bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Otkritie Arena: Design of the new Spartak Moscow Stadium
Authors: Ayres Peter , Webster Thomas 
Published: June 2014

AbstractWith the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia in everyone’s sights, international architects and engineers are beginning to grapple with the challenges and complexities of delivering world class stadium designs in unfamiliar territory. In this paper, the authors explain how they have overcome both the technical and regulatory challenges in delivering the engineering design of the Otkritie Arena, the new home of FC Spartak Moscow.Otkritie‐Arena: Die Gestaltung des neuen Stadions von Spartak Moskau. Langsam, aber sicher gewinnt der FIFA World Cup 2018 in Russland mehr Raum im öffentlichen Bewusstsein. Für Architekten und Ingenieure ist es an der Zeit, sich den Aufgaben und Herausforderungen zu stellen, die der Bau eines Stadions auf Weltniveau in ungewohntem Gebiet mit sich bringt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird berichtet, wie sowohl technische als auch behördliche Hürden bei der Gestaltung und der Konstruktion der Otkritie‐Arena – dem neuen Heimatstadion von Spartak Moskau – zu meistern waren.
A Novel Computational Method for Evaluating Osteochondral Autografts in Distal Radius Reconstruction
Authors: Kollitz Kathleen M. , Huang Jerry I. , Hsu Jennifer W. , Cavanagh Peter R. 
Published: June 2014

Background We describe a novel computational method for assessing the fit of an osteochondral graft. We applied our software to five normal wrist computed tomography (CT) scans to determine the fit of the scaphoid to the lunate fossa of the distal radius. Methods CT scans of five wrists were digitally rendered. The capitate facet of the scaphoid was fit to the lunate fossa of the distal radius using custom software based on the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. This approach iteratively determines the optimal position of a model surface to minimize the sum of squares of distances from all points on a target surface. The fit of the two surfaces was reported by calculating the mean residual distance (MRD) between each point on one surface and its nearest neighbor on the other. Results The MRD for the five subjects was found to be 0.25 mm, with 82.8–98.3 % of the articular surfaces within 0.5 mm of each other. Conclusions We have developed a software algorithm for comparing two articular surfaces to test fit for a proposed joint reconstruction. The software is versatile and may be applied to any bony surface to identify new graft donor sites. The fit assessment renders a richer, three-dimensional understanding of the fit of the graft as compared to traditional two-dimensional assessments. Level of Evidence: Decision analysis, Level V
Slum Residence and Child Health in Developing Countries
Authors: Fink Günther , Günther Isabel , Hill Kenneth 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Continued population growth and increasing urbanization have led to the formation of large informal urban settlements in many developing countries in recent decades. The high prevalence of poverty, overcrowding, and poor sanitation observed in these settlements—commonly referred to as “slums”—suggests that slum residence constitutes a major health risk for children. In this article, we use data from 191 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) across 73 developing countries to investigate this concern empirically. Our results indicate that children in slums have better health outcomes than children living in rural areas yet fare worse than children in better-off neighborhoods of the same urban settlements. A large fraction of the observed health differences appears to be explained by pronounced differences in maternal education, household wealth, and access to health services across residential areas. After we control for these characteristics, children growing up in the slums and better-off neighborhoods of towns show levels of morbidity and mortality that are not statistically different from those of children living in rural areas. Compared with rural children, children living in cities (irrespective of slum or formal residence) fare better with respect to mortality and stunting but not with respect to recent illness episodes.
Conscious versus unconscious thinking in the medical domain: the deliberation-without-attention effect examined
Authors: Bonke Benno , Zietse Robert , Norman Geoff , Schmidt Henk G. , Bindels Roger , Mamede Sı´lvia , Rikers Remy 
Published: June 2014

