bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual Offenders/Pedophilia
Authors: Calkins Cynthia , Colombino Niki 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Given the disturbing nature of sexual offenses, it is understandable that sex crimes are a topic of great concern within our communities and among policymakers. There are, however, many misperceptions about sex offenders, and these misperceptions often impact the public's understanding of sex crimes and our ability to effectively manage sexual violence in the community. It is important for community members and policymakers to be aware of empirical knowledge pertaining to sex offenders—not stereotypes or myths—as this can assist in developing more effective policy and ultimately, contribute to the prevention of sexual violence in our communities.
Factitious Disorder
Authors: McDermott Barbara E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Factitious disorder is the conscious, intentional production of either physical or psychological symptoms for the sole purpose of assuming the sick role. Factitious disorder and malingering are the only two disorders in the

DSM
‐5

that require the intentional production of symptoms; the two are distinguished on the basis of underlying incentive. Factitious disorder is difficult to study, as patients that clearly have this diagnosis rarely consent to research. Case reports indicate that the disorder is most common in young women in the health‐care profession, although the most chronic and severe form (Munchausen syndrome) occurs primarily in men. Etiology of the disorder is unknown, although many patients with this diagnosis had a serious childhood illness. Treatment can be difficult, as patients with a feigned physical disorder rarely believe they are psychologically disordered.
Mood Stabilizers
Authors: Philip Noah S. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Mood stabilizers are those medications used to treat mood symptoms associated with bipolar I disorder. This class traditionally included medications such as lithium, valproic acid, and carbamazepine, and more recently has broadened to include the class of medications known as atypical antipsychotics. All of these medications have demonstrated efficacy in controlling the mood symptoms of bipolar disorder; although they differ in their side‐effect burden and need for monitoring. These medications also have preliminary evidence supporting their use in other conditions associated with mood changes, such as borderline personality disorder and bipolar
II
disorder. This entry describes the different mood stabilizers, organized by classification, and includes pertinent clinical information regarding safety and monitoring.
Distinguishing Categories from Continua
Authors: Jonas Katherine G. , Markon Kristian E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Psychologists are interested in knowing whether psychological constructs are categorically or continuously distributed in the population, as the two types of models have distinct implications for the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders. Categorical models are based on the assumption that differences between normal and abnormal psychological functioning are qualitative; that is, symptoms of psychopathology are distinct and differentiable from normative psychological phenomena. Dimensional models, on the other hand, describe differences between normal and abnormal psychological phenomena as quantitative. In continuous models, clinically significant symptoms represent the extremes of traits that are present in every individual to some extent. Methods frequently used to discriminate between categorical and continuous models of psychopathology include cluster analysis, taxometrics, and latent variable modeling. However, no method is foolproof. It is also important to consider how continuous and categorical models differ in terms of their reliability and validity. Continuous measures are generally more reliable than categorical measures.
Insomnia Treatments
Authors: Pigeon Wilfred R. , Cribbet Matthew R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractInsomnia is a highly prevalent disorder that occurs frequently in its acute form, rises to the level of clinical meaningfulness among 5% of the population, and often co‐occurs with a variety of medical and psychiatric conditions. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I) is one nonpharmacological treatment with demonstrated empirical support for its efficacy and growing support for its effectiveness. CBT‐I is a multicomponent approach that includes three behavioral strategies (e.g., stimulus control, sleep restriction therapy, and sleep hygiene), cognitive therapy, and relaxation training and phototherapy, when indicated. This entry reviews the components of CBT‐I and other nonpharmacological treatments for insomnia.
Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Dennhardt Ashley A. , Yurasek Ali M. , Murphy James G. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Motivational interviewing (
MI
) is client‐centered counseling style that focuses on exploring and resolving ambivalence, and centers on motivational processes within the individual to facilitate change. Consistent with the transtheoretical model of behavior change,
MI
asserts that the therapy should be tailored to the person's level of readiness or motivation to change.
MI
utilizes four basic principles to address ambivalence in order to increase motivation to change: express empathy, support self‐efficacy, roll with resistance, and develop discrepancy.
MI
was first implemented in the treatment of addiction and has been most extensively evaluated as an approach to facilitate health behavior change, but it has also been used to treat a variety of other emotional disorders.
Hoarding Disorder
Authors: Mataix‐Cols David , de la Cruz Lorena Fernández 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Hoarding disorder (HD) is a mental disorder newly included in the fifth edition of the
DSM
(
DSM‐5
) within a new chapter called “Obsessive‐Compulsive and Related Disorders.” Individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for HD experience persistent difficulties with discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value, due to a perceived need to save the items and distress associated with discarding them. This results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromise their intended use, causing clinically significant distress, interfering in daily life, and sometimes posing a risk to self and others. General medical conditions and other
DSM‐5
mental disorders that are known to result in the excessive accumulation of objects must be ruled out before the diagnosis of HD can be made. HD must also be distinguished from normative collecting, a widespread and benign human activity.
Internalizing and Externalizing
Authors: Anne Zhang K. , Markon Kristian E. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Empirical evidence clearly shows that comorbidity between disorders is the rule in mental disorders, rather than the exception. The regularity and frequency of certain patterns of comorbidity suggests that comorbidity arises for substantive reasons, such as shared etiology between disorders. Two latent liability factors have been proposed to account for patterns of comorbidity between common mental disorders: internalizing and externalizing. Internalizing psychopathology encompasses phenomena such as depression, anxiety, and phobias, while externalizing psychopathology encompasses phenomena such as substance use problems and impulsive, antisocial behavior.
Psychopathy/Callous–Unemotional Traits
Authors: Kimonis Eva R. , Hall Jason , Venables Noah C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Psychopathy is a multifaceted personality disorder marked by chronic disinhibitory tendencies and distinctive emotional/interpersonal pathology—but masked by a superficial appearance of psychological adjustment. The social impact of psychopathy is enormous, as psychopathic offenders often exhibit a persistent, severe, and early‐onset pattern of delinquent and criminal offending, and thus are highly overrepresented in the criminal justice system. This entry will review the following aspects of this intriguing and costly disorder: historical roots of the construct; predominant clinical and self‐report assessment methods; links to antisocial behavior; subtypes of psychopathy; and developmental origins of psychopathic traits.
Dispositions
Authors: Romero Felipe , Craver Carl 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
It is common in psychiatry and other sciences to describe an individual or a type of individual in terms of its disposition to manifest specific effects in a particular range of circumstances. According to one understanding, dispositions are statistical regularities of an individual or type of individual in specific circumstances. According to another understanding, dispositions are properties of individuals in virtue of which such regularities hold. This entry considers a number of ways of making each of these senses of disposition more precise while discussing a number of dangers lurking in careless use of the concept of a disposition.
International Classification of Diseases
(

