bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mamaindê Tense/Evidentiality System
Authors: Eberhard David M. 
Published: October 2012

This paper describes the extensive tense/evidentiality system of Mamaindê, a northern Nambikwara language of Brazil. This morphological system performs a dual function in Mamaindê, that of marking tense as well as indicating information source. First, each of the six evidentials are discussed in detail, followed by a section on the use of evidentials as ‘extensions’ with secondary semantic properties. After comments regarding the possible origins of this particular morphological category, a comparative section highlights the similarities and differences between the various evidential systems discovered thus far in the Nambikwara family, as well as some parallels with evidentiality within other Amazonian languages. The systems most similar to Mamaindê are those found in Lakondê, a northern Nambikwara language ( Telles & Wetzels 2006 ), Tariana, an Arawak language ( Aikhenvald 2004 : 60) and Tuyuca, East Tucanoan ( Payne 1997 : 256–7). The paper closes with a short commentary on the possible connections between Mamaindê evidentials and Mamaindê culture.The overall result of this research is a comprehensive presentation of the Mamaindê evidential system, and an assessment of how it fits into a cross-linguistic picture of evidentiality.
Comparison of the Ratio of Keratometric Change to Refractive Change Induced by Myopic Ablation
Authors: Moshirfar Majid , Christiansen Steven M. , Kim Gene 
Published: October 2012

PURPOSE:
To compare the ratio of keratometric change (ΔK) to refractive change (ΔSE) induced by refractive laser ablation.

METHODS:
The charts of 3337 eyes that underwent LASIK or photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) from 2002 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed, and the ratio ΔK/ΔSE measured at 3 months postoperatively was compared between eyes with low ΔSE (0.00 to 2.99 diopters [D]), moderate ΔSE (3.00 to 5.99 D), and high ΔSE (6.00 to 8.99 D). Eyes were further stratified by LASIK vs PRK; custom vs conventional treatments; microkeratome vs IntraLase (Abbott Medical Optics Inc) femtosecond laser–created flaps; and flat (38.00 to 41.99 D) vs moderate (42.00 to 45.99 D) vs steep (46.00 to 49.99 D) preoperative keratometry, and the ratio ΔK/ΔSE was similarly compared.

RESULTS:

Significant differences were found in the ratio ΔK/ΔSE among eyes with low ΔSE (1.00±0.50 D), moderate ΔSE (0.83±0.19 D), and steep ΔSE (0.80±0.15 D) (
P
<.001), and between eyes with moderate and high ΔSE in LASIK vs PRK, custom vs conventional treatments, and microkeratome vs IntraLase flaps. Significant differences in the ratio ΔK/ΔSE were also found in eyes with low, moderate, and high ΔSE regardless of preoperative keratometry. The ratio ΔK/ΔSE compared with ΔSE follows a nonlinear pattern and tended to be higher and more variable at lower amounts of correction.

CONCLUSIONS:
The change in simulated keratometry required to achieve 1.00 D of myopic refractive correction decreased as the amount of refractive change increased, was more variable with lower amounts of correction, and followed a nonlinear relationship. Many variables, such as LASIK vs PRK, custom vs conventional, and microkeratome vs IntraLase flaps, affected the ratio of ΔK/ΔSE for moderate and high myopic corrections.
Flap-off Epi-LASIK Versus Automated Epithelial Brush in PRK: A Prospective Comparison Study of Pain and Reepithelialization Times
Authors: Magone M. Teresa , Engle Andrew T. , Easter Thu-Ha , Stanley Philip F. , Howells James , Pasternak Joseph F. 
Published: October 2012

PURPOSE:
To compare the effect of flap-off epi-LASIK versus automated brush epithelial removal on pain and wound healing in low myopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

METHODS:
In this prospective intraindividual study 60 patients received surface ablation in each eye. Epithelial removal was performed by an automated brush technique in one eye (brush group) and epi-LASIK with flap removal (flap-off group) in the fellow eye. The epithelial defect size was measured daily after surgery until both eyes were reepithelialized. Postoperative pain on a scale from 0 to 6 and topical and oral analgesic medication use was recorded until the bandage contact lens was removed.

RESULTS:

The flap-off group had significantly less postoperative pain on days 1 (
P
=.0003), 2 (
P
=.0001), 3 (
P
<.0001), and 4 (
P
<.0001) compared to the brush group. However, the average difference in pain scores between groups was only 0.33 points out of 6. No difference was noted in the normalized overall percentage rate of healing over the first 4 days in the flap-off group (5.41±1.39%/hour) compared to the brush group (5.42±1.94%/hour) (
P
=.97).

