bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A most‐recognized principle to define El Niño and La Niña years based on the K‐line diagram technique
Authors: Tan Jiqing 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTDespite the many improvements that have been achieved in prediction methods, considerable uncertainties in the models and the observing systems remain in El Niño Southern Oscillation predictions. One of the uncertainties is the definition of El Niño and La Niña years. Because academia has accepted too many indexes, there is much confusion among scientists regarding whether El Niño and La Niña events have occurred. In the view of this author, the oceans on this planet can be vividly called ‘ocean stabilization machines’ (OSMs). When some part of an OSM loses control for unknown reasons, other parts of the OSM function stabilize the atmospheric circulation. As a result, El Niño or La Niña events occur. In this study, we use a most‐recognized principle to determine El Niño (La Niña) years based on a K‐line diagram technique. This technique not only focuses on the anomaly of five accepted indexes, but also aims at the signals of an on‐going crash downward or a dramatic upward tendency of the sea‐surface temperature. To achieve this purpose, a new terminology, ‘suspected El Niño (La Niña) years’ and an Ocean Stabilization Index (OSI) expressing the state of the Pacific are proposed. The results indicate that there were only 10 El Niño years and 12 La Niña years from 1950 to 2012. Significant statistical relationships between the annual OSI and 14 indexes are also found.
Shame and Guilt in the Aftermath of Terror: The Utøya Island Study
Authors: Aakvaag Helene Flood , Thoresen Siri , Wentzel‐Larsen Tore , Røysamb Espen , Dyb Grete 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIn recent years, there has been increased interest in trauma‐related shame and guilt and their relationship to mental health. Little is known, however, about shame and guilt following mass traumas, such as terrorism. This study investigates the potential associations of trauma‐related shame and guilt with posttraumatic stress (PTS) reactions after the terrorist attack of July 22, 2011 on Utøya Island in Norway. Interviews were conducted with 325 of the 490 survivors 4 to 5 months after the event. Multiple linear regression analyses were employed to investigate associations. In the month previous to the interview, 44.1% (n = 143) of participants had experienced at least some guilt for what happened during the attack, and 30.5% (n = 99) had experienced at least some shame. Shame and guilt were both uniquely associated with PTS reactions after adjusting for terror exposure, gender, and other potential confounders (frequent shame: B = 0.54, frequent guilt: B = 0.33). We concluded that trauma‐related shame and guilt are related to mental health after mass trauma.
Ungated radial quiescent‐inflow single‐shot (UnQISS) magnetic resonance angiography using optimized azimuthal equidistant projections
Authors: Edelman Robert R. , Giri Shivraman , Murphy Ian G. , Flanagan Oisin , Speier Peter , Koktzoglou Ioannis 
Published: September 2014

PurposeWe hypothesized that non–contrast‐enhanced MR angiography (NEMRA) could be performed without cardiac gating by using a variant of the quiescent‐inflow single‐shot (QISS) technique.MethodsUngated QISS (UnQISS) MRA was evaluated in eight patients with peripheral arterial disease at 1.5T. The radial acquisition used optimized azimuthal equidistant projections, a long quiescent inflow time (1200 ms) to ensure replenishment of saturated in‐plane spins irrespective of the cardiac phase, and a lengthy readout (1200 ms) so that a complete cardiac cycle was sampled for each slice. Venous and background tissue suppression was obtained using frequency‐offset–corrected inversion radiofrequency pulses.ResultsScan time for UnQISS was 15.4 min for an eight‐station whole‐leg acquisition. The appearance of UnQISS MRA acquired using the body coil was comparable to electrocardiographic‐gated QISS MRA using phased array coils. A small radial view angle increment minimized eddy current–related artifacts, whereas image quality was inferior with a golden view angle radial increment or Cartesian trajectory. In patient studies, ≥50% stenoses were consistently detected.ConclusionUsing UnQISS, peripheral NEMRA can be performed without the need for cardiac gating. The use of fixed imaging parameters and body coil for signal reception further simplifies the scan procedure. Magn Reson Med 72:1522–1529, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An interactive method of interface boundary elements and partitioned finite elements for local continuous/discontinuous deformation problems
Authors: Li Tongchun , Liu Xiaoqing , Zhao Lanhao 
Published: September 2014

