bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Volunteer field technicians are bad for wildlife ecology
Authors: Fournier Auriel M. V. , Bond Alexander L. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTMany advertised field‐technician positions sound worthwhile, but have no or very low pay. Although these can be valuable experiences, not paying technicians for their work undermines their professionalism and the professionalism of science as a whole. These unpaid technician positions are available to only the privileged few; and the positions exclude minorities, parents, and other groups who cannot afford to work unpaid. By creating such positions, we prevent everyone, regardless of background, from having a chance to get the field experience they need, and this limits the diversity of voices in wildlife ecology and conservation. We recognize finances are often tight, and there is a long tradition of unpaid work, but these are not valid rationalizations for continuing this practice. Unpaid technicians and internships are bad for science, and the conservation of our natural world. We cannot afford to not pay our technicians. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Synthesis, Structures, and Fluorescent Properties of Three Cobalt‐Based Coordination Polymers with a Rigid Tripodal Carboxylate Ligand
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Bin , Xiao Zhen‐Yu , Huang Ao , Wang Wen , Zhang Liang‐Liang , Wang Rong‐Ming , Sun Dao‐Feng 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThree cobalt(II) coordination polymers, [Co2(tatb)2(2,2′‐bipy)2 (H2O)2·DMA·2H2O] (1), [Co2(tatb)2(1,10‐phen)2(H2O)2·2H2O] (2) and [Co(tatb)(1,3‐dpp)·H2O] (3) (H3tatb = 4,4′,4′′‐(1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triyl)tribenzoic acid; 2,2′‐bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridyl; 1,10‐phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline; 1,3‐dpp = 1,3‐bis(pyridin‐4‐yl)propane), were synthesized solvothermally and characterized by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), as well as IR spectroscopy. Complexes 1 and 2 exhibit 1D double‐chain structures, which further connect into interesting 3D networks by hydrogen bond and strong π–π interactions. Complex 3 possesses 2D 44‐sql topology, which is packed parallel in an AA fashion. Moreover, thermal stability properties and photoluminescence properties of 1, 2 and 3 were also investigated.
Determinants of the presence of conflict bird and mammal species at pond fisheries in western Poland
Authors: Manikowska-Ślepowrońska Brygida , Szydzik Barbara , Jakubas Dariusz 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The presence of piscivorous vertebrates at fish farms often ignites conflicts over fish resources managed by humans. This study investigates the factors affecting the presence of conflict vertebrates at fish ponds. A telephone survey in western Poland in 2012–2013 examined 104 fish ponds. Six species were most often observed at fish farms: European otter Lutra lutra (87 % at farms), grey heron Ardea cinerea (83 %), great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (67 %), great egret Ardea alba (42 %), Eurasian beaver Castor fiber (37 %) and American mink Neovison vison (31 %). American mink, Eurasian beaver, great egret and grey heron were more often present at carp ponds. Eurasian beaver, European otter and great cormorant were present more often at larger ponds. Latitude significantly affected the occurrence of great egrets (more frequent in the south). European otter and American mink were present more often at ponds supplied by river water. Ponds supplied by river water may provide both species opportunity to enter imperceptibly to farms, with no need to exit water. Methods of pond protection and proximity of buildings to farms did not significantly affect the presence of conflict species. The data from this study concerning the presence of piscivores at ponds may serve as base for more comprehensive studies investigating the impact of these species on fish farming practices as well as for comparative and experimental studies on the effectiveness of various mitigation measures. Regular surveys of species occurring at ponds may be a tool of monitoring invasive species as well as species increasing its range.
Primary and maternal 3‐methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase deficiency: insights from the Israel newborn screening program
Authors: Rips Jonathan , Almashanu Shlomo , Mandel Hanna , Josephsberg Sagi , Lerman‐Sagie Tally , Zerem Ayelet , Podeh Ben , Anikster Yair , Shaag Avraham , Luder Anthony , Staretz Chacham Orna , Spiegel Ronen 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackground3‐Methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase deficiency (3MCCD) is an inborn error of leucine catabolism. Tandem mass spectrometry newborn screening (NBS) programs worldwide confirmed 3MCCD to be the most common organic aciduria and a relatively benign disorder with favorable outcome. In addition, several asymptomatic 3MCCD mothers were initially identified following abnormal screening of their healthy babies and were appropriately termed maternal 3MCCD.MethodsThis is a retrospective study that summarizes all the clinical, biochemical, and genetic data collected by questionnaires of all 3MCCD individuals that were identified by the extended Israeli NBS program since its introduction in 2009 including maternal 3MCCD cases.ResultsA total of 36 3MCCD subjects were diagnosed within the 50‐month study period; 16 were classified primary and 20 maternal cases. Four additional 3MCCD individuals were identified following sibling screening. All maternal 3MCCD cases were asymptomatic except for one mother who manifested childhood hypotonia. Most of the primary 3MCCD individuals were asymptomatic except for two whose condition was also complicated by severe prematurity. Initial dried blood spot (DBS) free carnitine was significantly lower in neonates born to 3MCCD mothers compared with newborns with primary 3MCCD (p = 0.0009). Most of the mutations identified in the MCCC1 and MCCC2 genes were missense, five of them were novel.ConclusionsMaternal 3MCCD is more common than previously thought and its presence may be initially indicated by low DBS free carnitine levels. Our findings provide additional confirmation of the benign nature of 3MCCD and we suggest to exclude this disorder from NBS programs.
