bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EWEIDA AND OTHERS: A NEW ERA FOR ARTICLE 9?
Authors: Maher Julie 
Published: January 2014

AbstractEweida and othersconsidered the claims of four religious individuals whose employers had rejected their requests for accommodation of their religious practices at work, and who had failed in their attempts to contest those decisions before English courts. However, as a judgment it speaks to a wider array of questions of principle, particularly the appropriate interpretation of Article 9 claims. The case provided the ECtHR with an opportunity to clarify a number of discrete doctrines and interpretative approaches within Article 9 jurisprudence, and the Court decided to use this occasion to elucidate the issues raised by the applicants' cases.
Stigma Management in International Relations: Transgressive Identities, Norms, and Order in International Society
Authors: Adler-Nissen Rebecca 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article develops a theoretical approach to stigma in international relations and resituates conventional approaches to the study of norms and international order. Correcting the general understanding that common values and norms are the building blocks of social order, this article claims that international society is in part constructed through the stigmatization of “transgressive” and norm-violating states and their ways of coping with stigma. Drawing on Erving Goffman, this article shows that states are not passive objects of socialization, but active agents. Stigmatized states cope strategically with their stigma and may, in some cases, challenge and even transform a dominant moral discourse. A typology of stigma management strategies is presented:stigma recognition(illustrated by Germany);stigma rejection(illustrated by Austria); and finallycounter-stigmatization(illustrated by Cuba). Because of the lack of agreement on what constitutes normal state behavior, attempts to impose stigma may even have the opposite effect—the stigmatizers become the transgressive. A focus on stigma opens up new avenues for research on norms, identities, and international order.
International Bureaucrats and the Formation of Intergovernmental Organizations: Institutional Design Discretion Sweetens the Pot
Authors: Johnson Tana , Urpelainen Johannes 
Published: January 2014

AbstractBureaucrats working in international intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) regularly help states design new IGOs. Sometimes international bureaucrats possess limited discretion in institutional design; sometimes, they enjoy broad discretion. In fact, they gain discretion even when they openly oppose state preferences. This contravenes conventional thinking about delegation: discretion should decrease as preference divergence between states and international bureaucrats increases. We develop a principal-agent theory of how much discretion states grant to international bureaucrats in the design of new IGOs. This is novel: while principal-agent theories of international delegation are common, scholars have not analyzed principal-agent relationships in the creation of new IGOs. We argue that even an international bureaucracy that disagrees with states' design preferences may enjoy substantial design leeway, because of states' need for bureaucratic expertise. In developing this argument, we employ a formal principal-agent model, case studies, and an original data set.
Not by the Sword Alone: Soft Power, Mass Media, and the Production of State Sovereignty
Authors: Warren T. Camber 
Published: January 2014

AbstractScholars of civil conflict have long recognized the importance of state strength in the suppression of nascent insurgencies. However, previous empirical investigations have generally focused on the material and coercive dimensions of state power, obscuring the critical role played by the generation of widespread voluntary compliance through processes of political communication, that is, the production of “soft power.” In contrast, in this article I focus on a factor—mass communication technology—that can enhance state capacity only by strengthening the state's ability to broadly and publicly disseminate political messages. I argue that the enhanced capacities for large-scale normative influence generated by mass communication technologies can be expected to produce substantial barriers to the mobilization of militarized challenges to state rule, by strengtheningeconomies of scale in the marketplace of ideas. Utilizing newly compiled cross-national data on mass media accessibility in the post–World War II period, I show that densely constituted mass media systems dramatically reduce the probability of large-scale civil violence, thereby providing new evidence for the fundamental importance of nonmaterial state capacities in the suppression of internal armed conflicts.
Provoking Preferences: Unionization, Trade Policy, and the ILWU Puzzle
Authors: Ahlquist John S. , Clayton Amanda B. , Levi Margaret 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIf any group of American blue-collar workers has benefited from the growth of trade it is the unionized dockworkers along the US West Coast. Nevertheless, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) representing these workers is vocally opposed to trade liberalization. We examine several competing explanations for this puzzle and evaluate them by tracing the union's stance on trade over several decades. We also use an original survey to compare ILWU affiliates' attitudes on trade with those of nonmembers with otherwise similar characteristics. Consistent with a model of organizational socialization, the data support the hypothesis that ILWU membership affects the members' revealed political opinions; the data are difficult to reconcile with standard theories of international trade. Our findings indicate that the political support for trade depends not just on voters' structural positions in the economy but also on the organizations and networks in which they are embedded.
