bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of the griffon vulture Gyps fulvus and the black vulture Aegypius monachus in central europe in the 21st century
Authors: Danko Štefan , Ranner Andreas , Lontkowski Jan , Sándor István , Šírek Jirí , Gorban Igor 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The paper presents an overview of the occurrence of two vulture species: the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) and the black vulture (Aegypius monachus) in Central Europe in the 21 st century. The number of records of griffon vultures has been increasing in recent years. After a first peak in the year 2007, the number of records has been steadily increasing again since 201 0. In some years (especially 2007 and 201 2) the occurrences showed the characteristics of an influx, similar to the development in Western and Western-Central Europe. In addition, this period coincides with changes in European sanitary legislation affecting the availability of livestock carcasses. Most of the records come from the summer months. It is likely that the increased occurrence is a result of increasing populations in South-Eastern but also in South-Western Europe, as well as being influenced by food shortages in south-western populations (mainly Spain). Both of these regions can be considered as likely origins of the birds observed in Eastern-Central Europe. The number of records of black vultures do not show a similar pattern, although there are indications that birds from the reintroduced population in central France also turn up as far afield as Eastern Europe.
Delimitation of landscape units treated as estimation
fields in the modelling of a landscape system
Authors: Richling Andrzej , Malinowska Ewa , Szumacher Iwona 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to represent the hierarchical structure of an environment by using two concepts: typology and regionalization. The Płock Region (1,766.95 sq. km) and transect crossing this area (796.2 sq. km) is the research location. It was divided into 710 individual landscape units (319 in the transect border). The existing physical-geographical regionalization, including macro-, meso- and micro-regions, was elaborated using a deductive (top-down) method, which was supplemented by a more detailed regionalization, obtained by an inductive (bottom-up) method called analysis of borders (Richling 1976). The study area was divided into more detailed sub-regions: first-level regions (87 units), second-level regions (36 units) and third-level regions (9 units). In fact, the landscape structure of third-level regions is similar to micro-regions. This is proof of the complementary nature of the two approaches – deductive and inductive regionalization, and the hierarchical landscape structure.
Main aspects of system
hierarchy in ecological landscape research
Authors: Richling Andrzej , Lechnio Jerzy 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
At present, geoecology-related discussions are focused on the ability to provide systematic and universal landscape description in a variety of space and time scales, as well as in different functional systems. This requires the development of landscape schemes in the form of hierarchical structural and functional systems. This paper has therefore focused on concepts of crucial importance for landscape system description, such as scale, spatial range and structure and landscape functioning. The definition of these concepts and their characteristics are crucial for the ability to describe a landscape system, in terms of its structural and functional composition and valuation, as well as assessment of landscape and ecosystem functions and services. Therefore, the analysis allows a demonstration of approaches discussed in the subject literature and the authors’ opinions.
Improvement of wireless transmission system performance for EEG signals based on development of scalar quantization
Authors: Nezhad Mohsen Habib , Subari Khazaimatol S. , Yahyavi Mehran 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Advancement of wireless technology leads to some developments in current wireless electroencephalography. Through improving the transmission method of brainwaves, it would be possible to bring more convenience for the patients in need and give this opportunity to others for discovering other aspects of the amazing brainwave. What has been proposed in this study is a new type of adjustable backward quantization method which exploits the nature of the brainwave signal. This method is based on the nature of the captured brainwave and its quantization boundary changes based on the amplitude of each EEG captured signal. The proposed quantization scheme has been analyzed with uniform and Gaussian distribution of quantization level. Consequently, the Backward Gaussian Quantization with Adjustable Boundary and two Word Memories beside the Backward Uniform Quantization with Adjustable Boundary and two Word Memories are introduced by this experiment. In addition, the performance of wireless transmission system and the proposed quantizer’s efficiency for very low frequency (up to 100 Hz) and amplitude EEG signal have been noticed. With doing so, we simulated the transmitter and receiver by MATLAB® software. To model the medium, channel was assumed as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). Meanwhile analysis is done for the whole wireless system performance in terms of transmission range, compared with current available wireless transmission systems on the market. It should be noticed that the transmission range of the proposed wireless transmission system is compared to the transmission range of current wireless EEG systems when there is no obstacle between transmitter and receiver. Furthermore, some relevant parameters to evaluate the quality of the proposed quantization method were examined. To sum up, the proposed quantization schemes show considerable performance in terms of Quantization Rate for constant MSQE and SQNR in comparison with Uniform Quantization method and the achieved transmission range of our wireless system by using this method is higher than available wireless EEG systems on market.
Thorax mapping for localized lung impedance change using focused impedance measurement (FIM): A pilot study
Authors: Ferdous Humayra , Baig Tanvir Noor , Rabbani K. Siddique-e 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
Focused impedance measurement (FIM) is a technique where impedance can be measured with the optimum level of localization without much increase in complexity of measuring instrument. The electrodes are applied on the skin surface while the organs inside also contribute to the measurement, as the body is a volume conductor. In a healthy and disease free lung region, the air enters at breathe-in, increases the impedance of the lung, and impedance reduces during breathe-out. In contrast, for a diseased lung, where part of the lungs is filled with water or some fluid, air will not enter into this zone reducing impedance change between inspiration and expiration. With this idea, the current work had been executed to have general view of localized impedance change throughout thorax using 6-electrode FIM. This generated a matrix mapping from both the front and from the back of the thorax, which showed how impedance change due to ventilation varies from frontal plane to back plane of human bodies.
Las ciberguerras, un tema en ascenso en el periodismo internacional
Authors: Sanmartí José María 
Published: January 2014

