bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body and diet composition of sympatric black and grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Authors: Schwartz Charles C. , Fortin Jennifer K. , Teisberg Justin E. , Haroldson Mark A. , Servheen Christopher , Robbins Charles T. , Van Manen Frank T. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThe Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) has experienced changes in the distribution and availability of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) food resources in recent decades. The decline of ungulates, fish, and whitebark pine seeds (Pinus albicaulis) has prompted questions regarding their ability to adapt. We examined body composition and diet of grizzly bears using bioelectrical impedance and stable isotopes to determine if 1) we can detect a change in diet quality associated with the decline in either ungulates or whitebark pine, and 2) the combined decline in ungulates, fish, and pine seeds resulted in a change in grizzly bear carrying capacity in the GYE. We contrasted body fat and mass in grizzly bears with a potential competitor, the American black bear (Ursus americanus), to address these questions. Grizzly bears assimilated more meat into their diet and were in better body condition than black bears throughout the study period, indicating the decline in ungulate resources did not affect grizzly bears more than black bears. We also found no difference in autumn fat levels in grizzly bears in years of good or poor pine seed production, and stable isotope analyses revealed this was primarily a function of switching to meat resources during poor seed‐producing years. This dietary plasticity was consistent over the course of our study. We did not detect an overall downward trend in either body mass or the fraction of meat assimilated into the diet by grizzly bears over the past decade, but we did detect a downward trend in percent body fat in adult female grizzly bears after 2006. Whether this decline is an artifact of small sample size or due to the population reaching the ecological carrying capacity of the Yellowstone ecosystem warrants further investigation. © 2013 The Wildlife Society
Efficacy and health effects of a wildlife immunocontraceptive vaccine on fox squirrels
Authors: Krause Sara K. , Kelt Douglas A. , Gionfriddo James P. , Van Vuren Dirk H. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTContinued range expansion of introduced eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) in the western United States could lead to widespread damage to agricultural crops, facility infrastructures, and displacement of the native western gray squirrel (S. griseus). Because traditional management alternatives may not be feasible in many areas, public interest in the use of immunocontraceptive to control local populations has increased. We evaluated the efficacy of GonaCon™ immunocontraceptive vaccine for controlling eastern fox squirrel reproduction in Davis, California. We administered GonaCon to 33 male and 26 female fox squirrels, and a control substance to 33 males and 24 females. We subsequently compared the reproductive status, health, and serum concentrations of testosterone and progesterone of our treated and control populations. In our treated population, we also measured serum concentrations of antibodies to gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH). To determine potential side effects of the vaccine, we recorded body weight and body condition of all animals, examined injection sites during each recapture, and observed the treated squirrels in the field for signs of discomfort and impaired mobility. Over 17 months, none of the recaptured GonaCon‐treated females (n = 20) reproduced, compared to 12 of 15 control females. Treated males and females developed sufficient antibodies to GnRH to suppress reproduction, suggesting that GonaCon has the potential to be 100% effective in inhibiting reproduction in both sexes. We also observed a reduction in physical signs of reproductive activity for males (P < 0.001) and in hormone levels of both females (P < 0.001) and males (P < 0.001). Control and GonaCon‐treated animals did not differ in body weight but vaccinated squirrels had poorer body condition scores and exhibited severe injection site abscesses. The abscesses may have been caused by the GnRH conjugate used in GonaCon. In our study, GonaCon was effective in reducing eastern fox squirrel reproduction. Changes in the conjugate or its preparation may reduce the severity of associated injection site reactions. © 2013 The Wildlife Society
LAND DEGRADATION IN DOLJ COUNTY, SOUTHERN ROMANIA: ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES, IMPACTS AND RESPONSES
