bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between compression force, image quality and radiation dose in mammography
Authors: Korf A , Herbst C P , Rae W ID 
Published: May 2014

Background. Mammography aims to obtain mammograms of best possible image quality with least possible radiation dose.1 Theoretically, an increase in breast compression gives a reduction in thickness, without changing the density, resulting in improved image quality and reduced radiation dose.
Aim.	This study aims to investigate the relationship between compression force, phantom thickness, image quality and radiation dose. The existence of a compression point beyond which increased compression gives a change in density rather than thickness is also considered.
Method. Image quality is assessed with a contrast-detail phantom within Superflab phantom on a computed radiography (CR) mammography unit using automatic exposure control (AEC). Image quality is determined by visual inspection and image quality figure (IQF) scoring. The effect of compression and lesion depth on image quality is determined. Entrance and exit doses are calculated. The relationship between entrance dose, compression and thickness is investigated, as is the existence of a compression point beyond which a change in phantom density occurs. The average glandular dose (AGD) is calculated from the scanning average level (SAL) and logarithmic mean (LgM) according to Koen et al,2 and compared to the allowable limit.
Results.	The geometry effect was not observed. An improvement in image quality with increased compression was found. Entrance dose did decrease with increased compression. This trend was not observed with exit dose as AEC was used and exit dose was calculated from SAL values. The “change-in-density” point of compression was determined. Both LgM and SAL could be used successfully for AGD calculation.
Radioiodine therapy in skeletal metastases from well-differentiated thyroid cancer: a Johannesburg experience
Authors: Perumal Nalini Sindy , Willy Vangu Mboyo-Di-Tamba Heben 
Published: May 2014

Aim.The purpose of this study was to examine the outcome of patients with skeletal metastases from well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma and analyse the effect of variables that influence the prognosis of this disease.
Method. We retrospectively reviewed 352 patients treated and followed-up at the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital’s thyroid cancer clinic from 1982 - 1999.
Findings. Skeletal metastases were diagnosed in 24 (6.8%), 17 at presentation to the thyroid clinic, and 7 at follow-up. Patients’ ages ranged from 30 - 77 years (mean 53.9 years) and the female:male ratio was 3.8:1. Based on the original pathology reports from resected tumours, 9 were papillary and 15 were follicular cancers. Twenty-three of the 24 patients underwent thyroid surgery as the initial management – total thyroidectomy in 18, subtotal thyroidectomy in 3, and lobectomy plus neck dissection in one. The diagnosis of thyroid cancer was based on lobectomy in a single subject. Radioactive iodine (RAI) was used as part of the original treatment; external radiation therapy (XRT) was mainly used to alleviate severe symptoms. Twenty-one patients (87.5%) were treated with RAI; 11 (45.8%) received radiotherapy. Seven patients died – 4 from neurological disease directly associated with bone metastases. Of the 17 surviving patients, 2 appeared to be disease-free, 8 were asymptomatic despite overt bony disease, and 7 had persistent symptoms which much improved in 5. Bone metastases were uncommon, and follicular cancer predominated in this survey.
Conclusion. RAI therapy improves quality of life in most patients. There is a place for XRT.
Sonographic gallbladder wall thickness in normal adult population in Nigeria
Authors: Mohammed S , Tahir A , Ahidjo A , Mustapha Z , O Franza 
Published: May 2014

Aim. The aim of the study was to determine the ultrasonic gallbladder wall thickness in normal adult Nigerians so as to create standards for defining gallbladder abnormalities in Nigerians.
Method. Four hundred adults comprising 228 (57%) women and 172 (43%) men aged 16 - 78 years, who had normal clinical history and physical findings, were recruited. The gallbladder wall thickness was obtained in the supine, prone and right anterior oblique positions. Differences in gallbladder wall thickness were determined using the chi-square test, while the relationship between the ultrasound-measured gallbladder wall thickness and the subjects’ age, sex, height and weight were analysed using the Pearson product moment correlation. Normal ranges and related statistics were estimated and tabulated according to age group and sex.
Results. The mean age of the subjects was 32±13.2 years. The mean gallbladder wall thickness range was 1.8 - 2.8 mm±0.5mm. The thickness range for females was 1.7 - 2.7 mm±0.5 mm, and that for males was 1.9 - 2.9 mm±0.5 mm. There was a statistically significant difference (p
Surveying Indian gay men for coping skills and HIV testing patterns using the internet
Authors: Jethwani KS , Mishra SV , Jethwani PS , Sawant NS 
Published: May 2014

