bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder stratospheric water vapor measurements by the NOAA frost point hygrometer
Authors: Hurst Dale F. , Lambert Alyn , Read William G. , Davis Sean M. , Rosenlof Karen H. , Hall Emrys G. , Jordan Allen F. , Oltmans Samuel J. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDifferences between stratospheric water vapor measurements by NOAA frost point hygrometers (FPHs) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) are evaluated for the period August 2004 through December 2012 at Boulder, Colorado, Hilo, Hawaii, and Lauder, New Zealand. Two groups of MLS profiles coincident with the FPH soundings at each site are identified using unique sets of spatiotemporal criteria. Before evaluating the differences between coincident FPH and MLS profiles, each FPH profile is convolved with the MLS averaging kernels for eight pressure levels from 100 to 26 hPa (~16 to 25 km) to reduce its vertical resolution to that of the MLS water vapor retrievals. The mean FPH − MLS differences at every pressure level (100 to 26 hPa) are well within the combined measurement uncertainties of the two instruments. However, the mean differences at 100 and 83 hPa are statistically significant and negative, ranging from −0.46 ± 0.22 ppmv (−10.3 ± 4.8%) to −0.10 ± 0.05 ppmv (−2.2 ± 1.2%). Mean differences at the six pressure levels from 68 to 26 hPa are on average 0.8% (0.04 ppmv), and only a few are statistically significant. The FPH − MLS differences at each site are examined for temporal trends using weighted linear regression analyses. The vast majority of trends determined here are not statistically significant, and most are smaller than the minimum trends detectable in this analysis. Except at 100 and 83 hPa, the average agreement between MLS retrievals and FPH measurements of stratospheric water vapor is better than 1%.
Changes in the frequencies of record‐breaking temperature events in China and its association with East Asian Winter Monsoon variability
Authors: Kuang Xueyuan , Zhang Yaocun , Huang Ying , Huang Danqing 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe daily maximum and minimum temperatures observed at the 1897 meteorological stations of China over the past 60 years (1951–2010) are analyzed in this study to examine the interdecadal variation of frequency for record‐breaking event (RBE) of temperature in the context of global warming. The results indicate that the frequency of record‐breaking high temperature in the first decade of the 21st century is the highest in the three decades from the 1980s to the 2000s, implying a distinct warming trend. Meanwhile, frequencies of record‐breaking low temperature in the 1990s and the beginning of the 21st century are also significant. In particular, the RBEs of low temperature occurred over most of China in the 1990s but concentrated in northern China during the 2000s. To understand why the record low temperatures in northern China are repeatedly broken in the 2000s, the related East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) variability is investigated. The empirical orthogonal function analysis of surface air temperature reveals that the northern mode of the EAWM variability, which is highly associated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) activities at both interdecadal and interannual timescales, has been intensifying since late 1990s. Corresponding to the intensification of the northern mode of the EAWM variability and the negative phase of AO in the 2000s, the Siberian High and East Asian trough intensify while the polar‐front jet stream strengthens and the subtropical westerly jet stream abnormally shifts northward. As a result, anomalously strong cold air masses, originated from Siberia, intrude into East Asia but are blocked by the enhanced northward subtropical westerly jet and cannot reach low‐latitude area. Therefore, the extremely strong cold air masses are amassed in mid‐high latitudes of East Asia, resulting in RBEs of low temperature in this area.
