bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
¿CÓMO SE MANIFIESTA LA LECTURA Y LA ESCRITURA EN EL APRENDIZAJE SIGNIFICATIVO?
Authors: Alicea Ortiz Rosa H. 
Published: August 2015

<p align="justify">En este artículo se examinan distintas maneras en que la lectura y la escritura se manifiestan dentro de un contexto de aprendizaje significativo. Las actividades presentadas han sido probadas en escenarios reales y validadas como mejores prácticas para la enseñanza de la comprensión lectura. Las mismas tienen un alcance desde el nivel elemental hasta el universitario. Las actividades de lectura y escritura se presentan desde un marco conceptual constructivista en el cual el aprendiz descubre e investiga mediante una variedad de técnicas favorecidas como medios de enseñanza y aprendizaje.</p>
Pleural Fluid Analysis in Chronic Hemothorax: A Mimicker of Infection
Authors: DiVietro Matthew L. , Huggins John Terrill , Angotti Lauren Brown , Kummerfeldt Carlos E. , Nestor Jennings E. , Doelken Peter , Sahn Steven A. 
Published: August 2015

Objectives Timing to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in hemothorax is based on preventing acute and long-term complications of retained blood products in the pleural space, including pleural space infection. We propose that the persistence of blood in the pleural space induces a proinflammatory state, independent of active infection. Methods We identified six patients with a hemothorax by clinical history, radiographic imaging, and pleural fluid analysis from a database of 1133 patients undergoing thoracentesis from 2002 to 2010 at the Medical University of South Carolina. Results In four of the six patients identified, the time from injury to thoracentesis was one, four, four, and five days, respectively. The fluid pH range was 7.32–7.41. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) range was 210–884 IU/L (mean 547 IU/L), and the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) range was 1196–3631 cells/μL. In two patients, the time from injury to thoracentesis was 7 and 60 days. In these two patients, the pH was 7.18 and 6.91, LDH was 1679 and 961 IU/L, and the ANC was 8134 and 5943 cells/μL. Microbiology and pathology were negative in all patients. Conclusions The persistence of blood outside the vascular compartment, and within the pleural space, biochemically mirrors infection. We will explore the multiple mechanisms that account for development of pleural fluid acidosis, inflammation, and neutrophil recruitment.
Positive and negative ionospheric storms occurring during the 15 May 2005 geomagnetic superstorm
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThis study focuses on the 15 May 2005 geomagnetic superstorm and aims to investigate the global variation of positive and negative storm phases and their development. Observations are provided by a series of global total electron content maps and multi‐instrument line plots. Coupled Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Plasmasphere electrodynamics (CTIPe) simulations are also employed. Results reveal some sunward streaming plumes of storm‐enhanced density (SED) over Asia and a well‐developed midlatitude trough over North America forming isolated positive and negative storms, respectively. The simultaneous development of positive and negative storms over North America is also shown. Then, some enhanced auroral ionizations maintained by strong equatorward neutral winds appeared in the depleted nighttime ionosphere. Meanwhile, the northern nighttime polar region became significantly depleted as the SED plume plasma could not progress further than the dayside cusp. Oppositely, a polar tongue of ionization (TOI) developed in the daytime southern polar region. According to CTIP simulations, solar heating locally maximized (minimized) over the southern (northern) magnetic pole. Furthermore, strong upward surges of molecular‐rich air created O/N2 decreases both in the auroral zone and in the trough region, while some SED‐related downward surges produced O/N2 increases. From these results we conclude for the time period studied that (1) composition changes contributed to the formation of positive and negative storms, (2) strengthening polar convection and increasing solar heating of the polar cap supported polar TOI development, and (3) a weaker polar convection and minimized solar heating of the polar cap aided the depletion of polar plasma.
A wind tunnel study of flow structure adjustment on deformable sand beds containing a surface‐mounted obstacle
Authors: McKenna Neuman Cheryl , Bédard OttO 
Published: August 2015

