bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Ethyl 2‐Diazo‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropanoate to Alkynes and [1,5] Sigmatropic Rearrangements of the Resulting 3H‐Pyrazoles: Synthesis of Mono‐, Bis‐ and Tris(trifluoromethyl)‐Substituted Pyrazoles
Authors: Gladow Daniel , Doniz‐Kettenmann Sebastian , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of ethyl 2‐diazo‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropanoate with electron‐rich and electron‐deficient alkynes, as well as the van AlphenHüttel rearrangements of the resulting 3H‐pyrazoles were investigated. These reactions led to a series of CF3‐substituted pyrazoles in good overall yields. Phenyl‐ and diphenylacetylene proved to be unreactive, but, at high temperature, the diazoalkane and phenylacetylene furnished a cyclopropene derivative. As expected, the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to the ynamine occurred much faster than those to electron‐deficient alkynes. With one exception, all cycloadditions proceeded with excellent regioselectivities. The [1,5] sigmatropic rearrangement of the primary 3H‐pyrazoles provided products with shifted acyl groups; products resulting from the migration of a CF3 group were not detected. In agreement with literature reports, this rearrangement occurs faster with 3H‐pyrazoles bearing electron‐withdrawing substituents.
Understanding Interpretive Research Through the Lens of a Cultural Verfremdungseffekt
Authors: Walther Joachim 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundCross‐cultural studies contribute to engineering education as a globally interconnected field. The methodological challenges posed by research across cultural boundaries must be explored to ensure the quality of such studies.PurposeThis article explores challenges and opportunities for insight by examining the effects of researchers' and respondents' cultural norms and values on interpretive research.MethodDuring a prior study of engineering students' competence formation in the United States, Australia, and Thailand, reflections on the project's progression were collected in the primary researcher's log trail. This article analyzes these records through the lens of a Verfremdungseffekt, whereby assumptions underlying the methodology became apparent in its transfer to a different cultural setting.ResultsResearch challenges related to characteristics of Thai culture revealed three methodological insights. The pronounced power‐distance in Thai culture and its effects on the prior study's focus groups highlighted the non‐dualistic nature of interpretive data gathering. The culture's collectivism necessitated significant changes to the data‐gathering tools, thus illustrating the need for an emergent research design in interpretive inquiries. The high‐context communication characteristic of Thai society presented challenges in eliciting and collaboratively analyzing student accounts, and exposed the processes of social construction that characterize both data gathering and interpretation.ConclusionThese methodological insights illustrate the importance of an understanding of and engagement with the local context that span the entire research process from making to handling data.
Moonlighting Adenosine Deaminase: A Target Protein for Drug Development
Authors: Cortés Antoni , Gracia Eduard , Moreno Estefania , Mallol Josefa , Lluís Carme , Canela Enric I. , Casadó Vicent 
Published: June 2014

AbstractInterest in adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the context of medicine has mainly focused on its enzymatic activity. This is justified by the importance of the reaction catalyzed by ADA not only for the intracellular purine metabolism, but also for the extracellular purine metabolism as well, because of its capacity as a regulator of the concentration of extracellular adenosine that is able to activate adenosine receptors (ARs). In recent years, other important roles have been described for ADA. One of these, with special relevance in immunology, is the capacity of ADA to act as a costimulator, promoting T‐cell proliferation and differentiation mainly by interacting with the differentiation cluster CD26. Another role is the ability of ADA to act as an allosteric modulator of ARs. These receptors have very general physiological implications, particularly in the neurological system where they play an important role. Thus, ADA, being a single chain protein, performs more than one function, consistent with the definition of a moonlighting protein. Although ADA has never been associated with moonlighting proteins, here we consider ADA as an example of this family of multifunctional proteins. In this review, we discuss the different roles of ADA and their pathological implications. We propose a mechanism by which some of their moonlighting functions can be coordinated. We also suggest that drugs modulating ADA properties may act as modulators of the moonlighting functions of ADA, giving them additional potential medical interest.
