bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinct synaptic mechanisms create parallel S-ON and S-OFF color opponent pathways in the primate retina
Authors: DACEY DENNIS M. , CROOK JOANNA D. , PACKER ORIN S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAnatomical and physiological approaches are beginning to reveal the synaptic origins of parallel ON- and OFF-pathway retinal circuits for the transmission of short (S-) wavelength sensitive cone signals in the primate retina. Anatomical data suggest that synaptic output from S-cones is largely segregated; central elements of synaptic triads arise almost exclusively from the “blue-cone” bipolar cell, a presumed ON bipolar, whereas triad-associated contacts derive primarily from the “flat” midget bipolar cell, a hyperpolarizing, OFF bipolar. Similarly, horizontal cell connectivity is also segregated, with only the H2 cell-type receiving numerous contacts from S-cones. Negative feedback from long (L-) and middle (M-) wavelength sensitive cones via the H2 horizontal cells elicits an antagonistic surround in S-cones demonstrating that S versus L + M or “blue-yellow” opponency is first established in the S-cone. However, the S-cone output utilizes distinct synaptic mechanisms to create color opponency at the ganglion cell level. The blue-cone bipolar cell is presynaptic to the small bistratified, “blue-ON” ganglion cell. S versus L + M cone opponency arises postsynaptically by converging S-ON and LM-OFF excitatory bipolar inputs to the ganglion cell’s bistratified dendritic tree. The common L + M cone surrounds of the parallel S-ON and LM-OFF cone bipolar inputs appear to cancel resulting in “blue-yellow” antagonism without center-surround spatial opponency. By contrast, in midget ganglion cells, opponency arises by the differential weighting of cone inputs to the receptive field center versus surround. In the macula, the “private-line” connection from a midget ganglion cell to a single cone predicts that S versus L + M opponency is transmitted from the S-cone to the S-OFF midget bipolar and ganglion cell. Beyond the macula, OFF-midget ganglion cell dendritic trees enlarge and collect additional input from multiple L and M cones. Thus S-OFF opponency via the midget pathway would be expected to become more complex in the near retinal periphery as L and/or M and S cone inputs sum to the receptive field center. An important goal for further investigation will be to explore the hypothesis that distinct bistratified S-ON versus midget S-OFF retinal circuits are the substrates for human psychophysical detection mechanisms attributed to S-ON versus S-OFF perceptual channels.
S cones: Evolution, retinal distribution, development, and spectral sensitivity
Authors: HUNT DAVID M. , PEICHL LEO 
Published: July 2013

