bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The localisation of the apical Par/Cdc42 polarity module is specifically affected in microvillus inclusion disease
Authors: Michaux Grégoire , Massey‐Harroche Dominique , Nicolle Ophélie , Rabant Marion , Brousse Nicole , Goulet Olivier , Le Bivic André , Ruemmele Frank M. 
Published: November 2015

Background informationMicrovillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a genetic disorder affecting intestinal absorption. It is caused by mutations in MYO5B or syntaxin 3 (STX3) affecting apical membrane trafficking. Morphologically, MVID is characterised by a depletion of apical microvilli and the formation of microvillus inclusions inside the cells, suggesting a loss of polarity. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the location of essential apical polarity determinants in five MVID patients.ResultsWe found that the polarity determinants Cdc42, Par6B, PKCζ/ι and the structural proteins ezrin and phospho‐ezrin were lost from the apical membrane and accumulated either in the cytoplasm or on the basal side of enterocytes in patients, which suggests an inversion of cell polarity. Moreover, microvilli‐like structures were observed at the basal side as per electron microscopy analysis. We next performed Myo5B depletion in three dimensional grown human Caco2 cells forming cysts and found a direct link between the loss of Myo5B and the mislocalisation of the same apical proteins; furthermore, we observed that a majority of cysts displayed an inverted polarity phenotype as seen in some patients. Finally, we found that this loss of polarity was specific for MVID: tissue samples of patients with Myo5B‐independent absorption disorders showed normal polarity but we identified Cdc42 as a potentially essential biomarker for trichohepatoenteric syndrome.ConclusionOur findings indicate that the loss of Myo5B induces a strong loss of enterocyte polarity, potentially leading to polarity inversion.SignificanceOur results show that polarity determinants could be useful markers to help establishing a diagnosis in patients. Furthermore, they could be used to characterise other rare intestinal absorption diseases.
Magnetic Resonance (MR) Metabolic Imaging in Glioma
Authors: Chaumeil Myriam M. , Lupo Janine M. , Ronen Sabrina M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis review is focused on describing the use of magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy for metabolic imaging of brain tumors. We will first review the MR metabolic imaging findings generated from preclinical models, focusing primarily on in vivo studies, and will then describe the use of metabolic imaging in the clinical setting. We will address relatively well‐established 1H MRS approaches, as well as 31P MRS, 13C MRS and emerging hyperpolarized 13C MRS methodologies, and will describe the use of metabolic imaging for understanding the basic biology of glioma as well as for improving the characterization and monitoring of brain tumors in the clinic.
Vertical trends within the prograding Salt Wash distributive fluvial system, SW United States
Authors: Owen Amanda , Nichols Gary J. , Hartley Adrian J. , Weissmann Gary S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractProgradation is an important mechanism through which sedimentary systems fill sedimentary basins. Although a general progradational pattern is recognized in many basins, few studies have quantified system scale spatial changes in vertical trends that record fluvial system progradation. Here, we provide an assessment of the spatial distribution of vertical trends across the Salt Wash distributive fluvial system (DFS), in the Morrison Formation SW, USA. The vertical distribution of proximal, medial and distal facies, and channel belt proportion and thickness, are analysed at 25 sections across approximately 80 000 km2 of a DFS that spanned approximately 100 000 km2. The stratigraphic signature of facies stacking patterns that record progradation varies depending on location within the basin. An abrupt and incomplete progradation succession dominates the proximal region, whereby proximal deposits directly overlie distal deposits. A more complete succession is preserved in the medial region of the DFS. The medial to distal region of the DFS are either simple aggradational successions, or display progradation of medial over distal facies. Spatial variations in facies successions patterns reflects preservation changes down the DFS. A spatial change in vertical trends of channel belt thickness and proportion is not observed. Vertical trends in channel belt proportion and thickness are locally highly variable, such that systematic up‐section increases in these properties are observed only at a few select sites. Progradation can only be inferred once local trends are averaged out across the entire succession. Possible key controls on trends are discussed at both allocyclic and autocyclic scales including climate, tectonics, eustasy and avulsion. Eustatic controls are discounted, and it is suggested that progradation of the Salt Wash DFS is driven by upstream controls within the catchment.
Parental Perceptions of Aggressive Behavior in Preschoolers: Inhibitory Control Moderates the Association With Negative Emotionality
Authors: Suurland Jill , van der Heijden Kristiaan B. , Huijbregts Stephan C. J. , Smaling Hanneke J. A. , de Sonneville Leo M. J. , Van Goozen Stephanie H. M. , Swaab Hanna 
Published: November 2015

Inhibitory control (IC) and negative emotionality (NE) are both linked to aggressive behavior, but their interplay has not yet been clarified. This study examines different NE × IC interaction models in relation to aggressive behavior in 855 preschoolers (aged 2–5 years) using parental questionnaires. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that NE and IC predict aggression both directly and interactively. The highest aggression levels were reported in children with high NE and low IC. Interestingly, the protective effect of IC for aggressive behavior increases with rising levels of NE. Analyses focusing on physical aggression revealed a significant NE × IC interaction in boys aged 4‐5 years only. These findings shed new light on potential compensatory mechanisms for aggressive behavior in developing children.
