bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells in Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Nguyen Austin Huy , Koenck Carleigh , Quirk Shannon K. , Lim Victoria M. , Mitkov Mario V. , Trowbridge Ryan M. , Hunter William J. , Agrawal Devendra K. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe tumor microenvironment plays an important role in the progression of melanoma, the prototypical immunologic cutaneous malignancy. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) family of innate immune receptors modulates inflammatory and innate immune signaling. It has been investigated in various neoplastic diseases, but not in melanoma. This study examines the expression of TREM‐1 (a proinflammatory amplifier) and TREM‐2 (an anti‐inflammatory modulator and phagocytic promoter) in human cutaneous melanoma and surrounding tissue. Indirect immunofluorescence staining was performed on skin biopsies from 10 melanoma patients and staining intensity was semiquantitatively scored. Expression of TREM‐1 and TREM‐2 was higher in keratinocytes than melanoma tissue (TREM‐1: p < 0.01; TREM‐2: p < 0.01). Whereas TREM‐2 was the dominant isoform expressed in normal keratinocytes, TREM‐1 expression predominated in melanoma tissue (TREM‐1 to TREM‐2 ratio: keratinocytes = 0.78; melanoma = 2.08; p < 0.01). The increased TREM ratio in melanoma tissue could give rise to a proinflammatory and protumor state of the microenvironment. This evidence may be suggestive of a TREM‐1/TREM‐2 paradigm in which relative levels dictate inflammatory and immune states, rather than absolute expression of one or the other. Further investigation regarding this paradigm is warranted and could carry prognostic or therapeutic value in treatment for melanoma.
The End of Peripheries? On the Enduring Relevance of Structuralism for Understanding Contemporary Global Development
Authors: Fischer Andrew M. 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTDespite repeated chronicles of a death foretold, centre–periphery analysis remains very relevant for understanding the challenges of contemporary development. It reveals certain common asymmetries and constraints that structure the integration, lagging and subordination of the global South in the current world order through ongoing technological, industrial and financial dissemination. The precise forms of lagging and subordination have changed over time and context, in symbiosis with changes in the overall capitalist system, although the systemic principles remain pertinent. These can be evaluated according to three propositions: technological lagging; declining terms of trade; and pro‐cyclical macroeconomic adjustment in the peripheries. Accordingly, global imbalances are better understood as an evolution of US‐centred hegemony and the subordinated accommodation of ‘rising powers’ including China, rather than a weakening and rebalancing of US power vis‐à‐vis these ‘rising powers’, as per conventional interpretations. The possibility that we might be witnessing a reinvigoration of US hegemony — for a second time in the post‐war era — is one that needs to be taken seriously, particularly if this becomes associated with a deepening of imperialism rather than emancipation.
Rights, Development and Critical Modernity
Authors: Langford Malcolm 
Published: July 2015

ABSTRACTThe march of rights into international development offers, on the face of it, a more progressive and transformational paradigm. Contemporary rights expressions are more expansive and diverse than their nineteenth‐century forebears. Inevitably though, rights‐based approaches have been criticized, with claims that rights have contributed to a minimization and individualization of distributive justice and participatory democracy or even been appropriated for profoundly anti‐transformational ends. This article argues that the critics need to be taken seriously, but that their complaints suffer from many of the familiar problems with critical theory and post‐developmentalism. Instead, it is posited that the frame of critical modernity allows scholars and practitioners to better understand, chart and constructively critique the uptake of rights in development. This reflexive standpoint also allows one to focus on those dimensions of rights approaches that remain under‐developed but carry the greatest potential, namely notions of citizenship, agency and accountability.
CORRUPTION, TAX EVASION AND THE ROLE OF WAGE INCENTIVES WITH ENDOGENOUS MONITORING TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Wadho Waqar Ahmed 
Published: July 2015

