bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jordanian EFL Supervisors' Perspectives towards EFL Teachers' Using Authentic Assessment Strategies and Tools
Authors: Al-Zawahrah Ahmad Muhammad Yousuf 
Published: July 2024

Objectives: The current study aimed to explore the perspectives of English language supervisors in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan regarding the extent to which English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers in government schools practice authentic assessment strategies and tools. Additionally, the researcher attempted to uncover the challenges faced by EFL teachers in using authentic assessment strategies and tools..
Methods: For this study, the researcher followed a hybrid approach, constructing a questionnaire distributed to English language supervisors, totaling 102, supplemented by interviews with 10 selected supervisors based on accessibility.
Results: Statistical results revealed that pen-and-paper and observation-based assessment strategies were the most commonly used and applied by English language teachers, while self-assessment strategy was the least used according to supervisors' perspectives. The study also showed that checklist and rubric were the most commonly used authentic assessment tools. Moreover, the study indicated a strong gender effect on the use of authentic assessment strategies and tools in favor of females. The study identified several challenges hindering the use of authentic assessment strategies and tools, revolving around three main axes: students' proficiency level, infrastructure, and teachers' readiness in terms of attitude, skills, and knowledge.
Conclusions: The researcher recommends designing an educational program on authentic assessment strategies and tools with a focus on practical aspects and implementing it through a series of face-to-face workshops at the school network level to refine the skills of English language teachers in the field of authentic assessment, especially in boys' schools.
Enhancing anesthesia precision: integration of BIS monitoring in anesthesia machines
Authors: Zahid Muhammad Arslan , Kumar Vinod , Wadhwani Jatendar , Kumar Ajeet , Hasan Muhammad Farhan , Saleh Muhammad 
Published: July 2024

The review examines the integration of Bispectral Index (BIS) monitoring into anesthesia machines, focusing on its fundamental principles, clinical applications, and technical nuances. BIS, a parameter derived from electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis, quantifies the hypnotic effects of anesthesia, providing an objective measure of the patient's neurological state. The integration enhances perioperative outcomes, improve patient safety, and optimize the administration of anesthetic drugs. This review highlights the challenges posed by variations in patient reactions to anesthetics and the limited effectiveness of traditional monitoring methods. BIS monitoring offers real-time evaluation and precise titration of anesthesia, reducing risks of over-sedation and insufficient anesthesia. Thereby reducing the risk of oversedation and insufficient anesthesia. It also mitigates anesthesia awareness, which is a rare but serious phenomenon. This review discusses the implementation and practice guidelines for BIS monitoring, emphasizing the need for thorough training of anesthesia practitioners. It also discusses the economic implications and cost-effectiveness of BIS monitoring, with potential benefits in optimizing anesthesia management. The ethical and legal considerations associated with BIS monitoring are also discussed, emphasizing its role in providing impartial evidence in disputes. The article concludes by positioning BIS monitoring as a standard of care in anesthesia and critical care settings, highlighting its pivotal development in anesthesia machines, including wireless connectivity.
Keywords: Anesthesia Machines; Anesthesia Precision; Awareness, Intraoperative; BIS Monitoring; Bispectral Index (BIS); Depth of Anesthesia; EEG Analysis; Perioperative Outcomes; Patient Safety; Surgical Precision
Citation: Zahid MA, Kumar V, Wadhwani J, Kumar A, Hasan MF, Saleh M. Enhancing anesthesia precision: integration of BIS monitoring in anesthesia machines. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2024;28(3):558−565; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v28i2.2481
Received: January 20, 2024; Reviewed: February 23, 2024; Accepted February 23, 2024
A carne à prova: o erotismo em Hilda Hilst
Authors: Moura Júlia Oliveira Silva de 
Published: July 2024

