bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of crosslinker density on the polymer network structure in poly‐N,N‐dimethylacrylamide hydrogels
Authors: Ikeda‐Fukazawa Tomoko , Ikeda Naohiro , Tabata Mayu , Hattori Masataka , Aizawa Mamoru , Yunoki Shunji , Sekine Yurina 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTTo investigate the effects of crosslinker density on the properties of hydrogels, compression tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Raman measurements were performed on poly‐N,N‐dimethylacrylamide hydrogels. The results of the compression tests showed that the Young's modulus increases as the crosslinker density increases. To understand the mechanism of the change in the mechanical properties, the structures of the polymer networks and water and the molecular vibrations were analyzed using SEM, DSC, and Raman methods. From the SEM images, it was found that the porosity estimated from the mesh size and cell density increases with increasing crosslinker density. In addition, the DSC and Raman results show that the thickness of the bound water increases as the porosity increases, although the density of the polymer chains in the porous wall remains nearly constant. The increase in the number density of polymer chains can be one of the mechanisms contributing to the increase in the mechanical strength of the hydrogels at lower crosslinker density below 5 mol %, as proposed by previous studies. At higher crosslinker density, however, the number density of polymer chains does not increase with increasing crosslinker density. The present results suggest that the bound water plays an important role in strengthening the hydrogel. The water structure may be one of the dominant factors governing the chemical and physical properties of hydrogels. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1017–1027
Glass‐transition temperatures of nanostructured amorphous bulk polymers and their blends
Authors: Joijode Abhay S. , Antony Gerry J. , Tonelli Alan E. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTNanostructured amorphous bulk polymer samples were produced by processing them with small molecule hosts. Urea (U) and gamma‐cyclodextrin (γ‐CD) were utilized to form crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs) with low and high molecular weight as‐received (asr‐) poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and their blends as included guests. Upon careful removal of the host crystalline U and γ‐CD lattices, nanostructured coalesced (c‐) bulk PVAc, PMMA, and PVAc/PMMA blend samples were obtained, and their glass‐transition temperatures, Tgs, measured. In addition, non‐stoichiometric (n‐s)‐IC samples of each were formed with γ‐CD as the host. The Tgs of the un‐threaded, un‐included portions of their chains were observed as a function of their degree of inclusion. In all the cases, these nanostructured PVAc and PMMA samples exhibited Tgs elevated above those of their as‐received and solution‐cast samples. Based on their comparison, several conclusions were reached concerning how their molecular weights, the organization of chains in their coalesced samples, and the degree of constraint experienced by un‐included portions of their chains in (n‐s)‐γ‐CD‐IC samples with different stoichiometries affect their chain mobilities and resultant Tgs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1041–1050
Variation in susceptibility of laboratory and field strains of three stored‐grain insect species to β‐cyfluthrin and chlorpyrifos‐methyl plus deltamethrin applied to concrete surfaces
Authors: Sehgal Blossom , Subramanyam Bhadriraju , Arthur Frank H. , Gill Bikram S. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe efficacy of commercial formulations of β‐cyfluthrin and chlorpyrifos‐methyl plus deltamethrin applied to clean, concrete surfaces similar to that of empty bins against field strains of stored‐grain insects is unknown. We exposed adults of 16 strains of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); eight strains of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); and two strains of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), collected mainly from farm‐stored grain in Kansas, USA, to β‐cyfluthrin and chlorpyrifos‐methyl plus deltamethrin applied to concrete surfaces and determined knockdown and mortality.RESULTSKnockdown and mortality differences among species and strains to the insecticides tested were significant. Mortality of all species was less than that of knockdown, suggesting recovery when placed on food after insecticide exposure. β‐Cyfluthrin was effective against R. dominica but ineffective against T. castaneum and O. surinamensis field strains. Chlorpyrifos‐methyl plus deltamethrin was only partially effective against field strains of the three species.CONCLUSIONReduced susceptibility in field strains may be due to inherent formulation deficiency and low levels of tolerance or resistance to β‐cyfluthrin. No single insecticide provided adequate control of the three species tested. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Reframing the Debate on Migration, Development and Human Rights
Authors: Delgado Wise Raúl , Márquez Covarrubias Humberto , Puentes Ruben 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTThe relationship between migration, development, and human rights is a topic of growing interest among international organisations, academics, and civil society organisations. To varying degrees, international organisations such as the World Bank and the International Organization for Migration see remittances as an essential tool in the development of migrant‐sending, underdeveloped countries. They also envisage international migration management as a core element in the design and implementation of migration policies that are apparently beneficial for all parties. We argue that this perspective, which has dominated the academic and policy agendas, is essentially one‐sided, de‐contextualised, reductionist, and misleading. It overlooks the realm of neoliberal globalisation and unequal development in which contemporary migration is embedded. It also disregards human and labour rights as central and intrinsic elements of coherent migration and development policies, as well as the exploitation, social exclusion, human insecurity, and criminalisation suffered by international migrants. In addition, it masks most of the fundamental contributions made by migrants to the destination countries and ignores the costs of migration for the countries of origin; costs that go far beyond the overemphasised ‘positive’ impact of remittances. The purpose of this article is to provide some key elements for reframing the debate on migration, development, and human rights with particular emphasis on the promotion of a comprehensive, inclusive, and human‐centred alternative agenda. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase transition and Raman‐active modes in TlInS2
Authors: Paucar Raul , Harada Kazuki , Matsumoto Ryoya , Wakita Kazuki , Shim YongGu , Alekperov Oktay , Mamedov Nazim 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRaman spectra of layered ternary thallium chalcogenide TlInS2were studied with the aid of 3D confocal Raman system over the temperature range 77–300K in the frequency region of 120–400 cm–1. The observed lines in the obtained Raman spectra were denconvoluted into Lorentzian peaks and temperature dependence of each peak's parameters (peak position and half width at half maximum) were obtained. An irregular behaviour of the temperature dependence of Loretzian parameters is reported. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation of CuInS2 thin films from materials grown by mechanochemical method
Authors: Sugimoto Kanta , Akaki Yoji , Nakamura Shigeyuki , Yoshino Kenji 
Published: May 2013

