bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental Origins of Biological Motion Perception
Authors: Frankenhuis Willem E. , Barrett, H. Clark , Johnson Scott P. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Newborn infants have a special affinity for motion. It is not surprising, therefore, that the perception of biological motion has an important role in the early development of infants. This chapter describes the development of biological motion perception across early development. The chapter provides a critical discussion about whether “limitations” in infants’ visual system may reflect attunements that adaptively orient infants toward significant others (e.g., caregivers), describes the visual behavior of infants as evidence that they are actively selecting agents as targets of their attention, and provides a review of the overlaps between adult and infant vision research.
Inscriptions
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The inscriptions preserved from this period nearly all commemorate individuals. They are vital evidence for the culture of the Britons, including the cultural inheritance from Roman Britain, for Irish settlement, and for burial customs. They divide into a Post‐Roman phase up to c. 600, in which the letter‐forms appropriate for inscriptions were inherited from Roman Britain, and in which such memorials were usually not situated in a church precinct, and a subsequent phase in which most letter‐forms were a carry over from a book‐script, half‐uncial, and most inscriptions were now in the precinct of a church.
The Britons, the Northumbrians, and the Rise of Mercia, 550–685
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The first section of the chapter considers the origins of the English kingdom of Northumbria, a seventh‐century combination of Bernicia to the North and Deira to the south. Both Bernicia and Deira are British names; and these kingdoms emerged in a British context, probably had relatively large British populations compared with English kingdoms further south and east, and yet enjoyed major successes against English rivals. The second section discusses the borderland between Mercia and the Welsh, Northumbrian interventions in the area, its changing nature and the Welsh loss of what later became Shropshire. The third section discusses the role of the Church in the conflict between Britons and English and argues that the stigmatization of the Britons as heretics and schismatics may have played an important role in anglicization.
Wales from 950 to 1064
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
After the death of Hywel Dda the Merfynion were divided between his own southern branch and that of ‘the sons of Idwal’, namely of his first cousin, based in Gwynedd. By the 970s both these branches of the Merfynion suffered from internal feuding and external attack. The English alliance and English power in Wales were both casualties of the disintegration of the Merfynion. By the early eleventh century new dynasties were able to take control of Gwynedd and Deheubarth, although the Merfynion survived, the northern branch by taking refuge in the kingdom of Dublin, the southern in Herefordshire. One of the new dynasties produced the most powerful king of Wales of the pre‐Norman period, Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, who came to play a major role in English politics as the ally of Ælfgar of Mercia against the family of Godwine.
Regularities, Rules, Meanings, Truth-Conditions, and Epistemic Norms
Authors: Horwich Paul 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The project here is to trace an explanatory route through these phenomena. It is argued that the basic facts amongst them are idealized law-like regularities of word use (characterized in non-semantic, non-normative terms); that such regularities help engender (i.e. are the primary reductive basis of) facts about which rules of use we are implicitly following; that these facts suffice to fix what we mean by our words and hence sentences; and that the meanings of our sentences (given contextual factors) determine their truth- conditions — which are the conditions in which we should hope to accept them. This picture is inspired by Wittgenstein’s later ideas about meaning and rule-following. Nonetheless it is at odds with Saul Kripke’s account, which is also billed as Wittgensteinian. It also conflicts with the perspective on them that has been elaborated by Crispin Wright — another influential exponent of Wittgenstein. So a fair part of the defence of the above position will consist in responses to their arguments. What is at stake is both the true nature of these interrelated phenomena, and the most fruitful way of reading Wittgenstein’s discussion of them.
Wright Against the Sceptics
Authors: Williams Michael 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Wright defines a cornerstone as a deep presupposition of the justificatory procedures appropriate to some vital area of discourse. According to Wright, one of the most powerful sceptical strategies is to argue that no cornerstone commitment can be justified in a non-question-begging way, with the result that beliefs in the area of discourse for which it is a cornerstone also lack warrant. Taking his cue from Wittgenstein, Wright replies that this argumentative strategy involves a lacuna. Cornerstones are rationally warranted, by virtue of being rational but unearned entitlements. Though sympathetic to many things that Wright has to say, the chapter argues that his response to the sceptic is far more concessive that it should be. The chapter concludes by suggesting how a much less concessive response may be attempted.
