bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ecological Restoration Alliance of Botanic Gardens: A New Initiative Takes Root
Authors: Aronson James ,   On Behalf of The ERA of Botanic Gardens
Published: October 2014

AbstractAn international consortium of botanic gardens and arboreta is launching a collaborative Ecological Restoration Alliance under the auspices of BGCI (Botanic Gardens Conservation International). We describe the Alliance and the ways in which it serves worldwide restoration efforts. Botanic gardens and arboreta are uniquely positioned to contribute to restoration science and practice. They have the plant collections and information required to understand flora and vegetation, and the horticultural expertise and experience needed to propagate, grow, manage, and conserve plants, all of which are essential for successful restoration. Botanic gardens work beyond their walls to network, educate, advocate, develop policy, build capacity, and engage in restoration projects throughout the world.
Motherhood asArmenianness: Expressions of Femininity in the Making ofArmenian National Identity
Authors: Beukian Sevan 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis article explores the discourses on gender roles and the place ofArmenian women in theArmenian nation‐building process, especially focusing on the changes since the 1988 national movement formation. This study is based on extensive interviews conducted inArmenia andKarabakh in 2011. AlthoughArmenian women were praised for their role during the nationalist movement of 1988 and theKarabakh war, they went back into their ‘traditional’ role in the aftermath. Motherhood is a strong concept inArmenian women's (self‐)identification with their nation, constructing it as a uniqueArmenian trait that distinguishesArmenian women from ‘others’. The self‐expression of women highlights the authenticity ofArmenian constructions of femininity as motherhood, embedded in the national and ethnic self‐identification ofArmenian women. The concept ofArmenian motherhood is therefore a particular expression filtered through a distinct history of national struggle and genocide, and upheld byArmenian women through that perception.
India and the Great War: Colonial Fantasies, Anxieties and Discontent
Authors: Singh Gajendra 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIndia was the site of British fantasies and anxieties during the First World War. It was the chief Imperial reserve for an Empire under threat – 1.7 million Indian sipahis (or ‘sepoys’) were enlisted to fight. At the same time, revolutionary conspiracies in India haunted the imagination of British officialdom. They were used, in the aftermath of the First World War, to justify everything from colonial massacres to the indefinite censorship of the press. How could British India simultaneously be constructed as Imperial success and the source of imminent Imperial decline? What was it about the nature of Empire during the First World War that enabled India to be seen as both fantasy and neurosis? This article will provide some answers with an analysis of wartime revolutionary movements in India and of the war experiences of Indian soldiers.
The 2011 Swiss Elections: Introduction
Authors: Lachat Romain , Lutz Georg , Stadelmann‐Steffen Isabelle 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe 2011 Swiss federal elections represent a turning point in recent Swiss politics. The Swiss People's Party did not manage to increase further its vote share, after more than two decades of electoral successes. Also, the 2011 elections were characterized by the strong gains of two relatively new centrist parties, the Green Liberal Party and the Conservative Democratic Party. This election thus marks an end of the trend towards a growing level of party polarization. The introduction to this special issue puts these recent developments in context, discusses some of its consequences, and highlights how the articles in this special issue shed light on understanding the voting behaviour in Switzerland.
Evolutionary divergence of β–expansin structure and function in grasses parallels emergence of distinctive primary cell wall traits
Authors: Sampedro Javier , Guttman Mara , Li Lian‐Chao , Cosgrove Daniel J. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryExpansins are wall‐loosening proteins that promote the extension of primary cell walls without the hydrolysis of major structural components. Previously, proteins from theEXPA(α–expansin) family were found to loosen eudicot cell walls but to be less effective on grass cell walls, whereas the reverse pattern was found forEXPB(β–expansin) proteins obtained from grass pollen. To understand the evolutionary and structural bases for the selectivity ofEXPBaction, we assessed the extension (creep) response of cell walls from diverse monocot families toEXPAandEXPBtreatments. Cell walls from Cyperaceae and Juncaceae (families closely related to grasses) displayed a typical grass response (‘β–response’). Walls from more distant monocots, including some species that share with grasses high levels of arabinoxylan, responded preferentially to α–expansins (‘α–response’), behaving in this regard like eudicots. An expansin with selective activity for grass cell walls was detected in Cyperaceae pollen, coinciding with the expression of genes from the divergentEXPB–I branch that includes grass pollen β–expansins. The evolutionary origin of this branch was located within Poales on the basis of phylogenetic analyses and its association with the ‘sigma’ whole‐genome duplication. Accelerated evolution in this branch has remodeled the protein surface in contact with the substrate, potentially for binding highly substituted arabinoxylan. We propose that the evolution of the divergentEXPB–I group made a fundamental change in the target and mechanism of wall loosening in the grass lineage possible, involving a new structural role for xylans and the expansins that target them.