AbstractOptical second harmonic generation (SHG) has been studied in TlMeX2 (Me=In,Ga, X=S,Se,Te) compounds with layered and chain crystalline structures. For layered TlInS2 and TlGaSe2, SHG signal has been observed in a range of temperatures below the point of phase transition into ferroelectric phase for which asymmetry is prominent. On the other hand, the chain TlInSe2 and TlGaTe2 have shown SHG signal at a temperature above 270 and 293K, respectively. Both the TlInSe2 and TlGaTe2 have symmetry centre at room temperature and second order optical non‐linearity is an artefact incompatible with their bulk structure. Surface structure is speculated to be responsible for SHG signal observed in these materials for the first time to our knowledge. The details of temperature behaviour of SHG in TlInSe2 and TlGaTe2 lead to a phase‐transition based model for explanation of the observed phenomenon. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurement of apo(a) kinetics in human subjects using a microfluidic device with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhou Haihong , Castro‐Perez Jose , Lassman Michael E. , Thomas Tiffany , Li Wenyu , McLaughlin Theresa , Dan Xie , Jumes Patricia , Wagner John A. , Gutstein David E. , Hubbard Brian K. , Rader Daniel J. , Millar John S. , Ginsberg Henry N. , Reyes‐Soffer Gissette , Cleary Michele , Previs Stephen F. , Roddy Thomas P. 
Published: May 2013

RATIONALEApolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] is the defining protein component of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The regulation of Lp(a) levels in blood is poorly understood in part due to technical challenges in measuring Lp(a) kinetics. Improvements in the ability to readily and reliably measure the kinetics of apo(a) using a stable isotope labeled tracer is expected to facilitate studies of the role of Lp(a) in cardiovascular disease. Since investigators typically determine the isotopic labeling of protein‐bound amino acids following acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of a protein of interest [e.g., apo(a)], studies of protein synthesis require extensive protein purification which limits throughput and often requires large sample volumes. We aimed to develop a rapid and efficient method for studying apo(a) kinetics that is suitable for use in studies involving human subjects.METHODSMicrofluidic device and tandem mass spectrometry were used to quantify the incorporation of [2H3]‐leucine tracer into protein‐derived peptides.RESULTSWe demonstrated that it is feasible to quantify the incorporation of [2H3]‐leucine tracer into a proteolytic peptide from the non‐kringle repeat region of apo(a) in human subjects. Specific attention was directed toward optimizing the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions, mass spectrometer settings, and chromatography (i.e., critical parameters that affect the sensitivity and reproducibility of isotopic enrichment measurements). The results demonstrated significant advantages with the use of a microfluidic device technology for studying apo(a) kinetics, including enhanced sensitivity relative to conventional micro‐flow chromatography, a virtually drift‐free elution profile, and a stable and robust electrospray.CONCLUSIONSThe technological advances described herein enabled the implementation of a novel method for studying the kinetics of apo(a) in human subjects infused with [2H3]‐leucine. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Octacoordinate metal carbonyls of scandium and yttrium: theoretical calculations and experimental observation
Authors: Xing Xiaopeng , Wang Jie , Xie Hua , Liu Zhiling , Qin Zhengbo , Zhao Lijuan , Tang Zichao 
Published: May 2013

