bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rationale for using data on biological variation
Authors: Ricós Carmen , Álvarez Virtudes , Perich Carmen , Fernández-Calle Pilar , Minchinela Joana , Cava Fernando , Biosca Carmen , Boned Beatriz , Doménech Mariví , García-Lario José Vicente , Simón Margarita , Fernández Pilar Fernández , Diaz-Garzón Jorge , González-Lao Elisabet 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe aims of this study are: 1) to use the data included in the biological variation (BV) database to address the usability of BV estimates; and 2) to use different examples from the authors’ laboratories to illustrate the use and the usefulness of BV data in laboratory medicine. The BV database is an essential tool for laboratory management. Examples of application of data derived from BV are given in this paper, such as analytical performance specifications that have been included in various quality control software designed to optimize operative rules; also they have been incorporated as acceptability limits in external quality assurance reports. BV data from pathological status are of utmost interest for monitoring patients and differences between the intra-individual coefficients of variation (CV
Performance criteria for reference measurement procedures and reference materials
Authors: Schimmel Heinz , Zegers Ingrid 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe concept of metrological traceability of measurement results to property values assigned to measurement standards of higher metrological order or to the International System of Units (SI) through sequential calibrations, using reference materials and reference measurement procedures, plays a key role in ensuring that end user measurement procedures perform at an acceptable level in the clinical context. The aim is that measurement results produced over time or by different end users or with different end user measurement procedures for the same measurand will be equivalent within their corresponding uncertainties. These goals can only be reached under certain conditions and if requirements laid down in international standards on calibration concepts, reference measurement procedures and reference materials are fulfilled. Calibration hierarchies have to be implemented correctly and parameters contributing to measurement uncertainty and systematic bias need to be controlled and eliminated, respectively, by technically improving methods and reference materials and intermediate calibrators used for effectively achieving equivalence of measurement results and for meeting analytical performance requirements for in vitro diagnostic devices.
Multilingual and multicultural task-based learning scenarios: A pilot study from the MAGGIC project
Authors: Álvarez Inma , Pérez-Cavana María Luisa 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this article we report on the results of a pilot study on the use of task-based multilingual and multicultural professional scenarios for higher education teachers and learners at BA and MA level. The scenarios reflect new learning outcomes and assessment criteria for the presently under-conceptualised domain of communication in multilingual and multicultural settings (as opposed to monolingual regimes). The study was conducted as part of the work of the MAGICC project (Modularising Multilingual and Multicultural Academic Communication Competence for BA and MA level), which focused on the design of a conceptual framework based on existing practices, initiatives, tools, projects and elements from the
Collaborative learning and the joint construction of knowledge and understanding
Authors: Burkert Anja 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThis article reports on a small-scale study conducted among first and second-year students of English at the University of Graz in the winter semester 2013–2014. The aim of the study was to determine the extent to which students in their peer-group interactions were using language efficiently as a means of thinking and learning together. To this end, audio-recordings were made of pairs and groups of students working collaboratively on various tasks in three different English language classes. The article begins by briefly reviewing previous work on the joint construction of knowledge and understanding via learner-to-learner talk. Although this work pertains to collaborative learning in learners’ L1, the participants in the study, most of whom were future teachers of English, communicated in the target language at B2 level and thus seemed to constitute a group of learners to whom the literature equally applied. The next part of the article describes the teaching/learning context and the pedagogical approach followed, which is guided by the principles of learner autonomy. This is followed by an analysis of three transcripts of audio-recordings, and the article concludes by considering the implications for future practice of the insights gained.
Racing for the Target
Authors: Han Lifeng 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The imperial boat-racing event, known as ‘Racing for the Target’ in the Northern Song capital Kaifeng in spring, was created at the close of the reunification campaign when the focus of the state policy was shifted towards internal cohesion. It signified the power and great order of the newly reunited empire. Through the re-interpretation of the event and its emulation at the local level, an imperial cultural language of boat racing was forged. It also allowed the imperial symbolism of ‘Racing for the Target’ to be communicated through the fabric of society. This paper treats performance and pageantry as a field of meaning production. It uses ‘Racing for the Target’ as an example to examine how symbols can be manipulated in the display of power. It argues that through the performance of ‘Racing for the Target’ the Song state with its political apparatus sought to establish its dominance over the symbolism of boat racing. Other versions of interpretation therefore were compelled to be confined within the imperial context.
