bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Exploring Forgiveness in Nineteenth‐Century Poetry
Authors: Mason Emma 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis essay serves as an introduction to the essays collected in the ‘Nineteenth‐century Poetry and Forgiveness’ cluster. It takes as its foundation the recent turn to questions of hospitality, forgiveness and gift in the intra‐disciplinary field of religion, philosophy and literature and highlights the centrality of these issues for reading nineteenth‐century poetry. The essay argues that nineteenth‐century poetry attempts to figure forgiveness as poetic sound and rhythm as a way of thinking reciprocal forgiving relationships between people. Part I contextualizes this argument and argues for an understanding of forgiveness through emotion. Part II offers an overview of the field of forgiveness scholarship and explores its relevance for nineteenth‐century debate on the topic. Part III offers a way into thinking forgiveness as sound and rhythm in Wordsworth's poem ‘Airey‐Force Valley’ through Martin Heidegger's reading of poetics and being.
Reuse of Infected Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices in the Same Patients: A Single‐Center Experience
Authors: ZE FENG , LI XUEBIN , ZHANG PING , ZHANG HAICHENG , WANG LONG , LI DING , DUAN JIANGBO , GUO FEI , YUAN CUIZHEN , GUO JIHONG 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundIn developing countries, patients with a cardiac rhythm management device (CRMD) that has become infected cannot always afford a new device, and reuse of the infected CRMD may be appropriate. To evaluate the safety of this practice, a cohort of consecutive patients with reused pacemakers was compared with a control group.MethodsA single‐center cohort of consecutive patients treated from 2007 to 2012 was analyzed in a two‐way noninferiority study. Patients who had infected CRMDs removed at the Cardiovascular Center of The Peking University People's Hospital were enrolled, including those who had the same CRMD reimplanted and those who had a new CRMD implanted.ResultsThis study included 212 patients, of who 99 (study group) had the same CRMD reimplanted, and 113 (control group) had a new CRMD implanted. During a mean follow‐up period of 3.52 years (interquartile range: 2.1–4.7 years), 10 patients reached the primary end point of the study (infection, unexpected battery depletion, or device malfunction), including five (5%) in the study group and five (4.3%) in the control group. Recurrent infection occurred in three patients in the study group and two patients in the control group (3.0% vs 1.7%, relative risk: 1.29, 95% confidence interval: 0.62–2.29, P = 0.561). There were no cases of unexpected battery depletion in either group.ConclusionsReuse of infected CRMDs in the same patients is noninferior to the implantation of new devices. In developing countries without full medical coverage, careful reuse of infected CRMDs can be considered.
Assessment of Pain and Activity Using an Electronic Pain Diary and Actigraphy Device in a Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Crossover Trial of Celecoxib in Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Authors: Trudeau Jeremiah , Van Inwegen Richard , Eaton Thomas , Bhat Gajanan , Paillard Florence , Ng Dik , Tan Keith , Katz Nathaniel P. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractObjectiveThe primary goal was to determine whether a composite measure of pain and activity is a more responsive assessment of analgesic effect than pain alone or activity alone in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.DesignWe conducted a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 2‐period, crossover study of celecoxib vs. placebo in subjects with chronic pain due to knee OA. Patients with knee OA and baseline pain intensity score ≥4 on a 0–10 numerical rating scale (NRS) before each period were randomized. Pain endpoints included in‐clinic pain score (24‐hour and 1‐week recall), daily paper diary pain score, current pain on an electronic pain diary (each on NRS), and WOMAC pain subscale. Activity measures included WOMAC function subscale and actigraphy using a device. Three composite pain–activity measures were prespecified.ResultsSixty‐three patients were randomized and 47 completed the study. The WOMAC pain subscale was the most responsive of all five pain measures. Pain–activity composites resulted in a statistically significant difference between celecoxib and placebo but were not more responsive than pain measures alone. However, a composite responder defined as having 20% improvement in pain or 10% improvement in activity yielded much larger differences between celecoxib and placebo than with pain scores alone. Actigraphy was more responsive than the WOMAC function scale, possibly due to lower placebo responsiveness.ConclusionWe have identified composite pain–activity measures that are similarly or more responsive than pain‐alone measures in patients with OA. Further research is warranted to determine the optimal method for computing these composites.
Pragmatist Political Philosophy
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis essay surveys three prominent trends in current pragmatist political philosophy: Deweyan Democratic Perfectionism, Rortyan Ironism, and Pragmatist Epistemic Deliberativism. After articulating the main commitments of each view, the author raises philosophical problems each must confront. The essay closes with the more general criticism that pragmatist political theory has been nearly exclusively focused on democracy, but needs to address additional topics.
