bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Urea-Treated and Untreated Wheat Straw with or Without Fibrolytic Enzyme Addition on Nutrient Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation of Awassi Lambs
Authors: Abdulameer Alghazli Noor Najm , Majeed Al-Wazeer Anmar Abdulghani 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
A digestibility trail was conducted on 16 Awassi lambs at the ruminant farm belonging to the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq, to study the effect of untreated and urea-treated wheat straw with or without fibrolytic enzyme (Safaziyme®, enzymes cocktail contained: β-glucanase, xylanase and cellulase) supplementation on the nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation of Awassi lambs. Animals were distributed randomly into four groups (4 lambs each) and the groups included: T1: Concentrated diet + untreated wheat straw (control); T2: Concentrate diet + wheat straw treated with 3% urea solution; T3: Concentrated diet supplemented with fibrolytic enzymes (2g/lamb/day) + untreated wheat straw; T4: Concentrated diet supplemented with fibrolytic enzymes (2g/lamb/day) + wheat straw treated with 3% urea solution. Lambs individually fed concentrate diet at 3% of live body weight while wheat straw treated with urea or untreated was offered ad libitum. Results revealed that dry matter digestibility and other nutrient digestibility were not affected significantly by experimental diets except crude fiber digestibility, it was superior (P≤0.05) when lambs fed urea treated wheat straw +fibrolytic enzymes supplementation (T4) followed by lambs fed urea treated straw (T2) as compared with lambs fed control (T1). Results revealed that ruminal pH and concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were not significantly affected by experimental diets. Total volatile fatty acids concentration was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in lambs of the T4 group followed by the T2 group. In conclusion, the combination of urea treated wheat straw + supplemented with fibrolytic enzymes enhance nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Awassi male lambs.
The Impact of Natural Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) in Water on The Blood Parameters of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) In a Recirculation Aquaculture System
Authors: Farhan Mohammed Hamed , Naser Ahmed Salahudeen 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The aim of conducting this study was to evaluate the use of added natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) in common carp fingerling (Cyprinus Carpio L.) breeding ponds and to demonstrate its effect on blood characteristics, This study was conducted in the fish laboratory of the Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture - Anbar University – Iraq, For 12 weeks with an initial weight of the fish reaching (25 ± 1) gram, The study included 7 treatments, each treatment was divided into 3 replicates, in each replicate (10 fish), the first treatment (control treatment), Zeolite was added to the rest of the treatments in two ways, the first way was (add inside the filter) in proportions (5, 10, 15) g/L for the second, third, and fourth treatments, respectively, In the second way, add zeolite (inside the rearing ponds with plastic mesh bags) in proportions (5, 10, 15) g/L for the fifth, sixth, and seventh treatments, respectively, The results of the study showed a significant increase for treatments T2 On the rest of the experimental parameters in In the values of both (RBC), (MCHC) It also recorded the highest value for (PCV),(Hb) Compared to the rest of the transactions Including transaction control.
The Effect of Humic Acid and Urea on the Activity of the Urease Enzyme in Soil Planted with Daughter Potatoes
Authors: Al-Khalidi Radphan J. H. , Al-Taweel Luma S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An experiment was conducted using a randomized block design (CRBD) that is common in factorial studies. Twenty treatments (including the control group) were used in the experiment, with three replicates. One level (4 ml kg−1 soil) of plant extracts (P1, P2, P3, and P4) were added as the initial component. These extracts were garlic cloves, pomegranate pulp and peels, eucalyptus, and myrtle, respectively. As for the second component, we have U1 and U2, which stand for 50 and 100 kg N ha−1 of urea fertilizer, respectively. The third component is humic acid, denoted by the symbol (H), added at a concentration of 80 kg ha−1; the experimental outcomes were: The urease enzyme’s effectiveness was greatly affected by the fertilizers that were added. For example, humic acid (H) had 66.35 and 61.30 µg N-NH4+g−1 soil 2h−1 of effectiveness in the two stages, respectively, while the comparison treatment (C) had the lowest effectiveness at 58.38 and 53.26. In the flowering and full maturity stages, the treatment (2U) had the highest average urease enzyme activity, reaching (85.60 and 78.48) µg N-NH4
+g−1 soil2h−1, respectively. In comparison, the comparison treatment (C) had the lowest effectiveness, at (58.38 and 53.26) µg N-NH4
+g−1 soil 2h, respectively. In comparison to the comparison treatment (C), which had the lowest effectiveness at (58.38 and 53.26) µg N-NH4
+g−1 soil2h for the flowering and full maturity stages, respectively, the combination (P3U1) substantially improved the urease enzyme’s performance, with values of 65.31 and 59.02 µg N-NH4
+g−1 soil 2h for the two stages.
