bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models of care for orphaned and separated children and upholding children’s rights: cross-sectional evidence from western Kenya
Authors: Embleton Lonnie , Ayuku David , Kamanda Allan , Atwoli Lukoye , Ayaya Samuel , Vreeman Rachel , Nyandiko Winstone , Gisore Peter , Koech Julius , Braitstein Paula 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
Sub-Saharan Africa is home to approximately 55 million orphaned children. The growing orphan crisis has overwhelmed many communities and has weakened the ability of extended families to meet traditional care-taking expectations. Other models of care and support have emerged in sub-Saharan Africa to address the growing orphan crisis, yet there is a lack of information on these models available in the literature. We applied a human rights framework using the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child to understand what extent children’s basic human rights were being upheld in institutional vs. community- or family-based care settings in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya.

Methods
The Orphaned and Separated Children’s Assessments Related to their Health and Well-Being Project is a 5-year cohort of orphaned children and adolescents aged ≤18 year. This descriptive analysis was restricted to baseline data. Chi-Square test was used to test for associations between categorical /dichotomous variables. Fisher’s exact test was also used if some cells had expected value of less than 5.

Results
Included in this analysis are data from 300 households, 19 Charitable Children’s Institutions (CCIs) and 7 community-based organizations. In total, 2871 children were enrolled and had baseline assessments done: 1390 in CCI’s and 1481 living in households in the community. We identified and described four broad models of care for orphaned and separated children, including: institutional care (sub-classified as ‘Pure CCI’ for those only providing residential care, ‘CCI-Plus’ for those providing both residential care and community-based supports to orphaned children , and ‘CCI-Shelter’ which are rescue, detention, or other short-term residential support), family-based care, community-based care and self-care. Children in institutional care (95%) were significantly (p < 0.0001) more likely to have their basic material needs met in comparison to those in family-based care (17%) and institutions were better able to provide an adequate standard of living.

Conclusions
Each model of care we identified has strengths and weaknesses. The orphan crisis in sub-Saharan Africa requires a diversity of care environments in order to meet the needs of children and uphold their rights. Family-based care plays an essential role; however, households require increased support to adequately care for children.
Identification of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients by transcriptome-based rule set generation
Authors: Woetzel Dirk , Huber Rene , Kupfer Peter , Pohlers Dirk , Pfaff Michael , Driesch Dominik , Häupl Thomas , Koczan Dirk , Stiehl Peter , Guthke Reinhard , Kinne Raimund W 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Discrimination of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients from patients with other inflammatory or degenerative joint diseases or healthy individuals purely on the basis of genes differentially expressed in high-throughput data has proven very difficult. Thus, the present study sought to achieve such discrimination by employing a novel unbiased approach using rule-based classifiers.

Methods
Three multi-center genome-wide transcriptomic data sets (Affymetrix HG-U133 A/B) from a total of 79 individuals, including 20 healthy controls (control group - CG), as well as 26 osteoarthritis (OA) and 33 RA patients, were used to infer rule-based classifiers to discriminate the disease groups. The rules were ranked with respect to Kiendl’s statistical relevance index, and the resulting rule set was optimized by pruning. The rule sets were inferred separately from data of one of three centers and applied to the two remaining centers for validation. All rules from the optimized rule sets of all centers were used to analyze their biological relevance applying the software Pathway Studio.

Results
The optimized rule sets for the three centers contained a total of 29, 20, and 8 rules (including 10, 8, and 4 rules for ‘RA’), respectively. The mean sensitivity for the prediction of RA based on six center-to-center tests was 96% (range 90% to 100%), that for OA 86% (range 40% to 100%). The mean specificity for RA prediction was 94% (range 80% to 100%), that for OA 96% (range 83.3% to 100%). The average overall accuracy of the three different rule-based classifiers was 91% (range 80% to 100%). Unbiased analyses by Pathway Studio of the gene sets obtained by discrimination of RA from OA and CG with rule-based classifiers resulted in the identification of the pathogenetically and/or therapeutically relevant interferon-gamma and GM-CSF pathways.