Authors: Stringer L. C. , Harris A. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTCentral and Eastern Europe is experiencing significant land degradation, at the same time as social, economic and political transformation, and within the broader context of global climate change. This paper uses satellite data, primary field data and secondary information on Romania's social, political and economic dynamics, in a mixed‐method case study analysis of the drivers of, and responses to, environmental change and land degradation over the period 1984–2007. The analytical time frame encompasses the Socialist era, as well as transition to European Union membership, allowing identification of the ways in which the dominant political economic and social systems interact with biophysical factors and play out in the landscape. Although the Socialist era is often portrayed as environmentally destructive, results indicate that management during this time developed a relatively stable landscape, albeit at an economic and social cost. In the lead up to the collapse of Socialist governance, the landscape altered more, resulting in worsening land degradation and land cover change. Responses to land degradation have taken two main routes: land abandonment and tree planting. Although aspects of these responses are now more democratic and participatory, at the same time, they share some common ground with Socialist era approaches. Building on the positive aspects of Socialist management strategies yields important lessons in addressing land degradation challenges more broadly. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness and acceleration of bone repair in critical‐sized rat calvarial defects using low‐level laser therapy
Authors: de Oliveira Aline Muniz , Castro‐Silva Igor Iuco , de Oliveira Fernandes Gustavo Vicentis , Melo Bruno Raposo , Alves Adriana Terezinha Neves Novellino , Silva Júnior Arley , Lima Inayá Correa Barbosa , Granjeiro José Mauro 
Published: November 2013

Background and ObjectiveTissue regeneration remains a challenge for orthopedic and craniomaxillofacial surgery to treat bone loss. The use of low‐level laser therapy suggests a promise on this road with positive results for narrow defects. However, temporal and quantitative evaluations are required to understand the healing process of large injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the repair of critical‐size bone defects in rat calvaria using a GaAlAs laser.Study Design/Materials and MethodsBone defects (9 mm in diameter) were created on the skull of 30 Wistar rats separated in control or irradiated group. GaAlAs laser (λ = 830 nm, energy density = 2.5 J/cm2 and output power = 50 mW) was applied after surgery and six times more at 48 hours intervals. The animals were euthanized after 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Digital radiographs, descriptive histological and histomorphometric analyses were carried out.ResultsRadiographic analysis showed greater bone formation in the irradiated group than control at 8 weeks, covering 45% and 28% of the defect, respectively (P < 0.05). Histological analysis showed in the irradiated groups a higher amount of bone neoformation and greater maturity at 4 and 8 weeks. Histomorphometric analysis showed that the volume density of bone tissue at 4 weeks in the irradiated group was two times higher than the control (P < 0.01).ConclusionThe biomodulation of low‐level laser therapy using 830 nm wavelength light was effective in promoting bone healing in critical defects despite the unfavorable prognosis as well as it accelerated the maturation of bone tissue. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:61–67, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Block copolymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries
Authors: Young Wen‐Shiue , Kuan Wei‐Fan , Epps, Thomas H. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIon‐conducting block copolymers (BCPs) have attracted significant interest as conducting materials in solid‐state lithium batteries. BCP self‐assembly offers promise for designing ordered materials with nanoscale domains. Such nanostructures provide a facile method for introducing sufficient mechanical stability into polymer electrolyte membranes, while maintaining the ionic conductivity at levels similar to corresponding solvent‐free homopolymer electrolytes. This ability to simultaneously control conductivity and mechanical integrity provides opportunities for the fabrication of sturdy, yet easily processable, solid‐state lithium batteries. In this review, we first introduce several fundamental studies of ion conduction in homopolymers for the understanding of ion transport in the conducting domain of BCP systems. Then, we summarize recent experimental studies of BCP electrolytes with respect to the effects of salt‐doping and morphology on ionic conductivity. Finally, we present some remaining challenges for BCP electrolytes and highlight several important areas for future research. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1–16
Improvements in carbon fibre reinforced composites by inkjet printing of thermoplastic polymer patterns
Authors: Zhang Yi , Stringer Jonathan , Grainger Richard , Smith Patrick J. , Hodzic Alma 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA thermoplastic polymer solution was inkjet printed in a pre‐defined hexagonal pattern onto carbon fibre reinforced epoxy resin (CFRP), leading to a significant increase in strength, stiffness and toughness of the final aerospace grade compo‐site system. The approach consisted of depositing low‐viscosity polymer microdroplets having chemically and me‐chanically comparable properties to epoxy polymer, onto CFRP before curing and solidification. The microdroplets remained arrested between composite plies without direct contact with the neighbouring microdroplets ensuring preservation of the structural integrity of the new composite system after curing. The key to achieving this synergistic effect was in appropriately selected additive materials; however, the novel aspects also included the method itself, which enabled an accurate crack arrest mechanism.magnified imageInkjet printing of thermoplastic droplets in a hexagonal pattern on resin pre‐impregnated carbon fibre, showing increased mechanical properties.(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Alternating current corona discharge/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for mass spectrometry
