bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Need to void and attentional process interrelationships
Authors: Jousse Marylène , Verollet Delphine , Guinet‐Lacoste Amandine , Le Breton Frédérique , Auclair Laurent , Sheikh Ismael Samer , Amarenco Gérard 
Published: May 2013

Objectives
To determine whether a strong urge to void could affect a person's attentional performance.
To determine whether an attentional task could decrease a strong urge to void a prospective study was performed.
Subjects and Methods
Healthy adults were asked to perform two neuropsychological tests, the modified Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (mPASAT) and the Psychology Experiment Building Language Continuous Performance Test (pCPT), under two different conditions: no need to void, and a strong urge to void defined by a score of >70/100 mm on a visual analogue scale.
Results
In all, 21 healthy volunteers were included.
There was no statistical difference between the mPASAT scores from the two sessions (P = 0.57). The mean total error score of the pCPT increased with the individual's urge to void (P = 0.043).
The mean omission score decreased, but was not statistically different (P = 0.129), the commission error score increased with the urge to void (P = 0.017), with a shorter reaction time for the inter‐stimuli intervals of 1 (P < 0.001) and 2 s (P = 0.036), suggesting a tendency to hurry.
Conclusions
A strong urge to void can alter attentional performance, with a tendency to hurry, in healthy volunteers taking part in a sustained attention test pCPT involving the use of the anterior cingulate cortex.
High levels of CD20 expression predict good prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Fang Cheng , Zhuang Yun , Wang Li , Fan Lei , Wu Yu‐Jie , Zhang Run , Zou Zhi‐Jian , Zhang Li‐Na , Yang Shu , Xu Wei , Li Jian‐Yong 
Published: May 2013

Heterogeneity of CD20 expression exists in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), therefore, we explored the prognostic significance of CD20 expression in Chinese patients with CLL. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of CD20 in CD5+CD19+ cells. In 172 CLL patients, the median expression percent of CD20 was 97.82% (range, 0–100), and the median mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD20 in CLL cells was 731.45 (range, 0.00–9071.90). The percentage of CD20+ cells in the patient group with mutated variable region of immunoglobulin genes (IGHV) was higher than in the non‐mutant IGHV group (mean, 92.1% vs 80.4%, P < 0.001). There were no differences in the MFI of CD20+ cells in all prognostic factor groups. Representation of the data using a receiver operating characteristic plot reflected separation between the two IGHV groups, with an area under the curve of 0.661 (95% confidence interval, 0.569–0.753). At the cut‐off value of 60.3% for percentage of CD20, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.00% and 38.46%, respectively. Patients whose percentage of CD20 antigen was above 60.3% had longer treatment‐free survival (hazard ratio, 0.452; 95% confidence interval, 0.232–0.884, P = 0.020). Percentage and MFI of CD20 were the variables not associated with treatment‐free survival by multivariate Cox regression analysis (P < 0.05). High level of CD20 expression in de novo CLL appears to be associated with a good prognosis.
Speech, communication and use of augmentative communication in young people with cerebral palsy: The SH&PE population study
Authors: Cockerill H. , Elbourne D. , Allen E. , Scrutton D. , Will E. , McNee A. , Fairhurst C. , Baird G. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBackgroundCommunication is frequently impaired in young people (YP) with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP). Important factors include motoric speech problems (dysarthria) and intellectual disability. Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) techniques are often employed. The aim was to describe the speech problems in bilateral CP, factors associated with speech problems, current AAC provision and use, and to explore the views of both the parent/carer and young person about communication.MethodsA total population of children with bilateral CP (n = 346) from four consecutive years of births (1989–1992 inclusive) with onset of CP before 15 months were reassessed at age 16–18 years. Motor skills and speech were directly assessed and both parent/carer and the young person asked about communication and satisfaction with it.ResultsSixty had died, eight had other conditions, 243 consented and speech was assessed in 224 of whom 141 (63%) had impaired speech. Fifty‐two (23% of total YP) were mainly intelligible to unfamiliar people, 22 (10%) were mostly unintelligible to unfamiliar people, 67 (30%) were mostly or wholly unintelligible even to familiar adults. However, 89% of parent/carers said that they could communicate 1:1 with their young person. Of the 128 YP who could independently complete the questions, 107 (83.6%) were happy with their communication, nine (7%) neither happy nor unhappy and 12 (9.4%) unhappy. A total of 72 of 224 (32%) were provided with one or more types of AAC but in a significant number (75% of 52 recorded) AAC was not used at home, only in school. Factors associated with speech impairment were severity of physical impairment, as measured by Gross Motor Function Scale level and manipulation in the best hand, intellectual disability and current epilepsy.ConclusionsIn a population representative group of YP, aged 16–18 years, with bilateral CP, 63% had impaired speech of varying severity, most had been provided with AAC but few used it at home for communication.
