bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY CRUDE OIL SPILL INTO A FRESHWATER STREAM: A CASE STUDY1
Authors: Lowe Mark A. , Mancini Eugene R. , Chamberlain Dilworth W. , Greenwood Eric , Rankin Sue , Fischel Marion 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In April 1993, a pipeline rupture occurred adjacent to a primary California freeway on the north slope of the Tehachapi/San Emigdio Mountains leading into the San Joaquin Valley. An estimated 6,200 barrels of blended San Joaquin Valley crude oil (27° API gravity) sprayed on the freeway, and flowed downslope and into Grapevine Creek. The crude oil flowed 12 kilometers terminating at a containment dike constructed during the initial response. Cleanup activities were completed and approved by the lead regulatory agency within 21 days of the release.
The release occurred at an elevation of 730 meters above sea level, spraying oil on to the northbound lanes of the freeway and closing it for 36 hours. After passing through engineered freeway drainage, the oil entered Grapevine Creek and flowed through 1,525 meters of riparian habitat and 8,500 meters of grassland habitat. Elevation at the terminus was 300 meters. Upper Grapevine Creek supports dense riparian vegetation that may have contributed to significant diurnal flow fluctuations and caused surface flows to retreat 1,500 meters from the terminus during the afternoon and early evening hours during response operations. Typical flow rates in Grapevine Creek during the response operations were less than 0.15 m3/s (less than 5 ft3/s).
Cleanup activities included steam cleaning the freeway and engineered drainage system and hand cleanup in the riparian section. Cleanup efforts in the downstream grassland section were complicated by the fluctuating flow rates. A site in Grapevine Creek with continual surface flow was selected for stream-flow diversion. Utilizing portable irrigation equipment, the flow from the creek was used to irrigate 40 acres of adjacent grassland. The system was operated for 21 days and required 24-hour supervision to adjust for stream flow fluctuations.
Approximately 3,400 barrels of crude oil were recovered as a liquid from two primary locations: a permanent concrete containment weir and the terminus containment dike. Recovered liquids were returned to tankage for subsequent processing. An estimated 1,200 barrels of crude oil were collected in 19,000 cubic yards of excavated soil and sediment. Thus, approximately 74 percent (4,600 barrels) of the spilled oil was recovered. The soil was converted into a road-base material and used to pave pipeline system facilities for dust control, at a cost of less than $30 a ton.
Water samples collected during and after cleanup activities combined with surveys of macroinvertebrates, birds, and riparian habitat indicate only short-term and localized impacts. Dissolved hydrocarbons in surface waters declined rapidly. Benthic macroinvertebrate population density and diversity were similar to reference station within five months of the initial release.
FOLLOW-UP STUDY ON OILED VEGETATION CUTTING ALONG THE DELAWARE RIVER
Authors: Levine Edwin A. , Pinckney Jay , Montello Todd 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In July 1992, the tank vessel Canadian Liberty spilled approximately 50 barrels of heavy Venezuelan crude oil into the Delaware River. Eight miles of New Jersey riverbank were oiled. The product clung to the vegetation, forming a bathtub ring about 20 cm wide at the high-tide mark. Cutting of vegetation was approved for areas with the highest waterfowl concentrations and highest degree of oiling, and in public-use areas. The objective of cutting was to remove impacted vegetation to prevent secondary oiling of waterfowl and to allow use of the public park. Emphasis was placed on limiting habitat degradation by selective manual cutting from boat and shore.
A yearlong study was undertaken to monitor the recovery of the cut vegetation. Comparisons to uncut oiled vegetation and control sites were made. Nine monitoring stations were established in the area affected by the spill. Vegetation surveyed were Phragmites communis (common reed grass), Peltandra virginica (arrow arum), and Scripus olneyi (bulrush). One year after cleanup operations, cut and oiled vegetation appeared to have completely recovered. The distributions, densities, and heights of vegetation oiled and/or cut were not noticeably different from control transects of unimpacted vegetation.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO CORPORATE PREPAREDNESS
Authors: Perkins K. Tim 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Many companies in the oil, chemical, petrochemical, and/or energy businesses are faced with the challenges of providing for and then assuring appropriate emergency planning and response capabilities for all of their operations. Most of the efforts devoted to this subject have been aimed at individual facilities within a company. And while preparedness at the local level is certainly an essential ingredient to corporate preparedness, there is also a need to take a holistic approach to a company's response readiness, recognizing that extremely large or extended emergencies may exceed the response capabilities of small facilities. Therefore, in most cases, there is a need for a companywide emergency preparedness and response program to coordinate effectively a crisis that exceeds the capabilities of an individual facility or business unit.