Quality of life of patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Authors: Ortiz-Agapito Fernando , Colmenares-Bonilla Douglas 
Published: November 2015

Introduction Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare disorder characterized by episodes of acute pain and heterotopic ossification of soft tissue, and progressively limited physical function and social participation. Objective We aimed to determine the impact of FOP on quality of life, specifying areas or dimensions most affected. Materials and methods This was a transverse observational study; patients with FOP were assessed using the Short Form 36. Questionnaire results were obtained using Quality Metric software and analyzed using frequency distribution, percentages and measures of central tendency. Results Eight patients, mean age 30.2 years, were included. The physical dimension was the most affected, with an average of 25.5 points. The most representative items were impaired function and physical role. Physical pain was found with an average of 44.5 points. The best scores were reported in the areas of emotional role and mental health, with an average of 79 and 76 respectively. Conclusions FOP is a severely disabling disease, generating a significant deterioration in quality of life secondary to progressive deterioration in physical abilities. The findings of this study demonstrate good self-rated health of participants.
Fetal Dysmorphology
Authors: Puri Ratna Dua 
Published: November 2015

AbstractExamination of the fetus with congenital anomalies is essential to identify the nature of the defects and determine if they constitute a part of a recognized abnormality of development and morphogenesis. A structured approach, including a comprehensive history and details of the anomalies present, assists in making a definitive diagnosis. Dysmorphic diagnosis in the fetus is a challenge as the complete phenotype may not be manifested, coupled with the possibility of subtle dysmorphism that is difficult to recognize. Correlation of the antenatal scan findings with those at autopsy, combined with the experienced eye of a clinical geneticist, is helpful in making a syndrome diagnosis. Specialized databases, reference textbooks, and previously published malformation syndromes are important aids for the geneticist. An accurate diagnosis is important to counsel families of the prognosis, available treatment options, and recurrence risks in future conceptions. New technologies for genetic testing are available to confirm a syndrome diagnosis and consequently, it is vital that appropriate fetal samples are stored in all cases. A team approach with expert input from a fetal medicine specialist, perinatal pathologist, geneticist, radiologist, and the genetics laboratory are important components of fetal dysmorphic syndrome identification.
Humor style similarity and difference in friendship dyads
Authors: Hunter Simon C. , Fox Claire L. , Jones Siân E. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThis study assessed the concurrent and prospective (fall to spring) associations between four different humor styles to assess the degree to which stable friendships are characterized by similarity, and to assess whether best friends' humor styles influence each other's later use of humor. Participants were aged 11–13 years, with 87 stable, reciprocal best friend dyads. Self‐report assessments of humor styles were completed on both occasions. Results indicated that there was no initial similarity in dyads' levels of humor. However, dyads' use of humor that enhances interpersonal relationships (Affiliative humor) became positively correlated by spring. Additionally, young people's use of this humor style was positively associated with their best friend's later use of the same. No such effects were present for humor which was aggressive, denigrating toward the self, or used to enhance the self. These results have clear implications for theories of humor style development, highlighting an important role for Affiliative humor within stable friendship dyads.
Corporate Moral Agency and the Responsibility to Respect Human Rights in the UN Guiding Principles: Do Corporations Have Moral Rights?
Authors: WERHANE Patricia H 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn 2011 the United Nations (UN) published the ‘Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect, and Remedy” Framework’ (Guiding Principles). The Guiding Principles specify that for-profit corporations have responsibilities to respect human rights. Do these responsibilities entail that corporations, too, have basic rights? The contention that corporations are moral persons is problematic because it confers moral status to an organization similar to that conferred to a human agent. I shall argue that corporations are not moral persons. But as collective bodies created, operated, and perpetuated by individual human moral agents, one can ascribe to corporations secondary moral agency as organizations. This ascription, I conclude, makes sense of the normative business responsibilities outlined in the Guiding Principles without committing one to the view that corporations are full moral persons.
