bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catch me if you can: Pathways of Dravidian influence in Sri Lanka Malay
Authors: Nordhoff Sebastian 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Discussions of the history of Sri Lanka Malay have so far tried to evaluate the development of Sri Lanka Malay with regard to the relative influence from the adstrates Sinhala and Tamil. This paper shows that such an approach is too coarse-grained and that the dialectal situation of especially Tamil has to be taken into account. After an overview of the dialectal situation we find on the island, three directions of language change are established: (1) Sinhala moves towards a general Tamil typology; (2) South Western Muslim Tamil moves towards Sinhala; and (3) Sri Lanka Malay moves towards South Western Muslim Tamil and/or Sinhala. A discussion of the problematic nature of the assumptions of “fixed targets” in language contact studies emanating from point (3) closes the paper.
Rahin,Royeet formes toponymiques affines (Haute-Saône/France)
Authors: Chambon Jean-Pierre , Jeandel Louis , Guillaume Alain 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThe etymology of modern fr.Rahin(the name of a river in the Vosges comtoises region) has not been established. As Antoine Thomas had suspected, we are faced here with an oblique case (< -áne), namely *Rohen, whose first vowel opened in aperture to [a]. The simple formRo(h)e(subject case) was preserved in the Middle Ages through the dehydronymic name of a riverside locale, a name which subsequently changed intoRoye. The first designation of the Rahin river as such, *Roe, has its origins in the substantivisation of the lat.raucaf. adj. ‘uttering or making a harsh sound, raucous (of running water)’. The river’s name has since gone through several other transformations. Its oldest form,Rahan(t)(1572), provides us with a new clue into the ancient affinity between the north-eastern part ofFranche-Comtéwith the Franco-Provençal region. This clue seems to be corroborated by two other forms crystallized in the toponymy of Ronchamp.
Los tonos de frontera de las oraciones interrogativas pronominales producidas por hablantes bilingües precoces en vasco y españolEsta investigación se ha llevado a cabo gracias a la subvención del proyecto MICINN- FFI2011-28324.
Authors: Gaminde Iñaki , Andonegi Asier Romero , Ruiz Urtza Garay , Etxebarria Aintzane 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyse the boundary tones of Spanish pronominal interrogative sentences produced by early bilingual speakers of Basque and Spanish. Based on a corpus of 50 informants, 25 of them with Spanish as L1 and 25 with Basque as L1, distributed over all provinces of the peninsular Basque Country, where the Basque language is known and used at present, we analyse the tonal configurations of all melodic curves of the corpus within the autosegmental metrical model and compare these configurations with those obtained with the same informants for the Basque language.
Coordinated Metabolic Transitions During Drosophila Embryogenesis and the Onset of Aerobic Glycolysis
Authors: Tennessen Jason M , Bertagnolli Nicolas M , Evans Janelle , Sieber Matt H , Cox James , Thummel Carl S 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Rapidly proliferating cells such as cancer cells and embryonic stem cells rely on a specialized metabolic program known as aerobic glycolysis, which supports biomass production from carbohydrates. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster also utilizes aerobic glycolysis to support the rapid growth that occurs during larval development. Here we use singular value decomposition analysis of modENCODE RNA-seq data combined with GC-MS-based metabolomic analysis to analyze the changes in gene expression and metabolism that occur during Drosophila embryogenesis, spanning the onset of aerobic glycolysis. Unexpectedly, we find that the most common pattern of co-expressed genes in embryos includes the global switch to glycolytic gene expression that occurs midway through embryogenesis. In contrast to the canonical aerobic glycolytic pathway, however, which is accompanied by reduced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, the expression of genes involved in the tricarboxylic cycle (TCA cycle) and the electron transport chain are also upregulated at this time. Mitochondrial activity, however, appears to be attenuated, as embryos exhibit a block in the TCA cycle that results in elevated levels of citrate, isocitrate, and α-ketoglutarate. We also find that genes involved in lipid breakdown and β-oxidation are upregulated prior to the transcriptional initiation of glycolysis, but are downregulated before the onset of larval development, revealing coordinated use of lipids and carbohydrates during development. These observations demonstrate the efficient use of nutrient stores to support embryonic development, define sequential metabolic transitions during this stage, and demonstrate striking similarities between the metabolic state of late-stage fly embryos and tumor cells.
