bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Simulated Soil Solarization and Organic Amendments on Fusarium Wilt of Rocket and Basil Under Controlled Conditions
Authors: Gilardi Giovanna , Demarchi Stefano , Gullino Maria Lodovica , Garibaldi Angelo 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPot trials were carried out under controlled conditions to evaluate the effectiveness against Fusarium wilt of rocket (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans) and basil (F. oxysporum f.sp. basilici) of soil amendments based on a patented formulation of Brassica carinata defatted seed meal and compost, combined or not with a simulation of soil solarization. The soil solarization treatment was carried out in a growth chamber by heating the soil for 7 and 14 days at optimal (55–52°C for 6 h, 50–48°C for 8 h and 47–45°C for 10 h/day) and sub‐optimal (50–48°C for 6 h, 45–43°C for 8 h and 40–38°C for 10 h/day) temperatures similar to those observed in summer in solarized soil in greenhouses in Northern Italy. Two subsequent cycles of plant cultivation were carried out in the same soil. Even at sub‐optimal temperature regimes, 7 days of thermal treatment provided very valuable results in terms of disease control on both rocket and basil. In general, the thermal treatment was more effective against F. oxysporum f.sp. basilici than against F. oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans. Control of Fusarium wilt of rocket is improved with 14 days of thermal treatment. The combination of organic amendments with a short period of soil solarization (7 or 14 days), although not providing any improvement to the level of disease management, did significantly increase biomass and positively affected yield.
From Heart-Rate Data to Training Quantification: A Comparison of 3 Methods of Training-Intensity Analysis
Authors: Sylta Øystein , Tønnessen Espen , Seiler Stephen 
Published: January 2014

