bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Circulating Leukocytes in the Production of Virus‐Inhibiting Factor or Interferon
Authors: Nagano Yasuiti , Maehara Nobutoshi , Nakamura Wataru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe relationship between the number of circulating leukocytes and amount of virus‐inhibiting factor (IF) or interferon appearing in blood stream in response to injection of E. coli endotoxin or Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was studied in mice after whole‐body X‐irradiation. Two days after irradiation with 500 R, the leukocyte count fell to 7% of the normal value. Production of IF, however, was not depressed when induced with endotoxin 2 days after irradiation, while NDV induced a slightly lower titer of IF, 1/1.6 of that in non‐irradiated mice. When induced 5 days after irradiation, though leukocyte count remained at 8 to 9% of the normal value, IF titers attained were only 1/3 and 1/4 of the control value with endotoxin and NDV, respectively. In mice given 1000 R before 2 days, leukocyte number was less than 1% of the normal value, while IF titers reached 1/2.7 and 1/5 of that in the control mice with endotoxin and NDV, respectively. The lack of parallel between the leukocyte count and amount of IF produced suggest that circulating leukocytes do not produce IF.
Lability of Streptomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Morimura Masato , Watanabe Ken , Mori Hiromichi , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe determinant for streptomycin resistance in some strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens was found to be lost during storage as stock cultures or by high temperature treatment. This fact has added an additional proof that many genetic determinants for drug‐resistance in staphylococci are easily and irreversibly lost.
Heat‐Labile Virus‐Inhibiting Factor or Interferon Induced by Virus
Authors: Maehara Nobutoshi , Nagano Yasuiti 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTStability to heat and acid of the virus‐inhibiting factor (IF) or interferon induced by viruses is generally accepted. Published data suggest, however, a heterogeneity in the virus‐induced IFs in their physico‐chemical and biological properties. The present work shows that the IF activity of rabbit serum collected 2 hr after intravenous inoculation with Newcastle disease virus is as labile as E. coli endotoxin‐induced IF when heated at 56C or dialysed at pH 2, whereas the serum‐IF at 6 hr is significantly more stable.
Relationship between Immunity and Interferon Production in Macrophages
Authors: Yamada Morihide , Azuma Masanobu , Nishioka Rikichi , Togashi Takehiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn vitro interferon (IF) production in peritoneal macrophages of normal and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)‐immunized mice was studied. Of ascites cells used, 80% were macrophages, 14% lymphocytes, and 6% polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It was indicated that IF was produced mainly in the macrophages after NDV inoculation. IF production in the macrophages derived from immunized mice was more enhanced than that in those from normal mice. It is not clear at present, however, whether this enhancement is based on immunological specificity. The IF production in the culture of macrophages reached its maximum value in 6 to 9 hr after inoculation of the inducer. After 12 hr, the IF titer in the culture fluid decreased gradually. A possible explanation of this fact is that there may be partial inactivation of IF by some cellular components.
Relationship between Immunity and Interferon Production in Macrophages
Authors: Azuma Masanobu , Yamada Morihide , Nishioka Rikichi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTWhen Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was inoculated into macrophage cultures, interferon (IF) of various molecular weights appeared in the culture fluid. The molecular weight of IF produced in the macrophages derived from normal mice in at least 6 hr post‐inoculation of inducer was different from that produced in the macrophages from immunized mice. The IF with a molecular weight as high as 100 000 was unstable against pH 2 treatment and heat treatment, while that of 70 000 or less was stable.
