bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An automated tool for cortical feature analysis: Application to differences on 7 Tesla T2*‐weighted images between young and older healthy subjects
Authors: Doan Nhat Trung , van Rooden Sanneke , Versluis Maarten J. , Buijs Mathijs , Webb Andrew G. , van der Grond Jeroen , van Buchem Mark A. , Reiber Johan H.C. , Milles Julien 
Published: August 2014

PurposeHigh field T2*‐weighted MR images of the cerebral cortex are increasingly used to study tissue susceptibility changes related to aging or pathologies. This paper presents a novel automated method for the computation of quantitative cortical measures and group‐wise comparison using 7 Tesla T2*‐weighted magnitude and phase images.MethodsThe cerebral cortex was segmented using a combination of T2*‐weighted magnitude and phase information and subsequently was parcellated based on an anatomical atlas. Local gray matter (GM)/white matter (WM) contrast and cortical profiles, which depict the magnitude or phase variation across the cortex, were computed from the magnitude and phase images in each parcellated region and further used for group‐wise comparison. Differences in local GM/WM contrast were assessed using linear regression analysis. Regional cortical profiles were compared both globally and locally using permutation testing. The method was applied to compare a group of 10 young volunteers with a group of 15 older subjects.ResultsUsing local GM/WM contrast, significant differences were revealed in at least 13 of 17 studied regions. Highly significant differences between cortical profiles were shown in all regions.ConclusionThe proposed method can be a useful tool for studying cortical changes in normal aging and potentially in neurodegenerative diseases. Magn Reson Med 74:240–248, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative amide proton transfer imaging with reduced interferences from magnetization transfer asymmetry for human brain tumors at 3T
Authors: Zhao Xuna , Wen Zhibo , Li Chunmei , Chen Min , Wang Yi , Gao Jia‐Hong 
Published: August 2014

PurposeTo develop a novel analysis method to evaluate quantitative amide proton transfer (qAPT) effects with reduced interference of conventional magnetization transfer effect.MethodsA modified Z‐spectrum is generated by a fitting procedure that achieves an effectively reduced magnetization transfer asymmetry. A qAPT map is then produced by subtraction of the original Z‐spectrum from the modified version. This approach has been tested on both healthy volunteers and patients with brain tumors. Comparisons are made between the maps of qAPT and the commonly‐used MTRasym(3.5 ppm) at different saturation powers. The negative background (NB) in MTRasym(3.5 ppm) image is recovered from the difference between the MTRasym(3.5 ppm) and qAPT maps.ResultsBoth qAPT and MTRasym(3.5 ppm) are strongly dependent on saturation power. At a saturation power below 2 µT, the MTRasym(3.5 ppm) map is dominated by the NB rather than the APT effects for healthy brain tissue. Similar to the MTRasym(3.5 ppm) image, the qAPT image exhibits strong and robust tumor contrast.ConclusionThe newly‐developed analysis method of qAPT is able to obtain a quantitative APT effect with less inferences from magnetization transfer asymmetry as compared to the conventional MTRasym(3.5 ppm) and can be used to evaluate human brain tumors at 3T. Magn Reson Med, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Magn Reson Med 74:208–216, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advances in Isoflavone Profile Characterisation using Matrix Solid‐phase Dispersion Coupled to HPLC/DAD in Medicago Species
Authors: Visnevschi‐Necrasov Tatiana , Barreira João C. M. , Cunha Sara C. , Pereira Graça , Nunes Eugénia , Oliveira M. Beatriz P. P. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTIntroductionAnalytical methods used in phytochemistry analysis are limited by the sample preparation step, which should ideally be fast, accurate, ecofriendly and achievable using low quantities of the sample. Matrix solid‐phase dispersion (MSPD) may be a good alternative for combining extraction and purification procedures, thereby reducing the indicated limitations.ObjectiveApplying an MSPD extraction procedure coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography diode‐array detection (HPLC/DAD) as an alternative methodology to evaluate isoflavone profiles.MethodsIsoflavone profiles were determined for the leaves of nine species of Medicago in the late flower phenological stage (one or more nodes with 50% open flowers, no seed pods). Extraction was performed following MSPD, and isoflavone profiles were characterised using HPLC/DAD. The quantified amounts were compared with previous results in different species commonly recognised as good sources of isoflavones.ResultsFormononetin was the major isoflavone in most species, except M. polymorpha and M. truncatula. The isoflavone amounts were significantly different among the assayed species, with M. orbicularis and M. arabica as the major isoflavone sources, while M. rigidula presented the lowest contents. Furthermore, the detected differences allow electing the best species as a primary source of a specific isoflavone.ConclusionThe MSPD allowed good extraction efficiency, reproducibility and recovery. Some of the species showed relevant isoflavone contents, even when compared with acknowledged plant sources such as soy or red clover. To the best of our knowledge the results presented are reported for the first time in these species. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of amphiphilic homopolymers with high chain end functionality by SET–LRP
