bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empyema of the nasal conchal bulla as a cause of chronic unilateral nasal discharge in the horse: 10 cases (2013–2014)
Authors: Dixon P. M. , Froydenlund T. , Liuti T. , Kane‐Smyth J. , Horbal A. , Reardon R. J. M. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryReasons for performing studyEmpyema of the nasal conchal bullae has recently been identified in horses suffering from chronic unilateral nasal discharge. The diagnosis and management of such cases has not been reported previously.ObjectivesTo describe the diagnosis and treatment of cases suffering from empyema of the nasal conchal bullae and report the frequency of diagnosis from a population of horses referred for head computed tomography (CT).Study designRetrospective case review.MethodsRecords from cases diagnosed with nasal conchal bulla disease using CT were reviewed.ResultsAbnormalities of the nasal conchal bullae were identified by CT in 10 cases (8 ventral conchal bulla, 2 dorsal conchal bulla), from 102 equine head CT examinations. Eight cases were subsequently treated at the study clinic, 7 of which had concurrent paranasal sinus disease. In 3 cases, fenestration of the ventral conchal bulla per nasum facilitated drainage and clearance of empyema.ConclusionsDisease of the conchal bullae should be considered as a potential cause of chronic unilateral nasal discharge in horses. Clearance of empyema within these bullae is unlikely to occur through lavage of the paranasal sinuses alone. Where necessary, fenestration of the bulla allows physical removal of infected material.
Depth gradients in food‐web processes linking habitats in large lakes:LakeSuperior as an exemplar ecosystem
Authors: Sierszen Michael E. , Hrabik Thomas R. , Stockwell Jason D. , Cotter Anne M. , Hoffman Joel C. , Yule Daniel L. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryIn large lakes around the world, depth‐based changes in the abundance and distribution of invertebrate and fish species suggest that there may be concomitant changes in patterns of resource allocation. Using Lake Superior of the Laurentian Great Lakes as an example, we explored this idea through stable isotope analyses of 13 major fish taxa.Patterns in carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios revealed use of both littoral and profundal benthos among populations of most taxa analysed regardless of the depth of their habitat, providing evidence of nearshore–offshore trophic linkages in the largest freshwater lake by area in the world.Isotope‐mixing model results indicated that the overall importance of benthic food‐web pathways to fish was highest in nearshore species, whereas the importance of planktonic pathways increased in offshore species. These characteristics, shared with the Great Lakes of Africa, Russia and Japan, appear to be governed by two key processes: high benthic production in nearshore waters and the prevalence of diel vertical migration (DVM) among offshore invertebrate and fish taxa.DVMfacilitates use of pelagic food resources by deep‐water biota and represents an important process of trophic linkage among habitats in large lakes.Support of whole‐lake food webs through trophic linkages among pelagic, profundal and littoral habitats appears to be integral to the functioning of large lakes. These linkages can be disrupted though ecosystem disturbance such as eutrophication or the effects of invasive species and should be considered in native species restoration efforts.
Millennial‐scale ocean acidification and late Quaternary decline of cryptic bacterial crusts in tropical reefs
Authors: Riding R. , Liang L. , Braga J. C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractOcean acidification by atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased almost continuously since the last glacial maximum (LGM), 21 000 years ago. It is expected to impair tropical reef development, but effects on reefs at the present day and in the recent past have proved difficult to evaluate. We present evidence that acidification has already significantly reduced the formation of calcified bacterial crusts in tropical reefs. Unlike major reef builders such as coralline algae and corals that more closely control their calcification, bacterial calcification is very sensitive to ambient changes in carbonate chemistry. Bacterial crusts in reef cavities have declined in thickness over the past 14 000 years with largest reduction occurring 12 000–10 000 years ago. We interpret this as an early effect of deglacial ocean acidification on reef calcification and infer that similar crusts were likely to have been thicker when seawater carbonate saturation was increased during earlier glacial intervals, and thinner during interglacials. These changes in crust thickness could have substantially affected reef development over glacial cycles, as rigid crusts significantly strengthen framework and their reduction would have increased the susceptibility of reefs to biological and physical erosion. Bacterial crust decline reveals previously unrecognized millennial‐scale acidification effects on tropical reefs. This directs attention to the role of crusts in reef formation and the ability of bioinduced calcification to reflect changes in seawater chemistry. It also provides a long‐term context for assessing anticipated anthropogenic effects.
