bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene selection for the reconstruction of stem cell differentiation trees: a linear programming approach
Authors: Ghadie Mohamed A. , Japkowicz Nathalie , Perkins Theodore J. 
Published: April 2015

Abstract
Motivation: Stem cell differentiation is largely guided by master transcriptional regulators, but it also depends on the expression of other types of genes, such as cell cycle genes, signaling genes, metabolic genes, trafficking genes, etc. Traditional approaches to understanding gene expression patterns across multiple conditions, such as principal components analysis or K-means clustering, can group cell types based on gene expression, but they do so without knowledge of the differentiation hierarchy. Hierarchical clustering can organize cell types into a tree, but in general this tree is different from the differentiation hierarchy itself.
Methods: Given the differentiation hierarchy and gene expression data at each node, we construct a weighted Euclidean distance metric such that the minimum spanning tree with respect to that metric is precisely the given differentiation hierarchy. We provide a set of linear constraints that are provably sufficient for the desired construction and a linear programming approach to identify sparse sets of weights, effectively identifying genes that are most relevant for discriminating different parts of the tree.
Results: We apply our method to microarray gene expression data describing 38 cell types in the hematopoiesis hierarchy, constructing a weighted Euclidean metric that uses just 175 genes. However, we find that there are many alternative sets of weights that satisfy the linear constraints. Thus, in the style of random-forest training, we also construct metrics based on random subsets of the genes and compare them to the metric of 175 genes. We then report on the selected genes and their biological functions. Our approach offers a new way to identify genes that may have important roles in stem cell differentiation.
Contact: tperkins@ohri.ca
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
What is a Concussion?
Authors: Brody David L 
Published: April 2015

A concussion is a traumatic brain injury, but not an immediately life threatening one. A traumatic brain injury occurs when a sudden force is applied to the brain from outside. But not every force causes a concussion. In fact, most do not. The scalp, skull, and dura do a pretty good job protecting our brains from most of what happens to us on a daily basis. A traumatic brain injury means that the force applied to the brain caused a disruption in the brain’s structure, an impairment of the brain’s function, or both. A CT scan or an MRI scan may be negative, but this does not mean that there has not been a concussion. Traumatic brain injury, especially concussion, is a clinical diagnosis, not based on any lab test or scan. Typically, patients with concussion have Glasgow Coma Scale between 13 and 15.
Fatigue
Authors: Brody David L 
Published: April 2015

A systematic approach to fatigue: figure out how bad it is; rule out the complaint of concussion-related fatigue as an excuse to get out of school, work, or unpleasant chores at home by asking the collateral source about how fatigued the patient acts in everyday life; rule out depression; rule out a primary sleep disorder; rule out alcohol, sedating medications, and other drugs; rule out withdrawal from stimulants; rule out a systemic cause such as hypotension, hypoxemia, renal failure, liver failure, anemia, hyponatremia, hypothyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or chronic urinary tract infection. If these are not present or fatigue persists after treatment, consider prescribing one or more of the following: a very gradually progressive exercise program, bright light treatment, complete alcohol cessation, a diet that is low in refined sugar, a stimulant, amantadine, and modafinil.
Hearing Problems
Authors: Brody David L 
Published: April 2015

The most common hearing problems after concussion are hypersensitivity to sound, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and hearing loss. Any of these situations might merit referral to an ENT. Excessive sensitivity to sound can be due to migraine, damage to the ear and auditory nerve, or neuropathic pain. Consider trials of migraine abortive agents and neuropathic pain agents. For tinnitus, assess for medications that adversely affect the inner ear and reduce them if possible. Test thyroid function. Consider an MRI scan of the brain to make sure that the concussion didn’t unmask another problem such as a tumor or vascular malformation. A complaint of hearing loss can reflect true hearing loss due to middle or inner ear damage, attention deficit, or a language problem such as aphasia. Test for these conditions.
Return Visit Times
Authors: Brody David L 
Published: April 2015

