bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and predictors of non-response to hepatitis B vaccination among dialysis patients
Authors: Johannes L , Mashabane MJ , Diana NE 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Background: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global health problem and a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dialysis patients have an increased risk of contracting HBV due to shared dialysis machines, use of blood products and arteriovenous fistula or graft needling. The efficacy of HBV vaccination series is reduced in dialysis patients. The efficacy of this intervention needs to be better studied in South Africa.

Methods: All patients undergoing dialysis at a large urban hospital who had received the HBV vaccine at least 6 months prior had the following variables documented: demographics; aetiology of end stage kidney disease (ESKD); mode of dialysis; history of smoking or immunosuppression; body mass index (BMI) and serology (HBV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status). The prevalence of non-response to the HBV vaccination and predictors of non-response in these patients was determined.

Results: 129 patients were included with a median age of 45 years, 52.7% were male, 14.3% were HIV positive and 2.3% were HCV infected. 21% of patients had a BMI greater than 30kg/m². 8.5% of patients received immunosuppression. The commonest cause of ESKD was ‘unknown aetiology’ (39.5%) followed by hypertension (31.0%). 55% were receiving haemodialysis and 45% peritoneal dialysis. 21.7% of the cohort had not adequately responded to the HBV vaccine. Immunosuppression was associated with poorer HBV vaccine response (p = 0.0498); no other variables predicted seroconversion.

Conclusion: This study from a large urban hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa, demonstrated a seroconversion rate similar to international studies. Only the use of immunosuppression showed a lower odds ratio of a successful vaccination.
RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI KUIS DENGAN FITUR EMBEDDING KUIS UNTUK MEMBANTU PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS WEB
Authors: Prayoga Yogie , Sukmawati R. Ati , Saputra Novan Alkaf Bahraini , Purba Harja Santana , Adini Muhammad Hifdzi 
Published: July 2024

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan sebuah aplikasi embedding kuis untuk membantu pengembangan media pembelajaran berbasis web dengan fitur embedding kuis yang dapat membantu pengembangan kuis pada media pembelajaran berbasis web, yang dikembangkan menggunakan metode extreme programming. Selanjutnya tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji fungsionalitas aplikasi menggunakan black-box testing, dalam mengembangkan aplikasi ini digunakan metode Research and Development (R&D) dengan menggunakan model pengembangan perangkat lunak extreme programming dengan langkah perencanaan(Planning), perancangan(design), pengkodean (coding), dan uji coba (testing), pengembangan aplikasi embeding kuis untuk membantu pengembangan media pembelajaran berbasis web ini menggunakan framework laravel dengan bahasa pemrograman php, hasil dari penelitian ini adalah aplikasi kuis dengan fitur embedding yang dapat membantu mempercepat pembuatan media pembelajaran interaktif sehingga pengembang tidak lagi membuat fitur kuis, aplikasi ini diuji fungsionalitasnya menggunakan metode black-box testing dan didapat hasil 100% yang diinterpretasikan sangat baik.RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI KUIS DENGAN FITUR EMBEDDING KUIS UNTUK MEMBANTU PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS WEB
KELIMPAHAN POPULASI Moina macrocopa DIPERTAHANKAN DALAM MEDIA KULTUR MASSA DITAMBAHKAN TEPUNG SPIRULINA PLATENSIS
Authors: Redha El , Fauzana Noor Arida , Akbar Junius , Rukmini Rukmini 
Published: July 2024