Efficacy of low-dose intratympanic dexamethasone as a salvage treatment for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: the Modbury Hospital experience
Authors: Oue S , Jervis-Bardy J , Stepan L , Chong S , Shaw C-K L 
Published: January 2014

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the efficacy of low-dose intratympanic dexamethasone therapy in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss whose hearing in the affected ear had failed to improve following a course of oral steroid therapy.Methods:A prospective pilot study was undertaken of eight patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss whose hearing had failed to improve after a course of prednisolone. These patients subsequently received 8 mg intratympanic dexamethasone therapy, delivered via a ventilation tube on a weekly basis for 1 month. Clinical outcome was assessed weekly with pure tone audiography.Results:At the end of the 1-month treatment period, no significant hearing improvement was observed on pure tone audiography in any of the patients (i.e. improvements were all less than 10 dB).Conclusion:The response to 8 mg of intratympanic dexamethasone used as a salvage therapy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss was inadequate. A higher dosage of intratympanic dexamethasone might be required to achieve better outcomes.
‘It proves falsehood absolutely . . .’ The lost notebook of Dr. Frederick A. Cook
Authors: Bryce Robert M. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTWith the completion of a careful study of a photographic copy of the original notebook Frederick Cook kept on his attempt to reach the North Pole in 1908, now in Copenhagen, Denmark, many new details have been added that allow a more accurate account of his actual movements and timetable than has been possible previously. Because some records were altered or destroyed by Cook, however, a complete account still necessarily contains an element of speculation, which must be the case when based on the only records that exist of an unwitnessed assertion. But this uncertainty can be controlled to a reasonable degree by the notebook's remaining content in concert with the several other accounts Cook wrote of his expedition. One thing is sure, however: Cook was far behind his published timetable. At the outset, he set his start date back by one full week. He failed to report a number of delays in his journey and left out a lengthy detour that prevented him from reaching land's end at Cape Thomas Hubbard until well past 1 April 1908. This ruled out any chance to reach the North Pole in 1908. Frederick Cook was no fool; he was a veteran explorer. He knew any attempt that late in the season would be suicide. Furthermore his efforts to lay caches that would separate his own return route from that of his Inuit support party indicate that not only had he already given up the idea of making a serious attempt, but also that he was preparing for his eventual hoax of claiming to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 long before he reached the Arctic Ocean.
Indexical meanings of [s+] among Copenhagen youth: Social perception of a phonetic variant in different prosodic contexts
Authors: Pharao Nicolai , Maegaard Marie , Møller Janus Spindler , Kristiansen Tore 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIt is well documented that the same sociolinguistic feature can be used as a sociolinguistic resource with different indexical potentials in different linguistic as well as social contexts. Often, however, indexical meanings of a specific feature are related to or derived from one another. In this article we present the results of a perceptual study of indexical meanings of alveolar versus fronted (s)—[s] versus [s+]—in different registers. The data consist of responses to male speakers' use of [s] and [s+] respectively, in two different registers that may be labelled “modern Copenhagen speech” and “street language.” Results show that the [s+] indexes femininity and gayness when it occurs in “modern Copenhagen,” whereas the (s)-variation has a different and less significant effect when occurring in “street language.” We discuss the implications for theories of indexical fields and the relation between features and clusters of features in speakers' perceptions. (Indexical meaning, phonetic variation, fronted /s/, perception of sexual orientation and ethnicity, matched guise technique).
Negotiating entitlement to language: Calling 911 without English
Authors: Raymond Chase Wesley 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhen individuals in the United States dial the emergency service telephone number, they immediately encounter some version of the English-language institutional opening “Nine-one-one, what is your emergency?”. What happens, though, when the one placing the call is not a speaker of English? How do callers and call-takers adapt to overcome this added communicative barrier so that they are able to effectively assess the emergency situation at hand? The present study describes the structure of alanguage negotiation sequence, which serves to evaluate callers' entitlement to receive service in a language other than the institutional default—in our case, requests for Spanish in lieu of English. We illustrate both how callers initially design requests for language, as well as how call-takers subsequently respond to those differing request formulations. Interactions are examined qualitatively and quantitatively to underscore the context-based contingencies surrounding call-takers' preference for English over the use of translation services. The results prove informative not only in terms of how bilingual talk is organized within social institutions, but also more generally with regard to how humans make active use of a variety of resources in their attempts to engage in interaction with one another. (Entitlement, discourse/social interaction, conversation analysis, requests, language contact, institutional talk, Spanish (in the US))*
Maybe it helps to be conscious, after all
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Vohs Kathleen D. , Masicampo E. J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPsychologists debate whether consciousness or unconsciousness is most central to human behavior. Our goal, instead, is to figure out how they work together. Conscious processes are partly produced by unconscious processes, and much information processing occurs outside of awareness. Yet, consciousness has advantages that the unconscious does not. We discuss how consciousness causes behavior, drawing conclusions from large-scale literature reviews.
