bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of interspecific differences in phase II reactions: Determination of metabolites in the urine of 16 mammalian species exposed to environmental pyrene
Authors: Saengtienchai Aksorn , Ikenaka Yoshinori , Nakayama Shouta M.M. , Mizukawa Hazuki , Kakehi Mayu , Bortey-Sam Nesta , Darwish Wageh Sobhy , Tsubota Toshio , Terasaki Masanori , Poapolathep Amnart , Ishizuka Mayumi 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Interspecific differences in xenobiotic metabolism are a key to determining relative sensitivities of animals to xenobiotics. However, information on domesticated livestock, companion animals, and captive and free-ranging wildlife is incomplete. The present study evaluated interspecific differences in phase II conjugation using pyrene as a nondestructive biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolites have carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting effects in humans and wildlife and can have serious consequences. The authors collected urine from 16 mammalian species and analyzed pyrene metabolites. Interspecific differences in urinary pyrene metabolites, especially in the concentration and composition of phase II conjugated metabolites, were apparent. Glucuronide conjugates are dominant metabolites in the urine of many species, including deer, cattle, pigs, horses, and humans. However, they could not be detected in ferret urine even though the gene for ferret Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UGT) 1A6 is not a pseudogene. Sulfate conjugates were detected mainly in the urine of cats, ferrets, and rabbits. Interestingly, sulfate conjugates were detected in pig urine. Although pigs are known to have limited aryl sulfotransferase activity, the present study demonstrated that pig liver was active in 1-hydroxypyrene sulfation. The findings have some application for biomonitoring environmental pollution. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:2062–2069. © 2014 SETAC
The direct and indirect effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide and nutrients on Chironomidae (Diptera) emerging from small wetlands
Authors: Baker Leanne F. , Mudge Joseph F. , Houlahan Jeff E. , Thompson Dean G. , Kidd Karen A. 
Published: June 2014

Abstract

Laboratory and mesocosm experiments have demonstrated that some glyphosate-based herbicides can have negative effects on benthic invertebrate species. Although these herbicides are among the most widely used in agriculture, there have been few multiple-stressor, natural system–based investigations of the impacts of glyphosate-based herbicides in combination with fertilizers on the emergence patterns of chironomids from wetlands. Using a replicated, split-wetland experiment, the authors examined the effects of 2 nominal concentrations (2.88 mg acid equivalents/L and 0.21 mg acid equivalents/L) of the glyphosate herbicide Roundup WeatherMax, alone or in combination with nutrient additions, on the emergence of Chironomidae (Diptera) before and after herbicide-induced damage to macrophytes. There were no direct effects of treatment on the structure of the Chironomidae community or on the overall emergence rates. However, after macrophyte cover declined as a result of herbicide application, there were statistically significant increases in emergence in all but the highest herbicide treatment, which had also received no nutrients. There was a negative relationship between chironomid abundance and macrophyte cover on the treated sides of wetlands. Fertilizer application did not appear to compound the effects of the herbicide treatments. Although direct toxicity of Roundup WeatherMax was not apparent, the authors observed longer-term impacts, suggesting that the indirect effects of this herbicide deserve more consideration when assessing the ecological risk of using herbicides in proximity to wetlands. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:2076–2085. © 2014 SETAC
Experimental Validation of Two‐Dimensional H2O and CO2 Co‐Electrolysis Modeling
Authors: Aicart J. , Laurencin J. , Petitjean M. , Dessemond L. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis work details an in‐house 2D electrochemical and thermal model of solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) dedicated to the simultaneous electrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide. The apparent exchange current densities for both H2O and CO2 electrochemical reductions have been fitted on single electrolysis polarization curves obtained on a standard cathode supported cell (CSC). By using these values, predictive simulations have been performed in a co‐electrolysis mode. The results have been compared to experimental data obtained in the same conditions. A good agreement is found between the simulated points and the experimental polarization curves, meaning that the model stands to predict accurately the SOEC response in co‐electrolysis mode. Simulations have been performed to investigate co‐electrolysis mechanisms in terms of partial pressures, current densities, and overpotentials distributions along the cell. The relative influence of both water gas shift (WGS) reaction and CO2 electrolysis on the global CO production is also discussed.
