bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fecal incontinence epidemiology and help seeking among older people in Taiwan
Authors: Horng Shiow‐Shiun , Chou Yiing‐Jenq , Huang Nicole , Fang Yi‐Ting , Chou Pesus 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAimsThis study assesses the prevalence, comorbidity, and risk factors of fecal incontinence (FI), and explores help seeking patterns among older FI people.MethodsThe data were obtained from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey, in which 1,345 men and 1,370 women aged above 65 years responded to questions concerning FI occurrence, and 218 FI‐affected elderly people responded to the question about FI help seeking. The chi‐square test, Student's t‐test, and multiple logistic regression were used.ResultsThe weighted FI prevalence of older Taiwanese people was 6.9% for men and 9.3% for women. Urinary incontinence, diabetes mellitus, dementia, and asthma significantly increased the risk of FI among old men, but being overweight appeared to be FI‐protective (OR 0.37, 95% CI = 0.17–0.80). In women, urinary incontinence, stroke, transit ischemia attack, dementia, chronic hepatitis, being underweight (BMI < 18.5), and greater parity were significant FI risk factors. Of those with FI, 49.1% had sought medical help. Using Andersen's model, data analysis showed that living in an urban area (OR 2.36, CI = 1.19–4.68), mucous stool incontinence (OR 3.56, 95% CI = 1.35–8.32), and one or more of the following FI‐related problems, namely, anxiety, families interaction, social life, work life, and sexual life, significantly predicted FI sufferers seeking medical attention.ConclusionSelf‐reported FI is a prevalent condition with various etiologies among older people in Taiwan. Understanding the epidemiology and comorbidity of FI, and investigating the factors associated with help seeking, is beneficial in devising and implementing prevention and management strategies. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:1153–1158, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimal control of allocation of resources and the economic growth in HIV‐infected communities
Authors: Kassa Semu Mitiku , Hove‐Musekwa Senelani D. 
Published: September 2013

