bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involvement of TLR4/Type I IL-1 Receptor Signaling in the Induction of Inflammatory Mediators and Cell Death Induced by Ethanol in Cultured Astrocytes
Authors: Blanco Ana M. , Vallés Soraya L. , Pascual Maria , Guerri Consuelo 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Activated astroglial cells are implicated in neuropathogenesis of many infectious and inflammatory diseases of the brain. A number of inflammatory mediators and cytokines have been proposed to play a key role in glial cell-related brain damage. Cytokine production seems to be initiated by signaling through TLR4/type I IL-1R (IL-1RI) in response to their ligands, LPS and IL-1β, playing vital roles in innate host defense against infections, inflammation, injury, and stress. We have shown that glial cells are stimulated by ethanol, up-regulating cytokines and inflammatory mediators associated with TLR4 and IL-1RI signaling pathways in brain, suggesting that ethanol may contribute to brain damage via inflammation. We explore the possibility that ethanol, in the absence of LPS or IL-1β, triggers signaling pathways and inflammatory mediators through TLR4 and/or IL-1RI activation in astrocytes. We show in this study that ethanol, at physiologically relevant concentrations, is capable of inducing rapid phosphorylation within 10 min of IL-1R-associated kinase, ERK1/2, stress-activated protein kinase/JNK, and p38 MAPK in astrocytes. Then an activation of NF-κB and AP-1 occurs after 30 min of ethanol treatment along with an up-regulation of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Finally, we note an increase in cell death after 3 h of treatment. Furthermore, by using either anti-TLR4- or anti-IL-1RI-neutralizing Abs, before and during ethanol treatment, we inhibit ethanol-induced signaling events, including NF-κB and AP-1 activation, inducible NO synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 up-regulation and astrocyte death. In summary, these findings indicate that both TLR4 and IL-1RI activation occur upon ethanol treatment, and suggest that signaling through these receptors mediates ethanol-induced inflammatory events in astrocytes and brain.
Abnormally Differentiated Subsets of Intestinal Macrophage Play a Key Role in Th1-Dominant Chronic Colitis through Excess Production of IL-12 and IL-23 in Response to Bacteria
Authors: Kamada Nobuhiko , Hisamatsu Tadakazu , Okamoto Susumu , Sato Toshiro , Matsuoka Katsuyoshi , Arai Kumiko , Nakai Takaaki , Hasegawa Akira , Inoue Nagamu , Watanabe Noriaki , Akagawa Kiyoko S. , Hibi Toshifumi 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Disorders in enteric bacteria recognition by intestinal macrophages (Mφ) are strongly correlated with the pathogenesis of chronic colitis; however the precise mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the roles of Mφ in intestinal inflammation by using an IL-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mouse colitis model. GM-CSF-induced bone marrow-derived Mφ (GM-Mφ) and M-CSF-induced bone marrow-derived Mφ (M-Mφ) were generated from bone marrow CD11b+ cells. M-Mφ from IL-10−/− mice produced abnormally large amounts of IL-12 and IL-23 upon stimulation with heat-killed whole bacteria Ags, whereas M-Mφ from wild-type (WT) mice produced large amounts of IL-10 but not IL-12 or IL-23. In contrast, IL-12 production by GM-Mφ was not significantly different between WT and IL-10−/− mice. In ex vivo experiments, cytokine production ability of colonic lamina propria Mφ (CLPMφ) but not splenic Mφ from WT mice was similar to that of M-Mφ, and CLPMφ but not splenic Mφ from IL-10−/− mice also showed abnormal IL-12p70 hyperproduction upon stimulation with bacteria. Surprisingly, the abnormal IL-12p70 hyperproduction from M-Mφ from IL-10−/− mice was improved by IL-10 supplementation during the differentiation process. These results suggest that CLPMφ and M-Mφ act as anti-inflammatory Mφ and suppress excess inflammation induced by bacteria in WT mice. In IL-10−/− mice, however, such Mφ subsets differentiated into an abnormal phenotype under an IL-10-deficient environment, and bacteria recognition by abnormally differentiated subsets of intestinal Mφ may lead to Th1-dominant colitis via IL-12 and IL-23 hyperproduction. Our data provide new insights into the intestinal Mφ to gut flora relationship in the development of colitis in IL-10−/− mice.
