bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microfluidic tool coupled with electrochemical assay for detection of lactoferrin isolated by antibody‐modified paramagnetic beads
Authors: Zitka Ondrej , Krizkova Sona , Skalickova Sylvie , Dospivova Dana , Adam Vojtech , Kizek Rene 
Published: April 2013

Lactoferrin (LF) is approximately 80 kDa iron‐binding protein, which is important part of saliva and other body fluids. Due to its ability to bind metal ions, it has many biologically important functions. In this study, a method for the isolation of LF from a biological sample using robotically prepared antibody‐modified paramagnetic particles was developed using robotic pipetting station. The method consisted of the following optimised steps. Protein G was bound on the paramagnetic particles, on which goat antibody (10 μg) was linked. LF was subsequently added to microtitration plate, which had affinity to goat antibody and the interaction lasted for 30 min. We found that the highest signals were obtained using the combination of goat antibody 1:3000, murine antibody 1:5000 and conjugate 1:1500. Horseradish peroxidase reducing 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was linked to the merged complex. The resulted product of this reaction was subsequently analysed spectrometrically with detection limit (3 S/N) as 5 ng/mL. In addition, we also determined TMB by stopped flow injection analysis with electrochemical detection. The limit of detection (3 S/N) was estimated as 0.1 μg/mL. To compare spectrometric and electrochemical approach for detection of TMB, calibration range of bead‐LF‐antibodies complex was prepared and was determined using a least‐squares correlation with coefficient R2 higher than 0.95, indicating a very good agreement of the results obtained.
Über die Herzkammer
Authors: Strohschneider Peter 
Published: April 2013

AbstractDie Debatte um die Zukunft des Wissenschaftssystems in Deutschland läuft Gefahr, auf Organisationskonflikte verengt zu werden. Wichtiger wäre indes zunächst ein Blick darauf, worum es in der Wissenschaft geht und wie sie also organisiert werden müsste, um so produktiv wie möglich sein zu können.
„Gestatten, Obelix!”︁
Authors: Burgard Wolfram , Stachniss Cyrill 
Published: April 2013

Abstract160 Zentimeter groß, 100 Kilogramm schwer, vollgepackt mit modernster Sensorik: So navigiert sich ein autonomer Roboter selbst durch eine belebte Fußgängerzone. Doch Freiburger Informatiker denken sogar noch weiter.
Implementation of pro‐poor exemption policy in Tanzania: policy versus reality
Authors: Idd Aisha , Yohana Odongo , Maluka Stephen Oswald 
Published: April 2013

SUMMARYLike many other African countries, Tanzania has been implementing user fee policy in its health sector since the early 1990s. Accompanying user fee, mechanisms were designed that exempted the poor and vulnerable groups of the society from paying user charges. Although studies on the implementation of exemption policies in Tanzania exist, very few have documented the actual process of translating exemption policies into actions—the process of implementation. Drawing from policy analysis and implementation theories, this paper documents the implementation of the waiver (need‐based exemptions) policy in Tanzania. The findings indicate that waiver systems, while potentially effective in principle, were ineffective in implementation. Lack of specification of criteria by which the poor could be identified made policy implementers at different levels to implement the policy in their own style. Low level of public awareness about the existence of waiver mechanisms hindered the poor to demand exemptions. Furthermore, fear of loss of revenue at the health facilities and ineffective enforcement mechanisms provided little incentives for local government leaders and health workers to communicate the policy to beneficiaries. It is concluded from this study that to better achieve the objectives of the pro‐poor exemption policy, it is important to engage policy implementers more actively in the management and implementation of policies. Additionally, it is imperative to understand the behaviour and practices of policy implementers, especially district health managers, health workers and village and ward leaders, who may react negatively to new policies and implement the policies in ways contrary to what policy makers had intended. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiating hepatic abscess from malignant mimickers: Value of diffusion‐weighted imaging with an emphasis on the periphery of the lesion
Authors: Park Hyun Jeong , Kim Seong Hyun , Jang Kyung Mi , Lee Soon Jin , Park Min Jung , Choi Dongil 
Published: April 2013

PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy of diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) in differentiating hepatic abscess from malignant mimickers with an emphasis on periphery of the lesions.Materials and MethodsThirty‐nine patients with hepatic abscess and 74 patients with malignant hepatic tumors were included, who underwent gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MRI. For qualitative and quantitative analysis, signal intensities and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the periphery were assessed. Two observers reviewed DWI and ADC maps rated using a 5‐point scale. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis.ResultsThe periphery of hepatic abscesses was T1‐hypointense, arterial hyperintense, and hypointense on hepatobiliary phase less frequently than that of malignant tumors (P < 0.05). No hepatic abscesses showed peripheral washout on 3‐min late phase compared with malignant tumors (59.5%) (P < 0.001). Both groups showed hyperintense rims on DWI, but, 37(94.9%) abscesses revealed rims with high ADC values compared with one (1.4%) malignant tumor (P < 0.001). Mean ADC values of abscesses (1.47 × 10−3 mm2/s ± 0.36 [standard deviation]) were significantly higher than those of malignancies (0.68 × 10−3 mm2/s ± 0.20). Diagnostic performance (area under the ROC curve [Az]) of DWI in identifying hepatic abscess was 0.986 and 0.982 for each observer.ConclusionIn addition to conventional MRI, DWI is helpful in differentiating hepatic abscess from malignant mimickers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1333–1341. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diffusion tensor MRI evaluation of the corona radiata, cingulate gyri, and corpus callosum in HIV patients
Authors: Leite Sarah C.B. , Corrêa Diogo G. , Doring Thomas M. , Kubo Tadeu T.A. , Netto Tania M. , Ferracini Rafael , Ventura Nina , Bahia Paulo R.V. , Gasparetto Emerson L. 
Published: April 2013

PurposeTo evaluate the white matter integrity of the corona radiata, cingulate gyri, and corpus callosum in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).Materials and MethodsThirty‐four patients with at least 5 years of HIV infection and 27 healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a 1.5 T scanner. A voxelwise‐based technique was used to analyze the DTI data.ResultsWe found that in the body of corpus callosum the fractional anisotropy (FA) was significantly reduced, whereas mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD) were increased in HIV patients. Analyzing the corona radiata, axial diffusivity (AD) and MD were significantly increased in the left superior region, MD and RD were increased in the left posterior area, and, furthermore, MD was also increased in the right posterior region. No significant abnormalities were found on the cingulate gyri. The white matter damage, related to FA reduction, was associated with increased RD, indicating that demyelization might be the pathophysiological result of this damage.ConclusionSince the DTI can detect abnormalities in the normal‐appearing white matter, this technique may play a role as an early marker of HIV disease progression, including clinical manifestations such as cognitive impairment. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1488–1493. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cervical softening occurs early in pregnancy: characterization of cervical stiffness in 100 healthy women using the aspiration technique
Authors: Badir Sabrina , Mazza Edoardo , Zimmermann Roland , Bajka Michael 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo quantitatively describe the evolution of ectocervical stiffness in normal pregnancy.MethodsThe stiffness of ectocervical tissue was measured by using the aspiration method. This non‐invasive technique allows to safely and objectively determine the pressure required to displace cervical tissue to a predefined deformation level (pcl). In this prospective study, 448 aspiration measurements were carried out on pregnant women (n = 50) at each of the eight routine pregnancy consultations and on nonpregnant subjects (reference, n = 50). pcl values were grouped as nonpregnant, first, second, third trimester, and postpartum.ResultsStiffness in early pregnancy (first trimester) is significantly lower, by a factor >2 for the mean value than for the nonpregnant group. pcl continuously decreases during gestation, with significant differences between first and second trimester, but not between second and third trimester. After delivery, consistency is recovered to the level of early pregnancy.ConclusionsThe aspiration method allows an objective description of the consistency of the ectocervix during pregnancy, indicating that the tissue softens already at the beginning of gestation, transforms continuously to lower consistency in the first two trimesters, stabilizes at a low level in the third trimester, and recovers its stiffness after delivery. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The volume of the chorion villosum is associated with the location of the umbilical cord in the first trimester
Authors: Nakamura Masamitsu , Hasegawa Junichi , Hamada Shoko , Matsuoka Ryu , Ichizuka Kiyotake , Sekizawa Akihiko , Okai Takashi 
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACTAimsTo clarify whether villous placental volumes in cases with low cord insertion (CI) are smaller than those with normal cord insertion.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the association between location of umbilical CI and placental volume at 11 to 13 weeks' gestation. An ultrasound examination was performed to measure the crown‐rump length, the distance between the histological internal cervical os and the CI site, the placental volume, and the uterine arterial blood flow. To standardize the distribution of the ultrasonographic measurements, we transformed data by crown‐rump length‐weighted linear regression.ResultsSix hundred fifty‐nine subjects were analyzed. Scatter plots showed a slightly positive correlation between the z‐scores of the distance from the CI site to the internal cervical os and villous placental volume (r = 0.102, p = 0.009) and a negative correlation between the z‐scores of the villous placental volume and the uterine arterial pulsatility index (r = −0.165, p < 0.001) as well as the uterine arterial resistance index (r = −0.187, p < 0.001).ConclusionThe placental volume was likely to be smaller in cases with CI located in the lower uterine segment. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radial heteroemitter solar cells based on VLS grown silicon nanowires
Authors: Eisenhawer Björn , Sill Ingo , Falk Fritz 
Published: April 2013

