bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Antarctic Bottom Water to Changes in Surface Buoyancy Fluxes
Authors: Snow Kate , Hogg Andrew McC. , Sloyan Bernadette M. , Downes Stephanie M. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The influence of freshwater and heat flux changes on Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) properties are investigated within a realistic bathymetry coupled ocean–ice sector model of the Atlantic Ocean. The model simulations are conducted at eddy-permitting resolution where dense shelf water production dominates over open ocean convection in forming AABW. Freshwater and heat flux perturbations are applied independently and have contradictory surface responses, with increased upper-ocean temperature and reduced ice formation under heating and the opposite under increased freshwater fluxes. AABW transport into the abyssal ocean reduces under both flux changes, with the reduction in transport being proportional to the net buoyancy flux anomaly south of 60°S.
Through inclusion of shelf-sourced AABW, a process absent from most current generation climate models, cooling and freshening of dense source water is facilitated via reduced on-shelf/off-shelf exchange flow. Such cooling is propagated to the abyssal ocean, while compensating warming in the deep ocean under heating introduces a decadal-scale variability of the abyssal water masses. This study emphasizes the fundamental role buoyancy plays in controlling AABW, as well as the importance of the inclusion of shelf-sourced AABW within climate models in order to attain the complete spectrum of possible climate change responses.
The Annual Cycle of the Japan Sea Throughflow
Authors: Kida Shinichiro , Qiu Bo , Yang Jiayan , Lin Xiaopei 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe mechanism responsible for the annual cycle of the flow through the straits of the Japan Sea is investigated using a two-layer model. Observations show maximum throughflow from summer to fall and minimum in winter, occurring synchronously at the three major straits: Tsushima, Tsugaru, and Soya Straits. This study finds the subpolar winds located to the north of Japan as the leading forcing agent, which first affects the Soya Strait rather than the Tsushima or Tsugaru Straits. The subpolar winds generate baroclinic Kelvin waves along the coastlines of the subpolar gyre, affect the sea surface height at the Soya Strait, and modify the flow through the strait. This causes barotropic adjustment to occur inside the Japan Sea and thus affect the flow at the Tsugaru and Tsushima Straits almost synchronously. The barotropic adjustment mechanism explains well why the observations show a similar annual cycle at the three straits. The annual cycle at the Tsugaru Strait is further shown to be weaker than that in the other two straits based on frictional balance around islands, that is, frictional stresses exerted around an island integrate to zero. In the Tsugaru Strait, the flows induced by the frictional integrals around the northern (Hokkaido) and southern (Honshu) islands are in opposite directions and tend to cancel out. Frictional balance also suggests that the annual cycle at the Tsugaru Strait is likely in phase with that at the Soya Strait because the length scale of the northern island is much shorter than that of the southern island.
The Influence of African Easterly Waves on Convection over Tropical Africa and the East Atlantic
Authors: Janiga Matthew A. , Thorncroft Chris D. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Using data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the modulation of convection by African easterly waves (AEWs) is investigated over regions of the east Atlantic and tropical Africa. To explain the modulation of convection, the large-scale environment (lift, moisture, conditional instability, and shear) is also examined as a function of AEW phase in each region.
Over semiarid portions of tropical Africa, unconditional rain rates are greatest in the northerly phase of AEWs due to the strong adiabatic forcing for ascent. Along the Guinea Coast, the western coast of Africa, and over the east Atlantic—where forcing for ascent is weaker—rainfall is shifted toward the trough where the air is moist. Significant contrasts in the characteristics of convection as a function of AEW phase—comparable in magnitude to regional contrasts—are also observed. In all regions, large and high echo-top convective systems are more sensitive to AEW phase than small and low echo-top systems. In semiarid regions, deep convection and large high echo-top convective systems account for a large fraction of the rainfall in the ridge and northerlies. Stratiform and small low echo-top convective systems dominate in the trough and southerlies. Convective system height and conditional rain rates increase with conditional instability and system sizes may increase with shear. Over the east Atlantic, stratiform fractions and convective system sizes and echo-top heights are greatest in the trough while the ridge is dominated by shallow convection. This is primarily related to the presence of moist air in the trough and dry air in the ridge.
Sclerotherapy complications of peripheral venous malformations
Authors: Aronniemi Johanna , Castrén Eeva , Lappalainen Kimmo , Vuola Pia , Salminen Päivi , Pitkäranta Anne , Pekkola Johanna 
Published: October 2015