The purpose of the research was to evaluate the response of the population abundance of Moina macrocopa to the addition of Spirulina platensis flour into mass culture media. In this research, each added 0 mg/day (control), 500 mg/day, 750 mg/day of Spirulina platensis, as well as the treatments being tested. As a control, dry manure was used. This research was conducted at the Wet Laboratory (wet lab.) Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Lambung Mangkurat University Banjarbaru. As an experimental container (experimental unit) were 12 aquariums measuring 45 x 25 x 30 cm. In this research, an experimental design was applied, namely Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Statistical testing using Test F or ANOVA with a significant level of 5% and 1%. The further statistical analysis used for the significant treatment calculated F value was Duncan's Test (DMRT). The results showed that at the peak of the abundance of Moina macrocopa (day 21), the highest population was in treatment B = 708 ind/liter, followed by treatment C=535.33 ind and treatment A=70.66 ind/liter. The results of statistical tests (ANOVA) showed that there was no significant difference (F < Ftable 0.05) in the abundance of Moina macrocopa in the three mass culture media added with Spirulina platensis flour.
Edukasi Pencegahan dan Penanganan Penyakit Influenza Selama Musim Hujan pada Pasien di Klinik dan Apotek Callista Farma
Authors: Sida Nurramadhani A. , Firdarini Evi Apriyani , Muhammad Umi Kalsum , Ramdhayani Vinarti 
Published: July 2024

Musim hujan dikaitkan dengan penyakit penyertanya seperti influenza. Meskipun sering terjadi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, pencegahan dan pengobatan penyakit ini sering diabaikan oleh para penderitanya. Tujuan dari pengabdian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai pencegahan dan penanganan influenza baik menggunakan terapi farmakologis maupun non farmakologis. Edukasi disampaikan menggunakan metode ceramah dengan media leaflet. Sasaran pengabdian ini adalah masyarakat yang menunggu obat pada Klinik dan apotek Callista Farma. Hasil yang diperoleh diketahui gejala influenza yang dirasakan oleh pasien sebagian besar adalah flu dan batuk. Masyarakat mendapatkan informasi mengenai flu dan batuk meliputi pengertian, penyebab, gejala yang muncul, pencegahan, dan pengobatannya. Kesimpulan edukasi yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan media leaflet dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat agar tepat pengobatan dan dapat melakukan pencegahan terkait influenza. Edukasi serupa dapat dilakukan pada fasilitas kesehatan lainnya. Kata Kunci: Batuk, Ceramah, Flu, Leaflet, Sosialisasi The rainy season is associated with accompanying diseases such as influenza. This disease is often found in everyday life, but prevention and treatment are still often ignored by sufferers of this disease. The aim of this public service was to increase public knowledge regarding the prevention and treatment of influenza using both pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. The material was delivered using public lectures with leaflet media. The target of this public service was people who were waiting for medicine at the Callista Farma clinic and pharmacy. The results of the service showed that the influenza symptoms experienced by patients were mostly flu and cough. The public received information about flu and coughs, including their meaning, causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment. In conclusion, education carried out using leaflet media increased public knowledge, enabling proper treatment and prevention related to influenza. Similar education could be carried out at other health facilities.
Upaya Peningkatan Pengetahuan dan Peran Kader Posyandu Lansia Terhadap Penggunaan Obat Diabetes Mellitus Selama Puasa di Puskesmas Banjarbaru Utara
Authors: Silviana Mega , Narulita Feni , Sari Diany Kartika 
Published: July 2024

