bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating Boone and Crockett scores for white‐tailed deer from simple antler measurements
Authors: Strickland Bronson K. , Jones Phillip D. , Demarais Stephen , Dacus Chad M. , Dillard Jocephus R. , Jacobson Harry 
Published: April 2013

AbstractAntler characteristics are a measure of phenotypic quality and are used by wildlife managers and hunters to assess herd characteristics of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). A single metric for antler quality would benefit scientists, wildlife managers, and the hunting public by providing a common gauge. Total antler volume or mass may be the most accurate measure of antler development, but is not practical to obtain from most hunter‐harvested animals. The most accepted single measure of antler size is Boone & Crockett (B&C) score. We confirmed the efficacy of gross B&C scores as a predictor of antler mass (g) using antler measurements from 159 captive deer from the Mississippi State University Rusty Dawkins Memorial Deer Unit taken during 1986–1997. Gross B&C score explained 78% of variation in antler mass and was the best 1‐variable predictive model. However, calculation of gross B&C score may require ≥11 measurements for most harvested adult males. To test the possibility of deriving a simple model to predict gross B&C score from a reduced number of measurements, we used data from 3,532 deer in the Mississippi Magnolia Records Program to examine regression models using inside spread, number of antler points, basal circumference, and main beam length as explanatory variables, because these are the most common antler measurements recorded by wildlife managers. A simple model using total number of points ≥2.5 cm and length of main beams explained 77% of variability in gross B&C scores. This model should enable hunters to provide accurate information to biologists regarding antler development in adult age classes, and its relative simplicity may encourage use. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Crystallography under External Electric Field
Authors: Gorfman Semen , Schmidt Oleg , Tsirelson Vladimir , Ziolkowski Michael , Pietsch Ullrich 
Published: April 2013

AbstractStructural response of crystals to an applied external perturbation is important as a key for understanding microscopic origin of physical properties. Experimental investigation of structural response is a great challenge for modern structure analysis. We demonstrate how advanced X‐ray diffraction techniques facilitate probing tiny (10–4Å) distortions of bond lengths under a permanent electric field. We also discuss details of the experimental procedure essential for reaching such precision. We ask whether the experiment can be used to evaluate chemical bonds in crystals by their sensitivity to an external electric field and discuss if the bond deformations can be predicted using the bond‐valence model or the Bader's theory of atoms in molecules and crystals. Finally, we describe the new time‐resolved studies of a structural response to a dynamical switch of applied electric field. These results give access to the time‐lining of piezoelectric effect on a microsecond time scale.
High-yield production of the VP1 structural protein epitope from serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus in Escherichia coli
Authors: Jung Joon-Goo , Lee Yong Jae , Velmurugan Natarajan , Ko Young-Joon , Lee Hyang-Sim , Jeong Ki Jun 
Published: April 2013

Abstract
For effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the development of rapid diagnostic systems and vaccines are required against its etiological agent, FMD virus (FMDV). To accomplish this, efficient large-scale expression of the FMDV VP1 protein, with high solubility, needs to be optimized. We attempted to produce high levels of a serotype O FMDV VP1 epitope in Escherichia coli. We identified the subtype-independent serotype O FMDV VP1 epitope sequence and used it to construct a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein. For efficient production of the FMDV VP1 epitope fused to GST (VP1e–GST), four E. coli strains and three temperatures were examined. The conditions yielding the greatest level of VP1e–GST with highest solubility were achieved with E. coli BL21(DE3) at 25 °C. For high-level production, fed-batch cultures were conducted in 5-l bioreactors. When cells were induced at a high density and complex feeding solutions were supplied, approximately 11 g of VP1e–GST was obtained from a 2.9-l culture. Following purification, the VP1 epitope was used to immunize rabbits, and we confirmed that it induced an immune response.
Achilles' last stand: Institutionalising dissent in Homer'sIliad
Authors: Barker Elton 
Published: April 2013

