bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trabecular and Cortical Microstructure and Fragility of the Distal Radius in Women
Authors: Bala Yohann , Bui Quang Minh , Wang Xiao-Fang , Iuliano Sandra , Wang Qingju , Ghasem-Zadeh Ali , Rozental Tamara D , Bouxsein Mary L , Zebaze Roger M.D. , Seeman Ego 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACT

Fragility fractures commonly involve metaphyses. The distal radius is assembled with a thin cortex formed by fusion (corticalization) of trabeculae arising from the periphery of the growth plate. Centrally positioned trabeculae reinforce the thin cortex and transfer loads from the joint to the proximal thicker cortical bone. We hypothesized that growth- and age-related deficits in trabecular bone disrupt this frugally assembled microarchitecture, producing bone fragility. The microarchitecture of the distal radius was measured using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography in 135 females with distal radial fractures, including 32 girls (aged 7 to 18 years), 35 premenopausal women (aged 18 to 44 years), and 68 postmenopausal women (aged 50 to 76 years). We also studied 240 fracture-free controls of comparable age and 47 healthy fracture-free premenopausal mother-daughter pairs (aged 30 to 55 and 7 to 20 years, respectively). In fracture-free girls and pre- and postmenopausal women, fewer or thinner trabeculae were associated with a smaller and more porous cortical area (r = 0.25 to 0.71 after age, height, and weight adjustment, all p &lt; 0.05). Fewer and thinner trabeculae in daughters were associated with higher cortical porosity in their mothers (r = 0.30 to 0.47, all p &lt; 0.05). Girls and premenopausal and postmenopausal women with forearm fractures had 0.3 to 0.7 standard deviations (SD) fewer or thinner trabeculae and higher cortical porosity than controls in one or more compartment; one SD trait difference conferred odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for fracture ranging from 1.56 (1.01–2.44) to 4.76 (2.86–7.69). Impaired trabecular corticalization during growth, and cortical and trabecular fragmentation during aging, may contribute to the fragility of the distal radius. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Micro‐ and nanoscale structures of mesiodens dentin: Combined study of FTIR and SAXS/WAXS techniques
Authors: Akgun Ozlem Marti , Haman Bayari Sevgi , Ide Semra , Guven Polat Günseli , Orujalipoor (Kalkhoran) Ilghar 
Published: October 2014

ABSTRACTA mesiodens is the most common type of supernumerary tooth present in conjunction to normal dentition. A mesiodens may commonly occur in the central region of the upper or lower jaw. A mesiodens is different from normal teeth in terms of structure and shape. The aim of this study is to evaluate the micro‐ and nanoscale structural properties of mesiodens dentin by combined small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Five freshly extracted, noncarious mesiodens and five normal dentin disks prepared from human incisor teeth were compared. Using FTIR, the phosphate‐to‐amide I, carbonate‐to‐phosphate, and carbonate‐to‐amide I band area ratios and the crystallinity index were quantified. SAXS/WAXS were used to study the nanostructure of mesiodens. An increase in the mineral content in the mesiodens dentin with respect to the normal group was found. Crystallinity was also significantly increased and the protein content decreased in the mesiodens dentin compared with that of normal dentin. SAXS/WAXS results revealed that mesiodens dentin has a more calcified tissue. Further, SAXS analysis revealed a nonuniform distribution of dentin fibrils in mesiodens. Microsc. Res. Tech., 78:52–58, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT AS A DEVELOPMENT GOAL: TAKING A FEMINIST STANDPOINT
Authors: Mosedale Sarah 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn this paper, through a case study of a large international non‐governmental organisation, I identify a number of contradictions and tensions that arise when development agencies attempt to foster ‘women's empowerment’. Despite their presentation as apolitical, agencies are inescapably involved in relations of power, and their lack of attention to this is not accidental. In such cases, ‘empowerment’ risks becoming a signifier of righteousness—part of the process of mystification of dominant group interests. The paper discusses how developing a feminist standpoint could help avoid such mystification. However, such a process is one which cannot be prescribed but must be freely chosen. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &#38; Sons, Ltd.
Versuche zum Vorgang der Wasserstoffübertragung, XI. Isomerisierung Definiert Deuterierter Alkylbenzole an Raney‐Nickel
Authors: Horner Leopold , Mayer Dietmar 
Published: October 2014

