bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wildlife Ecology
Authors: Bowyer R. Terry , Stewart Kelley M. , Monteith Kevin L. , Long Ryan A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractStudies in wildlife ecology often involve species that are hunted, trapped, or are of additional economic or aesthetic importance to humans, including species that are rare, threatened, or endangered. The focus of the discipline is on the population rather than the individual; consequently, population ecology is central to wildlife conservation and management. Wildlife ecology has its philosophical and scientific beginnings in the early works of Aldo Leopold. Modern wildlife ecology often applies ecological theory to management and conservation of animals, but also includes theoretical studies on species that are considered wildlife. Wildlife ecology has become increasingly quantitative over time, and often employs capture‐recapture methods to estimate population size, survival, and other life‐history characteristics. Quantitative methods used to study wildlife include, but are not limited to, estimates of abundance, population viability analysis, home‐range estimation, movements, migration, spatial distributions, and landscape metrics. Radio telemetry is widely used to conduct research on wildlife. Habitat selection, stable isotope analysis, genetics, and behavioral sampling also play important roles in studies of wildlife.
Fate and Transport Models: Overview
Authors: Raun Loren 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The use of environmental contaminant fate and transport models stems from the need to predict a concentration of contaminant at a spatial location separate from the source at a specified temporal point. The models simulate a simplification of the real‐world scenario. A prediction of this sort is used to support decisions in a wide range of hazardous waste contaminant source scenarios, from small and localized to major industrial. The level of complexity of the model chosen is contingent upon the configuration of the source, the temporal question, the end use needs, and the availability of field data. The theoretical basis for the most common models, the methods used to solve the equations, and the general use of the models to predict the fate and transport of contaminants in groundwater are reviewed. Further, the assumptions, varying levels of model complexity, and sources of uncertainty are discussed.
Receptor and Hybrid Modeling Tools
Authors: Vedantham Ram , Norris Gary , Duvall Rachelle 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPractical and economical plans to reduce air pollution require models that relate the sources of airborne pollution to concentrations at sampling sites. In receptor models, samples of airborne pollution are subjected to extensive chemical analysis. Contributing sources leave chemical fingerprints in the sample. The amount of pollution coming from each source can be estimated if the chemical fingerprints of the sources are known. Thus, receptor models do not require any knowledge of emission rates or meteorological observations that are very important to atmospheric dispersion models. However, receptor models do rely on the observed concentrations of chemical species in the atmosphere. These species must be conserved during transport between the source and the receptor. Chemical elements are good candidates for receptor modeling since these are often immutable under ordinary conditions and relatively easily measured.
LAD
Estimation with Applications in Time Series Analysis
Authors: Davis Richard A. , Wu Rongning 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
In this article, we are concerned with least absolute deviation (LAD) estimation applied to linear regression and linear time series models. LAD estimation is widely used in statistical modeling and analysis. Compared to classical least squares (LS), LAD is a robust estimation procedure and is typically more efficient when handling heavy‐tailed data. We provide a selective overview on its developments in linear regression and time series models. This overview includes a description of a basic method for establishing the asymptotic properties of the LAD estimator for finite variance autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models. Efficiency of LAD estimation relative to LS estimation as well as computational issues are also discussed.
Recursive Residuals
Authors: Frühwirth‐Schnatter Sylvia 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Recursive residuals are used for model diagnostics, especially for time series models of continuous observations. By model diagnostics one means checking properties residuals should have under the assumption that the data were generated by the model under investigation. This check can be exploratory or formal. What distinguishes diagnostics based on recursive residuals from more conventional methods is the way the residuals are defined in a recursive manner from one‐step ahead predictive densities.
Space‐Time Kalman Filter
Authors: Cressie Noel , Wikle Christopher K. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The Kalman filter arose out of R.E. Kalman's interest in applying the concept of state vectors to the Wiener filtering problem. The success of this method was evident in early applications to trajectory estimation and control of spacecraft; it was so successful, in fact, that the Kalman filter quickly became an essential component of modern control systems theory and practice. This initial success led to the propagation of Kalman‐filtering ideas to other scientific disciplines, within which the methodology was adapted to suit numerous state–space oriented problems. Kalman filtering (of spatial data) is still an active area of research in the atmospheric and oceanic sciences.
Trend Analysis
Authors: Harvey Andrew 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe question of defining a trend is one which has exercised the minds of statisticians for many years. In much of the statistical literature, a trend is conceived of as that part of a series which changes relatively slowly over time. Viewed in terms of prediction, the estimated trend is that part of the series which when extrapolated gives the clearest indication of the future long‐term movements in the series. Trend analysis is best carried out by means of unobserved‐component, or structural, time‐series models. The trend components in structural time‐series models are always set up in such a way that their forecast functions indicate the long‐term movements in the series, and the trend within the series can be obtained by signal extraction methods.
