bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Une mesure de la gravité moyenne des crimes enregistrés par la police1
Authors: Boivin2 Rémi 
Published: January 2014

Cet article part du principe que l’analyse de la criminalité doit traiter d’au moins deux dimensions : le volume et la gravité des infractions. Le taux de criminalité traditionnel mesure exclusivement le volume de criminalité commis à un endroit ou à un moment précis. Statistique Canada a récemment développé un Indice de gravité de la criminalité visant à tenir compte de la gravité des infractions enregistrées par la police. L’analyse de la construction de l’indice révèle qu’il s’agit en fait d’un taux pondéré influencé à la fois par le volume et la gravité. L’article présente un nouvel indicateur qui vise à mesurer uniquement la gravité des infractions enregistrées. Cette mesure de la gravité moyenne des infractions criminelles enregistrées par la police est simple à calculer et facile à interpréter. Elle permet de conclure que les infractions enregistrées au Canada au cours des années 2000 sont moins graves que celles enregistrées durant les années 1980 et 1990. La mesure vient aussi nuancer le classement des provinces et des villes canadiennes les plus « dangereuses » puisqu’il est démontré qu’un taux de criminalité élevé ne signifie pas nécessairement un niveau de gravité élevé, et vice versa. L’analyse des données policières sous l’angle de la gravité offre une vision plus complète du phénomène de la criminalité.
Holocene record of eolian activity from Genggahai Lake, northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Qiang Mingrui , Liu Yingying , Jin Yanxiang , Song Lei , Huang Xiangtong , Chen Fahu 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe history of dust emission and eolian activity in dust source areas remains unclear due to the scarcity of geological archives. Grain‐size data from Genggahai Lake on the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau show that sand‐sized particles in the lake sediments were transported primarily by strong winds to the lake and therefore can be used as a proxy for eolian activity. Eolian activity was weak from 10.3 to 6.3 ka, which may be a response to increased vegetation cover due to the strengthened Asian summer monsoon. In contrast, eolian activity occurred episodically when the summer monsoon weakened. The abrupt, intense sand deposition events are likely to have resulted from strong wind regimes, in turn linked to cooling events in the North Atlantic. Our results suggest that changes in atmospheric circulation patterns may have strongly affected the moisture balance and wind strength in the dust source area and hence dust emissions.
Can we modify stratospheric water vapor by deliberate cloud seeding?
Authors: Chen Baojun , Yin Yan 
Published: January 2014

AbstractStratospheric water vapor has an important effect on Earth's climate. Considering the significance of overshooting deep convection in modulating the water vapor content (WVC) of the lower stratosphere (LS), we use a three‐dimensional convective cloud model to simulate the effects of various silver iodide (AgI) seeding scenarios on tropical overshooting deep convection that occurred on 30 November 2005 in Darwin, Australia. The primary motivation for this study is to investigate whether the WVC in the LS can be artificially modified by deliberate cloud seeding. It is found that AgI seeding done at the early stages of clouds produces significant effects on cloud microphysical and dynamical properties, and that further affects the WVC in the LS, while seeding at the mature stages of clouds has only a slight impact. The response of stratospheric water vapor to changes in the amount of seeding agent is nonlinear. The seeding with a small (large) amount of AgI increases (decreases) the WVC in the LS, due to enhanced (reduced) production and vertical transport of cloud ice from the troposphere and subsequent sublimation in the stratosphere. The results show that stratospheric water vapor can be artificially altered by deliberate cloud seeding with proper amount of seeding agent. This study also shows an important role of graupel in regulating cloud microphysics and dynamics and in modifying the WVC in the LS.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Regioselective Direct C‐2 Alkenylation of Indoles Assisted by the Removable N‐(2‐Pyrimidyl) Group
