bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new approach for assimilation of 2D radar precipitation in a high‐resolution NWP model
Authors: Korsholm Ulrik Smith , Petersen Claus , Sass Bent Hansen , Nielsen Niels Woetmann , Jensen David Getreuer , Olsen Bjarke Tobias , Gill Rasphal , Vedel Henrik 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTA new approach for assimilation of 2D precipitation in numerical weather prediction models is presented and tested in a case with convective, heavy precipitation. In the scheme a nudging term is added to the horizontal velocity divergence tendency equation. In case of underproduction of precipitation, the strength of the nudging is proportional to the offset between observed and modelled precipitation, leading to increased moisture convergence. If the model over‐predicts precipitation, the low level moisture source is reduced, and in‐cloud moisture is nudged towards environmental values. The method was implemented in the Danish Meteorological Institute numerical weather prediction (DMI NWP) nowcasting system, running with hourly cycles, performing a surface analysis and 3D variational analysis for upper air assimilation at each cycle restart, followed by nudging assimilation of precipitation and then a free forecast. The precipitation fields are based on a 2D composite CAPPI (constant altitude plan position indicator) field made from observations with the DMI weather radars, and have a 10 min time resolution. The results obtained in this study indicate that the new method implies fast adjustment of the dynamical state of the model to facilitate precipitation release when the model precipitation intensity is too low. Removal of precipitation is shown to be of importance and the position of the model precipitation cells becomes skilful even at the smallest scales (∼3 km). Bias is reduced for low and extreme precipitation rates. In this meteorological case, the usage of the nudging procedure has been shown to improve the prediction of heavy precipitation substantially.
Impact of processing on the bioavailability and vascular effects of blueberry (poly)phenols
Authors: Rodriguez‐Mateos Ana , Pino‐García Raquel Del , George Trevor W. , Vidal‐Diez Alberto , Heiss Christian , Spencer Jeremy P. E. 
Published: July 2014

ScopeBlueberries are a rich source of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Currently, little information is available regarding the impact of processing on the bioavailability and the bioactivity of blueberry (poly)phenols.Methods and resultsIn a randomized, controlled crossover trial, ten healthy volunteers consumed (a) blueberry‐containing baked products, (b) an unprocessed blueberry drink containing the same amount of freeze‐dried blueberry powder as used in the baked products, and (c) matched control baked products. Endothelial function was measured as flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and plasma samples taken at baseline and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h postconsumption. Although processing did not significantly change the total (poly)phenolic amount, the processed products contained significantly less anthocyanins (−42%), more chlorogenic acid (23%), no flavanol nonamers or decamers, and significantly more flavanol dimers and trimers (36% and 28%, respectively). FMD increased after 1, 2, and 6 h consumption of the baked products to a similar degree as the unprocessed blueberries, despite significant differences in the levels of individual plasma metabolites. No changes were observed after the consumption of the control product.ConclusionCareful processing can preserve important biological activities of blueberries despite changing the blueberry (poly)phenol composition and plasma metabolite profile.
Optimized radiofrequency coil setup for MR examination of living isolated rat hearts in a horizontal 9.4T magnet
Authors: Lohezic Maelene , Bollensdorff Christian , Korn Matthias , Lanz Titus , Grau Vicente , Kohl Peter , Schneider Jürgen E. 
Published: July 2014

Purpose(i) To optimize an MR‐compatible organ perfusion setup for the nondestructive investigation of isolated rat hearts by placing the radiofrequency (RF) coil inside the perfusion chamber; (ii) to characterize the benefit of this system for diffusion tensor imaging and proton (1H‐) MR spectroscopy.MethodsCoil quality assessment was conducted both on the bench, and in the magnet. The benefit of the new RF‐coil was quantified by measuring signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), accuracy, and precision of diffusion tensor imaging/error in metabolite amplitude estimation, and compared to an RF‐coil placed externally to the perfusion chamber.ResultsThe new design provided a 59% gain in signal‐to‐noise ratio on a fixed rat heart compared to using an external resonator, which found reflection in an improvement of living heart data quality, compared to previous external resonator studies. This resulted in 14–29% improvement in accuracy and precision of diffusion tensor imaging. The Cramer–Rao lower bounds for metabolite amplitude estimations were up to 5‐fold smaller.ConclusionOptimization of MR‐compatible perfusion equipment advances the study of rat hearts with improved signal‐to‐noise ratio performance, and thus improved accuracy/precision. Magn Reson Med 73:2398–2405, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society of Medicine in Resonance.
