bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior of N‐oxide derivatives in atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Ibrahim Hany , Couderc François , Perio Pierre , Collin Fabrice , Nepveu Françoise 
Published: February 2013

RATIONALEIndolone‐N‐oxide derivatives possess interesting biological properties. The analysis of these compounds using mass spectrometry (MS) may lead to interference or under‐estimation due to the tendency of the N‐oxides to lose oxygen. All the previous works focused only on the temperature of the heated parts (vaporizer and ion‐transfer tube) of the mass spectrometer without investigating other parameters. This work is extended to the investigation of other parameters.METHODSThe behavior of N‐oxides during atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) has been investigated using MSn ion trap mass spectrometry. Different parameters were investigated to clarify the factors implicated in the deoxygenation process. The investigated parameters were vaporizer temperature (APCI), ion‐transfer tube temperature, solvent type, and the flow rates of the sheath gas, auxiliary gas, sweep gas and mobile phase.RESULTSThe deoxygenation increased when the vaporizer temperature increased. The extent of the 'thermally' induced deoxygenation was inversely proportional to the ion‐transfer tube temperature and auxiliary gas flow rate and in direct proportion to the mobile phase flow rate. Deoxygenation was not detected under MS/MS fragmentation and hence it is a non‐collision‐induced dissociation. N‐Oxides have the tendency to form abundant 'non‐classical' dimers under ESI, which fragment via dehydration rather than giving their corresponding monomer.CONCLUSIONSDeoxygenation is not solely a 'classical' thermal process but it is a thermal process that is solvent‐mediated in the source. Deoxygenation was maximal with an APCI source while dimerization was predominant with an ESI source. Therefore, attention should be paid to these molecular changes in the mass spectrometer as well as to the choice of the ionization mode for N‐oxides. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of a low‐temperature plasma (LTP) probe with adjustable output temperature and variable beam diameter for the direct detection of organic molecules
Authors: Martínez‐Jarquín Sandra , Winkler Robert 
Published: February 2013

RATIONALEThe direct detection of organic molecules by mass spectrometry requires ionization methods which are compatible with ambient conditions. A relatively new strategy is the use of a free low‐temperature plasma beam for ionization. The objective is to design a safe and adjustable plasma beam to enable optimal ionization and desorption parameters for specific molecules.METHODSA plasma probe based on a dielectric barrier discharge was designed, where the plasma is guided through an internal second tube. This setup permits different beam diameter settings and the control of the plasma temperature. The ionization and desorption of pure organic compounds, as well as their direct detection from roasted coffee beans, were tested.RESULTSThe presented plasma probe provides improved safety with respect to arcing, ozone generation and electric shock, compared with conventional designs. The functionality of previously reported devices is expanded. A defined plasma diameter can be set by choosing the appropriate insert, while the input voltage controls the plasma temperature. The variation of measurement parameters enables the optimized direct detection of target compounds from roasted coffee beans, such as caffeine, guaiacol and vanillin.CONCLUSIONSThe presented low‐temperature plasma probe allows the fine‐tuning of ionization and desorption parameters, according to the target molecules. Possible applications include: (1) The ambient ionization and desorption of organic compounds with different volatility and (2) The direct analysis of food products such as roasted coffee beans. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AAPL: assessing association between p‐value lists
Authors: Yu Tianwei , Zhao Yize , Shen Shihao 
Published: February 2013

