bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and patterns of alcohol use in pregnancy in remote Western Australian communities: The LililwanProject
Authors: Fitzpatrick James P. , Latimer Jane , Ferreira Manuela L. , Carter Maureen , Oscar June , Martiniuk Alexandra L. C. , Watkins Rochelle E. , Elliott Elizabeth J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsAlcohol use in pregnancy is thought to be common in remote Australian communities, but no population‐based data are available. Aboriginal leaders in remote Western Australia invited researchers to determine the prevalence and patterns of alcohol use in pregnancy within their communities.Design and MethodsA population‐based survey of caregivers of all children born in 2002/2003 and living in the Fitzroy Valley in 2010/2011 (n = 134). Alcohol use risk was categorised using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test consumption subset (AUDIT‐C) tool. Birth and child outcomes were determined by interview, medical record review and physical examination.Results127/134 (95%) eligible caregivers participated: 78% were birth mothers, 95% were Aboriginal and 55% reported alcohol use in index pregnancies; 88% reported first trimester drinking and 53% drinking in all trimesters. AUDIT‐C scores were calculated for 115/127 women, of whom 60 (52%) reported alcohol use in pregnancy. Of the 60 women who drank (AUDIT‐C score ≥ 1), 12% drank daily/almost daily, 33% drank 2–3 times per week; 71% drank ≥ 10 standard drinks on a typical occasion; 95% drank at risky or high‐risk levels (AUDIT‐C score ≥ 4). Mean AUDIT‐C score was 8.5 ± 2.3 (range 2–12). The most common drinking pattern was consumption of ≥10 standard drinks either 2–4 times per month (27%) or 2–3 times per week (27%).Discussion and ConclusionsHigh‐risk alcohol use in pregnancy is common in remote, predominantly Aboriginal communities in north western Australia. Prevention strategies to reduce prenatal alcohol use are urgently needed. [Fitzpatrick JP, Latimer J, Ferreira ML, Carter M, Oscar J, Martiniuk ALC, Watkins RE, Elliott EJ. Prevalence and patterns of alcohol use in pregnancy in remote Western Australian communities: The Lililwan Project. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015]
Health‐care professionals’ attitudes across different hospital departments regarding alcohol‐related presentations
Authors: Iqbal Nauman , McCambridge Orlagh , Edgar Lauren , Young Ciara , Shorter Gillian W. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsAttitudes to individuals presenting with alcohol‐related issues are important in developing therapeutic relationships and applying alcohol‐related interventions. This study explores staff attitudes to these individuals across a range of roles and departments.Design and MethodsData were gathered from 204 staff in the Southern Health and Social Care Trust in Northern Ireland. Regression models were used to predict attitudes as measured by the Short Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaire (SAAPPQ).ResultsTwo hundred and four people participated in the study. The sample comprised doctors, nurses, allied health professionals and other staff who had face‐to‐face contact with patients. Staff worked in accident and emergency (A&E), medical, surgical, addiction or psychiatry departments. Staff working in addiction and psychiatry departments had significantly higher levels of role adequacy compared with those in A&E. Staff in addictions also demonstrated higher levels of role legitimacy, motivation and role satisfaction than those in A&E. Doctors had higher role adequacy and role legitimacy than nursing staff.Discussion and ConclusionsThere are critical differences in staff attitudes to patients presenting with alcohol‐related issues in a range of hospital settings; training and working in a specialist setting have a significant positive influence on staff attitudes. This suggests that further training and support would positively enhance the attitudes of staff in a variety of professional roles and across a range of hospital settings in the management of patients presenting with alcohol‐related difficulties. [Iqbal N, McCambridge O, Edgar L, Young C, Shorter GW. Health‐care professionals’ attitudes across different hospital departments regarding alcohol‐related presentations. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015;34:487–94]
Do women grow out of risky drinking? A prospective study of three cohorts of Australian women
