bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic and environmental contributions to anxiety among Chinese children and adolescents – a multi‐informant twin study
Authors: Chen Jie , Yu Jing , Li Xinying , Zhang Jianxin 
Published: August 2014

BackgroundChild and adolescent anxiety has become a major public health concern in China, but little was known about the etiology of anxiety in Chinese children and adolescents. The present study aimed to investigate genetic and environmental influences on trait anxiety among Chinese children and adolescents. Rater, sex, and age differences on these estimates were also examined.MethodsSelf‐reported and parent‐reported child's trait anxiety was collected from 1,104 pairs of same‐sex twins aged 9–18 years. Genetic models were fitted to data from each informant to determine the genetic (A), shared (C), and non‐shared environmental (E) influences on trait anxiety.ResultsThe parameter estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of A, C, E on self‐reported trait anxiety were 50% [30%, 60%], 5% [0%, 24%], 45% [40%, 49%]. For parent‐reported data, the corresponding parameter estimates were 63% [47%, 78%], 13% [1%, 28%], and 24% [22%, 27%], respectively. The heritability of anxiety was higher in girls for self‐reported data, but higher in boys for parent‐reported data. There was no significant age difference in genetic and environmental contributions for self‐reported data, but a significant increase of heritability with age for parent‐reported data.ConclusionsThe trait anxiety in Chinese children and adolescents was highly heritable. Non‐shared environmental factors also played an important role. The estimates of genetic and environmental effects differed by rater, sex and age. Our findings largely suggest the cross‐cultural generalizability of the etiological model of child and adolescent anxiety.
Morphology and fibre‐type distribution in the tongue of the Pogona vitticeps lizard (Iguania, Agamidae)
Authors: Zghikh Leïla‐Nastasia , Vangysel Emilie , Nonclercq Denis , Legrand Alexandre , Blairon Bernard , Berri Cécile , Bordeau Thierry , Rémy Christophe , Burtéa Carmen , Montuelle Stéphane J. , Bels Vincent 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAgamid lizards use tongue prehension for capturing all types of prey. The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional relationship between tongue structure, both surface and musculature, and function during prey capture in Pogona vitticeps. The lack of a detailed description of the distribution of fibre‐types in the tongue muscles in some iguanian lizards has hindered the understanding of the functional morphology of the lizard tongue. Three methodological approaches were used to fill this gap. First, morphological analyses were performed (i) on the tongue surface through scanning electron microscopy, and (ii) on the lingual muscle by histological coloration and histochemistry to identify fibre‐typing. Secondly, kinematics of prey capture was quantified by using high‐speed video recordings to determine the movement capabilities of the tongue. Finally, electromyography (EMG) was used to identify the motor pattern tongue muscles during prey capture. Morphological and functional data were combined to discuss the functional morphology of the tongue in agamid lizards, in relation to their diet. During tongue protraction, M. genioglossus contracts 420 ± 96 ms before tongue–prey contact. Subsequently, Mm. verticalis and hyoglossus contract throughout tongue protraction and retraction. Significant differences are found between the timing of activity of the protractor muscles between omnivorous agamids (Pogona sp., this study) and insectivorous species (Agama sp.), despite similar tongue and jaw kinematics. The data confirm that specialisation toward a diet which includes more vegetal materials is associated with significant changes in tongue morphology and function. Histoenzymology demonstrates that protractor and retractor muscles differ in fibre composition. The proportion of fast glycolytic fibres is significantly higher in the M. hyoglossus (retractor muscle) than in the M. genioglossus (protractor muscle), and this difference is proposed to be associated with differences in the velocity of tongue protrusion and retraction (5 ± 5 and 40 ± 13 cm s−1, respectively), similar to Chamaeleonidae. This study provides a way to compare fibre‐types and composition in all iguanian and scleroglossan lizards that use tongue prehension to catch prey.
A Pyrrhic Victory? Bank Bailouts and Sovereign Credit Risk
Authors: ACHARYA VIRAL , DRECHSLER ITAMAR , SCHNABL PHILIPP 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTWe model a loop between sovereign and bank credit risk. A distressed financial sector induces government bailouts, whose cost increases sovereign credit risk. Increased sovereign credit risk in turn weakens the financial sector by eroding the value of its government guarantees and bond holdings. Using credit default swap (CDS) rates on European sovereigns and banks, we show that bailouts triggered the rise of sovereign credit risk in 2008. We document that post‐bailout changes in sovereign CDS explain changes in bank CDS even after controlling for aggregate and bank‐level determinants of credit spreads, confirming the sovereign‐bank loop.
