bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the Growth Rate in Fetuses With an Abnormal Cerebroplacental Ratio Compared to Those With Suspected Growth Restriction Without Evidence of Centralization of Blood Flow
Authors: Regan Jodi , Masters Heather , Warshak Carri R. 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesTo evaluate the growth rate in fetuses with suspected growth restriction according to their Doppler characteristics.MethodsA retrospective cohort of fetuses with suspected growth restriction was identified. We reviewed umbilical artery and middle cerebral Doppler pulsatility indices and calculated the cerebroplacental ratio. Three study groups were determined: (1) normal umbilical artery Doppler findings; (2) abnormal umbilical artery findings with a normal cerebroplacental ratio; and (3) abnormal umbilical artery findings with an abnormal cerebroplacental ratio. The primary outcome was the growth rate as estimated by fetal biometry from serial sonographic evaluations. Analysis of the mean growth rate in each study group was performed by analysis of variance. In addition, linear regression analysis comparing the cerebroplacental ratio to the growth rate was performed.ResultsFetal growth restriction was suspected in 416 patients; 176 patients were included in this analysis: 113, 38, and 25 in groups 1, 2, and 3 respectively. The estimated mean (SD) growth rate in group 3 was significantly lower than in groups 1 and 2: 8.3 (4.4) versus 19.6 (6.0) and 18.6 (7.7) g/d, respectively (P < .001). Linear regression analysis revealed a strong correlation between the growth rate and cerebroplacental ratio (r = 0.76; R2 = 0.58) as well as the birth weight and cerebroplacental ratio (r = 0.78; R2 = 0.61).ConclusionsIn fetuses with suspected growth restriction and abnormal umbilical artery Doppler findings, an abnormal cerebroplacental ratio is strongly associated with reduced fetal growth. In contrast, if the cerebroplacental ratio is normal, even in the setting of abnormal umbilical artery Doppler findings, fetuses grow similarly to those with normal umbilical artery findings.
Quantification of Kidney Fibrosis Using Ultrasonic Shear Wave Elastography
Authors: Moon Sung Kyoung , Kim Sang Yoon , Cho Jeong Yeon , Kim Seung Hyup 
Published: April 2015

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of ultrasonic shear wave elastography for quantification of renal fibrosis in an experimental rabbit model.MethodsThirty‐eight kidneys of 19 rabbits were studied and categorized into 3 groups: group I, ureter obstruction (n = 9); group II, renal vein occlusion (n = 10); and group III, normal control (n = 19). Before surgery, we measured stiffness at the renal cortex using shear wave elastography and evaluated the sonographic findings, including size, echogenicity, and resistive index. We repeated the same sonographic examinations weekly until the fourth week. The degree of histologically quantified fibrosis and the measured stiffness values were statistically compared.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the mean stiffness values for the renal cortex in the 3 groups before surgery (8.95 kPa in group I, 9.06 kPa in group II, and 9.74 kPa in group III; P > .05). However, the mean stiffness in each group on the last sonographic examination was significantly different (10.91 kPa in group I, 13.92 kPa in group II, and 9.77 kPa in group III; P = .003). Pathologically, the degree of fibrosis was also significantly different (3.62% in group I, 11.70% in group II, and 0.70% in group III; P< .001). The fibrosis degree and stiffness were positively correlated (ρ = 0.568; P = 0.01).ConclusionsTissue stiffness measured by ultrasonic shear wave elastography was positively correlated with histopathologic renal fibrosis. Ultrasonic shear wave elastography may be used as a noninvasive tool for predicting renal fibrosis.
