bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation Into the Failure of a 40” Diameter Crude Oil Pipeline
Authors: Dafea Mohamed , Hopkins Phil , Palmer-Jones Roland , de Bourayne Patrick , Blin Lionel 
Published: July 2013

In August 2009, there was a 2.5 m long rupture in the longitudinal seam weld of a crude oil pipeline in France. The failure caused a spillage of approximately 2000 cubic metres in a protected area. This rupture caused the authorities to withdraw the permit to operate a 260 km long section of this pipeline.
The pipeline had a similar failure in August 1980. The 1980 failure was attributed to a fatigue crack initiating at the inner side of the longitudinal weld. There was evidence of ‘roof topping’ along this weld.
Penspen Ltd., UK were contracted by the pipeline operator Societe du Pipeline Sud Europeen (SPSE) to carry out an independent investigation into the cause of the 2009 failure, review and confirm the actions needed for safe short term operation to allow internal inspection, and determine a safe future life for the pipeline.
The failed pipe specimen was not immediately available for inspection. An initial analysis indicated that purely an analytical evaluation would not provide conclusive results, due to variability in material properties, geometry and loading. It was decided that a better understanding of the behaviour of defects in the pipe, and the fatigue performance, was required.
A detailed laboratory programme of burst and fatigue testing on a section of line-pipe was recommended. The tests were carried out on a combination of ‘defect-free’ ring specimens, and ring specimens with initial Electric Discharge Machined (EDM) slits to represent crack-like defects. These tests showed:
1. BURST TESTS: The failure pressures of the burst tests could be predicted using a recognised industry model. Roof topping, laminations and inclusions, and toughness variations were found to have no noticeable effect on the defect size at failure.
2. FATIGUE TESTS: The fatigue test results showed that defect-free rings had a fatigue life one order of magnitude longer than those containing an EDM slit, and that the fatigue life of a defect-free ring could be predicted using a standard S-N method. In addition, it was found that crack growth was conservatively predicted using standard fatigue fracture mechanics.
The fatigue test results showed that the 1980 and the 2009 failures were caused by a combination of cyclic pressure loading, roof topping, and a pre-existing weld defect (probably present when the pipeline went into service in 1972).
This paper provides an overview of the failure investigation, with a discussion of the ring testing, supporting tests, and fracture surface inspection.
Emerging Technology: Remote Controlled Hot Tap System for Subsea Pipelines
Authors: Lim George 
Published: July 2013

Subsea hot tapping of pipelines is performed for a variety of reasons, including tie-ins, pipeline repair, insertion of instrumentation, facilitating chemical injection or providing access for temporary isolation tools.
The full hot tap process — that is, installing the hot tap assembly, performing the tap and recovering the hot tap machine — is normally conducted with diver assistance. After bolting the assembly of the machine, isolation valve and fitting to the pipeline (or machine and isolation valve to a pre-installed flanged membrane on the pipeline), the divers then operate the machine to perform the tap, under instructions from — and supervision — by hot tap technicians located on deck of the diving support vessel (DSV). Subsequent unbolting and removal of the hot tap machine is also carried out by the divers.
The demands of deep water have necessitated development of a totally diver-less, remote-controlled system. Diver operations are limited to a maximum of 300 meters of water depth, whereas a significant portion of existing subsea field infrastructure, as well as projected future developments, are in deeper waters in depths up to 3,000 meters. In addition, diver safety concerns in shallow water, as well as impaired diver efficiency in difficult environmental conditions such as wave breaking zones, prompts the call for a reduction of diver exposure or complete elimination of diver assistance.
The recent completion of a remote-controlled hot tap machine (Subsea 1200RC) is an important step toward developing a totally diver-less system. The installation of the hot tap assembly and subsequent removal of the machine still require diver assistance, but the performance of the tap itself is remotely controlled by a hot tap technician from the deck of the DSV. The concept is a topside-driven hot tap machine with “passive Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) interface”, which means a stationary ROV with its hydraulics and control system is attached to the hot tap machine and operated from an onboard laptop. This results in a light weight hot tap frame and total direct control of the cutting process. The machine has been designed, built, tested and successfully deployed on a recent subsea tap for a pipeline operator in Asia.
This technology promotes the “separation of man and machine” proposition. It reduces risk by reducing diver exposure, enhances safety, provides direct control and visibility from a laptop and facilitates fast and accurate execution. Ultimately, the concept may be extended toward onshore hot tap applications in risky environments calling for remotely operated systems. Diverless tapping is now also qualified and offered by others.
Strain Demand in Areas of Mine Subsidence
Authors: Zhang Fan , Liu Ming , Wang Yong-Yi , Yu Zhifeng , Tong Lei 
Published: July 2013

