bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Estimation of Soil Erosion Risk by Land‐cover Change in the Andes OF Southern Ecuador
Authors: Ochoa‐Cueva Pablo , Fries Andreas , Montesinos Pilar , Rodríguez‐Díaz Juan A. , Boll Jan 
Published: March 2013

AbstractEcuador has the highest deforestation rate in South America, causing large‐scale soil erosion. Inter‐Andean watersheds are especially affected by a rapid increase of the population leading to the conversion of large areas of montane forest into pasture and cropland. In this study, we estimate soil erosion risk in a small mixed land‐use watershed in the southern Andes of Ecuador. Soil loss was estimated at a spatial resolution of 30 m, using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) where the RUSLE factors were estimated on the basis of limited public available data. Land‐cover maps for 1976, 2008 and 2040 were created assuming increasing deforestation rates over the ensuing decades. Greater erosion rates are estimated for succession areas with agricultural cropland and pasture with maximum values of 936 Mg ha−1 y−1, where slopes and precipitation amounts are the greatest. Under natural forest vegetation, the estimated soil erosion rates are negligible (1·5 to 40 Mg ha−1 y−1) even at steep slopes and higher elevations where rainfall amounts and intensities are generally higher. When the entire watershed has undergone substantial deforestation in 2040, erosion values may reach 2,021 Mg ha−1 y−1. Vegetation cover is the most important factor for potential soil erosion. Secondary factors are related to rainfall (R‐factor) and topography (LS factors). Although the spatial predictions of potential soil erosion have only limited meaning for erosion risk, this method provides an important screening tool for land management and assessment of land‐cover change. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Polytriazole Synthesized by 1,3‐Dipolar Polycycloaddition Showing Aggregation‐Enhanced Emission and Utility in Explosive Detection
Authors: Wang Qiang , Chen Ming , Yao Bicheng , Wang Jian , Mei Ju , Sun Jing Zhi , Qin Anjun , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe metal‐free click polymerizations (MFCPs) of activated alkynes and azides have become a powerful technique for the preparation of functional polytriazoles. Recently, a new MFCP of activated azide and alkyne has been established, but no functional polytriazole is prepared. In this paper, polytriazole PIa with aggregation‐enhanced emission (AEE) characteristics is prepared by this efficient polymerization in excellent yield (97.9%). PIa is thermally stable, with 5% loss of its weight at temperature as high as 440 °C. Thanks to its unique AEE feature of PIa, its nanoaggregates can be used to detect explosives with a superamplification quenching effect.
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Supramolecular Dynamics as Origin for Thermally Induced Insoluble‐to‐Soluble‐to‐Insoluble Transitions of Copolymers in Water
Authors: Obels Daniela , Ritter Helmut 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe synthesis of cationic mono‐(6‐O‐(1‐vinylimidazolium))‐ß‐cyclodextrin with toluenesulfonate as the corresponding anion is described. Free‐radical copolymerization of the resulting host–guest complex with N‐isopropylacrylamide or N,N‐diethylacrylamide yielded copolymers showing a temperature‐controlled solubility window in water. The impact of different anionic guests and salt concentrations on solubility behavior was investigated via turbidity measurements.
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Invited Review—Survey of Value‐Focused Thinking: Applications, Research Developments and Areas for Future Research
Authors: Parnell Gregory S. , Hughes David W. , Burk Roger Chapman , Driscoll Patrick J. , Kucik Paul D. , Morales Benjamin L. , Nunn Lawrence R. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTCriteria are the central focus of multi‐criteria decision analysis. Many authors have suggested using our values (or preferences) to define the criteria we use to evaluate alternatives. Value‐focused thinking (VFT) is an important philosophy that advocates a more fundamental view of values in our decision making in our private and professional lives. VFT proponents advocate starting first with our values and then using our values to create decision opportunities, evaluate alternatives and finally develop improved alternatives. It has been 20 years since VFT was first introduced by Ralph Keeney. This paper surveys the VFT literature to provide a comprehensive summary of the significant applications, describe the main research developments and identify areas for future research. We review the scope and magnitude of VFT applications and the key developments in theory since VFT was introduced in 1992 and found 89 papers written in 29 journals from 1992 to 2010. We develop about 20 research questions that include the type of article (application, theory, case study, etc.), the size of the decision space (which, when given, ranged from $200K to billions of dollars), the contribution documented in the article (application benefits) and the research contributions (categorized by preferences, uncertainties and alternatives). After summarizing the answers to these questions, we conclude the paper with suggestions for improving VFT applications and potential future research. We found a large number of significant VFT applications and several useful research contributions. We also found an increasing number of VFT papers written by international authors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Approach to Multi‐Criteria Decision Problems Under Severe Uncertainty
