bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Trafficking’ or ‘personal use’: Do people who regularly inject drugs understand Australian drug trafficking laws?
Authors: Hughes Caitlin E. , Ritter Alison , Cowdery Nicholas , Sindicich Natasha 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIntroduction and AimsLegal thresholds for drug trafficking, over which possession of an illicit drug is deemed ‘trafficking’ as opposed to ‘personal use’, are employed in all Australian states and territories excepting Queensland. In this paper, we explore the extent to which people who regularly inject drugs understand such laws.Design and MethodsParticipants from the seven affected states/territories in the 2012 Illicit Drug Reporting System (n = 823) were asked about their legal knowledge of trafficking thresholds: whether, if arrested, quantity possessed would affect legal action taken; and the quantities of heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine and cannabis that would constitute an offence of supply. Data were compared against the actual laws to identify the accuracy of knowledge by drug type and state, and sociodemographics, use and purchasing patterns related to knowledge.ResultsMost Illicit Drug Reporting System participants (77%) correctly said that quantity possessed would affect charge received. However, only 55.8% nominated any specific quantity that would constitute an offence of supply, and of those 22.6% nominated a wrong quantity, namely a quantity that was larger than the actual quantity for supply (this varied by state and drug).Discussion and ConclusionsPeople who regularly inject drugs have significant gaps in knowledge about Australian legal thresholds for drug trafficking, particularly regarding the actual threshold quantities. This suggests that there may be a need to improve education for this population. Necessity for accurate knowledge would also be lessened by better design of Australian drug trafficking laws. [Hughes CE, Ritter A, Cowdery N, Sindicich N. ‘Trafficking’ or ‘personal use’: Do people who regularly inject drugs understand Australian drug trafficking laws? Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:658‐666]
A framework for evaluating the influence of climate, dispersal limitation, and biotic interactions using fossil pollen associations across the late Quaternary
Authors: Blois Jessica L. , Gotelli Nicholas J. , Behrensmeyer Anna K. , Faith J. Tyler , Lyons S. Kathleen , Williams John W. , Amatangelo Kathryn L. , Bercovici Antoine , Du Andrew , Eronen Jussi T. , Graves Gary R. , Jud Nathan , Labandeira Conrad , Looy Cindy V. , McGill Brian , Patterson David , Potts Richard , Riddle Brett , Terry Rebecca , Tóth Anikó , Villaseñor Amelia , Wing Scott 
Published: July 2014

Environmental conditions, dispersal lags, and interactions among species are major factors structuring communities through time and across space. Ecologists have emphasized the importance of biotic interactions in determining local patterns of species association. In contrast, abiotic limits, dispersal limitation, and historical factors have commonly been invoked to explain community structure patterns at larger spatiotemporal scales, such as the appearance of late Pleistocene no‐analog communities or latitudinal gradients of species richness in both modern and fossil assemblages. Quantifying the relative influence of these processes on species co‐occurrence patterns is not straightforward. We provide a framework for assessing causes of species associations by combining a null‐model analysis of co‐occurrence with additional analyses of climatic differences and spatial pattern for pairs of pollen taxa that are significantly associated across geographic space.We tested this framework with data on associations among 106 fossil pollen taxa and paleoclimate simulations from eastern North America across the late Quaternary. The number and proportion of significantly associated taxon pairs increased over time, but only 449 of 56 194 taxon pairs were significantly different from random. Within this significant subset of pollen taxa, biotic interactions were rarely the exclusive cause of associations. Instead, climatic or spatial differences among sites were most frequently associated with significant patterns of taxon association. Most taxon pairs that exhibited co‐occurrence patterns indicative of biotic interactions at one time did not exhibit significant associations at other times. Evidence for environmental filtering and dispersal limitation was weakest for aggregated pairs between 16 and 11 kyr BP, suggesting enhanced importance of positive species interactions during this interval. The framework can thus be used to identify species associations that may reflect biotic interactions because these associations are not tied to environmental or spatial differences. Furthermore, temporally repeated analyses of spatial associations can reveal whether such associations persist through time.
