bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the Relationship Between Family Caregivers' Emotional States and Ability to Empathize with Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Pooyania Sepideh , Lobchuk Michelle , Chernomas Wanda , Marrie Ruth Ann 
Published: November 2015

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common nontraumatic cause of disability affecting young adults in Canada. Caregivers of patients with MS are highly psychologically burdened. Empathy and helping behaviors are hallmarks of quality care, but when they are challenged, suboptimal patient care can result. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of negative emotional states among primary caregivers of people with MS; the association between the caregiver's empathy-related behavior and the physical and cognitive impairment of the person with MS; and the association between the caregiver's emotional status and his or her empathy-related behaviors.
Methods: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional pilot study with family caregivers of noninstitutionalized individuals living with MS. We used univariate linear regression models for each potential predictor. The Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to compare differences in caregiver empathic responses depending on Profile of Mood States subscale scores.
Results: Thirty percent of caregivers had elevated or very elevated mood scores, and such elevated scores were associated with greater functional impact of MS on the person with MS. Patient severity of cognitive impairment was not associated with caregiver mood scores. Caregiver mood state was not associated with empathy-related behaviors. Empathy-related behaviors were less frequent when levels of anger and hostility were higher, but this association did not reach statistical significance.
Conclusions: Given the elevated levels of fatigue, depression, and anger observed among caregivers in this study, clinicians need to be aware of the potential impact of caregiving and to assess the needs of caregivers.
Relationship between Personality Types Conceptualized by C. G. Jung and Latvian IT Specialist Preferences
Authors: Dargis Maris , Finke Anita , Penicina Ludmila 
Published: November 2015

General people’s personality types, as well as idiosyncrasies and cognition and perception characteristics specific to each type, are a common research item, especially in such areas as pedagogics, human resource management, etc. Personality traits characteristic for individuals and teams of certain specific avocations (i.e., project teams), however, are a much less explored subject. In this area, the amount of conducted research is congruent with the geopolitical location and directly correlates with the possibility of finding practical applications for the findings of said research. This study presents the initial findings of such research, within the scope of which the idiosyncrasies common for IT specialists were explored using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) model. These initial findings can be used as the foundation for further study on the subject, helping to create a general Latvian IT specialist’s personality profile, and, possibly, identifying the areas that need development, while taking into consideration the tendencies and requirements of the Latvian IT market, as well as those of the labour market worldwide.
A new process approach for slant field plates in GaN-based high-electron-mobility transistors
Authors: Suemitsu Tetsuya , Kobayashi Kengo , Hatakeyama Shinya , Yasukawa Nana , Yoshida Tomohiro , Otsuji Taiichi , Piedra Daniel , Palacios Tomás 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
A new process approach to realize a slant field plate — a field plate (FP) gradually separated from the semiconductor surface from the gate edge toward the drain — is reported. A multistep SiCN dielectric film is used to make a sloped sidewall in the dielectric film consisting of a slant FP. The sidewall shape is controlled by the number of steps in SiCN. AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with slant and conventional FPs are prepared using this technique. The advantage of slant FPs over conventional FPs is experimentally confirmed as a result of reduced current collapse, higher current gain cutoff frequency, and higher off-state breakdown voltage.
Effect of gelatin on the water dispersion and centrifugal purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Maria Kazi Hanium , Mieno Tetsu 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
We report a convenient and effective procedure for the water dispersion and purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The purification procedure involves a combination of dispersion and centrifugation, in which gelatin; an environmentally friendly material is used as a dispersing agent. It has been found that an aqueous solution of gelatin effectively disperses SWNTs for more than a month. Another advantage of using gelatin as a dispersing agent is that it can be easily removed by washing with water and filtration. The centrifugation procedure employs a centrifugal force of about 2500 times the gravitational force to separate the particles. Although carbonaceous and metallic impurities usually have higher density than SWNTs in arc-produced carbon soot, the centrifugation can easily remove impurities leaving undamaged SWNTs in solution when appropriate centrifugal force and a centrifugation time are used. Centrifugation is carried out for three times to sufficiently remove impurities. Finally, the SWNTs are separated from the gelatin by heating in water and filtering.