Purpose:The authors directly compared 3 frequently used methods of heart-rate-based training-intensity-distribution (TID) quantification in a large sample of training sessions performed by elite endurance athletes.Methods:Twenty-nine elite cross-country skiers (16 male, 13 female; 25 ± 4 y; 70 ± 11 kg; 76 ± 7 mL · min−1 · kg−1 VO2max) conducted 570 training sessions during a ~14-d altitude-training camp. Three analysis methods were used: time in zone (TIZ), session goal (SG), and a hybrid session-goal/time-in-zone (SG/TIZ) approach. The proportion of training in zone 1, zone 2, and zone 3 was quantified using total training time or frequency of sessions, and simple conversion factors across different methods were calculated.Results:Comparing the TIZ and SG/TIZ methods, 96.1% and 95.5%, respectively, of total training time was spent in zone 1 (P < .001), with 2.9%/3.6% and 1.1%/0.8% in zones 2/3 (P < .001). Using SG, this corresponded to 86.6% zone 1 and 11.1%/2.4% zone 2/3 sessions. Estimated conversion factors from TIZ or SG/TIZ to SG and vice versa were 0.9/1.1, respectively, in the low-intensity training range (zone 1) and 3.0/0.33 in the high-intensity training range (zones 2 and 3).Conclusions:This study provides a direct comparison and practical conversion factors across studies employing different methods of TID quantification associated with the most common heart-rate-based analysis methods.
Development of a Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System Assay To Detect IgG Antibodies against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Nucleoprotein
Authors: Kumari Sangeeta , Crim Roberta Lynne , Kulkarni Ashwin , Audet Susette A. , Mdluli Thembi , Murata Haruhiko , Beeler Judy A. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe nucleoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-N) is immunogenic and elicits an IgG response following infection. The RSV-N gene was cloned into a mammalian expression vector, pREN2, and the expressed luciferase-tagged protein (Ruc-N) detected anti-RSV-N-specific IgG antibodies using a high-throughput immunoprecipitation method (the luciferase immunoprecipitation system [LIPS]-NRSVassay). The specificity of the assay was evaluated using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and monospecific pre- and postimmunization rabbit antisera. Blood serum samples from chimpanzees and humans with proven/probable RSV infection were also tested. The pre- and postimmunization serum samples from rabbits given human metapneumovirus (HMPV) or measles virus were negative when tested by the LIPS-NRSVassay, while antisera obtained after immunization with either the RSV-A or RSV-B strain gave positive signals in a dose-dependent manner. RSV-N MAb 858-3 gave a positive signal in the LIPS-NRSVassay, while MAbs against other paramyxovirus nucleoproteins or RSV-F or RSV-G did not. Serum samples from chimpanzees simultaneously immunized with vaccinia-RSV-F and vaccinia-RSV-G recombinant viruses were negative in the LIPS-NRSVassay; however, anti-RSV-N IgG responses were detected following subsequent RSV challenge. Seven of the 12 infants who were seronegative at 9 months of age had detectable anti-RSV-N antibodies when they were retested at 15 to 18 months of age. The LIPS-NRSVassay detects specific anti-RSV-N IgG responses that may be used as a biomarker of RSV infection.
Development and Preclinical Evaluation of a Trivalent, Formalin-Inactivated Shigella Whole-Cell Vaccine
Authors: Kaminski R. W. , Wu M. , Turbyfill K. R. , Clarkson K. , Tai B. , Bourgeois A. L. , Van De Verg L. L. , Walker R. I. , Oaks E. V. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTStudies were undertaken to manufacture a multivalentShigellainactivated whole-cell vaccine that is safe, effective, and inexpensive. By using several formalin concentrations, temperatures, and incubation periods, an optimized set of inactivation conditions was established forShigella flexneri2a,S. sonnei, andS. flexneri3a to produce inactivated whole cells expressing a full repertoire of Ipa proteins and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The inactivation conditions selected were treatment with 0.2% formalin (S. flexneri2a and 3a) or 0.6% formalin (S. sonnei) for 48 h at 25°C. Vaccine formulations prepared under different inactivation conditions, in different doses (10E5, 10E7, and 10E9 cells), and with or without the inclusion of double-mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) were evaluated in mice. Two intranasal immunizations with ≥10E7 inactivated whole cells resulted in high levels of anti-Invaplex and moderate levels of LPS-specific IgG and IgA in serum and in lung and intestinal wash samples. Addition of dmLT to the vaccine formulations did not significantly enhance humoral immunogenicity. Minimal humoral responses for IpaB, IpaC, or IpaD were detected after immunization with inactivated wholeShigellacells regardless of the vaccine inactivation conditions. In guinea pigs, monovalent formulations ofS. flexneri2a of 3a orS. sonneiconsisting of 10E8, 10E9, or 10E10 cells were protective in a keratoconjunctivitis assay. A trivalent formulation provided protection against all three serotypes (S. flexneri2a,P= 0.018;S. flexneri3a,P= 0.04;S. sonnei,P< 0.0001). The inactivatedShigellawhole-cell vaccine approach incorporates an uncomplicated manufacturing process that is compatible with multivalency and the future development of a broadly protectiveShigellavaccine.
Influenza H7N9 and H9N2 Viruses: Coexistence in Poultry Linked to Human H7N9 Infection and Genome Characteristics
Authors: Yu Xinfen , Jin Tao , Cui Yujun , Pu Xiaoying , Li Jun , Xu Jin , Liu Guang , Jia Huijue , Liu Dan , Song Shili , Yu Yang , Xie Li , Huang Renjie , Ding Hua , Kou Yu , Zhou Yinyan , Wang Yayu , Xu Xun , Yin Ye , Wang Jian , Guo Chenyi , Yang Xianwei , Hu Liangping , Wu Xiaopeng , Wang Hailong , Liu Jun , Zhao Guoqiu , Zhou Jiyong , Pan Jingcao , Gao George F. , Yang Ruifu , Wang Jun 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACT

Avian influenza virus A of the novel H7N9 reassortant subtype was recently found to cause severe human respiratory infections in China. Live poultry markets were suspected locations of the human H7N9 infection sources, based on the cases' exposure histories and sequence similarities between viral isolates. To explore the role of live poultry markets in the origin of the novel H7N9 virus, we systematically examined poultry and environmental specimens from local markets and farms in Hangzhou, using real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) as well as high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS). RT-PCR identified specimens positive for the H7 and N9 genomic segments in all of the 12 poultry markets epidemiologically linked to 10 human H7N9 cases. Chickens, ducks, and environmental specimens from the markets contained heavily mixed subtypes, including H7, N9, H9, and N2 and sometimes H5 and N1. The idea of the coexistence of H7N9 and H9N2 subtypes in chickens was further supported by metagenomic sequencing. In contrast, human H7N9 infection cases (
n
= 31) were all negative for H9N2 virus according to real-time RT-PCR. The six internal segments were indistinguishable for the H7N9 and H9N2 viruses. The H9, N2, and internal-segment sequences were very close to the sequence of the H9N2 virus circulating in chickens in China recently. Our results provide direct evidence that H9N2 strains coexisted with the novel human-pathogenic H7N9 influenza virus in epidemiologically linked live poultry markets. Avian influenza A virus of the H9N2 subtype likely made a recent contribution to the evolution of the H7N9 virus and continues to do so.

IMPORTANCE
Our results suggest that avian influenza A virus of the H9N2 subtype likely made a recent contribution to the evolution of the H7N9 virus, a novel reassortant avian influenza virus A subtype, and continues to do so. The finding helps shed light on how the H7N9 virus emerged, spread, and transmitted to humans. It is of considerable interest for assessing the risk of the possible emergence of novel reassortant viruses with enhanced transmissibility to humans.
Disease manifestations ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection in Arctic Canada: using epidemiology to address community concerns
Authors: Cheung Justin , Goodman Karen J , Girgis Safwat , Bailey Robert , Morse John , Fedorak Richard N , Geary Janis , Fagan-Garcia Katharine , van Zanten Sander Veldhuyzen ,   the CANHelp Working Group
Published: January 2014

ObjectivesHelicobacter pyloriinfection, linked to gastric cancer, is responsible for a large worldwide disease burden.H pyloriprevalence and gastric cancer rates are elevated among indigenous Arctic communities, but implementation of prevention strategies is hampered by insufficient information. Some communities in northern Canada have advocated forH pyloriprevention research. As a first step, community-driven research was undertaken to describe theH pylori-associated disease burden in concerned communities.DesignParticipants in this cross-sectional study completed a clinical interview and gastroscopy with gastric biopsies taken for histopathological examination in February 2008.SettingStudy procedures were carried out at the health centre in Aklavik, Northwest Territories, Canada (population ∼600).ParticipantsAll residents of Aklavik were invited to complete a clinical interview and gastroscopy; 194 (58% female participants; 91% Aboriginal; age range 10–80 years) completed gastroscopy and had gastric biopsies taken.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThis analysis estimates the prevalence of gastric abnormalities detected by endoscopy and histopathology, and associations of demographic and clinical variables withH pyloriprevalence.ResultsAmong 194 participants with evaluable gastric biopsies, 66% wereH pylori-positive on histology. AmongH pylori-positive participants, prevalence was 94% for acute gastritis, 100% for chronic gastritis, 21% for gastric atrophy and 11% for intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa, while chronic inflammation severity was mild in 9%, moderate in 47% and severe in 43%. In a multivariable model,H pyloriprevalence was inversely associated with previous gastroscopy, previousH pyloritherapy and aspirin use, and was positively associated with alcohol consumption.ConclusionsIn this population,H pylori-associated gastric histopathology shows a pattern compatible with elevated risk of gastric cancer. These findings demonstrate that local concern about health risks fromH pyloriis warranted and provide an example of how epidemiological research can address health priorities identified by communities.
Clinical risk factors for underlying gastrointestinal malignancy in iron deficiency anaemia: the IDIOM study
Authors: Silva Angel Castro , Sheppard Zoe A , Surgenor Susan L , Williams Elizabeth J , Thomas Peter W , Snook Jonathon A 
Published: January 2014

