bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A History of Geological Thought
Authors: Visher Glenn 
Published: April 2015

The history of the geological sciences has gone through substantive changes in perception, methodology, and changing methods of scientific synthesis. This progression has led to changes in the philosophy of scientific endeavor in the geological sciences. In addition, geological scientists have contributed to the other sciences in changing the methods of demonstrating and validating scientific hypotheses. Scientific approaches useful in one field may not be applicable in all fields of inquiry, and proofs must be demonstrated by differing types of synthesis. Inductive, deductive, teleological, analogous, causal, experimental, developmental, empirical, or conceptual methods have been used in the geological sciences.Geological thought can be placed in an historical framework from 18th Century Naturalism, to Rationalism of the 19th Century, deductive inferences from causality and experiment, and of special importance, historical syntheses based upon analogous comparison. Actualistic comparisons and quantification were the goals between 1945 and 1965.The inability to validate geologicl hypotheses in terms of mathematics was a real crisis in geological thought. This inability also was found to exist in physics and mathematics by Heisenberg and Gödel. The introduction of the conceptual model by Rosenblueth and Wiener, 1944-5, provided a new approach to validating hypotheses. Observation could be synthesized by the use of an "idea" or "schema". The model was a useful tool or device that provided the bases for the interrelation of observations, for directed observation, and for prediction of new patterns of observation. Models are now applied to all types of geological observation, and have placed geological thought on a par with other sciences utilizing mathematical theorems. The model approach is a multivariant analysis of independent types of observation. Geologic thought is in transition to new methods and approaches. The new approach is beyond inference, "look alike" comparisons, and statistical statements of association; it is now truly a creative synthesis verifiable by experience, experiment, and new observations.
The Nation's Gem Collection — One Hundred Years
Authors: White John 
Published: April 2015

In 1984 the Smithsonian's National Gem Collection celebrated its 100th anniversary. It has grown from a 1,000 specimen collection, which was assembled by F.W. Clarke for the 1884 New Orleans Exposition, and little of which is now exhibited, to a highly respected major gem collection that ranks among the best in the world. From its inception the collection has grown steadily, but it was not until 1958, when the Museum was given the Hope Diamond, that the addition of phenomenal pieces of jewelry and first class gems began. The most recent of these additions was the 168-carat emerald pendant that dominates the Anna Case Mackay necklace, received through bequest in 1984.
Unfortunately, the gem hall is twenty-eight years old, and its age is all too obvious. Obtaining funding for a complete renovation of the exhibit is a high priority of the Museum's staff.
James Hall and Fossil Corals
Authors: Oliver William 
Published: April 2015

During his long career, James Hall named and described over 250 species and several genera of fossil corals, mostly of Middle Silurian to Middle Devonian age. Hall's principal coral works were published in 1843, 1877, 1882-84, and (with G. B. Simpson) 1887. Sporadic work on corals continued to 1898, the year of his death. In spite of shortcomings, his four main contributions provided the taxonomic base for much of the later work on Helderberg, Onondaga and Hamilton corals in New York and adjacent areas.
Beginning in 1868, George B. Simpson was one of Hall's many assistants. He began as illustrator, became a describer of corals and bryozoans, and ultimately co-author of the 1887 work. His own study of Paleozoic coral genera, based on thin section analyses, began the post-Hall era of coral work in eastern North America.
Three Concepts of Fabric Statistics (Curie 1884, Schmidt 1925, and Niggli 1948) and Their Modifications and Elaborations, A Historical Discussion
Authors: Kirchmayer Martin , Germany F. 
Published: April 2015

