bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production in transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells using engineered acetoacetyl-CoA reductase
Authors: Yokoo Toshinori , Matsumoto Ken'ichiro , Ooba Takashi , Morimoto Kenjiro , Taguchi Seiichi 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Highly active mutant of NADPH-dependent acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (PhaB) was expressed in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Bright Yellow-2 cultured cells to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)]. The mutated PhaB increased P(3HB) content by three-fold over the control, indicating that the mutant was a versatile tool for P(3HB) production. Additionally, the PhaB-catalyzed reaction was suggested to be a rate-limiting step of P(3HB) biosynthesis in tobacco BY-2 cells.
Neonatal Oxygenation, Pulmonary Hypertension, and Evolutionary Adaptation to High Altitude (2013 Grover Conference series)
Authors: Niermeyer Susan , Andrade‐M Mario Patricio , Vargas Enrique , Moore Lorna G. 
Published: February 2015

Andeans and Tibetans have less altitude reduction in birth weight than do shorter‐resident groups, but only Tibetans are protected from pulmonary hypertension and chronic mountain sickness (CMS). We hypothesized that differences in neonatal oxygenation were involved, with arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) being highest in Tibetans, intermediate in Andeans, and lowest in Han or Europeans, and that improved oxygenation in Andeans relative to Europeans was accompanied by a greater postnatal decline in systolic pulmonary arterial pressures (). We studied 41 healthy (36 Andeans, 5 Europeans) and 9 sick infants at 3,600 m in Bolivia. The SaO2 in healthy babies was highest at 6–24 hours of postnatal age and then declined, whereas sick babies showed the opposite pattern. Compared to that of 30 Tibetan or Han infants studied previously at 3,600 m, SaO2 was higher in Tibetans than in Han or Andeans during wakefulness and active or quiet sleep. Tibetans, as well as Andeans, had higher values than Han while feeding. The SaO2's of healthy Andeans and Europeans were similar and, like those of Tibetans, remained at 85% or above, whereas Han values dipped below 70%. Andean and European values were above sea‐level norms and higher in sick than in healthy babies, but right heart pressure decreased across 4–6 months in all groups. We concluded that Tibetans had better neonatal oxygenation than Andeans at 3,600 m but that, counter to our hypothesis, neither was SaO2 higher nor Ppa lower in Andean than in European infants. Further, longitudinal studies in these 4 groups are warranted to determine whether neonatal oxygenation influences susceptibility to high‐altitude pulmonary hypertension and CMS later in life.
Poset limits can be totally ordered
Authors: Hladký Jan , Máthé András , Patel Viresh , Pikhurko Oleg 
Published: February 2015

S. Janson [Poset limits and exchangeable random posets, Combinatorica 31 (2011), 529–563] defined limits of finite posets in parallel to the emerging theory of limits of dense graphs.

We prove that each poset limit can be represented as a kernel on the unit interval with the standard order, thus answering an open question of Janson. We provide two proofs: real-analytic and combinatorial. The combinatorial proof is based on a Szemerédi-type Regularity Lemma for posets which may be of independent interest.