A unified GPS‐based earthquake catalog for the Sumatran plate boundary between 2002 and 2013
Authors: Feng Lujia , Hill Emma M. , Banerjee Paramesh , Hermawan Iwan , Tsang Louisa L. H. , Natawidjaja Danny H. , Suwargadi Bambang W. , Sieh Kerry 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe have compiled the first self‐consistent GPS‐based earthquake catalog for the Sumatran plate boundary. Using continuous daily position time series from the Sumatran GPS Array (SuGAr), we document 30 earthquakes which occurred within or outside the SuGAr network from August 2002 through the end of 2013, and we provide estimates of both vertical and horizontal coseismic offsets associated with 1 M9.2, 3 M8, 6 M7, 19 M6, and 1 M5.9 earthquakes, as well as postseismic decay amplitudes and times associated with 9 M > 7 earthquakes and 1 M6.7 earthquake. For most of the previously studied earthquakes, our geodetic catalog provides more complete coseismic displacements than those published, showing consistent patterns of motion across a large range of distances. For many of the moderate to large earthquakes, we publish their coseismic displacements for the first time, providing new constraints on their locations and slip distributions. For the postseismic time series, we have tackled the challenge of separating the signals for individual events from the overlapping effects of many other earthquakes. As a result, we have obtained either new or much longer time series than previously published. Based on our long time series, we find logarithmic decay times ranging from several days to more than 20 years, and sometimes a second decay time is needed, suggesting that when studying large to great Sumatran earthquakes, we need to consider multiple postseismic mechanisms. Our geodetic catalog provides rich spatial and temporal Sumatran earthquake cycle information for future studies of the physics and dynamics of the Sumatran plate boundary.
Role of tides on the formation of the Antarctic Slope Front at the Weddell‐Scotia Confluence
Authors: Flexas M. M. , Schodlok M. P. , Padman L. , Menemenlis D. , Orsi A. H. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe structure of the Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) and the associated Antarctic Slope Current (ASC) on the Scotia Sea side of the Weddell‐Scotia Confluence (WSC) is described using data from a hydrographic survey and three 1 year long moorings across the continental slope. The ASC in this region flows westward along isobaths with an annual mean speed of ∼0.2 m s−1, with time variability dominated by the K1 and O1 tidal diurnal constituents, a narrowband oscillation with ∼2‐week period attributable to the spring/neap tidal cycle, and seasonal variability. Realistic and idealized high‐resolution numerical simulations are used to determine the contribution of tides to the structure of the ASF and the speed of the ASC. Two simulations forced by realistic atmospheric forcing and boundary conditions integrated with and without tidal forcing show that tidal forcing is essential to reproduce the measured ASF/ASC cross‐slope structure, the time variability at our moorings, and the reduced stratification within the WSC. Two idealized simulations run with tide‐only forcing, one with a homogeneous ocean and the other with initial vertical stratification that is laterally homogeneous, show that tides can generate the ASC and ASF through volume flux convergence along the slope initiated by effects including the Lagrangian component of tidal rectification and mixing at the seabed and in the stratified ocean interior. Climate models that exclude the effects of tides will not correctly represent the ASF and ASC or their influence on the injection of intermediate and dense waters from the WSC to the deep ocean.
On the effect of connectivity on solute transport in spatially heterogeneous combined unsaturated‐saturated flow systems
Authors: Russo David 
Published: April 2015

AbstractDetailed numerical analyses of flow and transport were used to investigate the effect of spatially connected features on transport in three‐dimensional (3‐D), spatially heterogeneous, combined vadose zone‐groundwater flow systems. Formations with spatially connected fine‐textured and coarse‐textured features (F‐formation and C‐formation, respectively), representing the10th and the 90th percentiles of the distributions of the formation's hydraulic parameters, respectively, were considered here. Results of the analyses suggest that in steady state flow, when the unsaturated zone of the combined flow domains is relatively wet, as compared with a Multivariate‐Gaussian (MG) formation, spatially connected features may reduce the solute first arrival time, particularly in the C‐formation, and may enhance the spreading of the solute breakthrough, particularly in the F‐formation. The effect of the spatially connected features on the hydrological response, however, decreases as the unsaturated zone becomes drier. The latter result stems from the decrease in the fraction of the water‐filled, pore‐space occupied by the connected structures, with decreasing water content. The latter finding also explains the result that the response of more realistic, combined flow systems, whose unsaturated zone is associated with relatively low, intermittent water contents, is essentially independent of the spatially connected features of the formations, regardless of their soil texture.