Intestinal Resistance in the Experimental Enteric Infection of Mice with a Mouse Adenovirus
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuo , Sugiyama Takiko , Yoshikawa Masako , Sasaki Shogo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTInvestigation was made on the process of enteric infection with mouse adenovirus strain K87 in inbred DK1 mice and the intestinal resistance acquired through infection. The cells containing viral antigens were enumerated in most parts of the infected intestinal tract by a fluorescent antibody technique, and the infectivity titer of the virus in each part was examined in mouse kidney tissue culture. The virus was observed to grow in 3~14 days (sometimos 3~21 days) after oral challenge, and infectivity titers reached their peak after 7~14 days, when a number of viral antigen‐containing cells and cells with nuclear inclusions were detected. In the mice rechallenged 28 days after the initial challenge, the virus did not grow, and no viral antigen‐containing cells were found. From these results it was concluded that the main sites where the virus grows in mice are the cells which are scattered in the epithelial layer of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, and which seem to be the usual epithelial cells and not Paneth's or goblet cells. As for intestinal resistance, experiments with inactivated vaccine and with passive transfer of serum‐antibodies were performed in order to find out whether neutralizing antibodies in the serum had any influence on the growth of virus in the intestinal wall, and no influences were indicated. Eighteen days or more after challenge, K87 virus‐neutralizing substances were detected in the intestinal wall and in the intestinal contents of the infected mice, but not in the serum‐transferred mice, though both groups of mice had equal levels of serum antibodies. The substance continued to be found until 15 weeks after challenge in the intestinal contents, and until later than 34 weeks in the intestinal walls. The nature and the possible role of the substance is discussed, but actual data will be reported in subsequent papers.
Transduction of R Factors with Phage P1 from Recombination‐Deficient Escherichia coli
Authors: Hashimoto Hajime , Iyobe Shizuko , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn the transduction of R factor with phage P1 from rec− host, transduction frequency was less than that from the rec+ host but no segregation of resistance markers took place. However, a low percent of segregation was found in the transduction from rec+ host. In contrast, phage particles of small size contained in P1 lysate could not transduce R factor even from a rec+ host, although they could transduce chromosomal markers as did the usual P1 lysate. Recombination of the R factor took place in the rec− host at a frequency similar to the rec− host. Considering from the results that P1 is capable of transducing a DNA fragment of the same size as that of phage P1, it was concluded that the molecular weight of R factor DNA is smaller than that of phage P1 (6×107 daltons) but larger than that of small P1 particle (2.4×107 daltons). When transduced with phage P1, the R factor genome has to become a DNA fragment of the same size as the P1 particle by addition of other DNA following the recombination between R factor and Pl in rec+ host. Hence, the segregation of markers of the R factor takes place on occasion by this recombination. From the assumption that phage Pl cannot recombine with the R factor in rec− host, it was predicted that the R factor genome becomes a DNA fragment of large enough size for transduction with P1 by polymerization of the R genome itself. This possibly could explain the decrease in transduction frequency from a rec− host and no segregation of the resistance markers of R factor in transduction from rec− host.
Behavior of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus in Laboratory Animals and Cell Cultures
Authors: Matumoto Minoru , Inaba Yuji , Tanaka Yoshio , Ito Hiroshi , Omori Tuneyoshi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA Japanese strain (Yamaguchi) of bovine ephemeral fever virus, propagated in BHK2I‐WI2 cells of hamster kidney origin, was used. Adult rats inoculated intracardially or intracerebrally remained healthy, but produced neutralizing antibody, suggesting actual viral growth in the animals. However, no clinical and serological evidence for infection with the virus was obtained in adult sheep, goats, swine and rabbits inoculated intravenously. One‐day‐old guinea pigs inoculated intracerebrally and adult guinea pigs inoculated intracardially remained healthy and produced no neutralizing antibody. The virus multiplied not only in BHK2I‐WI2 cell culture but also in cultures of stable line hamster cells (HmLu‐1 and HmT), primary hamster kidney and embryo cells, long‐term cultured bovine embryo cells (BEK1), primary calf kidney and embryo cells, and primary suckling rat kidney and embryo cells. However, no evidence for cytopathogenesis and viral growth was obtained in primary cultures of bovine leukocytes, bovine bone marrow. thymus, thyroid and adrenal cells, guinea pig, mouse and chick kidney cells, and mouse and chick embryo cells, and in culture of African green monkey kidney cells (Vero). The virus multiplied best and induced marked cytopathogenesis in BHK21‐WI2 cells; lower temperatures such as 34 C or 30 C appeared preferable to obtain constantly better viral yields, although the virus grew more slowly. Similar effects of the incubation temperatures were also obvious in the other susceptible cell cultures, in which the cytopathogenesis was less marked than in BHK21‐WI2 cells or absent, roughly coinciding with decreasing grades of viral growth.
