bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BICEPS FEMORIS MUSCLE ARCHITECTURE – THE INFLUENCE OF PREVIOUS INJURY
Authors: Timmins R , Porter K , Williams M , Shield A , Opar D 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundA history of hamstring strain injury (HSI) has been indicated as a primary risk factor for a future injury. It is unknown whether a prior strain influences the architectural characteristics of the hamstring.ObjectiveTo determine if alterations occur to the architecture of the long head (BFlh) muscle in those with a history of strain injury to this muscle.DesignReliability and retrospective case-control study design.SettingClinical setting with recreationally active males and elite Australian Footballers.Participants31 males (Australian Footballers n=14, recreational males n=17). Of the 31 participants, 18 had a prior unilateral HSI, whereas the other 13 formed an uninjured control group.Risk factor assessmentThe independent variables were muscle fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (PA) and thickness (MT)).Main outcome measureThe BFlh muscle architecture of both limbs was assessed utilising B-mode ultrasound (General Electric Vivid-i) whilst rested in a prone position. The scan site was determined as 50% of the distance between the ischial tuberosity and the lateral knee joint line. The hypothesis prior to recruitment was that a history of injury would result in a reduction of FL and MT and an increase in PA. Reliability was assessed at a second time point within ten days of the initial visit and was determined utilising intra-class correlations (ICC).ResultsThe assessment of the architectural characteristics of the BFlh was shown as reliable whilst in a rested state (FL and PA ICC=0.97, MT=0.96). PA's (P=.001) and FL's (P=.013) were significantly less in the previously injured BFlh then the contralateral uninjured limb. Muscle thickness was not significantly different (p=0.466).ConclusionsUltrasound is a reliable measure of architectural characteristics in the BFlh. A previously injured BFlh displays reductions in FL and increases in PA. These variations may partly explain the high rate of recurrence of HSI's.
DOES LATERALITY EXIST DURING SIDE STEP CUTTING MANEUVER?
Authors: Urabe Y , Some K , Syo I , Jynpei S , Noriaki M , Eri F , Nobuaki M , Takahiko Y , Hiroshi S 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur in left leg more frequently than in right legs, but the cause for this observation is not clear. So, it is interesting to analyze the difference of causes of ACL injury between both legs.ObjectiveTo compare the difference of left and right knee joint kinematics during a 90°direction side step cutting (SSC) maneuver. The hypothesis was that smaller maximum knee flexion and larger knee valgus in left knee.DesignRepeated measures design.SettingLaboratory setting.SubjectsIncluded were 14 female collegiate basketball athletes with no orthopaedic diagnosis in the lower extremities. Their average age, height, weight and length of career as basketball athletes were 21.0 years, 160.1 cm, 54.5 kg, and 6.2 years, respectively. This study was approved by the institutional review board.InteventionsAll subjects were right dominant and kicked the ball with their right legs.Main outcome measurementsMotion of each subject during 90° SSC was recorded by a 6 high-speed (200 frames/s) CCD camera system (Ditect, Japan) and 3D analyzed with knee kinematics. Each subject performed 5 trials after sufficient practice, and the average of knee joint angle displacements were calculated. The power for each analysis of variance was not less than 0.75 if the effect size was more than 0.80.ResultsThe result showed a bimodal curve of peak knee valgus in both knees. Maximum flexion occurred at stop phase after initial contact of the subjects' leg on floor, and maximum valgus occurred almost simultaneously. There was no significant difference of angular displacement between both knees. However, there was a tendency that smaller maximum flexion and larger valgus were observed in left knee compared with right.ConclusionsAlthough there was no significant differences between right and left leg, small flexion and large valgus angle were observed in left knee.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LOWER LIMB BIOMECHANICS DURING SINGLE LEG SQUAT WITH RUNNING AND CUTTING TASKS: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
Authors: Alenezi F , Herrington L , Jones P , Jones R 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundThe need to develop screening tests to find athletes who maybe predisposed to knee injuries is of prime importance in order to design individualised intervention programmes. Previous research has found 3D joint kinematics of the hip and knee during a single leg squat (SLS) to be related to those during jogging (Whatmanet al., 2011). Thus, further investigation as a potential screening test is warranted.ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between peak 3D kinematic variables during SLS with those occurring during running (RUN) and 90° cutting (CUT) tasks.DesignA correlational study.SettingUndertaken in the human performance laboratory at the University of Salford.Participants15 recreational athletes, 7 males and 8 females, (age 25.2±5.1 years; height 1.6±7.38 m; and mass 67.6 ±10.93 kg) were recruited.InterventionsA ten-camera motion analysis system (Qualisys) and a force platform (AMTI) were used to collect kinematic variables during SLS, RUN, & CUT tasks. Visual 3D (C-Motion, USA) was used to process all data. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the association between 3D variables among the three tasks.Main outcome measurementsHip and knee joint angles.ResultSLS was strongly correlated to run in knee valgus and hip internal rotation (r=0.70 and 0.76, respectively), and showed moderate correlation with knee external rotation (0.42).SLS and CUT were moderate to strongly correlate to each other in knee valgus, knee flexion, and hip internal rotation (r=0.54, 0.69, and 0.54, respectively), and moderately in hip flexion (r=0.38).DiscussionThe findings of this study provide evidence that performance of SLS relates to performance of other tasks (running and cutting). In those individuals displaying poor motion (excessive angles) during SLS this is likely to be predictive of poor motion during running and cutting, so could negate the need for assessing individuals during these tasks.
