bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification by clustering using an extended saliency measure
Authors: Barak A. , Gelbard R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIn many data mining tasks, the goal is to classify entities into a set of pre‐defined groups (classes). A second and equally important goal is the interpretation, i.e. understanding the nature of the population aggregated in each class. These tasks are rendered even more complex when there is no a‐priori information regarding the right classification.The current paper is based on two concepts: (1) Bounded‐Rationality theory which implements an S‐shaped function that represents human logic as a saliency measure to determine the substantial features that characterize each potential group and (2) Classification by clustering (CBC) that applies Decision Tree‐like classification in unsupervised clustering problems, where neither an a‐priori classification nor target‐attributes are known in advance.In the context of these two concepts, the current research contributes: (1) by expanding the saliency measure to all possible types of variables (nominal as well as numerical), (2) by evaluating, using five datasets, a composite model that combines the CBC method and the saliency concept.The findings show that by using clustering algorithms for classification tasks (CBC method) the results are as accurate as those obtained by conventional Decision Trees, but with a better saliency factor.
Learning to Teach a Foreign Language: Identity Negotiation and Conceptualizations of Pedagogical Progress
Authors: Martel Jason 
Published: August 2015

AbstractFrom an empirical standpoint, relatively little is known about learning outcomes associated with foreign language teacher preparation programs in the United States. In order to address this gap, the present study considers a Spanish student teacher's learning about language pedagogy during her yearlong licensure program. Using symbolic interactionist and teacher socialization lenses, the study conceptualizes learning in social terms, with identity as the unit of analysis. Findings highlight the messages that were communicated to the participant by significant others in university‐ and student teaching–based settings about how she should take up the role of Spanish teacher, in addition to the unique ways in which she folded—or did not fold—these messages into her self‐concept. The notion of progress in the field of foreign language teacher education is discussed in light of these findings.
Is preoperative state anxiety a risk factor for postoperative delirium among elderly hip fracture patients?
Authors: Van Grootven Bastiaan , Detroyer Elke , Devriendt Els , Sermon An , Deschodt Mieke , Flamaing Johan , Dubois Christophe , Milisen Koen 
Published: August 2015

AimTo determine if preoperative state anxiety is a risk factor for postoperative delirium in older hip fracture patients.MethodsA secondary data analysis comprising data from a prospective non‐randomized trial including 86 patients with a hip fracture aged 65 years and older was carried out. State anxiety was measured preoperatively using the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. Delirium and its severity was measured pre‐ and postoperatively (day 1, 3, 5, 8) by trained research nurses using the Confusion Assessment Method and Delirium Index.ResultsA total of 24 patients (27.9%) developed delirium postoperatively. Preoperative state anxiety (State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory) was not associated with postoperative delirium (rb = 0.135, P = 0.353), duration of postoperative delirium (rho = 0.038, P = 0.861) or severity of postoperative delirium (rho = 0.153, P = 0.160). Independent predictors of postoperative delirium were lower MMSE scores (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.60–0.95, P = 0.015), osteosynthesis surgery (OR 3.66, 95% CI 1.02–13.15, P = 0,047) and lowest intraoperative diastolic blood pressure (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.85–0.99, P = 0.031).ConclusionNo relationship between state anxiety and postoperative delirium was found, but significant methodological hurdles were observed and discussed providing important groundwork for further research in this area. Further research should focus on reliable measurement of state anxiety in cognitively impaired older populations. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 948–955.
International trends in health science librarianship part 15: West Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal)
Authors: Sulemani Solomon Bayugo , Afarikumah Ebenezer , Aggrey Samuel Bentil , Ajuwon Grace A. , Diallo Ousmane 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis is the 15th in a series of articles exploring international trends in health science librarianship in the 21st century. It is the third of four articles pertaining to different regions in the African continent. The present issue focuses on countries in West Africa (Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal). The next feature column will investigate trends in North Africa.JM
Information behaviour of French‐speaking speech–language therapists in Belgium: results of a questionnaire survey
Authors: Durieux Nancy , Pasleau Françoise , Piazza Aurelie , Donneau Anne‐Françoise , Vandenput Sandrina , Maillart Christelle 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBackgroundSpeech–language therapists (SLTs) are encouraged to implement evidence‐based practice (EBP). Nevertheless, EBP use by practitioners can be questioned.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to explore Belgian French‐speaking SLTs’ information behaviour and their awareness of EBP. The collected data allow one to determine how far they have embraced this approach.MethodsThe two Belgian French‐speaking SLT professional associations promoted an online questionnaire survey by email. Additionally, clinical supervisors of students were asked to participate. In March 2012, 2068 emails were sent.ResultsThe participation rate was at least 20% (n = 415). The reported information needs mainly concerned treatment or diagnosis. Most of the time, to attempt to fulfil their information needs, SLTs relied on their own resources (personal experience and libraries) and on colleagues in the workplace. When they searched on the Internet, they preferred to use a general search engine rather than a specialised bibliographic database. Barriers to obtaining scientific information are highlighted. Only 12% of the respondents had already heard about EBP.ConclusionThis study provides the first overview of the information behaviour of SLTs working in the French community of Belgium. Several recommendations are suggested for SLTs and librarians.
Prognostic significance of morphological growth patterns and mitotic index of epithelioid malignant peritoneal mesothelioma
Authors: Krasinskas Alyssa M , Borczuk Alain C , Hartman Douglas J , Chabot John A , Taub Robert N , Mogal Ashish , Pingpank James , Bartlett David , Dacic Sanja 
Published: August 2015

