bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OIL SPILL RESPONSE TRAINING FOR COOPERATIVES AND INDIVIDUAL ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Deslauriers Paul C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Oil spill response training for cooperatives and individual organizations often involves focusing on a specific area, environmental conditions, personnel structure and resources for response. Cooperatives operating in remote areas often require personnel with a variety of spill response skills and disciplines, particularly for large spill events. Because of the variety of skills and conditions involved in this type of response preparation, 15 different training programs have been developed. Individual organizations, particularly for a single facility, have less diversified training needs, with the program designed around the facility, types of potential spills, area of potential spill impact and available response equipment and personnel.
THE USE OF RECEPTOR MODE TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Authors: Galt J. A. , Payton D. L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Spill trajectory models and computer analysis techniques have been used effectively in spill response programs. In addition to providing movement and spreading forecasts, these models also can be used to explore alternative operational scenarios. In many cases these same, basically deterministic, model formulations have been used to study hypothetical spills in a region where development is proposed, and the results used in contingency planning activities. When deterministic trajectory forecast models are used in this manner, a number of assumptions are necessary about the statistical nature of the dominant physical transport processes and the location of potential spill sites.
This paper describes a new modeling procedure in which high-value target, or receptor, areas first are determined. These areas may be defined by using various environmental sensitivity mapping schemes. With this information, the model performs an inverse set of trajectory calculations and presents the output as two maps. The first map provides the quantitative probability distribution that a pollutant could reach the high-value receptor site from anywhere in the modeled region; i.e., it is a threat zone map. The second map provides time of travel information for this distribution.
An example of the model's use is presented, and ways in which its map output may be used directly in regional response and contingency plans are discussed.
ANALYZING THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF OPERATIONAL DISCHARGES OF OIL FROM SHIPS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Ehler Charles N. , Basta Daniel J. , LaPoint Thomas F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a first attempt to estimate the spatial and temporal pattern of operational discharges of oil from ships and their contribution to surface oil concentrations in the Gulf of Mexico. A relatively simple—although novel in its application to marine pollution problems—simulation model has been developed to estimate the amount of oil discharged into the gulf routinely and intentionally during normal ship operations. These estimates are entered into a surface pollutant transport model developed to predict “typical” seasonal distributions of surface oil concentrations in the Gulf of Mexico. First results indicate that operational discharges from ships are a major contributor to coastal oil pollution problems throughout the gulf.
STATISTICAL FAILURE MODE ANALYSIS OF SUBMARINE PIPELINE ACCIDENTS
Authors: Olender William K. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to investigate the appropriate exposure and system variables that affect the frequencies of submarine pipeline accidents and spills, the relationships among these variables, and the principal failure modes for individual pipeline classes. Available data on accidents, spills, pipeline inventory, and operational experience were used to compute annual and (diameter adjusted) mean accident rates, standard deviations, and confidence limits. Combined data for three dissimilar maritime regions indicate that a failure rate for oil and gas submarine pipelines of between one and ten incidents per 1,000 kilometers (km) per year probably represents a conservative estimate; however, the number of accidents in two of these regions was too small to provide statistically meaningful results.
A more detailed analysis of Gulf of Mexico data recorded in the 1969-1980 period revealed that, while external factors such as severe weather and third party (man-made) activity accounted for nearly half of all pipeline incidents in that maritime region, corrosion has accounted for about half of all oil pipeline failures since 1975. Failure rates derived for Gulf of Mexico pipelines, however, are believed to overestimate pipeline vulnerability by a substantial margin owing to the exclusion of all but offshore Texas and Louisiana pipelines from the database.
UNDERGROUND OIL SPILL INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP1
Authors: McIntyre David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In April 1978, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region I office received an oil spill report which involved a sheen leaching from an industrial park into a river in Connecticut. Initial investigation revealed only two 10,000-gallon and one 11,000-gallon buried storage tanks as possible sources. All were located relatively close together about 200 feet from the river. The maintenance man reported that one of the 10,000-gallon tanks had spilled an estimated 500 gallons into the ground the previous year.
EPA responded and initially worked with the property owner and the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection in addressing the problem. Although the leaching seemed to be relatively minor at first, it gradually increased after July 1978. The property owner was unable to finance cleanup actions after the first few months. EPA assumed cleanup responsibility, using federal funds, and eventually took over all investigation and recovery efforts in 1980.