AbstractJoint analyses of high‐throughput datasets generate the need to assess the association between two long lists of p‐values. In such p‐value lists, the vast majority of the features are insignificant. Ideally contributions of features that are null in both tests should be minimized. However, by random chance their p‐values are uniformly distributed between 0 and 1, and weak correlations of the p‐values may exist due to inherent biases in the high‐throughput technology used to generate the multiple datasets. Rank‐based agreement test may capture such unwanted effects. Testing contingency tables generated using hard cutoffs may be sensitive to arbitrary threshold choice. We develop a novel method on the basis of feature‐level concordance using local false discovery rate. The association score enjoys straight‐forward interpretation. The method shows higher statistical power to detect the association between p‐value lists in simulation. We demonstrate its utility using real data analysis. The R implementation of the method is available at http://userwww.service.emory.edu/∼tyu8/AAPL/. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 6: 144–155, 2013
A mathematical theory of de‐integrating long‐time integrated rainfall statistics. Part II: from 1 day to 1 minute
Authors: Matricciani Emilio 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYWe have developed, tested and discussed a theory for de‐integrating the probability distribution (PD) of the daily rain rate to the PD of the rain rate integrated in 1 min, through many simple steps, with a good or very good precision, for a large range of probabilities and in many sites. The theory can also estimate the number of rain events (in the sense of rainstorms), NR, their average duration and the (conditional) PD of daily rainy time. The theory needs only three inputs, measured on site: the daily rain rate PD, the number of rainy days, ND (only for finding NR) and the PD of the rain rate integrated in two consecutive and disjoint couples of days. The theory contains two complementary parts, both successfully tested: the first deals mainly with duration of daily rainy time and rain events, and the second deals with the main issue, namely de‐integrating daily rain rate PDs in 1‐min PDs. We have tested the theory on duration of rainy time in Spino d'Adda, Gera Lario, Fucino and Prague and subsequently with real (blind) field tests in Milan, Lugano, many sites in the USA, and Canada. The sites tested belong to very different climatic regions. Nevertheless, the predictions are generally very close to the experimental data. The theory, and its powerful predictions, can be useful for several research communities: radio propagation, agriculture, climatology, hydrology and applied meteorology. For all disciplines and applications, seasonal studies or even monthly studies could be pursued because the data banks available can be very large, even for restricted sub‐data banks. The theory will estimate its parameters on on‐site seasonal, or monthly, measurements. Future developments could deal with de‐integrating large‐area and long‐time integrated rain rate, observed by means of meteorological satellites, for obtaining ‘point’ 1‐min rain rate PDs concerning a small homogeneous area. We have tested the theory to sites with very different climates and for latitudes between 65°N and 28°N. Therefore, we think that the theory can be applied globally in this latitude range because its parameters are derived from local measurements and, perhaps, down to the tropics. Because of the simplicity of the theory, and its use of few local measurements, it may be applied also to equatorial sites. This, however, is only a conjecture because we have not tested the theory directly there. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soft‐decision demapping algorithm with low computational complexity for coded 4 + 12 APSK
Authors: Lee Jaeyoon , Yoon Dongweon 
Published: February 2013

