bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pilot study to develop an assessment tool for sheep welfare after long journey transport
Authors: Messori S , Sossidou E , Buonanno M , Mounaix B , Barnard S , Vousdouka V , Dalla Villa P , de Roest K , Spoolder H 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSheep transport within Europe involves 9.5 million animals yearly, 63% of which travel over long journeys (> 8 h). Livestock transport, particularly over long journeys, gives rise to concern about the welfare of transported animals. The European Commission stimulates the development of market-oriented animal welfare standards for all phases of livestock production, providing an alternative to the ‘regulatory approach’. This study aimed to develop and test a new sheep welfare assessment protocol to be used following transport, irrespective of the journey purpose. The protocol included outcome (animal-based measures) and input variables (resource-based and management-based measures), being welfare-relevant aspects of both transport and unloading procedures. Weighted Cohen's Kappa and Fleiss’ Kappa index of agreement were calculated to evaluate the raters accuracy and the inter-observer reliability. Overall, good agreement levels were found. The protocol was tested on 40 commercial transports arriving at previously selected assembly centres and slaughterhouses in Italy and Greece. The protocol was found to be feasible when applied to commercial transports, allowing for a comprehensive and quick sheep welfare assessment during unloading, wthout impairing stockman work. Univariate analysis was carried out to evaluate associations between outcome and input variables. In this study, significant association between outcome measures and risk factors were identified when associated to unloading procedures but not to travel conditions. In collaboration with the relevant stakeholders, this protocol might be developed into a tool for routine checks for certification purposes and could provide direct feedback to all professionals involved in animal transportation on the weaknesses and strengths of their work.
Initiatives d’adoption des affaires électroniques et performance des petites entreprises
Authors: Bellaaj Moez 
Published: October 2015

Les travaux portant sur les antécédents et l’impact d’adoption d’un e-projet par les petites entreprises (PE) sont relativement rares. De même, les expériences réussies dans ce domaine ne sont pas très nombreuses. Pourtant, les affaires électroniques sur Internet peuvent offrir aux PE beaucoup d’avantages et représenter de nouvelles opportunités. Ainsi, cette recherche tente d’éclaircir la question suivante : comment adopter des initiatives performantes des affaires électroniques par les petites entreprises ?Afin de répondre à cette question, un modèle conceptuel a été élaboré en se basant sur les travaux passés et un protocole empirique composé d’études de cas, d’entrevues avec des experts et une enquête par questionnaire a été mobilisé selon une méthodologie pluraliste.
L’écosystémie sous l’angle des discours
Authors: Boulanger Dany 
Published: October 2015

Nous situant au coeur du débat sur le statut de l’écosystémie dans les métiers relationnels, nous présentons ce construit sous l’angle des discours. Nous nous attardons aux discours des auteurs eux-mêmes comme mode d’approche d’un tel construit. Plus spécifiquement, nous procédons à une analyse critique du discours véhiculé par Bronfenbrenner autour de l’approche écosystémique qu’il a élaborée progressivement entre les années 1950 et 1980. Nous appuyant sur Gergen et Gergen (1986) ainsi que sur Törrönen (2000, 2001a, 2001b), nous en ciblons quatre caractéristiques dans une perspective diachronique : les buts, la classification, la narrativité et le positionnement des acteurs.
Safety and Tolerability of Delayed-Release Dimethyl Fumarate Administered with Interferon Beta or Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Calkwood Jonathan , Vollmer Timothy , Fox Robert J. , Zhang Ray , Novas Mark , Sheikh Sarah I. , Viglietta Vissia 
Published: October 2015

Background: Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF; also known as gastroresistant DMF) is indicated for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of this study was to explore the safety and tolerability of DMF when administered with interferon beta (IFNβ) or glatiramer acetate (GA).
Methods: Patients with relapsing-remitting MS receiving established therapy with the same dose of IFNβ or GA for at least 12 months continued their prescribed therapy for 2 months (monotherapy period) and then received DMF 240 mg three times daily in addition to their prescribed MS therapy for 6 months (add-on therapy period). Safety and magnetic resonance imaging outcomes were monitored monthly.
