bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La fin des foires et la persistance des marchés en Périgord
Authors: Groshens Marie-Claude 
Published: January 2014

Cette étude est l'esquisse — à l'aide de données partielles — d'une description du changement des foires et marchés du Périgord depuis le début du xixe siècle. Une première partie porte sur la totalité du département ; elle vise à comparer trois tableaux représentant l'état de la question, approximativement, en 1900, 1950 et 1975. Cette confrontation fait ressortir, d'une part le déclin des foires et la persistance des marchés, d'autre part la perte progressive et inégale de leur représentativité dans la production agricole régionale.
La deuxième partie est une monographie des foires et marchés de Montignac-sur- Vézère ; elle donne lieu à une description détaillée des différentes catégories d'intervenants et de leur marquage des espaces de commercialisation. On peut vérifier dans ce cas particulier — amplifié pour des raisons touchant à la position du bourg dans l'ensemble du Périgord — les différences des changements affectant les foires et les marchés.
Les fonctions marchandes et leurs traces dans le paysage.
Authors: Zarka Christian 
Published: January 2014

Market Functions and their Effects on the Landscape.

Three markets places differ with respect to their location, morphology and popularity. At Saint-Benoît-du-Sault, in the Indre, merchant activity has given birth to the medieval town; at Levroux (Indre) a weekly market of ancient origin is held on an eccentrically located open space. Lastly, at Les Hérolles, at the point where three regions in the Centre join, an important monthly fair takes place in a village which is almost lifeless for the rest of the time. The analysis of the spatial morphology of these three market centres reveals the political function which accompanies their economic and social functions. The market town of Saint-Benoît, centrally located and built up, is an expression of the political influence of a social group on the local power structure. That at Levroux takes the form of a peasant forum, located away from the town, which again reveals the contrast between two different worlds: rural and urban. In these two cases, as a cross-roads of information, the market centre transmits the ideology of the dominant group which uses it as a ready point.
At Les Hérolles, on the contrary, the marginal location of the village gives the market place a sort of political neutrality which facilitates the strictly economic transactions between several regions.
Nouveau contexte, encadrement et évolution de la petite exploitation paysanne en Amérique centrale et dans les pays andins
Authors: Santana Roberto 
Published: January 2014

New Context, Organization and Tendencies in Small Farming in Central America and the Andes.

A growing destabilization of peasant economies has been taking place for the last ten years, as a result of the capitalist transformation of Latin American agriculture. This process operates thanks to the liberalization of markets and farming policies. It is expressed through an increasing regional specialization, and changes in the old fields of specialization. Capitalist firms are at the heart of this process.
At present, the greater part of the rural population working on small farms has two chief characteristics : they actually sell, or seek to sell their labour force, and they have to sell their goods at a low price. This sale of surplus working force, on the level of the minifundio, is the central point of the crisis and it particularly underlines the fact that smaller farms help to absorb the shock of the rural unemployment resulting from the modernization of capitalist concerns. The deterioration of the minifundio is a consequence of the demographic growth and the reduction in the economic surplus available to the rural population, because of the open market small producers are less and less able to compete with capitalist firms. The accumulation of capital by fanners remains very rare.
The question of the development of peasant population cannot be seen as a straightforward sector-based problem : it cannot be solved by a mere search for better forms of administrative and technical support.
Les fonctions sociales de l'enseignement agricole féminin
Authors: Caniou Juliette 
Published: January 2014

The chief functions of the agricultural Education for girls

Until the modernization of agriculture, about I960, the chief functions of the agricultural Education for girls (under the control of the landed gentry, then bourgeoisie's) was to stop rural exodus, to augment natality, to create the cult of rural home. Its finality was domestic education, not agricultural professional ability.
When the agriculture became industrialized, this Education fulfills new functions, but it does not permit the professionalization of women in agriculture. To elucidate this gasp between the formation and the needs of abilities, it's necessary to know the status of the peasant women in production's relations of the type domestic and capitalistic.
Ecological relationship between floral thermogenesis and pollination in Nelumbo lutea (Nelumbonaceae)
Authors: Dieringer Gregg , Leticia Cabrera R. , Mottaleb Mohammad 
Published: January 2014