Conclusion
First-time application of rule-based classifiers for the discrimination of RA resulted in high performance, with means for all assessment parameters close to or higher than 90%. In addition, this unbiased, new approach resulted in the identification not only of pathways known to be critical to RA, but also of novel molecules such as serine/threonine kinase 10.
Leukodepleted versus nonleukodepleted red blood cell transfusion in septic patients: a microcirculatory vision
Authors: Tanaka Sebastien , Harrois Anatole , Duranteau Jacques 
Published: April 2014

AbstractStorage time and residual leukocytes in red blood cell (RBC) units may be deleterious by increasing the accumulation of leukocyte-derived cytokines and by raising the adhesion of RBCs to endothelium. Leukodepleted RBC transfusion may reduce the incidence of infection and organ dysfunction. However, the influence of leukodepletion on microcirculation remains not well defined in ICU patients. In this context, an original study in a previous issue of Critical Care emphasizes the microcirculatory effects of transfusion of leukodepleted RBCs (post-storage leukoreduction) or nonleukodepleted RBCs in septic patients. This study suggests a positive rheological impact of leukodepleted RBCs in septic patients with an increase in sublingual microvascular flow and perfused vessel density. Given the variability in the microvascular response to RBC transfusion in individual patients, there is a need for monitoring the microcirculation to guide transfusion in patients with sepsis rather than deciding to transfuse RBCs according to an arbitrary hemoglobin level. Further studies to identify the microvascular response to RBC transfusion in ICU patients are warranted.
Genomic profile analysis of diffuse-type gastric cancers
Authors: Lee Yeon-Su , Cho Yun Sung , Lee Geon Kook , Lee Sunghoon , Kim Young-Woo , Jho Sungwoong , Kim Hak-Min , Hong Seung-Hyun , Hwang Jung-Ah , Kim Sook-young , Hong Dongwan , Choi Il Ju , Kim Byung Chul , Kim Byoung-Chul , Kim Chul Hong , Choi Hansol , Kim Youngju , Kim Kyung Wook , Kong Gu , Kim Hyung Lae , Bhak Jong , Lee Seung Hoon , Lee Jin Soo 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Background
Stomach cancer is the third deadliest among all cancers worldwide. Although incidence of the intestinal-type gastric cancer has decreased, the incidence of diffuse-type is still increasing and its progression is notoriously aggressive. There is insufficient information on genome variations of diffuse-type gastric cancer because its cells are usually mixed with normal cells, and this low cellularity has made it difficult to analyze the genome.

Results
We analyze whole genomes and corresponding exomes of diffuse-type gastric cancer, using matched tumor and normal samples from 14 diffuse-type and five intestinal-type gastric cancer patients. Somatic variations found in the diffuse-type gastric cancer are compared to those of the intestinal-type and to previously reported variants. We determine the average exonic somatic mutation rate of the two types. We find associated candidate driver genes, and identify seven novel somatic mutations in CDH1, which is a well-known gastric cancer-associated gene. Three-dimensional structure analysis of the mutated E-cadherin protein suggests that these new somatic mutations could cause significant functional perturbations of critical calcium-binding sites in the EC1-2 junction. Chromosomal instability analysis shows that the MDM2 gene is amplified. After thorough structural analysis, a novel fusion gene TSC2-RNF216 is identified, which may simultaneously disrupt tumor-suppressive pathways and activate tumorigenesis.

Conclusions
We report the genomic profile of diffuse-type gastric cancers including new somatic variations, a novel fusion gene, and amplification and deletion of certain chromosomal regions that contain oncogenes and tumor suppressors.
Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for glimepiride and its application for a novel self-nanoemulsifying powder (SNEP) formulation analysis and dissolution study
Authors: Mohd Abdul Bari , Sanka Krishna , Gullapelly Rakesh , Diwan Prakash V , Shastri Nalini 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
There are many analytical methods available for estimation of glimepiride in biological samples and pharmaceutical preparations. To our knowledge, there is no specific reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for estimation of glimepiride and its dissolution study in self-nanoemulsifying powder (SNEP) formulation.

