bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘The family that feared tomorrow’: British nuclear culture and individual experience in the late 1950s
Authors: HOGG JONATHAN 
Published: January 2013

AbstractJournalistic representations of a suicide pact in 1957 encapsulated wider popular assumptions on, and anxieties over, nuclear technology. Through an exploration of British nuclear culture in the late 1950s, this article suggests that knowledge of nuclear danger disrupted broader conceptions of self, nationhood and existence in British life. Building on Hecht's use of the term ‘nuclearity’, the article offers an alternative definition of the term whereby nuclearity is understood to mean the collection of assumptions held by individual citizens on the dangers of nuclear technology: assumptions that were rooted firmly in context and which circulated in, and were shaped by, national discourse. The article will argue that nuclearity was an active component in the formation of British identity by the late 1950s. The article is intended as a starting point for extended reflections on the ways in which nuclearity can add to our understanding of individual experience, nuclear anxiety and Cold War culture in post-war Britain.
Atoms for the people: the Atomic Scientists' Association, the British state and nuclear education in the Atom Train exhibition, 1947–1948
Authors: LAUCHT CHRISTOPH 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis article concerns the Atom Train travelling exhibition that the chief body of the British nuclear scientists' movement, the Atomic Scientists' Association (ASA), organized in collaboration with government offices and private industry in 1947–1948. It argues that the exhibition marked an important moment within post-war British nuclear culture where nuclear scientists shared aspects of their nuclear knowledge with the British public, while simultaneously clashing with the interests of the emerging British national security state in the early Cold War.
Biofortified cassava increases β-carotene and vitamin A concentrations in the TAG-rich plasma layer of American women
Authors: La Frano Michael R. , Woodhouse Leslie R. , Burnett Dustin J. , Burri Betty J. 
Published: January 2013

Biofortification of cassava with the provitamin A carotenoid β-carotene is a potential mechanism for alleviating vitamin A deficiency. Cassava is a staple food in the African diet, but data regarding the human bioavailability of β-carotene from this food are scarce. The objective of the present study was to evaluate provitamin A-enhanced cassava as a source of β-carotene and vitamin A for healthy adult women. The study was a randomised, cross-over trial of ten American women. The subjects consumed three different porridges separated by 2 week washout periods. Treatment meals (containing 100 g cassava) included: biofortified cassava (2 mg β-carotene) porridge with added oil (15 ml peanut or rapeseed oil, 20 g total fat); biofortified cassava porridge without added oil (6 g total fat); unfortified white cassava porridge with a 0·3 mg retinyl palmitate reference dose and added oil (20 g total fat). Blood was collected six times from − 0·5 to 9·5 h post-feeding. TAG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) plasma was separated by ultracentrifugation and analysed using HPLC with coulometric array electrochemical detection. The AUC for retinyl palmitate increased after the biofortified cassava meals were fed (P< 0·05). Vitamin A conversion was 4·2 (sd3·1) and 4·5 (sd3·1) μg β-carotene:1 μg retinol, with and without added oil, respectively. These results show that biofortified cassava increases β-carotene and retinyl palmitate TRL plasma concentrations in healthy well-nourished adult women, suggesting that it is a viable intervention food for preventing vitamin A deficiency.
Flavanone metabolites decrease monocyte adhesion to TNF-α-activated endothelial cells by modulating expression of atherosclerosis-related genes
Authors: Chanet Audrey , Milenkovic Dragan , Claude Sylvain , Maier Jeanette A. M. , Kamran Khan Muhammad , Rakotomanomana Njara , Shinkaruk Svitlana , Bérard Annie M. , Bennetau-Pelissero Catherine , Mazur Andrzej , Morand Christine 
Published: January 2013

