bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgery of male infertility: An update
Authors: Franco Giorgio , Misuraca Leonardo , Ciletti Mario , Leonardo Costantino , De Nunzio Cosimo , Palminteri Enzo , De Dominicis Carlo 
Published: September 2014

Surgery for male infertility includes three main areas: varicocele surgery, recanalization of seminal tract, sperm retrieval. Varicocele treatment in infertily is still controversial. Recent scientific evidence appears to demonstrate that in selected cases varicocele treatment is beneficial in improving semen parameters and pregnancy rate. The key for the success of treatment seems to be a correct indication. It is our opinion that varicocele should be treated in presence of abnormal semen parameters, when clinically significant, and in adolescents with atrophy of the affected testis. So far, no specific technique, either surgical, microsurgical or sclerotherapic, can be considered the gold standard. Good results in our hands have been obtained with the microsurgical lymphatic sparing high ligation of internal spermatic vein. Innovations in surgery for seminal tract obstructions include the new tubular invagination techniques for epididimovasostomy, which showed excellent results with a simplified and time-saving microsurgical approach. In distal obstructions, a new transperineal ultrasound-guided approach has been proposed for the diagnostic work-up and treatment. Advantages of this technique and of the TURED must be balanced with those of immediate sperm retrieval for ART. In sperm retrieval, microTESE represents the most important surgical evolution in non-obstructive azoospermia. We have recently proposed a new stepwise approach starting with a minimal equatorial incision for conventional testicular biopsy which is extended to perform microTESE only when no sperm is retrieved. In this way microTESE is offered only to patients who really need it. Another field of innovation is sperm retrieval for ICSI in patients with Klinefelter Syndrome.
ENSO impacts on Atlantic watersheds of South America
Authors: Isla Federico Ignacio , Toldo Junior Elirio Ernestino 
Published: September 2014

Interannual changes in precipitation cause significant effects on the Pacific watersheds of South America. Large rivers flowing to the Atlantic Ocean as the Paraná and Uruguay are also influenced by ENSO-triggered floods causing significant impacts on the economies of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. At the same time, the floodplains of small rivers are also sensitive to strong ENSOs. Floods occur approximately simultaneously in subtropical watersheds of Brazil and high-latitude watersheds of North Patagonia. ENSO-triggered floods were recorded during the years 1941-42, 1982-83 and 1997-98. Several floods impacted along the Itajaí River affecting the higher (Blumenau city) and lower estuary (Itajaí city). The Guaiba River, at the headlands of Lagoa dos Patos, has repeatedly flooded Porto Alegre. At the Río de la Plata basin, significant increases in the discharges were assigned to the Paraná and the Uruguay rivers. The small basin of the Quequén Grande River without extended floodplains is subject to periodic failure of its margins. The Colorado River, the northern limit of Patagonia, is allochthonous and its watershed was artificial and progressively modified; the ENSO event of 1983 caused an increase in its salinity due to the sudden reactivation of the Desaguadero-Curacó system.
Australia and Live Animal Export: Wronging Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Coghlan Simon 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
The decades-old trade of exporting nonhuman mammals by ship from Australia became a major political issue in 2011, when video taken by animal rights group Animals Australia was broadcast on television, showing Australian cattle being appallingly abused in Indonesian abattoirs. Taking its cue from the unprecedented response from Australians to the 2011 footage, many of whom were haunted by the video images, this article argues that the live export trade may be seen to wrong nonhuman animals according to several key ethical frameworks.
Intercellular Cooperation and Competition in Brain Cancers: Lessons FromDrosophilaand Human Studies
Authors: Waghmare Indrayani , Roebke Austin , Minata Mutsuko , Kango-Singh Madhuri , Nakano Ichiro 
Published: September 2014

