bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the long-term outcome of early onset schizophrenia
Authors: Clemmensen Lars , Vernal Ditte Lammers , Steinhausen Hans-Christoph 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
The current review analyzes the long-term outcome and prognosis of early onset schizophrenia based on previously published studies in 1980.

Methods
A systematic search of articles published in the English-language literature after 1980 identified a total of 21 studies, which included 716 patients who were either suffering from early onset schizophrenia (EOS) or both EOS and other psychotic disorders (MIX). The authors of the current review scored the outcome as either “good,” “moderate,” or “poor.” The mean age of onset in these studies was <18 years.

Results
In general, the outcome in studies with EOS is worse than the outcome in MIX studies. Only 15.4% of the patients in EOS studies versus 19.6% of the patients in MIX studies experienced a “good” outcome. In contrast, 24.5% of the patients in EOS studies versus 33.6% in MIX studies experienced a “moderate” outcome, and 60.1% in EOS studies versus 46.8% in MIX studies experienced a “poor” outcome. The authors identified various significant effects on outcome. In EOS, the findings were significantly affected by sample attrition, indicating that in studies with a high dropout rate, fewer patients experienced a “moderate” outcome, and more patients experienced a “poor” outcome; however, the effect sizes were small. Furthermore, the effects were also small and more favourable for specific functioning measures, as opposed to more global measures, small to moderate in terms of worse outcomes for follow-up periods >10 years, small to moderate for more unfavourable outcomes in males, and small to large for worse outcomes in studies including patients diagnosed before 1970.

Conclusions
In contrast to the adult manifestation, the early manifestation of schizophrenia in childhood and adolescence still carries a particularly poor prognosis. According to these aggregated data analyses, longer follow-up periods, male sex, and patients having been diagnosed before 1970 contribute predominantly to the rather poor course of EOS.
Lymphatic filariasis among the Yakurr people of Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Iboh Cletus I , Okon Okpok E , Opara Kenneth N , Asor Joseph E , Etim Susan E 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
In order to initiate a disease elimination programme for lymphatic filariasis based on mass drug administration, a proper understanding of the geographical distribution and degree of risk is essential.

Methods
An investigation of lymphatic filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti was carried out among 785 people in four communities of Yakurr Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria between March and August, 2009. Finger prick blood smear samples collected from the subjects were examined for W. bancrofti using standard parasitological protocol. The subjects were also screened for clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis.

Results
Of the 785 persons examined, 48 (6.1%) were positive for microfilariae in their thick blood smear. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis among the various age groups (P < 0.01) although peak prevalence occurred between 41 – 60 years. There was no significant difference in prevalence and density with respect to sex (P > 0.05). The overall mean microfilarial density of the infected individuals was 5.6mf/50 μl. There was a significant variation (P < 0.01) in mean microfilarial density within the communities, ranging from 4.7 to 6.4 mf/50 μl. The only clinical sign found in the study area was lymphoedema of the leg recording 2 (0.3%) prevalence.

Conclusions
The National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme should intervene by expanding the distribution of albendazole and ivermectin to all endemic areas including Yakurr Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria.
Distribution of emergency operations and trauma in a Swedish hospital: need for reorganisation of acute surgical care?
Authors: al-Ayoubi Fawzi , Eriksson Helen , Myrelid Pär , Wallon Conny , Andersson Peter 
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Background
Subspecialisation within general surgery has today reached further than ever. However, on-call time, an unchanged need for broad surgical skills are required to meet the demands of acute surgical disease and trauma. The introduction of a new subspecialty in North America that deals solely with acute care surgery and trauma is an attempt to offer properly trained surgeons also during on-call time. To find out whether such a subspecialty could be helpful in Sweden we analyzed our workload for emergency surgery and trauma.

Methods
Linköping University Hospital serves a population of 257 000. Data from 2010 for all patients, diagnoses, times and types of operations, surgeons involved, duration of stay, types of injury and deaths regarding emergency procedures were extracted from a prospectively-collected database and analyzed.

Results
There were 2362 admissions, 1559 emergency interventions; 835 were mainly abdominal operations, and 724 diagnostic or therapeutic endoscopies. Of the 1559 emergency interventions, 641 (41.1%) were made outside office hours, and of 453 minor or intermediate procedures (including appendicectomy, cholecystectomy, or proctological procedures) 276 (60.9%) were done during the evenings or at night. Two hundred and fifty-four patients were admitted with trauma and 29 (11.4%) required operation, of whom general surgeons operated on eight (3.1%). Thirteen consultants and 11 senior registrars were involved in 138 bowel resections and 164 cholecystectomies chosen as index operations for standard emergency surgery. The median (range) number of such operations done by each consultant was 6 (3–17) and 6 (1–22). Corresponding figures for senior registrars were 7 (0–11) and 8 (1–39).

