bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of maps to appreciating physical landscape: examples from Derbyshire's Peak District
Authors: Henry C. John , Hose Thomas A. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
It is only in the last 100 years or so that most of Britain has been covered by accurate, published, topographic and geological maps. Although travellers’ guides were available from the late seventeenth century, they lacked adequate maps. Whilst fairly accurate maps of the major roads were published in the early seventeenth century as strip maps, topographic maps were not generally available until the nineteenth century. Cartographers, usually when preparing county maps, struggled with the representation of Britain's varied topography. In the nineteenth century, medium-scale (1-inch-to-the-mile) topographic maps initially developed through the agency of the prizes offered by the Royal Society of Arts but primarily due to the Ordnance Survey. Geological maps benefitted from improved base maps – those of John Cary and the Ordnance Survey. This paper especially explores and illustrates the development of maps and the role they played in the depiction and understanding of landscape and promotion of the major early geotourism region of the Peak District from 1780 to 1930.
Lithospheric structure in Central Eurasia derived from elevation, geoid anomaly and thermal analysis
Authors: Robert Alexandra M. M. , Fernàndez Manel , Jiménez-Munt Ivone , Vergés Jaume 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
We present new crustal and lithospheric thickness maps for Central Eurasia from the combination of elevation and geoid anomaly data and thermal analysis. The results are strongly constrained by numerous previous data based on seismological and seismic experiments, tomographic imaging and integrated geophysical studies. Our results indicate that high topography regions are associated with crustal thickening that is at a maximum below the Zagros, Himalaya, Tien Shan and the Tibetan Plateau. The stiffer continental blocks that remain undeformed within the continental collision areas are characterized by a slightly thickened crust and flat topography. Lithospheric thickness and crustal thickness show different patterns that highlight an important strain partitioning within the lithosphere. The Arabia–Eurasia collision zone is characterized by a thick lithosphere underneath the Zagros belt, whereas a thin to non-existent lithospheric mantle is observed beneath the Iranian and Anatolian plateaus. Conversely, the India–Eurasia collision zone is characterized by a very thick lithosphere below its southern part as a consequence of the underplating of the cold and stiff Indian lithosphere. Our new model presents great improvements compared to previous global models available for the region, and allows us to discuss major aspects related to the lithospheric structure and acting geodynamic processes in Central Eurasia.

Supplementary material:
Residual geoid anomaly between different order and degree of filtering, our compilation of crustal thickness from publications and our resulting crustal and lithospheric thickness in .txt format are available at:
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18846
Late Eocene palaeogeography of the proto-Paratethys Sea in Central Asia (NW China, southern Kyrgyzstan and SW Tajikistan)
Authors: Bosboom Roderic , Mandic Oleg , Dupont-Nivet Guillaume , Proust Jean-Noël , Ormukov Cholponbek , Aminov Jovid 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The Cretaceous and Palaeogene sediments of the basins in Central Asia include the remnants of the easternmost extent of a vast shallow epicontinental sea, which extended across the Eurasian continent before it retreated westwards and eventually isolated as the Paratethys Sea. To improve understanding of its long-term palaeogeographical evolution, we complement the well-constrained chronological framework of the Tarim Basin in China with stratigraphic records of the sea retreat from the Fergana Basin and the Alai Valley Basin in southern Kyrgyzstan and the Afghan–Tajik Basin in SW Tajikistan. By lithostratigraphic analyses and identification of bivalve assemblages, this study establishes for the first time a clear and detailed regional correlation of Palaeogene marine strata across Central Asia, showing that the basins share a similar palaeogeographical evolution characterized by a long-term stepwise retreat punctuated by short-term shallow-marine incursions. Our correlation shows that the last two marine incursions recognized in the Tarim Basin can be traced westwards. The permanent disappearance of the sea from Central Asia probably occurred with limited diachroneity in the late Eocene, before the isolation of the Paratethys Sea, shifting the easternmost margin of the sea hundreds of kilometres westwards and probably significantly reducing moisture supply to the Asian interior.
Computing Swarms for Self-Adaptiveness and Self-Organization in Floating-Point Array Processing
Authors: Pani Danilo , Sau Carlo , Palumbo Francesca , Raffo Luigi 
Published: September 2015

