bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ossicular discontinuity
Authors: Keller A. P. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBecause of the numerous and varied surgical approaches to ear pathology devised and expanded in the past two decades, we are destined to be confronted with increasingly frequent cases of ossicular defects behind an intact eardrum. Using a technique which is the converse of the established “patch” test a simple office procedure is described which may help establish the diagnosis of ossicular discontinuity in the adult with an intact eardrum. An audiogram is obtained and then a myringotomy performed with insertion of a large ventilation tube. A second audiogram is then done. A rise in the air conduction level, in the absence of fluid, is suggestive of ossicular discontinuity.
Proplast chin augmentation
Authors: Parkes Morey L. , Kamer Frank M. , Merrin Michael L. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA method of chin augmentation employing a newer synthetic material (Proplast®)‡ is presented. The characteristics and biocompatibility of Proplast are detailed. Technical considerations and results of short term clinical trials in 20 patients are discussed. One implant necessitated removal secondary to trauma four months after surgery. All other implants including over 30 additional cases have been without incident.
Effective stimulus for the xenopus laevis lateral‐line hair‐cell system
Authors: Bauknight R. Stewart , Strelioff David , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAn in vitro preparation of the lateral‐line organ of the African clawed toad Xenopus laevis was used to evaluate the properties of the physiological stimuli which are most effective in evoking neural responses in this simple hair‐cell system. Changes in the mean firing rate and the amount of modulation of the neural activity in the fibers innervating the hair cells were determined during the presentation of well‐controlled pressure or water‐movement stimuli in a specially designed chamber that prevented movement and deformation of the organ during stimulation.It was shown that the most effective stimulus for the preparation was a varying flow of fluid past the organ. Sinusoidally varying water movements over a frequency range of 1 to 100 Hz were effective in evoking neural responses at stimulus amplitudes less than 10 m̈ peak‐to‐peak; in addition, a small response to a constant‐velocity flow was found. Since no movement or deformation of the organ was present during the water‐movement stimuli, it was concluded that these aspects of normal physiological stimuli were not necessary to evoke neural responses. Finally, it was demonstrated that the preparation was sensitive to neither constant nor varying‐pressure stimuli.
Craniofacial and mandibular osseous contour reconstruction: The use of a new “combination” graft
Authors: Leake Donald L. , Habal Mutaz B. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe use of autogenous bone graft to repair major defects is most feasible biologically. When the bone could not be shaped or carved to fit a given defect, the use of solid alloplastic biomaterial implants gained wide popularity. We are describing a new method wherein a “combination” graft is used. It possesses the advantage of the dependence on autogenous cancellous bone graft, and the added bone inducing capability of a recently developing biomaterial implant (Polyurethane‐Terephthalate).The results obtained in the repair of major defects in patients after ablative surgery, or as sequelae of trauma, document the advantages of this new mode of treatment.In selected patients with major defects due to deficiency or absence of the osseous framework of the face, the use of “combination” grafts has proven to be the most appropriate form of repair.
Gas‐Pressure Molding‐Based Fabrication of Smart Actuators from Nematic Liquid‐Crystalline Elastomer
Authors: Torras Núria , Marshall Jean E. , Zinoviev Kirill E. , Camargo Carlos J. , Terentjev Eugene M. , Esteve Jaume 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA nematic liquid‐crystalline elastomer enriched with carbon nanotubes (LCE‐CNT) is used to obtain an array of photosensitive actuators based on siloxane chemistry. By the combination of a molding technique together with the application of a controlled gas‐pressure during the crosslinking process, it is possible to obtain well‐aligned arrays of monodomain regions within a polydomain in a single step, creating rounded‐shaped features. Localized optical actuation is demonstrated producing measured changes in height up to 120 μm under illumination, which represent a contraction of about 13% of the features. Finite element modeling was used to tune the experimental conditions – pressure loading – according the size of the actuators, maximizing the vertical displacement reached under illumination. This scalable method overcomes previously reported techniques, broadening technological resources development of novel and customized optically driven actuators and devices.
