bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Distinguishing Dissolved-Versus Oil-Droplet Phases in Assessing the Fate, Transport, and Toxic Effects of Marine Oil Pollution1
Authors: Payne James R. , Driskell William B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
For years, it has been known that oil released in seawater partitions into dissolved and oil-droplet phases; however, there has been little effort to discriminate between the phases in oil spill Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) programs. In 1999, portable field equipment was built for this task. By filtering 3.5 L volumes of seawater at the time of collection, method detection limits are improved and it is possible to discriminate between the phases, thereby improving understanding of oil fate and transport processes and providing more accurate toxicological assessments. First utilized in response to the M/V New Carissa oil spill at Coos Bay, Oregon, this approach proved highly successful in discriminating the phase signatures. The resulting data demonstrated that while the dissolved-phase signal appeared in places such as crab tissue and interstitial water on an otherwise clean beach, the oil-droplet phase appeared in tissues of filter-feeding Coos Bay mussels and oysters. In Port Valdez, Alaska, the portable sampler was used to assess the phase signatures in effluent from the Ballast Water Treatment Facility (BWTF) at the Alyeska Marine Terminal. The signatures were then used to reveal differential seasonal uptake in mussels at several sites within the port. During the winter, when the water column is unstratified, both dissolved- and oil-droplet phase contaminants from the BWTF diffuser can reach the upper water column, where they are transported as a surface microlayer by winds and surface currents throughout much the fjord. In the late spring, summer, and fall, when the water column is highly stratified, only the dissolved-phase components are observed in the mussels along the shoreline, as the oil droplets are preferentially trapped below the thermocline. These findings have compelled a reassessment of monitoring methods for oil spill NRDA efforts, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting, and general environmental monitoring.
Developing Geographic Response Strategies: A Model Approach
Authors: Mutter Douglas L , Robertson Tim , De Cola Elise , Munger Mike , Gardner Dale 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A critical element of an oil-discharge/hazardous-substance-release contingency plan is its utility in guiding protection of priority sensitive areas following a discharge or release. This paper discusses a cooperative effort to develop such a tool, the Geographic Response Strategy (GRS), that may be used by other regions in their own contingency plans. A GRS combines local knowledge of sensitive areas with proven operations and logistics into a document with specific guidance for rapid response that can be used in the field. A GRS includes a site map, photograph, and table of associated information describing the resources to protect, operational tactics to carry out the protection, equipment and personnel needs, and site access. Sites are selected based on their environmental sensitivity, the risk of a discharge/release, and the ability to protect the site. Natural resource trustee agencies make preliminary site selections. After consideration of public comments, a GRS Work Group selects the GRS sites. An Operations/Tactics Subgroup designs the response strategy using basic response tactics. GRSs are field tested, when possible, to verify operational feasibility and to ensure that proposed response actions do not inadvertently harm sensitive resources. Completed GRSs for a subarea are compiled into an addendum to the appropriate federal/state subarea contingency plan. The collaborative process to create GRSs is a recent development in Alaska. Concepts framed at a 1998 workshop in Anchorage coalesced early work on site-specific response plans into a common approach that was accepted by the Alaska Regional Response Team. Since 1999, over 145 site-specific GRSs have been prepared for high-risk sensitive areas by work groups consisting of representatives of oil industry; spill response organizations; federal, state, and local agencies; tribal entities; and citizens groups. The GRS process helps stakeholders and the public understand what actions may be feasible during a response.
Controlling Oil Spills in Fast Currents with the Flow∼Diverter
Authors: Coe Tom , Mackey Jim , Marine Hyde 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Sixty nine percent (645 million tons annually) of the oil transported in United States waters is on waterways where currents routinely exceed one knot. Conventional skimmers and booms lose their effectiveness when current speeds exceed 1 knot. The US Coast Guard recognized that this threat could not be easily controlled, and so they initiated a project that led to the successful development of a novel spill control device, the Oil Spill Flow~Diverter. The Flow~Diverter system is effective at diverting and converging oil at speeds up to 5+ knots. In more moderate currents it can also be used in place of an anchor, towboat or outrigger arm to deploy and position the outboard end of a deflection boom. It may also have application to dispersant and in-situ burn operations. The diverter is a unique stable catamaran design that consists of two hulls each comprised of symmetrical foils with integral buoyancy. The foils are pinned to a rigid connecting structure such that they can pivot but always remain parallel to each other. Two or more diverter catamarans can be connected together with cables to increase the total sweep width of the system. Two control lines are anchored to shore or secured to a boat and are used to deploy the system by adjusting the foils’ angle to the oncoming water. With the control lines securely anchored, the system is launched into the current and “flies out” into a stable operating position. It remains in equilibrium, balanced by the hydrodynamic lift forces of the passing water and the tension in the lines. The foils create a strong transverse surface current downstream to achieve the desired diversion and consolidation affect on floating oil. Unlike most skimmers and deflection boom, the diverters are not adversely affected as currents increase. The oil is diverted by the same lateral distance irrespective of the current or speed of advance. This paper presents the development of the Flow~Diverter prototype, its testing and operational evaluations. Several applications of the diverter technology in various response tactics are discussed. Use of the Diverter during a recent US Coast Guard Spill Exercise on the Ohio River is also presented. Production model enhancements are presented that will enhance performance in 7+ knot currents and shallow water applications.