Kinetic analysis of deviation from the undifferentiated state in colonies of human induced pluripotent stem cells on feeder layers
Authors: Kim Mee‐Hae , Masuda Eri , Kino‐oka Masahiro 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTUnderstanding of the fundamental mechanisms that govern unintentional differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provides key strategies to maintain their undifferentiated state during cell expansion. This study focused on deviation from the undifferentiated state in hiPSC colonies during culture with feeder cells. Deviated cells from the undifferentiated state of hiPSCs in cultures with SNL and MEF feeder cells were observed at the center and periphery of the colonies, respectively, accompanied by dramatic changes in the cell morphology from small to large flattened shapes. It was found that the deviation of undifferentiated hiPSCs in culture with SNL feeder cells caused deviated cells in the center of the colony through spontaneous occurrence in a colony size‐dependent manner, whereas the deviation of undifferentiated hiPSCs in culture with MEF feeder cells caused deviated cells in the periphery of the colonies through accidental events during migration in a colony size‐independent manner. Based on a kinetic analysis of time‐lapse images of single hiPSC colonies, the specific growth rate for replication of deviated cells from the undifferentiated state in culture with SNL feeder cells was 1.83 and 3.57 times higher than those of undifferentiated cells and transformation, respectively, meaning that the deviation of undifferentiated hiPSCs dramatically expanded through replication of deviated cells from the undifferentiated state and transformation once deviation from the undifferentiated state had occurred. In the case of MEF feeder cells, the specific growth rates for replication of deviated cells from the undifferentiated state was 3.12 times higher than that of undifferentiated cells, whereas the rate by transformation exhibited a negligible level compared with the rates of replication for undifferentiated cells and deviated cells from undifferentiated state, meaning that deviation of undifferentiated hiPSCs dramatically expanded only through replication of deviated cells from the undifferentiated state. These results suggest that once deviation has occurred in a colony, the deviated cells from undifferentiated state undertake dramatic invasion to occupy the colony. Maintenance of the undifferentiated state in subcultures inevitably requires vigilant care to remove any colonies that include deviated cells from the undifferentiated state. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1128–1138. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereoselective Determination of a Novel Chiral Insecticide, Sulfoxaflor, in Brown Rice, Cucumber and Apple by Normal‐Phase High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Chen Zenglong , Dong Fengshou , Xu Jun , Liu Xingang , Cheng Youpu , Liu Na , Tao Yan , Zheng Yongquan 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTAn effective high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the stereoselective determination of a new sulfoximines insecticide, sulfoxaflor, in brown rice, cucumber and apple. Target compounds were extracted with acetonitrile and an aliquot cleaned with Cleanert PestiCarb/PSA (primary and secondary amine) cartridge. Five polysaccharide‐based columns were investigated on the separation of sulfoxaflor stereoisomers and the best was achieved on a ChromegaChiral CCA column with n‐hexane/ethanol/methanol (90:2:8, v/v/v) as mobile phase by UV detection at 220 nm at 20ºC. The resolutions of the four stereoisomers were 1.85, 1.54 and 3.08, and the elution order was identified by optical rotation and stereoisomers ratio. The mean recoveries of sulfoxaflor stereoisomers ranged from 77.1% to 99.3%, with relative standard deviations less than 8.9% at three concentration levels in all matrices. The limits of detection for all stereoisomers varied from 0.05 mg/kg to 0.07 mg/kg, while the limit of quantification did not exceed 0.22 mg/kg. The method was then successfully applied to determine the sulfoxaflor stereoisomers in authentic samples, confirming that it is convenient and reliable for stereoselective determination of sulfoxaflor stereoisomers in food. Chirality 26:114–120, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of P(MBA‐co‐MAA)/Zr(OH)4/P(EGDMA‐co‐MAA)/TiO2 Tetra‐layer Hybrid Microspheres and the Corresponding ZrO2/TiO2 Double‐shelled Hollow Microspheres
Authors: Qin Dianbin , Yu Jinhui , Bian Guomin , Qi Yonglin , Zhang Dongwei , Yang Xinlin 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDouble‐shelled zirconia/titania (ZrO2/TiO2) hollow microspheres were prepared by the selective removal of the polymer components via the calcination of the corresponding tetra‐layer poly(N,N′‐methylenebisacryl amide‐co‐methacrylic acid) (P(MBA‐co‐MAA))/Zr(OH)4/poly(ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid) (P(EGDMA‐co‐MAA))/TiO2 hybrid microspheres. These tetra‐layer microspheres were synthesized by the combination of the distillation copolymerization of N,N(‐methylenebisacryl amide‐co‐methacrylic acid (MBA) or ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) crosslinker and methacrylic acid (MAA) for the preparation of polymer core and third‐layer as well as the controlled sol‐gel hydrolysis of inorganic precursors for the construction of zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4) and titania (TiO2) layers. The thicknesses of zirconia and titania shell‐layers were conveniently controlled via varying the feed of zirconium n‐butoxide (Zr(OBu)4) and titanium tetrabutoxide (TBOT) during the sol‐gel hydrolysis, while the sizes of polymer layers were tuned through a multi‐stage distillation precipitation copolymerization. The structure and morphology of the resultant microspheres were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), X‐ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogrametric analysis (TGA).