Flavanones are found specifically and abundantly in citrus fruits. Their beneficial effect on vascular function is well documented. However, little is known about their cellular and molecular mechanisms of action in vascular cells. The goal of the present study was to identify the impact of flavanone metabolites on endothelial cells and decipher the underlying molecular mechanisms of action. We investigated the impact of naringenin and hesperetin metabolites at 0·5, 2 and 10 μm on monocyte adhesion to TNF-α-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and on gene expression. Except hesperetin-7-glucuronide and naringenin-7-glucuronide (N7G), when present at 2 μm, flavanone metabolites (hesperetin-3′-sulphate, hesperetin-3′-glucuronide and naringenin-4′-glucuronide (N4′G)) significantly attenuated monocyte adhesion to TNF-α-activated HUVEC. Exposure of both monocytes and HUVEC to N4′G and N7G at 2 μm resulted in a higher inhibitory effect on monocyte adhesion. Gene expression analysis, using TaqMan Low-Density Array, revealed that flavanone metabolites modulated the expression of genes involved in atherogenesis, such as those involved in inflammation, cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organisation. In conclusion, physiologically relevant concentrations of flavanone metabolites reduce monocyte adhesion to TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cells by affecting the expression of related genes. This provides a potential explanation for the vasculoprotective effects of flavanones.
Frugivorous bats drink nutrient- and clay-enriched water in the Amazon rain forest: support for a dual function of mineral-lick visits
Authors: Ghanem Simon J. , Ruppert Hans , Kunz Thomas H. , Voigt Christian C. 
Published: January 2013