Abstractα‐Deutero‐toluol. o‐, m‐ und p‐Deutero‐toluol sowie β‐Deutero‐äthylbenzol isomerisieren schon bei 20° in Berührung mit wasserfreiem Raney‐Nickel. Der Deuterium‐Gehalt des Substrates bleibt dabei annähernd konstant. Beim α‐Deutero‐toluol wandern mehr als 50% des Deuteriums aus der Seitenkette in den Kern, wobei es sich weitgehend auf die gleichen Positionen verteilt wie beim Austausch von leichtem Toluol mit Deuterium‐Gas an Raney‐Nickel. Der aromatische Kern wird unter diesen Bedingungen nicht abgesättigt. Mit Hilfe der Massenspektrographie kann gezeigt werden, daß Deuterium auch zwischenmolekular ausgetauscht wird. — Im Toluol kernständiges Deuterium verteilt sich an Raney‐Nickel auf sämtliche CH‐Bindungen. Versuche mit β‐Deutero‐äthylbenzol ergeben, daß auch β‐ständiges Deuterium unter Mitwirkung von trockenem Raney‐Nickel rasch in den Kern einwandert. — Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse zeigen Analogien zum HD‐Austausch an Nickelmetall‐Filmen, die im Hinblick auf den Reaktionsmechanismus diskutiert werden.
Zur Chemie des Benzolglykols, XII. Synthese von Desoxy‐Inosaminen
Authors: Nakajima Minoru , Hasegawa Akira , Lichtenthaler Frieder W. 
Published: October 2014

AbstractAusgehend von den vier stereoisomeren Tetraacetyl‐konduraminen (I, V, XIII, XXII) bzw. Tetraacetyl‐konduraminepoxyden (II, VIII, X, XX) werden durch Anlagerung von HOBr an die CC‐Bindung bzw. durch Öffnung des Oxiran‐Ringes mit HBr vier isomere Brom‐desoxyinosamine dargestellt. Reduktive Entbromierung führt diese in Desoxyinosamine über, die als Pentaacetate isoliert werden. Die Konfigurationen 3‐Desoxy‐myo‐(1) (IV), 1‐Desoxy‐allo‐(5) (VII), 3‐Desoxy‐allo‐(1) (XII) und 3‐Desoxy‐epi‐(1) (XXV) ergeben sich aus dem Syntheseweg, den Desaminierungsprodukten sowie aus der chemischen Verschiebung der NMR‐Signale für Acetoxy‐ bzw. Acetamino‐Gruppen.
Hetarine, IV. Nucleophile Substitution an 5‐, 6‐, 7‐ und 8‐Halogen‐Chinolinen mit Lithium‐Piperidid/Piperidin
Authors: Kauffmann Thomas , Hansen Jürgen , Wirthwein Rolf 
Published: October 2014

Abstract5‐, 6‐ und 7‐Halogen‐chinoline (HalBr, Cl) tauschen bei der Umsetzung mit Lithium‐piperidid/Piperidin in siedendem Äther das Halogen nach dem Arin‐Mechanismus über 5.6‐ bzw. 7.8‐Dehydro‐chinolin gegen den Piperidino‐Rest aus. Dabei entsteht 5‐ und 6‐ (28 : 72%) bzw. 7‐ und 8‐Piperidino‐chinolin (51 :49%). 8‐Halogen‐chinoline (HalJ, Br, Cl) reagieren dagegen nach dem Additions‐Eliminierungs‐Mechanismus unter ausschliesslicher Bildung von 8‐Piperidino‐chinolin.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Indols, XIV. Neuartige Mannich‐Basen aus Indolen und Carbazolen
Authors: Thesing Jan , Semler Günther 
Published: October 2014