Authors: Samanta Shampa R. , Cai Ruilong , Percec Virgil 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSingle electron transfer‐living radical polymerization (SET–LRP) of two amphiphilic acrylates, 2‐methoxyethyl acrylate up to [M]0/[I]0 = 1,000 and di(ethylene glycol) 2‐ethylhexyl ether acrylate up to [M]0/[I]0 = 200, is accomplished with good control of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution in 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol at 25 °C using hydrazine activated Cu(0) wire as catalyst, methyl 2‐bromopropionate as initiator, and Me6‐TREN as ligand. The chain end functionality of the resulting polymers has been analyzed by MALDI‐TOF spectrometry to demonstrate the synthesis of perfect or near‐perfect chain‐end functional amphiphilic homopolymers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 294–303
SNAI2 Controls the Undifferentiated State of Human Epidermal Progenitor Cells
Authors: Mistry Devendra S. , Chen Yifang , Wang Ying , Zhang Kang , Sen George L. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
The transcription factor, SNAI2, is an inducer of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) which mediates cell migration during development and tumor invasion. SNAI2 can also promote the generation of mammary epithelial stem cells from differentiated luminal cells when overexpressed. How SNAI2 regulates these critical and diverse functions is unclear. Here, we show that the levels of SNAI2 expression are important for epidermal cell fate decisions. The expression of SNAI2 was found to be enriched in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis where progenitor cells reside and extinguished upon differentiation. Loss of SNAI2 resulted in premature differentiation whereas gain of SNAI2 expression inhibited differentiation. SNAI2 controls the differentiation status of epidermal progenitor cells by binding to and repressing the expression of differentiation genes with increased binding leading to further transcriptional silencing. Thus, the levels of SNAI2 binding to genomic targets determine the differentiation status of epithelial cells with increased levels triggering EMT and dedifferentiation, moderate (physiological) levels promoting epidermal progenitor function, and low levels leading to epidermal differentiation. Stem Cells 2014;32:3209–3218
Calcium and Calcineurin-NFAT Signaling Regulate Granulocyte-Monocyte Progenitor Cell Cycle via Flt3-L
Authors: Fric Jan , Lim Clarice X.F. , Mertes Alexandra , Lee Bernett T.K. , Viganò Elena , Chen Jinmiao , Zolezzi Francesca , Poidinger Michael , Larbi Anis , Strobl Herbert , Zelante Teresa , Ricciardi-Castagnoli Paola 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Maintenance of myeloid progenitor cells is controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms and is orchestrated by multiple different transcription factors. Here, we report that the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) by calcium-sensing protein calcineurin inhibits the proliferation of myeloid granulocyte–monocyte progenitors (GMPs). Myeloid progenitor subtypes exhibit variable sensitivity to induced Ca2+ entry and consequently display differential engagement of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway. This study shows that inhibition of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway enhances the proliferation of GMPs both in vitro and in vivo and demonstrates that calcineurin-NFAT signaling in GMPs is initiated by Flt3-L. Inhibition of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway modified expression of the cell cycle regulation genes Cdk4, Cdk6, and Cdkn1a (p21), thus enabling rapid cell cycle progression specifically in GMPs. NFAT inhibitor drugs are extensively used in the clinic to restrict the pathological activation of lymphoid cells, and our data reveal for the first time that these therapies also exert potent effects on maintenance of the myeloid cell compartment through specific regulation of GMP proliferation. Stem Cells 2014;32:3232–3244
TGFβ Lengthens the G1 Phase of Stem Cells in Aged Mouse Brain
