bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade-off Between Selection for Dosage Compensation and Masculinization on the Avian Z Chromosome
Authors: Wright Alison E , Moghadam Hooman K , Mank Judith E 
Published: September 2012

AbstractFollowing the suppression of recombination, gene expression levels decline on the sex-limited chromosome, and this can lead to selection for dosage compensation in the heterogametic sex to rebalance average expression from the X or Z chromosome with average autosomal expression. At the same time, due to their unequal pattern of inheritance in males and females, the sex chromosomes are subject to unbalanced sex-specific selection, which contributes to a nonrandom distribution of sex-biased genes compared to the remainder of the genome. These two forces act against each other, and the relative importance of each is currently unclear. The Gallus gallus Z chromosome provides a useful opportunity to study the importance and trade-offs between sex-specific selection and dosage compensation in shaping the evolution of the genome as it shows incomplete dosage compensation and is also present twice as often in males than females, and therefore predicted to be enriched for male-biased genes. Here, we refine our understanding of the evolution of the avian Z chromosome, and show that multiple strata formed across the chromosome over ∼130 million years. We then use this evolutionary history to examine the relative strength of selection for sex chromosome dosage compensation vs. the cumulative effects of masculinizing selection on gene expression. We find that male-biased expression increases over time, indicating that selection for dosage compensation is relatively less important than masculinizing selection in shaping Z chromosome gene expression.
FGF-23 and the Progression of Coronary Arterial Calcification in Patients New to Dialysis
Authors: Khan Abigail May , Chirinos Julio A. , Litt Harold , Yang Wei , Rosas Sylvia E. 
Published: September 2012

Summary

Background and objective
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), a regulator of phosphorus metabolism, is a risk marker in CKD. FGF-23 has been associated with coronary arterial calcification (CAC), but it is not known whether FGF-23 predicts CAC progression in CKD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of FGF-23 with CAC progression in advanced CKD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
FGF-23 levels and CAC were measured by electrocardiography-triggered multislice computed tomography in 99 individuals initiating dialysis. Patients were enrolled in the study from April 2008 to July 2010. CAC was calculated using Agatston and calcium volume score. Sixty-seven study participants had repeat CAC measures at 1 year. Linear regression was used to assess the association of FGF-23 with CAC.

Results
The mean age of study participants was 50 years; 33% were women, and 64% were black. The median FGF-23 level was 1238 relative units (RU)/ml (interquartile range, 515–2218 RU/ml). According to Agatston score, FGF-23 was not associated with baseline CAC (P=0.14) but was significantly associated with CAC progression. There was a 192.3–Agatston unit change in CAC score per 1-SD change in FGF-23 (P=0.008) in models adjusting for known risk factors for CAC and serum phosphate. This association persisted after adjustment for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, 25-OH vitamin D levels, and the use of phosphorus binders. Results were similar when change in calcium volume score was used.

Conclusions
In individuals with advanced CKD, serum FGF-23 is strongly associated with CAC progression. FGF-23 may be a marker of cardiovascular risk in CKD.
Use of antithrombotic agents in patients with intracerebral cavernous malformations
Authors: Flemming Kelly D. , Link Michael J. , Christianson Teresa J. H. , Brown Robert D. 
Published: September 2012

Object
The goal of this study was to determine the risk of using antithrombotic agents in patients with established intracerebral cavernous malformations (ICMs).

Methods
From a previously described cohort of 292 patients with radiographically defined ICMs, 40 required an antithrombotic after the ICM was diagnosed. Patients underwent follow-up to determine the incidence of hemorrhage.

Results
The mean age of these 40 patients was 62.4 years; there were 21 male and 19 female patients. Five (12.5%) of the 40 patients initially presented with hemorrhage and 4 (10%) had multiple ICMs. Of these patients, 32 were placed on an antiplatelet agent alone, 6 on an anticoagulant alone, and 2 were placed on both. In patients necessitating any antithrombotic agent, 1 patient developed a prospective hemorrhage over the 258 person-years of follow-up (prospective hemorrhage rate 0.41% per person-year).

