bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of pH, concentration and light on stability of allicin in garlic (Allium sativum L.) aqueous extract as measured by UPLC
Authors: Wang Haiping , Li Xixiang , Liu Xinyan , Shen Di , Qiu Yang , Zhang Xiaohui , Song Jiangping 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDGarlic is one of the most important bulb vegetables and is mainly used as a spice or flavoring agent for foods. It is also cultivated for its medicinal properties, attributable to sulfur compounds, of which allicin is the most important. However, the stability of allicin in garlic extract is not well understood. In this study, using UPLC, the stability of allicin extracted in water from garlic was evaluated in phosphate buffer at different temperatures under light and dark conditions.RESULTSAt room temperature, allicin in aqueous extract was most stable at pH 5–6 but degraded quickly at lower or higher pH. It began to degrade within 0.5 h and was not detectable after 2 h when the pH was higher than 11 or lower than 1.5. It degraded quickly when the temperature was higher than 40 °C and especially higher than 70 °C. At room temperature, allicin in water could be stored for 5 days without obvious degradation. Higher concentrations of allicin in solution were somewhat more stable than low concentrations.CONCLUSIONAllicin extract was sensitive to pH and temperature of storage but not to light. Higher‐concentration allicin solution was more stable. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
New trends in beer flavour compound analysis
Authors: Andrés‐Iglesias Cristina , Montero Olimpio , Sancho Daniel , Blanco Carlos A 
Published: September 2014

AbstractAs the beer market is steadily expanding, it is important for the brewing industry to offer consumers a product with the best organoleptic characteristics, flavour being one of the key characteristics of beer. New trends in instrumental methods of beer flavour analysis are described. In addition to successfully applied methods in beer analysis such as chromatography, spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry or electronic nose and tongue techniques, among others, sample extraction and preparation such as derivatization or microextraction methods are also reviewed. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Sweetness and other sensory properties of model fruit drinks: does viscosity have an impact?
Authors: Brandenstein Cai VS , Busch‐Stockfisch Mechthild , Fischer Markus 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe impact of thickening agents and viscosity levels on sensory perception was studied in model fruit drinks. Four formulations were prepared that varied in the sweetener blend (erythritol, maltitol and/or steviol glycosides). Locust bean gum and its blends with either xanthan or carrageenan were used to adjust viscosity levels (20, 40, and 70 mPa s). The ranges of viscosity and sweetness level were selected to represent a typical concentration range in commercially available beverages.RESULTSAn increase in viscosity resulted in significant increases in pulpiness, sliminess and perceived viscosity (P‐values ≤ 0.001), which were not dependent on sweeteners or hydrocolloid type. Taste perception remained largely unchanged irrespective of the hydrocolloid used.CONCLUSIONThe impact of viscosity on sweetness and taste perception was much smaller in the concentrations used than has been generally reported. The effect of the type of hydrocolloid on the perception of taste attributes was greater than that of viscosity. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Global Performance and Trend of QSAR/QSPR Research: A Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Li Li , Hu Jianxin , Ho Yuh‐Shan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA bibliometric analysis based on the Science Citation Index Expanded was conducted to provide insights into the publication performance and research trend of quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) and quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) from 1993 to 2012. The results show that the number of articles per year quadrupled from 1993 to 2006 and plateaued since 2007. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling was the most prolific journal. The internal methodological innovations in acquiring molecular descriptors and modeling stimulated the articles’ increase in the research fields of drug design and synthesis, and chemoinformatics; while the external regulatory demands on model validation and reliability fueled the increase in environmental sciences. “Prediction endpoints”, “statistical algorithms”, and “molecular descriptors” were identified as three research hotspots. The articles from developed countries were larger in number and more influential in citation, whereas those from developing countries were higher in output growth rates.
A mathematical model of anorexia and bulimia
Authors: Ciarcià Carla , Falsaperla Paolo , Giacobbe Andrea , Mulone Giuseppe 
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we propose a mathematical model to study the dynamics of anorexic and bulimic populations. The model proposed takes into account, among other things, the effects of peers' influence, media influence, and education.We prove the existence of three possible equilibria that without media influences are disease‐free, bulimic‐endemic, and endemic. Neglecting media and education effects, we investigate the stability of such equilibria, and we prove that under the influence of media, only one of such equilibria persists and becomes a global attractor. Which of the three equilibria becomes global attractor depends on the other parameters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaction Delay of Aluminum in Condensed Explosives
Authors: Chan Sek K. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractA universal empirical relation is derived to predict the reaction delay times of aluminum particles as a function of particle diameter and gas temperature in explosives. The predicted delay times are shown to be in reasonable agreement with experimental data obtained in both low temperature and high temperature explosives. A convective heat transfer model is used to estimate the surface temperature of the solid aluminum particles. The reaction delay time of aluminum is shown to be close to the time when the particle surface reaches the pressure dependent melting point of aluminum.
