bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Superior Performance Intelligence in Sustained Success
Authors: Jones Graham 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter introduces a new theoretical concept, superior performance intelligence (SPI), to help organize and understand the psychological research on sustained success. It describes an interview-based investigation of top performers from a variety of performance fields. The findings reveal a common critical awareness and know-how among top performers, from athletes to business leaders to cardiologists to performing artists to military leaders to entrepreneurs, that enables them to apply their minds, skills, techniques, strategies, and tactics to the same high standard every time they perform. This chapter proposes that a high level of SPI is at the core of high performance delivered on a consistent basis and comprises three components: knowing how to maximize your potential; knowing how to work with your environment; and knowing how to deliver high performance. The introduction of a new concept into the performance psychology literature suggests a number of potential research and applied directions; a small number of the more pressing ones are identified in this chapter.
Motivation: Self-Determination Theory and Performance in Sport
Authors: Standage Martyn 
Published: February 2013

AbstractPerformance, by its very nature, epitomizes the construct of human motivation (i.e., individuals being moved to act). Motivation research therefore plays a vital role in providing a better understanding of the conditions and processes that support optimal performance, as well as a performer's well-being, development, functioning, and persistence. In this chapter, the central components and phenomena addressed within the meta-theory of self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2000, 2008) are outlined. A critique of empirical work related to performance and achievement is then provided before the focus shifts to an appraisal of a number of key issues related to sport performance and measurement. In the penultimate section, a number of applications aimed at supporting optimal performance and engagement are presented in the form of supports for basic psychological needs (i.e., for autonomy, competence, and relatedness). Last, a number of future research directions are presented and discussed.
A Developmental Approach to Sport Expertise
Authors: Côté Jean , Abernethy Bruce 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter examines the personal and contextual factors of youth sport that affect sport expertise and developmental outcomes. The developmental model of sport participation (DMSP) is used as a comprehensive framework that outlines different pathways of involvement in sport. Activities and contexts that promote continued sport participation and expert performance are discussed as the building blocks of all effective youth sport programs. This chapter provides evidence that performance in sport, participation, and psychosocial development should be considered as a whole instead of as separate entities by youth sport programmers. Adults in youth sport (i.e., coaches, parents, sport psychologists, administrators) must consider the differing implications of concepts such as deliberate play, deliberate practice, sampling, specialization, and program structure at different stages of an athlete's talent development. Seven postulates are presented regarding important transitions in youth sport and the role that sampling and deliberate play, as opposed to specialization and deliberate practice, can have during childhood in promoting continued participation and elite performance in sport.
Transitions: Ending Active Involvement in Sports and other Competitive Endeavors
Authors: Petitpas Albert J. , Tinsley Taunya Marie , Walker Amy S. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractAll elite performers eventually face the end of their careers. Whether individuals are athletes, performance artists, politicians, or businesspersons, their performance demands are often intense and require a high level of awareness, knowledge, and skills to effectively manage the challenges that they face. Ironically, most elite performers have not prepared or planned for their transition from the competitive arena. This chapter focuses on the transitions that performers face as they end their careers. In particular, the authors discuss conceptual and theoretical frameworks for sport career transitions; developmental factors related to effective and healthy transitions during, and out of, performance; psychological reactions to performance transitions; suggestions for assisting individuals with preparing for and coping with transitions; and ethical considerations involved when providing services to individuals ending active involvement in competition.
Eating Disorders in Sport
Authors: Petrie Trent A. , Greenleaf Christy 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes eating disorders (EDs) among male and female athletes. Prevalence rates of clinical (i.e., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and ED not otherwise specified) and subclinical EDs and related conditions (i.e., female athlete triad, muscle dysmorphia, exercise dependence) are presented, and factors within the sport environment associated with pathogenic eating and weight control behaviors, including performance demands, sport type, competitive level, and coach/parent/peer influences, are explained. As a framework for synthesizing previous research and theoretical conceptualizations, a sociocultural conceptual model of disordered eating for athletes is included. General sociocultural and sport-specific pressures are thought to be associated with internalization of body ideals, body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity, negative affect and dietary restraint, and bulimic symptomatology. Research supporting the model is presented and suggestions for future research are offered. The chapter concludes with recommendations for prevention of problematic eating and weight control behaviors and issues regarding identification and treatment of EDs.
