bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of international commitments for fisheries sustainability
Authors: Rice Jake 
Published: June 2013

Abstract
Rice, J. 2014. Evolution of international commitments for fisheries sustainability. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 157–165. The basic standards for the sustainability of fisheries were set by international policy in the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (FSA). However, each year since the FSA was ratified, the United Nations General Assembly has negotiated and agreed to resolutions on Ocean Law of the Sea and on Sustainable Fisheries. This paper reviews chronologically how the interpretation of “sustainability” has evolved in those resolutions, as well as been addressed in the decadal world summits on sustainable development. Although the basic biological benchmarks for sustainability have not been altered by these resolutions, commitments for the standards to be met by all ecosystem components impacted by fishing have become increasingly strong. The annual resolutions have increasingly stressed that environmental sustainability is critically important, but is not more important than social well-being aspects of sustainability, with fisheries having a vital role in sustainable development in many parts of the world. In addition, agreements on biodiversity conservation made largely in Oceans and Law of the Sea resolutions are increasingly influencing the nature and pace of evolution of how “sustainability” is interpreted in fisheries.
Functional differences between alien and native species: do biotic interactions determine the functional structure of highly invaded grasslands?
Authors: Gross Nicolas , Börger Luca , Duncan Richard P. , Hulme Philip E. 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Although observed functional differences between alien and native plant species support the idea that invasions are favoured by niche differentiation (ND), when considering invasions along large ecological gradients, habitat filtering (HF) has been proposed to constrain alien species such that they exhibit similar trait values to natives.

To reconcile these contrasting observations, we used a multiscale approach using plant functional traits to evaluate how biotic interactions with native species and grazing might determine the functional structure of highly invaded grasslands along an elevation gradient in New Zealand.

At a regional scale, functional differences between alien and native plant species translated into nonrandom community assembly and high ND. Alien and native species showed contrasting responses to elevation and the degree of ND between them decreased as elevation increased, suggesting a role for HF. At the plant‐neighbourhood scale, species with contrasting traits were generally spatially segregated, highlighting the impact of biotic interactions in structuring local plant communities. A confirmatory multilevel path analysis showed that the effect of elevation and grazing was moderated by the presence of native species, which in turn influenced the local abundance of alien species.

Our study showed that functional differences between aliens and natives are fundamental to understand the interplay between multiple mechanisms driving alien species success and their coexistence with natives. In particular, the success of alien species is driven by the presence of native species which can have a negative (biotic resistance) or a positive (facilitation) effect depending on the functional identity of alien species.
The impact of 36 years of grazing management on vegetation dynamics in dune slacks
Authors: Millett Jonathan , Edmondson Sally 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Grazing mammals are often used to maintain and restore high conservation value plant communities, but the evidence base for management is lacking long‐term studies.

We erected grazing exclosures in dune slacks to determine the impact of three different grazing regimes on the plant community: (1) rabbits and sheep excluded for 36 years, (2) continued rabbit grazing for 36 years and (3) rabbit grazing for 17 years followed by rabbit and sheep grazing for 19 years. We monitored plant community composition inside and outside the exclosures.

All of the plant communities changed over time, moving away from the original high‐value system and losing some characteristic species. Grazing slowed succession, reduced woody perennial cover and increased graminoid and forb cover and species diversity. The impact of adding sheep grazing to the existing rabbit grazing was additive at the functional group scale, but both complementary and additive (depending on the species) at the plant species scale.

Synthesis and applications. At the levels of grazing present in this study (2·5 sheep ha−1 year−1), sheep had similar impacts on dune slack plant communities to rabbits, making them suitable for replacing or augmenting rabbit grazing for conservation management. At the intensity present in this study, long‐term grazing can help to maintain a species‐rich dune slack community but is not sufficient for successful restoration.
Steelhead vulnerability to climate change in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Wade Alisa A. , Beechie Timothy J. , Fleishman Erica , Mantua Nathan J. , Wu Huan , Kimball John S. , Stoms David M. , Stanford Jack A. 
Published: June 2013

Summary

Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and other Pacific salmon are threatened by unsustainable levels of harvest, genetic introgression from hatchery stocks and degradation or loss of freshwater habitat. Projected climate change is expected to further stress salmon through increases in stream temperatures and altered stream flows.

We demonstrate a spatially explicit method for assessing salmon vulnerability to projected climatic changes (scenario for the years 2030–2059), applied here to steelhead salmon across the entire Pacific Northwest (PNW). We considered steelhead exposure to increased temperatures and more extreme high and low flows during four of their primary freshwater life stages: adult migration, spawning, incubation and rearing. Steelhead sensitivity to climate change was estimated on the basis of their regulatory status and the condition of their habitat. We assessed combinations of exposure and sensitivity to suggest actions that may be most effective for reducing steelhead vulnerability to climate change.

