bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micro-emulsion co-polymerisation of butyl acrylate with acrylic acid as binder for textile pigment printing
Authors: Abd El-Ghaffar M.A. , A. Kantouch Fayza , M. Mahmoud Zainn , Haggag Karima , I. Hashem Ahmed , A. Ramadan Abdelrahim 
Published: February 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to prepare nano size micro-emulsion co-polymer particles based on butyl acrylate (BA)/acrylic acid (AAc) with high monomer/surfactant ratio. The study involved the application of the prepared micro-emulsions co-polymers as textile pigment printing binders.

Design/methodology/approach
– The micro-emulsion co-polymerisations processes were carried out with different mixtures of BA and AAc using modified process. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and potassium peroxy disulphate/glucose were used as emulsifier and redox initiator, respectively. The prepared emulsion co-polymer was characterized via spectroscopic measurements, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and transmission electron microscope (TEM), in addition to thermal analysis. The prepared micro-emulsion co-polymers were applied as binders for pigment printing process onto cotton fabric, polyester and cotton/polyester blend by using flat screen technique. The optimum curing conditions were determined, colour strength and fastness properties of pigment printed areas to light, washing, perspiration and rubbing were evaluated. In addition, stiffness of the prints was studied.

Findings
– The achieved results indicated that particle size and homogeneity of the prepared micro-emulsions depend on monomers weight ratio, initiator and emulsifier concentrations. On the other hand, the prints obtained using the prepared binders with optimum conditions have satisfactory fastness, good handle and high colour yield.

Research limitations/implications
– Monomers were continuously and slowly added into the polymerising system with mild stirring to avoid disturbing the stability of the micro-emulsion. Also, emulsifier and initiator concentrations should be controlled to avoid coagulation.

Practical implications
– The research provides textile pigment printing binder with nano particle size within the range of 24-48 nm. Using the prepared nano binders in pigment printing enhances the stiffness, handle, and fastnesses properties of the prints.

Originality/value
– The prepared co-polymer binders showed high-performance physico-mechanical properties; in addition, the ultimate goal of this study is to prepare a nano size binder with high monomer/surfactant ratio using a modified micro-emulsion process.
What clinicians think of manualized psychotherapy interventions: findings from a systematic review
Authors: Forbat Liz , Black Lynne , Dulgar Kerem 
Published: February 2014

