bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Margaret Cavendish, Stoic Antecedent Causes, and Early Modern Occasional Causes
Authors: O’Neill Eileen 
Published: September 2013

L’anglaise Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673) pratique la philosophie naturelle. Sous l’influence de Hobbes et du stoïcisme ancien, elle a soutenu que le monde naturel créé est purement matériel ; dans le cours de la nature, il n’y a pas de substances incorporelles qui affectent causalement le monde. Elle se sépare néanmoins de Hobbes et rejoint les Stoïciens dans son rejet d’une théorie de la matière particulaire. Elle considère au contraire que la matière est un continuum. Elle rejette l’explication de l’essence de la matière comme simple extension, fournie par la philosophie mécaniste. Pour Cavendish, la matière est de plus essentiellement vivante, sentante et rationnelle. Elle rejette aussi l’explication mécaniste du changement en simples termes de transmission de mouvement. Sa propre explication du changement s’appuie sur la notion de cause occasionnelle. Cet article defend l’idée que les causes occasionnelles de Cavendish ne doivent pas être confondues avec celles de Malebranche ; les siennes ont des pouvoirs causaux efficients. Il permet donc de suivre l’histoire du concept de cause occasionnelle des anciens Stoïciens, en passant ensuite par Galien jusqu’aux Philosophes de la nature de la Renaissance, comme J. B. van Helmont, et finalement jusqu’à Cavendish et Descartes. Le but de cet article est ainsi de rendre explicite le modèle que Cavendish donne du changement naturel et de montrer comment le concept clé de ce modèle, celui de cause occasionnelle, est le produit d’une longue filiation philosophique.
The Outward and Inward Beauty of Early Modern Women
Authors: Shapiro Lisa 
Published: September 2013

J’étudie ici quelques réflexions philosophiques de l’âge moderne portant sur la relation entre beauté et sagesse, thème d’abord développé dans Le Banquet de Platon. Les penseurs auxquels je m’intéresse principalement sont Lucrecia Marinella et Mary Astell, même si je m’appuie aussi sur les écrivaines Aphra Behn et Sarah Scott. Bien que les femmes en particulier puissent avoir un intérêt spécifique à s’approprier l’image platonicienne de l’échelle du désir, cela n’autorise pas à concevoir cette question comme un « problème de femmes ». Je suggère, au contraire, que ce courant de pensée est relié à une question philosophique centrale à l’époque moderne, celle de la nature de la pensée et de la conscience.
Madeleine de Scudery : peut-on parler de femme philosophe ?
Authors: Burch Laura J. 
Published: September 2013

Romancière, poète, écrivaine, moraliste, salonnière : la critique moderne s’accorde pour reconnaître sous ces noms les contributions de Madeleine de Scudéry au monde des lettres du dix-septième siècle. Pourrait-on l’appeler aussi philosophe ? Est-il possible de parler de femme philosophe au dix-septième siècle ? A travers l’analyse d’une Conversation de 1686, De l’incertitude , nous montrons que Scudéry aborde ces questions mêmes, et que le portrait de la femme philosophe qui en ressort se dessine au-delà des limites qui lui seraient imposées par le discours scientifique contemporain.
Les traders peuvent-ils provoquer des krachs ?
Authors: Assouly Judith , Blic Damien de 
Published: September 2013

L’affaire Kerviel emprunte son nom au jeune trader accusé puis condamné comme auteur d’un système de fraude dont on estime qu’il a coûté près de cinq milliards d’euros à la Société Générale qui l’employait jusqu’au mois de janvier 2008. Mais à l’occasion de cette affaire sont mis en cause également la carence des contrôles internes de la banque, la responsabilité des supérieurs hiérarchiques directs de Kerviel ou encore la légitimité des profits issus des activités de marché. L’affaire se présente autrement dit comme une épreuve à laquelle sont soumises des normes, des catégories et des valeurs relatives à l’activité financière et justiciables en tant que telle d’une approche de sociologie pragmatique. Le présent article emprunte cette perspective en observant comment, dans le cours même des événements, les acteurs eux-mêmes problématisent la question de la « délinquance » financière et plus généralement le rapport des élites financières à la légalité. Or, cette observation dévoile que si la personnalisation de l’affaire suscite le scepticisme, la construction d’autres formes de responsabilités rencontre également des obstacles importants. Le rapprochement de l’affaire Kerviel avec d’autres affaires présentant des caractéristiques proches (l’affaire française du Crédit Lyonnais en particulier) permet de comprendre les difficultés que rencontrent les opérations de dénonciation en période de « crise » et lorsque les entités en cause sont de nature bancaire et financière. La difficulté à dépersonnaliser doit être plus particulièrement mise en rapport avec le processus d’endogénéisation du contrôle et avec les choix politiques en matière de régulation opérés au cours des trente dernières années.
