bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is missed in self‐immolated patients' care?: a grounded theory study
Authors: Norouzi Kian , Taghinejad Hamid , Mohammadi Farahnaz , Mohammadi Eesa , Suhrabi Zainab 
Published: November 2012

Aims and objectivesTo explore rehabilitation care process in patients who commit self‐immolation.BackgroundSelf‐immolation is not only a type of burn injury, but it is also a suicidal method. It is placed in burn injury category that requires long‐term rehabilitation and treatment measures. As a suicidal method, among all forms of suicidal attempts, it is the most dramatic, violent and often difficult one to understand. Unfortunately, there are few reported studies investigating experiences and perceptions of nurses about burn care and with qualitative study about the patients' experiences and perceptions.DesignOn the basis of the research question, the grounded theory method was used.MethodsConsidering ethical codes of Belmont and Helsinki statements, purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The patients were deliberately selected, based on the research needs. They were self‐immolated patients being referred to Talaghani hospital of Ilam (western Iran) or discharged previously (time of interview and observation ranged from immediately later the burn till 5 years after), in Ilam, where self‐immolation rate is very high. The main methods for data collection were deep, open ended, semi‐structured interviews, dairies and observations. The interviews were audio taped in Persian, and verbatim transcriptions were made. By doing so, semantic meaning is preserved, and misinterpretation of data due to translation into English is minimised. Data analysis was conducted using the Strauss and Corbin method.ResultsFive main categories were emerged: situation of crisis unprofessional care, prolongation and formidability of the journey, self‐immolation as paralyse, and attempt for self‐management. Finally, by constant, comparison of collected data and emerged categories, central variable entitled unintegrated care emerged as the main problem of self‐immolated patients' care.ConclusionThe study comes to the conclusion that we need to focus on specific considerations to provide integrated care for the burned patients as it is a decisive component of care that is missed.Relevance to clinical practiceAlthough self‐immolation requires long‐term treatment and social, emotional rehabilitation, such a rehabilitation care process is not clear.
Differential Expression of Potato Defence Genes Associated with the Salicylic Acid Defence Signalling Pathway in Response to Weakly and Highly Aggressive Isolates of Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Derksen Holly , Badawi Mohamed , Henriquez Maria Antonia , Yao Zhen , El‐Bebany Ahmed Farag , Daayf Fouad 
Published: November 2012

AbstractVerticillium wilt is a vascular disease affecting hundreds of important dicotyledonous crops worldwide. Its main causal agent in potato is Verticillium dahliae Kleb. A differential potato‐V. dahliae system consisting of two cultivars of potato (susceptible; S and moderately resistant; MR) and two V. dahliae isolates (weakly, WA and highly aggressive, HA), was used to evaluate the expression of five defence‐related genes, PAL1, PAL2, PR‐1, PR‐2 and PR‐5. These genes were selected because they are in general associated with the salicylic acid defence signalling pathway. Expression levels of these genes were assessed in potato roots and leaves at 0, 4 and 21 h (hpi), and 3, 7 and 14 days postinoculation (dpi). In the roots, the expression of PAL1, PR‐1 and PR‐2 in the MR was higher than in the susceptible cultivar in response to inoculation with either one of the tested V. dahliae isolates. PAL2 gene expression increased gradually starting at 21 hpi in the MR cultivar as opposed to the susceptible one. Higher expression of PR‐1 was detected at 7 dpi in roots. In the leaves, both PAL1 and PAL2 genes showed higher expression in the MR cultivar relative to the susceptible one. Interestingly, the expression of PR‐2 was slightly higher in the susceptible cultivar. Combined data analyses revealed that PAL1, PAL2, PR‐1 and PR‐2 genes are regulated at the transcriptional level in response to infection by V. dahliae. These results indicate that the salicylic acid pathway is also involved in potato defence against V. dahliae and add to the data gathered to elucidate the signalling mechanisms in this host–pathogen interaction.
