bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tactical Action Planning for Pipelines
Authors: Castle Robert W. , Malamma Kevin , Barry David C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Contemporary Oil Spill Contingency Planning commonly focuses on notification procedures and organizational issues. Specific pre-planning for the physical response to specific oil properties, local geography, and environmental conditions is frequently neglected. The tactical action planning concepts presented in this paper address these issues by carefully examining the characteristics of specific oils under the spectrum of ambient conditions, the physical properties of the potentially impacted area, probable spill movement, and the presence of sensitive resources. These concepts also address the availability of response equipment and those techniques that will perform under the conditions encountered. Field surveys are then conducted to identify and catalogue specific control sites where initial response actions may be appropriate. Surveys include taking digital photographs of the area and collecting GPS coordinates of response locations. The resultant plans will facilitate the initial response to releases anywhere along the subject pipeline. Data and recommendations are organized in the form of a hard-copy manual consisting of maps, tables, and illustrated instructions. Data files, interactive mapping software, and data management software are also provided on CD. A software component allows the planning effort to be used during drills and exercises, as well as for emergency response management.
Evaluation of Volume and Performance of a Free Phase Recovery System in an Oil Spill – Case Study of an Accident in Araucária, Brazil
Authors: Luna Caicedo Nelson Oswaldo , Bastos Neto Artur Cezar , Finotti Alexandra , Melo Clarissa Lovato 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On July 16, 2000, about 4000 m3 of crude oil were spilled in a pipeline accident at the REPAR Refinery in Brazil, reaching part of the refinery area and the banks of the Barigui and Iguaçu rivers. An Oil Recovery and Cleanup Action Plan was conducted as a cooperative action between PETROBRAS and the Federal and State environmental agencies. One of the areas which suffered the most impact was Ponto Zero, right behind the pipeline failure site, where there was a lot of time for infiltration. Thus, a large amount of oil infiltrated and a free phase was formed for the oil. An estimate of the free phase volume from fluid levels in monitoring wells was conducted using the method of Lenhard and Parker (1990), on two occasions during the recovery action plan, the first in October 2000 right after the oil spill with a value of 43m3, the second in August 2001, after constructing the hydraulic structures to recover the infiltrated crude oil, at a value of 5.5 m3. The recovery system consisted mainly of closed trenches with well-sorted gravel to control the groundwater level and conduct the oil and water collected to a separator system. This recovery system was very efficient (about 87% in one year of operation), at a relatively low implementation and operation cost.
Guanabara Bay Oil Spill 2000, Brazil – Cetacean Response
Authors: Short Michael Kirwan John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On the 18th January 2000 a broken pipeline owned and operated by the oil company Petrobras spilt some 1300 tonne of bunker fuel into Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. The wildlife response was divided amongst 2 operational strategies and included – avian fauna and cetaceans. This paper deals with the cetacean response only. Cetaceans are generally not considered as an important feature of an oil spill response. Contingency planning for cetaceans in oil spills is now becoming an important element for preparedness for some countries. The cetacean response in Guanabara Bay specifically targeted a pod of about 70 members of the species Sotalia fluviatilis, a small dolphin that inhabits the bay. The response included the development of a plan that included a response system, a monitoring program and action plans. The response system detailed the mechanism for the plan to work and adopted the incident control management system. The monitoring program related to the study of any short term or long term deleterious effects resulting from the spill and consisted of basic spatial, temporal and behavioural studies. Action plans were developed specific to the character of Guanabara Bay and included the rescue and rehabilitation strategies necessary to respond to oil affected cetaceans. A training program was then developed and implemented to personnel who were to enact the cetacean response.
Oil Spills in a Tropical Country – Brazilian Case Studies
Authors: Gabardo I.T. , Carneiro M.E.R. , Falcão L.V. , Meniconi M.F.G. , Barband S.M. , Platte E. B. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Faced with the latest experiences on Brazilian oil spill incidents, Petrobras has been trying to overcome many challenges in environmental management and operational safety, aiming to prevent environmental risks. This paper presents the oil characterizations and monitoring studies in affected ecosystems such as the hot spots on soils affected by the Iguassu River oil spill (occurred in July 2000, due to a pipeline rupture in the scraper area of REPAR, a Petrobras refinery located in the state of Parana), by the Vessel Vergina II oil spill in São Sebastião channel (located in the state of São Paulo, occurred in November 2000) and lastly, the Guanabara Bay oil spill (a pipeline rupture that occurred in January 2000, due to a pipeline rupture between oil terminal and REDUC, a Petrobras refinery located in the state of Rio de Janeiro). Chemical analysis were performed in different sample matrixes including many parameters such as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), aliphatic compounds (n-alkanes), unresolved complex mixtures (UCM), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), terpanes and steranes, that are the parameters usually monitored after a spill oil. Visual inspections were also performed mainly in Guanabara Bay in order to identify the affected ecosystems by the spilled oil and to plot maps of classified regions based on the level of visual oil contamination. The acute toxicity was evaluated in water soluble fraction (WSF) of the spilled oils using ecotoxicological tests.
