bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of ocean acidification on sponge communities
Authors: Goodwin Claire , Rodolfo‐Metalpa Riccardo , Picton Bernard , Hall‐Spencer Jason M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe effects of ocean acidification on lower invertebrates such as sponges may be pronounced because of their low capacity for acid–base regulation. However, so far, most studies have focused on calcifiers. We present the first study of the effects of ocean acidification on the Porifera. Sponge species composition and cover along pH gradients at CO2 vents off Ischia (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) was measured at sites with normal pH (8.1–8.2), lowered pH (mean 7.8–7.9, min 7.4–7.5) and extremely low pH (6.6). There was a strong correlation between pH and both sponge cover and species composition. Crambe crambe was the only species present in any abundance in the areas with mean pH 6.6, seven species were present at mean pH 7.8–7.9 and four species (Phorbas tenacior, Petrosia ficiformis, Chondrilla nucula and Hemimycale columella) were restricted to sites with normal pH. Sponge percentage cover decreased significantly from normal to acidified sites. No significant effect of increasing CO2 levels and decreasing pH was found on spicule form in Crambe crambe. This study indicates that increasing CO2 concentrations will likely affect sponge community composition as some demosponge species appear to be more vulnerable than others. Further research into the mechanisms by which acidification affects sponges would be useful in predicting likely effects on sessile marine communities.
Antioxidant profile of salivary glands in high fat diet‐induced insulin resistance rats
Authors: Zalewska A , Knaś M , Żendzian‐Piotrowska M , Waszkiewicz N , Szulimowska J , Prokopiuk S , Waszkiel D , Car H 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveThere is no study analyzing the salivary antioxidant profile in the course of the insulin resistance.Materials and methodsRats were divided into two groups. One group was fed with a normal diet, another one with a high fat diet for 5 weeks. The analysis included: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase, peroxidase activities, uric acid, and total antioxidant status concentrations.ResultsThe activity of peroxidase in both kind of glands of insulin resistance rats was significantly reduced than in the control rats. The protein concentration, total amount of total antioxidant status in the parotid glands of insulin resistance rats were significantly lower than in the control glands The total amount of superoxide dismutase, CAT, and uric acid in the parotid glands of insulin resistance rats were significantly elevated in comparison with the control rats. The median values of the total amount of superoxide dismutase, CAT, peroxidase, total antioxidant status were significantly higher in the parotid than in the submandibular glands of the insulin resistance and control rats.ConclusionParotid and submandibular glands of rats react differently when exposed to insulin resistance condition; however, the parotid glands seem to be more affected. The main source of antioxidants is parotid glands of rats.
Surgical Treatment for Posterior Rim Separation of the Lumbar and Sacral Vertebrae
Authors: He Jiang‐tao , Chen Jian‐wen , Wei Peng 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveThe posterior rim separation of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae has been ascribed to various mechanisms. The procedure of operative treatment is still controversial. The authors' objective was to study the therapeutic methods of posterior vertebral rim separation.MethodsThirty‐four patients, including 23 males and 11 females whose ages ranged from 24 to 65 years (mean 41.3 years), were treated for posterior vertebral rim separation by various methods. All patients had discectomy and removal of bony fragment. Wide fenestration or hemilaminectomy was performed for 24 type I‐III lesions, laminectomy for four type II and one type III lesion, and bilateral fenestration for 5 of 17 type II lesions. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) was performed in 11 patients using autogenous iliac bone or poly (ether‐ether‐ketone) (PEEK) spacer implant.ResultsFollow‐up studies were performed for all patients ranging from 11 months to 4.6 years with an average period of 2.7 years. There were no serious intra‐operative or postoperative complications. Satisfactory results were achieved in all patients except two with type III lesions, mostly because of a long history of hypaesthesia of the leg and a drop foot. Eleven patients who had PLIF exhibited bony fusion at final follow‐up.ConclusionsEarly operative treatment should be performed on patients after a brief trial of conservative treatment. A proper surgical operation must be based on the type and location of the separated bony fragment and clinical symptoms.
