bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covalent Functionalization of Dipole‐Modulating Molecules on Trilayer Graphene: An Avenue for Graphene‐Interfaced Molecular Machines
Authors: Nguyen Phong , Li Junwen , Sreeprasad T. S. , Jasuja Kabeer , Mohanty Nihar , Ikenberry Myles , Hohn Keith , Shenoy Vivek B. , Berry Vikas 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe molecular dipole moment plays a significant role in governing important phenomena like molecular interactions, molecular configuration, and charge transfer, which are important in several electronic, electrochemical, and optoelectronic systems. Here, the effect of the change in the dipole moment of a tethered molecule on the carrier properties of (functionalized) trilayer graphene—a stack of three layers of sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms—is demonstrated. It is shown that, due to the high carrier confinement and large quantum capacitance, the trans‐to‐cis isomerisation of ‘covalently attached’ azobenzene molecules, with a change in dipole moment of 3D, leads to the generation of a high effective gating voltage. Consequently, 6 units of holes are produced per azobenzene molecule (hole density increases by 440 000 holes μm−2). Based on Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data, a model is outlined for outer‐layer, azobenzene‐functionalized trilayer graphene with current modulation in the inner sp2 matrix. Here, 0.097 V are applied by the isomerisation of the functionalized azobenzene. Further, the large measured quantum capacitance of 72.5 μF cm−2 justifies the large Dirac point in the heavily doped system. The mechanism defining the effect of dipole modulation of covalently tethered molecules on graphene will enable future sensors and molecular‐machine interfaces with graphene.
Diagnosis of uterine vein thrombosis on transvaginal ultrasound
Authors: Mavrelos D. , Cohen H. , Pateman K. , Hoo W. , Foo X. , Jurkovic D. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTDeep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a potentially serious medical disorder, which may result in pulmonary embolism and death. Compression ultrasound is the investigation modality of choice for the diagnosis of DVT of the lower limb. Diagnosis of proximal thrombosis involving the pelvic veins is difficult and is usually made only after the thrombus extends into the veins of the lower limb. We present six cases of incidental uterine vein thrombosis diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound. Our aim is to describe the technique of the examination of pelvic veins and criteria that could be used to diagnose uterine vein thrombosis. We also highlight difficulties in the management of women diagnosed with asymptomatic uterine vein thrombi as there is little evidence to guide clinicians in choosing between different treatment options. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Role of flexible alternating current transmission systems devices in mitigating grid fault‐induced vibration of wind turbines
Authors: Basu Biswajit , Staino Andrea , Basu Malabika 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the modeling of mechanical and structural vibrations in wind turbines due to the occurrence of electrical faults and an effective means of suppressing the vibrations with flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices. A detailed model describing the dynamic interaction between the mechanical and the electrical subsystems of the turbine is presented. The model captures the effect of grid faults on the mechanical vibrations of drivetrain, flexible rotor blades and tower. Numerical investigation reveals that electrical disturbances have a significant impact on the mechanical/structural vibrations. In fact, the occurrence of severe vibrations due to voltage sags may compromise safe operation of the overall plant. The application of FACTS devices is then considered to suppress the effect of electrical fault‐induced vibrations. The performance comparison of static synchronous compensator and unified power quality conditioner devices in improving the mechanical/structural response has been carried out. A fault scenario compliant with Irish grid code has been simulated. Simulation results show that FACTS devices are successfully able to mitigate vibrations due to electrical faults, and they can be conveniently applied to stabilize the generator shaft speed, drivetrain oscillations, edgewise blade vibrations and tower responses. Further, superior performances of the unified power quality conditioner as compared with static synchronous compensator are also observed under certain conditions with increased fault duration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Prognostic Relevance of Psammoma Bodies and Ultrasonographic Intratumoral Calcifications in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Pyo Jung‐Soo , Kang Guhyun , Kim Dong‐Hoon , Park Chanheun , Kim Joo Heon , Sohn Jin Hee 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundAlthough psammoma bodies (PB) are found in up to 50 % of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), their clinicopathological significance remains uncertain. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinicopathological significance of PB and the correlation between PB and ultrasonographic intratumoral calcification in PTC.MethodsThe clinicopathological parameters, ultrasonographic calcifications, and the presence of PB were evaluated in 258 surgically resected conventional PTC.ResultsPsammoma bodies were found in 141 of 258 PTC (54.7 %). The presence of PB was significantly correlated with tumor multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.009, P = 0.004, and P < 0.001, respectively), but not with the BRAFV600E mutation. Higher incidences of both intratumoral and extratumoral PB were found in overt PTC (>1 cm) than in papillary microcarcinomas (≤1 cm) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.015, respectively). Extratumoral PB were only identified in 48.9 % of 141 PTC with PB, and PTC with extratumoral PB showed higher incidences of tumor multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, and nodal metastasis compared to PTC with intratumoral PB (P = 0.014, P = 0.005 and P = 0.001, respectively). Ultrasonographic intratumoral calcification corresponded to clusters of intratumoral PB (P < 0.001) and was associated with nodal metastasis (P = 0.026).ConclusionsThe findings of the present study suggest that the presence of PB may be a useful prognostic indicator of aggressive PTC behaviors. In addition, confirmation of ultrasonographic intratumoral calcification would be a useful decision‐making criterion when determining the need for preoperative or intraoperative surveillance of nodal metastasis.
Female mice heterozygous for creatine transporter deficiency show moderate cognitive deficits
Authors: Hautman Emily R. , Kokenge Amanda N. , Udobi Kenea C. , Williams Michael T. , Vorhees Charles V. , Skelton Matthew R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractCreatine transporter (CrT) deficiency (CTD) is an X‐linked disorder characterized by intellectual disability and speech delay. There have been reports that show female carriers have clinical symptoms. We have created CrT knockout (CrT−/y) mice in which males show severe cognitive deficits as a model of this disorder. The purpose of this study was to examine if the female carrier mice show cognitive deficits. Reductions in Cr levels as well as CrT transcript were observed in the brains of the female CrT+/− mice. CrT+/− mice show hyperactivity and increased latency to find the cued platform in the Morris water maze (MWM). CrT+/− female mice showed deficits in MWM hidden platform acquisition but not during reversal testing. Memory deficits on probe trials were observed during both phases. Novel object recognition memory and contextual fear memory were not affected in female CrT+/− mice. Female CrT+/− mice show moderate cognitive deficits, which is consistent with some of the human data. Female CrT+/− mice could prove to be beneficial in further understanding CTD and testing therapeutic approaches.
Sweet taste perception not altered after acute sleep deprivation in healthy young men
Authors: Hogenkamp P.S. , Nilsson E. , Chapman C.D. , Cedernaes J. , Vogel H. , Dickson S.L. , Broman J-E , Schiöth H.B. , Benedict C. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract

Background
We hypothesized that acutely sleep-deprived participants would rate ascending concentrations of sucrose as more intense and pleasant, than they would do after one night of normal sleep. Such a finding would offer a potential mechanism through which acute sleep loss could promote overeating in humans.

Method
A total of 16 healthy normal-weight men participated in 2 conditions: sleep (permitted between 22:30 and 06:30 h) and total sleep deprivation (TSD) respectively. On the morning after regular sleep and TSD, circulating concentrations of ghrelin and glucose were measured. In addition, participants hunger level was assessed by means of visual analogue scales, both before and after a caloric preload. Finally, following the preload, participants rated both intensity and pleasantness of six orally presented yogurt probes with varying sucrose concentrations (2–29 %).

Results
Feelings of hunger were significantly more intense under both fasted and sated conditions when subjects were sleep-deprived. In contrast, the change in hunger induced by the preload was similar between the sleep and TSD conditions. Plasma concentrations of ghrelin were significantly higher under conditions of TSD, whereas plasma glucose did not differ between the conditions. No effects were found either on sweet taste intensity or on pleasantness after TSD.

Conclusion
One night of TSD increases morning plasma concentrations of the hunger-promoting hormone ghrelin in healthy young men. In contrast, sweet taste perception was not affected by nocturnal wakefulness. This suggests that an altered sweet taste perception is an unlikely mechanism by which TSD enhances food intake.
Strategies for Preventing Distractions and Interruptions in the OR
Authors: Clark Gregory J. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractStakeholders in the automotive industry, airline industry, and anesthesia profession have identified critical periods of time in which distractions and interruptions of normal processes can have devastating effects. Just as reducing distractions improves safety in an automobile or airplane cockpit, limiting distractions and interruptions during critical times in the perioperative setting can increase patient safety. We assessed perioperative nurses and identified what they perceived as critical phases of nursing care. We also worked with our anesthesia partners to address their concerns about interruptions during the administration of nerve blocks. The perioperative nurses at our hospital initiated strategies to reduce distractions or interruptions to their practice at critical points, and, in collaboration with surgical committee members, we developed strategies to reduce or eliminate distractions for anesthesia professionals during the preoperative administration of nerve blocks and to eliminate distractions for the RN circulator and scrub person during the final counts.
Monocyte derived dendritic cells have reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules but are able to stimulate autologous T-cells in patients with MDS
Authors: Davison Glenda M , Novitzky Nicolas , Abdulla Rygana 
Published: May 2013

INTRODUCTION:
Research has implied that the immune system plays a role in the pathogenesis of MDS and that T-cells are reacting to tumour antigen present on the surface of the malignant cells. This could imply that the immune system could be utilized to generate immune based therapy. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the feasibility of studying this further by analysing the interaction of dendritic cells with T-cells in a small cohort of MDS patients.

