bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—VII. EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Ponder Eric , Flint K. Newstead 
Published: December 2014

1. In experimental tuberculosis in the rabbit there is a left‐handed deflection of the Arneth count, as occurs in the disease in man.2. There is some evidence for believing that this deflected state is brought about in the first instance by a liberation of cells of Class I. from the marrow, but afterwards maintained by an increased removal from the blood‐stream of the cells of the higher classes.3. The injection of tuberculin into a tuberculous rabbit has an effect comparable with the injection of thyroid into a normal rabbit. The marrow liberates cells of Class I., which in the course of time develop into cells of the higher classes.This research was carried out under a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society.We have to thank Colonel
Liston and Dr D. G. S.
M'Laughlan for their kindness in supplying us with the bacteriological material.
STUDIES OF THE MOVEMENTS OF THE EYELIDS OF ANIMALS: BLINKING
Authors: Blount W. P. 
Published: December 2014

1. A rough classification of the movements of the eyelids of animals has been made.2. Observations of the normal inter blink period of many vertebrate animals is recorded.3. The physiology of blinking is considered.4. The suggestion of
Ponder and
Kennedy that some of the impulses which cause blinking have a central origin is discussed and supported.5. The evolution of blinking is referred to and the influence of age considered.I wish to thank Dr
Henry Dryerre, Professor of Physiology, The Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, Edinburgh, for his help and suggestions throughout the work.
STUDIES ON THE BLOOD OF BIRDS.—I. THE CORPUSCLES OF THE PIGEON
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. , Climenko David R. 
Published: December 2014

1. The erythrocytes of the pigeon's blood are described, and figures are given for the average measurements and for the value of the erythrocyte count. Two types of red blood‐cell are enumerated.2. The leucocytes of the pigeon's blood are divisible into four classes. The following data are given concerning them, viz. differential counts, sizes, morphology, and staining reactions. It has been found impossible to obtain sufficiently accurate total white‐cell counts.3. No thrombocytes could be demonstrated.A portion of the expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund.
THE STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENTS OF THE CARDIA
Authors: M'Swiney B. A. 
Published: December 2014

It is suggested that the movements of the circular muscle of the cardia are controlled by the “tonus” and contractions of the sling, or internal oblique, fibres of the stomach. The following considerations seem to indicate this.1. The arrangement and relative development of the internal oblique fibres in the stomach of different animals.2. The type of response obtained in isolated strips from the cardia and neighbouring parts of the stomach.3. The co‐ordination of the movements of the cardia with those of the stomach.4. The function of the sling in maintaining the shape and position of the stomach as determined by the contractions and tonus of the sling.
THE EFFECT OF SHIVERING ON THE RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT IN PANCREATIC DIABETES
Authors: Chaikoff I. L. , Macleod J. J.R. 
Published: December 2014

1. Shivering in response to cold raises the respiratory quotient and the oxygen consumption of normal and depancreatised dogs to a similar extent. Since no disturbance of the acid‐base equilibrium of the organism can be detected, the raised respiratory quotient points to an increase in oxidation of carbohydrate.2. The increase in R.Q. is marked at the beginning of shivering, but returns later towards the basal level although the increased oxygen consumption is still maintained. This is interpreted as indicating that oxidation of preformed carbohydrate is the only process which is stimulated when the shivering starts, but that a process of gluco‐neo‐genesis sets in later and thus depresses the quotient although as much carbohydrate is still being oxidised.
NON‐SPECIFIC CHANGES IN THE OPSONIC POWER OF RABBIT SERUM PRODUCED PHYSICALLY THROUGH THE INTRAVASCULAR INJECTION OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN SUSPENSION
Authors: Elvidge A. R. 
Published: December 2014

The intravenous administration of (chemically inert) quartz suspensions causes a physico‐chemical alteration in the white‐cell plasma relations due to non‐specific changes produced physically in the rabbit's blood serum, which results in a profound decrease in the ability of the polymorphs to phagocyte Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus in vitro in the presence of their own serum. If serum from a normal rabbit is substituted, the cells again become able to phagocyte. If cells from a normal rabbit are incubated with the “treated” rabbit's serum, they tend to lose their phagocytic ability.The phenomenon is due to a lack of some substance, “opsonin,” from the serum of the treated animal. This lack can be compensated for by the addition of a normal control serum.It has been found possible to vary experimentally by a physical method the “opsonic” content of the blood serum of a rabbit without the use of vaccines.I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor
John Tait for much helpful criticism in preparing this paper for press.
ON THE GENETIC NATURE OF THE TIME OF ATTAINMENT OF PUBERTY IN THE FEMALE MOUSE
Authors: Mirskaia L. , Crew F. A. E. 
Published: December 2014