AbstractN‐substituierte 2‐Methyl‐indole (z. B. II) reagieren im sauren pH‐Bereich mit Formaldehyd und sekundären Aminen zu 2‐[β‐Amino‐äthyl]‐indolen (z. B. III). Analog erhält man aus N‐substituierten 1.2.3.4‐Tetrahydro‐carbazolen (z. B. IX) mit Hilfe der Mannich‐Reaktion die entsprechenden 1‐Aminomethyl‐1.2.3.4‐tetrahydro‐carbazole (X). N‐Methyl‐carbazol läßt sich hingegen mit Formaldehyd und sekundären Aminen in 3‐Stellung (z. B. zu XVI) aminomethylieren.
Synthese der „Oxyopsopyrrolcarbonsäure”︁ und Weitere Untersuchungen in der Pyrrolon‐Reihe
Authors: Plieninger Hans , Kurze Joachim 
Published: October 2014

AbstractFrüher angegebene Verfahren zur Herstellung von „Isooxyopsopyrrolcarbonsäure”︁ (VII) werden wesentlich verbessert. Die isomere „Oxyopsopyrrolcarbonsäure”︁ (XIII) wird über den Ester XI auf ähnlichem Wege gewonnen. Weiter wird über Versuche zur Umwandlung von Pyrrolonen in Pyrrole berichtet und eine neue Darstellungsmethode für vinylsubstituierte Pyrrolonderivate (z. B. XVI aus VII) beschrieben.
Synthese von Pyrrol‐ und Indol‐Derivaten
Authors: Plieninger Hans , Bauer Helmut , Bühler Wolfgang , Kurze Joachim , Lerch Ulrich 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDie Synthese von 3‐Methyl‐pyrrol aus β‐Keto‐butyraldehyd‐dimethylacetal wird beschrieben. Die Methylierung des Enamins vom β‐Keto‐butyraldehyd mit Dimethylsulfat führt unter O‐Methylierung zu X. Beim Behandeln dieses Salzes mit K2CO3‐Lösung entsteht β‐Methoxy‐crotonaldehyd (XI). — Die Umsetzung von 2‐Äthoxy‐3.4‐dimethyl‐pyrrol (XIV) mit Chlorameisensäureester und Pyridin führt zum Bis‐[pyridyl‐(4)]‐pyrrol XX. Bei der Reduktion verschiedener 2‐Äthoxy‐Pyrrol‐Derivate mit Diboran entstehen Pyrrole mit freier α.α′‐Stellung (XXI, XXIV). Die entsprechende Reduktion von 2‐Äthoxy‐indol ergibt in 66‐proz. Ausbeute Indol, das mit Diboran weiter zum Indolin reduziert wird. Tetrahydronaphthostyril (XXV) läß sich über die Äthoxyverbindung XXVlI in 1.3.4.5‐Tetrahydro‐benz[cd]indol (XXIX) verwandeln.
Über Thiaminphosphorsäureester, II
Authors: Wenz Adolf , Göttmann Georg , Koop Hermann 
Published: October 2014

AbstractEs wird das Verhalten des Thiamin‐pyrophosphorsäureesters in wäßriger Lösung bei verschiedenen pH‐Werten und Temperaturen untersucht. Bei der Gewinnung der Thiaminphosphorsäureester in der Betain‐Form wird als Nebenprodukt Thiaminanhydrid (III) isoliert. Die Bildung von III wird diskutiert.
Biosynthese von Spartein in Lupinus Luteus und Sarothamnus Scoparius
Authors: Schütte Horst‐Robert , Hindorf Horst , Mothes Kurt , Hübner Gerhard 
Published: October 2014