Also, as a by-product of the analytic proof, we show that every atomless ordered probability space admits a measure-preserving and almost order-preserving map to the unit interval.
High Prevalence of Anal Human Papillomavirus–Associated Cancer Precursors in a Contemporary Cohort of Asymptomatic HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Heard Isabelle , Etienney Isabelle , Potard Valérie , Poizot-Martin Isabelle , Moore Catherine , Lesage Anne-Carole , Ressiot Emmanuelle , Crenn-Hebert Catherine , Fléjou Jean-François , Cubie Heather , Costagliola Dominique , Darragh Teresa M. ,   for the ANRS-C017 VIHGY Study Group, Franceschi S. , Palefsky J. , Heard I. , Costagliola D. , Cubie H. , Bergeron C. , Carcelain G. , Foulot H. , Crenn-Hébert C. , Tubiana R. , Poizot-Martin I. , Isabelle Richet A. , Lefebvre B. , Rousset Jablonski C. , Viard J. P. , Sastre Garau X. , Tubiana R. , Bonmarchand M. , Cuccu L. , Lefebvre B. , Richet A. , Torchin D. , Carbonne B. , Fléjou J. F. , Hoyeau N. , Poizot I. , Ducassou M.J. , Ressiot E. , Figarella-Branger D. , Meier F. , Crenn-Hébert C. , Gorbatchev C. , Rousset-Jablonski C. , Viard J. P. , Etienney I. , Lesage A. , Potard V. , Taibi S. , Costagliola D. , Cubie Virology: H. , Moore C. , Bergeron C. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Background.  Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women are at high risk for anal cancer, few data have been published on prevalence of and risk factors for anal precancer and potential screening strategies in this risk group.
Methods.  A cross-sectional anal screening study was nested in a gynecological cohort of HIV-infected women. Anal swab specimens were collected for cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing. High-resolution anoscopy, with biopsy when indicated, was systematically performed.
Results.  Among the 171 enrolled women, median age was 47.3 years and 98% were receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Median CD4+ count was 655 cells/µL and HIV load was &lt;50 copies/mL in 89% of subjects. High-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia or worse (HG-AIN+) was diagnosed in 12.9% (n = 21). In multivariable analysis, a history of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion (odds ratio [OR], 4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–16.4) and anal HPV-16 infection (OR, 16.1; 95% CI, 5.4–48.3) was associated with increased risk of HG-AIN+. Abnormal anal cytology and HPV-16 infection performed best as a screening strategy for HG-AIN+ histology, with positive likelihood ratios of 3.4 (95% CI, 2.3–5.1) and 4.7 (95% CI, 2.5–8.7) and negative likelihood ratios of 0.2 (95% CI, .07–.8) and 0.4 (95% CI, .2–.9), respectively.
Conclusions.  HIV-infected women with a history of HPV-associated cervical disease are at increased risk for HG-AIN+ and should be offered anal cancer screening. Anal cytology and HPV-16 genotyping had the best screening performance. Anal cytology is easy to perform routinely; it may be the best candidate for screening for HG-AIN among HIV-infected women.
Novel gentamicin resistance genes in Campylobacter isolated from humans and retail meats in the USA
Authors: Zhao Shaohua , Mukherjee Sampa , Chen Yuansha , Li Cong , Young Shenia , Warren Melissa , Abbott Jason , Friedman Sharon , Kabera Claudine , Karlsson Maria , McDermott Patrick F. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Objectives
To understand the molecular epidemiology of gentamicin-resistant Campylobacter and investigate aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms.

Methods
One-hundred-and-fifty-one gentamicin-resistant Campylobacter isolates from humans (n = 38 Campylobacter jejuni; n = 41, Campylobacter coli) and retail chickens (n = 72 C. coli), were screened for the presence of gentamicin resistance genes by PCR and subtyped using PFGE. A subset of the isolates (n = 41) was analysed using WGS.

Results
Nine variants of gentamicin resistance genes were identified: aph(2″)-Ib, Ic, Ig, If, If1, If3, Ih, aac(6′)-Ie/aph(2″)-Ia and aac(6′)-Ie/aph(2″)-If2. The aph(2″)-Ib, Ic, If1, If3, Ih and aac(6′)-Ie/aph(2″)-If2 variants were identified for the first time in Campylobacter. Human isolates showed more diverse aminoglycoside resistance genes than did retail chicken isolates, in which only aph(2″)-Ic and -Ig were identified. The aph(2″)-Ig gene was only gene shared by C. coli isolates from human (n = 27) and retail chicken (n = 69). These isolates displayed the same resistance profile and similar PFGE patterns, suggesting that contaminated retail chicken was probably the source of human C. coli infections. Human isolates were genetically diverse and generally more resistant than the retail chicken isolates. The most frequent co-resistance was to tetracycline (78/79, 98.7%), followed by ciprofloxacin/nalidixic acid (46/79, 58.2%), erythromycin and azithromycin (36/79, 45.6%), telithromycin (32/79, 40.5%) and clindamycin (18/79, 22.8%). All human and retail meat isolates were susceptible to florfenicol.

