bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carp Il10 Has Anti-Inflammatory Activities on Phagocytes, Promotes Proliferation of Memory T Cells, and Regulates B Cell Differentiation and Antibody Secretion
Authors: Piazzon M. Carla , Savelkoul Huub F. J. , Pietretti Danilo , Wiegertjes Geert F. , Forlenza Maria 
Published: November 2014

Abstract
In the current study, we investigated the effects of carp Il10 on phagocytes and lymphocytes. Carp Il10 shares several prototypical inhibitory activities on phagocytes with mammalian IL-10, including deactivation of neutrophils and macrophages, as shown by inhibition of oxygen and nitrogen radical production, as well as reduced expression of proinflammatory genes and mhc genes involved in Ag presentation. Similar to mammalian IL-10, carp Il10 acts through a signaling pathway involving phosphorylation of Stat3, ultimately leading to the early upregulation of socs3 expression. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the effects of Il10 on lymphocytes in fish. Although Il10 did not affect survival and proliferation of T cells from naive animals, it greatly promoted survival and proliferation of T cells in cultures from immunized animals, but only when used in combination with the immunizing Ag. Preliminary gene expression analysis suggests that, under these circumstances, carp Il10 stimulates a subset of CD8+ memory T cells while downregulating CD4+ memory Th1 and Th2 responses. In addition to the regulatory effect on T cells, carp Il10 stimulates proliferation, differentiation, and Ab secretion by IgM+ B cells. Overall, carp Il10 shares several prototypical activities with mammalian IL-10, including downregulation of the inflammatory response of phagocytes, stimulation of proliferation of subsets of memory T lymphocytes, and proliferation, differentiation, and Ab secretion by IgM+ B lymphocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis of biological activities of fish Il10 on both phagocytes and lymphocytes showing functional conservation of several properties of Il10.
Student nurses’ perceptions of guidance and support in rural hospitals
Authors: Rikhotso Steppies R. , Williams Martha J.S. , De Wet Gedina 
Published: November 2014

Background: Clinical guidance and support of nursing students in rural hospitals is a challenge for novice nurses, who rotate amongst accredited hospitals throughout the province for clinical exposure, and fid themselves in an unfamiliar environment. Theory learned at the training college is integrated with clinical exposure at hospitals and supplemented through teaching by hospital staff. Nursing students complain about lack of support and guidance from professional nurses within the hospital, some feeling restricted in execution of their nursing tasks by professional nurses and other staff. Students perceived negative attitudes from clinical staff, a lack of clinical resources, inadequate learning opportunities and a lack of support and mentoring during their clinical exposure.Objectives: This article describes perceptions of guidance and support of nursing students by professional nurses in a rural hospital and suggests guidelines for clinical guidance and support of nursing students.Method: A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was used. Two focus group interviews were employed to collect data from a sample drawn from level II nursing students from one training college in Limpopo Province, South Africa, on different days (n = 13; n = 10). Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse data.Results: Three themes (mutual distrust and disrespect, hospital environment, and clinical guidance and support) and subthemes (student behaviour and staff behaviour) emerged.Conclusion: Failure to support and guide nursing students professionally may lead to high turnover and absenteeism, resulting in students’ refusal to be allocated to a rural hospital for clinical exposure. Proposed guidelines have been formulated for clinical guidance and support of nursing students at the selected rural hospital. The college and hospital management should foster collaboration between the college tutors and professional nurses to ensure adequateguidance and support of nursing students.
Patient Satisfaction and Clinical Results at a Mean Eight Years following BHR Arthroplasty: Results from a District General Hospital
Authors: Sandiford Nemandra A. , Ahmed Syed , Doctor Cyrus , East Debra J. , Miles Kim , Apthorp Hugh D. 
Published: November 2014

We present the clinical and radiological results of a prospective study of a consecutive series of patients treated with the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) prosthesis between 1999 and 2006 and followed for six to 12 years. Patients were reviewed preoperatively and six, 12, 26 and 52 weeks postoperatively and annually thereafter. They were assessed clinically and radiographically and the Merle d'Aubigne Postel and Oxford Hip scores were calculated at each visit. A SF-36 form assessed general health. Patient satisfaction was assessed by a Visual Analogue Score. Kaplan Meier survival analysis was performed. One hundred and seven patients (109 hips) were included (45 males, 62 females). Median age was 44 years. Mean follow-up was 97.4 months. Median preoperative Merle d'Aubigne Postel and Oxford hip scores were 10 (3-14) and 42 (26-55) respectively. Median SF36 score was 29 (0-65) and patients rated their level of pain as 7.7 on a scale of 0-10 (10 being the worst score). At final follow-up, median MDP and OHS scores were 17 (16-18) and 25 (12-46). Median SF36 score was 72 (27-97). Seven revisions were performed in six females and one male patient. Survival was 96.2% with revision for any reason as the end point. No revisions were performed in the group with hip dysplasia. The BHR prosthesis provides pain relief, high levels of patient satisfaction and improvement of function and well being in the medium-term. Failures occurred primarily in the female group.
In Vitro Glucose Kinetics during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Implications for Caloric Balance in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Stevenson James M. , Heung Michael , Vilay A. Mary , Eyler Rachel F. , Patel Chirag , Mueller Bruce A. 
Published: November 2014

