bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ekman Pumping and the Energetics of the Southern Hemisphere Eddy Life Cycle
Authors: Baggett Cory , Lee Sukyoung 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
In the framework of the Lorenz energy cycle, the climatological and eddy life cycle characteristics of the generation of eddy available potential energy through Ekman pumping (EEPE) are evaluated using Interim European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) data (1979–2011). EEPE exhibits an annual cycle that is maximized during a given hemisphere’s winter, with maximum values in the midtroposphere of the midlatitudes.
Spectral analysis of the Southern Hemisphere storm track reveals that positive EEPE is associated with an anomalously small vertical phase tilt. A composite analysis of the Southern Hemisphere eddy life cycle reveals a maximum in EEPE that occurs after the peak eddy amplitude. Eddy life cycles during winter with large values of EEPE have higher values of eddy available potential energy and eddy kinetic energy than life cycles with small EEPE. However, baroclinic energy conversion remains unenhanced in life cycles with large values of EEPE. The lack of enhancement of baroclinic conversion is related to the small vertical phase tilt associated with positive EEPE. Instead, barotropic energy conversion is muted, and it is this muted barotropic decay that results in an amplification of eddy kinetic energy. There is no evidence of reflecting critical latitudes playing a role in this reduction of barotropic decay, as found in previous modeling studies. Rather, during Southern Hemisphere winter, this reduction coincides with the presence of a turning latitude on the equatorward side of the storm track.
Revisiting the Wintertime Intraseasonal SST Variability in the Tropical South Indian Ocean: Impact of the Ocean Interannual Variation*
Authors: Li Yuanlong , Han Weiqing , Shinoda Toshiaki , Wang Chunzai , Ravichandran M. , Wang Jih-Wang 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Intraseasonal sea surface temperature (SST) variability over the Seychelles–Chagos thermocline ridge (SCTR; 12°–4°S, 55°–85°E) induced by boreal wintertime Madden–Julian oscillations (MJOs) is investigated with a series of OGCM experiments forced by the best available atmospheric data. The impact of the ocean interannual variation (OIV), for example, the thermocline depth changes in the SCTR, is assessed. The results show that surface shortwave radiation (SWR), wind speed–controlled turbulent heat fluxes, and wind stress–driven ocean processes are all important in causing the MJO-related intraseasonal SST variability. The effect of the OIV is significant in the eastern part of the SCTR (70°–85°E), where the intraseasonal SSTs are strengthened by about 20% during the 2001–11 period. In the western part (55°–70°E), such effect is relatively small and not significant. The relative importance of the three dominant forcing factors is adjusted by the OIV, with increased (decreased) contribution from wind stress (wind speed and SWR). The OIV also tends to intensify the year-to-year variability of the intraseasonal SST amplitude. In general, a stronger (weaker) SCTR favors larger (smaller) SST responses to the MJO forcing. Because of the nonlinearity of the upper-ocean thermal stratification, especially the mixed layer depth (MLD), the OIV imposes an asymmetric impact on the intraseasonal SSTs between the strong and weak SCTR conditions. In the eastern SCTR, both the heat flux forcing and entrainment are greatly amplified under the strong SCTR condition, but only slightly suppressed under the weak SCTR condition, leading to an overall strengthening effect by the OIV.
On “Gridless” Interpolation and Subgrid Data Density
Authors: Chin Toshio Michael , Vazquez-Cuervo Jorge , Armstrong Edward M. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Nearest-neighbor gridding, binning, and bin-averaging procedures are performed routinely to map the irregularly sampled data onto a grid for data analysis and assimilation. Because these procedures are actually an interpolation procedure based on a piecewise constant function as the interpolation kernel, they tend to discard the subgrid locations of the data. Use of a locally continuous function for the interpolation kernel can preserve the subgrid location information in the data, at the cost of numerical sensitivity to the spatial variation in data density. This paper suggests a simple numerical procedure, based on a single correlation coefficient parameter, to eliminate such numerical sensitivity.
A Scale-Consistent Terrestrial Systems Modeling Platform Based on COSMO, CLM, and ParFlow
Authors: Shrestha P. , Sulis M. , Masbou M. , Kollet S. , Simmer C. 
Published: April 2014

