bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of gestational diabetes in pregnant women with risk factors for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials
Authors: Madhuvrata P , Govinden Gemma , Bustani R , Song S , Farrell TA 
Published: April 2015

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus can be defined as ‘glucose intolerance or hyperglycaemia with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.’ Objective The objective of our systematic review was to see if there was any intervention that could be used for primary prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus in women with risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus. Search strategy Major databases were searched from 1966 to Aug 2012 without language restriction. Selection criteria Randomised trials comparing intervention with standard care in women with risk factors for gestational diabetes were included. Meta-analysis was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement. The primary outcome assessed was the incidence of gestational diabetes. Data collection and analysis Data from included trials were extracted independently by two authors and analysed using Rev-Man 5. Main results A total of 2422 women from 14 randomised trials were included; which compared diet (four randomised trials), exercise (three randomised trials), lifestyle changes (five randomised trials) and metformin (two randomised trials) with standard care in women with risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus. Dietary intervention was associated with a statistically significantly lower incidence of gestational diabetes (Odds ratio 0.33, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.76) and gestational hypertension (Odds ratio 0.28, 95% CI 0.09, 0.86) compared to standard care. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus or in the secondary outcomes with exercise, lifestyle changes or metformin use compared to standard care. Conclusions The use of dietary intervention has shown a statistically significantly lower incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus and gestational hypertension compared to standard care in women with risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus.
Low-Velocity Knee Dislocations in Obese and Morbidly Obese Patients
Authors: Vaidya Rahul , Roth Matthew , Nanavati Dhiren , Prince Matthew , Sethi Anil 
Published: April 2015

Background: Knee dislocations from minor trauma have been reported sparsely in the literature. The consensus is that these injuries tend not to be associated with neurovascular compromise. Purpose: To present a series of atraumatic knee dislocations in obese and morbidly obese patients and to compare operative versus conservative treatment. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This study included 19 patients (21 knees) who presented with knee dislocation from a low-velocity or ultra low–velocity incident. Charts, radiographs, and magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were reviewed, and patients were reviewed based on their latest follow-up. We included patients in our database from 2001 to 2011 and compared knees of patients who had ligament repair or reconstruction (9 total knees) verses nonoperative treatment (12 total knees). Range of motion, activity levels, and knee laxity information were collected as outcome measures to compare operative and nonoperative results. Results: The mean age at presentation was 30.3 years (range, 15-74 years), with 5 men and 14 women. The average body mass index (BMI) was 41.4 kg/m2 (range, 30-64.4 kg/m2), with an average follow-up of 31 months (range, 12-72 months). Five patients (27%) had a popliteal artery injury, and 7 (44.4%) had a peroneal nerve injury at presentation. Four had a vascular repair, 1 had an amputation, and 3 of 7 patients had return of peroneal nerve. Ligament reconstruction was performed on 9 individuals. The average operating time for ligament reconstruction was 183% of that with injury-matched normal-weight patients. Eight operative patients who complied with therapy had an average range of motion of 91.4° (range, 60°-110°). The nonoperative patients had an average range of motion of 60.45° (range, 0°-120°). Two of these patients later required a total knee arthroplasty (3 total knee arthroplasties overall). Conclusion: Knee dislocations from minor falls occur in obese patients and are often accompanied by neurovascular complications. While surgical reconstruction is more time consuming and more difficult than that in normal-weight individuals, it may be preferable to nonoperative treatment.
Smoldering multiple myeloma
Authors: Rajkumar S. Vincent , Landgren Ola , Mateos María-Victoria 
Published: April 2015

AbstractSmoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic clonal plasma cell disorder. SMM is distinguished from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance by a much higher risk of progression to multiple myeloma (MM). There have been major advances in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of SMM in the last few years. These include a revised disease definition, identification of several new prognostic factors, a classification based on underlying cytogenetic changes, and new treatment options. Importantly, a subset of patients previously considered SMM is now reclassified as MM on the basis of biomarkers identifying patients with an ≥80% risk of progression within 2 years. SMM has assumed greater significance on the basis of recent trials showing that early therapy can be potentially beneficial to patients. As a result, there is a need to accurately diagnose and risk-stratify patients with SMM, including routine incorporation of modern imaging and laboratory techniques. In this review, we outline current concepts in diagnosis and risk stratification of SMM, and provide specific recommendations on the management of SMM.
Pathogenesis beyond the cancer clone(s) in multiple myeloma
Authors: Bianchi Giada , Munshi Nikhil C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractOver the past 4 decades, basic research has provided crucial information regarding the cellular and molecular biology of cancer. In particular, the relevance of cancer microenvironment (including both cellular and noncellular elements) and the concept of clonal evolution and heterogeneity have emerged as important in cancer pathogenesis, immunologic escape, and resistance to therapy. Multiple myeloma (MM), a cancer of terminally differentiated plasma cells, is emblematic of the impact of cancer microenvironment and the role of clonal evolution. Although genetic and epigenetic aberrations occur in MM and evolve over time under the pressure of exogenous stimuli, they are also largely present in premalignant plasma cell dyscrasia such as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), suggesting that genetic mutations alone are necessary, but not sufficient, for myeloma transformation. The role of bone marrow microenvironment in mediating survival, proliferation, and resistance to therapy in myeloma is well established; and although an appealing speculation, its role in fostering the evolution of MGUS or SMM into MM is yet to be proven. In this review, we discuss MM pathogenesis with a particular emphasis on the role of bone marrow microenvironment.
New criteria for response assessment: role of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma
Authors: Paiva Bruno , van Dongen Jacques J. M. , Orfao Alberto 
Published: April 2015