Results: During the add-on therapy period, in the DMF+IFNβ (n = 57) and DMF+GA (n = 47) groups, the overall incidence of adverse events was 95% and 100%, respectively; the most common adverse events were flushing, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In both groups, mean lymphocyte counts decreased but remained within normal limits, and hepatic transaminase levels increased transiently; no case met Hy's law criteria. There was no overall increased risk of infection. In both groups, gadolinium-enhancing lesion activity and new/enlarging T2 lesions decreased compared with the monotherapy period (exploratory endpoints).
Conclusions: The safety profile of DMF taken with IFNβ or GA was acceptable and consistent with the known safety profile of DMF monotherapy.
Investigation of crystallinity and planar defects in the Si nanowires grown by vapor–liquid–solid mode using indium catalyst for solar cell applications
Authors: Khan Muhammad Ajmal , Ishikawa Yasuaki , Kita Ippei , Tani Ayumi , Yano Hiroshi , Fuyuki Takashi , Konagai Makoto 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Stacking-fault-free and planar defect (twinning plane)-free In-catalyzed Si nanowires (NWs) are essential for carrier transport and nanoscale device applications. In this article, In-catalyzed, vertically aligned, and cone-shaped Si NWs on Si(111) were grown successfully, in the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mode. In particular, the influences of substrate temperature (T
S) and cooling rate (ΔT
S/Δt) on the formation of planar defects, twinning planes along the [112] direction, and stacking faults in Si NWs were investigated. When T
S was decreased from 600 °C to room temperature at a rate of 100 °C/240 s after Si NW growth, twinning plane defects perpendicular to the substrate and along different segments of (111)-oriented Si NWs were observed. Finally, one simple model was proposed to explain the stacking fault formation as well as Si NW length limitation due to the In-nanoparticle (In-NP) migration, and root causes of the twinning plane defects in the Si-NWs.
The Gas Transfer through Polar Sea ice experiment: Insights into the rates and pathways that determine geochemical fluxes
Authors: Lovely A. , Loose B. , Schlosser P. , McGillis W. , Zappa C. , Perovich D. , Brown S. , Morell T. , Hsueh D. , Friedrich R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractSea ice is a defining feature of the polar marine environment. It is a critical domain for marine biota and it regulates ocean‐atmosphere exchange, including the exchange of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4. In this study, we determined the rates and pathways that govern gas transport through a mixed sea ice cover. N2O, SF6, 3He, 4He, and Ne were used as gas tracers of the exchange processes that take place at the ice‐water and air‐water interfaces in a laboratory sea ice experiment. Observation of the changes in gas concentrations during freezing revealed that He is indeed more soluble in ice than in water; Ne is less soluble in ice, and the larger gases (N2O and SF6) are mostly excluded during the freezing process. Model estimates of gas diffusion through ice were calibrated using measurements of bulk gas content in ice cores, yielding gas transfer velocity through ice (kice) of ∼5 × 10−4 m d−1. In comparison, the effective air‐sea gas transfer velocities (keff) ranged up to 0.33 m d−1 providing further evidence that very little mixed‐layer ventilation takes place via gas diffusion through columnar sea ice. However, this ventilation is distinct from air‐ice gas fluxes driven by sea ice biogeochemistry. The magnitude of keff showed a clear increasing trend with wind speed and current velocity beneath the ice, as well as the combination of the two. This result indicates that gas transfer cannot be uniquely predicted by wind speed alone in the presence of sea ice.