Optimal Performance: Elite Level Performance in “The Zone”
Authors: Harmison Robert J. , Casto Kathleen V. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCuriosity about and interest in optimal performance has grown markedly among researchers, practitioners, athletes, and performers over the past 30 years. Despite this interest, elite-level performance in “the zone” continues to be an elusive phenomenon for researchers and practitioners to understand. This chapter discusses the various psychological factors involved in optimal performance and summarizes the historical and current research and scholarly writings in the area. The subjective experience of optimal performance is defined and clarified, and the psychological profile of optimal performance is described and elaborated. Issues related to the assessment of psychological characteristics and skills associated with optimal performance are discussed, and a model for understanding the myriad of factors that impact optimal performance is provided. The application and effectiveness of psychological skills training to promote the occurrence of optimal performance is reviewed as well. Finally, directions and opportunities for future research are presented.
Conceptual Outline of the Handbook of Assessment and Selection
Authors: Schmitt Neal 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this introduction, the rationale and conceptual outline of this volume are described. A brief description of how each chapter fits in this outline as well as the content of each chapter are presented. The book is organized into nine parts: (I) Introduction and Overview; (II) Historical and Social Context of Selection and the Nature of Individual Differences; (III) Research Strategies; (IV) Individual Difference Constructs; (V) Measures of Predictor Constructs; (VI) Performance and Outcomes Assessment; (VII) Societal and Organizational Constraints on Selection; (VIII) Implementation and Sustainability of Selection Systems; and (IX) Conclusions and Future Directions.
Cognitive Abilities
Authors: Ones Deniz S. , Dilchert Stephan , Viswesvaran Chockalingam 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter describes measures of cognitive ability (general mental ability and specific abilities) and examines their usefulness for personnel selection. An overview of definitional and theoretical issues as they apply to use of such measures in personnel decision making is provided first. Then, issues of reliability of measures are discussed, again with particular emphasis on implications for personnel selection (e.g., impact on rank order of candidates when using different measures). Next, validities of cognitive ability tests are summarized for the following criteria: overall job performance, task performance, contextual performance, counterproductive work behaviors, leadership, creativity and innovation, voluntary turnover, job satisfaction, and career success. The authors address the nature of predictor-criterion relationships (e.g., usefulness of general versus specific abilities, criterion dynamicity, assumption of linearity) by discussing both recent large-scale evidence in normal samples and among the highly gifted. Finally, the extent to which cognitive ability is captured in tools other than standardized tests is summarized, enabling an evaluation of other selection assessments as substitutes and/or supplements to standardized cognitive ability tests.
Self-Reports for Employee Selection
Authors: Spector Paul E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractSelf-reports are used in the assessment of potential predictors for employee selection and placement, most notably personal and work background, and personality. Sophisticated methods exist for the development of quantitative multiitem scales that can demonstrate acceptable reliability and evidence for construct validity. One concern with such scales is the possibility of biases that might distort relationships with other variables, as well as the possibility of common method variance when predictor and criterion are both assessed with self-reports. A concern specifically with personality tests in a selection context is the possibility that applicants will fake their responses. Although there is evidence that faking exists, there is no consensus about the impact it might have on test validity or the accuracy of selection decisions. Factor analysis can provide evidence that a set of scale items reflects multiple constructs, but artifactual factors can be caused by the nature of items rather than the constructs they reflect. Finally, a distinction has been made between scales in which each item is a parallel measure intended to assess the same underlying construct (reflective indicator scale) and those in which items assess different things that are combined into an index (formative indictor scale). Despite limitations, self-reports can be useful tools to assess important predictors, as well as criteria, in selection applications.
Personnel Selection across the Globe
Authors: Steiner Dirk D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter reviews research on personnel selection around the world focusing on three topics. First, it examines surveys of selection practices internationally. Then, it considers psychometric concerns when adapting a selection tool for use in another country. Finally, it explores fairness issues when applying selection techniques around the world. The surveys indicate considerable similarity in the use of various personnel selection methods across the globe, with some noteworthy exceptions. The similarities are explained in part by the nature of the surveys conducted, frequently in multinational organizations with North American or European headquarters. The psychometric issues examined include translation and adaptation of tests, response bias, norm development, and factors influencing validity. Applicant reactions and discrimination laws are examined as fairness concerns. Overall, few studies on personnel selection internationally have systematically studied cultural variables associated with their effective application and few cultural variables are represented in the studies conducted.