The Enduring Appeal of Natural Theological Arguments
Authors: De Cruz Helen 
Published: February 2014

AbstractNatural theology is the branch of theology and philosophy that attempts to gain knowledge of God through non‐revealed sources. In a narrower sense, natural theology is the discipline that presents rational arguments for the existence of God. Given that these arguments rarely directly persuade those who are not convinced by their conclusions, why do they enjoy an enduring appeal? This article examines two reasons for the continuing popularity of natural theological arguments: (i) they appeal to intuitions that humans robustly hold and that emerge early in cognitive development; (ii) they serve an argumentative function by presenting particular religious views as live options. I conclude with observations on the role of natural theology in contemporary analytic philosophy of religion.
Women on Liberty in Early Modern England
Authors: Broad Jacqueline 
Published: February 2014

AbstractOur modern ideals about liberty were forged in the great political and philosophical debates of the 17th and 18th centuries, but we seldom hear about women's contributions to those debates. This paper examines the ideas of early modern English women – namely Margaret Cavendish, Mary Astell, Mary Overton, ‘Eugenia’, Sarah Chapone and the civil war women petitioners – with respect to the classic political concepts of negative, positive and republican liberty. The author suggests that these writers' woman‐centred concerns provide a unique historical perspective on these much‐discussed ideals of freedom from external interference, freedom as self‐determination and freedom from domination.
Muhammad Iqbal and the Immanence of God in Islamic Modernism
Authors: Noorani Yaseen 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe Indian Muslim poet and philosopher Muhammad Iqbal is widely known for his influential contribution to Islamic modernist thought. Iqbal's metaphysical account of the nature of reality has attracted a massive body of commentary and provoked substantial scholarly controversy. One of the primary areas of scholarly debate is Iqbal's conception of divine immanence and how it is related to the Quran and to the Islamic theological tradition, particularly doctrines associated with Sufism. This debate concerns question of how faithful Iqbal is to the God of the Quran, whether or not Iqbal rejects traditional Islamic conceptions of God, and to what extent Iqbal adopts Western philosophical notions of God. The present paper surveys this debate in arguing that the tensions between Iqbal's thought on God and traditional Islamic notions shed significant light on the aims of Islamic modernism. The aspects of Iqbal's conception of God that have given rise to controversy are precisely those that make possible an evolutionary, progressive, and human‐centered depiction of the universe and of history. For this reason, the scholarly debate over Iqbal's conception of God provides a point of departure for understanding the altered metaphysical assumptions behind the Islamic modernist project.
Jews, Muslims and Bildung: the German‐Jewish Orientalist Gustav Weil in Egypt
Authors: Johnston‐Bloom Ruchama 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn the 19th century, German Jews made a disproportionate contribution to the academic study of Islam, a subject that fell under the rubric of Orientalism. One German‐Jewish Orientalist, Gustav Weil (1808–1889), spent most of 1830–1835 in Algeria, Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire, writing for the German periodicals the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung and the Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände. Weil's 1830s travel writing reflects 19th‐century German‐Jewish embourgeoisement, which entailed a strong commitment to the ideals of Bildung, rationalism, and universalism. This article focuses on the comparisons Weil draws between traditional Judaism and Islam and between Jewish and Islamic reform and modernization. After briefly discussing Weil's own education and career, it argues that Weil's discussion of Oriental Jewry, Jewish and Islamic reform, and education reform in Mehmed Ali's Egypt, exemplify how the Jewish question informed representations of the Orient and Islam in the European press.
Exploring Risk Judgments in a Trade Dispute Using Bayesian Networks
Authors: Wintle Bonnie C. , Nicholson Ann 
Published: February 2014

Bayesian networks (BNs) are graphical modeling tools that are generally recommended for exploring what‐if scenarios, visualizing systems and problems, and for communication between stakeholders during decision making. In this article, we investigate their potential for exploring different perspectives in trade disputes. To do so, we draw on a specific case study that was arbitrated by the World Trade Organization (WTO): the Australia‐New Zealand apples dispute. The dispute centered on disagreement about judgments contained within Australia's 2006 import risk analysis (IRA).We built a range of BNs of increasing complexity that modeled various approaches to undertaking IRAs, from the basic qualitative and semi‐quantitative risk analyses routinely performed in government agencies, to the more complex quantitative simulation undertaken by Australia in the apples dispute. We found the BNs useful for exploring disagreements under uncertainty because they are probabilistic and transparently represent steps in the analysis. Different scenarios and evidence can easily be entered. Specifically, we explore the sensitivity of the risk output to different judgments (particularly volume of trade). Thus, we explore how BNs could usefully aid WTO dispute settlement.We conclude that BNs are preferable to basic qualitative and semi‐quantitative risk analyses because they offer an accessible interface and are mathematically sound. However, most current BN modeling tools are limited compared with complex simulations, as was used in the 2006 apples IRA. Although complex simulations may be more accurate, they are a black box for stakeholders. BNs have the potential to be a transparent aid to complex decision making, but they are currently computationally limited. Recent technological software developments are promising.