Authors: Powers Jennifer R. , Anderson Amy E. , Byles Julie E. , Mishra Gita , Loxton Deborah J. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIntroduction and AimsTo examine women's drinking behaviour relative to Australian guidelines and identify associated factors over the lifespan.Design and MethodsData came from three prospective cohorts of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health aged 18–23 (n = 14 247), 45–50 (n = 13 715) and 70–75 years (n = 12 432) when first surveyed in 1996. The same women were re‐surveyed at roughly 3‐year intervals until 2012. At each survey, four drinking behaviours were based on two guidelines: long‐term drinking (no more than two standard drinks per day) and episodic drinking (no more than four standard drinks on an occasion): (i) no risk (within both guidelines); (ii) low episodic risk (less than once a month); high episodic risk (at least once a month); long‐term risk (more than two drinks per day regardless of episodic drinking).ResultsNo risk drinking increased with age, low episodic risk drinking remained almost constant between ages 18 and 39, and high episodic risk drinking declined rapidly. Few women drank at long‐term risk. Factors associated with risky drinking varied with age; however, being a past or current smoker consistently increased the risk, and risks for smokers increased with age. Risky drinking was less likely to be practised by women providing care and needing help with daily tasks, or by pregnant women and those living with children.Discussion and ConclusionsRisky drinking behaviour should be addressed in younger women and in those who smoke. Interventions to reduce risky drinking, possibly in combination with reducing smoking, could be offered through general practice centres. [Powers JR, Anderson AE, Byles JE, Mishra G, Loxton DJ. Do women grow out of risky drinking? A prospective study of three cohorts of Australian women. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015]
Thermal behaviour and the prospect spread of an invasive benthic top predator onto the Euro‐Arctic shelves
Authors: Christiansen Jørgen S. , Sparboe Maria , Sæther Bjørn‐S. , Siikavuopio Sten I. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimA focal task for invasion biology is to identify the environmental variables and biological traits that set and underpin realised and potential habitats of invasive species. Ecophysiology provides powerful empirical knowledge that connects theory with natural phenomena and may improve the accuracy of species distribution modelling. We used the introduced Kamchatka red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus of the Barents Sea as a prime case to show how thermal behaviour may drive the spreading of a marine invader in context of ocean warming. Finally, we discuss the conceivable consequences for a poleward spread of invasive top predators on native marine biota, conservation and management policies.LocationBarents Sea, Euro‐Arctic shelves, Northeast Atlantic.MethodsWe used novel and non‐manipulative tests which allowed adult red king crab to freely select and monitor ambient temperature in situ across a < 1–14 °C gradient by means of a temperature data storage tag attached to the carapace.ResultsAdult red king crab, irrespective of body size, maturation stage and nutritional state, (1) displays clear behavioural thermoregulation in a hetero‐thermal environment and, (2) conclusively selects temperatures in the coldest end of a gradient and avoids temperatures > 4 °C. The final thermal preferendum matches completely present day Arctic shelf temperatures north and east in the Barents Sea.Main conclusionsThis is the first published study on the thermal behaviour of a marine invasive top predator. Our tests and the concurrent realised habitat north‐east of Kola Peninsula suggest that the introduced red king crab is capable of invading the Euro‐Arctic shelves in less than three decades. We argue that current management practices of the introduced red king crab compromise Arctic biodiversity and conservation and, to counteract further spreading, we recommend free fisheries on this species across its entire distributional area in the Northeast Atlantic.
Glucose‐lowering effect and glycaemic variability of insulin glargine, insulin detemir and insulin lispro protamine in people with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Derosa G. , Franzetti I. , Querci F. , Romano D. , D'Angelo A. , Maffioli P. 