Permasalahan penggunaan obat pasien diabetes mellitus terjadi pada pasien yang menjalani puasa di bulan ramadhan. Kader Posyandu dapat berperan dalam membantu tenaga kesehatan mengedukasi dan meningkatkan kualitas kesehatan di masyarakat. Pelatihan penggunaan obat diabetes mellitus selama puasa oleh Apoteker sangat diperlukan untuk kader sebagai bahan edukasi pada masyarakat binaannya. Tujuan dari pengabdian masyarakat yaitu meningkatkan pengetahuan dan peran kader posyandu lansia terhadap penggunaan obat diabetes melitus selama puasa di Puskesmas Banjarbaru Utara. Kegiatan pelatihan dilaksanakan pada 18 Maret 2024 melibatkan 12 orang kader posyandu lansia dari Posyandu Wiku, Posyandu Harum, Posyandu Seroja, dan Posyandu Amaco. Tahapan kegiatan meliputi rapat koordinasi, pembagian undangan, pelaksanaan pelatihan, evaluasi pelatihan, pelaksanaan implementasi edukasi, dan evaluasi implementasi. Hasil evaluasi pelatihan menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan dari rata-rata pretest 50,41 menjadi rata-rata posttest kader posyandu setelah mengikuti pelatihan yaitu 86,67. Kader selanjutnya mengimplementasikan hasil pelatihan dengan memberikan edukasi pada masyarakat yang menggunakan obat diabetes melitus menggunakan leaflet yang telah disediakan. Hasil kuesioner kepuasan dari masyarakat yang mendapatkan edukasi dari kader menunjukkan rata-rata skor kepuasan mencapai 89,99 atau kategori sangat baik. Kesimpulan dari kegiatan ini yaitu pelatihan penggunaan obat diabetes mellitus dapat meningkatan pengetahuan dan peran dari kader posyandu lansia di Puskesmas Banjarbaru Utara. Kata Kunci: Apoteker, Edukasi, Masyarakat, Pelatihan Problems in treating diabetes mellitus patients occur while the patient is fasting in the month of Ramadan. Posyandu cadres can help health workers educate and improve the quality of health in the community. Training on the use of diabetes mellitus medication during fasting by pharmacists is very necessary. The aim of community service is to increase the knowledge and role of elderly posyandu cadres in the use of diabetes mellitus medication during fasting. The training was held on March 18 2024 involving 12 cadres from Posyandu. The activity stages include coordination meetings, distribution of invitations, training activities, training evaluation, educational implementation, and implementation evaluation. The results of the training evaluation showed that there was an increase in knowledge from a pretest average of 50.41 to a posttest average of 86.67. Cadres then implement the results of the training by providing education to the community. The results of the satisfaction questionnaire from the community showed that the average satisfaction score reached 89.99 in the very good category. The conclusion is that training in the use of diabetes mellitus medication is known to increase the knowledge and role of posyandu cadres in the work area of the North Banjarbaru Primary Health Care.
Peningkatan Pengetahuan Mengenai Epilepsi Pada Pasien Poli Saraf Rumah Sakit Ulin Banjarmasin
Authors: Madani Al , Ramadhan Fery , Khalifah Sefa Nur , Tjitradi Sukhito Yohanes , Putra Aditya Maulana Perdana , Sari Okta Muthia , Rizki Muhammad Ikhwan , Rahmatullah Satrio Wibowo 
Published: July 2024

Epilepsi adalah kondisi neurologis serius yang terkait dengan stigma, penyakit penyerta psikiatri, dan biaya ekonomi yang tinggi. Masih banyak stigma yang melekat pada orang dengan epilepsi di Indonesia, dan mereka seringkali mengalami diskriminasi dan kesulitan dalam mendapatkan perawatan medis yang tepat. Tujuan promosi kesehatan adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan mengenai epilepsi. Promosi kesehatan menerapkan metode ceramah serta leaflet dalam pemberian edukasi. Evaluasi kegiatan pengabdian ini melalui penilaian kuesoner. Kegiatan Promosi Kesehatan tentang “Epilepsi dan Penanganan saat Kejang” di Rumah Sakit Ulin Banjarmasin dilaksanakan pada hari Kamis, 2 November 2023. Sasaran promosi kesehatan ini adalah pasien dan keluarga pasien yang datang ke poli saraf Rumah Sakit Ulin Banjarmasin. Sebanyak 15 peserta ikut dalam kegiatan promosi kesehatan ini. Hasil dari kegiatan diperoleh terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan sebesar 87% yang ditandai dengan peningkatan nilai skor total kuesioner peserta yang mengikuti kegiatan. Kata Kunci: Promosi Kesehatan, Epilepsi, Pengetahuan Epilepsy is a serious neurological condition associated with stigma, psychiatric comorbidities and high economic costs. There is still a lot of stigma attached to people with epilepsy in Indonesia, and they often experience discrimination and difficulties in getting appropriate medical care. The aim of the health promotion was to increase knowledge about epilepsy. Health promotion applied the lecture method and leaflets in providing education. Evaluation of this service activity through questionnaire assessment. Health Promotion activities on "Epilepsy and Handling during Seizures" at Ulin Hospital Banjarmasin were carried out on Thursday, November 2, 2023. The targets of this health promotion are patients and families of patients who come to the neurology clinic of Ulin Hospital Banjarmasin. A total of 14 participants participated in this health promotion activity. The results of the activity obtained there was an increase in knowledge by 87% which was marked by an increase in the total score of the questionnaire of participants who participated in the activity.
KAJIAN ETNOBOTANI TUMBUHAN OBAT OLEH MASYARAKAT DAYAK DEAH DESA PANGELAK KECAMATAN UPAU KABUPATEN TABALONG PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Tampubolon Anggi Ocman , Sutiya Budi , Yuniarti Yuniarti 
Published: July 2024