The incident has involved many phases, including locating and estimating the volume of the underground contamination, attempted source identification through sample analysis, installing recovery systems, excavating the oil storage tanks, winter operations of the recovery systems, disposal of product, and river cleanup. Analyses of test boring data in 1979 indicated the maximum volume of spilled product on the groundwater to be between 50,000 and 150,000 gallons. Since 1980, the recovery systems alone have yielded more than 90,000 gallons of oil, making this innocuous incident one of the largest inland oil spills ever in Region I. It also has been the most expensive federally-funded inland spill in the region. Recovery from the groundwater is expected to continue through 1982, albeit at a decreasing rate. The total observed volume of oil involved in the spill will probably exceed 110,000 gallons.
A CASE HISTORY: CLEANUP OF A SUBSURFACE LEAK OF REFINED PRODUCT
Authors: Minugh Edward M. , Patry Jeffrey J. , Keech Dorothy A. , Leek William R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In October 1980, gasoline vapors were detected in two restaurants about 500 feet downgradient from the site of a bulk plant that handles refined products. A geohydrological investigation identified a plume of gasoline and diesel fuel floating on the water table from the bulk plant to the restaurant locations.
The water table was encountered at a depth of 10 feet in alluvium composed of coarse gravels and cobbles. Pump tests of observation wells revealed the presence of buried, high permeability stream channels bordered by low permeability silty sediments. At low water level, a two-foot-thick layer of contaminated soil was observed above the product plume.
Free product was removed by recovery wells downgradient of the bulk plant and each of the restaurants using a two-pump method. Produced water was reinjected upgradient into wells around the restaurants and via a trench at the bulk plant.
Subsurface microbial biodegradation of residual hydrocarbons was stimulated by providing nutrients and diffused air at the water injection points. Biodegradation continued throughout a period of rising water table, reaching a high water depth above the contaminated soil layer. Accumulating fumes were removed from beneath one of the restaurants by means of a subsurface venting system constructed to maintain lateral air flow under the building.
This paper relates the case history of discovery, investigation, and response to a groundwater contamination problem. The unique methods successfully used to cleanup a subsurface leak of refined product are described.
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF THE FORTIES OILFIELD (NORTH SEA)
Authors: Hartley J. P. , Ferbrache J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Forties Oilfield (the largest in the U.K. sector of the North Sea) has been in production since September 1975. In June 1975, a quantitative survey of the benthic sediments and fauna over the area was made at the start of an environmental monitoring program for the field. The results of a repeat survey carried out after three years of production have been reported by Hartley.13 This paper presents data from a third similar survey in June 1981 and compares the findings with those of the earlier surveys.
The benthic fauna of the Forties Field is rich and diverse and qualitatively corresponded well in 1981 to previous descriptions. Naturally occurring gradients in both the sediment type and fauna are a feature of this area. Changes in the densities of certain species were noted at some sites in 1981, including increases in certain opportunistic forms. Although no areas of biological effect could be delineated around the four production platforms, the industrial activity in the field may be implicated in the changes found at several stations. The hydrocarbon content of the sediments was low and, with one possible exception, did not appear related to the biological changes noted.
The results to date suggest that offshore oilfields in deep water, developed using water-based drill fluids, present relatively few biological problems in the short term. Since no major biological effects have been found after six years of drilling and production, a reduced program of monitoring is recommended to maintain biological surveillance during the life of the field.
DELINEATION OF SUBSURFACE PETROLEUM SPILLS USING TERRAIN CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Saunders Wayne R. , Castle Robert W. , Foget Carl R. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Terrain conductivity is a geophysical technique which, by inducing current into the ground, can measure the conductivity of subsurface soils and interstitial waters. Hydrocarbons are not conductive materials and, because the surrounding lithology behaves to a certain extent as a conductor, the presence of pooled hydrocarbons floating on groundwater can be determined by the use of a terrain conductivity survey. Two case histories are presented in which terrain conductivity measurements were used to determine the extent and thickness of subsurface hydrocarbon plumes.
CAPE FEAR RIVER OIL SPILL (NORTH CAROLINA): DETERMINING OIL QUANTITY FROM MARSH SURFACE AREA
Authors: Baca Bart J. , Michel Jacqueline , Kana Timothy W. , Maynard Nancy G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A spill of heavy fuel oil in the Cape Fear River near Wilmington, North Carolina, impacted approximately 30 miles of shoreline. The vegetation was of a high marsh type dominated by species of Spartina, Scirpus, and Juncus. The particular water-insoluble, hydrophobic characteristics of the oil caused it to adhere predominantly to marsh vegetation. To determine the amount of oil onshore it was necessary to determine marsh grass surface areas.