AbstractS cones expressing the short wavelength-sensitive type 1 (SWS1) class of visual pigment generally form only a minority type of cone photoreceptor within the vertebrate duplex retina. Hence, their primary role is in color vision, not in high acuity vision. In mammals, S cones may be present as a constant fraction of the cones across the retina, may be restricted to certain regions of the retina or may form a gradient across the retina, and in some species, there is coexpression of SWS1 and the long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) class of pigment in many cones. During retinal development, SWS1 opsin expression generally precedes that of LWS opsin, and evidence from genetic studies indicates that the S cone pathway may be the default pathway for cone development. With the notable exception of the cartilaginous fishes, where S cones appear to be absent, they are present in representative species from all other vertebrate classes. S cone loss is not, however, uncommon; they are absent from most aquatic mammals and from some but not all nocturnal terrestrial species. The peak spectral sensitivity of S cones depends on the spectral characteristics of the pigment present. Evidence from the study of agnathans and teleost fishes indicates that the ancestral vertebrate SWS1 pigment was ultraviolet (UV) sensitive with a peak around 360 nm, but this has shifted into the violet region of the spectrum (>380 nm) on many separate occasions during vertebrate evolution. In all cases, the shift was generated by just one or a few replacements in tuning-relevant residues. Only in the avian lineage has tuning moved in the opposite direction, with the reinvention of UV-sensitive pigments.
Private needs, public space: public toilets provision in the Anglo-Atlantic patriarchal city: London, Dublin, Toronto and Chicago
Authors: FLANAGAN MAUREEN 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTAs part of the reconstruction of their built environments at the beginning of the twentieth century, London, Dublin, Toronto and Chicago confronted the question of whether to provide public toilets. In comparing the arguments and decisions over this question, this article demonstrates how the male leadership of each city sought to preserve the centuries-old patriarchal tradition of separate public and private spheres and limit women's access to public spaces. It also reveals the gendered dimension of ideas and experiences of the city that underlay the rhetoric surrounding this question.
Left ventricular rotation and right–left ventricular interaction in congenital heart disease: the acute effects of interventional closure of patent arterial ducts and atrial septal defects
Authors: Laser Kai T. , Haas Nikolaus A. , Fischer Markus , Habash Sheeraz , Degener Franziska , Prinz Christian , Körperich Hermann , Sandica Eugen , Kececioglu Deniz 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBackgroundLeft ventricular rotation is physiologically affected by acute changes in preload. We investigated the acute effect of preload changes in chronically underloaded and overloaded left ventricles in children with shunt lesions.MethodsA total of 15 patients with atrial septal defects (Group A: 7.4 ± 4.7 years, 11 females) and 14 patients with patent arterial ducts (Group B: 2.7 ± 3.1 years, 10 females) were investigated using 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography before and after interventional catheterisation. The rotational parameters of the patient group were compared with those of 29 matched healthy children (Group C).ResultsMaximal torsion (A: 2.45 ± 0.9°/cm versus C: 1.8 ± 0.8°/cm, p < 0.05), apical peak systolic rotation (A: 12.6 ± 5.7° versus C: 8.7 ± 3.5°, p < 0.05), and the peak diastolic torsion rate (A: −147 ± 48°/second versus C: −110 ± 31°/second, p < 0.05) were elevated in Group A and dropped immediately to normal values after intervention (maximal torsion 1.5 ± 1.1°/cm, p < 0.05, apical peak systolic rotation 7.2 ± 4.1°, p < 0.05, and peak diastolic torsion rate −106 ± 35°/second, p < 0.05). Patients in Group B had decreased maximal torsion (B: 1.8 ± 1.1°/cm versus C: 3.8 ± 1.4°/cm, p < 0.05) and apical peak systolic rotation (B: 8.3 ± 6.1° versus C: 13.9 ± 4.3°, p < 0.05). Defect closure was followed by an increase in maximal torsion (B: 2.7 ± 1.4°/cm, p < 0.05) and the peak diastolic torsion rate (B: −133 ± 66°/second versus −176 ± 84°/second, p < 0.05).ConclusionsPatients with chronically underloaded left ventricles compensate with an enhanced apical peak systolic rotation, maximal torsion, and quicker diastolic untwisting to facilitate diastolic filling. In patients with left ventricular dilatation by volume overload, the peak systolic apical rotation and the maximal torsion are decreased. After normalisation of the preload, they immediately return to normal and diastolic untwisting rebounds. These mechanisms are important for understanding the remodelling processes.
BILINEAR OPTIMAL CONTROL OF THE VELOCITY TERM IN A VON KÁRMÁN PLATE EQUATION
Authors: PARK JONG YEOUL , PARK SUN HYE , KANG YONG HAN 
Published: July 2013

AbstractWe consider a bilinear optimal control problem for a von Kármán plate equation. The control is a function of the spatial variables and acts as a multiplier of the velocity term. We first state the existence of solutions for the von Kármán equation and then derive optimality conditions for a given objective functional. Finally, we show the uniqueness of the optimal control.
Surface Structure Dependent Electrocatalytic Activity of Co3O4 Anchored on Graphene Sheets toward Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Xiao Junwu , Kuang Qin , Yang Shihe , Xiao Fei , Wang Shuai , Guo Lin 
Published: July 2013

