bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Sustainability and Its Effect on Free-Living Nematodes and Okra Plant Health
Authors: Shedhan Mohammed A. , Alfadal Fadal A. , Kandouh Basil H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study aimed to demonstrate the importance of soil tillage practices on soil structure and the density and distribution of free-living nematodes and their impact on the health and quality of soil planted with okra plants. This in order to develop a possible success of a sustainable agricultural system to prevent plant diseases and support plant health. The experiment was conducted in the field for the 2021 growing season after plowing and leveling the soil and divided into furrows, irrigated, and left for 6 months to stabilize and sustain the soil. Then the furrows for the treatments (organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, and combination of both) were plowed to a depth of 30 cm while the control furrows were left unplowed. Okra seeds were planted at 30 cm spacing, three furrows (replicates) for each treatment. During and at the end of the season, growth, yield, and plant health indicators based on nematodes diversity and population were measured. It was found that no-tillage led to significantly higher values of plant height, total fruit weight, leaf content of chlorophyll and nitrogen, and exhibiting higher numbers of free living nematodes, which showed significant differences in their populations over time period between the two seasons. A significant increase in all indicators under study were recorded in organic fertilizer treatments compared to the control treatment. Most plant growth indicators showed strong correlation with the number of free-living nematodes, especially at the end of the season.
Effect of Growth Regulators and Explants on Somatic Embryos Production of Crassula in Vitro
Authors: Muhsen Almasoody Mohammed Mehdi , Obaid Omar H. , Ali Jarmat Naba Hassan 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Crassula plant, includes a large group of beautiful succulent plants which multiply in the same method (leaves and vegetative branches), in this research, was studied effect of growth regulators BA, NAA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) (0.0, 0.5, 1.0) mg.L-1 respectively and TDZ, NAA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) (0.0, 0.5, 1.0) mg.L-1 respectively in MS media and explants were used in this experiment leaf top and leaf base to embryo production. The results showed that the best explant was the upper part of the leaf and that the highest rate of embryo production was 4.6 embryos at concentration (0.5, 1.0) mg.L-1 NAA, BA, respectively, but it did not differ significantly from all concentrations. No result was seen in the absence of BA, while without adding NAA to The medium affected on number of embryos but did not prevent their formation, the addition of TDZ with NAA clearly affected the number of embryos resulting from cutting the upper leaves, where the highest rate of embryo production reached 8.5 at concentration (0.5, 1.0) mg.L-1 of TDZ and NAA respectively, which differed clearly for remaining concentrations.
Effect of Nutrition Dietary and Protein Supplements in Liquid form During the Summer and Autumn Seasons in the Biological Activity and some Physiological Traits of Honey Bee Colonies Apis mellifera L.
Authors: Nafi Homam S. , Sayed Ghani Mohammed Y. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The laboratory study was conducted in the Insect Laboratory, Plant Protection Department, and the Central Laboratory of the College of Agriculture and Forestry - University of Mosul. The field study was conducted in one of the private apiaries in Nineveh Governorate. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of nutrition honey bee colonies with liquid dietary and protein supplements during the summer and autumn seasons on their biological activity and some physiological traits. The results of the study showed that all treatments of nutrition with liquid protein materials and their supplements helped in improving the activity of bees and their physiological traits, especially the treatment of nutrition with super protein, which was distinguished by recording the highest values in (open brood area, closed brood area, bee density, and honey area) with an average of (338.67, 440, 180.67, and 780.3) cm2/colony, respectively. The nutrition treatment with the mixture also recorded good rates in the aforementioned traits with an average of (291.67, 233, 758.7, and 640.3) cm2/colony, respectively. The nutrition treatments varied in the rates of the bee’s biological activity traits, while the whey cheese treatment recorded an average for the above traits of (232.67, 143.3, 663, and 440) cm2/colony, respectively. As a result of the continuous supplementary nutrition process during the summer and autumn seasons, the super protein treatment also excelled in recording the highest rate of physiological traits (wet weight, dry weight, carbohydrates, fats, and protein) at rates of (74.98, 31.02, 15.85, 10.957, and 14.83), respectively. The nutrition treatment with the mixture recorded (73.16, 30.51, 13.17, 9.45, and 14), respectively, while the comparison treatment recorded the lowest rates in the biological and physiological traits of bees of (39.33, 34.7, 137, and 34.7) cm2/colony, respectively. The results of the study confirmed the importance of nutrition bee colonies with the mentioned nutrients during the period of scarcity of nectar and pollen to maintain their activity and prevent their death and deterioration.
