bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manipulating the community structure of arthropods in rice fields with floral resources plants
Authors: Ulina E S , Hasibuan M 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Conservation biological control encourages natural enemies to suppress target pests through manipulation of environmental factors that influence natural enemy survival and effectiveness, including microclimates, availability of food for adults and alternative prey, and shelter from adverse environmental conditions. This study aimed to identify selective flowering plants that could be used to manipulate the arthropod community structure in rice fields. Three rice fields (a field without resources of flowering plants, a field with vegetable crop, and a field with ornamental plant) were used in this experiment. The flowering plants included Helianthus sp., Catharanthus roseus, and Cosmos sulphureus while the vegetable plants included eggplant, cucumber, and long beans. Arthropod recording was carried out by direct observation and yellow pan traps from 14 to 98 days after planting. We recorded 33,728 arthropods representing 153 species in 68 families, 13 orders, and 2 classes. The presence of flowering plant significantly affects abundance, species richness, diversity index, and evenness of arthropods both in dry and wet seasons. The rice field surrounded with ornamental plants or vegetables showed the lowest abundance of phytophagous arthropods, the highest abundance of parasitoid and predatory arthropods. Therefore, vegetable crops such as cucumber, long beans and eggplant have great opportunities as refugia in rice fields.
Copper contribution to rice production and greenhouse gas emissions in hydrophobic peat soil
Authors: Nurzakiah S , Fahmi A , Khairullah I , Hairani A , Alwi M , Noor A , Noor M , Simatupang R S , Pulunggono H B , Razie F , Agustina R 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Harnessing the potential of hydrophobic peat for rice cultivation through effective amelioration and fertilization such as the application of copper (Cu) fertilizer. A greenhouse experiment was conducted, employing a treatment of Cu fertilizer at a rate of 5 kg/ha. The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of Cu in rice production and influencing of greenhouse gas emissions. N P K fertilizers were applied as basal fertilizers according to the recommended dosage for rice crops. The research findings revealed that the application of Cu fertilizer increased the dry grain weight per tiller by 14.2%. This application also resulted in higher soil pH and increased Cu concentrations in plant tissue above critical levels. The study also showed that the Cu application contributed to the increased concentrations of CO2 and CH4, although these differences were not statistically significant when compared to treatments without Cu application. The study implies that copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient crucial for the growth and development of rice plants, especially in hydrophobic peat soil.
Thermoelectric supercapacitors: materials, challenges and future outlook
Authors: Verma Sonali , Padha Bhavya , Ahmed Aamir , Singh Rakesh , Dubal Deepak P , Arya Sandeep 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Self-powered devices are the most interesting research subject in recent times, focusing on the advancement of the flexible and wearable electronics market. A variety of self-powered systems have been designed using different energy harvesting (solar cells, mechanical as well as thermal energy harvester) and storage devices such as supercapacitors. Environmental degradation, the inadequacy in the supply of existing fossil fuels, as well as fast-rising energy demand have all raised alarm bells for our planet’s long-term viability. To address these challenges, researchers must pursue steadfast studies on urgent needs by using ‘green’ energies such as wind, solar, tidal, mechanical, as well as geothermal sources. Because these green energy resources are intermittent, new energy harvesting as well as storage devices must be designed to keep and distribute the captured energy gradually, efficiently and meticulously. The low-grade thermal energy generally squandered without usage can be particularly beneficial for consistently powering electronic equipment, including sensors and wearable electronics. This review deals with a detailed discussion of the mechanism and fabrication of thermoelectric supercapacitors. The challenges, possible solutions, and the prospects of thermoelectric supercapacitors have also been highlighted.
Coincidence anomaly detection for unsupervised locating of edge localized modes in the DIII-D tokamak dataset
Authors: O’Shea Finn H , Joung Semin , Smith David R , Ratner Daniel , Coffee Ryan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Using supervised learning to train a machine learning model to predict an on-coming edge localized mode (ELM) requires a large number of labeled samples. Creating an appropriate data set from the very large database of discharges at a long-running tokamak, such as DIII-D, would be a very time-consuming process for a human. Considering this need and difficulty, we use coincidence anomaly detection, an unsupervised learning technique, to train an ELM-identifier to identify and label ELMs in the DIII-D discharge database. This ELM-identifier shows, simultaneously, a precision of 0.68 and a recall of 0.63 (AUC is 0.73) on identifying ELMs in example time series pulled from thousands of discharges spanning five years. In a test set of 50 discharges, the algorithm finds over 26 thousand ELM candidates, more than 5 times the existing catalog of ELMs labeled by humans.