The Mirror in-between Picture and Mind
Authors: Sonesson Göran 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
The claim of cognitive semiotics to offer something new to semiotics rests on the ambition to bring together the research traditions of semiotics and cognitive science. Our focus has been on using the empirical approach of cognitive science in investigating semiotic issues. At the same time, however, phenomenological description plays a major part in preparing the studies and integrating their results, which is what is offered here. Eco has claimed that the mirror is not a sign, but once the notion of sign is specified, the mirror image is seen to be a perfect instance of it. It is no accident that the Gallup test, which is supposed to demonstrate the emergence of the self, starts having a positive result concurrently with the picture understanding. In contrast, mental images are not images and thus not signs. They are presentifications, i.e., a means for making something present, in the sense characterized by Husserl, and by such followers as Marbach and Thompson. We however argue that Husserl’s model of picture consciousness is incomplete, and that Thompson’s study of mental images lacks clarity because of the absence of any real comparison to pictures.
Product graphs, sum-product graphs and sum-product estimates over finite rings
Authors: Vinh Le Anh 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
In this paper, we study the product and sum-product graphs defined over the residue ring mod m. We show that all (or almost all) systems of dot-product equations are solvable in any sufficiently large subset ℰ ⊂ ℤ
m

d
. We also prove some results on sum-product estimates in ℤ
m
.
How the Goodman Read His Bible
Authors: Sutherland Bobbi 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Though best known for its “cookbook” portion, the Menagier de Paris contains a wide miscellany of information. Written by a man for his fifteen-year-old wife, it teaches her to be a good wife in every sense of the word. It includes a treatise on the seven deadly sins and stories of good and bad women, many of which are drawn from the Bible. Recent scholarship has shown that contrary to long-standing assumptions, the Bible was widely known and read by the laity of the Middle Ages, especially in France and the Low Countries. The Menagier provides further support for these observations, as well as a fleshed-out example of how one member of the bourgeoisie interacted with the biblical text. Using the biblical text and commentaries, the author clearly interprets the church's teachings so as to fit his own lay context. He is unafraid to add to the biblical text in order to bring his characters to life or strengthen his points. The author of the Menagier is only one person, but he demonstrates the degree of devotion to and familiarity with the Bible that was possible for laymen of the late Middle Ages.
Stravinsky and U2 Fix Psalm 40
Authors: Lewis Andrew Zack 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
This paper examines the reception of Psalm 40 by Igor Stravinsky in the second movement of his “Symphony of Psalms” and by U2 in their song “40,” the final track on their 1983 album War. Though both limit their reception to only the first three verses of the psalm, their appropriation of the text indicates two different interpretations of the psalm within the Canon. Stravinsky places the verses between the concluding verses of Psalm 39 and the entirety of Psalm 150, the result of which is a typical personal lament psalm made up of lament, petition, assurance, and praise—a very different structure than the canonical Psalm 40's assurance followed by lament. U2's appropriation, on the other hand, is arguably more faithful to the text of the canonical Psalm 40 in that its concluding lyrics hearken back to the harrowing opening track of their album, the “lament” “Sunday Bloody Sunday.” The paper concludes by arguing that both Stravinsky and U2 remain faithful to the spirit of the psalter as a whole by re-appropriating the words of the psalmist for each musician's own Sitz I’m Leben.
Childhood and Eternity: On Unamuno's Tragic Pedagogy
Authors: Ariso José María 
Published: April 2015

SUMMARYThe present article seeks to describe the main lines of what Unamuno regarded as an adequate pedagogy for the child to enjoy a genuine and long childhood, which makes it easier for him to become a man of intense interior life and great historical value, provided that such childhood remains close to his heart. To show more clearly what a suitable pedagogy for Unamuno would consist of, it will also be explained why he considered an excessive submission to scientific pedagogy as pernicious for children's development.