Previous studies have shown that with important decisions, unconscious thought has surprisingly led to better choices than conscious thought. The present study challenges this so-called ‘deliberation-without-attention effect’ in the medical domain. In a computerized study, physicians and medical students were asked, after either conscious or unconscious thought, to estimate the 5-year survival probabilities of four fictitious patients with varying medical characteristics. We assumed that experienced physicians would outperform students as a result of their superior knowledge. The central question was whether unconscious thought in this task would lead to better performance in experts or novices, in line with the deliberation-without-attention effect. We created four fictitious male 60-year-old patients, each of whom with signs and symptoms related to likely prognosis, from 12 (Complex) or 4 (Simple) categories. This manipulation resulted in objectively different life expectancies for these patients. Participants (86 experienced physicians and 57 medical students) were randomly allocated to the Simple or Complex condition. Statements were randomly presented for 8 s. Next, each participant assessed the life expectancies after either conscious or unconscious thought. As expected, experienced physicians were better in assessing life expectancies than medical students. No significant differences were found in performance between conscious and unconscious thought, nor did we detect a significant interaction between expertise level and mode of thought. In a medical decision task, unconscious thought did not lead to better performance of experienced physicians or medical students than conscious thought. Our findings do not support the deliberation-without-attention effect.
Correlations between interpersonal and cognitive difficulties: Relationship to suicidal ideation in military suicide attempters
Authors: Shelef L. , Fruchter E. , Mann J.J. , Yacobi A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding suicidal ideation may help develop more effective suicide screening and intervention programs. The interpersonal and the cognitive-deficit theories seek to describe the factors leading to suicidal behavior. In the military setting it is common to find over- and under-reporting of suicidal ideation. This study sought to determine the relationship between these two models and determine to what degree their components can indirectly predict suicidal ideation.MethodsSuicide attempters (n = 32) were compared with non-suicidal psychologically treated peers (n = 38) and controls (n = 33), matched for sex and age (mean 19.7 years). Pearson's analysis was used to quantify the relationship between the variables from the two models and hierarchal regression analysis was used to determine the explanation of suicidal ideation variance by these variables.ResultsSuicide attempters have more difficulties in problem-solving, negative emotion regulation and burdensomeness compared with their peers (P < .001). These variables are all closely correlated with each other and to suicide ideation (r > ± 0.5; P < .001). Prior suicide attempt, loneliness and burdensomeness together explain 65% (P < .001) of the variance in suicidal ideation.ConclusionsSuicidal ideation is strongly correlated with components of interpersonal and cognitive difficulties. In addition to assessing current suicidal ideation, clinicians should assess past suicide attempt, loneliness and burdensomeness.
Impact of Contact Isolation on FIM Score Change, FIM Efficiency Score, and Length of Stay in Patients in Acute Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility
Authors: Colorado Berdale , Del Toro David , Tarima Sergey 
Published: June 2014

ObjectivesTo explore the impact of contact isolation on the change in functional independence measure (FIM) score, FIM efficiency score, and length of stay.DesignRetrospective matched case control study.SettingTertiary care hospital (academic medical center).ParticipantsPersons admitted to an acute inpatient rehabilitation facility at a tertiary care hospital from July 2009 through December 2010.MethodsRetrospective chart review by obtaining patient data regarding contact isolation status, patient demographics, and rehabilitation diagnosis. Two hundred charts were reviewed, which resulted in identification of 20 patients in contact isolation. These patients subsequently were matched to patients not in contact isolation based on age, rehabilitation diagnosis, and type of insurance. Admission and discharge FIM scores were obtained for these 40 study subjects (20 cases and 20 matched controls).Main Outcome MeasurementsThe primary study outcome measurements were change in FIM score (discharge FIM score minus admission FIM score), FIM efficiency score (change in FIM score divided by length of stay), and length of stay.ResultsCompared with patients not in contact isolation, patients in contact isolation showed no statistically significant difference in FIM score change, a lower FIM efficiency score (P = .010), and a 39% longer length of stay (P = .017) when adjusting for confounders.ConclusionsThis study identifies contact isolation as a likely variable that is associated with increased length of stay and decreased FIM efficiency score in patients in an acute inpatient rehabilitation facility. Further study is needed to identify the role or mechanisms by which contact isolation is involved in these adverse effects so that interventions may be developed to counteract them.
Get In Motion: An Evaluation of the Reach and Effectiveness of a Physical Activity Telephone Counseling Service for Canadians Living With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Arbour‐Nicitopoulos Kelly P. , Tomasone Jennifer R. , Latimer‐Cheung Amy E. , Martin Ginis Kathleen A. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundTelephone‐based counseling is an efficacious intervention strategy for maintaining leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) intentions and increasing LTPA behavior among adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, no research has examined the real‐world application of this intervention strategy within the SCI community.ObjectiveTo assess the individual‐level impact of a previously tested telephone‐based counseling intervention among adults within the SCI community by using the first 2 components of the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework.DesignA prospective study.SettingGeneral community, tertiary care.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling adults with SCI (n = 65; 57% men; mean [standard deviation], 50.4 ± 12.8 years; mean (standard deviation) years after injury, 14.5 ± 12.7 years) living in Canada who enrolled in a national telephone‐based counseling service. Of the 65 clients who enrolled, 53 participated in the effectiveness evaluation component of the Get In Motion service.InterventionA 6‐month, individualized telephone‐counseling program with a trained exercise counselor. The program was based on a previously tested intervention that used aspects of the Health Action Process Approach model, with a particular focus on developing and strengthening clients' social cognitions for engaging in self‐managed LTPA.Main Outcome MeasurementsOn enrollment, all 65 clients completed demographics and staging questionnaires. The 53 clients who participated in the effectiveness evaluation also completed a validated LTPA intentions item, and the 7‐day, self‐report LTPA Questionnaire for People with SCI over the telephone at baseline, and 2, 4, and 6 months.ResultsIn terms of the reach of Get In Motion, a total of 65 clients enrolled in the service between June 2008 and June 2011, and were representative of the larger Canadian SCI population on most measured demographic characteristics. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the service showed that, as hypothesized, intentions for engaging in LTPA remained high throughout enrollment (P = .44), with a trend for more clients engaging in moderate‐to‐heavy–intensity LTPA at 6 months (52%) versus baseline (35%) (P = .09).ConclusionsTelephone‐based counseling is a promising strategy for promoting community‐based LTPA behavior among Canadian adults with SCI. Continued evaluation of all 5 Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework components of Get In Motion will help establish the real‐world impact of this intervention strategy on community‐based LTPA participation within the SCI population.
EPISTEMIC CIRCULARITY, RELIABILISM, AND TRANSMISSION FAILURE
Authors: Bondy Patrick 
Published: June 2014

