bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Title: Inkjet-printed rectifying metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) diodes for flexible electronic applications
Authors: Mitra Kalyan Yoti , Martínez-Domingo Carme , Sowade Enrico , Ramon Eloi , Gomes Henrique Leonel , Baumann Reinhard. R. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACTInkjet printing is a well-accepted deposition technology for functional materials in the area of printed electronics. It allows the precise deposition of patterned functional layers on both, rigid and flexible substrates. Furthermore, inkjet printing is considered as up-scalable technology towards industrial applications. Many electronic devices manufactured with inkjet printing have been reported in the recent years. Some of the evident examples are capacitors, resistors, organic thin film transistors and rectifying Schottky diodes. [1, 2, 3] In this paper we report on the manufacturing of an inkjet-printed metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) diode on flexible plastic substrate. The structure is comprised of an insulating and a polymeric semiconducting layer sandwiched between two silver electrodes. The current vs. voltage characteristics are rectifying with rectification ratio up to 100 at |4 V|. Furthermore, they can carry high current densities (up to mA/cm2) and have a low capacitance which makes them attractive for high frequency rectifying circuits. They are also an ideal candidate to replace conventional Schottky diodes for which the fabrication remains a challenge. This is because inkjet printing of Schottky diodes require additional processing steps such as intense pulsed light sintering (IPL sintering) [4] or post-treatments at high temperatures. The deposition of two different metal layers using inkjet printing e.g. Cu or Al with Ag is possible. However, the mentioned post treatment technologies might be incompatible with the already existing layer stack– e.g. it could degrade the organic semiconductor or can damage insulator which in this case is present in the MIS diode architecture.
Vertical Ridge Augmentation Using Allograft and Synthetic Hydroxyapatites After Strategic Extraction
Authors: Naruse Keiichi , Udagawa Nobuyuki , Garg Arun , Nakamura Midori , Nakano Keisuke 
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Regeneration of sufficient bone mass for implant therapy is difficult in cases presenting with extensive vertical alveolar resorption, particularly when there is a severe loss of attachment at the distal surface adjacent to the area of vertical alveolar ridge resorption. In this case, sufficient bone augmentation for implant placement was achieved by strategic extraction of the canine. This allowed for vertical bone augmentation to be performed up to the alveolar crest of the distal lateral incisor.Case Presentation: Clinical and radiographic assessment indicated inadequate bone for the insertion of dental implants. Severe residual ridge bone resorption was observed from the cervical area of the mandibular left canine to the second molar region. Because of extensive resorption in the distal alveolar bone of the mandibular left canine, adequate vertical bone regeneration could not be obtained without extraction. After the site of the extracted canine had healed, non‐resorbable and resorbable hydroxyapatite as well as demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft were grafted at a ratio of 1:2:2. This was covered with titanium micromesh. A second bone augmentation on the buccal area was performed to achieve a functionally ideal dental arch. A total of 11.8 mm of vertical bone augmentation was achieved, which is a sufficient amount for implant placement. The regenerated bone remained stable at a loading time of >3 years.Conclusion: This case describes a technique using a strategic extraction to facilitate greater bone height in advanced vertical ridge augmentation without using autogenous bone grafting.
Verruciform Xanthoma in Severe Phenytoin‐Induced Gingival Overgrowth: A Case Report
Authors: El‐Kaissi Abdel‐Magid N. 
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Phenytoin is involved in drug‐induced gingival overgrowth (GO), with a prevalence rate reaching 50%. In the literature, tumorigenic implication has been discussed with this form of hyperplasia with considerable controversy. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report since 1971 of a combined phenytoin‐induced hyperplasia with verruciform xanthoma (VX). The importance of differentiating this lesion from classic hyperplasia is emphasized in this case report.Case Presentation: A 23‐year‐old male presented with an advanced case of GO attributable to prolonged intake of phenytoin. Oral examination showed total coverage of the dentition, with one unusual cauliflower‐like lesion. Surgery was performed and a biopsy was taken. Histopathologic examination revealed the diagnosis of VX. No recurrence of the disease was evident 12 months after therapy.Conclusions: The definitive pathogenesis of GO and VX is under discussion and some similarities and possible immunologic interactions that might determine the correct sequence of events can be found. The most relevant differential diagnosis of VX is squamous cell carcinoma, which needs to be detected as early as possible. Although no malignancy was found in this case, VX could be a potentially premalignant lesion.
A Study of the Effects of the Ice-Microphysics, Surface Friction, and Surface Heat Flux on Tropical Cyclone Formation§
Authors: Yamasaki Masanori¶ 
Published: April 2014

