bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sealworm (<i>Pseudoterranova decipiens</i>) dynamics in Sable Island grey seals (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>): seasonal fluctuations and other changes in worm infections during the 1980s
Authors: Stobo Wayne T , Fowler G Mark 
Published: July 2014

The abundance of P. decipiens sampled from the stomachs of 553 grey seals (aged 0-48 years) collected during 14 field trips to Sable Island in 1983 and 1989 did not change significantly between years, even though the seal population has been increasing at over 12% annually and there has been a substantial decline in the fish biomass upon which they depend. The proportion of mature worms in the seals’ stomachs has decreased, however. Seal growth, expressed in terms of either age orlength, showed the strongest correlation with total worm abundance. These infections were not completely eliminated at any time during the year, but a seasonal pattern in worm abundance was apparent. Among the youngest seals an inverse relationship was demonstrated between the abundance of P. decipiens and another parasitic nematode, Contracaecum osculatum. Sexually mature P. decipiens were found in pups within 3 to 4 months of the commencement of independent feeding, and the abundance of P. decipiens progressively increased throughout the first year of life. Male pups contracted more worms than female pups of the same age. P. decipiens abundances in juvenile seals were primarily associated with seasonal pattern and age, with C. osculatum abundance still influencing the abundance of P. decipiens, but to a much lesser extent than seen with pups. Length of seals was the main predictor of total worm abundance in adult seals, with a seasonal pattern being next in order of importance. Age was also significant, possibly representing a component of growth not accounted for by length alone. No relationship between the abundances of P. decipiens and C. osculatum was apparent for adult seals. The seasonal pattern in total worm abundance of juvenile and adult seals was characterized by declines during the winter and mid-summer. We suggest these declines are due, respectively, to the breeding season fast and one or both of 1) a change in seal diet from primarily highly infected fish species to less infected ones, and 2) a partial fast during the annual moult. The proportion of mature worms increased during reductions in worm abundance throughout most of the year, but during the breeding fast both total abundance and the proportionmature declined.
A note on stomach contents of minke whales (<i>Balaenoptera acutorostrata</i>) in Icelandic waters
Authors: Sigurjónsson Jóhann , Galan Anton , Víkingsson Gísli A 
Published: July 2014

There is limited available information on food habits of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in coastal Iceland. Sixty-eight minke whales were examined for stomach contents; 51.5% contained fish only, 22.1 % krill (Euphausiacea) only, 25.0% fish and krill together, and one animal (l.5%) had no food remains in the stomach. The fish species identified were capelin (Mallotus villosus), sandeel (Ammodytidae), cod (Gadus morhua) and herring (Clupea harengus). Two species of krill were identified; Thysanoessa raschii and Meganyctiphanes norvegica. Sandeel was the dominant prey species in the western and southwestern areas, while capelin and krill were more frequently found in animals sampled in North Iceland.
Population size and distribution of the Baltic ringed seal (<i>Phoca hispida botnica</i>)
Authors: Härkönen Tero , Stenman Olavi , Jüssi Mart , Jüssi Ivar , Sagitov Roustam , Verevkin Michail 
Published: July 2014

