bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality outcomes of different sulphonylurea drugs: the results of a 14-year cohort study of type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Bo Simona , Castiglione Anna , Ghigo Ezio , Gentile Luigi , Durazzo Marilena , Cavallo-Perin Paolo , Ciccone Giovannino 
Published: May 2013

ObjectiveAvailable data about mortality of type 2 diabetic patients treated with different sulphonylureas are scarce and contradictory.DesignWe evaluated the associations between all-cause and cause-specific mortality and treatments with different sulphonylureas in a retrospective cohort of type 2 diabetic patients from a diabetes clinic.MethodsAll 1277 patients treated with sulphonylureas during 1996–1997 were enrolled: 159 patients were treated with tolbutamide, 977 glibenclamide and 141 gliclazide. The baseline data (centralised laboratory parameters, anthropometric data and presence of chronic complications) were abstracted from the clinical records. Information on vital status was collected from demographic files after 14-year follow-up. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were estimated with Cox (all-cause mortality) or Fine and Gray models (cause-specific mortality), including several potential confounders.ResultsFive hundred and fifty-six patients died during the follow-up: 262 from cardiovascular causes, 158 from cancer and 136 from other causes. When compared with the glibenclamide users, the gliclazide and tolbutamide users showed a significantly lower cancer mortality (HR=0.30; 95% CI 0.16–0.55, and HR=0.48; 95% CI 0.29–0.79 respectively). These results were strongly confirmed in the 555 patients on sulphonylurea monotherapy. None of the patients who were treated with gliclazide monotherapy died from cancer during the follow-up, and the patients on tolbutamide treatment exhibited a lower cancer mortality than the glibenclamide users (HR=0.40; 95% CI 0.22–0.71). Data did not change after stratification for the duration of sulphonylurea treatment from diabetes diagnosis to the study enrolment.ConclusionsCancer mortality was markedly reduced in the patients on gliclazide and tolbutamide treatment. These results suggest additional benefits for these drugs beyond their blood glucose-lowering effect and strongly advocate for further investigation.
Role of boundaries on low-field magnetotransport properties of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-based nanocomposite thin films
Authors: Chen Aiping , Zhang Wenrui , Jian Jie , Wang Haiyan , Tsai Chen-Fong , Su Qing , Jia Quanxi , MacManus-Driscoll Judith L. 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Capturing the Effect of Fracture Heterogeneity on Multiphase Flow During Fluid Injection
Authors: Jonoud S.. , Wennberg O.P.. P. , Casini G.. , Larsen J.A.. A. 
Published: May 2013

SummaryCarbonate fractured reservoirs introduce a tremendous challenge to the upscaling of both single- and multiphase flow. The complexity comes from both heterogeneous matrix and fracture systems in which the separation of scales is very difficult. The mathematical upscaling techniques, derived from representative elementary volume (REV), must therefore be replaced by a more realistic geology-based approach. In the case of multiphase flow, an evaluation of the main forces acting during oil recovery must also be performed.A matrix-sector model from a highly heterogeneous carbonate reservoir is linked to different fracture realizations in dual-continuum simulations. An integrated iterative workflow between the geology-based static modeling and the dynamic simulations is used to investigate the effect of fracture heterogeneity on multiphase fluid flow. Heterogeneities at various scales (i.e., diffuse fractures and subseismic faults) are considered. The diffuse-fracture model is built on the basis of facies and porosity from the matrix model together with core data, image-log data, and data from outcrop-analogs. Because of poor seismic data, the subseismic-fault model is mainly conceptual and is based on the analysis of outcrop-analog data. Fluid-flow simulations are run for both single-phase and multiphase flow and gas and water injections.A better understanding of fractured-reservoirs behavior is achieved by incorporating realistic fracture heterogeneity into the geological model and analyzing the dynamic impact of fractures at various scales. In the case of diffuse fractures, the heterogeneity effect can be captured in the upscaled model. The subseismic faults, however, must be explicitly represented, unless the sigma (shape) factor is included in the upscaling process. A local grid-refinement approach is applied to demonstrate explicit fractures in large-scale simulation grids. This study provides guidelines on how to effectively scale up a heterogeneous fracture model and still capture the heterogeneous flow behavior.
Solid-Expandable Liner System With Custom Composite Frac Plugs Enables Recovery of Lost Reserves in the Piceance Basin
Authors: Caplis Chris , Cameron John , Holte Darwin , Frazier Garrett 
Published: May 2013

