bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Up‐regulation of galectin‐9 induces cell migration in human dendritic cells infected with dengue virus
Authors: Hsu Yu‐Lin , Wang Mei‐Yi , Ho Ling‐Jun , Huang Chuan‐Yueh , Lai Jenn‐Haung 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGalectin‐9 (Gal‐9) exerts immunosuppressive effects by inducing apoptosis in T cells that produce interferon‐γ and interleukin (IL)‐17. However, Gal‐9 can be pro‐inflammatory in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated monocytes. Using microarray analysis, we observed that Gal‐9 was up‐regulated in human dendritic cells (DCs) after dengue virus (DV) infection. The investigation into the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of Gal‐9 in DCs exposed to DV revealed that DV infection specifically increased mRNA and protein levels of Gal‐9 but not those of Gal‐1 or Gal‐3. Blocking p38, but not c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase or extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), inhibited DV‐induced expression of Gal‐9. Reduction in Gal‐9 by small interference RNA treatment suppressed DV‐stimulated migration of DCs towards the chemoattractants CCL19 and CCL21. In addition, DV‐induced IL‐12p40 production was reduced after knockdown of Gal‐9 in DCs. Furthermore, Gal‐9 deficiency suppressed DV‐induced activation of nuclear factor‐κB. Inhibition of DV‐induced DC migration under conditions of Gal‐9 deficiency was mediated through suppressing ERK activation but not by regulating the expression of CCR7, the receptor for CCL19 and CCL21. Both the reduction in IL‐12 production and the suppression of ERK activity might account for the inhibition of DV‐induced DC migration after knockdown of Gal‐9. In summary, this study reveals the roles of Gal‐9 in DV‐induced migration of DCs. The findings indicate that Gal‐9 might be a therapeutic target for preventing immunopathogenesis induced by DV infection.
Decontamination of Withania somnifera by Gamma Irradiation and its Effect on Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Choi Jong‐Il , Srinivasan Periasamy , Park Hyun 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe current investigation was carried out to study the effect of gamma irradiations on decontamination of Withania somnifera and its antioxidant activity. W. somnifera dry roots were packed and irradiated at doses of 1–10 kGy following the storage at 4C within a week. At the dose of 10 kGy, the microbial contamination was lowered below detection level. Glycowithanolides are known for antioxidant components present in W. somnifera. The antioxidant activity of W. somnifera extract was investigated by measuring 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl and superoxide radical‐scavenging activities. These activities were increased in samples extracted from the irradiated roots at 10 kGy. The extraction yield of the glycowithanolides was considered as one of the reasons for the increase of antioxidant activities of the extract.Practical ApplicationsWithania somnifera is an important medicinal plant and has been widely used in India and other parts of the world as a home remedy for several diseases. Gamma irradiation has been used as a phytosanitary treatment of food and herbal materials. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on decontamination of W. somnifera and its effect on the antioxidant properties. These results suggest that gamma irradiation can be applied for phytosanitary of other herbal plants.
Predicting 3‐Year Survival in Older People with Intellectual Disabilities Using a Frailty Index
Authors: Schoufour Josje D. , Mitnitski Arnold , Rockwood Kenneth , Evenhuis Heleen M. , Echteld Michael A. 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo analyze the relationship between frailty and survival in older people with intellectual disabilities (IDs).DesignPopulation‐based longitudinal observational study.SettingThree Dutch care provider services.ParticipantsIndividuals with borderline to profound ID aged 50 and older (N = 982).MeasurementsA frailty index (FI) including 51 health‐related deficits was used to measure frailty. Mean follow‐up was 3.3 years. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the independent effect of frailty on survival. The discriminative ability of the FI was measured using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.ResultsGreater FI values were associated with greater risk of death, independent of sex, age, level of ID, and Down syndrome. There was a nonlinear increase in risk with increasing FI value. For example, mortality risk was 2.17 times as great (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95–4.95) for vulnerable individuals (FI 0.20–0.29) and 19.5 (95% CI = 9.13–41.8) times as great for moderately frail individuals (FI 0.40–0.49) as for relatively fit individuals (FI <0.20). The area under the ROC curve for 3‐year survival was 0.78.ConclusionAlthough the predictive validity of the FI should be further determined, it was strongly associated with 3‐year mortality. Care providers working with people with ID should be able to recognize frail clients and act in an early stage to stop or prevent further decline.
