bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning, Training, and Development in Organizations
Authors: Salas Eduardo , Weaver Sallie J. , Shuffler Marissa L. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractA 2008 Bureau of Labor Statistics report indicates that the youngest of the baby boom generation (i.e., individuals born between 1957 and 1964) held an average of 10.8 different jobs between the ages of 18 and 42. To remain viable, today's workforce must continually develop new knowledge, skills, and attitudes in order to adapt to changing technological and environmental demands. Training is the classic mechanism for such skill enhancement. This chapter provides an overview of training and other developmental activities from the organizational science perspective, including mentoring and coaching. Several classic models of training are reviewed, and an overarching organizational framework delineating the key variables of the training process is presented. Several suggestions for furthering our understanding of training and other forms of development are also offered.
Organizational Justice
Authors: Colquitt Jason A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter frames the development of the justice literature around three literature-level trends: differentiation, cognition, and exogeneity. The differentiation trend has impacted how justice is conceptualized, with additional justice dimensions being further segmented into different sources. The cognition trend has created a rational, calculative theme to the most visible justice theories. The exogeneity trend has resulted in justice occupying the independent variable position in most empirical studies. Taken together, these trends have resulted in a vibrant and active literature. However, I will argue that the next phase of the literature's evolution will benefit from a relaxation—or even reversal—of these trends. Path-breaking contributions may be more likely to result from the aggregation of justice concepts, a focus on affect, and the identification of predictors of justice.
Organizational Socialization: Background, Basics, and a Blueprint for Adjustment at Work
Authors: Chao Georgia T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractOrganizational socialization is defined as a learning and adjustment process that enables an individual to assume an organizational role that fits both organizational and individual needs. It is a dynamic process that occurs when an individual assumes a new or changing role within an organization. A description of general socialization within the field of psychology is presented as a background for the study of organizational socialization. Four theories: uncertainty reduction theory, the need to belong, social exchange theory, and social identity theory are presented as theoretical foundations for organizational socialization. Against this background, the basic components of organizational socialization—its processes, content, and outcomes—are reviewed. Emphasis is given to organizational and individual tactics used to facilitate socialization, as well as to the specific content of what is learned. Finally, a blueprint for future research directions is presented to address current gaps in a general model of organizational socialization. In particular, a call for research to understand how organizations learn from the socialization process is presented to balance the study of work adjustment from individual and organizational perspectives.
A Social Network Perspective on Organizational Psychology
Authors: Brass Daniel J. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis paper applies a social network perspective to the study of organizational psychology. Complementing the traditional focus on individual attributes, the social network perspective focuses on the relationships among actors. The perspective assumes that actors (whether they be individuals, groups, or organizations) are embedded within a network of interrelationships with other actors. It is this intersection of relationships that defines an actor's position in the social structure, and provides opportunities and constraints on behavior. A brief introduction to social networks is provided, typical measures are described, and research focusing on the antecedents and consequences of networks is reviewed. The social network framework is applied to organizational behavior topics such as recruitment and selection, performance, power, justice, and leadership, with a focus on research results obtained and directions for future research.
Effects of Naloxone on Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia and Tolerance to Remifentanil under Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Rats
Authors: Aguado Delia , Abreu Mariana , Benito Javier , Garcia-Fernandez Javier , Gómez de Segura Ignacio A. 
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Background:
Opioid antagonists at ultra-low doses have been used with opioid agonists to prevent or limit opioid tolerance. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an ultra-low dose of naloxone combined with remifentanil could block opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance under sevoflurane anesthesia in rats.

Methods:
Male adult Wistar rats were allocated into one of four treatment groups (n = 7), receiving remifentanil (4 µg·kg−1·min−1) combined with naloxone (0.17 ng·kg−1·min−1), remifentanil alone, naloxone alone, or saline. Animals were evaluated for mechanical nociceptive thresholds (von Frey) and subsequently anesthetized with sevoflurane to determine the baseline minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). Next, treatments were administered, and the MAC was redetermined twice during the infusion. The experiment was performed three times on nonconsecutive days (0, 2, and 4). Hyperalgesia was considered to be a decrease in mechanical thresholds, whereas opioid tolerance was considered to be a decrease in sevoflurane MAC reduction by remifentanil.

Results:
Remifentanil produced a significant decrease in mechanical thresholds compared with baseline values at days 2 and 4 (mean ± SD, 30.7 ± 5.5, 22.1 ± 6.4, and 20.7 ± 3.7g at days 0, 2, and 4, respectively) and an increase in MAC baseline values (2.5 ± 0.3, 3.0 ± 0.3, and 3.1 ± 0.3 vol% at days 0, 2, and 4, respectively). Both effects were blocked by naloxone coadministration. However, both remifentanil-treated groups (with or without naloxone) developed opioid tolerance determined by their decrease in MAC reduction.

