bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex of the baby and future maternal risk of Type 2 diabetes in women who had gestational diabetes
Authors: Retnakaran R. , Shah B. R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimsWomen who develop gestational diabetes mellitus have a chronic defect in the secretion of insulin by the pancreatic β cells that underlies both their diagnostic hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and their elevated lifetime risk of developing Type 2 diabetes in the future. It has recently emerged that carrying a male fetus is associated with poorer maternal β‐cell function and an increased risk of gestational diabetes, whereas the development of gestational diabetes when carrying a girl (as compared with a boy) predicts a comparatively higher risk of early progression to Type 2 diabetes before any subsequent pregnancy. In this context, we sought to determine the impact of fetal sex on the long‐term risk of Type 2 diabetes in women with gestational diabetes.MethodsUsing population‐based administrative databases, we identified all women in Ontario, Canada, with a singleton live‐birth first pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes between April 2000 and March 2010 (n = 23 363). We compared the risk of subsequent Type 2 diabetes after pregnancy in those who carried a girl (n = 11 229) vs. those who carried a boy (n = 12 134).ResultsOver median 5.5 years follow‐up, 5483 women (23.5%) were diagnosed with diabetes. Compared with those who carried a boy, women who had a girl had an elevated risk of subsequently developing diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.06, 95% CI 1.01–1.12).ConclusionsAmong women with gestational diabetes, those who are carrying a girl have a slightly higher overall future risk of Type 2 diabetes.
Granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor treatment results in recovery of motor function after white matter damage in mice
Authors: Theoret Jennifer K. , Jadavji Nafisa M. , Zhang Min , Smith Patrice D. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractClinical stroke usually results from a cerebral ischaemic event, and is frequently a debilitating condition with limited treatment options. A significant proportion of clinical strokes result from specific damage to the subcortical white matter (SWM), but currently there are few animal models available to investigate the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies to promote recovery. Granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) is a cytokine that has been previously shown to promote neuroprotective effects after brain damage; however, the mechanisms mediating this effect are not known. Here, it is reported that GM‐CSF treatment results in dramatic functional improvement in a white matter model of stroke in mice. SWM stroke was induced in mice by unilateral injections of the vasoconstrictor, endothelin‐1 (ET‐1). The results reveal that ET‐1‐induced stroke impairs skilled motor function on the single pellet‐reaching task and results in forelimb asymmetry, in adult mice. Treatment with GM‐CSF, after stroke, restores motor function and abolishes forelimb asymmetry. The results also indicate that GM‐CSF promotes its effects by activating mammalian target of rapamycin signalling mechanisms in the brain following stroke injury. Additionally, a significant increase in GM‐CSF receptor expression was found in the ipsilateral hemisphere of the ET‐1‐injected brain. Taken together, the present study highlights the use of an under‐utilized mouse model of stroke (using ET‐1) and suggests that GM‐CSF treatment can attenuate ET‐1‐induced functional deficits.