Magnetic reconnection in the near‐Mars magnetotail: MAVEN observations
Authors: Harada Y. , Halekas J. S. , McFadden J. P. , Mitchell D. L. , Mazelle C. , Connerney J. E. P. , Espley J. , Larson D. E. , Brain D. A. , Andersson L. , DiBraccio G. A. , Collinson G. A. , Livi R. , Hara T. , Ruhunusiri S. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe report Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations of electrons, ions, and magnetic fields which provide comprehensive demonstration of magnetic reconnection signatures in the Martian magnetotail. In the near‐Mars tail current sheet at XMSO∼−1.3RM, trapped electrons with two‐sided loss cones were observed, indicating the closed magnetic field topology. In the closed field region, MAVEN observed Hall magnetic field signatures and Marsward bulk flows of H+, O+, and
ions, which suggest the presence of X lines tailward from the spacecraft. Velocity distribution functions of the reconnection outflow ions exhibit counterstreaming beams separated along the current sheet normal, and their bulk velocities in the outflow direction inversely depend on ion mass. These characteristics are in qualitative agreement with previous multispecies kinetic simulations. The near‐Mars magnetotail provides a unique environment for studying multi‐ion reconnection.
Marsward and tailward ions in the near‐Mars magnetotail: MAVEN observations
Authors: Harada Y. , Halekas J. S. , McFadden J. P. , Mitchell D. L. , Mazelle C. , Connerney J. E. P. , Espley J. , Larson D. E. , Brain D. A. , DiBraccio G. A. , Curry S. M. , Hara T. , Livi R. , Ruhunusiri S. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations of Marsward and tailward fluxes of suprathermal (>25 eV) ions in the near‐Mars (∼1–1.5 Mars radii downstream) magnetotail. Statistical results show that the Marsward proton flux and magnetic field draping pattern are well organized by the upstream motional electric field direction. We observe both significant Marsward proton fluxes and tightly wrapped magnetic field lines in the hemisphere pointed in the opposite direction to the upstream electric field. These characteristics are very similar to those observed at Venus. On the other hand, the net flux of oxygen ions points tailward on average in the Martian tail, while net Venusward flows of oxygen ions were observed frequently in the same hemisphere at Venus. The mechanism by which the Marsward proton flux is produced in the presence of tailward oxygen ion flux remains unclear.
Model insights into energetic photoelectrons measured at Mars by MAVEN
Authors: Sakai Shotaro , Rahmati Ali , Mitchell David L. , Cravens Thomas E. , Bougher Stephen W. , Mazelle Christian , Peterson W. K. , Eparvier Francis G. , Fontenla Juan M. , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPhotoelectrons are important for heating, ionization, and airglow production in planetary atmospheres. Measured electron fluxes provide insight into the sources and sinks of energy in the Martian upper atmosphere. The Solar Wind Electron Analyzer instrument on board the MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) spacecraft measured photoelectrons including Auger electrons with 500 eV energies. A two‐stream electron transport code was used to interpret the observations, including Auger electrons associated with K shell ionization of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. It explains the processes that control the photoelectron spectrum, such as the solar irradiance at different wavelengths, external electron fluxes from the Martian magnetosheath or tail, and the structure of the upper atmosphere (e.g., the thermal electron density). Our understanding of the complex processes related to the conversion of solar irradiances to thermal energy in the Martian ionosphere will be advanced by model comparisons with measurements of suprathermal electrons by MAVEN.
Altitude dependence of nightside Martian suprathermal electron depletions as revealed by MAVEN observations
Authors: Steckiewicz M. , Mazelle C. , Garnier P. , André N. , Penou E. , Beth A. , Sauvaud J.‐A. , Toublanc D. , Mitchell D. L. , McFadden J. P. , Luhmann J. G. , Lillis R. J. , Connerney J. E. P. , Espley J. R. , Andersson L. , Halekas J. S. , Larson D. E. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) spacecraft is providing new detailed observations of the Martian ionosphere thanks to its unique orbital coverage and instrument suite. During most periapsis passages on the nightside ionosphere suprathermal electron depletions were detected. A simple criterion was implemented to identify the 1742 depletions observed from 16 November 2014 to 28 February 2015. A statistical analysis reveals that the main ion and electron populations within the depletions are surprisingly constant in time and altitude. Absorption by CO2 is the main loss process for suprathermal electrons, and electrons that strongly peaked around 6 eV are resulting from this interaction. The observation of depletions appears however highly dependent on altitude. Depletions are mainly located above strong crustal magnetic sources above 170 km, whereas the depletions observed for the first time below 170 km are globally scattered onto the Martian surface with no particular dependence on crustal fields.