The effects of changing climate on faunal depth distributions determine winners and losers
Authors: Brown Alastair , Thatje Sven 
Published: July 2014

AbstractChanging climate is predicted to impact all depths of the global oceans, yet projections of range shifts in marine faunal distributions in response to changing climate seldom evaluate potential shifts in depth distribution. Marine ectotherms' thermal tolerance is limited by their ability to maintain aerobic metabolism (oxygen‐ and capacity‐limited tolerance), and is functionally associated with their hypoxia tolerance. Shallow‐water (<200 m depth) marine invertebrates and fishes demonstrate limited tolerance of increasing hydrostatic pressure (pressure exerted by the overlying mass of water), and hyperbaric (increased pressure) tolerance is proposed to depend on the ability to maintain aerobic metabolism, too. Here, we report significant correlation between the hypoxia thresholds and the hyperbaric thresholds of taxonomic groups of shallow‐water fauna, suggesting that pressure tolerance is indeed oxygen limited. Consequently, it appears that the combined effects of temperature, pressure and oxygen concentration constrain the fundamental ecological niches (FENs) of marine invertebrates and fishes. Including depth in a conceptual model of oxygen‐ and capacity‐limited FENs' responses to ocean warming and deoxygenation confirms previous predictions made based solely on consideration of the latitudinal effects of ocean warming (e.g. Cheung et al., 2009), that polar taxa are most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, with Arctic fauna experiencing the greatest FEN contraction. In contrast, the inclusion of depth in the conceptual model reveals for the first time that temperate fauna as well as tropical fauna may experience substantial FEN expansion with ocean warming and deoxygenation, rather than FEN maintenance or contraction suggested by solely considering latitudinal range shifts.
Maize growing duration was prolonged across China in the past three decades under the combined effects of temperature, agronomic management, and cultivar shift
Authors: Tao Fulu , Zhang Shuai , Zhang Zhao , Rötter Reimund P. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractMaize phenology observations at 112 national agro‐meteorological experiment stations across China spanning the years 1981–2009 were used to investigate the spatiotemporal changes of maize phenology, as well as the relations to temperature change and cultivar shift. The greater scope of the dataset allows us to estimate the effects of temperature change and cultivar shift on maize phenology more precisely. We found that maize sowing date advanced significantly at 26.0% of stations mainly for spring maize in northwestern, southwestern and northeastern China, although delayed significantly at 8.0% of stations mainly in northeastern China and the North China Plain (NCP). Maize maturity date delayed significantly at 36.6% of stations mainly in the northeastern China and the NCP. As a result, duration of maize whole growing period (GPw) was prolonged significantly at 41.1% of stations, although mean temperature (Tmean) during GPw increased at 72.3% of stations, significantly at 19.6% of stations, and Tmean was negatively correlated with the duration of GPw at 92.9% of stations and significantly at 42.9% of stations. Once disentangling the effects of temperature change and cultivar shift with an approach based on accumulated thermal development unit, we found that increase in temperature advanced heading date and maturity date and reduced the duration of GPw at 81.3%, 82.1% and 83.9% of stations on average by 3.2, 6.0 and 3.5 days/decade, respectively. By contrast, cultivar shift delayed heading date and maturity date and prolonged the duration of GPw at 75.0%, 94.6% and 92.9% of stations on average by 1.5, 6.5 and 6.5 days/decade, respectively. Our results suggest that maize production is adapting to ongoing climate change by shift of sowing date and adoption of cultivars with longer growing period. The spatiotemporal changes of maize phenology presented here can further guide the development of adaptation options for maize production in near future.