CONCLUSIONS:
The flap-off group showed a statistically but not clinically significant advantage over the brush group in pain scores. However, no difference was noted in the percentage rate of epithelial healing time between the two groups.
Rotational Stability and Visual Quality in Eyes With Rayner Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation
Authors: Alberdi Txomin , Macías-Murelaga Beatriz , Bascarán Lucía , Goñi Nahia , de Arregui Sandra Sáez , Mendicute Javier 
Published: October 2012

PURPOSE:
To assess astigmatic reduction and rotational stability of Rayner T-flex toric intraocular lenses (IOL) (573T and 623T; Rayner Intraocular Lenses Ltd) in a series of cataract surgery patients with corneal astigmatism >1.50 diopters (D).

METHODS:
This prospective, observational study included 27 eyes from 22 consecutive patients with pre-operative regular corneal astigmatism ⩾1.50 D in which Rayner T-flex toric IOL implantation was performed after phacoemulsification. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), residual refractive sphere, residual keratometric and refractive cylinder, and deviation from attempted toric IOL axis were measured.

RESULTS:

Mean UDVA 3 months after surgery was 0.1042±0.1290 with 20/40 or better in 96% of eyes and 20/25 or better in 52% of eyes. Mean refractive postoperative sphere was 0.25±0.37 D and mean refractive postoperative cylinder was 0.52±0.63 D. Vector analysis of attempted versus achieved visual correction showed that 100% of eyes were within ⩾1.00 D and 87% of eyes were within ⩾0.50 D. Mean change in keratometric astigmatism was 0.54±1.33 for J
0
and −0.24±1.17 for J
45
(
P
>.05). Twenty-five (92.6%) eyes had IOL rotation <10°.

CONCLUSIONS:
Rayner T-flex toric IOL implantation is an effective and reliable option to correct preexisting astigmatism in cataract surgery.
Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segment SK for Moderate to Severe Keratoconus: A Case Series
Authors: Fahd Daoud C. , Jabbur Nada S. , Awwad Shady T. 
Published: October 2012

PURPOSE:
To report clinical results and safety profiles of symmetrical intrastromal corneal ring segment (ICRS; Intacs SK, Addition Technology Inc) implantation in eyes with moderate to severe keratoconus.

METHODS:
Interventional case series of 24 eyes from 22 patients implanted with Intacs SK using the femtosecond laser. Evaluation included uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest refraction, and Placido-based Scheimpflug imaging. Postoperative follow-up was 1 day, 1 week, and 1, 3, and 6 months.

RESULTS:

Mean patient age was 28±7 years (range: 16 to 41 years). All eyes had keratoconus. Twenty-one of 24 eyes had 2, 450-μm symmetrical segments inserted. Mean UDVA and CDVA were significantly better at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively (UDVA: 20/340 preoperatively vs 20/70 at 6 months [
P
<.001]; CDVA: 20/70 preoperatively vs 20/40 at 6 months [
P
<.001]; UDVA analysis of variance [ANOVA]: F=6.46,
P
=.0057; CDVA ANOVA: F=5.24,
P
=.0138). Pre- and 6-months postoperative clinical results were: mean spherical equivalent refractive error −9.60±4.86 diopters (D) and −3.05±2.05 D (
P
<.001), respectively; mean refractive cylinder, −3.20±1.50 D and −1.55±1.10 D, respectively (
P
<.001); and mean average total corneal power 52.03±4.49 D and 46.95±4.61 D, respectively (
P
<.001). No complications occurred, and no patients were lost to follow-up. Eyes with steeper preoperative corneal keratometry readings had the greatest flattening in corneal curvature and thus the greatest decrease in myopic refraction (r=−0.4,
P
<.001). No correlation was found between preoperative thinnest corneal pachymetry and postoperative curvature flattening.

CONCLUSIONS:
Implantation of Intacs SK for moderate to severe keratoconus is safe and effective, leading to significant decrease in myopia and appreciable decrease in astigmatism with improvement in CDVA.
Intraocular Lens Power Calculations for Cataract Surgery After Phototherapeutic Keratectomy in Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2
Authors: Jung Se Hwan , Han Kyung Eun , Sgrignoli Bradford , Kim Tae-im , Lee Hyung Keun , Kim Eung Kweon 
Published: October 2012

PURPOSE:
To investigate the predictability of various intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation methods in granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) with prior phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) and to suggest the more predictable IOL power calculation method.