Debate in theIliad– what form it takes, what significance that might have, whether or not it even exists – has been a matter of some controversy. One approach has been to examine debate in terms of a formal social context and to extrapolate from this some kind of political or – according to other accounts – pre-political community that theIliadpreserves. Scholars have, however come up with very different ideas about how to describe that society, how to interpret that depiction, or whether such attempts are even fruitful. An alternative approach focuses on the form of the speeches and analyses them as the production of thesis and antithesis: in these terms the cut-and-thrust of debate is understood as a form of proto-rhetorical theory.All this seems far removed from debate as it is represented in the narrative, which is the subject of this paper. I begin with four preliminary propositions. Previous approaches have tended to homogenise different scenes of debate, with little regard to differences in structure or context.
The Old Stoa on the Truth-Value of Oaths
Authors: Evans J. D. G. 
Published: April 2013

Recent works on Stoic logic report that among complete λεκτά only a sub-class was regarded as capable of being true or false: by contrast with statements (ἀξιώματα), such other sentences as questions, orders and oaths do not bear a truth-value. But the situation is a good deal more complicated than that, at least in the case of oaths, which I propose to examine.In characterising all such utterances as ‘sentences’ I do not wish to beg questions which will be discussed below. Surface grammar, with its distinctions of indicative, imperative, interrogative and optative, can mislead us as to the real force of an utterance. In the case of oaths there seems to be no preferred form of expression; and it is a matter for deeper philosophical probing to determine their true relation to other speech-acts.
Tibulliana
Authors: Lee Guy 
Published: April 2013

I. I. 37–40 adsitis, diui, neu uos e paupere mensadona nec e puris spernite fictilibus.fictilia antiquus primum sibi fecit agrestispocula, de facili composuitque luto.The comma after pocula in line 40 is the accepted punctuation. But fictilibus in line 38 is a noun and the same word immediately repeated in a different case must naturally be taken by any reader as a noun too. Therefore comma after agrestis; the pentameter is then a line like 1. 3. 38 effusum uentis praebueratque sinum (for such displacement of -que see Platnauer, Latin elegiac verse, p. 91). The movement of thought is from generic fictilia to specific pocula. For this compare 2. 1. 59–60rure puer uerno primum de flore coronamfecit et antiquis imposuit Laribus.
Subject, topic, given and salient: sentence-beginnings in Latin
Authors: Jones F. 
Published: April 2013

This paper summarises the results of an investigation into sentence-beginnings made as part of an attempt to find an approach to word order which would be effective in revealing linguistic continuity as well as coping with the complexity of facts. Its point of origin is the intuition that for a native speaker the process of understanding what is said or written ought to be, at least within reasonable limits, both continuous and in some way in keeping with the order in which the utterance or text is presented.Utterances are linear and temporal, and the ear passes what it receives to the brain in a sequential order that matches the auditory stimulus itself, a fact reflected in the way we write and read; it would be anomalous (though by no means impossible within certian limitations) if the brain were toprocessthe incoming material in some other order. It is therefore worth considering the order in which discourse elements are represented.
Modernism, economics, and the ancient economy
Authors: Meikle Scott 
Published: April 2013

Modernism, as a phenomenon in the study of the ancient world, has shown miraculous powers of recuperation from repeated and apparently fatal blows, and the appearance in 1992 of Edward Cohen's book Athenian economy and society: a banking perspective is a reminder of the fact. Modernism's apparent capacity to postpone terminal decline obviously has something to do with the subject of economics, but the connections are unclear.It might be imagined that modernism began with the first appearance of economics as an independent science in the eighteenth century. But in fact the classical political economists did not seek to universalize political economy backwards in time to cover the whole of human history in the way that today's modernists try to universalize economics. Adam Smith distinguished four stages in the development of mankind from the ‘rude’ to the ‘civilized’ state. He was perfectly aware that what he called ‘the stage of commerce’ was historically recent, that earlier forms of society had been quite different in character, and that the new science of political economy described only the operations of the last stage, that of commerce.
Catullus 64 and theArgonauticaof Apollonius Rhodius: allusion and exemplarity
Authors: Clare R. J. 
Published: April 2013

