bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arctic multilayered, mixed‐phase cloud processes revealed in millimeter‐wave cloud radar Doppler spectra
Authors: Verlinde Johannes , Rambukkange Mahlon P. , Clothiaux Eugene E. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Eloranta Edwin W. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCloud radar Doppler velocity spectra, lidar backscattering coefficients and depolarization ratios, and aircraft in situ measurements are used to investigate microphysical processes occurring in a case of multilayered, mixed‐phase clouds over the North Slope of Alaska. Some liquid‐cloud layers were observed to exist in well‐mixed atmospheric layers, but others were found in absolutely stable atmospheric layers. The observations suggest that strong cloud top cooling was necessary to produce the well‐mixed cloud layers; clouds shielded from radiative cooling by overlaying clouds more frequently existed in absolutely stable layers. The in situ measurements revealed that most liquid layers contained drizzle, the production process of which was shown from the radar and lidar measurements to have been interrupted only during heavier ice‐precipitation events. Different layers interacted with one another by changing the radiative heating profile and by precipitation which changed the growth paths available to cloud particles and even initiated new hydrometeor classes.
Informalising Architecture: The Challenge of Informal Settlements
Authors: Dovey Kim 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTransgression is often driven by the power to exercise choice and consciously cross the line. As Kim Dovey, Professor of Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Melbourne, explains, informal settlements, which have grown up globally out of immediate need for shelter and community, and are legally precarious, transgress established codes of ‘land tenure, urban planning, design and construction’. Their condition requires transgression, even if they are subversion through necessity rather than by design. So what is architecture's future role in informal settlements? And what can be learnt from this more ad hoc and incremental model of urban design?
Architecture (and the other 99%): Open‐Source Architecture and Design Commons
Authors: Parvin Alastair 
Published: November 2013