Pangelak Village is inhabited by the majority of Dayak Deah who have knowledge in the use of medicinal plants for generations. The knowledge possessed by the Dayak community is diverse, such as belief in the spirits of previous ancestors and ethnobotanical studies that they conduct in traditional medicine. This study used a descriptive method with in-depth interviews with selected persons, including traditional leaders and traditional healers using a questionnaire and purposive sampling techniques. The results obtained indicate that there are 39 types of medicinal plants. These medicinal plants are used for the treatment of back pain, impotence, nefrolitiasis, ulcers, antidote, hepatitis, cough, wound infection, cancer, diarrhoea, typhoid, bone fracture, stomach. pain, fever and hypertension. The most widely used plant part is the root, which is as much as 45.95%. Plant parts can be processed into medicine in 5 ways: mixed with other plants and soaked with water, mixed with other plants and boiled, mixed with other plants or other ingredients and mashed, steamed, and sliced for sapDesa Pangelak dihuni oleh mayoritas Dayak Deah yang memiliki pengetahuan dalam penggunaan tanaman obat secara turun temurun. Pengetahuan yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat Dayak beragam, seperti kepercayaan terhadap arwah nenek moyang sebelumnya dan studi etnobotani yang mereka lakukan dalam pengobatan tradisional. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan wawancara mendalam dengan narasumber terpilih, antara lain tokoh adat dan pengobat tradisional dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa ada 39 jenis tanaman obat, tanaman obat ini digunakan untuk pengobatan sakit pinggang, lemah syahwat, kencing batu, maag, penawar, hepatitis, batuk, infeksi luka, kanker, diare, tipus, patah tulang, perut, nyeri, demam dan hipertensi. Bagian yang banyak digunakan adalah akar sebanyak 45,95%. Bagian tumbuhan dapat diolah menjadi obat dengan 5 cara: dicampur dengan tumbuhan lain dan di rendam dengan air, dicampur dengan tumbuhan lain dan di rebus, dicampur tumbuhan lain atau bahan lain dan dihaluskan, dikukus, dan disayat diambil getahnya.
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH SERBUK KAYU KARET (Havea brasiliensis) DAN SERABUT TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (Elais guineensis) SEBAGAI KOMPOSISI BAHAN PEMBUATAN PAPAN PARTIKEL
Authors: Rifa’i Muhammad , Rahmadi Adi , Lusyiani Lusyiani 
Published: July 2024

