bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Étude des nouveaux concepts, des sigles et des emprunts dans la terminologie de la circulation routière et de leur ancrage dans la réglementation routière belge
Authors: Dewolf Linda 
Published: August 2015

La terminologie de la circulation routière se situe dans un environnement particulier lié au caractère varié et évolutif du langage technique, à de nouvelles pratiques policières, à de nouvelles règles en matière de circulation routière et à la place importante que tient le contexte juridique international. Tous ces facteurs contribuent à l’émergence de nouveaux termes posant des problèmes corollaires relatifs à la recherche d’équivalents et à l’absence d’harmonisation. Partant de ce constat, dans cette étude nous nous sommes fixé comme objectif d’exposer les mécanismes d’emprunts, de néologie et de siglaison. Les définitions des nouveaux concepts sont situées dans le cadre législatif belge du code de la route, de la loi de base et des arrêtés royaux d’exécution.
L’analyse de tout ce processus d’enrichissement terminologique aboutit à une procédure de validation interne décrite dans la méthodologie, qui vise à garantir la compatibilité du concept dans son environnement juridique et souligne l’importance d’impliquer les experts pour préciser les concepts techniques. Elle corrobore enfin l’hypothèse qui visait à établir une cote de fiabilité dépendant du degré d’ancrage de ces termes dans l’usage, le jargon policier et la législation belge.
Le réalisme inactuel d’André Major
Authors: Biron Michel 
Published: August 2015

De tous les écrivains québécois contemporains, André Major est sans doute celui qui se réclame le plus directement d’un certain réalisme, notamment dans sa trilogie Histoires de déserteurs (1974-1976). Ce réalisme est mal reçu à l’époque, jugé trop conventionnel, trop « bourgeois ». Inspiré d’écrivains devenus classiques, comme Tchékhov ou Simenon, André Major s’inscrit naturellement contre une modernité fascinée par la virtuosité formelle et les thèmes à la mode. Le réalisme prend chez lui une valeur polémique paradoxale : ce qui situe son texte dans un certain canon littéraire est aussi ce qui reçoit une valeur contestatrice. De même, la prose discrète, précise et lisse que pratique Major dans ses romans comme dans ses carnets s’oppose aux jeux de mots et au style baroque qu’affectionnent tant d’écrivains au Québec. Dans cet article, l’auteur étudie ce curieux renversement de valeurs qui fait du réalisme le plus discret une forme « nouvelle » de contestation.
La médiation intertextuelle
Authors: Lamontagne André 
Published: August 2015

La vie provisoire et À quoi ça rime ? ont en commun un parcours
diégétique qui s’ouvre sur une scène extraterritoriale (respectivement la République
dominicaine et le Portugal), retourne à Montréal et se déplace dans les Laurentides, lieu de
retraite et d’ermitage littéraire. Dans chacun des deux romans, le personnage central fait
une multitude de deuils (oncle, épouse, ami, relations amoureuses, vie antérieure) et aspire
au détachement, à devenir autre. Cette découverte de l’autre en soi prend une dimension
hautement intertextuelle : le protagoniste de La vie provisoire lit et relit les
auteurs russes dans son refuge et invente un conte sur le modèle des Mille et une
nuits, tandis que le narrateur d’À quoi ça rime ? suit les traces de Fernando
Pessoa (lui-même connu pour ses hétéronymes) dans Lisbonne et cherche des vecteurs
identitaires dans la littérature. Cet article se propose d’étudier la représentation de la
lecture dans les deux derniers romans d’André Major : ses modalités et ses dispositifs
intertextuels, ses incidences diégétiques et son potentiel d’altérité. Comme le montre
l’auteur, l’acte de lire prolonge l’axe thématique des oeuvres antérieures de l’écrivain,
ainsi l’idée de désertion, et reprend certaines questions récurrentes de la littérature
québécoise, notamment les oppositions vie-écriture (Réjean Ducharme, Jacques Godbout) et
nature-culture (Louis Hamelin).
L’autofiction contestée
Authors: Bélanger David 
Published: August 2015

