bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustaining Food Production through Multifunctionality: The Dynamics of Large Farms in Italy
Authors: de Rooij Sabine , Ventura Flaminia , Milone Pierluigi , van der Ploeg Jan Douwe 
Published: November 2013

AbstractTheoretical approaches to multifunctional agriculture often posit a dichotomy between ‘productivist’ and multifunctional agriculture. However, this theoretical dichotomy runs counter to the tendency among many ‘productivist’ farms to now rely, to varying extents, on newly‐developed multifunctional activities. In this article we identify four of the main controversies within the complex theoretical and political debates about multifunctional agriculture. These concern whether or not multifunctionality is: (1) a survival strategy mostly followed by small and marginal farms, (2) at the expense of food production, (3) primarily driven by governmental programmes, and (4) only relevant at the farm‐level.We use the results of a representative survey among 795 larger farmers across Italy in order to empirically evaluate these arguments. The research results show that larger farmers are also investing in new, multifunctional activities, alongside investments in food production; in fact, these farmers are keeping pace with, or moving ahead of, farmers who only invest in food production. They consider investments in new activities to be a ‘life‐jacket’ that strengthens their agricultural activities. The results also show that government programmes are not decisive factors for farms engaging in or further developing multifunctional activities. The main drivers are family centred, with some farmers also having ‘broader’ motivations and seeing the wider benefits of multifunctional agriculture.
Problematising the Suicides of Older Male Farmers: Subjective, Social and Cultural Considerations
Authors: Garnham Bridget , Bryant Lia 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThe literature on suicide reveals an academic praxis that largely overlooks the group potentially at highest risk of suicide, namely older male farmers. Within the broader literature on suicide, a small and constrained body of articles has provided empirical evidence and review of the individual risk factors for older male suicides. The rural studies literature on suicide has predominantly focused on the risk factors of suicide for farmers and rural youth and the ways in which masculinities are implicated in suicide. This article engages with these literatures for what they might reveal about the suicides of older male farmers but also critiques their limitations and makes suggestions about potentially revealing avenues for empirical investigation. It argues that the suicides of older male farmers, both real and within discourse, raise complex questions concerning reasons for suicide, embedded within subjective, social and cultural contexts. Examination of cultures of farming masculinity, rural cultures of ageing and the ways in which old age and suicide are problematised may therefore provide critical insights into the suicides of older farming men.
Placing Housing in Rural Development: Exogenous, Endogenous and Neo‐Endogenous Approaches
Authors: Gkartzios Menelaos , Scott Mark 
Published: November 2013

AbstractThis article aims to address the disconnect between housing and rural development research. We do this by examining models of rural development (exogenous, endogenous and neo‐endogenous) in the rural housing context. Drawing on in‐depth documentary analysis of planning and rural development policy and research in the Republic of Ireland, we demonstrate a series of policy failures in implementing exogenous and pseudo‐endogenous approaches to housing policy in rural areas. Subsequently, we propose a neo‐endogenous framework for a more effective integration of housing and rural development theory and practice. In an international context Ireland represents an insightful case for studying the relationship between rural development and housing, due to the emphasis on housing development in rural areas, which in essence has represented a ‘quick fix’ for development, as evidenced by the country's liberal planning regime during an extraordinary housing boom period until the more recent property crash. While the article focuses on Ireland as a case‐study, lessons and a framework for a neo‐endogenous model of rural development and housing are also drawn internationally.
Toward a Critical Race Psychology
Authors: Salter Phia , Adams Glenn 
Published: November 2013

AbstractCritical Race Theory (CRT) emerged as an identity‐conscious intervention within critical legal studies and has subsequently developed an interdisciplinary presence. We draw upon CRT perspectives to articulate five core ideas for a Critical Race Psychology (CRP). CRT perspectives (1) approach racism as a systemic force embedded in everyday society (rather than a problem of individual bias); (2) illuminate how ideologies of neoliberal individualism (e.g., merit, choice) often reflect and reproduce racial domination; (3) identify interest convergence as the typical source of broad‐based support for reparative action; (4) emphasize possessive investment in privileged identities and identity‐infused realities that reproduce racial domination; and (5) propose practices of counter‐storytelling to reveal and contest identity‐infused bases of everyday society. In summary, we propose a CRP that consider race not as one domain (among many) for psychological investigation but instead as a conceptual lens through which to analyze all of psychological science.
Humble Beginnings: Current Trends, State Perspectives, and Hallmarks of Humility
Authors: Chancellor Joseph , Lyubomirsky Sonja 
Published: November 2013