Mine subsidence is one of the major ground movement hazards for buried pipelines in regions of completed and ongoing mining activities. The strain demand under mine subsidence is evaluated for candidate pipes to be used in the construction of large-diameter and high-pressure long distance pipelines in China. Two typical subsidence forms were discussed.
1. One form is the sag/trough subsidence with large subsidence depth and area but continuous boundaries. The pipeline remains in the soil after the subsidence.
2. The other form is the pit subsidence with small subsidence depth and area but more severe discontinuous boundaries. The pipeline may be suspended above the ground surface in the subsidence hole after the subsidence.
For purposes of this research, the strain demand analysis was conducted with the commercial finite element analysis package ABAQUS®. The PIPE and ELBOW elements were selected to simulate the pipeline and the ASCE spring model was selected to determine the interaction between the pipeline and surrounding soil. The general consideration of the loads on pipeline in subsidence analysis is described. The results show that the pipeline experiences the most severe deformation during the discontinuous pit subsidence. The strain demands are compared with the pipe strain capacity in a companion paper to investigate the integrity of the pipeline.
Predicting the Decompression Characteristics of Carbon Dioxide Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Jie H. E. , Xu B. P. , Wen J. X. , Cooper R. , Barnett J. 
Published: July 2013

In a previous paper, we reported the development of CFD-DECOM, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) approach and the Homogeneous Equilibrium Method (HEM) for simulating multi-phase flows, to predict the transient flow following the rupture of pipelines conveying rich gas or pure carbon dioxide (CO2). The use of CFD allows the effect of pipe wall heat transfer and friction to be quantified. Here, the former is considered through the implementation of a conjugate heat transfer model while the two-phase pipe wall friction is computed using established correlations. The model was previously validated for rich gas and to a limited extent dense phase CO2 decompression against the available shock tube test data.
This paper describes the extension of the model to the decompression of both gaseous and dense phase CO2 with impurities. The Peng-Robinson-Stryjek-Vera Equation Of State (EOS), which is capable of predicting the real gas thermodynamic behaviour of CO2 with impurities, has been implemented in addition to the Peng-Robinson and Span and Wagner EOSs. The liquid-vapour phase equilibrium of a multi-component fluid is determined by flash calculations. The predictions are compared with the measurements of some of the recent gaseous and dense phase CO2 shock tube tests commissioned by National Grid. The detailed comparison is presented showing reasonably good agreement with the experimental data. Further numerical study has also been carried out to investigate the effects of wall friction and heat transfer, different EOSs and impurities on the decompression behaviour.
Review of R&D in Support of Mechanical Damage Threat Management in Onshore Transmission Pipeline Operations
Authors: Zarea Mures , Piazza Mark , Vignal Geoff , Jones Charley , Rau Jerry , Wang Rick 
Published: July 2013

Onshore pipeline industry has deployed in the last decade comprehensive integrity management programs in a constrained environment. These programs address all types of threats and resulting defects, yet the most complex defects are those due to mechanical damage, as they can combine local pipe deformations (dents) with metal removal (gouges) or even cracks.
These programs are first placed in the broader risk management perspective that justify the whole approach and provide a view of the context. Then, operational threat management programs for mechanical damage as implemented by operators are briefly described here, and serve as a basis to identify the main gaps in terms of technology and knowledge. Finally, both incremental and more game-changing innovations as produced by R&D performed by PRCI and consultants, are described in subsequent sections as possible options to fill the identified gaps.
Examples of roadmaps are provided that explain the coverage in terms of existing and evolving knowledge and technology, as provided by these R&D programs, to fill these gaps.
These various levels of representations are complementary tools to communicate about links between operations, R&D, and their contributions to public safety.
Hybrid Technology Networking: A Novel Wireless Networking Approach for Real-Time Railcar Status Monitoring
Authors: Rakshit Sushanta Mohan , Hempel Michael , Sharif Hamid , Punwani John , Stewart Monique 
Published: July 2013