AbstractCatalytic activity is primarily a surface phenomenon, however, little is known about Co3O4 nanocrystals in terms of the relationship between the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity and surface structure, especially when dispersed on a highly conducting support to improve the electrical conductivity and so to enhance the catalytic activity. Herein, we report a controllable synthesis of Co3O4 nanorods (NR), nanocubes (NC) and nano-octahedrons (OC) with the different exposed nanocrystalline surfaces ({110}, {100} and {111}), uniformly anchored on graphene sheets, which has allowed us to investigate the effects of the surface structure on the ORR activity. Results show that the catalytically active sites for ORR should be the surface Co2+ ions, whereas the surface Co3+ ions catalyze CO oxidation and the catalytic ability is closely related to the density of the catalytically active sites. These results underscore the importance of morphological control in the design of highly efficient ORR catalysts.
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Induces Migration in Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Redhu Naresh Singh , Shan Lianyu , Movassagh Hesam , Gounni Abdelilah S. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractAirway remodeling due to increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass, likely due to enhanced migration and proliferation, has been shown to be highly associated with decline in lung function in asthma. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an IL-7-like, pro-allergic cytokine that has been shown to be necessary and sufficient for the development of allergic asthma. Human ASM (HASM) cells express TSLP receptor (TSLPR), the activation of which leads to enhanced release of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-6, CCL11/eotaxin-1 and CXCL8/IL-8. We show here that TSLP induces HASM cell migration through STAT3 activation since lentiviral-shRNA inhibition of STAT3 abrogated the TSLP-induced cell migration. Moreover, TSLP induced multiple cytoskeleton changes in HASM cells such as actin polymerization, cell polarization and activation of small GTPase Rac1. Collectively, our data suggest a pro-migratory function of TSLP in ASM remodeling and provides better rationale for targeting TSLP/TSLPR pathway for therapeutic approaches in allergic asthma.
Increasing Social Interaction Using Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching With Nonverbal School-Age Children With Autism
Authors: Franco Jessica H. , Davis Barbara L. , Davis John L. 
Published: July 2013

Purpose
Children with autism display marked deficits in initiating and maintaining social interaction. Intervention using play routines can create a framework for developing and maintaining social interaction between these children and their communication partners.

Method
Six nonverbal 5- to 8-year-olds with autism were taught to engage in social interaction within salient play routines. Prelinguistic milieu teaching (PMT) techniques were used to teach the children to communicate intentionally during these routines. Intervention focused on the children's social interaction with an adult. The effects of intervention were evaluated using a multiple baseline design across participants.

Results
At study onset, the participants demonstrated few consistent interaction with others. With intervention, all of the children improved their ability to sustain social interactions, as evidenced by an increase in the number of communicative interactions during play routines. Participants also increased their overall rate of initiated intentional communication.

Conclusion
Development of intentional prelinguistic communication within salient social routines creates opportunities for an adult to teach social and communication skills to young school-age children with autism who function at a nonverbal level.
A Multidimensional Investigation of Children's /r/ Productions: Perceptual, Ultrasound, and Acoustic Measures
Authors: Klein Harriet B. , McAllister Byun Tara , Davidson Lisa , Grigos Maria I. 
Published: July 2013

Purpose
This study explored relationships among perceptual, ultrasound, and acoustic measurements of children's correct and misarticulated /r/ sounds. Longitudinal data documenting changes across these parameters were collected from 2 children who acquired /r/ over a period of intervention and were compared with data from children with typical speech.

Method
Participants were 3 children with typical speech, recorded once, and 2 children with /r/ misarticulation, recorded over 7–8 months. The following data from /r/ produced in nonwords were collected: perceptually rated accuracy, ultrasound measures of tongue shape, and F3 – F2 distance.

Results
Regression models revealed significant associations among perceptual, ultrasound, and acoustic measures of /r/ accuracy. The inclusion of quantitative tongue-shape measurements improved the match between the ultrasound and perceptual/acoustic data. Perceptually incorrect /r/ productions were found to feature posteriorly located peaked tongue shapes. Of the children who were seen longitudinally, 1 developed a bunched /r/ and 1 demonstrated retroflexion. The children with typical speech also differed in their tongue shapes.