AimsThe prognostic significance of histological subtyping of epithelioid pleural mesotheliomas has been recently reported, but similar data are lacking for peritoneal mesotheliomas. The aim of this study was to investigate possible relationships between histological growth patterns of epithelioid peritoneal mesotheliomas, clinicopathological features, and patient outcome.Methods and resultsEighty‐four cases of chemotherapy‐naive epithelioid peritoneal mesothelioma were classified into tubulopapillary, micropapillary, papillary, tubular, solid and trabecular growth patterns. Pathological features such as depth of invasion, lymphocytic host response, mitotic count, nuclear grade, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis and stromal desmoplasia were analysed. The most common histological patterns were solid (n = 37, 44%), tubulopapillary (n = 24, 29%), and micropapillary (n = 11, 13%). The overall median survival was 36 months. Patients with solid mesothelioma had shorter overall survival (median, 29 months) than patients with tubulopapillary and micropapillary growth patterns (median, 51 and 53 months, respectively; P = 0.053). A high mitotic index (>5 in 50 high‐power fields) was found to be associated with poor survival (P < 0.03). A moderate to severe lymphocytic host response was associated with longer median survival (P = 0.13).ConclusionsOur study highlights the prognostic importance of the solid growth pattern among diffuse epithelioid peritoneal mesotheliomas, and reaffirms mitotic index as a predictor of overall survival.
Comparison of three retreatment techniques with ultrasonic activation in flattened canals using micro‐computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Bernardes R. A. , Duarte M. A. H. , Vivan R. R. , Alcalde M. P. , Vasconcelos B. C. , Bramante C. M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAimTo use micro‐CT to quantitatively evaluate the amount of residual filling material after using several techniques to remove root fillings with and without ultrasonic activation and to analyse the cleanliness of the root canal walls and dentine tubules with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).MethodologyThe root canals of one hundred and eight human mandibular incisors were selected and instrumented with rotary files using the BioRace system up to file size 40, .04 taper. After instrumentation, the teeth were filled using a hybrid technique with gutta‐percha and sealer then divided into three groups according to the method used for removing the root filling: G1‐Reciproc (using only instrument R50), G2‐ProTaper Universal retreatment system and G3‐Manual (hand files and Gates‐Glidden burs). All groups were divided into two subgroups depending on whether ultrasonic agitation was used with the irrigants. Micro‐CT scans were taken before and after removal of the filling material to detect residual material in the canal. After micro‐CT analysis, the roots were cut in half, imaged by SEM and scored based on the amount of surface covered by root filling remnants. The data were analysed statistically using a significance level of 5%.ResultsAll groups had retained material in the root canals after instrumentation. The Reciproc method was associated with less retained material than the ProTaper and Manual methods. Ultrasonic activation significantly reduced the amount of residual root filling in all groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionNone of the instrumentation methods were able to completely remove root filling material. Ultrasonic activation improved the removal of root filling material in all groups.
Sensory and nutritive profiles of biscuits from whole grain sorghum and pearl millet plus soya flour with and without sourdough fermentation
Authors: Omoba Olufunmilayo S. , Taylor John R. N. , de Kock Henriëtte L. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryWhole grain sorghum–soya and pearl millet–soya composite biscuits, with and without sourdough, were produced with the aim of developing a ready‐to‐eat supplementary food for nutritionally at‐risk school‐age children in Africa. Descriptive sensory profiling revealed that the biscuits were indistinguishable from a whole grain wheat biscuit standard in terms of hardness, roughness and coarseness, but they were darker, less crisp, less dry and denser with distinctive sorghum flavour. Biscuits containing sourdough were sourer to taste and had more aroma and a more fermented taste and odour character; other examples were more rancid and bitter with less sorghum‐type flavour. Biscuits without sourdough were blander and sweeter. Two biscuits per day will, on average, contribute 13% of the Dietary Reference Intake of fibre for children aged 4–8 years and 16%, 11% and 8% of Mg, Fe and Zn, respectively. The sourdough biscuits had 10–17% less phytate, and phenolic content while antioxidant activity increased.
Effect of vitamin D3 treatment on endothelial function in obese adolescents
Authors: Javed A. , Kullo I. J. , Balagopal P. Babu , Kumar S. 
Published: August 2015