Unocal, a fully integrated oil company, has developed and is implementing such a corporate emergency preparedness and crisis management program. To establish this program, the following conclusions were reached and elements were established in the program to address each of them.Corporate policy, direction, and planning is essential for effective companywide preparedness and response to a crisis.A method is needed to assure the preparedness of all facilities, which is the foundation of any emergency response, including responses by corporate teams.Corporate notification of major emergencies within the company is necessary for a rapid assessment and response by those outside the facility.A chain of command and divisions of responsibilities, from the emergency responders to the senior executives, must be clearly established and communicated.
NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE PIPELINE RUPTURE INTO THE SANTA CLARA RIVER
Authors: Leveille Thomas P. , Shane Dan , Morris James 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
On January 17, 1994, an oil spill of more than 3,500 barrels occurred on the Santa Clara River as a result of a pipeline rupture during the Northridge earthquake. A unified command was formed by ARCO, the State of California, and the U.S. Government to respond to this spill into the habitat of two endangered species. Logistics difficulties caused by the earthquake were overcome, including problems caused by misinformation on concurrent events. The spill occurred in a shallow, rapid-flowing waterway that was at serious risk for flash floods, requiring use of tactics typically used in inland spills. Actions were taken based on the need for quick removal due to predicted rain, and unique problems encountered with the oiled vegetation. The case highlighted potential problems with older pipelines constructed using acetylene welds.
A MULTICOMPONENT OIL SPILL MODEL FOR DISSOLVED AROMATIC CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Rye Henrik 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
When considering the consequences of an oil spill accident, not all oil components are equally harmful to marine life. Some components are more harmful than others, especially the aromatic components. The polyaromatic hydrocarbons (the PAHs) may be accumulated in food chains, while the monoaromatics dissolve much faster into the water than other components.
A model was therefore developed that separates the behaviors of different components of hydrocarbon release. The oil is divided into 20 different classes with increasing carbon number within the range C4 to C55. Within each class, the hydrocarbons are divided further into 5 subsets (n-alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, naphthenes, and resins). The model then keeps track of the fate of each of the components (loss by evaporation, dissolution, or as droplets; or remaining in the slick) during an actual spill event.
After calculating the amount of aromatics dissolved into the water, the actual concentrations are then computed by numerically solving a diffusion-advection equation. Vertical and horizontal turbulence in the water mass are included, as well as effects from variations in the vertical velocity profile.
The paper outlines the approach chosen, and provides examples of some results.
EXERCISES AS ASSESSMENT OPPORTUNITIES: A FOCUS ON THE FIX
Authors: McLain David 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Exercises are a means to an end, not an end in themselves. They provide the opportunities for repetition and practice that make them such an invaluable tool for operational effectiveness through training. Clearly, there need to be opportunities to practice and perfect response and response management skills, where mistakes are permissible and learning is the objective. Nonetheless, well-planned exercises that incorporate an equally well-planned evaluation are critical. These greatly assist management in determining the level of preparedness of the organization to respond to a spill. What are our strengths we want to build on? What are our weak points we have to shore up? What are our priority issues now?
An exercise can be designed to maximize assessment opportunities, and to address the following specific issues.Exercise objectives and assessment objectives: how may they differ?Expectations of “success:” planning factors versus performance standardsWhat are the components of an effective readiness assessment—such as selection of the optimum exercise event, composition of control and evaluation teams, or evaluator training?Documentation of results: data collection, reduction, and analysisThe payoff—assessment findings and reports, a management followup process to “focus on the fix”
CANADA'S DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL EXERCISE PROGRAM
Authors: Alexander Paul , Takata Dave , Barber Cliff Barber 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Canada has established a response community exercise program, with the use of four tools that were developed through extensive consultation with response community members in each region of Canada. The tools developed are: a Program Guide that describes an approach toward coordinating response community exercises, a Planning & Evaluation Guide that provides a framework and project management approach toward conducting exercises, an exercise information system to support the sharing of learning from exercises, and a training course for exercise managers. These tools can be used to guide any response community in the establishment of a coordinated and consistent program of exercises.
DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING OF A FACILITY OIL RESPONSE TEAM
Authors: Collins Stephen M. , Lebednik Phillip A. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Over the course of fifteen years, Tosco's Avon Refinery has developed a highly successful oil spill response organization. Three approaches were evaluated: use of management personnel without in-house training, use of management personnel with in-house training, and all-volunteer personnel with in-house training. The all-volunteer approach has been the most effective, based on continuing evaluations. This approach has been flexible and has been upgraded to meet the needs of changing response criteria.
Benefits of the all-volunteer approach include a high rate of participation and consistency, rapid response, familiarity with the facility, knowledge of local sensitive resources, and training in local conditions. Difficulties associated with the approach include conflicts with normal duties, ongoing training costs, and training for shift workers.