ObjectiveTen percent of adults presenting with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) have underlying cancer. This analysis – theIronDeficiency as anIndicatorOfMalignancy (IDIOM) study – was undertaken to assess whether five simple clinical parameters can usefully predict the likelihood of gastrointestinal (GI) malignancy on subsequent investigation of patients with IDA.DesignRetrospective observational study, with multivariable analysis of the predictive value of sex, age, haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean red cell volume (MCV) and iron studies for the risk of underlying GI malignancy.SettingDistrict General Hospital IDA clinic.Patients720 adults with confirmed IDA.ResultsSex, age and Hb were strongly associated with the risk of GI malignancy—the parsimonious model including only these variables yielded ORs of 4.0 (95% CI 2.3 to 7.0) for males compared with females; 3.3 (95% CI 1.7 to 6.4) for age >70 years compared with ≤70 years; and 5.3 (95% CI 2.4 to 11.7) for a Hb of ≤91.4 g/L compared with ≥111.5 g/L. Combining these risk factors identified a subgroup (12% of the study population) at particularly low risk (<2% likelihood), and a second subgroup (16% of the study population) at especially high risk (>20% likelihood) of underlying GI malignancy.ConclusionsThree simple and objective clinical parameters can be combined to provide a clinically useful cancer risk stratification model for subjects with IDA. This may assist with patient counselling and the prioritisation of investigational resources.
The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder phenotype as a summation of deficits in executive functioning and reward sensitivity: does this explain its relationship with oppositional defiant disorder?
Authors: Poulton Alison , Nanan Ralph 
Published: January 2014

Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) commonly coexist but the relationship between them has not been well explained. We present a view of the ADHD phenotype as a summation of deficits in executive functioning and reward sensitivity and apply this to explain its co-occurrence with ODD. Model: ADHD relates to difficulty in sustaining concentration for completing tasks. This is associated with lack of reward due to lack of achievement. The unfavorable balance of effort to reward in ADHD is exacerbated in ODD, a condition in which lack of reward is responsible for an adverse effect on mood resulting in a negative attitude and oppositional behavior. We have called this model the “Mental effort-reward imbalances model”. Conclusion: This model predicts that oppositional symptoms would be highly prevalent in ADHD, to the extent that ODD would be a frequent co-morbidity.
Stem Cell-Bearing Suture Improves Achilles Tendon Healing in a Rat Model
Authors: Adams Samuel B. , Thorpe Margaret A. , Parks Brent G. , Aghazarian Gary , Allen Elizabeth , Schon Lew C. 
Published: January 2014

Background: Tendon healing is a slow and complicated process that results in inferior structural and functional properties when compared to healthy tendon tissue. It may be possible to improve outcomes of tendon healing with enhancement of biological aspects of the repair including tissue structure, organization, and composition. The purpose of this study was to determine whether use of a stem cell-bearing suture improves Achilles tendon healing in a rat model. Methods: The Achilles tendon was transected in 108 bilateral hind limbs from 54 rats. Each limb was randomized to repair with suture only (SO), suture plus injection (SI) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) at the repair site, or suture loaded with MSCs (suture with stem cells, SCS). One half of the animals were randomly sacrificed at 14 and 28 days after surgery and the Achilles tendon was harvested. From each repair group at each time point, 12 limbs were randomized to biomechanical testing and 6 to histologic analysis. Tendons were loaded using a 223-N load cell at 0.17 mm/s. A blinded pathologist scored the histology sections. Results: Ultimate failure strength (N/mm2) was significantly higher in the SI and SCS groups versus the SO group. In the SI group, ultimate failure strength decreased significantly at 28 days versus 14 days. Histology score in the SCS group was significantly lower (better) than in both other groups ( P ≤ .001). Histology findings at day 28 were significantly higher versus day 14 for all groups ( P = .01). Conclusions: Both the SI and the SCS groups had significantly higher ultimate failure strength versus the SO group, and strength was maintained at 28 days in the SCS group but not in the SI group. Histology in the SCS group was significantly better than in both other groups. Clinical Relevance: These findings in a rat model suggest that the use of stem cells enhances healing after Achilles repair and that embedding of stem cells directly into suture offers sustained early benefit to tendon healing.
Disease course heterogeneity and OCT in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Balk LJ , Tewarie P , Killestein J , Polman CH , Uitdehaag BMJ , Petzold A 
Published: January 2014

