bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The politics of patient‐centred care
Authors: Kreindler Sara A. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundDespite widespread belief in the importance of patient‐centred care, it remains difficult to create a system in which all groups work together for the good of the patient. Part of the problem may be that the issue of patient‐centred care itself can be used to prosecute intergroup conflict.ObjectiveThis qualitative study of texts examined the presence and nature of intergroup language within the discourse on patient‐centred care.MethodsA systematic SCOPUS and Google search identified 85 peer‐reviewed and grey literature reports that engaged with the concept of patient‐centred care. Discourse analysis, informed by the social identity approach, examined how writers defined and portrayed various groups.ResultsManagers, physicians and nurses all used the discourse of patient‐centred care to imply that their own group was patient centred while other group(s) were not. Patient organizations tended to downplay or even deny the role of managers and providers in promoting patient centredness, and some used the concept to advocate for controversial health policies. Intergroup themes were even more obvious in the rhetoric of political groups across the ideological spectrum. In contrast to accounts that juxtaposed in‐groups and out‐groups, those from reportedly patient‐centred organizations defined a ‘mosaic’ in‐group that encompassed managers, providers and patients.ConclusionThe seemingly benign concept of patient‐centred care can easily become a weapon on an intergroup battlefield. Understanding this dimension may help organizations resolve the intergroup tensions that prevent collective achievement of a patient‐centred system.
Influence of clinical usage of GT and GTX files on cyclic fatigue resistance
Authors: Arias A. , Perez‐Higueras J. J. , de la Macorra J. C. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimTo compare static cyclic fatigue resistance of unused, unused and sterilized and clinically used conventional NiTi GT and M‐Wire GTX files.MethodologyOne hundred and sixty new files (80 GT and 80 GT series X) were divided into four control groups and four experimental groups (n = 20 each). Control groups were new unused files and new sterilized files. In the experimental groups, instruments were used in three (GT1 and GTX1 groups) or four molars (GT2 and GTX2 groups). Cyclic fatigue resistance was tested in stainless steel curved canals (60°, r = 3 mm). Each file was rotated until fracture (300 rpm, 2 N cm torque). Time‐to‐fracture (s) was registered. Mean life, eta and beta parameters of their Weibull distributions were calculated.ResultsUnused and sterilized GTX files will last significantly longer than GT files with a probability of 75% and 65%, respectively; whilst mean life was significantly longer for GT than for GTX in used files with a probability of 68%. Sterilized GT files will last longer than unused files with a probability of 66%. In both brands, unused and sterilized files will last significantly longer than files used clinically with a probability higher than 98%. The probability that GT will last longer after being used in three rather than four molars was 62% (statistically significant) and 52% (not statistically significant) for GTX.ConclusionsGTX files had an extended cyclic fatigue life when compared with GT when they were unused or unused and sterilized, but GT were significantly more resistant to cyclic fatigue after clinical usage than GT series X files 3 mm from the tip. Sterilization of files enhanced the cyclic fatigue resistance of GT instruments. Clinical use of files diminished cyclic fatigue resistance.
Intermarriage Attitudes Among Minority and Majority Groups in Western Europe: The Role of Attachment to the Religious In‐Group
Authors: Carol Sarah 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe key question of this paper is whether social integration, both for minority (migrants) and majority groups (natives) in Western Europe, varies across contexts of exit (ethnic origins) and contexts of reception (Western European countries); and if so, how does religious identity and practice serve to mediate these contextual differences? To investigate this question I draw on the international comparative dataset EURISLAM which includes comparisons between Muslim migrants of ex‐Yugoslav, Turkish, Moroccan and Pakistani origin with majority group members of Belgium, Britain, Germany and Switzerland. Social integration is measured through attitudes towards intermarriage across Muslim/non‐Muslim lines. As results show, ethnic groups differ in their probabilities to approve of intermarriage. Especially migrants from the former Yugoslavia encounter a significantly lower approval of intermarriage by natives. However, approval of intermarriage is closely tied to religiosity. Once religiosity is controlled for, all migrant groups become significantly more positive about intermarriage than natives. Following theories on in‐group favouritism and the homophily principle, we find that religious identity among migrants and practice among both natives and migrants are associated with reluctance to intermarry. Policy makers are advised to take note that contextual differences in perceived social integration of immigrant groups could be confounding other factors, including how differences in religiosity affect social integration. Migrants' significantly higher approval of intermarriage after controlling religiosity implies that policy makers may conceivably have to shift attention from migrants to natives and undertake some action in order to enable a greater intercultural understanding.
