bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Music videos and visual influences on music perception and appreciation: Should you want your MTV?
Authors: Boltz Marilyn G. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractDuring the past several decades, a substantial amount of research has investigated the role of musical soundtracks in cinematic art and ways in which music influences the cognitive processing of visual information. However, less attention has been directed toward the reverse relationship and the potential impact of visual information on musical appreciation and perception. The present chapter addresses this issue in two general contexts. The first primarily stems from the field of music education and involves research assessing whether the evaluation of musical performances varies with an audiovisual versus audio alone format. A second line of research has evolved with the introduction of MTV to popular culture and considers ways in which videos influence listeners’ perception of a musical selection. Although these two bodies of literature address very different influences of film upon music, both have implications for cross-modal theories of sensory integration and ways in which the visual and auditory modalities interact with one another.
Foams
Authors: Cantat Isabelle , Cohen-Addad Sylvie , Elias Florence , Graner François , Höhler Reinhard , Pitois Olivier , Rouyer Florence , Saint-Jalmes Arnaud 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
Aqueous foams are studied both as materials with many applications, and as model systems for fields ranging from metallurgy to mathematics to biology. They are complex fluids with unique and unusual properties, exemplified as much by their multiscale structure as by the dynamical processes through which they evolve and even their dual liquid-like and solid-like behaviour. In this book, readers can easily find clear, up-to-date answers to their questions regarding the physical and physico-chemical properties of aqueous foams, explained using current knowledge of their structure, their stability, and their rheology. Newcomers to the field will find descriptions of numerous applications of foams in daily life and in industrial processes, the definition of basic concepts, hundreds of figures, and simple experiments to perform at home. Those who want to proceed further will find updated references, exercises with solutions, appendices with experimental and numerical techniques, and boxed text with the further mathematical detail.
How to explain the Lorentz transformations
Authors: Lange Marc 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThere are rival views regarding why the Lorentz transformations hold. To understand what would make one or another of these views correct, we must understand what it would be for the principle of relativity or a fact about spacetime geometry to ‘transcend’ the various force laws. Having cashed out this notion by appealing to subjunctive conditionals and their relation to natural laws, we will see what it would take for the principle of relativity or a fact about spacetime geometry to be explanatorily prior to the Lorentz transformations. It will be argued that even if the Lorentz transformations are explained by the force laws, the transformations could additionally be explained by the principle of relativity and facts about spacetime geometry. Crucially, this latter explanation would then explain something about the transformations’ status as laws that cannot be explained dynamically.
How to carve across the joints in nature without abandoning Kripke–Putnam semantics
Authors: Beebee Helen 
Published: October 2013

Abstract‘Natural kind essentialism’—here defined as the view that (i) the existence of natural kinds is a mind- and theory-independent matter, (ii) their essences are intrinsic, and (iii) they have a hierarchical structure—is commonly thought to be justified by appeal to Kripke–Putnam semantics, according to which propositions like ‘water is H20’ are necessary a posteriori. This chapter argues that the Kripke–Putnam semantics is in fact compatible with the denial of each of the three tenets of natural kind essentialism. The basic argument is that, assuming the range of natural kinds goes beyond those kinds for which we have vernacular names, deference to scientific theories is required in fixing the reference of natural kind terms. That those theories describe mind- and theory-independent reality, and that they do not admit a non-hierarchical structure for the categories they deploy, are theses that are independent of anything derivable from Kripke–Putnam semantics itself.
The Creation
Authors: Insole Christopher J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis chapter provides an account of how Kant understands divine freedom in relation to the creation of the world. The divine will as ‘holy’ is shaped by perfect goodness, and is unable in many significant ways to do other than it does. God’s ‘inability to do otherwise’ is not construed by Kant as a lack or impotence on the part of God. Rather, this ‘inability’ is an expression of God’s perfection. While Kant’s conception of human freedom shifts considerably, his conception of divine freedom remains largely stable across the development of his thought. Kant has a positive conception of freedom, expressed paradigmatically in divine freedom, where what matters for freedom is that the will is oriented to the good. The chapter engages in particular with Chignell and Kain, and with Kant’s distinction between real and logical possibility.
The Problem
Authors: Insole Christopher J. 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis chapter traces Kant’s shift from an incompatibilist to a compatibilist conception of human freedom: in the 1750s Kant considers that human freedom does not require the agent to be able to do otherwise, nor does Kant require the agent to be ultimately responsible for his or her actions. Over the course of the 1760s and 1770s, Kant changes his mind on both points, requiring for significant human freedom both that we can do otherwise than we do, and that we are ultimately responsible for our actions. The freedom that satisfies both conditions is what Kant calls ‘transcendental freedom’. Kant’s shifting position is located with reference to Leibniz, Crusius, and Rousseau. The chapter draws upon Kant’s reflections on Rousseau in the early 1760s, his Only Possible Argument, related Reflexionen from the mid-1760s, and ‘Lectures on Metaphysics’ from the 1770s. The chapter engages in particular with Pereboom, Ameriks, and Kain.
Main weighted estimate
Authors: Ringström Hans 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
When proving local existence of solutions to nonlinear wave equations, estimates of Moser type play an important role. With respect to local coordinates, the Einstein–Vlasov system is a system of integro-partial differential equations. In order to prove local existence of solutions to this system, it is of interest to derive estimates for such equations which are analogous to the Moser estimates. This is the subject of Chapter 16.
A potential with a positive non-degenerate local minimum
Authors: Ringström Hans 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
In Chapter 27, we focus on the case that the scalar field converges to a positive non-degenerate minimum of the potential. In the spatially homogeneous setting, it is then possible to derive detailed asymptotics. We first discuss the behaviour of the scalar field and the metric. We then turn to the asymptotics for the distribution function.
Scalar Implicatures at the Interface between Pragmatics and Syntax
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro 
Published: October 2013

