bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations of static Coulomb stress triggering of the November 2011M5.7 Oklahoma earthquake sequence
Authors: Sumy Danielle F. , Cochran Elizabeth S. , Keranen Katie M. , Wei Maya , Abers Geoffrey A. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn November 2011, aM5.0 earthquake occurred less than a day before aM5.7 earthquake near Prague, Oklahoma, which may have promoted failure of the mainshock and thousands of aftershocks along the Wilzetta fault, including aM5.0 aftershock. TheM5.0 foreshock occurred in close proximity to active fluid injection wells; fluid injection can cause a buildup of pore fluid pressure, decrease the fault strength, and may induce earthquakes.Keranen et al. [] links theM5.0 foreshock with fluid injection, but the relationship between the foreshock and successive events has not been investigated. Here we examine the role of coseismic Coulomb stress transfer on earthquakes that follow theM5.0 foreshock, including theM5.7 mainshock. We resolve the static Coulomb stress change onto the focal mechanism nodal plane that is most consistent with the rupture geometry of the threeM ≥ 5.0 earthquakes, as well as specified receiver fault planes that reflect the regional stress orientation. We find that Coulomb stress is increased, e.g., fault failure is promoted, on the nodal planes of ~60% of the events that have focal mechanism solutions, and more specifically, that theM5.0 foreshock promoted failure on the rupture plane of theM5.7 mainshock. We test our results over a range of effective coefficient of friction values. Hence, we argue that theM5.0 foreshock, induced by fluid injection, potentially triggered a cascading failure of earthquakes along the complex Wilzetta fault system.
Modeled interaction between the subseasonal evolving of the East Asian summer monsoon and the direct effect of anthropogenic sulfate
Authors: Zhou Yang , Huang Anning , Jiang Jing , La Mengke 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA regional climate model is used to conduct four experiments to reveal the interaction between the subseasonal evolving of the East Asia summer monsoon (EASM) and the direct effect of anthropogenic sulfate. One of the experiments is conducted without the emission of anthropogenic SO2. The other three are carried out with the 1, 1.5, and 2 multiples of the SO2 emission of 2000, respectively. The model results suggest that in the rainfall, wind, and circulation of the EASM, the changes caused by the direct effect of anthropogenic sulfate on subseasonal time scale are within the model variability. The change of the EASM rainfall is not sensitive to sulfate forcing on subseasonal time scale but sensitive to the forcing on seasonal time scale. Moreover, rainfall change in the forcing experiments is significantly less (greater) than zero to the south (north) of the EASM rainfall centers on subseasonal time scale, but the EASM rainfall phase is not changed. The rainfall change associates with the correspondingly significant increase (decrease) of the atmospheric stability induced by the forcing of sulfate direct effect. The direct effect of sulfate plays different roles in different stages of the EASM subseasonal evolving. In the early stage, the EASM is significantly enhanced in terms of the interaction between tropical and midlatitude atmosphere. In the late stage, the EASM is weakened in terms of the large‐scale atmospheric circulation. Lastly, the responses of the rainfall, wind, and circulation of the EASM to the linear changes in the SO2 emission are nonlinear.
Consequences of giant impacts in early Mars: Core merging and Martian dynamo evolution
Authors: Monteux Julien , Arkani‐Hamed Jafar 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA giant impact is an increasingly popular explanation for the formation of the northern lowland on Mars. It is plausible that at the impact time both Mars and the impactor were differentiated with solid silicate mantles and liquid iron cores. Such a large impact likely resulted in merging of the cores of both bodies, a process which will have implications on the thermal state of the planet. We model the evolution of the Martian mantle following a giant impact and characterize the thermochemical consequences of the sinking of an impactor's core as a single diapir. The impact heating and the viscous heating induced during the core merging may affect the early thermal state of Mars during several tens of million years. Our results show that large viscosity contrasts between the impactor's core and the surrounding mantle silicates can reduce the duration of the merging down to 1 kyr but do not modify the merging temperature. When the viscosity contrast between the diapir and the surrounding silicates is larger than a factor of 1000, the descent of the diapir can lead to some entrainment of the relatively shallow silicates to deepest regions close to the core‐mantle boundary. Finally, the direct impact heating of Martian core leads to thermal stratification of the core and kills the core dynamo. It takes on the order of 150–200 Myr to reinitiate a strong dynamo anew. The merging of the impactor's core with the Martian core only delays the reinitiation of the dynamo for a very short time.