The role of the substantia nigra pars reticulata in kindling resistance in rats with genetic absence epilepsy
Authors: Akman Ozlem , Gulcebi Medine I. , Carcak Nihan , Ketenci Ozatman Sema , Eryigit Tugba , Moshé Solomon L. , Galanopoulou Aristea S. , Onat Filiz Yilmaz 
Published: October 2015

SummaryObjectiveGenetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) show a resistance to secondary generalization of focal limbic seizures evoked by kindling. The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) is involved in the propagation and modulation of seizures in kindling. We first examined the role of the SNRanterior and SNRposterior subregions in the resistance to the development of kindling in GAERS. Subsequently, to determine whether kindling resistance relates to differential sensitivity of γ‐aminobutyric acid γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic or dopaminergic SNR neurons to kindling, we studied the effects of kindling‐inducing stimulations on parvalbumin (PRV; GABAergic neuron marker) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; dopaminergic neuron marker) immunoreactivity (ir), respectively, in GAERS and in nonepileptic control (NEC) Wistar rats that lack kindling resistance.MethodsAdult male GAERS were implanted with a stimulation electrode in the amygdala, and bilateral injection cannulas for lidocaine or saline injection (30 min before each kindling stimulation until the animals reached three stage 5 seizures or the 22 stimulations) into the SNRanterior or SNRposterior. In another experiment, PRV‐ir in SNRanterior and SNRposterior and TH‐ir in SNRposterior only were densitometrically compared in GAERS‐SHAM, NEC‐SHAM GAERS‐STIM, and NEC‐STIM animals (6 kindling stimulations).ResultsBilateral SNRposterior infusions of lidocaine eliminated the kindling resistance and resulted in stage 5 generalized motor seizures in all kindled rats. Bilateral lidocaine infusions in the SNRanterior failed to alter the kindling resistance in GAERS. PRV‐ir in the SNRposterior was unaltered in GAERS‐STIM but increased in NEC‐STIM group. Cellular TH‐ir in the SNRposterior significantly increased by kindling stimulations in both NEC‐STIM and GAERS‐STIM groups.SignificanceThe kindling resistance in GAERS is mediated by the SNRposterior in a lidocaine‐sensitive manner. The insensitivity to kindling stimulation of PRV‐ir in SNRposterior of GAERS but not NEC rats, implicate GABAergic SNRposterior neurons in kindling resistance. In contrast, the observed stimulation‐specific increase in TH‐ir in the SNRposterior is unrelated to kindling resistance.
Triggering Events and New Daily Persistent Headache: Age and Gender Differences and Insights on Pathogenesis–A Clinic‐Based Study
Authors: Rozen Todd D. 
Published: October 2015

ObjectiveTo define what are the age and gender differences for new daily persistent headache (NDPH) triggering events and how this may relate to the pathogenesis of NDPH. To describe several new triggering events for NDPH.MethodsAll patients were diagnosed with primary NDPH at a headache specialty clinic during the time period of 01/2009 through 01/2013. This was a retrospective analysis of patient medical records utilizing an electronic medical record system.ResultsNinety‐seven patients were diagnosed with primary NDPH (65 women and 32 men). The mean average age of onset was younger in women than men 32.4 years vs 35.8 years. Fifty one of ninety seven NDPH patients (53%) did not recognize a triggering event while an infection or flu‐like illness triggered NDPH in 22%, a stressful life event in 9%, a procedure (surgical) in 9%, and some “other” recognized trigger in 7%. All of the NDPH patients who developed new onset headache after an invasive surgical procedure were intubated. There was no significant difference in frequency for any of the triggering events between genders. The youngest age of onset was for a post stressful life event trigger while the oldest age of onset was in the post‐surgical subgroup. Women developed NDPH at a younger age of onset for all recognized triggers, but there was no significant difference in ages of onset between the genders. There was no significant difference in the number of NDPH patients who had a history of migraine or no history and if they developed NDPH after any triggered event vs no triggering event. However, the majority of patients who developed NDPH after a stressful life event did have a precedent migraine history (67%). Newly noted triggers include: hormonal manipulation with progesterone, medication exposure, chemical/pesticide exposure, massage treatment, and immediately post a syncopal event.ConclusionMore than 50% of NDPH sufferers do not recognize a triggering event to their headaches. A key finding from the present study is the recognition that of those patients who developed NDPH after an invasive surgical procedure all required intubation and we speculate a cervicogenic origin to their headaches. The fact that both genders had an almost equal rate of occurrence for most NDPH triggers and almost the same age of onset suggests a common underlying pathogenesis for similar triggering events. A precedent history of migraine did not enhance the frequency of triggered vs nontriggered NDPH except possibly for a stressful life event.
