bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent progress in polar metabolite quantification in plants using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Zhiqian , Rochfort Simone 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMetabolite analysis or metabolomics is an important component of systems biology in the post‐genomic era. Although separate liquid chromatography (LC) methods for quantification of the major classes of polar metabolites of plants have been available for decades, a single method that enables simultaneous determination of hundreds of polar metabolites is possible only with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) techniques. The rapid expansion of new LC stationary phases in the market and the ready access of mass spectrometry in many laboratories provides an excellent opportunity for developing LC–MS based methods for multi‐target quantification of polar metabolites. Although various LC–MS methods have been developed over the last 10 years with the aim to quantify one or more classes of polar compounds in different matrices, currently there is no consensus LC–MS method that is widely used in plant metabolomics studies. The most promising methods applicable to plant metabolite analysis will be reviewed in this paper and the major problems encountered highlighted. The aim of this review is to provide plant scientists, with limited to moderate experience in analytical chemistry, with up‐to‐date and simplified information regarding the current status of polar metabolite analysis using LC–MS techniques.
Consistency between research and clinical diagnoses of autism among boys and girls with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Klusek J. , Martin G. E. , Losh M. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractBackgroundPrior research suggests that 60–74% of males and 16–45% of females with fragile X syndrome (FXS) meet criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in research settings. However, relatively little is known about the rates of clinical diagnoses in FXS and whether such diagnoses are consistent with those performed in a research setting using gold standard diagnostic tools.MethodThis study explored whether boys and girls with FXS met criteria for ASD in a research setting using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised (ADI‐R), and then compared these data with the frequency of parent‐reported clinical diagnoses. We also examined child and family characteristics as potential diagnostic predictors across settings. Participants included 35 females and 51 males with FXS (mean age: 10 years), who were from Eastern and Midwestern regions of the USA.ResultsAbout half of the children met criteria for ASD on either the ADOS or ADI‐R, with ASD occurring three times more frequently in males than females (∼75% vs. ∼25%). In contrast, ∼25% of participants of both genders had received a clinical diagnosis of ASD. While cognitive and language skills predicted diagnostic outcome on the ADOS and ADI‐R, these skills did not predict clinical diagnoses. Executive functions predicted clinical diagnoses, but not diagnoses per the ADOS or ADI‐R.ConclusionsASD in FXS may be under‐diagnosed in clinical/educational settings, which raises questions regarding access to ASD‐related services.
Effects of exogenous surfactant on the non‐heart‐beating donor lung graft in experimental lung transplantation – a stereological study
Authors: Herrmann Gudrun , Knudsen Lars , Madershahian Navid , Mühlfeld Christian , Frank Konrad , Rahmanian Parwis , Wahlers Thorsten , Wittwer Thorsten , Ochs Matthias 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe use of non‐heart‐beating donor (NHBD) lungs may help to overcome the shortage of lung grafts in clinical lung transplantation, but warm ischaemia and ischaemia/reperfusion injury (I/R injury) resulting in primary graft dysfunction represent a considerable threat. Thus, better strategies for optimized preservation of lung grafts are urgently needed. Surfactant dysfunction has been shown to contribute to I/R injury, and surfactant replacement therapy is effective in enhancing lung function and structural integrity in related rat models. In the present study we hypothesize that surfactant replacement therapy reduces oedema formation in a pig model of NHBD lung transplantation. Oedema formation was quantified with (SF) and without (non‐SF) surfactant replacement therapy in interstitial and alveolar compartments by means of design‐based stereology in NHBD lungs 7 h after cardiac arrest, reperfusion and transplantation. A sham‐operated group served as control. In both NHBD groups, nearly all animals died within the first hours after transplantation due to right heart failure. Both SF and non‐SF developed an interstitial oedema of similar degree, as shown by an increase in septal wall volume and arithmetic mean thickness as well as an increase in the volume of peribron‐chovascular connective tissue. Regarding intra‐alveolar oedema, no statistically significant difference could be found between SF and non‐SF. In conclusion, surfactant replacement therapy cannot prevent poor outcome after prolonged warm ischaemia of 7 h in this model. While the beneficial effects of surfactant replacement therapy have been observed in several experimental and clinical studies related to heart‐beating donor lungs and cold ischaemia, it is unlikely that surfactant replacement therapy will overcome the shortage of organs in the context of prolonged warm ischaemia, for example, 7 h. Moreover, our data demonstrate that right heart function and dysfunctions of the pulmonary vascular bed are limiting factors that need to be addressed in NHBD.
Increased expression of MUC‐1 has close relation with patient survivor in high‐grade salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Authors: Siyi Li , Shengwen Liu , Min Ruan , Wenjun Yang , Lizheng Wang , Chenping Zhang 
Published: February 2014