Our relative ranking of locations suggested that steelhead exposure to increases in temperature will be most widespread in the southern Pacific Northwest, whereas exposure to substantial flow changes will be most widespread in the interior and northern Pacific Northwest. There were few locations where we projected that steelhead had both relatively low exposure and sensitivity to climate change.

Synthesis and applications. There are few areas where habitat protection alone is likely to be sufficient to conserve steelhead under the scenario of climate change considered here. Instead, our results suggest the need for coordinated, landscape‐scale actions that both increase salmon resilience and ameliorate climate change impacts, such as restoring connectivity of floodplains and high‐elevation habitats.
Early intervention services of children with physical disabilities: Complexity of child and family needs
Authors: Ziviani Jenny , Darlington Yvonne , Feeney Rachel , Rodger Sylvia , Watter Pauline 
Published: June 2013

Background/aimTo gain insight into the special issues confronting parents when accessing early intervention for children with physical disabilities where child and/or family characteristics indicate complex needs within the unique Australian context.MethodsQualitative interviews with families receiving early intervention for their children with physical disabilities (N = 10). Families with complex circumstances such as having children with high support needs, those from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, and single‐parent families were recruited to the study. Families where parents had mental or health issues, parents/other family members had an identified disability, and/or where families lived in regional or rural locations were also purposively sampled.ResultsParticipants highlighted issues around (i) the nature of early intervention services provided; (ii) the ways in which services were structured; and (ii) managing their child's needs/planning into the future. Parents stressed the importance of having access to a variety of early intervention services aside from therapy. They also emphasised the need for greater clarity about what to expect from services, the intensity of therapy, other services they could access and how long they would be able to receive these.ConclusionsDespite their complex circumstances and needs, participants' experiences of accessing early intervention services were largely consistent with the broader research literature. Of the parents interviewed, those with health problems and single mothers expressed most apprehension about managing their child's needs and planning for the future.
A comparison of the long‐term consequences of vaginal delivery versus caesarean section on the prevalence, severity and bothersomeness of urinary incontinence subtypes: a national cohort study in primiparous women
Authors: Gyhagen M , Bullarbo M , Nielsen TF , Milsom I 
Published: June 2013

ObjectiveTo study the effect of one vaginal delivery (VD) compared with one caesarean section (CS) on the prevalence, severity and bothersomeness of urinary incontinence (UI) subtypes—stress (SUI), urge (UUI) and mixed (MUI)—20 years after delivery.DesignRegistry‐based national cohort study.SettingWomen who returned postal questionnaires (response rate 65.2%) in 2008.PopulationPrimiparae with one birth in 1985–88 (n = 5236) and no further births.MethodsMedical Birth Register data were linked to a questionnaire. Analysis of variance and multivariate analysis were used to obtain adjusted prevalences and odds ratios (adjOR).Main outcome measuresPrevalence, risk factors, severity, bothersomeness of UI subtypes.ResultsThe prevalence of SUI, UUI and MUI was 15.3, 6.1, 14.4%, respectively, and was higher for all subtypes after VD versus CS. Moderate to severe incontinence was more prevalent after VD (21.3%) compared with CS (13.5%; adjOR 1.68, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.40–2.03). Bothersome incontinence differed between MUI (38.9%), UUI (27.1%) and SUI (18.0%). The prevalence of bothersome UI was higher after VD compared with CS (11.2 versus 6.3%; adjOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.42–2.39) and consulting a doctor for UI was reported more often after VD than CS. Bothersome MUI occurred in 40.0% of incontinent women after VD compared with 29.9% after CS (adjOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.07–2.54). Symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse was an important modifier of UI with regard to its prevalence, duration, type and bothersomeness.ConclusionThe prevalence of SUI, UUI and MUI was higher and moderate to severe UI and bothersome UI were reported more often after VD than CS 20 years after one delivery.
Improved Diet Quality and Increased Nutrient Intakes Associated with Grape Product Consumption by U.S. Children and Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2008
Authors: McGill Carla R. , Keast Debra R. , Painter James E. , Romano Courtney S. , Wightman JoLynne D. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract Fruit contributes to dietary nutrient density and consumption of fruit in several forms (whole, dried, or 100% juice) has been reported to be associated with a healthier dietary pattern. The goal of this study was to examine the associations of the consumption of grapes (including fresh grapes, raisins, and 100% grape juice) with diet quality and food group/nutrient intake. A secondary analysis of Natl. Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003 to 2008 data was conducted to compare grape consumers (GC) with nongrape consumers (NGC) among children aged 2 to 19 y (n = 9622) and adults 20+ y (n = 12251). GC were defined as those who mentioned the consumption of fresh grapes, raisins, or 100% grape juice during 1 or both 24‐h recall interviews. Compared to NGC, GC had higher Healthy Eating Index 2005 (HEI‐2005) scores and higher intakes of total and whole fruit along with lower intakes of solid fat, added sugars, and calories from solid fats, alcohol, and added sugars (SoFAAS). Among adults, GC also had higher intakes than NGC of total and dark green/orange vegetables. Among both age groups, GC had higher intake than NGC of several key nutrients including dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Consumption of grape products is associated with a healthier dietary pattern and higher intake of key nutrients by both children and adults.
Raisins and Oral Health
Authors: Wong Allen , Young Douglas A. , Emmanouil Dimitris E. , Wong Lynne M. , Waters Ashley R. , Booth Mark T. 
Published: June 2013