Agency and Cognitive Development
Authors: Tomasello Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Children of different ages live in different worlds. This is partly due to learning: as children learn more and more about the world they experience it in different ways. But learning cannot be the whole story or else children could learn anything at any age—which they cannot. In a startlingly original proposal, Michael Tomasello argues that children of different ages live and learn in different worlds because their capacities to cognitively represent and operate on experience change in significant ways over the first years of life. These capacities change because they are elements in a maturing cognitive architecture evolved for agentive decision making and action, including in shared agencies in which individuals must mentally coordinate with others.
The developmental proposal is that from birth infants are goal-directed agents who cognitively represent and learn about actualities; at 9–12 months of age toddlers become intentional (and joint) agents who also imaginatively and perspectivally represent and learn about possibilities; and at 3–4 years of age preschool youngsters become metacognitive (and collective) agents who also metacognitively represent and learn about objective/normative necessities. These developing agentive architectures—originally evolved in humans’ evolutionary ancestors for particular types of decision making and action—help to explain why children learn what they do when they do. This novel agency-based model of cognitive development recognizes the important role of (Bayesian) learning, but at the same time places it in the context of the overall agentive organization of children at particular developmental periods.
Not By Learning Alone
Authors: Tomasello Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter articulates the main question of the work: Why do young children develop the knowledge and concepts they do and exactly the ages they do? It outlines the answer to come in the main body of the work: not by learning alone but also by the changing architectures of agentive decision-making across developmental time. Within these organizational architectures and their associated formats of cognitive representation and types of rational inference, children develop not only by learning from the environment but also by creating for themselves new hypotheses and theories—via self-regulative processes of constructive thinking and re-representation—that serve to reorganize their knowledge and concepts. And participation in uniquely human joint and collective agencies engages children in species-unique processes of mental coordination and social self-regulation that require novel formats of perspectival and objective/normative representation.
Goal-Directed Agency and Iconic Representations
Authors: Tomasello Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a review and novel analysis of the literature on infant cognition based on the principles of goal-directed agency and perception-based iconic representations. Human infants’ knowledge is of a special nature because it is aimed exclusively at the actual world as they experience it. That is, they begin with some built-in iconic representations of the world, and they learn others. They make simple inferences about what is the case in the actual world—even if they are not currently perceiving it—and they anticipate what will happen next, with learning focused on potentially observable sequences of events (not on unobservable causal or intentional forces underlying events and actions). Infants are not living wholly in the here and now—they can recall and anticipate—but neither are they living in a world of possibilities in which they proactively think, plan, and intentionally organize their actions based on the imaginative evocation of cognitive content on an executive tier.
The Child-as-Scientist Revisited
Authors: Tomasello Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This short chapter brings the book to a close by revisiting the child-as-scientist metaphor used so prominently in the theory theory of cognitive development. It is argued that three characteristics of the functioning of science are sometimes overlooked in standard applications. First, science advances not only by the accumulation of acquired knowledge, but also by qualitative shifts in the way things are conceptualized theoretically. Second, scientists not only investigate the world empirically but also reflect on their own thinking to make theoretical advances and design new experiments. And third, science is an inherently social activity, practiced by teams of individuals who inherit research practices and theories from their forebears. To characterize children’s cognitive development more fully, a new child-as-scientist metaphor should include these additional elements.
Intentional Agency and Imaginative Representations
Authors: Tomasello Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a review and novel analysis of the literature on toddler cognition based on the principles of intentional agency and imaginative representations. Toddlers begin to make either/or decisions between imagined behavioral options with their imagined environmental outcomes. This requires cognitive representations employed not just to recognize objects and events in the actual world, as are infants’, but to imagine potential actions and outcomes in the possible worlds of thinking and planning. The working hypothesis of this chapter is that what enables this new manner of agentive functioning is the emergence of a new organizational architecture, namely, one that includes a single tier of executive supervision and control. The resulting new form of intentional agency and its underlying architecture have their evolutionary roots in the earliest mammals and are characteristic today of species such as squirrels, rats, and domestic dogs.
An Agency-Based Model of Human Cognitive Development
Authors: Tomasello Michael 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a review and synthesis of the theoretical perspective of the book as a whole. The central argument of the preceding seven chapters of this volume, however, is that all this knowledge and all these skills exist within a domain-neutral psychological organization evolved to facilitate effective decision-making and action, that is, within an agency-based control system architecture comprising goals and intentions, perception and attention, cognitive representations and operations, decision-making and action, executive regulation and learning. The developmental proposal is that human cognitive ontogeny occurs within a series of qualitatively distinct architectures, each conserved from one of humans’ ancient evolutionary ancestors as an adaptation for a particular type of agentive decision-making in the context of a particular type of ecological unpredictability. Young infants, toddlers, and preschoolers thus operate within different agentive architectures—toddlers and preschoolers within both individual and shared versions—and these structure the ways in which children of each age experience and learn about the world. To repeat: developing children are not best characterized as Bayesian learners but rather, more generally, as Bayesian agents who learn in support of their agency.