The Role of Biochar in Phosphorus Concentration in Potato Plants and Phosphorus Availability
Authors: Mohammed Dheauldeen A. , Sarheed Bassam R. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The first of the two trials was a controlled laboratory trial of making plant biochar using rice straw, maize cobs, and cane refuse (B1, B2, and B3). Our goal was to enhance their phosphorus content by applying three different concentrations of the superphosphate fertiliser TSP (21% P) at 50%, 75%, and 100% of the phosphorus indicated for potato varieties F1, F2, and F3, respectively. Agricultural Research Station No. (1), University of Anbar - College of Agriculture, Anbar province - Al-Ramadi district - Al-Bu Atha region, longitude E43.32.65 and latitude N33.45.37, was the site of the second experiment, which tested the study factors in a field experiment that took place in the autumn of 2022. To test the effects of three kinds of phosphorus-enriched plant biochar, each with varying concentrations of the fertiliser, on a sandy clay loam soil that was irrigated drip-wise, we grew the Burren potato variety. In a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, they were utilised as slow-release fertilisers to assess phosphorus availability and the residual influence of phosphorus in the soil. Compared to the control group that did not receive biochar, those plants treated with biochar that were loaded with phosphorus performed far better. For every characteristic that was measured—leaf phosphorus concentration, leaf phosphorus absorption, tuber phosphorus concentration, and residual soil phosphorus impact—the treatment with cane waste residue biochar (B3) yielded the best results. When mineral phosphorus was applied at a rate of 50% of the prescribed phosphorus fertiliser, the findings showed a considerable improvement in phosphorus concentration in the tubers, phosphorus absorption in the leaves, and phosphorus concentration in the leaves overall. However, the treatment that included adding mineral phosphorus at the prescribed rate of 100% yielded the best results in terms of the long-term effects of phosphorus on the soil.
Study of Salt Phases and Groundwater Chemically in some Iraqi Soils
Authors: Makttoof Elaf Ali , Nafawa Shatha Majied 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The current study includes an assessment of shura soil and groundwater salinity in central and southern Iraq. Through research, it has been revealed that the study area is experiencing severe salinization in various environments. The reason behind this is attributed to the high temperatures, increased evaporation rates, and low surface slope. Additionally, the rise in groundwater levels has led to secondary salinization when water withdraws during dry conditions, resulting in salt accumulation in the soil profile, especially in surface horizons due to water evaporation. The results indicated a significant impact of some chemical properties of soil and groundwater, including ESP, SAR, MCAR, P.S, Na, CROSS, and the quantity of soluble salts. It is also considered a crucial indicator of soil salinity in the study area, either directly through its high statistically significant relationship with measured salinity or indirectly through its impact on increasing the SAR ratio in the soil. Chloride salts are identified as the primary cause of elevated soil salinity. When selecting the relationship between ESP and SAR in the soil.