AbstractAssessment of minimal residual disease (MRD) is becoming standard diagnostic care for potentially curable neoplasms such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In multiple myeloma (MM), the majority of patients will inevitably relapse despite achievement of progressively higher complete remission (CR) rates. Novel treatment protocols with inclusion of antibodies and small molecules might well be able to further increase remission rates and potentially also cure rates. Therefore, MRD diagnostics becomes essential to assess treatment effectiveness. This review summarizes reports from the past 2 decades, which demonstrate that persistent MRD by multiparameter flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction, next-generation sequencing, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography, predicts significantly inferior survival among CR patients. We describe the specific features of currently available techniques for MRD monitoring and outline the arguments favoring new criteria for response assessment that incorporate MRD levels. Extensive data indicate that MRD information can potentially be used as biomarker to evaluate the efficacy of different treatment strategies, help on treatment decisions, and act as surrogate for overall survival. The time has come to address within clinical trials the exact role of baseline risk factors and MRD monitoring for tailored therapy in MM, which implies systematic usage of highly sensitive, cost-effective, readily available, and standardized MRD techniques.
Endothelial cells suppress monocyte activation through secretion of extracellular vesicles containing antiinflammatory microRNAs
Authors: Njock Makon-Sébastien , Cheng Henry S. , Dang Lan T. , Nazari-Jahantigh Maliheh , Lau Andrew C. , Boudreau Emilie , Roufaiel Mark , Cybulsky Myron I. , Schober Andreas , Fish Jason E. 
Published: April 2015

Key Points
Quiescent endothelial cells secrete extracellular vesicles that can be taken up by monocytes to suppress their activation. MiR-10a is transferred to monocytic cells and inhibits the activation of the proinflammatory nuclear factor κB pathway.
Ebf1 heterozygosity results in increased DNA damage in pro-B cells and their synergistic transformation by Pax5 haploinsufficiency
Authors: Prasad Mahadesh A. J. , Ungerbäck Jonas , Åhsberg Josefine , Somasundaram Rajesh , Strid Tobias , Larsson Malin , Månsson Robert , De Paepe Ayla , Lilljebjörn Henrik , Fioretos Thoas , Hagman James , Sigvardsson Mikael 
Published: April 2015

Key Points
Ebf1 regulates DNA repair in a dose-dependent manner. Combined heterozygote loss of Ebf1 and Pax5 predisposes for leukemia development.
Selinexor is effective in acquired resistance to ibrutinib and synergizes with ibrutinib in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Hing Zachary A. , Mantel Rose , Beckwith Kyle A. , Guinn Daphne , Williams Erich , Smith Lisa L. , Williams Katie , Johnson Amy J. , Lehman Amy M. , Byrd John C. , Woyach Jennifer A. , Lapalombella Rosa 
Published: April 2015

Key Points
Selinexor exhibits synergy with ibrutinib in CLL. Selinexor is effective in vitro in ibrutinib-resistant CLL.
Global and regional trends in COPD mortality, 1990–2010
Authors: Burney Peter G.J. , Patel Jaymini , Newson Roger , Minelli Cosetta , Naghavi Mohsen 
Published: April 2015

Between 1990 and 2010, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) moved from the fourth to third most common cause of death worldwide.Using data from the Global Burden of Disease programme we quantified regional changes in the number of COPD deaths and COPD mortality rates between 1990 and 2010. We estimated the proportion of the change that was attributable to gross national income per capita and an index of cumulative smoking exposure, and quantified the difference in mortality rates attributable to demographic changes.Despite a substantial decrease in COPD mortality rates, COPD deaths fell only slightly, from three million in 1990 to 2.8 million in 2010, because the mean age of the population increased. The number of COPD deaths in 2010 would have risen to 5.2 million if the age- and sex-specific mortality rates had remained constant. Changes in smoking led to only a small increase in age- and sex-specific mortality rates, which were strongly associated with changes in gross national income.The increased burden of COPD mortality was mainly driven by changes in age distribution, but age- and sex-specific rates fell as incomes rose. The rapid response to increasing affluence suggests that changes in COPD mortality are not entirely explained by changes in early life.
Noninvasive identification of left-sided heart failure in a population suspected of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Jacobs Wouter , Konings Thelma C. , Heymans Martijn W. , Boonstra Anco , Bogaard Harm Jan , van Rossum Albert C. , Vonk Noordegraaf Anton 
Published: April 2015

