bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular and molecular effects of electromagnetic radiation and sonic waves
Authors: Froes Meyer Patrícia , Ariel Ronzio Oscar , De Souza da Fonseca Adenilson , Santos-Filho Sebastião David , Bernardo-Filho Mario 
Published: July 2013

Electromagnetic radiation (in the form of pulsed magnetic fields, radiofrequency and intense pulsed light) and mechanical agents (such as sonic waves) have been used in physical therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of low-intensity magnetic fields, sonic and radiofrequency waves, and intense pulsed light on the survival of Escherichia coli cultures and on the electrophoretic mobility of plasmid DNA. Exponentially growing E. coli AB1157 cultures and plasmid DNA samples were exposed to these physical agents and 0.9% NaCl (negative control) and SnCl2 (positive control) solutions. Aliquots of the cultures were diluted and spread onto a solidified rich medium. The colony-forming units were counted after overnight incubation and the survival fraction was calculated. Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed to visualise and quantify the plasmid topological forms. The results suggest that these agents do not alter the survival of E. coli cells or plasmid DNA electrophoresis mobility. Moreover, they do not protect against the lesive action of SnCl2. These physical agents therefore had no cytotoxic or genotoxic effects under the conditions studied.
What Can We Learn From the Controversy Over the Role of Gender in Partner Violence?
Authors: Winstok Zeev 
Published: July 2013

The aim of this article is to reexamine the controversy over gender differences in partner violence perpetration and victimization through the following questions:•What is the controversy about?•What interests researchers from both sides of the controversy, and how do they perceive partner violence?•What are the implications of the parties’ different perspectives on how they study and understand partner violence?•How is the controversy on gender symmetry in partner violence reflected in the discourse of researchers from both sides of the controversy?•How many sides to the controversy are there?•Who’s who in which groups? To which group should I assign myself?Answers to these questions indicate that the controversy over gender differences in partner violence perpetration and victimization cannot be resolved by empirical means. Moreover, it is suggested that the controversy cannot be resolved at all because of its paradigmatic nature. It stems from differing and competing paradigmatic outlooks, which disagree over the identification, definition, and understanding of partner violence. As such, the controversy cannot be mediated, resolved, or settled. Moreover, it does not have to be resolved, for it provides an opportunity to broaden and deepen our knowledge and understanding of the field.
Environmental Management of Aznalcóllar Mine and Its Influence in the Hydrogeochemical of the Pit lake
Authors: Santofimia E. , López‐Pamo E. , Montero E. 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT: Since its 1995 closure and the subsequent 1998 accident, the Aznalcóllar mine pit has been used as a disposal site for diverse metal‐rich materials, such as the polluted soils removed during the cleaning of areas along the Guadiamar River, waste rock, pyrite sludge, and ashes deriving from pyrite roasting. At present, the mining pit is partly flooded and contains a highly acidic (pH 2.7) pit lake with approximately 6 Mm3 of metal and sulphate‐rich water. Recent detailed research performed in the area has proven that the reaction of the lake water with both the dumping mining wastes and the inflow of acid mine waters are strongly modifying the water quality of the pit lake. A major change was identified in the water quality that resulted from the dumping of 1.4 Mm3 of pyritic wastes during 2005 and 2006. The oxidative dissolution of this mineral has resulted in: (1) a total consumption of dissolved oxygen, (2) a notable increase of electric conductivity (from 8.6 to 12 mS/cm) and (3) a strong acidification (pH from 4.2 to 2.7) and an important heating that was observed as a result of the exothermic character of pyrite oxidation. Despite the total lack of oxidizing agents—such as O2 and Fe(III) (Fe[III] < 5% total Fe)—in the pit lake, pyrite is being oxidized with a continuous increase of the SO42− and Fe concentrations.
Do Growth-Option Firms Use Less Relative Performance Evaluation?
Authors: Albuquerque Ana Maria 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACT
The use of relative performance evaluation (RPE) in compensation contracts for CEOs at growth-option (GO) firms that operate in more volatile environments can provide insurance against common exogenous shocks and thus reduce the amount of risk that CEOs face. However, the implementation of RPE for high-GO firms can be impaired by these firms' inability to find a peer group that captures common risk exposure. This paper studies GO firms' reliance on RPE and finds that the use of RPE in CEO compensation contracts varies negatively with a firm's level of growth options. The tests use three proxies for growth options: the market-to-book value of assets, research and development expenses scaled by assets, and a factor obtained from a principal component analysis. The results are robust to controlling for the impact of other firm characteristics on pay-for-performance sensitivities.
Data Availability: All data are obtained from publicly available sources.
A review of thrust-vectoring in support of a V/STOL non-moving mechanical propulsion system
Authors: Páscoa José , Dumas Antonio , Trancossi Michele , Stewart Paul , Vucinic Dean 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
The advantages associated to Vertical Short-Take-Off and Landing (V/STOL) have been demonstrated since the early days of aviation, with the initial technolology being based on airships and later on helicopters and planes. Its operational advantages are enormous, being it in the field of military, humanitarian and rescue operations, or even in general aviation. Helicopters have limits in their maximum horizontal speed and classic V/STOL airplanes have problems associated with their large weight, due to the implementation of moving elements, when based on tilting rotors or turbojet vector mechanical oriented nozzles. A new alternative is proposed within the European Union Project ACHEON (Aerial Coanda High Efficiency Orienting-jet Nozzle). The project introduces a novel scheme to orient the jet that is free of moving elements. This is based on a Coanda effect nozzle supported in two fluid streams, also incorporating boundary layer plasma actuators to achieve larger deflection angles. Herein we introduce a state-of-the-art review of the concepts that have been proposed in the framework of jet orienting propulsion systems. This review allows to demonstrate the advantages of the new concept in comparison to competing technologies in use at present day, or of competing technologies under development worldwide.
Enjeux de sens et enjeux politiques de la notion de dépendance
Authors: Ennuyer Bernard 
Published: July 2013

