bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systems Development
Authors: Conger Sue 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Over the past 60 years, systems development has evolved from custom development to mashups that comprise fragments of software that can be scattered all over the Internet. In addition, the methodologies used for development have evolved from concentrating on functions to data to objects to services. Each successive generation focused on the key problem area of that era. This article briefly describes the history of systems development, the current state, and emerging areas as the field of work continues to evolve.
Web 2.0
Authors: Ransbotham Sam , Kane Gerald C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractIn the few short years of its existence, the Internet has fundamentally changed society in numerous ways. One key technology behind this transformation is the World Wide Web. Originally, the Web primarily allowed static viewing of content. Now, an important shift is taking place as the original Web (“version 1.0”) is evolving to support new ways of collaborating and interacting (“Web 2.0”).
IT
Project Failure: Causes and Response Strategies
Authors: Lee Jong Seok 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

An information technology (
IT
) project is a planned organizational change that requires significant financial investments and human efforts, and failed projects can cause significant damage to entire organizations. Despite advances in the project management discipline, recent research continues to show alarming numbers of project failures and many of these project failures are associated with management issues as opposed to technical issues. In this article, I discuss three causes underlying many of the
IT
project failures (escalation of commitment, communication failures, and risk management) and response strategies to each failure causes.
Decision Support Systems
Authors: Power Daniel J. , Sharda Ramesh , Burstein Frada 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDecision support systems (DSS) are a class of computerized information system that support decision‐making activities. Decision support systems are designed artifacts that have specific functionality. Five more specific Decision Support System types include i) communications‐driven, ii) data‐driven, iii) document‐driven, iv) knowledge‐driven, and v) model‐driven systems. Communications technologies are central to communications‐driven DSS for supporting decision‐making. Data‐driven DSS provide access to large data stores and analytics to create information. Document‐driven DSS use documents to provide information for decision making. Knowledge‐driven DSS are sometimes generically calledexpert systemsorrecommender systems. Model‐driven DSS use quantitative models for functionality and have been calledmodel‐oriented DSSandcomputationally oriented DSS. The termknowledge management system (KMS)encompasses both document and knowledge‐driven DSS. Holsapple and Whinston proposed a slightly different classification identifying text‐oriented DSS, database‐oriented DSS, spreadsheet‐oriented DSS, solver‐oriented DSS, rule‐oriented DSS, and compound DSS.
Federal Trade Commission Act
Authors: Becker Gilbert 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article describes the Federal Trade Commission Act, which is one of the three primary antitrust laws in the United States. Its proscriptions against unfair and deceptive business practices, including advertising, are identified. Varying interpretations of the meaning of the word deceptive are also presented. In addition, an overview of the Commission's organizational structure and enforcement process is provided.
Market Definition
Authors: Becker Gilbert 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article provides an economic description of the concept of a market. It identifies the two boundaries of this group of buyers and sellers, and the importance to managers of avoiding confusion with other common erroneous descriptions of a market. The article also explains the central role of market definition in antitrust cases. Various theoretical measures, used by regulatory authorities, the courts, and other economists, are presented and explained, as are some of their shortcomings. Several more practical measures and their relative strengths are also examined.
Market Power
Authors: Becker Gilbert 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This article provides an examination of the concept of market power. It defines the term and considers its principal source, firm size, in light of the varying types of economic markets that may exist in an economy. Several measures of market power are identified and their relative strengths are explained. The role of market power in antitrust policy is examined, as are several methods by which such power can be acquired. Various market consequences that may result from the advent of market power are presented. In addition, the article outlines some conclusions drawn from numerous empirical studies of market power.
Product Attributes Model
Authors: Jones Kent A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Developed by Kelvin Lancaster, the product attributes model sets out to explain consumer behavior as a process of choosing bundles of product characteristics or attributes inherent in goods and services, rather than simply choosing bundles of goods or services themselves. The basic assumption of the model is that the consumer's choice is based on maximizing utility from the product attributes subject to a budget constraint. The model is particularly useful in analyzing differentiated product markets, in which specific products that are substitutes for each other are distinguished by their embodiment of a specific set of characteristics.
Total Variable Cost
Authors: Polutnik Lidija 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Total variable cost measures the total variable costs of production in the short run. Total variable costs are those costs that vary with the output level produced. Typically, as output increases, so does the need for inputs such as labor, materials, and electricity, so total variable costs are directly related to wages and prices that a firm must pay for inputs. In addition to the per unit input cost, the marginal product of inputs and the technology employed by the company influence the level of total variable cost. If input prices are constant, the curvature of a total variable cost curve is determined by the production function.
