bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXVIII.—The Poisoned Arrows of the Abors and Mishmis of North-East India, and the Composition and Action of their Poisons.
Authors: Fraser Thomas R. 
Published: January 2013

Summary1. The active ingredient of the poison of the Abor and Mishmi poisoned arrows is, in some of them, aconite, and, in others, croton oil. The former, apparently, is generally used by the Mishmis, and the latter by the Abors.2. Although sufficient botanical materials have not been obtained to identify the species of aconite, the nature of the pharmacological action suggests that the species is one containing relatively more pseudo-aconitine than aconitine and, therefore, more resembling Aconitum ferox and A. heterophylloides than A. Napellus.3. The arrow-poisons containing aconite were found to be much more lethal in warm-blooded animals than those containing croton; but the aconite-poisoned arrows that were examined carried usually too little aconite for a single arrow to produce death in man, even if the whole of the poison should be quickly absorbed.4. The arrow-poisons containing croton, on the other hand, were found to be incapable of producing death in warm-blooded animals by the absorption of the poison into the circulation, and could do so only tardily by rendering the animal more susceptible to septicæmia, following inflammatory and even necrotic changes in the tissues into which the poison had been inserted.5. While thus relatively inert in warm-blooded animals, and presumably, therefore, in man, the croton arrow-poison is extremely toxic in cold-blooded animals, being for them one of the most lethal of poisons, readily absorbable into the circulation and producing irritation and hæmorrhages in parts remote from the locality of insertion, and the latter, especially, in the alimentary canal. Remote effects may be produced even without any obvious evidence of local irritation in the place into which the poison has been inserted. These remarkable peculiarities in the action of the Government of India arrow-poison are reproduced by its ether extract and by the oil of Croton Tiglium.6. Excepting failure to cause general action in warm-blooded animals, it is interesting to note that in many of their important effects, croton arrow-poisons as well as croton oil reproduce the effects of viperine venoms.
XXXV.—On the most Volatile Constituents of American Petroleum
Authors: Ronalds Edmund 
Published: January 2013

Crude American petroleum evolves, at ordinary temperatures, a quantity of combustible gas, which takes fire on contact with flame, and, when mixed in certain proportions with air, produces an explosive mixture. It is in consequence of this property that it has been thought necessary to pass a very stringent law, known as the Petroleum Bill, with a view of preventing accidents from the incautious storing and handling of the oil.The more volatile liquid products obtained by distilling the crude oil are still more highly charged with combustible vapour, which, when these liquids are again distilled, escapes condensation even by the most powerful freezing mixtures.
V. An Account of the Hot Springs near Rykum in Iceland
Authors: Stanley John Thomas 
Published: January 2013

Dear Sir,I have been prevented hitherto, by various occupations, from acquitting myself of a promise you received from me, (I am ashamed to think how long a time since), that I would send you an account of the hot springs in Iceland, from whence the water was brought which you have lately analysed. I have trusted you would excuse a delay not altogether voluntary. It will be now my endeavour to gratify your curiosity as far as I am able; and to acquaint you with every particular, as well concerning the springs as the country near them, which I think you may find in the least interesting.
XLI.—Description of a Double Holophote Apparatus for Lighthouses, and of a Method of Introducing the Electric or other Lights
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: January 2013

In the year 1812 I described an apparatus, by which the light of the sun, or of any luminous body concentrated in the focus of an improved lens, could be returned by reflection from a spherical mirror into the same focus, thus increasing the light and heat produced by the cone of refracted rays. The apparatus contained also a double system of lenses and plain mirrors, by which additional beams of light could be concentrated in the same focus.In 1827 I described the very same apparatus as applied in the dioptric system of lights, the whole of the light which issues from a lamp being thrown into one wide and parallel beam, constituting what has been called a holophote, now in use in every part of the world.
XXI. Notice regarding a Time-Keeper in the Hall of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Authors: Robison John 
Published: January 2013

