bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics in Poly(ϵ‐Caprolactone) Containing Phase Separated Epoxy Thermosets
Authors: Lützen Hendrik , Hartwig Andreas 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe dynamic phase separation of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) in cationically polymerized, cycloaliphatic epoxy thermosets is presented. While phase separation processes are commonly unknown from thermosetting polymers due to the covalently crosslinked polymer structure, the gradually occurring formation of crystalline ordered PCL domains is observed. The dynamic process is accompanied by a strong increase in the mechanical moduli and strengthening of the polymer due to the formation of finely distributed domains. Regarding the network and domain structure of the polymer during the dynamic process, the results show rearrangements mainly in the linear PCL segments driven by crystalline interactions without changes in the epoxy matrix polymer.
Resveratrol 3‐O‐d‐glucuronide and resveratrol 4′‐O‐d‐glucuronide inhibit colon cancer cell growth: Evidence for a role of A3 adenosine receptors, cyclin D1 depletion, and G1 cell cycle arrest
Authors: Polycarpou Elena , Meira Lisiane B. , Carrington Simon , Tyrrell Elizabeth , Modjtahedi Helmout , Carew Mark A. 
Published: May 2013

ScopeResveratrol is a plant‐derived polyphenol with chemotherapeutic properties in animal cancer models and many biochemical effects in vitro. Its bioavailability is low and raises the possibility that the metabolites of resveratrol have biological effects. Here we investigate the actions of resveratrol 3‐O‐d‐glucuronide, resveratrol 4′‐O‐d‐glucuronide, and resveratrol 3‐O‐d‐sulfate on the growth of colon cancer cells in vitro.Methods and resultsThe growth of Caco‐2, HCT‐116, and CCL‐228 cells was measured using the neutral red and MTT assays. Resveratrol and each metabolite inhibited cell growth with IC50 values of 9.8–31 μM. Resveratrol caused S phase arrest in all three cell lines. Resveratrol 3‐O‐d‐glucuronide and resveratrol 4′‐O‐d‐glucuronide caused G1 arrest in CCL‐228 and Caco‐2 cells. Resveratrol 3‐O‐d‐sulfate had no effect on cell cycle. Growth inhibition was reversed by an inhibitor of AMP‐activated protein kinase (compound C) or an adenosine A3 receptor antagonist (MRS1191). The A3 receptor agonist 2Cl‐IB‐MECA inhibited growth and A3 receptors were detected in all cell lines. The resveratrol glucuronides also reduced cyclin D1 levels but at higher concentrations than in growth experiments and generally did not increase phosphorylated AMP‐activated protein kinase.ConclusionResveratrol glucuronides inhibit cell growth by G1 arrest and cyclin D1 depletion, and our results strongly suggest a role for A3 adenosine receptors in this inhibition.
Protective effects of hydroxytyrosol on liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice
Authors: Pan Shangha , Liu Lianxin , Pan Huayang , Ma Yong , Wang Dawei , Kang Kai , Wang Jizhou , Sun Bei , Sun Xueying , Jiang Hongchi 
Published: May 2013

ScopeHydroxytyrosol (HT), a main phenolic compound in olive oil, has been proved to be a potent antioxidant and has beneficial effects on health. However, the effect of HT on oxidative liver damage, as seen in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, is unknown. Here, we examined whether HT could protect liver against I/R injury.Methods and resultsBy using a mouse model, we found that HT administration protects against hepatic I/R injury, as indicated by the decreased levels of serum aminotransferase and less parenchymal necrosis and apoptosis. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in liver tissues, were all decreased by HT, the latter correlated with the reduction of hepatic malondialdehyde (an index of oxidative stress) content and increased activities and expressions of liver antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. The protective effect was also seen in isolated hepatocytes anoxia/reoxygenation assay.ConclusionHT exerts protective effects against hepatic I/R injury in mice, which might be associated with its anti‐oxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐apoptotic properties. HT may be an effective hepatoprotective agent and a promising candidate for the treatment of liver I/R injury.
