bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of nanofiltration in the process of the separation of model fermentation broths components
Authors: Staszak Katarzyna , Woźniak Marta Joanna , Karaś Zofia , Staniewski Jacek , Prochaska Krystyna 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The effectiveness of nanofiltration with the use of ceramic membranes in the process of concentration and separation of fumaric acid or succinic acid from glycerol and citric acid from erythritol was evaluated. It was found that the retention of sodium salts of the acids investigated increased strongly with increasing the pH of the feed solution (depending on the degree of dissociation), while the retention degrees of di- and tricarboxylic acids, erythritol or glycerol were lower than 2%, irrespective of the initial concentration of the solution to be filtered. The results obtained showed that nanofiltration can be considered as one of the purification steps in the process of recovery of salts of organic acids from fermentation broth.
Extraction protocol for isolation of CNSL by using protic and aprotic solvents from cashew nut and study of their physico-chemical parameter
Authors: Gandhi Tejas S. , Dholakiya Bharatkumar Z. , Patel Mayank R. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) represents the largest readily available bioresource of alkenyl phenolic compounds. (CNSL) and its derivatives are widely used in polymer-based industries, synthesis of chemicals and intermediates, including bactericides, insecticides and surface active agents. In this work extraction of cashew nut shell liquid from cashew nut shell (CNS) was carried out by using the Soxhlet extraction method in the presence of polar & non-polar solvents. From the extracted CNSL, anacardic acid was selectively isolated and acid free CNSL was treated with liquor ammonia to separate the cardanol and cardol in the stepwise manner. Comparative study for the extracted CNSL and S-was performed. Higher amount of extracted CNSL was obtained from polar solvents. They were all characterized using quantitative analysis by HPLC.
Inhibitive tendency of zinc gluconate for aluminium alloy in sulphuric acid solution
Authors: Sanni O. , Loto C.A. , Popoola A.P.I. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The corrosion inhibition of aluminium alloy in 0.5M H2SO4 solution in the presence of zinc gluconate at 301 K was investigated using weight loss and an electrochemical method. Surface analysis of the aluminium alloy sample was reviewed by a high resolution scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (HRSEM/ EDS). The readings were taken after 48 h for 28 days while the concentration of the inhibitor was varied from 0.5 to 2.0% g/v with an interval of 0.5. The result of the investigation shows that zinc gluconate has a good corrosion inhibition effect for aluminium alloy in 0.5 molar sulphuric acid solution and its efficiency attains more than 67% at 1.5% g/v concentration of zinc gluconate at 301 K. The potentiodynamic polarization data showed that zinc gluconate acts as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor. The adsorption of zinc gluconate on aluminium alloy has been found to obey Freundlich adsorption isotherm at all the concentration of zinc gluconate studied. The results obtained from different methods are in good agreement.
The influence of process parameters on combustion of plastic waste in the fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Jankowski Dawid , Żukowski Witold 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper presents the results of a research on the effects of process parameters on the combustion of waste plastics. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory fluidized bed reactor. The temperature and the conditions of the process were changed during the experiments. The plastics were combusted continuously (autothermally), periodically with extra fuel (co-firing) and alone in a hot fluidized bed. During the combustion process of materials containing nitrogen (PA, ABS), while the bed temperature decrease, changes of emissions of nitrogen oxides, in particular an increase in the concentration of N2O, up to 250 ppm at ~730°C, were observed. During ABS combustion, emission of HCN was registered, at a maximum of 400 ppm. The presence of the supporting fuel (LPG) resulted in the stabilization and acceleration of the plastic samples degradation process. The rate of thermal decomposition of waste materials depended on its elemental composition and also the physicochemical properties.
Studies on the deactivation of Ti-MCM-41 catalyst in the process of allyl alcohol epoxidation
Authors: Wróblewska Agnieszka , Makuch Edyta 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The synthesis of Ti-MCM-41 catalyst was performed. The obtained catalyst was characterized by the following instrumental methods: UV-vis, IR spectroscopy, XRD, and X-ray microanalysis. The activity of the obtained catalyst was tested in the process of allyl alcohol epoxidation with 30 wt.% hydrogen peroxide in methanol as a solvent and under atmospheric pressure. In the next stage, recovery of Ti-MCM-41 catalyst from the post-reaction mixture and its regeneration by washing with appropriate solvents and drying were conducted. In the case of total loss of the activity of the catalyst, calcination of the catalyst was also carried out. The loss of titanium from the structure of Ti-MCM-41 catalyst and a partial collapsing of the structure of this catalyst can be the main reason of the decrease the activity of the catalyst what was manly visible in the decrease of the values of two functions of this process: the allyl alcohol conversion and conversion of hydrogen peroxide to organic compounds.