SummaryBackgroundObesity in children is associated with vitamin D deficiency and endothelial dysfunction. It is not known if treatment with vitamin D improves endothelial function in obese adolescents.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine whether treatment with vitamin D3 improves endothelial function in obese adolescents.MethodsNineteen obese adolescents, 13–18 years of age, with 25‐hydroxy vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels <75 nmol L−1 were treated with 100 000 IU vitamin D3 orally once a month for 3 months in an open‐label, single‐centre prospective trial. Endothelial function was assessed by flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery at study entry and 1 month after the third dose of vitamin D3. Biochemical parameters, including calcium, fasting lipids, glucose, insulin and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, were also obtained.ResultsMean 25(OH)D levels increased from 55.9 ± 12.2 to 86.9 ± 16.7 nmol L−1 (P < 0.01). There was no correlation between 25(OH)D levels and brachial artery FMD. The brachial artery FMD (%) did not change significantly following vitamin D3 treatment (9.5 ± 3.53 vs. 10.3 ± 3.83, P = 0.83). Serum parathyroid hormone declined from 3.8 ± 1.5 to 3.1 ± 1 pmol L−1 (P = 0.01). The remainder of biochemical measurements did not show a significant change.ConclusionsTreatment with vitamin D3, 100 000 IU once a month for 3 months was effective in increasing 25(OH)D levels in obese adolescents but did not impact endothelial function.
Local attachments and transnational everyday lives: second‐generation Italians in Switzerland
Authors: WESSENDORF SUSANNE 
Published: August 2015

