bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The geometry and emplacement of the Pilanesberg Complex, South Africa
Authors: CAWTHORN R. GRANT 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe circular 625 km2 alkaline Pilanesberg Complex, South Africa, contains coeval eruptive and several distinctive intrusive syenitic and foyaitic components, concentrically arranged at the surface. However, owing to poor outcrop the relationships between the different intrusive rocks, and their shape in the third dimension cannot be convincingly determined in the field. The original interpretation was a laccolith, whereas later models suggested a funnel shape, and appealed to ring-dyke and cone-sheet emplacement mechanisms. However, the radial widths of these coarse-grained bodies are over 1 km and so cannot have been emplaced as ring dykes or cone sheets, which are usually quite thin and fine grained. Creating the space for emplacement and removal of pre-existing country rocks for each postulated subsequent intrusive event presents a major challenge to this latter hypothesis. Extensive previously published and new field relationships are re-evaluated here to suggest that the body is a gently inward-dipping sheet and that subsequent injections of magma merely pumped up an existing and evolving magma chamber rather than intruded into solid rocks. A Bouguer gravity anomaly model is presented that supports the concept of a shallow, flat-bottomed body rather than one that continues to significant depth. There are many analogies with the Kangerlussuaq Intrusion, Greenland.
Surgical and audiological evaluation of the Baha BA400
Authors: Iseri M , Orhan K S , Yarıktaş M H , Kara A , Durgut M , Ceylan D S , Guldiken Y , Keskin I G , Değer K 
Published: January 2015

AbstractObjective:Despite extensive soft tissue reduction, the most common complications associated with bone-anchored hearing aid systems, also known as bone-anchored hearing implants, are related to adverse skin reactions around the abutment. The necessary soft tissue reduction also adds complexity to the surgical procedure. This study aimed to evaluate the surgical and audiological outcomes of a new connective interface of the Cochlear™ Baha® BA400 device implanted using the one-stage surgical technique.Method:A multicentre, retrospective case series is presented, including data collected from three tertiary care institutions.Results:In total, 16 patients who had undergone bone-anchored hearing aid surgery over a 10- to 12-month period were assessed for hearing performance, implant stability and surgical complications.Conclusion:This case series indicates that new abutments with a hydroxyapatite coating can be implanted percutaneously without soft tissue reduction. Furthermore, device implantation using this surgical technique may have some advantages compared with a conventional device and procedure combination over 12- to 16-months of follow up.
The ups and downs of life: population expansion and bottlenecks of helminth parasites through their complex life cycle
Authors: POULIN ROBERT , LAGRUE CLÉMENT 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARYThe fundamental assumption underpinning the evolution of numerous adaptations shown by parasites with complex life cycles is that huge losses are incurred by infective stages during certain transmission steps. However, the magnitude of transmission losses or changes in the standing crop of parasites passing from upstream (source) to downstream (target) hosts have never been quantified in nature. Here, using data from 100 pairs of successive upstream–downstream life stages, from distinct populations representing 10 parasite species, we calculated the total density per m2of successive life stages. We show that clonal amplification of trematodes in their first intermediate host leads to an average 4-fold expansion of numbers of individuals at the next life stage, when differences in the longevity of successive life stages are taken into account. In contrast, trophic transmission to the definitive host results in almost no numerical change for trematodes, but possibly in large decreases for acanthocephalans and nematodes, though a correction for longevity was not possible for the latter groups. Also, we only found a positive association between upstream and downstream stage densities for transmission involving free-swimming cercariae in trematodes, suggesting a simple output-recruitment process. For trophic transmission, there was no coupling between downstream and upstream parasite densities. These first quantitative estimates of ontogenetic rises and falls in numbers under natural conditions provide new insights into the selective pressures acting on parasites with complex cycles.