Herbivorous insect decreases plant nutrient uptake: the role of soil nutrient availability and association of below‐ground symbionts
Authors: KATAYAMA NOBORU , SILVA ALESSANDRO O. , KISHIDA OSAMU , USHIO MASAYUKI , KITA SATOSHI , OHGUSHI TAKAYUKI 
Published: July 2014

1. Plants take nutrients from the rhizosphere via two pathways: (i) by absorbing soil nutrients directly via their roots and (ii) indirectly via symbiotic associations with nutrient‐providing microbes. Herbivorous insects can alter these pathways by herbivory, adding their excrement to the soil, and affecting plant–microbe associations.2. Little is known, however, about the effects of herbivorous insects on plant nutrient uptake. Greenhouse experiments with soybean, aphids, and rhizobia were carried out to examine the effects of aphids on plant nutrient uptake.3. First, the inorganic soil nitrogen and the sugar in aphid honeydew between aphid‐infected and ‐free plants were compared. It was found that aphid honeydew added 41 g m−2 of sugar to the soil, and that aphids decreased the inorganic soil nitrogen by 86%. This decrease may have been caused by microbial immobilisation of soil nitrogen followed by increased microbial abundance as a result of aphid honeydew.4. Second, nitrogen forms in xylem sap between aphid‐infected and ‐free plants were compared to examine nitrogen uptake. Aphids decreased the nitrogen uptake via both pathways, and strength of the impact on direct uptake via plant roots was greater than indirect uptake via rhizobia. The reduced nitrogen uptake by the direct pathway was as a result of microbial immobilisation, and that by the indirect pathway was probably because of the interaction of microbial immobilisation and carbon stress, which was caused by aphid infection.5. The present results demonstrate that herbivorous insects can negatively influence the two pathways of plant nutrient uptake and alter their relative importance.
Impact of self‐administration of romiplostim by patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia compared with administration by a healthcare provider
Authors: Selleslag Dominik , Bird Robert , Altomare Ivy , Giagounidis Aristoteles , Janssens Ann , Pabinger Ingrid , Pullarkat Vinod , Wei Helen , Kreuzbauer Georg 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveThis post hoc analysis evaluated romiplostim self‐administration (SA group) vs. romiplostim administration by a healthcare provider in a clinical setting (HCP group) in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).MethodsOutcomes from 3 ITP trials allowing self‐administration in patients achieving a stable romiplostim dose for ≥3 consecutive weeks were compared. Evaluations were conducted for 12‐wk treatment intervals. Efficacy endpoints included percentage of patients and weeks with platelets within the target range of 50–200 × 109/L and safety.ResultsBaseline characteristics suggested less severe disease in the SA groups (n = 563) than in the HCP groups (n = 241). The SA groups had greater proportions of patients achieving the target platelet range (55–58% vs. 40–52%) and greater proportions of weeks with a platelet response (75–88% vs. 47–76%) than the HCP groups. The rate of romiplostim discontinuation was twofold to fivefold lower in the SA groups than in the HCP groups. Rates of duration‐adjusted adverse events (AEs), serious AEs and treatment‐related AEs were also lower in the SA groups.ConclusionsIn conclusion, in adults with ITP receiving romiplostim, self‐administration was comparable to healthcare provider administration in terms of efficacy and safety profiles, suggesting that self‐administration of romiplostim is a feasible option for certain patients with ITP.