Authors: Comes Tina , Hiete Michael , Schultmann Frank 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTSolving complex decision problems is a demanding task; it requires determining and evaluating the consequences of decision alternatives. To this end, uncertain factors that can only partly be influenced by the decision makers, and their interdependencies need to be considered. Scenarios focus on this part of the decision problem; they enable a systematic exploration of a multitude of possible future developments that are relevant for the decision including external events and decisions made. Scenarios are particularly useful when the problem is pervaded by severe uncertainties that cannot be quantified. For the evaluation of alternatives, multiple objectives and the potentially diverging preferences of the involved actors need to be respected. Multi‐criteria decision analysis aims at structuring the problem, evaluating the alternatives and supporting decision makers pursuing multiple goals.We propose an approach integrating scenarios and multi‐criteria decision analysis that focuses on the robustness of alternatives in complex, dynamic, uncertain and time‐bound situations. In this integrated framework, the scenarios provide the basis for evaluating a set of alternatives. Ideally, the set of scenarios considered captures all possible future developments. To appropriately explore this set, formal or analytical approaches to scenario construction generate a large number of scenarios. This challenges the decision makers' information‐processing capacity. To support them in managing the richness of information, a two‐fold approach that uses selection and aggregation is presented. By using a selection method, the scenarios that are deemed most relevant are identified, and their evaluations are presented in detail to decision makers. This approach is complemented by an aggregation of scenario evaluations on the basis of the decision makers' preferences. We present two approaches to facilitate the preference elicitation process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extended finite element framework for fault rupture dynamics including bulk plasticity
Authors: Liu Fushen , Borja Ronaldo I. 
Published: March 2013

SUMMARYWe present an explicit extended finite element framework for fault rupture dynamics accommodating bulk plasticity near the fault. The technique is more robust than the standard split‐node method because it can accommodate a fault propagating freely through the interior of finite elements. To fully exploit the explicit algorithmic framework, we perform mass lumping on the enriched finite elements that preserve the kinetic energy of the rigid body and enrichment modes. We show that with this technique, the extended FE solution reproduces the standard split‐node solution, but with the added advantage that it can also accommodate randomly propagating faults. We use different elastoplastic constitutive models appropriate for geomaterials, including the Mohr–Coulomb, Drucker–Prager, modified Cam‐Clay, and a conical plasticity model with a compression cap, to capture off‐fault bulk plasticity. More specifically, the cap model adds robustness to the framework because it can accommodate various modes of deformation, including compaction, dilatation, and shearing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age‐specific influences of emotional distress on performance status in cancer patients
Authors: Kim Ji‐Hyun , Yoon Sujung , Won Wang‐Youn , Lee Chul , Lee Chang‐Uk , Song Kyo Young , Min Jung‐Ah , Lyoo In Kyoon , Kim Tae‐Suk 
Published: March 2013

AbstractObjectiveImproving and maintaining performance status is an important part of cancer treatment because it may predict patients' survival. Several cancer‐related medical conditions have been known to influence the functional performance of cancer patients. We here examined whether emotional distress would also contribute to performance decline of cancer patients.MethodsWith consecutive sampling, a total of 880 patients diagnosed as having cancer were recruited and evaluated on cancer‐related variables, emotional distress, and performance status using the standardized instruments.ResultsApproximately 8.9% of participants showed compromised performance rated 2 or more on the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status scale. Emotional distress was strongly associated with compromised performance after controlling for demographic and cancer‐related external risk factors. The effects of emotional distress on performance decline were likely to be remarkably greater in the younger age group (<45 years) than in old‐aged cancer patients (≥65 years).ConclusionsOur results provide support for the independent effects of emotional distress on having a higher risk for performance decline in cancer patients. These effects seem to be age‐dependent suggesting that special clinical attention to emotional distress may be required in younger patients with cancer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyogo Framework for Action as an Assessment Tool of Risk Reduction: Philippines National Progress and Makati City
Authors: Matsuoka Yuki , Shaw Rajib 
Published: March 2013

AbstractPromoting the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) at the local government level has become a crucial area of work in global efforts on disaster risk reduction (DRR). The article analyzes the HFA Mid‐Term Review of the Philippines' national progress along with the Asia and Pacific regional and global context. Then, the HFA implementation at the local level for the case of Makati City in the Philippines is examined. The Makati City case study is gauged through the HFA 20 task survey combined with the Makati City Action Plan and the Guide for HFA local implementation. The analysis of a case throughout national and city levels contributes to a better understanding of how these three levels are interlinked to scale up DRR capacity. Additionally, the complementary use and synergy of these different tools to promote HFA implementation at different levels is explored. The HFA as universal policy guidance proves itself instrumental and useful to promote comprehensive DRR approaches and aligned efforts towards the common objectives at global, regional, national, and city levels.
