bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greek deponent verbs and their nominalizations
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines nominalizations derived from two classes of deponent verbs in Greek: psych and non-psych. It is first argued that the presence of non-active morphology in the psych class is indeed canonical, while in the agentive one is the result of internal Merge of the argument. While the subject in the case of psych verbs is an experiencer generated low in the vP structure, the subject in the case of agentive deponents bears a bundle thematic role (Oikonomou 2011). It is then argued that nominalizations derived from deponent verbs provide evidence for two structural representations: low nominalizations, in the case of psych deponent verbs, and vP derived ones in the case of the agentive semantic class. Also, the passive interpretation of the deponent nominals is related to the fact that these realize an ergative structure, i.e. lack VoiceP. Finally, genitive in the nominal domain is argued to be unmarked case and not dependent case, unlike dative/genitive in the verbal domain.
Greece
Authors: Fortsakis Theodore 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Greece is a unitary state, where the Greek Constitution lays down the basic principles for the organization and functioning of the administration, consisting, apart from the central- and regional-state administration, of the local government authorities, independent authorities, and the various public legal persons. At the same time, the Constitution lays down a nexus of substantive and procedural rights guaranteed by a system of multilevel review. Finally, it establishes a special regime governing the legal status of civil servants. The first section of this chapter develops successively the basic principles governing the action of the public administration, the judicial review, and the fundamental norms of administrative court procedures, and the public consultation as the main participatory component of the Greek administrative procedure. Finally, the second section applies these principles to the individual case studies, where the individual aspects of the Greek administrative system become apparent.
Spain
Authors: Delgado Isaac Martín 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the Spanish legal system, assuming a legal–dogmatic perspective, administrative procedure qualifies as a self-governing legal institution with constitutional status and a threefold purpose: (i) to serve the public (general) interest, (ii) ensure the legality of administrative (public authorities’) action, and (iii) engage citizens in administrative decision-making and adjudication. This threefold purpose is stated in the 1978 Spanish Constitution which establishes some principles, rights, and standards applicable to administrative procedure—objectivity, transparency, participation, access to information, efficiency, rationality, effective remedy, etc. The two main Acts regulating administrative action (Ley 39 and Ley 40/2015) and the sectoral administrative law have incorporated all of them in many different ways, as expression of the right to good administration, which, even if not explicitly recognized by the Constitution, constitutes a clear guide to the Spanish courts.
United Kingdom
Authors: Anthony Gordon , McCormick Conor 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how general principles of law in the UK are common law creations that apply ‘in context’. Context for these purposes can include sector-specific questions of law, where either statute law and/or the common law rules of fairness can impose procedural requirements that include notification rights, representation rights, and a duty to give reasons. The chapter also explains the relationship between statute law and common law and, in particular, how the common law can supplement statute law by filling gaps in procedural protection. Attention is given to the possible relevance of human rights standards, both at common law and under the ECHR, as it has effect in UK law under the Human Rights Act 1998. The residual influence of EU is also noted.
Cyber-Risks and Medical Ethics
Authors: Kiener Maximilian 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
With digital AI-powered medicine being on the rise, the risk of cyber-attacks has become a reality. ‘You have been hacked. Pay or we will shut down your system!’ AI systems are not just subject to cyber-risks like any other computer-based system, but to new risks and new types of attacks which have previously existed. This chapter argues that inevitably there will have to be a change in medical practice.
Information Flows in the Digital Age
Authors: Bluemke Emma , Trask Andrew 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
What’s private to you? Well, it depends, right? Private from whom? What would you tell a family member, but not your employer? What would you share with a researcher but not an app? What story would you reveal online anonymously but you wouldn’t even reveal to a friend? The word ‘privacy’ often gets a bad rap—people equate it with secrecy, or locking down information. But, with these examples, it’s clear that privacy is not about hiding or secrecy, it’s about the information flow: who should be able to know what, when should they be able to know it, and what should they be able to do with this knowledge? The authors propose a solution—involving what they call structured transparency—to achieve better information flows.
Is AI Ethics All Fluff?
Authors: Zerilli John 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The AI revolution provides a neat illustration of C.P. Snow’s point about the “two cultures” and a timely opportunity to reflect on why a cultural gap between the sciences and humanities persists. This chapter takes aim at an attitude prevailing among some computer scientists that ethics and AI ethics, as branches of the humanities, are unserious disciplines because they do not yield verifiable and quantifiable answers to the problems they address.