AbstractEpistemically circular arguments have been receiving quite a bit of attention in the literature for the past decade or so. Often the goal is to determine whether reliabilists (or other foundationalists) are committed to the legitimacy of epistemically circular arguments. It is often assumed that epistemic circularity is objectionable, though sometimes reliabilists accept that their position entails the legitimacy of some epistemically circular arguments, and then go on to affirm that such arguments really are good ones. My goal in this paper is to argue against the legitimacy of epistemically circular arguments. My strategy is to give an argument against the legitimacy of epistemically circular arguments, which rests on a principle of basis-relative safety, and then to argue that reliabilists do not have the resources to resist the argument. I argue that even if the premises of an epistemically circular argument enjoy reliabilist justification, the argument does not transmit that justification to its conclusion. The main goal of my argument is to show that epistemic circularity is always a bad thing, but it also has the positive consequence that reliabilists are freed from an awkward commitment to the legitimacy of some intuitively bad arguments.
Haematological changes in the laboratory rat Rattus norvegicus infected with Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae)
Authors: Muñoz-Antoli C. , Cortés A. , Torres D. , Esteban J.G. , Toledo R. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTo study possible indirect effects of the infection with intestinal helminths, 12 Rattus norvegicus (Wistar) were each experimentally exposed to 100 metacercariae of Echinostoma caproni, and blood samples were taken weekly up to 4 weeks post-exposure for comparison with control rats. Values of haematocrit (HCT), red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT), white blood cells (WBC), haemoglobin (HGB) and haematimatrix indices, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations (MCHC) were determined. In addition, leucocyte counts, including lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils were analysed. These parameters, including the leucocyte counts, showed no significant differences, except for MCHC at 4 weeks post-exposure. The present results indicate that in rats infected with E. caproni, although eosinophilia did not significantly increase, a significant reduction in MCHC was associated with an increase in the number of RBC.
The association between campylobacteriosis, agriculture and drinking water: a case-case study in a region of British Columbia, Canada, 2005–2009
Authors: GALANIS E. , MAK S. , OTTERSTATTER M. , TAYLOR M. , ZUBEL M. , TAKARO T. K. , KUO M. , MICHEL P. 
Published: June 2014