AbstractRoughness elements of varied scale and geometry commonly appear on the surfaces of sedimentary deposits in a wide range of planetary environments. They perturb the local fluid flow so that the entrainment, transport, and deposition of particles surrounding each element are fundamentally altered. Fluid dynamists have expended much effort in examining the flow structures surrounding idealized elements mounted on fixed, planar walls. However self‐regulation occurs in sedimentary systems as a result of the bed surface undergoing rapid topographic modification with sediment transport, until it reaches a stable form that enhances the net physical roughness. The present wind tunnel study examines how the flow pattern surrounding an isolated cylinder, a problem extensively studied in classical fluid mechanics, is altered through morphodynamic development of a deep well that envelopes the windward face and sidewalls of the roughness element. Spatial patterns in the fluid velocity, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds stress obtained from laser Doppler anemometer measurements suggest that the flow structures surrounding such a cylinder are fundamentally altered through self‐regulation of the bed topography as it reaches steady state. For example, flow stagnation and the turbulent dissipation of momentum are substantially increased at selected points surrounding the upwind face and sidewalls of the cylinder, respectively. Along the center line of the wake flow to the rear of the cylinder, several structures arising from flow separation are annihilated by strong upwelling of the airflow exhausted from the terminus of the well. Feedback plays a complex, time‐dependent role in this system.
Development of the Thiol‐Selective Solid‐Supported Oligoarginine‐Conjugating Reagent KSH‐2
Authors: Fukumoto Kentarou , Kajiyama Akihiro , Shimura Shunsuke , Taketa Koji , Kimura Shinichiro , Taguchi Akihiro , Takayama Kentaro , Yakushiji Fumika , Hayashi Yoshio 
Published: August 2015

AbstractArginine‐rich, cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) and oligoarginines are attractive tools for intracellular delivery of various molecules with low membrane permeability. Although a variety of labeling methods have been reported, we report here the design and synthesis of a thiol (SH)‐group selective solid‐supported octaarginine‐conjugating reagent KSH‐2. KSH‐2 was prepared by two steps including the activation of 3‐nitro‐2‐pyridinesulfenyl (Npys) resin by chlorosulfenylation and the loading of a Cys(tBu)‐containing octaarginine unit to form an active disulfide. In model experiments using SH‐containing captopril and hexadecapeptide, solid‐supported reagent KSH‐2 efficiently gave the octaarginine‐conjugated products with a high degree of purity by only mixing and filtration. This reagent could be applied to a wide variety of SH‐containing molecules for selective oligoarginine conjugation.
An update on methods for revascularization and expansion of the TASC lesion classification to include below‐the‐knee arteries: A supplement to the inter‐society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II): The TASC steering committee*
Authors: Jaff Michael R. , White Christopher J. , Hiatt William R. , Fowkes Gerry R. , Dormandy John , Razavi Mahmood , Reekers Jim , Norgren Lars 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe Inter‐Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC) guidelines were last updated in 2007 (TASC II) and represented the collaboration of international vascular specialties involved in the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Since the publication of TASC II, there have been innovations in endovascular revascularization strategies for patients with PAD. The intent of this publication is to provide a complete anatomic lower limb TASC lesion classification, including the infrapopliteal segment, and an updated literature review of new endovascular techniques and practice patterns employed by vascular specialists today. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pyrazolopyrimidines: Potent Inhibitors Targeting the Capsid of Rhino‐ and Enteroviruses
Authors: Makarov Vadim A. , Braun Heike , Richter Martina , Riabova Olga B. , Kirchmair Johannes , Kazakova Elena S. , Seidel Nora , Wutzler Peter , Schmidtke Michaela 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThere are currently no drugs available for the treatment of enterovirus (EV)‐induced acute and chronic diseases such as the common cold, meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, and myocarditis with or without consecutive dilated cardiomyopathy. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of pyrazolopyrimidines, a well‐tolerated and potent class of novel EV inhibitors. The compounds inhibit the replication of a broad spectrum of EV in vitro with IC50 values between 0.04 and 0.64 μM for viruses resistant to pleconaril, a known capsid‐binding inhibitor, without affecting cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. Using virological and genetics methods, the viral capsid was identified as the target of the most promising, orally bioavailable compound 3‐(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)amino‐6‐phenylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4‐amine (OBR‐5‐340). Its prophylactic as well as therapeutic application was proved for coxsackievirus B3‐induced chronic myocarditis in mice. The favorable pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and pharmacodynamics profile in mice renders OBR‐5‐340 a highly promising drug candidate, and the regulatory nonclinical program is ongoing.
Hydrogen Generation from Water Splitting on TiO2 Nanotube‐Array‐Based Photocatalysts
Authors: Zhou Dantong , Chen Zhi , Gao Tong , Niu Feng , Qin Laishun , Huang Yuexiang 
Published: August 2015