METHODS:
Medical records of 20 eyes from 16 patients with GCD2, all having undergone cataract surgery after PTK, were retrospectively evaluated. Postoperative cataract refractive errors were compared with target diopters (D) using IOL power calculation methods as follows: 1) myopic and 2) hyperopic Haigis-L formula in IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec); 3) SRK/T formula using 4.5-mm zone Holladay equivalent keratometry readings (EKRs) (single-K Holladay EKRs method); 4) central keratometry power of true net power map in the Pentacam system (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH); and 5) clinical history, Aramberri double-K, and double-K Holladay EKRs methods. Topographic status of corneal curvature after PTK was evaluated.

RESULTS:
Fourteen (70%) of 20 eyes showed central island formation after PTK. When central island was present, the mean absolute error (MAE) using the hyperopic Haigis-L formula was 0.25±0.15 D. When central island was not present, the myopic Haigis-L formula showed MAE of 0.33±0.16 D. When central island formation and IOLMaster keratometry underestimation were present, the hyperopic Haigis-L formula showed the least MAE of 0.26±0.08 D when switching the IOL-Master keratometry values equal to 4.5-mm zone Holladay EKRs.

CONCLUSIONS:
In planning for cataract surgery after PTK in GCD2, topographic analysis for central island formation is necessary. With or without central island formation, the hyperopic or myopic Haigis-L formula can be applied. When IOLMaster keratometry shows underestimation, the Haigis-L formula using 4.5-mm zone Holladay EKRs can be considered.
A Systematic Comparison of Free and Bound Antibodies Reveals Binding-Related Conformational Changes
Authors: Sela-Culang Inbal , Alon Shahar , Ofran Yanay 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
To study structural changes that occur in Abs upon Ag binding, we systematically compared free and bound structures of all 141 crystal structures of the 49 Abs that were solved in these two forms. We found that many structural changes occur far from the Ag binding site. Some of them may constitute a mechanism for the recently suggested allosteric effects in Abs. Within the binding site itself, CDR-H3 is the only element that shows significant binding-related conformational changes; however, this occurs in only one third of the Abs. Beyond the binding site, Ag binding is associated with changes in the relative orientation of the H and L chains in both the variable and constant domains. An even larger change occurs in the elbow angle between the variable and the constant domains, and it is significantly larger for binding of big Ags than for binding of small ones. The most consistent and substantial conformational changes occur in a loop in the H chain constant domain. This loop is implicated in the interaction between the H and L chains, is often intrinsically disordered, and is involved in complement binding. Hence, we suggest that it may have a role in Ab function. These findings provide structural insight into the recently proposed allosteric effects in Abs.
Semen Promotes the Differentiation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
Authors: Remes Lenicov Federico , Rodriguez Rodrigues Christian , Sabatté Juan , Cabrini Mercedes , Jancic Carolina , Ostrowski Matías , Merlotti Antonela , Gonzalez Heidi , Alonso Andrea , Pasqualini Rodolfo A. , Davio Carlos , Geffner Jorge , Ceballos Ana 
Published: October 2012

