bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumo Foliar de Eucalyptus spp. por Acromyrmex disciger (Mayr, 1887) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Morais Wagner Calixto de Castro , Anjos Norivaldo dos , Della Lucia Terezinha Maria Castro 
Published: September 2014

O potencial produtivo de plantios florestais é reduzido, dentre outros fatores, pela ocorrência de pragas. No Brasil, as formigas-cortadeiras são os principais insetos daninhos à cultura do eucalipto. Dentre as espécies dessas formigas, Acromyrmex disciger (Mayr) se destaca na região Sudeste do Brasil. Entretanto, poucas são as informações a respeito de seu potencial de dano às plantações de eucalipto. Este trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar o consumo foliar de eucalipto por A. disciger, em condições de laboratório. Para isto, folhas frescas de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Eucalyptus urophylla ST Blake e do híbrido E. urophylla x E. grandis foram oferecidas, com chance de escolha, à duas colônias de A. disciger, durante 24 horas, num total de oito repetições. O consumo foliar foi determinado pela diferença entre as massas de folhas e de suas sobras, após serem disponibilizadas às formigas. As operárias das duas colônias consumiram, respectivamente, 38,8 ± 3,2 g e 22,0 ± 2,3 g de folhas de eucalipto, por dia. Estes elevados valores podem sugerir estado de alerta para os danos que A. disciger pode causar nos plantios de eucalipto, merecendo, esta formiga-cortadeira, maior atenção.
Eucalypt leaf-consumption by Acromyrmex disciger (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Abstract. The productive potential of forest stands is reduced by pest occurrence among other factors. In Brazil, leaf-cutting ants are the most severe eucalypt pests. Acromyrmex disciger (Mayr) is prevalent in the south east Brazil. However, scarce information about its potential damage for Eucalyptus forests is available. This work deals to quantifying the eucalypt leaf-consumption by such specie of leaf-cutting ant. Fresh leaves were taken from trees of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Eucalyptus urophylla ST Blake, and hybrid E. urophylla x E. grandis and served to different colonies of A. disciger, during 24 hours period, over eight different times. Leaf-consumption was calculated throughout fresh weights of leaves, before and after ants foraging. Each colony of A. disciger consumed 38.8 ± 3.2 g e 22.0 ± 2.3 g of eucalypt leaves, per day.
Fatores de virulência de Bacillus thuringiensis: o que existe além das proteínas Cry
Authors: Vilas-Bôas Gislayne Trindade , Alvarez Rita C. , Dos Santos Clelton A. , Vilas-Boas Laurival A. 
Published: September 2014

As proteínas Cry produzidas pela bactéria entomopatogênica Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner são bem conhecidas devido a alta citotoxicidade que exibem a uma variedade de insetos-alvo. O modo de ação destas proteínas é específico e torna os produtos à base de B. thuringiensis os mais amplamente utilizados em programas de controle biológico de pragas na agricultura e de importantes vetores de doenças humanas. Contudo, embora as proteínas Cry sejam os fatores de virulência inseto-específico mais conhecidos, linhagens de B. thuringiensis apresentam também uma ampla gama de fatores de virulência, os quais permitem à bactéria atingir a hemolinfa e colonizar eficientemente o inseto hospedeiro. Dentre estes fatores, destacam-se as proteínas Vip, Cyt, enterotoxinas, hemolisinas, fosfolipases, proteases, enzimas de degradação, além das recentemente descritas parasporinas. Essa revisão aborda a ação desses fatores de virulência, bem como a caracterização e o controle da expressão de seus genes. Adicionalmente, são discutidos aspectos relacionados ao nicho ecológico da bactéria com ênfase nas características envolvidas com a biossegurança da utilização dos produtos à base de B. thuringiensis para o controle biológico de insetos-alvo.
Virulence Factors of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner: Something Beyond of Cry Proteins?