We are not all coping: a cross‐sectional investigation of resilience in the dementia care workforce
Authors: Elliott Kate‐Ellen J. , Stirling Christine M. , Martin Angela J. , Robinson Andrew L. , Scott Jennifer L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundResearch on workforce development for high‐quality dementia care more often focuses on enhancing employee knowledge and skill and less on managing employee stress and coping at work.ObjectiveTo review employee stress and coping in response to high job demands in community‐based dementia care organizations in Tasmania, Australia.MethodsStress and coping in response to job roles of 25 community‐based dementia care workers were reviewed using self‐report questionnaire data. Data were analysed for descriptive results and at an individual case level. Individual participant scores were reviewed for clinically significant stress and coping factors to create worker profiles of adjustment.ResultsTwo adjustment profiles were found. The ‘global resilience’ profile, where workers showed positive adjustment and resilience indicating they found their jobs highly rewarding, were very confident in their abilities at work and had a strong match between their personal and organizational values. The second ‘isolated distress’ profile was only found in a minority and included poor opportunities for job advancement, a missmatch in personal and work values or clinically high levels of psychological distress.ConclusionAged care workplaces that advocate employee well‐being and support employees to cope with their work roles may be more likely to retain motivated and committed staff. Future research should consider employee stress and coping at the workforce level, and how this can influence high‐quality care delivery by applying the measures identified for this study. Comparative research across different care settings using meta‐analytic studies may then be possible.
Making sense of the effects of the cumulative dose of isotretinoin in acne vulgaris
Authors: Rademaker Marius 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe importance of the cumulative dose of isotretinoin with respect to relapse of acne vulgaris remains controversial. Although guidelines recommend 0.5–1.0 mg/kg/d to a minimum cumulative dose of 120 mg/kg, there has been a trend toward the use of lower daily dosages with no reference to cumulative dose.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the influence of daily and cumulative dosage on relapse in acne.MethodsCharts of patients with acne treated with isotretinoin were reviewed. Demographic details and daily cumulative doses and duration were compared between patients who received one course and two or more courses, respectively.ResultsOf 1453 patients, 326 (22.4%) received a second course of treatment (study population). The remainder served as controls (n = 1127). Dosage varied from 10 mg/week to 1.1 mg/kg/d, cumulative dosage from 1 to >300 mg/kg, and duration of treatment from 8 weeks to 5 years. Compared with controls, patients who received a second course were more likely to be women (61 vs. 47%; P < 0.001) and received higher daily (0.71 vs. 0.58 mg/kg/d; P < 0.001) and cumulative (126 vs. 101 mg/kg; P < 0.001) doses. Patients treated with very low doses (e.g. 10 mg three times per week) and/or low cumulative doses (e.g. 25–50 mg/kg) did not relapse more often than controls.ConclusionsNeither daily nor cumulative dosages influenced relapse of acne vulgaris in patients treated with varying doses of isotretinoin as long as treatment was continued for ≥2 months after the acne had completely resolved.
The role of the Southern Hemisphere in the evolutionary history of Apiaceae, a mostly north temperate plant family
Authors: Calviño Carolina I. , Teruel Federico E. , Downie Stephen R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAimTo estimate the most likely pathways of expansion of the first diverging lineages of the angiosperm family Apiaceae across the Southern Hemisphere and to Eurasia by reconstructing the biogeographical history of the family through space and time.LocationSouthern Hemisphere, with emphasis on Africa.MethodsDivergence times were assessed under a penalized‐likelihood method (r8s) and a data set of 129 cpDNA rps16 intron sequences. Confidence intervals were estimated using ABCq, BCa, bootstrap‐t and standard normal methods. Biogeographical distributions were reconstructed using DEC analyses over rps16 intron and/or nrDNA ITS trees.ResultsCrown Apiaceae likely originated by the Late Cretaceous in Australasia. Apiaceae subfamilies diverged between 45.9 and 71.2 Ma in the Southern Hemisphere, specifically, Mackinlayoideae in Australasia, Azorelloideae in South America and Apioideae and Saniculoideae in southern Africa. From the Palaeocene to Oligocene, Africa showed connections via transoceanic dispersals as a sink continent with Australasia and as a source continent with South America and Eurasia. These dispersals explain the present intercontinental disjunctions of the subfamilies. The first diverging lineages of Apioideae and Saniculoideae likely originated in Africa and diversified in situ since the Palaeocene, with no input from newcomers until the Miocene. Subsequently, several dispersals mainly from Eurasia are estimated back to northern and eastern Africa.Main conclusionsThe Southern Hemisphere has played a key role in the origin and early diversification of Apiaceae, currently a mostly north temperate family. African Apiaceae was likely assembled by Palaeocene lineages that diversified in situ and are now restricted mainly to southern Africa and post Miocene newcomers mostly restricted to northern and eastern Africa by effective environmental barriers.