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a soft‐decision demapping algorithm with low computational complexity for coded 4 + 12 amplitude phase shift keying in an additive white Gaussian noise channel. The proposed algorithm requires only a few summation, subtraction, and multiplication operations to calculate the log likelihood ratio value of each bit, and shows the same error performance as a conventional max‐log algorithm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling tools for detecting DoS attacks in WSNs
Authors: Ballarini Paolo , Mokdad Lynda , Monnet Quentin 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTDetecting denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks and reducing the energy consumption are two important and frequent requirements in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we propose an energy‐preserving solution to detect compromised nodes in hierarchically clustered WSNs. DoS detection is based on using dedicated inspector nodes (cNodes) whose role is to analyze the traffic inside a cluster and to send warnings to the cluster head whenever an abnormal behavior (i.e., high packets throughput) is detected. With previously introduced DoS detection schema, cNodes are statically displaced in strategic positions within the network topology. This guarantees good detection coverage but leads to quickly draining cNodes battery. In this paper, we propose a dynamic cNodes displacement schema according to which cNodes are periodically elected among ordinary nodes of each atomic cluster. Such a solution results in a better energy balance while maintaining good detection coverage. We analyze the tradeoffs between static and dynamic solutions by means of two complementary approaches: through simulation with the NS‐2 simulation platform and by means of statistical model checking with the Hybrid Automata Stochastic Logic. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of potential wells used for quantum codes transmission via a TDMA network communication system
Authors: Sadegh Amiri Iraj , Nikmaram Mehrnaz , Shahidinejad Ali , Ali Jalil 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a technique of quantum code generation using optical tweezers. This technique uses a microring resonator made of nonlinear fibre optics to generate the desired results, which are applicable to Internet security and quantum network cryptography. A modified add/drop interferometer system called PANDA is proposed, which consists of a centred ring resonator connected to smaller ring resonators on the left side. To form the multifunction operations of the PANDA system—for instance, to control, tune and amplify—an additional Gaussian pulse is introduced into the add port of the system. The optical tweezers generated by the dark soliton propagating inside the PANDA ring resonator system are in the form of potential wells. Potential well output can be connected to the quantum signal processing system, which consists of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter is used to generate high‐capacity quantum codes within the system, whereas the receiver detects encoded signals known as quantum bits. Therefore, an entangled photon pair can be generated and propagated via an optical communication link such as a time division multiple access system. Here, narrower potential wells with a full‐width half‐maximum of 3.58 and 9.57 nm are generated at the through and drop ports of the PANDA ring resonator system, respectively, where the amplification of the signals occurs during propagation inside the system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
StreamLab Collaboratory: Experiments, data sets, and research synthesis
Authors: Singh Arvind , Czuba Jonathan A. , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi , Marr Jeffrey D. G. , Hill Craig , Johnson Sara , Ellis Chris , Mullin James , Orr Cailin H. , Wilcock Peter R. , Hondzo Miki , Paola Chris 
Published: February 2013

Key Points
This paper summarizes the data collected during StreamLab06 and StreamLab08 exp.
Exp. designed to advance res. at the interface of phys./chem./biol. processes
All datasets are archived on the Nced data repository
Maternal Dietary Fat Affects Milk Fatty Acid Profile and Impacts on Weight Gain and Thermogenic Capacity of Suckling Rats
Authors: Priego Teresa , Sánchez Juana , García Ana Paula , Palou Andreu , Picó Catalina 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWe aimed to assess the effects of maternal supplementation with the main fat sources used in the human Western diet (olive oil, butter, margarine) on milk FA composition and on plasma FA profile of offspring, and to determine whether it may influence body‐weight‐gain (BWG) and adiposity of offspring during the suckling period. Wistar rats were supplemented with the different fat sources from day 14 of gestation and throughout lactation. Olive oil‐supplemented dams showed the highest proportion of oleic‐acid in milk, with no changes in plasma. Their offspring also showed the highest proportion of this FA in plasma, lower BWG during the suckling period, and higher levels of UCP1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) at weaning. Margarine‐supplemented dams showed the highest percentage of PUFA in milk, and a similar tendency was found in plasma of their offspring. Butter‐supplemented dams displayed higher proportion of saturated FA (SFA) in milk compared to other fat‐supplemented dams, but lower than controls. Control offspring also showed higher proportion of SFA in plasma and greater BWG during the suckling period than fat‐supplemented groups. Significant correlations were found between the relative content of some milk FA and BWG of offspring, in particular, oleic‐acid levels correlated negatively with BWG and positively with UCP1 levels. These results show that maternal dietary source of fat affects milk FA composition and circulating FA profile, as could be expected, but also BWG and thermogenic capacity of offspring during the suckling period. An effect of oleic‐acid stimulating BAT thermogenic capacity of suckling pups is proposed.
Free Trade and Empire in the Anglo-Irish Commercial Propositions of 1785
Authors: Livesey James 
Published: February 2013

