bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives of enhancement of p‐type conductivity in ZnO nanowires
Authors: Tchelidze Tamar , Kereselidze Tamaz , Nadareishvili Teimuraz 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSemiconductor nanowires are believed to act as key elements in future nanoscaled optoelectronic devices, as they offer intriguing electrical and optoelectronic properties. However, the future of any semiconductor nanowire technology will essentially rely on their doping capability. The availability of both n‐ and p‐type semiconductors is important for the realization of nanowire‐based electronics. Wide band gap semiconductors, such as ZnO, suffer from doping polarity. They can be easily doped n‐ (or p‐type) to the expense of difficulties for doping of opposite type. Space confinement changes donor and acceptor ionization energies. The main factor that makes difficult to obtain n‐ or p‐conductivity is the formation of compensating defects. Compensating processes are strongly affected by electronic structure of the system: band gap, ionization energies of donors, acceptors and their compensation centers. In the presented work we calculated energy levels of an electron bound to Coulomb impurity that is incorporated in semiconductor nanowire. Effect of dielectric confinement on ionization energies are considered as well. For analyzing perspectives of suppressing processes of compensation and achieving low ohmic p‐conductivity Kröger method of quasi‐chemical equations is used. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microscopic and spectroscopic analysis of the nature of conductivity changes during resistive switching in silicon‐rich silicon oxide
Authors: Buckwell Mark , Montesi Luca , Mehonic Adnan , Reza Omer , Garnett Leon , Munde Manveer , Hudziak Stephen , Kenyon Anthony J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractRedox‐based resistive random access memory (RRAM) has the scope to greatly improve upon current methods of data storage, despite incomplete understandings of material switching mechanisms. We make use of atomic force microscopy (AFM), conductive atomic force microscopy (cAFM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to characterise the physical processes occurring in the changes in conductance state in silicon‐rich silicon oxide RRAM. Surface analyses of the insulating oxide layer of our devices are employed to establish the chemical and structural properties of pristine and switched states. The removal of oxygen from the active layer is observed to be concomitant with the appearance of varying degrees of surface distortion and regions of high conductivity in an otherwise‐insulating material. These results support the currently‐recognised model of a resistive switching mechanism that is reliant upon the migration of oxygen ions under an electrical bias. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impact of Production and Conversion Processes on the Carbon Footprint of Flexible Plastic Films
Authors: Poovarodom Ngamtip , Ponnak Chularat , Manatphrom Natthaphon 
Published: November 2014

The present study aimed to identify and compare the carbon footprint associated with polyolefin films (linear low‐density polyethylene, high‐density polyethylene and polypropylene), with the idea of developing a simple and affordable empirical method to assist the flexible packaging industry, notably small and medium‐sized enterprises, in estimating the carbon footprint of different products or of new products at the early stage of development. It was found that the total global warming potential (GWP) of the studied films increased 19–67% during processing when compared with the GWP embodied in plastic resins. This indicated that film production processes greatly contribute to the carbon footprint of plastic films. The relative impact of the film‐making process on the total GWP of films is largely a function of plastic type, in particular, its melting point. Printing and lamination processes also contribute significantly to the total GWP of films, with the major factor being electricity use.The constant k was derived to indicate the influences of plastic types and manufacturing processes on the total GWP of films and to help calculate the carbon footprint of polyolefin films for which the production process and weight are known. Moreover, the GWP of each studied film was normalized with respect to film thickness and area. This information would be useful for packaging manufacturers and users to calculate the carbon footprint of multilayer films. The proposed empirical model showed satisfactory results, as the difference was less than 10% when compared with the results obtained from life cycle assessment studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endogenous Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Bone Marrow Are Required to Preserve Muscle Function in mdx Mice
Authors: Fujita Ryo , Tamai Katsuto , Aikawa Eriko , Nimura Keisuke , Ishino Saki , Kikuchi Yasushi , Kaneda Yasufumi 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