The uncertainties involved in extracting amplitude and frequency of orbitally driven sea‐level fluctuations from shallow‐water carbonate cycles
Authors: Eberli Gregor P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn outcrops, shallow‐water carbonates often form thick, vertically stacked, metre‐scale, exposure‐bounded depositional packages, here called carbonate cycles. Because the facies within carbonate cycles can be tied precisely to water depths, they are considered ideal for reconstructing past sea‐level changes. There is, however, increasing evidence that these depositional cycles are unreliable recorders of both the frequency and the amplitude of orbitally driven sea‐level fluctuations. Carbonate cycles record only a fraction of the amplitude of a sea‐level cycle: a portion of the rise and nothing of the fall. Cores through the Pleistocene cycles on Great Bahama Bank illustrate this shortcoming. Although the amplitudes of the last nine sea‐level changes are each a hundred metres or more, the thickness of the cycles varies from a few metres to ca 15 m. The lack of correlation between sea‐level amplitude and cycle thickness is not eliminated for cycles deposited during times of lower sea‐level amplitudes, for example, the Cretaceous. Upper Cretaceous cycles on the Maiella platform margin document the irregularly filled accommodation space and the resultant variability in cycle thickness and frequency. Uncertainties in assessing the frequencies of sea‐level changes from shallow‐water carbonate cycles are caused by ‘missed beats’ and metre‐scale oscillations of sea‐level within highstands that potentially produce cycles of very short duration. The random amplitude variability during the last 57 glacio‐eustatic sea‐level changes illustrates the difficulty of assessing ‘missed beats’, where a sea‐level fluctuation is not recorded because the sea‐level rise does not reach the platform top. ‘Missed beats’ are also produced by the depositional topography that is created by irregularly filled accommodation space. As a result, variable numbers of cycles are deposited across the platform. Further complicating orbital frequency analyses are decametre‐scale oscillations of the sea‐level during highstands. The amplitude of these sub‐orbital sea‐level oscillations (up to 17 m within the last interglacial, Marine Isotope Stage 5e) are sufficient to expose shallow platforms like Great Bahama Bank and subsequently produce an additional depositional cycle with similar facies successions. The combined effects of missed beats and oscillations within highstands are likely to produce cycles and hiatuses of variable duration that are difficult to extract from the rock record. Consequently, estimates of the orbital forcing mechanisms and frequencies from ancient shallow‐water carbonate cycles carry large uncertainties.
Composite Vertical Structure of Vertical Velocity in Nonprecipitating Cumulus Clouds
Authors: Wang Yonggang , Geerts Bart 
Published: November 2012

AbstractVertical transects of Doppler vertical velocity data, obtained from an airborne profiling millimeter-wave cloud radar, are composited for a large number of cumulus clouds (Cu) at various stages of their life cycle, to examine typical circulations patterns. The Cu clouds range in depth between ~500 and 6000 m and are generally nonprecipitating. They were sampled on board the University of Wyoming King Air over a mountain in southern Arizona during the summer monsoon, and over the high plains of southeastern Wyoming. The composite analysis shows clear evidence of an updraft/downdraft dipole in the upper cloud half, consistent with a horizontal vortex ring. A single cloud-scale toroidal circulation emerges notwithstanding the complex finescale structure with multiple vortices, commonly evident in individual transects of Cu clouds. The stratification of all Cu samples as a function of their buoyancy and mean vertical velocity shows that the vortex ring pattern tends to be more pronounced in positively buoyant Cu with rising motion (presumably young clouds) than in negatively buoyant and/or sinking Cu near the end of their life cycle. Yet no reverse vortex ring is observed in the latter Cu, suggesting that the decaying phase is short lived in these dry environments. The vortex-ring circulation pattern is more intense in the shallower Cu, which are also more buoyant and have a liquid water content closer to adiabatic values. Wind shear tends to tilt Cu clouds and their vortex ring, resulting in a broadening of the upshear updraft and downshear downdraft.