AbstractA highly modular and scale-consistent Terrestrial Systems Modeling Platform (TerrSysMP) is presented. The modeling platform consists of an atmospheric model (Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling; COSMO), a land surface model (the NCAR Community Land Model, version 3.5; CLM3.5), and a 3D variably saturated groundwater flow model (ParFlow). An external coupler (Ocean Atmosphere Sea Ice Soil, version 3.0; OASIS3) with multiple executable approaches is employed to couple the three independently developed component models, which intrinsically allows for a separation of temporal–spatial modeling scales and the coupling frequencies between the component models.Idealized TerrSysMP simulations are presented, which focus on the interaction of key hydrologic processes, like runoff production (excess rainfall and saturation) at different hydrological modeling scales and the drawdown of the water table through groundwater pumping, with processes in the atmospheric boundary layer. The results show a strong linkage between integrated surface–groundwater dynamics, biogeophysical processes, and boundary layer evolution. The use of the mosaic approach for the hydrological component model (to resolve subgrid-scale topography) impacts simulated runoff production, soil moisture redistribution, and boundary layer evolution, which demonstrates the importance of hydrological modeling scales and thus the advantages of the coupling approach used in this study.Real data simulations were carried out with TerrSysMP over the Rur catchment in Germany. The inclusion of the integrated surface–groundwater flow model results in systematic patterns in the root zone soil moisture, which influence exchange flux distributions and the ensuing atmospheric boundary layer development. In a first comparison to observations, the 3D model compared to the 1D model shows slightly improved predictions of surface fluxes and a strong sensitivity to the initial soil moisture content.
Identity Strategies and Consciousness Shifts of Sanmiguelense Mixtec Youth in Transnational and Transcultural Spaces
Authors: Melville Georgia 
Published: April 2014

The Mixtec transnational community of San Miguel Cuevas stretches from Oaxaca to California and touches on various other Mexican and U.S. states. As a result, community members, particularly the transnational second generation, have become both accidental and purposeful practitioners of transnational and transcultural life. The community’s young people in San Miguel Cuevas, Oaxaca, and in Fresno, California, employ diverse strategies to operate in this reality, among them gang involvement and education, explored in this paper. Increasing numbers of them now have a border-crossing consciousness born of their experiences as indigenous migrants, access to higher education, and interaction with others, especially through the Internet. This allows them greater success in a range of situations and may lead to the development of a shared transnational and transcultural standpoint. La comunidad transnacional mixteca de San Miguel Cuevas se extiende desde Oaxaca hasta California y toca en varios otros estados de México y Estados Unidos. Como resultado, miembros de la comunidad, particularmente la segunda generación transnacional, se han convertido en practicantes tanto accidentales como intencionales de la vida transnacional y transcultural. Los jóvenes de la comunidad en San Miguel Cuevas, Oaxaca y en Fresno, California, emplean diversas estrategias para operar en esta realidad, entre ellas la participación en pandillas y la educación, exploradas en este artículo. Un número creciente de ellos ahora tiene una conciencia del cruce de fronteras que nace de sus experiencias como migrantes indígenas, el acceso a la educación superior y la interacción con otros, especialmente a través del Internet. Esto les permite un mayor éxito en una variedad de situaciones y puede conducir al desarrollo de un punto de vista compartido transcultural y transnacional.
Incidence of Second ACL Injuries 2 Years After Primary ACL Reconstruction and Return to Sport
Authors: Paterno Mark V. , Rauh Mitchell J. , Schmitt Laura C. , Ford Kevin R. , Hewett Timothy E. 
Published: April 2014

