bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating an Instrument to Measure Leadership, Change, and Synthesis in Engineering Undergraduates
Authors: Ahn Benjamin , Cox Monica F. , London Jeremi , Cekic Osman , Zhu Jiabin 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundStudies have highlighted the importance for engineers of leadership, adaptability to change, and synthesis of multiple perspectives. Yet only a few studies and instruments have explored the operational definitions of these concepts for engineering undergraduates.PurposeThe goals of this research were to identify observable outcomes that engineering undergraduate students should demonstrate related to leadership, adaptability to change, and synthesis abilities and to create an instrument to assess them.Design/MethodIn the first phase of the study, 12 engineers working in academia and 11 engineers working in industry were interviewed. The transcripts were analyzed using a constant comparative method to determine constructs related to leadership, change, and synthesis. In the second phase of the study, survey items were developed and administered to 753 engineering undergraduate students in the spring of 2011. An exploratory factor analysis determined the common factors across the survey items.ResultsThe mixed methods approach resulted in the creation of 45 survey items categorized into four factors: Being an Engineering Leader, Engineer's Impact on Society and Economy, Engineering Leadership, and Development of an Adaptor to Change.ConclusionThis study operationalized leadership, change, and synthesis within the context of engineering education. This operationalization may help to define learning outcomes and competencies for engineering leadership programs, and may provide faculty with an assessment tool for their students. Students may also use the tool to self‐assess their leadership, change, and synthesis abilities.
Systematic Literature Reviews in Engineering Education and Other Developing Interdisciplinary Fields
Authors: Borrego Maura , Foster Margaret J. , Froyd Jeffrey E. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundIn fields such as medicine, psychology, and education, systematic reviews of the literature critically appraise and summarize research to inform policy and practice. We argue that now is an appropriate time in the development of the field of engineering education to both support systematic reviews and benefit from them. More reviews of prior work conducted more systematically would help advance the field by lowering the barrier for both researchers and practitioners to access the literature, enabling more objective critique of past efforts, identifying gaps, and proposing new directions for research.PurposeThe purpose of this article is to introduce the methodology of systematic reviews to the field of engineering education and to adapt existing resources on systematic reviews to engineering education and other developing interdisciplinary fields.Scope/MethodThis article is primarily a narrative review of the literature on conducting systematic reviews. Methods are adapted to engineering education and similar developing interdisciplinary fields. To offer concrete, pertinent examples, we also conducted a systematic review of systematic review articles published on engineering education topics since 1990. Fourteen exemplars are presented in this article and used to illustrate systematic review procedures.ConclusionsSystematic reviews can benefit the field of engineering education by synthesizing prior work, by better informing practice, and by identifying important new directions for research. Engineering education researchers should consider including systematic reviews in their repertoire of methodologies.
Differentiating white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis and migraine using monoexponential and biexponential diffusion measurements
Authors: Orsi Gergely , Aradi Mihály , Nagy Szilvia Anett , Perlaki Gábor , Trauninger Anita , Bogner Péter , Janszky József , Illés Zsolt , Dóczi Tamás , Pfund Zoltán , Schwarcz Attila 
Published: February 2014

