bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Analysis of SurfacesUpdate based on the original article by Steffen Oswald,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Oswald Steffen 
Published: March 2013

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is an analytical technique that uses photoelectrons excited by X‐ray radiation (usually Mg Kα or Al Kα) for the characterization of surfaces to a depth of 2–5 nm. Elemental identification and information on chemical bonding are derived from the measured electron energy and energy shifts, respectively. The use of ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) during analysis requires special sample handling. Depth profiling is possible using ion sputtering.In contrast to the most popular surface analytical technique, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), nonconducting material can be investigated, weak material damage occurs, and the chemical shifts are easier to interpret. However, the lateral resolution of the complementary AES technique (typically down to 20 nm) is much better than for XPS (50 µm for standard equipment, down to lower than 3 µm for dedicated instruments). The detection limit (of about 0.1 at%) is not as low as for mass spectroscopic techniques, but the quantification from XPS peak area measurements is more reliable, even disclaiming standard sample measurements.This article briefly discusses the principles of the technique, sample requirements, and the typical measuring strategy. Possible information sources (elements, chemical bonding, depth and lateral distributions) are described and their quantification principles are summarized. The main part deals with typical applications relating to several material classes (metals, semiconductors, insulators, and polymers) to give an impression of the capabilities of the method over a wide range of research and technological problems. A comparison with further complementary analytical techniques is given as a summary.Technological developments in electronics, nanotechnology, polymers, biotechnology, and medicine are all concerned with surface‐related phenomena, suggesting sustained interest in XPS in the foreseeable future.
Background Correction Methods in Atomic Absorption SpectrometryUpdate based on the original article by Margaretha T.C. de Loos‐Vollebregt,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: de Loos‐Vollebregt Margaretha T.C. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractAtomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is based on the absorption of element‐specific primary source radiation by analyte atoms. If part of the radiation is absorbed by molecules or lost owing to scattering, a higher gross absorbance is measured. The difference between the net absorption of the analyte atoms and the measured gross absorbance is calledbackground absorbance. Background absorption and scattering effects have much more serious effects on the results produced in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) than flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).The amount of incident light deflected or absorbed by nonatomic species must be measured to obtain the correct net absorbance of the analyte atoms only. Perfect background correction (BC) can be obtained only when the background absorbance measurement corresponds exactly in space, time, and wavelength with the atomic absorbance measurement. Since exact coincidence of all three parameters is obviously impossible, it is customary to give priority to the equality in space and to make the difference in time and/or wavelength as small as possible. Although molecular absorption and radiation scattering are both broadband phenomena, there is no spectral range where constant background attenuation can be guaranteed.In all BC systems, two measurements are made. The total or gross absorbance is measured at the wavelength of the atomic absorption line, and the background attenuation is then subtracted to obtain the analyte absorbance. There are several ways in which the nonatomic absorption at the resonance wavelength can be estimated, including continuum‐source (CS) or deuterium‐lamp (D2‐lamp) BC, Zeeman‐effect BC, and pulsed‐lamp or Smith–Hieftje BC correction methods. The principle of each method, the instrumentation, and applications are discussed. D2‐lamp BC is widely used in FAAS and ETAAS. Pulsed‐lamp BC is sometimes used in FAAS but more often in ETAAS. Zeeman‐effect BC is only used in ETAAS.
Far‐Ultraviolet (
FUV
) Spectroscopy in the Solid and Liquid States, Principle, Instrumentation, and Application of
Authors: Morisawa Yusuke , Goto Takeyoshi , Ikehata Akifumi , Higashi Noboru , Ozaki Yukihiro 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
This article outlines recent progress in ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy in the 140–280 nm region of solid and liquid phases. In this article, we refer to the 120–200 nm region as the far‐UV (FUV) region. The word ‘vacuum UV region’ is not appropriate any more at least for the 120–200 nm region because most of recent spectrometers used in this region do not have the vacuum evaporation system but have the nitrogen gas purged system. FUV spectroscopy is concerned with electronic transitions of a molecule, but the absorptivity is very high in the FUV region, and, therefore, this region has been employed to investigate mainly for the electronic states and structure of gas molecules. To observe spectra of solid samples in the FUV region, reflection spectroscopy has been used. However, for liquid samples, in general, it is very difficult to use either absorption spectroscopy or reflection spectroscopy. Accordingly, FUV spectroscopy for liquid samples has almost been an undeveloped research area. To solve these difficulties in FUV spectroscopy we have recently developed a totally new FUV spectrometer based on the attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique that enables us to measure spectra of liquid and solid samples in the 140–280 nm region. This spectrometer has opened up a new era of FUV spectroscopy. This article consists of seven parts: (i) introduction to FUV spectroscopy, (ii) characteristics and advantages of FUV spectroscopy for the study of liquids and solids, (iii) development of new FUV spectrometers, (iv) FUV studies of liquid water and aqueous solutions, (v) FUV spectra of organic molecules in the liquid states, (vi) potential applications of FUV spectroscopy in liquid and solid states, and (vii) time‐resolved (TR) FUV spectroscopy. This article demonstrates that FUV holds considerable promise not only in basic science but also in applications such as qualitative and quantitative analyses, on‐line monitoring, environmental geochemical analysis, and surface analysis.
High‐Resolution 4DImaging in Live Cells
Authors: Shamir Maya , Kaganovich Daniel 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe technological sophistication of microscopy approaches has grown by leaps and bounds over the past decade. This has yielded microscopes capable of greater sensitivity, faster acquisition, and higher resolution, as well as fluorophores and imaging tools that demonstrate more and more diversity of properties and applications. Yet for all the putative improvements to the cell biologists' tool kit, the application of potentially invaluable tools to unsolved scientific problems is still in its infancy. The purpose of our review is to discuss important innovations in live‐cell imaging, focusing on practical considerations for probing biological systems at the molecular level while remaining rooted in a live‐cell context.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Nanotechnology: Applications in Clinical Diagnostics and Monitoring
Authors: Skewis Lynell R. , Demas Vasiliki , Lowery Thomas J. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Significant progress has been made over the last two decades toward the development of cutting edge diagnostics using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and T
2
magnetic resonance (T2MR). The MNP‐based assay design, termed
magnetic relaxation switch
(MRSw) biosensing, has allowed for the application of T2MR to a wide range of clinical diagnostics. In MRSw assays, superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) switch between dispersed and agglomerated states and affect the T2MR relaxation rate of surrounding water molecules. Sensitive T2MR relaxation measurements can be performed in complex, heterogeneous, biological samples owing to their inherently low magnetic background. MRSw assays have been designed for rapid and sensitive detection of disease biomarkers, pathogens, and cancer cells in both simulated samples and clinical studies.
Behavioral Science Evidence
Authors: Edwards Carl N. 
Published: March 2013