Aerial reconnaissance established the locations of major, moderate, and low impact areas and allowed the production of an environmental data map. Ground reconnaissance was used to obtain widths of impacted marsh and to identify dominant marsh vegetation components. Transect measurements completed the data acquisition and yielded surface areas. The amount of surface area submerged at mean high tide (and, therefore, subject to oiling) was determined separately for Spartina alterniflora, S. cynosuroides, Scirpus olneyi, and Juncus effusus. Geometric formulas used were based upon the surface morphology of each plant. A stepwide procedure is given for application of the methods to other spills and to other common marsh species. Surface areas for flowering S. alterniflora ranged from about 700-to-l,500 square centimeters per plant. The leaf area was approximately twice the area of the stem.
Revisits to the spill site indicated that much of the oil had been exported from lightly oiled areas, and that these areas had recovered. However, heavily oiled areas showed a reduction in total plants per square meter and much contamination of surface sediments and substrate.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON WEATHERING IN THE SUBARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Payne James R. , Kirstein Bruce E. , McNabb G. Daniel , Lambach James L. , de Oliveira Celso , Jordan Randolph E. , Hom Wilson 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When crude oil or petroleum products are released to the marine environment, immediate alterations in chemical and physical properties occur as a result of a variety of weathering processes. A three-year oil weathering study of Prudhoe Bay crude oil has been completed under ambient subarctic conditions at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's lower Cook Inlet field laboratory in Kasitsna Bay, Alaska. Quantitative data from outdoor wave-tank and flow-through aquaria systems were collected on seasonal and time-series measurements of compositional changes in the oil and water column due to evaporation, dissolution, and water-in-oil emulsification, as well as alterations in rheological properties of the slick. These data are used for mathematical model development and verification of computer-predicted oil weathering behavior from a variety of spill scenarios.
The oil-weathering mathematical models developed in this program are based on measured physical properties data, and they generate material balances for both specific compounds and pseudo-compounds (distillation cuts) in crude oil. These models are applicable to open-ocean oil spills, spills in estuaries and lagoons where the water column is finite, and spills on land. The oil weathering processes included in the mathematical model are evaporation, dispersion of oil into the water column, dissolution, water-in-oil emulsification (mousse formation), and oil slick spreading. In most cases, very good agreement is obtained between predicted and observed weathering behavior. The material balance and weathered-oil composition predictions generated as a function of time have been very useful in providing information for contingency planning, estimating potential damage assessments and preparing environmental impact reports for outer continental shelf drilling activities.
LONG-TERM INVESTIGATIONS ON CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL CHANGES OF A SLIGHTLY OIL POLLUTED BEACH1
Authors: Gassmann Günter , Gunkel Wilfried 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A sandy and muddy beach polluted by Arabian light crude oil in 1974 was investigated in 1974, 1975, and 1981. The shift of the hydrocarbon contamination from the sand to the mud has been determined by infrared spectroscopy and glass capillary gas chromatography. In 14 months, the mean values of the hydrocarbon content in the sandy beach declined from 203 milligrams per liter (mg/l) to 10 mg/l. However, those of the mud flat increased by 300 percent (from 37 mg/l to 108 mg/l).
Six years later, the fossil fuel hydrocarbon concentration had decreased to 0.6 mg/l and 8 mg/l for the sandy and muddy beach, respectively. Nevertheless, both areas still reflect the former polluting event. This was established definitively by the trace analysis of acyclic isoprenoid alkanes (norpristane, pristane, phytane) which indicates oil contamination by detection of mature diastereoisomers.
The bacteria reflect the fate of the hydrocarbons. The numbers of oil degraders rapidly increased by several orders of magnitude within the first weeks and reached maximum values well above 1011 per liter of sediment. Simultaneously, the overall ratio of oil-degrading bacteria to normal heterotrophs topped 270 percent, decreasing gradually to the normal background value within one year. The highest ratio of oil degraders was found in the sandy beach shortly after the spill and in the muddy beach after several months.
POTENTIAL DAMAGE OF OIL WASTES IN COASTAL ESTUARY SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Lytle Julia Sever , Lytle Thomas F. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Bayou Casotte, Mississippi, an estuarine waterway near the eastern end of Mississippi Sound, has been altered to accommodate an extensive industrial complex including a large oil refinery. Several small oil spill accidents recently occurred in the bayou; the most serious, on June 13, 1981, involved 600 barrels of asphaltic crude. The ecological effects of continued exposure to low level oily wastes were estimated by examining pollution levels in sediments both in 10-foot cores and surface samples. Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) and other hydrocarbons occur at levels as high as 12,300 micrograms per gram (µg/g or ppm to total hydrocarbons, dry weight) in surficial sediments and 1,000 µg/g at 120 centimeter sediment depths. Dredging operations have removed most polluted sediments very near the refinery site in the bayou, but dispersal of petroleum wastes has caused PHCs to be dominant pollutants in other regions where no dredging has occurred and where care is required if any dredging is permitted.