Implementation Issues in Employee Selection Testing
Authors: Tippins Nancy T. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCareful implementation of a test or assessment procedure that is used for selection is critical to its success and sustainability. Poor implementation can threaten the validity of a carefully developed test and weaken its value to the staffing process. This chapter considers three broad categories of implementation issues: administration, scoring, and the use of test results, and discusses the interactions among implementation decisions, decisions about choices of tests, organizational goals for selection procedures, and staffing environments.
Theoretical and Practical Issues: Research Needs
Authors: Schmitt Neal , Ott-Holland Catherine 
Published: February 2013

AbstractIn this chapter, we summarize the major issues in each of the areas addressed in this volume. Identification of these issues as “major” is obviously a judgment on our part; many more important questions and challenging research issues are highlighted throughout the book. Some of the ideas mentioned in this chapter are central to the discussions of the individual chapter authors; others are concerns that occurred to us as we read the chapters. We believe that these questions are ones that should be addressed by researchers and considered by practitioners as they develop and implement selection interventions. Concerns about the construct validity and meaning of our assessments should be paramount, but reaction to these measures on the part of client organizations, their practical utility in assisting with decision making, and the impact of their use on groups and individuals are of obvious importance as well. Although we have described areas in which more information would be helpful, we want to emphasize our conviction that organizational psychologists have developed a large body of knowledge about human ability and job performance and this is well documented throughout the book.
Introduction: Environmental and Conservation Psychology
Authors: Clayton Susan D. , Saunders Carol D. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractEnvironmental psychology has been an established field for half a century. The term “conservation psychology” has a much more recent history. What is conservation psychology, and what is its relationship to environmental psychology? How will the combination affect the further development of the field? This chapter provides a definition and places the terms in a historical as well as a functional context. After an explication of the name of the present handbook, a framework for the organization of the book is presented.
Environmental Values
Authors: Steg Linda , de Groot Judith I. M. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractValues are desirable goals that serve as guiding principles in people’s life. As such, values can influence multiple beliefs, attitudes, norms, and behaviors simultaneously. Values determine what people attend to, what knowledge becomes cognitively most accessible, how people evaluate various aspects of the situation, and what alternatives are being considered, which in turn affects actual behavior. Different individuals may endorse the same values, but they are likely to prioritize various values differently, resulting in different preferences, beliefs, attitudes, norms, and choices. In this chapter, we discuss relevant value theories and elaborate on four types of values that are particularly relevant in the environmental domain: hedonic, egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric values. Values typically influence behavior indirectly, via behavior-specific beliefs, preferences, attitudes, and norms. Values are particularly influential when they are strongly endorsed, and when they are activated, cognitively supported, central to the self, and part of our self-identity. Values reflect a broad range of motivations (notably hedonic, egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric motivations) and as such differ from ecological worldviews and environmental concerns that focus on environmental motivations.
Health Care Environments
Authors: Fornara Ferdinando , Andrade Cláudia Campos 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter addresses the influence of design dimensions on users’ responses in health care environments. The need of a user-centered design based on rigorous empirical evidence is outlined, so that health care services can take full advantage of the environment as an important contributor for the therapeutic processes. Accordingly, we advocate the shift to more humanized health care places by relying on evidence-based design. A theoretical framework based on the multi-place approach is presented to provide a conceptual lens for better investigating the multifaceted nature of hospitals, which include different spaces, physical features, functions, environmental roles (patients, caregivers, visitors), behaviors, and representations. Current research trends witness a growing interest toward this topic, though, despite the increased number of studies, there is yet need of rigorous and systematic research proving the importance of health care design aspects on people’s well-being. Finally, future directions for research are suggested.
Correctional Environments
Authors: Wener Richard E. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractCorrectional environments are unique as settings in which people are confined involuntarily, possibly for very long periods of time, and not for their own welfare. As such they can be very difficult places to endure. Moreover, inmates and staff are exposed to multiple environmental stressors whose effects may be magnified by the time of exposure and the difficulty in avoiding them. Inmates commonly need to cope with lack of privacy, high levels of crowding, isolation from needed human contact, constant high levels of noise, poor lighting conditions (too little in the daytime and too much at night), and little access to nature or nature views. New models of correctional design, with increased direct contact between inmates and staff, and greater control over environmental conditions, have had success in reducing violent behavior in recent decades. A model of environmental determinants of violence is presented that attempts to explain this success.