Conclusions
Antithrombotics likely do not precipitate hemorrhage in patients with known ICMs. However, caution should be exercised in the use of antithrombotics in patients with ICMs at high risk for hemorrhage. The risks and benefits of antithrombotics in each situation should be carefully weighed against the natural history of ICM.
Les conséquences internes de la crise économique
Authors: Vilanova Pere 
Published: September 2012

Résumé La crise économique et financière internationale s’est installée dans le temps, sa durée est imprévisible, et surtout, règne une grande incertitude en ce qui concerne le monde « du jour d’après ». L’enjeu de fond semble être la nature du changement du rapport entre la société et la politique, les formes de représentation des intérêts sociaux, les nouveaux clivages qui divisent nos sociétés et ne répondent plus à l’idée traditionnelle de « luttes de classe ». Un des grands dangers, à l’heure actuelle, est celui de la croissante fragmentation des « champs et modes de réaction » des différents groupes sociaux. Ou bien la politique revient, ou on n’a plus rien à dire, sinon subir le diktat systémique des marchés.
La configuration des territoires des peuples en isolement « volontaire »
Authors: Escobar Jiménez Kelly Johanna 
Published: September 2012

L’objectif de cet article est d’interroger l’incertitude qui entoure la gestion des territoires amazoniens. À chaque étape des programmes d’exploitation des ressources naturelles se ravivent en effet des controverses qui ont trait aux modes de gestion de ces territoires, aux possibilités de contact avec les populations qu’ils abritent et, simultanément, aux connaissances que l’on peut en avoir. Je m’intéresse particulièrement à la situation des peuples dits en « isolement volontaire ». Les débats qui les concernent ne portent pas que sur la gestion du territoire et des populations, mais aussi sur les modes de production de connaissances sur ces entités silencieuses. Comment entrer en contact sans les contaminer avec nos virus occidentaux ou sans mourir sous leurs lances ? Mais aussi : comment faire parler des entités qui ne peuvent… ne savent… ou ne veulent pas de ces contacts ? Ces questions émergent, parmi d’autres, dans la course à la colonisation intérieure de l’Amazonie. J’ai essayé de comprendre comment on traduit cet isolement silencieux à partir de l’analyse de l’action du Serviço de Proteção aos Índios (SPI, 1910-1967) au Brésil ainsi que des débats tenus au Seminario Regional Pueblos indígenas en aislamiento voluntario y contacto inicial en la Amazonía y el Gran Chaco (Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia, 2006). J’ai ainsi identifié deux controverses qui témoignent de la complexité du thème et qui obligent à reconsidérer la nature de ces populations dans la configuration des aires protégées.
Les rapprochements entre la musique metal et la musique classique : le cas de Therion et de Richard Wagner
Authors: Saint-Laurent Méi-Ra 
Published: September 2012

Résumé Depuis le milieu des années 1990, le groupe de metal symphonique Therion est identifié au compositeur Richard Wagner, en incorporant des orchestres symphoniques et des chanteurs lyriques dans ses compositions ; il se voit d’ailleurs qualifier de « wagnérien » par le sociologue Fabien Hein. Pourtant, comme la musique metal est un courant découlant de la tradition musicale populaire, il serait légitime de se questionner sur la véritable proportion d’éléments wagnériens dans la musique de Therion. Afin de découvrir les similitudes entre ces courants musicaux, je me baserai sur les paramètres analytiques de la musique populaire élaborés par le musicologue Serge Lacasse, que j’appliquerai à une des chansons les plus « wagnériennes » de Therion, « Schwarzalbenheim » ( Secret of the Runes , 2001). Toutefois, il sera démontré que la seule analyse musicologique ne permet pas d’expliquer totalement l’impression wagnérienne qui se dégage de l’œuvre et que ces rapprochements prennent tout leur sens lorsque l’on s’attarde sur les plans idéologiques et esthétiques de la musique de Wagner et de Therion.
Using XML to Implement XML
Authors: Nordström Ari 
Published: September 2012

This paper discusses implementing XProc-based publishing and processing in a document management system that is currently very difficult to expand because even though it handles and processes XML, the system is currently implemented in a way that makes any changes to publishing and processing difficult. The author currently depends on C# developers without XML knowledge for any changes.
The paper suggests using XML to implement the XProc pipelines with, handling everything from the .bat files for the XProc engine to the GUI that makes the pipelines available to the end user. This XML can be used to generate both, but is also useful as an abstraction layer that black-boxes not only the XProc but everything surrounding it, providing a blueprint for the processes, simplifying development and, for the author, eliminating an unwanted dependency to C# developers.
Attitudes and Opinions of Teachers towards Corporal Punishment
Authors: Fatima Dr. Nuzhat , Janjua Dr. Shafqat Ali , Nafees Dr. Muhammad , Masood Kamran 
Published: September 2012

