bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of urine and serum lateral flow assays to determine the prevalence and predictors of cryptococcal antigenemia in HIV‐positive outpatients beginning antiretroviral therapy in Mwanza, Tanzania
Authors: Magambo Kinanga A , Kalluvya Samuel E , Kapoor Shikha W , Seni Jeremiah , Chofle Awilly A , Fitzgerald Daniel W , Downs Jennifer A 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundDetection of subclinical cryptococcal disease using cryptococcal antigen screening among HIV‐positive individuals presents a potential opportunity for prevention of both clinical disease and death if patients with detectable cryptococcal antigen are identified and treated pre‐emptively. Recently developed point‐of‐care cryptococcal antigen tests may be useful for screening, particularly in resource‐limiting settings, but few studies have assessed their utility.MethodologyThe objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and factors associated with cryptococcal antigenemia in HIV‐positive patients with CD4+ T‐cell counts ≤200 cells/µL who were initiating ART, and also to evaluate the utility of the point‐of‐care urine lateral flow assay (LFA) cryptococcal antigen test using two different diluents, compared to gold standard serum antigen testing, as a screening tool. Urine and serum of outpatients initiating antiretroviral therapy at two hospitals in Mwanza were tested for cryptococcal antigen, and demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained using structured questionnaires and patients’ files. Patients with asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia received oral fluconazole in accordance with World Health Organization recommendations.ResultsAmong 140 patients screened, 10 (7.1%) had asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia with a positive serum cryptococcal antigen. Four of these ten patients had CD4 counts between 100 and 200 cells/µL. The prevalence of cryptococcal antigen detected in urine using a standard (older) and a test (newer) diluent were 44 (31.4%) and 19 (13.6%), with Kappa coefficients compared to serum of 0.28 and 0.51 (p<0.001 for both). Compared to the new LFA diluent for urine cryptococcal antigen, the standard diluent had higher sensitivity (100% versus 80%) but lower specificity (74% versus 92%) using serum cryptococcal antigen as a gold standard.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that HIV‐positive outpatients with CD4 counts <200 cells/µL, rather than 100, should be screened for asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia given its association with mortality if untreated. Agreement of the urine LFA with the serum LFA was not sufficient to recommend routine screening with urine LFA.
Corrigendum
Authors: Vun Mean Chhi , Fujita Masami , Rathavy Tung , Eang Mao Tang , Sopheap Seng , Sovannarith Samreth , Chhorvann Chhea , Vanthy Ly , Sopheap Oum , Welle Emily , Ferradini Laurent , Sedtha Chin , Bunna Sok , Verbruggen Robert 
Published: August 2014

IntroductionIn the mid‐1990s, Cambodia faced one of the fastest growing HIV epidemics in Asia. For its achievement in reversing this trend, and achieving universal access to HIV treatment, the country received a United Nations millennium development goal award in 2010. This article reviews Cambodia’s response to HIV over the past two decades and discusses its current efforts towards elimination of new HIV infections.MethodsA literature review of published and unpublished documents, including programme data and presentations, was conducted.Results and discussionCambodia classifies its response to one of the most serious HIV epidemics in Asia into three phases. In Phase I (1991–2000), when adult HIV prevalence peaked at 1.7% and incidence exceeded 20,000 cases, a nationwide HIV prevention programme targeted brothel‐based sex work. Voluntary confidential counselling and testing and home‐based care were introduced, and peer support groups of people living with HIV emerged. Phase II (2001–2011) observed a steady decline in adult prevalence to 0.8% and incidence to 1600 cases by 2011, and was characterized by: expanding antiretroviral treatment (coverage reaching more than 80%) and continuum of care; linking with tuberculosis and maternal and child health services; accelerated prevention among key populations, including entertainment establishment‐based sex workers, men having sex with men, transgender persons, and people who inject drugs; engagement of health workers to deliver quality services; and strengthening health service delivery systems. The third phase (2012–2020) aims to attain zero new infections by 2020 through: sharpening responses to key populations at higher risk; maximizing access to community and facility‐based testing and retention in prevention and care; and accelerating the transition from vertical approaches to linked/integrated approaches.ConclusionsCambodia has tailored its prevention strategy to its own epidemic, established systematic linkages across different services and communities, and achieved nearly universal coverage of HIV services nationwide. Still, the programme must continually (re)prioritize the most effective and efficient interventions, strengthen synergies between programmes, contribute to health system strengthening, and increase domestic funding so that the gains of the previous two decades are sustained, and the goal of zero new infections is reached.