There are three concepts of fabric statistics: (1) the NEUMANN-MINNIGERODE-CURIE (1884) concept; actually Curie originated the fabric models, based on crystallographic elements of the cause-symmetry, media-symmetry, and effect-symmetry. (2) the SCHMIDT (1925) or SANDER (1930) concept classifies fabric diagrams keyed to rock types and to the kind of deformation, and is based on 5 types of tectonites. (3) the NIGGLI (1948) concept, a general symmetry concept, referring to morphology, which can be applied to all media in the entire field of natural and pure sciences.All three concepts are typically European. In the 1920's and 1930's some American researchers travelled to Europe to study the techniques of fabric statistics. Among them was Haff (1938) who holds the American priority. Today universal stage research is not very common in the U.S.; instead, macrofabrics are studied by geological compass. In the application of the Schmidt-Sander concept to geological environments, Rueger (1928) of Heidelberg holds the priority.This paper compares the three concepts, and deals with their developments and elaborations in Europe, in regard to their use in a precise 3-dimensional way, on a thin section scale.
How Clean Is It? The Use of Ion Chromatography to Monitor Contamination in Cleanroom Environments
Authors: Newton Beverly 
Published: April 2015

Cleanrooms pose a special challenge for cleanliness testing. Contaminants in the form of particles, metals, ions, and organics must be completely removed to ensure defect-free processing. Ions such as chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonia can degrade water surfaces, particularly in the presence of adsorbed water. A number of analytical methods are used to test for cleanliness and contamination control Ion chromatography is used to determine ionic contamination. The presentation will answer the following questions:• What is ion chromatography?• How is ion chromatography used to evaluate cleanliness?• What are the recent improvements that have been made to the technology?• What are some typical cleanliness testing applications?• How will the use of ion chromatography help my company?
Antonomous Environmental Definition of C-130 Flap Well Skin Panel
Authors: Banaszak David , Brown Dansen , Laird David 
Published: April 2015

Air Force C-130 aircraft require numerous aluminum doubler repairs on the wing flap skin aft of the right-hand outboard engine. These repairs are costly and require riveting. Rivets often provide new areas of stress concentration, which causes new cracks to develop elsewhere. Boeing and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) are measuring the thermal and strain environment behind the right-hand outboard engine of a North Carolina Air National Guard (NCANG) operational C-130 aircraft (TN 93-1456) for use in design of a damped repair patch to prevent the growth of cracks in skin under the wing flap panel. During June 2003. AFRL engineers and technicians acquired data using an autonomous damage dosimeter during five operational C-130 flights. The damage dosimeter measures structural strains and temperatures on in-service aircraft to diagnose structural conditions that are difficult to analyze, such as acoustics and high cycle fatigue (HCF). The first flight was from Charlotte, North Carolina to Warner Robins Air Force Base (AFB), Georgia and returned to Charlotte. The last four flights were assault flights where the C-130 simulated cargo drops. Pilots logged the altitude and indicated airspeed, engine speed, and flap positions for the first four flights. Flap position settings were compared with dosimeter temperature and root mean square (rms) strain measurements.
This paper presents typical third octave plots showing engine speed vibratory frequencies, rms time histories (TH), and correlation data for a flight. This paper also presents typical limited data in TH, probability density function (PDF), power spectral density (PSD), and rain flow formats.
Experimental Modal Analysis: Efficient Geometry Model Creation Using Optical Techniques
Authors: Pauwels Steven , Debille Jan , Komrower Jeff , Lau Jenny 
Published: April 2015

Experimental modal analysis (EMA) is widely used to characterize the dynamic properties of structures. Recently EMA is being used on more complex structures often involving hundreds of measurement points. Modal analysis results are frequently used in combination with numerical models, imposing higher standards on the quality of the modal parameter estimation and the accuracy of the geometry models. These requirements are often contradictory to the availability of test cells and prototypes.
In order to solve this challenge, innovative solutions using optical techniques have been developed that simplify and accelerate the creation of a geometrical model of a test object, while at the same time increase the accuracy of measured coordinates. Industrial applicability of these techniques is proven by a number of benchmarks on real-life structures.
Environmental Test Program for the Mars Exploration Rover Project
Authors: Fisher Terry , Van Velzer Paul 
Published: April 2015