Singin’ in the Rain
Authors: Buchman Andrew 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This new film guide from Oxford traces the film’s genesis, analyzes the music and dance that make Singin’ in the Rain Gene Kelly’s best-known work, and examines some of the modern scholarship and new artworks the film has inspired. Singin’ combines a streamlined 1920s storyline with vivid characters, memorable wisecracks and comedy, romance, riveting dancing, memorable music, gorgeous sets, props, and costumes, and virtuosic camera work. But this supposedly simple, safe modern fairy tale is not simplistic. It is a social satire with a point of view on human nature and morality—what screenwriter Betty Comden called “a deep thread of real feeling.” The continuing success of Singin’ in the Rain is based on a contrasting but palatable combination of Comden and co-writer Adolph Green’s biting and irreverent satire (a residue from their Revuer days) and co-directors Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen’s superbly musicalized and deeply nostalgic Hollywood history lessons. Script drafts, production reports, and other sources reveal how commercially appealing romantic nostalgia, bolstered in the conservative climate created by the Cold War and blacklists of workers deemed politically suspect, largely effaced the progressive political views, forged in the late 1930s, of the film’s creators.
Between Wars
Authors: Garrison Leonard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
During the interwar period, Paris was a musical center without parallel. Gaston Crunelle launched his career by playing in orchestras accompanying silent films in cinemas and performing at spas and casinos like Monte Carlo and Vichy. From 1924 to 1945, he was principal flutist of the Pasdeloup Orchestra and was often a soloist or singled out by critics. He also performed frequently for the leading chamber music societies in Paris. In 1933, he became principal flutist of the Opéra-Comique. Starting in 1924, he made numerous recordings as a solo, chamber, and orchestral flutist. His playing is marked by a stellar technique, alluring tone, and respect for the text.
The Quintette instrumental de Paris
Authors: Garrison Leonard 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the Quintette instrumental de Paris from its founding until World War II. From the 1920s through the midsixties, the Quintette, consisting of flute, violin, viola, cello, and harp, was one of the most prominent chamber groups in France. It dominated the Parisian chamber music series and performed 1,800 concerts in Paris and on tour in Europe, northern Africa, and North America. The group also appeared on national radio broadcasts, recorded 78-rpm and LP records, and commissioned around fifty works, bequeathing a sumptuous repertoire. Founded by René Le Roy, the ensemble came to be dominated by harpist Pierre Jamet.
Plastic Tagore
Authors: Ghosh Ranjan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This book in Tagore studies offers a fresh analysis of Tagorean thought by working through the philosophy and poetics of plasticity. As a prominent figure in plastic theory, Ghosh explores Tagore’s views on education, identity politics, environment, and literature through what he calls the ‘plastic principle’. This deconstructs Tagore’s thinking on ‘sahitya’, ecosophy, historicity and philosophy of history, and aesthetic education and the notion of the political. Not a standard intellectual biography or historical study, this book radicalizes how we think and interpret Tagore to arrive at what Ghosh calls Plastic Tagore. The book, thus, thinks after yesterday.
Plastic Pedagogy
Authors: Ghosh Ranjan 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea of ‘plastic pedagogy’ through a completely new reading of Rabindranath Tagore’s educational philosophy. As a continuation of Ghosh’s work in plastic humanities, this chapter exemplifies plastic pedagogy by identifying two plastic moments: one in Tagore’s delicately dynamic understanding of eco-corporeal pedagogy, and the second in his ideas of counter-institutionality as revealed through the establishment of an international university called Visva Bharati. The arguments entangle plastic and flashpoint pedagogy to enunciate the power and potency of plastic thinking in Tagore’s ideas on education. Demonstrated in two instances here, first, as a kind of eco-pedagogy linking bird, skin, and sky (flashpoint 1), and second, as the making of an unconventional university, a counter-institution where standardization and a priori templates are not the driving force (flashpoint 2), the chapter brings us into a fresh terrain of what Ghosh calls “plastic pedagogy”.
