bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prohibition Against Psychologizing
Authors: Campbell Robert L. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The prohibition against psychologizing has been a source of confusion to many Randians. Psychologizing is the practice of incorrectly or improperly inferring motives in other people instead of rendering moral judgment. Rand thought that it could manifest in two ways: inquisitorial and excuse-making. However, Rand's concrete examples are preponderantly of the excuse-making type; her bright line between psychology and philosophy is unsuccessfully drawn; and in offering extended, strongly condemnatory analyses of the supposed motives behind psychologizing, she yields to the very temptation she claims to warn against. “Psychologizing” turns out to be an anticoncept.
Russian Radical: Twenty Years Later
Authors: McElroy Wendy 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The second expanded edition of Ayn Rand: The Russan Radical, like the trilogy of which it is a part, aims to radically redefine the methodology of established traditions by wedding the dialectical method to libertarianism. On this overall trilogy, many important questions remain with regard to Chris Matthew Sciabarra's ambitious project. But this does not take away from the fact that the book remains a brilliant and pathbreaking work. Sciabarra inspires us to rethink issues on a fundamental level.
Punishment and penalties, Greece and Rome
Authors: Fuhrmann Christopher , Wilkerson Jaren 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPunishment and penalties in Greece and Rome reflected major trends in ancient civilization, from archaic Greece to the later Roman Empire. Key subtopics include the family, social status, and the state;miasma(religious pollution), private and public punishment, sexual crimes, fines, shaming, exile, imprisonment, execution. Ancient sources on punishment and penalties are most full for Classical Athens, and for the Roman world from the first century BCE until the early fifth century CE.
Peristeria in Messenia
Authors: Kelder Jorrit M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPeristeria in Messenia is the site of an important Middle Helladic and early Mycenaean settlement, which probably served as the seat of a local ruler. Three early Mycenaean tholos tombs attest to the importance of the site. Peristeria was eclipsed by the nearby centre at Mouriathada in the thirteenth century BCE, possibly as the result of a (Pylian) palatial intervention in the area. It might be identified witha‐te‐re‐wi‐jaon various tablets from Pylos.
Huneric
Authors: Merrills A. H. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Huneric was king of Vandal North Africa from 477 to 484
ce
. He is best remembered for his persecution of the Nicene Church within North Africa, which reached a climax in the last year of his reign. This episode is recorded in detail in the
History of the Vandal persecutions
of Victor of Vita, which also provides us with our fullest textual source for life in Vandal Africa. Huneric was married to Eudocia, the daughter of Valentinian III and may have spent some time in his youth as a diplomatic hostage in the imperial court.
Thrasamund
Authors: Merrills A. H. 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Thrasamund was king of Vandal North Africa from 496–523 CE. During his reign, a number of Nicene churchmen were exiled from North Africa to Sardinia, including Fulgentius of Ruspe. Thrasamund's theological exchanges with Fulgentius are referred to in the
Life
of the saint, and are preserved in his corpus. Several poems of the
Latin anthology
were also composed during Thrasamund's rule, which is sometimes regarded as a cultural “renaissance.” Thrasamund was married to the Ostrogothic princess Amalafrida in 500.
Domestic space, Greek and Roman
Authors: Ault Bradley A. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDomestic space is among the most prominent of society's interpenetrating spatial realms. Deeply rooted in privacy and the family, it is both fundamental and broadly overarching. Structured by activities and in turn architecture, the house is its container. As houses develop over time from simple to ever more complex syntactical arrangements of rooms, they are accompanied by an increasing segmentation and specialization of domestic space and activities.
Kushan Empire
Authors: Kaim Barbara 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
The Kushan Empire was built on the ruins of the Greco‐Bactrian kingdom, which, weakened in internal dynastic struggles, ultimately fell to the invasions of nomads infiltrating Bactria. In the first three centuries CE, extending from the Ganges valley to Central Asian oases, the Kushan Empire was one of the major powers, together with Rome, China and, Parthia, with which it kept diplomatic and trade contacts along the Silk Roads. The development of philosophy, art, and technology within the borders of the empire was a consequence of these cross‐cultural relations.
Akurgal, Ekrem
Authors: İren Kaan 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Ekrem Akurgal (1911–2002) was one of the most prominent archaeologists of Turkey in the twentieth century. He studied archaeology at the University of Berlin and held a professorship at the University of Ankara until his retirement in 1981. He directed many successful excavations in Turkey and is the author of numerous archaeological studies and popularizing publications on Anatolian civilizations.