AbstractH2 production from water splitting by a photocatalytic process is one route that can be used to solve global issues related to energy depletion and environmental pollution, and it has attracted a great amount of attention in both the academic and industrial fields. TiO2 nanotube arrays are intensively investigated as TiO2 catalysts. In comparison to a TiO2 powder catalyst, the nanotube arrays have specific advantages, including a large surface area, easy retrievability, uniformly ordered structure, and size‐dependent properties, all of which make them attractive in wide applications including H2 generation. In recent years, a large amount of work has been done and great progress has been achieved in this field. In this review, we summarize synthetic strategies to prepare TiO2 nanotube arrays and their modification methods, and we highlight recent progress in the generation of H2 on TiO2 nanotube‐array‐based materials. Finally, challenges associated with industrial application of this photocatalytic technique are also emphasized.
Pure zeolite Na‐P and Na‐X prepared from coal fly ash under the effect of steric hindrance
Authors: Chen Yanguang , Xu Tingting , Xie Conghao , Han Hongjing , Zhao Fajun , Zhang Jian , Song Hua , Wang Baohui 
Published: August 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDCoal fly ash (CFA) is a solid waste generated during combustion and transformation of coal that causes serious environmental pollution because of the huge amount of emissions and subsequent accumulation. In this work, coal fly ash was selected as a source of silicon and aluminum components to synthesize zeolites Na‐P and Na‐X.RESULTSHigh purity zeolites Na‐P and Na‐X were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The influences of an organic steric agent and different sodium salts on the preparation were investigated and the process parameters of the hydrothermal system optimized. The synthesized product was further characterized by XRD, SEM, ICP, FTIR, and BET surface area measurements. Adsorption tests of Na‐P and Na‐X zeolite for Ni2+ were performed and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was used for the detailed analysis.CONCLUSIONPretreatment and purification of CFA favors the preparation of pure Na‐P and Na‐X zeolite. The organic steric agent and different sodium salts were used to decrease the grain size of the product and control the purity and yield, respectively. Zeolite Na‐P synthesized with the addition of TEA (triethanolamine) had the best Ni2+ adsorption performance and a hypothesis for Ni2+ adsorption is proposed. Preliminary analysis proved that Van der Waals absorption is the main type of adsorption for the porous zeolite but ion exchange could also occur with the effect of metal ion exchange contributing a maximum of 13.56% to the total adsorption capacity. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in spherical shells
Authors: Gastine Thomas , Wicht Johannes , Aurnou Jonathan M. 
Published: August 2015

We simulate numerically Boussinesq convection in non-rotating spherical shells for a fluid with a Prandtl number of unity and for Rayleigh numbers up to $10^{9}$. In this geometry, curvature and radial variations of the gravitational acceleration yield asymmetric boundary layers. A systematic parameter study for various radius ratios (from ${\it\eta}=r_{i}/r_{o}=0.2$ to ${\it\eta}=0.95$) and gravity profiles allows us to explore the dependence of the asymmetry on these parameters. We find that the average plume spacing is comparable between the spherical inner and outer bounding surfaces. An estimate of the average plume separation allows us to accurately predict the boundary layer asymmetry for the various spherical shell configurations explored here. The mean temperature and horizontal velocity profiles are in good agreement with classical Prandtl–Blasius laminar boundary layer profiles, provided the boundary layers are analysed in a dynamical frame that fluctuates with the local and instantaneous boundary layer thicknesses. The scaling properties of the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers are investigated by separating the bulk and boundary layer contributions to the thermal and viscous dissipation rates using numerical models with ${\it\eta}=0.6$ and with gravity proportional to $1/r^{2}$. We show that our spherical models are consistent with the predictions of Grossmann & Lohse’s (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 407, 2000, pp. 27–56) theory and that $\mathit{Nu}(\mathit{Ra})$ and $\mathit{Re}(\mathit{Ra})$ scalings are in good agreement with plane layer results.
SUB-RIEMANNIAN STRUCTURES ON GROUPS OF DIFFEOMORPHISMS
Authors: Arguillère Sylvain , Trélat Emmanuel 
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we define and study strong right-invariant sub-Riemannian structures on the group of diffeomorphisms of a manifold with bounded geometry. We derive the Hamiltonian geodesic equations for such structures, and we provide examples of normal and of abnormal geodesics in that infinite-dimensional context. The momentum formulation gives a sub-Riemannian version of the Euler–Arnol’d equation. Finally, we establish some approximate and exact reachability properties for diffeomorphisms, and we give some consequences for Moser theorems.
Sequential substitution of K+ bound to Na+,K+-ATPase visualized by X-ray crystallography
Authors: Ogawa Haruo , Cornelius Flemming , Hirata Ayami , Toyoshima Chikashi 
Published: August 2015