Abstract“Novel” behavioral theories and classifications have had a tendency to create both “victims” and causes of action. Typically, these proposed conditions are advanced during a period of social change, anxiety, and as a seeming means of righting some historic wrong. Case congregations provide a vivid record of shifts and corrections in the judicial process. Most problems are self‐correcting, given an open forum and a public, both willing to accept new ideas in its effort to do the right thing, and also able to recognize mistakes.
Stalking
Authors: Mohandie Kris 
Published: March 2013

AbstractStalking is an old behavior but has relatively recently been criminalized in most industrialized countries. It is a common problem with 4.5% Americans in the United States reporting having been stalked. Females are most likely the victim by a male offender, but males and females are both well represented as victims and suspects. There are four main categories of stalker: intimate, acquaintance, public figure, and private stranger. Stalkers obsess and pursue, and their pursuit often occurs across multiple venues: in‐person, electronic, via third parties, mail, and cyberspace. Each type of stalker has its own pursuit pattern and violence risk, with intimate stalkers being the most potentially dangerous (74% violence rate). Stalkers are known to engage in a multitude of offenses, including both affective and predatory violence. Victims often inadvertently reinforce stalking behavior. Successful threat management utilizes a team approach and takes into account multiple variables, including mobility, approach attempts, motivation, weapons' access, entitlement, and feelings of hopelessness.
Dating: Document
Authors: Weyermann Céline 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe determination of the age of a document is a very frequent query; however, it is also one of the most challenging and controversial areas of questioned document examination. Several approaches have been defined to address this problem. The first focuses on the inherent properties of the ink, namedtime tags, such as the introduction date of raw constituents of paper or ink on the market. The second approach is based on theagingof documents, which is unfortunately influenced not only by the passage time, but also by the storage conditions and the document composition. The third approach considers the relative age of the documents and aims at reconstructing theirchronology. The three approaches are equally complex to develop, and the number of problems encountered is not negligible. This article aims to expose the potential applications and limitations of current ink dating methods. Method development and validation as well as the interpretation of evidence prove to be essential criteria for the dating of documents.
Capacity to Consent to Medical Treatment
Authors: Edelstein Barry A. , Gould Christine E. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe number of older adults is growing rapidly. Most adults aged 65 and older suffer from at least one chronic disease, and many suffer from several medical conditions. With increasing age comes more opportunities to make medical decisions. A number of disorders that can compromise cognitive functioning and threaten medical decision‐making capacity become more likely with increasing age (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). In addition, there are several age‐related changes in cognitive skills that can impair decision making. Here, we consider the assessment of the capacity to consent to medical treatment, with a focus on medical decision making by older adults. A brief history of the doctrine of informed consent is presented as context for appreciating the challenge of performing a clinical assessment of consent capacity that is informed by law. Guidelines for assessment and a clinical model for guiding assessment are presented, followed by a brief discussion on assessment instruments.
Northwest Juvenile Project