Comparing Oil Spill Rates Using Different Data Sources1
Authors: Stalcup Dana , Yoshioka Gary , Black Elizabeth , Carpenter Madelyn 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Different sources of data on past oil spill incidents contain different kinds of information about each incident and different degrees of accuracy. The appropriate data can be used to develop spill statistics and spill rate relationships. This paper examines data on reported oil spills that have occurred in the United States. Characteristics studied include the number of spills, spill sizes, spill sources, and the types of oil spilled. Studying characteristics of past spills can help government and industry to determine the scope of oil spill prevention policies and response planning methods. The main data sources used for this paper include the Oil Spill Intelligence Report's International Oil Spill Statistics annual summaries and the National Response Center online database. This report provides a discussion of the accuracy of information from sources of oil spill data, to help support the development of spill statistics and spill rate relationships.
Developing an International Oil Spill Policy Strategy for the U.S.
Authors: Adams Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
As called for under the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990 (OPRC), “Parties to the OPRC convention are required to establish measures for dealing with pollution incidents, either nationally or in co-operation with other countries.” As a signatory to OPRC the U.S. Government (USG) has pledged to assist other countries in the development of their own oil spill response capabilities and while USG has many agreements that meet the guidelines of assisting other countries, there is no formal engagement strategy for developing further agreements, no agency championing this effort, and there are many still requiring assistance. However, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) is uniquely positioned to perform the role of drafting an engagement strategy and working with the global community to assist those countries that have yet to develop an adequate oil spill response system of their own due to the lack of resources, expertise or both. There are many hurdles to enabling USCG to assume the OPRC assistance banner that have been previously addressed (Adams, IOSC 2001), which this paper will not seek to readdress. However, if USG does decide to move forward with an integrated policy there remains the need to develop an adequate engagement strategy. This strategy is necessary to ensure the limited resources available for foreign assistance are expended in the most cost effective, ethical and responsible manner possible. There are three alternative strategies I will analyze in an effort to determine the best suited for implementation of this policy. These three strategies are based primarily on 1) environmental need, 2) geographical proximity, and 3) political/economic interests. The goal of this strategy is to effectively implement the oil spill assistance policy alluded to previously in support of the U.S.'s pledge under OPRC. This paper will analyze the success of each strategy making a recommendation on which one USG should pursue.
Histopathology as an Approach to Evaluate the Effect of an Oil Spill on Fishes of the Arroio Saldanha and Rio Iguaçu (Brazil)
Authors: Boeger Walter A. , Guimarães Ana Tereza Bittencourt , Romão Silvia , Ostrensky Antonio , Zamberlan Ernani , Falkiewicz Fernando Henrique 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In July of 2000, an accident occurred at the Presidente Getúlio Vargas Refinery (REPAR), located in the Municipality of Araucaria, Southern Brazil which involved the spilling of about 4 million liters (25,160 barrels) of crude oil. This was considered the largest oil spill in the history of Brazil. Despite of the use of containment barriers, the oil slick reached a small creek (Arroio Saldanha) and, further downstream, two important rivers in the region (Rio Barigüi and Rio Iguaçu). In this stretch, the Rio Iguaçu and the Rio Barigui are highly polluted, having crossed Curitiba, a city that has 2+ million inhabitants, and several industrial areas. The histopathological study of the gills and liver of 2 species of fishes was used to evaluate the impact of the oil on the fish fauna in the affected rivers. The choice of fish species reflects their year-around availability and their predicted roles in the ecosystem. Astyanax sp. is mainly pelagic and Corydoras paleatus is demersal; these fish species should, therefore, indicate the environmental health of these two compartments of the streams. The spatial and temporal distribution of histological alterations was analyzed from up to 10 specimens of each species of fish from collections made in 5 sites. A relative impact index (Ri) was determined by assigning a weight to the extent of each pathology observed in sections of each organ/fish (ii = 1 or 2, for moderate or severe pathologies, respectively). The Ri of each organ and fish specimen was calculated as the average impact of the observed histological injuries using the formula: Ri = Σii/n. Variations of the gill and liver Ri suggest a relative regeneration of the environmental health of the impacted streams. A better understanding of the impact caused to the aquatic system by the oil spill is greatly hindered by the presence of other persistent or sporadic events of environmental aggression to which these streams are submitted.