The North American freight railroad industry continuously strives towards improvements in the safety and security of freight transportation. One key effort focuses on the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technologies to monitor and report mechanical and electrical component status for each railcar in real-time, as well as the status of the transported goods themselves. This allows real-time monitoring of railcar components such as air pressure, wheel bearing temperature, brake failure, wiring integrity, refrigeration unit failure, boxcar door opening, the detection of radioactive materials, dangerous substance leaks, and much more. The aggregated sensor data is transmitted to the locomotive, dispatch centers or regional offices for early fault detection and accident prevention.
Our previous work [1] has shown that ZigBee technology based on the IEEE 802.15.4 faces numerous obstacles when applied to freight railcar monitoring. To address these problems our team proposed an alternate approach called Hybrid Technology Networking (HTN), which combines the benefits of ZigBee for low-power short-range communication and WiFi for high-performance long-distance communication between HTN sensor clusters.
In this paper, we present our simulation results using our HTN protocol. We compare and discuss the performance of the ZigBee-only network environment with the proposed HTN and demonstrate the advantages offered by HTN. We also discuss our prototype sensor hardware platform using the HTN protocol and provide an outlook of the future work planned for HTN.
Wheel-Rail Contact Characteristics on a Tangent Track Vs a Roller Rig
Authors: Keylin Alexander , Ahmadian Mehdi , Taheri Mehdi , Tajaddini Ali 
Published: July 2013

This study derives explicit analytical expressions for comparing contact patch dimensions and Kalker’s coefficients for a wheel moving on a roller and compares the results with a tangent track arrangement. The expressions suggest that full size roller rig will underpredict Kalker’s traction coefficients (creepage forces per unit creepage) by a factor that depends on the roller radius.
Studying rail-wheel contact mechanics and dynamics in the field conditions can prove to be challenging due to the difficulties in adequately controlling the test conditions that can significantly affect the results, such as track irregularities, rail surface condition, etc. Roller rigs can prove to be a useful tool for such studies. One, however, must be careful when interpreting roller rig test results because of the differences in wheel-rail contact mechanics and dynamics between the track and the roller. The findings of this study, which are consistent with other studies’ conclusions, will allow researchers to relate results with field testing.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a Freight Railroad Fuel: Perspective From a Western U.S. Railroad
Authors: Iden Michael E. 
Published: July 2013

The use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a line-haul locomotive fuel is not a new idea, despite recent publicity, with previous work stretching back into the 1980s. Intense publicity has been given to recent announcements about developing dual-fuel locomotive engines which can burn natural gas as the primary fuel, using diesel fuel only as a pilot fuel for gas ignition. However, developing a locomotive engine capable of using gaseous fuel may prove to be only one of five major challenges to widespread adoption of LNG as a freight railroad fuel:
1. Dual-fuel line-haul locomotives with engines which can use natural gas fuel must be developed and made available for use.
2. Natural gas fuel must be made available to dual-fuel locomotives, either onboard the locomotive itself or by using LNG tenders coupled to the locomotives.
3. LNG must be stored and available for refueling dual-fuel locomotives or their tenders at logical locations along railroad corridors where such locomotives are to be used.
4. Natural gas (from gas fields or pipelines) must be available along with liquefaction plants to convert the gas into cryogenic LNG fuel.
5. The safe operation of trains and locomotives, and safe maintenance of rolling stock, is paramount and cannot be compromised (nor should the efficiency of the rail system) should dual-fuel locomotives and LNG tenders supplant or replace conventional diesel-fueled locomotives.
For LNG to become an effective large-scale freight railroad fuel, all five factors must be managed jointly and treated as a 5-legged technology system. If any one of the five “technology legs” is weak or improperly developed, the entire LNG-based system may be unsuitable in the freight railroad environment.
Train Energy and Dynamics Simulator (TEDS): A State-of-the-Art Longitudinal Train Dynamics Simulator
Authors: Andersen David R. , Booth Graydon F. , Vithani Anand R. , Singh Som P. , Prabhakaran Anand , Stewart Monique F. , Punwani S. K. (John) 
Published: July 2013

Train safety and operational efficiency are enhanced by the ability to understand the behavior of trains under varying conditions. Under the direction of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), a longitudinal train dynamics and operation simulation software — Train Energy and Dynamics Simulator (TEDS) — has been developed. TEDS is capable of modeling modern train operations and equipment, and is an effective tool for studying train operations safety and performance as affected by equipment, train makeup, train handling, track conditions, operating practices and environmental conditions.
TEDS simulates the dynamics of longitudinal train action and incorporates the dynamic effects of various different types of draft gears and end-of-car cushioning units including mismatched devices coupled together, the transient response of locomotive tractive and dynamic braking effort, as well as a fluid dynamic representation of the air brake system with the capability to model conventional pneumatic and ECP brake systems.
The capabilities of TEDS are described and demonstrated with several examples. The validation effort undertaken is described at both the component and system level. Comparisons of TEDS simulations of impact tests with the test results are shown to verify the draft gear and end-of-car cushioning unit models. The air brake model predictions are verified by comparing brake rack test results to TEDS simulations of braking behavior.
Multiple Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes in Aural Discharge Samples from Children with Acute Otitis Media with Spontaneous Otorrhea
Authors: Rodrigues Fernanda , Morales-Aza Begonia , Turner Katy M. E. , Sikora Paulina , Gould Katherine , Hinds Jason , Gonçalves Guilherme , Januário Luís , Finn Adam 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Among 55 children with cultures positive for acute otitis media with spontaneous otorrhea, 28 (51%) had cultures positive for aural
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, and in 10 of these, two distinct strains were detected, in which 5 had pairs of strains that were both capsule-bearing serotypes. Such cases were more likely to have cultures positive for other otopathogens than those with only one pneumococcus present.
Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131 as a Prominent Cause of Antibiotic Resistance among Urinary Escherichia coli Isolates from Reproductive-Age Women
Authors: Kudinha Timothy , Johnson James R. , Andrew Scott D. , Kong Fanrong , Anderson Peter , Gilbert Gwendolyn L. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