The structure and variability of Mars upper atmosphere as seen in MAVEN/IUVS dayglow observations
Authors: Jain S. K. , Stewart A. I. F. , Schneider N. M. , Deighan J. , Stiepen A. , Evans J. S. , Stevens M. H. , Chaffin M. S. , Crismani M. , McClintock W. E. , Clarke J. T. , Holsclaw G. M. , Lo D. Y. , Lefèvre F. , Montmessin F. , Thiemann E. M. B. , Eparvier F. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe report a comprehensive study of Mars dayglow observations focusing on upper atmospheric structure and seasonal variability. We analyzed 744 vertical brightness profiles comprised of ∼109,300 spectra obtained with the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) aboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) satellite. The dayglow emission spectra show features similar to previous UV measurements at Mars. We find a significant drop in thermospheric scale height and temperature between LS = 218° and LS = 337–352°, attributed primarily to the decrease in solar activity and increase in heliocentric distance. We report the detection of a second, low‐altitude peak in the emission profile of OI 297.2 nm, confirmation of the prediction that the absorption of solar Lyman alpha emission is an important energy source there. The
UV doublet peak intensity is well correlated with simultaneous observations of solar 17–22 nm irradiance at Mars.
Retrieval of CO2 and N2 in the Martian thermosphere using dayglow observations by IUVS on MAVEN
Authors: Evans J. S. , Stevens M. H. , Lumpe J. D. , Schneider N. M. , Stewart A. I. F. , Deighan J. , Jain S. K. , Chaffin M. S. , Crismani M. , Stiepen A. , McClintock W. E. , Holsclaw G. M. , Lefèvre F. , Lo D. Y. , Clarke J. T. , Eparvier F. G. , Thiemann E. M. B. , Chamberlin P. C. , Bougher S. W. , Bell J. M. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present direct number density retrievals of carbon dioxide (CO2) and molecular nitrogen (N2) for the upper atmosphere of Mars using limb scan observations during October and November 2014 by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph on board NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. We use retrieved CO2 densities to derive temperature variability between 170 and 220 km. Analysis of the data shows (1) low‐mid latitude northern hemisphere CO2 densities at 170 km vary by a factor of about 2.5, (2) on average, the N2/CO2 increases from 0.042 ± 0.017 at 130 km to 0.12 ± 0.06 at 200 km, and (3) the mean upper atmospheric temperature is 324 ± 22 K for local times near 14:00.
Enhanced subarctic Pacific stratification and nutrient utilization during glacials over the last 1.2 Myr
Authors: Knudson Karla P. , Ravelo Ana Christina 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe relationship between climate, biological productivity, and nutrient flux is of considerable interest in the subarctic Pacific, which represents an important high‐nitrate, low‐chlorophyll region. While previous studies suggest that changes in iron supply and/or physical ocean stratification could hypothetically explain orbital‐scale fluctuations in subarctic Pacific nutrient utilization and productivity, previous records of nutrient utilization are too short to evaluate these relationships over many glacial‐interglacial cycles. We present new, high‐resolution records of sedimentary δ15N, which offer the first opportunity to evaluate systematic, orbital‐scale variations in subarctic Pacific nitrate utilization from 1.2 Ma. Nitrate utilization was enhanced during all glacials, varied with orbital‐scale periodicity since the mid‐Pleistocene transition, was strongly correlated with enhanced aeolian dust and low atmospheric CO2, but was not correlated with productivity. These results suggest that glacial stratification, rather than iron fertilization, systematically exerted an important regional control on nutrient utilization and air‐sea carbon flux.
On the dependence of storm time ULF wave power on magnetopause location: Impacts for ULF wave radial diffusion
Authors: Murphy Kyle R. , Mann Ian R. , Sibeck David G. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUltralow frequency (ULF) waves play a crucial role in energetic particle dynamics in the inner magnetosphere. We examine the role of the magnetopause location in controlling the amplitude and penetration of ULF waves within the inner magnetosphere during 63 coronal mass ejection (CME)‐driven and corotating interaction region (CIR)‐driven geomagnetic storms. Significantly, at the time when the magnetopause is most compressed, ULF wave power increases and penetrates to the deepest L shells. Most likely this is explained by proximity to the energy source and accumulation of energy within a smaller volume through solar wind‐magnetopause‐magnetosphere coupling, and changes in the storm time Alfvén continuum resulting from variations in the cold plasma density. The observed ULF wave power is consistently larger than Kp‐dependent statistical estimates—especially in the heart of the outer radiation belt. This has important implications for radiation belt dynamics, including main phase loss and storm time ULF wave radial diffusion.
Lightning as a space‐weather hazard: UK thunderstorm activity modulated by the passage of the heliospheric current sheet
Authors: Owens M. J. , Scott C. J. , Bennett A. J. , Thomas S. R. , Lockwood M. , Harrison R. G. , Lam M. M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLightning flash rates, RL, are modulated by corotating interaction regions (CIRs) and the polarity of the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) in near‐Earth space. As the HMF polarity reverses at the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), typically within a CIR, these phenomena are likely related. In this study, RL is found to be significantly enhanced at the HCS and at 27 days prior/after. The strength of the enhancement depends on the polarity of the HMF reversal at the HCS. Near‐Earth solar and galactic energetic particle fluxes are also ordered by HMF polarity, though the variations qualitatively differ from RL, with the main increase occurring prior to the HCS crossing. Thus, the CIR effect on lightning is either the result of compression/amplification of the HMF (and its subsequent interaction with the terrestrial system) or that energetic particle preconditioning of the Earth system prior to the HMF polarity change is central to solar wind lightning coupling mechanism.
