bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saving Lives: Critical Blood Analytes for Rehabilitation of Coastal Birds
Authors: Ratliff Cameron , Gentry Jordan , Schmalz Sharon , Hartke Kevin , Russell Karen E. , Acierno Mark , Heatley J. Jill 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Coastal bird species are often affected by oil spills and can suffer damage to the kidneys, adrenal glands, salt glands, and gastrointestinal tract. Although hypothermia is often touted as the proximate cause of avian death in oil spill events, birds can ultimately succumb to these petroleum product-related injuries based on blood electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities caused by multiple organ dysfunction. However detection and treatment of these analyte abnormalities remains challenging because we know little of the nature of analytes in the healthy water bird. Blood samples were obtained from free living and rehabilitated healthy Mottled ducks (Anas fulvigula), Black-bellied whistling ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis), Yellow-Crowned Night Herons (Nyctanassa violacea) and Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) from 2008–2012. Blood gas, electrolyte, and select biochemical and hematological parameters were determined in the field with a patient side analyzer while complete blood counts, packed cell volumes and osmolalities were determined by standard laboratory methods. Reference intervals and 95% confidence intervals were determined and the effect of age, sex, body condition, time and date of sampling were also assessed for all analytes. Species, lifestyle, environment, and diet all appear to have an effect on “normal” electrolyte and acid base analytes in coastal birds. An increased plasticity of and tolerance to change in blood analytes may be a normal finding in these species which may facilitate care in the response setting. The reference intervals of apparently healthy coastal birds differed from mammalian values in some instances, however these intervals will assist in the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of these species in rehabilitation and oil spill response. These values can be used to assist biologists, rehabilitators and veterinarians in assessment, management and treatment of avian species in the event of environmental disturbance, such as oil spill, draught, or tropical storm as well as to assess overall ecosystem health via coastal birds as indicator species.
Action, not Alarm: Preparing for Oil Sands Response at the Local Level
Authors: Booth Sara , Macon Rhianna 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Canadian Oil Sands Products (OSP) are bitumen-derived fuels that present a variety of spill response challenges. Within the response community, however, these challenges should elicit preparedness actions, but not alarm. This paper will provide an overview of Canadian OSP; briefly describe the growing need for preparedness that is a result of the increased transportation of Canadian OSP within the U.S.; and introduce the concept that many aspects of a Canadian OSP response can be addressed through existing strategies and technologies. Most importantly, this paper will propose specific, low cost, high impact actions that can be taken at the local and regional level to better plan and prepare for a Canadian OSP spill response.
MOBEX Cayenne 2013: Lessons Learned & Response Enhancements Derived from the International Mobilization, Preparedness & Response Exercise in French Guiana
Authors: Schuler Paul A. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) and Clean Caribbean & Americas (CCA) conducted the first International Mobilization, Preparedness & Response Exercise (MOBEX) since the 2010 Gulf of Mexico “Macondo” incident and since the merger of CCA and OSRL in January 2013. The exercise was hosted by Shell Exploration & Production France SAS (Shell E&P), the operating partner of the Zaedyus joint venture drilling prospect offshore French Guiana. It was the first MOBEX to support a deep water exploratory drilling scenario. MOBEX Cayenne 2013, was conducted in French Guiana, May 15–17, 2013, and included the following five foundational exercise components found in all MOBEXs:Tabletop Exercise (Simulation)Mobilization of Tier 1 and 2 (Shell), and Tier 3 (OSRL) response equipment and personnelConference and Technical SeminarEquipment Deployment DemonstrationDelegate Exchange/Forum
A number of planning activities, and MOBEX itself, contributed to enhancing the overall oil spill preparedness capability in the operating area. Planning activities included coordination visits and meetings with operators and governmental authorities, familiarization with sensitive environmental resources, logistics planning within the international, national and local infrastructure, expansion of indigenous response capability through training of local responders and vessel operators, and familiarization with governmental policies and procedures across a wide range of issues. This paper discusses oil spill preparedness and response lessons learned and enhancements derived from the planning and conduct of MOBEX Cayenne 2013.
Guidelines to Prepare for Oil Sands Product Spills in Varied Aquatic Environments
Authors: Silliman Benjamin Douglas 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
On July 24, 2007, the Westridge Transfer Line in Burnaby, British Columbia, ruptured spilling 1,400 barrels of oil sands product into the area's storm water systems and eventually into the Burrard Inlet at Vancouver Harbor. The response to this spill was considered successful and there is no record of oil sinking. Several years later, in July of 2010, the Line 6B pipeline operated by Enbridge Energy Partners LLP ruptured spilling 20,082 barrels of oil sands product into the Kalamazoo River. In contrast to the Burnaby spill, this response was extremely difficult due to the sinking of large quantities of oil. The variance in fate and behavior of the oil sands products in these two spills demonstrates how environmental factors can result in different response challenges.