The large-leaved Kudingcha (Ilex latifolia Thunb and Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng): a traditional Chinese tea with plentiful secondary metabolites and potential biological activities
Authors: Li Li , Xu Li J. , Ma Gui Z. , Dong Yin M. , Peng Yong , Xiao Pei G. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
In China, Kudingcha has been used for almost 2,000 years as a tea to quench thirst, remove phlegm, refresh the mind, and improve eyesight. The group of large-leaved Kudingcha is coveted for its potential effects on lipid metabolism, which are attributed to the presence of characteristic ingredients. This contribution reviews studies from the past few decades regarding the plant characteristics, ethnobotanical usages, chemical constituents, and related biological activities of the large-leaved Kudingcha (Ilex latifolia Thunb and Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng). Triterpenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and essential oils are the main metabolites in the large-leaved Kudingcha, and these ingredients protect the vascular system, regulate lipid metabolism, and have antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-tumor effects. Moreover, large-leaved Kudingcha shares several properties with the popular green tea and the Yerba maté from South America.
Replantation and Revascularization vs. Amputation in Injured Digits
Authors: Mulders Marjolein A. M. , Neuhaus Valentin , Becker Stéphanie J. E. , Lee Sang-Gil , Ring David C. 
Published: March 2013

Background The purpose of this study was to analyze factors associated with the decision to replant or revascularize rather than amputate an injured digit as well as factors associated with successful replantation or revascularization. Methods We reviewed 315 complete and subtotal amputations at or proximal to the distal interphalangeal joint in 199 adult patients treated over 10 years. Ninety-three digits were replanted (30 %), 51 were revascularized (16 %), and 171 were amputated (54 %), including 5 attempted replantations. Bivariate and multivariable analyses sought factors associated with replantation vs. amputation, revascularization vs. amputation, and success of replantation or revascularization. Results Factors associated with replantation rather than amputation were injury to the left hand, thumb, middle digit, and ring digit, more than one digit affected, and surgeon. Factors associated with revascularization are surgeon and shorter ischemia time. Forty-five replantations (48 %) and 41 revascularizations (80 %) were successful. Successful replantation was associated with the side of injury (left side more likely to survive), zone of injury (distal interphalangeal and interphalangeal joint more likely to survive and proximal phalanx less likely to survive), and shorter ischemia time. Success of revascularization was associated with the mechanism of injury (saw and not crush injury), multiple digits involved, and the surgeon. Conclusions The decision to replant, revascularize, or amputate a nonviable digit and the success of replantation and revascularization are related to both injury factors, such as mechanism of injury, affected digit, and zone of injury, and the surgeon.
Geodynamics and stress–strain patterns in different tectonic settings
Authors: Dobretsov N.L. , Koulakov I.Yu. , Polyansky O.P. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractDeformation patterns in subduction zones, feeder systems of volcanoes, and rifts are compared and investigated in terms of relations among elastoplastic strain, rheology, pore fluids, and temperature. Regional-scale subduction processes have been explored in segments of the Kuriles–Kamchatka, Izu-Bonin, and Mariana zones. Slab geometry constraints from the 3D velocity structure are used to model the balance of forces in the three subduction zones and to distinguish the regions of predominant push or pull. Stress and strain variations in suprasubduction crust are considered for the case of magma sources beneath the Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes. Time-lapse (4D) seismic tomography shows crustal magma reservoirs to appear and disappear rapidly as the volcanoes become active or dormant, respectively. This behavior is due to rapid strain changes which cause fast flow of fluids and the ensuing decrease or increase of melting temperature in the magma reservoirs. In addition to subduction zones, stress-strain patterns are modeled for collisional (compressive) settings, with the example of the Altai–Sayan area and the Caucasus, and for the conditions of rifting (extension), in the case of the Vilyui basin. As the modeling shows, formation of a superdeep basin does not necessarily require the crust to stretch twice or more: only 20% stretching in the necking region is enough to produce a 10–15 km deep basin.
Kinematic reconstruction of the Early Caledonian accretion in the southwest of the Siberian paleocontinent based on paleomagnetic results
Authors: Metelkin D.V. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
The kinematics of the Early Caledonian accretion process in the southwest (in modern coordinate) of the Siberian paleocontinent, and the structure of its active continental margin are debatable subjects. This paper contains a generalization of paleomagnetic data on island-arc terranes of the territories of the Altai–Sayan and Baikal–Vitim folded areas for the Late Vendian/Cambrian–Early Ordovician time interval, obtained mostly with the author’s participation during the last two decades. The large accumulated database finally allows one to find unambiguously interpretable patterns in the distribution of paleomagnetic poles for the analyzed terrane system and to justify numerically the kinematics of the Early Caledonian accretion. In particular, the analysis of paleomagnetic data proves our idea stating that the transformation of the active continental margin in the Cambrian consisted in its breakup and segmentation as well as in the detachment of fragments of the initially whole island arc along a system of sinistral strike-slips during the clockwise rotation of the craton and conform drift of the continental and oceanic lithospheric plates. It also validates the mostly oblique conditions of the subduction and subsequent accretion, which means a subduction-transform mode on the ocean–continent margin. We propose a complemented version of the paleotectonic reconstruction for the Cambrian evolution of the Siberian continent western margin, based on the kinematic scheme constructed from paleomagnetic data.
