bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evidence-Based Unified Definition of Lifelong and Acquired Premature Ejaculation: Report of the Second International Society for Sexual Medicine Ad Hoc Committee for the Definition of Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Serefoglu Ege Can , McMahon Chris G. , Waldinger Marcel D. , Althof Stanley E. , Shindel Alan , Adaikan Ganesh , Becher Edgardo F. , Dean John , Giuliano Francois , Hellstrom Wayne J.G. , Giraldi Annamaria , Glina Sidney , Incrocci Luca , Jannini Emmanuele , McCabe Marita , Parish Sharon , Rowland David , Taylor Segraves R. , Sharlip Ira , Torres Luiz Otavio 
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Introduction
The International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) Ad Hoc Committee for the Definition of Premature Ejaculation developed the first evidence-based definition for lifelong premature ejaculation (PE) in 2007 and concluded that there were insufficient published objective data at that time to develop a definition for acquired PE.

Aim
The aim of this article is to review and critique the current literature and develop a contemporary, evidence-based definition for acquired PE and/or a unified definition for both lifelong and acquired PE.

Methods
In April 2013, the ISSM convened a second Ad Hoc Committee for the Definition of Premature Ejaculation in Bangalore, India. The same evidence-based systematic approach to literature search, retrieval, and evaluation used by the original committee was adopted.

Results
The committee unanimously agreed that men with lifelong and acquired PE appear to share the dimensions of short ejaculatory latency, reduced or absent perceived ejaculatory control, and the presence of negative personal consequences. Men with acquired PE are older, have higher incidences of erectile dysfunction, comorbid disease, and cardiovascular risk factors, and have a longer intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) as compared with men with lifelong PE. A self-estimated or stopwatch IELT of 3 minutes was identified as a valid IELT cut-off for diagnosing acquired PE. On this basis, the committee agreed on a unified definition of both acquired and lifelong PE as a male sexual dysfunction characterized by (i) ejaculation that always or nearly always occurs prior to or within about 1 minute of vaginal penetration from the first sexual experience (lifelong PE) or a clinically significant and bothersome reduction in latency time, often to about 3 minutes or less (acquired PE); (ii) the inability to delay ejaculation on all or nearly all vaginal penetrations; and (iii) negative personal consequences, such as distress, bother, frustration, and/or the avoidance of sexual intimacy.

