bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Accelerations in Science Driven by Daring Ideas: Good Messages from Fallibilistic Rationalism
Authors: Marciszewski Witold 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
The first good message is to the effect that people possess reason as a source of intellectual insights, not available to the senses, as e.g. axioms of arithmetic. The awareness of this fact is called rationalism. Another good message is that reason can daringly quest for and gain new plausible insights. Those, if suitably checked and confirmed, can entail a revision of former results, also in mathematics, and - due to the greater efficiency of new ideas - accelerate science’s progress. The awareness that no insight is secured against revision, is called fallibilism.
This modern fallibilistic rationalism (Peirce, Popper, Gödel, etc. oppose the fundamentalism of the classical version (Plato, Descartes etc.), i.e. the belief in the attainability of inviolable truths of reason which would forever constitute the foundations of knowledge. Fallibilistic rationalism is based on the idea that any problem-solving consists in processing information. Its results vary with respect to informativeness and its reverse - certainty. It is up to science to look for highly informative solutions, in spite of their uncertainty, and then to make them more certain through testing against suitable evidence. To account for such cognitive processes, one resorts to the conceptual apparatus of logic, informatics, and cognitive science.
Catalytic Activity of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Supported on Zinc Oxide
Authors: Yesmurzayeva Nurlykyz N. , Nurakhmetova Zhanar A. , Tatykhanova Gulnur S. , Selenova Bagadat S. , Kudaibergenov Sarkyt E. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractGold (AuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles have been prepared by “one-pot” synthetic method in the presence of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). Absorption spectra, size, morphology, and structure of AuNPs and AgNPs were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, DLS, SEM, and TEM. According to DLS measurements the average sizes of metal nanoparticles stabilized by PVP in aqueous solution are varied from 10 to 25 nm for AuNPs and from 6.5 to 44 nm for AgNPs. The impregnation method is used to support AuNPs and AgNPs on the surface of ZnO. The amount of AuNPs and AgNPs immobilized on the surface of ZnO does not exceed 0.2 wt.%. The catalytic activity of AuNPs and AgNPs supported on the surface of ZnO was evaluated with respect to decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The optimal conditions for H2O2 decomposition were found to be dependent on of the amount of the catalyst, concentration of substrate, molecular weight of PVP, and temperature. The activation energy of H2O2 decomposition is equal to 44.1 kJ×mol-1. The decomposition of H2O2 in the presence of AuNPs and AgNPs supported on ZnO surface is discussed in the context of supramolecular catalysis mimicking catalase-like behavior. The recyclability of AuNPs supported on ZnO surface was tested.
Understanding early dementia: EEG, MRI, SPECT and memory evaluation
Authors: Moretti Davide Vito 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Background: An increase in the EEG upper/low a power ratio has been associated with mild cognitive impairment
(MCI) due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and to the atrophy of temporoparietal brain areas. Subjects with a higher
α3/α2 frequency power ratio showed lower brain perfusion than in the low α3/α2 group. The two groups show
significantly different hippocampal volumes and correlation with q frequency activity. Methods: Seventy-four
adult subjects with MCI underwent clinical and neuropsychological evaluation, electroencephalogram (EEG)
recording, and high resolution 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Twenty-seven of them underwent EEG
recording and perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) evaluation. The α3/α2 power
ratio and cortical thickness were computed for each subject. The difference in cortical thickness between the
groups was estimated. Results: In the higher upper/low a group, memory impairment was more pronounced
in both the MRI group and the SPECT MCI groups. An increase in the production of q oscillations was associated
with greater interhemisperic coupling between temporal areas. It also correlated with greater cortical atrophy
and lower perfusional rate in the temporoparietal cortex. Conclusion: High EEG upper/low α power ratio was
associated with cortical thinning and lower perfusion in temporoparietal areas. Moreover, both atrophy and
lower perfusion rate significantly correlated with memory impairment in MCI subjects. Therefore, the increase
in the EEG upper/low α frequency power ratio could be useful in identifying individuals at risk for progression to
AD dementia in a clinical context.
Identification of biological markers for better characterization of older subjects with physical frailty and sarcopenia
Authors: Fougère Bertrand , Vellas Bruno , van Kan Gabor Abellan , Cesari Matteo 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Population aging is rapidly accelerating worldwide; however, longer life expectancy is not the only public
health goal. Indeed, extended lifetime involves maintaining function and the capacity of living independently.
Sarcopenia and physical frailty are both highly relevant entities with regards to functionality and autonomy of
older adults. The concepts and definitions of frailty and sarcopenia have largely been revised over the years.
Sarcopenia is an age-related progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. On the
other hand, frailty is a state of increased vulnerability to stressors, responsible for exposing the older person
to enhanced risk of adverse outcomes. Physical frailty and sarcopenia substantially overlap and several adverse
outcomes of frailty are likely mediated by sarcopenia. Indeed, the concepts of sarcopenia and physical frailty can
be perceived as related to the same target organ (i.e., skeletal muscle) and it may be possible to combine them
into a unique definition. The biological background of such a close relationship needs to be explored and clarified
as it can potentially provide novel and pivotal insights for the assessment and treatment of these conditions
in old age. The aim of this paper is to indicate and discuss possible biological markers to be considered in the
framing of physical frailty and sarcopenia.
On the adjacent eccentric distance sum of graphs
Authors: Bielak Halina , Wolska Katarzyna 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn this paper we show bounds for the adjacent eccentric distance sum of graphs in terms of Wiener index, maximum degree and minimum degree. We extend some earlier results of Hua and Yu [Bounds for the Adjacent Eccentric Distance Sum, International Mathematical Forum. Vol. 7 (2O02) no. 26. 1280-1294].The adjaceni eccentric distance sum index of the graph G is defined aswhere ε(υ) is the eccentricity of the vertex υ, deg(υ) is the degree of the vertex υ and D(υ) = ∑
Kontrowersje wokół normatywnego podziału na osoby prawne publiczne i osoby prawne prywatne (kan. 116 KPK)
Authors: Dzierżon Ginter 
Published: May 2015