Methods
A simple method was carried out on a 5-μm particle octadesyl silane (ODS) column (250 × 4.6 mm) with acetonitrile: 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4) 40:60 v/v as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and quantification was achieved at 228 nm using PDA detector.

Results
The correlation coefficient (r
2) was found to be 0.999 over the concentration range of 0.2 to 2 μg/mL for glimepiride. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, and precision. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.38 and 1.17 μg/mL, respectively.

Conclusions
The proposed method was found to be simple, precise, suitable, and accurate for quantification of glimepiride as an alternative to the existing methods for the routine analysis of glimepiride in pharmaceutical formulations and in vitro dissolution studies.
Resource-oriented therapeutic models in psychiatry: conceptual review
Authors: Priebe Stefan , Omer Serif , Giacco Domenico , Slade Mike 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundLike other medical specialties, psychiatry has traditionally sought to develop treatments targeted at ameliorating a deficit of the patient. However, there are different therapeutic models that focus on utilising patients' personal and social resources instead of ameliorating presumed deficits. A synopsis of such models might help to guide further research and improve therapeutic interventions.AimsTo conduct a conceptual review of resource-oriented therapeutic models in psychiatry, in order to identify their shared characteristics.MethodThe literature was searched to identify a range of resource-oriented therapeutic models, particularly for patients with severe mental illness. Key texts for each model were analysed using a narrative approach to synthesise the concepts and their characteristics.ResultsTen models were included: befriending, client-centred therapy, creative music therapy, open dialogue, peer support workers, positive psychotherapy, self-help groups, solution-focused therapy, systemic family therapy and therapeutic communities. Six types of resources were utilised: social relationships, patients' decision-making ability, experiential knowledge, patients' individual strengths, recreational activities and self-actualising tendencies. Social relationships are a key resource in all the models, including relationships with professionals, peers, friends and family. Two relationship dimensions – reciprocity and expertise – differed across the models.ConclusionsThe review suggests that a range of different therapeutic models in psychiatry address resources rather than deficits. In various ways, they all utilise social relationships to induce therapeutic change. A better understanding of how social relationships affect mental health may inform the development and application of resource-oriented approaches.
Hope, optimism and delusion
Authors: McGuire-Snieckus Rebecca 
Published: April 2014

SummaryOptimism is generally accepted by psychiatrists, psychologists and other caring professionals as a feature of mental health. Interventions typically rely on cognitive–behavioural tools to encourage individuals to ‘stop negative thought cycles’ and to ‘challenge unhelpful thoughts’. However, evidence suggests that most individuals have persistent biases of optimism and that excessive optimism is not conducive to mental health. How helpful is it to facilitate optimism in individuals who are likely to exhibit biases of optimism already? By locating the cause of distress at the individual level and ‘unhelpful’ cognitions, does this minimise wider systemic social and economic influences on mental health?
Impact on Survival and Toxicity by Duration of Weight Extremes During Treatment for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Orgel Etan , Sposto Richard , Malvar Jemily , Seibel Nita L. , Ladas Elena , Gaynon Paul S. , Freyer David R. 
Published: April 2014

Purpose Previous studies regarding the influence of weight on event-free survival (EFS) and treatment-related toxicity (TRT) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) considered only weight at diagnosis. Inasmuch as weight varies substantially over treatment, we hypothesized its impact on EFS is instead determined by cumulative time spent at an extreme weight during therapy and on TRT by weight at the time of toxicity. Patients and Methods In a cohort of 2,008 children treated for high-risk ALL in Children's Oncology Group study CCG-1961, we determined the effect on EFS of cumulative time receiving therapy at an extreme weight (either obese or underweight) between end of induction and start of maintenance therapy. We also evaluated the association between weight category and incidence and patterns of TRT during 13,946 treatment courses. Results Being obese or underweight at diagnosis and for ≥ 50% of the time between end of induction and start of maintenance therapy resulted in inferior EFS (hazard ratios, 1.43 and 2.30, respectively; global P < .001). Normalization of weight during that period resulted in mitigation of this risk comparable to never being obese or underweight. Obese or underweight status at start of each treatment course was significantly associated with specific patterns of TRT. Conclusion Influence of weight extremes on EFS and TRT is not set at diagnosis as previously reported but is moderated by subsequent weight status during intensive postinduction treatment phases. These observations suggest that weight is a potentially addressable risk factor to improve EFS and morbidity in pediatric ALL.
Towards a framework for analysis of eye-tracking studies in the three dimensional environment: a study of visual search by experienced readers of endoluminal CT colonography
Authors: Helbren E , Halligan S , Phillips P , Boone D , Fanshawe T R , Taylor S A , Manning D , Gale A , Altman D G , Mallett S 
Published: April 2014

