bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A sociofunctional approach to prejudice at the polls: are atheists more politically disadvantaged than gays and Blacks?
Authors: Franks Andrew S. , Scherr Kyle C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPrejudice against atheists is pervasive in the United States. Atheists lag behind virtually all other minority groups on measures of social acceptance. The sociofunctional approach suggests that distrust is at the core of anti‐atheist prejudice, thus making it qualitatively different than prejudice against other disadvantaged groups. Accordingly, this research examined political bias against atheists, gays, and Blacks and the affective content accompanying such biases. Results indicated that atheists suffered the largest deficit in voting intentions from Christian participants, and this deficit was accompanied by distrust, disgust, and fear, thereby suggesting that the affective content of anti‐atheist prejudice is both broader and more extreme than prejudice against other historically disadvantaged groups. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
Regulatory mode orientations and well‐being in an organizational setting: the differential mediating roles of workaholism and work engagement
Authors: De Carlo Nicola A. , Falco Alessandra , Pierro Antonio , Dugas Michelle , Kruglanski Arie W. , Higgins E. Tory 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis paper examines the relationships between two independent regulatory mode orientations, locomotion and assessment, and well‐being in organizational contexts. Results from a sample of 320 employees revealed that locomotion was negatively associated with burnout and psychological strain whereas assessment was positively associated with burnout and strain. The effects of locomotion and assessment on burnout and strain were mediated by workaholism and work engagement. Both locomotion and assessment predicted greater workaholism; however, locomotion was positively associated whereas assessment was negatively associated with work engagement. In turn, workaholism predicted greater burnout and strain, and work engagement predicted less burnout and strain. Implications for employee health and organizational success are discussed.
Hydrologic Controls on Nitrogen and Phosphorous Dynamics in Relict Oxbow Wetlands Adjacent to an Urban Restored Stream
Authors: Harrison Melanie D. , Miller Andrew J. , Groffman Peter M. , Mayer Paul M. , Kaushal Sujay S. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAlthough wetlands are known to be sinks for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), their function in urban watersheds remains unclear. We analyzed water and nitrate (NO3−) and phosphate (PO43−) dynamics during precipitation events in two oxbow wetlands that were created during geomorphic stream restoration in Baltimore County, Maryland that varied in the nature and extent of connectivity to the adjacent stream. Oxbow 1 (Ox1) received 1.6‐4.2% and Oxbow 2 (Ox2) received 4.2‐7.4% of cumulative streamflow during storm events from subsurface seepage (Ox1) and surface flow (Ox2). The retention time of incoming stormwater ranged from 0.2 to 6.7 days in Ox1 and 1.8 to 4.3 days in Ox2. Retention rates in the wetlands ranged from 0.25 to 2.74 g N/m2/day in Ox1 and 0.29 to 1.94 g N/m2/day in Ox2. Percent retention of the NO3−‐N load that entered the wetlands during the storm events ranged from 64 to 87% and 23 to 26%, in Ox1 and Ox2, respectively. During all four storm events, Ox1 and Ox2 were a small net source of dissolved PO43− to the adjacent stream (i.e., more P exited than entered the wetland), releasing P at a rate of 0.23‐20.83 mg P/m2/day and 3.43‐24.84 mg P/m2/day, respectively. N and P removal efficiency of the oxbows were regulated by hydrologic connectivity, hydraulic loading, and retention time. Incidental oxbow wetlands have potential to receive urban stream and storm flow and to be significant N sinks, but they may be sources of P in urban watersheds.
Influence of climatic niche suitability and geographical overlap on hybridization patterns among southern Californian oaks
Authors: Ortego Joaquín , Gugger Paul F. , Riordan Erin C. , Sork Victoria L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimInformation on the association between geographical patterns of hybridization and the climatic niche requirements and co‐occurrence of the species involved can provide important insights that further our understanding of the factors promoting the formation of hybrid zones. Here, we test whether climatic niche suitability explains patterns of hybridization beyond spatial overlap in distributions of the geographically restricted Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii) and the widespread scrub oak species complex (Quercus spp.).LocationSouthern California, USA.MethodsWe sampled Engelmann and scrub oaks across 31 localities and genotyped 343 individuals at nine microsatellite loci. We used climatic niche modelling to assess the suitability of habitats for each parental species and hybrids and to analyse whether climatic niche suitability in addition to co‐occurrence are associated with observed spatial patterns of hybridization.ResultsOur data indicated that hybrid zones are located in areas that are geographically constrained by the presence of scattered patches of Engelmann oak within a matrix broadly occupied by scrub oaks. However, the climatic niche of hybrids differed from that occupied by both Engelmann and scrub oaks, suggesting the importance of climate on their establishment and persistence beyond the simple role of geographical overlap of parental species distributions. We also found that even moderate levels of introgression contributed to increased genetic diversity in Engelmann oak but not in scrub oaks.Main conclusionsThese results show that hybrid zones follow a mosaic pattern constrained by the presence of scattered patches occupied by Engelmann oak and climatically suitable areas that favour the establishment of hybrids. The low rates of ongoing hybridization and the bimodal distribution of parental genotypes found here suggest that hybridization is not threatening Engelmann oak and this phenomenon could instead be promoting the acquisition of favourable alleles that may increase the adaptive potential of this vulnerable species.
Assessing coastal species distribution models through the integration of terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric data
Authors: Rickbeil Gregory J. M. , Coops Nicholas C. , Drever Mark C. , Nelson Trisalyn A. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAimWhen considering multiple species in distribution models, environmental variables should be selected that describe the group of species' environmental requirements. This can, however, be challenging in locations such as coastal areas, where different species may respond to terrestrial, oceanic and/or atmospheric conditions. Here, we evaluate the use of remotely sensed (RS) terrestrial, oceanic and interpolated climate variables, as well as a more detailed shore‐zone data set, as a means of modelling the distributions of coastal bird species with diverse habitat requirements.LocationCoastal British Columbia, Canada.MethodsBoosted regression trees were used to model the distributions of 60 species of coastal birds using each environmental variable group, run individually and in combination. Models were assessed for their predictive ability and model fit, as well as for model overfitting.ResultsModels that incorporated terrestrial data were found to produce the highest model fit and predictive ability of the broad‐scale environmental groups. Incorporating the fine‐scale shore‐zone data offered little improvement, as did selecting the best model in terms of predictive ability by species. Model fit and predictive ability were also found to vary by functional feeding group, with insectivores and benthivores being the best‐modelled.Main conclusionsHaving access to both broad‐scale RS environmental data and more detailed coastal shore‐zone data produced modest improvements over employing RS environmental data alone. Models using only the terrestrial data set, however, performed similarly to the best single model type (terrestrial + shore‐zone), indicating that broad‐scale environmental data also offer an effective means of estimating coastal bird distributions. Testing multiple environmental variable groups in different combinations and selecting the best model allowed models to be optimized by species; conversely, the results of a ‘one model fits all’ approach were comparable to those of the best models, indicating that a single‐model approach is also valid.
Risk of Thiazide‐Induced Metabolic Adverse Events in Older Adults
Authors: Makam Anil N. , John Boscardin W. , Miao Yinghui , Steinman Michael A. 
Published: May 2014

