bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) from Saliva and Forensic Science Samples Containing Saliva
Authors: Walsh DJ , Corey AC , Cotton RW , Forman L , Herrin GL , Word CJ , Garner DD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Saliva and saliva-stained materials were examined as potential sources of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for DNA analysis and identity testing. In this paper, the authors demonstrate that DNA was isolated and DNA banding patterns suitable for DNA typing were obtained from fresh saliva and various saliva-stained materials, such as envelopes, buccal swabs, gags, and cigarettes. Furthermore, DNA and DNA banding patterns were obtained from actual forensic evidentiary samples containing mixed saliva/semen stains. The DNA banding patterns obtained from saliva or saliva-stained material were indistinguishable from the patterns obtained from blood or hair from the same individual. Intact DNA was readily isolated and DNA banding patterns were obtained from saliva stored at −20°C and dried saliva stains stored under varying conditions. We conclude that saliva and saliva-stained material can be good sources of DNA for analysis and for DNA typing in certain forensic settings.
The Effect of Ibuprofen on Ethanol Concentration and Elimination Rate
Authors: Barron SE , Perry JR , Ferslew KE 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Pursuant to a recent driving under the influence (DUI) case, a medical study of six subjects was cited reporting that ibuprofen causes a decrease in the maximum rate of elimination of ethanol. Such a drug interaction is of significant forensic science interest and warrants further examination. This study investigates the effect of ibuprofen on ethanol elimination rate and ethanol concentration in nineteen volunteers. Volunteer subjects were randomly assigned to two groups administered either a placebo followed by ethanol or ibuprofen followed by ethanol. Subjects served as their own control. Blood ethanol concentrations were monitored every 30 to 60 min for up to 4 h with Intoximeter 3000 instruments. A blood sample was drawn at the final Intoximeter test and analyzed for ethanol and ibuprofen by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, respectively. The mean elimination rate (±SD) as calculated using Widmark's elimination factor was 0.018 ± 0.006 g/dL for ethanol and 0.017 ± 0.007 g/dL/h for ethanol with ibuprofen. Mean ethanol concentrations (g/dL ± SD) were: 0.095 ± 0.026 (ethanol) and 0.095 ± 0.033 (ethanol and ibuprofen) at 30 min; 0.077 ± 0.026 (ethanol) and 0.075 ± 0.031 (ethanol and ibuprofen) at 150 min; and 0.089 ± 0.025 (ethanol) and 0.087 ± 0.030 (ethanol and ibuprofen) overall. There was no statistically significant affect of ibuprofen on either the peak blood ethanol concentration or the ethanol elimination rate (p ≤ 0.001). These results reveal no evidence of a significant ethanol-ibuprofen interaction.
Application of Empore C-8 Extraction Disks for Screening Urine in Systematic Toxicological Analysis
Authors: Ensing K , Franke JP , Temmink A , Chen X-H , de Zeeuw RA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) by means of disposable columns has become a widely accepted technique for sample pretreatment in toxicology, both for directed analyses and for screening analyses. However, the sample capacity in SPE is usually limited to a few millilitres.
Therefore, we have investigated to what extent these problems can be overcome by using Empore extraction disks, consisting of chemically modified C-8 reversed-phase silica, embedded in an inert polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix. Human urine was selected as the matrix and dexetimide and mepyramine were initially used as test drugs because these drugs were available in tritiated form. Additional drugs investigated included codeine, hexobarbital, imipramine, methamphetamine, and nitrazepam.
In these investigations, the sample capacity for untreated urine was at least 25 mL, and analyte quantities up to 250 μg could be retained by these filters. Washing with water/methanol mixtures was successful in removing substantial amounts of endogenous interferences, and methanol proved to be an acceptable eluent. Thus, these disks seem to have interesting potential for toxicological analysis in that sample concentration and cleanup can be achieved at the same time.
The Analysis and Identification of Steroids
Authors: Chiong DM , Consuegra-Rodriguez E , Almirall JR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
In October 1987, anabolic steroids were controlled under Schedule IV of Florida State Statute 893. This study was designed to establish a method of analysis and identification of evidentiary cases. Spot tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and extractions were performed on standard and pharmaceutical steroids. Mandelin's accompanied by the sulfuric acid test was found to provide the best indication of a steroid among the following four spot tests performed: sulfuric acid, napthol-sulfuric acid, Liebermann's, and Mandelin's. TLC was successfully performed on the steroid samples using two different eluent systems: TP and TQ. GC/MS was a very useful method of analysis applicable to most steroids, with only a few exceptions. FT-IR spectra were found to match the spectra from the literature for all the standards tested. The combination of the above techniques was used successfully to identify all the standards tested.