PurposeHigh‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is an infrequent malignant neoplasm originates most commonly in the salivary glands with poor prognosis. Thus far, there is little knowledge on MUC‐1 expression in high‐grade MEC or how it may relate to patient survival. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of MUC‐1 expression in high‐grade MEC and correlate expression with clinic outcome.MethodsSurgical specimens from 62 cases of primary high‐grade MEC and 10 cases of normal salivary gland tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between MUC‐1 expression and the clinicopathological data and patient survival was analyzed.ResultsThe disease‐free survival rates were 54.6% (3 years) and 37.7% (5 years) for high‐grade MEC patients. Patient who with primary location at submandibular gland have the worst prognosis (P = 0.042) in comparing with other sites. High expression of MUC‐1 in high‐grade MEC was significantly correlated with lymphatic/regional metastasis (P = 0.003) and clinic stage (P = 0.02), and high expression of MUC‐1 (>75%) was confirmed to be significant independent prognostic factors in high‐grade MEC patients [HR 2.929 (95% CI 1.246–6.881); P < 0.0137].ConclusionsThe findings suggest that high levels of MUC‐1 expression may be a potential marker for worse outcome in high‐grade MEC and could be used as a new molecule target to improve outcomes for these patients in the future.
Residential Mobility and Change and Continuity in Parenting Processes
Authors: Gillespie Brian Joseph 
Published: February 2014

This research investigates the association between residential mobility and changes in parenting style and parental monitoring using panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 on adolescents aged 14–18 (N = 2,631). Logistic and multinomial logistic regression results indicate that moving is significantly associated with an increase in parental monitoring for fathers and sons, but not mothers and daughters. Residential mobility is also associated with changes in parenting style for mothers and fathers. However, specific changes in parenting styles for residentially mobile mothers and fathers depend upon the parenting style exhibited before the move. These changes also depend upon the gender composition of the parent–child relationship.
Board Size, Firm Risk, and Equity Discount
Authors: Upadhyay Arun 
Published: February 2014

AbstractPrior literature documents that larger boards pursue conservative investment policies and that their decision outcomes are moderate, which promote an environment of risk aversion. I argue that this risk aversion hurts equity holders when firms hold a larger amount of long‐term debt. Addressing potential endogeneity problems associated with board size, I find an equity discount associated with larger boards in firms that have greater amounts of long‐term debt. On the other hand, larger boards are associated with an equity premium when firms have a greater short‐term debt‐to‐assets ratio. The equity discount associated with larger boards disappears in firms with no long‐term debt. Further analysis also indicates that firms with larger boards enjoy a better credit rating and a lower realized cost of debt. Overall, analysis in this study suggests that the association between board size and equity value is a function of a firm's debt structure.
Childhood obesity and parental perceptions in a rural Australian population: A pilot study
Authors: Spargo Matthew , Mellis Craig 
Published: February 2014

AimWhile it has been widely recognised in Australian and overseas studies that parents tend to underestimate the weight of their overweight or obese child, there is an opportunity for further research within rural populations. The aim of this study was to assess the agreement between a parent's perception of their child's weight category and the child's measured body mass index (BMI).MethodsCross‐sectional pilot study in Dubbo, a large regional centre in western New South Wales in Australia. Ninety‐three subjects between the ages of 2 and 17 were recruited from the paediatric inpatient unit of the region's base hospital. Trained nursing staff undertook the anthropometric measurements, while a parent or caregiver was asked to complete a questionnaire assessing their perception of their child's weight category.ResultsThirty‐two per cent (30/93) of all parents underestimated the weight category of their child, while only 2% (2/93) of parents overestimated their child's weight category. Overall, 66% (61/93) of parents correctly identified their child's measured weight category. Twenty‐nine per cent (27/93) of the sample population was overweight or obese, and in these children, 89% (24/27) of parents underestimated the weight category of their child.ConclusionThere is a major discrepancy between the child's measured BMI and their parent's perception of their child's weight category. This finding is consistent with similar past research and has important implications for the management of obesity in children. Further qualitative research may be helpful in ascertaining the reasons for this discrepancy.
Medical and midwifery attitudes towards vitamin K prophylaxis in New Zealand neonates
Authors: Gosai Sonal , Broadbent Roland S , Barker David P , Jackson Pamela M , Wheeler Benjamin J 
Published: February 2014