Fire in Australian savannas: from leaf to landscape
Authors: Beringer Jason , Hutley Lindsay B. , Abramson David , Arndt Stefan K. , Briggs Peter , Bristow Mila , Canadell Josep G. , Cernusak Lucas A. , Eamus Derek , Edwards Andrew C. , Evans Bradley J. , Fest Benedikt , Goergen Klaus , Grover Samantha P. , Hacker Jorg , Haverd Vanessa , Kanniah Kasturi , Livesley Stephen J. , Lynch Amanda , Maier Stefan , Moore Caitlin , Raupach Michael , Russell‐Smith Jeremy , Scheiter Simon , Tapper Nigel J. , Uotila Petteri 
Published: July 2014

AbstractSavanna ecosystems comprise 22% of the global terrestrial surface and 25% of Australia (almost 1.9 million km2) and provide significant ecosystem services through carbon and water cycles and the maintenance of biodiversity. The current structure, composition and distribution of Australian savannas have coevolved with fire, yet remain driven by the dynamic constraints of their bioclimatic niche. Fire in Australian savannas influences both the biophysical and biogeochemical processes at multiple scales from leaf to landscape. Here, we present the latest emission estimates from Australian savanna biomass burning and their contribution to global greenhouse gas budgets. We then review our understanding of the impacts of fire on ecosystem function and local surface water and heat balances, which in turn influence regional climate. We show how savanna fires are coupled to the global climate through the carbon cycle and fire regimes. We present new research that climate change is likely to alter the structure and function of savannas through shifts in moisture availability and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in turn altering fire regimes with further feedbacks to climate. We explore opportunities to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from savanna ecosystems through changes in savanna fire management.
Limitations of the Use of Environmental Tracers to Infer Groundwater Age
Authors: McCallum James L. , Cook Peter G. , Simmons Craig T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractApparent ages obtained from the measured concentrations of environmental tracers have the potential to inform recharge rates, flow rates, and assist in the calibration of groundwater models. A number of studies have investigated sources of error in the relationships between the apparent ages, and the age assumed by models to relate this quantity to an aquifer property (e.g., recharge). These studies have also provided a number of techniques for correcting the known biases of apparent ages. In this paper, we review some of the concepts of age bias. We then demonstrate this bias through the use on four numerical examples, and assess the accuracy of correction methods in overcoming this bias. We examine this for CFCs, SF6, 3H/3He, 39Ar, and 14C. We demonstrate that in our four simple steady‐state aquifer examples, bias occurs for a wide range of environmental tracers and flow configurations. When applying correction methods, we found that the values obtained are limited by the model assumptions. Models accounting for exchange with aquitards represent whole mobile zones and not discrete well screens. Mean transit times (comparable to mean ages) obtained from lumped parameter models deviate from actual values as the assumed distribution varies from the actual distribution. Methods that use multiple tracer ages are limited to ranges where both tracers report apparent ages. Our findings suggest that the incorporation of environmental tracer data into the understanding of groundwater systems requires approaches such as the direct use of concentrations, or the simulation of full age distributions.
