bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of transcranial and intraparenchymal light penetration in human cadaver brain tissue
Authors: Tedford Clark E. , DeLapp Scott , Jacques Steven , Anders Juanita 
Published: March 2015

Background and ObjectivePhotobiomodulation (PBM) also known as low‐level light therapy has been used successfully for the treatment of injury and disease of the nervous system. The use of PBM to treat injury and diseases of the brain requires an in‐depth understanding of light propagation through tissues including scalp, skull, meninges, and brain. This study investigated the light penetration gradients in the human cadaver brain using a Transcranial Laser System with a 30 mm diameter beam of 808 nm wavelength light. In addition, the wavelength‐dependence of light scatter and absorbance in intraparenchymal brain tissue using 660, 808, and 940 nm wavelengths was investigated. in vivo. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:312–322, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Study Design/Material and MethodsIntact human cadaver heads (n = 8) were obtained for measurement of light propagation through the scalp/skull/meninges and into brain tissue. The cadaver heads were sectioned in either the transverse or mid‐sagittal. The sectioned head was mounted into a cranial fixture with an 808 nm wavelength laser system illuminating the head from beneath with either pulsed‐wave (PW) or continuous‐wave (CW) laser light. A linear array of nine isotropic optical fibers on a 5 mm pitch was inserted into the brain tissue along the optical axis of the beam. Light collected from each fiber was delivered to a multichannel power meter. As the array was lowered into the tissue, the power from each probe was recorded at 5 mm increments until the inner aspect of the dura mater was reached. Intraparenchymal light penetration measurements were made by delivering a series of wavelengths (660, 808, and 940 nm) through a separate optical fiber within the array, which was offset from the array line by 5 mm. Local light penetration was determined and compared across the selected wavelengths.ResultsUnfixed cadaver brains provide good anatomical localization and reliable measurements of light scatter and penetration in the CNS tissues. Transcranial application of 808 nm wavelength light penetrated the scalp, skull, meninges, and brain to a depth of approximately 40 mm with an effective attenuation coefficient for the system of 2.22 cm−1. No differences were observed in the results between the PW and CW laser light. The intraparenchymal studies demonstrated less absorption and scattering for the 808 nm wavelength light compared to the 660 or 940 nm wavelengths.ConclusionsTranscranial light measurements of unfixed human cadaver brains allowed for determinations of light penetration variables. While unfixed human cadaver studies do not reflect all the conditions seen in the living condition, comparisons of light scatter and penetration and estimates of fluence levels can be used to establish further clinical dosing. The 808 nm wavelength light demonstrated superior CNS tissue penetration. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:???–???, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Partner support and anxiety in young women with breast cancer
Authors: Borstelmann Nancy A. , Rosenberg Shoshana M. , Ruddy Kathryn J. , Tamimi Rulla M. , Gelber Shari , Schapira Lidia , Come Steven , Borges Virginia , Morgan Evan , Partridge Ann H. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractObjectiveUsing a large prospective cohort of women age 40 or younger diagnosed with breast cancer, we examined the relationship between perceived partner support and anxiety.MethodsSix hundred seventy‐five young women with breast cancer Stages I–III, median age 36, completed a self‐report baseline questionnaire. Perceived partner support was assessed using items extracted from the marital subscale of the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System; generalized social support was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study–Social Support Survey. Anxiety was measured using the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Multivariable logistic regression analyses evaluated the association between partner support, other sociodemographic factors, and anxiety.ResultsMean age at diagnosis was 35.4 years. Fourteen percent of the women were not partnered, and among those who were partnered or in a significant relationship, 20% were categorized as unsupported. In univariate and multivariable analysis adjusting for sociodemographic factors, women in an unsupported‐partnered relationship had higher odds of anxiety symptoms compared with women in a supported‐partnered relationship. Young age and being financially insecure were also both independently associated with anxiety.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that partner support may play a key role in a young woman's adjustment to a serious stressor such as breast cancer. In addition, younger age increases vulnerability to anxiety as does struggling with finances. Because supportive efforts of a partner have potential to protect against the impact of stress, interventions to enhance partner support and reduce anxiety might be beneficial to address challenges experienced as a couple in this setting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical Study on Equivalent Target of Ceramic Composite Armor
Authors: Zu Xu‐Dong , Huang Zheng‐Xiang , Xiao Qiang‐Qiang , Liu Bei‐Bei 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe theory of equivalent target was studied by considering the standoff curve and the penetration model of the horizontal velocity method to analyze the equivalent mechanism of spaced target equating ceramic composite armor. This theory can forecast the penetration ability of the escape jet. The equivalent target model can be obtained after the structure of the shaped charge and armor as well as the relationship between the armor and the shaped charge is confirmed. The experimental results confirmed the forecast accuracy of the theoretical model.
Interior Ballistics Two‐Phase Reactive Flow Model Applied to Small Caliber Projectile‐Gun System
Authors: Bougamra Ahmed , Lu Huilin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractMulti‐dimensional multi‐component two‐phase flow modeling of solid propellant combustion in weapons is the new trend of the interior ballistics codes. Most of these codes are designated to large caliber guns and rockets simulation. Only a small number of investigations on small‐caliber gun have been recently reported, where the need of high‐performance and reliable small‐caliber guns stimulated significant interest in developing techniques to understand the phenomenology of small‐caliber ballistics and predict the behavior and the performance of this type of weapons. In this paper, a numerical model describing the combustion of solid propellant in small‐caliber gun is presented. The governing equations with customize parameters were derived in the form of coupled, non‐linear axisymmetric partial differential equations. They were further implemented into the CFD code Fluent. A numerical test showed that Fluent is able to handle correctly the interaction between the moving projectile and the combustion gases in the chamber. The interior ballistics curves along with the performance of small‐caliber gun 5.56 mm were adequately predicted. The numerical results were in agreement with the experimental results.
Adaptive boundary stabilization for first‐order hyperbolic PDEs with unknown spatially varying parameter
Authors: Xu Zaihua , Liu Yungang 
Published: March 2015