Introdução: Este ensaio investiga a representação do erotismo na obra da poeta Hilda Hilst, destacando como essa temática se entrelaça com o sagrado, o místico e a morte, com base nas teorias de Georges Bataille. A relevância deste estudo, sobretudo, reside na exploração de como Hilst subverte convenções literárias e sociais ao conferir um caráter transgressivo ao erótico, revelando uma perspectiva única sobre o desejo e a finitude. Objetivo: O objetivo principal é analisar de que forma Hilst sacraliza o erótico, trazendo à tona uma nova compreensão sobre a relação entre prazer e mortalidade. Método: Para isso, o estudo utiliza uma leitura detalhada dos poemas "Lembra-te que morreremos” e “não compreendo. Apenas". Resultados: Os resultados demonstram que a obra de Hilst desafia a dicotomia tradicional entre o profano e o sagrado, sugerindo uma fusão íntima dessas esferas por meio da experiência erótica. Além disso, a análise destaca o papel central da morte na poética de Hilst, revelando como a inevitabilidade da finitude intensifica a busca pelo prazer e pela transcendência. Conclusões: Em síntese, o estudo oferece, assim, uma visão inovadora sobre a interseção entre erotismo e misticismo na obra de Hilst, ampliando o entendimento dessas temáticas na literatura.
Extracting the True Cosmic-ray Relative Intensity Sky Map from Normalized Relative Intensity Data Measured by Air Shower Experiments
Authors: Maalal N. D. , Zhang M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We use data from the Tibet AS
γ experiment for 4 teraelectronvolt (TeV) cosmic rays as an example to perform a nonlinear interstellar distribution model regression according to the way the observed anisotropy is typically presented, from which we extract normalization factors that allow us to obtain a true relative intensity sky map from the measurements. By using various test statistics, we show that the nonlinear fit significantly outperforms the direct linear fit in its ability to model cosmic-ray anisotropy. The procedure also allows us to produce normalization constants that can trace minute latitudinal variations of experimental response to cosmic-ray intensity. Applying the correction of the latitudinal response function to the Tibet ASγ data, we generate a sky map of true relative intensity. As a result, we observe that the measured and corrected sky maps show significant differences in intensity and angular spectral power. Our full anisotropy sky map of true relative intensity contradicts the assumption that the latitudinal variation in longitudinally averaged flux is negligible. The result further confirms that TeV cosmic-ray anisotropy is dominated by a dipole (ℓ = 1) aligned with the interstellar magnetic field’s direction. Our results also confirm the existence of much weaker middle-scale interstellar anisotropy between ℓ = 2 and ℓ = 13.
Establishment and Application of an Interplanetary Disturbance Index Based on the Solar Wind–Magnetosphere Energy Coupling Function and the Spectral Whitening Method
Authors: Zhao Xiaowei , Wang Jingsong , Zhao Mingxian , Liu Ying D. , Hu Huidong , Liu Mingzhe , Mao Tian , Zong Qiugang 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
We develop a preliminary interplanetary disturbance index (J

s

W

) by applying the spectral whitening method to an energy coupling function with solar wind measurements during the years 1998–2014 as the input, which can be used as an indicator of perturbations in the near-Earth solar wind. The correlation and temporal variation between J

s

W

and the geomagnetic disturbance index (J

p

G

) constructed from the same method have been analyzed in detail for 167 geomagnetic storms with the minimum D
st index less than or equal to −50 nT. The time delay between J

s

W

and J

p

G

is clearly observable and varies for different events, according to which J

s

W

is shifted backward with respect to J

p

G

. We obtain a fairly good negative correlation between the shifted J

s

W

and the J

p

G

indices for the majority of events, and the significance level for 88% of the events (i.e., 147 events) does not exceed 0.05. A statistical analysis of the shifted J

s

W

and the J

p

G

indices for 147 selected events reveals that larger values of J

s

W

and smaller magnitudes of J

p

G

are commonly accompanied by enhanced southward magnetic fields, which implies that more solar wind energy is entering the magnetosphere and thus causing strong geomagnetic storms. Furthermore, a linear fit of the two indices suggests that the evolution of J