Corporal Punishment yields negative impact on the behaviors of students and thus their learning achievements remain lower. Sometime, in a particular situation, students’ exhibit relatively better results but they actually get fed up with the learning enrolment and intrinsically intend to go away from teaching learning process. This study was under taken to get the opinion of primary school teachers and their practical behaviors towards corporal punishment at primary level in the Govt. Schools of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. In order to collect data, a questionnaire containing 35 questions was developed in Urdu for seeking opinion of primary school teachers. The questionnaire had two parts; the first part pertained to information about different aspects related to the classroom situation while the second part contained an open-ended question asking for suggestions. Stratified random sample technique was used but only those school were selected which were willing to respond and easy to approach. Data collected through questionnaire were tabulated and analyzed. Although difference of opinion was found among the teachers on all issues yet an overall majority opined that corporal punishment must not be there as it was the greatest negative variable for creating a conducive environment for teaching learning process. Key words: Punishment, Learning Achievements, Learning Environment, Motivation, Satisfaction.
Caractéristiques familiales associées aux trois profils du trouble déficitaire de l’attention/hyperactivité chez les enfants âgés de 6 à 9 ans
Authors: Richer Marie-Claude , Letarte Marie-Josée , Normandeau Sylvie 
Published: September 2012

Selon l’American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1994), le trouble déficitaire de l’attention/hyperactivité (TDA/H) se divise en trois profils : inattention prédominante (TDA/H-I), hyperactivité-impulsivité prédominante (TDA/H-H) et mixte (TDA/H-M). L’objectif de cette étude est d’identifier les caractéristiques familiales associées aux trois profils du TDA/H en exerçant un contrôle statistique sur les variables de sexe et d’âge des enfants, ainsi que sur la prise de médication et la co-occurrence de troubles extériorisés et intériorisés. Les participants sont 110 familles d’enfants d’âge primaire présentant un TDA/H (TDA/H-I : n = 31, TDA/H-H : n = 11, TDA/H-M : n = 68) et prenant tous une médication appropriée. Les résultats d’une analyse de covariance multiple démontrent que les familles des trois profils se différencient uniquement au niveau du stress parental : les parents d’enfants ayant un TDA/H-I ressentent moins de stress que les parents d’enfants ayant un TDA/H-H ou un TDA/H-M. Par ailleurs, les résultats suggèrent qu’il est important de considérer la présence du trouble oppositionnel et la prise de médication dans l’étude des profils diagnostiques du TDA/H.
Compact Saloplastic Poly(Acrylic Acid)/Poly(Allylamine) Complexes: Kinetic Control Over Composition, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Reisch Andreas , Tirado Patricia , Roger Emilie , Boulmedais Fouzia , Collin Dominique , Voegel Jean‐Claude , Frisch Benoît , Schaaf Pierre , Schlenoff Joseph B. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractDurable compact polyelectrolyte complexes (CoPECs) with controlled porosity and mechanical properties are prepared by ultracentrifugation. Because the starting materials, poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) (PAA), are weak acids/bases, both composition and morphology are controlled by solution pH. In addition, the nonequilibrium nature of polyelectrolyte complexation can be exploited to provide a range of compositions and porosities under the influence of polyelectrolyte addition order and speed, and concentration. Confocal microscopy shows these “saloplastic” materials to be highly porous, where pore formation is attributed to a combination of deswelling of the polyelectrolyte matrix and expansion of small inhomogenities by osmotic pressure. The porosity (15–70%) and the pore size (<5 μm to >70 μm) of these materials can be tuned by adjusting the PAA to PAH ratio, the salt concentration, and the pH. The modulus of these CoPECs depends on the ratio of the two polyelectrolytes, with stoichiometric complexes being the stiffest due to optimized charge pairing, which correlates with maximized crosslinking density. Mechanical properties, pore sizes, and pore density of these materials make them well suited to three dimensional supports for tissue engineering applications.
