bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sociology of normal ageing
Authors: Harper Sarah 
Published: January 2013

AbstractResearch on the sociology of normal ageing has focused on understanding the paradigms of ‘successful ageing’. In an apparent reaction to ‘disengagement theory’ which proposed that to withdraw from roles and relationships in old age was normal, a new conceptual framework was developed in the late 1960s and 1970s which attempted to explain how individuals adapted to the constraints of ageing and old age. This has been variously measured in terms of good health, high levels of physical and mental functioning, and active engagement with one's social and physical environment. While post-modernism and critical gerontology have attempted to refocus the debate, the emphasis of most research and writing has remained within the framework of understanding, explaining, and even facilitating, ‘success’ in old age. There is also a body of research which recognizes the importance of the life course perspective, and that throughout an individual's life, he or she is faced with continuities and discontinuities which have to be negotiated and resolved. Old age is but part of this life-long process. Changes which occur in later life, such as retirement and widowhood, will lead to discontinuities in roles and relationships, other aspects of our lives will undergo little change allowing continuity. Alongside this, perspectives from anthropology, history and the social constructionist school of thought have also been recently influential. This chapter will discuss concepts of age, generation, and cohort. It will consider the contribution of the life course approach to understanding ageing, and the manner in which other perspectives, such as social constructionism, narrative psychology and anthropology, have contributed to the sociology of normal ageing.
Mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Jacova Claudia , Feldman Howard H. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractWithin the cognitive functioning continuum from normal ageing to dementia three broad states can be distinguished: normal functioning for age, clear-cut impairment meeting diagnostic criteria for dementia, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which falls below normal but short of dementia in severity (Fig. 8.5.1.1.1). There is active debate over what MCI is, how to define and classify this state, and where to set its borders on the described continuum. Some definitions depict MCI as the tail-end of normal cognitive ageing whereas in other definitions MCI embodies the early clinical manifestation of Alzheimer Disease (AD) and other dementias. In 2003, the key elements of different MCI definitions were integrated into a consensus diagnostic and classification framework, thus establishing some common ground in a field that is still evolving. MCI has also been positioned as a potentially important target for early treatment interventions to delay progression to dementia. Nosologically, MCI is not currently included as a diagnostic entity in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. The diagnostic categories of Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (DSM-IV-TR) and Mild Cognitive Disorder (ICD-10) are similar to MCI because they require the presence of cognitive impairment but these categories can only be assigned if a specific neurological or general medical condition can be identified to account for the cognitive symptoms. Much of the current condition of MCI does not fit as it has no aetiologic specification. Nevertheless, MCI is increasingly a presenting condition in primary and specialized settings of care. Medical practice guidelines have recognized MCI as a risk state for dementia and recommend careful clinical evaluation and monitoring of individuals with this diagnosis.
Schizophrenia and paranoid disorders in late life
Authors: Palmer Barton W. , Savla Gauri N. , Meeks Thomas W. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractEstimates of the point-prevalence of paranoia and other psychotic symptoms among persons age ⋚ 65 years have ranged from approximately 4 per cent to 6 per cent, and may be as high as 10 per cent among those age ⋚ 85 years. Although the majority of these symptoms occur as secondary psychoses in the context of Alzheimer’s disease or related dementias, the population of people with schizophrenia is ageing along with the general ‘greying’ of the industrialized world, and mental health care for older adults with schizophrenia is expected to be an increasingly important public health concern. This chapter covers clinical features, classification systems, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, epidemiology, aetiology, course and prognosis, treatment, and management.
Personality disorders in the elderly
Authors: Holroyd Suzanne 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe study of personality disorder (PD) in late life presents conceptual, diagnostic, and methodological difficulties. By definition, PD is considered a group of personality traits that relatively persistent through adulthood. However, the concept of PD persisting throughout the lifespan contradicts widespread clinical belief that they become less severe with ageing. There are difficulties in studying PD in the elderly. One is the instability of the definition of PD over time, making it difficult to relate earlier studies to those using current definitions of PD. In addition, diagnostic criteria are subject to criticism when applied to the elderly, in that they may be ‘age-biased’. Finally, the methodology used to diagnose PD has been highly variable and difficult to interpret between studies. This chapter covers clinical features, diagnosis, epidemiology and aetiology, course and prognosis, and treatment and management.
Autism and the pervasive developmental disorders
Authors: Volkmar Fred R. , Klin Ami 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are characterized by patterns of deviance and delay in social-communicative development in the first years of life, which are associated with restricted patterns of interest or behaviour. The prototypic PDD is childhood autism; other conditions included in the PDD class in ICD-10 include Rett's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger's syndrome, and atypical autism. Except for one additional category in ICD-10 (hyperkinetic stereotyped movement disorder), the disorders included in ICD-10 and DSM-IV are essentially identical. In this chapter each of these conditions will be reviewed in terms of their clinical features, definition, epidemiology, course, and aetiology; final sections of the chapter address aspects of treatment and prevention for the group of disorders as a whole (Box 9.2.3.1).
Sleep disorders in children and adolescents
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIt was argued in Chapter 4.14.1 that sleep disorders medicine should be viewed as an integral part of psychiatry, whatever the age group of patients, because of the various close connections between sleep disturbance and psychological disorders seen in clinical practice. This is certainly the case regarding child and adolescent psychiatry in view of the high rates of psychiatric disorder of which sleep disturbance is often a part, and also the frequent occurrence of sleep disorders in young people with potentially serious developmental effects of a psychological and sometimes physical nature. The temptation to view children's sleep disorders as merely transitory problems, mainly in infancy, encountered by many parents and of no lasting or serious significance, should be resisted. This may be true for some families but is frequently not the case in others. The following account summarizes sleep disorders in childhood and adolescence. Familiarity is assumed with the earlier accounts of sleep disorders in adults (4.14.1), including the introduction to that section which covers basic aspects of sleep and other fundamental issues.
The relationship between physical and mental health in children and adolescents
Authors: Gledhill Julia , Garralda M. Elena 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe link between physical and psychological disorder in children and adolescents is well established. Children with chronic illness are at increased risk of emotional and behavioural disorders. In addition, repeated presentations with physical symptoms may represent underlying psychological distress or psychiatric disorder. Because of the inextricable links between young people and the family in which they live, it is inappropriate to consider symptoms in an index child in isolation. The effects of symptomatology on family functioning, parent, and sibling relationships should be considered. This may have important aetiological and prognostic significance.
Cognitive behaviour therapies for children and families
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: January 2013

AbstractCognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is derived from both behavioural and cognitive theories. Using concepts such as operant conditioning and reinforcement, behavioural theories treat behaviour as explicable without recourse to description of mental activity. In contrast, mental activity is central to all concepts derived from cognitive psychology. Both sets of theories have been of value in explaining psychological disorders and, in the design of interventions they have proved an effective combination. Central to that part of cognitive theory that is relevant to CBT is the concept of ‘schemas’, first described in detail by Jean Piaget. A schema is a mental ‘structure for screening, coding, and evaluating impinging stimuli’. The origin of mental schemas lies in the pre-verbal phase when material is encoded in non-verbal images that, as the child's language develops, gradually become verbally labelled. They form part of a dynamic system interacting with an individual child's physiology, emotional functioning, and behaviour with their operation depending on the social context in which the child is living. There are similarities but also differences between schemas and related concepts in psychoanalysis, such as Freudian ‘complexes’ and Kleinian ‘positions’. Schemas can be seen as organized around anything in the child's world, especially objects, beliefs, or emotions. They develop from past experience. The processing of new information in relation to such schemas can usefully be seen as involving the evaluation of discrepancies between information that is received and information that is expected. If there is a discrepancy, (the information not corresponding with that expected), then during the coding process information may be distorted so that it no longer creates discomfort, or, more adaptively, it may be incorporated into a modified schema.
Organization of services for children and adolescents with mental health problems
Authors: Wolpert Miranda 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis chapter aims to guide the thinking of practitioners who might be involved in developing services to meet the needs of children and young people with mental health difficulties. Anyone involved in this challenging but vital endeavour will need to address the following questions: ♦ Who should the service be for? ♦ What sort of interventions should be provided? ♦ How should the service be structured? ♦ Who should the staff be? ♦ How can the service be made most accessible? ♦ How can service quality be ensured? This chapter will look at each of these issues in turn to explore how each might best be approached.
Prevalence of intellectual disabilities and epidemiology of mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Cooper Sally-Ann , Smiley Elita 
Published: January 2013

