bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Emotions Under Stress
Authors: Shallcross Amanda J. , Troy Allison , Mauss Iris B. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Stressful life events (SLEs) are frequently associated with a range of deleterious mental and physical health outcomes. However, some individuals exhibit resilience, defined as maintained or even improved health in the wake of SLEs. How and why might this be the case? Given that SLEs give rise to negative emotions, which in turn contribute to mental and physical illness, promising answers to questions about resilience lie in research on people's ability to manage their emotions, or, emotion regulation. This essay focuses on emerging empirical evidence that suggests that two seemingly opposite emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and emotional acceptance, are particularly effective for managing negative emotions, which, in turn, may confer resilience. By integrating theory with extant empirical evidence, we offer a model that aims to reconcile how these two strategies—one that involves minimizing emotions (cognitive reappraisal) and the other that involves engaging with emotions (emotional acceptance)—are each associated with resilience. Specifically, we propose that these strategies are not contradictory, but rather complementary. We additionally discuss broader implications for the links among stress, emotion regulation, and health, as well as key issues for future research at the intersection of social and clinical psychology, medicine, and public health.
Childhood
Authors: Kramer Karen L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractChildhoodrefers to the period of growth and development bracketed by weaning and puberty, roughly ages 3–10. During this important life history stage, the brain rapidly grows and achieves the majority of its adult size, the first permanent molars erupt, and the digestive tract matures. Socially, communication skills are rapidly acquired during childhood, gender identities are established, cooperative norms of behavior develop, and self‐reflection and emotional regulation mature. Cognitively, increasing independence exposes children to a high frequency of new experiences, perpetual learning, experimentation, and change. Childhood development has captured the attention of scholars from diverse disciplines. This review highlights foundational and new research in biological, social, cognitive, and economic aspects of child development. Attention is paid to how childhood is distinct compared to juvenility in other closely related species and the remarkable changes that have occurred during human evolution. This review focuses on childhood in traditional societies where children grow up under energetic, demographic, and social conditions that more closely reflect the selective pressures that shaped childhood.
Choice Architecture
Authors: Camilleri Adrian R. , Larrick Rick P. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract“Choice architecture” is a metaphor capturing the idea that all choices occur within a structure of contextual and task features. These features in turn help to “construct” a person's choice. In this chapter, we summarize the academic literature on three types of choice architecture tools—defaults, information restructuring, and information feedback—and document some real‐world examples where these tools have been applied as successful “nudges.” We end the chapter with a discussion of some key challenges and opportunities associated with this new field—including the need for customized choice architecture and the political acceptability of the use of choice architecture—and highlight some avenues for future research.
Cities and Sustainable Development
Authors: Cusack Christopher 
Published: May 2015

AbstractWhen considering the future of the world, one must first and foremost consider the future of its cities. Cities are currently home to more than half the world's population and are projected to encompass the preponderance of all future population growth. Cities also require vast inputs of energy and resources while producing vast outputs of waste. Recognition that these trends are not sustainable has generated a wealth of relevant research. How cities can be sustainably developed in such a way that meets present needs without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is the critical problem to solve. Research in a myriad of fields, including sociology, political science, economics, and geography, is active in its pursuit of the sustainable city. This essay explains the components of sustainable development and underscores the connection between sustainability and cities. Foundational research, which primarily takes a regional approach to urban analysis, is then explored. This, then, is followed by cutting‐edge research that highlights new ways to measure sustainability and new efforts to build sustainable cities. The essay concludes with an examination of some of the key issues for future research, including the need to consider the cultural diversity within and between cities, as well ways to generate sustainability through pioneering efforts of planning and governance.
Class, Cognition, and Face‐to‐Face Interaction
Authors: Rivera Lauren A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Social class—one's relative socioeconomic rank in society—plays a vital role in shaping individuals' future educational and occupational attainment, job satisfaction, and overall mental and physical well‐being. Although sociologists have studied macrolevel aspects of class formation and reproduction for over a century, how class distinctions are produced and reproduced on the ground in everyday social interactions has received far less empirical attention. Like other forms of stratification, class inequalities are driven not only by differential access to material resources but also how we fundamentally perceive ourselves, others, and appropriate behavior. Yet, the social sciences have yet to develop a clear and convincing theory of the microdynamics of social class. In this essay, I integrate contemporary research across disciplines to illuminate how social perception and interaction shape and are shaped by social class. I review classical and cutting‐edge research on the microdimensions of social class, discuss outstanding issues, and highlight promising directions for future research.