DualAcE: fine‐grained dual access control enforcement with multi‐privacy guarantee in DaaS
Authors: Tian Xiuxia , Huang Ling , Wang Yong , Sha Chaofeng , Wang Xiaoling 
Published: September 2014

AbstractDatabase as a service (DaaS), a new paradigm of software as a service based on cloud computing, is attracting more and more enterprises (data owners) to delegate their database management to a professional third party (database service provider) such as Amazon Web Services and Rackspace. Data owners in DaaS lose control of their sensitive data, which are stored in the delegated database and managed by the untrusted database service provider. Therefore, many encryption‐based approaches including attribute‐based encryption were proposed to implement fine‐grained access control in DaaS scenarios. However, most of the proposed access control enforcement approaches only support one or two of the following privacy guarantees: data privacy, policy privacy and key privacy. In this paper, we first propose a novel concept of DualAcE: a flexible fine‐grained dual access control enforcement mechanism in DaaS by efficiently combining the ciphertext‐policy attribute‐set‐based encryption with database service provider re‐encryption into a DaaS paradigm. The proposed mechanism has implemented dual access control enforcement with multi‐privacy guarantee: data privacy in delegated database, policy privacy in delegated authorization table and key privacy in key distribution process.We describe the security and efficiency analysis through cryptography theory and experimental results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of a promoter collection for genes co-expression in filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei
Authors: Wang Wei , Meng Fanju , Liu Pei , Yang Shengli , Wei Dongzhi 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Trichoderma reesei is the preferred organism for producing industrial cellulases. However, cellulases derived from T. reesei have their highest activity at acidic pH. When the pH value increased above 7, the enzyme activities almost disappeared, thereby limiting the application of fungal cellulases under neutral or alkaline conditions. A lot of heterologous alkaline cellulases have been successfully expressed in T. reesei to improve its cellulolytic profile. To our knowledge, there are few reports describing the co-expression of two or more heterologous cellulases in T. reesei. We designed and constructed a promoter collection for gene expression and co-expression in T. reesei. Taking alkaline cellulase as a reporter gene, we assessed our promoters with strengths ranging from 4 to 106 % as compared to the pWEF31 expression vector (Lv D, Wang W, Wei D (2012) Construction of two vectors for gene expression in Trichoderma reesei. Plasmid 67(1):67–71). The promoter collection was used in a proof-of-principle approach to achieve the co-expression of an alkaline endoglucanase and an alkaline cellobiohydrolase. We observed higher activities of both cellulose degradation and biostoning by the co-expression of an endoglucanase and a cellobiohydrolase than the activities obtained by the expression of only endoglucanase or cellobiohydrolase. This study makes the process of engineering expression of multiple genes easier in T. reesei.
Implanted Passive Engineering Mechanism Improves Hand Function after Tendon Transfer Surgery: A Cadaver-Based Study
Authors: Mardula Katherine L. , Balasubramanian Ravi , Allan Christopher H. 
Published: September 2014

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate if a new tendon transfer surgical procedure that uses an implanted passive engineering mechanism for attaching multiple tendons to a single donor muscle in place of directly suturing the tendons to the muscle improves hand function in physical interaction tasks such as grasping. Methods The tendon transfer surgery for high median ulnar palsy was used as an exemplar, where all four flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons are directly sutured to the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) muscle to restore flexion. The new procedure used a passive hierarchical artificial pulley system to connect the muscle to the tendons. Both the suture-based and pulley-based procedures were conducted on N=6 cadaver hands. The fingers' ability to close around four objects when the ECRL tendon was pulled was tested. Post-surgery hand function was evaluated based on the actuation force required to create a grasp and the slip between the fingers and the object after the grasp was created. Results When compared with the suture-based procedure, the pulley-based procedure (i) reduced the actuation force required to close all four fingers around the object by 45 % and (ii) improved the fingers' individual adaptation to the object's shape during the grasping process and reduced slip by 52 % after object contact (2.99°±0.28° versus 6.22°±0.66°). Conclusions The cadaver study showed that the implanted engineering mechanism for attaching multiple tendons to one muscle significantly improved hand function in grasping tasks when compared with the current procedure.