Six strategy lessons from Clausewitz and Sun Tzu
Authors: Pars Matthijs 
Published: May 2013

A good strategy is crucial for a successful lobby or public affairs campaign. In this article, six strategy lessons from Clausewitz and Sun Tzu's classical works on military strategy are discussed, which could be useful for lobbyists and public affairs managers. Although waging war and lobbying are totally different things, there are also many similarities: both deal with aims to be achieved, opponents, threats and opportunities, (political) victories, and defeats. Therefore, military strategic thinking might provide the field of public affairs with some good and practical insights.First of all, Sun Tzu and Clausewitz stress the importance of meticulous exploration before the action starts. Subsequently, when laying strategy plans, one should beware of Pyrrhic victories and ‘the fallacies of hope’. Clausewitz, in particular, warns us to expect the unexpected and not to be surprised by the friction between even the best plans and their realization. A good way to handle this friction is to lay down the why and the what of coming actions but not how these actions should be carried out. Both thinkers also provide guidance in how to effectively deal with opponents; surprise an opponent to achieve the upper hand, and bring yourself in a position which will enable a decisive step forward; divide opponents whilst making yourself as strong as possible; and finally prevent a hard‐edged confrontation by offering an alternative. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recoverable strain storage capacity of shape memory polyethylene
Authors: Hoeher Robin , Raidt Thomas , Rose Maik , Katzenberg Frank , Tiller Joerg C. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTShape memory polymers (SMPs) are an important class of smart materials. So far the focus of such polymers was to find suited triggers for various application fields. Thus, the potential of most of these macromolecular networks regarding their maximally storable strain capability was not explored. In this study, the polyethylenes HDPE, LDPE, and ethylene‐1‐octene (EOC) were systematically investigated with respect to their strain storage potential. To achieve maximum strains, the polymers were chemically cross‐linked in such a way that they are at the borderline between thermoplastics and elastomers. All investigated polymers showed higher strain storage than literature reported systems and exhibited excellent shape memory parameters. The highest stored strain was found for networks of EOC with fully recoverable 1400%. Interestingly, this value could not be enlarged by using EOCs with higher molecular weight, which is probably due to increasing content of entanglements as confirmed by Mooney‐Rivlin. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1033–1040
Investigation of Galaxolide degradation products generated under oxidative and irradiation processes by liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Herrera López S. , Hernando M. D. , Gómez M. J. , Santiago‐Morales J. , Rosal R. , Fernández‐Alba A. R. 
Published: May 2013

RATIONALEPolycyclic musks have become a concern due to their bioaccumulation potential and ecotoxicological effects. The HHCB transformation product (TP) (1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐4,6,6,7,8,8‐hexamethyl‐cyclopenta[γ]‐2‐benzopyran; HHCB‐lactone) is the most stable intermediate generated and it is frequently detected in river waters. The aim of this work was the identification of relevant TPs generated from UV irradiation and ozone treatments.METHODSIdentification of HHCB TPs was carried out by liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐QTOF‐MS) and two‐dimensional gas chromatography/electron impact time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC‐EI‐TOF‐MS). With LC/ESI‐QTOF‐MS, TPs were characterized by means of mass accuracy in both full‐scan and MS/MS modes through information‐dependent acquisition (IDA) and direct injection on‐column. With stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)‐GC×GC‐EI‐TOF‐MS, identification was based on the enhanced separation capacity and screening of unknowns through the acquisition of full‐range mass spectra.RESULTSThe effectiveness of these complementary techniques allowed a detailed evaluation of the main TPs. Eighteen