bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aluminum‐Catalyzed Hydroalkoxylation at Elevated Temperatures: Fast and Simple Access to Coumarans and Other Oxygen Heterocycles
Authors: Schlüter Johannes , Blazejak Max , Hintermann Lukas 
Published: August 2013

AbstractAn aluminum‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of nonactivated alkenes is presented as a powerful synthetic tool for the preparation of oxygen heterocycles, which are of major interest for the preparation of biological and pharmaceutical active compounds. The aluminum isopropoxide catalyzed (5 mol %) cyclization of 2‐allylphenols at elevated temperatures (250 °C, 20 min) provides 2‐methylcoumarans (2‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydrobenzofuran) in an exceptionally fast, simple, and economic manner. Moreover, heating of allyl aryl ethers with aluminum isopropoxide (5 mol %) gives 2‐methylcoumarans by a tandem Claisen rearrangement–hydroalkoxylation reaction. For either reaction, the catalyst tolerates a broad scope of substrates with various functional groups. By using the weakly electrophilic aluminum alkoxide as the catalyst, occurrence of “hidden Brønsted acid” catalysis can be excluded under the present reaction conditions.
High‐Nitrogen‐Based Pyrotechnics: Perchlorate‐Free Red‐ and Green‐Light Illuminants Based on 5‐Aminotetrazole
Authors: Sabatini Jesse J. , Moretti Jared D. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPrototype testing of perchlorate‐free hand‐held signal illuminants for the US Army’s M126 A1 red‐star and M195 green‐star parachute illuminants are described. Although previous perchlorate‐free variants for these items have been developed based on high‐nitrogen compounds that are not readily available, the new formulations consist of anhydrous 5‐aminotetrazole as the suitable perchlorate replacement. Compared to the perchlorate‐containing control, the disclosed illuminants exhibited excellent stabilities toward various ignition stimuli and had excellent pyrotechnic performance. The illuminants are important from both military and civil fireworks perspectives, as the perchlorate‐free nature of the illuminants adequately address environmental concerns associated with perchlorate‐containing red‐ and green‐light‐emitting illuminants.
A Chimeric SERM–Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Approach to Breast Cancer Therapy
Authors: Patel Hitisha K. , Siklos Marton I. , Abdelkarim Hazem , Mendonca Emma L. , Vaidya Aditya , Petukhov Pavel A. , Thatcher Gregory R. J. 
Published: August 2013

AbstractBreast cancer remains a significant cause of death in women, and few therapeutic options exist for estrogen receptor negative (ER (−)) cancers. Epigenetic reactivation of target genes using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors has been proposed in ER (−) cancers to resensitize to therapy using selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) that are effective in ER (+) cancer treatment. Based upon preliminary studies in ER (+) and ER (−) breast cancer cells treated with combinations of HDAC inhibitors and SERMs, hybrid drugs, termed SERMostats, were designed with computational guidance. Assay for inhibition of four type I HDAC isoforms and antagonism of estrogenic activity in two cell lines yielded a SERMostat with 1–3 μM potency across all targets. The superior hybrid caused significant cell death in ER (−) human breast cancer cells and elicited cell death at the same concentration as the parent SERM in combination treatment and at an earlier time point.
Evaluation of Industrially Applied Heat‐Transfer Fluids as Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier Systems
Authors: Brückner Nicole , Obesser Katharina , Bösmann Andreas , Teichmann Daniel , Arlt Wolfgang , Dungs Jennifer , Wasserscheid Peter 
Published: August 2013

AbstractLiquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) systems offer a very attractive method for the decentralized storage of renewable excess energy. In this contribution, industrially well‐established heat‐transfer oils (typically sold under trade names, e.g., Marlotherm) are proposed as a new class of LOHC systems. It is demonstrated that the liquid mixture of isomeric dibenzyltoluenes (m.p. −39 to −34 °C, b.p. 390 °C) can be readily hydrogenated to the corresponding mixture of perhydrogenated analogues by binding 6.2 wt % of H2. The liquid H2‐rich form can be stored and transported similarly to diesel fuel. It readily undergoes catalytic dehydrogenation at temperatures above 260 °C, which proves its applicability as a reversible H2 carrier. The presented LOHC systems are further characterized by their excellent technical availability at comparably low prices, full registration of the H2‐lean forms, and excellent thermal stabilities.
Phenotype profiling of primary testicular diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Menter Thomas , Ernst Martina , Drachneris Julius , Dirnhofer Stephan , Barghorn Andre , Went Philip , Tzankov Alexandar 
Published: August 2013