Advancements in CMOS technology enable the integration of a huge number of resources on the same system-on-chip. Managing the consequent growing complexity, including fault tolerance issues in deep submicron technologies, is a hard challenge for hardware designers. Self-organization may represent a viable path toward the development of massively parallel architectures in current and future technologies. This approach is progressively more studied in multiprocessor architectures where, however, a further mind-set shift in terms of programming paradigm is required.
In this article, self-organization and self-adaptiveness are exploited for the design of a coprocessing unit for array computations, supporting floating-point arithmetic. From the experience of previous explorations, an architecture embodying some principle of swarm intelligence to pursue adaptability, scalability, and fault tolerance is proposed. The architecture realizes a loosely structured collection of hardware agents implementing fixed behavioral rules aimed at the best exploitation of the available resources in whatever kind of context without any hardware reconfiguration. Comparisons with off-the-shelf very long instruction word (VLIW) digital signal processors (DSPs) on specific tasks reveal similar performance thus not paying the improved robustness with performance. The multitasking capabilities, together with the intrinsic scalability, make this approach valuable for future extensions as well, especially in the field of neuronal networks simulators.
Development and characterization of new polymorphic microsatellite loci for Trionyx triunguis (Testudines: Trionychidae) in the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Güçlü Özgür , Durmuş Salih Hakan , Candan Kamil , Beşer Nurettin , Türkyilmaz Süheyla , Yerli Sedat , Bozdoğan Bülent 
Published: September 2015

The Mediterranean subpopulation of T. triunguis has been listed by IUCN as critically endangered (European Reptile and Amphibian Specialist Group 1996, category CR C2A). There are very few studies for determination of distribution and population genetics of this species in the world. A total of 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from 42 samples of T. triunguis by using biotinylated (GT)10, (CT)10, (GATA)5-enriched library. The range of observed heterozygosities was 0.000-0.833 with a mean of 0.274, and the range of expected heterozygosities was 0.081-0.607 with a mean of 0.374. It was found that four loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction analysis. There was no evidence for large allele dropout. Null alleles may be present at ttmed-6, ttmed-8, and ttmed-9 loci, as suggested by the general excess of homozygote for most allele size classes. Designed microsatellite loci could provide a powerful tool for the population structure and conservation genetics studies of the Nile soft-shelled turtle and for captive breeding programs or to detect species illegal trade.
<strong>Las Lejeuneaceae (Hepaticae) de Misiones, Argentina IV. Aphanolejeunea</strong>
Authors: Reiner-Drehwald M. Elena 
Published: September 2015