La publication et la réception massive de l’autofiction, de Serge Doubrovsky
jusqu’à Nelly Arcan, a modifié de façon importante, en France d’abord, mais au Québec
également, une approche médiatique de la littérature. Une nouvelle convention de réalité a
alors vu le jour. Ce nouveau réalisme engage une suite de conséquences idéologiques que des
romans québécois des années 2000 contestent à l’aide, notamment, de la figure du romancier
fictif. En utilisant deux exemples, La blonde de Patrick Nicol, de Patrick Nicol,
et Matamore no 29, d’Alain Farah, cette étude entend analyser
le réel autofictif et sa contestation dans la littérature québécoise
contemporaine.
Avctoritas Apostolica St. Martin in Trier AD 385/386
Authors: Hattenhauer Hans 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Avctoritas Apostolica - St. Martin in Trier AD 385/386. The transformation of the Christian church into the Roman Empire’s state-church in the 4th century gave rise to the question of how the relation between church and secular governments should to be ordered. It was partly answered AD 385/386 at Trier in the trial of the heretic bishop Priscilian before Emperor Maximus Magnus. Whereas Bishop Saint Martin maintained that the church should regulate its inner-ecclesiastical conflicts by its own sanctions only, the majority of bishops requested the emperor’s help in their fight against heresy. Martin’s protest was in vain. Maximus Magnus condemned and executed Priscilian. This case was the first Christian heresy trial by a secular-government in European history.
V. La custodia di merci dell’horrearius: a proposito di CIL VI 33747
Authors: Marini Roberta 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
The ‘custodia’ of goods by the horrearius: CIL VI 33747. The inscription recorded as CIL VI 33747 regarding the locatio of a horrea Caesaris is not complete, nonetheless, it is one of the most relevant sources that we have with regard to the problem of the characteristics of the praestare of the horrearius. A clause of the mentioned lex horreorum is in fact regulating the characteristics of the praestare of the horrearius by excluding his custodiam praestare. A possible clarification of the meaning of such a clause can actually also descend from D. 19,2,60,6 and D. 19,2,60,9 where we can see how the horrearius and his activities, due to their socio-economic relevance, are regulated by certain specific rules.
VII. Collectio Gaudenziana und Textkritik des Codex Iustinianus
Authors: Kaiser Wolfgang 
Published: August 2015

Abstract
Collectio Gaudenziana and textual criticism of the Codex Iustinianus. This article uses the tradition of ten constitutions in the Collectio Gaudenziana, which Paul Krüger did not have at his disposal, for textual criticism of the Codex Iustinianus. The constitutions are C. 1,2,14; 1,3,7; 1,3,8; 1,3,10; 1,3,19; 1,3,20; 1,3,33; 8,4,7; 11,48,7 and 11,48,12. The particularities of their respective tradition are presented, and improved readings are suggested for C. 1,2,14; 1,3,7; 1,3,33; 11,48,7, and 11,48,12. The article also proposes improved readings for Theodor Mommsen’s edition of the Codex Theodosianus, namely C.Th. 11,39,8 and 11, and C.Th. 7,8,13.
Contribution of anthropogenic warming to California drought during 2012–2014
Authors: Williams A. Park , Seager Richard , Abatzoglou John T. , Cook Benjamin I. , Smerdon Jason E. , Cook Edward R. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractA suite of climate data sets and multiple representations of atmospheric moisture demand are used to calculate many estimates of the self‐calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index, a proxy for near‐surface soil moisture, across California from 1901 to 2014 at high spatial resolution. Based on the ensemble of calculations, California drought conditions were record breaking in 2014, but probably not record breaking in 2012–2014, contrary to prior findings. Regionally, the 2012–2014 drought was record breaking in the agriculturally important southern Central Valley and highly populated coastal areas. Contributions of individual climate variables to recent drought are also examined, including the temperature component associated with anthropogenic warming. Precipitation is the primary driver of drought variability but anthropogenic warming is estimated to have accounted for 8–27% of the observed drought anomaly in 2012–2014 and 5–18% in 2014. Although natural variability dominates, anthropogenic warming has substantially increased the overall likelihood of extreme California droughts.
Minimal model for double diffusion and its application to Kivu, Nyos, and Powell Lake
Authors: Toffolon Marco , Wüest Alfred , Sommer Tobias 
Published: August 2015