Active, immediately dangerous issue (e.g. suicidal, homicidal): admit to hospitalActive, time-sensitive issue: within 1 weekActive, potentially dangerous issue: 1-3 weeksActive, severely impairing issue: 1-2 months.Patient starting a new medication which requires monitoring. 1 week to 3 monthsTypical patient with moderate issues: 3 monthsStable patient, medications requiring monitoring: 6 monthsStable patient, no new medications and no medication requiring monitoring: 1 year
Why and how should the international volunteer tourism experience be improved?
Authors: Benson Angela M. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to introduce the theme issue question “why and how should the international volunteer tourism experience be improved?”.Design/methodology/approach– An Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) funded Festival of Social Science event entitled “Pursuing Quality in International Volunteering” was held at the University of Brighton in November 2013. This event brought together academics and practitioners in a successful debate, but it was also recognised that this was the first step on a long journey. The articles in this theme issue are drawn both from attendees at the ESRC event and from the wider international volunteer tourism network of academics and practitioners.Findings– This paper introduces the key stakeholders of international volunteer tourism and the extent to which their voices are prominent (or not) in respect of the issues of achieving quality. Further, the paper highlights a number of quality mechanisms that are offered as solutions to the challenges that currently beleaguer international volunteer tourism.Research limitations/implications– Whilst not all the key stakeholder voices are represented in this theme issue, the discussions and implications that are drawn out are of importance to all stakeholder groups.Originality/value– This is the first time a journal issue has focused on the challenges of achieving quality in respect of international volunteer tourism.
A clash with volunteer tourists? An extreme case study in Guatemala
Authors: Klaver Ferdi R.M. 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine value change and changed consciousness with reference to three projects operated by a Guatemalan volunteer organization.Design/methodology/approach– An extreme case field study design is used. It was extreme in terms of Hofstede’s cultural dimension individualism versus collectivism. Semi-structural interviews were held with 28 staff members in local projects, 43 volunteer tourists and the Guatemalan Country Manager. Two tests to measure cultural psychological concepts were held with 151 children (M = 12.26, SD = 2.96) and the volunteer tourists (M = 25.54 years old, SD = 13.07 years). Finally, an ethnographical analysis was made through volunteering at each of the three projects for one month.Findings– All but two volunteer tourists had positive volunteer experiences. The culture clash did not influence the positive experience of each other, but neither did value exchange occur.Research limitations/implications– It is crucial for volunteer tourists to address the needs of the host community, for the volunteer organization to offer projects wherein people really are in need and for researchers, media and non-governmental organization watchers to generate more transparency at the volunteer organizations.Originality/value– This paper focuses on all stakeholders in relation to the volunteering experience. More specifically, it focuses on the cultural differences of stakeholders to examine the relative influence on volunteering. Furthermore, this paper introduces new concepts like the hidden fact and awareness change.
Marketing and communication of responsibility in volunteer tourism
Authors: Smith Victoria Louise , Font Xavier 
Published: April 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to test whether volunteer tourism organisations are prepared to learn from feedback on the quality of their responsibility communications, and consider whether analysis and communication of results can influence market improvement.

Design/methodology/approach
– A purposive sample of five influential website pages of eight volunteer tourism organisations are scored across 19 responsible voluntourism criteria, and compared against the results of two years previously.

Findings
– The authors report mixed results on how communicating results has encouraged change and industry improvement in responsibility, based on previous research that showed responsibility to be communicated inconsistently at best, potentially greenwashing at worst, across organisations, product types and responsible values.

Research limitations/implications
– The paper applies sustainability marketing literature to explain the changes in responsibility communication performance using an innovative tool to benchmark and audit responsibility in online marketing content and providing insight into how best practice marketing necessitates responsible operations. This paper considers whether and how, when presented with evidence, organisations choose to improve for a more responsible voluntourism offer.