Demography and feeding behavior of the kelp crab Taliepus marginatus in subtidal habitats dominated by the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera or Lessonia trabeculata
Authors: Jofré Madariaga David , Ortiz Marco , Thiel Martin 
Published: May 2013

AbstractWe studied the population and feeding ecology of the kelp crab Taliepus marginatus in subtidal kelp forests dominated by either of two morphologically different kelp species (Macrocystis pyrifera or Lessonia trabeculata) in northern Chile. The sizes and abundances of T. marginatus differed between the two kelp habitats. Kelp crabs were more abundant in the M. pyrifera forest than in the L. trabeculata forest. Size‐frequency distributions showed that juvenile and immature crabs were more common in the M. pyrifera forest than in the L. trabeculata forest, where reproductive adults predominated. The smaller crabs in the M. pyrifera habitat also consumed a higher proportion of kelp tissues than the larger crabs in the L. trabeculata habitat, which had a higher proportion of animal food in their diet. In both kelp forests, individuals of T. marginatus showed a similar pattern of nocturnal feeding over a 24‐h period, consuming more food at night than during the day. The more complex and dense forests of M. pyrifera appear to present better nursery habitats for juvenile kelp crabs than the more open and less dense forests dominated by L. trabeculata. These results suggest that the role of the two kelp habitats for T. marginatus varies during the life cycle of the kelp crabs, with M. pyrifera tending to have nursery function and L. trabeculata being more suitable as a reproductive habitat.
Genotype‐by‐environment interactions due to antibiotic resistance and adaptation in Escherichia coli
Authors: Hall A. R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMutations that are beneficial in one environment can have different fitness effects in other environments. In the context of antibiotic resistance, the resulting genotype‐by‐environment interactions potentially make selection on resistance unpredictable in heterogeneous environments. Furthermore, resistant bacteria frequently fix additional mutations during evolution in the absence of antibiotics. How do these two types of mutations interact to determine the bacterial phenotype across different environments? To address this, I used Escherichia coli as a model system, measuring the effects of nine different rifampicin resistance mutations on bacterial growth in 31 antibiotic‐free environments. I did this both before and after approximately 200 generations of experimental evolution in antibiotic‐free conditions (LB medium), and did the same for the antibiotic‐sensitive wild type after adaptation to the same environment. The following results were observed: (i) bacteria with and without costly resistance mutations adapted to experimental conditions and reached similar levels of competitive fitness; (ii) rifampicin resistance mutations and adaptation to LB both indirectly altered growth in other environments; and (iii) resistant‐evolved genotypes were more phenotypically different from the ancestor and from each other than resistant‐nonevolved and sensitive‐evolved genotypes. This suggests genotype‐by‐environment interactions generated by antibiotic resistance mutations, observed previously in short‐term experiments, are more pronounced after adaptation to other types of environmental variation, making it difficult to predict long‐term selection on resistance mutations from fitness effects in a single environment.