On June 10 and July 7, 2003, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched two spacecraft from Cape Canaveral, Florida, for 6-month flights to the Red Planet, Mars. The two Mars Exploration Rover spacecraft landed safely on the planet on January 3 and 24, 2004. Prior to the successful launch, both of the spacecraft were involved in a comprehensive test campaign that included development, qualification, and protoflight test programs. Testing was performed to simulate the environments associated with launch, interplanetary cruise, landing on the planet, and Mars surface operations.
Unique test requirements included operating the spacecraft while the chamber pressure was controlled to simulate the descent to the planet from deep space, high-impact landing loads, and rover operations on the surface of the planet at 8 Torr and -130 °C (-202 °F). This paper will present an overview of the test program that included vibration, pyroshock, landing loads, acoustic noise, thermal-vacuum, and solar simulation testing at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Environmental Test Laboratory facilities in Pasadena, California.
Higher Yield and Quality through Particle Identification
Authors: Valet O. , Lankers M. 
Published: April 2015

The sources of particulate contamination are often not easy to identify. To control manufacturing processes, the measurement of particle concentration and size is necessary and has been routinely performed for many years. Technology has been developed to increase the information available for the immediate evaluation of particles. The method analyzes airborne particles or particles isolated from liquids automatically according to their number, size, and chemical composition.1,2 The analysis of thousands of particles enables users to locate the major sources of contamination in various manufacturing processes.
The analytical tool provides rapid determination of particulate contamination, thus allowing for a quick, efficient response. Over time, the ability to compare analytical result data sets assists in detecting trends and implementing the appropriate quality management. Routine use of the technology contributes to ongoing supervision and optimization of production processes.
This study reports on the use of the technology to analyze foreign particles associated with oral, inhalable, and nasal drug products (OINDP), parenterals, and coronary stents. Applications for troubleshooting and identifying latent contamination sources are discussed through several examples.
Fetal intermediate rhabdomyoma of the lip
Authors: Fernández José Martín Toranzo , Medlich Marco Antonio Metlich , López Luis Horacio Rojas , Loredo César Federico Gutiérrez , Luque Lizzete Claudia Ortiz 
Published: April 2015

Fetal rhabdomyoma is a rare benign neoplasm of skeletal muscle that must be distinguished histologically from various malignant lesions, including rhabdomyosarcoma. They have recently been subdivided into two histological variants myxoid and cellular fetal rhabdomyomas. This article describes a case of an 8 month infant with a fetal rhabdomyoma in the upper lip. Illustrate the histological features and discusses the means of distinguishing these lesions from various other conditions with which they may be confused.
J Clin Pediatr Dent 29(2): 179-180, 2005
The Attitude of parents toward behavior management techniques in pediatric dentistry
Authors: Alammouri Mahmoud 
Published: April 2015

Purpose: investigate the parental attitude toward behavior management techniques used in pediatric dentistry
Methods and materials: Parents watched a videotape that showed these techniques and then filled a questionnaire.
Results: Tell-Show-Do, Positive Reinforcement, and Distraction were highly approved. Voice Control, Parent Separation, and Nonverbal Communication were moderately approved. The Hand-Over-Mouth, Nitrous Oxide Sedation, Conscious Sedation, and General Anesthesia were least approved.
Conclusion: The general parental attitudes were positive regarding the behavioral management techniques.
Propylthiouracil (PROP) - A Tool to Determine Taster Status in Relation to Caries Experience, Streptococcus Mutans Levels and Dietary Preferences in Children
Authors: Verma Priya , Shetty Vabitha , Hegde Amitha 
Published: April 2015