In the presented article, the focus of the author’s attention is the question of the differentiating criteria for public and private juridical persons. By analysing such premises as the purposes of the persons and the way they are fulfilled he proves that these criteria are of ambivalent nature. As the author believes, this results from the fact that in the canonical system the public area of the Church has its implications on the entire legal reality.
Symbol hermeneutyczny a symboliczność dzieła sztuki według Hansa-Georga Gadamera
Authors: Sołtysiak Marek 
Published: May 2015

H.-G. Gadamer odróżnia symbol hermeneutyczny od symbolu religijnego (metafizycznego) i czysto konwencjonalnego. Symbol metafizyczny reprezentuje to, czym sam nie jest. Jego istotą jest zastępowanie i uobecnianie tego, co jest symbolizowane. Według Gadamera pomiędzy symbolem metafizycznym a symbolem w sensie hermeneutycznym (dziełem sztuki) występują zasadnicze różnice. Dzieło sztuki, jako przykład symbolu hermeneutycznego, przynosi przyrost bytu temu, co reprezentuje. Nie odsyła do czegoś symbolizowanego przez siebie, ale ujawnia to, co zawiera się w nim samym. Jest to zatem swoista transcendencja w immanencji. Ze względu na swoją istotę, którą jest autoprezentacja, charakteryzuje się niekończącą się grą odsłaniania i skrywania. Autoprezentacja stanowi o hermeneutycznej symboliczności każdego dzieła sztuki, jak również każdego bytu. To, co jest jawne w autoprezentacji dzieła sztuki (bytu), odsyła do tego, co jest w nim skryte.Symboliczność dzieła sztuki (bytu) ma także wymiar syntaktyczny. W poznaniu żaden byt nie ma znaczenia pojedynczego, zawsze jest powiązany ze znaczeniem innych bytów. Występuje określony system wzajemnych powiązań. Szczególnie widoczne jest to w mowie, w której każde słowo jest zrozumiałe tylko w kontekście innych słów. W symbolu hermeneutycznym można wyróżnić również jego egzystencjalną funkcję. Dzieło sztuki wzywa do przemiany życia tego, kto się z nim spotkał, przez ukazanie prawdy o nim samym i o świecie, w którym przyszło mu żyć.
Gogacz – Judycki. Dwie koncepcje indywidualności osoby ludzkiej
Authors: Listkowska Bożena 
Published: May 2015