Background Sclerotherapy is often the primary treatment for peripheral venous malformations. It is mostly sufficient alone, but can be combined with other endovascular techniques. Despite its mini-invasiveness, it is not without potentially severe complications. Here, we systematically report sclerotherapy complications in trunk and extremity venous malformations. Methods We retrospectively assessed the complications of 127 consecutive patients who had received sclerotherapy for peripheral venous malformation in our tertiary care unit (January 2007–August 2013). We applied the Clavien–Dindo classification to grade the severity of complications. We mostly used detergent sclerosants (85.7%), and less often ethanol (5.7%) or bleomycin (4.2%). In 4.2% of the procedures, we combined glue, coils, endovascular laser or particles to sclerotherapy. Results The overall complication rate per procedure was 12.5%. Most complications (83.3%) were local and managed conservatively. We encountered four severe complications, all related to blood coagulopathy. Subcutaneous lesion location and use of ethanol significantly increased the risk of local complications. Conclusion Sclerotherapy alone or combined with other endovascular techniques is a safe method for local venous malformations with moderate risk for conservatively manageable complications. Blood coagulopathy constitutes a risk for, otherwise rare, severe complications.
Dissociating the neural mechanisms of pain consistency and pain intensity in the trigemino-nociceptive system
Authors: Kröger Inga L , Menz Mareike M , May Arne 
Published: October 2015

Background Individual differences in pain perception to a standardized nociceptive input are a well-known phenomenon within pain research. Brain structures known to play a crucial role in pain modulatory processes are the rostral/subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sACC) as well as the periaqueductal gray (PAG), which belong to the endogenous antinociceptive system. However, the exact mechanisms possibly leading to this high level of variance in pain perception are still a matter of debate. Methods Pain perception within the trigemino-vascular system was investigated in 37 healthy volunteers using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results Behavioral results show high levels of variance being inversely correlated to mean pain ratings as well as to an increase in BOLD signal intensity within the sACC. In addition, higher sACC activation was coupled with activation in the PAG the lower the level of intra-individual variance. Conclusion This study gives first indications that coupled BOLD response within brain structures of the antinociceptive system seems to rather not code pain intensity within the trigemino-nociceptive system but the stability of volunteers’ pain ratings. Intrinsic mechanisms may modulate the pain perception in the trigemino-vascular system, which is highly involved in headache disorders.
Judging the Mafia: Categorization under Law and Moral Economies in Italy (1980–2010)
Authors: Puccio-Den Deborah 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThis paper describes the work that jurists, prosecutors, judges and experts had to carry out – sometimes paying with their own life – to defend the thesis that the mafia actually exists. It underlines the effects of this assertion for the ‘moral economy’ of Italian society. The paper starts with a historical reconstruction of the process that led to a legal definition of the mafia as a ‘criminal association’ in September 1982. This juridical recognition was the precondition to any possible trial against this particular secret society. It then analyzes the judicial viability of this initial definition – known as the ‘Buscetta Theorem’ from the name of the former member of the mafia who eventually revealed its structure to the Italian prosecutors – which focused on the organized and centralized nature of the mafia, and the subsequent adjustments of this original formulation to the diffused nature of the mafia phenomenon, producing new penal categories that redefine the boundaries between legal and illegal worlds. The ongoing debates about this definition within Italian society shed a light onto the limits of what can or cannot be accepted within a democratic society.
Lower Muscle Strength and Increased Visceral Fat Associated With No-reflow and High Gensini Score in STEMI
Authors: Ayça Burak , Kafadar Didem , Avsar Murat , Avci İ. İlker , Akın Fatih , Okuyan Ertugrul , Dinckal M. Hakan 
Published: October 2015

