bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic auction theory revisited
Authors: Dastidar Krishnendu Ghosh 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe revisit the benchmark model of auctions and consider a more general class of utility functions that allow for income effects. We assume that all individuals have the same utility function but have different incomes. Incomes are private information. We analyze first‐price, second‐price, and all‐pay auctions and show that non‐quasilinearity changes many basic results of the benchmark model. While Vickrey's () result on second‐price auctions is very robust, revenue equivalence breaks down even with risk‐neutral bidders, high enough incomes and identically and independently distributed types. In most cases, we find that all‐pay auctions fetch the highest expected revenue.
Formation and long‐run stability of cooperative groups in a social dilemma situation
Authors: Maruta Toshimasa , Okada Akira 
Published: February 2015

AbstractWe consider the formation and long‐run stability of cooperative groups in a social dilemma situation where the pursuit of individual interests conflicts with the maximization of social welfare. The adaptive play model of Young () is applied to a group formation game where voluntary participants negotiate to create an institution that enforces cooperation. For the class of group formation games with two types, the stochastically stable equilibrium can be characterized in terms of the Nash products of the associated hawk–dove games, which summarize the strategic interaction among the individuals in the game.
Crack Healing in Ti2Al0.5Sn0.5C–Al2O3 Composites
Authors: Bei Guo Ping , Pedimonte Birgit Joana , Pezoldt Marc , Ast Johannes , Fey Tobias , Goeken Mathias , Greil Peter 
Published: February 2015

Oxidation induced crack healing of Al2O3 composites loaded with a MAX phase based repair filler (Ti2Al0.5Sn0.5C) was examined. The fracture strength of 20 vol% repair filler loaded composites containing artificial indent cracks recovered fully to the level of the virgin material upon isothermal annealing in air atmosphere after 48 h at 700°C and 0.5 h at 900°C. SEM‐EBSD analysis of crack microstructure indicates two different oxidation reaction regimes to govern the crack filling: near the surface SnO2, TiO2, and Al2O3 were formed whereas deeply inside the cracks Al2O3 and TiO2 and metallic Sn were detected. The presence of elemental Sn was attributed to partial oxidation of aluminum and titanium which lowered the local oxygen concentration below a threshold value required for Sn oxidation to SnO2. Thus, Ti2Al0.5Sn0.5C may represent an efficient repair filler system to trigger oxidation induced crack healing in ceramic composites at temperatures below 1000°C.
A mixed‐method study of effects of a therapeutic play intervention for children on parental anxiety and parents' perceptions of the intervention
Authors: He Hong‐Gu , Zhu Li‐Xia , Chan Wai‐Chi Sally , Liam Joanne Li Wee , Ko Saw Sandar , Li Ho Cheung William , Wang Wenru , Yobas Piyanee 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAimTo examine the effects of a therapeutic play intervention for children on parents' perioperative anxiety, the relationship between parents' and their children's anxiety and to explore parents' perceptions of the intervention.BackgroundTherapeutic play intervention was found to reduce children's perioperative anxiety. Little is known about how such an intervention for children affects their parents' anxiety.DesignA mixed method of randomized controlled trial with qualitative process evaluation was used.MethodsNinety‐five pairs of parents and children were recruited between November 2011–August 2013 and randomized into a control or an intervention group. The State Anxiety Scale for Children and the State Anxiety Scale for Adults were used to measure children's and parents' anxiety, respectively, at baseline, on surgery day and around 24 hours after surgery. Parents were interviewed about their perceptions of the intervention. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22·0 and thematic analysis.ResultsThere was no difference in parents' anxiety after participating with their child in the intervention compared with usual care. There were significantly positive relationships between parents' and their children's baseline anxiety and parents' postoperative anxiety and their children's pre‐operative anxiety. Four themes were identified: reducing anxiety, increasing knowledge and understanding about anaesthetic procedure, the worthiness of attending the intervention and suggestions for improvement of the intervention.ConclusionsTherapeutic play intervention had no significant effect on parents' perioperative anxiety. Parents' and their children's perioperative anxiety are correlated. Parents perceived the intervention as helpful preparation for themselves and for their children undergoing elective surgery.
Government Ownership and Dividend Policy: Evidence from Newly Privatised Firms
Authors: Ben‐Nasr Hamdi 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn this paper we examine the relationship between government ownership and dividend policy. Using a multinational sample of newly privatised firms from 43 countries, we find strong and robust evidence indicating that dividend payout is negatively related to government ownership, consistent with the predictions of agency theory. We also find that country‐level corporate governance affects the relationship between government ownership and dividend policy. Specifically, the adverse effects of government ownership on dividend policy are more pronounced in countries with weak law and order and a lower level of checks and balances. Our results are important, as they show that government ownership, as well as the institutional environment, does in fact affect the critical corporate policies, such as dividend policy, of newly privatised firms.
Towards a balanced view of pike in Ireland: a reply to Ensing
Authors: Pedreschi Debbi , Mariani Stefano 
Published: February 2015

