bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete saccharification of β-glucan using hyperthermophilic endocellulase and β-glucosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus
Authors: Kataoka Misumi , Ishikawa Kazuhiko 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Hyperthermophilic cellulase is an industrially important enzyme for biomass saccharification at high temperature. Two hyperthermophilic cellulases from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus, endocellulase (EGPf) and β-glucosidase (BGLPf), exhibit optimal activity at 90–105 °C and a combination of two enzymes can hydrolyze a wide range of β-linked substrates. EGPf cleaves the β(1→4) bond of various substrates containing either only the β(1→4) linkage or β(1→3),(1→4) mixed-linkages. In contrast, BGLPf preferentially hydrolyzes the β(1→3) linkage over the β(1→4) linkage of disaccharides. β-Glucans are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers formed by β(1→3),(1→4) mixed-linkage bonds. They occur most commonly as cellulose in plants, in the bran of cereal grains, the cell wall of baker’s yeast, and in certain fungi, mushrooms, and bacteria. We reveal that β-glucan can be completely degraded to glucose at high temperature with a combination of EGPf and BGLPf.
Expression, purification, and crystal structure of N-terminal domains of human ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1)
Authors: Xie Shu-Tao 
Published: June 2014

Abstract
Ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) is a key regulator in protein ubiquitination, which lies on the upstream of the ubiquitin-related pathways and determines the activation of the downstream enzyme cascade. Thus far, no structural information about the human ubiquitin-activating enzyme has been reported. We expressed and purified the N-terminal domains of human E1 and determined their crystal structures, which contain inactive adenylation domain (IAD) and the first catalytic cysteine half-domain (FCCH). This study presents the crystal structure of human E1 fragment for the first time. The main structure of both IAD and FCCH superimposed well with their corresponding domains in yeast Uba1, but their relative positions vary significantly. This work provides new structural insights in understanding the mechanisms of ubiquitin activation in humans.
Metaphor, Cure, and Conversion in Early Modern England*
Authors: Smith Helen 
Published: June 2014

AbstractOne of the most prevalent metaphors for conversion in early modern England was the cure of a diseased soul. This article draws together religious controversy, medical manuals, and individual accounts of conversion to chart the variety of sources that inform this metaphor, from the practical experience of the sickbed to the typological traditions of biblical interpretation. It explores the varied language of spiritual sickness in order to reevaluate both the operations of religious feeling and recent accounts of metaphor as embodied, and suggests instead that conversionary cures open up the category of imagined sensation and the complex connections between bodily and spiritual feeling in this period.
First Report in China of Soft Rot of Ginger Caused by Pythium aphanidermatum
Authors: Li Y. , Mao L. G. , Yan D. D. , Liu X. M. , Ma T. T. , Shen J. , Liu P. F. , Li Z. , Wang Q. X. , Ouyang C. B. , Guo M. X. , Cao A. C. 
Published: June 2014

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an important commercial crop planted on more than 13,000 ha annually in Anqiu city, Shandong Province, China. From 2010 to 2011, the incidence of Pythium soft rot disease on cv. Laiwu Big Ginger reached 40 to 75% in Anqiu and yield losses of up to 60% were observed. The disease symptoms included brown spots on ginger rhizomes followed by soft rot, stems and leaves above ground becoming withered and yellow, and water soaking on the collar region. The soft rot did not produce offensive odors, which is different from bacterial rots (2). Forty symptomatic rhizomes were sampled from eight farms. Martin's method (1) was used to isolate the pathogen. Ten pieces from each rhizome were washed with sterile distilled water for 30 s and plated on Martin's selective medium at 26°C in a chamber without light. Colonies grew with cottony aerial mycelium. Main hyphae were 5.7 to 9.6 μm wide. Globose sporangia consisting of terminal complexes of swollen hyphal branches were 11.4 to 18.3 μm wide. The average diameter of zoospores was 9.2 μm. The oogonia were globose and smooth, with a diameter of 21 to 33 μm. The sequences of the rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2 and the 5.8S gene of five isolates were amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 (4), and the nucleotide sequence was the same as isolate No. 2, which was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KC594034). A BLAST search showed 99% identity with Pythium aphanidermatum strain 11-R-8 (Accession No. JQ898455.1). Pathogenicity tests of five isolates were carried out in a greenhouse. Sixty plants (cv. Laiwu Big Ginger) were grown for 30 days in plastic pots (diameter 20 cm) in sandy soil (pH 5.48) and inoculated. Ten plants were used as untreated controls. Five isolates were grown on Martin's liquid medium for 72 h and the spores were harvested in sterile distilled water. Aqueous spore suspensions of the five isolates were adjusted with deionized water to 1 × 108 CFU/ml and injected with a syringe into the soil around the rhizome of the plants. Plants were then placed in the greenhouse at 24 to 26°C and assessed for rhizome rot on the 14th day after inoculation. The inoculated isolates were recovered from the diseased rhizomes, confirming their pathogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ginger Pythium soft rot caused by P. aphanidermatum in China. Ginger Pythium soft rot caused by P. myriotylum is reported in Taiwan (3). References: (1) F. N. Martin. Page 39 in: The Genus Pythium. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1992. (2) E. E. Trujillo. Diseases of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in Hawaii, Circular 62, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Hawaii, December 1964. (3) P. H. Wang. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 36:116, 2003. (4) T. J. White. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
Dermoscopic features of actinic keratosis and follow up with dermoscopy: A pilot study
Authors: Lee Ji Hyun , Won Chae Young , Kim Gyong Moon , Kim Si Yong 
Published: June 2014