Rubisco Accumulation Factor 1 from Thermosynechococcus elongatus participates in the final stages of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase assembly in Escherichia coli cells and in vitro
Authors: Kolesinski Piotr , Belusiak Iwona , Czarnocki‐Cieciura Mariusz , Szczepaniak Andrzej 
Published: July 2014

Ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) biosynthesis is a multi‐step process in which specific chaperones are involved. Recently, a novel polypeptide, Rubisco Accumulation Factor 1 (RAF1), has been identified as a protein that is necessary for proper assembly of this enzyme in maize cells (Zea mays). However, neither its specific function nor its mode of action have as yet been determined. The results presented here show that the prokaryotic homolog of RAF1 from Thermosynechococcus elongatus is expressed in cyanobacterial cells and interacts with a large Rubisco subunit (RbcL). Using a heterologous expression system, it was demonstrated that this protein promotes Rubisco assembly in Escherichia coli cells. Moreover, when co‐expressed with RbcL alone, a stable RbcL–RAF1 complex is formed. Molecular mass determination for this Rubisco assembly intermediate by size‐exclusion chromatography coupled with multi‐angle light scattering indicates that it consists of an RbcL dimer and two RAF1 molecules. A purified RbcL–RAF1 complex dissociated upon addition of a small Rubisco subunit (RbcS), leading to formation of the active holoenzyme. Moreover, titration of the octameric (RbcL8) core of Rubisco with RAF1 results in disassembly of such a stucture and creation of an RbcL–RAF1 intermediate. The results presented here are the first attempt to elucidate the role of cyanobacterial Rubisco Accumulation Factor 1 in the Rubisco biosynthesis process.Structured digital abstract

RAF1 physically interacts with RbcL by pull down (View interaction)

RAF1 and RbcL bind by molecular sieving (View interaction)
Land‐use legacies regulate decomposition dynamics following bioenergy crop conversion
Authors: Kallenbach Cynthia M. , Stuart Grandy A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractLand‐use conversion into bioenergy crop production can alter litter decomposition processes tightly coupled to soil carbon and nutrient dynamics. Yet, litter decomposition has been poorly described in bioenergy production systems, especially following land‐use conversion. Predicting decomposition dynamics in postconversion bioenergy production systems is challenging because of the combined influence of land‐use legacies with current management and litter quality. To evaluate how land‐use legacies interact with current bioenergy crop management to influence litter decomposition in different litter types, we conducted a landscape‐scale litterbag decomposition experiment. We proposed land‐use legacies regulate decomposition, but their effects are weakened under higher quality litter and when current land use intensifies ecosystem disturbance relative to prior land use. We compared sites left in historical land uses of either agriculture (AG) or Conservation Reserve Program grassland (CRP) to those that were converted to corn or switchgrass bioenergy crop production. Enzyme activities, mass loss, microbial biomass, and changes in litter chemistry were monitored in corn stover and switchgrass litter over 485 days, accompanied by similar soil measurements. Across all measured variables, legacy had the strongest effect (P < 0.05) relative to litter type and current management, where CRP sites maintained higher soil and litter enzyme activities and microbial biomass relative to AG sites. Decomposition responses to conversion depended on legacy but also current management and litter type. Within the CRP sites, conversion into corn increased litter enzymes, microbial biomass, and litter protein and lipid abundances, especially on decomposing corn litter, relative to nonconverted CRP. However, conversion into switchgrass from CRP, a moderate disturbance, often had no effect on switchgrass litter decomposition parameters. Thus, legacies shape the direction and magnitude of decomposition responses to bioenergy crop conversion and therefore should be considered a key influence on litter and soil C cycling under bioenergy crop management.
Review of Quantitative Surveys of the Length and Stability of MTBE, TBA, and Benzene Plumes in Groundwater at UST Sites
Authors: Connor John A. , Kamath Roopa , Walker Kenneth L. , McHugh Thomas E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractQuantitative information regarding the length and stability condition of groundwater plumes of benzene, methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE), and tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA) has been compiled from thousands of underground storage tank (UST) sites in the United States where gasoline fuel releases have occurred. This paper presents a review and summary of 13 published scientific surveys, of which 10 address benzene and/or MTBE plumes only, and 3 address benzene, MTBE, and TBA plumes. These data show the observed lengths of benzene and MTBE plumes to be relatively consistent among various regions and hydrogeologic settings, with median lengths at a delineation limit of 10 µg/L falling into relatively narrow ranges from 101 to 185 feet for benzene and 110 to 178 feet for MTBE. The observed statistical distributions of MTBE and benzene plumes show the two plume types to be of comparable lengths, with 90th percentile MTBE plume lengths moderately exceeding benzene plume lengths by 16% at a 10‐µg/L delineation limit (400 feet vs. 345 feet) and 25% at a 5‐µg/L delineation limit (530 feet vs. 425 feet). Stability analyses for benzene and MTBE plumes found 94 and 93% of these plumes, respectively, to be in a nonexpanding condition, and over 91% of individual monitoring wells to exhibit nonincreasing concentration trends. Three published studies addressing TBA found TBA plumes to be of comparable length to MTBE and benzene plumes, with 86% of wells in one study showing nonincreasing concentration trends.