Cities, rivalry between, Roman Empire
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
City rivalry was endemic in the ancient world. In the Roman Empire, when outright violence and bloodshed were rare outside periods of civil war, the mutual animosity of rival cities is to be seen in their claims to titles, privileges, and other tokens of status and honor. Competition between cities provided a dominant theme for civic politics in many provinces, notably in the eastern empire, and was under constant supervision by the emperors, who took sole responsibility for awarding or confirming civic titles. Deep historical animosities underlay the apparent vanity of these contests.
Idrimi
Authors: von Dassow Eva 
Published: June 2015

Abstract
Idrimi ruled the kingdom of Alalah, on the lower Orontes River, in the mid fifteenth century BCE. He established a new territorial state, subordinate to the king of Mittani, and a new dynasty, which endured at least through the reigns of his son Niqmepa and his grandson Ilimilimma. He is best known from his statue, through which he received cult as a deceased royal ancestor, and on which was inscribed a novella‐like retrospective tale of his career.
Conimbriga
Authors: Limão Filomena 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Conimbriga is the name of the ruins of a Roman city located in central Portugal. The present‐day archaeological site of Conímbriga, which includes a Monographic Museum, is of great importance to the study of the Romanization of the western Iberian Peninsula. Conimbriga was a native
oppidum
pre‐dating the Roman conquest and was mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary and in Pliny's
Natural History
. In the first century
ce
, the emperors Augustus and Vespasian promoted the urban and monumental development of the city. Conimbriga was invaded by the Germanic peoples in the fifth century, as mentioned by the Roman bishop Hydatius, and made part of the Suebic and Visigothic kingdoms. The Islamic invasion in the early eighth century contributed to the growing desertion of the place.
Lachares of Athens
Authors: Cooper Craig 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

Lachares, who was a popular democrat in command of Athens’ mercenaries, seized control of the city and made himself tyrant around 300
bce
. Though he allowed the organs of democratic government to operate, opposition arose from two quarters: “soldiers of the Piraeus” and citizens “from the city.” Lachares was only forced out of Athens when Demetrios Poliorketes began to lay siege to the city in 295
bce
. The dying days of Lachares’ reign were marked by rapaciousness as he stripped Athens’ shrines of their dedications.
Literacy in the ancient Near East
Authors: Michalowski Piotr 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWriting and literacy are often associated with the rise of highly complex societies and the state and as such are generally considered to be a hallmark of ancient Near Eastern societies. While such correlations are indisputable, there is little agreement on matters of causality, process, and function, or on the status of literacy in ancient polities. In the ancient Near East literacy was always restricted, and its scope and power were in constant flux. It was an established factor in economic and social interaction. As a marker of status, authority, and control it was embedded in the omnipresent displays of royal writing that were there for all to see, most significantly by illiterates.
Patriarchy
Authors: Hänninen Marja‐Leena 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPatriarchy is a concept describing the dominant status of males in society. Patriarchal society is understood by feminist scholars as a system where women have no political rights and where women have inferior staus in the household, too. As for ancient Greek and Roman societies, patriarchy refers more specifically to the dominant power of the father. The authority of the father was particularly strong in ancient Rome.
Senatus consultum ultimum
Authors: Lundgreen Christoph 
Published: June 2015

Abstract

In passing a so‐called
senatus consultum ultimum
, the Roman Senate expressed the opinion that an urgent threat had to be countered in order to preserve the
res publica
. Whereas such a decree could enhance the political authority of the magistrates’ action upon it, the
s.c.u
. neither changed their legal position nor deprived citizens of their right of a trial before the people. Contrary to the (modern) wording and the sometimes assumed notions of certain emergency powers, the
s.c.u
. should thus not be assessed from a legal perspective but from the point of political rhetoric.
