bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐phase storm profile of global electron content in the ionosphere and plasmasphere of the Earth
Authors: Gulyaeva T. L. , Veselovsky I. S. 
Published: September 2012

The global electron content (GEC) derivation is initiated by summing up the total electron content of each cell of Global Positioning System GPS‐TEC global map multiplied by the cell area. Algorithm of GEC calculation is improved in the present paper using the electron density varying with height through the total volume of a spherical layer in near‐Earth space up to 20,200 km (GPS orbit) reconstructed from TEC with the International Reference Ionosphere model extended to the Plasmasphere (IRI‐Plas). An analytical model is first derived for two‐phase typical GEC storm profile by a common epoch analysis of 10 storms during 2001–2011 with the starting time put at the origin of the negative phase of GEC departure from the quiet reference (5 day median). It is found that GEC depletion occurs synchronously with decrease of the solar wind velocity and the outset of recovery of the magnetospheric ring current (the equatorial Dst index) and the auroral electrojet (AE index). Thus, the GEC is an indicator of the plasma injection in the ionosphere and plasmasphere with the solar wind energy inducing the positive phase of GEC storm during 24 h with electron number increased by 10–20% followed by a negative phase with GEC decrease by 10–20% during 40 h of a plasma release (ejection) into the magnetosphere tail beyond the three Earth radii (GPS orbit).
First observational evidence for opposite zonal electric fields in equatorial E and F region altitudes during a geomagnetic storm period
Authors: Tulasi Ram S. , Balan N. , Veenadhari B. , Gurubaran S. , Ravindran S. , Tsugawa T. , Liu H. , Niranjan K. , Nagatsuma T. 
Published: September 2012

The strong westward electrojet and simultaneous upward drift of the equatorial ionospheric peak observed over South‐East Asia and Indian equatorial regions during the prolonged Dst minimum phase of an intense geomagnetic storm during 14–15 December 2006 are investigated for the altitudinal variation of zonal electric field polarity using ground based and space‐borne observations. The results show first observational evidence for simultaneous existence of daytime westward and eastward zonal electric fields at equatorial E and F region altitudes, respectively, in a wide longitude sector. While the westward electric fields at E region altitudes cause westward electrojet, at the same time, the eastward zonal electric fields atFregion altitudes cause the upward drift of the equatorial ionospheric peak and reinforcement of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) even in the topside ionosphere (∼660 km). The reversal of the electric fields is found to occur at ∼280 km height. A clear bifurcation of F region plasma at ∼280 km is evident in the iso‐electron density contours due to these oppositely polarized zonal electric fields, which manifests as an unusually deep cusp between F1 and F2 layers on equatorial ionograms.
Representation of the Sierra Barrier Jet in 11 years of a high‐resolution dynamical reanalysis downscaling compared with long‐term wind profiler observations
Authors: Hughes Mimi , Neiman Paul J. , Sukovich Ellen , Ralph Marty 
Published: September 2012

We investigate the representation of the Sierra Barrier Jet (SBJ) in four numerical models at different resolutions, primarily documenting its representation within a high‐resolution (6 km), 11‐year WRF reanalysis downscaling (WRF‐RD). A comprehensive validation of this dynamical downscaling is undertaken during 11 cool seasons (water years 2001–2011, October to March) using available wind profiler data at Chico, CA (CCO). We identify SBJ cases in the observed CCO wind profiler data, as well as in WRF‐RD at the closest grid point. WRF‐RD's representation of the SBJ at CCO is compared with that of other reanalysis products with coarser horizontal resolutions (i.e., the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), the California Reanalysis downscaling, and the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis) to assess whether downscaling is necessary to correctly capture this topographically induced low‐level jet. Detailed comparisons across California between WRF‐RD and NARR suggest downscaling is necessary: Only WRF‐RD at 6 km resolution is well‐capturing this dynamical feature. A catalog of modeled SBJ events that have significant timing overlap with observations is created and used to further assess WRF‐RD's representation of SBJ events. In addition, observation‐model comparisons of other meteorologically important variables (e.g., precipitation melting level, wind profiles, temperature, and relative humidity) are performed in order to evaluate WRF‐RD's ability to capture the dynamical evolution of the SBJ. The detailed, case‐by‐case comparisons reveal WRF‐RD accurately represents 56 percent of the 256 observed SBJ cases occurring during these 11 cool seasons, albeit with a weak wind bias that increases with jet maximum wind strength.
Roll up nanowire battery from silicon chips
Authors: Vlad Alexandru , Reddy Arava Leela Mohana , Ajayan Anakha , Singh Neelam , Gohy Jean-François , Melinte Sorin , Ajayan Pulickel M. 
Published: September 2012

Here we report an approach to roll out Li-ion battery components from silicon chips by a continuous and repeatable etch-infiltrate-peel cycle. Vertically aligned silicon nanowires etched from recycled silicon wafers are captured in a polymer matrix that operates as Li
+
gel-electrolyte and electrode separator and peeled off to make multiple battery devices out of a single wafer. Porous, electrically interconnected copper nanoshells are conformally deposited around the silicon nanowires to stabilize the electrodes over extended cycles and provide efficient current collection. Using the above developed process we demonstrate an operational full cell 3.4 V lithium-polymer silicon nanowire (LIPOSIL) battery which is mechanically flexible and scalable to large dimensions.
The Grapevine Expression Atlas Reveals a Deep Transcriptome Shift Driving the Entire Plant into a Maturation Program
Authors: Fasoli Marianna , Dal Santo Silvia , Zenoni Sara , Tornielli Giovanni Battista , Farina Lorenzo , Zamboni Anita , Porceddu Andrea , Venturini Luca , Bicego Manuele , Murino Vittorio , Ferrarini Alberto , Delledonne Massimo , Pezzotti Mario 
Published: September 2012

Abstract
We developed a genome-wide transcriptomic atlas of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) based on 54 samples representing green and woody tissues and organs at different developmental stages as well as specialized tissues such as pollen and senescent leaves. Together, these samples expressed ∼91% of the predicted grapevine genes. Pollen and senescent leaves had unique transcriptomes reflecting their specialized functions and physiological status. However, microarray and RNA-seq analysis grouped all the other samples into two major classes based on maturity rather than organ identity, namely, the vegetative/green and mature/woody categories. This division represents a fundamental transcriptomic reprogramming during the maturation process and was highlighted by three statistical approaches identifying the transcriptional relationships among samples (correlation analysis), putative biomarkers (O2PLS-DA approach), and sets of strongly and consistently expressed genes that define groups (topics) of similar samples (biclustering analysis). Gene coexpression analysis indicated that the mature/woody developmental program results from the reiterative coactivation of pathways that are largely inactive in vegetative/green tissues, often involving the coregulation of clusters of neighboring genes and global regulation based on codon preference. This global transcriptomic reprogramming during maturation has not been observed in herbaceous annual species and may be a defining characteristic of perennial woody plants.
Vascularisation of myringo‐/tympanoplastic grafts in active and inactive chronic mucosal otitis media: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Noh H. , Lee D.‐H. 
Published: September 2012

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2012, 37, 355–361Objectives:  To evaluate the vascularisation process of the grafted fascia or perichondrium in active and inactive chronic mucosal otitis media.Design:  Prospective study.Setting:  University‐based, secondary referral hospital.Participants:  Two hundred thirty‐two patients who underwent type 1 tympanoplasty or myringoplasty by one experienced surgeon.Main outcome measures:  After postoperative days 5–7, the graft was inspected using a binocular operating microscope at least twice weekly until vascularisation was confirmed to have commenced. This point was defined as the time of vascularisation. An intact graft at 3 months postoperatively was considered a closure success.Results:  The mean time of vascularisation of 232 grafts was 14.2 ± 3.6 days (range 8–25). The vascularisation time differed according to the perforation size. The perforations involving 50% and less of the pars tensa were revascularised earlier than those involving 75% and more. There was no relationship between vascularisation time and closure success or failure. Age itself did not influence the vascularisation time or the risk of closure failure. Postoperative otorrhea was higher in patients with a preoperative wet middle ear mucosa than among those with a dry one.Conclusion:  The vascularisation time was shorter in perforations of 50% and less than those of 75% and more but the rate of closure success was not different between two. The graft failure was not attributed to the failure of vascularisation. Age itself seemed not to be a contraindication for myringo‐/tympanoplasty in otherwise healthy elderly patients.
Proof of mechanism for the DGAT1 inhibitor AZD7687: results from a first‐time‐in‐human single‐dose study
Authors: Denison H. , Nilsson C. , Kujacic M. , Löfgren L. , Karlsson C. , Knutsson M. , Eriksson J. W. 
Published: September 2012

AimsInhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), which catalyses the final step in triacylglycerol (TAG) assembly, is suggested as a treatment for type 2 diabetes and obesity based on animal data indicating insulin sensitization and weight reduction. This first‐time‐in‐human single ascending dose study explored the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the selective DGAT1 inhibitor AZD7687.MethodsEighty healthy male subjects were enrolled. In each of 10 cohorts, six subjects received the same dose of AZD7687 orally (range across cohorts 1–60 mg) and two placebo. Plasma AZD7687 exposure was measured repeatedly. Postprandial serum TAG excursion was measured during 8 h after a standardized mixed meal with fat energy content of 60% (SMM 60%; five cohorts, 1–20 mg), before (baseline) and after dosing, to assess effects on gut DGAT1 activity.ResultsAZD7687 markedly reduced postprandial TAG excursion with a steep concentration–effect relationship. Incremental TAG AUC (area under the serum concentration vs. time curve) following SMM 60% was decreased >75% from baseline at doses ≥5 mg (p < 0.0001 vs. placebo). Serum levels of diacylglycerol, specifically measured with mass spectrometry, did not increase after AZD7687 administration. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea were reported with increasing doses and they limited dose escalation. Lowering of SMM fat content to 45 or 30% in five cohorts gradually reduced the frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms at a given dose of AZD7687.ConclusionsThe attenuating effect of AZD7687 on postprandial TAG excursion provides proof of mechanism with respect to gut DGAT1 inhibition. However, dose and diet‐related gastrointestinal side effects may impact further development of DGAT1 inhibitors.
Predicting skin penetration of actives from complex cosmetic formulations: an evaluation of inter formulation and inter active effects during formulation optimization for transdermal delivery
Authors: Wiechers J. W. , Watkinson A. C. , Cross S. E. , Roberts M. S. 
Published: September 2012

SynopsisTwenty products, containing a radiolabelled form of each active in typical cosmetic formulations, were made and applied to female human epidermal membranes mounted in Franz diffusion cells for 48 h under ‘in use’ conditions. The products consisted of combinations of five formulations (a hydro‐alcoholic gel, an oil in water emulsion, a water in oil emulsion, a microemulsion and an oil) with four model drug actives (testosterone, hydrocortisone, 5‐fluorouracil and ketoconazole). Steady‐state flux appeared to be reached by 8 h and maintained for all products, other than for the microemulsions, consistent with the actives being present in the residual formulation on the skin at saturation. The recovery for each active at the end of the 48‐h study (from a series of stratum corneum tape strips, the remaining skin, cumulative amount penetrating into the receptor solution, product washed from the skin and on the donor chamber cap) ranged from 86.5% to 100.6%. The rank order of the fluxes for the actives from the hydro‐alcoholic gel is consistent with the known active molecular size and polarity determinants for maximum epidermal flux. Actives with similar steady‐state (maximum) fluxes from a range of formulations had retention in the stratum corneum and similar transport rate constants through the stratum corneum. The microemulsion formulation significantly enhanced both the stratum corneum steady‐state flux and transport rate constant for 5‐fluorouracil, hydrocortisone and testosterone. The penetration flux of each active could be related to its size and polarity and appeared maximal when the actives in the different cosmetic formulations applied to the skin under ‘in use’ conditions were likely to remain in the residual product on the skin as a saturated solution after solvent evaporation. Enhanced penetration fluxes can be achieved by formulation selection and an appropriate choice/mix of emollients/adjuvants. The principles described here provide a framework for understanding the delivery of cosmetic ingredients from various formulations.
Priming of the Arabidopsis pattern‐triggered immunity response upon infection by necrotrophic Pectobacterium carotovorum bacteria
Authors: Po‐Wen Chen , Singh Prashant , Zimmerli Laurent 
Published: September 2012

