and ascorbic acid on pH, water activity (aw), microbiological counts, TBARS, residual nitrite and N‐nitrosamines were determined in dry‐cured sausages during the ripening period. Results showed that TBARS increased gradually during ripening (P < 0.05), but were significantly reduced with plant polyphenols and ascorbic acid (P < 0.05). Green tea polyphenol (GTP) was most effective (P < 0.05) in reducing TBARS. Plant polyphenols and ascorbic acid significantly decreased residual nitrite, ascorbic acid being most effective (P < 0.05). The amount of N‐nitrosamines increased during ripening, but was significantly reduced with plant polyphenols and ascorbic acid (P < 0.05). Plant polyphenols had no significant effects on moisture content, aw, pH or microbiological counts in dry‐cured sausage during ripening (P > 0.05). It was concluded that plant polyphenols and ascorbic acid were effective in maintaining the quality and safety of dry‐cured sausages.
Effect of refining on the lignan content and oxidative stability of oil pressed from roasted sesame seed
Authors: Wu Shimin , Wang Lin , Shu Feiya , Cao Wenming , Chen Fengxiang , Wang Xingguo 
Published: January 2013

SummaryOxidative stability of pressed and refined sesame oils during seven consecutive months of storage at room temperature was studied comparatively. Lignans, peroxide value (PV), p‐anisidine value (AV) and total oxidation value (TOTOX) were determined as evaluation indices. PV, AV and TOTOX of sunflower, corn and peanut oils were simultaneously monitored to compare their oxidative storage stabilities with the sesame oils. The total amount of lignans in the pressed and refined sesame oils were 1103 and 790 mg per 100 g respectively. The contents of sesamin and sesemolin in the pressed sesame oil were 734 and 369 mg per 100 g respectively. Sesamin and sesamolin content were reduced by 256 and 159 mg per 100 g, respectively, after refining. Nearly 40% of the sesamin epimerised to asarinin after oil refining. The results indicate that sesame oils pressed from roasted seed have far superior storage stability to oxidation than the other vegetable oils. This difference may be due to much higher sesamin and sesamolin contents in the pressed sesame oils. The results suggest lignan compositions and levels could be used as key indicators for evaluating the oxidative storage stability of sesame oil products as well as to differentiate between pressed and refined sesame oils.
Characterisation of osmotically dehydrated papaya with further hot air drying and microwave vacuum drying
Authors: Nimmanpipug Nutthanun , Therdthai Nantawan , Dhamvithee Pisit 
Published: January 2013

SummaryPapaya was subjected to osmotic dehydration (OD) prior to hot air drying (HA; 70 °C) and microwave vacuum drying (MVD; 3.75 W g−1 and 13.3 kPa). An increase in immersion time in a sucrose solution [65/100 g (w/w)] at 40 ± 2 °C from 0 to 4 h decreased moisture content from 7.5802 to 1.2215 kg water kg dry solid−1. During HA and MVD, effective moisture diffusivity was in the range 7.09 × 10−8 to 9.13 × 10−8 m2 s−1 and 2.85 × 10−6 to 3.50 × 10−6 m2 s−1, respectively, depending on immersion time. The hue angle of HA samples was 0.83–0.91, whereas that of MVD samples was 48.55–50.32. Both drying methods decreased springiness. Porosity was clearly observed in MVD samples. Rehydration rate was enhanced by increased immersion time and MVD (P ≤ 0.05). From preference mapping, MVD samples were more preferable than HA samples. Moreover, MVD samples with 1–3 h OD were more preferable than those with 4 h OD.
Alginate‐based and protein‐based materials for probiotics encapsulation: a review
Authors: Dong Qiu‐Yue , Chen Meng‐Yan , Xin Yang , Qin Xue‐Yan , Cheng Zhuo , Shi Lu‐E , Tang Zhen‐Xing 
Published: January 2013

SummaryOwing to their considerable beneficial effects on human health, probiotics have been increasingly incorporated into food products. However, many findings have demonstrated that their survival and stability are very sensitive to processing and host gastrointestinal tract. To solve these problems, encapsulation techniques have been received considerable attention these days. So, in this review paper, methods for probiotics encapsulation, alginate‐based and protein‐based materials for probiotics encapsulation and application of encapsulated probiotics in food industry were discussed.
Effects of frying on polar material and free fatty acids in soybean oils
Authors: Wang Fang , Jiang Lianzhou , Zhu Xiuqing , Hou Juncai 
Published: January 2013