Ethylation of Di‐rhamnolipids: A Green Route to Produce Novel Sugar Fatty Acid Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Miao Shida , Callow Nicholas , soltani Dashtbozorg Soroosh , Salager Jean‐Louis , Ju Lu‐Kwang 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSugar fatty acid nonionic surfactants have attracted great attention due to their good biodegradability, biocompatibility, and bio‐based characteristics. Regioselective sugar acylation is difficult to control for chemical reactions. The immiscible nature between hydrophilic sugars and hydrophobic fatty acids also negatively affects the reaction efficiency. In the present study, a group of sugar fatty acid nonionic surfactants, ethyl di‐rhamnolipids, was synthesized. Di‐rhamnolipids were isolated from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa fermentation broth containing a rhamnolipid mixture with about 64 % di‐rhamnolipids, and then purified by silica gel chromatography. Di‐rhamnolipids were successfully ethylated at 0 °C for 24 h, confirmed by HPLC–MS and 1H‐NMR analyses. Preliminary emulsification test indicated that ethyl di‐rhamnolipids were a potential class of useful sugar fatty acid nonionic surfactants. The synthesis process was mild, did not require regioselective sugar acylation, and offered a new way of developing novel sugar fatty acid nonionic surfactants.
APOE ε4: The most prevalent yet understudied risk factor for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Michaelson Daniel M. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBrain pathology of Alzheimer's diseases (AD) and the genetics of autosomal dominant familial AD have been the “lamp posts” under which the AD field has been looking for therapeutic targets. Although this approach still remains valid, none of the compounds tested to date have produced clinically meaningful results. This calls for developing complementary therapeutic approaches and AD targets. The allele ε4 of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE ε4), is the most prevalent genetic risk factor for sporadic AD, and is expressed in more than half of the AD patients. However, in spite of its genetic prominence, the allele APOE ε4 and its corresponding protein product apoE4 have been understudied. We presently briefly discuss the reasons underlying this situation and review newly developed AD therapeutic approaches that target apoE4 and which pave the way for future studies.
Volitinib, a potent and highly selective c‐Met inhibitor, effectively blocks c‐Met signaling and growth in c‐MET amplified gastric cancer patient‐derived tumor xenograft models
Authors: Gavine Paul R. , Ren Yongxin , Han Lu , Lv Jing , Fan Shiming , Zhang Wei , Xu Wen , Liu Yuan Jie , Zhang Tianwei , Fu Haihua , Yu Yongjuan , Wang Huiying , Xu Shirlian , Zhou Feng , Su Xinying , Yin XiaoLu , Xie Liang , Wang Linfang , Qing Weiguo , Jiao Longxian , Su Weiguo , Wang Q. May 
Published: September 2014

PurposeTo investigate the incidence of cMET gene copy number changes and protein overexpression in Chinese gastric cancer (GC) and to preclinically test the hypothesis that the novel, potent and selective cMET small‐molecule inhibitor volitinib, will deliver potent anti‐tumor activity in cMET‐dysregulated GC patient‐derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models.Experimental designA range of assays were used and included; in vitro cell line panel screening and pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis, cMET fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemical (IHC) tissue microarray (TMA) analysis of Chinese GC (n = 170), and anti‐tumor efficacy testing and PD analysis of gastric PDX models using volitinib.ResultsThe incidence of cMET gene amplification and protein overexpression within Chinese patient GC tumors was 6% and 13%, respectively. Volitinib displayed a highly selective profile across a gastric cell line panel, potently inhibiting cell growth only in those lines with dysregulated cMET (EC50 values 0.6 nM/L–12.5 nM/L). Volitinib treatment led to pharmacodynamic modulation of cMET signaling and potent tumor stasis in 3/3 cMET‐dysregulated GC PDX models, but had negligible activity in a GC control model.ConclusionsThis study provides an assessment of tumor cMET gene copy number changes and protein overexpression incidence in a cohort of Chinese GC patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate anti‐tumor efficacy in a panel of cMET‐dysregulated gastric cancer PDX models, using a novel selective cMET‐inhibitor (volitinib). Thus, the translational science presented here provides strong rationale for the investigation of volitinib as a therapeutic option for patients with GC tumors harboring amplified cMET.
