bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thickness and Rotational Effects in Simulated HRTEM Images of Graphene on Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Authors: Green Avery J. , Diebold Alain C. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractRecent studies have shown that when graphene is placed on a thin hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) substrate, unlike when it is placed on a typical SiO2 surface, it can closely approach the ideal carrier mobility observed in suspended graphene samples. This study further examines the epitaxial relationship between graphene and h-BN substrate with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy simulation. Virtual monolayer and multilayer stacks of h-BN were produced with a monolayer of graphene on top, on bottom, and in between h-BN layers, in order to study this interface. Once the simulations were performed, the phase contrast image and Moiré pattern created by this heterostack were analyzed for local and global intensity minima and maxima. In addition, h-BN substrate thickness and rotations between h-BN and graphene were probed and analyzed. The simulated images produced in this work will be used to help understand subsequent transmission electron microscopy images and electron energy-loss studies.
Micro-Analytical Study of a Rare Papier-Mâché Sculpture
Authors: Manso Marta , Bidarra Ana , Longelin Stéphane , Pessanha Sofia , Ferreira Adriana , Guerra Mauro , Coroado João , Carvalho Luísa 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe analysis of a Portuguese “papier-mâché” sculpture depicting Saint Anthony is presented in this case study. Several questions were addressed such as the characteristics of the support, pigments used, and artistic technique in order to establish a possible timeline for its production. Qualitative analyses of the cross-sections and of the paper support were performed by optical microscopy using reflected light. Two polychrome layers from different periods and a rag pulped support were identified on the sculpture. The use of micro X-ray fluorescence and Raman microscopy techniques enabled the differentiation of coloring materials used in both polychromies. Semi-quantitative analyses of the gilded samples were also performed by scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy-dispersive spectroscopy allowing the determination of a common Au–Ag–Cu alloy with differences in the purity of the gold. The identified coloring materials lead us to believe that the sculpture was produced in the 19th century, being overpainted in the first half of the 20th century.
Prevalence and predictors of psychotropic medication use: results from the Northern Ireland Study of Health and Stress
Authors: Benson T. , O'Neill S. , Murphy S. , Ferry F. , Bunting B. 
Published: September 2014

Background.To identify the predictors of psychotropic medication use and to determine rates and patterns of use in Northern Ireland (NI) among the general population and various subgroups.Method.Analysis of data from the NI Study of Health and Stress, a representative household survey undertaken between 2004 and 2008 with 4340 individuals. Respondents were asked about prescribed psychotropic medication use in the previous 12 months along with a series of demographic questions and items regarding experience of traumatic life events. Mental health disorders were assessed using the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview.Results.Females, individuals aged 50–64 years old, those who were previously married, and those who had experienced a traumatic lifetime event were more likely to have taken any psychotropic medication. Use of any psychotropic medication in the population in the previous 12 months was 14.9%. Use among individuals who met the criteria for a 12-month mental health disorder was 38.5%. Almost one in ten individuals (9.4%) had taken an antidepressant.Conclusions.Compared with other countries, NI has high proportions of individuals using psychotropic medication in both the general population and those who met the criteria for a 12-month mental disorder. However, these results still suggest possible under treatment of mental disorders in the country. In addition, rates of use in those with no disorder are relatively high. The predictors of medication use are similar to findings in other countries. Possible research and policy implications are discussed.
Cup-Shaped Superparamagnetic Hemispheres for Size-Selective Cell Filtration
Authors: Kim Hyonchol , Terazono Hideyuki , Takei Hiroyuki , Yasuda Kenji 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe propose a new method of size separation of cells exploiting precisely size-controlled hemispherical superparamagnetic microparticles. A three-layered structure of a 2-nm nickel layer inserted between 15-nm silicon dioxide layers was formed on polystyrene cast spheres by vapor deposition. The polystyrene was then removed by burning and the hemispherical superparamagnetic microparticles, “magcups”, were obtained. The standard target cells (CCRF-CEM, 12 ± 2 μm) were mixed with a set of different sizes of the fabricated magcups and we confirmed that the cells were captured in the magcups having cavities larger than 15 μm in diameter and then gathered by magnetic force. The collected cells were grown in a culture medium without any damage. The results suggest that this method is quick, simple and non-invasive size separation of target cells.
Towards a mechanistic understanding of lipodystrophy and seipin functions
Authors: Wee Kenneth , Yang Wulin , Sugii Shigeki , Han Weiping 
Published: September 2014