The Effect of Using Hydrogel and Some Biological and Chemical Treatments on Controlling Charcoal Rot Disease in Soybeans Under Field Experiment Conditions
Authors: Mahdi Mostafa Mohammad , Ahmed Al-Jbory Awf Abdal-Rahman , Asmaeel Salih Mohammed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was conducted in the laboratories and fields of the Plant Protection Department / Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad/Abu Ghraib. The results showed a significant superiority in the use of hydrogel in all the studied characteristics, the organic copper treatment, along with Trichoderma harzianum and fungicide Baltanole, exhibited remarkable superiority in mitigating pathogen-induced damage. These treatments not only reduced infection incidence and severity but also enhanced yield weight per individual plant and the rate of dry root weight. This efficacy was observed whether the treatments were applied individually or in combination. It became evident that the lowest percentage and severity of infection were 10% and 11.10% respectively when using the triple treatment C + T.h + Baltanole with hydrogel under disease conditions, compared to 76.60% and 72.50% when treating the pathogenic fungus alone without using hydrogel. It also appeared that there was an increase in the rate of dry total root weight and plant yield weight with the same triple treatment under infection conditions and hydrogel, reaching 6.50 and 250.18 grams/plant respectively, compared to 4.10 and 337.6 grams/plant respectively in the treatment of the pathogenic fungus alone under hydrogel conditions. Whereas under non-hydrogel use conditions, the rate of dry total root weight and plant yield weight with the same triple treatment under infection conditions was 5.83 and 224.48 grams/plant respectively, compared to 3.90 and 112 grams/plant in the treatment of the pathogenic fungus alone under non-hydrogel conditions.
Evaluation of Chemical Stimulators for Enhancing Pepper (Capsicum annum) Root Defense Against Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Abed Mohammed M. , Zaki Noor A. , Ibade Khalid W. , Kaya Yılmaz 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The field experiment conducted in 2023 within the greenhouse of the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar aimed to investigate the impact of various chemical root stimulants against Rhizoctonia solani on hot pepper Capsicum annum L. and their influence on selected vegetative and chemical traits. Results revealed that all treatments contributed to a distinguished reduction in infection severity compared to the pathogenic, with reductions to 0.0% observed in Inicium + Copper, Cinnamomum verum powder and T.harzianum treatments, followed by an 11% reduction in the Disper Root GS + Copper treatment. Conversely, the Control Phyte Si treatment exhibited a 19.4% reduction compared to the pathogenic 91.6%. This phenomenon manifested in vegetative characteristics as plant height, and wet and dry weight of foliage and root. Analogous impacts were noted in biochemical metrics such as chlorophyll content (SPAD), peroxidase enzyme activity, and phenol concentration in pepper foliage. This experiment can be used as an alternative method for managing the disease in place of chemicals.
Detoxification of Aflatoxin Using Ultraviolet, Ozone Gas and microwave in Chickpeas and Lentils
Authors: Abdullah Zainab Yahya , Al-Dulaimi Fahad K. Y. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by a different of fungi. Among these toxins, the most common in animal feed and human food is aflatoxin, which poses a threat to human health, causing cancer. Our study aims to find a way to reduce mycotoxin in some crop using ozone (O3), ultraviolet (U.V.) radiation, and microwave radiation. The results showed that when exposing chickpeas (Iraqi, Mexican, Russian) to ozone gas 10 minutes, there were reductions in aflatoxin concentrations 25.11, 26.72, 33.87 %, respectively, and using U.V. for 60 minutes shown results 15.63, 10.07, 9.67 %, respectively, and microwave showed the highest reduction percentage were 65.87, 65.02, 67.74 % for a period of 20 seconds. While in lentils (black and red), we obtained a reduction percentage of the mycotoxin by using ozone gas for 10 minutes with a reduction percentage of 20.48, 7.69% respectively, and using ultraviolet radiation for 60 minutes with a reduction percentage of 12.04, 5.88% respectively. The highest percentage of reduction was using microwave radiation for 20 seconds 77.10, 74.66%, respectively.