Association between depression and inflammatory/anti‐inflammatory cytokines in chronic kidney disease and end‐stage renal disease patients: A review of literature
Authors: Taraz Mohammad , Taraz Saeideh , Dashti‐Khavidaki Simin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDepression is a common psychiatric disorder in patients with advanced chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Strong correlation has been reported between depression and patients' morbidity and mortality among dialysis patients. On the contrary, chronic inflammation may be a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in these patients. Elevated plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, especially C‐reactive protein and interleukin (IL)‐6, have been correlated with cardiovascular events, hospitalization, and all‐cause and cardiovascular‐associated mortality in dialysis patients. Studies suggested that inflammation‐mediated atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are the possible reasons for depression‐induced mortality among patients without renal diseases. Several studies found significant elevations in circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α, in patients with major depression. Furthermore, depressive mood and behaviors, including sadness and suicidal ideation, were observed in patients who received repeated injections of recombinant cytokines. A thorough literature review indicates that while depressive symptoms and elevated inflammatory cytokine levels coexist in CKD and dialysis patients, their association is uncertain. Depression seems to be more associated with elevated serum levels of IL‐6 than other cytokines in these patients. Further studies are needed to clarify the possibility of a causal relationship between inflammation and depressive symptoms in CKD and dialysis patients.
Marketing cereal to children: content analysis of messages on children's and adults' cereal packages
Authors: Song Hayeon , Halvorsen Bonnie , Harley Amy 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study compares messages displayed on children's and adults' cereal boxes. In total, 127 cereal boxes were collected and content analysed. On the front panel, we found an interesting contradiction between health‐related textual and graphical messages. The nutrient claim appeared on more than half of cereals for children, which is significantly higher coverage compared with that of adult cereals. On the other hand, the representation of a bowl of cereal was far more likely to appear artificially coloured or sweetened on child‐targeted cereal boxes and contain less fruits and nuts compared with adult‐targeted cereals. Results on the back and side panels showed that messages targeting adults are mostly health related (e.g. well‐being, purity) while messaging to children focuses less on health‐related messages and more on games, toys and other entertaining topics. Nutritionally, child‐targeted cereals overall are less nutritious than adult‐targeted cereals and have higher rankings of sugar sources in the ingredients. This study calls for a critical consideration about not only on what is in the cereal box but also what is on the box.
Understanding Long-Term Unmet Needs in Australian Survivors of Stroke
Authors: Andrew Nadine E. , Kilkenny Monique , Naylor Rebecca , Purvis Tara , Lalor Erin , Moloczij Natasha , Cadilhac Dominique A. 
Published: July 2014

Background Limited data exist on the long-term needs of community-dwelling stroke survivors. We aimed to describe factors associated with the extent to which needs were met in Australian survivors of stroke. Method Multifaceted strategies were used to obtain a national sample. Adults 12+ months poststroke and living in the community participated. Needs were assessed over the domains of health, everyday living, work, leisure, social support, and finances. Multivariable negative-binomial and logistic regression were used. Results Seven hundred sixty-five survivors completed surveys. Most (84%) reported having needs that were not being fully met (median 4 of 20, Q1, Q3: 1, 9). Variations occurred based on age, residential location, time since stroke, and disability level. Multivariable results showed that having fatigue, cognition or emotional problems, decreasing age, and increased disability were associated with increasing numbers of needs not being fully met ( P < 0·001). Factors associated with needs not being fully met were as follows: ( 1 ) greater disability (adjusted odds ratio: 3·4, 95% confidence interval: 1·9, 6·0) and fatigue problems (adjusted odds ratio: 2·0, 95% confidence interval: 1·1, 3·4) (health domain); ( 2 ) greater disability (adjusted odds ratio: 7·0, 95% confidence interval: 3·0, 17·0) and being one to two-years poststroke (adjusted odds ratio: 3·4, 95% confidence interval: 1·5, 7·8) (work domain); and ( 3 ) increased disability (adjusted odds ratio: 3·8, 95% confidence interval: 2·2, 6·5) and memory problems (adjusted odds ratio: 2·1, 95% confidence interval: 1·0, 4·2) (leisure domain). Conclusion The extent to which long-term needs were met was influenced by a variety of factors, particularly age, disability levels, and residential location. Changes need to be made to the way and extent to which survivors are supported following stroke.