AbstractPrimary testicular diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (tDLBCL) are rare neoplasms with few comprehensive studies conducted so far. We aimed to systematically characterize the phenotype of tDLBCL.Forty‐five patients from three Swiss hospitals diagnosed with tDLBCL between 1972 and 2009 were reviewed and included in this study. A tissue microarray was assembled, and the protein expression profiles were assessed by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the C‐MYC locus.All tDLBCL expressed CD79a, followed by CD20 (98% of cases) and CD19 (93%). One case expressed the germ cell marker OCT4 and showed a rearrangement of C‐MYC. Eighty‐two per cent of cases showed active STAT signalling by expression of either pSTAT1 or pSTAT3 or both, but not pSTAT5. The p53 was overexpressed in 10% of cases, but p21 staining (∆p21/p53) did not suggest the presence of TP53 mutations. tDLBCL had a median MIB1 labelling index of 40%, and only 6% of cases appeared to have C‐MYC rearrangements. Most cases were of the non‐germinal centre type (77%), and showed as expected for this cell of origin B‐cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) rearrangements only in 4% and amplifications in 15% of cases, whereas BCL6 was rearranged in 48% of cases. CXCR4 was expressed in 52% of cases, and high CXCR4 expression was of prognostic significance for progression‐free survival (p = 0.003). Because 84% of cases expressed nuclear p50, the canonical NF‐κB signalling pathway seems to be active.Multimarker phenotyping is important for lineage determination of tDLBCL. Occasionally, tDLBCL can express germ cell markers like OCT4, and they have active STAT signalling mediated through pSTAT1 and pSTAT3 and active canonical NF‐κB signalling. tDLBCL are of non‐germinal centre/post‐germinal centre cell origin and not hyperproliferative. TP53 mutations are unlikely, and C‐MYC as well as BCL2 rearrangements are rare, whereas BCL6 is commonly rearranged. CXCR4 might prove to be the first protein‐based prognostic marker for tDLBCL, inciting studies in larger cohorts corroborating these findings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective Molarity Redux: Proximity as a Guiding Force in Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Hobert Elissa M. , Doerner Amy E. , Walker Allison S. , Schepartz Alanna 
Published: August 2013

AbstractThe cell interior is a complex and demanding environment. An incredible variety of molecules jockey to identify the correct position – the specific interactions that promote biology, which are often hidden among countless unproductive options. Ensuring that the business of the cell is successful requires sophisticated mechanisms to impose temporal and spatial specificity – both on transient interactions and their eventual outcomes. Two strategies employed to regulate macromolecular interactions in a cellular context are colocalization and compartmentalization. Macromolecular interactions can be promoted and specified by localizing the partners within the same subcellular compartment, or by holding them in proximity through covalent or non‐covalent interactions with proteins, lipids, or DNA – themes that are familiar to any biologist. The net result of these strategies is an increase in effective molarity: the local concentration of a reactive molecule near its reaction partners. We will focus on this general mechanism, employed by nature and adapted in the lab, which allows delicate control in complex environments: the power of proximity to accelerate, guide, or otherwise influence the reactivity of signaling proteins and the information that they encode.
Assessment of incident spine and hip fractures in women and men using finite element analysis of CT scans
Authors: Kopperdahl David L , Aspelund Thor , Hoffmann Paul F , Sigurdsson Sigurdur , Siggeirsdottir Kristin , Harris Tamara B , Gudnason Vilmundur , Keaveny Tony M 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACT

Finite element analysis of computed tomography (CT) scans provides noninvasive estimates of bone strength at the spine and hip. To further validate such estimates clinically, we performed a 5-year case-control study of 1110 women and men over age 65 years from the AGES-Reykjavik cohort (case = incident spine or hip fracture; control = no incident spine or hip fracture). From the baseline CT scans, we measured femoral and vertebral strength, as well as bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip (areal BMD only) and lumbar spine (trabecular volumetric BMD only). We found that for incident radiographically confirmed spine fractures (n = 167), the age-adjusted odds ratio for vertebral strength was significant for women (2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8 to 4.3) and men (2.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.2) and for men remained significant (p = 0.01) independent of vertebral trabecular volumetric BMD. For incident hip fractures (n = 171), the age-adjusted odds ratio for femoral strength was significant for women (4.2, 95% CI 2.6 to 6.9) and men (3.5, 95% CI 2.3 to 5.3) and remained significant after adjusting for femoral neck areal BMD in women and for total hip areal BMD in both sexes; fracture classification improved for women by combining femoral strength with femoral neck areal BMD (p = 0.002). For both sexes, the probabilities of spine and hip fractures were similarly high at the BMD-based interventional thresholds for osteoporosis and at corresponding preestablished thresholds for “fragile bone strength” (spine: women ≤ 4500 N, men ≤ 6500 N; hip: women ≤ 3000 N, men ≤ 3500 N). Because it is well established that individuals over age 65 years who have osteoporosis at the hip or spine by BMD criteria should be considered at high risk of fracture, these results indicate that individuals who have fragile bone strength at the hip or spine should also be considered at high risk of fracture. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Sonographic findings of pure ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Lee Mi Hee , Ko Eun Young , Han Boo‐Kyung , Shin Jung Hee , Ko Eun Sook , Hahn Soo Yeon 
Published: August 2013

ABSTRACTPurposeTo investigate the characteristic sonographic (US) findings of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in a large series.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the US findings of 126 cases of pure DCIS in 123 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for breast cancer in our hospital. We analyzed the US findings of the lesions according to mass or nonmass abnormality, shape, margin, orientation, echogenicity, echotexture, boundary echo, posterior acoustic features, presence of associated ductal dilatation, presence of intralesional cystic focus, and presence of microcalcifications on US. We compared the US characteristics of pure DCIS with and without mammographic microcalcifications.ResultsSeventy‐eight cases of pure DCIS had microcalcifications and 48 had no microcalcifications on mammography (MG). Overall, 109 cases (86.5%) of pure DCIS were demonstrated on US. DCIS with microcalcifications on MG showed positive US findings in 79.5% of cases. The most common US finding was heterogeneous hyper‐ or isoechoic parenchyma with intralesional microcalcifications and without posterior acoustic features. DCIS without microcalcifications on MG showed positive US findings in 97.9% of cases. The most common US findings were masses with round or oval shape, microlobulated margin, parallel orientation, heterogeneous mild hypoechogenicity, and without boundary echo or posterior acoustic features. Ductal dilatations and intralesional cystic foci were present in 17.5% (22/126) and 23.8% (30/126) of pure DCIS, respectively.ConclusionsOverall, US could demonstrate 85.7% of pure DCIS cases, including 16 (12.7%) cases of clinically and mammographically occult pure DCIS. DCIS with and without microcalcifications on MG showed different US characteristics. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 41:465–471, 2013;
Fast response liquid crystal mode
Authors: Lee Chung‐Yung , Tseng Man‐Chun , Kwok Hoi‐Sing 
Published: August 2013

AbstractA novel fast nematic liquid crystal mode is proposed. It relies on the fast relaxation flow from bend state to the twisted state in the optically compensated bend mode. Such new liquid crystal mode is indeed an improved mode from the optically compensated bend mode as it does not require any holding voltage. The new liquid crystal mode has fast response time and high contrast. The proposed fast liquid crystal mode is a good candidate for applications, such as optical shutter, field sequential color display, and 3D display.
Emerging Synthetic Strategies for Core Cross‐Linked Star (CCS) Polymers and Applications as Interfacial Stabilizers: Bridging Linear Polymers and Nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Qijing , Cao Xueteng , Xu Yuanyuan , An Zesheng 
Published: August 2013