Salah satu jenis produk panel kayu atau komposit yang dibuat dari partikel kayu atau bahan yang mengandung lignoselulosa dan diikat menggunakan perekat maupun campuran pengikat lainnya yang nantinya dikempa panas merupakan papan partikel. Papan partikel sebagai salah satu alternatif yang dapat dipilih dalam rangka diversifikasi bahan berlignoselulosa seperti serbuk kayu, sabut kelapa dan lain-lain. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi lapisan papan dari campuran dari campuran serbuk kayu karet dan sabut tandan kosong kelapa sawit meliputi sifat fisik dan mekanik papan partikel dengan menggunakan standar SNI 03-2105-2006. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap cara pengambilan sampel 3 perlakuan dengan 3 kali ulangan sehingga jumlah uji seluruhnya adalah 9 sampel uji. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu sifat fisika yang dimiliki berupa nilai uji kadar air perlakuan A yaitu 17,92 %, pada perlakuan B nilai uji yang didapat 15,30 %, dan nilai pada perlakuan C 16,71%, nilai uji kerapatan perlakuan A didapat 0,44 gr/cm3, perlakuan B dengan nilai 0,66 gt/cm3 dan perlakuan C dengan nilai 0,62 gr/cm3, serta nilai uji pengembangan tebal pada perlakuan A adalah 38,71 % pada perlakuan B 37,63 % dan pada perlakuan C nilai yang didapat 26,93 % sehingga hal ini mengakibatkan penambahan volume tinggi pada papan, sedangkan sifat mekanik perlakuan C dengan nilai MoR 63,06933 kg/cm2 dan MoE 2011,078 kg/cm2, rata-rata memiliki nilai lebih baik dibanding papan partikel dengan perlakuan A dengan nilai MoR 27,82267 kg/cm2 dan MoE 1060,957 kg/cm2 dan perlakuan B dengan nilai MoR 53,34467 kg/cm2 dan MoE 1635,001 kg/cm2.
PENGEMBANGAN INSTRUMEN PENILAIAN SUMATIF MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA PADA IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM MERDEKA DI SMK NEGERI 1 BANJARMASIN
Authors: Nufus Rifdatun , Pasani Chairil Faif , Kamaliyah Kamaliyah 
Published: July 2024

Salah satu bentuk penilaian yang masih dipertahankan dalam Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka adalah penilaian sumatif. Penelitian pengembangan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses pengembangan dan menghasilkan instrumen penilaian sumatif yang valid dan reliabel. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Research and Development (R&D). Model pengembangan penelitian ini mengikuti alur ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). Analisis dilakukan terhadap validitas empiris, tingkat kesukaran, daya pembeda, reliabilitas, dan hasil belajar peserta didik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa; (1) Proses pengembangan instrumen penilaian sumatif dilakukan melalui lima tahapan, yaitu tahap analysis untuk mencari informasi terkait keadaan atau situasi di SMK Negeri 1 Banjarmasin, tahap design untuk merancang kisi-kisi dan instrumen penilaian, tahap development untuk mengembangkan kisi-kisi dan butir soal yang sudah dirancang, tahap implementation untuk mengetahui respons peserta didik pada uji coba kelompok kecil dan mendapatkan tingkat validitas serta reliabilitas pada uji coba lapangan, serta tahap evaluation untuk dapat memperbaiki produk instrumen penilaian sumatif. (2) Hasil analisis validitas empiris memperoleh 18 butir soal dalam kategori valid dan 2 tidak valid. Hasil analisis reliabilitas memperoleh nilai koefisien 0,815 dan masuk dalam kategori sangat reliabel.
WITHDRAWN: Net of subsidies as a driver to tackle the negative impact of capital income tax on economic growth: A dynamic CGE application to CEMAC countries
Authors: Tchoffo Rodrigue Nobosse , Tchio Severin Sezine , Tafakeu M. , Dounya Claude Matsop 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