Conclusion
Results support the validity of using qualitative and quantitative ultrasound measures to characterize the accuracy of children's /r/ sounds. Clinically, findings suggest that it is important to encourage pharyngeal constriction while allowing children to find the /r/ tongue shape that best fits their individual vocal tract.
Effects of Temperature on Inorganic Nitrogen Dynamics in Sequencing Batch Reactors using Biofloc Technology to Treat Aquaculture Sludge
Authors: Yao Chen , Tan Hong-Xin , Luo Guo-Zhi , Li Li 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
As a new aquaculture technology, biofloc technology (BFT) makes it possible to minimize water exchange and convert the nitrogen in aquacultural waste into biofloc, which can be a natural fish food within the culture system. In the current study, biofloc bacteria were employed to treat sludge from a recirculating aquaculture system under four different temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30°C) in three sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) per temperature. Ammonium reduction was seen on days 19, 17, 13, and 17 for the 15, 20, 25, and 30°C groups, respectively, indicating that the biofloc bacteria started to convert ammonium to microbial biomass on that day. The nitrite concentration remained below 6.5 mg/L for each group except the 30°C group, in which the value reached 13.88 mg/L. The nitrate concentration remained below 4.5 mg/L for each group. An ammonia nitrogen removal study revealed that all SBRs could remove a total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration of 10 mg/L in 6 h without increasing the nitrite and nitrate concentrations; the 25°C group needed only 3 h to remove the TAN. The protein content of the biofloc at the end of the study was 27.81 ± 1.99% (mean ± SD) for the 15°C group, 28.6 ± 3.14% for the 20°C group, 36.80 ± 3.31% for the 25°C group, and 35.06 ± 3.94% for the 30°C group, indicating that the bacteria could be harvested as biological protein for feeding the cultured species.
Claude Lévi-Strauss
Authors: Harkin Michael 
Published: July 2013

Claude Lévi-Strauss (b. 1908–d. 2009) was the preeminent French anthropologist of the twentieth century and one of the most influential thinkers on the subjects of myth, culture, religion, and social organization. He is the originator of the best-known version of “structuralism,” a theoretical framework that examines elementary units of cultural systems, such as myth, and the principles by which they are organized at a systemic level. His work has been highly influential within and outside anthropology, especially in fields such as literary studies and philosophy. Indeed, a generation of “post-structuralist” French philosophers, such as Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Jean Baudrillard, arose to modify and contest structuralism, and thus to affirm its importance.
Max Gluckman
Authors: Marx Emanuel 
Published: July 2013

Max (Herman) Gluckman (b. 1911–d. 1975) was a South African who became a pathbreaking British social anthropologist. In his studies of South and Central African societies he realized how deeply the colonial regimes and the global economy affected every aspect of peoples’ lives. As director of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute in Northern Rhodesia and later as professor of social anthropology at the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom, he made long-term plans to study this modernity in urbanization, industrialization, and labor migration. While seeking to implement the research programs according to plan, he never prevented his colleagues and students from following their own inclinations and ideas. In the 1950s and 1960s the Manchester department assimilated and contributed to a constant flow of innovative ideas, such as the social field, social networks, the extended case study, and the analysis of social situations. It also engaged in several new areas and fields of study, such as rural and urban communities and industrial organizations in England and Wales, and the adaptation of new immigrants to various social formations in Israel. The lively and sometimes even aggressive propagation of the new ideas of the Manchester network induced anthropologists in other departments to refer, jokingly at first, to a Manchester School of Anthropology. Discussions about whether such a school ever existed continue to this day.
Early Disruption of Maternal–Zygotic Interaction and Activation of Defense-Like Responses inArabidopsisInterspecific Crosses
Authors: Burkart-Waco Diana , Ngo Kathie , Dilkes Brian , Josefsson Caroline , Comai Luca 
Published: July 2013