Resolution of Inflammation: Prostaglandin E2 Dissociates Nuclear Trafficking of Individual NF-κB Subunits (p65, p50) in Stimulated Rheumatoid Synovial Fibroblasts
Authors: Gomez Paul F. , Pillinger Michael H. , Attur Mukundan , Marjanovic Nada , Dave Mander , Park Jean , Bingham Clifton O. , Al-Mussawir Hayf , Abramson Steven B. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
NF-κB transcription factors regulate inflammatory responses to cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α. We tested whether PGE2 regulated nuclear localization of individual NF-κB subunits, p65 and p50, in synovial fibroblasts harvested from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). IL-1β/TNF-α stimulated the translocation of p65 and p50 from the cytosol to the nucleus of human RA synovial fibroblasts, as well as NF-κB activation measured by luciferase reporter assay. PGE2 (10 nM, 6 h) enhanced p50, but inhibited p65 translocation and NF-κB activation. In contrast, depletion of endogenous PGE2 by ibuprofen (100 μM) and celecoxib (5 μM) enhanced p65, but inhibited p50 nuclear translocation as well as binding to NF-κB DNA binding sites. PGE2 also blocked IL-1β/TNF-α-stimulated ERK activation, and the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, mimicked PGE2 in blocking p65, but enhancing p50 nuclear translocation, suggesting that the effects of PGE2 on p65 and p50 are mediated via effects on ERK. PGE2 also enhanced the expression of IκBα in an ERK-independent manner, suggesting that PGE2 inhibits NF-κB activation by both ERK-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Our data indicate that PGE2 may act to attenuate cytokine-induced inflammatory responses in RA synovial fibroblasts via regulation of the localization of specific NF-κB family dimers.
Proliferation Response of Leukemic Cells to CD70 Ligation Oscillates with Recurrent Remission and Relapse in a Low-Grade Lymphoma
Authors: Kaufmann Yael , Amariglio Ninette , Rosenthal Esther , Hirsch Yasmine Jacob , Many Amira , Rechavi Gideon 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Interactions of the TNF-related cell surface ligand CD70 with its receptor CD27 provide a costimulatory signal in B and T cell activation. Functional CD70-CD27 interactions could contribute to lymphoma and leukemia progression. This possibility was studied using DNA microarrays on a unique case of low-grade lymphoma/leukemia characterized by recurrent cycles of acute leukemic phase alternating with spontaneous remission. Upon induction of the acute phase expression of CD70 and CD27 in the leukemic cells increased 38- and 25-fold, respectively. Coexpression of membrane CD70 and CD27 on the leukemic (CD5+CD19+) cells was maximal 2–3 days following initiation of the attack. Soluble CD27 in the patient’s serum was elevated during remission and further increased in the attack. Functional tests showed that neither anti-CD70 nor anti-CD27 Abs affect the rate of apoptosis. However, the anti-CD70 Ab specifically enhanced proliferation of the remission phase leukemic cells, whereas proliferation of the acute-phase counterparts that express higher level of membrane CD70 was unaffected. Hence, in this lymphoma/leukemia, membrane CD70 is presented on the leukemic cells in a responsive state during the remission and a nonresponsive state during the attack. Presumably, CD70 in its responsive state provides a costimulatory receptor for initiating the next acute phase while its nonresponsive state enables the remission.
Expansion and Contraction of HIV-Specific CD4 T Cells with Short Bursts of Viremia, but Physical Loss of the Majority of These Cells with Sustained Viral Replication
Authors: Seth Nilufer , Kaufmann Daniel , Lahey Timothy , Rosenberg Eric S. , Wucherpfennig Kai W. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Chronic infection with the HIV results in poor HIV-specific CD4 T cell proliferation, but more recent analyses using intracellular cytokine staining demonstrated that IFN-γ-producing, HIV-specific CD4 T cells can be detected for years in HIV-infected subjects. Because it is not known whether the majority of HIV-specific T cells are lost or become dysfunctional, we examined the kinetics of the T cell response over an extended period of time using a panel of 10 HLA-DR tetramers loaded with HIV p24 peptides. Tetramer+ CD4 T cells were present at a relatively high frequency during acute infection, but the size of these populations substantially contracted following suppression of viral replication. Short-term cessation of antiretroviral therapy resulted in a burst of viral replication and concomitant expansion of tetramer+ CD4 T cells, and these populations again contracted following reinitiation of therapy. The kinetics with which these cell populations contracted were characteristic of effector T cells, a conclusion that was supported by their phenotypic (CCR7−CD45RA−) and functional properties (IFN-γ+). Continued high-level viremia resulted in the physical loss of the majority of tetramer+ CD4 T cells, and the decline of HIV p24-specific CD4 T cells occurred more rapidly and was more substantial than the reduction of total CD4 T cell numbers. We conclude that the population of HIV p24-specific CD4 T cells is initially responsive to changes in the levels of viral Ags, but that the majority of these cells are lost in a setting of chronic viremia.