SummaryThe adaptive boundary stabilization is investigated for a class of systems described by first‐order hyperbolic PDEs with unknown spatially varying parameter. Towards the system unknowns, a dynamic compensation is first given by using infinite‐dimensional backstepping method, adaptive techniques, and projection operator. Then an adaptive controller is constructed by certainty equivalence principle, which can stabilize the original system in a certain sense. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by a simulation example. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoting Community Renewable Energy in a Corporate Energy World
Authors: Strachan Peter A. , Cowell Richard , Ellis Geraint , Sherry‐Brennan Fionnguala , Toke David 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSmall‐scale, decentralized and community‐owned renewable energy is widely acknowledged to be a desirable feature of low carbon futures, but faces a range of challenges in the context of conventional, centralized energy systems. This paper draws on transition frameworks to investigate why the UK has been an inhospitable context for community‐owned renewables and assesses whether anything fundamental is changing in this regard. We give particular attention to whether political devolution, the creation of elected governments for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, has affected the trajectory of community renewables. Our analysis notes that devolution has increased political attention to community renewables, including new policy targets and support schemes. However, these initiatives are arguably less important than the persistence of key features of socio‐technical regimes: market support systems for renewable energy and land‐use planning arrangements that systemically favour major projects and large corporations, and keep community renewables to the margins. There is scope for rolling out hybrid pathways to community renewables, via joint ownership or through community benefit funds, but this still positions community energy as an adjunct to energy pathways dominated by large, corporate generation facilities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
New Protocol to Optimize iPS Cells for Genome Analysis of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshihisa , Ikeya Makoto , Hino Kyosuke , Horigome Kazuhiko , Fukuta Makoto , Watanabe Makoto , Nagata Sanae , Yamamoto Takuya , Otsuka Takanobu , Toguchida Junya 
Published: March 2015