This article reports a systematic review of the literature examining therapists' views and experiences of utilizing treatment manuals. Key databases were searched and a thematic narrative analysis was conducted. Twelve articles were identified. The literature contains four distinct subthemes: (i) exposure to and use of manuals; (ii) therapists' beliefs about manuals; (iii) therapist characteristics, such as age/gender/training and (iv) characteristics of the work, such as client group. The analysis finds that clinicians who have used manuals appraise them positively, and view them as facilitating flexibility, allowing for therapeutic relationship and keeping therapy on track. The review is a helpful contribution to the literature and is a prompt to practitioners to consider their own views and exposure to manualized treatments and how this relates to generating the ‘hard’ outcome data that governments and service commissioners internationally find credible and persuasive.Practitioner points
The positive appraisal of manuals is increased through exposure to them in clinical practice or research settings. Clinicians may wish, therefore, to seek out opportunities to use manuals.
Clinicians are rarely exposed to manuals, which presents a potential topic for training courses to address.
The Effects of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2‐Loaded Tricalcium Phosphate Microsphere–Hydrogel Composite on the Osseointegration of Dental Implants in Minipigs
Authors: Lee Jae Hyup , Ryu Mi Young , Baek Hae‐Ri , Lee Hyun‐Kyung , Seo Jun‐Hyuk , Lee Kyung Mee , Lee A‐Young , Zheng Guang Bin , Chang Bong‐Soon , Lee Choon‐Ki 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBone formation in tooth defect areas and the osseointegration of dental implants are very important for successful dental implant surgery. The aim of the present study was to assess the strengthening effect of a β‐TCP microsphere–hydrogel composite containing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) on bone healing and implant osseointegration. The molars and premolars on the left and right sides of the maxilla were extracted from six male minipigs, and dental implants were placed using either the β‐TCP microsphere–hydrogel carrier alone or the carrier loaded with rhBMP‐2 (500 μg). The animals were kept alive for a further 8 weeks. The molars and premolars from the left and the right sides of the mandibles of another six minipigs were extracted, and the animals were kept alive for 4 weeks. Two 5‐mm‐diameter bone defects were then made on both sides of the mandible. The defects were filled with saline, β‐TCP microsphere‐hydrogel carrier, or the carrier loaded with rhBMP‐2 (300 μg), and dental implant fixtures were inserted. The animals were kept alive for a further 4 weeks. Bone formation was examined using plane radiographs, micro‐CT, and the histology of undecalcified specimens. The group treated with the rhBMP‐2‐loaded carrier composite showed a significantly higher percentage bone volume and a greater trabecular thickness for the newly formed bone in the tooth defect areas when compared to the group treated with the carrier alone. The rhBMP‐2 group had a significantly higher osseointegration, a larger percentage bone volume, greater trabecular thickness in the newly formed bone in tooth defect areas, a larger newly formed bone fraction in the fixture pitch, and a greater number of newly formed trabecular bones when compared to the other groups. We confirmed that the rhBMP‐2‐loaded carrier composite promotes new bone formation after tooth extraction and strengthens osseointegration of dental fixtures by improving the degree of osseointegration around the dental implant fixture.
Fiducial markers and spacers in prostate radiotherapy: current applications
Authors: Ng Michael , Brown Elizabeth , Williams Andrew , Chao Michael , Lawrentschuk Nathan , Chee Raphael 
Published: February 2014

ObjectivesTo review the use of fiducial markers and spacers in prostate radiotherapy (RT).Materials and MethodsWe reviewed the literature on the use of fiducial markers to improve accuracy in delivery of RT for prostate cancer. We discuss the rationale for fiducials, the types available, the procedures and complications.We also reviewed the current literature on the novel use of spacers to reduce rectal toxicity during prostate irradiation.ResultsProstate motion is a significant problem both during and between RT treatments. Intraprostatic fiducials allow accurate prostate localisation ensuring RT treatment accuracy.Insertion of gold fiducials are a cost‐effective marker that can be easily and quickly implanted and at least three fiducials are recommended.Severe complications from fiducial implantation are uncommon and marker migration is very rarely clinically significant.Spacers are a novel method to distance the rectum from the prostate during RT, reducing acute rectal toxicity, and have no detrimental impact on health‐related quality of life.ConclusionsIntraprostatic fiducials are now standard of care when delivering prostate RT and early data shows benefit of spacers in reducing RT rectal toxicity.
‘It's about the whole family’: family contact for children in kinship care
Authors: Kiraly Meredith , Humphreys Cathy 
Published: February 2014