Flow cytometric assay detecting cytotoxicity against human endogenous retrovirus antigens expressed on cultured multiple sclerosis cells
Authors: Møller-Larsen A , Brudek T , Petersen T , Petersen E L , Aagaard M , Hansen D T , Christensen T 
Published: May 2013

Summary
Damage of target cells by cytotoxicity, either mediated by specific lymphocytes or via antibody-dependent reactions, may play a decisive role in causing the central nervous system (CNS) lesions seen in multiple sclerosis (MS). Relevant epitopes, antibodies towards these epitopes and a reliable assay are all mandatory parts in detection and evaluation of the pertinence of such cytotoxicity reactions. We have adapted a flow cytometry assay detecting CD107a expression on the surface of cytotoxic effector cells to be applicable for analyses of the effect on target cells from MS patients expressing increased amounts of human endogenous retrovirus antigens. MS patients also have increased antibody levels to these antigens. The target cells are spontaneously growing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of B cell lineage, expressing human endogenous retrovirus HERV epitopes on their surface. Polyclonal antibodies against defined peptides in the Env- and Gag-regions of the HERVs were raised in rabbits and used in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) -assays. Rituximab® (Roche), a chimeric monoclonal antibody against CD20 expressed primarily on B cells, was used as control antibody. Without antibodies this system is suitable for analyses of natural killer cell activity. In optimization of the assay we have used effector lymphocytes from healthy donors. The most effective effector cells are CD56+ cells. CD8+ T cells also express CD107a in ADCC. Using the adapted assay, we demonstrate significant ADCC activity to target cells expressing HERV epitopes, and additionally a low level of NK activity.
Fungal infections after liver transplantation: outcomes and risk factors revisited in the MELD era
Authors: Saliba Faouzi , Delvart Valérie , Ichaï Philippe , Kassis Najiby , Botterel Françoise , Mihaila Liliana , Azoulay Daniel , Adam René , Castaing Denis , Bretagne Stéphane , Samuel Didier 
Published: May 2013

AbstractAntifungal prophylaxis is recommended in high‐risk patients, but risk criteria remain unclear and the predictive value of Model of End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score is unknown. In a retrospective, single‐center analysis of 667 liver transplants, potential risk factors for fungal infection were assessed, including MELD score. Antifungal prophylaxis was administered in 198 patients (29.4%). During follow‐up (mean 43.6 ± 29.6 months), 263 patients (39.4%) developed ≥1 episode of fungal infection, and 187 (28.0%) patients developed a probable or proven invasive fungal infection requiring systemic antifungal treatment. Patients receiving antifungal prophylaxis had a lower incidence of fungal infection (29.8% vs. 43.5% without prophylaxis, p < 0.001) and invasive fungal infection (17.7% vs. 32.4%, p < 0.001). One‐yr patient survival was 91%, 85% and 69%, respectively, in patients with no fungal infection, fungal colonization and treated invasive fungal infection (p < 0.001); graft survival was 88%, 85% and 66% (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that MELD score of 20–30 or ≥30 was associated with a 2.0‐fold or 4.3‐fold increase in relative risk of fungal infection, respectively, and a 2.1‐fold or 3.1‐fold increase in relative risk of invasive fungal infection. In conclusion, liver transplant patients with a MELD score ≥20, and particularly patients with a score ≥30, are candidates for antifungal prophylaxis.