Background:
Surveying vulnerable and incarcerated populations is often challenging. Newer methods to reach and collect sensitive information in a safe, secure, and valid manner can go a long way in addressing this unmet need. Homosexual men in India live with inadequate social support, marginalization, and lack legal recognition. These make them less reachable by public health agencies, and make them more likely to continue with high-risk behaviors, and contract human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Aims:
To understand coping skills and HIV testing patterns of homosexual men versus heterosexual men.

Materials and Methods:
An internet based study using a secure web platform and an anonymised questionnaire. The brief COPE Inventory was used to assess coping styles.

Results:
A total of 124 respondents were studied. Homosexual men used negative coping skills such as behavioral disengagement and tested for HIV significantly more often than heterosexual men. Heterosexual respondents used positive coping skills more often. The most commonly used coping skill by heterosexual men was instrumental coping and by homosexual men was acceptance.

Discussion:
Overall, homosexual men used negative coping mechanisms, like behavioral disengagement more often. The Indian family structure and social support is probably responsible for heterosexual men's over-reliance on instrumental coping, while resulting in disengagement in homosexuals.

Conclusion:
The lack of legal and social recognition of homosexuality has negatively impacted lives of gay men in India. This is strongly linked to harmful psychological and public health implications for HIV prevention and mental health for homosexual men.
Is Cystatin-C superior to creatinine in the early diagnosis of contrast-induced nephropathy?
Authors: Ebru AE , Kilic A , Korkmaz FS , Seker R , Sasmaz H , Demirtas S , Biyikli Z 
Published: May 2014

Background/Aims:
The aim of this study was to assess whether changes in Cystatin C (CyC) after 48 h post contrast media exposure was a reliable indicator of acute kidney injury and the validity of a risk scoring tool for contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI).

Materials and Methods:
We enrolled 121 patients for whom diagnostic coronary angiography were planned. The risk score for CI-AKI was calculated and serum creatinine (sCr) and CyC were measured before and 48 h post coronary angiography. CyC and sCr based AKI was calculated as a 25% increase from baseline within 48 h from contrast media exposure.

Results:
Mean serum CyC and creatinine concentrations were 0.88 ± 0.27 mg/dL and 0.79 ± 0.22 mg/dL, respectively before the procedure and 1.07 ± 0.47 mg/dL and 0.89 ± 0.36 mg/dL, respectively 48 h after contrast media exposure (P < 0.001). CyC based AKI occured in 45 patients (37.19 %) and sCr based AKI occured in 20 patients (16.52%) after the procedure. Mean risk score was found to be 4.00 ± 3.478 and 3.60 ± 4.122 for CyC based AKI and sCr based AKI, respectively and was significantly increased in CyC based AKI group (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
CyC measured 48 h after contrast media exposure may be a more sensitive indicator of CI-AKI relative to creatinine and Mehran risk scoring is in good correlation with CyC increase.
IL-21 and other serum proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with multiple myeloma at diagnosis
Authors: Mehtap O , Atesoglu EB , Tarkun P , Hacihanefioglu A , Dolasik I , Musul MM 
Published: May 2014

Background:
IL-6, IL1-β, TNF-α and IL-21 have been identified in the growth, progression and dissemination of multiple myeloma. To dte, there is no published data about serum levels of IL-21 in patients with multiple myeloma. In the present study we have investigated circulating levels of cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-21 and the association of these levels with the disease stage in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty healthy controls and 44 newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients were evaluated. Patients were classified according to Durie-Salmon criteria, international staging system (ISS) and bone disease. Quantification of cytokine levels in serum were performed by using ELISA.