Authors: Daynac Mathieu , Pineda Jose R. , Chicheportiche Alexandra , Gauthier Laurent R. , Morizur Lise , Boussin François D. , Mouthon Marc-André 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Neurogenesis decreases during aging causing a progressive cognitive decline but it is still controversial whether proliferation defects in neurogenic niches result from a loss of neural stem cells or from an impairment of their progression through the cell cycle. Using an accurate fluorescence-activated cell sorting technique, we show that the pool of neural stem cells is maintained in the subventricular zone of middle-aged mice while they have a reduced proliferative potential eventually leading to the subsequent decrease of their progeny. In addition, we demonstrate that the G1 phase is lengthened during aging specifically in activated stem cells, but not in transit-amplifying cells, and directly impacts on neurogenesis. Finally, we report that inhibition of TGFβ signaling restores cell cycle progression defects in stem cells. Our data highlight the significance of cell cycle dysregulation in stem cells in the aged brain and provide an attractive foundation for the development of anti-TGFβ regenerative therapies based on stimulating endogenous neural stem cells. Stem Cells 2014;32:3257–3265
Transaction Cost in Economics
Authors: Suematsu Chihiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis chapter will set out to explain economists use the concept of a transaction cost. Central to the concept of transaction costs is the field of study that is called transaction cost economics (TCE). It is important to recognize, however, that TCE treats transaction costs in a different manner than this book does. From the title of the study, one might think that TCE is all about measuring and minimizing transaction costs, but this would be quite misleading. TCE does not even deal with transactions and transaction costs per se, as this book has been proposing, but instead addresses the purely economics-oriented question of how governance structures are selected to counter opportunistic behavior. Here governance structures refer to whether a company manufactures internally, manufactures within its family group, vertically integrates, or buys from the market.
Application Examples of Transaction Cost Measurement and Analysis to Management
Authors: Suematsu Chihiro 
Published: August 2014

AbstractActivities that cannot be measured cannot be managed. This common sense has not been applied to the activities of employees in companies despite the fact that this is a fundamental management issue. In reality, this information is not present in corporate financial statements, and in most companies this is neither measured nor correctly grasped. In attendance management, only the work start time and end time are taken into account, and the rest is basically a black box. Companies that offer legal, accounting, consulting, and engineering services bill their customers on an hourly basis. Therefore, most of these companies maintain activity log details. These data are based on the classification for customer billing, but they are not used for activity analysis, even though the data are entered with effort. To begin with, the data accuracy per se is too low to support analysis.
Surgical Management of Retropharyngeal Nodes Metastases from Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Togashi Takafumi , Sugitani Iwao , Toda Kazuhisa , Kawabata Kazuyoshi , Takahashi Sugata 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundPapillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) often metastasizes to the central and lateral neck lymph nodes, but rarely affects retropharyngeal nodes (RPN).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 12 patients (three men, nine women) with PTC who underwent dissection of RPN metastases between 1994 and 2012. Mean age at dissection was 65 years (range 23–77).ResultsDissection was performed with the initial surgery for PTC in eight patients, while the remaining four patients underwent dissection as secondary surgery. RPN metastases arose from an ipsilateral primary in nine patients, bilateral in two, and contralateral in one, with primaries located at the superior pole of the thyroid lobe in nine patients. All patients showed simultaneous or previous lymph node metastases in the upper jugular chain. A transcervical approach was applied for RPN dissection in 11 patients, while a transcervical‐transparotid approach was applied in the remaining patient. No patients needed mandibulotomy or showed severe complications. Median duration of follow‐up after RPN dissection was 48 months (range 3–206). No recurrences in the retropharyngeal space were identified. Two patients died of the disease, one died from other carcinoma, and five survived with distant metastases from PTC. The remaining four patients remain free of the disease as at the time of writing.ConclusionsIf lymph node metastases are identified in the upper jugular chain, the possibility of RPN metastases should be checked. Most RPN metastases from PTC can be dissected safely without mandibulotomy. In particular, low‐risk patients can expect favorable outcomes.
