bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacterial profiling of White Plague Disease across corals and oceans indicates a conserved and distinct disease microbiome
Authors: Roder Cornelia , Arif Chatchanit , Daniels Camille , Weil Ernesto , Voolstra Christian R. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractCoral diseases are characterized by microbial community shifts in coral mucus and tissue, but causes and consequences of these changes are vaguely understood due to the complexity and dynamics of coral‐associated bacteria. We used 16S rRNA gene microarrays to assay differences in bacterial assemblages of healthy and diseased colonies displaying White Plague Disease (WPD) signs from two closely related Caribbean coral species, Orbicella faveolata and Orbicella franksi. Analysis of differentially abundant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) revealed strong differences between healthy and diseased specimens, but not between coral species. A subsequent comparison to data from two Indo‐Pacific coral species (Pavona duerdeni and Porites lutea) revealed distinct microbial community patterns associated with ocean basin, coral species and health state. Coral species were clearly separated by site, but also, the relatedness of the underlying bacterial community structures resembled the phylogenetic relationship of the coral hosts. In diseased samples, bacterial richness increased and putatively opportunistic bacteria were consistently more abundant highlighting the role of opportunistic conditions in structuring microbial community patterns during disease. Our comparative analysis shows that it is possible to derive conserved bacterial footprints of diseased coral holobionts that might help in identifying key bacterial species related to the underlying etiopathology. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that similar‐appearing disease phenotypes produce microbial community patterns that are consistent over coral species and oceans, irrespective of the putative underlying pathogen. Consequently, profiling coral diseases by microbial community structure over multiple coral species might allow the development of a comparative disease framework that can inform on cause and relatedness of coral diseases.
Adaptation and exogenous selection in aPicea glauca×Picea engelmanniihybrid zone: implications for forest management under climate change
Authors: De La Torre Amanda R. , Wang Tongli , Jaquish Barry , Aitken Sally N. 
Published: December 2013

SummaryThe nature of selection responsible for the maintenance of the economically and ecologically importantPicea glauca × Picea engelmanniihybrid zone was investigated. Genomic, phenotypic and climatic data were used to test assumptions of hybrid zone maintenance and to model future scenarios under climate change.Genome‐wide estimates of admixture based on a panel of 86 candidate gene single nucleotide polymorphisms were combined with long‐term quantitative data on growth and survival (over 20 yr), as well as one‐time assessments of bud burst and bud set phenology, and cold hardiness traits. A total of 15 498 individuals were phenotyped for growth and survival.Our results suggest that theP. glauca × P. engelmanniihybrid zone is maintained by local adaptation to growing season length and snowpack (exogenous selection). Hybrids appeared to be fitter than pure species in intermediate environments, which fits expectations of the bounded hybrid superiority model of hybrid zone maintenance. Adaptive introgression from parental species has probably contributed to increased hybrid fitness in intermediate habitats.WhileP. engelmanniiancestry is higher thanP. glaucaancestry in hybrid populations, on average, selective breeding in managed hybrid populations is shifting genomic composition towardsP. glauca, potentially pre‐adapting managed populations to warmer climates.
Pain pathways and pre‐emptive and protective analgesia for oral surgery
Authors: Coulthard P. , Bailey E. , Patel N. , Coulthard M.B. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractAimTo describe the scientific basis of the contemporary management of pain after oral surgery.Materials and methodsA review of the literature describing the concepts of pre‐emptive and protective analgesia and evidence‐based practice in the context of managing pain after oral surgery.ResultsPain is the consequence of the interplay of numerous chemical mediators and a dynamic and plastic neuronal system, and so pain prevention and management requires the use of different classes of analgesic that act by different mechanisms and at different sites of action, ideally resulting in synergistic analgesia with few side effects.ConclusionsManagement can be challenging, particularly as much oral surgery is undertaken on an outpatient and day‐case basis, but significant improvement can be made to the patient's experience by considering the underlying mechanisms.
Requirement of ABA signalling‐mediated stomatal closure for resistance of wild tobacco to Alternaria alternata
Authors: Sun H. , Hu X. , Ma J. , Hettenhausen C. , Wang L. , Sun G. , Wu J. , Wu J. 
Published: December 2013

