bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and numerical methods
Authors: Cantat Isabelle , Cohen-Addad Sylvie , Elias Florence , Graner François , Höhler Reinhard , Pitois Olivier , Rouyer Florence , Saint-Jalmes Arnaud 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The study of foams is interdisciplinary, both in terms of the questions that foams give rise to and the methods (experimental, simulations and theoretical) used to study them. We present some of the experimental techniques used in research laboratories in order to make and study foams. The appropriate method depends on the length-scale that should be probed, i.e. liquid/gas interface, single liquid film, bubble, or macroscopic sample. We also show how the optical and electrical properties of a foam depend on its physical parameters. We describe the main numerical tools used to simulate the static structure and rheology of foams. Some have high levels of precision while others generate statistics for large numbers of bubbles. An image of a foam, particularly in 2D, is remarkably informative as it contains almost all the physical information required (except for the viscous dissipation). We describe how to extract this information.
The Church and the World
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter examines the continuation of the patriarchal history into the tempestuous divisions of the Church of the East in the early sixth century. This period was remarkable for the abolition of clerical celibacy, and the Chronicle includes material from within this period as well as retrospectives written after the restoration of celibacy in the middle of the century. This period also allows us to trace the growing importance of the School of Nisibis as a training ground for the bishops of the Church of the East and as conduit for Western ideas: both are reflected in the Chronicle’s material for the early sixth century. One of the most important of these Nisibis-trained reformers was the catholicos Aba, who played a major role in establishing the role of the catholicos as a lawgiver for the Christians of the empire.
Roman Ecclesiastical History in the Sasanian World: Reception, Adaptation, and Reaction
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter and the next examine the massive expansion in the historical awareness of the Church of the East of c.580, including the incorporation of large amounts of Roman ecclesiastical history, which provided an assurance of the ‘orthodoxy’ of the East through the celebration of a Western canon of patristic thinkers. One feature of this borrowed history is its treatment of Nestorius and the council of Chalcedon, which was a major waypoint in the orthodox self-definition of the Roman world. Several fifth-century accounts seem ignorant of the condemnation of Nestorius at Chalcedon, while others have more accurate information and are more reluctant to accept the orthodoxy of the Chalcedonian churches of the West. This separation between the Church of the East and the Dyophysites of the West becomes increasingly marked by the seventh century, with the elevation of Nestorius’ theology under the leadership of Babai the Great.
The Last Great War of Antiquity: The Reaction of Christian Iraq
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter discusses the culmination of several social trends seen in previous chapters: the growing importance of monastic leadership within the Church of the East, the prominence of a Christian aristocracy, and the engagement with the Roman church and its theology. The early seventh century saw a cataclysmic war between Rome and Iran, in which the shah claimed the universal mandate of the Roman emperor. Hagiographies embedded in the Chronicle of Seert present the shah Khusrau II and his wife Shirin as the special sponsors of the catholicos Sabrisho. Later texts, also embedded in the Chronicle, allow us to trace the breakdown of this relationship: of Khusrau’s suppression of the catholicosate, of the assassination of the shah at the hands of Christian aristocrats, and of the attempts of his successors to appeal to his subjects and the Romans in Christian terms.
The Church of Baghdad: A New Past for Christian Iraq
Authors: Wood Philip 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter proposes that there was a major lacuna in history-writing centred on the catholiocsate in the Umayyad period, c.660–750. However, the transfer of the catholicosate from Ctesiphon to Bagdad under the Abbasids prompted a period of unprecedented power and influence for the Church of the East. Missionary success in Egypt and Central Asia was now matched by new histories that retrojected a ‘Nestorian’ presence further back into time. Oecumenical tendencies between Christian confessions meant the incorporation of Melkite and Jacobite histories and the celebration of Roman figures such as Constantine as part of a shared Christian past. The chapter also examines the treatment of Muhammad in the Chronicle of Seert. Here the Christians presented themselves as fellow monotheists and allies of the early Muslims, in a pragmatic recognition of the influence of the catholicos at the courts of the caliph and the rewards that this relationship offered.
Laws, causes, and invariance
Authors: Woodward Jim 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis chapter explores some issues having to do with the structure of the evidential reasoning we use to infer causal and lawful claims. It is argued that such reasoning always makes use of prior, causally, or nomologically committed information, thus undercutting various views that attempt to reduce causal and lawful claims to claims about regularities. A non-reductive account of laws and causes built around the notion of invariance is advanced as an alternative.
