bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
M2 macrophages promote beta-cell proliferation by up-regulation of SMAD7
Authors: Xiao Xiangwei , Gaffar Iljana , Guo Ping , Wiersch John , Fischbach Shane , Peirish Lauren , Song Zewen , El-Gohary Yousef , Prasadan Krishna , Shiota Chiyo , Gittes George K. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Here, we show how, mechanistically, inflammation-recruited macrophages may stimulate beta-cell proliferation in the pancreas, and specifically identify that TGFβ1 and EGF, which are secreted by M2 macrophages, induce SMAD7 expression in beta cells. SMAD7 not only activates cell cycle activators but also induces the nuclear exclusion of cell cycle inhibitors to promote beta-cell replication. Our study thus reveals a molecular pathway to induce beta-cell proliferation through enhanced SMAD7 activity specifically in beta cells.
Single-molecule spectroscopy reveals polymer effects of disordered proteins in crowded environments
Authors: Soranno Andrea , Koenig Iwo , Borgia Madeleine B. , Hofmann Hagen , Zosel Franziska , Nettels Daniel , Schuler Benjamin 
Published: March 2014

Significance
In the interior of a cell, the volume accessible to each protein molecule is restricted by the presence of the large number of other macromolecules. Such a crowded environment is known to affect the stability and folding rates of proteins. In the case of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), however, a class of proteins that lack stable structure, much less is known about the role of crowding effects. We have quantified the conformational changes occurring in IDPs in the presence of high concentrations of different polymers that act as crowding agents. Using single-molecule spectroscopy, we have identified effects that are typical of polymer solutions and have direct implications for the behavior of IDPs within the cell.
Selective attention in the honeybee optic lobes precedes behavioral choices
Authors: Paulk Angelique C. , Stacey Jacqueline A. , Pearson Thomas W. J. , Taylor Gavin J. , Moore Richard J. D. , Srinivasan Mandyam V. , van Swinderen Bruno 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Attention, observed in a wide variety of animals from insects to humans, involves selectively attending to behaviorally relevant stimuli while filtering out other stimuli. We designed a paradigm that allowed us to record brain activity in tethered, walking bees selecting virtual visual objects. We found that stimulus-specific brain activity increased when the bees controlled the position of the visual objects, and that activity decreased when bees were not in control. When bees were presented with competing objects, brain activity in the optic lobes preceded behavioral choices; this suggests that in animals with tiny brains, such as bees, attention-like processes are pushed far out into the sensory periphery. This trait is likely important for efficiently navigating complex visual environments.
Decoupling catalytic activity from biological function of the ATPase that powers lipopolysaccharide transport
Authors: Sherman David J. , Lazarus Michael B. , Murphy Lea , Liu Charles , Walker Suzanne , Ruiz Natividad , Kahne Daniel 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Gram-negative bacteria contain an unusual outer membrane that prevents the entry of most currently available antibiotics. This membrane contains a complex glycolipid, LPS, on the exterior. It is not understood how such a large molecule, which can contain hundreds of sugars and six fatty acyl chains, is transported across the cell envelope from its site of synthesis in the cytoplasmic membrane to the cell surface. Using a combination of genetics, biochemistry, and structural biology, we characterized residues in the protein that powers LPS transport to gain mechanistic insight into how ATP hydrolysis is coupled to the biological function of the transporter. These tools help us understand how to design antibiotics targeting this essential pathway.
Flying
Drosophila
stabilize their vision-based velocity controller by sensing wind with their antennae
Authors: Fuller Sawyer Buckminster , Straw Andrew D. , Peek Martin Y. , Murray Richard M. , Dickinson Michael H. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Insects are widely appreciated for their aerial agility, but the organization of their control system is not well understood. In particular, it is not known how they rapidly integrate information from different sensory systems—such as their eyes and antennae—to regulate flight speed. Although vision may provide an estimate of the true groundspeed in the presence of wind, delays inherent in visual processing compromise the performance of the flight speed regulator and make the animal unstable. Mechanoreceptors on the antennae of flies cannot measure groundspeed directly, but can detect changes in airspeed more quickly. By integrating information from both senses, flies achieve stable regulation of flight speed that is robust to perturbations such as gusts of wind.