Abstract. The Cry proteins produced by the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner are widely known due to its high toxicity against a variety of insects. The mode of action of these proteins is specific and becomes B. thuringiensis-based products the most used in biological control programs of insect pests in agriculture and of important human disease vectors. However, while the Cry proteins are the best-known insect-specific virulence factor, strains of B. thuringiensis show also a wide range of other virulence factors, which allow the bacteria to achieve the hemolymph and colonize efficiently the insect host. Among these factors, we highlight the Vip proteins, Cyt, enterotoxins, hemolysins, phospholipases, proteases and enzymes of degradation, in addition to the recently described parasporin. This review explores the action of these virulence factors, as well as, the characterization and control of expression of their genes. Additionally, we discuss aspects related to the ecological niche of the bacteria with emphasis on the characteristics involved in the biosafety of the use of B. thuringiensis-based products for biological control of target insects.
Mirmecofauna (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) de Duas Marismas do Estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, RS: Diversidade, Flutuação de Abundância e Similaridade como Indicadores de Conservação
Authors: Bolico Cristiane Ferras , Oliveira Eduardo Alves , Gantes Marcel Lucas , Dumont Luiz Felipe Cestari , Carrasco Daiane Silveira , D'Incao Fernando 
Published: September 2014

O trabalho objetiva inventariar a mirmecofauna de duas marismas distintas e estimar a diversidade, similaridade, bem como relacionar a temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e a pluviosidade aos padrões de flutuação de abundância desses insetos. Além disso, foram reconhecidas as espécies que atuam como indicadores ambientais. O estudo foi realizado em duas marismas localizadas no Estuário da Laguna Lagoa dos Patos, Ilha da Torotama e Molhe Oeste da Barra. Foram capturados 853 formicídeos, distribuídos em 19 gêneros. As duas marismas apresentaram índices de diversidade e abundância semelhantes, Ds = 0,958 e I = 0,042 na Ilha da Torotama e Ds = 0,8889 e I = 0,111 no Molhe Oeste da Barra. As flutuações dos grupos de formicídeos coincidiram em ambas as áreas, ocorrendo os picos durante os meses quentes. Grupos considerados bioindicadores estiveram presentes na amostragem, fornecendo parâmetros de conservação ambiental.
Myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the Two Salt Marshes Patos Lagoon Estuary, RS: Diversity, Fluctuation of the Abundance and Similarity as Indicators of ConservationAbstract. The aim of this investigation was to assess the myrmecofauna of two distinct salt marshes and to estimate the diversity, similarity, as well as to estimate the effects of temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on the fluctuation patterns of these insects. Additionally, the species that act as environmental indicators were recognized. The study was conducted in two salt marshes located in the Patos Lagoon Estuary: Torotama’s Island and West Breakwater. A total of 853 ants were sampled, distributed in 19 genera. Both marshes showed similar diversity and abundance, Ds = 0.958 and I = 0.042 in Torotama’s Island and Ds = 0.8889 and I = 0.111 in West Break Water. Trends in ant composition coincided in both areas, with a peak during the warmer months. Areas showed no similarity, due to anthropogenic factors and species’ biology. Groups considered as biomarkers were recorded in the samples, providing parameters for environmental conservation.
Registro de Oncideres saga (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) em Peltophorum dubium (Leguminosae) no Município de Trombudo Central, Santa Catarina, Brasil
Authors: Souza Gabriely Koerich , Pikart Tiago Georg , Pikart Filipe Christian , Zanuncio José Cola 
Published: September 2014

Peltophorum dubium (Sprengel) Taubert (Leguminosae) tem sido empregada com sucesso na arborização de praças, parques e rodovias, por apresentar flores amarelas formando vistosas panículas terminais e folhagem densa proporcionando ótima sombra. Entretanto, besouros serradores têm sido considerados uma potencial ameaça à arborização urbana no Brasil, causando danos a várias espécies botânicas ornamentais. O objetivo desse estudo foi registrar e caracterizar o ataque por besouros serradores em plantas de P. dubium em Trombudo Central, Santa Catarina, Brasil entre novembro de 2006 e janeiro de 2007. Os danos foram observados em 12 árvores utilizadas na arborização urbana do município. Durante o período de levantamento, 27 galhos roletados foram coletados, sendo o diâmetro médio dos mesmos de 6,35 cm. Este é o primeiro registro do besouro serrador Oncideres saga (Dalman) danificando plantas de P. dubium no Brasil.