Habitat Recovery in an Oil-Contaminated Salt Marsh Following Biorestoration Treatments
Authors: Lee Kenneth , Wohlgeschaffen Gary , Cobanli Susan E. , Venosa Albert D. , Suidan Makram T. , Garcia-Blanco Susana , Greer Charles W. , Tremblay Gilles H. , Doe Kenneth G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Wetlands are among the most sensitive of habitats to oil spills. A field experiment was conducted on a salt marsh in Atlantic Canada to determine the significance of bioremediation by nutrient enrichment in enhancing wetland restoration. Six experimental treatments were monitored: (1) unoiled control (2) unoiled control + nutrients, (3) oil with no treatment (natural attenuation), (4) oil + nutrients, (5) oil + nutrients with plants cut back, (6) oil + nutrients with disking (tilling) to enrich oxygen penetration. Remediation success was quantified by determining changes in the composition and concentration of the residual oil, plant recovery and reduction in sediment toxicity. The experimental results advocate natural attenuation as the clean-up strategy for the ecotype under study. Within the untreated plots, significant recovery of the predominant plant species within the marsh (Spartina alterniflora) was observed after 20 weeks and approximately 90% of the resolved n-alkanes and 70% of the parent and alkyl-substituted polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were biodegraded.
A Trajectory Analysis Planner for Puget Sound, Washington1
Authors: Mora David G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Washington State's Puget Sound is perhaps the Pacific Northwest's most precious resource, a resource likely to be seriously damaged should a major spill event occur. For response planners to protect Puget Sound from oil spills it is important to know: 1) Where spills will likely go; 2) How much time will there be to respond; 3) How large will impacts likely be; 4) How much sensitive shoreline will likely be impacted; 5) How many response resources will likely be needed to protect sensitive areas; and 6) Where will spills likely come from that threaten particular sensitive areas? As discussed in previous papers, NOAA's Trajectory Analysis Planner (TAP) can be used to help answer these questions (Hall et al, 2001). In 2000–2002 the Washington State Department of Ecology in conjunction with NOAA developed a Trajectory Analysis Planner for Puget Sound Washington, the most comprehensive TAP produced to date. The Puget Sound TAP shows that with sufficient effort this approach can be used over sizable geographic areas. This paper briefly reviews the concept of TAP, what is behind the Puget Sound TAP, and how the Puget Sound TAP can help answer important planning questions.
DEVELOPMENT OF A DYNAMIC MODELING TOOL FOR OILED WILDLIFE FACILITY DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS
Authors: Ziccardi Michael H. , Campbell Susan M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The planning and construction of oiled wildlife facilities can be a daunting task both before and during oil spill responses. The understanding of the general activities involved in such work, in combination with an appreciation for the infrastructure necessary to complete these activities, is necessary in order to develop a care center able to provide adequate care for impacted animals. To address this need, this paper reviews the overall flow of oiled animals through a spill center, and details the requirements (in terms of space and utilities) of each of the defined areas in a facility. It also presents a recently-created dynamic modeling tool designed to better plan and establish such facilities, and tests this model by presenting the results of three separate scenarios where changes to care protocols and available resources were included to test how such alterations impact the overall success of an oiled wildlife response.
PHYTOTECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO A SEVERELY OILED SHORELINE
Authors: Whelan Ann , Rock Steven 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Northwest Indiana has been the home of oil refining since 1890. Historic practices of dumping waste oil into the ground, releases from aged and/or abandonned infrastructure, and reoiling from groundwater, and oil sediments have created a shoreline comprised of 15–35% oil. Conventional wisdom has been that oil can be neither bioremediated nor phytoremediated if the oil exceeds 8%.
This three year study was conducted in both the green house and the field. Trees, grasses and tuberous plants were investigated to determine if any of them would grow, if they would stay alive and if they actually were able to degrade oil.