Representations of space, time, and number in neonates
Authors: de Hevia Maria Dolores , Izard Véronique , Coubart Aurélie , Spelke Elizabeth S. , Streri Arlette 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Space, time, and number are connected in the world and in the human mind. How do these connections arise? Do we learn to link larger numbers and durations to longer spatial extents because they are correlated in the world, or is the human mind built to capture these relations? We showed that neonates relate both number and duration to spatial length when these dimensions vary in the same direction (number or duration increases as length increases), but not in opposite directions (number or duration increases and length decreases). After being familiarized to a pairing between two magnitudes, newborns expect these dimensions to change in the same direction. At birth, humans are sensitive to the common structure of these fundamental magnitudes.
High-resolution antibody dynamics of vaccine-induced immune responses
Authors: Laserson Uri , Vigneault Francois , Gadala-Maria Daniel , Yaari Gur , Uduman Mohamed , Vander Heiden Jason A. , Kelton William , Taek Jung Sang , Liu Yi , Laserson Jonathan , Chari Raj , Lee Je-Hyuk , Bachelet Ido , Hickey Brendan , Lieberman-Aiden Erez , Hanczaruk Bozena , Simen Birgitte B. , Egholm Michael , Koller Daphne , Georgiou George , Kleinstein Steven H. , Church George M. 
Published: March 2014

SignificanceThe immune system must constantly adapt to combat infections and other challenges. This is accomplished by continuously evolving the antibody repertoire, and by maintaining memory of prior challenges. By using next-generation DNA sequencing technology, we have examined the shear amount of antibody made by individuals during a flu vaccination trial. We demonstrate one of the first characterizations of the fast antibody dynamics through time in multiple individuals responding to an immune challenge.
Periodic root branching in
Arabidopsis
requires synthesis of an uncharacterized carotenoid derivative
Authors: Van Norman Jaimie M. , Zhang Jingyuan , Cazzonelli Christopher I. , Pogson Barry J. , Harrison Peter J. , Bugg Timothy D. H. , Chan Kai Xun , Thompson Andrew J. , Benfey Philip N. 
Published: March 2014

Significance
A fundamental question in developmental biology is how patterns are established in space and time. In plants, key differences in root system architecture are attributed to the spatial distribution pattern of lateral roots (LRs), yet how the pattern of LRs is established is only beginning to be understood. We demonstrate that the establishment of sites competent to form LRs roots requires carotenoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, our results implicate an uncharacterized carotenoid-derived molecule that functions non–cell-autonomously, specifically in LR formation. The results of this study reveal novel aspects of carotenoid biology and expand the roles of carotenoid-derived molecules into root developmental patterning.
Mycobacterial outer membrane is a lipid bilayer and the inner membrane is unusually rich in diacyl phosphatidylinositol dimannosides
Authors: Bansal-Mutalik Ritu , Nikaido Hiroshi 
Published: March 2014

Significance
Mycobacteria include human pathogens that still kill millions annually. They are naturally resistant to commonly used antibiotics, presumably because the cell interior is well protected by the presence of the lipid-rich cell wall, which is thought to exist as a membrane, or the outer membrane. However, it was not known whether a sufficient number of lipid molecules existed to form a bilayer within the cell wall. We used a unique method that extracts only cell-wall lipids and showed that there are indeed enough lipids to cover the cell surface entirely as a bilayer. The analysis of inner, cell-membrane lipids also gave an unexpected insight, suggesting that the nature of the inner membrane might also contribute to generalized drug resistance.