Core cross‐linked star (CCS) polymers become increasingly important in polymer science and are evaluated in many value‐added applications. However, limitations exist to varied degrees for different synthetic methods. It is clear that improvement in synthetic efficiency is fundamental in driving this field moving even further. Here, the most recent advances are highlighted in synthetic strategies, including cross‐linking with cross‐linkers of low solubility, polymerization‐induced self‐assembly in aqueous‐based heterogeneous media, and cross‐linking via dynamic covalent bonds. The understanding of CCS polymers is also further refined to advocate their role as an intermediate between linear polymers and polymeric nanoparticles, and their use as interfacial stabilizers is rationalized within this context.
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The Design Carport – A self‐supporting folded steel sheet structure
Authors: Ernst Claudia , Brunier Knut 
Published: August 2013

AbstractIn the design and making of complex architectural systems, sheet metal is still predominantly used as a cladding material. The objective here is to integrate innovative digital and analogue methodologies to develop a design system for a self‐supporting lightweight structure entirely based on the use of sheet metal as a construction material.A digital working methodology which is informed by fabrication techniques, material behavior and structural performance allows for a highly precise product and a coherent fabrication process.
Factor‐inhibiting hypoxia‐inducible factor expression in patients with high‐risk locally advanced renal cell carcinoma and its relationship with tumor progression
Authors: Deng Shi , Zhang Peng , Zeng Hao , Wang Wei , Jin Tao , Wang Jia , Dong Qiang 
Published: August 2013

AbstractHypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) plays an important role in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) associated with angiogenesis. Factor‐inhibiting HIF (FIH), which is the upstream mediator protein of HIF, is receiving more attention today. In the present study, the role of FIH expression in high‐risk locally advanced renal cell carcinoma (LARCC) was explored. Eighty‐eight high‐risk LARCC cases were divided into two groups based on their prognosis. Using immunohistochemical staining, the correlations of FIH expression along with clinicopathological factors, progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. FIH was mainly located in the cytoplasm (34/88) and nucleus (31/88) of the renal tumor cell. Nuclear negative expression or cytoplasmic positive expression of FIH were associated with an increased risk of disease progression (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001, respectively) and worse OS (p = 0.020 and p = 0.008, respectively). Using the group with nuclear and cytoplasmic FIH negative expression as reference, further stratified analysis found that the exclusive nuclear FIH expression group had a better PFS and OS [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.153, p = 0.07 and HR = 0, p = 0.961, respectively], and the exclusive cytoplasmic FIH positive group experienced the worst PFS and OS (HR = 2.876, p = 0.005 and HR = 2.799, p = 0.034, respectively). In addition, nuclear negative expression of FIH was associated with a significant negative predictive value for the effect of interferon‐alpha (IFN‐α) on PFS (p = 0.045). The nuclear negative and cytoplasmic positive expressions of FIH were identified not only as risk factors for disease progression in high‐risk LARCC postoperative patients, but also to be associated with poor OS. Furthermore, the nuclear negative expression of FIH may be a promising biomarker for postoperative adjuvant therapy.
The role of cognitive event‐related potentials in executive dysfunction
Authors: Lai Chiou‐Lian , Lin Ruey‐Tay , Liou Li‐Min , Yang Yuan‐Han , Liu Ching‐Kuan 
Published: August 2013

AbstractFrontal lobes are great and are a late‐developing region of the neocortex that play a critical role in human behavior and executive function. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of event‐related potentials (ERPs) in executive dysfunction and its relationship between generator mechanism and cognitive significance. We recruited 20 patients with frontal lobe lesion (FLL) and 27 age‐matched controls. All patients submitted to comprehensive Frontal Test Battery and auditory ERPs measurement. In comparison with controls, the patients with FLL had significantly decreased executive function and manifested the delay of P300 latency, which reflected a delay of mental processing speed in these patients. Our findings suggest that patients with FLL may have prolonged P300 latency, which has a good correlation with executive dysfunction, poor performance, and longer P300 latencies. P300 ERPs are considered to be a useful method to identify the alteration of frontal‐parietal connection.
Wavering Courts: From Impunity to Accountability in Uruguay
Authors: SKAAR ELIN 
Published: August 2013