SummaryGlioblastoma (GBM) is a primary brain cancer with an extremely poor prognosis. GBM tumors contain heterogeneous cellular components, including a small subpopulation of tumor cells termed glioma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs are characterized as chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-resistant cells with prominent tumorigenic ability. Studies in Drosophila cancer models demonstrated that interclonal cooperation and signaling from apoptotic clones provokes aggressive growth of neighboring tumorigenic clones, via compensatory proliferation or apoptosis induced proliferation. Mechanistically, these aggressive tumors depend on activation of Jun-N-terminal kinase (upstream of c-JUN), and Drosophila Wnt (Wg) in the apoptotic clones. Consistent with these nonmammalian studies, data from several mammalian studies have shown that c-JUN and Wnt are hyperactivated in aggressive tumors (including GBM). However, it remains elusive whether compensatory proliferation is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in cancers. In the present report, we summarize recent studies in Drosophila models and mammalian models (e.g., xenografts of human cancer cells into small animals) to elucidate the intercellular interactions between the apoptosis-prone cancer cells (e.g., non-GSCs) and the hyperproliferative cancer cells (e.g., GSCs). These evolving investigations will yield insights about molecular signaling interactions in the context of post-therapeutic phenotypic changes in human cancers. Furthermore, these studies are likely to revise our understanding of the genetic changes and post-therapeutic cell-cell interactions, which is a vital area of cancer biology with wide applications to many cancer types in humans.
A Case for Crowd Sourcing in Stem Cell Research
Authors: Dekkers Olaf M. , Mummery Christine L. , Rabelink Ton J. 
Published: September 2014

Summary
Thousands of patients and placebo-treated controls have been included in many clinical trials of stem cell therapy over the last decade or so, but often the study groups have been small. Their scientific value may therefore be limited and their ethical justification questionable. Would “crowd sourcing” for data sharing be a means of increasing the collective value of clinical trials? Here, we make a case for open access of all data emerging from stem cell studies (trials but also observational studies) independent of whether they are investigator-initiated or commercially driven.
Imperial Technoscience
Authors: Prasad Amit 
Published: September 2014

A study of science and technology practices that shows how even emergent aspects of research and development remain entangled with established hierarchies.
In the last four decades, during which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a cutting-edge medical technology and a cultural icon, technoscientific imaginaries and practices have undergone a profound change across the globe. Shifting transnational geography of tecchnoscientific innovations is making commonly deployed Euro/West-centric divides such as west versus non-west or “innovating north” versus “non-innovating south” increasingly untenable—the world is indeed becoming flatter. Nevertheless, such dualist divides, which are intimately tied to other dualist categories that have been used to describe scientific knowledge and practice, continue to undergird analyses and imaginaries of transnational technoscience. Imperial Technoscience puts into broad relief the ambivalent and contradictory folding of Euro/west-centrism with emergent features of technoscience. It argues, Euro/West-centric historicism, and resulting over-determinations, not only hide the vibrant, albeit hierarchical, transnational histories of technoscience, but also tell us little about shifting geography of technoscientific innovations. The book utilizes a deconstructive-empirical approach to explore “entangled” histories of MRI across disciplines (physics, chemistry, medicine, etc.), institutions (university, hospitals, industry, etc.), and nations (United States, Britain, and India). Entangled histories of MRI, it shows, better explain emergence and consolidation of particular technoscientific trajectories and shifts in transnational geography of science and technology (e.g. centers and peripheries).
A Metaphysics of Psychopathology
Authors: Zachar Peter 
Published: September 2014