Metamorphism of the Amdo metamorphic complex,Tibet: implications for the Jurassic tectonic evolution of the Bangong suture zone
Authors: Guynn J. , Tropper P. , Kapp P. , Gehrels G. E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractTibet consists of several terranes that progressively collided with the southern margin of Asia during the Mesozoic following the closure of intervening ocean basins. This Mesozoic amalgamation history, as well as the extent to which it may have contributed to crustal thickening prior to the Cenozoic Indo‐Asia collision, remains poorly constrained and strongly debated. Here, we present a metamorphic petrological and U‐Pb zircon geochronological study of the Amdo metamorphic complex, one of the few exposures of high‐grade metamorphic rocks in central Tibet, located along the Bangong suture between the Qiangtang terrane to the north and the Lhasa terrane to the south. U‐Pb ages of metamorphic zircon in gneiss constrain the timing of peak metamorphism atc. 178 Ma, prior to the Early Cretaceous collision between the two terranes. PeakP–Tconditions of gneiss within the metamorphic complex are constrained by conventional as well as multi‐equilibrium (THERMOCALCv.3.21 and v.3.33) geothermobarometry of two samples of garnet‐amphibolite. WhereasTHERMOCALCv.3.21 yields similar results as conventional geothermobarometry,THERMOCALCv. 3.33 yields dramatically lower pressures, mostly due to the change in the amphibole activity model used. UsingTHERMOCALCv.3.21, the two garnet‐amphibolite samples yield similarP–Tconditions of 0.83 ± 0.06 GPa at 646 ± 33 °C and 0.97 ± 0.06 GPa at 704 ± 35 °C. Plagioclase coronas on the garnet‐amphibolite sample with lower peakP–Tconditions indicate a period of isothermal decompression. Additional geothermometry on two garnet‐free amphibolites yielded similar temperatures of 700–750 °C and suggests similarP–Tconditions across most of the complex. However, two exposures of garnet‐kyanite schist located along the southern edge of the metamorphic complex yielded slightly lower peak conditions of 0.75–0.85 GPa and 550–610 °C. Petrographic and field relations suggest the difference in metamorphic grade between the schist and gneiss is due to an intervening thrust fault. The existence of the thrust fault indicates that at least part of the exhumation of the complex was due to contractional deformation, possibly during the Lhasa‐Qiangtang collision. OurP–T–tresults indicate the occurrence of a significant Early Jurassic tectonothermal event along the southern, active margin of the Qiangtang terrane that deeply buried the Amdo rocks. We suggest that the metamorphism is a result of arc‐related tectonism that may have been regionally extensive along the southern Qiangtang terrane; geological records of this tectonism may be rarely exposed along strike because of a lack of exhumation or subsequent depositional and structural burial.
Block bootstrap methods for the estimation of the intensity of a spatial point process with confidence bounds
Authors: MATTFELDT T. , HÄBEL H. , FLEISCHER F. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThis paper deals with the estimation of the intensity of a planar point process on the basis of a single point pattern, observed in a rectangular window. If the model assumptions of stationarity and isotropy hold, the method of block bootstrapping can be used to estimate the intensity of the process with confidence bounds. The results of two variants of block bootstrapping are compared with a parametric approximation based on the assumption of a Gaussian distribution of the numbers of points in deterministic subwindows of the original pattern. The studies were performed on patterns obtained by simulation of well‐known point process models (Poisson process, two Matérn cluster processes, Matérn hardcore process, Strauss hardcore process). They were also performed on real histopathological data (point patterns of capillary profiles of 12 cases of prostatic cancer). The methods are presented as worked examples on two cases, where we illustrate their use as a check on stationarity (homogeneity) of a point process with respect to different fields of vision. The paper concludes with various methodological discussions and suggests possible extensions of the block bootstrap approach to other fields of spatial statistics.
Three‐dimensional visualization of dermal skin structure using confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: ANTUNES A.P.M. , COVINGTON A.D. , PETFORD N. , MURRAY T. , WERTHEIM D. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryThe properties and performance of collagen‐based materials may be affected by the collagen fibre bundle pattern, orientation and weave. The aim of this study was to develop and apply methods to visualize the dermis using confocal laser scanning microscopy from thin tissue sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The data was processed to allow three‐dimensional (3‐D) visualization on a PC and using a 3‐D immersive technology system. The 3‐D visualization of the confocal microscope image stacks allowed the evaluation of the collagen macromolecular structure including the collagen fibre bundles. The methods developed provide a novel way of viewing complex organic structures with further potential applications in the medical field.
