bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic Investigations of High‐Nitrogen Compounds for Near‐Infrared Illuminants
Authors: Fischer Niko , Feller Michael , Klapötke Thomas M. , Kowalewski Markus , Scheutzow Susanne , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAlkaline metal salts are widely used in pyrotechnic formulations. For NIR pyrotechnics, potassium, and cesium nitrate are mainly used as oxidizers and infrared emitters. Herein, new NIR illuminant formulations were tested using several potassium and cesium salts of high‐nitrogen compounds such as tetrazole and triazole derivatives. The research of new formulations comprises the evaluation of sensitivity data and radiometric measurements of new formulations. It was further investigated whether the IR emission can be improved using different nitrogen releasing agents like aminotetrazole or diethylene triamine trinitrate (DETT) as hexamethylenetetramine replacements.
Oxidative stress response of Beauveria bassiana to Bordeaux mixture and its influence on fungus growth and development
Authors: Martins Fátima , Pereira José Alberto , Baptista Paula 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDChemical fungicides used to manage plant diseases may negatively affect beneficial fungi such as entomopathogens. In this study, the participation of the antioxidative system in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana exposed to the copper‐based Bordeaux mixture fungicide and its relation with fungus growth and development were examined. The fungus was grown in submerged culture containing Bordeaux mixture at the recommended dose. Within the first 24 h of elicitation, the vegetative growth, germination, sporulation and activity of amylase and laccase and the antioxidative enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), were evaluated.RESULTSBordeaux mixture inhibited B. bassiana germination (between 65 and 88%) and sporulation (between 15 and 57%) and significantly increased laccase production (≥130%), especially within the first 4 h of fungus exposure. By contrast, the mycelial growth was found to be less affected by the fungicide. These effects were accompanied with a significant increase in H2O2 levels in fungal cells, as well as in SOD activity, but not in CAT, showing clear signs of increased oxidative stress.CONCLUSIONThe effect of Bordeaux mixture on B. bassiana development was probably due to the toxicity of the copper ion itself, and it also induced an oxidative state in fungal cells. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Microstructure of ZnO‐Li2CO3 compound studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy
Authors: Jiang M. , Liu L. L. , Wang Z. , Chen Z. Q. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractLi‐doped ZnO polycrystals with Li2CO3 concentration between 0 and 15 at.% have been prepared using a solid state reaction method. After annealing of the mixed samples at 1200 °C, Li2CO3 completely decomposed to Li2O and the lattice parameters a/c first increase with Li2CO3 concentration up to 5 at.%, and then decrease with increasing Li2CO3 concentration. This indicates that Li atoms prefer interstitial sites at low concentration and substitute Zn sites when Li concentration is beyond a certain threshold. Positron annihilation measurements were performed for undoped ZnO and Li2CO3‐doped ZnO with 15 at.% samples as a function of annealing temperature. A high concentration of vacancy defects is observed in the undoped and as‐prepared Li2CO3‐doped samples, and they are fully removed after annealing at 1200 °C. The average positron lifetimes of all Li2CO3‐doped samples after annealing at 1200 °C are the same, suggesting that Li doping has little effect on the positron lifetime in ZnO. This might be due to the invisibility of positron to Lii or LiiLiZn complex, which is further confirmed by theoretical calculation.
The role of the tip symmetry on the STM topography of ‐conjugated molecules
Authors: Siegert Benjamin , Donarini Andrea , Grifoni Milena 
Published: October 2013

We present an STM theory based on the reduced density matrix (RDM) formalism which is able to describe transport properties of an STM junction for ‐conjugated molecules on thin insulating films. It combines a very popular derivation of STM tunneling matrix elements (), based on Bardeen's tunneling formalism (), with a generalized master equation approach for interacting molecular systems. We show that this method allows the efficient implementation of different tip symmetries in STM simulations. With the example of hydrogen phthalocyanine (H2 Pc), we study the influence of s‐ and p‐wave tip symmetries on the constant‐height current maps of ‐conjugated molecules. Constant‐height STM images evaluated at the cationic resonance of H2 Pc. Left image computed by using an s‐wave tip and right image for a linear combination of px and py states.
