bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of Physician Communication about Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Findings from a National Survey
Authors: Gilkey Melissa B. , Malo Teri L. , Shah Parth D. , Hall Megan E. , Brewer Noel T. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Background: Improving the quality of physicians' recommendations for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is critical to addressing low coverage. Thus, we sought to describe HPV vaccine communication practices among primary care physicians.
Methods: Pediatricians and family physicians (n = 776) completed our national online survey in 2014. We assessed the quality of their HPV vaccine recommendations on strength of endorsement (i.e., saying the vaccine is important), timeliness (recommending it by ages 11–12), consistency (recommending it routinely vs. using a risk-based approach), and urgency (recommending same-day vaccination).
Results: A sizeable minority of physicians reported that they do not strongly endorse HPV vaccine (27%) or deliver timely recommendations for girls (26%) or boys (39%). Many physicians (59%) used a risk-based approach to recommending HPV vaccine, and only half (51%) usually recommended same-day vaccination. Overall recommendation quality was lower among physicians who were uncomfortable talking about HPV vaccine or who believed parents did not value it. Quality was higher among physicians who began discussions by saying the child was due for HPV vaccine versus giving information or eliciting questions.
Conclusion: Many physicians in our national sample reported recommending HPV vaccine inconsistently, behind schedule, or without urgency. These practices likely contribute to under-immunization among adolescents, and may convey ambivalence to parents.
Impact: As one of the first studies to assess multiple aspects of recommendation quality, these findings can inform the many state and national initiatives that aim to improve communication about HPV vaccine so as to address the persistent underuse of a powerful tool for cancer prevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(11); 1673–9. ©2015 AACR.
See related commentary by Zimet, p. 1643.
Potentiation of Carboplatin-Mediated DNA Damage by the Mdm2 Modulator Nutlin-3a in a Humanized Orthotopic Breast-to-Lung Metastatic Model
Authors: Tonsing-Carter Eva , Bailey Barbara J. , Saadatzadeh M. Reza , Ding Jixin , Wang Haiyan , Sinn Anthony L. , Peterman Kacie M. , Spragins Tiaishia K. , Silver Jayne M. , Sprouse Alyssa A. , Georgiadis Taxiarchis M. , Gunter T. Zachary , Long Eric C. , Minto Robert E. , Marchal Christophe C. , Batuello Christopher N. , Safa Ahmad R. , Hanenberg Helmut , Territo Paul R. , Sandusky George E. , Mayo Lindsey D. , Eischen Christine M. , Shannon Harlan E. , Pollok Karen E. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are typically resistant to treatment, and strategies that build upon frontline therapy are needed. Targeting the murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) protein is an attractive approach, as Mdm2 levels are elevated in many therapy-refractive breast cancers. The Mdm2 protein–protein interaction inhibitor Nutlin-3a blocks the binding of Mdm2 to key signaling molecules such as p53 and p73α and can result in activation of cell death signaling pathways. In the present study, the therapeutic potential of carboplatin and Nutlin-3a to treat TNBC was investigated, as carboplatin is under evaluation in clinical trials for TNBC. In mutant p53 TMD231 TNBC cells, carboplatin and Nutlin-3a led to increased Mdm2 and was strongly synergistic in promoting cell death in vitro. Furthermore, sensitivity of TNBC cells to combination treatment was dependent on p73α. Following combination treatment, γH2AX increased and Mdm2 localized to a larger degree to chromatin compared with single-agent treatment, consistent with previous observations that Mdm2 binds to the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex associated with DNA and inhibits the DNA damage response. In vivo efficacy studies were conducted in the TMD231 orthotopic mammary fat pad model in NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice. Using an intermittent dosing schedule of combined carboplatin and Nutlin-3a, there was a significant reduction in primary tumor growth and lung metastases compared with vehicle and single-agent treatments. In addition, there was minimal toxicity to the bone marrow and normal tissues. These studies demonstrate that Mdm2 holds promise as a therapeutic target in combination with conventional therapy and may lead to new clinical therapies for TNBC. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(12); 2850–63. ©2015 AACR.
ОНТОЛОГІЧНА МОДЕЛЬ ПРОЦЕСІВ ПРОГРАМОВАНОЇ КЛІТИННОЇ ЗАГИБЕЛІ
Authors: Mintser O. P. , Vatlitsov D. V. 
Published: October 2015