Cuticles of European and American lobsters harbor diverse bacterial species and differ in disease susceptibility
Authors: Whitten Miranda M. A. , Davies Charlotte E. , Kim Anita , Tlusty Michael , Wootton Emma C. , Chistoserdov Andrei , Rowley Andrew F. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDiseases of lobster shells have a significant impact on fishing industries but the risk of disease transmission between different lobster species has yet to be properly investigated. This study compared bacterial biofilm communities from American (Homarus americanus) and European lobsters (H. gammarus), to assess both healthy cuticle and diseased cuticle during lesion formation. Culture‐independent molecular techniques revealed diversity in the bacterial communities of cuticle biofilms both within and between the two lobster species, and identified three bacterial genera associated with shell lesions plus two putative beneficial bacterial species (detected exclusively in healthy cuticle or healing damaged cuticle). In an experimental aquarium shared between American and European lobsters, heterospecific transmission of potentially pathogenic bacteria appeared to be very limited; however, the claws of European lobsters were more likely to develop lesions when reared in the presence of American lobsters. Aquarium biofilms were also examined but revealed no candidate pathogens for environmental transmission. Aquimarina sp. ‘homaria’ (a potential pathogen associated with a severe epizootic form of shell disease) was detected at a much higher prevalence among American than European lobsters, but its presence correlated more with exacerbation of existing lesions rather than with lesion initiation.
Discrete Derivatives for Atom‐Pairs as a Novel Graph‐Theoretical Invariant for Generating New Molecular Descriptors: Orthogonality, Interpretation and QSARs/QSPRs on Benchmark Databases
Authors: Martínez‐Santiago Oscar , Millán‐Cabrera Reisel , Marrero‐Ponce Yovani , Barigye Stephen J. , Martínez‐López Yoan , Torrens Francisco , Pérez‐Giménez Facundo 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis report presents a new mathematical method based on the concept of the derivative of a molecular graph (G) with respect to a given event (S) to codify chemical structure information. The derivate over each pair of atoms in the molecule is defined as ∂G/∂S(vi , vj)=(fi−2fij+fj)/fij, where fi (or fj) and fij are the individual frequency of atom i (or j) and the reciprocal frequency of the atoms i and j, respectively. These frequencies characterize the participation intensity of atom pairs in S. Here, the event space is composed of molecular sub‐graphs which participate in the formation of the G skeleton that could be complete (representing all possible connected sub‐graphs) or comprised of sub‐graphs of certain orders or types or combinations of these. The atom level graph derivative index, Δi, is expressed as a linear combination of all atom pair derivatives that include the atomic nuclei i. Global [total or local (group or atom‐type)] indices are obtained by applying the so called invariants over a vector of Δi values. The novel MDs are validated using a data set of 28 alkyl‐alcohols and other benchmark data sets proposed by the International Academy of Mathematical Chemistry. Also, the boiling point for the alcohols, the adrenergic blocking activity of N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐halo‐phenethylamines and physicochemical properties of polychlorinated biphenyls and octanes are modeled. These models exhibit satisfactory predictive power compared with other 0–3D indices implemented successfully by other researchers. In addition, tendencies of the proposed indices are investigated using examples of various types of molecular structures, including chain‐lengthening, branching, heteroatoms‐content, and multiple bonds. On the other hand, the relation of atom‐based derivative indices with 17O NMR of a series of ethers and carbonyls reflects that the new MDs encode electronic, topological and steric information. Linear independence between the graph derivative indices and other 0‐3D MDs is demonstrated by using principal component analysis on a dataset of 41 heterogeneous molecules. It is concluded that the graph derivative indices are independent indices containing important structural information to be used in QSPR/QSAR and drug design studies, and permit obtaining easier, more interpretable and robust mathematical models than the majority of those reported in the literature.