Conclusion
There was an uneven distribution of exposure to acute surgical problems and trauma among general surgeons. Some were exposed to only a few standard emergency interventions and most surgeons did not operate on a single patient with trauma. Further centralization of trauma care, long-term positions at units for emergency surgery and trauma, and subspecialisation in the fields of emergency surgery and trauma, might be options to solve problems of low volumes.
Impact of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 α (HIF1A) Pro582Ser Polymorphism on Diabetes Nephropathy
Authors: Gu Harvest F. , Zheng Xiaowei , Abu Seman Norhashimah , Gu Tianwei , Botusan Ileana Ruxandra , Sunkari Vivekananda Gupta , Lokman Ezarul Faradianna , Brismar Kerstin , Catrina Sergiu-Bogdan 
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE
Hypoxia plays a major pathogenic role in diabetic nephropathy (DN). We have investigated in this study the effect of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α subunit (HIF1A) genetic polymorphisms on the development of DN.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 1,165 American type 1 diabetic patients with and without DN selected from the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) study, the HIF1A genetic polymorphisms were genotyped with TaqMan allelic discrimination. The regulation of HIF-1α in the kidneys of diabetic mice was appreciated by immunohistochemistry, and the effect HIF1A Pro582Ser polymorphism on HIF-1α sensitivity to glucose was evaluated in vitro.

RESULTS
We identified a protective association between HIF1A Pro582Ser polymorphism and DN in male subjects. We also provided mechanistic insights that HIF-1α is repressed in the medulla of diabetic mice despite hypoxia and that Pro582Ser polymorphism confers less sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of glucose during a hypoxic challenge.

