bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the status and conservation priorities of the short‐eared owl in North America
Authors: Booms Travis L. , Holroyd Geoffrey L. , Gahbauer Marcel A. , Trefry Helen E. , Wiggins David A. , Holt Denver W. , Johnson James A. , Lewis Stephen B. , Larson Matt D. , Keyes Kristen L. , Swengel Scott 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe North American Breeding Bird Survey, Christmas Bird Count, and regional and national conservation assessments provide convincing evidence that the short‐eared owl (Asio flammeus) is experiencing a range‐wide, long‐term decline in abundance in North America. However, the species has received little conservation or research attention. The short‐eared owl is vulnerable to decline because it relies heavily on large, intact grasslands and a specialized diet of unpredictable small mammal prey. The species' nomadic movements compound these vulnerabilities by making a decline difficult to detect with current monitoring programs while obfuscating stewardship responsibilities for managers. The primary threat to the species is loss, fragmentation, and degradation of large tracts of native grasslands and wetlands. We propose the following conservation priorities to better understand and begin addressing the short‐eared owl's decline: 1) better define and protect important habitats; 2) improve population monitoring; 3) determine seasonal and annual movements; 4) re‐evaluate NatureServe's short‐eared owl national conservation classifications; 5) develop management plans and tools; and 6) classify raptors, including short‐eared owls, as migratory birds in Canada. We contend that the short‐eared owl's need for habitat conservation at large spatial scales, status as a predator, and high reproductive potential that affords the species capacity to recover, make it an effective and useful candidate as an umbrella species for grassland conservation. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Telechelic Poly(disulfide)s and Related Block Copolymer
Authors: Basak Dipankar , Kumar Rajan , Ghosh Suhrit 
Published: May 2014

In this communication, a mild, efficient, and generalized polycondensation route is developed for poly(disulfide)s from commercially available monomers 2,2′‐dithiodipyridine and 1,6‐hexanedithiol. Using the stoichiometric imbalance between the two monomers, it is possible to produce telechelic poly(disulfide)s of predictable molecular weight with reactive pyridyl disulfide groups at both the terminals of the chain. The two terminal pyridyl disulfide groups can be quantitatively replaced by a functional thiol using selective thiol‐disulfide exchange and thus produces functional telechelic poly(disulfide)s, which can be used as a macroinitiator to initiate ring‐opening poly­merization of a cyclic lactide monomer generating an ABA‐type triblock copolymer with degradable B block.
image
Attractor Structures of Signaling Networks: Consequences of Different Conformational Barcode Dynamics and Their Relations to Network‐Based Drug Design
Authors: Szalay Kristóf Z. , Nussinov Ruth , Csermely Peter 
Published: May 2014