Coevolution of Decision‐Making and Social Environments
Authors: Bruch Elizabeth , Hammond Ross A. , Todd Peter M. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractSocial scientists have a longstanding theoretical interest in the relationship between individual behavior and social dynamics. A growing body of work demonstrates that, when human behavior is interdependent—that is, what one person does depends on the past, present, or anticipated future actions of others—there is not a simple or linear relationship between the choices of individuals and their collective consequences. Outside of the academy, policy makers are increasingly aware that well‐intentioned interventions can backfire if they fail to account for how people change their behavior in response to the intervention. This type of problem requires a systematic modeling approach. Our entry provides a brief introduction to a growing body of research that brings together two disparate literatures—studies of decision‐making and studies of the interplay between individuals' decisions and features of the social environment—through dynamic computational modeling. Cognitive scientists characterize human decision‐making under uncertainty usingheuristics, rules‐of‐thumb that produce satisfactory choices quickly and with limited information. The heuristics we use and information samples we gather have profound consequences for the choices we make. At the same time, the social context defined by the choices of others feeds back to affect individual decision‐making. In recent years, there has been growing interest in methods such as agent‐based modeling and systems dynamics that can capture the dynamic interplay between individuals' choices and features of the environment. However, historically these approaches have not been grounded in cognitively plausible models of human behavior. We identify areas of high potential for future research, and lay out a preliminary framework to help guide understanding of the decision‐making process and its consequences in different social domains.
Cognitive Bias Modification in Mental
Authors: Reuland Meg M. , Steinman Shari A. , Teachman Bethany A. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract

Cognitive biases
refer to a tendency to favor a particular way of processing information, such as habitually attending to threatening information in the environment, or interpreting ambiguous information in a negative way. Importantly, cognitive biases are linked to a number of emotional problems, such as anxiety and depression, raising the question of whether altering cognitive biases could relieve the symptoms of these disorders.
Cognitive bias modification
(CBM) refers to a group of interventions typically delivered via computer that alter cognitive biases through repeated practice in processing information in a healthy way (e.g., learning to attend to neutral, rather than threatening, cues). Some research suggests that CBM can ameliorate symptoms of mental illness and reduce emotional vulnerability to stressors. Moreover, CBM's computerized format offers a potentially cost‐effective option for wide dissemination, which could prevent and reduce the public health burden of mental illness. At the same time, mixed research findings suggest more research is needed before CBM can be considered a frontline treatment for psychopathology. The current essay describes CBM's theoretical framework, reviews the CBM outcome literature, and explores key questions for future research, such as how CBM works, for whom it works best, and optimal delivery conditions.
Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia
Authors: Reeder Clare , Wykes Til 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIt is well established that many people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia experience significant problems with thinking skills such as concentration, memory, comprehension of social information, reasoning, and organization. These are often experienced by the individuals themselves as debilitating and demoralizing, but crucially, they also can limit people in their capacity to achieve fundamental life goals, such as working, having fulfilling relationships and living independently, which underpin well‐being and a satisfactory quality of life. Cognitive remediation for schizophrenia is a psychological therapy that aims to improve thinking skills and consequently to benefit other more general areas of functioning and improve quality of life.This entry will summarize the foundational research background to the development and effectiveness of cognitive remediation; and the cutting‐edge research into the developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of cognitive change and its relationship to improvements in everyday functioning, and new applications for cognitive remediation. The key aims for the field of cognitive remediation are now (i) to optimize its effectiveness in improving cognitive skills, but critically, in a way that ensures that these cognitive improvements have a measurable impact on other more general life skills, and (ii) to facilitate the wider dissemination of cognitive remediation into the clinical community. To achieve these goals, we need to establish an evidence‐based, theoretical underpinning to cognitive remediation, including an understanding of the active ingredients and how best to deliver the therapy.