SUMMARYThe interactive method of interface boundary elements (IBEs) and partitioned finite elements (PFEs) is proposed for solving such problems as local continuous/discontinuous deformation (i.e., landslide, concrete cracking, rock mass joints, and internal contraction joints) in concrete dams. The system is divided into continuous displacement bodies and continuous stress joints. The continuous displacement bodies are solved using PFE with the nodal displacements treated as variables, and the rigid displacements in each body and the constraining internal forces on the boundary interface are solved using IBE based on the continuous stress condition and the static force equilibrium condition in each body. Each IBE consists of all interface boundary nodes in a body, and the flexibility matrix is formed using PFE or theoretical analysis. Using this method, a nonlinear iteration procedure is carried out only on the possible discontinuous interface, an approach that greatly improves the computational efficiency. Three numerical examples are used to verify the correctness and validity of the proposed method. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The role of Epstein–Barr virus in epithelial malignancies
Authors: Tsao Sai‐Wah , Tsang Chi Man , To Ka‐Fai , Lo Kwok‐Wai 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe close association of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection with non‐keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinomas and a subset of gastric carcinomas suggests that EBV infection is a crucial event in these cancers. The difficulties encountered in infecting and transforming primary epithelial cells in experimental systems suggest that the role of EBV in epithelial malignancies is complex and multifactorial in nature. Genetic alterations in the premalignant epithelium may support the establishment of latent EBV infection, which is believed to be an initiation event. Oncogenic properties have been reported in multiple EBV latent genes. The BamH1 A rightwards transcripts (BARTs) and the BART‐encoded microRNAs (miR‐BARTs) are highly expressed in EBV‐associated epithelial malignancies and may induce malignant transformation. However, enhanced proliferation may not be the crucial function of EBV infection in epithelial malignancies, at least in the early stages of cancer development. EBV‐encoded gene products may confer anti‐apoptotic properties and promote the survival of infected premalignant epithelial cells harbouring genetic alterations. Multiple EBV‐encoded microRNAs have been reported to have immune evasion functions. Genetic alterations in host cells, as well as inflammatory stroma, could modulate the expression of EBV genes and alter the growth properties of infected premalignant epithelial cells, encouraging their selection during carcinogenesis. © 2014 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Local and global inverse modelling strategies to estimate parameters for pesticide leaching from lysimeter studies
Authors: Kahl Gunnar M , Sidorenko Yury , Gottesbüren Bernhard 
Published: September 2014

AbstractBACKGROUNDAs an option for higher‐tier leaching assessment of pesticides in Europe according to FOCUS, pesticide properties can be estimated from lysimeter studies by inversely fitting parameter values (substance half‐life DT50 and sorption coefficient to organic matter kom). The aim of the study was to identify adequate methods for inverse modelling.RESULTSModel parameters for the PEARL (Pesticide Emission Assessment at Regional and Local scales) model were estimated with different inverse optimisation algorithms – the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), PD_MS2 (PEST Driver Multiple Starting Points 2) and SCEM (Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis) algorithms. Optimisation of crop factors and hydraulic properties was found to be an ill‐posed problem, and all algorithms failed to identify reliable global minima for the hydrological parameters. All algorithms performed equally well in estimating pesticide sorption and degradation parameters. SCEM was in most cases the only algorithm that reliably calculated uncertainties.CONCLUSIONThe most reliable approach for finding the best parameter set in the stepwise approach of optimising evapotranspiration, soil hydrology and pesticide parameters was to run only SCEM or a combined approach with more than one algorithm using the best fit of each step for further processing. PD_MS2 was well suited to a quick parameter search. The linear parameter uncertainty intervals estimated by LM and PD_MS2 were usually larger than by the non‐linear method used by SCEM. With the suggested methods, parameter optimisation, together with reliable estimation of uncertainties, is possible also for relatively complex systems. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Stabilization of linear discrete‐time networked control systems via protocol and controller co‐design
Authors: Zhang Wen‐An , Yu Li , Feng Gang 
Published: September 2014