CGL (Congenital generalized lipodystrophy) is a genetic disorder characterized by near complete loss of adipose tissue along with increased ectopic fat storage in other organs including liver and muscle. Of the four CGL types, BSCL2 (Berardinelli–Seip Congenital lipodystrophy type 2), resulting from mutations in the BSCL2/seipin gene, exhibits the most severe lipodystrophic phenotype with loss of both metabolic and mechanical adipose depots. The majority of Seipin mutations cause C-terminal truncations, along with a handful of point mutations. Seipin localizes to the ER and is composed of a conserved region including a luminal loop and two transmembrane domains, plus cytosolic N- and C-termini. Animal models deficient in seipin recapitulate the human lipodystrophic phenotype. Cells isolated from seipin knockout mouse models also exhibit impaired adipogenesis. Mechanistically, seipin appears to function as a scaffolding protein to bring together interacting partners essential for lipid metabolism and LD (lipid droplet) formation during adipocyte development. Moreover, cell line and genetic studies indicate that seipin functions in a cell-autonomous manner. Here we will provide a brief overview of the genetic association of the CGLs, and focus on the current understanding of differential contributions of distinct seipin domains to lipid storage and adipogenesis. We will also discuss the roles of seipin-interacting partners, including lipin 1 and 14-3-3β, in mediating seipin-dependent regulation of cellular pathways such as actin cytoskeletal remodelling.
Multi‐user hybrid analogue/digital beamforming for relatively large‐scale antenna systems
Authors: Geng Jian , Xiang Wei , Wei Zaixue , Li Nanxi , Yang Dacheng 
Published: September 2014

Power consumption and costs of analogue front‐end (AFE) chains are often not negligible for large‐scale antenna array systems. A low‐complexity hardware architecture is to use a number of AFE chains that are less than the number of antennas. Beamforming for this low‐complexity hardware architecture involves both digital and analogue beamforming, which is termed hybrid analogue/digital beamforming. In this study, minimising the transmit power subject to signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR) constraints and maximising the minimal SINR under the constraint of the transmit power, are investigated, respectively, for hybrid analogue/digital beamforming. Properties on the feasibility and optimality of the two problems are derived. Numerical algorithms based on semi‐definite positive relaxation are proposed in an attempt to solve the two optimisation problems. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated under the Gaussian and 60 GHz channel models. It is shown that the performance of hybrid analogue/digital beamforming is highly related to the correlation of the channel coefficients of subcarriers. Additionally, for different extents of the users’ spatial separability, some heuristics ways of designing analogue beamforming are shown to be able to approach to at least the local optimums under the 60 GHz channel model.
First Report of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus in Hawthorn in China
Authors: Wang M. , Dai H. 
Published: September 2014

Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) is the type species of the genus Trichovirus in the Betaflexiviridae family (1). ACLSV is distributed worldwide in most pome and stone fruit trees of the Rosaceae family, including apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, apricot, and hawthorn (3). In 2012, a de novo assembly of the fruit transcriptome of a hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) accession maintained in the National Hawthorn Germplasm Repository at Shenyang was conducted using Illumina-based RNA-seq data, and it resulted that a 7,543 nt of the genomic sequence of ACLSV was assembled. To confirm the result of Illumina RNA-Seq analysis, nine pairs of primers were designed according to the assembled sequence of ACLSV to amplify the genomic sequence of ACLSV by RT-PCR with total RNA extracted from hawthorn leaves as template (2). The full-length sequence of the isolate of ACLSV from hawthorn assembled with the sequences of the RT-PCR fragments was also 7,543 nt (GenBank Accession No. KM207212), which shows 99.5% nucleotide identity with the sequence assembled from Illumina RNA-seq data. The isolate of ACLSV from hawthorn was named SY01, which shows about 75% nucleotide identity with the sequences of ACLSV isolated from apple (GenBank Accession No. KJ522693), peach (JN634760), and plum (M58152). The nucleotide sequences of coat protein and RNA polymerase genes of SY01 are about 83 and 88% identical with those of ACLSV isolates in GenBank, respectively. A pair of primers HF/HR (ACCGGCGTCTTTTGCAAACT/TGGGTTCCAGAGTTTGAATGCA), which amplified a 210-bp fragment, was designed according to the sequence of SY01 to detect ACLSV in hawthorns. With RT-PCR, ACLSV was detected in 6 of the 30 accessions of hawthorn, and the nucleotide identity among PCR fragments was 92%. In addition, leaves from six RT-PCR positive plants reacted positively when tested by DAS-ELISA with polyclonal antisera (X-Y Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) raised against ACLSV. These findings, representing the first report of the presence of ACLSV in hawthorn in China, illustrate the need to develop virus-free trees of hawthorn for cultivation and germplasm distribution of this important Rosaceae family plant. References: (1) E. B. Carstens. Arch. Virol. 155:133, 2010. (2) H. Dai et al. PLoS ONE 8(9):e72910, 2013. (3) A. T. Katsiani et al. Plant Pathol. 63:63, 2014.
Conservation and structural analysis of the Xenopus laevis phospho-proteome
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey R. , Santos Silvia D. , Johnson Tasha , Pieper Ursula , Sali Andrej , Krogan Nevan J. , Beltrao Pedro 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe African clawed frogXenopus laevisis an important model organism for studies in developmental and cell biology, including cell-signaling. However, our knowledge ofX. laevisprotein post-translational modifications remains scarce. Here, we used a mass spectrometry-based approach to survey the phosphoproteome of this species, compiling a list of 3225 phosphosites. We used this resource to study the conservation between the phosphoproteomes ofX. laevisand 13 other species. We found that the degree of conservation of phosphorylation across species is predictive of sites with known molecular function, kinase interactions and functionally relevant phospho-regulatory interactions. In addition, using comparative protein structure models, we find that phosphosites within structured domains tend to be located at positions with high conformational flexibility. A fraction of sites appear to occur in inaccessible positions and have the potential to regulate protein conformation.
Community disassembly and invasion of remnant native grasslands under fluctuating resource supply
Authors: Tognetti Pedro M. , Chaneton Enrique J. 
Published: September 2014

Summary

Native vegetation fragments embedded in anthropogenic landscapes are increasingly threatened by land‐use intensification. Managing disturbance regimes and nutrient inputs may help maintain species diversity in such remnants. Yet, it is unclear the extent to which changes in resource availability due to reduced capture by resident plants and/or increased supply rates may trigger native community disassembly and exotic invasions.

We examined how mowing disturbance and N fertilizer addition affected plant community recovery after a burning event in a remnant corridor of tussock pampa grassland in Argentina. The percentage cover and richness of native and exotic plant functional groups were monitored over 4 years. According to the ‘fluctuating resource theory’, we expected invasion to be the highest when both light and N availability were increased simultaneously.

Mowing delayed recovery by dominant C4 tussock grasses and promoted subordinate, native C3 grasses and exotic legumes, thus enhancing both native and exotic species richness. Fertilization induced a transient increase in native forbs but decreased total plant richness. Moreover, N addition to mowed grassland led to rapid invasion by short‐lived exotic forbs, which were then replaced by exotic perennial grasses. Exotic grasses eventually spread across the grassland corridor, although at different rates depending on the treatment, and in parallel to a generalized decline in native species cover.