One‐dimensional soil temperature simulation with Common Land Model by assimilating in situ observations and MODISLST with the ensemble particle filter
Authors: Yu Zhongbo , Fu Xiaolei , Luo Lifeng , Lü Haishen , Ju Qin , Liu Di , Kalin Dresden A. , Huang Dui , Yang Chuanguo , Zhao Lili 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSoil temperature plays an important role in hydrology, agriculture, and meteorology. In order to improve the accuracy of soil temperature simulation, a soil temperature data assimilation system was developed based on the Ensemble Particle Filter (EnPF) and the Common Land Model (CLM), and then applied in the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) in Arizona, United States. Surface soil temperature in situ observations and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Land Surface Temperature (MODIS LST) data were assimilated into the system. In this study, four different assimilation experiments were conducted: (1) assimilating in situ observations of instantaneous surface soil temperature each hour, (2) assimilating in situ observations of instantaneous surface soil temperature once per day, (3) assimilating verified MODIS LST once per day, and (4) assimilating original MODIS LST once per day. These four experiments reflect a transition from high‐quality and more frequent in situ observations to lower quality and less frequent remote sensing data in the data assimilation system. The results from these four experiments show that the assimilated results are better than the simulated results without assimilation at all layers except the bottom layer, while the superiority gradually diminishes as the quality and frequency of the observations decrease. This demonstrates that remote sensing data can be assimilated using the ensemble particle filter in poorly gauged catchments to obtain highly accurate soil variables (e.g., soil moisture, soil temperature). Meanwhile, the results also demonstrate that the ensemble particle filter is effective in assimilating soil temperature observations to improve simulations, but the performance of the data assimilation method is affected by the frequency of assimilation and the quality of the input data.
Extreme localized exhumation at syntaxes initiated by subduction geometry
Authors: Bendick Rebecca , Ehlers Todd A. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractSome of the highest and most localized rates of lithospheric deformation in the world are observed at the transition between adjacent plate boundary subduction segments. The initiating perturbation of this deformation has long been attributed to vigorous erosional processes as observed at Nanga Parbat and Namche Barwa in the Himalaya and at Mount St. Elias in Alaska. However, an erosion‐dominated mechanism ignores the 3‐D geometry of curved subducting plates. Here we present an alternative explanation for rapid exhumation at these locations based on the 3‐D thermomechanical evolution of collisions between plates with nonplanar geometries. Comparison of model predictions with existing data reproduces the defining characteristics of these mountains and offers an explanation for their spatial correlation with arc termini. These results demonstrate a “bottom‐up” tectonic rather than “top‐down” erosional initiation of feedbacks between erosion and tectonic deformation; hence, the importance of 3‐D subduction geometry.