Objective:
Eye tracking in three dimensions is novel, but established descriptors derived from two-dimensional (2D) studies are not transferable. We aimed to develop metrics suitable for statistical comparison of eye-tracking data obtained from readers of three-dimensional (3D) “virtual” medical imaging, using CT colonography (CTC) as a typical example.

Methods:
Ten experienced radiologists were eye tracked while observing eight 3D endoluminal CTC videos. Subsequently, we developed metrics that described their visual search patterns based on concepts derived from 2D gaze studies. Statistical methods were developed to allow analysis of the metrics.

Results:
Eye tracking was possible for all readers. Visual dwell on the moving region of interest (ROI) was defined as pursuit of the moving object across multiple frames. Using this concept of pursuit, five categories of metrics were defined that allowed characterization of reader gaze behaviour. These were time to first pursuit, identification and assessment time, pursuit duration, ROI size and pursuit frequency. Additional subcategories allowed us to further characterize visual search between readers in the test population.

Conclusion:
We propose metrics for the characterization of visual search of 3D moving medical images. These metrics can be used to compare readers' visual search patterns and provide a reproducible framework for the analysis of gaze tracking in the 3D environment.

Advances in knowledge:
This article describes a novel set of metrics that can be used to describe gaze behaviour when eye tracking readers during interpretation of 3D medical images. These metrics build on those established for 2D eye tracking and are applicable to increasingly common 3D medical image displays.
Peer review
Authors: Twaij H. , Oussedik S. , Hoffmeyer P. 
Published: April 2014

The maintenance of quality and integrity in clinical and basic science research depends upon peer review. This process has stood the test of time and has evolved to meet increasing work loads, and ways of detecting fraud in the scientific community. However, in the 21st century, the emphasis on evidence-based medicine and good science has placed pressure on the ways in which the peer review system is used by most journals. This paper reviews the peer review system and the problems it faces in the digital age, and proposes possible solutions. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:436–41.
Anomalous vertebral and posterior communicating arteries as a risk factor in instrumentation of the posterior cervical spine
Authors: Nagahama K. , Sudo H. , Abumi K. , Ito M. , Takahata M. , Hiratsuka S. , Kuroki K. , Iwasaki N. 
Published: April 2014