Newell and Shanks' approach to psychology is a dead end
Authors: Dijksterhuis Ap , van Knippenberg Ad , Holland Rob W. , Veling Harm 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNewell & Shanks (N&S) criticize theories on decision making that include unconscious processes. To the extent that their own perspective becomes apparent, however, it is dated, implausible, and at odds with the major developments of the past decades. Their conclusions are, at least for research areas we feel entitled to evaluate, based on a biased sampling of the literature.
Automatic processes, emotions, and the causal field
Authors: Hogarth Robin M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractNewell & Shanks (N&S) provide a welcome examination of many claims about unconscious influences on decision making. I emphasize two issues that they do not consider fully: the roles of automatic processes and emotions. I further raise an important conceptual problem in assigning causes to potential unconscious influences. Which “causal field” is relevant: that of the investigator or the experimental participants?
The effect of the cognitive demands of the distraction task on unconscious thought
Authors: Waroquier Laurent , Abadie Marlène , Klein Olivier , Cleeremans Axel 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe unconscious-thought effect occurs when distraction improves complex decision making. Recent studies suggest that this effect is more likely to occur with low- than high-demanding distraction tasks. We discuss implications of these findings for Newell & Shanks' (N&S's) claim that evidence is lacking for the intervention of unconscious processes in complex decision making.
Segmented Incorporation: The Second Generation of Rural Migrants in Shanghai
Authors: Lan Pei-chia 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article looks at the changing frameworks for the institutional and cultural incorporation of second-generation rural migrants in Shanghai. Beginning in 2008, Shanghai launched a new policy of accepting migrant children into urban public schools at primary and secondary levels. I show that thehukou(household registration) is still a critical social boundary in educational institutions, shaping uneven distribution of educational resources and opportunities, as well as hierarchical recognition of differences between urbanites and migrants. I have coined the term “segmented incorporation” to characterize a new receiving context, in which systematic exclusion has given way to more subtle forms of institutional segmentation which reproduces cultural prejudice and reinforces group boundaries.
The World Turned Upside Down? Neo-Liberalism, Socioeconomic Rights, and Hegemony
Authors: WILLS JOE 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article draws upon a neo-Gramscian analysis of world order to critically assess the relationship between neo-liberal globalization and socioeconomic rights. It argues that, notwithstanding the well-documented discursive tensions that appear to exist between neo-liberalism and socioeconomic rights, the latter have been reconceptualized in a manner that is congruent with the hegemonic framework of the former in a number of international institutional settings. This has been achieved in part through three discursive framing devices which will be termed ‘socioeconomic rights as aspirations’, ‘socioeconomic rights as compensation’, and ‘socioeconomic rights as market outcomes’. The article will conclude by arguing that, despite such appropriation, there are still fruitful possibilities for counterhegemonic articulations of socioeconomic rights to contest neo-liberal globalization.
The Applicability of Environmental Protection Exceptions to WTO-Plus Obligations: In View of theChina – Raw MaterialsandChina – Rare EarthsCases
Authors: YING LIU 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRecently, two disputes involving China's WTO-plus obligations have attracted great attention:China – Raw MaterialsandChina – Rare Earths. InChina – Raw Materials, China resorted to WTO environmental protection exceptions to justify its violation of the export duty elimination obligation outlined in paragraph 11.3 of the Protocol on the Accession of the People's Republic of China, which is clearly a WTO-plus obligation. However, China's recourse was rejected by the panel and then by the Appellate Body, as will probably happen inChina – Rare Earths. This article looks into the interpretation and finding of the applicability matter in the DSB reports inChina – Raw Materialsand further discusses the general applicability issue of environmental protection exceptions to the violation of WTO-plus obligations. As rebuttal to the DSB reports, this article argues that omissions or silence in paragraph 11.3 do not necessarily mean rights waiver, especially when the right involved is the essential right to justify the violation pursuant to environmental protection exceptions provided in Article XX(b) and (g) of the GATT. Also, it is illogical to refer to GATT generally when the WTO-plus obligation in paragraph 11.3 does not have any corresponding rules in GATT. More generally, with consideration of the nature of the environmental protection exceptions in Article XX and the conclusion process of the Protocol, as well as with consideration of the sustainable development objective of the WTO and the politically sensitive matters concerned inChina – Raw Materials, China should not be deprived of the right to defend its violation of the export duty obligation inChina – Raw Materials. Although the discussion in this article is mainly based on China's WTO-plus obligations, its reasoning may also be extensively applied to that of other acceding members if suitable.