Sugar and Spice
Authors: Stobart Jon 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Consumers in eighteenth-century England were firmly embedded in an expanding world of goods, one that incorporated a range of novel foods (tobacco, chocolate, coffee and tea) and new supplies of more established commodities, including sugar, spices and dried fruits. Much has been written about the attraction of these goods, which went from being novelties or expensive luxuries in the mid seventeenth century to central elements of the British diet a century or so later. They have been linked to the rise of Britain as a commercial and imperial power, whilst their consumption is seen as transforming many aspects of British society and culture, from mealtimes to gender identity. Despite this huge significance to ideas of consumer change, we know remarkably little about the everyday processes through which groceries were sold, bought and consumed. In tracing the lines of supply that carried groceries from merchants to consumers, this book reveals how changes in retailing and shopping were central to the broader transformation of consumption and consumer practices, but also questions established ideas about the motivations underpinning consumer choices. It demonstrates the dynamic nature of eighteenth-century retailing; the importance of advertisements in promoting sales and shaping consumer perceptions, and the role of groceries in making shopping an everyday activity. At the same time, it shows how both retailers and their customers were influenced by the practicalities and pleasures of consumption. They were active agents in consumer change, shaping their own practices rather than caught up in a single socially-inclusive cultural project such as politeness or respectability.
4 Geographies of Selling: The Grocery Trades in Provincial Towns
Authors: Stobart Jon 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines in detail the changing geography of the retail grocery trade. At the national scale, retailing responded to shifts in the number and socio‐economic circumstances of consumers, a wide range of goods being made readily available by local shopkeepers and allowing the commercialisation of the household modelled by de Vries. Within towns, the distribution of grocers alongside drapers, mercers and toy shops in the principal shopping areas placed them in the vanguard of changing consumption practices. Similarly, the prominence of the grocer's shop within consumers' mental landscapes made it more influential in shaping consumer behaviour, both in terms of visiting particular premises and promoting the consumption of groceries more generally.
6 Selling Groceries: Service, Credit, and Price
Authors: Stobart Jon 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter engages with debates over the nature and timing of retail revolution, offering fresh insights from the perspective of the grocery trade. Attention focuses on three areas. First, the importance of ‘traditional’ forms of service‐based retailing and the way in which it related to ideas of sociability. Second, the skills and attributes required of the shopkeeper who sold in this way, and particularly the importance of credit as a mechanism for securing goods and facilitating sales. Third, the emergence of ‘new’ retail practices, including cash sales and fixed prices. The chapter argues that ‘modern’ and traditional practices often went on hand‐in‐hand, procedures being moulded to the changing needs of consumers, and that retailers were active in promoting their wares rather than simply passively responding to shifting demand.
9 Tea and Cakes: Consuming Groceries
Authors: Stobart Jon 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which groceries were consumed, linking the practicalities of everyday activities with theorisations of consumer motivation. The chapter begins by critically examining novelty as a motivating factor, arguing that it is especially problematic in the context of groceries. Luxury is perhaps more useful, with its dual significance as a marker of distinction and as sensual pleasure, although ideas of utility and comfort better encapsulate the appeal of sugar, tea, etc. to the poor. A more nuanced reading of consumer practices is offered through analysing recipe books to assess changes in the use of groceries as ingredients. This chapter argues for strong continuities and against the idea that empire was an important point of culinary reference. The actual dining practices of various social groups confirm a strong conservatism, especially amongst the middling sorts who sought to create their own culinary identity rather than emulate elite practices.
Cultural Integration in Italy
Authors: Bisin Alberto , Patacchini Eleonora 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter explores economic and cultural integration patterns for different immigrant groups in Italy, from first to second generations and across age cohorts. The chapter produces descriptive statistics regarding the differences of immigrants with respect to natives in terms of education, employment, female participation rates, marriage, divorce, exogamous marriage rates, and completed fertility rates. The analysis does not show evidence of slow integration patterns for immigrants into Italy, though inter-marriage rates between immigrants and natives are very low. Severe data limitations, however, suggest caution in the interpretation of these results.