This paper describes results from numerical experiments which have been performed to understand the effects of the ice microphysics, surface friction, and surface heat flux on tropical cyclone (TC) formation. This study uses the author’s non-hydrostatic model that intends to resolve cumulus convection. However, the horizontal grid size is taken to be somewhat large; 2 km in an area of 600 km x 600 km. A non-uniform coarse grid is used in the surrounding area with 4,000-km square. Several buoyancy perturbations arranged in the west-east direction, and a weak vortex with the maximum wind speed of 5 m s–1 are given at the initial time of the numerical time integrations.
It is confirmed from two numerical experiments with and without ice microphysics that the development of a vortex is slower, and TC formation is delayed, in the presence of ice microphysics. It is also confirmed that a vortex can develop even without surface friction. It is shown that a strong vortex with the maximum wind speed of 20~25 m s–1 can be obtained. As expected, however, no eye forms, and further development does not occur. That is, it is confirmed that surface friction is indispensable to eye formation and a very strong TC having an eye. As for the third concern of this study, it is shown that a vortex with the maximum wind speed of about 5 m s–1 does not develop in the absence of the surface heat flux. That is, the surface heat flux plays an important role even in a weak vortex. Important backgrounds and understandings that are concerned with these results are described, based on studies on TCs in the past 50 years.
The Development of Reporting Norms without Explicit Guidance: An Example from Accounting for Gift Cards
Authors: Hennes Karen M. , Schenck Kristy M. 
Published: April 2014

SYNOPSIS
This study examines the evolution of retail firms' financial reporting for unused gift cards (i.e., breakage) as an example of how reporting norms develop in the absence of explicit authoritative guidance. We find that firms exhibit a wide range of accounting and reporting choices but show significant increases in the quantity and detail of disclosure over time. Consistent with our predictions, these changes in disclosure are positively related to initial disclosure levels below the average of industry peers, the receipt of a related SEC comment letter, and specific external auditors (especially those with a high frequency of related comment letters in their client portfolio). Overall, the evolution of reporting norms for gift card breakage demonstrates the role the SEC, peers, and auditors have in quickly shaping U.S. reporting norms in the absence of formal disclosure requirements.
Technology-Facilitated Contribution Behavior: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Du Hui , Lehmann Constance M. , Willson Victor L. 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT:
Contribution behavior is described as voluntarily providing assistance or sharing knowledge when a colleague makes a request for assistance (Olivera, Goodman, and Tan 2008). The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors that lead to contribution behavior through collaboration technology. We engaged 183 participants over a collaboration platform to work on an accounting task and interrupted them with a request for help on a similar task. The participants could respond to the request using communication tools embedded in the collaboration application if they wanted to help. Post-experimental survey data were collected to measure the participants' motivations to contribute and analyze the quality of their contributions. The results indicate that participants are more motivated to contribute when they know the individual requesting assistance and have positive prior experience with the individual. Furthermore, having a higher level of domain knowledge in the area of the request and specificity of the request are associated with higher contribution quality. We discuss implications to accounting firms for providing an environment conducive to contribution behavior.
Data Availability: Data are available from the first author.
Mandatory Adoption of XBRL and Foreign Institutional Investors' Holdings: Evidence from China
Authors: Wang Tawei , Seng Jia-Lang 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the association between the mandatory adoption of the eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) in China and foreign institutional investors' interest. Based on a sample from the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in the period from 2004 to 2009, our results demonstrate that the adoption of XBRL is positively related to foreign institutional investors' holdings. In addition, although state-owned enterprises (SOEs), compared to non-SOEs, have fewer foreign institutional investors' holdings in our sample period, the adoption of XBRL reduces such differences for non-tradable shares. As China is one of the world's largest and growing economic entities and an early adopter of XBRL, our findings shed light on the role played by XBRL as a global standard and how it facilitates business information exchange around the world.
The Impact of XBRL Reporting on Market Efficiency
Authors: Cong Yu , Hao Jia , Zou Lin 
Published: April 2014