AbstractChapter 2 characterizes Free Choice Disjunction (FCD), i.e. the behavior of disjunction (and plain indefinites) under modals. This is a well known phenomenon whereby a sentence of the form possible (p or q) winds up unexpectedly being interpreted as possible and possible q. It is argued that such a phenomenon bears the hallmark of Scalar Implicatures (SIs). Gricean theories of SIs and some of their limitations are reviewed. A novel approach is presented, based on the idea that SIs come about via a covert counterpart of only (‘exhaustification’) that operates on grammatically determined alternatives, and is subject to a principle of ‘Maximize Sternght/Informativity’. Then a version of the theory of FCD by D. Fox is articulated, that derives the FC effect through recursive exhaustification of subdomain alternatives. This approach to FCD provides independent motivation for the thesis that polarity phenomena are related to the activation of subdomain alternatives by indefinites, put forth in Chapter 1. It is proposed that covert only (O) targets alternative bearers in its domain, much like wh-words are targeted by interrogative complementizers, an idea that is implemented via a feature checking mechanism. O assign ‘+’ to alternative bearers in its domain, thereby making their alternatives active. In absence of O, alternative bearers get a default value ‘-‘, and their alternatives remain inactive. This sets the stage for an integrated theory of polarity sensitivity and free choice.
Existential Free Choice
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro 
Published: October 2013

AbstractChapter 5 studies indefinites that are restricted to Free Choice environments, sometimes also described as ‘epistemic indefinites’. This includes German irgendein, Italian uno qualunque and Romanian vreun. It is argued that the FC effects that these items give rise to are identical to those that come about with ordinary disjunction and ordinary indefinites in similar contexts. The switch between pure NPIs that disallow FC uses and Polarity Items that allow them is located in the (non) availability of ‘pre exhaustified’ (i.e. recursively exhaustified) domain alternatives: NPIs disallow them (and are thereby restricted to DE contexts), FC indefinites allow them (and thereby are admitted in modal contexts where the FC effect comes about). This arguably constitutes a genuinely uniform theory of Negative Polarity and Free Choice Items. Several further dimensions of variation in epistemic indefinites are identified and a small number of formal parameters that generates such variation are identified. For example, domain size is responsible for total vs. partial variation, obligatory strengthening for ‘antilicensing’ in strongly negative environments. A novel generalization pertaining to the relation between Epistemic Indefinites and numerals is identified and discussed.
Universal Free Choice
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro 
Published: October 2013