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate the quality deterioration of pressed soybean oil (PSBO), first grade solvent extracted soybean oil (FG‐SESBO) and third grade solvent extracted soybean oil (TG‐SESBO) with respect to time at 180 °C. It was found that there was a significant increase in total polar material (PM; P < 0.01) and free fatty acids (FFA; P < 0.05) in PSBO, FG‐SESBO and TG‐SESBO with increased time of frying. After forty‐five frying cycles, the final concentration of total PM was significantly higher in TG‐PSBO (30.39%) than in PSBO (21.10%) and FG‐SESBO (25.93%; P < 0.05). During frying cycles, the final acid value (AV) was significantly higher in PSBO (0.84 ± 0.02 mg KOH/g fat) than in TG‐SESBO (0.59 ± 0.01 mg KOH/g fat) and FG‐SESBO (0.56 ± 0.03 (mgKOH/g oil; P < 0.05). The content of saturated fatty acids in the three types of frying oils was significantly increased after forty‐five cycles of frying. However, even larger changes were observed in the content of unsaturated fatty acids, with decreases in C18:2, 9 c 12 c and C18:3, 9c 12c 15c and increase in C18:1, 9 c. The highest increasing slopes of PM and AV were observed in the TG‐SESBO.
A new approach to modelling the shelf life of Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)
Authors: Giuffrida Alessandro , Valenti Davide , Giarratana Filippo , Ziino Graziella , Panebianco Antonio 
Published: January 2013

SummaryA total of 217 Gilthead seabreams were subdivided in four groups, according to four different storage conditions. All fish were evaluated by both Quality Index Method (QIM) and microbiological analysis, sampling skin, gills and flesh, separately. A QIM score predictive system was set by modelling the growth of microflora of skin, gills and flesh and coupling these predictions to each related partial QIM score (QIMSkin, QIMGills, QIMFlesh). The expression of QIM score as a function of bacterial behaviour was carried out by the employment of two coefficients. The predicted mean bacterial concentrations corresponding to the QIM score at 14 days were always near to Log 8 CFU g−1 in the case of ‘S’ (skin) and ‘G’ (gills) series. Moreover, predicted QIM scores were in a good agreement with observed data, reproducing the observed mean time of rejection as well as the bacterial spoilage level (Log 8 CFU g−1), for all kinds of storage condition.
Antibody repertoire development in fetal and neonatal piglets. XVI. Influenza stimulates adaptive immunity, class switch and diversification of the IgG repertoire encoded by downstream Cγ genes
Authors: Butler John E. , Sun XiuZhu , Wertz Nancy , Vincent Amy L. , Zanella Eraldo L. , Lager Kelly M. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryInfection of germ‐free isolator piglets with swine influenza (S‐FLU) that generates dsRNA during replication causes elevation of immunoglobulins in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage, a very weak response to trinitrophenyl conjugates but an immune response to S‐FLU. The increased immunoglobulin levels result mainly from the polyclonal activation of B cells during the infection, but model antigen exposure may contribute. The 10‐fold increase in local and serum IgG accompanies a 10‐fold decrease in the transcription of IgG3 in the tracheal–bronchial lymph nodes and in the ileal Peyer's patches. Infection results in class switch recombination to downstream Cγ genes, which diversify their repertoire; both features are diagnostic of adaptive immunity. Meanwhile the repertoires of IgM and IgG3 remain undiversified suggesting that they encode innate, natural antibodies. Whereas IgG3 may play an initial protective role, antibodies encoded by downstream Cγ genes with diversified repertoires are predicted to be most important in long‐term protection against S‐FLU.
Climate Vulnerability and Adaptive Strategies Along the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Border of Mexico and the United States
Authors: Hurd Brian 
Published: January 2013

Abstract:Climate change and growing populations are dual stresses that are particularly challenging to communities along the US/Mexican border where adaptive capacity is limited, infrastructure is lacking, and economic resources are scarce. Although regional precipitation projections vary significantly in both timing and amount, projections of temperature changes produce a more robust signal of raised temperatures. A summary look is provided that highlights the climatic changes that are projected, identifies key systems and sectors that are vulnerable to climate change, describes and summarizes the role of adaptation and the development of adaptation strategies. A promising look at binational co‐adaptation is highlighted and illustrates the potential for building regional adaptive capacity.
Measuring three‐dimensional strain distribution in tendon
Authors: KHODABAKHSHI G. , WALKER D. , SCUTT A. , WAY L. , COWIE R.M. , HOSE D.R. 
Published: January 2013