TPs were elucidated based on mass accuracy, in both full‐scan and MS/MS modes using LC/ESI‐QTOF‐MS with mass errors below 5 ppm and 10 ppm (mostly), respectively. Most of the TPs had not been analytically identified in previous studies. Separation of the enantiomeric species (R) and (S) of HHCB‐lactone, and the identification of other relevant TPs, was performed using SBSE‐GC×GC‐EI‐TOF‐MS.CONCLUSIONSLC/ESI‐QTOF‐MS and GC×GC‐EI‐TOF‐MS analysis provides the best alternative for TP identification of chemicals of concern, which have a wide range of polarities and isobaric compounds. A prediction of PBT (persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity) using the PBT Profiler program suggested a classification of 'very persistent' and 'very toxic' for most of the TPs identified. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Function of Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin Proteins in Migration of Subventricular Zone-Derived Neuroblasts Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Moon Younghye , Kim Joo Yeon , Kim Woon Ryoung , Kim Hyun Jung , Jang Min Jee , Nam Yoonkey , Kim Kyungjin , Kim Hyun , Sun Woong 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThroughout life, newly generated neuroblasts from the subventricular zone migrate toward the olfactory bulb through the rostral migratory stream. Upon brain injury, these migrating neuroblasts change their route and begin to migrate toward injured regions, which is one of the regenerative responses after brain damage. This injury-induced migration is triggered by stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1) released from microglia near the damaged site; however, it is still unclear how these cells transduce SDF1 signals and change their direction. In this study, we found that SDF1 promotes the phosphorylation of ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins, which are key molecules in organizing cell membrane and linking signals from the extracellular environment to the intracellular actin cytoskeleton. Blockade of ERM activation by overexpressing dominant-negative ERM (DN-ERM) efficiently perturbed the migration of neuroblasts. Considering that DN-ERM-expressing neuroblasts failed to maintain proper migratory cell morphology, it appears that ERM-dependent regulation of cell shape is required for the efficient migration of neuroblasts. These results suggest that ERM activation is an important step in the directional migration of neuroblasts in response to SDF1-CXCR4 signaling following brain injury.
Selection on dispersal in isolated butterfly metapopulations
Authors: Bonelli Simona , Vrabec Vladimir , Witek Magdalena , Barbero Francesca , Patricelli Dario , Nowicki Piotr 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn most metapopulation models dispersal is assumed to be a fixed species‐specific trait, but in reality dispersal abilities are highly sensitive to various selective pressures. Strict isolation of a metapopulation, which precludes any influx of immigrants (and their genes) from outside and makes it impossible for emigrants to reach other localities with suitable habitat, thus reducing fitness benefits of long‐distance dispersal to zero, may be expected to impose strong selection against dispersal. We tested the above prediction by comparing dispersal parameters derived with the Virtual Migration model for isolated and non‐isolated metapopulations of two species of large blueMaculinea(=Phengaris) butterflies, surveyed with intensive mark‐recapture. Mortality during dispersal was found to be twice (inM. teleius) to five times higher (inM. arion) in isolated metapopulations. Isolation also resulted in significantly reduced dispersal distances in isolated metapopulations, with the effect being particularly strong inM. arionfemales. Apart from its evolutionary and ecological consequences, dispersal depression in isolated butterfly metapopulations implied by our results has serious conservation implications. It provides a clear argument against using parameter values obtained in a different environmental setting in modelling applications, e.g., Population Viability Analyses or environmental impact assessment. Furthermore, it underlines the importance of establishing well‐connected networks of suitable habitats prior to species release in areas where reintroductions are planned.