Genotyping and subtyping ofGiardiaandCryptosporidiumisolates from commensal rodents in China
Authors: ZHAO Z. , WANG R. , ZHAO W. , QI M. , ZHAO J. , ZHANG L. , LI J. , LIU A. 
Published: January 2015

SUMMARYCryptosporidiumandGiardiaare two important zoonotic intestinal parasites responsible for diarrhoea in humans and other animals worldwide. Rodents, as reservoirs or carriers ofCryptosporidiumandGiardia, are abundant and globally widespread. In the present study, we collected 232 fecal specimens from commensal rodents captured in animal farms and farm neighbourhoods in China. We collected 33 Asian house rats, 168 brown rats and 31 house mice. 6·0% (14/232) and 8·2% (19/232) of these rodents were microscopy-positive forGiardiacysts andCryptosporidiumoocysts, respectively. All 14Giardiaisolates were identified asGiardia duodenalisassemblage G at a minimum of one or maximum of three gene loci (tpi, gdhandbg). By small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequencing,Cryptosporidium parvum(n= 12) andCryptosporidium muris(n= 7) were identified. The gp60 gene encoding the 60-kDa glycoprotein was successfully amplified and sequenced in nineC. parvumisolates, all of which belonged to the IIdA15G1 subtype. Observation of the same IIdA15G1 subtype in humans (previously) and in rodents (here) suggests that rodents infected withCryptosporidiumhave the potential to transmit cryptosporidiosis to humans.
Temporal delay discounting in acutely ill and weight-recovered patients with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Ritschel F. , King J. A. , Geisler D. , Flohr L. , Neidel F. , Boehm I. , Seidel M. , Zwipp J. , Ripke S. , Smolka M. N. , Roessner V. , Ehrlich S. 
Published: January 2015

Background.Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) are characterized by a very low body weight but readily give up immediate rewards (food) for long-term goals (slim figure), which might indicate an unusual level of self-control. This everyday clinical observation may be quantifiable in the framework of the anticipation-discounting dilemma.Method.Using a cross-sectional design, this study compared the capacity to delay reward in 34 patients suffering from acute AN (acAN), 33 weight-recovered AN patients (recAN) and 54 healthy controls. We also used a longitudinal study to reassess 21 acAN patients after short-term weight restoration. A validated intertemporal choice task and a hyperbolic model were used to estimate temporal discounting rates.Results.Confirming the validity of the task used, decreased delay discounting was associated with age and low self-reported impulsivity. However, no group differences in key measures of temporal discounting of monetary rewards were found.Conclusions.Increased cognitive control, which has been suggested as a key characteristic of AN, does not seem to extend the capacity to wait for delayed monetary rewards. Differences between our study and the only previous study reporting decreased delay discounting in adult AN patients may be explained by the different age range and chronicity of acute patients, but the fact that weight recovery was not associated with changes in discount rates suggests that discounting behavior is not a trait marker in AN. Future studies using paradigms with disorder-specific stimuli may help to clarify the role of delay discounting in AN.
Is avolition in schizophrenia associated with a deficit of dorsal caudate activity? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study during reward anticipation and feedback
Authors: Mucci A. , Dima D. , Soricelli A. , Volpe U. , Bucci P. , Frangou S. , Prinster A. , Salvatore M. , Galderisi S. , Maj M. 
Published: January 2015

BackgroundThe neurobiological underpinnings of avolition in schizophrenia remain unclear. Most brain imaging research has focused on reward prediction deficit and on ventral striatum dysfunction, but findings are not consistent. In the light of accumulating evidence that both ventral striatum and dorsal caudate play a key role in motivation, we investigated ventral striatum and dorsal caudate activation during processing of reward or loss in patients with schizophrenia.MethodWe used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study brain activation during a Monetary Incentive Delay task in patients with schizophrenia, treated with second-generation antipsychotics only, and in healthy controls (HC). We also assessed the relationships of ventral striatum and dorsal caudate activation with measures of hedonic experience and motivation.ResultsThe whole patient group had lower motivation but comparable hedonic experience and striatal activation than HC. Patients with high avolition scores showed lower dorsal caudate activation than both HC and patients with low avolition scores. A lower dorsal caudate activation was also observed in patients with deficit schizophrenia compared to HC and patients with non-deficit schizophrenia. Dorsal caudate activity during reward anticipation was significantly associated with avolition, but not with anhedonia in the patient group.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that avolition in schizophrenia is linked to dorsal caudate hypoactivation.