Motion Characteristics of Division I College Field Hockey: Female Athletes in Motion (FAiM) Study
Authors: Vescovi Jason D. , Frayne Devon H. 
Published: October 2014

Purpose:To examine locomotor demands and metabolic-power characteristics of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) field hockey matches.Methods:Using a cross-sectional design, global positioning system (GPS) technology tracked Division I field hockey players from 6 teams during 1 regular-season match (68 player observations). An ANOVA compared locomotor demands and metabolic-power characteristics among positions. Paired t tests compared dependent variables between halves.Results:Defenders played 5−6 min more than midfielders, whereas midfielders played 6−7 min more than forwards. Defenders covered less relative distance (98 m/min) than forwards and midfielders (110−111 m/min), as well as more low-intensity running than forwards and less high-intensity running than midfielders. Lower mean metabolic power (9.3 W/kg) was observed for defenders than forwards and midfielders (10.4 W/kg). There was no difference in playing time between halves; however, all 3 positions had a reduction in relative distance (7−9%) and mean metabolic power (8−9%) during the second half.Conclusions:Despite more playing time, defenders covered less relative distance and had lower mean metabolic power than other positions. Moderate-intensity, high-intensity, and sprint distance were similar between positions, highlighting the greater relative demands on forwards because they tended to have the least amount of playing time. The reduction of key metrics during the second half was similar among positions and warrants further investigation. These initial results can be used to design position-specific drills or create small-sided games that replicate match demands for NCAA athletes, thus helping establish strategies for developing physiological ability of players at this level.
RNase L Interacts with Filamin A To Regulate Actin Dynamics and Barrier Function for Viral Entry
Authors: Malathi Krishnamurthy , Siddiqui Mohammad Adnan , Dayal Shubham , Naji Merna , Ezelle Heather J. , Zeng Chun , Zhou Aimin , Hassel Bret A. 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT
The actin cytoskeleton and its network of associated proteins constitute a physical barrier that viruses must circumvent to gain entry into cells for productive infection. The mechanisms by which the physical signals of infection are sensed by the host to activate an innate immune response are not well understood. The antiviral endoribonuclease RNase L is ubiquitously expressed in a latent form and activated upon binding 2-5A, a unique oligoadenylate produced during viral infections. We provide evidence that RNase L in its inactive form interacts with the actin-binding protein Filamin A to modulate the actin cytoskeleton and inhibit virus entry. Cells lacking either RNase L or Filamin A displayed increased virus entry which was exacerbated in cells lacking both proteins. RNase L deletion mutants that reduced Filamin A interaction displayed a compromised ability to restrict virus entry, supporting the idea of an important role for the RNase L-Filamin A complex in barrier function. Remarkably, both the wild type and a catalytically inactive RNase L mutant were competent to reduce virus entry when transfected into RNase L-deficient cells, indicating that this novel function of RNase L is independent of its enzymatic activity. Virus infection and RNase L activation disrupt its association with Filamin A and release RNase L to mediate its canonical nuclease-dependent antiviral activities. The dual functions of RNase L as a constitutive component of the actin cytoskeleton and as an induced mediator of antiviral signaling and effector functions provide insights into its mechanisms of antiviral activity and opportunities for the development of novel antiviral agents.

IMPORTANCE
Cells constantly face and sample pathogens on their outer surface. The actin cytoskeleton and interacting proteins associate with the cell membrane and constitute a barrier to infection. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton allows viruses to enter the cell and induces innate immune responses to clear infections. The molecular mechanisms that link virus-induced physical perturbations to host defense pathways remain unclear. Our studies identified a novel interaction between the antiviral endoribonuclease RNase L and the actin-binding protein Filamin A that enhances host defense by preventing viral entry into naive cells. This role for RNase L is independent of its enzymatic function. Virus infection alters actin dynamics, disrupts the RNase L-Filamin A complex, and releases RNase L to mediate antiviral signaling and effector functions via its established nucleolytic activities. These dual roles for RNase L provide an efficient strategy to protect cells from infection and rapidly respond upon pathogen exposure.