Background: The impact of fat distribution, muscle mass, and muscle strength on no-reflow and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains unclear. Objective: To investigate association between muscle strength and fat and muscle mass and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Methods: We included 218 patients with STEMI who had undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention. We evaluated the no-reflow phenomenon in infarct-related artery and calculated Gensini scores from initial angiograms as indicative of coronary atherosclerosis severity. The patients were divided into 2 groups as patients with no-reflow and with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade 3 flow and patients with low (<55) Gensini and with high (≥55) Gensini. Patients’ total fat, muscle mass, visceral fat mass, and muscle strength were measured via body composition analyzer and handgrip dynamometer. Results: High Gensini patients had a greater body mass index (BMI) and lower handgrip strength and more visceral fat ( P = .05, P = .017, and P < .001, respectively). The patients with no-reflow had significantly lower handgrip strength and more visceral fat (both, P < .001). In multivariate regression analysis, visceral fat and handgrip strength were associated with high no-reflow rate and high Gensini scores in patients with STEMI ( P = .001, P = .014, P = .022, and P = .010; respectively). Conclusion: Increased visceral fat and lower handgrip strength may be related to increased no-reflow rate and coronary plaque burden in STEMI. Visceral fat and muscle strength may be better prognostic markers than weight, BMI, total fat, and muscle mass in coronary artery disease.
Impact of a pharmacist-led oral chemotherapy-monitoring program in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Patel Jay M , Holle Lisa M , Clement Jessica M , Bunz Thomas , Niemann Christopher , Chamberlin Kevin W 
Published: October 2015

Background With the introduction of oral chemotherapy, the paradigm for cancer treatment is shifting. Use of oral chemotherapy agents offers a non-invasive option for patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. However, these medications are not without challenges including strict adherence for optimal effects, novel toxicity profiles, frequent lab parameter monitoring, high cost, and proper handling and disposal methods. Pharmacists are positioned to play a key role in providing patients with the education required to assure an optimal treatment course is carried out. Methods Two cohorts of patients receiving abiraterone, bicalutamide, or enzalutamide for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer seen in our outpatient cancer center 21 months before and 24 months after the implementation of a pharmacist-led oral chemotherapy-monitoring program in December of 2012 were retrospectively compared. Patients were evaluated for number of interventions, adherence to lab parameter monitoring, and overall time on each therapy. Results Of the 64 patients identified, 31 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria. A significant increase in the average number of interventions per patient (6.9 vs. 2.6; P = 0.004) and adherence to lab parameter monitoring (10 vs. 3; P = 0.04) in the post-program implementation cohort was found. However, no significant difference in overall time on therapy (10.3 vs. 8.1; P = 0.341) between the two groups was observed. Conclusion These results suggest a potential opportunity exists to maximize oral chemotherapy treatment outcomes with the addition of a formalized monitoring program directed by an oncology pharmacist.
Deregulation of microRNA-181c in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with clinically isolated syndrome is associated with early conversion to relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ahlbrecht Jonas , Martino Filippo , Pul Refik , Skripuletz Thomas , Sühs Kurt-Wolfram , Schauerte Celina , Yildiz Özlem , Trebst Corinna , Tasto Lars , Thum Sabrina , Pfanne Angelika , Roesler Romy , Lauda Florian , Hecker Michael , Zettl Uwe K , Tumani Hayrettin , Thum Thomas , Stangel Martin 
Published: October 2015