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie dwóch koncepcji indywidualności osoby ludzkiej, powstałych we współczesnej filozofii polskiej: Mieczysława Gogacza i Stanisława Judyckiego. Jest to próba spojrzenia na zagadnienie z dwóch różnych perspektyw filozoficznych: metafizyki tomistycznej i epistemologii fenomenologicznej. Ujęcie metafizyczne jest poszukiwaniem odpowiedzi na pytanie o indywidualność osoby w jej strukturze ontycznej, ujęcie fenomenologiczne natomiast koncentruje się na analizie doświadczenia bezpośredniego. Jako rację indywidualności Gogacz wskazuje intelekt możnościowy (bierny) zapodmiotowany w formie substancjalnej (duszy). Judycki utrzymuje, że racją tą jest zamysł Boga, zgodnie z którym stwarza On duszę każdego człowieka jako radykalnie różną od wszystkich innych dusz ludzkich – unikalną. Przedstawione teorie wyrastają z odmiennego sposobu rozumienia osoby. Teoria Gogacza ma charakter substancjalistyczny, nawiązuje do koncepcji osoby Arystotelesa, Boecjusza i św. Tomasza z Akwinu. Koncepcja Judyckiego jest ujęciem relacjonistycznym, zmodyfikowanym elementami filozofii substancjalistycznej. Odwołuje się do relacjonistycznych teorii Platona, św. Augustyna i Kartezjusza oraz substancjalistycznych – Arystotelesa i św. Tomasza z Akwinu. Tomistyczne i fenomenologiczne ujęcia indywidualności wprowadzają do filozoficznej nauki o człowieku niesprowadzalne do siebie, lecz istotne treści.
Rodzaje i rola substytutów w moralności w ujęciu Dietricha von Hildebranda
Authors: Wiśniewska Daniela 
Published: May 2015

Fenomenologiczna analiza świata wartości moralnych zaproponowana przez Dietricha von Hildebranda opiera się na racjonalnej intuicji, która ukierunkowana jest na poznawanie uposażenia jakościowego, stawiając go równocześnie w opozycji do procesu wnioskowania. Według Hildebranda intuicyjny opis i wgląd w fenomeny jest źródłem wielkich odkryć filozoficznych, w których wydobywa się specyfikę oraz istotę danego przedmiotu. Taki kierunek jest widoczny w dziele autora napisanym wspólnie z Alice Jourdain Graven images. Substitutes for true morality z 1957 roku. Głównym nurtem poszukiwań aksjologicznych Hildebranda było wyodrębnienie zjawiska moralności substytualnej, która, jego zdaniem, przez swoją atrakcyjność nadbudowaną na kompromisie wobec pychy i pożądliwości oraz wobec wartości pozamoralnych zniekształca poprawne funkcjonowanie świadomości moralnej.Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia mechanizmu funkcjonowania pseudonorm zniekształcających właściwe kierowanie się wartościami moralnymi. Analiza hildebrandowskiej aksjologii obejmuje wydobycie zasadniczych opisów pseudonorm, ich klasyfikację i uchwycenie różnic jakościowych występujących w tym obszarze.Istotnym punktem artykułu jest wgląd w relatywne aspekty i natury substytutów. Ukazuje on mechanizmy funkcjonujące w ramach substytutu oraz wskazuje na komponenty konstytuujące go jako normę strukturalnie zanurzoną w sferze moralnej. Ten opis pozwolił na wyodrębnienie dwoistej roli (destruktywnej i pozytywnej), jaką mogą spełniać substytuty w życiu osobowym.W kontekście aksjologii Hildebranda, autor stara się pokazać mechanizmy relatywistycznego ujmowania sfery moralnej i zagrożenia płynące z tak ujmowanej rzeczywistości.
Aria Heisenberga (I). O negatywnych skutkach akcentowania zasady nieoznaczoności w wykładzie teorii atomu
Authors: Szymański Adam 
Published: May 2015

According to the author, a perfect example of the theory, which is considered to be removed from the historical context, is the uncertainty principle. For various reasons, this principle became the most famous element of atomic theory, and it usually serves as kick-off for popular lectures in quantum mechanics. This order of presentation can, however, distort an accurate picture of the uncertainty principle and quantum mechanics in general. In this article we try to identify specifically the misunderstandings initiating a course of quantum mechanics contrary to the chronology from the uncertainty principle can lead.
Religia w perspektywie ewolucjonistycznej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem jej funkcji socjalizacyjnej
Authors: Kowalczyk-Purol Kinga 
Published: May 2015