Dans les années 1970, sous l’impulsion des médecins de long séjour, l’adjectif dépendant est devenu le qualificatif pour désigner les personnes âgées atteintes d’incapacité dans les actes essentiels de la vie quotidienne et ayant besoin, de ce fait, d’être aidées pour les effectuer. Le vocable dépendance est ainsi devenu, au fil du temps, le stigmate, c’est-à-dire un attribut péjoratif, des personnes âgées qui vieillissent avec des difficultés de vie quotidienne. Il a conduit à la mise en place d’une politique publique spécifique et ségrégative en direction des « personnes âgées dépendantes ». Récemment, c’est le mot perte d’autonomie qui s’est imposé pour définir cette population ayant besoin d’être aidée dans sa vie quotidienne, entraînant une confusion redoutable entre incapacité fonctionnelle et incapacité décisionnelle. Cet article propose résolument de remplacer ces vocables négatifs par le vocable européen de « besoin d’aide et de soins de longue durée ».
La fin de vie : le point sur les pratiques médicales en France
Authors: Pennec Sophie , Monnier Alain , Pontone Silvia , Aubry Régis , Gaymu Joëlle , Riou Françoise 
Published: July 2013

En France, dans les décennies à venir, avec l’arrivée des générations du baby-boom au grand âge et l’augmentation de l’espérance de vie, le nombre de décès, notamment de personnes très âgées, va augmenter. Dans une proportion importante, ces décès seront précédés de maladies chroniques longues et potentiellement invalidantes requérant soins et aides. Actuellement, près de la moitié des décès (48 % en 2010) a été précédée d’une décision médicale ayant pu hâter la mort du patient. Les décisions prises s’appuient dans leur grande majorité sur les dispositions de la loi Leonetti, qui permet, sous certaines conditions, de limiter ou d’arrêter un traitement, ou d’administrer des médicaments pour soulager les souffrances du patient, qui peuvent avoir pour effet d’avancer la survenue de la mort.
L'assurance dépendance : en « supplémentaire » ou en « complémentaire ? »
Authors: Colvez Alain , Loirat Jean-Louis 
Published: July 2013