AbstractUnder the current commercial practice model, can architecture ever really be cutting‐edge or egalitarian in its aims? If only 2 per cent of the world's buildings are designed by architects for 1 per cent of the richest clients, is it possible to design for a wide cross section of the population let alone be truly subversive? Alastair Parvin of architecture studio 00 (zero zero) and co‐founder of the Wiki‐House puts the case forward for a whole new model of open‐source practice.
Copper‐Catalyzed α‐Aminoxylation of Ketones with 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO)
Authors: Xie Ye‐Xiang , Song Ren‐Jie , Liu Yu , Liu Yan‐Yun , Xiang Jian‐Nan , Li Jin‐Heng 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAn efficient copper‐catalyzed α‐aminoxylation of ketones with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) is presented for the synthesis of 2‐aryloxy‐1‐aryl‐2‐(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yloxy)ethanones in moderate to excellent yields. It is noteworthy that the copper/iron (Cu/Fe) catalyst can be recovered and reused several times with high catalytic reactivity.magnified image
Biomolecular identification of ancient Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA in human remains from Britain and continental Europe
Authors: Müller Romy , Roberts Charlotte A. , Brown Terence A. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTTuberculosis is known to have afflicted humans throughout history and re‐emerged towards the end of the 20th century, to an extent that it was declared a global emergency in 1993. The aim of this study was to apply a rigorous analytical regime to the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) DNA in 77 bone and tooth samples from 70 individuals from Britain and continental Europe, spanning the 1st–19th centuries AD. We performed the work in dedicated ancient DNA facilities designed to prevent all types of modern contamination, we checked the authenticity of all products obtained by the polymerase chain reaction, and we based our conclusions on up to four replicate experiments for each sample, some carried out in an independent laboratory. We identified 12 samples that, according to our strict criteria, gave definite evidence for the presence of MTBC DNA, and another 22 that we classified as “probable” or “possible.” None of the definite samples came from vertebrae displaying lesions associated with TB. Instead, eight were from ribs displaying visceral new bone formation, one was a tooth from a skeleton with rib lesions, one was taken from a skeleton with endocranial lesions, one from an individual with lesions to the sacrum and sacroiliac joint and the last was from an individual with no lesions indicative of TB or possible TB. Our results add to information on the past temporal and geographical distribution of TB and affirm the suitability of ribs for studying ancient TB. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:178–189, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isotopic examination of links between diet, social differentiation, and DISH at the post‐medieval Carmelite Friary of Aalst, Belgium
Authors: Quintelier Kim , Ervynck Anton , Müldner Gundula , Van Neer Wim , Richards Michael P. , Fuller Benjamin T. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTStable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) were measured in human burials from the post‐medieval (16th–18th c. AD) Carmelite friary burial grounds at Aalst, a town in Flanders, Belgium. Dietary patterns of 39 adult individuals were analyzed, from a mixed monastic and lay population buried in three different locations, reflecting groups with differing social status. The data show significant variation in the consumption of perhaps meat, but certainly also marine protein between females and males. This result represents a remarkable continuity with medieval dietary patterns, suggesting that the social and economic changes of the early modern period had a limited effect on everyday life. When both sexes were examined together, individuals buried in the cloister garth consumed significantly less marine protein compared to people buried in the church, likely reflecting social stratification. No statistical differences were observed between isotopic values from the church and the cloister alley, suggesting a similarly diverse diet of the monastic part of the buried population and that of the richer lay population. Finally, the hypothesis that diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is linked to a diet rich in animal protein was tested. No systematic or statistically significant differences between pathological and non‐pathological bones from the same individuals affected with DISH were observed, and no statistical differences were found between individuals with DISH and individuals without DISH. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:203–213, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lithium‐Schwefel‐Batterien: Elektrochemie, Materialien und Perspektiven
Authors: Yin Ya‐Xia , Xin Sen , Guo Yu‐Guo , Wan Li‐Jun 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLi‐S‐Batterien gelten aufgrund ihrer hohen theoretischen Energiedichte bei guter Kosteneffizienz als attraktive Kandidaten für die nächste Generation von wiederaufladbaren Lithiumbatterien. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die noch junge Geschichte dieses Batterietyps. Wir diskutieren zentrale elektrochemische Eigenschaften wie die elektrochemische Aktivität und die Bildung und Auflösung von Polysulfiden. Aktuelle Forschungen betreffen die Schwefel‐ Kathode, die Li‐Anode, den Elektrolyten sowie neue Bautypen wie Li‐S‐Batterien mit Li‐freier metallischer Anode. Die Konstruktion von leitfähigen mikroporösen Kohlenstoffmaterialien mit eingeschlossenen S‐Molekülen bietet eine vielversprechende Strategie für zukünftige Batterien mit verbesserter Zyklenstabilität.
Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Electrochemistry, Materials, and Prospects
Authors: Yin Ya‐Xia , Xin Sen , Guo Yu‐Guo , Wan Li‐Jun 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWith the increasing demand for efficient and economic energy storage, Li‐S batteries have become attractive candidates for the next‐generation high‐energy rechargeable Li batteries because of their high theoretical energy density and cost effectiveness. Starting from a brief history of Li‐S batteries, this Review introduces the electrochemistry of Li‐S batteries, and discusses issues resulting from the electrochemistry, such as the electroactivity and the polysulfide dissolution. To address these critical issues, recent advances in Li‐S batteries are summarized, including the S cathode, Li anode, electrolyte, and new designs of Li‐S batteries with a metallic Li‐free anode. Constructing S molecules confined in the conductive microporous carbon materials to improve the cyclability of Li‐S batteries serves as a prospective strategy for the industry in the future.
Fabrication, characterization, and properties of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)/magnetite nanocomposites
Authors: Ramesan M. T. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTPoly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA)/magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocomposite was prepared with different loading of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The mixing and compounding were carried out on a two‐roll mixing mill and the sheets were prepared in a compression‐molding machine. The effect of loading of nanoparticles in EVA was investigated thoroughly by different characterization technique such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and technological properties. TEM analysis showed the uniform dispersion of filler in the polymer matrix and the dispersion of filler decreased with increase in filler content. XRD of the nanocomposite revealed the more ordered structure of the polymer chain. An appreciable increase in glass transition temperature was observed owing to the restricted mobility of Fe3O4‐filled EVA nanocomposite. TGA and flame resistance studies indicated that the composites attain better thermal and flame resistance than EVA owing to the interaction of filler and polymer segments. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tear resistance, and modulus were increased for composites up to 7 phr of filler, which is presumably owing to aggregation of Fe3O4 nanoparticle at higher loading. The presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the polymer matrix reduced the elongation at break and impact strength while improved hardness of the composite than unfilled EVA. The change in technological properties had been correlated with the variation of polymer–filler interaction estimated from the swelling behavior. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40116.
Surface modification of lignosulfonates for reinforcement of styrene–butadiene rubber compounds
Authors: Bahl Kushal , Jana Sadhan C. 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTIn this study, surface modification of lignosulfonates (LSs) was investigated for potential reinforcement of styrene–butadiene rubber compounds. Lignins are naturally occurring amorphous, highly branched polymers consisting of aromatic and aliphatic segments with polar functional groups such as hydroxyl, methoxy, carbonyl, and carboxyl. The polarity and hydrophilic nature render lignin incompatible with nonpolar rubber materials. In this study, cyclohexylamine (CA) modification of LS was evaluated for enhancement of compatibility with rubber via proton transfer and hydrogen bonding interactions. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data confirm attachment of CA onto the surface of LS. The cure and scorch times of rubber compounds were shortened, and the crosslink density enhanced with an increase of the amount of CA in modified LS. The tensile strength at break increased by almost 45%; the 100% modulus and elongation at break also showed significant improvements. The values of storage modulus and loss tangent increased by 13% and 18%, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40123.
Beneficial role of “sol–gel” synthesized mesoscale silica networks on the performance of liquid silicone elastomer
Authors: Saxena Anubhav , Dasgupta Debarshi , Bhat Shreedhar , Tiwari Sandip , Samantara Laxmi , Wrobel Dieter 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTThis piece of contribution highlights the profound effect of unique mesoscale morphology of tailor made nanosilica assembly (SS‐Silica), synthesized by sol–gel route, on the mechanical and dynamic rheological properties of platinum catalyzed addition‐cured silicone elastomers. While commercial colloidal nanosilica (CS Silica) is used as the control nanofiller representing particulate morphology, the tailor‐made SS‐Silica having highly percolated network structure offers 10‐fold increase in storage modulus of the uncured reactive PDMS precursor nanocomposite with stable dynamic rheological behavior and more than 180% enhancement in tensile strength of resulting liquid silicone rubber (LSR) produced on curing, as compared to colloidal silica of commercial origin. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 40125.
Orientation control of regioregular‐poly(3‐dodecylthiophene) films formed by the friction‐transfer method and the performance of organic photovoltaic devices based on these films
Authors: Mizokuro Toshiko , Okamoto Yukiyasu , Heck Claire , Aota Hiroyuki , Tanigaki Nobutaka 
Published: November 2013