DOES TYPE 1 DIABETES AFFECT ACHILLES TENDON RESPONSE TO A 10KM RUN?
Authors: Wong A , Docking S , Cook J , Gaida J 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundHyperglycaemia accelerates collagen cross-linking in tendons, which may manifest as an increased thickness or as an altered response to load. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a unique population exhibiting hyperglycaemia independent of obesity and low physical activity. Ultrasound tissue characterisation (UTC) quantifies the structural integrity of a tendon based on the alignment of collagen, represented as echo-types (I-IV).ObjectiveTo measure achilles tendon response to a 10km run among individuals with T1DM and controls.DesignIn this case-control study, UTC scans were taken at day 0, 2, 4 after a 10 km run. Analysis of UTC scans was performed in a blinded fashion.SettingSocial running club for people with T1DM.ParticipantsIndividuals with T1DM (n=7) were diagnosed 13±12 years ago. Control participants (n=10) had no diagnosis or family history of T1DM. Participants all regularly ran ≥5 km in a recreational capacity with an average weekly distance of 18±3 km. VISA-A scores were 94±11 (T1DM) and 94±10 (control).Risk factor assessmentThe independent variable was diagnosis of T1DM (yes/no). HbA1c and blood glucose were also measured.Main outcome measurementsTendon response to a 10km run measured with UTC was defined as the key outcome variable before data collection.ResultsBaseline structure was the same in control and T1DM groups for all UTC four echo-types (I-IV) and for anteroposterior thickness (P>.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed within each group in response to the run.ConclusionsA novel finding that Achilles tendon baseline structure and response to a 10 km run over 4-days is the same in controls and T1DM. This suggests that T1DM individuals who are regularly physically active do not undergo the same structural changes to their Achilles tendon as previously demonstrated in the general diabetic population.
INJURY RATES, MECHANISMS, AND RISK FACTORS FOR INJURY IN YOUTH ROCK CLIMBERS
Authors: Woollings K , McKay C , Kang J , Meeuwisse W , Emery CA 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundParticipation in rock climbing has grown globally in recent years. In 2010, the International Federation of Sport Climbing was officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee as part of the Olympic Family. Although some studies exist describing adult sport climbing injuries, few have examined injury in youth climbers.ObjectiveTo examine incidence, mechanisms, and risk factors for injury in 11- to 19-year-old recreational and elite sport climbers and boulderers.DesignCross-sectional study design.SettingElite and recreational youth climbers were recruited from climbing facilities across Alberta, Canada.ParticipantsMale and female climbers, aged 11-19 years, recruited from competitive junior teams and from recreational programs at each gym. In total, 285 participants were approached and 116 (41%) completed an anonymous questionnaire.Risk factor assessmentPotential risk factors included climbing level, age, sex, height, weight, grade at which subjects climbed, injury in a sport other than climbing, risk-taking behaviours, socioeconomic status, climbing disciplines performed, participation in sports other than climbing, helmet use, preventive taping, use of cool-down, and climbing exposure hours.Main outcome measurementsThe primary outcome measure was climbing injury. Medical attention injuries and injuries resulting in time loss from climbing were also measured.ResultsThe incidence rate of climbing injury was 4.44 injuries/1000 climbing hours (95% CI; 3.74, 5.23). Sprains and strains were the predominant injury type, and the primary mechanism of injury was repetitive overuse, followed by falls. Hands and fingers were the most commonly injured locations. Older age (15–19-year-olds), injury in a sport other than climbing, and preventive taping were shown to be risk factors for injury.ConclusionsClimbing injury incidence rates are high in youth climbers. Findings are consistent with climbing injury studies in adults. Potential modifiable risk factors warrant further investigation in order to inform development of future injury prevention strategies.