There being some peculiarities in the construction of the Clock lately set up in this room, which may prove to have considerable influence on the performance of such instruments, and also on their cost and duration, it is presumed that a short notice of them, together with a few preliminary observations, may not be deemed uninteresting to the Society.An eminent philosopher, in a work recently published, has defined a clock to be “nothing more than a piece of mechanism, for counting the oscillations of a pendulum.” This definition cannot be considered as complete, as besides having to register the oscillations of its pendulum, a clock has to communicate successive impulses to it, to enable it to overcome the friction of its suspension, and the resistance of the air. If a maintaining power were not exerted by the clock, the pendulum would soon be brought to a state of rest.
XVII.—The Major Ultrabasic and Basic Intrusions of St Kilda, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Harding R. R. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe structures and mineralogy of the Tertiary ultrabasic and basic intrusions are described. The ultrabasic rocks are thought to be remnants of a layered intrusion which once extended from Hirta to Boreray, and which probably formed by crystal accumulation. The eucrites may represent higher levels of this intrusion. A 350 feet-thick, fine-grained margin is described from the East Glen Bay Gabbro. The metamorphism of the ultrabasic and eucritic rocks, and the formation of the Glacan Mor Complex, probably occurred in a basic environment, before intrusion of the first acid rocks on St. Kilda. Five major-element and twenty-two trace-element analyses are presented.
XVIII.—A Study of some Namurian Marine Faunas of Central Scotland
Authors: Wilson R. B. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe marine invertebrate macro-fossils of the principal marine bands of Namurian age in Central Scotland are described. The species identified are listed and the vertical and lateral distributions of some species within the region are discussed together with notes on the palæogeography and palœoecology. Notes on the morphology of certain species are given andCampylites carbonarius(McCoy),Dyscritella leeisp. nov.,Koninckopectengen. nov. (type speciesLimatulina scoticaHind),Myalina mitchellisp. nov.,Palœoneilo mansonisp. nov.,Paleyoldia macgregorisp. nov. andSchizodus portlocki(Brown) are described.
V.—The Explosion-breccia Pipes near Kentallen, Scotland, and their geological setting
Authors: Bowes D. R. , Wright A. E. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisMore than twenty igneous intrusions, of widely varying composition and mainly in explosion-breccia pipes, cut the Appin Quartzite, Appin Limestone, Appin Phyllites and Cuil Bay Slates of the Dalradian Series which show evidence of a long and complex structural history. Early phases of tectonics and metamorphism (garnet-amphibolite facies) were followed by the dominant deformation of the region, referred to as main phase. The major structure of the Cuil Bay Synform, together with a series of parasitic folds, were developed during this phase together with a strong, retrogressive, regional cleavage. Late phase deformation acting prior to the development of the pipes produced steeply plunging open folds and box folds, of brittle type. The superimposition of these structures on main phase parasitic antiforms, in banded sequences of competent and incompetent units, produced dome-shaped structures with pipe-shaped zones of intensely fractured and brecciated rock. Late phase deformation after igneous intrusion was associated with the Great Glen Fault. The structural elements which exercised the dominant controls on the location and form of the pipes were the main phase regional cleavage, the main phase parasitic antiforms, the late phase steeply plunging open folds and the axial planes of the late phase box folds and open folds.A generalized sequence of events for a number of the pipes is: (1) explosive activity with shattering and brecciation, (2) emplacement of variable but generally hornblende-rich igneous types, representing crystallization at high to moderate gas pressure, (3) the emplacement of augite diorites or kentallenites representing crystallization at low gas pressure and (4) the emplacement of generally small bodies of leucodiorite–granodiorite, possibly representing secondary hybrid liquids. The other pipes show one or more of these events and the sequence is that expected in volcanic activity associated with the build up and release of pressure on the breaching of structural traps (formed by the Appin Quartzite). Explosive activity took place on the sudden release of gas when the gas-charged basic magma moved into the dome-shaped interference structures with their pipe-shaped zones of much fractured and brecciated rock.
IX.—The Placoderm FishCoccosteus cuspidatusMiller ex Agassiz from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. Part I. Descriptive Morphology
Authors: Miles Roger S. , Westoll T. Stanley 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisCoccosteus cuspidatusis shown to be the correct name for the arthrodire commonly referred to asCoccosteus decipiens.An almost complete account of the osteology of this species is given and aspects of the restored head, thoracic armour, fins and posterior unarmoured region, the dermal ornamentation, neuromast system and musculature are discussed; the snout, dermal bones of the palate and neural endocranium receive special treatment in view of the part these structures have played in the interpretation of the relationships of the Arthrodira. Changes in the proportions of certain bones during growth are noted and the mode of life is considered. The family Coccosteidae is redefined; the genusCoccosteusand the type speciesC. cuspidatusare defined and consideration is given to other species included in this genus.
X.—Kochiproductus coronussp. nov. from the Scottish Viséan and a Possible Mechanical Advantage of its Flange Structure
Authors: Shiells K. A. G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisKochiproductus coronussp. nov., a flanged buxtoniid from upper Viséan limestone of Ayrshire, Scotland, is described and a reconstruction attempted. The possible functions of the flange are discussed. Experiments carried out on a laminar flow table indicate that one effect of this structure would be to check the velocity of incoming feeding currents thus trapping sediment and dense particles on the lower flange but allowing the free inflow of food material.
XXII. On Single and Correct Vision, by means of Double and Inverted Images on the Retinœ
Authors: Alison W. P. 
Published: January 2013