The 2.5- and 6-hydrates of dipotassium hydrogen arsenate, K2HAsO4: complex hydrogen bonding networks, one with an “ambiguous” order-disorder structure
Authors: Stöger Berthold , Weil Matthias , Zobetz Erich 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Crystals of the 2.5- and 6-hydrates of K2HAsO4 were grown from H3AsO4 solutions which were neutralized with two equivalents of aqueous KOH. The crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction at 100 K. K2HAsO4 · 2.5H2O [P21, Z = 8, a = 7.1607(3) Å, b = 18.1352(8) Å, c = 13.8156(5) Å, β = 125.153(3)°, R[F
2 > 3σ(F
2)] = 0.040, 10500 F data, 226 parameters] is a polytypic structure. The major polytype is of a maximum degree of order (MDO) and makes up ≈87% of the investigated crystals. Reflections pertaining to the second MDO polytype and disordered domains resulting in diffuse scattering were also observed. Two equivalent descriptions according to order/disorder (OD) theory are given in terms of layers of two kinds and of layers of one kind. Whereas the former emphasizes a local symmetry increase compared to the symmetry of the polytypes, the latter is useful for the straightforward determination of the MDO polytypes. The layer choice is ambiguous because parts of the structure belong to more than two maximum equivalence regions (MERs). The 2.5-hydrate as well as the higher hydrated K2HAsO4 · 6 H2O [Cc, Z = 4, a = 9.1788(2) Å, b = 9.4179(3) Å, c = 12.5935(5) Å, β = 93.7840(10)°, R[F
2 > 3σ(F
2)] = 0.013, 4812 F data, 169 parameters] are composed of K+ cations with highly irregular coordination environments defined by O atoms from [AsO3(OH)]2– anions and water molecules. A complex hydrogen-bonded network between the constituents is observed for both structures.
Generalized Routes to Mesostructured Silicates with High Metal Content
Authors: Warren Scott C. , Perkins Matthew R. , Werner-Zwanziger Ulrike , Zwanziger Josef W. , DiSalvo Franics J. , Wiesner Ulrich 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Nanostructured materials with high metal content are interesting for a number of applications, including catalysis as well as energy conversion and storage. Here we elaborate an approach that combines the advantages of simple silica sol-gel chemistry with the ability to tailor metal composition and structure by introducing a ligand that connects a silane with an amino acid or hydroxy acid. Reacting this ligand with a metal acetate generates a precursor for a range of metal-silica nanocomposites. Comparing this chemistry with conventional organic ligand-metal complexes that can be physically mixed into sol-gel derived silicates elucidates advantages, e.g. of going to high metal loadings. Resulting nanomaterials are characterized by a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to reveal structural characteristics on multiple lengths scales, i.e. from the microscopic (molecular) level (NMR) all the way to the mesoscale (SAXS) and macroscale (TEM).
Spotlights and shadows: Preliminary findings about the experiences of women in family business leadership roles
Authors: Barrett Mary , Moores Ken 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn an earlier study (Moores & Barrett 2002) we found successful CEOs had learned leadership of family controlled businesses (FCBs) in a series of distinct learning phases. Because that study's sample did not include many women, our present study focuses on women in FCBs to better understand how they exercise leadership and entrepreneurship in the family firm context. Case study analysis of an international sample of women FCB leaders, using frameworks which avoid essentialist assumptions about women's and men's approach to leadership, suggests there are some characteristic ways women leaders learn FCB leadership and entrepreneurship roles. We have tentatively labelled them stumbling into the spotlight, building your own stage, directing the spotlight elsewhere, and coping with shadows. Some interviewees had failed to attain leadership; we labelled their journey becoming invisible. This paper uses Eisenhardt's (1989) framework to elaborate on the stumbling into the spotlight and coping with shadows journeys and what can be learned from them.