Properly calculate vessel and piping wall temperatures during depressuring and relief
Authors: Melhem Georges A. , Gaydos David 
Published: June 2014

Determining if and when a vessel and/or piping component is going to fail under fire exposure and/or from cold temperature embrittlement is an important factor in consequence analysis and risk assessment. This article describes detailed methods for establishing the conditions for vessel/piping failure and whether the material of construction for vessels and piping is properly selected for fire exposure and/or cold depressuring/relief.Several case studies are used to illustrate important concepts dealing with how wall temperatures should be calculated for single and multiphase systems in order to establish if a vessel and/or a piping component is going to fail. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 64–71, 2015
Quality assessment of material models for reinforced concrete flexural members
Authors: Jung Bastian , Morgenthal Guido , Xu Dong , Schröter Hendrik 
Published: June 2014

AbstractNon‐linear constitutive models for concrete in compression are frequently defined in design codes. The engineer generally uses either the linear (in SLS) or non‐linear (in ULS) compression model. However, a large variety of different approaches exists for describing the behaviour of the cracked concrete tension zone, and the selection of a corresponding model is usually based on qualitative engineering judgement. The aim of this paper is to assess the prediction quality of several concrete material models in order to provide a quantitative model selection. Therefore, uncertainty analysis is applied in order to investigate the model and parameter uncertainty in the bending stiffness prognosis for flexural members. The total uncertainty is converted into a prognosis model quality that allows a quantitative comparison between the material models considered. The consideration of the reinforced concrete in tension is based on the characterization of the tension stiffening effect, which describes the cracking in an average sense. In the interest of the practical applicability of the models considered, even for large structures, no discrete crack simulations based on fracture mechanics are considered. Finally, the assessment identifies that the prediction quality depends on the loading level and, furthermore, the quality across the models can be quantitatively similar as well as diverse.
Neurocognitive profiles in help-seeking individuals: comparison of risk for psychosis and bipolar disorder criteria
Authors: Metzler S. , Dvorsky D. , Wyss C. , Müller M. , Traber-Walker N. , Walitza S. , Theodoridou A. , Rössler W. , Heekeren K. 
Published: June 2014

Background.Neurocognitive deficits are important aspects of the schizophrenic disorders because they have a strong impact on social and vocational outcomes. We expanded on previous research by focusing on the neurocognitive profiles of persons at high risk (HR) or ultra-high risk (UHR) for schizophrenic and affective psychoses. Our main aim was to determine whether neurocognitive measures are sufficiently sensitive to predict a group affiliation based on deficits in functional domains.Method.This study included 207 help-seeking individuals identified as HR (n = 75), UHR (n = 102) or at high risk for bipolar disorder (HRBip; n = 30), who were compared with persons comprising a matched, healthy control group (CG; n = 50). Neuropsychological variables were sorted according to their load in a factor analysis and were compared among groups. In addition, the likelihood of group membership was estimated using logistic regression analyses.Results.The performance of HR and HRBip participants was comparable, and intermediate between the controls and UHR. The domain of processing speed was most sensitive in discriminating HR and UHR [odds ratio (OR) 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28–0.78, p = 0.004] whereas learning and memory deficits predicted a conversion to schizophrenic psychosis (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25–0.87, p = 0.01).Conclusions.Performances on neurocognitive tests differed among our three at-risk groups and may therefore be useful in predicting psychosis. Overall, cognition had a profound effect on the extent of general functioning and satisfaction with life for subjects at risk of psychosis. Thus, this factor should become a treatment target in itself.
Can ‘New Welfare’ Address Poverty through More and Better Jobs?