Authors: Habib Ahsan , Usmanov Dilshadbek , Ninomiya Satoshi , Chen Lee Chuin , Hiraoka Kenzo 
Published: November 2013

RATIONALEAlthough alternating current (ac) corona discharge has been widely used in the fields of material science and technology, no reports have been published on its application to an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion source. In this work, ac corona discharge for an APCI ion source has been examined for the first time.METHODSThe ambient atmospheric pressure ac corona discharge (15 kHz, 2.6 kVptp) was generated by using a stainless steel acupuncture needle. The generated ions were measured using an ion trap mass spectrometer. A comparative study on ac and direct current (dc) corona APCI ion sources was carried out using triacetone triperoxide and trinitrotoluene as test samples.RESULTSThe ac corona discharge gave ion signals as strong as dc corona discharge for both positive and negative ion modes. In addition, softer ionization was obtained with ac corona discharge than with dc corona discharge. The erosion of the needle tip induced by ac corona was less than that obtained with positive mode dc corona.CONCLUSIONSA good 'yardstick' for assessing ac corona is that it can be used for both positive and negative ion modes without changing the polarity of the high‐voltage power supply. Thus, ac corona can be an alternative to conventional dc corona for APCI ion sources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unleashing radical sites in non‐covalent complexes: The case of the protonated S‐nitrosocysteine/18‐crown‐6 complex
Authors: Osburn Sandra , O'Hair Richard A. J. 
Published: November 2013

RATIONALEIntroducing radicals onto gas‐phase non‐covalent complexes and studying their chemistry is a relatively unexplored frontier. In generating these radicals via bond homolysis reactions, it is important that the energy necessary for forming the radical does not exceed the energy required for dissociating the complex itself. Based on this consideration, new approaches for creating these radicals will probably have to involve incorporation of weak bonds that can easily undergo homolysis.METHODSThe formation of a radical cation, via collision‐induced dissociation, of protonated S‐nitrosocysteine non‐covalently bound to the crown ether 18‐crown‐6 is described here. The radical cation of this complex was isolated and subjected to collisional activation and ion‐molecule reactions with allyl iodide. The results were compared with those of the radical cation of 'bare' cysteine.RESULTSCollisional activation of the radical cation of the cysteine/crown complex led to fragmentation of cysteine as well as of the crown ether. Ion‐molecule reactions of the radical cation of the complex with allyl iodide led to products arising from I and allyl abstraction. Isolation and CID of the former product ion led to the loss of iodocysteine.CONCLUSIONSCleavage of the weak S–NO bond has allowed the formation of a radical site onto a non‐covalent complex. Ion‐molecule reactions and collisional activation were utilized to probe the chemistry of this radical cation. The approach adopted here for incorporating a radical onto a cysteine/crown complex shows promise for the introduction of radical sites onto other biological non‐covalent complexes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Konstruktion und Bemessung der Festpunkte von Stehfalzprofileindeckungen auf Trapezprofilen bei Binderdächern
Authors: Dürnberger Dieter , Huck Gerhard , Maas Wolfgang , Misiek Thomas 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDurch die Einleitung des Dachschubs aus der Außenschale zweischaliger Dachkonstruktionen von Binderdächern (Fixpunkt am Giebel), z. B. bei der Verwendung von Stehfalzprofilen, bei denen die Außenschale an diskreten Punkten an der Innenschale (Obergurte) befestigt ist, werden die Trapezprofile der Innenschale quer zur Spannrichtung durch eine Linienlast belastet. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes wurden Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung des Trag‐ und Verformungsverhaltens der Trapezprofile bei Einleitung dieser Linienlast durchgeführt, aus denen sich konstruktive Anforderungen sowie Berechnungsansätze ergeben.Design of fixed points of standing seam profiles on decking profiles. Roof thrust from the outer layer of a double‐layer roof structures has to be introduced into the inner layer. Usually this is done at fixed points at the roof ridge. An outer layer of standing seam profiles attached to crests of the inner layer of trapezoidal sheeting at discrete points is a typical example. In this case, additional transverse bending moments occur. They sheeting panels are loaded with a line load transversely to the direction of span. Within the scope of a research program, investigations on the load‐bearing capacity and deformation behavior of the sheeting panels of the inner layer were performed. The work resulted in the design and calculation approaches presented here.