Wall shear stress calculations based on 3D cine phase contrast MRI and computational fluid dynamics: a comparison study in healthy carotid arteries
Authors: Cibis Merih , Potters Wouter V. , Gijsen Frank J. H. , Marquering Henk , vanBavel Ed , van der Steen Antonius F. W. , Nederveen Aart J. , Wentzel Jolanda J. 
Published: May 2014

Wall shear stress (WSS) is involved in many pathophysiological processes related to cardiovascular diseases, and knowledge of WSS may provide vital information on disease progression. WSS is generally quantified with computational fluid dynamics (CFD), but can also be calculated using phase contrast MRI (PC‐MRI) measurements. In this study, our objectives were to calculate WSS on the entire luminal surface of human carotid arteries using PC‐MRI velocities (WSSMRI) and to compare it with WSS based on CFD (WSSCFD).Six healthy volunteers were scanned with a 3 T MRI scanner. WSSCFD was calculated using a generalized flow waveform with a mean flow equal to the mean measured flow. WSSMRI was calculated by estimating the velocity gradient along the inward normal of each mesh node on the luminal surface. Furthermore, WSS was calculated for a down‐sampled CFD velocity field mimicking the MRI resolution (WSSCFDlowres). To ensure minimum temporal variation, WSS was analyzed only at diastole. The patterns of WSSCFD and WSSMRI were compared by quantifying the overlap between low, medium and high WSS tertiles. Finally, WSS directions were compared by calculating the angles between the WSSCFD and WSSMRI vectors.WSSMRI magnitude was found to be lower than WSSCFD (0.62 ± 0.18 Pa versus 0.88 ± 0.30 Pa, p < 0.01) but closer to WSSCFDlowres (0.56 ± 0.18 Pa, p < 0.01). WSSMRI patterns matched well with those of WSSCFD. The overlap area was 68.7 ± 4.4% in low and 69.0 ± 8.9% in high WSS tertiles. The angles between WSSMRI and WSSCFD vectors were small in the high WSS tertiles (20.3 ± 8.2°), but larger in the low WSS tertiles (65.6 ± 17.4°).In conclusion, although WSSMRI magnitude was lower than WSSCFD, the spatial WSS patterns at diastole, which are more relevant to the vascular biology, were similar. PC‐MRI‐based WSS has potential to be used in the clinic to indicate regions of low and high WSS and the direction of WSS, especially in regions of high WSS. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small is Beautiful
Authors: Rieger Tobias 
Published: May 2014

AbstractTo reduce system costs in the field of optical gas measurement there is an ongoing trend for miniaturisation. One key element for optical gas detection is an infra‐red source providing a high and stable optical output power, based on low electrical power consumption. Optical stability can be achieved with a broadband emitter which is suited for a wide range of gases and applications. We report here on a thermal broadband infra‐red source produced in MEMS technology. This results in an infrared source of low power consumption, low cost and small size. Because of its stability and the ability of fast modulation, a high signal‐to‐noise ratio can be achieved.