AbstractSuccessful in vitro disease-recapitulation using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) requires two fundamental technical issues: appropriate control cells and robust differentiation protocols. To investigate fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare genetic disease leading to extraskeletal bone formation through endochondral ossification, gene-corrected (rescued) iPSC clones (resFOP-iPSC) were generated from patient-derived iPSC (FOP-iPSC) as genetically matched controls, and the stepwise induction method of mesenchymal stromal cells (iMSCs) through neural crest cell (NCC) lineage was used to recapitulate the disease phenotype. FOP-iMSCs possessing enhanced chondrogenic ability were transcriptionally distinguishable from resFOP-iMSCs and activated the SMAD1/5/8 and SMAD2/3 pathways at steady state. Using this method, we identified MMP1 and PAI1 as genes responsible for accelerating the chondrogenesis of FOP-iMSCs. These data indicate that iMSCs through NCC lineage are useful for investigating the molecular mechanism of FOP and corresponding drug discovery. Stem Cells 2015;33:1730–1742
The impact of Arctic warming on the midlatitude jet‐stream: Can it? Has it? Will it?
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth A , Screen James A 
Published: March 2015

The Arctic lower atmosphere has warmed more rapidly than that of the globe as a whole, and this has been accompanied by unprecedented sea ice melt. Such large environmental changes are already having profound impacts on the flora, fauna, and inhabitants of the Arctic region. An open question, however, is whether these Arctic changes have an effect on the jet‐stream and thereby influence weather patterns farther south. This broad question has recently received a lot of scientific and media attention, but conclusions appear contradictory rather than consensual. We argue that one point of confusion has arisen due to ambiguities in the exact question being posed. In this study, we frame our inquiries around three distinct questions: Can Arctic warming influence the midlatitude jet‐stream? Has Arctic warming significantly influenced the midlatitude jet‐stream? Will Arctic warming significantly influence the midlatitude jet‐stream? We argue that framing the discussion around the three questions: Can it?, Has it?, and Will it? provides insight into the common themes emerging in the literature as well as highlights the challenges ahead. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:277–286. doi: 10.1002/wcc.337This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Detection and Attribution
Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
RZZ and Mad1 dynamics in Drosophila mitosis
Authors: Défachelles Lénaïg , Raich Natacha , Terracol Régine , Baudin Xavier , Williams Byron , Goldberg Michael , Karess Roger E. 
Published: March 2015

Abstract
The presence or absence of Mad1 at kinetochores is a major determinant of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) activity, the surveillance mechanism that delays anaphase onset if one or more kinetochores remain unattached to spindle fibers. Among the factors regulating the levels of Mad1 at kinetochores is the Rod, Zw10, and Zwilch (RZZ) complex, which is required for Mad1 recruitment through a mechanism that remains unknown. The relative dynamics and interactions of Mad1 and RZZ at kinetochores have not been extensively investigated, although Mad1 has been reported to be stably recruited to unattached kinetochores. In this study, we directly compare Mad1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) turnover dynamics on unattached Drosophila kinetochores with that of RZZ, tagged either with GFP-Rod or GFP-Zw10. We find that nearly 40 % of kinetochore-bound Mad1 has a significant dynamic component, turning over with a half-life of 12 s. RZZ in contrast is essentially stable on unattached kinetochores. In addition, we report that a fraction of RZZ and Mad1 can co-immunoprecipitate, indicating that the genetically determined recruitment hierarchy (in which Mad1 depends on RZZ) may reflect a physical association of the two complexes.
Centrifugal instability in non-axisymmetric vortices
Authors: Nagarathinam David , Sameen A. , Mathur Manikandan 
Published: March 2015