ObjectivesTo evaluate the risk and predictors of thiazide‐induced adverse events (AEs) in multimorbid older adults in real‐world clinical settings.DesignObservational cohort study.SettingNational Veterans Affairs data from 2007 to 2008.ParticipantsVeterans aged 65 and older newly prescribed a thiazide (N = 1,060) compared with propensity‐matched nonusers of antihypertensive medications (N = 1,060).MeasurementsThe primary outcome was a composite of metabolic AEs defined as sodium less than 135 mEq/L, potassium less than 3.5 mEq/L, or a decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of more than 25% from the baseline rate. Secondary outcomes included sev‐ere AEs (sodium <130 mEq/L, potassium <3.0 mEq/L, or a decrease in eGFR of more than 50%).ResultsOver 9 months of follow‐up, 14.3% of new thiazide users developed an AE, compared with 6.0% of nonusers (number needed to harm (NNH) 12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 9–17, P < .001); 1.8% of new users developed a severe AE, compared with 0.6% of nonusers (NNH = 82, P = .008), and 3.8% of new users had an emergency department visit or hospitalization with an AE, compared with 2.0% of nonusers (NNH = 56, P = .02). Risk of AEs did not vary according to age, but having five or more comorbidities was associated with 3.0 times the odds (95% CI = 1.4–6.2) of developing an AE as having one comorbidity (hypertension). Low‐normal and unmeasured baseline sodium and potassium values were among the strongest predictors of hyponatremia and hypokalemia, respectively. Only 42% of thiazide users had laboratory monitoring within 90 days after initiation.ConclusionThiazide‐induced AEs are common in older adults. Greater attention should be paid to potential complications in prescribing thiazides to older adults, including closer laboratory monitoring before and after initiation of thiazides.
Specialization for aggression in sexually dimorphic skeletal morphology in grey wolves (Canis lupus)
Authors: Morris Jeremy S. , Brandt Ellissa K. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAggressive behaviour is important in the life history of many animals. In grey wolves (Canis lupus), territory defence through direct competition with conspecifics is severe and often lethal. Thus, performance in aggressive encounters may be under strong selection. Additionally, grey wolves frequently kill large dangerous prey species. Because both sexes actively participate in aggressive activities and prey capture, wolves are expected to exhibit a low level of musculoskeletal sexual dimorphism. However, male wolves more often lead in agonistic encounters with conspecifics and must provision the nursing female during the pup‐rearing period of the breeding season. These behaviours may select for males that exhibit a higher degree of morphological adaptation associated with aggression and prey capture performance. To test this prediction, we assessed skeletal sexual dimorphism in three subspecies of grey wolves using functional indices reflecting morphological specialization for aggression. As expected, sexual dimorphism in skeletal shape was limited. However, in two of three subspecies, we found sexually dimorphic traits in the skull, forelimbs and hindlimbs that are consistent with the hypothesis that males are more specialized for aggression. These characters may also be associated with selection for improved prey capture performance by males. Thus, the sexually dimorphic functional traits identified by our analysis may be adaptive in the contexts of both natural and sexual selection. Several of these traits may conflict with locomotor economy, indicating the importance of aggression in the life history of male grey wolves. The presence of functional specialization for aggression in a generally monogamous species indicates that sexual dimorphism in specific musculoskeletal traits may be widespread among mammals.
Level of confidence in venepuncture and knowledge in determining causes of blood sample haemolysis among clinical staff and phlebotomists
Authors: Makhumula‐Nkhoma Nellie , Whittaker Vicki , McSherry Robert 
Published: May 2014