Background: MiRNA-181c, miRNA-633 and miRNA-922 have been reported to be deregulated in multiple sclerosis. Objectives: To investigate the association between miRNA-181c, miRNA-633 and miRNA-922 and conversion from clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS); and to compare microRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum with regard to dysfunction of the blood–CSF barrier. Methods: CSF and serum miRNA-181c, miRNA-633 and miRNA-922 were retrospectively determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in CIS patients with (CIS-RRMS) and without (CIS-CIS) conversion to RRMS within 1 year. Results: Thirty of 58 CIS patients developed RRMS. Cerebrospinal fluid miRNA-922, serum miRNA-922 and cerebrospinal fluid miRNA-181c were significantly higher in CIS-RRMS compared to CIS-CIS ( P=0.027, P=0.048, P=0.029, respectively). High levels of cerebrospinal fluid miRNA-181c were independently associated with conversion from CIS to RRMS in multivariate Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio 2.99, 95% confidence interval 1.41–6.34, P=0.005). A combination of high cerebrospinal fluid miRNA-181c, younger age and more than nine lesions on magnetic resonance imaging showed the highest specificity (96%) and positive predictive value (94%) for conversion from CIS to RRMS. MiRNA-181c was higher in serum than in cerebrospinal fluid ( P <0.001), while miRNA-633 and miRNA-922 were no different in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Cerebrospinal fluid/serum albumin quotients did not correlate with microRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid (all P>0.711). Conclusions: Cerebrospinal fluid miRNA-181c might serve as a biomarker for early conversion to RRMS. Moreover, our data suggest an intrathecal origin of microRNAs detected in the cerebrospinal fluid.
Differences in the variability of cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements within three HIV-infected cohorts
Authors: Vigneswaran Shivanee , Rojas Jaime H Vera , Garvey Lucy , Taylor-Robinson Simon , Winston Alan 
Published: October 2015

Introduction Cerebral functional impairment remains prevalent in effectively treated HIV-infected subjects. As the results of formal cognitive testing are highly variable, surrogate markers to accurately measure cerebral function parameters are needed. Such markers include measurement of cerebral metabolite ratios (CMR) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). However, data on the inter-subject variability of CMR are sparse. Our aim was to assess inter-subject variability in CMRs within three different HIV-infected cohorts. Methods Cerebral 1H-MRS was performed using a Phillips Achieva™ 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner in HIV-infected subjects as follows: 12 subjects before (group 1) and after intensification of antiretroviral therapy with maraviroc (group 2) and 13 subjects with acute viral hepatitis C (HCV) co-infection (group 3). The coefficients of variation (CV) for CMRs in each group were determined and compared using non-parametric tests to determine whether the inter-subject variability differed significantly. All baseline characteristics between the groups were similar. Results Overall CVs for all CMRs in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 32.3%, 33.2% and 23.4%, respectively (group 1 vs. 2, p = 0.863; group 1 vs. 3, p = 0.076). On testing for differences in variability between individual CMRs, two metabolites in the right basal ganglia (RBG) had statistically significantly different CVs when comparing group 1 with group 3: N-acetyl aspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr), p = 0.029 and myo-Inositol/creatine (mI/Cr), p = 0.016. Conclusion The variability of 1H MRS-measurable CMRs in HIV-infected individuals was lower in those with acute HCV co-infection (group 3).We can conclude that the use of these CMRs in 1H MRS imaging in patients with HIV/acute HCV co-infection is more reliable to assess cerebral function than in patients with HIV infection alone. This has implications for future sample size estimations.
Postnatal paternal depressive symptoms associated with fathers'
subsequent parenting: Findings from the Millennium Cohort
Study
Authors: Nath Selina , Russell Ginny , Ford Tamsin , Kuyken Willem , Psychogiou Lamprini 
Published: October 2015

SummaryImpaired parenting may lie on the causal pathway between paternal depression
and children's outcomes. We use the first four surveys of the Millennium
Cohort Study to investigate the association between paternal depressive
symptoms and fathers' parenting (negative, positive and involvement).
Findings suggest that postnatal paternal depressive symptoms are associated
with fathers' negative parenting. This has implications for the design of
intervention programmes for parents with depression and young children.
Differential effects of ethnic density on the risk of postnatal
depression and personality dysfunction
Authors: Du Preez Andrea , Conroy Susan , Pawlby Susan , Moran Paul , Pariante Carmine M. 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundThe relationship between ethnic density and psychiatric disorder in
postnatal women in the UK is unclear.AimsTo examine the effect of own and overall ethnic density on postnatal
depression (PND) and personality dysfunction.MethodMultilevel analysis of ethnically mixed community-level data gathered
from a sample of 2262 mothers screened at 6 weeks postpartum for PND and
personality dysfunction.ResultsLiving in areas of higher own ethnic density was protective against
screening positive for PND in White women (z =–3.18,
P = 0.001), even after adjusting for area level
deprivation, maternal age, relationship status, screening positive for
personality dysfunction, parity and geographical clustering (odds ratio
(OR) 0.98 (95% CI 0.96–0.99); P = 0.002), whereas the
effect on personality dysfunction (z =–2.42,
P = 0.016) was no longer present once the effect of
PND was taken into account (OR = 0.99 (95% CI 0.90–1.0);
P = 0.13). No overall ethnic density effect was found
for women screening positive for PND or personality dysfunction.ConclusionsIn White women, living in areas of higher own ethnic density was
protective against developing PND.
Amygdala response to self-critical stimuli and symptom
improvement in psychotherapy for depression
Authors: Doerig Nadja , Krieger Tobias , Altenstein David , Schlumpf Yolanda , Spinelli Simona , Späti Jakub , Brakowski Janis , Quednow Boris B. , Seifritz Erich , Holtforth Martin grosse 
Published: October 2015