Analysis of Ballpoint Pen Inks by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectrometry
Authors: Merrill RA , Bartick EG 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The primary method for the analysis of inks is thin-layer chromatography (TLC), which only permits comparison of dye components. Studies have been done on the usefulness of diffuse reflectance (DR) with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry, using a direct deposit sampling technique for the analysis of ballpoint pen inks. This technique allows screening of a composite ink as a whole, including its dye components, resins, and other additives. A total of 184 ink samples were analyzed by FT-IR, and searchable spectral libraries were created of both whole and extracted inks. The results indicate that the additional information provided by the DR analysis, combined with the complementary information from the TLC analysis, provides enhanced value to the forensic examination of inks.
A Study of Paint Coat Characteristics Produced by Spray Paints from Shaken and Nonshaken Spray Cans
Authors: Zeichner A , Levin N , Landau E 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The influence of shaking spray paint cans, prior to spraying, on the characteristics of the obtained paint coatings was studied. It was found that large variations in the characteristics of sprayed paint coatings can be obtained, depending on whether the cans were shaken before the spray was applied. Therefore, care should be taken in interpretation of the results obtained in comparison of paint when spray paints are involved. To account for the obtained results, the mechanism of spraying with unshaken spray cans was studied using both X-ray radiography of spray paints during spraying and simulated experiments with sand suspensions in water.
Neck Injuries: I. Occipitoatlantal Dislocation—A Pathologic Study of Twelve Traffic Fatalities
Authors: Adams VI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Twelve of 155 persons killed in traffic crashes had occipitoatlantal dislocations. Nine were vehicular occupants, 2 were cyclists, and one was a pedestrian. The dislocations involved various combinations of lacerations of the alar ligaments, the occipitoatlantal joint capsules, the dura mater, the tectorial membrane, the rectus capitis muscles, and the suboccipital muscles. In 2 instances, an occipital condyle failed instead of the corresponding alar ligament, producing condyle fractures. Atlas ring fractures occurred in 3 instances. Axial and subaxial cervical trauma were uncommon. Facial or mandibular fractures occurred in a majority of cases, vault skull fractures were uncommon, and basilar fractures were absent. Pontomedullary brainstem lacerations occurred in 9 of the 12, and 4 had midbrain lacerations. The majority of the victims succumbed to acute neurogenic shock as the sole or the major mechanism of death. The biomechanical basis for occipitoatlantal dislocation is discussed, and the author suggests that distraction, in concert with variable combinations of extension, rotation, and posterior translation is responsible for occipitoatlantal dislocations.
Effect of Storage Conditions on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Bound to Positively Charged Nylon Membranes
Authors: Giusti AM , Budowle B 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The ability to generate an autoradiogram from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) immobilized on a positively charged nylon membrane could be compromised by the storage conditions of the membrane. HaeIII-digested human DNA was size fractionated and transferred to two types of positively charged nylon membranes. The membranes were stored at −20°C, 4°C, and ambient temperature and humidity for times ranging from 1 day to 13 weeks, then hybridized to variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) probes to examine the effect of the storage conditions on the membrane-bound DNAs. It was shown that such membranes could be successfully hybridized and rehybridized if they were stored at −20 or 4°C, but storage under ambient conditions reduced or eliminated the likelihood of successful hybridization.
Comparison of Abbott Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) and Roche Radioimmunoassay for the Analyses of Cannabinoids in Urine Specimens
Authors: Budgett WT , Levine B , Xu A , Smith ML 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Abbott fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) and Roche Abuscreen radioimmunoassay (RIA) were compared qualitatively with 142 urine specimens containing 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid. Similar qualitative results were obtained in 132 specimens. When discrepent results were observed, all negative results were within 20% of the 100 ng/mL cut-off. We concluded that FPIA and RIA give comparable results to each other.
Direct Analysis for Cocaine in Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Using a Column-Switching Technique
Authors: Larsen AK , Tebbett IR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The analysis of urine for the presence of drugs generally requires that the drug be first extracted from relatively large concentrations of endogenous compounds. By replacing the injection loop with a loop incorporating a cyano precolumn, urine can be injected directly onto the high-performance liquid chromatograph. Interfering compounds are washed off of the precolumn, with the valve in the load position. When the valve is then switched to inject, the mobile phase elutes the cocaine from the precolumn onto the analytical column. A preliminary identification of cocaine and benzoylecgonine can be made using this technique, which requires 100 μL of sample and has a detection limit of 10 ng/mL.