The recent emergence of multidrug-resistant
Escherichia coli
sequence type 131 (ST131) has coincided with an increase in general antibiotic resistance of
E. coli
, suggesting that ST131 has a contributing role in resistance. However, there is little information about the contribution of ST131 to different clinical syndromes or the basis for its impressive emergence and epidemic spread. To investigate this, we studied 953
E. coli
isolates from women of reproductive age in the central west region of New South Wales, Australia, including 623 urinary isolates from patients with cystitis (cystitis isolates) (
n
= 322) or pyelonephritis (pyelonephritis isolates) (
n
= 301) and 330 fecal isolates from healthy controls. The characteristics studied included ST131 clonal group status, resistance to different antibiotics, presence of virulence factor (VF) genes, and biofilm production. As expected, fecal isolates differed significantly from urinary (cystitis and pyelonephritis) isolates in most of the studied characteristics. Antibiotic resistance was significantly more common in ST131 than in non-ST131 isolates. Both antibiotic resistance and ST131 were more common in pyelonephritis than cystitis isolates and least so among fecal isolates. Within each source group, individual VF genes were more prevalent and VF scores were higher for ST131 than for non-ST131 isolates. For ST131 only, the prevalences of most individual VF genes and VF scores were the lowest in the fecal isolates, higher in the cystitis isolates, and highest in the pyelonephritis isolates. Biofilm production was strongly associated with ST131 status and antibiotic resistance. These results clarify the distribution of the ST131 clonal group and its epidemiological associations in our region and suggest that it exhibits both enhanced virulence and increased antibiotic resistance compared with those of other urinary tract infection (UTI) and fecal
E. coli
isolates from women of reproductive age.
Gordonia Bacteremia
Authors: Ramanan Poornima , Deziel Paul J. , Wengenack Nancy L. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Gordonia
species are ubiquitous aerobic actinomycetes that rarely cause infection in humans. We report the second known case of
Gordonia otitidis
catheter-related bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient and review four additional cases of
Gordonia
bacteremia seen at our institution over the past 14 years. In addition, the existing literature on
Gordonia
infections is reviewed.
Neutralizing Polyclonal IgG Present during Acute Infection Prevents Rapid Disease Onset in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV
SF162P3
-Infected Infant Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Jaworski J. Pablo , Kobie James , Brower Zachary , Malherbe Delphine C. , Landucci Gary , Sutton William F. , Guo Biwei , Reed Jason S. , Leon Enrique J. , Engelmann Flora , Zheng Bo , Legasse Al , Park Byung , Dickerson Mary , Lewis Anne D. , Colgin Lois M. A. , Axthelm Michael , Messaoudi Ilhem , Sacha Jonah B. , Burton Dennis R. , Forthal Donald N. , Hessell Ann J. , Haigwood Nancy L. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT

Simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been widely used in passive studies with HIV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to test for protection against infection. However, because SHIV-infected adult macaques often rapidly control plasma viremia and any resulting pathogenesis is minor, the model has been unsuitable for studying the impact of antibodies on pathogenesis in infected animals. We found that SHIV
SF162P3
infection in 1-month-old rhesus macaques not only results in high persistent plasma viremia but also leads to very rapid disease progression within 12 to 16 weeks. In this model, passive transfer of high doses of neutralizing IgG (SHIVIG) prevents infection. Here, we show that at lower doses, SHIVIG reduces both plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-associated viremia and mitigates pathogenesis in infected animals. Moreover, production of endogenous NAbs correlated with lower set-point viremia and 100% survival of infected animals. New SHIV models are needed to investigate whether passively transferred antibodies or antibodies elicited by vaccination that fall short of providing sterilizing immunity impact disease progression or influence immune responses. The 1-month-old rhesus macaque SHIV model of infection provides a new tool to investigate the effects of antibodies on viral replication and clearance, mechanisms of B cell maintenance, and the induction of adaptive immunity in disease progression.