The Effect of Adding Bio and Organic Fertilizer under Two Levels of Water Stress on the Readiness of NPK Nutrients in the Plant and the Growth Yield of the Sorghum Plant
Authors: Kareem Safa S. , Hamed Bassam Aladdin 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the spring season of 2023, a field experiment was carried out in a private field located in the al-Dura/Hor Rajab area. The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of various levels of bio-fertilizer(mycorrhiza and azospirillium bacteria) and the addition of organic fertilizer AgriM40 on the growth and yield of sorghum in saline soil. The experiment also examined the influence of two levels of water stress on the sorghum plants. The soil used in the experiment was a saline soil. The experimental design for the study site was the Split Split-Block arrangement with a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The study involved three factors: the primary factor was irrigation breaks, with two levels 5 and 10 days, the secondary factor was a bio-fertilizer consisting of a mixture of mycorrhiza fungus and azospirillium bacteria, with two levels without addition. The sub-secondary factor was organic fertilizer (Agri M40) with three levels (20, 40, and 80L ha−1). The findings indicated that the use of biofertilizer treatment (B1) yielded more favorable outcomes across many assessed parameters, including the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the plant. Additionally, the biological yield values were recorded as 2.387, 0.505, 1.524%, and 491.58 Mg h−1, Significant differences were observed in most measurements when comparing biofertilizer and irrigation separator, The treatment involving compost and irrigation separator I5B1 demonstrated superiority in most traits, with values of 2.563, 0.549%, and 522.26 Mg h−1. Also, the results of the I5C3 treatment between the biofertilizer and the irrigation separator showed superiority in most measurements. The I5B1C3 triple interference treatment showed superiority in biological yield, which amounted to 562.53 Mg h−1.
Evaluating and Maps of Chemical Weathering Indices for Gypsiferous Soils Using Geospatial Techniques
Authors: Khalaf Ayad Abdullah , Obiad Mijbil M. , Hayyood Ezzulddin M. A. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractThe study aims to evaluate the status of chemical weathering of gypsiferous soils in Baiji District, Salahaldeen Governorate, Iraq, using geospatial techniques. The total area of the study is 85.24 km2. Seven soil pedons (P) were selected, and their morphology was described according to the American Soil Survey Staff principles. Soil samples were obtained from the horizons, and 56 soil samples were obtained from the surface layer 0-20 cm. The total oxides content were estimated using Spectro X-LAB 2000 XRF. Chemical weathering indices CIA, WIP, CWI, PIA, STI, MWPI, CPI, CVI, MIA (0) were calculated. The geospatial maps were prepared using the kriging interpolation model, and calculating of the strength of spatial dependence using the GS+program. Spatial distribution maps were prepared using the IDW spatial derivation technique using the ArcGIS Ver program 10.3. The results revealed spatial variation in the distribution of oxide content and chemical weathering indicators vertically and horizontally, generally, the weathering processes are relatively weak. We note from the descriptive statistics results that the chemical indicators’ values were relatively homogeneous, with the coefficient of variation (CV%) values being less than 23.56%. The spatial reliability values ranged between moderate and strong for most of the chemical indicators, and the least effective distance was for the MWPI index, which amounted to 292m.
Effect of Different Levels of Biochar on the Distribution of the Chemical Fraction of Lead in Two Soils
Authors: Abd Ali Hawraa Hussein , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Soil contamination with heavy metals threatens the quality of agricultural products and human health, where lead is considered one of the most dangerous heavy elements causing damage to microorganisms in the soil and the chemical properties of the soil. The current study investigated the effectiveness of using biochar average (0.0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 g Kg−1) in two types of soil (clayey and sandy soil) contaminated with different concentrations of lead in the form of nitrate (75, 150, and 300 mg Kg−1. After that, chemical fractionation of the element lead (available, bound to carbonates, the residual) was performed in the two types of studied soil. The results showed that biochar had a significant effect on the distribution of lead in the soil samples, and the chemical fraction were taken in descending order of the fraction bound. Bound to carbonate > available > the residual. A larger surface area and negative charge content also make the biochar’s small pores more effective in absorbing heavy elements, allowing it to reduce the toxicity of lead in contaminated soil and make its environment more suitable for the life of microorganisms while improving some of the chemical properties of the soil.
