bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
C5a and Bradykinin Receptor Cross-Talk Regulates Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection
Authors: Schmitz Veronica , Almeida Larissa Nogueira , Svensjö Erik , Monteiro Ana Carolina , Köhl Jörg , Scharfstein Julio 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Complement and the kallikrein–kinin cascade system are both activated in injured tissues. Little is known about their partnership in the immunopathogenesis of Chagas disease, the chronic infection caused by the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. In this study, we show that pharmacological targeting of the C5a receptor (C5aR) or the bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) inhibited plasma leakage in hamster cheek pouch topically exposed to tissue culture trypomastigotes (TCTs). Further, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors potentiated TCT-evoked paw edema in BALB/c, C57BL/6, and C5-deficient A/J mice through activation of joint pathways between C5aR/B2R or C3aR/B2R. In addition to generation of C5a and kinins via parasite-derived cruzipain, we demonstrate that macrophages internalize TCTs more efficiently through joint activation of C5aR/B2R. Furthermore, we found that C5aR targeting markedly reduces NO production and intracellular parasitism in macrophages. We then studied the impact of C5aR/B2R cross-talk in TCT infection on the development of adaptive immunity. We found that IL-12p40/70 expression was blunted in splenic dendritic cells by blocking either C5aR or B2R, suggesting that codominant signaling via C5aR and B2R fuels production of the Th1-polarizing cytokine. Finally, we assessed the impact of kinins and C5a liberated in parasite-laden tissues on Th cell differentiation. As predicted, BALB/c mice pretreated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors potentiated IFN-γ production by Ag-specific T cells via C5aR/B2R cross-talk. Interestingly, we found that B2R targeting upregulated IL-10 secretion, whereas C5aR blockade vigorously stimulated IL-4 production. In summary, we describe a novel pathway by which C5aR/B2R cross-talk couples transendothelial leakage of plasma proteins to the cytokine circuitry that coordinates antiparasite immunity.
Systemic C3 Modulates CD8+ T Cell Contraction after Listeria monocytogenes Infection
Authors: Tan Yulong , Li Yongsheng , Fu Xiaolan , Yang Fei , Zheng Ping , Zhang Jue , Guo Bo , Wu Yuzhang 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Ag-specific CD8+ T cell contraction (contraction), which occurs after the resolution of infection, is critical for homeostasis of the immune system. Although complement components regulate the primary CD8+ T cell response, there is insufficient evidence supporting their role in regulating contraction and memory. In this study, we show that C3-deficient (C3−/−) mice exhibited significantly less CD8+ T cell contraction than did wild-type mice postinfection with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes expressing OVA. Kinetic analyses also revealed decreased contraction in mice treated with cobra venom factor to deplete C3, which was consistent with the results in C3−/− recipient mice transplanted with bone marrow cells from the same donors as wild-type recipient mice. The phenotypes of memory cells generated by C3−/− mice were not altered compared with those of wild-type mice. Further, C5aR signaling downstream of C3 was not involved in the regulation of contraction. Moreover, the regulation of contraction by C3 may be independent of the duration of antigenic stimulation or the functional avidity of effector CD8+ T cells. However, reduced contraction in C3−/− mice was accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of KLRG-1hi (killer-cell lectin-like receptor G1) CD127lo short-lived effector cells at the peak of the response and correlated with a reduction in the levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12 and IFN-γ, produced early postinfection. These results provide new insights into the role of systemic C3 in regulating contraction following intracellular bacterial infection and may help to develop vaccines that are more effective.
Crucial Role of Macrophage Selenoproteins in Experimental Colitis