A novel design of an isochronous integration [iIntegration] framework for first/second order multidisciplinary transient systems
Authors: Shimada M. , Masuri S. , Tamma K. K. 
Published: July 2014

SummaryOf fundamental interest are multidisciplinary interactions encompassing: (1) first order systems such as those encountered in parabolic heat conduction, first order hyperbolic systems such as fluid flow, and so on, and (2) second order systems such as those encountered in hyperbolic heat conduction, hyperbolic second order systems such as elastodynamics and wave propagation, and so on. After space discretization using methods such as finite differences, finite volumes, finite elements, and the like, the consequent proper integration of the time continuous ordinary differential equations is extremely important. In particular, the physical quantities of interest may need to be mostly preserved and/or the equations should be optimally integrated so that there is minimal numerical dissipation, dispersion, algorithm overshoot, capture shocks without too much dissipation, solve stiff problems and enable the completion of the analysis, and so on. To‐date, practical methods in most commercial and research software include the trapezoidal family (Euler forward/backward, Galerkin, and Crank Nicholson) for first order systems and the other counterpart trapezoidal family (Newmark family and variants with controllable numerical dissipation) for second order systems. For the respective first/second order systems, they are totally separate families of algorithms and are derived from altogether totally different numerical approximation techniques. Focusing on the class of the linear multistep (LMS) methods, algorithms by design was first utilized to develop GS4‐2 framework for time integration of second order systems. We have also recently developed the GS4‐1 framework for integrating first order systems. In contrast to all past efforts over the past 50 years or so, we present the formalism of a generalized unified framework, termed GS4 (generalized single step single solve), that unifies GS4‐1 (first‐order systems) and GS4‐2 (second‐order systems) frameworks for simultaneous use in both first and second order systems with optimal algorithms, numerical and order preserving attributes (in particular, second‐order time accuracy) as well. The principal contribution emanating from such an integrated framework is the practicality and convenience of using the same computational framework and implementation when solving first and/or second order systems without having to resort to the individual framework. All that is needed is a single novel GS4‐2 framework for either second‐ and/or first‐order systems, and we show how to switch from one to the other for illustrative applications to thermo‐mechanical problems influenced by first/second order systems, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How (not) to inform patients about drug use: use and effects of negations in Dutch patient information leaflets
Authors: Burgers Christian , Beukeboom Camiel J. , Sparks Lisa , Diepeveen Vera 
Published: July 2014

AbstractPurposeUnder EU regulations, patient information leaflets (PILs) are required to be clear and understandable. Negations (e.g., not, no) are a linguistic aspect that may impact PIL comprehension, yet go unmentioned in these regulations. We conducted two studies to determine (1) how negations are used in Dutch PILs (study 1) and (2) the effects of negations on readers (study 2).MethodsStudy 1 was a content analysis of 30 PILs of different brands of pollinosis drugs, half of which were freely available in drugstores and half only by physician prescription. We mapped negation use in PIL sections on ‘proper usage’ and ‘potential side effects’. Study 2 was an experiment in which participants (N = 80, Mage = 33.19 years, SDage = 13.66; 76.3% female) were presented with one of two PIL texts on proper drug usage. Texts were identical except for the use of negations. After reading, participants answered questions about comprehension, PIL appreciation and medical adherence intentions.ResultsStudy 1 demonstrates that negations are often used in PILs as 21.0% of clauses contain at least one negation. This number is higher in sections related to potential side effects than proper usage. Study 2 demonstrates that negations decrease both actual and subjective comprehension. Negations also decrease PIL appreciation and medical adherence intentions. The reduction in medical adherence intentions is driven by the decrease of subjective and not actual comprehension.ConclusionsIn general, participants prefer PILs that contain clear and comprehensible language. To increase comprehensibility, PIL designers should refrain from using negations as much as possible. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a high/low concentration photovoltaic module with dichroic spectrum splitting