Response of reverse convection to fast IMF transitions
Authors: Taguchi S. , Tawara A. , Hairston M. R. , Slavin J. A. , Le G. , Matzka J. , Stolle C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe nature of the transition that high‐latitude reverse convection makes in response to fast interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) changes is investigated using observations from multiple spacecraft and a ground magnetometer array. We focused on two fast IMF‐transition events on 22 April 2006. Immediately after the first event, three ST5 spacecraft identified a clear change in the distribution of the polar cap field‐aligned current. Coordinate observations with the Greenland magnetometer chain showed that the near‐noon Hall current distribution, which is closely related to the polar cap field‐aligned current or reverse convection, was in a transition state for about 10 min. For the second event, the Greenland magnetic perturbations also showed that a transition state occurred in the near‐noon sector for 10–15 min. Three DMSP spacecraft that traversed the polar cap provided evidence showing that variations of the ground magnetic perturbations were produced by the transition from clockwise plasma circulation to the anticlockwise circulation over the polar cap. A simple calculation based on the Biot‐Savart law shows that the near‐noon transition state is consistent with the approach of a new convection region to the near‐noon sector at the speed of 0.5–1 km s–1, which is coupled with the moving away of the old convection region at a similar speed. For the higher‐latitude sunward flow region, it is found that the convection takes a transition state almost simultaneously (within 1 min) with that in the near‐noon sector, i.e., quasi‐instantaneous response.
The crustal structure of the western Himalayas and Tibet
Authors: Gilligan Amy , Priestley Keith F. , Roecker Steven W. , Levin Vadim , Rai S. S. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe present new, high‐resolution, shear velocity models for the western Himalayas and West Tibet from the joint inversion of P receiver functions recorded using seismic stations from four arrays in this region and fundamental mode Rayleigh wave group velocity maps from 5–70 s covering Central and Southern Asia. The Tibetan Plateau is a key locality in understanding large‐scale continental dynamics. A large number of investigations has examined the structure and processes in eastern Tibet; however, western Tibet remains relatively understudied. Previous studies in this region indicate that the western part of the Tibetan Plateau is not a simple extension of the eastern part. The areas covered by these arrays include the Karakoram and Altan‐Tagh faults, and major terrane boundaries in West Tibet and the Himalayas. The arrays used include broadband data collected by the West Tibet Array, a U.S.‐China deployment on the western side of the Tibetan Plateau between 2007 and 2011. We use the shear wave velocity models to obtain estimates of Moho depth. The Moho is deep (68–84 km) throughout West Tibet. We do not observe significant steps within the Moho beneath West Tibet. A large step in Moho depth is observed at the Altyn‐Tagh fault, where Moho depths are 20–30 km shallower to the north of the fault compared to those to the south. Beneath the Lhasa Terrane and Tethyan Himalayas, we observe a low‐velocity zone in the midcrust. This feature is not interrupted by the Karakoram Fault, suggesting that the Karakoram Fault does not cut through the entire crust.
High‐resolution imaging of rapid tremor migrations beneath southern Vancouver Island using cross‐station cross correlations
Authors: Peng Yajun , Rubin Allan M. , Bostock Michael G. , Armbruster John G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe develop a cross‐station method to detect and locate tremor and low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs), based on the original work of Armbruster et al. (2014) that compares waveforms from the same time window at stations separated by roughly 10 km. To improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio, we first rotate the horizontal components into the empirical shear wave particle motion direction. The large‐scale “rapid tremor reversals” beneath southern Vancouver Island are best recorded by stations that exhibit pronounced shear wave splitting, which obscures this optimal direction. We correct for splitting using the stacked templates of 11 low‐frequency earthquake families obtained in this region by Bostock et al. (2012). We find that the style of rapid tremor migrations (RTMs) evolves as the main front passes over a region. Very close to the main front, numerous small‐scale migrations occur with recurrence intervals far shorter than tidal periods. These usually propagate along the main front even when that is not parallel to dip. Several larger RTMs propagating along the main front have prominent elongation orthogonal to the propagation direction, inconsistent with the interpretation that their large propagation speed is an “apparent” velocity caused by the slow main front intersecting a preexisting linear structure on the plate interface. Farther behind the main front, RTMs gradually progress to being tidally modulated and have generally slower propagation speeds. Many reversal‐like RTMs are observed, some of which evolve from fronts initially propagating along the main front. These reversals are sometimes coherent across regions of low tremor density.
Does comorbid anxiety predict quality of life outcomes in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis following endoscopic sinus surgery?
Authors: Steele Toby O. , Mace Jess C. , Smith Timothy L. 