In entering on a question which may be said to occupy a portion of the debateable land between Physiology and Metaphysics, it seems, in the first place, necessary to state with precision the nature of the difficulty, which has long been felt on this subject, and endeavour to determine the degree to which it is reasonable to expect, that this difficulty may be removed; and on these points there is such a discrepancy of opinion, even among the latest and most esteemed authors, as obviously to make farther inquiry desirable.No one can be more thoroughly convinced than I am, of the utter futility and absurdity of all attempts “to shoot the gulf which separates the sensible world from the sentient soul.” In all our inquiries in the Physiology of the Nervous System, as connected with mental acts, we must keep in mind, that the end of these inquiries can only be, to determine the physical conditions under which the different mental phenomena take place; and those under which, when they have taken place, they affect the different organs of the body. The question, how it comes about, that when those conditions are fulfilled, these results follow, must be held, in every case, to be beyond our powers.
XXIX.—The Visual, Grating and Glass-lens, Solar Spectrum (in 1884)
Authors: Smyth C. Piazzi 
Published: January 2013

Throughout the year 1884 the sun was seen over most countries under peculiar atmospheric circumstances; and these, instead of being confined to low altitudes, were never more conspicuous than during the summer of the year, and noon-tide of each day, and in the clear air on mountain heights of every country, whenever the sky was more or less free of actual clouds.On such occasions then, the usual phenomenon to be noticed by the eye, was, that nothing like blue sky could be witnessed near the sun. But in place of that, there was a broad glare of whitish light extending for several degrees around the luminary; and beyond that range, or over 20 degrees distant from him, there spread a wide reddish haze, passing into purple, and at greater distances into blue, but nowhere a very decided and deep blue sky.
XXXIII.—Perthshire Tectonics: Loch Tummel, Blair Atholl, and Glen Shee
Authors: Bailey E. B. 
Published: January 2013

The district described is of considerable relief, according to British standards. Pitlochry lies 300 or 400 ft. above sea-level, while two summits, south-west of the River Garry, reach 2559 ft., and Ben y Gloe, north-east of the same, attains to 3671 ft. Exposures are everywhere sufficient for the mapping of groups, but they seldom permit of the following of individual beds or the recognition of the pitch of isoclinal folds.The Geological Survey has mapped the whole district on the six-inch scale, and published Sheets 55, 56, 64, and 65 of the one-inch Map of Scotland—all except Sheet 64 accompanied by explanatory memoirs.
XV.—Expansion of Functions in terms of Linear, Cylindric, Spherical, and Allied Functions
Authors: Alexander P. 
Published: January 2013

The expansion of ϕ(x) in terms of Go(x), G1(x), G2(x), &c., connected by a given law. being of great importance in mathematico-physical investigation, every method of effecting this expansion must have some interest for scientists.I therefore proceed to propose what I think to be a new method, in the hope that it may prove to be useful.Many special expansions of this nature have been effected by Fourier, Legendre, and others.
X. On the Progress of Heat when communicated to Spherical Bodies from their Centres
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: January 2013

An argument against the hypothesis of central heat has been stated by an ingenious author as carrying with it the evidence of demonstration.“The essential and characteristic property of the power producing heat, is its tendency to exist every where in a state of equilibrium, and it cannot hence be preserved without loss or without diffusion, in an accumulated state. In the theory of Hutton, the existence of an intense local heat, acting for a long period of time, is assumed. But it is impossible to procure caloric in an insulated state. Waving every objection to its production, and supposing it to be generated to any extent, it cannot be continued, but must be propagated to the contiguous matter. If a heat, therefore, existed in the central region of the earth, it must be diffused over the whole mass; nor can any arrangement effectually counteract this diffusion. It may take place slowly, but it must always continue progressive, and must be utterly subversive of that system of indefinitely renewed operations which is represented as the grand excellence of the Huttonian Theory. Again, he observes, in giving what he says appears to him a demonstration of the fallacy of the first principles of the Huttonian System, it will not be disputed, that the tendency of caloric is to diffuse itself over matter, till a common temperature is established. Nor will it probably be denied, that a power constantly diffusing itself from the centre of any mass of matter, cannot remain for an indefinite time locally accumulated in that mass, but must at length become equal or nearly so over the whole.
V. Experiments and Observations upon a Remarkable Cold which accompanies the Separation of Hoar-Frost from a Clear Air
Authors: Wilson Patrick 
Published: January 2013

In the seventieth and seventy-first volumes of the London Philosophical Transactions, the reader will find an account of some Experiments and Observations made here upon cold in the years 1780 and 1781.Though, at first, I had no other view but that of keeping a register of the very cold weather which set in on the 13th January 1780, yet I was soon led to extend the plan of my observations, upon meeting with a new phænomenon, which appeared to me to deserve some attention. This phænomenon consisted in a constant difference of temperature of the snow which, at that time, covered the fields, and that of the air at a few feet above: the snow being the coldest.
XXI. Analysis of Caporcianite and Phakolite, two new Minerals of the Zeolite Family
Authors: Anderson Thomas 
Published: January 2013