Comparing Adult Learning Systems: an emerging political economy
Authors: Rees Gareth 
Published: May 2013

Adult learning systems have come to be dominated by the view that the essential role of adult learning is to generate the high levels of skills deemed necessary for competitiveness and growth in the globalised economy. This ‘education gospel’ is underpinned by human capital theory (HCT) and its contemporary conceptualisation in terms of the knowledge‐based economy. Nevertheless, it remains the case that there are significant differences in the strategies of national governments towards adult learning and in patterns of engagement with the learning opportunities that are made available.This paper sets out to explore how this diversity in national systems of adult learning might be addressed analytically. Adult learning is embedded in characteristic regimes of economic and social institutions, which can be understood in terms of a systematic international political economy. In particular, adult learning systems are explored by reference to the models of capitalist organisation elaborated in the neo‐institutionalist analysis of ‘varieties of capitalism’ (Hall andSoskice, 2001): the liberal market economy and the co‐ordinated market economy. A major alternative is provided byEsping‐Anderson's (1990; 1999) analysis of ‘welfare state regimes’. Moreover,Rubenson andDesjardins (2009) have used this theoretical framework as a means of analysing systematic variations between national adult learning systems.These analyses raise questions about the use of national states as the key unit of analysis. Significant divergences in institutional arrangements and access to opportunities for adult learning (by social group or locality, for example) may be obscured by this method of comparative analysis. Moreover, consideration of the micro‐theoretical foundations of these approaches highlights the difficulties in moving beyond the economistic ‘rationality’ ofHCT. The issue here is the extent to which norms of behaviour in relation to engaging in adult learning can be appropriately understood in terms of a relatively homogeneous, national social system, rather than in terms of a much more socially differentiated repertoire of norm‐based orientations.
Underground signals carried through common mycelial networks warn neighbouring plants of aphid attack
Authors: Babikova Zdenka , Gilbert Lucy , Bruce Toby J. A. , Birkett Michael , Caulfield John C. , Woodcock Christine , Pickett John A. , Johnson David 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe roots of most land plants are colonised by mycorrhizal fungi that provide mineral nutrients in exchange for carbon. Here, we show that mycorrhizal mycelia can also act as a conduit for signalling between plants, acting as an early warning system for herbivore attack. Insect herbivory causes systemic changes in the production of plant volatiles, particularly methyl salicylate, making bean plants, Vicia faba, repellent to aphids but attractive to aphid enemies such as parasitoids. We demonstrate that these effects can also occur in aphid‐free plants but only when they are connected to aphid‐infested plants via a common mycorrhizal mycelial network. This underground messaging system allows neighbouring plants to invoke herbivore defences before attack. Our findings demonstrate that common mycorrhizal mycelial networks can determine the outcome of multitrophic interactions by communicating information on herbivore attack between plants, thereby influencing the behaviour of both herbivores and their natural enemies.
Temporary zinc oxide–eugenol cement: eugenol quantity in dentin and bond strength of resin composite
Authors: Koch Tamara , Peutzfeldt Anne , Malinovskii Vladimir , Flury Simon , Häner Robert , Lussi Adrian 
Published: May 2013

Uptake of eugenol from eugenol‐containing temporary materials may reduce the adhesion of subsequent resin‐based restorations. This study investigated the effect of duration of exposure to zinc oxide–eugenol (ZOE) cement on the quantity of eugenol retained in dentin and on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of the resin composite. The ZOE cement (IRM Caps) was applied onto the dentin of human molars (21 per group) for 1, 7, or 28 d. One half of each molar was used to determine the quantity of eugenol (by spectrofluorimetry) and the other half was used for μTBS testing. The ZOE‐exposed dentin was treated with either OptiBond FL using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) or with Gluma Classic using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) conditioning. One group without conditioning (for eugenol quantity) and two groups not exposed to ZOE (for eugenol quantity and μTBS testing) served as controls. The quantity of eugenol ranged between 0.33 and 2.9 nmol mg−1 of dentin (median values). No effect of the duration of exposure to ZOE was found. Conditioning with H3PO4 or EDTA significantly reduced the quantity of eugenol in dentin. Nevertheless, for OptiBond FL, exposure to ZOE significantly decreased the μTBS, regardless of the duration of exposure. For Gluma Classic, the μTBS decreased after exposure to ZOE for 7 and 28 d. OptiBond FL yielded a significantly higher μTBS than did Gluma Classic. Thus, ZOE should be avoided in cavities later to be restored with resin‐based materials.