Phenylalanine Controls Blackberry Growth in Sustainable Soilless Culture and Enhances the Content of Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Al-Tameemi Alaa J. A. , Khalil Nazik H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study was conducted at Research Station A in the Coll. of Agri.Engi. Sci., U. of Baghdad during the 2022-2023, aiming to improve the vegetative growth and phenolic concentration in blackberry leaves by growing the plants in organic substrate soilless culture systems including licorice root residues (C3) and cocopeat (C2) compared to field soil (C1), as well as spraying the plants with phenylalanine (A) at three concentrations (0, 100, 200 mg.L-1). The results showed the superiority of the plants growen in cocopeat sprayed with 200 mg.L-1 of phenylalanine (C2A2) exhibiting the highest N%, P%, plant height, leaves number, total leaf area, increase in protein%, chlorophyll, and total flavonoids in the leaves, while(C3A2) was superior, in leaves beta-carotene and total phenols.
Heritability and Expected Genetic Advance of Three Broad Bean Under Effect of Some Agricultural Treatments
Authors: Al-Hameed Ahmad Mohanad Abd , Hassan Al-Hamadany Shamil Younis , Rasheed Al-Shakarchy Wiam Yahya 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The study included evaluating the performance of three different source cultivars of broad beans (Histal, Fava da orto, and Luz de otono) and estimating genetic and phenotypic variations, heritability, and expected genetic improvement of the yield and its components in one of the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering - College of Agriculture and Forestry - University of Mosul during autumn season 2019. - 2020, under the influence of some cultivation treatments, which are two treatments, the first is bacillus biofertilizer at two concentrations (no spraying and 1 ml L1) and the second is spraying with boron at three concentrations (no boron and 30 and 60 mg L-1) within a completely randomized block design with three replicates. The analysis of variance revealed that the cultivars had statistically significant mean squares at the 1% probability level for various traits including plant height, biological yield, number of days for 50% of the plants to flower, average pod weight, pod length, weight of green seeds, average weight of 100 seeds, yield of green pods, and total yield of green pods. The cultivars exhibited statistical significance at the 5% probability level for both the number of branches and the percentage of pods set. Significant genetic variance values were observed for all traits, except for the number of green seeds. Similarly, significant environmental and phenotypic variance values were observed for all traits being investigated. The heritability of most traits was high, with values ranging from 0.124 for the number of green seeds to 0.992 for plant height. The anticipated genetic enhancement values, expressed as a percentage of the mean trait, were notably high for the following traits: plant height, biological yield, number of days to 50% flowering, number of flowers, average pod weight, average weight of 100 seeds, green pod yield, and overall yield. Complete set of green pods.
The Chlorophyll, Macronutrients and Carbohydrates in Apple Leaves “Crystal Variety” as Affected by the Addition of Compound Fertilizer and Humus
Authors: Hamandi Al-Salmani Younes M. , Saleh Al-Douri Ehsan F. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on two-year-old apple trees of the ‘Crystal’ variety, grafted onto quince rootstock, planted in an orchard at the Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University. The orchard had dimensions of 3.5 × 4 meters and was irrigated by drip irrigation. The trees were fertilized with two fertilizers: first, NPK compound fertilizer at four levels - no fertilization as a control, balanced 40:40:40, high nitrogen 60:40:40, high potassium 40:40:60 - at a rate of 200 grams per tree for each. The second fertilizer was Hummix Power humus material at four levels - no addition as a control, 250, 500, 750 grams per tree. The fertilizer levels were divided into two equal doses, with the first half applied before the initiation of vegitative bud development and the second half two months later. The experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, and one tree per experimental unit. The results indicated that the treatment with high nitrogen compound fertilizer and 500 grams per tree of humus material gave the highest values for chlorophyll content (a, b, and total) without significant difference from the treatment with high nitrogen compound fertilizer and 750 grams per tree of humus material. Meanwhile, the high potassium compound fertilizer, humus material at 750 grams per tree, and the interaction between these two factors outperformed in achieving the highest values for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium percentages, total leaf carbohydrate content, and the carbohydrate to nitrogen ratio in the leaves.