Authors: Mccoy Kathleen P. , Teplin Linda A. , Abram Karen M. 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe Northwestern Juvenile Project (NJP) is the first large‐scale, prospective longitudinal study of alcohol, drug, and mental (ADM) disorders in juvenile detainees. The NJP examines (i) changes in ADM disorders and comorbidity as youth age; (ii) patterns of mental‐health service use over time; and (iii) pathways and patterns of drug use, violence, and risk behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) over time. Participants were randomly sampled from the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center in Chicago, Illinois, at intake. To obtain enough data to compare key subgroups, the sample was stratified on the following variables: age (10–3 or 14–18 years), gender, race/ethnicity (African American, non‐Hispanic white, and Hispanic), and legal status (processed as a juvenile or an adult). The final sample includes 1829 participants, a sample size large enough to allow for reliable estimates of uncommon disorders, comorbidity of disorders, and high‐risk behaviors. The longitudinal design of the NJP spans three critical developmental periods: adolescence, emerging adulthood, and young adulthood. Published results from the NJP indicate the substantial need for ADM disorder services and HIV/AIDS prevention among juvenile detainees. Data from projects such as the NJP are essential to policy makers addressing the many needs of juvenile detainees.
Alkali Metal tert‐Butoxides, Hydrides and Bis(trimethylsilyl)amides as Efficient Homogeneous Catalysts for Claisen–Tishchenko Reaction
Authors: Rajesh Kunjanpillai , Berke Heinz 
Published: March 2013

AbstractShelf‐available alkali metal tert‐butoxides, hydrides and bis(trimethylsilyl)amides were shown to be highly efficient homogeneous precatalysts for the disproportionation of aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic esters. Potassium compounds in combination with 18‐crown‐6 ether could drastically increase the rate of reaction in a few cases. Alternatively, efficient aldol condensations were found for aldehydes possessing an enolizable methylene group at the α‐position to the aldehyde functionality. The active species involved in this esterification using any of these alkali metal catalysts is expected to be the metal alkoxide. Potassium compounds were found to be much more efficient when compared to analogous sodium compounds and kinetic studies revealed the rate‐determining step to be a second order concerted hydride transfer from a potassium hemiacetal species to another molecule of aldehyde.
Trisomy 21 and facial developmental instability
Authors: Starbuck John M. , Cole Theodore M. , Reeves Roger H. , Richtsmeier Joan T. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTThe most common live‐born human aneuploidy is trisomy 21, which causes Down syndrome (DS). Dosage imbalance of genes on chromosome 21 (Hsa21) affects complex gene‐regulatory interactions and alters development to produce a wide range of phenotypes, including characteristic facial dysmorphology. Little is known about how trisomy 21 alters craniofacial morphogenesis to create this characteristic appearance. Proponents of the "amplified developmental instability" hypothesis argue that trisomy 21 causes a generalized genetic imbalance that disrupts evolutionarily conserved developmental pathways by decreasing developmental homeostasis and precision throughout development. Based on this model, we test the hypothesis that DS faces exhibit increased developmental instability relative to euploid individuals. Developmental instability was assessed by a statistical analysis of fluctuating asymmetry. We compared the magnitude and patterns of fluctuating asymmetry among siblings using three‐dimensional coordinate locations of 20 anatomic landmarks collected from facial surface reconstructions in four age‐matched samples ranging from 4 to 12 years: 1) DS individuals (n = 55); 2) biological siblings of DS individuals (n = 55); 3) and 4) two samples of typically developing individuals (n = 55 for each sample), who are euploid siblings and age‐matched to the DS individuals and their euploid siblings (samples 1 and 2). Identification in the DS sample of facial prominences exhibiting increased fluctuating asymmetry during facial morphogenesis provides evidence for increased developmental instability in DS faces. We found the highest developmental instability in facial structures derived from the mandibular prominence and lowest in facial regions derived from the frontal prominence. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:49–57, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polypropylene/polyethylene blends as models for high‐impact propylene‐ethylene copolymers, part 2: Relation between composition and mechanical performance
Authors: Kock Cornelia , Aust Nicolai , Grein Christelle , Gahleitner Markus 
Published: March 2013

