bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marriage and Family Therapy (
MFT
)
Authors: Fivecoat Hayley C. , Johnson Matthew D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Marriage and family therapies (
MFTs
) are psychological interventions designed to alter the functioning between two or more individuals within a family.
MFTs
differ from individual therapies in a variety of ways. Therapeutic processes and outcomes of
MFTs
are often complex due to the dynamic nature of therapies involving multiple individuals. Family therapies are discussed with regard to the types of problems that can be addressed, therapeutic approaches, and effectiveness of treatments. Marital therapies are discussed with regard to the context of the intimate relationship, therapeutic modalities, and effectiveness of treatments. Moreover, primary, secondary, and tertiary marital interventions are discussed with regard to treatment procedures, foci, and efficacy.
Depersonalization Disorder/Derealization Disorder
Authors: Lynn Steven Jay , Merckelbach Harald L. G. J. , Giesbrecht Timo , Condon Liam P. , van der Kloet Dalena , Lilienfeld Scott O. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractDepersonalization is marked by persistent or recurring symptoms, including perceptual alterations, distorted sense of time, feeling as though one is an outside observer of one's body, or feeling like an automaton or like one is living in a dream or a movie. These symptoms are often accompanied by derealization, the feeling that the world, oneself, or other people seem strange or unreal. This entry summarizes the literature on depersonalization and derealization, including (a) the newDSM‐5diagnosis of depersonalization disorder/derealization disorder, which combines symptoms of derealization and depersonalization into a single diagnostic entity; (b) prevalence data; (c) precipitants of symptoms; (d) course of the disorder; and (e) theoretical and treatment approaches for depersonalization/derealization.
Self‐Report Questionnaires
Authors: Demetriou Constantina , Ozer Bilge Uzun , Essau Cecilia A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe self‐report questionnaire is one of the most widely used assessment strategies in clinical psychology. It consists of a set of written questions used for describing certain qualities or characteristics of the test subject. In this entry a brief overview of the main characteristics of self‐report questionnaires is presented along with advantages and disadvantages to be used in the field of clinical psychology, both in research and practice, the crucial steps to develop self‐report questionnaires, and description of the reliability and validity of self‐report questionnaires.
W
olpe,
J
oseph (1915–97)
Authors: Sy Megan , Hogan John D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Joseph Wolpe (1915–97) is recognized as one of the founding fathers of behavior therapy. While obtaining his medical degree in South Africa, he conducted animal research that involved reciprocal inhibition and systematic desensitization. This pioneering research established the groundwork for behavior therapy as we know it today. In 1966 Wolpe founded the Behavior Therapy Unit at Temple University, which served as a research and training center for other behavior therapists. He played a crucial role in the foundation of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapies (now the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies) and the journal
Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
. Wolpe was a prolific writer and advocate for behavior therapy, and his work includes the books
Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition
(1958) and
The Practice of Behavior Therapy
(1969), as well as hundreds of articles.
Impulse Control Disorders
Authors: Dellis Andrew , Stein Dan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractImpulse control disorders are characterized by repeated failures to overcome a harmful will to action within some defining behavioral domain (e.g., fire setting, aggressive outbursts, or theft). Impulse control disorders have recently been grouped alongside disruptive and conduct disorders in the American Psychiatric Association's DSM. Prior to this, impulse control disorders—including pathological gambling and trichotillomania—were classified as a residual class of disorders, falling outside of existing categories in the nomenclature that are also characterized by repeated and characteristic failures of self‐control or impulsive behavior (e.g., alcohol dependence, antisocial personality disorder, and cyclothymic disorder). Indeed, different clinical presentations of failures in impulse control may be organized in different ways as our knowledge about phenomenology and psychobiology increases. For example, new understandings of pathological gambling have led to its inclusion in the DSM‐5 section on “Substance‐Related and Addictive Disorders”—thus introducing the concept of behavioral addiction alongside substance addiction as both clinically useful and diagnostically valid. Similarly, trichotillomania has moved to a new chapter, “Obsessive‐Compulsive and Related Disorders.”
Board of Professional Affairs,
APA
Authors: Martino Sara M. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The Board of Professional Affairs (
BPA
) is a governance group within the American Psychological Association (
APA
). The group is made up of nine committee members. Their primary responsibilities include developing recommendations and watching their implementation within the
APA
in terms of policy, standards, and guidelines for the profession. Their duties include practice guidelines, treatment guidelines, and creating and maintaining awards given to psychologists in the field. The
BPA
has focused on practice guidelines for psychologists, including treatment of child custody evaluations and child protection matters and test user qualifications.