Tales from the Future: A Narrative Investigation of the Imagined Career Paths of Young Athletes
Authors: Mortensen Janne , Henriksen Kristoffer , Stelter Reinhard 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Athletes’ paths to international sporting success are unique but always include a number of transitions within sport, as well as outside of it, which hold the potential for crisis or growth. Particularly the transition from talented junior to elite senior athlete plays a critical role in the overall athletic career. The present study is a qualitative inquiry using semistructured interviews as data. We asked eight young and very talented athletes to imagine they were at the end of a successful career in their chosen sport and invited them to describe how they got there. The qualitative interview strategy was narrative in its attempt to elicit how the young athletes made meaning of their endeavours through narratives, and biographical in its attempt to ask the athletes to describe their future career paths. We analysed the interviews as single case studies, subjected them to meaning condensation and then constructed the final narratives. Common features of the tales pertain to the fact that these athletes are still young and have yet to grasp the reality of what they are embarking on, which is clear from the simplicity and lightness that is portrayed in their perspectives. The athletes give little emphasis to the challenges and need of social support inherent in an athletic career. On the one hand, the poor preparation of the athletes for the time to come is worrying; on the other hand, the unworried lightness and optimism of the athletes’ stories could also be seen as a strength.
Analyse des interactions didactiques lors de l’enseignement du football à l’école Tunisienne
Authors: Maher Guerchi , Zghibi Makram 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Our research focuses on describing what is really happening when a teacher wants to transmit to pupils - girls and boys - knowledge socially marked as masculine. To describe the processes involved in effective didactic interactions between a teacher a pupil and knowledge, we opted for qualitative methodology, consisting on a close observation of the didactic interactions of a teacher with his pupils (girls and boys). Analysis of the interviews focused especially on the nature of knowledge actually transmitted for girls and boys. The studied video sequences permitted to study the didactic interactions more precisely as are actually happening on the pitch. Both tools allowed us to identify the educational intentions of teachers (specialist or not); women or men in the teaching of football. The results show that teachers’ conceptions influence implicitly or explicitly the modalities of their interventions and the nature of football knowledge transmitted to pupils. This makes us think that the impact of social facts (backgrounds) on Tunisian teachers is great. This phenomenon may lock the physical education teacher in some representations modeling masculine and feminine stereotypes and affect his didactic and teaching contribution. Therefore, the teacher must be aware of the impact of the connotation that may have certain “masculine” practices on his interventions and consequently over the pupils learning (either boys or girls).
The influence of brazing temperature and surface roughness on the wettability of reactive brazing alloys
Authors: Wulf Eric , Bachmann Hendrik , Möhwald Kai , Eifler Rainer , Maier Hans Jürgen 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Using two active brazes based on silver–copper, the wetting behaviour was investigated on hard metals and diamond. Here, it was possible both to characterise the in-situ wetting angle as a function of temperature, the surface roughness and the time by using the flow rate and the wetting angle as well as to analyse the underlying mechanisms. A directly proportional relationship between temperature and the formed wetting angle was demonstrated during the tests up to a material dependent limiting value. Moreover, the wetting behaviour was shown to deteriorate with increasing surface roughness values. By means of investigating the diffusion zone between the carbide metal and the braze using scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to establish that the penetration depth of the active element titanium into the carbide metal increased with increasing brazing temperature.
Simultaneous anterior and posterior screw fixations confined to the axis for stabilization of a 3-part fracture of the axis (odontoid, dens, and hangman fractures)
Authors: Shinbo Jun , Sameda Hiroaki , Ikenoue Sumio , Takase Kan , Yamaguchi Takeshi , Hashimoto Eiko , Enomoto Takahiro , Kanazuka Aya , Mimura Masaya 
Published: January 2014