This paper gives an overview of the potential integrative function of religion from the evolutionary standpoint. In order to fulfill those aims, the work first addresses the characterization of the use of an evolutionary paradigm for the study of religion. In this section, the most prominent evolutionary hypotheses of religion are discussed: the sociobiological view, memetic approach and cognitive perspective. Subsequently, the article also introduces several conceptual difficulties of the whole program of Darwinian religious study. In the final part of the paper, a couple of the most important religious mechanisms of social integration are shown.
Extrapolative Inference and Analogical Reasoning in the Empirical Sciences
Authors: Jakubiec Marek 
Published: May 2015

The primary purpose of this paper is to present the issue of extrapolation, which is interesting from the perspective of contemporary philosophy of science. For its proper explanation, it is crucial to distinguish it from terms of similar meaning, such as analogy, induction or statistical inference. The second goal is to indicate key differences that exist between extrapolative inference and analogical reasoning. Because of this the ascertaining of the identification of these concepts would be a mistake though, of course, there is no way not to notice certain similarities.
Zjawisko śmierci – zmora medycyny
Authors: Pala Amadeusz 
Published: May 2015

The article is an attempt to show the evolution of the medical explanation of the phenomenon of death. Characteristic features of this evolution are the following:1. In the history of medicine there are two main ideas that explain the phenomenon of death: the idea of qualitative transformations, which means the stopping of metabolism, and the idea of quantitative transformations, which means the loss of the “essence of life”. It may be the loss of consciousness (irreversible dysfunction of the higher brain) or the loss of an important factor that sustains life (irreversible dysfunction of the brain stem).2. From a biological point of view, death is a process, but for practical purposes, medicine also tried to express it in the form of moment.3. Medical progress leads to the formulating of new definitions of death, but that does not mean that medicine is able to decide which one to choose. Rather, it needs philosophy for this.
O związkach matematyki z filozofią na przykładzie projektu Archipelag Matematyki
Authors: Stacewicz Paweł 
Published: May 2015

Some new, philosophically inspired, methods of teaching mathematics are discussed in this paper. These methods are implemented and embedded in the virtual environment of learning and exploring mathematics, called officially Archipelago of Mathematics (available at www.archipelagmatematyki.pl). They seem to be effective due to different interconnections between mathematics and philosophy (both historical and contemporary).After describing methodological assumptions, goals, methods and the structure of Archipelago, I present two, designed by me, examples of its contents: (1) quasi-internet chat with the ghost of G.W. Leibniz (on metaphysics, philosophical aspects of calculus, and artificial intelligence); and (2) radio-style interview with a farmer on the mathematical theory of sets and infinity. Presented materials show such a relationships between mathematics and philosophy like: philosophical origin of some mathematical concepts, philosophical implications of some math. ideas and theorems, heuristic function of philosophical discussions in mathematics.
Christian Anthropology Versus the New Anthropology and the Quest for Human Perfection
Authors: Kraj Tomasz 
Published: May 2015

In the current debate, we witness a conflict between the Christian concept of man vs. concepts that justify in vitro fertilization (IVF), genetic enhancement, or the reassignment of sexuality. Modern concepts cannot disregard the historic perspective of the consistent doctrines that the Catholic Church has maintained throughout her 2000-year history and which constitute the precursors of contemporary bioethics. Although she has adjusted specifics occasionally to address new developments, she has always based doctrine on immutable core principles. The current conflict lies neither in the novelty of the new proposals, nor in a conflict between religious and lay worldviews, but rather in concepts of man and human perfection. Some human traits may be regarded as disordered and incompatible with a particular concept of human perfection. The new proposals tend to involve physical changes based on technological manipulation, with a goal of developing a superior being, while Christian proposals do not seek to manipulate man’s being, but to develop his existing potential within criteria of acceptable reason. The new proposals rely on a Cartesian view which constitutes a human as his mind (cogito ergo sum), which has dominion over his body including authority to reengineer it according to any project that mind conceives. In contrast, the Christian concept views the human subject as a unity of mind and body, which may not be reshaped to meet a questionable goal of human perfection. The technological tools within the new concepts are in no way superior to the more personal attributes like virtues, perfection of the human will, prayer, and ascesis within the Christian concept.
Immutability of God in Christian Terms
Authors: Drzyżdżyk Szymon , Kosińska Zuzanna 
Published: May 2015

