bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drafting’s Improvement of 3000-m Running Performance in Elite Athletes: Is It a Placebo Effect?
Authors: Zouhal Hassane , Abderrahman Abderraouf Ben , Prioux Jacques , Knechtle Beat , Bouguerra Lotfi , Kebsi Wiem , Noakes Timothy D. 
Published: June 2014

Purpose:To determine the effect of drafting on running time, physiological response, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during 3000-m track running.Methods:Ten elite middle- and long-distance runners performed 3 track-running sessions. The 1st session determined maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic speed using a lightweight ambulatory respiratory gasexchange system (K4B2). The 2nd and the 3rd tests consisted of nondrafting 3000-m running (3000-mND) and 3000-m running with drafting for the 1st 2000 m (3000-mD) performed on the track in a randomized counterbalanced order.Results:Performance during the 3000-mND (553.59 ± 22.15 s) was significantly slower (P < .05) than during the 3000-mD (544.74 ± 18.72 s). Cardiorespiratory responses were not significantly different between the trials. However, blood lactate concentration was significantly higher (P < .05) after the 3000-mND (16.4 ± 2.3 mmol/L) than after the 3000-mD (13.2 ± 5.6 mmol/L). Athletes perceived the 3000-mND as more strenuous than the 3000-mD (P < .05) (RPE = 16.1 ± 0.8 vs 13.1 ± 1.3). Results demonstrate that drafting has a significant effect on performance in highly trained runners.Conclusion:This effect could not be explained by a reduced energy expenditure or cardiorespiratory effort as a result of drafting. This raises the possibility that drafting may aid running performance by both physiological and nonphysiological (ie, psychological) effects.
Malawi’s Shire River Fluctuations and Climate
Authors: Jury Mark R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractHydrological fluctuations of Malawi’s Shire River and climatic drivers are studied for a range of time and space scales. The annual cycles of basin rainfall and river flow peak in summer and autumn, respectively. Satellite and model products at <50-km resolution resolve the water deficit in this narrow valley. The leading climate index fitting Shire River flow anomalies is the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Palmer drought severity index, based on interpolated gauge rainfall minus Penman–Monteith potential evapotranspiration. Climate variables anticipate lake level changes by 2 months, while weather variables anticipate river flow surges by 2 days. Global climate patterns related to wet years include a Pacific La Niña cool phase and low pressure over northeastern Africa. Shire River floods coincide with a cyclonic looping wind pattern that amplifies the equatorial trough and draws monsoon flow from Tanzania. Hot spells are common in spring: daytime surface temperatures can reach 60°C causing rapid desiccation. An anticyclonic high pressure cell promotes evaporation losses of ~20 mm day−1 over brief periods. Flood and drought in Malawi are shown to be induced by the large-scale atmospheric circulation and rainfall in the surrounding highlands. Hence, early warning systems should consider satellite and radar coverage of the entire basin.
Surveying the knowledge landscape in sub-Saharan Africa: methodology
Authors: Kebede Derege , Zielinski Chris , Mbondji Peter Ebongue , Sanou Issa , Kouvividila Wenceslas , Lusamba-Dikassa Paul-Samson 
Published: June 2014