Authors: Antonini Andrea , Butturi Mariangela A. , Zurru Paolo , Norton Matthew , Parretta Antonio 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA concentrating photovoltaic module design incorporating a spatial spectral splitting approach with dichroic mirrors is presented. The advantages of this technology are reported, as well as a short description of the design evolution process. The experimental results are summarised, highlighting possible improvements through the use of different production processes and components. Materials, design and assembly procedures are taken into account, keeping in mind the fundamental constrains of cost and reliability of the final product. Finally, the possibilities for market exploitation of this technology in the current photovoltaic landscape are analysed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combustion Effects of Nitrofulleropyrrolidine on RDX‐CMDB Propellants
Authors: Jin Bo , Peng Rufang , Zhao Fengqi , Yi Jianhua , Xu Siyu , Wang Sengbo , Chu Shijin 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThe effect of N‐methyl‐2‐(3‐nitrophenyl)pyrrolidino[3′,4′:1,2]fullerene (mNPF) on the decomposition characteristics of hexogen (RDX) was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that mNPF can accelerate the decomposition of RDX, the peak temperature (Tp) of the exothermal decomposition is reduced by 6.4 K, and the corresponding apparent activation energy (Ea) is decreased by 8.7 kJ mol−1. N‐methyl‐2‐(3‐nitrophenyl)pyrrolidino[3′,4′:1,2]fullerene (mNPF), carbon black (CB), and C60 were used as combustion catalysts to improve the combustion performance of a composite modified double‐base propellant containing RDX (RDX‐CMDB). The burning rate experimental results show that mNPF has a stronger catalytic effect than C60 and CB. The magnitude of the effect of the three carbon substances on the enhancement of the burning rate is as follows: mNPF>C60>CB. The catalytic effects of different contents of mNPF on the burning rates of RDX‐CMDB propellants were also studied, and the results show that the burning rates of RDX‐CMDB propellants are improved with increasing mNPF content. The plateau burning rate of a RDX‐CMDB propellant can be increased to 19.6 mm s−1 when 1.0 % mNPF is added, and the corresponding plateau combustion region occurs at 8–22 MPa.
How did the Canterbury Earthquakes Affect Physiotherapists and Physiotherapy Services? A Qualitative Study
Authors: Mulligan Hilda , Smith Catherine M. , Ferdinand Sandy 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackground and purposeThe recent earthquakes in Canterbury New Zealand ended lives and resulted in disruption to many aspect of life for survivors, including physiotherapists. Physiotherapists often volunteer vital rehabilitation services in the wake of global disasters; however, little is known about how physiotherapists cope with disasters that affect their own communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the Canterbury earthquakes affected physiotherapists and physiotherapy services.MethodsWe use a General Inductive Approach to analyse data obtained from purposively sampled physiotherapists or physiotherapy managers in the Canterbury region. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim.ResultsWe analysed data from interviews with 27 female and six male participants. We identified four themes: ‘A life‐changing earthquake’ that described how both immediate and on‐going events led to our second theme ‘Uncertainty‘. Uncertainty eroded feelings of resilience, but this was tempered by our third theme ‘Giving and receiving support’. Throughout these three themes, we identified a further theme ‘Being a physiotherapist’. This theme explains how physiotherapists and physiotherapy services were and still are affected by the Canterbury earthquakes.DiscussionWe recommend that disaster planning occurs at individual, departmental, practice and professional levels. This planning will enable physiotherapists to better cope in the event of a disaster and would help to provide professional bodies with a cohesive set of skills that can be shared with health agencies and rescue organizations. We recommend that the apparently vital skill of listening is explored through further research in order for it to be better accepted as a core physiotherapy skill. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small molecule screening in context: Lipid‐catalyzed amyloid formation
Authors: Hebda James A. , Magzoub Mazin , Miranker Andrew D. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIslet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) is a 37‐residue hormone cosecreted with insulin by the β‐cells of the pancreas. Amyloid fiber aggregation of IAPP has been correlated with the dysfunction and death of these cells in type II diabetics. The likely mechanisms by which IAPP gains toxic function include energy independent cell membrane penetration and induction of membrane depolarization. These processes have been correlated with solution biophysical observations of lipid bilayer catalyzed acceleration of amyloid formation. Although the relationship between amyloid formation and toxicity is poorly understood, the fact that conditions promoting one also favor the other suggests related membrane active structural states. Here, a novel high throughput screening protocol is described that capitalizes on this correlation to identify compounds that target membrane active species. Applied to a small library of 960 known bioactive compounds, we are able to report identification of 37 compounds of which 36 were not previously reported as active toward IAPP fiber formation. Several compounds tested in secondary cell viability assays also demonstrate cytoprotective effects. It is a general observation that peptide induced toxicity in several amyloid diseases (such as Alzhiemer's and Parkinson's) involves a membrane bound, preamyloid oligomeric species. Our data here suggest that a screening protocol based on lipid‐catalyzed assembly will find mechanistically informative small molecule hits in this subclass of amyloid diseases.
D7‐brane moduli space in axion monodromy and fluxbrane inflation
Authors: Arends M. , Hebecker A. , Heimpel K. , Kraus S. , Lüst D. , Mayrhofer C. , Schick C. , Weigand T. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe analyze the quantum‐corrected moduli space of D7‐brane position moduli with special emphasis on inflationary model building. D7‐brane deformation moduli are key players in two recently proposed inflationary scenarios: The first, D7‐brane chaotic inflation, is a variant of axion monodromy inflation which allows for an effective 4d supergravity description. The second, fluxbrane inflation, is a stringy version of D‐term hybrid inflation. Both proposals rely on the fact that D7‐brane coordinates enjoy a shift‐symmetric Kähler potential at large complex structure of the Calabi‐Yau threefold, making them naturally lighter than other fields. This shift symmetry is inherited from the mirror‐dual Type IIA Wilson line on a D6‐brane at large volume. The inflaton mass can be provided by a tree‐level term in the flux superpotential. It induces a monodromy and, if tuned to a sufficiently small value, can give rise to a large‐field model of inflation. Alternatively, by a sensible flux choice one can completely avoid a tree‐level mass term, in which case the inflaton potential is induced via loop corrections. The positive vacuum energy can then be provided by a D‐term, leading to a small‐field model of hybrid natural inflation. In the present paper, we continue to develop a detailed understanding of the D7‐brane moduli space focusing among others on shift‐symmetry‐preserving flux choices, flux‐induced superpotential in Type IIB/F‐theory language, and loop corrections. While the inflationary applications represent our main physics motivation, we expect that some of our findings will be useful for other phenomenological issues involving 7‐branes in Type IIB/F‐theory constructions.