Fractures of the axis are considered to be one of the most common injuries to the cervical spine, accounting for more than 20% of all cervical spine fractures. Multiple fractures of the axis are much rarer, accounting for 1% of all cervical fractures. Management of such complex fractures is still challenging, and there is no strong consensus for the treatment. The authors describe the cases of 2 patients who presented with 3-part fractures of the axis consisting of an odontoid Type II fracture and a Levine-Edwards Type IA fracture, which were treated with concurrent insertion of an anterior odontoid screw and bilateral posterior pedicle screws.
The cases presented were characterized by 1) a Type II odontoid fracture; 2) a Type IA traumatic spondylolisthesis with no or a little translation and angulation of C-2 on C-3 in a ring fracture of the axis; and 3) no disorders at the C2–3 disc on MR images. Therefore, the authors performed surgery confined to the axis by concurrently inserting an anterior odontoid screw and posterior bilateral pedicle screws without arthrodesis of C2–3. This was followed with cervical soft collar fixation for only 1–2 weeks. The outcomes were favorable, including good osteosynthesis, high primary stability, early patient mobilization, and preserved range of motion of the cervical spine at C2–3 as well as at C1–2.
Migrations en Libye : réalités et défis
Authors: Jacques Geneviève 
Published: January 2014

Les bouleversements dans le monde arabe de l’année 2011 ont non seulement fait tomber des dictatures en Tunisie, en Egypte et en Libye, mais ils ont aussi provoqué le plus grand exode de travailleurs migrants de l’histoire : fuyant la Libye, près de 800000 non Libyens ont franchi en quelques mois les frontières du pays pour échapper à la guerre et aux violences dont ils étaient la cible. Les pays européens n’ont vu cette réalité qu’à travers le prisme déformant de leurs propres fantasmes sécuritaires, sans chercher à comprendre la spécificité et la complexité du cas libyen en Afrique du Nord. C’est cette réalité qu’ont étudiée quatre missions françaises sur le terrain auxquelles a participé Geneviève Jacques au nom de la CIMADE et de la Fédération internationale des ligues des droit de l’homme (FIDH) 1 , aux frontières de la Libye en mars et mai 2011 (Tunisie et Egypte) d’abord, puis en Libye même en juin et décembre 2012.
Le moment thermidorien de la révolution égyptienne
Authors: Steuer Clément 
Published: January 2014

Les Frères musulmans ont remporté les élections de 2011 et 2012 en faisant des promesses contradictoires aux révolutionnaires et aux contre-révolutionnaires. Une fois au pouvoir, les contradictions inhérentes à cette stratégie les ont menés à leur perte, en relançant à leurs dépends à la fois la révolution et la contre-révolution, unies dans l’objectif de les chasser du pouvoir. Ces événements ont conduit à la chute des Frères musulmans et ont accouché d’un régime thermidorien, réunissant quatre factions aux objectifs inconciliables à terme : les partisans de l’ancien régime, la bourgeoisie libérale, les nationalistes nostalgiques de Nasser et les salafistes du parti Nour.
Trois ans après : retour sur les origines rurales de la révolution tunisienne
Authors: Elloumi Mohamed 
Published: January 2014

Trois ans après la révolution tunisienne, on perd un peu de vue ses origines rurales. Cet article revient sur cette dimension très prégnante alors que la transition en cours semble déplacer le débat sur le terrain des « valeurs » fondatrices de la Tunisie, loin des questions économiques et sociales que les premiers temps révolutionnaires ont mis en exergue.
Typing Skills of Physicians in Training
Authors: Kalava Arun , Ravindranath Sapna , Bronshteyn Inessa , Munjal Ripudaman S. , SchianodiCola Joseph , Yarmush Joel M. 
Published: January 2014

Abstract

Background
There is an increasing use of electronic health records in hospitals across the United States. The speed and accuracy of residents in documenting electronic health records has been insufficiently addressed.