AbstractNa+,K+-ATPase transfers three Na+ from the cytoplasm into the extracellular medium and two K+ in the opposite direction per ATP hydrolysed. The binding and release of Na+ and K+ are all thought to occur sequentially. Here we demonstrate by X-ray crystallography of the ATPase in E2·MgF42−·2K+, a state analogous to E2·Pi·2K+, combined with isotopic measurements, that the substitution of the two K+ with congeners in the extracellular medium indeed occurs at different rates, substantially faster at site II. An analysis of thermal movements of protein atoms in the crystal shows that the M3–M4E helix pair opens and closes the ion pathway leading to the extracellular medium, allowing K+ at site II to be substituted first. Taken together, these results indicate that site I K+ is the first cation to bind to the empty cation-binding sites after releasing three Na+.
Omental adipose tissue fibrosis and insulin resistance in severe obesity
Authors: Guglielmi V , Cardellini M , Cinti F , Corgosinho F , Cardolini I , D'Adamo M , Zingaretti M C , Bellia A , Lauro D , Gentileschi P , Federici M , Cinti S , Sbraccia P 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Background/Objectives:
The unresolved chronic inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity leads to interstitial deposition of fibrogenic proteins as reparative process. The contribution of omental adipose tissue (oWAT) fibrosis to obesity-related complications remains controversial. The aim of our study was to investigate whether oWAT fibrosis may be related to insulin resistance in severely obese population.

Subjects/Methods:
Forty obese subjects were studied by glucose clamp before undergoing bariatric surgery and thus stratified according to insulin resistance severity (M-value). From the first (Group B: n=13; M=1.9±0.7 mg kg−1 min−1) and the highest (Group A: n=14; M=4.5±1.4 mg kg−1 min−1) M-value tertiles, which were age-, waist- and body mass index-matched, oWAT samples were then obtained.
Gene expression of collagen type I, III and VI, interleukin-6, profibrotic mediators (transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, activin A, connective tissue growth factor), hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and macrophage (CD68, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, CD86, CD206, CD150) markers were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Adipocyte size and total fibrosis were assessed by histomorphometry techniques.

Results:
Fibrosis at morphological level resulted significantly greater in Group B compared with Group A, although collagens gene expression did not differ. Notably, collagen VI messenger RNA significantly correlated with collagen I, collagen III, HIF-1α, TGF-β1, CD68, MCP-1 and CD86 transcription levels, supporting their relation with fibrosis development.

Conclusions:
In conclusion, we show for the first time that human oWAT fibrosis in severe obesity is consistent with a higher degree of insulin resistance measured by glucose clamp. Therefore, collagen deposition could represent a maladaptive mechanism contributing to obesity-related metabolic complications.
Slow mitochondrial repair of 5′-AMP renders mtDNA susceptible to damage in APTX deficient cells
Authors: Akbari Mansour , Sykora Peter , Bohr Vilhelm A. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractAborted DNA ligation events in eukaryotic cells can generate 5′-adenylated (5′-AMP) DNA termini that can be removed from DNA by aprataxin (APTX). Mutations in APTX cause an inherited human disease syndrome characterized by early-onset progressive ataxia with ocular motor apraxia (AOA1). APTX is found in the nuclei and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Depletion of APTX causes mitochondrial dysfunction and renders the mitochondrial genome, but not the nuclear genome susceptible to damage. The biochemical processes that link APTX deficiency to mitochondrial dysfunction have not been well elucidated. Here, we monitored the repair of 5′-AMP DNA damage in nuclear and mitochondrial extracts from human APTX+/+ and APTX−/− cells. The efficiency of repair of 5′-AMP DNA was much lower in mitochondrial than in nuclear protein extracts and resulted in persistent DNA repair intermediates in APTX deficient cells. Moreover, the removal of 5′-AMP from DNA was significantly slower in the mitochondrial extracts from human cell lines and mouse tissues compared with their corresponding nuclear extracts. These results suggest that, contrary to nuclear DNA repair, mitochondrial DNA repair is not able to compensate for APTX deficiency resulting in the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA damage.
Attention is necessary for subliminal instrumental conditioning
Authors: Mastropasqua Tommaso , Turatto Massimo 
Published: August 2015