AbstractContact with family for children in care is identified as a right under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, such contact often presents challenges because of the protective concerns that have led to care arrangements being made. The Family Links: Kinship Care and Family Contact research study explored the nature and extent of family contact in kinship care, with a particular focus on the circumstances that create positive contact and foster family relationships. Findings included evidence of a large proportion of parental contact that was negatively affecting children's well‐being, and was sometimes unsafe. By contrast, the frequent contact that children were enjoying with their siblings and wider family was reported to be mostly positive and supportive. Kinship carers described a range of services needed to facilitate more positive parental contact and to enable children to keep contact with significant family members.
Pituitarypars intermediadysfunction: Diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Durham A. E. , McGowan C. M. , Fey K. , Tamzali Y. , van der Kolk J. H. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryPituitarypars intermediadysfunction is a common problem with which equine practitioners are becoming involved ever more frequently. This current review aims to outline recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of the condition when encountered in practice.
Indian Farmer Suicides: Is GM Cotton to Blame?
Authors: Plewis Ian 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
“Thousands of Indian farmers are committing suicide after growing GM crops.” It is no minor claim. Genetically modified crops revolutionise agriculture – but are controversial. They will feed the world, reduce the need for pesticides and fertilisers, and add health-protecting nutrients to those who consume them, say some. They are an ecological disaster in the making, say others, and impoverish the Third World farmers who grow them. Often quoted is the example of suicides among Indian farmers who grow GM crops. Ian Plewis examines the data and the conclusion.
North Americans – One Third of the World's Weight?: Obesity and the Comma
Authors: Dudzic Stella 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
One in three people worldwide is overweight – and it is not just a problem of the developed world. The number of overweight and obese adults in the developing world has almost quadrupled since 1980 to around 1 billion, says a report from the Overseas Development Institute1. The increase was primarily in countries with rising incomes such as Egypt and Mexico. A shift from eating grains to more fats, sugar, oils and meat has been blamed. At the same time, millions, particularly children, are undernourished. In the UK, 64% of adults are classed as being overweight or obese. North America has the highest percentage of overweight adults at 70%. Reason for shame? Watch not only your weight, but also your punctuation, says Stella Dudzic.
Involvement of luminal nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of the gastroesophageal reflux disease spectrum
Authors: Iijima Katsunori , Shimosegawa Tooru 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOver the last 3 decades, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has dramatically increased in Western countries; a similar increase may be observed in Asian countries in the near future. Esophageal adenocarcinoma arises from a sequential gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) spectrum from reflux erosive esophagitis, to Barrett's esophagus, and finally to esophageal adenocarcinoma. At present, gastric acid and bile are assumed to be primarily involved in the etiology of the GERD spectrum. We reported in 2002 that, at the gastroesophageal junction in humans, abundant amounts of nitric oxide (NO) are generated luminally through the entero‐salivary re‐circulation of dietary nitrate. Since then, we have carried out a series of experiments to demonstrate that NO diffuses into the adjacent epithelium at cytotoxic levels. This diffusion results in disruption of the epithelial barrier function, exacerbation of inflammation, acceleration of columnar transformation in the esophagus (Barrett's esophagus) via the induction of caudal‐type homeobox 2, and the shifting of carcinogenic N‐nitroso compound formation from the luminal to epithelial compartment. These results suggest that, in addition to conventionally recognized causative factors, luminal NO could also be involved in the pathogenesis of the GERD spectrum. In addition, we recently showed that there is a prominent gender‐related difference in NO‐related cytotoxicity in the esophagus and that estrogen attenuated the esophageal tissue damage via the estrogen receptor in female rats. The role of estrogen in attenuating the esophageal tissue damage in NO‐related esophageal damage could explain the well‐recognized male predominance in the GERD spectrum in humans.
Efficacy and safety of esomeprazole with flupentixol/melitracen in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with emotional disorders
Authors: Yu Yan‐Yan , Fang Dian‐Chun , Fan Li‐Lin , Chang Hui , Wu Zhi‐Lin , Cao Yan , Lan Chun‐Hui 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackground and AimThis study was designed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of esomeprazole combined with flupentixol/melitracen for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients with emotional disorders.MethodsTwo hundred eighty‐nine GERD patients with emotional disorders were divided randomly into two groups: group 1 received esomeprazole only (monotherapy) and group 2 received esomeprazole and flupentixol/melitracen (combination therapy). The patients' GERD questionnaire (GerdQ) and hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scores were obtained before and after treatment. Changes in the scores, rates of symptom remission, and adverse effects were compared between the two groups.ResultsAfter 2 weeks of treatment, the average decrease in GerdQ score in the combination group (4.04 ± 2.34) was significantly greater than that in the monotherapy group (3.34 ± 2.74; P < 0.05). Significant differences between the two groups were also found for changes in HAD anxiety scores (5.45 ± 2.41 vs 3.34 ± 2.43, P < 0.05), depression scores (5.47 ± 2.47 vs 3.00 ± 3.28, P < 0.05), and anxiety‐depression scores (5.20 ± 2.71 vs 3.60 ± 2.56, P < 0.05). The remission of symptoms (eructation, abdominal pain, anorexia, and other accompanying symptoms) in the combination group was significantly better than that in the monotherapy group, and no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events was observed between the two groups.ConclusionsThe combination therapy has better efficacy than the monotherapy in improving the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with emotional disorders. In addition, this combination treatment is safe, with a low incidence of adverse events.
A new semisynthetic derivative of sauroine induces LTP in hippocampal slices and improves learning performance in the Morris Water Maze
Authors: Vallejo Mariana , Loyola Sebastián , Contreras Darwin , Ugarte Gonzalo , Cifuente Diego , Ortega Gabriela , Cabrera José L. , Zeise Marc , Tonn Carlos , Carreño Mario , Delgado Ricardo , Morales Bernardo , Agnese Mariel 
Published: February 2014