We investigated the incidence of anomalies in the vertebral arteries and Circle of Willis with three-dimensional CT angiography in 55 consecutive patients who had undergone an instrumented posterior fusion of the cervical spine. We recorded any peri-operative and post-operative complications. The frequency of congenital anomalies was 30.9%, abnormal vertebral artery blood flow was 58.2% and vertebral artery dominance 40%. The posterior communicating artery was occluded on one side in 41.8% of patients and bilaterally in 38.2%. Variations in the vertebral arteries and Circle of Willis were not significantly related to the presence or absence of posterior communicating arteries. Importantly, 18.2% of patients showed characteristic variations in the Circle of Willis with unilateral vertebral artery stenosis or a dominant vertebral artery, indicating that injury may cause lethal complications. One patient had post-operative cerebellar symptoms due to intra-operative injury of the vertebral artery, and one underwent a different surgical procedure because of insufficient collateral circulation. Pre-operative assessment of the vertebral arteries and Circle of Willis is essential if a posterior spinal fusion with instrumentation is to be carried out safely. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:535–40.
Measurements for 8 Common Analytes in Native Sera Identify Inadequate Standardization among 6 Routine Laboratory Assays
Authors: Stepman Hedwig C M , Tiikkainen Ulla , Stöckl Dietmar , Vesper Hubert W , Edwards Selvin H , Laitinen Harri , Pelanti Jonna , Thienpont Linda M 
Published: April 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDExternal quality assessment (EQA) with commutable samples is essential for assessing the quality of assays performed by laboratories, particularly when the emphasis is on their standardization status and interchangeability of results.METHODSWe used a panel of 20 fresh-frozen single-donation serum samples to assess assays for the measurement of creatinine, glucose, phosphate, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The commercial random access platforms included: Abbott Architect, Beckman Coulter AU, Ortho Vitros, Roche Cobas, Siemens Advia, and Thermo Scientific Konelab. The assessment was done at the peer group level and by comparison against the all-method trimmed mean or reference method values, where available. The considered quality indicators were intraassay imprecision, combined imprecision (including sample–matrix interference), bias, and total error. Fail/pass decisions were based on limits reflecting state-of-the-art performance, but also limits related to biological variation.RESULTSMost assays showed excellent peer performance attributes, except for HDL- and LDL cholesterol. Cases in which individual assays had biases exceeding the used limits were the Siemens Advia creatinine (−4.2%), Ortho Vitros phosphate (8.9%), Beckman Coulter AU triglycerides (5.4%), and Thermo Scientific Konelab uric acid (6.4%), which lead to considerable interassay discrepancies. Additionally, large laboratory effects were observed that caused interlaboratory differences of &gt;30%.CONCLUSIONSThe design of the EQA study was well suited for monitoring different quality attributes of assays performed in daily laboratory practice. There is a need for improvement, even for simple clinical chemistry analytes. In particular, the interchangeability of results remains jeopardized both by assay standardization issues and individual laboratory effects.
Modellbasierte Zustandsschätzung für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien
Authors: Rausch Matthias , Klein Reinhardt , Streif Stefan , Pankiewitz Christian , Findeisen Rolf 
Published: April 2014

Zusammenfassung
Batterien, insbesondere Lithium-Ionen-Batterien, gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung als elektrischer Energieträger, vor allem im Bereich
der Elektromobilität. Dies liegt insbesondere an ihrer hohen Energiedichte und dem geringen Kapazitätsverlust durch Lade- und
Entladevorgänge. Ein langfristiger, sicherer und zuverlässiger Betrieb von Batterien erfordert eine genaue Schätzung der Parameter und
der Zustände, insbesondere des Ladezustandes. Die Schätzung dieser Größen ist schwierig, unter anderem aufgrund von Mess- und
Modellunsicherheiten, Parameterschwankungen, des großen Arbeitsbereiches, der verhältnismäßig geringen Anzahl an verfügbaren Messgrößen
sowie auftretenden Nichtlinearitäten. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird die Problematik der zuverlässigen Schätzung der Zustände und
Parameter umrissen, es werden die systemtheoretischen und praktischen Herausforderungen aufgezeigt und ein Überblick über existierende
Schätzverfahren und verschiedene Modellierungsansätze gegeben. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit werden beispielhaft zwei neue Verfahren
für die Schätzung des Ladezustandes vorgestellt. Das erste Verfahren basiert auf einer mengenbasierten Betrachtung des
Beobachtungsproblems. Der Schätzer bestimmt, unter direkter Berücksichtigung von Messfehlern und Parameterunsicherheiten, eine Menge an
konsistenten Zustandswerten. Beim zweiten Verfahren handelt es sich um einen verteiltparametrischen Beobachter, welcher auf einem
geeignet reduzierten verteiltparametrischen Modell der Batterie beruht. Der Beobachter erlaubt, neben der Schätzung des Ladezustandes,
einen Einblick in die internen physikalischen Zustände. Beide Verfahren werden mittels eines detaillierten verteiltparametrischen
Modells anhand eines realen Fahrzykluses verglichen sowie ihre Vor- und Nachteile in Bezug auf existierende Schätzverfahren
herausgearbeitet.