Results:
The levels of cytokines in patients’ serum are found elevated than healthy controls. However, only the serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were found statistically significant. TNF-α levels of patients with ISS stage 3 were significantly higher than patients with ISS stage 1 and 2 (P 0.000). IL-1β was significantly elevated in advanced stage patients (stage II-III) (P 0.040). There was no correlation between IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-21 levels and bone lesions. IL-6 levels were significantly elevated who have at least three visible lytic bone lesions and/or bone fracture in comparison to patients who have one or two visible or no visible lytic bone lesions (P 0.048).

Conclusion:
It appears that there is no association of serum IL-21 level with multiple myeloma in contrast to the other cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α.
The dangerous gamble of heparinization within two weeks of nonoperative traumatic acute subdural hematoma in patients with increased stroke risk
Authors: McClelland S , Mackey SJ , Kim SS 
Published: May 2014

Background:
In traumatic acute subdural hematoma (aSDH) management, systemic anticoagulation is contraindicated, particularly during the first 2 weeks. We present two cases of patients with nonoperative aSDH whose stroke risk led to heparinization within 2 weeks of the initial hemorrhage and examine their outcomes to illustrate the risks and benefits associated with systemic anticoagulation.

Materials and Methods:
Two elderly males, on warfarin at baseline who developed traumatic nonoperative aSDH were heparinized within 2 weeks of aSDH onset.

Results:
One patient showed a decreased SDH volume on Day 19. The second patient developed sudden onset headache with fixed/dilated pupils on Day 5. In this patient, a CT scan of the brain revealed marked enlargement of the aSDH from 0.9 to 2.4 cm with midline shift of 1.5 cm, and uncal herniation that was incompatible with life.

Conclusion:
Heparinization within two weeks of aSDH may cause SDH enlargement resulting in rapidly fatal neurologic deterioration. Further study is needed to more definitively address this issue.
Clinical profile and management of tuberculous bronchoesophageal fistula
Authors: Baijal Rajiv , Ramegowda Praveen Kumar Hadlahally , Jain Mayank , Gupta Deepak , Shah Nimish , Kulkarni Sandeep 
Published: May 2014

Abstract
Background and Objectives: Tracheoesophageal/bronchoesophageal fistula is a rare clinical condition, and occurs due to a variety of disease processes. This report describes the clinical profile, management, and outcome of bronchoesophageal fistulas due to tuberculosis in five patients. Patients and Methods: Patients diagnosed with esophageal tuberculosis over the last eight years were included. Details regarding the demographics, symptomatology, barium swallow, upper GI endoscopy, with biopsy and high resolution computed tomography of the chest were recorded for patients with tracheoesophageal fistula. The diagnosis was confirmed by acid fast bacilli (AFB) positive fluid aspirate/brush cytology from the fistula, lymph node biopsy showing caseous necrosis or AFB bacillus and tissue tuberculosis culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: There were five patients (four males and one female) with a mean age of 43.8 ± 17 years (range, 17 to 59 years). The mean duration of symptoms was 38 ± 7 days. The most common symptom was coughing on swallowing followed by dysphagia. Two patients had concomitant pulmonary tuberculosis; two had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and one was a post-renal transplant. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was established in all five patients with esophageal cytology, lymph node biopsy, and tissue tuberculosis PCR. All the patients were successfully treated with a combination of antituberculous drugs (five patients), glue application on fistula (one patient), Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube insertion (three patients), and surgery (one patient). Conclusions: Tuberculous bronchoesophageal fistula is a rare complication and can be successfully managed predominatly with a combination of antituberculous treatment, PEG tube placement, and rarely surgery.
An unusual experience with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Patil Mallikarjun , Sheth Keyur A. , Adarsh C. K. , Girisha B. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is known for its varied diagnostic and therapeutic utility for a variety of disorders. However it has greater likelihood of procedure related complications among the endoscopic procedures of gastrointestinal tract. The extraluminal hemorrhagic complications following ERCP are potentially life threatening though relatively rare. We present a 50 year patient with choledocholithiasis and cholelithiasis developing rare complication of subcapsular hepatic hematoma, following ERCP due to guide wire injury.
Treatment and follow-up of a case of bleeding duodenal varix
Authors: Chandrasekar Viveksandeep Thoguluva , Janakan Gokul Bollu , Venkatachalam Rajesh , Seshadri Chandrasekar Thoguluva 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDuodenal varices (DV) are rare in patients with portal hypertension secondary to liver disease. Their tendency to bleed is less common than in gastroesophageal varices, but can sometimes produce a life-threatening bleed. They are often difficult to diagnose and treat. We present a case of a 35-year-old man with parenchymal liver disease admitted with complaints of hematemesis and melena. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed and a duodenal varix, with stigmata of a recent bleed, was noted in the second part of the duodenum. Five milliliters of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate glue was injected into the varix leading to obliteration. A follow-up study with an endoscopic ultrasound and repeat endoscopy showed near total obturation of the varix and success of the therapy. This report concludes that glue injection can effectively be used as a first-line treatment for bleeding duodenal varices.
Occupational Therapy for Care Home Residents with Stroke: What is Routine National Practice?
Authors: Fletcher-Smith Joanna , Drummond Avril , Sackley Catherine , Moody Amy , Walker Marion 
Published: May 2014