AbstractActinic keratosis (AK) is a common precursor of sun‐related squamous cell carcinoma. AK is difficult to be differentiated from other malignancies with the naked eyes. Dermoscopic features of AK were previously described in some studies, but not extensively investigated. We investigated the dermoscopic features of AK in Asians and assessed dermoscopy as a post‐treatment monitoring tool of AK. We retrospectively examined 34 AK lesions which had been diagnosed by histology. The changes of dermoscopic features and histopathological findings were assessed in all these lesions before and after treatment. Before treatment, 18 lesions were pigmented and 16 lesions were non‐pigmented AK dermoscopically. The frequent dermoscopic features of AK were keratin/scales (79.4%), red pseudonetwork (73.5%), targetoid‐like appearance (55.9%), rosette sign (38.2%) and absent fissures/ridges, crypts and milia‐like cysts. All the lesions had been treated with either photodynamic therapy, cryotherapy or 5% imiquimod cream. After treatment, dermoscopic features of 33 AK lesions were decreased or disappeared, and skin biopsies confirmed that atypical keratinocytes disappeared. One lesion showed accentuated and new dermoscopic features after treatment, and skin biopsy also showed progressing squamous cell carcinoma. In conclusion, scales, red pseudonetwork, targetoid‐like appearance and rosette sign were common dermoscopic findings of AK in Asians. In most cases, the treatment response correlated with the changes in dermoscopic features. These findings suggest that dermoscopy is a useful tool to monitor AK.
Successful differentiation of herpes zoster‐associated erythema multiforme from generalized extension of herpes by rapid polymerase chain reaction analysis
Authors: Kasuya Akira , Sakabe Jun‐ichi , Kageyama Reiko , Ikeya Shigeki , Fujiyama Toshiharu , Tokura Yoshiki 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for varicella zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐1 and HSV‐2 is available for use. Sometimes the differential diagnosis of the generalized herpes zoster (HZ), HSV1/2, and drug eruption is difficult. We report a case of HZ followed by the vesicular erythema multiforme (EM)‐like lesion. In this case the use of PCR was of great assistance. A 78‐year‐old Japanese man without any significant previous history of disease was admitted to our hospital complaining of zosteriform vesicle on an erythematous base from his right shoulder to the upper arm. We diagnosed him with HZ at the level of right Th2. In spite of the prompt start of antiviral therapy, a secondary new vesiculous erythema developed on his trunk. Clinically, it was quite difficult to differentiate the lesion from the generalized HZ. Rapid PCR assay of effusion and crust for VZV was performed. A PCR assay of VZV was positive for the crust taken from the primary lesion, while it was negative for the effusion and crust of the secondary widespread lesion. We diagnosed the secondary widespread lesion as an EM‐type drug eruption induced by acyclovir, or an EM associated with herpes zoster. We then stopped the use of acyclovir and applied steroid ointment of a very strong class for the secondary lesions, which improved after a few days. A PCR assay for VZV was useful for ruling out the generalized HZ in our case with secondary developed vesiculous lesions.
Measurement of cutaneous lymphatic flow rates in patients with skin cancer: area extraction method
Authors: Fujiwara Masao , Sawada Michifumi , Kasuya Akira , Matsushita Yuki , Yamada Moe , Fukamizu Hidekazu , Magata Yasuhiro , Tokura Yoshiki , Sakahara Harumi 
Published: June 2014