Synthesis and applications. Community disassembly patterns reflected differential responses of native and exotic functional groups to altered resource supply rates. Synergisms between canopy disturbances and N enrichment posed the greatest threat to preserving a pampa grassland remnant prone to invasion. Establishing buffer zones may be required to enhance the viability of corridor‐like grassland remnants in agricultural landscapes.
Britain's Crimean War Trophy Guns: The Case of Ludlow and the Marches
Authors: Bartlett Roger , Payne Roy 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMany of the numerous monumental cannon which adorn British cities are Crimean War trophies: something little discussed in the historiography of the war. Focusing on the trophy cannon at Ludlow, in the Welsh Marches, the article looks at both the national and the local scene. It describes first the Allied operation in Sevastopol to gather prize Russian cannon and their removal to England. The utility of shipping the guns home and the uses to which they might be put were both controversial, but whether intact or melted down the cannon formed a significant part of the multifarious memorials and mementos generated by the war and Allied victory. The focus then switches to the Marches and the acquisition of trophy guns by Ludlow and neighbouring towns; the political background to Ludlow's application for a cannon is also explored, and the subsequent fate of the region's prize guns. Finally the article examines the origins of the Ludlow cannon and the identity of its founder, a British expatriate ironmaster working in Russia at the turn of the eighteenth century.
Toasting Fox: The Fox Dinners in Edinburgh and Glasgow, 1801–1825
Authors: Orme T. E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe dinners held in Edinburgh and Glasgow between 1801 and 1825 celebrating the birthday of Charles James Fox were vital in providing the Scottish Whig party with a social and organizational framework within which it could develop and expand as a party while at the same time manufacturing a public image. The role of political dinners in England has been shown to be an integral element of the formation of party networks and the development and promulgation of party ideologies. This was also true in Scotland and the Whigs in Edinburgh and Glasgow capitalized on these events as platforms from which to incorporate their own regionally specific Scottish Whig identities into the evolving ‘British’ Whig identity. Newspapers published lists of attendees and reported toasts in very deliberate language in an effort to convey a particular message or, at times, to leave a message ambiguous in order to gather a wider scope of support for the Whig cause. Attendance at the dinners or raising one's glass to a particular toast could be a way of symbolically identifying with the Whig party. Although the dinners had fallen out of fashion by 1826, they had given the Scottish Whigs a social and organizational structure which allowed them to continue to expand well into the middle of the nineteenth century.
Britain, Balkan Conflicts and the Evolving Conceptions of Militarism, 1875–1913
Authors: Suonpää Mika 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study explores officialBritish perceptions of Balkan soldiers and armed forces against the background of evolving theories of militarism from the 1870s until 1913. The article is based on research on reports ofBritish intelligence agents, theBritishWarOffice and theForeignOffice on Balkan armies and military exercises. These primary sources have hitherto remained unexploited in the historiography examiningBritish images of the Balkans.British perceptions of Serbian and Montenegrin armies and soldiers remained relatively static until the early twentieth century. Through most of the period in focus here, they were regarded as untrained gangs of peasants incapable of engaging in armed conflict with advanced militaries. This perception began to change during the Balkan Wars as a consequence of the Serbian army's satisfactory performance.British images of Bulgarian soldiers and military traits were much more complex. In the late 1870s, they were represented as a submissive race; in the 1880s as masculine and obedient fighters; in the 1890s as militaristic; and on the eve of the Balkan Wars as a non‐expansionist nation of peasants.British officials' views were usually firmly rooted in personal observations and reflected the increasing emphasis on empiricism in intelligence gathering. Moreover, at the same time, racial theories and codes of masculinity influenced their opinions, as did preconceptions about Balkan social, religious and cultural realities.
Growth Characteristics and Biofilm Formation of Various Spoilage Bacteria Isolated from Fresh Produce