SummaryThis paper investigates the stabilization problem for networked control systems (NCSs) with communication constraint and packet loss. The communication constraint considered is that only one network node is allowed to access a shared communication channel during one time‐slot, and a feedback control is performed with only partially available measurements and control inputs. By taking random packet loss into consideration, a stochastic switched system model is presented to describe the NCS. A sufficient condition is derived for the NCS to be mean‐square exponentially stable, and it is shown that the system performance specified by the exponential decay rate critically depends on the network accessing rates (NARs) of the network nodes and the packet loss probability. The state feedback controller and scheduling protocol, which allocates the NARs, are co‐designed such that the NCS achieves a minimal decay rate. Finally, an illustrative example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed design approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long cycles in random subgraphs of graphs with large minimum degree
Authors: Riordan Oliver 
Published: September 2014

AbstractLet G be any graph of minimum degree at least k, and let Gp be the random subgraph of G obtained by keeping each edge independently with probability p. Recently, Krivelevich, Lee and Sudakov showed that if pk → ∞ then with probability tending to 1 Gp contains a cycle of length at least (1 – o(1))k. We give a much shorter proof of this result, also based on depth‐first search. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 45, 764–767, 2014
Screening for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 by cell‐free DNA analysis of maternal blood at 10–11 weeks' gestation and the combined test at 11–13 weeks
Authors: Quezada M. S. , Gil M. M. , Francisco C. , Oròsz G. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine in a general population the performance of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) testing for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 at 10–11 weeks' gestation and compare it to that of the combined test at 11–13 weeks.MethodsIn 2905 singleton pregnancies, prospective screening for trisomies was performed by chromosome‐selective sequencing of cfDNA in maternal blood at 10–11 weeks' gestation and by the combined test at 11–13 weeks' gestation.ResultsMedian maternal age of the study population was 36.9 (range, 20.4–51.9) years. Results from cfDNA analysis were provided for 2851 (98.1%) cases and these were available within 14 days from sampling in 2848 (98.0%) cases. The trisomic status of the pregnancies was determined by prenatal or postnatal karyotyping or clinical examination of the neonates. Of the 2785 pregnancies with a cfDNA result and known trisomic status, cfDNA testing correctly identified all 32 cases with trisomy 21, nine of 10 with trisomy 18 and two of five with trisomy 13, with false‐positive rates of 0.04%, 0.19% and 0.07%, respectively. In cases with discordant results between cfDNA testing and fetal karyotype, the median fetal fraction was lower than in those with concordant results (6% vs 11%). Using the combined test, the estimated risk for trisomy 21 was ≥ 1/100 in all trisomic cases and in 4.4% of the non‐trisomic pregnancies.ConclusionThe performance of first‐trimester cfDNA testing for trisomies 21 and 18 in the general population is similar to that in high‐risk pregnancies. Most false‐positive and false‐negative results from cfDNA testing could be avoided if the a priori risk from the combined test is taken into account in the interpretation of individual risk. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Investigation into the Palladium‐Europium Acetate Reductive Decomposition with Synchrotron Radiation‐Based X‐ray Diffraction and X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Khramov Evgeny , Belyakova Olga , Murzin Vadim , Veligzhanin Alexey , Chernyshov Alfred , Vargaftik Mikhail , Kozitsyna Natalya , Zubavichus Yan 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe reductive decomposition of the complex Pd2Eu2(μ,η2‐OOCMe)2(μ‐OOCMe)8(H2O)2·(HOOCMe)2upon heating from room temperature to 500 °C in a hydrogen atmosphere was investigated by in situ synchrotron radiation‐based X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) including observations of X‐ray near‐edge structure (XANES) and extended absorption fine structure (EXAFS) at Pd K‐ and Eu L3‐edges and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The Pd‐Eu2O3nanocomposite was found to be the final thermolysis product. The decomposition proceeds via series of intermediate crystalline phases, including europium(II) and (III) anhydrous acetates and EuO(CH3COO) oxidoacetate. Surprisingly, the major fraction of europium occurs in the reduced form Eu2+within a limited temperature range of 200–300 °C. Presumably, the reversible Eu3+↔Eu2+redox‐process is associated with the stability of nanocrystalline palladium hydride, which acts as a stronger reducing agent as compared to molecular hydrogen.
1000 Port‐A‐Cath® Placements by Subclavian Vein Approach: Single Surgeon Experience
Authors: Mudan S. , Giakoustidis A. , Morrison D. , Iosifidou S. , Raobaikady R. , Neofytou K. , Stebbing J. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractIntroductionTotally implantable venous access ports are widely used for the administration of chemotherapy in patients with cancer. Although there are several approaches to implantation, here we describe Port‐A‐Cath® (PAC) placement by percutaneous puncture of the subclavian vein with ultrasonographic guidance.Patients and methodsData on our vascular access service were collected prospectively from June 2004. This service included port‐a‐caths and Hickman lines. Once 1000 consecutive port‐a‐caths® had been reached the study was closed and data analysed for the port‐a‐caths® alone. The left subclavian vein was the preferred site for venous access, with the right subclavian and jugular veins being the alternative choices if the initial approach failed. Patients were followed up in the short‐term, and all the procedures were carried out by a single surgeon at each one of two institutions.ResultsVenous access by PAC was established in 100 % of the 1,000 cases. Of the 952 patients where the left subclavian vein was chosen for the first attempt of puncture, the success rate of PAC placement was 95 % (n = 904). Pneumothorax occurred in 12 patients (1.2 %), and a wound haematoma occurred in 4 (0.4 %) out of the total 1,000 patients. No infections were recorded during the immediate post‐operative period but only in the long‐term post‐operative use with 8 patients requiring removal of the PAC due to infection following administration of chemotherapy.ConclusionThis is a very large series of PAC placement with an ultrasound‐guided approach for left subclavian vein and X‐ray confirmation, performed by a single surgeon, demonstrating both the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.
Hemorrhoidal dearterialization with mucopexy versus hemorrhoidectomy: 3-year follow-up assessment of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Denoya P. , Tam J. , Bergamaschi R. 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background