Fetal phenotype associated with the 22q11 deletion
Authors: Noël Anne‐Claire , Pelluard Fanny , Delezoide Anne‐Lise , Devisme Louise , Loeuillet Laurence , Leroy Brigitte , Martin Alain , Bouvier Raymonde , Laquerriere Annie , Jeanne‐Pasquier Corinne , Bessieres‐Grattagliano Betty , Mechler Charlotte , Alanio Elisabeth , Leroy Camille , Gaillard Dominique 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe 22q11 deletion syndrome is one of the most common human microdeletion syndromes, with a wide spectrum of abnormalities. The fetal phenotype associated with the 22q11 deletion is poorly described in the literature. A national retrospective study was performed from 74 feto‐pathological examinations. The objectives were to evaluate the circumstances of the 22q11 deletion diagnosis and to describe fetal anomalies. Post mortem examinations were performed after 66 terminations of pregnancy and eight fetal deaths. The series included nine fetuses from the first trimester, 55 from the second trimester, and ten from the third trimester. A 22q11 FISH analysis was recommended for 57 fetuses after multidisciplinary prenatal diagnostic counseling and for 17 fetuses by a fetal pathologist. Conotruncal heart defects were the most common anomalies (65 fetuses), followed by thymus defects (62 fetuses), and malformations of the urinary tract (25 fetuses). This study identified several unusual and severe features rarely described in the literature. Neurological abnormalities were described in ten fetuses, with seven neural tube defects and five arhinencephalies. This series also included lethal malformations: two hypoplastic left heart syndromes, two bilateral renal agenesis, and one tracheal agenesis. Genetic analysis for a 22q11 deletion is usually indicated when a congenital conotruncal heart and/or thymus defect is detected, but might also be useful in case of other lethal or severe malformations that initially led to the termination of pregnancy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of lethal acetylsalicylic acid poisoning without hemodialysis
Authors: Ueno Masahito , Oda Jun , Soeda Hiroshi , Uesugi Hirotaka , Ueno Keiko , Fujise Yo , Yukioka Tetsuo 
Published: August 2014

CaseA woman aged in her 20s ingested approximately 99 g acetylsalicylic acid, and was transported to our hospital 2 h later. She was lucid, but complained of hearing loss and tinnitus. We performed gastric lavage and gave her activated charcoal several times. We attempted to maintain the urinary pH at 7.5 and output above 100 mL/h while preparing for urgent hemodialysis.OutcomeIt was revealed after discharge that the blood concentration of acetylsalicylic acid was 103.8 mg/dL on admission (lethal dose level) and had decreased to 35.4 mg/dL by the next morning. The half‐life was 8.5 h.ConclusionHemodialysis is strongly recommended for patients who take a lethal dose of acetylsalicylic acid. However, by carefully evaluating the vital signs and urinary output and pH, while preparing for emergency hemodialysis, we consider that it is possible to treat acetylsalicylic acid poisoning by alkaline diuresis and critical supportive care.
Early treatment is associated with improved cognition in Hurler syndrome
Authors: Poe Michele D. , Chagnon Sarah L. , Escolar Maria L. 
Published: August 2014

ObjectiveHurler syndrome is the most clinically severe form of an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder characterized by the deficiency of α‐L‐iduronidase. The resulting accumulation of glycosaminoglycans causes progressive multisystem deterioration, resulting in death in childhood. Umbilical cord blood transplantation from unrelated donors has been previously shown to improve neurological outcomes of children <2 years of age and prolong life. The purpose of this article is to determine whether age at transplantation can predict cognitive outcomes.MethodsBetween June 1997 and February 2013, 31 patients with Hurler syndrome underwent umbilical cord blood transplantation and were evaluated at baseline and every 6 to 12 months thereafter. All 31 patients underwent complete neurodevelopmental evaluation (median follow‐up = 7.3 years, range = 2–21.7) and a median of 7.0 evaluations (range = 3–18).ResultsYounger age at transplantation was associated with improved cognitive function (p = 0.001), receptive and expressive language (p = 0.004 and p = 0.01), and adaptive behavior (p = 0.03).InterpretationEarly age at transplantation is a strong predictor of cognitive, language, and adaptive behavior outcomes. Children younger than 9 months at the time of transplant showed normal cognitive development. Our results demonstrate that early diagnosis is necessary for optimal outcomes and support the need for newborn screening, because most patients are not identified at this young age. Ann Neurol 2014;76:747–753
Peculiarities of resonance fluorescence statistics for a two‐level atom in frequency selective feedback loop
Authors: Tomilin  Vladimir A. , Il'ichov Leonid V. 
Published: August 2014

A theoretical analysis of the resonance fluorescence of a two‐level atom in a classical monochromatic field with feedback phase switching depending on the fluorescence triplet component which the last spontaneously emitted photon belongs to is presented. The considered feedback loop is a hybrid quantum‐classical system. Statistics of photoemissions into the triplet components is investigated as well as correlations between the components. In contrast to the well‐known resonance fluorescence of a two‐level atom without feedback phase switching, a bunching of photocounts is predicted in each side‐band, and successive photoemissions into different side‐bands manifest antibunching. The type of the statistics can efficiently be controlled by the frequency detuning of the external field. In many points the considered feedback scheme provides drastically different statistical features of fluorescence when compared with the scheme of frequency‐unselective feedback phase switching.