Published: February 2015

AimTo compare, using a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system, the effect on glycaemic variability of insulin glargine, detemir and lispro protamine.MethodsA total of 49 white people with type 1 diabetes, not well controlled by three times daily insulin lispro, taken for at least 2 months before study and on a stable dose, were enrolled. The study participants were randomized to add insulin glargine, detemir or lispro protamine, once daily, in the evening. We used a CGM system, the iPro Digital Recorder (Medtronic MiniMed, Northridge, CA, USA) for 1 week. Glycaemic control was assessed according to mean blood glucose values, the area under the glucose curve above 3.9 mmol/l (AUC>3.9) or above 10.0 mmol/l (AUC>10.0), and the percentage of time spent with glucose values >3.9 or >10.0 mmol/l. Intraday glycaemic variability was assessed using standard deviation (s.d.) values, the mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions and continuous overlapping of net glycaemic action. Day‐to‐day glycaemic variability was assessed using the mean of daily differences.ResultsThe s.d. was found to be significantly lower with insulin lispro protamine and glargine compared with insulin detemir. AUC>3.9 was higher and AUC>10.0 was lower with insulin lispro protamine and glargine compared with detemir. The mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions and continuous overlapping net glycaemic action values were lower with insulin lispro protamine and glargine compared with detemir. In addition, the mean of daily differences was significantly lower with insulin lispro protamine and glargine compared with detemir. Fewer hypoglycaemic events were recorded during the night‐time with insulin lispro protamine compared with glargine and detemir.ConclusionsThe results suggest that insulin lispro protamine and glargine are more effective than detemir in reducing glycaemic variability and improving glycaemic control in people with type 1 diabetes. Insulin lispro protamine seems to lead to fewer hypoglycaemic events than other insulin regimens.
Intrapulmonary Shunt and SCUBA Diving: Another Risk Factor?
Authors: Madden Dennis , Ljubkovic Marko , Dujic Zeljko 
Published: February 2015

Laboratory and field investigations have demonstrated that intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA) may provide an additional means for venous gas emboli (VGE) to cross over to the arterial circulation due to their larger diameter compared to pulmonary microcirculation. Once thought to be the primary cause of decompression sickness (DCS), it has been demonstrated that, even in large quantities, their presence does not always result in injury. Normally, VGE are trapped in the site of gas exchange in the lungs and eliminated via diffusion. When VGE crossover takes place in arterial circulation, they have the potential to cause more harm as they are redistributed to the brain, spinal column, and other sensitive tissues. The patent foramen ovale (PFO) was once thought to be the only risk factor for an increase in arterialization; however, IPAVAs represent another pathway for this crossover to occur. The opening of IPAVAs is associated with exercise and hypoxic gas mixtures, both of which divers may encounter. The goal of this review is to describe how IPAVAs may impact diving physiology, specifically during decompression, and what this means for the individual diver as well as the future of commercial and recreational diving. Future research must continue on the relationship between IPAVAs and the environmental and physiological circumstances that lead to their opening and closing, as well as how they may contribute to diving injuries such as DCS.
Clinical Consideration for Techniques to Detect and Quantify Blood Flow through Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses: Lessons from Physiological Studies
Authors: Duke Joseph W. , Elliott Jonathan E. , Lovering Andrew T. 
Published: February 2015

Intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA) are large diameter (>50 μm) vascular conduits, present in >95% of healthy humans. Because IPAVA are large diameter pathways that allow blood flow to bypass the pulmonary capillary network, blood flow through IPAVA (QIPAVA) can permit the transpulmonary passage of particles larger than pulmonary capillaries. IPAVA have been known to exist for over 50 years, but their physiological and clinical significance are still being established; although, currently suggested roles for QIPAVA include allowing emboli to reach the systemic circulation and providing a source of shunt. Studying QIPAVA is an important area of research and as the suggested roles become better established, detecting and quantifying QIPAVA may become significantly more important in the clinic. Several techniques that can be used to quantify and/or detect QIPAVA in animals, ex vivo human/animal lungs, and intact healthy humans; microspheres, radiolabeled macroaggregated albumin particles, and saline contrast echocardiography, are reviewed with limitations and advantages to each. The current body of literature using these techniques to study QIPAVA in animals, ex vivo lungs, and healthy humans has established conditions when QIPAVA is present, such as during exercise or with arterial hypoxemia and conditions when QIPAVA is absent, such as at rest or during exercise breathing 100% O2. Many of these physiological studies have direct application to patient populations and we discuss each of these findings in the context of their potential to influence the clinical utility, and interpretation, of the results from these techniques highlighted in this review.