CONCLUSIONS
The current study demonstrates for the first time that HIF1A Pro582Ser polymorphism has an effect on DN, possibly by conferring a relative resistance to the repressive effect of glucose on HIF-1α.
Class, State and Property: Modernity and Capitalism in Turkey
Authors: Duzgun Eren 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThis paper argues that the class-based analyses that seek to make sense of the recent transformation of Turkish modernity rest on a pre-given duality between the state and the bourgeoisie. This not only jettisons the relational and temporal context in which classes define and articulate their interests, thereby leading to determinist explanations of various sorts, but also obscures the historical distinctiveness and mutual re-transformation of two different modes of socio-spatial organization, modernity and capitalism, in Turkey. Based on a novel historical materialist method known as Political Marxism, I suggest that re-conceptualizing class as property-relations sheds new light on the historical-comparative specificity of Turkish modernity, which, in turn, leads to a radical re-interpretation of Turkey’s recent transformation.
An examination of psychological contracts, careerism and ITL
Authors: Hamilton Sigrid M. , von Treuer Kathryn 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to investigate the relationships between elements of the psychological contract (i.e. type and fulfilment) and an employee's intention to leave (ITL) their current organisation. The role of careerism as a potential mediating and moderating variable is also to be explored.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 202 allied health professionals (AHPs) completed a questionnaire containing measures of the psychological contract, careerism and ITL.FindingsAs predicted, path analyses conducted via structural equation modelling demonstrated that careerism partially mediates the relationship between contract types and ITL. These findings suggest that employees with transactional contracts are more careerist, resulting in higher ITL, while employees with relational contracts are less careerist, resulting in lower ITL. Contrary to expectation, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that careerism failed to moderate the relationship between perceived contract fulfillment and ITL. However, a strong positive association between contract fulfillment and ITL was found.Research limitations/implicationsThe data were collected cross‐sectionally, which limits the ability to make causal inferences.Practical implicationsResults were consistent with the proposition that contract type and fulfillment explain employee ITL. It appears that employees with relational contracts are more likely to remain with their organization on a longer‐term basis, compared to employees with transactional contracts, due to differences in career motives. Organizational awareness and understanding of employee psychological contracts and career motives is needed.Originality/valueThis paper provides new theoretical and practical insights on how psychological contracts and careerism can influence ITL among AHPs.
An analytical study of the financial intelligence units' enforcement mechanisms
Authors: Al‐Rashdan Mohammad 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to analyse financial intelligence units' (FIUs') approaches in enforcing compliance and how these units can ensure the application of the most effective enforcement mechanism to secure the best outcome of such regulatory action.Design/methodology/approachSources of information consisted of scholarly books, papers and published articles through the web.FindingsFIUs should not concentrate on adopting a purely cooperative style (in terms of soft sanctions) or take the opposite approach and be a tough regulator (applying harsh sanctions on non‐compliant reporting entities). Rather, a more qualitative approach should be adopted, individually tailoring the approach on the basis of an examination of the FIUs' findings on entity non‐compliance, and how it can best operate its mechanism so as to ensure those entities comply effectively with their AML/CTF obligations.Originality/valueThis article serves as a fruitful analysis to educate FIUs' personnel, AML/CTF professionals, and reporting entities in terms of achieving the highest level of compliance with AML/CTF laws and regulation. Some studies have discussed FIU enforcement mechanisms generally but, to the best of the author's knowledge, the analytical study of different FIUs' enforcement mechanisms and how to achieve the most effective results to secure compliance is yet to be externally or independently researched and evaluated.
“Happily independent” – configuring the Gwent frailty support and wellbeing worker
Authors: Barber Kevin , Wallace Carolyn 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThis article aims to report on the configuration of the integrated Support and Wellbeing Worker (SWB) role in an innovative Gwent Frailty programme from 2009 until 2011.Design/methodology/approachThe health and social care Gwent Frailty programme used a configuration approach by adopting “frailty” as its unifying theme across the seven agencies involved. In order to configure this role, the Frailty Workforce Group (FWG) identified three tasks; staff engagement, identifying the SWB worker training needs, and scoping the employment options for the new role.FindingsFor others facing the same challenges there are three key principles. The first is that having a unifying concept underpinned by the commissioned “Happily independent” study legitimately enabled the FWG to deliver on its three tasks identified by the Frailty Board. The second was that time spent on early staff and trade union engagement gave positive messages about their value within the role configuration. Finally, that developing an integrated role meant that core training and development had to be consistent so that registered staff were confident they could delegate safely.Originality/valueThe number of articles on developing an integrated support worker role in health and social care is sparse. The value of this article is that it reports on the configuration of an innovative new integrated health and social care role working with frail people. This was based on what older people wanted from services in order to be “happily independent”.
Are informed traders reluctant to bear price risk or execution risk?
Authors: Garvey Ryan , Wu Fei 
Published: September 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine US equity traders’ use of market orders versus price contingent orders with respect to information content.Design/methodology/approachPrice changes following market and price contingent order submissions are analysed.FindingsIt is found that prices rise (decline) after the submission of market buy (sell) orders; whereas, prices decline (rise) after the submission of price contingent buy (sell) orders. Aggressively priced limit orders (i.e. marketable limit orders) convey information, but they are not more informative than market orders. Traders who transact in smaller quantities, engage in more short‐selling, and frequently achieve better performance are more likely to use market orders.Originality/valueIn contrast to prior studies, the paper's findings suggest that, when executing orders, informed traders have a preference for bearing a price rather than an execution risk.
Morphology of the female reproductive system and reproductive cycle of the mangrove land crab Ucides cordatus (L.) in the Baía de Antonina, Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Castilho‐Westphal Gisela G. , Ostrensky Antonio , Pie Marcio R. , Boeger Walter A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractUcides cordatus is a species of considerable ecological and socioeconomic importance. The goal of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the reproduction biology of this species by describing the macroscopic anatomy, the histology of the female reproductive system and the reproductive cycle of U. cordatus. A total of 367 females were obtained from October of 2002 to March of 2005 during monthly collections in the Baía de Antonina, Paraná, Brazil. Specimens were submitted to necropsy and their reproductive systems (ovary and spermathecae) were analysed histologically. Permanent slides were stained with Harris' hematoxylin and eosin, Mallory's trichromic and the periodic acid‐Schiff reaction. Ovarian analysis allowed for the determination of five developmental stages based on the prevalence of oocytes in different phases of vitellogenesis. During stage V, when ovaries recover from spawning, the presence of oocytes in advanced stages of vitellogenesis was detected, suggesting that there could be more than one spawning in a single reproductive period. Females in stage IV were most common in the spring (November through February), whereas females with their egg mass exposed were most frequent from November through March. The reproductive period of U. cordatus in mangroves of the study region occurred from October to March. The reproductive events observed in the present study suggest that spermatophores acquired during copulation, which takes place during the ‘andada’, are only used in the reproductive period of the following year.
Factors related to post‐operative metabolic acidosis following major abdominal surgery
Authors: Park Chi‐Min , Chun Ho‐Kyung , Jeon Kyeongman , Suh Gee Young , Choi Dong Wook , Kim Sung 
Published: September 2012

