bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association between Lesion Location and Functional Outcome after Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Yassi Nawaf , Churilov Leonid , Campbell Bruce C.V. , Sharma Gagan , Bammer Roland , Desmond Patricia M. , Parsons Mark W. , Albers Gregory W. , Donnan Geoffrey A. , Davis Stephen M. 
Published: June 2015

Background Infarct location has a critical effect on patient outcome after ischemic stroke, but the study of its role independent of overall lesion volume is challenging. We performed a retrospective, hypothesis-generating study of the effect of infarct location on three-month functional outcome in a pooled analysis of the EPITHET and DEFUSE studies. Methods Posttreatment MRI diffusion lesions were manually segmented and transformed into standard-space. A novel composite brain atlas derived from three standard brain atlases and encompassing 132 cortical and sub-cortical structures was used to segment the transformed lesion into different brain regions, and calculate the percentage of each region infarcted. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was performed to determine the important regions in each hemisphere associated with nonfavorable outcome at day 90 (modified Rankin score [mRS] > 1). Results Overall, 152 patients (82 left hemisphere) were included. Median diffusion lesion volume was 37·0 ml, and median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Score was 13. In the left hemisphere, the strongest determinants of nonfavorable outcome were infarction of the uncinate fasciculus, followed by precuneus, angular gyrus and total diffusion lesion volume. In the right hemisphere, the strongest determinants of nonfavorable outcome were infarction of the parietal lobe followed by the putamen. Conclusions Assessment of infarct location using CART demonstrates regional characteristics associated with poor outcome. Prognostically important locations include limbic, default-mode and language areas in the left hemisphere, and visuospatial and motor regions in the right hemisphere.
Small cortical infarcts: prevalence, determinants, and cognitive correlates in the general population
Authors: Riba-Llena Iolanda , Koek Marcel , Verhaaren Benjamin F. J. , Vrooman Henri A. , van der Lugt Aad , Hofman Albert , Ikram M. Arfan , Vernooij Meike W. 
Published: June 2015

Background Cortical brain infarcts are defined as infarcts involving cortical gray matter, but may differ considerably in size. It is unknown whether small cortical infarcts have a similar clinical phenotype as larger counterparts. We investigated prevalence, determinants, and cognitive correlates of small cortical infarcts in the general population and compared these with large cortical infarcts and lacunar infarcts. Methods Four thousand nine hundred five nondemented individuals (age 63.95 ± 10.99) from a population-based study were included. Infarcts were rated on magnetic resonance imaging and participants were classified according to mean infarct diameter into small (≤15 mm in largest diameter) or large (>15 mm) cortical infarcts, lacunar infarcts, or a combination of subtypes. Spatial distribution maps were created for manually labeled small and large infarcts. Participants underwent cognitive testing. Analyses were performed using multinomial regression and analysis of covariance. Results Three hundred eighty-one (7.8%) persons had any infarct on magnetic resonance imaging, among whom 54 with small (1.1%) and 77 (1.6%) with large cortical infarcts. Small cortical infarcts were mainly localized in external watershed areas, whereas large cortical infarcts were localized primarily in large arterial territories. Age (odds ratio = 1.06; 95% confidence interval = 1.02, 1.09), male gender (1.98; 1.01, 3.92), and smoking (2.55; 1.06, 6.14) were determinants of small cortical infarcts. Participants with these infarcts had worse scores in delayed memory, processing speed, and attention tests than persons without infarcts, even after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions In the elderly, small cortical infarcts appear as frequent as large infarcts but in different localization. Our results suggest that small cortical infarcts share cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive correlates with large cortical, but also with lacunar infarcts.
Understanding buyers' loyalty to a C2C platform: the roles of social capital, satisfaction and perceived effectiveness of e‐commerce institutional mechanisms
Authors: Huang Qian , Chen Xiayu , Ou Carol Xiaojuan , Davison Robert M. , Hua Zhongsheng 
Published: June 2015

