bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students’ ways of using video lectures in a linear algebra course
Authors: Feudel Frank , Panse Anja 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
Video lectures have become a common element in many university mathematics courses, and students often believe that these support their learning in various ways. However, some studies indicate that students who use such video lectures frequently perform lower in exams. Hence, it is important to investigate how students use video lectures. We interviewed nine students of a linear algebra course about the activities they carried out when watching prerecorded video lectures. In these interviews, all our participants reported in detail lots of activities they engaged in while watching, and our study contextualizes these activities with content-specific examples. However, our study also indicates that even if students are very active while watching video lectures, their cognitive engagement with the actual content might nevertheless be rather low. Possible consequences concerning the implementation of video lectures are then discussed.
Scutellarin alleviates renal ischemia–reperfusion injury by inhibiting the MAPK pathway and pro‐inflammatory macrophage polarization
Authors: Deng Ge , Zheng Bingxuan , Dou Meng , Gao Yang , Zhang Xingzhe , Niu Zejiaxin , Wei Tian , Han Feng , Ding Chenguang , Tian Puxun 
Published: July 2024

AbstractRenal ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) is an integral process in renal transplantation, which results in compromised graft survival. Macrophages play an important role in both the early inflammatory period and late fibrotic period in response to IRI. In this study, we investigated whether scutellarin (SCU) could protect against renal IRI by regulating macrophage polarization. Mice were given SCU (5–50 mg/kg) by gavage 1 h earlier, followed by a unilateral renal IRI. Renal function and pathological injury were assessed 24 h after reperfusion. The results showed that administration of 50 mg/kg SCU significantly improved renal function and renal pathology in IRI mice. In addition, SCU alleviated IRI‐induced apoptosis. Meanwhile, it reduced macrophage infiltration and inhibited pro‐inflammatory macrophage polarization. Moreover, in RAW 264.7 cells and primary bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) exposed to SCU, we found that 150 μM SCU inhibited these cells to polarize to an inflammatory phenotype induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). However, SCU has no influence on anti‐inflammatory macrophage polarization in vivo and in vitro induced by in interleukin‐4 (IL‐4). Finally, we explored the effect of SCU on the activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway both in vivo and in vitro. We found that SCU suppressed the activation of the MAPK pathway, including the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Our results demonstrated that SCU protects the kidney against IRI by inhibiting macrophage infiltration and polarization toward pro‐inflammatory phenotype via the MAPK pathway, suggesting that SCU may be therapeutically important in treatment of IRI.
Cryptic late‐onset myocarditis after coronavirus vaccination
Authors: Forsdyke Donald R. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAs we enter a new era of mRNA‐based therapeutics, evidence on genetic or environmental factors that might predispose to unknown off‐target side effects, gains in importance. Among these factors, exercise appears likely to have influenced otherwise cryptic cases of early‐onset postvaccination myocarditis. And the existence of a distinct late‐onset myocarditis is now being recognized. Here, three case‐history reports suggest crypticity (the author's own case), unless provoked by a preexisting cardiac morbidity (one case), or by immune checkpoint blockade to enhance anticancer autoimmunity (several cases). These reports are supported by noninvasive fluorodeoxyglucose‐based cardiac scan comparisons of multiple vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects. In pre‐pandemic decades, applications for funds by the leading innovator in mRNA‐based therapeutics seldom gained peer‐review approval. Thus, at the start of the pandemic, the meager data on such side effects could justify only emergency approval. We must do better.
Does Marijuana Smoking Increase the Odds of Surgical Site Infection After Orthopaedic Surgery? A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ruckle David , Chang Alexander , Jesurajan Jose , Carlson Bradley , Gulbrandsen Matthew , Rice R. Casey , Wongworawat M. Daniel 
Published: July 2024

OBJECTIVES:
Does marijuana smoking increase the risk of surgical site infection (SSI) after open reduction and internal fixation of fractures?

METHODS:

Design:
Retrospective.

Setting:
Single academic level 1 trauma center in Southern California.

Patient Selection Criteria:
Adult patients who underwent open treatment for closed fractures between January 2009 and December 2021, had hardware placed, and had at least 6 months of postoperative follow-up.