R
orschach Inkblot Test
Authors: Mihura Joni L. , Meyer Gregory J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The Rorschach inkblot test is a popular performance‐based personality test developed by Hermann Rorschach (1884–1922). The test consists of 10 inkblots: 5 are achromatic and 5 include chromatic colors. Respondents are asked what the inkblots “might be.” Their responses are coded, tabulated, and compared with norms for interpretation. In the mid 1900s, several Rorschach systems emerged in the United States. In 1974 John E. Exner (1928–2006) surveyed the literature to compile the most empirically supported variables from these systems into one, called the Comprehensive System (
CS
). Regardless of the Rorschach system, there has long been controversy surrounding the reliability and validity of the test's scores. Recently there have been significant efforts to review and summarize the empirical Rorschach literature. Building on these literature reviews, and following Exner's death in 2006, there is also a new Rorschach system that attempts to address criticisms and increase the likelihood of its reliable and valid use.
Differential Deficit
Authors: MacDonald Angus W. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis entry defines a differential deficit, or a specific cognitive deficit, as a deficiency measured in a specific domain of functioning, often attributed to psychiatric patients or other experimental groups. It presents the reasons differential deficits are important for interpreting the nature of dysfunctioning in psychiatric patients and other populations. Finally, it summarizes the challenge of isolating a differential deficit and describes a number of valid, potentially valid, and several invalid techniques for demonstrating differential deficits.
Dismantling Studies of Psychotherapy
Authors: Papa Anthony , Follette William C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
A dismantling design is one type of therapy outcome study. This design investigates therapies that have multiple components with the goal of trying to identify those features of the therapy that are either the active mechanisms of change or identify the degree to which specific components add to the magnitude of change attributable to other components. Thus, dismantling studies serially decompose a multicomponent therapy. One method of conducting these designs is to compare discrete components of the therapy with the total combined treatment. Depending on the number of identifiable components, individual components may be studied in isolation or in combination with other components of the intervention. They are in contrast to additive designs that attempt to build interventions starting with one component and subsequently adding additional components with the goal of identifying the contribution of each new component.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (
EMDR
)
Authors: Follette William C. , Papa Anthony , Davis Deborah 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (
EMDR
) was developed in the late 1980s as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Since then the therapy has been shown to be efficacious for this and other disorders. It is broadly disseminated and widely practiced. There are several controversies surrounding this therapy. Though eye movements were originally proposed to be an important active component of the intervention, several studies have called that claim into question. Questions remain, including what the mechanisms of action are for
EMDR
, how distinctive this therapy is from other interventions that include exposure and information‐processing components, and what training is needed to be technically proficient? Moreover, use of
EMDR
for memory recovery poses significant risk, as it incorporates many features that memory researchers have shown to promote development of false memories.
Clinical Mathematical Psychology
Authors: Shanahan Matthew J. , Townsend James T. , Neufeld Richard W. J. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Clinical mathematical psychology is the application of mathematical thinking to the examination of significant problems in psychopathology. Examination of psychopathological conditions can be done using mathematical approaches tailored to detecting deficits in cognitive and other functioning that are characteristic of a given disorder. Examples exist for schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and several neurodegenerative disorders. Clinical mathematical psychology includes, more generally, the use of formal terms to specify interrelation of constructs of interest for pathological phenomena. This mathematically based way of addressing patterns of unhealthy psychological functioning provides more specified language for theory development and recruits advanced mathematics for formulating research questions. Clinical mathematical psychology can be a valuable tool for the scientific study of the causes, effects, and treatment of mental illness.
UnitedStatesPublicHealthService (USPHS)
Authors: Goodie Jeffrey L. , Dobmeyer Anne C. , Corso Meghan L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe United States Public Health Service (USPHS) has had a significant influence on the practice and research of behavioral health care, and on the training of psychologists. Most clinical psychologists in theUSPHSserve as members of theUSPHSCommissioned Corps, one of the seven uniformed services in the United States. The Commissioned Corps is devoted to protecting, promoting, and advancing the health and safety of the nation. Clinical psychologists serve in a variety of roles, including participation in Commissioned Corps deployments, to support this mission. This entry reviews the history of theUSPHS, its role in the history of clinical psychology, and the current roles of psychologists within theUSPHS.