EFFECT OF CULTIVAR, TRADITIONAL CORM PRE-TREATMENT AND WATERING ON SPROUTING AND EARLY GROWTH OF ENSET (Ensete ventricosum) SUCKERS
Authors: KARLSSON L. M. , DALBATO A. L. , TAMADO T. , MIKIAS Y. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYEnset [Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman (Musaceae)] is a multi-purpose and drought-tolerant crop, traditionally grown in Ethiopia. Food from enset has nutritive values similar to potato; it could improve food and livelihood security for many in larger geographical areas. Agronomical advice is needed which requires increased knowledge of management techniques. The purposes of this study were to (i) compare traditional corm pre-treatments when planting for sucker production, (ii) compare all six officially released cultivars regarding sprouting and (iii) investigate the effect of watering on newly buried corms. Emergence rate and number and characteristics of sprouts were recorded. Corms, from 63 two year old plants, were buried in local soil supplied with cow manure in Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia. Emergence was recorded daily. After nine months, including one rainy season, all suckers (totally 4405) were harvested and individually recorded. Regardless of cultivar, minimum time to emergence was 50 days. Sprouts from split parent corms emerged earlier than from entire. Emergence occurred from 100% of corms, number of sprouts was strongly correlated to cultivar: average 28–106. The cultivars responded similarly to corm splitting: the more pieces the corm was split into, the more sprouts per parent corm. Average pseudostem diameter of the seven largest per parent corm: 8–10 cm for all cultivars, leaf length: 3.1–3.7 m, remaining 2700 smaller suckers: diameter 3 cm (SD 1.8). Watering decreased the average time to emergence and levelled out the differences between pre-treatments. The traditional belief is that watering as well as manure on corm cause rotting; manure is therefore usually put on the soil surface. On the contrary, full emergence and unexpected large suckers may be a result of careful soil preparation with manure applied on corm directly; watering resulted in an even emergence and growth. In conclusion, vegetative propagation of enset is efficient, but methods used and agronomical advice can be improved.
APPLYING SIMULATION TO IMPROVE RICE VARIETIES IN REDUCING THE ON-FARM YIELD GAP IN CAMBODIAN LOWLAND RICE ECOSYSTEMS
Authors: POULTON P. L. , VESNA T. , DALGLIESH N. P. , SENG V. 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYAchieving export growth in rice production from variable rainfed lowland rice ecosystems is at risk if depending on conventional breeding or genetic development alone. Sustained, long-term production requires building adaption capacity of smallholder farmers to better manage the challenges of seasonal climate variability and future climate change. Better understanding of the risks and constraints that farmers face in managing their current cropping system helps develop strategies for improving rice production in Cambodia. System models are now considered valuable assessment tools for evaluating cropping systems performance worldwide but require validation at the local level. This paper presents an evaluation of the APSIM-Oryza model for 15 Cambodian rice varieties under recommended practice. Data from a field experiment in 2011, conducted in a non-limiting water and nutrient environment, are used to calibrate varietal-specific coefficients and model input parameters. An independent dataset is then used to validate the model performance for a ‘real-world’ situation using on-farm data for six rice varieties planted in 54 farmer fields on 32 farms in two villages of Southeastern Cambodia. From this analysis, the APSIM-Oryza model is shown to be an acceptable tool for exploring the mismatch between current on-farm yields and potential production through yield gap analysis and the exploration of cropping system options for smallholder farmers to increase production, adapt to seasonal climate variability and be prepared for potential climate changes.
Size-density strategy displayed by Diadema
africanum linked with the stability of urchin-barrens in the
Canary Islands
Authors: Cabanillas-Terán Nancy , Martín José A. , Rodríguez-Barreras Ruber , Luque Ángel 
Published: September 2014

The sea urchin Diadema africanum is considered a key
herbivore in sublittoral ecosystems of the Canary Islands. Spatial and
temporal variability in population structure was carried out at Gran
Canaria. We performed a morphometric and population density analysis during
2005, 2006 and 2007 at four sites in zones of Gran Canaria. The study
considered a vertical gradient (5, 10 and 20 m depth) during both seasons,
the cold season (February and March) and the warm season (October and
November). The sea urchin D. africanum in Gran Canaria
exhibited an overall density of 7.59 ± 2.92 urchin m−2. A two-way
ANOVA evidenced spatial differences in mean abundance of the species, while
seasonality was not relevant. The vertical analysis of the abundance of
D. africanum showed differences, the smaller sizes
appeared at greater depths. The Aristotle's lantern width decreased in a
vertical gradient, being remarkable between 10 and 20 m. Findings of
uniformity in size over time, a stable range of high densities and the lack
of a relationship between the size of the sea urchins and the season reveals
that the density–size strategy displayed by D. africanum
which explains in turns the high stability of the urchin barrens, which,
once developed, remain as areas of permanent desertification in subtidal
depths throughout the Canary Archipelago.
Saturated control of flexible-joint manipulators using a Hammerstein strictly positive real compensator
Authors: Caverly Ryan James , Zlotnik David Evan , Forbes James Richard 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYIn this paper the control of flexible-joint manipulators while explicitly avoiding actuator saturation is considered. The controllers investigated are composed of a bounded proportional control term and a Hammerstein strictly positive real angular rate control term. This control structure ensures that the total torque demanded of each actuator is bounded by a value that is less than the maximum torque that each actuator is able to provide, thereby disallowing actuator saturation. The proposed controllers are shown to render the closed-loop system asymptotically stable, even in the presence of modeling uncertainties. The performance of the controllers is demonstrated experimentally and in simulation.