We study the centrifugal instability of non-axisymmetric vortices in the presence of an axial flow ($w$) and a background rotation (${\it\Omega}_{z}$) using the local stability approach. Analytically solving the local stability equations for an axisymmetric vortex with $w$ and ${\it\Omega}_{z}$, growth rates for wave vectors that are periodic upon evolution around a closed streamline are calculated. The resulting sufficient criterion for centrifugal instability in an axisymmetric vortex is then heuristically extended to non-axisymmetric vortices and written in terms of integral quantities and their derivatives with respect to the streamfunction on a streamline. The new criterion for non-axisymmetric vortices, which converges to the exact criterion of Bayly (Phys. Fluids, vol. 31, 1988, pp. 56–64) in the absence of background rotation and axial flow, is validated by comparisons with numerically calculated growth rates for two different anticyclonic vortices: the Stuart vortex (specified by the concentration parameter ${\it\rho},~0<{\it\rho}\leqslant 1$) and the Taylor–Green vortex (specified by the aspect ratio $E,~0<E\leqslant 1$). With no axial velocity and finite background rotation, the criterion predicts a lower and an upper threshold of $|{\it\Omega}_{z}|$ between which centrifugal instability is present. We further demonstrate that the criterion represents an improvement over the criterion of Sipp & Jacquin (Phys. Fluids, vol. 12, 2000, pp. 1740–1748). Finally, in the presence of both axial velocity and background rotation, the criterion is shown to be accurate for large enough ${\it\rho}$ and $E$.
A HENKIN-STYLE PROOF OF COMPLETENESS FOR FIRST-ORDER ALGEBRAIZABLE LOGICS
Authors: CINTULA PETR , NOGUERA CARLES 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis paper considers Henkin’s proof of completeness of classical first-order logic and extends its scope to the realm of algebraizable logics in the sense of Blok and Pigozzi. Given a propositional logic L (for which we only need to assume that it has an algebraic semantics and a suitable disjunction) we axiomatize two natural first-order extensions L∀m and L∀ and prove that the former is complete with respect to all models over algebras from , while the latter is complete with respect to all models over relatively finitely subdirectly irreducible algebras. While the first completeness result is relatively straightforward, the second requires non-trivial modifications of Henkin’s proof by making use of the disjunction connective. As a byproduct, we also obtain a form of Skolemization provided that the algebraic semantics admits regular completions. The relatively modest assumptions on the propositional side allow for a wide generalization of previous approaches by Rasiowa, Sikorski, Hájek, Horn, and others and help to illuminate the “essentially first-order” steps in the classical Henkin’s proof.
A CLASSIFICATION OF 2-CHAINS HAVING 1-SHELL BOUNDARIES IN ROSY
THEORIES
Authors: KIM BYUNGHAN , KIM SUNYOUNG , LEE JUNGUK 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe classify, in a nontrivial amenable collection of functors, all 2-chains up to
the relation of having the same 1-shell boundary. In particular, we prove that
in a rosy theory, every 1-shell of a Lascar strong type is the boundary of some
2-chain, hence making the 1st homology group trivial. We also show that, unlike
in simple theories, in rosy theories there is no upper bound on the minimal
lengths of 2-chains whose boundary is a 1-shell.
DEFINABLE HENSELIAN VALUATIONS
Authors: JAHNKE FRANZISKA , KOENIGSMANN JOCHEN 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn this note we investigate the question when a henselian valued field carries a nontrivial ∅-definable henselian valuation (in the language of rings). This is clearly not possible when the field is either separably or real closed, and, by the work of Prestel and Ziegler, there are further examples of henselian valued fields which do not admit a ∅-definable nontrivial henselian valuation. We give conditions on the residue field which ensure the existence of a parameter-free definition. In particular, we show that a henselian valued field admits a nontrivial henselian ∅-definable valuation when the residue field is separably closed or sufficiently nonhenselian, or when the absolute Galois group of the (residue) field is nonuniversal.
COMPUTABILITY AND UNCOUNTABLE LINEAR ORDERS II: DEGREE SPECTRA
Authors: GREENBERG NOAM , KACH ASHER M. , LEMPP STEFFEN , TURETSKY DANIEL D. 
Published: March 2015