Single rice growth period was prolonged by cultivars shifts, but yield was damaged by climate change during 1981–2009 in China, and late rice was just opposite
Authors: Tao Fulu , Zhang Zhao , Shi Wenjiao , Liu Yujie , Xiao Dengpan , Zhang Shuai , Zhu Zhu , Wang Meng , Liu Fengshan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBased on the crop trial data during 1981–2009 at 57 agricultural experimental stations across the North Eastern China Plain (NECP) and the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River (MLRYR), we investigated how major climate variables had changed and how the climate change had affected crop growth and yield in a setting in which agronomic management practices were taken based on actual weather. We found a significant warming trend during rice growing season, and a general decreasing trend in solar radiation (SRD) in the MLRYR during 1981–2009. Rice transplanting, heading, and maturity dates were generally advanced, but the heading and maturity dates of single rice in the MLRYR (YZ_SR) and NECP (NE_SR) were delayed. Climate warming had a negative impact on growth period lengths at about 80% of the investigated stations. Nevertheless, the actual growth period lengths of YZ_SR and NE_SR, as well as the actual length of reproductive growth period (RGP) of early rice in the MLRYR (YZ_ER), were generally prolonged due to adoption of cultivars with longer growth period to obtain higher yield. In contrast, the actual growth period length of late rice in the MLRYR (YZ_LR) was shortened by both climate warming and adoption of early mature cultivars to prevent cold damage and obtain higher yield. During 1981–2009, climate warming and decrease in SRD changed the yield of YZ_ER by −0.59 to 2.4%; climate warming during RGP increased the yield of YZ_LR by 8.38–9.56%; climate warming and decrease in SRD jointly reduced yield of YZ_SR by 7.14–9.68%; climate warming and increase in SRD jointly increased the yield of NE_SR by 1.01–3.29%. Our study suggests that rice production in China has been affected by climate change, yet at the same time changes in varieties continue to be the major factor driving yield and growing period trends.
Natural variation and the capacity to adapt to ocean acidification in the keystone sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Authors: Kelly Morgan W. , Padilla‐Gamiño Jacqueline L. , Hofmann Gretchen E. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractA rapidly growing body of literature documents the potential negative effects of CO2‐driven ocean acidification (OA) on marine organisms. However, nearly all this work has focused on the effects of future conditions on modern populations, neglecting the role of adaptation. Rapid evolution can alter demographic responses to environmental change, ultimately affecting the likelihood of population persistence, but the capacity for adaptation will differ among populations and species. Here, we measure the capacity of the ecologically important purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus to adapt to OA, using a breeding experiment to estimate additive genetic variance for larval size (an important component of fitness) under future high‐pCO2/low‐pH conditions. Although larvae reared under future conditions were smaller than those reared under present‐day conditions, we show that there is also abundant genetic variation for body size under elevated pCO2, indicating that this trait can evolve. The observed heritability of size was 0.40 ± 0.32 (95% CI) under low pCO2, and 0.50 ± 0.30 under high‐pCO2 conditions. Accounting for the observed genetic variation in models of future larval size and demographic rates substantially alters projections of performance for this species in the future ocean. Importantly, our model shows that after incorporating the effects of adaptation, the OA‐driven decrease in population growth rate is up to 50% smaller, than that predicted by the ‘no‐adaptation’ scenario. Adults used in the experiment were collected from two sites on the coast of the Northeast Pacific that are characterized by different pH regimes, as measured by autonomous sensors. Comparing results between sites, we also found subtle differences in larval size under high‐pCO2 rearing conditions, consistent with local adaptation to carbonate chemistry in the field. These results suggest that spatially varying selection may help to maintain genetic variation necessary for adaptation to future OA.