Introduction: Border communities: microstudies on everyday life, politics and memory in European Societies from 1945 to the present
Authors: Oates-Indruchová Libora , Blaive Muriel 
Published: March 2014

The 1989/1991 demise of European communist regimes created a powerful impulse for the investigation of memory cultures at Cold War borders and, subsequently, for reflections on the creation of new European border regimes. The four studies included in this special section investigate these two processes on a micro level of their dynamics in new and old borderlands from the perspectives of history, anthropology and political science. At the same time, they explore the relations between the everyday life experience of borderland communities and larger historical and political processes, sometimes going back to the re-drawing of European borders in the aftermath of the First World War.It is the hybrid nature of borders as at the same time separating and connecting (Anzaldúa 1987; Gupta and Fergusson 1997), as the place where “a transition between two worlds is most pronounced” (Van Gennep 1960 paraphrased in Berdahl 1999, 12) that makes them such an attractive and interdisciplinary site of research. It is of interest to geographers, historians, anthropologists, sociologists and other social scientists (e.g. Donnan and Wilson 1994; Anderson 1997; Ganster et al. 1997; Breysach, Paszek, and Tölle 2003; Wastl-Walter 2010). Daphne Berdahl sees boundaries as “symbols through which states, nations, and localities define themselves. They define at once territorial limits and sociocultural space” (Berdahl 1999, 3). Border research distinguishes between “border,” “bordering,” and “borderland” or “frontier” (the term first defined by Turner 1921). While borders connote a dividing line, borderlands connote an area, and bordering refers to the process of border- and borderland-creation. Borders are established through a three-stage process of allocation, delimitation and demarcation: a territory is first placed (allocated) under the jurisdiction of a government, then an imaginary line is drawn (delimited) on a map, and finally the boundary is marked with physical markers (demarcated) in the terrain (Sahlins 1989, 2). Borderlands or frontier zones are “privileged sites for the articulation of national distinctions” (Sahlins 1989, 271), and as such are places where difference is produced and institutionalized through territorial sovereignty, but also constantly renegotiated by multiple actors.
Oxidative‐Stress Biomarkers in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Reis Graziela S. , Augusto Viviane S. , Silveira Ana Paula C. , Jordão Alceu A. , Baddini‐Martinez José , Neto Omero Poli , Rodrigues Alfredo José , Evora Paulo Roberto B. 
Published: March 2014

This controlled, prospective, nonrandomized clinical investigation has as its chief strength the fact that it was done in humans with active disease and apparently on fairly modest therapeutic regimens. The aim was to present the results of oxidative‐stress biomarkers in humans suffering from pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Inflammation and oxidative stress are essential in PAH with increased lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant defenses. Twenty‐four adult patients of both sexes, with a mean age of 21 years, were subdivided into 2 groups: a control group of 12 healthy, nonsmoking volunteers and a PAH group (PAHG) of 12 volunteers with PAH receiving outpatient treatment. Oxidative stress was evaluated by plasma activity of reduced glutathione (GSH); lipid peroxidation was expressed by malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid hydroperoxide (ferrous oxidation of xylenol orange [FOX] assay); vitamin E was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analyses showed significant differences for (1) the TNF‐α measure, with highest values in PAHG patients; (2) the plasma GSH, with lowest values in PAHG patients; (3) vitamin E, with the lowest concentrations in PAHG patients; (4) MDA measure, with highest values in PAHG patients; and (5) the lipid hydroperoxide FOX measure, with highest values in PAHG patients. In conclusion, inflammation and oxidative stress are present in patients with PAH, as confirmed by increased lipid peroxidation, reduced GSH, and low concentrations of vitamin E.