Artificial General Intelligence
Authors: Millican Peter 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The ambition to create an Artificial General Intelligence or AGI has been around at least since Alan Turing introduced his famous Turing test for machine thinking. This test was based on the ability to simulate human-style textual conversation, potentially over a wide range of topics, so as to be indistinguishable from a real person. Many people see the recent arrival of ChatGPT as potentially leading to a genuine AGI. This raises a host of moral questions, including whether such an AGI would itself be worthy of moral consideration. But first, once we understand how ChatGPT and similar systems operate, we have reason to doubt that they qualify as genuinely intelligent, even about the topics where they appear to perform well. And secondly, even if they were to be judged intelligent, we have compelling reason to insist that they cannot be consciously aware, and hence cannot qualify for moral consideration.
Destination Kashmir is Nigh by Ali Imran Shaheen
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents translated sections of Ali Imran Shaheen’s 2011 book, Kashmir: Manzil Dur Nahin (Destination Kashmir is Nigh). Like many of LeT’s historical materials, this volume presents a highly stylized history on the region. Destination Kashmir is Nigh depicts purported atrocities committed by the Indian Army in Kashmir, presenting a problematic history of the Kashmiri resistance and, more importantly, the alleged enduring relationship between the local resistance and LeT. In the author words: ‘This manuscript presents only a fraction of the sacrifices made in the six months from 11 June 2010 to 11 December 2010. If every single instance of aggression were documented, countless volumes would fill endless stacks in the libraries of justice. Every effort has been made to cover all aspects of the struggle; additionally, the history of the movement and the geography of the region have also been examined in considerable depth.’
Noble Warriors and Battlefronts by Muhammad Tahir Naqqash
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter feature the authors’ translations of excerpts from Muhammad Tahir Naqqash’s 2001, 590-page volume titled Ghaziyan-i-Saf-Shikan (Noble Warriors and Battlefronts)—a accounts of LeT’s various operations, including the 2000 fidayeen attack on the Red Fort in New Delhi and the Srinagar airport attack in October 2001. These accounts provide vivid, action-packed details of the life and adventures of various LeT mujahideen stationed in Kashmir and elsewhere in India, emphasizing both the heroism of Muslim mujahideen and the incessant victimized subject position of Muslims. Hindus are depicted as both craven but also violence-prone perpetrators. The forward was written by Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, LeT’s chief of operations and supreme commander of operations in Kashmir. Like many of the items included in this compilation, this text also belies any of Pakistan’s claims that Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (or any of its other operational names) does not engage in the production of violence.
The Phoneticians
Authors: Townend Matthew 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of phoneticians in the development of Victorian dialectology. It surveys the evolution of nineteenth-century phonetic study, and then focuses on the key figure of Alexander John Ellis (1814–90), exploring his biography, his arguments for the primacy of contemporary spoken language, and the contents of his great multi-volume work On Early English Pronunciation. Next, it introduces Ellis’ leading fieldworker, the railway clerk Thomas Hallam (1819–95), and (using his extensive unpublished papers) gives an account of Hallam’s travels, methods, and researches. Finally, it considers at length the enormous work that resulted from Ellis’ and Hallam’s cooperation: The Existing Phonology of English Dialects (1889), a pioneering survey and classification of the regional dialects of English.
Genuine explanation
Authors: Chomsky Noam 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Explanation is advanced with greater simplicity and elimination of stipulations. For language, a genuine explanation must satisfy conditions that appear contradictory: learnability, which appears to require rich innate endowment; evolvability, which requires simple endowment; coverage of widely varying languages. There are prospects for resolution of the conundrum within the minimalist program, which seeks to account for phenomena of language within the narrow bounds of the Strong Minimalist Thesis (SMT). SMT has a disciplinary function, restricting the means for description to general principles of computational efficiency, with as few language-specific assumptions as empirical conditions allow. SMT also has an enabling function, offering an explanation for why certain linguistic modules exist at all. This chapter explores these questions in a variety of areas.
Four types of quantifiers at the interface between syntax and logic
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Without quantifiers and quantification the capacity to draw inferences is extremely impoverished. The typology of quantifiers across the languages of the world bears a clear resemblance relation to generalized quantifiers in logic, but it is significantly richer and more varied. In this paper I show how the main quantificational devices that Universal Grammar affords us fall into four natural classes: (i) Determiner quantifiers (e.g., every, many, some,…) (ii) Adverbial quantifiers (e.g., always, usually, frequently, …) (iii) Alternative-oriented quantifiers (e.g., only, even, also,…) and (iv) Polarity-sensitive quantifiers (e.g., any). Of these four classes, Determiner quantifiers are the ones that one finds in standard logical theories; they are, however, NOT universally attested across languages, while the other three classes seem to be. This articulated typology raises a number of key questions pertaining to the relation between language and cognition: How do these types of quantifiers come about? What is special about them? Why do languages insist in resorting to these quantifier types so pervasively?