SUMMARYThe neoclassical model of economic growth is used to model the economic growth of a HIV‐infected community with efforts in controlling the epidemic. An optimal control model with pure‐state constraints is formulated and investigated. It is found that reduction of prevalence for the disease and economic growth agrees in a positive sense in the communities with high rate of population growth and low income. Moreover, the same control strategy will decrease the prevalence even if the capital is not growing for the case of high income communities. However, a disease control strategy with economic growth as its objective will not result in decrease in prevalence if the rate of population growth of the community is very low. Therefore, if the rate of the population growth of a community is nearly the replacement level, then the utility function for the selection of disease control strategies should not be an economic benefit. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dosimetric comparison of intensity‐modulated proton therapy optimization techniques for pediatric craniopharyngiomas: A clinical case study
Authors: Yeung Daniel , McKenzie Craig , Indelicato Daniel J. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the dosimetric characteristics of intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) optimization techniques and pencil‐beam scanning (PBS) nozzle designs on pediatric craniopharyngiomas.ProcedureWe compared a double‐scatter (DS) plan with IMPT plans using single‐field uniform dose (SFUD) optimization or multi‐field optimization (MFO) and different PBS nozzles. The clinical impacts of SFUD versus MFO, range shifters, and two different PBS nozzles were compared. For target coverage assessment, the conformity index and inhomogeneity coefficient were evaluated.ResultsAlthough both proton therapy techniques achieved adequate target coverage, IMPT achieved a better conformity index of 0.78 versus 0.60 for DS. For the inhomogeneity coefficient, IMPT with MFO performed better than using SFUD or DS. MFO with the dedicated nozzle (MFO‐DN) achieved the best result of 0.023, as compared to values of 0.03 or higher for the other plans. IMPT achieved lower doses to the normal tissues, as compared to DS; MFO‐DN had the best results. The DN provided the best beam‐spot characteristics and the sharpest lateral penumbra. MFO reduced the need for range shifters.ConclusionsAs compared to DS proton therapy for pediatric craniopharyngiomas, IMPT achieved significantly better target coverage and dose sparing of normal tissue. Nozzle designs that provided small beam spots and sharp lateral penumbra allowed for better target coverage and reduced dose to normal tissue. In the case of shallow targets, MFO, in contrast to SFUD, required minimal use of range shifters, which preserved the penumbra and the dosimetric advantage. MFO‐DN proved to be the optimal technique for IMPT. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:89–94. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Manchmal hilft nur Trägheit
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim , Ucke Christian 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDas Verhalten der Kugel in der Wippe ist ein dreidimensionaler Bewegungsvorgang. Quantitativ lässt sich dieser einfacher beschreiben, wenn die Bewegung der Kugel mit einigen Idealisierungen im mitbewegten Bezugssystem betrachtet und auf einen zweidimensionalen Vorgang reduziert wird. Es zeigt sich, dass zu jeder Drehgeschwindigkeit eine bestimmte Höhe gehört, an der die Kugel sich in einem Minimum der Energie befindet.
Wie Teilchen zu ihrer Masse kommen
Authors: Harlander Robert 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMitte 2012 wurde vermutlich der letzte Baustein des Standardmodells der Teilchenphysik experimentell gefunden: das Higgs‐Teilchen. Seine Existenz war vor mehr als 40 Jahren aufgrund abstrakter Symmetrieprinzipien theoretisch gefordert worden. Dieses Eichprinzip lässt sich einigermaßen präzise erläutern, ohne den vollständigen Formalismus heranziehen zu müssen. Zudem lässt dieser sich mit einer mechanischen Analogie veranschaulichen. Der Higgs‐Mechanismus wurde eingeführt, um die explizite Brechung der Eichsymmetrie durch Teilchenmassen zu umgehen. Damit ist das Standardmodell wieder einmal glänzend bestätigt, aber es bleiben theoretische Kritikpunkte.
Kernstruktur von Exoten
Authors: Kreim Susanne , Schweikhard Lutz , Wienholtz Frank , Wolf Robert 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDie Massen von Radionukliden sind wichtig, um Kernmodelle zu testen oder astrophysikalische Fragestellungen, wie den Aufbau von Neutronensternen, zu beantworten. Aufgrund ihrer oft geringen Halbwertszeit lassen sie sich jedoch nur schwer messen. Kürzlich gelang es der ISOLTRAP‐Gruppe am Forschungszentrum CERN, die Massen von 54Ca und 82Zn mit hoher Genauigkeit zu bestimmen. Damit erhält man Aufschluss über das Wirken von Dreikörperkräften innerhalb des Atomkerns sowie über die Elemententstehung in der Kruste von Neutronensternen.
Kein Hinweis auf Majorana‐Teilchen
Authors: Bührke Thomas 
Published: September 2013

AbstractDas Neutrino ist elektrisch neutral, weswegen es theoretisch sein eigenes Antiteilchen sein kann. Trifft dies zu, so wäre es ein sogenanntes Majorana‐Teilchen, was erhebliche Auswirkungen auf das Standardmodell hätte. In diesem Fall müsste sich dies in dem extrem seltenen neutrinolosen Doppelbeta‐Zerfall äußern. Das derzeit empfindlichste Experiment namens GERDA fand jedoch bei dem Isotop Germanium‐76 keinen Hinweis auf diese Zerfallsart und erbrachte die neue Untergrenze für dessen Halbwertszeit von 2, 1 · 1025 Jahren.
Smartphone als Geigerzähler
Authors: Kuhn Jochen , Frübis Jan , Wilhelm Thomas , Lück Stephan 
Published: September 2013

AbstractStrahlenunfälle wie Tschernobyl und Fukushima sowie die Diskussion über die Endlagerung radioaktiver Stoffe machen das Thema zivilisatorische Radioaktivität allgegenwärtig. Smartphones und Tablet‐PCs ermöglichen es, radioaktive Strahlung zu erfassen und anzuzeigen. Die App RadioactivityCounter ermöglicht es, die Geräte sowohl als Anzeigegerät für solche Strahlung als auch für Lehrzwecke in Schule und Universität zu verwenden.
“Wenige Freunde und wenig Vermögen”
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: September 2013

AbstractAstronomie, Medizin, Philosophie, Mathematik – kaum ein wissenschaftliches Fach, auf dem er nicht gearbeitet hat. Und wer genau hinsieht, kann sogar heute noch Spuren seines Erfindungsgeistes finden: Man muss sich nur hinknieen, dann kann man unter vielen Lastwagen die typischen Getriebewellen mit dem “Knick” entdecken. Sie tragen seinen Namen.
Die inverse Mayo
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: September 2013