p

G

can be predicted about 2 hr in advance based on J

s

W

, indicating that J

s

W

can provide early warnings of possible disturbances in the geomagnetic fields, which is crucial for space weather monitoring and operational forecasting.
Super-Eddington Magnetized Neutron Star Accretion Flows: A Self-similar Analysis
Authors: Chen Ken , Dai Zi-Gao 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The properties of super-Eddington accretion disks exhibit substantial distinctions from the sub-Eddington ones. In this paper, we investigate the accretion process of a magnetized neutron star (NS) surrounded by a super-Eddington disk. By constructing self-similar solutions for the disk structure, we study in detail an interaction between the NS magnetosphere and the inner region of the disk, revealing that this interaction takes place within a thin boundary layer. The magnetosphere truncation radius is found to be approximately proportional to the Alfvén radius, with a coefficient ranging between 0.34–0.71, influenced by the advection and twisting of a magnetic field, NS rotation, and radiation emitted from an NS accretion column. Under super-Eddington accretion, the NS can readily spin up to become a rapid rotator. The proposed model can be employed to explore the accretion and evolution of NSs in diverse astrophysical contexts, such as ultraluminous X-ray binaries or active galactic nucleus disks.
Variable Radio Emission of Neutron Star X-Ray Binary Ser X–1 during Its Persistent Soft State
Authors: Pattie Eli C. , Maccarone Thomas J. , Tetarenko Alexandra J. , Miller-Jones James C. A. , Pichardo Marcano Manuel , Rivera Sandoval Liliana E. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Ser X–1 is a low-mass neutron star X-ray binary and has been persistently accreting since its discovery in the 1960s. It has always been observed to be in a soft spectral state and has never showed substantial long-term X-ray variability. Ser X–1 has one previous radio observation in the literature in which radio emission was detected during this soft state, which is contrary to the behavior of black hole X-ray binaries. We have recently obtained 10 randomly sampled radio epochs of Ser X–1 in order to further investigate its anomalous soft-state radio emission. Out of 10 epochs, we find 8 nondetections and 2 detections at 10 GHz flux densities of 19.9 ± 4.2 μJy and 32.2 ± 3.6 μJy, respectively. We do not detect polarization in either epoch, ruling out very high polarization levels (≲63% and 34%). We compare these Ser X–1 results to other X-ray binaries and consider explanations for its long-term variable radio behavior.
Bridging Model–Data Discrepancies in Mars’ Dayside Ionosphere: Exploring Varying Reaction Rate Coefficients
Authors: Persson M. , Vigren E. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Measurements of concentrations of neutral and ion species in the upper atmosphere of Mars by the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission have served as model input and/or for comparison with model output in numerous earlier studies of the Martian dayside ionosphere. While many models reproduce the altitudinal density profiles of key ion species within a factor of a few, it has proven challenging to achieve a level of agreement within tens of percent for multiple ion species over a wide range of altitudes. We explore means to overcome this issue while keeping with a reduced chemical model and utilizing the assumptions of photochemical equilibrium and that the NGIMS data are devoid of any measurement errors. We entertain, for instance, the idea that the rate coefficient for the charge-transfer reaction between

CO

2

+

and O may vary with altitude as a result of a pressure-controlled internal energy distribution of the

CO

2

+

population.
Expansion and Spectral Softening of the Dust-scattering Rings of GRB 221009A
Authors: Zhao 赵 Guoying 国英 , Shen 申 Rong-Feng 荣锋 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An expanding X-ray halo or rings appear when short pulses of X-ray radiation from a background source are scattered by clouds of dust in the Milky Way. We study the X-ray rings of the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) 221009A, detected by the Swift X-Ray Telescope. The rings center on the GRB position, and their angular radii increase with time. We identify five major expanding rings, and our modeling of their expansion history suggests that they are scattered off from five dusty clouds at distances of 0.4–13 kpc from the observer. Given an assumed prompt X-ray fluence of this GRB, the fluxes of those rings suggest that these clouds have dust grain column densities of 107∼8 cm−2. More interestingly, our time-dependent spectral analysis of these rings shows that they all experience spectral softening, i.e., getting softer as they expand, with spectral indices ranging from 2.2 to 5, consistent with what the dust-scattering model predicts.
Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS): 90 GHz Telescope Pointing, Beam Profile, Window Function, and Polarization Performance
Authors: Datta Rahul , Brewer Michael K. , Couto Jullianna Denes , Eimer Joseph , Li 李 Yunyang 云炀 , Xu 徐 Zhilei 智磊 , Ali Aamir , Appel John W. , Bennett Charles L. , Bustos Ricardo , Chuss David T. , Cleary Joseph , Dahal Sumit , Raul Javier Espinoza Inostroza Francisco , Essinger-Hileman Thomas , Fluxá Pedro , Harrington Kathleen , Helson Kyle , Iuliano Jeffrey , Karakla John , Marriage Tobias A. , Novack Sasha , Núñez Carolina , Padilla Ivan L. , Parker Lucas , Petroff Matthew A. , Reeves Rodrigo , Rostem Karwan , Shi 时 Rui 瑞 , Valle Deniz A. N. , Watts Duncan J. , Weiland Janet L. , Wollack Edward J. , Zeng Lingzhen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) is a telescope array that observes the cosmic microwave background (CMB) over ∼75% of the sky from the Atacama Desert, Chile, at frequency bands centered near 40, 90, 150, and 220 GHz. CLASS measures the large angular scale CMB polarization to constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio and the optical depth to last scattering. This paper presents the optical characterization of the 90 GHz telescope. Observations of the Moon establish the pointing while dedicated observations of Jupiter are used for beam calibration. The standard deviations of the pointing error in azimuth, elevation, and boresight angle are 1.′3, 2.′1, and 2.′0, respectively, over the first 3 yr of observations. This corresponds to a pointing uncertainty ∼7% of the beam’s full width at half-maximum (FWHM). The effective azimuthally symmetrized instrument 1D beam estimated at 90 GHz has an FWHM of 0.°620 ± 0.°003 and a solid angle of 138.7 ± 0.6(stats.) ± 1.1(sys.) μsr integrated to a radius of 4°. The corresponding beam window function drops to