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Flexible and flame resistant poly(lactic acid)/organomontmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Chow Wen Shyang , Teoh Ee Lian 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThe PLA/OMMT nanocomposites were produced using a melt compounding technique with isopropylated triaryl phosphate ester flame retardant (FR; 10–30 parts per 100 resin). The flammability of the PLA/OMMT composites was evaluated with an Underwriter Laboratory (UL‐94) vertical burning test, and their char morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal properties of the PLA/OMMT were characterized with a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The thermal analyses showed that adding FR reduced the decomposition onset temperature (To) of PLA/OMMT. Both PLA/OMMT/FR20 and PLA/OMMT/FR30 showed excellent flame retardant abilities, earning a V‐0 rating during the UL‐94 vertical burning test. A compact, coherent and continuous protective char layer was formed in the PLA/OMMT/FR nanocomposites. Additionally, the DSC results indicated that the flexibility of the PLA/OMMT composites increased after adding FR due to the FR‐induced plasticization. The impact strength of PLA/OMMT was greatly increased by the addition of FR. Flexible PLA nanocomposites with high flame resistance were successfully produced. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41253.
International Tax, theG20 and theAsiaPacific: From Competition to Cooperation?
Authors: Stewart Miranda 
Published: August 2014

AbstractNation states in theAsiaPacific need to increase tax revenues but face many challenges. This article discusses the challenge of taxation in an age of capital mobility and tax competition. It then considers two opportunities that have recently been championed by theG20, which could enable governments to strengthen national tax systems by international cooperation. The first opportunity is the establishment of transnational tax administrative cooperation. The second opportunity is the potential for countries to develop a new multilateral framework for sharing the international capital tax base, which may arise under auspices of theOrganisation forEconomicCo‐operation andDevelopmentBaseErosion andProfitShifting project. AsChair of theG20 in 2014,Australia has a key leadership role to play in supporting countries in the region to grasp these opportunities.
Large and Fast Single‐Crystal Resistive Humidity Sensitivity of Metal Pnictide Halides Containing van der Waals Host–Guest Interactions
Authors: Jiang Xiao‐Ming , Yan Zhi‐Bo , Liu Dan , Wang Ke‐Feng , Guo Guo‐Cong , Li Shao‐Zhen , Liu Jun‐Ming 
Published: August 2014

AbstractTwo new metal pnictide halides, (Hg9.75As5.5)(GaCl4)3 and (Hg13Sb8)(ZnBr4)4, have been prepared by solid‐state reactions. Their structures feature 3D cationic host frameworks built of mercury pnictide polyhedra and form 1D tunnels filled with discrete guest halide polyanions; the guests and hosts are assembled by van der Waals interactions. Both complexes exhibit good single‐crystal humidity sensitivity, with a humidity sensitivity factor as big as three orders of magnitude, a quick resistance response, fast recovery, and good reproducibility. This study provide a new way to design promising resistive humidity detectors by introducing van der Waals host–guest interactions into their structures.