Authors: TAYLOR-GOOBY PETER , GUMY JULIA M. , OTTO ADELINE 
Published: June 2014

AbstractNew welfare has been prominent in recent European social policy debates. It involves mobilising more people into paid work, improving human capital and ensuring fairer access to opportunities. This programme is attractive to business (more workers, better human capital and reduced social conflict to enhance productivity and profitability) and to citizens (more widely accessible job-opportunities with better rewards): a relatively low-cost approach to the difficulties governments face in maintaining support and meeting social goals as inequalities widen.The general move towards ‘new welfare’ gathered momentum during the past two decades, given extra impetus by the 2007–09 recession and subsequent stagnation. While employment rates rose during the prosperous years before the crisis, there was no commensurate reduction in poverty. Over the same period the share of economic growth returned to labour fell, labour markets were increasingly de-regulated and inequality increased. This raises the question of whether new welfare's economic goals (higher employment, improved human capital) and social goals (better job quality and incomes) may come into conflict.This paper examines data for seventeen European countries over the period 2001 to 2007. It shows that new welfare is much more successful at achieving higher employment than at reducing poverty, even during prosperity, and that the approach pays insufficient attention to structural factors, such as the falling wage share, and to institutional issues, such as labour market deregulation.
A single genus in the gut microbiome reflects host preference and specificity
Authors: Eren A Murat , Sogin Mitchell L , Morrison Hilary G , Vineis Joseph H , Fisher Jenny C , Newton Ryan J , McLellan Sandra L 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Delineating differences in gut microbiomes of human and animal hosts contributes towards understanding human health and enables new strategies for detecting reservoirs of waterborne human pathogens. We focused upon Blautia, a single microbial genus that is important for nutrient assimilation as preliminary work suggested host-related patterns within members of this genus. In our dataset of 57 M sequence reads of the V6 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene in samples collected from seven host species, we identified 200 high-resolution taxonomic units within Blautia using oligotyping. Our analysis revealed 13 host-specific oligotypes that occurred exclusively in fecal samples of humans (three oligotypes), swine (six oligotypes), cows (one oligotype), deer (one oligotype), or chickens (two oligotypes). We identified an additional 171 oligotypes that exhibited differential abundance patterns among all the host species. Blautia oligotypes in the human population obtained from sewage and fecal samples displayed remarkable continuity. Oligotypes from only 10 Brazilian human fecal samples collected from individuals in a rural village encompassed 97% of all Blautia oligotypes found in a Brazilian sewage sample from a city of three million people. Further, 75% of the oligotypes in Brazilian human fecal samples matched those in US sewage samples, implying that a universal set of Blautia strains may be shared among culturally and geographically distinct human populations. Such strains can serve as universal markers to assess human fecal contamination in environmental samples. Our results indicate that host-specificity and host-preference patterns of organisms within this genus are driven by host physiology more than dietary habits.
A new silver nanorod SPR probe for detection of trace benzoyl peroxide
Authors: Jiang Zhiliang , Wen Guiqing , Luo Yanghe , Zhang Xinghui , Liu Qingye , Liang Aihui 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe stable silver nanorod (AgNR) sol in red was prepared by the two-step procedure of NaBH4-H2O2 and citrate heating reduction. The AgNR had a transverse and a longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peak at 338 nm and 480 nm. Meanwhile, two transverse and longitudinal SPR Rayleigh scattering (SPR-RS) peaks at 340 nm and 500 nm were observed firstly using common fluorescence spectrometer. The SPR absorption, RS, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and electron microscope technology were used to study the formation mechanism of red silver nanorods and the SERS enhancement mechanism of nano-aggregation. The AgNR-BPO SPR absorption and AgNR-NaCl-BPO SPR-RS analytical systems were studied to develop two new simple, rapid and low-cost SPR methods for the detection of trace BPO.