The structural unit of the life on earth is a cell. An important aspect of the existence of cells, as a unit of life, is its capacity for elimination of non-viable or defective units from the system without damage of other units. Studies have revealed growth of the number of papers devoted to systematic research of the programmed cell death (PCD). Based on the results of the analysis of literary sources, the scheme of the levels of «events» which initiates a cascade of the PCD was formalized also the levels were described. The main directions of research was revealed, the overwhelming number of which include the investigations in which were developed the levels higher than level of molecular interaction, according to our proposed ontological model of programmed cell death. We had found the bifurcational nature of the signal chain of PCD and had investigated the role of components that had been assigned by us to levels lower than the level of molecular interaction. Based on these data, we proposed the concentration of ions promoters and inhibitors of PCD as a marker of development and control of programmed cells' death processes. The results of this research are the basis for the systematic study of ways to the origin, development and management of the active cascade of programmed cell death.
Postnatal Deletion of the Type II Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor in Smooth Muscle Cells Causes Severe Aortopathy in Mice
Authors: Hu Jie Hong , Wei Hao , Jaffe Mia , Airhart Nathan , Du Liang , Angelov Stoyan N. , Yan James , Allen Julie K. , Kang Inkyung , Wight Thomas N. , Fox Kate , Smith Alexandra , Enstrom Rachel , Dichek David A. 
Published: October 2015

Objective—
Prenatal deletion of the type II transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor (TBRII) prevents normal vascular morphogenesis and smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation, causing embryonic death. The role of TBRII in adult SMC is less well studied. Clarification of this role has important clinical implications because TBRII deletion should ablate TGF-β signaling, and blockade of TGF-β signaling is envisioned as a treatment for human aortopathies. We hypothesized that postnatal loss of SMC TBRII would cause aortopathy.

Approach and Results—

We generated mice with either of 2 tamoxifen-inducible SMC-specific Cre (SMC-
Cre
ER
T2
) alleles and homozygous floxed
Tgfbr2
alleles. Mice were injected with tamoxifen, and their aortas examined 4 and 14 weeks later. Both SMC-
Cre
ER
T2
alleles efficiently and specifically rearranged a floxed reporter gene and efficiently rearranged a floxed
Tgfbr2
allele, resulting in loss of aortic medial TBRII protein. Loss of SMC TBRII caused severe aortopathy, including hemorrhage, ulceration, dissection, dilation, accumulation of macrophage markers, elastolysis, abnormal proteoglycan accumulation, and aberrant SMC gene expression. All areas of the aorta were affected, with the most severe pathology in the ascending aorta. Cre-mediated loss of SMC TBRII in vitro ablated both canonical and noncanonical TGF-β signaling and reproduced some of the gene expression abnormalities detected in vivo.

Conclusions—
SMC TBRII plays a critical role in maintaining postnatal aortic homeostasis. Loss of SMC TBRII disrupts TGF-β signaling, acutely alters SMC gene expression, and rapidly results in severe and durable aortopathy. These results suggest that pharmacological blockade of TGF-β signaling in humans could cause aortic disease rather than prevent it.
Time From Symptoms to Carotid Endarterectomy or Stenting and Perioperative Risk
Authors: Meschia James F. , Hopkins L. Nelson , Altafullah Irfan , Wechsler Lawrence R. , Stotts Grant , Gonzales Nicole R. , Voeks Jenifer H. , Howard George , Brott Thomas G. 
Published: October 2015

Background and Purpose—
Prior meta-analysis showed that carotid endarterectomy benefits decline with increasing surgical delay following symptoms. For symptomatic patients in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (CREST), we assessed if differences in time between symptoms and carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stenting are associated with differences in risk of periprocedural stroke or death.