AbstractIn our recent study of the population genetics of pike (Esox lucius) in Ireland (Pedreschiet al.,,Journal of Biogeography,41, 548–560), we reported the existence of two main demographic units and showed that these may correspond to two independent and temporally staggered colonization events, the first of which may have been too old to be caused or assisted by human translocations. Ensing (2015,Journal of Biogeography, doi:10.1111/jbi.12410) first used our genotypic data to explore alternative historical scenarios, then attempted to reconcile the ‘two‐wave’ colonization process of Ireland by pike with translocation activities by humans in Neolithic/Bronze age times. Here we illustrate why the evidence base for Ensing's reconstruction is weak and we outline a realistic strategy to better understand the role of pike in Irish freshwater ecosystems.
Treatment of oral malodour. Medium‐term efficacy of mechanical and/or chemical agents: a systematic review
Authors: Slot Dagmar E. , De Geest Sophie , van der Weijden Fridus A. , Quirynen Marc 
Published: February 2015

AbstractFocused questionWhat is the effect of a dentifrice (DF), a mouthwash (MW), tongue cleaning (TC), or any combination of these as adjunct to toothbrushing on intra‐oral malodour and tongue coating as compared to toothbrushing alone in systemically healthy patients, when used for a minimum follow‐up period of 2 weeks?Material and MethodsThe MEDLINE‐PubMed, Cochrane‐CENTRAL and EMBASE databases were searched up to August 2014. Measurements of Volatile Sulphur Compounds and organoleptic scores of oral malodour were selected as outcome variables. Data were extracted and a descriptive analysis was performed.ResultsIndependent screening of 1054 unique papers resulted in 12 eligible clinical trials with a medium‐term (≥2 weeks) duration. The majority of studies provided a significant reduction in oral malodour when evaluating products with an active ingredient (incorporated into a DF or a MW) used adjunctively to toothbrushing. The added value of tongue cleaning over a MW was evaluated in one study.ConclusionDue to very limited evidence, the potential effect of a specifically formulated dentifrice, a mouthwash or a tongue scraper for treating oral malodour is, in general, unclear. For mouthwashes containing the active ingredients chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium chloride + zinc (CHX + CPC + Zn) and zinc chloride + cetylpyridinium chloride (ZnCl + CPC) most evidence was available. The strength of a recommendation to use these products was graded to be ‘weak’.
Java project on periodontal diseases: periodontal bone loss in relation to environmental and systemic conditions
Authors: Amaliya A. , Laine Marja L. , Delanghe Joris R. , Loos Bruno G. , Van Wijk Arjen J. , Van der Velden Ubele 
Published: February 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo assess in a population deprived from regular dental care the relationship between alveolar bone loss (ABL) and environmental/systemic conditions.Material & MethodsThe study population consisted of subjects from the Purbasari tea estate on West Java, Indonesia. A full set of dental radiographs was obtained of each subject and amount of ABL was assessed. In addition, the following parameters were evaluated: plasma vitamin C, vitamin D3, HbA1c and CRP, the haptoglobin phenotype, presence of putative periodontopathic bacteria and viruses, dietary habits, smoking and anthropometrics.ResultsIn this population 45% showed vitamin C depletion/deficiency, 82% had vitamin D3 insufficiency/deficiency, 70% were in a pre‐diabetic state, 6% had untreated diabetes, 21% had elevated CRP values ranging from 3.1 to 16.1 mg/l. Results of the regression analysis, including all above mentioned parameters, showed four significant predictors, explaining 19.8% of the variance of ABL. Number of Porphyromonas gingivalis cells and CRP values showed a positive relationship with ABL, whereas BMI and number of guava fruit servings were negatively related.ConclusionResults confirm previous findings that elevated levels of P. gingivalis may be indicative for periodontitis progression. A new finding is that guava fruit consumption may play a protective role in periodontitis in a malnourished population.
Primary and secondary prevention of periodontal and peri‐implant diseases
Authors: Tonetti Maurizio S. , Chapple Iain L. C. , Jepsen Søren , Sanz Mariano 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundPeriodontitis prevalence remains high. Peri‐implantitis is an emerging public health issue. Such a high burden of disease and its social, oral and systemic consequences are compelling reasons for increased attention towards prevention for individuals, professionals and public health officials.MethodsSixteen systematic reviews and meta‐reviews formed the basis for workshop discussions. Deliberations resulted in four consensus reports.ResultsThis workshop calls for renewed emphasis on the prevention of periodontitis and peri‐implantitis. A critical element is the recognition that prevention needs to be tailored to the individual's needs through diagnosis and risk profiling. Discussions identified critical aspects that may help in the large‐scale implementation of preventive programs: (i) a need to communicate to the public the critical importance of gingival bleeding as an early sign of disease, (ii) the need for universal implementation of periodontal screening by the oral health care team, (iii) the role of the oral health team in health promotion and primary and secondary prevention, (iv) understanding the limitations of self‐medication with oral health care products without a diagnosis of the underlying condition, and (v) access to appropriate and effective professional preventive care.ConclusionsThe workshop provided specific recommendations for individuals, the oral health team and public health officials. Their implementation in different countries requires adaptation to respective specific national oral health care models.
Self‐injurious implicit attitudes among adolescent suicide attempters versus those engaged in nonsuicidal self‐injury
Authors: Dickstein Daniel P. , Puzia Megan E. , Cushman Grace K. , Weissman Alexandra B. , Wegbreit Ezra , Kim Kerri L. , Nock Matthew K. , Spirito Anthony 
Published: February 2015