Pulmonary Drugs and Genes Delivery Systems for Lung Disease Treatment
Authors: Xu Caina , Tian Huayu , Chen Xuesi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPulmonary drugs and genes delivery systems have become an attractive approach in the treatment of lung diseases with the advantages of minimal drug loss, precise quantization, high local drugs concentration and low side effects. However, special attention should be paid to the biological barriers of the lung. The delivery systems need to be designed carefully in order to overcome these biological barriers and maximize the drugs and genes deposition to the lungs. Pulmonary drugs and genes delivery systems can offer some encouraging results for delivering drugs and genes to the lungs. Specifically, some lipid‐based and polymer‐based delivery systems could control and sustain the release of drugs and genes with minimal or negligible toxicity. This review focuses on the latest development of pulmonary delivery of drugs and genes for the treatment of various lung diseases. The barriers to the lung, the delivery devices, the route of the administration and the delivery systems for drugs and genes pulmonary delivery are described. Based on the rapid development of clinical requirement, novel approaches using delivery systems for pulmonary delivery drugs and genes need to be constructed, which is believed to play an important role in the therapy of lung diseases in the future.
Novel Cyclopeptide Bolaamphiphile for Constructing Supramolecular Nanotubes
Authors: Qin Siyong , Wang Qingrong , Pei Yi , Peng Mengyun , Zhuo Renxi , Zhang Xianzheng 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA novel dicyclopeptide‐based bolaamphiphile was synthesized. The hydrophilic cyclopeptide fragments were linked to an alkyl chain 1,6‐bis(maleimido)hexane, which acted as a hydrophobic spacer. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation indicated that the cyclopeptide bolaamphiphile (CPB) self‐assembled into the nanotubes with a thickness of about 3 nm. Based on the optimized molecular conformation obtained via MM2 method, the length of CPB was demonstrated to be around 4 nm, implying that the nanotubes were single‐walled. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and circular dichroism (CD) analysis showed that the cyclopeptides in CPB mainly acted as the hydrophilic headgroups, rather than providing the well‐ordered hydrogen bonding interaction responsible for β‐sheet conformation. To investigate the special self‐assembly behavior of CPB, the single cyclopeptide (CP) without the connection of the linker was synthesized. Further investigation indicated that the CP molecules can not form tubular structures but nanofibers.
Pharmacokinetic interactions between topiramate and diltiazem, hydrochlorothiazide, or propranolol
Authors: Manitpisitkul Prasarn , Curtin Christopher R. , Shalayda Kevin , Wang Shean‐Sheng , Ford Lisa , Heald Donald 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDrug–drug interactions between topiramate and diltiazem, hydrochlorothiazide, or propranolol were evaluated along with safety/tolerability in three open‐label studies. Healthy participants (aged 18–45 years) received topiramate 75 mg every 12 hours (q12h) and diltiazem 240 mg/day (study 1); topiramate 96 mg q12h and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg/day (study 2); topiramate 100 mg q12h and propranolol 40–80 mg q12h (study 3). The pharmacokinetic parameters for topiramate, diltiazem (and active metabolites, desacetyldiltiazem [DEA], N‐demethyl diltiazem [DEM]), hydrochlorothiazide, and propranolol (and its active metabolite) were assessed at steady state. Results showed no effect of diltiazem on topiramate pharmacokinetics. However, a modest reduction in systemic exposures of diltiazem and DEA (10–27%) occurred during coadministration with topiramate. Systemic exposure of DEM was unaffected. Furthermore, oral and renal clearance of topiramate decreased (22–30%) significantly (P < 0.05) during coadministration with hydrochlorothiazide, while systemic exposure increased by 27–29%. Topiramate had no effect on hydrochlorothiazide pharmacokinetics. The results demonstrated lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between topiramate and propranolol. Overall, no new safety concerns emerged when topiramate was coadministered with diltiazem, hydrochlorothiazide, or propranolol.