Tetrabenzo[a,f,j,o]perylene: A Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon With An Open‐Shell Singlet Biradical Ground State
Authors: Liu Junzhi , Ravat Prince , Wagner Manfred , Baumgarten Martin , Feng Xinliang , Müllen Klaus 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA novel tetrabenzo[a,f,j,o]perylene, namely “bistetracene” in which two tetracenes are connected side by side with two bonds, was synthesized and characterized. An optical energy gap of about 1.56 eV is derived from the UV/Vis absorption spectrum, showing the low optical gap feature of such zigzag‐edged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Theoretical calculations and physical property investigations manifest that such a PAH possesses a prominent biradical character in the ground state, which is the first example among bistetracene derivatives. However, the bistetracene can easily undergo oxidation to tetrabenzo[a,f,j,o]perylene‐9,19‐dione (diketone) under ambient conditions. Thereby, such zigzag‐edged PAH provides insight into understanding the edge state of other expanded homologues, such as peri‐tetracenes or peri‐pentacenes.
Highly Luminescent Microporous Organic Polymer with Lewis Acidic Boron Sites on the Pore Surface: Ratiometric Sensing and Capture of F− Ions
Authors: Suresh Venkata M. , Bandyopadhyay Arkamita , Roy Syamantak , Pati Swapan K. , Maji Tapas Kumar 
Published: June 2015

AbstractReversible and selective capture/detection of F− ions in water is of the utmost importance, as excess intake leads to adverse effects on human health. Highly robust Lewis acidic luminescent porous organic materials have potential for efficient sequestration and detection of F− ions. Herein, the rational design and synthesis of a boron‐based, Lewis acidic microporous organic polymer (BMOP) derived from tris(4‐bromo‐2,3,5,6‐tetramethylphenyl)boron nodes and diethynylbiphenyl linkers with a pore size of 1.08 nm for selective turn‐on sensing and capture of F− ion are reported. The presence of a vacant pπ orbital on the boron center of BMOP results in intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) from the linker to boron. BMOP shows selective turn‐on blue emission for F− ions in aqueous mixtures with a detection limit of 2.6 μM. Strong B–F interactions facilitate rapid sequestration of F− by BMOP. The ICT emission of BMOP can be reversibly regenerated by addition of an excess of water, and the polymer can be reused several times.
Expanding the Scope of 2′‐SCF3 Modified RNA
Authors: Jud Lukas , Košutić Marija , Schwarz Veronika , Hartl Markus , Kreutz Christoph , Bister Klaus , Micura Ronald 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe 2′‐trifluoromethylthio (2′‐SCF3) modification endows ribonucleic acids with exceptional properties and has attracted considerable interest as a reporter group for NMR spectroscopic applications. However, only modified pyrimidine nucleosides have been generated so far. Here, the syntheses of 2′‐SCF3 adenosine and guanosine phosphoramidites of which the latter was obtained in highly efficient manner by an unconventional Boc‐protecting group strategy, are reported. RNA solid‐phase synthesis provided site‐specifically 2′‐SCF3‐modified oligoribonucleotides that were investigated intensively. Their excellent behavior in 19F NMR spectroscopic probing of RNA ligand binding was exemplified for a noncovalent small molecule–RNA interaction. Moreover, comparably to the 2′‐SCF3 pyrimidine nucleosides, the purine counterparts were also found to cause a significant thermodynamic destabilization when located in double helical regions. This property was considered beneficial for siRNA design under the aspect to minimize off‐target effects and their performance in silencing of the BASP1 gene was demonstrated.
Asymmetric Isothiourea‐Catalysed Formal [3+2] Cycloadditions of Ammonium Enolates with Oxaziridines
Authors: Smith Siobhan R. , Fallan Charlene , Taylor James E. , McLennan Ross , Daniels David S. B. , Morrill Louis C. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Smith Andrew D. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractA highly enantioselective Lewis base‐catalysed formal [3+2] cycloaddition of ammonium enolates and oxaziridines to give stereodefined oxazolidin‐4‐ones in high yield is described. Employing an enantioenriched oxaziridine in this process leads to a matched/mis‐matched effect with the isothiourea catalyst and allowed the synthesis of either syn‐ or anti‐stereodefined oxazolidin‐4‐ones in high d.r., yield and ee. Additionally, the oxazolidin‐4‐one products have been derivatised to afford functionalised enantioenriched building blocks.