Species differences in the seasonality of evergreen tree transpiration in a Mediterranean climate: Analysis of multiyear, half‐hourly sap flow observations
Authors: Link Percy , Simonin Kevin , Maness Holly , Oshun Jasper , Dawson Todd , Fung Inez 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIn Mediterranean climates, the season of water availability (winter) is out of phase with the season of light availability and atmospheric moisture demand (summer). We investigate the seasonality of evergreen tree transpiration in a Mediterranean climate, using observations from a small (4000 m2), forested, steep (32°) hillslope, in the northern California Coast Range. We analyze 3 years of half‐hourly measurements from 39 sap flow sensors in 26 trees, six depth profiles of soil moisture measured by TDR, and spatially distributed measurements of micrometeorology from five locations. The sap flow measurements show that two common evergreen tree species have different seasons of peak transpiration. Douglas‐firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii) maintain significant transpiration through the winter rainy season and transpire maximally in the spring, followed by a sharp decline in transpiration in the summer dry season. Pacific madrones (Arbutus menziesii), and to a lesser extent other broadleaf evergreen species (Quercus wislizeni,Notholithocarpus densiflorus,Umbellularia californica), in contrast, transpire maximally in the summer dry season. The seasonal patterns are quantified using principal component analysis. Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation of response to environmental variables shows that the difference in transpiration seasonality arises from different sensitivities to atmospheric evaporative demand and root‐zone moisture. The different sensitivities to atmospheric evaporative demand also create species differences in transpiration variability at synoptic time scales. Using the sap flow measurements and a regional forest inventory, a bottom‐up regional transpiration estimate is constructed. The estimate suggests that sensitivity of Douglas‐fir transpiration to water stress suppresses dry season evapotranspiration at the regional scale.
Gene Identification in Prokaryotic Genomes, Phages, Metagenomes, and EST Sequences with GeneMarkS Suite
Authors: Borodovsky Mark , Lomsadze Alex 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThis unit describes how to use several gene‐finding programs from the GeneMark line developed for finding protein‐coding ORFs in genomic DNA of prokaryotic species, in genomic DNA of eukaryotic species with intronless genes, in genomes of viruses and phages, and in prokaryotic metagenomic sequences, as well as in EST sequences with spliced‐out introns. These bioinformatics tools were demonstrated to have state‐of‐the‐art accuracy, and have been frequently used for gene annotation in novel nucleotide sequences. An additional advantage of these sequence‐analysis tools is that the problem of algorithm parameterization is solved automatically, with parameters estimated by iterative self‐training (unsupervised training). Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 32:1E.7.1‐1E.7.17. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Laboratory Culture and Maintenance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Authors: Mahdi Osama , Eklund Bridget , Fisher Nathan 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous soil bacterium that is increasingly recognized as an emerging nosocomial pathogen. This unit includes protocols for the in vitro growth and maintenance of S. maltophilia. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 32:6F.1.1‐6F.1.6. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic Manipulation of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Schneewind Olaf , Missiakas Dominique 
Published: February 2014

Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative anaerobic Gram‐positive coccus and a member of the normal skin flora, as well as that of the nasal passages of humans. However, S. aureus can also gain entry into the host and cause life‐threatening infections or persist as disease foci that develop into suppurative abscesses. While genetically tractable, the manipulation of S. aureus remains challenging. This unit describes methods developed in our laboratory for gene disruption by allelic replacement and transposition. We also provide a protocol for bacteriophage‐mediated transduction of mutants marked with selectable alleles and describe plasmid utilization for complementation studies. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 32:9C.3.1‐9C.3.19. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimentally verified point‐to‐point iterative learning control for highly coupled systems
Authors: Freeman C.T. , Dinh Thanh V. 