Background: The incidence of second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in the first 12 months after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) and return to sport (RTS) in a young, active population has been reported to be 15 times greater than that in a previously uninjured cohort. There are no reported estimates of whether this high relative rate of injury continues beyond the first year after RTS and ACLR. Hypothesis: The incidence rate of a subsequent ACL injury in the 2 years after ACLR and RTS would be less than the incidence rate reported within the first 12 months after RTS but greater than the ACL injury incidence rate in an uninjured cohort of young athletes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Seventy-eight patients (mean age, 17.1 ± 3.1 years) who underwent ACLR and were ready to return to a pivoting/cutting sport and 47 controls (mean age, 17.2 ± 2.6 years) who also participated in pivoting/cutting sports were prospectively enrolled. Each participant was followed for injury and athlete exposure (AE) data for a 24-month period after RTS. Twenty-three ACLR and 4 control participants suffered an ACL injury during this time. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated to compare the rates (per 1000 AEs) of ACL injury in athletes in the ACLR and control groups. For the ACLR group, similar comparisons were conducted for side of injury by sex. Results: The overall incidence rate of a second ACL injury within 24 months after ACLR and RTS (1.39/1000 AEs) was nearly 6 times greater (IRR, 5.71; 95% CI, 2.0-22.7; P = .0003) than that in healthy control participants (0.24/1000 AEs). The rate of injury within 24 months of RTS for female athletes in the ACLR group was almost 5 times greater (IRR, 4.51; 95% CI, 1.5-18.2; P = .0004) than that for female controls. Although only a trend was observed, female patients within the ACLR group were twice as likely (IRR, 2.43; 95% CI, 0.8-8.6) to suffer a contralateral injury (1.13/1000 AEs) than an ipsilateral injury (0.47/1000 AEs). Overall, 29.5% of athletes suffered a second ACL injury within 24 months of RTS, with 20.5% sustaining a contralateral injury and 9.0% incurring a retear injury of the ipsilateral graft. There was a trend toward a higher proportion of female participants (23.7%) who suffered a contralateral injury compared with male participants (10.5%) ( P = .18). Conversely, for ipsilateral injuries, the incidence proportion between female (8.5%) and male (10.5%) participants was similar. Conclusion: These data support the hypothesis that in the 24 months after ACLR and RTS, patients are at a greater risk to suffer a subsequent ACL injury compared with young athletes without a history of ACL injuries. In addition, the contralateral limb of female patients appears at greatest risk.
A portrait of single and multiple HPV type infections in Brazilian women of different age strata with squamous or glandular cervical lesions
Authors: Resende Leandro Santos de Araújo , Rabelo-Santos Sílvia Helena , Sarian Luís Otávio , Alves Rosane Ribeiro Figueiredo , Ribeiro Andréa Alves , Zeferino Luiz Carlos , Derchain Sophie 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
Cervical cancer ranks third in prevalence and fourth as cause of death in women worldwide. In Brazil, 17,540 women were diagnosed in 2012 with the disease. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is a necessary condition for the development of pre-invasive and invasive cervical neoplasia. Currently, over 100 HPV types have been identified, but HPV16 and 18 are recognized as the mayor culprits in cervical carcinogenesis. Our objective was to assess the relationships between single- (ST) and multiple-type (MT) HPV infections with patients’ age and lesion pathological status.

Methods
328 patients with either squamous or glandular intraepithelial or invasive cervical lesion were selected. All subjects were tested for HPV genotypes with reverse hybridization for 21 high- (hr-HPV) and 16 low-risk (lr-HPV) probes. Prevalence of ST and MT HPV infections was compared across histological types and age strata.

Results
287 (87%) women had at least one HPV type detected and 149 (52%) had MT infections. The most prevalent HPV type was HPV16, present in 142 cases (49% of all HPV-positive cases), followed by HPV58, 52, 31, 35 and 33. HPV18, in single or multiple infections, occurred in 23 cases (8% of hr-HPV cases). Almost all glandular lesions were associated with HPV16 and 18 alone. Multiple infections were significantly more prevalent in squamous than in glandular lesion for HPV16 and 18 (P = 0.04 and 0.03 respectively). The prevalence of MT infections followed a bimodal distribution; peaking in women younger 29 years and in those aged 50 to 59.