Purpose: Dental caries remains the single most common disease of childhood that is neither self-limiting nor amenable to short term pharmacological management. Hence, there is a need to identify and institute preventive measures for those children who are at a greater risk for developing dental caries to determine the prevalence of tasters and non tasters among the group of school aged children. To compare and contrast the prevalence of dental caries, S.mutans levels and dietary preferences in children with different genetic sensitivity levels to the bitter taste of PROP.Method: A total no of 500 children belonging to the age group of 6-12 years of both sexes were recruited from A.B. Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences in Mangalore, India. PROP sensitivity test was carried out to determine the inherent genetic ability to taste a bitter or sweet substance. Estimation of Streptococcus mutans levels were done, a questionnaire was given to evaluate their dietary habits and the caries experience was recorded. Collected data were tabulated and subjected for statistical analysis using Pearson Chi – square test of significance.Results: The results suggested that there was increase in the caries experience and S.mutans levels among the group of non tasters as compared to tasters. Tasters tended to be sweet dislikers and non tasters tended to be sweet likers. On the whole tasters had a healthier dentition as compared to non tasters.Conclusion: The PROP test proved to be a useful tool in determining the genetic sensitivity levels of bitter taste. Knowledge of an individuals taste perception can help us in identifying the children who are at higher risk for dental caries.
Use of Laser fluorescence and Scanning Electron Microscope to Evaluate Remineralization of Incipient Enamel Lesions Remineralized by Topical Application of Casein Phospho Peptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) Containing Cream
Authors: Pai Deepika. , Bhat Sham , Taranath Abhay , Sargod Sharan , Pai Vinita 
Published: April 2015

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralization of incipient enamel lesions by the topical application of Casein PhosphoPeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) using laser fluorescence and scanning electron microscope.
Sixty caries free extracted teeth were used in the study. Forty teeth were used as test samples, ten as positive and ten as negative controls. The samples were demineralized and then remineralized by the topical application of CPP-ACP for a period of 14 days. The remineralization was evaluated with the use of laser fluorescence and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of this study showed that the laser fluorescent readings of test samples after remineralization were highly significant (p &lt;0.001). A significant number of test samples observed under SEM showed high scores of remineralization.
Management of maxillary midline diastema with emphasis on etiology
Authors: Gkantidis Nikolaos , Kolokitha Olga-Elpis , Topouzelis Nikolaos 
Published: April 2015

The importance of the presence of a maxillary midline diastema resides in its position and the concern it causes to patients. This specific diastema has been attributed to genetic and environmental factors, even though it is often a normal feature of growth, especially in primary and mixed dentition.The need for treatment is mainly attributed to esthetic and psychological reasons, rather than functional ones. Although it is often the case, treatment plans should not be selected empirically but rather should be based on adequate scientific documentation. Possible therapeutic approaches include orthodontics, restorative dentistry, surgery and various combinations of the above. The ideal treatment should seek to manage not only the diastema in question but also the cause behind it. Irrespective of the treatment alternative selected, permanent retention of stable results should be considered as a treatment objective.The aim of this paper is to underscore the main etiological factors for the presence of a maxillary midline diastema and to illustrate the clinical and laboratory examinations required to recognize these factors. Furthermore, alternative treatment options are discussed depending on the etiology of the problem.
Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae: Diagnosis Based on Oral Manifestations – Report of a Case
Authors: Xanthinaki AA , Donta C , Gatou V , Tsichlakis C 
Published: April 2015

Hyalinosis cutis et mucosae is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by diffuse deposition of a hyaline-like material in the skin and mucous membrane of the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and internal organs. In the first weeks of life it begins with typical hoarseness due to hyaline deposits in the larynx. Rough, yellowish-white papular deposits in the skin and the oral mucosa usually develop during childhood. The etiology and pathogenesis are unknown and the treatment is only symptomatic.A 14-year old boy developed several typical clinical features of the disease since birth and remained undiagnosed until he was referred by his dentist to our department for oral evaluation. The clinical, histopathological and immunological aspects of the patient are discussed in detail. Oral and systemic manifestations of the disease are also reviewed.The oral mucosa appeared nodular, diffusely enlarged and thickened because of infiltration with waxy-yellowish-white plaques and nodules. The patient also exhibited a thickened, furrowed appearance of the skin with several skin scars, eyelid nodules, loss of eyelashes and voice hoarseness. The clinical diagnosis of hyalinosis cutis et mucosa was confirmed histologically.
Total Antioxidant Capacity of Saliva and its Relation with Early Childhood Caries and Rampant Caries
Authors: Hegde Amitha , Rai Kavita , Padmanabhan Vivek 
Published: April 2015