Mucopolysaccharide diseases: A complex interplay between neuroinflammation, microglial activation and adaptive immunity
Authors: Archer Louise D. , Langford‐Smith Kia J. , Bigger Brian W. , Fildes James E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMucopolysaccharide (MPS) diseases are lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) caused by deficiencies in enzymes required for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) catabolism. Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I), MPS IIIA, MPS IIIB and MPS VII are deficient in the enzymes α–L‐Iduronidase, Heparan‐N‐Sulphatase, N‐Acetylglucosaminidase and Beta‐Glucuronidase, respectively. Enzyme deficiency leads to the progressive multi‐systemic build‐up of heparan sulphate (HS) and dermatan sulphate (DS) within cellular lysosomes, followed by cell, tissue and organ damage and in particular neurodegeneration. Clinical manifestations of MPS are well established; however as lysosomes represent vital components of immune cells, it follows that lysosomal accumulation of GAGs could affect diverse immune functions and therefore influence disease pathogenesis. Theoretically, MPS neurodegeneration and GAGs could be substantiating a threat of danger and damage to alert the immune system for cellular clearance, which due to the progressive nature of MPS storage would propagate disease pathogenesis. Innate immunity appears to have a key role in MPS; however the extent of adaptive immune involvement remains to be elucidated. The current literature suggests a complex interplay between neuroinflammation, microglial activation and adaptive immunity in MPS disease.
Systematic Review of the Best Evidence in Intramedullary Fixation for Metacarpal Fractures
Authors: Corkum Joseph P. , Davison Peter G. , Lalonde Donald H. 
Published: May 2013

Background Intramedullary (IM) fixation has been described as a reliable method of treatment for certain fracture patterns but has not been widely adopted into practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the literature comparing IM fixation to other forms of treatment for metacarpal fractures. Methods A systematic review was performed to identify studies investigating the treatment of metacarpal fractures using IM fixation. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were predetermined. Two reviewers independently identified appropriate articles for review based on the criteria. Primary outcome measures were range of motion (ROM) (Styf et al., Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 74(Suppl 2):268–270, 2008) and complications. Secondary outcomes included loss of reduction, grip strength, Disabilities of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) scores, radiographic measures and pain scores. Results Eight studies were eligible for review. Studies were of level II–IV evidence, and captured a total of 435 patients. The ROM post-operatively was found to be greater in the IM group in half of the studies. IM fixation trended toward higher complication rates in one study, but no differences were statistically significant. IM fixation fared similarly or superiorly to its competitor in each of the secondary outcomes. A formal meta-regression analysis was not possible given the heterogeneity of studies. Conclusions IM fixation may have a role in the treatment of certain metacarpal fractures. No conclusive recommendations can be made based on the available studies included in this literature search. Further study of this technique and its applications using high level evidence is warranted.
Propofol inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation‐induced human gastric epithelial cell injury by suppressing the Toll‐like receptor 4 pathway
Authors: Zhang Jiao‐Li , Fei Su‐Juan , Qin Xia , Ye Hui‐Hui , Liu He‐Xia , Dai Xiao‐Jing , Zhang Yong‐Mei 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the role of the Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway in normal human gastric epithelial (GES‐1) cells under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro, and the effect of propofol on injured GES‐1 cells as well as its possible mechanism. Before H/R induction, GES‐1 cells were preconditioned with fat emulsion, propofol, or epigallocatechin gallate. Then cell viability, cell apoptosis, and related molecules in the cells were analyzed under experimental conditions. We found that propofol 50 μmol/L markedly inhibited the H/R injury under hypoxia 1.5 h/reoxygenation 2 hours by promoting GES‐1 cell viability and decreasing cell apoptosis. The TLR4 signal may be involved in the protective effect of propofol against H/R injury. The malondialdehyde contents and superoxide dismutase activities were recovered under propofol preconditioning. In summary, propofol preconditioning may exert a protective effect on H/R injury in GES‐1 cells and the mechanism may be via inhibition of the activated TLR4 signal under H/R conditions.
Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Bueno Nassib Bezerra , de Melo Ingrid Sofia Vieira , de Oliveira Suzana Lima , da Rocha Ataide Terezinha 
Published: May 2013

The role of very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (VLCKD) in the long-term management of obesity is not well established. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether individuals assigned to a VLCKD (i.e. a diet with no more than 50 g carbohydrates/d) achieve better long-term body weight and cardiovascular risk factor management when compared with individuals assigned to a conventional low-fat diet (LFD; i.e. a restricted-energy diet with less than 30 % of energy from fat). Through August 2012, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, ScienceDirect, Scopus, LILACS, SciELO, ClinicalTrials.gov and grey literature databases were searched, using no date or language restrictions, for randomised controlled trials that assigned adults to a VLCKD or a LFD, with 12 months or more of follow-up. The primary outcome was body weight. The secondary outcomes were TAG, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, insulin, HbA1c and C-reactive protein levels. A total of thirteen studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. In the overall analysis, five outcomes revealed significant results. Individuals assigned to a VLCKD showed decreased body weight (weighted mean difference − 0·91 (95 % CI − 1·65, − 0·17) kg, 1415 patients), TAG (weighted mean difference − 0·18 (95 % CI − 0·27, − 0·08) mmol/l, 1258 patients) and diastolic blood pressure (weighted mean difference − 1·43 (95 % CI − 2·49, − 0·37) mmHg, 1298 patients) while increased HDL-C (weighted mean difference 0·09 (95 % CI 0·06, 0·12) mmol/l, 1257 patients) and LDL-C (weighted mean difference 0·12 (95 % CI 0·04, 0·2) mmol/l, 1255 patients). Individuals assigned to a VLCKD achieve a greater weight loss than those assigned to a LFD in the long term; hence, a VLCKD may be an alternative tool against obesity.
Red meat consumption is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in men but not in women: a Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study
Authors: Kurotani Kayo , Nanri Akiko , Goto Atsushi , Mizoue Tetsuya , Noda Mitsuhiko , Oba Shino , Kato Masayuki , Matsushita Yumi , Inoue Manami , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   for the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group
Published: May 2013

The relationship between different types of meat intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes remains unclear. We prospectively examined the association between total meat, total red meat, unprocessed red meat, processed meat and poultry intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Subjects were 27 425 men and 36 424 women aged 45–75 years who participated in the second survey of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study, and had no history of type 2 diabetes, cancer, stroke, IHD, chronic liver disease or kidney disease. Meat intake was estimated using a validated 147-item FFQ. OR of self-reported, physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes over 5 years were estimated using a multiple logistic regression. A total of 1178 newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes were self-reported. Intakes of total meat and total red meat were associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes in men but not in women. The multivariate-adjusted OR for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile of total meat and total red meat intake were 1·36 (95 % CI 1·07, 1·73; P for trend = 0·006) and 1·48 (95 % CI 1·15, 1·90; P for trend = 0·003) for men, respectively, and 0·82 (95 % CI 0·62, 1·09; P for trend = 0·14) and 0·77 (95 % CI 0·57, 1·02; P for trend = 0·08) for women, respectively. Intakes of processed red meat and poultry were not associated with the increased risk of diabetes in either men or women. In conclusion, elevated intake of red meat is associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men but not in women.
A new Eugeniella from a small Atlantic rainforest remnant in Sergipe, NE Brazil
Authors: CÁCERES Marcela Eugenia da Silva , ANDRADE Dannyelly Santos , OCÉA Grayce Kelly , APTROOT André 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe new species Eugeniella nigrodisca is described from Fazenda Cafuz, Serra de Itabaiana, Sergipe, NE Brazil, where it was found on bark. It is characterized by the clavate, consistently 7-septate ascospores.
EumitrioidUsneaspecies (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in tropical South America and the Galapagos
Authors: TRUONG Camille , CLERC Philippe 
Published: May 2013

AbstractEumitrioidUsneaspecies are characterized by a tubular central axis throughout the entire thallus. Four species were identified in South America:Usnea baileyiis a (sub-) tropical species occurring both in continental South America and the Galapagos;U. perplectatahas a scattered distribution worldwide and occurs in continental South America, mainly on the eastern range;U. flaveolaand the newly described speciesU. subflaveolaare both so far endemic to the Neotropical Andes. Distinct chemotypes, as well as anatomical characters, such as the thickness ratio of the medulla or the presence of medullar pigmentation, are diagnostic in delimiting these species. A detailed description of the species is provided together with an identification key.