bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transient Magnetic Fields and Current Distributions in an Electric Vehicle Caused by a Lightning Stroke
Authors: Yamamoto Kazuo , Kanata Jun , Ametani Akihiro 
Published: July 2013

SummaryAn electric vehicle has more electronic parts than a gasoline‐powered vehicle. Not only the control circuits but also the driving circuits of electric vehicles are electrical, in contrast to those of gasoline‐powered vehicles. This means that there is a higher possibility of malfunctions in an electric vehicle due to electromagnetic disturbances caused by a lightning stroke. Therefore, it is important to establish lightning protection methodologies for electric vehicles. To clear up with the mechanisms whereby the lightning current following through the vehicle body and some other parts causes the malfunctions, it is important to clarify the transient magnetic fields and current distributions in electric vehicles. In this paper, the transient magnetic fields and the current distributions in an electric vehicle are simulated by the FDTD method, and the probability of lightning damage is discussed.
Frequency Control with Dead Band Characteristic of Battery Energy Storage System for Power System Including Large Amount of Wind Power Generation
Authors: Ono Takayuki , Arai Junichi 
Published: July 2013

SummaryThis paper proposes a method for frequency control of a battery energy storage system applied for frequency deviation suppression in a power system including a large amount of wind power generation. A 5000‐MW power system capacity with governor control and load frequency control is assumed for the study, and 500 MW of wind power generation capacity is assumed. The battery energy storage system is assumed to be added for frequency control in the power system. Suitable frequency control functions of the battery energy storage system and suitable capacity of the battery energy storage system which coordinate with conventional frequency controllers in the power system are reported.
Th1‐mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is CXCR3 independent
Authors: Lalor Stephen J. , Segal Benjamin M. 
Published: July 2013

Drugs that block leukocyte trafficking ameliorate multiple sclerosis (MS). Occurrences of opportunistic infection, however, highlight the need for novel drugs that modulate more restricted subsets of T cells. In this context, chemokines and their receptors are attractive therapeutic targets. CXCR3, a Th1‐associated chemokine receptor, is preferentially expressed on T cells that accumulate in MS lesions and central nervous system (CNS) infiltrates of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Surprisingly, mice genetically deficient in either CXCR3 or CXCL10 succumb to EAE following active immunization with myelin antigens. EAE is mediated by a heterogeneous population of T cells in myelin‐immunized mice. Hence, disease might develop in the absence of CXCR3 secondary to the compensatory action of encephalitogenic CCR6+ Th17 cells. However, in the current study, we show for the first time that blockade or genetic deficiency of either CXCR3 or of its primary ligand has no impact on clinical EAE induced by the adoptive transfer of highly polarized Th1 effector cells. Our data illustrate the fact that, although highly targeted immunotherapies might have more favorable side effect profiles, they are also more likely to be rendered ineffective by inherent redundancies in chemokine and cytokine networks that arise at sites of neuroinflammation.
Synthesis of Heterodimetallic Iridium–Palladium Complexes Containing Two Axes of Chirality: Study of Sequential Catalytic Properties
Authors: Sabater Sara , Mata Jose A. , Peris Eduardo 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe reaction of [Cp*Cl2Ir(triazolium‐ylidene)]BF4(Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) with chiral orthometalated palladium dimers results in facile bridge splitting to afford heterodimetallic Ir–Pd* complexes. The structural characteristics of these complexes show the presence of different isomers as a consequence of hindered rotation about the M–Ccarbenebond (M = Ir/Pd). The heterodimetallic complexes contain two axes of chirality related to each metal. The crystal structure of one heterodimetallic iridium–palladium complex derived from the chiralN,N‐dimethylbenzylamine ligand is described and contains two of the rotamers. The Ir/Pd* complexes have been tested in a sequence of two catalytic reactions, which implies the isomerization and asymmetric hydrophosphination of 1,3‐diphenylpropargyl alcohol. All the catalysts show high activity in the overall reaction process and excellent regioselectivity, although the enantioselectivities were low.
Characterization of Hexameric and Octameric sec‐Butyllithium/sec‐Butoxide Mixed Aggregates
Authors: Su Chicheung , Hopson Russell , Williard Paul G. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSolution‐state characterization of sec‐butyllithium in [D8]toluene was conducted by utilizing a variety of NMR spectroscopic experiments including diffusion‐ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) with diffusion‐coefficient–formula‐weight correlation analyses and other one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopic techniques. These results suggest that sec‐butyllithium exists primarily as a tetramer/hexamer mixture in hydrocarbon solvents. However, the presence of roughly 2–5 % (by mol ratio) lithium sec‐butoxide in both commercially available and laboratory‐synthesized sec‐butyllithium solutions due to the reaction with adventitious dioxygen will lead to the formation of a 1:5 sec‐butoxide/sec‐butyllithium mixed hexamer. A sec‐butoxide/sec‐butyllithium mixed octamer will emerge when the proportion of butoxide to butyllithium increases.