Authors: Gong Binwei , Shi Jingjing , Wang Xiaowei , Yan Yunnan , Li Qiu , Meng Yanqiu , Xu H. Eric , Yi Wei 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe C‐2‐alkenylindole unit is a key component of numerous natural products and pharmacophores. However, the intermolecular direct construction of the core structural motif remains challenging in organic synthesis. Here we report a new, efficient, and versatile methodology for the synthesis of C‐2‐alkenylindoles through rhodium(III)‐catalyzed direct CH functionalization of indoles with acrylates under air by employing a metal‐directing group strategy. This strategy gives a rare selectivity for the alkenylation N‐(2‐pyrimidyl)indoles at the C‐2 position and provides the functionalized C‐2‐ alkenylindoles under mild conditions with broad substrate tolerance. An expansion of the methodology has also been demonstrated to, for example, the direct alkenylation of pyrrole and facile deprotection of the pyrimidyl group. All the results suggest that this methodology could be served as a highly attractive alternative for the direct construction of biologically important C‐2‐alkenylindoles.magnified image
Effect of Aqueous Polyethylene Glycol on 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Benzoylnitromethane/Ethyl 2‐Nitroacetate with Dipolarophiles: Green Synthesis of Isoxazoles and Isoxazolines
Authors: Gangadhara Chary R. , Rajeshwar Reddy G. , Ganesh Y. S. S. , Vara Prasad K. , Raghunadh Akula , Krishna T. , Mukherjee Soumita , Pal Manojit 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA 1:1 mixture of water‐polyethylene glycol (PEG) facilitated the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of benzoylnitromethane/ethyl 2‐nitroacetate with terminal alkynes or alkenes leading to isoxazoles or isoxazolines under green conditions. The methodology is free from the use of any base, catalyst, dehydrating agent or hazardous solvent.magnified image
In vitro silver ion release kinetics from nanosilver/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels synthesized by gamma irradiation
Authors: Krstić Jelena , Spasojević Jelena , Radosavljević Aleksandra , Perić‐Grujić Aleksandra , Đurić Momčilo , Kačarević‐Popović Zorica , Popović Srđan 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTA nanosilver (nano‐Ag)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel device was synthesized with γ irradiation because it is a highly suitable tool for enhanced nano‐Ag technologies and biocompatible controlled release formulations. The amount of the Ag+ ions released in vitro by the nano‐Ag/PVA hydrogel device was in the antimicrobial parts per million concentration range. The modeling of the Ag+ ion release kinetics with the elements of the drug‐delivery paradigm revealed the best fit solution (R2 > 0.99) for the Kopcha and Makoid–Banakar's pharmacokinetic dissolution models. The term A/B, derived from the Kopcha model, indicated that the nano‐Ag/PVA hydrogel was mainly an Ag+‐ion diffusion‐controlled device. Makoid–Banakar's parameter and the short time approximated Ag+‐ion diffusion constant reflected the importance of the size of the Ag nanoparticles. However, it appeared that the cell oxidation potential of the Ag nanoparticles depended on the diffusion characteristics of the fluid penetrating into the Ag/PVA nanosystem. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40321.
Blood protein repulsion after peptide entrapment in pendant polyethylene oxide layers
Authors: Auxier Julie A. , Dill Justen K. , Schilke Karl F. , McGuire Joseph 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA number of sufficiently small peptides have been shown to integrate into polyethylene oxide (PEO) brush layers in accordance with their amphiphilicity and ordered structure. Those results have suggested that responsive drug delivery systems based on peptide‐loaded PEO layers can be controlled by modulation of solution conditions and peptide amphiphilicity. However, the presence of entrapped peptide may compromise the protein repulsive character of the PEO layer, and in this way reduce the viability of a medical device coating based on such an approach. Nisin is a cationic, amphiphilic, and antimicrobial peptide that has been shown to integrate into PEO brush layers. In this work, the preferential location of fibrinogen at PEO‐coated, nisin‐loaded layers was investigated in nisin‐fibrinogen sequential adsorption experiments using detection of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled fibrinogen, detection of changes in zeta potential, and measurement of adsorption and elution kinetics by optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy. Results from each technique indicate that the presence of entrapped nisin does not affect fibrinogen interaction with the PEO layer. In addition, entrapment of blood solutes within PEO layers contacted with 25% equine plasma in phosphate‐buffered saline was reduced by the prior entrapment of nisin within the layer.