Exclusion of pulmonary hypertension secondary to left-sided heart disease (left heart failure (LHF)) is pivotal in the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In case of doubt, invasive measurements are recommended. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether it is possible to diagnose LHF using noninvasive parameters in a population suspected of PAH.300 PAH and 80 LHF patients attended our pulmonary hypertension clinic before August 2010, and were used to build the predictive model. 79 PAH and 55 LHF patients attended our clinic from August 2010, and were used for prospective validation.A medical history of left heart disease, S deflection in V1 plus R deflection in V6 in millimetres on ECG, and left atrial dilation or left valvular heart disease that is worse than mild on echocardiography were independent predictors of LHF. The derived risk score system showed good predictive characteristics: R2=0.66 and area under the curve 0.93. In patients with a risk score ≥72, there is 100% certainty that the cause of pulmonary hypertension is LHF. Using this risk score system, the number of right heart catheterisations in LHF may be reduced by 20%.In a population referred under suspicion of PAH, a predictive model incorporating medical history, ECG and echocardiography data can diagnose LHF noninvasively in a substantial percentage of cases.
Mortality among patients with pleural effusion undergoing thoracentesis
Authors: DeBiasi Erin M. , Pisani Margaret A. , Murphy Terrence E. , Araujo Katy , Kookoolis Anna , Argento A. Christine , Puchalski Jonathan 
Published: April 2015

Of the 1.5 million people diagnosed with pleural effusion in the USA annually, ∼178 000 undergo thoracentesis. While it is known that malignant pleural effusion portends a poor prognosis, mortality of patients with nonmalignant effusions has not been well studied.This prospective cohort study evaluated 308 patients undergoing thoracentesis. Chart review was performed to obtain baseline characteristics. The aetiology of the effusions was determined using standardised criteria. Mortality was determined at 30 days and 1 year.247 unilateral and 61 bilateral thoracenteses were performed. Malignant effusion had the highest 30-day (37%) and 1-year (77%) mortality. There was substantial patient 30-day and 1-year mortality with effusions due to multiple benign aetiologies (29% and 55%), congestive heart failure (22% and 53%), and renal failure (14% and 57%, respectively). Patients with bilateral, relative to unilateral, pleural effusion were associated with higher risk of death at 30 days and 1 year (17%versus47% (hazard ratio (HR) 2.58, 95% CI 1.44–4.63) and 36%versus69% (HR 2.32, 95% CI 1.55–3.48), respectively).Patients undergoing thoracentesis for pleural effusion have high short- and long-term mortality. Patients with malignant effusion had the highest mortality followed by multiple benign aetiologies, congestive heart failure and renal failure. Bilateral pleural effusion is distinctly associated with high mortality.
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of human microtia via a pig model of HOXA1 syndrome
Authors: Qiao Ruimin , He Yuyong , Pan Bo , Xiao Shijun , Zhang Xufei , Li Jing , Zhang Zhiyan , Hong Yuan , Xing Yuyun , Ren Jun 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Microtia is a congenital malformation of the outer ears. Although both genetic and environmental components have been implicated in microtia, the genetic causes of this innate disorder are poorly understood. Pigs have naturally occurring diseases comparable to those in humans, providing exceptional opportunity to dissect the molecular mechanism of human inherited diseases. Here we first demonstrated that a truncating mutation in HOXA1 causes a monogenic disorder of microtia in pigs. We further performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis on affected and healthy pig embryos (day 14.25). We identified a list of 337 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the normal and mutant samples, shedding light on the transcriptional network involving HOXA1. The DEGs are enriched in biological processes related to cardiovascular system and embryonic development, and neurological, renal and urological diseases. Aberrant expressions of many DEGs have been implicated in human innate deformities corresponding to microtia-associated syndromes. After applying three prioritizing algorithms, we highlighted appealing candidate genes for human microtia from the 337 DEGs. We searched for coding variants of functional significance within six candidate genes in 147 microtia-affected individuals. Of note, we identified one EVC2 non-synonymous mutation (p.Asp1174Asn) as a potential disease-implicating variant for a human microtia-associated syndrome. The findings advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying human microtia, and provide an interesting example of the characterization of human disease-predisposing variants using pig models.
A Compositional Model for CO2 Floods Including CO2 Solubility in Water
Authors: Chang Yih-Bor , Coats Brian K. , Nolen James S. 
Published: April 2015