In the mouse stocks examined it was found that relatively early and relatively late attainment of sexual maturity are genetic characters, and are not influenced in their expression by differences in environmental conditions whenthe animals are kept at an optimum and constant temperature.Environmental factors (food and general care), however, do condition the pregnancy rate‐that is to say, the percentage of pregnancies following upon first mating at the first, second, and third cestrous cycles is determined by non‐genetic factors.
THE ACTION OF JANUS GREEN UPON BLOOD‐VESSELS
Authors: Ettinger G. Harold 
Published: December 2014

1. Janus green exerts a powerful constrictor effect upon the pulmonary arteries of the guinea‐pig, rabbit, and cat, so great and sustained indeed that the obstruction to the blood‐flow may cause death through cardiac failure. The coronary arteries may also be affected, causing ventricular fibrillation. The systemic blood‐vessels of the frog, guineapig, rabbit, and cat are also moderately constricted.2. The constrictor action of Janus green is tachyphylactic. It is more readily demonstrated and can be provoked with smaller amounts in the perfused surviving blood‐vessels than in the living animal, but in the former the perfusion with foreign sera and a high oxygen content of the tissues tend to diminish the reaction.3. Strips of the aorta of the rabbit and cat, of the pulmonary artery of the rabbit, and of the carotid artery of the ox all fail to respond to solutions of Janus green in a Magnus bath. It has not been possible to reconcile this observation with the results described above.4. The smooth muscle of the uterus, bronchiole, and ileum fails to respond to Janus green, but duodenal movements are depressed.This research was commenced in Edinburgh in 1928–29, in Professor Sharpey‐Schafer's laboratory. The experiments were continued at Queen's University upon my return to Canada, and in the Medical Research Laboratory of Professor Banting in Toronto.I am indebted to Professor HAY, Kingston, for the photographs.The expenses of the experiments performed in Edinburgh were met in part by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund for the promotion of research in the University of Edinburgh.
PREGNANCY CHANGES IN THE RABBIT'S UTERUS AND THEIR RELATION TO ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY. III
Authors: Robson J. M. 
Published: December 2014

Daily injections of anterior pituitary lobe substance (together with an antiseptic, quinanil) into mature non‐pregnant or pseudopregnant rabbits is followed by luteinisation of the ovaries. The uterus shows typical condition, viz. marked progestational proliferation of the endometrium, but no inhibition of the reaction to pituitrin. This “dissociation” of the uterine responses is never observed during pseudopregnancy or after a single injection of gonadotropic hormone.The injection of a standard corpus luteum extract into animals receiving daily anterior lobe injections does not, as a rule, bring about inhibition of the pituitrin reaction. The combined daily injection of anterior lobe and α‐hormone (œstrin) usually brings about inhibition.Animals injected intravenously with β‐free gonadotropic preparations from pregnancy urine for prolonged periods do not show dissociation of the uterine responses.It is concluded that β‐hormone is necessary for the development of the inhibitory reaction. A tentative explanation of the results obtained with different gonadotropic preparations is offered.I am indebted to the Medical Research Council for a grant in aid of this work.
ARGINASE STUDIES.—I. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE ACTIVITY OF THE ENZYME AND THE CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN IONS
Authors: Hunter Andrew , Morrell Joseph A. 
Published: December 2014

1. The range of pH over which arginase exerts a measurable activity is 4–8 to 1l·5.2. The point of maximum activity is at or near pH 9·8.3. The pH activity curve is therefore strikingly unsymmetrical.4. In the alkaline range of its activity, beginning at about pH 8, the enzyme, even in the presence of its substrate, undergoes increasingly rapid destruction.5. This accounts in all probability for the very rapid fall of activity on the alkaline side of the optimum.6. The rising limb of the activity curve is not a simple symmetrical S‐shaped curve, but has a complex form, closely resembling the titration curves of certain proteins.7. The possible interpretation to be put upon this observation is briefly discussed.
THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF THE ISOLATED UTERUS OF THE RAT AND MOUSE
Authors: Khayyal M. A. , Scott C. M. 
Published: December 2014

