bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamische Untersuchungen an den Systemen der Silber‐und Kupfer(I)halogenide I. Mitteilung: Das System AgJ‐CuJ
Authors: Nölting Jens 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSelbstdiffusionsmessungen an Silberjodid und Kupfer(I)jodid sowie an Mischkristallen AgJCuJ deuteten auf eine bisher nicht bekannte Mischungslücke der Hochtemperaturphasen hin.Zur weiteren Klärung dieser Verhältnisse wurden spezifische Wärmen an diesen Substanzen gemessen, die die genaue Lage der verschiedenen Phasenbereiche im Zustandsdiagramm ermöglichten.Hauptziel der angestellten Untersuchungen über die genaue Temperaturabhängigkeit der spezifischen Wärme war es, die durch Fehlordnung im Kristallgitter bedingte zusätzliche spezifische Wärme über den normalen Dulong‐Petitschen Wert hinaus zu finden und den erwarteten Effekt mit den heutigen Vorstellungen über das Fehlordnungsverhalten eines festen Körpers zu deuten. Diese Dinge werden in der folgenden Veröffentlichung im einzelnen behandelt.
The Application of Defect Structure Models to Activity Calculations in Molten Ionic Mixtures I. The System FeOFe2O3, FeOFe3O4SiO2 and MgOAl2O3
Authors: Hagemark K. , Flood H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBased on “Schottky defects” and a chosen ratio between the number of the anion and cation positions a defect structure model for molten ionic mixtures is proposed. A remarkable agreement between experimental and theoretical values indicates that the model seems applicable to activity calculations in molten mixtures of FeOFe2O3, of FeOFe2O3Fe2SiO4 and also in the system MgOMgAl2O4.
Protonen alg Ladungsträger der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit und der Photoleitfähigkeit von Anthracenkristallen
Authors: Matejec R. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDurch potentiometrische Messungen an Anthracenkristallen, welche in einer Elektrolysezelle mit Lösungen von verschiedenem pH‐Wert und verschiedenem Redoxpotential in Kontakt stehen, wird gezeigt, daß die elektrische Dunkelleitfähigkeit und die Photoleitfähigkeit des Anthracens in dieser Versuchsanordnung praktisch ausschließlich durch Protonen getragen wird; die elektrische Überführungszahl der (beweglichen) Protonen im Anthracenkristall ist in der verwendeten Versuchsanordnung im Dunkeln und bei UV‐Belichtung innerhalb der Meßgenauigkeit (+ 5% Fehler) praktisch gleich eins.Als Funktion des pH‐Wertes der Lösungsphasen gemessen steigen die Dunkelleitfähigkeiten und die Photoleitfähigkeiten der Anthracenkristalle mit steigenden pH‐Werten an, wenn O2 anwesend ist.Dieser Effekt wird pH‐abhängigen Oxydationseinflüssen an der Grenzschicht zwischen Oberfläche des Anthracenkristalls und Lösungsphase zugeschrieben.
Der kontaktkatalytische Zerfall von N2O an Palladium und Palladiumoxyd
Authors: Riekert L. , Schuchmann H.‐P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDie Kinetik des Zerfalls von N2O wurde an Katalysatoren aus Palladium untersucht. Wie am Platin wird auch am Palladium die Reaktion durch Sauerstoff gehemmt. Im Unterschied zum Platin bildet sich auf Palladium rasch eine Oxydschicht, sofern der Partialdruck des Sauerstoffs den Zersetzungsdruck des PdO überschreitet. Unter gleichen Bedingungen ist die katalytische Wirksamkeit der Oxydschicht wesentlich größer als die des Metalls. Darum ist es hier möglich, das Entstehen eines aktiveren Katalysators während der Reaktion zu verfolgen.
CO2, NOx and SOx removal from flue gas via microalgae cultivation: A critical review
Authors: Yen Hong‐Wei , Ho Shih‐Hsin , Chen Chun‐Yen , Chang Jo‐Shu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFlue gas refers to the gas emitting from the combustion processes, and it contains CO2, NOx, SOx and other potentially hazardous compounds. Due to the increasing concerns of CO2 emissions and environmental pollution, the cleaning process of flue gas has attracted much attention. Using microalgae to clean up flue gas via photosynthesis is considered a promising CO2 mitigation process for flue gas. However, the impurities in the flue gas may inhibit microalgal growth, leading to a lower microalgae‐based CO2 fixation rate. The inhibition effects of SOx that contribute to the low pH could be alleviated by maintaining a stable pH level, while NOx can be utilized as a nitrogen source to promote microalgae growth when it dissolves and is oxidized in the culture medium. The yielded microalgal biomass from fixing flue gas CO2 and utilizing NOx and SOx as nutrients would become suitable feedstock to produce biofuels and bio‐based chemicals. In addition to the removal of SOx, NOx and CO2, using microalgae to remove heavy metals from flue gas is also quite attractive. In conclusion, the use of microalgae for simultaneous removal of CO2, SOx and NOx from flue gas is an environmentally benign process and represents an ideal platform for CO2 reutilization.