Controlling interfacial interactions for directed self assembly of block copolymers
Authors: Stein Gila E. , Mahadevapuram Nikhila , Mitra Indranil 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTOver the past 15 years, block copolymer lithography has emerged as its own research field within the broader block copolymer and polymer thin film communities. This distinction is associated with the unique requirements set by the semiconductor device industry, such as low‐defect densities, precise feature registration, and complex pattern layouts. To achieve perfection in block copolymer lithography, the surface and substrate interactions must be carefully tuned to control domain ordering in three dimensions. This perspective discusses recent modeling efforts that underline the challenges of predicting interfacial interactions and the resulting block copolymer structures. We emphasize studies that facilitate the design and interpretation of experiments, including materials selection, guiding pattern geometry, and selecting tools for three‐dimensional metrology. Finally, we propose that translation of block copolymer lithography to semiconductor manufacturing will require integrated experimental and modeling efforts to interrogate the vast parameter space that controls both lateral and out‐of‐plane ordering. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 96–102
Family caregivers' awareness of illness and attitude toward disclosure during chemotherapy for advanced cancer
Authors: Kim Soyeun , Ko Youngjin , Kwon Sinyoung , Shin Dong‐Yeop , Kim Cheol Hyeon , Yang Sung Hyun , Cho Seong‐Jin , Na Im Il 
Published: May 2014

AbstractObjectiveWe investigated family caregivers' awareness of disease status and attitude toward disclosure of disease progression compared with those of cancer patients and explored the potential association between family caregivers' attitudes and patients' quality of life (QOL).MethodsWe carried out a survey using self‐administered questionnaires answered by pairs of family caregivers and patients diagnosed with advanced cancer (n = 136 pairs). To assess patients' QOL, we used the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire.ResultsMore than half of family caregivers (54%) did not have full knowledge of patients' advanced stage and goal of therapy. Positive attitudes toward disclosure were less common in family caregivers than in patients (59.4% and 85.4%, respectively; p < 0.01). The family caregivers' positive attitudes toward disclosure were inversely associated with patients' low functional scores (emotion [p = 0.04] and cognition [p = 0.02]) and high symptom scores (nausea and vomiting, pain, and insomnia; p < 0.05). However, in most QOL scales, patients' attitudes were not significantly associated with functioning and symptom scores.ConclusionsA large portion of family caregivers may not know the patients' exact status. This study also suggests that the family caregivers' attitudes may differ from patients' and may be associated with patients' QOL. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silicon nanoparticle charge trapping memory cell
Authors: El‐Atab Nazek , Ozcan Ayse , Alkis Sabri , Okyay Ali K. , Nayfeh Ammar 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA charge trapping memory with 2 nm silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) is demonstrated. A zinc oxide (ZnO) active layer is deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD), preceded by Al2O3 which acts as the gate, blocking and tunneling oxide. Spin coating technique is used to deposit Si NPs across the sample between Al2O3 steps. The Si nanoparticle memory exhibits a threshold voltage (Vt) shift of 2.9 V at a negative programming voltage of –10 V indicating that holes are emitted from channel to charge trapping layer. The negligible measured Vt shift without the nanoparticles and the good re‐ tention of charges (>10 years) with Si NPs confirm that the Si NPs act as deep energy states within the bandgap of the Al2O3 layer. In order to determine the mechanism for hole emission, we study the effect of the electric field across the tunnel oxide on the magnitude and trend of the Vt shift. The Vt shift is only achieved at electric fields above 1 MV/cm. This high field indicates that tunneling is the main mechanism. More specifically, phonon‐assisted tunneling (PAT) dominates at electric fields between 1.2 MV/cm < E < 2.1 MV/cm, while Fowler–Nordheim tunneling leads at higher fields (E > 2.1 MV/cm). (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Invasion in Riparian Zones Reveals Few Significant Effects on Soil Physico‐Chemical Properties
Authors: Tererai F. , Gaertner M. , Jacobs S. M. , Richardson D. M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractMany invasive alien plants alter soil‐nutrient regimes of invaded ecosystems, affecting management outcomes. We assessed the effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis invasions on physical and chemical properties of riparian soils in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Samples were collected from topsoil beneath the canopy of uninvaded and a gradient of invaded sites, namely, light, moderate and heavy over four seasons. We quantified soil moisture, temperature, litter depth and thickness, primary textural components, concentrations of soil macro (C, N, P and K) and micro (Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe) nutrients, and pH. Available N (NO3−‐N and NH4+‐N) and P, as well as exchangeable Ca and Mg