SUMMARYWe studied the association between drinking water, agriculture and sporadic human campylobacteriosis in one region of British Columbia (BC), Canada. We compared 2992 cases of campylobacteriosis to 4816 cases of other reportable enteric diseases in 2005–2009 using multivariate regression. Cases were geocoded and assigned drinking water source, rural/urban environment and socioeconomic status (SES) according to the location of their residence using geographical information systems analysis methods. The odds of campylobacteriosis compared to enteric disease controls were higher for individuals serviced by private wells than municipal surface water systems (odds ratio 1·4, 95% confidence interval 1·1–1·8). In rural settings, the odds of campylobacteriosis were higher in November (P = 0·014). The odds of campylobacteriosis were higher in individuals aged ⩾15 years, especially in those with higher SES. In this region of BC, campylobacteriosis risk, compared to other enteric diseases, seems to be mediated by vulnerable drinking water sources and rural factors. Consideration should be given to further support well-water users and to further study the microbiological impact of agriculture on water.
Effects of Immersion Media and Repolishing on Color Stability and Superficial Morphology of Nanofilled Composite Resin
Authors: de Oliveira Ana Luísa Botta Martins , Botta Ana Carolina , Campos Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini , Garcia Patrícia Petromilli Nordi Sasso 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis study evaluated the influence of fluoride mouth rinses and repolishing on the superficial morphology and color stability of nanofilled resin. About 150 specimens were prepared and polished using aluminum oxide discs for 15 s with a pressure of 2 kg. The experimental groups were divided according to the immersion medium (artificial saliva, 0.5% sodium fluoride, Fluordent Reach, Oral B, Fluorgard) and repolishing procedure (without and with). The specimens were continuously immersed for 1 week. Thereafter, half of each sample was repolished. A color reading was performed after 24 h of immersion in the artificial saliva baseline, after continuous immersion, and after repolishing. The superficial morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in a qualitative way. Color change (∆E) data were submitted to a mixed analysis of variance using a Shapiro–Wilk test (p>0.05 for the different immersion media) and Sidak’s test (p<0.05 for the differences between groups). In the interaction between the repolishing and the immersion media, Fluorgard showed a statistical difference between the ∆E values with and without repolishing (p<0.0001). On the SEM observations, both Fluordent Reach and Fluorgard caused degradation of the superficial resinous matrix of the composite after continuous immersion. This matrix was removed after repolishing.
Determining the satisfaction levels of the family members of patients with advanced-stage cancer
Authors: Ozcelik Hanife , Cakmak Deniz Ezgi , Fadiloglu Cicek , Yildirim Yasemin , Uslu Ruchan 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjective:The objective of our study was to determine the satisfaction levels of family members of patients with advanced-stage cancer.Method:This descriptive study was conducted in the palliative care and medical oncology clinics of a university hospital in the province of Izmir between April of 2011 and January of 2012. The study sample consisted of a total of 145 family members, who were selected from among the family members of patients with advanced-stage cancer receiving palliative treatment. The study data were obtained using the Patient Description Form and Family Satisfaction Scale during face-to-face interviews with patients.Results:Some 67% of patients were female and 33% male, 70% were married, 35% were high school graduates, and 34.5% were housewives. The average total family satisfaction score was 76.87 ± 1.14, and the average scores for the component variables were as follows: information giving 74.37 ± 1.28, availability of care 78.40 ± 1.17, physical care 78.99 ± 1.09, and psychosocial care 74.52 ± 1.30. We found a relationship between the level of satisfaction of family members and (1) gender, (2) occupation, (3) presence of someone supporting the care, and (4) possession of sufficient information about the patient (p < 0.05).Significance of Results:Satisfaction levels of participants were determined to be high. We found that family member satisfaction levels were affected by gender and occupation, the existence of someone supporting the care, and possession of sufficient information about the patient.
Palliative care clients' and caregivers' notion of fear and their strategies for overcoming it
Authors: Penman Joy , Ellis Bronwyn 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjective:This paper aims to clarify our understanding of fear and explore the strategies employed by people with life-limiting conditions and their caregivers in addressing the emotion of fear as they journey through the dying process. The role of fear is discussed: different kinds of fear, the tangible and intangible measures by which people manage their fear, and the ways of transcending fear.Method:The findings of a larger research project funded by the Australian Department of Health and Ageing are drawn upon. In-depth interviews were conducted with clients and caregivers relating to the psychosocial and emotional issues in palliative care. Secondary analysis was utilized to examine the perceptions of fear in this cohort.Results:While there were many other findings, the results highlighted in this paper relate to the notion of fear among interview participants. Interview data showed that people with life-limiting conditions and their caregivers had different types of fear and employed a variety of strategies to deal with fear. Four themes emerged embodying these strategies: calling on their own resilience and inner resources, maintaining human relationships, gaining the ability to “keep one step ahead” in the dying process, and engaging in spirituality and religion.Significance of results:The implications of the findings for healthcare professionals are highlighted. The recognition of emotions is embedded in palliative care; healthcare professionals should view the management of emotions as an integral part of professional practice. Addressing fear is essential because unresolved fear can impinge on one's ability to cope. Our paper brings together different perspectives on fear and how vulnerable individuals attempt to cope with it while at the same time providing a view of the challenges confronting healthcare professionals who are engaged with them and committed to optimizing health outcomes for palliative care clients and their caregivers.
HARMONIOUS RULES FOR IDENTITY
Authors: GRIFFITHS OWEN 
Published: June 2014

AbstractLogical inferentialists claim that the meanings of the logical constants are given by their inference rules. To rule out tonk-like expressions, it is often demanded that pairs of inference rules must be harmonious. The usual inference rules for the identity predicate are not harmonious, but most inferentialists want identity to be logical. Stephen Read has tried to formulate alternative, harmonious inference rules for identity. It will be proved, however, that his rules are precisely as strong as the old rules and that, because the old rules are not harmonious (as Read argues), nor are his. Further, it will be shown that no sound rules will be any improvement. Identity remains in need of satisfactory inferentialist treatment.