Strong Direct Magnetic Coupling in a Dinuclear CoII Tetrazine Radical Single‐Molecule Magnet
Authors: Woods Toby J. , Ballesteros‐Rivas Maria Fernanda , Ostrovsky Sergei M. , Palii Andrew V. , Reu Oleg S. , Klokishner Sophia I. , Dunbar Kim R. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe ligand‐centered radical complex [(CoTPMA)2‐μ‐bmtz.−](O3SCF3)3⋅CH3CN (bmtz=3,6‐bis(2′‐pyrimidyl)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine, TPMA=tris‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine) has been synthesized from the neutral bmtz precursor. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies have confirmed the presence of the ligand‐centered radical. The CoII complex exhibits slow paramagnetic relaxation in an applied DC field with a barrier to spin reversal of 39 K. This behavior is a result of strong antiferromagnetic metal–radical coupling combined with positive axial and strong rhombic anisotropic contributions from the CoII ions.
Contrasting Response of Two Dipolar Fluorescence Probes in a Leucine‐Based Organogel and Its Implications
Authors: Soumya Sivalingam , Seth Sudipta , Paul Sneha , Samanta Anunay 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe microenvironments of a leucine‐based organogel are probed by monitoring the fluorescence behavior of coumarin 153 (C153) and 4‐aminophthalimide (AP). The steady‐state data reveals distinctly different locations of the two molecules in the gel. Whereas AP resides close to the hydroxyl moieties of the gelator and engages in hydrogen‐bonding interactions, C153 is found in bulk‐toluene‐like regions. In contrast to C153, AP exhibits excitation‐wavelength‐dependent emission, indicating that the environments of the hydrogen‐bonded AP molecules are not all identical. A two‐component fluorescence decay of AP in gel, unlike C153, supports this model. A time‐resolved fluorescence anisotropy study of the rotational motion of the molecules also reveals the strong association of only AP with the gelator. That AP influences the critical gelation concentration implies its direct involvement in the gel‐formation process. The results highlight the importance of guest–gelator interactions in gels containing guest molecules.
Layered Graphene–Hexagonal BN Nanocomposites: Experimentally Feasible Approach to Charge‐Induced Switchable CO2 Capture
Authors: Tan Xin , Kou Liangzhi , Smith Sean C. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractRecently, inducing negative charge density on hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) has been predicted as an effective strategy for controllable, selective, and reversible CO2 capture. However, h‐BN is a wide‐gap semiconductor and it is not clear how to effectively induce the requisite negative charge density. In this paper, we employ first‐principle calculations to propose hybrid h‐BN–graphene (hybrid BN/G) nanosheets as an experimentally feasible strategy to induce charge on h‐BN for charge‐controlled CO2 capture. The results indicate that the charge density is effectively transferred from the graphene layer with high electronic mobility into the h‐BN layer on the surface, regardless of the thickness of BN layers, such that CO2 capture/release can be simply controlled by switching on/off the charge states of hybrid BN/G system. In addition, these negatively charged hybrid BN/G are highly selective for separating CO2 from mixtures with CH4, N2, and/or H2.
Silylations of Arenes with Hydrosilanes: From Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed CX Bond Cleavage to Environmentally Benign Transition‐Metal‐Free CH Bond Activation
Authors: Xu Zheng , Xu Li‐Wen 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe construction of carbon–silicon bonds is highlighted as an exciting achievement in the field of organosilicon chemistry and green chemistry. Recent developments in this area will enable the sustainable chemical conversion of silicon resources into synthetically useful compounds. Especially, the catalytic silylation through CH bond activation without directing groups and hydrogen acceptors is one of the most challenging topics in organic chemistry and green chemistry. These remarkable findings on catalytic silylation can pave the way to a more environmentally benign utilization of earth‐abundant silicon‐based resources in synthetic chemistry.
Electrodeposition of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Precasted Carbon Nanoparticles Film for Electrochemical Investigation of anti‐HIV Drug Nevirapine
Authors: Shahrokhian Saeed , Kohansal Razieh , Ghalkhani Masoumeh , Amini Mohammad K. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis work describes the development of a novel electrochemical sensor based on electrodeposition of copper oxide nanoparticles onto carbon nanoparticle (CNP) film modified electrode for the analysis of the anti‐HIV drug, nevirapine (NEV). The electrochemical experiments were performed using linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry. Atomic force microscopy was applied for surface characterization of the deposited modifier film (CuO‐CNP) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). No oxidation peak was observed for NEV on the bare GCE, but both CNP‐GCE and CuO‐CNP‐GCE showed a distinctive anodic response towards NEV with considerable enhancement (276‐fold and 350‐fold, respectively) compared to CuO‐GCE. The mechanism of the electrocatalytic process on the modified electrode surface was investigated by cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry at various potential sweep rates and pHs of the buffer solutions. The modified electrode exhibited linear dynamic range in three concentration intervals (0.1–0.8, 1–10 and 10–100 µM) with a detection limit of 66 nM. The stability, reproducibility, and repetitive usability exhibited by the proposed modified electrode are good enough to make it a suitable sensor for the determination of NEV in real samples with complex matrices such as human blood serum.