Synthesis of polypyrrole‐modified TiO2 composite adsorbent and its adsorption performance on acid Red G
Authors: Li Jingjing , Feng Jiangtao , Yan Wei 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe adsorption–desorption characteristics of Acid Red G (ARG) on the polypyrrole‐modified TiO2 (PPy/TiO2) composite as a novel adsorbent was investigated. PPy/TiO2 was synthesized via the in‐situ polymerization of pyrrole monomer in the prepared TiO2 sol solution. Results from X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated the formation of the PPy/TiO2 composite. The adsorption experiments showed that the modification of PPy substantially improved the adsorption and regeneration abilities of PPy/TiO2. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved in a short time of 20 min, and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo‐second‐order model. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found for PPy/TiO2, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 179.21 mg/g. The regeneration experiments showed that PPy/TiO2 could be successfully regenerated by simple alkali‐acid treatment. The adsorption efficiency of the regenerated PPy/TiO2 adsorbent for ARG was still greater than 90% after regeneration for 10 times. Additionally, the adsorption efficiency of PPy/TiO2 for the ARG effluent was still higher than 78% after adsorption–desorption for four times. It is expected that the PPy/TiO2 composite can be considered as a stable adsorbent for the removal of dye. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Luminescent Benzoquinolate‐Isocyanide Platinum(II) Complexes: Effect of Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt and π⋅⋅⋅π Interactions on their Photophysical Properties
Authors: Forniés Juan , Sicilia Violeta , Borja Pilar , Casas José M. , Díez Alvaro , Lalinde Elena , Larraz Carmen , Martín Antonio , Moreno M. Teresa 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe neutral compounds [Pt(bzq)(CN)(CNR)] (R=tBu (1), Xyl (2), 2‐Np (3); bzq= benzoquinolate, Xyl=2,6‐dimethylphenyl, 2‐Np=2‐napthyl) were isolated as the pure isomers with a trans‐Cbzq,CNR configuration, as confirmed by 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy in the isotopically marked [Pt(bzq)(13CN)(CNR)] (R=tBu (1′), Xyl (2′), 2‐Np (3′)) derivatives (δ13CCN≈110 ppm; 1J(Pt,13C)≈1425 Hz]. By contrast, complex [Pt(bzq)(C≡CPh)(CNXyl)] (4) with a trans‐Nbzq,CNR configuration, has been selectively isolated from [Pt(bzq)Cl(CNXyl)] (trans‐Nbzq,CNR) using Sonogashira conditions. X‐ray diffraction studies reveal that while 1 adopts a columnar‐stacked chain structure with Pt–Pt distances of 3.371(1) Å and significant π⋅⋅⋅π interactions (3.262 Å), complex 2 forms dimers supported only by short Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt (3.370(1) Å) interactions. In complex 4 the packing is directed by weak bzq⋅⋅⋅Xyl and bzq⋅⋅⋅C≡E (C, N) interactions. In solid state at room temperature, compounds 1 and 2 both show a bright red emission (ϕ=42.1 % 1, 57.6 % 2). Luminescence properties in the solid state at 77 K and concentration‐dependent emission studies in CH2Cl2 at 298 K and at 77 K are also reported for 1, 1·CHCl3, 2, 2', 2·CHCl3, 3, 4.
An overview of chromatin modifications
Authors: Fick Robert J. , Trievel Raymond C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe last 15 years have witnessed tremendous progress in elucidating the roles of chromatin modifications in transcription regulation, DNA repair, replication, recombination, and other genomic processes. In this issue of Biopolymers, a series of reviews will summarize recent advances in our understanding of chromatin modifying enzymes and explore unresolved questions with respect to their regulation and functions in gene expression and other nuclear processes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99: 95–97, 2013.
Graduate Education Issues and Challenges: Community College Applied and Workforce Baccalaureates
Authors: Floyd Deborah L. , Felsher Rivka A. , Catullo Linda 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses challenges of the next steps along the baccalaureate degree articulation pathway: graduate education. The articulation of community college applied and workforce baccalaureate degrees with university graduate degrees is the next frontier in the community college baccalaureate movement.
The Use of Electrospray Mass Spectrometry to Determine Speciation in a Dynamic Combinatorial Library for Anion Recognition
