bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitudes towards carnivores: the views of emerging commercial farmers in Namibia
Authors: Schumann B. , Walls J. L. , Harley V. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe emerging commercial farmers in Namibia represent a new category of farmer that has entered the freehold farming sector since Namibia's independence in 1990. Several assessments of agricultural training needs have been carried out with these farmers but the issue of human–carnivore conflict has not yet been addressed. This study investigated one of the key components driving human–carnivore conflict, namely the attitudes of these farmers towards carnivores and how this affects the level of conflict and carnivore removal. We observed that the attitudes of these farmers are similar to farmers elsewhere. In general, farmers reported high levels of human–carnivore conflict. Many farmers perceived that they had a carnivore problem when sighting a carnivore or its tracks, even in the absence of verified carnivore depredation. Such sightings were a powerful incentive to prompt farmers to want to take action by removing carnivores, often believed to be the only way to resolve human–carnivore conflict. Nonetheless, our study showed that farmers who understood that carnivores play an ecological role had a more favourable attitude and were less likely to want all carnivores removed. We found that negative attitudes towards carnivores and loss of livestock, especially of small stock, predicted actual levels of human–carnivore conflict. Goat losses additionally predicted actual carnivore removals. We discuss the implications of our findings in relation to the activities of support structures for emerging commercial farmers in Namibia.
Ensuring local stakeholder support for marine conservation: establishing a locally-managed marine area network in Aceh
Authors: Syakur A. , Wibowo J. T. , Firmansyah F. , Azam I. , Linkie M. 
Published: October 2012

AbstractMultidisciplinary approaches to managing seascapes are increasingly being recognized as best practice and therefore prioritized by conservation agencies. For most coastal areas the strengthening of customary marine tenure, rules and regulations should yield even greater biodiversity and livelihood benefits. Here, we present the conservation planning results from a locally-managed marine area programme initiated by the Government of Aceh, Indonesia, which aimed to empower coastal communities to sustainably and equitably manage marine resources with local government. In 2008 the government established a Marine and Fisheries Task Force to identify priority areas for marine biodiversity (through systematic conservation planning) and coastal communities (through participatory planning). In addition to the existing 264,788 ha of marine management units, systematic planning identified another 53,372 ha. However, the subsequent stakeholder participation phase, involving intensive local consultations, further expanded the locally-managed marine area network by 6,725 ha and to a total of 23 locally-managed marine areas. This combined approach had additional benefits because it generated a strong sense of local ownership. For communities it initiated a process for recognizing their customary claimed areas and resolved overlapping boundaries between neighbouring communities, thereby reducing the likelihood of future conflicts over natural resource use. For government, it provided the basis of a robust governance system, with 34 new or revised decrees being completed and an additional USD 1.6 million being allocated for implementation of locally-managed marine areas. This participatory approach should considerably increase the successful delivery of a sustainable and equitable locally-managed marine area network for Aceh, which has wide application for the South-east Asian region and beyond.
Distance sampling reveals Cambodia's Eastern Plains Landscape supports the largest global population of the Endangered banteng Bos javanicus
Authors: Gray Thomas N. E. , Prum Sovanna , Pin Chanrattana , Phan Channa 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe banteng Bos javanicus is a globally threatened species of wild cattle restricted to South-East Asia. We report the first robust estimate of banteng density and population size from anywhere in the species' global range, using distance-based line transect sampling within two protected areas, Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, which form part of the Eastern Plains Landscape, Cambodia. We surveyed 110 line transects multiple times during the dry seasons of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011. In a total survey effort of 1,310 km there were 63 encounters with banteng. The mean estimate of the population across the 3,406 km2 study area is 3,200 (95% confidence interval 1,980–5,170). This suggests that the protected area complex of the Eastern Plains Landscape supports the majority of the global population of banteng. Stronger protection, both in the form of increased anti-hunting and poaching patrols and integrated land-use planning to prevent habitat loss within protected areas, is essential for securing wild cattle populations in the Eastern Plains Landscape.
Huck Finn, Moral Reasons and Sympathy
Authors: Taylor Craig 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIn his influential paper ‘The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn’, Jonathan Bennett suggests that Huck's failure to turn in the runaway slave Jim as his conscience – a conscience distorted by racism – tells him he ought to is not merely right but also praiseworthy. James Montmarquet however argues against what he sees here as Bennett's ‘anti-intellectualism’ in moral psychology that insofar as Huck lacks and so fails to act on the moral belief that he should help Jim his action is not praiseworthy. In this paper I suggest that we should reject Montmarquet's claim here; that the case of Huck Finn indicates rather how many of our everyday moral responses to others do not and need not depend on any particular moral beliefs we hold about them or their situation.