AbstractBackgroundMetabolic acidosis is frequently observed in perioperative patients, especially those who undergo major surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors related to post‐operative metabolic acidosis and to attempt to identify the clinical effect of metabolic acidosis following major abdominal surgery.MethodsWe included 172 patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit (ICU) following major abdominal surgery. All cases were divided into either the acidosis or the normal group using immediate post‐operative standard base excess (SBE). The following clinical data were retrospectively obtained from the chart and ICU database: basic clinical characteristics, operative data, type and volume of fluid infused during the operation, post‐operative arterial blood gas analysis, lactate, and central venous oxygen saturation.ResultsThe predominant intraoperative fluid was either 0.9% saline or lactated Ringer's solution. The operation length, estimated blood loss, total fluid infused, total saline infused, lactate and corrected chloride were significantly higher in the acidosis group; however, central venous oxygen saturation was lower in the normal group. Among these factors, total infused saline and lactate level were independent factors related to metabolic acidosis. The comparison between the types of fluid revealed that the saline group had a significantly lower SBE, strong ion difference and higher corrected chloride. SBE was significantly correlated with lactate and total infused saline. ICU and hospital length of stay were significantly longer in the acidosis group.ConclusionsPost‐operative metabolic acidosis following major abdominal surgery was closely related to both hyperchloremic acidosis associated with large saline infusion and lactic acidosis caused by lactataemia.
A Photogrammetric Technique for Acquiring Accurate Head Surfaces of Newborn Infants for Optical Tomography Under Clinical Conditions
Authors: Abreu de Souza Mauren , Robson Stuart , Hebden Jeremy C. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractOptical tomography (OT) generates 3D images that can be used to monitor blood volume and oxygenation in the brains of newborn infants safely and non‐invasively at the bedside. OT image reconstruction requires that source optical fibres and detector bundles (optodes) are brought into optical contact with the head and that the scalp surface geometry and optode positions for each individual infant are accurately known. The photogrammetric challenge is to create affordable tools that can be employed on newborn, and often severely ill, infants in an intensive care environment with a minimum level of intrusion. The paper describes the application and development of a system capable of mapping each individual infant head surface in the clinic and coordinating optode positions and orientations during optical tomography scans. The system developed includes a combination of stereo and multi‐photo photogrammetry with a pair of digital SLR cameras and a laser dot projector. A bundle adjustment of the sequential stereo‐image pairs is used to generate accurate head meshes that are combined with a photogrammetric network of images from a single camera to bring optodes mounted on a deformable helmet structure into a common coordinate system. This data can then be used in the 3D reconstruction of blood flow in the infant head.
Automatic ICP‐Based Global Matching of Free‐Form Linear Features
Authors: Vassilaki Dimitra I. , Ioannidis Charalambos C. , Stamos Athanassios A. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractThe geometric exploitation of linear features has been investigated in various remote sensing and geospatial problems. This paper introduces a novel and general method based on the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm for the global matching of heterogeneous free‐form linear features of the same (2D–2D, 3D–3D), or different, (2D–3D) dimensionality. No constraints are imposed on either the transformation, the projection type or the geometric nature of the features. The method assumes no prior knowledge of the relative position of the features, or of point correspondences, and is tested with various simulated and real‐world heterogeneous data.
Notes for a Networked Biography: The P. G. T. Black Collection of Oceanic Things
Authors: Foster Robert J. 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn 1938, the Buffalo Museum of Science acquired some 62 hundred objects collected between 1886 and 1916 by and for P. G. Black, a branch inspector for Burns, Philp & Company Ltd., the famous Sydney‐based mercantile and shipping firm. Despite the collection's size, breadth, and significance as a product of the colonial encounter in northern Australia and Melanesia, its history is still largely unrecorded. This article begins to trace the social life of the collection by narrating a formative moment in its biography: the period of Burns, Philp's expansion into the southwest Pacific during which Black assembled the collection. It also identifies two other moments: the years after Black's death in 1921 when the overseas purchase of the collection was decried in Australian newspapers and the years after the collection came to Buffalo when objects were loaned for display at American fine arts museums, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York. At these particular biographical moments, objects in the collection were differently construed as native curios and ethnological specimens, national patrimony, and primitive art. This article advances a trend of recent scholarship in anthropology and museology by foregrounding the historical circumstances and social relations that condition the appropriation of objects. [Buffalo Museum of Science, P. G. T. Black Collection, Oceania, Australian Museum, art/artifact, object biography, national patrimony]
Protecting the Wife’s Rights in Marriage as Reflected in Pre‐Nuptials and Marriage Contracts from the Cairo Genizah and Parallel Arabic Sources
Authors: Ashur Amir 
Published: September 2012

AbstractIn the Cairo Genizah we find thousands of documents related to marriage and family life. These serve as unique and rich material for the research of the family life of the Jews of Egypt in the medieval period. It was common among the Genizah people to agree on certain conditions to apply during marriage life. These conditions were inserted and written in the pre‐nuptial agreements. Most conditions are in favour of the women and served mainly to protect them from their husbands’ misbehaviour. In this article I will compare various Jewish marriage documents, found in the Cairo Genizah, with parallel Arabic (Muslim and Coptic) sources. I will concentrate on those agreements that contain stipulations that were explicitly written in order to protect the wife from their husband’s bad behaviour. Both Muslim and Jewish societies had to deal with the same problems concerning the status of women, and we will be able to find out what measures were taken by each society, and their approach toward married life and women’s status.