bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of International Governance Systems in Protecting the Arctic Environment: Examining Climate Change Policy
Authors: Hasanat Md Waliul 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Since the 1990s, various international governance systems have been active in promoting the wellbeing of the northern part of the globe. The Arctic Council, the Barents Euro-Arctic Council, and the Northern Forum – three profound forms of governance – are in vogue in addressing the challenges faced by peoples residing in the Arctic. Climate change touches upon almost every issue connected to the wellbeing of the Arctic region. It also affects the primary goals and objectives of these governance systems. Over time, each initiative has developed its own climate policy. This article focuses on the climate policies of three soft-law governance systems and examines their role in addressing climate change in the Arctic.
Marine Protected Areas: The Chagos Case and the Need to Marry International Environmental Law with Indigenous Rights
Authors: Vithanage Achinthi 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In the race to meet environmental goals within approaching deadlines set by international conventions, missing the bigger picture and focusing on one complex issue amongst an interconnected array of complexities in a given context is easy to do. The marine environment is an example of such a context where the 2012 target for establishing networks of Marine Protected Areas set by the Convention on Biological Diversity and World Summit on Sustainable Development have resulted in a recent scamper for “bigger is better” and “no-take is best” policies underpinning Marine Protected Area implementation. Whilst the environmental benefits are highly commendable, the consequential absence of due regard for stakeholder interests, the implications for the access and benefit sharing provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity as well as indigenous rights at international law are grave concerns which are explored through this Article.
The Antarctic Treaty System: What’s on the Horizon?
Authors: Jabour Julia 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Antarctic commentary is usually full of superlatives when describing 50 years of the Antarctic Treaty and the subsequent system that was developed by its Parties. Primarily this is because the Antarctic Treaty itself has lasted so long, and appears to be robust and enduring. This short paper looks at what is on the horizon for the Parties to the various instruments of the Antarctic Treaty System – the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol on Environmental Protection, and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. It identifies a number of key areas of concern that will challenge the Parties’ ability to maintain the successful status quo of today and meet the future with confidence. The future, characterised by the changing climate, will test the Parties in a number of crucial ways, including bringing into question their long-held principles of diplomacy and consensus decision-making.
Sham of the Moral Court? Testimony Sold as the Spoils of War
Authors: Findlay Mark , Ngane Sylvia 
Published: March 2013