Many environmental factors affect the fate of spilled oil sands products in aquatic environments because bitumen, a large component of oil sands products, has a density greater than freshwater. By analyzing specific factors in areas at risk, responders can better prepare for, and expect, submergence in oil sands product spills. Areas identified to have low salinity, rough sedimentation, high turbidity, strong sunlight exposure, high temperatures, and strong currents have a high risk of submergence. Response teams in these areas of high risk should have submerged oil recovery equipment readily available for rapid deployment.
A numerical model to simulate the droplet formation process resulting from the release of diluted bitumen products in marine environment
Authors: Zhao Lin , Torlapati Jagadish , King Thomas , Robinson Brian , Boufadel Michel C. , Lee Kenneth 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
A numerical model that simulates the dispersion of oil due to the action of waves in the marine environment is presented. Model validations were performed in association with the wave tank experiments conducted in the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) Canada. Two dilbit products were considered: Access Western Blend and Cold Lake Blend. The oil droplet size distribution in the subsurface water column obtained from the experimental observations was reproduced using the droplet formation model. Special consideration was made for the simulation of wave effects on surface oil spills. Modeling results show the successful use of droplet formation model in the simulation of oil spills due to wave actions.
Dispersant Use in Ice-Affected Waters: Regulatory Status and Opportunities to Advance Decision Making
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward , Joeckel John , Daling Per 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
There is increasing interest in, and evolving technological capability to, conduct offshore oil and gas exploration and production operations in sensitive arctic regions. This has focused attention on oil spill preparedness and response for waters which have an ice cover for some part of the year. Given the logistical challenges associated with transporting and deploying mechanical equipment in these remote, ice-prone areas, the application of dispersants below and on the water surface is being considered as one of the ways to mitigate the impact of accidental oil spills from offshore exploration, production and transportation operations.
In 2013, the International Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) commissioned a study about using dispersants in ice-affected waters. Part of the study scope was a regulatory review concerning the dispersant use in twenty-one Northern Hemisphere nations having Arctic/ice-prone waters. An important issue for government policy and decision makers is considering where and when dispersant use might reduce the net economic and environmental damage from an oil spill. Industry is aware that their resources and knowledge can help inform nations as they examine dispersants as a response option. This paper presents an overview of the regulatory status regarding the use and/or limitations of dispersants in countries that have oil and gas exploration and production operations ice-affected waters; potential obstacles in decision making which may limit industry's ability to stand up the logistical infrastructure necessary to implement an effective dispersant operation; and potential strategies, e.g., industry technical support and stakeholder engagement, to address identified obstacles in countries with ice-affected waters.
Global Dispersant Stockpile: Part of the Industry Solution to Worst Case Scenario Readiness
Authors: Carter-Groves Melany 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Within the oil industry, the lessons learned from the Macondo incident, have prompted an in depth look into readiness for worst case scenarios in the future, giving rise to a number of Joint Industry Projects. One such project was the development of response-ready subsea well capping devices. Another initiative highlighted the need for an available stockpile of dispersant. The needs for this dispersant stock stems from the unprecedented amounts of dispersant called on during the Macondo incident, for use on the surface and through the new subsea injector systems. Dispersant suppliers need several weeks to begin production, and ongoing supply flagged up limitations in acquiring some of the raw materials for manufacture.
Oil Spill Response Ltd was given the responsibility of procuring and managing the stockpile for our member companies, as the project manager in charge of procurement and implementation. It made sense to utilize and expand on the logistics already in place for the dispersant stockpile. The dispersant purchased was 5000 cu.m. of the 3 dispersants with the widest global approval for use. The figure of 5000m3 was based on what was needed 30 days of subsea and aerial dispersant use during the Macondo incident.
Unfortunately, following the incident, there were a number of 3rd party claims against the manufacturers of the dispersant. This prompted the dispersant suppliers to seek protection from the legal implications of dispersant use. Achieving this protection had to be practical for those purchasing dispersants , as well as robust enough that the dispersant suppliers were comfortable supplying their product. This resulted in a significant amount of months spent on legal negotiations. Once an agreement was reached on these issues were settled, and after the initial 30 days of dispersant for response is in place, the ongoing project will look at working with suppliers to establish stocks of raw materials and making production more reliable during an incident, as well as working with members of the industry on contingency planning and logistical considerations surrounding the stock.