Abstract:In Central Amazonia, large mammals create water-filled puddles when consuming soil. These mineral licks are visited by pregnant and lactating frugivorous bats; possibly for two reasons. Frugivorous bats could supplement their mineral-depleted fruit diet by drinking salty water, or they could buffer dietary plant secondary compounds by consuming soil. We analysed bat fruits from Ecuador and showed that they are depleted in elemental concentrations (Na, K, P) compared with similar fruits collected from Costa Rica, where no mineral licks occur (n = 32). Analyses of water from Ecuador revealed that water samples from six mineral licks contained more physiologically relevant elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca) than four samples from river and stream water control sites (Mann–WhitneyU-test). In support of the nutrient supplement hypothesis, we observed bats drinking mineral-enriched water at these licks (video observation). Furthermore, blood collected from 68 bats differed in composition with respect to physiologically relevant minerals (Na, K, Mg, Fe) from that of frugivorous bats captured at control sites. To test whether frugivorous bats also consumed clay for detoxification, we checked for soil tracer elements in 31 faecal samples. Soil tracers are insoluble in water and, thus, are not included in a strict fruit diet. Bats from mineral licks showed higher aluminium soil tracer concentrations in their faeces than bat species that never visit licks, suggesting that frugivorous bats take up clay material at mineral licks. Our results provide evidence that frugivorous bats ingest soluble mineral nutrients and insoluble soil by consuming soil-enriched water at mineral licks, thus supporting the hypothesis that frugivorous bats of western Amazonia may derive a dual benefit from drinking water from mineral licks.
Induction of longevity in primed seeds
Authors: Bruggink G.T. , Ooms J.J.J. , van der Toorn P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractPriming of seeds is generally intended to reduce time to germination, often leading to improved emergence. However, as a negative side effect, priming reduces longevity of seeds. We studied the possibilities to obtain primed seeds with reduced time to germination but with longevity similar to that of untreated seeds. For several species tested we found that the desired longevity could be obtained by keeping the seeds, after a priming treatment, under a mild water and / or temperature stress for a period of several hours to days. Time to germination did not increase again due to such a treatment. Optimal duration and degree of water stress were strongly temperature dependent. The methods applied to obtain primed seeds without loss of longevity are very similar to those used to induce desiccation tolerance in germinated seeds.
Enhancing the Tissue Donor Pool through Donation after Death in the Field
Authors: Shiroff Adam M. , Gale Stephen C. , Merlin Mark A. , Crystal Jessica S. , Linger Matt , Shah Anar D. , Beaumont Erin , Lustiger Elie , Tabakin Erica , Gracias Vicente H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntroductionTissue transplantation is an important adjunct to modern medical care and is used daily to save or improve patient lives. Tissue allografts include bone, tendon, corneas, heart valves and others. Increasing utilization may lead to tissue shortages, and tissue procurement organizations continue to explore ways to expand the cadaveric donor pool. Currently more than half of all deaths occur outside the acute care setting.HypothesisMany who suffer prehospital deaths might be eligible for non-organ tissue donation.MethodsA retrospective review of electronic prehospital medical records was conducted from May 1, 2008 through December 31, 2009. All prehospital deaths were included irrespective of cause. Once identified, additional medical history was obtained from prehospital, inpatient, and emergency department records. Age, medical history, and time of death were compared to exclusion criteria for four tissue procurement organizations (MTF, LifeNet, LifeCell, EyeBank). After analysis, percentages of eligible donors were calculated.ResultsOver 50,000 prehospital records were reviewed; 432 subjects died in the field and were eligible for analysis. Ages ranged from four to 103 years of age; the average was 68.3 (SD = 20.1) years. After exclusion for age, medical conditions, and time of death, 185 unique patients (42.8%) were eligible for donation to at least one of the four tissue procurement organizations (range 11.6%-34.3%).ConclusionsAfter prehospital death, many individuals may be eligible for tissue donation. These findings suggest that future prospective studies exploring tissue donation after prehospital death are indicated. These studies should aim to clarify eligibility criteria, create protocols and infrastructure, and explore the ethical implications of expanding tissue donation to include this population.ShiroffAM, GaleSC, MerlinMA, CrystalJS, LingerM, ShahAD, BeaumontE, LustigerE, TabakinE, GraciasVH. Enhancing the tissue donor pool through donation after death in the field. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(2):1-4.
Irony and Empathy in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Dennis Maureen , Simic Nevena , Agostino Alba , Taylor H. Gerry , Bigler Erin D. , Rubin Kenneth , Vannatta Kathryn , Gerhardt Cynthia A. , Stancin Terry , Yeates Keith Owen 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSocial communication involves influencing what other people think and feel about themselves. We use the term conative theory of mind (ToM) to refer to communicative interactions involving one person trying to influence the mental and emotional state of another, paradigmatic examples of which are irony and empathy. This study reports how children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) understand ironic criticism and empathic praise, on a task requiring them to identify speaker belief and intention for direct conative speech acts involving literal truth, and indirect speech acts involving either ironic criticism or empathic praise. Participants were 71 children in the chronic state of a single TBI and 57 age- and gender-matched children with orthopedic injuries (OI). Group differences emerged on indirect speech acts involving conation (i.e., irony and empathy), but not on structurally and linguistically identical direct speech acts, suggesting specific deficits in this aspect of social cognition in school-age children with TBI. Deficits in children with mild-moderate TBI were less widespread and more selective than those of children with more severe injuries. Deficits in understanding the social, conative function of indirect speech acts like irony and empathy have widespread and deep implications for social function in children with TBI. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–11)
Long‐term efficacy of psoriasis vulgaris treatments: Analysis of treatment with topical corticosteroid and/or vitamin D3 analog, oral cyclosporin, etretinate and phototherapy over a 35‐year period, 1975–2010
Authors: Akasaka Emiko , Mabuchi Tomotaka , Manabe Yasuaki , Yahagi Eiichiro , Yamada‐Hiruma Azusa , Yamaoka Hanako , Kojima Tomoko , Kato Masayuki , Ikoma Norihiro , Ozawa Akira , Haruki Yasuo 
Published: January 2013

AbstractVarious therapies have been tried for psoriasis. In Japan, biologics began to be used for psoriasis treatment in January 2010. Their clinical efficacy is well known, but biologics cannot be used in all psoriasis patients for reasons such as side‐effects and cost. It is necessary to evaluate the effect of long‐term psoriasis treatment, but there have been no reports evaluating long‐term treatment. Therefore, the outcomes of patients who had been treated at the Tokai University Hospital for more than 5 years, before biological agents were released, were examined. Three categories, classified by initial severity, changes in severity by method of treatment and background characteristics, were investigated. In conclusion, cases of long‐term treatment with a combination of topical corticosteroid and topical vitamin D3 analog or oral cyclosporin were found to be effective therapies. Patients with a history of diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease of psoriasis were likely to be treatment resistant.
Uncovering the links between foraging and breeding regions in a highly mobile mammal
Authors: Russell Deborah J. F. , McConnell Bernie , Thompson David , Duck Callan , Morris Chris , Harwood John , Matthiopoulos Jason 
Published: January 2013

Summary

The annual cycle of many animals is characterized by the need to satisfy different life history priorities, often requiring seasonal movements. For such species, investigating carry‐over effects (such as the year‐long drivers of breeding success) and managing protected areas effectively, relies on quantifying these movements. Here, we model the seasonal movements of the UK population of grey seals Halichoerus grypus and show how insights from the model can improve its management.