Transcription Factor Nrf2 Plays a Pivotal Role in Protection against Elastase-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Emphysema
Authors: Ishii Yukio , Itoh Ken , Morishima Yuko , Kimura Toru , Kiwamoto Takumi , IIzuka Takashi , Hegab Ahmed E. , Hosoya Tomonori , Nomura Akihiro , Sakamoto Tohru , Yamamoto Masayuki , Sekizawa Kiyohisa 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Emphysema is one of the major pathological abnormalities associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The protease/antiprotease imbalance and inflammation resulting from oxidative stress have been attributed to the pathogenesis of emphysema. Nrf2 is believed to protect against oxidative tissue damage through the transcriptional activation of a battery of antioxidant enzymes. In this study, we investigated the protective role of Nrf2 in the development of emphysema using elastase-induced emphysema as our model system. We found that elastase-provoked emphysema was markedly exacerbated in Nrf2-knockout (KO) mice compared with wild-type mice. The severity of emphysema in Nrf2-KO mice correlated intimately with the degree of lung inflammation in the initial stage of elastase treatment. The highly inducible expression of antioxidant and antiprotease genes observed in wild-type alveolar macrophages was significantly attenuated in the lungs of Nrf2-KO mice. Interestingly, transplantation of wild-type bone marrow cells into Nrf2-KO mice retarded the development of initial lung inflammation and subsequent emphysema, and this improvement correlated well with the appearance of macrophages expressing Nrf2-regulated antiprotease and antioxidant genes. Thus, Nrf2 appears to exert its protective effects through the transcriptional activation of antiprotease and antioxidant genes in alveolar macrophages.
Inhibition of CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) Improves Experimental Autoimmune Myositis in SJL/J Mice
Authors: Suzuki Fumihito , Nanki Toshihiro , Imai Toshio , Kikuchi Hirotoshi , Hirohata Shunsei , Kohsaka Hitoshi , Miyasaka Nobuyuki 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy is a chronic inflammatory muscle disease characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration in the skeletal muscle. The infiltrated inflammatory cells express various cytokines and cytotoxic molecules. Chemokines are thought to contribute to the inflammatory cell migration into the muscle. We induced experimental autoimmune myositis (EAM) in SJL/J mice by immunization with rabbit myosin and CFA. In the affected muscles of EAM mice, CX3CL1 (fractalkine) was expressed on the infiltrated mononuclear cells and endothelial cells, and its corresponding receptor, CX3CR1, was expressed on the infiltrated CD4 and CD8 T cells and macrophages. Treatment of EAM mice with anti-CX3CL1 mAb significantly reduced the histopathological myositis score, the number of necrotic muscle fibers, and infiltration of CD4 and CD8 T cells and macrophages. Furthermore, treatment with anti-CX3CL1 mAb down-regulated the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and perforin in the muscles. Our results suggest that CX3CL1-CX3CR1 interaction plays an important role in inflammatory cell migration into the muscle tissue of EAM mice. The results also point to the potential therapeutic usefulness of CX3CL1 inhibition and/or blockade of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 interaction in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy.