AbstractWilliam Pitt's 1785 proposal for a free trade area between Britain and Ireland attempted to use free trade as a mechanism of imperial integration. It was a response to the agitation for political reform in Ireland and followed the attainment of legislative independence in 1782. The proposal aimed at coordinating economic and fiscal policy between the kingdoms without imposing explicit political controls. This article establishes that the measure failed because of the lack of consensus around the idea of free trade. Three contrasting ideas of free trade became apparent in the debates around the propositions of 1785: imperial or neomercantilist free trade, Smithean free trade, and national or neo-Machiavellian free trade. Imperial free trade was critical of monopolies but sought to organize trade to the benefit of the imperial metropole; Smithean free trade saw open markets as a discipline that assured efficiency but required imperial institutional frameworks, legally secured, to function. Neo-Machiavellian free trade asserted the right of every political community to organize its trade according to its interests. The article establishes the genealogy of these three positions in pamphlet debates and political correspondence in Britain and Ireland from 1689 to 1785. It argues that majority political opinion in Ireland, with exceptions, understood free trade in a neo-Machiavellian sense, while Pitt was committed to a Smithean ideal. The propositions collapsed because these internal tensions became more evident under the pressure of criticism. Liberal political economy did not of itself offer a route to a British exceptionality that finessed the tensions inherent in empire.
Transient dynamics by continuous-spectrum perturbations in stratified shear flows
Authors: Camassa R. , Viotti C. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThe transient dynamics of the linearized Euler–Boussinesq equations governing parallel stratified shear flows is presented and analysed. Solutions are expressed as integral superpositions of generalized eigenfunctions associated with the continuous-spectrum component of the Taylor–Goldstein linear stability operator, and reveal intrinsic dynamics not captured by its discrete-spectrum counterpart. It is shown how continuous-spectrum perturbations are generally characterized by non-normal energy growth and decay with algebraic asymptotic behaviour in either time or space. This behaviour is captured by explicit long-time/far-field expressions from rigorous asymptotic analysis, and it is illustrated with direct numerical simulations of the whole (non-Boussinesq) stratified Euler system. These results can be helpful in understanding recent numerical observations for parallel and non-parallel perturbed stratified shear flows.
Fish consumption and the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in the German arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Germany)
Authors: Kühn Tilman , Teucher Birgit , Kaaks Rudolf , Boeing Heiner , Weikert Cornelia , Buijsse Brian 
Published: February 2013

Recent meta-analyses have confirmed that fish consumption is related to decreased risks of ischaemic stroke and fatal CHD, while there seem to be no clear associations between fish consumption and the risks of haemorrhagic stroke and non-fatal CHD. As no studies in German populations have been reported to date, we assessed whether fish consumption as recorded by FFQ between 1994 and 1998 was related to incident myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke within the German arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted based on the data of 48 315 participants aged 35–65 years at baseline. The median fish intake was 16·4 g/d (25th–75th percentile 8·2–28·8 g/d). During a mean follow-up of 8·1 years, 605 incident MI and 525 incident strokes have been documented. After multiple adjustment, fish consumption was not related to incident MI (hazard ratio (HR) 0·84, 95 % CI 0·66, 1·08, Ptrend= 0·21) or stroke (HR 0·96, 95 % CI 0·73, 1·26, Ptrend= 0·67). Separate analyses for fatal MI, ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke did not show significant associations, either. With regard to non-fatal MI, there was a non-significant trend for an inverse association (HR 0·78, 95 % CI 0·59, 1·03, Ptrend= 0·07). Overall, fish consumption was not related to the risks of MI and stroke in the EPIC-Germany study.
Local elites and social control: building council houses in Stirling between the wars
Authors: SMYTH JAMES , ROBERTSON DOUGLAS 
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT:This article examines the role played by local councillors in constructing new housing in Scotland during the inter-war period. Rather than view local authorities as simply the objective agency of central government's ambitions to construct council houses, we argue that the self-interest and motivations of councillors have to be recognized as significant factors in this process. It is argued also that the concerns of private landlords were neither ignored nor sacrificed in the rush to build new housing. Rather, given that councils remained dominated by local business men, many of whom were private landlords, councillors acted in ways to protect their own material and class interests. In so doing, they consciously, if implicitly, shaped the social geography of twentieth-century Scotland.
Role ofMaelin early oogenesis and during germ-cell differentiation from embryonic stem cells in micein vitro
Authors: Bahena I. , Xu E. , Betancourt M. , Casas E. , Ducolomb Y. , González C. , Bonilla E. 
Published: February 2013