Authors: Bae Young‐Min , Zheng Ling , Hyun Jeong‐Eun , Jung Kyu‐Seok , Heu Sunggi , Lee Sun‐Young 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study investigated the characteristics of spoilage bacteria isolated from fresh produce including growth at various temperatures, biofilm formation, cell hydrophobicity, and colony spreading. The number of spoilage bacteria present when stored at 35 °C was significantly greater than when stored at lower temperatures, and maximum population size was achieved after 10 h. However, Bacillus pumilus, Dickeya zeae, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. Carotovorum Pcc21, and Bacillus pumilus (RDA‐R) did not grow at the storage temperature of 5 °C. The biofilm formation by Clavibacter michiganensis, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and A. calcoaceticus (RDA‐R) are higher than other spoilage bacteria. Biofilm formation showed low correlation between hydrophobicity, and no significant correlation with colony spreading. These results might be used for developing safe storage guidelines for fresh produce at various storage temperatures, and could be basic information on the growth characteristics and biofilm formation properties of spoilage bacteria from fresh produce.
Development of a Simultaneous Lateral Flow Strip Test for the Rapid and Simple Detection of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone
Authors: Kim Kyeong‐Yeol , Shim Won‐Bo , Kim Jeong‐Sook , Chung Duck‐Hwa 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe objective of this study was to develop a 1‐step simultaneous lateral flow strip test for the rapid and simple detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in grains. Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against DON and ZEA were respectively conjugated with gold nanoparticles and used to develop a lateral flow strip test for a single toxin and multiple toxins. First, individual lateral flow strips for a single toxin were optimized, and their conditions were used to develop a simultaneous lateral flow strip for multiple toxins. Limits of detection of both lateral flow strip tests for DON and ZEA were the same (DON: 50 ng/mL, ZEA: 1 ng/mL). Both methods showed cross‐reactivity for α‐zearalenol and β‐zearalenol, but no cross‐reaction to other mycotoxins. The results can be completed obtained within 15 min. The cut‐off values of the simultaneous lateral flow strip for the spiked rice and corn were 500 and 10 ng/g for DON and ZEA, respectively. The results demonstrated that the developed simultaneous lateral flow strip test offers a rapid, easy‐to‐use, and portable analytical system and can be used as a convenient qualitative tool for the on‐site detection of DON and ZEA in food and agricultural commodities.
Social defeat in adolescent mice increases vulnerability to alcohol consumption
Authors: Rodriguez‐Arias Marta , Navarrete Francisco , Blanco‐Gandia Maria Carmen , Arenas Maria Carmen , Bartoll‐Andrés Adrián , Aguilar Maria A. , Rubio Gabriel , Miñarro José , Manzanares Jorge 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThis study employs an oral operant conditioning paradigm to evaluate the effects of repeated social defeat during adolescence on the reinforcing and motivational actions of ethanol in adult OF1 mice. Social interaction, emotional and cognitive behavioral aspects were also analyzed, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments were performed to study gene expression changes in the mesocorticolimbic and hypothalamus‐hypophysis‐adrenal (HHA) axis. Social defeat did not alter anxiety‐like behavior in the elevated plus maze or cognitive performance in the passive avoidance and Hebb–Williams tests. A social interaction test revealed depression‐like symptoms and social subordination behavior in defeated OF1 mice. Interestingly, social defeat in adolescence significantly increased the number of effective responses, ethanol consumption values and motivation to drink. Finally, real‐time PCR analyses revealed that social defeat significantly increased tyrosine hydroxylase and corticotropin‐releasing hormone in the ventral tegmental area and paraventricular nucleus, respectively. In contrast, mu‐opioid receptor gene expression was decreased in the nucleus accumbens of socially defeated mice. In summary, these findings suggest that exposure to social defeat during adolescence increases vulnerability to the rewarding effects of ethanol without affecting emotional or cognitive performance. The gene expression alterations we have observed in the mesocorticolimbic and HHA axis systems of defeated mice could be related with their increased ethanol consumption. These results endorse future research into pharmacological strategies that modulate these systems for the treatment of social stress‐related alcohol consumption problems.