Authors: Kaushal Naveen , Kudva Avinash K. , Patterson Andrew D. , Chiaro Christopher , Kennett Mary J. , Desai Dhimant , Amin Shantu , Carlson Bradley A. , Cantorna Margherita T. , Prabhu K. Sandeep 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that involves macrophages. Given the inverse link between selenium (Se) status and IBD-induced inflammation, our objective was to demonstrate that selenoproteins in macrophages were essential to suppress proinflammatory mediators, in part, by the modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism. Acute colitis was induced using 4% dextran sodium sulfate in wild-type mice maintained on Se-deficient (&lt;0.01 ppm Se), Se-adequate (0.08 ppm; sodium selenite), and two supraphysiological levels in the form of Se-supplemented (0.4 ppm; sodium selenite) and high Se (1.0 ppm; sodium selenite) diets. Selenocysteinyl transfer RNA knockout mice (Trspfl/flLysMCre) were used to examine the role of selenoproteins in macrophages on disease progression and severity using histopathological evaluation, expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes, and modulation of PG metabolites in urine and plasma. Whereas Se-deficient and Se-adequate mice showed increased colitis and exhibited poor survival, Se supplementation at 0.4 and 1.0 ppm increased survival of mice and decreased colitis-associated inflammation with an upregulation of expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes. Metabolomic profiling of urine suggested increased oxidation of PGE2 at supraphysiological levels of Se that also correlated well with Se-dependent upregulation of 15-hydroxy-PG dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of 15-PGDH, lack of selenoprotein expression in macrophages, and depletion of infiltrating macrophages indicated that macrophage-specific selenoproteins and upregulation of 15-PGDH expression were key for Se-dependent anti-inflammatory and proresolving effects. Selenoproteins in macrophages protect mice from dextran sodium sulfate–colitis by enhancing 15-PGDH–dependent oxidation of PGE2 to alleviate inflammation, suggesting a therapeutic role for Se in IBD.
Identification of Activators of ERK5 Transcriptional Activity by High-Throughput Screening and the Role of Endothelial ERK5 in Vasoprotective Effects Induced by Statins and Antimalarial Agents
Authors: Le Nhat-Tu , Takei Yuichiro , Izawa-Ishizawa Yuki , Heo Kyung-Sun , Lee Hakjoo , Smrcka Alan V. , Miller Benjamin L. , Ko Kyung Ae , Ture Sara , Morrell Craig , Fujiwara Keigi , Akaike Masashi , Abe Jun-ichi 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Because ERK5 inhibits endothelial inflammation and dysfunction, activating ERK5 might be a novel approach to protecting vascular endothelial cells (ECs) against various pathological conditions of the blood vessel. We have identified small molecules that protect ECs via ERK5 activation and determined their contribution to preventing cardiac allograft rejection. Using high-throughput screening, we identified certain statins and antimalarial agents including chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and quinacrine as strong ERK5 activators. Pitavastatin enhanced ERK5 transcriptional activity and Kruppel-like factor-2 expression in cultured human and bovine ECs, but these effects were abolished by the depletion of ERK5. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine upregulated ERK5 kinase activity and inhibited VCAM-1 expression in an ERK5-dependent but MAPK/ERK kinase 5– and Kruppel-like factor 2/4–independent manner. Leukocyte rolling and vascular reactivity were used to evaluate endothelial function in vivo, and we found that EC-specific ERK5 knockout (ERK5-EKO) mice exhibited increased leukocyte rolling and impaired vascular reactivity, which could not be corrected by pitavastatin. The role of endothelial ERK5 in acute cardiac allograft rejection was also examined by heterotopic grafting of the heart obtained from either wild-type or ERK5-EKO mice into allomismatched recipient mice. A robust increase in both inflammatory gene expression and CD45-positive cell infiltration into the graft was observed. These tissue rejection responses were inhibited by pitavastatin in wild-type but not ERK5-EKO hearts. Our study has identified statins and antimalarial drugs as strong ERK5 activators and shown that ERK5 activation is preventive of endothelial inflammation and dysfunction and acute allograft rejection.