Notions of proximity to spatial homogeneity and isotropy
Authors: Ringström Hans 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The cosmological principle states that the universe is spatially homogeneous and isotropic. However, it is clear that this assumption is not exactly satisfied. As a consequence, it is of interest to quantify the distance to spatial homogeneity and isotropy. We illustrate the risks associated with approaching this topic in too naive a way by discussing unexpected pathological examples. In particular we discuss the EGS theorem.
Function spaces for distribution functions II: the manifold setting
Authors: Ringström Hans 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In order to be able to formulate the Cauchy problem for the Einstein–Vlasov system, it is necessary to define suitable function spaces for the initial datum for the distribution function, as well as for the resulting solution. We do so in Chapter 15. We also define norms for the initial datum in case the initial manifold is compact. Finally, we demonstrate that the stress energy tensor is well defined if the distribution function belongs to the relevant function space.
Feminism versus the Family?
Authors: McDonough Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the connection between evangelical Protestantism and conservatism Catholicism. James Kurth, a political scientist and ardent evangelical, was a professor of Robert George, the Catholic lawyer who became a chaired professor at Princeton and a pre-eminent leader on the Catholic right after the death of Richard John Neuhaus. Kurth denounced feminism as a primary factor behind the decay of Western civilization and, in particular, American hegemony. The chapter also looks at the influence of Daniel Patrick Moynihan, whose research on the link between family dissolution and the perpetuation of poverty was seminal to James Q. Wilson, John DiIulio, and others. The work of Mary Ann Glendon, George Bush's ambassador to the Vatican, criticizes the decay of the two-parent family from another perspective, emphasizing the noxious effects of no-fault divorce laws on the feminization of poverty.
Voice of the Faithful and the Struggle for Catholic Pluralism
Authors: McDonough Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Voice of the Faithful, a movement that arose “out of the pews” in response to the Boston Globe's exposé of sexual abuse, has been confined mostly to the Northeastern U.S. The ambiguity of the organization's goals, the hostility of conservative bishops, the inadequacy of its financial resources, and internal factionalism all contributed to VOTF's marginalization. The profile represented by VOTF—devout Catholics who at the same time are in dissent—is less common than both devout adherents and disaffected, low participant Catholics. VOTF expresses a diffuse “loyal opposition” that has proved resistant to organization and dubiously legitimate within the church. Reliance on mobilization through the Internet has also turned out to be unsatisfactory. Aggregating multiple concerns with the problems of individual parishes into a coherent program of reform that allowed at the same time for democratic procedures has proved to be daunting.
Conclusion
Authors: McDonough Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The official culture of American Catholicism has remained intact since Vatican II. But with the drop in the number of priests and nuns, lay personnel have taken over church-affiliated ministries. SNAP has succeeded in holding the church to account for predatory behavior by priests, while VOTF has made little progress in altering the hierarchical culture and organization of the church. The Leadership Roundtable has promoted modest reforms in the management of day-to-day church operations, though no grand bargain has been struck between bishops and lay benefactors. A paradoxical effect of relaxed sexual practice by Catholics is to sap collective incentives for change in doctrinal areas, and clerical authority stays in place. Decommitment and departures from the church, along with immigration and the growing though less than transparent power of mega-groups like the Knights of Columbus, have tilted church politics toward the right, markedly on “social issues.”
Conjecture
Authors: McDonough Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
The impact of the advocacy groups covered in this book seems modest compared to the influence of Vatican II, immigration, the power of mega-groups groups like the Knights of Columbus, and the selective tuning out of Catholics themselves. At the same time, the emergence of a coalition of Catholic and non-Catholic philanthropists interested in promoting church-affiliated schools, against a background of minorities in need, makes for a potentially powerful, generally conservative bloc. However, constitutional restrictions on public support for religious institutions restrict their effectiveness. Comparison of Catholicism with the trajectory of the Ottoman Empire suggests that, unlike that long imperial experiment, the American church will survive in part because it can gain by welcoming minorities as long as their values are compatible with clerical authority and gender stratification. Comparison with emancipatory movements like abolitionism and feminism indicates that the liberal tradition remains weak within the church.
The Compensatory Relationship of Upper and Subaxial Cervical Motion in the Presence of Cervical Spondylosis
Authors: Hayashi Tetsuo , Daubs Michael D. , Suzuki Akinobu , Scott Trevor P. , Phan Kevin , Aghdasi Bayan , Ruangchainikom Monchai , Hu Xueyu , Lee Chris , Takahashi Shinji , Shiba Keiichiro , Wang Jeffrey C. 
Published: October 2013