Robust stabilization design for large‐scale parameterized nonlinear switched systems
Authors: Chen Lanping , Han Zhengzhi , Ma Zhenghua 
Published: January 2014

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the robust stabilization problem for a large class of parameterized switched nonlinear systems interconnected with unmodeled dynamics and uncertain disturbance in cascade form. Adaptive approximation methods will be designed to address the unknown nonlinearities. Via the backstepping algorithm, we construct adaptive state‐feedback controller under certain conditions, which is robust against parametric uncertainties and enable the class of switched systems stabilized under arbitrary switchings in probability. The simulation results demonstrate that the asymptotic stability of system performance can be adjusted by choosing suitable design parameters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines and β‐Carbolines
Authors: Eagon Scott , Anderson Marc O. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractA microwave‐mediated Pictet–Spengler procedure utilizing 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was developed to provide tetrahydro‐β‐carboline salts in high yields. Reactions are complete in 20 minutes or less and the product precipitates from solution in high yields and purity, negating the need for liquid–liquid extraction or column chromatography. This method tolerates a wide range of functionality and can be performed on milligram to gram scales. A subsequent microwave‐mediated aromatization of the synthesized tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines to β‐carbolines was also developed utilizing catalytic Pd/C. The aromatization is complete in 60 min or less with most substrates requiring minimal purification.
Formyl Substituent at C‐4 of Pyrazoles: A Temporary Protecting Group for Regioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation at C‐5
Authors: Smari Imen , Youssef Chiraz , Yuan Kedong , Beladhria Anissa , Ben Ammar Hamed , Ben Hassine Bechir , Doucet Henri 
Published: January 2014

AbstractPyrazoles with an aldehyde function at C‐4 underwent a palladium‐catalyzed direct arylation reaction to provide a regioselective approach to 5‐aryl‐substituted pyrazoles. The reaction proceeds in moderate to high yields with a variety of aryl bromides in the presence of 2 mol‐% of Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst. The use of an aldehyde function at C‐4 of the pyrazoles presents several advantages: (1) 4‐formylpyrazoles are easily prepared from hydrazine derivatives, ketones, and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), (2) the control of the regioselectivity of the arylation at C‐5 of the pyrazole, (3) the aldehyde substituent can easily be transformed into a wide variety of other substituents, and (4) the formyl group can be considered a temporary protecting group, as it can be removed by a straightforward reaction.
A Convenient Method for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Fluorinated α‐Amino Acids from Alcohols
Authors: Drouet Fleur , Noisier Anaïs F. M. , Harris Craig S. , Furkert Daniel P. , Brimble Margaret A. 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDue to their numerous applications, fluorinated amino acids have recently attracted significant attention. The preparation of fluorine‐containing phenylalanines, heteroaryl alanines and aliphatic fluorinated amino acids using Mitsunobu–Tsunoda alkylation of a chiral nucleophilic glycine equivalent with readily available alcohol substrates is described. The reaction proceeds in high yields and with excellent diastereoselectivity. This method provides an efficient synthetic route to fluorinated amino acids for which asymmetric approaches are scarce.