Optimum reserve size, fishing induced change in carrying capacity, and phenotypic diversity
Authors: Akpalu Wisdom , Bitew Worku T. 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Fish stocks around the world are heavily overexploited in spite of fishing policies in several parts of the world designed to limit overfishing. Recent studies have found that the complexity of ecological systems and the diversity of species, as well as negative impact of fishing activities on environmental carrying capacity of fish stocks—all contribute to the problem. A number of biologists, managers, and practitioners strongly support the use of marine reserves as a management strategy for marine conservation. This paper contributes to this line of research by seeking an optimum reserve size and fishing effort for situations where species diversity decrease at fishing grounds and fishing activities impact carrying capacity. We found that a reserve size which maximizes economic rents could ruin a fish stock if fishing impacts are not accounted for. On the other hand, the reserve serves as a bifurcation term which could improve the resilience of a marine ecosystem.
Posterior Chondrolabral Cleft: Clinical Significance and Associations with Shoulder Instability
Authors: Campbell Scot E. , Dewitt Robert M. , Cameron Kenneth L. , Thompson Adrianne K. , Owens Brett D. 
Published: August 2014

Background A high signal intensity cleft between the labrum and articular cartilage of the posterior glenoid is commonly visible on MRI and has been suggested to be anatomic variation [ 3 , 10 , 23 ]. The association of a posterior cleft with variations in glenoid morphology or with shoulder instability is unknown. Questions/Purposes The purposes of this study were to determine if posterior chondrolabral clefts are associated with variations in glenoid morphology, and to determine if they are associated with shoulder instability. Patients and Methods Shoulder MRI was performed in 1,264 shoulders, 1,135 male (89.8%), and 129 female (10.2%). A musculoskeletal radiologist blinded to history and outcomes evaluated the MR images for linear high signal intensity at the posterior chondrolabral junction and a rounded or truncated contour of the posterior glenoid. Glenoid version and depth were measured. Patients were followed prospectively for shoulder instability for 4 years. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were performed. Results Posterior chondrolabral cleft was present in 114/1,264. Posterior chondrolabral cleft was associated with a rounded or truncated posterior glenoid. There were 9.5° retroversion in shoulders with a posterior cleft, and 7.7° retroversion in shoulders without a cleft. Shoulders with a posterior chondrolabral cleft were more likely to develop shoulder instability. Conclusions Posterior chondrolabral clefts are not uncommon on MRI. They are associated with a rounded or truncated posterior glenoid and a small but significant increase in glenoid retroversion. They are associated with shoulder instability.
Optimizing Detergent Formulation with Enzymes
Authors: Zhang Jian , Zhang Yue , Li Wei , Li Xiaoling , Lian Xiang 
Published: August 2014

AbstractEnzymes have been widely used in modern detergents. However, few studies deal with research on enzyme dosage as well as its relationship with other ingredients within detergent products. This paper compares the washing performance of Chinese phosphate and non‐phosphate detergent before and after adding different enzymes and additives on the various types of swatches. The results confirmed that the detergent washing performance with enzymes added improved significantly for the specific stain soil. And within a certain range, the detergent washing performance and enzyme content have positive correlation. Furthermore there is synergy of soil removable ability between protease and amylase. Meanwhile the citric acid and various additives with enzymes can effectively compensate for insufficient of non‐phosphate detergent.
Genomics in Neurological Disorders
Authors: Han Guangchun , Sun Jiya , Wang Jiajia , Bai Zhouxian , Song Fuhai , Lei Hongxing 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Neurological disorders comprise a variety of complex diseases in the central nervous system, which can be roughly classified as neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. The basic and translational research of neurological disorders has been hindered by the difficulty in accessing the pathological center (i.e., the brain) in live patients. The rapid advancement of sequencing and array technologies has made it possible to investigate the disease mechanism and biomarkers from a systems perspective. In this review, recent progresses in the discovery of novel risk genes, treatment targets and peripheral biomarkers employing genomic technologies will be discussed. Our major focus will be on two of the most heavily investigated neurological disorders, namely Alzheimer’s disease and autism spectrum disorder.
