bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MHD simulations using average solar wind conditions for substorms observed under northward IMF conditions
Authors: Park K. S. , Lee D.‐Y. , Ogino T. , Lee D. H. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSubstorms are known to sometimes occur even under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. In this paper, we perform three‐dimensional global magnetohydrodynamic simulations to examine dayside reconnection, tail, and ionospheric signatures for two cases of substorm observations under prolonged northward and dawnward IMF conditions: (1) a strongly northward/dawnward IMF case with BIMF = (0, −20, 20) nT; (2) a weakly northward/dawnward IMF case with BIMF = (0, −2, 2) nT. Throughout the simulations, we used the constant solar wind conditions to reflect the prolonged solar wind conditions around the substorm times. We found that, in both cases, the tail reconnection occurred after the usual high‐latitude reconnection on the dayside, providing a possible energy source for later triggered substorm observations under northward IMF conditions. The presence of an equal amount of IMF By allows the high‐latitude reconnected magnetic field lines to transport to the tail lobe, eventually leading to the tail reconnection. The simulation results also revealed the following major differences between the two cases: First, the reconnection onset (both on dayside and in the tail) occurs earlier in the strongly northward IMF case than in the weakly northward IMF case. Second, the polar cap size, which is finite in both cases despite the northward IMF conditions and thus supports the lobe energy buildup needed for the substorm occurrences, is larger in the strongly northward IMF case. Accordingly, the polar cap potential is far larger in the strongly northward IMF case (hundreds of kilovolt) than in the weakly northward IMF case (tens of kilovolt). Third, in the strongly northward IMF case, the strong earthward tail plasma flow appears to be caused by the enhanced convection (so enhanced duskward Ey) due to the tail reconnection. In contrast, in the weakly northward IMF case, the earthward tail plasma flow increases gradually in association with a modestly increased duskward electric field. In addition, the inner plasma pressure and the cross tail current near the reconnection site increase significantly in the strongly northward IMF case but less significantly in the weakly northward IMF case after the onset of the tail reconnection. In conclusion, the simulation results support observations of the substorms under northward IMF conditions in the presence of an equal amount of IMF By by demonstrating the energy input via dayside reconnection and the subsequent occurrence of the tail reconnection.
Relativistic electron response to the combined magnetospheric impact of a coronal mass ejection overlapping with a high‐speed stream: Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: Kanekal S. G. , Baker D. N. , Henderson M. G. , Li W. , Fennell J. F. , Zheng Y. , Richardson I. G. , Jones A. , Ali A. F. , Elkington S. R. , Jaynes A. , Li X. , Blake J. B. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. , Kletzing C. A. 
Published: September 2015

AbstractDuring early November 2013, the magnetosphere experienced concurrent driving by a coronal mass ejection (CME) during an ongoing high‐speed stream (HSS) event. The relativistic electron response to these two kinds of drivers, i.e., HSS and CME, is typically different, with the former often leading to a slower buildup of electrons at larger radial distances, while the latter energizing electrons rapidly with flux enhancements occurring closer to the Earth. We present a detailed analysis of the relativistic electron response including radial profiles of phase space density as observed by both Magnetic Electron and Ion Sensor (MagEIS) and Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope instruments on the Van Allen Probes mission. Data from the MagEIS instrument establish the behavior of lower energy (<1 MeV) electrons which span both intermediary and seed populations during electron energization. Measurements characterizing the plasma waves and magnetospheric electric and magnetic fields during this period are obtained by the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science instrument on board Van Allen Probes, Search Coil Magnetometer and Flux Gate Magnetometer instruments on board Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms, and the low‐altitude Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites. These observations suggest that during this time period, both radial transport and local in situ processes are involved in the energization of electrons. The energization attributable to radial diffusion is most clearly evident for the lower energy (<1 MeV) electrons, while the effects of in situ energization by interaction of chorus waves are prominent in the higher‐energy electrons.
Blending of satellite and tide gauge sea level observations and its assimilation in a storm surge model of the North Sea and Baltic Sea
Authors: Madsen Kristine S. , Høyer Jacob L. , Fu Weiwei , Donlon Craig 
Published: September 2015

