bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Leptin Levels Predict Weight Gain?—A 5‐Year Follow‐Up Study in Mauritius
Authors: Hodge Allison M. , de Courten Maximilian P. , Dowse Gary K. , Zimmet Paul Z. , Collier Greg R. , Gareeboo Hassam , Chitson Pierrot , Fareed Djamil , Hemraj Farojdeo , Alberti K. George M.M. , Tuomilehto Jaakko 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: To investigate whether relative baseline leptin levels predict long‐term changes in adiposity and/or its distribution.Research Methods and Procedures: In a longitudinal study of 2888 nondiabetic Mauritians aged 25 years to 74 years who participated in population‐based surveys in 1987 and 1992, changes in body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference were compared between “hyperleptinemic,” “normoleptinemic,” and “hypoleptinemic” groups. “Relative leptin levels” were calculated as standardized residuals from the regression of log10 leptin on baseline BMI to provide a leptin measure independent of BMI. Analyses were performed within each sex. A linear regression model was used to assess the effect of standardized residuals on changes in BMI, WHR, and waist circumference, independent of baseline BMI, age, fasting insulin, and ethnicity.Results: After adjusting for age and baseline BMI by analysis of covariance, there was no difference in changes in BMI, WHR, or waist circumference between men with low, normal, or high relative leptin levels. Among women, there was a significant difference in ΔWHR across leptin groups, such that the largest increase occurred in the “normal” leptin group. For both men and women, the linear regression models explained −10% of variation in dependent variables, and the only significant independent variables were age, BMI, and being of Chinese origin, compared with Indian origin.Discussion: These findings do not support a role for leptin concentration in predicting weight gain or changes in fat distribution in adults over a 5‐year period.
Psychiatric III‐Health of Women and Its Relationship to Obesity and Body Fat Distribution
Authors: Rosmond Roland , Björntorp Per 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective: Abdominal obesity is associated with serious, prevalent diseases. Previously, psychiatric symptoms and ill‐health has been found in this condition in men. The results of a similar study in women is reported herein.Research Methods and Procedures: A cohort of 1464 women, aged 40 years and recruited by systematic sampling, was examined (77.7% participation rate). Items regarding use of anxiolytics, hypnotics, and antidepressive drugs were registered, as well as symptoms of dyspepsia, sleeping disturbances, melancholy, and degree of life satisfaction. Smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as self‐measured weight, height, waist, and hip circumferences, were reported, from which body mass index [BMI; weight (kg)/height2 (m2), kg/m2] and the waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR) were calculated.Results: In bivariate analyses, BMI was associated with use of anxiolytics, antidepressive drugs, various sleeping disturbances, and a low degree of life satisfaction. After controlling for “the WHR, alcohol, and tobacco use in multivariate analysis, the associations between BMI and use of anxiolytics and sleeping disturbances remained significant. The WHR correlated with dyspepsia, sleeping problems, and use of antidepressive drugs. After adjustments for BMI, smoking, and alcohol, the relationship to dyspepsia and antidepressants remained significant.Discussion: The results suggest that elevated BMI (obesity) and elevated WHR (central fat distribution) are associated in different ways with symptoms of psychiatric ill‐health in women. Obesity alone shows no such relationships to psy chiatric ill‐health in men, whereas central fat distribution shows independent associations to all of the measured variables studied in this report in women, suggesting gender differences in these associations.
