bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a transfer‐cost‐based logit assignment model for the Beijing rail transit network using automated fare collection data
Authors: Si Bingfeng , Zhong Ming , Liu Jianfeng , Gao Ziyou , Wu Jianjun 
Published: September 2012

SUMMARYLiterature review indicates that little is known about traveler behavior, such as transfer and route choices, in large transit systems because of the number of alternative routes involved and lack of empirical data. Even though many transit route assignment models have been developed and ample automated fare collection data have been collected, nearly no study has quantified how accurate resulting flow assignments are, especially for transfer flows. However, as a multi‐stakeholder system, it is essential to estimate passenger flows over the Beijing rail transit network for revenue sharing and daily management/operation purpose. In this paper, major factors (including total travel time and transfer cost) that influence passenger flow pattern in the Beijing rail transit network are considered in a logit‐based network flow assignment model. Specifically, a full transfer cost function, including transfer walking time, vehicle waiting time, and a penalty to additional transfers, is proposed to better simulate passengers' transfer behaviors. A generalized cost function for urban rail transit network is presented, and the corresponding route choice behavior of travelers is analyzed. An improved logit‐based model is then presented for solving this network flow assignment problem. The depth‐first method is used to search for “effective paths” among all O–D pairs. The average errors of estimated transfer flows from the proposed assignment model, which is proven to be more realistic in searching a set of effective paths, are below 20%. The results indicate that the models being developed in this study are capable of reasonably reproducing passengers' transfer and route choices and thus helpful for understanding the transfer behaviors of passengers of large rail transit networks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wetland Network Design for Mitigation of Saltwater Intrusion by Replenishing Freshwater in an Estuary
Authors: Zhang Zhiming , Cui Baoshan , Fan Xiaoyun , Zhang Kejiang , Zhao Hui , Zhang Honggang 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn this paper, a wetland network is designed to mitigate saltwater intrusion based on the relationship between river discharge and salinity in Modaomen waterway (MDMW), the Pearl River estuary (PRE) of southern China. The designed network consists of existing and expanded wetlands, river channels and their tributaries. The freshwater stored in wetlands can be diverted into river channels to adjust salinity gradients when saltwater intrusion reaches the predefined locations. In the MDMW, two exponential regression models are established between the freshwater discharge and the saltwater intrusion length at both high water slack (HWS) and low water slack (LWS), respectively. The wetland network can effectively mitigate the saltwater intrusion when the freshwater is diverted from wetlands into river channels according to the regressive models. The method of wetland network can save over 50% more freshwater (varying from 46.1 to 56.4% at HWS and from 53.4 to 61.8% at LWS) than the emergent water allocation schedule (EWAS) implemented in 2005 to protect against saltwater intrusion in the same area. Wetland network design facilitates water resource management in the PRE and can also be easily generalized to other estuaries.
Tunable Dual Fluorescence of 3‐(2,2′‐Bipyridyl)‐Substituted Iminocoumarin
Authors: Younes Ali H. , Zhu Lei 
Published: September 2012

Abstract3‐(2,2′‐Bipyridyl)‐substituted iminocoumarin molecules (compounds 1 and 2) exhibit dual fluorescence. Each molecule has one electron donor and two electron acceptors that are in conjugation, which leads to fluorescence from two independent charge transfer (CT) states. To account for the dual fluorescence, we subscribe to a kinetic model in which both CT states form after rapid decays from the directly accessed S1 and S2 excited states. Due to the slow internal conversion from S2 to S1, or more likely the slow interconversion between the two subsequently formed CT states, dual emission is allowed to occur. This hypothesis is supported by the following evidence: 1) the emission at short and long ends of the spectrum originates from two different excitation spectra, which eliminates the possibility that dual emission occurs after an adiabatic reaction at the S1 level. 2) The fluorescence quantum yield of compound 2 grows with increasing excitation wavelength, which indicates that the high‐energy excitation elevates the molecule to a weakly emissive state that does not internally convert to the low‐energy, highly emissive state. The intensity of the two emission bands of 1 is tunable through the specific interactions between either of the two electron acceptors with another species, such as Zn2+ in the current demonstration. Therefore, the development of ratiometric fluorescent indicators based on the dual‐emitting iminocoumarin system is conceivable. Further fundamental studies on this series of compounds using time‐resolved spectroscopic techniques, and explorations of their applications will be carried out in the near future.
