bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Referenceless reconstruction of spatiotemporally encoded imaging data: Principles and applications to real‐time MRI
Authors: Seginer Amir , Schmidt Rita , Leftin Avigdor , Solomon Eddy , Frydman Lucio 
Published: January 2014

PurposeUltrafast sequences based on “Hybrid” spatiotemporal encoding (SPEN) replace echo‐planar imaging's phase encoding “blips,” while retaining a k‐space readout acquisition. Hardware imperfections during acquisition may lead to ghosts and striped artifacts along the SPEN dimension; akin to echo‐planar imaging's Nyquist ghosts, but weaker. A referenceless method to eliminate these artifacts in Hybrid SPEN is demonstrated.Theory and MethodsOwing to its encoding in direct space, rather than reciprocal space, undersampling in SPEN does not generate an echo‐planar‐imaging‐like aliasing, but instead lowers the spatial resolution. Hybrid SPEN data can be split into two undersampled signals: a reference one comprised of the odd‐echos, and an even‐echo set that has to be “corrected” for consistency with the former. A simple way of implementing such a correction that enables a joint high‐resolution reconstruction is proposed.ResultsThe referenceless algorithm is demonstrated with various examples, including oblique scans, large in vivo datasets from real‐time dynamic contrast‐enhanced perfusion experiments, and human brain imaging.ConclusionsThe referenceless correction enables robust single‐scan imaging under changing conditions—such as patient motion and changes in shimming over time—without the need of ancillary navigators. This opens new options for real‐time MRI and interactive scanning. Magn Reson Med 72:1687–1695, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radial distribution of iron in silicon crystals grown by Czochralski method from contaminated feedstock
Authors: Mchedlidze Teimuraz , Weber Jörg 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe radial distribution of iron in Cz‐Si crystals grown from photovoltaic grade feedstock was analysed using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). A high temperature annealing sequence followed by fast quenching to 273 K was used to transform iron silicide precipitates, formed after the crystal growth, to iron‐containing species detectable by DLTS. The results suggest a homogeneous radial distribution of iron over the crystal. From comparison of as‐grown and annealed samples, a strong suppression of iron precipitation close to the walls of the crystals becomes obvious and possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carbon Dioxide Incorporation into Alkyne Compounds Mediated by Silver Catalysts
Authors: Kikuchi Satoshi , Yamada Tohru 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe have reported that a silver catalyst with a base was an effective system for the incorporation and utilization of carbon dioxide in organic syntheses under mild reaction conditions. The C≡C triple bond activation by the silver catalysts was assumed to be a key step in these reactions, which was supported by DFT calculations with a model substrate. Based on these reports, we recently developed three new CO2 incorporations under the mild reaction conditions using our silver catalyst system. In this Personal Account, we describe the silver‐catalyzed CO2 incorporation with C–C bond formation to afford the corresponding γ‐lactone derivatives and the synthesis of benzoxazin‐2‐one derivatives and 4‐hydroxyquinolin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives from alkynylanilines with carbon dioxide catalyzed by silver salts.
Empowerment Theory: Clarifying the Nature of Higher‐Order Multidimensional Constructs
Authors: Peterson N. Andrew 
Published: January 2014

AbstractDevelopment of empowerment theory has focused on defining the construct at different levels of analysis, presenting new frameworks or dimensions, and explaining relationships between empowerment‐related processes and outcomes. Less studied, and less conceptually developed, is the nature of empowerment as a higher‐order multidimensional construct. One critical issue is whether empowerment is conceptualized as a superordinate construct (i.e., empowerment is manifested by its dimensions), an aggregate construct (i.e., empowerment is formed by its dimensions), or rather as a set of distinct constructs. To date, researchers have presented superordinate models without careful consideration of the relationships between dimensions and the higher‐order construct of empowerment. Empirical studies can yield very different results, however, depending on the conceptualization of a construct. This paper represents the first attempt to address this issue systematically in empowerment theory. It is argued that superordinate models of empowerment are misspecified and research that tests alternative models at different levels of analysis is needed to advance theory, research, and practice in this area. Recommendations for future work are discussed.
Are relational ties always good for knowledge acquisition? Buyer–supplier exchanges in China
Authors: Zhou Kevin Zheng , Zhang Qiyuan , Sheng Shibin , Xie En , Bao Yeqing 
Published: January 2014