H
athaway,
S
tarke
R
. (1903–84)
Authors: Arbisi Paul A. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Starke Rosencrans Hathaway (1903–84) played a significant role in reifying “dust bowl” empiricism through the development, with his colleague J. Charnley McKinley (1891–1950), of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), which became the most widely used broadband measure of personality and psychopathology in the world. Although the MMPI was his most recognized accomplishment, Starke Hathaway had a varied career, making significant contributions across a range of subareas within the broader context of applied clinical psychology. Hathaway was by nature an experimentalist, a theoretical skeptic, and a well‐informed agnostic with regard to the then‐current theoretical systems within psychology. He often challenged conventional wisdom and questioned the utility of established practice. These attributes allowed him to collaborate across disciplines and make significant contributions to psychological assessment, physiological psychology, and experimental psychology over the span of his highly productive career.
NIMHResearch Domain Criteria (RDoC)
Authors: Sanislow Charles A. , Quinn Kevin J. , Sypher Isaiah 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project is a framework for studying domains of biological and behavioral function that cut across traditional psychiatric diagnostic boundaries with the long‐term objective of creating a new nosology based on specific biobehavioral measures. The initial aim is to provide a framework to drive clinical research. One goal ofRDoCis to facilitate the development of biomarkers that could eventually be used for practical clinical diagnostic purposes and allow the development of new treatments targeting specific mechanisms of mental illness. In this entry,RDoC, its development, and the ways that it may evolve are described.
Coefficient Alpha and Coefficient Omega
hierarchical
Authors: Zinbarg Richard E. , Alden Alison R. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The ideal of measurement for a multiple‐indicator scale is that it should be unidimensional. However, there are many latent variables or constructs of interest within the field of clinical psychology widely believed to be inherently multifaceted. Although scales that adequately assess such constructs are unlikely to be strictly unidimensional, they should still
primarily
measure one latent variable. Though many believe that coefficient alpha is a good index of the extent to which a scale is primarily a measure of one underlying latent variable, it is not. This entry describes an alternative to alpha, which is derived from the hierarchical factor analysis model—coefficient omega
hierarchical.
This entry includes discussion of the extant research comparing different methods of estimating coefficient omega
hiearchical
to each other and to coefficient alpha, as well as some important future directions for research on coefficient omega
hieararchical.
Systems Theory
Authors: Thompson Jason M. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSystems theory emphasizes wholes instead of parts. Rather than understanding psychopathology by reducing it to its components, systems theory describes how those components interact with each other to create disordered states, and how such states remain static or change over time. For example, the concept ofhomeostasisrefers to the way a disordered state, such as depression, has a self‐perpetuating tendency. Conversely, the concept ofmultifinalitydescribes how changes in key variables can lead over time either to healthy or maladaptive outcomes. The application of these and other salient systems theory principles to psychotherapy and related clinical topics is reviewed.
S
pearman,
C
harles (1863–1945)
Authors: Revelle William 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Charles Edward Spearman (1863–1945) was arguably the leading psychometrician of the early twentieth century. He was the founder and head of the “London school” of psychology at University College London (
UCL
) where he and his many students combined an experimental with a psychometric approach to the study of cognitive ability. He became Reader in Experimental Psychology at
UCL
in 1907 and was made the Grote Professor of Mind and Logic at
UCL
in 1911. This professorship was eventually (1928) renamed the “Professorship of Psychology.” He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1924. Although officially retiring from
UCL
in 1931, he continued an active research career for the rest of his life. Spearman's contributions to reliability theory, factor analysis, and the theory of “g” or general intelligence continue to influence psychometric and intelligence research more than 100 years later.
Eysenck, Hans J. (1916–97)
Authors: Revelle William 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Hans Jürgen Eysenck (1916–97) was one of the most influential personality psychologists of the twentieth century. He was a champion of the scientific approach to psychology in general, and personality in particular. His approach emphasized the integration of basic psychological theory with an experimental approach to the study of individual differences. During his lifetime his work on behavior genetics, ability, dimensions of personality, and a biological basis to personality went from being disbelieved and controversial to accepted wisdom for the field.
Neurophysiological and Neuroimaging Techniques
Authors: Nusslock Robin , Young Christina B. , Pornpattananangkul Narun , Damme Katherine S. F. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of frequently used neurophysiological and neuroimaging methods in clinical psychological research. The methods that will be discussed are quantitative electroencephalography, event‐related potentials, and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. A detailed discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods will be provided as it pertains to the tension between spatial and temporal resolution. Furthermore, this entry summarizes some of the contributions that these methods have made to our understanding of the pathophysiology of clinical psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.