International Standards for Responders1
Authors: Gair Stuart , Salt David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Effective spill response requires trained and competent people, but how do we assess the competence of staff involved in the operation? Within the oil spill response industry there are few systems which assess the competence of staff to undertake their roles. Suitability is often left to the discretion of the response contractor, based on the provision of training but training does not guarantee competence. Therefore as an industry, when using response contractors, does the organisation using the services of the clean-up contractor really know that the team is competent to accomplish the job and are they getting value for money? The terminology used to describe the roles of members in a response team is not common, having a different interpretation in each country. In many cases it is better to describe the competency for the job rather than the use a post title. These are the questions that the OSRL / EARL Alliance have been answering over the past year. A solution has been achieved by developing a Competency Matrix / Database. Through the use of this database we have been able to gain many useful outputs such as personnel development plans, training needs and most importantly a measure of staff competence. By having the ability to measure staff competence, we are now able to demonstrate the level of competence that our response staff require to complete the different tasks required in a spill response. It is important that the industry has confidence the response to the spill is being conducted in the most effective manner and that safety, quality and efficiency are not being compromised at any time. This paper will describe how a system of competency management can ensure that competence is assessed and measured and thus benchmarks and standards can be set for the whole industry.
Entrainment of Oil from Oil Spills into the Water Column: A New Theory
Authors: Dunnewind B. , Bos M.A. , Koops W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Dispersion of oil into the water column is one of the oil spill response options. Under certain circumstances natural dispersion may be efficient enough. In other situations dispersant may be added to improve the dispersion efficiency. An empirical model for natural dispersion, based on laboratory results of Delvigne and Sweeney (1988), has been used for many years now, to estimate the entrainment of oil in the water column. That model, however, does not include surface rheological properties and, hence, is not sufficient to describe both natural and chemical dispersion. In the present paper we propose a new approach based on theory on emulsification processes as occurring in homogenizers. This approach includes all relevant physical characteristics of water and oil and their interface and of the turbulence of breaking waves. The deformation of oil droplets in the turbulent flow, the adsorption of surface active material to the surface of oil droplets, the encounter between oil droplets and the eddies of the turbulent flow were each described in a characteristic time. This characteristic time gives an indication of the time needed for the process to proceed. The ratios between the characteristic times of the different processes determine to what extent droplets can be broken-up. Maximum and minimum droplet sizes were estimated, from which a droplet size distribution was calculated. From the size distribution the percentage of the oil that would be present in droplets smaller than 100 μm, was estimated. The results show similarities with observations from practice. A large influence of the wave height, interfacial tension and oil viscosity was noticed. Therefore, this new approach may form the basis for a new oil spill dispersion model.
Use of in Situ Burning at a Diesel Spill in Wetlands and Salt Flats, Northern Utah, U.S.A: Remediation Operations and 1.5 Years of Post-Burn Monitoring
Authors: Williams Galen W. , Gondek Robert , Allen Alan A. , Michel Jacqueline 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On 21 January 2000, a release of an estimated 100 barrels of diesel was reported from a product transportation pipeline north of Great Salt Lake in Utah. During the next few days, due to weather related conditions (freeze/thaw periods and wind), the product spread over 38 acres of salt flat and wetlands. Initial oil containment efforts were successful in reducing the risk of oil impacts to natural resources in a nearby national migratory bird refuge, but the risk remained to migratory waterfowl that were expected to arrive at the impacted wetland within approximately 6 weeks. As a result, in situ burning was proposed to remove the free-phase diesel and destroy the hydrocarbon-impacted vegetation. Upon approval of a Site Remediation Plan and Fire Management Plan, a Heli-Torch was used on 10 March, 2000 to burn the most-highly impacted 12.8 acres. The following month (late-April), 3.2 acres of remaining lightly oiled vegetation were burned using drip torches and propane wands. It was estimated that 75–80% of the spilled diesel was burned in these operations. Because burning of the free-phase hydrocarbons and impacted vegetation would not remove product that had penetrated into the soils, bioremediation techniques were subsequently implemented, in order to further reduce hydrocarbon levels in the soil and attain the regulatory cleanup level of 20 mg/kg total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
NOAA's Response to the Jessica Oil Spill in the Galapagos Archipelago
Authors: Henry Charlie , Levine Ed 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
During the night of 16 January 2001, the 260-foot tanker, Jessica, grounded on a reef at the entrance to Wreak Bay on the island of San Cristobal. Ironically, the site of the grounding was very near where Darwin first stepped ashore in 1835. Ecuador, realizing the threat posed by spilling more than 240,000 gallons of diesel and intermediate fuel oil, declared a state of emergency and made a request for assistance. NOAA immediately sent spill response and environmental experts as part of the United States Coast Guard (USCG) response effort to the remote islands. The Galapagos Islands are composed of shorelines not atypical of those NOAA has responded to in the past, but the unique wildlife, including many species found only in the Galapagos Islands, made this response different. This paper documents the USCG-NOAA mission, provides and overview of the incident response, an estimated oil mass balance, and the NOAA HAZMAT AWAY Team - HOME Team concept.
