bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel tests for marker‐disease association using the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism data
Authors: Nielsen Dahlia , Zaykin Dmitri 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe applied several novel tests for association and linkage in the presence of association to the Genetic Analysis Workshop 11 Problem 1 data set. Our analyses included a Hardy‐Weinberg test for association between a marker and a disease susceptibility locus, a Bayesian transmission/disequilibrium test, and a Bayesian case‐control test. Positive results for each of these methods require the presence of population association between the marker and a disease susceptibility locus.
Haplotype analysis in the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism data: Double recombinants
Authors: Petronis Arturas , Kennedy James L. , Paterson Andrew D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe presence of close double recombinants in genotyping data may help identify genotyping errors. Alternatively, putative double recombinants may be associated with genetic mechanisms that may be related to disease. Phase‐known apparent double recombination events were identified in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcholism data, and compared to the sex‐specific genetic map at each region. A number of double recombinants occurred within a short genetic distance. Also, in some families multiple double recombinants were observed flanking the same genetic marker, both suggesting possible genotyping error. An excess of paternal double recombinants was identified, which is consistent with reports of sex‐specific differential meiotic interference.
Association and linkage analysis of ICD‐10 diagnosis for alcoholism
Authors: Tiwari Hemant K. , Zhu Xiaofeng , Elston Robert C. , Shu Youyi , George Varghese 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe analyzed the GAW11 data on alcoholism provided by the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) using an extension of a new test of linkage and association for quantitative traits developed by George et al. [1999]. This method determines linkage between marker loci and quantitative traits, when allelic association is present between the trait and marker loci, by regressing the disease trait on the parental transmission of the allele of interest. We found no strong evidence of linkage to any markers. However, we found several markers suggestive of possible linkage that may deserve further investigation.
A logistic regression extension of the transmission disequilibrium test for continuous traits: Application to linkage disequilibrium between alcoholism and the candidate genes DRD2 and ADH3
Authors: Waldman Irwin D. , Robinson Byron F. , Rhee Soo Hyun 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) recently has become a popular method of testing for linkage in the presence of association due to its simplicity and advantages over other within‐family analytic methods. In this paper, we describe a logistic regression extension to the TDT that can be used to test for differences in linkage disequilibrium as a function of one or more continuous and/or categorical explanatory variables. We highlight important features of this method and demonstrate some of its possible uses. We applied these analyses to test for linkage disequilibrium between the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) and alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) genes and both diagnostic and quantitative indices of alcoholism. Using data from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data set, we found evidence suggesting linkage disequilibrium between DRD2 and ADH3 and quantitative indices of alcoholism and correlated phenotypes corresponding to smoking and personality. None of the evidence for linkage disequilibrium varied by sex or age.
Asymptotic power of likelihood‐ratio tests for detecting quantitative trait loci using the COGA data
Authors: Williams Jeff T. , Blangero John 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe investigated the asymptotic power of the likelihood‐ratio test for detecting linkage to a quantitative trait locus (QTL) using the data set from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). Assuming a total trait heritability of 50% as determined for the COGA Cz P300 phenotype, we determined the minimum QTL heritability required at each point in the genome to achieve 80% power to detect linkage with a lod of 3.0. We find that there are regions of the genome where it is not possible to detect a QTL of any effect with 80% power, and that the overall minimum detectable QTL heritability for the COGA data is 0.35–0.40.
Genome search for alcohol dependence using the weighted pairwise correlation linkage method: Interesting findings on chromosome 4
Authors: Zinn‐Justin Anne , Abel Laurent 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe nonparametric (model‐free) method of linkage analysis Weighted Pairwise Correlation (WPC) has been proposed by Commenges [1994], and extended to incorporate identity‐by‐descent (IBD) information [Zinn‐Justin and Abel, 1999]. We performed an autosome‐wide scan in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data using the WPC‐IBD method, considering two phenotypes related to alcohol dependence defined as residuals of binary traits adjusted for age and sex. Three chromosome 4 markers located in a region of 50 cM spanning from GABRB1 to D4S1651 provided Monte Carlo (MC) p‐values lower than 0.005, confirming the possible influence of β1 GABA receptor and ADH genes in alcoholism. Furthermore, marker D15S642, not far from the ALDH6 gene, provided an MC p‐value of 0.0005 in ethnic groups “White, Hispanic” and “White, non‐Hispanic.”