Albumin fiber scaffolds for engineering functional cardiac tissues
Authors: Fleischer Sharon , Shapira Assaf , Regev Omri , Nseir Nora , Zussman Eyal , Dvir Tal 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn recent years attempts to engineer contracting cardiac patches were focused on recapitulation of the myocardium extracellular microenvironment. We report here on our work, where for the first time, a three‐dimensional cardiac patch was fabricated from albumin fibers. We hypothesized that since albumin fibers' mechanical properties resemble those of cardiac tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) and their biochemical character enables their use as protein carriers, they can support the assembly of cardiac tissues capable of generating strong contraction forces. Here, we have fabricated aligned and randomly oriented electrospun albumin fibers and investigated their structure, mechanical properties, and chemical nature. Our measurements showed that the scaffolds have improved elasticity as compared to synthetic electrospun PCL fibers, and that they are capable of adsorbing serum proteins, such as laminin leading to strong cell‐matrix interactions. Moreover, due to the functional groups on their backbone, the fibers can be chemically modified with essential biomolecules. When seeded with rat neonatal cardiac cells the engineered scaffolds induced the assembly of aligned cardiac tissues with high aspect ratio cardiomyocytes and massive actinin striation. Compared to synthetic fibrous scaffolds, cardiac cells cultured within aligned or randomly oriented scaffolds formed functional tissues, exhibiting significantly improved function already on Day 3, including higher beating rate (P = 0.0002 and P < 0.0001, respectively), and higher contraction amplitude (P = 0.009 and P = 0.003, respectively). Collectively, our results suggest that albumin electrospun scaffolds can play a key role in contributing to the ex vivo formation of a contracting cardiac muscle tissue. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1246–1257. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of D‐Galactofuranose‐Containing Molecules: Design of Galactofuranosyl Acceptors
Authors: Marino Carla , Baldoni Luciana 
Published: January 2014

AbstractD‐Galactofuranose (D‐Galf) is present in glycoconjugates of several pathogenic microorganisms but is absent in mammals, so it is a good target for the development of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of microbial infections. This fact has increased interest in the synthesis of D‐Galf‐containing molecules for corresponding glycobiological studies. The synthesis of oligosaccharides, glycoconjugates, and mimetics of D‐Galf requires specific methods for the preparation of galactose derivatives in the furanosic configuration, the synthesis of appropriate acceptors, and efficient glycosylation methods for the construction of α‐ and β‐D‐Galf linkages. This review summarizes the different strategies developed for the preparation of partially protected derivatives of D‐Galf, suitable as acceptors for the construction of (1→2), (1→3), (1→5), and (1→6) link‐ ages, and describes recent applications.
Amine‐Mediated Degradation in Olefin Metathesis Reactions that Employ the Second‐Generation Grubbs Catalyst
Authors: Lummiss Justin A. M. , Ireland Benjamin J. , Sommers Jacob M. , Fogg Deryn E. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractAmine‐mediated decomposition during olefin metathesis reactions that employ the second‐generation Grubbs catalyst is studied. For most amines, the dominant deactivation pathway involves ejection of the PCy3 (Cy=cyclohexyl) ligand by the amine, followed by abstraction of the methylidene moiety from the resting‐state species RuCl2(H2IMes)(PCy3)(=CH2) (H2IMes=1,3‐dimesityl‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐ylidene) as [MePCy3]Cl. An exception is highly basic 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU), which is slow to degrade the resting‐state methylidene complex, and for which the phosphonium byproduct is not observed. However, DBU is shown to rapidly attack a species generated during catalysis, most probably the metallacyclobutane intermediate.