SummaryBoosted responsiveness of plant cells to stress at the onset of pathogen‐ or chemically induced resistance is called priming. The chemical β‐aminobutyric acid (BABA) enhances Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to hemibiotrophic bacteria through the priming of the salicylic acid (SA) defence response. Whether BABA increases Arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum (Pcc) is not clear. In this work, we show that treatment with BABA protects Arabidopsis against the soft‐rot pathogen Pcc. BABA did not prime the expression of the jasmonate/ethylene‐responsive gene PLANT DEFENSIN 1.2 (PDF1.2), the up‐regulation of which is usually associated with resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. Expression of the SA marker gene PATHOGENESIS RELATED 1 (PR1) on Pcc infection was primed by BABA treatment, but SA‐defective mutants demonstrated a wild‐type level of BABA‐induced resistance against Pcc. BABA primed the expression of the pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI)‐responsive genes FLG22‐INDUCED RECEPTOR‐LIKE KINASE 1 (FRK1), ARABIDOPSIS NON‐RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE GENE (NDR1)/HAIRPIN‐INDUCED GENE (HIN1)‐LIKE 10 (NHL10) and CYTOCHROME P450, FAMILY 81 (CYP81F2) after inoculation with Pcc or after treatment with purified bacterial microbe‐associated molecular patterns, such as flg22 or elf26. PTI‐mediated callose deposition was also potentiated in BABA‐treated Arabidopsis, and BABA boosted Arabidopsis stomatal immunity to Pcc. BABA treatment primed the PTI response in the SA‐defective mutants SA induction deficient 2‐1 (sid2‐1) and phytoalexin deficient 4‐1 (pad4‐1). In addition, BABA priming was associated with open chromatin configurations in the promoter region of PTI marker genes. Our data indicate that BABA primes the PTI response upon necrotrophic bacterial infection and suggest a role for the PTI response in BABA‐induced resistance.
The impact on cardiac diagnosis and mortality of focused transthoracic echocardiography in hip fracture surgery patients with increased risk of cardiac disease: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Canty D. J. , Royse C. F. , Kilpatrick D. , Bowyer A. , Royse A. G. 
Published: September 2012