Encuentro de dos mundos y sistema de valores
Authors: Pleszkun-Olejniczakowa Elżbieta , Grzegorzewska Kinga 
Published: April 2015

RESUMENEl texto empieza recordando brevemente la clasificación de culturas de alto y de bajo contexto con una descripción de estos fenómenos. Asimismo se reflexiona sobre la cuestión de contactos entre distintas culturas. Para llegar a la esencia del tema, se hizo un viaje atrás en la historia para demostrar la causa del encuentro entre el Viejo y el Nuevo Mundo y las premisas que llevaron a los españoles durante la conquista. Se analizaron también los valores de los conquistadores españoles que salían a América. Dichas prioridades se compararon con la jerarquía de valores asumida por los anglosajones durante la conquista de la América del Norte.
Nepheline Crystallization in High-Alumina High-Level Waste Glass
Authors: Marcial José , McCloy John , Neill Owen 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThe understanding of the crystallization of aluminosilicate phases in nuclear waste glasses is a major challenge for nuclear waste vitrification. Robust studies on the compositional dependence of nepheline formation have focused on large compositional spaces with hundreds of glass compositions. However, there are clear benefits to obtaining complete descriptions of the conditions under which crystallization occurs for specific glasses, adding to the understanding of nucleation and growth kinetics and interfacial conditions. The focus of this work was the investigation of the microstructure and composition of one simulant high-level nuclear waste glass crystallized under isothermal and continuous cooling schedules. It was observed that conditions of low undercooling, nepheline was the most abundant aluminosilicate phase. Further undercooling led to the formation of additional phases such as calcium phosphate. Nepheline composition was independent of thermal history.
Structural Evolution of AuPt and AuPd Nanoparticles Fabricated by Microwave Assisted Synthesis: A Comparative Study
Authors: Som Tirtha , Wendt Robert , Raoux Simone , Jordan-Sweet Jean L. , Wollgarten Markus , Rademann Klaus 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTBimetallic nanoparticles (NPs), particularly Au/Pd and Au/Pt, have attracted extensive attention due to their wide-spread application in catalysis, optoelectronics and energy recuperation.[1] Here we have attempted the fabrication of Au/Pt and Au/Pd bimetallic NPs by an energy-efficient eco-friendly microwave methodology. The microwave-assisted reactions enable considerably large product yields over conventional colloidal methods due to (a) almost two-fold increased reaction kinetics, (b) localized superheating at reaction sites and rapid rise of initial temperature.[2] Au NPs (sizes 20 ± 3 nm) are fabricated in the first step followed by the reduction of [PdCl2(NH3)2] or [K2PtCl6]in tetraethylene glycol at 180 ºC for 2 min. Controlling and understanding the atomic structure and elemental distributions of these NPs are crucial for their optimized performances. So, we address the fundamental question of the most likely arrangement of Au and Pd or Pt atoms in these bimetallic NPs prepared under similar conditions by complementary characterizations using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV-Vis spectroscopy reveals the formation of an alloy shell. The extent of depression of the plasmon peak of Au and its blue-shift reveals substantial deposition of Pd atoms on an Au core and significant alloying in comparison to Au/Pt NPs. XRD reveals the gradual shift of the diffraction peak from the position of Au to the position of Pd or Pt with change in composition. XRD supports the formation of a thick alloy shell in these NPs. However, the TEM images reveal a very interesting result. With increase in Pt concentration, the size of the dispersed NPs decreases from 20 ± 3 nm to about 16 nm (± 1 nm) and there is evolution of a bimodal particle size distribution with small particles about 1-2 nm diameters. On the contrary, with increasing Pd concentration, the particle size of the dispersed particles increases to about 32 nm (± 1 nm). This discrepancy of particle size evolution for the two systems arises due to the differences in surface energies (Pt > Pd > Au atoms). Pt atoms tend to diffuse towards the core with the formation of Au nano-islands which eventually segregates leading to a reduction in particle size and bimodal distribution. At higher concentration of Pt, Pt and Au atoms tend to nucleate separately also contribute to the bimodal distribution. While for Au/Pd NPs, we have an Au core with an alloyed shell having higher Pd concentration. This is further supported by experimental evidence by selective etching and dissolution of Au by potassium-iodide solution. Furthermore, the Au/Pd bimetallic NPs are found to possess better catalytic activities in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol than Au/Pt and monometallic NPs.