Screening for sub‐threshold psychotic experiences and perceived need for psychological services
Authors: Demmin Docia L. , DeVylder Jordan E. , Hilimire Matthew R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimSub‐threshold psychotic experiences (PEs) are common in the general population and may increase risk for psychological distress and psychosis onset, generating a need for effective community screening instruments. This study aimed to explore the utility of a brief, self‐report, psychosis risk screening tool in predicting perceived need for psychological treatment among a non‐clinical sample, above and beyond that accounted for by accompanying forms of psychopathology or trait neuroticism.MethodsConstruct validity, predictive validity and test–retest reliability of the brief, self‐report questionnaire for screening putative prepsychotic states were determined among college students (N = 679). Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between PEs and perceived need for psychological services.ResultsWith the exception of auditory perceptual disturbances, PEs were not significantly associated with one's need for services, or the belief from others that services are needed, after controlling for neuroticism, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Auditory perceptual disturbances were significantly associated with the perceived need for psychological services, even after accounting for these additional symptoms.ConclusionsThese results confirm the usefulness of the psychosis risk screening tool in evaluating the presence of sub‐threshold PEs, particularly auditory perceptual disturbances. The relationship between other PEs and a perceived need for psychological services, however, was largely explained by the existence of neurotic traits and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Screening for auditory perceptual disturbances may be useful in identifying unmet clinical need among young adults.
Social media and suicide prevention: a systematic review
Authors: Robinson Jo , Cox Georgina , Bailey Eleanor , Hetrick Sarah , Rodrigues Maria , Fisher Steve , Herrman Helen 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimSocial media platforms are commonly used for the expression of suicidal thoughts and feelings, particularly by young people. Despite this, little is known about the ways in which social media can be used for suicide prevention. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review to identify current evidence pertaining to the ways in which social media are currently used as a tool for suicide prevention.MethodsMedline, PsycInfo, Embase, CINHAL and the Cochrane Library were searched for articles published between 1991 and April 2014. English language articles with a focus on suicide‐related behaviour and social media were included. No exclusion was placed on study design.ResultsThirty studies were included; 4 described the development of social media sites designed for suicide prevention, 6 examined the potential of social media in terms of its ability to reach or identify people at risk of suicide, 15 examined the ways in which people used social media for suicide prevention‐related purposes, and 5 examined the experiences of people who had used social media sites for suicide prevention purposes. No intervention studies were identified.ConclusionSocial media platforms can reach large numbers of otherwise hard‐to‐engage individuals, may allow others to intervene following an expression of suicidal ideation online, and provide an anonymous, accessible and non‐judgmental forum for sharing experiences. Challenges include difficulties controlling user behaviour and accurately assessing risk, issues relating to privacy and confidentiality and the possibility of contagion. Social media appears to hold significant potential for suicide prevention; however, additional research into its safety and efficacy is required.
Comparison of immunological and microbiological characteristics in children and the elderly with or without dental caries
Authors: Yang Ying , Li Yuhong , Lin Yuhong , Du Minquan , Zhang Ping , Fan Mingwen 
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among early childhood caries (ECC), root caries (RC), the quantity of Streptococcus mutans in saliva, and the concentrations of total and specific secretory IgA (sIgA). Saliva samples were collected from 70 children, 3–4 yr of age, with and without ECC, and from 43 adults, ≥60 yr of age, with and without RC. The decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) and decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (dmfs) scores of each child, and the root decayed and filled teeth (RDFT) and root decayed and filled surfaces (RDFS) scores of each elderly subject, were determined. The S. mutans levels, total sIgA, and specific sIgA against two virulence antigens of S. mutans in saliva were analysed using quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) and ELISAs. The quantity of S. mutans was significantly higher in caries‐positive subjects within the two populations than in the caries‐free subjects; and a positive correlation was found between the quantity of S. mutans and the dmft, dmfs, RDFT, and RDFS scores. In addition, the salivary total sIgA was significantly higher in children with severe early childhood caries (SECC) and in the elderly subjects with RC. Moreover, although the S. mutans level was significantly higher, the concentrations of specific sIgA against S. mutans antigens were significantly lower in samples from elderly subjects than in samples from children. These results support the concept that S. mutans is positively associated with ECC and RC. Furthermore, the levels of S. mutans‐specific antibodies in saliva are too low to prevent infection with cariogenic bacteria and to inhibit development of ECC and RC.
