bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Laser Transit Measurements of the Tip Clearance Vortex in a Compressor Rotor Blade Row
Authors: Foley Andrew C. , Ivey Paul C. 
Published: February 2015

This paper describes the structure of the tip clearance flow in a low speed isolated compressor rotor. Pneumatic cobra probes are radially traversed upstream and downstream of the blade row and the time averaged total pressure losses across the blade row calculated. The increase in pressure losses due to the tip clearance flow is clearly seen.
The nature of the tip losses is investigated further using a unique 3D laser transit anemometer to measure velocities and turbulence levels. A 3D representation of the resulting flow field is then constructed using the experimentally measured velocity vectors. With the aid of ‘stream particles’ released into this flow field a vortex structure is then visualised. A section through the path of this vortex assists in showing its development through the blade row.
Due to the co-location of this vortex and the total pressure losses in the passage, it is this vortex which is believed to be responsible for the excess total pressure losses in the tip region.
Choice of the Pseudo-Optimal Configuration of a Cooled Gas-Turbine Blade Based on a Constrained Minimization of the Global Entropy Production Rate
Authors: Natalini Gianni , Sciubba Enrico 
Published: February 2015

The problem of determining the optimal configuration of a cooled gas-turbine blade is approached by an entropy minimization technique proposed in previous works by the same authors. The present paper describes the application of the same line of thought to a more complex (and realistic) pseudo-optimization procedure, in which the objective function is again the global entropy generation rate, but two integral constraints are added to the original formulation: the maximum blade temperature (weak constraint) and the overall enthalpy drop of the working fluid in the blade passage (strong constraint). The discontinuous optimization procedure is presented here in an application which resembles a trial-and-error technique, but can be rigorously and formally described and implemented [12].
As a “zero configuration”, a realistic 2-D geometry is considered, and the thermo-fluiddynamic field around it is computed via a standard finite-element code. Then, the entropy generation rates in the blade/fluid system are calculated, and the value of the overall enthalpy drop of the gas as well as the value and location of the maximum blade temperature are recorded. Keeping all other parameters fixed (in particular, maintaining the same cooling air flowrate), the geometry of the blade is slightly “perturbed”, by introducing arbitrary modifications in the blade profile, the number and location of cooling holes, etc. Again, the velocity and temperature fields are computed, and inlet conditions are tuned so that the overall enthalpy drop remains approximately constant and the blade maximum temperature does not exceed a certain assigned value.
An “optimal” configuration is found, which is affected by the minimal entropy generation rate, while abiding to the imposed constraints.
The procedure is demonstrated on a realistic blade profile, and is shown to produce a better performing cascade, at least in this 2-D simulation. The extension to 3-D problems is — in principle — straightforward (but see Section 3 for further comments).
Internal Damage Accumulation and Imminent Failure of an Industrial Gas Turbine Blade: Interpretation and Implications
Authors: Wood M. I. 
Published: February 2015

The row 1 blade from a heavy industrial gas turbine has been examined after ∼21,000 fired hours to assess the level and nature of the damage originating from the cooling holes. This consisted primarily of creep cracking/voiding coupled with deep internal oxidation/nitridation.
The difficulties the manufacturer had in addressing the problem are discussed within the context of component assessment methodologies and the ‘new’ technologies which are being incorporatd into new unit types, but for which little service experience has yet been generated.
Repowering a Steam Turbine-Generator Power Plant Through Heat Recovery Type Combined Cycle: Selection of the Cycle — A Case Study
Authors: Bazzini H. A. 
Published: February 2015