BackgroundCognitive–behavioural therapy is efficacious in the treatment of major
depressive disorder but response rates are still far from
satisfactory.AimsTo better understand brain responses to individualised emotional stimuli
and their association with outcome, to enhance treatment.MethodFunctional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected prior to
individual psychotherapy. Differences in brain activity during passive
viewing of individualised self-critical material in 23 unmedicated
out-patients with depression and 28 healthy controls were assessed. The
associations between brain activity, cognitive and emotional change, and
outcome were analysed in 21 patients.ResultsPatients showed enhanced activity in the amygdala and ventral striatum
compared with the control group. Non-response to therapy was associated
with enhanced activity in the right amygdala compared with those who
responded, and activity in this region was negatively associated with
outcome. Emotional but not cognitive changes mediated this
association.ConclusionsAmygdala hyperactivity may lessen symptom improvement in psychotherapy
for depression through attenuating emotional skill acquisition.
Rare association of insulin autoimmune syndrome with ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Raizada Nishant , Rahaman S H , Kandasamy D , Jyotsna V P 
Published: October 2015

SummaryInsulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS) is a rare cause of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia, which is known to occur in association with the use of sulfhydryl-containing drugs and autoimmune disorders. We describe a patient with hitherto an unreported association of IAS with ankylosing spondylitis. We have also performed and described a simplified method of polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation of an insulin bound antibody in the serum.Learning pointsIAS should be considered in differential diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia.Ankylosing spondylitis can be associated with IAS apart from several other autoimmune diseases.Very high serum insulin levels (100–10 000 μU/ml) are frequently seen in IAS.When faced with very high serum insulin before suspecting insulinoma, it is advisable that PEG precipitation of serum be done to identify antibody bound insulin.A clinical suspicion of IAS can avoid expensive imaging and unnecessary surgery in affected patients.
Indicadores de sustentabilidad en sistemas de albarradas: aportes metodológicos
Authors: Álvarez Litben Silvia Graciela , Zulaica Laura 
Published: October 2015

<p>Se presentan los resultados preliminares del proyecto interdisciplinar sobre indicadores de sustentabilidad para el Buen Vivir en sistemas de albarradas en la Provincia de Santa Elena, Ecuador. Las albarradas, jagüeyes o aguadas por retención, son sistemas hidráulicos que sostienen la reproducción de la población humana y su entorno ambiental desde hace miles de años. La sustentabilidad de estos sistemas constituye un objetivo central para garantizar el Buen Vivir de las actuales Comunas que dependen de ellos. La evaluación de variables operativas de sustentabilidad en sus distintas dimensiones (ecológica, socio-cultural, económica y política) es primordial para tomar decisiones tendentes al mantenimiento y protección de estas fuentes de agua. La identificación de indicadores concretos permite detectar puntos críticos para la sustentabilidad, identificar sus causas, analizar tendencias, gestionar problemas y generar soluciones que aseguren la continuidad de los sistemas de albarradas. Los resultados exponen los principales alcances de la propuesta de investigación, así como las limitaciones a resolver para replicar la evaluación en otras regiones. Con el análisis y evaluación de estudios previos y trabajo de campo, se construyeron 29 indicadores cuali-cuantitativos en función de las cuatro dimensiones de sustentabilidad y se aplicaron a tres casos seleccionados por las intervenciones de rehabilitación realizadas. </p>