Report of Oncideres saga (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Peltophorum dubium (Leguminosae) in Trombudo Central, Santa Catarina State, Brazil
Abstract. Peltophorum dubium (Sprengel) Taubert (Leguminosae) has been used successfully for landscaping squares, parks and roads, due its yellow flowers forming terminal panicles and dense foliage providing excellent shade. However, twig girdlers have been considered a potential threat to the urban landscaping in Brazil, damaging many ornamental plant species. The aim of this study was to record the attack of twig girdlers in plants of P. dubium in Trombudo Central, Santa Catarina State, Brazil between November 2006 and January 2007. Damage was observed on 12 trees used in the urban landscaping of the city. During the survey period, 27 girdled branches were collected with an average diameter of 6.35 cm. This is the first record of the twig girdler Oncideres saga (Dalman) damaging plants of P. dubium in Brazil.
Budgetary Discipline and Internal Devaluation – Estonian Method to Overcome the Crisis
Authors: Baran Bernadeta 
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this article is to outline the main reasons and effects of the Estonian adjustments in response to the global financial and economic crisis. Estonia chose significant budgetary savings, in contrast with most other countries stimulating their economies by expansionary fiscal policy and leading to fiscal imbalances and growing public debts. Estonia did not carry out a devaluation of its currency, but restored competitiveness through internal devaluation. This strategy allowed Estonia to maintain a fixed exchange rate, fulfill the Maastricht criteria and adopt the single currency. As a result, Estonia has increased the stability of its economy, restoring and enhancing confidence among investors. At the same time, the Estonian strategy confirmed the existence of non-Keynesian effects – the positive economic results of public spending reduction.
Knowledge of and attitudes towards palliative care among multinational nurses in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abudari Gassan , Zahreddine Hassan , Hazeim Hassan , Assi Mohammad Al , Emara Sania 
Published: September 2014

Background: Palliative care is not yet integrated into the health-care system in Saudi Arabia. King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre-Riyadh (KFSH&RC-Riyadh) is a tertiary care facility and regional cancer centre in Saudia Arabia with a highly multinational nursing workforce. Little is known about these nurses' knowledge of and attitudes towards palliative care. Aim: To determine the palliative care knowledge and attitudes of the nursing workforce of KFSH&RC-Riyadh and any influencing factors. Method: A questionnaire including demographic data, the Palliative Care Quiz for Nurses (PCQN), and Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying scale (FATCOD) was completed by 395 staff nurses from 19 countries. Results: The nurses scored a mean of 111.66 out of 150 on the FATCOD scale and of 9.06 out of 20 on the PCQN. These scores indicate moderate attitudes towards but a knowledge deficit regarding palliative care. The nurses' palliative care training and years of nursing experience significantly affected the scores. The level of palliative care integration in the nurses' home countries was the most significant factor in multiple regression tests. Conclusion: Palliative care integration into the health-care system of the country in which nurses train significantly influences their knowledge of and attitudes towards palliative care. Incorporating palliative care into nursing education might promote positive attitudes towards palliative care in nurses while enhancing their knowledge and skills.