Nonmuscle myosin II regulation of lung epithelial morphology
Authors: Plosa Erin J. , Gooding Kimberly A. , Zent Roy , Prince Lawrence S. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackground: The regulation of epithelial cell shape and orientation during lung branching morphogenesis is not clearly understood. Nonmuscle myosins regulate cell size, morphology, and planar cell polarity. Here, we test the hypothesis that nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) regulates lung epithelial morphology in a spatially restricted manner. Results: Epithelial cell orientation at airway tips in fetal mouse lungs underwent a significant transformation at embryonic day (E) E17. Treatment of E15 lung explants with the NM II inhibitor blebbistatin increased airway branching, epithelial cell size, and the degree of anisotropy in epithelial cells lining the airway stalks. In cultured MLE‐12 lung epithelial cells, blebbistatin increased cell velocity, but left the migratory response to FGF‐10 unchanged. Conclusions: In the developing lung, NM II acts to constrain cell morphology and orientation, but may be suppressed at sites of branching and cell migration. The regulation of epithelial orientation may therefore undergo dynamic variations from E15 to E17. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of reforestation on near‐surface saturated hydraulic conductivity in a managed forest landscape, southern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Greenwood W. J. , Buttle J. M. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTReforestation of previously deforested landscapes often increases soil organic matter content and porosity as the plantation forest ages, leading to increased soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (KH). However, the time required for a reforested soil's KH to recover to that of the original forest differs considerably between locations because of variations in forest, climatic and soil properties. We examined a chronosequence of sites on similar soils in a managed forest landscape in southern Ontario, Canada, ranging from open fields deforested in the late 19th century, through red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands of varying age, to 100+ year‐old mixed conifer–hardwoods. Soil texture, organic matter content, bulk density, KH, and overstory and understory forest characteristics were measured. For sites with similar soil textures, there was a general increase in KH in the following sequence: open fields → red pine plantations → mixed conifer–hardwood stands. There were no significant changes in near‐surface organic matter contents or soil bulk densities with forest age, and neither factor was related to temporal changes in KH. Temporal trends in KH were associated with increased understory density with forest age, suggesting that increases in KH were driven by understory root development and greater macroporosity. It may take ~25 years before reforestation begins to affect soil infiltration characteristics at the stand scale and at least 40 years following planting before the KH of soils under red pine plantations begins to equal that for undisturbed mixed conifer–hardwood stands. This recovery may be assisted by management activities such as thinning of red pine stands, which promotes understory development.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[2.2]Paracyclophanediyldiphosphane Complexes of Gold
Authors: Sarcher Christian , Lühl Anja , Falk Florian C. , Lebedkin Sergei , Kühn Michael , Wang Cong , Paradies Jan , Kappes Manfred M. , Klopper Wim , Roesky Peter W. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractWe have prepared digold(I) complexes with the rigid‐backbone diphosphane ligands PhanePhos, xyl‐PhanePhos, and Ph2‐GemPhos. All complexes were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, NMR, IR, Raman, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. [PhanePhos(AuCl)2] and [GemPhos(AuCl)2] show a very similar ligand scaffold, but different (aurophilic vs. nonaurophilic) intramolecular Au–Au distances. Absorption and PL spectra of both compounds are quite similar. Theoretical investigations reveal that the excited states are of different character (i.e., influenced by the Au–Au contacts). The respective transition energies, however, lie close to each other, thus resulting in similar experimental spectra. The gold atoms appear to produce a significant heavy‐atom effect in the electronic relaxation dynamics. Thus, [PhanePhos(AuCl)2] and [GemPhos(AuCl)2] both show bright‐green millisecond‐long phosphorescence at low temperatures, although the latter is quenched at ambient temperature. [PhanePhos(AuCl)2] and [GemPhos(AuCl)2] were also used as catalysts in the intra‐ and intermolecular hydroamination of alkynes. Good to quantitative conversions on a reasonable time scale were observed. The overall performance of these catalysts in the studied reactions was similar, showing that Au–Au contacts do not have a major influence on the catalytic performance.