هل يوجد فلاحون جزائريون؟
Authors: كوت مارك 
Published: September 2013

إن التنمية الحقيقية توجد، بدءا في عقول البشر الذين ينتظمون لغرض تحقيقها. إن مثل هذه الرؤية يمكن تطبيقها على ميدان الزراعة في الجزائر.يعني مصطلح الفلاحين المجتمعات الريفية و الزراعية التي تستجيب لمقاييس دقيقة : تأصيل قوى بالأرض، نظام عقاري يقوم على الملكية الخاصة عموما، كثافات سكانية معتبرة و استغلال كثيف للأرض في الجزائر، يستقر الفلاحون في بعض الكتل الجبلية (القبائل، الأوراس…) و السهول الخصبة و الواحات. تاريخيا، أحدث الاستعمار الاستيطاني اضطرابا عميقا في البنى الاجتماعية و حال دون أفلحة الريف الجزائري.غداة الاستقلال، تسببت السياسات الزراعية المتعاقبة التي اعتمدتها السلطة في مقولة العقار الزراعي و في عدم استقرار العاملين في الأرض. و رغم بعض التحسن الذي نشهده منذ الثمانينات، يجب على السلطات أن تحدد أولا النهج الواجب اختياره : أهو إعادة الأفلحة أم هو إقامة المقاولات الزراعية؟
Mutations sociales et adaptation d’une paysannerie ksourienne du Touat : Ouled Hadj Mamoun (wilaya d’Adrar, Algérie)
Authors: Bendjelid Abed , Dari Onassini , Hadeid Mohamed , Bellal Sid Ahmed , Gacem Fadéla , Belmahi Mohamed Nadir , Hani SmaiI 
Published: September 2013

Le déclin des petites palmeraies du Sahara pose problème aujourd’hui et interpelle à la fois les décideurs, les aménageurs et les habitants eux-mêmes.L’analyse de l’oasis d’Ouled Hadj Mamoun située dans le Touat est le cas typique : ksar habité, terroir irrigué par une foggara et production agricole faible, largement autoconsommée. Les causes de cette situation sont finement approchées à travers la baisse du débit de la foggara, la recomposition des rapports sociaux consécutifs à la reforme agraire et la forte contrainte imposée par le milieu naturel.Malgré tout, différentes actions réfléchies sont élaborées par la population ksourienne solidement attachée à son terroir, fortement soucieuse de la gestion hydraulique et, de plus en plus ouverte sur la vie urbaine et son mode de consommation.
La question agraire aujourd’hui
Authors: Ait Amara Hamid 
Published: September 2013

La colonisation a-t-elle détruit la paysannerie algérienne ? Cette question est aujourd’hui au cœur des choix de reconstruction de l’agriculture. La sortie du système communautaire au cours du XIXème siècle ne s’est pas faite, comme en Europe. au profit d’une paysannerie consolidée, libérée de ses multiples liens de dépendance à l’égard des propriétaires du sol. Le système latifundiaire mis en place par la colonisation a bouleversé durablement les structures agraires. La vente des terres publiques ne suffit pas à redonner une base paysanne à l’agriculture.
Defining CD8+ T Cell Determinants during Human Viral Infection in Populations of Asian Ethnicity
Authors: Rivino Laura , Tan Anthony T. , Chia Adeline , Kumaran Emmanuelle A. P. , Grotenbreg Gijsbert M. , MacAry Paul A. , Bertoletti Antonio 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
The identification of virus-specific CD8+ T cell determinants is a fundamental requirement for our understanding of viral disease pathogenesis. T cell epitope mapping strategies increasingly rely on algorithms that predict the binding of peptides to MHC molecules. There is, however, little information on the reliability of predictive algorithms in the context of human populations, in particular, for those expressing HLA class I molecules for which there are limited experimental data available. In this study, we evaluate the ability of NetMHCpan to predict antiviral CD8+ T cell epitopes that we identified with a traditional approach in patients of Asian ethnicity infected with Dengue virus, hepatitis B virus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. We experimentally demonstrate that the predictive power of algorithms defining peptide–MHC interaction directly correlates with the amount of training data on which the predictive algorithm has been constructed. These results highlight the limited applicability of the NetMHCpan algorithm for populations expressing HLA molecules for which there are little or no experimental binding data, such as those of Asian ethnicity.