Sensitivity Analysis in Non-Inferiority Trials with Residual Inconstancy After Covariate Adjustment
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Nie Lei , Soon Guoxing , Zhang Bo 
Published: February 2014

SummaryA major issue in non-inferiority trials is the controversial assumption of constancy, namely that the active control has the same effect relative to placebo as in previous studies comparing the active control with placebo. The constancy assumption is often in doubt, which has motivated various methods that ‘discount’ the control effect estimate from historical data as well as methods that adjust for imbalances in observed covariates. We develop a new approach to deal with residual inconstancy, i.e. possible violations of the constancy assumption due to imbalances in unmeasured covariates after adjusting for the measured covariates. We characterize the extent of residual inconstancy under a generalized linear model framework and use the results to obtain fully adjusted estimates of the control effect in the current study based on plausible assumptions about an unmeasured covariate. Because such assumptions may be difficult to justify, we propose a sensitivity analysis approach that covers a range of situations. This approach is developed for indirect comparison with placebo and effect retention, and implemented through additive and multiplicative adjustments. The approach proposed is applied to two examples concerning benign prostate hyperplasia and human immunodeficiency virus infection, and evaluated in simulation studies.
Informal and formal care of older people in Iceland
Authors: Sigurdardottir Sigurveig H. , Kåreholt Ingemar 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundEven if older people in the Nordic countries living in their homes usually have good access to formal help, the family plays an important role. Few studies have looked at the distribution of informal and formal care and the interplay between these spheres. The aim of this study is to shed light on the distribution of care and to analyse the patterns of care depending on the degree of limitations, the gender of the recipient and whether she/he is cohabitating or not.Method and sampleThe Icelandic survey ‘Icelandic Older People’ (ICEOLD) is a random nationally representative survey among persons 65+ living in their homes. Of those who participated (n = 782), 341 were men and 441 were women, giving a response rate of 66%.FindingsAbout 60% of the people investigated in the survey had limitations with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and 10% of people had limitations with personal activities of daily living (PADL). The majority of the respondents with IADL or PADL limitations received either informal or formal help, but not both. When the IADL limitations increase, the informal care increases for men, but not for women, and the formal care increases for women, but decreases for men. Cohabiting men are much likelier to receive informal IADL help and less likely to receive formal help than men not cohabiting. Among women, corresponding differences are much smaller and not significant. When there is no spouse, the daughters help more than the sons and they help their mothers more than they help their fathers.ConclusionMore persons receive informal care than formal care, which shows the importance of the family. There is a gender difference in receiving care. Cohabitation is important for receiving informal care, especially for men.
Fistula Eligibility: A Work in Progress
Authors: Al‐Jaishi Ahmed A. , Moist Louise M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractEffective hemodialysis requires a reliable vascular access. Clinical practice guidelines strongly recommend the fistula as the preferred option followed by arteriovenous (AV) grafts, with central venous catheters being least preferred. Recently, there has been a growing awareness of the limitations of the fistula, its high rate of primary failure and that a fistula may not be appropriate for all patients initiating or on hemodialysis. However, determinates for fistula eligibility have not been clearly defined. The creation and use of a fistula requires the complex integration of patient, biological, and surgical factors, none of which can be easily predicted or planned. There have been several successful initiatives over the last decade addressing patient suitability for AV access, but none have validated defined criteria for fistula eligibility. We discuss these initiatives by addressing: 1) process of care, 2) radiological and nonradiological tests and procedures, and 3) alternative surgical approaches. Careful clinical judgment, appropriate vascular access assessment and placement, and an individualized approach to the risks and benefits will optimize patient health outcomes while minimizing prolonged catheter dependence among hemodialysis patients.