This paper analyses the critical influences on witness-based truth-telling for judicial decision-making in the international criminal tribunals. The judicial fixation on witness testimony reflects the weight and legitimacy given to personal testimony before international courts. This weight must be balanced by the awareness that a witness may provide false testimony intentionally, or may be coaxed by third parties to provide such testimony, as has been evidenced recently before the ICC. If witness testimony is tainted then its capacity to endorse the truth-finding function of the court is compromised. As a consequence the ability to assert that the tribunal is a ‘moral court’ based on empirical truth in such circumstances is jeopardized.
The nexus between witness testimony, truth, the morality of judicial determinations, and the legitimacy this affords is explored in what follows. We question whether simple assertions that witness testimony, tested through adversarial examination, produces truth and resultant morality, are all they seem. The analysis also critiques the forensic reality of witness testimony before the international tribunals.
Ultimately the paper suggests that while truthful testimony is crucial if international criminal trials are to produce legitimate judicial determinations, the naïve claim to a moral court as a consequence of tested witness testimony is problematic at least and unsustainable at best.
Excavation, Dating and Content of Two Tombs in Daphne, Odos Olgas 53, Athens
Authors: Pöhlmann Egert 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
On 13. and 14. May 1981, in the course of emergency excavations in Odos Olgas 53 in Daphne, Athens, two tombs were excavated, the second of which was heralded as the Tomb of the Musician by the press. The contents were transferred to the National Archaeological Museum and later, after restoration, to the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus. In Tomb I there were found the bones of an adult person in his or her 40s, together with four lekythoi, which can be dated by their shape and the style of the paintings to about 430 B.C. In Tomb II there were found the bones of a young adult in his or her early 20s, together with toys, tools, a writing case with stylus and inkpot, fragments of a papyrus scroll and five leaves of two different wooden note-books (polyptycha), together with the remains of a lyre, a harp and one tube of a pair of auloi with mouthpiece. On the papyrus fragments and the polyptycha scanty remains of writing in the Ionian alphabet can be read. Some mythical names point to poetry; musical notation, alleged by the inventory books to be detectable, could not be seen. The harp is an example of the type called the ‘spindle harp’, which is represented on vase pictures from 430 to 410.
The Daphnē Aulos
Authors: Psaroudakēs Stelios 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The present paper concentrates on one of the musical instruments retrieved from Grave II at Daphnē, the wooden aulos. Only one pipe of the instrument, together with its bulbous mouthpiece, was found. In the organological account which follows, the pipe is described and assessed, and an attempt is made to reconstruct it and discover its scale.
The Daphnē Harp
Authors: Terzēs Chrēstos 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The present paper focuses on the trigōnon retrieved from Grave II. Only the sound box and one arm (the pillar) of the instrument have survived. In the organological study which follows, the find is evaluated in the light of the available iconography and literature, and of ancient and modern ethnological parallels. A replica was constructed in order to test the results of the analysis.1
Questions d’iconographie musicale: L’apport des terres cuites à la connaissance de la musique dans l’Égypte hellénistique et romaine
Authors: Vendries Christophe 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The Graeco-Egyptian terracottas produced during the Ptolemaic and Roman period provides good material for investigating musical life in Egypt. The majority of the Fayum terracottas have been found in tombs, or in private houses as sources of protection and good luck. Most of the motifs are original by comparison with the other terracotta work of the ancient world. Many musicians (aulos or syrinx players, harp players, women with drum or crotala) and dancers are shown among deities (mainly Harpocrates, Isis and Bès) and other cult celebrants in religious festivals. Cult practice is a common theme (we can see priests, prayers, wine and animals for sacrifice) and musicians provided performances during procession and festivals. The musician is associated with the cult by his crown (lotus-bud diadem or floral crown) and by the amphora at his feet, and most of them are ithyphallic, thus connoting prosperity. These pieces present an opportunity to investigate the connection between Egyptian and Greek traditions and to compare the motifs with papyrological and textual testimonies about music.
A Courtier or a Prince: Shakespeare's Richard II as a Dramatization of Conflicting Paradigms of Political Craftsmanship
Authors: Baidini Cajsa C. 
Published: March 2013

This essay explores Shakespeare's Richard II as a dramatic case study for the political methodologies of Machiavelli and Castiglione, as well as Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man, which are examined as intersecting paradigms for self-fashioning and political dominance. Shakespeare's Richard is presented as a prince who, in addition to making serious strategic mistakes, fails to project a virtù sufficient to overcome the devastating peripheral conditions of his reign. Though the usurper of the throne, Richard's cousin Harry Bolingbroke, emerges as a consummate Machiavellian prince, his position is troubled by his inability to entirely disregard the spiritual nature of power which he has rejected with his bid for the crown. The public display of power necessitates ritual manifestation, which is utterly at odds with a utilitarian characterization of power, but quite consistent with a numinous or spiritually endowed basis for kingship. Bolingbroke, however, skillfully glosses his utilitarian approach with traditionally popular elements – bis “common touch” combined with his understanding of civic ritual, and authorized by humanist ideals of man as a self-realizing creature he ultimately prevails as a ruler.
PARRONCHI ALLE SOGLIE DEL 1950: UNA SVOLTA?
Authors: Spano Emanuele A. 
Published: March 2013