The sixty-fourth poem of Catullus, a work which has in times past been dismissed as contrived, is now appreciated precisely because it iscarefullycontrived. The majority of modern scholarship seems willing, implicitly or explicitly, to look upon the poem's intricacies and apparent contradictions as constituting part of its attraction, acknowledging that artifice does not necessarily preclude art.The complexities of poem 64 are contingent to a large degree upon its interaction with earlier poetic models. Structural devices of narrative are borrowed from a variety of sources; themes and scenes are delineated so as to reveal their full meaning through reader awareness of other works; literary allusions pervade the text. Perhaps the most salient intertextual feature of Catullus' epyllion is its interaction with previous literary treatments of the myth of Jason and Medea. In this regard, it has long been recognised that a poem of central importance for the reading of Catullus 64 is theArgonauticaof Apollonius Rhodius, and this present exploration of allusion in poem 64 will concentrate on the intertextual connections between 64 and its Hellenistic epic predecessor.
Parua figura poli: Ovid's Vestalia (Fasti 6.249–468) and the Phaenomena of Aratus
Authors: Gee Emma 
Published: April 2013

arte Syracosia suspensus in aere clausostat globus, immensi parua figura poli (Ovid, Fasti 6.277–8)‘The astronomy in the Fasti is indebted to Aratus, as was presumably Ovid's own Phaenomena’. The relationship between the astronomical material in Ovid's Fasti and the astronomical poem by Aratus of Soli, composed under the auspices of Antigonus Gonatas in about 278 B.C., is indisputable; but the nature of this relationship has not been explored. Such an exploration may add a new layer of meaning to Ovid's poem, as an entity which responds not only to aetiological models but also to ‘scientific’ didactic models.
Longinus,on Sublimity
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: April 2013

Until the beginning of the nineteenth century the treatiseOn sublimitywas universally attributed to the third-century critic, rhetorician and philosopher Cassius Longinus. Weiske's edition, first issued in 1809, marked a turning-point in the trend of scholarly opinion, and Longinus' claim to authorship is now generally rejected, often summarily. A variety of alternative attributions have been canvassed; most commonly the work is assigned to an anonymous author of the first century A.D. But a minority of scholars have resisted the consensus and defended Longinus' claim to authorship. This paper will argue that they were right to do so.To avoid ambiguity, I shall follow Russell in using the symbol ‘L’ as a non-committal way of designating the author ofOn sublimity; by ‘Longinus’ I shall always mean Cassius Longinus. So the question before us is whether L is Longinus. I begin by explaining why manuscript evidence (§2) and stylistic comparison with the fragments of Longinus (§3) fail to resolve the question. I then try to find a place for the composition of the treatise within Longinus' career (§4). This leads to a consideration of the final chapter, widely regarded as inconsistent with a third-century date; I shall argue that there is no inconsistency (§5). If so, the way lies open to a reassessment of the case in favour of Longinus' claim.
The Poet of Chester
Authors: Clackson James , Meissner Torsten 
Published: April 2013

In February 1968, a red sandstone altar bearing a Greek inscription (Figure) was discovered in Chester on the English–Welsh border. It records a dedication by a doctor to a number of deities. The inscription has now been published or discussed at least six times but it would seem that essential points in its interpretation have so far been missed.The text as it appears on the inscription is, for the most part, well visible and its reading uncontroversial:It is evident that the inscription is incomplete and one or more lines may be missing. The dating of the inscription is uncertain but it is commonly thought to date from the end of the second century A.D.
ThePolitiques de l'amitié: Derrida's Greeks and a national politics of classical scholarship
Authors: Leonard Miriam 
Published: April 2013

[L]es travaux considérés partagent, entre autre choses, ce que faute de mieux j'appellerai un ‘rapport’ à la ‘chose grecque’, qu‘à cet égard certains d'entre ‘nous’ puissent dire ‘nous’, ‘nous et les Grecs’ […] Il doit bien y avoir des raisons, je veux dires descausesde toute sorte (et non seulement dans l'ordre du discours philosophique, aussi dans ce qu'on appelle – et je me sers à dessein de ces mots conventionnels – la société, l'histoire, la politique, la macro- et la micro- économie des passions et des désirs), pour rendre compte de ce fait: à tel moment, dans un pays donné, un certain nombre de philosophes qui appartiennent à peu près à la même génération, à des institutions très voisines, en gros à la même, et qui publient à peu près en même temps, disent des choses quise ressemblent.(Jacques Derrida ‘Nous Autres Grecs’)
A masculine island in Lucan
Authors: Trevaskis J. R. 
Published: April 2013