Conclusion
The ISSM unified definition of lifelong and acquired PE represents the first evidence-based definition for these conditions. This definition will enable researchers to design methodologically rigorous studies to improve our understanding of acquired PE.
Cryptic diversity and phylogeography of the island‐associated barnacle Chthamalus moro in Asia
Authors: Wu Tsz Huen , Tsang Ling Ming , Chan Benny K. K. , Chu Ka Hou 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPleistocene glaciations were among the important historic events that shaped the population structures of marine organisms. Genetic studies of different marine fauna and flora have demonstrated the effect of Pleistocene glaciations on taxa that reside in marginal seas. However, how marine island species responded to Pleistocene glaciations remains relatively unstudied, especially in Asia. Genetic analyses based on the island‐associated barnacle Chthamalus moro collected from 14 sites in Asia reveal that C. moro comprises three distinct lineages, with COI divergence ranging from 3.9 to 8.3%. Population genetic analyses on respective lineages reveal signs of demographic expansion within the Pleistocene epoch at different times. The Ogasawara lineage, which has a more oceanic distribution, expanded the earliest, followed by the population expansion of the Ryukyu and Southern lineages that inhabit islands closer to the continent. The data suggest that the inhabitants of outer islands may have been less affected by Pleistocene glaciations than those that reside closer to the continent, as the former were able to maintain a large, stable, effective population size throughout the late Pleistocene.
Mito‐nuclear discord in six congeneric lineages of Holarctic ducks (genus Anas)
Authors: Peters Jeffrey L. , Winker Kevin , Millam Kendra C. , Lavretsky Philip , Kulikova Irina , Wilson Robert E. , Zhuravlev Yuri N. , McCracken Kevin G. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMany species have Holarctic distributions that extend across Europe, Asia and North America. Most genetics research on these species has examined only mitochondrial (mt) DNA, which has revealed wide variance in divergence between Old World (OW) and New World (NW) populations, ranging from shallow, unstructured genealogies to deeply divergent lineages. In this study, we sequenced 20 nuclear introns to test for concordant patterns of OW–NW differentiation between mtDNA and nuclear (nu) DNA for six lineages of Holarctic ducks (genus Anas). Genetic differentiation for both marker types varied widely among these lineages (idiosyncratic population histories), but mtDNA and nuDNA divergence within lineages was not significantly correlated. Moreover, compared with the association between mtDNA and nuDNA divergence observed among different species, OW–NW nuDNA differentiation was generally lower than mtDNA divergence, at least for lineages with deeply divergent mtDNA. Furthermore, coalescent estimates indicated significantly higher rates of gene flow for nuDNA than mtDNA for four of the six lineages. Thus, Holarctic ducks show prominent mito‐nuclear discord between OW and NW populations, and we reject differences in sorting rates as the sole cause of the within‐species discord. Male‐mediated intercontinental gene flow is likely a leading contributor to this discord, although selection could also cause increased mtDNA divergence relative to weak nuDNA differentiation. The population genetics of these ducks contribute to growing evidence that mtDNA can be an unreliable indicator of stage of speciation and that more holistic approaches are needed for species delimitation.
Range‐wide analysis of genetic structure in a widespread, highly mobile species (Odocoileus hemionus) reveals the importance of historical biogeography
Authors: Latch Emily K. , Reding Dawn M. , Heffelfinger James R. , Alcalá‐Galván Carlos H. , Rhodes Olin E. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHighly mobile species that thrive in a wide range of habitats are expected to show little genetic differentiation across their range. A limited but growing number of studies have revealed that patterns of broad‐scale genetic differentiation can and do emerge in vagile, continuously distributed species. However, these patterns are complex and often shaped by both historical and ecological factors. Comprehensive surveys of genetic variation at a broad scale and at high resolution are useful for detecting cryptic spatial genetic structure and for investigating the relative roles of historical and ecological processes in structuring widespread, highly mobile species. In this study, we analysed 10 microsatellite loci from over 1900 samples collected across the full range of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), one of the most widely distributed and abundant of all large mammal species in North America. Through both individual‐ and population‐based analyses, we found evidence for three main genetic lineages, one corresponding to the ‘mule deer’ morphological type and two to the ‘black‐tailed deer’ type. Historical biogeographic events likely are the primary drivers of genetic divergence in this species; boundaries of the three lineages correspond well with predictions based on Pleistocene glacial cycles, and substructure within each lineage demonstrates island vicariance. However, across large geographic areas, including the entire mule deer lineage, we found that genetic variation fit an isolation‐by‐distance pattern rather than discrete clusters. A lack of genetic structure across wide geographic areas of the continental west indicates that ecological processes have not resulted in restrictions to gene flow sufficient for spatial genetic structure to emerge. Our results have important implications for our understanding of evolutionary mechanisms of divergence, as well as for taxonomy, conservation and management.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy‐related leukoencephalopathy: Successful steroid treatment for neurological deficits and subcortical white matter lesions partly involving the cortical gray matter
Authors: Murakami Takenobu , Morimoto Julia , Hoshi Akihiko , Nakatani‐Enomoto Setsu , Ichikawa Masahiro , Tasaki Kazuhiro , Ogura Ryosuke , Toyoshima Yasuko , Kakita Akiyoshi , Saito Kiyoshi , Takahashi Hitoshi , Ugawa Yoshikazu 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA 76‐year‐old woman developed subacute cognitive decline, consciousness impairment and right hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed asymmetric white matter or cortical gray matter lesions, and multiple cerebral microbleeds. Pathological studies of biopsied brain specimen disclosed amyloid β‐protein deposits in the vessel walls. Repeated steroid‐pulse therapy improved clinical symptoms and resolved the cortico‐subcortical lesions. Steroid therapy should be considered for patients with amyloid β‐protein deposition in cerebral amyloid angiopathy‐related leukoencephalopathy.
A technique to measure the intracuff pressure continuously: an in vivo demonstration of its accuracy
Authors: Krishna Senthil G. , Ramesh Archana S. , Jatana Kris R. , Elmaraghy Charles , Merz Meredith , Ruda James , Tobias Joseph D. 
Published: May 2014