Disease‐marker associations: Power and heterogeneity in independent population samples
Authors: Bull Shelley B. , Toma Camil , Mirea Lucia 
Published: November 2013

AbstractWe applied generalized transmission disequilibrium testing (TDT) models in combined replicates 1 through 5 from each of four simulated population samples. All analyses were conducted without knowledge of the generating models. To assess power and consistency of results within and between samples, analyses were repeated in all 25 replicates combined and in each replicate. With the exception of sample‐specific findings for locus D, power was generally low to detect linkage in a genome scan or to confirm linkages detected by allele sharing in affected relatives, due to lack of linkage disequilibrium. We proposed likelihood ratio and Wald tests to detect heterogeneity among samples in disease‐marker associations. Pooling data across heterogeneous populations may not improve power of the TDT method.
Improving the power for disease locus detection in affected‐sib‐pair studies by using two‐locus analysis and multiple regression methods
Authors: Cordell Heather J. , Jacobs Kevin B. , Wedig Geoffrey C. , Elston Robert C. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractIn this paper we present a summary of an analysis of the simulated data (Problem 2) for GAW11. We used sib‐pair and affected‐sib‐pair (ASP) methods to evaluate linkage to the mild form of disease at markers across the genome, in data sets of realistic moderate size (containing between 100 and 300 families selected from the simulated replicates). The true ‘answers’ were known in advance. Although in most cases we were successful in detecting linkage to disease in the correct regions, it was often difficult to distinguish these results from false positives elsewhere in the genome. We used two‐locus methods to see whether the significance was improved by simultaneously modeling linkage to two disease loci, and found a modest increase in significance using two‐locus methods in several cases.
Performance of the nonparametric linkage analysis using GENEHUNTER for a complicated genetic disease
Authors: He Qimei , Nemesure Barabara Berger , Mendell Nancy Role 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe nonparametric linkage (NPL) analysis of the GENEHUNTER program was applied to one set of the simulated data of Problem 2, GAW11. We conducted a straightforward screening of the genome to evaluate the performance of the NPL test, with respect to its ability to detect linkage on specific disease loci. Our findings indicate that disease genes were detected with relatively good power, despite the presence of a complex inheritance pattern. We found that the NPL test varies depending on penetrance rates and gene frequencies, however, we conclude that it is a useful tool for linkage analysis.
Chemical Analyses of Dead Sea and Jordan River Water, 1778–1830
Authors: Nissenbaum A. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe first analysis of Dead Sea water was done in 1778. The progress in the science of analytical chemistry is reflected in the improved procedures used for analysis of Dead Sea water. The first analysis by Macquer, Lavoisier and Sage (1781) noted most of the unusual chemical properties of the lake. The earliest search for life in the Dead Sea was made by Gay Lussac in 1817 while trace element analysis goes back to 1827. Some of the early investigators suggested that most of the salt content is contributed by the Jordan River, accompanied by precipitation of CaCO3 and CaSO4. This hypothesis is now accepted by many investigators.
Conductance Studies of Na‐Bentonite‐Water Systems
Authors: Jørgensen P. , Low P. F. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractClay (Na‐Wyoming bentonite) was mixed with water to form sols and gels having clay concentrations ranging from 0 to 60 gm clay per 100 gm. The specific conductances of these sols and gels were measured at several temperatures in the range 20° to 25°C. From the results, the weight conductances and apparent activation energies for conductance were calculated. Then these quantities were plotted against clay concentration. Similar plots were made using the data of other investigators. It was found that the weight conductance decreased markedly with clay concentration between 0 and about 0.5 gm of clay per 100 ml, then rose to a maximum at 10–20 gm clay per 100 ml, and fell steadily thereafter. Whereas, the apparent activation energy increased continuously over the same range of clay concentrations. These observations were explained on the basis of equations that were derived in the theoretical part of the paper.
The Effect of Lithium on the Cation Exchange Behaviour of Crystalline and Amorphous Clays
Authors: Eckstein Yona , Yaalon D. H. , Yariv S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe amount of cations displaced by LiCl—LiOAc from standard clay minerals and soil clays was dependent on the concentration and pH of the replacing solution. Lithium was more effective in replacing monovalent ions than ammonium. Appreciable quantities of Li were adsorbed by replacement on the broken bonds of the clay surfaces, especially in the amorphous clays. Certain montmorillonite clays fixed some of the sorbed Li. In general, the cation exchange behaviour was highly dependent on the structure of the clay mineral and the nature of its surface. The sum of displaced cations can be taken as representing the exchange capacity of the clay at the experimental conditions, while the amount of retained Li provides supplemental information on the nature of the bonds.
