bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activists face bureaucrats: the failure of theIsraeli social workers' campaign
Authors: Preminger Jonathan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractTheIsraeli social workers' campaign of 2011 enjoyed widespread support, a groundswell of rank‐and‐file participation, and democratic representation through new organisations pushing for a protracted struggle, yet the collective agreement seemingly imposed by theHistadrut fell far short of expectations. This article explains this discrepancy by asserting that the new organisations' ‘radical’ organising approach threatened the labour federation's long history of social partnership and its main strategies for retaining its hegemony. Thus incompatibility between the social partnership approach and the more radical ‘organising’ approach may explain the failure of a collective campaign and shed light on cases where the union appears to be suppressing or neutralising the aspirations of the workers it claims to represent.
Hydrogen Permeation Properties and Hydrothermal Stability of Sol–Gel‐Derived Amorphous Silica Membranes Fabricated at High Temperatures
Authors: Kanezashi Masakoto , Sasaki Takanori , Tawarayama Hiromasa , Yoshioka Tomohisa , Tsuru Toshinori 
Published: August 2013

The sol–gel method was applied to the fabrication of amorphous silica membranes for use in hydrogen separation at high temperatures. The effects of fabrication temperature on the hydrogen permeation properties and the hydrothermal stability of amorphous silica membranes were evaluated. A thin continuous silica separation layer (thickness = <300 nm) was successfully formed on the top of a deposited colloidal silica layer in a porous glass support. After heat treatment at 800°C for an amorphous silica membrane fabricated at 550°C, however, it was quite difficult to distinguish the active separation layer from the deposited colloidal silica layer in a porous glass support, due to the adhesion of colloidal silica caused by sintering at high temperatures. The amorphous silica membranes fabricated at 700°C were relatively stable under steam atmosphere (500°C, steam = 70 kPa), and showed steady He and H2 permeance values of 4.0 × 10−7 and 1.0 × 10−7 mol·m−2·s−1·Pa−1 with H2/CH4 and H2/H2O permeance ratios of ~110 and 22, respectively. The permeance ratios of H2/H2O for membranes fired at 700°C increased drastically over the range of He/H2 permeance ratios by factors of ~3–4, and showed a value of ~30, which was higher than those fired at 500°C. Less permeation of water vapor through amorphous silica membranes fabricated at high temperatures can be ascribed to the dense amorphous silica structure caused by the condensation reaction of silanol groups.
Crystallographic Orientation Dependence on Electrical Properties of (Bi,Na)TiO3‐based Thin Films
Authors: Ding Rui , Wang Danyang , Chu Dewei , Li Sean 
Published: August 2013

Orientation‐engineered (La, Ce) cosubstituted 0.94(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 thin films were epitaxially deposited on CaRuO3 buffered (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2AlTaO6)0.35 single‐crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The ferroelectric, piezoelectric, dielectric, and leakage current characteristics of the thin films were significantly affected by the crystallographic orientation. We found that the (001)‐oriented film exhibited the best ferroelectric properties with remnant polarization Pr = 29.5 μC/cm2 and coercive field Ec = 7.4 kV/mm, whereas the (111)‐oriented film demonstrated the largest piezoelectric response and dielectric permittivity. The bipolar resistive switching behavior, which is predominantly attributed to a combined effect of ferroelectric switching and formation/rupture of conductive filaments, was observed. The conduction mechanisms were determined to be ohmic conduction and Poole–Frenkel emission at high‐ and low‐resistance states, respectively, in all the films.
Young's Modulus of Elasticity of Carbon‐Bonded Alumina Materials up to 1450°C
Authors: Werner Joern , Aneziris Christos G. , Dudczig Steffen 
Published: August 2013

Investigating Young's modulus at elevated temperatures supports the understanding of microstructural changes as a function of application temperature. A sintered alumina and three carbon‐bonded alumina materials with carbon contents of 20 and 30 wt% and alumina grain size of 0.6–3 mm were investigated. Young's modulus was measured in a temperature range from 25°C to 1450°C by the impulse excitation technique. The Young's modulus of carbon‐bonded materials increases up to 140% at 1450°C. After one cycle, a decrease of the Young's modulus up to 50% is registered at room temperature. There is a strong hysteresis behavior during one cycle. Thermal expansion measurements show highest expansion for the highest graphite content material. The expansion of alumina grains and graphite flakes, resulting in microcrack generation during cooling and microcrack healing during heating, is reflected in the registered values of the Young's modulus as a function of the temperature. It is assumed, that higher graphite amounts as well as coarse grains lead to lower sintering effects of the microstructure at elevated temperatures and as a result lower values of the Young's modulus have been registered.