Palliative care knowledge, attitudes and perceived self-competence of nurses working in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Ly Thuy , Yates Patsy , Osborne Yvonne 
Published: September 2014

Aim: To explore palliative care knowledge, attitudes and perceived self-competence of nurses working in oncology settings in Hanoi, Vietnam. Method: The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey design. The self-administered questionnaires consisted of three validated instruments: the Expertise and Insight Test for Palliative Care, the Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale B and the Palliative Care Nursing Self Competence Scale. The sample consisted of 251 nurses caring for cancer patients in three oncology hospitals in Vietnam. Results: The responses identified low scores in nurses' palliative care knowledge related to pain and other symptom management and psychological and spiritual aspects. Nurses' responses reflected discomfort in communicating about death and establishing therapeutic relationship with oncology patients who require palliative care. Additionally, nurses reported low scores in perceived self-competence when providing pain management and addressing social and spiritual domains of palliative care. The findings also revealed that nurses who had higher palliative care knowledge scores demonstrated attitudes which were more positive and expressed greater perceived self-competence. Conclusion: Nurses working in oncology wards need more education to develop their knowledge and skills of palliative care, especially in the areas of pain management, psychological and spiritual care, and communication.
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9): Lessons Learned from Patients with Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Awan Zuhier , Baass Alexis , Genest Jacques 
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND
Identification of the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) as the third gene causing familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and understanding its complex biology has led to the discovery of a novel class of therapeutic agents.

CONTENT
PCSK9 undergoes autocatalytic cleavage in the endoplasmic reticulum and enters the secretory pathway. The PCSK9 gene is under the regulatory control of sterol receptor binding proteins 1 and 2. Statins increase PCSK9 and this may modulate the response to this class of medications. In plasma, PCSK9 binds to the epidermal growth factor–like domain of the LDL receptor (LDL-R) on the cell and, once incorporated in the late endosomal pathway, directs the LDL-R toward lysosomal degradation rather than recycling to the plasma membrane. Thus, gain-of-function PCSK9 mutations lead to an FH phenotype, whereas loss-of-function mutations are associated with increased LDL-R–mediated endocytosis of LDL particles and lower LDL cholesterol in plasma. Inhibition of PCSK9 is thus an attractive therapeutic target. Presently, this is achieved by using monoclonal antibodies for allosteric inhibition of the PCSK9–LDL-R interaction. Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials in patients with moderate and severe hypercholesterolemia (including FH) show that this approach is safe and highly efficacious to lower LDL-C and lipoprotein(a).

SUMMARY
PCSK9 has other biological roles observed in vitro and in animal studies, including viral entry into the cell, insulin resistance, and hepatic tissue repair. Given the potential number of humans exposed to this novel class of medications, careful evaluation of clinical trial results is warranted.
Chemical Solution Based MoS2 Thin Film Deposition Based on Dimensional Reduction
Authors: Pan Changqing , Gao Zhongwei , Chang Chih-hung 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTAs a promising transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has recently attracted a lot of attention due to its graphene-liked two dimensional layer structure, which leads to potential applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, the fabrication of mono- or few-layer MoS2 is limited to ether liquid exfoliation or CVD, and the chemical solution deposition is limited to ammonium thiomolybdate-based precursor. In this paper, hydrazine-based dimensional reduction technique is applied in the chemical solution deposition of MoS2 thin-film, and a larger area uniform thin-film is obtained from bulk powder MoS2. This solution-based process could be applied with a variety coating techniques and lead to wafer level MoS2 thin film production.
Improved Gas Lift Valve Performance using a Modified Design for GLV Seat
Authors: Elldakli F.. , Soliman M. Y. , Shahri M.. , Winkler H. W. , Gamadi T.. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Each gas lift valve (GLV) is a variable orifice until a fully open port area is attained (under maximum stem travel). As the ball (stem) moves away from the ball/seat contact area, the area open to flow increases until the flow area upstream to the port area equals or exceeds the fully open port area.
Laboratory gas dynamic throughput testing indicates that each injection-operated GLV often does not open fully in actual operation, mainly because of the bellows stacking phenomena. As a result, the stem forms a restriction upstream to the flow path. Therefore, actual flow through the GLV can be less than expected. This paper addresses such issues and recommends a simple but effective solution. A modified design for the GLV seat was created to help reduce the required stem travel to generate a flow area equal to the port area.