The minerals of the zeolite family have for many years attracted the especial attention of men of science, and the class has been rapidly extended in proportion to the progress made in its study in a crystallographic as well as chemical point of view. The first characteristic difference, originally observed long since by Cronstedt, and by him considered to be the distinguishing mark of one single mineral species, which he designated Zeolite,—namely, the property of swelling out by heat previous to fusion,—has since been found to belong to a great number of other combinations. These, although materially different from each other in crystallographic form, have proved to be closely allied in chemical constitution, in so far as they consist, without exception, of a silicate of an alkali or alkaline earth, in combination with a silicate of alumina and water. It is evident, then, that the relation of the silicic acid to the base, in both terms, as well as the quantity of water, is capable of considerable variation, so that the general niineralogical formula which should embrace all the members of the zeolite family would beWhere r represents the monatomic alkaline or earthy basis, and the terms u, t, ,T, y, and z, are capable of varying within certain limits.
V. Notice regarding some Experiments on the Vibration of Heated Metals
Authors: Trevelyan Arthur 
Published: January 2013

In the month of February 1829, I discovered accidentally that a bar of iron, when heated and placed with one end on a solid block of lead, in cooling vibrated considerably, and produced sounds similar to those of an Æolian harp.1. I have lately made further experiments with bars of copper, zinc, brass, and bell-metal, which, when heated and placed on blocks of lead, tin, or pewter, produce the same effect as the iron.2. The bars I generally used in making the experiments, were 4 inches long, 1½ inch wide, and 1½ inch thick, with a rod 7 inches long attached to one end, to serve as a handle. A ridge is formed along the centre of one side of the broad part, by its being bevelled off towards each edge; the other side is flat. The longitudinal ridge is the part that rests on the block.
XII. Meteorological Abstract for the Years 1794, 1795, and 1796
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: January 2013

The Journal of the Weather, of which an abstract is here communicated, has been kept in a house in Windmill Street, on the south side of Edinburgh. The latitude of Edinburgh College, as deduced from a series of astronomical observations made at Hawkhill, is 55° · 57ʹ · 5″ nearly. Windmill Street is about 500 yards farther to the fouth.The barometer used in these observations is a portable one, of the construction invented by Dr Lind, physician at Windsor; the mercury was boiled in the tube, and the scale is divided into the five-hundredth parts of an inch. The place where it stands is 265 feet above the level of the sea, or of the mean high-water mark at Leith. The height of it is marked every morning at 10 o'clock, as well as that of a thermometer, in the same room, which gives the temperature of the mercury.
XVI.—Examination of the Storms of Wind which occurred in Europe during October, November, and December 1863
Authors: Buchan Alexander 
Published: January 2013

A brief account of the weather of this period as regards temperature was read before the Royal Society last year. It was drawn up at the request of Professor Balfour, to accompany his paper “On the Remarkable State of Vegetation in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden in December 1863.”From the 26th of October to the end of December the weather was in every way remarkable. Though frost occurred in the end of October and beginning of November it was not severe, and the temperature continued on the whole seasonable till the 12th of November. From this date till the end of the month it ranged unprecedently high, being 9° above the average temperature of the season. It then fell for the next ten days, but on no occasion below the average; and again rose considerably above the average during the week ending with the 18th of December. Under this genial weather vegetation in the open air advanced rapidly to a state of forwardness not usually seen till the month of March. In December 245 plants were in flower in the Gardens in the open air, and of these 35 were spring flowers. The frost which had occurred was insufficient to damage, to any material extent, 210 autumn-flowering plants; and the high temperature of November, which was as high as what ordinarily occurs in the beginning of May, brought the spring flowers prematurely into bloom, so that there was to be seen the rare spectacle of sweet peas and hepaticas flowering together.
XXIV.—On Solar Light, and on a Simple Photometer
Authors: Ponton Mungo 
Published: January 2013

In approaching the subject of solar light, the first point is to endeavour to form an idea, not altogether indefinite, with respect to its quantity and intensity, as compared with some familiar standard of artificial flame. With this view were made, in the course of last summer, the observations now to be described.After several trials, it was found, that the most convenient mode of procedure was first to compare a definite small surface, illuminated by solar light, with a like surface illuminated by the mere light of the sky, and then to compare the latter with a similar surface illuminated by the flame of a moderator lamp. The light of the sky thus affords a middle term between the extreme lights of the sun and the lamp, which are too diverse to be directly compared.