Maternal care, mother–offspring aggregation and age‐dependent coadaptation in the European earwig
Authors: Gómez Y. , Kölliker M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBenefits and costs of parental care are expected to change with offspring development and lead to age‐dependent coadaptation expressed as phenotypic (behavioural) matches between offspring age and parental reproductive stage. Parents and offspring interact repeatedly over time for the provision of parental care. Their behaviours should be accordingly adjusted to each other dynamically and adaptively, and the phenotypic match between offspring age and parental stage should stabilize the repeated behavioural interactions. In the European earwig (Forficula auricularia), maternal care is beneficial for offspring survival, but not vital, allowing us to investigate the extent to which the stability of mother–offspring aggregation is shaped by age‐dependent coadaptation. In this study, we experimentally cross‐fostered nymphs of different age classes (younger or older) between females in early or late reproductive stage to disrupt age‐dependent coadaptation, thereby generating female–nymph dyads that were phenotypically matched or mismatched. The results revealed a higher stability in aggregation during the first larval instar when care is most intense, a steeper decline in aggregation tendency over developmental time and a reduced developmental rate in matched compared with mismatched families. Furthermore, nymph survival was positively correlated with female–nymph aggregation stability during the early stages when maternal care is most prevalent. These results support the hypothesis that age‐related phenotypically plastic coadaptation affects family dynamics and offspring developmental rate.
The importance of social dimension and maturation stage for the probabilistic maturation reaction norm in Poecilia reticulata
Authors: Diaz Pauli B. , Heino M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMaturation is an important event in an organism's life history, with important implications on dynamics of both wild and captive populations. The probabilistic maturation reaction norm (PMRN) has emerged as an important method to describe variation in maturation in wild fish. Because most PMRNs are based on age and size only, it is important to understand limitations of these variables in explaining maturation. We experimentally assessed (i) the sensitivity of age‐ and size‐based PMRNs to unaccounted sources of plasticity, (ii) the role of social environment on maturation and (iii) the significance of estimating PMRNs early and late in the maturation process (initiation and completion of maturation, respectively). We reared male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) under laboratory conditions, subjected to two food levels and three different social cues. We found that growth and social environment affected the maturation in a way that could not be accounted for by their effect on age and size. PMRNs estimated for the initiation stage were less plastic (growth differences and social cues influenced the PMRN shape only little) than those for completion. The initiation of maturation is probably closer to the maturation ‘decision’ and allows determining factors influencing maturation decision most accurately.
Predictors of health care professionals' attitudes towards involvement in safety‐relevant behaviours
Authors: Davis Rachel , Briggs Merrillee , Arora Sonal , Moss Rachel , Schwappach David 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundPatients can make valuable contributions towards promoting the safety of their health care. Health care professionals (HCPs) could play an important role in encouraging patient involvement in safety‐relevant behaviours. However, to date factors that determine HCPs' attitudes towards patient participation in this area remain largely unexplored.ObjectiveTo investigate predictors of HCPs' attitudes towards patient involvement in safety‐relevant behaviours.DesignA 22‐item cross‐sectional fractional factorial survey that assessed HCPs' attitudes towards patient involvement in relation to two error scenarios relating to hand hygiene and medication safety.Setting Four hospitals in LondonParticipants Two hundred sixteen HCPs (116 doctors; 100 nurses) aged between 21 and 60 years (mean: 32): 129 female.Outcome measuresApproval of patient's behaviour, HCP response to the patient, anticipated effects on the patient‐HCP relationship, support for being asked as a HCP, affective rating response to the vignettes.ResultsHCPs elicited more favourable attitudes towards patients intervening about a medication error than about hand sanitation. Across vignettes and error scenarios, the strongest predictors of attitudes were how the patient intervened and how the HCP responded to the patient's behaviour. With regard to HCP characteristics, doctors viewed patients intervening less favourably than nurses.ConclusionsHCPs perceive patients intervening about a potential error less favourably if the patient's behaviour is confrontational in nature or if the HCP responds to the patient intervening in a discouraging manner. In particular, if a HCP responds negatively to the patient (irrespective of whether an error actually occurred), this is perceived as having negative effects on the HCP‐patient relationship.