Methods
We studied resident typing skills at New York Methodist Hospital. Participating residents typed a standard 100-word alphanumerical paragraph of a patient's medical history. Typing skills were assessed by calculating the net words per minute (WPM). Typing skills were categorized as follows: (1) fewer than 26 net WPM as very slow; (2) 26 to 35 net WPM as slow; (3) 35 to 45 net WPM as intermediate; and (4) greater than 45 net WPM as fast. Residents were further categorized into (1) American medical graduates; (2) American international medical graduates; and (3) non-American international medical graduates.

Results
A total of 104 of 280 residents (37%) participated in the study. There was equal representation from various specialties, backgrounds, and all postgraduate levels of training. The median typing speed was 30.4 net WPM. Typing skills were very slow (34 of 104, 33%), slow (28 of 104, 27%), intermediate (29 of 104, 28%), and fast (13 of 104, 12%) among the residents. Typing skills of non-American international medical graduates (mean net WPM of 25.9) were significantly slower than those of American medical graduates (mean net WPM of 35.9) and American international medical graduates (mean net WPM of 33.5).

Conclusions
Most residents (60%, 62 of 104) who participated in the study at our institute lacked typing skills. As the use of electronic health records increases, a lack of typing skills may impact residents' time for learning and patient care.
Predicción del nivel de dificultad en una prueba estandarizada de comprensión de lectura: aportes desde la psicometría y la psicología cognitiva
Authors: Brizuela Armel , Montero-Rojas Eiliana 
Published: January 2014