Life course health and healthcare utilization among adults with spina bifida
Authors: Liptak Gregory S , Robinson Laura M , Davidson Philip W , Dziorny Adam , Lavalley Rebecca , Flaherty Mary Grace , Dosa Nienke P 
Published: November 2015

AimTo evaluate the prevalence of organ system disorders and describe healthcare utilization among adults with spina bifida at a regional clinic.MethodThis study was a structured chart review using the Rochester Health Status Survey‐IV. 65 males, 57 females aged 16 to 59 years were seen at the Spina Bifida Center of Central New York between January 2007 and December 2008 (annual hospitalization rate was 15 out of 100).ResultsHospitalizations and acute outpatient visits were associated with having shunted hydrocephalus, whereas visits to the emergency department were associated with having a decubitus ulcer. Logistic regression models revealed that older adults made proportionately fewer visits to primary care providers than younger adults (odds ratio 0.919; p=0.02). Yet for every 1‐year increase in age, the odds of being hospitalized increased by 5% (odds ratio 1.051; p=0.03).InterpretationAdults with spina bifida have multiple organ‐system disorders. They have greater difficulty accessing services, and utilize emergency and inpatient healthcare at higher rates than the general population. In the future, adults with spina bifida will require access to more medical care and preventive services if they are to have optimal health, well‐being, and functioning.
The association between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and poor glycaemic control: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: McBrien K. A. , Manns B. J. , Hemmelgarn B. R. , Weaver R. , Edwards A. L. , Ivers N. , Rabi D. , Lewanczuk R. , Braun T. , Naugler C. , Campbell D. , Saad N. , Tonelli M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimsPeople with diabetes and poor glycaemic control are at higher risk of diabetes‐related complications and incur higher healthcare costs. An understanding of the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with poor glycaemic control is needed to overcome the barriers to achieving care goals in this population.MethodsWe used linked administrative and laboratory data to create a provincial cohort of adults with prevalent diabetes, and a measure of HbA1c that occurred at least 1 year following the date of diagnosis. The primary outcome was poor glycaemic control, defined as at least two consecutive HbA1c measurements ≥ 86 mmol/mol (10%), not including the index measurement, spanning a minimum of 90 days. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the association between baseline sociodemographic and clinical factors and poor glycaemic control.ResultsIn this population‐based cohort of 169 890 people, younger age was significantly associated with sustained poor glycaemic control, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.08, 95% CI (2.79–3.39) for age 18–39 years compared with age ≥ 75 years. Longer duration of diabetes, First Nations status, lower neighbourhood income quintile, history of substance abuse, mood disorder, cardiovascular disease, albuminuria and high LDL cholesterol were also associated with poor glycaemic control.ConclusionsAlthough our results may be limited by the observational nature of the study, the large geographically defined sample size, longitudinal design and robust definition of poor glycaemic control are important strengths. These findings demonstrate the complexity associated with poor glycaemic control and indicate a need for tailored interventions.
Energy metabolism, liver and kidney function in adolescent marathon runners
Authors: Traiperm Natthapon , Gatterer Hannes , Pariwat Prapapimon , Burtscher Martin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundTo study parameters of energy metabolism, liver and kidney function in adolescent runners completing a standard 42·2‐km marathon run.DesignObservational field study.Materials and methodsFifty adolescents (30 healthy males and 20 healthy females) aged between 13 and 17 years participated in the study. All participants underwent routine medical screening. Blood samples were taken before, at the end and 24 h after a competitive marathon to investigate parameters of metabolism, liver and kidney function.ResultsForty‐seven runners completed the race with a mean finishing time of 4 h 57 min 24 s (range: 3 h 17 min 09 s to 6 h 14 min 01 s). None of the participants experienced an adverse medical event during or postmarathon. Findings indicate predominant lipid oxidation during and postmarathon, signs of minor hepatic injury and only transiently reduced kidney function caused by marathon running in adolescents.ConclusionThe observed findings are very similar to those reported in healthy adults. There is no evidence of liver or kidney injury in adolescent runners participating in a standard marathon run.