Abstract♦ The prevalence of intellectual disabilities varies, depending upon definition, country, time, age range, and methods of population ascertainment. Reported rates vary substantially, and may be in the order of 9–14/1000 childhood populations, 3–8/1000 adult populations in developed countries, and higher in developing countries. ♦ Mental ill-health is more commonly experienced by adults with intellectual disabilities than the general population. Point prevalence is about 40 per cent, with problem behaviours being the most prevalent type. ♦ Dementia, problem behaviours, autism, bipolar disorder, and psychoses are more prevalent than for the general population. ♦ Incident mental ill-health is also greater than for the general population, at about 8 per cent per year. Common mental disorders and psychoses both have higher incidence than that for the general population. ♦ There is limited information on the protective and vulnerability factors for mental ill-health. ♦ Some factors related to prevalence and incidence of mental ill-health are similar to those found in the general population suggesting similar underlying causative mechanisms, but other factors differ, suggesting that inferences cannot necessarily be drawn from general population data and applied to the population with intellectual disabilities. ♦ Identifying high-risk groups within the population may allow for the provision of early interventions and supports, whilst some causative factors may be amenable to interventions to prevent or improve mental ill-health in this population. We need to gain a better understanding of these issues.
Aetiology of intellectual disability: general issues and prevention
Authors: Kaski Markus 
Published: January 2013

AbstractIntellectual disability can follow any of the biological, environmental, and psychological events that are capable of producing a decline of cognitive functions. Some factors do not directly or inevitably cause intellectual disability but add to the effects of a previous primary cause. Genetic causes may be hereditary or non-hereditary, and may or may not produce specific syndromes. Some lead to inborn errors of metabolism. Causation, how to assess cause, and why knowledge of causation is important is covered in detail, followed by primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, ethical problems of prevention, and the important of taking preventive aspects into account in all general and specific legislation, in operating procedures, and professional practice.
Families with a member with intellectual disability and their needs
Authors: Gath Ann , McCarthy Jane 
Published: January 2013

Abstract
Having a child with intellectual disability is a major and usually totally unexpected blow to any family. However, most families show great resourcefulness and adapt to give their normal child as well as themselves a happy, rewarding life. Parents strongly resent being treated as potential psychiatric patients and have vigorously thrown out the concept of ‘the handicapped family’. They do suffer understandable grief. From the point of discharge, the encouragement of informal support is more useful than providing hospital-based services. Children with all sorts of disability go to school early and the provision of unobtrusive familiar services is helpful. Unfortunately, there is often a gap in services between children's services and those for older adolescents and adults. The gap occurs at the worst time for parents who of all times require a familiar knowledgeable person who can offer a service throughout the transition period. The services required by the parents are practical help, such as appropriate equipment, respite care, advice about behaviour, and the ability to find emergency or specialized help at short notice. Parents also require some notice to be taken of their increasing age and/or infirmity, the financial difficulties arising out of the disability, and their anxiety that a humane plan can be made for their son or daughter when they die.
The planning and provision of psychiatric services for adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Bouras Nick , Holt Geraldine 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe functioning of people with intellectual disability (ID) is affected by many factors. As well as their ID, their ability to communicate with others, their social competency, personality, life experiences and circumstances, and their health (including mental health) also influence their behaviour and adjustment. This chapter focuses on the development and provision of services for adults with ID who have additional psychiatric and behavioural disorders. Developments have taken place in various parts of the world in recent years and a wide range of services has emerged.
Associations between psychiatric disorder and offending
Authors: Thomson Lindsay , Darjee Rajan 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe associations between psychiatric disorder and offending are complex. There has been a great deal of research into certain disorders and violent offending particularly over the last two decades. In summary, this has found a clear and consistent association between schizophreniform psychoses and violence, the importance of premorbid antisocial behaviour in predicting future violence, and the adjunctive effect of co-morbid substance misuse and antisocial personality disorder in the prevalence of violence. In addition, it has allowed the development of neuropsychiatric models to begin to explain violence in the context of mental disorder. Substance use disorders and learning disability are discussed in Chapters 11.3.2 and 11.3.3.
Querulous behaviour: vexatious litigation, abnormally persistent complaining and petitioning
Authors: Mullen Paul E. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe querulant pursue their vision of justice through litigation in the court, through petitions to the powerful, and finally through the various agencies of accountability. In practice all three avenues are often explored. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century it was the civil courts in which these dramas were usually played out. Today the main burden falls on the complaints organizations. After a brief historical overview, this chapter addresses clinical features, clinical assessment, and management.
Assessing and managing the risks of violence towards others
Authors: Mullen Paul E. , Ogloff James R. P. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractAssessing and managing the risk of our patients being violent towards others now occupies a prominent position in virtually all forms of mental health practice, but it remains a contentious area. At the highest level researchers, psychometricians, and statisticians argue about almost every aspect, even whether anything useful can be said about individual outcomes rather than group indicators. At the next level an industry flourishes of selling training, and risk assessment tinstruments, to those who then appear as experts in a wide range of mental health and criminal justice contexts. On the ground, almost everyone in mental health is drawn into filling out purpose-designed forms and complying with protocols, most of little or no demonstrated validity. This chapter is intended to make clinicians aware of both the possibilities and limitations of existing approaches to the assessments of risk. Given that there is no reason for mental health professionals to evaluate risk without gaining information to manage it, this chapter will also address the management of risk for aggression and violence.
Management of offenders with mental disorder in specialist forensic mental health services
Authors: Taylor Pamela J. , Dunn Emma 
Published: January 2013