Theoretical calculations confirm the actual gas dynamic measurements and show that the minimum stem travel for the modified design improves from 5 to 58% compared to using a conventional sharp-edged seat. This improvement should have a significant impact on GLV performance. The modified seats for all different ports sizes were manufactured and tested using a benchmark valve test. The experiments showed that for the same stem travel, the new design has a larger flowing area than that of the sharp-edged seat. This paper details the new design, theoretical calculations, and experimental results.
Optimal Stress Calculations for Sucker Rod Pumping Systems
Authors: Pons Victoria 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Preventing stress related failures is an essential part of optimizing your sucker rod pumped well. Tracking the maximum and minimum rod stress along with appropriate pump off control can ensure longer life for the rods and the entire sucker-rod pumping system.
Traditionally, stress is only computed at the top of each taper. However, when stress failures occur, they happen in areas of high friction and stress which might not necessarily be near the top of the taper and therefore undetectable through traditional stress computations.
The Modified Everitt-Jennings algorithm uses finite differences to solve the wave equation. As part of the algorithm, an iteration on damping, a fluid load line calculation and a pump fillage calculation ensure that the downhole data is as accurate as possible.
One of the many advantages of using finite differences is the ability to pick finite difference nodes down the rod string.
As part of the Modified Everitt-Jennings algorithm, position, load and stress can be computed at any point in the rod string. This provides for an in-depth, step by step, stress analysis for each taper of the rod string.
In this paper, stress results from the Modified Everitt-Jennings algorithm are compared to traditional stress calculations using measured field data.
Enhanced Cooler-Operating ESP Motor Design and Field Trials
Authors: Bough Max , Orrego Yamila , Waldner Leon , Sheth Ketan , O'Bryan Roshani , Jankowski Todd A. , Prenger F. Coyne 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Extending system run life impacts well profitability by cutting artificial lift replacement costs and reducing production losses from downtime. The run life of Electrical submersible pumping (ESP) motor can be increased by reducing the operating temperature of the motor. On the other hand, cooler-running motors can be used for high-temperature wells, where downhole temperatures may be a limiting factor.
Controlling motor temperature is important for increasing ESP run life as motor temperature plays a key role in motor failures. Power losses in ESP motors were analyzed for various operating conditions. Power losses are the source of heat generation and the resulting temperature rise in the ESP motor. The internal motor temperature depends upon heat generation in the motor, well parameters, operating conditions, as well as the design and materials used to manufacture the motor.
To reduce internal operating temperature, the motor should efficiently transfer the heat generated within the motor to the well fluid. New techniques for efficient heat transfer were developed and ESP motors with an enhanced motor-cooling design were built. These modified motors were tested in wells under controlled conditions in Claremore, Oklahoma and in two field trials in conventional and SAGD wells. The results showed a significant decrease in the internal operating temperature. This paper will address various contributing factors affecting motor internal temperature, an enhanced cooling design, and field trial test results.
New Stage Material Combined with Permanent Magnet Motor Technology Widens ESP Application Window
Authors: Saveth Ken 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Like any mature industry that has been around for decades; each with their tried and true technologies; the ESP industry also has its standard technologies which have been applied in varying degrees over the years. The level of success to which these technologies have reached has clearly been seen in the immense growth seen in the ESP industry. This is not to say that there have not been improvements to stage design (e.g. radial vs. mixed flow vs. axial, vane geometries), motor and motor seal design (E.g. induction motor technology and SAGD designs) and deployment methods, but these improvements have been slight deviations from what had been accepted as "standard".
Historically, ESP stages have been Type 1 or Type 4 Ni-resist and despite the changes in designs as mentioned, the stage materials have essentially remained the same. A change in the stage material and processing paradigm has drastically widened the historic application window.
This paper will elaborate on how a new stage technology combined with Permanent Magnet Motor technology deliver a unique solution providing a wider range of efficient operations (ROR), greater gas and sand handling capability without specific gas handling equipment and a shorter overall package.
The technology will be described, specifically how it is radically different than the case stages typically used today and the results of field trials demonstrating this wider range and its ability to handle produced sand.