Density and Molar Volume of Liquid Iron Containing Nb
Authors: Zhong Liangcai , Zeze Masafumi , Mukai Kusuhiro 
Published: October 2013

Densities of liquid iron containing Nb up to 0.198 wt pct were measured with the modified sessile drop method in a temperature range from 1510 to 1610°C. The densities decrease linearly with increase in temperature and increase with increase in niobium content. The thermal expansion coefficient of molten liquid containing Nb increases linearly with increase in niobium content. An equation for density of liquid iron containing niobium has been derived from the measured results as a function of temperature and niobium content as follows:
urn:x-wiley:16113683:media:srin201300116:srin201300116-math-0001
The difference between the measured and calculated values is in the range of −0.26 to +0.29 pct. The molar volume of liquid iron containing Nb at the same temperature decreases with increase in niobium content. The partial molar volume of niobium in liquid iron decreases with increase in temperature, while that of iron increases with temperature. The densities calculated with the partial molar volumes are in good agreement with the measured ones for the iron‐niobium binary alloys.
A Systems Engineering Approach to Estimating Uncertainty in Above‐Ground Biomass (AGB) Derived from Remote‐Sensing Data
Authors: Weisbin Charles R. , Lincoln William , Saatchi Sassan 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACTWe integrate systems of measurement and modeling to improve estimation of uncertainties in above‐ground biomass (AGB) derived from remote sensing. The outcome provides a unified starting point for the climate‐change carbon community to assess uncertainty and sensitivity data and methodologies, and ultimately supports decision‐making about which missions and instruments to develop for a desired cost/benefit ratio. Initial results include fusion of remote‐sensing techniques (e.g., radar and lidar), uncertainties associated with measurement and modeling, and the impact of potential uncertainty correlations across aggregated unit areas. Biomass uncertainty estimates are presented at the single‐hectare level for the forestlands of California. Using a forest biomass map of California, we calculate changes in variance (e.g., 2 orders of magnitude) as a function of uncertainty correlation assumptions, with correlations extending to spatial scales up to 100 km. Using a variogram formalism to derive the correlation shape and magnitude, we show that the estimated variance for California above‐ground biomass is between 1% and 2% (1 standard deviation) for our current best estimate of the correlation range at 5–10 km—i.e., we bound the standard deviation by a factor of 2. This contrasts with 0.025% (1 standard deviation) if one does not include the correlation term.
Assessment of adrenocortical and gonadal hormones in male spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) following capture, restraint and anesthesia
Authors: Rodas‐Martínez Alba Zulema , Canales Domingo , Brousset Dulce María , Swanson William F. , Romano Marta C. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThe spider monkey (SM) (Ateles geoffroyi) a New World primate species native to Mexican forests, has become endangered in the wild due to environmental perturbations. Little is known about adrenal function and its relationship to reproduction in this species. Our objectives were to assess serum glucocorticoid (GC), mineralocorticoid (MC) and testosterone concentrations in captive SM and evaluate adrenal and testicular responses to potentially stressful animal handling procedures. Seven adult males, housed in a single mixed gender group in an off‐exhibit enclosure at the University Park were captured for anesthesia every 2 months over a 1‐year period. Blood samples were collected from each male at three time points: (1) ∼5–10 min after ketamine injection in the outdoor enclosure; (2) ∼2 hr later following animal transport to the laboratory and immediately after tiletamine–zolazepam injection; and (3) ∼20–30 min following the second anesthetic injection. Serum samples were frozen and later analyzed for cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone and testosterone via radioimmunoassay. Cortisol was the primary GC detected in SM serum with much higher mean concentrations than for corticosterone. Capture, restraint and anesthesia resulted