Methods—
We analyzed the 1180 symptomatic patients in CREST who received their assigned procedure and had clearly defined timing of symptoms. Patients were classified into 3 groups based on time from symptoms to procedure: <15, 15 to 60, and >60 days.

Results—

For carotid endarterectomy, risk of periprocedural stroke or death was not significantly different for the 2 later time periods relative to the earliest time period (hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.22–2.49 for 15–60 days and hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.25–3.33 for >60 days;
P
=0.89). For carotid artery stenting, risk of periprocedural stroke or death was also not significantly different for later time periods relative to the earliest time period (hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.53–2.40 for 15–60 days and hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.48–2.75 for >60 days;
P
=0.93).

Conclusions—
Time from symptoms to carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stenting did not alter periprocedural safety, supporting early revascularization regardless of modality.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00004732.
Three new synonyms of Solenostoma truncatum (Nees) R.M.Schust. ex Váňa et D.G. Long
Authors: Li Wei , VÁŇA JIŘÍ 
Published: October 2015

Solenostoma truncatum (Nees 1830: 29) R.M. Schust. ex Váňa & D.G.Long (2009: 509) is widely distributed and the commonest Solenostoma-species in south-east Asia, reaching from Himalayas, India and Srí Lanka to China, Japan, Micronesia, Samoa, New Guinea and northern Australia (Queensland). The species is very variable: its leaf form varies from subquadrate-rotund, ovate, ovate-ligulate to rarely ligulate, the cell texture is also relatively variable, but the marginal leaf-cells are mostly ± equally thickened in 1–2 or more rows, and the cuticle is usually at least minutely verrucose, rarely nearly smooth. Perianth is shortly to longly exserted, fusiform or ovate, perianth mouth is contracted or wide, crenulate, sometimes with ciliate marginal cells. Many synonyms were published for S. truncatum.
Analysis of an Observing System Experiment for the Joint Polar Satellite System
Authors: Lord Stephen , Gayno George , Yang Fanglin 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) is a key contributor to the next-generation operational polar-orbiting satellite observing system. In the JPSS era, the complete polar-orbiting observing system will be composed of two satellites—in the midmorning (mid-AM) and afternoon (PM) orbits—each with thermodynamic sounding capabilities from both microwave and hyperspectral infrared instruments. JPSS will occupy the PM orbit, while the Meteorological Operational (MetOp) system, sponsored by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), will occupy the mid-AM orbit.
While the current polar-orbiting satellite system has been thoroughly evaluated, information about its resilience and efficacy in the JPSS era is needed. A 7-month (August 2012–February 2013) observing system experiment (OSE) was run with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS). Observations were selected from operational satellite data platforms to be representative of the polar-orbiting data in the JPSS era.
Overall, removing data from the PM orbit produced inferior scores, with the impact greater in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) than in either the Northern Hemisphere (NH) or the tropics.
For the entire 7 months, the time-mean 500-hPa geopotential height anomaly correlation (Z500AC) decreased by 0.005 and 0.013 in the NH and SH, respectively—both of which are statistically significant at the 95% level. Additionally, a detailed statistical analysis of the distribution of Z500AC skill scores is presented and compared with historical accuracy data. It was determined that eliminating PM orbit data resulted in a higher probability of producing low scores and a lower probability of producing high scores, counter to the trend in GFS forecast skill over the last 20 years.
The Barbados Cloud Observatory: Anchoring Investigations of Clouds and Circulation on the Edge of the ITCZ
Authors: Stevens Bjorn , Farrell David , Hirsch Lutz , Jansen Friedhelm , Nuijens Louise , Serikov Ilya , Brügmann Björn , Forde Marvin , Linne Holger , Lonitz Katrin , Prospero Joseph M. 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