An effective “Theorem of André” for CM-points on a plane curve
Authors: BILU YURI , MASSER DAVID , ZANNIER UMBERTO 
Published: October 2012

AbstractIt is a well known result of Y. André (a basic special case of the André-Oort conjecture) that an irreducible algebraic plane curve containing infinitely many points whose coordinates are CM-invariants is either a horizontal or vertical line, or a modular curve Y0(n). André's proof was partially ineffective, due to the use of (Siegel's) class-number estimates. Here we observe that his arguments may be modified to yield an effective proof. For example, with the diagonal line X1+X2=1 or the hyperbola X1X2=1 it may be shown quite quickly that there are no imaginary quadratic τ1,τ2 with j(τ1)+j(τ2)=1 or j(τ1)j(τ2)=1, where j is the classical modular function.
The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: lessons learned and implications for the regulation of marketing of foods and beverages to children
Authors: Lutter Chessa K 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo identify lessons learned from 30 years of implementing the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) and identify lessons learned for the regulation of marketing foods and beverages to children.DesignHistorical analysis of 30 years of implementing the Code.SettingLatin America and the Caribbean.SubjectsNone.ResultsLegislation to restrict marketing of breast-milk substitutes is necessary but not sufficient; equally important are the promulgation of implementing regulations, effective enforcement and public monitoring of compliance. A system of funding for regular monitoring of compliance with legislation should be explicitly developed and funded from the beginning. Economic sanctions, while important, are likely to be less effective than reports that affect a company's public image negatively. Non-governmental organizations play a critical role in leveraging public opinion and galvanizing consumer pressure to ensure that governments adopt regulations and companies adhere to them. Continual clinical, epidemiological and policy research showing the link between marketing and health outcomes and between policy and better health is essential.ConclusionsImplementation of the Code has not come easily as it places the interests of underfinanced national governments and international and non-governmental organizations promoting breast-feeding against those of multinational corporations that make hundreds of millions of dollars annually marketing infant formulas. Efforts to protect, promote and support breast-feeding have been successful with indicators of breast-feeding practices increasing globally. The lessons learned can inform current efforts to regulate the marketing of foods and beverages to children.
Consumption of soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages by 2-year-olds: findings from a population-based survey
Authors: Garnett Bernice Raveche , Rosenberg Kenneth D , Morris Daniel S 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine risk factors for consumption of soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) among 2-year-old children.DesignThe analysis was performed using three linked data sets: the 2004–2005 Oregon Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring Survey (PRAMS); its longitudinal follow-up, 2006–2007 Oregon PRAMS-2; and 2004–2005 Oregon birth certificates.SettingPRAMS is a surveillance programme supported by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and implemented by participating state health departments. Using mixed methods, PRAMS surveys women 2–6 months after a live birth. Oregon PRAMS-2 re-interviews respondents shortly after the index child's second birthday. Oregon PRAMS oversamples minority women.SubjectsUsing monthly cohorts, we randomly selected 5851 women from the 2004–2005 birth certificates. In total 1911 women completed both PRAMS and PRAMS-2. The weighted response rate of PRAMS-2 was 43·5 %.ResultsAlmost half of mothers (49·9 %) reported that their child drank SSB on at least 1 d/week. Mothers whose children drank SSB at least once weekly were more likely to have low income (adjusted OR = 2·83, 95 % CI 2·09, 3·83) and to eat out on ≥2 d/week (OR = 2·11 %, 95 % CI 1·66, 2·70). Hispanic and non-Hispanic black women were most likely to report that their child drank SSB at least once weekly.ConclusionsHalf of mothers reported that their 2-year-old children drank SSB at least once weekly. Public health interventions and policies should address childhood SSB consumption including educating health-care providers and parents.
Validation of a home food inventory among low-income Spanish- and Somali-speaking families
Authors: Hearst Mary O , Fulkerson Jayne A , Parke Michelle , Martin Lauren 
Published: October 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo refine and validate an existing home food inventory (HFI) for low-income Somali- and Spanish-speaking families.DesignFormative assessment was conducted using two focus groups, followed by revisions of the HFI, translation of written materials and instrument validation in participants’ homes.SettingTwin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, USA.SubjectsThirty low-income families with children of pre-school age (fifteen Spanish-speaking; fifteen Somali-speaking) completed the HFI simultaneously with, but independently of, a trained staff member. Analysis consisted of calculation of both item-specific and average food group kappa coefficients, specificity, sensitivity and Spearman's correlation between participants’ and staff scores as a means of assessing criterion validity of individual items, food categories and the obesogenic score.ResultsThe formative assessment revealed the need for few changes/additions for food items typically found in Spanish-speaking households. Somali-speaking participants requested few additions, but many deletions, including frozen processed food items, non-perishable produce and many sweets as they were not typical food items kept in the home. Generally, all validity indices were within an acceptable range, with the exception of values associated with items such as ‘whole wheat bread’ (κ= 0·16). The obesogenic score (presence of high-fat, high-energy foods) had high criterion validity withκ= 0·57, sensitivity = 91·8 %, specificity = 70·6 % and Spearman correlation = 0·78.ConclusionsThe revised HFI is a valid assessment tool for use among Spanish and Somali households. This instrument refinement and validation process can be replicated with other population groups.