The three species of Aphanolejeunea (Lejeuneaceae, subfam. Lejeuneoideae) found in Misiones, Argentina: Aphanolejeunea misionensis Reiner sp. nov., A. paucifolia (Spruce) Reiner comb. nov. and A. clavatopapillata (Steph.) Reiner comb. nov., are decribed and illustrated. A. tuberculata (Evans) Schust. and Cololejeunea cristallina Herz. are proposed as new synonyms of A.
The Convective Precipitation Experiment (COPE): Investigating the Origins of Heavy Precipitation in the Southwestern United Kingdom
Authors: Leon David C. , French Jeffrey R. , Lasher-Trapp Sonia , Blyth Alan M. , Abel Steven J. , Ballard Susan , Barrett Andrew , Bennett Lindsay J. , Bower Keith , Brooks Barbara , Brown Phil , Charlton-Perez Cristina , Choularton Thomas , Clark Peter , Collier Chris , Crosier Jonathan , Cui Zhiqiang , Dey Seonaid , Dufton David , Eagle Chloe , Flynn Michael J. , Gallagher Martin , Halliwell Carol , Hanley Kirsty , Hawkness-Smith Lee , Huang Yahui , Kelly Graeme , Kitchen Malcolm , Korolev Alexei , Lean Humphrey , Liu Zixia , Marsham John , Moser Daniel , Nicol John , Norton Emily G. , Plummer David , Price Jeremy , Ricketts Hugo , Roberts Nigel , Rosenberg Phil D. , Simonin David , Taylor Jonathan W. , Warren Robert , Williams Paul I. , Young Gillian 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The Convective Precipitation Experiment (COPE) was a joint U.K.–U.S. field campaign held during the summer of 2013 in the southwest peninsula of England, designed to study convective clouds that produce heavy rain leading to flash floods. The clouds form along convergence lines that develop regularly as a result of the topography. Major flash floods have occurred in the past, most famously at Boscastle in 2004. It has been suggested that much of the rain was produced by warm rain processes, similar to some flash floods that have occurred in the United States. The overarching goal of COPE is to improve quantitative convective precipitation forecasting by understanding the interactions of the cloud microphysics and dynamics and thereby to improve numerical weather prediction (NWP) model skill for forecasts of flash floods. Two research aircraft, the University of Wyoming King Air and the U.K. BAe 146, obtained detailed in situ and remote sensing measurements in, around, and below storms on several days. A new fast-scanning X-band dual-polarization Doppler radar made 360° volume scans over 10 elevation angles approximately every 5 min and was augmented by two Met Office C-band radars and the Chilbolton S-band radar. Detailed aerosol measurements were made on the aircraft and on the ground. This paper i) provides an overview of the COPE field campaign and the resulting dataset, ii) presents examples of heavy convective rainfall in clouds containing ice and also in relatively shallow clouds through the warm rain process alone, and iii) explains how COPE data will be used to improve high-resolution NWP models for operational use.
Diagnosis of Middle-Atmosphere Climate Sensitivity by the Climate Feedback–Response Analysis Method
Authors: Zhu Xun , Yee Jeng-Hwa , Cai Ming , Swartz William H. , Coy Lawrence , Aquila Valentina , Garcia Rolando , Talaat Elsayed R 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
The authors present a new method to diagnose the middle-atmosphere climate sensitivity by extending the climate feedback–response analysis method (CFRAM) for the coupled atmosphere–surface system to the middle atmosphere. The middle-atmosphere CFRAM (MCFRAM) is built on the atmospheric energy equation per unit mass with radiative heating and cooling rates as its major thermal energy sources. MCFRAM preserves CFRAM’s unique feature of additivity, such that partial temperature changes due to variations in external forcing and feedback processes can be added to give a total temperature change for direct comparison with the observed temperature change. In addition, MCFRAM establishes a physical relationship of radiative damping between the energy perturbations associated with various feedback processes and temperature perturbations associated with thermal responses. In this study, MCFRAM is applied to both observations and model output fields to diagnose the middle-atmosphere climate sensitivity. The authors found that the largest component of the middle-atmosphere temperature response to the 11-yr solar cycle (solar maximum vs solar minimum) is the partial temperature change due to the variation of the solar flux. Increasing CO2 cools the middle atmosphere, whereas the partial temperature change due to changes in O3 can be either positive or negative. The application of MCFRAM to model dynamical fields reconfirms the advantage of introducing the residual circulation to characterize middle-atmosphere dynamics in terms of the partial temperature changes. The radiatively driven globally averaged partial temperature change is approximately equal to the observed temperature change, ranging from −0.5 K near 25 km to −1.0 K near 70 km between solar maximum and solar minimum.
Large-Scale Surface Responses during European Dry Spells Diagnosed from Land Surface Temperature
Authors: Folwell Sonja S. , Harris Phil P. , Taylor Christopher M. 
Published: September 2015