The Impact of Clay Content and Potassium Levels on Several Growth Markers of Wheat
Authors: Abdalkadhum Kifah Abdalhusain , Oleiwi Mohammed Sallal , Obaid Al-Obaidi Basim Shakir 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
An experiment was undertaken to investigate the impact of clay content and potassium levels on the growth characteristics of wheat plants. The experiment consisted of three degrees of clay content, namely low, medium, and high, represented by the symbols C1, C2, and C3 respectively. The experiment used four different quantities of potassium fertilizer (0, 75, 150, 300 kg. K−1). The experiment used two factors (K0, K1, K2, K3) and was conducted with three repetitions, resulting in a total of 36 experimental units. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Upon reaching maturity, the plant’s height, number of tillers, leaf area, and chlorophyll index were recorded. The findings demonstrated that the presence of a high clay content had a notable impact on the augmentation of plant height, chlorophyll index, flag leaf area, and number of tillers. The potassium had a K3 level of effect. The most significant growth indicators were seen in the measurements of plant height, chlorophyll index, leaf area, and number of tillers. In addition, the combination of bi-interaction with high clay content and full potassium level resulted in a substantial improvement in all of the mentioned growth indicators for the C3K3 treatment. There were no significant differences seen between the C3K3 treatment and the C3K3 treatment for some features.
Effect of Moisture Depletion and Transpiration Inhibitors on Growth Indicators and Yield of Potatoes Under Drip Irrigation System
Authors: Jawar Fatima Abdel-Reza , Rahman Al-Saadoun Jamal Nasser Abdel , Mansour Al-Maliki Riyadh Jabbar 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was carried out during the agricultural season 2021-2022 in the field of the College of Agriculture / University of Wasit for the purpose of studying irrigation scheduling and water consumption for potato plants depending on moisture depletion rates and the addition of transpiration inhibitors to the cultivated plant. The experiment was carried out within the split plot design with a factorial experiment according to the RCBD design, the first factor is moisture depletion and it has three levels: moisture depletion level 30% of available water A1, moisture depletion level 40% of available water A2, and moisture depletion level 50% of the available water is A3, and the second factor is transpiration inhibitors, which are three levels: Armorocs inhibitor, symbolized by B1, and licorice inhibitor, symbolized by B2, without adding B0, as these inhibitors were added by spraying on the leaves. Armorocs inhibitor (B1) was added at a concentration of 1 ml / liter of water per experimental unit to the treatments for this inhibitor, while licorice (B2) was added at a concentration of 1 ml / liter of water per experimental unit to the treatments of this inhibitor. As for the comparison treatment (without adding licorice or Armorocs), the experimental units were left without addition. A surface drip irrigation system with drippers of type (GR) was adopted in the irrigation process. Irrigation was scheduled for the growing season in light of the moisture depletion rates mentioned above, and a comparison was made between the averages of the treatments using the least significant difference L.S.D at a significant level of 5%. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The level of depletion of 30% of the available water achieved the best values for the growth indicators of the Crop, namely, leaf area, Plant height and the total dry weight of the plant, it reached 4863 cm2 Plant−1, 74.68 cm and 4.917 Kg. experimental unit−1. 2. Licorice inhibitor was superior in Crop growth indicators represented by leaf area and the total dry weight of the plant, it amounted to 4695 cm2 plant−1, 4.757 Kg. experimental unit−1, respectively while Armorocs inhibitor was superior in plant height, as the value was75.95 cm. 3. The interaction between depletion of 30% of available water and licorice inhibitor gave the best results for the studied growth indicators of Potato.