ABSTRACTControl of the molecular orientation of regioregular poly(3‐alkylthiophene)s (RR‐P3ATs) improves the performance of field‐effect transistors and organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs). However, most thiophene ring planes of the RR‐P3AT molecules (except RR‐poly(3‐butylthiophene)) in films formed by the conventional spin‐coating method stand on the substrate, that is, edge‐on orientation. Orientation control of RR‐poly(3‐dodecylthiophene) (RR‐P3DDT) molecules in films formed by the friction transfer method is reported and the performance of OPVs based on friction‐transferred RR‐P3DDT films is compared to that of OPVs based on spin‐coated films. The films are investigated by polarized ultraviolet–visible light absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction measurement. For friction‐transferred films, the RR‐P3DDT molecular chain is uniaxially aligned parallel to the substrate plane. In addition, the thiophene ring planes of the RR‐P3DDT molecules are also oriented parallel to the substrate plane, that is, face‐on orientation. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) and fill factor of the RR‐P3DDT/C60 bilayer OPVs based on the friction‐transferred RR‐P3DDT films are higher than those of devices based on spin‐coated films. The PCE and photocurrent of the device based on the friction‐transferred film are larger under irradiation with polarized light parallel to the RR‐P3DDT molecular chain direction than with polarized light orthogonal to the chain direction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40136.
Unusual NH Activation of 2‐Aminopyrimidine: Supramolecular Assembly into an AgI Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Liu Fu‐Ling , Xu Zheng‐Hu , Zhang Xi‐Ying , Wang Xing‐Po , Sun Di 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA rare example of coordination at the amino group of NH2pym (2‐aminopyrimidine) relevant to NH activation is described that leads to a novel AgI–imide 3D metal–organic framework (MOF). The coordination of AgI to NH2pym produced an electron‐withdrawing effect and thus increased its acidity, which facilitated the NH activation and the subsequent formation of the Ag–imide bond. A cooperative metalation/deprotonation process for the NH activation of NH2pym is suggested. Interestingly, photoluminescence of 1 is switched on at the low temperature of 77 K.
Vascular reconstruction combined with liver resection for malignant tumours
Authors: Azoulay D , Pascal G , Salloum C , Adam R , Castaing D , Tranecol N 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
The resectability criteria for malignant liver tumours have expanded during the past two decades. The use of vascular reconstruction after hepatectomy has been integral in this process. However, the majority of reports are anecdotal. This is a retrospective analysis of the techniques, morbidity, mortality and risk factors of liver resections with vascular reconstruction based on a large series from a single centre.