Association Between Comorbidity Burden and Rapid Cognitive Decline in Individuals with Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Aubert Lauren , Pichierri Sophie , Hommet Caroline , Camus Vincent , Berrut Gilles , de Decker Laure 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo determine the association between rapid cognitive decline and burden of comorbidities as assessed using the Charlson Comorbidity Index in individuals aged 65 and older with Alzheimer's disease (AD).DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingMemory clinic at the University Hospital of Nantes.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older with AD (n = 170).MeasurementsSubjects were followed for 1 year. Rapid cognitive decline was defined as a decrease of 3 or more points on the Mini‐Mental State Examination per 12‐month period. Variables studied were the Charlson Comorbidity Index (measure of comorbidity burden), age, sex, AD stage, type of residence (living at home or not), presence of caregiver, functional abilities (Lawton and Katz scales), risk of malnutrition or depression, and intercurrent events (hospitalization or initiating home care).ResultsRapid cognitive decline at 1‐year follow‐up occurred in 65 subjects (38.2%). In fully adjusted logistic regression analysis, Charlson Comorbidity Index was significantly associated with rapid cognitive decline (odds ratio (OR) = 1.30, P = .03). Moderate stage of AD (OR = 2.07, P = .04) and living at home (OR = 4.17, P = .04) were also associated with rapid cognitive decline.ConclusionComorbidity burden was associated with rapid cognitive decline in subjects with AD.
Prevalence of Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults Using the 2012 Beers Criteria
Authors: Davidoff Amy J. , Miller G. Edward , Sarpong Eric M. , Yang Eunice , Brandt Nicole , Fick Donna M. 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo use the most recently available population‐based data to estimate potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) prevalence under the 2012 update of the Beers list of PIMs and to provide a benchmark from which to measure future changes.DesignRetrospective cohort study using nationally representative data.Setting2006–2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS).ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling sample of U.S. older adults (N = 18,475).MeasurementsThe updated Beers criteria were operationalized, generating a “broad” PIM definition that incorporated form, route, or dose restrictions where clearly specified and a “qualified” definition that applied specific exceptions where mentioned in the rationale associated with each drug category. Bivariate analyses described PIM prevalence, comparing the two operational definitions, and examined time trends.ResultsOf older adults with prescription medications, 42.6% had at least one medication fill that met the broad definition, with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) having the highest prevalence (10.9%). The rate declined from 45.5% in 2006–2007 to 40.8% in 2009–2010. The categories with the largest absolute decline were NSAIDs, selected sulfonylureas, and estrogens. PIM prevalence was 30.9% using the qualified definition.ConclusionDespite the overall high use of PIMs, there has been a decline observed in recent years. Future studies should test the effect of educational and clinical interventions on changes in PIM use and outcomes. The current study results can aid in targeting these interventions.
Antipsychotics and Mortality: Adjusting for Mortality Risk Scores to Address Confounding by Terminal Illness
Authors: Park Yoonyoung , Franklin Jessica M. , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Levin Raisa , Crystal Stephen , Gerhard Tobias , Huybrechts Krista F. 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesTo determine whether adjustment for prognostic indices specifically developed for nursing home (NH) populations affect the magnitude of previously observed associations between mortality and conventional and atypical antipsychotics.DesignCohort study.SettingA merged data set of Medicaid, Medicare, Minimum Data Set (MDS), Online Survey Certification and Reporting system, and National Death Index for 2001 to 2005.ParticipantsDual‐eligible individuals aged 65 and older who initiated antipsychotic treatment in a NH (N = 75,445).MeasurementsThree mortality risk scores (Mortality Risk Index Score, Revised MDS Mortality Risk Index, Advanced Dementia Prognostic Tool) were derived for each participant using baseline MDS data, and their performance was assessed using c‐statistics and goodness‐of‐fit tests. The effect of adjusting for these indices in addition to propensity scores (PSs) on the association between antipsychotic medication and mortality was evaluated using Cox models with and without adjustment for risk scores.ResultsEach risk score showed moderate discrimination for 6‐month mortality, with c‐statistics ranging from 0.61 to 0.63. There was no evidence of lack of fit. Imbalances in risk scores between conventional and atypical antipsychotic users, suggesting potential confounding, were much lower within PS deciles than the imbalances in the full cohort. Accounting for each score in the Cox model did not change the relative risk estimates: 2.24 with PS‐only adjustment versus 2.20, 2.20, and 2.22 after further adjustment for the three risk scores.ConclusionAlthough causality cannot be proven based on nonrandomized studies, this study adds to the body of evidence rejecting explanations other than causality for the greater mortality risk associated with conventional antipsychotics than with atypical antipsychotics.
Adolescent Personality as Risk and Resiliency in the Testosterone–Externalizing Association
Authors: Reardon Kathleen W. , Herzhoff Kathrin , Tackett Jennifer L. 
Published: March 2015