A Quaternary Nitronyl Nitroxide α‐Amino Acid: Synthesis, Configurational and Conformational Assignments, and Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Wright Karen , d'Aboville Edouard , Scola Joseph , Margola Tommaso , Toffoletti Antonio , De Zotti Marta , Crisma Marco , Formaggio Fernando , Toniolo Claudio 
Published: January 2014

AbstractTo expand the presently extremely limited repertoire of known nitronyl nitroxide α‐amino acids, we report here the synthesis of a novel, conformationally constrained, quaternary, chiral residue, Aic(CN), and its subsequent conversion into a blue‐colored, imidazolinyl nitronyl nitroxide‐bearing α‐amino acid, Aic(NN). Deprotection and peptide coupling reactions were examined. The configurational assignment of Aic(NN) was achieved by X‐ray crystallographic analysis of an appropriate tripeptide. This latter investigation, accompanied by an IR absorption conformational analysis, strongly supports the view that the Aic(NN) residue is an efficient peptide turn former. Numerous spectroscopic and magnetic properties of its derivatives and the tripeptide are also described. Of particular relevance for future applications are its UV/Vis absorption, NMR, and EPR signatures.
Reconstruction of eroded and deposited sediment volumes of the embanked River Waal, the Netherlands, for the period ad 1631–present
Authors: Hobo Noortje , Makaske Bart , Wallinga Jakob , Middelkoop Hans 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTIn the last few centuries humans have modified rivers, and rivers have responded with noticeable changes in sedimentary dynamics. The objective of this study is to assess these responses of the sedimentary dynamics. Therefore, we calculated a sediment budget for eroded and deposited sediment volumes in a ~12‐km long floodplain section of the largest semi‐natural embanked but still dynamic lower Rhine distributary, for ~50‐years time slices between ad 1631 and present. This is the period during which embanked floodplains were formed by downstream migration of meander bends between confining dykes. Our sediment budget involves a detailed reconstruction of vertical and lateral accretion rates and erosion rates of floodplain sediment. To do so, we developed a series of historical geomorphological maps, and lithogenetic cross‐sections. Based on the maps and cross‐sections, we divided the floodplain into building blocks representing channel bed and overbank sediment bodies. Chronostratigraphy within the blocks was estimated by interpretation of heavy metal profiles and from optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results. Sediment budgets were hence calculated as a change of volume of each building block between time steps. The amount of lateral accretion initially increased, as a result of island and sand bar formation following embankment. From the eighteenth century onwards, there was a decrease of lateral processes in time, which is a result of straightening of the river by human activities, and a reduction of water and sediment supply due to the construction of a new upstream bifurcation. With straightening of the river, the floodplain area grew. Artificial fixation of the channel banks after ad 1872 prevented lateral activity. From then on, overbank deposition became the main process, leading to a continuous increase of floodplain elevation, and inherent decrease of flooding frequency and sediment accumulation rate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION OF A HYDROLOGIC MODEL FOR SIMULATING GROUNDWATER TABLE FLUCTUATIONS ON FARMS IN THE EVERGLADES AGRICULTURAL AREA OF SOUTH FLORIDA
Authors: Kwon Hoyoung , Grunwald Sabine , Beck Howard , Jung Yunchul 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe Shuffled Complex Evolution—Universal Algorithm (SCE‐UA) is an automatic calibration algorithm that has shown success in finding a globally optimum objective function with more efficiency than other methods. We incorporated the SCE‐UA into our novel modeling environment, utilizing an ontology‐based simulation (OntoSim‐Sugarcane) framework adapted to analyze groundwater table (WT) fluctuations and drainage practices on four farm basins in the Everglades Agricultural Area of south Florida.Utilizing two water years (WY96–97) of farm WT fluctuations observed at a portion (&#60;16 ha) of each farm basin, two parameters—lateral hydraulic conductivities of soil profile and vertical hydraulic conductivity of underlying limestone—were automatically calibrated. Regardless of farms, the best parameter sets that minimize the objective function of daily root mean square error could be found after 1500 simulation runs. The quality of matching simulated to observed values of farm WT were further assessed by the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE). The NSE ranged from 0.38 to 0.75 (calibration period, WY96–97) and 0.10 to 0.76 (validation period, WY98–99) on all four farms. These results indicate that this coupling strengthens the capability of OntoSim‐Sugarcane to model hydrology by objectively finding the best parameter sets. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.