The field study determined that plants could survive living in this environment, although certain cultivars as well as certain species performed much better than others. We chose the strongest cultivars and planted larger sections with them in the second year. We were able to show that biological activity in the soil was augmented by between 2–5 orders of magnitude. We were also able to show similar biological activity at the waters edge in the rhizosphere of native, naturally occuring tuberous plants.
The green house portion of the study allowed us to compare the oil degradation rates of the different plants and trees.
In the third year, we have a mixed planting to simulate a more natural habitat. This mixed planting scheme also seeks to use the most appropriate plants in order to treat the oil at multiple interfaces: the top foot of soil with grasses, the deeper soil and groundwater with trees, and the water's edge with tuberous plants.
This approach, although more time-consuming, is substantially less expensive than tradiational means of oil removal. It provides habitat to the birds and animals already using the area. It rapidly creates a barrier of plant litter, and creates soil thereby buffering wildlife from casual oil contamination.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND CONTAMINATION LEVELS OF TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT AT ALANG[-]SOSIYA SHIP SCRAPPING YARD, GULF OF CAMBAY, INDIA
Authors: Reddy M. Srinivasa , Basha Shaik , Joshi H. V. , Ramachandraiah G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The present study assesses the distribution and contamination levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHCs) in surface seawaters during three successive seasons, (summer, monsoon and winter), and polyeyelie aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in intertidal sediments along the worlds largest Alang-Sosiya ship-scrapping yard. The pollution levels at this coast are evaluated and compared with those at one reference station (Mahuva, 60 km away from this yard towards south) in this region and similar ship scrapping yards in Asia. The concentrations of TPHCs in seawater were high in winter season followed by summer and monsoon which were relatively, much higher, about six times in winter and five times in summer/monsoon as compared to the reference station at Mahuva. The TPHCs concentrations in the coastal waters of Alang-Sosiya region are nearly 10–100 times higher on compared with other regions. The levels of PAHs found in the Alang-Sosiya sediments are between four and nine times higher than these prescribed levels by OSPAR commission. The overall levels of PAHs show the low content in Alang-Sosiya compared to values reported from Chang Jiang in China while the concentrations were nearly three times higher than Aliaga in Turkey. The relationships between the content of PAHs and %TOM (total organic matter) in sediments are discussed.
EXAMINING THE FATE OF EMULSION BREAKERS USED FOR DECANTING1
Authors: Buist Ian , Lewis Alun , Guarino Allan , Mullin Joe 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Skimmers operating in waves often recover a large amount of water, both in the form of water-in-oil emulsions and free water. Recovered water dramatically reduces the temporary storage capacity available for oily fluids offshore. The addition of chemical emulsion breakers to the recovery system has been shown to increase the amount of water that can be quickly decanted when recovering emulsions. A significant potential impediment to the application of emulsion breakers to extend temporary storage capacity is the ultimate fate of the emulsion breaking chemical(s). If they end up in the separated water, they will be discharged into the marine environment when the water is decanted.
The objective of this study was to research the partitioning of emulsion breakers injected into an oil spill recovery system at both lab-scale and mid-scale, at Ohmsett. The experiments were designed to simulate the conditions in an offshore oil spill recovery operation. The ability of emulsion breaker addition to reduce water contents of the recovered fluid and the effects of demulsifier addition of the oil content of decanted water were also assessed.
The formation of micelles by the surfactants in the water at high concentrations and the resulting limitations of the analytical technique used to measure high concentrations of the demulsifiers in the decanted water make definitive, quantitative conclusions about the partitioning of the demulsifier between oily and water phases impossible. The following general conclusions could be made:A large fraction of the demulsifier injected into the recovered fluid stream appears to end up in the decanted water.The concentrations of demulsifier in the decanted water are well in excess of 100 ppm and could be as high as 1000's of ppm.
The use of a demulsifier injected into a recovery system, combined with decanting, substantially reduced the volume of water in temporary storage tanks and the water content of emulsions for disposal/recycling. The efficacy of the demulsifier was a strong function of free water content: if the free water content exceeded approximately 55%, the effect of the surfactant was substantially reduced. The degree of emulsion breaking increased with increasing mixing energy applied to the fluid. Increasing the flow rate (and hence turbulence level) and increasing the length of the flow path both resulted in increased emulsion breaking. Primary break occurred in only a few minutes: the application of demulsifier did not appear to affect the time required compared to previous tests without demulsifiers. The results indicated that the use of a demulsifier increased oil droplet concentrations in the decanted water by approximately a factor of two compared to similar tests without demulsifier.