Fridtjof Nansen and the Geology of the Arctic
Authors: Hestmark Geir 
Published: April 2015

Fridtjof Nansen, polar explorer, scientist, and humanitarian, worked on the geology of the Arctic for a period of almost forty years.On his first major expedition-the first crossing of Greenland in 1888 - questions regarding the nature and causes of ice ages were the central scientific concerns. On Nansen's second major expedition-the Fram-expedition 1893-96 - he studied the formation of the continental margins of the Arctic Ocean, and collected fossil faunas and floras from Franz Josef Land and Siberia. During the drift in the ice, Lt. Scott-Hansen on the Fram made pioneer measurements of gravity at sea.In his geological works Nansen always addressed the fundamental issues. His main geological interests were in geomorphology (valley and fjord formation, formation of coastal platforms and continental margins), the theory of isostasy and the structure of the earth's crust, ice ages, and climatic changes.Special attention is given to the intellectual context of Nansen's geological work. It is shown that Scandinavian geologists were the main scientific supporters of Nansen's expeditions, and that contemporary problems of geology featured large in the scientific rationale of his expeditions. Nansen's collaboration with the Scandinavian geologists H. Bäckström, W. Chr. Brøgger, O. Bøggild, A. M. Hansen, A. Helland, J. Kiær, A. G. Nathorst, A. E. Nordenskiöld, H. Rink, A. E. Törnebohm as well as the German J. F. Pompeckj is described in detail.
The Question of Primordial and Cambrian/Taconic: Barrande and Logan/Marcou
Authors: Yochelson Ellis 
Published: April 2015

Joachim Barrande in 1846 recognised the Primordial Silurian fauna as the oldest of three faunas he identified in stratigraphic order in Bohemia. A key point in development of the early Paleozoic stratigraphic column was Barrande's 1850 identification of elements of his Primordial fauna in Great Britain. The link between rocks comprising the Cambrian System and a distinctive fauna was a factor in the eventual acceptance of the validity of the system that Sedwick had named.A decade later, Barrande also recognized the Primordial fauna as occurring in the Taconic System of Emmons in eastern New York and western Massachusetts. Despite arguments from the beginning as to the geologic basis of this system, some geologists used it in a more widespread sense in New England and Canada. William Logan eventually realized that structural complexities near Quebec City provided a spurious sequence of faunas in supposed correlatives of the Taconic. With interpretation of a younger age for the Quebec Group, Logan took this group out of the Taconic and effectively removed "Taconic" fossils from much of Canada, thereby helping restrict usage to the type area.Jules Marcou vigorously defended priority of the Taconic. He repeatedly published that Barrande was essentially ignored or injured by Logan. Correspondence, both published and private, demonstrates that this is not the case; they mutually respected each other's scientific abilities. Marcou, and a small but vocal minority of American geologists, supported the use of Taconic during the 1870's and 1880's, but discovery by Walcott in 1887 of Ordovician fossils in Massachusetts Taconic rocks effectively ended debate as to priority of Cambrian.