The study reviews earlier investigations on the distribution and abundance of ringed seals (Phoca hispida botnica) in the Baltic and presents the first statistically robust results for the entire area. A critical review of earlier counts of ringed seals from the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Finland reveals grossly exaggerated population estimates in these regions. This is confirmed by results from the first comprehensive surveys in the entire area carried out during 1994-1996. The estimated hauled-out Baltic population in 1996 was about 5,510 ± 42% (± 95% confidence interval). Of thisestimate 3,945 ± 1,732 (70%) were in the Gulf of Bothnia, 1,407 ± 590 (25%) in the Gulf of Riga and about 150 (5%) in the Gulf of Finland. Numbers in the Gulf of Bothnia have increased since 1988, but there are no data on trends in other areas, although numbers are low and half the local population in the Gulf of Finland may have died in a mass mortality in the autumn of 1991.
Including adaptation and mitigation responses to climate change in a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm framework for urban water supply systems incorporating GHG emissions
Authors: Paton F. L. , Maier H. R. , Dandy G. C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractCities around the world are increasingly involved in climate action and mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, in the context of responding to climate pressures in the water sector, very few studies have investigated the impacts of changing water use on GHG emissions, even though water resource adaptation often requires greater energy use. Consequently, reducing GHG emissions, and thus focusing on both mitigation and adaptation responses to climate change in planning and managing urban water supply systems, is necessary. Furthermore, the minimization of GHG emissions is likely to conflict with other objectives. Thus, applying a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA), which can evolve an approximation of entire trade‐off (Pareto) fronts of multiple objectives in a single run, would be beneficial. Consequently, the main aim of this paper is to incorporate GHG emissions into a MOEA framework to take into consideration both adaptation and mitigation responses to climate change for a city's water supply system. The approach is applied to a case study based on Adelaide's southern water supply system to demonstrate the framework's practical management implications. Results indicate that trade‐offs exist between GHG emissions and risk‐based performance, as well as GHG emissions and economic cost. Solutions containing rainwater tanks are expensive, while GHG emissions greatly increase with increased desalinated water supply. Consequently, while desalination plants may be good adaptation options to climate change due to their climate‐independence, rainwater may be a better mitigation response, albeit more expensive.
A vertically integrated model with vertical dynamics for CO2 storage
Authors: Guo Bo , Bandilla Karl W. , Doster Florian , Keilegavlen Eirik , Celia Michael A. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractConventional vertically integrated models for CO2 storage usually adopt a vertical equilibrium (VE) assumption, which states that due to strong buoyancy, CO2 and brine segregate quickly, so that the fluids can be assumed to have essentially hydrostatic pressure distributions in the vertical direction. However, the VE assumption is inappropriate when the time scale of fluid segregation is not small relative to the simulation time. By casting the vertically integrated equations into a multiscale framework, a new vertically integrated model can be developed that relaxes the VE assumption, thereby allowing vertical dynamics to be modeled explicitly. The model maintains much of the computational efficiency of vertical integration while allowing a much wider range of problems to be modeled. Numerical tests of the new model, using injection scenarios with typical parameter sets, show excellent behavior of the new approach for homogeneous geologic formations.
Distribution and vegetation reconstruction of the deserts of northern China during the mid‐Holocene
Authors: Li Qin , Wu Haibin , Guo Zhengtang , Yu Yanyan , Ge Junyi , Wu Jianyu , Zhao Deai , Sun Aizhi 
Published: July 2014

AbstractDesertification is potentially a serious threat to society, and therefore, it is critical to understand how deserts may respond to future climate change. The mid‐Holocene (6 ± 0.5 14C ka) was warmer than present, and the distribution of deserts at this time may have implications for understanding their response to future warming. Here we reconstruct the distribution of deserts in northern China during the mid‐Holocene by combining data on vegetation type and the sedimentary facies of aeolian deposits. The results demonstrate that during the mid‐Holocene, the deserts retreated northwestward to the location of the modern 300 mm isohyet. Most of the Eastern Desert was stabilized with steppe or forest‐steppe vegetation, whereas the Western Desert exhibited no significant change and remained mobile, occupied by desert vegetation. The deserts in northern China were greatly reduced during the mid‐Holocene because of the enhancement of the East Asian summer monsoon in a warmer climate than today.
Attributing the increase in Northern Hemisphere hot summers since the late 20th century
Authors: Kamae Youichi , Shiogama Hideo , Watanabe Masahiro , Kimoto Masahide 
Published: July 2014