Aims and objectivesTo investigate the association between confidence level in venepuncture and knowledge in determining causes of blood sample haemolysis among clinical staff and phlebotomists.BackgroundVarious collection methods are used to perform venepuncture, also called phlebotomy, the act of drawing blood from a patient using a needle. The collection method used has an impact on preanalytical blood sample haemolysis. Haemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells, which makes the sample unsuitable. Despite available evidence on the common causes, extensive literature search showed a lack of published evidence on the association of haemolysis with staff confidence and knowledge.DesignA quantitative primary research design using survey method.MethodsA purposive sample of 290 clinical staff and phlebotomists conducting venepuncture in one North England hospital participated in this quantitative survey. A three‐section web‐based questionnaire comprising demographic profile, confidence and competence levels, and knowledge sections was used to collect data in 2012. The chi‐squared test for independence was used to compare the distribution of responses for categorical data. anova was used to determine mean difference in the knowledge scores of staff with different confidence levels.ResultsAlmost 25% clinical staff and phlebotomists participated in the survey. There was an increase in confidence at the last venepuncture among staff of all categories. While doctors' scores were higher compared with healthcare assistants', p ≤ 0·001, nurses' were of wide range and lowest. There was no statistically significant difference (at the 5% level) in the total knowledge scores and confidence level at the last venepuncture F(2,4·690) = 1·67, p = 0·31 among staff of all categories.ConclusionEvidence‐based measures are required to boost staff knowledge base of preanalytical blood sample haemolysis for standardised and quality service. Monitoring and evaluation of the training, conducting and monitoring haemolysis rate are equally crucial.Relevance to clinical practiceAlthough the hospital is succeeding in providing regular training in venepuncture, this is only one aspect of quality. The process and outcome also need interventions.
Meanings of being a close relative of a family member treated with haemodialysis approaching end of life
Authors: Axelsson Lena , Klang Birgitta , Lundh Hagelin Carina , Jacobson Stefan H , Gleissman Sissel Andreassen 
Published: May 2014