AbstractSilicon nanowires (SiNWs) are an interesting system for the realization of solar cells, as they offer an enhanced light absorption compared to bulk Si. However, due to their large surface, nanowire solar cells suffer from high surface recombination which results in small carrier lifetimes. They therefore need perfect passivation. The use of an amorphous silicon heteroemitter on such structures enables a good surface passivation and therefore enables a higher open circuit voltage (VOC) than in crystalline core–shell structures. In this paper, we present the realization of radial junction SiNW solar cells by the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth of n‐doped SiNWs and subsequent coating by amorphous silicon in a PECVD process. The cells were contacted using atomic layer deposition of a transparent conductive oxide (aluminum‐doped zinc oxide) as a front contact. The results of the SiNW solar cells are compared to a planar device to exclude the influence of the supporting wafer structure. The onset presented in this paper can possibly be used to realize SiNW based solar cells on low cost materials, as VLS enables the growth of SiNWs on almost any kind of surfaces.
A conservative adaptive wavelet method for the shallow‐water equations on staggered grids
Authors: Dubos T. , Kevlahan N. K‐R. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article presents the first dynamically adaptive wavelet method for the shallow‐water equations (SWEs) on a staggered hexagonal C‐grid. Pressure is located at the centres of the primal grid (hexagons) and velocity is located at the edges of the dual grid (triangles). Distinct bi‐orthogonal second‐generation wavelet transforms are developed for the pressure and the velocity. These wavelet transforms are based on second‐order accurate interpolation and restriction operators. Together with compatible restriction operators for the mass flux and Bernoulli function, they ensure that mass is conserved and that there is no numerical generation of vorticity when solving the SWEs. Grid refinement relies on appropriate thresholding of the wavelet coefficients, allowing error control in both the quasi‐geostrophic and inertia–gravity wave regimes. The SWEs are discretized on the dynamically adapted multiscale grid using a mass and potential‐enstrophy‐conserving finite‐difference scheme. The conservation and error control properties of the method are verified by applying it to a propagating inertia–gravity wave packet and to rotating shallow‐water turbulence. Significant savings in the number of degrees of freedom are achieved even in the case of rotating shallow‐water turbulence. The numerical dissipation introduced by the grid adaptation is quantified. The method has been designed so it can be extended easily to the icosahedral subdivision of the sphere. This work provides important building blocks for the development of fully adaptive general circulation models.
Repression of Zeb1 and Hypoxia Cause Sequential Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition and Induction of Aid, Oct4, and Dnmt1, Leading to Immortalization and Multipotential Reprogramming of Fibroblasts in Spheres
Authors: Liu Yongqing , Mukhopadhyay Partha , Pisano M. Michele , Lu Xiaoqin , Huang Li , Lu Qingxian , Dean Douglas C. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractIn this study, we demonstrate that sphere formation triggers immortalization and stable reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts. Cell contact signaling in spheres causes downregulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition transcription factor Zeb1 leading to rapid mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Hypoxia within spheres together with loss of Zeb1 repression synergize to cause superinduction of Hif1a, which in turn leads to induction of the DNA demethylase Aid/Aicda, demethylation of the Oct4 promoter/enhancer and multipotency. Oct4 and Nanog expression diminish when cells are removed from the hypoxic environment of spheres and placed in monolayer culture, but the cells retain multipotential capacity, demonstrating stable reprogramming and a gene expression pattern resembling adult stem cells. Oct4 has been shown to induce Dnmt1 in mesenchymal stem cells, and we link Oct4 and Dnmt1 to silencing of cell cycle inhibitory cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors and Arf, and immortalization of the reprogrammed fibroblasts. Sphere formation then represents a novel and rapid protocol for immortalization and stable reprogramming of fibroblasts to multipotency that does not require exogenous expression of a stem cell factor or a lineage-specifying transcription factor.
Measurement of tennis player's stroke form by ground reaction forces
Authors: Nosu Kiyoshi , Goshima Akira , Imamura Takayuki , Mitsumoto Kenji 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis letter proposes a tennis instruction support system to provide stroke‐form information obtained through measurement and analysis of ground reaction forces. The originality of the proposed method can be summarized as follows: (i) simultaneous outdoor measurements of ground reaction forces on the front part (toes) and back part (heels) of both feet are conducted for visual recognition of the center of gravity of a tennis player's body during a stroke, and (ii) the comparison between experienced players and beginners is examined so that the system can be used for training beginners. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Climate change and human rights
Authors: Bell Derek 
Published: April 2013