A Review of Tire Imprint Evidence
Authors: De Forest PR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This slim book consisting of 20 short chapters deals with a very important topic and will undoubtedly be of some value to criminalist and investigator alike. The author, a retired tire tread designer with several years of experience in helping investigators locate candidate tires capable of making certain tracks and in interpreting casework exhibits, could be expected to contribute the definitive work on the subject. The latter this book is not. There is not a great deal presented that experienced forensic scientists have not learned from casework experience, readings scattered among diverse sources, and, perhaps visits to tire manufacturing facilities. There seems to be no question that Mr. McDonald knows much of forensic science relevance that he could teach us about tires. One would have hoped that some of this expertise could be made available to criminalists. Very little that is not already known to experienced criminalists is shared in this volume. This is probably not a book that will remain on the criminalist's bookshelf. Although it may provide some useful new information for many criminalists, this new information is likely to be mastered in one reading. This is not a reference work.
A Review of The Acoustics of Crime: The New Science of Forensic Phonetics
Authors: Ladefoged P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This is an excellent book by a leader in the field. Professor Hollien has been conducting research in some aspects of forensic phonetics (notably speaker identification) for almost a quarter of a century. He writes well and explains complex topics in a way that a layman can grasp easily. Any lawyer, law enforcement officer, scientist, or criminal who is concerned with. acoustic evidence will profit from a thorough reading of this book.
Simultaneous Quantitation of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in Serum by GC/MS Using Deuterated Internal Standards and Its Application to a Smoking Study and Forensic Cases
Authors: Moeller MR , Doerr G , Warth S 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
A new procedure for the simultaneous detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its major metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in serum has been evaluated. The method combines rapid, efficient, solid-phase extraction and simple derivatization by methylation. Analysis and quantitation is performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using deuterated cannabinoids as internal standards (IS). Reproducibility and sensitivity of the method are good.
The procedure is applied to serum specimens collected from a smoking study with 24 volunteers and 212 forensic cases. Results are interpreted based upon the current knowledge about THC metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
The Distribution of Ethanol in Postmortem Blood Specimens
Authors: Briglia EJ , Bidanset JH , Dal Cortivo LA 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Ethanol was determined by gas chromatography in a variety of tissues and body fluids secured at autopsy in 61 cases. The specimens tested included right and left heart blood, femoral blood, pericardial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, vitreous humor, urine, stomach contents, and brain.
Statistical analysis of the cases revealed no significant differences among the various blood sites tested. However, the variations in blood ethanol concentrations among the various sampling sites within each case were as follows: 40 cases showed differences of less than 25%; 16 cases revealed variability between 25% and 50%, 4 cases had differences exceeding 50%. In one case, satisfactory blood analyses could not be accomplished. The larger variances occurred especially in those instances in which stomach alcohol concentration was 0.50% or greater. In one case, the variability amongst the different blood sites exceeded 400% (femoral blood—0.043%, right atrium—0.070%, root of aorta—0.156%); the brain was 0.050%, and the stomach contents was 1.2%. For all 61 cases, variances in blood alcohol content among the different sampling sites in a single cadaver ranged from 1.8 to 428%.
Asphyxial Deaths from the Recreational Use of Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Wagner SA , Clark MA , Wesche DL , Doedens DJ , Lloyd AW 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The recreational use of nitrous oxide is widespread. Nitrous oxide for recreational use is usually obtained from anesthesia tanks or whipped-cream machine chargers or cans. Twenty previously described deaths associated with recreational nitrous-oxide use describe anesthesia tanks and whipped-cream machine dispensors as a source. Five deaths associated with nitrous oxide use are presented; two involving whipped-cream cannisters as the source, two involving anesthesia tanks, and one involving a racing fuel tank as a source of nitrous oxide. Autopsy findings in our cases were subtle or negative, but usually suggestive of asphyxia. Through a laboratory simulation, we have confirmed that nitrous oxide displaces oxygen in a closed space, which probably leads to asphyxia. A review of the literature, neuropharmacology, and pathophysiology of nitrous oxide use is also presented.
Characterization of Smokeless Powder Flakes from Fired Cartridge Cases and from Discharge Patterns on Clothing
Authors: Andrasko J 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Shooting experiments over short distances (30 to 50 cm) deposited apparently non-burnt and partially burned flakes of smokeless powder propellants on clothing around the bullet holes. An approach was made to compare the propellant particles recovered from the clothing with those from a particular cartridge. Evidence of this kind may help the police to identify a shooter in cases when weapon or bullet or both are not found. Gas chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography were the analytical techniques used.
A series of shooting tests with various types of ammunition produced by different manufacturers was performed. The analyses were expected to reveal which of the shootings used the same kind of ammunition. Predictions were correct in all these experiments.
The analyses of propellant particles collected from clothing or from fired cartridges could also distinguish between a number of different production lots from the same manufacturer.
Can We Believe What We See, If We See What We Believe?—Expert Disagreement
Authors: Nordby JJ 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Forensic experts often disagree. The possible sources of such disagreements are analyzed and possible avenues of resolution indicated. The logic of interpreting scenes, and pattern injuries such as bitemarks, is explained to locate potential sources for interpretive error, and to recommend strategies to avoid compounding such errors when preparing cases.