AbstractThe importance of high salaries to circumvent bureaucratic corruption has been widely recognized in the policy debate. Yet, there appears to be much reluctance when it comes to the implementation. In this paper, we argue that deterring corruption through wage incentives may become prohibitively expensive that the government finds it optimal to accept higher net revenues at the expense of honesty. Deviating from the existing literature, we set an endogenous monitoring technology that allows us to capture the dual role of auditing, as a complement with and as a substitute for wage incentives to deter bribery. We find that the government is better‐off either completely eliminating corruption or accepting corruption by offering wages lower than the market wage. Offering public wage premium that does not deter bribery is suboptimal. When it is optimal to deter bribery, the government can do it either through wage incentives or monitoring. The role of wage incentives decreases in societies with higher level of dishonesty. (JEL D73, H26, J33, J41)
Gene‐based polymorphisms reveal limited genomic divergence in a species with a heritable life‐history dimorphism
Authors: Zakas Christina , Rockman Matthew V. 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYUnderstanding the genetic basis of life‐history traits is a long‐standing goal of evolutionary biology. Many closely related species have contrasting life‐history strategies, suggesting that the switches in early development that lead to divergent life‐histories evolve quickly and frequently. Life‐history changes that originate in early development have profound downstream effects on a species' morphology, ecology, genetic diversity, and even speciation rate. How do such transitions in development mode occur, and what is the underlying genetic architecture? To begin to address these questions, we investigated genetic variation in an emerging model in developmental evolution, the polychaete Streblospio benedicti, which has two contrasting and highly heritable offspring types. We compare transcript‐based SNP genotypes of individuals of the two development modes to determine the extent of genomic differentiation between them. We find that there is extensive allele sharing across the two types, and minimal fixed differences. We use the site frequency spectrum to fit demographic models to our data and determine that there is recent gene flow between developmental morphs. Our data suggest that the evolution of a genetic developmental dimorphism is not associated with longstanding genetic isolation or genomically extensive divergence. Rather, differences at developmentally important loci, or modest allele‐frequency differences at many loci, may be responsible for the drastic life‐history differences.
The proepicardium keeps a potential for glomerular marker expression which supports its evolutionary origin from the pronephros
Authors: Cano Elena , Carmona Rita , Velecela Víctor , Martínez‐Estrada Ofelia , Muñoz‐Chápuli Ramón 
Published: July 2015

SUMMARYThe proepicardium is the embryonic primordium of the epicardium. This transient structure is essential for cardiac development giving rise to the epicardium and supplying the heart with vascular and cardiac connective tissue progenitors. However, their nature and evolutionary origin are poorly‐known. We have suggested elsewhere (Pombal et al. Evol. Dev. 10: 210–216, ; Cano et al., J. Dev. Biol. 1: 3–19, ) that the proepicardium is an evolutionary derivative of the primordium of an ancient external pronephric glomerulus, devoid of its original excretory function. In this study, we describe for the first time expression of two podocyte markers in the chick proepicardium (glepp1 and synaptopodin) and we have shown how these podocyte markers as well as the intermediate mesoderm marker Pax2 are strongly upregulated when the proepicardium is cultured with nephrogenic inducers. Retinoic acid treatment also induced in the proepicardium expression of Hoxb4, a gene which confers to intermediate mesoderm competence to respond to nephrogenic signals. Thus, a latent nephrogenic potential persists in the proepicardium and also that its original glomerular fate can be partially rescued. The transcription factor Wt1, essential for kidney and epicardial development, plays opposite roles in both tissues, inducing epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in the proepicardium and promoting epithelialization in the kidneys (Essafi et al., Dev. Cell 21: 559–574, ). Consistently with this antithetical function of Wt1, we have observed an upregulation of podocalyxin in the epicardium of mouse embryos with conditional deletion of the Wt1 gene, while this protein is transcriptionally activated by Wt1 in podocytes.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of Chf197, a ligustrazine derivative, in rats
Authors: Li Wenlong , Liu Huiqing , Wei Chunmin , Wei Xinbing , Tang Mingtan , Kong Xianglin , Chen Hongfei , Liu Xinyong , Guo Ruichen 
Published: July 2015