Development of a Composition Database for Selected Multicomponent Oils
Authors: Wang Zhendi , Hollebone B. , Fingas M. , Sigouin L. , Fieldhouse B. , Landriault M. , Thouin G. , Noonan J. , Weaver J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Multicomponent composition and corresponding physical properties data of crude oils and petroleum products are needed as input to environmental fate simulations. Complete sets of such data, however, are not available in the literature due to the complexity and expense of making the measurements. Environment Canada has previously developed a database of various physical and chemical properties of crude oils and petroleum products. In this cooperative project, ten “typical” crude oils and refined products in common use or transport were identified for subsequent characterization. Measured oil physical properties include API gravity, density, sulphur content, water content, flash point, pour point, viscosity, surface and interfacial tension, adhesion, the equation for predicting evaporation, emulsion formation, and simulated boiling point distribution. The chemical composition of the oils are quantified for hydrocarbon groups, volatile organic compounds, n-alkane distribution, distribution of alkylated polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) homologues and other EPA priority PAHs, and biomarker concentrations. This project will provide the most complete and comprehensive database for the selected oils to date. The new composition data will be integrated into the existing Environment Canada oil properties database. The results will be made available to the public both on the world wide web and as a database on disc.
Treatment and Cleanup Standards: The Development of End-Point Criteria for Oil Spills
Authors: Owens Edward H. , Sergy Gary A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Every oil spill response operation has an end point when treatment or cleanup is stopped. How an end point is reached involves unique decisions that reflect the individuality of each spill incident. Factors involved in the decision process include assessments of the probable environmental and socioeconomic effects of the spill, the rate of natural recovery, the effects of the various treatment or cleanup options, and the effects of increasingly more stringent criteria or standards. Other factors that influence the decision process include the roles and responsibilities of the interested parties and the perceptions of the public sector. The establishment of end-point criteria is an essential step at the outset of a spill response in order to provide a foundation for selecting appropriate treatment or cleanup strategies and tactics and for planning operations activities and logistic support. A variety of techniques can be applied to measure treatment or cleanup end points, and typically these are qualitative rather than quantitative measurements. Field analytical techniques that define the presence or absence of hydrocarbons can be used to measure a treatment end point, but this approach can be complicated if other hydrocarbon sources are present in the affected area. Chemical and toxicological data may be appropriate for damage assessment studies but it may well be impractical, or even illogical, to expect that analytical techniques can provide accurate and timely assessments for measuring the treatment or cleanup end point in all circumstances.
Changes in the Use of Incident Command System in the U.S. Coast Guard1
Authors: Plourde Kristy , Deal Tim , Lincoln Doug 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Incident Command System (ICS) is a proven multi-contingency response management system that is flexible and provides improved interoperability with other organizations. The U.S. Coast Guard adopted the use of ICS in oil spill responses well before 2001, but the U.S. Coast Guard announced and published is implementation plan for use of ICS Coast Guard-wide in February 2001. This paper will discuss how the U.S. Coast Guard has been moving forward with a phased ICS implementation program and will discuss some of the new tools that have been established. In the Atlantic and Pacific regions, the U.S. Coast Guard has established Incident Management Assist Teams (IMATs), which are a group of trained and experienced personnel who exercise and deploy as a team. These IMATs have been developed to support local U.S. Coast Guard Incident Commanders in their response organization on large incidents. The U.S. Coast Guard has begun work on an ICS qualification system with Position Task Books (PTBs), qualification tracking, and instructor qualifications and continues to move forward with ICS training programs. The U.S. Coast Guard published the Incident Management Handbook (IMH) in April 2001. This handbook incorporated the oil spill Field Operations Guide (FOG) and included information for other types of incidents including Hazardous Materials, Terrorism, and Search and Rescue. The U.S. Coast Guard has also published job aids to help personnel in specific ICS positions. While the U.S. Coast Guard recognizes that implementation of ICS in its organization will take some time, it continues to move forward. This will only improve the way the U.S. Coast Guard responds to incidents.