Is Pelvic Obliquity Related to Degenerative Scoliosis?
Authors: Radcliff Kristen E , Orozco Fabio , Molby Nicholas , Chen Eric , Sidhu Gursukhman S , Vaccaro Alexander R , Ong Alvin 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveThe hypothesis of this study is that pelvic obliquity (PO) is associated with specific patterns of degenerative scoliosis.MethodsThis study was a retrospective case series of consecutive patients undergoing fusion for lumbar conditions (degenerative scoliosis or spondylolisthesis). The discrepancy in the iliac crest height, coronal L1‐S1 endplate angles, distance from L1 coronal bisector to the sacral center, number of degenerative scoliosis curves, and individual curve angulations were measured.ResultsLimb length discrepancy was present in 87% of patients with a degenerative scoliosis. There were 116 patients with a single curve > 5° and PO > 2 cm. Of the patients with a single curve, the apex of scoliosis was opposite the high iliac crest side in 79% patients. There were 338 patients with a double curve. The apex of scoliosis was opposite the high iliac crest side in 48% of patients.ConclusionThere were distinct patterns of limb length discrepancy corresponding to degenerative scoliotic curve morphology. In patients with single degenerative scoliotic curves, PO most commonly appeared to counteract the scoliotic curve and result in an overall decrease in trunk shift. This occurred because the high iliac crest was observed most commonly on the convex side of the scoliotic curve. This effect was not observed in double lumbar degenerative scoliotic curves.
Surgical Management for Avulsion Fracture of the Calcaneal Tuberosity
Authors: Yu Guang‐rong , Pang Qing‐jiang , Yu Xiao , Chen Da‐wei , Yang Yun‐feng , Li Bing , Zhou Jia‐qian 
Published: August 2013

ObjectiveTo discuss the operative methods and curative effect of calcaneal tuberosity fracture.MethodsA retrospective study was done to analyze 15 patients with calcaneal tuberosity fracture who received surgical management between January 2008 and June 2011. There were nine males and six females, with the age ranging from 31 to 68 years (average, 51.4 years). All the patients had unilateral acute injury, with the left foot in 7 cases and the right foot in 8 cases. According to the Beavis classification, there were three cases in type I and 12 cases in type II. All the cases in type I and 10 cases in type II were treated with open reduction and screw fixation. The other two cases in type II with larger fragment involving a portion of the subtalar joint were treated with plate and screw fixation. The effect of the treatment was assessed according to the ankle and hindfoot score system of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) after the operation.ResultsTen patients were followed up for 12 to 36 months (average, 20 months). The healing time in these patients ranged from 8 to 25 weeks (average, 12 weeks). The postoperative score ranged from 47 to 100 points (average, 91.1 points). Seven cases were rated as excellent, two as good, and one as poor. The rate of excellent and good was 90%. Necrosis of skin and soft tissue and exposure of the plate happened in one patient, who eventually healed after 3 weeks by debridement with plate preserved and peroneal artery perforator flap transplantation. Loss of reduction happened to another patient, who was treated with revision surgery by open reduction and screw fixation again.ConclusionTo patients with obvious fracture displacement, whose soft tissues are irritated severely, emergency open reduction and internal fixation operation should be offered to prevent the necrosis of the flaps as far as possible. To patients with small fractures, it is advisable to choose open reduction and large diameter screw fixation, while plate and screw fixation may be better for the patients with large fragments, especially for those with the fracture line extending to the subtalar joint.