Spatial interaction between collapsed pipes and landslides in hilly regions with loess‐derived soils
Authors: Verachtert E. , Van Den Eeckhaut M. , Poesen J. , Deckers J. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTWhile most studies focus on the effect of soil pipes on hillslope stability, this present study investigates the impact of landsliding on pipe development. It is hypothesized that poorly drained active and dormant landslides change the hillslope hydrology through (i) surface flow obstruction, by changing topography, as well as (ii) subsurface flow obstruction by tilting less‐permeable clay‐rich substrates. Hence, new preferential flow paths are created at reverse slopes within the landslide zone and at the boundary of the landslide, enhancing pipe formation. This study aims at a better understanding of the interaction between collapsed pipe (CP) occurrence and landslide (LS) occurrence in the Flemish Ardennes (Belgium) by comparing their respective spatial patterns. At least 24.5% of the 139 sites with CP were related to the occurrence of an observed LS. Poorly drained LS may create favourable conditions for pipe development. Outside LS, natural and anthropogenic (e.g. broken field drains, road drainage) causes may result in concentrated subsurface flow, resulting in pipe development. No evidence was found that pipe development enhanced LS, probably because the subsurface drainage discharge generated upslope of the LS is too low. Even when pipes become blocked, it is more likely that new pipes develop and new collapses occur than they trigger or reactivate LS. A conceptual model is presented summarizing all elements that influence piping erosion in the Flemish Ardennes, including the role of LS. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disturbance regimes at the interface of geomorphology and ecology
Authors: Rice Stephen , Stoffel Markus , Turowski Jens M. , Wolf Annett 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTGeomorphological processes are an integral part of ecosystem functioning and ecosystem functioning affects geomorphological processes. Increasingly widespread acknowledgement of this simple idea is manifest in a vigorous research community engaged with questions that address the two‐way interaction between biota and geomorphology, at a range of scales and in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic environments. Geomorphological disturbances are a core element of biogeomorphological interest, and although the disciplines of geomorphology and ecology have each developed languages and theories that help to explore, model and understand disturbance events, little attempt has been made to draw together these approaches. Following a brief review of these issues, we introduce thirteen papers that investigate the interactions and feedbacks between geomorphological disturbance regimes and ecosystem functions. These papers reveal the singularity of wildfire impacts, the importance of landsliding for carbon budgeting and of vegetation accumulation for landsliding, the zoogeomorphic role of iconic and ‘Cinderella’ animals in fluvial geomorphology, biophysical interactions in aeolian, fluvial and torrential environments and the utility of living ecosystems as archives of geomorphic events. Most of these papers were first presented in a conference session at the European Geoscience Union General Assembly in 2010 and several others are from recent volumes of Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A random access algorithm for LTE systems
Authors: Sanguinetti L. , Morelli M. , Marchetti L. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThe random access procedure is a contention‐based synchronisation process specified by long‐term evolution standards by which uplink signals can arrive at the eNodeB synchronously and with approximately the same power level. In this work, a novel random access algorithm for initial synchronisation in long‐term evolution systems is derived on the basis of a generalised likelihood ratio test. In contrast to existing methods, our approach provides better results by properly taking into account the frequency selectivity of the channel. This is achieved at the price of an increase of the system complexity. Computer simulations are employed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed solution and to make comparisons with existing alternatives. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel composite porous coating approach for bioactive titanium‐based orthopedic implants
Authors: Qiu Dong , Zhang Mingxing , Grøndahl Lisbeth 
Published: September 2012

AbstractSurface modification of titanium‐based implants is considered a highly effective solution to enhance osseointegration. This study describes a novel Ti/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite porous coating produced using a cold spraying technique. Experimental results indicate desirable open‐cell structure with 50–150 μm pore size and 60–65% macroporosity. In particular, the reinforced HA particles are exposed to the surface of the coating resulting in enhanced mineralization ability in simulated body fluid. None of the coatings displayed a cytotoxic response in SaOS‐2 cells cultured in vitro for up to 48 h. The bond strength between the porous coating and the Ti substrate was found to be 20 MPa. These properties are comparative to or better than products currently on the market and thus this novel coating has potential use in orthopedics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 862–872, 2013.