Utilization Patterns of Single‐Photon Emission Cardiac Tomography Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Studies in a Rural Tertiary Care Setting
Authors: Singh Maninder , Babayan Zaruhi , Harjai Kishore J. , Dedhia Paras , Sattur Sudhakar , Jagasia Dinesh H. 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundAppropriate use criteria (AUC) for single‐photon emission computed tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT MPI) were revised in 2009 to include 15 new clinical scenarios. We assessed multivariable predictors and overall appropriateness of MPI studies performed in a rural tertiary care setting.HypothesisWe hypothesized that appropriate utilization rates of SPECT MPI imaging in a rural tertiary care center are similar for cardiology and non cardiology providers.MethodsWe reviewed all SPECT MPI studies performed for over a 6‐month period at our center. Using 67 scenarios in AUC, we categorized these studies as appropriate, inappropriate, uncertain, or unclassifiable.ResultsOf 328 MPI studies, 287 (88%) studies were classified as appropriate, 18 (5.5%) as inappropriate, 23 (7%) as uncertain, and none as unclassifiable. Preoperative testing accounted for 44% of the inappropriate studies; 61% of uncertain tests were ordered for cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with prior normal coronary angiography or normal stress tests. The ordering provider specialty did not show any relation with appropriateness of the test (P = 0.46). Patients with inappropriate and uncertain studies were younger than patients with appropriate studies (P = 0.007).ConclusionsWe found that a majority of MPI studies are performed for appropriate indications regardless of ordering provider specialty. Few common scenarios accounted for the majority of the inappropriate or uncertain studies.
Encapsulated Ruthenium(II) Complexes in Biocompatible Poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) Nanoparticles for Application in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Bœuf Gaëlle , Roullin Gaëlle V. , Moreau Juliette , Van Gulick Laurence , Zambrano Pineda Nebraska , Terryn Christine , Ploton Dominique , Andry Marie Christine , Chuburu Françoise , Dukic Sylvain , Molinari Michaël , Lemercier Gilles 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe elaboration, characterisation and efficiency of potential two‐photon‐excited photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment of new poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) nanoparticles loaded with ruthenium(II) complexs are presented. The materials are based on the encapsulation of RuII complexes through an all‐biocompatible process. The size of the nanoparticles is around 100 nm. The internal concentration is several orders of magnitude higher than the overall concentration, which leads to a more efficient and targeted effect. The therapeutic potential for PDT of these nanoparticles has been studied in vitro on C6 glioma cells.
Comparative Study of Aerogels Obtained from Differently Prepared Nanocellulose Fibers
Authors: Chen Wenshuai , Li Qing , Wang Youcheng , Yi Xin , Zeng Jie , Yu Haipeng , Liu Yixing , Li Jian 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis article describes the fabrication of nanocellulose fibers (NCFs) with different morphologies and surface properties from biomass resources as well as their self‐aggregation into lightweight aerogels. By carefully modulating the nanofibrillation process, four types of NCFs could be readily fabricated, including long aggregated nanofiber bundles, long individualized nanofibers with surface C6‐carboxylate groups, short aggregated nanofibers, and short individualized nanofibers with surface sulfate groups. Free‐standing lightweight aerogels were obtained from the corresponding aqueous NCF suspensions through freeze‐drying. The structure of the aerogels could be controlled by manipulating the type of NCFs and the concentration of their suspensions. A possible mechanism for the self‐aggregation of NCFs into two‐ or three‐dimensional aerogel nanostructures was further proposed. Owing to web‐like structure, high porosity, and high surface reactivity, the NCF aerogels exhibited high mechanical flexibility and ductility, and excellent properties for water uptake, removal of dye pollutants, and the use as thermal insulation materials. The aerogels also displayed sound‐adsorption capability at high frequencies.
Always Look on the “Light” Side of Life: Sustainable Carbon Aerogels
Authors: White Robin J. , Brun Nicolas , Budarin Vitaly L. , Clark James H. , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe production of carbon aerogels based on the conversion of inexpensive and abundant precursors using environmentally friendly processes is a highly attractive subject in materials chemistry today. This article reviews the latest developments regarding the rapidly developing field of carbonaceous aerogels prepared from biomass and biomass‐derived precursors, highlighting exciting and innovative approaches to green, sustainable nanomaterial synthesis. A review of the state‐of‐the‐art technologies will be provided with a specific focus on two complimentary synthetic approaches developed upon the principles of green chemistry. These carbonaceous aerogel synthesis strategies, namely the Starbon and carbogel approaches, can be regarded as “top‐down” and “bottom‐up” strategies, respectively. The structural properties can be easily tailored by controlling synthetic parameters such as the precursor selection and concentration, the drying technique employed and post‐synthesis temperature annealing. In addition to these parameters, the behavior of these sustainable carbon aerogel platforms in a variety of environmental and energy‐related applications will also be discussed, including water remediation and fuel cell chemistry (i.e., the oxygen reduction reaction). This Review reveals the fascinating variety of highly porous, versatile, nanostructured, and functional carbon‐based aerogels accessible through the highlighted sustainable synthetic platforms.