This article deals with the issue of the immutability of God in Himself. What is meant by “immutability” and why God should (or must) be immutable? Doesn’t He – whom Christians preach – contradict His immutability by showing interest in man? These questions, taken by a number of philosophers and theologians have appeared more or less frequently throughout history. The article is devoted to the immutability of God as one and the Holy Trinity on the grounds of Christianity. The article quotes the thoughts of representatives from the Church in the West and in the East – Tertullian and Origen. This thought formed in an era when Trinitarian heresy flourished and had a significant impact on the further development of theological reflection. Then the theological and philosophical position of Thomas Aquinas is taken into account as one who in his investigations on the nature of God used the components of ancient Greek philosophy.
Az Asparagus verticillatus L. Magyarországon
Authors: Wirth Tamás , Gyergyák Kinga 
Published: May 2015

Pécs közigazgatási területének finomléptékű flóratérképezése során az Asparagus verticillatus L. kivadult egyedeit találtuk meg a város több pontján 2011–2012 során. A dolgozat áttekintést nyújt a faj taxonómiájáról, morfológiai jellemzéséről és magyarországi előfordulásáról. Az örvös spárga mediterrán-szubmediterrán faj, mely a Balkán-félszigeten, Kelet-Európában, valamint Nyugat- és Közép-Ázsiában őshonos. Magyarországon kedvelt dísznövény; kiszökéséről, illetve elvadulásáról azonban eddig nem volt információnk. Korábbi gyűjtési adatai botanikus kertekből, kertekből származnak, illetve egy példány került elő Pécsett útszéli száraz gyepből. A most megtalált egyedek főleg a városnak a Mecsek déli oldalára felkúszó részén, kiskertes és szőlőtermő területein élnek, de egy példány előkerült a lakott területtől távolabbi, természetközeli vegetációból is. Mivel a fajt a város több pontján is ültetik, további kiszökésére, elvadulására, valamint tartós fennmaradására a jövőben is számíthatunk.
You Don't Teach, Students Learn: Lessons Learned in Statistical Literacy and Statistical Education in Ireland
Authors: MacCuirc Eoin 
Published: May 2015

In 2007, with the aim of improving statistical literacy and effective use of statistics, the Central Statistics Office in Ireland launched an Education Outreach Programme. To achieve these objectives, the CSO has fostered key academic partnerships at a national and international level. Seminar Series, Statistical Liaison groups, Oireachtas briefings, CensusAtSchool, the John Hooper Medal for Statistics, the Apps4Gaps competition, the Professional Diploma in Official Statistics for Policy Evaluation, the International Statistical Literacy Poster Competition are some of the key projects developed under the umbrella of the Education Outreach Programme. This paper outlines a number of key lessons learned in the Irish Education Outreach Programme with illustrations drawn from the Irish experience to date.
Molecular Differentiation of Gender in Buffalograss
Authors: Donze Teresa , Amaradasa Bimal S. , Caha Carol , Heng‐Moss Tiffany , Amundsen Keenan 
Published: May 2015

ABSTRACTBuffalograss [Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. syn. Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) Columbus] is a warm‐season, stoloniferous, perennial grass species native to the Great Plains of North America. Buffalograss is a dioecious species where structural differences can be observed between inflorescences of male and female plants. The genetic mechanisms conferring gender expression in buffalograss are not known. In the present study, RNA‐seq was performed to evaluate the transcriptome of 10 buffalograss female and 10 buffalograss male F1 individuals of a segregating diploid linkage mapping population. Collectively, 187,600,044 male sequencing reads and 148,324,220 female sequencing reads were produced. The sequencing reads were read mapped to a buffalograss cultivar Prestige reference transcriptome with a greater than 96% success rate. By comparing male and female transcriptomes, we found 1734 differentially expressed transcripts. Among this group, 445 transcripts had higher expression in male plants while the remaining 1289 had higher expression in the females. Two male‐specific sequences and one female‐specific sequence were identified along with genes associated with flowering and reproduction. To date, this is the most detailed characterization of the genetic differences between male and female buffalograss.
High Temperature Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopy for the in-situ Investigation of Grain Growth and Phase Transformations in Intermetallic γ-TiAl based Alloys
Authors: Klein T. , Niknafs S. , Dippenaar R. , Clemens H. , Mayer S. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Solid-state phase transformations and grain growth in an intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloy were examined using a confocal laser-scanning microscope. This apparatus allows the in-situ visualization of the microstructural development at high temperatures. The sample is thus placed into a furnace and a predetermined temperature profile is followed, while the surface is scanned using a laser. The contrast is gained by the thermal etching.