Evasive Neutral 2‐Aza‐Cope Rearrangements. Kinetic and Computational Studies with Cyclic Nitrones
Authors: Delso Ignacio , Melicchio Alessandro , Isasi Arantzazu , Tejero Tomás , Merino Pedro 
Published: July 2013

AbstractA full experimental study of the activation energy required for the hitherto unknown neutral 2‐aza‐Cope rearrangement is presented. A kinetic study of the process showed activation energies in the range of 22.91–24.06 kcal/mol, in agreement with a process operating at moderate temperature (70 °C). Calculations at B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) and M06‐2X/6‐311+G(d,p) levels of theory considering solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and toluene) effects (PCM model) predict reaction energy barriers that are in agreement with the values obtained from 1H NMR‐based kinetic experiments. Results obtained by using enantiomerically pure substrates demonstrate that the rearrangement takes place with complete transfer of chirality, in contrast to previously described cationic processes. The effects of solvent and acid catalysis, which converts the process into the more common cationic rearrangement, have also been studied. DFT calculations also predict correctly the acceleration of the process under acid catalysis, estimating energy barriers in the range of 16.80–18.57 kcal/mol.
Simultaneous Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Pb and Cd, Using a Vibrating Gold Microwire Electrode, Assisted by Chemometric Techniques
Authors: Alves Georgina M. S. , Magalhães Júlia M. C. S. , Tauler Roma , Soares Helena M. V. M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSimultaneous anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Pb and Cd is restricted on gold electrodes as a result of the overlapping of these two peaks. This work describes the quantitative determination of a binary mixture system of Pb and Cd, at low concentration levels (up to 15.0 and 10.0 µg L−1 for Pb and Cd, respectively) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV; deposition time of 30 s), using a green electrode (vibrating gold microwire electrode) without purging in a chloride medium (0.5 M NaCl) under moderate acidic conditions (HCl 1.0 mM), assisted by chemometric tools. The application of multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares (MCR‐ALS) for the resolution and quantification of both metals is shown. The optimized MCR‐ALS models showed good prediction ability with concentration prediction errors of 12.4 and 11.4 % for Pb and Cd, respectively. The quantitative results obtained by MCR‐ALS were compared to those obtained with partial least squares (PLS) and classical least squares (CLS) regression methods. For both metals, PLS and MCR‐ALS results are comparable and superior to CLS. For Cd, as a result of the peak shift problem, the application of CLS was unsuitable. MCR‐ALS provides additional advantage compared to PLS since it estimates the pure response of the analytes signal. Finally, the built up multivariate calibration models, based either in MCR‐ALS or PLS regression, allowed to quantify concentrations of Pb and Cd in surface river water samples, with satisfactory results.
MicroRNA expression profile and functional analysis reveal that miR‐382 is a critical novel gene of alcohol addiction
Authors: Li Jingyuan , Li Jing , Liu Xiaojun , Qin Shanshan , Guan Yanzhong , Liu Yuwei , Cheng Yunhui , Chen Xiuwen , Li Wen , Wang Shenming , Xiong Ming , Kuzhikandathil Eldo V. , Ye Jiang‐Hong , Zhang Chunxiang 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAlcohol addiction is a major social and health concern. Here, we determined the expression profile of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rats treated with alcohol. The results suggest that multiple miRNAs were aberrantly expressed in rat NAc after alcohol injection. Among them, miR‐382 was down‐regulated in alcohol‐treated rats. In both cultured neuronal cells in vitro and in the NAc in vivo, we identified that the dopamine receptor D1 (Drd1) is a direct target gene of miR‐382. Via this target gene, miR‐382 strongly modulated the expression of DeltaFosB. Moreover, overexpression of miR‐382 significantly attenuated alcohol‐induced up‐regulation of DRD1 and DeltaFosB, decreased voluntary intake of and preference for alcohol and inhibited the DRD1‐induced action potential responses. The results indicated that miRNAs are involved in and may represent novel therapeutic targets for alcoholism.