Hetaryl Thioketones: Synthesis and Selected Reactions
Authors: Mlostoń Grzegorz , Urbaniak Katarzyna , Gębicki Krzysztof , Grzelak Paulina , Heimgartner Heinz 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTA series of phenyl/hetaryl and bishetaryl thioketones have been prepared via oxygen/sulfur exchange of the corresponding ketones by treatment with Lawesson's reagent. The nonsymmetrical ketones were conveniently accessible via the reactions of lithiated furan, thiophene, and selenophene with N,N‐dimethylbenzamide and hetarylcarboxamides, respectively, whereas the symmetrical ketones were obtained by treatment of ethyl N,N‐dimethylcarbamate with 2 equiv of lithiated heterocycles. Under typical conditions, selected examples of the hetaryl thioketones were oxidized selectively to give thiocarbonyl S‐oxides (sulfines). Reactions with diazomethane at –65°C yielded 1,3‐dithiolanes in a regioselective manner and hetero‐Diels–Alder reactions of 2‐thienyl substituted thioketones with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate yielded the corresponding 7H‐thieno[2,3‐c]thiopyran‐4,5‐dicarboxylates.
THE EFFECTS OF TAXING SUGAR‐SWEETENED BEVERAGES ACROSS DIFFERENT INCOME GROUPS
Authors: Sharma Anurag , Hauck Katharina , Hollingsworth Bruce , Siciliani Luigi 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the impact of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) taxes on consumption, bodyweight and tax burden for low‐income, middle‐income and high‐income groups using an Almost Ideal Demand System and 2011 Household level scanner data. A significant contribution of our paper is that we compare two types of SSB taxes recently advocated by policy makers: A 20% flat rate sales (valoric) tax and a 20 cent/L volumetric tax. Censored demand is accounted for using a two‐step procedure. We find that the volumetric tax would result in a greater per capita weight loss than the valoric tax (0.41 kg vs. 0.29 kg). The difference between the change in weight is substantial for the target group of heavy purchasers of SSBs in low‐income households, with a weight reduction of up to 3.20 kg for the volumetric and 2.06 kg for the valoric tax. The average yearly per capita tax burden on low‐income households is $17.87 (0.21% of income) compared with $15.17 for high‐income households (0.07% of income) for the valoric tax, and $13.80 (0.15%) and $10.10 (0.04%) for the volumetric tax. Thus, the tax burden is lower, and weight reduction is higher under a volumetric tax. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WHAT EXPLAINS THE QUALITY AND PRICE OF GP SERVICES? AN INVESTIGATION USING LINKED SURVEY AND ADMINISTRATIVE DATA
Authors: Johar Meliyanni , Jones Glenn , Savage Elizabeth 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTWe examine patient socioeconomic status, the strength of the patient–doctor relationship and local area competition as determinants of the quality and price of GP services. We exploit a large‐sample patient data set in Australia and its linkage to administrative databases. The sample contains over 260 000 patients and over 12 600 GPs, observed between 2005 and 2010. Controlling for GP fixed effects and patient health, we find no strong evidence that quality differs by patient age, gender, country of origin, health concession card status and income, but quality is increased by stronger patient–doctor relationship. Using a competition measure that is defined at the individual GP level and not restricted to a local market, we find that competition lowers quality. Price is increasing in patient income, whereas competition has a small impact on price. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances and Challenges in the Synthesis of Poly(p‐phenylene vinylene)‐Based Polymers
Authors: Blayney Alan J. , Perepichka Igor F. , Wudl Fred , Perepichka Dmitrii F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe provide an overview of the current progress in the synthesis of poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV) polymers. The described synthetic approaches can be divided into four main categories: polymerization of quinodimethane intermediates, metathesis polymerization, nucleophilic polycondensation, and palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling. While such variety is remarkable and very high‐molecular‐weight PPV can be prepared by some methods, the synthetic chemistry of PPV still limits the structural variety and purity of arylene vinylene polymers. In particular, palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions, the method of choice in the contemporary conjugated polymer chemistry, often shows limited success in PPV series. On the other hand, the possibility of using metathesis polymerization creates new opportunities not available for other classes of conjugated polymers.