AbstractMany Latin American countries are moving towards increased accountability for past human rights violations, and there is a growing global consensus that international law does not allow some crimes simply to be exempted from prosecution. Uruguay has had a deeply split response to these developments. While the Supreme Court and the political elite increasingly pushed to end impunity, the public actually ratified the 1985 amnesty law protecting the military from prosecution in a 2009 plebiscite. The amnesty law was finally abolished by Parliament in 2011. This article traces the winding road from impunity to accountability in Uruguay in the context of substantial public support for impunity. It argues that, while the lack of judicial independence obstructed the quest for justice for many years, the combination of continued civil society demands for justice met by increasingly human-rights-friendly executives and liberal-minded judges (and lately also prosecutors) explains the recent advance in retributive justice.
Performance analysis and power allocation for full‐rate and full‐diversity signal space cooperative communications
Authors: Lu Tao , Ge Jianhua , Yang Ye , Gao Yang 
Published: August 2013

Signal space cooperative (SSC) system is bandwidth and energy efficient, which can achieve full‐rate and full‐diversity simultaneously. In this study, the authors first derive accurate bit error rate (BER) of the SSC system with maximum‐likelihood detection (MLD), low‐complexity linear detection (LD) and combined MLD and LD (MLD&LD). Specifically, closed‐form BER expressions for the three detection schemes are derived. Also, asymptotic approximation analysis is performed to show clearly the diversity and coding gains of the three detection schemes. Through the analysis, the authors find out that MLD is optimal in diversity but has a high complexity, whereas LD is of low complexity but only achieves diversity order one. Interestingly, MLD&LD has almost the same BER as the BER‐optimal MLD over the whole SNR range when equal power allocation (EPA) is adopted, whereas having lower complexity than MLD at low‐to‐medium SNR. Then, optimum power allocation for MLD&LD is developed, however, the largest power gain over EPA is proven to be only 0.37 dB. In view of the BER performance of MLD&LD and implementation simplicity of EPA, they conclude that MLD&LD with EPA is a wise choice for the SSC system. Finally, outage probability of MLD&LD with EPA is analysed to characterise the transmission reliability.
An experimental examination of consumer attitudes, behavioral intentions, and information search behavior after viewing a predictive genetic test direct‐to‐consumer advertisement
Authors: Rollins Brent , Ramakrishnan Shravanan , Perri Matthew 
Published: August 2013

PurposePredictive genetic tests (PGTs) have greatly increased their presence in the market, and, much like their pharmaceutical peers, companies offering PGTs have increasingly used direct‐to‐consumer advertising as part of their promotional strategy. Given many PGTs are available without a prescription or physician order and the lack of empirical research examining the effects of PGT‐DTC, this paper seeks to examine consumer attitudes, intentions, and behavior in response to a PGT‐DTC ad with and without a prescription requirement.Design/methodology/approachA single factor, between subjects online survey design with the presence or absence of a prescription requirement as the experimental variable was used to evaluate consumers' attitudes, intentions, and behavior in response to a predictive genetic test DTC advertisement. A minimum sample size of 198 was determined a priori and 206 surveys were completed within five hours of deployment to 600 randomly selected general consumer participants for a response rate of 34.3 percent (206/600), with 106 in the prescription requirement group and 100 in the non‐prescription group. Descriptive statistics, t‐tests, and chi‐square techniques were used to examine the various dependent variables (consumer attitudes, behavioral intentions, and the pre‐defined behavior measure) and their differences.FindingsOverall, consumers hold favorable attitudes to PGT‐DTC ads, but did not intend to engage in physician discussion, take the test or perform information search behavior. The effect of a prescription requirement was not significant, as no differences were seen with the attitude and behavioral intention dependent variables.Originality/valueAt this still relatively young point in the PGT cycle, consumers still seem to be skeptical about the value of predictive genetic tests and their associated DTC advertisements.