AbstractRelational ties between manufacturers and their suppliers serve as an important strategic resource for value creation and realization. However, conflicting evidence exists regarding their role in the acquisition of specific knowledge. This study proposes that relational ties have a nonlinear effect on specific knowledge acquisition and that this nonlinear relationship is conditional on contract specificity and competitive intensity. Results from a sample of 385 manufacturer–supplier exchanges in China demonstrate that a buyer's relational ties with its major supplier have an inverted U‐shaped effect on specific knowledge acquisition from this supplier; this inverted U‐shaped relationship is stronger (steeper) when contract specificity is high and competition is more intense. These findings suggest that managers should understand the benefits and downsides of relational ties in acquiring specific knowledge and avoid building highly embedded ties when they draft detailed contracts or competition is highly intensive.
Metal Permeation into Multi-layered Graphene Oxide
Authors: Ogata Chikako , Koinuma Michio , Hatakeyama Kazuto , Tateishi Hikaru , Asrori Mohamad Zainul , Taniguchi Takaaki , Funatsu Asami , Matsumoto Yasumichi 
Published: January 2014

AbstractUnderstanding the chemical and physical properties of metal/graphene oxide (M/GO) interfaces is important when GO is used in electronic and electrochemical devices because the metal layer must be firmly attached to GO. Here, permeation of metal from the surface into GO paper bulk at the M/GO interface was observed at room temperature for metals such as Cu, Ag, Ni, Au and Pt. Cu, Ag and Ni quickly permeated GO as ions into the bulk under humid conditions. At first, these metals changed to hydrated ions as a result of redox reactions (with reduction of GO) at the surface and then permeated the interlayers. Au and Pt were observed to permeate GO as atoms into the GO bulk at room temperature, although the permeation rates were low. These surprising results are considered to be due to the presence of many defects and/or edges with oxygenated groups in the GO paper.
Tungsten Oxide Nanorods: An Efficient Nanoplatform for Tumor CT Imaging and Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Zhou Zhiguo , Kong Bin , Yu Chao , Shi Xiangyang , Wang Mingwei , Liu Wei , Sun Yanan , Zhang Yingjian , Yang Hong , Yang Shiping 
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe report here a facile thermal decomposition approach to creating tungsten oxide nanorods (WO2.9 NRs) with a length of 13.1 ± 3.6 nm and a diameter of 4.4 ± 1.5 nm for tumor theranostic applications. The formed WO2.9 NRs were modified with methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) carboxyl acid via ligand exchange to have good water dispersability and biocompatibility. With the high photothermal conversion efficiency irradiated by a 980 nm laser and the better X-ray attenuation property than clinically used computed tomography (CT) contrast agent Iohexol, the formed PEGylated WO2.9 NRs are able to inhibit the growth of the model cancer cells in vitro and the corresponding tumor model in vivo and enable effective CT imaging of the tumor model in vivo. Our “killing two birds with one stone” strategy could be extended for fabricating other nanoplatforms for efficient tumor theranostic applications.
Continuous‐wave dual‐pump fibre optical parametric amplifier around 1 µm
Authors: Mussot A. , Stroïazzo L. , Hugonnot E. , Kudlinski A. 
Published: January 2014

The first experimental demonstration of a continuous‐wave dual‐pump fibre optical parametric amplifier operating near 1 µm is reported. A flat gain band of 23 dB spanning over 16 nm (4.5 THz) with <2 dB variation is reported. This fibre optical parametric amplifier is achieved with a dispersion stabilised microstructured optical fibre having a high figure of merit, i.e. high nonlinearity and low loss.
Charge emission induced transient leakage currents of a‐Si:H and IGZO TFTs on flexible plastic substrates
Authors: Smith J. , Couture A. , Allee D. 
Published: January 2014