Comparison of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Isolates Based on Time From Hospitalization and Culture Source: Implications for Hospital Antibiograms
Authors: Dickstein Yaakov , Geffen Yuval , Leibovici Leonard , Paul Mical 
Published: November 2015

We assessed the effects of time from hospitalization and culture source on bacterial susceptibility profiles. Increasing resistance correlated with increasing time from hospitalization for all bacterial groups, with 7 days in hospital representing the best time point for dichotomizing susceptibility rates rather than 48 hours. Antibiograms based on isolates from any source best represented susceptibility profiles.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(2):212–214
Numerical study of high speed jets in crossflow
Authors: Chai Xiaochuan , Iyer Prahladh S. , Mahesh Krishnan 
Published: November 2015

Large-eddy simulation (LES) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) are used to study an underexpanded sonic jet injected into a supersonic crossflow and an overexpanded supersonic jet injected into a subsonic crossflow, where the flow conditions are based on the experiments of Santiago & Dutton (J. Propul. Power, vol. 13 (2), 1997, pp. 264–273) and Beresh et al. (AIAA J., vol. 43, 2005a, pp. 379–389), respectively. The simulations successfully reproduce experimentally observed shock systems and vortical structures. The time averaged flow fields are compared to the experimental results, and good agreement is observed. The behaviour of the flow is discussed, and the similarities and differences between the two regimes are studied. The trajectory of the transverse jet is investigated. A modification to Schetz et al.’s theory is proposed (Schetz & Billig, J. Spacecr. Rockets, vol. 3, 1996, pp. 1658–1665), which yields good prediction of the jet trajectories in the current simulations in the near field. Point spectra taken at various locations in the flowfield indicate a global oscillation for the sonic jet flow, wherein different regions in the flow oscillate with a frequency of $St=fD/u_{\infty }=0.3$. For supersonic jet flow, no such global frequency is observed. Dynamic mode decomposition of the three-dimensional pressure field obtained from LES is performed and shows the same behaviour. The DMD results indicate that the $St=0.3$ mode is dominant between the upstream barrel shock and the bow shock for the sonic jet, while the roll up of the upstream shear layer is dominant for the supersonic jet.
Estimating the burden of acute gastrointestinal illness due toGiardia, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, E. coliO157 and norovirus associated with private wells and small water systems in Canada
Authors: MURPHY H. M. , THOMAS M. K. , SCHMIDT P. J. , MEDEIROS D. T. , McFADYEN S. , PINTAR K. D. M. 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYWaterborne illness related to the consumption of contaminated or inadequately treated water is a global public health concern. Although the magnitude of drinking water-related illnesses in developed countries is lower than that observed in developing regions of the world, drinking water is still responsible for a proportion of all cases of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) in Canada. The estimated burden of endemic AGI in Canada is 20·5 million cases annually – this estimate accounts for under-reporting and under-diagnosis. About 4 million of these cases are domestically acquired and foodborne, yet the proportion of waterborne cases is unknown. There is evidence that individuals served by private systems and small community systems may be more at risk of waterborne illness than those served by municipal drinking water systems in Canada. However, little is known regarding the contribution of these systems to the overall drinking water-related AGI burden in Canada. Private water supplies serve an estimated 12% of the Canadian population, or ~4·1 million people. An estimated 1·4 million (4·1%) people in Canada are served by small groundwater (2·6%) and surface water (1·5%) supplies. The objective of this research is to estimate the number of AGI cases attributable to water consumption from these supplies in Canada using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach. This provides a framework for others to develop burden of waterborne illness estimates for small water supplies. A multi-pathogen QMRA ofGiardia, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter, E. coliO157 and norovirus, chosen as index waterborne pathogens, for various source water and treatment combinations was performed. It is estimated that 103 230 AGI cases per year are due to the presence of these five pathogens in drinking water from private and small community water systems in Canada. In addition to providing a mechanism to assess the potential burden of AGI attributed to small systems and private well water in Canada, this research supports the use of QMRA as an effective source attribution tool when there is a lack of randomized controlled trial data to evaluate the public health risk of an exposure source. QMRA is also a powerful tool for identifying existing knowledge gaps on the national scale to inform future surveillance and research efforts.
Estimating the number of cases of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) associated with Canadian municipal drinking water systems
Authors: MURPHY H. M. , THOMAS M. K. , MEDEIROS D. T. , McFADYEN S. , PINTAR K. D. M. 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYThe estimated burden of endemic acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) annually in Canada is 20·5 million cases. Approximately 4 million of these cases are domestically acquired and foodborne, yet the proportion of waterborne cases is unknown. A number of randomized controlled trials have been completed to estimate the influence of tap water from municipal drinking water plants on the burden of AGI. In Canada, 83% of the population (28 521 761 people) consumes tap water from municipal drinking water plants serving >1000 people. The drinking water-related AGI burden associated with the consumption of water from these systems in Canada is unknown. The objective of this research was to estimate the number of AGI cases attributable to consumption of drinking water from large municipal water supplies in Canada, using data from four household drinking water intervention trials. Canadian municipal water treatment systems were ranked into four categories based on source water type and quality, population size served, and treatment capability and barriers. The water treatment plants studied in the four household drinking water intervention trials were also ranked according to the aforementioned criteria, and the Canadian treatment plants were then scored against these criteria to develop four AGI risk groups. The proportion of illnesses attributed to distribution system events vs. source water quality/treatment failures was also estimated, to inform the focus of future intervention efforts. It is estimated that 334 966 cases (90% probability interval 183 006-501 026) of AGI per year are associated with the consumption of tap water from municipal systems that serve >1000 people in Canada. This study provides a framework for estimating the burden of waterborne illness at a national level and identifying existing knowledge gaps for future research and surveillance efforts, in Canada and abroad.