The stability of ortho- and clinopyroxenes, olivine, and garnet in kimberlitic magma
Authors: Chepurov A.I. , Zhimulev E.I. , Agafonov L.V. , Sonin V.M. , Chepurov A.A. , Tomilenko A.A. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
It is generally accepted that the composition of ultrabasic nodules and their quantitative proportions do not significantly change during their transportation with kimberlitic magma to the Earth’s surface. We performed an experimental study of the relative stability of olivine, garnet, and pyroxenes in kimberlite melt at high pressure and temperatures (4 GPa, 1300–1500 °C). The study has shown that the loss in weight of minerals and, correspondingly, the rate of their dissolution in kimberlite melt differ considerably. The following sequence of the dissolution rates of minerals has been established: Cpx ≥ Opx &gt; Gar &gt; Ol. Pyroxenes are characterized by the most rapid dissolution, and olivine is the most stable mineral. The assumption is made that clinopyroxenites and websterites disintegrate more rapidly than dunites and lherzolites in kimberlitic magma.
Effect of the depositional environment on the compositional variations among the phosphorite deposits in Egypt
Authors: Baioumy H.M. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
Late Cretaceous economic phosphorites from the Red Sea, Nile Valley, and Abu Tartur areas, Egypt, show distinct variations in the lithology of associated sediments, mineralogy of nonphosphatic constituents, and distributions of major and trace elements. In the Red Sea area, the phosphorite beds are intercalated with laminated black shales, and the nonphosphatic constituents are detrital quartz and calcite, ankerite, and pyrite cements. In the Nile Valley, the phosphorite beds are intercalated with chert, marl, and sandstone and the nonphosphatic constituents are detrital quartz and calcite and chalcedony cements. In the Abu Tartur Plateau, the phosphorite beds are intercalated with laminated black shales, and the nonphosphatic constituents are detrital quartz and ankerite and pyrite cements. The phosphorites studied also show distinct variations in major- and trace-element concentrations. The Abu Tartur phosphorites have higher contents of TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Co, Nb, Pb, Sr, Th, Y, and Zr and lower SiO2, Ba, and U contents as compared to those in the Red Sea and Nile Valley areas. The positive correlations between Al2O3 and TiO2, K2O, Nb, Y, and Zr suggest the detrital origin of these constituents.
Similarity in the phosphatic constituents, which were derived from outside the depositional sites, and variations in the lithology of associated sediments and the mineralogy and geochemistry of the nonphosphatic constituents, which reflect the conditions at the depositional sites, suggest that the variations in the depositional environment of the phosphorites are the potential controlling factor of the compositional variations among these phosphorites. The abundance of black shales in the Red Sea and Abu Tartur areas, as well as the occurrence of ankerite and pyrite as cementing materials for the phosphatic constituents, might reflect reducing conditions in these areas, while the abundance of siliciclastic sediments and calcite and chalcedony cements suggests oxidizing conditions in the Nile Valley. The reducing conditions in the Red Sea and Abu Tartur areas were probably developed within the pre-existing depressions in a shelf environment. These depressions might have formed as a result of a change in the movements of the North Atlantic, Eurasian, and African Plates during the late Santonian, which led to transgressive inversion of rifts along northern Egypt and consequent folding in the continental interior. The higher contents of detrital components in the Abu Tartur phosphorites compared to the Red Sea and Nile Valley areas suggest more detrital inputs during the deposition of the phosphorites in Abu Tartur. The products of the diagenesis and weathering of these deposits also reflect the variations in the depositional conditions.
NONINFERENTIALISM AND TESTIMONIAL BELIEF FIXATION
Authors: Kenyon Tim 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAn influential view in the epistemology of testimony is that typical or paradigmatic beliefs formed through testimonial uptake are noninferential. Some epistemologists in particular defend a causal version of this view: that beliefs formed from testimony (BFT) are generated by noninferential processes. This view is implausible, however. It tends to be elaborated in terms that do not really bear it out – e.g. that BFT is fixed directly, immediately, unconsciously or automatically. Nor is causal noninferentialism regarding BFT plausibly expressed in terms of belief-independent belief formation; the complex cognitive details of BFT fixation do not accord well with such a view. But perhaps the most significant issue is that the relevant causal notion of inference itself is not particularly well-defined, at least with respect to BFT. Causal noninferentialism in this domain is obscure as a result, but this does not in turn clearly vindicate any interesting version of inferentialism.