AbstractCoastal storm surge forecasts are typically derived from dedicated hydrodynamic model systems, relying on Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) inputs. Uncertainty in the NWP wind field affects both the preconditioning and the forecast of sea level. Traditionally, tide gauge data have been used to limit preconditioning errors, providing point information. Here we utilize coastal satellite altimetry sea level observations. Careful processing techniques allow data to be retrieved up to 3 km from the coast, combining 1 Hz and 20 Hz data. The use of satellite altimetry directly is limited to times when the satellite passes over the area of interest. Instead, we use a stationary blending method developed by Madsen et al. (2007) to relate the coastal satellite altimetry with corresponding tide gauge measurements, allowing generation of sea level maps whenever tide gauge data are available. We apply the method in the North Sea and Baltic Sea, including the coastal zone, and test it for operational nowcasting and hindcasting of the sea level. The feasibility to assimilate the blended product into a hydrodynamic model is assessed, using the ensemble optimal interpolation method. A 2 year test simulation shows decreased sea level root mean square error of 7–43% and improved correlation by 1–23% in all modeled areas, when validated against independent tide gauges, indicating the feasibility to limit preconditioning errors for storm surge forecasting, using a relatively cost effective assimilation scheme.
Dynamics of sediment storage and release on aeolian dune slip faces: A field study in Jericoacoara, Brazil
Authors: Pelletier Jon D. , Sherman Douglas J. , Ellis Jean T. , Farrell Eugene J. , Jackson Nancy L. , Li Bailiang , Nordstrom Karl F. , Maia Luis Parente , Omidyeganeh Mohammad 
Published: September 2015

AbstractSediment transport on the lee sides of aeolian dunes involves a combination of grain‐fall deposition on the upper portion of the slip face until a critical angle is exceeded, transport of a portion of those sediments down the slip face by grain flows and, finally, deposition at an angle of repose. We measured the mean critical and repose angles and the rate of slip‐face avalanching using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) on two barchans of different size in Jericoacoara, Brazil. Wind speeds and sand fluxes were measured simultaneously at the dune crests. We found that the mean critical angle decreased with increasing wind speed. We attribute this effect to turbulent shear stresses, the magnitude of which we quantified using 3‐D large eddy simulation modeling, that randomly act down the slip face (i.e., in the direction of gravity) to trigger grain flows at lower angles than would be possible with gravity stresses alone. We developed and tested a new predictive model for the frequency of avalanching that depends on both the sediment flux delivered to the slip face and changes in the critical angle with time. In this model, increasing turbulent shear stresses drive avalanching even in the absence of sand flux delivered to the slip face if the critical angle decreases below the slope angle. We also document that the mean critical angle decreases slightly with increasing slip‐face height. These results have important implications for aeolian dune evolution, interpretations of aeolian stratigraphy, and granular mechanics.
Hydraulics are a first‐order control on CO2 efflux from fluvial systems
Authors: Long Hazel , Vihermaa Leena , Waldron Susan , Hoey Trevor , Quemin Simon , Newton Jason 
Published: September 2015

AbstractEvasion of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fluvial systems is now recognized as a significant component of the global carbon cycle. However, the magnitude of, and controls on, this flux remains uncertain, and improved understanding of both is required to refine global estimates of fluvial CO2 efflux. CO2 efflux data show no pattern with latitude suggesting that catchment biological productivity is not a primary control and that an alternative explanation for intersite variability is required. It has been suggested that increased flow velocity and turbulence enhance CO2 efflux, but this is not confirmed. Here using contemporaneous measurements of efflux (range: 0.07–107 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1), flow hydraulics (mean velocity range: 0.03–1.39 m s−1), and pCO2 (range: 174–10712 µatm) at six sites, we find that flow intensity is a primary control on efflux across two climatically different locations (where pH is not a limiting factor) and that the relationship is refined by incorporating the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) of the water. A remaining challenge is how to upscale from point to reach or river basin level. Remote imaging or river surface may be worth exploring if subjectivity in interpreting surface state can be overcome.
POEMS syndrome: Update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Dispenzieri Angela 
Published: September 2015