AbstractConformational barcodes tag functional sites of proteins and are decoded by interacting molecules transmitting the incoming signal. Conformational barcodes are modified by all co‐occurring allosteric events induced by post‐translational modifications, pathogen, drug binding, etc. We argue that fuzziness (plasticity) of conformational barcodes may be increased by disordered protein structures, by integrative plasticity of multi‐phosphorylation events, by increased intracellular water content (decreased molecular crowding) and by increased action of molecular chaperones. This leads to increased plasticity of signaling and cellular networks. Increased plasticity is both substantiated by and inducing an increased noise level. Using the versatile network dynamics tool, Turbine (www.turbine.linkgroup.hu), here we show that the 10 % noise level expected in cellular systems shifts a cancer‐related signaling network of human cells from its proliferative attractors to its largest, apoptotic attractor representing their health‐preserving response in the carcinogen containing and tumor suppressor deficient environment modeled in our study. Thus, fuzzy conformational barcodes may not only make the cellular system more plastic, and therefore more adaptable, but may also stabilize the complex system allowing better access to its largest attractor.
Hydrologically Based Environmental Flow Methods Applied to Rivers in the Maritime Provinces (Canada)
Authors: Caissie J. , Caissie D. , El‐Jabi N. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe demand for water withdrawal continues to increase worldwide. These water withdrawals from rivers can affect fish habitat and aquatic life. As such, environmental flow assessment methods are used in order to protect rivers against excessive water withdrawals. The concept of environmental flow relates to the quantity of water required in rivers to sustain an acceptable level of living conditions for aquatic biota at various phases of their development. For many agencies, environmental flow methods are essential in environmental impact assessments and in the protection of important fisheries resources. The present study deals with the evaluation of hydrologically based environmental flow methods within the Maritime Province of Canada. In total, six hydrologically based environmental flow methods were compared using data from 52 hydrometric stations across the region. Some methods provided adequate environmental flow protection (e.g. 25% mean annual flow and Q50 flow duration method); however, other methods did not provide adequate flow protection (e.g. Q90 flow duration method and 7Q10 and 7Q2 low‐flow frequency). The 70% Q50 method provided adequate flow protection only under good baseflow conditions and should be applied with extreme caution. The present study shows the importance of the hydrologic flow regime, particularly as it pertains to the baseflow component, as a significant determinant in the level of instream flow protection. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. River Research and Applications © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge and the firm: Overview
Authors: Spender J.‐C. , Grant Robert M. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe explosion of interest in knowledge and its management reflects the trend towards ‘knowledge work’ and the Information Age, and recognition of knowledge as the principal source of economic rent. The papers in this Special Issue represent an attempt by strategy scholars (and some outside our traditional field) to come to terms with the implications of knowledge for the theory of the firm and its management. They are the product of a convergence of several streams of research which have addressed management implications of knowledge, including the management of technology, the economics of innovation and information, resource‐based theory, and organizational learning. At the theoretical level, knowledge‐centered approaches of Penrose, Arrow, Hayek and others have been enriched by contributions from evolutionary economists (notably Nelson and Winter) and epistemologists (notably M. Polanyi). At the empirical level, research into innovation and its diffusion originated by Mansfield, Griliches and others has been extended through studies which investigate tacit as well as explicit knowledge, and explore knowledge transfer within as well as across firms.
Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm
Authors: Spender J.‐C. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractKnowledge is too problematic a concept to make the task of building a dynamic knowledge‐based theory of the firm easy. We must also distinguish the theory from the resource‐based and evolutionary views. The paper begins with a multitype epistemology which admits both the pre‐ and subconscious modes of human knowing and, reframing the concept of the cognizing individual, the collective knowledge of social groups. While both Nelson and Winter, and Nonaka and Takeuchi, successfully sketch theories of the dynamic interactions of these types of organizational knowledge, neither indicates how they are to be contained. Callon and Latour suggest knowledge itself is dynamic and contained within actor networks, so moving us from knowledge as a resource toward knowledge as a process. To simplify this approach, we revisit sociotechnical systems theory, adopt three heuristics from the social constructionist literature, and make a distinction between the systemic and component attributes of the actor network. The result is a very different mode of theorizing, less an objective statement about the nature of firms ‘out there’ than a tool to help managers discover their place in the firm as a dynamic knowledge‐based activity system.
Knowledge sourcing by foreign multinationals: Patent citation analysis in the U.S. semiconductor industry
Authors: Almeida Paul 
Published: May 2014

AbstractDo multinationals go abroad to acquire technological knowledge? Do they also contribute knowledge locally? We investigate the learning and contribution patterns of multinational firms in the U.S. semiconductor industry through the analysis of citations to their patents and through field interviews. We find that the knowledge used in innovation by foreign subsidiaries in U.S. regions is predominantly local (at the regional and country level). In fact, foreign firms use regional knowledge significantly more than similar domestic firms. In the case of European and Korean firms, foreign investment is directed towards offsetting home country technological weaknesses. The study finds that foreign firms also contribute to local technological progress—a significant proportion of the citations to their patents are local. Local learning without contributing may not be possible.
Manganese(II) Coordination Polymer with μ1,1‐Azido Bridge: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Cheng Jing , Zhang Shu Quan , Luo Jun Hua , Song Cheng 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThe manganese(II) coordination polymer [Mn(2‐Meimi)2(μ1,1‐N3)2]n·nH2O (1) (Meimi = 2‐methyl‐imidazole) with μ1,1‐N3 (end‐on, EO) bridge was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of MnCl2, NaN3, and Meimi. It was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, powder XRD, and magnetic measurements. Single crystal X‐ray analysis revealed that compound 1 features a one‐dimensional (1D) catenated structure and the 1D chains are further connected by strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds to a 3D supramolecular framework. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that compound 1 displays dominant ferromagnetic interactions through the μ1,1‐N3 (end‐on, EO) bridging mode.
[Th10(μ‐F16)(μ3‐O4)(μ4‐O4)(NH3)32](NO3)8·19.6 NH3 – the Largest Thorium Complex from Solution known to Date
Authors: Woidy Patrick , Kraus Florian 
Published: May 2014