Summary
Casing-integrity failure, whether through parted casing, leaky collars, or some other issue, may result in less-effective stimulation work caused by abandonment of the plug-and-perforate method and/or completing through a frac liner. In more-extreme cases, it could result in lost reserves below the casing-failure point. Modern technology has provided a cost-effective solution to this problem.
In this case, the operator confirmed parted 4 1/2-in. production casing at 9,761 ft (Fig. 1) in their northern Piceance basin acreage. The operator would have to repair the parted casing to fracture the lower six zones of the well. The plug-and-perforate method for zonal isolation was required to effectively complete the 2,825-ft vertical pay interval. To complete the stimulation program, the goals were to repair the short section of damaged casing and restore pressure integrity to the well while maintaining a sufficient inner diameter (ID) to allow composite frac plugs to pass through the repair and set in the base casing's larger ID below the split. After a corrugated patch failed to provide casing integrity, the solution was a 3 1/2-in. single-joint solid-expandable system that was expanded downhole to cover and seal the parted 4 1/2-in. casing in conjunction with the use of custom-made composite frac plugs.
The 30-ft, 3 1/2-in. solid-expandable high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) liner system was deployed and expanded in a single trip. This system provided the required pressure integrity to withstand the fracturing pressures needed in this area. The 3.261-in. drift ID of the expanded-solid liner allowed the operator to run custom 3.06-in.-outer-diameter (OD) composite frac plugs below the repaired section and successfully complete the well.
This installation was a success because the operator had essentially written off 63% of the well's reserves caused by the casing part occurring above a majority of the pay interval. The operator is now realizing full production from the entire well. Moreover, this single-joint solid-expandable liner technology coupled with the special drillable composite frac plugs can be used in any HP/HT formation to repair the common issue of damaged casing to allow plug-and-perforage completions to continue.
Pressure-Dependent Natural-Fracture Permeability in Shale and Its Effect on Shale-Gas Well Production
Authors: Cho Y.. , Apaydin O.G.. G. , Ozkan E.. 
Published: May 2013

Summary
This paper presents an investigation of the effect of pressure-dependent natural-fracture permeability on production from shale-gas wells. The motivation of the study is to provide data for the discussion of whether it is crucial to pump proppant into natural fractures in shale plays. Experiments have been conducted on Bakken-shale core samples to select appropriate correlations to represent fracture conductivity as a function of pressure (the actual characterization of fracture conductivity under stress for a specific formation is not an objective of the study). Correlations have been used in a flow model to demonstrate the potential impact of natural-fracture closure as pressure drops during production. Although the correlations indicate up to an 80% reduction in fracture permeability over practical ranges of pressure, the results of the flow model do not warrant the claims that fracture closing plays a significant role in the productivity losses of shale-gas wells. A history match of the performances of two wells in the Barnett and Haynesville formations also indicates that the effect of pressure-dependent natural-fracture permeability on shale-gas-well production is a function of the permeability of the matrix system. If the matrix system is too tight, then the retained permeability of the natural fractures may still be sufficient for the available volume of the fluid when the system pressure drops.
Approximate Analytical Solutions for CO2 Injectivity Into Saline Formations
Authors: Azizi Ehsan , Cinar Yildiray 
Published: May 2013

Summary
This paper presents new analytical models to estimate the bottomhole pressure (BHP) of a vertical carbon dioxide (CO2) injection well in a radial, homogeneous, horizontal saline formation. The new models include the effects of multiphase flow, CO2 dissolution in formation brine, and near-well drying out on the BHP. CO2 is injected into the formation at a constant rate. The analytical solutions are presented for three types of formation outer boundary conditions: closed boundary, constant-pressure boundary, and infinite-acting formation. The sensitivity of BHP computations to gas relative permeability, retardation factors, and CO2 compressibility is examined. The predictive capability of the analytical models is tested by use of numerical reservoir simulations. The results show a good agreement between the analytical and numerical computations for all three boundary conditions. Variations in gas compressibility, retardation factors, and gas relative permeability in the drying-out zone are found to have moderate effects on BHP computations. It is demonstrated for several hypothetical but realistic cases that the new models can estimate CO2 injectivity reliably.
On the Liquid-Flow Analog To Evaluate Gas Wells Producing in Shales
Authors: Chen C.. , Raghavan R.. 
Published: May 2013