El objetivo de este artículo es señalar las principales dificultades con se encuentran los periodistas de información internacional al tratar el tema de las ciberguerras o los ciberataques, dificultades que obviamente se trasladan a las audiencias. Las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación han desarrollado, en efecto, su propia capacidad destructiva en forma de ciberataques. Estos pueden ser aplicados a otros conflictos existentes o establecer sus propias estrategias por actores brumosos que incluyen desde superpotencias hasta hackers aficionados. Tal como admiten abiertamente personalidades e instituciones mundiales, su potencialidad para causar grandes daños, su escaso coste, su anonimato habitual, su implicación con el espionaje estatal y empresarial, etc., han convertido los ciberataques en una amenaza, que, sin ser sangrienta hasta ahora, es parecida a la nuclear, solo que mucho más confusa. Por esta razón, algunos expertos y medios hablan de una nueva Ciberguerra Fría. La sección de Internacional de todos los medios refleja este temor difuso aunque real y de consecuencias imprevisibles. Los periodistas se enfrentan a un tipo de información fácilmente espinoso, de alcance ignorado, con agentes con frecuencia desconocidos, fuentes sospechosas, campañas de intoxicación, tecnologías sofisticadas, etc. y que sin embargo puede ser muy trascendente. Es fácil constatar, por ejemplo, que la ciberguerra incide abiertamente en las relaciones entre países, incluso entre países aliados. Por esto, una de las consecuencias más corrientes es el alarmismo, que a su vez acrecienta las dificultades objetivas propias del tema.
Approximating graphs with polynomial
growth
Authors: Seifter Norbert , Woess Wolfgang 
Published: July 2002

Let X be an infinite,
locally finite, almost transitive graph with polynomial growth. We show that such
a graph X is the inverse limit of an infinite sequence of
finite graphs satisfying growth conditions which are closely related to growth
properties of the infinite graph
X.1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 05C25, Secondary 20F8.
Die Prophetie des Kajaphas. Im Netz johanneischer Ironie
Authors: NICKLAS TOBIAS 
Published: July 2002