Companies who subscribed to the stockpile will have 5,000 cu.m. of dispersant, split into various locations around the globe, available for both small and large incidents. Future scope for the stockpile includes tabletop and mobilization exercises to test the speed and logistics of response in preparation for an incident, which the hope is, will never happen.
A Numerical Model for Oil Droplet Evolution Emanating from Blowouts
Authors: Zhao Lin , Boufadel Michel C. , Adams E. Eric , Socolofsky Scott A. , Lee Kenneth 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the details of a numerical model that is capable of simulating the droplet size distribution emanating from blowouts. The model was obtained as a result of combination of traditional mechanistic models developed in reactors with jet (or plume) models to predict the evolution of the plume away from the orifice. Inputs to the model include the energy dissipation rate (or the mixing energy) and holdup, which is the volume fraction of oil in the control volume. These parameters vary as the plume spreads away from the orifice. They have a maximum value near the orifice and rapidly decrease as moving away from the orifice. The model was validated using experimental data available in the literature. Subsequently, the model was used to predict the evolution of droplets in the Deepwater Horizon incident. The model provides the variation of the mean diameter and the droplet size distribution with depths away from the orifice. The sensitivity of different parameters, such as interfacial tension which could present the addition of dispersants was also evaluated.
PREDICTING NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES FROM OIL SPILLS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Dunford Richard W. , Lynes Melissa K. 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Most major oil spills in the United States result in some natural resource damages (NRD), which arise from injuries to natural resources and losses of their services. Other things being equal, larger spills lead to larger NRD. However, factors other than the number of gallons spilled can affect the subsequent amount of natural resource damages. These factors may include the type of oil spilled, the geographic location of the spill, the season in which the spill occurred, whether threatened and endangered species were injured, whether recreation closures occurred, whether the spill occurred in saltwater or freshwater, and other characteristics of the spill.
This paper presents a statistical model using multiple-regression analysis that explains variations in 86 NRD settlements for oil spills in the United States based on a variety of factors. The results of the statistical analysis identify which of the factors influence NRD settlements and the magnitude of the effect. Then, the results of the statistical model are used to predict a point estimate and 90% confidence interval for the NRD settlement for three hypothetical oil spills. Such predictions could give both Trustees (i.e., government agencies that pursue NRD claims on behalf of the public) and responsible parties a useful damage range, for planning purposes, within days of future oil spills.
Overview of Research into the Coastal Effects of the Macondo Blowout from the Coastal Waters Consortium: A GoMRI Consortium
Authors: Hooper-Bui Linda M , Rabalais Nancy N , Engel Annette S , Turner R Eugene , McClenachan G , Roberts B , Overton Edward B , Justic Dubravko , Strudivant Kersey , Brown Ken , Conover Jennifer 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
The Coastal Waters Consortium (CWC) led by Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium is one of eight Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative research consortia. The CWC focuses on: oil transport and fate, chemical evolution and biological degradation, and environmental effects.The following is an overview of a portion of the research conducted within the consortium. The consortium works in a system that was impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster and additionally impacted by freshwater diversions resulting in changes in salinity, tropical storms, and hurricanes. First, we conducted model simulations assessing oil transport into the Barataria Bay estuary, which indicate that easterly winds and feeding of the anticyclonic gyre in the Louisiana Bight pushed the oil into Barataria Bay. In subtidal sediments adjacent to oiled marshes, marsh detritus from eroding marsh edges eventually became entrained in the sediment column.
Biotic impacts vary. The above-ground plant biomass appears healthy at the individual sampling sites; overall the most seaward (i.e., likely oil-impacted) areas of Terrebonne and Barataria Bay have shown, via satellite data, a distinct decline in marsh vegetation coverage since 2010. Oysters appear to be affected by predation and salinity variation.
Microbial diversity from marsh-edge sediments is distinct from before and after the spill, and between unoiled and oiled marshes, with lower diversity in oiled marshes; but the greatest community composition shifts are in marshes affected by the freshwater diversions. Changes in microbial diversity in the water column at the stream-side edge of oiled marshes are extensive and are related to marsh edge erosion. In contrast, oiling of marshes had no impact on ammonia oxidizer or denitrifier abundances and on soil biogeochemical process rates 2+ years post-spill. Analysis of long-term offshore phytoplankton community and hypoxia data indicate some signal of the Macondo oil, but these components of the ecosystem remain mostly influenced by the fresh water and nutrients delivered by the Mississippi River. The consortium continues to work to tease apart oil impacts, effects of salinity, natural variation, and disturbance from tropical storms and hurricanes to determine the trajectory for health of shelf waters and Louisiana's marshes.