Previous investigations of testosterone and externalizing behavior have provided mixed findings. We tested the hypothesis that self‐regulatory personality moderates the testosterone–externalizing behavior association in adolescence. Parents reported on their 13‐ to 18‐year‐old (N = 106, Mage = 16.01, SD = 1.29) children's personalities and psychopathology. Testosterone was measured via drool samples. As hypothesized, personality moderated the testosterone–externalizing behavior association. High testosterone predicted higher levels of externalizing behaviors, but only for adolescents low in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Also, personality acted as a resiliency factor: high levels of Conscientiousness, in the presence of high testosterone, predicted lower levels of rule breaking. Results highlight how endogenous factors, such as personality, may interact with testosterone, and emphasize the relevance of including personality moderators in future research.
Melatonin as a treatment for gastrointestinal cancer: a review
Authors: Xin Zhenlong , Jiang Shuai , Jiang Peng , Yan Xiaolong , Fan Chongxi , Di Shouyin , Wu Guiling , Yang Yang , Reiter Russel J. , Ji Gang 
Published: March 2015

AbstractGastrointestinal cancer is a disease that affects the population worldwide with high morbidity and mortality. Melatonin, an endogenously produced molecule, may provide a defense against a variety of cancer types. In particular, the ability of melatonin to inhibit gastrointestinal cancer is substantial. In this review, we first clarify the relationship between the disruption of the melatonin rhythm and gastrointestinal cancer (based on epidemiologic surveys and animal and human studies) and summarize the preventive effect of melatonin on carcinogenesis. Thereafter, the mechanisms through which melatonin exerts its anti‐gastrointestinal cancer actions are explained, including inhibition of proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, and promotion of apoptosis and cancer immunity. Moreover, we discuss the drug synergy effects and the role of melatonin receptors involved in the growth‐inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal cancer. Taken together, the information compiled here serves as a comprehensive reference for the anti‐gastrointestinal cancer actions of melatonin that have been identified to date and will hopefully aid in the design of further experimental and clinical studies and increase the awareness of melatonin as a therapeutic agent in cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.
Alcoholic hepatitis and HCV interactions in the modulation of liver disease
Authors: Punzalan C. S. , Bukong T. N. , Szabo G. 
Published: March 2015

SummaryMost HCV‐infected patients regularly consume alcohol. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection together are the most common causes of liver disease worldwide. Although both factors independently cause liver disease, they synergistically promote rapid liver disease progression with devastating outcomes for patients. This review focuses on the prevalence, clinical characteristics and molecular pathophysiologic mechanisms of HCV infection associated with alcohol abuse. Recent findings have centred on the synergistic effect of alcohol and HCV on viral replication, hepatocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, alcohol‐induced ‘leaky gut’, miR‐122 and immune dysregulation. Clinical and basic research findings presented here summarize key scientific findings with the aim of highlighting potential areas for new therapies and identifying ways of optimizing current treatments for alcoholics with HCV infection.
Examining Linguistics in the Language Strand of the Common Core State Standards
Authors: Denham Kristin 
Published: March 2015