AbstractDrawing upon social capital theory, this study aims to investigate how different dimensions of social capital affect online buyers' satisfaction and ultimately boost their loyalty to a Consumer‐to‐Consumer (C2C) platform. Specifically, we propose that three dimensions of social capital (i.e., cognitive, structural and relational capital) contribute positively to the two types of online buyers' satisfaction (i.e., economic and social satisfaction). In addition, we posit that perceived effectiveness of e‐commerce institutional mechanisms (PEEIM) moderates the relationships between economic and social satisfaction and buyers' loyalty to the platform. Three hundred buyers on the Consumer‐to‐Consumer platform, TaoBao, were surveyed to test the proposed model. The results suggest that buyers' evaluation of social capital with the community of sellers can enhance their satisfaction with the sellers, which subsequently affect their loyalty to the platform. Furthermore, perceived effectiveness of e‐commerce institutional mechanisms negatively moderates the effect of economic satisfaction and positively moderates the effect of social satisfaction on buyers' loyalty to the platform. The theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.
British nurses' attitudes to electroconvulsive therapy, 1945–2000
Authors: Adams John 
Published: June 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of the study was to collect and analyse historical material on nurses' attitudes to electroconvulsive therapy in Britain between 1945–2000.BackgroundElectroconvulsive therapy became widely used in Britain from the late 1940s onwards and remains in current use, but became one of the main targets of the ‘antipsychiatry’ movement of the 1960s and 1970s.DesignA cultural history design was used to recreate the perspectives of mental health nurses in the period under review.MethodA range of primary sources including journal articles, textbooks and oral history sources were combined to create a coherent historical account.FindingsThe controversy surrounding electroconvulsive therapy created a deep‐seated ambivalence towards it among mental health nurses. While a sizeable minority were critical of its use and may have taken steps to avoid involvement with it, most acquiesced in providing the treatment. Recorded incidents of outright refusal to participate are few.ConclusionMental health nurses' views on electroconvulsive therapy are reflective of the profession's growing knowledge of the use of evidence in debating whether particular therapies should be used.
Social presence in online discussions as a process predictor of academic performance
Authors: Joksimović S. , Gašević D. , Kovanović V. , Riecke B. E. , Hatala M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractWith the steady development of online education and online learning environments, possibilities to support social interactions between students have advanced significantly. This study examined the relationship between indicators of social presence and academic performance. Social presence is defined as students' ability to engage socially with an online learning community. The results of a multiple regression analysis showed that certain indicators of social presence were significant predictors of final grades in a master's level computer science online course. Moreover, the study also revealed that teaching presence moderated the association between social presence and academic performance, indicating that a course design that increased the level of meaningful interactions between students had a significant impact on the development of social presence, and thus could positively affect students' academic performance. This is especially important in situations when discussions are introduced to promote the development of learning outcomes assessed in courses. Another implication of our results is that indicators of social presence can be used for early detection of students at risk of failing a course. Findings inform research and practice in the emerging field of learning analytics by prompting the opportunities to offer actionable insights into the reasons why certain students are lagging behind.
Genetic and Physiological Diversity in the Diatom Nitzschia inconspicua
Authors: Rovira Laia , Trobajo Rosa , Sato Shinya , Ibáñez Carles , Mann David G. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractNitzschia inconspicua is an ecologically important diatom species, which is believed to have a widespread distribution and to be tolerant to salinity and to organic or nutrient pollution. However, its identification is not straightforward and there is no information on genetic and ecophysiological diversity within the species. We used morphological, molecular (rbcL and LSU D1–D3), ecophysiological and reproductive data to investigate whether N. inconspicua constitutes a single species with a broad ecological tolerance or two or more cryptic species with shared or different ecological preferences. Molecular genetic data for clones from upstream and deltaic sites in the Ebro River basin (Catalonia, Spain) revealed seven N. inconspicua rbcL + LSU genotypes grouped into three major clades. Two of the clades were related to other Nitzschia and Denticula species, making N. inconspicua paraphyletic and suggesting the need for taxonomic revision. Most clones were observed to be automictic, exhibiting paedogamy, and so the biological species concept cannot be used to establish species boundaries. Although there were morphological differences among clones, we found no consistent differences among genotypes belonging to different clades, which are definable only through sequence data. Nevertheless, separating the genotypes could be important for ecological purposes because two different ecophysiological responses were encountered among them.
Validation of Polytomella piriformis nomen nudum (Chlamydomonadaceae): a Distinct Lineage Within a Genus of Nonphotosynthetic Green Algae
Authors: MacDonald Shelley M. , Lee Robert W. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPolytomella strain SAG 63‐10 was first described by Pringsheim (1963) as Polytomella piriformis nomen nudum. The current study validates the name Polytomella piriformis following the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). We present 18S rRNA sequences of SAG 63‐10 and several other Polytomella strains, which, along with existing mitochondrial DNA sequences, clearly distinguishes P. piriformis n. sp. from other available Polytomella species. The first type material of the species is presented, as well as an illustration and micrographs. Our own observations of P. piriformis SAG 63‐10 are compared to Pringsheim's description and to descriptions of other valid Polytomella spp.
Values of the Minimal Clinically Important Difference for the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire in Individuals with Dementia
Authors: Mao Hui‐Fen , Kuo Chun‐An , Huang Wen‐Ni , Cummings Jeffrey L. , Hwang Tzung‐Jeng 
Published: June 2015