A randomized controlled trial showed that patients with grade III or IV internal hemorrhoids had similar symptomatic relief of symptoms up to 3 months following dearterialization with mucopexy or hemorrhoidectomy albeit with less postoperative pain after the former. This study aimed to compare hemorrhoidal recurrence and chronic complications at 3-year follow-up.

Methods
This study was carried out on 40 patients with grade III or IV internal hemorrhoids previously enrolled to a randomized trial comparing dearterialization to hemorrhoidectomy. Recurrence was defined as internal hemorrhoids diagnosed on proctoscopy. Chronic complications were nonresolving adverse events related to surgery. Outcome measures included patient-reported outcomes and quality of life measured by brief pain inventory (BPI), SF-12, and fecal incontinence surveys.

Results
At median follow-up of 36 (27–43) months, 13 patients (32.5 %) were lost to follow-up. Patient-reported outcomes suggested no difference between dearterialization and hemorrhoidectomy in persistent symptoms, occurring in 1 (8.3 %) vs. 2 (13.3 %) patients (p = 0.681) and in symptom recurrence, occurring in 6 (50 %) vs. 4 (26.7 %) patients (p = 0.212). On proctoscopy, recurrence was seen in 2 (13.3 %) vs. 1 (6.7 %) patients (p = 0.411), all with index grade IV disease. One patient in each arm required reoperation (p = 0.869). Chronic complications were not seen in the dearterialization arm while they occurred in 2 (13.3 %) hemorrhoidectomy patients (p = 0.189) and included unhealed wound (n = 1), anal fissure (n = 1) and fecal incontinence (n = 1). There was a trend toward more patient reported than actual recurrence on proctoscopy (10 vs. 3, p = 0.259). There was no difference in BPI, SF-12, and fecal incontinence quality of life scores.