Originality/value
– The paper is original in providing a practical, industry-informed analysis of the reasons why volunteer operators communicate in the way they do, and the ability to influence their communications to be more reliable, in the context of increased criticism for shallow volunteering. This experiment allows industry associations and lobby groups to influence industry practice based on the evidence that improved communications are possible when specific, tailored advice is provided.
Online portrayals of volunteer tourism in Nepal
Authors: Easton Siân , Wise Nicholas 
Published: April 2015

Purpose– This study aims to contribute perspective into how user-generated content (UGC) can be found to reinforce, or challenge, the commercial promotion of volunteer tourism in Nepal. Volunteer tourism is an expanding alternative niche market spanning the globe. More understanding is needed to identify potential conflicts that may arise in relation to information communicated via official promotional materials from volunteer tourism organisation websites and from UGC on sites such as TripAdvisor.Design/methodology/approach– A qualitative content analysis of websites and online UGC gathered from identified promotional websites and TripAdvisor used to inform and persuade tourists was analysed.Findings– Three themes emerged from the analysis of promotional websites: perspective outcomes of volunteerism on locals and VolunTourists, requirements of participating volunteers and the ability of volunteer organisations to effectively meet expectations. The TripAdvisor forum content is broken down into two main areas: requests/recommendations and critical reflections. UGC is playing a pivotal role to inform future VolunTourists, based on experiences by previous volunteers. Commercial websites emphasise achievable positive outcomes by unskilled/unqualified volunteers, with the support of credible volunteer organisations. Conversely, UGC focusses on negative outcomes associated with volunteer tourism.Research limitations/implications– This study provides insights into how online platforms are being used by consumers. This study suggests that significant disparities exist between content communicated via promotional websites and UGC, with a number of important implications discussed.Originality/value– This study aims to address this gap in the understanding of the authors through the analysis of emerged themes communicated via Nepal volunteer websites and TripAdvisor forums. Moreover, there is a need for volunteers to be more informed about the complexities of the industry and volunteer organisations, acknowledging more needs to be considered to meet the requirements/expectations of volunteers.
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes in the adult Romanian population: PREDATORR study
Authors: Mota Maria , Popa Simona Georgiana , Mota Eugen , Mitrea Adina , Catrinoiu Doina , Cheta Dan Mircea , Guja Cristian , Hancu Nicolae , Ionescu‐Tirgoviste Constantin , Lichiardopol Radu , Mihai Bogdan Mircea , Popa Amorin Remus , Zetu Cornelia , Bala Cornelia Gabriela , Roman Gabriela , Serafinceanu Cristian , Serban Viorel , Timar Romulus , Veresiu Ioan Andrei , Vlad Adrian Radu 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe PREDATORR (PREvalence of DiAbeTes mellitus, prediabetes, overweight, Obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia and chronic kidney disease in Romania) study is the first national study analyzing the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and prediabetes, and their association with cardiometabolic, sociodemographic, and lifestyle risk factors in the Romanian population aged 20–79 years.MethodsThis was an epidemiological study with a stratified, cross‐sectional, cluster random sampling design. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and anamnestic data were collected through self‐ and interviewer‐administered questionnaires, and biochemical assays and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed.ResultsIn all, 2728 participants from 101 clinics of general practitioners were randomly selected, with a probability proportional to population size according to the 2002 Romanian Census.The participation rate was 99.6%. Impaired glucose regulation (prediabetes, known and unknown DM) was found in 28.1% of the study population. The overall age‐ and sex‐adjusted prevalence of DM was 11.6% (95%CI 9.6%–13.6%), of which 2.4% (95%CI 1.7%–3.1%) had unknown DM. The prevalence of DM increased with age and was higher in men than in women. The age‐ and sex‐adjusted prevalence of prediabetes was 16.5% (95%CI 14.8%–18.2%), with the highest percentage in the 60–79 year age group and in women. Obesity, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, low education level, and a family history of diabetes were associated with glucose metabolism disorders.ConclusionsThe PREDATORR study shows a high prevalence of impaired glucose regulation in the adult Romanian population, providing data on the prevalence of DM and prediabetes and their association with several risk factors.
In a world of white, flower colour matters: A white–purple transition signals lack of reward in an alpine Euphrasia
Authors: McGimpsey Vicky J. , Lord Janice M. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe New Zealand alpine flora displays a range of unusual characteristics compared with other alpine floras, in particular the high frequency of species with small white flowers. The presence of both white and bright purple flowers on the same plant in the New Zealand alpine annual creeping eyebright (Euphrasia dyeri Wettst.) provides an ideal opportunity to investigate the significance of flower colour in an environment where coloured flowers are rare. The relationships among flower age, gender phase, reward availability and petal colour were assessed in natural populations of E. dyeri. The effect of pollination on flower colour was tested using hand pollination of bagged flowers. Direct observations and videos of flowers were used to assess patterns of flower visitation by native and introduced pollinators. Unpollinated white E. dyeri flowers changed from white to purple within 6 days. However, pollination of white flowers triggered a significantly faster colour change, typically within 1–2 days. White flowers had receptive stigmas, large amounts of lipid‐rich pollen and small amounts of nectar, whereas stigmas of purple flowers are not receptive and flowers did not provide pollen or nectar rewards. Flowers were mainly visited by native syrphid flies. Both native syrphids and introduced Bombus bees showed a marked avoidance of purple flowers, tending to preferentially visit white flowers. Our study suggests that flower colour change from white to bright purple in E. dyeri functions to direct pollinators to rewarding, receptive flowers. As many Euphrasia L. species are described as having variably coloured flowers, this mechanism may be more widespread in the genus. Furthermore, our results add to the growing evidence that the dominance of white flowers in the New Zealand alpine is not simply due to a lack of colour discrimination among pollinators.
Regulation of the abundance and turnover of copepod species by temperature, turbidity and habitat type in a large river basin
Authors: Perbiche‐Neves Gilmar , Boxshall Geoffrey Allan , Previattelli Daniel , Naliato Danilo Augusto Oliveira , Pie Marcio Roberto , da Rocha Carlos Eduardo Falavigna , Nogueira Marcos Gomes 
Published: April 2015