Trend Detecting
Authors: Woodward Wayne A. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This article discusses the problem of testing for trend in time series data, which is a difficult problem because, among other things, there is not a unified definition of trend. A variety of trend definitions are given and the distinction between deterministic and random trends is discussed. Simulated realizations with random trends are shown along with the global temperature data, and the issues related to deciding whether an apparent trend is deterministic or random are discussed. We examine classical tests for linear trend and discuss the inflated observed significance levels associated with many of these tests. Several tests are presented that have been developed to better control the observed significance level. Also discussed is the problem of using nonparametric methods to test for more general types of trend, such as monotonic trends, that may have no known functional form.
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Authors: Ray Bonnie K. , Thomas Sarah J. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
This articles describes an observation‐driven approach to modeling univariate time series of counts that have an overabundance of zeros. A series of daily counts of excess pollution levels observed at air monitoring stations in and around Houston, TX is used to illustrate the ideas.
Fluorene‐based boronic acids as fluorescent chemosensor for monosaccharides at physiological pH
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Rahman , Mohadjerani Maryam , Pooryousef Mona 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTwo fluorene‐based boronic acids, 9,9‐dimethyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl‐2‐boronic acid (1) and 9,9‐dimethyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2,7‐diyl‐2,7‐diboronic acid (2), were synthesized and their sensing abilities for detection of D‐monosaccharides were investigated by fluorescence at physiological pH. It was found that both boronic acids 1 and 2 have high selectivity and sensitivity for D‐fructose with stability constant of 47.2 and 412.9, respectively. The sensor 2 showed a linear response toward D‐fructose in the concentration range from 5 × 10–5 to 10–1 mol L–1 with the detection limit of 2 × 10–5 mol L–1. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific Modulation of Protein Activity by Using a Bioorthogonal Reaction
Authors: Warner John B. , Muthusamy Anand K. , Petersson E. James 
Published: September 2014

AbstractUnnatural amino acids with bioorthogonal reactive groups have the potential to provide a rapid and specific mechanism for covalently inhibiting a protein of interest. Here, we use mutagenesis to insert an unnatural amino acid containing an azide group (Z) into the target protein at positions such that a “click” reaction with an alkyne modulator (X) will alter the function of the protein. This bioorthogonally reactive pair can engender specificity of X for the Z‐containing protein, even if the target is otherwise identical to another protein, allowing for rapid target validation in living cells. We demonstrate our method using inhibition of the Escherichia coli enzyme aminoacyl transferase by both active‐site occlusion and allosteric mechanisms. We have termed this a “clickable magic bullet” strategy, and it should be generally applicable to studying the effects of protein inhibition, within the limits of unnatural amino acid mutagenesis.
Two New Triterpenoids from Lycopodium japonicum Thunb.
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Yu Dequan , Yu Shishan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTen serratene‐type triterpenoids including two new ones, named 3β‐hydroxyserrat‐14‐en‐21β‐yl‐formate (1) and 21β‐hydroxyserrat‐14‐en‐3β‐yl‐formate (2), were isolated from Lycopodium japonicum Thunb. Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic analysis. Both of these two new compounds are formates of serratene‐type triterpenoids.
Preserving, augmenting, and creating cold‐water thermal refugia in rivers: concepts derived from research on the Miramichi River, New Brunswick (Canada)
Authors: Kurylyk Barret L. , MacQuarrie Kerry T. B. , Linnansaari Tommi , Cunjak Richard A. , Curry R. Allen 
Published: September 2014