SHP-1 Plays a Crucial Role in CD40 Signaling Reciprocity
Authors: Khan Tabish Hasan , Srivastava Neetu , Srivastava Ankita , Sareen Archana , Mathur Ram K. , Chande Ajit G. , Musti Krishnasastry V. , Roy Somenath , Mukhopadhyaya Robin , Saha Bhaskar 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
CD40 plays dual immunoregulatory roles in Leishmania major infection and tumor regression. The functional duality emerges from CD40-induced reciprocal p38MAPK and ERK-1/2 phosphorylations. Because phosphotyrosine-based signaling in hematopoietic cells is regulated by the phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, which is not implied in CD40 signaling, we examined whether SHP-1 played any roles in CD40-induced reciprocal signaling and anti-leishmanial function. We observed that a weaker CD40 stimulation increased SHP-1 activation. ERK-1/2 inhibition or p38MAPK overexpression inhibited CD40-induced SHP-1 activation. An ultra-low-dose, CD40-induced p38MAPK phosphorylation was enhanced by SHP-1 inhibition but reduced by SHP-1 overexpression. A reverse profile was observed with ERK-1/2 phosphorylation. SHP-1 inhibition reduced syk phosphorylation but increased lyn phosphorylation; syk inhibition reduced but lyn inhibition enhanced CD40-induced SHP-1 phosphorylation. Corroborating these findings, in L. major–infected macrophages, CD40-induced SHP-1 phosphorylation increased and SHP-1 inhibition enhanced CD40-induced p38MAPK activation and inducible NO synthase expression. IL-10 enhanced SHP-1 phosphorylation and CD40-induced ERK-1/2 phosphorylation but reduced the CD40-induced p38MAPK phosphorylation, whereas anti–IL-10 Ab exhibited reverse effects on these CD40-induced functions, identifying IL-10 as a crucial element in the SHP-1-MAPK feedback system. Lentivirally overexpressed SHP-1 rendered resistant C57BL/6 mice susceptible to the infection. Lentivirally expressed SHP-1 short hairpin RNA enhanced the CD40-induced L. major parasite killing in susceptible BALB/c mice. Thus, we establish an SHP-1–centered feedback system wherein SHP-1 modulates CD40-induced p38MAPK activation threshold and reciprocal ERK-1/2 activation, establishing itself as a critical regulator of CD40 signaling reciprocity and mechanistically re-emphasizing its role as a potential target against the diseases where CD40 is involved.
Type I IFN Induces IL-10 Production in an IL-27–Independent Manner and Blocks Responsiveness to IFN-γ for Production of IL-12 and Bacterial Killing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis–Infected Macrophages
Authors: McNab Finlay W. , Ewbank John , Howes Ashleigh , Moreira-Teixeira Lucia , Martirosyan Anna , Ghilardi Nico , Saraiva Margarida , O’Garra Anne 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by the intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, currently causes ∼1.4 million deaths per year, and it therefore remains a leading global health problem. The immune response during tuberculosis remains incompletely understood, particularly regarding immune factors that are harmful rather than protective to the host. Overproduction of the type I IFN family of cytokines is associated with exacerbated tuberculosis in both mouse models and in humans, although the mechanisms by which type I IFN promotes disease are not well understood. We have investigated the effect of type I IFN on M. tuberculosis–infected macrophages and found that production of host-protective cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-1β is inhibited by exogenous type I IFN, whereas production of immunosuppressive IL-10 is promoted in an IL-27–independent manner. Furthermore, much of the ability of type I IFN to inhibit cytokine production was mediated by IL-10. Additionally, type I IFN compromised macrophage activation by the lymphoid immune response through severely disrupting responsiveness to IFN-γ, including M. tuberculosis killing. These findings describe important mechanisms by which type I IFN inhibits the immune response during tuberculosis.
Reliability of Measurement of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation, External Rotation, and Total Arc of Motion in 3 Test Positions
Authors: Kevern Mark A. , Beecher Michael , Rao Smita 
Published: September 2014