AbstractHuman rights have not played a significant role in the international law and politics of climate change to date. However, there has been increasing interest among legal scholars and moral and political philosophers in a human rights approach to climate change. This review focuses on the new literature in moral and political philosophy that has begun to explore the connections between human rights and climate change. The attractions of a human rights approach to climate change are explained. The idea of a moral conception of human rights is introduced and distinguished from human rights recognized in international and national law. The key features of moral human rights are identified and an important distinction between negative and positive rights is explained. The three main arguments in the literature connecting human rights and climate change are introduced and critical discussions of them are presented. The first argument (associated with Steve Vanderheiden) claims that there is a human right to a stable climate, which can be derived from a human right to an adequate environment. The second argument (associated with Simon Caney) claims that anthropogenic climate change violates basic human (negative) rights to life, health, and subsistence. The third argument claims that there is a human right to emit greenhouse gases. This argument has two versions. The first version claims that there is a human right to equal per capita emissions. The second version claims that there is a human right to subsistence emissions. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:159–170. doi: 10.1002/wcc.218This article is categorized under:

Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Global Justice
Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Human Rights
Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Ethics and Climate Change
Developing semianalytical solutions for multispecies transport coupled with a sequential first‐order reaction network under variable flow velocities and dispersion coefficients
Authors: Suk Heejun 
Published: April 2013

Key Points
semianalytical method for solving a multispecies reactive‐transport equation
sequential first‐order reaction under spatially or temporally varying flow
GITT and general linear‐transformation method by Clement (2001)
Algebraic cycles satisfying the Maurer-Cartan equation and the unipotent fundamental group of curves
Authors: Hadian Majid 
Published: April 2013

