bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐extraction evaluation of sockets with one plate loss – a microtomographic and histological study
Authors: Osorio Leandro B. , de Menezes Luciane M. , Assaf Jamal H. , Soares André V. , da Veiga Marcelo L. , Stuani Maria B. S. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of socket repair after teeth extraction with loss of a bone plate.Material and MethodLower incisors were extracted from 120‐day‐old male rabbits. A standardized defect of 5 mm in the buccal plate was created in one of the socket sites. Furthermore, complete closures of the sockets entrance were performed. Two groups of biopsies were obtained: one with 14 days of healing and the other with 112, to perform the micro‐CTand histological evaluations of the tested group with plate loss comparing with the control group with the intact buccal bone wall.ResultsPlate loss sites demonstrated reduction in width when compared to the intact ones and, this difference decreased with time.ConclusionLong‐term analysis showed that plate loss interfered in final ridge measurements by reducing the middle portion of the socket width compared to the intact plate sockets. The histological and micro‐CTqualitative analysis showed that both sites presented similar pattern of healing, despite the reduced dimension found in plate loss sites.
Manipulating Morality: Third‐Party Intentions Alter Moral Judgments by Changing Causal Reasoning
Authors: Phillips Jonathan , Shaw Alex 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe present studies investigate how the intentions of third parties influence judgments of moral responsibility for other agents who commit immoral acts. Using cases in which an agent acts under some situational constraint brought about by a third party, we ask whether the agent is blamed less for the immoral act when the third party intended for that act to occur. Study 1 demonstrates that third‐party intentions do influence judgments of blame. Study 2 finds that third‐party intentions only influence moral judgments when the agent's actions precisely match the third party's intention. Study 3 shows that this effect arises from changes in participants' causal perception that the third party was controlling the agent. Studies 4 and 5, respectively, show that the effect cannot be explained by changes in the distribution of blame or perceived differences in situational constraint faced by the agent.
Identification of Candidate Long Noncoding RNAs Associated with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Authors: Zhang Lu , Hamad Eman A. , Vausort Mélanie , Funakoshi Hajime , Feldman Arthur M. , Wagner Daniel R. , Devaux Yvan 
Published: November 2014

AbstractPurposeLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute an emerging group of noncoding RNAs, which regulate gene expression. Their role in cardiac disease is poorly known. Here, we investigated the association between lncRNAs and left ventricular hypertrophy.MethodsWild‐type and adenosine A2A receptor overexpressing mice (A2A‐Tg) were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and expression of lncRNAs in the heart was investigated using genome‐wide microarrays and an analytical pipeline specifically developed for lncRNAs.ResultsMicroarray analysis identified two lncRNAs up‐regulated and three down‐regulated in the hearts of A2A‐Tg mice subjected to TAC. Quantitative PCR showed that lncRNAs 2900055J20Rik and Gm14005 were decreased in A2A‐Tg mice (3.5‐ and 1.8‐fold, p < 0.01). We found from public microarray dataset that 2900055J20Rik and Gm14005 were increased in TAC mice compared to sham‐operated animals (1.8‐ and 1.4‐fold, after 28 days, p < 0.01). Interestingly, in this public dataset, cardioprotective drug JQ1 decreased 2900055J20Rik and Gm14005 expression by 2.2‐ and 1.6‐fold (p < 0.01).ConclusionsFirst, we have shown that data on lncRNAs can be obtained from gene expression microarrays. Second, expression of lncRNAs 2900055J20Rik and Gm14005 is regulated after TAC and can be modulated by cardioprotective molecules. These observations motivate further investigation of the therapeutic value of lncRNAs in the heart.
Quality Control and Reproducibility in M‐Mode, Two‐Dimensional, and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Acquisition and Analysis: The CARDIA Study, Year 25 Examination Experience
Authors: Armstrong Anderson C. , Ricketts Erin P. , Cox Christopher , Adler Paul , Arynchyn Alexander , Liu Kiang , Stengel Ellen , Sidney Stephen , Lewis Cora E. , Schreiner Pamela J. , Shikany James M. , Keck Kimberly , Merlo Jamie , Gidding Samuel S. , Lima João A. C. 