Outcome Measures and Comparisons:
Risk factors associated with the development of SSI were compared between current inhalational marijuana users and nonmarijuana users.

RESULTS:
Complete data were available on 4802 patients after exclusion of 82 who did not have a complete variable set. At the time of surgery, 24% (1133 patients) were current users of marijuana. At the final follow-up (minimum 6 months), there was a 1.6% infection rate (75 patients). The average age of the infection-free group was 46.1 ± 23.1 years, and the average age of the SSI group was 47.0 ± 20.3 (P = 0.73) years. In total, 2703 patients (57%) in the infection-free group were male compared with 48 (64%) in the SSI group (P = 0.49). On multivariate analysis, longer operative times (OR 1.002 [95% CI, 1.001–1.004]), diabetic status (OR 2.084 [95% CI, 1.225–3.547]), and current tobacco use (OR 2.493 [95% CI, 1.514–4.106]) (P < 0.01 for all) were associated with an increased risk of SSI; however, current marijuana use was not (OR 0.678 [95% CI, 0.228–2.013], P = 0.48).

CONCLUSIONS:
Tobacco use, diabetes, and longer operative times were associated with the development of SSI after open reduction and internal fixation of fractures; however, marijuana smoking was not shown to be associated with the development of SSI.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Actual Cost of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Study
Authors: Nanjayya Vinodh B. , Higgins Alisa M. , Morphett Laura , Thiara Sonny , Jones Annalie , Pellegrino Vincent A. , Sheldrake Jayne , Bernard Stephen , Kaye David , Nichol Alistair , Cooper D. James 
Published: July 2024

OBJECTIVES:
To determine the actual cost and drivers of the cost of an extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR) care cycle.

PERSPECTIVE:
A time-driven activity-based costing study conducted from a healthcare provider perspective.

SETTING:
A quaternary care ICU providing around-the-clock E-CPR service for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) in Australia.

METHODS:
The E-CPR care cycle was defined as the time from initiating E-CPR to hospital discharge or death of the patient. Detailed process maps with discrete steps and probabilistic decision nodes accounting for the complex trajectories of E-CPR patients were developed. Data about clinical and nonclinical resources and timing of activities was collected multiple times for each process . Total direct costs were calculated using the time estimates and unit costs per resource for all clinical and nonclinical resources. The total direct costs were combined with indirect costs to obtain the total cost of E-CPR.

RESULTS:
From 10 E-CPR care cycles observed during the study period, a minimum of 3 observations were obtained per process. The E-CPR care cycle’s mean (95% CI) cost was $75,014 ($66,209–83,222). Initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and ECMO management constituted 18% of costs. The ICU management (35%) and surgical costs (20%) were the primary cost determinants. IHCA had a higher mean (95% CI) cost than OHCA ($87,940 [75,372–100,570] vs. 62,595 [53,994–71,890], p < 0.01), mainly because of the increased survival and ICU length of stay of patients with IHCA. The mean cost for each E-CPR survivor was $129,503 ($112,422–147,224).

CONCLUSIONS:
Significant costs are associated with E-CPR for refractory cardiac arrest. The cost of E-CPR for IHCA was higher compared with the cost of E-CPR for OHCA. The major determinants of the E-CPR costs were ICU and surgical costs. These data can inform the cost-effectiveness analysis of E-CPR in the future.
Beyond Mastectomy: The Incidence of Subsequent Aesthetic Procedures after Mastectomy with and without Breast Reconstruction
Authors: O’Neill Elizabeth S. , Toms John A. , Hansdorfer Marek A. , Kokosis George 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Mastectomy poses significant challenges to a woman’s body image and psychological well-being, and breast reconstruction plays a pivotal role in postoperative quality of life. Following breast reconstruction, many patients choose to have subsequent aesthetic procedures. Data on the prevalence of such subsequent aesthetic interventions are lacking in the literature. The aim of this study was to analyze trends in aesthetic procedures in patients following mastectomy with and without breast reconstruction.

Methods:
The PearlDiver database was queried within its capabilities for patients who underwent mastectomy with and without breast reconstruction, and a variety of aesthetic procedures after mastectomy. Aesthetic procedure rates were compared between cohorts.