Aims and objectivesTo describe and elucidate the meanings of being a close relative of a severely ill family member treated with maintenance haemodialysis approaching the end of life.BackgroundEnd‐stage renal disease together with comorbidities, haemodialysis treatment and high mortality rates also affects the lives of close relatives, who report burdens and impaired quality of life. To improve care, more understanding is needed of close relatives' experiences during these patients' end of life.DesignThis study has a qualitative interpretative design.MethodsFourteen retrospective qualitative interviews were conducted with close relatives (aged 48–93 years) of deceased patients who had been treated with haemodialysis. The interview text was interpreted using a phenomenological hermeneutical method in three phases.ResultsThe findings of the structural analysis were formulated as six themes: Striving to be supportive and helpful without doing harm to the ill person's self; Needing increasing strength and support; Balancing the will to help with one's own ongoing life; Increasing responsibility involving dilemmas; Striving for a good life together in the present and Living with awareness of death.ConclusionsClose relatives strive for balance and well‐being accompanying their ill family member through the end of life. They are facing moral dilemmas and growing demands as their responsibility increases with the deterioration of their family member. Support from and interaction with the healthcare professionals is then of significance.Relevance to clinical practiceFindings challenge healthcare professionals in haemodialysis settings to identify close relatives' individual resources and needs towards the patients' end of life. Healthcare professionals in haemodialysis settings need to offer close relatives opportunities to talk about the future and what may be expected at end of life, with or without haemodialysis. They should also contact the closest relative after the death as they may need confirmation and closure.
A classification study for chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×grandiflorum Tzvelv.) cultivars based on multivariate statistical analyses
Authors: ZHANG Yuan , LUO Xin‐Yan , ZHU Jun , WANG Chen , HONG Yan , LU Jie , LIU Qian‐Qian , LI Bao‐Qin , ZHU Ming‐Li , WANG Zi‐Fan , ZHANG Ya‐Qiong , SONG Xue‐Bin , LV Peng‐Yan , DAI Si‐Lan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe Chinese traditional chrysanthemum cultivar is a marvelous group of Chrysanthemum ×grandiflorum Tzvelv., whose floral characters are rich in variation. However, neither the values of floral characters for the classification of chrysanthemums nor the relevance of different characters are yet known. Moreover, the existing classification systems of chrysanthemums are incomplete and unsystematic. In the present study, we selected 16 floral morphological characters on which to carry out diversity and relativity analyses by seven multivariate statistical analysis methods, and we further studied the cultivar classification. The analyses of nested variance, diversity index, and principle components showed that 10 floral morphological characters were of great value for chrysanthemum classification. Clustering analysis classified these 10 characters into three types, in which the variation of the ray floret factor was the highest. The analysis of partial correlations showed that the petal type was significantly affected by the length of the ray florets, the bending state of the outer‐layer ray florets, and the tip shape of the ray florets; besides these three characters, the flower head type was also affected by the angle of the outer‐layer ray florets and the length and distribution of the disc florets. The multiple linear regression equations for petal type and flower head type were successfully established. All of the cultivars were classified into four groups and 18 forms by cluster and discriminant analyses. These results provide a reference that can be used for cultivar identification and classification of chrysanthemums.
The Effect of Vasectomy on the Sexual Life of Couples
Authors: Mohamad Al-Ali Badereddin , Shamloul Rany , Ramsauer Josef , Bella Anthony J. , Scrinzi Ulfrit , Treu Thomas , Jungwirth Andreas 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Introduction
There are several contraceptive methods to prevent pregnancy, reversible as well as nonreversible ones. The sexual satisfaction of couples is affected by many types of contraceptives used.

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate prospectively the effect of vasectomy on the sexual life and satisfaction of couples.

Methods
Seventy-six couples took part in this evaluation and filled out respective questionnaires before and after vasectomy. All the questionnaires were evaluated statistically for differences in the respective sexual domain scores.

Main Outcome Measures
Standardized questionnaires were used. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) as well as postoperative pain score were completed by men. Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was completed by the female partner. For statistical analysis, the T-Square Test was used.

Results
The average age of couples, who chose the vasectomy procedure, was 37 years for women and 39 years for men. The contraception method most frequently used prior to the vasectomy was the birth control pill. For the male partner, the IIEF showed no significant change in the respective domains. Out of the 76 couples, 93% of the males and 96% of their female partners would recommend and do vasectomy again. The postoperative pain score was 3.5 on 0–10 scale, and there were no postoperative complications reported. The best improvement of the sexual function was noticed for the female partners. The FSFI showed a significant improvement in the domains desire (P &lt; 0.05), arousal (P &lt; 0.05), orgasm (P &lt; 0.05), lubrication (P &lt; 0.05), and satisfaction (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
This is the first report to our very best knowledge that showed the positive impact of vasectomy on sexual satisfaction of couples. Vasectomy is a safe operation with minimal complication rates.
Simple questionnaire for screening patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1
Authors: Matsumura Tsuyoshi , Kimura Takashi , Kokunai Yosuke , Nakamori Masayuki , Ogata Katsuhisa , Fujimura Harutoshi , Takahashi Masanori P , Mochizuki Hideki , Sakoda Saburo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackground and AimMyotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystemic disease, and patients often visit a variety of specialists before being correctly diagnosed. IdentifyingDM1 is not an easy task, particularly for non‐neurologists. We tried to develop a simple and useful screener to identifyDM1.MethodsIn the present study, we proposed and refined a simple questionnaire for screening patients withDM1. A preliminary study showed that the sensitivity and specificity of a well‐designed questionnaire was comparable with that of a physical examination. We developed a nine‐item questionnaire that assessed cataract history, dysphagia, myotonia, drop foot, the ability to whistle, lift the head, sit‐up and unscrew a bottle cap, and family history.ResultsA total of 95DM1 patients, 121 healthy controls and 132 disease controls completed the questionnaire. Many healthy controls were family members ofDM1 patients; therefore, family history was excluded from statistical analyses. InDM1 patients with mild symptoms, sensitivity exceeded 70% for three items (sit‐up, drop foot, myotonia). In healthy controls, specificity exceeded 70% for all items. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the combination of lifting the head, sit‐up, unscrewing a bottle cap and myotonia items had high capability to distinguishDM1 patients with mild symptoms from healthy controls and disease controls with mild symptoms.ConclusionThis simple questionnaire might help to identifyDM1 patients.