• Premise of study: Floral thermogenesis is an unusual floral trait with a well‐documented physiological process, and yet, there is limited understanding of how this trait influences plant reproduction. The current study was undertaken to gain a better understanding of how floral thermogenesis in Nelumbo lutea impacts pollinator attraction and consequent plant reproduction.• Methods: We conducted field studies on floral thermogenesis and thermoregulation, flower sexual development, floral visitation patterns, breeding system, pollen transfer dynamics, and floral scent production.• Key results: The most abundant visitors to the thermoregulatory flowers included the Phoridae (Diptera), Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera), and Hymenoptera. Chrysomelid beetles, particularly Diabrotica, were frequent visitors to both first‐day female‐ and second‐day bisexual‐phase flowers, while phorid flies were most common in bisexual‐phase flowers. Pollen transfer experiments indicated that Diabrotica was equally effective in depositing pollen on stigmas, as were the less frequent, but pollen‐loaded halictid bees.• Conclusions: Flowers received a taxonomically wide assemblage of floral visitors and appear adapted to attract beetles, primarily Chrysomelidae and medium‐sized bees. This study is the first to provide strong support that beetles can comprise the dominant portion of floral visitors and are as effective in pollen transfer as bees. Thermogenesis aids in dispersing the main floral scent component—1,4‐dimethoxybenzene—attracting both chrysomelids and bees, while thermoregulation causes chrysomelid beetles to actively seek out new flowers for evening residence. This search behavior likely results in chrysomelids affecting cross‐pollination.
HIV-1 Genital Shedding in HIV-Infected Patients Randomized to Second-Line Lopinavir/Ritonavir Monotherapy versus Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Lopinavir/ Ritonavir
Authors: Bunupuradah Torsak , Bowonwattanuwong Chureeratana , Jirajariyavej Supunnee , Munsakul Warangkana , Klinbuayaem Virat , Sophonphan Jiratchaya , Mahanontharit Apicha , Hirschel Bernard , Ruxrungtham Kiat , Ananworanich Jintanat ,   the HIV STAR Study team
Published: January 2014

Background HIV-1 shedding in genital secretions is associated with HIV transmission risk. Limited data exist on the effect of second-line lopinavir/ritonavir mono-therapy (mLPV/r) on genital secretion of HIV RNA. Methods We measured HIV-1 in genital secretions of HIV-infected adults at time of failure from non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens and at 48 weeks after being randomized to second-line mLPV/r versus tenofovir/lamivudine/LPV/r (TDF/3TC/LPV/r). Plasma and genital secretion (semen, vaginal swab) HIV RNA was quantified by the CobasAm-pliprep/TaqMan assay. Results Forty enrolled (15 on mLPV/r and 25 on TDF/3TC/LPV/r). Median age was 37.8 years and 35% were male. Median baseline CD4+ T-cell count was 222 cells/mm3, plasma HIV RNA was 4.1 log10 copies/ml and genital secretion HIV RNA was 2.3 log10 copies/ml. At week 48, the proportion of patients with plasma HIV RNA<50 copies/ml was 13/15 (87%) in mLPV/r and 21/25 (84%) in TDF/3TC/LPV/r arms. Median genital HIV RNA was significantly decreased from baseline in both arms ( P=0.009 in mLPV/r and P=0.001 in TDF/3TC/LPV/r). In subjects with suppressed plasma HIV RNA, 12/34 (35%; 6/13 [46%] in the mLPV/r and 6/21 [29%] in the TDF/3TC/LPV/r arms) had detectable HIV RNA (range 74–957 copies/ml) in the genital secretions ( P=0.41). By multivariate analysis, the only predictor of having genital HIV RNA>50 copies/ml at week 48 was baseline genital secretion HIV RNA>50 copies/ml ( P=0.049). Conclusions LPV/r either given alone or in combination with TDF/3TC as second-line treatment achieved high genital secretion HIV RNA suppression rate. Genital secretion HIV RNA remained detectable at low levels in one-third of patients with suppressed plasma viraemia.
Tate Cycles on Abelian Varieties with Complex Multiplication
Authors: Kumar Murty V. , Patankar Vijay M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe consider Tate cycles on an Abelian variety A defined over a sufficiently large number field K and having complexmultiplication. We show that there is an effective bound C = C(A, K) so that to check whether a given cohomology class is a Tate class on A, it suffices to check the action of Frobenius elements at primes v of norm ≤ C. We also show that for a set of primes v of K of density 1, the space of Tate cycles on the special fibre Av of the Néron model of A is isomorphic to the space of Tate cycles on A itself.
Effect of a Park-Based After-School Program on Participant Obesity-Related Health Outcomes
Authors: Messiah Sarah E. , Diego Allison , Kardys Jack , Kirwin Kevin , Hanson Eric , Nottage Renae , Ramirez Shawn , Arheart Kristopher L. 
Published: January 2014