Hide and Seek: Interplay of Fish and Anglers Influences Spatial Fisheries Management
Authors: Matthias Bryan G , Allen Micheal S , Ahrens Robert N M , Beard T Douglas , Kerns Janice A 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
Sustainable management of fisheries resources requires an understanding of spatial and temporal interplay between targeted fish populations and anglers. We conducted a field study comparing spatial patterns in recreational angler effort to fish distribution in a Florida lake. Over one year, spatial locations of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) anglers and Largemouth Bass were surveyed. Over 90% of anglers were fishing within 50 m from shore and one-third of fish were located offshore at any given time. This spatial patterning suggested that fish located in areas not targeted by anglers were less vulnerable to angling and, thus, anglers were not distributed according to the ideal free distribution. However, tag return data of telemetered fish showed similar catch trends in both onshore and offshore habitats, indicating that all fish were equally vulnerable to angling and anglers were ideally distributed. Informed use of spatial and/or temporal fishery regulations should consider fish and angler behavior.
RESUMEN
el manejo sustentable de recursos pesqueros requiere entender la interacción en tiempo y espacio entre las poblaciones de peces y los pescadores. Se llevó a cabo un trabajo de campo para comparar los patrones espaciales del esfuerzo de pesca recreativa con la distribución de los peces en un lago de Florida. A lo largo de un año, se estudió la ubicación espacial tanto de los pescadores de lobina negra (Micropterus salmoides) como de la propia lobina. Más del 90% de los pescadores operaron dentro de los primeros 50m de costa y un tercio de los peces se ubicaron fuera de la costa en cualquier momento dado. Los patrones espaciales sugirieron que los peces que se encuentran en áreas que no son frecuentadas por los pescadores fueron menos vulnerables a la pesca y, por consiguiente, los pescadores no se distribuyen de acuerdo a una distribución ideal libre. En contraste, datos de recaptura de peces mediante telemetría mostraron tendencias similares en la captura tanto en la zona costera como fuera de ésta, lo que indica que todos los peces fueron igualmente vulnerables a la pesca y que los pescadores se distribuyen de acuerdo a una distribución ideal. El uso informado de las regulaciones pesqueras espaciales y temporales deben tomar en cuenta el comportamiento tanto de los peces como de los pescadores.
cDNA cloning and characterization of vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidases from the red alga Laurencia nipponica
Authors: Kaneko Kensuke , Washio Kenji , Umezawa Taiki , Matsuda Fuyuhiko , Morikawa Masaaki , Okino Tatsufumi 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The marine red alga genus Laurencia is one of the richest producers of unique brominated compounds in the marine environment. The cDNAs for two Laurencia nipponica vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidases (LnVBPO1 and LnVBPO2) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Enzyme assays of recombinant LnVBPO1 and LnVBPO2 using monochlorodimedone revealed that they were thermolabile but their Km values for Br− were significantly lower than other red algal VBPOs. The bromination reaction was also assessed using laurediol, the predicted natural precursor of the brominated ether laurencin. Laurediol, protected by trimethylsilyl at the enyne, was converted to deacetyllaurencin by the LnVBPOs, which was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. Native LnVBPO partially purified from algal bodies was active, suggesting that LnVBPO is functional in vivo. These results contributed to our knowledge of the biosynthesis of Laurencia brominated metabolites.
Total synthesis of aurachins C, D, and L, and a structurally simplified analog of aurachin C
Authors: Enomoto Masaru , Kitagawa Wataru , Yasutake Yoshiaki , Shimizu Hiroki 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
The quinoline antibiotics aurachins C, D, and L, and a structurally simplified analog of aurachin C were synthesized from 1-(2-nitrophenyl)butane-1,3-dione via reductive cyclizations of δ-nitro ketone intermediates, with zinc or iron as key steps. The results of antimicrobial tests indicate that the N-hydroxyquinolone nucleus mimics the electron carrier in the respiratory chain more strongly than the quinoline N-oxide nucleus.
Integrated study of the water–ecosystem–economy in the Heihe River Basin
Authors: Cheng Guodong , Li Xin , Zhao Wenzhi , Xu Zhongmin , Feng Qi , Xiao Shengchun , Xiao Honglang 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe ecological water diversion project in the Heihe River Basin is the first successful case in China in which the ecological systems in a river basin have been rescued. This project serves as a valuable example for the management of ecosystems in other inland river basins. This paper reviews the integrated studies of the water–ecosystem–economy relationship in the Heihe River Basin and concludes that sustainable development in inland river basins requires the basin to be considered as a whole, with the relationships between the upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the basin coordinated appropriately. Successful development in these basins will be reflected in an improved output per cubic meter of water and the implementation of integrated river basin management practices.