PurposeTo compare the white matter lesions seen in multiple sclerosis and migraine using monoexponential and high b‐value biexponential diffusion measurements.Materials and MethodsDiffusion‐weighted images were acquired on a 3.0‐Tesla magnetic resonance imaging system. Diffusion parameters were estimated using monoexponential (0–1000 s/mm2) and biexponential (0–5000 s/mm2) approaches from 15 multiple sclerosis patients, 15 patients with migraine and 15 healthy control subjects. The study was performed in accordance with the approval of the Regional Research Ethics Committee. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were measured in the lesions and the normal‐appearing white matter of patients and in the white matter of controls.ResultsHigh lesional ADCmono values were detected in both patient groups without significant differences between the groups (10.72 and 9.86 × 10−4 mm2/s for MS and migraine respectively, P = 0.2134). The biexponential measurements showed significantly higher ADCfast, ADCslow, and Pslow values in the migraine lesions than in the multiple sclerosis lesions (16.47 versus 14.29, 1.41 versus 0.76, and 20.34 versus 12.01 all values in 10−4 mm2/s; P = 0.0344, P = 0.0019, P = 0.0021, respectively).ConclusionBiexponential diffusion analysis may help to differentiate multiple sclerosis‐related white matter lesions from migraine‐related ones. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:676–683. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prospective comparison of 3T MRI with diffusion‐weighted imaging and MDCT for the preoperative TNM staging of gastric cancer
Authors: Joo Ijin , Lee Jeong Min , Kim Jung Hoon , Shin Cheong‐Il , Han Joon Koo , Choi Byung Ihn 
Published: February 2014

PurposeTo compare the diagnostic performance of 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and multidetector‐row computed tomography (MDCT) for the preoperative TNM staging of gastric cancer.Materials and MethodsThis prospective study was approved by our Institutional Review Board. Forty‐nine consecutive patients with histologically confirmed gastric cancers underwent MDCT and 3T MRI followed by surgery. MRI without DWI, MRI with DWI, and MDCT were reviewed to determine preoperative TNM staging. Using the pathologic stages as the reference standard, the diagnostic performance of each imaging modality was compared.ResultsDiagnostic accuracies of MRI with DWI, MRI without DWI, and MDCT did not show a significant difference (≤T2 vs. ≥T3: 85.1%, 78.7%, and 80.9%; ≤T3 vs. T4: 76.6%, 74.5%, and 72.3%; N‐negative vs. N‐positive: 76.6%, 66.0%, and 63.8%; M0 vs. M1: all 95.9%, respectively) (P > 0.05). For N staging, MRI with DWI demonstrated higher sensitivity but lower specificity (86.7% and 58.8%, respectively) than MRI without DWI (50.0% and 94.1%) or MDCT (43.3% and 100%) (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe diagnostic accuracy of 3T MRI is comparable to that of MDCT for the preoperative TNM staging of gastric cancer, and for assessing LN metastasis, the addition of DWI to conventional MRI may increase the sensitivity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:814–821. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial distribution of air temperature on Svalbard during 1 year with campaign measurements
Authors: Przybylak R. , Araźny A. , Nordli Ø. , Finkelnburg R. , Kejna M. , Budzik T. , Migała K. , Sikora S. , Puczko D. , Rymer K. , Rachlewicz G. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIn this article, the results of an investigation into the air temperature conditions on Svalbard in the period 1 September 2010 to 31 August 2011 are presented. For this period, parallel temperature measurements have been made as many as in 30 sites. On the basis of this unique set of data it was possible to study, in detail, the spatial distribution of different thermal characteristics [mean temperature, diurnal temperature range (DTR), day‐to‐day variability, degree of climate continentality, etc.] in Svalbard. Such knowledge of the whole of Svalbard was not previously available with sufficient accuracy for all areas. High resolution maps showing the spatial distribution of all studied thermal characteristics were also produced and analysed.Analysis of surface temperature data shows that the markedly coldest area throughout the whole year was northern Svalbard, and in particular its eastern side (Nordaustlandet). On the other hand, the highest temperatures were recorded in western part of Spitsbergen. The greatest spatial decreasing rate of temperature in Svalbard throughout the whole year was observed in a southwest (SW)–northeast (NE) direction. The distribution of mean seasonal and annual temperature reduced to sea level on Svalbard differs from the distribution based on surface temperatures. Spring, and in particular winter, saw the greatest DTRs (4–7 and 6–9 °C, respectively), while the lowest were observed in summer (3.0–3.5 °C). In all seasons, the highest DTR were mainly noted in the NE part of Svalbard, while the lowest were in its SW part. The lowest continentality of climate (30%) is clearly seen in the south‐western part of Svalbard, while the highest values (above 43%) stretch from the western part of Nordaustlandet to the area of Sveagruva in the central‐eastern part of Spitsbergen. The NORA10 hindcast temperature data differ significantly from measured data for some seasons and areas and need bias corrections when used in climatology.