Structured Carbon Nanotube/Silicon Nanoparticle Anode Architecture for High Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kotz Sharon , Shah Ankita , Somu Sivasubramanian , Abraham KM , Mukerjee Sanjeev , Busnaina Ahmed 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTSilicon is emerging as a very attractive anode material for lithium ion batteries due to its low discharge potential, natural abundance, and high theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh/g, more than ten times that of graphite (372 mAh/g). This high charge capacity is the result of silicon’s ability to incorporate 4.4 lithium atoms per silicon atom; however, the incorporation of lithium also leads to a 300-400% volume expansion during charging, which can cause pulverization of the material and loss of access to the silicon. The architecture of the anode must therefore be able to adapt to this volume increase. Here we present a layered carbon nanotube and silicon nanoparticle electrode structure, fabricated using directed assembly techniques. The porous carbon nanotube layers maintain electrical connectivity through the active material and increase the surface area of the current collector. Using this architecture, we obtain an initial capacity in excess of 4000 mAh/g, as well as increased power and energy density as compared to anodes fabricated using the standard procedure of slurry casting.
Dipole-Dipole Interaction Model for Oriented Aggregation of BaTiO3 Nanocrystals
Authors: Yasui Kyuichi , Kato Kazumi 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTIn order to study the oriented aggregation of BaTiO3nanocrystals in the ultrasound-assisted synthesis in an aqueous solution [F.Dang et al., Jpn.J.Appl.Phys. 48, 09KC02 (2009)], the electric dipole-dipole interaction model has been studied by numerical simulations. The results of the numerical simulations are consistent with the experimental ones if the electric dipole moment of a primary particle (a nanocrystal) of 5 nm in diameter is about 10 D =3.3 x 10-29 (C m). It suggests that a 5-10 nm BaTiO3 nanocrystal synthesized in an aqueous solution with ultrasound has spontaneous polarization.
Meso-scale Order Structure Prepared From Immiscible Polymer Blend Solutions
Authors: Jang Junhyeok , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Kawazoe Masayuki , Yoshida Hirohisa 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTThe meso-scale hexagonally packed order structures were obtained by solvent casting from the immiscible polymer blend solutions. The order structures were the result of phase separation occurred at the evaporation front during the solvent casting, the so-called dissipative system. The order domains were flat spheres or ellipses on the matrix surface depending on the combination of polymer blends and solvent, the diameter of spheres were tunable from 0.5 to 3 μm by the casting condition, such as the solvent used for mixing and the evaporation rate. Three blend systems, NBR/SBR, NBR/BR and PMMA/BR, formed two dimensional order structures with the domain size in μm-scale by solvent casting from those homogeneous solutions. The conditions to obtain the two dimensional meso-scale order structure were evaluated.
3D Macroporous Nitrogen-doped Graphene Frameworks for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Yu Pingping , Zhao Xin , Li Yingzhi , Zhang Qinghua 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTA novel type of nitrogen-doped hierarchically 3D macroporous CMG films electrode (NCMG) was prepared through a facile ultrafiltration method using graphene oxide (GO) and polystyrene (PS) as precursors, then annealed in N2 atmosphere at 1000°. This NCMG electrode exhibits high specific capacitance (150 F g-1), excellent rate capacity and good cycle life (98% of initial capacitance), which can be a good candidate for supercapacitor application.