Cerebrolysin protects PC12 cells from CoCl2‐induced hypoxia employing GSK3β signaling
Authors: Hartwig Kerstin , Fackler Viktoria , Jaksch‐Bogensperger Heidi , Winter Stefan , Furtner Tanja , Couillard‐Despres Sebastien , Meier Dieter , Moessler Herbert , Aigner Ludwig 
Published: August 2014

AbstractCerebrolysin (EVER Neuro Pharma GmbH, Austria) is a peptidergic drug indicated for clinical use in stroke, traumatic brain injury and dementia. The therapeutic effect of Cerebrolysin is thought to ensure from its neurotrophic activity, which shares some properties with naturally occurring neurotrophic factors. However, the exact mechanism of action of Cerebrolysin is yet to be fully deciphered. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Cerebrolysin in a widely used in vitro model of hypoxia‐induced neuronal cytotoxicity, namely cobalt chloride (CoCl2)‐treatment of PC12 cells. CoCl2‐cytotoxicity was indicated by a reduced cell‐diameter, cell shrinkage, increased pro‐apoptotic Caspase‐activities and a decreased metabolic activity. Cerebrolysin maintained the cell‐diameter of CoCl2‐treated naïve PC12 cells, decreased the activation of Caspase 3/7 in CoCl2‐stressed naïve PC12 cells and restored the cells' metabolic activity in CoCl2‐impaired naïve and differentiated PC12 cells. Cerebrolysin treatment also decreased the levels of superoxide observed after exposure to CoCl2. Investigating the mechanism of action, we could demonstrate that Cerebrolysin application to CoCl2‐stressed PC12 cells increased the phosphorylation of GSK3β, resulting in the inhibition of GSK3β. This might become clinically relevant for Alzheimer's disease, since GSK3β activity has been linked to the production of amyloid beta. Taken together, Cerebrolysin was found to have neuroprotective effects in CoCl2‐induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.
Gender‐related protection from or vulnerability to severe CNS diseases: Gonado‐structural and/or gonado‐activational? A meta‐analysis of relevant epidemiological studies
Authors: Braun Claude M.J. , Roberge Carl 
Published: August 2014

AbstractBackgroundA vast scientific literature has dealt with gender‐specific risk for brain disorder. That field is evolving toward a consensus to the effect that the estrogen hormone family is outstandingly and uniquely neuroprotective. However, the epidemiology relevant to this general outlook remains piecemeal.MethodThe present investigation strategically formats the relevant epidemiological findings around the world in order to quantitatively meta‐analyze gender ratio of risk for a variety of relevant severe central nervous system (CNS) diseases at all three gonadal stages of the life cycle, pre pubertal, post adolescent/pre menopausal, and post menopausal.ResultsThe data quantitatively establish that (1) no single epidemiological study should be cited as evidence of gender‐specific neuroprotection against the most common severe CNS diseases because the gender‐specific risk ratios are contradictory from one study to the other; (2) risk for severe CNS disease is indeed significantly gender‐specific, but either gender can be protected: it depends on the disease, not at all on the age bracket.ConclusionOur assay of gender‐specific risk for severe brain disease around the world has not been able to support the idea according to which any one gender‐prevalent gonadal steroid hormone dominates as a neuroprotective agent at natural concentrations.
Left atrial anomalous muscular band detected by computed tomography before catheter ablation in a patient with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Okajima Katsunori , Imamura Kimitake , Kanda Gaku , Shimane Akira 
Published: August 2014

AbstractA 65‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Before the ablation procedure, 3‐dimensional computed tomography revealed a left atrial anomalous muscular band connecting the posterior side of the left atrial roof and the right edge of the fossa ovalis. During the first ablation procedure, the band interfered with the manipulation of the catheter, resulting in only the left pulmonary vein (PV) being isolated. However, AF recurred. During the second procedure, careful catheter manipulation permitted complete right PV isolation, after which, the patient has not had AF recurrence for more than 3 years.