AbstractWe address the question of lifting the étale unipotent fundamental group of curves to the level of algebraic cycles and show that a sequence of algebraic cycles whose sum satisfies the Maurer-Cartan equation would do the job. For any elliptic curve with the origin removed and the curve $\double-struck(G)_m\$, we construct such a sequence of algebraic cycles whose image under the cycle map gives rise to the étale unipotent fundamental group of the curve.
“High” and “low” in urban Danish speech styles
Authors: Madsen Lian Malai 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis article approaches on-going sociolinguistic processes in Copenhagen by focusing on the overt metalinguistic activities of a group of adolescents. The article sheds light on how social power differences are refracted in the metalinsguistic activities of these adolescents in spite of the relatively homogenous (or hegemonic) sociolinguistic conditions of Danish society. In the article, I investigate how social status relations understood as cultural interpretations of societal “high” and “low” are relevant to on-going social value ascriptions to the contrasting ways of speaking labelled “integrated” and “street language.” The metalinguistic data I present points to a sociolinguistic transformation. Linguistic signs that used to be seen as related to migration, on an insider/outsider dimension of comparison, are now related to status on a high/low dimension as well. (Sociolinguistic transformation, ethnicity, social class, enregisterment, metalinguistic reflections)*
Racist Hysteria to Pragmatic Rapprochement? The German Debate about Rhenish ‘Occupation Children’, 1920–30
Authors: ROOS JULIA 
Published: April 2013

AbstractThis essay revisits 1920s German debates over the illegitimate children of the Rhineland occupation to examine hitherto neglected fluctuations in the relationship between nationalism and racism in Weimar Germany. During the early 1920s, nationalist anxieties focused on the alleged racial ‘threats’ emanating from the mixed-race children of colonial French soldiers. After 1927, plans for the forced sterilisation and deportation of the mixed-race children were dropped; simultaneously, officials began to support German mothers’ paternity suits against French soldiers. This hitherto neglected shift in German attitudes towards the ‘Rhineland bastards’ sheds new light on the role of debates over gender and the family in the process of Franco–German rapprochement. It also enhances our understanding of the contradictory political potentials of popularised foreign policy discourses about women's and children's victimisation emerging from World War I.
Annular Dark-Field Transmission Electron Microscopy for Low Contrast Materials
Authors: Leroux F. , Bladt E. , Timmermans J.-P. , Van Tendeloo G. , Bals S. 
Published: April 2013

AbstractImaging soft matter by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is anything but straightforward. Recently, interest has grown in developing alternative imaging modes that generate contrast without additional staining. Here, we present a dark-field TEM technique based on the use of an annular objective aperture. Our experiments demonstrate an increase in both contrast and signal-to-noise ratio in comparison to conventional bright-field TEM. The proposed technique is easy to implement and offers an alternative imaging mode to investigate soft matter.
Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum CDPK1 by conditional expression of its J-domain demonstrates a key role in schizont development
Authors: Azevedo Mauro F. , Sanders Paul R. , Krejany Efrosinia , Nie Catherine Q. , Fu Ping , Bach Leon A. , Wunderlich Gerhard , Crabb Brendan S. , Gilson Paul R. 
Published: April 2013

PfCDPK1 [Plasmodium falciparum CDPK1 (calcium-dependent protein kinase 1)] is highly expressed in parasite asexual blood and mosquito stages. Its role is still poorly understood, but unsuccessful gene knockout attempts suggest that it is essential for parasite replication and/or RBC (red blood cell) invasion. In the present study, by tagging endogenous CDPK1 with GFP (green fluorescent protein), we demonstrate that CDPK1 localizes to the parasite plasma membrane of replicating and invasive forms as well as very young intracellular parasites and does not appear to be exported into RBCs. Although a knockdown of endogenous CDPK1 was achieved using a destabilization domain, parasites tolerated reduced expression without displaying a phenotype. Because of this, the PfCDPK1 auto-inhibitory J (junction) domain was explored as a means of achieving inducible and specific inhibition. Under in vitro conditions, a fusion protein comprising a J–GFP fusion specifically bound to PfCDPK1 and inhibited its activity. This fusion protein was conditionally expressed in P. falciparum asexual blood stages under the regulation of a DD (destabilization domain) (J–GFP–DD). We demonstrate that J–GFP–DD binds to CDPK1 and that this results in the arrest of parasite development late in the cell cycle during early schizogony. These data point to an early schizont function for PfCDPK1 and demonstrate that conditionally expressing auto-inhibitory regions can be an effective way to address the function of Plasmodium enzymes.