1. The oxygen consumption per unit weight of the uteri of mice and rats shows a cyclical variation; it remains uniform during the greater part of the cycle, but is approximately doubled during the latter part of diœstrus.2. The oxygen consumption rate of the whole uterus of mice and rats is at its maximum during the œstrous phase and at its minimum during the latter part of diœstrus. This effect is brought about by the great variations in the weight of the organ during the œstrous cycle.3. The oxygen consumption rate per unit weight of the uterus of mice and rats varies inversely as the cube root of the body‐weight of the animal.We thank Professor A. J. Clark for his help during this investigation. The expenses were paid by a grant from the Moray Fund of Edinburgh University.
THE GLUCOSE AND LACTATE CONSUMPTION OF THE DOG'S HEART
Authors: Evans C. Lovatt , Grande F. , Hsu Fong Yen 
Published: December 2014

1. When the volume of blood in a heart‐lung circuit was increased the lactate in the blood tended to rise, and vice versa. This is as predicted from the facts that lactate arises by glycolysis in the blood and is removed by the heart. Estimation of the amounts of glucose utilized by the heart and based on the fall of blood sugar in heart‐lung preparations are certain to be too high if the rates of glycolysis in the blood and in the lungs are ignored or assessed at too low values.2. To obviate the attempt at such calculations in which the lungs introduce an uncertain factor, recourse was had to an isolated heartoxygenator circuit. By the use of this the glucose and lactic acid utilization of the dog's heart were assessed at an average of 70 mg. and 200 mg. respectively, per 100 grm. heart/hr., the blood being oxygenated by a mixture of 5 per cent. CO2 and 95 per cent. oxygen, and each ventricle, doing reasonable amounts of work under normal conditions of arterial pressures, at a temperature of about 37° C.3. There was considerable fluctuation in the glucose usages in different hearts, but a general tendency for lactate and glucose utilizations to be reciprocally related. The sum of lactate and glucose utilizations was in the majority of experiments insufficient if combusted to account for the known oxygen usages of heart muscle. The rate of usage of either constituent was increased if its concentration in the blood was increased and, below certain critical levels, was reduced when its concentration was reduced.4. Addition of insulin, the blood sugar being normal or low, increased the utilization of glucose but did not clearly affect that of lactic acid, whether this was at high or low concentration in the blood.The authors express their thanks to the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society for a grant to one of us (C. L. E.), which covered part of the cost of animals. Also to Mr J. Trendall and Mr V. C. Tindley for skilled help in constructing and maintaining the necessary apparatus.
ESTIMATION OF THE FERMENTABLE CARBOHYDRATES IN RABBIT LIVER
Authors: Purves C. B. 
Published: December 2014

1. Estimation of glycogen and free sugar failed by 25 ± 8 per cent. to account for all of the fermentable carbohydrate in rabbit liver. The deficiency was attributed to the presence of a fermentable polysaccharide which was destroyed during the glycogen determination and was insoluble in 90 per cent. alcohol. It was extracted from liver by 32 per cent. alcohol.2. The only copper‐reducing substance extracted from liver by 90 per cent. alcohol agreed, in its optical rotation and copper‐reducing power, with glucose, which is in all probability the “free sugar” of the liver.3. At death the “free sugar” content of liver, expressed as glucose, was not more than 0·2 per cent., but subsequent to death it rapidly increased. This increase was accompanied by a nearly equivalent decrease in the percentage amount of glycogen.The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor J. J. R. MacLeod, who suggested this work, and to the Carnegie Trust for a Teaching Fellowship.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE AND OF INCREASED WORK ON THE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF THE MAMMALIAN HEART
Authors: Bogue J. Yule , Evans C. Lovatt , Grande F. , Hsu F. Y. 
Published: December 2014

