bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Aspects Related to Plant Sterol and Stanol Supplemented Foods
Authors: Zawistowski Jerzy , Jones Peter 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
This chapter reviews regulatory frameworks for plant sterol containing functional foods in various jurisdictions including Europe, North America, South America, Asia and, Australia/New Zealand. Included is a discussion on approval of plant sterols as novel food ingredients in some countries, as well as details on the type of health claims permitted in the marketing and sale of foods enriched with plant sterols within each jurisdiction. Based on the abundance of clinical trial data, many countries around the world have now approved the use of claims relating the cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols, further attesting to their value as functional food ingredients.
Ultrasound-Guided Pulsed Radio Frequency Treatment in Morton's Neuroma
Authors: Deniz Suleyman , Purtuloglu Tarik , Tekindur Sukru , Cansız Kadir Hakan , Yetim Memduh , Kılıckaya Oguz , Senkal Serkan , Bilgic Serkan , Atim Abdulkadir , Kurt Ercan 
Published: May 2015

Background
Morton's neuroma is a perineural fibrosis of an intermetatarsal plantar nerve. Burning, numbness, paresthesia, and tingling down the interspaces of involved toes may also be experienced. Taking into account all of this information, we designed a prospective open-label study to evaluate the efficacy of pulsed radio frequency on Morton's neuroma.

Methods
Twenty patients with Morton's neuroma were experiencing symptomatic neuroma pain in the foot not relieved by routine conservative treatment. All of the patients had been evaluated by a specialized orthopedist and were offered pulsed radio frequency as a last option before having surgery. Initially, pain level (numerical rating scale), successful pain control (a ≥50% pain decrease was accepted as successful pain control), comfort when walking (yes or no), and satisfaction level (satisfied or not satisfied) were evaluated.

Results
We found a decrease in the pain level in 18 of 20 patients, successful pain control in 12, and wearing shoes and walking without pain in 16. Overall, satisfaction was rated as excellent or good by 12 patients with Morton's neuroma in this series.

Conclusions
This evidence indicates that ultrasound-guided pulsed radio frequency is a promising treatment modality in the management of Morton's neuroma pain.
Active flexural‐slip faulting: A study from the Pamir‐Tian Shan convergent zone, NW China
Authors: Li Tao , Chen Jie , Thompson Jessica A. , Burbank Douglas W. , Yang Xiaodong 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe flexural‐slip fault (FSF), a type of secondary fault generated by bed‐parallel slip, occurs commonly and plays an important role in accommodating fold growth. Although the kinematics and mechanics of FSFs are well studied, relatively few field observations or geometric models explore its geomorphic expression. In the Pamir‐Tian Shan convergent zone, NW China, suites of well‐preserved FSF scarps displace fluvial terraces in the Mingyaole and Wulagen folds. Integrating interpretations of Google Earth images, detailed geologic and geomorphic mapping, and differential GPS measurements of terrace surfaces, we summarize geomorphic features that typify these faults and create kinematic models of active flexural‐slip faulting. Our study indicates the following: (i) FSF scarps commonly occur near synclinal hinges, irrespective of whether (a) the dip direction of beds on either side of the hinge is unidirectional or in opposite directions, (b) the hinge is migrating or fixed, or (c) the hinge shape is narrow and angular or wide and curved. (ii) Active FSFs are likely to produce higher scarps on steeper beds, whereas lower or no topographic scarps typify gentler beds. (iii) Tilt angles of the terrace surface displaced above FSFs progressively decrease farther away from the hinge, with abrupt changes in slope coinciding with FSF scarps; the changes in tilt angle and scarp height have a predictable geometric relationship. (iv) Active FSFs can accommodate a significant fraction of total slip and play a significant role in folding deformation. (v) Active FSFs may be used to assess seismic hazards associated with active folds and associated blind thrusts.
Spatial patterns of radiative forcing and surface temperature response
Authors: Shindell Drew T. , Faluvegi Greg , Rotstayn Leon , Milly George 
Published: May 2015