AbstractLigustrazine is the most abundant and bioactive ingredient in Rhizoma Chuanxiong, a Chinese medicinal herb commonly used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Chf197 is one of the structurally modified ligustrazine derivatives in a purpose of overcoming the rapid metabolism and short half‐life of original. The plasma and urine pharmacokinetics of Chf197 in rats were studied after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of Chf197 with the validated RP‐HPLC method. The pharmacokinetic parameters of Chf197 injected intravenously 20 mg/kg were as follows: Cmax, 1.44 ± 0.4 mg/L; Tmax, 0.08 h; t1/2, 3.03 ± 1.67 h; AUC, 3.85 ± 3.88 h/L; Vd, 31.66 ± 11.79L/kg; and CL, 9.29 ± 4.92 l/h/kg. Dose‐dependent pharmacokinetics was observed, and a significantly higher dose‐normalized AUC after intravenous administration was obtained than that after intraperitoneal administration. A possible metabolite was detected at about 3.1 min, and full‐scan mass spectrum was adopted to predict its possible structure.
Redesigning the Family Law System to Promote Healthy Families
Authors: Howe William J. , Scully Elizabeth Potter 
Published: July 2015

Family law professionals should be proactive in seeking and implementing constructive reforms. We identify some successful cutting‐edge reforms: (1) family resource centers, where all kinds of needs can be met; (2) informal family law trials, which streamline clogged calendars and provide an empowering and efficient forum; (3) licensed legal technicians, who increase public access to legal services; and (4) unbundled family law services. Second, we outline a protocol for implementation of reform developed by the Oregon Task Force on Family Law which is effective and replicable. Thoughtful reform of dispute resolution processes will serve family health and promote peace.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
Evolving family constellations, private ordering through pre‐ and postmarital agreements, an increase in self‐represented litigants, and shrinking judicial resources are changing family law dramatically.
Thoughtful, practical process reforms are needed in order to accommodate these changes.
Practitioners should be proactive about seeking out and implementing such reforms.
Some reforms already finding success include family relationship resource centers, informal domestic relations trials, licensed legal technicians, and unbundled legal services.
We outline a protocol with a proven track record of success for implementing cutting‐edge family law reform.
Helping Families by Maintaining a Strong Well‐Funded Family Court that Encourages Consensual Peacemaking: A Judicial Perspective
Authors: Lewis Hon. Thomas Trent 
Published: July 2015

This article explores alternatives for the court process that promote a child‐centered approach to resolution of family law issues including a summary of procedures used in Los Angeles County to assist families. The article also explores alternatives to the traditional custody litigation model.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
Evaluations and trials are not the only tools available in family law.
Structured court ordered counseling can provide a meaningful intervention and reduce family conflict.
Alternative forms of mediation can help families address the “need to be heard” and retain personal autonomy in decision making.
The court system should help educate families about how to resolve conflict in a safe, effective, and meaningful way.
The Parenting Coordinator as Peacemaker and Peacebuilder
Authors: Coates Christine A. 
Published: July 2015

Parenting coordinators serve as case managers in high‐conflict families with the goal of protecting the children from parental conflict. Parenting coordinators are peacemakers and peacebuilders who identify and help set up structures in the family to support peace between the parents. The family court should promote and develop equipoise in litigants and professionals. Because parents who continue in conflict postdecree often have difficulty empathizing with their co‐parents and with their children, they might benefit from meditation training to increase mindfulness, empathy, and compassion. Self‐compassion training could also increase well‐being and more effective co‐parenting and aid in building peace in the family.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
Parenting coordination is a child‐focused intervention with high‐conflict parents that can help protect children from their parents' conflict.
Parenting coordinators are peacemakers who resolve disputes between the parents and facilitate negotiation and communication between them and help them make decisions.
Parenting coordinators are also peacebuilders who help identify and build structures and processes in the family system to strengthen interparental peace.
Equipoise can be developed in litigants and professionals through mindfulness and compassion training.
Family court judges can work with parenting coordinators in a team approach, in a manner similar to what occurs in problem‐solving courts, to benefit the families and the judicial system.
Families in Circle Process: Restorative Justice in Family Law
Authors: Daicoff Susan Swaim 
Published: July 2015