Summary
Drawing on links to the analog considered by Al-Hussainy et al. (1966), we present a corresponding analog to correlate solutions for a fractured well producing at a constant pressure. A solution in terms of the similarity transformation for the pressure distribution in a linear reservoir filled with a real gas provides the basis. This solution is particularly suited to demonstrate that anomalous results will be obtained when long linear-flow trends typical of shales produced through a horizontal well consisting of multiple, infinite-conductivity fractures are evaluated in classical terms. The basis for the liquid-flow analog is re-examined by considering 2D numerical solutions for a fractured well producing a gas reservoir at a constant pressure. A method to correlate the nonlinear solutions with the corresponding liquid-flow solutions for fractured wells producing at a constant pressure during the infinite-acting period is provided. The phrase “analog” used here represents attempts to match values of both the well response and its derivative for a 2D system during transient flow. This correlation enables analysts to obtain estimates that are accurate in the manner of Al-Hussainy et al. (1966). An example illustrates the application of this recommendation for a horizontal well producing a shale reservoir through multiple hydraulic fractures.
Visual Versus Marker‐Based Selection of Hybrid Progeny in Fertile × Fertile Beet and Carrot Crosses
Authors: Schaber Margaret A. , Goldman Irwin L. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTCytoplasmic‐genic male sterility systems (CMS) help control pollination in carrot and table beet breeding programs and hybrid seed production. A challenge common to these breeding programs is identification of F1 hybrid progeny in crosses where both parents carry normal (N) cytoplasm. Such fertile × fertile crosses often produce both F1 and selfed progeny, making identification of F1 hybrids difficult. Such identification has traditionally been accomplished in carrot and table beet by visually scoring roots using heterosis for size. However, if heterosis is lacking, misidentification can result in systematic errors in the breeding process. We sought to determine how effective visual selection of hybrid progeny is in the context of table beet and carrot breeding programs. We used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) markers to genotype parents and progeny in a variety of fertile × fertile crosses. Progeny were also grown in the field and evaluated for hybridity based on visual selection using the phenotype of heterosis for size. Two of five fertile × fertile table beet crosses and three of five fertile × fertile carrot crosses showed highly significant differences between visual selection for hybridity and AFLP marker analysis (p < 0.01). Misidentification of roots as F1 hybrids when they were actually self‐pollinated occurred in some crosses as much as 75% of the time. Both type I, a hybrid root scored as an inbred, and type II, an inbred root scored as a hybrid, errors were committed. Across all matings, type I errors occurred on average 40.9% of the time and type II errors occurred on average 8.5% of the time. Type II errors have important consequences because both parents are not represented and recombined in the progeny resulting in further inbreeding. The results of this study indicate that using heterosis for size as a hybrid selection method can be inaccurate for identification of hybrids in certain crosses and may introduce error into breeding programs.
Effects of Soil and Foliar Application of Soluble Silicon on Mineral Nutrition, Gas Exchange, and Growth of Potato Plants
Authors: Pilon Cristiane , Soratto Rogério P. , Moreno Leticia A. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTSilicon can alleviate biotic and abiotic stresses in several crops, and it has beneficial effects on plants under nonstressed conditions. However, there is still doubt about foliar‐applied Si efficiency and Si effects on mineral nutrition, physiological processes, and growth of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants under well‐watered conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil and foliar application of soluble Si on Si accumulation, nutrients, and pigments concentration as well as gas exchange and growth of potato plants. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in pots containing 35 dm3 of a Typic Acrortox soil. The treatments consisted of a control (no Si application), soil application of soluble Si (50 mg dm−3 Si), and foliar application of soluble Si (three sprays of 1.425 mM Si water solution, prepared with a soluble concentrate stabilized silicic acid), with eight replications. Both soil and foliar application of Si resulted in higher Si accumulation in the whole plant. Foliar application of Si resulted in the greatest Si concentration in leaves, and soil application increased Si concentration in leaves, stems, and roots. Silicon application, regardless of the application method, increased leaf area, specific leaf area, and pigment concentration (chlorophyll a and carotenoids) as well as photosynthesis and transpiration rates of well‐watered potato plants. However, only soil application increased P concentration in leaves and dry weight of leaves and stems.
Protein Expression Changes in Anther Callus of Ginseng during Low‐Temperature Acclimation
Authors: Lei Xiujuan , Wang Yingping , Li Changyu , Zhang Chengguo , Song Juan , Liu Lili , Bai Yongzhi 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTLow‐temperature acclimation is one of the main methods of improving the cryopreservation of anther callus of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.), particularly the callus survival rate. To investigate the molecular adaptation mechanisms of callus to low temperature, calli were induced from anthers and cultured at optimal temperature (25°C) for 15 d. Half of the calli were transferred to conditioned petri dishes stored at 4°C for different days. The optimal treatment time at 4°C was estimated based on the triphenyltetrazolium chloride value and survival rate of callus. Proteomic analysis showed that the abundance of 43 protein spots significantly changed (p < 0.5) under 4°C acclimation, and they were identified using mass spectrometry. The proteins were found to be involved in stress response and defense, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid and protein biogenesis and degradation, molecular chaperone, electron transport coupled with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, and cellular processes as well as nucleotide metabolism. The results suggested that the enhancement of stress response, organic metabolism, ATP synthesis, and molecular chaperoning played important roles in the adaptation of ginseng anther callus to low temperature.
An Aegilops ventricosa Translocation Confers Resistance Against Root‐knot Nematodes to Common Wheat
Authors: Williamson Valerie M. , Thomas Varghese , Ferris Howard , Dubcovsky Jorge 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTRoot knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) cause severe losses worldwide to a wide range of crops. Crop rotations with resistant hosts can be used to control losses, but the wide host range of RKN limits this option. In this study, we found that the wheat cultivar Lassik is resistant to several isolates of the RKN species M. incognita and M. javanica, including those that can reproduce on tomato with the resistance gene Mi‐1. Comparison of near‐isogenic lines of wheat showed that the wheat resistance gene(s) is localized within a segment of the short arm of chromosome 2N from Aegilops ventricosa (Zhuk.) Chennav translocated into common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) chromosome arm 2AS and is associated with a highly significant decrease in RKN eggs in the roots. This RKN resistance gene has been assigned the name Rkn3. While wheat itself is tolerant of RKN infection, a microplot experiment coupled with tomato bioassays showed less RKN root galling in the tomato samples grown in soil from the previous microplots including RKN resistant wheat varieties than in those including a susceptible wheat isogenic line. This result suggests that rotation with Rkn3 resistant wheat cultivars has the potential to be a valuable component of nematode management for crops that are highly susceptible to nematode damage and for which alternative strategies are limited.
Partial Decomposition of the Genetic Correlation between Forage Yield and Fiber Using Semihybrids
Authors: Casler Michael D. 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACTVoluntary intake potential of a forage crop is generally considered to be the most important feed characteristic regulating animal performance. Efforts to develop forage crops with increased intake potential have been associated with reduced plant fitness, prompting a need to modify breeding objectives and methods. The objective of this study was to determine if semihyrids could be used to restore all or a portion of the forage yield lost to drift during selection for low neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.). A total of 48 semihybrids were created by pair crossing within four base (original) populations, four high‐NDF populations, and four low‐NDF populations. Genetic variation declined progressively with increased NDF concentration. Midparent heterosis was positive and significant for four of six semihybrids at the low‐NDF level. Two of these semihybrids also had positive and significant heterosis for NDF, reflecting the typical positive genetic correlation between yield and NDF. However, two of these semihybrids had no heterotic effect for NDF, resulting in partial decay of the genetic correlation due to a combination of linkage and drift acting on alleles that independently control these two traits. Because about one‐third of this genetic correlation is malleable by manipulation of linkage and drift, there is potential to produce low‐NDF smooth bromegrass populations without sacrificing forage yield potential.
Temporal Trends in the Incidence, Treatment, and Outcomes of Hip Fracture in Older Patients Initiating Dialysis in the United States
Authors: Nair Sumi Sukumaran , Mitani Aya A. , Goldstein Benjamin A. , Chertow Glenn M. , Lowenberg David W. , Winkelmayer Wolfgang C. 
Published: May 2013