In seiner Untersuchung ‘Heiden – Griechen – Gotteskinder’ schreibt J. Frey folgenden bemerkenswerten Satz über die Ironie der VV. Joh 11.49–50:Diese Hintergründigkeit gehört wesentlich zur johanneischen Darstellung, in der ihr neben einer polemischen Bedeutung vor allem eine ‘didaktische’ Funktion zukommt für die Leser und die Art, in der diese die erzählte Geschichte wahrnehmen.
Bipolar disorder and the serotonin transporter gene: a family-based
association study
Authors: KIROV G. , REES M. , JONES I. , MacCANDLESS F. , OWEN M. J. , CRADDOCK N. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The human serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) is a strong candidate for involvement
in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Two common polymorphisms have been identified in the
gene: a VNTR in intron 2 and a functional deletion/insertion in the promoter region. In previous
studies we proposed that allele 12 of the VNTR might increase susceptibility for bipolar disorder.Methods. We have genotyped 122 parent–offspring trios of British Caucasian origin where the
proband had DSM-IV Bipolar I disorder (BPI). The results were analysed with the transmission/disequilibrium
test (TDT), which examines whether particular alleles are preferentially transmitted
from heterozygous parents to affected offspring.Results. The 12 repeat in the VNTR in intron 2 was transmitted 72 times and not transmitted 56
times (χ2 = 2·0, 1 df, P=0·16). If we exclude
24 families in which the proband was a case in our
published case–control studies (Collier et al. 1996a;
Rees et al. 1997), the excess transmission of
allele 12 reaches conventional levels of statistical significance:
χ2 = 3·85, 1 df, P<0·05. The
deletion/insertion polymorphism in the promoter region was not associated with BPI: 66 parents
transmitted the inserted (L) allele and 59 parents transmitted the deleted (S) allele
(χ2 = 0·39, 1 df, P=0·53).Conclusions. The 12 repeat of the VNTR in intron 2 of the serotonin transporter gene might be a
susceptibility factor in bipolar affective disorder. The genetic effect, if true, is likely to be small, and
requires confirmation in further studies using parental controls.
The equation
xn−1/x−1=
yq with x square
Authors: SARADHA N. , SHOREY T. N. 
Published: July 2002

It has been conjectured that equationformula herehas only finitely many solutions. We observe that
(x, y, n, q)=(3, 11, 5, 2), (7, 20,
4,
2) and (18, 7, 3, 3) are solutions of (1). These are the only known solutions
and perhaps
(1) has no other solution. Ljunggren [8] proved in 1943
that
(1) with q=2 has no
solution other than x=3, y=11, n=5 and x=7,

y=20, n=4. Shorey and
Tijdeman [16] confirmed the conjecture if x

is fixed. Let z>1 be an integer. The
main purpose of this paper is to show that (1) has no solution if
x is restricted to the
infinite set of squares z2 with z[ges ]32 and

z∈{2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 16, 27}.
Rules and Regulations in Maritime Collision Avoidance: New Directions

for Bridge Team Training
Authors: Taylor Donald H. 
Published: July 2002

This paper is based on work done originally for the Chevron Shipping
Company, whose
agreement to its publication in its present form is gratefully acknowledged.Ever since the International Regulations for Prevention
of Collision at Sea (IRPCS) were introduced as a control system
for collision
avoidance, there have been disputes and arguments about exactly what they

mean, and how they should have been applied in particular collision incidents.

The principle of deciding by international agreement which ships should
be given
the duty of keeping clear of other ships generally works well but, as traffic

volumes increase, so do situations in which the IRPCS alone do
not provide a clear
indication of what is expected of the mariner. Various solutions have been

addressed to this problem, ranging from proposed radical revisions of the
whole
principle of collision avoidance, through periodic thoughtful adjustments
to
the details of the IRPCS, to informal additions and requirements
imposed by
individual shipowners on their fleets. The residual problem with
any solution
(except perhaps the first mentioned) is that there will always be exceptions

where the rules are unclear or ambiguous. Adding adjustments may reduce
these
exceptions but, unless all uncertainties can be removed, the adjustments
may
create a new and even more complex set of exceptions, which are yet more difficult to interpret.
An enrichment theorem for an axiomatisation of
categories of domains and continuous functions
Authors: FIORE MARCELO P. 
Published: July 2002