A Simple Analytical Formula for the Leakage Flux Through a Perforated Aquitard
Authors: Bonte Matthijs , Zaadnoordijk Willem Jan , Maas Kees 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIn this methods note, we present a simple analytical formula to quantify the steady‐state leakage flux (Q) over a perforated aquitard. The flux depends on the aquitard thickness (D), the radius of the perforation (R), the hydraulic conductivity of the material inside the perforation (kfill), the conductivities of the overlying and underlying aquifers (k1 and k2, respectively), and the head difference between the two aquifers (ΔH):
urn:x-wiley:0017467X:media:gwat12239:gwat12239-math-0001
This equation assumes an aquitard separating two homogeneous and infinite aquifers (R ≪ aquifer thickness) in which radial flow to and from the perforation occurs, with no other recharge or discharge boundaries near the perforation. The flux through a perforation in a hypothetical case study with D = 10 m, k1 = 10 m/d, k2 = 20 m/d, R = 0.072 m, and ΔH = 1 m ranges between less than 1 mL/d if the hole is backfilled with bentonite (kfill = 10−4 m/d), to several liters per day if the perforation is backfilled with sand from the overlying aquifer (kfill = 10 m/d), to several m3/d if the perforation forms an open conduit (kfill = 105 m/d). The leakage fluxes calculated with this model agree well with those calculated using a numerical model (MODFLOW).
Rosai‐Dorfman disease of the genito‐urinary tract: analysis of six cases from the testis and kidney
Authors: Wang Chung‐Chieh , Al‐Hussain Turki O , Serrano‐Olmo Juan , Epstein Jonathan I 
Published: July 2014

AimsRosai‐Dorfman disease (RDD) commonly occurs in lymph nodes, but it can also affect the genitourinary (GU) system. In a search of GU RDD, we identified three cases involving the testis and three the kidney.Methods and resultsThe mean age was 52.4 (35–76) years. Tumour sizes were 3.6 cm on average (1.5–4.3) for testicular cases and 15.5 cm for the renal case treated by nephrectomy. All renal cases showed typical morphology similar to nodal RDD with scattered foci of lymphocytic aggregation. In contrast, all three testicular cases had an evenly distributed lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration with entrapment of Sertoli‐only seminiferous tubules. In all six cases, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for S100 showed strong reactivity in the lesional histiocytes and highlighted the hallmark emperipolesis. One testicular case had pleural and pericardial effusions but resolved after removal of the RDD lesion. Another renal case subsequently involved bone and then lung over a 3‐year period.ConclusionsRDD involving the GU system is rare with it most commonly involving the kidney followed by testis. Our three renal cases were similar in morphology to typical nodal RDD. The testicular cases had a somewhat different histological picture and needed IHC for S100 to verify the diagnosis.
Induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and loss of podoplanin expression are associated with progression of lymph node metastases in human papillomavirus‐related oropharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Wakisaka Naohiro , Yoshida Shinya , Kondo Satoru , Kita Makiko , Sawada‐Kitamura Seiko , Endo Kazuhira , Tsuji Akira , Nakanish Yosuke , Murono Shigeyuki , Yoshizaki Tomokazu 
Published: July 2014

AimsTo examine human papillomavirus (HPV) status, the expression of podoplanin and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and lymphatic vessel counts (LVC) in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) tissues, and to evaluate whether these factors were associated with survival and nodal status.Methods and resultsA total of 53 OPSCC specimens were evaluated for HPV status and expression of proteins such as podoplanin and EMT markers by immunohistochemistry. E‐cadherin‐negative and vimentin‐positive specimens were defined as EMT‐positive. Twenty‐two OPSCCs were HPV‐positive. There was significant progression of nodal status in patients with HPV‐positive tumours (P = 0.0475). HPV‐positive cases had significantly lower expression of podoplanin (P = 0.0016) and were more frequently EMT‐positive (P = 0.0172). Podoplanin‐negative cases and EMT‐positive cases showed significantly more advanced nodal status than their respective counterparts (P = 0.0082 and P = 0.0186, respectively). LVC correlated with neither HPV nor nodal status. Multivariate analyses revealed that HPV infection was an independent marker of longer disease‐specific survival (P = 0.014).ConclusionsHPV‐positivity in OPSCC was associated with loss of podoplanin expression and with EMT induction, which resulted in progression of nodal status. The mechanisms leading to an improved prognosis in HPV‐positive OPSCC patients requires elucidation, as this is inconsistent with the aggressive phenotype with lymph node metastases.