Supporting conceptual understanding of the associative and distributive properties through digital gameplay
Authors: Denham A.R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThere has been a steady rise in the support for games as learning environments. This support is largely based on the strong levels of engagement and motivation observed during gameplay. What has proven difficult is the ability to consistently design and develop learning games that are both engaging and educationally viable. Those in the game‐based learning community contend the solution is to tightly integrate instructional objective(s) within the game's mechanics. In order to investigate whether or not intrinsic integration would aid in game design, an experimental study was conducted with 111 fourth and fifth graders in which three versions of a game were designed in order to determine which approach would have a more significant impact on conceptual understanding of the associative and distributive properties. It was found that those who played the intrinsic version of the game (properties mapped to game mechanics) had significant learning gains compared with those who played the extrinsic version. Perceptions of the game are also discussed, along with future directions.
VT Recurrence After Ablation: Incomplete Ablation or Disease Progression? A Multicentric European Study
Authors: BERTE B. , SACHER F. , VENLET J. , ANDREU D. , MAHIDA S. , ALDHOON B. , DE POTTER T. , SARKOZY A. , TAVERNIER R. , ANDRONACHE M. , DENEKE T. , KAUTZNER J. , BERRUEZO A. , COCHET H. , ZEPPENFELD K. , JAÏS PIERRE 
Published: October 2015

NICM VT AblationAimTo determine whether ventricular tachycardia (VT) recurrences in arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) are related to incomplete ablation or disease progression.MethodsARVC and NICM patients with two substrate maps of the same diseased ventricle with an interprocedural delay of ≥12 months were included. Disease progression was defined as ≥1 factor: scar area progression (PROG, +5%), ventricular remodeling (dilatation [+25 mL] or decreased ejection fraction [–5%EF]). Incomplete ablation was defined as index VT recurrence or ablation in previously unablated regions inside index scar without PROG.ResultsTwenty patients from nine centers were included (80% male 55 ± 16 years, 7 ARVC and 13 NICM, LVEF 43 ± 14%). Mean delay was 28 ± 18 months. Disease progression occurred in 75% with ventricular remodeling in 70%: ventricular dilation in 45% (ARVC [71%]; NICM [38%]), decreased EF in 60% [RVEF in ARVC (71%); LVEF in NICM (54%)], and scar progression in 50% (in ARVC [57%] and NICM [46%]). Index VT recurrence was observed in 40%. Redo ablation sites were located in previously unablated regions inside the index scar in 70% of patients. VT recurrence following the second procedure was seen in 25%. Fifteen percent died during a follow‐up of 17 ± 17 months.ConclusionDisease progression is the rule in ARVC and NICM while scar progression occurs in half. However, even if disease progression is frequently observed, incomplete index ablation is the most common finding, strongly suggesting the need for more extensive ablation.