Much of the steam-turbine based, power generating units all over the word are more than 30 years old now. Within a few years they will face the possibility of retirement from service and replacement. Nonetheless some of them are firm candidates for repowering, a technology able to improve plant efficiency, output and reliability at low costs.
This paper summarizes a study performed to establish the feasibility to repower a 2 × 33 MW steam turbine power plant and the procedure followed until selection of the steam cycle more suitable to the project. The preferred solution is compared with direct replacement of the units by a new combined cycle.
Various repowering options were reviewed to find “beat recovery” type repowering as the best solution. That well-known technology consists of replacing the steam generator by a gas turbine coupled to an HRSG, supplying steam to the existing steam turbine.
Three “GT+HRSG+ST” arrangements were considered. Available gas turbine-generators — both industrial and aero-derivative type —, were surveyed for three power output ranges. Five “typical” gas turbine-generator classes were then selected.
Steam flow raised at the HRSG, gross and net power generation, and heat exchanging surface area of the HRSG, were calculated for a broad range of usually applied, steam turbine throttle conditions. Both single pressure and double pressure steam cycles were considered, as well as supplemental fire and convenience of utilizing the existing feed water heaters. Balance of plant constraints were also reviewed.
Estimates were developed for total investment, O&M costs, fuel expenses, and revenues. Results are shown through various graphics and tables. The route leading to the preferred solution is explained and a sensitivity analysis added to validate the selection.
The preferred solution, consisting in a Class 130 gas turbine in arrangement 1–1–2, a dual-pressure HRSG and a steam cycle without feed-water heaters, win allow delivering 200 MW to the grid, with a heat rate of 7423 kJ/kW-hr. Investment was valued at $MM77.0, with an IRR of 15.3%. Those figures compare well with the option of installing a new GTCC unit: with a better heat rate but an investment valued at $MM97.5, its IRR will only be 12.4%.
Three-Dimensional Flow Calculations of the Stator in a Highly Loaded Transonic Fan
Authors: Emmerson Paul R. 
Published: February 2015

A 3D viscous solver has been used to model the flow in the stator of a highly loaded single-stage transonic fan. The fan has a very high level of aerodynamic loading at the hub, which results in a severe hub endwall stall. Prediction of the flow at the 100% speed, peak efficiency condition has been carried out and comparisons are made with experiment, including stator exit traverses and fixed blade surface pressure tappings and flow visualisation. Comparisons are also made with an analysis of the rotor and stator rows using the DRA S1-S2 method.
The 3D predictions show good qualitative agreement with measurements in all regions of the flow field. Quantitatively the flow away from the hub region agreed the best. The general trends of the severe hub endwall stail were predicted, although the shape and size did not match experiment exactly. The S1-S2 system was unable to predict the hub endwall stall, since it arises from fully 3D flow effects.
Effects of Core-Musculature Fatigue on Maximal Shoulder Strength
Authors: Rosemeyer James R. , Hayes Bradley T. , Switzler Craig L. , Hicks-Little Charlie A. 
Published: February 2015

Context:Core stability has been shown to affect lower-extremity motion, but activation of the core has also been observed just before movements of the upper extremity. However, there is limited evidence regarding the effects that core musculature has on upper-extremity strength.Objective:To determine the effects of core fatigue on maximal shoulder strength.Design:Crossover study.Setting:Sports-medicine research laboratory.Participants:23 participants (15 male and 8 female, age 21.3 ± 2.5 y, height 174.5 ± 10.3 cm, weight 71.3 ± 12.0 kg).Intervention:All participants performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions in 3 different planes (sagittal, frontal, transverse) of shoulder-joint motion. A core-fatiguing protocol was conducted, and the same 3 shoulder-strength tests were repeated and compared with the initial measurements.Main Outcome Measures:Strength measures were recorded in kilograms with a dynamometer.Results:Results showed a significant decrease in strength in the frontal (−0.56 ± 1.06 kg, P = .020) and transverse (−0.89 ± 1.49 kg, P = .012) planes but not in the sagittal plane (−0.20 ± 0.98 kg, P > .05). Furthermore, regardless of the specific strength test measured, results revealed that the 1st (−7.05% ± 11.65%, P = .012) and 2nd (−5.71% ± 12.03%, P = .042) strength-test measurements after the fatiguing protocol were significantly decreased, while the 3rd strength-test measurement (−4.19% ± 12.48%, P = .140) did not show statistical significance.Conclusion:These results indicate that decrease in core stability may have an influence on shoulder strength. The literature suggests that the core is designed for endurance, and this study helps validate its recovery properties. Further research is needed to determine the significance of this effect and how injury rates coincide.
Reliability of 3-Dimensional Measures of Single-Leg Drop Landing Across 3 Institutions: Implications for Multicenter Research for Secondary ACL-Injury Prevention
Authors: Myer Gregory D. , Bates Nathaniel A. , DiCesare Christopher A. , Foss Kim D. Barber , Thomas Staci M. , Wordeman Samuel C. , Sugimoto Dai , Roewer Benjamin D. , McKeon Jennifer M. Medina , Di Stasi Stephanie L. , Noehren Brian W. , McNally Michael , Ford Kevin R. , Kiefer Adam W. , Hewett Timothy E. 
Published: February 2015