AbstractSome recent reports have revealed that the long scintigraphic appearance time (SAT), defined as the time between radionuclide injection and first sentinel lymph node (SLN) visualization in lymphoscintigraphy, is a negative predictive parameter of nodal metastasis in patients with melanoma. However, most of the methods used to measure the SAT were ambiguous because they utilized visualization in lymphoscintigraphy. We herein introduce a novel method by which to measure the SAT and lymphatic flow rate. The data of 33 patients with primary skin cancer were used. Sequential images were obtained using dynamic lymphoscintigraphy, and a time–activity curve of the SLN was created. The time at which the counts reached plateau was newly defined as an alternative to the SAT and was termed the scintigraphic saturation time (SST). The figure obtained by division of the distance by the SST was newly defined as an alternative to the lymphatic flow rate and termed the lymphatic transit rate (LTR). The SST was clearly determined. It ranged from 220 to 1430 s (mean, 805 s). Pathological examination revealed nodal metastasis in five patients. In 28 patients without metastasis, the mean LTR was in the order of lower limbs (4.07 ± 0.35 cm/min), upper limbs (2.67 ± 0.33 cm/min), trunk (1.79 ± 0.47 cm/min), and head and neck (1.11 ± 0.22 cm/min). The LTRs were higher in patients with nodal metastasis than those without. This method may be effective for accurate measurement of the SAT and lymphatic flow rate.
Bowenoid papulosis successfully treated with imiquimod 5% cream
Authors: Shimizu Akira , Kato Madoka , Ishikawa Osamu 
Published: June 2014

AbstractA 24‐year‐old healthy Japanese female was diagnosed as having bowenoid papulosis in the genital area. The histopathological findings revealed acanthosis, papillomatosis, dyskeratotic cells and clumping cells with mild atypical nuclei. Human papillomavirus type 16 was detected in the lesion. The lesion was successfully treated with topical imiquimod 5% cream after 2 months. Imiquimod 5% cream is a potentially effective treatment modality for lesions that are difficult to treat with surgical excision.
Molecular mechanisms involved in Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation
Authors: Mielich‐Süss Benjamin , Lopez Daniel 
Published: June 2014

SummaryBiofilms are the predominant lifestyle of bacteria in natural environments, and they severely impact our societies in many different fashions. Therefore, biofilm formation is a topic of growing interest in microbiology, and different bacterial models are currently studied to better understand the molecular strategies that bacteria undergo to build biofilms. Among those, biofilms of the soil‐dwelling bacterium Bacillus subtilis are commonly used for this purpose. Bacillus subtilis biofilms show remarkable architectural features that are a consequence of sophisticated programmes of cellular specialization and cell–cell communication within the community. Many laboratories are trying to unravel the biological role of the morphological features of biofilms, as well as exploring the molecular basis underlying cellular differentiation. In this review, we present a general perspective of the current state of knowledge of biofilm formation in B. subtilis and thereby placing a special emphasis on summarizing the most recent discoveries in the field.
Wee1 and Cdc25 control morphogenesis, virulence and multistress tolerance of Beauveria bassiana by balancing cell cycle‐required cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 activity
Authors: Qiu Lei , Wang Juan‐Juan , Ying Sheng‐Hua , Feng Ming‐Guang 
Published: June 2014