Odanacatib Treatment Affects Trabecular and Cortical Bone in the Femur of Postmenopausal Women: Results of a Two-Year Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Engelke Klaus , Fuerst Thomas , Dardzinski Bernard , Kornak John , Ather Shabana , Genant Harry K , de Papp Anne 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT

Odanacatib, a selective cathepsin K inhibitor, increases areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the spine and hip of postmenopausal women. To gain additional insight into the effects on trabecular and cortical bone, we analyzed quantitative computed tomography (QCT) data of postmenopausal women treated with odanacatib using Medical Image Analysis Framework (MIAF; Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany). This international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-year, phase 3 trial enrolled 214 postmenopausal women (mean age 64 years) with low aBMD. Subjects were randomized to odanacatib 50 mg weekly (ODN) or placebo (PBO); all participants received calcium and vitamin D. Hip QCT scans at 24 months were available for 158 women (ODN: n = 78 women; PBO: n = 80 women). There were consistent and significant differential treatment effects (ODN-PBO) for total hip integral (5.4%), trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) (12.2%), and cortical vBMD (2.5%) at 24 months. There was no significant differential treatment effect on integral bone volume. Results for bone mineral content (BMC) closely matched those for vBMD for integral and trabecular compartments. However, with small but mostly significant differential increases in cortical volume (1.0% to 1.3%) and thickness (1.4% to 1.9%), the percentage cortical BMC increases were numerically larger than those of vBMD. With a total hip BMC differential treatment effect (ODN-PBO) of nearly 1000 mg, the proportions of BMC attributed to cortical gain were 45%, 44%, 52%, and 40% for the total, neck, trochanter, and intertrochanter subregions, respectively. In postmenopausal women treated for 2 years, odanacatib improved integral, trabecular, and cortical vBMD and BMC at all femur regions relative to placebo when assessed by MIAF. Cortical volume and thickness increased significantly in all regions except the femoral neck. The increase in cortical volume and BMC paralleled the increase in cortical vBMD, demonstrating a consistent effect of ODN on cortical bone. Approximately one-half of the absolute BMC gain occurred in cortical bone. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Prednisone has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of CYP3A4 metabolized drugs – midazolam and odanacatib
Authors: Marcantonio Eugene E. , Ballard Jeanine , Gibson Christopher R. , Kassahun Kelem , Palamanda Jairam , Tang Cuyue , Evers Raymond , Liu Chengcheng , Zajic Stefan , Mahon Chantal , Mostoller Kate , Hreniuk David , Mehta Anish , Morris Denise , Wagner John A. , Stoch S. Aubrey 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWe evaluated the effect of prednisone on midazolam and odanacatib pharmacokinetics. In this open‐label, 2‐period crossover study in healthy male subjects, midazolam 2 mg was administered (Day −1) followed by odanacatib 50 mg (Day 1) during Part 1. In Period 2, prednisone 10 mg once daily (qd) was administered on Days 1–28; odanacatib was co‐administered on Day 14 and midazolam 2 mg was co‐administered on Days 1 and 28. Subjects were administered midazolam 2 mg on Days 42 and 56. Safety and tolerability were assessed throughout the study. A physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was also built. There were 15 subjects enrolled; mean age was 31 years. The odanacatib AUC0−∞ GMR (90% CI) [odanacatib + prednisone (Day 14, Period 2)/odanacatib alone (Day 1, Period 1] was 1.06 (0.96, 1.17). AUC0−∞ GMR (90%CI) [midazolam + prednisone (Day 28, Period 2)/midazolam alone (Day −1, Period 1] was 1.08 (0.93,1.26). There were no serious AEs or AEs leading to discontinuation. PBPK modeling showed that prednisone does not cause significant effects on the exposure of sensitive CYP3A4 substrates in vivo at therapeutic doses. Co‐administration of prednisone 10 mg qd had no effect on pharmacokinetics of either odanacatib 10 mg or midazolam 2 mg.
Free‐floating thrombus in stroke patients with nonstenotic internal carotid artery—An ultrasonographic study
Authors: Vassileva Evguenia , Daskalov Marin , Stamenova Paraskeva 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere are multiple causes of free‐floating thrombus (FFT) formation in carotid arteries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and natural history of FFT in nonstenotic internal carotid arteries of patients with acute ischemic stroke.MethodsDuring a 50‐month period, 3,200 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke were evaluated for internal carotid artery stenosis and the presence of FFT by color‐coded duplex ultrasonography. Diagnostic workup included brain CT, transthoracic echocardiography, Holter electrocardiogram, and hypercoagulability state evaluation.ResultsWe found an FFT in 5 (0.18%) of 2,757 patients with acute stroke and nonstenotic internal carotid artery (mean age 44 years). The underlying pathology was hypercoagulable state in active pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 1), essential thrombocythemia (n = 1), thrombotic complications of nonstenotic plaques (n = 1), unknown (n = 2). All patients clinically improved under antiplatelet therapy. Follow‐up color‐coded duplex ultrasonography showed complete dissolution of FFT in all cases. There was no stroke recurrence.ConclusionsInternal carotid artery FFT could be found in young stroke patients without identifiable arterial disease and could be resolved with antithrombotic treatment © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 43:34–38, 2015
A Straightforward Synthesis of Chlorine‐Bearing Donor–Acceptor Alternating Copolymers with Deep Frontier Orbital Levels
Authors: Gao Xiang , Shen Jiulin , Hu Bin , Tu Guoli 
Published: June 2014

Donor–acceptor alternating copolymers with chlorine atoms on the backbone are synthesized via a straightforward Stille polycondensation. Thiophene and chlorine‐substituted 2,3‐diphenylquinoxaline are chosen as the donor and acceptor moieties, respectively. Compared with the corresponding non‐substituted and fluorine‐substituted analogues, which are also synthesized for systematical studies, the chlorine‐bearing copolymer exhibits the deepest lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of the chlorine‐bearing copolymer can be modified by applying different donor moieties. Additionally, these chlorine‐bearing copolymers show low self‐absorption and large Stokes Shift.
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Multiple solutions for a modified Kirchhoff‐type equation in RN
Authors: Feng Zong‐Hong , Wu Xian , Li Hong‐Xu 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we study the following modified Kirchhoff‐type equations of the form:
urn:x-wiley:1704214:media:mma3102:mma3102-math-0001where a > 0, b ≥ 0, and . Under appropriate assumptions on V (x) and h(x,u), some existence results for positive solutions, negative solutions, and sequence of high energy solutions are obtained via a perturbation method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability and bifurcations analysis of a competition model with piecewise constant arguments
Authors: Kartal S. , Gurcan F. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate local and global asymptotic stability of a positive equilibrium point of system of differential equations
urn:x-wiley:1704214:media:mma3196:mma3196-math-0001where t ≥ 0, the parameters r1, k1, α1, α2, r2, k2, and d1 are positive, and [t] denotes the integer part of t ∈ [0, ∞ ). x(t) and y(t) represent population density for related species. Sufficient conditions are obtained for the local and global stability of the positive equilibrium point of the corresponding difference system. We show through numerical simulations that periodic solutions arise through Neimark–Sacker bifurcation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formulation and numerical exploitation of mixed variational principles for coupled problems of Cahn–Hilliard‐type and standard diffusion in elastic solids
Authors: Miehe C. , Mauthe S. , Ulmer H. 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYThis work develops variational principles for the coupled problem of standard and extended Cahn–Hilliard‐type species diffusion in solids undergoing finite elastic deformations. It shows that the coupled problem of diffusion in deforming solids, accounting for phenomena like swelling, diffusion‐induced stress generation and possible phase segregation caused by the diffusing species, is related to an intrinsic mixed variational principle. It determines the rates of deformation and concentration along with the chemical potential, where the latter plays the role of a mixed variable. The principle characterizes a canonically compact model structure, where the three governing equations involved, that is, the mechanical equilibrium condition, the mass balance for the species content and a microforce balance that determines the chemical potential, appear as the Euler equation of a variational statement. The existence of the variational principle underlines an inherent symmetry of the coupled deformation–diffusion problem. This can be exploited in the numerical implementation by the construction of time‐discrete and space‐discrete incremental potentials, which fully determine the update problems of typical time stepping procedures. The mixed variational principles provide the most fundamental approach to the monolithic finite element solution of the coupled deformation–diffusion problem based on low‐order basis functions. They induce in a natural format the choice of symmetric solvers for Newton‐type iterative updates, providing a speedup and reduction of data storage when compared with non‐symmetric implementations. This is a strong argument for the use of the developed variational principles in the computational design of deformation–diffusion problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bridging multiple structural scales with a generalized finite element method
Authors: Plews J.A. , Duarte C.A. 
Published: June 2014

SummaryThis paper presents a generalized FEM based on the solution of interdependent coarse‐scale (global) and fine‐scale (local) problems in order to resolve multiscale effects due to fine‐scale heterogeneities. Overall structural behavior is captured by the global problem, while local problems focus on the resolution of fine‐scale solution features in regions where material heterogeneities may govern the structural response. Fine‐scale problems are accurately solved in parallel, and, to address the intrinsic coupling of scales, these solutions are embedded into the global solution space using a partition of unity approach. This method is demonstrated on representative heat transfer examples in order to examine its accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural characterization of secoiridoid glycosides by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Shufang , Xu Yimin , Chen Pinghong , Zhang Yufeng 
Published: June 2014

RATIONALEThe fragmentation behavior of seven secoiridoid glycosides (SIGs) isolated from Gentiana triflora Pall., a traditional Chinese medicine, was investigated by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI‐IT‐MS).METHODSMultistage electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn) experiments both in positive‐ and negative‐ion mode were used to elucidate the main fragmentation pathways of these compounds.RESULTSIn full scan mass spectra, different deprotonated or protonated molecules were observed for compounds with different basic structure. Ring cleavages of the aglycon moiety were observed in MS2 spectra and the characteristic ions provided valuable information on the basic structural skeletons. Their fragmentation pathways and fragment ion structures were proposed.CONCLUSIONSThe established fragmentation patterns have been successfully used to identify eleven SIGs in the extract of Gentiana triflora Pall. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indole–diterpenoid profiles of Claviceps paspali and Claviceps purpurea from high‐resolution Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Uhlig Silvio , Egge‐Jacobsen Wolfgang , Vrålstad Trude , Miles Christopher O. 
Published: June 2014

RATIONALEThe biological activities most commonly associated with indole–diterpenoids are tremorgenicity in mammals and toxicity in insects through modulation of ion channels. The neurotoxic effects of some analogues are the cause of syndromes such as 'ryegrass staggers' and 'Paspalum staggers' in cattle and sheep. Our purpose was to obtain and interpret mass spectra of some pure Claviceps‐related indole–diterpenoids (paspaline, paspalinine, paxilline, paspalitrems A and B) to facilitate identification of related compounds for which standards were not available.METHODSC. paspali‐infected Paspalum dilatatum as well as C. purpurea sclerotia obtained from infected Phalaris arundinacea were extracted and the extracts separated via liquid chromatography. Low‐ and high‐resolution mass spectra were then obtained of known and potentially unknown indole–diterpenoids.RESULTSAt least 20 different indole–diterpenoids were detected in the C. paspali extract with molecular masses ranging from 405 Da (C28H40NO) to 517 Da (C32H40NO5). The C. purpurea sclerotia were shown to contain several indole–diterpenoids with molecular masses ranging from 405 Da (C28H40NO) to 419 Da (C28H38NO2).CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrates for the first time that C. purpurea may also produce indole–diterpenoids. This might explain why grazing of Phalaris spp. is occasionally connected with a tremorgenic syndrome in cattle, called 'phalaris staggers'. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.