We fit a hidden process model to two types of information – regional population redistribution and individual movements – to estimate the seasonal transition probabilities of breeding female grey seals among four regions around the UK.

We found that between 21% and 58% of females used different regions for breeding and foraging.

For our study period, we detected an increase in the breeding performance of animals that foraged in the Hebrides and South‐East Coast.

Grey seal Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) were designed to encompass a significant proportion of the UK breeding population: ˜40% of the breeding females in our study area. Of the females breeding on SACs, only 15% breed in Northern Scotland, but up to 50% forage there. Our results indicate that, by only considering the breeding distribution of females that breed in SACs, the impact of anthropogenic activities on nearby SACs may be overestimated, whereas impacts on remote SACs may be underestimated.

Synthesis and applications. By quantifying the link between the foraging and breeding distributions of grey seals, management of breeding populations can be focused on the foraging regions where the resources necessary for reproduction are acquired. The construction of marine developments is dependent on demonstrating that they will not have an adverse effect on the integrity of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), and we have shown that this requires consideration of the seasonal transition probabilities estimated in this study. Our specific results provide support for management strategies that jointly consider SACs and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). More generally, we prescribe combinations of data on population size, breeding performance and individual movement that can enable our framework to be applied to seasonally migrating species.
Nitric oxide signalling is involved in diarylheptanoid‐induced increases in femoral arterial blood flow in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Chaturapanich Ganyapong , Yamthed Rungsima , Piyachaturawat Pawinee , Chairoungdua Arthit , Suvitayavat Wisuda , Kongsaktrakoon Boontium , Suksamrarn Apichart , Pholpramool Chumpol 
Published: January 2013

Summary

The mechanisms by which the hexane extract of Curcuma comosa increases femoral blood flow (FBF) in ovariectomized rats are not known. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effects and modes of action of the diarylheptanoid (3R)‐1,7‐diphenyl‐(4E,6E)‐4,6‐heptadien‐3‐ol (D3), a phyto‐oestrogen isolated from C. comosa, on FBF in ovariectomized rats.

On Day 7 after ovariectomy, rats were injected once intra‐arterially with D3 (100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/kg), 17β‐oestradiol (E2; 1, 2, 4 and 8 μg/kg) or vehicle. In some experiments, rats were injected with NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME; 10 mg/kg) 120 min after 800 μg/kg D3 or 4 μg/kg E2. In other experiments, rats were injected with 10 mg/kg l‐NAME, 900 μg/kg 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ) or 900 μg/kg ICI 182 780 30 min prior to the injection of 800 μg/kg D3 or 4 μg/kg E2. Mean arterial blood pressure (mABP) and FBF were recorded using a pressure transducer and a laser Doppler flow meter, respectively.

Both D3 and E2 dose‐dependently increased FBF without changing mABP or heart rate. The EC50 at 120 min for D3 and E2 was 195.8 and 1.8 μg/kg, respectively. In addition, D3 and E2 dose‐dependently decreased femoral vascular resistance (FVR). The EC50 of D3 was about 100‐fold greater than that of E2. The effects of D3 and E2 on FBF and FVR were diminished by intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg l‐NAME. Furthermore, 30 min pretreatment with l‐NAME (10 mg/kg), ODQ (900 μg/kg) or ICI 182 780 (900 μg/kg) blocked the effects of D3 and E2 on FBF and FVR.