Efficacy of combination therapy of oral zinc sulfate with imiquimod, podophyllin or cryotherapy in the treatment of vulvar warts
Authors: Akhavan Setareh , Mohammadi Seyed Rahim , Modarres Gillani Mitra , Mousavi Azam Sadat , Shirazi Mahboobeh 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimZinc sulfate is beneficial in the treatment of epithelial warts. We conducted this study to compare the efficacy of combination therapy of oral zinc sulfate with conventional treatments in the treatment of vulvar warts.Material and MethodsThis study was a randomized controlled trial. The sample size was 42 in each group. Women aged 20–50 years were placed by the block randomized method into six groups: the podophyllin‐, imiquimod‐ and cryotherapy‐treated groups, and another three groups receiving 8‐week combination therapy of 400 mg oral zinc sulfate with one of the above‐mentioned treatments. Data were analyzed using anova and Fischer's exact test with spss16.ResultsA total of 228 patients were recruited and completed the study in six treatment groups. No significant difference was observed in the response to treatment among these groups. Relapse after 6 months was significantly higher in the podophyllin‐, imiquimod‐ and cryotherapy‐treated patients compared to patients receiving these treatments in combination with oral zinc sulfate (P < 0.05).ConclusionsCombined therapy of oral zinc sulfate with conventional treatments of vulvar warts appears to reduce the relapse rate.
Intravenous infusion of paracetamol for intrapartum analgesia
Authors: Abd‐El‐Maeboud Karim H. I. , Elbohoty Ahmed E. H. , Mohammed Walid E. , Elgamel Hatem M. , Ali Walid A. H. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimTo evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of an i.v. infusion of paracetamol during the active phase of labor as compared with sterile water (placebo) as a method for intrapartum analgesia.MethodsIn a triple‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial, 120 low‐risk primiparous women presenting in active labor at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, between August 2011 and October 2012, were allocated to receive either 1000 mg i.v. of paracetamol (n = 60) or sterile water (n = 60). The primary outcomes were the efficacy of the drug to supply adequate analgesia as measured by a change in the visual analog scale (VAS) pain intensity score at various time points after drug administration and the need for additional rescue analgesia. The secondary outcomes included the presence of adverse maternal or fetal events.ResultsCompared to controls, i.v. infusion of paracetamol was associated with significantly lower VAS score 15 and 30 min after the start of medication; also, there was a significantly lower incidence of need for rescue medication (8/57 [14%] vs 49/59 [83.1%], P < 0.001) at 60 min after the start of medication. There were no recorded maternal adverse effects in either group. There were no differences in occurrence of intrapartum fetal distress or neonatal Apgar scores between both groups.ConclusionParacetamol appears to be a safe and effective medicine that can be used during the intrapartum period.
Modalities of fetal evaluation to detect fetal compromise prior to the development of significant neurological damage
Authors: Maeda Kazuo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to clarify the developmental mechanism underlying fetal heart rate (FHR) long‐term variability (LTV) and acceleration with respect to fetal brain damage.Material and MethodsThe fetal state was deduced from the developmental mechanism of FHR variability analyzed by actocardiogram, animal experiments, and simulations.ResultsLTV develops due to minor fetal movements in the fetal midbrain, moderate LTV by fetal periodic movements and triangular accelerations by large fetal movement bursts. Stimulation of the fetal midbrain by sound and light produces fetal movements that lead to FHR acceleration. Severe hypoxia can result in the loss of LTV and neuronal necrosis that may damage the fetal brain. Therefore, a cesarean section is recommended prior to the loss of LTV, rather than after its loss. The vagal center of the fetal medulla oblongata is excited by hypoxia and produces FHR bradycardia. The heart rate of hypoxic rabbits was found to be closely correlated with the PaO2, thus the impact of hypoxia could be estimated by the hypoxia index, which is calculated from the reciprocal of nadir FHR and bradycardia duration.ConclusionsAnalyzing the development of FHR signs could help to diagnose fetal state. An early cesarean section is recommended before the loss of LTV as indicated by the hypoxia index, which will contribute to prevent fetal brain damage and neurological sequels.
Can platelet count and mean platelet volume during the first trimester of pregnancy predict preterm premature rupture of membranes?
Authors: Ekin Atalay , Gezer Cenk , Kulhan Gözde , Avcı Muhittin Eftal , Taner Cuneyt Eftal 
Published: August 2014