Long‐term coeliac disease influences risk of death in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Mollazadegan K. , Sanders D. S. , Ludvigsson J. , Ludvigsson J. F. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to examine mortality in patients with both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and coeliac disease (CD).MethodsBetween 1969 and 2008, we identified individuals with CD through biopsy reports from all pathology departments (n = 28) in Sweden. T1D was defined as a diagnosis of diabetes recorded in the Swedish National Patient Register between 1964 and 2009 in individuals aged ≤30 years. During follow‐up, we identified 960 patients with both T1D and CD. For each individual with T1D and CD, we selected up to five subjects with T1D alone (i.e. no CD), matched for sex, age and calendar period of diagnosis, as the reference group (n = 4608). Using a stratified Cox regression analysis with CD as a time‐dependent covariate, we estimated the risk of death in patients with both T1D and CD compared with those with T1D alone.ResultsStratifying for time since CD diagnosis, CD was not a risk factor for death in patients with T1D during the first 5 years after CD diagnosis [hazard ratio (HR) 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43–1.73], but thereafter the HR for mortality increased as a function of follow‐up time (5 to <10 years, HR 1.44, 95% CI 0.74–2.79; 10 to <15 years, HR 1.88, 95% CI 0.81–4.36). Having a CD diagnosis for ≥15 years was associated with a 2.80‐fold increased risk of death in individuals with T1D (95% CI 1.28–6.12).ConclusionA diagnosis of CD for ≥15 years increases the risk of death in patients with T1D.
Rhizoctonia Web Blight Development on Azalea in Relation to Leaf Wetness Duration in the Glasshouse
Authors: Copes Warren 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMoisture variables have not been a consistent predictor of Rhizoctonia web blight development on container‐grown azalea. A vapour pressure deficit <2.5 hPa was the only moisture variable attributed to slow web blight development in one study, yet in another study, frequent rainfall provided a moderately successful decision criterion for applying fungicide. To characterize web blight development in response to leaf wetness, plants were inoculated with two isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐U and maintained in a glasshouse in open‐topped, clear plastic chambers with 0‐, 4‐, 8‐, 12‐, 16‐ and 20‐h daily cycles of 20–30 s mist at 30‐min intervals under day and night temperatures of 29 and 22°C, respectively. Leaf wetness duration closely matched misting cycle duration. Disease incidence was measured per chamber as a mean of the number of blighted leaves per total leaves per stem. A mixed model procedure was used to compare area under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) over 4–6 weeks in experiments performed in 2008 to 2010. Isolate response to mist cycle durations was not different (P = 0.4283) in 2008, but was different in 2009 (P = 0.0010) and 2010 (P < 0.0001) due to one isolate becoming less aggressive over time. AUDPC was consistently higher on azaleas under 16‐ and 20‐h mist cycles, which formed a higher disease group not significantly different from each other. AUDPC under 0‐, 4‐, and 8‐h mist cycles mostly formed a lower disease group, while ranking for a 12‐h mist cycle varied across experiments from the higher, intermediate, or lower AUDPC groups. Current data demonstrate an empirical relationship between long daily leaf wetness durations and development of severe web blight symptoms within a temperature range considered favourable for Rhizoctonia web blight development. Additional studies would be required to model Rhizoctonia web blight development under natural temperature fluctuations.
Cognitive milieu therapy and physical activity: experiences of mastery and learning among patients with dual diagnosis
Authors: Borge L. , Røssberg J. I. , Sverdrup S. 
Published: May 2013

Accessible summary
Cognitive milieu therapy, including physical activity, promoted mastery and learning in inpatients with dual diagnoses. Physical activity was an important source for personal learning.
The learning climate was created through the proactive attitude of staff, including the application of an educational process, a focus on cooperation on equal terms between patients and staff, and a professional methodological approach through cognitive milieu therapy.
The cognitive method was sometimes experienced as too theoretical and difficult to understand, and it was a challenge to achieve an optimal balance between staff‐induced activities and patient initiatives.
Patients highly appreciated learning from other patients.