AbstractDouble diffusion originates from the markedly different molecular diffusion rates of heat and salt in water, producing staircase structures under favorable conditions. The phenomenon essentially consists of two processes: molecular diffusion across sharp interfaces and convective transport in the gravitationally unstable layers. In this paper, we propose a model that is based on the one‐dimensional description of these two processes only, and—by self‐organization—is able to reproduce both the large‐scale dynamics and the structure of individual layers, while accounting for different boundary conditions. Two parameters characterize the model, describing the time scale for the formation of unstable water parcels and the optimal spatial resolution. Theoretical relationships allow for the identification of the influence of these parameters on the layer structure and on the mass and heat fluxes. The performances of the model are tested for three different lakes (Powell, Kivu, and Nyos), showing a remarkable agreement with actual microstructure measurements.
Combining satellite observations and reanalysis energy transports to estimate global net surface energy fluxes 1985–2012
Authors: Liu Chunlei , Allan Richard P. , Berrisford Paul , Mayer Michael , Hyder Patrick , Loeb Norman , Smith Doug , Vidale Pier‐Luigi , Edwards John M. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractTwo methods are developed to estimate net surface energy fluxes based upon satellite‐derived reconstructions of radiative fluxes at the top of atmosphere and the atmospheric energy tendencies and transports from the ERA‐Interim reanalysis. Method 1 applies the mass‐adjusted energy divergence from ERA‐Interim, while method 2 estimates energy divergence based upon the net energy difference at the top of atmosphere and the surface from ERA‐Interim. To optimize the surface flux and its variability over ocean, the divergences over land are constrained to match the monthly area mean surface net energy flux variability derived from a simple relationship between the surface net energy flux and the surface temperature change. The energy divergences over the oceans are then adjusted to remove an unphysical residual global mean atmospheric energy divergence. The estimated net surface energy fluxes are compared with other data sets from reanalysis and atmospheric model simulations. The spatial correlation coefficients of multiannual means between the estimations made here and other data sets are all around 0.9. There are good agreements in area mean anomaly variability over the global ocean, but discrepancies in the trend over the eastern Pacific are apparent.
Mixed‐phase cloud physics and Southern Ocean cloud feedback in climate models
Authors: McCoy Daniel T. , Hartmann Dennis L. , Zelinka Mark D. , Ceppi Paulo , Grosvenor Daniel P. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractIncreasing optical depth poleward of 45° is a robust response to warming in global climate models. Much of this cloud optical depth increase has been hypothesized to be due to transitions from ice‐dominated to liquid‐dominated mixed‐phase cloud. In this study, the importance of liquid‐ice partitioning for the optical depth feedback is quantified for 19 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models. All models show a monotonic partitioning of ice and liquid as a function of temperature, but the temperature at which ice and liquid are equally mixed (the glaciation temperature) varies by as much as 40 K across models. Models that have a higher glaciation temperature are found to have a smaller climatological liquid water path (LWP) and condensed water path and experience a larger increase in LWP as the climate warms. The ice‐liquid partitioning curve of each model may be used to calculate the response of LWP to warming. It is found that the repartitioning between ice and liquid in a warming climate contributes at least 20% to 80% of the increase in LWP as the climate warms, depending on model. Intermodel differences in the climatological partitioning between ice and liquid are estimated to contribute at least 20% to the intermodel spread in the high‐latitude LWP response in the mixed‐phase region poleward of 45°S. It is hypothesized that a more thorough evaluation and constraint of global climate model mixed‐phase cloud parameterizations and validation of the total condensate and ice‐liquid apportionment against observations will yield a substantial reduction in model uncertainty in the high‐latitude cloud response to warming.
Hydraulic modeling of the tributary and the outlet of a Martian paleolake located in the Memnonia quadrangle
Authors: Baratti E. , Pajola M. , Rossato S. , Mangili C. , Coradini M. , Montanari A. , McBride K. 
Published: August 2015