The efficacy of using gridded data to examine extreme rainfall characteristics: a case study for Australia
Authors: King Andrew D. , Alexander Lisa V. , Donat Markus G. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractA 0.05° × 0.05° gridded dataset of daily observed rainfall is compared with high‐quality station data at 119 sites across Australia for performance in capturing extreme rainfall characteristics. A range of statistics was calculated and analysed for a selection of extreme indices representing the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events, and their contribution to total rainfall. As is often found for interpolated data, we show that the gridded dataset tends to underestimate the intensity of extreme heavy rainfall events and the contribution of these events to total annual rainfall as well as overestimating the frequency and intensity of very low rainfall events. The interpolated dataset captures the interannual variability in extreme indices. The spatial extent of significant trends in the frequency of extreme rainfall events is also reproduced to some degree. An investigation into the performance of this gridded dataset in remote areas reveals issues, such as the appearance of spurious trends, when stations come in and out of use. We recommend masking over areas of low station density for this particular gridded data. It is likely that in areas of low station density, gridded datasets will, in general, not perform as well. Therefore, caution should be exercised when examining trends and variability in these regions. We conclude that this gridded product is suitable for use in studies on trends and variability in rainfall extremes across much of Australia. The methodology employed in this study, to examine extreme rainfall over Australia in a gridded dataset, may be applied to other areas of the world. While our study indicates that, in general, gridded datasets can be used to investigate extreme rainfall trends and variability, the data should first be subjected to tests similar to those employed here.
Cognitive Lock‐In Effects on Consumer Purchase Intentions in the Context of B2C Web Sites
Authors: Shih Hung‐Pin 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTThe perspective of power law of practice and human capital model asserts that cognitive search costs, cognitive transaction costs, and cognitive switching costs are three lock‐in mechanisms that a business‐to‐consumer (B2C) Web site holds to retain customers. Whether the ability of customer value or the lock‐in mechanism is more dominant for retaining online shoppers has received recent attention, but remains unresolved in the literature. This study sheds light on perceived value and cognitive lock‐in to develop a research model to predict consumer purchase intentions. Empirical results obtained from a survey of customers of a B2C Web site are used to examine the proposed model. Implications of cognitive lock‐in and product cues for increasing purchase intentions are also discussed.
Dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum enoyl‐ACP reductase and implications on drug discovery
Authors: Lindert Steffen , McCammon J. Andrew 
Published: September 2012

AbstractEnoyl‐acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) is a crucial enzyme in the type II fatty acid synthesis pathway of many pathogens such as Plasmodium falciparum, the etiological agent of the most severe form of malaria. Because of its essential function of fatty acid double bond reduction and the absence of a human homologue, PfENR is an interesting drug target. Although extensive knowledge of the protein structure has been gathered over the last decade, comparatively little remains known about the dynamics of this crucial enzyme. Here, we perform extensive molecular dynamics simulations of tetrameric PfENR in different states of cofactor and ligand binding, and with a variety of different ligands bound. A pocket‐volume analysis is also performed, and virtual screening is used to identify potential druggable hotspots. The implications of the results for future drug‐discovery projects are discussed.