Published: November 2014

IntroductionFew large studies describe quality control procedures and reproducibility findings in cardiovascular ultrasound, particularly in novel techniques such as speckle tracking echocardiography (STE). We evaluate the echocardiography assessment performance in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study Year 25 (Y25) examination (2010–2011) and report findings from a quality control and reproducibility program conducted to assess Field Center image acquisition and reading center (RC) accuracy.MethodsThe CARDIA Y25 examination had 3475 echocardiograms performed in 4 US Field Centers and analyzed in a RC, assessing standard echocardiography (LA dimension, aortic root, LV mass, LV end‐diastolic volume [LVEDV], ejection fraction [LVEF]), and STE (two‐ and four‐chamber longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strains). Reproducibility was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficients of variation (CV), and Bland–Altman plots.ResultsFor standard echocardiography reproducibility, LV mass and LVEDV consistently had CV above 10% and aortic root below 6%. Intra‐sonographer aortic root and LV mass had the most robust values of ICC in standard echocardiography. For STE, the number of properly tracking segments was above 80% in short‐axis and four‐chamber and 58% in two‐chamber views. Longitudinal strain parameters were the most robust and radial strain showed the highest variation. Comparing Field Centers with echocardiography RC STE readings, mean differences ranged from 0.4% to 4.1% and ICC from 0.37 to 0.66, with robust results for longitudinal strains.ConclusionEchocardiography image acquisition and reading processes in the CARDIA study were highly reproducible, including robust results for STE analysis. Consistent quality control may increase the reliability of echocardiography measurements in large cohort studies.
Predators marked with chemical cues from one prey have increased attack success on another prey species
Authors: VAN MAANEN ROOS , BROUFAS GEORGE , DE JONG PAULIEN , AGUILAR‐FENOLLOSA ERNESTINA , REVYNTHI ALEXANDRA , SABELIS MAURICE W. , JANSSEN ARNE 
Published: November 2014

1. To reduce the risk of being eaten by predators, prey alter their morphology or behaviour. This response can be tuned to the current danger if chemical or other cues associated with predators inform the prey about the risks involved.2. It is well known that various prey species discriminate between chemical cues from predators that fed on conspecific prey and those that fed on heterospecific prey, and react stronger to the first. It is therefore expected that generalist predators are more successful in capturing a given prey species when they are contaminated with chemical cues from another prey species instead of cues from the same prey species.3. Here, a generalist predatory mite was studied that feeds on thrips larvae as well as on whitefly eggs and crawlers. Mites were marked with cues (i.e. body fluids) of one of these two prey species and were subsequently offered thrips larva.4. Predators marked with thrips cues killed significantly fewer thrips than predators marked with whitefly cues, even though the predator's tendency to attack was the same. In addition, more thrips larvae sought refuge in the presence of a predatory mite marked with thrips cues instead of whitefly cues.5. This suggests that generalist predators may experience improved attack success when switching prey species.
The hemibiotrophic lifestyle of the fungal pine pathogen Dothistroma septosporum
Authors: Kabir M. S. , Ganley R. J. , Bradshaw R. E. 
Published: November 2014

SummaryDothistroma needle blight is a forest disease of increasing international importance due to its ability to kill as well as to retard the growth of pines. It is caused by fungi in the genus Dothistroma that produce dothistromin, a non‐host selective toxin and virulence factor that is involved in necrosis of pine tissue. Recent studies of the genome of one of the main pathogenic species, Dothistroma septosporum, showed that it contains many similarities to that of the biotroph Cladosporium fulvum, including the presence of candidate biotrophic effector genes, which supported the hypothesis that D. septosporum has a hemi‐biotrophic lifestyle. Using Pinus radiata as a host, we used a combination of microscopy, histological and molecular tools to further test this hypothesis and to determine the stage of the disease cycle in which dothistromin toxin is produced. The results showed a biotrophic‐type phase in which the fungus grew over the needle surface, penetrated through stomatal pores and colonized epistomatal chambers. The subsequent necrotrophic phase was characterized by colonization of the mesophyll and production of dothistromin, with a >100‐fold increase in dothistromin levels from early necrotic lesion to sporulating lesion stages. This is consistent with the role of dothistromin as a virulence factor that is involved in lesion expansion.