The end of work or work without end? How people’s beliefs about labour markets shape retirement politics
Authors: Kemmerling Achim 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis article argues that public opinion on retirement is related to people’s causal beliefs about how labour markets work. Whereas voters do not think that there is an employment trade-off between older and younger workers in some European countries, in others, this is a dominant paradigm. When they believe this trade-off exists, people are more hostile to reforms that lead to longer working lives. The article uses Eurobarometer data to investigate the determinants of this belief – for instance, more people being led to believe in such a trade-off under high levels of labour market regulation. The article then goes on to show that this belief is related to policy preferences about early retirement. Finally, the article illustrates the political consequences of this belief and shows that it affects many policy areas even beyond early retirement.
Secondary dormancy dynamics depends on primary dormancy status inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Auge Gabriela A. , Blair Logan K. , Burghardt Liana T. , Coughlan Jennifer , Edwards Brianne , Leverett Lindsay D. , Donohue Kathleen 
Published: January 2015

AbstractSeed dormancy can prevent germination under unfavourable conditions that reduce the chances of seedling survival. Freshly harvested seeds often have strong primary dormancy that depends on the temperature experienced by the maternal plant and which is gradually released through afterripening. However, seeds can be induced into secondary dormancy if they experience conditions or cues of future unfavourable conditions. Whether this secondary dormancy induction is influenced by seed-maturation conditions and primary dormancy has not been explored in depth. In this study, we examined secondary dormancy induction in seeds ofArabidopsis thalianamatured under different temperatures and with different levels of afterripening. We found that low water potential and a range of temperatures, from 8°C to 35°C, induced secondary dormancy. Secondary dormancy induction was affected by the state of primary dormancy of the seeds. Specifically, afterripening had a non-monotonic effect on the ability to be induced into secondary dormancy by stratification; first increasing in sensitivity as afterripening proceeded, then declining in sensitivity after 5 months of afterripening, finally increasing again by 18 months of afterripening. Seed-maturation temperature sometimes had effects that were independent of expressed primary dormancy, such that seeds that had matured at low temperature, but which had comparable germination proportions as seeds matured at warmer temperatures, were more easily induced into secondary dormancy. Because seed-maturation temperature is a cue of when seeds were matured and dispersed, these results suggest that the interaction of seed-maturation temperature, afterripening and post-dispersal conditions all combine to regulate the time of year of seed germination.
Dosimetric study of the AAA algorithm for the VMAT technique using an anthropomorphic phantom in the pelvic region
Authors: Puchades Vicente , Serna Alfredo , Mata-Colodro Fernando , Ramos-Amores Davis , Casal Emilio , Alcaraz Miguel 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPurposeThe objective of this work was to investigate the accuracy of AAA dose calculation algorithm for RapidArc volumetric modulated technique (VMAT) in the presence of anatomical heterogeneities in the pelvic region.Material and methodsAn anthropomorphic phantom was used to simulate a prostate case, delineating planning target volumes (PTVs) and organs at risk. VMAT plans were optimised in eclipse (v10·0) treatment planning system (TPS). The dose distributions were calculated by the AAA dose calculation algorithm. A total of 49 thermoluminiscent dosimeters were inserted into the anthropomorphic phantom and dose measurements were compared with the predicted TPS doses.ResultsThe average dose variation was −1·5% for planning target volume corresponding to the prostate and −0·3% for planning target volume corresponding to the pelvic nodes, −0·2% for the rectum, +2·4% for the bladder, −2·0% for the femoral heads and +1·0% for the intestinal package.ConclusionAAA is a reliable dose calculation for the treatment with VMAT in the anatomy of the pelvis.