AbstractMany descendants of migrants grow up in the context of lively transnational social relations to their parents' homeland. Among southern Italian migrants in Switzerland, these relations are imbued with the wish to return among the first generation, a dream fostered since the beginning of their migration after the Second World War. Second‐generation Italians have developed different ways of negotiating the transnational livelihoods fostered by their parents on the one hand, and the wish for local attachments on the other. In this article I discuss how the children of Italian migrants have created their own cultural repertoires ofItalianitàand belonging within Switzerland and with co‐ethnic peers, and how, for some, this sense of belonging evokes the wish for ‘roots migration’, the relocation to the parents' homeland. With the example of two trajectories of local attachment and transnationalism among members of the second generation of the same origin, I question existing work on the second generation that assumes commonalities among them on the grounds of ethnicity and region of origin.
Evidence‐informed health policy making in Canada: past, present, and future
Authors: Boyko Jennifer A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractEvidence‐informed health policy making (EIHP) is becoming a necessary means to achieving health system reform. Although Canada has a rich and well documented history in the field of evidence‐based medicine, a concerted effort to capture Canada's efforts to support EIHP in particular has yet to be realized. This paper reports on the development of EIHP in Canada, including promising approaches being used to support the use of evidence in policy making about complex health systems issues. In light of Canada's contributions, this paper suggests that scholars in Canada will continue engaging in the field of EIHP through further study of interventions underway, as well as by sharing knowledge within and beyond Canada's borders about approaches that support EIHP.
Constraining P–T conditions during thrusting of a higher pressure unit over a lower pressure one (Gran Paradiso, Western Alps)
Authors: Manzotti P. , Pitra P. , Langlade J. , Ballèvre M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIdentifying higher pressure units overlying lower pressure ones is a first order argument to determine the presence of large‐scale thrusting. For the first time, petrology is used to quantify the pressure difference between two stacked units in the Western Alps. In the Gran Paradiso Massif, the Money unit crops out as a tectonic window below the Gran Paradiso unit. The reconstruction of the Alpine evolution of these two units and the history of their tectonic contact has been achieved using a multidisciplinary approach that combines meso‐ and microstructural analysis and pseudosection calculations. In both units, four stages of deformation and metamorphism have been identified. Stage 1 reflects the phase of continental crust subduction and P–T conditions of ~18–20 kbar, 480–520 °C and of ~13–18 kbar, 500–530 °C have been estimated for the Gran Paradiso and the Money units respectively. This yields a maximum difference of ~20 km in the depth reached by these two units during the early Alpine history. Thrusting of the Gran Paradiso unit over the Money unit (stage 2) led to the development of the main foliation and occurred in the high‐P part of the albite stability field at P–T conditions of ~12.5–14.5 kbar and 530–560 °C, identical in both units. The thrust contact was folded during stage 3 together with the entire Money unit, and then both units were exhumed together (stage 4). During this polyphase evolution, detrital garnet has been partially dissolved, while the earliest Na‐bearing phases (glaucophane, paragonite) have been overprinted by the low‐P mineral associations. The uncertainties on derived pressures between the two units are unfortunately larger than hoped, and this is attributed to the muscovite solid‐solution model not incorporating a pyrophyllite component.
Musculoskeletal anatomy and feeding performance of pre‐feeding engyodontic larvae of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla)
Authors: Bouilliart Mathias , Tomkiewicz Jonna , Lauesen Peter , De Kegel Barbara , Adriaens Dominique 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBeing part of the elopomorph group of fishes, Anguillidae species show a leptocephalus larval stage. However, due to largely unknown spawning locations and habitats of their earliest life stages, as well as their transparency, these Anguilla larvae are rarely encountered in nature. Therefore, information regarding the early life history of these larvae, including their exogenous feeding strategy and feeding performance, is rather scarce. To better understand the structural basis and functional performance of larval feeding in captivity, the functional morphology of the cranial musculoskeletal system in pre‐ and first‐feeding engyodontic leptocephali of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) was studied. A 3D reconstruction of the feeding apparatus (head of the leptocephali < 1 mm) was used