Effect of Foliar Spraying with Licorice Extract and Adding Humic Acid to the Soil on the Yield of Apple Trees (Ibrahimi Cultivar) Malus Pumila
Authors: Kanber Huda Sami , Omar Al-Zubaidi Marwah Mohammed 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted in the spring of 2022 in a farmer’s apple orchard in Kirkuk Province. and the experiment was factorial with a randomized complete block design with three replications and includes two factors, as the first factor represents spraying with licorice extract at levels 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g.l-1 is denoted by L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5, respectively, while the second factor represents the addition of humic acid to the soil at levels 0, 3, 6 and 9 g. l-1 is denoted by (H0, H1, H2 and H3) respectively, each tree was considered an experimental unit and the coefficients were randomly distributed within one sector and analyzed using the SAS program and the averages were compared using the least significant difference test (L.S.D) at the level of probability of 5%, and the results indicated a significant increase with the increase of foliar spraying with licorice extract at the level of (8 g.l-1) and the addition of humic acid to the soil at the level (9 g.l-1) in all the studied traits compared to the comparison treatment, and the interaction between the foliar spraying of the licorice extract and the addition of humic acid to the soil was superior in all traits When the L5H3 overlap relative to the comparison treatment that gave the lowest value is given.
Growth and Flowering Response of Freesia hybrida to Spraying with Jasmonic Acid and Nano Magnesium
Authors: Al-Jaafari Aziz K. N. , Al-Zurfi Mushtaq T. H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Due to the importance of cultivating and trading freesia corms and studying the possibility of increasing and multiplying freesia flowers to meet consumer needs. The study aimed to evaluate the application of different levels of jasmonic acid and nanomagnesium in the growth and flowering of freesia plants. Therefore, an experiment was carried out at the Scientific Research Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Kufa during the agricultural season 2023-2024. The yellow Wintergold corms, produced by the Turkish company Asyalale, were planted on 10/20/2023 in plastic pots with a diameter of 25 cm in an agricultural medium of river sand and peat moss at a ratio of 3:1, weighing 5 kg, at a rate of one plant per pot. Spraying was done with jasmonic acid at four concentrations (0, 10, 20 and 30) mg.L-1, or nanomagnesium, at four concentrations (0, 40, 80 and 120) mg.L-1. The spraying was carried out three times, the first spraying was when the true leaves appeared and the spraying was done twice. Others with an interval of 21 days. The parameters were applied in a factorial experiment with two factors and three replications, and (R.C.B.D) Randomized complete Block Design 4×4×3 = 48. The results showed that spraying jasmonic acid at a concentration of 30 mg.L-1 with nanomagnesium at concentrations of 80 and 120 mg.L-1. The best results that recorded a significant increase in the dry weight of the shoot, the number of days required for the flower stand to appear, the number of days required for flowering, the number of florets in the inflorescence, the number of corms, the nitrogen content of the leaves, the potassium content of the leaves and the magnesium content of the leaves were in the treatment. The interaction was 30 mg.L-1 jasmonic and 120 mg.L-1 nanomagnesium, which did not differ from the interaction of jasmonk at the same concentration with 80 mg.L-1 nanomagnesium. The mentioned interaction treatments differed significantly from the individual treatments and was also significantly different from the control treatment in all the studied parameters.