AbstractThe funding and support of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and the widespread adoption of the standards have prompted the educational publishing industry in the United States to produce a host of offerings, all promising to help students meet these rigorous new standards. In the CCSS for English Language Arts and Literacy, there is an entire strand, with the title ‘Language’, offering the opportunity to incorporate knowledge of language into schools in ways that will further the goals of educators, administrators, and linguists alike. However, an examination of some of the materials aligned with the CCSS that are offered by corporate publishing giants reveals that these are not informed by advances in linguistics and undermine teachers' autonomy. Additionally, many of the Language standards themselves are not informed by linguistics and instead reinforce myths, stereotypes, and discriminatory attitudes, if taken at face value. Linguists, teacher educators, and teachers must recognize today's publishers' marketing ploys for what they are. If teachers are encouraged to do what they know how to do, including select their own materials, and to use the topics in the Language standards to teach in more sophisticated ways about language, then the standards could become a launching pad for improved teaching and learning about language and linguistic discrimination.
Word Order, Action, and the Brain: A Reply to Arbib
Authors: Kemmerer David 
Published: March 2015

AbstractIn a recent paper in this journal, I argued that the crosslinguistic prevalence of subject–object–verb and subject–verb–object word orders reflects the sequential and hierarchical representation of action in Broca's area. Arbib (2015) discusses that paper in the context of broader computational, neuroscientific, and evolutionary issues, and presents a critique of my specific proposal. Here, I respond to his concerns and defend my original account.
Histopathologic and Urodynamic Effects of the Anticholinergic Drugs Oxybutynin, Tolterodine, and Trospium on the Bladder
Authors: ORGEN Seyfettin , DELIKTAS Hasan , SAHIN Hayrettin , GEDIK Abdullah , NERGIS Yusuf 
Published: March 2015

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of intravesical instillation of the anticholinergic drugs oxybutynin, tolterodine, and trospium on bladder capacity and histopathological changes in the bladder mucosa.MethodsThe study included 20 male New Zealand white rabbits that were randomly allocated to four groups of five. In the oxybutynin, tolterodine, and trospium groups, the drugs used were 1 mg/kg of crushed tablet mixed with 5 mL of saline, instilled intravesically once per day for 4 weeks. The control group was administered only 5 mL of saline once per day for 4 weeks. Urodynamic measurement of the bladder was made before and after treatment. At the end of the treatment the animals were killed and the bladders were evaluated histopathologically.ResultsThere were no significant differences between pre‐ and post‐treatment bladder capacity in any of the groups (P > 0.05). Histopathological evaluation showed that the mucosal epithelium was intact and there was minor inflammation in the control group and oxybutynin group (P > 0.05), whereas there was destruction of the mucosal epithelium and findings of diffuse inflammation in the tolterodine (P = 0.014) and trospium (P = 0.014) groups.ConclusionIntravesical oxybutynin treatment was observed to be safe; however, a single daily dose of oxybutynin may not be sufficient to increase bladder capacity. Intravesical use of trospium and tolterodine at high doses caused epithelial destruction and diffuse inflammation in the bladder mucosa. The irritation associated with epithelial destruction and inflammation prevented an increase in bladder capacity.
DdrO is an essential protein that regulates the radiation desiccation response and the apoptotic‐like cell death in the radioresistant Deinococcus radiodurans bacterium
Authors: Devigne Alice , Ithurbide Solenne , Bouthier de la Tour Claire , Passot Fanny , Mathieu Martine , Sommer Suzanne , Servant Pascale 
Published: March 2015