Introduction: Information is currently lacking on the provision of occupational therapy for care home residents with stroke. The aim of this study was to identify current routine occupational therapy practice for this stroke population. Method: A questionnaire targeting qualified occupational therapists with work experience in a care home setting was designed, piloted, and transferred to an online survey. An invitation to participate was distributed via three of the College of Occupational Therapists Specialist Sections, social networking sites, and flyers at conferences. Findings: Responses were analysed from 114 respondents representing the United Kingdom, the majority (72%) of whom were employed by the National Health Service. Ninety-two respondents (81%) had delivered occupational therapy to a care home resident with stroke in the last year but only 16% were ‘stroke specialists’. The most common aims of intervention were to: maintain participation in activities of daily living, improve posture and positioning, and provide training. Non-standardized assessment was the most common form of assessment used. The functional approach was most frequently adopted. The most frequently provided intervention was ‘seating and positioning’. Conclusion: Occupational therapy is available to some stroke survivors in care homes; however, interventions are not commonly evidence based and are not routinely delivered by stroke specialists.
Dental Prosthetic Status and Prosthetic Needs of the Institutionalized Elderly Living in Geriatric Homes in Hyderabad: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ratnakar P , Maheswar G , Kumar G Ajay , Malathi S , Sridevi K , Someshwar B 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

Introduction
To promote oral health among the elderly, we need to know their prosthetic status and prosthetic need. Hence, a survey of prosthetic status and need of elderly inmates of geriatric homes in Hyderabad was done.

Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study was undertaken, and 174 subjects aged 60 years and above were examined of which 103 were male and 71 were female (59.2% males and 40.8% females). The oral examination of the study subjects was carried out using basic oral health surveys, WHO 1997 criteria.

Results
Majority of the subjects, 73 (70.8%) males and 53 (74.6%) females had no prosthesis. Only 4.6% had complete dentures and 21.1% had removable partial dentures and 10.9% had single/multiple bridges. Need for any prosthesis was (83.5%) male and 63 (88.7%) female subjects and nearly 82. 8% subjects required one-unit prosthesis.

Conclusion
Dental prosthetic status of people living in geriatric homes is very poor and there is high unmet need for prosthetic care existed among the institutionalized elderly surveyed.

Key messages
A prevention based intervention programs to reduce early tooth loss is recommended and Oral health programs should be specially designed for these special group.