An exploration of what it means to think about psychiatric disorders as “real,” “true,” and “objective” and the implications for classification and diagnosis.
In psychiatry, few question the legitimacy of asking whether a given psychiatric disorder is real; similarly, in psychology, scholars debate the reality of such theoretical entities as general intelligence, superegos, and personality traits. And yet in both disciplines, little thought is given to what is meant by the rather abstract philosophical concept of “real.” Indeed, certain psychiatric disorders have passed from real to imaginary (as in the case of multiple personality disorder) and from imaginary to real (as in the case of post-traumatic stress disorder). In this book, Peter Zachar considers such terms as “real” and “reality”—invoked in psychiatry but often obscure and remote from their instances—as abstract philosophical concepts. He then examines the implications of his approach for psychiatric classification and psychopathology.
Proposing what he calls a scientifically inspired pragmatism, Zachar considers such topics as the essentialist bias, diagnostic literalism, and the concepts of natural kind and social construct. Turning explicitly to psychiatric topics, he proposes a new model for the domain of psychiatric disorders, the imperfect community model, which avoids both relativism and essentialism. He uses this model to understand such recent controversies as the attempt to eliminate narcissistic personality disorder from the DSM-5. Returning to such concepts as real, true, and objective, Zachar argues that not only should we use these metaphysical concepts to think philosophically about other concepts, we should think philosophically about them.
Competing in Architecture. Crowdsourcing as a Research Tool
Authors: Newton Clare , Backhouse Sarah 
Published: September 2014

Architectural competitions are powerful strategies for generating visual ideas for new futures. Academic research generates new knowledge based on rigorous investigations of informed propositions. This paper describes an unusual merging of a research process with a competition process using crowdsourcing to leverage knowledge. The Australian Research Council (ARC) is the pre-eminent funding body of academic research for universities across Australia. In 2010 a multidisciplinary academic team, with twelve industry partners including six education departments, successfully sought ARC research funding. The application proposed an unprecedented strategy to include an open Ideas Competition in the middle year of a three-year research program as a form of crowdsourcing to leverage knowledge between academia and industry. The research project, entitled Future Proofing Schools, was focused on Australia’s relocatable school buildings.
Book review. Ann-Hege Lorvik Waterhouse: In the material world: Perspectives and practices in kindergarten art activities
Authors: Frisch Nina Scott 
Published: September 2014

In the review of Ann-Hege Lorvik Waterhouse’s book I materialenes verden; perspektiver og praksiser i barnehagens kunstneriske virksomhet (In the material world: Perspectives and practices in kindergarten art activities), Frisch states that despite the fact that the author is in some ways critical of the impact Reggio Emilia has had on Norwegian kindergartens, in her opinion, the book's content rests on the shoulders of the exploratory child-centred educational philosophy. The book offers great, relevant images related to new reflective concrete ideas, and it has a beautiful layout. Waterhouse points out her core argument several places in the text: a good kindergarten teacher is a creative kindergarten teacher – and the book reviewer adds, a good kindergarten teacher is a reading, reflecting kindergarten teacher.
Alternative theoretical and methodological approaches for exploring higher education in Art and Crafts
Authors: Gulliksen Marte Sørebø 
Published: September 2014

This article presents and discusses approaches for exploring higher education in Art and Crafts. The concepts exploring versus research and the different foci in an insider perspective versus an outsider perspective introduces the theme. An insider perspective is said to be a useful starting point for inquiry, referring to Frayling’s trichotomy research into, research on and research through from 1993. The field of higher education in Art and Crafts education is shortly presented as comprising two main areas of knowledge: knowledge of education, and knowledge about the different subject areas within Art and Crafts. Both theory and practice are a part of these areas of knowledge. As higher education in Art and Crafts is a making profession, the most prominent challenge when exploring this today is thus said to be to develop research based knowledge on Education in Art and Crafts as a making discipline. Two keywords are deemed to be useful in approaching this theme: Mode 2 knowledge production and transdisciplinarity. The article concludes with describing specific ways of doing this today from within the context of application. Two examples of large research projects in Scandinavia are presented as examples of such projects.
Deriving dynamics from GPS radio occultation: Three‐dimensional wind fields for monitoring the climate
Authors: Scherllin‐Pirscher Barbara , Steiner Andrea Karin , Kirchengast Gottfried 
Published: September 2014