Background: The heterogeneity of the disease course in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains a challenge for patient management and clinical trials. Objective: The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between disease course heterogeneity and retinal layer thicknesses in MS. Methods: A total of 230 MS patients and 63 healthy control subjects were included. Spectral-domain OCT scanning of the peripapillary and macular regions was performed, followed by automated eight-layer segmentation. Generalised estimation equations were used for comparisons. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for distinguishing a benign from a typical disease course. Results: Primary progressive patients showed relative preservation of inner retinal layers, compared to the relapsing onset MS types. Only in MS eyes without optic neuritis did patients with typical MS show more severe thinning of the inner retinal layers (RNFL to INL) compared to patients with a benign disease course, even after an average disease course of 20 years. Conclusion: The thicknesses, particularly of the innermost retinal layers (RNFL, GCC), were significantly related to the heterogeneous disease course in MS. The relative preservation of these layers in primary progressive and benign MS suggests rather limited susceptibility of the retina to neurodegeneration, which may be relevant for future neurodegenerative treatment trials employing OCT as a secondary outcome measure in primary progressive MS.
Tradition and the individual talent: remarks on the poetry of Michalis Ganas
Authors: Ricks David 
Published: January 2014

No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone. His significance, his appreciation is the appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists. You cannot value him alone; you must set him, for contrast and comparison, among the dead. (T.S. Eliot)Michalis Ganas is both a highly individual talent and, as I hope to show here with respect to an inevitably small selection of key poems, a highly traditional one. He is, moreover, peculiarly self-conscious about the implications of such a view as Eliot’s for the responsibilities of the poet. The consciousness of tradition in Ganas’ work may be seen as taking three forms.
The Chora and the Great Church: Intervisuality in Fourteenth-Century Constantinople
Authors: Nelson Robert S. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn Gregoras’ history, the most important building project during the second decade of the fourteenth century is not Theodore Metochites’ redecoration of the Chora monastery, but Andronikos II’s restoration of II. Sophia and the nearby column of Justinian. Two mosaics at the Chora, the Deesis in the inner narthex and the adjacent lunette of Metochites and Christ, make visual reference to the Great Church. The nature of such relationships is explored through reference to Mikhail Bakhtin and his analysis of dialogic language.
The King of Asine, Makriyannis, Seferis and ourselves
Authors: Krikos-Davis Katerina 
Published: January 2014

Abstract‘The King of Asine’, one of George Seferis’s best-known poems, is the subject of the present article, which falls into two parts. The first part follows the standard interpretation, but with an emphasis on aspects that have not (at least sufficiently) been commented on hitherto. The second part pursues a new approach and concludes by proposing another, parallel, reading whereby ‘The King of Asine’ is also seen as exploring the poetic experience.
Molecular and Electronic Structure of Distannine-fused Tetrathiafulvalene Dimer and Its Cationic Species
Authors: Shirai Masaki , Hasegawa Masashi , Sato Hiroyasu , Mazaki Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
A rigid dimeric tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivative 1 doubly-bridged by dimethyltin (Me2Sn) linkers was synthesized and fully characterized. From X-ray crystallographic analysis, the central 1,4-distannine ring of 1 adopts almost planar geometry, although dication 12+, prepared by chemical oxidation with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ-F4), adopts a butterfly geometry in the central 1,4-distannine ring due to the effects of the electronic structure of cationic TTFs.
Photo-electrochemical Behaviors of Hollow ZnO Spheres Prepared by Zinc in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wang Xuewen , Yao Xiaojie 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
ZnO with abundant morphologies has been widely applied in photo-electrochemical water splitting. A novel Pt-induced faint electrochemical route is developed to synthesize hollow ZnO spheres from zinc dust in aqueous solution at room temperature. Here, the Zn|ZnO serves as an anode and Pt|H2O|H2 serves as a cathode. The hollow ZnO spheres exhibit enhanced photocurrent intensity due to a multiple light reflection.
Monumental sculpture composition "Worker and collective farm woman" as new ideology of urban area or as Moscow touristic brand?
Authors: Джанджугазова Елена , Dzhandzhugazova Elena 
Published: January 2014

Main events related to construction of one of the most famous sculpture compositions in Moscow — «Worker and collective farm woman» — are considered in the article. Author estimates role and signifi cance of this sculpture composition
both in the historical context and in the system of touristic area of modern city. It makes possible for readers to formulate their own point of view on given problem.