Conclusions
Our data indicate that prevention strategies for pre-invasive and invasive squamous lesions should be focused on HPV16 and a few alpha-9 HPV types. It is clear to us that in young women, prophylaxis must cover a large amalgam of HPV types beyond classic HPV16 and 18.
Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the chest wall: a case report
Authors: Qiu Xiaoming , Liu Yi , Qiao Yanjie , Chen Gang , Shi Tao , Chen Jun , Zhou Qinghua 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Reports of primary diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of the chest wall are extremely rare in the literature. We report the case of a 62-year-old Chinese woman presenting with left-sided chest pain. A computed tomography scan showed a solid, round mass in the left anterior chest wall, involving the second and third costal cartilages. Complete resection and reconstruction of the chest wall was performed. The histological and immunohistochemical features of the mass were used to diagnose a primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Practical design of delta-sigma multiple description audio coding
Authors: Leegaard Jack , Østergaard Jan , Jensen Søren Holdt , Zamir Ram 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
It was recently shown that delta-sigma quantization (DSQ) can be used for optimal multiple description (MD) coding of Gaussian sources. The DSQ scheme combined oversampling, prediction, and noise-shaping in order to trade off side distortion for central distortion in MD coding. It was shown that asymptotically in the dimensions of the resampling, prediction, and noise-shaping filters as well as asymptotically in the quantizer dimensions, all rate-distortion points on the symmetric quadratic Gaussian MD rate-distortion function could be achieved. In this work, we show that this somewhat theoretical framework is suitable for practical low-delay MD audio coding. In particular, we design a practical MD audio coder with two descriptions and provide simulations on real audio data. The simulations demonstrate that even when using low-dimensional noise-shaping, prediction, and resampling filters, it is possible to obtain good quality audio in the presence of packet losses. Simulations on real audio reveal that, contrary to existing designs, it is straightforward to obtain a large number of trade-off points between side distortion and central distortion, which makes the proposed coder suitable for a wide range of applications.
Testicular sex cord-stromal tumor in a boy with 2q37 deletion syndrome
Authors: Sakai Yasunari , Souzaki Ryota , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Matsushita Yuki , Nagata Hazumu , Ishizaki Yoshito , Torisu Hiroyuki , Oda Yoshinao , Taguchi Tomoaki , Shaw Chad A , Hara Toshiro 
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Background
2q37 deletion syndrome is a rare congenital disorder that is characterized by facial dysmorphism, obesity, vascular and skeletal malformations, and a variable degree of intellectual disability. To date, common but variable phenotypes, such as skeletal or digit malformations and obesity, have been associated with the deleted size or affected genes at chromosome 2q37. However, it remains elusive whether 2q37 deletion per se or other genetic factors, such as copy number variations (CNVs), may confer the risk for the tumorigenic condition.

Case presentation
We report a two-year-old Japanese boy with 2q37 deletion syndrome who exhibited the typical facial appearance, coarctation of the aorta, and a global developmental delay, while lacking the symptoms of brachydactyly and obesity. He developed a sex cord-stromal tumor of the right testis at three months of age. The array comparative genome hybridization analysis identified an 8.2-Mb deletion at 2q37.1 (chr2:234,275,216-242,674,807) and it further revealed two additional CNVs: duplications at 1p36.33–p36.32 (chr1:834,101–2,567,832) and 20p12.3 (chr20:5,425,762–5,593,096). The quantitative PCRs confirmed the heterozygous deletion of HDAC4 at 2q37.3 and duplications of DVL1 at 1q36 and GPCPD1 at 20p12.3.