in significant increases in both cortisol and corticosterone concentrations. Whereas aldosterone concentrations were unchanged by animal handling procedures, testosterone concentrations significantly declined under anesthesia over time. In summary, these results provide data for the main adrenocortical hormones in male SM and characterize their acute adrenal responses to potentially stressful handling and anesthesia procedures. Our findings also suggest an interaction between acute increases in corticosteroids and decreased concentrations of serum testosterone. Zoo Biol. 32:641–647, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy for Adenocarcinoma of the Body and Tail of the Pancreas
Authors: Park Hyo Jun , Do You Dong , Choi Dong Wook , Heo Jin Seok , Choi Seong Ho 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackground
Studies have claimed that in the surgical treatment of pancreas body and tail cancer, radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) is associated with effective tangential margin and extensive lymph node dissection. In the present study, the authors have compared the surgical outcomes between RAMPS and conventional distal pancreatosplenectomy (DPS) in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas body and tail, and also identified prognostic factors associated with survival after surgery.MethodsRetrospective review of 92 consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection for pancreas body and tail adenocarcinoma with curative intent between 1995 and 2010. Median follow‐up duration was 16.1 months.ResultsOf the 92 patients, 38 patients received RAMPS and 54 patients received DPS. Patients who underwent RAMPS had a greater number of retrieved lymph nodes than patients undergoing DPS [median 14 (5–52) vs. 9 (1–36), p < 0.05]. Conventional DPS, no adjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT), and non‐curative resection were associated with poor overall survival (OS) on univariate analysis. After multivariate analysis for these variables, only the lack of adjuvant CRT and resection margin status were found to adversely affect OS.ConclusionsWhile the RAMPS procedure is effective in performing an extensive LN dissection, it is not associated with better retroperitoneal resection margin or retrieval of more positive LNs, and it does not lead to better curability or OS survival compared to DPS. Lack of adjuvant CRT and resection margin status are poor prognostic factors in patients with pancreas body and tail cancer.
Predictive Factors of Thyroid Cancer in Patients with Graves’ Disease
Authors: Ren Meng , Wu Mu Chao , Shang Chang Zhen , Wang Xiao Yi , Zhang Jing Lu , Cheng Hua , Xu Ming Tong , Yan Li 
Published: October 2013

AbstractBackgroundThe best preoperative examination in Graves’ disease with thyroid cancer still remains uncertain. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the prevalence of thyroid cancer in Graves’ disease patients, and to identify the predictive factors and ultrasonographic features of thyroid cancer that may aid the preoperative diagnosis in Graves’ disease.MethodsThis retrospective study included 423 patients with Graves’ disease who underwent surgical treatment from 2002 to 2012 at our institution. The clinical features and ultrasonographic findings of thyroid nodules were recorded. The diagnosis of thyroid cancer was determined according to the pathological results.ResultsThyroid cancer was discovered in 58 of the 423 (13.7 %) surgically treated Graves’ disease patients; 46 of those 58 patients had thyroid nodules, and the other 12 patients were diagnosed with incidentally discovered thyroid carcinomas without thyroid nodules. Among the 58 patients with thyroid cancer, papillary microcarcinomas were discovered in 50 patients, and multifocality and lymph node involvement were detected in the other 8 patients. Multivariate regression analysis showed younger age was the only significant factor predictive of metastatic thyroid cancer. Ultrasonographic findings of calcification and intranodular blood flow in thyroid nodules indicate that they are more likely to harbor thyroid cancers.ConclusionsBecause the influencing factor of metastatic thyroid cancers in Graves’ disease is young age, every suspicious nodule in Graves’ disease patients should be evaluated and treated carefully, especially in younger patients because of the potential for metastasis.