Abscisic acid (ABA) is important for mediating abiotic stress responses and also in plant immunity. Its involvement in the resistance of wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata to the pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata, tobacco pathotype, was investigated. After infection, many fungal hyphae were observed to enter leaf tissue through stomata within 24 h, and necrotic lesions were formed after 3–6 days. Importantly, source–sink transition leaves (leaf 0) were more resistant than all fully expanded ones, and this was correlated with more ABA and ABA‐related gene transcripts and lower stomatal conductance in leaf 0 after infection. When supplied with ABA or incubated in the dark for 1 day, fully expanded leaves, which accumulated less ABA and showed higher stomatal conductance after infection in comparison to leaf 0, showed increased resistance. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase 4‐silenced plants, in which ABA‐induced stomatal closure responses and resistance to A. alternata were highly impaired, did not show stomatal conductance change after infection, and leaf 0 and fully expanded leaves all developed bigger lesions than in wildtype plants. Thus the ABA signalling pathway mediated by NaMPK4 is required for the resistance of N. attenuata to A. alternata, at least in part through the stomatal closure responses.
Local Governance Versus Centralization: Connecticut Wetlands Governance as a Model
Authors: Owens Katharine , Zimmerman Carl 
Published: December 2013

AbstractScholars disagree whether local decision making is inherently more democratic and sustainable than centralized governance structures. While some maintain it is, due to the incorporation of local knowledge, citizen decision makers' closeness to the issues, and the benefits of participatory democracy, others find it as susceptible to issues of corruption and poor implementation as any other scale. We argue that with wetlands, a natural resource with critical local benefits, it is imperative to incorporate local governance, using the U.S. state of Connecticut as an example. Despite the American policy of No Net Loss, the local benefits of wetland resources cannot be aggregated on a national scale. Each local ecosystem needs wetland resources to ensure local ecological benefits such as flood control and pollution remission, as well as the substantial economic benefits of recreation. We illustrate the benefits of local control of wetlands with data from the American state of Connecticut, which consistently surpasses the federal wetland goal of No Net Loss due, we argue, to the governance structure of town‐level wetlands commissions. A national policy such as No Net Loss, where wetlands are saved or created in designated areas and destroyed in others, is insufficient when it ignores critical benefits for localities. The Connecticut system using local volunteers and unpaid appointees is a successful method for governing common‐pool wetland systems. In the case of Connecticut, we find that local decision making is not a “trap,” but instead an effective model of sustainable, democratic local governance.
More New Wine in the Same Old Bottles? The Evolving Nature of the CAP Reform Debate in Europe, and Prospects for the Future
Authors: Rutz Cordula , Dwyer Janet , Schramek Jőrg 
Published: December 2013

AbstractEurope's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), its evolving role and financial and political significance have long been hot topics among rural stakeholders. This article analyses a ten‐country study examining the nature and key points of discussion concerning the new reform of the CAP, finally agreed in September 2013. The study examined stakeholder views on the Commission's November 2010 Communication, the Impact Assessment and the October 2011 draft legislative proposals for the 2014–2020 period. Case‐studies for each country and comparative analysis were used to stimulate discussion at an international policy conference in early 2012. The article updates Erjavec et al.'s analysis of the changing discourse in Brussels, contrasting its move from a neoliberal to a more neo‐mercantilist position, with the nuanced, heavily path‐dependent attitudes and negotiating stances in the Member States, even when key interest groups express consistent views across national boundaries. In this context, we see why what looked from Brussels like a consensus‐oriented package still failed to offer a clear way forward for the Council and Parliament. Taking stock in October 2013, we note the outcome – a potentially greener and slightly more cohesion‐sensitive policy, with weaker differentiation between its pillars but much increased national differentiation – and its future implications.
Interventions designed to reduce sedentary behaviours in young people: a review of reviews
Authors: Biddle Stuart J H , Petrolini Irene , Pearson Natalie 
Published: December 2013