Published: April 2015

BackgroundApproximately 25% of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have comorbid anxiety and both conditions independently decrease quality of life (QOL). QOL outcomes for CRS and depression have garnered the majority of research attention, but efforts to better understand the impact of anxiety disorders on QOL are increasing. We evaluated the role of comorbid anxiety in patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).MethodsAdult patients (n = 148) with CRS with and without comorbid anxiety were prospectively enrolled into a treatment outcomes investigation. History of comorbid anxiety was retrospectively identified (n = 30; 20%) and preoperative and postoperative QOL (Rhinosinusitis Disability Index [RSDI], and 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test [SNOT‐22]) scores were compared to patients without comorbid anxiety.ResultsCompared to patients without anxiety, patients with anxiety were found to be younger (p = 0.02) and have a higher prevalence of female gender (p = 0.05), diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.001), and tobacco use (p = 0.03). Participants with comorbid anxiety reported significantly worse preoperative psychological dysfunction as measured by SNOT‐22 subdomain scores (p = 0.02), as well as worse preoperative functional (p = 0.04) and emotional (p = 0.001) impairment as evaluated by RSDI subdomain scores. After adjustment for other cofactors, patients with anxiety improved significantly less on SNOT‐22 total scores compared to participants without anxiety after ESS (p = 0.02).ConclusionAnxiety occurs with higher prevalence in patients with CRS and the presence of comorbid anxiety is associated with worse preoperative QOL and reduced QOL improvement following ESS. These findings warrant improvement in screening, diagnosis, and treatment for patients with CRS and comorbid anxiety.
Review of methodological choices in LCA of biorefinery systems ‐ key issues and recommendations
Authors: Ahlgren Serina , Björklund Anna , Ekman Anna , Karlsson Hanna , Berlin Johanna , Börjesson Pål , Ekvall Tomas , Finnveden Göran , Janssen Matty , Strid Ingrid 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe current trend in biomass conversion technologies is toward more efficient utilization of biomass feedstock in multiproduct biorefineries. Many life‐cycle assessment (LCA) studies of biorefinery systems have been performed but differ in how they use the LCA methodology. Based on a review of existing LCA standards and guidelines, this paper provides recommendations on how to handle key methodological issues when performing LCA studies of biorefinery systems. Six key issues were identified: (i) goal definition, (ii) functional unit, (iii) allocation of biorefinery outputs, (iv) allocation of biomass feedstock, (v) land use, and (vi) biogenic carbon and timing of emissions. Many of the standards and guidelines reviewed here provide only general methodological recommendations. Some make more specific methodological recommendations, but these often differ between standards. In this paper we present some clarifications (e.g. examples of research questions and suitable functional units) and methodological recommendations (e.g. on allocation). © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A small molecule—DNA binding landscape
Authors: Chaires Jonathan B. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThis brief account traces the development of a “competition dialysis” method used to characterize the structural and sequence selectivity of DNA binding compounds. The method was inspired by a simple “differential dialysis” method pioneered by Don Crothers to explore base‐selective intercalator binding. Results from compiled competition dialysis studies provide a small‐molecule DNA binding landscape that shows a rich diversity of interactions and molecular recognition. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 473–479, 2015.