Quelle part l’assurance doit-elle prendre dans le financement de la « dépendance »? La question est moins de savoir si elle doit y contribuer – elle y est déjà présente – que de définir quelle place et sous quelle forme elle peut y être impliquée. Un point essentiel de la discussion à soumettre à la représentation nationale est de trancher entre la position de « complémentaire » qu’elle occupe pour les problèmes de santé et la position de « supplémentaire » à laquelle le secteur assurantiel se limite actuellement pour la dépendance. Tous les éléments techniques sont disponibles et doivent être utilisés pour conduire un véritable débat sur l’articulation entre la protection sociale et les assurances (individuelles ou mutualistes) pour le financement de cet enjeu national de santé.
Les espaces du commerce alimentaire à Tours au XVIII e siècle
Authors: Villeret Maud 
Published: July 2013

L’étude de la distribution spatiale des commerces alimentaires à Tours montre que les villes d’Ancien Régime sont de véritables marchés à ciel ouvert, malgré les tentatives de régulation du XVIII e siècle. Si la localisation des commerces de bouche obéit à des logiques multiples, c’est leur polarisation qui frappe l’observateur. Le secteur alimentaire est plus que tout autre créateur de centralité dans une ville. La maitrise des espaces commerciaux est un enjeu sanitaire, économique, voire identitaire pour les multiples acteurs urbains : commerçants, clients et autorités de la ville. Leurs différentes visions s’affrontent ce qui contribue à modifier le paysage urbain.
La naissance d'une cité ouvrière sous le Second Empire
Authors: Calvarin Claude 
Published: July 2013

À proximité de la barrière de la Chopinette, encore habitée par des commis de l’Octroi, Adolphe de Madre (1813-1894), un notaire parisien, achète un premier bâtiment sur ses fonds propres en 1852. Cette mise de fonds devient le gage d’un premier emprunt au Crédit Foncier, d’autres suivront au fur et à mesure de l’achat et du lotissement de terrains, essentiellement des jardins maraîchers, et de l’élévation de constructions pour ouvriers. Il achète ainsi 34 000m 2 de terrain à différents propriétaires, à proximité de l’hôpital Saint-Louis. Il loue pour 18 ans ses terrains à de petits entrepreneurs, à charge pour eux de construire pour leur usage propre et de sous-louer des maisons qui lui reviennent en fin de bail. Entre 1861 et 1863, il construit ses propres bâtiments. Entrepreneurs et locataires appartiennent à un milieu populaire venu en majorité de province. Madre, imprégné des valeurs des catholiques sociaux, concrétise sa volonté d’entreprendre dans une stratégie du charitable qui le conduit à construire une cité pour des ouvriers méritants. Efficace homme d’affaires, rigoureux gestionnaire, habile homme de loi, il développe son projet sans aucune aide du gouvernement. Il est un des rares à avoir gagné de l’argent tout en étant charitable. À l’inverse de la cité Napoléon, les bâtiments de Madre se fondent dans le bâti avoisinant et quelques-uns, transformés au fil des usages, n’ont pas été détruits ; une récente réhabilitation prolonge leur existence.
REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS IN A TYPICAL 60 YEARS OLD DETACHED HOUSE IN LONDON
Authors: Barbhuiya Saadia , Barbhuiya Salim 
Published: July 2013

INTRODUCTION In this paper an attempt has been made to provide the best options for renewable energy and low carbon technologies to reduce CO2 emissions from a detached house built in 1950 and located in London. The options for energy efficiency measures—photovoltaics, solar thermal, wind turbine, ground source heat pump, Gas CHP—have been evaluated on the basis of energy and CO2 savings and technical viability. The main conclusions derived from this study are summarised in this paper.
La construction sociale de la paranoïa pénitentiaire
Authors: Janicaud Élodie 
Published: July 2013