Clinical course and prognosis of non‐secretory multiple myeloma
Authors: Chawla Sagar S. , Kumar Shaji K. , Dispenzieri Angela , Greenberg Alexandra J. , Larson Dirk R. , Kyle Robert A. , Lacy Martha Q. , Gertz Morie A. , Rajkumar S. Vincent 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prognosis of patients with non‐secretory myeloma.MethodsWe studied 124 patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma who had no monoclonal protein detected on serum and urine immunofixation at diagnosis and on all subsequent follow‐up testing (non‐secretory myeloma). The overall survival (OS) of patients with non‐secretory myeloma was compared with 6953 patients with typical myeloma seen during the same time period in whom a monoclonal protein was detected at the time of diagnosis.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐four patients met criteria for non‐secretory multiple myeloma. The median follow‐up was 102 months (range, 1–204 months). The median progression‐free survival with initial therapy was 28.6 months, and the median OS was 49.3 months. There was a significant improvement in OS since 2001; median survival 43.8 months (prior to 2001) vs. 99.2 months (2001–2012), P < 0.001. OS was superior in patients with a normal baseline FLC ratio (n = 10) compared to patients with an abnormal ratio (n = 19), medians not reached in both groups. Prior to 2001, OS was similar in non‐secretory myeloma (n = 86) and secretory myeloma (n = 4011), median 3.6 vs. 3.5 yr, respectively, P = 0.63. However, among patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2012, OS was superior in non‐secretory myeloma (n = 36) compared to secretory myeloma (n = 2942), median 8.3 vs. 5.4 yr, respectively, P = 0.03.ConclusionsNon‐secretory myeloma is an uncommon subtype of multiple myeloma. In the last decade, there has been an improvement in the survival of non‐secretory myeloma and appears superior to secretory myeloma.
Development and Assessment of the Effectiveness of an Undergraduate General Education Foreign Language Requirement
Authors: Thompson Robert J. , Walther Ingeborg , Tufts Clare , Lee Kunshan Carolyn , Paredes Liliana , Fellin Luciana , Andrews Edna , Serra Matt , Hill Jennifer L. , Tate Eleanor B. , Schlosberg Laura 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article describes a faculty‐led, multiyear process of formulating learning objectives and assessing the effectiveness of a foreign language requirement for all College of Arts and Sciences undergraduates at a research university. Three interrelated research questions were addressed: (1) What were the levels and patterns of language courses completed under the language requirement compared to those under the previous curriculum? (2) To what extent was the oral proficiency learning objective being attained? and (3) How did oral proficiency vary by course level and the patterns of courses completed to satisfy the language requirement? The oral proficiency of 614 students was assessed with the Simulated Oral Proficiency Interview and categorized in terms of ACTFL ratings. Study findings indicated that 76% of students met or exceeded the objective of the Intermediate Mid level of oral proficiency and that oral proficiency differed by course level and the pattern of courses completed to satisfy the language requirement. In particular, the impact of completing an advanced‐level course was clear, which in turn had implications for curricular policies and academic advising. It is argued that faculty‐led evaluation of program effectiveness, in which assessment approaches are both summative and formative and findings are routinely used to improve educational practices as well as document student learning, is the necessary context for developing an evidence‐based approach to undergraduate language education.
Climate change and dead zones
Authors: Altieri Andrew H. , Gedan Keryn B. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractEstuaries and coastal seas provide valuable ecosystem services but are particularly vulnerable to the co‐occurring threats of climate change and oxygen‐depleted dead zones. We analyzed the severity of climate change predicted for existing dead zones, and found that 94% of dead zones are in regions that will experience at least a 2 °C temperature increase by the end of the century. We then reviewed how climate change will exacerbate hypoxic conditions through oceanographic, ecological, and physiological processes. We found evidence that suggests numerous climate variables including temperature, ocean acidification, sea‐level rise, precipitation, wind, and storm patterns will affect dead zones, and that each of those factors has the potential to act through multiple pathways on both oxygen availability and ecological responses to hypoxia. Given the variety and strength of the mechanisms by which climate change exacerbates hypoxia, and the rates at which climate is changing, we posit that climate change variables are contributing to the dead zone epidemic by acting synergistically with one another and with recognized anthropogenic triggers of hypoxia including eutrophication. This suggests that a multidisciplinary, integrated approach that considers the full range of climate variables is needed to track and potentially reverse the spread of dead zones.