Nel 1949 Alessandro Parronchi pubblica Un'attesa (Modena, Guanda), il suo terzo libro, in cui riunisce i testi della seconda metà degli anni Quaranta. Qui egli rinuncia alla forma del prosimetro, caratteristica de I giorni sensibili (1941) e I visi (1943), e abbandona gradualmente il simbolismo rarefatto degli esordi, alleggerendo il dettato. Le cinque sezioni del libro mostrano l'affacciarsi di nuove tematiche come la riflessione sul proprio passato e l'interrogazione esistenziale e mistica. Se con l'analisi delle liriche Lied e Oak's college, della sezione Addii, si valuta lo sviluppo del filone memoriale all'interno della raccolta, è invece attraverso lo studio dei manoscritti autografi relativi alle due poesie (presenti presso l'Archivio letterario G.P. Vieusseux) che diviene possibile tentare un primo inquadramento della prassi correttoria dell'autore. In Lied, infatti, le varianti testimoniano un lavoro puntuale di focalizzazione sul piano sintattico e lessicale, mentre nel caso di Oak's college, dove il recupero memoriale è più marcato, è interessante la trattazione dell'elemento autobiografico, con l'espunzione di tracce troppo personali e la ripresa variata di alcuni frammenti. Indagando questi testi, con lo studio nel cantiere privato del poeta, emergono i tratti innovativi della raccolta, che segna l'inizio di una svolta decisiva nel percorso di Parronchi.
Literary and Cinematic Representations of Sacred Italian Resistance Memory: The Holy Partisan-Martyr as Hero
Authors: Perry Alan R. 
Published: March 2013

Every group is organised and held together by some specific psychological tendency or group of tendencies, which give the group a bias in its dealings with external circumstances. The bias constructs the special persistent features of group culture … [and this] immediately settle[s] what the individual will observe in his environment and what he will connect from his past life with this direct response. — F. C. Bartlett (1932)
Axial Strain Imaging Using a Local Estimation of the Scaling Factor from RF Ultrasound Signals
Authors: Brusseau Elisabeth , Perrey Christian , Delachartre Philippe , Vogt Michael , Vray Didier , Ermert Helmut 
Published: March 2013

The main signal-processing techniques used in elastography compute strains as the displacement derivative. They perform well for very low deformations, but suffer rapidly from decorrelation noise. Aiming to increase the range of accurate strain measurements, we developed an adaptive method based on the estimation of strains as local scaling factors. Its adaptability makes this method appropriate for computing scaling factors resulting from larger strains or a wide spread of strain variations. First, segments corresponding to the same part of tissue are adaptively selected in the rest and stressed state echo signals. Then, local scaling factors are estimated by iteratively varying their values until reaching the zero of the phase of the complex cross-correlation function. Results from simulation and from experimental data are presented. They show how this adaptive method can track various local deformations and its accuracy for strain up to 7%.
Intracardiac Echocardiography and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging of a Dynamic Ex Vivo Ovine Heart Model
Authors: Hsu Stephen J. , Hubert Julia L. , Smith Stephen W. , Trahey Gregg E. 
Published: March 2013

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) has demonstrated utility in providing high-resolution cardiac ultrasound images for guidance of numerous catheter-based interventions, including radiofrequency ablations (RFA). However, the training of interventionalists and refinement of procedures involving intracardiac catheters is costly and time consuming due to necessary clinical and animal studies. As a result, research and development of ICE for other purposes is gradual and deliberate. Intracardiac acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging has been demonstrated to be a suitable modality to monitor the progress of RFA procedures; however, a clinical protocol has been slow to develop due to the expense and demands of clinical experiments. We report on the development and use of an ex vivo heart model to evaluate ICE and intracardiac ARFI imaging. The ability of this model to provide clinically-relevant intracardiac imaging angles was investigated by inserting an intracardiac probe into the heart and imaging it from various positions and orientations. ARFI images of all four chambers also were formed. RFAs were also performed to create stiffer lesions within the right and left ventricles. Upon completion of the ablation, ARFI imaging was used to visualize the lesion and compared with images taken from pathology. The results show the ovine heart model to be a suitable apparatus for recreating several clinically-relevant intracardiac viewing angles of the heart. Also, the results indicate the potential of the heart model to be a valuable tool in the future development and refinement of a clinical protocol for intracardiac ARFI imaging based guidance and assessment of cardiac radiofrequency ablations.
Elastography Using Harmonic Ultrasonic Imaging: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Desai Raghavendra Reddy , Krouskop Thomas A. , Righetti Raffaella 
Published: March 2013

Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI) is a relatively new modality that has had a significant impact in the ultrasound field. In the recent past, imaging the mechanical properties of tissues using elastography has also gained great interest. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of combining these two state-of-the-art ultrasound-imaging modalities. The performance of elastograms obtained using harmonic ultrasonic signals is studied with simulations and compared to the performance of conventional elastograms using standard statistical methods. Experiments are used as a proof of the technical feasibility of generating tissue-harmonic elastograms using experimental harmonic signals. The results of our simulation study indicate that all image quality factors considered in this study (elastographic signal-to-noise ratio, elastographic contrast-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution) may be improved when using harmonic ultrasonic signals, provided that the ultrasound system is characterized by high bandwidth, high sampling frequency and large lateral sampling. Preliminary experimental results suggest that it is technically feasible to generate experimental elastograms using harmonic signals, provided that the sonographic signal-to-noise ratio of the pre- and postcompression harmonic frames is sufficiently high to guarantee reliable values of correlation.
A Simulation Study and Theoretical Comparison of Various Processing Techniques Used in Ultrasonic Bloodflow Measurement
Authors: Olinger M. , Siegel M. 
Published: March 2013

In the past, several ultrasonic bloodflow imaging systems have been proposed. Those of most interest to us have been the pulsed sinusoid system, the random noise system, and the pseudo noise system. In this paper, some advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. This paper begins with a brief review of signal processing as it applies to blood flow measuring systems in general. Next each of the above systems are discussed and related to the general theory. A system which combines some of the advantages of each is introduced at this point. Finally, the results of a sophisticated simulation developed specifically to compare these systems is presented.
Application of Pattern Recognition Techniques to Breast Cancer Detection: Ultrasonic Analysis of 100 Pathologically Confirmed Tissue Areas
Authors: Good Morris S. , Rose Joseph L. , Goldberg Barry B. 
Published: March 2013

Ultrasonic pulse-echo rf waveform analysis and selected pattern recognition methods were applied to classification of breast tissue. Emphasis was placed on the classification of solid tissue areas since fluid areas are easily identified by present B-scan techniques. Pattern recognition techniques such as the Fisher Linear Discriminant (FLD), Probability Density Function (PDF) curves, jackknife estimate and committee vote were used to construct and evaluate a two class algorithm, malignant versus benign tissue areas. A data base consisting of frequency domain features from 100 pathologically confirmed tissue areas from 87 patients were used to train the algorithm. Algorithm performance was acquired via the generalized jackknife procedure to significantly reduce the bias frequently encountered in algorithm evaluation. Estimated values of algorithm performance are sensitivity and specificity values of 96 percent and 68 percent, respectively.
The Instantaneous Frequency of a Sinewave Squelched Bandlimited Signal
Authors: Komaili Jaleh , Sankar P. V. , Ferrari Leonard A. , Leeman S. 
Published: March 2013

We study the instantaneous frequency of a signal which is formed by the summation of a sinewave and a bandlimited signal. We refer to the composite signal as a sinewave squelched or simply a squelched signal. We study the behavior of the squelched signal at its real zeros and extrema. In particular when the sinewave frequency is equal to the largest frequency in the signal's spectrum and its amplitude is greater than the signal's maximum amplitude, the analytic signal corresponding to this resultant signal (hereafter abbreviated as RZ signal) has only real zeros which contain all of the bandlimited signal's information. FM systems often use zero crossing techniques in the demodulation process. For a process with a normal amplitude distribution, we derive a relationship between the zero crossing density of an RZ converted signal and that of the original signal. One application of these analyses is in ultrasonic FM imaging. We give an explanation for the behavior of the FM imaging system as a function of amplitude and frequency of the added cosine.
Ultrasonic Differentiation of Intraocular Melanomas: Parameters and Estimation Methods
Authors: Romijn R.L. , Thijssen J.M. , Oosterveld B.J. , Verbeek A.M. 
Published: March 2013