Frictional properties of gabbro at conditions corresponding to slow slip events in subduction zones
Authors: Mitchell E. K. , Fialko Y. , Brown K. M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe conducted a series of experiments to explore the rate and state frictional properties of gabbro at conditions thought to be representative of slow slip events (SSEs) in subduction zones. The experiments were conducted using a heated direct shear apparatus. We tested both solid and simulated gouge samples at low effective normal stress (5–30 MPa) over a broad range of temperatures (20–600°C) under dry and hydrated conditions. In tests performed on dry solid samples, we observed stable sliding at low temperatures (20–150°C), stick slip at high temperatures (350–600°C), and a transitional “episodic slow slip” behavior at intermediate temperatures (200–300°C). In tests performed on dry gouge samples, we observed stable sliding at all temperatures. Under hydrated conditions, the gouge samples exhibited episodic slow slip and stick‐slip behavior at temperatures between 300 and 500°C. Our results show a decrease in the rate parameter (a − b) with temperature for both solid and gouge samples; friction transitions from velocity strengthening to velocity weakening at temperature of about 150°C for both solid and gouge samples. We do not observe transition to velocity‐strengthening friction at the high end of the tested temperature range. Our results suggest that the occurrence of slow slip events and the downdip limit of the seismogenic zone on subduction megathrusts cannot be solely explained by the temperature dependence of frictional properties of gabbro. Further experimental studies are needed to evaluate the effects of water fugacity and compositional heterogeneity (e.g., the presence of phyllosilicates) on frictional stability of subduction megathrusts.
Glacial Atlantic overturning increased by wind stress in climate models
Authors: Muglia Juan , Schmittner Andreas 
Published: October 2015

AbstractPrevious Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (PMIP) simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) showed dissimilar results on transports and structure. Here we analyze the most recent PMIP3 models, which show a consistent increase (on average by 41 ± 26%) and deepening (663 ± 550 m) of the AMOC with respect to preindustrial simulations, in contrast to some reconstructions from proxy data. Simulations run with the University of Victoria (UVic) ocean circulation model suggest that this is caused by changes in the Northern Hemisphere wind stress, brought about by the presence of ice sheets over North America in the LGM. When forced with LGM wind stress anomalies from PMIP3 models, the UVic model responds with an increase of the northward salt transport in the North Atlantic, which strengthens North Atlantic Deep Water formation and the AMOC. These results improve our understanding of the LGM AMOC's driving forces and suggest that some ocean mechanisms may not be correctly represented in PMIP3 models or some proxy data may need reinterpretation.
Field evidence of beach profile evolution toward equilibrium
Authors: Ludka B. C. , Guza R. T. , O'Reilly W. C. , Yates M. L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn equilibrium framework is used to describe the evolution of the cross‐shore profile of five beaches (medium grain size sand) in southern California. Elevations were observed quarterly on cross‐shore transects extending from the back beach to 8 m depth, for 3–10 years. Transects spaced 100 m in the alongshore direction are alongshore averaged into nineteen 700–900 m long sections. Consistent with previous observations, changes about the time average profile in many sections are captured by the first mode empirical orthogonal function (EOF). The first EOF poorly describes sections with hard substrate (less than roughly 80% sandy bottom) and also fails near the head of a submarine canyon and adjacent to an inlet. At the 12 well‐described sections, the time‐varying amplitude of the first EOF, the beach state A, describes the well‐known seasonal sand exchange between the shoreline and offshore (roughly between 4 and 7 m depth). We show that the beach state change rate dA/dt depends on the disequilibrium between the present state A and wave conditions, consistent with the equilibrium concepts of Wright and Short (1984) and Wright et al. (1985). Empirically determined, optimal model coefficients using the framework of Yates et al. (2009a, 2011) vary between sections, but a single set of globally optimized values performs almost as well. The model implements equilibrium concepts using ad hoc assumptions and empirical parameter values. The similarity with observed profile change at five southern California beaches supports the underlying model equilibrium hypotheses, but for unknown reasons the model fails at Duck, NC.