Absence of an All‐or‐None Type of Complement Requirement in Early Neutralizing Antibody against Western Equine Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo , Morishima Taka , Aoki Yoshiro 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTRabbits were immunized by 2 weekly intravenous inoculations of beta‐propiolactone‐inactivated Western equine encephalitis virus vaccine followed 1 week later by a subcutaneous inoculation of live virus, and complement requirements of early and late neutralizing antibodies were compared. There was no difference between these antibodies, both showing about a 4‐fold enhancement of the virus‐neutralizing activity in the presence of complement. This was also the case when guinea pigs were given the vaccine by the intraperitoneal route. It is unlikely that previous exposure of the animals to an antigenically related virus caused a booster effect upon the antibody development, because the rabbit antibody could not even neutralize the closely related Sindbis virus either in the presence or in the absence of complement. The reason for the existence of 2 different types of primary responses with respect to the complement requirement of early neutralizing antibody is discussed.
Induction of Interference and Interferon Production by Echovirus Type 7
Authors: Hoshino Masao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTEchovirus type 7 does not multiply in mice, but injection of this virus into mice (intracerebrally or intraperitoneally) increased their resistance to a subsequent infection with Coxsackie B virus, type 5 and to Japanese encephalitis virus by intracerebral route. The effect is evident in the survival rate and the prolongation of life among the mice that did succumb to Coxsackie or Japanese encephalitis virus infection, as well as those that developed paralysis. An adequate dose of active interfering virus and a time interval between the two inoculations were both necessary to obtain a significant interfering effect. Pretreatment of mice with actinomycin D suppressed the interfering effect by Echovirus type 7, and the kinetics of interferon production corresponded to the time of establishment of interference. All these findings suggest that the induction of resistance by Echovirus type 7 is mediated by interferon produced in the early stages of infection.
High Incidence of Adults with Rubella Antibody in Northern Japan
Authors: Suto Tsunehisa , Morita Morihiro , Hinuma Yorio , Ishida Nakao 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA seroepidemiological study of rubella in northern Japan was made by testing for hemagglutinin‐inhibitory (HAI) antibodies to rubella virus using an HAI test with our modification. An epidemic of exanthematous disease, which occurred in 1966–1967, was confirmed as rubella by the age specific distribution of rubella HAI antibody. However, one of the 14 areas tested in the region, a Piedmont village, was found to have had no rubella experience during the last 15 years. In general, a higher incidence of high titered HAI antibody was observed among the younger ages, suggesting a decrease of antibody titer with an increase in age after infection. Through these studies, it is evident that 100% of adults over 20 years of age possessed HAI antibody in all age groups and all areas so far examined. This fact may possibly explain the extremely rare incidence of congenital rubella syndrome in the northern part of Japan.
Cellular Mechanisms of Adjuvant Action of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide in Anti‐Sheep Red Blood Cell Antibody Response
Authors: Nakano Masayasu , Shimamura Tadakatsu , Saito Kazuhisa 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAdjuvant action of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from Salmonella typhimurium LT2 on anti‐sheep red blood cell (sRBC) antibody response in mouse spleen was studied at the cellular level by the technique of localized hemolysis in agar. Injection of LPS caused significant increase in direct 19S and indirect 7S plaque‐forming cells (PFC) in mouse spleen after the primary antigenic stimulation, while the adjuvant effect of LPS could hardly be assessed in the secondary PFC response. The adjuvant effect on the primary PFC response was most conspicuous when LPS was injected at the same time as the sRBC, and no effect could be observed when LPS was injected 1 or 5 hr before PFC determination. The mice who had received LPS with the primary sRBC stimulation showed much higher PFC level after the secondary sRBC stimulation, indicating the increase in the memory cells. Cell population consisting of lymphoid cells and macrophages was separated into ‘adherent’ (macrophage‐rich) and ‘non‐adherent’ (lymphoid cell‐rich) fractions by incubating in petri dishes, and effect of LPS on each fraction was examined. Transfer of non‐adherent lymphoid cells treated with LPS in vitro and simultaneous sRBC injection resulted in a significant increase of PFC in the spleen of the syngeneic recipient mice, but transfer of LPS‐treated macrophages did not show any effect, suggesting that LPS acts on lymphocytes but not on macrophages. This idea appeared also to be supported by the results that LPS exerted antagonistic effect on the immune suppression caused by heterologous anti‐lymphocyte serum, anti‐sRBC serum and cortisone which are currently supposed to suppress the antigen reactive cells.
