bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Seed Bank Responses to Postfire Herbicide and Native Seeding Treatments Designed to Control Bromus tectorum in a Pinyon–Juniper Woodland at Zion National Park, USA
Authors: Brisbin Hondo , Thode Andrea , Brooks Matt , Weber Karen 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe continued threat of an invasive, annual brome (Bromus) species in the western United States has created the need for integrated approaches to postfire restoration. Additionally, the high germination rate, high seed production, and seed bank carryover of annual bromes points to the need to assay soil seed banks as part of monitoring programs. We sampled the soil seed bank to help assess the effectiveness of treatments utilizing the herbicide Plateau® (imazapic) and a perennial native seed mix to control annual Bromus species and enhance perennial native plant establishment following a wildfire in Zion National Park, Utah. This study is one of few that have monitored the effects of imazapic and native seeding on a soil seed bank community and the only one that we know of that has done so in a pinyon–juniper woodland. The study made use of untreated, replicated controls, which is not common for seed bank studies. One year posttreatment, Bromus was significantly reduced in plots sprayed with herbicide. By the second year posttreatment, the effects of imazapic were less evident and convergence with the controls was evident. Emergence of seeded species was low for the duration of the study. Dry conditions and possible interactions with imazapic probably contributed to the lack of emergence of seeded native species. The perennial grass sand dropseed outperformed the other species included in the seed mix. We also examined how the treatments affected the soil seed bank community as a whole. We found evidence that the herbicide was reducing several native annual forbs and one nonnative annual forb. However, overall effects on the community were not significant. The results of our study were similar to what others have found in that imazapic is effective in providing a short-term reduction in Bromus density, although it can impact emergence of nontarget species.
Viability of Aquatic Plant Fragments following Desiccation
Authors: Barnes Matthew A. , Jerde Christopher L. , Keller Doug , Chadderton W. Lindsay , Howeth Jennifer G. , Lodge David M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDesiccation following prolonged air exposure challenges survival of aquatic plants during droughts, water drawdowns, and overland dispersal. To improve predictions of plant response to air exposure, we observed the viability of vegetative fragments of 10 aquatic plant species (Cabomba caroliniana, Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Egeria densa, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton richardsonii, andHydrilla verticillata) following desiccation. We recorded mass loss, desiccation rate, and plant fragment survival across a range of air exposures. Mass loss accurately predicted viability of aquatic plant fragments upon reintroduction to water. However, similar periods of air exposure differentially affected viability between species. Understanding viability following desiccation can contribute to predicting dispersal, improving eradication protocols, and disposing of aquatic plants following removal from invaded lakes or contaminated equipment.
Effect of Timing on Chemical Control of Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) in California
Authors: Kyser Guy B. , DiTomaso Joseph M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDalmatian toadflax is listed as a noxious weed in most of the western United States, but control of this species has not been extensively studied in California. Studies in other states show effective control of Dalmatian toadflax with picloram, but this herbicide is not registered for use in California. In addition, reports vary as to the optimal timing for herbicide applications. In this study we evaluated several herbicides with combined foliar and soil-residual activity at two times of application: postsenescence (fall) and rosette (winter to early spring). We applied two series of treatments (2008 and 2009 to 2010) on adjacent sites in high desert scrub of southern California. In the year of treatment and the following year, we evaluated Dalmatian toadflax cover and presence/absence of associated dominant species (≥ 5% cover). Although time of application, treatment, and timing by treatment interaction all produced significant differences in Dalmatian toadflax cover in the 2008 trial, only the high rate of aminocyclopyrachlor (280 g ae ha−1) applied to dormant plants in fall consistently reduced cover through the second year. No treatments at the rosette stage consistently produced 2 yr of control. In 2009 to 2010, treatments were more effective, probably owing to higher precipitation in spring. In both dormant and rosette applications made in 2009 to 2010, aminocyclopyrachlor (140 and 280 g ae ha−1) and aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron (140 g ae ha−1+ 53 g ai ha−1) gave second year control; chlorsulfuron at the dormant stage (105 and 158 g ai ha−1) and aminopyralid at the rosette stage (245 g ae ha−1) also gave 2 yr of control. The treatments had only minor effects on grass species. The response of broadleaf species varied among treatments, with aminocyclopyrachlor at the high rate increasingEriogonumspp., but greatly reducing Asteraceae species. These results provide options for the management of Dalmatian toadflax in California and other western states.