SummaryModification of cell cycle in entomopathogenic fungi is likely crucial for host infection and environmental adaptation. Here we show that Wee1 and Cdc25 can balance cell cycle‐required cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) activity in Beauveria bassiana. The Cdk1 phosporylation signal was strong in Δcdc25 but very weak in Δwee1 and absent in Δwee1Δcdc25. Consequently, cell cycles, septation patterns and many septation‐dependent gene transcripts of these mutants were reversely changed. Hyphal cells were short in Δwee1, slender in Δcdc25 and short and swollen in Δwee1Δcdc25. Conidiation was most defective in Δwee1, followed by Δcdc25. Their conidia and yeast‐like blastospores also altered antagonistically in both size and complexity, accompanied with abnormally branched germlings in Δwee1 and Δwee1Δcdc25. Conidial thermotolerance and UV‐B resistance decreased much more in Δwee1Δcdc25 than in Δwee1 but significantly increased in Δcdc25. The double deletion and the point mutation Cdk1T14A/P15F for inhibitory phosphorylation caused most defective virulence, followed by wee1 deletion. All the changes were restored by ectopic gene complementation. Virulence changes in all the mutants and control strains were highly correlated to those in blastospore size or complexity. Taken together, Wee1 and Cdc25 control cell cycle, morphogenesis, asexual development, stress tolerance and virulence of B. bassiana by balancing the Cdk1 activity.
Norwegian deep‐water coral reefs: cultivation and molecular analysis of planktonic microbial communities
Authors: Jensen Sigmund , Lynch Michael D. J. , Ray Jessica L. , Neufeld Josh D. , Hovland Martin 
Published: June 2014

SummaryDeep‐sea coral reefs do not receive sunlight and depend on plankton. Little is known about the plankton composition at such reefs, even though they constitute habitats for many invertebrates and fish. We investigated plankton communities from three reefs at 260–350 m depth at hydrocarbon fields off the mid‐Norwegian coast using a combination of cultivation and small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and transcript sequencing. Eight months incubations of a reef water sample with minimal medium, supplemented with carbon dioxide and gaseous alkanes at in situ‐like conditions, enabled isolation of mostly Alphaproteobacteria (Sulfitobacter, Loktanella), Gammaproteobacteria (Colwellia) and Flavobacteria (Polaribacter). The relative abundance of isolates in the original sample ranged from ∼ 0.01% to 0.80%. Comparisons of bacterial SSU sequences from filtered plankton of reef and non‐reef control samples indicated high abundance and metabolic activity of primarily Alphaproteobacteria (SAR11 Ia), Gammaproteobacteria (ARCTIC96BD‐19), but also of Deltaproteobacteria (Nitrospina, SAR324). Eukaryote SSU sequences indicated metabolically active microalgae and animals, including codfish, at the reef sites. The plankton community composition varied between reefs and differed between DNA and RNA assessments. Over 5000 operational taxonomic units were detected, some indicators of reef sites (e.g. Flavobacteria, Cercozoa, Demospongiae) and some more active at reef sites (e.g. Gammaproteobacteria, Ciliophora, Copepoda).
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analog‐mediated protection against cholesterol‐induced apoptosis via mammalian target of rapamycin activation in pancreatic βTC‐6 cells 胰高血糖素样多肽‐1类似物激活mTOR通路减轻胆固醇诱导的βTC‐6细胞凋亡
Authors: Zhou Jiaqiang , Wu Jiahua , Zheng Fenping , Jin Mengshi , Li Hong 
Published: June 2014

AbstractBackgroundGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) has been shown to protect pancreatic β‐cells against glucolipotoxicity via activation of the Akt pathway. The present study investigated the protective effects of the GLP‐1 analog liraglutide against cholesterol‐induced lipotoxicity and the mechanisms involved.MethodsThe mouse βTC‐6 pancreatic β‐cell line was preincubated for 30 min with 10 nmol/L liraglutide alone or in combination with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin (1 μmol/L) before being exposed to 5 mmol/L cholesterol for 6 h. 4′,6′‐Diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining and Western blot analyses were used to assess the effects of liraglutide on cholesterol‐induced apoptosis and the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR.ResultsCholesterol significantly promoted cell apoptosis and attenuated the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR, effects that were significantly reversed by liraglutide. Furthermore, rapamycin pretreatment alone significantly increased cholesterol‐induced apoptosis compared with cholesterol‐treated cells without any other pretreatment.ConclusionsThe data indicate that mTOR signaling is an essential mediator in the protection of pancreatic β‐cells against cholesterol‐induced apoptosis by a GLP‐1 analog.
Sleep quality in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: contributing factors and effects on health‐related quality of life
Authors: Mirbagher Leila , Gholamrezaei Ali , Hosseini Naeimeh , Sayed Bonakdar Zahra 
Published: June 2014