Biting deterrence and insecticidal activity of hydrazide‐hydrazones and their corresponding 3‐acetyl‐2,5‐disubstituted‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles against Aedes aegypti
Authors: Tabanca Nurhayat , Ali Abbas , Bernier Ulrich R , Khan Ikhlas A , Kocyigit‐Kaymakcioglu Bedia , Oruç‐Emre Emine E , Unsalan Seda , Rollas Sevim 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundTaking into account the improvement in insecticidal activity by the inclusion of fluorine in the hydrazone moiety, the authors synthesized new 4‐fluorobenzoic acid hydrazides and 3‐acetyl‐2,5‐disubstituted‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles, substituting a phenyl group or a heteroaryl ring carrying one or two atoms of F, Cl and Br, and investigated their biting deterrent and larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti for the first time.ResultsThe compound 3‐acetyl‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (17) produced the highest biting deterrent activity (BDI = 1.025) against Ae. Aegypti, followed by 4‐fluorobenzoic acid [(phenyl)methylene] hydrazide (1). These activity results were similar to those of N,N‐diethyl‐meta‐toluamide (DEET), which showed a proportion not biting of 0.8–0.92. When compounds 1 and 17 were tested on cloth worn on human volunteers, compound 1 was not repellent for some volunteers until present in excess of 500 nmol cm−2, while compound 17 was not repellent at the highest concentration tested (1685 nmol cm−2). In the larvicidal screening bioassays, only compounds 10, 11, 12 and 17 showed 100% mortality at the highest screening dose of 100 ppm against Ae. aegypti larvae. Compounds 11 and 12 with LD50 values of 24.1 and 30.9 ppm showed significantly higher mortality than 10 (80.3 ppm) and 17 (58.7 ppm) at 24‐h post‐treatment.ConclusionThe insecticidal and biting deterrent activities were correlated with the presence of a halogen atom on the phenyl or heteroaryl substituent of the hydrazone moiety.
Effects of Graft Quality on Non‐Urgent Liver Retransplantation Survival: Should We Avoid High‐Risk Donors?
Authors: Marti Josep , Fuster Josep , Navasa Miquel , Ferrer Joana , Rimola Antoni , Pelegrina Amalia , Fondevila Constantino , Garcia‐Valdecasas Juan Carlos 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have studied the effects of graft quality on non‐urgent liver retransplantation (ReLT) outcomes. We aimed to analyze graft characteristics and survival in non‐urgent ReLT and the effect of using grafts with extended criteria on survival.MethodsEighty non‐urgent ReLT were performed from June 1988 to June 2010. The whole series was divided by identical time periods to study time‐related effects. We assessed graft quality with donor risk index (DRI) and Briceño scores and recipient status with the Model for End‐stage Liver Diseases and Rosen scores. Low and high‐risk grafts were defined by a DRI cutoff of 1.8.ResultsGraft survival was similar in both periods (1‐, 5‐, and 10‐year graft survivals: 73.5, 46.9, and 40.8 versus 71, 47.7, and 47.7%, p = 0.935) although donor quality was worse in the second period (DRI: 1.35 ± 0.32 vs. 1.66 ± 0.34, p < 0.001). In the first period high‐risk grafts did worse than low‐risk grafts (5‐year survival: 0 vs. 54.5%, p = 0.002) while in the second period outcomes were similar (5‐year survival: 48.6 vs. 56.7 %, p = 0.660). Donor age was the only independent donor factor for graft survival, with lower survival when using grafts from donors over 60‐years‐old.ConclusionsGraft quality in ReLT has worsened with time mainly because of older donors but nowadays the use of high‐risk grafts in non‐urgent ReLT is not associated with worse graft survival because of better perioperative management. Moreover of being selective on recipient conditions, care should be taken when using grafts from donors over 60‐years‐old for non‐urgent ReLT.