Context:
Athletes who participate in throwing and racket sports consistently demonstrate adaptive changes in glenohumeral-joint internal and external rotation in the dominant arm. Measurements of these motions have demonstrated excellent intrarater and poor interrater reliability.

Objective:
To determine intrarater reliability, interrater reliability, and standard error of measurement for shoulder internal rotation, external rotation, and total arc of motion using an inclinometer in 3 testing procedures in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I baseball and softball athletes.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Athletic department.

Patients or Other Participants
Thirty-eight players participated in the study. Shoulder internal rotation, external rotation, and total arc of motion were measured by 2 investigators in 3 test positions. The standard supine position was compared with a side-lying test position, as well as a supine test position without examiner overpressure.

Results:
Excellent intrarater reliability was noted for all 3 test positions and ranges of motion, with intraclass correlation coefficient values ranging from 0.93 to 0.99. Results for interrater reliability were less favorable. Reliability for internal rotation was highest in the side-lying position (0.68) and reliability for external rotation and total arc was highest in the supine-without-overpressure position (0.774 and 0.713, respectively). The supine-with-overpressure position yielded the lowest interrater reliability results in all positions. The side-lying position had the most consistent results, with very little variation among intraclass correlation coefficient values for the various test positions.

Conclusions:
The results of our study clearly indicate that the side-lying test procedure is of equal or greater value than the traditional supine-with-overpressure method.
Magical Transports and Transformations:
Authors: Lassner Phyllis , Cohen Danny M. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTHolocaust fiction and film for young audiences constitute a representational and pedagogical dilemma. Such narrative conventions as fantasy and fairy tale elements offer accessibility for young audiences to learn about the brutal and incomprehensible extremes of the Holocaust. However, they may also undermine the catastrophe's grim historicity. Examining Jane Yolen's Holocaust novel The Devil's Arithmetic and its film adaptation alongside her novel Briar Rose, we address the following question: do uses of fantasy techniques such as magical transports and transformations soften, sanitize, and inevitably sentimentalize Holocaust history, or do those techniques express important historical knowledge?
Blood, Tradition, and the Distortion of Ritual in Philip Roth's Indignation
Authors: McKinley Maggie 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACT
The persistence of blood imagery throughout Philip Roth's Indignation is undeniable, yet surprisingly few critics have offered a sustained interpretation of its meaning. I suggest here that what has been overlooked in recent criticism of the novel is that these images of blood are inseparable from the novel's representation of and commentary on ritual. Drawing from Catherine Bell's theories of ritual and ritualization, I propose that Roth uses blood imagery to emphasize those moments where occasions of ritualization profane the sacred ritual from which they arise. Specifically, I argue that the novel's subversions of both religious and secular ritual point to the consequences of an overextension of ritual, as the blood-marked scenes highlight instances in which ritualization serves to imbue actions and events with an exaggerated cultural meaning that is often constructed on a false sense of tradition or authority.
A comunicação emocional na performance pianística
Authors: Ramos* Danilo , Dos Santos Rafael 
Published: September 2014

Neste trabalho é apresentada uma abordagem psicológica do estudo da comunicação emocional em performance pianística. Neste sentido, o texto trará um pequeno histórico sobre o estudo das emoções musicais na cultura ocidental, bem como uma proposta para estudos sobre a comunicação emocional, procurando analisar, de forma integrada, o código acústico empregado pelo intérprete e a percepção emocional do ouvinte. Finalmente é apresentado no texto um modelo científico que procura investigar como se dá a acurácia no processo de comunicação emocional intérprete / ouvinte e sua possível aplicação na música instrumental brasileira. A conclusão deste trabalho é a de que o estudo da comunicação emocional em performance pianística traz contribuições importantes para áreas com Educação Musical e Percepção Musical.
Entre Sciarrino e Berio, entre modo e maneira
Authors: Aldrovandi Leonardo 
Published: September 2014

Este trabalho se vale de alguns conceitos da história da arte para refletir sobre uma diferença geral e de ordem estética entre dois dos compositores italianos mais expressivos das últimas décadas, Luciano Berio e Salvatore Sciarrino. Ainda que a distinção entre o maneirismo da estética de Berio e o naturalismo de Sciarrino seja aqui apenas metodológica, há entre ambos um sentido bem diferenciado da experiência musical sobre o qual esta distinção fornece pistas. O método porcomparação global esboçado, inclusive ao remeter anacronicamente a Giotto,Leonardo, Michelangelo, dentre outros, é um instrumento de diferenciação reflexiva,entre muitos possíveis.
A atuação da família no desenvolvimento das habilidades do futuro músico
Authors: Grosman Miriam 
Published: September 2014

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar a importância do papel da família no desenvolvimento das habilidades musicais, particularmente na infância, apresentando resultados de pesquisas e posições adotadas por especialistas de comprovada competência. Tendo por base esse conhecimento, será possível redimensionar ou modificar conceitos e pensamentos em geral que definem e envolvem o potencial musical do indivíduo.
Que ‘gênio’ foi Villa-Lobos?
Authors: Ferrão Moreira Gabriel 
Published: September 2014

Inicialmente o alvo preferido de críticos musicais conservadores no país, ao fim de sua vida Heitor Villa-Lobos é tido mundialmente como o maior compositor brasileiro de sua época. Sua carreira e imagem foram construídas numa relação dialética entre a sua produção e a recepção de sua obra, mediada pela crítica musical. Categorias usualmente empregadas na descrição da obra de Villa-Lobos - como originalidade e autenticidade - legaram-lhe condição de gênio, numa perspectiva romântica que encontrava eco no próprio discurso do compositor. Como Villa-Lobos construiu seu espaço de influência artística com base nesses discursos críticos? Como se afirmou como compositor através dessa construção de sua imagem pública? Quais os conceitos de genialidade que se lhe aplicaram no decorrer da carreira, e mesmo após sua morte? As concepções mutáveis acerca da genialidade de Villa-Lobos influenciaram sistematicamente os estudos sobre o autor, e a relação da academia com sua composição tem sido reconfigurada recentemente, resultados de estudos pioneiros que revisitam a sua obra com novas perspectivas analíticas.
Música como discurso: uma perspectiva a partir da filosofia do círculo de Bakhtin
Authors: Nassif Schroeder Silvia Cordeiro , Schroeder Jorge Luiz 
Published: September 2014