Conclusions:
An ultra-low dose of naloxone blocked remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia but did not change opioid tolerance under inhalant anesthesia. Moreover, the MAC increase associated with hyperalgesia was also blocked by naloxone.
A Major Latex-Like Protein Is a Key Factor in Crop Contamination by Persistent Organic Pollutants
Authors: Inui Hideyuki , Sawada Mami , Goto Junya , Yamazaki Kiyoshi , Kodama Noriko , Tsuruta Hiroki , Eun Heesoo 
Published: February 2013

Abstract
This is the first report, to our knowledge, to reveal important factors by which members of the Cucurbitaceae family, such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), melon (Cucumis melo), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo), squash (C. pepo), and zucchini (C. pepo), are selectively polluted with highly toxic hydrophobic contaminants, including organochlorine insecticides and dioxins. Xylem sap of C. pepo ssp. pepo, which is a high accumulator of hydrophobic compounds, solubilized the hydrophobic compound pyrene into the aqueous phase via some protein(s). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of xylem sap of two C. pepo subspecies revealed that the amount of 17-kD proteins in C. pepo ssp. pepo was larger than that in C. pepo ssp. ovifera, a low accumulator, suggesting that these proteins may be related to the translocation of hydrophobic compounds. The protein bands at 17 kD contained major latex-like proteins (MLPs), and the corresponding genes MLP-PG1, MLP-GR1, and MLP-GR3 were cloned from the C. pepo cultivars Patty Green and Gold Rush. Expression of the MLP-GR3 gene in C. pepo cultivars was positively correlated with the band intensity of 17-kD proteins and bioconcentration factors toward dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Recombinant MLP-GR3 bound polychlorinated biphenyls immobilized on magnetic beads, whereas recombinant MLP-PG1 and MLP-GR1 did not. These results indicate that the high expression of MLP-GR3 in C. pepo ssp. pepo plants and the existence of MLP-GR3 in their xylem sap are related to the efficient translocation of hydrophobic contaminants. These findings should be useful for decreasing the contamination of fruit of the Cucurbitaceae family as well as the phytoremediation of hydrophobic contaminants.
TheSUD1Gene Encodes a Putative E3 Ubiquitin Ligase and Is a Positive Regulator of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Activity inArabidopsis
Authors: Doblas Verónica G. , Amorim-Silva Vítor , Posé David , Rosado Abel , Esteban Alicia , Arró Montserrat , Azevedo Herlander , Bombarely Aureliano , Borsani Omar , Valpuesta Victoriano , Ferrer Albert , Tavares Rui M. , Botella Miguel A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) enzyme catalyzes the major rate-limiting step of the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway from which sterols and other isoprenoids are synthesized. In contrast with our extensive knowledge of the regulation of HMGR in yeast and animals, little is known about this process in plants. To identify regulatory components of the MVA pathway in plants, we performed a genetic screen for second-site suppressor mutations of the Arabidopsis thaliana highly drought-sensitive drought hypersensitive2 (dry2) mutant that shows decreased squalene epoxidase activity. We show that mutations in SUPPRESSOR OF DRY2 DEFECTS1 (SUD1) gene recover most developmental defects in dry2 through changes in HMGR activity. SUD1 encodes a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase that shows sequence and structural similarity to yeast Degradation of α factor (Doα10) and human TEB4, components of the endoplasmic reticulum–associated degradation C (ERAD-C) pathway. While in yeast and animals, the alternative ERAD-L/ERAD-M pathway regulates HMGR activity by controlling protein stability, SUD1 regulates HMGR activity without apparent changes in protein content. These results highlight similarities, as well as important mechanistic differences, among the components involved in HMGR regulation in plants, yeast, and animals.
High reproductive efficiency as an adaptive strategy in competitive environments
Authors: Bonser Stephen P. 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Reproductive efficiency (the efficiency of conversion of resources from vegetative tissue to reproductive output) is a central to our understanding of reproductive allocation and the evolution of reproductive strategies in plants. Plant strategy theory predicts that reproductive efficiency should decrease under competition. Short‐lived semelparous species are not predicted to evolve under competition and therefore should not express adaptive responses to the presence of competitors. Long‐lived iteroparous species are predicted to delay reproduction in favour of growth and resource acquisition in the presence of competitors. I use life‐history theory to advance a prediction that reproductive efficiency increases under competition in both short‐lived semelparous and potentially longer‐lived iteroparous species.

Contrary to the predictions of plant strategy theory, short‐lived semelparous species are frequently observed to live in highly competitive environments. Further, iteroparous species under intense competition may die long before they reach competitive dominance or an optimal size for reproduction.