Costs associated with the approach include equipment purchase, equipment maintenance, supplies, training and drills, and management costs. Equipment was carefully selected to meet the specific characteristics of the environment surrounding the refinery.
Performance standards were developed to provide training criteria in specific areas (such as boat operations, boom deployment, and navigation). Completion of all performance standards leads to personnel certification and response status.
SWEDISH COAST GUARD RESPONSE TRAINING PROGRAM
Authors: Thorell Dan , Fago Thomas 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The efficiency of an oil spill response operation depends very much on the response commander's knowledge, experience, and possibilities of analyzing and reviewing the situation. Decisions must be made quickly and under great pressure.
All officers in the Swedish Coast Guard (CG) have the same basic training in response preparedness. During service they will utilize their knowledge on board in real operations and in exercises (local, regional, national, and international). Through different senior courses, some of them will be authorized to be on-scene commanders and finally response commanders. The possibilities for training response commanders under “real” conditions are limited. Weak points in the organization, decision procedures, command centers, and such are usually found during actual operations, however. The Swedish Coast Guard has decided on a strategy to train the response commander and his staff in their normal workplaces, with their normal tools, and with the people they are used to working with. To accomplish this, the Coast Guard has developed a portable computerized exercise support system providing the command with necessary data and images to run an exercise.
THE USE OF KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOFTWARE TO IDENTIFY SHORELINE TREATMENT OPTIONS
Authors: Lamarche Alain , Black Chrystel , Varanda Anna-Paula , Owens Edward H. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A PC-based software package has recently been completed that provides decision makers with support for developing shoreline cleanup strategies. Using data obtained from systematic surveys of shore-zone conditions, or from training or drill scenarios, an artificial intelligence approach builds on existing published manuals and on field experience to develop response options and recommendations for planners and managers.
The system has four basic output components that include:the synthesis of the physical shore-zone character and oiling conditions,an evaluation of stranded oil persistence,a ranking of response priorities, andrecommended shoreline treatment and/or cleanup methods in a four-layer mode that includes surface or subsurface and heavy/moderate or light/very light oiling conditions. The assessment of shoreline oiling conditions includes evaluation of oil volume, oil type (including weathered oils), and surface and subsurface conditions. The primary functions of the software include storing and sorting data on shoreline character and oiling conditions, simulating spill conditions for training and drills, and providing real-time recommendations in a spill event.
The paper describes the general design as well as the format, input parameters, output data formats, and applications of the software. The project has been a joint government-industry effort supported by Environment Canada and Industry Canada.
RESPONSE OPERATIONS TO THE AEGEAN SEA ACCIDENT
Authors: Pardo Fernando 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Greek flag ship Aegean Sea loaded with 79,094 tons of Brent blend, the light crude oil from the North Sea fields, coming from Sullom Voe terminal in the Shetland Islands, stranded at 4:50 a. m., December 3, 1992, when she was approaching the port of La Coruna on the northwest coast of Spain. The accident was followed by explosion, fire, and an oil spill—which precipitated a difficult, complex, and expensive response operation to control and mitigate the effects of oil pollution. Weather conditions did not allow the containment and recovery of oil at sea; therefore the response operations concentrated mainly on protecting sensitive areas, collecting oil in estuaries and harbors, shoreline cleanup, and recovery of crude oil and bunker remaining onboard the damaged ship.
The enormous pressure from the media and public opinion groups, the number of experts and observers wanting to come on scene, and the persistence of the commercial firms offering all kinds of equipment and products, in particular chemical dispersants and bioremediation techniques further complicated the situation. Compensation claims for expenses and damage caused by the oil spill is another important chapter of this incident. Intense claims activity went on during the operations and an agreement was signed in respect to claims handling.
This paper describes the above-mentioned operations and comments on other aspects of the crisis management.
HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF OILY WASTE FROM OIL SPILLS AT SEA
Authors: McDonagh Madeleine , Abbott John , Swannell Richard , Gundlach Erich , Nordvik Atle 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Disposal of recovered oil and debris following an oil spill at sea can present a real challenge to the spill response team: many technical issues and options are involved. The mainly oil component should be kept separate from the mainly debris component of the waste as far as possible. This not only reduces handling problems, but also provides a better opportunity to wash or aerate the debris to allow it to be classified as nonhazardous. Nonhazardous waste landfill remains a potentially cheap option where regulations allow it. Solidification or stabilization techniques may be useful in the future to convert waste oil and debris to a suitable form for landfill. Reclamation of recovered oil is attractive in principle, particularly for large spills; but the presence of contaminants makes it difficult, in practice, for the oil to be recovered. Incineration is technically feasible and mobile/transportable systems are potentially attractive, provided permits can be obtained. A number of biological methods including land farming appear to have promise. Further development work is needed to determine possible techniques for this application.