Authors: Phillips Hazel I. A. , Chernikov Aleksey V. , Fletcher Nicholas C. , Ashcroft Alison E. , Ault James R. , Filby Maria H. , Wilson Andrew J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe composition of a dynamic mixture of similar 2,2′‐bipyridine complexes of iron(II) bearing either an amide (5‐benzylamido‐2,2′‐bipyridine and 5‐(2‐methoxyethane)amido‐2,2′‐bipyridine) or an ester (2,2′‐bipyridine‐5‐carboxylic acid benzylester and 2,2′‐bipyridine‐5‐carboxylic acid 2‐methoxyethane ester) side chain have been evaluated by electrospray mass spectroscopy in acetonitrile. The time taken for the complexes to come to equilibrium appears to be dependent on the counteranion, with chloride causing a rapid redistribution of two preformed heteroleptic complexes (of the order of 1 hour), whereas the time it takes in the presence of tetrafluoroborate salts is in excess of 24 h. Similarly the final distribution of products is dependent on the anion present, with the presence of chloride, and to a lesser extent bromide, preferring three amide‐functionalized ligands, and a slight preference for an appended benzyl over a methoxyethyl group. Furthermore, for the first time, this study shows that the distribution of a dynamic library of metal complexes monitored by ESI‐MS can adapt following the introduction of a different anion, in this case tetrabutylammonium chloride to give the most favoured heteroleptic complex despite the increasing ionic strength of the solution.
Sterically‐Limited Self‐Assembly of Pt4 Macrocycles into Discrete Non‐covalent Nanotubes: Porous Supramolecular Tetramers and Hexamers
Authors: Frischmann Peter D. , Sahli Brian J. , Guieu Samuel , Patrick Brian O. , MacLachlan Mark J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe report a template‐free strategy based on steric repulsion for the isolation of discrete columnar aggregates of macrocycles. Specifically, introduction of sterically‐demanding trityl‐derived substituents at the periphery of Pt4 Schiff base macrocycles limits the otherwise infinite one‐dimensional columnar aggregation to discrete tetrameric and hexameric assemblies. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies of these compounds reveal discrete nanotubes of finite length that pack inefficiently resulting in three‐dimensional networks of interconnected void space. The discrete assemblies were studied by N2 adsorption and show enhanced surface area when stacked. In the absence of bulky substituents the macrocycles are nonporous. This strategy for engineering discrete supramolecular macrocyclic aggregates may be generalized to other columnar assembling systems.
Reversed Assembly of Dyes in an RNA Duplex Compared with Those in DNA
Authors: Fujii Taiga , Urushihara Masaaki , Kashida Hiromu , Ito Hiroshi , Liang Xingguo , Yagi‐Utsumi Maho , Kato Koichi , Asanuma Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe prepared reversed dye clusters by hybridizing two RNA oligomers, each of which tethered dyes (Methyl Red, 4′‐methylthioazobenzene, and thiazole orange) on D‐threoninols (threoninol nucleotides) at the center of their strands. NMR spectroscopic analyses revealed that two dyes from each strand were axially stacked in an antiparallel manner to each other in the duplex, and were located adjacent to the 3′‐side of a natural nucleobase. Interestingly, this positional relationship of the dyes was completely the opposite of that assembled in DNA that we reported previously: dyes in DNA were located adjacent to the 5′‐side of a natural nucleobase. This observation was also consistent with the circular dichroism of dimerized dyes in which the Cotton effect of the dyes (i.e., the winding properties of two dyes) was inverted in RNA relative to that in DNA. Further spectroscopic analyses revealed that clustering of the dyes on RNA duplexes induced distinct hypsochromicity and narrowing of the band, thus demonstrating that the dyes were axially stacked (i.e., H‐aggregates) even on an A‐type helix. On the basis of these results, we also prepared heterodimers of a fluorophore (thiazole orange) and quencher (Methyl Red) in an RNA duplex. Fluorescence from thiazole orange was found to be strongly quenched by Methyl Red due to the excitonic interaction, so that the ratio of fluorescent intensities of the RNA–thiazole orange conjugate with and without its complementary strand carrying a quencher became as high as 27. We believe that these RNA–dye conjugates are potentially useful probes for real‐time monitoring of RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms.