bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity, distribution and status of bats on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Authors: Aul Bandana , Bates P.J.J. , Harrison D.L. , Marimuthu G. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractInformation on the bat fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands was limited previously to the results of sporadic surveys, with no specific focus on the habitats or distribution of the species. We carried out the first extensive survey of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands during 2003–2006, covering 40 islands. Our objective was to map the bat species, their habitats and distribution. This resulted in identification of 25 bat species representing 13 genera, location of > 300 roosts and validation of previously recorded species. Notable findings included the rediscovery of the endemic Nicobar flying foxPteropus faunulusafter a century and its extinction from the type locality on Car Nicobar Island, the sighting of an albinoHipposideros diadema nicobarensisfrom Katchal Island, and the first records ofRhinolophus yunanensis, Murina cyclotisandHipposideros larvatusfrom the Andaman Islands, andTaphozous melanopogon, Murina cyclotis, Pipistrellusspp.,Myotis horsfieldii dryasandCynopterus brachyotisfrom the Nicobar Islands. Threats to the bat fauna appear to be primarily roost disturbance and hunting for sport. Anthropogenic pressure on species ofPteropusis high as hunting occurs throughout the year. Secondary sources and our field observations confirmed the decline ofPteropusin several islands as a result of hunting and alteration to habitats. We introduced a community initiative to monitor and protect roosts and foraging sites close to settlements in the Nicobar Islands. Priorities identified for conservation of the bat fauna of the archipelagos are mitigation of threats to flying foxes and cave dwelling bats, initiation of research on endemic bat species such asP. faunulus, and a voluntary ban by local communities on hunting in specific areas and seasons.
Recurrent bottlenecks in the malaria life cycle obscure signals of positive selection
Authors: CHANG HSIAO-HAN , HARTL DANIEL L. 
Published: February 2014

SUMMARYDetecting signals of selection in the genome of malaria parasites is a key to identify targets for drug and vaccine development. Malaria parasites have a unique life cycle alternating between vector and host organism with a population bottleneck at each transition. These recurrent bottlenecks could influence the patterns of genetic diversity and the power of existing population genetic tools to identify sites under positive selection. We therefore simulated the site-frequency spectrum of a beneficial mutant allele through time under the malaria life cycle. We investigated the power of current population genetic methods to detect positive selection based on the site-frequency spectrum as well as temporal changes in allele frequency. We found that a within-host selective advantage is difficult to detect using these methods. Although a between-host transmission advantage could be detected, the power is decreased when compared with the classical Wright–Fisher (WF) population model. Using an adjusted null site-frequency spectrum that takes the malaria life cycle into account, the power of tests based on the site-frequency spectrum to detect positive selection is greatly improved. Our study demonstrates the importance of considering the life cycle in genetic analysis, especially in parasites with complex life cycles.
What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies
Authors: Clement S. , Schauman O. , Graham T. , Maggioni F. , Evans-Lacko S. , Bezborodovs N. , Morgan C. , Rüsch N. , Brown J. S. L. , Thornicroft G. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundIndividuals often avoid or delay seeking professional help for mental health problems. Stigma may be a key deterrent to help-seeking but this has not been reviewed systematically. Our systematic review addressed the overarching question: What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking for mental health problems? Subquestions were: (a) What is the size and direction of any association between stigma and help-seeking? (b) To what extent is stigma identified as a barrier to help-seeking? (c) What processes underlie the relationship between stigma and help-seeking? (d) Are there population groups for which stigma disproportionately deters help-seeking?MethodFive electronic databases were searched from 1980 to 2011 and references of reviews checked. A meta-synthesis of quantitative and qualitative studies, comprising three parallel narrative syntheses and subgroup analyses, was conducted.ResultsThe review identified 144 studies with 90 189 participants meeting inclusion criteria. The median association between stigma and help-seeking was d = − 0.27, with internalized and treatment stigma being most often associated with reduced help-seeking. Stigma was the fourth highest ranked barrier to help-seeking, with disclosure concerns the most commonly reported stigma barrier. A detailed conceptual model was derived that describes the processes contributing to, and counteracting, the deterrent effect of stigma on help-seeking. Ethnic minorities, youth, men and those in military and health professions were disproportionately deterred by stigma.ConclusionsStigma has a small- to moderate-sized negative effect on help-seeking. Review findings can be used to help inform the design of interventions to increase help-seeking.
Closure of large patent ductus arteriosus using the Amplatzer Septal Occluder
Authors: García-Montes José A. , Camacho-Castro Anahí , Sandoval-Jones Juan P. , Buendía-Hernández Alfonso , Calderón-Colmenero Juan , Patiño-Bahena Emilia , Zabal Carlos 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackground: Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus has become the treatment of choice in many centres. In patients with large ducts and pulmonary hypertension, transcatheter closure has been achieved with success using the Amplatzer Duct Occluder or even the Amplatzer Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect Occluder. Materials and methods: We present a series of 17 patients with large and hypertensive ductus arteriosus who were treated with an Amplatzer Septal Occluder. The group had 11 female patients (64.7%) and a mean age of 18.6±12.1 years. Results: The haemodynamic and anatomical data are as follows: pulmonary artery systolic pressure 71.3±31.8 mmHg, pulmonary to systemic flow ratio 3.14±1.36, ductal diameter at the pulmonary end 12.5±3.8 mm, and at the aortic end 20.2±7.7 mm; 14 cases (82.3%) had type A ducts. In 11 patients, we began the procedure using a different device – six with duct occluder and five with ventricular septal occluder – and it was changed because of device embolisation in six (35.3%). All septal occluders were delivered successfully. Residual shunt was moderate in six patients (35.3%), mild in eight (47%), trivial in two (11.8%), and no shunt in one (5.9%). Pulmonary systolic pressure decreased to 48.9±10.8 mmHg after occlusion (p=0.0015). Follow-up in 15 patients (88.2%) for 28.4±14.4 months showed complete closure in all cases but one, and continuous decrease of the pulmonary systolic pressure to 31.4±10.5 mmHg. No complications at follow-up have been reported. Conclusions: The Amplatzer Septal Occluder is a good alternative to percutaneously treat large and hypertensive ductus arteriosus.
Modern DIB Surveys and DIB Environmental Behavior
Authors: Sonnentrucker P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractSince the discovery of the Diffuse Interstellar Bands (DIBs) in the early 1920s, numerous research groups have taken on the task to obtain as complete a census of the DIBs as observationally possible in order to unravel characteristics that would allow the community to tie the DIB carriers to known species. Here, I will briefly review the efforts and progress that were made for the past two decades in producing new, deeper, and more complete DIB surveys. In particular, I will review the important role that these modern surveys are playing in revealing main observational characteristics of the DIBs and their dependence on the local physical conditions in the Galactic Interstellar Medium.
Diffuse Interstellar Bands: Families and Correlations
Authors: Krełowski J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe term “families of diffuse bands” (DIBs) appeared in 1986/87 when my collaborators: Gordon A.H. Walker, Bengt E. Westerlund and I found that the strength ratio of the major DIBs 5780 and 5797 is heavily variable. We proved that at the same E(B-V) the DIB intensities may vary by as much as a factor of three or more. A similar result was published by Karl Josafatsson and Ted Snow soon after. A decade later, we proved (with Chris Sneden) that certain DIB strength ratios seem to be related to intensities of the known features of simple molecular species; this led to the introduction of the so called σ and ζ type interstellar clouds. The former are characterized by very weak molecular features (but broad DIBs – very strong) while the latter by rather strong bands of simple radicals and weak broad DIBs. Currently we face a bunch of questions: are the DIB intensities related to those of certain molecular species, e.g. C2 as suggested by Lew Hobbs' and Ted Snow's group? Do the DIB profiles, found to be complex by Peter Sarre, depend on e.g. the rotational temperatures of simple, linear carbon species? Do the DIB profiles depend on the irradiation of interstellar clouds by nearby stars? The relative DIB strengths as well as those of the simple radicals seem to be related to the shapes of interstellar extinction curves. We thus face three players in the interstellar translucent clouds: dust particles, simple radicals and the DIB carriers. Apparently, their mutual relations depend on local physical parameters of intervening clouds; these relations are not clear yet.
A Sensitive Spectral Survey of Interstellar Features in the Near-UV [3040-3700Å]
Authors: Bhatt N. H. , Cami J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe present a comprehensive and sensitive unbiased survey of interstellar features in the near-UV range (3040-3700 Å). We combined a large number of VLT/UVES archival observations of a sample of highly reddened early type stars – typical diffuse interstellar band (DIB) targets. We stacked the individual observations to obtain a spectrum with a signal-to-noise ratio exceeding 1500. Careful inspection of this spectrum reveals tens of absorption features of interstellar nature, most of which can be identified with various atomic and molecular features. We furthermore detect four weak unidentified features, but we cannot establish their interstellar nature. Our sensitivity is limited by telluric and instrumental residuals; this precludes us from detecting broader features (e.g. DIBs). For each detected feature, we measured fundamental parameters (radial velocities, line widths, and equivalent widths). We also compare our co-added spectrum to cold gas-phase laboratory measurements of small, neutral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules.
Putting the Diffuse Interstellar Bands on the Map – Literally!
Authors: van Loon J. Th. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn a quest to further our understanding of the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) as well as the unidentified carriers of the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs), we are mapping DIBs across the sky using hundreds of hot stars as background torches – globular clusters (in particular ω Centauri), nearby stars in and around the Local Bubble, and stars within the Magellanic Clouds. I describe the results so far obtained and our current experiments.
A Possible New Sequence of DIBs
Authors: Bondar A. , Krełowski J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOne of the key factors in explaining nature of DIB carriers is to find regularities in their spectrum. Such a regular set of DIBs exists within interval λλ 6770–6865 Å. A possible new sequence of weak DIBs between λλ 5910–5990 Å is presented here. The new sequence is clearly visible in high resolution spectra (R ≳ 100,000) of some hot, reddened stars. Wavenumbers' differences, or spacings, between the most strong bands have values ~35, ~40 cm−1, which are very similar to those, found for DIBs near 6800 Å.
DIBs, Interstellar Dust, and Extinction
Authors: Clayton G. C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe relationship between DIBs and dust is still unknown. The correlation between reddening and DIB strength means that the DIBs are mixed in with the dust and gas in interstellar clouds. The DIBs are relatively stronger in the diffuse interstellar medium than in dense clouds. There is only a weak correlation between the DIBs and the UV extinction parameters including the 2175 Å bump strength and the far-UV rise. In addition, the bump dust grains are sometimes polarized, while the DIBs are not. However, observations of DIBs in the SMC show that when the 2175 Å bump is weak or missing so are the DIBs. Two of the four sightlines that deviate strongly from the CCM UV extinction in the Galaxy show weak DIBs.
What Microwave Astronomical Spectroscopy can tell you about the Carriers of the DIBs
Authors: Liszt H. , Lucas R. , Pety J. , Gerin M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAstronomical microwave spectroscopy has greatly broadened the inventory of identifiable chemical species in diffuse molecular gas and is an increasingly effective way to measure the abundances of polar molecules that may be candidate diffuse interstellar band carriers. Here we review some recent developments that hold new promise for chemical abundance determinations. We summarize and categorize the molecular inventory that has accrued in the past twenty years from microwave observations of diffuse clouds and we present summary tables of the molecular abundances within various chemical families in both dark and diffuse molecular gas.
Diffuse Interstellar Bands in (Proto-) Fullerene-Rich Environments
Authors: García-Hernández D. A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe recent infrared detection of fullerenes (C60 and C70) in Planetary Nebulae (PNe) and R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars offers a beautiful opportunity for studying the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) in sources where fullerenes are abundant. Here we present for the first time a detailed inspection of the optical spectra of the hot RCB star DY Cen and two fullerene PNe (Tc 1 and M 1-20), which permits us to directly explore the fullerenes - DIB connection. The DIB spectrum of DY Cen (García-Hernández et al. 2012a) is remarkably different from that in fullerene PNe (García-Hernández & Díaz-Luis 2013). In particular, Tc 1 displays unusually strong 4428 Å and 6309 Å DIBs, which are normal (or not seen) in DY Cen. On the other hand, DY Cen displays an unusually strong 6284 Å DIB that is found to be normal in fullerene PNe. We also report the detection of new broad and unidentified features centered at 4000 Å and 6525 Å in DY Cen and Tc 1, respectively. We suggest that the new 4000 Å band seen in DY Cen may be related to the circumstellar proto-fullerenes seen at infrared wavelengths (García-Hernández et al. 2012a). However, the intense 4428 Å DIB (probably also the 6309 Å DIB and the new 6525 Å band) may be related to the presence of larger fullerenes (e.g., C80, C240, C320, and C540) and buckyonions (multishell fullerenes such as C60@C240 and C60@C240@C540) in the circumstellar envelope of Tc 1 (García-Hernández & Díaz-Luis 2013).
Organic Nanoparticles as a Component of the Interstellar Medium
Authors: Kwok S. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMixed aromatic/aliphatic organic nanoparticles (MAON) are suggested as the carrier of the unidentified infrared emission (UIE) features. The carriers of the diffuse interstellar bands (DIB) may be gas-phase molecular products released from MAON in the interstellar medium.
A Catalog of Diffuse Interstellar Bands in Fullerene-Containing Planetary Nebulae
Authors: Manchado A. , Díaz-Luis J. J. , García-Hernández D. A. , Cataldo F. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractLarge fullerenes and fullerene-based molecules have been proposed as carriers of diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs). The recent detection of the most common fullerenes (C60 and C70) around some Planetary Nebulae (PNe) now enable us to study the DIBs in fullerene-rich space environments. We have studied the presence of DIBs in the optical spectra (~3300-9400 Å) of two fullerene-containing PNe (Tc 1 and M 1-20). Special attention is given to DIBs which are found to be unusually intense in fullerene-containing PNe; several of these DIBS have not previously been reported. Fullerenes larger than C60 (and C70) and multishell fullerenes may be possible candidate carriers for the unusual DIBs seen in fullerene-rich environments.
A Novel Approach to the Detection and Characterization of PAH Cations and PAH-Photoproducts
Authors: Kokkin D. L. , Simon A. , Marshall C. , Bonnamy A. , Joblin C. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractCationic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are attractive candidates for the Diffuse Interstellar Bands, but to date not a single PAH species has been identified on the basis of a spectral agreement. This indicates either that the molecular diversity is very large or that the candidates that have been considered are not the correct ones. In particular, small/medium-sized PAH cations are submitted to photodissociation under UV photons from stars. Therefore it is of interest to characterize the spectroscopic properties of key breakdown products. Furthermore, these studies should be performed under conditions that mimic those found in interstellar space, which leads to additional experimental difficulties. We describe the approach we are developing with the PIRENEA set-up and present results on the 1-Methylpyrene cation and photo-derived species. Experimental measurements are guided by calculations based on density functional theory.
Diffuse Cloud Models: Successes and Challenges
Authors: Roueff E. , Ruaud M. , Le Petit F. , Godard B. , Le Bourlot J. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractWe present the general physical conditions thought to be present in diffuse interstellar clouds. The radiation field is driving the atomic to molecular transition and the resulting physical conditions. We focus on the recent observational signatures of significant values of the cosmic ionization rate (10−16 - 10−15 s−1) which should also impact the clues to Diffuse interstellar Bands.
H2 as a Possible Carrier of the DIBs?
Authors: Ubachs W. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn the 1990s the hydrogen molecule, by far the most abundant molecular species in the interstellar medium, has been proposed as a possible carrier of the diffuse interstellar bands. While some remarkable coincidences were found in the rich spectrum of inter-Rydberg transitions of this molecule with DIB-features, both in frequency position as in linewidth, some open issues remained on a required non-linear optical pumping scheme that should explain the population of certain intermediate levels and act as a selection mechanism. Recently a similar scheme has been proposed relating the occurrence of the UV-bump (the ubiquitous 2170 Å extinction feature) to the spectrum of H2, therewith reviving the H2 hypothesis.
Composite Grains: Carriers of the Diffuse Interstellar Bands
Authors: Vaidya D. B. , Gupta R. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe dust grains flowing out of the stars are most likely non-spherical and inhomogeneous; viz. porous, fluffy and composites of many very small particles glued together. We calculate the scattering, absorption and extinction efficiencies of such composite grains. The composite grains consist of host silicate spheroid and inclusions of PAHs. We study the extinction as a function of the volume fraction of the inclusions. In particular, we study the variation in the absorption peak, at the wavelength ‘4430Å’ with the volume fraction of the PAH inclusions. We present the composite grain models and discuss the results.
Peptidoglycan-binding protein TsaP functions in surface assembly of type IV pili
Authors: Siewering Katja , Jain Samta , Friedrich Carmen , Webber-Birungi Mariam T. , Semchonok Dmitry A. , Binzen Ina , Wagner Alexander , Huntley Stuart , Kahnt Jörg , Klingl Andreas , Boekema Egbert J. , Søgaard-Andersen Lotte , van der Does Chris 
Published: February 2014

SignificanceType IV pili (T4P) are ubiquitous and versatile bacterial cell surface structures involved in different processes like adhesion to host cells, biofilm formation, motility, and DNA uptake. T4P play an important role in the pathogenesis of many bacteria. We identify a protein whose presence in bacterial genomes is strongly linked to the presence of T4P systems and that is involved in the surface assembly of T4P. TsaP, the T4P secretin-associated protein is proposed to anchor the outer membrane secretin complex to the peptidoglycan and/or to align the secretin to inner membrane components.
Encoding regulatory state boundaries in the pregastrular oral ectoderm of the sea urchin embryo
Authors: Li Enhu , Cui Miao , Peter Isabelle S. , Davidson Eric H. 
Published: February 2014

Significance
Regulatory state boundary formation is a general process in early development, in which embryonic territory is divided up into spatial domains that express distinct sets of regulatory genes. We establish the mechanistic principles by which multiple orthogonal boundaries of this kind are progressively formed on the oral side of the sea urchin embryo, according to an encoded genomic program. These boundaries separate prospective endoderm from ectoderm domains, neurogenic from non-neurogenic domains, and ciliated band from oral ectoderm domains and produce an orthogonal grid of regulatory states. Boundary formation invariably depends on spatial transcriptional repression superimposed on more widespread domains of transcriptional activation.
Evaluation of Catch-and-Release Regulations on Brook Trout in Pennsylvania Streams
Authors: Detar Jason , Kristine David , Wagner Tyler , Greene Tom 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
In 2004, the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission implemented catch-and-release (CR) regulations on headwater stream systems to determine if eliminating angler harvest would result in an increase in the number of adult (≥100 mm) or large (≥175 mm) Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Under the CR regulations, angling was permitted on a year-round basis, no Brook Trout could be harvested at any time, and there were no tackle restrictions. A before-after–control-impact design was used to evaluate the experimental regulations. Brook Trout populations were monitored in 16 treatment (CR regulations) and 7 control streams (statewide regulations) using backpack electrofishing gear periodically for up to 15 years (from 1990 to 2003 or 2004) before the implementation of the CR regulations and over a 7–8-year period (from 2004 or 2005 to 2011) after implementation. We used Poisson mixed models to evaluate whether electrofishing catch per effort (CPE; catch/100 m2) of adult (≥100 mm) or large (≥175 mm) Brook Trout increased in treatment streams as a result of implementing CR regulations. Brook Trout CPE varied among sites and among years, and there was no significant effect (increase or decrease) of CR regulations on the CPE of adult or large Brook Trout. Results of our evaluation suggest that CR regulations were not effective at improving the CPE of adult or large Brook Trout in Pennsylvania streams. Low angler use, high voluntary catch and release, and slow growth rates in infertile headwater streams are likely the primary reasons for the lack of response.
Received June 14, 2013; accepted August 28, 2013
Published online January 24, 2014