Kinetics of xylem loading, membrane potential maintenance, and sensitivity of K+‐permeable channels to reactive oxygen species: physiological traits that differentiate salinity tolerance between pea and barley
Authors: BOSE JAYAKUMAR , SHABALA LANA , POTTOSIN IGOR , ZENG FANRONG , VELARDE‐BUENDÍA ANA‐MARIA , MASSART AMANDINE , POSCHENRIEDER CHARLOTTE , HARIADI YUDA , SHABALA SERGEY 
Published: August 2013

AbstractSalt sensitive (pea) and salt tolerant (barley) species were used to understand the physiological basis of differential salinity tolerance in crops. Pea plants were much more efficient in restoring otherwise depolarized membrane potential thereby effectively decreasing K+ efflux through depolarization‐activated outward rectifying potassium channels. At the same time, pea root apex was 10‐fold more sensitive to physiologically relevant H2O2 concentration and accumulated larger amounts of H2O2 under saline conditions. This resulted in a rapid loss of cell viability in the pea root apex. Barley plants rapidly loaded Na+ into the xylem; this increase was only transient, and xylem and leaf Na+ concentration remained at a steady level for weeks. On the contrary, pea plants restricted xylem Na+ loading during the first few days of treatment but failed to prevent shoot Na+ elevation in the long term. It is concluded that superior salinity tolerance of barley plants compared with pea is conferred by at least three different mechanisms: (1) efficient control of xylem Na+ loading; (2) efficient control of H2O2 accumulation and reduced sensitivity of non‐selective cation channels to H2O2 in the root apex; and (3) higher energy saving efficiency, with less ATP spent to maintain membrane potential under saline conditions.
Methylxanthines inhibit late‐onset circulatory collapse in preterm infants
Authors: Yamamoto Kazuyuki , Terasawa Shunichi , Sahashi Takeshi , Iwata Naoyuki , Miyake Yoshishige , Hanji Yasuhiko 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBackgroundSeveral drugs, when used chronically in very preterm infants, are considered to be associated with the development of late‐onset circulatory collapse (LCC), which can lead to neurodevelopmental impairment. Despite its clinical importance, conclusive risk factors for LCC have yet to be identified. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between LCC and diuretics, methylxanthines, levothyroxine, and sodium chloride.MethodsInfants born at <28 weeks gestational age were enrolled and divided into two groups: the LCC group and the non‐LCC group. Use of diuretics, methylxanthines, or levothyroxine, and the sodium intake in each infant were recorded. We then determined if these represented primary risk factors associated with the development of LCC, using multivariate analysis to exclude confounding factors.ResultsThirty‐seven preterm infants were eligible for this study. LCC developed in 10 infants; 27 infants did not develop the disease. Only methylxanthine was significantly associated with a decrease in the incidence of LCC (odds ratio, 0.04; P < 0.05). We also observed a significant positive correlation between sodium intake and the period from diuretic treatment to LCC onset.ConclusionsMethylxanthine use was significantly associated with LCC onset. Diuretics may have the ability to provoke LCC through sodium wasting, resulting in a negative balance of the electrolyte. The incidence of LCC could be lowered by paying particular attention to infants' sodium balance, and by aggressive methylxanthine treatment.
Protection from UVB Toxicity in Human Keratinocytes by Thailand Native Herbs Extracts
Authors: Thongrakard Visa , Ruangrungsi Nijsiri , Ekkapongpisit Maneerat , Isidoro Ciro , Tencomnao Tewin 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThai traditional medicine employs a wide range of indigenous herbs in the forms of tincture or tea for the cure of skin and systemic inflammatory diseases. The protection by Thai plants extracts against UVB DNA damage and cytotoxicity was investigated in human keratinocytes. Petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethanol extracts were prepared from 15 Thai herb species, and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, the antioxidant and UV‐absorbing properties were assessed by standard procedures. Cytoprotective effects were evaluated on the basis of cell survival, caspase‐3 activity and pyrimidine dimers determination. High total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in the ethanol and dichloromethane fractions. Dichloromethane extract of turmeric was shown to possess the highest antioxidant activity. The maximum UV absorptions were found in the ethanol extract of turmeric and in the dichloromethane extract of ginger. These extracts stimulated the synthesis of Thioredoxin 1, an antioxidant protein, and could protect human HaCaT keratinocytes from UV‐induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity. The present data support the utilization of turmeric and ginger extracts in anti‐UV cosmetic pharmaceuticals.