b

ℓ

2

=
0.93
,
0.71
,
0.14

at ℓ = 30, 100, 300, respectively. Far-sidelobes are studied using detector-centered intensity maps of the Moon and measured to be at a level of 10−3 or below relative to the peak. The polarization angle of Tau A estimated from preliminary survey maps is 149°.6 ± 0°.2(stats.) in equatorial coordinates. The instrumental temperature-to-polarization (T → P) leakage fraction, inferred from per-detector demodulated Jupiter scan data, has a monopole component at the level of 1.7 × 10−3, a dipole component with an amplitude of 4.3 × 10−3, with no evidence of quadrupolar leakage.
Observations of Five Major Uranian Satellites during 2013–2020 Based on Gaia DR3
Authors: Zhang H. Y. , Yu Y. , Qiao R. C. , Yan D. , Cheng X. , Tang K. , Mao Y. D. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A total of 10,339 positions of the five major Uranian satellites (Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon and Miranda) were collected at the Yunnan Observatories from 2013 to 2020 with the 1.0 m astrometric reflector. A median filtering method was applied to reduce the influence of the bright Uranus halo. All CCD observational data was analyzed by the newly developed CCD image-processing software with Gaia DR3 as the reference catalog. The impact of different exposure times on satellite positioning accuracy was evaluated. The observational positions of satellites were compared with theoretical positions from Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides (DE441 and Lainey et al. 2015) and the mean offsets are from −0.″115 to 0.″103 in both R.A. and decl. for the five satellites. The standard deviation of the offsets are from 0.″008 to 0.″086 for the four greatest Uranian satellites and from 0.″037 to 0.″132 for Miranda in each direction. These precise observations of the five major Uranian satellites over an 8 yr period will be very useful for improving the orbital parameters of both Uranus and its five major satellites.
Improving Cosmological Constraints by Inferring the Formation Channel of Extreme-mass-ratio Inspirals
Authors: Zhu 朱 Liang-Gui 良贵 , Fan 范 Hui-Min 会敏 , Chen 陈 Xian 弦 , Hu 胡 Yi-Ming 一鸣 , Zhang 张 Jian-dong 建东 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Extreme-mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) could be detected by space-borne gravitational-wave (GW) detectors, such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), TianQin, and Taiji. Localizing EMRIs by GW detectors can help us select candidate host galaxies, which can be used to infer the cosmic expansion history. In this paper, we demonstrate that the localization information can also be used to infer the formation channel of EMRIs, and can hence allow us to extract more precisely the redshift probability distributions. By conducting mock observations of the EMRIs that can be detected by TianQin and LISA, as well as the galaxies that can be provided by the future Chinese Space Station Telescope, we find that TianQin can constrain the Hubble–Lemaître constant H
0 to a precision of ∼3%–8% and the dark energy equation-of-state parameter w
0 to ∼10%–40%. The TianQin+LISA network, by increasing the localization accuracy, can improve the precisions of H
0 and w
0 to ∼0.4%–7% and ∼4%–20%, respectively. Then, considering an illustrative case in which all EMRIs originate in active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and combining the mock EMRI observation with a mock AGN catalog, we show that TianQin can recognize the EMRI–AGN correlation with ∼1300 detections. The TianQin+LISA network can reduce this required number to ∼30. Additionally, we propose a statistical method to directly estimate the fraction of EMRIs produced in AGNs, f
agn, and show that observationally deriving this value could significantly improve the constraints on the cosmological parameters. These results demonstrate the potentials of using EMRIs as well as galaxy and AGN surveys to improve the constraints on cosmological parameters and the formation channel of EMRIs.
Evaluation of Scale-dependent Kurtosis with HelioSwarm
Authors: Pecora Francesco , Pucci Francesco , Malara Francesco , Klein Kristopher G. , Marcucci Maria Federica , Retinò Alessandro , Matthaeus William 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Plasma turbulence involves complex, nonlinear interactions of electromagnetic fields and charged particles across multiple scales. Studying these phenomena in space plasmas, like the solar wind, is facilitated by the intrinsic scale separations and the availability of in situ spacecraft observations. However, the single-point or single-scale configurations of current spacecraft limit our understanding of many properties of the turbulent solar wind. To overcome these limitations, multipoint measurements spanning a range of characteristic scales are essential. This Letter prepares for the enhanced measurement capabilities of upcoming multispacecraft missions by demonstrating that higher-order statistics, specifically kurtosis, as a baseline for intermittency can be accurately measured. Using synthetic turbulent fields with adjustable intermittency levels, we achieve scale separations analogous to those in the solar wind and apply these techniques to the planned trajectories of the HelioSwarm mission. This approach promises significant advancements in our understanding of plasma turbulence.
Le réchauffement climatique : enjeu crucial du XXI e siècle
Authors: Durand Frédéric 
Published: July 2024