I surveyed the literature for studies on plant species including measurements of vegetative and reproductive allocation in high and low (or no) competition treatments.

Across species, relative reproductive efficiency (reproductive efficiency under high competition/reproductive efficiency under low competition) significantly increased with increasing competition intensity.

Patterns of allocation to reproduction under competition support the existence of a competitive annual strategy and a reproductive perennial strategy. Under these strategies, short‐lived semelparous species and long‐lived iteroparous species express high reproductive efficiency under competition as an adaptation to high neighbour density. In addition, some species also expressed patterns of allocation to reproduction consistent with plant strategy theories.

Under this interpretation, I predict that competitive strategies, where plants delay reproduction in competitive environments to gain competitive superiority, are favoured not under intense competition but under modest competition. Including a life‐history interpretation in reproductive efficiency under competition provides a much needed predictive framework for strategies of reproduction observed across species.
Are all eggs created equal? Food availability and the fitness trade‐off between reproduction and immunity
Authors: Stahlschmidt Zachary R. , Rollinson Njal , Acker Madison , Adamo Shelley A. 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Reproduction and immune function are critical processes, but organisms can rarely optimize both traits. Resultant reproduction–immunity trade‐offs may be ‘facultative’, occurring only when resources are scarce, or they may be ‘obligate’, occurring regardless of resource availability.

Previous research has tested for the ‘facultative’ or ‘obligate’ nature of reproduction–immunity trade‐offs by measuring resource allocation (e.g. follicle size). However, measuring resource allocation alone may be insufficient when gauging the fitness consequences of reproduction–immunity trade‐offs because the number and quality of eggs or offspring trade off with one another.

We used the Texas field cricket (Gryllus texensis) to provide the most direct test to date of whether a fitness trade‐off between these two traits is ‘facultative’ or ‘obligate’. We used a factorial design to manipulate food availability and immune status throughout adulthood. We then estimated lifetime fecundity, hatching success and their product (reproductive success), and we also measured several aspects of offspring quality (e.g. egg size and protein content, and hatchling size and energy stores).

A reproduction–immunity trade‐off was ‘obligate’ in this species because immune challenge reduced reproductive success estimates regardless of food availability. Females with unlimited food were more fecund and produced more and larger hatchlings, but neither food availability nor immune status affected egg size, egg phenoloxidase activity, incubation duration, hatching success or hatchling energy stores. We observed a trade‐off between offspring size and number – females favouring offspring size over fecundity produced fewer hatchlings, but their hatchlings were of higher quality (larger and more robust).

By demonstrating that not all eggs are created equal, we provide key insight into the role of reproductive allocation in the fitness trade‐off between reproduction and immunity.
Unmasking the potential of the angiotensin AT2 receptor as a therapeutic target in hypertension in men and women: What we know and what we still need to find out
Authors: Hilliard Lucinda M , Mirabito Katrina M , Denton Kate M 
Published: February 2013

Summary

Major sex differences exist in the development and progression of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Prior to menopause, women have lower arterial pressure and, furthermore, are protected from hypertension and cardiovascular disease relative to age‐matched men. However, after menopause this cardiovascular protection in women is lost. These sex differences have been linked to sexual dimorphism in the physiological mechanisms that regulate arterial pressure, including the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which can also impact on the male and female response to different therapeutic approaches. This suggests that antihypertensive regimens need to be tailored according to sex.

Newly discovered components of the RAS have emerged in recent years, allowing us to look beyond the classical RAS for novel therapeutic targets for hypertension. In this context, it is now well established that the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) elicits depressor and natriuretic effects and that these effects are greater in females due to enhanced AT2R levels modulated by oestrogen.

In light of knowledge that AT2R expression is regulated by oestrogen and that the prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular risk is greater in women after menopause, AT2R agonist therapy may represent an innovative therapeutic approach to treat hypertension. Consequently, understanding how ageing and changes in the sex hormone balance influence the RAS is vital if we are to evaluate the potential of the AT2R as a therapeutic target in women and also in men.
Effective intervention for expressive grammar in children with specific language impairment
Authors: Smith‐Lock Karen M. , Leitao Suze , Lambert Lara , Nickels Lyndsey 
Published: February 2013