AbstractAimThe aim of our study was to evaluate the values of platelet count and mean platelet volume (MPV) obtained from maternal serum during the first trimester to predict subsequent preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).Material and MethodsThe records of 318 women with PPROM and 384 healthy controls in a single center between 2009 and 2013 were retrospectively evaluated. Platelet count and MPV values between 7 and 14 weeks of gestation were compared. Receiver–operator curve analysis was performed to identify the optimal platelet count and MPV cut‐off levels predicting PPROM.ResultsCompared with controls, women with PPROM had significantly increased levels of platelet count and significantly decreased levels of MPV in the first trimester (P < 0.001). The area under the receiver–operator curve was 0.642 for MPV and 0.579 for platelet count. The cut‐off values of MPV ≤ 8.6 fL and platelet count ≥216 × 103/μL predicted PPROM with a sensitivity of 58% and 65% and specificity of 62% and 44%, respectively.ConclusionMPV can be used as a more efficient predictor for an early diagnosis of PPROM than platelet count. However, further research combining other markers is needed to increase the efficiency of prediction.
Outbreak of Rhizopus Rot Caused by Rhizopus oryzae on Seedlings of Grafted Cucumber on Pumpkin Rootstock in South Korea
Authors: Kwon Jin‐Hyeuk , Kang Dong‐Wan , Lee Sang‐Dae , Kim Jinwoo 
Published: August 2014

AbstractIn 2013, an outbreak of Rhizopus rot caused by Rhizopus oryzae occurred in cucumber grafted onto pumpkin rootstock sampled from seedling farms in Changnyeong, South Korea. A water‐soaked appearance of the affected tissue was the first symptom of this soft fungal rot in the seedling stems of grafted cucumber. Lesions at the graft sites softened and rapidly, rotted, and turned brown or dark brown. Measurements and taxonomic characteristics were most similar to R. oryzae. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene region confirmed that the isolates were indeed R. oryzae. Koch's postulates were supported by pathogenicity tests conducted on healthy plants. Based on mycological characteristics, pathogenicity test, and molecular analysis, the causal fungus was identified as R. oryzae Went & Prinsen Geerligs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Rhizopus rot caused by R. oryzae in seedlings of grafted cucumber on pumpkin rootstock in South Korea.
Synthesis, in-vitro cytotoxic activity and DNA interactions of new dicarboxylatoplatinum(II) complexes with 2-hydroxymethylbenzimidazole as carrier ligands
Authors: Utku Semra , Özçelik Azime Berna , Gümüş Fatma , Yılmaz Şükran , Arsoy Taibe , Açık Leyla , Çelebi Keskin Ayten 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the in-vitro cytotoxic activity of new platinum(II) complexes on the human HeLa (ER−), MCF-7 (ER+) and MDA-MB 231 (ER−) cell lines. Furthermore, we investigated plasmid DNA interactions and inhibition of BamHI and HindIII restriction enzyme activity of the complex 1–4,7.

Methods
Platinum(II) complexes were synthesised from precursor complexes of [PtL2Cl2] and [PtL2I2]. Their cytotoxic activity was tested by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Their plasmid DNA interactions and restriction enzyme activities were also investigated using the agarose gel electrophoresis method.

Key findings
The growth inhibitory effect results showed that the cytotoxicity of complex 2 was found to be the most active complex among the synthesised complexes.

