bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of an Ethnic Self-Definition: The Ethnic Self-Concept "Jew" Among Israeli Children
Authors: Dor-Shav Zecharia 
Published: March 2013

The suggestion is made that ethnic self-definition-in this case the selfdefinition "Jew"-develops in a repeated pattern of movement from centrated to decentrated focus, according to an increasing number of units of mental capacity. It is further suggested that this identity develops according to a stagewise progression. An original scale (JRS) for the mode of definition of the self as "Jew" is introduced, paralleling the Piagean progression from intuitive preoperations through formal operations. In a series of studies of Israeli-born children it is demonstrated that there is a correlation of 0.57 between age and the JRS, and also a correlation of 0.55 with a seven-item Piagean-type scale of cognitive tasks. Some light is shed on the conflict, "Am I an Israeli or a Jew". Superficial differences in self-definition of religious and secular Jewish children are lessened when they are aided to eliminate logical inconsistencies in their original definitions. Implications for a theory of ethnic self-definition are explored.
Important Variables in Reasoning about Social Rules
Authors: Barbieri Maria Silvia 
Published: March 2013

In everyday life people produce and accept behaviours that deviate to some extent from a rule, but are nevertheless recognised as examples of the rule. This study analyses the effects of three variables, i.e. type of substitution, centrality of the element involved in the transgression, and linguistic formulation of rules, on judgements of acceptability and seriousness of such deviations. Three groups of 60 subjects each (4-year-olds, 9-year-olds, and adults) were randomly assigned to receive one of three linguistic formulations of a prudential rule. In the first, the rule was stated without justification; in the second, the goal of the rule was stated; in the third, a description of the actions and the items necessary to obey the rule was given. All subjects had to judge a variety of rule transgressions based on elimination, unsuitable substitution or suitable substitution of a central or a peripheral element of the rule. Linguistic formulation had, at best, a modest effect on judgements. However, there were strong effects of type of substitution and centrality. Moreover, the effects of these variables differed with age and the subjects showed an increasing capacity to take into account all the elements involved.
Mood Congruity in Children: Effects of Age, Imagery Capability, and Demand Characteristics
Authors: Stegge Hedy , Terwogt Mark Meerum , Koops Willem 
Published: March 2013

The present study was designed to determine: (1) whether mood congruity shows up the same way in children of different ages; (2) whether experimental mood induction by a mental imagery procedure is more effective in subjects with high mental imagery capabilities; and (3) whether "acting as if one is happy or sad" results in the same biases as the real mood induction procedure. Five different groups were assembled, which received either a happy or a sad mood induction, a happy or a sad simulation instruction or a neutral instruction (control group). Instruction effects were measured on a task in which all subjects had to judge drawings of ambiguous facial expressions. Mood effects could be demonstrated for younger (n= 152, mean age 6; 11) as well as older children (n = 151, mean age 10;9), but only for good imagers, not for bad ones. Judgements of happy and sad children were biased in a direction congruent to the induced mood state. This mood congruity effect was not the result of demand characteristics as it did not show up in both simulation groups (i.e. children who were simply "acting as if they were happy or sad").
Personality and Demographic Characteristics of Mothers and their Ratings of Child Difficultness
Authors: Mednick Birgitte R. , Hocevar Dennis , Baker Robert L. , Schulsinger Charlotte 
Published: March 2013

The relationships between an indicator of child difficultness and a set of maternal and familial factors were examined in three samples: ages 3-12 months; 12-24 months; and 24-36 months. After initial attempts at using a traditional psychometric approach to measuring difficultness had resulted in a methodologically questionable indicator, factor analytical techniques were employed to develop an alternative indicator of difficultness for each sample. Maternal anxiety was significantly correlated with child difficultness in all three samples. Mother's effectiveness, nervousness, extroversion, and contentment showed the strongest correlations in the age group 12-24 months, and particularly in the male subsample. Familial and demographic factors showed no associations with difficultness in any of the samples. The similarity between these findings based on a Danish sample and those reported in previous studies involving other nationalities confirms the notion of a reliable, relatively culture-independent influence of personality characteristics of the rater on measures of infant and child difficultness.
The Expression of Activin Receptor–Like Kinase 1 among Patients with Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Chien Chih‐Yen , Chuang Hui‐Ching , Chen Chang‐Han , Fang Fu‐Min , Chen Wei‐Chih , Huang Chao‐Cheng , Huang Hsuan‐Ying 
Published: March 2013