The transient off‐state thermal emission leakage currents of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si) and indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) metal oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) fabricated on flexible plastic substrates have been examined for the first time. The transient leakage currents resulting from the detrapping of charge in the TFT active layer were observed to decay in a 1/t power law behaviour from 2 to 100 ms after switching the TFT test structures off. The results demonstrated a uniform density of states for both types of thin‐film devices and an ∼1.3× higher transient leakage current for the IGZO TFTs. It was also shown that the observed transient leakage currents result in a shot noise at the input to the data‐line charge integration amplifiers that is 20 × larger than predicted by using only the conventional static DC TFT leakage current measurements.
Improved hydrogen desorption properties of Li-Ca-B-N-H system catalyzed by cobalt containing species
Authors: Chu Hailiang , Qiu Shujun , Sun Lixian , Wu Guotao 
Published: January 2014

Calcium borohydride, Ca(BH4)2, one of the promising candidates for efficient hydrogen storage, has been synthesized successfully by the metathesis reaction between magnesium chloride and sodium borohydride in tetrahydrofuran in which the insoluble byproduct sodium chloride can be easily removed. And the hydrogen storage properties of its related Ca(BH4)2-4LiNH2 composite system with the presence of cobalt containing species as additives are systematically investigated. A doping of 5 wt. % CoCl2 considerably decreases the dehydrogenation temperature of a mixture of Ca(BH4)2-4LiNH2. More than 4.5 and 7 wt. % of hydrogen can be released at temperatures as low as ca. 165 and 178 °C, respectively. The effective catalytic species is determined to be cobalt particle which is formed on-site during ball milling process, having superior catalytic performance to cobalt powder as a catalyst. In addition, the results show that the amount of by-product NH3 is less when dehydrogenated by volumetric release than by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), i.e., evolved NH3 can react with borohydride for hydrogen release in closed reactor.
Engagement of Pleasant Activities in Patients with Substance Use Disorders: A Correlational Study
Authors: Roozen Hendrik G. , Strietman Martin , Wiersema Hans , Meyers Robert J. , Lewinsohn Peter M. , Feij Jan A. , Greeven Peter G. J. , Vingerhoets Ad J. J. M. , van den Brink Wim 
Published: January 2014

Background There is a growing awareness that the treatment of patients with substance use disorders (SUDs) should target increasing patients’ involvement in alternative pleasant reinforcers that compete with the reinforcing effects of substance use. The present cross-sectional study sought to identify factors that promote or impede engaging in pleasant activities. Methods Patients with SUDs ( N = 265) were assessed at treatment entry on sociodemographic characteristics, primary type of substance (ie, alcohol or illicit drugs), addiction severity, craving, personality factors, and psychiatric distress. Results Regression analyses identified dissimilar predictor sets underlying frequency, enjoyability, and cross-product ratings, highlighting the multifaceted behavioral nature of activity engagement. Personality measures showed the strongest associations with patients’ activity engagement, with extraversion as the key predictor. Conclusions The present findings emphasize the complexity of patients’ involvement in pleasant non–substance-related activities and further investigation is necessary to gain more insight into the underlying mechanisms of activity engagement.
Executive Summary: 2013 IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline for Vaccination of the Immunocompromised Host
Authors: Rubin Lorry G. , Levin Myron J. , Ljungman Per , Davies E. Graham , Avery Robin , Tomblyn Marcie , Bousvaros Athos , Dhanireddy Shireesha , Sung Lillian , Keyserling Harry , Kang Insoo 
Published: January 2014

Abstract
An international panel of experts prepared an evidenced-based guideline for vaccination of immunocompromised adults and children. These guidelines are intended for use by primary care and subspecialty providers who care for immunocompromised patients. Evidence was often limited. Areas that warrant future investigation are highlighted.
Unit and Internal Chain Profile of Millet Amylopectin
Authors: Annor George Amponsah , Marcone Massimo , Bertoft Eric , Seetharaman Koushik 
Published: January 2014