Régulièrement décrite comme un trait décuplant l’imaginaire de la violence en prison ou réactivant les appréhensions des personnes soumises aux effets de la carcéralisation, la « paranoïa pénitentiaire » s’avère peu questionnée par la littérature sociologique. À la croisée du sens commun et du langage psychiatrique, cette notion reste descriptive pour qualifier les mécanismes de défense collectifs ou individuels imbriqués à la peur perçue ou ressentie des protagonistes de l’univers carcéral. À partir d’une analyse constructiviste, cet article met l’accent sur la place prise par l’organisation violente de la prison, structurant un environnement sinistre qui frappe les détenus, les acteurs de terrain. Tous mobilisent leur subjectivité pour résister à cette souffrance. Espace-temps doublement confiné et propice à la suspicion, les UHSI sont une occasion de questionner cet impensé de la paranoïa pénitentiaire en sociologie carcérale. Ces traits caractéristiques sont la résultante d’une sinistrose propre aux surveillants de prison provoquant déliaison sociale et désubjectivation.
Human CRP Defends against the Toxicity of Circulating Histones
Authors: Abrams Simon T. , Zhang Nan , Dart Caroline , Wang Susan Siyu , Thachil Jecko , Guan Yunyan , Wang Guozheng , Toh Cheng-Hock 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein that plays an important defensive role in innate immunity against bacterial infection, but it is also upregulated in many noninfectious diseases. The generic function of this highly conserved molecule in diseases that range from infection, inflammation, trauma, and malignancy is not well understood. In this article, we demonstrate that CRP defends the human body against the toxicity of histones released into the circulation after extensive cell death. In vitro, CRP significantly alleviates histone-induced endothelial cell damage, permeability increase, and platelet aggregation. In vivo, CRP rescues mice challenged with lethal doses of histones by inhibiting endothelial damage, vascular permeability, and coagulation activation, as reflected by significant reductions in lung edema, hemorrhage, and thrombosis. In patients, elevation of CRP significantly increases the capacity to neutralize extracellular histones in the circulation. We have also confirmed that CRP interacts with individual histones in vitro and forms CRP–histone complexes in serum from patients with both elevated CRP and histones. CRP is able to compete with phospholipid-containing liposomes for the binding to histones. This explains how CRP prevents histones from integrating into cell membranes, which would otherwise induce calcium influx as the major mechanism of cytotoxicity caused by extracellular histones. Because histone elevation occurs in the acute phase of numerous critical illnesses associated with extensive cell death, CRP detoxification of circulating histones would be a generic host defense mechanism in humans.
Autophagy-Inducing Protein Beclin-1 in Dendritic Cells Regulates CD4 T Cell Responses and Disease Severity during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Authors: Reed Michelle , Morris Susan H. , Jang Sihyug , Mukherjee Sumanta , Yue Zhenyu , Lukacs Nicholas W. 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
Recent work demonstrated the importance of macroautophagy in dendritic cell (DC) maturation and innate cytokine production upon viral infection through delivery of cytoplasmic viral components to intracellular TLRs. To study the functional consequences of impaired autophagosome formation during a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, mice harboring significant autophagy defects due to Beclin-1 haploinsufficiency (Beclin-1+/−) were used. Upon RSV infection in vivo, lungs of Beclin-1+/− mice showed increased Th2 cytokine production, mucus secretion, and lung infiltration of eosinophils and inflammatory DCs. Although isolated airway epithelial cells from Beclin-1+/− mice demonstrated little change compared with wild-type mice, Beclin-1+/− pulmonary and bone marrow–derived DCs showed decreased expression of MHC class II and innate cytokine production upon RSV infection. Further examination indicated that Beclin-1+/− DCs stimulated less IFN-γ and IL-17 production by cocultured CD4+ T cells and increased Th2 cytokine production in comparison with wild-type controls. Finally, adoptive transfer of RSV-infected Beclin-1+/− DCs into the airways of wild-type mice produced severe lung pathology and increased Th2 cytokine production upon subsequent RSV challenge compared with wild-type DC transfer controls. These results indicate a critical role for autophagy in DCs during pulmonary viral infection, facilitating appropriate antiviral adaptive immune responses.
Projected Population Proximity Indices (30km) for 2005, 2030 & 2050
Authors: Alexander Neil S. , Wint William 
Published: July 2013

This data package includes nine population proximity index layers for 2005, 2030 and 2050, for rural, urban and total populations. The layers are distributed as 1km GeoTIFFs and GeoJPGss at 1km.The aim of these layers is to describe the population which may be likely to visit a specific locality where access is determined by Euclidean distance. By using the layers alongside other geographic datasets relating to disease risk it may help identify where people may come into contact with a disease. Human population layers are often used in models to identify risk areas where humans and viruses interact, however most pathogens are not restricted to areas of human habitation: many are found in lesser populated areas such as forests. This dataset will help identify less populated areas that may well still receive high visitor numbers.The layers have been projected to 2030 and 2050 to enable projections of human/disease interfaces in the medium-term which are required to inform policy makers at country and continental level.Urban and rural populations have been separated into individual layers as in some cases it is useful to distinguish between the behaviour and associated risks attributed to the different population segments. There may be a different risk of contacting diseases in rural habitats for rural workers than for than urban visitors.
Four Rodent and Vole Biodiversity Models for Europe
Authors: Wint William , Morley David , Alexander Neil S. 
Published: July 2013