THE EFFECT OF FIFA 11+ AS AN INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM IN YOUTH FUTSAL PLAYERS
Authors: Zein MI , Kurniarobbi J , Agung N 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundFutsal is a high risk sport, especially in youth level. But none has studied the application ofFIFA 11+, the football injury prevention program among youth futsal players in Indonesia.ObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness ofFIFA 11+in improving physical fitness components affecting injury risks among youth futsal players.DesignThis experimental study was recruiting two groups of youth futsal players by doing purposive/judgmental random sampling to the senior high school futsal teams in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.SettingHigh school futsal league.ParticipantsThe subjects were high school students participating in the school futsal team. From the total of 28 subjects (15 subjects in the experiment group and 13 in control group), 8 subjects were dropping out, leaving 9 subjects in the experiment group and 11 in the control group for the final analysis.Risk factor assessmentThe experiment (EXP) group underwentFIFA 11+training twice per week for four weeks while the control (CON) group underwent routine futsal training. Both groups performed physical fitness tests before and after the intervention. Changes in performance (pre- vs. post-intervention) for each group were analyzed using dependent t-test (P<.05). Change in performance of each group were compared using independent t-test (P<.05).Main outcome measurementsCore strength (evaluated using plank test), leg power (vertical jump test) and agility (Illinois agility test).Results:The core strength (P=.007) and agility (P=.01) of the EXP group increased significantly, while no change were observed in the CON group. The increase of agility in EXP group was found to be significantly different compared to the one in CON group (P=.039).Conclusions:FIFA 11+can improve certain physical fitness components that contribute in preventing injury. Thus it is recommended to addFIFA 11+to the routine futsal training as an injury prevention programTable 1Pre-post intervention result..
HAMSTRING MUSCLE ACTIVATION DURING HIGH-SPEED OVERGROUND RUNNING: IMPACT OF PREVIOUS STRAIN INJURY
Authors: Bourne M , Opar D , Shield A 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundHamstring strain injuries (HSIs) are a common and recurrent complaint in sport, with most insults occurring during high-speed overground running.ObjectiveTo determine, during high-speed overground running, the spatial patterns of hamstring muscle voluntary activation (VA) in limbs with and without a history of HSI.DesignRetrospective cross-sectional study.SettingElite and sub-elite level track and field (T&F).ParticipantsFive healthy, elite (n=4) and sub-elite (n=1) level T&F athletes, with a history of unilateral HSI were recruited (average time of 6.5±3.9 months post-injury; average age 20±1.8 years; stature 182.1±6.5 cm and mass 78.3±4.8 kg).Assessment of risk factorsFunctional MRI was performed on participants thighs before and after 3 sets of 6, 40m sprints (30s rest between reps; 1 min rest between sets). T2 relaxation times of all hamstring muscles (biceps femoris long (BFlh) and short head (BFsh); semitendinosus (ST); semimembranosus (SM)), were measured at rest and immediately after the running protocol.Main outcome measurementsThe percentage change in T2 relaxation time for each hamstring muscle, in both the previously injured and contralateral uninjured limbs.ResultsFor the spatial analysis of uninjured limbs, no significant differences were observed in the percentage increase in T2 relaxation for any muscles (BFlh vs ST, P=.07; BFlh vs BFsh, P=.66; BFlh vs SM, P=.08; BFsh vs ST, P=.08; BFsh vs SM, P=.54; SM vs ST, P=.57). However, previously injured hamstring muscles displayed significantly smaller increases in T2 relaxation time compared with homonymous muscles in the uninjured contralateral limb (mean difference=–8.1%, 95% CI=-16.5 to -0.3%, P=.02).ConclusionsThese preliminary findings indicate that the hamstrings of uninjured limbs are activated somewhat uniformly during high-speed overground running however, following an HSI, VA is chronically reduced in the previously injured muscle.