ObjectivesWe investigated the expression and clinical significance of activin receptor–like kinase 1 (ACVRL1) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic Institute of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.Subjects and MethodsPatients diagnosed with HNSCC (n = 169) underwent surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy for aggressive tumors between November 2000 and March 2004. ACVRL1 expression was assessed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and immunohistochemistry approaches.ResultsHigh levels of ACVRL1 expression were significantly correlated with advanced T classification (P <. 001), positive N classification (P =. 002), advanced TNM stage (P <. 001), lymphovascular invasion (P <. 001), and extracapsular spread of lymph node metastasis (P =. 021). A poor 5‐year overall survival rate was correlated with high ACVRL1 expression (P =. 0048), advanced T classification (P =. 0075), positive N classification (P =. 0024), advanced TNM stage (P =. 0077), and extracapsular spread of lymph node (P =. 0002), but a multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model revealed that the only independent prognostic factors for survival were ACVRL1 expression (P =. 043; odds ratio [OR], 1.635; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.017‐2.629) and extracapsular spread of lymph node metastasis (P =. 003; OR, 2.052; 95% CI, 1.270‐3.315).ConclusionA high level of ACVRL1 expression in tumor tissue is significantly correlated with advanced T classification, positive N classification, advanced TNM stage, and poorer prognosis.
Towards Citizenship In ThāmilīLam: Sri Lanka’S Tamil People Of The North, 1983–2010
Authors: Roberts Michael 
Published: March 2013

In establishing the de facto state of Thāmilīlam from 1990 onwards, the LTTE eliminated most of its Tamil rivals and mobilised the Tamil people for war in demanding ways. Despite its fascist character the Tiger state received the support of its subjects because it was understood to be a bulwark against Sinhala domination and the repository of sturdy Tamil nationalism, while the LTTE’s propaganda cultivated a devotional aura around its māvīrar (heroic dead). This article highlights the strength of Tamil nationalism by interweaving this dimension within empirical details that outline Tamil political shifts and processes of migration from the 1970s to the 2000s. The centre of gravity in Tamil politics shifted first in the 1970s from a Colombo–Jaffna axis to a Jaffna-centric one and then from the Jaffna Peninsula to the Kilinochchi–Mullaitivu locality in 1995–96. The second spatial shift underpins the argument that the people under the LTTE were citizens of Thāmilīlam. In technical terms they were dual citizens because they were also citizens of Sri Lanka. Where the latter claim was pressed—as it was, from different perspectives, by both the government of Sri Lanka and human rights advocates—one encountered a hegemonic imposition that denied the subjective feelings of those living within the de facto LTTE state. They were citizens of Thāmilīlam. As such, they were enemies of Sri Lanka.
Hip Arthroscopic Surgery
Authors: Lynch T. Sean , Terry Michael A. , Bedi Asheesh , Kelly Bryan T. 
Published: March 2013

Arthroscopic surgery in the hip joint has historically lagged behind its counterparts in the shoulder and knee. However, the management of hip injuries in the athletic population has rapidly evolved over the past decade with our improved understanding of mechanical hip pathology as well as the marked improvement in imaging modalities and arthroscopic techniques. Current indications for hip arthroscopic surgery may include symptomatic labral tears, femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), hip capsular laxity/instability, chondral lesions, disorders of the peritrochanteric or deep gluteal space, septic joint, loose bodies, and ligamentum teres injuries. Furthermore, hip arthroscopic surgery is developing an increasingly important role as an adjunct diagnostic and therapeutic tool in conjunction with open femoral and/or periacetabular osteotomy for complex hip deformities. Arthroscopic techniques have evolved to allow for effective and comprehensive treatment of various hip deformities. Techniques for extensile arthroscopic capsulotomies have allowed for improved central and peripheral compartment exposure and access for labral takedown, refixation, treatment of chondral injury, and osteochondroplasty of the femoral head-neck junction and acetabular rim. While favorable short-term and midterm clinical outcomes have been reported after arthroscopic treatment of prearthritic hip lesions, greater long-term follow-up is necessary to assess the efficacy of hip arthroscopic surgery in altering the natural history and progressive degenerative changes associated with FAI.
Genetic combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme with methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bahrain
Authors: Al-Harbi Einas M , Farid Eman M , Gumaa Khalid A , Darwish Abdulla H , Alenizi Mohammad , Singh Jaipaul 
Published: March 2013