Earthquake response of concrete arch dams: a plastic–damage approach
Authors: Omidi Omid , Lotfi Vahid 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYThere are several alternatives to evaluate seismic damage‐cracking behavior of concrete arch dams, among which damage theory is the most popular. A more recent option introduced for this purpose is plastic–damage (PD) approach. In this study, a special finite element program coded in 3‐D space is developed on the basis of a well‐established PD model successfully applied to gravity dams in 2‐D plane stress state. The model originally proposed by Lee and Fenves in 1998 relies on isotropic damaged elasticity in combination with isotropic tensile and compressive plasticity to capture inelastic behaviors of concrete in cyclic or dynamic loadings. The present implementation is based on the rate‐dependent version of the model, including large crack opening/closing possibilities. Moreover, with utilizing the Hilber–Hughes–Taylor time integration scheme, an incremental–iterative solution strategy is detailed for the coupled dam–reservoir equations while the damage–dependent damping stress is included. The program is initially validated, and then, it is employed for the main analyses of the Koyna gravity dam in a 3‐D modeling as well as a typical concrete arch dam. The former is a major verification for the further examination on the arch dam. The application of the PD model to an arch dam is more challenging because the governing stress condition is multiaxial, causing shear damage to become more important than uniaxial states dominated in gravity dams. In fact, the softening and strength loss in compression for the damaged regions under multiaxial cyclic loadings affect its seismic safety. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A nonlinear macroelement model for the seismic analysis of masonry buildings
Authors: Penna Andrea , Lagomarsino Sergio , Galasco Alessandro 
Published: July 2013

SUMMARYThe macroelement technique for modelling the nonlinear response of masonry panels is particularly efficient and suitable for the analysis of the seismic behaviour of complex walls and buildings. The paper presents a macroelement model specifically developed for simulating the cyclic in‐plane response of masonry walls, with possible applications in nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of masonry structures. The model, starting from a previously developed macroelement model, has been refined in the representation of flexural–rocking and shear damage modes, and it is capable of fairly simulating the experimental response of cyclic tests performed on masonry piers. By means of two internal degrees of freedom, the two‐node macroelement permits to represent the coupling of axial and flexural response as well as the interaction of shear and flexural damage. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles as the delivery system for tuberose fragrance
Authors: Xiao Zuobing , Tian Ting , Hu Jing , Wang Mingxi , Zhou Rujun 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTChitosan (CS) exhibits non‐toxicity, biocompatibility and antibacterial activity in the pharmaceutical field. Fragrance is obtained by blending a large number of different spices and odorous materials in a specific ratio. However, their main ingredients are labile and volatile. Most volatile fragrances are easily lost during manufacture, storage and use of the perfumes or the perfumed consumer products. In this study, tuberose fragrance (TF) was encapsulated inside CS nanoparticles (TC‐NPs) via the ionic gelification in emulsion system. The influence of reaction conditions, such as weight ratio of CS to tripolyphosphate (TPP) as well as CS and TF concentration, on the properties of nanoparticles (particle size and zeta potential) was investigated in detail. TC‐NPs were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TC‐NPs (174 nm) were obtained with the weight ratio of CS/TPP 5:1, 1.5 mg/ml CS and 100% TF. FTIR demonstrated that TF can be functioned with CS via intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonds. TGA displayed that the thermal stability of TC‐NPs was improved compared with that of TF and that TF loading capacity was 29.5%. GC–MS showed that 90% fragrances in TF had been encapsulated into TC‐NPs. GC with flame ionization detector (FID) displayed that the contents of fragrant components released from NPs were much less than that of TF after heating for 30 h. The antimicrobial activities of TC‐NPs were higher than that of TF. TC‐NPs displayed lower cytotoxicity to the cells. It is shown that CS‐NPs is a multifunctional carrier material for fragrance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Importance of the Macroeconomic Variables in Forecasting Stock Return Variance: A GARCH‐MIDAS Approach
Authors: Asgharian Hossein , Hou Ai Jun , Javed Farrukh 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper applies the GARCH‐MIDAS (mixed data sampling) model to examine whether information contained in macroeconomic variables can help to predict short‐term and long‐term components of the return variance. A principal component analysis is used to incorporate the information contained in different variables. Our results show that including low‐frequency macroeconomic information in the GARCH‐MIDAS model improves the prediction ability of the model, particularly for the long‐term variance component. Moreover, the GARCH‐MIDAS model augmented with the first principal component outperforms all other specifications, indicating that the constructed principal component can be considered as a good proxy of the business cycle. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Regime Switching Models for Real‐Time Business Cycle Analysis of the Euro Area