Supply of cellulosic biomass in Illinois and implications for the Conservation Reserve Program
Authors: Chen Xiaoguang , Li Linlin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe developed a mathematical programming model to estimate the supply of cellulosic biomass in Illinois at various biomass prices and examine the implications of biomass production for the maintenance costs of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). We find that Illinois has the potential to produce about 38.4–54.5 million dry metric tons (MT) of biomass in 2020 at a biomass price of $150/MT, depending on the production costs of cellulosic feedstocks, residue collection technology, and rates of yield increases of conventional crops. Corn stover will account for more than 65% of the total biomass production across biomass prices and the scenarios considered, while the roles of wheat straw and energy crops are quite limited. Given biomass prices of $50/MT‐$150/MT, many landowners would convert their expiring CRP lands to croplands. To maintain the size of the CRP during the 2007–2020 period at the 2007 levels in Illinois, total program maintenance costs would be $104.6–176.5 million at a biomass price of $50/MT, depending on biomass production conditions and crop yields on CRP lands. This would increase to $155.2–245.4 million at a biomass price of $150/MT.
Differential methylation of the promoter and first exon of the RASSF1A gene in hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Jain Surbhi , Xie Lijia , Boldbaatar Batbold , Lin Selena Y. , Hamilton James P. , Meltzer Stephen J. , Chen Shun‐Hua , Hu Chi‐Tan , Block Timothy M. , Song Wei , Su Ying‐Hsiu 
Published: November 2014

AimAberrant methylation of the promoter, P2, and the first exon, E1, regions of the tumor suppressor gene RASSF1A, have been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), albeit with poor specificity. This study analyzed the methylation profiles of P1, P2 and E1 regions of the gene to identify the region of which methylation most specifically corresponds to HCC and to evaluate the potential of this methylated region as a biomarker in urine for HCC screening.MethodsBisulfite DNA sequencing and quantitative methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to compare methylation of the 56 CpG sites in regions P1, P2 and E1 in DNA isolated from normal, hepatitic, cirrhotic, adjacent non‐HCC, and HCC liver tissue and urine samples for the characterization of hypermethylation of the RASSF1A gene as a biomarker for HCC screening.ResultsIn tissue, comparing HCC (n = 120) with cirrhosis and hepatitis together (n = 70), methylation of P1 had an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) of 0.90, whereas methylation of E1 and P2 had AUROC of 0.84 and 0.72, respectively. At 90% sensitivity, specificity for P1 methylation was 72.9% versus 38.6% for E1 and 27.1% for P2. Methylated P1 DNA was detected in urine in association with cirrhosis and HCC. It had a sensitivity of 81.8% for α‐fetoprotein negative HCC.ConclusionAmong the three regions analyzed, methylation of P1 is the most specific for HCC and holds great promise as a DNA marker in urine for screening of cirrhosis and HCC.
Randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of new alcohol‐free chlorhexidine mouthrinses after 8 weeks
Authors: Zimmer S , Korte P , Verde P , Ohmann C , Naumova E , Jordan RA 
Published: November 2014

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of two alcohol‐free antimicrobial mouthrinses in reducing plaque and gingivitis compared to an alcohol‐containing rinse and toothbrushing alone.MethodsOne hundred and sixty healthy volunteers were enrolled in the randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly and equally assigned to four groups: (i) toothbrushing + rinsing (0.06% CHX + 0.025% NaF, alcohol‐containing rinse, positive control); (ii) toothbrushing + rinsing (0.06% CHX + 0.025% NaF, alcohol‐free experimental rinse); (iii) toothbrushing + rinsing (0.06% CHX + 0.03% CPC + 0.025% NaF, alcohol‐free experimental rinse); (iv) toothbrushing alone (negative control). At baseline, Quigley‐Hein plaque index (QHI), modified proximal plaque index (MPPI), and papillary bleeding index (PBI) were recorded. All subjects brushed their teeth as usual during the study. Additionally, groups 1–3 rinsed twice daily. Eight weeks after baseline, indices were recorded again. anova with Bonferroni adjustment served for statistical analysis.ResultsOne hundred and fifty‐five participants were included into final analysis (i: n = 39, 2: n = 39, 3: n = 37, 4: n = 40). Experimental rinses (ii, iii) reduced QHI and MPPI to a higher extent than the negative control (iv), whereas no significant difference to the positive control was found. QHI: (i) 36.6%, (ii) 32.3%, (iii) 36.8%, (iv) 21.6%; MPPI: (i) 11.9%, (ii) 12.2%, (iii) 13.6%, (iv) 3.5%. For PBI, no statistically significant difference was found between groups: (i) 80.2%, (ii) 77.8%, (iii) 76.5% and (iv) 78.8%.ConclusionsWith respect to QHI and MPPI, toothbrushing in combination with any rinse was more effective than toothbrushing alone. No statistically significant differences were found between the alcohol‐free and the alcohol‐containing control rinses.