Objective To describe in detail the methods followed in each of the qualitative and quantitative surveys of national health information, research and knowledge systems and research institutions. Design Cross-sectional surveys. Setting National health information and research systems, and 847 health research institutions in 42 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. Participants Key informants from health research institutions, ministries of health and statistical offices. Main outcome measures Stewardship, financing, ethics, human and material resources and output of health information and research systems. Results Key informants were used to collect data to assess national research systems in 44 countries in the Region. The same method was followed in assessing national information systems in 17 countries and knowledge systems for health in 44 countries. These assessments included a detailed review of the state of data sources in the Region and their effect on measuring progress on the health-related Millennium Development Goals. A concurrent survey employed a structured questionnaire (the WHO Health Research Systems Analysis Questionnaire) to assess the capacity of 847 health research institutions in 42 countries. Stewardship, financing, ethics, human and material resources and research output were assessed. Conclusions The logistics and resources involved in surveying the knowledge landscape in the 42 countries were substantial. However, the investment was worthwhile as the results of the surveys can be used to inform policy-making and decision-making, as well as to establish a regional database of national health information, research and knowledge systems.
Indium(III)-Catalyzed Cationic Cyclization of 1,1-Difluoroallenes: Regioselective Synthesis of 1-Fluoronaphthalenes
Authors: Fuchibe Kohei , Mayumi Yuka , Yokota Misaki , Aihara Hiromichi , Ichikawa Junji 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
1,1-Difluoroallenes underwent InBr3-catalyzed ring construction via in situ-generated allylic CF2 cations to give 1-fluoronaphthalenes in good yield. DFT calculations suggested that a positive charge was localized on the CF2 carbon in the key allylic CF2 cation, which was stabilized by (1) α-cation stabilizing effect of the fluorines and (2) hyperconjugation with the adjuscent C–In σ bond.
How do comprehensive and acute stroke units differ? A critical review
Authors: West Tanya , Langhorne Peter , Bernhardt Julie 
Published: June 2014

Background: Stroke unit care is advocated for all acute stroke patients. Varying models of stroke unit care exist and there is a need to identify how these models differ and how these differences may affect patient outcomes. This review explores the difference between the comprehensive stroke unit model, which includes rehabilitation, and the acute stroke unit model, which does not. Content: A review of descriptive information regarding comprehensive and acute stroke units was performed to determine the differences in the underlying components of care. Conclusion: A greater emphasis on acute medical care appears to exist in the acute stroke unit, with higher levels of nurse staffing, earlier assessment and investigation, more intensive physiological monitoring and an increased use of thrombolysis and anti-platelet therapy. In contrast, the availability of a period of rehabilitation in the comprehensive stroke unit appears to create a greater emphasis on rehabilitation, even in the acute phase, with greater involvement of gerontologists, rehabilitation physicians and allied health professionals, increased multidisciplinary staff education and training, greater patient and carer participation in rehabilitation, and early mobilisation protocols.
Foundations for work-related practice: occupational therapy and physiotherapy entry-level curricula
Authors: Adam Kerry , Strong Jenny , Chipchase Lucy 
Published: June 2014

Aims/background: Occupational therapy (OT) and physiotherapy (PT) curricula content and preparedness for work-related practice and occupational health and safety (OHS) are not well documented. This study aimed to identify content and other elements of entry-level curricula in 23 OT and 17 PT programmes from Australia and New Zealand, and to identify educators' perceptions of OT and PT graduates' preparedness for work-related practice and OHS topics. Method: A telephone survey collected curricula content as well as teaching and assessment methods from 19 OT and PT work-related practice educators. Educators reported perceptions of new graduate preparedness for 22 topics in the field of work-related practice identified in an earlier study. Results included descriptive statistics and thematic analyses. Findings: Educators reported a high rate of inclusion (81%) of work-related practice topics in curricula. The main teaching method was theory (99.5%) and other methods included hands-on practical work with students and fieldwork with clients. Educators reported similar assessment processes across programmes. New graduates were prepared for practice with minimal supervision in the majority of topics (81%). Conclusions: Work-related practice content was included strongly and consistently in OT and PT entry-level curricula. However, as the majority of content was embedded in other courses, topics may not have been explicit and identifiable to students. New graduates were perceived to be prepared for practice with minimal supervision. This finding will assist employers to understand new graduates' preparedness for practice and needs for further development. Preparedness for practice in this field was similar to expectations of preparedness for other practice areas.
Сучасний стан і перспективи дослідження дерматогліфіки у практиці медико-психологічного обстеження студентів і молоді
Authors: Polushkin P. M. , Alsibay Е. V. , Nerovna E. V. , Shevchenko V. A. 
Published: June 2014