Axial and Radial Dispersion in a Large‐Diameter Bubble Column Reactor at Low Height‐to‐Diameter Ratios
Authors: Bloch Gregor , Zander Hans‐Jörg , Wunderlich Bernd , Acher Thomas 
Published: April 2015

AbstractExperiments are conducted in a bubble column reactor with inner diameter of 970 mm at atmospheric pressure with an air/water system at height‐to‐diameter ratios of 1 and below. Axial and radial dispersion coefficients are measured using a tracer, which is detected by conductivity probes. An analytical mathematical model for the determination of the dispersion coefficients from the experiments is presented. The measurements show the determined axial dispersion coefficients to vary significantly over the height of the column while increasing linearly with the gas flow rate.
Novel flow cytometric analysis of the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Williams Dionna W. , Tesfa Lydia , Berman Joan W. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe blood–brain barrier (BBB) is primarily comprised of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) and astrocytes and serves as a physical and chemical barrier that separates the periphery from the brain. We describe a flow cytometric method using our in vitro model of the human BBB to characterize BMVEC surface junctional proteins critical for maintenance of barrier function, cell viability, and leukocyte adhesion. For this methodology, BMVEC are cocultured with astrocytes in a transwell tissue culture insert to establish the barrier, after which time the BBB are treated with specific agents, and the BMVEC collected for flow cytometric analyses. We use a standard and optimized method to recover the BMVEC from the coculture model that maintains junctional protein expression and cell viability. A novel leukocyte adhesion assay enables a quantitative analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) interactions with the BMVEC and can be used to assess the adhesion of many cell types to the BBB. Furthermore, this method enables the concomitant analysis of a large number of adhesion molecules and tight junction proteins on both the BMVEC and adherent PBMC under homeostatic and pathologic conditions. Flow cytometry is an extremely powerful tool, and this technique can also be applied to assess variables not performed in this study, including cell cycle progression, and calcium flux. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
B‐cell acquisition of antigen: Sensing the surface
Authors: Knight Andrew M. 
Published: April 2015

B‐cell antigen receptor (BCR) recognition and acquisition of antigen by B cells is the essential first step in the generation of effective antibody responses. As B‐cell‐mediated antigen presentation is also believed to play a significant role in the activation of CD4+ Th‐cell responses, considerable effort has focused on clarifying the nature of antigen/BCR interactions. Following earlier descriptions of interactions of soluble antigens with the BCR, it is now clear that B cells also recognize, physically extract and present antigens that are tethered to, or integral components of, the surfaces or extracellular matrix of other cells. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Zeng et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: XXXX–XXXX] examine how the physical property or “stiffness” of the surface displaying antigens to B cells influences the B‐cell response. This commentary reports that antigen tethered on “less stiff” surfaces induces increased B‐cell activation and antibody responses. I then infer how “sensing the surface” by B cells may represent a new component of the immune system's ability to detect “damage,” and how this understanding may influence approaches to clinical therapies where immune activity is either unwanted or desired.
Development of D–π–A Fluorescent Dyes with a 3‐Pyridyl Group as Electron‐Withdrawing Anchoring Group for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Ooyama Yousuke , Uenaka Koji , Ohshita Joji 
Published: April 2015

AbstractD–π–A and (D–π–)2A fluorescent dyes (OUY‐1 and OUY‐2) with a 3‐pyridyl group as an electron‐withdrawing anchoring group have been newly developed as photosensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). We found that both dyes OUY‐1 and OUY‐2 were adsorbed onto a TiO2 electrode through the formation of pyridinium ions and/or hydrogen bonding of the pyridyl group with the Brønsted‐acidic sites on the TiO2 surface. However, D–π–A dye NI‐6, with a 4‐pyridyl group, was predominantly adsorbed onto the TiO2 surface through coordinate bonding between the pyridyl group and the Lewis‐acidic sites on the TiO2 surface. The photovoltaic performance of DSSC based on dye OUY‐1 is comparable to that of the dye NI‐6. On the other hand, the photovoltaic performance of DSSC based on dye OUY‐2 is much lower than that of the dye OUY‐1. This work revealed that the binding mode of D–π–A dyes with pyridyl groups on the TiO2 surface can be changed by control of the basicity and electron density of pyridyl groups.