Greater phenological sensitivity to temperature on higher Scottish mountains: new insights from remote sensing
Authors: Chapman Daniel S. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractMountain plants are considered among the species most vulnerable to climate change, especially at high latitudes where there is little potential for poleward or uphill dispersal. Satellite monitoring can reveal spatiotemporal variation in vegetation activity, offering a largely unexploited potential for studying responses of montane ecosystems to temperature and predicting phenological shifts driven by climate change. Here, a novel remote‐sensing phenology approach is developed that advances existing techniques by considering variation in vegetation activity across the whole year, rather than just focusing on event dates (e.g. start and end of season). Time series of two vegetation indices (VI), normalized difference VI (NDVI) and enhanced VI (EVI) were obtained from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer MODIS satellite for 2786 Scottish mountain summits (600–1344 m elevation) in the years 2000–2011. NDVI and EVI time series were temporally interpolated to derive values on the first day of each month, for comparison with gridded monthly temperatures from the preceding period. These were regressed against temperature in the previous months, elevation and their interaction, showing significant variation in temperature sensitivity between months. Warm years were associated with high NDVI and EVI in spring and summer, whereas there was little effect of temperature in autumn and a negative effect in winter. Elevation was shown to mediate phenological change via a magnification of temperature responses on the highest mountains. Together, these predict that climate change will drive substantial changes in mountain summit phenology, especially by advancing spring growth at high elevations. The phenological plasticity underlying these temperature responses may allow long‐lived alpine plants to acclimate to warmer temperatures. Conversely, longer growing seasons may facilitate colonization and competitive exclusion by species currently restricted to lower elevations. In either case, these results show previously unreported seasonal and elevational variation in the temperature sensitivity of mountain vegetation activity.
Interplay between yield, nitrogen application, and logistics on the potential energetic and greenhouse gas emissions from biomass crops
Authors: Montross Michael D , De Bolt Seth , Adams William C. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThe interplay between nitrogen fertilization (N), yield, nitrous oxide emissions (N2O), and diesel fuel utilization associated with harvest and transport logistics of biomass crops remains poorly understood. In this research, we show that intensification (in terms of N) of bioenergy cropping to maximize yield supports not only minimized land use but also maximized logistics efficiency in terms of diesel use. This paradigm was examined within the scope of the billion‐ton biofuels vision and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 using potential yields on marginal and prime agricultural land. Sixteen scenarios were investigated that considered the primary factors with agriculture bioenergy; biomass yield (11.2 and 22.4 Mg ha−1 yr−1), two nitrogen fertilizer application rates (50 and 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1), two Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGE) factors for synthetic nitrogen to nitrous oxide (1.5 and 5%), and three harvest/transportation efficiencies (50, 65, and 80%). These scenarios resulted in energy consumption between 747 and 1351 MJ Mg−1 and GHGE between 72 and 311 kg CO2 eq Mg−1. GHGE emissions are strongly related to the emission of nitrous oxide from soils due to nitrogen fertilization and could represent over 80% of the GHGE relative to biomass harvest logistics. These data imply that synthetic N supplementation to maximize yield could reduce the burden due to diesel fuel for harvest, but would rapidly become the most significant contributor to GHGE. Minimizing the impact of N fertilization will be critical for reducing the GHGE associated with biomass production.
Switchgrass in California: where, and at what price?
Authors: Yi Fujin , Mérel Pierre , Lee Juhwan , Farzin Y. Hossein , Six Johan 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis article assesses the potential of California agriculture to supply biofuel feedstock in the form of switchgrass. We construct a fully calibrated, multiregion, multi‐input and multioutput model of agricultural supply for California's Central Valley based on the principles of positive mathematical programming. We exploit agronomic information obtained from a biophysical model to estimate regional production functions for switchgrass. The model predicts the extent and location of potential feedstock production in the Central Valley. Our results suggest that switchgrass adoption rates differ widely among agricultural regions, and that switchgrass is not likely to displace specialty crops by much statewide.