Summary

Background and objectives
Patients with ESRD experience a fivefold higher incidence of hip fracture than the age- and sex-matched general population. Despite multiple changes in the treatment of CKD mineral bone disorder, little is known about long-term trends in hip fracture incidence, treatment patterns, and outcomes in patients on dialysis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Fourteen annual cohorts (1996–2009) of older patients (≥67 years) initiating dialysis in the United States were studied. Eligible patients had Medicare fee-for-service coverage for ≥2 years before dialysis initiation and were followed for ≤3 years for a first hip fracture. Type of treatment (internal fixation or partial or total hip replacement) was ascertained along with 30-day mortality. Cox and modified Poisson regressions were used to describe trends in study outcomes.

Results
This study followed 409,040 patients over 607,059 person-years, during which time 17,887 hip fracture events were recorded (29.3 events/1000 person-years). Compared with patients incident for ESRD in 1996, adjusted hip fracture rates increased until the 2004 cohort (+41%) and declined thereafter. Surgical treatment included internal fixation in 56%, partial hip replacement in 29%, and total hip replacement in 2%, which remained essentially unchanged over time; 30-day mortality after hip fracture declined from 20% (1996) to 16% (2009).

Conclusions
Hip fracture incidence rates remain higher today than in patients reaching ESRD in 1996, despite multiple purported improvements in the management of CKD mineral bone disorder. Although recent declines in incidence and steady declines in associated short-term mortality are encouraging, hip fractures remain among the most common and consequential noncardiovascular complications of ESRD.