RATIONALEThe transition metal carbonyls are among the most important complexes in coordination chemistry. The maximum coordination number in these complexes is seven. Because the cations Sc+ and Y+ have empty second outermost d orbital subshells, they can possibly bond eight CO ligands, forming the 18‐electron d10s2p6 noble gas configuration. The aim of this study is to determine whether the octacoordinate metal carbonyls of Sc+ and Y+ exist.METHODSThe structures and bonding of M(CO)n+ (M = Sc and Y, n = 7–9) were studied using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations with the functionals of B3LYP and BP86. The cationic complexes from laser ablation of Sc and Y in CO gas were analyzed by time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry.RESULTSThe structures of M(CO)n+ (M = Sc and Y, n = 7–9) and the bond dissociation energies for the last CO ligand in M(CO)n+ (M = Sc and Y, n = 8 and 9) were obtained using DFT calculations. The products in the experiment for both metals include the series MO(CO)n+, MO(H2O)(CO)n+ and M(CO)n+ (M = Sc or Y). The intensities of the MO(CO)n+ and MO(H2O)(CO)n+ ions change gradually with the number of CO ligands, while most M(CO)n+ ions are very weak except for three intense ones, Sc(CO)7+, Sc(CO)8+ and Y(CO)8+.CONCLUSIONSComparisons between the theoretical calculations and the experimental observations indicate that eight CO ligands are chemically bonded on the central atom in the singlet state of Sc(CO)8+ (1A1 state of D4d symmetry) and the singlet and triplet states of Y(CO)8+ (1A1 state of D4d symmetry and 3A1g state of Oh symmetry). The 1A1 states of both Sc(CO)8+ and Y(CO)8+ have the 18‐electron d10s2p6 noble gas configuration. In M(CO)9+ (M = Sc or Y), the ninth CO is weakly adsorbed on the external shell. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative metabolism and stability of andrographolide in liver microsomes from humans, dogs and rats using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple‐quadrupole and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhao Hai‐Yu , Hu Hao , Wang Yi‐Tao 
Published: May 2013

RATIONALEAndrographolide (AP) is a major active anti‐inflammatory compound extracted from Andrographis paniculata Nees. The metabolism stability of AP is one of the key factors for its further development as a new drug candidate. In order to clarify the biotransformation of AP among species, a comparative investigation of its in vitro metabolic pathways in human, dog and rat liver microsomes was carried out.METHODSIn the present study, the in vitro metabolic profiles of AP using pooled human (HLMs), dog (DLMs) and rat (RLMs) liver microsomes were studied. The in vitro biotransformation including phase I and phase II incubation systems and metabolic stabilities of AP were studied for the first time. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used for identification of metabolites and quantification of AP.RESULTSEight phase I and five phase II metabolites resulted from dehydration, deoxygenation, hydrogenation and glucuronidation were tentatively identified by accurate mass measurement and MS/MS fragmentation behavior. A dehydration reaction was detected in all these incubation systems. Deoxy‐AP and the related glucuronide metabolites were observed in HLMs only. Besides, the metabolic stabilities of AP in the three liver microsomes showed that the in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) of RLMs was much higher than that of HLMs and DLMs.CONCLUSIONSA qualitative and semi‐quantitative method was developed for the identification and metabolic stabilities of AP. The general metabolic profiles between three species were clarified. Significant species differences indicated a more cautious strategy for further pharmacokinetics research of AP in animal models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sample size and power for a logrank test and Cox proportional hazards model with multiple groups and strata, or a quantitative covariate with multiple strata
Authors: Lachin John M. 
Published: May 2013