SummaryObjectiveA major concern with the use of cuffed endotracheal tubes (cETT) in children is hyperinflation of the cuff which may compromise tracheal mucosal perfusion. To measure the intracuff pressure (CP), we devised a method using the transducer of an invasive pressure monitoring device. The objective of the study was to test the accuracy and validity of this device for instantaneous and continuous CP monitoring.MethodsThe study was conducted in 2 phases. In Phase 1 (200 pediatric patients), after inflation of the cuff, the CP was measured using the standard manometer and the transducer simultaneously. In Phase 2 (20 pediatric patients), the transducer was left connected to the pilot balloon of the ETT to obtain a continuous CP reading and the standard manometer was used to measure the CP at 5‐min intervals. Statistical analysis included a Bland–Altman comparison and linear regression analysis.ResultsIn Phase 1, linear regression analysis demonstrated an R2 value of 0.9956. The bias was 0.30 cmH2O, the precision was 0.75 cmH2O, and the 95% level of agreement (LOA) ranged from −1.16 to 1.77 cmH2O. In Phase 2, the linear regression analysis revealed an R2 value of 0.9846. The bias was 0.28 cmH2O, the precision was 0.7 cmH2O, and the 95% LOA ranged from −1.1 to 1.66 cmH2O.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that when cETTs are used in the pediatric population, the transducer of the invasive pressure monitoring device can be used reliably to measure the CP at the time of inflation and continuously thereafter.
Is it time to test biguanide metformin in the treatment of melanoma?
Authors: Cerezo Michael , Tomic Tijana , Ballotti Robert , Rocchi Stéphane 
Published: May 2014

SummaryMetformin is the most widely used antidiabetic drug that belongs to the biguanide class. It is very well tolerated and has the major clinical advantage of not inducing hypoglycemia. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production via a mechanism requiring liver kinase B1, which controls the metabolic checkpoint, AMP‐activated protein kinase‐mammalian target of rapamycin and neoglucogenic genes. The effects of metformin on this pathway results in reduced protein synthesis and cell proliferation. These observations have given the impetus for many investigations on the role of metformin in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation, cell‐cycle regulation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Encouraging results from these studies have shown that metformin could potentially be used as an efficient anticancer drug in various neoplasms such as prostate, breast, lung, pancreas cancers, and melanoma. These findings are strengthened by retrospective epidemiological studies that have found a decrease in cancer risk in diabetic patients treated with metformin. In this review, we have focused our discussion on recent molecular mechanisms of metformin that have been described in various solid tumors in general and in melanoma in particular.
Demography of Rumex acetosella in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)
Authors: White S N , Boyd N S , Van Acker R C 
Published: May 2014

SummaryThe demography of Rumex acetosella ramets and seedlings was monitored within and between blueberry clones over the two‐year lowbush blueberry production cycle in Nova Scotia, Canada. Overwintering ramets constituted the majority (>70%) of the flowering ramet population. A small proportion of ramets emerging in May and June flowered, but no ramets emerging between July and November flowered in the year of emergence. Emergence of new ramets was season‐long and ramet populations were regulated by a cycle of birth and death in each production year. Ramet populations in blueberry patches had higher growth rates and lower mortality than ramet populations in bare soil patches in the non‐bearing year, resulting in large net gains to ramet populations in blueberry patches during this production year. Ramet population growth rates and mortality were similar in blueberry and bare soil patches in the bearing year and net ramet populations declined during this production year. Survival rates of overwintering and new ramets varied, but ramets from both the overwintering and monthly cohorts contributed to a distinct ramet age structure at the end of each season. Seedling survival ranged from 6 ± 6 to 51 ± 12% across sites, and no seedlings flowered in the year of emergence. Transition probabilities of ramets and seedlings were used to develop a life‐cycle model of R. acetosella for the 2‐year lowbush blueberry production cycle. This model has utility in developing new management strategies for R. acetosella in lowbush blueberry.
Muscle‐specific kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies suppress the MuSK pathway and ACh receptor retention at the mouse neuromuscular junction
Authors: Ghazanfari Nazanin , Morsch Marco , Reddel Stephen W. , Liang Simon X. , Phillips William D. 
Published: May 2014