AbstractExamination of effective radiative forcing (ERF), a measure of changes in Earth's energy balance, facilitates understanding the role of various drivers of climate change. For short‐lived compounds, ERF can be highly inhomogeneous geographically. The relationship between the spatial patterns of ERF and surface temperature response is poorly characterized, however. We examine that relationship in the latest generation of global climate models. We find that the uneven distribution of historical aerosol, ozone, and land use forcing leads to substantial differences compared to the well‐mixed greenhouse gases (WMGHG). There is a stronger response per unit global mean forcing to historical inhomogeneous forcing than to WMGHG both globally and in much of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropics, in fairly good agreement with results inferred from observations. Our results indicate that the enhanced global mean response is attributable to the concentration of inhomogeneous forcing in the NH extratropics, where there is strongest sensitivity to forcing, rather than to processes specific to the inhomogeneous forcers. In many regions, inclusion of inhomogeneous forcing greatly increases the spread in historical temperature changes simulated by the models, suggesting that better forcing characterization could play an important role in improving modeling of decadal‐scale regional climate change. Finally, incorporating observed temperatures, the results provide estimates of global historical aerosol forcing (−1.0 ± 0.4 W m−2) consistent with other studies (though with narrower uncertainties) and also provide constraints on NH and NH extratropical historical aerosol forcing (−1.4 ± 0.6 and −1.2 ± 0.6 W m−2, respectively) and aerosol + ozone forcing.
The lithosphere‐asthenosphere transition and radial anisotropy beneath the Australian continent
Authors: Yoshizawa K. , Kennett B. L. N. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractA new 3‐D S wave speed model for the Australian region derived from multimode surface waves allows us to examine the nature of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere transition (LAT) and its relation to radial anisotropy. In eastern Phanerozoic Australia the estimated depths of the LAT tie well with those from receiver functions. However, in the Archean and Proterozoic lithosphere in western and central Australia, the LAT derived from the surface wave model is generally much deeper than the discontinuities recognized from receiver functions and shows a smooth transition. There is significant radial anisotropy (SH > SV) in the upper lithosphere as well as in the LAT and the underlying asthenosphere. Strong anisotropy in the asthenosphere reflects the effects of present shear flow in the mantle beneath the continent. The lateral variation of lithospheric anisotropy correlates well with the suture zones between cratonic blocks, representing frozen anisotropy associated with the ancient tectonics of Australia.
Cloud‐radiative driving of the Madden‐Julian oscillation as seen by the A‐Train
Authors: Del Genio Anthony D. , Chen Yonghua 
Published: May 2015

AbstractCloud and water vapor radiative heating anomalies associated with convection may be an effective source of moist static energy driving the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO). In this paper 5 years of radiative heating profiles derived from CloudSat radar and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation data are analyzed to document radiative heating anomalies during the MJO. Atmospheric shortwave absorption and surface longwave radiation anomalies are of opposite sign and 10–20% as large as top‐of‐atmosphere outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) anomalies, confirming that OLR provides a useful estimate of the total column radiative heating anomaly. Positive anomalies generally peak about 1 week before the MJO peak and are smallest over the Indian Ocean. Anomalies over the Maritime Continent are strongest and coincident with the MJO peak. Shortwave heating profile anomalies are weaker than longwave anomalies in the active region of the MJO but generally of opposite sign; thus, shortwave heating damps the longwave destabilization of the lower troposphere. The exception is the onset phase of the MJO, where shortwave and longwave heating anomalies due to thin cirrus are both positive in the upper troposphere and exert a stabilizing influence. Specific humidity anomalies in the middle troposphere reach 0.5 g kg−1, but the associated clear‐sky heating anomaly is small. Radiative enhancement of column moist static energy becomes significant as precipitation increases before the MJO peak and remains high after the MJO peak as precipitation begins to decline. Elevated radiative heating after the peak may contribute to destabilizing the MJO.
Breastfeeding over two years is associated with longer birth intervals, but not measures of growth or health, among children in Kilimanjaro, TZ
Authors: Mattison Siobhán M. , Wander Katherine , Hinde Katie 
Published: May 2015

ObjectivesBreastfeeding has been associated with numerous health and well‐being benefits for both children and their mothers, including prolonging the birth interval to the subsequent sibling. The clearest associations between breastfeeding and health outcomes, per se, reflect exclusive breastfeeding in the first months of postnatal life and are most evident during infancy. Fewer studies explore the consequences of breastfeeding for multiple years. In this article, we ask whether breastfeeding for more than 2 years is associated with discernible health and well‐being benefits to children.MethodsData were collected from 315 children, aged 2 to 7, and their caretakers residing in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Basic demographic and health information was solicited, and anthropometric and blood markers of health were evaluated.ResultsOur results indicate a strong positive relationship between breastfeeding for 2 or more years and interbirth interval, but little evidence for a relationship between prolonged breastfeeding and several indicators of child growth and health.ConclusionsWe suggest that these relationships may support the recently rekindled birth spacing hypothesis, positing selection for longer interbirth intervals, rather than, or in addition to, more direct health benefits associated with breastfeeding for 2 or more years. Our results may indicate attenuating health benefits associated with longer breastfeeding. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:807–815, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk of cancer among firefighters in California, 1988–2007
Authors: Tsai Rebecca J. , Luckhaupt Sara E. , Schumacher Pam , Cress Rosemary D. , Deapen Dennis M. , Calvert Geoffrey M. 
Published: May 2015