Miglitol (BAY m 1099) Treatment of Diabetic Hypothalamic‐Dietary Obese Rats Improves Islet Response to Glucose
Authors: Axen Kathleen V. , Li Xue , Sclafani Anthony 
Published: September 2012

AbstractAXEN, KATHLEEN V., XUE LI, AND ANTHONY SCLAFANI. Miglitol (BAY m 1099) treatment of diabetic hypothalamic‐dietary obese rats improves islet response to glucose. Obes Res. 1999;7:83–89.Objective: The well‐absorbed α‐glucosidase inhibitor, miglitol (BAY m 1099), was included in the diets of hypothalamic‐dietary obese diabetic rats to investigate its ability to improve glycemia and thereby reverse glucotoxic effects on islet secretory response.Research Methods and Procedures: Female rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus and were fed high‐fat, sucrosesupplemented diets until hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia were observed after 3 hours of food deprivation (nonfed). Diabetic animals were assigned to miglitol‐treated (40 mg/17 g of diet) or untreated groups for 3 weeks; pancreatic islets were isolated for incubation experiments.Results: No differences in food intake, body weights, or nonfed plasma glucose or insulin levels were seen between treated and untreated diabetic rats. Islets isolated from untreated diabetic rats showed elevated basal insulin release and no insulin secretory response to an elevation in glucose concentration. In contrast, islets obtained from miglitol‐treated rats showed more normal basal release and a significant insulin secretory response to glucose. Incubation of islets, obtained from normal control rats or untreated diabetic rats, in media containing miglitol at levels estimated to exist in plasma of treated rats had no effect on islet insulin secretory responses to glucose.Discussion: Islet secretory response was improved despite continued hyperglycemia and severe insulin resistance. Miglitol treatment may improve islet sensitivity to glucose either through effects on islet metabolism requiring prolonged exposure or by improvement in postmeal glycemia, despite persistent hyperglycemia.
Human Uncoupling Proteins and Obesity
Authors: Schrauwen Patrick , Walder Ken , Ravussin Eric 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSCHRAUWEN, PATRICK, KEN WALDER, AND ERIC RAVUSSIN. Human coupling proteins and obesity. Obes. Res. 1999;7:97–105.Uncoupling protein (UCP) 2 and UCP3 are newly discovered proteins that can uncouple ATP production from mitochondrial respiration, thereby dissipating energy as heat and affecting energy metabolism efficiency. In contrast to UCP1, which is only present in brown adipose tissue, UCP2 has a wide tissue distribution, whereas UCP3 is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle. Some evidence of a role for UCPs in modulating metabolic rate was provided by linkage and association studies. Furthermore, UCP3 gene expression was found to correlate negatively with body mass index and positively with sleeping metabolic rate in Pima Indians. Treatment with thyroid hormone increases expression of the UCP2 and UCP3 genes. Other regulators of UCP2 and UCP3 gene expression are β3‐adrenergic agonists and glucocorticoids. Surprisingly, fasting has a stimulatory effect on UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA levels, possibly explained by the effects of free fatty acid on UCP2 and UCP3 gene expression.
The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 1998 Update
Authors: Pérusse Louis , Chagnon Yvon C. , Weisnagel John , Bouchard Claude 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPÉRUSSE, LOUIS, YVON C. CHAGNON, JOHN WEISNAGEL, AND CLAUDE BOUCHARD. The human obesity gene map: the 1998 update. Obes Res. 1999;7:111–129.An update of the human obesity gene map incorporating published results up to the end of October 1998 is presented. Evidence from the human obesity cases caused by single gene mutations; other Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature; quantitative trait loci uncovered in human genome‐wide scans and in crossbreeding experiments with mouse, rat, and pig models; association and case‐control studies with candidate genes; and linkage studies with genes and other markers is reviewed. The most noticeable changes from the 1997 update is the number of obesity cases due to single gene mutations that increased from three cases due to mutations in two genes to 25 cases due to 12 mutations in seven genes. A look at the obesity gene map depicted in Figure 1 reveals that putative loci affecting obesity‐related phenotypes are found on all but chromosome Y of the human chromosomes. Some chromosomes show at least three putative loci related to obesity on both arms (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 19, 20, and X) and several on one chromosome arm only (4q, 5q, 10q, 12q, 13q, 15q, 16p, and 22q). The number of genes and other markers that have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes is increasing very rapidly and now approaches 27.