Fragmented Indian plate and vertically coherent deformation beneath eastern Tibet
Authors: Ceylan Savas , Ni James , Chen John Y. , Zhang Qie , Tilmann Frederik , Sandvol Eric 
Published: October 2012

Using fundamental mode Rayleigh waves from the INDEPTH‐IV and Namche‐Barwa seismic experiments for periods between 20 and 143 s, we have investigated the lithospheric structure beneath eastern Tibet. We have found a ∼200‐km‐wide high velocity body, starting at ∼60 km depth and roughly centered beneath the Bangong‐Nijuang Suture, which is most likely a piece of the underthrusting Indian continental lithosphere. The sub‐horizontal underthrusting of the Indian lithosphere beneath eastern Tibet appears to be accompanied by its lateral tearing into at least two fragments, and subsequent break‐off of the westernmost portion at ∼91°E‐33°N. The uppermost mantle low velocity zone we observe beneath the N. Qiangtang and Songpan‐Ganzi terranes is most probably due to warmer and thinner lithosphere relative to southern Tibet. We attribute the low velocity zones concentrated along the northern and southern branches of the eastern Kunlun fault at lithospheric depths to strain heating caused by shearing. The azimuthal fast directions at all periods up to 143 s (∼200 km peak sensitivity depth) beneath the N. Qiangtang and Songpan‐Ganzi terranes are consistent, suggesting vertically coherent deformation between crust and uppermost mantle. Furthermore, the low velocity zone below the Kunlun Shan reaching down to >200 km argues against a present southward continental subduction along the southern margin of Qaidam Basin.
Laboratory emissivity measurements of the plagioclase solid solution series under varying environmental conditions
Authors: Donaldson Hanna K. L. , Thomas I. R. , Bowles N. E. , Greenhagen B. T. , Pieters C. M. , Mustard J. F. , Jackson C. R. M. , Wyatt M. B. 
Published: October 2012

New laboratory thermal infrared emissivity measurements of the plagioclase solid solution series over the 1700 ∼ 400 cm−1 (6–25 μm) spectral range are presented. Thermal infrared (TIR) spectral changes for fine‐particulate samples (0–25 μm) are characterized for the first time under different laboratory environmental conditions: ambient (terrestrial‐like), half‐vacuum (Mars‐like), vacuum, and vacuum with cooled chamber (lunar‐like). Under all environmental conditions the Christiansen Feature (CF) is observed to vary in a systematic way with Na‐rich end‐member (albite) having a CF position at the highest wave number (shortest wavelength) and the Ca‐rich end‐member (anorthite) having a CF position with the lowest wave number (longest wavelength). As pressure decreases to <10−3 mbar four observations are made: (1) the CF position shifts to higher wave numbers, (2) the spectral contrast of the CF increases relative to the RB, (3) the spectral contrast of the RB in the ∼1200–900 spectral range decreases while the spectral contrast of the RB in the ∼800–400 spectral range either increases or remains the same and (4) the TF disappears. A relationship between the wavelength position of the CF measured under simulated lunar conditions and plagioclase composition (An#) is developed. Although its exact form may evolve with additional data, this linear relationship should be applied to current and future TIR data sets of the Moon. Our new spectral measurements demonstrate how sensitive thermal infrared emissivity spectra of plagioclase feldspars are to the environmental conditions under which they are measured and provide important constraints for interpreting current and future thermal infrared data sets.
Gut microbiome composition is linked to whole grain-induced immunological improvements
Authors: Martínez Inés , Lattimer James M , Hubach Kelcie L , Case Jennifer A , Yang Junyi , Weber Casey G , Louk Julie A , Rose Devin J , Kyureghian Gayaneh , Peterson Daniel A , Haub Mark D , Walter Jens 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The involvement of the gut microbiota in metabolic disorders, and the ability of whole grains to affect both host metabolism and gut microbial ecology, suggest that some benefits of whole grains are mediated through their effects on the gut microbiome. Nutritional studies that assess the effect of whole grains on both the gut microbiome and human physiology are needed. We conducted a randomized cross-over trial with four-week treatments in which 28 healthy humans consumed a daily dose of 60 g of whole-grain barley (WGB), brown rice (BR), or an equal mixture of the two (BR+WGB), and characterized their impact on fecal microbial ecology and blood markers of inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism. All treatments increased microbial diversity, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and the abundance of the genus Blautia in fecal samples. The inclusion of WGB enriched the genera Roseburia, Bifidobacterium and Dialister, and the species Eubacterium rectale, Roseburia faecis and Roseburia intestinalis. Whole grains, and especially the BR+WGB treatment, reduced plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and peak postprandial glucose. Shifts in the abundance of Eubacterium rectale were associated with changes in the glucose and insulin postprandial response. Interestingly, subjects with greater improvements in IL-6 levels harbored significantly higher proportions of Dialister and lower abundance of Coriobacteriaceae. In conclusion, this study revealed that a short-term intake of whole grains induced compositional alterations of the gut microbiota that coincided with improvements in host physiological measures related to metabolic dysfunctions in humans.