AbstractSummer water temperatures are rising in many river systems in North America, and this warming trend is projected to intensify in the coming decades. Cold‐water fish may alleviate thermal stress in summer by aggregating in discrete cold‐water plumes that provide thermal refuge from high ambient river temperatures. Reliance on cold‐water thermal refugia is expected to increase in a warming climate, and many river reaches already lack suitable thermal refugia as a result of an absence of thermal diversity. A comprehensive fish management strategy could proactively address this imminent threat to cold‐water fish populations across North America by preserving existing thermal refugia, augmenting thermal anomalies to improve performance as refugia, and creating new thermal refugia in uniformly warm river reaches. We provide practical recommendations on how these measures can be accomplished based on insight derived from recent research focused on the Miramichi River, New Brunswick. Opportunities include limiting land use change, construction aggregate extraction (e.g. sand and gravel pits), and groundwater pumping/consumption. Existing thermal anomalies can be enhanced by controlling advective thermal mixing between cold‐water tributaries and the river mainstem flow, installing riparian shading, and adding temporary structures for protection from avian predators. New refugia can be created by temporarily pumping groundwater to discrete points within the river during periods of thermal stress. These concepts are discussed in the context of a comprehensive thermal refugia management strategy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radical Propagation Kinetics of N‐Vinylpyrrolidone in Organic Solvents Studied by Pulsed‐Laser Polymerization–Size‐Exclusion Chromatography (PLP–SEC)
Authors: Uhelská Lucia , Chorvát Dušan , Hutchinson Robin A. , Santanakrishnan Sandhya , Buback Michael , Lacík Igor 
Published: September 2014

Pulsed‐laser polymerization with subsequent analysis of the polymer molar mass distribution by size‐exclusion chromatography, PLP–SEC, is used to measure the propagation rate coefficient, kp, of N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) in a series of organic solvents, varying the NVP concentration from 5 to 100 wt% and varying the temperature between –5 and +80 °C. In contrast to the 20‐fold increase observed in aqueous solution upon decreasing the NVP concentration from bulk to dilute conditions, the kp values of NVP in butyl acetate, iso‐propyl acetate, N‐ethylpyrrolidone, and N‐ethylformamide stay within 20% of the bulk value and exhibit no significant dependence on monomer concentration. The kp behavior of NVP in methanol and n‐butanol is intermediate between the one in water and in the other organic solvents, with kp increasing by about a factor of 2 upon lowering the monomer concentration from bulk to 5 wt% NVP. The activation energies for propagation in organic solvents agree within experimental uncertainty with the value reported for bulk NVP. The data demonstrate that hydrogen bonding is responsible for the increase in kp upon dilution, with this effect being much stronger in an aqueous environment than in a solution of alcohol.
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Antidepressant treatment and suicide attempts and self‐inflicted injury in children and adolescents
Authors: Gibbons Robert D. , Coca Perraillon Marcelo , Hur Kwan , Conti Rena M. , Valuck Robert J. , Brent David A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPurposeIn the 2004, FDA placed a black box warning on antidepressants for risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children and adolescents. The purpose of this paper is to examine the risk of suicide attempt and self‐inflicted injury in depressed children ages 5–17 treated with antidepressants in two large observational datasets taking account time‐varying confounding.MethodsWe analyzed two large US medical claims databases (MarketScan and LifeLink) containing 221,028 youth (ages 5–17) with new episodes of depression, with and without antidepressant treatment during the period of 2004–2009. Subjects were followed for up to 180 days. Marginal structural models were used to adjust for time‐dependent confounding.ResultsFor both datasets, significantly increased risk of suicide attempts and self‐inflicted injury were seen during antidepressant treatment episodes in the unadjusted and simple covariate adjusted analyses. Marginal structural models revealed that the majority of the association is produced by dynamic confounding in the treatment selection process; estimated odds ratios were close to 1.0 consistent with the unadjusted and simple covariate adjusted association being a product of chance alone.ConclusionsOur analysis suggests antidepressant treatment selection is a product of both static and dynamic patient characteristics. Lack of adjustment for treatment selection based on dynamic patient characteristics can lead to the appearance of an association between antidepressant treatment and suicide attempts and self‐inflicted injury among youths in unadjusted and simple covariate adjusted analyses. Marginal structural models can be used to adjust for static and dynamic treatment selection processes such as that likely encountered in observational studies of associations between antidepressant treatment selection, suicide and related behaviors in youth. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimising methodological biases to improve the accuracy of partitioning soil respiration using natural abundance 13C
Authors: Snell Helen S. K. , Robinson David , Midwood Andrew J. 