Long‐term, calorie‐restricted intake of a high‐fat diet in rats reduces impulse control and ventral striatal D2 receptor signalling – two markers of addiction vulnerability
Authors: Adams Wendy K. , Sussman Jacob L. , Kaur Sukhbir , D'souza Anna M. , Kieffer Timothy J. , Winstanley Catharine A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHigh impulsivity, mediated through ventral striatal dopamine signalling, represents an established risk factor for substance abuse, and may likewise confer vulnerability to pathological overeating. Mechanistically, the assumption is that trait impulsivity facilitates the initiation of maladaptive eating styles or choices. However, whether consumption of appetitive macronutrients themselves causes deficits in impulse control and striatal signalling, thereby contributing to cognitive changes permissive of overeating behaviour, has yet to be considered. We examined the effects of chronic maintenance on restricted equicaloric, but high‐fat or high‐sugar, diets (48 kcal/day; 60 kcal% fat or sucrose) on rats’ performance in the five‐choice serial reaction time task, indexing impulsivity and attention. Markers of dopamine signalling in the dorsal and ventral striatum, and plasma insulin and leptin levels, were also assessed. Rats maintained on the high‐fat diet (HFD) were more impulsive, whereas the high‐sugar diet (HSD) did not alter task performance. Importantly, body weight and hormone levels were similar between groups when behavioural changes were observed. Maintenance on HFD, but not on HSD, reduced the levels of dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) and phosphophorylated CREB (Ser133) proteins in the ventral, but not dorsal, striatum. D2R expression in the ventral striatum also negatively correlated with impulsive responding, independently of diet. These data indicate that chronic exposure to even limited amounts of high‐fat foods may weaken impulse control and alter neural signalling in a manner associated with vulnerability to addictions – findings that have serious implications for the propagation of uncontrolled eating behaviour in obesity and binge‐eating disorder.
The role of the cannabinoid receptor in adolescents′ processing of facial expressions
Authors: Ewald Anais , Becker Susanne , Heinrich Angela , Banaschewski Tobias , Poustka Luise , Bokde Arun , Büchel Christian , Bromberg Uli , Cattrell Anna , Conrod Patricia , Desrivières Sylvane , Frouin Vincent , Papadopoulos‐Orfanos Dimitri , Gallinat Jürgen , Garavan Hugh , Heinz Andreas , Walter Henrik , Ittermann Bernd , Gowland Penny , Paus Tomáš , Martinot Jean‐Luc , Paillère Martinot Marie‐Laure , Smolka Michael N. , Vetter Nora , Whelan Rob , Schumann Gunter , Flor Herta , Nees Frauke ,   the IMAGEN consortium
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe processing of emotional faces is an important prerequisite for adequate social interactions in daily life, and might thus specifically be altered in adolescence, a period marked by significant changes in social emotional processing. Previous research has shown that the cannabinoid receptor CB1R is associated with longer gaze duration and increased brain responses in the striatum to happy faces in adults, yet, for adolescents, it is not clear whether an association between CBR1 and face processing exists. In the present study we investigated genetic effects of the two CB1R polymorphisms, rs1049353 and rs806377, on the processing of emotional faces in healthy adolescents. They participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging during a Faces Task, watching blocks of video clips with angry and neutral facial expressions, and completed a Morphed Faces Task in the laboratory where they looked at different facial expressions that switched from anger to fear or sadness or from happiness to fear or sadness, and labelled them according to these four emotional expressions. A‐allele versus GG‐carriers in rs1049353 displayed earlier recognition of facial expressions changing from anger to sadness or fear, but not for expressions changing from happiness to sadness or fear, and higher brain responses to angry, but not neutral, faces in the amygdala and insula. For rs806377 no significant effects emerged. This suggests that rs1049353 is involved in the processing of negative facial expressions with relation to anger in adolescence. These findings add to our understanding of social emotion‐related mechanisms in this life period.
The effect of addition of a wettable biochar on soil water repellency
Authors: Hallin I. L. , Douglas P. , Doerr S. H. , Bryant R. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe potential of biochar to ameliorate soil water repellency has not been widely studied. Previous studies have focused on the potential for biochar to induce or exacerbate existing water repellency rather than alleviate it. This study investigates the effect of adding wettable biochar to water‐repellent soil by comparing the water drop penetration times (WDPTs) of a control and biochar‐amended soil. The potential of wettable biochar to act as a physical amendment to water‐repellent soil was evaluated by mixing coarsely‐ground biochar (CGB, particle size range 250–2000 µm) or finely‐ground biochar (FGB, particle size range < 250 µm) with one strongly and one severely naturally water‐repellent soil in various quantities, and then measuring the WDPT for each mixture. When biochar particles did not fall within the size range of existing soil particles, an initial increase in both mean WDPT (WDPTM) and variation in WDPT was observed with small additions of biochar. These effects possibly result from increased surface roughness and inhibition of infiltration by the suspension of drops above the average soil–air interface at a few hydrophobic points. Both CGB and FGB reduced soil water repellency, FGB more effectively than CGB. The addition of 10% w/w FGB reduced soil WDPT by 50%, and 25% FGB eliminated repellency. Direct absorption of water by biochar and an increase in soil surface area in contact with water are the predominant physical mechanisms involved. This exploratory study suggests biochar has the potential to amend water‐repellent soil.