AbstractFreshwater copepods were sampled in the La Plata River basin to identify the processes that affect beta diversity and to determine the main factors influencing their geographical distribution and patterns of endemism. Beta diversity patterns exhibited strong dissimilarity between locations; the turnover process was predominant and indicated a replacement of species along the basin. Redundancy analysis indicated the presence of two large sets of species separated geographically by a boundary zone, with several associated variables. Northern species were associated with water transparency and temperature, mean air temperature, mean air temperature during winter and minimum air temperature of coldest month, indicating that these species are not tolerant to low temperatures and are abundant in reservoirs that are common in the upper stretch of the Paraná River basin. Southern species were related with amplitude of air temperature, turbidity, total phosphorus and total suspended matter, indicating that these species are polythermic and have adapted to live in river stretches. From 20 environmental variables analyzed in our study, partial least squares analysis indicated four variables with increased retention of effects on copepod abundance: air temperature, minimum temperature of coldest month, turbidity and transparency. Because almost all of the species found in this study occurred across a wide range of habitat types, the cause of the separation between river and reservoir species could be considered to be more anthropogenic than natural, and it primarily affected species abundance. For certain members of the northern group of copepod species, distribution was dependent on high temperatures, whereas the distribution of the southern group indicated that the species were polythermic.
Statistical Methods for Association Tests of Multiple Continuous Traits in Genome‐Wide Association Studies
Authors: Wu Baolin , Pankow James S. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryMultiple correlated traits are often collected in genetic studies. The joint analysis of multiple traits could have increased power by aggregating multiple weak effects and offer additional insights into the aetiology of complex human diseases by revealing pleiotropic variants. We propose to study multivariate test statistics to detect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association with multiple correlated traits. Most existing methods have been based on the generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach without explicitly modelling the trait correlations. In this article, we explore an alternative likelihood‐based framework to test the multiple trait associations. It is based on the familiar multinomial logistic regression modelling of genotypes, which can be readily implemented using widely available software, and offers very competitive performance. We demonstrate through extensive numerical studies that the proposed method has competitive performance. Its usefulness is further illustrated with application to association analysis of diabetes‐related traits in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
Patients’ ability to treat anaphylaxis using adrenaline autoinjectors: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Umasunthar T. , Procktor A. , Hodes M. , Smith J. G. , Gore C. , Cox H. E. , Marrs T. , Hanna H. , Phillips K. , Pinto C. , Turner P. J. , Warner J. O. , Boyle R. J. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractBackgroundPrevious work has shown patients commonly misuse adrenaline autoinjectors (AAI). It is unclear whether this is due to inadequate training, or poor device design. We undertook a prospective randomized controlled trial to evaluate ability to administer adrenaline using different AAI devices.MethodsWe allocated mothers of food‐allergic children prescribed an AAI for the first time to Anapen or EpiPen using a computer‐generated randomization list, with optimal training according to manufacturer's instructions. After one year, participants were randomly allocated a new device (EpiPen, Anapen, new EpiPen, JEXT or Auvi‐Q), without device‐specific training. We assessed ability to deliver adrenaline using their AAI in a simulated anaphylaxis scenario six weeks and one year after initial training, and following device switch. Primary outcome was successful adrenaline administration at six weeks, assessed by an independent expert. Secondary outcomes were success at one year, success after switching device, and adverse events.ResultsWe randomized 158 participants. At six weeks, 30 of 71 (42%) participants allocated to Anapen and 31 of 73 (43%) participants allocated to EpiPen were successful – RR 1.00 (95% CI 0.68–1.46). Success rates at one year were also similar, but digital injection was more common at one year with EpiPen (8/59, 14%) than Anapen (0/51, 0%, P = 0.007). When switched to a new device without specific training, success rates were higher with Auvi‐Q (26/28, 93%) than other devices (39/80, 49%; P < 0.001).ConclusionsAAI device design is a major determinant of successful adrenaline administration. Success rates were low with several devices, but were high using the audio‐prompt device Auvi‐Q.
Dominant hand operating probe vs needle: a comparison study of ultrasound‐guided needle placement in phantom models
Authors: Johnston D. F. , Stafford M. 
Published: April 2015

SummaryWe conducted a replicated crossover design study to assess if using one's dominant hand for operating a probe vs directing a needle would affect the time taken, the number of needle passes and the accuracy of an ultrasound‐guided procedure in phantom models. Twenty ultrasound‐novice participants completed the task 10 times for each hand arrangement (alternating between attempts). The time taken and number of needle passes required for both dominant hand–probe and hand–needle decreased over time (p = 0.001). Dominant hand–needle had a lower mean time used (p = 0.001) and fewer needle passes (p = 0.02) compared with hand–probe. Sixty‐five per cent of participants preferred using their dominant hand to direct the needle. When learning ultrasound‐guided needle procedures on phantom models, use of the dominant hand to operate the needle is associated with a shorter procedure time and fewer needle passes.
Bilingualism and the Development of Executive Function: The Role of Attention
Authors: Bialystok Ellen 
Published: April 2015

AbstractIn this article, I review research examining the effect of bilingualism on children's cognitive development and in particular, executive function. I describe studies reporting bilingual advantages in various tasks to identify the process or component of executive function that might be responsible for this bilingual advantage, discussing several possibilities, including inhibitory control. Finally, I propose attention is a fundamental process that initiates developmental differences in bilingual children from as early as infancy.