Production of High Surface Area Activated Carbon from Coconut Husk
Authors: Armstrong Paul R. , Morchesky Zachary J. , Hess Dustin T. , Adu Kofi W. , Essumang David. K. , Tufour Joseph K. , Koranteng-Addo Joseph E. , Opoku-Boadu Kwasi , Mensah Samuel Y. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTWe present preliminary results on a processing protocol by chemical activation that transforms organic waste product such as coconut husk into high surface area activated carbon. Dried raw materials of the coconut husk were carbonized anaerobically into char. The char was impregnated with KOH of different ratios and were activated at 800°C and 900°C. The transmission electron microscope was used to acquire structural and morphological information of the activated carbon, and the surface area and porosity analysis were performed using Micromeritics ASAP 2020 analyzer. The activated carbons show both micropores and mesopores with specific surface area as high as 2900m2/g.
Observer reliability of arteriovenous malformations grading scales using current imaging modalities
Authors: Griessenauer Christoph J. , Miller Joseph H. , Agee Bonita S. , Fisher Winfield S. , Curé Joel K. , Chapman Philip R. , Foreman Paul M. , Fisher Wilson A. M. , Witcher Adam C. , Walters Beverly C. 
Published: March 2014

Object
The aim of this study was to examine observer reliability of frequently used arteriovenous malformation (AVM) grading scales, including the 5-tier Spetzler-Martin scale, the 3-tier Spetzler-Ponce scale, and the Pollock-Flickinger radiosurgery-based scale, using current imaging modalities in a setting closely resembling routine clinical practice.

Methods
Five experienced raters, including 1 vascular neurosurgeon, 2 neuroradiologists, and 2 senior neurosurgical residents independently reviewed 15 MRI studies, 15 CT angiograms, and 15 digital subtraction angiograms obtained at the time of initial diagnosis. Assessments of 5 scans of each imaging modality were repeated for measurement of intrarater reliability. Three months after the initial assessment, raters reassessed those scans where there was disagreement. In this second assessment, raters were asked to justify their rating with comments and illustrations. Generalized kappa (κ) analysis for multiple raters, Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W), and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were applied to determine interrater reliability. For intrarater reliability analysis, Cohen's kappa (κ), Kendall's correlation coefficient (tau-b), and ICC were used to assess repeat measurement agreement for each rater.

Results
Interrater reliability for the overall 5-tier Spetzler-Martin scale was fair to good (ICC = 0.69) to extremely strong (Kendall's W = 0.73) on initial assessment and improved on reassessment. Assessment of CT angiograms resulted in the highest agreement, followed by MRI and digital subtraction angiography. Agreement for the overall 3-tier Spetzler-Ponce grade was fair to good (ICC = 0.68) to strong (Kendall's W = 0.70) on initial assessment, improved on reassessment, and was comparable to agreement for the 5-tier Spetzler-Martin scale. Agreement for the overall Pollock-Flickinger radiosurgery-based grade was excellent (ICC = 0.89) to extremely strong (Kendall's W = 0.81). Intrarater reliability for the overall 5-tier Spetzler-Martin grade was excellent (ICC > 0.75) in 3 of the 5 raters and fair to good (ICC > 0.40) in the other 2 raters.

Conclusion
The 5-tier Spetzler-Martin scale, the 3-tier Spetzler-Ponce scale, and the Pollock-Flickinger radiosurgery-based scale all showed a high level of agreement. The improved reliability on reassessment was explained by a training effect from the initial assessment and the requirement to defend the rating, which outlines a potential downside for grades determined as part of routine clinical practice to be used for scientific purposes.
Nipple Reconstruction with Rolled Dermal Graft Support
Authors: Chia Hui-Ling , Wong Manzhi , Tan Bien-Keem 
Published: March 2014

Background Loss of nipple projection is a common problem following nipple reconstruction. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the use of a tightly rolled dermal graft is effective in the long-term maintenance of nipple projection.
Methods Nipple reconstruction was performed using the C-V flap technique. A dermal graft was harvested from the dog-ear portion of previous scars. The graft was rolled tightly into a compact cylinder and used to augment the nipple reconstruction. Postoperatively, stacked Allevyn dressing was used for protecting the nipple from compression for a minimum of two months. Nipple projection was measured at the time of surgery and at 12 months postoperatively.