The Spiritual Path
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Spirituality is a movement away from suffering, and towards a way of life that liberates us from the self-defeating patterns of the conventional social ego. To further this movement we need a new understanding of ourselves and practices to transform that understanding from a momentary flash of insight to deeply engrained habits. The sequence of pain, new understanding, practices, and developing virtues is often called the “spiritual path.” Here spirituality is a long, difficult, uneven, and unpredictable process. This chapter describes some of the characteristic features of this journey: the contextual nature of spiritual virtues, the dangers of “spiritual materialism,” some paradoxes which arise, how the comparatively unimportant role of verbal creeds combines with the absolutely important place of spiritual discipline, spirituality's connections to and separations from mysticism and morality, how spirituality manifests itself in a wide variety of styles, and the inevitability of suffering
Spirituality in Religious Tradition
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter shows that spirituality, understood as the pursuit of spiritual virtues, is not a recent cultural innovation but an important element within traditional religion. This claim is supported by an examination of the role of compassion and paradox in Mahayana Buddhism; ecstatic devotion to God in Sufism; humility in the teachings of the Catholic Saint Thomas a Kempis; and joy in everyday life in Hasidic Judaism. In each case religious tradition stresses aspects of spirituality that are compatible with today's “spiritual but not religious” perspectives, and which often form the basis for many of today's spiritual teachers. In each case the spiritual power of the traditional teaching can be detached from a particular framework of religious belief about God or revelation.
Spiritual but Not Religious?
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines how and why millions of people describe themselves as ‘spiritual but not religious.’ To do so it describes the relation between ‘spirituality’ and ‘religion’ by exploring different senses of the concept of truth, the nature of belief, and the role of individuality and personal choice in spiritual life. As well, it describes some of the common criticisms “spiritual but not religious” people make of traditional religion. The basic thesis of the chapter is that the practice of spiritual virtues can coexist with a detached or metaphorical understanding of traditional religious claims; that religious belief is defined by the practice of virtue more than by intellectual acceptance; and that the common criticisms of orthodox religion (e.g., that it can be repressive and violent) are true, but apply equally to secular movements and ideologies as well.
Why Now?
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter asks: What is the source of the enormous interest in spiritual ideas, values, and practices in today's society? The major answer is the failure or at best very partial success of many of that society's leading values and authorities. There is widespread disenchantment with consumerism and the market, science and technology, professional expertise, organized religion, and reformist political movements. In terms of other historical developments, an interest in spirituality is also a by-product of religious pluralism. On the whole, spirituality's emphasis on psychology and morality over metaphysics matches a widespread cultural trend away from the metaphysical and cosmological in favor of the human, the historical, the empirical; and is part of what philosopher Charles Taylor calls “the massive subjective turn of modern culture” away from roles, duties, and rules, and toward a focus on “how people experience their personal lives.”
Spirituality and Healing
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the relation between spiritual practices (e.g., meditation, yoga) and values (e.g., acceptance, compassion) and the three dimensions of healing: the problem of illness itself; a person's understanding of and response to illness; and the role of the caretakers who are serving the sick and trying to help them heal—especially the role of a parents of handicapped children. There is a detailed analysis of the physiological basis of the positive health effects of yoga/meditation, an account of the how people have learned to accept and even use their illnesses for spiritual development; and a discussion of the author's own relationship to his special needs daughter. Throughout the double sided spiritual response to illness is streseds: to use all resources offered by spirituality for healing, and also to use spiritual virtues to live a good life despite our losses.
Spirituality and Nature
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter analyses the critical role of spirituality in the human relationship with nature. Different forms of connection (nature as sacred in itself, nature as the word of God, nature “spirits”) are described as are the particular experiences and virtues to which our connection to nature gives rise. The difference between traditional senses of nature and the contemporary sense of ‘environment’—nature assaulted and wounded by humanity—is discussed. The particular relevance of indigenous and ecofeminist spirituality is stressed, as are the social questions of needed ecological change. The chapter concludes by questioning the relation between love of nature and love of people; what can be considered a reasonable level of consumption; and what happens to our concept of the sacred when the sacred is vulnerable and poisoned.
Spirituality and Politics
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
This chapter shows that authentic spiritual life requires political awareness and activism. Since spirituality requires morality, and modern life connects our everyday actions to people all over the world, we are obligated to engage in the struggle to make social life more rational, just, sustainable and caring. Also, and interestingly, it turns out that spiritual traditions and political ideologies and movements have a great deal to teach each other in terms of understanding the human situation; particularly, about the dual nature of human beings as both timeless and also shaped by their own historical and social situation. Specific attention is paid to a number of particular contexts, including Engaged Buddhism, feminism, the civil rights movement, and the general concept of non-violence.