to visualize and describe the musculoskeletal changes throughout these stages. To analyze the ontogenetic changes in the functionality of the feeding apparatus towards the active feeding phase, 3D data of joints, levers and muscles derived from the reconstructions were used to estimate bite and joint reaction forces (JRFs). Observing a maximum estimated bite force of about 65 μN (and corresponding JRFs of 260 μN), it can be hypothesized that leptocephalus larvae are functionally constrained to feed only on soft food particles. Additionally, potential prey items are size delimited, based on the theoretically estimated average gape of these larvae of about 100 μm. This hypothesis appears to be in line with recent observations of a diet consisting of small and/or gelatinous prey items (Hydrozoa, Thaliacea, Ctenophora, Polycystenia) found in the guts of euryodontic leptocephalus larvae.
Time course and side‐by‐side analysis of mesodermal, pre‐myogenic, myogenic and differentiated cell markers in the chicken model for skeletal muscle formation
Authors: Berti Federica , Nogueira Júlia Meireles , Wöhrle Svenja , Sobreira Débora Rodrigues , Hawrot Katarzyna , Dietrich Susanne 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe chicken is a well‐established model for amniote (including human) skeletal muscle formation because the developmental anatomy of chicken skeletal muscle matches that of mammals. The accessibility of the chicken in the egg as well as the sequencing of its genome and novel molecular techniques have raised the profile of this model. Over the years, a number of regulatory and marker genes have been identified that are suited to monitor the progress of skeletal myogenesis both in wildtype and in experimental embryos. However, in the various studies, differing markers at different stages of development have been used. Moreover, contradictory results on the hierarchy of regulatory factors are now emerging, and clearly, factors need to be able to cooperate. Thus, a reference paper describing in detail and side‐by‐side the time course of marker gene expression during avian myogenesis is needed. We comparatively analysed onset and expression patterns of the key markers for the chicken immature paraxial mesoderm, for muscle‐competent cells, for cells committed to myogenesis and for cells entering terminal differentiation. We performed this analysis from stages when the first paraxial mesoderm is being laid down to the stage when mesoderm formation comes to a conclusion. Our data show that, although the sequence of marker gene expression is the same at the various stages of development, the timing of the expression onset is quite different. Moreover, marker gene expression in myogenic cells being deployed from the dorsomedial and ventrolateral lips of the dermomyotome is different from those being deployed from the rostrocaudal lips, suggesting different molecular programs. Furthermore, expression of Myosin Heavy Chain genes is overlapping but different along the length of a myotube. Finally, Mef2c is the most likely partner of Mrf proteins, and, in contrast to the mouse and more alike frog and zebrafish fish, chicken Mrf4 is co‐expressed with MyoG as cells enter terminal differentiation.
Saffron: a natural product with potential pharmaceutical applications
Authors: Christodoulou Eirini , Kadoglou Nikolaos PE , Kostomitsopoulos Nikolaos , Valsami Georgia 
Published: August 2015

Abstract

Objectives
Recently, a great deal of interest has been developed to isolate and investigate novel bioactive components from natural resources with health beneficial effects. Saffron is the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L. and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine mainly for its healing properties, as well as for the treatment of various pathological conditions. Objectives of the present review are to unravel its therapeutic properties and investigate the potential applications of saffron in contemporary therapy of a wide spectrum of diseases and summarize previous and current evidence regarding the biological/pharmacological activities of saffron and its active ingredients and their possible therapeutic uses.

Key findings
Recent phytochemistry and pharmacological experiments have indicated that crocin and safranal, the major active ingredients of saffron, exert important actions, such as antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic. Unfortunately, the vast majority of those data derive from in vitro studies, whereas a limited number of in vivo experiments support the aforementioned effects. In addition to studies with mechanistic implications, very few clinical trials provide preliminary evidence of saffron potentiality to alleviate depression and increase cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

Summary
The history and structural features of saffron constituents are given in the first part of the review, followed by a comprehensive and critical presentation of the published preclinical and clinical studies and review papers on the pharmacology and possible therapeutic uses of saffron and its main active components crocin and safranal.