Abstract Traditionally, raisins have been thought to promote dental caries due to their suspected “stickiness” and sugar content. Current research identifies some evidence contrary to traditional thought, suggesting that raisins may not contribute to dental caries. This article reviews new findings with regards to raisins and the 3 conditions that are thought to contribute to the formation of dental caries; low oral pH, adherence of food to teeth, and biofilm (bacterial) behavior. The studies reviewed concluded that raisin: consumption alone does not drop oral pH below the threshold that contributes to enamel dissolution, do not remain on the teeth longer than other foods, and contain a variety of antioxidants that inhibit Streptococcus Mutans, bacteria that is a primary cause of dental caries. Further research in this area should be considered.
Treatment of low back pain: randomized clinical trial comparing a multidisciplinary group‐based rehabilitation program with oral drug treatment up to 12 months
Authors: Tavafian Sedigheh Sadat , Jamshidi Ahmad Reza , Mohammad Kazem 
Published: June 2013

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to examine the effects of a multidisciplinary treatment program on health‐related quality of life of Iranian patients living with chronic low back, at 12 months follow‐up.MethodsThis study is an extended follow‐up of an original randomized, controlled trial with registration number NCT00600197. In the present study 87 patients in an intervention group and 91 patients in a control group were assessed at 12 months follow‐up. The intervention was a group‐based multidisciplinary rehabilitation program which continued by monthly motivational consultation by telephone from 6 to 12 months after intervention. Data from three standard measures, Short Form 36 (SF‐36), QDS and RDQ were collected at 3, 6 and 12 months follow‐up and analyzed through repeated measures analysis of variance.ResultsDespite the similarity between the two groups who completed the 6 month follow‐up in terms of all baseline variables, there were significant differences between the two groups in all domains of the SF‐36 scale, as well as QDS and RDQ scales (P < 0.05). Also, there were differences within each group over time in the SF‐36 domains and disability measurements (P < 0.05). The physical function mean score differed significantly when the interaction between groups and time points was examined (P = 0.02).ConclusionThis study indicates that the multidisciplinary program could improve the domains of health related quality of life and disability in chronic low back pain patients up to 12 months.
A comparison of pre‐operative nerve stimulator‐guided femoral nerve block and fascia iliaca compartment block in patients with a femoral neck fracture
Authors: Newman B. , McCarthy L. , Thomas P. W. , May P. , Layzell M. , Horn K. 
Published: June 2013

SummaryWe undertook a randomised, controlled trial to compare the analgesic efficacy and opioid sparing effect of nerve stimulator‐guided femoral nerve block with fascia iliaca compartment block in patients awaiting surgery for fractured neck of femur. Ten‐centimetre visual analogue pain scores were measured before and 2 h after the block and opioid consumption was recorded in the 12‐h period after the block. One hundred and ten patients were randomly assigned. Femoral nerve block provided superior pre‐operative analgesia for fractured neck of femur compared with fascia iliaca compartment block. The difference in the mean reduction of pain score after the block was 0.9 (95% CI 0–1.8); p = 0.047. Patients receiving a femoral nerve block required less morphine after the block than those receiving fascia iliaca compartment block (p = 0.041).
Histological and histochemical study of the digestive system of the Argentine anchovy larvae (Engraulis anchoita) at different developmental stages of their ontogenetic development
Authors: Cohen Stefanía , Diaz Marina V. , Díaz Alcira O. 
Published: June 2013