Investigation on Photophysical Properties of D–π–A–π–D‐Type Fluorenone‐Based Linear Conjugated Oligomers by Using Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Huang Tian‐hao , Wang Ying‐hui , Kang Zhi‐hui , Yao Jin‐bo , Lu Ran , Zhang Han‐zhuang 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe effects of π‐spacer and electron donor groups on the photophysical behaviors of fluorenone‐based linear conjugated oligomers have been systemically investigated. Solvent‐dependent steady‐state measurements exhibit that the fluorene vinylene (FV) spacer and the electron‐donating ability of donor group are able to modulate the spectral features of oligomers and the fluorescence quantum yield could decrease with the increasing of the solvent polarity. Meanwhile, quantum chemical calculation simulates their absorption spectra, and analyzes their electron transition components simultaneously. The transient absorption measurements focus on the photoexcitation dynamics of these oligomers in the toluene solution, which show that an intramolecular charge transfer state exists in the relaxation process of excited states, and its generation process could accelerate with the introduction of FV spacer and the enhancement of donor strength.
Can Coral Cover be Restored in the Absence of Natural Recruitment and Reef Recovery?
Authors: Gomez Edgardo D. , Cabaitan Patrick C. , Yap Helen T. , Dizon Romeo M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractWith many coral reef areas being degraded whether by anthropogenic or natural causes, a search is on for resilient species of corals that can restore coral cover where needed, if coral reefs are to continue to provide adequate ecosystem services. A series of experiments were undertaken in two sites with different environmental attributes and substrates in a lagoonal area in the northwestern Philippines to test the potentials of a local species, Porites cylindrica, for reef rehabilitation. With the use of asexual fragmentation of donor colonies, different treatments were tested, particularly to determine if the species would survive on different substrates, that is, solid, massive versus digitate/anastomosing, dead colonies. The results after nearly 2 years of the experiment were extraordinarily successful, with survival of transplants ranging from a high of 98% to a low of 80% of colonies, resulting in extensive coral cover on both original and new or different substrate from the original. A subsequent observation after another 16 months showed the coral cover to have been complete or nearly complete in the experimental plots, with the transplanted colonies fusing, and with evident reef fish communities where there were none before. Had there been no intervention, it is highly likely that the reefs would have remained in a degraded state.
Beyond the Tripartite Cognition–Emotion–Interoception Model of the Human Insular Cortex
Authors: Uddin Lucina Q. , Kinnison Joshua , Pessoa Luiz , Anderson Michael L. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFunctional MRI studies report insular activations across a wide range of tasks involving affective, sensory, and motor processing, but also during tasks of high-level perception, attention, and control. Although insular cortical activations are often reported in the literature, the diverse functional roles of this region are still not well understood. We used a meta-analytic approach to analyze the coactivation profiles of insular subdivisions—dorsal anterior, ventral anterior, and posterior insula—across fMRI studies in terms of multiple task domains including emotion, memory, attention, and reasoning. We found extensive coactivation of each insular subdivision, with substantial overlap between coactivation partners for each subdivision. Functional fingerprint analyses revealed that all subdivisions cooperated with a functionally diverse set of regions. Graph-theoretical analyses revealed that the dorsal anterior insula was a highly “central” structure in the coactivation network. Furthermore, analysis of the studies that activate the insular cortex itself showed that the right dorsal anterior insula was a particularly “diverse” structure in that it was likely to be active across multiple task domains. These results highlight the nuanced functional profiles of insular subdivisions and are consistent with recent work suggesting that the dorsal anterior insula can be considered a critical functional hub in the human brain.