SummaryTendons are tough fibrous tissues that facilitate skeletal movement by transferring muscular force to bone. Studies into the effects of mechanical stress on tendons have shown that these can either accelerate healing or cause tendon injuries depending on the load applied. It is known that local strain magnitude and direction play an important role in tendon remodelling and also failure, and different techniques to study strain distribution have been proposed. Image registration and processing techniques are among the recently employed methods. In this study, a novel three‐dimensional image processing technique using the Sheffield Image Registration Toolkit is introduced to study local strain and displacement distribution in tendon. The results show that the local normal strain values in the loading axis are smaller than the global applied load, and fibre sliding was detected as a dominant mechanism for transferring the applied load within tendon. However, results from different samples suggest three distinct modes of deformation during loading, as some show only parallel sliding of fibres in respect to the loading axis, whereas others are twisted or deflected in directions transverse to the loading axis. The proposed 3D image registration method is essential for analysing this out‐of‐plane movement, which cannot be detected using a standard 2D method.
Assessing the Accuracy and Reproducibility of Computer‐Assisted Analysis of 123I‐FP‐CIT SPECT Using BasGan (V2)
Authors: Skanjeti A. , Angusti T. , Iudicello M. , Dazzara F. , Delgado Yabar G. M. , Trevisiol E. , Podio V. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEOver the last two decades 123I‐FP‐CIT‐SPECT, has been used to discriminate neurodegenerative Parkinsonian syndrome from other diseases. BasGan is a freely available software that assists 123I‐FP‐CIT‐SPECT evaluation by estimating semiquantitative values for each basal nucleus and compares the results to a database of healthy subjects. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess the accuracy of qualitative analysis and of semiquantitative, BasGan‐assisted evaluations of 123I‐FP‐CIT‐SPECT; (2) to compare the accuracy of both methods when applied to “doubtful” cases; (3) to appreciate the reproducibility of the BasGan‐assisted evaluations.MATERIALS AND METHODSSeventy‐eight patients were included in this 4‐year follow‐up study. The diagnostic cut‐off for semiquantitative uptake values of each basal nucleus was determined based on ROC curves analysis. Accuracy scores were calculated for the entire population and for “doubtful” cases. Intra‐ and interoperator reproducibility was assessed.RESULTSAccuracy of the software‐assisted analyses was high for data from each nucleus. In “doubtful” exams accuracy was higher when using BasGan as opposed to relying solely on visual assessment. Intra‐ and interoperator reproducibility of the BasGan‐assisted evaluations was good to excellent.CONCLUSIONBasGan‐assisted evaluations of 123I‐FP‐CIT‐SPECT were very useful, particularly in “doubtful” cases. Multicenter studies are mandatory before routine use of BasGan.
Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound for the differentiation of benign and malignant focal liver lesions: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Friedrich‐Rust Mireen , Klopffleisch Tom , Nierhoff Julia , Herrmann Eva , Vermehren Johannes , Schneider Maximilian D. , Zeuzem Stefan , Bojunga Joerg 
Published: January 2013

AbstractBackgroundInternational guidelines of Ultrasound recommend the performance of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as the first method of choice after conventional ultrasound for the diagnostic work‐up of focal liver lesions. However, these recommendations are based on the results of multiple single studies and only few large multicentre studies.AimsThe rationale of the present systematic review and meta‐analysis was to assess the overall sensitivity and specificity ofCEUSfor the diagnosis of malignant liver lesions.MethodsLiterature databases were searched up to March 2012. Inclusion criteria were evaluation ofCEUS, assessment of sensitivity and specificity ofCEUSfor the diagnosis of malignant liver lesions. The meta‐analysis was performed using the random‐effects model based on the DerSimonian Laird method. Quality analyses were carried out to assess sources of heterogeneity.ResultsA total of 45 studies with 8147 focal liver lesions were included in the analysis. Overall sensitivity and specificity ofCEUSfor the diagnosis of malignant liver lesions was 93% (95%‐CI: 91–95%) and 90% (95%‐CI: 88–92%) respectively. Significant heterogeneity was found between studies. However, subanalysis revealed no significant difference when evaluating studies using histology for all liver lesions, when comparing high‐quality and low‐quality studies, and blinded vs non‐blinded studies.ConclusionThe results of this meta‐analysis support the international recommendations onCEUSfor the diagnostic work‐up of focal liver lesions selecting patients who need further diagnostics.
Polymorphisms in Kallikrein7 and 10 genes and oral cancer risks in Taiwan betel quid chewers and smokers
Authors: Wang Y‐Y , Lin Y‐C , Hung H‐C , Tien W‐Y , Shieh T‐Y 
Published: January 2013