Key points
Myasthenic anti‐muscle‐specific‐kinase (MuSK) IgG was injected into mice to study its effect upon the MuSK signalling pathway and the homeostasis of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor packing at the neuromuscular junction.
Densities of MuSK, activated Src kinase, phosphorylated ACh receptors and rapsyn were all reduced at motor endplates while β‐dystroglycan was unaffected.
Pulse‐labelling showed that the slow decline in junctional ACh receptor density could be explained largely by diminished retention of ACh receptors within the postsynaptic membrane scaffold.
The results suggest that anti‐MuSK IgG reduces the density of MuSK, associated tyrosine phosphorylation and retention of junctional ACh receptors within the postsynaptic membrane.
AbstractMuscle‐specific kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies from myasthenia gravis patients can block the activation of MuSK in vitro and/or reduce the postsynaptic localization of MuSK. Here we use a mouse model to examine the effects of MuSK autoantibodies upon some key components of the postsynaptic MuSK pathway and upon the regulation of junctional ACh receptor (AChR) numbers. Mice became weak after 14 daily injections of anti‐MuSK‐positive patient IgG. The intensity and area of AChR staining at the motor endplate was markedly reduced. Pulse‐labelling of AChRs revealed an accelerated loss of pre‐existing AChRs from postsynaptic AChR clusters without a compensatory increase in incorporation of (newly synthesized) replacement AChRs. Large, postsynaptic AChR clusters were replaced by a constellation of tiny AChR microaggregates. Puncta of AChR staining also appeared in the cytoplasm beneath the endplate. Endplate staining for MuSK, activated Src, rapsyn and AChR were all reduced in intensity. In the tibialis anterior muscle there was also evidence that phosphorylation of the AChR β‐subunit‐Y390 was reduced at endplates. In contrast, endplate staining for β‐dystroglycan (through which rapsyn couples AChR to the synaptic basement membrane) remained intense. The results suggest that anti‐MuSK IgG suppresses the endplate density of MuSK, thereby down‐regulating MuSK signalling activity and the retention of junctional AChRs locally within the postsynaptic membrane scaffold.
Noradrenergic modulation of masseter muscle activity during natural rapid eye movement sleep requires glutamatergic signalling at the trigeminal motor nucleus
Authors: Schwarz Peter B. , Mir Saba , Peever John H. 
Published: May 2014

Key points
A principal role of noradrenaline is to potentiate motoneuron output in response to excitatory transmitter input.
It is unknown if α‐1 noradrenoceptor activation is sufficient to independently trigger masseter muscle activity during natural waking and sleeping behaviour in the absence of excitatory (glutamatergic) input.
Here, we use behavioural, neuropharmacological and electrophysiological techniques during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep to demonstrate that the excitatory effects of noradrenaline on motor output are lost in the absence of an endogenous glutamatergic drive.
These findings may shed light on the unremarkable therapeutic outcomes of aminergic drugs in treating certain sleep motor disorders, particularly during REM sleep.
AbstractNoradrenergic neurotransmission in the brainstem is closely coupled to changes in muscle activity across the sleep–wake cycle, and noradrenaline is considered to be a key excitatory neuromodulator that reinforces the arousal‐related stimulus on motoneurons to drive movement. However, it is unknown if α‐1 noradrenoceptor activation increases motoneuron responsiveness to excitatory glutamate (AMPA) receptor‐mediated inputs during natural behaviour. We studied the effects of noradrenaline on AMPA receptor‐mediated motor activity at the motoneuron level in freely behaving rats, particularly during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a period during which both AMPA receptor‐triggered muscle twitches and periods of muscle quiescence in which AMPA drive is silent are exhibited. Male rats were subjected to electromyography and electroencephalography recording to monitor sleep and waking behaviour. The implantation of a cannula into the trigeminal motor nucleus of the brainstem allowed us to perfuse noradrenergic and glutamatergic drugs by reverse microdialysis, and thus to use masseter muscle activity as an index of motoneuronal output. We found that endogenous excitation of both α‐1 noradrenoceptor and AMPA receptors during waking are coupled to motor activity; however, REM sleep exhibits an absence of endogenous α‐1 noradrenoceptor activity. Importantly, exogenous α‐1 noradrenoceptor stimulation cannot reverse the muscle twitch suppression induced by AMPA receptor blockade and nor can it elevate muscle activity during quiet REM, a phase when endogenous AMPA receptor activity is subthreshold. We conclude that the presence of an endogenous glutamatergic drive is necessary for noradrenaline to trigger muscle activity at the level of the motoneuron in an animal behaving naturally.
rpoD
Gene Pyrosequencing for the Assessment of Pseudomonas Diversity in a Water Sample from the Woluwe River
Authors: Sánchez David , Matthijs Sandra , Gomila Margarita , Tricot Catherine , Mulet Magdalena , García-Valdés Elena , Lalucat Jorge 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