In vitro polyclonal activation of conventional T cells with a CD28 superagonist protects mice from acute graft versus host disease
Authors: Beyersdorf Niklas , Werner Sandra , Wolf Nelli , Hünig Thomas , Kerkau Thomas 
Published: April 2015

Upon transplantation of T cells from a CD28 superagonist (CD28‐SA) treated donor into an irradiated allogeneic host, the CD28‐SA‐induced activation and expansion of Treg cells inhibits acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD), while not abrogating the desired graft versus tumor effect. Human peripheral blood CD4+ T cells, however, harbor only very few Treg cells. Therefore, we studied whether polyclonal in vitro prestimulation of conventional, that is Treg‐cell‐depleted, CD4+ T cells of C57BL/6 mice with CD28‐SA‐coated paramagnetic beads is sufficient to protect recipient BALB/c mice from aGvHD. CD28‐SA prestimulation of conventional CD4+ T cells efficiently protected BALB/c recipient mice from aGvHD and CD28‐SA‐stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were capable of mediating long‐term protection from the BCL1 lymphoma. The recently completed successful phase I testing of the human CD28‐SA TGN1412/TAB08 should greatly facilitate further development of this straightforward method into a novel immunotherapy for patients.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis RpfE promotes simultaneous Th1‐ and Th17‐type T‐cell immunity via TLR4‐dependent maturation of dendritic cells
Authors: Choi Han‐Gyu , Kim Woo Sik , Back Yong Woo , Kim Hongmin , Kwon Kee Woong , Kim Jong‐Seok , Shin Sung Jae , Kim Hwa‐Jung 
Published: April 2015

Reciprocal induction of the Th1 and Th17 immune responses is essential for optimal protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb); however, only a few Mtb antigens are known to fulfill this task. A functional role for resuscitation‐promoting factor (Rpf) E, a latency‐associated member of the Rpf family, in promoting naïve CD4+ T‐cell differentiation toward both Th1 and Th17 cell fates through interaction with dendritic cells (DCs) was identified in this study. RpfE induces DC maturation by increasing expression of surface molecules and the production of IL‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐23p19, IL‐12p70, and TNF‐α but not IL‐10. This induction is mediated through TLR4 binding and subsequent activation of ERK, p38 MAPKs, and NF‐κB signaling. RpfE‐treated DCs effectively caused naïve CD4+ T cells to secrete IFN‐γ, IL‐2, and IL‐17A, which resulted in reciprocal expansions of the Th1 and Th17 cell response along with activation of T‐bet and RORγt but not GATA‐3. Furthermore, lung and spleen cells from Mtb‐infected WT mice but not from TLR4−/− mice exhibited Th1 and Th17 polarization upon RpfE stimulation. Taken together, our data suggest that RpfE has the potential to be an effective Mtb vaccine because of its ability to activate DCs that simultaneously induce both Th1‐ and Th17‐polarized T‐cell expansion.
Meloxicam prevents COX‐2‐mediated post‐surgical inflammation but not pain following laparotomy in mice
Authors: Roughan J.V. , Bertrand H.G.M.J. , Isles H.M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundInflammation is thought to be a major contributor to post‐surgical pain, so non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used analgesics. However, compared to rats, considerably less is known as to how successfully these prevent pain in mice.MethodsA fluorescent COX‐2 selective probe was used for the first time to evaluate the post‐surgical anti‐inflammatory effects of meloxicam, and automated behaviour analyses (HomeCageScan; HCS), the Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS) and body weight changes to assess its pain‐preventative properties. Groups of 8–9 BALB/c mice were subcutaneously injected with saline (0.3 mL) or meloxicam at (1, 5 or 20 mg/kg) 1 h before a 1.5‐cm midline laparotomy. The probe or a control dye (2 mg/kg) was injected intravenously 3 h later. Imaging was used to quantify inflammation at 7, 24 and 48 h following surgery. HCS data and MGS scores were respectively obtained from video recordings and photographs before surgery and 24 h later.ResultsPost‐surgical inflammation was dose dependently reduced by meloxicam; with 5 or 20 mg/kg being most effective compared to saline. However, all mice lost weight, MGS scores increased and behavioural activity was reduced by surgery for at least 24 h with no perceivable beneficial effect of meloxicam on any of these potentially pain‐associated changes.ConclusionsAlthough meloxicam prevented inflammation, even large doses did not prevent post‐laparotomy pain possibly arising due to a range of factors, including, but not limited to inflammation. MGS scoring can be applied by very naïve assessors and so should be effective for cage‐side use.
Electrocatalytic Determination of Hydroxylamine in the Presence of Thiosulfate in Water and Wastewater Samples Using a Nanostructure Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Shabani‐Nooshabadi Mehdi , Tahernejad‐Javazmi Fahimeh 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this research, we report the preparation of a high sensitive voltammetric sensor for electrocatalytic determination of hydroxylamine (HX) in the presence of thiosulfate (TS). We describe the synthesis and characterization of CdO nanoparticles (CdO/NPs) with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) methods. At an optimum condition, the two peaks are separated ca. 0.58 and 0.92 V for HX and TS at the surface of the proposed sensor. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) of HX exhibited two linear dynamic ranges with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.06 µmol L−1. The propose sensor was used for determination of HX in water samples.