Mechanische Verbindungen im Metallleichtbau
Authors: Ulbrich Detlef , Primke‐Engel Reiner , Blunk Christoph , Glienke Ralf 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOhne das Verbinden von Einzelteilen zu Baugruppen und letztendlich zum finalen Produkt ist ein Bauen nicht möglich. Es existieren vielfältige Arten von Verbindungen, deren Eignung sehr stark von den zu verbindenden Werkstoffen und den daraus gefertigten Teilen abhängt. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich speziell mit Verbindungen im Metallleichtbau. Neben den auch im Metallhochbau typischen Fügeverfahren wie Schweißen, Schrauben und Nieten findet man im Metallleichtbau weitere Verbindungsarten wie z. B. Falzverbindungen, Clinchen, Stanznietverbindungen und Setzbolzenverbindungen.Eine detaillierte Beschreibung dieser vielfältigen Fügeverfahren würde den Rahmen dieses Beitrages sprengen. Es werden deshalb nur die den überwiegenden Teil aller Verbindungen im Metallleichtbau ausmachenden Verbindungen mit so genannten stiftförmigen Verbindungselementen, wie Schraubverbindungen, Blindnietverbindungen und Setzbolzenverbindungen, behandelt. Dabei werden die Anwendungsbereiche aufgezeigt, Vor‐ und Nachteile gegenübergestellt, die Ermittlung von Tragfähigkeitswerten kurz behandelt sowie Hinweise zur Bemessung und Ausführung gegeben.Mechanical joints in metallic light weight structures. Construction is not possible without joining single parts to components and at the end to the final structure. There exist multifarious kinds of connections whose suitability mainly depends on the characteristic of raw material the structural parts are made of. This article especially deals with joints in metallic light weight structures. Beside the typical connections in metal structures like welding, bolting and riveting in metallic light weight structures further kinds of connections can be found like standing seam, clinch, punch rivet or cartridge fired pin connections.Describing all these single methods would go beyond the scope of this article. That is why only the predominant part of all connections with so called pencil‐shaped fastening elements like screwed connections, blind riveted connections and connections with cartridge fired pins will be dealt with. Furthermore the scope of application will be shown, advantages and disadvantages will be compared, the determination of characteristic values or resistance will be shortly explained and advices for calculation and execution will be given.