BackgroundLeisure time is increasingly spent in sedentary pursuits such as screen-viewing (eg, television/DVD viewing and computer use), motorised travel, school/work and sitting-based socialising (eg, social media and chatting). Sedentary screen time, particularly TV, appears to play an important role in the aetiology of obesity due to its co-occurrence with other unhealthy behaviours such as snacking on energy-dense foods, low levels of physical activity and inadequate sleep. More information is needed on how to reduce sedentary behaviours. Most interventions have focused on young people and a number of systematic reviews exist on this topic.ObjectiveTo synthesise systematic reviews and meta-analyses of interventions aimed at decreasing sedentary behaviours among children and adolescents.MethodsPapers were located from computerised and manual searches. Included articles were English language systematic reviews or meta-analyses of interventions aiming at reducing sedentary behaviour in children (<11 years) and adolescents (12–18 years).ResultsTen papers met the inclusion criteria and were analysed. All reviews concluded some level of effectiveness in reducing time spent in sedentary behaviour. When an effect size was reported, there was a small but significant reduction in sedentary time (highest effect size=−0.29; CI −0.35 to −0.22). Moderator analyses showed a trend favouring interventions with children younger than 6 years. Effective strategies include the involvement of family, behavioural interventions and electronic TV monitoring devices.ConclusionsResults from systematic reviews and meta-analyses show that interventions to reduce children's sedentary behaviour have a small but significant effect. Future research should expand these findings examining interventions targeting different types of sedentary behaviours and the effectiveness of specific behaviour change techniques across different contexts and settings.
Closing address for the session
Authors: Geikie Archibald 
Published: December 2013

Referring to the remarks which he had made on taking the chair of the Society at the beginning of the session, Mr Geikie again dwelt on the importance of local research. In illustration he pointed to the great drift deposits, some of which had been described in the papers of that evening. The complex phenomena of the boulder-clay were still imperfectly understood; little was known of the possible land-surfaces underneath the clay; the subdivisions of the clay and the history which each of them has to tell remained still in large measure uncertain. The evidence was slowly accumulating to show that the boulder-clay is not merely one deposit representing one epoch of Geological history, but a complex formation, containing the record of several epochs, or of the minor periods of one great epoch. But besides the old till or boulder-clay, the neighbourhood of Edinburgh furnished examples of later clays, sands, and gravels, the true import of which he could at present only dimly perceive. What was needed was the thorough and exhaustive examination of every section where any members of the drift series were exposed. This could only be properly done by local effort, and notably by the labours of such a Society as ours.
The work that lay before the Society was first the thorough exploration of their own neighbourhood. A large proportion of the members of such a Society as this must necessarily be but imperfectly acquainted with science; he ventured to suggest whether it would not be possible to try the results of elementary class meetings—meetings where conversational lessons in the principles of geology might be given by different members of the Society. In concluding, he directed attention to the excursions which had been arranged for the summer, and added an expression of the hope that these excursions would not only prove interesting and instructive at the time, but that they would afford profitable materials for the work of the next session.
A cordial vote of thanks was passed to Mr Geikie for the able manner in which he had occupied the presidential chair, and for the zeal he had displayed in promoting the interests of the Society during the session.
Channelling on the dip-slope of the Stirling Sill
Authors: Read W.A. 
Published: December 2013

A series of channels has been observed, in several places, on the dip-slope of the Stirling quartz-dolerite sill, south of the River Forth. These channels range from shallow, elongate depressions, only about a hundred yards long, to gorges up to 40 ft. deep and over three-quarters of a mile in length. They are typically straight and tend to occur in sets of parallel members, individuals of one set sometimes intersecting those of another.
The channels coincide with nearly vertical belts of decomposition which, it is considered, developed along major joint planes in the sill as a result of late-stage hydrothermal action. Subsequent erosion, acting selectively along the belts of decomposed rock, has ‶etched out″ the channel pattern.
On the industrial value of the building stones from Beer Quarries, Devonshire
Authors: Linford William 
Published: December 2013