Study Design:
This study was an in vivo kinematic magnetic resonance imaging analysis of cervical spinal motion in human subjects.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to identify associations between disk degeneration in the subaxial cervical spine and upper cervical spinal motion in patients with general age-related cervical spondylosis.

Summary of Background Data:
The kinematic relationship between the occipital-atlantoaxial complex and subaxial cervical spine in patients with cervical spondylosis and decreased cervical motion is not well understood.

Methods:
A total of 446 symptomatic patients who had neck pain with and without neurogenic symptoms were included in this study. Kinematic magnetic resonance imaging was performed with dynamic motion of the cervical spine in upright, weight-bearing neutral, flexion, and extension positions. Intervertebral disk degeneration for each segment from C2–3 to C7–T1 and sagittal angular motion between flexion and extension for each segment from Oc–C1 to C7–T1 was evaluated. Depending on the amount of sagittal subaxial angular motion, the patients were classified into 3 groups by sagittal angular motion using cutoff points based on tertile (<36-degree group: 149 cases; 36–47-degree group: 148 cases; and >47-degree group: 149 cases).

Results:
A significant correlation was found between subaxial angular motion and intervertebral disk degeneration, indicating that the subaxial motion decreases according to the degree of disk degeneration. Mean angular motion of the occipital-atlantoaxial complex, especially of Oc–C1, was significantly higher in the <36-degree and 36–47-degree group than in the >47-degree group, whereas no significant difference was found at C1–C2.

Conclusions:
Our study demonstrates that decreased subaxial cervical spinal motion is associated with intervertebral disk degeneration in a symptomatic population. This decrease in mobility at the subaxial cervical spine is compensated for by an increase in angular mobility of the upper cervical spine at the occipital-atlantoaxial complex, especially at Oc–C1.
Hyperlordosis is Associated With Facet Joint Pathology at the Lower Lumbar Spine
Authors: Jentzsch Thorsten , Geiger James , König Matthias A. , Werner Clément M.L. 
Published: October 2013

Study Design:
A retrospective study.

Objective:
Our study opted to clarify the remaining issues of lumbar lordosis (LL) with regard to (1) its physiological values, (2) age, (3) sex, and (4) facet joint (FJ) arthritis and orientation using computed tomography (CT) scans.

Summary of Background Data:
Recent studies have questioned whether LL really decreases with age, but study sample sizes have been rather small and mostly been based on x-rays. As hyperlordosis increases the load transferred through the FJs, it seems plausible that hyperlordosis may lead to FJ arthritis at the lower lumbar spine.

Methods:
We retrospectively analyzed the CT scans of 620 individuals, with a mean age of 42.5 (range, 14–94) years, who presented to our traumatology department and underwent a whole-body CT scan, between 2008 and 2010. LL was evaluated between the superior endplates of L1 and S1. FJs of the lumbar spine were evaluated for arthritis and orientation between L2 and S1.

Results:
(1) The mean LL was 49.0 degrees (SD 11.1 degrees; range, 11.4–80.1 degrees). (2) LL increased with age and there was a significant difference in LL in our age groups (30 y and below, 31–50, 51–70, and ≥71 y and above) (P=0.02). (3) There was no significant difference in LL between females and males (50 and 49 degrees) (P=0.17). (4) LL showed a significant linear association with FJ arthritis [P=0.0026, OR=1.022 (1.008–1.036)] and sagittal FJ orientation at L5/S1 (P=0.001). In a logistic regression analysis, the cutoff point for LL was 49.4 degrees.

Conclusions:
This is the largest CT-based study on LL and FJs. LL significantly increases with age. As a novelty finding, hyperlordosis is significantly associated with FJ arthritis and sagittal FJ orientation at the lower lumbar spine. Thus, hyperlordosis may present with back pain and patients may benefit from surgical correction, for example, in the setting of trauma.
Target Vessel Detection by Epicardial Ultrasound in Off-Pump Coronary Bypass Surgery
Authors: Hayakawa Masato , Asai Tohru , Kinoshita Takeshi , Suzuki Tomoaki , Shiraishi Shoichiro 
Published: October 2013

Objective The detection of embedded coronary arteries is difficult especially in off-pump coronary bypass surgery. From June 2010, we introduced high-frequency epicardial ultrasound (ECUS) to assess and evaluate embedded arteries during off-pump coronary bypass surgery. Methods Between June 2010 and June 2011, a total of 89 consecutive patients underwent isolated coronary bypass surgery at our institution. The patients consisted of 72 men and 17 women with a mean age of 67.9 years. We routinely use the VeriQC system (MediStim, Oslo, Norway) to detect the target vessels in the operation. The patients were assigned to one of two groups, depending on whether ECUS was used in the operation (n = 10, ECUS group) or not (n = 79, non-ECUS group). We analyzed the impact of introducing the ECUS in terms of operative outcome. Results All patients underwent revascularization using the off-pump technique without emergent conversion to cardiopulmonary bypass during surgery. The total number of distal anastomoses was 299, and 12 target vessels could not be identified either visually or on palpation. Thus, the frequency of the embedded coronary arteries was 4.01% (12/299 cases). The preoperative profiles of the two groups were not significantly different. Operation time was significantly longer in the ECUS group ( P = 0.02). There were no significant differences in postoperative outcome between the two groups. Conclusions In the present study, in which the target coronary arteries could not be detected either visually or on palpation in 12 (4.01%) of 299 cases, the use of high-frequency ECUS allowed all patients to undergo off-pump coronary bypass surgery without conversion to cardiopulmonary bypass during the operation. High-frequency ECUS is therefore useful in off-pump coronary bypass surgery.
Acute treatment with relaxin protects the kidney against ischaemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Collino Massimo , Rogazzo Mara , Pini Alessandro , Benetti Elisa , Rosa Arianna Carolina , Chiazza Fausto , Fantozzi Roberto , Bani Daniele , Masini Emanuela 
Published: October 2013