SummaryDeinococcus radiodurans is known for its extreme radioresistance. Comparative genomics identified a radiation‐desiccation response (RDR) regulon comprising genes that are highly induced after DNA damage and containing a conserved motif (RDRM) upstream of their coding region. We demonstrated that the RDRM sequence is involved in cis‐regulation of the RDR gene ddrB in vivo. Using a transposon mutagenesis approach, we showed that, in addition to ddrO encoding a predicted RDR repressor and irrE encoding a positive regulator recently shown to cleave DdrO in Deinococcus deserti, two genes encoding α‐keto‐glutarate dehydrogenase subunits are involved in ddrB regulation. In wild‐type cells, the DdrO cell concentration decreased transiently in an IrrE‐dependent manner at early times after irradiation. Using a conditional gene inactivation system, we showed that DdrO depletion enhanced expression of three RDR proteins, consistent with the hypothesis that DdrO acts as a repressor of the RDR regulon. DdrO‐depleted cells loose viability and showed morphological changes evocative of an apoptotic‐like response, including membrane blebbing, defects in cell division and DNA fragmentation. We propose that DNA repair and apoptotic‐like death might be two responses mediated by the same regulators, IrrE and DdrO, but differently activated depending on the persistence of IrrE‐dependent DdrO cleavage.
Roe deer at risk: teasing apart habitat selection and landscape constraints in risk exposure at multiple scales
Authors: Padié Sophie , Morellet Nicolas , Hewison A. J. Mark , Martin Jean‐Louis , Bonnot Nadège , Cargnelutti Bruno , Chamaillé‐Jammes Simon 
Published: March 2015

Non‐consumptive effects of predators result from the cost of responses to perceived risk. Prey modulate risk exposure through flexible habitat selection at multiple scales which, in interaction with landscape constraints, determines their use of risky habitats. Identifying the relative contributions of landscape constraints and habitat selection to risk exposure is a critical first step towards a mechanistic understanding of non‐consumptive effects.Here, we provide an integrative multi‐scale study of roe deer spatial responses to variable hunting pressure along a landscape gradient of open habitats and dispersed refuges. Between low‐risk and high‐risk periods, we investigated shifts in 1) home‐range location, 2) probability of using risky habitats (between‐habitat scale) and 3) distance to the nearest refuge (within‐habitat scale). For 2) and 3), we disentangled the contributions of landscape constraints and habitat selection to risky habitat use.We found that when risk was high, roe deer did not shift their home‐range, but generally decreased their use of risky habitats, and sometimes reduced their distance to cover (particularly older animals). There was a functional response in between‐habitat selection, with animals living in more open landscapes responding more than those living in landscapes with more refuges. However, individuals living in more open landscapes avoided open risky habitat less. Finally, we found that among‐individual variation in risk exposure was generally, but not always, minimized by habitat selection across gradients of landscape constraints.To our knowledge, this is the first study simultaneously documenting prey responses to risk at the within‐habitat, between‐habitat and home‐range scales. Our results support the view that between‐habitat selection acts at a higher hierarchical level than within‐habitat selection, and provide a framework for disentangling the contributions of habitat selection and landscape constraints to risk exposure. Selection cannot always compensate for landscape constraints, indicating a need for further investigation of the processes underlying habitat selection.
The timing of autologous stem cell transplantation and the prognostic factors affecting the prognosis in children with relapsed hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Ataş Erman , Kesik Vural , Babacan Oğuzhan , Korkmazer Nadir , Akyüz Canan 
Published: March 2015

AbstractAlthough ASCT is used as a standard treatment following second remission for adults in oncology practice, data are lacking for relapsed childhood HL. Therefore, we evaluated the exact timing of the ASCT treatment, as well as factors affecting the prognosis in children with relapsed HL who underwent ASCT. Patients were divided into two groups (Group 1: ASCT after second remission [n = 6], Group 2: ASCT after >2 remissions [n = 3]). Overall, DFS rate was 64.8% at 24 months after ASCT. In Group 1, post‐transplant DFS and OS were 83.3% and 75%, respectively, and the post‐transplant response without event rate was 5/6 (83.3%). However, in Group 2 this was 1/3 (33.3%). Nonetheless, the timing of ASCT was not a significant prognostic factor for DFS and OS in univariate analyses (p = 0.21 and p = 0.73, respectively). Median follow‐up time was 21 months after transplant, and DFS and OS were 62.5% and 75% in early relapse group (n = 6) at 24 months. DFS and OS were both 66.7% in late relapse (n = 3). In addition, response rates of ASCT without event were 66.7% for both early and late relapse groups. Relapse types (early: 3–12 months, late: >12 months) was not a significant prognostic factor for DFS and OS in univariate analyses (p = 0.96 and p = 0.92). While we found ASCT to be a useful treatment following second remission, it does not demonstrate better success in early relapse cases, when compared to late relapse cases. Therefore, after second remission for relapsed HL, ASCT is advisable regardless of the time of relapse.