Complexity: An Emerging Trend in Social Sciences
Authors: Lansing J. Stephen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe social sciences have had a good run with linear models, in which effects are proportionate to their causes. Nearly all of our theoretical models, in fields as diverse as microeconomics and evolutionary game theory, are equilibrium theories, which examine the properties of various fixed points and analyze the conditions under which they are selected. In contrast, “complexity” uses different mathematical tools to investigate nonlinear processes. But linear models have the advantages of simplicity and power. Is there a real need to import the theoretical apparatus of “complexity” into the social sciences? Or might it be merely the latest example ofFashionable Nonsense?As it turns out, one need not seek very far to discover nonlinear dynamics in the social world. And if more than one attractor exists, the resulting variation in dynamical behavior will be mistaken for noise if one assumes linearity. In the past two or three decades, interest in complexity has burgeoned across the social sciences. Under the banner of complexity, researchers have investigated questions as dissimilar as the causes of the Maya collapse, the spread of disease, the origins of syntax, the structural properties of cities, and the evolution of culture. Presently, the mathematical tools needed to analyze complexity present an entry barrier for many social scientists. But generation time in graduate schools is short, and the physicists who have taken the lead in the application of complexity to social science are beginning to have their elbows jostled by social scientists with a new set of skills. As for the likely impact, it is still early days. But one change that is already visible on the horizon has to do with history, which plays no role in equilibrium analysis, but is intrinsic to many of the questions and methods developed to study complex systems.
Concepts and Semantic Memory
Authors: Malt Barbara C. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractHumans accumulate vast amounts of knowledge over the life span. Much work aimed at understanding this knowledge store has been called eitherconceptsorsemantic memoryresearch. This essay reviews early research on the nature of concrete concepts (concepts of concrete objects) and their organization in memory. It then raises considerations of abstract and relational concepts and of how action affects representation and vice versa. Additional advances discussed come from statistically based views of semantics, connectionist modeling, and neuroscientific evidence, all showing how distributed sources of information can be integrated to create semantic or conceptual content. Cross‐cultural and cross‐linguistic evidence indicate, though, that models based on evidence from any one cultural or language group may not apply well to others. The essay concludes by arguing that key issues for future research include broadening the kinds of knowledge structures that are studied and clarifying how language and nonlinguistic representations are related.
Construal Level Theory and Regulatory Scope
Authors: Ledgerwood Alison , Trope Yaacov , Liberman Nira 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
Humans spend a large portion of their lives in pursuit of desired ends, from finding food and meeting deadlines to pursuing important career and relationship goals. The desired ends that people seek can vary in their proximity: For instance, food may be spatially close or distant; we might plan to meet a friend in the near or distant future. Thus, the ability to mentally support the pursuit of desired ends that are distant as well as close is essential for adaptive human functioning. This essay examines the basic mental processes that allow humans to contract and expand their regulatory scope in this functional way. A growing body of research suggests that different levels of psychological supports enable people to effectively pursue ends that can be closer or more distant. High‐level supports emphasize central and general aspects of an experience, and therefore tend to travel well—they can effectively guide action and interaction for the distant future, for remote locations, for unlikely scenarios, or with dissimilar others. Lower‐level supports emphasize specific, secondary, and unique aspects of an experience, and therefore support contractive scope—they help immerse people in the particular details of the current context to act effectively in the here and now. As the field moves forward, researchers are beginning to investigate how people expand and contract the scope of their social relationships in particular—an area of inquiry with important implications for understanding domains such as social communication and social learning that are central to human experience as social creatures.
Content Analysis
Authors: Stemler Steven E. 
Published: May 2015

Abstract
In the era of “big data,” the methodological technique of content analysis can be the most powerful tool in the researcher's kit. Content analysis is versatile enough to apply to textual, visual, and audio data. Given the massive explosion in permanent, archived linguistic, photographic, video, and audio data arising from the proliferation of technology, the technique of content analysis appears to be on the verge of a renaissance. In this essay, I discuss cutting‐edge examples of how content analysis is being applied or might be applied to the study of areas as diverse as education, criminology, and social intelligence.
Cooperative Breeding and Human Evolution
Authors: Kramer Karen L. 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe demographic success of humans compared to other closely related species is one of the remarkable stories of our evolutionary history. This can be attributed both to high fertility and improved chances of survival. But it is also fundamentally shaped by features of human parenting, cooperation, and social organization. The concept and theory of cooperative breeding combines these features and is a useful framework to consider child‐rearing patterns characteristic of humans. Cooperative breeding theory was developed in biology to explain a social system found in relatively few animals in which nonparental members of a social group help to support offspring. In traditional human societies, numerous studies document that a variety of kin and nonkin of different ages and sex help mothers and contribute to infant childcare and provisioning juveniles. Cooperative breeding theory offers a well‐developed theoretic and empirical context in which to evaluate cross‐cultural diversity and to understand why humans cooperate in this way. This review situates humans compared to other species of cooperative breeders by outlining what we share in common and what are distinctly human aspects of parenting and childrearing. Attention is paid to both foundational research and new questions that have more recently surfaced through comparative research. Cooperative breeding is relevant to recent debates concerning the evolution of human life history, sociality, and psychology and has implications to demographic patterns, family formation, and social organization in the past as well as in today's world.