Adaptive Gaussian Markov random fields for child mortality estimation
Authors: Aleshin-Guendel Serge , Wakefield Jon 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The under-5 mortality rate (U5MR), a critical health indicator, is typically estimated from household surveys in lower and middle income countries. Spatio-temporal disaggregation of household survey data can lead to highly variable estimates of U5MR, necessitating the usage of smoothing models which borrow information across space and time. The assumptions of common smoothing models may be unrealistic when certain time periods or regions are expected to have shocks in mortality relative to their neighbors, which can lead to oversmoothing of U5MR estimates. In this paper, we develop a spatial and temporal smoothing approach based on Gaussian Markov random field models which incorporate knowledge of these expected shocks in mortality. We demonstrate the potential for these models to improve upon alternatives not incorporating knowledge of expected shocks in a simulation study. We apply these models to estimate U5MR in Rwanda at the national level from 1985 to 2019, a time period which includes the Rwandan civil war and genocide.
Dysfunction of thalamocortical circuits in early-onset schizophrenia
Authors: Cai Jia , Xie Min , Liang Sugai , Gong Jinnan , Deng Wei , Guo Wanjun , Ma Xiaohong , Sham Pak C , Wang Qiang , Li Tao 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the thalamus is involved in multiple functional circuits in participants with schizophrenia. However, less is known about the thalamocortical circuit in the rare subtype of early-onset schizophrenia. A total of 110 participants with early-onset schizophrenia (47 antipsychotic–naive patients) and 70 matched healthy controls were recruited and underwent resting-state functional and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans. A data-driven parcellation method that combined the high spatial resolution of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and the high sensitivity of functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to divide the thalamus. Next, the functional connectivity between each thalamic subdivision and the cortex/cerebellum was investigated. Compared to healthy controls, individuals with early-onset schizophrenia exhibited hypoconnectivity between subdivisions of the thalamus and the frontoparietal network, visual network, ventral attention network, somatomotor network and cerebellum, and hyperconnectivity between subdivisions of thalamus and the parahippocampal and temporal gyrus, which were included in limbic network. The functional connectivity between the right posterior cingulate cortex and 1 subdivision of the thalamus (region of interest 1) was positively correlated with the general psychopathology scale score. This study showed that the specific thalamocortical dysconnection in individuals with early-onset schizophrenia involves the prefrontal, auditory and visual cortices, and cerebellum. This study identified thalamocortical connectivity as a potential biomarker and treatment target for early-onset schizophrenia.
Spatial patterns of seed removal by harvester ants in a seed tray experiment
Authors: Grossklaus Michaela R , Pilliod David S , Caughlin T Trevor , Robertson Ian C 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Using a selection of native grass and forb seeds commonly seeded in local restoration projects, we conducted a field experiment to evaluate the effects of seed species, distance of seed patches from nests, and distance between patches on patterns of seed removal by Owyhee harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex salinus (Olsen) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). To provide context for ants’ seed preferences, we evaluated differences in handling time among seed species. In addition, we assessed the influences of cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum (L.) (Poales: Poaceae), and Sandberg bluegrass, Poa secunda (J. Presl) (Poales: Poaceae), cover on seed removal. We found significant differences in removal rates among seed species. In general, seeds placed closer to nests were more vulnerable to predation than those placed farther away, and seeds in closely spaced patches were more vulnerable than seeds in widely spaced patches. However, the strength of these effects differed by seed species. Differences in handling time among seed species may help to explain these findings; the protective effect of from-nest distance was weaker for species that required less time to transport. For 2 of the seed species, there was an interaction between the distance of seed patches from nests and the distance between patches such that the protective effect of distance between patches decreased as the distance from nests increased. Cheatgrass and bluegrass cover both had small protective effects on seeds. Taken together, these results offer insight into the spatial ecology of harvester ant foraging and may provide context for the successful implementation of restoration efforts where harvester ants are present.
Identification of mutations resulting in derepression of the intermedilysin gene by sequential mutagenesis of its promoter region in Streptococcus intermedius
Authors: Tomoyasu Toshifumi , Tabata Atsushi , Nagamune Hideaki 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Streptococcus intermedius secretes the human-specific cytolysin intermedilysin (ILY), a crucial factor in the pathogenicity of this bacterium. Previously, we reported that a lactose phosphotransferase repressor (LacR) represses ily expression, and that its mutation increases ILY production. Interestingly, UNS40, a strain isolated from a liver abscess, produces high levels of ILY despite the absence of mutations in the lacR promoter and coding regions. Our results showed that a G &gt; A mutation at the −90th position from the transcription start point in the UNS40 ily promoter region increased hemolytic activity and decreased the binding ability to LacR. To elucidate the regions involved in the repression of ily expression, we generated mutant strains, in which point or deletion mutations were introduced into the ily promoter region, and then compared their hemolytic activity. Among the point mutations, −120 C &gt; A and −90 G &gt; A and their flanking mutations increased hemolytic activity. These results indicated that these mutations may increase the virulence of S. intermedius.