Household food security and infant feeding practices in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Owais Aatekah , Kleinbaum David G , Suchdev Parminder S , Faruque ASG , Das Sumon K , Schwartz Benjamin , Stein Aryeh D 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the association between household food security and infant complementary feeding practices in rural Bangladesh.DesignProspective, cohort study using structured home interviews during pregnancy and 3 and 9 months after delivery. We used two indicators of household food security at 3-months’ follow-up: maternal Food Composition Score (FCS), calculated via the World Food Programme method, and an HHFS index created from an eleven-item food security questionnaire. Infant feeding practices were characterized using WHO definitions.SettingTwo rural sub-districts of Kishoreganj, Bangladesh.SubjectsMother–child dyads (n 2073) who completed the 9-months’ follow-up.ResultsComplementary feeding was initiated at age ≤4 months for 7 %, at 5–6 months for 49 % and at ≥7 months for 44 % of infants. Based on 24 h dietary recall, 98 % of infants were still breast-feeding at age 9 months, and 16 % received ≥4 food groups and ≥4 meals (minimally acceptable diet) in addition to breast milk. Mothers’ diet was more diverse than infants’. The odds of receiving a minimally acceptable diet for infants living in most food-secure households were three times those for infants living in least food-secure households (adjusted OR=3·0; 95 % CI 2·1, 4·3). Socio-economic status, maternal age, literacy, parity and infant sex were not associated with infant diet.ConclusionsHHFS and maternal FCS were significant predictors of subsequent infant feeding practices. Nevertheless, even the more food-secure households had poor infant diet. Interventions aimed at improving infant nutritional status need to focus on both complementary food provision and education.
Burning for a Cause: Four Factors in Successful Political (and Religious) Self-Immolation Examined in Relation to Alleged Falun Gong “Fanatics” in Tiananmen Square
Authors: Hedges Paul 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article theorizes the self-immolation of alleged Falun Gong practitioners in Tiananmen Square in 2001 in relation to literature on martyrdom, self-immolation, and political protest. It explores the cultural context in relation to Buddhist traditions of self-immolation, Chinese political protest, and other uses of self-immolation as political protest. It will seek to expand the analysis of why these self-immolations may be said to have “failed” as a form of protest, and present a set of four key factors. Issues of legitimation and authority in the events and their representation will be raised, especially the contested nature of whether the self-immolations were “religious,” looking at the different meanings of this term in Chinese and Western contexts. It is argued that both secular and religious self-immolation can be seen as legitimate in the public sphere.
A compact rhombus-shaped slot antenna fed by microstrip-line for UWB applications
Authors: Chandel Richa , Gautam Anil Kumar , Kanaujia Binod Kumar 
Published: November 2015

In this paper, a novel design and experimental study of microstrip-line-fed rhombus-shaped slot antenna is presented. The proposed antenna shows an ultra-wide band (UWB) operation with good impedance matching by choosing appropriate rhombus-shaped slot and feeding structure. The proposed antenna has a simple structure and compact size as compared with many reported antennas. The measured results validate the design and the impedance bandwidth can operate from 2.78 to 12.92 GHz (10.14 GHz), which evidently covers entire UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz). Furthermore, the key parameters of the antenna are also discussed to study their persuade on the antenna performance.
Building respect for IHL through national courts
Authors: Weill Sharon 
Published: November 2015

AbstractRespect for international humanitarian law (IHL) comes in many forms, one of which is through the practice of domestic courts in addressing IHL-related cases. This article takes a closer look at the structural conditions necessary for the effective enforcement of IHL by domestic courts, elaborates on the spectrum of options that are available to national judges when faced with IHL-related cases, and describes the functional roles of courts in adopting a particular posture. It is demonstrated that even if the structural conditions are fulfilled, this will not necessarily result in the normative application of the law. It appears that national judges are in the process of defining their own roles as independent organs for overseeing the State's acts during armed conflicts. In that regard, the article outlines a few suggestions for future research on the choices courts make and the conditions necessary for them to effectively handle IHL-related cases.