BackgroundMost studies of firefighter cancer risks were conducted prior to 1990 and do not reflect risk from advances in building materials.MethodsA case–control study using California Cancer Registry data (1988–2007) was conducted to evaluate the risk of cancer among firefighters, stratified by race.ResultsThis study identified 3,996 male firefighters with cancer. Firefighters were found to have a significantly elevated risk for melanoma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–2.1), multiple myeloma (OR 1.4; 95%CI 1.0–1.8), acute myeloid leukemia (OR 1.4; 95%CI 1.0–2.0), and cancers of the esophagus (OR 1.6; 95%CI 1.2–2.1), prostate (OR 1.5; 95%CI 1.3–1.7), brain (OR 1.5; 95%CI 1.2–2.0), and kidney (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.0–1.6).ConclusionsIn addition to observing cancer findings consistent with previous research, this study generated novel findings for firefighters with race/ethnicity other than white. It provides additional evidence to support the association between firefighting and several specific cancers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:715–729, 2015. © 2015 This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Preparation of conductive polyphenylene sulfide/polyamide 6/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites using the slow migration rate of multiwalled carbon nanotubes from polyphenylene sulfide to polyamide 6
Authors: Xu Ling , Zhang Bo‐Yuan , Xiong Zhuo‐Yue , Guo Zhao‐Xia , Yu Jian 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTConductive polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)/polyamide 6 (PA6)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites having 10–30 wt % PA6 and 1 wt % MWCNTs are prepared by melt mixing at 300°C for 8 min using a high concentration PPS/MWCNT masterbatch approach, and the migration kinetics of MWCNTs from thermodynamically unfavored PPS to favored PA6 was investigated. The morphology of the composites was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, showing the localization of most MWCNTs in the PPS phase and at the interface, being different from the case of direct melt mixing where non‐conductive materials were obtained with most MWCNTs found in the PA6 phase and at the interface. The electrical resistivity and morphology of the materials as a function of time were investigated, showing that the conductive materials can be prepared within a mixing time of 4–16 min because of the slow migration rate of MWCNTs from PPS toward PA6, and MWCNTs can eventually migrate into the PA6 phase after a long mixing time of 30 min. The slow migration rate of MWCNTs was attributed to the high viscosity ratio of the two phases. This article shows a good example where the migration of MWCNTs was slow enough to control and can be used to prepare conductive polymer blends. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42353.
Geometric Approaches to State Feedback Control for Continuous and Switched Linear Systems
Authors: Bajcinca N. , Flockerzi D. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe usability of underdetermined state feedback in the context of pole placement, eigenstructure assignment, stabilization and robustness analysis of continuous and switched linear systems is explored. Analytical tools for system design and analysis are discussed from the geometric perspective. Thereby, several new results are obtained and some well‐known ones are recovered and generalized by utilization of the computational methods based on the concept of invariance subspaces.
Human amniocyte‐derived cells are a promising cell host for adenoviral vector production under serum‐free conditions
Authors: Silva Ana Carina , Simão Daniel , Küppers Claudia , Lucas Tanja , Sousa Marcos F. Q. , Cruz Pedro , Carrondo Manuel J. T. , Kochanek Stefan , Alves Paula M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractRecombinant adenovirus vectors (AdVs) have been used for the development of vaccines, as gene therapy vectors and for protein production. Currently, the production of clinical grade batches of recombinant E1‐deleted adenovirus type 5 vectors is performed using human‐derived HEK293 or PER.C6® cell lines. In this work we describe the generation of a new human amniocyte‐derived cell line named 1G3 and show that it can be used as a very promising cell host for AdV production in serum‐free conditions, allowing for production in high cell density cultures and avoiding the typical cell density effect observed for HEK293. By design, this cell line makes the generation of replication‐competent adenovirus during production of E1‐deleted AdVs very unlikely. The impact of the culture system (static versus agitated) and AdV infection parameters such as multiplicity of infection, time of harvesting and cell concentration at infection were evaluated and compared with HEK293. Using stirred tanks bioreactors, it was possible to grow 1G3 cells to cell densities of up to 9 × 106cells/mL using serum‐free media. Moreover, without a medium exchange step at infection, a three‐fold increase in AdV volumetric titers was obtained, as no cell density effect was observed at CCI 3. Overall, our results clearly demonstrate the potential of the human amniocyte‐derived newly established cell line 1G3 for AdV production in a serum‐free scalable process, paving the way for further process improvements based on fed‐batch or perfusion strategies.
Development of robust antibody purification by optimizing protein‐A chromatography in combination with precipitation methodologies