The Application of Alkali Dissolution Techniques in the Study of Aluminium Hydroxides and Oxyhydroxides
Authors: Storgaard Jørgensen S. , Mitchell B.D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe effect of treatment with 5% sodium carbonate solution on aluminium hydroxides and oxyhydroxides likely to occur in soils has been investigated. Ultrasonic pretreatment, sample to solution ratio and temperature were factors studied. It is shown that particle size and degree of order of the sample influence the amount of alumina dissolved in 5% sodium carbonate solution in a fixed time; it is apparent, however, that both dissolution rate and solubility can be determining factors. Consequently, extraction with alkali at a low temperature and with a low solid: solution ratio is desirable for the preferential dissolution of poorly‐ordered aluminous material from soil clays.
Mineralogical Analysis of Clays in Soils Developed from Basalts in Australia
Authors: Briner G.P. , Jackson M.L. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractClay mineralogical analyses were made of red soils and black soils developed from southern Victoria, Australia. The clays of the black soils are dominantly montmorillonite (39%) and vermiculite (16%) but have an average siliceous allophane content of 17%. The clays of the red soils are dominantly kaolinite and halloysite (26%) and chlorite (30%) but have an average halloysitic allophane content of 21%. Two to eight per cent of mica and quartz occur in both. A longer period of eolian dust accumulation and concurrent weathering and soil development have occurred in the red soils than in the black soils since the last cycle of geological erosion. A simple chemical method was used for the estimation of allophane (amorphous alumina, silica, and iron oxide with water) and kaolinite plus halloysite. After selective dissolution of allophane, free Al(OH)3, and amorphous SiO2 during 2.5 min of boiling in 0.5N KOH solution, the residue is subjected to heat treatment at 550°C to dehydroxylate the kaolinite and halloysite. This is followed by another 2.5 min dissolution treatment in 0.5N KOH and a further deferration with dithionite. Some iron‐rich montmorillonitesaponite (smectite) and vermiculite are also dehydroxylated on heating and subsequently are partially dissolved in the KOH. The kaolinite and halloysite constituents were then calculated.
Biological Productivity in the Dead Sea Part II. Evidence for Phosphatidyl Glycerophosphate Lipid in Sediment
Authors: Kaplan I.R. , Baedecker M.J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractReducing surface sediment from a depth of 300 m in the Dead Sea was found to contain phytanic acid (520 μg/Kg), dihydrogen phytol (800 μg/Kg) and phytane (17 μg/Kg). An investigation revealed that glycerol phytanyldiether could be isolated from the sediment by hydrolysis of a lipid soluble fraction. The phytanyldiether is probably derived from the phosphatidyl glycerophosphate lipid, which has been demonstrated by Kates and co‐workers to be the dominant lipid present in red halophilic bacteria. Comparison of results by analysis of Halobacterium cutirubrum, using the same analytical procedure as was used for the sediment investigation, confirmed the authenticity of the lipid characterization. In view of this finding, it is suggested that phytane in the Dead Sea sediment has been derived from this lipid and that long‐chain isoprenoid hydrocarbons in some ancient environments may have had a similar origin.
The Mass Spectra of Phenoxaphosphine Derivatives
Authors: Granoth I. , Kalir A. , Pelah Z. , Bergmann E.D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractDerivatives of phenoxaphosphine (I) do not behave under electron impact like diphenyl ethers: they do not lose CO, while loss of CHO was observed. The first step is the breakage of the P‐R bond, followed by elimination of the phosphorus atom or—after rearrangement — a PO group. Methyl groups are either eliminated or cause the formation of tropylium structures. In halogen derivatives of I, not only the elimination of CHO, but also of COHal has been observed. In phenyl‐di‐(o‐phenoxyphenyl)‐phosphine (XXVI), a C‐O bond is broken in preference to a C‐P bond, and the 10,10‐diphenylphenoxaphosphonium ion (XXVIII) is formed.