ICD

), Mental and Behavioural Disorders Section
Authors: Evans Spencer C. , Roberts Michael C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The International classification of diseases (ICD) is the global standard for the diagnosis, treatment, research, and statistical reporting of health conditions, including mental and behavioral disorders. This entry provides a basic description of the ICD with regard to practice and research in clinical psychology and related disciplines. A brief overview summarizes the history of the ICD and its section on mental and behavioral disorders. Next, separate sections describe the full ICD‐10 system, the Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines, the Diagnostic criteria for research, and other related resources. Similarities and differences between the ICD and the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) are examined. Finally, the entry concludes with a discussion of the current usage, impending changes, and future directions for the ICD within the context of global mental health care.
Continuing Education
Authors: Babeva Kalina N. , Davison Gerald C. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
Continuing education (CE) refers to formal learning activities required of licensed professionals in order to maintain their license. These activities include, but are not limited to, workshops, lectures, conferences, seminars, distance learning as well as independent learning, and cover a variety of topics reflecting the diverse scope of topics and specialty areas within the field of clinical psychology. Currently, most states and provinces require varying amounts of CE for license renewal. The main functions of CE include maintenance and development of relevant knowledge and clinical competencies in order to protect the consumers of psychological services. Both the pros and cons of existing policies and procedures are discussed.
Therapeutic/Working Alliance
Authors: Horvath Adam O. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTherapeutic/working alliance refers to the strength of the collaborative dimensions of the therapist–client relationship. Historically rooted in psychodynamic theory, more recently it has evolved into a pan‐theoretical concept. Research evidence indicates a moderate but robust positive link between alliance and therapy outcome (effect size = .27). This link can be already detected in the early phases (sessions 3–5) of treatment. The alliance, or its management, may be linked to outcome directly (as a source of therapeutic effect) and/or indirectly (as a force that binds the client to the therapeutic strategies). Recent meta‐analyses suggest that the strength of the alliance–outcome relation varies across studies; therefore it is likely that the alliance plays different roles in different contexts. Emerging research indicates that therapists are the dominant force determining the alliance quality; some therapists achieve better alliances across a variety of clients, others are consistently less successful.
Personality Disorders
Authors: Thomas Katherine M. , Hopwood Christopher J. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractPersonality disorders (PDs) are defined in theDSM‐5as pervasive patterns of experience and behavior that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture and are observed in a person's cognition, emotion, interpersonal functioning, and/or impulse control. Although research has established thatPDsare associated with significant impairment and distress and dysfunction that contribute to considerable societal costs, fundamental questions about the conceptualization and course ofPDsremain unresolved and there continues to be wide variability in approaches to clinical assessment and intervention. In this chapter we review the history ofPDdiagnosis in theDSM, empirical evidence regarding the etiology and course ofPDs, and major approaches to assessment and treatment.
Stimulant Medications
Authors: Childress Ann C. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractCentral nervous stimulants include drugs that increase wakefulness, alertness, motivation, energy, improve mood, and decrease appetite. Stimulant medications include amphetamines and methylphenidates. Both are thought to block the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine and increase the release of these neurotransmitters. Phentermine, benzphetamine, phendimetrazine, and diethylproprion are anorectic agents with a mechanism of action similar to amphetamine. Modafanil and armodafanil are stimulant medications that promote wakefulness, but their mechanism is unknown. Since amphetamine was first used in the 1930s, stimulant medications have been prescribed extensively. Methylphenidates and amphetamines are considered first‐line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. They also are used to treat narcolepsy, depressive disorders, and obesity. The first stimulants had a short duration of effect. Longer acting formulations dosed once daily have recently been developed. This review will focus on stimulant medications approved in the United States, differences in onset of effect, duration of action, and side‐effect profiles.
Bowlby, John (1907–90)