The description of Brundisium, Lucan, II, 610–27, concludes:hoc fuga nautarum, cum totas Hadria viresmovit et in nubes abiere Ceraunia cumquespumoso Calaber perfunditur aequore Sason.Sason appears to be the small island just north of the Ceraunian headland off the west coast of Macedonia, modern Sasena (cf. Strab. vi, iii, 5, p. 281; Polyb. v, 110; Plin. H.N. III, 152; Ptol. III, 12 ad fin.), and it is taken in that sense by those editors who notice it. The description would fit such an island in a storm very well.Two questions arise: (1) Why is the island called Calabrian? (2) Why is the epithet masculine?(1) It would hardly seem reasonable to call an island ‘Calabrian’ in a geographical sense unless it were off Calabria. Lucan may have thought the island to lie farther out in the straits than it does (cf. Strab. loc. cit. μέση πως): ancient maps may well have so represented it (cf. Ptol.), certainly if medieval maps can be taken as a guide. His description might then be by hypallage for spumosus Calabro…(pace Palmer., Graec. Antiq. Descr. I, 33, ‘procul dubio quod Calabri olim incoluerant primi’).
(i) Solon, fr. 8 (Diehl), ll. 5–6. (ii) Thucydides, I, 11, 1
Authors: Cook R. M. 
Published: April 2013

‘Υμέων δ’ εἷς μὲν ἕκαστος ἀλώπεκος ἴχνεσι βαίνει,σύμασιν δ' ὑμῑν χαῦνος ἔνεστι νόος.Plut., Sol. 30, 2 Diod. ix, 20, 3. Diog. Laert. I, 52.6 κοῦφος Diod., Diog.There seems to me to be a strong antithesis between the two lines; individually the Athenians are as clever as foxes, collectively they are fools. If so, both the logical and the syntactical balance would be improved by emending χαῦνος to χηνός. But there are two difficulties. First, the corruption would have to be very early, since apparently the standard Hellenistic text read χαῦνος. Secondly, I have found no ancient reference to the folly of the goose except for an entry (which I cannot locate) in Dindorf's Thesaurus, s.v. χήν- ‘Apud Plutarch, vero χηνὸς ἀφρονέστερος, proverb., quoniam stolidum prae multis aliis est hoc animal.’
Problems in Thucydides VI and VII
Authors: Dover K. J. 
Published: April 2013

(a) vi, 6, 2. τὴν γενομένην ἐπὶ Λάχητος καὶ τοῦ προτέρου πολέμου Λεοντίνων οἱ Έγεοταῖοι ξυμμαχίαν ἀναμιμνῄσκοντες τοὺς Άθυηναίους ἐδέοντο σφίσι ναῦς πέμψαντας ἐπαμῦναι.Does Λεοντίνων belong in sense with πολέμου or with ξυμμαχίαν? Elsewhere, πόλεμος with the genitive means ‘war against…’ or ‘war conducted by…’, from the standpoint of the opposing party. The campaign of 427, from the point of view of either Segesta or Athens, was a war about Leontini, but not πόλεμος Λεοντίνων. On the other hand, Λεοντίνων ξυμμαχία is straightforward Thucydidean Greek for ‘alliance with Leontini’. Moreover, the war referred to is adequately defined not only as ἐπὶ Λάχητος but also as τοῦ προτέρου, and additional specification is otiose. The resulting expression τὴν γενομένην ἐπὶ Λάχητος…Λεοντίνων…ξυμμαχίαν is comparable in structure with VIII, 2, 1 τὴν ἐκ τῆς Σικελίας τῶν Άθηναίων μεγάλην κακοπραγίαν.
Epeius, carpenter and athlete
Authors: Howland R.L. 
Published: April 2013

In the Odyssey Epeius is twice mentioned by Odysseus as the maker of the wooden horse—and Odysseus should know—so I hope it is not unreasonable to call Epeius a carpenter. In the Iliad this aspect of his talents is not mentioned; he appears as a competitor in two of the events in the funeral games of Patroclus, and there is no other mention of him in Homer. It is in his capacity as athlete that I want to talk about him today.In the first place he appears as the central figure in a short but dramatic and amusing incident, the boxing match. Leaf says that he seems to be the representative of brute strength, and more recently Fernand Robert has called him a ‘brute ridicule’ and made other, and similar, disparaging remarks about him, even going so far as to say that the event in which he takes part is an ‘épreuve méprisée’. This seems to me not only to be unfair to Epeius but also to indicate a misunderstanding of what Homer tells us. First, there is no evidence of any contempt for boxing.
The Berezan Lead Letter
Authors: Chadwick John 
Published: April 2013