Neurological complications of breast cancer: study protocol of a prospective cohort study
Authors: Pereira Susana , Fontes Filipa , Sonin Teresa , Dias Teresa , Fragoso Maria , Castro-Lopes José , Lunet Nuno 
Published: October 2014

IntroductionThe improvement in breast cancer survival rates, along with the expected overdiagnosis and overtreatment associated with breast cancer screening, requires a comprehensive assessment of its burden. Neurological complications can have a devastating impact on these patients; neuropathic pain and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy are among the most frequently reported. This project aims to understand the burden of neurological complications of breast cancer treatment in Northern Portugal, and their role as mediator of the impact of the treatment in different dimensions of the patients’ quality of life.Methods and analysisA prospective cohort study was designed to include 500 patients with breast cancer, to be followed for 3 years. The patients were recruited at the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto and evaluations were planned at different stages: pretreatment, after surgery, after chemotherapy (whenever applicable) and at 1 and 3 years after enrolment. Patients diagnosed with neuropathic pain or chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (subcohorts), were also evaluated at the moment of confirmation of clinical diagnosis of the neurological complication and 6 months later. In each of the follow-up periods, a neurological examination has been performed by a neurologist. Data were collected on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, quality of life, sleep quality, and anxiety and depression. Between January and December 2012, we recruited and conducted the baseline evaluation of 506 participants. The end of the follow-up period is scheduled for December 2015.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto and all patients provided written informed consent. All study procedures were developed in order to assure data protection and confidentiality. Results from this project will be disseminated in international peer-reviewed journals and presented in relevant conferences.
VOICES: the value of 6-month clinical evaluation in stroke. The protocol for a planned qualitative study to ascertain the value of stroke follow-up to people affected by stroke
Authors: Jenkins Colin , Price Fiona 
Published: October 2014

IntroductionThe National Clinical Guidelines for Stroke recommend ‘routine follow-up of patients 6 months post discharge’. The Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme sets a standard of 6 months postadmission follow-up, capturing data on process and outcomes. There appears to be no convincing model of stroke follow-up at 6 months, and despite evidence of unmet need in almost 50% of stroke survivors 1–5 years after their stroke, little work focuses on the first 12 months of recovery. By listening to the living experiences of stroke, the research aims to tailor the stroke care pathway to the needs of those affected.Methods and analysisA focus group of six stroke survivors and carers will be invited to identify appropriate interview questions about the value of follow-up at 6 months, ensuring that this study has its genesis in the participant experience. A pilot study of four stroke survivors will ascertain the feasibility of the method. Thirty stroke survivors from the follow-up clinic will be invited to take part in semistructured interviews. Raw data, in the form of digital recordings of the interviews, will be transcribed. Interview transcriptions will be checked by the participant for accuracy prior to analysis using NVivo software. Literal and reflective narrative analysis will be used to code transcribed text to examine shared themes and reflect on content.Ethics and disseminationStudy documentation has been reviewed by the Coventry and Warwickshire Research Ethics Committee; the chief investigator met with the committee to scrutinise the study and justify its methodology. The committee has approved this study. A copy of the final report will be given to participants, the Stroke Association, the local Clinical Commissioning Group and participants’ general practitioners. It is intended to disseminate the results locally by presentation to the Trust board, at academic conferences and by publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.
Polymorphisms Influencing Prostate-Specific Antigen Concentration May Bias Genome-Wide Association Studies on Prostate Cancer
Authors: Dluzniewski Paul J. , Xu Jianfeng , Ruczinski Ingo , Isaacs William B. , Platz Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractBackground: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have produced weak (OR = 1.1–1.5) but significant associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and prostate cancer. However, these associations may be explained by detection bias caused by SNPs influencing PSA concentration. Thus, in a simulation study, we quantified the extent of bias in the association between a SNP and prostate cancer when the SNP influences PSA concentration.Methods: We generated 2,000 replicate cohorts of 20,000 men using real-world estimates of prostate cancer risk, prevalence of carrying ≥1 minor allele, PSA concentration, and the influence of a SNP on PSA concentration. We modeled risk ratios (RR) of 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50 for the association between carrying ≥1 minor allele and prostate cancer. We calculated mean betas from the replicate cohorts and quantified bias under each scenario.Results: Assuming no association between a SNP and prostate cancer, the estimated mean bias in betas ranged from 0.02 to 0.10 for ln PSA being 0.05 to 0.20 ng/mL higher in minor allele carriers; the mean biased RRs ranged from 1.03 to 1.11. Assuming true RRs = 1.25 and 1.50, the biased RRs were as large as 1.39 and 1.67, respectively.Conclusion: Estimates of the association between SNPs and prostate cancer can be biased to the magnitude observed in published GWAS, possibly resulting in type I error. However, large associations (RR &gt; 1.10) may not fully be explained by this bias.Impact: The influence of SNPs on PSA concentration should be considered when interpreting results from GWAS on prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(1); 88–93. ©2014 AACR.