Disease overview: POEMS syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome due to an underlying plasma cell neoplasm. The major criteria for the syndrome are polyradiculoneuropathy, clonal plasma cell disorder (PCD), sclerotic bone lesions, elevated vascular endothelial growth factor, and the presence of Castleman disease. Minor features include organomegaly, endocrinopathy, characteristic skin changes, papilledema, extravascular volume overload, and thrombocytosis. Diagnoses are often delayed because the syndrome is rare and can be mistaken for other neurologic disorders, most commonly chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. POEMS syndrome should be distinguished from the Castleman disease variant of POEMS syndrome, which has no clonal PCD and typically little to no peripheral neuropathy but has several of the minor diagnostic criteria for POEMS syndrome.Diagnosis: The diagnosis of POEMS syndrome is made with three of the major criteria, two of which must include polyradiculoneuropathy and clonal plasma cell disorder, and at least one of the minor criteria.Risk stratification: Because the pathogenesis of the syndrome is not well understood, risk stratification is limited to clinical phenotype rather than specific molecular markers. The number of clinical criteria is not prognostic, but the extent of the plasma cell disorder is. Those patients with an iliac crest bone marrow biopsy that does not reveal a plasma cell clone are candidates for local radiation therapy; those with a more extensive or disseminated clone will be candidates for systemic therapy.Risk‐adapted therapy: For those patients with a dominant sclerotic plasmacytoma, first line therapy is irradiation. Patients with diffuse sclerotic lesions or disseminated bone marrow involvement and for those who have progression of their disease 3–6 months after completing radiation therapy should receive systemic therapy. Corticosteroids are temporizing, but alkylators are the mainstay of treatment, either in the form of low dose conventional therapy or high dose with stem cell transplantation. Lenalidomide shows promise with manageable toxicity. Thalidomide and bortezomib also have activity, but their benefit needs to be weighed against their risk of exacerbating the peripheral neuropathy. The benefit of anti‐VEGF antibodies is conflicting. Prompt recognition and institution of both supportive care measures and therapy directed against the plasma cell result in the best outcomes. Am. J. Hematol. 90:951–962, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of leukotriene and its receptors in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Wu Xingmei , Hong Haiyu , Zuo Kejun , Han Miaomiao , Li Jian , Wen Weiping , Xu Geng , Miao Beiping , Li Huabin 
Published: September 2015

BackgroundCysteinyl leukotriene (LT) has been proposed in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). This study sought to examine the expression of the LT receptor (LTR) in CRSwNP patients and evaluate the potential role of LTR antagonist (LTRA) in the management of eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRS) patients.MethodsNasal polyps and uncinate process tissues were collected from 18 ECRS patients, 13 non‐eosinophilic CRSwNP (non‐ECRS) patients, and 16 control subjects. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of LTR (cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 [CysLT1R] and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 [CysLT2R]) was examined using quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis. Moreover, the effects of LTRA and steroids on total nasal symptom scores (TNSS) of uncontrolled ECRS patients were evaluated.ResultsThe mRNA and protein expression of CysLT1R and CysLT2R was significantly increased in polyp tissues compared with healthy controls (p < 0.05). Compared with the non‐ECRS subset, the ECRS subset showed significantly increased expression of CysLT1R and CysLT2R, as well as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and leukotriene D4 (LTC4) levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, combined LTRA and steroids significantly decreased TNSS more than steroids alone in uncontrolled ECRS patients (p < 0.01).ConclusionOur findings indicate that LTR was differentially expressed between ECRS and non‐ECRS patients, and that LTRA may be used as an additional therapy for ECRS patients.
Functionalization of Styrenes by Copper‐Catalyzed Borylation/ ortho‐Cyanation and Silver‐Catalyzed Annulation Processes
Authors: Zhao Wanxiang , Montgomery John 
Published: September 2015