Bowlby's “Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness”
Authors: Schore Allan N. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractChapter 2 proposes that Bowlby's concept of environment of evolutionary adaptedness describes the psychological space that a particular culture, at any point of anthropological history, creates to scaffold the emotional attachment bonding between mothers and infants, the evolutionary mechanism of attachment. This relational space operates at implicit levels, and it can either be expansive and facilitating or constrictive and inhibiting. In terms of attachment theory, a decrement in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) in a particular culture would be expressed in a decrease in secure and an increase in insecure attachment typologies. This in turn would reflect alterations in right brain maturation and limbic-autonomic functioning and reduced efficiency in implicit stress and affect regulation. Early right brain development not only allows entry into a particular culture but also shapes the culture itself.
Nighttime Nurturing: An Evolutionary Perspective on Breastfeeding and Sleep
Authors: Ball Helen L. , Russell Charlotte K. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractConsideration of the phylogenetic depth and cross-cultural breadth of mother–infant biology and behavior illuminates contemporary infant care. Three key “ancestral environments” (AEs) have defined the care requirements of newborn humans (lactation, frequent suckling, and maternal close contact). These evolved requirements have been challenged by various “new cultural environments” (NCEs) propelling infant care in directions that are incongruent with evolved maternal and infant biology (e.g., postpartum separation of mothers and infants, widespread acceptance of nonhuman milk feeding). As a consequence, over the past century, infant feeding and sleeping have become decoupled from the mother's body—with far-reaching ramifications.
The Value of a Play-Filled Childhood in Development of the Hunter-Gatherer Individual
Authors: Gray Peter 
Published: January 2013

AbstractChildren in band hunter-gatherer cultures, wherever they have been studied, were free to play on their own, essentially from dawn to dusk, every day. This chapter describes the cultural context for such play—which included free age mixing among children and adolescents and direct exposure to essentially all adult activities—and explains how, through free play, children acquired the cultural skills, social values, and personal character traits essential to adult success. In particular, the article explains how play, by its very nature, promotes cooperation, egalitarianism, democratic decision making, personal autonomy, and self-control—all of which were key hunter-gatherer values.
Perspective 2: Play, Plasticity, and the Perils of Conflict: “Problematizing” Sociobiology
Authors: Konner Melvin 
Published: January 2013

AbstractDissatisfied with the self-assured genetic-competition models of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, authors in this volume correctly emphasize the role of plasticity—whether in the form or service of cultural evolution, gene–culture coevolution, or adaptive play—in the larger evolutionary process; the fact that most conflict is ritualized or playful; and the role of cooperation in muting competition and the possibility that natural selection can operate at the level of the family or the group. These emphases are all to the good, and certainly provide a counterweight to the emphasis on relentless competition and selection at the level of the individual or the gene, although these are not mutually exclusive possibilities.
Perspective 3: The Emergent Organism: A New Paradigm
Authors: Mason William A. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractResearch on early experience has contributed to a revised and enriched view of basic developmental concepts relating to the individual as an active and creative participant in its own development; to experience, an essential, ubiquitous contributor to the phenotype, at all functional levels; and to the environment, the primary agent that sustains, facilitates, and constrains the plasticity and potential of the developing phenotype. These changes, based largely on animal research, have clear and important implications for understanding human development.
Psychological Legitimization—Views of the Israeli Occupation by Jews in Israel: Data and Implications
Authors: Tamir Magal Neta Oren, Daniel Bar-Tal, , Halperin Eran 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The chapter explains how the psychological legitimization of the occupation emerged by presenting the various orientations regarding the status of the occupied territories and the perceptions of the Palestinian nation that have prevailed among Israeli Jews from 1967 until the present. It focuses on their reflection in the platforms of the political parties, in the beliefs of the leaders and in public opinion. Viewing the territories as being liberated because they are part of the Jewish homeland, and as belonging exclusively to Jews, and/or that these territories are of supreme importance to secure the existence of the State of Israel, has had imprinting effects on the issue of determining borders, removal of settlements and the division of Jerusalem, as well as on the establishment of a Palestinian State. This view was marginal before the 1967 war, but with the conquest of the West Bank and Gaza Strip it has become a dominant position among the Jewish-Israeli leaders, elite and the public.
The Impact of the Occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on the Political Discourse of the Palestinians in Israel
Authors: Amara Muhammad , Mostafa Mohanad 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
The chapter describes the impact of the Israeli occupation on the Palestinian-Arab citizens of Israel. It focuses on the reflections of the political discourse in the political organization of the Palestinians/Arab in Israel and in their relationship with the State, as compared with that which had prevailed prior to the occupation. The main thesis advanced in the chapter is that since the 1970s a collective attitude has crystallized, seeking civil equality together with a solution to the national question.