AbstractAimSleep quality disturbances are common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We evaluated sleep quality and its contributors in women with SLE. Also we evaluated the effects of sleep quality disturbance on patients' health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).MethodsSleep quality was assessed in 77 women with SLE (age 36.5 ± 10.1 years) using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Disease activity and cumulative disease damage were assessed with standard indices. Patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and LupusQoL. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to find contributors of poor sleep quality and association of sleep quality with HRQoL.ResultsPoor sleep quality was present in 44 patients (57.1%). Poor sleepers were older (P = 0.015) and had higher body mass index (P = 0.027) and more severe anxiety (P < 0.001) and depression symptoms (P < 0.007) compared with good sleepers. In the logistic regression model, age (β = 1.16, P = 0.006), disease activity (β = 1.10, P = 0.050), and anxiety/depression composite score (β = 1.16, P = 0.008) were independent contributors of poor sleep quality. Poor sleepers had impaired HRQoL in almost all domains of the LupusQoL than good sleepers (P < 0.05).ConclusionPoor sleep quality is common in women with SLE and significantly impairs their HRQoL. Age, disease activity and psychological factors were determinants of sleep quality in our study. Studies with objective sleep measures as well as interventional studies are warranted in this regard.
Uterine‐sparing minimally invasive interventions in women with uterine fibroids: a systematic review and indirect treatment comparison meta‐analysis
Authors: Panagiotopoulou Nikoletta , Nethra Shankaralingaiah , Karavolos Stamatios , Ahmad Gaity , Karabis Andreas , Burls Amanda 
Published: June 2014

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of uterine‐sparing interventions for women with symptomatic uterine fibroids who wish to preserve their uterus.DesignSystematic review and indirect comparison meta‐analysis.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, conference proceedings, trial registers and reference lists were searched up to October 2013 for randomized controlled trials.Main outcome measuresOutcome measures were patient satisfaction, re‐intervention and complications rates, reproductive outcomes, and hospitalization and recovery times.ResultsFive trials, involving 436 women were included; two compared uterine artery embolization with myomectomy and three compared uterine artery embolization with laparoscopic uterine artery occlusion. Indirect treatment comparison showed that myomectomy and uterine artery embolization resulted in higher rates of patient satisfaction (odds ratio 2.56, 95% credible interval 0.56–11.75 and 2.7, 95% credible interval 1.1–7.14, respectively) and lower rates of clinical failure (odds ratio 0.29, 95% credible interval 0.06–1.46 and 0.37, 95% credible interval 0.13–0.93, respectively) than laparoscopic uterine artery occlusion. Myomectomy resulted in lower re‐intervention rate than uterine artery embolization (odds ratio 0.08, 95% credible interval 0.02–0.27) and laparoscopic uterine artery occlusion (odds ratio 0.08, 95% credible interval 0.01–0.37) even though the latter techniques had an advantage over myomectomy because of shorter hospitalization and quicker recovery. There was no evidence of difference between the three techniques in ovarian failure and complications rates. The evidence for reproductive outcomes is poor.ConclusionOur study's results suggest that laparoscopic uterine artery occlusion is less effective than uterine artery embolization and myomectomy in treatment of symptomatic fibroids. The choice between uterine artery embolization and myomectomy should be based on individuals' expectations and fully informed discussion.
Marketing the Entrepreneurial Artist in the Innovation Age: Aesthetic Labor, Artistic Subjectivity, and the Creative Industries
Authors: Win Thet Shein 
Published: June 2014

AbstractThis article analyzes marketing seminars for visual artists and arts organizations thatIattended as part of my ethnographic field research about artistic subjectivity and aesthetic labor in theCaliforniaBayArea. The marketing seminars, along with the concomitant rise of statistical data on the creative industries, reflect and generate contemporary trends that focus on crafting the visual artist as innovative entrepreneur. These entrepreneurial artists are expected to fundraise and promote their projects and to demonstrate high levels of professionalism and market savvy. While artists in theWest since the 18th century have been engaged in these types of activities, finding ways to earn a living and support their artmaking practices through forms of self‐promotion and distribution, today the emphasis has shifted to more explicitly capitalistic modes. This crafting of the ideal entrepreneurial artist mirrors broader patterns of neoliberal orientations – for example, privatization, free trade, and decreased social services. Specifically, these patterns can be detected as visual artists have become responsible for micro‐fundraising through their personal networks, promoting their own “brand,” selling their artwork directly to the public, and as artists have been encouraged by funders to collaborate with social service agencies as forms of socially engaged practices. These expectations of entrepreneurialism serve to generate additional labor for artists.