The mechanisms underlying associations between rodent diversity and the spread of rodent borne diseases are still unclear. The number of potential host species may influence a disease by either spreading the pathogen (or vectors) more rapidly or conversely by reducing contact with other hosts through the effects of dilution. In either case the number of potential hosts may impact on the distribution of a disease or its vectors. Four spatially modelled indices of rodent species richness have been generated to support distribution modelling of rodent borne diseases specifically initially focussing on Hantaviruses and tick borne diseases.
Can substrate in early rearing prevent feather pecking in adult laying hens?
Authors: de Jong IC , Reuvekamp BFJ , Gunnink H 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIn The Netherlands, laying hen chicks are often reared without litter on the raised slatted area of a barn system or confined in the aviary system during the first two to five weeks after hatching, with chick paper or chicken wire on the floor. In the absence of a suitable pecking substrate, chicks may redirect their pecking behaviour to other birds, which possibly increases the risk of developing feather-pecking behaviour. The aim of this study was to determine whether housing on wood-shavings (WS treatment; n = 15 groups) as compared to housing on chicken wire (CW treatment; n = 15 groups) between day 1-20 could reduce feather pecking in adult birds. After day 20, all chickens were allowed wood-shavings as litter. Behavioural observations showed that CW chicks performed significantly less ground-pecking behaviour compared with WS chicks up to day 20. More CW chicks showed gentle feather pecking at day 7 and 14 as compared to WS chicks, and more CW chicks pecked at the feeder or drinker than WS chicks up to day 20. CW chicks showed rebound behaviour: the day after they were introduced to wood-shavings they displayed more ground-pecking behaviour compared to the WS chicks. Later on in the rearing period no noticeable differences between treatments were found in frequency of gentle and severe feather-pecking bouts. During laying, more gentle feather-pecking bouts were observed in CW than in WS groups but no differences in severe feather-pecking bouts were observed, nor in feather damage at the end of the trial. The results indicate that hens can display substantial flexibility in their pecking behaviour and that, despite more gentle feather pecking in CW hens in laying, the absence of substrate in early rearing does not increase the risk of developing severe feather-pecking behaviour when adult.
Die Bedeutung der Mukaiyama‐Aldolreaktion für die Totalsynthese
Authors: Kan S. B. Jennifer , Ng Kenneth K.‐H. , Paterson Ian 
Published: July 2013

AbstractIm Laufe der vierzig Jahre, die seit Mukaiyamas ersten Berichten zur Verwendung von Silicium‐ und Borenolaten in gezielten Aldolreaktionen vergangen sind, hat sich diese in hohem Maße kontrollierte Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Kupplung aufgrund ihrer Fähigkeit zur simultanen Definition der Stereochemie, Einführung der Komplexität und Aufbau des Kohlenstoffgerüsts mit einem charakteristischen Oxygenierungsmuster als eine leistungsstarke Methode für die Naturstoffsynthese etabliert. Dieser Kurzaufsatz präsentiert repräsentative Totalsynthesen, die die Bedeutung der Mukaiyama‐Aldolreaktion veranschaulichen, und diskutiert die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen, die für die stereochemische Anordnung entscheidend sind.
Determination of the Diameter‐Dependent Onset Potential for the Oxygenation of SWCNTs
Authors: Sakamoto Shingo , Tominaga Masato 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe evaluation of the diameter‐dependent onset potential for the oxygenation of a SWCNT (single‐walled carbon nanotube) is an important issue because its chemical and physical properties, such as chemical reactivity, electronic conductance, and optical characteristics, would be changed. We investigated the diameter‐dependent onset potential for the oxygenation of SWCNTs in neutral aqueous solution by using in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical measurements, which was explained quantitatively in terms of the strain energy per carbon atom. These results will be useful for the fabrication of materials in which CNTs are used as a platform for applications such as fuel cells, capacitors, and Li‐ion batteries.