Authors: Steele Howard 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThis entry focuses on the original writings of John Bowlby (1907–90) and Mary Ainsworth (1913–99) on attachment theory, and the wealth of developmental and clinical research supporting and elaborating the theory. Similarities and differences between attachment theory and classical psychoanalytic theory are reviewed in the context of showing the central emphasis Bowlby placed upon separation, loss, and trauma events, and the meaning attributed to these events, in shaping personality and demanding attention in clinical work. Receiving much attention in this entry is the Adult Attachment Interview, which aims to surprise the unconscious and challenges the adult speaker to demonstrate a capacity for coherent and reflective speech regarding past attachment experiences and their influence on the present, together with a valuing of attachment. These capacities are linked to competent, sensitive parenting and appear to be the sine qua non of mental health in adulthood.
Psychopathology Research, Selection of Subjects in
Authors: Shankman Stewart A. , Nelson Brady D. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
In psychopathology research, the selection of research subjects is a critical early step in the research design process. There are several decisions that a researcher must go through related to recruitment strategies, selection of control groups, developmental issues of the participants, and ethical responsibilities. Of course, all of these choices are dependent on the study's intended aims and design, as well as any feasibility or logistical limitations. Unfortunately, there are few definitive solutions to these decisions, leaving the researcher to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each of these methodological choices.
Workers' Compensation and Personal Injury
Authors: Hayes Jill , Lawing Kathryn , Allison Amber L. , Rubenstein Joshua 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The U.S. legal system allows for individuals to seek recovery for civil wrongdoings. Similarly, workers can receive compensation from injuries that occurred during the scope and course of duties through the employer. Both areas increasingly require psychologists or neuropsychologists to evaluate claimed psychological or cognitive injury. The use of experts in forensic psychology is becoming vital to increasing the accuracy of decision making in torts and workers compensation claims. Psychologists often employ a number of techniques to evaluate the individual's level of injury, if any exists, and determine a prognosis and recommendations. The psychologist also faces many challenges in the legal arena, including staying abreast of recent legal developments, issues related to sharing data, access to collateral sources, and differences of opinion.
Dynamic versus Cognitive Unconscious
Authors: Kihlstrom John F. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
The psychodynamic concept of the unconscious is contrasted with the view of unconscious mental life taken by modern cognitive and social psychology. For Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), the dynamic unconscious contained thoughts, feelings, and desires that were denied to conscious awareness because of a psychological force, i.e., repression, arrayed against them. It was part of a larger unconscious structure whose contents were descriptively unconscious, simply because they were not in awareness at any particular time. Evidence for the cognitive unconscious, in the form of automatic processes, implicit memory, subliminal perception, and the like, does not warrant acceptance of the dynamic unconscious of psychoanalytic theory. The entry briefly describes three examples of research programs that have attempted to document the dynamic unconscious.
Sports Performance Interventions
Authors: Gardner Frank L. , Moore Zella E. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractAthletes often turn to sport psychologists in an attempt to achieve and maintain optimal performance states. Two performance enhancement models are generally accepted as psychosocial options that can theoretically aid in the attainment of sport excellence. The traditional psychological skills training (PST) model proposes that active efforts to control/modify internal psychological states and external environmental conditions can lead to the ideal performance state, and techniques such as goal setting, self‐talk, imagery, pre‐competitive routines, and arousal control/regulation are utilized for this purpose. The second major performance enhancement model is based on mindfulness‐ and acceptance‐based approaches. This general model posits that instead of changing the form or frequency of internal states, through meditative and other experiential exercises, athletes can learn to maintain a task‐relevant attentional focus and perform optimally regardless of their cognitive, affective, and physiological states. Although opposite in their theoretical and applied underpinnings, and despite differing levels of empirical support, these two approaches remain at the cornerstone of sport performance enhancement services worldwide.
Duhem–Quine Thesis
Authors: Cooper Rachel , Blease Charlotte 
Published: January 2015