Published: February 2014

SummaryIterative learning control (ILC) is a well‐established approach for precision tracking control of systems, which perform a repeated tracking task defined over a fixed time interval. Despite a rich theoretical framework accompanied by a wide array of application studies, comparatively little attention has been paid to the case of multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) systems. Here, the presence of interacting dynamics often correlates with reduced performance. This article focuses on a general class of linear ILC algorithms and establishes links between interaction dynamics and reduced robustness to modeling uncertainty, and slower convergence. It then shows how these and other limitations can be addressed by relaxing the tracking requirement to include only a subset of time points along the time duration. This is the first analysis to show how so‐called ‘point‐to‐point’ ILC can address performance limitations associated with highly coupled systems. Theoretical observations are tested using a novel MIMO experimental test facility, which permits both exogenous disturbance injection and a variable level of coupling between input and output pairs. Results compare experimental observations with theoretical predictions over a wide range of interaction levels and with varying levels of injected noise. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Iron(II) Complex [Fe(CF3SO3)2(mcp)] as a Convenient, Readily Available Catalyst for the Selective Oxidation of Methylenic Sites in Alkanes
Authors: Canta Mercè , Font David , Gómez Laura , Ribas Xavi , Costas Miquel 
Published: February 2014

AbstractThe efficient and selective oxidation of secondary CH sites of alkanes is achieved by using low catalyst loadings of a non‐expensive, readily available iron catalyst [Fe(II)(CF3SO3)2(mcp)], {Fe‐mcp, [mcp=N,N′‐dimethyl‐N,N′‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)cyclohexane‐trans‐1,2‐diamine]}, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxidant, via a simple reaction protocol. Natural products are selectively oxidized and isolated in synthetically amenable yields. The easy access to large quantities of the catalyst and the simplicity of the CH oxidation procedure make this system a particularly convenient tool to carry out alkane CH oxidation reactions on the preparative scale, and in short reaction times.magnified image
Studies on Electrophilic Cyclization of N‐(Buta‐2,3‐dienyl)amides with N‐Bromosuccinimide and its Applications
Authors: Wang Nan , Chen Bo , Ma Shengming 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAn efficient protocol for the synthesis of oxazoline and bisoxazoline derivatives via electrophilic cyclization of N‐(buta‐2,3‐dienyl)amides with N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) at room temperature has been developed. Synthetic transformations of the obtained oxazolines have been successfully performed due to the presence of vinyl bromide units comprising an elimination reaction and a copper(I)‐catalyzed CN coupling reaction using diethylamine (Et2NH) as the ligand.magnified image
Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Chiral 2‐Nitrocyclohexanecarboxylic Esters via Catalytic Dienamine Addition to β‐Substituted β‐Nitroacrylates
Authors: Massolo Elisabetta , Benaglia Maurizio , Annunziata Rita , Palmieri Alessandro , Celentano Giuseppe , Forni Alessandra 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA metal‐free stereoselective catalytic addition of in situ generated dienamine to β‐nitroacrylates has been developed. Starting from simple α,β‐unsaturated ketones, highly functionalized chiral β‐nitrocyclohexanecarboxylic esters were obtained in a single step, in good yields and up to 98% ee. By an unprecedented mechanistic pathway, starting from the synthetically readily available E‐nitroacrylate, the present methodology allowed us to obtain as major product the isomer bearing a cis relative disposition between the nitro and the ester groups, which is not accessible via a classical Diels–Alder reaction.magnified image
The Effect of Farmer Market Power on the Degree of Farm Retail Price Transmission: A Simulation Model with an Application to the Dutch Ware Potato Supply Chain
Authors: Assefa Tsion Taye , Kuiper W. Erno , Meuwissen Miranda P.M. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTA classic oligopoly/oligopsony model is developed to assess the degree of price transmission in a two‐stage farmer–retailer supply chain. A simulation experiment based on data of the Dutch ware potato sector illustrates how price transmission may become imperfect and asymmetric as a consequence of retailer oligopsony power in the sense that farm price decreases are only partially passed on to consumers whereas farm price increases are more than fully transmitted. Oligopoly power by farmers to level their bargaining power vis‐à‐vis the retailers may even make the degree of price transmission worse.