GSC Exploratory Wells in the West 1873-1875
Authors: Kupsch Walter 
Published: April 2015

Although the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) was founded in 1842, it was not until 1872, two years after the transfer of Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) lands to the Dominion of Canada, that the first GSC geologist, Director Alfred R. C. Selwyn, came to the western interior. One year later a drilling program he had been promoting in Ottawa saw two wells brought to completion and a third one started.During the period 1873-1875 five wells were drilled by or for the GSC at: Fort Garry (the first to be spudded and at 37 feet the shallowest), Shoal Lake, Rat Creek, Fort Carlton, and Fort Pelly (the deepest at 501 feet and the last to be abandoned). The main objective was to locate sources of water and coal for the future transcontinental railroad then planned to follow a northwesterly route from Winnipeg to Edmonton.Four wells were drilled with a rotary, diamond sieamdrill which had been used in the hard, coal-bearing rocks of Nova Scotia but proved unsuitable for penetrating the glacial drift, loose sands, and soft clays of the prairies.Besides having to deal with technical problems related to the transport of heavy equipment, a GSC drilling party became embroiled in a dispute between Government and Natives over land rights. After encountering an Indian blockade led by Chief Mistiwassis the crew retreated behind the stockade of HBC's Fort Carlton to drill a 175-foot well in August and September 1875.In 1874 an agreement was made between the GSC and John Henry Fairbank, Canada's most prominent oilman, for the drilling of a well at Fort Pelly. A percussion steamdrill, then in common use in the Petrolia, Ontario, oil fields, was the equipment of choice. Work at a drill site north of the fort in the Swan River valley started 25 August 1874 but on 30 October winter forced suspension. The stored equipment was used again the following year when drilling resumed on 6 July. The contracted 500 foot depth was exceeded by 1 foot on 9 October 1875 when the well was abandoned.
Franz Joseph Märter, Travel Companion of Johann David Schöpf in a Journey From Philadelphia to Florida and the Bahamas in 1783-1784
Authors: Carozzi Albert , Carozzi Marguerite 
Published: April 2015

Two years before Johann David Schöpf (1752-1800) published his Beyträge … (1787), Franz Joseph Märter (1753-1827) sent letters from Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina, and East-Florida to Ignaz von Born, describing plants, animals, and geological features of the newly independent states. These letters were speedily printed in Physikalische Arbeiten … in Vienna (1785). A last letter sent from the Bahamas appeared in the same periodical in 1786.
Märter's geological observations are translated and analyzed here for the first time. His descriptions of various rocks along the Schuylkill River, upstream from Philadelphia (granites, limestones, marble quarries, widespread weathered iron ores), and his interpretation of the fossiliferous sandstones in the Appalachian mountains are very similar to those by Schöpf. So are Märter's observations of shell banks, either exposed in ditches many miles from the sea, or in cliffs at Yorktown, Virginia, and Wilmington, North Carolina, as well as his description of granite and of a large coal mine near Richmond, Virginia. Finally, both travelers noticed that the rocky cliffs in the Bahamas consisted of limestone formed by Muschelsand [beachrock]. We established that Märter and Schöpf traveled together from Philadelphia to the Bahamas (November 1783 to March 1784). But neither acknowledged the influence, or at least the presence of the other, probably for political reasons.
Development of The Stratigraphic Column in Kansas
Authors: Berkstresser, Jr. C. 
Published: April 2015

Scientific exploration of what is now Kansas began at the start of the 19th Century. Explorers who touched or crossed present-day Kansas included Lewis and Clark (1804), Pike (1806), Nuttall (1809-1810), Long (1819-1820), Nicollet (1838-1839), and Frémont (1842, 1844, 1845). Their contributions are now of historical interest only.
Dr. F. A. Wislizenus crossed the area in 1846 and identified the Carboniferous near present-day Ottawa and the Cretaceous near the great bend of the Arkansas River. F. B. Meek and F. V. Hayden in 1856 identified rocks of Tertiary age, probably in north-central Kansas. Maj. Frederick Hawn collected fossils that were identified by Meek as being of Permian age. In 1858 Hawn and G. C. Swallow published just 13 days before Meek and Hayden presented their paper. In the same year Swallow and Hawn presented the first stratigraphic column for Kansas. This column also introduced the term Quaternary, and included Cretaceous, Permian, and Carboniferous; it incorrectly included Triassic but omitted Tertiary.
By 1904 C. S. Prosser and J. W. Beede reclassified the Carboniferous rocks near Cottonwood Falls, and identified these as Pennsylvanian. C. E. Siebenthal introduced the term Mississippian in 1907 for rocks in the southeastern corner of the state. He also assumed that rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician ages were present in the subsurface. In southwestern Kansas, outcrops along the Cimarron River have been variously mapped as Cretaceous, Triassic, Jurassic; they now are considered Triassic.