E-band cavity diplexer based on micromachined technology
Authors: Nocella Valeria , Pelliccia Luca , Farinelli Paola , Sorrentino Roberto , Costa Mario , Yufeng Dai , Yanzhao Zhou 
Published: January 2015

A robust and tuneless micromachined waveguide diplexer operating in the frequency range 71–86 GHz is here presented. The diplexer is based on multiple coupled cavities and it is manufactured using micromachining technology on two staked silicon layers. The diplexer consists of two filters combined to a common waveguide port via an E-plane T-junction. The two eight-order band-pass filters are centered at 73.5 and 83.5 GHz. The fractional bandwidths for two bands are 8.8 and 7.8% at higher- and lower-band, respectively. The measured insertion loss is below 0.7 dB for both the filters and the diplexer isolation is better than 55 dB, as required. The proposed technology allows for a very compact device (<20 × 20 × 1.5 mm) and the first prototypes were proved to be very robust to manufacturing tolerances and environmental tests, thus leading to an excellent tuneless manufacturing yield in future production. The diplexer will be employed in next generation terrestrial radio-link communications front-ends.
An Experimental Study of Electoral Incentives and Institutional Choice
Authors: Woon Jonathan 
Published: January 2015

AbstractI investigate the extent to which reputational incentives affect policy choices in the context of a controlled laboratory experiment. In theory, asymmetric information and outcome unobservability undermine electoral delegation by creating incentives for politicians to pander. Under the right conditions, it may be preferable to remove such incentives by removing accountability altogether. The data suggest that subjects playing the role of politicians fail to take advantage of voters even though voters indeed create the predicted electoral incentives, albeit in a weaker form than predicted by the theory. When given the choice of institutions via a novel elicitation method, subjects prefer to retain electoral accountability or to make decisions themselves through direct democracy, even though both institutions yield lower expected payoffs than delegation to unaccountable agents.
Reconfigurable radio-frequency arbitrary waveforms synthesized in a silicon photonic chip
Authors: Wang Jian , Shen Hao , Fan Li , Wu Rui , Niu Ben , Varghese Leo T. , Xuan Yi , Leaird Daniel E. , Wang Xi , Gan Fuwan , Weiner Andrew M. , Qi Minghao 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPhotonic methods of radio-frequency waveform generation and processing can provide performance advantages and flexibility over electronic methods due to the ultrawide bandwidth offered by the optical carriers. However, bulk optics implementations suffer from the lack of integration and slow reconfiguration speed. Here we propose an architecture of integrated photonic radio-frequency generation and processing and implement it on a silicon chip fabricated in a semiconductor manufacturing foundry. Our device can generate programmable radio-frequency bursts or continuous waveforms with only the light source, electrical drives/controls and detectors being off-chip. It modulates an individual pulse in a radio-frequency burst within 4 ns, achieving a reconfiguration speed three orders of magnitude faster than thermal tuning. The on-chip optical delay elements offer an integrated approach to accurately manipulating individual radio-frequency waveform features without constraints set by the speed and timing jitter of electronics, and should find applications ranging from high-speed wireless to defence electronics.