SIGNS OF MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN ACTIVE DUTY US MARINES CAN BE MEASURED WITH BRAIN MRI MAGNETO-ENCEPHALOGRAPHY
Authors: Britt E , Diwaker M , Baker D , Chang D , Huang M 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundConcussions are a leading cause of sustained physical, cognitive and emotional impairment in both athletes and military personnel. A pathological feature is disinhibited brain frontal and temporal lobe function, with impaired attention, memory, judgment, emotional regulation and decision-making.ObjectiveConventional neuroimaging has limited ability to detect structural abnormalities in mTBI. Alternatively, a neuroimaging biomarker using MRI magneto-encephalograpy (MEG) is capable of mapping brain wave activity in mTBI. The objective was to use MEG technology to study brain function during a computerized “Go-No Go” vigilance and reaction test in military personnel.DesignProspective, case series clinical study.SettingActive duty infantrymen from the US Marine Corps explosive ordnance disposal program (high concussion risk).Participants37 male subjects, tested (summer of 2013) during pre-deployment training at Camp Pendleton, CA.Assessment of risk factorsThe subjects completed neuroimaging, neurocognitive assessment and clinical interviews. Each provided data on mTBI, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and had a MEG scan while performing the neurocognitive Go-NoGo test.Main outcome measurements1) Motor cortex, frontal and temporal lobe activation, 2) commission errors (reacting when not supposed to), 3) PTSD and mTBI scoring.ResultsThe Go stimulus activated the motor cortex exclusively, while the NoGo stimulus activated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left mediolateral temporal lobe (MLTL) exclusively. There were statistically significant negative correlations between: DLPFC and commission errors, and MLTL and Clinican-Administered PTSD scale.ConclusionsMEG imaging showed regional brain activation patterns during functional tests requiring the individual to act, or to repress action. Lower activation of the frontal and temporal lobes was associated with more errors of inhibition, and greater fear symptoms. These structure-function relationships of the brain may be useful to predict concussion risk or monitor recovery. The subjects were deployed overseas (Fall 2013), and will be retested post-deployment (expected Spring 2015).
NORMATIVE VALUES FOR THE SCAT3 IN ADOLESCENT ATHLETES
Authors: Brooks A , MacDonald K , Wasylyk N , Hetzel S , McGuine T 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundSport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3) was published March 2013 to allow more complete clinical assessment of concussed athletes.ObjectiveEstablish normative SCAT3 values in adolescent athletes.DesignProspective cohort.Setting7 Wisconsin high schools.Participants758 (187 Female, 571 Male) athletes (age 15.9±1.1 yrs.) in 19 sports.Risk factor assessmentSCAT3 administered summer 2013. Subjects reported previous SRC history in past 12 months.Main outcome measurementsTotal symptoms (TS, 0–22), symptom severity (SS, 0–132), total Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC, 0–30), Orientation (OR, 0–5), Immediate Memory (IM, 0–15), Concentration (CO, 0–5), Delayed Recall (DR, 0–5), Balance Error Scoring System (BESS, 0–20). T-tests (P<.05) used to test for differences based on sex and previous history of SRC.ResultsMean scores (95% CI) were: TS 1.32 (1.31–1.33); SS 2.15 (1.80–2.48); total SAC 26.12 (25.90–26.26); OR 4.69 (4.64–4.72); IM 14.25 (14.15–14.31); CO 3.25 (3.15–3.33); DR 3.93 (3.85–3.99); BESS 13.46 (13.05–13.79). No difference in baseline scores by sex: SS (P=.51), IM (P=.37), CO (P=.30), DR (P=.19), BESS (P=.98). Males had higher TS (1.41 vs 1.04, P=.05) and lower total SAC (26.02 vs 26.4, P=.03), and OR (4.66 vs 4.76, P=.02). No difference in baseline scores by previous SRC history for total SAC (P=.18), OR (P=.57), IM (P=.13), CO (P=.69), DR (P=.53), BESS (P=.06). Athletes with previous SRC reported higher TS (1.91 vs 1.25, P=.01) and SS (3.33 vs 2.0, P=.02).ConclusionsNormative SCAT3 values in adolescent athletes vary by gender and previous SRC history.