Context:Due to the limitations of single-center studies in achieving appropriate sampling with relatively rare disorders, multicenter collaborations have been proposed to achieve desired sampling levels. However, documented reliability of biomechanical data is necessary for multicenter injury-prevention studies and is currently unavailable.Objective:To measure the reliability of 3-dimensional (3D) biomechanical waveforms from kinetic and kinematic variables during a single-leg landing (SLL) performed at 3 separate testing facilities.Design:Multicenter reliability study.Setting:3 laboratories.Patients:25 female junior varsity and varsity high school volleyball players who visited each facility over a 1-mo period.Intervention:Subjects were instrumented with 43 reflective markers to record 3D motion as they performed SLLs. During the SLL the athlete balanced on 1 leg, dropped down off of a 31-cm-high box, and landed on the same leg. Kinematic and kinetic data from both legs were processed from 2 trials across the 3 laboratories.Main Outcome Measures:Coefficients of multiple correlations (CMC) were used to statistically compare each joint angle and moment waveform for the first 500 ms of landing.Results:Average CMC for lower-extremity sagittal-plane motion was excellent between laboratories (hip .98, knee .95, ankle .99). Average CMC for lower-extremity frontal-plane motion was also excellent between laboratories (hip .98, knee .80, ankle .93). Kinetic waveforms were repeatable in each plane of rotation (3-center mean CMC ≥.71), while knee sagittal-plane moments were the most consistent measure across sites (3-center mean CMC ≥.94).Conclusions:CMC waveform comparisons were similar relative to the joint measured to previously published reports of between-sessions reliability of sagittal- and frontal-plane biomechanics performed at a single institution. Continued research is needed to further standardize technology and methods to help ensure that highly reliable results can be achieved with multicenter biomechanical screening models.
Unexpected-Disturbance Program for Rehabilitation of High-Performance Athletes
Authors: Teichmann Jorg , Suwarganda Edin K. , Lendewig Claudia , Wilson Barry D. , Yeo Wee Kian , Aziz Ramlan Abdul , Schmidtbleicher Dietmar 
Published: February 2015