AbstractAfter decades of neglect, research in humility is finally turning a corner. Within the past few years, investigators have articulated two promising strategies to overcome methodological concerns – namely, using personality judgments and designing humility “stress tests” to elicit humility‐relevant behavior. We also highlight an alternative perspective of humility that has not yet gained much attention: the investigation of humility as a state, which helps to understand what humility actually is, how it functions, and its variability within individuals over time. To improve the observation of humility‐relevant behavior, we propose five intrapersonal and interpersonal hallmarks of humility that have strong theoretical support, can distinguish between humility's conceptual foils of narcissism and low self‐esteem, and provide broad theoretical ties between ongoing research endeavors: A secure, accepting identity, freedom from distortion, openness to new information, other‐focus, and egalitarian beliefs. Finally, to increase methodological rigor, we recommend using a combination of self‐reports and other‐reports and employing multiple raters with demonstrated inter‐rater reliability in validation studies.
Nostalgia as a Resource for Psychological Health and Well‐Being
Authors: Routledge Clay , Wildschut Tim , Sedikides Constantine , Juhl Jacob 
Published: November 2013

AbstractHistorically, nostalgia has been viewed as a disease of the brain or the mind. However, in recent years, nostalgia has received a conceptual rehabilitation due to a revival of scholarly interest accompanied by the use of contemporary empirical methods. Drawing upon this recent work, we propose that nostalgia is an important resource for psychological health and well‐being. We begin by detailing the characteristics of the nostalgic experience and then discuss a wide range of studies demonstrating that psychological threat triggers nostalgia, nostalgia enhances psychological health and well‐being, and nostalgia promotes adaptive psychological functioning among individuals at risk for poor mental health. We also highlight the need for future research on nostalgia's relation to psychological health.
Inter‐regulation of the unfolded protein response and auxin signaling
Authors: Chen Yani , Aung Kyaw , Rolčík Jakub , Walicki Kathryn , Friml Jiří , Brandizzi Federica 
Published: November 2013

SummaryThe unfolded protein response (UPR) is a signaling network triggered by overload of protein‐folding demand in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a condition termed ER stress. The UPR is critical for growth and development; nonetheless, connections between the UPR and other cellular regulatory processes remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a link between the UPR and the phytohormone auxin, a master regulator of plant physiology. We show that ER stress triggers down‐regulation of auxin receptors and transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana. We also demonstrate that an Arabidopsis mutant of a conserved ER stress sensor IRE1 exhibits defects in the auxin response and levels. These data not only support that the plant IRE1 is required for auxin homeostasis, they also reveal a species‐specific feature of IRE1 in multicellular eukaryotes. Furthermore, by establishing that UPR activation is reduced in mutants of ER‐localized auxin transporters, including PIN5, we define a long‐neglected biological significance of ER‐based auxin regulation. We further examine the functional relationship of IRE1 and PIN5 by showing that an ire1 pin5 triple mutant enhances defects of UPR activation and auxin homeostasis in ire1 or pin5. Our results imply that the plant UPR has evolved a hormone‐dependent strategy for coordinating ER function with physiological processes.
Relays to Processors at the Port Authority Trans-Hudson
Authors: Landau Stuart A. , Reitz Daniel J. 
Published: November 2013

The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) heavy-rail rapid-transit system has a two-decade history of using microprocessor-based equipment as replacements for electromechanical and electrical systems. Until recently, these processors were used for non-vital applications only, such as event recording and train dispatching. With the rebuilding of the World Trade Center terminal, processors were introduced for vital applications. PATH is now in the midst of a processor-based replacement of its entire signal system.
Here we present a review of past, current and future applications of processor-based equipment at PATH. We examine the reasons for conversion and the advantages and disadvantages for design, installation and maintenance. A survey is made of equipment that is removed, added, replaced or retained for processor-based conversion. Interfacing with field appliances, including the continued use of relays for limited applications, is examined. With so much functionality concentrated within a single piece of equipment, new types of failure modes and redundancy become important considerations, as well as the volatility of critical information needed to maintain service. We also expose the problems of testing and cutover of new equipment on a railroad that operates passenger service 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and training requirements of signal office staff and field forces. Since PATH is under FRA jurisdiction, use of processor-based equipment for vital applications is subject to additional regulations and we look at the programming accommodations for FRA testing.
Application of Operational Modal Analysis on Railway Vehicles Using on Track Measurements
Authors: Erviti Calvo Lara Mª , Agirre Castellanos Gorka , Portillo Igor Alonso 
Published: November 2013