The Host Environment Is Responsible for Aging-Related Functional NK Cell Deficiency
Authors: Chiu Bo-Chin , Martin Brian E. , Stolberg Valerie R. , Chensue Stephen W. 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
NK cells play an important role in immunity against infection and tumors. Aging-related functional NK cell deficiency is well documented in humans and mice. However, the mechanism for this is poorly understood. Using an adoptive transfer approach in mice, we found that NK cells from both young and aged mice responded vigorously to priming by pathogen-derived products after being cotransferred into young mice. In contrast, NK cells from young mice responded poorly to priming by pathogen-derived products after being transferred to aged mice. In addition to defects in NK cell priming, maturation of NK cells under steady-state conditions is also impaired in aged mice, resulting in a decreased proportion of CD27− mature NK cells. We found that bone marrow from young and aged mice gave rise to CD27− mature NK cells similarly in young mixed bone marrow chimeric mice. Furthermore, by using a novel bone marrow transfer approach without irradiation, we found that after being transferred to aged mice, bone marrow from young mice gave rise to NK cells with maturation defects. Finally, we found that aging-related functional NK cell deficiency was completely reversed by injecting soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes. In contrast, blockade of IL-10 signaling, which broadly augments inflammatory responses to pathogen-derived products, had little effect on aging-related defects in NK cell priming. These data demonstrate that the aged host environment is responsible for aging-related functional NK cell deficiency. Additionally, our data suggest that IL-15 receptor agonists may be useful tools in treating aging-related functional NK cell deficiency.
Double Deficiency for RORγt and T-bet Drives Th2-Mediated Allograft Rejection in Mice
Authors: Sabet-Baktach Manije , Eggenhofer Elke , Rovira Jordi , Renner Philipp , Lantow Margareta , Farkas Stefan A. , Malaisé Muriel , Edtinger Karoline , Shaotang Zhou , Koehl Gudrun E. , Dahlke Marc H. , Schlitt Hans J. , Geissler Edward K. , Kroemer Alexander 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAlthough Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells are thought to be major effector cells in adaptive alloimmune responses, their respective contribution to allograft rejection remains unclear. To precisely address this, we used mice genetically modified for the Th1 and Th17 hallmark transcription factors T-bet and RORγt, respectively, which allowed us to study the alloreactive role of each subset in an experimental transplant setting. We found that in a fully mismatched heterotopic mouse heart transplantation model, T cells deficient for T-bet (prone to Th17 differentiation) versus RORγt (prone to Th1 differentiation) rejected allografts at a more accelerated rate, indicating a predominance of Th17- over Th1-driven alloimmunity. Importantly, T cells doubly deficient for both T-bet and RORγt differentiated into alloreactive GATA-3–expressing Th2 cells, which promptly induced allograft rejection characterized by a Th2-type intragraft expression profile and eosinophilic infiltration. Mechanistically, Th2-mediated allograft rejection was contingent on IL-4, as its neutralization significantly prolonged allograft survival by reducing intragraft expression of Th2 effector molecules and eosinophilic allograft infiltration. Moreover, under IL-4 neutralizing conditions, alloreactive double-deficient T cells upregulated Eomesodermin (Eomes) and IFN-γ, but not GATA-3. Thus, in the absence of T-bet and RORγt, Eomes may salvage Th1-mediated alloimmunity that underlies IL-4 neutralization-resistant allograft rejection. We summarize that, whereas Th17 cells predictably promote allograft rejection, IL-4–producing GATA-3+ Th2 cells, which are generally thought to protect allogeneic transplants, may actually be potent facilitators of organ transplant rejection in the absence of T-bet and RORγt. Moreover, Eomes may rescue Th1-mediated allograft rejection in the absence of IL-4, T-bet, and RORγt.