Global analysis and indeterminacy in a two‐sector growth model with human capital
Authors: Antoci Angelo , Galeotti Marcello , Russu Paolo 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe purpose of the present paper is to highlight some features of global dynamics of the two‐sector growth model with accumulation of human and physical capital analyzed by Brito and Venditti, which is a specialization of the model proposed by Mulligan and Sala‐i‐Martín. In particular, our analysis focuses on the context in which the Brito–Venditti system admits two balanced growth paths, each corresponding, after a change of variables, to an equilibrium point of a three‐dimensional system, and proves the possible existence of points such that in any neighborhood of lying on the plane corresponding to fixed values of the state variables there exist points whose positive trajectories tend to either equilibrium point. This implies that equilibrium selection in the Brito–Venditti system may depend on the expectations of economic agents rather than on the history of the economy. That is, economies with identical technologies and preferences, starting from the same initial values of the state variables (history), may follow rather different equilibrium trajectories according to the economic agents’ choices of the initial values of the jumping variables (expectations). Moreover, we prove that the basins of attraction (two or three‐dimensional) of locally indeterminate equilibrium points may be very large, as they can extend up to the boundary of the system phase space.
Trade costs, FDI incentives, and the intensity of price competition
Authors: Gori Giuseppe Francesco , Lambertini Luca , Tampieri Alessandro 
Published: November 2014

AbstractContrary to theoretical predictions, empirical evidence shows that an increase in trade liberalization causes an increase in foreign direct investment. We propose an explanation for this apparent puzzle by exploiting Dastidar's approach, which delivers a continuum of Bertrand–Nash equilibria ranging above marginal cost pricing. We show that allowing for softer price competition may indeed more than offset the standard effect generated by a decrease in trade costs, thereby restoring foreign direct investment incentives.
Failure of ad valorem and specific tax equivalence under uncertainty
Authors: Goerke Laszlo , Herzberg Frederik , Upmann Thorsten 
Published: November 2014

AbstractApplying a framework of perfect competition under uncertainty, we contribute to the discussion of whether or not ad valorem taxes and specific taxes are equivalent. While this equivalence holds without price uncertainty, we show that ad valorem taxes and specific taxes are “almost never” equivalent in the presence of uncertainty if we require equivalence to hold pathwise. Since we obtain this result under perfect competition, our analysis also provides a further rationale for why the equivalence must fail under imperfect competition.
Prevent, Protect, and Prosecute Human Trafficking in Mexico: Policy and Practical Recommendations
Authors: Rietig Victoria 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThis article presents original research findings on the state of anti‐trafficking efforts in Mexico. Based on quantitative and qualitative interviews with stakeholders from government, civil society, and United Nations organizations, this article provides data on the challenges these actors face, especially regarding corruption and violence. It argues for eight actions to improve prevention, protection, and prosecution: 1. Collect more and better data; 2. Retain officials; 3. Support shelters; 4. Employ better evaluation measures and use multipliers; 5. Provide technical help to NGOs; 6. Design a coordination platform; 7. Increase the rule of law, and 8. Promote high‐level interest to push the topic of human trafficking on the political agenda in Mexico. In sum, these eight actions address the deficiencies this research found, and outlines concrete steps each actor can take to improve the current anti‐trafficking regime in Mexico.