Conclusions
The MTT results showed that complex 2 was found to be cytotoxic equal to cisplatin and higher than carboplatin against the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Furthermore, the estrogen or progesterone co-treatment slightly increased the cytotoxicity of complex 2, the cisplatin and carboplatin compared with the complex 2 tested alone in 50 μm concentration. According to plasmid DNA interaction and the restriction studies, complexes 1–4,7 modified the tertiary structure of pBR322 plasmid DNA, and complexes 2–4 prevented enzyme digestion at high concentrations.
Cryptocoryne spiralis, a substitute of Aconitum heterophyllum in the treatment of diarrhoea
Authors: Prasad Satyendra K , Laloo Damiki , Sahu Alakh N , Nath Gopal , Hemalatha Siva 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objective
To scientifically validate the traditional substitution of roots of highly expensive Aconitum heterophyllum (AH) with rhizomes of Cryptocoryne spiralis (CS) in the treatment of diarrhoea.

Methods
Different fractions from root/rhizome extract of both the plant were subjected to faecal excretion rate and castor oil-induced diarrhoea models. Further, bioactive fractions from both plants, i.e. chloroform (CAH) from AH at 50 mg/kg p.o. and ethyl acetate (EACS) from CS at 100 mg/kg p.o., were examined for small intestinal transit, intestinal fluid accumulation and PGE2-induced enteropooling models in rats. Biochemical estimations and Na+ and K+ concentration in intestinal fluid were also determined along with antibacterial studies. Phytochemical standardisation of AH and CS was performed by quantifying aconitine for the former and stigmasterol for the latter using HPLC.

Key findings
CAH and EACS illustrated a significant reduction in faecal output rate and demonstrated a protection of 63.068% at CAH 50 and 59.090% at EACS 100 mg/kg p.o. in castor oil-induced diarrhoea model. The fractions also persuaded promising effects in all the other models, restored alterations in biochemical parameters and showed potential antibacterial activity.

Conclusion
The antidiarrhoeal potential of AH and CS may be attributed to an antimotility and antisecretory type of effect.
Pharmacokinetic study for the establishment of bioequivalence of two inhalation treatments containing budesonide plus formoterol
Authors: Grekas Nikolaos , Athanassiou Katerina , Papataxiarchou Katerina , Rizea Savu Simona , Silvestro Luigi 
Published: August 2014

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to compare lung deposition and assess the bioequivalence of two formulations containing budesonide and formoterol and being delivered via Elpenhaler and Turbuhaler, respectively. A pharmacokinetic (PK) study was conducted.

Methods
An open, randomized, two-sequence, two-period, crossover, single-dose study in 100 asthmatic patients under fasting conditions was performed. Wash out period was 6 days. Equivalence in lung deposition was assessed after a single inhalation of each treatment with concomitant oral administration of activated charcoal (40 g) to prevent gastrointestinal absorption of the drugs. Several PK parameters were estimated, the area under the drug concentration in plasma versus time curve (AUC0−t) and the maximum drug concentration in plasma (Cmax) being the primary response variables. Equivalent lung deposition was concluded if the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the Elpenhaler/Turbuhaler geometric mean ratio of AUC0−t and Cmax, for both drug substances fell within the regulatory limits (0.80–1.25).

Key findings
Acceptance criteria were met. Equivalent lung deposition can be concluded. No statistically significant differences between treatments in the incidence of adverse events were found.

Conclusions
The formulations are bioequivalent regarding both rate and extent of absorption. The treatments were also well tolerated by the participating subjects.
Self‐awakening improves alertness in the morning and during the day after partial sleep deprivation
Authors: Ikeda Hiroki , Kubo Tomohide , Kuriyama Kenichi , Takahashi Masaya 
Published: August 2014