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the impact of XBRL reporting required by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on market efficiency. Based on the disclosure theories about imperfect markets, we hypothesize that XBRL reporting facilitates the generation and infusion of idiosyncratic information into the market and thus improves market efficiency. Our findings show a synchronous increase of information asymmetry and trading volume as posited in the disclosure theory and our hypotheses.
How Do Somatosensory Deficits in the Arm and Hand Relate to Upper Limb Impairment, Activity, and Participation Problems After Stroke? A Systematic Review
Authors: Meyer Sarah , Karttunen Auli H. , Thijs Vincent , Feys Hilde , Verheyden Geert 
Published: April 2014

Background
The association between somatosensory impairments and outcome after stroke remains unclear.

Purpose
The aim of this study was to systematically review the available literature on the relationship between somatosensory impairments in the upper limb and outcome after stroke.

Data Sources
The electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were systematically searched from inception until July 2013.

Study Selection
Studies were included if adult patients with stroke (minimum n=10) were examined with reliable and valid measures of somatosensation in the upper limb to investigate the relationship with upper limb impairment, activity, and participation measures. Exclusion criteria included measures of somatosensation involving an overall score for upper and lower limb outcome and articles including only lower limb outcomes.

Data Extraction
Eligibility assessment, data extraction, and quality evaluation were completed by 2 independent reviewers. A cutoff score of ≥65% of the maximal quality score was used for further inclusion in this review.

Data Synthesis
Six articles met all inclusion criteria. Two-point discrimination was shown to be predictive for upper limb dexterity, and somatosensory evoked potentials were shown to have predictive value in upper limb motor recovery. Proprioception was significantly correlated with perceived level of physical activity and social isolation and had some predictive value in functional movements of the upper limb. Finally, the combination of light touch and proprioception impairment was shown to be significantly related to upper limb motor recovery as well as handicap situations during activities of daily living.

Limitations
Heterogeneity of the included studies warrants caution when interpreting results.

Conclusions
Large variation in results was found due to heterogeneity of the studies. However, somatosensory deficits were shown to have an important role in upper limb motor and functional performance after stroke.
Relationships Between Balance and Cognition in Patients With Subjective Cognitive Impairment, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Tangen Gro Gujord , Engedal Knut , Bergland Astrid , Moger Tron Anders , Mengshoel Anne Marit 
Published: April 2014

Background
Balance impairments are common in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), but which aspects of balance are affected, at which stage of cognitive impairment, and their associations with cognitive domains remain unexplored.

Objectives
The aims of this study were: (1) to explore differences in balance abilities among patients with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild AD, and moderate AD and (2) to examine the relationship between the various aspects of balance and cognitive domains.

Design
This was a cross-sectional study.

Methods
Home-dwelling patients with SCI or MCI (n=33), mild AD (n=99), and moderate AD (n=38) participated in this study. The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), comprising 6 subscales—“Biomechanical Constraints,” “Stability Limits/Verticality,” “Anticipatory Postural Adjustments,” “Postural Responses,” “Sensory Orientation,” and “Stability in Gait”—was used to assess balance. Cognitive domains were assessed using the following measures: Mini-Mental Status Examination, Word-List Learning Test from the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD), Verbal Fluency Test, Clock Drawing Test, and Trail Making Test, parts A and B (TMT-A and TMT-B, respectively). Two-way between-group analyses of variance, adjusted for age, were used to analyze differences among the groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the associations between balance and cognition.