AbstractMayonnaisen sind sogenannte Öl‐in‐Wasser‐Emulsionen. Wässrige Flüssigkeiten sind die kontinuierliche, Öl die diskontinuierliche Phase. Aber auch inverse Emulsionen mit genau umgekehrten Phasen, wie eine Honig‐in‐Olivenöl‐Creme, haben ihren Reiz. Der Schlüssel zum richtigen Emulgator ist deren Balance zwischen der Wasser‐ und Fettlöslichkeit.
Nanomedicine as an innovative therapeutic strategy for pediatric lung diseases
Authors: Tian Ye , Chen Jian , Zahtabi Fatemeh , Keijzer Richard , Xing Malcolm 
Published: September 2013

AbstractNanomedicine is a rapidly emerging technology and represents an innovative field for therapy. Nanomaterials have intrinsically defined features for biomedical applications due to the high specific surface area, the amazing diversity, versatility in structure and function and the possibility of surface charge. In particular, the functionalization of targeting or stimuli‐responsive unit on the surface of these materials gives them specific targeted therapeutic properties. There are many pediatric lung diseases that could potentially benefit from nanomedicine. Herein, we aim to review various drug carrier systems and release systems specifically targeting pediatric lung diseases. The injection of nanomedicine into in vivo models and their elimination will also be discussed. Finally, the potential toxicity of nanomaterials will be addressed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:1098–1111. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The 2/2 hemoglobin from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 with covalently attached heme: Comparison of X‐ray and NMR structures
Authors: Wenke Belinda B. , Lecomte Juliette T. J. , Héroux Annie , Schlessman Jamie L. 
Published: September 2013

ABSTRACTThe X‐ray structures of the hemoglobin from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (GlbN) were solved in the ferric bis‐histidine (1.44 Å resolution) and cyanide‐bound (2.25 Å resolution) states with covalently attached heme. The two structures illustrate the conformational changes and cavity opening caused by exogenous ligand binding. They also reveal an unusually distorted heme, ruffled as in c cytochromes. Comparison to the solution structure demonstrates the influence of crystal packing on several structural elements, whereas comparison to GlbN from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 shows subtle differences in heme geometries and environment. The new structures will be instrumental in elucidating GlbN reactivity. Proteins 2014; 82:528–534. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiferroism in the dielectric function of CuO
Authors: Apostolova I. N. , Apostolov A. T. , Bahoosh S. G. , Wesselinowa J. M. , Trimper S. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractThe multiferroic properties of bulk CuO are manifested in the dielectric function which can be triggered by an external magnetic field h and by the temperature T. Within a microscopic model and a Green's function technique we have calculated the dielectric function \varepsilon ({\bf k};T,\;h). At the magnetic phase transition temperature T_{{\rm N}2} the dielectric function offers a pronounced anomaly. This kink disappears when the magnetic field is enhanced and \varepsilon ({\bf k};T,\;h) decreases with increasing h ‐field. Both properties are indications for a strong magnetoelectric coupling in this material. The observation of multiferroism in CuO within an analytical approach is achieved by considering frustration and a linear magnetoelectric coupling. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical analyses of Runge–Kutta implicit–explicit schemes for horizontally explicit, vertically implicit solutions of atmospheric models
Authors: Lock S.‐J. , Wood N. , Weller H. 
Published: September 2013

AbstractWith the prospect of exascale computing, computational methods requiring only local data become especially attractive. Consequently, the typical domain decomposition of atmospheric models means horizontally explicit, vertically implicit (HEVI) time‐stepping schemes warrant further attention. In this analysis, Runge–Kutta implicit–explicit schemes from the literature are analysed for their stability and accuracy using a von Neumann stability analysis of two linear systems. Attention is paid to the numerical phase to indicate the behaviour of phase and group velocities. Where the analysis is tractable, analytically derived expressions are considered. For more complicated cases, amplification factors have been numerically generated and the associated amplitudes and phase diagnosed. Analysis of a system describing acoustic waves has necessitated attributing the three resultant eigenvalues to the three physical modes of the system. To do so, a series of algorithms has been devised to track the eigenvalues across the frequency space. The result enables analysis of whether the schemes exactly preserve the non‐divergent mode; and whether there is evidence of spurious reversal in the direction of group velocities or asymmetry in the damping for the pair of acoustic modes. Frequency ranges that span next‐generation high‐resolution weather models to coarse‐resolution climate models are considered; and a comparison is made of errors accumulated from multiple stability‐constrained shorter time‐steps from the HEVI scheme with a single integration from a fully implicit scheme over the same time interval.Two schemes, ‘Trap2(2,3,2)’ and ‘UJ3(1,3,2)’, both already used in atmospheric models, are identified as offering consistently good stability and representation of phase across all the analyses. Furthermore, according to a simple measure of computational cost, ‘Trap2(2,3,2)’ is the least expensive.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight/time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectra of biodegradable polybutylenesuccinate
Authors: Rizzarelli Paola 
Published: September 2013

RATIONALEMatrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐Of‐Flight/Time‐Of‐Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS/MS) was employed to analyze five poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu) oligomers and to investigate their fragmentation pathways.METHODSMALDI‐TOF MS/MS analysis was performed on cyclic and linear oligomers terminated by dicarboxyl groups, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, hydroxyl and olefin groups, and dihydroxyl groups. The sodium adduct ions of these oligomers were selected as precursor ions. Experiments were carried out with and without argon as the collision gas.RESULTSA β‐hydrogen transfer rearrangement, leading to the selective cleavage of the −O−CH2− bonds, and cleavage of the −CH2−CO− bonds, the ester bonds, and the −CH2−CH2− bonds in the diol moiety were observed. Two fragmentation mechanisms, correlated to the end‐group structure of the precursor ions, were also proposed. The detection of cyclic anhydrides was related to the presence of succinic acid terminal groups. The formation of microcyclic oligoesters probably occurred via an intramolecular transesterification mechanism involving a hydroxyl end group.CONCLUSIONSA β‐hydrogen transfer rearrangement has been proposed as the main fragmentation mechanism occurring in PBSu without using the collision gas. Cleavages of almost all types of bonds take place in the MALDI CID experiments. According to the structures of the most abundant product ions, six fragmentation pathways have been proposed when using argon as the collision gas. Two fragmentation mechanisms were suggested as being correlated to the end‐group structure of the precursor ions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid analytical method for the quantification of paclitaxel in rat plasma and brain tissue by high‐performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Pei , Albrecht Benjamin J. , Yan Xisheng , Gao Mei , Weng Han‐Rong , Bartlett Michael G. 
Published: September 2013

RATIONALEPaclitaxel, an antitumor agent for the treatment of several types of cancers, has recently been reported to cause impaired cognitive function and neuropathic pain in humans. To assess the effects of paclitaxel on the central nervous system, a sensitive and accurate method is required to quantify paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and brain tissue obtained from rodents receiving paclitaxel.METHODSThe biological samples were prepared by liquid‐liquid extraction and separated by a 3.5 min reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) method using a BDS Hypersil C8 column under isocratic conditions. Paclitaxel was quantified using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer working in the positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) mode. A stable isotope labeled analogue of paclitaxel was used as the internal standard (IS).RESULTSThe method was validated to be precise and accurate within the dynamic range of 0.5‐100 ng/mL based on 100 μL plasma and 1.5–300 ng/g based on 33 mg of brain tissue in homogenate. This method was applied to samples from 2 mg/kg intravenously dosed rats. The plasma concentrations were observed to be 26.62 ± 8.93 ng/mL and brain concentrations 11.08 ± 4.18 ng/g when measured 4 h post‐dose.CONCLUSIONSThis rapid LC/MS/MS method was validated to be sensitive, specific, precise and accurate for the quantification of paclitaxel in rat plasma and brain tissue homogenate. Application of the method to study samples provided sufficient proof of blood–brain barrier penetration of paclitaxel, allowing further investigation of its influence on the central nervous system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced data‐independent analysis of lipids using ion mobility‐TOFMSE to unravel quantitative and qualitative information in human plasma
Authors: Shah Vinit , Castro‐Perez Jose M. , McLaren David G. , Herath Kithsiri B. , Previs Stephen F. , Roddy Thomas P. 
Published: September 2013