The physiological role of “endogenous” bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in tissue regeneration is poorly understood. Here, we show the significant contribution of unique endogenous BM-MSC populations to muscle regeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mice (mdx). Transplantation of BM cells (BMCs) from 10-week-old mdx into 3–4-week-old mdx mice increased inflammation and fibrosis and reduced muscle function compared with mdx mice that received BMCs from 10-week-old wild-type mice, suggesting that the alteration of BMC populations in mdx mice affects the progression of muscle pathology. Two distinct MSC populations in BM, that is, hematopoietic lineage (Lin)−/ckit−/CD106+/CD44+ and Lin−/ckit−/CD106+/CD44− cells, were significantly reduced in 10-week-old mdx mice in disease progression. The results of a whole-transcriptome analysis indicated that these two MSC populations have distinct gene expression profiles, indicating that the Lin−/ckit−/CD106+/CD44+ and Lin−/ckit−/CD106+/CD44− MSC populations are proliferative- and dormant-state populations in BM, respectively. BM-derived Lin−/CD106+/CD44+ MSCs abundantly migrated to damaged muscles and highly expressed tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated gene/protein-6 (TSG-6), an anti-inflammatory protein, in damaged muscles. We also demonstrated that TSG-6 stimulated myoblast proliferation. The injection of Lin−/ckit−/CD106+/CD44+ MSCs into the muscle of mdx mice successfully ameliorated muscle dysfunction by decreasing inflammation and enhancing muscle regeneration through TSG-6-mediated activities. Thus, we propose a novel function of the unique endogenous BM-MSC population, which countered muscle pathology progression in a DMD model. Stem Cells 2015;33:962–975
Cancer Stem Cell-Like Phenotype and Survival Are Coordinately Regulated by Akt/FoxO/Bim Pathway
Authors: Gargini Ricardo , Cerliani Juan P. , Escoll Maribel , Antón Inés M. , Wandosell Francisco 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
Many solid tumors contain a subpopulation of cells with stem characteristics and these are known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs). These cells drive tumor growth and appear to be regulated by molecular pathway different from other cells in the tumor bulk. Here, we set out to determine whether elements of the PI3K-AKT pathway are necessary to maintain the CSC-like phenotype in breast tumor cells and for these cells to survive, bearing in mind that the identification of such elements is likely to be relevant to define future therapeutic targets. Our results demonstrate a close relationship between the maintenance of the CSC-like phenotype and the survival of these TICs. Inhibiting PI3K activity, or eliminating AKT activity, mostly that of the AKT1 isoform, produces a clear drop in TICs survival, and a reduction in the generation and growth of CD44High/CD24Low mammospheres. Surprisingly, the apoptosis of these TICs that is triggered by AKT1 deficiency is also associated with a loss of the stem cell/mesenchymal phenotype and a recovery of epithelial-like markers. Finally, we define downstream effectors that are responsible for controlling the CSC-phenotype, such as FoxO-Bim, and the death of these cells in the absence of AKT1. In summary, these data closely link the maintenance of the stem cell-like phenotype and the survival of these cells to the AKT-FoxO-Bim pathway. Stem Cells 2015;33:646–660
Co‐rumination via cellphone moderates the association of perceived interpersonal stress and psychosocial well‐being in emerging adults
Authors: Murdock Karla Klein , Gorman Sarah , Robbins Maia 
Published: November 2014

ABSTRACTAdolescents' and emerging adults' social interactions increasingly revolve around cellphone use, but little research has investigated the psychological properties of cellphone interactions. The current study explored co‐rumination via cellphone; that is, the use of cellphone functions to excessively communicate about problems or negative feelings. Face‐to‐face co‐rumination and co‐rumination via cellphone were examined as potential moderators of the association between perceived interpersonal stress and psychosocial well‐being (i.e., positive mental health and social burnout) in a sample of 142 college students. Face‐to‐face co‐rumination was not a moderator. However, co‐rumination via cellphone was a significant moderator such that higher levels of perceived interpersonal stress were associated with lower levels of well‐being only among college students who reported higher levels of co‐rumination via cellphone. Co‐rumination via cellphone should be further investigated to elucidate its developmental trajectory and mental health correlates.
Projects for Increasing Job Satisfaction and Creating a Healthy Work Environment
Authors: Brunges Michele , Foley‐Brinza Christine 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWorkplace culture is one of the biggest factors driving employee commitment and engagement. Multiple studies have shown that hospitals will perform better over time if employees are committed to their jobs and engaged in what they do. By creating and implementing multiple projects during a three‐year period, a team at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital, Gainesville, increased job satisfaction. Projects included ensuring meal breaks were offered, creating a serenity area, developing the patient ambassador role, actively addressing bullying and unprofessional behavior, assigning a student mentee to work with staff members on culture change, offering regular fun activities, redesigning the unit, reorganizing schedules to reduce stress, implementing education and training initiatives, establishing a Unit Practice Council, and implementing reward and recognition programs. Survey results and anecdotal evidence suggest that these projects combined to increase employee satisfaction and employee retention rates.