Phosphorylated Inactivation of Aminoglycosidic Antibiotics by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Kobayashi Fujio , Yamaguchi Masahito , Mitsuhashi Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe studies were conducted on the inactivation of aminoglycosidic antibiotics including a new antibiotic, lividomycin, by a cell‐free fraction from a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from the urine of a patient with cystitis. The strain strongly inactivated No. 2230‐C (mannosyl paromomycin), paromomycin, kanamycin, aminodeoxykanamycin and neomycin but did not inactivate lividomycin A, dihydrostreptomycin and gentamicin. Inactivated‐No. 2230‐C, ‐paromomycin and ‐kanamycin were isolated and purified using column chromatography techniques. Inactivated antibiotics were found to be reactivated by the treatment with alkaline phosphatase. According to the reactivation by alkaline phosphatase and analytical data, it was concluded that the inactivated products were monophosphorylated derivatives of each antibiotic.
Studies on the Persistent Infection with Measles Virus in HeLa Cells
Authors: Minagawa Tomonori , Yamada Morihide 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTAlmost all cells in HeLa/MV culture contained measles antigen which was mainly detected on the cell surface by immunofluorescent and hemadsorption technique. Cytotoxic effect on HeLa/MV cells was demonstrated by anti‐measles sera and complement (immunolysis), indicating the existence of viral surface antigen. Anti‐measles serum absorbed with purified measles particles completely lost the ability of immunolysis. Though the cytolysis by anti‐measles sera was due to antigen‐antibody reaction on the cell surface, the mechanism of lysis seemed to be different from that of the cytolysis by anti‐HeLa cell serum. It was suggested that some unknown serum factors other than components of complement are necessary for immunolysis by anti‐measles serum.
Recombination between Mycobacterium smegmatis Strains Jucho and Lacticola
Authors: Mizuguchi Yasuo , Tokunaga Tohru 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTGenetic recombination was demonstrated in the genus Mycobacterium. Auxotrophic mutants of M. smegmatis strain Jucho requiring different growth factors did not yield prototrophic recombinants when progenies from mixed cultures were inoculated onto minimal medium. Similarly, mutants of M. smegmatis strain Lacticola did not produce prototrophic recombinants. When mating was attempted between auxotrophs of the strains Jucho and Lacticola, prototrophic recombinants were recovered at frequencies of about 10−3 to 10−5 of total cells, while the frequency of reversion of either parent was less than 10−7. The segregation of unselected characters was noticed in recombinants resulting from interstrain matings. No prototrophic recombinant was detected in any cross in liquid media. Incubation of mutants of one strain with a culture filtrate or deoxyribonucleic acid of another compatible strain produced no recombinant. It was suggested that a conjugal mechanism rather than a transforming or transducing principle played an important role in the above observed gene‐transfer. Pretreatment of parental cells with acridine dyes did not eliminate the ability to produce recombinants.