1. Increase in the energy expenditure of the dog's heart by the addition of adrenaline to the circulating blood increases the utilization of both sugar and lactate.2. The same holds true for increase in energy expenditure by raising the mechanical work done.3. Cardiac muscle appears to differ fundamentally from skeletal muscle in the ease with which it uses lactate.4. It is suggested that the lactate is burned by the tissue to yield energy, whereas the sugar is used to replace glycogen usage. When the blood sugar and lactate have fallen to a low level the heart glycogen is drawn upon, especially if the energy expenditure has been high.Part of the costs of this research have been defrayed by a grant from the Royal Veterinary College to one of us (J. Y. B.).
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE SITE OF INJECTION OF ANDROSTERONE AND THE COMB RESPONSE IN THE FOWL
Authors: Greenwood A. W. , Blyth J. S. S. 
Published: December 2014

1. Injections of androsterone directly into the substance of the capon's comb produced a response greater than that elicited by the same dose when injected intramuscularly in the pectoral region.2. In a preliminary test of the effect of the hormone in intact birds, two females responding to the treatment, showed less increase in comb size than the capons, as recorded in the length plus height measurements, but developed well‐marked swellings at the base of the comb, which are considered to be manifestations of a local effect. A normal male showed no reaction to the same treatment, while an incompletely castrated male, with a comb similar in size to those of the females, gave a marked response.3. The significance of the results is briefly discussed.
THE OXYGEN SUPPLY OF THE LIVER
Authors: McMichael John 
Published: December 2014

1. In the cat the liver obtains about two‐thirds of its oxygen from the portal vein under normal conditions of blood‐pressure. Obstruction of the portal vein to a lobe causes central degeneration in the lobules.2. When the blood‐pressure is lowered by hæmorrhage and shock, the oxygen content of the portal venous blood is proportionately diminished, and the liver becomes more and more dependent on the hepatic artery for its oxygen.3. In the rabbit the liver is almost entirely dependent on the hepatic artery for its oxygen, and gets only an insignificant amount from the portal blood.4. Irritation of the hepatic nerves by a ligature may cause a temporary diminution of the flow through the liver by causing vasoconstriction of the portal venules within the liver. This effect, however, is so transient that it does not play any significant part in determining the liver degeneration which results from ligature of the hepatic artery.5. Temporary occlusion of the hepatic artery does not lead to reactive hyperæmia in the liver.The expenses of this Research have been partly defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE ANTIFERMENTING PRINCIPLE IN BLACK TIGER SNAKE VENOM
Authors: Chain E. , Goldsworthy L. J. 
Published: December 2014

The anti‐fermenting principle in black tiger snake venom is destroyed by heat to a large extent, and is almost completely destroyed by precipitation with methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and acetone. It does not dialyse through cellophane membranes. Ammonium sulphate and sodium chloride precipitate it partially from aqueous solutions. It is completely destroyed by alkali, but is relatively stable in acid solutions. Exposure to the air in neutral solution for several days does not appreciably affect the activity. Pepsin destroys it rapidly.These properties in our opinion show conclusively that the active principle is a protein. Granting the correctness of this conclusion, the fact that it acts in very great dilutions suggests that the inhibitory effect on the fermenting enzyme complex is itself of enzymatic nature.
A COMPARISON OF LYSOZYME PREPARATIONS FROM EGG‐WHITE, CAT AND HUMAN SALIVA
Authors: Roberts E. A. H. , Maegraith B. G. , Florey H. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. A highly purified specimen of cat lysozyme and a less pure one of human lysozyme have been prepared.2. Chemical and serological comparison shows clear‐cut differences between them, though all specimens have the power to dissolve M. lysodeikticus.We are indebted to the Medical Research Council for a grant towards the expenses of this work.
THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND GASTRIC MOTILITY
Authors: Heslop T. Stewart 
Published: December 2014

1. Anterior hypothalamic stimulation produces a marked increase in gastric tone and motility.2. Posterior hypothalamic stimulation produces a much less marked converse effect and seems to be limited to a transient relaxation of the pyloric end of the stomach.This work was carried out at the Buckston Browne Surgical Research Farm of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.I am indebted to Mr. F. Watson for his technical assistance.
THE ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE ISOLATED PERFUSED LUNGS OF THE PIG
Authors: Petrovskaia B. 
Published: December 2014