AbstractAbstract. The reaction of K2Th(NO3)6 and UF4 with liquid ammonia as a solvent leads on air to planar colorless crystals of ditriakontaammine hexadeca‐μ‐fluorido tetra‐μ3‐oxido tetra‐μ4‐oxido decathorium(IV) octanitrate ammonia (1/19.6), [Th10F16O8(NH3)32](NO3)8·19.6 NH3 (1). The compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P$\bar{4}$21c (no. 114) with a = 18.4167(2), c = 14.7920(4) Å, and V = 5017.1(2) Å3 at 123 K with Z = 2. The crystal structure shows the presence of a decanuclear thorium core [Th10O4]32+ similar to an “inverse” P4O10 or like 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyladamantane. Such a complex seems to be the largest thorium complex reported so far – a finding that is of great importance for the knowledge of actinoid speciation in solutions.
Impact of Explosive Devices in Modern Armed Conflicts: In‐Depth Analysis of Dutch Battle Casualties in Southern Afghanistan
Authors: Hoencamp Rigo , Huizinga Eelco P. , van Dongen Thijs T. C. F. , Idenburg Floris J. , Ramasamy Arul , Leenen Luke P. H. , Hamming Jaap F. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractBackgroundThe patterns and mechanisms of injuries of all Dutch battle casualties (BCs) were analyzed to improve the care for injured service members. We performed an in‐depth analysis of all Dutch BCs during the participation of The Netherlands as lead nation in the International Security Assistance Force mission in southern Afghanistan.MethodsParticipants were selected from the trauma registry at the Dutch Role 2 Medical Treatment Facility if they met the criteria for Dutch BC between August 2006 and August 2010.ResultsThe trauma registry query resulted in 199 Dutch BCs. The battle injuries were predominantly caused by explosions (83.9 %). The case‐fatality rate was 9.5 %: 16.5 % were killed in action, and 1.1 % died of wounds. The wounding pattern was as follows: head and neck (32.2 %), thorax (7.8 %), abdomen (12.7 %), upper extremity (17.6 %), lower extremity (29.7 %). The mean Abbreviated Injury Scale and Injury Severity Score were 3 (range 0–5) and 11 (range 1–43), respectively in the wounded‐in‐action group.ConclusionsExplosive devices accounted for almost 85 % of the casualties—much higher than in previous wars. Knowledge of the management of these injuries is also valuable in treating casualties from natural disasters or (terrorist) mass casualty situations. An integral multinational joint approach is highly recommended to develop more effective protective equipment and body armor. Prospective registration in a standardized system of data collection that encompasses all echelons of the medical support organization should be implemented.
Identification and Distribution of Oxygenated Fatty Acids in Plantago Seed Lipids
Authors: Smith Mark A. , Zhang Haixia , Purves Randy W. 
Published: May 2014

AbstractPlant oils rich in oxygenated fatty acids (FAs) are of interest as renewable raw materials for industry. Previous studies reported unusual oxygenated FAs in the seed lipids of Plantago major and P. ovata. To determine if oxygenated FAs are a common component of Plantago seed oils, seed fatty acyl quality and quantity were determined for 23 Plantago species. Fatty acyl content, as a percentage of dry weight, ranged from 4.9 % in P. sempervirens to 18.8 % in P. coronopus. Oxygenated FAs were a frequent, but not ubiquitous component of Plantago seed lipids, reaching a level of almost 15 % in the seeds of P. nivalis. The oxygenated FAs were identified as isoricinoleic acid (9‐hydroxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acid, IR) and 9‐oxo‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acid (OX). When present, most species contained both IR and OX. FAs containing oxo groups have not been reported as components of the seed oil of other plant species that synthesize IR or ricinoleic acid (12‐hydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid), suggesting unique aspects to the pathway of oxygenated FA biosynthesis in Plantago. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) demonstrated that IR and OX are components of triacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol estolides are a minor component of the seed oil of P. lanceolata with secondary acylation by oxygenated FAs.
Comparing sub-national policy workers in Canada and the Czech Republic: Who are they, what they do, and why it matters?
Authors: Veselý Arnošt , Wellstead Adam , Evans Bryan 
Published: May 2014