Effect of the Substituents of the Neighboring Ring in the Conformational Equilibrium of Iduronate in Heparin‐like Trisaccharides
Authors: Muñoz‐García Juan Carlos , López‐Prados Javier , Angulo Jesús , Díaz‐Contreras Irene , Reichardt Niels , de Paz José L. , Martín‐Lomas Manuel , Nieto Pedro M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBased on the structure of the regular heparin, we have prepared a smart library of heparin‐like trisaccharides by incorporating some sulfate groups in the sequence α‐D‐GlcNS‐ (1‐4)‐α‐L‐Ido2S‐(1‐4)‐α‐D‐GlcN. According to the 3D structure of heparin, which features one helix turn every four residues, this fragment corresponds to the minimum binding motif. We have performed a complete NMR study and found that the trisaccharides have a similar 3D structure to regular heparin itself, but their spectral properties are such that allow to extract very detailed information about distances and coupling constants as they are isotropic molecules. The characteristic conformational equilibrium of the central iduronate ring has been analyzed combining NMR and molecular dynamics and the populations of the conformers of the central iduronate ring have been calculated. We have found that in those compounds lacking the sulfate group at position 6 of the reducing end glucosamine, the population of 2S0 of the central iduronate residue is sensitive to the temperature decreasing to 19 % at 278 K. On the contrary, the trisaccharides with 6‐O‐sulfate in the reducing end glucosamine keep the level of population constant with temperature circa 40 % of 2S0 similar to that observed at room temperature. Another structural feature that has been revealed through this analysis is the larger flexibility of the L‐IdoAS‐ D‐GlcN glycosidic linkage, compared with the D‐GlcNS‐L‐IdoA. We propose that this is the point where the heparin chain is bended to form structures far from the regular helix known as kink that have been proposed to play an important role in the specificity of the heparin–protein interaction.
Phytoremediation of Pyrene Contaminated Soils by Different Plant Species
Authors: D'Orazio Valeria , Ghanem Alaà , Senesi Nicola 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present serious problems in the environment because they may affect negatively human health and alter native ecological communities. Phytoremediation has long been recognized as an efficient method of eliminating PAH pollutants from soil. A pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions to investigate the capability of three plant species, Medicago sativa, Brassica napus, and Lolium perenne, to promote the degradation of pyrene by measuring their growth on pyrene‐contaminated soils. After 90 days, pyrene concentration in soils declined by 32, 30, and 28%, respectively, with M. sativa, B. napus, and L. perenne, whereas it decreased only by 18% in the control soil without plants. These results indicated that pyrene was successfully removed by plants used. In particular, M. sativa showed the highest capacity for pyrene dissipation in soil, whereas L. perenne was more efficient in limiting adverse effects of pyrene contamination. In addition, the contaminant pyrene was undetectable in shoots and roots of the three species, likely because plant roots can stimulate soil microbial biomass and oxygen transport to the rhizosphere, thus facilitating indirectly the degradation process of pyrene. Further studies are in progress to evaluate the possible adsorption of pyrene to soil organic matter.
Control of ZnO Nanostructures via Vapor Transport
Authors: Modeshia Deena R. , Dunnill Charles W. , Suzuki Yuji , Al‐Ghamdi Ahmed A. , El‐Mossalamy Elsayed H. , Obaid Abdullah Y. , Basahel Sulaiman N. , Alyoubi Abdulrahman O. , Parkin Ivan. P. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractAn adapted form of vapor transport is used for the preparation of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures. Control of substrate, partial pressure, temperature, and deposition time enable the synthesis of seven ZnO samples, each with different morphology. Characterization by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows ZnO forms with a wide range of microstructures such as “nano‐stars”, “nano‐caterpillars”, urchin‐like structures, and vertically aligned forests of hexagonal nanorods. Adopting a systematic approach of varying a single parameter from the standard experimental method, enables an understanding of why the resultant morphologies are obtained. In particular, a growth mechanism is proposed whereby hexagonal crystals grow from the catalytic substrate consisting of gold droplets, close to, or at, the melting temperature, supersaturated with zinc and oxygen, allowing propagation of hexagonal “parent” pillars. Parent pillars then form “daughter” rods which propagate sideways from the faces with angles tending towards 60° from each other.