AbstractSeed death resulting from hybridization between Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabidopsis arenosa has complex genetic determination and involves deregulation 5 to 8 d after pollination (DAP) of AGAMOUS-LIKE genes and retroelements. To identify causal mechanisms, we compared transcriptomes of compatible and incompatible hybrids and parents at 3 DAP. Hybrids misexpressed endosperm and seed coat regulators and hyperactivated genes encoding ribosomal, photosynthetic, stress-related, and immune response proteins. Regulatory disruption was more severe in Columbia-0 hybrids than in C24 hybrids, consistent with the degree of incompatibility. Maternal loss-of-function alleles for endosperm growth factor TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 and HAIKU1 and defense response regulators NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED1 and SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION-DEFICIENT2 increased hybrid seed survival. The activation of presumed POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX (PRC) targets, together with a 20-fold reduction in expression of FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED2, indicated a PRC role. Proximity to transposable elements affected natural variation for gene regulation, but transposon activation did not differ from controls. Collectively, this investigation provides candidates for multigenic orchestration of the incompatibility response through disruption of endosperm development, a novel role for communication between endosperm and maternal tissues and for pathways previously connected to immunity, but, surprisingly, does not identify a role for transposons.
The Receptor-Like Protein ReMAX of Arabidopsis Detects the Microbe-Associated Molecular Pattern eMax from Xanthomonas
Authors: Jehle Anna Kristina , Lipschis Martin , Albert Markus , Fallahzadeh-Mamaghani Vahid , Fürst Ursula , Mueller Katharina , Felix Georg 
Published: July 2013

Abstract
As part of their immune system, plants have pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can detect a broad range of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Here, we identified a PRR of Arabidopsis thaliana with specificity for the bacterial MAMP eMax from xanthomonads. Response to eMax seems to be restricted to the Brassicaceae family and also varied among different accessions of Arabidopsis. In crosses between sensitive accessions and the insensitive accession Shakhdara, eMax perception mapped to RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN1 (RLP1). Functional complementation of rlp1 mutants required gene constructs that code for a longer version of RLP1 that we termed ReMAX (for receptor of eMax). ReMAX/RLP1 is a typical RLP with structural similarity to the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) RLP Eix2, which detects fungal xylanase as a MAMP. Attempts to demonstrate receptor function by interfamily transfer of ReMAX to Nicotiana benthamiana were successful after using hybrid receptors with the C-terminal part of ReMAX replaced by that of Eix2. These results show that ReMAX determines specificity for eMax. They also demonstrate hybrid receptor technology as a promising tool to overcome problems that impede interfamily transfer of PRRs to enhance pathogen detection in crop plants.
The Caspase-Related Protease Separase (EXTRA SPINDLE POLES) Regulates Cell Polarity and Cytokinesis inArabidopsis
Authors: Moschou Panagiotis N. , Smertenko Andrei P. , Minina Elena A. , Fukada Kazutake , Savenkov Eugene I. , Robert Stephanie , Hussey Patrick J. , Bozhkov Peter V. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractVesicle trafficking plays an important role in cell division, establishment of cell polarity, and translation of environmental cues to developmental responses. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating vesicle trafficking remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the evolutionarily conserved caspase-related protease separase (EXTRA SPINDLE POLES [ESP]) is required for the establishment of cell polarity and cytokinesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. At the cellular level, separase colocalizes with microtubules and RabA2a (for RAS GENES FROM RAT BRAINA2a) GTPase-positive structures. Separase facilitates polar targeting of the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) to the rootward side of the root cortex cells. Plants with the radially swollen4 (rsw4) allele with compromised separase activity, in addition to mitotic failure, display isotropic cell growth, perturbation of auxin gradient formation, slower gravitropic response in roots, and cytokinetic failure. Measurements of the dynamics of vesicle markers on the cell plate revealed an overall reduction of the delivery rates of KNOLLE and RabA2a GTPase in separase-deficient roots. Furthermore, dissociation of the clathrin light chain, a protein that plays major role in the formation of coated vesicles, was slower in rsw4 than in the control. Our results demonstrate that separase is a key regulator of vesicle trafficking, which is indispensable for cytokinesis and the establishment of cell polarity.