A specimen of the Beer ‶freestone″ was exhibited at the meeting on 19th December, and attracted general attention. Its texture was compact; it would evidently be very easily chiselled; and its colour was perfectly white. Several Fellows thought it excelled in beauty and quality the Caen stone so largely used in Edinburgh for internal masonry, and the Secretary was directed to request Mr Linford to give further particulars regarding its industrial cost and value.
Mr Linford reported that the price of the stone at the quarry is 10d. to 1s. per cubic foot, and that the supply is unlimited. The expense of transit, however, of the stone is considerable, there being no quay at Beer (one mile and a quarter from the quarries), although one could easily be constructed at Beerhead; and the nearest railway station being two miles from the quarries at Seaton, on the London and South-Western Railway. The most eligible mode of transit at present for shipment of the stone would be to place it on the railway at Seaton, convey it to Exeter, and thence by the same railway company, and without removal from the trucks take it to Exmouth Docks for shipment. The probable cost of the stone and delivery at Leith would be—
Cost of stone at quarry, 10d. to 1s. per foot, say = 16s. per ton.
‶Hauling″ from Beer to Seaton, 4½d. per foot, = 6s. ,,
Rail, Seaton to Exmouth Docks, . . . 4s. ,,
Freight, Exmouth to Leith, . . . . 8s. ,,
Extras, . . . . . . . . 1s. ,,
Cost per ton . . . 35s. = 2s. 2¼d. per foot.
The stone is being largely used at present in the restoration of Exeter Cathedral under Sir Gilbert Scott, principally in the interior masonry. It is said to be good for external work if not exposed to the effect of the weather vertically; hence it is used for windows, doorways, &c., but not for coping, buttress slopes, sills, &c.
The quarries form part of the ‶Rolle Estate,″ the property of the late Lord Rolle, and are now owned by his lordship’s trustees, whose agent is Mr R. H. Lipscombe of Budleigh Salterton. The tenant of the quarries is Mr Tucker of Colyton. Mr Linford acknowledged the kind and ready assistance he had received from the two latter gentlemen in preparing his report, as also his indebtedness for much information to Mr E. L. Luscombe, who is carrying out the restoration of the stone-work at the Exeter Cathedral under Sir Gilbert Scott.
Complex Formation Equilibria between Ag(I) and Thioureas in Propan-2-ol
Authors: De Marco Domenico 
Published: December 2013

The complex formation equilibria between Ag(I) and thiourea (Tu), N methyl-Thiourea (MeTu), N,N′-dimethyl-Thiourea (Me2Tu), N,N,N′,N′ Tetramethyl-Thiourea (Me4Tu), N-ethyl-Thiourea (EtTu), N,N′ diethyl-Thiourea (Et2Tu), and N,N′-Ethylen-Thiourea (EnTu) in propan-2-ol as solvent medium have been investigated by potentiometry within the temperature range 10°C–40°C and self-determined ionic medium by (AgNO3) concentration range 6.36·10-6–3.83·10-5 m·dm−3 (no background electrolyte added). The experimental results can be interpreted with the stepwise formation of tris-coordinated complexes AgLn (n=1–3; hereafter charge is omitted). The stability constants log βn and the standard thermodynamic changes in enthalpy (ΔHn°) and entropy (ΔSn°) for overall complex formation reactions AgI+nL=AgLn (n=1–3) have been evaluated. The reactions are exothermic in nature and entropy disfavored for all the investigated ligands. The standard enthalpy and entropy changes for the stepwise reactions AgLn-1+L=AgLn have been evaluated by difference ΔΔHn°=ΔHn°-ΔHn-1° and ΔΔSn°=ΔSn°-ΔSn-1°. The stepwise enthalpy are mutually linearly related to the corresponding entropy changes with isoequilibrium temperatures Tiso=285, 305, and 363 K for n=1, 2, or 3 respectively.
Application of SNP Microarrays to the Genome-Wide Analysis of Chromosomal Instability in Premalignant Airway Lesions
Authors: Nakachi Ichiro , Rice Jessica L. , Coldren Christopher D. , Edwards Michael G. , Stearman Robert S. , Glidewell Steven C. , Varella-Garcia Marileila , Franklin Wilbur A. , Keith Robert L. , Lewis Marina T. , Gao Bifeng , Merrick Daniel T. , Miller York E. , Geraci Mark W. 
Published: December 2013