Comparative sensitivity of field and laboratory populations of Hyalella azteca to the pyrethroid insecticides bifenthrin and cypermethrin
Authors: Clark Stephen L. , Ogle R. Scott , Gantner Andrew , Hall Lenwood W. , Mitchell Gary , Giddings Jeffrey , McCoole Matthew , Dobbs Michael , Henry Kevin , Valenti Ted 
Published: April 2015

Abstract

Hyalella azteca are epibenthic invertebrates that are widely used for toxicity studies. They are reported to be more sensitive to pyrethroid insecticides than most other test species, which has prompted considerable use of this species in toxicity testing of ambient surface waters where the presence of pyrethroids is suspected. However, resident H. azteca have been found in some ambient water bodies reported to contain surface water and/or sediment pyrethroid concentrations that are toxic to laboratory reared H. azteca. This observation suggests differences in the sensitivities of laboratory reared and field populations of H. azteca to pyrethroids. The goal of the present study was to determine the sensitivities of laboratory reared and field populations of H. azteca to the pyrethroids bifenthrin and cypermethrin. Specimens of H. azteca were collected from resident populations at field sites that are subject to varied land-use activities as well as from laboratory populations. These organisms were exposed to bifenthrin- or cypermethrin-spiked water in 96-h water-only toxicity tests. The resulting data demonstrated that: 1) field-collected populations in urban and agricultural settings can be &gt;2 orders of magnitude less sensitive to the pyrethroids than laboratory reared organisms; 2) field-collected organisms varied in their sensitivity (possibly based on land-use activities), with organisms collected from undeveloped sites exhibiting sensitivities similar to laboratory reared organisms; and 3) the sensitivity of field-collected “tolerant” organisms increased in subsequent generations reared under laboratory conditions. Potential mechanisms for these differences are discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2250–2262. © 2015 SETAC
Creatinine and myoglobin are poor predictors of anaerobic threshold in colorectal cancer and health
Authors: Nyasavajjala Sitaramachandra M. , Phillips Beth E. , Lund Jon N. , Williams John P. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAimsMyoglobin is a haem protein produced in skeletal muscles. Serum concentrations of myoglobin have been proposed as a surrogate marker of muscle mass and function in both cachectic cancer patients and healthy non‐cancer individuals. Creatinine, a metabolite of creatine phosphate, an energy store found in skeletal muscle, is produced at a constant rate from skeletal muscle. Urinary and plasma creatinine have been used in clinical practice as indicators of skeletal muscle mass in health and disease. Our study aimed to test the hypothesis that plasma myoglobin and creatinine concentration could accurately predict skeletal muscle mass and aerobic capacity in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and matched healthy controls and thereby an indicative of aerobic performance.MethodsWe recruited 47 patients with CRC and matching number of healthy volunteers for this study. All participants had their body composition measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scan, aerobic capacity measured to anaerobic threshold (AT) by cardiopulmonary exercise testing and filled in objective questionnaires to assess the qualitative functions. This study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, after approval by the local National Health Service (NHS) Research Ethics Committee.ResultsAge‐matched groups had similar serum myoglobin and creatinine concentrations in spite of differences in their aerobic capacity. AT was significantly lower in the CRC group compared with matched controls (1.18 ± 0.44 vs. 1.41 ± 0.71 L/min; P < 0.01). AT had significant correlation with lean muscle mass (LMM) among these groups, but myoglobin and creatinine had poor correlation with LMM and AT.ConclusionsSerum myoglobin is a poor predictor of muscle mass, and serum myoglobin and creatinine concentrations do not predict aerobic performance in CRC patients or healthy matched controls.