Conclusions
This study demonstrated that several new aminoglycoside resistance genes underlie the recent emergence of gentamicin-resistant Campylobacter, and that, in addition to contaminated retail chicken, other sources have also contributed to gentamicin-resistant Campylobacter infections in humans.
Selection and molecular characterization of ceftazidime/avibactam-resistant mutants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains containing derepressed AmpC
Authors: Lahiri Sushmita D. , Walkup Grant K. , Whiteaker James D. , Palmer Tiffany , McCormack Kathy , Tanudra M. Angela , Nash Tory J. , Thresher Jason , Johnstone Michele R. , Hajec Laurie , Livchak Stephania , McLaughlin Robert E. , Alm Richard A. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract

Objectives
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important nosocomial pathogen that can cause a wide range of infections resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Avibactam, a novel non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor, is being developed in combination with ceftazidime and has the potential to be a valuable addition to the treatment options for the infectious diseases practitioner. We compared the frequency of resistance development to ceftazidime/avibactam in three P. aeruginosa strains that carried derepressed ampC alleles.

Methods
The strains were incubated in the presence of increasing concentrations of ceftazidime with a fixed concentration (4 mg/L) of avibactam to calculate the frequency of spontaneous resistance. The mutants were characterized by WGS to identify the underlying mechanism of resistance. A representative mutant protein was characterized biochemically.

Results
The resistance frequency was very low in all strains. The resistant variants isolated exhibited ceftazidime/avibactam MIC values that ranged from 64 to 256 mg/L. All of the mutants exhibited changes in the chromosomal ampC gene, the majority of which were deletions of various sizes in the Ω-loop region of AmpC. The mutant enzyme that carried the smallest Ω-loop deletion, which formed a part of the avibactam-binding pocket, was characterized biochemically and found to be less effectively inhibited by avibactam as well as exhibiting increased hydrolysis of ceftazidime.

Conclusions
The development of high-level resistance to ceftazidime/avibactam appears to occur at low frequency, but structural modifications in AmpC can occur that impact the ability of avibactam to inhibit the enzyme and thereby protect ceftazidime from hydrolysis.
The progenitors of the Milky Way stellar halo: big bricks favoured over little bricks
Authors: Deason A. J. , Belokurov V. , Weisz D. R. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
We present a census of blue horizontal branch (BHB) and blue straggler (BS) stars belonging to dwarf galaxies and globular clusters, and compare these counts to that of the Milky Way stellar halo. We find, in agreement with earlier studies, that the ratio of BS-to-BHB stars in these satellite populations is dependent on stellar mass. Dwarf galaxies show an increasing BS-to-BHB ratio with luminosity. In contrast, globular clusters display the reverse trend, with NBS/NBHB (≲ 1) decreasing with luminosity. The faintest (L &lt; 105 Lȯ) dwarfs have similar numbers of BS and BHB stars (NBS/NBHB ∼ 1), whereas more-massive dwarfs tend to be dominated by BS stars (NBS/NBHB ∼ 2–40). We find that the BS-to-BHB ratio in the stellar halo is relatively high (NBS/NBHB ∼ 5–6), and thus inconsistent with the low ratios found in both ultra-faint dwarfs and globular clusters. Our results favour more-massive dwarfs as the dominant ‘building blocks’ of the stellar halo, in good agreement with current predictions from Λ cold dark matter models.
Further evidence for a time-dependent initial mass function in massive early-type galaxies
Authors: Ferreras Ignacio , Weidner Carsten , Vazdekis Alexandre , La Barbera Francesco 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Spectroscopic analyses of gravity-sensitive line strengths give growing evidence towards an excess of low-mass stars in massive early-type galaxies (ETGs). Such a scenario requires a bottom-heavy initial mass function (IMF). However, strong constraints can be imposed if we take into account galactic chemical enrichment. We extend the analysis of Weidner et al. and consider the functional form of bottom-heavy IMFs used in recent works, where the high-mass end slope is kept fixed to the Salpeter value, and a free parameter is introduced to describe the slope at stellar masses below some pivot mass scale (M &lt; MP = 0.5 Mȯ). We find that no such time-independent parametrization is capable to reproduce the full set of constraints in the stellar populations of massive ETGs – resting on the assumption that the analysis of gravity-sensitive line strengths leads to a mass fraction at birth in stars with mass M &lt; 0.5 Mȯ above 60 per cent. Most notably, the large amount of metal-poor gas locked in low-mass stars during the early, strong phases of star formation results in average stellar metallicities [M/H] ≲ −0.6, well below the solar value. The conclusions are unchanged if either the low-mass end cutoff, or the pivot mass are left as free parameters, strengthening the case for a time-dependent IMF.
Immanuel Kant: Aesthetics and Teleology
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: February 2015