NET ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Authors: Baker Jenifer M. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) from an ecological point of view, that is, the weighing of advantages and disadvantages of various spill responses with regard to flora and fauna and their habitats, compared with no response. Particular attention is paid to nearshore dispersant spraying and shore cleanup; and the scientific case history and experimental evidence that can be brought to bear on these responses is reviewed. For shoreline cleanup, consideration is given both to the shore itself and to potentially interacting systems that could be affected in various ways depending on the spill response (e.g., a bird colony or nearshore aquaculture facilities). For some scenarios, nearshore dispersant spraying can offer a net environmental benefit. For most cases of shore oiling, there is little ecological justification for any form of cleanup if only the shore itself is considered, but moderate cleanup carried out for the sake of interacting systems is acceptable. Aggressive cleanup often delays recovery.
THE PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH AND THE IMO
Authors: Lentz Sally Ann 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The International Maritime Organization's (IMO) Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) is developing guidelines on the implementation of the “precautionary approach” in the work of IMO, as set out in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21. This paper provides an introduction to the precautionary approach as it has been developed in international law. Second, proposals before MEPC to apply the precautionary approach are discussed, including a framework for decision making within IMO. An example is provided of how such a framework would be applied in practice to an actual issue before the IMO.
MANAGING HERITAGE RESOURCE PROTECTION: A CASE STUDY FROM THE BERMAN SPILL RESPONSE1
Authors: McKinley Audrey A. , Pantel Agamemnon Gus 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Heritage resources were a significant concern during the Morris J. Berman oil spill response, which began on January 7, 1994, in Puerto Rico. Numerous pre-Columbian artifacts and archeological sites, along with some of the oldest historic structures under U. S. jurisdiction were at risk from the spreading oil and subsequent response activities. A group of interagency professionals quickly formed into what was soon known as the Heritage Resources Management Team to deal with the myriad evolving issues involving heritage resources. Discovering success in a team approach, this core team became an integral, high-performing part of the larger response organization. Although this paper presents a case study of how heritage resources were tackled during the Morris J. Berman oil spill response, the decision-making and problem-solving methods described are applicable to any response effort. Incorporating heritage resource protection strategies in response planning and organization is crucial for mitigating future threats to these priceless remains of our history.
FRANCE AND THE RIGHT OF INTERVENTION ON THE HIGH SEAS
Authors: Levy Jean-François 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Over 20 years, France has developed a system for making the best use of the right to intervene in case of a pollution threat established in accordance with international law. A single authority—the Préfet Maritime—has been established for each of the three coasts of France. Once it has been recognized that a ship may pose a pollution threat to the shoreline, even if the ship is on the high seas, the Préfet may act to either persuade the captain or shipowner to take necessary measures (such as arranging for a tow) to prevent an accident, or to take direct action himself as required. So far, persuasion, sometimes through a ship's flag state embassy, has proved to be sufficient in every case.
RESEARCH ON MARINE POLLUTION, PREVENTION, AND RESPONSE IN SHENZHEN, CHINA1
Authors: Baokang Pu , Xiuzhi Zhang , Bing Qiao 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Shenzhen is situated near Hong Kong. About ten years ago, two harbors, Shekou and Yantian, located in the west and east of Shenzhen respectively, were under construction. Harbors and facilities have been planned by industries, while environmental concerns have been more or less neglected. A “Report of Research on the Feasibility of a Marine Pollution Prevention System for Seaports in Shenzhen” was discussed in May 1993 in Shenzhen. This paper describes the main elements of that program, including an oil spill monitoring and control system, contingency planning for oil spill response, and cooperation among industries and government in dealing with marine pollution. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how concern for the environment should be established from the beginning in constructing a seaport. Finally, the end of this paper presents lessons learned, concerning the financial support of oil pollution response facilities, management problems and their countermeasures, implementation of international conventions on marine pollution prevention, and the importance of port state control. These lessons may be helpful for developing countries in planning their seaports to achieve better environmental protection.
PREPAREDNESS PLANS VERSUS ACTUAL RESPONSE: THE INCIDENT SPECIFIC PREPAREDNESS REVIEW OF THE T/B MORRIS J. BERMAN MAJOR OIL SPILL1
Authors: Vlaun Richard C. , Bradford Kenneth , Biedenbender Phillip , White John 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Incident Specific Preparedness Review (ISPR) of the T/B Morris J. Berman oil spill response was the first convened by Commandant (G-M). It developed procedures and methodologies in examining oil spill responses that compared the planned implementation of the Area Contingency Plan with the actual response. The ISPR yielded numerous lessons learned that should lead to improvements in response planning.