Betting Patterns for Sports and Races: A Longitudinal Analysis of Online Wagering in Australia
Authors: Gainsbury Sally M. , Russell Alex 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Online wagering is increasing in popularity as it is easily accessible through websites which market these services widely. However, few studies have examined online betting based on actual behavioural data. This paper describes the results of an analysis of 2,522,299 bets placed with an Australian online wagering operator over a 1-year period. The majority of bets placed were for a win (45.31 %) and were placed on races (86.74 %) or sports (11.29 %). Sports betting was dominated by ball sports, reflecting popular interest in these events. More than three-quarters (77.63 %) of the bets were losses and there was large variation in bet size between bet types and events bet on although average bets were higher than in previously reported studies. The most popular bets placed to win, had a relatively high rate of losses and lowest average returns, which may reflect less sophisticated betting behaviour. More specific handicap and total bets were placed by fewer customers, but were larger bets with the greatest returns. Similarly, bets placed on less popular sporting events had greater average returns potentially reflecting greater customer sophistication and knowledge raising the possibility of a proportion of bettors being more ‘skilled’. As the first paper to analyze the types of bets placed on events and outcomes the results support the notion that wagering is an entertainment activity, and the majority of customers are motivated by factors other than simply winning money.
ALDH‐1 expression levels predict response or resistance to preoperative chemoradiation in resectable esophageal cancer patients
Authors: Ajani J.A. , Wang X. , Song S. , Suzuki A. , Taketa T. , Sudo K. , Wadhwa R. , Hofstetter W.L. , Komaki R. , Maru D.M. , Lee J.H. , Bhutani M.S. , Weston B. , Baladandayuthapani V. , Yao Y. , Honjo S. , Scott A.W. , Skinner H.D. , Johnson R.L. , Berry D. 
Published: October 2013

PurposeOperable thoracic esophageal/gastroesophageal junction carcinoma (EC) is often treated with chemoradiation and surgery but tumor responses are unpredictable and heterogeneous. We hypothesized that aldehyde dehydrogenase‐1 (ALDH‐1) could be associated with response.MethodsThe labeling indices (LIs) of ALDH‐1 by immunohistochemistry in untreated tumor specimens were established in EC patients who had chemoradiation and surgery. Univariate logistic regression and 3‐fold cross validation were carried out for the training (67% of patients) and validation (33%) sets. Non‐clinical experiments in EC cells were performed to generate complimentary data.ResultsOf 167 EC patients analyzed, 40 (24%) had a pathologic complete response (pathCR) and 27 (16%) had an extremely resistant (exCRTR) cancer. The median ALDH‐1 LI was 0.2 (range, 0.01–0.85). There was a significant association between pathCR and low ALDH‐1 LI (p ≤ 0.001; odds‐ratio [OR] = 0.432). The 3‐fold cross validation led to a concordance index (C‐index) of 0.798 for the fitted model. There was a significant association between exCRTR and high ALDH‐1 LI (p ≤ 0.001; OR = 3.782). The 3‐fold cross validation led to the C‐index of 0.960 for the fitted model. In several cell lines, higher ALDH‐1 LIs correlated with resistant/aggressive phenotype. Cells with induced chemotherapy resistance upregulated ALDH‐1 and resistance conferring genes (SOX9 and YAP1). Sorted ALDH‐1+ cells were more resistant and had an aggressive phenotype in tumor spheres than ALDH‐1− cells.ConclusionsOur clinical and non‐clinical data demonstrate that ALDH‐1 LIs are predictive of response to therapy and further research could lead to individualized therapeutic strategies and novel therapeutic targets for EC patients.
Precipitation variations and possible forcing factors on the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the last millennium
Authors: Gou Xiaohua , Deng Yang , Chen Fahu , Yang Meixue , Gao Linlin , Nesje Atle , Fang Keyan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractUnderstanding precipitation variation, drought and flood history, and their associated forcing mechanisms are important to human society. In this study, five moisture-sensitive tree-ring width chronologies are used to represent variations in precipitation over the past millennium on the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP). We find a strong coherency between chronologies in the NETP, indicating a common response to regional climate during the last millennium. The first principal component of the five chronologies (PC1) correlates significantly with regional precipitation and can thus be used as an indicator of regional precipitation variations. Dry spells, even more severe than the 1920s drought, occurred during AD 1139–1152, 1294–1309, 1446–1503 and 1708–1726. Previous studies in this area using other proxies also identified these droughts. Multi-Taper spectral analysis demonstrates significant periodicities at 205 yr and 73 yr, plus a range of ~ 2 yr cycles, suggesting possible linkage with solar variation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). PC1 also shows coherent patterns with solar irradiance variation: the precipitation tends to reach low values during the well-known solar minimum.