Methods
Patients who underwent hepatic resection combined with vascular resection and reconstruction between 1997 and 2009 were included in this study. Indications for surgery, morbidity and 90-day mortality are reported along with factors predictive of operative mortality.

Results
Eighty-four patients had liver resection with 97 vascular resections and reconstruction. There were 44 men and 40 women with a mean(s.d.) age of 56·9(12·1) years. Mean(s.d.) follow-up was 37·3(34·1) months. All patients had primary or metastatic liver tumours. The perioperative morbidity rate was 62 per cent (52 patients) and the operative mortality rate 14 per cent (12). Predictors of operative mortality were: bilirubin level exceeding 34 µmol/ml (P = 0·023), indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min over 10 per cent (P = 0·031), duration of ischaemia (P = 0·011), amount of blood transfused (P = 0·025) and combined major extrahepatic procedure (P = 0·042). Actuarial 3- and 5-year survival rates were 44 and 26 per cent respectively.

Conclusion
Liver resection with combined vascular resection and reconstruction can be performed in selected patients with acceptable morbidity and mortality. The lack of therapeutic alternatives and the poor outcome of non-operative management seem to justify this approach. The identification of risk factors should help improve patient selection and postoperative outcome as well as facilitate objective risk communication with surgical candidates.
Systematic review of the impact of registration and screening on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome
Authors: Barrow P , Khan M , Lalloo F , Evans D G , Hill J 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
The British Society of Gastroenterology recommends that all familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome (LS) families are screened in the context of a registry. This systematic review was performed to appraise the published evidence for registration and screening in relation to colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality.

Methods
Five electronic databases were searched using a combination of medical subject heading terms and free-text keywords. Titles and abstracts were scrutinized by two independent reviewers. Inclusion criteria were English-language studies describing CRC incidence and/or mortality in patients with FAP or LS, with comparison of either: screened and unscreened patients, or time periods before and after establishment of the registry.