Popular Protest, Nationalism, and Domestic‐International Linkages in Chinese Politics
Authors: Weiss Jessica Chen 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe study of Chinese politics has become increasingly specialized, reflecting broader trends in social science that favor islands of knowledge that can be defended with rigor. Yet many phenomena of interest in Chinese politics are located at the intersection of comparative politics and international relations, where the two levels are connected and strategically linked. Nationalist, anti‐foreign protest is a good example, as Chinese officials must choose whether to repress or tolerate nationalist demonstrations based on domestic and international considerations. In turn, the decision to allow or stifle street demonstrations affects the degree of popular influence on Chinese foreign policy, constraining the government's diplomatic options or enhancing its flexibility. Ongoing research into the subnational patterns of Chinese nationalism and popular protest offers a promising avenue of inquiry. Combined with close qualitative assessments to identify mechanisms and processes, meso‐level investigations can provide additional leverage in the study of Chinese nationalism. Future research should aim to bring nationalism back into the mainstream study of state‐society relations in China, bridging the gap between nationalism and other varieties of social mobilization and political contestation.
Cultural Heritage, Patrimony, and Repatriation
Authors: Handler Richard 
Published: May 2015

AbstractIn contemporary usage, the termscultural heritageandcultural patrimonyare synonyms. Both are metaphors that depict the idea that the culture (material and immaterial) of a specific social group is its property, owned collectively and passed on from one generation to the next. In the past 50 years, these terms have come to constitute a discursive space in which academic disciplines such as anthropology, archaeology, art history, and philosophy have interacted with professional disciplines such as law, museology, and architecture; and these university‐based fields have had to interface with a much broader public, newly interested in what has come to be called thepolitics of culture.Repatriationis a term that signifies the return of cultural artifacts, from metropolitan institutions that had “collected” them to local communities that can claim to have created them. Repatriation has gained momentum since the Second World War, as both decolonization and various international conventions have provided a platform for once colonized peoples to claim items of their cultural heritage that had been taken from them. Repatriation is a directional process, from center to periphery. It includes both the return of artifacts and a ceding of control over the interpretation of such artifacts.
Culture, Diffusion, and Networks in Social Animals
Authors: Mann Janet , Singh Lisa 
Published: May 2015

AbstractLong‐term studies of social animals provide detailed data on individual attributes, behaviors, and associations that enable us to explore cultural diffusion in networks. In this essay, we describe how network science can be used to improve our understanding of cultural and information transmission. After presenting an operational definition of culture, we discuss methodologies and research questions applicable to unweighted, weighted, and dynamic networks. We then highlight relevant studies and methods for both descriptive and predictive analyses that have been used to identify culture and social learning in animal networks. Applying and extending the techniques presented will improve our understanding of information transmission, social learning, and embedded subcultures in the context of human networks.
Darwinism as a Decryption Key for the Human Mind
Authors: Pléh Csaba , Boross Ottilia 
Published: May 2015

AbstractThe essay summarizes some of the key results and debated issues of Darwinian psychology over the past 150 years. Comparative psychology, psychological anthropology, research into the ontogeny of the mind, evolutionary interpretations of knowledge, and the study of individual differences are the main areas where evolutionary explanations remarkably influence traditional psychology. All five of them show up in twentieth century developments within the framework of overall selectionism, the idea that in all aspects of life—including human culture or habits—there is a certain diversity and variety not only in the form of living things but also in the form of “living‐things‐made” material, cultural or virtual, all of them being subject to natural selection. Some issues of overall selectionism, having been introduced by Karl Bühler, Karl Popper, and Donald Campbell, or by the genetic epistemology of Jean Piaget, are compared in this essay to the latest debates and ideas about the message of evolution by Daniel Dennett, to the coordination of evolutionary models, the theories about the social mind and its development, and the genesis of culture and evolution in rivaling models of human architectures, as in the one proposed by Michael Tomasello. Some of the continuously debated issues have been escorting us since the 1880s, such as the relative significance of nature or culture, the causal relations between different levels of selection, and the like. They all mean a real challenge to the unbounded and unanchored psychological and epistemological theories.