A water sample from a noncontaminated site at the source of the Woluwe River (Belgium) was analyzed by culture-dependent and -independent methods.
Pseudomonas
isolates were identified by sequencing and analysis of the
rpoD
gene. Culture-independent methods consisted of cloning and pyrosequencing of a
Pseudomonas
rpoD
amplicon from total DNA extracted from the same sample and amplified with selective
rpoD
gene primers. Among a total of 14,540 reads, 6,228 corresponded to
Pseudomonas
rpoD
gene sequences by a BLAST analysis in the NCBI database. The selection criteria for the reads were sequences longer than 400 bp, an average
Q
40
value greater than 25, and >85% identity with a
Pseudomonas
species. Of the 6,228
Pseudomonas
rpoD
sequences, 5,345 sequences met the established criteria for selection. Sequences were clustered by phylogenetic analysis and by use of the QIIME software package. Representative sequences of each cluster were assigned by BLAST analysis to a known
Pseudomonas
species when the identity with the type strain was greater than or equal to 96%. Twenty-six species distributed among 12 phylogenetic groups or subgroups within the genus were detected by pyrosequencing.
Pseudomonas stutzeri
,
P. moraviensis
, and
P. simiae
were the only cultured species not detected by pyrosequencing. The predominant phylogenetic group within the
Pseudomonas
genus was the
P. fluorescens
group, as determined by culture-dependent and -independent analyses. In all analyses, a high number of putative novel phylospecies was found: 10 were identified in the cultured strains and 246 were detected by pyrosequencing, indicating that the diversity of
Pseudomonas
species has not been fully described.
Metabolic Shift of Escherichia coli under Salt Stress in the Presence of Glycine Betaine
Authors: Metris A. , George S. M. , Mulholland F. , Carter A. T. , Baranyi J. 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

An important area of food safety focuses on bacterial survival and growth in unfavorable environments. In order to understand how bacteria adapt to stresses other than nutrient limitation in batch cultures, we need to develop mechanistic models of intracellular regulation and metabolism under stress. We studied the growth of
Escherichia coli
in minimal medium with added salt and different osmoprotectants. To characterize the metabolic efficiency with a robust parameter, we identified the optical density (OD) values at the inflection points of measured “OD versus time” growth curves and described them as a function of glucose concentration. We found that the metabolic efficiency parameter did not necessarily follow the trend of decreasing specific growth rate as the salt concentration increased. In the absence of osmoprotectant, or in the presence of proline, the metabolic efficiency decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. However, in the presence of choline or glycine betaine, it increased between 2 and 4.5% NaCl before declining at 5% NaCl and above. Microarray analysis of the transcriptional network and proteomics analysis with glycine betaine in the medium indicated that between 4.5 and 5% NaCl, the metabolism switched from aerobic to fermentative pathways and that the response to osmotic stress is similar to that for oxidative stress. We conclude that, although the growth rate appeared to decrease smoothly with increasing NaCl, the metabolic strategy of cells changed abruptly at a threshold concentration of NaCl.