Results:
We identified 365,525 mastectomy patients: 282,815 without reconstruction and 82,710 with reconstruction. In total, 609 patients with reconstruction and 329 without underwent subsequent aesthetic procedures. The rate of aesthetic procedures was higher in the reconstruction group (0.7%) compared with the nonreconstruction group (0.1%; P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Patients who chose to have breast reconstruction after mastectomy underwent significantly more subsequent aesthetic procedures compared with those who chose mastectomy alone. Our findings provide insights on the prevalence of aesthetic procedures in postmastectomy patients, highlighting the potentially longitudinal nature of the reconstructive and aesthetic journey beyond the index oncologic procedure. Further research is needed to address motivations for such procedures as well as patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction.
Outcomes of Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix for Soft Tissue Reconstruction of the Hand and Extremities
Authors: Struble Sarah L. , Patel Niki K. , Graham Emily M. , Tipps John A. , Vaile John R. , Leeflang Elisabeth J. , Goodwin Isak , Mendenhall Shaun D. 
Published: July 2024

Background:
NovoSorb biodegradable temporizing matrix (BTM) is a novel, bilayer, synthetic skin substitute made of biodegradable polyurethane foam covered with a sealing membrane. BTM has demonstrated excellent outcomes in burn literature; however, few studies have been published for hand and extremity soft tissue reconstruction.

Methods:
All patients who underwent extremity reconstruction with BTM from 2018 to 2023 were reviewed. Demographics, presentations, and clinical outcomes were recorded.

Results:
A total of 86 cases from 54 patients (53.7% pediatric; age range: 0–81 years) were included. Common indications included trauma (36%), infection (18.6%), and malignancy (11.6%). BTM was placed over exposed tendon (38.4%), bone (19%), joints (12.8%), nerves (8.1%), and/or blood vessels (7%). BTM served as temporary wound coverage in 26 cases. Complications included hematoma (8.1%), infection (4.7%), and spontaneous delamination (4.7%). Wound closure was successfully obtained without flap use in 93.3%. Poor BTM take was associated with peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, immunosuppression, and BTM hematoma and infection (<0.05).

Conclusion:
This study contributes to the growing body of evidence favoring BTM use in challenging reconstructive cases. Although prospective comparative studies are forthcoming, BTM likely has broad applications in reconstructive surgery.
The global, regional, and national patterns of change in the burden of nonmalignant upper gastrointestinal diseases from 1990 to 2019 and the forecast for the next decade
Authors: Bai Zihao , Wang Hao , Shen Chong , An Jia , Yang Zhaocong , Mo Xuming 
Published: July 2024

Background:
Nonmalignant upper gastrointestinal diseases, including peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastritis and duodenitis (GD), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), significantly challenge global healthcare. These conditions not only impact patient health but also highlight socioeconomic development issues and healthcare system accessibility and efficiency. Utilizing the Global Burden of Disease database, this study aims to comprehensively assess the global burden of PUD, GD, and GERD, examining their association with the sociodemographic index (SDI).

Methods:
Employing data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 database, this study analyzed the disability-adjusted life years for PUD, GD, and GERD. We integrated the SDI with the inequality slope index and concentration index for an international health inequality analysis, assessing disparities in the burden of these nonmalignant upper gastrointestinal diseases. Decomposition analysis was conducted to determine the effects of population growth, aging, and epidemiological change on disease burden. Frontier analysis was performed to identify potential improvement areas and disparities among countries by development status. Disease time trends were depicted using a Joinpoint regression model, and the Bayesian age-period-cohort model projected the disease burden up to 2030.

Results:
Between 1990 and 2019, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates for nonmalignant upper gastrointestinal diseases declined. However, global geographic heterogeneity remained evident and closely linked to the SDI. Notably, low-SDI countries experienced higher disease burdens. Population growth and aging emerged as principal contributors to the increasing disease burden. Despite development levels, many countries have considerable potential for reducing the burden of these diseases. Furthermore, significant variations in the time trends of nonmalignant upper gastrointestinal diseases were observed among countries and regions with different SDI levels, a pattern expected to continue through 2030.