Stock identification of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in US waters: an interdisciplinary approach
Authors: Zemeckis Douglas R. , Martins David , Kerr Lisa A. , Cadrin Steven X. 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Mismatches between biological population structure and management unit boundaries often violate the unit-stock assumption, which can reduce the accuracy and relevance of stock assessment results and lead to ineffective fishery management. Since 1972, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) have been managed in US waters as two units: the Gulf of Maine and the Georges Bank stocks, both of which have experienced recent difficulties in rebuilding. An interdisciplinary review of available biological information was conducted to investigate cod population structure in US waters and to evaluate the biological appropriateness of the current two-stock model. Our review demonstrates that spawning components in the Great South Channel, Nantucket Shoals, southern New England, and Middle Atlantic are more connected with spawning components in the Gulf of Maine than on eastern Georges Bank, with which they are currently managed. Therefore, a modification of current stock boundaries is recommended to provide a more accurate representation of biological population structure. Proposed alternatives divide inshore and offshore spawning components into separate management units, thereby separating the current Georges Bank stock longitudinally. Continued research, including stock composition analysis, is required to evaluate uncertainties, delineate biological stocks, and develop sustainable management practices that account for intrastock diversity (e.g. winter and spring-spawning components that overlap spatially).
Towards intensive parenting? Changes in the composition and determinants of mothers' and fathers' time with children 1992–2006
Authors: Craig Lyn , Powell Abigail , Smyth Ciara 
Published: March 2014

AbstractContemporary expectations of good parenting hold that focused, intensive parental attention is essential to children's development. Parental input is viewed as a key determinant in children's social, psychological and educational outcomes, with the early years particularly crucial. However, increased rates of maternal employment mean that more parents are juggling work and family commitments and have less non‐work time available to devote to children. Yet studies find that parental childcare time has increased over recent decades. In this paper, we explore the detail of this trend using data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Time Use Survey (TUS), 1992 and 2006. To investigate whether discourses on intensive parenting are reflected in behaviour, we examine a greater range of parent–child activities than has been undertaken to date, looking at trends in active childcare time (disaggregated into talk‐based, physical and accompanying care activities); time in childcare as a secondary activity; time spent in the company of children in leisure activities; and time spent in the company of children in total. We also investigate whether the influence of factors known to predict parental time with children (gender, education, employment status and the age of children) have changed over time. We contextualize our analyses within social and economic trends in Australia and find a compositional change in parental time, with more active childcare occurring within less overall time, which suggests more intensive, child‐centred parenting. Fathers' parent–child time, particularly in physical care, increased more than mothers' (from a much lower base), and tertiary education no longer predicts significantly higher childcare time.
Indirect causes of severe adverse maternal outcomes: a secondary analysis of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health
Authors: Lumbiganon P , Laopaiboon M , Intarut N , Vogel JP , Souza JP , Gülmezoglu AM , Mori R 
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the proportion of severe maternal outcomes resulting from indirect causes, and to determine pregnancy outcomes of women with indirect causes.DesignSecondary analysis of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health.SettingA total of 359 health facilities in 29 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.SampleA total of 314 623 pregnant women admitted to the participating facilities.MethodsWe identified the percentage of women with severe maternal outcomes arising from indirect causes. We evaluated the risk of severe maternal and perinatal outcomes in women with, versus without, underlying indirect causes, using adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, by a multilevel, multivariate logistic regression model, accounting for clustering effects within countries and health facilities.Main outcome measuresSevere maternal outcomes and preterm birth, fetal mortality, early neonatal mortality, perinatal mortality, low birthweight, and neonatal intensive care unit admission.ResultsAmongst 314 623 included women, 2822 were reported to suffer from severe maternal outcomes, out of which 20.9% (589/2822; 95% CI 20.1–21.6%) were associated with indirect causes. The most common indirect cause was anaemia (50%). Women with underlying indirect causes showed significantly higher risk of obstetric complications (adjusted odds ratio, aOR, 7.0; 95% CI 6.6–7.4), severe maternal outcomes (aOR 27.9; 95% CI 24.7–31.6), and perinatal mortality (aOR 3.8; 95% CI 3.5–4.1).ConclusionsIndirect causes were responsible for about one‐fifth of severe maternal outcomes. Women with underlying indirect causes had significantly increased risks of severe maternal and perinatal outcomes.