The modern state and prospects of the medico-psychological examination of students and young people are analysed by a dermatoglyphics that allows drawing up the psychological portrait of a person. On the basis of typology of digital dermatoglyphics the development of the criteria system for prognostic estimation of physical capabilities of a human being is possible. According to the ratio of norm and pathology areas of the skin markings the hereditary diseases for future posterity, developmental abnormalities, different gene mutations, congenital development defects (limbs development defects as the special case), gender anomalies (sex determination), possible lethal cases, chromosome diseases and other cases can be forecasted with 99 % confidence.
Перспективи використання діагностичних та лікувальних препаратів бактеріофагів у медицині
Authors: Voronkova O. S. , Sirokvasha E. A. , Polishko T. N. , Vinnikov A. I. 
Published: June 2014

The data on bacteriophage preparations, their features and benefits in comparison with other therapeutic agents are shown. The matters of phages production history to the present time are described. The data of phages application in clinical practice for the treatment, diagnostics, infections monitoring, sanitation of facilities and equipment, and conducting scientific research are shown. The benefits of phages drug are shown: affect only on specific sensitive bacteria, do not compromise the immunity, as opposed to antibiotics do not cause bacterial resistance, penetrate well into the humans and animals tissues, do not suppress the growth of normal flora and could be combined with any medication.
Nanostructured, ITO-free electrodes for OLED emission control
Authors: Pradana Arfat , Kluge Christian , Gerken Martina 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTWe demonstrated nanostructured, ITO-free anodes in flexible OLEDs using a combination of a composite organic-inorganic UV nanoimprint resist and a conductive, transparent polymer layer. Flexible OLEDs with grating anodes were fabricated on polycarbonate substrates. The nanoimprint resist was blended with 30% TiO2 nanoparticles in order to achieve a sufficient refractive index contrast to the polymer anode. It was periodically structured with a 370-nm period linear photonic crystal structure. PEDOT:PSS was spin-coated on as a polymer anode and structured in an oxygen plasma treatment. For OLED demonstration an organic emission layer (PPV-derivative “Super Yellow”) and a metal cathode (LiF/Al) were deposited. We observed successful waveguide mode extraction both in electroluminescence and photoluminescence for flat and bend substrates. The waveguide mode extraction angle varied slightly under bending. The combination of an inorganic-organic composite material with a conductive polymer transparent electrode is promising for improving the performance of ITO-free, flexible OLEDs.
The History, Physics, and Applications of the Smart-Cut® Process
Authors: Bruel Michel 
Published: June 2014

In a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure, a thin layer of monocrystalline silicon rests on a dielectric layer—generally amorphous—itself on a silicon wafer. Because such a structure cannot be achieved by conventional methods, different ways had to be imagined to facilitate its construction.The basic physics phenomenon that led the author to invent the process generally known under the name of Smart-Cut® is blistering. Blistering (Figure 1), in addition to flaking and exfoliation, is a visible macroscopic effect that has been known for a long time and is induced by high-dose implantations of inert gas or hydrogen ions in materials. These macroscopic effects result from the cooperative result of the microscopic effects induced in depth by penetration of particles. The microscopic effects of hydrogen or rare-gas implantation such as creation of microcavities, microblisters, or microbubbles (close to the penetration depth Rp corresponding to the maximum concentration) have been known for a long time. These microcavities enhance propagation of intercavity fractures where their density (depending on statistical fluctuations) reaches a percolation threshold. This leads to formation of a local cluster where all the microcavities are joined by a fractured zone, resulting in a blister at the surface. The driving force of this mechanism is the gas pressure in the microcavities and the stresses in the layer.
Beyond “Smart-Cut®” Recent Advances in Layer Transfer for Material Integration
Authors: Tong Q-Y. , Bower R.W. 
Published: June 2014