ABSTRACTThe unit chain compositions of debranched foxtail, proso, pearl, and finger millet amylopectins and their ϕ,β‐limit dextrins were analyzed by high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography. The ϕ,β‐limit dextrins reflected amylopectin internal chain profiles. The amylopectins had average chain lengths ranging from 17.94 to 18.12. The ranges of external chain length, internal chain length, and total internal chain length of the millet amylopectins were 11.85–12.33, 4.75–5.09, and 11.64–12.28, respectively. The relative molar concentration of B‐chains in the amylopectins was close to 50% in all samples. Significant differences were, however, observed in the proportions of very short “fingerprint” B‐chains (Bfp, degree of polymerization 3–7) and the major group of short B‐chains (BSmajor): foxtail and proso millets possessed high amounts of Bfp‐chains, whereas finger and pearl millets had higher amounts of BSmajor‐chains, suggesting possible differences in the fine structure of the clusters and building blocks of the amylopectins. Millet amylopectin can be classified structurally as type 2.
Proteomics Based Study of Soybean and Phakopsora pachyrhizi Interaction
Authors: Ganiger M. , Walker D. R. , Chen Z. Y. 
Published: January 2014

Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR), has the potential to cause severe yield losses as all currently grown U.S. commercial soybean varieties are susceptible. In this proteomics study, we compared two soybean sibling lines, a resistant line 10G18 and a susceptible line 10G21 derived from Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) population RN06-32-2 to understand the compatible and incompatible host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level. We compared the protein profile differences between the two lines over a time-course of 14 days with or without P. pachyrhizi inoculation using differential in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE). Approximately 70 differentially expressed spots between 10G18 and 10G21 lines with and without P. pachyrhizi inoculation were identified. Some of these spots, which were up- and down-regulated in resistant line 10G18, were sequenced using LC-MS/MS. Of the 70 differentially expressed protein spots, 31 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated spots in resistant line 10G18 were sequenced. These sequenced proteins were mostly involved in photosynthesis based on homology searches. The involvement in disease resistance for some of these differentially up-regulated proteins has been reported, indicating their possible role in soybean defense against ASR. However, further studies are necessary. Accepted for publication 3 September 2013. Published 25 November 2013.
The trade-off theory revisited: on the effect of operating leverage
Authors: J. Glover Kristoffer , Hambusch Gerhard 
Published: January 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of operating leverage, and the subsequent abandonment option available to managers, on the relationship between corporate earnings and optimal financial leverage, thereby providing an alternative (rational) explanation for the observed negative relationship between these two quantities.

Design/methodology/approach
– Working in a dynamic capital structure setting, where corporate earnings are modelled as an exogenous stochastic process, the paper explicitly adds fixed operating costs to the firm's value optimisation. This introduces a degree of operating leverage (DOL) and a non-zero value to the implicit abandonment option of the firm's manager. Solving for the firm's optimal timing and financing decisions the paper is able to derive the relationship between current corporate earnings and optimal financial leverage for a large class of earnings uncertainty assumptions. The theoretical implications are then tested empirically using a large selection of S&P 500 firms.

Findings
– The analysis reveals that the manager's flexibility to abandon the project introduces nonlinearities into the valuation that are sufficient to reconcile the trade-off theory with the empirically observed negative earnings/financial leverage relationship. The paper further finds theoretical and empirical evidence of a positive relationship between operating and financial leverage.

Originality/value
– Previous studies have used mean-reverting earnings as an explanation for the observed negative earnings/financial leverage relationship in a trade-off theory setting. The paper shows that the relationship does not need to be process specific. Instead, it is a direct result of the financial flexibility of managers.
Long‐term outcome of nitrogen immobilization to restore endemic sand grassland in Hungary
Authors: Török Katalin , Szitár Katalin , Halassy Melinda , Szabó Rebeka , Szili‐Kovács Tibor , Baráth Norbert , Paschke Mark W. 
Published: January 2014

Summary

Soil nitrogen immobilization by carbon amendment is a management technique used for conservation purposes to increase the competitive ability of late‐seral plant species over early‐seral species based on their different tolerance of low soil nitrogen content.

We immobilized nitrogen over six growing seasons on three ex‐arable fields with poor sandy soils in the Hungarian lowland in order to restore endemic sandy grassland. Sucrose and sawdust were applied at rates based on previous laboratory experiments using local soils. We tested the efficacy of long‐term carbon amendment for lowering soil nitrogen availability and favouring late‐seral native species over early‐seral weed species.