Conclusion:
Nonmalignant upper gastrointestinal diseases demonstrate notable heterogeneity across age, sex, and geography, with the disparities most marked in underdeveloped regions or countries. Consequently, it is imperative to focus research on policy development and to enact prevention and treatment strategies tailored to high-risk groups. This targeted approach is essential for effectively mitigating the disease burden.
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein predicts microalbuminuria progression in essential hypertensive patients: a 3-year follow-up study
Authors: Yang Yan , Tang Xiao-Feng , Wang Yan , Xu Jian-Zhong , Gao Ping-jin , Li Yan 
Published: July 2024

Objectives
To determine the independent effect of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the combined effects of hs-CRP and other traditional risk factors on microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients during the 3-year follow-up period.

Methods and results
Baseline hs-CRP levels and other risk factors were measured in 280 adults in 2007. In the third year of examination, 199 patients (mean age 62.5 ± 9.5, men 59.3%) were approached for the measurement of microalbuminuria. The subjects were classified into two groups by the median of baseline hs-CRP. Compared to the patients with baseline hs-CRP below the median group (n = 99, 50%), the group with baseline hs-CRP above the median (n = 100, 50%) had higher urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) (P = 0.007) at the end of follow-up period. ACR at the end of follow-up period was significantly correlated with baseline diabetes (β = 0.342; P < 0.001), baseline SBP (β = 0.148; P = 0.02), and baseline log-transformed hs-CRP (β = 0.169; P = 0.01), while adversely correlated with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (β = −0.163; P = 0.02) in multivariate stepwise linear analysis. In addition, ACR change during follow-up period was significantly correlated with baseline diabetes (β = 0.359; P < 0.001) and baseline log-transformed hs-CRP (β = 0.190; P = 0.004) in multivariate stepwise linear analysis. The combined effects of baseline hs-CRP and conventional risk factors, such as male sex, diabetes, smoking status, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, and mildly reduced eGFR had a greater risk for microalbuminuria progression. There was no difference in eGFR changes during the follow-up period between two groups.

Conclusion
Our findings offer a new piece of evidence on the predictive value of baseline hs-CRP for microalbuminuria progression in essential hypertensive patients, and highlight those who combined with traditional cardiovascular risk factors had a greater risk for developing microalbuminuria.
Human Papilloma Virus–Independent/p53abnormal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix Associated With Uterine Prolapse
Authors: Horn Lars-Christian , Brambs Christine E. , Aktas Bahriye , Dannenmann Astrid , Einenkel Jens , Höckel Michael , Krücken Irene , Taubenheim Sabine , Teichmann Gero , Obeck Ulrike , Stiller Mathias , Höhn Anne Kathrin 
Published: July 2024

Knowledge about the morphologic and molecular characteristics of cervical squamous cell carcinomas (CSCCs) associated with uterine prolapse is very limited. Detailed histopathological and immunohistochemical (p16, p53, and cytokeratin 17), as well as molecular evaluation for human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA and p53-mutational analyses in 4 consecutive CSCCs associated with uterine prolapse with definition of a hitherto not well-described HPV-independent/p53abnormal precursor lesion (HPV-independent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN; differentiated CIN]) and molecular tumorigenetic pathway. Cases diagnosed within 7 years with a mean age of 75 (range: 69–83) years and a mean tumor size of 7.3 cm (range: 5.2–9.4 cm). All patients presented with locally advanced disease, and 1 woman died of the disease within 4, and another within 14 months of follow-up. All CSCCs and their adjacent precursor lesions were negative for p16, with aberrant p53-expression and diffuse and strong staining for cytokeratin 17. Both the CSCCs and their precursors were negative for HPV-DNA but harbored a TP53 mutation. The precursor lesions were characterized by epithelial thickening with superficial keratinization, and the presence of basal and parabasal keratinocytes with mitotic figures beyond the basal layer, thus showing features similar to those seen in differentiated types of vulvar intraepithelial lesions (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia [VIN] syn. HPV-independent/p53abn VIN), suggesting the terminology of differentiated CIN or HPV-independent/p53abn CIN. An HPV-independent pathogenetic pathway with a p53-alteration was identified for these cases. CSCC associated with uterine prolapse represents HPV-independent tumors harboring a TP53 mutation. For the first time, a precursor lesion of HPV-independent CSCC of the uterine cervix is described with a differentiated VIN–like morphology, and a separate tumorigenic pathway defined.
Comparison of a novel expanded social network recruitment intervention with risk network recruitment to HIV testing: locating undiagnosed cases in South Africa
Authors: Williams Leslie D. , van Heerden Alastair , Friedman Samuel R. , Chibi Buyisile , Memela Phumlani , Rodriguez Wendy Avila , Joseph Phillip 
Published: July 2024