Prognosis and Treatment of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kobayashi Adam , Salman Rustam Al-Shahi 
Published: July 2014

Background Dural arteriovenous fistulae can cause intracranial hemorrhage, but influences on this are unclear. Summary of review We searched Ovid MEDLINE (from 1966), Embase (from 1980), and the Cochrane Library in September 2013 for studies of ≥50 adults with dural arteriovenous fistulae describing death or intracranial hemorrhage. Of 16 studies of retrospective associations between dural arteriovenous fistulae vascular anatomy and prior mode of presentation, fistula location in the cavernous sinus was consistently associated with nonhemorrhagic modes of presentation; in five studies involving 855 patients, fistulae with retrograde leptomeningeal (cortical) venous drainage were associated with prior presentation with intracranial hemorrhage (pooled odds ratio 23·2, 95% CI 13·8 to 39·0; *** I2 = 0%). Future intracranial hemorrhage during untreated clinical course was statistically significantly associated with the presence of venous varix in one study and with presentation with intracranial hemorrhage in patients with retrograde leptomeningeal venous drainage in another. In 19 observational studies of treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulae involving 2329 patients, the pooled risk of death was 1·2% (95% CI 0·6 to 1·8, I2 = 35%), that of nonfatal intracranial haemorrhage was 0·5% (95%CI 0·2 to 0·8, I2 = 9%), and that of nonfatal cerebral infarction was 0·7% (95% CI 0·3 to 1·4, I2 = 52%), for a combined risk of 2·5% (95% CI 1·4 to 3·9, I2 = 69%). Conclusions Retrograde leptomeningeal venous drainage seems strongly associated with intracranial hemorrhage at presentation of dural arteriovenous fistula, but its association with subsequent intracranial hemorrhage is less clear. Short-term complications of dural arteriovenous fistula treatment affect 2–3% of patients in published reports.
Equivalent survival and improved preservation of renal function after distal ureterectomy compared with nephroureterectomy in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the distal ureter: A propensity score‐matched multicenter study
Authors: Fukushima Hiroshi , Saito Kazutaka , Ishioka Junichiro , Matsuoka Yoh , Numao Noboru , Koga Fumitaka , Masuda Hitoshi , Fujii Yasuhisa , Sakai Yasuyuki , Arisawa Chizuru , Okuno Tetsuo , Yonese Junji , Kamata Shigeyoshi , Nagahama Katsushi , Noro Akira , Morimoto Shinji , Tsujii Toshihiko , Kitahara Satoshi , Gotoh Shuichi , Higashi Yotsuo , Kihara Kazunori 
Published: July 2014

ObjectivesTo investigate the oncological and functional outcome of distal ureterectomy compared with nephroureterectomy in the management of distal ureteral urothelial carcinoma.MethodsUsing a database including upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma patients (n = 1329), 282 patients were identified with urothelial carcinoma localized in the distal ureter on clinical evaluation. To adjust for potential baseline differences between groups, 43 patients undergoing distal ureterectomy were matched with 86 patients undergoing nephroureterectomy using propensity scoring. Cox regression models tested the effect of surgery type on recurrence‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival. Estimated glomerular filtration rate was measured before and after surgery.ResultsThe median follow‐up period was 50 months. There were no significant differences in 5‐year recurrence‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival rates between the distal ureterectomy and nephroureterectomy groups (P = 0.22 and P = 0.70, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that surgery type was not associated with recurrence‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival (P = 0.90 and P = 0.28, respectively). In the subanalysis, recurrence‐free survival and cancer‐specific survival in the distal ureterectomy group were equivalent to those of the nephroureterectomy group in both pTa‐1 and pT2‐4 patients. Renal function was better preserved in the distal ureterectomy group than in the nephroureterectomy group (rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate 2% vs −20%; P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe oncological outcome of distal ureterectomy is comparable with that of nephroureterectomy in distal ureteral urothelial carcinoma patients, and distal ureterectomy provides better preservation of renal function. Distal ureterectomy would be feasible for carefully selected patients with distal ureteral urothelial carcinoma.