The Critique of the Power of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft), published in 1790, was the last of the three critiques by Immanuel Kant (b. 1724–d. 1804). In the Introduction to the work, Kant argues that the gulf between the realms of the laws of nature and of freedom, or between theoretical and practical philosophy, needs to be bridged, and that the “reflecting” use of the faculty of judgment can do this while also taking us from the most general principles of natural science to empirical concepts and laws of nature. In the first main part of the work, the critique of the aesthetic power of judgment, Kant analyzes and defends our responses to, and judgments of, the beautiful in both nature and art and the sublime in nature; in the second main part, the critique of the teleological power of judgment, Kant defends our “regulative” rather than “constitutive” judgments of organisms as purposive systems within nature and of nature as a whole as a purposive system that has as its “final goal” (Endzweck) the development of the discipline necessary for the realization of human morality—although as a product of human freedom, morality can never, in Kant’s view, be achieved by merely natural means, only by an act of choice. Kant had been interested in reconciling a teleological outlook with the development of modern science since such early works as the Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens of 1755 and The Only Possible Basis for a Demonstration of the Existence of God of 1763. He had likewise long been interested in issues in aesthetics, having published a popular work of Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime in 1764. In addition, following the example of the textbooks by Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten and Georg Friedrich Meier that he used for his courses on logic, metaphysics, and, beginning in 1772–1773, anthropology, he had touched upon aesthetics in all of those courses. But the idea of addressing aesthetics and teleology in a single book does not seem to have occurred to Kant before the end of 1787, after he had finished writing the Critique of Practical Reason, and he then wrote the third critique very quickly. His deepest reason for having written this book seems to have been his realization that both aesthetic and teleological judgment could support the human effort to be moral without sacrificing what is distinctive to them.
William James
Authors: Slater Michael 
Published: February 2015

William James (b. 1842–d. 1910) was the most influential American philosopher and psychologist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the founding father of empirical psychology in the United States. A thinker of unusually broad interests and abilities and a physiologist by training, James rose to international prominence with the publication of his monumental The Principles of Psychology (originally published in 1890), but devoted roughly the last twenty years of his life to popular lecturing on philosophical and psychological topics and to the articulation and development of his philosophical views, the seeds of which can be largely found in Principles. He is perhaps best known to philosophers today as one of the originators of pragmatism (along with Charles Sanders Peirce), and for his defense of innovative and controversial philosophical doctrines such as radical empiricism and “the will to believe.” In addition to Principles, James’s most famous works are The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (published first in 1897), The Varieties of Religious Experience (published in 1902), and Pragmatism (first published in 1907).
Mikhail Bakhtin
Authors: Anderson Donald L. 
Published: February 2015

Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (b. 1895–d. 1975) has received much more scholarly attention since his death than he ever did while alive. Bakhtin’s early years found him joining small groups of like-minded intellectuals eager to escape the social and political turmoil of Russia in the late 1910s. In the late 1920s he wrote several of his most important works, influenced by discussions with colleagues Valentin Voloshinov and Pavel Medvedev (now called the “Bakhtin circle”); indeed, some scholars claim that books authored by Voloshinov and Medvedev were actually written by Bakhtin. Bakhtin’s participation in these intellectual circles is likely one reason why he was arrested in 1929 and sent to exile at a hard labor camp in the north where he almost certainly would have died if not for his already poor health (his leg was injured and later amputated in the late 1930s) and the intervention of well-placed family and friends that diverted him instead to Kazakhstan. After five years of exile Bakhtin was released and permitted to begin a teaching career. During this time he wrote extensively, having completed Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics, Discourse in the Novel, and in 1941, Rabelais and His World, which he submitted as his doctoral dissertation. A locally popular figure in the 1950s and 1960s, Bakhtin lectured and taught and would have remained relatively unknown if it were not for a group of scholars who admired his writings and helped to popularize them. After Bakhtin’s death, his writings were translated into English (in the 1970s and 1980s), where they quickly found influence. Bakhtin is now included as one of the most prominent social theorists of the 20th century. Bakhtin’s major concepts include dialogue (and monologue), heteroglossia, genre, carnival/carnivalesque, centripetal/centrifugal forces, and authorship. Dialogue may be the most commonly referenced Bakhtinian concept and yet it may also be the most misunderstood. Dialogue in a Bakhtinian sense is an expansive philosophy that considers that all communication is dialogic, where meaning can only be understood in its social context. The concept of intertextuality, while never explicitly identified in Bakhtin’s work, was developed by Kristeva from Bakhtin’s thinking. This as well as other Bakhtinian concepts have greatly influenced scholars in the fields of communication, where his influence became widespread beginning in the 1990s and 2000s. In particular, this influence has been felt in the disciplines of rhetoric, interpersonal communication, organizational communication, intercultural communication, and mass communication. This entry concentrates primarily on English-language essays and empirical studies using Bakhtin’s concepts in each of these fields in communication.
Weight Gain After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Authors: Alang Neha , Kelly Colleen R. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. We report a case of a woman successfully treated with FMT who developed new-onset obesity after receiving stool from a healthy but overweight donor. This case may stimulate further studies on the mechanisms of the nutritional-neural-microbiota axis and reports of outcomes in patients who have used nonideal donors for FMT.
Only a Touch of the Flu? The Simultaneous Manifestation of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy in Two Consanguineous Patients
Authors: Bloch C. , Suter B. , Fischmann A. , Gensicke H. , Rüegg S. , Weisser M. 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
This case report describes the simultaneous manifestation of acute necrotizing encephalopathy in 2 consanguineous patients after infection with influenza B based on the autosomal dominant missense mutation of the RANBP2-gene. Differential diagnosis of acute encephalopathy, clinical and radiological clues, and treatment strategies are outlined.
Comparative Advantage and Optimal Trade Policy
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Authors: Costinot Arnaud , Donaldson Dave , Vogel Jonathan , Werning Iván 
Published: February 2015

Abstract
The theory of comparative advantage is at the core of neoclassical trade theory. Yet we know little about its implications for how nations should conduct their trade policy. For example, should import sectors with weaker comparative advantage be protected more? Conversely, should export sectors with stronger comparative advantage be subsidized less? In this article we take a first stab at exploring these issues. Our main results imply that in the context of a canonical Ricardian model, optimal import tariffs should be uniform, whereas optimal export subsidies should be weakly decreasing with respect to comparative advantage, reflecting the fact that countries have more room to manipulate prices in their comparative-advantage sectors. Quantitative exercises suggest substantial gains from such policies relative to simpler tax schedules.
The management of cellulitis in emergency departments: antibiotic-prescribing practices and adherence to practice guidelines in Ireland
Authors: Quirke Michael , Saunders Jean , O’Sullivan Ronan , Wakai Abel 
Published: February 2015

ObjectivesThere is a lack of evidence to guide the management of cellulitis in the emergency department (ED). The primary aim of this study was to characterize antibiotic-prescribing practices for the treatment of cellulitis in Irish EDs. Secondary aims were to identify patient variables associated with the prescription of intravenous (i.v.) antibiotics and to describe the utility of three published guidelines for the management of cellulitis in the ED.MethodsThis was a multicentre, prospective, observational cross-sectional study of consecutive patients presenting to six EDs in Ireland over a 1-month period (June 2012).ResultsIn total, 117 patients were enrolled. Fifty-five percent of all patients (n=65) were referred from primary care, and emergency physicians prescribed i.v. therapy in 50% of patients (n=59) overall. Nonpurulent cellulitis accounted for 96.5% of cases (n=113). Flucloxacillin, either alone or with penicillin V, is the most commonly prescribed oral antibiotic in patients both referred from primary care and discharged from the ED. Flucloxacillin with benzylpenicillin is the most commonly prescribed i.v. treatment. Fever, increasing diameter of infection, and tinea pedis were associated with prescription of i.v. antibiotics by emergency physicians. The three guidelines examined in this study recommended oral antibiotic treatment for between 33–44% of patients who were treated with i.v. antibiotics by emergency physicians.ConclusionIn Ireland, current prescribing practices for CREST 1 and modified CREST 1 and 2 patients are poorly adherent to guideline recommendations.