AbstractAnomalously high summertime temperatures have occurred with increasing frequency since the late 20th century. It is not clear why hot summers are becoming more frequent despite the recent slowdown in the rise in global surface air temperature. To examine factors affecting the historical variation in the frequency of hot summers over the Northern Hemisphere (NH), we conducted three sets of ensemble simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model. The model accurately reproduced interannual variation and long‐term increase in the occurrence of hot summers. Decadal variabilities in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans accounted for 43 ± 27% of the recent increase over the NH middle latitudes. In addition, direct influence of anthropogenic forcing also contributes to increasing the frequency since the late 20th century. The results suggest that the heat extremes can become more frequent in the coming decade even with the persistent slowdown in the global‐mean surface warming.
Validation of Aquarius sea surface salinity with Argo: Analysis of error due to depth of measurement and vertical salinity stratification
Authors: Drucker Robert , Riser Stephen C. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractWe validate Aquarius sea surface salinities against Argo 1–7 m salinities for the period 27 August 2011 through 1 October 2013, a period of ∼25 months. The validation consists of comparison of 20,149 collocated Argo/Aquarius data pairs. The global mean of the difference
is
PSU, with latitudinal variations of approximately
PSU. The standard deviation of
ranges from about
in the tropics to
at high latitudes. We discuss errors due to geographic and temporal displacement and depth of measurement and show that these are insignificant for global validation of Aquarius. In particular, we use NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42 product to analyze the contribution of vertical salinity stratification in the ocean to validation error. This salinity stratification is important for understanding the hydrological cycle of the oceans and has been cited as a potential source of error in validation of satellite‐based sea surface salinity because of the ∼1–7 m minimum depth of most Argo profiles. We show evidence of heavy precipitation events causing stratification greater than 0.1 PSU and lasting ∼2–8 h, but note that these events occur infrequently and contribute less than 0.03 PSU bias in the tropics and 0.025 PSU globally. It is demonstrated that the existing global Argo array provides sufficient data for large‐scale validation of Aquarius sea surface salinity. We also discuss the potential to exploit large salinity gradients in the upper mixed layer as a signature of rain in the tropical ocean.
Modeling the implications of Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability dynamics for airglow observations
Authors: Fritts David C. , Wan Kam , Werne Joseph , Lund Thomas , Hecht James H. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractA companion paper describes high‐resolution, ground‐based imaging of apparent Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities (KHI) observed in OH airglow at ~87 km over the Andes Lidar Observatory at 30°S. Here we employ direct numerical simulations (DNSs) and large eddy simulations (LESs) of KHI at Richardson numbers from Ri = 0.05 to 0.20 and relatively high Reynolds numbers of Re ~2500 to 10,000 to illustrate the dependence of primary and secondary KHI on these quantities for the purpose of quantifying KHI dynamics observed by ground‐based airglow imagers. Our DNS and LES reveal significant variations of both primary and secondary KHI scales and amplitudes with varying Ri and Re. Lower Ri and higher Re yield stronger and deeper initial 2‐D KH billows. Low Re for a given Ri either yield larger‐scale 3‐D secondary instabilities or suppress them altogether. Secondary instability scales decrease as Re increases for a given Ri. Corresponding variations in implied KHI airglow signatures include (1) stronger airglow intensity variations for larger KHI wavelengths and depths (higher Ri), (2) stronger 2‐D and 3‐D responses for the initial KHI shear layer displaced somewhat from the airglow layer, and (3) stronger 3‐D responses for the lower Ri and intermediate Re yielding the larger secondary instability scales.
Hydrogeologic insights for a Devil's Slide‐like system
Authors: Thomas Matthew A. , Loague Keith 
Published: July 2014

AbstractTectonically active coastal margins commonly host landslides that are influenced by hydrologic, geologic, and/or anthropogenic perturbations. The work reported here is motivated by the hydrologically driven, deep‐seated bedrock slides that intersect the (former) Pacific Coast Highway in the active landslide zone at Devil's Slide near Pacifica, California. Numerical simulation of subsurface flow is employed to investigate saturated zone fluid pressure scenarios for 3‐D Devil's Slide‐like systems. The four‐phase concept‐development effort is comprised of 134 hydrogeologic simulation scenarios which investigate fluid pressure response for complex subsurface conditions and historically based climate forcings. Recharge, heterogeneity, and anisotropy are shown to increase fluid pressures in targeted failure‐prone locations by up to 73.8, 10.3, and 1.8 %, respectively. The interaction between fault zone characteristics and topographically driven flow are shown to influence fluid pressures for up to 85% of the approximately 7.0
105 m2 study area. Simulated fluid pressures support the known slope instability for the Devil's Slide site. A quantitative hypothesis‐testing discussion explores the likelihood of perched water above the regional water table at the site. Further understanding of hydrologically driven slope movement in the active landslide zone will require additional data focused on rigorous characterization of the unsaturated zone.
Gelada feeding ecology in an intact ecosystem at Guassa, Ethiopia: Variability over time and implications for theropith and hominin dietary evolution
Authors: Fashing Peter J. , Nguyen Nga , Venkataraman Vivek V. , Kerby Jeffrey T. 
Published: July 2014

ABSTRACTRecent evidence suggests that several extinct primates, including contemporaneous Paranthropus boisei and Theropithecus oswaldi in East Africa, fed largely on grasses and sedges (i.e., graminoids). As the only living primate graminivores, gelada monkeys (Theropithecus gelada) can yield insights into the dietary strategies pursued by extinct grass‐ and sedge‐eating primates. Past studies of gelada diet were of short duration and occurred in heavily disturbed ecosystems. We conducted a long‐term study of gelada feeding ecology in an intact Afroalpine ecosystem at Guassa, Ethiopia. Geladas at Guassa consumed ≥56 plant species, ≥20 invertebrate species, one reptile species, and the eggs of one bird species over a 7‐year period. The annual diet consisted of 56.8% graminoid parts, 37.8% forb parts, 2.8% invertebrates, and 2.6% other items, although geladas exhibited wide variability in diet across months at Guassa. Edible forbs were relatively scarce at Guassa but were strongly selected for by geladas. Tall graminoid leaf and tall graminoid seed head consumption correlated positively, and underground food item consumption correlated negatively, with rainfall over time. Geladas at Guassa consumed a species‐rich diet dominated by graminoids, but unlike geladas in more disturbed habitats also ate a diversity of forbs and invertebrates along with occasional vertebrate prey. Although graminoids are staple foods for geladas, underground food items are important “fallback foods.” We discuss the implications of our study, the first intensive study of the feeding ecology of the only extant primate graminivore, for understanding the dietary evolution of the theropith and hominin putative graminivores, Theropithecus oswaldi and Paranthropus boisei. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:1–16, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A review of the physical habitat requirements and research priorities needed to underpin conservation of the endangered freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera
Authors: Quinlan Emma , Gibbins Chris , Malcolm Iain , Batalla Ramon , Vericat Damia , Hastie Lee 
Published: July 2014