Environmental Stewardship Outcomes from Year-Long Invasive Species Restoration Projects in Middle School
Authors: Dresner Marion , Fischer Kelly A. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractTo investigate the impacts of long-term targeted invasive plant stewardship projects on students' subsequent stewardship attitudes, an experiment using pre and post-tests to understand program effects and using post-test only comparisons to understand school effects was conducted. The resulting scores from two science classes that participated in year-long invasive plant and restoration activities were compared with those from three comparable classes at a linked school that did not participate in any of these activities. Students in the experimental classes showed overall significantly higher scores compared with the control classes. These attitude scores were then divided into two indexes: sense of personal effectiveness and attitudes of caring for particular places. Students in the experimental group showed increases in both, as compared with the controls. Parent and student focus groups were conducted at the end of the academic year. The resulting comments provide evidence for actual behavior change outside of the school environment. Analysis showed that any student, especially those in the control classes in the traditional middle school, indicating they had prior exposure to nature stewardship projects showed significantly higher scores than students who did not. The results underscore the value of having students involved in real-world stewardship projects, especially those of a long-term nature.
Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media
Authors: Baron Naomi S. 
Published: March 2013

It's not a book. It doesn't have a smell, you don't touch it …, you're plugged into the internet, you can't concentrate, it hurts your eyes, and you lose the beauty of the words behind this screen. Life itself is in hard copy. … Not this treacherous digitalism which has permeated our lives and our reality.—Respondent to survey comparing on-screen with hard-copy readingEach new technology may be janus-faced, potentially improving and degrading the human condition. The steam engine made industrial products cheaper and more diverse but contributed to the exploitation of child labor and proliferation of squalid urban living conditions. The automobile makes transportation more convenient but pollutes and leads to countless highway deaths. Calculators let anyone perform feats of math but have weakened basic arithmetic skills.A related conundrum holds true for technologies of the written word. The printing press helped spread literacy but shook the foundations of the Catholic Church. Word processing enabled the Japanese to generate text without producing each kanji stroke by stroke, but now many Japanese find themselves forgetting the stroke order. The spelling checkers in word-processing programs monitor typographical errors but dampen motivation to master spelling.Information and communication technologies have generated new platforms on which to read. The list includes desktop and laptop computers, e-readers (such as the Kindle and Nook), tablet computers (e.g., the iPad), and handheld devices (e.g., the iPod Touch, mobile phones). But does reading on these devices differ from reading in hard copy? If so, does our growing dependence on reading onscreen contribute to a redefinition of what it means to read?
Unlocking Wellbore Access through Coiled Tubing: Confronting Well Intervention Limitations in Deepwater Completions and a Semisubmersible Rig
Authors: Shariff M. F. , Hutabarat A. Reinaldo , Tzarina A. , Jon W. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
A deepwater batch drilling project in north Borneo was planned to produce oil at full potential through water and gas injection wells. The field is located 75 miles offshore in water depths in excess of 3,300 ft. Failure of formation isolation valves (FIV) to open hydraulically in the two injector wells jeopardized future production of the field and compromised the timeline remaining for the semisubmersible to complete its schedule for the rest of the drilling and completion campaign of the producer wells. Attempts to mechanically shift the FIV using slickline were unsuccessful, and the contingency plan of intervention using coiled tubing (CT) was commenced to quickly regain wellbore access.
With the drilling time constraint and the operational limitation of the rig to accommodate CT equipment access, the well intervention campaign was urged to mitigate the FIV problems and save the wells. Tight deck space to perform pressure control rig-up, limited A-frame height to accommodate coiled tubing lift frame (CTLF) operation, and well completion with small restricted clearance that prevents the maximum performance of the downhole tools are the major challenges faced in this project.
A comprehensive job design and planning process was implemented considering the semisubmersible limitations and the restrictions on wellbore access. A fit-for-purpose downhole tool configuration and multiple intervention options were carefully selected to support performing wellbore diagnostics prior to the final decision to mill out an FIV assembly. The CT catenary concept and equipment were applied in the execution stage as a contingency measure to permit curvature bend into the derrick in case the rig heaves risked the A-frame hitting the CT. The overall CT operation was a success and has proven that CT can become a turnkey service in mitigating potential downtime due to completion problems.
This paper discusses the design process and contingency plans that were developed to mitigate the FIV failure where CTLF operation is limited by the completion and surface rig-up in a semisubmersible rig. The lessons learned derived from this case history could be essential in the planning of a deepwater drilling and completion project.
Factors Affecting Effective Millout of Multistage Fracturing Sleeves in Horizontal Wellbores
Authors: Tompkins Rick , Smith Nick , Wellhoefer Ben , Yuyi Silumesii , Rhodes Bob , Stivers Patrick 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Development of unconventional resource plays traditionally were completed using the "plug and perforate" the method (plug-n-perf). In recent years, however, multi-stage fracturing sleeves have seen growing industry acceptance as an alternative completion method to plug-n-perf and is now being employed with increasing frequency with both cement and openhole isolation methods in unconventional resource plays. This type of system is operated by dropping a ball from the surface that seats in a landing baffle to actuate the sleeve and allow for fracturing of the formation. These balls and baffles often can be removed from the ID of the casing string by milling, post frac to remove possible restrictions. However, there are situations that can affect the successful milling of the balls and baffles.