Photochemistry of the Ferrocyanide Ion in Aqueous Solution: Hydrated Electron Formation and Aquation
Authors: Stein G. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLight absorption by the Fe(CN−)4−6 ion in aqueous solution at selected wavelengths between 214 and 313 nm results in the formation of excited states which yield the reaction sequence:

with φe, the quantum yield, decreasing from 0.9 at the lowest to 0.1 at the highest wavelength. At and above 337.1 nm φe = 0. The role of charge transfer to solvent (CTTS) intermediates in this process is demonstrated. Photoaquation according to magnified image is found to have very low, possibly zero quantum yield in this region. The role of acid‐base equilibria, e. g. magnified image and of the protonated species, in the photochemistry of cyanoferrate (II) species is discussed.
The Direct Synthesis of β‐hydroxy‐acids by Lithium Naphthalene and Acetic Acid
Authors: Watanabe S. , Suga K. , Fujita T. , Fujiyoshi K. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractLithium naphthalene reacts with acetic acid to give α‐anion of lithium acetate. The reaction of this anion with various ketones gives the corresponding β‐hydroxy‐acids in good yield.
Kinetic and Adsorption Effects in the Polarographic Reduction of Chlorate Catalyzed by Molybdenum‐Tungsten Mixtures
Authors: Hobara I. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe polarographic reduction of chlorate catalyzed by molybdenum‐tungsten mixtures is investigated. The reduction currents are limited by the rate of the chemical reactions in the bulk of the solution. The reactants are adsorbed on the mercury drop. Their rate of adsorption is fast compared to the rate of the chemical reactions.
Oxydoreduction and Complex Formation Between Fe3+ Ions and Acetylacetonedioxime
Authors: Adato I. , Ben‐Bassat A. H. I. , Sarel S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe reactions between Fe3+ ions and acetylacetonedioxime (AADO) have been studied by potentiometric, polarographic and spectrophotometric methods. Two Fe3+ ions are reduced in aqueous solution by one AADO molecule to give Fe2+ ions and the oxidized form of AADO (NPO = AADO‐2e = 2‐nitrosopent‐2‐en‐4‐one oxime). NPO forms a water soluble, red coloured complex with Fe (III). The synthesis of bis (2‐nitrosopent‐2‐en‐4‐one oximato) Fe (III) complex is described. The elemental analysis of the solid complex is consistent with the composition FeO (NPO)2 (OH). The IR, EPR and Mössbauer spectra of the complex are presented and the bonding properties of the coordination environment of Fe (III) is discussed. A mechanism for the oxydoreduction and complexation reactions for the Fe3+ ‐AADO system is proposed and its kinetic parameters are: kox.red. = 1.72 × 10 −1 min−1, kcompl. = 5.13 l0−2min−1.
Reactions of Dimethyl Benzoylphosphonate
Authors: Shahak I. , Peretz J. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractReactions of dimethyl benzoylphosphonate (I) with various nucleophiles are described. The ester can serve simply as a useful benzoylation agent or it can undergo addition reactions to give substituted α‐hydroxybenzylphosphonates. Its keto‐group can be reduced to hydroxyl and can participate in the Wittig‐Horner reaction. By the action of I with hydroxylamine in the presence of sodium formate, benzonitrile is obtained.
The Effect of Buffered Sodium Dithionite Solution and Ultrasonic Agitation on Soil Clays
Authors: Mitchell B. D. , Smith B. F. L. , De Endredy A. S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractA rapid method for removing free ferric oxides from soil clays with sodium dithionite solution buffered with sodium bicarbonate solution is described. Effective dispersion of the clay suspension during this extraction procedure is achieved by means of ultrasonic agitation. Methods are proposed for the determination of silica and alumina in the dithionite extract which are more reliable than those previously employed. Kaolinite and micaceous clay minerals are unaffected by the treatment but certain chloritic minerals appear to be susceptible to attack.
Exploration of Routes Leading to Derivatives of α‐Hydroxyalanine and its Precursors
Authors: Liwschitz Y. , Singerman A. , Wiesel Y. , Michman M. , Braun P. , Kassel S. (Hananel) , Perera D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe preparation of fully protected derivatives of DL‐α‐hydroxyalanine is described. Several possible routes leading to protected DL‐α‐hydroxyalanine and α‐hydroxyglycine were explored. Attempts to remove the protecting groups led in most cases to the disruption of the molecule. The N‐carboxyanhydride of O‐benzyl‐DL‐α‐hydroxyalanine was prepared and trimerised to give dehydroalanyl‐O‐benzyl‐DL‐α‐hydroxyalanyldehydroalanine. This is a novel type of polymerization of N‐carboxyanhydrides concurrent with elimination of benzyl alcohol. A generally useful method of purification of oily half esters of dicarboxylic acids through their crystalline dibenzylamine salts has been developed.