Effektive Wärmedämmung bei Anwendung von Stahl‐Kassettenprofilen
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Pyschny Dominik , Brieden Matthias , Kuhnhenne Markus 
Published: November 2013

AbstractStahl‐Kassettenprofile werden vielfach bei der Herstellung raumabschließender Konstruktionen im Industrie‐ und Gewerbebau verwendet. Bisher werden überwiegend Stahl‐Kassettenkonstruktionen mit einem in der Regel 3 mm dünnen Trennstreifen zwischen Kassettenprofil und außenseitigem Trapezprofil realisiert. Eine wärmetechnisch optimierte Alternative ist die Ausbildung von Stahl‐Kassettenkonstruktionen mit vollflächiger Dämmschicht zwischen Kassettenprofil und außenseitigem Trapezprofil. Dadurch kann der Wärmebrückeneffekt im thermischen Einflussbereich des Kassettensteges deutlich reduziert werden.Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags ist zunächst die numerische Untersuchung möglicher zulässiger Vereinfachungen des geometrischen Aufbaus von Stahl‐Kassettenkonstruktionen. Mit Hilfe dieser geometrischen Vereinfachungen werden im weiteren Verlauf thermische Berechnungen an einer Vielzahl von Konstruktionen durchgeführt, die schließlich in ein Bemessungsdiagramm münden. Das Diagramm erlaubt es, für das eingesetzte Dämmstoffmaterial in Abhängigkeit von der jeweiligen Gesamtkonstruktion eine effektiv wirksame Dicke der Wärmedämmung zu ermitteln. Außerdem wird die in der Praxis häufig anwendete Bemessungshilfe “IFBS‐Fachinformation 4.05“ den numerischen Untersuchungen gegenübergestellt. Nach dem Vergleich der erzielten Ergebnisse beider Methoden werden die Ergebnisse der numerischen Berechnungen in Relation zu den aktuellen Referenzwerten nach Energieeinsparverordnung gesetzt. Die Diskussion und Bewertung der Resultate schließen den Beitrag ab.Effective thermal insulation by application of steel cassette profiles. Steel cassette constructions are widely used for industrial and commercial buildings. Up to now mainly steel cassette constructions with a generally 3 mm thin marker space between cassette profile and exterior trapezoidal profile are realised. One thermal optimised alternative is the design of cassette constructions with continuous insulation layer between cassette profile and exterior profile. Thus the thermal bridging effect in the thermal sphere of the cassette web can be reduced significantly.Subject of the following article is first the numerical investigation for possible simplifications of the geometric set‐up of steel cassette constructions. On the basis of these simplified steel cassettes thermal calculations of a huge number of constructions are carried out during the further procedure, which in conclusion opened out into an easy to use design table. The table enables for the deployed amount of insulation in dependency on each construction to determine an effective thickness of the thermal insulation. Furthermore the practically applied design help “IFBS‐Fachinformation 4.05” is opposed to the results. After comparing both methods the deliverables of the numerical calculations are put into relation to the current reference values of the German Energy Saving Regulation. The discussion and assessment of these results conclude the article.
MPS II: Adaptive Behavior of Patients and Impact on the Family System
Authors: Needham Mary , Packman Wendy , Rappoport Maxwell , Quinn Natasha , Cordova Matthew , Macias Sandra , Morgan Cynthia , Packman Seymour 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), also known as Hunter syndrome, is a chronic and progressive X‐linked lysosomal disease that mainly affects males. It occurs in 1 in every 65,000 to 1 in 132,000 births. There are two distinct forms of the disease based on age of onset and clinical course: mild and severe. MPS II affects many organ systems including the nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. Complications can include vision problems, progressive hearing loss, thickened and elastic skin, mental impairment, and enlarged liver and spleen. We herein focus on the adaptive behavior of individuals with MPS II, and the impact of MPS II on the family system. Outcomes from the Vineland‐II Adaptive Behavior Scales showed that the MPS II patient sample experienced significantly lower functioning in communication, daily living skills, socialization, and motor skills compared to normative data. Patients with severe MPS II were found to have significantly lower adaptive functioning in all domains, as compared to those with mild MPS II. Length of time on ERT had no significant relationship to adaptive functioning. Results from the Peds QL Family Impact Module indicated that families of patients with MPS II experienced a lower overall health‐related quality of life and overall lower family functioning (including lower emotional and cognitive functioning) than those with chronic illnesses residing in an inpatient setting.
CCN1 is a novel target to reduce the metastasis of melanoma
Authors: Hutchenreuther James 
Published: November 2013

AbstractMelanoma is becoming increasingly common in recent years and has a very high mortality rate, owing largely to its highly metastatic nature. It tends to metastasize early in the course of the disease, and after metastasis is resistant to most current therapies. Preclinical data has indicated that heparin administered to patients as an antithrombotic treatment also has anti‐metastatic properties. Heparin has been shown to interfere with the binding of the integrin Very Late Antigen 4 (VLA‐4) to its ligand Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM‐1) and in a recent paper the laboratory of Bendas (Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Prepublished online) demonstrated that CCN1 binds to VLA‐4 and interference in this binding by heparin results in reduced strength of the VLA‐4/VCAM‐1 binding. This indicates that CCN1 might represent a good target for reducing the metastasis, and thus mortality, of melanoma.