Collection and Interpretation of Plasma Leptin Concentration Data in Humans
Authors: Jensen Michael D. , Hensrud Donald , O'Brien Peter C. , Nielsen Søren 
Published: September 2012

AbstractJENSEN, MICHAEL D, DONALD HENSRUD, PETER C. O'BRIEN, AND SØREN NIELSEN. Collection and interpretation of plasma leptin concentration data in humans. Obes Res.Objective: To reassess the relationship between body fat and plasma leptin concentrations when a) replicate measures of leptin are made; b) energy intake is controlled at isoenergetic levels before the study; and c) body fat and percent body fat are measured with dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA).Research Methods and Procedures: Two separate studies were conducted. In the first study, four plasma samples were collected for measurement of leptin over 30 minutes on a single day in 43 lean and obese men and women. For the second study, plasma samples were collected on four consecutive days from a group of 50 lean and obese men and women. Percent body fat (and body fat mass) was related to log‐transformed mean plasma leptin concentrations using linear regression analysis; multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether there was an effect of gender on this relationship, and the analysis of Choi was used to examine whether percent body fat or body fat mass better predicts plasma leptin concentrations. Results: For the first study, percent body fat was highly correlated (r = 0. 96, p<O. OOOl) with log‐transformed mean leptin concentrations. No difference in the relationship between leptin and percent body fat in men and women was detected. The second study confirmed this observation; the relationship between In leptin and percent body fat was virtually identical (r = 0. 93, p<0. 001). Analysis of the pooled data suggests that percent body fat is a better predictor of plasma leptin concentration than body fat mass. The use of multiple (as opposed to a single) leptin measurements did not significantly improve the leptinhody fat relationship.Discussion: When robust body composition techniques and diet control measures are taken into consideration, the relationship between In plasma leptin concentrations and percent body fat is not different in men and women.
Visceral Obesity and Insulin Resistance Are Associated with Plasma Aldosterone Levels in Women
Authors: Goodfriend Theodore L. , Kelley David E. , Goodpaster Bret H. , Winters Stephen J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractGOODFRIEND, THEODORE L., DAVID E. KELLEY, BRET H. GOODPASTER, AND STEPHEN J. WINTERS. Visceral obesity and insulin resistance are associated with plasma aldosterone levels in women. Obes Res.Objective: Both obesity and insulin resistance increase the risk of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanisms linking these abnormalities are unknown. The current study was undertaken to examine the effects of obesity, fat distribution, and insulin resistance on plasma levels of aldosterone and other adrenal steroids that might contribute to sequelae of obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐eight normo‐tensive premenopausal women and 27 normotensive men with a wide range of body fat underwent measurements of visceral adipose tissue by CT scan, total fat mass by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and plasma levels of three adrenal steroid hormones.Results: Plasma aldosterone in women correlated directly with visceral adipose tissue (r = 0. 66, p<0. 001) and inversely with insulin sensitivity (r = −0. 67, p<0. 001), and these associations were independent of plasma renin activity. There were no corresponding correlations in men. Plasma aldosterone was significantly correlated with plasma cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in women. Seventeen women and 15 men completed a weight‐reduction regimen, losing an average of 15. 1±1. 2 kg. After weight loss, plasma aldosterone was significantly lower and insulin sensitivity higher; however, the correlations of aldosterone with visceral adipose tissue and insulin sensitivity in women persisted (p = 0. 09 and 0. 07, respectively). Although none of the women were hypertensive, blood pressure correlated with plasma aldosterone both before and after weight loss.Discussion: We conclude that visceral adiposity and insulin resistance are associated with increased plasma aldosterone and other adrenal steroids that may contribute to cardiovascular diseases in obese women.