SummaryHip fracture surgery is associated with a high rate of mortality and morbidity; heart disease is the leading cause and is often unrecognised and inadequately treated. Pre‐operative focused transthoracic echocardiography by anaesthetists frequently influences management, but mortality outcome studies have not been performed to date. Mortality over the 12 months after hip fracture surgery, in 64 patients at risk of cardiac disease who received pre‐operative echocardiography, was compared with 66 randomised historical controls who did not receive echocardiography. Mortality was lower in the group that received echocardiography over the 30 days (4.7% vs 15.2%, log rank p = 0.047) and 12 months after surgery (17.1% vs 33.3%, log rank p = 0.031). Hazard of death was also reduced with pre‐operative echocardiography over 12 months after adjustment for known risk factors (hazard ratio 0.41, 95% CI 0.2–0.85, p = 0.016). Pre‐operative echocardiography was not associated with a delay in surgery. These data support a randomised controlled trial to confirm these findings.
Molecular cloning and characterization of peroxiredoxin 4 involved in protection against oxidative stress in the silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: Shi G‐Q. , Yu Q‐Y. , Shi L. , Zhang Z. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractPeroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a ubiquitous family of proteins that play important roles in insects in protection against oxidative stress through the detoxification of cellular peroxides. Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of a Prx4 cDNA of the silkworm Bombyx mori (BmPrx4). The BmPrx4 gene has an open reading frame of 744 bp encoding 248 amino acids and a conserved motif, VCP, involved in its presumed redox functions. The heterologously expressed proteins of the gene in Escherichia coli showed antioxidant activity, removed hydrogen peroxide and protected DnA. Western blotting analysis showed the presence of BmPrx4 in the haemolymph, suggesting that the protein is secretable. Moreover, BmPrx4 was expressed at all developmental stages. The expression level of BmPrx4 was relatively low during the feeding stage but high at the wandering stage. BmPrx4 was induced by quercetin or temperature stress. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that BmPrx4 is present in the brain, neurones and olfactory organ of the head in silkworms. Overall, our results indicate that the expression profile of BmPrx4 correlates well with protection from oxidative damage. Our data provide clues for the development of control technology for agricultural and forestry pests as the silkworm is a representative of lepidopteran pests.
The Responses of Multiple Cytokines Following Incubation of Whole Blood from TB Patients, Latently Infected Individuals and Controls with the TB Antigens ESAT‐6, CFP‐10 and TB7.7
Authors: Kim S. Y. , Park M. S. , Kim Y. S. , Kim S. K. , Chang J. , Lee H. J. , Cho S.‐N. , Kang Y. A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe development of clinically relevant biomarkers is important for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active tuberculosis (TB) and predicting their prognoses. This study examined whether the responses of multiple cytokines can be used as a biomarker to distinguish the TB infection status and mycobacterial load. We analysed the responses of multiple cytokines (IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐10, IL‐13, IL‐17 and TNF‐α) in the supernatant from the QuantiFERON‐TB Gold In‐Tube assay following stimulation of whole blood from the TB group (n = 32), LTBI group (n = 19) and healthy controls (n = 30) with TB antigens (ESAT‐6, CFP‐10 and TB7.7). The median responses of IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐10 and IL‐13 were higher in the LTBI and active TB groups than in the non‐TB control group (IFN‐γ, P < 0.001; IL‐2, P < 0.001; IL‐10, P = 0.012; IL‐13, P < 0.001). The median IL‐2/IFN‐γ ratio of the LTBI group was higher than that of the active TB group (P = 0.014) and differed significantly between patients with LTBI, patients with smear‐negative TB and patients with smear‐positive TB (P = 0.027). This difference was especially evident between the patients with LTBI and patients with smear‐positive TB (P = 0.047). In conclusion, IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐10 and IL‐13 can serve as biomarkers for distinguishing TB infection. In addition, the IL‐2/IFN‐γ ratio appears to be a biomarker for diagnosing LTBI and may be useful as a prognostic factor and for evaluating treatment responses.
Can the rural poor in India afford to treat non‐communicable diseases
Authors: Binnendijk Erika , Koren Ruth , Dror David M. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractObjective  Non‐communicable diseases (NCD) are on the increase in low‐income countries, where healthcare costs are paid mostly out‐of‐pocket. We investigate the financial burden of NCD vs. communicable diseases (CD) among rural poor in India and assess whether they can afford to treat NCD.Methods  We used data from two household surveys undertaken in 2009–2010 among 7389 rural poor households (39 205 individuals) in Odisha and Bihar. All persons from the sampled households, irrespective of age and gender, were included in the analysis. We classify self‐reported illnesses as NCD, CD or ‘other morbidities’ following the WHO classification.Results  Non‐communicable diseases accounted for around 20% of the diseases in the month preceding the survey in Odisha and 30% in Bihar. The most prevalent NCD, representing the highest share in outpatient costs, were musculoskeletal, digestive and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular and digestive problems also generated the highest inpatient costs. Women, older persons and less‐poor households reported higher prevalence of NCD. Outpatient costs (consultations, medicines, laboratory tests and imaging) represented a bigger share of income for NCD than for CD. Patients with NCD were more likely to report a hospitalisation.Conclusion  Patients with NCD in rural poor settings in India pay considerably more than patients with CD. For NCD cases that are chronic, with recurring costs, this would be aggravated. The cost of NCD care consumes a big part of the per person share of household income, obliging patients with NCD to rely on informal intra‐family cross‐subsidisation. An alternative solution to finance NCD care for rural poor patients is needed.