AbstractWe present a steady state hydraulic model of the tributary and the outlet of a Martian paleolake located in the Memnonia quadrangle between 167°0'0''W and 167°30'0''W longitude and between 9°25'0''S and 9°45'0''S latitude. The Mars Express High‐resolution stereo camera (HRSC) digital elevation model, H31850000DA4, with a spatial resolution of 75 m is used to describe the geometrical features of the hydraulic system. A steady state hydraulic model, through a Monte Carlo procedure, is adopted to investigate the assumption that the tributary‐lake‐outlet hydraulic system was acting simultaneously during its last water‐related evolutionary phase. Through our analysis, we infer the roughness coefficient and the discharge of both the tributary and the outlet channels. Geomorphic evidence, such as river terraces, were used to constrain the water discharge and the Manning's roughness coefficient, thereby obtaining estimates of the water level in the lake, during the last evolutionary phase of the system. Our analysis of the outlet reveals a median paleodischarge of 7135 m3 s−1 and a median Manning's roughness coefficient of 0.067 m−1/3 s. Tributary analysis provides a median flow and a median roughness coefficient of 6405 m3 s −1 and 0.123 m−1/3 s, respectively. Moreover, the hydraulic analysis suggests that the paleolake water surface level was −1397 m (median value, HRSC elevation), which is consistent with the observed paleoshoreline. The results imply that the tributary, the lake, and the outlet were hydraulically synchronized, therefore confirming the presence of a connected water system. This study demonstrates that hydraulic analysis can provide valuable information regarding ancient Martian water fluxes.
Thermal structure of Svalbard glaciers and implications for thermal switch models of glacier surging
Authors: Sevestre Heïdi , Benn Douglas I. , Hulton Nicholas R. J. , Bælum Karoline 
Published: August 2015

AbstractSwitches between cold‐ and warm‐based conditions have long been invoked to explain surges of High Arctic glaciers. Here we compile existing and new data on the thermal regime of six glaciers in Svalbard to test the applicability of thermal switch models. Two of the large glaciers of our sample are water terminating while one is land terminating. All three have a well‐known surge history. They have a thick basal layer of temperate ice, superimposed by cold ice. A cold terminus forms during quiescence but is mechanically removed by calving on tidewater glaciers. The other three glaciers are relatively small and are either entirely cold or have a diminishing warm core. All three bear evidence of former warm‐based thermal regimes and, in two cases, surge‐like behavior during the Little Ice Age. In Svalbard, therefore, three types of glaciers have switched from slow to fast flow: (1) small glaciers that underwent thermal cycles during and following the Little Ice Age (switches between cold‐ and warm‐based conditions), (2) large terrestrial glaciers which remain warm based throughout the entire surge cycle but develop cold termini during quiescence, and (3) large tidewater glaciers that remain warm based throughout the surge cycle. Our results demonstrate that thermal switching cannot explain the surges of large glaciers in Svalbard. We apply the concept of enthalpy cycling to the spectrum of surge and surge‐like behavior displayed by these glaciers and demonstrate that all Svalbard surge‐type glaciers can be understood within a single conceptual framework.
Actinomyces
Authors: Schaal Klaus P. , Yassin Atteyet A. 
Published: August 2015

Ac.ti.no.my'ces. Gr. fem. n.aktis, aktinosray; Gr. masc. n.mukêsfungus; N.L. masc. n.Actinomycesray fungus referring to the radial arrangement of filaments inActinomyces bovissulfur granules.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Actinomycetales / Actinomycetaceae / ActinomycesStraight or slightly curved rods, 0.2–1.0 µm in diameter, which vary considerably in shape and size, andslender filaments, 1 µm or less in width and 10–50 µm or more in length,with true branching. Short rods(0.5–5.0 µm in length)with or without clubbed endsare frequently seen andmay occur singly, in pairs with diphtheroidal arrangements(Y, V, T forms and palisades),in short chains or in small clusters.Longer (5.0–10.0 µm in length) branched rods are also common. Several members of the genus appear chiefly or exclusively ascoccobacillary or even coccoid elements. Filamentswhich may predominate in certain speciesare either straight or wavy, show varying degrees ofbranchingand may haveswollen, clubbed, or clavate ends. Gram‐stain‐positive, but irregular staining giving rise to a beaded or barred appearance frequently occurs, and two species may be Gram‐stain‐variable.Non‐acid‐fast, nonmotile, and non‐endospore‐forming.Conidia are not produced.DNA G+C content (mol%): 55–71 (Tm, HPLC).Type species:Actinomyces bovisHarz 1877, 133AL.
Glycomyces
Authors: Labeda David P. 
Published: August 2015