Role of theIghIntronic Enhancer Eμ in Clonal Selection at the Pre–B to Immature B Cell Transition
Authors: Peng Cheng , Eckhardt Laurel A. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWe previously described a checkpoint for allelic exclusion that occurs at the pre–B cell to immature B cell transition and is dependent upon the IgH intronic enhancer, Eμ. We now provide evidence that the breach in allelic exclusion associated with Eμ deletion results from decreased Igμ levels that make it difficult for emerging BCRs to reach the signaling threshold required for positive selection into the immature B cell compartment. We show that this compartment is smaller in mice carrying an Eμ-deficient, but functional, IgH allele (VHΔa). Pre–B cells in such mice produce ∼ 50% wild-type levels of Igμ (mRNA and protein), and this is associated with diminished signals, as measured by phosphorylation of pre-BCR/BCR downstream signaling proteins. Providing Eμ-deficient mice with a preassembled VL gene led not only to a larger immature B cell compartment but also to a decrease in “double-producers,” suggesting that H chain/L chain combinations with superior signaling properties can overcome the signaling defect associated with low Igμ-chain and can eliminate the selective advantage of “double-producers” that achieve higher Igμ-chain levels through expression of a second IgH allele. Finally, we found that “double-producers” in Eμ-deficient mice include a subpopulation with autoreactive BCRs. We infer that BCRs with IgH chain from the Eμ-deficient allele are ignored during negative selection owing to their comparatively low density. In summary, these studies show that Eμ's effect on IgH levels at the pre–B cell to immature B cell transition strongly influences allelic exclusion, the breadth of the mature BCR repertoire, and the emergence of autoimmune B cells.
Unfavourable results with distraction in craniofacial skeleton
Authors: Agarwal Rajiv 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTDistraction osteogenesis has revolutionised the management of craniofacial abnormalities. The technique however requires precise planning, patient selection, execution and follow-up to achieve consistent and positive results and to avoid unfavourable results. The unfavourable results with craniofacial distraction stem from many factors ranging from improper patient selection, planning and use of inappropriate distraction device and vector. The present study analyses the current standards and techniques of distraction and details in depth the various errors and complications that may occur due to this technique. The commonly observed complications of distraction have been detailed along with measures and suggestions to avoid them in clinical practice.
Unfavourable results in free tissue transfer
Authors: Koul Ashok Raj , Patil Rahul K. , Nahar Sushil 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTWith recent advances in the instrumentation and with increased expertise the results of microvascular surgery are getting better. Complications though, cannot be completely avoided. This paper gives a brief introduction to the possible complications at various stages of free tissue transfer. With careful planning and execution and vigilant postoperative care the overall success rate can be improved.
Head and neck reconstruction
Authors: Yadav Prabha 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTWhatever is excisable, is reconstructable! "You excise, we will reconstruct" are the confident words of reconstructive surgeons today. Reconstruction with multiple flaps has become routine. Radial artery (FRAF), Antero lateral thigh (ALT) and Fibula osteo cutaneous flap (FFOCF) are three most popular free flaps which can reconstruct any defect with excellent asthetics and performance. Radial Artery provides thin, pliable innervated skin; ALT large amount of skin & bulk; and FFOCF strong 22 to 25 centimetres of bone and reliable skin paddle. Free flap survival has gone to 98% in most of the renouned institutes and is an established escalator in management of defects.
Avoidance of unfavourable results following primary flexor tendon surgery
Authors: Giesen T. , Elliot D. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThis review describes the biological problems faced by those managing primary flexor tendon injuries and explains why these problems still thwart attempts to achieve normal, or near normal, function after this injury, despite a century of surgical effort. It considers the historical background of the early 20 th century attempts to improve the results and analyses the clinical usefulness of more recent research into tendon core and circumferential suture modification, including the authors′ work in this field, and changes in post-operative mobilisation over the last 50 years. More recent manipulation of the sheath to improve results and the future possibility of manipulation of adhesions are discussed. It also discusses other factors, e.g., the patient, the experience of the surgeon, the use of therapists, the timing of repair, complex injuries, injuries in zones other than zone 2, which can have a bearing on the results and considers how these can be modified to avoid an unfavourable outcome.