AbstractBackgroundChildren with specific language impairment are known to struggle with expressive grammar. While some studies have shown successful intervention under laboratory conditions, there is a paucity of evidence for the effectiveness of grammar treatment in young children in community settings.AimTo evaluate the effectiveness of a school‐based intervention programme for expressive grammar in 5‐year‐olds with specific language impairment.Method & ProceduresThirty‐four 5‐year‐old children attending a specialized school for children with language impairment participated in the study. Nineteen children received treatment for expressive grammar (experimental group) and 15 children received a control treatment. Treatment consisted of weekly 1‐h sessions of small group activities in a classroom setting for 8 weeks. Techniques included direct instruction, focused stimulation, recasting and imitation.Outcomes & ResultsResults were analysed at the group level and as a case series with each child as their own control in a single‐subject design. There was a significant difference in grammatical performance pre‐ and post‐treatment for children who received grammar treatment (Cohen's d = 1.24), but not for a group of children who received a control treatment. Further, no difference in performance was found in the equivalent time period prior to treatment, nor for an untreated target. Treatment success was more pronounced in children without articulation difficulties which interfered with their ability to produce the grammatical targets (Cohen's d = 1.66). Individual analyses indicated the treatment effect was significant for the majority of children.Conclusions & ImplicationsIndividually targeted intervention delivered in small groups in a classroom setting was effective in improving production of expressive grammatical targets in 5‐year‐old children with specific language impairment.
Potential Bias in Medication Adherence Studies of Prevalent Users
Authors: Maciejewski Matthew L. , Bryson Chris L. , Wang Virginia , Perkins Mark , Liu Chuan‐Fen 
Published: February 2013

PurposeWe examined how the choice of historic medication use criteria for identifying prevalent users may bias estimated adherence changes associated with a medication copayment increase.MethodsFrom pharmacy claims data in a retrospective cohort study, we identified 6,383 prevalent users of oral diabetes medications from four VA Medical Centers. Patients were included in this prevalent cohort if they had one fill both 3 months prior and 4–12 months prior to the index date, defined as the month in which medication copayments increased. To determine whether these historic medication use criteria introduced bias in the estimated response to a $5 medication copayment increase, we compared adherence trends from cohorts defined from different medication use criteria and from different index dates of copayment change. In an attempt to validate the prior observation of an upward trend in adherence prior to the date of the policy change, we replicated time series analyses varying the index dates prior to and following the date of the policy change, hypothesizing that the trend line associated with the policy change would differ from the trend lines that were not.ResultsMedication adherence trends differed when different medication use criteria were applied. Contrary to our expectations, similar adherence trends were observed when the same medication use criteria were applied at index dates when no copayment changes occurred.ConclusionTo avoid introducing bias due to study design in outcomes assessments of medication policy changes, historic medication use inclusion criteria must be chosen carefully when constructing cohorts of prevalent users. Furthermore, while pharmacy data have enormous potential for population research and monitoring, there may be inherent logical flaws that limit cohort identification solely through administrative pharmacy records.
Suicide by Self‐Administration of a Drug Mixture (Propofol, Midazolam, and Zolpidem) in an Anesthesiologist: The First Case Report in Italy
Authors: Colucci Anna Pia , Gagliano‐Candela Roberto , Aventaggiato Lucia , De Donno Antonio , Leonardi Sabrina , Strisciullo Giuseppe , Introna Francesco 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe authors report an unusual case of suicide of an anesthesiologist, in which the suicide manner and means depend upon the victim's occupation. This is the first case report published in Italy of a death involving propofol and other drugs. The anesthesiologist was found dead with an empty drip still inserted in the hand and another one near his body. Forensic and toxicological findings suggested that the cause of death was a respiratory depression due to a self‐administration of a rapidly infused lethal drug mixture. Analytical drug quantification was performed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Blood analysis revealed: zolpidem (0.86 μg/mL), propofol (0.30 μg/mL), midazolam (0.08 μg/mL), thiopental (0.03 μg/mL), and amitriptyline (0.07 μg/mL). Adipose tissue and hair analysis suggested a previous and repeated use of these drugs verifying the fact that in Italy recreational abuse of anesthetic and sedative agents in health care practitioners is becoming an increasing problem.
Novel Classification System of Rib Fractures Observed in Infants
Authors: Love Jennifer C. , Derrick Sharon M. , Wiersema Jason M. , Pinto Deborrah C. , Greeley Christopher , Donaruma‐Kwoh Marcella , Bista Bibek 
Published: February 2013

AbstractRib fractures are considered highly suspicious for nonaccidental injury in the pediatric clinical literature; however, a rib fracture classification system has not been developed. As an aid and impetus for rib fracture research, we developed a concise schema for classifying rib fracture types and fracture location that is applicable to infants. The system defined four fracture types (sternal end, buckle, transverse, and oblique) and four regions of the rib (posterior, posterolateral, anterolateral, and anterior). It was applied to all rib fractures observed during 85 consecutive infant autopsies. Rib fractures were found in 24 (28%) of the cases. A total of 158 rib fractures were identified. The proposed schema was adequate to classify 153 (97%) of the observed fractures. The results indicate that the classification system is sufficiently robust to classify rib fractures typically observed in infants and should be used by researchers investigating infant rib fractures.