This article explores the use of “circle process”—a form of restorative justice—in family law and places this effort within a larger movement within the law toward law as a healing profession, or the “comprehensive law movement.” It explores the features and underpinnings of circle process and its relationship to original forms of dispute resolution such as those used in African‐style mediation and indigenous people's dispute resolution in North America. Values expressed by these forms of dispute resolution are argued to be particularly relevant in family law. Finally, it focuses on an innovative and exciting court‐sponsored program begun in Chicago in 2008, using circle process with families in conflict, in the Cook County Parentage and Child Support Court. This program's results suggest potential benefits and cautions of using circle process in family law.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
Restorative justice, in particular, circle process, can be used to resolve family law cases.
Circle process widens the group of participants in alternative dispute resolution of family law matters.
Circle process brings more voices to the table, namely, extended family, friends, and supporters, thus enhancing the group's decisionmaking.
Judges will want to be sure the families in question are appropriate for circle process before referring them to this method of resolving disputes.
Circle processes can result in improved communication and relations among families in conflict.
Circle process reflects the values of “original dispute resolution,” which often in turn reflects ubuntu, the idea that all humankind is interconnected.
Circle process is part of a greater movement towards law as a healing profession/the comprehensive law movement, which includes therapeutic jurisprudence.
Applying the Strategies of International Peacebuilding to Family Conflicts: What Those Involved in Family Disputes Can Learn from the Efforts of Peacebuilders Working to Transform War‐Torn Societies
Authors: Burgess Heidi , Burgess Guy 
Published: July 2015

Intractable international conflicts and difficult or intractable family conflicts have much in common. Relationships are damaged or destroyed, escalation causes parties to become polarized and make bad decisions, communication is strained or nonexistent, and competition and coercion take the place of collaboration. Similarities also exist in the realm of solutions, and those caught in (or intervening in) difficult family conflicts can learn much from the strategies and tactics of international peacebuilders. This article describes eight steps that peacebuilders at both the family level and the international level can take to make very damaging conflicts more constructive.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
Limiting escalation is important in both contexts.
Preventing or correcting misunderstandings is key to resolution in both contexts as well.
Be sure you are focusing on the real problem(s).
Get the facts straight (and agreed upon) before making agreements.
Healing past wrongs is important for long term stability.
Working both within and beyond the zone of possible agreement (ZOPA) is essential in both contexts.
Working to improve relationships helps all parties and improves the outcome.
Do Not Make their Trauma Your Trauma: Coping with Burnout as a Family Law Attorney
Authors: Morgillo Lisa 
Published: July 2015