AbstractTwo semisynthetic acetyl derivatives of the alkaloid sauroine from Huperzia saururus, monoacetyl sauroine, and diacetyl sauroine (DAS) were obtained and their chemical structures were analyzed by NMR. While monoacetyl sauroine is the typical product of acetylation, DAS is an unexpected derivative related to the keto‐enol formation of sauroine. Recordings of field excitatory post‐synaptic potentials from the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices showed that only DAS acutely applied induced chemical long‐term potentiation (LTP) in a dose‐dependent manner with an EC50 of 1.15 ± 0.09 μM. This effect was blocked by 10 μM D(‐)‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5), suggesting dependence on the NMDA receptor. DAS significantly increased NMDA receptor‐dependent excitatory post‐synaptic currents without affecting α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate receptor‐dependent currents. Repetitive administration of DAS improved visuo‐spatial learning in the Morris Water Maze. In slices from rats tested in the Morris Water Maze, LTP resulting from electrical synaptic stimulation was 2.5 times larger than in controls. Concentration of DAS measured in the brain after repetitive administration was 29.5 μM. We conclude that slices perfused with DAS display a robust NMDA receptor‐dependent chemical LTP. During chronic treatment, DAS enhances learning abilities through a metaplastic mechanism as revealed by the augmentation of LTP in slices. DAS, therefore, may be a promising compound as a nootropic therapeutic drug.
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A semisynthetic derivative of sauroine, diacetyl sauroine (DAS), induces chemical long‐term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices increasing the NMDA receptor‐dependent current. 2 mg/kg prior to each session in a Morris Water Maze (MWM) improves behavior performance. In slices prepared from the tested rats the electrical stimulation‐dependent long‐term potentiation (LTP) was greatly enhanced. Therefore, DAS may have potency as a nootropic drug against the memory decline.
Kinetics of oral colonization by Candida spp. during topical corticotherapy for oral lichen planus
Authors: Pereira Thais dos Santos Fontes , Correia Silva Alves Jeane de Fátima , Gomes Carolina Cavaliéri , Nascimento Adriana Rocha do , Stoianoff Maria Aparecida de Resende , Gomez Ricardo Santiago 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundOral candidiasis is an important side effect of topical corticotherapy. The purpose of this study was to assess oral mucosa colonization by five Candida species during topical corticotherapy and to investigate Candida spp. pathogenicity and in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole and amphotericin B.MethodsOral swabbing samples from 11 erosive oral lichen planus (OLP) patients were collected before (day 0) and at days 7 and 30 of topical corticotherapy. Conventional methods for identification and quantification of Candida species, quantitative PCR (qPCR), pathogenicity tests and in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole and amphotericin B assays were performed.ResultsCandida albicans was the most prevalent species in the oral mucosa after corticotherapy. Increased number of colony‐forming units (CFU) and Candida albicans DNA copies were observed at day 30 of corticotherapy, despite no clinical evidence of candidiasis in any patient. Colony‐forming units' count of Candida species was less sensitive than qPCR, but both methods positively correlated. No resistance to fluconazole or amphotericin B was observed.ConclusionsTopical corticoid used for oral erosive lichen planus treatment was associated with increase in Candida spp., in particular, C. albicans, in the oral cavity, independent of clinical manifestation of the disease.
Suppression of Rust and Brown Eye Spot Diseases on Coffee by Phosphites and By‐products of Coffee and Citrus Industries