Purpose. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a structured after-school program housed in a large county parks system on participant health and wellness outcomes. Design. Longitudinal cohort study over one school year (fall 2011-spring 2012). Setting. A total of 23 county parks in Florida. Subjects. Children ages 5 to 16 (N= 349, 55% non-Hispanic black, 40% Hispanic, mean age 8.9 years). Intervention. An after-school program called Fit-2-Play that integrates daily standardized physical activity and health and wellness education components. Measures. Preintervention (August/September 2011) and postintervention (May/June 2012) anthropometric, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, fitness, and health and wellness knowledge measurements were collected. Analysis. Comparison of pre-post outcome measure means were assessed via general linear mixed models for normal-weight (body mass index [BMI] < 85th percentile for age and sex) and overweight/obese (BMI ≥85th percentile for age and sex) participants. Results. The overweight/obese group significantly decreased their mean (1) BMI z score (2.0 to 1.8, p < .01) and (2) subscapular skinfold measurements (19.4 to 17.5 mm, p < .01) and increased (1) mean laps on the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run test (10.8 to 12.5, p = .04) and (2) percentage with normal systolic blood pressure (58.1% to 71.0%, p = .03) from pretest to posttest. On average, participants significantly improved their health and wellness knowledge over the school year (p < .01). Normal-weight participants maintained healthy BMI ranges and significantly increased fitness levels. Conclusion. Findings suggest that the Fit-2-Play after-school programs can be a significant resource for combating childhood obesity and instilling positive physical health in children, particularly among ethnic and socioeconomically diverse communities.
A Breast Health Educational Program for Chinese-American Women: 3- to 12-Month Postintervention Effect
Authors: Lee-Lin Frances , Nguyen Thuan , Pedhiwala Nisreen , Dieckmann Nathan , Menon Usha 
Published: January 2014

Purpose. To test the efficacy of a culturally targeted breast cancer screening educational program in increasing mammogram completion in Chinese-American immigrant women. Design. Randomized controlled study Setting. Chinese communities, Portland, Oregon. Subjects. From April 2010 to September 2011, 300 women were randomized to receive a theory-based, culturally targeted breast cancer screening educational intervention (n = 147) or a mammography screening brochure published by the National Cancer Institute (n = 153). Intervention. The two-part intervention consisted of group teaching with targeted, theory-based messages followed by individual counseling sessions. Measures. Mammography completion, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived cultural barriers, and demographic variables. Analysis. A 2 × 3 mixed logistic model was applied to determine odds ratio of mammogram completion. Results. Behavior changed in both groups, with a total of 170 participants (56.7%) reporting a mammogram at 12 months. The logistic model indicated increased odds of mammogram completion in the intervention compared to the control group at 3, 6, and 12 months. When controlling for marital status, age, and age moved to the United States, the intervention group was nine times more likely to complete mammograms than the control group. Conclusion. The culturally targeted educational program significantly increased mammogram use among Chinese immigrant women. Further testing of effectiveness in larger community settings is needed. The intervention may also serve as a foundation from which to develop education to increase cancer screening among other minority subgroups.
Does Individualized Health Information regarding Alcohol Consumption Affect Consumption among Risky Drinkers?
Authors: Berning Joshua , Murphy Sean M. 
Published: January 2014

Purpose. Studies testing the effect of physician advice on alcohol consumption in a noncontrolled environment have not specifically focused on risky drinkers. Therefore, it is possible that the estimated effect of professional health advice primarily reflected moderate drinkers' responses. We assessed whether professional health advice reduced alcohol consumption among risky and binge drinkers in a real-world setting. Design. Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting. We used 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Annual Survey Data. Subjects. Five thousand seven hundred thirty-five adult male and nonpregnant female risky drinkers, with hypertension or borderline hypertension, who reported on whether they were advised to reduce alcohol consumption. Measures. Dependent variable: respondent was currently reducing alcohol use to control hypertension (1 = yes; 0 = no). Primary regressor: respondent claimed to have received advice from a health professional on reducing alcohol consumption to control hypertension (1 = yes; 0 = no). Analysis. The model was estimated using generalized maximum entropy. Results. Professional health advice increased the probability that both risky (marginal effect [ME] = .09), and binge drinkers (ME = .07) reduced their alcohol consumption. Conclusion. Our findings indicate that risky drinkers can effectively be targeted with consumption advice. This has important policy implications given that society bears the largest cost for this group, whereas moderate drinkers have been found to be relatively productive and healthy.
Perceptions about Energy Drinks are Associated with Energy Drink Intake among U.S. Youth
Authors: Kumar Gayathri , Park Sohyun , Onufrak Stephen 
Published: January 2014