ObjectivesTo estimate the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI‐Q), a widely used measure of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSDs) and associated caregiver stress.DesignTen registered nurses rated the severity of BPSDs and caregiver distress using the NPI‐Q during six monthly assessments and an external reference, a 7‐point Likert‐type global rating of BPSDs change during five monthly assessments from the second to the sixth month. An anchor‐based (global ratings of change) approach and a distribution‐based (standard error of measurement) approach were used to determine the MCID for the NPI‐Q severity and distress subscales.SettingLong‐term care facility.ParticipantsNonbedridden residents with dementia (n = 45) and registered nurses (n = 10).MeasurementsNPI‐Q (severity and caregiver distress subscales) and global ratings of changes in BPSDs on a 7‐point Likert‐type scale.ResultsThe NPI‐Q MCID ranges were 2.77 to 3.18 for severity and 3.10 to 3.95 for distress. Residents in the highest NPI‐Q tertile at baseline had higher MCID severity (3.62) and distress (5.08) scores than those in the lowest tertile (severity (2.40), distress (3.10)).ConclusionThis study provides an estimate of the MCID for severity and distress subscales of the NPI‐Q, which can help clinicians and researchers determine whether NPI‐Q change scores within a group of individuals with dementia are beyond measurement error and are clinically important.
Computational microscopic imaging for malaria parasite detection: a systematic review
Authors: DAS D.K. , MUKHERJEE R. , CHAKRABORTY C. 
Published: June 2015

SummaryMalaria, being an epidemic disease, demands its rapid and accurate diagnosis for proper intervention. Microscopic image‐based characterization of erythrocytes plays an integral role in screening of malaria parasites. In practice, microscopic evaluation of blood smear image is the gold standard for malaria diagnosis; where the pathologist visually examines the stained slide under the light microscope. This visual inspection is subjective, error‐prone and time consuming. In order to address such issues, computational microscopic imaging methods have been given importance in recent times in the field of digital pathology. Recently, such quantitative microscopic techniques have rapidly evolved for abnormal erythrocyte detection, segmentation and semi/fully automated classification by minimizing such diagnostic errors for computerized malaria detection. The aim of this paper is to present a review on enhancement, segmentation, microscopic feature extraction and computer‐aided classification for malaria parasite detection.
Comparative brain morphology of Neotropical parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes) inferred from virtual 3D endocasts
Authors: Carril Julieta , Tambussi Claudia Patricia , Degrange Federico Javier , Benitez Saldivar María Juliana , Picasso Mariana Beatriz Julieta 
Published: June 2015