Factor Prices
Authors: Way Megan M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Factor prices refer to rent, wages, and interest which firms must pay either directly or indirectly to households for the use of factors of production. Factors of production (also known as inputs or resources) are the land, labor, and capital assets, such as machinery or inventory, which firms use in the creation of outputs. Households supply these factors directly through the land and labor markets, and indirectly through the capital markets. Factor prices are determined by the interaction between firms' demand for inputs and households' supply of them. Factor prices are also affected by the structure of factor markets and government interventions in the markets. They are crucial in determining a firm's cost‐minimizing mix of inputs to production and profit‐maximizing level of outputs.
C
oase Theorem
Authors: Medema Steven G. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The Coase theorem evolved from Ronald Coase's classic 1960 article, “The Problem of Social Cost,” and is one of the most controversial propositions in modern economics, with an impact stretching across economics, law, and sundry other fields. This entry presents a brief overview of the theorem and also discusses its relationship to the transaction‐cost‐based theory of the firm, first elucidated in Coase's 1937 article, “The nature of the firm.”
Direct Inkjet Printing of Dielectric Ceramic/Polymer Composite Thick Films
Authors: Mikolajek Morten , Friederich Andreas , Kohler Christian , Rosen Melanie , Rathjen Andreas , Krüger Klaus , Binder Joachim R. 
Published: January 2015

This article describes the preparation of composite thick films via inkjet printing in one process step. A novel ceramic/polymer ink is developed, suitable for the fabrication of homogeneous dielectric composite thick films. Therefore, a barium strontium titanate (BST) dispersion is prepared and combined with a highly loaded polymer solution afterwards. Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 is synthesized by a sol‐gel method and dispersed in butyl diglycol using a stirred media mill. A poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) solution is prepared in butanone and mixed with the BST dispersion to obtain an ink with a 50:50 volume ratio of BST and PMMA. The ink characteristics and printability are investigated, in particular the drying behavior of the ink at different temperatures and the morphology of the composite thick films.The drying behavior of low viscosity particle suspensions is often influenced by the coffee stain effect. However, for the developed composite ink no coffee stain effect is observed and homogeneous composite thick films are achieved. Afterwards, all‐inkjet‐printed capacitors are fabricated, using the developed composite ink. Finally, the relative permittivity εr and loss tangent tan δ of the composite thick films are determined.
Occupational exposures and risk of stomach and esophageal cancers: Update of a cohort of female textile workers in Shanghai, China
Authors: Gallagher Lisa G. , Li Wenjin , Ray Roberta M. , Romano Megan E. , Wernli Karen J. , Gao Dao L. , Thomas David B. , Checkoway Harvey 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundAssociations between stomach and esophageal cancer and exposures to dusts, metals, chemicals, and endotoxin in the workplace are not very well understood, particularly in women.MethodsWe followed 267,400 female textile workers in Shanghai, China for cancer incidence from 1989 to 2006. Stomach (n = 1374) and esophageal (n = 190) cancer cases were identified and a comparison subcohort (n = 3187) was randomly selected. Cox proportional hazard modeling was used, adjusting for age and smoking.ResultsIncreasing stomach cancer risk was observed with increasing duration of synthetic fiber dust exposure (p = 0.03), although the magnitude of effect was small (20 + years: HR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.4). Trends with endotoxin exposure were modestly inversed for esophageal cancer and increased for stomach cancer, but with little deviation from a null association.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that long durations of synthetic fiber dust exposure can increase stomach cancer risk in women, but provide limited support for associations with other textile industry exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:267–275, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Photophysics, and Electronic Structures of Benzene‐Linked Bispyrimidine Compounds
Authors: Song Guangliang , Liu Rui , He Guangke , Yuan Shidong , Zhu Hongjun 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSeven multi‐dipole and multibranched benzene‐linked bispyrimidine derivatives containing a two‐layer binary tree structure with different electron donor and acceptor groups were designed, synthesized, and characterized. The influences of substituents and solvents on the optical properties of the compounds were investigated. The UV/vis absorption (λabsmax: 311–371 nm), PL emission (λemmax: 386–527 nm), stokes shift (2864–6414 cm−1), and fluorescence quantum yield (Φf: 0.01∼0.16) of the compounds in CH3CN solution are influenced by the electron‐donor or accept substituents. The absorption and emission spectra of the compound with the highest Φf in various solvents indicate that the solvent has little influence on absorption spectrum but does influence the emission spectrum. Transient absorption spectra exhibiting strong positive absorption bands in the near‐IR wavelength means that these compounds could potentially be used as optical limiting materials, which is further confirmed by the quantum chemical calculations.