Purpose. Energy drinks are growing in popularity among youth because of their stimulant properties. However, they can increase blood pressure and are associated with serious consequences such as cardiac arrest. This study examined the associations between energy drink perceptions and energy drink consumption among youth. Design. The design was a cross-sectional study using the YouthStyles Survey 2011. Setting. The online survey was administered at home. Subjects. Subjects were youths aged 12 to 17 years in the summer of 2011 (n = 779). Measures. Energy drink consumption, perceptions about energy drinks, and sociodemographic and behavioral variables were measured. Analysis. Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used. Results. Overall, 9% of youth drank energy drinks, 19.5% agreed that energy drinks are safe drinks for teens, and 12.5% agreed that energy drinks are a type of sports drink. The proportion of youth consuming energy drinks once per week or more was highest among youth aged 16 to 17 years and among those who are physically active three to six times a week. The odds for drinking energy drinks once per week or more was higher among youth who agreed that energy drinks are safe drinks for teens (odds ratios [OR] = 7.7, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 3.6, 16.4) and among those who agreed that energy drinks are a type of sports drink (OR = 5.0, 95% CI = 2.4, 10.7). Conclusions. These findings suggest that many youth may be unaware or misinformed about the potential health effects and nutritional content of energy drinks. Efforts to improve education among youth about the potential adverse effects of consuming energy drinks are needed.
Genomic research perspectives in Kazakhstan
Authors: Akilzhanova Ainur 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Technological advancements rapidly propel the field of genome research. Advances in genetics and genomics such as the sequence of the human genome, the human haplotype map, open access databases, cheaper genotyping and chemical genomics, have transformed basic and translational biomedical research. Several projects in the field of genomic and personalized medicine have been conducted at the Center for Life Sciences in Nazarbayev University. The prioritized areas of research include: genomics of multifactorial diseases, cancer genomics, bioinformatics, genetics of infectious diseases and population genomics. At present, DNA-based risk assessment for common complex diseases, application of molecular signatures for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, genome-guided therapy, and dose selection of therapeutic drugs are the important issues in personalized medicine. Results: To further develop genomic and biomedical projects at Center for Life Sciences, the development of bioinformatics research and infrastructure and the establishment of new collaborations in the field are essential.Widespread use of genetic tools will allow the identification of diseases before the onset of clinical symptoms, the individualization of drug treatment, and could induce individual behavioral changes on the basis of calculated disease risk. However, many challenges remain for the successful translation of genomic knowledge and technologies into health advances, such as medicines and diagnostics.It is important to integrate research and education in the fields of genomics, personalized medicine, and bioinformatics, which will be possible with opening of the new Medical Faculty at Nazarbayev University. People in practice and training need to be educated about the key concepts of genomics and engaged so they can effectively apply their knowledge in a matter that will bring the era of genomic medicine to patient care. This requires the development of well-equipped laboratories, bioinformatics, as well as qualified trained physicians and laboratory staff.
Randomized Clinical Trial: Efficacy of a New Synbiotic in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Kushugulova Almagul , Benberin Valerii , Karabayeva Raushan , Saduakhasova Saule , Kozhakhmetov Samat , Shakhabayeva Gulnara , Tynybayeva Indira , Nurgozhin Talgat , Zhumadilov Zhaxybay 
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a lifestyle disease and is a frequent problem among the adult population. Human gut microbiota plays a key role in the development of metabolic syndrome. Recently, the gut microbiota has emerged as an important contributor to the development of obesity and metabolic disorders through its interactions with environmental (e.g. diet) and genetic factors. The aim of this study was to research the effects of synbiotic on the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Methods: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Our sample included 180 adults (ages 30-89) with symptoms of metabolic syndrome, who were allocated to either placebo or synbiotic group. The main inclusion criteria were: blood pressure of around 130/90 mmHg; raised fasting plasma glucose (FPG) >100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L), previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia triglycerides (TG) of 1.70 mmol/L, a high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) of 0.90 mmol/L in males and 1.0 mmol/L in females, and central obesity with a waist/hip ratio > 0.90 in males or > 0.85 in females or a body mass index > 30 kg/m2. Results: We enrolled 90 adults in the placebo group and 90 in the synbiotic group. The two groups had similar demographic and clinical characteristics. Consent was signed by all patients. All patients underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation, including complete blood tests, glucose test, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol and triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, HDL plasma, immunogram, and coprogram. All patients were interviewed with a questionnaire that included 200 questions related to diet, lifestyle, and health. Synbiotic were used by patients in a dose of 200 grams twice a day. The duration of applying of the synbiotic was 90 days. To study the composition of the intestinal microbiota, stool samples were collected before and after applying the synbiotic. The microbial composition will be determined by analyzing the locus of 16S rDNA.Conclusion: This ongoing study is currently undergoing microbial composition analysis in order to establish the efficacy of the new synbiotic in adults with metabolic syndrome.