Direct numerical simulation of top-down and bottom-up diffusion in the convective boundary layer
Authors: Waggy Scott B. , Biringen Sedat , Sullivan Peter P. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractA direct numerical simulation (DNS) of an unstably stratified convective boundary layer with system rotation was performed to study top-down and bottom-up diffusion processes. In order to better understand near-wall dynamics associated with scalar diffusion in the absence of surface roughness, direct simulation is utilized to numerically integrate the governing equations that model the atmospheric boundary layer. The ratio of the inversion height to Obukhov length scale, ${z}_{i} / L= - 49. 1$, indicates moderately strong heating for the case studied. Two passive scalars were initialized in the flow field: the first with a zero gradient at the wall (${q}_{t} $, top-down diffusion), and the second with a non-zero wall gradient and a close-to-zero gradient at the height of the temperature inversion (${q}_{b} $, bottom-up diffusion). Scalar flux, variance and covariance profiles show good agreement between the DNS and rough-wall large-eddy simulation (LES). The top-down gradient function displays a slight increase in amplitude, indicating reduced mixing efficiency for the smooth-wall, low-Reynolds-number convective boundary layer. For the bottom-up process, the gradient matches other rough-wall simulations. The only notable difference between the smooth-wall DNS data and other rough-wall simulations is an increase in the gradient function near the wall. This indicates that the bottom-up gradient functions for a rough wall and a smooth wall are nearly identical except as the viscous sublayer is approached. Finally, a new empirical model for the scalar variance of a bottom-up scalar is proposed: here, a single function replaces two piecewise relationships to accurately capture the DNS results up to the viscous sublayer. The scalar covariance between top-down and bottom-up processes agrees with rough-wall and tree-canopy LES results; this indicates that the scalar covariance is independent of both Reynolds number and surface friction.
High-speed boundary-layer transition induced by a discrete roughness element
Authors: Iyer Prahladh S. , Mahesh Krishnan 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDirect numerical simulation (DNS) is used to study laminar to turbulent transition induced by a discrete hemispherical roughness element in a high-speed laminar boundary layer. The simulations are performed under conditions matching the experiments of Danehy et al. (AIAA Paper 2009–394, 2009) for free-stream Mach numbers of 3.37, 5.26 and 8.23. It is observed that the Mach 8.23 flow remains laminar downstream of the roughness, while the lower Mach numbers undergo transition. The Mach 3.37 flow undergoes transition closer to the bump when compared with Mach 5.26, in agreement with experimental observations. Transition is accompanied by an increase in ${C}_{f} $ and ${C}_{h} $ (Stanton number). Even for the case that did not undergo transition (Mach 8.23), streamwise vortices induced by the roughness cause a significant rise in ${C}_{f} $ until 20$D$ downstream. The mean van Driest transformed velocity and Reynolds stress for Mach 3.37 and 5.26 show good agreement with available data. Temporal spectra of pressure for Mach 3.37 show that frequencies in the range of 10–1000 kHz are dominant. The transition process involves the following key elements: upon interaction with the roughness element, the boundary layer separates to form a series of spanwise vortices upstream of the roughness and a separation shear layer. The system of spanwise vortices wrap around the roughness element in the form of horseshoe/necklace vortices to yield a system of counter-rotating streamwise vortices downstream of the element. These vortices are located beneath the separation shear layer and perturb it, which results in the formation of trains of hairpin-shaped vortices further downstream of the roughness for the cases that undergo transition. These hairpins spread in the span with increasing downstream distance and the flow increasingly resembles a fully developed turbulent boundary layer. A local Reynolds number based on the wall properties is seen to correlate with the onset of transition for the cases considered.