Accuracy of short‐term sea ice drift forecasts using a coupled ice‐ocean model
Authors: Schweiger Axel J. , Zhang Jinlun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractArctic sea ice drift forecasts of 6 h–9 days for the summer of 2014 are generated using the Marginal Ice Zone Modeling and Assimilation System (MIZMAS); the model is driven by 6 h atmospheric forecasts from the Climate Forecast System (CFSv2). Forecast ice drift speed is compared to drifting buoys and other observational platforms. Forecast positions are compared with actual positions 24 h–8 days since forecast. Forecast results are further compared to those from the forecasts generated using an ice velocity climatology driven by multiyear integrations of the same model. The results are presented in the context of scheduling the acquisition of high‐resolution images that need to follow buoys or scientific research platforms. RMS errors for ice speed are on the order of 5 km/d for 24–48 h since forecast using the sea ice model compared with 9 km/d using climatology. Predicted buoy position RMS errors are 6.3 km for 24 h and 14 km for 72 h since forecast. Model biases in ice speed and direction can be reduced by adjusting the air drag coefficient and water turning angle, but the adjustments do not affect verification statistics. This suggests that improved atmospheric forecast forcing may further reduce the forecast errors. The model remains skillful for 8 days. Using the forecast model increases the probability of tracking a target drifting in sea ice with a 10 km × 10 km image from 60 to 95% for a 24 h forecast and from 27 to 73% for a 48 h forecast.
Robust optimization of well location to enhance hysteretical trapping of CO2: Assessment of various uncertainty quantification methods and utilization of mixed response surface surrogates
Authors: Babaei Masoud , Pan Indranil , Alkhatib Ali 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe paper aims to solve a robust optimization problem (optimization in presence of uncertainty) for finding the optimal locations of a number of CO2injection wells for geological sequestration of carbon dioxide in a saline aquifer. The parametric uncertainties are the interfacial tension between CO2and aquifer brine, the Land's trapping coefficient and the boundary aquifer's absolute permeability. The spatial uncertainties are due to the channelized permeability field which exhibits a binary channel‐non‐channel system. The objective function of the optimization is the amount of residually trapped CO2due to the hysteresis of the relative permeability curves. A risk‐averse value derived from the cumulative density function of the distribution of the amount of trapped gas is chosen as the objective function value. In order to ensure that the uncertainties are effectively taken into account, Monte Carlo simulation and Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE)‐based methods are used and compared with each other. For different cases of parametric and spatial uncertainties, the most accurate uncertainty quantification (UQ) method is chosen to be integrated within the optimization algorithm. While for parametric uncertainty cases of up to two uncertain variables, PCE‐based methods computationally outperform Monte Carlo simulations, it is shown that for the multimodal distributions of the function of trapped gas occurring for the spatial uncertainty case, Monte Carlo simulations are more reliable than PCE‐based UQ methods. For the discrete (integer) optimization problem, various mixed response surface surrogate models are tested and the robust optimization resulted in optimal CO2injection well locations.
Morphology and toughness enhancements in recycled high‐density polyethylene (rHDPE) via solid‐state shear pulverization (SSSP) and solid‐state/melt extrusion (SSME)
Authors: Miu Evan V. , Fox Andrew J. , Jubb Samuel H. , Wakabayashi Katsuyuki 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTSolid‐state, mechanochemical polymer processing techniques are explored as an effective and sustainable solution to appearance and performance issues commonly associated with recycled plastic products. Post‐consumer high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) from milk jugs is processed via conventional twin screw extrusion (TSE), solid‐state shear pulverization (SSSP), and solid‐state/melt extrusion (SSME), and compared to the as‐received and virgin forms regarding output attributes and mechanical properties, as well as morphology. Solid‐state processing methods, particularly SSME with a harsh screw configuration, produce samples with consistent appearance and melt flow characteristics. Tensile ductility/toughness and impact toughness are enhanced by up to 11‐fold as compared to the as‐received sample, to a level near and above those of an equivalent virgin HDPE. Calorimetry, optical microscopy, X‐ray scattering, and rheology characterization reveal that the mechanical improvements result from a favorable combination of physical and molecular changes in rHDPE, such as impurity size reduction, spherulite size enlargement, and chain branching. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43070.