AbstractSeminal plasma is not just a carrier for spermatozoa. It contains high concentrations of cytokines, chemokines, and other biological compounds that are able to exert potent effects on the immune system of the receptive partner. Previous studies have shown that semen induces an acute inflammatory response at the female genital mucosa after coitus. Moreover, it induces regulatory mechanisms that allow the fetus (a semiallograft) to grow and develop in the uterus. The mechanisms underlying these regulatory mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. In this study, we show that seminal plasma redirects the differentiation of human dendritic cells (DCs) toward a regulatory profile. DCs differentiated from human monocytes in the presence of high dilutions of seminal plasma did not express CD1a but showed high levels of CD14. They were unable to develop a fully mature phenotype in response to LPS, TNF-α, CD40L, Pam2CSK4 (TLR2/6 agonist), or Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2 agonist). Upon activation, they produced low amounts of the inflammatory cytokines IL-12p70, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, but expressed a high ability to produce IL-10 and TGF-β. Inhibition of the PG receptors E-prostanoid receptors 2 and 4 prevented the tolerogenic effect induced by seminal plasma on the phenotype and function of DCs, suggesting that E-series PGs play a major role. By promoting a tolerogenic profile in DCs, seminal plasma might favor fertility, but might also compromise the capacity of the receptive partner to mount an effective immune response against sexually transmitted pathogens.
Anti-HIV B Cell Lines as Candidate Vaccine Biosensors
Authors: Ota Takayuki , Doyle-Cooper Colleen , Cooper Anthony B. , Huber Michael , Falkowska Emilia , Doores Katherine J. , Hangartner Lars , Le Khoa , Sok Devin , Jardine Joseph , Lifson Jeffrey , Wu Xueling , Mascola John R. , Poignard Pascal , Binley James M. , Chakrabarti Bimal K. , Schief William R. , Wyatt Richard T. , Burton Dennis R. , Nemazee David 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Challenge studies following passive immunization with neutralizing Abs suggest that an HIV vaccine could be efficacious were it able to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs (bNAbs). To better understand the requirements for activation of B cells producing bNAbs, we generated cell lines expressing bNAbs or their germline-reverted versions (gl-bNAbs) as BCRs. We then tested the abilities of the bNAb-expressing cells to recognize HIV pseudovirions and vaccine candidate proteins by binding and activation assays. The results suggest that HIV envelope (Env) Ag-expressing, infection-competent virions are poorly recognized by high-affinity bNAb-expressing cells, as measured by the inability of Ags to induce rapid increases in intracellular calcium levels. Other Ag forms appear to be highly stimulatory, in particular, soluble gp140 trimers and a multimerized, scaffolded epitope protein. Virions failed to efficiently activate bNAb-expressing B cells owing to delayed or inefficient BCR recognition, most likely caused by the low density of Env spikes. Importantly, B cells carrying gl-bNAb BCRs were not stimulated by any of the tested vaccine candidates. These data provide insight into why many HIV immunogens, as well as natural HIV infections, fail to rapidly stimulate bNAb responses and suggest that bNAb-expressing cell lines might be useful tools in evaluation of vaccine Ags for infectious diseases. Because soluble Env trimers or multimerized scaffolded epitopes are best at activating B cell-expressing bNAbs, these antigenic forms should be considered as preferred vaccine components, although they should be modified to better target naive gl-bNAb B cells.
Die hermeneutiek van gereformeerde kerkreg
Authors: Du Plooy Andries Le Roux 
Published: October 2012

Die artikel het op die belangrikheid en noodsaaklikheid van ‘n hermeneutiek vir die gereformeerde kerkreg gefokus. Die kerkregtelike dokument wat besonderlik ter sake was, is die kerkorde van die Gereformeerde kerke in Suid-Afrika, met sy besondere band met die Dordtse kerkorde van 1618 en 1619. Agtereenvolgens is aandag gegee aan die volgende aspekte soos (1) die eiesoortige aard van ‘n kerkorde as ‘n teologiese dokument en teks, in onderskeiding van regsdokumente; (2) die aard van die hermeneutiek van kerkreg; (3) enkele teorieë oor die interpretasie of uitleg van tekste, veral regstekste en (4) normatiewe vooronderstellings en reëls vir die interpretasie en verstaan van die teks en artikels van die kerkorde asook besluite van kerklike vergaderinge. Die gevolgtrekking was dat weinig indringende navorsing gedoen is oor die saak van hermeneutiek vir kerkreg, hoewel dit noodsaaklik is. Duidelike hermeneutiese reëls is gesuggereer en verduidelik, wat sou kon meehelp dat kerke en kerklike vergaderinge die artikels van die kerkorde asook besluite en reglemente wat daarop berus het, kan interpreteer en toepas.The hermeneutics of reformed church polity. The article focused on the importance and urgency of a design for reformed hermeneutics on church polity. The Church Order referred to in the article is the Church Order of the Reformed Churches in South Africa, which are closely related to the Church Order of Dordt of 1618 and 1619. The following aspects received attention namely (1) the unique character of a Church Order, in comparison to and distinguished from legal documents and statutes; (2) the character and nature of hermeneutics of church polity; (3) theories of interpretation in the common law tradition and their relevance to church polity and (4) normative presuppositions and marks for the interpretation and understanding of the text and articles of the Church Order, as well as the resolutions of church assemblies. It was found that minimum research has been done on the topic of hermeneutics for reformed church polity. This contribution was an effort to suggest and explain a number of hermeneutical principles and guidelines, which may serve and encourage churches and assemblies to interpret, utilise and apply the Church Order in an adequate and responsible way.
Contact-Killing of Adhering Streptococci by a Quaternary Ammonium Compound Incorporated in an Acrylic Resin
Authors: Mei Li , Ren Yijin , Loontjens Ton J.A. , Van Der Mei Henny C. , Busscher Henk J. 
Published: October 2012