Temporal mindsets and self‐regulation: The motivation and implementation of self‐regulatory behaviors
Authors: Buhrau Denise , Sujan Mita 
Published: November 2014

AbstractSelf‐regulation requires connecting desired goals (benefits sought) with means of attainment (implementation plans). Individual differences in the consideration of future consequences (CFC) can influence self‐regulation. Although a high‐ (low‐) CFC orientation has generally been considered a preoccupation with future (present) events and needs, we argue that a complete characterization also includes the ability (less ability) to construct specific action plans. With a mix of lab and field studies, we demonstrate that either general implementation recommendations or distant benefits trigger planning and motivate self‐regulation for high‐CFC individuals. Specific implementation recommendations coupled with proximate benefits help low‐CFC individuals plan and self‐regulate. In Study 1, we measure CFC and vary the temporal location of benefits and specificity of implementation recommendations to motivate exercising and show that self‐generated specific plans mediate self‐regulatory intentions. In Study 2, we assess actual self‐regulatory behaviors for participants in a walking program. This research has theoretical implications for the temporal construal and planning literatures and practical implications for increasing self‐regulation among individuals who do not consider the long‐term consequences of their current actions.
A Subsystem Test Bed for Chinese Spectral Radioheliograph
Authors: Zhao An , Yan Yihua , Wang Wei 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe Chinese Spectral Radioheliograph is a solar dedicated radio interferometric array that will produce high spatial resolution, high temporal resolution, and high spectral resolution images of the Sun simultaneously in decimetre and centimetre wave range. Digital processing of intermediate frequency signal is an important part in a radio telescope. This paper describes a flexible and high-speed digital down conversion system for the CSRH by applying complex mixing, parallel filtering, and extracting algorithms to process IF signal at the time of being designed and incorporates canonic-signed digit coding and bit-plane method to improve program efficiency. The DDC system is intended to be a subsystem test bed for simulation and testing for CSRH. Software algorithms for simulation and hardware language algorithms based on FPGA are written which use less hardware resources and at the same time achieve high performances such as processing high-speed data flow (1 GHz) with 10 MHz spectral resolution. An experiment with the test bed is illustrated by using geostationary satellite data observed on March 20, 2014. Due to the easy alterability of the algorithms on FPGA, the data can be recomputed with different digital signal processing algorithms for selecting optimum algorithm.
The effect of heat treatment and skimming on precipitate formation in caprine and bovine milks
Authors: Miloradovic Zorana N , Kljajevic Nemanja V , Jovanovic Snezana T , Vucic Tanja R , Macej Ognjen D 
Published: November 2014

Caprine and bovine milks have a similar overall gross composition, but vary considerably in the ratios of their casein components. These differences in colloidal casein micelles could affect directly or indirectly the heat stability of caprine and bovine milks at their natural pH. In the present work, the differences in colloidal stability of caprine and bovine milk have been studied by analysing the effect of heat treatment and skimming on precipitation of proteins. Raw and heated milk samples (70 °C/5 min, 80°C/5 min and 90°C/5 min) were centrifuged at 600, 2000, and 4500 g. The amount of precipitate formed after skimming was measured and the protein composition of both precipitates and supernatants analysed using the SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and densitometry. In caprine milk, the heat treatment prior to skimming had a statistically significant effect on protein precipitation. Centrifugal force had a statistically significant effect on amount of precipitate for both milks, but the amount was 2 to 4 times higher for caprine milk. When defatting the milk for electrophoresis, a centrifugal force of 600 g appeared to be the most appropriate, in order to avoid protein loss and a possible error in the interpretation of results. Results of this study could also serve as the basis for further investigations on adjusting the skimming conditions for caprine milk in industrial dairy processing environment.
F-ing modules
Authors: ROSSBERG ANDREAS , RUSSO CLAUDIO , DREYER DEREK 
Published: November 2014

AbstractML modules are a powerful language mechanism for decomposing programs into reusable components. Unfortunately, they also have a reputation for being “complex” and requiring fancy type theory that is mostly opaque to non-experts. While this reputation is certainly understandable, given the many non-standard methodologies that have been developed in the process of studying modules, we aim here to demonstrate that it is undeserved. To do so, we present a novel formalization of ML modules, which defines their semantics directly by a compositional “elaboration” translation into plain System Fω(the higher-order polymorphic λ-calculus). To demonstrate the scalability of our “F-ing” semantics, we use it to define a representative, higher-order ML-style module language, encompassing all the major features of existing ML module dialects (except for recursive modules). We thereby show that ML modules are merely a particular mode of use of System Fω.To streamline the exposition, we present the semantics of our module language in stages. We begin by defining a subset of the language supporting a Standard ML-like language withsecond-classmodules andgenerativefunctors. We then extend this sublanguage with the ability to package modules asfirst-classvalues (a very simple extension, as it turns out) and OCaml-styleapplicativefunctors (somewhat harder). Unlike previous work combining both generative and applicative functors, we do not require two distinct forms of functor or signature sealing. Instead, whether a functor is applicative or not depends only on the computational purity of its body. In fact, we argue that applicative/generative is rather incidental terminology forpureversusimpurefunctors. This approach results in a semantics that we feel is simpler and more natural than previous accounts, and moreover prohibits breaches of abstraction safety that were possible under them.