Dissociative Disorders
Authors: Lynn Steven Jay , Merckelbach Harald L. G. J. , Giesbrecht Timo , Lilienfeld Scott O. , Lemons Peter , van der Kloet Dalena 
Published: January 2015

AbstractMajor dissociative disorders inDSM‐5include dissociative amnesia, depersonalization/derealization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. The trauma model and the sociocognitive model are two perspectives that vie for empirical support as explanations of the genesis of dissociative identity disorder and perhaps other dissociative disorders. Nevertheless, there have been increasing signs of convergence between the trauma and sociocognitive models, and a more recent sleep‐trauma model represents an attempt partly to integrate them. Medication does not appear to be effective in treating dissociative disorders, and psychotherapies await evaluation with rigorously controlled clinical trials.
Growth Curve Modeling
Authors: Krull Jennifer L. , Arruda Erin H. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Growth curve modeling is a statistical analysis technique for longitudinal data that captures both intra‐individual (“within person”) change over time and inter‐individual (“between person”) variability in such change. Such models are more flexible and powerful than traditional
ANOVA
and
MANOVA
approaches to repeated measures. Growth models are extremely valuable for describing or making inferences about the shape, direction, and rate of change that best characterize a population trajectory as well as uncovering and predicting individual differences between growth trajectories for members of a population. This encyclopedia entry describes the fundamentals of growth modeling in both multilevel modeling and structural equation modeling frameworks, including fitting linear and nonlinear growth trajectories and testing effects of individual and time‐varying predictors. Extensions of the basic growth model, including clustering of individuals within groups, examining interrelationships among trajectories of multiple outcome variables, and incorporating measurement models of outcome constructs, are also discussed.
Illusory Correlation
Authors: Watts Ashley L. , Smith Sarah Francis , Lilienfeld Scott O. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Illusory correlation refers to the tendency of individuals to perceive statistical associations that are objectively absent, or at least to perceive statistical associations that are more pronounced than objectively exist. This phenomenon appears to be the wellspring of many erroneous pieces of clinical lore, such as strongly held beliefs in the validity of invalid assessment techniques, as well as of many fallacious cultural beliefs, including superstitions. Illusory correlations stem in part from understandable errors in cognition, most notably a propensity to attend to hits rather than misses. The development of methods to debias individuals against illusory correlation will be an important direction for future research.
Emmanuel Movement
Authors: Cautin Robin L. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Emmanuel Movement refers to a collaborative effort of Boston physicians and Episcopalian ministers, in the early twentieth century, who purportedly combined aspects of religious faith and scientific knowledge to treat sufferers of various functional nervous disorders—that is, apparently organic pathology for which no neuropathology could be identified. Their psychotherapeutic approach stood in stark contrast to the staunch somatic approach largely embraced by the medical community at that time. Paradoxically, the success of the Emannuel Movement provided impetus for the medical community to champion the possibility of mental therapeutics, and to claim psychotherapy as within its purview.
Association for Psychological Science (
APS
)
Authors: Cautin Robin L. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

The Association of Psychological Science (
APS
), formerly called the American Psychological Society, was founded in 1988 by a group of scientifically oriented psychologists who had increasingly felt that their professional needs remained largely unmet by psychology's umbrella organization, the American Psychological Association (
APA
). From its inception, the
APS
has advocated for scientific psychology, including aspects directly related to clinical psychology, including training and accreditation. This entry reviews briefly the history of the organization and then highlights the association's alliance with some of the various efforts within the field to strengthen the scientific underpinnings of clinical psychology.
Branded Entertainment
Authors: Gambetti Rossella , Giovanardi Mattia 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Branded entertainment is a communication strategy that uses different media to embed the brand in an amusing, emotional, and interactive context so as to involve the consumer into a brand experience. Companies are increasingly trying to differentiate themselves by fostering consumer–brand relationships that rely on entertainment. Hence, marketing strategies are aimed at engaging consumers offering escapism and fun to build an intimate relationship between them and their brands.
C2C/C2B
Authors: Grundström Christina 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

C2C
(consumer‐to‐consumer) and
C2B
(consumer‐to‐business) are two ways of marketing enabled by the Internet and two‐way communication software.
C2C
concerns one customer marketing a product to another customer. It has evolved from “putting up notes” and personal selling to sometimes global web‐based sales facilitated secure transactions systems. Further growth was noted when blogs and personal webpages became commonplace, when also opinions about products were published. Such information about consumer opinions is increasingly seen as central to businesses.
C2B
is less common than
C2B
and involves a consumer marketing something to a business. An increase of this type is seen within product groups where there is a surplus in the market. One way to describe
C2B
is “reverse auctions.” Then the consumer states on, for example, a web site that he or she is interested in a product at a given price and a purchase will be made from the business willing to sell at this (or a lower) prize. A recent research interest involves the role of personal blogs in Internet‐based
C2C
marketing and personal brands.