Characterization and transcription of arsenic respiration and resistance genes during in situ uranium bioremediation
Authors: Giloteaux Ludovic , Holmes Dawn E , Williams Kenneth H , Wrighton Kelly C , Wilkins Michael J , Montgomery Alison P , Smith Jessica A , Orellana Roberto , Thompson Courtney A , Roper Thomas J , Long Philip E , Lovley Derek R 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
The possibility of arsenic release and the potential role of Geobacter in arsenic biogeochemistry during in situ uranium bioremediation was investigated because increased availability of organic matter has been associated with substantial releases of arsenic in other subsurface environments. In a field experiment conducted at the Rifle, CO study site, groundwater arsenic concentrations increased when acetate was added. The number of transcripts from arrA, which codes for the α-subunit of dissimilatory As(V) reductase, and acr3, which codes for the arsenic pump protein Acr3, were determined with quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Most of the arrA (&gt;60%) and acr3-1 (&gt;90%) sequences that were recovered were most similar to Geobacter species, while the majority of acr3-2 (&gt;50%) sequences were most closely related to Rhodoferax ferrireducens. Analysis of transcript abundance demonstrated that transcription of acr3-1 by the subsurface Geobacter community was correlated with arsenic concentrations in the groundwater. In contrast, Geobacter arrA transcript numbers lagged behind the major arsenic release and remained high even after arsenic concentrations declined. This suggested that factors other than As(V) availability regulated the transcription of arrA in situ, even though the presence of As(V) increased the transcription of arrA in cultures of Geobacter lovleyi, which was capable of As(V) reduction. These results demonstrate that subsurface Geobacter species can tightly regulate their physiological response to changes in groundwater arsenic concentrations. The transcriptomic approach developed here should be useful for the study of a diversity of other environments in which Geobacter species are considered to have an important influence on arsenic biogeochemistry.
‘Sponge-specific’ bacteria are widespread (but rare) in diverse marine environments
Authors: Taylor Michael W , Tsai Peter , Simister Rachel L , Deines Peter , Botte Emmanuelle , Ericson Gavin , Schmitt Susanne , Webster Nicole S 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Numerous studies have reported the existence of sponge-specific 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence clusters, representing bacteria found in sponges but not detected in other environments, such as seawater. The advent of deep-sequencing technologies allows us to examine the rare microbial biosphere in order to establish whether these bacteria are truly sponge specific, or are more widely distributed but only at abundances below the detection limit of conventional molecular approaches. We screened &gt;12 million publicly available 16S rRNA gene pyrotags derived from 649 seawater, sediment, hydrothermal vent and coral samples from temperate, tropical and polar regions. We detected 77 of the 173 previously described sponge-specific clusters in seawater or other non-sponge samples, albeit generally at extremely low abundances. Sequences representing the candidate phylum ‘Poribacteria’, previously thought to be largely restricted to sponges, were recovered from 46 (out of 411) seawater and 41 (out of 129) sediment samples. While the presence of an organism does not imply that it is active in situ, our results do suggest that many ‘sponge-specific’ bacteria occur more widely outside of sponge hosts than previously thought.
Effects of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on the Functional Properties of Flour from Fresh Waxy Maize
Authors: Lu Dalei , Lu Weping 
Published: October 2012

ABSTRACTThe effects of temperature during grain filling on the quality of fresh waxy maize grain were investigated using three varieties. Plants of the selected varieties were subjected to two temperature treatments, namely, control (mean daily air temperature, 30°C) and heat stress (35°C), after artificial pollination (1–23 days after pollination). Heat stress decreased starch content and crystallinity and increased the contents of protein and protein fractions (albumin, globulin, zein, and glutenin), but it did not affect soluble sugar content in general. The effects of heat stress on grain textural characteristics were variety dependent, except for springiness, which was similar between treatments. Pasting and thermal properties were also affected by heat stress. The results suggest that heat stress during grain filling changes the composition of flour and crystalline structure of starch, thereby decreasing viscosities and enthalpies of gelatinization as well as increasing the pasting and gelatinization temperature of fresh waxy maize.