Domain-theoretic categories are axiomatised by means of
categorical
non-order-theoretic
requirements on a cartesian closed category equipped with a commutative
monad.
In this
paper we prove an enrichment theorem showing that every axiomatic
domain-theoretic
category can be endowed with an intensional notion of approximation,
the
path relation, with respect to which the category Cpo-enriches.Our analysis suggests more liberal notions of domains. In particular,
we
present a category
where the path order is not ω-complete, but in which
the constructions of domain theory
(such as, for example, the existence of uniform fixed-point
operators and the solution of domain equations) are available.
MANUFACTURING ACCIDENT: INDUSTRIALISM AND THE WORKER’S BODY IN EARLY VICTORIAN FICTION
Authors: Sanders Mike 
Published: July 2002

I refer to the health of millions who spend their lives in manufactories. . . I ask if these millions enjoy that vigour of body which is ever a direct good, and without which all other advantages are comparatively worthless? (The Effects of Arts, Trades, and Professions, and of civic states and habits of living, on health andlongevity, C. Turner Thackrah) [Factory reformers] wrote in the newspapers, and circulated pamphlets - they petitioned Parliament - exhibited diseased and crippled objects in London - and made such an impression on the public mind, that their measures were carried in the House of Commons almost by acclamation, notwithstanding the testimony of facts of a directly contrary nature. (Exposition of the Factory Question)THIS ARTICLE SEEKS to explore the significance of the injured working-class body in debates about the nature and meaning of industrial capitalism in the first half of the nineteenth century.1 It will argue that a growing awareness that the comforts of middle-class existence depended on processes that maimed working-class lives was profoundly unsettling to the bourgeois conscience as it threatened one of its most important narratives of legitimation. Finally, it will trace the emergence of the “accident” (as both concept and fictional trope) as a response to and resolution of this ideological crisis.
Regulation of Tomato Fruit Polygalacturonase mRNA Accumulation by Ethylene: A Re-Examination1
Authors: Sitrit Yaron , Bennett Alan B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPolygalacturonase (PG) is the major enzyme responsible for pectin disassembly in ripening fruit. Despite extensive research on the factors regulating PG gene expression in fruit, there is conflicting evidence regarding the role of ethylene in mediating its expression. Transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits in which endogenous ethylene production was suppressed by the expression of an antisense 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase gene were used to re-examine the role of ethylene in regulating the accumulation of PG mRNA, enzyme activity, and protein during fruit ripening. Treatment of transgenic antisense ACC synthase mature green fruit with ethylene at concentrations as low as 0.1 to 1 μL/L for 24 h induced PG mRNA accumulation, and this accumulation was higher at concentrations of ethylene up to 100 μL/L. Neither PG enzyme activity nor PG protein accumulated during this 24-h period of ethylene treatment, indicating that translation lags at least 24 h behind the accumulation of PG mRNA, even at high ethylene concentrations. When examined at concentrations of 10 μL/L, PG mRNA accumulated within 6 h of ethylene treatment, indicating that the PG gene responds rapidly to ethylene. Treatment of transgenic tomato fruit with a low level of ethylene (0.1 μL/L) for up to 6 d induced levels of PG mRNA, enzyme activity, and protein after 6 d, which were comparable to levels observed in ripening wild-type fruit. A similar level of internal ethylene (0.15 μL/L) was measured in transgenic antisense ACC synthase fruit that were held for 28 d after harvest. In these fruit PG mRNA, enzyme activity, and protein were detected. Collectively, these results suggest that PG mRNA accumulation is ethylene regulated, and that the low threshold levels of ethylene required to promote PG mRNA accumulation may be exceeded, even in transgenic antisense ACC synthase tomato fruit.
Fucosyltransferase and the Biosynthesis of Storage and Structural Xyloglucan in Developing Nasturtium Fruits