ObjectivesWe investigated the association between mRNA levels, polymorphisms of Kallikrein7 (KLK7) and Kallikrein10 (KLK10), and the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Materials and methodsWe recruited 217 OSCC patients and 138 healthy controls. All were men, betel quid chewers, cigarette smokers, and Minnan ethnicity. Genotyping was performed using a TaqMan® probe genotyping assay. Gene expression levels were determined using real‐time polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) for 20 pairs of cancerous and non‐cancerous tissues.ResultsKallikrein10 rs3745535G>T polymorphisms were significantly associated with OSCC development [adjusted OR (AOR) = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.02–2.59], but KLK7 polymorphisms were not. The KLK7 rs10581213(wt/ins + ins/ins) genotypes were significantly associated with early‐stage cancer (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.14–0.78), but KLK10 polymorphisms were not. Relative expression analysis indicated that an increase in KLK7 and KLK10 mRNA levels was found in cancerous tissues (2−ΔΔCT = 25.23 ± 8.85 and 10.89 ± 4.97, respectively). A significantly higher level of KLK7 was expressed in early‐stage cancer with the rs10581213(wt/ins + ins/ins) genotypes, but there was no significant difference in the mRNA levels of KLK7 and KLK10 between early‐ and advanced‐stage cancers.ConclusionsThis is the first correlation of OSCC with KLK10 rs3745535G>T polymorphisms. Early‐stage OSCC and high KLK7 mRNA levels were correlated with the rs10581213(wt/ins + ins/ins) genotypes. More studies with large sample sizes are needed to verify our findings.
People with dementia and the hospital environment: the view of patients and family carers
Authors: Digby Robin , Bloomer Melissa J. 
Published: January 2013

BackgroundA metropolitan geriatric evaluation and management (GEM) facility inAustralia was undergoing expansion, and consideration for the needs of individuals with dementia and their family carers was identified as important in planning the new facility. Existing literature revealed that people in hospital value privacy, minimal noise, family amenities and homeliness, but these findings did not consider the perspectives of the person with dementia specifically.AimThe aim was to elicit the perspectives of current inpatients with dementia, and their family carers, about the environment/design features that they believe are necessary for people with dementia, and their family carers.Method and designThis qualitative study utilised in‐depth semi‐structured interviews to obtain information from current inpatients with dementia and their family carers.ResultsParticipants described how the care received was more important than the physical environment; however, participants also valued homeliness, privacy for the patient and for conversations, a shared space without a television and a connection to the outside. Participants described how accommodating carers, providing quiet spaces and appropriate amenities were also important.ConclusionsWhile participants valued care over the physical surroundings, they also offered valuable information about their experience in the ward environment. Despite cognitive difficulties, people with dementia were able to provide useful information about the environment within which they were being cared.Implications for practiceConsumer opinions about hospital design/environment should be considered as an important source of data. Privacy and personal space for people with dementia and their family carers, a connection with the outside environment , and the needs of carers and visitors are all important considerations when designing healthcare environments.
Secondary Corpora Lutea Induced by hCG Treatment Enhanced Demi‐Embryo Survival in Lactating High‐Yielding Dairy Cows
Authors: Torres A , Silva J Chagas e , Deloche MC , Humblot P , Horta AEM , Lopes‐da‐Costa L 
Published: January 2013

ContentsUsing a novel in vivo model considering a low developmental competence embryo (demi‐embryo) and a subnormal fertility recipient (lactating high‐yielding dairy cow), this experiment evaluated the effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) treatment at embryo transfer (ET) on embryonic size at implantation, embryonic survival and recipient plasma progesterone (P4) and bovine pregnancy‐specific protein B (PSPB) concentrations until day 63 of pregnancy. Embryos were bisected and each pair of demi‐embryos was bilaterally transferred to recipients (n = 61) on day 7 of the oestrous cycle. At ET recipients were randomly assigned to treatment with 1500 IU hCG or to untreated controls. Higher (p < 0.01) pregnancy rates on days 25, 42 and 63, and embryo survival rate on day 63 were observed in hCG‐treated cows with secondary CL than in hCG‐treated cows without secondary CL and in untreated cows. Pregnancy rates and embryo survival rate were similar in hCG‐treated cows without secondary CL and untreated cows. Embryonic size on day 42 was not affected by treatment with hCG, presence of secondary CL and type of pregnancy (single vs twin). Presence of secondary CL increased (p < 0.05) plasma P4 concentrations of pregnant cows on days 14, 19 and 25 but not thereafter and of non‐pregnant cows on days 14–21. Treatment with hCG and presence of secondary CL had no effect on plasma PSPB concentrations, which were higher (p < 0.05) in twin than in single pregnancies. In conclusion, secondary CL induced by hCG treatment at ET significantly increased plasma P4 concentrations, the survival rate of demi‐embryos and the pregnancy rate of high‐yielding lactating dairy cows. Embryos were rescued beyond maternal recognition of pregnancy, but later embryonic survival, growth until implantation and placental PSPB secretion until day 63 of pregnancy were not affected by treatment or presence of secondary CL.