Cabozantinib Overcomes Crizotinib Resistance in ROS1 Fusion–Positive Cancer
Authors: Katayama Ryohei , Kobayashi Yuka , Friboulet Luc , Lockerman Elizabeth L. , Koike Sumie , Shaw Alice T. , Engelman Jeffrey A. , Fujita Naoya 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Purpose: ROS1 rearrangement leads to constitutive ROS1 activation with potent transforming activity. In an ongoing phase I trial, the ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib shows remarkable initial responses in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring ROS1 fusions; however, cancers eventually develop crizotinib resistance due to acquired mutations such as G2032R in ROS1. Thus, understanding the crizotinib-resistance mechanisms in ROS1-rearranged NSCLC and identification of therapeutic strategies to overcome the resistance are required.
Experimental Design: The sensitivity of CD74–ROS1–transformed Ba/F3 cells to multiple ALK inhibitors was examined. Acquired ROS1 inhibitor–resistant mutations in CD74–ROS1 fusion were screened by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis with Ba/F3 cells. To overcome the resistance mutation, we performed high-throughput drug screening with small-molecular inhibitors and anticancer drugs used in clinical practice or being currently tested in clinical trials. The effect of the identified drug was assessed in the CD74–ROS1–mutant Ba/F3 cells and crizotinib-resistant patient-derived cancer cells (MGH047) harboring G2032R-mutated CD74–ROS1.
Results: We identified multiple novel crizotinib-resistance mutations in the ROS1 kinase domain, including the G2032R mutation. As the result of high-throughput drug screening, we found that the cMET/RET/VEGFR inhibitor cabozantinib (XL184) effectively inhibited the survival of CD74–ROS1 wild-type (WT) and resistant mutants harboring Ba/F3 and MGH047 cells. Furthermore, cabozantinib could overcome all the resistance by all newly identified secondary mutations.
Conclusions: We developed a comprehensive model of acquired resistance to ROS1 inhibitors in NSCLC with ROS1 rearrangement and identified cabozantinib as a therapeutic strategy to overcome the resistance. Clin Cancer Res; 21(1); 166–74. ©2014 AACR.
Immunomodulatory Antibody Therapy of Cancer: The Closer, the Better
Authors: Dronca Roxana S. , Dong Haidong 
Published: October 2014

Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade therapies have demonstrated promising therapeutic effects; however, clinical outcomes are variable, with only a subgroup of cancer patients achieving durable complete responses. New therapeutic strategies, including local administration of immunomodulatory antibodies, have been considered as better routes for improving the overall efficacy of antibody-based therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 21(5); 944–6. ©2014 AACR.
See related articles by Mangsbo et al., p. 1115, and Dai et al., p. 1127
Phase II Study of Personalized Peptide Vaccination for Previously Treated Advanced Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Kibe Shiro , Yutani Shigeru , Motoyama Satoru , Nomura Takanobu , Tanaka Natsuki , Kawahara Akihiko , Yamaguchi Tomohiko , Matsueda Satoko , Komatsu Nobukazu , Miura Masatomo , Hinai Yudai , Hattori Satoshi , Yamada Akira , Kage Masayoshi , Itoh Kyogo , Akagi Yoshito , Sasada Tetsuro 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThe prognosis of advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC) remains poor, and development of new therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy, is needed urgently. Herein we report on our phase II study of personalized peptide vaccination (PPV) in 60 previously treated patients with aCRC, who had failed at least one regimen of standard chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy. For PPV, a maximum of four HLA-matched peptides were individually selected from a pool of 31 different peptide candidates based on preexisting host immunity, and administered subcutaneously without severe adverse events. Boosting of IgG and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses specific to the administered peptides was observed in 49% and 63%, respectively, of the patients, who completed the first cycles of six vaccinations. Median overall survival (OS) time was 498 days, with 1- and 2-year survival rates of 53% and 22%, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis of prevaccination factors showed that plasma IL6, IP-10, and BAFF levels were significantly prognostic for OS [hazard ratio (HR), 1.508, P = 0.043; HR, 1.579, P = 0.024; HR, 0.509, P = 0.002, respectively]. In addition, increased peptide-specific CTL responses after vaccination were significantly predictive of favorable OS (HR, 0.231; P = 0.021), suggesting a causal relationship between biologic and clinical efficacy of PPV. On the basis of the safety profile and potential clinical efficacy, we believe that clinical trials of PPV would be warranted for previously treated patients with aCRC. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(12); 1154–62. ©2014 AACR.