BackgroundSuicide is among the most important mental health issues affecting adolescents today despite much research on its detection and prevention. Beyond suicide attempts (SAs), clinicians are increasingly confronted with another, potentially related problem: non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI)—defined as the deliberate destruction of body tissue without intent to die. NSSI may increase risk for making an SA by sevenfold, but many studies examining this link have involved youths engaging in both NSSI and SAs. Thus, there is a need to compare homogeneous groups of adolescents engaged in NSSI‐only or SA‐only, but not both, to advance what is known about each form of self‐harm. The self‐injurious implicit association task (SI‐IAT) is a particularly important computerized behavioral task to study such adolescents because the SI‐IAT provides objective behavioral data about problems for which people may lack insight or be motivated to conceal, such as SAs and NSSI.MethodsWe evaluated implicit associations with cutting and death/suicide using the computerized SI‐IAT in three mutually exclusive groups: (1) adolescents who made an SA but had never engaged in NSSI (n = 47); (2) adolescents who engaged in NSSI but had never made an SA (n = 46); and (3) typically developing control (TDC) adolescents without history of psychiatric problems (n = 43).ResultsNonsuicidal self‐injury participants had stronger identification with cutting versus no cutting than either SA or TDC participants. Contrary to our hypothesis, NSSI participants had stronger identification with suicide/death versus life than either SA or TDC participants.ConclusionsStrong implicit attitudes towards suicide/death among adolescents with NSSI without a prior SA suggest that clinicians should not dismiss NSSI as not serious. Further work is required to elucidate the mechanism by which youths engaged in NSSI acquire these stronger identifications and make a first‐time SA to develop novel treatment and prevention strategies blocking this transformation, ultimately reducing youth suicide.
Diversity and the maintenance of sex by parasites
Authors: Ashby B. , King K. C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractThe Red Queen hypothesis (RQH) predicts that parasite‐mediated selection will maintain sexual individuals in the face of competition from asexual lineages. The prediction is that sexual individuals will be difficult targets for coevolving parasites if they give rise to more genetically diverse offspring than asexual lineages. However, increasing host genetic diversity is known to suppress parasite spread, which could provide a short‐term advantage to clonal lineages and lead to the extinction of sex. We test these ideas using a stochastic individual‐based model. We find that if parasites are readily transmissible, then sex is most likely to be maintained when host diversity is high, in agreement with the RQH. If transmission rates are lower, however, we find that sexual populations are most likely to persist for intermediate levels of diversity. Our findings thus highlight the importance of genetic diversity and its impact on epidemiological dynamics for the maintenance of sex by parasites.
Contemporary evolution of plant reproductive strategies under global change is revealed by stored seeds
Authors: Thomann M. , Imbert E. , Engstrand R. C. , Cheptou P.‐O. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractGlobal change is expected to impose new selection pressures on natural populations. Phenotypic responses, such as earlier phenology in response to climate warming, have been repeatedly observed in the field. The recent pollinator decline is also expected to change selection on reproductive traits in flowering plants. However, it remains unclear whether short‐term adaptation of plant reproductive strategies occurs in response to global change. In this study, we report the evolution of some important reproductive traits of the annual self‐incompatible weed Centaurea cyanus. In a common garden experiment, we germinated stored seeds, sampled 18 years apart from the same location, in a region where warmer springs and indices of pollinator decline have been reported. Compared to the ancestral population (1992), our results showed that plants of the descendant population (2010) flowered earlier and also produced larger capitula with longer receptivity and a larger floral display. QST–FST comparisons indicated that natural selection has likely contributed to the evolution of some of the traits investigated. Lower FST within temporal samples than among spatial samples further suggests a limited role of gene flow from neighbouring populations. We therefore propose that trait shifts could partly be due to adaptation to global change.
Development of a Hyperspectral Imaging System for the Early Detection of Apple Rottenness Caused by Penicillium
Authors: Zhang Bao‐Hua , Li Jiang‐Bo , Zheng Ling , Huang Wen‐Qian , Fan Shu‐Xiang , Zhao Chun‐Jiang , Meng Qing‐da 
Published: February 2015