AbstractIn this work, histological and histochemical features of the larval digestive system of Argentine anchovy Engraulis anchoita were described. Structural changes during ontogenetic development were also characterized, and comparisons between the beginning and the end of larval development were made. Histological sections of larvae were subjected to histochemical and routine histological techniques to localize and differentiate glycoproteins (GPs). Both at an early and a late larval stage, the oesophageal goblet cells reacted more intensely than those of the rest of the digestive tract, and only the oesophagus exhibited metachromasia with toluidine blue techniques at different pHs, thus revealing diverse GPs at different concentrations. The GPs histochemical composition in the intestine varied with the developmental stage and the intestinal zone. The absence of goblet cells characterized the foregut; however, they started differentiation at an advanced stage in the midgut. These cells could be detected in the hindgut both at the beginning and at the end of development. The attached glands showed a varied glycoprotein composition. The digestive tract of E. anchoita presented a high level of complexity, related to the multiple functions of mucus in the digestive tract, such as lubrication, protection, antimicrobial function and ionic and osmotic regulation.
Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modelling Study of Podophyllotoxin Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of Tubulin Polymerization
Authors: Ma Yaqiong , Fang Senbiao , Li Huanhuan , Han Chao , Lu Yan , Zhao Yonglong , Liu Yingqian , Zhao Chunyan 
Published: June 2013

Microtubules are considered as important targets of anticancer therapy. Podophyllotoxin and its structural derivative are major microtubule‐interfering agents with potent anticancer activity. In this study, we reported the anticancer effects of 10 representative podophyllotoxin derivatives on a panel of four human cancer cell lines. Deoxypodophyllotoxin (6b) and β‐apopicropodophyllotoxin (6g) elicited strong antiproliferative effects (IC50) at a range of 0.0073–0.14 μm. Direct tubulin depolymerization assay in vitro was also performed. Results showed that that the two compounds can inhibit microtubule polymerization. Experimental measurements were also supported by molecular dynamic simulations, which showed that the two active compounds formed interactions with the colchicine‐binding site of the tubulin protein. Our results helped us understand the nature of tubulin binding and determine the core design of a new series of potent inhibitors of tubulin polymerization.
Aicardi–Goutières syndrome: a model disease for systemic autoimmunity
Authors: Lee-Kirsch M A , Wolf C , Günther C 
Published: June 2013

Summary
Systemic autoimmunity is a complex disease process that results from a loss of immunological tolerance characterized by the inability of the immune system to discriminate self from non-self. In patients with the prototypic autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), formation of autoantibodies targeting ubiquitous nuclear antigens and subsequent deposition of immune complexes in the vascular bed induces inflammatory tissue injury that can affect virtually any organ system. Given the extraordinary genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of SLE, one approach to the genetic dissection of complex SLE is to study monogenic diseases, for which a single gene defect is responsible. Considerable success has been achieved from the analysis of the rare monogenic disorder Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS), an inflammatory encephalopathy that clinically resembles in-utero-acquired viral infection and that also shares features with SLE. Progress in understanding the cellular and molecular functions of the AGS causing genes has revealed novel pathways of the metabolism of intracellular nucleic acids, the major targets of the autoimmune attack in patients with SLE. Induction of autoimmunity initiated by immune recognition of endogenous nucleic acids originating from processes such as DNA replication/repair or endogenous retro-elements represents novel paradigms of SLE pathogenesis. These findings illustrate how investigating rare monogenic diseases can also fuel discoveries that advance our understanding of complex disease. This will not only aid the development of improved tools for SLE diagnosis and disease classification, but also the development of novel targeted therapeutic approaches.
C677T mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and neural tube defects: Should Japanese women undergo gene screening before pregnancy?
Authors: Kondo Atsuo , Fukuda Hiromi , Matsuo Takuya , Shinozaki Keiko , Okai Ikuyo 
Published: June 2013

AbstractWe analyzed the role of maternal C677T mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene on spina bifida development in newborns. A total of 115 mothers who had given birth to a spina bifida child (SB mothers) gave 10 mL of blood together with written informed consent. The genotype distribution of C677T mutation was assessed and compared with that of the 4517 control individuals. The prevalence of the homozygous genotype (TT) among SB mothers was not significantly different from that among the controls (odds ratio [OR] = 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.31–1.25; P = 0.182), suggesting that MTHFR 677TT genotype in Japan is not associated with spina bifida development in newborns. The T allele frequency was not increased in SB mothers (34.8%) as compared to that of the control individuals (38.2%). Further, the internationally reported association between the two groups was found to be similar in all 15 countries studied except the Netherlands, where the TT genotype was found to be a genetic risk factor for spina bifida. For the prevention of affected pregnancy every woman planning to conceive has to take folic acid supplements 400 μg a day and the government is asked to take action in implementing food fortification with folic acid in the near future. In conclusion, it is not necessary for Japanese women to undergo genetic screening C677T mutation of the MTHFR gene as a predictive marker for spina bifida prior to pregnancy, because the TT genotype is not a risk factor for having an affected infant.