How to cite this article
Kumar GA, Maheswar G, Malathi S, Sridevi K, Ratnakar P, Someshwar B. Dental Prosthetic Status and Prosthetic Needs of the Institutionalized Elderly Living in Geriatric Homes in Hyderabad: A Pilot Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1169-1172.
Primary Mucosal Melanoma: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Karunakaran Anila , Ravindran Rathy , Shenoy Mahesh , Arshad Mohammed , Laxmi MK Shruthi 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTPrimary mucosal malignant melanoma is of unusual occurrence and poor prognosis. We report two cases of primary mucosal melanoma, one in a 70-year-old male in the palate and the other in a 73-year-old female in the maxillary sinus. Early diagnosis and proper clinical and cytologic evaluation is necessary to institute therapeutic intervention. These cases are reported on account of their rarity of occurrence and difficulty of treatment.How to cite this articleKarunakaran A, Ravindran R, Shenoy M, Arshad M, Laxmi MKS. Primary Mucosal Melanoma: Report of Two Cases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1189-1192.
Microbial Flora in Oral Diseases
Authors: Sanketh DS , Amrutha N 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT
The oral cavity being the hub of gamut of microbes, promotes the establishment of distinct microbial communities, such as on the mucosa and teeth. Metabolism of these organisms facilitates the attachment and growth of the subsequent colonisers. A delicate balance is maintained in the microbial ecosystem, with these organisms contributing to normal development and defences. However, any change or disruption in the microbial profile due to either intrinsic or extrinsic factors can result in an unfavorable shift toward pathogenic organisms triggering various diseases like dental caries or periodontitis. Furthermore, recent findings also state that these microorganisms may lead to systemic diseases like diabetes or atherosclerosis. This article is an attempt to give an overview of the altered flora in diseased states.

How to cite this article
Patil S, Rao RS, Sanketh DS, Amrutha N. Microbial Flora in Oral Diseases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1202-1208.
Remission of generalized erythematous granuloma annulare after improvement of hyperlipidemia and review of the Japanese literature
Authors: Watanabe Soko , Tanaka Masaru , Kobayashi Ken , Sawada Mizuki , Ishizaki Sumiko , Tsurui Koji , Fujibayashi Mariko 
Published: May 2014

Granuloma annulare has been associated with systemic disease including diabetes mellitus. We report a case of a 62-year-old Japanese woman with generalized erythematous granuloma annulare who showed remission after substantial improvement in hyperlipidemia following a strict lipid-lowering diet. The lesion appeared in the lower abdomen one year before current presentation and subsequently spread to other areas of the trunk despite treatment with topical steroid and oral epinastine hydrochloride. Physical examination showed a well-demarcated erythematous plaque measuring 10 cm in diameter with fine scales on the left abdomen, and slightly indurated pinkish plaques of up to 5 cm in diameter on the right side of the abdomen and axillae. Clinical laboratory tests showed mild glucose intolerance (HbA1c 6.2%), mild liver dysfunction (AST: 86 IU/L, ALT: 76 IU/l), slight hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol: 235 mg/dl), and severe hyperlipidemia (triglyceride: 962 mg/ml). Histopathological examination of the lesions showed homogenization of collagen fibers and granulomatous infiltrates between fibers in the upper and middle dermis. A diagnosis of generalized erythematous granuloma annulare was established based on the clinical and histopathological findings, especially with the distribution on more than one anatomic site. A lipid-lowering diet for three months resulted in major improvement of hyperlipidemia and remission of the skin lesions.
A review of generalized erythematous granuloma annulare in the Japanese literature indicated a well-known association of granuloma annulare with diabetes mellitus, however, the relation with hyperlipidemia was described only recently. This case suggests a possible relationship between granuloma annulare and hyperlipidemia, with possible improvement of granuloma annulare with a lipid-lowering diet.
Le Japon est-il une démocratie multinationale ?
Authors: Steele Jackie F. , Froment-Lebeau Maryse 
Published: May 2014

L’objectif de cet article est de dépasser les limites conceptuelles et typologiques de la littérature sur les minorités, le Japon multiculturel, et le Japon multiethnique en menant une réflexion critique quant aux mécanismes politiques, juridiques et discursifs d’exclusion et d’inclusion délimitant les normes de la subjectivité japonaise. À partir d’une analyse féministe de l’intersectionalité de la diversité situant la « race », la culture, le genre et l’hétéro-normativité comme systèmes d’oppressions qui seconstituent mutuellement, nous examinerons également la littérature comparée sur la démocratie multinationale. Une fouille généalogique du passé colonial japonais, et l’étude d’un mariage multinational entre une japonaise et unZainichicoréen nous permet de découvrir et de critiquer les contradictions juridiques et politiques des diverses facettes de la subjectivité et de l’appartenance (nation, diaspora, etc.) que le système du registre familial et la loi sur la nationalité reproduisent constamment.