Long‐term efficacy of a 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse in relation to plaque and gingivitis: a 6‐month randomized, vehicle‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Van Leeuwen MPC , Rosema NAM , Versteeg PA , Slot DE , Van Winkelhoff AJ , Van der Weijden GA 
Published: July 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouth rinse for reduction of gingival inflammation and inhibition of plaque compared to a vehicle control (VC) mouth rinse over a 6‐month period.Materials & MethodsParticipants (n = 62) used their randomly assigned product as adjunct to toothbrushing. Bleeding, plaque and staining scores were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Plaque and saliva samples were taken at each assessment monitoring possible shifts in the composition of the microbiota.ResultsA significant difference (P = 0.002) in favour of the CPC mouth rinse, with respect to plaque scores, was found. Bleeding scores at 6 months were not significantly different (P = 0.089). However, when correcting for baseline values, a tendency towards a significant difference in bleeding scores at end trail was observed in favour of the CPC mouth rinse (P = 0.061). Regarding staining at 3 and 6 months, a small but significant difference (8.6% and 10.4%, respectively) (P < 0.0001) was observed with lower scores for the VC group. There was a significant reduction in total anaerobic count in the CPC group at 6 months (P < 0.05). The ratio of aerobes/anaerobes was markedly increased at 3 months, especially in the CPC group. No further differences were observed between groups at 6 months.ConclusionsThe use of 0.07% CPC mouth rinse was significantly more effective in reducing plaque scores than the vehicle control. Bleeding scores were not different at 6 months. The test product was well accepted and did not cause any serious clinical side effects or negatively affected the microbiota.
A theoretical investigation of slow fashion: sustainable future of the apparel industry
Authors: Jung Sojin , Jin Byoungho 
Published: July 2014

AbstractEnvironmental sustainability issues become important in the apparel industry. Primary practices involve replacing harmful chemicals with environmentally friendly materials, and reducing amounts of waste and resource consumption through apparel recycling. A more recent sustainable movement in the industry is slow fashion. It is a socially conscious movement that shifts consumers' mindsets from quantity to quality, encouraging people to buy high‐quality items less often (Fletcher). Slow fashion encompasses slow production and consumption. Slow production does not exploit natural and human resources to expedite manufacturing speed (Fletcher), and slow consumption entails a longer product lifespan from manufacturing to discarding. Although the slow fashion concept may not be limited only to environmental sustainability, the conceptual distinction between slow fashion and environmentally sustainable fashion remains vague. This may be because academic understanding towards slow fashion is very limited despite the growing interests in slow fashion in practice. The purpose of this study is to explore the dimensions of slow fashion following Churchill's paradigm for measurement development. Through the scale item development measuring consumer orientations to slow fashion, this study attempts to define slow fashion theoretically with underlying dimensions. The initial scale items were generated based on a literature review and an open‐ended survey. Then, via two surveys (i.e. with student and non‐student samples) in the Southeastern region of the US, the items were purified and validated. As a result, 15 items of five dimensions accounted for slow fashion: equity, authenticity, functionality, localism and exclusivity. The identified five dimensions clearly show that slow fashion is a broader concept than environmental sustainability alone, encompassing (1) caring for producers and local communities for sustainable life (equity and localism); (2) connoting history for sustainable perceived value of the product (authenticity); (3) seeking diversity for the sustainable fashions world (exclusivity); and (4) maximizing product lifespan and efficiency for a sustainable environment (functionality). This study is one of the first attempts to seek underlying dimensions of slow fashion through scale development. This procedure may provide a basis for a theoretical definition of the slow fashion concept. Regarding practical contributions, slow fashion may be useful to foster US domestic apparel manufacturing and local economies. Furthermore, slow fashion may broaden the range of consumers' choices. When combining a young and independent designer's innovative spirit with local resources, slow fashion is likely to lead fashion diversity, beyond being driven by identical fashion trends.