Private letters written on lead sheets in antiquity are rare, but not unknown; the publication of a new example found on the island of Berezan near Olbia in the Black Sea is remarkable as offering an early specimen of the Ionic dialect. Its Russian editor admitted that all its problems had not been solved, and the present article is an attempt to improve the readings and offer some suggestions for a better interpretation.The document is completely preserved and legible without difficulty; it was found rolled up with the address written on the reverse. As Vinogradov suggests, it seems likely that it never reached its addressee. Vinogradov puts its date as the second half of the sixth century B.C. Dr L. H. Jeffery has kindly confirmed that on grounds of letter-forms the date would appear to be not far from 500 B.C.
An Aristarchean maxim?
Authors: Lee Guy 
Published: April 2013

We owe to Mr N. G. Wilson – C.R. XXI (1971), 172 – the demonstration of an analogy between the maxim Ὅμηρον ἐξ Ὁμἠρου σαφηνίӡειν and Agathon's remark, as reported in Aelian's Varia Historia 14. 13, λέληθας σεαυτὸν τὸν Ἀγάθωνα ἐκ τοῦ Ἀγάθωνος ἀφανίӡων. Mr Wilson goes on to argue that the maxim post-dates the remark. I shall here argue the converse.Consider the two following forms of words:A. Ἀγάθωνα ἐξ Ἀγάθωνος ἀφανίӡειν.B. Ὅμηρον ἐξ Ὁμήρου σαφηνίӡειν.We are agreed that they are related, for their structure is almost identical, viz. proper name in accusative, same preposition with proper name in genitive, two verbs differing only by two letters (in speech the difference would be even less – … ς ἀφανίӡειν and σαφηνίӡειν). This particular relationship is such as to exclude the possibility of a common source, for there is no other quadrisyllabic verb plausibly available to rhyme with either of these, and no other name that could plausibly replace either the greatest Greek poet or the greatest Greek tragedian after the classic Three. One of these two forms is primary, the other secondary. But which is which ?
Diodorus Cronus and Hellenistic Philosophy
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: April 2013

During the last four decades historians of ancient logic have become increasingly aware of the importance of Diodorus Cronus and his pupil Philo as pioneers of the propositional logic which came to flourish in the Stoa. Their direct influence has so far been recognised in two main areas of Hellenistic controversy – the validity-criteria for conditional propositions, and the definition of the modal terms ‘possible’ and ‘necessary’. But some broader questions have not been satisfactorily answered. What were Diodorus' own philosophical allegiances and antecedents? What is his place in the history of Greek philosophy? How far-reaching was his influence on the post-Aristotelian philosophers?There was little chance of tackling these questions confidently until 1972, when Klaus Döring published for the first time the collected fragments of Diodorus, in his important volume Die Megariker. Meagre though they are, these fragments confirm my suspicion that Diodorus' philosophical background has not been fully explored, and also that his influence on the three emerging Hellenistic schools – the Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics – was far wider than has hitherto been recognised. There has been much discussion as to which earlier philosophers played the most decisive part in shaping Hellenistic philosophy, and the respective claims of the Platonists and of Aristotle have never lacked expert advocacy. In all this, the claims of so obscure a figure as Diodorus have been underrated.
Thucydides on Faction (3.82–83)
Authors: Macleod C.W. 
Published: April 2013

Thucydides' account of faction in the Peloponnesian War (3.82–83) is perhaps more often admired than appreciated; and indeed its structure and wording have not always satisfied commentators. Two kinds of question raised by the passage may be identified:(1) What does it say and what is it about? We need to examine it as a coherent train of thought, and at the same time – for it is plainly not a mere digression or show-piece – as an essential part of Thucydides' whole work. Both the historian's practice and his programme suggest that the reader should do this. For in putting his thoughts in so highly generalized a form, he invites us to apply them widely. Even when they occur in speeches, where a fallible or even dishonest orator is trying to persuade an audience, general statements may be thus widely applicable; how much more when they come directly from the historian. We should also be ready to consider whether what are presented as remarks onstasismay not apply beyond situations ofstasis. For war and faction as twin causes of violent death are closely connected in the proem to Thucydides' whole work (1.23.2); and 3.82.1–2, which echo the proem (1.22.4), bring out that the growth ofstasiswas a natural consequence of war and that instasis, as in war, human nature is revealed.