AbstractDurch Verfütterung von Cadaverin‐[1.5‐14C] und Lysin‐[2‐14C] an Lupinus lureus (gelbe Lupine) und Sarothamnus scoparius (Besenginster) wird radioaktiv markiertes Spartein (V) gewonnen. Chemische Abbauversuche von V zeigen, daß Lysin‐[2‐14C] spezifisch in das Alkaloid eingebaut wird. Es ergibt sich eine Radioaktivitätsverteilung, die derjenigen nach Cadaverin‐[I.5‐14C]‐Fütterung entspricht. Nach Applikation von Lysin‐[2‐14C, α‐15N] an die untersuchten Pflanzen enthält das isolierte Spartein einen Überschuß an 15N. Das Verhältnis der spezif. 14C‐Aktivität zum 15N‐Überschuß zeigt, daß Lysin ¨︁ber die Stufe des Cadaverins in das Alkaloid eingebaut wird.
Cholesterin und Cholesterinester aus dem Hautdrüsensekret von Salamandra Maculosa Taeniata
Authors: Habermehl Gerhard 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIm Hautdrüsensekret von Salamandra maculosa taeniata finden sich neben den Alkaloiden neutrale Substanzen, von denen Cholesterin, Cholesterylpalmitat, ‐stearat und ‐oleat isoliert und identifiziert wurden.
Über Peptidsynthesen, XXX. Imidazol‐Katalysierte Peptidsynthese mit Nicht‐Aktivierten Estern
Authors: Wieland Theodor , Vogeler Klaus 
Published: October 2014

AbstractIn Imidazol als Lösungsmittel gelingt beim Erhitzen die Synthese von Peptiden aus Carbobenzoxy‐aminosäuremethylestern oder Carbobenzoxy‐peptidmethyl‐estern und Aminosäure‐tert.‐butylestern oder Tetraäthylammoniumsalzen von Aminosäuren mit guten Ausbeuten. Die Anwendbarkeit dieses Synthese‐prinzips, Racemisierungsfragen und der Mechanismus der katalytischen Wirkung werden aufgrund von Versuchen erörtert.
Land Management in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands: Local and Global Perspectives; Past, Present and Future
Authors: Nyssen Jan , Frankl Amaury , Zenebe Amanuel , Deckers Jozef , Poesen Jean 
Published: October 2014

AbstractThis Special Issue of Land Degradation and Development addresses the past and the future of land management in Africa with a focus on northern Ethiopia. How did the status of soils and forests change over the last century? How does this impact people's livelihoods? In the late 19th century, gullies were already present in northern Ethiopia, though they had become stabilised by 1935. In the 1960s, a strong gully channel incision phase started, whereas since ca. 2000, gully erosion rates are again decreasing, which corresponds to increased conservation activities and improved vegetation cover. As a result, total cereal production in Ethiopia is now higher than ever, and also, food production per capita in 2005–2010 was 160% of that in 1985–1990. There is now a strong tendency to increase flower and vegetable exports, as well as a booming export of the mild narcotic khat, which is a high water consumer. International land deals did not bring improvements to the livelihood of the local people. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei treated with 1,565 nm nonablative fractionated laser resurfacing: A case report
Authors: Beleznay Katie , Friedmann Daniel P. , Liolios Ana Marie , Perry Adam , Goldman Mitchel P. 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundLupus miliaris disseminatus faciei (LMDF) is a rare granulomatous disease. It presents as red‐brown papules on the face that can resolve with scarring. LMDF is often resistant to treatment.ObjectiveNonablative fractionated lasers have been used effectively to treat granulomatous disorders; however, there is little data on the treatment of LMDF with lasers. Our objective was to test a novel non‐ablative fractionated laser for the treatment of recalcitrant LMDF.ResultsA 24‐year‐old man had a one‐year history of LMDF. He had been treated with various topical therapies, oral medications, and laser devices with no improvement and continued progression. We utilized a non‐sequential scanning 1,565 nm nonablative fractionated laser to treat this patient. After only one treatment he had significant improvement. He has been subsequently treated five times in the past 6 months and has continued to improve.ConclusionThe novel 1,565 nm nonablative fractionated laser may be a useful tool in the treatment of granulomatous conditions such as LMDF. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:663–665, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular classification of basal cell carcinoma of skin by gene expression profiling
Authors: Jee Byul A. , Lim Hyoseob , Kwon So Mee , Jo Yuna , Park Myong Chul , Lee Il Jae , Woo Hyun Goo 
Published: October 2014