Human iPSC-derived motoneurons harbouring TARDBP or C9ORF72 ALS mutations are dysfunctional despite maintaining viability
Authors: Devlin Anna-Claire , Burr Karen , Borooah Shyamanga , Foster Joshua D. , Cleary Elaine M. , Geti Imbisaat , Vallier Ludovic , Shaw Christopher E. , Chandran Siddharthan , Miles Gareth B. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease for which a greater understanding of early disease mechanisms is needed to reveal novel therapeutic targets. We report the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motoneurons (MNs) to study the pathophysiology of ALS. We demonstrate that MNs derived from iPSCs obtained from healthy individuals or patients harbouring TARDBP or C9ORF72 ALS-causing mutations are able to develop appropriate physiological properties. However, patient iPSC-derived MNs, independent of genotype, display an initial hyperexcitability followed by progressive loss of action potential output and synaptic activity. This loss of functional output reflects a progressive decrease in voltage-activated Na+ and K+ currents, which occurs in the absence of overt changes in cell viability. These data implicate early dysfunction or loss of ion channels as a convergent point that may contribute to the initiation of downstream degenerative pathways that ultimately lead to MN loss in ALS.
Recombination is a key driver of genomic and phenotypic diversity in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa population during cystic fibrosis infection
Authors: Darch Sophie E. , McNally Alan , Harrison Freya , Corander Jukka , Barr Helen L. , Paszkiewicz Konrad , Holden Stephen , Fogarty Andrew , Crusz Shanika A. , Diggle Stephen P. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Cystic Fibrosis (CF) lung harbors a complex, polymicrobial ecosystem, in whichPseudomonas aeruginosais capable of sustaining chronic infections, which are highly resistant to multiple antibiotics. Here, we investigate the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of 44 morphologically identicalP. aeruginosaisolates taken from a single CF patient sputum sample. Comprehensive phenotypic analysis of isolates revealed large variances and trade-offs in growth, virulence factors and quorum sensing (QS) signals. Whole genome analysis of 22 isolates revealed high levels of intra-isolate diversity ranging from 5 to 64 SNPs and that recombination and not spontaneous mutation was the dominant driver of diversity in this population. Furthermore, phenotypic differences between isolates were not linked to mutations in known genes but were statistically associated with distinct recombination events. We also assessed antibiotic susceptibility of all isolates. Resistance to antibiotics significantly increased when multiple isolates were mixed together. Our results highlight the significant role of recombination in generating phenotypic and genetic diversification duringin vivochronic CF infection. We also discuss (i) how these findings could influence how patient-to-patient transmission studies are performed using whole genome sequencing and (ii) the need to refine antibiotic susceptibility testing in sputum samples taken from patients with CF.
Temporal Population Genetic Structure of Yellow Perch Spawning Groups in the Lower Great Lakes
Authors: Sullivan Timothy J. , Stepien Carol A. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis study tested the hypothesis that the genetic composition of Yellow Perch Perca flavescens spawning groups at specific sites remained consistent among years or age‐cohorts; this likely would influence spatial population structure and be important for delineating management units. Previous studies identified that spawning groups genetically differed among locations across fine geographic scales, but it was unknown whether these patterns persisted from year to year. We analyzed 15 nuclear DNA microsatellite loci from Yellow Perch spawning at six Lake Erie locations in 2009 in reference to two out‐groups spawning in Lakes St. Clair and Ontario. Results were compared with a prior study of samples from the same locations that had been collected in various years, ranging from 2001 to 2005. We evaluated consistency for two of the spawning groups across multiple birth‐year‐cohorts. Results indicated that the levels of genetic diversity were similar across all spawning groups and years. All eight spawning groups genetically differed from one other, with their allelic compositions varying between the two sampling periods. Some variation occurred among individual sampling years and birth‐cohorts, with the 2003 cohort being the most distinctive. Sampling groups contained relatively high proportions of full siblings (mean = 18.5%, ranging to 75% for the 2001 birth‐cohort spawning at the eastern Lake Erie site), yet inbreeding appeared relatively low. Differences at sampling sites over time did not appear to reflect genetic drift but may instead suggest that spawning groups reproduce in slightly different locations from year to year or perhaps within a given season; this merits examination. Spatial and temporal patterns may reflect kin‐group structuring and differential reproductive success, in which strong year‐classes dominate spawning groups and impact genetic structure.Received October 28, 2013; accepted October 22, 2014