Dental caries is an infectious and communicable disease and multiple factors influence the initiation and progression of the disease. Recently it has been claimed that oxidative stress may play an important role in the onset and the development of several inflammatory oral pathologies and dental caries may also be included. Saliva could constitute a first line of defense against free radical- mediated oxidative stress. This is the reason why antioxidant capacity of saliva has led to increasing interest and hence the need for this study.The antioxidant capacity of saliva was investigated in 100 children who were divided into four groups. Two of which comprised the study and control groups of children with ECC (below 71months of age) and the other two groups comprised of the study and control groups of the children with rampant caries [(RC) (6-12yrs)]. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all the groups. Total antioxidant capacity of saliva was evaluated by spectrophotometric assay.The results indicated that the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of saliva increased in children with caries. TAC also increased with the age of the children.
Efficacy of 10% Povidone Iodine in Children Affected with Early Childhood Caries: An In Vivo Study
Authors: Simratvir Mauli , Singh Namita , Chopra Saroj , Thomas Abi 
Published: April 2015

For prevention of dental caries, S. mutans numbers must be reduced and prevented from returning to the original level. An antibacterial agent that is effective and also acceptable to young children can help to establish a favorable oral environment and halt the caries process. Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of topical antimicrobial (10% Povidone- Iodine) on S.mutans counts in children with Early Childhood Caries after full mouth rehabilitation. Also its effects on the clinical outcomes in terms of incidence of new caries and secondary caries were evaluated.Method: Full mouth rehabilitation was done in 30 children (mean age 4.2 years) suffering from Severe Early Childhood Caries (SECC). Stimulated saliva samples were collected to determine the post operative baseline S.mutans counts. Thereafter the subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group received 10% Povidone Iodine at 3 months interval for a period of 12 months while the control group received placebo (deionized water) at similar intervals.Change in the S.mutans count at 6 and 12 month intervals were compared to the baseline post-operative mutans score. Results revealed that application of 10% Povidone Iodine caused a significant reduction in the rise of Streptococcus mutans levels from the baseline postoperative score after 12 months of treatment thus decreasing the oral load of the organisms. Reduction in counts; in turn decreased the relapse of caries in these children. Conclusion: Thus oral rehabilitation coupled with regular application of 10% Povidone Iodine application can be a good alternative to control dental caries in children affected with Early Childhood Caries (ECC).
Kinetics of Crude Oil Coke Combustion
Authors: Vossoughi S. , EI-Shoubary Y. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Coke is a solid or semi-liquid type material which deposits on the sand grain surface area and is eventually burned as a fuel during an in-situ combustion process. Its combustion is the main source of energy to sustain the firefront.
This study investigates the effect of the different variables such as specific surface area, oxygen partial pressure and oil content on the coke combustion by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Each variable was varied while keeping the others constant. The TGA and the derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves were subjected to kinetic analysis. The rate equation produced indicated that the rate of combustion of the coke was proportional to the coke content yet to be burned, oxygen partial pressure, and specific surface area of the sand grain. The rate constant followed an Arrhenius-type equation for the temperature dependency. The rate equation was tested for the range of specific surface areas of 0.126 to 24.3 m2/g, oil content of 10 to 58 weight percent, and oxygen partial pressure of 0.05 to 0.50 atm. The validity of the model was tested for various crude oils from different geographical locations in the U.S.A., Canada and Latin America.