Combining Satellite Infrared and Lightning Information to Estimate Warm‐Season Convective and Stratiform Rainfall
Authors: Xu Weixin , Adler Robert F. , Wang Nai-Yu 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThis paper describes and evaluates a satellite rainfall estimation technique that combines infrared and lightning information to estimate precipitation in deep convective systems. The algorithm is developed and tested using seven years (2002–08) of TRMM measurements over the southern United States during the warm season. Lightning information is coupled with a modified IR-based convective–stratiform technique (CST) and produces a lightning-enhanced CST (CSTL). Both the CST and CSTL are then applied to the training (2002–04) and independent (2005–08) datasets. In general, this study shows significant improvement over the IR rainfall estimates (rain area, intensity, and volume) by adding lightning information. The CST and CSTL display critical skill in estimating warm‐season precipitation and the performance is very stable. The CST can generally identify the heavy (convective) and light rain regions, while CSTL further identifies convective areas that are missed by CST and removes convective cores that are incorrectly defined by CST. Specifically, the CSTL improves the convective cell detection by 5% and reduces the convective false alarm rate by more than 30%. Similarly, CSTL substantially improves the CST in the overall estimate of instantaneous rainfall rates. For example, when compared with passive microwave estimates, CSTL increases the correlation coefficient by 30%, reduces the bias by 50%, and reduces RMSE by 25%. Both CST and CSTL reproduce the rain area and volume fairly accurately over a region, although both techniques show some degree of overestimation relative to radar estimates.
CMIP5 Projection of Significant Reduction in Extratropical Cyclone Activity over North America
Authors: Chang Edmund K. M. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractProjections of storm-track changes over the continental United States and southern Canada made by 23 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) have been compared to changes projected by 11 models from phase 3 of CMIP (CMIP3). Overall, under representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) forcing, CMIP5 models project much more significant decreases in North American storm-track activity than CMIP3 models under the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 scenario, with the largest decrease in summer and the smallest decrease in spring. The decrease is found both in temporal variance and cyclone statistics, with the frequency of strong cyclones projected to decrease by 15.9%, 6.6%, 32.6%, and 16.9% for winter, spring, summer, and fall, respectively. There is a strong consensus among the 23 models regarding the sign of the projected change, with less than 20% of the models projecting changes in the opposite sign in any of the storm-track parameters examined. Nevertheless, there are also significant model-to-model differences in the magnitude of the projected changes.Projected changes in mean flow baroclinicity have also been examined. Model-to-model differences in the projected storm-track change are found to correlate significantly with model-to-model differences in the projected change in a locally defined mean available potential energy (MAPE) across the ensemble of 34 CMIP5 and CMIP3 models, suggesting that the differences in the projected change in local MAPE can partly account for not only the model-to-model differences but also the differences between CMIP5 and CMIP3 projections. Examination of projected precipitation change suggests that models projecting larger decrease in North American storm-track activity also project a farther northward intrusion of the decrease in subtropical precipitation.
Soil Moisture Initialization Error and Subgrid Variability of Precipitation in Seasonal Streamflow Forecasting
Authors: Koster Randal D. , Walker Gregory K. , Mahanama Sarith P. P. , Reichle Rolf H. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Offline simulations over the conterminous United States (CONUS) with a land surface model are used to address two issues relevant to the forecasting of large-scale seasonal streamflow: (i) the extent to which errors in soil moisture initialization degrade streamflow forecasts, and (ii) the extent to which a realistic increase in the spatial resolution of forecasted precipitation would improve streamflow forecasts. The addition of error to a soil moisture initialization field is found to lead to a nearly proportional reduction in large-scale seasonal streamflow forecast skill. The linearity of the response allows the determination of a lower bound for the increase in streamflow forecast skill achievable through improved soil moisture estimation, for example, through the assimilation of satellite-based soil moisture measurements. An increase in the resolution of precipitation is found to have an impact on large-scale seasonal streamflow forecasts only when evaporation variance is significant relative to precipitation variance. This condition is met only in the western half of the CONUS domain. Taken together, the two studies demonstrate the utility of a continental-scale land surface–modeling system as a tool for addressing the science of hydrological prediction.