Introduction: Bahrain has a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previously, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism was found to be associated with T2DM in Bahrainis. The relationship between the disease progression in Bahraini T2DM population and the genetic polymorphism of methylene-tetrahydrofolate-reductase (MTHFR) C677T is still under investigation. Aim: The current study investigated the distribution of MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism among Bahraini T2DM patients and examined the interaction between ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms on the risk of developing T2DM and its long-term complications. Materials and methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to test for the presence of ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms in 171 patients with T2DM compared to 188 healthy (non-diabetic) age-matched control subjects from Bahrain. Results: The incidence of the DD genotype and D allele of the ACE gene was high among Bahraini T2DM patients. MTHFR allele and genotype frequencies did not differ between patients and controls. No significant relationship was identified between the combinations of ACE I/D and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms with T2DM. Conclusions: The results clearly showed an association of the ACE I/D polymorphism with the progression of T2DM, but when it interacts with MTHFR polymorphism no influence was detected on the increased risk of T2DM.
Community-acquired pneumonia: identification and evaluation of nonresponders
Authors: Gonçalves-Pereira João , Conceição Catarina , Póvoa Pedro 
Published: March 2013

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a relevant public health problem, constituting an important cause of morbidity and mortality. It accounts for a significant number of adult hospital admissions and a large number of those patients ultimately die, especially the population who needed mechanical ventilation or vasopressor support. Thus, early identification of CAP patients and its rapid and appropriate treatment are important features with impact on hospital resource consumption and overall mortality. Although CAP diagnosis may sometimes be straightforward, the diagnostic criteria commonly used are highly sensitive but largely unspecific. Biomarkers and microbiological documentation may be useful but have important limitations. Evaluation of clinical response is also critical especially to identify patients who fail to respond to initial treatment since these patients have a high risk of in-hospital death. However, the criteria of definition of non-response in CAP are largely empirical and frequently markedly diverse between different studies. In this review, we aim to identify criteria defining nonresponse in CAP and the pitfalls associated with this diagnosis. We also aim to overview the main causes of treatment failure especially in severe CAP and the possible strategies to identify and reassess non-responders trying to change the dismal prognosis associated with this condition.
The host immune response to Clostridium difficile infection
Authors: Solomon Katie 
Published: March 2013

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common infectious cause of healthcare-acquired diarrhoea. Outcomes of C. difficile colonization are varied, from asymptomatic carriage to fulminant colitis and death, due in part to the interplay between the pathogenic virulence factors of the bacterium and the counteractive immune responses of the host. Secreted toxins A and B are the major virulence factors of C. difficile and induce a profound inflammatory response by intoxicating intestinal epithelial cells causing proinflammatory cytokine release. Host cell necrosis, vascular permeability and neutrophil infiltration lead to an elevated white cell count, profuse diarrhoea and in severe cases, dehydration, hypoalbuminaemia and toxic megacolon. Other bacterial virulence factors, including surface layer proteins and flagella proteins, are detected by host cell surface signal molecules that trigger downstream cell-mediated immune pathways. Human studies have identified a role for serum and faecal immunoglobulin levels in protection from disease, but the recent development of a mouse model of CDI has enabled studies into the precise molecular interactions that trigger the immune response during infection. Key effector molecules have been identified that can drive towards a protective anti-inflammatory response or a damaging proinflammatory response. The limitations of current antimicrobial therapies for CDI have led to the development of both active and passive immunotherapies, none of which have, as yet been formally approved for CDI. However, recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of host immune protection against CDI may provide an exciting opportunity for novel therapeutic developments in the future.
Consumer Resistance: Proposal for an Integrative Framework
Authors: Roux Dominique 
Published: March 2013

Consumer resistance has received significant attention in marketing recently. The diversity of approaches and the absence of a theoretical framework call for a conceptual synthesis that this article aims to achieve. After defining the concept of resistance and outlining the ongoing orientations on this topic, the article emphasizes the status of the construct and the limitations of this field of research. An integrative framework then introduces the antecedents, the factors of influence and the consequences of consumer resistance, which open up a number of avenues for future research in consumer behavior.
Interstitial lung disease
Authors: Cottin Vincent 
Published: March 2013

This article reviews the most important articles published in interstitial lung disease, as reviewed during the Clinical Year in Review session at the 2012 annual European Respiratory Society Congress in Vienna, Austria.Since the recent international guidelines for the management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), important new evidence is available. The anti-fibrotic drug pirfenidone has been recently approved in Europe. Other pharmacological agents, especially nintedanib, are still being tested. The so-called triple combination therapy, anticoagulation therapy and endothelin receptor antagonists, especially ambrisentan, are either harmful or ineffective in IPF and are not recommended as treatment. Although the clinical course of IPF is highly variable, novel tools have been developed for individual prediction of prognosis. Acute exacerbations of IPF are associated with increased mortality and may occur with higher frequency in IPF patients with associated pulmonary hypertension.Interstitial lung disease associated with connective tissue disease has been definitely established to have a better long-term survival than IPF. A subset of patients present with symptoms and/or biological autoimmune features, but do not fulfil diagnostic criteria for a given autoimmune disease; this condition is associated with a higher prevalence of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia pattern, female sex and younger age, although survival relevance is unclear.
Smoking cessation and COPD
Authors: Tønnesen Philip 
Published: March 2013