Jonson’s Reception in the Restoration and Eighteenth Century
Authors: Brady Jennifer 
Published: June 2014

AbstractJonson had a formidable reputation in the Restoration, when his brilliant plots, classical erudition, pugnacious intellect and personal charisma were much admired. After the trauma of the English civil wars, a new generation of ambitious playwrights sought to affiliate themselves to ‘Father Ben’ either by imitating the edgy urban modernity of his humours comedies, as Shadwell did over his career, or by constructing elaborate patrilineal genealogies of influence, as Dryden did in his literary criticism. With the rise of sentimental comedy at the end of the seventeenth century, however, Jonson’s drama fell out of favour. In the next century, Jonson was recast as Shakespeare’s antithesis and envious rival. The comparison turned both playwrights into caricatures: Shakespeare was elevated into a national icon through tributes to his presumably untutored art, while Jonson’s classical learning and intellect, once admired, became grounds for attacks on his pedantry.
Postmodern Archaeologies
Authors: Fahlander Fredrick 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
This chapter is intended to outline the main postmodern theoretical influences in archaeology. Although it may be difficult to identify a distinct postmodern strand of archaeology, it is apparent that there are trends and issues within archaeological theory that are clearly influenced by postmodern lines of thought. One example is the issue of relativity of ‘facts’ and historicity of interpretations stressed by many post-processual archaeologists. This ambivalence regarding archaeological data has for some led to a loss of faith in archaeology’s abilities to say something definitive about the past. For others, it has initiated critical discussions of how, and under what conditions, narratives of the past are produced. For instance, there has been an increasing concern with ethical issues and the political use of archaeology (e.g. heritage management, local and indigenous archaeologies, the repatriation of objects and human remains). Archaeology in the postmodern condition is thus principally characterized by increasing diversity in subject areas and theory, but also by a broader definition of the discipline and its roles in contemporary society.
Landscape and Environment
Authors: Gillings Mark 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Landscape and environment have long been regarded as separate objects of enquiry around which distinct subdisciplines have coalesced. In such formulations environment has been treated as synonymous with the natural world, whereas landscape has been treated as a more complex entity arising from people’s engagement with that world. Landscape has, accordingly, found itself at the heart of considerable theoretical debate that has stressed its inherent slipperiness and multi-faceted character. Environment, in comparison, has escaped such scrutiny, with the idea that it corresponds to a natural substrate that can profitably be dissolved into distinct categories such as flora, fauna, and soils, pervasive and ubiquitous. Through a focus upon environmental archaeology and landscape archaeology as distinct practices, this chapter argues that neither environment nor landscape can exist separate from the social activities that define them, and it is to these activities and relationships that archaeologists should be turning their attention.
Positivist and Post-Positivist Philosophy of Science
Authors: Preston John 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Interactions between archaeology and philosophy are traced, from the ‘New Archaeology’s’ use of ideas from logical empiricism, the subsequent loss of confidence in such ideas, the falsificationist alternative, the rise of ‘scientific realism’, and the influence of the ‘new’ philosophies of science of the 1960s on post-processual archaeology. Some recent ideas from philosophy of science are introduced, and that discipline’s recent trajectory, featuring debate between realists and anti-realists, as well as a return to ‘classic’ concerns about explanation, causation, and laws of nature, is described. Many interactions between philosophy of science and archaeology have been based on a misplaced quest for a single ‘off-the-peg’ methodology or other philosophical framework for archaeology. Historical conditions have fostered the damaging idea that archaeologists have to choose between ‘positivism’ and subjectivism. I conclude by suggesting what kinds of contemporary philosophical work might interest archaeologists, and argue that philosophers should recognize the distinctive heterogeneity of archaeology.