Abstract

The freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera has declined across its range but current knowledge of its physical habitat requirements falls short of that needed to confidently guide habitat management and conservation programmes. This paper critically reviews knowledge of the physical habitat requirements of M. margaritifera and sets out a research agenda to address existing knowledge gaps.
Present information on the hydraulic, sedimentary and oxygen requirements of M. margaritifera is based largely on descriptive or correlative field studies. Consequently, little is known of the processes that control the correlations observed between habitat conditions and pearl mussel abundance. Furthermore, a pressing concern is the need for standardization of field and laboratory techniques, notably in the context of sediment and hyporheic dissolved oxygen, where the variety of field and analytical techniques applied to date limits transferability.
The review identifies nine important research questions and outlines approaches from environmental hydraulics, fluvial geomorphology and fisheries ecology that can be used to address them. Research specifically focused on the role of high and low discharges may help elucidate the hydrological, fluvial and bio‐energetic processes that influence M. margaritifera distribution and recruitment. Research is also needed to assess the role of mussels as engineers.
The review outlines opportunities to apply new approaches to improve characterization of physical habitat conditions and assess how these conditions influence mussels. Improved characterization will provide a firm evidence base for habitat management and mussel conservation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A conceptual framework of stress vulnerability, depression, and health outcomes in women: potential uses in research on complementary therapies for depression
Authors: Kinser Patricia A. , Lyon Debra E. 
Published: July 2014

AbstractBackgroundDepression is a chronic mental health condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide. It is well‐established that psychological stress plays an integral role in depression and that depression has numerous negative health outcomes. However, a closer look at components of stress vulnerabilities and depression is required to allow for the development and testing of appropriate interventions.Aims and DiscussionThis article describes a conceptual framework about the complex and bidirectional relationship between stress vulnerability, depression, and health outcomes in women. The authors elucidate how the framework can be applied in clinical research about cellular aging and on the mechanisms of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for depression, using yoga as an example of a CAM modality.ConclusionThe proposed conceptual framework may be helpful for adding depth to the body of knowledge about the use of mind‐body therapies for individuals at high risk of stress vulnerability and/or depression.
Volumetric PET/CT parameters predict local response of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Hanamoto Atsushi , Tatsumi Mitsuaki , Takenaka Yukinori , Hamasaki Toshimitsu , Yasui Toshimichi , Nakahara Susumu , Yamamoto Yoshifumi , Seo Yuji , Isohashi Fumiaki , Ogawa Kazuhiko , Hatazawa Jun , Inohara Hidenori 
Published: July 2014

AbstractIt is not well established whether pretreatment 18F‐FDG PET/CT can predict local response of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to chemoradiotherapy (CRT). We examined 118 patients: 11 with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), 30 with oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), and 77 with laryngohypopharyngeal cancer (LHC) who had completed CRT. PET/CT parameters of primary tumor, including metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and maximum and mean standardized uptake value (SUVmax and SUVmean), were correlated with local response, according to primary site and human papillomavirus (HPV) status. Receiver‐operating characteristic analyses were made to access predictive values of the PET/CT parameters, while logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors. Area under the curve (AUC) of the PET/CT parameters ranged from 0.53 to 0.63 in NPC and from 0.50 to 0.54 in OPC. HPV‐negative OPC showed AUC ranging from 0.51 to 0.58, while all of HPV‐positive OPCs showed complete response. In contrast, AUC ranged from 0.71 to 0.90 in LHC. Moreover, AUCs of MTV and TLG were significantly higher than those of SUVmax and SUVmean (P < 0.01). After multivariate analysis, high MTV >25.0 mL and high TLG >144.8 g remained as independent, significant predictors of incomplete response compared with low MTV (odds ratio [OR], 13.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5–72.9; P = 0.003) and low TLG (OR, 12.8; 95% CI, 2.4–67.9; P = 0.003), respectively. In conclusion, predictive efficacy of pretreatment 18F‐FDG PET/CT varies with different primary sites and chosen parameters. Local response of LHC is highly predictable by volume‐based PET/CT parameters.