Structure and reaction mechanism of a novel enone reductase
Authors: Hou Feng , Miyakawa Takuya , Kitamura Nahoko , Takeuchi Michiki , Park Si‐Bum , Kishino Shigenobu , Ogawa Jun , Tanokura Masaru 
Published: February 2015

Recently, a novel gut‐bacterial fatty acid metabolism, saturation of polyunsaturated fatty acid, that modifies fatty acid composition of the host and is expected to improve our health by altering lipid metabolism related to the onset of metabolic syndrome, was discovered in Lactobacillus plantarum AKU 1009a. Enzymes constituting the pathway catalyze sequential reactions of free fatty acids without CoA or acyl carrier protein. Among these enzymes, CLA‐ER was identified as an enone reductase that can saturate the C=C bond in the 10‐oxo‐trans‐11‐octadecenoic acid (KetoB) to produce 10‐oxo‐octadecanoic acid (KetoC). This enzyme is the sole member of the NADH oxidase/flavin reductase family that has been identified to exert an enone reduction activity. Here, we report both the structure of holo CLA‐ER with cofactor FMN and the KetoC‐bound structure, which elucidate the structural basis of enone group recognition of free fatty acids and provide the unique catalytic mechanism as an enone reductase in the NADH oxidase/flavin reductase family. A ‘cap’ structure of CLA‐ER underwent a large conformational change upon KetoC binding. The resulting binding site adopts a sandglass shape and is positively charged at one side, which is suitable to recognize a fatty acid molecule with enone group. Based on the crystal structures and enzymatic activities of several mutants, we identified C51, F126 and Y101 as the critical residues for the reaction and proposed an alternative electron transfer pathway of CLA‐ER. These findings expand our understanding of the complexity of fatty acid metabolism.DatabaseThe atomic coordinates have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), www.pdb.org (PDB ID 4QLX, 4QLY)
Modeling the ComD/ComE/comcde interaction network using small angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Sanchez Dyana , Boudes Marion , van Tilbeurgh Herman , Durand Dominique , Quevillon‐Cheruel Sophie 
Published: February 2015

The ComD–ComE two‐component system controls the competence state of Streptococcus pneumoniae via the phospho‐regulation of ComE, which fluctuates between monomeric and dimeric states. We previously showed that the non‐phosphorylatable ComED58A mutant is monomeric in solution, whereas the ComED58E active mimic mutant dimerizes via its REC domains. The crystal structure of ComED58A revealed an asymmetric dimer that may represent the activated form of ComE. Here, we investigated the binding between the catalytic domain of ComD, ComE and the promoter region comcde, using small angle X‐ray scattering. ComDcatdom is a dimer that adapts two monomers of ComE, one on each side, placing ComED58 residue in front of ComDH248, a location that is convenient for the intermolecular transfer reaction of the phosphoryl group. The LytTR, ComED58A and ComED58E complexed with comcde are composed of two protein molecules per DNA duplex. Modeling the complexes against small angle X‐ray scattering data indicated that ComED58E bound to comcde forms a compact dimer similar to the crystal structure, whereas ComED58A–comcde adopts more than one conformation with or without dimer contacts. The various oligomeric states of ComE induce different bending angles of the promoter, which provides a mechanistic scenario for the activation of ComE: the phosphorylation of ComE forces additional bending of comcde, and the release of this bending strain on DNA via the disruption of the ComE dimer may signal the shut‐off of the competence state.DatabaseThe molecular models and experimental SAXS data have been deposited on SASBDB (Small Angle Scattering Biological Data Bank) (see http://www.sasbdb.org/aboutSASBDB/) under the SAS codes SASDAA7, SASDAB7 and SASDAC7.