Utilizing Geospatial Techniques for Change Detection of the Baghdad Campus landscape From 1988 to 2022
Authors: Mahdi Suhad A. , Jasim Sada N. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques offer significant potential as a quantitative approach for monitoring urban growth and environmental changes on landscape. This study assesses urban growth and drought monitoring in University of Baghdad campus from 1988 to 2022 by using Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) and spectral indices: Normalized Difference built up Index (NDBI) to detect and map built-up areas or urban developments and Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDBI) used to detect areas experiencing water stress. The (LU/LC) and NDMI values were classified into five categories: High Vegetation, Built -up Area, Low Vegetation, Moist Soil and Barren Soil. Built -up Area of (LU/LC) recorded 6.578 km2 (19%) in 1988 which increased to 9.009 km2 (26%) in 2022 representing a 36% increase in the percentage, whereas Built -up Area of (NDBI) recorded 7.617 Km2 (22 %) in 1988 and decreased to 5.887 Km2 (17 %) in 2022 representing a 22% reduces in the percentage of built-up area relative to the total area. NDBI estimated values were (- 0.14 -0.58) and (- 0.4 - 0.01) for 1988, 2022 respectively. The estimated NDMI values were classified into five categories: Very low Moisture, low Moisture, Medium Moisture, High Moisture and Very High Moisture. NDMI values recorded (- 0.29 -0.29) and (- 0.06 - 0.25) for 1988, 2022 respectively. The study emphasized the importance of using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques in landscape design and management towards implementation of effective strategies for enhancing environmental sustainability.
Effect of Bio and Organic Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis Romanesco
Authors: Hajool Husien , Manea Ali Ibadi , Mahmood Saad S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of different organic fertilization treatments during the agricultural season of 2023–2024 in the province of Babylon. Furthermore, it is essential for Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis Romanesco development and production. Experiments were conducted with three replicates using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Biofertilization (control) and organic fertilizing agents (vermicompost fertilizer, poultry waste fertilizer, and BioHealth fertilizer) are the primary determinants. The following constitutes the outcomes of the research: Biofertilization with the Novatec 21 fertilizer treatment enhanced the majority of the evaluated indicators significantly more than that with the BioHealth fertilizer treatment. These variables comprised analysis of the plant’s stature, leaf area, dry matter proportion, chlorophyll content, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, weight of the flower crown, and overall yield. In contrast to the poultry waste treatment, vermicompost organic fertilization exhibited a substantial enhancement in the majority of the assessed parameters. The aforementioned parameters comprised analysis of the plant’s stature, leaf area, dry matter proportion, chlorophyll content, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, weight of the flower crown, and the total yield.
Effect of Nanofertilization on Yield and Its Components in Six Cultivars of Upland Cotton
Authors: Kadhim Zabar Khudair Abdul , Jader Al-Nuaimi Jassim Jawad 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The field study was conducted during the year 2023, to study Effect of nanofertilization on the yield and its components in six cultivars of upland cotton under 5% selection intensity and to estimate the coefficient of variation for the studied traits of seed cotton yield by Effect of nanofertilization, and the cultivars are (Coker, IK30, MONTANA CHRIB-AM, 539, ALEPPO 9, CUTRUR). Seeds of the cultivars were planted in Babil Governorate using a factorial experiment according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were highly significant differences in the averages of the cultivars for all the studied traits, as the CHRIBAM539 cultivar excelled in the number of bolls open, bolls open weight, earlyness factor, ginning outturn percentage, seed cotton yield per plant, and plant yield (microgram hectare-1), followed by the IK30 cultivar, bolls weight, and in ginning outturn percentage (gm per plant) and the Halab 9 cultivar was superior in chlorophyll percentage, while the Coker cultivar was excelled on the seed factor, while the Cutrur cultivar was non excelled in any of the studied traits. The concentration of (2) g.L-1 of nanofertilization with half the fertilizer recommendation achieved the highest cotton yield per plant with the CHRIBAM539 cultivar, followed by the MONTANA cultivar, reaching (209.9) (173.6) respectively. Interactions between cultivars and nanofertilization with half the ground fertilizer recommendation gave highly significant differences in the number of bolls, bolls weight, seed factor, earliness factor, fiber yield, ginning outturn percentage, and seed cotton yield.