Nowadays the application of experimental modal analysis techniques on railway vehicles is gaining importance. A correct identification of modal characteristics allows improving the dynamic behavior design of the vehicle and so reaching higher running speeds and accomplishing better comfort levels. So far, in the railway sector only conventional modal analysis techniques have been used. With these techniques, the modal parameters are determined during a static test by measuring the responses of the system to one or multiple known forces.
This paper presents the application of the Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) technique on a railway vehicle. This technique determines the modal parameters employing only the responses of the system to an unknown excitation. In this way, the data to be used can be acquired during on track test which presents three main advantages. The first one is that the nonlinear components of the suspensions are working in their normal operating condition which is difficult to achieve during a static test. The second one is that the wheel spinning effect is taken into account. Finally, the test can be combined with other type of track tests, reducing the period of time before delivery of the vehicle to the client. In the case under study, the OMA technique is applied by means of commercial software to measurements performed on a passengers train. The modal parameters obtained for the carbody and one of the bogies are presented.
CBTC/ERTMS/PTC Convergence
Authors: Chabanon David 
Published: November 2013

A trend has recently emerged in re-signaling projects, especially in Europe, where infrastructure managers of large commuter rails are facing a dilemma: “should we install CBTC (Communication Based Train Control) or ERTMS (European Rail Traffic, Management System) — or both?”
These commuter rails often span over a large territory, interfacing sometimes with the national network and have to cross through high-density traffic sections in crowded cities.
This paper discusses this dilemma and the factors that contribute to the decision-making process of deploying a new signaling system.
These factors, often captured early in the business case of the project, are more complex than the simple issues of a) high throughput capability (leaning toward CBTC) and b) interoperability needs (leaning toward ERTMS).
Other factors are considered in the business case such as: operating needs of the railway including the regulation concepts, reducing the Life Cycle Cost of the system, the risk level that the owner is willing to carry, other high-profile national roll-out plans and special needs of key stakeholders. All of these different factors and parameters are discussed in this paper, and are illustrated by actual re-signaling projects in London, Paris, Madrid and Istanbul.
The main characteristics of ERTMS and CBTC are presented with their pros and cons for these types of applications.
The paper further discusses how the industry is reacting to this emerging trend. Are there any state-of-the-art signaling solutions from the suppliers that can fit these types of projects?
The paper also gives an overview of the recent progress of the European Rail Industry in terms of research and development for future signaling systems in urban / suburban areas.
Meanwhile, Positive Train Control (PTC) systems are being deployed in North America on class 1 railroads as mandated by the US congress, primarily as a means to increase safety. At the same time, some US rail transit agencies are adopting CBTC (albeit at a slow pace). The paper explores if there are any lessons from Europe related to CBTC/ERTMS convergence that could apply in North America related to CBTC/PTC convergence.
Development of Rail Temperature Predictions to Minimize Risk of Track Buckle Derailments
Authors: Bruzek Radim , Biess Larry , Al-Nazer Leith 
Published: November 2013

Track buckling due to excessive rail temperature is a major cause of derailments with serious consequences. To minimize the risk of derailments, slow orders are typically issued on sections of track in areas where an elevated rail temperature is expected and risk of track buckling is increased. While the slow orders are an important preventive safety measure, they are costly as they disrupt timetables and can affect time-sensitive shipments. Optimizing the slow order process would result in significant cost saving for the railroads.
The Federal Railroad Administration’s (FRA’s) Office of Research and Development has sponsored the development of a model for predicting rail temperatures using real time weather forecast data and predefined track parameters and a web-based system for providing resulting information to operators.
In cooperation with CSX Transportation (CSX), ENSCO Inc. conducted a model verification study by comparing actual rail temperatures measured by wayside sensors installed on railroad track near Folkston, GA, with the rail temperatures predicted by the model based on weather forecast data over the course of summer 2011. The paper outlines the procedure of the verification process together with correlation results, which are favorable.
The paper also presents results of several case studies conducted on derailments attributed to track buckling. These investigations improve our understanding of conditions and temperature patterns leading to increased risk of rail buckles and validate further use of the Rail Temperature Prediction Model as track buckling prediction tool and as an aid to the railroads in making more informed decisions on slow order issuing process.
Development of a Standard Bond Test for Indented Prestressing Wires
Authors: Arnold Matthew L. , Peterman Robert J. , Bodapati Naga Narendra B. , Beck B. Terry , Wu Chih-Hang (John) 
Published: November 2013