Carbon amendments resulted in significant increase in soil microbial biomass C and reduced soil nitrogen availability after 2 years.

Total vegetation cover was reduced by reducing soil nitrogen availability, but total species richness was not impacted. Cover of early‐seral species decreased, and species richness and cover of late‐seral species increased irrespective of nitrogen immobilization. However, after 4–6 years reducing soil nitrogen availability hampered the spread of moss under vascular vegetation.

Synthesis and applications. This study supports the efficacy of carbon amendment as a tool to immobilize available soil nitrogen in the upper soil layers. However, the desired impact on vegetation was not fully achieved despite application over several years. Nitrogen immobilization was most relevant to bryophytes, lacking deep root systems, which may explain the responsiveness of this group to N limitation. The different impact of N availability on the complex of early‐seral, late‐seral vascular species and that of the bryophyte layer provides opportunity for directing state transformations in arid grasslands. Bryophyte cover can be suppressed through carbon amendments in order to enhance the germination and establishment of grassland species. The advantage of the method is that it opens bryophyte cover gradually without disturbing the soil surface, possibly avoiding the establishment of invasive species. However, further studies are required for deeper insight.
Serum procollagen 1 amino‐terminal propeptide (P1NP) in prostate cancer: Pitfalls of its use as an early surrogate marker for bone metastasis
Authors: Moseshvili Eka , Joseph David J , Spry Nigel A , Cohen Ronald J , Abreu Alberta , Kautto Allison , Denham James W 
Published: January 2014

AbstractIntroductionProcollagen 1 amino‐terminal propeptide (P1NP) is a bone formation marker and has been shown to have a strong association with the extent of bone metastases (BM) in patients with advanced prostate cancer. More recently, its levels were found to be affected by androgen deprivation therapies and bisphosphonates. We investigated the role of P1NP as a surrogate marker of sub‐radiological skeletal metastases in prostate cancer patients with biochemical failure (BF).MethodsBePrepared is a prospective longitudinal substudy of RADAR trial in which serial P1NPs were collected at regular intervals for 123 patients who had completed RADAR protocol treatment.ResultsThere was no trend identified in P1NP levels prior to diagnosis of BM. We found that there was no difference in P1NP concentrations at the time of diagnosis of BM in the group that developed BM compared with P1NP levels in groups with only nodal metastases or BF. In the group of patients who did not experience BF, P1NP was affected by previous luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone‐agonist and bisphosphonate therapy. Hence, patients who received an 18‐month course of androgen deprivation without bisphosphonates had significantly higher P1NP values than patients with shorter androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) course combined with a course of bisphosphonates.ConclusionP1NP is not a sensitive serum marker of early BM in high‐risk prostate cancer patients with BF and low prostate‐specific antigen levels as its levels are affected by prior history of bone remodelling therapies such as ADT and bisphosphonates.
Genome‐wide variation within and between wild and domestic yak
Authors: Wang Kun , Hu Quanjun , Ma Hui , Wang Lizhong , Yang Yongzhi , Luo Wenchun , Qiu Qiang 
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe yak is one of the few animals that can thrive in the harsh environment of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau and adjacent Alpine regions. Yak provides essential resources allowing Tibetans to live at high altitudes. However, genetic variation within and between wild and domestic yak remain unknown. Here, we present a genome‐wide study of the genetic variation within and between wild and domestic yak. Using next‐generation sequencing technology, we resequenced three wild and three domestic yak with a mean of fivefold coverage using our published domestic yak genome as a reference. We identified a total of 8.38 million SNPs (7.14 million novel), 383 241 InDels and 126 352 structural variants between the six yak. We observed higher linkage disequilibrium in domestic yak than in wild yak and a modest but distinct genetic divergence between these two groups. We further identified more than a thousand of potential selected regions (PSRs) for the three domestic yak by scanning the whole genome. These genomic resources can be further used to study genetic diversity and select superior breeds of yak and other bovid species.