In one sense, two observers may not see the same thing, although their eyesight is normal and they are aware of the same artifact. Cases show that both practical and theoretical investigative expectations affect what count as observations. These expectations confer evidential status on the artifact. When two observer's expectations conflict, they do not see the same thing, so are not presented with the same evidence.
Expectations can be either appropriate, or inappropriate. These senses are clearly distinguished using illustrative cases. When inappropriate, they cause observational errors of a unique sort, supplying one source for disagreement. When inferences are made from these inappropriately sanctioned observations, interpretive errors are compounded and resolutions of disagreement become difficult.
These observational and inferential errors are explained, described, and illustrated with cases, along with recommendations for recognizing and avoiding them.
The Use of Microcrystal Tests in Conjunction with Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy for the Rapid Identification of Street Drugs
Authors: Wielbo D , Tebbett IR 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Microcrystal tests have long been used for the rapid identification of particulate matter, although this technique has now been largely abandoned in favor of sophisticated instrumentation. The sensitivity and specificity of a microcrystal test make it an attractive method for the initial screening of powders for drugs of abuse. By combining the techniques of crystal microscopy and micro-FTIR, both preliminary and confirmatory tests for the presence of drugs in solid dosage forms are able to be carried out. This techniques has been used to unequivocally identify cocaine, heroin, morphine, codeine, and phencyclidine.
Poppy Seed Ingestion: The Oregon Perspective
Authors: Meneely KD 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Numerous articles have been published regarding the positive morphine and codeine urinalysis results from the ingestion of poppy seeds. Oregon's perspective towards ingestion of controlled substances focuses around driving under impaired conditions. To determine the influence of the residual opium on poppy seeds to impairment, seven volunteers each ingested 25 grams of poppy seeds baked into bundt cakes. Urine samples were screened by EMIT using 300 ng/ml cutoff levels. All of the urine specimens were found to be opiate positive shortly after consuming the cake; however, after administering a series of standardized drug recognition evaluation tests, no subjects were found to exhibit symptoms of opiate impairment.
Acute Arsenic Intoxication: Forensic and Toxicologic Aspects (An Observation)
Authors: Quatrehomme G , Ricq O , Lapalus P , Jacomet Y , Ollier A 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The authors report on an acute suicidal arsenic intoxication (di-arsenic-trioxide). Death can occur one week after ingestion, despite intensive care. The forensic, anatomopathological and toxicologic aspects are reported. Forty titrations are realized at the level of the biologic fluid in viscera, by absorption spectrophotometry. These data are compared with those in standing literature, especially with the rates determined in normal subjects, following simple environmental impregnation.
Distinctive Blunt Force Injuries Caused by a Crescent Wrench
Authors: Clark EGI , Sperry KL , Clark EGI 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Prompt recognition of patterned injuries by the forensic pathologist can greatly facilitate the investigation and resolution of injury and death cases. Careful observation and description of injuries may provide identification of an assault or murder weapon and contribute to the reconstruction of circumstances of injury. The two cases herein described manifest unusual and distinctive injuries resulting from multiple impacts by adjustable crescent wrenches. Detailed photographs and descriptions of these injuries are provided.
A Fatality Due to Propofol Poisoning
Authors: Drummer OH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
This report describes a suicide by self-administration of propofol in a 29-year-old female radiographer. This is the first published report of death by overdosage with propofol. Propofol was detected in tissues using high performance liquid chromatography. Post mortem femoral blood and liver concentrations of propofol were 0.22 mg/L and 1.4 mg/kg, respectively. The scene suggested that a dose of 400 mg was used.
Hyoid Fracture and Strangulation
Authors: Ubelaker DH 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Observation of hyoid fracture in skeletonized remains offers potentially valuable information on the history of the skeleton or evidence of foul play, or both. Perimortem hyoid fracture frequently indicates manual strangulation, although ligature strangulation, hanging, and other forms of trauma to the neck cannot be ruled out without additional evidence. Such fractures are rare in children and infants, since the hyoid components are not fully ossified and are more flexible than in adults. Both antemortem and postmortem origins of the fractures must also be considered.
Bullet Ricochet: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Burke TW , Rowe WF 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The urban environment provides many surfaces from which bullets or shotgun pellets may ricochet. Factors that determine whether a ricochet will occur include the nature of the target surface, the angle of incidence, the shape of the projectile, and its velocity. Investigators of shooting incidents in which ricochets may have played a role must pay attention to the nature of the wounds suffered by the shooting victims, the deformation of the bullets or shotgun pellets, the presence of trace evidence on the bullets or shotgun pellets, ricochet marks on surfaces at the scene and the probable geometry of ricochet.