The pre‐synaptic motor nerve terminal as a site for antibody‐mediated neurotoxicity in autoimmune neuropathies and synaptopathies
Authors: Fewou Simon N. , Plomp Jaap J. , Willison Hugh J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe pre‐synaptic motor nerve terminal is a highly complex and dynamic compartment within the lower motor neuron responsible for converting electrical signals into secreted chemicals. This self‐renewing process of synaptic transmission is accomplished by the calcium‐triggered fusion of neurotransmitter‐containing vesicles with the plasma membrane and the subsequent retrieval and recycling of vesicle components. Besides this conventional physiological role, the highly active process of vesicle fusion and re‐uptake into endosomal sorting pathways acts as a conduit for entry of a range of substances into the intracellular compartment of the motor nerve terminal. Whilst this entry portal sub‐serves many vital physiological processes, such as those mediated by neurotrophin trafficking, there is also the potential for substantial pathological consequences resulting from uptake of noxious agents, including autoantibodies, viruses and toxins. These may act locally to induce disease within the nerve terminal, or traffic beyond to the motor neuron cell body and central nervous system to exert their pathological effects. This review focuses on the recent evidence that the ganglioside‐rich pre‐synaptic membrane acts as a binding site for potentially neurotoxic serum autoantibodies that are present in human autoimmune motor neuropathies. Autoantibodies that bind surface antigens induce membrane lytic effects, whereas their uptake attenuates local injury and transfers any potential pathological consequences to the intracellular compartment. Herein the thesis is explored that a balance exists between local injury at the exofacial leaflet of the pre‐synaptic membrane and antibody uptake, which dictates the overall level and site of motor nerve injury in this group of disorders.
Multiple pregnancy, short cervix, part‐time worker, steroid use, low educational level and male fetus are risk factors for preterm birth in Japan: A multicenter, prospective study
Authors: Shiozaki Arihiro , Yoneda Satoshi , Nakabayashi Masao , Takeda Yoshiharu , Takeda Satoru , Sugimura Motoi , Yoshida Koyo , Tajima Atsushi , Manabe Mami , Akagi Kozo , Nakagawa Shoko , Tada Katsuhiko , Imafuku Noriaki , Ogawa Masanobu , Mizunoe Tomoya , Kanayama Naohiro , Itoh Hiroaki , Minoura Shigeki , Ogino Mitsuharu , Saito Shigeru 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimTo examine the relationship between preterm birth and socioeconomic factors, past history, cervical length, cervical interleukin‐8, bacterial vaginosis, underlying diseases, use of medication, employment status, sex of the fetus and multiple pregnancy.MethodsIn a multicenter, prospective, observational study, 1810 Japanese women registering their future delivery were enrolled at 8+0 to 12+6 weeks of gestation. Data on cervical length and delivery were obtained from 1365 pregnant women. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed.ResultsShort cervical length, steroid use, multiple pregnancy and male fetus were risk factors for preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation. Multiple pregnancy, low educational level, short cervical length and part‐timer were risk factors for preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation.ConclusionMultiple pregnancy and cervical shortening at 20–24 weeks of gestation was a stronger risk factor for preterm birth. Any pregnant woman being part‐time employee or low educational level, having a male fetus and requiring steroid treatment should be watched for the development of preterm birth.