Stimulating Lymphotoxin β Receptor on the Dendritic Cells Is Critical for Their Homeostasis and Expansion
Authors: Wang Yu-Gang , Kim Kwang Dong , Wang Jing , Yu Ping , Fu Yang-Xin 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
The increased number of dendritic cells (DCs) inside lymphoid tissue may contribute to the enhanced priming of lymphocytes. The homeostasis of splenic DCs has mostly been attributed to their migration to the spleen via the chemokine microenvironment induced by lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) signaling on splenic stromal cells. In this study we show that the lack of direct LTβR signaling on DCs is associated with the reduction of the number of DCs in the spleen independently of chemokine gradients. LTβR−/− mice have reduced DCs and reduced BrdU incorporation on DCs, and fewer DCs from LTβR−/− mice are detected in the spleen. Furthermore, increased expression of LIGHT (homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, competes with herpesvirus glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator on T cells) on T cells, a member of the TNF family (TNFSF14) and a ligand for LTβR, could dramatically increase the number of T cells and DCs, which leads to severe autoimmune diseases in a LTβR-dependent fashion. In vitro, LIGHT could directly promote accumulation of bone marrow-derived DCs. Furthermore, intratumor expression of LIGHT can dramatically expand DCs in situ, and inoculation of DCs into tumor tissues enhanced tumor immunity. Therefore, LTβR signaling on DCs is required for their homeostasis during physiology and pathological conditions, and increased LIGHT-LTβR interaction could stimulate DC expansion for T cell-mediated immunity.
Sodium Stibogluconate Interacts with IL-2 in Anti-Renca Tumor Action via a T Cell-Dependent Mechanism in Connection with Induction of Tumor-Infiltrating Macrophages
Authors: Fan Keke , Zhou Ming , Pathak Manas K. , Lindner Daniel J. , Altuntas Cengiz Z. , Tuohy Vincent K. , Borden Ernest C. , Yi Taolin 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
IL-2 therapy results in 10–20% response rates in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) via activating immune cells, in which the protein tyrosine phosphatase Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) is a key negative regulator. Based on finding that sodium stibogluconate (SSG) inhibited SHP-1, the anti-RCC potential and action mechanism of SSG and SSG/IL-2 in combination were investigated in a murine renal cancer model (Renca). Despite its failure to inhibit Renca cell proliferation in cultures, SSG induced 61% growth inhibition of Renca tumors in BALB/c mice coincident with an increase (2-fold) in tumor-infiltrating macrophages (Mφ). A combination of SSG and IL-2 was more effective in inhibiting tumor growth (91%) and inducing tumor-infiltrating Mφ (4-fold), whereas IL-2 alone had little effect. Mφ increases were also detected in the spleens of mice treated with SSG (3-fold) or SSG/IL-2 in combination (6-fold), suggesting a systemic Mφ expansion similar to those in SHP-deficient mice. T cell involvement in the anti-Renca tumor action of the combination was suggested by the observations that the treatment induced spleen IFN-γ T cells in BALB/c mice, but failed to inhibit Renca tumor growth in athymic nude mice and that SSG treatment of T cells in vitro increased production of IFN-γ capable of activating tumoricidal Mφ. The SSG and SSG/IL-2 combination treatments were tolerated in the mice. These results together demonstrate an anti-Renca tumor activity of SSG that was enhanced in combination with IL-2 and functions via a T cell-dependent mechanism with increased IFN-γ production and expansion/activation of Mφ. Our findings suggest that SSG might improve anti-RCC efficacy of IL-2 therapy by enhancing antitumor immunity.
Constitutive Activation of p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs in Epithelial Cells of Myasthenic Thymus Leads to IL-6 and RANTES Overexpression: Effects on Survival and Migration of Peripheral T and B Cells
Authors: Colombara Michaela , Antonini Valeria , Riviera Anna Pia , Mainiero Fabrizio , Strippoli Raffaele , Merola Marcello , Fracasso Giulio , Poffe Ornella , Brutti Nadia , Tridente Giuseppe , Colombatti Marco , Ramarli Dunia 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of neuromuscular junctions where thymus plays a pathogenetic role. Thymectomy benefits patients, and thymic hyperplasia, a lymphoid infiltration of perivascular spaces becoming site of autoantibody production, is recurrently observed. Cytokines and chemokines, produced by thymic epithelium and supporting survival and migration of T and B cells, are likely to be of great relevance in pathogenesis of thymic hyperplasia. In thymic epithelial cell (TEC) cultures derived “in vitro” from normal or hyperplastic age-matched MG thymuses, we demonstrate by gene profiling analysis that MG-TEC basally overexpress genes coding for p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs and for components of their signaling pathways. Immunoblotting experiments confirmed that p38 and ERK1/2 proteins were overexpressed in MG-TEC and, in addition, constitutively activated. Pharmacological blockage with specific inhibitors confirmed their role in the control of IL-6 and RANTES gene expression. According to our results, IL-6 and RANTES levels were abnormally augmented in MG-TEC, either basally or upon induction by adhesion-related stimuli. The finding that IL-6 and RANTES modulate, respectively, survival and migration of peripheral lymphocytes of myasthenic patients point to MAPK transcriptional and posttranscriptional abnormalities of MG-TEC as a key step in the pathological remodelling of myasthenic thymus.