AbstractThis article compares profiles and policy-related activities of policy workers (PWs) in thirteen Canadian provinces and territories with PWs in the Czech Republic regions. Canadian data come from 13 separate surveys conducted in provinces and territories in late 2008 and early 2009 (N = 1357). The Czech data are from analogical large-scale survey carried out at the end of 2012 (N = 783). First, the paper compares basic characteristics of Canadian and Czech PWs. In the two countries the proportion of men and women is similar and PWs are equally highly educated. Examining other characteristics, however, reveals substantial differences. When compared with the Czech PWs, Canadian PWs tend to be older, more often having social science educational backgrounds, more frequently recruited from academia, stay in a single organization for a shorter period of time and anticipate staying in their current position for only a short time. Second, a comparison of policy-related work activities discerns three basic clusters of policy tasks: policy analysis work, evidence-based work, and consulting/briefing. Canadian PWs are much more involved in evidence-based work, especially in evaluation and policy research. They also deal more with policy analysis activities such as identification of policy issues and options. In contrast, Czech PWs are more engaged in consulting with the public and briefing managers and decision-makers. The article concludes with implications for further research and theory building.
Grape seed extract supplementation attenuates the heat stress-induced responses of jejunum epithelial cells in Simmental × Qinchuan steers
Authors: Li Xiaomin , Yang You , Liu Shimin , Yang Jing , Chen Cheng , Sun Zhihong 
Published: May 2014

Grape seed extract (GSE), a rich source of polyphenols, is reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The objective of the present study was to determine whether GSE could attenuate the heat stress-induced responses of jejunum epithelial cells (JEC) in cattle. The JEC of a steer (Simmental × Qinchuan) were exposed to heat stress for 2 h in the absence (0 μg/ml) or presence (10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/ml) of GSE in the culture medium. When cultured at 40°C, JEC supplemented with GSE exhibited increased glutathione peroxidase activity (P= 0·04), viability (P= 0·004), and mRNA expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF;P= 0·03) and EGF receptor (EGFR;P= 0·01). Under the same conditions, the cells exhibited decreased mRNA expression ofIL-8(P= 0·01) andTNF-α(P= 0·03) and decreased protein concentrations of IL-1β (P= 0·02), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4;P= 0·04) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70;P< 0·001). When cultured at 43°C, JEC supplemented with GSE exhibited increased catalase activity (P= 0·04), viability (P< 0·001), and mRNA expression ofEGF(P< 0·001) andEGFR(P< 0·001) and decreased protein concentrations of IL-1β (P< 0·001), TLR4 (P= 0·03) and HSP70 (P< 0·001), as well as mRNA expression ofIL-8(P< 0·001),TLR4(P= 0·002) andTNF-α(P< 0·001). Temperature × GSE concentration interactions were also observed for the concentrations of IL-1β (P< 0·001), IL-8 (P< 0·001), TNF-α (P= 0·01) and HSP70 (P= 0·04) and viability (P< 0·001) of JEC. The results of the present study indicate that GSE can attenuate the responses of JEC induced by heat stress within a certain range of temperatures.
Resting-state brain function in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar probands and their first-degree relatives
Authors: Lui S. , Yao L. , Xiao Y. , Keedy S. K. , Reilly J. L. , Keefe R. S. , Tamminga C. A. , Keshavan M. S. , Pearlson G. D. , Gong Q. , Sweeney J. A. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundSchizophrenia (SCZ) and psychotic bipolar disorder (PBD) share considerable overlap in clinical features, genetic risk factors and co-occurrence among relatives. The common and unique functional cerebral deficits in these disorders, and in unaffected relatives, remain to be identified.MethodA total of 59 healthy controls, 37 SCZ and 57 PBD probands and their unaffected first-degree relatives (38 and 28, respectively) were studied using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rfMRI). Regional cerebral function was evaluated by measuring the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF). Areas with ALFF alterations were used as seeds in whole-brain functional connectivity analysis. We then tested whether abnormalities identified in probands were present in unaffected relatives.ResultsSCZ and PBD probands both demonstrated regional hypoactivity in the orbital frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus, as well as abnormal connectivity within striatal-thalamo-cortical networks. SCZ probands showed greater and more widely distributed ALFF alterations including the thalamus and bilateral parahippocampal gyri. Increased parahippocampal ALFF was related to positive symptoms and cognitive deficit. PBD patients showed uniquely increased functional connectivity between the thalamus and bilateral insula. Only PBD relatives showed abnormal connectivity within striatal-thalamo-cortical networks seen in both proband groups.ConclusionsThe present findings reveal a common pattern of deficits in frontostriatal circuitry across SCZ and PBD, and unique regional and functional connectivity abnormalities that distinguish them. The abnormal network connectivity in PBD relatives that was present in both proband groups may reflect genetic susceptibility associated with risk for psychosis, but within-family associations of this measure were not high.
Childhood trauma mediates the association between ethnic minority status and more severe hallucinations in psychotic disorder
Authors: Berg A. O. , Aas M. , Larsson S. , Nerhus M. , Hauff E. , Andreassen O. A. , Melle I. 
Published: May 2014