AbstractDuring the last decade, there has been a growing interest in implementing cognitive milieu therapy (CMT) in psychiatric institutions. However, there is a lack of systematic evaluations from patients' point of view. The aim of this study was to explore and describe patient perceptions of essential experiences of mastery, learning alternative ways of thinking, and acquiring new skills through CMT and physical activity in an inpatient setting. Qualitative interviews were carried out with 20 patients with dual diagnosis. A hermeneutic – phenomenological approach was used in the data collection and analysis. The results showed that the learning climate in the unit was important. This included a proactive attitude from the staff, focusing on cooperation on equal terms between patients and staff, and a professional methodological approach through CMT. The optimal balance between staff‐induced activities and patient initiatives was not easy to obtain. Patients appreciated both the education provided by the staff and learning from other patients. The cognitive method was sometimes experienced as too theoretical and difficult to understand. Physical activity, however, was experienced as ‘concrete’ and providing practical knowledge. It motivated patients to establish new habits and provided opportunities for the development of mastery together with other patients.
Birth of Kids After Artificial Insemination with Sex‐Sorted, Frozen‐Thawed Goat Spermatozoa
Authors: Bathgate R , Mace N , Heasman K , Evans G , Maxwell WMC , de Graaf SP 
Published: May 2013

ContentsSuccessful sex‐sorting of goat spermatozoa and subsequent birth of pre‐sexed kids have yet to be reported. As such, a series of experiments were conducted to develop protocols for sperm‐sorting (using a modified flow cytometer, MoFlo SX®) and cryopreservation of goat spermatozoa. Saanen goat spermatozoa (n = 2 males) were (i) collected into Salamon's or Tris catch media post‐sorting and (ii) frozen in Tris–citrate–glucose media supplemented with 5, 10 or 20% egg yolk in (iii) 0.25 ml pellets on dry ice or 0.25 ml straws in a controlled‐rate freezer. Post‐sort and post‐thaw sperm quality were assessed by motility (CASA), viability and acrosome integrity (PI/FITC‐PNA). Sex‐sorted goat spermatozoa frozen in pellets displayed significantly higher post‐thaw motility and viability than spermatozoa frozen in straws. Catch media and differing egg yolk concentration had no effect on the sperm parameters tested. The in vitro and in vivo fertility of sex‐sorted goat spermatozoa produced with this optimum protocol were then tested by means of a heterologous ova binding assay and intrauterine artificial insemination of Saanen goat does, respectively. Sex‐sorted goat spermatozoa bound to sheep ova zona pellucidae in similar numbers (p > 0.05) to non‐sorted goat spermatozoa, non‐sorted ram spermatozoa and sex‐sorted ram spermatozoa. Following intrauterine artificial insemination with sex‐sorted spermatozoa, 38% (5/13) of does kidded with 83% (3/5) of kids being of the expected sex. Does inseminated with non‐sorted spermatozoa achieved a 50% (3/6) kidding rate and a sex ratio of 3 : 1 (F : M). This study demonstrates for the first time that goat spermatozoa can be sex‐sorted by flow cytometry, successfully frozen and used to produce pre‐sexed kids.
Technology‐enhanced Interactive Teaching of Marginal, Joint and Conditional Probabilities: The Special Case of Bivariate Normal Distribution
Authors: Dinov Ivo D. , Kamino Scott , Bhakhrani Bilal , Christou Nicolas 
Published: May 2013

SummaryData analysis requires subtle probability reasoning to answer questions like What is the chance of event A occurring, given that event B was observed? This generic question arises in discussions of many intriguing scientific questions such as What is the probability that an adolescent weighs between 120 and 140 pounds given that they are of average height? and What is the probability of (monetary) inflation exceeding 4% and housing price index below 110? To address such problems, learning some applied, theoretical or cross‐disciplinary probability concepts is necessary. Teaching such courses can be improved by utilizing modern information technology resources. Students' understanding of multivariate distributions, conditional probabilities, correlation and causation can be significantly strengthened by employing interactive web‐based science educational resources. Independent of the type of a probability course (e.g. majors, minors or service probability course, rigorous measure‐theoretic, applied or statistics course) student motivation, learning experiences and knowledge retention may be enhanced by blending modern technological tools within the classical conceptual pedagogical models.We have designed, implemented and disseminated a portable open‐source web‐application for teaching multivariate distributions, marginal, joint and conditional probabilities using the special case of bivariate Normal distribution. A real adolescent height and weight dataset is used to demonstrate the classroom utilization of the new web‐application to address problems of parameter estimation, univariate and multivariate inference.