Factors governing the deep ventilation of the Red Sea
Authors: Papadopoulos Vassilis P. , Zhan Peng , Sofianos Sarantis S. , Raitsos Dionysios E. , Qurban Mohammed , Abualnaja Yasser , Bower Amy , Kontoyiannis Harilaos , Pavlidou Alexandra , Asharaf T. T. Mohamed , Zarokanellos Nikolaos , Hoteit Ibrahim 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA variety of data based on hydrographic measurements, satellite observations, reanalysis databases, and meteorological observations are used to explore the interannual variability and factors governing the deep water formation in the northern Red Sea. Historical and recent hydrographic data consistently indicate that the ventilation of the near‐bottom layer in the Red Sea is a robust feature of the thermohaline circulation. Dense water capable to reach the bottom layers of the Red Sea can be regularly produced mostly inside the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez. Occasionally, during colder than usual winters, deep water formation may also take place over coastal areas in the northernmost end of the open Red Sea just outside the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez. However, the origin as well as the amount of deep waters exhibit considerable interannual variability depending not only on atmospheric forcing but also on the water circulation over the northern Red Sea. Analysis of several recent winters shows that the strength of the cyclonic gyre prevailing in the northernmost part of the basin can effectively influence the sea surface temperature (SST) and intensify or moderate the winter surface cooling. Upwelling associated with periods of persistent gyre circulation lowers the SST over the northernmost part of the Red Sea and can produce colder than normal winter SST even without extreme heat loss by the sea surface. In addition, the occasional persistence of the cyclonic gyre feeds the surface layers of the northern Red Sea with nutrients, considerably increasing the phytoplankton biomass.
Evidence of upwelling events at the northern Patagonian shelf break
Authors: Valla Daniel , Piola Alberto R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe Patagonian shelf break marks a transition between relative warm‐fresh shelf waters and relative cold‐salty Subantarctic Water advected northward by the Malvinas Current. From early spring to late autumn, the outer shelf region is characterized by a band of high chlorophyll concentration that sustains higher trophic levels, including significant fisheries. We analyze time series of current and water mass property observations collected at two moorings deployed at the shelf edge at 41°S and 43.8°S to investigate what mechanisms lead to temperature variability at the shelf break, and their role on the nutrient supply to the upper layer. The in situ data are combined with satellite‐derived observations of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a to analyze a sharp cooling event at the outer shelf that lasted 10 days and extended ∼500 km along the outer shelf. The event is consistent with upwelling of cold waters through the base of the mixed layer. The vertical velocity required to explain the observed cooling is 13–29 m d−1. Satellite‐derived sea surface temperature reveals additional cooling events of similar characteristics. Seventy‐five percent of these events are concurrent with surface chlorophyll increase over a 5 day period suggesting that cooling events observed at the shelf break are associated with nutrient fluxes that promote the growth of phytoplankton.
Intraseasonal variability of upwelling in the equatorial Eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: Chen Gengxin , Han Weiqing , Li Yuanlong , Wang Dongxiao , Shinoda Toshiaki 
Published: October 2015

AbstractBy analyzing satellite observations and conducting a series of ocean general circulation model experiments, this study examines the physical processes that determine intraseasonal variability (ISV) of the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) upwelling for the 2001–2011 period. The ISV of EIO upwelling—as indicated by sea level, thermocline depth, and sea surface temperature (SST)—is predominantly forced by atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs), and shows larger amplitudes during winter‐spring season (November–April) when atmospheric ISOs are stronger than summer‐fall (May–October). The chlorophyll (Chl‐a) concentration, another indicator of upwelling, however reveals its largest intraseasonal variability during May–October, when the mean thermocline is shallow and seasonal upwelling occurs. For both winter‐spring and summer‐fall seasons, the ISV of EIO sea level and thermocline depth is dominated by remote forcing from the equatorial Indian Ocean wind stress, which drives Kelvin waves that propagate along the equator and subsequently along the Sumatra‐Java coasts. Local wind forcing within the EIO plays a secondary role. The ISV of SST, however, is dominated by upwelling induced by remote equatorial wind only during summer‐fall, with less contribution from surface heat fluxes for this season. During winter‐spring, the ISV of SST results primarily from shortwave radiation and turbulent heat flux induced by wind speed associated with the ISOs, and local forcing dominates the SST variability. In this season, the mean thermocline is deep in the warm pool and thus thermocline variability decouples from the ISV of SST. Only in summer‐fall when the mean thermocline is shallow, upwelling has important impact on SST.