AbstractThis chapter discusses FC items that readily acquire universal force like English any and Italian (bare) qualunque. Building on an extensive literature, the behavior of these items is reviewed in some key contexts (subtrigging, partitives, generics, imperatives). The main proposal is that the universal force of any and related items derives from (i) a wide scope constraints that forces them to have wide scope over a clausemate modal, whenever possible and (ii) a weakening of the effect of their scalar implicature in modal contexts (‘Modal Containment’). The scope contraint in (i) is suggested to be an incarnation of ‘Maximize Strength’. The distribution and properties of FC any are argued to be derivable from these parameters on the background of the general theory developed thus far. Differences between any and qualunque are derived via ‘Obligatory Strengthening’, that all items of the qualunque series have been shown to be subject to. This proposal is compared to a series of available alternatives.
Prisoners in the Promised Land: Neoconservatism as Culture and Strategy
Authors: McDonough Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This chapter opens the analysis of Catholic neoconservatism with a focus on public intellectuals who have shaped elite and mass opinion on family policy. The late James Q. Wilson published voluminously on the role of marital stability as a mechanism for bettering the life chances of children and overcoming poverty. His student, John DiIulio, complemented Wilson's work by emphasizing the Catholic doctrine of “subsidiarity”—a reliance on lower level associations rather than government intervention from higher up to resolve social problems. DiIulio, founding director of the Office of Faith-Based Initiatives inaugurated under George W. Bush, stressed the non-ideological impartiality of tackling poverty by building on church-related ministries. He left the Bush administration because of the politicization of his office at the hands of political operatives and zealous evangelicals.
SNAP and the Strategy of Confrontation
Authors: McDonough Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This case study of the Survivors Network of Those Abused by Priests evaluates the strengths and drawbacks of an adversarial approach to change in Catholicism. SNAP's basic goal is to change the behavior, not the institution or the doctrine, of the church. It relies on media coverage and litigation (law suits) to achieve this end, which includes retribution for victims of abuse as well as curbing sexual predation by priests and church employees. The strategy has succeeded in a few states, notably California, but statute of limitations provisions have impeded indictments elsewhere. The strategy has led the bishops to set up review boards to monitor potential abuses in most dioceses. SNAP's insistence on surveillance has become accepted wisdom among many in and outside the church. Its aggressiveness, however, has turned off Catholics who fear that monetary settlements threaten to bankrupt already hard-pressed parishes.
Two Steps Forward…
Authors: McDonough Peter 
Published: October 2013

Abstract
This and the following chapter track the experiments of reformers (mostly members of the Leadership Roundtable) as they improvise solutions to the financial, managerial, and human resource problems facing the church. The Roundtable's push to spread administrative best practices has inched forward, impeded more by lack of interest than outright opposition. The Roundtable has put considerable effort into gathering cross-denominational support for Catholic elementary and secondary schools. The program confronts political suspicions that public support in the form of vouchers or tax credits, which many Roundtable analysts are convinced are necessary to effect significant transformation, would violate constitutional principles about the separation of church and state. This obstacle has motivated some to concentrate on reinforcing the religious identity of the schools, in effect banking on the support of private philanthropists rather than public funding to keep them afloat.
Fuzzy optimization for detecting enzyme targets of human uric acid metabolism
Authors: Hsu Kai-Cheng , Wang Feng-Sheng 
Published: September 2013

Abstract
Motivation: Mathematical modeling and optimization have been used for detecting enzyme targets in human metabolic disorders. Such optimal drug design methods are generally differentiated as two stages, identification and decision-making, to find optimal targets. We developed a unified method named fuzzy equal metabolic adjustment to formulate an optimal enzyme target design problem for drug discovery. The optimization framework combines the identification of enzyme targets and a decision-making strategy simultaneously. The objectives of this algorithm include evaluations of the therapeutic effect of target enzymes, the adverse effects of drugs and the minimum effective dose (MED).
Results: An existing generalized mass action system model of human uric acid (UA) metabolism was used to formulate the fuzzy optimization method for detecting two types of enzymopathies: hyperuricemia caused by phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (PRPPS) overactivity and Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. The fuzzy objectives were set so that the concentrations of the metabolites were as close as possible to the healthy levels. The target design included a diet control of ribose-5-phospahate (R5P). The diet control of R5P served as an extra remedy to reduce phosphate uptake entering the purine metabolic pathway, so that we could obtain a more satisfactory treatment than obtained for those without a diet control. Moreover, enhancing UA excretion resulted in an effective treatment of hyperuricemia caused by PRPPS overactivity. This result correlates with using probenecid and benbromazone, which are uricosuric agents present in current clinical medications. By contrast, the Lesch–Nyhan syndrome required at least three enzyme targets to cure hyperuricemia.
Contact: chmfsw@ccu.edu.tw
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Clustering of Lifestyle Risk Factors and Poor Physical Function in Older Adults: The Hertfordshire Cohort Study
Authors: Robinson Siân M. , Jameson Karen A. , Syddall Holly E. , Dennison Elaine M. , Cooper Cyrus , Aihie Sayer Avan ,   The Hertfordshire Cohort Study Group
Published: October 2013