Conclusion
This study describes the unique phenotypes in a boy with 2q37 deletion and additional CNVs at 1p36.33–p36.32 and 20p12.3. The data provide evidence that the phenotypic variations and unusual complications of 2q37 deletion syndrome are not simply explained by the deleted size or genes located at 2q37, but that external CNVs may account at least in part for their variant phenotypes. Accumulating the CNV data for chromosomal disorders will be beneficial for understanding the genetic effects of concurrent CNVs on the syndromic phenotypes and rare complications.
Fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing to assess swallowing outcomes as a function of head position in a normal population
Authors: Badenduck Lucas A , Matthews T Wayne , McDonough Alanna , Dort Joseph C , Wiens Kristin , Kettner Rachelle , Crawford Susan , Kaplan Bonnie J 
Published: April 2014

Background Head position practice has been shown to influence pill-swallowing ability, but the impact of head position on measures of swallowing outcomes has not yet been studied with fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether head position impacts penetration-aspiration scale scores and/or post-swallow pharyngeal residue as assessed by FEES. Documenting the incidence of pharyngeal residue and laryngeal penetration and aspiration in a normal population was a secondary goal. Methods Adults without swallowing difficulties (N = 84) were taught a pill swallowing technique based on learning five head positions and were asked to practice with small, hard candies (e.g., TicTacs) for two weeks. Then they demonstrated swallowing in each of the head positions for two conditions, liquid and purée, while undergoing FEES. Results Out of 840 examined swallows, one event of aspiration and 5 events of penetration occurred. During practice >50% participants found positions they preferred over the center position for swallowing but head position was not associated with penetration-aspiration scores assessed by FEES. Significant associations and non-significant trends were found between pharyngeal residue and three variables: age, most preferred head position, and least preferred head position. Conclusion Head position during swallowing (head up) and age greater than 40 years may result in increased pharyngeal residue but not laryngeal penetration or aspiration.
The plasma level and biomarker value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury are not affected by continuous venovenous hemofiltration and anticoagulation applied
Authors: Schilder Louise , Nurmohamed S Azam , ter Wee Pieter M , Paauw Nanne J , Girbes Armand RJ , Beishuizen Albertus , Beelen Robert HJ , Groeneveld AB Johan 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI), and levels reflect severity of disease in critically ill patients. However, continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) may affect plasma levels by clearance or release of NGAL by activated neutrophils in the filter, dependent on the anticoagulation regimen applied. We therefore studied handling of NGAL by CVVH in patients with AKI.

Methods
Immediately before initiation of CVVH, prefilter blood was drawn. After 10, 60, 180, and 720 minutes of CVVH, samples were collected from pre- and postfilter (in- and outlet) blood and ultrafiltrate. CVVH with the following anticoagulation regimens was studied: no anticoagulation in case of a high bleeding tendency (n = 13), unfractionated heparin (n = 8), or trisodium citrate (n = 21). NGAL levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results
Concentrations of NGAL at inlet and outlet were similar, and concentrations did not change over time in any of the anticoagulation groups; thus no net removal or production of NGAL occurred. Concentrations of NGAL at inlet correlated with disease severity at initiation of CVVH and at the end of a CVVH run. Concentrations of NGAL in the ultrafiltrate were lower with citrate-based CVVH (P = 0.03) and decreased over time, irrespective of anticoagulation administered (P < 0.001). The sieving coefficient and clearance of NGAL were low and decreased over time (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
The plasma level and biomarker value of NGAL in critically ill patients with AKI are not affected by CVVH, because clearance by the filter was low. Furthermore, no evidence exists for intrafilter release of NGAL by neutrophils, irrespective of the anticoagulation method applied.
The dysfunctional host response to influenza A H7N9: a potential treatment option?
Authors: Opal Steven M , Fedson David S 
Published: April 2014

AbstractThe newly emerging human pathogen influenza A H7N9 represents a potentially major threat to human health. The virus was first shown to be pathogenic in humans in 2013, and outbreaks continue to occur in China to the present time. The current incident mortality rate is disturbingly high despite the frequent use of antiviral therapy and intensive care management. If the virus gains the capacity for efficient person-to-person transmission, a global influenza pandemic could ensue with devastating consequences. In the absence of an effective vaccine, targeted regulation of the host immune response by immune modulators might be considered. Readily available, approved drugs with immune-modulating activities might prove to be a treatment option in combination with existing antiviral agents and supportive care.