Advanced maternal age and pregnancy outcomes: a multicountry assessment
Authors: Laopaiboon M , Lumbiganon P , Intarut N , Mori R , Ganchimeg T , Vogel JP , Souza JP , Gülmezoglu AM ,   on behalf of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal Newborn Health Research Network
Published: March 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the association between advanced maternal age (AMA) and adverse pregnancy outcomes.DesignSecondary analysis of the facility‐based, cross‐sectional data of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health.SettingsA total of 359 health facilities in 29 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.SampleA total of 308 149 singleton pregnant women admitted to the participating health facilities.MethodsWe estimated the prevalence of pregnant women with advanced age (35 years or older). We calculated adjusted odds ratios of individual severe maternal and perinatal outcomes in these women, compared with women aged 20–34 years, using a multilevel, multivariate logistic regression model, accounting for clustering effects within countries and health facilities. The confounding factors included facility and individual characteristics, as well as country (classified by maternal mortality ratio level).Main outcome measuresSevere maternal adverse outcomes, including maternal near miss (MNM), maternal death (MD), and severe maternal outcome (SMO), and perinatal outcomes, including preterm birth (<37 weeks of gestation), stillbirths, early neonatal mortality, perinatal mortality, low birthweight (<2500 g), and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission.ResultsThe prevalence of pregnant women with AMA was 12.3% (37 787/308 149). Advanced maternal age significantly increased the risk of maternal adverse outcomes, including MNM, MD, and SMO, as well as the risk of stillbirths and perinatal mortalities.ConclusionsAdvanced maternal age predisposes women to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The findings of this study would facilitate antenatal counselling and management of women in this age category.
Is chronic kidney disease associated with diabetic retinopathy in Asian adults? 在亚洲成年人中慢性肾病与糖尿病视网膜病变相关吗？
Authors: Sabanayagam Charumathi , Foo Valencia Hui Xian , Ikram M Kamran , Huang Huiqi , Lim Su Chi , Lamoureux Ecosse L , Tai E Shyong , Wong Tien Yin 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundDiabetic nephropathy (DN) is commonly associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Few studies have demonstrated that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with DR. However, it is not clear if CKD in the absence of albuminuria is associated with DR.MethodsWe included 301 participants with diabetes (Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnicity aged ≥24 years who participated in the Singapore Prospective Study Program (2003–2007). Retinal photographs taken from both eyes were graded for DR using the modified Airlie House Classification. We examined the association of CKD defined by low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (<60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, n = 54), and albuminuria (urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio ≥30, n = 116) with any‐DR (n = 99) in logistic regression models. We replicated this analysis in another independent population‐based sample of Malay adults (n = 265) with similar methodology in Singapore.Results41% of those with low‐eGFR had normoalbuminuria. In separate models, while albuminuria was significantly associated with any‐DR, low‐eGFR was not significantly associated with any‐DR. In a model combining both markers, compared to the referent group (normal‐eGFR+normoalbuminuria), the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of any‐DR were: 2.33 (1.27–4.27) for normal‐eGFR+albuminuria, 1.38 (0.49–3.91) for low‐eGFR + normoalbuminuria, and 2.64 (1.05–6.63) for low‐eGFR+albuminuria. Similar findings for any‐DR were observed in the replication cohort of Malay persons (3.56 [1.49–8.54] for normal‐eGFR+albuminuria, 1.69 (0.52–5.55) for low‐eGFR+normoalbuminuria, 4.34 [1.68–11.24] for low‐eGFR+albuminuria.ConclusionWe demonstrated that CKD is associated with DR only in the presence of albuminuria suggesting that CKD is more likely related to diabetes in the presence of albuminuria.
Polysensitisation in a laboratory scientist associated with allergic contact dermatitis from methylisothiazolinone in skin cleansers
Authors: Palmer Matthew J , Nixon Rosemary 
Published: March 2014

AbstractPolysensitisation refers to reactivity to three or more allergens on epicutaneous patch testing, and is likely to affect a distinct subgroup of individuals with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is an increasingly prevalent allergen, recently having been described as occurring in epidemic proportions. We report a patient with ACD to 12 allergens, including MIT, and discuss the implications of polysensitisation and the likely need for repeat patch testing in such patients if they subsequently re‐present with dermatitis.