Predictive factors of speech intelligibility following subthalamic nucleus stimulation in consecutive patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Tripoliti Elina , Limousin Patricia , Foltynie Tom , Candelario Joseph , Aviles‐Olmos Iciar , Hariz Marwan I. , Zrinzo Ludvic 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTSpeech changes after bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN‐DBS) can be variable, with the majority of patients experiencing speech deterioration over time. The aim of this study was to describe the perceptual characteristics of speech following chronic STN‐DBS and to analyze clinical and surgical factors that could predict speech change. Fifty‐four consecutive patients (34 men; mean age ± standard deviation (SD), 58.8 ± 6.3 years; mean ± SD disease duration, 12.5 ± 4.7 years; mean ± SD levodopa equivalent, 1556 ± 671 mg/day; mean ± SD Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor part (UPDRS‐III) off‐medication score, 48.1 ± 17.9 [range, 20‐89]; and mean ± SD UPDRS‐III on‐medication score, 12.4 ± 7.8 [range, 2‐31]) participated in this study. They were assessed before and at 1 year after surgery using the Assessment of Intelligibility for the Dysarthric Speech, the perceptual scale from Darley et al., and the UPDRS‐III. Speech intelligibility deteriorated on average by 14.4% (P = 0.0006) after 1 year of STN‐DBS when off‐medication and by 12.3% (P = 0.001) when on‐medication. The effect on speech was not linked to age at surgery, unlike the effect on motor outcome. The most significant predictive factors for deterioration of speech intelligibility when patients were off‐medication/on‐stimulation were lower preoperative speech intelligibility on‐medication, longer disease duration, and medially placed left hemisphere active electrode contact. Speech change after STN‐DBS is variable and multifactorial. Consistent preoperative speech evaluation would help inform patients about the possible effects of surgery. Appropriate consideration of speech deficits might assist surgical targeting, particularly of the left electrode. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Factors contributing to tornadogenesis in landfalling Gulf of Mexico tropical cyclones
Authors: Rhodes Cory L. , Senkbeil Jason C. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTTropical cyclone tornadoes (TCTs) are brief and often unpredictable events that can produce fatalities and create considerable economic loss. Given these uncertainties, it is important to understand the characteristics and factors that contribute to tornado formation within tropical cyclones. This research analyses this hazardous phenomenon, examining the relationships among tropical cyclone intensity, size and tornado output. Furthermore, the influences of severe weather parameters on tornado output near the time of tornado formation were assessed between two phases of a tropical cyclone's life cycle: during hurricane and tropical storm intensity, termed tropical cyclone tornadoes (TCTs), and during tropical depression and remnant low intensity, termed tropical low tornadoes (TLTs). Results show that tornado output is significantly influenced by tropical cyclone intensity. Values for storm relative helicity, energy helicity index, and severe weather threat index are significantly higher within TCT environments, thus resulting in more tornadoes.
Monitoring Polymerization Kinetics in Microreactors by Confocal Raman Microscopy
Authors: Yadav Arvind Kumar , Krell Manfred , Hergeth Wolf‐Dieter , de la Cal José Carlos , Barandiaran María Jesús 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOn‐line monitoring of polymerization reactions in microreactors is investigated by confocal Raman microscopy (CRM). Two different types of experiments are carried out: solution polymerizations and miniemulsion polymerizations. The solution polymerization experiments are performed with either styrene or butyl acrylate (BA) monomers, while toluene is used as solvent in both cases. BA is the only monomer used in the miniemulsion polymerizations. Conversion is determined by CRM for different residence times and the results are compared with the ones obtained gravimetrically. The good agreement achieved in all the experiments demonstrates that CRM is an appropriate technique to on‐line monitoring the kinetics of polymerizations performed in microreactors.