SummaryIn a previous study, we have identified a set of conserved spermatogenic genes whose expression is restricted to testis and ovary and that are developmentally regulated. One of these genes, the transcription factorMael, has been reported to play an essential role in mouse spermatogenesis. Nevertheless, the role ofMaelin mouse oogenesis has not been defined. In order to analyse the role ofMaelin mouse oogenesis, the expression of this gene was blocked during early oogenesis in mousein vitrousing RNAi technology. In addition, the role ofMaelduring differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESC) into germ cellsin vitrowas analysed. Results show that downregulation ofMaelby a specific short interfering RNA disrupted fetal oocyte growth and differentiation in fetal ovary explants in culture and the expression of several germ-cell markers in ESC during their differentiation. These results suggest that there is an important role forMaelin early oogenesis and during germ-cell differentiation from embryonic stem cells in mousein vitro.
VEGETABLE MONSTERS: MAN-EATING TREES INFIN-DE-SIÈCLEFICTION
Authors: Price Cheryl Blake 
Published: February 2013

Gothic stories and fictionalizedtravel accounts featuring dangerous exotic plants appeared throughout the nineteenth century and were especially prevalent at thefin de siècle. As the century progressed and the public's fascination with these narratives grew, fictional plants underwent a narrative evolution. By the end of the Victorian period, deadly plants had been transformed from passive poisoners into active carnivores. Stories about man-eating trees, among the most popular of the deadly plant tales, reflect this narrative progression. The trope of the man-eating tree developed out of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century accounts of a much less dangerous plant: the Javanese upas. Tales about the upas described the tree as having a poisonous atmosphere which killed every living thing within a several mile radius. The existence of this plant was first reported by a Dutch surgeon named Foersch in a 1783 article published in theLondon Magazine, and the story was recounted several times throughout the century (“The Valley of Poison” 46). A typical account of the popular tale would highlight the exotic location and the mysterious power of the tree:Somewhere in the far recesses of Java there is, according to Foersch, a dreadful tree, the poisonous secretions of which are so virulent, that they not only kill by contact, but poison the air for several miles around, so that the greater number of those who approach the vegetable monster are killed. Nothing whatever, he tells us, can grow within several miles of the upas tree, except some little trees of the same species. For a distance of about fifteen miles round the spot, the ground is covered with the skeletons of birds, beasts, and human beings. (“The Upas Tree of Fact and Fiction” 12)Even though more credible adventurers revealed the inaccuracies of Foersch's report and thoroughly discredited the fantastic powers attributed to the upas, the story nonetheless took hold of the Victorian imagination. As a result of Foersch's widely-circulated narrative, the word “upas” was rapidly incorporated into the English lexicon; writers such as Erasmus Darwin, Thomas Carlyle, Charlotte Brontë, and Charles Dickens use the upas as a metaphor for a person, object, or idea that has a poisonous, destructive atmosphere. The upas was even a subject for nineteenth-century art, as evidenced by Francis Danby's 1820 gothic painting of a solitary upas tree in the midst of a desolate rocky landscape. Although the myth of the upas focuses on the tree's lethal powers, it is important to note that the upas is, relatively speaking, a very passive “vegetable monster.” The plant is potentially dangerous, but stationary; extremely isolated, it is only harmful to those who rashly ignore the warning signs and wander within the area of its poisonous influence. Even in these exaggerated accounts, the upas is a non-carnivorous monster that grows in a remote, uninhabited area of Java.