An experimental testing program was conducted at Kansas State University (KSU) to test the bond characteristics of various 5.32 mm-diameter, Grade 270 low-relaxation steel wires used in prestressed concrete railroad ties. This un-tensioned pullout test could serve as a quality control test similar to the NASP (North American Strand Producers) Strand Bond Test that has been developed for pre-tensioned strands. A total of twelve (12) wires produced by six different steel manufacturers were used to develop the wire pullout test. All of the wires were tested in their “as-received” condition and have different indent geometries. It is generally accepted that indentations in the wire improve the bond between the steel and concrete. However, there are currently no commonly accepted quality control tests that accurately predict a wire’s bond characteristics in a pre-tensioned application.
The un-tensioned pullout test developed is comparable to the NASP [Strand] Bond Test. The specimens consist of a 4 in. (100 mm) outer-diameter tube with a total length of 8 in. (200 mm) and a steel plate welded to the bottom. The 5.32 mm-diameter wire was centered in the tube and the sand-cement mortar was placed and allowed to cure. The flow of the mortar was measured for consistency and 2” × 2” (50 mm × 50 mm) mortar cubes were used to determine the compressive strength of the mortar. The specimens were tested when the compressive strength of the mortar was between 4500 and 5000 psi (31.0 MPa and 34.5 MPa). Each batch of mortar contained 12 pullout specimens; one with each wire type. Each wire was tested six times leading to a total of six batches and a total of 72 mortar specimens.
During testing, the wires were loaded in force control at the bottom, while continuously monitoring and recording the movement (slip) of the wire with respect to the mortar at the opposite (top) end. The force verses end-slip data of the six tests for each wire type were numerically combined to obtain the average bond performance. These average results from the un-tensioned pullout tests were then compared to transfer length measurements from accompanying pre-tensioned concrete prisms. In general, the wire end slip measurements from the pullout tests were found to have good correlation with the measured transfer length. For all 12 wires, a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.872 was found between the average pullout force (at 0.10-inch (2.54 mm) of wire free-end slip) and average transfer length measurements from the accompanying concrete prism tests. However, when only the indented wires were considered, the R2 increased to 0.913.
Autonomous Train Control and Track Circuit Inspection System
Authors: Meunier Jeffrey K. , Rolin Amaury 
Published: November 2013

The Washington D.C. Metro utilizes an Automatic Train Control (ATC) system designed in the mid 1970’s. This ATC system employs passive track bed markers and antennas inductively coupled to the track to send and receive audio frequency control signals over the rails. The ATC system is only installed in revenue passenger cars and has never been installed on any other vehicle. Recently, a new inspection vehicle was delivered that includes an inspection module that interfaces with this train control system to inspect the control and track occupancy signals.
This paper will discuss the challenges of designing a track circuit inspection system and retrofitting a refurbished ATC system designed for a revenue vehicle to a custom self propelled inspection car to ensure uniform inductive coupling over curved track, maintaining dynamic clearance envelop of the inspection car and design of custom broadband signal antennas to prevent interference. Additionally this paper will discuss the technical approach for conducting the inspection and results achieved during testing.
Influence of Indented Wire Geometry and Concrete Parameters on the Transfer Length in Prestressed Concrete Crossties
Authors: Bodapati Naga Narendra B. , Zhao Weixin , Peterman Robert J. , Wu Chih-Hang John , Beck B. Terry , Haynes Mark , Holste Joseph R. 
Published: November 2013

A study was conducted to determine the variation in the transfer length of prestressed concrete railroad ties with different indented wire geometries and different concrete properties, including slump and release strength. The study included 12 different reinforcement wire types that are used in concrete railroad ties worldwide.
This paper presents the results from transfer length measurements on 96 pretensioned concrete members that were cast in the laboratory. In order to replicate the wire-to-concrete proportions commonly used in prestressed concrete railroad ties, small (3 1/2″ (88.9 mm) × 3 1/2″ (88.9 mm)) prestressed concrete prisms were fabricated and each contained four 5.32-mm-diameter indented wires. A special jacking arrangement was used to ensure that each of the wires was tensioned to the same jacking force.
The wires were initially tensioned to 7000 pounds (31.14 kN) each, and the transfer of prestress force into the members was accomplished by a gradual release method replicating the one used in most prestressed concrete crosstie manufacturing plants. The study consisted of two phases. In the first phase, 36 concrete prisms were cast to investigate the effect of different wire indent geometry in a 6-inch (152.4mm) slump concrete mix with 4500 psi (31.03 MPa) release strength.
In the second phase, a total of 60 prisms were used to investigate the effect of 4 different concrete parameters with a select group of 5 indented wire types. The second phase included concrete release strengths of 3500 psi (24.13 MPa) and 6000 psi (41.37 MPa), and concrete consistencies (slumps) of 3 (76.2) and 9 inches (228.6 mm).
The results have shown that there is a significant variation in transfer lengths for the different indented wires at the same release strength. Additionally, the results show that the transfer lengths decreased significantly with modest increases in the concrete release strength. However, there was no correlation observed between transfer lengths and different concrete slumps for mixes having the same water-to-cementitious (w/c) ratio. For each concrete pour, the splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were measured at the time of prestress transfer. All wire indents were measured according to ASTM A-881 [1] and the results of both phases are presented.