Clouds over the ocean, particularly throughout the tropics, are poorly understood and drive much of the uncertainty in model-based projections of climate change. In early 2010, the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology and the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology established the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) on the windward edge of Barbados. At 13°N the BCO samples the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), from the well-developed winter trades dominated by shallow cumulus to the transition to deep convection as the ITCZ migrates northward during boreal summer. The BCO is also well situated to observe the remote meteorological impact of Saharan dust and biomass burning. In its first six years of operation, and through complementary intensive observing periods using the German High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO), the BCO has become a cornerstone of efforts to understand the relationship between cloudiness, circulation, and climate change.
Characterizing Sierra Nevada Snowpack Using Variable-Resolution CESM
Authors: Rhoades Alan M. , Huang Xingying , Ullrich Paul A. , Zarzycki Colin M. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe location, timing, and intermittency of precipitation in California make the state integrally reliant on winter-season snowpack accumulation to maintain its economic and agricultural livelihood. Of particular concern is that winter-season snowpack has shown a net decline across the western United States over the past 50 years, resulting in major uncertainty in water-resource management heading into the next century. Cutting-edge tools are available to help navigate and preemptively plan for these uncertainties. This paper uses a next-generation modeling technique—variable-resolution global climate modeling within the Community Earth System Model (VR-CESM)—at horizontal resolutions of 0.125° (14 km) and 0.25° (28 km). VR-CESM provides the means to include dynamically large-scale atmosphere–ocean drivers, to limit model bias, and to provide more accurate representations of regional topography while doing so in a more computationally efficient manner than can be achieved with conventional general circulation models. This paper validates VR-CESM at climatological and seasonal time scales for Sierra Nevada snowpack metrics by comparing them with the “Daymet,” “Cal-Adapt,” NARR, NCEP, and North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) reanalysis datasets, the MODIS remote sensing dataset, the SNOTEL observational dataset, a standard-practice global climate model (CESM), and a regional climate model (WRF Model) dataset. Overall, given California’s complex terrain and intermittent precipitation and that both of the VR-CESM simulations were only constrained by prescribed sea surface temperatures and data on sea ice extent, a 0.68 centered Pearson product-moment correlation, a negative mean SWE bias of <7 mm, an interquartile range well within the values exhibited in the reanalysis datasets, and a mean December–February extent of snow cover that is within 7% of the expected MODIS value together make apparent the efficacy of the VR-CESM framework.
Upper-Tropospheric Low Richardson Number in Tropical Cyclones: Sensitivity to Cyclone Intensity and the Diurnal Cycle
Authors: Duran Patrick , Molinari John 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
High-vertical-resolution rawinsondes were used to document the existence of low–bulk Richardson number (Rb) layers in tropical cyclones. The largest frequency of low Rb existed in the inner 200 km at the 13.5-km level. This peak extended more than 1000 km from the storm center and sloped downward with radius. The presence of an extensive upper-tropospheric low-Rb layer supports the assumption of Richardson number criticality in tropical cyclone outflow by Emanuel and Rotunno.
The low-Rb layers were found to be more common in hurricanes than in tropical depressions and tropical storms. This sensitivity to intensity was attributed to a reduction of upper-tropospheric static stability as tropical cyclones intensify. The causes of this destabilization include upper-level cooling that is related to an elevation of the tropopause in hurricanes and greater longwave radiative warming in the well-developed hurricane cirrus canopy. Decreased mean static stability makes the production of low Rb by gravity waves and other perturbations easier to attain.
The mean static stability and vertical wind shear do not exhibit diurnal variability. There is some indication, however, that low Richardson numbers are more common in the early morning than in the early evening, especially near the 200–300-km radius. The location and timing of this diurnal variability is consistent with previous studies that found a diurnal cycle of infrared brightness temperature and rainfall in tropical cyclones.
The North Pacific Oxygen Uptake Rates over the Past Half Century