The mainstay in smoking cessation is counselling in combination with varenicline, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or bupropion SR. Varenicline and combination of two NRTs is equally effective, while varenicline alone is more effective than either NRT or bupropion SR. NRT is extremely safe but cardiovascular and psychiatric adverse events with varenicline have been reported. These treatments have also been shown to be effective in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).A model study is the Lung Health Study from the USA. Findings from this study of 5,587 patients with mild COPD showed that repeated smoking cessation for a period of 5 yrs resulted in a quit rate of 37%. After 14.5 yrs the quitters had a higher lung function and a higher survival rate. A study with a new nicotine formulation, a mouth spray, showed high relative efficacy. As 5–10% of quitters use long-term NRT, we report the results of a study where varenicline compared with placebo increased the quit rate in long-term users of NRT.Smoking cessation is the most effective intervention in stopping the progression of COPD, as well as increasing survival and reducing morbidity. This is why smoking cessation should be the top priority in the treatment of COPD.
Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus intra-sample sequence diversity during serial transmission in bovine hosts
Authors: Morelli Marco J , Wright Caroline F , Knowles Nick J , Juleff Nicholas , Paton David J , King Donald P , Haydon Daniel T 
Published: March 2013

Abstract
RNA virus populations within samples are highly heterogeneous, containing a large number of minority sequence variants which can potentially be transmitted to other susceptible hosts. Consequently, consensus genome sequences provide an incomplete picture of the within- and between-host viral evolutionary dynamics during transmission. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an RNA virus that can spread from primary sites of replication, via the systemic circulation, to found distinct sites of local infection at epithelial surfaces. Viral evolution in these different tissues occurs independently, each of them potentially providing a source of virus to seed subsequent transmission events. This study employed the Illumina Genome Analyzer platform to sequence 18 FMDV samples collected from a chain of sequentially infected cattle. These data generated snap-shots of the evolving viral population structures within different animals and tissues. Analyses of the mutation spectra revealed polymorphisms at frequencies >0.5% at between 21 and 146 sites across the genome for these samples, while 13 sites acquired mutations in excess of consensus frequency (50%). Analysis of polymorphism frequency revealed that a number of minority variants were transmitted during host-to-host infection events, while the size of the intra-host founder populations appeared to be smaller. These data indicate that viral population complexity is influenced by small intra-host bottlenecks and relatively large inter-host bottlenecks. The dynamics of minority variants are consistent with the actions of genetic drift rather than strong selection. These results provide novel insights into the evolution of FMDV that can be applied to reconstruct both intra- and inter-host transmission routes.
In-depth performance evaluation of PFP and ESG sequence-based function prediction methods in CAFA 2011 experiment
Authors: Chitale Meghana , Khan Ishita K , Kihara Daisuke 
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Background
Many Automatic Function Prediction (AFP) methods were developed to cope with an increasing growth of the number of gene sequences that are available from high throughput sequencing experiments. To support the development of AFP methods, it is essential to have community wide experiments for evaluating performance of existing AFP methods. Critical Assessment of Function Annotation (CAFA) is one such community experiment. The meeting of CAFA was held as a Special Interest Group (SIG) meeting at the Intelligent Systems in Molecular Biology (ISMB) conference in 2011. Here, we perform a detailed analysis of two sequence-based function prediction methods, PFP and ESG, which were developed in our lab, using the predictions submitted to CAFA.

Results
We evaluate PFP and ESG using four different measures in comparison with BLAST, Prior, and GOtcha. In addition to the predictions submitted to CAFA, we further investigate performance of a different scoring function to rank order predictions by PFP as well as PFP/ESG predictions enriched with Priors that simply adds frequently occurring Gene Ontology terms as a part of predictions. Prediction accuracies of each method were also evaluated separately for different functional categories. Successful and unsuccessful predictions by PFP and ESG are also discussed in comparison with BLAST.

Conclusion
The in-depth analysis discussed here will complement the overall assessment by the CAFA organizers. Since PFP and ESG are based on sequence database search results, our analyses are not only useful for PFP and ESG users but will also shed light on the relationship of the sequence similarity space and functions that can be inferred from the sequences.