Context:The Unexpected-Disturbance Program (UDP) promotes exercises in response to so-called involuntary short- to midlatency disturbances.Objective:This study investigated the effectiveness of the UDP in the last 6 wk of rehabilitation.Design:Pre–post study with 2-tailed paired t tests for limited a priori comparisons to examine differences.Setting:National Sports Institute of Malaysia.Participants:24 Malaysian national athletes.Interventions:7 sessions/wk of 90 min with 3 sessions allocated for 5 or 6 UDP exercises.Main Outcomes:Significant improvements for men and women were noted. Tests included 20-m sprint, 1-repetition-maximum single-leg press, standing long jump, single-leg sway, and a psychological questionnaire.Results:For men and women, respectively, average strength improvements of 22% (d = 0.96) and 29% (d = 1.05), sprint time of 3% (d = 1.06) and 4% (d = 0.58), and distance jumped of 4% (d = 0.59) and 6% (d = 0.47) were noted. In addition, athletes reported improved perceived confidence in their abilities. All athletes improved in each functional test except for long jump in 2 of the athletes. Mediolateral sway decreased in 18 of the 22 athletes for the injured limb.Conclusion:The prevention training with UDP resulted in improved conditioning and seems to decrease mediolateral sway.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Unclassified Iron-Oxidizing, Chemolithoautotrophic
Burkholderiales
Bacterium GJ-E10, Isolated from an Acidic River
Authors: Fukushima Jun , Tojo Fuyumi , Asano Ryoki , Kobayashi Yayoi , Shimura Yoichiro , Okano Kunihiro , Miyata Naoyuki 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Burkholderiales bacterium GJ-E10, isolated from the Tamagawa River in Akita Prefecture, Japan, is an unclassified, iron-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophic bacterium. Its single circular genome, consisting of 3,276,549 bp, was sequenced by using three types of next-generation sequencers and the sequences were then confirmed by PCR-based Sanger sequencing.
Draft Genome Sequences of Mycobacterium setense Type Strain DSM-45070 and the Nonpathogenic Strain Manresensis, Isolated from the Bank of the Cardener River in Manresa, Catalonia, Spain
Authors: Rech Gabriel , Vilaplana Cristina , Velasco Juan , Pluvinet Raquel , Santín Sheila , Prat Cristina , Julián Esther , Alcaide Fernando , Comas Iñaki , Sumoy Lauro , Cardona Pere-Joan 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACTWe present here the draft genome sequences of twoMycobacterium setensestrains. One of them corresponds to the M. setense type strain DSM-45070, originally isolated from a patient with a posttraumatic chronic skin abscess. The other one corresponds to the nonpathogenic M. setense strain Manresensis, isolated from the Cardener River crossing Manresa, Catalonia, Spain. A comparative genomic analysis shows a smaller genome size and fewer genes in M. setense strain Manresensis relative to those of the type strain, and it shows the genome segments unique to each strain.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Novel Leech Symbiont Mucinivorans hirudinis M3
T
Authors: Nelson Michael C. , Bomar Lindsey , Graf Joerg 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT

Mucinivorans hirudinis
M3
T
was isolated from the digestive tract of the medicinal leech,
Hirudo verbana
, and is the type species of a new genus within the
Rikenellaceae
. Here, we report the complete annotated genome sequence of this bacterium.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Quorum-Sensing Bacterium, Dickeya sp. Strain 2B12, Isolated from a Freshwater Lake
Authors: Tan Kian-Hin , Sheng Kit-Yeng , Chang Chien-Yi , Yin Wai-Fong , Chan Kok-Gan 
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT
Dickeya sp. strain 2B12 was isolated from a freshwater lake in Malaysia. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Dickeya sp. 2B12 sequenced by the Illumina MiSeq platform. With the genome sequence available, this genome sequence will be useful for the study of quorum-sensing activity in this isolate.
Polymorphisms inMIR27AAssociated with Early-Onset Toxicity in Fluoropyrimidine-Based Chemotherapy
Authors: Amstutz Ursula , Offer Steven M. , Sistonen Johanna , Joerger Markus , Diasio Robert B. , Largiadèr Carlo R. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractPurpose: The microRNA miR-27a was recently shown to directly regulate dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the key enzyme in fluoropyrimidine catabolism. A common polymorphism (rs895819A&gt;G) in the miR-27a genomic region (MIR27A) was associated with reduced DPD activity in healthy volunteers, but the clinical relevance of this effect is still unknown. Here, we assessed the association of MIR27A germline variants with early-onset fluoropyrimidine toxicity.Experimental Design: MIR27A was sequenced in 514 patients with cancer receiving fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy. Associations of MIR27A polymorphisms with early-onset (cycles 1–2) fluoropyrimidine toxicity were assessed in the context of known risk variants in the DPD gene (DPYD) and additional covariates associated with toxicity.Results: The association of rs895819A&gt;G with early-onset fluoropyrimidine toxicity was strongly dependent on DPYD risk variant carrier status (Pinteraction = 0.0025). In patients carrying DPYD risk variants, rs895819G was associated with a strongly increased toxicity risk [OR, 7.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7–34.7; P = 0.0085]. Overall, 71% (12/17) of patients who carried both rs895819G and a DPYD risk variant experienced severe toxicity. In patients without DPYD risk variants, rs895819G was associated with a modest decrease in toxicity risk (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43–0.9; P = 0.012).Conclusions: These results indicate that miR-27a and rs895819A&gt;G may be clinically relevant for further toxicity risk stratification in carriers of DPYD risk variants. Our data suggest that direct suppression of DPD by miR-27a is primarily relevant in the context of fluoropyrimidine toxicity in patients with reduced DPD activity. However, miR-27a regulation of additional targets may outweigh its effect on DPD in patients without DPYD risk variants. Clin Cancer Res; 21(9); 2038–44. ©2015 AACR.
Modification of Cell Differentiation, One of the Mechanisms in the Surveillance of Malignancy
Authors: Klein Eva , Nagy Noemi , Rasul Eahsan 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Most humans carry the potentially life-endangering Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). The immediate danger after infection is imposed by proliferation of the B cells that carry the viral genome. Although a number of different cell types can be infected with EBV, B lymphocytes are exceptionally sensitive; they express a set of virus-encoded proteins, which collaborate with host proteins to induce proliferation. This phenomenon can be demonstrated in vitro with experimentally infected B cells. These viral genes are expressed only in B lymphocytes and are restricted to a defined differentiation stage. This limitation is of high importance for the maintenance of the controlled EBV-carrier state of humans. The emergence of EBV-induced B-cell malignancies is counteracted by highly efficient immunologic mechanisms. Recognition of EBV-transformed immunoblasts in an MHC class I–restricted manner by cytotoxic CD8 T cells and, to a lesser extent, by CD4 T cells, is thought to play the major role. The in vitro experimental results are in accordance with the emergence of EBV+ B-cell malignancies in immunosuppressive conditions. In this Masters primer, we emphasize that in addition to eliminating B cells that carry the virus genome, the regulatory circuit of the immune response also operates in surveillance, particularly in the early phase of infection. This mechanism involves T-cell–mediated regulation of B-cell differentiation. Because of the strict dependence of the viral growth program on the expression of host cell factors, altering the differentiation state can curb the proliferation of B cells that harbor the viral genome. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(2); 97–102. ©2015 AACR.
Divergent Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 in Pathogenesis of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Shen Mengcheng , Lee Jiwon , Basu Ratnadeep , Sakamuri Siva S.V.P. , Wang Xiuhua , Fan Dong , Kassiri Zamaneh 
Published: February 2015