AbstractChromosomal instability is central to the process of carcinogenesis. The genome-wide detection of somatic chromosomal alterations (SCA) in small premalignant lesions remains challenging because sample heterogeneity dilutes the aberrant cell information. To overcome this hurdle, we focused on the B allele frequency data from single-nucleotide polymorphism microarrays (SNP arrays). The difference of allelic fractions between paired tumor and normal samples from the same patient (delta-θ) provides a simple but sensitive detection of SCA in the affected tissue. We applied the delta-θ approach to small, heterogeneous clinical specimens, including endobronchial biopsies and brushings. Regions identified by delta-θ were validated by FISH and quantitative PCR in heterogeneous samples. Distinctive genomic variations were successfully detected across the whole genome in all invasive cancer cases (6 of 6), carcinoma in situ (3 of 3), and high-grade dysplasia (severe or moderate; 3 of 11). Not only well-described SCAs in lung squamous cell carcinoma, but also several novel chromosomal alterations were frequently found across the preinvasive dysplastic cases. Within these novel regions, losses of putative tumor suppressors (RNF20 and SSBP2) and an amplification of RASGRP3 gene with oncogenic activity were observed. Widespread sampling of the airway during bronchoscopy demonstrated that field cancerization reflected by SCAs at multiple sites was detectable. SNP arrays combined with delta-θ analysis can detect SCAs in heterogeneous clinical sample and expand our ability to assess genomic instability in the airway epithelium as a biomarker of lung cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res; 7(2); 255–65. ©2013 AACR.
Preventive Effects of NSAIDs, NO-NSAIDs, and NSAIDs Plus Difluoromethylornithine in a Chemically Induced Urinary Bladder Cancer Model
Authors: Nicastro Holly L. , Grubbs Clinton J. , Margaret Juliana M. , Bode Ann M. , Kim Mi-Sung , Lu Yan , You Ming , Milne Ginger L. , Boring Daniel , Steele Vernon E. , Lubet Ronald A. 
Published: December 2013

Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer prevention studies were performed with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) naproxen (a standard NSAID with a good cardiovascular profile), sulindac, and their nitric oxide (NO) derivatives. In addition, the effects of the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), alone or combined with a suboptimal dose of naproxen or sulindac was examined. Agents were evaluated at their human equivalent doses (HED), as well as at lower doses. In the hydroxybutyl(butyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) model of urinary bladder cancer, naproxen (400 or 75 ppm) and sulindac (400 ppm) reduced the incidence of large bladder cancers by 82%, 68%, and 44%, respectively, when the agents were initially given 3 months after the final dose of the carcinogen; microscopic cancers already existed. NO-naproxen was highly effective, whereas NO-sulindac was inactive. To further compare naproxen and NO-naproxen, we examined their effects on gene expression in rat livers following a 7-day exposure. Limited, but similar, gene expression changes in the liver were induced by both agents, implying that the primary effects of both are mediated by the parent NSAID. When agents were initiated 2 weeks after the last administration of OH-BBN, DFMO at 1,000 ppm had limited activity, a low dose of naproxen (75 ppm) and sulindac (150 ppm) were highly and marginally effective. Combining DFMO with suboptimal doses of naproxen had minimal effects, whereas the combination of DMFO and sulindac was more active than either agent alone. Thus, naproxen and NO-naproxen were highly effective, whereas sulindac was moderately effective in the OH-BBN model at their HEDs. Cancer Prev Res; 7(2); 246–54. ©2013 AACR.