AimNeonates are at risk for potentially life‐threatening vitamin K deficiency bleeding. This can be readily prevented with prophylactic vitamin K following delivery. In this context, most vitamin K‐deficiency bleeding occurs in those whose parents decline newborn vitamin K. One factor influencing parental decision‐making is information received from health professionals. This study examined attitudes and perceptions towards newborn vitamin K in relevant health‐care professionals.MethodsA literature review and one‐on‐one semi‐structured interviews were conducted to inform questionnaire design. Midwives and selected medical staff employed in the South Island of New Zealand were then invited to complete an anonymous survey exploring attitudes and perceptions towards vitamin K prophylaxis in newborns.ResultsThe survey achieved an overall response rate of 57%. Almost all responding medical staff and 76% of midwives agreed with the current New Zealand Ministry of Health vitamin K guideline. All medical staff but only 55% of midwives feel that all babies should receive vitamin K. Differences were also seen between professionals with respect to vitamin K education and risks.ConclusionThis is the first study to examine attitudes and perceptions of midwives and doctors to vitamin K prophylaxis in neonates. Considerable discrepancies in attitude are evident, and in some midwives, a lack of confidence in this intervention is apparent. How this affects education to families is unknown. Increased understanding of this phenomenon, along with improved education and communication to professionals and families, is required.
Fifteen years of acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in Hong Kong: Findings from 1997 to 2011
Authors:   The National Committee for the Certification of Wild Poliovirus Eradication in Hong Kong (NCC)
Published: February 2014

AimAcute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance system was set up in Hong Kong in 1997 for World Health Organization's (WHO) certification of poliomyelitis eradication. This paper describes and reviews the demographic, clinical and virological characteristics of AFP cases reported to the system in its first 15 years.MethodsAll patients aged under 15 years presented with acute onset of paralysis of any limbs reported to the Department of Health from January 1997 to December 2011 were reviewed. Data on demographic characteristics, vaccination history, clinical presentation and virological investigation on stool specimens collected during investigation were analysed with descriptive statistics.ResultsOf the 247 cases reported, about 45% were aged under five. All cases were classified as non‐polio AFP according to WHO classification. About 60% were identified with neurological disorders, with Guillain–Barré syndrome (25.9%) and myelitis (13.4%) being the most common. Viruses were detected in 14.0% of the AFP cases, with non‐polio enteroviruses (NPEV) (60.0%) and adenoviruses (31.4%) accounted for most of the positive detections. Most performance indicators set by the WHO were fulfilled.ConclusionsThe AFP surveillance facilitated the clinical, virological and epidemiological examination of paediatric AFP cases. From 1997 to 2011, Guillain–Barré syndrome and myelitis were the most common among paediatric AFP cases in Hong Kong. NPEV and adenoviruses accounted for most of the positive viral detections. No wild poliovirus was detected, and all cases were classified as non‐polio AFP.
Survey of paediatricians’ opinions on a regional paediatric telecardiology service
Authors: McCrossan Brian A , Doherty Nicola N , Sands Andrew J , Grant Brian , Craig Brian G , McCusker Chris G , Casey Frank A 
Published: February 2014

AimThe aim of this study is to evaluate consultant general paediatricians’ opinions of a UK paediatric telecardiology service.MethodsA structured questionnaire was developed and sent to all consultant paediatricians working in a district general hospital in Northern Ireland.ResultsPaediatricians (n = 35) regarded the regional paediatric telecardiology service as very useful and of good value for money. Paediatricans in hospitals without access to telecardiology expressed a desire to join the network (86%, 12/14). More frequent use of the paediatric telecardiology service was associated with increased confidence in performing echocardiography and using the telemedicine equipment and a special interest in neonatology. The vast majority of paediatricians (32/35, 91%) believed that there should be a shared clinical responsibility for the patient following a teleconsultation. A total of 33/35 (94%) stated that the telephone costs of the consultation should be paid by the paediatrician but that the professional time of the cardiologist should be paid by the tertiary centre (29/35, 83%).ConclusionsPaediatricians have consistently positive experiences of a regional paediatric telecardiology service. They believe that clinical responsibility is shared, and there should not be any professional fee for telemedicine activities.
How I am Constructing Culture‐inclusive Theories of Social‐psychological Process in our Age of Globalization
Authors: Bond Michael Harris 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAccepting Cole's the premise that, “cultural‐inclusive psychology has been … an elusive goal” (1996, pp. 7–8) but one worth striving to attain, I first set out to identify my domain of interest and competence as an intellectual. Deciding it to be social interaction between individuals, I then searched out theoretical approaches to this domain that encompassed as many approaches to this trans‐historical concern that have emerged from cultural traditions bequeathing us their legacies. Doing this search comprehensively required me to move outside my Judeo‐Christian, Greco‐Roman, Renaissance heritage and its international diffusion via the European Empires since the 1500's, embodied most recently the American dominance of intellectual discourse since the Second World War.In my case, this journey has taken me in to Chinese culture and psychology where I have worked towards integrating the Chinese worldview and its psychological measures into the discipline of social psychology. Striving for a more inclusive culture‐view, I am now using multi‐cultural data bases to transcend this two‐cultural focus and incorporate wider measures of cultural variation into our theorizing and empirical validation of universal models for social interaction. This paper describes my current procedures for such culture‐mapping.
Indigenous Psychology: Grounding Science in Culture, Why and How?
Authors: Sundararajan Louise 
Published: February 2014