Variation in perikymata counts between repetitive episodes of linear enamel hypoplasia among orangutans from Sumatra and Borneo
Authors: Skinner Mark F. 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study is to evaluate whether repetitive linear enamel hypoplasia (rLEH) in apes is ecologically informative. LEH, which appears as grooves of thinner enamel often caused by malnutrition and/or disease, is a permanent record of departures from developmental homeostasis in infant and juvenile apes. Orangutans were selected for the study as they are a threatened species, have a remarkably high prevalence of rLEH, and because Sumatra is deemed a better habitat for orangutans than is Borneo, facilitating an ecological comparison. Objectives are to determine: a) whether periodicity of rLEH in orangutans corresponds to monsoon‐mediated cycles in precipitation or food; and b) whether patterning of rLEH supports the view that Borneo is an inferior habitat. This study compares the counts of perikymata between adjacent LEH from 9 Sumatran and 26 Bornean orangutans to estimate the periodicity of rLEH. A total of 131 nonredundant inter‐LEH perikymata counts were transformed to natural log values to reveal clusters of counts in a multiplicative series. Using a value of 10 days to form one perikyma, rLEH tends to recur semiannually in both populations. However, Sumatran orangutans show significantly fewer semiannual intervals and more annually recurring episodes. Bornean orangutans show mostly semiannual intervals and are more variable in inter‐LEH perikymata counts. It is concluded that: a) developmental conditions for infant orangutans in Sumatra protect them somewhat from seasonal and environmental variation; b) temporal patterning of rLEH indicates that Borneo is the poorer habitat for orangutans; and c) the study of rLEH can be ecologically informative. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:125–139, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organelle‐Specific Activity‐Based Protein Profiling in Living Cells
Authors: Wiedner Susan D. , Anderson Lindsey N. , Sadler Natalie C. , Chrisler William B. , Kodali Vamsi K. , Smith Richard D. , Wright Aaron T. 
Published: February 2014

AbstractA multimodal activity‐based probe for targeting acidic organelles was developed to measure subcellular native enzymatic activity in cells by fluorescence microscopy and mass spectrometry. A cathepsin‐reactive warhead conjugated to a weakly basic amine and a clickable alkyne, for subsequent appendage of a fluorophore or biotin reporter tag, accumulated in lysosomes as observed by structured illumination microscopy (SIM) in J774 mouse macrophage cells. Analysis of in vivo labeled J774 cells by mass spectrometry showed that the probe was very selective for cathepsins B and Z, two lysosomal cysteine proteases. Analysis of starvation‐induced autophagy, a catabolic pathway involving lysosomes, showed a large increase in the number of tagged proteins and an increase in cathepsin activity. The organelle‐targeting of activity‐based probes holds great promise for the characterization of enzyme activities in the myriad diseases linked to specific subcellular locations, particularly the lysosome.
Luminescence Enhancement after Adding Stoppers to Europium(III) Nanozeolite L
Authors: Li Peng , Wang Yige , Li Huanrong , Calzaferri Gion 
Published: February 2014

AbstractStopper molecules attached to nanozeolite L (NZL) boost the luminescence of confined Eu3+‐β‐diketonate complexes. The mechanism that is responsible was elucidated by comparing two diketonate ligands of different pKa and two aromatic imines, and by applying stationary and time resolved spectroscopy. The result is that the presence of the imidazolium based stopper is favorable to the sustainable formation of Eu3+‐β‐diketonate complexes with high coordination by decreasing the proton strength inside the channels of NZL. A consequence is that strongly luminescent transparent films can be prepared using aqueous suspension of the stopper modified composites.