Increased coupling of caveolin‐1 and estrogen receptor α contributes to the fragile X syndrome
Authors: Yang Qi , Yang Le , Zhang Kun , Guo Yan‐Yan , Liu Shui‐Bing , Wu Yu‐Mei , Li Xiao‐Qiang , Song Qian , Zhuo Min , Zhao Ming‐Gao 
Published: January 2015

ObjectiveFragile X syndrome (FXS) is a form of inherited mental retardation in humans that results from expansion of a CGG repeat in the FMR1 gene. Interaction between estrogen receptor (ER) and lipid raft caveolae is critical for the estrogen signaling. Here, we tested the hypothesis that impaired ER–caveolae coupling contributes to the mental retardation of FXS.MethodsFmr1 knockout (KO) mouse was used as the model of FXS. Multiple techniques were performed including primary neuronal culture, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) interference, Western blot, electrophysiological recording, RNA‐binding protein immunoprecipitation, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and behavioral tests.ResultsIn this study, we report that GluA1 surface expression and phosphorylation induced by 17β‐estradiol (E2) were impaired in the Fmr1 KO neurons. The E2‐mediated facilitation of long‐term potentiation and fear memory was impaired in the anterior cingulate cortex of Fmr1 KO mice. The increased coupling of caveolin‐1 (CAV1) and the membrane estrogen receptor ERα under basal conditions contributed to the impairment of ER signaling in Fmr1 KO neurons. FMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein) interacted with CAV1 mRNA, and knockdown of CAV1 with shRNA rescued the synaptic GluA1 delivery, plasticity, and memory in Fmr1 KO mice.InterpretationThis is the first demonstration that the coupling between ERα and lipid raft CAV1 is critical for membrane ER signaling in synaptic plasticity. Therefore, increased coupling of CAV1 and ERα may elucidate a critical abnormal mechanism of FXS. Ann Neurol 2015;77:618–636
Photoswitching Kinetics and Phase‐Sensitive Detection Add Discriminative Dimensions for Selective Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Querard Jérôme , Markus Tal‐Zvi , Plamont Marie‐Aude , Gauron Carole , Wang Pengcheng , Espagne Agathe , Volovitch Michel , Vriz Sophie , Croquette Vincent , Gautier Arnaud , Le Saux Thomas , Jullien Ludovic 
Published: January 2015

AbstractNon‐invasive separation‐free protocols are attractive for analyzing complex mixtures. To increase selectivity, an analysis under kinetic control, through exploitation of the photochemical reactivity of labeling contrast agents, is described. The simple protocol is applied in optical fluorescence microscopy, where autofluorescence, light scattering, as well as spectral crowding presents limitations. Introduced herein is OPIOM (out‐of‐phase imaging after optical modulation), which exploits the rich kinetic signature of a photoswitching fluorescent probe to increase selectively and quantitatively its contrast. Filtering the specific contribution of the probe only requires phase‐sensitive detection upon matching the photoswitching dynamics of the probe and the intensity and frequency of a modulated monochromatic light excitation. After in vitro validation, we applied OPIOM for selective imaging in mammalian cells and zebrafish, thus opening attractive perspectives for multiplexed observations in biological samples.
Enhancement of rheological and mechanical properties of bitumen using styrene acrylonitrile copolymer
Authors: Mousavi Seyed Mojtaba , Farsi Mohammad , Azizi Mahdi 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTIn this research, styrene acrylonitrile copolymer as a novel additive is used to modify rheological, mechanical and thermal properties of the base bitumen 70 penetration grade. Styrene acrylonitrile copolymer combines the rigidity of polystyrene with the hardness and thermal resistance of polyacrylonitrile to enhance viscoelastic property of the bitumen. To investigate the performance of the proposed mixture, shear complex module, phase angle, penetration, softening point, and reversibility of prepared samples are measured at different additive content and compared with the base bitumen. The results show that softening point of the base and modified samples are 49–86°C, respectively. The rheological properties of the base bitumen and modified samples are measured by a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The phase angle as elasticity measure decreases from 55° to 35° in the modified bitumen compared to the base bitumen. Generally, the experimental results showed that styrene acrylonitrile copolymer makes bitumen to be more stable at high temperatures and more flexible at low temperatures. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41875.
Reaction of carbon fiber sizing and its influence on the interphase region of composites
Authors: Wu Qing , Li Min , Gu Yizhuo , Wang Shaokai , Wang Xingxing , Zhang Zuoguang 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTWhat might happen with the interphase region of composite if the sizing agent cannot afford the attack of processing temperature and firstly reacted before its combination with the resin, is rarely reported. On the basis of this, herein, effects of sizing reaction on the interphase region of composite were investigated, as well as on the carbon fiber surface properties. It showed that the interfacial shear strength of carbon fiber/epoxy composite was improved after the sizing reaction. The interphase modulus was also increased with a thinner gradient distance. Further analysis indicated that the fiber surface roughness increased, the fiber wettability with the resin lowered, and the chemical reactions between sizing agent and resin reduced after 200°C/2 h treatment on carbon fiber. These results explained the change of the interphase region, which are meaningful for sizing optimization. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41917.