Gly.co.my'ces. Gr. adj.glukussweet to the taste or smell; Gr. masc. n.mukêsa mushroom; N.L. masc. n.Glycomycesa sweet (glycolipid‐containing) mushroom.Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Glycomycetales / Glycomycetaceae / GlycomycesVegetative mycelia are branching (diameter approximately 0.35–0.40 µm); aerial mycelium may be produced on certain growth media. Oval, spherical, or rod‐like spores may be formed on the vegetative hyphae in some species; chains of square‐ended conidia may be produced on aerial hyphae. Gram‐stain‐positive. Lysozyme‐sensitive. Catalase‐positive and aerobic.Type II cell‐wall composition (meso‐diaminopimelic acid and glycine) and whole‐cell sugar pattern consisting of galactose, mannose, ribose, and xylose. Phospholipid pattern consists of significant amounts of phosphatidylinositol mannosides and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphoglycolipids of unknown composition. The menaquinones predominantly contain 10, 11, and/or 12 isoprene units, but the degree of unsaturation varies within each species.DNA G+C content (mol%):71–73.Type species:Glycomyces harbinensisLabeda, Testa, Lechevalier and Lechevalier 1985, 420VP.
Pasteurella
Authors: Mutters Reinier , Christensen Henrik , Bisgaard Magne 
Published: August 2015

Pas.teu.rel' la. M.L. dim. fem. n.Pasteurellanamed after Louis Pasteur.Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / PasteurellaCoccobacilli or rods, generally, 0.3–1.0 × 1.0–2.0 µm. Depending on the growth stage, cells occur singly, in pairs, or less frequently in short chains. Sometimes threads or filaments are formed resulting in marked pleomorphism. Pleomorphism occurs mainly in old cultures.Gram negative, althoughbipolar staining often can be observed. In tissues,P. multocidaoften shows bipolar staining with Giemsa or Wright's stain. Not acid fast.Endospores are not formed. Nonmotile. Aerobic to microaerophilic or facultatively anaerobic. Chemoorganotrophic with both oxidative and fermentative types of metabolism. Electron transport system is cytochrome‐based with oxygen, nitrate, or fumarate as the terminal electron acceptor.Nitrate reductase is produced. Oxidase positive, alkaline phosphatase positive, and almost alwayscatalase positive. Most species are V‐factor and X‐factor independent, but V‐factor‐requiring strains do occur. Even after specific growth factors have been provided,complex media may be required to obtain better growth. Optimum growth temperature 35–37°C. Arginine dihydrolase and lysine decarboxylase negative. Gelatin is not liquefied within 48 h. No growth occurs in Simmons citrate medium. Acid is produced fromD‐glucose,D‐galactose,D‐fructose,D‐mannose, and sucrose. Acid is not produced fromL‐sorbose,L‐rhamnose,m‐inositol, and adonitol. Parasitic in vertebrates, particularly mammals and birds. Genome molecular weights range from 1.4 × 109to 1.9 × 109.The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 37.7–45.9.Type species:Pasteurella multocida(Lehmann and Neumann 1899) Rosenbusch and Merchant 1939, 85 (Bacterium multocidum multocidum(sic) Lehmann and Neumann 1899, 196;Pasteurella gallicida(Burrill 1883) Buchanan 1925, 414.)
Thioploca
Authors: Jørgensen Bo Barker , Teske Andreas , Ahmad Azeem 
Published: August 2015

Thi.o.plo' ca. Gr. neut. n.thion, theionsulfur; Gr. fem. n.plokea braid, a twist; M.L. fem. n.Thioplocasulfur braid.Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Thiotrichaceae / ThioplocaFlexible, uniseriate, colorless filamentsmade up of numerous cells and enclosed by acommon gelatinous sheath. Gram negative. Cells are disk‐shaped or cylindrical, generally harborsulfur inclusionsin their cytoplasm, and are separated by distinct cross‐walls. Cells of large marineThioplocaspeciesappear hollow due to central vacuoles in which nitrate is stored. Individual filaments are of uniform diameter, often withtapered terminal cells. Filaments fall into distinct classes ofdifferent diameters, which represent different species. Filaments showindependent gliding movementwithin a sheath. They can emerge from the end or from breaks in the sheath and may be found outside sheaths.Chemotactic. May be attracted by nitrate but avoid high oxygen and sulfide concentrations.Thioplocasheaths are mostly vertically orientated to allow the filaments to move between spatially separated pools of electron donor (sulfide) and acceptor (nitrate, possibly oxygen). The sheath surrounding several filaments is the main feature distinguishing the genusThioplocafrom the similar, closely related genusBeggiatoa. Not in pure culture. Large, marineThioplocaspecies have an autotrophic or mixotrophic, sulfide‐oxidizing, nitrate‐reducing metabolism. By 16S rRNA,Thioplocais a member of theGammaproteobacteriaand is the closest relative of the generaBeggiatoaandThiomargarita.Type species:Thioploca schmidleiLauterborn 1907, 242.