Abstracts
This paper presents a three-dimensional, three-phase compositional model for simulating CO2 flooding including C02 solubility in water. Both fully implicit and IMPES formulations are included. In this model, C02 is allowed to dissolve in the aqueous phase while all other components except water exist in the oil and gas phases. Oil- and gas-phase densities and fugacities are modeled by a cubic equation of state. The aqueous phase properties are functions of the amount of dissolved C02. C02 solubility is computed using a C02 fugacity coefficient table that is converted internally from input C02 solubility data as a function of pressure at reservoir temperature. Correlations for computing the solubility of C02 in water and other properties of C02 saturated water are presented. Results for simulation runs with and without C02 solubility in water are shown for comparison.
Closing the Divide between Human Nutrition and Plant Breeding
Authors: Diepenbrock Christine H. , Gore Michael A. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTImprovement of crop nutritional quality through breeding, termed biofortification, is a strategy being used to address micronutrient deficiencies worldwide. These efforts stand to benefit tremendously from recent advances across the plant sciences, from flourishing germplasm and genomic resources and phenotyping tools to improved characterization at the levels of physiology, cell biology, and gene expression. Next steps in crop biofortification in this decade and beyond include adapting high‐throughput phenotyping platforms for measurement of nutritional quality traits, testing genome‐wide and other DNA marker‐based selection strategies that can mine parsimonious answers from large data sets, and further characterizing genotype × environment interactions and post‐harvest effects on end nutrition. Also necessary are accompanying considerations of yield and other agronomic traits—in particular, the non‐uniform responses of both these and quality traits to climate change across crops, environments, and farming management systems. These integrative analyses from genotype to phenotype and planting to consumption can minimize trade‐offs between yield and nutrition and maximize the range, magnitude, and longevity of the benefits of biofortified varieties to human health and nutrition.
Whistleblowing in Audit Firms: Do Explicit Protections from Retaliation Activate Implicit Threats of Reprisal?
Authors: Wainberg James , Perreault Stephen 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT
Despite the increasing number of statutory protections now provided to whistleblowers, fear of reprisal remains a primary reason why individuals fail to report misconduct. In order to alleviate such fears and encourage reporting, hotline policies often describe explicit whistleblower protections from specific types of retaliation (e.g., harassment, threats or intimidation, loss of job, etc.). However, we posit that such vivid descriptions may actually achieve the opposite of their intended effect by increasing the salience of retaliatory threats, thereby discouraging whistleblower reporting. We conduct an experiment and find evidence that when explicit protections are added to an audit firm's whistleblower hotline policy, auditors assess the risk of reporting as higher and, as a result, are less likely to indicate that the misconduct will be reported through the hotline. To our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate that offering explicit protections to whistleblowers can have these unintended and counter-intuitive consequences.
Discordance Between Distance Ambulated as Part of Usual Care and Functional Exercise Capacity in Survivors of Critical Illness Upon Intensive Care Discharge: Observational Study
Authors: Waters Angela , Hill Kylie , Jenkins Sue , Johnston Catherine , Mackney Jennifer 
Published: April 2015

Background
People who have had a prolonged admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) commonly have profound debilitation and weakness. For the delivery of effective exercise training, an accurate assessment of exercise capacity is essential.

Objective
The study objectives were to investigate how much ground-based walking is undertaken by inpatients recovering from critical illness within 1 week of discharge from an ICU and to evaluate the feasibility and safety of the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) for this population.

Design
This was an observational study.

Methods
Within 1 week of discharge from the ICU, functional exercise capacity was measured with the 6MWT. The maximum distance ambulated on the ward in a single session as part of usual clinical management was extracted from the medical notes. The distance achieved during the 6MWT and the maximum distance ambulated on the ward were compared.

Results
The participants (N=23) were survivors of a critical illness; their mean age was 57 years (SD=11). The median length of ICU stay was 11 days (interquartile range [IQR]=7). The mean 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) was 179 m (SD=101), and the maximum distance ambulated on the ward was 30 m (IQR=65). There was a moderate association between the distance participants ambulated on the ward and the 6MWD (r=.54). The maximum distance ambulated on the ward, expressed as a percentage of the 6MWD, was 29% (IQR=34%). Five participants (22%) experienced oxygen desaturation (oxygen saturation of &lt;85%) and recovered within 1 minute of resting.

Limitations
The maximum distance ambulated on the ward was estimated with premeasured distances.

Conclusions
Most participants ambulated at a low percentage of their measured exercise capacity. The 6MWT appears to be a safe and useful test for inpatients recently discharged from the ICU.