Purpose Acrylates for bonding of joint prostheses and stainless-steel brackets in orthopedics and orthodontics are prone to bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, respectively, leading to serious infectious complications. Here we describe the preparation of a contact-killing acrylic resin by incorporation of [3-(methacryloylamino)propyl] trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC). Methods Physicochemical properties of the acrylates with and without MAPTAC incorporated were determined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angles. The bond-strength of the acrylate with different percentages of MAPTAC was determined in a shear mode. The efficacy in contact-killing of the acrylate with MAPTAC incorporated with and without an adsorbed salivary coating was evaluated for various oral streptococcal strains. Cytotoxicity was tested against human skin fibroblasts. Results Acrylates with 16 wt% and 20 wt% incorporated MAPTAC showed strong contact-killing of various oral streptococcal strains up to challenge concentrations of 109 mL–1 within 15 min, with no elution of antimicrobial polymers. Contact-killing reduced after coating with a salivary conditioning film, but still remained significant up to a challenge concentration of 105 mL–1. No cytotoxicity of acrylate with incorporated MAPTAC was observed toward human skin fibroblasts. The bond strengths of stainless-steel brackets fixed to etched enamel through the resin (12 ± 3 MPa) decreased with increasing amounts MAPTAC to half of the original value when 20 wt% of MAPTAC was incorporated, which remained within a clinically acceptable range. Conclusions These results suggest that MAPTAC can be effectively incorporated in orthodontic resin to provide long-term bactericidal activity against oral bacteria, with potential application in orthopedics.
Initial in Vitro Bacterial Adhesion on Dental Restorative Materials
Authors: Kim Ha-Young , Yeo In-Sung , Lee Jai-Bong , Kim Sung-Hun , Kim Dae-Joon , Han Jung-Suk 
Published: October 2012

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate initial bacterial adhesion on several restorative materials with similar roughness. Materials and Methods Sixty cylindrical slabs were prepared from four restorative materials: zirconia (Zr), alumina-toughened zirconia (Al-Zr), type III gold alloy (Au), and cp-titanium (Ti). All the materials were polished until a mirror-like shine was achieved. The average surface roughness and topography were determined by atomic force microscopy. Contact angles were measured to calculate surface free energy by the sessile drop technique. After the formation of a salivary pellicle, S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, and S. oralis were inoculated onto the specimens and incubated for 4 h. Quantification of the adherent bacteria was performed by crystal violet staining technique and resazurin reduction assay. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were adopted for statistical analysis. The level of significance was 0.05. Results The Ra values determined with atomic force microscopy for all specimens were lower than 5 nm. Surface free energy increased in the order of Al-Zr, Zr, Ti, and Au. Differences were significant between the investigated materials in both crystal violet absorbance and fluorescence intensities. Gold alloy showed the highest values for all bacterial strains (p<0.05). Conclusions Zirconia, alumina-toughened zirconia, and titanium may be more suitable than gold alloy as an abutment material with respect to the initial bacterial adhesion and subsequent advance of peri-implantitis.
World History, Liberal Arts, and Global Citizenship
Authors: Watt Carey A. 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
This article investigates how world history can help recraft the liberal arts to better serve an interconnected, cosmopolitan, and “globalized” world in the twenty-first century. It argues that world history can help students, citizens, and educators transcend real and imagined boundaries to become more empathetic and insightful “global citizens.”
The J-School Debate: Is the Timing Finally Right for University Journalism Programs and the Rest of the University Community to Work Together?
Authors: Camp Michael 
Published: October 2012

Abstract
Liberal arts universities are under mounting pressure to maintain their position of relevance in an increasingly technological and economically competitive world, while professional journalism is steadily losing ground to social media. This essay argues that a new partnership between journalism schools and the academic community would be beneficial to both.
Composing a Good Strong Story: The Advantages of a Liberal Arts Environment for Experiencing and Exploring the Narrative Complexity of Human Life
Authors: Randall William 
Published: October 2012

AbstractThe narrative turn has opened up a conceptual space in which scholars can exchange ideas concerning the storied complexity of human life. This article argues that a liberal arts environment is uniquely equipped to foster such exchanges, explore the nature of narrative itself, and prepare students in developing strong stories.