Differential Locus Expansion Distinguishes
Toxoplasmatinae
Species and Closely Related Strains of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Adomako-Ankomah Yaw , Wier Gregory M. , Borges Adair L. , Wand Hannah E. , Boyle Jon P. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Toxoplasma gondii
is a human obligate intracellular parasite that has infected over 20% of the world population and has a vast intermediate host range compared to those of its nearest relatives
Neospora caninum
and
Hammondia hammondi
. While these 3 species have highly syntenic genomes (80 to 99%), in this study we examined and compared species-specific structural variations, specifically at loci that have undergone local (i.e., tandem) duplication and expansion. To do so, we used genomic sequence coverage analysis to identify and curate
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
loci that have undergone duplication and expansion (expanded loci [ELs]). The 53
T. gondii
ELs are significantly enriched for genes with predicted signal sequences and single-exon genes and genes that are developmentally regulated at the transcriptional level. We validated 24
T. gondii
ELs using comparative genomic hybridization; these data suggested significant copy number variation at these loci. High-molecular-weight Southern blotting for 3
T. gondii
ELs revealed that copy number varies across
T. gondii
lineages and also between members of the same clonal lineage. Using similar methods, we identified 64
N. caninum
ELs which were significantly enriched genes belonging to the SAG-related surface (SRS) antigen family. Moreover, there is significantly less overlap (30%) between the expanded gene sets in
T. gondii
and
N. caninum
than would be predicted by overall genomic synteny (81%). Consistent with this finding, only 59% of queried
T. gondii
ELs are similarly duplicated/expanded in
H. hammondi
despite over 99% genomic synteny between these species.

IMPORTANCE
Gene duplication, expansion, and diversification are a basis for phenotypic differences both within and between species. This study represents the first characterization of both the extent and degree of overlap in gene duplication and locus expansion across multiple apicomplexan parasite species. The most important finding of this study is that the locus duplications/expansions are quantitatively and qualitatively distinct, despite the high degree of genetic relatedness between the species. Given that these differential expansions are prominent species-specific genetic differences, they may also contribute to some of the more striking phenotypic differences between these species. More broadly, this work is important in providing further support for the idea that postspeciation selection events may have a dramatic impact on locus structure and copy number that overshadows selection on single-copy genes.
Iron-Regulated Expression of Alginate Production, Mucoid Phenotype, and Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Wiens Jacinta R. , Vasil Adriana I. , Schurr Michael J. , Vasil Michael L. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
strains of non-cystic fibrosis (non-CF) origin do not produce significant amounts of extracellular alginate and are nonmucoid. In CF, such isolates can become mucoid through mutation of one of the genes (
mucA
,
mucB
,
mucC
, or
mucD
) that produce regulatory factors that sequester AlgU, required for increased expression of alginate genes. Mutation of the
muc
genes in the nonmucoid PAO1, PA14, PAKS-1, and Ps388 strains led to increased levels of extracellular alginate and an obvious mucoid phenotype, but only under iron-limiting growth conditions (≤5 µM), not under iron-replete conditions (≥10 µM). In contrast, >50% of
P. aeruginosa
isolates from chronic CF pulmonary infections expressed increased levels of alginate and mucoidy both under iron-limiting and iron-replete conditions (i.e., iron-constitutive phenotype). No single iron regulatory factor (e.g., Fur, PvdS) was associated with this loss of iron-regulated alginate expression and mucoidy in these CF isolates. However, the loss of only pyoverdine production, or its uptake, abrogated the ability of
P. aeruginosa
to produce a robust biofilm that represents the Psl-type of biofilm. In contrast, we show that mutation of the pyoverdine and pyochelin biosynthesis genes and the pyoverdine receptor (FpvA) lead to iron-constitutive expression of the key alginate biosynthesis gene,
algD
, and an explicitly mucoid phenotype in both iron-limiting and iron-replete conditions. These data indicate that alginate production and mucoidy, in contrast to other types of biofilms produced by
P. aeruginosa
, are substantially enhanced under iron limitation. These results also have compelling implications in relation to the use of iron chelators in the treatment of
P. aeruginosa
CF infections.

IMPORTANCE
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a leading model for the investigation of biofilms. While data have been generated about the role of iron in alginate-independent (Psl/Pel) biofilm development, there is a paucity of data regarding the role of iron in alginate production and its associated mucoid phenotype. We demonstrate that biologically relevant levels of iron that exist in the airway mucus of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients have a substantial influence on production of alginate and the overt mucoid phenotype, pathognomonic of
P. aeruginosa
infections in CF. Mucoid mutants of non-CF
P. aeruginosa
isolates are mucoid only under iron limitation and do not express increased levels of alginate under iron-replete growth conditions. However, a significant number of long-term CF isolates lost their iron-regulated expression of increased alginate production and mucoidy and became iron constitutive for these properties. In contrast to the formation of Psl-type biofilms, increasing iron limitation ultimately leads to an iron-constitutive expression of alginate and mucoidy.