Exercise, physical activity and mental well-being in later life
Authors: Windle Gill 
Published: November 2014

SummaryExercise and physical activity are thought to be among the most important lifestyle factors for the maintenance of health and prevention of premature disease and mortality. Yet sedentary lifestyles are common. Many people avoid exercise, and have done so across their lifespan. Exercise and physical activity are also considered important for positive psychological functioning; however, this has received limited research attention. This mini-review discusses the effects of exercise and physical activity on mental health and well-being in later life. It draws on international peer reviewed research, summarized in systematic reviews and/or meta-anlaysis, and presents the key findings. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses generally confirm the importance of exercise for mental well-being; however, there is a lack of good quality research. The review discusses some of the barriers to exercise, and identifies strategies that may facilitate uptake and adherence in later life. Limitations in the current evidence are discussed. Based on the current evidence, it is recommended that health practitioners should encourage exercise or physical activity of low to moderate intensity, and leisure time activity such as walking, especially at retirement. Future intervention research would benefit by focusing on people who have not self-selected into studies so as to understand the causal direction, and include theory driven approaches to behaviour change.
Multi-disciplinary Care for the Elderly in Disasters: An Integrative Review
Authors: Johnson Heather L. , Ling Catherine G. , McBee Elexis C. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractIntroductionOlder adults are disproportionately affected by disaster. Frail elders, individuals with chronic diseases, conditions, or disabilities, and those who live in long-term care facilities are especially vulnerable.PurposeThe purpose of this integrative review of the literature was to describe the system-wide knowledge and skills that multi-disciplinary health care providers need to provide appropriate care for the elderly during domestic-humanitarian and disaster-relief efforts.Data sourcesA systematic search protocol was developed in conjunction with a research librarian. Searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were conducted using terms such as Disaster, Geological Processes, Aged, Disaster Planning, and Vulnerable Populations. Forty-six articles met criteria for inclusion in the review.ConclusionsPolicies and guidance regarding evacuating versus sheltering in place are lacking. Tenets of elderly-focused disaster planning/preparation and clarification of legal and ethical standards of care and liability issues are needed. Functional capacity, capabilities, or impairments, rather than age, should be considered in disaster preparation. Older adults should be included in disaster planning as population-specific experts.Implications for PracticeA multifaceted approach to population-specific disaster planning and curriculum development should include consideration of the biophysical and psychosocial aspects of care, ethical and legal issues, logistics, and resources.JohnsonHL,LingCG,McBeeEC.Multi-disciplinary care for the elderly in disasters: an integrative review.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(1):1-8.
Adverse selection in a start-up long-term care insurance market
Authors: Adams C. , Donnelly C. , Macdonald A. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractCommon to all previous studies assessing the cost of adverse selection associated with genetics has been the assumption of an established market, i.e., the adverse selectors have been buying insurance at that rate for such a period that premiums have already absorbed it. Their analyses involve calculating the percentage difference between premiums in a market with adverse selection and one without adverse selection. They can shed no light on how the premiums would get to this stage over time and what losses might be incurred in the process. We take the modelling further by outlining a multiple state Markov model for a start-up market of long-term care insurance. With this model, we explicitly show the progression of adverse selection costs using the development of information that an insurer would gain from analysing the claims history of its existing business, to reprice premiums for new business. To overcome the complication of insurance benefit amounts, which depend on the value of previous benefit payments, we develop a simulation approach of estimating the expected present values of insurance benefits and premium payments. In applying our modelling to a UK setting, we find genetic testing of the apolipoprotein E gene (whose variants can cause a high risk of developing dementia) to be of a relatively small impact compared with our hypothetical state of intermediate dementia progression. Furthermore, we find that the government’s cap on care costs has little effect on adverse selection costs as it benefits only a small proportion of people.