AbstractSpecialist forensic mental health (fmh) services are for people with serious mental disorders and grave offending behaviour who tend to be rejected from mainstream services. Although often triggered by single high profile cases, these specialist services are among the best planned and commissioned services in psychiatry, founded in evidence of need, risk and efficacy of interventions. They are grounded in a multidisciplinary clinical perspective and often have integrated academic units. They interface both with other clinical services and with the criminal justice service. Good relationships with the local community are vital for establishment and growth. Secure psychiatric hospitals have two overarching aims: improving health and delivering safety for patients and others. In secure hospitals, patients’ autonomy is limited in a number of important ways: they may not be allowed to leave the hospital at all, may be confined to a particular area within the hospital, and/or treatment may be enforced. Although these restrictions are undoubtedly at least partly in the interests of the patients themselves, they are commonly also in the interests of others. This chapter looks at service structure, including planning principles, principles of assessment, admission criteria, the pathway to treatment, and finally assessing outcomes.
Palliative Care with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Persons
Authors: Smolinski Kathryn M. , Colón Yvette 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThis textbook on palliative social work is a companion volume to the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine and the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. To that end, this chapter will accomplish the following:
Age dating stellar populations in the near infrared: an absolute age indicator from the presence/absence of red supergiants
Authors: Gazak J. Z. , Bastian N. , Kudritzki R.-P. , Adamo A. , Davies B. , Plez B. , Urbaneja M. A. 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
The determination of age is a critical component in the study of a population of stellar clusters. In this Letter, we present a new absolute age indicator for young massive star clusters based on J−H colour. This novel method identifies clusters as older or younger than 5.7 ± 0.8 Myr based on the appearance of the first population of red supergiant stars. We test the technique on the stellar cluster population of the nearby spiral galaxy, M83, finding good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The localization of this technique to the near-IR promises that it may be used well into the future with space- and ground-based missions optimized for near-IR observations.
Zel’dovich approximation and general relativity
Authors: Rampf Cornelius , Rigopoulos Gerasimos 
Published: December 2012

Abstract
We show how the Zel’dovich approximation and the second-order displacement field of Lagrangian perturbation theory can be obtained from a general relativistic gradient expansion in Λ cold dark matter cosmology. The displacement field arises as a result of a second-order non-local coordinate transformation which brings the synchronous/comoving metric into a Newtonian form. We find that, with a small modification, the Zel’dovich approximation holds even on scales comparable to the horizon. The corresponding density perturbation is not related to the Newtonian potential via the usual Poisson equation but via a modified Helmholtz equation. This is a consequence of causality not present in the Newtonian theory. The second-order displacement field receives relativistic corrections that are subdominant on short scales but are comparable to the second-order Newtonian result on scales approaching the horizon. The corrections are easy to include when setting up initial conditions in large N-body simulations.