Authors: Billio Monica , Ferrara Laurent , Guégan Dominique , Mazzi Gian Luigi 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we aim at assessing Markov switching and threshold models in their ability to identify turning points of economic cycles. By using vintage data updated on a monthly basis, we compare their ability to dateex postthe occurrence of turning points, evaluate the stability over time of the signal emitted by the models and assess their ability to detect in real‐time recession signals. We show that the competitive use of these models provides a more robust analysis and detection of turning points. To perform the complete analysis, we have built a historical vintage database for the euro area going back to 1970 for two monthly macroeconomic variables of major importance for short‐term economic outlook, namely the industrial production index and the unemployment rate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Credit Rating Migration Modeling Approach Using Macroeconomic Indicators
Authors: Berteloot Koen , Verbeke Wouter , Castermans Gerd , Van Gestel Tony , Martens David , Baesens Bart 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTModeling credit rating migrations conditional on macroeconomic conditions allows financial institutions to assess, analyze, and manage the risk related to a credit portfolio. Existing methodologies to model credit rating migrations conditional on the business cycle suffer from poor accuracy, difficult readability, or model inconsistencies. The modeling methodology proposed in this paper extends ordinal logistic regression to estimate the complete migration matrix including default rates as a function of rating dynamics and macroeconomic indicators. The gradient and Hessian derivations show efficient optimization within the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The proposed modeling methodology is applied to model corporate rating migrations using historical data from 1984 to 2011. It is shown that the resulting model captures the cyclical behavior of credit rating migrations and default rates, and is able to approximate historic migration levels with good precision. The model therefore permits analysis of the impact of economical downturn conditions on a credit portfolio. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF MICRO‐IRRIGATION FLOW REGULATORS BASED ON FSI
Authors: Lili Zhangzhong , Peiling Yang , Shumei Ren , Dan Wu 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTThe micro‐irrigation flow regulator markedly improved the uniformity of micro‐irrigation systems by adjusting flow with internal elastomers. Meanwhile, the relatively wide flow path and the ability to self‐clean ensure the high anti‐clogging performance of the regulators and reduce clogging risk in the irrigation system. Hence the ability to work under various pressures or poor water supply conditions became the advantage of the micro‐irrigation flow regulator. In this paper, a large eddy simulation (LES) model was established to simulate the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) of micro‐irrigation flow regulators, and its feasibility was proven through a hydraulic performance experiment. The internal flow fields and elastomers were then studied and optimized by adopting this model. The results showed that for the internal elastomer, maximal displacement of the elastic diaphragm occurred in the centre of the circle. When the elastic diaphragm thickness or elastic modulus decreased, the flow regime indexes declined as a whole. Such a decrement indicated performance improvement of the flow regulators. But when both the thickness and elastic modulus of elastic diaphragm reach their minimums (0.3 mm and 3.0 MPa), the diaphragm itself started to oscillate, or drop dramatically in area of flow cross‐section, due to oversized deformation, resulting in deterioration of irrigation uniformity. As for the flow path, its energy dissipation effect was significantly improved by adopting the fractal flow path for optimization.Finally, a new micro‐irrigation flow regulator (tooth tine angle of fractal flow path: 60°, thickness of elastomer: 0.3 mm, elastic modulus of elastomer: 3.5 MPa) was designed, and its flow regime index was reduced to 0.08, representing a good and steady performance in flow regulation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative stress increased hepatotoxicity induced by nano‐titanium dioxide in BRL‐3A cells and Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Sha Baoyong , Gao Wei , Wang Shuqi , Gou Xingchun , Li Wei , Liang Xuan , Qu Zhiguo , Xu Feng , Lu Tian Jian 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTExtensive studies have shown that titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials (NMs) can cause toxicity in vitro and in vivo under normal conditions. However, an adverse effect induced by nano‐TiO2 in many diseased conditions, typically characterized by oxidative stress (OS), remains unknown. We investigated the toxicity of nano‐TiO2 in rat liver cells (BRL‐3A) and Sprague–Dawley (SD) rat livers under OS conditions, which were generated using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro and alloxan in vivo, respectively. In vitro results showed that cell death ratios after nano‐TiO2 exposure were significantly enhanced (up to 2.62‐fold) in BRL‐3A cells under OS conditions, compared with normal controls. Significant interactions between OS conditions and nano‐TiO2 resulted in the rapid G0/G1 to S phase transition and G2/M arrest, which were opposite to G0/G1 phase arrest in cells after NMs exposure only. In vivo results showed that obvious pathological changes in rat livers and the increased activities of four enzymes (i.e. aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase) owing to liver damage after nano‐TiO2 exposure under OS conditions, compared with their healthy controls. In addition, compared with increased hepatotoxicity after nano‐TiO2 exposure, micro‐TiO2 showed no adverse effects to cells and rat livers under OS conditions. Our results suggested that OS conditions synergistically increase nano‐TiO2 induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo, indicating that the evaluation of nanotoxicity under OS conditions is essentially needed prior to various applications of NMs in foods, cosmetics and potential treatment of diseases. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.