Development and Validation of a Measurement System for Assessment of Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity in Prader‐Willi Syndrome
Authors: Chen Kong Y. , Sun Ming , Butler Merlin G. , Thompson Travis , Carlson Michael G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractCHEN, KONG Y., MING SUN, MERLIN G. BUTLER, TRAVIS THOMPSON, AND MICHAEL G. CARLSON. Development and validation of a measurement system for assessment of energy expenditure and physical activity in Prader—Willi syndrome. Obes Res.Objective: The morbid obesity associated with Prader—Willi syndrome (PWS) may result from either excessive energy intake or reduced energy expenditure (EE). In this report, we describe the development and validation of an Activity—Energy Measurement System (AEMS) to measure EE and physical activity components in an environment approximating free‐living conditions.Research Methods and Procedures: The AEMS consists of a live‐in, whole‐room indirect calorimeter equipped with a novel force platform floor system to enable simultaneous measurements of EE, physical activity, and work efficiency during spontaneous activities and standardized exercises. Free‐living physical activity and estimated free‐living EE are measured using portable triaxial accelerometers individually calibrated in each subject during their stay in the AEMS.Results: Representative data from two PWS patients and two matched control (CTR) subjects displayed EE during their inactive lifestyles.Discussion: This combination of methods will allow the quantification of daily EE and its components, the amount and energy cost of physical activity, and the relationships between body composition and EE, in order to determine their roles in the development and maintenance of the morbid obesity in PWS.
Mode of Infant Feeding and Achieved Growth in Adolescence: Early Feeding Patterns in Relation to Growth and Body Composition in Adolescence
Authors: Tulldahl Jenny , Pettersson Kjell , Andersson Susan W. , Hulthén Lena 
Published: September 2012

AbstractTULLDAHL, JENNY, KJELL PETTERSSON, SUSAN W. ANDERSSON, AND LENA HULTHÉN. Mode of infant feeding and achieved growth in adolescence: Early feeding patterns in relation to growth and body composition in adolescence. Obes Res.Objective: Feeding mode in infancy and differences in childhood growth have been studied in several longitudinal studies, but few studies have followed children up to adolescent age. There is evidence that formula‐fed infants weigh more and are taller than their breast‐fed counterparts, and indications that this difference may sustain.Research Methods and Procedures: We have studied the relations between length of breast‐feeding, growth, and body composition in a group of 781 representatively chosen adolescents. Data on feeding pattern in infancy and on weight and height from birth up to 18 years were collected. We studied the relation between high body mass index (BMI) (defined as ≤85th percentile) in adolescence and length of breast‐feeding.Results: Girls who were not breast‐fed or breast‐fed for less than 3 months had a significantly higher height curve than girls exclusively breast‐fed for more then 3 months. There were tendencies towards higher values of adipose tissue measured by skinfolds in girls breast‐fed for 3 months or less. Short duration of exclusive breast‐feeding was associated with higher BMI (p<0. 04). In a subgroup of 194 adolescents, body composition was measured with dual energy X‐ray. Both boys and girls who were exclusively breast‐fed for more than 3 months were leaner and showed a trend towards lower skinfold values.Conclusion: These results are important to include in the debate about optimal feeding in infancy. Regarding breastfeeding as a standard, our results imply that formula fed infants may be at risk for overfeeding, which might lead to overweight, even up to adolescent age.
The Behavioral Characteristics of Individuals Who Lose Weight Unintentionally
Authors: McGuire Maureen T. , Wing Rena R. , Klem Mary L. , Hill James O. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractMCGUIRE, MAUREEN T., RENA R. WING, MARY L. KLEM, AND JAMES O. HILL. The behavioral characteristics of individuals who lose weight unintentionally. Obes Res.Objective: To determine whether individuals who unintentionally lost weight differ from individuals who intentionally lost weight in behavioral characteristics related to chronic disease risk factors.Design: A random‐digit dial telephone survey was conducted among a representative sample of American adults (n = 500).Subjects: Of the 500 individuals sampled, 139 were currently ≥10% below their lifetime maximum weight. These individuals were asked whether their weight loss was unintentional or intentional. Unintentional (n = 49) and intentional (n = 89) weight losers were compared on measures of dietary intake, physical activity, smoking, drinking, and self‐reported health status.Results: Unintentional weight losers had higher levels of smoking and drinking, were less physically active, and were less concerned about their diet and fat intake. Unintentional weight losers did not report having higher levels of disease such as high blood pressure or diabetes. However, unintentional weight losers who reported having such diseases were more likely to report that their weight loss had no effect or had worsened their disorder.Discussion: Compared to intentional weight losers, those who lost their weight unintentionally reported engaging in more negative health behaviors that are related to disease morbidity and mortality. These data suggest that unintentional weight loss may be part of a cluster of behaviors that have a negative health impact.