Truncation versus reduction in development
Authors: Belletti Adriana 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The main focus is the comparison of different forms of clausal reduction and their overall different complexity. Data from acquisition are especially revealing in highlighting the difference, as not all reduced structures are handled in the same way and within the same timeline during development. Truncated structures in the Root Infinitive stage (Rizzi 1993/1994) and Reduced Relative Clauses (RRCs) are compared from this perspective. Whereas the former are known to be accessed in the early stages of linguistic development, the latter are mastered relatively late. The type of reduction involved may be at the source of the different developmental path: the truncation operation occurs at the edge of the syntactic tree, thereby allowing for a more parsimonious computation; RRCs, in contrast, imply a structural reduction that is not at the highest edge; as such, it is not directly compatible with the analysis of the grown syntactic tree acquired. Using few(er) words does not (necessarily) yield simpler computations.
Wh-phrases as genuine focus operators
Authors: Saito Mamoru 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
It has been assumed that wh-phrases in Japanese are interpreted in conjunction with quantificational particles such as the question complementizer ka and the conjunctive particle mo. They are interpreted as part of universal quantification with mo. In this chapter, I present examples in which wh-phrases appear without an associated quantificational particle. I show that they are not part of questions and yet, they move covertly to the clausal periphery, just like wh-phrases in questions. I argue that their landing site is Spec, FocusP. According to Rizzi and Bocci’s (2017) description of the clausal peripheries in Italian and Japanese, the only difference is that Focus is missing in Japanese. The conclusion above eliminates this difference and implies that the Japanese right periphery is precisely the mirror image of the Italian left periphery. I suggest that wh-phrases in questions also move to Spec, FocusP, just like argument wh-phrases in Italian matrix questions.
Some (but not all) movement types systematically violate islands
Authors: Sportiche Dominique 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Some movement dependencies - e.g., question formation - obey islands constraints, but do all movement dependencies do? Using island independent movement diagnostics (namely reconstructability = displaced interpretation), this article demonstrates that some movement dependencies at least, namely French DP-CL(itic) L(eft) D(islocation), systematically violate (strong) islands. This conclusion requires modifying Phase Theory to preserve successive cyclicity but let islands be in principle permeable to movement, and distinguishing non island violating movement such as question formation from island violating movement (DP-CLLD) in a principled way. Following Rizzi (1997), phase edges include several positions, including, systematically, Topic positions allowing multiple hosts. Access to these positions, licensing island violations, is limited to phrases overtly marked as topical by a doubling (resumptive) clitic. This view may be extended to treat successive cyclic movement as a succession of topicalizations and focalizations
Comprehension and production of sentences with V-C movement in orally trained children with hearing impairment
Authors: Szterman Ronit , Friedmann Naama 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This study examined how children with hearing impairment who communicate in oral language comprehend and produce V-C movement. V-C in Hebrew is optional, which allowed us to compare sentences minimally differing in whether or not they include V-C. Forty-four Hebrew-speaking children with hearing loss from birth were examined using five tasks assessing the comprehension, reading aloud, and repetition of V-C sentences. To avoid a first-DP-is-agent strategy, we used homophones, homographs, and nonwords that were ambiguous between nouns and verbs, and placed them as the object of the raised verb. Whereas the decisive majority of work on the syntax of children with hearing impairment focused on A-bar movement, the current study found that thirty-five of the forty-four children with hearing impairment showed a deficit in sentences derived by V-C movement.
Micro-variation in imperative
Authors: Baldi Benedetta , Savoia Leonardo M. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
In the Calabro-Lucanian varieties spoken in the Lausberg area and contact Arbëresh (Italo-Albanian) dialects imperative is characterized by the post-verbal position of clitics and mesoclisis, the latter limited to the first person clitics. The interaction between the interpretive properties of imperative and the distribution of first person and third person clitics is the main subject of this work. The interfacing of the referential content of clitics with the structural properties of imperative can explain the Differential Object Marking (DOM) effects that we observe. The pre-verbal position of clitics is restored in negative imperatives, suggesting that in negative contexts verbal forms are not associated with the illocutionary force of command it excludes being negated.