Results
Differences were found between the groups on all BESTest subscales; the moderate AD group had the worst scores. The TMT-B (measuring executive function) was associated with all of the BESTest subscales after controlling for demographic factors.

Limitations
The cross-sectional design hampered interpretation of the development of balance impairments.

Conclusions
The study findings indicate that all aspects of balance control deteriorate with increasing severity of cognitive impairment and that executive function plays an important role in balance control. Physical therapists should pay attention to these findings both in clinical practice and in future research.
AM-PAC “6-Clicks” Functional Assessment Scores Predict Acute Care Hospital Discharge Destination
Authors: Jette Diane U. , Stilphen Mary , Ranganathan Vinoth K. , Passek Sandra D. , Frost Frederick S. , Jette Alan M. 
Published: April 2014

BackgroundPhysical therapists and occupational therapists practicing in acute care hospitals play a crucial role in discharge planning. A standardized assessment of patients' function could be useful for discharge recommendations.ObjectivesThe study objective was to determine the accuracy of “6-Clicks” basic mobility and daily activity measures for predicting discharge from an acute care hospital to a home or institutional setting.DesignThe study was retrospective and observational.Methods“6-Clicks” scores obtained at initial visits by physical therapists or occupational therapists and patients' discharge destinations were used to develop and validate receiver operating characteristic curves for predicting discharge destination. Positive predictive values (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV), and likelihood ratios were calculated.ResultsAreas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for basic mobility scores were 0.857 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.852, 0.862) and 0.855 (95% CI=0.850, 0.860) in development and validation samples, respectively. Areas under the curves for daily activity scores were 0.846 (95% CI=0.841, 0.851) and 0.845 (95% CI=0.840, 0.850) in development and validation samples, respectively. Cutoff scores providing the best accuracy for determining discharge destination were 42.9 for basic mobility and 39.4 for daily activity. For basic mobility, the PPV was 0.748 and the NPV was 0.801 in both development and validation samples. For daily activity, the PPVs were 0.787 and 0.784 and the NPVs were 0.748 and 0.746 in development and validation samples, respectively.LimitationsLimitations included lack of information on the rater reliability of “6-Clicks” instruments, use of surrogate data for some discharge designations, and use of a clinical database for research purposes.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence of the accuracy of “6-Clicks” scores for predicting destination after discharge from an acute care hospital.
A new type of reconstruction of the hemipelvis after Type 3 amputative sacrectomy using pedicled fibula
Authors: Starantzis Konstantinos A. , Sakellariou Vasileios I. , Rose Peter S. , Yaszemski Michael J. , Papagelopoulos Panayiotis J. 
Published: April 2014

This is a technical note of pelvic reconstruction performed by an advanced multidisciplinary team. The authors report a new 3-stage reconstruction of the hemipelvis after Type 3 sacrectomy involving instrumented spinoiliac arthrodesis and pedicled fibula grafting in 2 patients.
The anterior stage of the procedure begins with a transabdominal approach to mobilize the viscera and to free up the tumor from the vessels. The posterior divisions of internal iliac vessels, the middle sacral vessels, and the lateral sacral vessels are then ligated. An anterior vertebrectomy is done at the appropriate level, followed by an anterior osteotomy through the lateral planed surgical margin of the sacrum close to the salvaged sacroiliac joint. The second stage includes a major sacral resection with lower-extremity amputation from the pubic symphysis through the intact side of the sacrum, ipsilateral pedicled fibula harvesting, and closure with an ipsilateral pedicled quadriceps flap. The final stage involves reconstruction with lumboiliac instrumentation. The pedicled fibular graft left from the second stage is then placed distally within the previously created iliopectineal docking site and proximally within the L-5 docking site.
The authors believe that this is a feasible and reproducible technique with theoretical advantages that have to be proved in the long-term follow-up.
Stereotactic radiosurgery at a low marginal dose for the treatment of pediatric arteriovenous malformations: obliteration, complications, and functional outcomes
Authors: Potts Matthew B. , Sheth Sunil A. , Louie Jonathan , Smyth Matthew D. , Sneed Penny K. , McDermott Michael W. , Lawton Michael T. , Young William L. , Hetts Steven W. , Fullerton Heather J. , Gupta Nalin 
Published: April 2014