Results
Of 4668 abstracts identified, 185 full-text articles were selected; 43 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. No randomized clinical trial evidence was identified. For FAP, 33 of 33 studies described a significant reduction of CRC incidence and mortality with registration and screening. For LS, nine of ten studies described a reduction of CRC incidence and mortality with registration and screening. Five studies (FAP, 2; LS, 3) provided evidence for complete prevention of CRC-related deaths during surveillance. Clinical and statistical heterogeneity prevented pooling of data for meta-analysis.

Conclusion
Studies consistently report that registration and screening result in a reduction of CRC incidence and mortality in patients with FAP and LS (level 2a evidence, grade B recommendation). Funding and managerial support for hereditary CRC registries should be made available.
Presented to the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland 2013 Congress, Glasgow, UK, May 2013, and to the Annual Meeting of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Liverpool, UK, July 2013; published in abstract form as Br J Surg 2013; 100(Suppl 7): 123–124 and as Colorectal Dis 2013; 15(Suppl 1): 4
Nomogram for predicting invasion in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast
Authors: Lee S K , Yang J-H , Woo S-Y , Lee J E , Nam S J 
Published: November 2013

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for invasive breast cancer in patients diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) on a preoperative biopsy. These factors were used to develop a nomogram for predicting the risk of invasion in the preoperative setting.

Methods
This was a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent surgical treatment for DCIS diagnosed before surgery between 1997 and 2009. Multivariable analysis was used to identify clinical, radiological and histopathological factors that may predict upstaging. A nomogram was developed to predict the probability of invasion using multiple logistic regression analysis. This nomogram was subsequently validated using another cohort of patients with a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS between 2010 and 2012.

Results
Upstaging to invasive cancer occurred in 123 (24.9 per cent) of 493 women treated between 1997 and 2009. A larger DCIS lesion (at least 15 mm), lack of hormone receptor expression, intermediate or high nuclear grade, diagnosis on core biopsy compared with vacuum-assisted biopsy, and non-cribriform subtype of DCIS were significantly associated with upstaging. A nomogram developed using these factors demonstrated good predictive performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) 0·823, 95 per cent confidence interval 0·787 to 0·860). The nomogram showed similar predictive performance in the validation data set, based on another 149 women (AUC 0·700, 0·613 to 0·786).

Conclusion
Upstaging to invasive cancer in women with a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS is common. A nomogram based on the five most significant factors related to upstaging accurately predicted invasive cancer. This nomogram may be useful when deciding whether to pursue axillary staging with sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with DCIS.
Identification of the Target Protein of Agelasine D, a Marine Sponge Diterpene Alkaloid, as an Anti‐dormant Mycobacterial Substance
Authors: Arai Masayoshi , Yamano Yoshi , Setiawan Andi , Kobayashi Motomasa 
Published: November 2013

AbstractOne of the major reasons for the wide epidemicity of tuberculosis and for the necessity for extensive chemotherapeutic regimens is that the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has an ability to become dormant. Therefore, new lead compounds that are anti‐bacterial against M. tuberculosis in both active and dormant states are urgently needed. Marine sponge diterpene alkaloids, agelasines B, C, and D, from an Indonesian marine sponge of the genus Agelas were rediscovered as anti‐dormant‐mycobacterial substances. Based on the concept that the transformants over‐expressing targets of antimicrobial substances confer drug resistance, strains resistant to agelasine D were screened from Mycobacterium smegmatis transformed with a genomic DNA library of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Sequence analysis of the cosmids isolated from resistant transformants revealed that the responsible gene was located in the genome region between 3475.051 and 3502.901 kb. Further analysis of the transformants over‐expressing the individual gene contained in this region indicated that BCG3185c (possibly a dioxygenase) might be a target of the molecule. Moreover, agelasine D was found to bind directly to recombinant BCG3185c protein (KD 2.42 μm), based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). This evidence strongly suggests that the BCG3185c protein is the major target of agelasine D, and that the latter is the anti‐mycobacterial substance against dormant bacilli.