Authors: Desveaux Darrell , Faik Ahmed , Maclachlan Gordon 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Young, developing fruits of nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) accumulate large deposits of nonfucosylated xyloglucan (XG) in periplasmic spaces of cotyledon cells. This “storage” XG can be fucosylated by a nasturtium transferase in vitro, but this does not happen in vivo, even as a transitory signal for secretion. The only XG that is clearly fucosylated in these fruits is the structural fraction (approximately 1% total) that is bound to cellulose in growing primary walls. The two fucosylated subunits that are formed in vitro are identical to those found in structural XG in vivo. The yield of XG-fucosyltransferase activity from membrane fractions is highest per unit fresh weight in the youngest fruits, especially in dissected cotyledons, but declines when storage XG is forming. A block appears to develop in the secretory machinery of young cotyledon cells between sites that galactosylate and those that fucosylate nascent XG. After extensive galactosylation, XG traffic is diverted to the periplasm without fucosylation. The primary walls buried beneath accretions of storage XG eventually swell and lose cohesion, probably because they continue to extend without incorporating components such as fucosylated XG that are needed to maintain wall integrity.
Defoliation Induces Fructan 1-Exohydrolase II in Witloof Chicory Roots. Cloning and Purification of Two Isoforms, Fructan 1-Exohydrolase IIa and Fructan 1-Exohydrolase IIb. Mass Fingerprint of the Fructan 1-Exohydrolase II Enzymes
Authors: Van den Ende Wim , Michiels An , Van Wonterghem Dominik , Clerens Stefan P. , De Roover Joke , Van Laere André J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The cloning of two highly homologous chicory (Cichorium intybus var. foliosum cv Flash) fructan 1-exohydrolase cDNAs (1-FEH IIa and 1-FEH IIb) is described. Both isoenzymes could be purified from forced chicory roots as well as from the etiolated “Belgian endive” leaves where the 1-FEH IIa isoform is present in higher concentrations. Full-length cDNAs were obtained by a combination of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), PCR and 5′- and 3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends using primers based on N-terminal and conserved amino acid sequences. 1-FEH IIa and 1-FEH IIb cDNA-derived amino acid sequences are most homologous to a new group of plant glycosyl hydrolases harboring cell wall-type enzymes with acid isoelectric points. Unlike the observed expression profiles of chicory 1-FEH I, northern analysis revealed that 1-FEH II is expressed when young chicory plants are defoliated, suggesting that this enzyme can be induced at any developmental stage when large energy supplies are necessary (regrowth after defoliation).
Plastic Forming Processes Through Rotating Conical Dies1
Authors: Durban D. , Davidi G. , Lior D. 
Published: July 2002

Drawing and extrusion of single-phase and multilayered tubes through rotating conical dies is investigated within the framework of continuum plasticity. Large strain perfectly plastic J2 flow theory models constitutive behavior along with a radial-helical flow pattern. The governing system for a single-layer process is reduced to three coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. An approximate solution is developed for long and tapered working zones with low wall friction. That solution is used to simulate the field within each layer in composite tube forming. Exact relations are derived for the n-layered tube and it is shown that wall rotation can considerably reduce the required working loads.
Dedicated to Professor Dietmar Gross on the occasion of his 60th birthday
A Photothermal Technique for the Determination of the Thermal
Conductance of Interfaces and Cracks
Authors: McDonald K. R. , Dryden J. R. , Majumdar A. , Zok F. W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The paper describes a phase-sensitive photothermal technique for the determination of the thermal conductance of an interface, a thin interlayer, or crack embedded within a plate. The technique involves sinusoidally modulated heating at one point on the surface using a focused laser beam and measurement of the phase shift of the thermal wave at some other point. The technique is demonstrated using a model system comprising two stainless steel disks, placed either in direct contact with each other or with thin polyethylene sheets between them. The use of the technique for determining the conductance of delamination cracks in fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite is also demonstrated. [S0022-1481(00)02801-2]