The full text of this preprint has been withdrawn by the authors due to author disagreement with the posting of the preprint. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as a reference. Questions should be directed to the corresponding author.
Optimization Study to Maximize Biodiesel Yield Produced from Waste Vegetable Oil for a Pilot Scale Plant
Authors: Hanumanthegowda Kavitha Singonahalli , Shivanna Dinesh Mayasandra , Kumar Annadurai Arun , Hegde Akhila Subramanya 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Given the decreasing supply of fossil fuels and the unpleasant release of primary and secondary pollutants, while burning these fossil fuels, it has become essential to look for alternative fuels. Hence, the paper focuses on producing fuel that is environmentally friendly as well as economically feasible. Following the transesterification reaction, the production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil in the presence of sodium methoxide catalyst was optimized using Design of Experiments software. The process was performed on the lab scale and pilot plant scale in a portable skid-mounted reactor plant of capacity 25 L capable of producing 15 L/batch, and 60 L/day. The performance of product biodiesel was then assessed by blending it with commercial diesel made from petroleum and testing its ability to burn in an internal combustion engine. The study provided a good biodiesel yield of (99%), which is commercially viable.
Enhancing Biofuel Pellet Quality using Combined Torrefaction and Co-pelletization Processes of Palm Kernel Shell and Empty Fruit Bunch
Authors: Sang Chang Siaw , Samad Noor Asma Fazli Abdul , Saleh Suriyati Binti 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Palm kernel shell (PKS) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) are potential biomass resources for producing solid biofuel for energy applications. However, raw EFB and PKS are not uniform in size and pose rotting behavior. Torrefaction and co-pelletization are both effective methods to improve their combustion and mechanical characteristics. This study aims to investigate the effect of torrefaction temperature and the blending ratio of PKS and EFB on the mechanical and combustion characteristics of co-pellets. Initially, PKS and EFB underwent torrefaction process for 30 minutes at three different temperatures (210°C, 240°C, and 270°C). Then, both torrefied PKS and EFB were blended at five different ratios (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0) with carboxymethyl cellulose as a binder (10% by weight). The results showed that a higher torrefaction temperature resulted in an increment of the higher heating value (HHV) but weaker mechanical strength. Pellets with a blending ratio of PKS to EFB (75:25) torrefied at 240°C showed the comparatively best pellet quality in terms of HHV (17.94 MJ/kg), high compressive strength (3.5 MPa), low ash content (3.97 wt%), and the lowest density changes (0.66%), which satisfy the requirements set in standard EN ISO 17255-6 for good quality pellets, indicating that a high quality biofuel pellet can be produced using the combined approach of torrefaction and co-pelletization.
Exome Sequencing of 963 Chinese Families Identifies Novel Epilepsy Candidate Genes
Authors: Fan Shaohua , Ma Yu , Su Ke , Zhou Mingshan , Liu Yihan , Lu Guangqin , Li Chengjie , Wang Tianqi , Li Yingfeng , Zhang Qi , Guan Xia , Han Xiong , Li Wenling , Ren Rongna , Zhong Min , Ding Ding , Jiang Yong-hui , Peng Gang , Wang Yi , Wu Qihui 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Epilepsy, a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in children, is often accompanied by detrimental psychological consequences and other comorbidities. We perform exome sequencing on 963 patient-parent trios, revealing differences in genetic epidemiology between Chinese and European epilepsy cohorts. The diagnostic yield for known epilepsy genes is 40%. Pathogenic variants are most commonly identified in SCN1A, KCNQ2, and DEPDC5. Additionally, we identify 15 novel monogenic epilepsy candidates in at least two patients diagnosed with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, non-acquired focal epilepsy, or genetic generalized epilepsy, including ADCY2, BCAR3, CDC45, CHRNG, CRTC2, CSMD1, CSMD2, KDM6B, KIF1B, PLEKHM3, PPP4R1, RASGRP2, SGSM2, SYNE1, and ZFHX3. Aside from ADCY2, which is implicated in the GABAergic synapse pathway based on KEGG analysis, the remaining 14 candidates do not belong to known epilepsy pathways. Local field potential recordings in zebrafish and calcium imaging experiments validated associations for 11 candidates, excluding those unsuitable for functional analyses. Furthermore, CRTC2 overexpression leads to hippocampal neuronal hyperactivity using multi-electrode arrays and electrophysiology. We have documented the first-line medications prescribed for patients harboring variants in the novel candidate genes. This study expands our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of epilepsy and provides opportunities for early diagnosis and personalized medicine approaches.