AbstractAn efficient two‐step method for the assembly of indanone derivatives starting from a simple vinyl arene has been developed. The sequence first involves addition of bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) and N‐cyano‐N‐phenyl‐p‐methylbenzenesulfonamide (NCTS) to a broad range of styrenes by utilizing IMesCuCl as catalyst. This step simultaneously accomplishes hydroboration of the alkene and ortho cyanation of the benzene unit. The products thus obtained are further functionalized by a AgNO3/Selectfluor‐mediated coupling of the BPin and cyano functionalities to annulate a new five‐membered ring. This combined two‐step sequence provides a versatile method for the site‐selective derivatization of a broad range of vinyl arene substrates.
Efficient Photochemical Approaches for Spatially Resolved Surface Functionalization
Authors: Delaittre Guillaume , Goldmann Anja S. , Mueller Jan O. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: September 2015

AbstractMaterials interfaces—with a gas, a liquid, or another solid—are highly important for advanced applications. Besides their topological design, controlling interactions at these interfaces is typically realized by tuning the chemical composition of the materials surface. In areas such as nanoscience or biology, it is, however, highly desirable to impart heterogeneously distributed properties. Photopatterning, more than micro‐ and nanoprinting methods, is often the method of choice for precise functionalization, especially in terms of versatility. Recently, a range of new or rediscovered photochemistry approaches have been applied to precision surface functionalization, with the common aim of increasing efficiency and resolution while concomitantly lowering the amount of required energy. A survey of such methods is presented in this Review, with a focus on those we have explored.
Isoniazid@Fe2O3Nanocontainers and Their Antibacterial Effect on Tuberculosis Mycobacteria
Authors: Leidinger Peter , Treptow Jens , Hagens Kristine , Eich Jacqueline , Zehethofer Nicole , Schwudke Dominik , Oehlmann Wulf , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Goldmann Oliver , Schaible Ulrich E. , Dittmar Kurt E. J. , Feldmann Claus 
Published: September 2015