The lungs of the pig isolated and perfused with the animal's own blood are not suitable for testing bronchial responses to the injection of drugs. Sooner or later the preparations exhibit œdema and prevent measurement of the tidal air. This statement applies to preparations made from animals bled to death under Pernocton and local anæsthesia. Vascular responses to drugs are easily obtainable and, in respect of adrenaline, exhibit a remarkable uniformity from one preparation to another. Adrenaline invariably reduces the pulmonary arterial pressure in freshly perfused lungs, and augments it during later stages of perfusion. It has been reported that a similar phenomenon may on rare occasions occur in the dog [Alcock, Berry, and Daly, 1935]. How far the adrenaline pulmonary effect depends upon the maintenance of vessel tone in some parts of the vascular bed, or to physicochemical changes in the blood or lung tissues under the artificial conditions of persusion, there is insufficient evidence to decide.In isolated pig's lungs under negative pressure ventilation and perfused at constant volume inflow with defibrinated blood:1. Adrenaline reduces the pulmonary arterial pressure in freshly perfused preparations and augments it during later stages of perfusion; ergotoxine reverses the pressor effect. Adrenaline dilates the bronchi.2. Small doses of A.Ch. tend to lower, and larger doses to raise, the pulmonary arterial pressure in ergotoxinised preparations. The bronchi constrict.I wish to express my thanks to Professor I. de Burgh Daly for his advice and encouragement during this work, and to the Moray Endowment Committee, who defrayed the expenses of the research.
THE ACTION OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE ON THE INTESTINE OF THE CAT
Authors: Lium R. , Florey H. W. 
Published: December 2014

1. Isotonic MgSO4 slows the absorption of isotonic NaCl solutions in the intestine of the cat. It does not influence the absorption of glucose solutions. It does delay slightly the absorption of distilled water.2. Isotonic MgSO4 is no more irritating to the colon than isotonic NaCl as evidenced by histological studies. Its action in producing purgation is probably that of diminishing absorption and thereby producing mechanical stimulation for defæcation by the increased bulk.3. MgSO4 in small doses produces loose and watery stools in cats for several days. This may be due to its effect in slowing the absorption of other crystalloids.4. Solutions of NaCl are best absorbed from the ileum; of glucose, best from the jejunum in cats.5. Decapitate cats cannot be considered to be completely normal with regard to intestinal motility. Washing and excessive handling of the colon tend to make it irritable and give inconsistent results in acute experiments.
THE ACTION OF SOME ANDROGENIC SUBSTANCES ON THE IMMATURE FEMALE RAT AND GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Groome J. R. 
Published: December 2014

The Intact Rat.Six immature female rats injected with 500γ Testosterone propionate daily for 8 days showed on the 9th day:1. An abnormal increase in body weight, not due to fat deposits.2. The abnormal presence of Graafian follicles, and in four cases of corpora lutea in the ovary.3. Hypertrophy of the uterus, in one case having an œstrous, and in the others a progestational appearance, which might be genuine pseudo‐pregnancy.4. Mucification of the vaginal epithelium.5. Hypertrophy of the female preputial glands.6. No mammary development, with the exception of one animal.7. Hypertrophy of the clitoris‐like organ.It is suggested that Testosterone propionate is directly responsible for all these changes; that the mammary glands are less susceptible to injections than the other accessory organs; and that the length of the clitoris‐like organ is not normally determined by the presence of œstrogens.The effects observed appear to be directly dependent upon the duration of the treatment.The Oophorectomrised Guinea‐pig.Solid testosterone implantations, of which 15 mg. were absorbed in 30 days by two oophorectomised immature guinea‐pigs, were associated with an increase in body weight without fat deposits, and with hypertrophy of the uterus and clitoris, and the formation of horny styles on the latter.A successful testicular graft was made in one animal, which received 200 rat units of gonadotrophic hormone in 10 days. After thirty days, there was uterine hypertrophy, but no increase in body weight or in the length of the clitoris.The oophorectomised controls showed a considerable increase in body weight and fat deposits. There was slight uterine regression, but the clitoris maintained its length.It appears that the uterus is equally sensitive to testosterone and testis grafts. The clitoris is sensitive to testosterone, but probably requires a greater length of time to react to testicular material. This may account for the externally feminine appearance of naturally occurring mammalian intersexes, which are entirely lacking in ovarian tissue.