Object
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an established treatment modality for brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in children, but the optimal treatment parameters and associated treatment-related complications are not fully understood. The authors present their single-institution experience of using SRS, at a relatively low marginal dose, to treat AVMs in children for nearly 20 years; they report angiographic outcomes, posttreatment hemorrhage rates, adverse treatment-related events, and functional outcomes.

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective review of 2 cohorts of children (18 years of age or younger) with AVMs treated from 1991 to 1998 and from 2000 to 2010.

Results
A total of 80 patients with follow-up data after SRS were identified. Mean age at SRS was 12.7 years, and 56% of patients had hemorrhage at the time of presentation. Median target volume was 3.1 cm3 (range 0.09–62.3 cm3), and median prescription marginal dose used was 17.5 Gy (range 12–20 Gy). Angiograms acquired 3 years after treatment were available for 47% of patients; AVM obliteration was achieved in 52% of patients who received a dose of 18–20 Gy and in 16% who received less than 18 Gy. At 5 years after SRS, the cumulative incidence of hemorrhage was 25% (95% CI 16%–37%). No permanent neurological deficits occurred in patients who did not experience posttreatment hemorrhage. Overall, good functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale Scores 0–2) were observed for 78% of patients; for 66% of patients, functional status improved or remained the same as before treatment.

Conclusions
A low marginal dose minimizes SRS-related neurological deficits but leads to low rates of obliteration and high rates of hemorrhage. To maximize AVM obliteration and minimize posttreatment hemorrhage, the authors recommend a prescription marginal dose of 18 Gy or more. In addition, SRS-related symptoms such as headache and seizures should be considered when discussing risks and benefits of SRS for treating AVMs in children.
Choroid plexus coagulation in infants with extreme hydrocephalus or hydranencephaly
Authors: Shitsama Sylvia , Wittayanakorn Nunthasiri , Okechi Humphrey , Albright A. Leland 
Published: April 2014

Object
Severe hydrocephalus and hydranencephaly are common congenital conditions in Kenya. In patients with these conditions, ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts are associated with appreciable complications and endoscopic third ventriculostomies (ETVs) have limited success. Endoscopic choroid plexus coagulation (CPC) to diminish CSF production is a potential treatment option. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of CPC without ETV in infants with severe hydrocephalus or hydranencephaly.

Methods
Medical records of infants with severe congenital hydrocephalus or hydranencephaly who underwent CPC in Kijabe Hospital from November 2010 to April 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Thirty-three patients with complete medical records and preoperative radiographic images were identified. After CPC, the infants were followed in the Kijabe Hospital outpatient department, in mobile clinics, or by telephone. Success of the CPC was defined as resolution of preoperative symptoms, stabilization of head size, and avoidance of VP shunt placement.

Results
Patients were followed from 30 to 608 days (median of 120 days). Three patients were lost to follow-up. Of the 30 evaluable patients, CPC was considered to be successful in 13 (43.3%), including 8 of 20 patients with severe hydrocephalus and 5 of 10 with hydranencephaly. Failure of CPC was evident from increased head circumference in 14 (82%) of 17 patients and from CSF leakage in 3. Of the 17 failures, 13 occurred within 3 months of surgery. Six patients died: 3 whose CPC procedures were failures, 2 whose CPC was successful, and 1 postoperatively. Of the 17 in whom CPC failed, 10 subsequently underwent VP shunt insertion.

Conclusions
CPC stabilizes macrocephaly in approximately 40% of infants with severe congenital hydrocephalus and hydranencephaly and can be considered as an alternative to VP shunt placement.