Some basic properties of Mandarin resultative clusters
Authors: Koopman Hilda 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper explores the syntax of V1V2 resultative compounds in Mandarin, and addresses two sets of puzzles around object resultatives and ‘‘passive’ resultatives. The paper starts out with a new proposal about the initial merge structure of V1V2, where a causal miniature ‘event-vP’ containing not just the verb, but also the arguments of the verb, merges as the subject of a silent syntactic predicate CAUSE, which takes the change of state predicate and result (V2) as its complement; The event-vP1 can be either active or passive (with a silent non active VOICE), yielding object resultatives or passive resultatives; It then put to the test the syntactic derivation, guided by a restricted set of theoretical assumptions, and shows how the choice for each derivational step is restricted, and independently supported, including by modification, binding, reconstruction and scope of modal and negation. This leads to a unified Merge-based syntactic analysis which captures linear orders, derives the position of postverbal objects, incorporates the verbal morphology in the main derivation by phrasal movement, and demonstrates that silent lexical items must be present in the syntax, including (CAUSE, MODable,potential ), (non-active) VOICEeppVP, and PRO, the silent external argument in passive-like constructions.
The Interface between Data Privacy and Competition Law
Authors: Esayas Samson Y. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the intersection between data privacy law and competition law resulting from the commercialization of personal data both from an empirical and a normative perspective. Empirically, the commercialization of personal data has prompted two developments that increase the intersection of the two legal fields. One development relates to the increased attention paid to personal data in competition assessment, including when defining the relevant market, assessing market power, and imposing remedies. The other development involves increased attention to data privacy in competition analysis, particularly as a non-price parameter. Subsequently, the chapter examines the normative implications of these developments, outlining both the convergence—where the two sets of rules complement each other—and the tensions, exemplified by an increased recourse to data privacy obligations to justify potentially anticompetitive practices. The chapter begins by describing the complexity of today’s digital economy. It illustrates how the shifts brought about by the commercialization of personal data give rise to a complex economic landscape. This landscape is characterized by a multitude of actors, a network of interactions, and non-linear, emergent outcomes. Given the complex context, this chapter suggests that it may be useful to draw on key insights from complexity science. These insights include using a systems-level unit of analysis, emphasizing interconnections that lead to non-linear and emergent outcomes, and embracing a polycentric approach when navigating complexity. The chapter subsequently provides a brief overview of how the discussions in the book are inspired by, and integrate, these three insights.
Regulating a Complex Economy Beyond the Atomistic and Either/Or Approaches
Authors: Esayas Samson Y. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the vital role of emergent properties and complexity science in understanding the challenges to data privacy law and competition law associated with the commercialization of personal data. The discussions throughout the book have shown how the commercialization of personal data gives rise to increased complexity. This complexity is characterized by a surge in the number of data processing operations, the development of multi-product ecosystems, and a growing web of economic links. Despite this complexity, data privacy law and competition law still emphasize isolated units of analysis and adopt an either/or mindset. Both approaches prove inadequate in the face of such complexity. The focus of data privacy law and competition law on isolating a specific unit—whether a relevant market or a distinct data processing operation—overlooks system-wide (emergent) risks and new dimensions of (positional) power that arise from managing interconnections. Additionally, an either/or mindset that considers data privacy law and competition law as discrete domains of law overlooks the increasing intersection between the two regimes, missing opportunities for synergy. The solutions outlined in this book emphasize a paradigm shift. It is imperative to reorientate data privacy law and competition law to a complex economy. This requires adopting a holistic, systems-level perspective, one that recognizes and addresses emergent harms and the new power dynamics. Moreover, the book insists on embracing a polycentric approach that harnesses insights from both data privacy law and competition law.
Business of the State
Authors: Nem Singh Jewellord T. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
As the world moves towards decarbonization and the race for clean energy technologies accelerates, states in the global south are increasingly called upon to supply critical minerals to fuel the transition. Business of the State details how mineral states might design effective growth strategies in the context of strategic competition and climate emergency, via the rise of a hybrid developmental strategy during 1990s and 2010s—the embrace of market-conforming policies to attract FDI and the reassertion of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) as players in industrial development. Drawing from the experiences of Brazil’s Petrobras and Chile’s Codelco, the book argues that SOEs might open new pathways for technological innovation and even support industrial policy, if subjected to effective governance reforms and aligned with the private sector. In this way, the book shifts the analytical lens away from extractivism as a growth model and towards hybrid development strategies formulated through SOEs. Business of the State asks fundamental questions about states and markets: why do states seek to intervene in the affairs of public enterprises? And what role might they play in structural transformation? The book provides answers using a historical institutionalist framework, process tracing the complex process of market reforms in highly strategic natural resource industries.