Authors: Chollangi Srinivas , Parker Ray , Singh Nripen , Li Yi , Borys Michael , Li Zhengjian 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTTo be administered to patients, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies must have very high purity, with process related impurities like host‐cell proteins (HCPs) and DNA reduced to <100 ppm and <10 ppb, respectively, relative to desired product. Traditionally, Protein‐A chromatography as a capture step has been the work horse for clearing a large proportion of these impurities. However, remaining levels of process and product related impurities still present significant challenges on the development of polishing steps further downstream. In this study, we have incorporated high throughput screening to evaluate three areas of separation: (i) Harvest treatment; (ii) Protein‐A Chromatography; and (iii) Low pH Viral Inactivation. Precipitation with low pH treatment of cell culture harvest resulted in selective removal of impurities while manipulating the pH of wash buffers used in Protein‐A chromatography and incorporating wash additives that disrupt various modes of protein–protein interaction resulted in further and more pronounced reduction in impurity levels. In addition, our study also demonstrate that optimizing the neutralization pH post Protein‐A elution can result in selective removal of impurities. When applied over multiple mAbs, this optimization method proved to be very robust and the strategy provides a new and improved purification process that reduces process related impurities like HCPs and DNA to drug substance specifications with just one chromatography column and open avenues for significant decrease in operating costs in monoclonal antibody purification. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2292–2304. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ion‐exchange vs reversed‐phase chromatography for separation and determination of basic psychotropic drugs
Authors: Petruczynik Anna , Wróblewski Karol , Deja Michał , Waksmundzka‐Hajnos Monika 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIon exchange chromatography, an alternative to reversed‐phase (RP) chromatography, is described in this paper. We aimed to obtain optimal conditions for the separation of basic drugs because silica‐based RP stationary phases show silanol effect and make the analysis of basic analytes hardly possible. The retention, separation selectivity, symmetry of peaks and system efficiency were examined in different eluent systems containing different types of buffers at acidic pH and with the addition of organic modifiers: methanol and acetonitrile. The obtained results reveal a large influence of the salt cation used for buffer preparation and the type of organic modifier on the retention behavior of the analytes. These results were also compared with those obtained on an XBridge C18 column. The obtained results demonstrated that SCX stationary phases can be successfully used as alternatives to C18 stationary phases in the separation of basic compounds. The most selective and efficient chromatographic systems were applied for the quantification of some psychotropic drugs in fortified human serum samples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute anoxic changes in peripheral nerve: anatomic and physiologic correlations
Authors: Punsoni Michael , Drexler Steven , Palaia Thomas , Stevenson Matthew , Stecker Mark M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe response of the peripheral nerve to anoxia is modulated by many factors including glucose and temperature. The purposes of this article are to demonstrate the effects of these factors on the pathological changes induced by anoxia and to compare the electrophysiologic changes and pathological changes in the same nerves.MethodsSciatic nerves were harvested from rats and placed in a perfusion apparatus where neurophysiologic responses could be recorded continuously during a 16 h experiment. After the experiment, light microscopy and electron microscopy were performed.ResultsLight microscopic images showed mild changes from anoxia at normoglycemia. Hypoglycemic anoxia produced massive axonal swelling while hyperglycemic anoxia produced apparent changes in the myelin. Anoxic changes were not uniform in all axons. Electron microscopy showed only minor disruptions of the cytoskeleton with anoxia during normoglycemia. At the extremes of glucose concentration especially with hyperglycemia, there was a more severe disruption of intermediate filaments and loss of axonal structure with anoxia. Hypothermia protected axons from the effect of anoxia and produced peak axonal swelling in the 17–30°C range.ConclusionsThe combination of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia and anoxia produces extremely severe axonal disruption. Changes in axonal diameter are complex and are influenced by many factors.
GPU‐assisted real‐time coupling of blood flow and vessel wall
Authors: Guo Jiaxiang , Yuan Zhiyong , Liao Xiangyun , Bai Yaoyi , Lai Qianfeng 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe vessel wall and the blood flow interact and influence each other, and real‐time coupling between them is of great importance to the virtual surgery as well as the research and diagnosis of vascular disease. On the basis of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), we present a new approach to solve non‐Newtonian viscous force of blood and a parallel mixed particles‐based coupling method for blood flow and vessel wall. Meanwhile, we also design a proxy particle‐based vessel wall force visualization method. Our method is as follows. Firstly, we solve the non‐Newtonian viscous forces of blood through the SPH method to discretize the Casson equation. Secondly, in each time step, we combine blood particles and sampling proxy particles on the blood vessel wall to form mixed particles and calculate the interaction forces through the SPH method between every pair of the neighboring mixed particles inside the graphics processing unit. Thirdly, the forces of the proxy particles will be mapped to the color display of the proxy particle. Experimental results demonstrate that our method is able to implement real‐time sizeable coupling of blood flow and vessel wall while mainly ensuring physical authenticity and it can also provide real‐time and obvious information about vessel wall force distribution. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.