Purpose To examine the impact of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on glucose kinetics and therefore caloric balance. Methods In vitro experiments were conducted to characterize glucose kinetics in a variety of CRRT modalities and prescriptions. Additional experiments evaluated the impact of citrate anticoagulation using anti-coagulant dextrose solution A (ACD-A) on CRRT glucose movement. A formula was developed to predict the glucose delivery to/from the patient per day of CRRT, and this data was extrapolated to determine the net caloric impact of CRRT. Results A total of 104 experiments were conducted with an overall glucose extraction coefficient of 1.04 (95% CI 1.03-1.05). CRRT-related glucose removal was directly related to effluent (dialysate and/or hemofiltration) rate and pre-filter blood glucose concentration, and inversely related to dialysis solution glucose concentration. In all modalities tested, CRRT resulted in a net negative glucose balance, with estimated caloric losses ranging between 20 kcal and 550 kcal depending on the conditions tested. The addition of ACD-A resulted in net glucose delivery in some conditions and a positive caloric balance of up to 470 kcal per day. Conclusions CRRT can have a significant effect on glucose balance and result in either significant daily caloric gains or losses, and this effect can be predicted based on CRRT prescription and patient characteristics. Clinicians should be aware of this potential impact when prescribing nutritional therapy to patients undergoing CRRT, as an imbalance in caloric feeding can adversely affect outcomes in critically ill patients.
A Survey of Membrane Oxygenator Heat - Exchanger Integrity Testing at Cardiac Surgery Centres in Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: Carlton Matthew , Campbell John 
Published: November 2014

Membrane oxygenator heat exchanger (HE) device failure is reported to be very low for both short-and long-term extracorporeal devices. All oxygenator manufacturers provide instructions for leak testing of their HE devices prior to patient use. In addition to these recommendations, since 2006 at Nottingham University Hospitals (NUH) we have also additionally pressure tested HE devices prior to use. We conducted a national survey of cardiac centers in Great Britain and Ireland to determine the methods undertaken in individual centers for validation of the integrity of HE devices. Furthermore, we also collected information on the routine maintenance techniques utilized within these centers to inhibit microbial growth in the water used in the heater-cooler units (HCUs). In total, 34 responses were collected from the 57 centers performing cardiac surgery, producing a response rate of 60%. Of the responding centers, 71% are adhering to manufacturer's recommended guidelines of circulating the water through the device for 5 minutes. Of these centers, 17% reported detecting a leak between the HE and membrane compartment of the oxygenator. In responding centers, 29% reported using the pressure test technique. In the centers utilizing pressure testing, 60% reported detecting a leak. This survey reports an association of a greater HE leak detection rate using the pressure test technique compared to using water testing in isolation (p = 0.034). We believe the pressure testing method provides the perfusionist with confidence in the integrity of the HE for short- and long-term circulatory support devices prior to use in both elective and emergency situations.
Deep water exchanges between the South China Sea and the Pacific since the last glacial period
Authors: Wan Sui , Jian Zhimin 
Published: November 2014