Le réchauffement climatique lié aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre des sociétés techno-industrielles est de plus en plus abordé par les médias et les décideurs. Pourtant, peu connaissent sa gravité et ses enjeux. Cela est lié à divers éléments dont : l’activité des lobbys, le manque de volonté de la communauté internationale, l’ampleur d’un phénomène dépassant ce qu’a connu l’humanité depuis 12 000 ans, ainsi que des perspectives inquiétantes sans vraie solution.
Des politiques de sobriété foncière pour transformer le ZAN en opportunité
Authors: Bariol-Mathais Brigitte 
Published: July 2024

Le ZAN pose aux collectivités et acteurs locaux une équation complexe et apparaît comme source d’injonctions paradoxales. Le ZAN demande à construire de véritables stratégies de sobriété foncière. La Fnau plaide dans ce but pour une mobilisation renforcée de l’ingénierie territoriale locale, dans une chaîne maillée qui va de l’observation à la planification et à l’action opérationnelle. La connaissance et la maîtrise des outils de mesure sont en effet des enjeux clefs pour guider les décisions. Identifier le « foncier caché » pour le mobiliser dans les projets urbains est indispensable car, fréquemment, les gisements fonciers sont mal connus et mal appréhendés par les acteurs locaux. Des projets de territoire robustes, socles des documents d’urbanisme SCOT et PLUI, permettent de bien estimer les besoins en fonction des contextes : territoires tendus et détendus n’auront pas les mêmes besoins. Enfin, les leviers économiques et fiscaux doivent pouvoir se transformer afin de privilégier les opérations en renouvellement urbain par rapport à l’artificialisation. Le ZAN peut devenir une opportunité pour revitaliser des centres et il invite aussi à considérer les espaces périurbains comme des laboratoires de nouvelles formes d’habiter, d’ingénierie et de politiques publiques.
L’immobilier bas-carbone, une avancée française
Authors: Poitrinal Guillaume 
Published: July 2024

Voici l’une de ces injonctions contradictoires qui alimentent les débats sur le climat : le bâtiment est responsable de 36 % des émissions de CO2 dans l’Union européenne et il convient donc de tout faire pour les limiter… mais pas au point de construire moins puisqu’en Europe, la pénurie de logements est un problème social majeur. Comment sortir de cette contradiction apparente ? En opérant un changement profond dans la façon de construire et de gérer des bâtiments. Heureusement, la moitié de ceux qui existeront en 2050 n’ont pas encore été construits. Il s’agit donc d’une opportunité fondamentale pour les acteurs du bâtiment et de la construction de se réinventer pour imaginer, réaliser et livrer des immeubles résilients, économes en énergie et à faible émission de carbone. Et la France détient dans ces domaines des compétences éprouvées.