Anintegratedsubstrate, consisting of more than one material or material structure, is highly desirable for optimizing performance of multiple-device types on a single chip or for growing high-quality heteroepitaxial films on compliant substrates. A typical integrated substrate contains a stack of thin layers of similar or dissimilar materials that are either amorphous, or poly- or single-crystalline with a variety of lattice constants or crystallographic orientations. Partially or fully processed device layers can also be transferred onto a desired substrate where the transferred device layer can be further processed on the opposite side of its original surface. In this article, we focus on issues related to layer transfer for material integration.Layer transfer from a hydrogen (H)-implanted wafer onto a desired substrate by wafer bonding and layer splitting (the so-called “Smart-Cut®” method) is an attractive approach to prepare integrated materials, such as-silicon-on-insulator (SOI), SiC or GaAs on oxidized silicon, and Ge on glass.
Polymer Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: Yang Yang 
Published: June 2014

Electroluminescence (EL) is the emission of light generated from the radiative recombination of electrons and holes electrically injected into a luminescent semiconductor. Conventional EL devices are made of inorganic direct-bandgap semiconductors, such as GaAs and InGaAs. Recently EL devices based on conjugated organic small molecules and polymers have attracted increasing attention due to easy fabrication of large areas, unlimited choice of colors, and mechanical flexibility. Potential applications of these organic/polymeric EL devices include backlights for displays, alphanumeric displays, and high-density information displays.Electroluminescence from an organic material was first demonstrated in the 1960s on anthracene crystals by Pope et al. at New York University. Subsequently several other groups also observed this phenomenon in organic crystals and thin films. These organic EL devices had high operating voltages and low quantum efficiency. Consequently they did not attract much attention. In 1987 a breakthrough was made by Tang and VanSlyke at Eastman Kodak who found that by using multilayers of sublimated organic molecules, the operating voltage of the organic EL devices was dramatically reduced and the quantum efficiency was significantly enhanced. This discovery touched off a flurry of research activity, especially in Japan. The Japanese researchers, as welt as the group at Kodak, have since improved the device efficiency and lifetime to meet commercial requirements. This progress is reviewed by Tsutsui in this issue.
Hydrogen Storage in Quasicrystals
Authors: Kelton K.F. , Gibbons P.C. 
Published: June 2014

Quasicrystals may have important applications as new technological materials. In particular, work in our laboratory has shown that some quasicrystals may be useful as hydrogen-storage materials.Some transition metals have a capacity to store hydrogen to a density exceeding that of liquid hydrogen. Such systems allow for basic investigations of solid-state phenomena such as phase transitions, atomic diffusion, and electronic structure. They may also be critical materials for the future energy economy. The depletion of the world's petroleum reserves and the increased environmental impact of conventional combustion-engine powered automobiles are leading to renewed interest in hydrogen. TiFe hydrides have already been used as storage tanks for stationary nonpolluting hydrogen internal-combustion engines. Nickel metal-hydride batteries are commonly used in a wide range of applications, most notably as power sources for portable electronic devices—particularly computers. The light weight and low cost of titanium-transition-metal alloys offer significant advantages for such applications. Unfortunately they tend to form stable hydrides, which prevents the ready desorption of the stored hydrogen for the intended use.Some titanium/zirconium quasicrystals have a larger capacity for reversible hydrogen storage than do competing crystalline materials. Hydrogen can be loaded from the gas phase at temperatures as low as room temperature and from an electrolytic solution. The hydrogen goes into solution in the quasicrystal structure, often avoiding completely the formation of undesirable crystalline hydride phases. The proven ability to reversibly store variable quantities of hydrogen in a quasicrystal not only points to important areas of application but also opens the door to previously inaccessible information about the structure and dynamics of this novel phase. Selected results illustrating these points appear briefly here.
Particle-Packing Phenomena and Their Application in Materials Processing
Authors: Dinger Dennis R. , Funk James E. 
Published: June 2014