AbstractGlobal Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) measurements are proven highly useful for observing the thermal structure of the troposphere and stratosphere. Here we use RO data for the first time to derive climatological wind fields from sampling error‐corrected geopotential height fields on isobaric surfaces from about 800 hPa to 3 hPa. We find monthly mean RO geostrophic wind and gradient wind fields (2007 to 2012, about 500 km horizontal resolution, outside tropics) to clearly capture all main wind features, with differences to atmospheric analysis winds being, in general, smaller than 2 m/s. Larger differences (up to 10 m/s) occur close to the subtropical jet where RO winds underestimate actual winds. Such biases are caused by the geostrophic and gradient wind approximations, while RO retrieval errors introduce negligible effect. These results demonstrate that RO wind fields are of high quality and can provide new information on troposphere‐stratosphere dynamics, for the benefit of monitoring the climate from weekly to decadal scales.
Large‐amplitude electric fields associated with bursty bulk flow braking in the Earth's plasma sheet
Authors: Ergun R. E. , Goodrich K. A. , Stawarz J. E. , Andersson L. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe report observations of large‐amplitude (>50 mV/m) electric fields primarily associated with bursty bulk flow events. These electric fields reach ~500 mV/m, which are some of the largest electric fields (E) observed in the magnetotail. E not only has a larger than expected component perpendicular to the magnetic field but often has an intense parallel component. High time resolution waveforms reveal nonlinear structures such as electron phase‐space holes and double layers, which suggest strong field‐aligned currents or electron beams. Further examination shows that these large‐amplitude electric fields are almost always accompanied by enhanced magnetic field fluctuations. The electric fields are enhanced both above and below the ion cyclotron frequency, whereas the magnetic field fluctuations (δB) are mostly below the ion cyclotron frequency. Analysis of the wave spectra and the Poynting flux suggest that shear Alfvén waves are participating in these events. The Alfvén waves are revealed through the |δE|/|δB| ratio and strong field‐aligned Poynting flux, sometimes reaching nearly 1 mW/m2. This value, when mapped to the low‐altitude auroral region, exceeds 1 W/m2, which is an extreme value for that region. This Alfvénic activity is accompanied by evidence of compressional modes. These observations support a hypothesis whereby intense currents or electron beams, generated by kinetic Alfvénic waves that result from a turbulent cascade in bursty bulk flow (BBF) braking region, may be an energy source for large‐amplitude electric fields. The large‐amplitude electric fields may act as a dissipation mechanism and relax the highly tangled magnetic fields that result from the turbulence. Furthermore, these observations offer strong support that Alfvénic Poynting flux from the BBF braking region can be the energy source for Alfvénic aurora.
Deriving the effective scale height in the topside ionosphere based on ionosonde and satellite in situ observations
Authors: Liu Libo , Huang He , Chen Yiding , Le Huijun , Ning Baiqi , Wan Weixing , Zhang Hui 
Published: September 2014