In this study, the estimation of ultrasound parameters is evaluated for in vivo differentiation of intraocular melanomas. For this purpose, both tissue and image parameters of the ultrasound signal are considered. These parameters comprised, respectively, the frequency dependent attenuation and backscattering coefficient of the melanoma tissue, and the first and second-order statistics of the amplitude-modulated and phase-derivative images of the melanomas. A diffraction correction procedure has been applied prior to the estimation of the parameters to correct the ultrasound signals for the echographic equipment used and for the various distances of the region-of-interest to the transducer. In addition, a preprocessing to select a homogeneous region from the tumours was implemented to obtain consistent estimates of the ultrasound parameters, because the accuracy and the precision of the parameters would be greatly reduced by the inhomogeneity of the melanoma tissue. The estimation methods are evaluated by means of the accuracy and precision of the parameters estimated from simulated ultrasound data and data obtained from a tissue-mimicking phantom. The mutual correlations of the parameters are discussed for the ultrasound data obtained from the melanomas. This study enabled a preselection of the indepedent ultrasound parameters that could be used in a discriminant analysis to perform a differentiation of intraocular melanomas. The sensitivity and specificity of differentiating spindle cell type from mixed-epitheloid meleanomas were 92 and 89 percent, respectively.
Differential Attenuation Imaging for the Characterization of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Lesions
Authors: Ribault M. , Chapelon J.Y. , Cathignol D. , Gelet A. 
Published: March 2013

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is an effective technique for creating coagulative necrotic lesions in biological tissue, with a view to treating localized tumors. Although good results have already been obtained, notably in urology, current systems lack a real time monitoring system to check the efficacy of the treatment procedures. This study describes the development and assessment of a noninvasive system for making local measurements of attenuation variations during HIFU treatment procedures. An apparatus (Ablatherm, Edap-Technomed, France), combining a 2.5 MHz therapeutic transducer and a 5.5 MHz twin plane imaging probe (connected to an ultrasound scanner), was used to produce lesions. The rf signals needed to calculate the attenuation were recorded as outputs from the ultrasound scanner, before and after the high intensity firing sequences, which were performed on ten pieces of porcine liver. Each firing sequence involved producing a lesion volume comprising 42 individual lesions. A number of recordings were also made without producing lesions, in order to test the reproducibility of the measurements. The attenuation function was evaluated locally using the centroid and the multinarrowband methods. Initially, changes in the integrated attenuation αbar; (mean attenuation in the 4–7 MHz range) and the attenuation slope β were examined for the lesion volume. β values did not vary significantly within this range, whereas α values varied significantly (in the region of 86% of the initial level) in comparison to measurements performed without forming lesions. The differential attenuation Δα (representing local variations in α) was subsequently used to generate images revealing the lesion areas. There was a strong similarity between these ‘Δα images’ and the lesion volumes defined by the operator. ‘Δα images’ offer several advantages over existing attenuation imaging techniques. Any problems related to the heterogeneity of the medium are eliminated, since only the change in attenuation is taken into account. Furthermore, there is no need to compensate for diffraction when estimating Δα, as the rf signals are captured in exactly the same positions before and after treatment. This technique can be used during in vivo treatment procedures. It can be implemented in real time, since the computational algorithms (based primarily on FFT calculations) are very fast. The technique should provide clinical practitioners with valuable qualitative and quantitative information for use in HIFU ultrasound surgery.