AbstractAlthough recent preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that recombinant human relaxin (rhRLX) may have important therapeutic potential in acute heart failure and chronic kidney diseases, the effects of acute rhRLX administration against renal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have never been investigated. Using a rat model of 1‐hr bilateral renal artery occlusion followed by 6‐hr reperfusion, we investigated the effects of rhRLX (5 μg/Kg i.v.) given both at the beginning and after 3 hrs of reperfusion. Acute rhRLX administration attenuated the functional renal injury (increase in serum urea and creatinine), glomerular dysfunction (decrease in creatinine clearance) and tubular dysfunction (increase in urinary excretion of N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase) evoked by renal I/R. These beneficial effects were accompanied by a significant reduction in local lipid peroxidation, free radical‐induced DNA damage and increase in the expression/activity of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes Mn‐ and CuZn‐superoxide dismutases (SOD). Furthermore, rhRLX administration attenuated the increase in leucocyte activation, as suggested by inhibition of myeloperoxidase activity, intercellular‐adhesion‐molecule‐1 expression, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐18 and tumour necrosis factor‐α production as well as increase in IL‐10 production. Interestingly, the reduced oxidative stress status and neutrophil activation here reported were associated with rhRLX‐induced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and up‐regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, possibly secondary to activation of Akt and the extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, respectively. Thus, we report herein that rhRLX protects the kidney against I/R injury by a mechanism that involves changes in nitric oxide signalling pathway.
Astroglial potassium clearance contributes to short‐term plasticity of synaptically evoked currents at the tripartite synapse
Authors: Sibille Jérémie , Pannasch Ulrike , Rouach Nathalie 
Published: October 2013

Key points
Astrocytes, active players in neurotransmission, display complex membrane ionic responses upon neuronal activity.
However, the nature, plasticity and role of the activity‐dependent astroglial currents on synaptic plasticity remain unclear in the hippocampus.
We here demonstrate, using simultaneous electrophysiological recordings of hippocampal neurons and astrocytes, that the complex astroglial current induced synaptically is dominated (80%) by potassium entry through Kir4.1 channels and also includes, in addition to the glutamate transporter current, a small residual current, partially mediated by GABA transporters and Kir4.1‐independent potassium channels.
These synaptically evoked astroglial currents exhibit differential short‐term plasticity patterns, and astroglial potassium uptake mediated by Kir4.1 channels down‐regulates hippocampal short‐term plasticity.
This study establishes astrocytes as integrators of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity, which may, through dynamic potassium handling, define the signal‐to‐noise ratio essential for specific strengthening of synaptic contacts and synchronization of neuronal ensembles, a prerequisite for learning and memory.
Abstract  Astroglial processes enclose ∼60% of CA1 hippocampal synapses to form the tripartite synapse. Although astrocytes express ionic channels, neurotransmitter receptors and transporters to detect neuronal activity, the nature, plasticity and impact of the currents induced by neuronal activity on short‐term synaptic plasticity remain elusive in hippocampal astrocytes. Using simultaneous electrophysiological recordings of astrocytes and neurons, we found that single stimulation of Schaffer collaterals in hippocampal slices evokes in stratum radiatum astrocytes a complex prolonged inward current synchronized to synaptic and spiking activity in CA1 pyramidal cells. The astroglial current is composed of three components sensitive to neuronal activity, i.e. a long‐lasting potassium current mediated by Kir4.1 channels, a transient glutamate transporter current and a slow residual current, partially mediated by GABA transporters and Kir4.1‐independent potassium channels. We show that all astroglial membrane currents exhibit activity‐dependent short‐term plasticity. However, only the astroglial glutamate transporter current displays neuronal‐like dynamics and plasticity. As Kir4.1 channel‐mediated potassium uptake contributes to 80% of the synaptically evoked astroglial current, we investigated in turn its impact on short‐term synaptic plasticity. Using glial conditional Kir4.1 knockout mice, we found that astroglial potassium uptake reduces synaptic responses to repetitive stimulation and post‐tetanic potentiation. These results show that astrocytes integrate synaptic activity via multiple ionic channels and transporters and contribute to short‐term plasticity in part via potassium clearance mediated by Kir4.1 channels.