Neste trabalho pretendemos apresentar um modo de conceber a música que utiliza, como base epistemológica, a teoria enunciativo-discursiva de pensadores do círculo de Mikhail Bakhtin. A partir da proposta dos autores para a investigação da língua em funcionamento, utilizamos alguns de seus conceitos-chave para observar a música através de uma mesma perspectiva, apontando ainda a possibilidade de estender esse olhar a outras linguagens artísticas.
Análise auditiva do Quartetto per archi in due tempi (1955) de Bruno Maderna
Authors: Addessi Anna Rita 
Published: September 2014

O presente estudo sobre quarteto de Maderna visa comparar a “macroforma” (a grande estrutura de uma peça musical) percebida por indivíduos por meio da audição da obra em tempo real, e as “macroformas” percebidas por analistas/especialistas da música. O estudo também analisa a correlação entre “macroforma” e percepção de tensão/relaxamento. Dois grupos de indivíduos tomaram parte no experimento: 25 não-músicos e 32 músicos. O experimento foi realizado em Bolonha e em Edimburgo. Foi utilizado um programa de computador especial, que permitiu que cada sujeito ao ouvir a obra através de fones de ouvido,indicasse os pontos de divisão percebidos de tensão/relaxamento, enquanto escuta em tempo real. O experimento durou cerca de 60 minutos e envolveu várias etapas e tarefas. Depois de uma escuta inicial, que serviu para a familiarização com a peça e com o programa de computador, os sujeitos tiveram de ouvir a peça novamente eidentificar suas seções principais. Eles, então, tiveram de indicar os critérios que usados na formulação de suas soluções. Na escuta seguinte, os participantes indicaram as maiores zonas de tensão e relaxamento percebidas. As macroformas percebidas pelos indivíduos foram comparadas com as 4 macroformas indicadas pelos especialistas em análise musical com base em processos auditivos e não em teorias analíticas. Os dados revelaram maior correlação entre as macroformas percebidas pelos sujeitos em apenas 2 macroformas indicadas pelos analistas, e também a correlação entre as macroformas e tensão/relaxamento percebidas pelos participantes. As diferenças entre os músicos e não músicos e dos grupos italianos e de Edimburgo não foram significativas.
Psicologia da Música: Aportes Teóricos e Metodológicos por mais de um século
Authors: Teixeira dos Santos Regina Antunes 
Published: September 2014

A Psicologia da Música é abordada sob uma perspectiva teórica, traçando uma evolução histórica desde Helmoltz às abordagens atuais, destacando os principais modelos, teorias e aportes empíricos em termos de interesse de investigação, assim como temáticas associadas aos respectivos investigadores. O artigo discute ainda a base interdisciplinar da Psicologia da Música através dos aportes da Sociologia, Antropologia, Biologia, Filosofia e Física. Descreve os métodos empregados nas pesquisas envolvendo a Psicologia da Música, bem como as respectivas estratégias metodológicas: seus pontos fortes e pontos fracos. Essencialmente podem-se identificar três métodos amplamente utilizados: experimental, clínico (estudo de caso) e estudos de levantamento (survey), complementados pelas abordagens psicobiológica, autorelato e auto-observação e inteligência artificial. Potenciais contribuições da neurociência concluem o presente manuscrito.
Vibrações Brasileiras: Repertório brasileiro para vibrafone solo*
Authors: Morais Ronan Gil de 
Published: September 2014

No Brasil, trabalhos anteriores enfocaram certos aspectos específicos da pesquisa relacionada ao vibrafone. Porém, o repertório local, o desenvolvimento próprio do instrumento no país e os músicos que se dedicaram a ele não foram objeto de estudo acadêmico. Assim, alguns elementos serão aqui abordados e discutidos, como: as peças brasileiras específicas para vibrafone solo, os compositores que se ativeram a escrever e os instrumentistas que se dedicaram a tal instrumento e tal literatura. O presente artigo apresenta então um levantamento de composições originais de autores brasileiros para vibrafone solo e elabora um panorama histórico de músicos que desempenharam uma contribuição importante para o instrumento no cenário nacional.