AbstractDeep ocean circulation is widely considered as one of the important factors for increasing CO2 concentration and decreasing radiocarbon activity (Δ14C) of the atmosphere during the last deglaciation. The AMS 14C ages of benthic and planktonic foraminifers from 18 samples of Core MD05‐2904 (water depth of 2066 m) in the northern South China Sea (SCS) and 15 samples of Core MD05‐2896 (water depth of 1657 m) in the southern SCS were analyzed in this study for reconstructing the intrabasin deep oceanic processes and hence exploring the deep water exchanges between the SCS and the Pacific since the last glacial period. The results show that during the Holocene the average apparent ventilation age of deep water was younger in the southern SCS (~1350 years) than in the northern SCS (~1850 years) due to relatively strong vertical mixing and advection, consistent with modern observations. However, during the last glacial period and deglaciation the deep water was older in the southern SCS (~2050 years and ~1800 to 1200 years, respectively) than in the northern SCS (~1600 years and ~670 years, respectively), indicating reduced deep mixing and advection. Moreover, the northern SCS deep water was significantly younger during the last deglaciation than during the Holocene and the last glacial period, implying the existence of northern sourced newly formed and relatively young North Pacific deep water. Our records do not support the intrusion of anomalously 14C‐depleted deep water to the middepth of the low‐latitude western Pacific and the SCS during the “Mystery Interval” (17.5–14.5 kyr B.P.).
Wavelet‐based multiscale performance analysis: An approach to assess and improve hydrological models
Authors: Rathinasamy Maheswaran , Khosa Rakesh , Adamowski Jan , ch Sudheer , Partheepan G , Anand Jatin , Narsimlu Boini 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe temporal dynamics of hydrological processes are spread across different time scales and, as such, the performance of hydrological models cannot be estimated reliably from global performance measures that assign a single number to the fit of a simulated time series to an observed reference series. Accordingly, it is important to analyze model performance at different time scales. Wavelets have been used extensively in the area of hydrological modeling for multiscale analysis, and have been shown to be very reliable and useful in understanding dynamics across time scales and as these evolve in time. In this paper, a wavelet‐based multiscale performance measure for hydrological models is proposed and tested (i.e., Multiscale Nash‐Sutcliffe Criteria and Multiscale Normalized Root Mean Square Error). The main advantage of this method is that it provides a quantitative measure of model performance across different time scales. In the proposed approach, model and observed time series are decomposed using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (known as theà trouswavelet transform), and performance measures of the model are obtained at each time scale. The applicability of the proposed method was explored using various case studies––both real as well as synthetic. The synthetic case studies included various kinds of errors (e.g., timing error, under and over prediction of high and low flows) in outputs from a hydrologic model. The real time case studies investigated in this study included simulation results of both the process‐based Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, as well as statistical models, namely the Coupled Wavelet‐Volterra (WVC), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) methods. For the SWAT model, data from Wainganga and Sind Basin (India) were used, while for the Wavelet Volterra, ANN and ARMA models, data from the Cauvery River Basin (India) and Fraser River (Canada) were used. The study also explored the effect of the choice of the wavelets in multiscale model evaluation. It was found that the proposed wavelet‐based performance measures, namely the MNSC (Multiscale Nash‐Sutcliffe Criteria) and MNRMSE (Multiscale Normalized Root Mean Square Error), are a more reliable measure than traditional performance measures such as the Nash‐Sutcliffe Criteria (NSC), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE). Further, the proposed methodology can be used to: i) compare different hydrological models (both physical and statistical models), and ii) help in model calibration.
Using solar wind data to predict daily GPS scintillation occurrence in the African and Asian low‐latitude regions
Authors: Carter B. A. , Retterer J. M. , Yizengaw E. , Wiens K. , Wing S. , Groves K. , Caton R. , Bridgwood C. , Francis M. , Terkildsen M. , Norman R. , Zhang K. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe feasibility of predicting the daily occurrence of Global Positioning System scintillation events using forecasts of common geophysical indices to drive a physics‐based model of the system is demonstrated over a 5 month period for the African and Asian longitude sectors. The output from the Wing Kp model, which uses solar wind data to predict the geomagnetic activity level up to 4 h in advance, was used to drive the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere/ionosphere model, from which the strength of the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability growth rate was calculated to determine the likelihood of scintillation. It is found that the physics‐based model demonstrates superior skill to an empirical scintillation model (Wideband Model (WBMOD)) in forecasting scintillation suppression events during seasons when scintillation is common. However, neither of the models driven in this way possess the ability to forecast isolated scintillation events during transitional and off‐peak seasons.
A seismological model for earthquakes induced by fluid extraction from a subsurface reservoir
Authors: Bourne S. J. , Oates S. J. , van Elk J. , Doornhof D. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractA seismological model is developed for earthquakes induced by subsurface reservoir volume changes. The approach is based on the work of Kostrov () and McGarr () linking total strain to the summed seismic moment in an earthquake catalog. We refer to the fraction of the total strain expressed as seismic moment as the strain partitioning function, α. A probability distribution for total seismic moment as a function of time is derived from an evolving earthquake catalog. The moment distribution is taken to be a Pareto Sum Distribution with confidence bounds estimated using approximations given by Zaliapin et al. (). In this way available seismic moment is expressed in terms of reservoir volume change and hence compaction in the case of a depleting reservoir. The Pareto Sum Distribution for moment and the Pareto Distribution underpinning the Gutenberg‐Richter Law are sampled using Monte Carlo methods to simulate synthetic earthquake catalogs for subsequent estimation of seismic ground motion hazard. We demonstrate the method by applying it to the Groningen gas field. A compaction model for the field calibrated using various geodetic data allows reservoir strain due to gas extraction to be expressed as a function of both spatial position and time since the start of production. Fitting with a generalized logistic function gives an empirical expression for the dependence of α on reservoir compaction. Probability density maps for earthquake event locations can then be calculated from the compaction maps. Predicted seismic moment is shown to be strongly dependent on planned gas production.
Mapping thunder sources by inverting acoustic and electromagnetic observations
Authors: Anderson J. F. , Johnson J. B. , Arechiga R. O. , Thomas R. J. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractWe present a new method of locating current flow in lightning strikes by inversion of thunder recordings constrained by Lightning Mapping Array observations. First, radio frequency (RF) pulses are connected to reconstruct conductive channels created by leaders. Then, acoustic signals that would be produced by current flow through each channel are forward modeled. The recorded thunder is considered to consist of a weighted superposition of these acoustic signals. We calculate the posterior distribution of acoustic source energy for each channel with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo inversion that fits power envelopes of modeled and recorded thunder; these results show which parts of the flash carry current and produce thunder. We examine the effects of RF pulse location imprecision and atmospheric winds on quality of results and apply this method to several lightning flashes over the Magdalena Mountains in New Mexico, USA. This method will enable more detailed study of lightning phenomena by allowing researchers to map current flow in addition to leader propagation.
Influence of the Central American Seaway and Drake Passage on ocean circulation and neodymium isotopes: A model study
Authors: Pfister Patrik L. , Stocker Thomas F. , Rempfer Johannes , Ritz Stefan P. 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe sensitivity of the neodymium isotopic composition (ϵNd) to tectonic rearrangements of seaways is investigated using an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity. The shoaling and closure of the Central American Seaway (CAS) is simulated, as well as the opening and deepening of Drake Passage (DP). Multiple series of equilibrium simulations with various intermediate depths are performed for both seaways, providing insight into ϵNd and circulation responses to progressive throughflow evolutions. Furthermore, the sensitivity of these responses to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and the neodymium boundary source is examined. Modeled ϵNd changes are compared to sediment core and ferromanganese (Fe‐Mn) crust data. The model results indicate that the North Atlantic ϵNd response to the CAS shoaling is highly dependent on the AMOC state, i.e., on the AMOC strength before the shoaling to shallow depths (preclosure). Three scenarios based on different AMOC forcings are discussed, of which the model‐data agreement favors a shallow preclosure (Miocene) AMOC (∼6 Sv). The DP opening causes a rather complex circulation response, resulting in an initial South Atlantic ϵNd decrease preceding a larger increase. This feature may be specific to our model setup, which induces a vigorous CAS throughflow that is strongly anticorrelated to the DP throughflow. In freshwater experiments following the DP deepening, ODP Site 1090 is mainly influenced by AMOC and DP throughflow changes, while ODP Site 689 is more strongly influenced by Southern Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation and CAS throughflow changes. The boundary source uncertainty is largest for shallow seaways and at shallow sites.
Properties ofCO2Mixtures and Impacts on Carbon Capture and Storage
Authors: Li Hailong , Wilhelmsen Øivind , Yan Jinyue 
Published: November 2014