AbstractPsittaciformes are a very diverse group of non‐passerine birds, with advanced cognitive abilities and highly developed locomotor and feeding behaviours. Using computed tomography and three‐dimensional (3D) visualization software, the endocasts of 14 extant Neotropical parrots were reconstructed, with the aim of analysing, comparing and exploring the morphology of the brain within the clade. A 3D geomorphometric analysis was performed, and the encephalization quotient (EQ) was calculated. Brain morphology character states were traced onto a Psittaciformes tree in order to facilitate interpretation of morphological traits in a phylogenetic context. Our results indicate that: (i) there are two conspicuously distinct brain morphologies, one considered walnut type (quadrangular and wider than long) and the other rounded (narrower and rostrally tapered); (ii) Psittaciformes possess a noticeable notch between hemisphaeria that divides the bulbus olfactorius; (iii) the plesiomorphic and most frequently observed characteristics of Neotropical parrots are a rostrally tapered telencephalon in dorsal view, distinctly enlarged dorsal expansion of the eminentia sagittalis and conspicuous fissura mediana; (iv) there is a positive correlation between body mass and brain volume; (v) psittacids are characterized by high EQ values that suggest high brain volumes in relation to their body masses; and (vi) the endocranial morphology of the Psittaciformes as a whole is distinctive relative to other birds. This new knowledge of brain morphology offers much potential for further insight in paleoneurological, phylogenetic and evolutionary studies.
Comparing the Developmental Genetics of Cognition and Personality over the Life Span
Authors: Briley Daniel A. , Tucker‐Drob Elliot M. 
Published: June 2015

AbstractEmpirical studies of cognitive ability and personality have tended to operate in isolation of one another. We suggest that returning to a unified approach to considering the development of individual differences in both cognition and personality can enrich our understanding of human development. We draw on previous meta‐analyses of longitudinal, behavior genetic studies of cognition and personality across the life span, focusing particular attention on age trends in heritability and differential stability. Both cognition and personality are moderately heritable and exhibit large increases in stability with age; however, marked differences are evident. First, the heritability of cognition increases substantially with child age, while the heritability of personality decreases modestly with age. Second, increasing stability of cognition with age is overwhelmingly mediated by genetic factors, whereas increasing stability of personality with age is entirely mediated by environmental factors. Third, the maturational time‐course of stability differs: Stability of cognition nears its asymptote by the end of the first decade of life, whereas stability of personality takes three decades to near its asymptote. We discuss how proximal gene–environment dynamics, developmental processes, broad social contexts, and evolutionary pressures may intersect to give rise to these divergent patterns.
Mechanical comparison of monofilament nylon leader and orthopaedic wire for median sternotomy closure
Authors: McCready D. J. , Bell J. C. , Ness M. G. , Tarlton J. F. 
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVESTo compare the mechanical properties of monofilament nylon leader and orthopaedic wire for median sternotomy closure in the dog.MATERIALS AND METHODSMedian sternotomy was performed in 14 canine cadaver sternums with the manubrium intact. The sternotomy was closed with either 80 lb monofilament nylon leader or 20G orthopaedic stainless steel wire in a peristernal figure of 8 pattern. Constructs were loaded in a servohydraulic material testing machine. Load at yield, maximum load, stiffness, displacement and mode of failure were compared between constructs subjected to a single cycle load to failure.RESULTSNo significant differences were found in load at yield, maximum load, stiffness or displacement between the monofilament nylon leader and the stainless steel wire constructs. No implant failure was evident in the stainless steel wire constructs. Four of the monofilament nylon leader constructs failed by pulling of the nylon through the crimp.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEMonofilament nylon leader is mechanically comparable to stainless steel wire and potentially a suitable alternative for closure of median sternotomy in the dog.
Sexual Dysfunctions in Men and Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Influence of IBD-Related Clinical Factors and Depression on Sexual Function
Authors: Bel Linda G.J. , Vollebregt Anna M. , Van der Meulen-de Jong Andrea E. , Fidder Herma H. , Ten Hove Willem R. , Vliet-Vlieland Cornelia W. , ter Kuile Moniek M. , de Groot Helena E. , Both Stephanie 
Published: June 2015