Effect of perampanel, a novel AMPA antagonist, on benzodiazepine‐resistant status epilepticus in a lithium‐pilocarpine rat model
Authors: Hanada Takahisa , Ido Katsutoshi , Kosasa Takashi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThis study assessed the efficacy of diazepam, and the alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonists perampanel and GYKI52466 in a lithium‐pilocarpine status epilepticus (SE) model. SE was induced in rats using lithium chloride, scopolamine methyl bromide, and pilocarpine. Diazepam 10, 20, or 40 mg kg−1, or perampanel 1, 2.5, 5, or 8 mg kg−1 were administered intravenously at 10 or 30 min after seizure onset, and GYKI52466 50 mg kg−1, or combinations of diazepam 2.5–5 mg kg−1 and perampanel 0.5–1 mg kg−1, were administered intravenously at 30 min after seizure onset. Diazepam 20 mg kg−1 terminated seizures (based on electroencephalography and assessment of behavioral seizures) in 2/6 rats at 10 min and 0/6 rats at 30 min (ED50: 10 min, 30 mg kg−1; 30 min, not determined). Perampanel 8 mg kg−1 terminated seizures in 6/6 rats at both 10 and 30 min (ED50: 10 min 1.7 mg kg−1; 30 min, 5.1 mg kg−1). GYKI52466 50 mg kg−1 terminated seizures in 2/4 rats at 30 min. Co‐administration of diazepam 5 mg kg−1 and perampanel 1 mg kg−1 terminated seizures in 9/9 rats at 30 min. In conclusion, perampanel and GYKI52466 provided efficacy in a lithium‐pilocarpine SE model at 30 min after seizure onset, when SE was refractory to diazepam, supporting the therapeutic potential of AMPA receptor antagonists for refractory SE. The perampanel dose required to terminate seizures was reduced by combination with diazepam, suggesting synergy.
Development of multifunctional metabolic synergists to suppress the evolution of resistance against pyrethroids in insects that blood feed on humans
Authors: Hardstone Melissa C , Strycharz Joseph P , Kim Junheon , Park Il‐Kwon , Yoon Kyong Sup , Ahn Young Joon , Harrington Laura C , Lee Si Hyeock , Clark J Marshall 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDPyrethroids are the insecticides of choice when exposure to humans is likely, such as occurs in vector and public‐health‐related control programs. Unfortunately, the pyrethroids share a common resistance mechanism with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), knockdown resistance (kdr), and prior extensive use of DDT has predisposed the pyrethroids to cross‐resistance via kdr. Given the widespread occurrence of kdr, the use of synergists with pyrethroids is considered to be prudent to guard against the selection of multiply resistant insects.RESULTS3‐Phenoxybenzyl hexanoate (PBH) was synthesized as a multifunctional pyrethroid synergist that, besides being a surrogate substrate for sequestration/hydrolytic carboxylesterases, now also functions as a substrate for oxidative xenobiotic metabolism. The addition of PBH to permethrin‐treated females of the ISOP450 strain of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus resulted in a threefold increase in synergism, as judged by the synergistic ratio. Similarly, PBH synergized the action of deltamethrin sixfold on females of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, and was 2.8‐fold more synergistic than piperonyl butoxide (PBO).CONCLUSIONSPBH synergized the action of both type I and type II pyrethroids in a mosquito vector (Cx. p. quinquefasciatus) and in a public‐health pest, C. lectularius, respectively, indicating a broad spectrum of action on blood‐feeding insects. PBH appears to have residual properties similar to permethrin and is itself non‐toxic, unlike PBO, and therefore should be compatible with existing pyrethroid formulations used for insecticide‐treated nets and home/residential sprays. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Occupational asthma from exposure to rye flour in a Japanese baker
Authors: Oshikata Chiyako , Tsurikisawa Naomi , Saito Akemi , Yasueda Hiroshi , Akiyama Kazuo 
Published: July 2014

AbstractThree years after beginning employment at a bakery, a 32‐year‐old Japanese man began experiencing acute asthma exacerbations after exposure to rye flour. Antigen‐specific serum IgE antibodies were detected to the albumin and globulin, gliadin, prolamin, and glutenin protein fractions of rye flour purified from the crude antigen, but only to the albumin and globulin fraction of wheat flour. The histamine concentration producing one‐half maximal effect was lower for all four rye flour fractions than for the wheat flour fractions. After inhalation of the albumin and globulin fraction of rye flour, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec decreased to 77.7% of that pre‐provocation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of baker's asthma due to rye flour in Japan.