AbstractThe relation between composition and mechanical performance of a series of binary polyolefin blends was studied in this article. A fractionation of these model compounds with temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) was applied to study the possibility to fractionate industrially relevant heterophasic polyolefin systems. The separation quality according to molecular structures or chemical composition was found to be good for most of the systems, but especially the separation of ethylene‐propylene random copolymer and high density polyethylene by TREF turned out to be difficult if not impossible. An extensive mechanical characterisation including the determination of brittle‐to‐ductile transition curves showed significant effects of modifier type and amount. Toughness effects can be related primarily to the modulus differences between modifier and matrix. Compatibility and particle size only have a secondary influence, but must be considered for a detailed interpretation of the mechanics of the investigated systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A historical feeding ground for humpback whales in the eastern South Pacific revisited: the case of northern Patagonia, Chile
Authors: Hucke‐Gaete R. , Haro D. , Torres‐Florez J.P. , Montecinos Y. , Viddi F. , Bedriñana‐Romano L. , Nery M.F. , Ruiz J. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACT

Since 2000, an increasing number of humpback whale sightings have been recorded in northern Chilean Patagonia (mostly between 41.5°S and 44°S) from dedicated aerial and marine surveys and also opportunistic and land‐based platforms during austral summer and autumn months.
Based on local knowledge from the early years of coastal whaling suggesting the historic presence of humpback whales in the area, and more recent observations confirming feeding groups, mother–calf pairs, and philopatry, it is proposed that a proportion of the eastern South Pacific humpback whales consistently use the Chiloe‐Corcovado region to feed and nurse their young.
This mid‐latitude area could be regarded as the northernmost feeding ground for humpback whales in South America, extending the previous known range some 1300 km north.
These findings provide further evidence for alternative life‐strategies other than traditional migration and highlight the importance of northern Patagonian fjords to resolve questions that are central for large baleen whale conservation and management such as the extent and characteristics of spatio‐temporal habitat use and overlap with human activities.
The need for future research on the migratory movements and population structure of this poorly understood population of humpback whales is emphasized, while an account is given of the threats they currently face. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic Surface Control of Constrained Hypersonic Flight Models with Parameter Estimation and Actuator Compensation
Authors: Xu Bin , Huang Xiyuan , Wang Danwei , Sun Fuchun 
Published: March 2013

AbstractIn this paper, the robust adaptive controller is investigated for the longitudinal dynamics of a generic hypersonic flight vehicle. The proposed methodology addresses the issue of controller design and stability analysis with respect to parametric model uncertainty and input saturations for the control‐oriented model. The velocity and attitude subsystems are transformed into the linearly parameterized form. Based on the parameter projection estimation, the dynamic inverse control is proposed via the back‐stepping scheme. In order to avoid the problem of “explosion of complexity,” by introducing a first‐order filtering of the synthetic input at each step, the dynamic surface control is designed. The closed‐loop system achieves uniform ultimately bounded stability. The compensation design is employed when the input saturations occur. Simulation results show that the proposed approach achieves good tracking performance.
Design and testing of bicyclic inhibitors of Grb7—are two cycles better than one?
Authors: Gunzburg Menachem J. , Ambaye Nigus D. , Del Borgo Mark P. , Perlmutter Patrick , Wilce Jacqueline A. 
Published: March 2013

ABSTRACTGrb7 is an adapter protein involved in the propagation of signals in cancer cell migration and proliferation, and is thus a target for the development of novel anti‐cancer agents. An 11‐residue thioether‐cyclized peptide known as G7‐18NATE has previously been developed, that inhibits Grb7 via specific interactions with its SH2 domain with micromolar affinity. Here we explore whether the peptide binding is enhanced by the addition of a second linkage designed to restrain the peptide in its bound conformation and thus reduce the entropic loss upon binding. The use of an O‐ally ser covalent linkage between residue positions 1 and 8 successfully enhanced the affinity, and ITC showed that the entropic loss was reduced. A peptide with thioether‐cyclization exchanged for an amide linkage showed reduce affinity, though the formation of a disulfide bond between positions 1 and 8 in this peptide enhanced its binding. This study paves the way for improving the G7‐18NATE scaffold for second generation inhibitors of Grb7. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 100: 543–549, 2013.