Is Leptin Concentration Associated with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Nondiabetic Men?
Authors: Haffner Steven M. , Mykkänen Leena , Rainwater David L. , Karhapää Pauli , Laakso Markku 
Published: September 2012

AbstractHAFFNER, STEVEN M., LEENA MYKKÄNEN, DAVID L. RAINWATER, PAULI KARHAPÄÄ, AND MARKU LAAKSO. Is leptin concentration associated with the insulin resistance syndrome in nondiabetic men? Obes Res.Objective Insulin resistance has been strongly associated with cardiovascular risk. Recently, leptin, a hormone that regulates appetite, has been associated with both obesity and insulin resistance. However, the possible relation of leptin to the insulin resistance syndrome has been controversial.Research Methods and Procedures To explore this issue, we examined the relation of leptin to blood pressure, lipid levels, low density lipoprotein (LDL) size, and glucose levels in 87 normoglycemic men.Results Leptin levels were significantly correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.494), fasting insulin (r = 0.576), whole‐body glucose disposal rate (GDR) (r = −0.566), fasting glucose (r = 0.510), total triglycerides (r= 0.294), apolipoprotein B 0 = 0.223), systolic blood pressure (r= O.223), and LDL size (r = −0.244). After adjustment for BMI and GDR, leptin levels remained significantly correlated with fasting insulin, fasting glucose, triglyceride, apolipoprotein B, and systolic blood pressure. Leptin levels were also correlated with the number of metabolic risk factors (dyslipidemia, systolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose).Discussion We conclude that leptin concentrations may be associated with several cardiovascular risk factors related to insulin resistance syndrome. These associations are only partly explained by leptin's relationship with BMI and GDR.
Psychological and Behavioral Predictors of Body Fat Distribution: Age and Gender Effects
Authors: Nelson Tracy L. , Palmer Raymond F. , Pedersen Nancy L. , Miles Toni P. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractNELSON, TRACY L., RAYMOND F. PALMER, NANCY L. PEDERSEN, AND TONI P. MILES. Psychological and behavioral predictors of body fat distribution: age and gender effects. Obes Res.Objective Abdominal fat has been shown to be associated with several adverse outcomes including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Risk factors for abdominal fatness include genetic effects, age, and gender. Most recently, it has been hypothesized that psychological factors, as well as behavioral factors, may play a part in where fat is distributed. The purpose of this study was to assess the longitudinal predictive power of psychological variables (cynicism, anger, anxiety, and depression) measured in 1987 on waist‐hip ratio (WHR) measured from 1992 to 1994 among different age and gender groups, as well as to test if alcohol consumption or smoking (measured in 1990) would mediate any of the relationships found.Research Methods and Procedures Data from the Swedish Adoptiod Twin Study of Aging (n= 1392; average age: 58 years for middle‐aged group and 74 years for older group; 58% female) were analyzed using a maximum‐likelihood regression model where age, gender, and age by gender effects were assessed.Results Cynicism and anxiety predicted WHR in middle‐aged subjects regardless of gender. Cynicism explained 2.5% of the variance in WHR and anxiety explained 1.7% of the variance in WHR. Anger predicted WHR in males regardless of age, explaining 4.0% of the variance; depression predicted WHR only in middle‐aged females, explaining 2.0% of the variance. All analyses adjusted for body mass index, and neither alcohol consumption or smoking status mediated the relationships.Discussion These findings are suggestive with regard to the hypotheses that certain psychological states and behaviors may be associated with increased abdominal fatness.