Genetical Distinction of R Factors Derived from Shigellae and Salmonellae
Authors: Yoshikawa Masanosuke , Nagashima Shigeaki , Matsushima Shingo 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTComparison of R factors derived from shigellae and salmonellae was made using several genetical characteristics. Almost all R factors derived from shigellae were fi+ (fertility inhibition), spp− (no restriction against phage λ vir) and possessed a drug resistance pattern of (sul, str, cml, tet), whereas those from salmonellae were fi−, spp− and their resistance patterns were (str), (tet) or (str, tet). The (str, tet) R factors often segregated upon conjugal transfer but R factors from shigellae did not. R factors from shigellae were unstable in Salmonella but stable in Shigella and Escherichia coli. R factors derived from salmonellae were unstable in Shigella but stable in Salmonella and E. coli. All fi+, spp− R factors derived from shigellae, except two which had been known to be exceptional also in the incompatibility tests, conferred atabrine sensitivity (ats+) upon the host cells, whereas all fi−, spp− R factors derived from shigellae were ats−. One exceptional fi−, spp− R factor derived from Shigella was ats−, but all of the fi−, spp− R factors derived from salmonellae were ats+. Two representative R factors derived from salmonellae were shown to be compatible with 14 fi+ and fi− standard R factors which were derived from shigellae and had been stocked in 3 laboratories in Japan as representative collections. Five (tet) segregants originally derived from (sul, str, cml, tet) R factors of shigellae but obtained by transferring to and segregating in Salmonella panama were shown to be different from (tet) R factors of Salmonella origin with respect to the fi character and the incompatibility tests. From these results it was concluded that R factors of Shigella origin and those of Salmonella are different.
Aspartic Acid Transport in Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Yabu Kunihiko 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTL‐Aspartic acid was taken up by Mycobacterium smegmatis cells at a greater rate than D‐aspartic acid. Kinetic studies of L‐aspartic acid uptake revealed a curvilinear Lineweaver‐Burk plot. The observed kinetics could be accounted for by the existence of two different processes, a saturable and a nonsaturable. In contrast, the latter process was solely active for D‐aspartic acid uptake. Competition studies indicated that aspartic acid and glutamic acid were similarly affected by the operation of 2 different processes. The existence of 2 similar catalytic transport processes, specific for dicarboxylic amino acids, was discussed.
Responses of Calf Kidney Cells to Human Adenovirus Type 12
Authors: Kimura Susumu 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe process of infection of established calf kidney (CKT) cells with human adenovirus type 12 (Ad 12) was compared with that with type 5 (Ad 5). Ad 5 replicated in CKT cells but Ad 12 did not. In CKT cells infected with Ad 5, as much virion antigen was detected by complement‐fixation (CF) test as from HeLa cells, and the rate of DNA synthesis increased to about 7 times that in uninfected cells. In CKT cells infected with Ad 12, production of T‐antigen was detected by CF test, but neither production of virion antigen nor increase in DNA synthesis was observed. Confluent monolayers of CKT cells incorporated 3H‐thymidine progressively into DNA after growth medium was replaced with maintenance medium. This increase in host cell DNA synthesis after changing media was inhibited by infection with Ad 12 or with ultraviolet‐irradiated Ad 12.
Interferon‐Inducing Activity of Acidic Polysaccharides
Authors: Suzuki Shigeo , Suzuki Masuko , Imaya Masanori 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTExocellular phosphomannans produced by four strains of Hansenula yeast were examined as to their interferon‐inducing activities in rabbits employing the assay system consisting of vesicular stomatitis virus and primary suckling rabbit kidney cells. The phosphomannan of Hansenula holstii NRRL Y‐2155 was shown to be the most potent inducer, and the interferon induced was highly host species‐specific, preventing viral cytopathic effects only in the homologous cells. The biological and chemical characteristics of the interferon closely resembled those of endotoxin‐induced interferon.
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity in Hamsters Infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae as Revealed by Macrophage Migration Inhibition Test
Authors: Arai Sumio , Hinuma Yorio , Matsumoto Keizo , Nakamura Takashi 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTA delayed type hypersensitivity was demonstrated in hamsters infected with a fresh isolate of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by the following two procedures of macrophage migration inhibition test. In the first procedure, inhibition of migration of peritoneal exudate cells from normal guinea pigs by the addition of splenic cells from infected hamsters in the presence of the mycoplasma antigen was examined. In the second procedure, migration of peritoneal exudate cells, composed of macrophages and lymphocytes, from infected hamsters was examined after the addition of the antigen. Virtually, both procedures gave a similar result, suggesting the presence of cell‐mediated immunity in the infected animals. In these infected hamsters, humoral antibody responses were also demonstrated at the same time.