High‐Performance TiO2 Nanoparticle/DOPA‐Polymer Composites
Authors: Liaqat Faroha , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz , Schechtel Eugen , Kappl Michael , Auernhammer Günter K. , Char Kookheon , Zentel Rudolf , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Tremel Wolfgang 
Published: April 2015

Many natural materials are complex composites whose mechanical properties are often outstanding considering the weak constituents from which they are assembled. Nacre, made of inorganic (CaCO3) and organic constituents, is a textbook example because of its strength and toughness, which are related to its hierarchical structure and its well‐defined organic–inorganic interface. Emulating the construction principles of nacre using simple inorganic materials and polymers is essential for understanding how chemical composition and structure determine biomaterial functions. A hard multilayered nanocomposite is assembled based on alternating layers of TiO2 nanoparticles and a 3‐hydroxy‐tyramine (DOPA) substituted polymer (DOPA‐polymer), strongly cemented together by chelation through infiltration of the polymer into the TiO2 mesocrystal. With a Young's modulus of 17.5 ± 2.5 GPa and a hardness of 1.1 ± 0.3 GPa the resulting material exhibits high resistance against elastic as well as plastic deformation. A key feature leading to the high strength is the strong adhesion of the DOPA‐polymer to the TiO2 nanoparticles.
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Investigation of poly(lactide) stereocomplexation between linear poly(L‐lactide) and PDLA‐PEG‐PDLA tri‐block copolymer
Authors: Jing Zhanxin , Shi Xuetao , Zhang Guangcheng , Lei Ruiying 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this study, stereocomplexed poly(lactide) (PLA) was investigated by blending linear poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA) and tri‐block copolymer poly(d‐lactide) − (polyethylene glycol) − poly(d‐lactide) (PDLA‐PEG‐PDLA). Synthesized PDLA‐PEG‐PDLA tri‐block copolymers with different PEG and PDLA segment lengths were studied and their influences on the degree of sterecomplexation and non‐isothermal crystallization behaviour of the PLLA/PDLA‐PEG‐PDLA blend were examined in detail by DSC, XRD and polarized optical microscopy. A full stereocomplexation between PLLA and PDLA‐PEG4k‐PDLA200 could be formed when the L/D ratio ranged from 7/3 to 5/5 without the presence of PLA homocrystals. The segmental mobility and length of both PEG and PDLA are the dominating factors in the critical D/L ratio to achieve full stereocomplexation and also for nucleation and spherulite growth during the non‐isothermal crystallization process. For fixed PEG segmental length, the stereocomplexed PLA formed showed first an increasing and then a decreasing melting temperature with increasing PDLA segments due to their intrinsic stiff mobility. Furthermore, the effect of PEG segmental mobility on PLA stereocomplexation was investigated. The results clearly showed that the crystallization temperature and melting temperature of stereocomplexed‐PLA kept increasing with increasing PEG segmental length, which was due to PEG soft mobility in the tri‐block copolymers. However, PEG was not favourable for nucleation but could facilitate the spherulite growth rate. Both the PDLA and PEG segmental lengths in the tri‐block copolymers affect the crystallinity of stereocomplexed‐PLA and the stereocomplexation formation process; they have a different influence on blends prepared by solution casting or the melting method. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Endobronchial T‐cell lymphoma in a patient with chronic pyothorax
Authors: Matsumoto Shinsaku , Fujimoto Nobukazu , Fuchimoto Yasuko , Asano Michiko , Yano Tomofumi , Kishimoto Takumi 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe report a very rare case of primary endobronchial peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL) not otherwise specified (NOS), which presented as an endobronchial tumor obstructing the main airway. An 81‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital for a 1‐month history of productive cough and wheeze. Computed tomography revealed chronic pyothorax with calcified foci in the right lung and a mass inside the bronchus intermedius. Flexible bronchoscopy identified an endobronchial tumor obstructing the bronchus intermedius. The biopsy specimen showed an infiltration composed predominantly of small atypical lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that the proliferating cells were positive for CD3, CD4, and CD5 and negative for CD8 and CD20. Pathological tests confirmed that the case was PTCL‐NOS. PTCL‐NOS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of endobronchial tumors.