Abstract
Soil moisture plays a fundamental role in regulating the summertime surface energy balance across Europe. Understanding the spatial and temporal behavior in soil moisture and its control on evapotranspiration (ET) is critically important and influences heat wave events. Global climate models (GCMs) exhibit a broad range of land responses to soil moisture in regions that lie between wet and dry soil regimes. In situ observations of soil moisture and evaporation are limited in space, and given the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape, are unrepresentative of the GCM gridbox scale. On the other hand, satelliteborne observations of land surface temperature (LST) can provide important information at the larger scale. As a key component of the surface energy balance, LST is used to provide an indirect measure of surface drying across the landscape. To isolate soil moisture constraints on evaporation, time series of clear-sky LST are analyzed during dry spells lasting at least 10 days from March to October. Averaged over thousands of dry spell events across Europe, and accounting for atmospheric temperature variations, regional surface warming of between 0.5 and 0.8 K is observed over the first 10 days of a dry spell. Land surface temperatures are found to be sensitive to antecedent rainfall; stronger dry spell warming rates are observed following relatively wet months, indicative of soil moisture memory effects on the monthly time scale. Furthermore, clear differences in surface warming rate are found between cropland and forest, consistent with contrasting hydrological and aerodynamic properties.
Large-Scale Baroclinic Instability of the Mean Oceanic Circulation: A Local Approach
Authors: Hochet Antoine , Huck Thierry , Colin de Verdière Alain 
Published: September 2015

AbstractLarge-scale baroclinic instability is investigated as a potential source of Rossby waves and large-scale variability in the ocean. This baroclinic instability is first reviewed in a 2.5-layer model. As already noticed by several authors, the instability arises in westward surface mean flow when the phase velocities of the two vertical modes are made equal by mean flow influence. This large-scale instability is stronger at low latitudes and thus is likely to happen in the westward return flow of the subtropical gyres. Further investigations with a continuous stratification quasigeostrophic model show that the instability is stronger where the mean flow projects negatively on the second baroclinic mode (imposing positive vertical modes at the surface). The linear stability calculation is then performed on Argo-derived mean flow along with mean stratification data. The results show that the unstable regions are situated at low latitudes in every oceanic basin, in western boundary currents, and in some part of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The location of these unstable regions is well correlated with the region of negative projection of the mean flow on the second baroclinic mode. Given that the unstable mode growth times are generally smaller than 6 months at low latitudes, these unstable modes are likely to be observable in satellite altimetry. Therefore, results of the present article suggest that the large-scale instability is indeed a source of large-scale variability at low latitudes.
The effect of extraction angle on endotracheal tube extubation force: Simulation and randomized clinical trial
Authors: Mihara Ryosuke , Komasawa Nobuyasu , Matsunami Sayuri , Minami Toshiaki 
Published: September 2015

Objective To evaluate the extraction force generated at different extubation angles using a manikin simulation and a randomized clinical trial. Methods Simulations were performed on a manikin to assess the force generated at extubation angles of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90° and 120° relative to the ground. The trial compared extraction force and changes in vital signs in patients undergoing general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation followed by extubation at 60° or 90°. Results The simulation study found that the extubation force was significantly lower at 45° and 60° than at all other extraction angles. In the trial, extubation at 60° resulted in significantly lower extraction force and systolic blood pressure elevation ( n = 23) than extubation at 90° ( n = 23). Conclusion Findings in a manikin simulation were confirmed by those of a randomized clinical trial, where extubation at 60 ° required less force than 90 °, and was accompanied by less SBP elevation. Extubation at 60 ° is less invasive than extubation at 90 °.
Diffuse non-aneurysmal SAH in spontaneous intracranial hypotension: Sequela of ventral CSF leak?
Authors: Schievink Wouter I , Maya M Marcel 
Published: September 2015