AbstractWe study the computable structure theory of linear orders of size $\aleph _1 $ within the framework of admissible computability theory. In particular, we study degree spectra and the successor relation.
Venereology at the Polyclinic: Postgraduate Medical Education Among General Practitioners in England, 1899–1914
Authors: Hanley Anne 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn 1899 theBritish Medical Journalenthusiastically announced that a new postgraduate teaching college was to open in London. The aim of the Medical Graduates’ College and Polyclinic (MGC) was to provide continuing education to general practitioners. It drew upon emerging specialisms and in so doing built upon the generalist training received at an undergraduate level. Courses were intended to refresh knowledge and to introduce general practitioners to new knowledge claims and clinical practices. The establishment of postgraduate institutions such as the MGC marked an important stage in the development of medical education in England. Yet these institutions, and the emergence of postgraduate medical education more broadly, have been largely overlooked by historians. Moreover the history of venereological training among medical undergraduates and postgraduates alike has been overlooked. The study of such special subjects characterised postgraduate study. This article examines the dissemination of venereological knowledge among subscribers to MGC as an important case study for the development of institutionalised postgraduate medical education in England at the turn of the twentieth century.
Greek Manuscripts at the Wellcome Library in London: A Descriptive Catalogue
Authors: Bouras-Vallianatos Petros 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThis article presents a new, detailed catalogue of the Greek manuscripts at the Wellcome Library in London. It consists of an introduction to the history of the collection and its scholarly importance, followed by separate entries for each manuscript. Each entry identifies the text(s) found in the respective manuscript – including reference to existing printed edition(s) of such texts – and gives a physical description of the codex, details on its provenance and bibliographical references.
An Appraisal of the Functional Necessity of the Immunity Clause in the Political Governance of Nigeria
Authors: Okeke GN , Okeke CE 
Published: March 2015

AbstractImmunity is an exemption conferred on a person in order to protect him from litigation or persecution. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 as amended accords immunity to the president, vice-president, governors and deputy governors only. The import of this constitutional conferment is that no civil or criminal proceedings should be instituted against them while in office. This singular feature of the immunity clause emphasizes the functional necessity of the immunity which the constitution canvasses for these political office holders. A trial relating to any crime committed by any of them can commence after their tenure in office expires. This raises the issues that evidence against them might have been destroyed, prosecution witnesses may die before the trial commences and changes in the law can enable them to evade justice.
Water supply and urban population in Roman Cyrenaica
Authors: Lloyd J. A. , Lewis P. R. 
Published: March 2015

A central archaeological and historical problem is that of population. It is reflected in the question often posed by the student or visitor of an ancient city: how big was X?; how many people lived here? The reply is unlikely to be more than an informed guess and, in most cases, a mere hazard, exposing a fundamental lacuna in historical knowledge. The problem of population size is not simply of casual interest; it affects almost every aspect of a balanced picture of life in ancient times.Explicit classical allusions to population figures survive in only a very few cases (Alexandria, for example, had more than 300,000 free inhabitants in the first century B.C., according to Diodorus). In their absence it is extremely difficult to assess the number of inhabitants of a city at a given time, a situation further complicated by the fact that in Roman times a city comprised not just a built-up area, perhaps defined by walls, but also a neighbouring territory which it owned. The inhabitants of the territorium were liable to be counted with the city dwellers, thus producing a definition of urban population which differs radically from our modern concept.Despite the inherent difficulties, demographic studies have periodically occupied the attention of a number of archaeologists and historians, and in recent years two major works have appeared. In The Economy of the Roman Empire Richard Duncan-Jones devotes an important chapter to the size of cities. After reviewing the various methods used to calculate the size of urban populations, he puts forward figures of his own, based principally on the interpretation of epigraphic evidence. As one of his examples has a specific Libyan connection, it is worth summarising here. The town concerned is Oea (modern Tripoli). Duncan-Jones applies an approach first outlined in 1886 by J. Beloch, in examining ancient records of large-scale gifts for public feasts or cash hand-outs (sportulae). These records provide important clues to the size of the urban population at the time of the benefaction. In the case of Oea, two pieces of evidence have been preserved. The first is given by Apuleius in the Apologia, a speech prepared for his defence (in a trial at Sabratha) against a charge of winning his Oean wife, Pudentilla, by magic.