Preparation of heat resisting poly(methyl methacrylate)/graphite composite microspheres used as ultra‐lightweight proppants
Authors: Chen Tao , Wang Yixia , Yan Chunjie , Wang Hongquan , Xu Yangcheng , Ma Rui 
Published: January 2015

ABSTRACTUltra‐lightweight heat resisting poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/graphite microspheres were successfully prepared via in situ suspension polymerization. The Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray powder diffraction results confirmed the successful preparation of the composite microspheres. Field emission scanning electron microscope analysis illustrated that the graphite particles were dispersed in microspheres and the PMMA/graphite composite microspheres had good sphericity and roundness. Furthermore, density analysis indicated that the apparent density of composites microspheres was about 1.055–1.135g/cm3 which was suitable for the transmission with water carrying. The results from thermodynamic test revealed that the thermal stability of the composite was significantly improved with increasing graphite content, which could be used as ultra‐lightweight proppant in deep underground. In addition, the crushing rate decreased to 0.5% with graphite ratio of 3.0% at the pressure of 69 MPa. Therefore, PMMA/Graphite composite microspheres exhibit a promising application in petroleum or gas exploitation as water carrying fracturing proppants. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41924.
A Triphenyl Amine‐Based Solvatofluorochromic Dye for the Selective and Ratiometric Sensing of OCl− in Human Blood Cells
Authors: Goswami Shyamaprosad , Aich Krishnendu , Das Sangita , Pakhira Bholanath , Ghoshal Kakali , Quah Ching Kheng , Bhattacharyya Maitree , Fun Hoong‐Kun , Sarkar Sabyasachi 
Published: January 2015

AbstractA new visible‐light‐excitable fluorescence ratiometric probe for OCl− has been developed based on a triphenylamine‐diamiomaleonitrile (TAM) moiety. The structure of the dye was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. It behaves as a highly selective and sensitive probe for OCl− over other analytes with a fast response time (∼100 s). OCl− reacts with the probe leading to the formation of the corresponding aldehyde in a mixed‐aqueous system. The detection limit of the probe is in the 10−8 M range. The probe (TAM) also exhibits solvatofluorochromism. Changing the solvent from non‐polar to polar, the emission band of TAM largely red‐shifted. Moreover, the probe shows an excellent performance in real‐life application in detecting OCl− in human blood cells. The experimentally observed changes in the structure and electronic properties of the probe after reaction with OCl− were studied by DFT and TDDFT computational calculations.
Das Prüf‐, Überwachungs‐ und Zertifizierungssystem bei Verstärkungen mit Textilbeton
Authors: Sauerborn Tom , Hampel Torsten 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDie Anforderungen an eine Baumaßnahme sind je nach Bauwerk unterschiedlich und im Allgemeinen hochindividuell. Dennoch ist das Ziel von Baumaßnahmen in jedem Falle identisch: ein bedingungsgemäßes Ergebnis, d. h. ein Ergebnis, welches den Anforderungen entspricht. Um diese Bedingungsmäßigkeit sicherzustellen, impliziert jede Baumaßnahme ein auf das Bauverfahren und die Bauprodukte abgestimmtes Überwachungssystem. Dies gilt für den Neubau ebenso wie für Verstärkungsmaßnahmen. Der hier vorgestellte Beitrag zielt darauf ab, die grundsätzliche Systematik der Prüf‐, Überwachungs‐ und Zertifizierungsanforderungen bei Verstärkungsmaßnahmen mit textilbewehrtem Beton zusammenzufassen. Ausgehend von den baurechtlichen Grundlagen, durch welche sich die Qualitätsüberwachung gesetzlich ableitet, wird auf die Teilbereiche – Übereinstimmung der Bauprodukte, Eignung des ausführenden Unternehmens und Überwachung der Bauausführung – eingegangen. Zusätzlich zu den Bestimmungen der allgemeinen bauaufsichtlichen Zulassung, welche dem Verfahren zugrunde liegt, nimmt der Beitrag Bezug auf die wichtigsten Richtlinien und Normen im Zusammenhang mit der Eigen‐ und Fremdüberwachung für die Verstärkung mit Textilbeton.The system of testing, monitoring and certification with regard to reinforcing with textile reinforced concreteThe explicit requirements in regard to construction work are highly individual as they differ depending on the structure. Nevertheless, the aim of construction works is always an occurrence that satisfies the requirements of the specifications. To secure a proper output, every construction work, whether new‐built or reinforced, implies a level of control adjusted to the construction procedures and products. The aim of this paper is to summarize the general system of testing, monitoring and certification with regard to reinforcing work with textile reinforced concrete. Besides the building regulations, which are the legal bases of quality control, the paper details the certification of conformity of the building products, the qualification of the building company and the supervision of construction work. In addition to the specifications of the national technical approval, this summary takes account of important regulations and codes in connection with self‐ and external monitoring.