AbstractThe technologies for CO2capture and storage (CCS) differ much in design, operation conditions, and the amount and nature of impurities in the captured CO2. The presence of impurities affects the thermophysical properties of CO2significantly. In particular, properties such as phase equilibrium behavior, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficient are much affected. The development and technical breakthrough of new CCS technology rely on a deeper understanding of the thermophysical properties of CO2mixtures. In this chapter, the available experimental data and theoretical models about the thermodynamic and transport properties of mixtures at conditions relevant to CCS have been summarized. Knowledge gaps have been identified; in particular, more measurements are needed to close the experimental gaps. In addition, the impacts of impurities on operation of different CCS processes have been discussed, including CO2conditioning, compression, liquefaction, transport, and storage. Recommended levels of impurities from different sources have been reviewed and compared.
Geothermal Heat Pumps
Authors: Cui Ping , Man Yi , Fang Zhaohong 
Published: November 2014

AbstractGeothermal heat pump (GHP) technologies utilize the underground environment as a heat source/sink to provide space cooling and heating. From a thermodynamic perspective, the operating cost of the GHP system is much lower than that of the air source heat pump because the underground environment experiences less temperature fluctuation compared to the ambient air temperature swing. Geothermal heat pumps, which may use various underground sources, have been basically grouped into three categories: groundwater heat pump, surface water heat pump, and ground‐coupled heat pump.The basic concepts and various options of the GHP systems that include groundwater heat pump, surface water heat pump, and ground coupled heat pump have been described in this chapter. The brief history of the GHP system has been addressed in terms of its research development and engineering applications. In addition, the advantages and limitations of each type of GHP systems have been summarized respectively. This chapter has also focused on the description of the design strategy or guidelines for these systems, especially for the vertical GCHP system that is considered to be the most widely used type of GHP throughout the world. Finally, various hybrid GCHP systems and some novel technologies have been comprehensively reviewed in order to further broaden and strengthen the applicability of the GHP systems.This chapter provides some design recommendations for various GHP systems, which can assist design engineers in determining what type of system is most suitable for the given location and in designing an optimal GHP system with lowest operating cost and capital cost.