Particle packing is directly controlled by the particle-size distribution of a material being processed. For this reason, particle packing is important to all particulate/fluid systems. After the solids fraction of a body is defined, interparticle chemistry controls how the body will pack and flow. A system of powders can never pack better than the maximum possible level defined by the particle-size distribution alone. Proper control of interparticle chemistry however can help achieve maximum packing, can be used to open the structure, and/or can be used to modify rheological or other process properties.The main goals of particle-packing research have been to determine how systems of particles pack, to develop algorithms for calculating packing densities and porosities for any distribution of particles (spherical or nonspherical, rough or smooth, wet or dry), and to determine how packing and its properties affect the variety of industrial operations that utilize particulate/fluid systems.
High Temperature Superconductors, Physics Funding, Materials Physics Highlighted at American Physical Society Meeting
Authors: Kaufmann E.N. 
Published: June 2014

The March meeting of the American Physical Society was held in New Orleans, March 21-25, 1988. The primary forum for APS's Division of Condensed Matter Physics, the meeting occupied the entire five days with sessions begining at 8:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., and 2:30 p.m. Special sessions ran during dinner hours and some technical topics required evening sessions as well. According to the meeting program (an 8.5 × 11 inch book not quite 1.5 inches thick), 340 invited and 3,420 contributed abstracts were scheduled into 392 sessions. A gargantuan event to say the least. Meeting rooms were full to over-flowing for many sessions with the hottest, most pervasive topic of the week being high temperature superconductors.Formed just three years ago, the Materials Physics Topical Group (MPTG) of the American Physical Society is thriving. At the meeting, the MPTG fielded 15 topically focused symposia comprising about 50 sessions ranging from quasicrystals to high temperature superconductors. Both invited and contributed sessions were included (the latter often featuring an invited lead-off talk). The sessions were developed through the efforts of symposium organizers in a manner not dissimilar to the way MRS symposia are run. Although there is overlap between MPTG programs and some areas treated by the APS's Condensed Matter Physics Division (CMP), this style of symposium organization is unique to MPTG.
IRON CHELATION THERAPY WITH DEFERASIROX IN THE MANAGEMENT OF IRON OVERLOAD IN PRIMARY MYELOFIBROSIS
Authors: Elli Elena Maria , Belotti Angelo , Aroldi Andrea , Parma Matteo , Pioltelli Pietro , Pogliani Enrico Maria 
Published: June 2014

Deferasirox (DSX) is the principal option currently available for iron-chelation-therapy (ICT), principally in the management of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), while in primary myelofibrosis (PMF) the expertise is limited. We analyzed our experience in 10 PMF with transfusion-dependent anemia, treated with DSX from September 2010 to December 2013. The median dose tolerated of DSX was 750 mg/day (10 mg/kg/day), with 3 transient interruption of treatment for drug-related adverse events (AEs) and 3 definitive discontinuation for grade 3/4 AEs. According to IWG 2006 criteria, erythroid responses with DSX were observed in 4/10 patients (40%), 2 of them (20%) obtaining transfusion independence. Absolute changes in median serum ferritin levels (Delta ferritin) were greater in hematologic responder (HR) compared with non-responder (NR) patients, already at 6 months of ICT respect to baseline. Our preliminary data open new insights regarding the benefit of ICT not only in MDS, but also in PMF with the possibility to obtain an erythroid response, overall in 40 % of patients. HR patients receiving DSX seem to have a better survival and a lower incidence of leukemic transformation (PMF-BP). Delta ferritin evaluation at 6 months could represent a significant predictor for a different survival and PMF-BP. However, the tolerability of the drug seems to be lower compared to MDS, both in terms of lower median tolerated dose and for higher frequency of discontinuation for AEs. The biological mechanism of action of DSX in chronic myeloproliferative setting through an independent NF-κB inhibition could be involved, but further investigations are required.