were also assessed. Soil pH levels were significantly lower in invaded than in uninvaded sites in all seasons. Soil moisture decreased consistently with invasion intensity. Concentrations of macro, micro and available nutrients did not vary significantly along the invasion gradient (p > 0.05), but exchangeable cation content was significantly higher in uninvaded than in invaded sites, especially in winter and spring. Sites invaded by E. camaldulensis had higher litter build‐up than non‐invaded sites, but this appears to have little effect on soil‐nutrient regimes. It appears that restoration following removal of invasive stands of E. camaldulensis will not require major interventions to return soil to pre‐invasion conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐stage and two‐stage designs for phase II clinical trials with survival endpoints
Authors: Whitehead John 
Published: May 2014

This work is motivated by trials in rapidly lethal cancers or cancers for which measuring shrinkage of tumours is infeasible. In either case, traditional phase II designs focussing on tumour response are unsuitable. Usually, tumour response is considered as a substitute for the more relevant but longer‐term endpoint of death. In rapidly lethal cancers such as pancreatic cancer, there is no need to use a surrogate, as the definitive endpoint is (sadly) available so soon. In uveal cancer, there is no counterpart to tumour response, and so, mortality is the only realistic response available. Cytostatic cancer treatments do not seek to kill tumours, but to mitigate their effects. Trials of such therapy might also be based on survival times to death or progression, rather than on tumour shrinkage.Phase II oncology trials are often conducted with all study patients receiving the experimental therapy, and this approach is considered here. Simple extensions of one‐stage and two‐stage designs based on binary responses are presented. Outcomes based on survival past a small number of landmark times are considered: here, the case of three such times is explored in examples. This approach allows exact calculations to be made for both design and analysis purposes. Simulations presented here show that calculations based on normal approximations can lead to loss of power when sample sizes are small. Two‐stage versions of the procedure are also suggested. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ice sheets as interactive components of Earth System Models: progress and challenges
Authors: Vizcaino Miren 
Published: May 2014

One of the major impacts of anthropogenic climate change is sea level rise. Reliable estimates of the contribution of ice sheets to future sea level rise are important to policy makers and the civil society. In addition to sea level rise, ice sheet changes can affect the global climate through modified freshwater fluxes in the areas of deep‐water convection. Also, ice sheets modify local and large‐scale climate through changes in surface albedo and in their own topography. In the past, ice sheets have played a fundamental role in shaping climate and climate transitions. Despite their strong interactions with the climate system, they are not yet standard components of climate models. First attempts have been made in this direction, and it is foreseeable that in several years ice sheets will be included as interactive components of most models. The main challenges for this coupling are related to spatial and temporal resolution, ice sheet initialization, model climate biases, the need for explicit representation of snow/ice surface physics (e.g., albedo evolution, surface melt, refreezing, compaction), and coupling to the ocean component. This article reviews the main processes contributing to the ice sheet mass budget, the suite of ice sheet–climate interactions, and the requirements for modelling them in a coupled system. Focus is given to four major subjects: surface mass balance, ice sheet flow, ocean–ice sheet interaction, and challenges in coupling ice sheet models to climate models.This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Model Components
HR development in local government: how and why does HR strategy matter in organizational change and development?
Authors: Bruns Hans-Jürgen 
Published: May 2014

AbstractHuman resource (HR) management has been proposed as being one of the core drivers of the modernization of the public sector, in particular with reference to the changing nature of people management and ‘HR-public service partnerships’ as an antecedent capacity of modernizing public service organizations. Notwithstanding the ongoing interest in the transformation of HR systems, this study explores how and why such relationships between HR management (HRM) and organizational change emerge. Considering a resource and capability-based approach, the analysis reveals strategic HRM practices as a useful concept to distinguish HR activities and the processes that are occurring when a HR strategy is performed. Moreover, using a multiple case study design, the study exhibits the antecedents and effects of HR strategy formation during accounting change in six German local governments. The results provide evidence that forces of either strategic or administrative patterns of alignment refer to different layers and the sequencing of HRM activities within a process of HR system change, thereby revealing the possibility of contradictory effects induced by HR change agency on either the ‘HR’ or the ‘public service’ side of the strategic coin.