Avoiding unfavourable outcomes in liposuction
Authors: Khanna Atul , Filobbos George 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe origin of liposuction can be traced to an adverse event by Dujarrier in 1921 when he used a uterine curette to remove fat from the knees of a ballerina ending in an amputation secondary to damage of the femoral artery. The history of liposuction since then has been one of avoiding complications and optimising outcome. After this adverse event, liposuction was abandoned until the 1960′s when Schrudde revived the practice using small stab incisions and sharp curettage with the secondary suction to aspirate the freed tissue. This technique was associated with a high incidence of complications especially seroma and skin necrosis. Illouz then replaced the curette with a blunt cannula connected to vacuum pump thus avoiding the complications of a sharp curette. Despite the presence of various techniques for liposuction, suction assisted liposuction (SAL) is still the standard technique of liposuction. This article aims to discuss literature regarding the various aspects of liposuction (SAL) and to highlight the salient points in the literature and in the senior author′s experience in order to avoid unfavourable outcomes in liposuction. A literature review on avoiding complication is in liposuction including some of the seminal papers on liposuction. Liposuction is generally a safe procedure with reproducible outcome. Just like any surgical procedure it should be treated with the utmost care. Illouz published 10 commandments for liposuction in 1989 and we review these commandments to demonstrate how liposuction has evolved.
Unfavourable results in acute burn management
Authors: Bilwani P. K. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTAn etiology based classification has been devised to innumerate all possible unfavorable results (complications) which may occur during acute burn management. Various factors, right from the onset of burns, may affect the final outcome. These factors, starting from the onset of burns till the occurrence of complication, have been discussed in details. Unfavorable results in regional burns (chest, limb, eye, ear, and hand) have been discussed. Unfavorable results in various chemical burns have been described with necessary precautions to prevent. Various septic complications have been narrated and their prevention is also discussed.
Anaesthetic complications in plastic surgery
Authors: Nath Soumya Sankar , Roy Debashis , Ansari Farrukh , Pawar Sundeep T. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTAnaesthesia related complications in plastic surgeries are fortunately rare, but potentially catastrophic. Maintaining patient safety in the operating room is a major concern of anaesthesiologists, surgeons, hospitals and surgical facilities. Circumventing preventable complications is essential and pressure to avoid these complications in cosmetic surgery is increasing. Key aspects of patient safety in the operating room are outlined, including patient positioning, airway management and issues related to some specific conditions, essential for minimizing post-operative morbidity. Risks associated with extremes of age in the plastic surgery population, may be minimised by a better understanding of the physiologic changes as well as the pre-operative and post-operative considerations in caring for this special group of patients. An understanding of the anaesthesiologist′s concerns during paediatric plastic surgical procedures can facilitate the coordination of efforts between the multiple services involved in the care of these children. Finally, the reader will have a better understanding of the perioperative care of unique populations including the morbidly obese and the elderly. Attention to detail in these aspects of patient safety can help avoid unnecessary complication and significantly improve the patients′ experience and surgical outcome.
Retroesophageal Right Subclavian Artery with Nonrecurrent Laryngeal Nerve: Unique Variation of Surgical Importance
Authors: Gupta Sumit , Naik Sudhir , Halkud Rajshekar , Nanjundappa A , Shenoy Ashok M , Chavan Purshottam , Naidu Kunal 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACT
A nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve (NRLN) is a rare anatomical variant and is not detected on routine preoperative imaging. NRLN is related with absence of the brachiocephalic trunk and aberrant retroesophageal course of the right subclavian artery (arteria lusoria) which is evident on contrast-enhanced computerized tomographic (CT) scan of the chest. We report three cases of NRLN accidentally documented during total thyroidectomies for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. All the three NRLNs seen on the right side were of the type IB variety. All the three NRLN were seen with its direct branch from the vagus at the level of the isthmus entering the cricothyroid muscle 2.5 to 3 cm away from the vagus without a recurrent course. Reviewing of contrast-enhanced CT scan of the chest revealed retroesophageal right subclavian artery (arteria lusoria) a variation of type I variety was evident in all the three cases. NRLN is a rare anatomical variant and routine preoperative imaging studies are not indicated. The risk of injury to the nerve is nullified by routine dissection and identifying its course along the paratracheal region. NRLN is related with absence of the brachiocephalic trunk and aberrant (mainly retroesophageal) course of the right subclavian artery which is evident on contrast-enhanced CT scan of the chest. Expensive imaging modalities are not warranted to screen a variation which is less than 1%.

How to cite this article
Shenoy AM, Nanjundappa A, Halkud R, Chavan P, Gupta S, Naidu K, Naik SM. Retroesophageal Right Subclavian Artery with Nonrecurrent Laryngeal Nerve: Unique Variation of Surgical Importance. World J Endoc Surg 2013;5(2): 33-38.