An evaluation of CMAQ NO2 using observed chemistry‐meteorology correlations
Authors: Harkey Monica , Holloway Tracey , Oberman Jacob , Scotty Erica 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe evaluate nitrogen dioxide (NO2) simulations from a widely used air quality model, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, using ground‐ and satellite‐based observations. In addition to direct comparison of modeled and measured variables, we compare the response of NO2 to meteorological conditions and the ability of the model to capture these sensitivities over the continental U.S. during winter and summer periods of 2007. This is the first study to evaluate relationships between NO2 and meteorological variables using satellite data, the first to apply these relationships for model validation, and the first to characterize variability in sensitivities over a wide geographic and temporal scope. We find boundary layer height, wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity to be the most important variables in determining near‐surface NO2 variability. Consistent with earlier studies on NO2‐meteorology relationships, we find that, in general, NO2 responds negatively to planetary boundary height, negatively to wind speed, and negatively to insolation. Unlike previous studies, we find a slight positive association between precipitation and NO2, and we find a consistently positive average association between temperature and NO2. CMAQ agreed with relationships observed in ground‐based data from the EPA Air Quality System and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument over most regions. However, we find that the southwest U.S. is a problem area for CMAQ, where modeled NO2 responses to insolation, boundary layer height, and other variables are at odds with the observations.
Limits on the brittle strength of planetary lithospheres undergoing global contraction
Authors: Klimczak Christian 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe degree and depth of fracturing of the lithospheres of Mars, Mercury, and the Moon remain poorly known. It is these two properties, however, that govern the mechanical behavior of a planetary lithosphere. Considering the lithosphere as a cohesive rock mass that consists of small and large blocky, interlocked rock fragments, as opposed to an intact body or a body entirely lacking cohesion, provides insight into the effect of lithospheric fracturing on tectonic processes on these bodies. Characterization of the near‐surface lithospheric brittle strength that incorporates the degree of fracturing is necessary for a realistic assessment of the lithospheric response to global contraction resulting from interior secular cooling. Such an assessment shows that all of these bodies could have accommodated substantial amounts of global contraction prior to the formation of thrust fault‐related landforms. In fact, their lithospheres were sufficiently strong so as to experience changes in radius of as much as 2.2 ± 0.4 km (Mars), 2.1 ± 0.4 km (Mercury), and 1.4 ± 0.3 km (the Moon) prior to the onset of widespread thrust faulting. These values imply that the process of global contraction begins before any evidence of it is established in the geologic record, requiring an earlier onset, and for Mars and Mercury a faster initial strain rate, of global contraction than previously thought. Such results add a heretofore unrecognized component of planetary radial decrease with implications for timing and strain rate to studies of global contraction on Mars, Mercury, and the Moon, in particular, and to planetary bodies, in general.
Uniformly rotating global radiative‐convective equilibrium in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5
Authors: Reed Kevin A. , Chavas Daniel R. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractA standard atmospheric general circulation model is run in a uniformly rotating global radiative‐convective equilibrium configuration to explore the equilibrium state, including the statistics of its constituent tropical cyclones, and its sensitivity to horizontal resolution. The Community Atmosphere Model 5 (CAM5) is run at the conventional resolution of approximately 100 km grid spacing and a high resolution of 25 km grid spacing globally. The setup uses an aqua‐planet configuration with spatially uniform, diurnally varying insolation, uniform fixed sea surface temperatures, and a uniform rotation rate equal to that at 10°N. The resulting state is one in which tropical cyclones fill the global domain, such that storm count and outer storm size covary strongly. At higher resolution, the storm inner core is more intense and compact but the size of the outer circulation decreases only marginally, and storm count increases in a manner consistent with this decrease in size. Furthermore, the size of the wind field and precipitation fields are highly correlated. A simple analytical model is found to robustly reproduce the radial structure of the broad outer storm circulation. Finally, the minimum central pressure is demonstrated to be an exclusive function of peak azimuthal‐mean wind speed and outer storm size. Despite significant changes in the statistics of storm count, intensity, and structure, the mean environment, including the potential intensity, is nearly identical for both simulations. Results are compared with the nonrotating case from a prior study, and a generalized conceptual framework for the interpretation of aggregation with or without rotation is proposed.