In the field of family law, attorneys frequently expose themselves to highly emotional and traumatized clients. Litigation is by nature a high‐stress occupation, demanding a high level of intellectual and emotional engagement from the contesting lawyers. Adding the burden of inherently distressing content to litigation can impair a lawyer's functioning. The effects are often referred to as “secondary trauma.” This Note proposes that state bar associations should take a more active role in providing mental health support to prevent burnout in family law attorneys by (1) offering voluntary classes to educate attorneys about the dangers of, and ways to cope with, the burnout that comes with working with traumatized clients in family law and (2) organizing support groups among local family law communities.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
Claims against family law practitioners account for the third highest percentage of all malpractice claims against lawyers.
Burnout is a serious problem for family law attorneys.
Programs sponsored by state bar associations are available and need to be expanded.
The American Bar Association's Model Rules require that a lawyer shall not represent a client or, where representation has commenced, shall withdraw from the representation of a client if the lawyer's physical or mental condition materially impairs the lawyer's ability to represent the client.
The unique nature of family law, centered on relationships and emotions, puts family law attorneys at a higher risk for experiencing the effects of secondary trauma than other areas of law.
Lawyers at risk for secondary trauma can avoid its effects by educating themselves about such effects.
Global patterns in background losses of woody plant foliage to insects
Authors: Kozlov Mikhail V. , Lanta Vojtĕch , Zverev Vitali , Zvereva Elena L. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractAimLatitudinal patterns in biotic interactions, particularly in herbivory, have been widely debated. We conducted a quantitative research synthesis to test whether background losses of woody plant foliage to insects generally decrease from the equator to the poles, and whether geographical gradients in insect herbivory are stronger at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes.LocationGlobal terrestrial ecosystems.MethodsWe used published and original data (3482 point estimates of the percentage of leaf area consumed by insects, collected from 941 species of woody plants in 836 localities world‐wide) to analyse the geographical patterns in total losses of plant foliage and in losses to defoliating, leaf mining and leaf galling insects separately, and we searched for climatic factors that can explain the variation in the levels of background insect herbivory across the globe and within climate zones.ResultOn average, according to published data woody plants lose 7.55% of their leaf area to insects, but 4.73% according to our original data collected in a blinded way. These losses demonstrate a dome‐shaped latitudinal pattern: they peak in temperate zones, slightly decrease towards the equator and strongly decrease towards the poles. This pattern is consistent between published and original data, indicating the robustness of the detected relationship between herbivory and latitude. The climatic factors explaining these latitudinal patterns in insect herbivory differ between climate zones.Main conclusionsOur study provides solid support for the hypothesis of a decrease in background herbivory with latitude, but only outside the tropics. For the first time we demonstrate that the latitudinal gradient in insect herbivory across the globe is nonlinear, i.e. its slope differs between the climate zones. In temperate and polar zones, but not in the tropics, background herbivory correlates with mean air temperatures and is therefore likely to increase with climate warming.
Multidetector computed tomography for detecting left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombus: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Zou H. , Zhang Y. , Tong J. , Liu Z. 
Published: July 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe diagnostic accuracy of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in the detection of left atrial/left atrial appendage (LA/LAA) thrombus had been tested in many studies; however, the results are controversial.AimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate synthetically the diagnostic accuracy of MDCT in LA/LAA thrombus.MethodsPubMed and Embase were searched for published prospective studies which compared computed tomography with transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in detecting LA/LAA thrombus prior to March 2014. Descriptive and quantitative information was extracted and MetaDiSc 1.4 was used to perform a meta‐analysis.ResultsFifteen prospective clinical controlled trials with 2540 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivities (SEN): 0.957; pooled specificities (SPE): 0.917; pooled positive likelihood ratio (PLR): 22.017; pooled negative likelihood ratio (NLR): 0.060; pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR): 437.43; the area under the curve (AUC): 0.9883; Q*‐value: 0.9544. However, in the abovementioned indexes, the heterogeneities were statistically significant between studies (P < 0.05, inconsistency index (I2) > 50%). In a sub‐analysis of studies in which delayed imaging, electrocardiogram (ECG) gating and heart rate control were performed, not only the diagnostic accuracy, but also the heterogeneities were significantly improved (pooled SEN 0.991; pooled SPE 0.989; pooled PLR 60.768; pooled NLR 0.034; pooled DOR 2561.7; AUC 0.9972; Q*‐value 0.9806; all the indexes' P‐value were greater than 0.05 and the I2 were 0%, except for SPE, I2 = 54.6%).ConclusionFor patients with TEE intolerance or contraindications, MDCT may be an alternative method, especially when the delayed imaging, ECG gating and heart rate control were performed.