The results of the present study suggest that the phyto‐oestrogen D3 increases FBF in ovariectomized rats via oestrogen receptor and nitric oxide–guanylyl cyclase signalling, which, in turn, relaxes femoral vascular resistance.
Outcomes of pregnancy following postpartum haemorrhage
Authors: Fullerton G , Danielian PJ , Bhattacharya S 
Published: January 2013

ObjectiveTo assess the outcomes of pregnancy following postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in the first pregnancy.DesignCohort study.SettingAberdeen Maternity Hospital, Scotland, UK.PopulationAll women with first deliveries recorded in the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal Databank (AMND) between 1986 and 2005.MethodsAll women identified from the AMND were classified into exposed and unexposed cohorts, according to whether or not they had PPH in their first delivery. They were then linked to any records of a second pregnancy.Main outcome measuresAny second pregnancy, time to second pregnancy, early or late pregnancy loss, and prevalence of PPH in the second pregnancy.ResultsOut of 34 334 women, 10% had a PPH in their first pregnancy. There was no statistically significant difference in the time to a second pregnancy, nor in the outcome of that second pregnancy, between women who had experienced a PPH in their first pregnancy and women who had not. For women with a caesarean delivery, there was a significant reduction in the proportion conceiving again, comparing the exposed and unexposed cohorts.ConclusionsFrom this cohort study we can conclude that if a PPH occurs in a first pregnancy, there is no delay in achieving a second pregnancy, and no detrimental effect on the outcome of that pregnancy. Significantly fewer women conceive a second pregnancy if they have a caesarean section in their first pregnancy that is complicated by PPH.
Growth temperatures of archaeal communities can be estimated from the guanine‐plus‐cytosine contents of 16S rRNA gene fragments
Authors: Kimura Hiroyuki , Mori Kousuke , Yamanaka Toshiro , Ishibashi Jun‐Ichiro 
Published: January 2013

SummaryProkaryote growth temperatures in environmental samples are difficult to measure because it is hard to culture viable prokaryotes in natural environments. We comprehensively surveyed growth temperatures and 16S rRNA sequences of prokaryotes to estimate their growth temperatures based on guanine‐plus‐cytosine contents (PGC) of their 16S rRNA sequences. We focused on archaea because of the wide range of growth temperatures within this group. Their minimum (Tmin), optimum (Topt) and maximum (Tmax) growth temperatures correlated strongly with PGC of their 16S rRNA genes. Linear regression equations were established to approximate Tmin, Topt and Tmax from PGC. We also established a linear regression equation for calculating PGC of 16S rRNA genes based on the melting temperatures (Tm) of PCR fragments, without using a clone library or sequencing. Environmental samples were obtained from a wide variety of microbial natural habitats. Tm of archaeal 16S rRNA genes amplified by real‐time PCR were determined by melting curve analysis. Based on those values, PGC of 16S rRNA genes and mean Tmin, Topt and Tmax were calculated using the linear regression equations. These temperatures correlated strongly with the in situ temperatures. Tmax agreed particularly well with these temperatures, suggesting many archaea live at their maximum growth temperatures.
Prevalence and Prognostic Value of Conduction Disturbances at the Time of Diagnosis of Cardiac AL Amyloidosis
Authors: Boldrini Michele , Salinaro Francesco , Mussinelli Roberta , Raimondi Ambra , Alogna Alessio , Musca Francesco , Palladini Giovanni , Merlini Giampaolo , Perlini Stefano 
Published: January 2013

Background and purposeTo evaluate the prevalence and the prognostic implications of conduction delays in a large cohort of cardiac AL patients.MethodsEcho Doppler and 12‐lead ECG were collected in 344 consecutive patients in whom diagnosis of AL amyloidosis was concluded between 2008 and 2010. Patients were subdivided according to the presence (n = 240) or absence (n = 104) of cardiac involvement.ResultsWhen compared with patients without myocardial involvement, cardiac AL was associated with prolonged PQ, QRS, QT and QTc intervals (P < 0.05), and with higher prevalence of intraventricular blocks (27.5% vs. 16.5%, P < 0.05), that was associated with higher wall thickness, worse diastolic and regional systolic function, higher NT‐proBNP values (all P < 0.05), and higher mortality (P = 0.0001; median follow‐up: 402 days).ConclusionIntraventricular conduction delays have a negative prognostic impact in patients with cardiac AL amyloidosis. Their presence should not be overlooked in the diagnostic workup, prompting a more accurate cardiological support.