Toxicological examination of sheepshead minnows, mysid shrimp and amphipods reveals significant mortalities to mysids from bioassay exposures to surficial sediments. Settling rate determinations, leach-ability, community structure vulnerability, and sediment disturbance probability are factors assimilated into an “environmental stress index” that indicates this to be a potentially harmful site to bottom feeders and, if sediments are disturbed, to free swimming organisms in sensitive life stages.
A NATURAL RESOURCES DAMAGE ASSESSMENT STUDY: THE IXTOC I BLOWOUT
Authors: Boehm Paul D. , Fiest David L. , Kaplan Ian , Mankiewicz Paul , Lewbel George S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Following the Ixtoc I blowout and Burmah Agate spill in 1979, a program was initiated to investigate the extent of damage to the offshore benthic environment. A program of chemical and biological measurements was conducted based on samples taken during and after the spills and compared with results obtained in a baseline program conducted before the spills. A new chemical method combining molecular (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) and atomic (stable isotope) measurements was used to identify the source of weathered oil residues. The program concluded that the important biological changes observed cannot be attributed to a chemical impact from either spill and hence must be attributed to other causes.
EFFECTS OF OIL ON GROWTH AND DECOMPOSITION OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA
Authors: Alexander Steve K. , Webb James W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Four oils (Arabian crude oil, Libyan crude oil, No. 6 fuel oil, and No. 2 fuel oil) were applied to one-square-meter salt marsh plots in Galveston Bay, Texas. Oils were applied at four levels: no oil, 1 liter on sediment, 1.5 liters on sediment and lower portions of Spartina alterniflora, and 2 liters on sediment and entire S. alterniflora surfaces. Within one week of oil application, nylon bags containing cut stems of S. alterniflora were staked in the center of all unoiled and 1.5 liter oil plots.
Oil caused mortality of S. alterniflora within three weeks; the degree of mortality varied with oil type and the extent of plant coverage. Plant mortality was highest in plots with No. 2 fuel oil and those where oil was applied to entire plant surfaces. After five months, growth of plants in No. 2 fuel oil plots still was significantly below control levels. However, initial recovery was apparent in No. 2 fuel oil plots receiving 2 liters. Live biomass in Arabian crude oil, Libyan crude oil, and No. 6 fuel oil plots after five months was comparable to that of controls. Plots clipped three weeks after oil application were recolonized after five months by growth of new stems and seedlings. However, Arabian crude oil and No. 2 fuel oil significantly reduced the emergence of new stems while increasing the germination of seedlings. The decomposition of S. alterniflora was not affected significantly through the first eight months after oil application.
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR OPTIMUM DEPOSITION EFFICIENCY IN AERIAL APPLICATION OF DISPERSANTS
Authors: Lindblom Gordon P. , Cashion Bryan S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The growing worldwide recognition of the value of aircraft for application of dispersants to marine oil spills has resulted in a number of tests and field trials, but they have developed new concerns regarding control of depositional efficiency. These are similar to those extensively studied by the agricultural aviation industry, and involve anything influencing placement of a calculated dosage on a given area with minimum variation or loss due to aircraft turbulence, drift, or other factors. Aerial application of dispersants differs from agricultural practice in the physical properties of the fluids sprayed, the dosage generally required, and operational factors such as altitude, speed, swath, and total area to be covered. Consideration of these may result in need for special mechanical designs or alterations in the spray system.
The major requirement for depositional efficiency is the droplet size distribution, which is affected by at least five factors. The most critical are nozzle diameter, viscosity of the fluid sprayed, and its exit velocity relative to the aircraft speed. These, together with pressure and pump rates, result in two shear regimes which are the ultimate controllers of droplet size. This report presents evidence for the above from mathematical model studies, laboratory windstream tests, and flight tests of both piston and turbo-powered aircraft. The data are used to propose a framework of requirements for optimal aerial dispersant application operations.
THE COST OF OIL SPILLS1
Authors: White I. C. , Nichols J. A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The costs of major oil spills vary considerably from one incident to another and frequently defy simple analysis. Cleanup costs can range from about $5 to $30,000 per metric ton of oil spilled depending on many factors including the type and amount of oil spilled, the location of the incident and the response mounted at sea and on shore. These and other factors are discussed by reference to examples of marine oil spills from tankers around the world. Many spills give rise to additional claims for alleged damage to exploited and unexploited natural resources. These can amount to many tens of millions of dollars. Specific examples again are provided and the view expressed that many claims for damage to unexploited natural resources are best regarded as a desire to levy a penalty on the polluter rather than provide compensation for the real damage caused.