AbstractAutomatic detection of early rottenness caused by Penicillium is still a challenge due to the high similarity between the rotten region and sound tissue, and the large variations in surface background color of apples. A hyperspectral reflectance imaging system and a systematic approach were developed to detect the early rottenness caused by Penicillium on Fuji apples. The principal component analysis of the hyperspectral reflectance images in the full region (400–1,000 nm) of spectra was used to develop hyperspectral image analytical algorithm and select the efficient wavelengths. Independent component analysis (ICA) based on the selected efficient wavelengths (810 and 970 nm, respectively) and simple thresholding methods were used to segment and classify the rottenness from the sound tissue. Finally, ICA‐based image processing and classification algorithm was developed based on the images at 810 and 970 nm to realize the fast inspection of early rottenness. The detection result with 97% overall accuracy indicated that the proposed system and algorithm were efficient and suitable for the detection of the early rottenness caused by Penicillium on Fuji apples. This study was the first attempt to use hyperspectral imaging system to detect the early rottenness caused by Penicillium on Fuji apples and would lay a foundation for the development of multispectral imaging system for fast inspection of rottenness. The limitation of our research is the limited inspection view of the samples. Future work will be focused on simultaneous whole surface inspection using multispectral imaging system.Practical ApplicationsThe algorithm and results in our paper can provide a foundational basis to develop a real‐time inspection system to detect rottenness on apples in the postharvest processing line, or develop a monitoring system to monitor the quality changes in storage shelf.
Predictive validity of the HCR‐20 for inpatient aggression: the effect of intellectual disability on accuracy
Authors: O'Shea L. E. , Picchioni M. M. , McCarthy J. , Mason F. L. , Dickens G. L. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundPeople with intellectual disability (ID) account for a large proportion of aggressive incidents in secure and forensic psychiatric services. Although the Historical, Clinical, Risk Management 20 (HCR‐20) has good predictive validity in inpatient settings, it does not perform equally in all groups and there is little evidence for its efficacy in those with ID.MethodA pseudo‐prospective cohort study of the predictive efficacy of the HCR‐20 for those with ID (n = 109) was conducted in a UK secure mental health setting using routinely collected risk data. Performance of the HCR‐20 in the ID group was compared with a comparison group of adult inpatients without an ID (n = 504). Analysis controlled for potential covariates including security level, length of stay, gender and diagnosis.ResultsThe HCR‐20 total score was a significant predictor of any aggression and of physical aggression for both groups, although the area under the curve values did not reach the threshold for a large effect size. The clinical subscale performed significantly better in those without an ID compared with those with. The ID group had a greater number of relevant historical and risk management items. The clinicians' summary judgment significantly predicted both types of aggressive outcomes in the ID group, but did not predict either in those without an ID.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that, after controlling for a range of potential covariates, the HCR‐20 is a significant predictor of inpatient aggression in people with an ID and performs as well as for a comparison group of mentally disordered individuals without ID. The potency of HCR‐20 subscales and items varied between the ID and comparison groups suggesting important target areas for improved prediction and risk management interventions in those with ID.
A study examining the relationship between alexithymia and challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Davies B. E. , Frude N. , Jenkins R. , Hill C. , Harding C. 
Published: February 2015

AbstractBackgroundResearch suggesting that people with intellectual disabilities (ID) have difficulties in recognising emotions provides a rationale for studying alexithymia in this population. A number of studies have found a relationship between alexithymia and challenging behaviours in various populations and this study aims to discover if this is the case for people with ID.MethodCross‐sectional data were collected from 96 participants with ID and 95 of their carers. The service user participants completed an alexithymia questionnaire for children while carers completed the checklist for challenging behaviour and the observer alexithymia scale. Correlational analyses were employed to explore relationships between the variables.ResultsThe relationship between service user and carer‐rated alexithymia was very weak. The analysis did show significant associations between observer‐rated alexithymia and challenging behaviour frequency, management difficulty and severity, but there was no significant relationship between challenging behaviour and alexithymia as rated by service users themselves.ConclusionsThis study suggests that observer‐rated alexithymia is important in understanding challenging behaviour presented by people with ID. Service user‐rated alexithymia had no association with challenging behaviour, in contrast to the results from similar research with other challenging populations.