AbstractThe capacity of humans and other animals to provide appropriate responses to stimuli anticipating motivationally significant events is exemplified by instrumental conditioning. Interestingly, in humans instrumental conditioning can occur also for subliminal outcome-predicting stimuli. However, it remains unclear whether attention is necessary for subliminal instrumental conditioning to take place. In two experiments, human participants had to learn to collect rewards (monetary gains) while avoiding punishments (monetary losses), on the basis of subliminal outcome-predicting cues. We found that instrumental conditioning can proceed subconsciously only if spatial attention is aligned with the subliminal cue. Conversely, if spatial attention is briefly diverted from the subliminal cue, then instrumental conditioning is blocked. In humans, attention but not awareness is therefore mandatory for instrumental conditioning, thus revealing a dissociation between awareness and attention in the control of motivated behavior.
S-maltoheptaose targets syndecan-bound effectors to reduce smoking-related neutrophilic inflammation
Authors: Lam David CL , Chan Stanley CH , Mak Judith CW , Freeman Craig , Ip Mary SM , Shum Daisy KY 
Published: August 2015

AbstractCigarette smoke induces injury and neutrophilic inflammation in the airways of smokers. The stability and activity of inflammatory effectors, IL8 and neutrophil elastase (NE), can be prolonged by binding to airway heparan sulfate (HS)/syndecan-1, posing risk for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). We hypothesize that antagonizing HS/syndecan-1 binding of the inflammatory effectors could reduce smoking-related neutrophil-mediated airway inflammation. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) of COPD patients found both total and unopposed NE levels to be significantly higher among smokers with COPD than non-COPD subjects. Similar NE burden was observed in smoke-exposed rats compared to sham air controls. We chose sulfated-maltoheptaose(SM), a heparin-mimetic, to antagonize HS/sydecan-1 binding of the inflammatory mediators in airway fluids and lung tissues of the smoke-exposed rat model. Airway treatment with SM resulted in displacement of CINC-1 and NE from complexation with bronchio-epithelial HS/syndecan-1, dissipating the chemokine gradient for neutrophil flux across to the bronchial lumen. Following SM displacement of NE from shed HS/syndecan-1 in bronchial fluids, NE became accessible to inhibition by α1-antitrypsin endogenous in test samples. The antagonistic actions of SM against syndecan-1 binding of NE and CINC-1 in smoke-exposed airways suggest new therapeutic opportunities for modulating airway inflammation in smokers with SM delivery.
Bottom-up assembly of metallic germanium
Authors: Scappucci Giordano , Klesse Wolfgang M. , Yeoh LaReine A. , Carter Damien J. , Warschkow Oliver , Marks Nigel A. , Jaeger David L. , Capellini Giovanni , Simmons Michelle Y. , Hamilton Alexander R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractExtending chip performance beyond current limits of miniaturisation requires new materials and functionalities that integrate well with the silicon platform. Germanium fits these requirements and has been proposed as a high-mobility channel material, a light emitting medium in silicon-integrated lasers and a plasmonic conductor for bio-sensing. Common to these diverse applications is the need for homogeneous, high electron densities in three-dimensions (3D). Here we use a bottom-up approach to demonstrate the 3D assembly of atomically sharp doping profiles in germanium by a repeated stacking of two-dimensional (2D) high-density phosphorus layers. This produces high-density (1019 to 1020 cm−3) low-resistivity (10−4Ω · cm) metallic germanium of precisely defined thickness, beyond the capabilities of diffusion-based doping technologies. We demonstrate that free electrons from distinct 2D dopant layers coalesce into a homogeneous 3D conductor using anisotropic quantum interference measurements, atom probe tomography and density functional theory.