Characterization and scoring of skin changes in severe acute malnutrition in children between 6 months and 5 years of age
Authors: Heilskov S. , Vestergaard C. , Babirekere E. , Ritz C. , Namusoke H. , Rytter M. , Deleuran M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBackgroundSevere acute malnutrition is a life‐threatening condition. It can be associated with severe skin changes, first properly described by Williams in 1933. The aetiology of these skin changes is still unknown and their character has never been systematically described in dermatological terms. The skin changes have been shown to be a predictor of mortality in hospital care. Systematic investigations on the character of the skin changes that have effect on prognosis, are needed to investigate which of the skin changes that are relevant to improve treatment.ObjectivesOur main objective was to identify the skin changes characteristic of children with severe acute malnutrition and to develop a clinical score that describes the morphology and severity in dermatological terms. We also investigated if any of the different skin changes were connected to prognosis.Materials and methodsAt Mulago Hospital, Mwanamugimu (Department of Paediatrics and Child Health), Uganda, 120 children were included over a period of six months and observed when treated for severe acute malnutrition. Skin changes were registered through clinical examination and photo documentation and associated to prognosis using Cox and logistic regression analysis.ResultsSkin manifestations were characterized by five objective skin signs: telogenic effluvium, pigmentary changes (hyper‐ and hypo‐pigmentation), ichthyosiform skin changes, lichenoid skin changes and bullae‐erosion‐desquamation. The skin changes could be registered in a systematic manner using our simple clinical score. Lichenoid skin changes were a significant predictor of death and allowed improved accuracy of prediction of mortality.ConclusionsThe clinical score is simple and practical. A standardized way to register and score the skin changes, will allow a more unified way of reporting results in future studies. The standardization of observations, obtained through the proposed scoring system, will enable comparison of study results in the future.
Increased hospital documentation requirements may not increase breastfeeding among first‐time mothers
Authors: Strauch Jessica , Rohrer James E. , Refaat Amany 
Published: October 2015

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesTo examine if initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding on discharge in first‐time mothers increased after a change in hospital policy increased reporting requirements about breastfeeding by new mothers.MethodsFive hundred women that gave birth to their first child were studied, with half giving birth prior to reporting requirements and half giving birth after the reporting began. After implementing mandatory reporting requirements through an accrediting body, an increase in maternity care practices designed to promote breastfeeding was expected. Medical records of those women were reviewed to identify key variables, including age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, health insurance, type of delivery, gestational age, initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding throughout the hospital stay.ResultsThere was an 18.7% increase in initiation of breastfeeding the year the mandatory reporting began. However, there was a 5.9% decrease in exclusive breastfeeding that year. The odds of initiating breastfeeding were greater after implementation of mandatory reporting measures (OR = 2.07; P = 0.0007), yet the odds for exclusive breastfeeding on discharge did not show a statistically significant change (OR = 0.94; P = 0.7507). Other variables that had a significant effect on both initiation and exclusive breastfeeding included being non‐Hispanic white, other race/ethnicity category, marital status and type of insurance (exclusive breastfeeding only).ConclusionProfessional support that can be offered to new mothers may have a positive effect on their decision to breastfeed. However, a hospital policy change that increases reporting requirements may not have long‐term impact on breastfeeding. Longer term studies and multisite studies are needed.
A Method for Rapid Identification of Rice Origin by Hyperspectral Imaging Technology
Authors: Sun Jun , Lu Xinzi , Mao Hanping , Jin Xiaming , Wu Xiaohong 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe potential of hyperspectral imaging system was evaluated for the rapid identification of rice origin. 240 samples from four different regions of China were imaged by a hyperspectral imaging system. Hyperspectral images were studied from the three principal aspects (spectral, morphological and texture features). Support vector machine was used for developing the identification models. Seven models based on spectral, morphological, texture, combined spectral and morphological, combined spectral and texture, combined morphological and texture and combined spectral, morphological and texture features were developed for seeking the optimal feature combination. Nine important wavelengths were determined by principal component analysis. The results showed that the highest accuracy (91.67%) was obtained from combined spectral, morphological and texture features. This study demonstrated that hyperspectral imaging could provide a rapid identification of rice origin and the method of feature combination could be very helpful to improve the performance of identification models.Practical ApplicationsThe price and quality of rice mainly depends on its geographical origin in the food market. Traditional methods for identification of rice origin mainly focus on the appearance of rice and depend on the feelings of professionals, which are tedious, time‐consuming, expensive and greatly influenced by subjective factors. Therefore, the results in our paper can provide a foundational basis to develop a real‐time inspection system for the rapid, precise and non‐destructive identification of rice origin.