Evaluation of the Field Performance of the Developed Combined Lines Seeder
Authors: Shannon Ali J. , Ramadhan Marwan N. , Himoud Majed S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The field experiment was conducted in Maysan Governorate / Al-Batira in a Silty clay soil, with the aim of evaluating the efficiency of the performance of the developed combined lines seeder used for planting on lines with equal distances and appropriate depths, with covering the seeds and appropriate disintegration of the soil using spring needles, fertilizing at the same time, and opening the furrows. The experiment was carried out using two machine configurations: the seeder (B) alone and the seeder with the furrows opener (BZ), which is equivalent to the basin irrigation system and the furrows irrigation, and two tractor speeds (4 and 6) kmh−1, with the aim of knowing its effect on (pulling force, percentage of slippage, and fuel consumption). The same two factors above were also used with three seed rates (25, 30 and 35) kg dunum−1 in order to determine their effect on seed germination percentage. The results showed the following, the seeder with the furrow opener (BZ) gave the highest averages of pulling force, reaching (7.942) kN a slip percentage of (10.115)%, and fuel consumption (19.138) litres.h−1, a decrease in the average germination rate (81.344)%. The seeder-only (B) gave an increase in the average germination rate of (89.138)%. The seeding rate (35) kg dunum−1 gave the highest average germination rate (89.054)%. The tractor speed (6) kmh−1 gave the highest averages in pulling force, reaching (6.993) kN and (9.518)% in slippage, while it gave a decrease in average fuel consumption, reaching (17.502) litres.h−1, and a highest average germination rate (85.639%).
Singularities
Authors: Ridley Aaron 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
These essays, six of them appearing here for the first time, address issues concerning the two key singularities that Kant identified in aesthetics: artistic creativity and aesthetic judgement. Ranging from Kant himself to contemporary debates, from song to conceptual art, from ethics to atheism, from function to failure, this collection explores the ways in which the one-off character of creativity and judgement may defy our ordinary expectations of what an explanation should be like. Intended for specialists and students alike, this collection offers a distinctive approach to aesthetics that will be of interest to any reader concerned with philosophical reflection upon the arts.
GloEC: a hierarchical-aware global model for predicting enzyme function
Authors: Huang Yiran , Lin Yufu , Lan Wei , Huang Cuiyu , Zhong Cheng 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The annotation of enzyme function is a fundamental challenge in industrial biotechnology and pathologies. Numerous computational methods have been proposed to predict enzyme function by annotating enzyme labels with Enzyme Commission number. However, the existing methods face difficulties in modelling the hierarchical structure of enzyme label in a global view. Moreover, they haven’t gone entirely to leverage the mutual interactions between different levels of enzyme label. In this paper, we formulate the hierarchy of enzyme label as a directed enzyme graph and propose a hierarchy-GCN (Graph Convolutional Network) encoder to globally model enzyme label dependency on the enzyme graph. Based on the enzyme hierarchy encoder, we develop an end-to-end hierarchical-aware global model named GloEC to predict enzyme function. GloEC learns hierarchical-aware enzyme label embeddings via the hierarchy-GCN encoder and conducts deductive fusion of label-aware enzyme features to predict enzyme labels. Meanwhile, our hierarchy-GCN encoder is designed to bidirectionally compute to investigate the enzyme label correlation information in both bottom-up and top-down manners, which has not been explored in enzyme function prediction. Comparative experiments on three benchmark datasets show that GloEC achieves better predictive performance as compared to the existing methods. The case studies also demonstrate that GloEC is capable of effectively predicting the function of isoenzyme. GloEC is available at: https://github.com/hyr0771/GloEC.
CatLearning: highly accurate gene expression prediction from histone mark
Authors: Lu Weining , Tang Yin , Liu Yu , Lin Shiyi , Shuai Qifan , Liang Bin , Zhang Rongqing , Cheng Yu , Fang Dong 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Histone modifications, known as histone marks, are pivotal in regulating gene expression within cells. The vast array of potential combinations of histone marks presents a considerable challenge in decoding the regulatory mechanisms solely through biological experimental approaches. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a method called CatLearning. It utilizes a modified convolutional neural network architecture with a specialized adaptation Residual Network to quantitatively interpret histone marks and predict gene expression. This architecture integrates long-range histone information up to 500Kb and learns chromatin interaction features without 3D information. By using only one histone mark, CatLearning achieves a high level of accuracy. Furthermore, CatLearning predicts gene expression by simulating changes in histone modifications at enhancers and throughout the genome. These findings help comprehend the architecture of histone marks and develop diagnostic and therapeutic targets for diseases with epigenetic changes.