Multi-Scale Modeling and Simulation of All-Solid-State Sodium-Ion Batteries with Polymer-Ceramic Hybrid Electrolytes
Authors: Gerbig Felix , Chauhan Anshuman , Nirschl Hermann 
Published: August 2024

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely considered as the most promising power source for mobile devices. However, LIBs cannot meet the increasing global demand for electrochemical energy storage in the foreseeable future. Sodium ion-batteries (SIBs) are based on more ecofriendly and earth-abandoned materials. Commonly researched SIBs are based on liquid electrolytes. They pose leakage and thermal runaway risks. Solid polymer electrolytes solve these problems but need to operate at temperatures between 60-80°C to compensate insufficient ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes at ambient temperatures.
We present a polymer-ceramic hybrid electrolyte which overcomes the necessity to operate at high temperatures. It combines the advantages of high ion-conducting solid ceramic particles and flexible polymers. Sodium metal serves as the anode and PEO with inorganic fillers is used as cathode electrolyte. Due to their sustainability and high efficiency —comparable to LIBs— sodium-ion batteries are a promising candidate for small scale stationary energy storage applications or mobile energy storage applications with less constrains regarding energy density (e.g. trains, ships, submarines etc.). This contribution highlights a modeling approach for simulations of a single battery cell to develop an optimal cell design of the aforementioned battery system. A newly developed multiscale modeling method for hybrid polymer-ceramic sodium ion batteries reflects the different length scales of the active particle level and the electrode level. We precisely describe the spatially resolved mass and charge transport as well as electrochemical reactions in the active particle and the surrounding electrolyte employing a finite volume method [1]. Both domains are resolved in 3D and the model framework was validated against experimental data. The model output is incorporated in the connected pseudo-two-dimensional battery model for fast simulations of the overall battery cell considering mass and charge transport. The results support the importance of particle (active particle and ceramic filler particle) properties and configurations as well as electrolyte composition. Based on this, we exploit an evolutionary algorithm to suggest optimized battery designs for different use cases. In Addition, we present the evaluation of electrolyte properties with solid-state NMR spectroscopy and their model implementation [2]. μCT imaging experimentally investigates the cathode half-cell morphology. The derived virtual reconstructions enable realistic microstructure simulations of the battery cells. In this presentation, we will suggest two cell designs: The high-energy cell optimizes material efficiency and energy density. The high-power cell opts for high power densities (fast charging).
In summary, we present a novel all-solid-state polymer-ceramic hybrid sodium-ion battery type for small stationary or large mobile energy storage units. Our contribution outlines a simulation approach that sheds light on macroscopic and microscopic processes inside the battery-cell using a multiscale modeling method. As a result, a high-energy and a high-power design is derived.

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Moradipour, A. Markert, T. Rudszuck, N. Röttgen, G. Dück, M. Finsterbusch, F. Gerbig, H. Nirschl and G. Guthausen, J Energ Power Technol, 05(04), 1–21 (2023).