Background Spontaneous intracranial hypotension due to a spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak has become a well-recognized cause of headaches. Recently, various unusual neurological syndromes have been described in such patients with chronic ventral CSF leaks, including superficial siderosis and an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like syndrome. The authors now report two patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension due to a chronic ventral CSF leak who suffered a diffuse non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Description of cases A 62-year-old woman underwent uneventful microsurgical repair of a ventral thoracic CSF leak that had been present for 13 years. Seventeen months after surgery, she was found unresponsive and CT showed a diffuse intracranial SAH. Cerebral angiography and spine and brain MRI did not reveal a source of the SAH. A 73-year-old woman was found unresponsive and CT showed a diffuse intracranial SAH. Cerebral angiography and brain MRI did not reveal a source of the SAH, although superficial siderosis was detected. Spine MRI showed a ventral thoracic CSF leak that by history had been present for 41 years. She underwent uneventful microsurgical repair of the CSF leak. Discussion The authors suggest that patients with a ventral spinal CSF leak of long duration may be at risk of diffuse non-aneurysmal SAH.
Venous Thromboembolism in Critically Ill Medical Patients Receiving Chemoprophylaxis
Authors: Fontaine Gabriel V. , Vigil Emily , Wohlt Paul D. , Lloyd James F. , Evans R. Scott , Collingridge David S. , Stevens Scott M. , Woller Scott C. 
Published: September 2015

Purpose: To compare the incidence of 90-day venous thromboembolism (VTE) in obese critically ill medical patients receiving VTE chemoprophylaxis with nonobese patients of similar illness severity. We also identified other VTE risk factors. Methods: Eligible patients spent ≥24 hours in an intensive care unit between November 2007 and November 2013 and received VTE chemoprophylaxis within 48 hours of admission. The primary outcome was 90-day VTE. Results: A total of 11 111 patients were evaluated, of which 1732 obese and 1831 nonobese patients were enrolled with mean BMIs of 38.9 ± 9.2 kg/m2 and 24.5 ± 3.1 kg/m2 and mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores of 28.4 ± 11.8 and 26.6 ± 11.7, respectively. The rate of 90-day VTE for the total cohort, obese, and nonobese patients was 6.5%, 7.5%, and 5.5%, respectively. Obese patients were more likely to develop VTE compared with nonobese patients (odds ratio [OR]: 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03 -1.93). Other risk factors significantly associated with 90-day VTE included prior VTE (OR: 3.93; 95% CI: 1.83-8.48), trauma with surgery in the previous 30 days (OR: 3.70; 95% CI: 1.39-9.86), central venous catheters (OR: 2.64; 95% CI: 1.87-3.72), surgery within 90 days (OR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.61-3.58), mechanical ventilation (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.39-2.71), male sex (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.13-2.14), and increasing age using 1-year increments (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01 -1.03). Conclusions: The rate of VTE in critically ill medical patients remains high despite standard chemoprophylaxis. Obesity is among 8 risk factors independently associated with 90-day VTE.
Pharmacokinetics of meropenem after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration to cats
Authors: Albarellos Gabriela A , Montoya Laura , Passini Sabrina M , Lupi Martín P , Lorenzini Paula M , Landoni María F 
Published: September 2015

Objectives The aim of the study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and predicted efficacy of meropenem after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) administration to cats at a single dose of 10 mg/kg. Methods Five adult healthy cats were used. Blood samples were withdrawn at predetermined times over a 12 h period. Meropenem concentrations were determined by microbiological assay. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed with computer software. Initial estimates were determined using the residual method and refitted by non-linear regression. The time that plasma concentrations were greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration (T >MIC) was estimated by applying bibliographic MIC values and meropenem MIC breakpoint. Results Maximum plasma concentrations of meropenem were 101.02 µg/ml (Cp(0), IV), 27.21 µg/ml (Cmax, IM) and 15.57 µg/ml (Cmax, SC). Bioavailability was 99.69% (IM) and 96.52 % (SC). Elimination half-lives for the IV, IM and SC administration were 1.35, 2.10 and 2.26 h, respectively. Conclusions and relevance Meropenem, when administered to cats at a dose of 10 mg/kg q12h,, is effective against bacteria with MIC values of 6 μg/ml, 7 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml for IV, IM and SC administration, respectively. However, clinical trials are necessary to confirm clinical efficacy of the proposed dosage regimen.