AbstractNon‐melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are more common kinds of skin cancer. Although these tumors share common pathological and clinical features, their similarity and heterogeneity at molecular levels are not fully elaborated yet. Here, by performing comparative analysis of gene expression profiling of BCC, SCC, and normal skin tissues, we could classify the BCC into three subtypes of classical, SCC‐like, and normal‐like BCCs. Functional enrichment and pathway analyses revealed the molecular characteristics of each subtype. The classical BCC showed the enriched expression and transcription signature with the activation of Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways, which were well known key features of BCC. By contrast, the SCC‐like BCC was enriched with immune‐response genes and oxidative stress‐related genes. Network analysis revealed the PLAU/PLAUR as a key regulator of SCC‐like BCC. The normal‐like BCC showed prominent activation of metabolic processes particularly the fatty acid metabolism. The existence of these molecular subtypes could be validated in an independent dataset, which demonstrated the three subgroups of BCC with distinct functional enrichment. In conclusion, we suggest a novel molecular classification of BCC providing insights on the heterogeneous progression of BCC. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstruction after orbital exenteration using gracilis muscle free flap
Authors: Nicoli Fabio , Chilgar Ram M. , Sapountzis Stamatis , Yeo Matthew Sze‐Wei , Lazzeri Davide , Ciudad Pedro , Kiranantawat Kidakorn , Sönmez Tolga Taha , Maruccia Michele , Lim Seong Yoon , Constantinides Joannis , Chen Hung Chi 
Published: October 2014

BackgroundOrbital exenteration (OE) is a disfiguring procedure, which typically includes the removal of the entire eyeball including the globe, extraocular muscles, and periorbital soft tissues after malignancies excision or trauma. Several methods of orbital reconstruction have been attempted with varying success. In this report, we analyze results of the use of gracilis muscle free flap for reconstruction of OE defects and its feasibility for prosthetic rehabilitation.MethodsNine consecutive patients treated at the China Medical University Hospital of Taichung during January 2009 to January 2013, who had gracilis free flap reconstruction after OEs, were retrospectively reviewed. Cancer in six patients and trauma in remaining three patients was the cause for OE.ResultsNine patients who underwent reconstruction with gracilis free tissue transfer had a successful outcome. There was not any donor or recipient site morbidity; however, one patient was deceased during follow‐up period due to metastasis. The mean follow‐up period was 23.5 months. Cosmetic results were acceptable both to patients and to surgeons.ConclusionsGracilis free flap to repair OE defects may be a safe alternative for reconstruction. It provides a larger volume of well‐vascularized tissue, greater placement flexibility, and minor donor site morbidity without any significant functional deficit. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:169–176, 2015.
Poroelasticity of carbonates with fractured grains and fluid‐saturated pores
Authors: Berryman James G. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryGeomechanical analysis needed to treat anisotropic (specifically trigonal symmetry) grains of carbonates jumbled together to form an overall isotropic polycrystalline poroelastic material is summarized. Poroelastic effects enter the problem via fractured anisotropic solids saturated by fluids. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micromechanical analysis of the failure process of brittle rock
Authors: Duan K. , Kwok C.Y. , Tham L.G. 
Published: October 2014

SummaryThe failure process of brittle rock submitted to a compression state of stress with different confining pressures is investigated in this paper based on discrete element method (DEM) simulations. In the DEM model, the rock sample is represented by bonding rigid particles at their contact points. The numerical model is first calibrated by comparing the macroscopic response with the macroscopic response of Beishan granite obtained from laboratory tests. After the validation of numerical model in terms of macroscopic responses, the failure process of the DEM model under unconfined and confined compression is studied in micro‐scale in detail. The contact force network and its relation to the development of micro‐cracks and evolution of major fractures are studied. Confining pressure will prohibit the development of tensile cracks and hence alter the failure patterns. An in‐depth analysis of micro‐scale response is carried out, including the orientation distribution and probability density of stress acting on parallel bonds, the effect of particle size heterogeneity on bond breakage and the evolution of fabric tensor and coordination number of parallel bond. The proposed micromechanical analysis will allow us to extract innovative features emerged from the stresses and crack evolution in brittle rock failure process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient reported outcomes measures in neurogenic bladder and bowel: A systematic review of the current literature
Authors: Patel Darshan P. , Elliott Sean P. , Stoffel John T. , Brant William O. , Hotaling James M. , Myers Jeremy B. 
Published: October 2014