RATIONALELipids are involved in various biochemical and signaling pathways, cell structure and function, and the pathophysiology of many diseases. We took advantage of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) in conjunction with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and high‐resolution mass spectrometry to gain quantitative and deeper qualitative structural insight within a single experiment.METHODSHuman plasma lipid extracts were analyzed using an Acquity UPLC system coupled to a Synapt G2‐HDMS mass spectrometer system. The ion mobility gas employed was helium for the helium cell (150 mL/min) and nitrogen (80 mL/min) for the T‐wave drift tube. The wave height for the T‐wave cell was ramped in a linear fashion between 5–40 V. The mass spectra were acquired in an electrospray positive ionization mode.RESULTSWe resolved chromatographically co‐eluting lipids further by ion mobility tube drift time and then subjected them to low‐ and high‐energy fragmentation without pre‐selecting respective precursor species. The fragment ions produced in a high‐energy mode were aligned with their precursor ions in a low‐energy mode. By aligning intact molecular spectra and fragment spectra for these lipids at a given ion mobility drift time and chromatographic retention time, we were able to obtain much cleaner fragment ion spectra for structural elucidation. For quantitative analysis we obtained a dynamic linear range from 0.002 to 2 µg/mL with and without an additional dimension of IMS.CONCLUSIONSThe additional dimension of IMS allowed us to perform quantitative and qualitative analysis within a single experiment in a relatively high‐throughput manner thus providing deeper structural insights into lipids of biological interest and resulting in an information‐rich dataset. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and structural characterization of dimeric sesquiterpene lactones in Inula japonica Thunb. by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization with multi‐stage mass spectrometry
Authors: Ye Ji , Qin Jiang‐Jiang , Su Juan , Lin Shan , Huang Ying , Jin Hui‐Zi , Zhang Wei‐Dong 
Published: September 2013

RATIONALEDimeric sesquiterpene lactones (DSLs) exhibit more 'biological friendly' and 'drug‐like' molecular features than their monomers. Identification of DSLs is important to uncover potential lead compounds for the development of new anti‐inflammatory and anticancer drugs.METHODSHigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐MSn) in positive‐ion mode was developed to analyze structurally related groups of DSLs in the species of Inula japonica Thunb. The aerial part of I. japonica was also analyzed by using HPLC‐diode‐array detection (DAD)/ESI‐MSn for the purpose of method validation.RESULTSIn positive‐ion mode, a wealth of precursor molecular ions and product ions was detected for 24 DSL standards by MSn analysis under collision‐induced dissociation. Retro‐Diels‐Alder (RDA) cleavage of the guaiane‐type SL, neutral losses of acetoxy group, CO2 and water during the MSn process yielded characteristic product ions. The chemical constituents of the crude extract of I. japonica have also been analyzed by the developed method.CONCLUSIONSThe results indicated that the developed analytical method could be employed as a rapid, effective technique for structural characterizations of DSL‐type constituents in I. japonica. This study may also arouse interest for further structural analysis of other DSL‐containing type herbal medicines. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of human insulin‐like growth factor‐1 in deer antler velvet supplements
Authors: Cox Holly D. , Eichner Daniel 
Published: September 2013

RATIONALEReported incidents of the use of nutritional supplements containing deer antler velvet by athletes has increased significantly in recent years. The supplements have been reported to contain insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), which is a banned substance included on the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list. The presence of deer and human IGF‐1 was tested in six commercially available supplements.METHODSIGF‐1 was extracted from the six deer antler velvet supplements using chloroform and acetonitrile precipitation methods. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) methods were developed to measure intact IGF‐1 protein and IGF‐1 trypsin peptides using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Five deer‐specific and five human‐specific multiple‐reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions for intact IGF‐1were measured as well as six deer‐specific and seven human‐specific MRM transitions for an IGF‐1 trypsin peptide.RESULTSThe peak area from each MRM transition was used to calculate the product ion ratios relative to the most abundant transition. Product ion ratios measured in the supplements were matched to ratios measured in purified protein standards. A match to human IGF‐1 was identified for all the MRM transitions measured in four of the supplements tested.CONCLUSIONSThe presence of a pharmaceutical protein, human IGF‐1, was confirmed in four commercially available products sold as all natural, nutritional supplements. These methods can be used to screen additional products to further prevent the illegal sale of adulterated supplements. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.