Alaskan North Slope Legacy Wells: Case Study
Authors: Starsman Jessica , Adamczak Ashley , DeRuyter Tom 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Various State of Alaska agencies, including the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC), are currently investigating 136 legacy wells within the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A) and surrounding lands. These legacy wells were drilled between 1944 and 1981 by federal agencies, including the United States Navy and United States Geological Survey, to explore oil reserve potential and to develop drilling techniques for Alaska's arctic.
In 2004, 2010 and 2013 the Bureau of Land Management released preliminary studies describing potential environmental risks at each site. Many wells include historic reserve pits, flare pits, crude and diesel oil releases, and discarded solid waste. Tundra damage and potential residual contamination are of great concern. Due to their remote locations, information on the current status of waste is limited. Regulatory agencies are developing a cleanup plan that is appropriate for their remote, Arctic environment.
Quantifying Tradeoffs – Net Environmental Benefits of Dispersant Use
Authors: McCay Deborah French , Graham Eileen 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Oil spill response often involves making decisions regarding dispersant usage; the potential tradeoffs of increasing exposure of water column biota to hydrocarbons in order to reduce surface and shoreline oiling needs to be carefully considered and justified. A modeling analysis using RPS ASA's Spill Impact Model Application Package (SIMAP) was performed to evaluate the likely water volume adversely affected by naturally- or chemically-dispersed oil, as well as the surface area impacted by floating oil, and summarized in guidance useful for response planners and decision-makers. Key inputs were varied: oil type, oil volume, environmental (e.g., wind speed, temperature) conditions, dispersant use, weathering state when dispersants are applied, and toxicity to aquatic biota. Model results, including water volume where acute toxic effects would occur and the area of water surface oiled (which would impact wildlife, as well as socioeconomic uses), are summarized in tabular form, as well as a software-tool for interpolation, to provide data for quantitative comparisons of tradeoffs. Findings show that for (effective) dispersant treatment of floating oil volumes up to 100,000 gal in a single location during a short period of time (&lt;1 hr; e.g., by a dispersant plane sortie), the area of surface water where water column biota would be affected would be much less than that affected by floating oil thick enough to directly affect wildlife. Thus, even if large volumes of oil are dispersed, a net environmental benefit may be achieved due to reduction or prevention of exposure to floating and shoreline oil, especially if the dispersant applications are over a wide area or over time.
Multi-stakeholder Marine Risk Assessments in Alaska: Updates from Cook Inlet and the Aleutian Islands
Authors: Fletcher Sierra , Pearson Leslie , Robertson Tim 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT
Marine risk assessments are underway for two operating areas of Alaska: one focuses on the most populated region of Alaska and the other on a much more remote area. Both assessments involve a combination of technical analysis and input based on the values and experiences of diverse stakeholders. Collectively, they represent the first implementation of a multi-stakeholder risk assessment process recommended in 2008 by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the U.S. National Academies.
The Aleutian Islands Risk Assessment (AIRA) has been underway since 2009, with a total budget of $3 million from the 2004 M/V Selendang Ayu grounding and oil spill settlement funds. A similar, though smaller, risk assessment was initiated for Cook Inlet in 2011. The Cook Inlet Risk Assessment (CIRA) has a total budget of $900,000. Both assessments seek to identify and evaluate risk reduction options to minimize the risk of oil spills from vessels of 300 GT or larger, or those with at least 10,000 gallons of fuel capacity.
Both projects are being conducted under the guidance of a small Management Team. The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation and U.S. Coast Guard sit on both Management Teams. The other Management Team members represent the additional relevant funding agencies: for Cook Inlet, this is the Cook Inlet Regional Citizens' Advisory Council (managing part of the funding for this project) and for the Aleutian Islands this is the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (managing the funds for this project). For each project, there is also a larger Advisory Panel, comprised of representatives of diverse and critical interests in each region, including the shipping and fisheries industries, local government, state and federal agencies, and environmental organizations. Advisory Panel members are selected by the Management team based on their local knowledge, expertise and understanding of the risk posed by the maritime transportation industry. Opportunities for public comment and engagement are provided, along with websites housing all project documents. There is also a Peer Review Panel for the AIRA project.
Though the AIRA and CIRA are still underway, this paper provides an update on the wide ranging risk reduction options being considered, the types of technical analyses done and, how these analyses have informed project direction and decision-making, and preliminary observations related to the approaches used.