ObjectivesTo examine the relationship between number of lifestyle risk factors (out of low physical activity, poor diet, obesity, smoking) and physical function in older community‐dwelling men and women.DesignCross‐sectional study, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.ParticipantsMen (n = 1,682) and women (n = 1,540) aged 59 to 73.MeasurementsPhysical activity was assessed using an administered questionnaire with a score from 0 to 100; low activity was defined as a score of 50 or less. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire; diet quality was assessed according to a score for a principal component analysis‐defined “healthy” dietary pattern. Poor diet was categorized as a dietary pattern score in the lowest quarter of the distribution. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of 30.0 kg/m2 or more. Physical function was assessed according to self‐report (SF‐36); poor function was defined as a score in lowest quarter of the distribution. A subgroup of participants had objective assessments of physical function (Timed Up‐and‐Go Test, timed 3‐m walk, chair rises, one‐legged standing balance).ResultsThere was a graded increase in prevalence of poor self‐reported physical function in men and women with increasing number of risk factors (men, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for 3 or 4 risk factors vs none = 3.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.31–6.21; women, AOR = 5.37, 95% CI = 2.66–10.84). With the exception of balance, the objective assessments also showed graded relationships with number of risk factors, such that more risk factors was associated with poorer physical function.ConclusionThese modifiable lifestyle risk factors are linked to marked differences in risk of poorer physical function in older adults. Efforts to encourage healthy lifestyles have the potential to improve physical function and to promote healthier ageing.
4-(1
H
)-Quinolones and 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroacridin-9(10
H
)-Ones Prevent the Transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles freeborni
Authors: Sáenz Fabián E. , LaCrue Alexis N. , Cross R. Matthew , Maignan Jordany R. , Udenze Kenneth O. , Manetsch Roman , Kyle Dennis E. 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

Malaria kills approximately 1 million people a year, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Essential steps in the life cycle of the parasite are the development of gametocytes, as well as the formation of oocysts and sporozoites, in the
Anopheles
mosquito vector. Preventing transmission of malaria through the mosquito is necessary for the control of the disease; nevertheless, the vast majority of drugs in use act primarily against the blood stages. The study described herein focuses on the assessment of the transmission-blocking activities of potent antierythrocytic stage agents derived from the 4(1
H
)-quinolone scaffold. In particular, three 3-alkyl- or 3-phenyl-4(1
H
)-quinolones (P4Qs), one 7-(2-phenoxyethoxy)-4(1
H
)-quinolone (PEQ), and one 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9(10
H
)-one (THA) were assessed for their transmission-blocking activity against the mosquito stages of the human malaria parasite (
Plasmodium falciparum
) and the rodent parasite (
P. berghei
). Results showed that all of the experimental compounds reduced or prevented the exflagellation of male gametocytes and, more importantly, prevented parasite transmission to the mosquito vector. Additionally, treatment with ICI 56,780 reduced the number of sporozoites that reached the
Anopheles
salivary glands. These findings suggest that 4(1
H
)-quinolones, which have activity against the blood stages, can also prevent the transmission of
Plasmodium
to the mosquito and, hence, are potentially important drug candidates to eradicate malaria.
Emergence of Staphylococcus aureus Carrying Multiple Drug Resistance Genes on a Plasmid Encoding Exfoliative Toxin B
Authors: Hisatsune Junzo , Hirakawa Hideki , Yamaguchi Takayuki , Fudaba Yasuyuki , Oshima Kenshiro , Hattori Masahira , Kato Fuminori , Kayama Shizuo , Sugai Motoyuki 
Published: October 2013

ABSTRACT

We report the complete nucleotide sequence and analysis of pETB
TY825
, a
Staphylococcus aureus
TY825 plasmid encoding exfoliative toxin B (ETB).
S. aureus
TY825 is a clinical isolate obtained from an impetigo patient in 2002. The size of pETB
TY825
, 60.6 kbp, was unexpectedly larger than that of the archetype pETB
TY4
(∼30 kbp). Genomic comparison of the plasmids shows that pETB
TY825
has the archetype pETB
TY4
as the backbone and has a single large extra DNA region of 22.4 kbp. The extra DNA region contains genes for resistance to aminoglycoside [
aac
(
6′
)/
aph
(
2″
)], macrolide (
msrA
), and penicillin (
blaZ
). A plasmid deletion experiment indicated that these three resistance elements were functionally active. We retrospectively examined the resistance profile of the clinical ETB-producing
S. aureus
strains isolated in 1977 to 2007 using a MIC determination with gentamicin (GM), arbekacin (ABK), and erythromycin (EM) and by PCR analyses for
aac
(
6
′)/
aph
(
2″
) and
msrA
using purified plasmid preparations. The ETB-producing
S. aureus
strains began to display high resistance to GM, which was parallel with the detection of
aac
(
6′
)/
aph
(
2″
) and
mecA
, after 1990. Conversely, there was no significant change in the ABK MIC during the testing period, although it had a tendency to slightly increase. After 2001, isolates resistant to EM significantly increased; however,
msrA
was hardly detected in ETB-producing
S. aureus
strains, and only five isolates were positive for both
aac
(
6′
)/
aph
(
2″
) and
msrA
. In this study, we report the emergence of a fusion plasmid carrying the toxin gene
etb
and drug resistance genes. Prevalence of the pETB
TY825
carrier may further increase the clinical threat, since ETB-producing
S. aureus
is closely related to more severe impetigo or staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS), which requires a general antimicrobial treatment.