The Dipole Moments of Some Halogen Substituted Isoquinolines
Authors: Weiler‐Feilchenfeld Hannah , Mao Yuh‐Lin , Bergmann E. D. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSeveral halogen derivatives of isoquinoline were prepared and their electric dipole moments determined. The dipole moment of isoquinoline forms an angle of approximately 110° with the bond common to both rings of the molecule.
The Mechanism of “Active Monomer” Polymerization of α‐Amino Acid N‐Carboxyanhydrides. Temperature Effects and the Significance of the Proton‐Transfer Reaction
Authors: Goodman M. , Jacobsberg L. B. , Choi N. S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe temperature dependence of the polymerization rate is investigated using the NCA's of β‐benzyl L‐aspartate and γ ‐benzyl L‐glutamate. Activation energies for polymerizing the above NCA's are 13 and 9 Kcal per mole, respectively. Entropies of activation and Arrhenius constants, A, are also calculated and discussed in terms of the polymerization mechanism. The significance of the proton‐transfer reaction in the “active monomer” mechanism is recognized through a kinetic isotope effect and also by comparing the polymerization rates of L‐alanine NCA and its structural analog L‐alanine N‐thiocarboxyanydride. It is theorized that a changing position of equilibrium of the neutralization step decreases the concentration of “active monomer”, thereby slowing the polymerization rate.
Synthetic Peptides Related to Horse Heart Cytochrome C III. Peptides Corresponding to Positions 85–89
Authors: Wolman Y. , Klausner Y. S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSynthesis is described of a series of peptide derivatives which corresponds to positions 85‐89 in the primary structure of horse heart Cytochrome C. The preparation of the partially protected pentapeptides: benzyloxycarbonyl‐L‐isoleucyl‐ϵ ‐trifluoroacetyl‐L‐lysyl‐ϵ ‐trifluoroacetyl‐L‐lysyl‐ϵ ‐trifluoroacetyl‐L‐lysyl‐L‐threonyl hydrazide trifluoroacetate and L‐isoleucyl‐ϵ ‐trifluoroacetyl‐L‐lysyl‐ ϵ ‐trifluoroacetyl‐L‐lysyl‐ϵ ‐trifluoroacetyl‐L‐lysyl‐L‐threonyl‐t‐butyloxycarbonyl hydrazide acetate is described.
Synthetic Peptides Related to Horse Heart Cytochrome C IV. Peptides Corresponding to Positions 90–93
Authors: Wolman Y. , Klausner Y. S. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractSynthesis is described of a series of peptide derivatives which corresponds to positions 90‐93 in the primary structure of horse heart Cytochrome C. The preparation of the partially protected tetrapeptides: benzyloxycarbonyl‐L‐glutamyl‐L‐arginyl‐L‐glutamyl‐L‐aspartyl‐hydrazide trifluoroacetate and γ ‐t‐butyl‐L‐glutamyl‐L‐arginyl‐γ‐t‐butyl‐L‐glutamyl‐β‐t‐butyl‐L‐aspartyl‐t‐butyloxycarbonylhydrazide acetate is described.
Preparation of (+)‐3‐Quinuclidinol
Authors: Kalir A. , Sali E. , Shirin E. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe separation of 3‐quinuclidinol into its optical isomers and isolation of the not previously attainable (+) — enantiomer was accomplished by N‐benzylation of the amino alcohol, conversion of the quaternary base into the dibenzoyl‐D‐tartrate salt, and hydrogenolysis.
Rates and Kinetics of Hydrogen‐Bonding
Authors: De Maeyer L.C.M. 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe experimental techniques for the study of the extremely fast reactions of hydrogen‐bond formation are reviewed. Direct high field dielectric and acoustic techniques as well as indirect NMR and dielectric methods are available; examples of their application to specific problems are given.Bond formation and bond transfer reactions must be distinguished. The mechanism of bond transfer can be of different types, similar to the associative and dissociative types of substitution mechanisms that were formulated for other classes of reactions.