Published: September 2014

RATIONALEMicrobial degradation of soil organic matter (heterotrophic respiration) is a key determinant of net ecosystem exchange of carbon, but it is difficult to measure because the CO2 efflux from the soil surface is derived not only from heterotrophic respiration, but also from plant root and rhizosphere respiration (autotrophic). Partitioning total CO2 efflux can be achieved using the different natural abundance stable isotope ratios (δ13C) of root and soil CO2. Successful partitioning requires very accurate measurements of total soil efflux δ13CO2 and the δ13CO2 of the autotrophic and heterotrophic sources, which typically differ by just 2–8 ‰.METHODSIn Scottish moorland and grass mesocosm studies we systematically tested some of the most commonly used techniques in order to identify and minimise methodological errors. Typical partitioning methods are to sample the total soil‐surface CO2 efflux using a chamber, then to sample CO2 from incubated soil‐free roots and root‐free soil. We investigated the effect of collar depth on chamber measurements of surface efflux δ13CO2 and the effect of incubation time on estimates of end‐member δ13CO2.RESULTS(1) a 5 cm increase in collar depth affects the measurement of surface efflux δ13CO2 by –1.5 ‰ and there are fundamental inconsistencies between modelled and measured biases; (2) the heterotrophic δ13CO2 changes by up to −4 ‰ within minutes of sampling; we recommend using regression to estimate the in situ δ13CO2 values; (3) autotrophic δ13CO2 measurements are reliable if root CO2 is sampled within an hour of excavation; (4) correction factors should be used to account for instrument drift of up to 3 ‰ and concentration‐dependent non‐linearity of CRDS (cavity ringdown spectroscopy) analysis.CONCLUSIONSMethodological biases can lead to large inaccuracies in partitioning estimates. The utility of stable isotope partitioning of soil CO2 efflux will be enhanced by consensus on the optimum measurement protocols and by minimising disturbance, particularly during chamber measurements. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ischnura Graellsii(Insecta: Odonata) A Water Pollution Biovulnerability Indicator—Probability Mapping Using Spatial Uncertainty
Authors: Campos F. , Velasco T. , Sanz G. , Casanueva P. , Albuquerque M. T. D. , Antunes I. M. H. R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMonitoring changes of anthropogenic impacts from a broad scope of species in biodiversity research require practical, easy‐to‐use and efficient assessment as well as monitoring methods. Odonates (Insecta: Odonata) are a valuable tool for assessing freshwater systems' quality and have been used as bioindicators of environmental variety.The Águeda watershed, located in the central west of the Iberian Peninsula, shows an exponential increase in the last 60 years of natural resource exploitation coupled with alterations in consumer habits, causing significant environmental changes and deferred direct effects on the natural habitats.Fourteen river sites, selecteda priori, were sampled. Adult odonates were collected using standardized methods. Selected environmental variables and water quality parameters were evaluatedin situ. Precipitation and altitude were the most important physical, environmental variables in explaining the assemblage structure. Meaningful abiotic–biotic as well as biotic–biotic relationships were set up. Furthermore, situations in the urbanized watershed area showed to be highly impacted and closely related with damselflyIschnura graellsii, which should be targeted as a possible vulnerability indicator for polluted fresh waters.A probability map forIschnura graellsiidistribution was performed using indicator kriging with external drift and spatial uncertainty obtain through the calculation of two categorical maps (binary), corresponding to the mean (0.485) and the trimmed mean by discharging the 10% lower distribution tail (0.533). The subsequent overlapping of both categorical maps (binary) allowed the definition of the higher spatial uncertainty map for surface water contamination. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting Acute Appendicitis? A comparison of the Alvarado Score, the Appendicitis Inflammatory Response Score and Clinical Assessment
Authors: Kollár D. , McCartan D. P. , Bourke M. , Cross K. S. , Dowdall J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBackgroundPatients presenting with suspected appendicitis pose a diagnostic challenge. The appendicitis inflammatory response (AIR) score has outperformed the Alvarado score in two retrospective studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the AIR Score and compare its performance in predicting risk of appendicitis to both the Alvarado score and the clinical impression of a senior surgeon.MethodsAll parameters included in the AIR and Alvarado scores as well as the initial clinical impression of a senior surgeon were prospectively recorded on patients referred to the surgical on call team with acute right iliac fossa pain over a 6‐month period. Predictions were correlated with the final diagnosis of appendicitis.ResultsAppendicitis was the final diagnosis in 67 of 182 patients (37 %). The three methods of assessment stratified similar proportions (~40 %) of patients to a low probability of appendicitis (p = 0.233) with a false negative rate of <8 % that did not differ between the AIR score, Alvarado score or clinical assessment. The AIR score assigned a smaller proportion of patients to the high probability zone than the Alvarado score (14 vs. 45 %) but it did so with a substantially higher specificity (97 %) and positive predictive value (88 %) than the Alvarado score (76 and 65 %, respectively).ConclusionsThe AIR score is accurate at excluding appendicitis in those deemed low risk and more accurate at predicting appendicitis than the Alvarado score in those deemed high risk. Its use as the basis for selective CT imaging in those deemed medium risk should be considered.
Locoregional treatment of breast cancer during pregnancy
Authors: Toesca Antonio , Gentilini Oreste , Peccatori Fedro , Azim Hatem A. , Amant Frederic 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe management of patients with breast cancer during pregnancy is very demanding and it should be better performed in highly qualified and experienced centers. Referral to institutes and physicians trained in this special clinical scenario allows reducing the risk of both overtreating and undertreating the patients. Moreover, patients can receive appropriate information regarding safety of treatments without old-fashioned taboo. The purpose of the current paper is to discuss the main issues concerning surgical management and in general locoregional treatment of patients diagnosed with breast cancer and treated during gestation, focusing on those women who chose to continue their pregnancy. We cover the issues regarding type of breast surgery, radiation therapy, immediate reconstruction during mastectomy, and management of the axilla.