Bulk Modification of Carbon Paste Electrode with Bi2O3 Nanoparticles and Its Application as an Electrochemical Sensor for Selective Sensing of AntiHIV Drug Nevirapine
Authors: Teradal Nagappa L. , Seetharamappa J. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBi2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by solution combustion method and utilized for fabrication of an electrochemical sensor [carbon paste electrode modified with Bi2O3 (CPE‐Bi2O3)] for nevirapine (NVP). Electrode materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TG‐DTA, AFM and SEM‐EDS methods. CPE‐Bi2O3 was electroreduced (Er) in KOH in the potential range of −1.3–0 V to obtain CPE‐ErBi2O3. CPE‐ErBi2O3 exhibited electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of NVP. Under optimized conditions, linearity between the peak current and NVP concentration was observed in the range of 0.05–50 µM. Further, the sensor was used for the assay of NVP in tablets and biological samples.
Voltammetric Determination of Neonicotinoid Pesticides at Disposable Screen‐Printed Sensors Featuring a Sputtered Bismuth Electrode
Authors: Lezi Nikolitsa , Economou Anastasios 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThis work reports the determination of 5 neonicotinoid pesticides (Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Nitenpyram and Dinotefuran) in water samples by cathodic differential pulse (DP) voltammetry at screen‐printed disposable sensors featuring a sputtered bismuth thick‐film working electrode, a Ag reference electrode and a carbon counter electrode. The performance of the bismuth thick‐film electrodes was compared to that of a home‐made bismuth thin‐film electrode and a bismuth‐bulk electrode. The electrodes were further characterized by electrochemical and optical techniques. The effect of the pH of the supporting electrolyte on the DP reduction currents of the 5 pesticides was studied. The limits of quantification (LOQs) in 4 water matrices (distilled water, tap water, mineral water and surface water) were in the range 0.76 to 2.10 mg L−1 but severe matrix effects were observed in the analysis of mineral and, especially, surface water samples. Using a solid‐phase extraction (SPE) procedure using Lichrolut EN cartridges and elution with methanol, the matrix effects were substantially reduced and the LOQs were in the range 9 to 17 µg L−1. The recoveries of surface water samples spiked with the 5 target neonicotinoids at two concentration levels (20 and 50 µg L−1) were in the range 89 to 109 % and the % relative standard deviations ranged from 4.3 to 7.2 %.
Recent Progress on the Development of Biofuel Cells for Self‐Powered Electrochemical Biosensing and Logic Biosensing: A Review
Authors: Zhou Ming 
Published: June 2015

AbstractBiofuel cells (BFCs) based on enzymes and microorganisms have been recently received considerable attention because they are recognized as an attractive type of energy conversion technology. In addition to the research activities related to the application of BFCs as power source, we have witnessed recently a growing interest in using BFCs for self‐powered electrochemical biosensing and electrochemical logic biosensing applications. Compared with traditional biosensors, one of the most significant advantages of the BFCs‐based self‐powered electrochemical biosensors and logic biosensors is their ability to detect targets integrated with chemical‐to‐electrochemical energy transformation, thus obviating the requirement of external power sources. Following my previous review (Electroanalysis­ 2012, 24, 197–209), the present review summarizes, discusses and updates the most recent progress and latest advances on the design and construction of BFCs‐based self‐powered electrochemical biosensors and logic biosensors. In addition to the traditional approaches based on substrate effect, inhibition effect, blocking effect and gene regulation effect for BFCs‐based self‐powered electrochemical biosensors and logic biosensors design, some new principles including enzyme effect, co‐stabilization effect, competition effect and hybrid effect are summarized and discussed by me in details. The outlook and recommendation of future directions of BFCs‐based self‐powered electrochemical biosensors and logic biosensors are discussed in the end.