Effect of estradiol valerate on endometrium thickness during clomiphene citrate‐stimulated ovulation
Authors: Satirapod Chonthicha , Wingprawat Siripen , Jultanmas Rattiya , Rattanasiri Sasivimol , Jirawatnotai Siwanon , Choktanasiri Wicharn 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of estradiol valerate (EV) on the thickness of clomiphene citrate (CC)‐stimulated endometrium.Material and MethodsThirty‐four normal ovulatory women were randomized double‐blindly into two groups to receive CC 100 mg/day on day 2–6 of the treatment cycle, and either vitamin B (placebo) or EV 6 mg/day on day 10–14 of the cycle. The endometrial thickness, endometrial pattern, numbers of mature follicles, and maximal diameters of preovulatory follicles were evaluated by transvaginal sonographic examination.ResultsThirty women completed both treatment cycles. Two other participants dropped out during the treatment due to side‐effects (headache). The average endometrial thickness of the group treated with CC + placebo became slightly thinner when compared to the thickness at the baseline (9.04 vs 9.52 mm; P = 0.24). The CC + placebo and the CC + EV resulted in similar endometrial pattern, ovulation day, numbers of mature follicles, and sizes of the leading follicles before ovulation. However, an addition of EV into the CC cycle significantly increased the average endometrial thickness (10.7 mm vs 9.04 mm; P < 0.001).ConclusionsWe concluded that the addition of 6 mg/day EV following the CC treatment can prevent the endometrial thinning without perturbing folliculogenesis and ovulation.
Rare case of massive congenital bilateral chylothorax in a hydropic fetus with true mosaicism 47,XXX/46,XX
Authors: Cremonini Giorgio , Poggi Alice , Capucci Roberta , Vesce Fortunato , Patella Alfredo , Marci Roberto 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFetal congenital chylothorax is a rare condition that occurs sporadically or can be associated with abnormal karyotype or structural chromosomal anomalies. We report a unique case of fetal congenital bilateral chylothorax associated with mosaicism 47,XXX/46,XX. A female fetus affected by massive bilateral hydrothorax and ascites was diagnosed at 34+1 weeks of gestation. Previous ultrasonographic exams were completely normal. Immune causes of hydrops were excluded. Elective cesarean section was performed soon after bilateral thoracocentesis. The analysis of drained pleural fluid revealed its lymphatic nature. The fetal karyotyping, performed on chorionic villi at the 11th week, had shown mosaicism 47,XXX/46,XX, later confirmed in the newborn's blood. We hypothesized that chylothorax may be part of the phenotypic spectrum of 47 XXX karyotype and we suggest an ultrasound follow‐up of the fetus at closer intervals than the routine timing for this condition, even if it is not usually characterized by severe phenotypic features.
Baicalin pharmacokinetic profile of absorption process using novel in-vitro model: cytochrome P450 3A4-induced Caco-2 cell monolayers combined with rat intestinal rinse fluids
Authors: Morisaki Tomoko , Hou Xiao-Long , Takahashi Kyoko , Takahashi Koichi 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Objectives
This study was designed to investigate baicalin (BG) pharmacokinetic profile in absorption process using a new model and evaluate the potentiality as a new model.

Methods
The effects of BG on intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A) protein/mRNA expression, activity and permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) were evaluated in CYP3A4-induced Caco-2 cell monolayers or rats. Intestinal rinse fluids (IF) were obtained from rat were added to modified Caco-2 monolayers.

Key findings
Orally administered BG (7 days pretreatment) inhibited intestinal CYP3A activity and protein expression. Baicalein (B) converted from BG by IF was detected in the upper jejunum in a portion-dependent manner. Subsequently, most BG were converted to B in the caecum. In modified Caco-2 monolayers, BG exhibited no effect on CYP3A4 activity or mRNA, whereas B and BG treated with IF inhibited CYP3A4 transcription and activity.

Conclusions
Intestinal CYP3A was inhibited following oral administration of BG to rat. Correspondingly, BG-mediated CYP3A inhibition was shown in vitro using modified Caco-2 monolayers treated with IF. Hence, in-vivo intestinal absorption pharmacokinetic was reproduced in vitro. IF is a key determinant of intestinal absorption, and it facilitated inhibition of CYP3A by B, not BG.