Families in Rehabilitation
Authors: Rivera Patricia A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractTraditional models of chronic care management have failed to consider the involvement of family members in patient care. Systemic, socio-economic, and cultural factors demand continued care from family members during and following rehabilitation. The financial and emotional burdens incurred by care providers of a family member living with a disability increase caregiver risk for distress, depression, and physical health problems. Current approaches to the efficacious management of caregiver distress emphasize the importance of identifying the reasons and mechanisms behind positive treatment results. Organizational shifts in thinking about the role of families in rehabilitation, as well as refinements in national health care policy will require recognition of the differing care needs of persons with varying disabilities and the impact these have on approaches to effective managing of caregiver stress. It is proposed that interventions including psychotherapy, education, and supportive services to families as they begin their caregiver roles become a “standard of care” and that continued research focus on development of technologically driven devices to increase availability or tools to enhance quality of life while maintaining lower costs. Culturally appropriate services to meet the needs of diverse, underserved populations will result in huge dividends for consumers and providers of health care services.
Persistent and Chronic Pain
Authors: Richardson Elizabeth J. , Richards J. Scott 
Published: February 2013

AbstractChronic pain impacts a significant portion of the general population and often poses barriers to optimal functioning in a variety of activities of daily living. Our understanding of chronic pain has progressed considerably from a unidirectional pain processing model of afferent sensation to one involving a complex interplay of multiple factors including biological, psychological, and sociological components. This chapter discusses the complex interface of cognition, behavior, and pathophysiology on persistent pain, and its psychological and behavioral comorbidities. Current and emerging treatment paradigms and interventional contexts reflecting the multidimensionality of the chronic pain syndrome are also presented. Finally, future directions of study to advance the field of chronic pain psychology are proposed.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Scharloo Margreet , Fischer Maarten J. , Van Den Ende Esther , Kapstein Adrian A. 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis chapter starts with a description of the main disease characteristics and psychosocial consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a multisystem disease with significant comorbidities. Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation programs (PRPs) aim at tackling these systemic consequences of COPD by combining self-management education, exercise training, nutritional intervention, and psychosocial and support interventions. Research on the effects of psychosocial interventions within programs is scarce. Studies on cognitive-behavioral interventions for anxiety and depression provide proof that a combination of strategies can add extra results to the positive effects that pulmonary rehabilitation in itself has on COPD symptoms. The results from studies on relaxation techniques for stress management and relieving breathlessness do not suggest much specific benefit for progressive muscle relaxation or other strategies. Currently, the evidence is largely absent that should guide “who does what and how“in the psychosocial components of pulmonary rehabilitation.
Limb Amputation
Authors: Desmond Deirdre M. , Coffey Laura , Gallagher Pamela , MacLachlan Malcolm , Wegener Stephen T. , O’Keeffe Fiadhnait 
Published: February 2013

AbstractLimb amputation is both a life-saving procedure and a life-changing event.The aims of rehabilitation following amputation are to restore acceptable levels of functioning that allow individuals to achieve their goals, facilitate personal health, and improve participation in society and quality of life, either with or without a prosthesis. Individual responses to limb loss are varied and complex; some individuals experience functional, psychological, and social dysfunction; many others adjust and function well. This chapter highlights critical psychological and social issues in amputation, summarizes current knowledge in these domains, and provides a brief overview of psychological interventions designed to address these issues.
Battles Half Won: Political Economy of India's Growth and Economic Policy Since Independence
Authors: Ahmed Sadiq , Varshney Ashutosh 
Published: February 2013

AbstractThis article aims to review India's long-term growth experience with a view to understanding the determinants of growth and the underlying political economy. The article looks specifically at the political economy of India's growth transformation from a low-growth environment (pre-1980s) to a rapid growth environment (post-1980s) and asks how sustainable the new transformation is. Following the introduction, the second section looks at the evolution of India's growth, and the third section reviews this growth experience in terms of its affect on employment and poverty. The fourth section briefly reviews the policy framework underlying this growth. The fifth section takes a political approach to understanding the process and politics of policy making in India. This framework is then applied in the next section to explain India's growth transformation. In the seventh section, the article looks at inclusiveness, which is arguably at the heart of the sustainability of economic reforms and long-term growth. Finally, some concluding remarks are provided.