Highly Chemo‐, Regio‐, and Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Cyclotrimerization of Two Different Alkynes with Alkenes
Authors: Hara Jun , Ishida Mana , Kobayashi Masayuki , Noguchi Keiichi , Tanaka Ken 
Published: February 2014

AbstractIt has been established that a cationic rhodium(I)/(R)‐tol‐binap complex catalyzes the cross‐cyclotrimerization of silylacetylenes, di‐tert‐butyl acetylenedicarboxylates, and acrylamides with excellent chemo‐, regio‐, and enantioselectivities. Unsymmetrical alkynoates can also be employed in place of di‐tert‐butyl acetylenedicarboxylate for this process, but with reduced chemoselectivity.
Asymmetric Vinylogous Diels–Alder Reactions Catalyzed by a Chiral Phosphoric Acid
Authors: Tian Xu , Hofmann Nora , Melchiorre Paolo 
Published: February 2014

AbstractAn unprecedented way to extend the synthetic utility of the Diels–Alder reaction to include a vinylogous reactivity space is described. A commercially available chiral phosphoric acid catalyst effectively activates cyclic 2,4‐dienones towards a vinylogous [4+2] cycloaddition with 2‐vinylindoles, which leads to stereochemically dense tetrahydrocarbazoles. The reaction proceeds with a high level of remote stereocontrol and exclusive chemoselectivity for the more distant double bond of the dienone.
Polyamide nanofiber membranes functionalized with zinc phthalocyanines
Authors: Goethals Annelies , Mugadza Tawanda , Arslanoglu Yasin , Zugle Ruphino , Antunes Edith , Van Hulle Stijn W. H. , Nyokong Tebello , De Clerck Karen 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTElectrospinning is an efficient method for the production of polyamide nanofiber membranes that are suitable for water filtration. Previous studies have shown that nanofiber membranes have high clean water permeability. The pathogen removal efficiency can be improved by functionalization with (organic) biocides. However, these membranes, like other membranes, are vulnerable to fouling which reduces the filtration efficiency. Therefore the present article investigates the potential of zinc phthalocyanines, which can produce singlet oxygen in the presence of visible light, as a functionalizing agent. The polyamide nanofiber membranes were functionalized with phthalocyanines using both a pre‐functionalizing and post‐functionalizing method. Only the post‐functionalization method shows to result in nanofiber membranes capable of producing singlet oxygen. After 30 min 45% of 1,2‐diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), used as an oxygen quencher, was removed by reaction with singlet oxygen. This resulted in a removal rate of 0.33 mol DBPF mol−1Zn min−1. During short term leaching tests, phthalocyanines could not be detected. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40486.
Aromatic liquid crystalline copolyesters with low Tm and high Tg: Synthesis, characterization, and properties
Authors: Wei Peng , Cakmak Miko , Chen Yuwei , Wang Xinhang , Wang Yanping , Wang Yimin 
Published: February 2014

ABSTRACTIn this study, a series of aromatic copolyesters P‐BPAx with lower melting temperature and higher glass transition temperature derived from hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), 6‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid (HNA), bisphenol A (BPA) and terephthalic acid (TA) were synthesized via melt polymerization. The copolyesters were characterized by FTIR, solid state 13C NMR, DSC, TGA, polarized optical microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and rheometry measurements. With addition of BPA, the resulting copolyester's melting temperature decreased from 260 to 221°C and its glass transition temperature increased from 70 to 135°C, compared with the parent copolyester P‐HBA70 (HBA/HNA copolymer). With exception of copolyester P‐BPA5.0 (225–280°C), the copolyesters could maintain liquid crystalline behavior in a broad temperature range from 230°C to higher than 410°C. The ability to form nematic liquid crystalline phase disappeared when BPA concentration became higher than 15 mol %. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed crystallinity decreased as the BPA content increased. A slightly distorted O" and a substantially distorted O′ orthorhombic phase was observed for P‐BPA2.5. Upon annealing at 220°C, the O" phase disappeared and the O′ phase became stronger gradually. Rheology study data showed the ability to process the copolyesters improved in those compositions containing <2.5 mol % BPA. Continuing to increase concentrations of BPA, they became intractable. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40487.