AbstractMy agenda is to ground psychological science in culture by using complex rather than overly simple models of culture and using indigenous categories as criteria of a translation test to determine the adequacy of scientific models of culture. I first explore the compatibility between Chinese indigenous categories and complex models of culture, by casting in the theoretical framework of symmetry and symmetry breaking (Bolender, 2010) a series of translations performed on Fiske's (1991) relational models theory. Next, I show how the dimensional approach to culture, prevalent in mainstream psychology, fails the translation test. Ethical implications of this analysis for cross cultural psychology are discussed.
Age Effects on Blood Gas, Spirometry, Airway Reactivity, and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Clinically Healthy Horses
Authors: Pacheco A.P. , Paradis M.R. , Hoffman A.M. , Hermida P. , Sanchez A. , Nadeau J.A. , Tufts M. , Mazan M.R. 
Published: February 2014

BackgroundDespite the increasing number of geriatric horses attended by veterinarians, there is a lack of understanding of aging‐related changes on the respiratory system of horses.ObjectiveTo identify aging‐related changes on the respiratory function and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology of horses.AnimalsFifteen healthy young adult (2–11 years) and 16 healthy aged (≥20 years) horses.MethodsThe respiratory system was examined by measurement of arterial blood gases (ABG), use of respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) for assessment of breathing pattern and ventilatory parameters, histamine bronchoprovocation, andBALFcytology.ResultsNo significant differences were detected with regard to values obtained byABGor bronchoprovocation of young adult and aged healthy horses. In aged horses, there were significant differences in mean ± SDof the following parameters when compared to young horses: prolonged expiratory time (Te) measured byRIP(3.9 ± 1.5 s versus 3.0 ± 0.6 s), decreased percentage of alveolar macrophages (40.6 ± 11.3% versus 53.5 ± 9.6%), and increased percentage of lymphocytes (53.4 ± 9.5% versus 43.9 ± 11.0%). No correlations between airway reactivity and ventilatory parameters,ABG, orBALFcytology were found in this asymptomatic population.ConclusionsThese results suggest that aging does not cause changes in the results obtained byABG, mostRIP‐derived variables, and bronchoprovocation in the horse. A decreased percentage of macrophage and an increased percentage of lymphocytes in theBALFcytology may be expected in the asymptomatic geriatric horse and may be a result of aging.
Altitudinal changes in tree leaf and stem functional diversity in a semi‐tropical mountain
Authors: Hernández‐Calderón Erasto , Méndez‐Alonzo Rodrigo , Martínez‐Cruz Juan , González‐Rodríguez Antonio , Oyama Ken 
Published: February 2014

AbstractQuestionAlong an altitudinal gradient of 2000 m in a semi‐tropical mountain, we explored the relation between tree specific diversity and community functional composition by studying variations in tree allometry, stem and leaf functional traits, and their relationship with temperature and precipitation.LocationTequila Volcano, Jalisco, Mexico (20°48′ N, 103°51′ W).MethodsWe surveyed tree specific diversity, five forest structural parameters and six functional traits in ten horizontal transects (50–75 m in length) located every 200 m along a 2000‐m gradient (from 800 to 2800 m a.s.l.). We calculated alpha and beta diversity, and quantified the community‐weighted means for wood and bark density, Huber value (sapwood to leaf area ratio), leaf area, leaf dry mass content and leaf mass per unit area. The patterns of association were explored using Pearson correlations, and summarized using PCA.ResultsAlpha diversity was independent of altitude, and species turnover was almost complete between consecutive transects. Altitude (and its associated abiotic factors, temperature and precipitation) were highly correlated with functional traits. Maximum tree height, total basal area and the community‐weighted mean values for leaf mass per unit area, leaf dry mass content, and the Huber values were positively correlated with altitude, and the opposite was found for the number of basal stems. Stem and leaf trait values were correlated along the altitudinal gradient.ConclusionsAltitude imposes environmental filters at the community scale that determine a high species replacement. Stem and leaf traits were correlated along the gradient; trees at higher altitudes were taller with a single stem, higher density of wood and bark, and leaves with higher leaf mass per area and dry mass content than in the low‐altitude sites. These results suggest the consistency of a fast–slow acquisitive trade‐off across environments, tending to promote slow acquisition and high longevity at higher altitudes.