ICS: Can it Be a National Incident Management System?1
Authors: Smith Duane Michael 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
There are likely few that would argue with the proposal that a national incident management system would be of benefit. Numerous articles have been put forward over time, both for and against the adoption of an incident command system (ICS) as the model for a national incident management system. Those in favor of its adoption point out to its many successes, from major wildfires to the 2002 Olympics. Many seem to view ICS as simply another way of expressing the term command and control. In reality, ICS is not another way to say command and control; rather it is a specific of command and control system. The question then is whether ICS, and in particular the National Inter-agency Incident Management System – Incident Command System (NIIMS-ICS) is the model upon which this national system should be based. Most of the studies and papers regarding the use and adoption of ICS have focused on its use within the fire service community. This may be somewhat intuitive, given the origins of the system; however, if we are to truly gauge the applicability of this system to all risks, we must begin to exam it in those other events. It was a series of disasters that led to the development of the initial ICS system. It has been a subsequent series of disasters or national emergencies that have led to the continued evolution of ICS toward a national model. The question now before us is whether we need another disaster to take that final step to a truly national incident management system or are we willing to go there now. In this time of heightened national security we owe it to ourselves to have the best incident management system in the world.
Spill Response Planning in the Republic of Kazakhstan1
Authors: Shepherd Mark 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In recent years the international oil industry has been increasingly active in the former Soviet Union region. The Caspian Sea area alone has estimated reserves of 70 billion barrels of oil. The northeast Caspian region, the focus of major exploration campaigns in the last two years, is a unique environment where the sea level can vary between zero and 10 metres purely as a consequence of the wind direction. Temperatures range between +40 degrees Celsius in the summer to −40 degrees in winter, with the north east Caspian sea being frozen for some four to five months of the year. These factors not only make the region very challenging from an operational point of view, but present a whole new set of challenges for the oil spill response planners. The Republic of Kazakhstan (RoK) is a very large country and industry is widely distributed with operational oil spill risks arising from pipeline operations, exploration, production and distribution of refined product. The goal was set by the oil industry to assess the spill risks in the region and firstly to identify individual Tier 1 requirements. Having established the Tier 1 needs, the study progressed to a review of the logistics and of the available infrastructure. Using a combination of these resources, one could determine whether a credible Tier 2 capability could be developed or whether additional stockpiles and trained personnel would be required.
Towards a New Concept of Airborne Surveillance System for Oil Pollution Fighting
Authors: Charron Stéphane , Negret Jean-Michel , Bieseas Erlinda , Peigne Georges , Tarchi Dario 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
RAPSODI (Remote sensing Anti-Pollution System for geographical Data Integration) is a European Community funded program. Within this program, remote sensing, radar and oil spill control specialists, associated with airborne system designers, have gathered their efforts in order to propose a new concept of airborne surveillance system for oil pollution fighting. This paper describes the main tasks carried out in the RAPSODI project. Firstly, we describe the real size experimentation campaigns at sea with voluntary controlled releases of crude oil and other chemicals which were conducted to collect data for the project. These campaigns have involved many aerial and naval assets from various organizations. Secondly, the development of an airborne SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) sensor based upon the existing Thaïes Ocean Master X-band radar is presented. This sensor is able to generate high-resolution images and allows detecting sea pollution in almost any environmental conditions. It is the key sensor of the proposed system. Thirdly, we introduce the innovative technique of images processing developed and assessed in the frame of RAPSODI. These techniques allow extracting oil spill airborne SAR signatures even in very unfavorable conditions. Fourthly, we stress a major technical issue: the GIS (Geographic Information System) approach chosen for the system. Since an airborne system for oil pollution fighting relies on various sensors and, moreover, as their data can be geocoded, the use of GIS improves the efficiency of an airborne system in merging sensor data, chart data and tactical objects. Finally, we describe the proposed airborne system. Its architecture is based on software and hardware on the shelf components. It is generic in order to be adaptable to different types of carriers, types of missions and crew concepts.