AbstractIsoniazid‐filled Fe2O3hollow nanospheres (INH@Fe2O3, diameter <30 nm, 48 wt % INH‐load) are prepared for the first time and suggested for tuberculosis therapy. After dextran‐functionalization, the INH@Fe2O3@DEX nanocontainers show strong activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.) and M.tb.‐infected macrophages. The nanocontainers can be considered as “Trojan horses” and show efficient, active uptake into both M.tb.‐infected macrophages and even into mycobacterial cells.
Introducing all‐polyamide composite coated fabrics: A method to produce fully recyclable single‐polymer composite coated fabrics
Authors: Jabbari Mostafa , Skrifvars Mikael , Åkesson Dan , Taherzadeh Mohammad J. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTNovel all‐polyamide composite (APC) has been developed to replace traditional coated fabrics with good interfacial adhesion and enhanced recyclability. The composite is fully recyclable since it contains no other materials except polyamide. APC was prepared by partially dissolving a polyamide fabric by treatment with a film‐forming polyamide solution. The effect of the polyamide solution concentration and gelling time on tensile and viscoelastic properties of APCs was investigated to explore the optimum processing parameters for balancing the good interfacial adhesion. The composite properties were studied by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed a good adhesion between the coating and the fabric. A new method was introduced to convert a low value added textile waste to a high value‐added product. The composite is tunable, in terms of having a dense or a porous top‐layer depending on the end‐use requirements. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42829.
Separation of oil/water emulsions using nano MgO anchored hybrid ultrafiltration membranes for environmental abatement
Authors: Arumugham Thanigaivelan , Kaleekkal Noel Jacob , Rana Dipak , Doraiswamy Mohan 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTThis work focuses on utilizing the dual role of sulfonated polyphenyl sulfone (SPPSU) as both an anchoring agent and an interlayer modifying agent in the preparation of nano MgO/SPPSU/PPSU membranes for oil removal from water. These asymmetric membranes were prepared using the phase inversion technique. The dispersed nano MgO was observed in the membrane matrix as seen by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. The reduction in contact angle value establishes the increases in hydrophilicity. An increase in SPPSU (wt %) loosens the nano MgO/SPPSU/PPSU membrane packing as exhibited by the increase ofd‐spacing by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The antifouling properties were tested using humic acid, as a model foulant. Further, in castor oil/water emulsion separation, it was found that the membrane with 25 wt % anchored moiety SPPSU/nano MgO produced a greater flux recovery ratio of 94.9% (±0.3) without compromising the oil rejection of 99% (±0.4) and better oleophobic surfaces for oil. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,132, 42848.
Differential Pattern of Interhemispheric Connections Between Homotopic Layer V Regions in the Forelimb Representation in Rat Barrel Field Cortex
Authors: Decosta‐Fortune Tina M. , Li Cheng X. , de Jongh Curry Amy L. , Waters Robert S. 
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACTLayer V neurons in forelimb and shoulder representations in rat first somatosensory cortex (SI) project to the contralateral SI. However, few studies have addressed whether projections from specific subregions of the forelimb representation, namely forepaw, wrist, or forearm, terminate at homotopic sites in the contralateral SI. Neuroanatomical retrograde (cholera toxin B subunit [CT‐B]) or anterograde (biodextran amine [BDA]) tracers were injected into physiologically identified sites in layer V in specific forelimb and/or shoulder representations in SI to examine the projection to contralateral SI in young adult rats (N = 17). Injection and target sites were flattened and cut in a tangential plane to relate labeling to the body map or cut along a coronal plane to relate labeling to cortical layers. Results indicate that layer V neurons project to cortical laminae II–VI in contralateral SI, with the densest labeling in layer V followed by layer III. In contrast, layer V neurons send sparse projections to layer IV. Furthermore, layer V neurons in wrist, forearm, and shoulder project to homotopic sites in contralateral layer V, while neurons in the forepaw representation project largely to sites in perigranular and dysgranular cortex adjacent to their homotopic territory. Our results provide evidence for a differential pattern of interhemispheric projections from forelimb and shoulder representations to the opposite SI and a detailed description of areal and laminar projection patterns of layer V neurons in the SI forelimb and shoulder cortices. Anat Rec, 298:1885–1902, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Total Joint Arthroplasty and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction: A General Population, Propensity Score–Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Lu Na , Misra Devyani , Neogi Tuhina , Choi Hyon K. , Zhang Yuqing 
Published: September 2015

ObjectiveTo replicate recent findings indicating that total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery will substantially reduce the risk of serious cardiovascular events among patients with osteoarthritis.MethodsA time‐stratified, propensity score–matched cohort study was conducted to assess the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) in a UK general population. The study population included individuals ages ≥50 years who had a UK National Health Service READ code diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis (to evaluate TKA) or hip osteoarthritis (to evaluate THA) between January 2000 and December 2012.ResultsAmong the patients who underwent TKA and their matched non‐TKA control subjects (each n = 13,849), 306 patients and 286 control subjects developed MI during the followup. During the first postoperative month, the risk of MI was substantially increased among the TKA group compared with the non‐TKA group (hazard ratio [HR] 8.75, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.11–24.62), and then gradually declined during the subsequent followup. The HR for the risk of MI over the entire followup was 0.98 (95% CI 0.82–1.18). The corresponding HRs for the risk of MI in those who had undergone THA compared with the non‐THA group (each n = 6,063) were 4.33 (95% CI 1.24–15.21) in the first postoperative month and 0.87 (95% CI 0.66–1.15) overall. In analyses using venous thromboembolism as a positive control outcome, both the first month and overall HRs for the risk of venous thromboembolism were substantially increased in both the TKA and THA groups.ConclusionThese findings provide the first general population–based evidence to indicate that TKA and THA among osteoarthritis patients are associated with a substantially increased risk of MI during the immediate postoperative period. However, the overall long‐term impact of these surgeries was null, unlike the risk of venous thromboembolism, which remained elevated years after patients had undergone the procedure.