Phase contrast MRI with flow compensation view sharing
Authors: Wang Da , Shao Jiaxin , Rapacchi Stanislas , Middione Matthew J. , Ennis Daniel B. , Hu Peng 
Published: February 2014

PurposeTo develop and evaluate a technique for accelerating phase contrast MRI (PC‐MRI) acquisitions without significant compromise in flow quantification accuracy.MethodsPC‐MRI is commonly acquired using interleaved flow‐compensated (FC) and flow‐encoded (FE) echoes. We hypothesized that FC data, which represent background phase, do not change significantly over time. Therefore, we proposed to undersample the FC data and use an FC view sharing (FCVS) approach to synthesize a composite FC frame for each corresponding FE frame. FCVS was evaluated in a flow phantom and healthy volunteers and compared with a standard FC/FE PC‐MRI.ResultsThe FCVS sequence resulted in an error of 0.0% for forward flow and 2.0% for reverse flow volume when compared with FC/FE PC‐MRI in a flow phantom. Measurements in the common carotid arteries showed that the FCVS method had −1.16 cm/s bias for maximum peak velocity and −0.019 mL bias in total flow, when compared with FC/FE with the same temporal resolution, but double the total acquisition time. These results represent ≤1.3% bias error in velocity and volumetric flow quantification.ConclusionFCVS can accelerate PC‐MRI acquisitions while maintaining flow and velocity measurement accuracy when there is limited temporal variation in the FC data. Magn Reson Med 73:505–513, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mixed interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin methods for fully nonlinear second order elliptic and parabolic equations in high dimensions
Authors: Feng Xiaobing , Lewis Thomas 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis article is concerned with developing efficient discontinuous Galerkin methods for approximating viscosity (and classical) solutions of fully nonlinear second‐order elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) including the Monge–Ampère equation and the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation. A general framework for constructing interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin (IP‐DG) methods for these PDEs is presented. The key idea is to introduce multiple discrete Hessians for the viscosity solution as a means to characterize the behavior of the function. The PDE is rewritten in a mixed form composed of a single nonlinear equation paired with a system of linear equations that defines multiple Hessian approximations. To form the single nonlinear equation, the nonlinear PDE operator is replaced by the projection of a numerical operator into the discontinuous Galerkin test space. The numerical operator uses the multiple Hessian approximations to form a numerical moment which fulfills consistency and g‐monotonicity requirements of the framework. The numerical moment will be used to design solvers that will be shown to help the IP‐DG methods select the “correct” solution that corresponds to the unique viscosity solution. Numerical experiments are also presented to gauge the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed mixed IP‐DG methods.Copyright © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 1538–1557, 2014
Controlled cationic alternating copolymerization of various enol ethers and benzaldehyde derivatives: Effects of enol ether structures
Authors: Ishido Yasushi , Kanazawa Arihiro , Kanaoka Shokyoku , Aoshima Sadahito 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTSignificant structural effects of enol ether monomers were demonstrated in cationic alternating copolymerizations with benzaldehyde derivatives (BzAs). α‐Methyl, β‐methyl, β,β‐dimethyl, and cyclic enol ethers were copolymerized with BzAs by the EtSO3H/GaCl3 system with 1,4‐dioxane in toluene at −78 °C. β‐Methyl and cyclic monomers, β‐monosubstituted compounds, induced copolymerizations with BzAs, some of which were well controlled to yield alternating copolymers with controlled molecular weights (MWs) and narrow MW distributions. Conversely, an α‐methyl vinyl ether (VE) did not copolymerize with BzAs at all, probably due to its high reactivity and unfavorable ketal linkage formations. In addition, a β,β‐dimethyl VE underwent only cyclotrimerizations because of its larger steric repulsion. The product alternating copolymers, especially those with cyclic units, exhibited improved thermal properties compared to those with simple VEs units. Under appropriate conditions, the alternating copolymers selectively degraded into the corresponding cinnamaldehyde derivatives by acid hydrolysis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1334–1343
Characteristics of endobronchial primitive tumors in children