Objective:
To ascertain whether a novel expanded social network recruitment to HIV testing (E-SNRHT) intervention recruits men and individuals with previously undiagnosed HIV at higher rates than risk network recruitment.

Design:
Initial “seed” participants were prospectively randomly assigned to the E-SNRHT intervention or to risk network recruitment. Their network members were included in the study arm of their recruiter.

Setting:
Three Department of Health clinics and two drug treatment centers (DTCs) in the Msunduzi municipality of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Participants:
Clinics and DTCs referred 110 newly HIV-diagnosed adult “seeds” to the study from June 2022 to February 2023. E-SNRHT seeds were asked to recruit network members as described below; risk network recruitment arm seeds were asked to recruit recent sex and/or injection partners. Presenting a recruitment coupon (from clinic/DTC staff or another participant) was required for eligibility.

Intervention:
E-SNRHT seeds were shown educational material about HIV transmission risks and then asked to recruit anyone they know (e.g., friends, family) whom they thought could benefit from HIV testing.

Main outcome measure(s):
Rates of recruiting men to HIV testing and locating individuals with previously undiagnosed HIV.

Results:
E-SNRHT recruited significantly higher proportions of men to HIV testing (70.3 vs. 40.4%; χ

2
= 16.33; P < 0.0005) and located significantly more previously undiagnosed cases of HIV per seed than risk network recruitment (rate ratio = 9.40; P < 0.0001). E-SNRHT also recruited significantly higher proportions of women with previously undiagnosed HIV (29.0 vs. 10.7%; χ

2
= 3.87; P = 0.049).

Conclusion:
E-SNRHT is an important strategy to expand the reach of HIV testing among men and undiagnosed cases of HIV in KwaZulu-Natal.
Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury: Interpregnancy Interval and Route of Subsequent Delivery
Authors: Nutaitis Alexandra C. , Yao Meng , Hickman Lisa C. , Kollikonda Swapna , Propst Katie A. 
Published: July 2024

Importance
Knowledge on the interpregnancy interval (IPI) among women with an obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) is both limited and not well understood.

Objectives
The objectives of this study were to describe the IPI among women with OASI and to compare women with OASI based on the route of subsequent obstetric delivery and OASI recurrence.

Study Design
This was a retrospective single-cohort study of women who had an OASI between 2013 and 2015 at a tertiary academic medical center. Demographics, obstetric delivery data, postpartum sequelae, and subsequent pregnancy delivery data from 2013 to 2021 were collected. The IPI was defined as the time from date of first vaginal delivery to date of conception of the subsequent pregnancy. Women without a subsequent pregnancy were censored at the date of last contact. The IPI was evaluated using a survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier estimator).

Results
A total of 287 women experienced an OASI, and subsequent pregnancy occurred for 178 (62.0%) women. The median IPI was 26.4 months (95% confidence interval: 23.7–29.9) for women with a prior OASI. Of the 97 women who did not have a subsequent pregnancy documented during the study, the median follow-up was 64.0 months (interquartile range: 5.7–80.0). Subsequent delivery route data were available for 171 women; of those, 127 (74.3%) experienced a subsequent vaginal delivery and 44 (25.7%) experienced a cesarean delivery. Of the 127 women who experienced a subsequent vaginal delivery, 3 (2.4%) experienced a recurrent OASI.

Conclusion
The IPI among women with OASI is similar to the IPI for all women in Ohio and in the United States.