Rate constants for the reactions of Cl atoms with a series of C6–C10 cycloalkanes and cycloketones at 297 ± 2 K
Authors: Aschmann Sara M. , Atkinson Roger 
Published: November 2012

AbstractRate constants for the reactions of Cl atoms with cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclodecane, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, cyclooctanone, and cyclodecanone have been measured at 297 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air using a relative rate method. n‐Butane, with a rate constant of 2.05 × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, was used as the reference compound, and the rate constants obtained (in units of 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) were cycloheptane, 4.22 ± 0.15; cyclooctane, 4.57 ± 0.15; cyclodecane, 5.13 ± 0.15; cyclohexanone, 1.79 ± 0.06; cycloheptanone, 2.46 ± 0.07; cyclooctanone, 2.97 ± 0.09; and cyclodecanone, 3.65 ± 0.15, where the indicated errors are two least‐squares standard deviations and do not include uncertainties in the rate constant for the reference compound n‐butane. Room temperature rate constants for the C5–C10 cycloketones indicate that the CH2 groups adjacent to the carbonyl group are almost totally deactivated toward H‐atom abstraction by Cl atoms, and this also applies to acyclic ketones. A previous structure–reactivity relationship for Cl + alkanes has been extended to include acyclic and cyclic ketones. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 45: 52–58, 2013
Combination with genistein enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy against human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells
Authors: Ahn Jin‐Chul , Biswas Raktim , Chung Phil‐Sang 
Published: November 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectivePhotodynamic therapy (PDT) has become one of the emerging options in management of cancer and other diseases. The major goal of PDT is to kill cancer cell without causing any adverse effect to the normal cells. PDT in combination of different therapeutic agents is being evaluated to improve the efficacy of treatment. Genistein, a soy ingredient, has widely been studied against different types of cancer. In the present study, combination of these two therapeutic methods has been studied to evaluate the enhanced effectiveness and find out the mechanism of action.Materials and MethodsCombination of PDT and genistein has been studied against human thyroid cancer cells SNU 80. Cells were treated with genistein and different concentration of photofrin in PDT singly and conjointly. Viability of SNU 80 cells was analyzed using MTT assay. The cells were stained with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide (PI) for morphological observations. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also studied by confocal microscopy. Western blot analysis were also performed to find out the expressions of different pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic proteins.ResultsFrom the result, the combination of genistein and photofrin mediated PDT enhanced the apoptotic effect against SNU 80 cells. Proliferation of the cells was inhibited and the mitochondrial membrane depolarisation was observed. ROS level were also increased in combination treatment. The expressions of Caspase 3, Caspase 9, cytochrome c, Caspase 8, Caspae 12 and other apoptosis related proteins were also modified.ConclusionThus PDT can induce apoptosis in thyroid cancer cells singly or in combination with genistein. But in combination treatment, the efficacy of inducing apoptosis in SNU 80 cells is much higher than that of individual treatment with genistein or PDT. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 840–849, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of monetary and social rewards on task performance in children and adolescents: Liking is not enough
Authors: Demurie Ellen , Roeyers Herbert , Baeyens Dieter , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe current study compared the effects of reward anticipation on task performance in children and adolescents (8–16 years old) using monetary and various social rewards. Eighty‐five typically developing children undertook the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task. Of these 44 also undertook the Social Incentive Delay (SID‐basic) task where social reward was operationalized as a smiling face and spoken compliments. Forty‐one children participated in the SID‐plus where points were added to a pictogram with written compliments. In a preparatory validation study participants were asked howmuch they liked the SID‐basic rewards.Results showed that there was an effect of reward size on accuracy and RT in both the MID task and SID‐plus, but not SID‐basic. Subjective value of the SID‐basic rewards was rated higher with hypothesized increasing reward intensity. In conclusion, although the social rewards in SID‐basic were liked by children andadolescents in the validation study, they had no effect on the behaviour. Only when points were added (SID‐plus), anticipated social reward affected task performance. Thus our results highlight (i) the difference between likeability andreinforcing quality and (ii) the need for a quantifiable element to rewards for themto be reinforcing for children. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.