This paper explores the conditions that can affect the ball and baffle millout process of multi-stage fracturing sleeves. Different aspects of the milling process will be reviewed to determine the critical elements that must be taken into consideration when milling the balls and baffles. Specific factors include multi-stage fracturing sleeve dimensions, wellbore trajectory, torque and drag, depth location, mill design, weight-on-bit (WOB), viscous pill sweep frequency, and other milling procedures. The investigation of the millout of 185 multi-stage fracturing sleeves in Eagle Ford Shale well completions will analyze these factors, which then will be contrasted with surface millout testing on over 100 multi-stage fracturing sleeves performed on a custom millout testing machine.
The surface testing allowed visual observation of millout processes and real-time changing of millout variables that reduced risk and lowered operating cost. Both sets of data will then be analyzed to illustrate the critical factors for successful millout operations and discuss the solutions to the millout challenges.
Lessons Learned: Unconventional Intervention on a Ship-Damaged Caisson Well
Authors: Hoffman Corey , David John S. , Bozeman Elizabeth 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This presentation will cover the operational review of a recent unconventional intervention project on an offshore caisson well that was severely damaged by ship impact. Due to the damage to the wellhead/tree, as well as all of the tubulars, an unconventional approach was required to intervene and remediate this well so that the operator could proceed with conventional plugging and abandonment operations. Wells damaged by ship impact are fairly common; the solutions used for this damaged well and the lessons learned will be considered and applied for future projects on a case-by-case basis. One critical aspect of the case study will review the application of cryogenic freeze techniques which were applied with the intent of providing a pressure barrier, as well as a mechanism to support the weight of the tubing and hold the repositioned casings in a concentric position. The results of the operation and actual well conditions encountered will be compared against data collected during the pre-job testing that was performed to simulate the expected well conditions. Unconventional methods of dealing with severely damaged wells will be of interest to conference attendees who might have high risk assets, and/or known damaged wells around the world. Conference attendees will be presented with a number of applied unconventional techniques within the presentation that may provide unique solutions for remediating damaged wells.
Well Intervention Challenges in Mega-Reach Wells with Coiled Tubing and the Application of the Latest Technologies in Tackling These Challenges, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Dhufairi M. , Arukhe J. , Elsherif T. , Baez F. , Kharrat W. , Bal M. , Krueger R. E. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
With the growing demand for oil production, and pressure maintenance for giant fields, more horizontal wells has been drilled as power water injectors and oil producers to increase the contact with the reservoirs. In M-field, many wells are drilled as mega-reach with a measured total depth up to 33,000 ft. This present a big challenge for coiled tubing intervention to reach TD and stimulate or perform logging. Even with the use of hydraulic tractors, CT Pipe Locks up before TD, and it has been difficult to understand the root cause as it is not possible to differentiate between a hydraulic tractor malfunction and downhole obstruction causing the CT to tag.
Here in this paper we are going to illustrate the reach challenges, analysis performed on the un-anticipated lockups, and how could we utilize recent technologies in understanding the lockup occurrence, as well as quantifying the how can we improve the prejob tubing force model simulation to fine-tune well accessibility in real-time while on the job.
With the implementation of the real-time tension-compression tool, it becomes possible to detect any malfunction of the hydraulic tractor. With the real-time reading of the tractor pull downhole, the coiled tubing force model simulation can be adjusted during the operating to match the real coiled tubing weight and have better estimation of the expected lockup depth. Real-time informed decisions can optimize the CT reach.
Being in ultra heavy oil formation and barefoot completion, the following questions come to the scene: Are we tagging in tar? or it is just the excessive drag force that is causing an early lockup?; What if the tractor fails? and how to diagnose the failure?; Shall we use solvents? at what quantities if any?; Is it feasible to run more than once? or it is a challenge that we cannot overcome?
All the above questions are answered in details in the paper with illustrated troubleshooting, and problem solving workflow that is aided by case studies, jobs results, and success stories from one of the biggest fields in the Middle East. Exploring more in this direction would successfully change the face of the tubing force model simulation algorithms and take the on-site operational excellence to a significantly advanced level.
Application of Sand Jet Perforations for Multizone Fracturing in CBM Wells, India
Authors: Kothari Nikita , Mahajan Mahesh , Pooniwala Shahvir , Panjwani Jateen 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Sand Jet Perforation (SJP) is a process which uses a high velocity jet of abrasive sand laden fluid to cut through the casing, cement and into the formation jetting pressure and cutting time can be varied to achieve maximum penetration.