Esta investigación busca identificar posibles	variables predictoras del nivel de dificultad de los ítems	de comprensión de lectura utilizados en una prueba	psicométrica estandarizada para la admisión a una	institución universitaria. Se	propusieron varios posibles predictores del nivel de	dificultad, a saber: densidad proposicional, negaciones,	estructura sintáctica, dificultad del vocabulario, presencia	elementos de realce (palabras resaltadas tipográficamente),	abstracción del ítem y grado de similitud entre opción	correcta y texto relevante para resolver el ítem. Mediante	el Modelo Logístico Lineal de Rasgo Latente se encontró que	la cantidad de proposiciones, la estructura sintáctica y,	fundamentalmente, la presencia de léxico difícil de	comprender contribuyeron a la predicción del nivel de	dificultad.
Regional contribution of CO2 and CH4 fluxes from the fluvial network in a lowland boreal landscape of Québec
Authors: Campeau Audrey , Lapierre Jean‐François , Vachon Dominic , del Giorgio Paul A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBoreal rivers and streams are known as hot spots of CO2 emissions, yet their contribution to CH4 emissions has traditionally been assumed to be negligible, due to the spatially fragmented data and lack of regional studies addressing both gases simultaneously. Here we explore the regional patterns in river CO2 and CH4 concentrations (pCO2 and pCH4), gas exchange coefficient (k), and the resulting emissions in a lowland boreal region of Northern Québec. Rivers and streams were systematically supersaturated in both gases, with both pCO2 and pCH4 declining along the river continuum. The k was on average low and increased with stream order, consistent with the hydrology of this flat landscape. The smallest streams (order 1), which represent < 20% of the total river surface, contributed over 35% of the total fluvial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The end of winter and the spring thaw periods, which are rarely included in annual emission budgets, contributed on average 21% of the annual GHG emissions. As a whole, the fluvial network acted as significant source of both CO2 and CH4, releasing on average 1.5 tons of C (CO2 eq) yr−1 km−2 of landscape, of which CH4 emissions contributed approximately 34%. We estimate that fluvial CH4 emissions represent 41% of the regional aquatic (lakes, reservoirs, and rivers) CH4 emissions, despite the relatively small riverine surface (4.3% of the total aquatic surface). We conclude that these fluvial networks in boreal lowlands play a disproportionately large role as hot spots for CO2 and more unexpectedly for CH4 emissions.
Contribution of local and remote anthropogenic aerosols to the twentieth century weakening of the South Asian Monsoon
Authors: Bollasina Massimo A. , Ming Yi , Ramaswamy V. , Schwarzkopf M. Daniel , Naik Vaishali 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe late twentieth century response of the South Asian monsoon to changes in anthropogenic aerosols from local (i.e., South Asia) and remote (i.e., outside South Asia) sources was investigated using historical simulations with a state‐of‐the‐art climate model. The observed summertime drying over India is replaced by widespread wettening once local aerosol emissions are kept at preindustrial levels while all the other forcings evolve. Constant remote aerosol emissions partially suppress the precipitation decrease. While predominant precipitation changes over India are thus associated with local aerosols, remote aerosols contribute as well, especially in favoring an earlier monsoon onset in June and enhancing summertime rainfall over the northwestern regions. Conversely, temperature and near‐surface circulation changes over South Asia are more effectively driven by remote aerosols. These changes are reflected into northward cross‐equatorial anomalies in the atmospheric energy transport induced by both local and, to a greater extent, remote aerosols.
In situ measurements of ice saturation in young contrails
Authors: Kaufmann Stefan , Voigt Christiane , Jeßberger Philipp , Jurkat Tina , Schlager Hans , Schwarzenboeck Alfons , Klingebiel Marcus , Thornberry Troy 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRelative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) is a major factor controlling the evolution of aircraft contrails. High‐resolution airborne H2O measurements in and near contrails were made at a rate of 4.2 Hz using the novel water vapor mass spectrometer AIMS‐H2O with in‐flight calibration during the CONtrail, volcano, and Cirrus ExpeRimenT (CONCERT) 2011. Three 2 min old contrails were sampled near 11 km altitude. Independent of the ambient supersaturation or subsaturation over ice, the mean of the RHi frequency distribution within each contrail is shifted toward ice saturation. This shift can be explained by the high ice surface area densities with corresponding RHi relaxation times on the order of 20 s, which lead to the fast equilibration of H2O between the vapor and ice phase. Understanding the interaction of water vapor with ice particles is essential to investigate the life cycle of contrails and cirrus.
Detection of spatially aggregated changes in temperature and precipitation extremes
Authors: Fischer E. M. , Knutti R. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObserved trends in the intensity of hot and cold extremes as well as in dry spell length and heavy precipitation intensity are often not significant at local scales. However, using a spatially aggregated perspective, we demonstrate that the probability distribution of observed local trends across the globe for the period 1960–2010 is clearly different to what would be expected from internal variability. We detect a distinct intensification of heavy precipitation events and hot extremes. We show that CMIP5 models generally capture the observed shift in the trend distribution but tend to underestimate the intensification of heavy precipitation and cold extremes and overestimate the intensification in hot extremes. Using an initial condition experiment sampling internal variability, we demonstrate that much of the local to regional differences in trends of extremes can be explained by internal variability, which can regionally mask or amplify the forced long‐term trends for many decades.
Spatial and temporal patterns of large‐scale droughts in Europe: Model dispersion and performance
Authors: Tallaksen Lena M. , Stahl Kerstin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study explores the performance of a suite of off‐line, global (hydrological and land surface) models in mapping spatial and temporal patterns of large‐scale hydrological droughts in Europe from simulated runoff in the period 1963–2000. Consistent model behavior was found for annual variability in mean drought area, whereas high model dispersion was revealed in the weekly evolution of contiguous area in drought and its annual maximum. Comparison with nearly three hundred catchment‐scale streamflow observations showed an overall tendency to overestimate the number of drought events and hence underestimate drought duration, whereas persistence in drought‐affected area (weekly mean) was underestimated, noticeable for one group of models. The high model dispersion in temporal and spatial persistence of drought identified implies that care should be taken when analyzing drought characteristics from only one or a limited number of models unless validated specifically for hydrological drought.