BackgroundEthnic minority status and childhood trauma are established risk factors for psychotic disorders. Both are found to be associated with increased level of positive symptoms, in particular auditory hallucinations. Our main aim was to investigate the experience and effect of childhood trauma in patients with psychosis from ethnic minorities, hypothesizing that they would report more childhood trauma than the majority and that this would be associated with more current and lifetime hallucinations.MethodIn this cross-sectional study we included 454 patients with a SCID-I DSM-IV diagnosis of non-affective or affective psychotic disorder. Current hallucinations were measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (P3; Hallucinatory Behaviour). Lifetime hallucinations were assessed with the SCID-I items: auditory hallucinations, voices commenting and two or more voices conversing. Childhood trauma was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, self-report version.ResultsPatients from ethnic minority groups (n = 69) reported significantly more childhood trauma, specifically physical abuse/neglect, and sexual abuse. They had significantly more current hallucinatory behaviour and lifetime symptoms of hearing two or more voices conversing. Regression analyses revealed that the presence of childhood trauma mediated the association between ethnic minorities and hallucinations.ConclusionsMore childhood trauma in ethnic minorities with psychosis may partially explain findings of more positive symptoms, especially hallucinations, in this group. The association between childhood trauma and these first-rank symptoms may in part explain this group's higher risk of being diagnosed with a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis. The findings show the importance of childhood trauma in symptom development in psychosis.
Style and Substance: Some Metal Figurines from South-West Britain
Authors: Durham Emma 
Published: May 2014

AbstractA hoard found in Southbroom, Devizes in 1714 contained a group of copper-alloy figurines executed in both classical and local styles and depicting deities belonging to the Graeco-Roman and Gallo-Roman pantheons. The deities in a local style appear to form part of a larger tradition of figurines, predominantly found in the South-West, which are characterised both by a similar artistic style and by the use of Gallo-Roman symbolism and deities, such as the torc, ram-horned snake, carnivorous dog and Sucellus. The unique composition of the hoard in comparison with other hoards of similar date provides insights into the beliefs of Roman Britain.
SWEET BUSINESS: QUANTIFYING THE VALUE ADDED IN THE BRITISH COLONIAL SUGAR TRADE IN THE 18THCENTURY
Authors: Rönnbäck Klas 
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACTThere has been a lot of research into the economic contribution of the periphery to European economic development during the early modern era. This paper estimates quantitatively the value added in the sugar trade from the Caribbean to Britain in the 18thcentury. The trade generated a value equivalent to around 1 per cent of British gross domestic product (GDP) by the early 18thcentury, growing to 4 per cent of GDP a century later. The results show that the sugar trade constituted a dynamic and rapidly growing part of the British economy, most importantly the tertiary sector.