Equine peripheral and infundibular dental caries: A review and proposals for their investigation
Authors: Borkent D. , Dixon P. M. 
Published: November 2015

SummarySeveral different theories on the aetiology of dental caries have been proposed, but it is generally accepted that it is primarily caused by acidogenic microorganisms converting fermentable carbohydrates to acids. There is still some discussion on whether caries is caused by specific microorganisms or a nonspecific mix of different microorganisms and on whether caries is a classical infection or is caused by dysregulation of the normal oral bacteria (dysbiosis). Two types of dental caries are recognised in horses, i.e. peripheral dental caries and infundibular dental caries, with peripheral caries appearing to be increasingly recognised. Little is known about the prevalence and severity of peripheral dental caries in the general equine population, or the risk factors and microorganisms involved in its aetiopathogenesis. Limited pathological studies have shown 2 types of cemental destruction in equine peripheral caries, and indicate that gross dental examination underestimates the severity of equine peripheral caries.
Mesh repair of a large traumatic lateral abdominal wall hernia in an 8‐day‐old foal
Authors: Gillam E. V. , Mathieu A. , Lacourt M. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryAn 8‐day‐old French trotter colt was admitted with a traumatic lateral abdominal wall hernia with reducible intestinal content. A 15 cm long full thickness tear was identified in both the internal abdominal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles. This case report describes the surgical repair of the hernia using a polypropylene mesh.
Novel wildlife in theArctic: the influence of changing riparian ecosystems and shrub habitat expansion on snowshoe hares
Authors: Tape Ken D. , Christie Katie , Carroll Geoff , O'Donnell Jonathan A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWarming during the 20th century has changed the arctic landscape, including aspects of the hydrology, vegetation, permafrost, and glaciers, but effects on wildlife have been difficult to detect. The primary aim of this study is to examine the physical and biological processes contributing to the expanded riparian habitat and range of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in northern Alaska. We explore linkages between components of the riparian ecosystem in Arctic Alaska since the 1960s, including seasonality of stream flow, air temperature, floodplain shrub habitat, and snowshoe hare distributions. Our analyses show that the peak discharge during spring snowmelt has occurred on average 3.4 days per decade earlier over the last 30 years and has contributed to a longer growing season in floodplain ecosystems. We use empirical correlations between cumulative summer warmth and riparian shrub height to reconstruct annual changes in shrub height from the 1960s to the present. The effects of longer and warmer growing seasons are estimated to have stimulated a 78% increase in the height of riparian shrubs. Earlier spring discharge and the estimated increase in riparian shrub height are consistent with observed riparian shrub expansion in the region. Our browsing measurements show that snowshoe hares require a mean riparian shrub height of at least 1.24–1.36 m, a threshold which our hindcasting indicates was met between 1964 and 1989. This generally coincides with observational evidence we present suggesting that snowshoe hares became established in 1977 or 1978. Warming and expanded shrub habitat is the most plausible reason for recent snowshoe hare establishment in Arctic Alaska. The establishment of snowshoe hares and other shrub herbivores in the Arctic in response to increasing shrub habitat is a contrasting terrestrial counterpart to the decline in marine mammals reliant on decreasing sea ice.
The relevance of food peak architecture in trophic interactions
Authors: Vatka Emma , Orell Markku , Rytkönen Seppo 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPhenological shifts and associated changes in the temporal match between trophic levels have been a major focus of the study of ecological consequences of climate change. Previously, the food peak has been thought to respond as an entity to warming temperatures. However, food peak architecture, that is, timings and abundances of prey species and the level of synchrony between them, determines the timing and shape of the food peak. We demonstrate this with a case example of three passerine prey species and their predator. We explored temporal trends in the timing, height, width, and peakedness of prey availabilities and explained their variation with food peak architecture and ambient temperatures of prebreeding and breeding seasons. We found a temporal match between the predator's breeding schedule and food availability. Temporal trends in the timing of the food peak or in the synchrony between the prey species were not found. However, the food peak has become wider and more peaked over time. With more peaked food availabilities, predator's breeding success will depend more on the temporal match between its breeding schedule and the food peak, ultimately affecting the timing of breeding in the predator population. The height and width of the food peak depended on the abundances and breeding season lengths of individual prey species and their reciprocal synchronies. Peakednesses of separate prey species' availability distributions alone explained the peakedness of the food peak. Timing and quantity of food production were associated with temperatures of various time periods with variable relevance in different prey species. Alternating abundances of early and late breeding prey species caused high annual fluctuation in the timing of the food peak. Interestingly, the food peak may become later even when prey species' schedules are advanced. Climate warming can thus produce unexpected changes in the food availabilities, intervening in trophic interactions.