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ELITE ADULT IRISH DANCERS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND INJURY
Authors: Cahalan R , O'Sullivan K , Purtill H , O'Sullivan P 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundIrish dancing (ID) is a technically demanding art form practised by growing numbers internationally. However, research into musculoskeletal pain and injury in elite adult Irish dancers is scant.ObjectiveTo establish the biopsychosocial characteristics of elite adult Irish dancers. To investigate any relationship between these characteristics and musculoskeletal pain and injury.Design104 elite adult Irish dancers completed a questionnaire providing data on dance and activity levels, physical and psychological health, pain and injury history. 84 of these subjects underwent a physical screen examining lower limb flexibility, balance and endurance, a number of functional tests, anthropometric and biomechanical/anatomical assessments.SettingTesting was completed at a number of sites in Ireland using standardised portable equipment.ParticipantsThe study cohort comprised professional Irish dancers (34.6%), elite competitive Irish dancers (26.9%), and dancers in full time education studying ID (38.5%). All participants were 18 years of age or older. Elite dancers from eleven different countries were tested.Main outcome measurementsSubjects were dichotomised into “significantly injured (SI)” and “not significantly injured (NSI)” categories based on reported levels of pain and injury. Specific injury data from the previous five years were also recorded.Results33 (31.7%) subjects were classified as SI, with the remaining 71 (68.3%) subjects classified as NSI. Factors significantly associated being SI were female gender (P=.036), higher number of subjective general health (P=.001) and psychological (P=.036) complaints, low mood (P=.01), higher catastrophising (P=.047) and failure to always warm-up (P=.006). The mean number of injuries sustained to all body parts over the previous five years was 1.49 with a mean of 126.1 days lost to injury. Foot and ankle injuries were most prevalent.ConclusionsA complex combination of biopsychosocial factors appears to be associated with a significant level of pain and injury in elite adult Irish dancers.
DOES A MODIFIED RUGBY SCRUM ENGAGEMENT PROCESS IMPROVE THE STABILITY OF THE SCRUM AND MINIMISE THE LIKELIHOOD OF SCRUM COLLAPSE?
Authors: Cazzola D , Preatoni E , Stokes KA , England M , Trewartha G 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundRugby Union scrums which collapse possess a higher injury risk than completed scrums. A mechanically stable scrum should limit the motions which generate uncontrolled and hazardous (non-axial) loading on front row players and minimise the risk of scrum collapse.ObjectiveTo compare scrum stability during live contested rugby scrums using two different scrum engagement processes.DesignA cross-sectional design, where teams from different playing levels performed live scrums under two engagement processes: CTS (Crouch-Touch-Set, 2012–2013); and PreBind (Crouch-Bind-Set, 2013–2014), with measurements made via video analysis.SettingOutdoors, natural turf rugby pitches.Participants27 Rugby teams (i.e. 54 forward packs, n=432 players) from five playing levels – International, Elite, Community, Women and University.Risk factor assessmentScrum engagement process. PreBind differs from CTS for a legal bind that is taken at the “Bind” call and is maintained through the “Set” action.Main outcome measurementsVertical motion of the (i) shoulder and (ii) centre of mass (COM), and (iii) COM variability in the sagittal plane of prop forwards during initial engagement.ResultsThe extent of props' vertical shoulder motion were reduced (P<.05, Cohen's d=0.3–0.5) during engagement in the PreBind process compared with the CTS process. The COM vertical motion tended to be reduced in PreBind process (Cohen's d=0.45).There were also reductions in the variability (P<.05, Cohen's d=0.5–1.0) of the props' COM vertical motion, meaning vertical movements were more controlled during PreBind engagement. The International level had reduced vertical motion characteristics with respect to the Community level.ConclusionsScrum stability improved (moderate effects) in the PreBind engagement process, with props making less extreme postural adjustments during initial engagement. Combined with attenuated peak forces during the engagement process, the PreBind improves the stability of the scrum and should minimise the risk of scrum collapse and subsequent injury.