Results Forty nipple reconstructions were performed using this technique. There were 19 transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flaps, 10 latissimus dorsi (LD) flaps, and 11 tissue-expanded breast mounds. At one year, the mean projection was 0.80 cm (range, 0.62-1.22 cm). The twelve-month average maintenance of nipple projection was 70.2% for the TRAM flap group, 76.3% for the LD flap group, and 61.8% for the tissue-expanded group. In two patients with previous irradiation of the reconstructed breasts, relatively poor maintenance of nipple projection was noted (45.7%). No complications were noted, and all of the donor sites healed well primarily.
Conclusions Our results demonstrated that the use of a C-V flap with a tightly rolled dermal graft for nipple reconstruction improves the long-term maintenance of nipple projection. Its advantages include reproducibility, technical simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and minimal donor site morbidity.
Noncontinuous use of antidepressant in adults with major depressive disorders – a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Yau Wai‐Yin , Chan Man‐Chi , Wing Yun‐Kwok , Lam Ho‐Bun , Lin Wei , Lam Siu‐Ping , Lee Chui‐Ping 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBackgroundNoncontinuous antidepressant use is frequently observed in clinical practice despite the standard recommendation of at least 6–9 months of continuous treatment. The problem may be more serious in Chinese populations where stigmatization is common. This retrospective cohort study investigated the rate of noncontinuous antidepressant use and subsequent rate of relapse and recurrence in psychiatric Chinese outpatients by examining the prescription records, electronic medical records, and written medical records. Factors associated with noncontinuous antidepressant use were also identified.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of 189 patients newly dispensed with an antidepressant in the psychiatric outpatient clinic during year 2006 and 2007. Primary outcome was the rate of noncontinuous antidepressant use within 6 months of therapy. Secondary outcomes included the factors associated with noncontinuous antidepressant use and the rate of subsequent depression relapse and recurrence within 1 year of starting treatment.ResultsAmong the 189 subjects included in this study, 46% were noncontinuous users of the newly prescribed antidepressant therapy. The noncontinuous users were found to have an eightfold increase (OR: 8.42, 95% CI: 3.30–21.47) in the risks of relapse/recurrence depressive episodes within 1 year after treatment initiation. Younger age (P = 0.008), female, (P = 0.029), residency in public housing estate (P = 0.029), experiencing side effects (P = 0.024), infrequent follow‐ups (P = 0.006), and earlier onset of diagnosis (P = 0.034) were factors significantly associated with noncontinuous antidepressant use.ConclusionsNoncontinuous antidepressant use is common in the local Chinese depressive patients and associated with a high rate of relapse and recurrence. Collaborative multidisciplinary approaches that target patient education and enhancement of follow‐up adherence are needed.
Environmental Policies for Sustainable Development: An Analysis of the Drivers of Proactive Environmental Strategies in the Service Sector
Authors: Carballo‐Penela Adolfo , Castromán‐Diz Juan Luis 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThis article examines the drivers of environmental proactivity in the service sector. Hypotheses were tested using multiple hierarchical regression analysis with data from a sample of 41 managers in Spanish environmental consulting companies. Results show statistically significant relationships between (1) managers’ attitude towards sustainable development, (2) positive short‐term firm performance and (3) the strategic attitude of environmental consulting firms and the adoption of proactive environmental strategies by the studied companies.This article is pioneering in the analysis of drivers of corporate proactive environmental strategies in the consultancy sector. The findings have practical implications for policy‐makers, investors and other agents interested in a better management of the environment. Economic incentives such as subsidies to environmental training programmes for managers can induce changes in cognitive components of managers’ attitudes. Education policies could also affect managers’ attitudes towards the environment. Companies may also encourage attitude change by providing their managers with financial assistance to receive environmental training. External assistance to develop a strategic attitude could be an interesting policy to encourage voluntary environmental initiatives. Finally, fiscal deductions, tax breaks or subsidies to those companies interested in managing the environment can be effective incentives for those firms facing a weak short‐term financial situation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Highlights for the Clinician of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines
Authors: Wenger Nanette K. 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTPrevention of cardiovascular disease, undoubtedly an emphasis of clinical care in 2014, will provide both opportunities and challenges to patients and their healthcare providers. The recently‐released ACC/AHA guidelines on assessment of cardiovascular risk, lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk, management of overweight and obesity, and treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk, have introduced new concepts and revised prior conventional strategies. New to risk assessment are the Pooled Cohort Equations, targeting the expanded concept of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and focusing not solely on mortality but as well on major nonfatal events. The lifestyle management focuses on diet and physical activity for lipid and blood pressure control. The cholesterol guideline identifies four high‐risk groups with the greatest benefits from statin therapy: preexisting ASCVD, primary LDL‐C elevations ≥190 mm/dl, those 45–75 years with diabetes and LDL‐C 70–189 mm/dl without clinical ASCVD, and those 40–75 years without clinical ASCVD with an LDL‐C 70–189 mg/dl with a 7.5% or greater 10‐year ASCVD risk. Eliminated are arbitrary LDL‐C treatment targets, with individual patient risk status guiding who should take statins and the appropriate intensity of statin drugs. Patient‐physician discussions of individual benefits and risks are paramount. Management of high blood pressure remains controversial, with two different expert panels offering varying treatment targets; there is general agreement on a <140/90 mmHg goal, but substantial disagreement on blood pressure targets for older adults. Clinicians and their patients deserve a well‐researched concensus document.
When is Participatory Local Environmental Governance Likely to Emerge? A study of collective action in participatory municipal environmental councils in Brazil
Authors: van Laerhoven Frank 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTWhy is local environmental governance in Brazil shaped through the collective action of many, frequently interacting actors in some municipalities, whilst in others it does not take the form of deliberative and inclusive decision‐making? I address this question by zooming in on Brazil'sConselhos Municipais de Meio Ambiente(participatory municipal environmental councils). Through multivariate logistical regression (n = 5202), I show that a large business community, combined with ‘small local government’, adds significantly to the likelihood of finding participatory forms of solving environmental problems in a municipality, especially when communities have learned from prior experience with participatory policy‐making in other areas. Through multivariate linear regression (n = 1365), I establish that depth and breadth of participatory environmental governance processes is more likely to increase when, amongst other things, people have previous experience with other types of participatory council, and when there are fewer local government officials per capita. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Longer survival in patients with human papillomavirus–related head and neck cancer after positive postradiation planned neck dissection
Authors: Huang Shao Hui , Patel Samip , O'Sullivan Brian , Shen Xiaowei , Xu Wei , Weinreb Ilan , Perez–Ordonez Bayardo , Irish Jonathan , Waldron John , Gullane Patrick , Gilbert Ralph , Brown Dale , Kim John , Freeman Jeremy , de Almeida John R. , Goldstein David 
Published: March 2014

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to compare outcomes between human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related versus ‐unrelated head and neck cancer after pathological positive planned neck dissection.MethodsPositive planned neck dissection for head and neck cancers from 1998 to 2010 were included in this study. Outcomes after planned neck dissection were compared between HPV‐related versus ‐unrelated cohorts. Multivariate analysis identified survival predictors.ResultsHPV‐related head and neck cancer (n = 32) had better 5‐year overall survival (48% vs 27%; p = .021), marginally lower second malignancy (7% vs 16%; p = .13), but similar local, regional, and distant control (87% vs 89%; 94% vs 89%; 62% vs 58%, respectively) versus HPV unrelated (n = 38). HPV status conferred reduced risk of death (hazard ratio [HR], 0.5; p = .038) after adjusting for age, smoking, and initial T and N classifications.ConclusionThis study reveals that positive planned neck dissection for HPV‐related head and neck cancer represents a biologic unfavorable subset of the HPV population with unsatisfactory survival attributable to distant metastasis. The longer survival compared to the HPV‐unrelated counterpart is likely related to a marginally lower second malignancy rather than better disease control. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 946–952, 2015