Origin of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Stability in Water/Dimethyl Sulfoxide Mixtures
Authors: Tsilomelekis George , Josephson Tyler R. , Nikolakis Vladimiros , Caratzoulas Stavros 
Published: January 2014

AbstractInvited for this month′s cover is the Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation at the University of Delaware. The image shows the synergy of first principles calculations with vibrational spectroscopy to elucidate the stability of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in DMSO/water mixtures. The Full Paper itself is available on page 117 (10.1002/cssc.201300786).
Cryptanalysis of mCrypton‐64
Authors: Shakiba Mohsen , Dakhilalian Mohammad , Mala Hamid 
Published: January 2014

SummaryIn recent years, because of the security requirements of resource‐constrained devices, design and analysis of lightweight block ciphers has received more attention. mCrypton is a lightweight block cipher that has been specifically designed for using in resource‐constrained devices, such as low‐cost radio‐frequency identification tags and sensors. In this paper, we consider cryptanalysis of full‐round mCrypton‐64 using a new extension of biclique attack called non‐isomorphic biclique cryptanalysis. As it is known, effectiveness of the biclique attack is highly dependent to the weakness of key schedule, and it does not seem to be appropriate for block ciphers with strong key scheduling. The non‐isomorphic biclique attack, using an asymmetric key partitioning technique, provides more degrees of freedom to the attacker and makes it possible to use the diffusion layer properties of a block cipher for constructing longer bicliques. Results show that the attack on full‐round mCrypton requires 233.9 chosen plaintexts and a time complexity of 262.67 encryptions. The computational complexity reduces to 262.3, 261.4, and 259.75 encryptions for 10, 8, and 6 rounds of mCrypton‐64, respectively. We also have a discussion on the general form of the computational complexity for non‐isomorphic biclique cryptanalysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dense overlapped linear subarray architecture for interference suppressing in small‐scale arrays
Authors: Liu Enxiao , Meng Weixiao , Han Shuai 
Published: January 2014

SummaryCompared to omnidirectional antennas, smart antenna arrays are qualified such advantages as lower interference and better spatial reuse. As developed from large‐scale phased array radar, subarray technology is a key approach to reduce the computational complexity, and a quantity of algorithms for subarray partition and low sidelobe has been studied and applied in radar system. With the development of hardware manufacture, portability and mobility are the trend of devices, which limit the array aperture and number of elements, and the performances are constrained by elements number. This paper proposes a dense overlapped subarray architecture for linear array when elements number is small, to improve the array gain and output signal to interference plus noise ratio, and different weighting mode is employed at element and subarray level for adaptive digital beamforming to obtain special performances. The subarray partition is presented for the linear array, which keeps the spacing at subarray level half wavelength to avoid grating lobes and nulls, and the simulation results demonstrate that the subarray architecture induces better output signal to interference plus noise ratio; meanwhile, the computational amount is reduced. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An attribute‐based tripartite key agreement protocol
Authors: Bayat Majid , Aref Mohammad Reza 
Published: January 2014

SummaryTripartite key agreement protocols enable three users to share a common and secure secret key by exchanging some information in a public channel. In this paper, we introduce the first attribute‐based tripartite key agreement protocol, which is a kind of identity‐based tripartite key agreement protocols, which the identities consist of descriptive attributes. Also, we propose an extended security model for these protocols and prove the security of our protocol in the random oracle model.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.