METHODS:
Dendritic cells were generated in 6 MDS patients and 9 controls by culturing monocytes with GM-CSF and IL-4. After activation with LPS and TNFα, the dendritic cells were analyzed for expression of co-stimulatory and activation antigens. Thereafter, they were co-cultured with T-cells and the T-cell response was examined by measuring the % change in expression of the activation antigen CD69.

RESULTS:
MDS MoDC had reduced expression of HLA-DR (p=0.006), CD11c (p=0.0004), CD80 (p=0.03) and CD86 (p=0.003), while resting T-cells from MDS patients had higher expression of the activation antigen CD69 on all subsets. The % change in CD69 expression increased significantly for both the control and MDS T-cells after co-culture with allogeneic dendritic cells, however this change was lower in the MDS group. Despite the increased CD69 expression prior to culture, MDS MoDC significantly up-regulated CD69 expression on autologous T-cells to values that were statistically higher than control cells.

CONCLUSION:
This initial study suggests that the T-cells in MDS are able to respond to dendritic cells and are therefore probably not part of the malignant clone. It further implies that the dendritic cell population could be capable of presenting antigen and initiating an immune response and therefore further study is both feasible and warranted.
Regulatory expression of MMP‐8/MMP‐9 and inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion in human lung cancer A549 cells in the presence of HGF variants
Authors: Ramanujum Rakesh , Lin Ya‐Ling , Liu Jong‐Kang , He Shiping 
Published: May 2013

AbstractHepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a potent cytokine of mesenchymal origin, exhibits polytrophic physiological responses, including proliferation, migration, and invasion, in a wide variety of cells. Although it is known that inhibition of the responses by HGF variants was via signal transducers and activators of the transcription pathway, the mechanisms of action of the variants involved in the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were not clearly understood. Thus, recombinant HGF variants, NK1, NK2, NK3, and NK4 were topically applied to assays for proliferation, migration, invasion, and expression of MMPs in the human lung cancer cell line A549 and compared to that of control medium and a glutathione‐s‐transferase control. Results showed that these recombinant HGF variants significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 at >4 nM, downregulated expression of MMP‐9, and upregulated expression of MMP‐8. The study clearly suggests that binding of the HGF variants to the cell surface c‐Met resulted in the downregulation of MMP‐9, and upregulation of MMP‐8 protein expressions might be key molecular signals against proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 cells.
MULTI-YEAR TREND ANALYSIS OF CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION UPTAKE AND COVERAGE IN NIGERIA
Authors: ADEGBOYE OYELOLA A. , KOTZE DANELLE , ADEGBOYE OLASUNKANMI A. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryAs a leading indicator of child health, under-five mortality was incorporated in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals with the aim of reducing the rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. Under-five mortality in Nigeria is alarmingly high, and many of the diseases that result in mortality are vaccine preventable. This study evaluates the uptake of childhood immunization in Nigeria from 1990 to 2008. A multi-year trend analysis was carried out using Alternating Logistic Regression on 46,130 children nested within 17,380 mothers in 1938 communities from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys from 1990 to 2008. The findings reveal that mother-level and community-level variability are significantly associated with immunization uptake in Nigeria. The model also indicates that children delivered at private hospitals have a higher chance of being immunized than children who are delivered at home. Children from the poorest families (who are more likely to be delivered at home) have a lower chance of being immunized than those from the richest families (OR=0.712; 95% CI, 0.641–0.792). Similarly, the chance of children with a mother with no education being immunized is decreased by 17% compared with children whose mother has at least a primary education. In the same way, children of mothers who are gainfully employed and those of older mothers have statistically significantly higher odds of being immunized. Children of households with a female head are less likely to be immunized than those from male-headed households. The statistical significance of the community–survey year interaction term suggests an increase in the odds of a child being immunized over the years and spread over communities. Evidence-based policy should lay more emphasis on mother- and community-level risk factors in order to increase immunization coverage among Nigerian children.
Heavy metal concentrations in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria alexandrina uninfected or infected with cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and/or Echinostoma liei in Egypt: the potential use of this snail as a bioindicator of pollution
Authors: Mostafa O.M.S. , Mossa A.-T.H. , El Einin H.M.A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractIn spite of using aquatic snails as bioindicators for water pollution, little attention has been paid to the effect of parasitism upon the concentration of heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in these organisms. The present study therefore aimed to compare the concentrations of heavy metals in trematode-infected Biomphalaria alexandrina collected from Kafer Alsheikh and Menofia provinces, Egypt, with uninfected snails from the same sites, in order to assess the effect of parasitism on the use of these snails as bioindicators. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soft parts and shells of snails were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that the heavy metal profile in snails infected with Echinostoma liei was very different from that in snails infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The total concentration of heavy metals in E. liei-infected snails collected from Kafer Alsheikh or Menofia province was greater than in uninfected snails. In contrast, the total concentration of heavy metals in S. mansoni-infected snails was reduced compared with uninfected snails. In conclusion, the status of snails with respect to parasitic infection must be taken into consideration when these snails are used as bioindicators.
Growth rate of the intermediate snail host Galba truncatula influences redial development of the trematode Fascioloides magna
Authors: Rondelaud D. , Novobilský A. , Höglund J. , Kašný M. , Pankrác J. , Vignoles P. , Dreyfuss G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA total of 850 pre-adult Galba truncatula (shell height, 4 mm), originating from four French snail populations differing in shell height at the adult stage (from 6.5 to 12 mm), were individually subjected at 20°C to single-miracidium infections with Fascioloides magna. At day 75 post-exposure, the surviving snails were dissected, and rediae and cercariae were counted. Snail groups differed in shell growth during the experiment: from 1.8 ± 0.4 mm in group A up to 4.0 ± 1.1 mm in group D. The prevalence of F. magna infection, the numbers of free rediae and cercariae significantly increased together with increasing growth of infected snails during the experiment. Group A produced 1–6 first-generation rediae per snail and the mean daughter redia production ranged from 7.5 second-generation rediae (when a single first generation per snail developed) to 2.3 (6 first-generation rediae per snail). In contrast, up to ten first-generation rediae were noted in group D, and each mother redia gave daughter rediae with averages ranging from 1.5 (ten first-generation rediae per snail) to 13 (a single first generation per snail). In conclusion, the development of F. magna in G. truncatula exhibited both inter- and intrapopulation variability, where the development of rediae and cercariae was positively correlated with snail growth.
On the interpretation of noun compounds: Syntax, semantics, and entailment
Authors: NAKOV PRESLAV 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe discuss the problem of interpreting noun compounds such ascolon cancer tumor suppressor protein, which pose major challenges for the automatic interpretation of English written text. We present an overview of the more general process of compounding and of noun compounds in particular, as well as of their syntax and semantics from both theoretical and computational linguistics viewpoint with an emphasis on the latter. Our main focus is on computational approaches to the syntax and semantics of noun compounds: we describe the problems, present the challenges, and discuss the most important lines of research. We also show how understanding noun compound syntax and semantics could help solve textual entailment problems, which would be potentially useful for a number of NLP applications, and which we believe to be an important direction for future research.
Default options, incentives and food choices: evidence from elementary-school children
Authors: Just David , Price Joseph 
Published: May 2013

AbstractObjectiveTo examine whether requiring children to place fruits and vegetables on their lunch trays increases consumption of these items.DesignObservational study that exploited naturally occurring variation between two school districts and a pre–post observational study at schools that changed their lunch policy mid-year.SettingFifteen elementary schools from two school districts, one requiring students to place a fruit or vegetable on their tray and one that does not. In addition, three schools that implemented a default option part way through the school year.SubjectsStudents at eighteen elementary schools (41 374 child-day observations) across the two experiments.ResultsRequiring that fruits and vegetables be placed on each child's tray increased the fraction of children who ate a serving of fruits or vegetables by 8 percentage points (P< 0·01) but led to an extra 0·7 servings being thrown away per lunch served (P< 0·01). The default option approach cost $US 1·72 to get one additional child to eat one serving of fruits and vegetables for 1 d. However, when default options were combined with a small rewards programme the efficacy of both interventions increased.ConclusionsA default option, as a stand-alone programme, had only a limited impact on fruit and vegetable consumption but was much less cost-effective than other approaches. Schools requiring children to take fruits and vegetables with their lunch might consider adopting additional interventions to ensure that the additional items served do not end up being thrown away.