Objective—
Aortic aneurysm, focal dilation of the aorta, results from impaired integrity of aortic extracellular matrix (ECM). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are traditionally known as ECM-degrading enzymes. MMP2 has been associated with aneurysm in patients and in animal models. We investigated the role of MMP2 in thoracic aortic aneurysm using 2 models of aortic remodeling and aneurysm.

Approach and Results—

Male 10-week-old MMP2-deficient (MMP2
−/−
) and wild-type mice received angiotensin II (Ang II, 1.5 mg/kg/day) or saline (Alzet pump) for 4 weeks. Although both genotypes exhibited dilation of the ascending aorta after Ang II infusion, MMP2
−/−
mice showed more severe dilation of the thoracic aorta and thoracic aortic aneurysm. The Ang II–induced increase in elastin and collagen (mRNA and protein) was markedly suppressed in MMP2
−/−
thoracic aorta and smooth muscle cells, whereas only mRNA levels were reduced in MMP2
−/−
-Ang II abdominal aorta. Consistent with the absence of MMP2, proteolytic activities were lower in MMP2
−/−
-Ang II compared with wild-type-Ang II thoracic and abdominal aorta. MMP2-deficiency suppressed the activation of latent transforming growth factor-β and the Smad2/3 pathway in vivo and in vitro. Intriguingly, MMP2
−/−
mice were protected against CaCl
2
-induced thoracic aortic aneurysm, which triggered ECM degradation but not synthesis.

Conclusions—
This study reveals the dual role of MMP2 in ECM degradation, as well as ECM synthesis. Moreover, the greater susceptibility of the thoracic aorta to impaired ECM synthesis, compared with vulnerability of the abdominal aorta to aberrant ECM degradation, provides an insight into the regional susceptibility of the aorta to aneurysm development.