Witness Tampering and International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: CRYER ROBERT 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article investigates the difficult issues that have been raised in relation to witness tampering before international criminal courts. This is a significant problem for international criminal courts and tribunals, but has not yet been the subject of a great deal of comment. The article begins by setting out the difficulties that the courts and tribunals have encountered, through a discussion of their judgments on this point. It then turns to the black-letter law that the courts and tribunals have adopted to attempt to counter witness tampering. However, a description of the law alone cannot give a full picture of the difficulties that witness tampering, and protecting witnesses from it, present to international criminal courts and tribunals. These are explained, in part, through the fact that international criminal courts and tribunals operate in the absence of an effective international enforcement mechanism. This, and the conflict/post-conflict context against which those bodies tend to operate, is discussed, in part through the lens of the complementarity paradox identified by Paulo Benvenuti. The article concludes that although lessons can be learned from domestic approaches, the main limitation is the absence of any enforcement power at the international level, and that it is unlikely that one is likely to be created soon.
RATIONAL AND EMPIRICAL MEDICINE IN NINTH-CENTURY BAGHDAD: QUSṬĀ IBN LŪQĀ'S QUESTIONS ON THE CRITICAL DAYS IN ACUTE ILLNESSES
Authors: Cooper Glen M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe article considers a brief catechistic presentation of a Galenic medical doctrine, the critical days, by the 9thcentury translator and thinker, Qusṭā ibn Lūqā (d. 912/3), found in a manuscript in Iran. The piece is first shown to have been derived from Galen's treatise on the critical days. Then, it is discussed section by section, in commentary form, to elucidate the medical doctrines Qusṭā propounds. Lastly, the piece is compared with an earlier attempt, by al-Kindī (d.c. 870), to describe the critical days mathematically. The various medical doctrines behind the treatise are discussed, as are the varying approaches to scientific method. The article concludes with contrasting thea priorimathematical scientific method of al-Kindī with thea posterioriempirical method of Galen/Qusṭā, and offers suggestions about the chronologies of the appearances of these doctrines and texts in Arabic. A transcription of the Arabic text is appended.
THE STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF FRUITS PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA THROUGH THE AGRONOMIC ANDALUSIAN WORKS, THEIR ROMAN ANTECEDENTS AND POSTERIOR FOOTPRINT IN THE RENAISSANCE
Authors: Cabo-González Ana M. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractSince the beginning of mankind, man has been concerned with the conservation of food in order to prolong its edibility. Over time, different food preservation methods have been discovered and improved, and there are many works that describe these techniques. This work will describe the knowledge and the development of preservation techniques of inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula. The work focuses on the various achievements from the first to the sixteenth centuries, allowing us to appreciate the different historic contributions. The selected and consulted works are: L.J.M. Columela,Los doce libros de Agricultura(The Twelve Books of Agriculture),Abū al-Jayr,Kitāb al-Filāḥa. Tratado de agricultura(Book of Agriculture),Ibn Baṣṣāl,Kitāb al-Filāḥa.Libro de agricultura(Book of Agriculture),Ibn al-ʿAwwām,Kitāb al-Filāḥa.Libro de Agricultura(Book of Agriculture),Ibn Luyūn,Kitāb al-Filāḥa. Tratado de Agricultura(Book of Agriculture),Alonso de Herrera,Agricultura general(General Agriculture).
Evaluation and delivery of ambulatory rehabilitation for people with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Goodwin Leah S , Lan Ling 
Published: January 2014

SummaryParkinson's disease (PD) is a common and costly condition affecting a predominantly older population. Physical rehabilitation has been shown to enhance motor performance and functional mobility in the short-term. However, there is limited information available about how best to design and deliver an ambulatory rehabilitation (AR) programme for this patient group. This article reviews the current evidence, aiming to provide guidance about best-practice service provision. We highlight the benefits of group therapy and techniques aimed at reducing falls. Further research is required to determine the optimal dose and intensity of AR necessary to provide sustained benefits in people with different stages of PD.
GM-freeprivate standards, public regulation of GM products and mass media
Authors: Vigani Mauro , Olper Alessandro 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper analyses the factors inducing retailers to adopt genetically modified (GM)-freeprivate standards, using information on 44 retailers operating in 54 countries. Retailers are distinguished between those not using GM ingredients and those using ingredients which are potentially GM in their private label products. Results from a binary response model show that many of the drivers highlighted in the empirical literature, such as historical factors, communication infrastructure and sectorial conditions, affect the likelihood of adopting GM-freeprivate standards. Moreover, we test additional hypotheses from the political economy of standards formation and of mass media. Key results show that a higher share of government-oriented public media reduces the probability of adopting GM-freeprivate standards, while different genetically modified organism public standards between home and operating countries increase this probability.