Authors: Eyssartier E. , Ang P. , Bonnemaison E. , Gibertini I. , Diot P. , Carpentier E. , Chantepie A. , Leclair M.D. , Brouard J. , Boutard P. , Deneuville E. , Marie‐Cardine A. , Lardy H. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryPrimary endobronchial tumors are rare in children and they include a broad spectrum of lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristic features, treatments and outcomes of these tumors. We report a retrospective analysis of all patients treated for endobronchial tumor in nine French hospitals between 1990 and 2010 and a comparison of the results with those reported in the medical literature.Twelve tumors were reported: five low grade muco epidermoid carcinomas, two inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors, two hemangiomas, one anaplastic large cell lymphoma, one carcinoid tumor, and one juvenile xanthogranuloma. The mean age of the patients was 7.5 ± 3.5 years. The most common sign revealing the disease was persistent atelectasis or recurrent pneumonia (eight cases). The other revealing signs were a persistent bronchospasm (three cases) and hemoptysis (one case). The clinical presentation, biology, serum tumor markers, and chest X‐ray abnormalities were not specific to a particular histological diagnosis. Chest CT scan revealed the presence of an endobronchial tumor in 11 cases. Nine tumors could be diagnosed from a biopsy obtained by video endoscopy. Complete surgical resection was performed in seven patients. Bronchoscopic removal was performed in five cases and was successful in three. There were no deaths.Endobronchial tumors are rare in childhood and their histology is diverse. Chest CT scan and per‐endoscopic endobronchial biopsies are required for diagnosis, when possible. Surgical or endoscopic treatment should be discussed by a multidisciplinary team. Despite the multiple etiologies, the prognosis of these tumors is good if diagnosis is early and if resection is complete. Long‐term recurrences have been described, so long‐term follow‐up of these children is recommended. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:E121–E125. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Completing the structural family portrait of the human EphB tyrosine kinase domains
Authors: Overman Ross C. , Debreczeni Judit E. , Truman Caroline M. , McAlister Mark S. , Attwood Teresa K. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe EphB receptors have key roles in cell morphology, adhesion, migration and invasion, and their aberrant action has been linked with the development and progression of many different tumor types. Their conflicting expression patterns in cancer tissues, combined with their high sequence and structural identity, present interesting challenges to those seeking to develop selective therapeutic molecules targeting this large receptor family. Here, we present the first structure of the EphB1 tyrosine kinase domain determined by X‐ray crystallography to 2.5Å. Our comparative crystalisation analysis of the human EphB family kinases has also yielded new crystal forms of the human EphB2 and EphB4 catalytic domains. Unable to crystallize the wild‐type EphB3 kinase domain, we used rational engineering (based on our new structures of EphB1, EphB2, and EphB4) to identify a single point mutation which facilitated its crystallization and structure determination to 2.2 Å. This mutation also improved the soluble recombinant yield of this kinase within Escherichia coli, and increased both its intrinsic stability and catalytic turnover, without affecting its ligand‐binding profile. The partial ordering of the activation loop in the EphB3 structure alludes to a potential cis‐phosphorylation mechanism for the EphB kinases. With the kinase domain structures of all four catalytically competent human EphB receptors now determined, a picture begins to emerge of possible opportunities to produce EphB isozyme‐selective kinase inhibitors for mechanistic studies and therapeutic applications.
An investigation into defect reduction techniques for growth of non‐polar GaN on sapphire
Authors: Sutherland Danny , Oehler Fabrice , Zhu Tongtong , Griffiths James T. , Badcock Thomas J. , Dawson Philip , Emery Robert M. , Kappers Menno J. , Humphreys Colin J. , Oliver Rachel A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn this paper we describe the implementation and the characterisation of five different in‐situ defect reduction techniques for non‐polar (a ‐plane) GaN growth on r ‐plane sapphire. Sample 1 (3D/2D) employs a methodology frequently applied on the c ‐plane, involving a low temperature nucleation layer (LTNL) followed by 3D GaN island formation and lateral coalescence. For Sample 2 (d3D) GaN islands are grown directly onto the sapphire with no LTNL, followed by lateral growth. Sample 3 (d3D Si) follows a similar procedure, but with high silicon doping in order to adjust the 3D GaN island shape. Sample 4 (SiNx) utilises a silicon nitride interlayer between a LTNL and subsequent growth of a GaN layer. Sample 5 is grown by epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELOG) coupled with a SiNx interlayer. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence are used to identify defects, and determined the threading defect density to vary from 1 x 1010–1 x 109 cm–2 and basal‐plane stacking fault (BSF) density to vary from 5 x 105 – 5 x 103 cm‐1. The improvement in crystal quality is reflected in the photoluminescence spectra by a comparison of the ratio of the GaN near band edge (NBE) emission to the BSF associated emission. It was determined that the ELOG method was most successful in blocking BSFs, with a density reduction of 2 orders of magnitude resulting in a fifteen‐fold increase in the NBE:BSF emission ratio increase. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)