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is likely to have an impact on sexual function because of its symptoms, like diarrhea, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Depression is commonly reported in IBD and is also related to impaired sexual function. This study aimed to evaluate sexual function and its association with depression among patients with IBD compared with controls.

Methods
IBD patients registered at two hospitals participated. The control group consisted of a general practitioner practice population. The web-based questionnaire included the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) for women and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) for men. Other variables evaluated were depression, disease activity, IBD-related quality of life, body image, and fatigue.

Results
In total, 168 female and 119 male patients were available for analysis (response rate 24%). Overall, patients with IBD did not significantly differ in prevalence of sexual dysfunctions from controls: female patients 52%, female controls 44%, male patients and male controls both 25%. However, men and women with an active disease scored significantly lower than patients in remission and controls, indicating impaired sexual functioning during disease activity. Significant associations were found between active disease, fatigue, depressive mood, quality of life, and sexual function for both male and female patients. The association between disease activity and sexual function was totally mediated by depression.

Conclusion
Male and female IBD patients with an active disease show impaired sexual function relative to patients in remission and controls. Depression is the most important determinant for impaired sexual function in IBD.
The Culture System Affects Organoleptic Properties and Lipid Composition of Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) Meat
Authors: Másílko Jan , Zajíc Tomáš , Hlaváč David 
Published: June 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the main quality parameters in relation to two different carp culture systems. The quality of common carp fillet, such fat content, fatty acid composition, textural properties and sensory parameters, was evaluated. Carps were harvested from semi‐intensive (SIS) and extensive (ES) systems, respectively. The results show no significant differences between the groups in organoleptic tests. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the textual parameters (especially hardness). A difference in the fat content and fatty acid profile (P < 0.05) between two different carp culture systems was also observed. This study shows that the quality of common carp fillets particularly depends on the culture system used. Feeding strategies as well as general pond management are therefore of critical importance to enhance the overall quality of common carp fillets and meet the consumer demands.Practical ApplicationsThe present study gives insight into the effects of different rearing systems and feeding strategies on important quality properties such as fat content and texture of carp fillets. We showed that feeding strategies as well as general pond management are of critical importance to enhance the quality of common carp fillets and meet the consumer demands. Fish farmers can use the obtained knowledge to produce carp according to the customers demand. As consumer preferences with respect to fat content and softness have shown a regional variability, the used culture system and the resulting quality should be indicated at the market.
Jacques Maritain's Definition of Art
Authors: Haynes Anthony Richard 
Published: June 2015

AbstractI examine Jacques Maritain's definition of art and what it contributes to debates on definitions of art in contemporary aesthetics. Of particular concern are the so-called ‘fine arts’. I make three claims; first, that Maritain's definition of art is superior to other traditional and contemporary theories in avoiding their pitfalls and accommodating key data to be met by definitions of art, such as the existence of avant-garde art. Second, I claim that in accommodating avant-garde art, in particular ‘conceptual art’, Maritain's definition of art refutes the Wittgensteinian argument that art is an ‘open concept’ which cannot be defined. My final, resulting claim is that Maritain's definition deserves to be the pre-eminent definition of art today. This article consists of four sections. Section one provides some context of definitions of art and the data and conditions that have to be met by a viable definition. Section two provides the foundation and first pillar of Maritain's definition of art, what I identify as a cumulative ‘descriptive’ definition. Section three provides the second pillar of Maritain's definition of art, applicable specifically to the fine arts. Section four applies Maritain's full descriptive definition to the problem of conceptual art.