Conclusions
Recurrence rates did not differ significantly at 3-year follow-up and occurred in patients with index grade IV hemorrhoids. Chronic complications occurred only after hemorrhoidectomy.
Programs for Prevention of Externalizing Problems in Children: Limited Evidence for Effect Beyond 6 Months Post Intervention
Authors: Smedler Ann-Charlotte , Hjern Anders , Wiklund Stefan , Anttila Sten , Pettersson Agneta 
Published: September 2014

Abstract

Background
Preventing externalizing problems in children is a major societal concern, and a great number of intervention programs have been developed to this aim. To evaluate their preventive effects, well-controlled trials including follow-up assessments are necessary.

Methods
This is a systematic review of the effect of prevention programs targeting externalizing problems in children. The review covered peer reviewed publications in English, German, French, Spanish and Scandinavian languages. Experimental studies of standardized programs explicitly aiming at preventing externalizing mental ill-health in children (2–19 years), with outcome assessments at ≥6 months post intervention for both intervention and control groups, were included. We also included long-term trials with consecutive observations over several years, even in the absence of follow-up ≥6 months post intervention. Studies of clinical populations or children with impairments, which substantially increase the risk for mental disorders, were excluded.

Results
Thirty-eight controlled trials assessing 25 different programs met inclusion criteria. Only five programs were supported by scientific evidence, representing selective parent training (Incredible Years and Triple-P), indicated family support (Family Check-Up), and school-based programs (Good Behavior Game, universally delivered, and Coping Power, as an indicated intervention). With few exceptions, effects after 6–12 months were small. Long-term trials showed small and inconsistent effects.

Conclusions
Despite a vast literature, the evidence for preventive effects is meager, largely due to insufficient follow-up post intervention. Long-term follow up assessment and effectiveness studies should be given priority in future evaluations of interventions to prevent externalizing problems in children.
Impact of Phosphoethanolamine Reverse Micelles on Lipid Oxidation in Bulk Oils
Authors: Cui Leqi , Kittipongpittaya Ketinun , McClements D. Julian , Decker Eric A. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractPhospholipids are important minor components in edible oil that play a role in lipid oxidation. Surface active phospholipids have an intermediate hydrophilic–lipophilic balance value, which allows them to form association colloids such as reverse micelles in bulk oil. These association colloids can influence lipid oxidation since they create lipid–water interfaces where prooxidants and antioxidants can interact with triacylglycerols. In this study, we examined the formation of reverse micelles in a stripped oil system by dioleoyl phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) and the effect of these physical structures on lipid oxidation kinetics. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of DOPE was approximately 200 µmol/kg oil at 45 °C. Oxidation kinetics studies showed that DOPE was prooxidative when it was above its CMC (400 and 1,000 µM), reducing the lag phase from 14 days (control) to 8 days. The addition of combinations of DOPE and dioleoyl phosphocholine (DOPC) resulted in formation of mixed micelles with a CMC of 80 µmol/kg oil at 45 °C. These mixed micelles were also prooxidative when concentrations (100 and 500 µM) were above the CMC, decreasing the lag phase from 14 to 8 days. These findings provide a better understanding of the role of phospholipids in lipid oxidation of edible oil and could contribute to better antioxidant solutions.
Upper bounds for packings of spheres of several radii
Authors: DE LAAT DAVID , DE OLIVEIRA FILHO FERNANDO MÁRIO , VALLENTIN FRANK 
Published: September 2014

AbstractWe give theorems that can be used to upper bound the densities of packings of different spherical caps in the unit sphere and of translates of different convex bodies in Euclidean space. These theorems extend the linear programming bounds for packings of spherical caps and of convex bodies through the use of semidefinite programming. We perform explicit computations, obtaining new bounds for packings of spherical caps of two different sizes and for binary sphere packings. We also slightly improve the bounds for the classical problem of packing identical spheres.