Authors: Kwon Eun Young , Deutsch Curtis , Xie Shang-Ping , Schmidtko Sunke , Cho Yang-Ki 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The transport of dissolved oxygen (O2) from the surface ocean into the interior is a critical process sustaining aerobic life in mesopelagic ecosystems, but its rates and sensitivity to climate variations are poorly understood. Using a circulation model constrained to historical variability by assimilation of observations, the study shows that the North Pacific thermocline effectively takes up O2 primarily by expanding the area through which O2-rich mixed layer water is detrained into the thermocline. The outcrop area during the critical winter season varies in concert with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). When the central North Pacific Ocean is in a cold phase, the winter outcrop window for the central mode water class (CMW; a neutral density range of γ = 25.6–26.6) expands southward, allowing more O2-rich surface water to enter the ocean’s interior. An increase in volume flux of water to the CMW density class is partly compensated by a reduced supply to the shallower densities of subtropical mode water (γ = 24.0–25.5). The thermocline has become better oxygenated since the 1980s partly because of strong O2 uptake. Positive O2 anomalies appear first near the outcrop and subsequently downstream in the subtropical gyre. In contrast to the O2 variations within the ventilated thermocline, observed O2 in intermediate water (density range of γ = 26.7–27.2) shows a declining trend over the past half century, a trend not explained by the open ocean water mass formation rate.
Recent Southern New York Climate Change: Observations, Mechanisms, and Spatial Context
Authors: Eshel Gidon 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
This paper examines recent southern New York State climate changes as reflected in a detailed hourly climate record collected about 110 km due north of New York City since 1988, including comprehensive surface radiation data. Comparing 1988–2000 and 2001–14 means, the area has warmed, dominated by a 0.5–0.7-K summer warming. Daytime warming exceeds nighttime’s warming. Warming is not due to enhanced downward longwave flux but arises from increased incident solar fluxes accompanying declining aerosol loads. Local warming is shown to stem from a large-scale response to increased solar forcing, the key element of which is an accelerated summer hydrological cycle: increased precipitation, with smaller evaporation increases leading to large, significant soil moisture and runoff increases. Much of the accelerated summer hydrological cycle is shown to arise as a result of an anomalous low-level cyclonic motion centered on the mid-Atlantic U.S. coast, rendering the results regional rather than local. Analyzing the stability and CAPE budgets of mean and individual summer profiles over the studied site provides a diagnostic explanation of the observed warming and accelerated hydrometeorology due to enhanced solar fluxes. The study reveals a complex suite of (thermo)dynamic feedbacks to radiative forcing of which surface warming is but one element, reiterating and re-emphasizing that surface temperature trends may be embedded in far richer physics than greenhouse gas–induced radiative forcing alone.
The Equatorial Energy Balance, ITCZ Position, and Double-ITCZ Bifurcations
Authors: Bischoff Tobias , Schneider Tapio 
Published: October 2015

Abstract
The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) migrates north–south on seasonal and longer time scales. Previous studies have shown that the zonal-mean ITCZ displacement off the equator is negatively correlated with the energy flux across the equator; when the ITCZ lies in the Northern Hemisphere, energy flows southward across the equator, and vice versa. The hemisphere that exports energy across the equator is the hemisphere with more net energy input, and it is usually the warmer hemisphere. But states with a double ITCZ straddling the equator also occur, for example, seasonally over the eastern Pacific and frequently in climate models. Here it is shown how the ITCZ position is connected to the energy balance near the equator in a broad range of circumstances, including states with single and double ITCZs. Taylor expansion of the variation of the meridional energy flux around the equator leads to the conclusion that for large positive net energy input into the equatorial atmosphere, the ITCZ position depends linearly on the cross-equatorial energy flux. For small positive equatorial net energy input, the dependence of the ITCZ position on the cross-equatorial energy flux weakens to the third root. When the equatorial net energy input or its curvature become negative, a bifurcation to double-ITCZ states occurs. Simulations with an idealized aquaplanet general circulation model (GCM) confirm the quantitative adequacy of these relations. The results provide a framework for assessing and understanding causes of common climate model biases and for interpreting tropical precipitation changes, such as those evident in records of climates of the past.