The process begins by using Coiled Tubing to convey, accurately position and operate the sand jet perforating tool with integral casing collar locator (CCL). The sand jetting assembly perforates the zone; the CT is moved uphole to allow an optimum fracture treatment to be pumped down the casing/CT annulus. Based on the difference in depth of the perforation interval between the zones to be fractured, the underflush volume for fracturing treatment is calculated to place a sand plug in order to isolate the zone at the end of the treatment. If this is not sufficient, the sand used for perforating the next zone is allowed to settle to form additional plug height. An added advantage of using this technique includes washing off the extra sand (if any) using Coiled Tubing in the same run, which leads to saving significant amount of time and eliminates the need of setting up expensive packers to achieve zonal isolation in multi-zone wells.
With conventional wireline perforations, about 12 to 15 zones were usually fractured in a month in the Raniganj Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Block, India. The application of the above technology, made it possible to fracture more than 38 zones in a month. The process ensured that each zone received a positive zonal isolation and optimized fracturing treatment leading to cost effective and quality fracturing treatments.
This paper highlights the sand jetting perforation process for achieving maximum penetration, advantages of the technique for fracturing in CBM wells and the planning involved placing sand plugs for achieving optimized and economic stimulation treatment.
A Coiled-Tubing Perforating Solution Incorporating a Gun Deployment System and Dynamic Underbalanced Technique Improves Well Production in High-Angle Deep-Gas Wells in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Jubran H. A. , Leal J. , Al BuHassan S. A. , Bolarinwa S. , Kharrat W. , Polson D. M. , Barnawi M. T. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Saudi Aramco has recently initiated a change in gas well design in the Ghawar field of Saudi Arabia. The new approach is to drill deviated cased hole gas wells through the reservoir to increase the length of contact of the productive zone and thereby increase production potential. Typical gas wells were drilled as a vertical cased hole through the reservoir or open hole horizontal gas wells.
The increased well deviations, measured depths and resultant increase in reservoir sections required a new approach to the perforating solution for these wells to connect them to the gas plants. Various techniques were reviewed, considering safety, operating efficiency and well performance. The final solution was to deploy the perforating systems on electric coiled tubing (CT) and run all the guns in one run using completion insertion and retrieval under pressure (CIRP) as a deployment system, which allowed the guns to be run and pulled under live well conditions without having to kill the well.
This paper details the learning curve and lessons learned of the implementation of this technique in five gas wells. The deployment system and pressure control equipment were optimized to satisfy Saudi Aramco’s requirement for three barriers. A CT cleanout run was added before perforation to remove any debris from the wellbore causing a problem to the depth correlation tools. An existing CT tower was used to support the very long wellhead stack, but due to its height limitation a special solution was implemented to enable safe CT operations. A deployment system under live well conditions was used to minimize CT runs, operating time and cost savings. The static underbalance condition was set before running the guns, combined with the dynamic underbalance perforating technique and deep penetrating charge gun design were implemented to optimize the well performance. This technique allowed safe and efficient perforating in a single underbalance run of these five gas wells.
The paper also covers the planning of the perforating solution, Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) considerations, equipment selection, operational procedures, job execution and results.
First Offshore Coiled Tubing Drilling with Ultra Slim BHA in Matured Malay Basin
Authors: Ibrahim Zahidi , Ezalina Nurul , Krishnan Sivakumaran , Ming Lim Kien , Maniam Thanasekaran 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd. had identified some fields at Offshore Terengganu, Malaysia as the first batch of candidates for the CTD pilot project in 2011 to gain access to the marginal reserve and evaluate the feasibility of re-entry Coiled-Tubing Drilling (CTD). Several challenges for the startup had been highlighted during the pre-well feasibility study particularly on the requirement of a smaller Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) compared to a general conventional CTD project. The 2 ⅜-in BHA was the unanimous choice for this project which was done through 3 ½-in tubing. The challenges also include setting a whipstock, milling window, single as well as dual casing exit and drill ahead to the target reservoir until the planned total depth.
A comprehensive well planning was performed and completed with several stages of revision. The pre-well engineering including hydraulics, and torque & drag were carried out to ensure the planned CTD BHA overcame all challenges and met the objectives. Pre-CTD jobs were carried out as an initial preparation involving well integrity checks, depleted zone abandonment and milling existing completion profiles of selected well bores.
This paper aims to describe the success of this CTD campaign while highlighting the lessons learnt and opportunities for improvement for similar project within the vicinity in the near future. The description in the consideration of single and dual casing exit operation via the application of both straight and Adjustable Kick-Off (AKO) housing motors is included. This paper also shares the experience of casing joint identification, drilling through a fault, and Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) management through the down hole dynamic tool.