AbstractThe Duhem–Quine problem is named after Pierre Duhem (1861–1916) and Willard Van Orman Quine (1908–2000). The problem concerns a “gap” between theory and observation. Though the problem can be given various formulations, in general the issue is that a singular theoretical claim has no direct observational consequences, and thus cannot be conclusively falsified by observation.
Approaches to Diagnostic Validity
Authors: Morton Hannah E. , Keeley Jared W. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract

Diagnostic validity is the accurate organization, detection, and application of mental health diagnoses based on established criteria. Variations in diagnostic validity have changed over time. Early editions of the

DSM

prioritized clinical utility over validity; calls for empirical support for diagnostic descriptions fueled the publication of symptom lists for disorders in the

DSM‐III

, thereby improving diagnostic validity
.
Alternative methods of diagnostic validity include prototype matching, in which clinicians match an individual's overall presentation to a paragraph description of each disorder. Additionally, arguments regarding dimensional versus categorical organization of psychopathology are ongoing. Ultimately, the presence of diagnostic validity is crucial to ensure that both research and treatment efforts for psychiatric illness are as informed by evidence as possible.
Cognitive Therapies
Authors: Dozois David J. A. , Brinker Jay K. 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This entry provides a brief overview of the conceptual, empirical, and clinical components of the cognitive therapies, collectively referred to as the cognitive behavioral therapies. Particular emphasis is placed on the more prominent cognitive restructuring therapies. Next, an overview of other specific cognitive therapies is provided, followed by a brief focus on some approaches believed to be logical extensions of the basic cognitive therapy framework. The empirical status of the cognitive therapies is then summarized. The entry concludes with a discussion of future research directions.
Exercise for Depression/Anxiety
Authors: Rethorst Chad D. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractRecent research has examined the utility of exercise in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. This entry provides an overview of this research, starting with the epidemiological associations of physical activity with reduced prevalence of depression and anxiety and through more recent randomized controlled trials. These trials provide strong evidence for aerobic exercise and resistance training as both a stand‐alone and augmentation treatment. Despite this evidence, further research is required to optimally use exercise in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. This work utilizes rigorous scientific methodologies to examine areas such as the neurobiological mechanisms associated with exercise and the optimal exercise modality and dose necessary to achieve antidepressant and anxiolytic effects.
Campbell,Donald (1916–96)
Authors: Sechrest Lee , Bootzin Richard R. 
Published: January 2015

AbstractTrained as a social psychologist, Donald Campbell (1916–96) became the premier research methodologist of the social sciences and a proponent of social reform through the mechanism of “experimenting societies.” He was in particular responsible for detailing and rationalizing a wide range of quasi‐experimental designs in terms of their robustness against “threats to validity,” having formulated highly useful notions of types of experimental validity. Campbell also developed the important ideas of nonreactive measurement and unobtrusive measures. Most importantly, perhaps, Campbell had great influence on many scientific fields and, ultimately, on philosophy of science by way of his innovative thinking that came to be labeledevolutionary epistemology.
Couples/Marital Therapies
Authors: Hughes Jessica A. , Khaddouma Alexander M. , Gordon Kristina Coop 
Published: January 2015

Abstract
This entry presents the framework for the study and practice of couples therapy, including its importance, common characteristics, and history. It covers core theoretical and applied aspects of contemporary couples therapy, including behavioral, cognitive behavioral, psychodynamic, and family systems models. This entry also addresses the treatment of specific issues within couples therapy, including sexual disorders, depression and anxiety, drug and alcohol use, intimate partner violence, borderline personality disorder, and infidelity.