AimTo describe existing bladder and bowel specific quality of life (QoL) measurement tools, QoL in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury (SCI), Parkinson's Disease (PD), stroke, or spina bifida (SB) affected by bladder or bowel dysfunction, and the impact of specific bladder and bowel management on QoL.MethodsWe performed a systematic review in PubMed/Medline databases in accordance with the PRISMA statement for English publications between January 1, 2000 and January 1, 2014. Articles were first screened based on their abstract and select full‐text articles were then reviewed for eligibility. Articles with no QoL or PROM assessing urinary or bowel dysfunction were excluded. Risk of bias assessment included randomization, incomplete outcomes data, selective outcomes reporting, and other biases. All articles were graded using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system as per the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.ResultsThe most common QoL measurement tool for urinary and bowel dysfunction was the Medical Outcomes Study SF‐36. Twelve (24%) studies used only non‐validated QoL questionnaires. Only three urinary or bowel specific QoL measures were found: the Qualiveen questionnaire, the FICQoL, and the QoL‐BM. Several studies identified instances were clinical and patient‐reported outcomes were inconsistent particularly with indwelling urinary catheter usage and reconstructive surgery. Additionally, certain clinical outcomes surrogates commonly used as primary outcomes measures may not correlate with the patient reported outcomes (PRO).ConclusionsCurrent PRO measures (PROM) and QoL assessments are heterogeneous and several inconsistencies in clinical and PRO for various management options exist. Standardized PROM will help identify optimal bladder and bowel management for patients with neurologic conditions. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:8–14, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The cost of preoperative urodynamics: A secondary analysis of the ValUE trial
Authors: Norton Peggy A. , Nager Charles W. , Brubaker Linda , Lemack Gary E. , Sirls Larry T. , Holley Robert , Chai Toby C. , Kraus Stephen R. , Zyczynski Halina , Smith Bridget , Stoddard Anne ,   for the Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network
Published: October 2014

AbstractAimsUrodynamic studies (UDS) are generally recommended prior to surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI), despite insufficient evidence that it impacts treatment plans or outcomes in patients with uncomplicated SUI. This analysis aimed to calculate the cost incurred when UDS was performed as a supplement to a basic office evaluation and to extrapolate the potential savings of not doing UDS in this patient population on a national basis.MethodsThis is a secondary analysis from the Value of Urodynamic Evaluation (ValUE) trial, a multicenter non‐inferiority randomized trial to determine whether a basic office evaluation (OE) is non‐inferior in terms of SUI surgery outcomes to office evaluation with addition of urodynamic studies (UDS). All participants underwent an OE; those patients who randomized to supplementary UDS underwent non‐instrumented uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and a pressure flow study. Costs associated with UDS were calculated using 2014 U.S. Medicare allowable fees. Models using various patient populations and payor mixes were created to obtain a range of potential costs of performing UDS in patients undergoing SUI surgery annually in the United States.ResultsSix hundred thirty women were randomized to OE or OE plus UDS. There was no difference in surgical outcomes between the two groups. The per patient cost of UDS varied from site to site, and included complex cystometrogram $314–$343 (CPT codes 51728–51729) plus complex uroflowmetry $16 (CPT code 51741). Extrapolating these costs for US women similar to our study population, 13–33 million US dollars could be saved annually by not performing preoperative urodynamics.ConclusionFor women with uncomplicated SUI and a confirmatory preoperative basic office evaluation, tens of millions of dollars US could be saved annually by not performing urodynamic testing. In the management of such women, eliminating this preoperative test has a major economic benefit. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:81–84, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.