Authors: Costa Bruno Henrique G. , de Resende Mário Lúcio V. , Ribeiro Júnior Pedro M. , Mathioni Sandra M. , Pádua Moisés A. , da Silva Júnior Manoel B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe rust and brown eye spot, caused by Hemileia vastatrix and Cercospora coffeicola, respectively, are the most important fungal diseases on coffee in South America. Their management is mainly by chemical treatment, and there is no genetic resistance to brown eye spot known so far. Considering the need for developing alternative products for their control, the goal of this work was to evaluate the effects of phosphites and by‐products of coffee and citrus industries on rust and brown eye spot. Formulations of coffee and citrus industry by‐products, phosphites and their combination with fungicide were evaluated in field experiments, and their effect on fungal urediniospores and conidia was evaluated in vitro. In the field, treatments were applied individually or in combination and the in vitro assays were performed with manganese phosphite (Reforce Mn), potassium phosphite and citrus industry by‐product (Fortaleza), copper phosphite and coffee industry by‐product (Fitoforce Full), and fungicide. The severity and incidence of rust and brown eye spot on coffee leaves, yield, and leaf retention were evaluated in the field. Percentage of spore germination was evaluated in vitro for both fungi, whereas mycelial growth was evaluated for C. coffeicola only. The treatments Fortaleza, Reforce Mn and Fitoforce Full suppressed both diseases with a reduction in defoliation. In the year 2012, the plants treated with Reforce Mn and Reforce Mn + Fortaleza showed a yield increase of 72 and 88%, respectively, which was similar to the results shown by the fungicide treatment. In vitro inhibition of germination of H. vastatrix urediniospores and of C. coffeicola conidia was observed and suggests that the products exert some toxic effects to both fungi. Finally, the results observed indicate that the combined use of by‐products of plant‐processing industries and phosphites is an alternative and can be added efficiently to the management of coffee diseases.
Severity Evaluation Methods in Common Bean Recurrent Selection Programme for Resistance to Angular Leaf Spot
Authors: Rezende Breno A. , Abreu Ângela de Fátima B. , Ramalho Magno Antonio P. , de Souza Elaine A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to identify which method and period of evaluation of angular leaf spot (ALS) of common bean, caused by the fungal pathogen Pseudocercospora griseola, allow better discrimination among common bean lines derived from seven cycles of recurrent selection for resistance to this pathogen. For that reason, 35 lines of the first seven cycles of the programme were assessed for disease severity on leaves and pods using a rating scale. For leaves, the methods used were severity in field plots (SF), severity in sampled leaflets (SS) and percentage of the sampled leaf area with symptoms (%LAS). Leaf assessments were performed at 7, 14, 21, 28, 33 and 41 days after flowering (DAF), and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. On pods, severity was evaluated at 41 DAF. It was observed that the SF using a rating scale is the most efficient method for selection of resistant lines, and the best time period for evaluating the disease is around 33 DAF.
Ubiquitination of pattern recognition receptors in plant innate immunity
Authors: Li Bo , Lu Dongping , Shan Libo 
Published: February 2014

SummaryLacking an adaptive immune system, plants largely rely on plasma membrane‐resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense pathogen invasion. The activation of PRRs leads to the profound immune responses that coordinately contribute to the restriction of pathogen multiplication. Protein post‐translational modifications dynamically shape the intensity and duration of the signalling pathways. In this review, we discuss the specific regulation of PRR activation and signalling by protein ubiquitination, endocytosis and degradation, with a particular focus on the bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2 (flagellin sensing 2) in Arabidopsis.