I describe general expressions for the evaluation of sample size and power for the K group Mantel‐logrank test or the Cox proportional hazards (PH) model score test. Under an exponential model, the method of Lachin and Foulkes for the 2 group case is extended to the group case using the non‐centrality parameter of the K − 1 df chi‐square test. I also show similar results to apply to the K group score test in a Cox PH model. Lachin and Foulkes employed a truncated exponential distribution to provide for a non‐linear rate of enrollment. I present expressions for the mean time of enrollment and the expected follow‐up time in the presence of exponential losses to follow‐up. When used with the expression for the noncentrality parameter for the test, equations are derived for the evaluation of sample size and power under specific designs with r years of recruitment and T years total duration.I also describe sample size and power for a stratified‐adjusted K group test and for the assessment of a group by stratum interaction. Similarly, I describe computations for a stratified‐adjusted analysis of a quantitative covariate and a test of a stratum by covariate interaction in the Cox PH model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural design using cold‐formed hollow sections
Authors: Puthli Ram , Packer Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper reviews the differences between the alternative types of structural hollow section products (cold‐formed versus hot‐finished) as they affect structural design in Europe, using the relevant product and design standards, with an emphasis on Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS). Manufacturers of cold‐formed structural hollow sections (CFSHS) are more numerous, so that their products are more widely available. Hot‐finished structural hollow section (HFSHS) products are typically between 24 % and 54 % more expensive in Germany than their cold‐formed counterparts, the lower differences being for large tonnages – a strong inducement in favour of CFSHS. The price difference may also vary within the European Union. The geometric and product properties which are distinctly unique to CFSHS are presented and shown to offer no restrictions in their use when in compliance with the appropriate clauses in the European standards. These are the influence of corner radii, welding in the corner area, material choice to avoid brittle fracture and suitability for welding CFSHS. A comparison of the structural performance of CFSHS and HFSHS shows equally efficient structural designs for both products. The points covered are the design of compression members – unfilled and concrete‐filled, joint resistance – which typically governs selection of member sizes, as well as fatigue design, fire design and the resistance of braced steel frames to severe seismic loading. CFSHS are shown to be adequate under all these situations.
Report of the 1st European consensus meeting on Ponseti clubfoot treatment
Authors: Böhm Stephanie , Sinclair Marc 
Published: May 2013

Introduction Standards for treating idiopathic clubfoot are still under discussion. Over the last 10–15 years the Ponseti method has been widely accepted as the treatment of choice, but the method has been modified very often, and the original protocol is not always properly performed. A consensus group was set up in the UK in 2011 to define standards for Ponseti clubfoot treatment, and the purpose of our meeting is to extend these standards to the European level. Clubfoot experts from 12 countries met at Karolinska University in Stockholm to discuss goals, standards, challenges and treatment outcome, based on literature review and personal experience. Items discussed The ambitious agenda included most aspects of clubfoot treatment. Discussion following an intensive literature review was constructive, and the group was able to carry out discussions on defining the goal of clubfoot treatment and the preferred standard of treatment. Conclusion In order to establish the Ponseti method as the most effective treatment in the European context a methodological approach and analysis of existing literature remain crucial. Focus should hereby remain on defining outcome measures, the evaluation and comparison of all available methods over the long term and ease of implementation in the different healthcare environments across Europe.
Alterations of the ovarian histomorphometry at pre‐puberty in rat offspring from diabetic mothers
Authors: Khaksar Zabihollah , Jelodar Gholamali , Hematian Hooman , Poorahmadi Mohamad 
Published: May 2013

AbstractPurposeMaternal diabetes leads to increased blood glucose concentration in the mother and consequently in the foetus, causing various neonatal problems. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of maternal diabetes on foetal ovarian structure.MethodsSixteen adult female rats were allocated into two equal groups. Diabetes was induced in one group by alloxan. Both groups became pregnant by natural mating. Thirty days after birth, the female offspring were terminated, the body weight and blood glucose of the animals measured and their ovaries removed. Various histological and cellular parameters were determined using histological and electron microscopy techniques.ResultsResults revealed a significant increase in body weight and blood glucose in the offspring of the diabetic mothers (ODM) compared to that of the controls. The weight, volume and diameter of the ovary and the ovarian capsule thickness were inclined to decrease in ODM compared to that of controls. The number and diameter of primary, pre‐antral and antral follicles were decreased in ovaries in the ODM. The electro‐micrographs have demonstrated the organelle alterations in oocytes and granulosa cells that suggest the apoptosis progress and oxidative stress.ConclusionsMaternal hyperglycaemia exhibited deleterious effects on the female reproductive system in the offspring.
Transient growth in the flow past a three-dimensional smooth roughness element
Authors: Cherubini S. , De Tullio M. D. , De Palma P. , Pascazio G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis work provides a global optimization analysis, looking for perturbations inducing the largest energy growth at a finite time in a boundary-layer flow in the presence of smooth three-dimensional roughness elements. Amplification mechanisms are described which can bypass the asymptotical growth of Tollmien–Schlichting waves. Smooth axisymmetric roughness elements of different height have been studied, at different Reynolds numbers. The results show that even very small roughness elements, inducing only a weak deformation of the base flow, can localize the optimal disturbance characterizing the Blasius boundary-layer flow. Moreover, for large enough bump heights and Reynolds numbers, a strong amplification mechanism has been recovered, inducing an increase of several orders of magnitude of the energy gain with respect to the Blasius case. In particular, the highest value of the energy gain is obtained for an initial varicose perturbation, differently to what found for a streaky parallel flow. Optimal varicose perturbations grow very rapidly by transporting the strong wall-normal shear of the base flow, which is localized in the wake of the bump. Such optimal disturbances are found to lead to transition for initial energies and amplitudes considerably smaller than sinuous optimal ones, inducing hairpin vortices downstream of the roughness element.