Chronic toxicity of commercial chlorpyrifos to earthworm Pheretima peguana
Authors: Muangphra Ptumporn , Tharapoom Kampanat , Euawong Nongnuch , Namchote Suluck , Gooneratne Ravi 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTA chronic toxicity study was conducted in earthworms (Pheretima peguana) exposed to soil spiked with chlorpyrifos at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg soil dry matter for 7, 14, and 28 days. The integrity of the coelomocyte lysosomal membrane, nervous system, and male reproductive tissue was monitored using, respectively, the neutral‐red retention assay, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme assay, and histomorphology of spermatogenic cells in the seminal vesicles and cocoon production (at 28 days after 28 days’ exposure). Chlorpyrifos decreased the coelomocyte neutral‐red retention time (NRRT) significantly (p < 0.05) at concentrations > 0.1 mg/kg soil as early as day 7 of exposure and was dose‐ and time‐dependent. Chlorpyrifos inhibition of AChE activity was greater at day 7 than at day14 (p < 0.05) indicating possibly nerve recovery. Chlorpyrifos induced concentration‐dependent damage to spermatogenic cells and cytophores in premature stages. The number and size of premature, maturing, and fully mature spermatogenic stages were increased at low concentrations (<1 mg/kg) but a number of these maturation stages declined at higher concentrations (10 and100 mg/kg) on day 28. The most severe effects were observed in the maturing and fully mature stages at the highest chlorpyrifos concentration, and this had an adverse impact on cocoon production and cocoon viability. Collectively, the results suggest induction of widespread effects on multiple organ systems in P. peguana exposed to chlorpyrifos. Although NRRT and AChE activity were the most sensitive of the biomarkers, cocoon production and cocoon viability could still be considered as diagnostic tools for monitoring effects from low‐dose long‐term chlorpyrifos toxicity and for evaluating population effects. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1450–1459, 2016.
Subjective ultrasound assessment, the ADNEX model and ultrasound‐guided tru‐cut biopsy to differentiate disseminated primary ovarian cancer from metastatic non‐ovarian cancer
Authors: Epstein E. , Van Calster B. , Timmerman D. , Nikman S. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo compare subjective ultrasound assessment and the ADNEX model with ultrasound‐guided tru‐cut biopsy to differentiate disseminated primary ovarian cancer from metastatic non‐ovarian cancer.MethodsThis was a prospective study including 143 consecutive women with disseminated malignancy of unknown primary origin, with a pelvic tumor/carcinosis. Women underwent either transvaginal or transrectal ultrasound as well as transabdominal ultrasound examination followed by tru‐cut biopsy. The ultrasound examiner assessed tumor morphology, spread in the pelvis and abdomen, and predicted tumor origin as primary ovarian or metastatic using both subjective assessment and the ADNEX model. Histology from tru‐cut biopsy served as the gold standard for assessment of diagnostic accuracy. Biopsy adequacy and the complication rate were assessed.ResultsTru‐cut biopsy was performed transvaginally in 131/143 (92%) women. Two women needed inpatient care (one had abdominal wall hematoma, and one infection). Biopsy resulted in a conclusive diagnosis in 126/143 (88%) women, amongst whom cytoreductive surgery was performed in 30/126 confirming the diagnosis in all cases. Non‐ovarian metastatic cancer was found in 37/126 (29%) women and primary ovarian cancer in 89/126 (71%) women. Subjective ultrasound evaluation had a sensitivity of 82% (73/89) and a specificity of 70% (26/37) in predicting primary ovarian cancer. The ADNEX model had an area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve of 0.891 (95% CI, 0.794–0.946) (in women with an ovarian lesion, n = 104). Tumor origin was associated with age, CA 125, previous neoplasia, presence of omental cake and tumor mobility.ConclusionsSubjective ultrasound assessment and the ADNEX model can both be used to predict whether a pelvic tumor is metastatic and of non‐ovarian origin, indicating the need for tru‐cut biopsy, which is associated with very few complications and will provide a conclusive diagnosis in nine out of 10 women. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Attitudes and Knowledge of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Fellows Regarding Noninvasive Prenatal Testing
Authors: Swaney Paul , Hardisty Emily , Sayres Lauren , Wiegand Samantha , Vora Neeta 
Published: April 2015

AbstractUsing cell‐free DNA in maternal serum to detect fetal aneuploidy has been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity. The purpose of this study was to assess attitudes and knowledge of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine (MFM) fellows regarding noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT). A 13 question survey was sent via listserv to US‐based MFM fellows. One hundred sixteen fellows responded, a 42.3 % response rate, with >75 % reporting they are comfortable ordering NIPT. Most (82 %) preferred that a patient discuss options with a provider or genetic counselor. Three common methods used to learn about NIPT were: formal educational activities (n = 78, 69 %), self‐review of the literature (n = 76, 67 %), and discussions with peers (n = 73, 65 %). On questions related to trisomy 21, accuracy was >70 %. However, accuracy was lower regarding use in twin pregnancies (42 %) and monosomy X screening (50 %).