AbstractChapman scale height is a valuable key parameter measuring the shape of the profile of plasma density in the F2 layer ionosphere. Currently, the data of Chapman scale height are routinely derived from ionogram observations at many ionosonde stations in terms of the SAO explorer software. In this report, we collected the in situ observations of plasma density at altitudes around 600 km from the ROCSAT‐1 satellite and of simultaneous F peak parameters from an ionosonde operated at Wuhan (30.6°N, 114.4°E), a low‐latitude station in central China, to estimate the topside plasma density profiles by using the Chapman α function and further retrieve Chapman scale height. Evident solar cycle, seasonal variation, and local time variation are presented in the retrieved Chapman scale height over Wuhan. The climatological features of the derived Chapman scale height are significantly different from those from the ground‐based ionograms. Such significant discrepancy suggests that further improvements are required in the present extrapolating topside electron density profiles from ionosonde observations. Furthermore, the attempt to constructing plasma density profiles through combining ionosonde and satellite in situ observations provides a new way to reanalyze observations from different sources and normalize plasma density recorded at varying altitudes to specified altitudes, which is critical and more convenient for ionospheric climatology studies.
Localized and distributed creep along the southern San Andreas Fault
Authors: Lindsey Eric O. , Fialko Yuri , Bock Yehuda , Sandwell David T. , Bilham Roger 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe investigate the spatial pattern of surface creep and off‐fault deformation along the southern segment of the San Andreas Fault using a combination of multiple interferometric synthetic aperture radar viewing geometries and survey‐mode GPS occupations of a dense array crossing the fault. Radar observations from Envisat during the period 2003–2010 were used to separate the pattern of horizontal and vertical motion, providing a high‐resolution image of uplift and shallow creep along the fault trace. The data reveal pervasive shallow creep along the southernmost 50 km of the fault. Creep is localized on a well‐defined fault trace only in the Mecca Hills and Durmid Hill areas, while elsewhere creep appears to be distributed over a 1–2 km wide zone surrounding the fault. The degree of strain localization is correlated with variations in the local fault strike. Using a two‐dimensional boundary element model, we show that stresses resulting from slip on a curved fault can promote or inhibit inelastic failure within the fault zone in a pattern matching the observations. The occurrence of shallow, localized interseismic fault creep within mature fault zones may thus be partly controlled by the local fault geometry and normal stress, with implications for models of fault zone evolution, shallow coseismic slip deficit, and geologic estimates of long‐term slip rates.
Storms modify baroclinic energy fluxes in a seasonally stratified shelf sea: Inertial‐tidal interaction
Authors: Hopkins Joanne E. , Stephenson Gordon R. , Green J. A. M. , Inall Mark E. , Palmer Matthew R. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractObservations made near the Celtic Sea shelf edge are used to investigate the interaction between wind‐generated near‐inertial oscillations and the semidiurnal internal tide. Linear, baroclinic energy fluxes within the near‐inertial (f) and semidiurnal (M2) wave bands are calculated from measurements of velocity and density structure at two moorings located 40 km from the internal tidal generation zone. Over the 2 week deployment period, the semidiurnal tide drove 28–48 W m−1 of energy directly on‐shelf. Little spring‐neap variability could be detected. Horizontal near‐inertial energy fluxes were an order of magnitude weaker, but nonlinear interaction between the vertical shear of inertial oscillations and the vertical velocity associated with the semidiurnal internal tide led to a 25–43% increase in positive on‐shelf energy flux. The phase relationship between f and M2 determines whether this nonlinear interaction enhances or dampens the linear tidal component of the flux, and introduces a 2 day counter‐clockwise beating to the energy transport. Two very clear contrasting regimes of (a) tidally and (b) inertially driven shear and energy flux are captured in the observations.
Surface radiative impacts of ash deposits from the 2009 eruption of Redoubt volcano
Authors: Young Cindy L. , Sokolik Irina N. , Flanner Mark G. , Dufek Josef 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe solar broadband albedo change, surface radiative forcing, and snowmelt rate associated with ash deposits based on those from the 2009 eruption of Redoubt volcano were calculated using the field‐corroborated loadings from the Fall3D and the SNow, ICe, and Aerosol Radiation models. The optical properties of ash were calculated from Mie theory, using size information from the Fall3D model. Two sizes of snow grains were used in order to simulate a young and old snowpack. The results show concentrations of aerosol‐sized ash in snow range from ~6.9 × 104 to 1 × 108 ppb, for the distal edge of the deposits (located ~100–570 km from the vent) to the vent, and integrated solar albedo reductions of ~0–59% for new snow and ~0–85% for old snow. These albedo reductions are much larger than those typical for black carbon and are of the same order of magnitude as those reported for volcanic deposits in Antarctica. The daily mean surface shortwave forcings associated with ash deposits on snow were ~0–96 W m−2 from the most distal deposits to the near‐vent deposits. We show that forcings caused by ash deposits can be greater than those caused by dust deposits. There were no accelerated snowmelts calculated for the edges of the deposits. However, for areas of higher ash concentrations, daily melting rates were conservatively estimated to be ~140–160% higher than those of pure snow. We find that ash deposits from midsized volcanic eruptions can be a major agent of deposit‐induced snowmelt.