Relationships between mechanical disturbance and biomass of the invasive amphipod Gammarus tigrinus within a charophyte‐dominated macrophyte community
Authors: Kotta Jonne , Torn Kaire , Reisalu Greta , Veber Triin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractDisturbance may alter the resistance of communities to non‐indigenous species as it frees space and removes competitively superior species. In a factorial field experiment we studied how different types of mechanical disturbance affected the biomass level of the non‐indigenous amphipod Gammarus tigrinus in a brackish water charophyte community. Mechanical disturbance affected the biomass of G. tigrinus with a time lag between disturbance and response of the gammarid species. In general, all types of disturbance reduced gammarid biomasses. The effect persisted until the end of the experiment regardless of the recovery of macrophyte communities in terms of species number and biomass of benthic invertebrate and plant species. Thus, a possible cause of reduced biomass of the gammarid amphipods relates to the decreased biomass of Chara aspera and its structural changes. This indicates that the dominance of G. tigrinus in a low saline system has less to do with strong species interactions (e.g. competitive displacement) than with habitat‐level processes (e.g. changes in habitat structural characteristics and food supply).
Teachers' Spatial Anxiety Relates to 1st‐ and 2nd‐Graders' Spatial Learning
Authors: Gunderson Elizabeth A. , Ramirez Gerardo , Beilock Sian L. , Levine Susan C. 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTTeachers' anxiety about an academic domain, such as math, can impact students' learning in that domain. We asked whether this relation held in the domain of spatial skill, given the importance of spatial skill for success in math and science and its malleability at a young age. We measured 1st‐ and 2nd‐grade teachers' spatial anxiety (N = 19) and students' spatial skill (N = 132). Teachers' spatial anxiety significantly predicted students' end‐of‐year spatial skill, even after accounting for students' beginning‐of‐year spatial skill, phonological working memory, grade level, and teachers' math anxiety. Since spatial skill is not a stand‐alone part of the curriculum like math or reading, teachers with high levels of spatial anxiety may simply avoid incorporating spatial activities in the classroom. Results suggest that addressing teachers' spatial anxieties may improve spatial learning in early elementary school.
Coral feeding on microalgae assessed with molecular trophic markers
Authors: Leal Miguel C. , Ferrier‐Pagès Christine , Calado Ricardo , Thompson Megan E. , Frischer Marc E. , Nejstgaard Jens C. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractHerbivory in corals, especially for symbiotic species, remains controversial. To investigate the capacity of scleractinian and soft corals to capture microalgae, we conducted controlled laboratory experiments offering five algal species: the cryptophyte Rhodomonas marina, the haptophytes Isochrysis galbana and Phaeocystis globosa, and the diatoms Conticribra weissflogii and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Coral species included the symbiotic soft corals Heteroxenia fuscescens and Sinularia flexibilis, the asymbiotic scleractinian coral Tubastrea coccinea, and the symbiotic scleractinian corals Stylophora pistillata, Pavona cactus and Oculina arbuscula. Herbivory was assessed by end‐point PCR amplification of algae‐specific 18S rRNA gene fragments purified from coral tissue genomic DNA extracts. The ability to capture microalgae varied with coral and algal species and could not be explained by prey size or taxonomy. Herbivory was not detected in S. flexibilis and S. pistillata. P. globosa was the only algal prey that was never captured by any coral. Although predation defence mechanisms have been shown for Phaeocystis spp. against many potential predators, this study is the first to suggest this for corals. This study provides new insights into herbivory in symbiotic corals and suggests that corals may be selective herbivorous feeders.
Analyses of genetic ancestry enable key insights for molecular ecology
Authors: Gompert Zachariah , Buerkle C. Alex 
Published: August 2013

AbstractGene flow and recombination in admixed populations produce genomes that are mosaic combinations of chromosome segments inherited from different source populations, that is, chromosome segments with different genetic ancestries. The statistical problem of estimating genetic ancestry from DNA sequence data has been widely studied, and analyses of genetic ancestry have facilitated research in molecular ecology and ecological genetics. In this review, we describe and compare different model‐based statistical methods used to infer genetic ancestry. We describe the conceptual and mathematical structure of these models and highlight some of their key differences and shared features. We then discuss recent empirical studies that use estimates of genetic ancestry to analyse population histories, the nature and genetic basis of species boundaries, and the genetic architecture of traits. These diverse studies demonstrate the breadth of applications that rely on genetic ancestry estimates and typify the genomics‐enabled research that is becoming increasingly common in molecular ecology. We conclude by identifying key research areas where future studies might further advance this field.