SummaryThe ability to awaken at a predetermined time without an alarm is known as self‐awakening. Self‐awakening improves morning alertness by eliminating sleep inertia; however, the effects of self‐awakening on daytime alertness and alertness that has deteriorated as a result of sleep loss are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of self‐awakening on both morning and daytime alertness after partial sleep deprivation. Fifteen healthy males without the habit of self‐awakening participated in a cross‐over trial including forced awakening and self‐awakening conditions. In each condition, participants' sleep was restricted to 5 h per night in their homes for 4 consecutive days. They completed a psychomotor vigilance task and subjective ratings of sleepiness immediately upon awakening each morning. On the fourth day, participants completed subjective ratings of sleepiness, a psychomotor vigilance task and sleep latency tests in the laboratory seven times at 1‐h intervals during the day. The response speed on the psychomotor vigilance task, in the morning and during the day, was higher in the self‐awakening than the forced awakening condition. Our results showed that self‐awakening improved alertness (assessed by response speeds) by reducing sleep inertia and alleviated daytime sleepiness heightened by partial sleep deprivation.
Caspase‐3 inhibition prevents the development of hepatopulmonary syndrome in common bile duct ligation rats by alleviating pulmonary injury
Authors: Chen Bing , Ning Jiao L. , Gu Jian T. , Cui Jian , Yang Yong , Wang Zhi , Zeng Jing , Yi Bin , Lu Kai Z. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackground & AimsCommon bile duct ligation (CBDL) rats is an accepted experimental model of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), defined as liver disease and intrapulmonary vascular dilatation and hypoxaemia. Pulmonary Akt and ERK activation followed by angiogenesis in the later stages of CBDL, contribute to the pathogenesis of HPS. However, the mechanisms behind Akt and ERK activation remain undefined. Pulmonary injury induced by increased bilirubin, endotoxin and inflammatory mediators occurs in the early stages of CBDL. We assessed the effects of relieving pulmonary injury on Akt and ERK activation and on the development of HPS following CBDL.MethodsPulmonary injury, angiogenesis, arterial oxygenation, cell proliferation and, phospho‐Akt and ERK1 were evaluated in CBDL animals with or without caspase‐3 inhibition (Z‐DEVD‐FMK). Pulmonary injury was assessed by histology and quantifying apoptosis and aquaporin‐1 (AQP1) levels. Lung angiogenesis was assessed by quantifying AQP1 level, vWF‐positive cells and microvessel count.ResultsPulmonary apoptosis and caspase‐3 activation were markedly increased in the early stages of CBDL. Caspase‐3 inhibition alleviated apoptosis, the reduction in AQP1, phospho‐Akt and ERK1 levels and pulmonary injury 1 week after CBDL. Caspase‐3 inhibition also reduced AQP1, phospho‐Akt and ERK1 levels, vWF‐positive cells, cell proliferation, microvessel count, and microvascular dilatation and improved arterial oxygenation 3 weeks following CBDL.ConclusionsCaspase‐3 inhibition alleviates pulmonary injury, thereby preventing angiogenesis as well as the development of HPS in CBDL rats. These effects are related to the regulation of the Akt and ERK1 pathways.
ABC inference of multi‐population divergence with admixture from unphased population genomic data
Authors: Robinson John D. , Bunnefeld Lynsey , Hearn Jack , Stone Graham N. , Hickerson Michael J. 
Published: August 2014

AbstractRapidly developing sequencing technologies and declining costs have made it possible to collect genome‐scale data from population‐level samples in nonmodel systems. Inferential tools for historical demography given these data sets are, at present, underdeveloped. In particular, approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) has yet to be widely embraced by researchers generating these data. Here, we demonstrate the promise of ABC for analysis of the large data sets that are now attainable from nonmodel taxa through current genomic sequencing technologies. We develop and test an ABC framework for model selection and parameter estimation, given histories of three‐population divergence with admixture. We then explore different sampling regimes to illustrate how sampling more loci, longer loci or more individuals affects the quality of model selection and parameter estimation in this ABC framework. Our results show that inferences improved substantially with increases in the number and/or length of sequenced loci, while less benefit was gained by sampling large numbers of individuals. Optimal sampling strategies given our inferential models included at least 2000 loci, each approximately 2 kb in length, sampled from five diploid individuals per population, although specific strategies are model and question dependent. We tested our ABC approach through simulation‐based cross‐validations and illustrate its application using previously analysed data from the oak gall wasp, Biorhiza pallida.
Unintentional epidural injection of 88 μg·kg−1 of epinephrine
Authors: August David A. , Sui Jinghu , Coté Charles J. 
Published: August 2014

SummaryWe report the effects of 88 μg·kg−1 of epinephrine (1 : 10 000) injected into the caudal epidural space of a 42‐week postconceptual age infant. No long‐term neurological or cardiovascular sequelae occurred. Noninvasive cardiac output (CO) monitoring revealed increased CO, contractility, and stroke volume for about an hour, accompanied by a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and a modest increase in pulse and blood pressure.