Telomere Length of Transferred Lymphocytes Correlates with In Vivo Persistence and Tumor Regression in Melanoma Patients Receiving Cell Transfer Therapy
Authors: Zhou Juhua , Shen Xinglei , Huang Jianping , Hodes Richard J. , Rosenberg Steven A. , Robbins Paul F. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that adoptive immunotherapy with autologous antitumor tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) following nonmyeloablative chemotherapy mediates tumor regression in ∼50% of treated patients with metastatic melanoma, and that tumor regression is correlated with the degree of persistence of adoptively transferred T cells in peripheral blood. These findings, which suggested that the proliferative potential of transferred T cells may play a role in clinical responses, led to the current studies in which telomere length as well as phenotypic markers expressed on the administered TILs were examined. TILs that were associated with objective clinical responses following adoptive transfer possessed a mean telomere length of 6.3 kb, whereas TILs that were not associated with significant clinical responses were significantly shorter, averaging 4.9 kb (p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, individual TIL-derived T cell clonotypes that persisted in vivo following adoptive cell transfer possessed telomeres that were longer than telomeres of T cell clonotypes that failed to persist (6.2 vs 4.5 kb, respectively; p &lt; 0.001). Expression of the costimulatory molecule CD28 also appeared to be associated with long telomeres and T cell persistence. These results, indicating that the telomere length of transferred lymphocytes correlated with in vivo T cell persistence following adoptive transfer, and coupled with the previous observation that T cell persistence was associated with clinical responses in this adoptive immunotherapy trial, suggest that telomere length and the proliferative potential of the transferred T cells may play a significant role in mediating response to adoptive immunotherapy.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: A Novel Mediator of T Cell Tolerance
Authors: Rutella Sergio , Zavala Flora , Danese Silvio , Kared Hassen , Leone Giuseppe 
Published: April 2014

AbstractIn recent years, several investigators have unraveled a previously unrecognized role for G-CSF in the regulation of T cell and dendritic cell functions. The experimental evidence in favor of G-CSF-mediated immune regulation includes the ability to switch T cell cytokine secretion profile to Th2 responses and the promotion of regulatory T cell and tolerogenic dendritic cell differentiation. Interestingly, G-CSF is beneficial in animals for the prevention and/or treatment of immune-mediated diseases, e.g., graft-vs-host disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, and diabetes, suggesting a potential role in human autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the growing body of evidence that supports a critical role for G-CSF as a novel mediator of T cell tolerance.
B Cells Productively Engage Soluble Antigen-Pulsed Dendritic Cells: Visualization of Live-Cell Dynamics of B Cell-Dendritic Cell Interactions
Authors: Huang Ning-Na , Han Sang-Bae , Hwang Il-Young , Kehrl John H. 
Published: April 2014

Abstract
Interactions between B lymphocytes and Ag-bearing dendritic cells (DC) likely occur at inflammatory sites and within lymphoid organs. To better understand these interactions we imaged B cells (TgB) from hen egg lysozyme (HEL) transgenic mice and DC pulsed with HEL (DC-HEL) in collagen matrices. Analysis of live-cell dynamics revealed autonomous movements and repeated encounters between TgB cells and DC-HEL that are best described by a “kiss-run and engage” model, whereas control B cells had only short-lived interactions. Ag localized at contact sites between TgB cells and DC-HEL, and both cell types rearranged their actin cytoskeletons toward the contact zone. The interaction of a TgB cell with a HEL-bearing DC triggered strong Ca2+ transients in the B cells. Thus, B cells can productively interact with DC displaying their cognate Ag.