Distributed Hybrid Controllers for Multi‐Agent Mass Games By A Variable Number of Player Agents
Authors: Izumi Shinsaku , Azuma Shun‐ichi , Sugie Toshiharu 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis paper considers a problem of finding distributed controllers for the multi‐agent mass games, that is, to let agents organize themselves into a formation displaying a given grayscale image. As a solution to this problem, we propose distributed hybrid controllers. The key idea is to combine a coverage control method and halftone image processing, i.e., to combine techniques from the control theory and the image processing. The performance of the proposed controllers is demonstrated by numerical experiments with standard images.© 2014 Chinese Automatic Control Society and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Development of a capillary electrophoretic method for determination of plasma clearance of iohexol in dogs and cats
Authors: Hellqvist Alexander , Heiene Reidun , De Baere Siegrid , Croubels Siska , Hedeland Ylva 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRenal function can be monitored by estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), for example, through measurement of the plasma clearance of a marker that is freely filtrated through the kidney without reabsorption. It has been proposed that iohexol is the most accurate marker for GFR determination in cats and dogs. However, there is a need for a validated capillary electrophoretic method that covers the concentration range for a full curve clearance estimate of iohexol. In the final method, the plasma samples were protein precipitated and the supernatant was analyzed in a background electrolyte containing borate buffer (0.06 m, pH 10.0). The method developed was proved to be linear (concentration range 18– 2900 mg/L) and had a good precision (e.g. 2.3–2.9% at 88 mg/L) and accuracy (e.g. 101–105% at 88 mg/L). Finally, the method was compared with a previously published and validated HPLC‐UV method by parallel analysis of clinical plasma samples from dogs and cats administered Omnipaque®. This comparison showed excellent agreement between the two methods and no proportional or systematic error was observed. The proposed method is simple and has a low cost per sample, which makes it applicable for routine analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual Identification and the (De‐)Politicization of Migrants: Longitudinal and Comparative Evidence
Authors: Simon Bernd , Reichert Frank , Schaefer Christoph Daniel , Bachmann Anne , Renger Daniela 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe article examines the role of dual identification with both the ethnocultural ingroup and the society of residence in the politicization of migrants. The researchers employed a longitudinal and comparative research design with members of the two largest, but sociologically very different, migrant groups in Germany as research participants (i.e. Turkish migrants and Russian migrants). In line with prior work that has shown that, among members of aggrieved groups, dual identity functions as a politicized collective identity, we found that dual identification fostered political engagement among Turkish migrants. In contrast, Russian migrants reported no substantial grievances, and dual identification negatively affected their subsequent political engagement. The contributions of these findings to an articulation of research on politicization with research on intergroup conflict and a more comprehensive understanding of political phenomena driven by dual identification are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioselective Biocatalytic Aromatic Hydroxylation in a Gas–Liquid Multiphase Tube‐in‐Tube Reactor
Authors: Tomaszewski Bartłomiej , Lloyd Richard C. , Warr Antony J. , Buehler Katja , Schmid Andreas 
Published: August 2014

AbstractMicroreactors provide higher mass transfer rates than do conventional batch reactors. A tube‐in‐tube microreactor was used for the NADH‐dependent in vitro conversion of 2‐hydroxybiphenyl to 3‐phenylcatechol that was catalysed by 2‐hydroxybiphenyl 3‐monooxygenase. A biphasic reaction system allowed high substrate loadings, whereas the microreactor ensured excellent mass transfer rates between the organic and aqueous phases. Oxygen was supplied continuously by membrane aeration across the whole reaction compartment. The productivities achieved in the tube‐in‐tube microreactor were 38 times higher than those in previously described batch reactors and almost 4 times higher than for the same reaction in a microreactor in which aqueous, organic, and air phases were delivered through consecutive segments. This set‐up is a promising concept for oxygen‐dependent biocatalytic reactions in microreactors and is developing as a basis for applications in gram‐scale organic biosyntheses.
Evidence of Intracrystalline Mesostructured Porosity in Zeolites by Advanced Gas Sorption, Electron Tomography and Rotation Electron Diffraction
Authors: Garcia‐Martinez Javier , Xiao Changhong , Cychosz Katie A. , Li Kunhao , Wan Wei , Zou Xiaodong , Thommes Matthias 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThe small size of micropores (typically <1 nm) in zeolites causes slow diffusion of reactant and product molecules in and out of the pores and negatively impacts the product selectivity of zeolite based catalysts, for example, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts. Size‐tailored mesoporosity was introduced into commercial zeolite Y crystals by a simple surfactant‐templating post‐synthetic mesostructuring process. The resulting mesoporous zeolite Y showed significantly improved product selectivity in both laboratory testing and refinery trials. Advanced characterization techniques such as electron tomography, three‐dimensional rotation electron diffraction, and high resolution gas adsorption coupled with hysteresis scanning and density functional theory, unambiguously revealed the intracystalline nature and connectivity of the introduced mesopores. They can be considered as molecular highways that help reactant and product molecules diffuse quickly to and away from the catalytically active sites within the zeolite crystals and, thus, shift the selectivity to favor the production of more of the valuable liquid fuels at reduced yields of coke and unconverted feed.