bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dynamics of multilingualism in contemporary Singapore
Authors: BOLTON KINGSLEY , NG BEE CHIN 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTHistorically, Singapore was home to a heterogeneous and highly multilingual population from across the Asian region and elsewhere in the world. In contrast with its historical past, or even the early days of the post‐colonial period, Singapore's earlier diverse and linguistically heterogeneous society has evolved into a multi‐ethnic nation state, with four official languages, of which three are recognised ‘mother tongues’. This paper reviews the historical and contemporary dynamics of multilingualism in the Singapore community, and also serves as an introduction to the five other papers in this symposium on ‘English in multilingual Singapore’.
Singapore Colloquial English: Issues of prestige and identity
Authors: CAVALLARO FRANCESCO , NG BEE CHIN , SEILHAMER MARK FIFER 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTSingapore Colloquial English (SCE) or ‘Singlish’ is a variety very distinct from Singapore Standardised English (SSE), and its use is a polarising issue in Singaporean society. In stark contrast to the results of most language attitude studies in which non‐standardised varieties are rated positively along solidarity dimensions, participants of matched‐guise studies investigating Singaporean attitudes toward SCE have assigned lower solidarity ratings for SCE than for SSE. This is in stark contrast to anecdotal and public opinion that SCE is a language of solidarity and identity for most Singaporeans. By including participants from non‐tertiary sectors and a wider range of stimulus guises as well as supplementing matched‐guise results with interview data, this study seeks to reveal the covert prestige that SCE does, in fact, appear to enjoy in Singaporean society. While the matched‐guise results of this study largely conform to previous findings, the interview data suggest that many participants were basing their ratings on perceptions of SCE use in the public domain rather than the private domain. The study has implications for the extent to which we can extrapolate results from matched‐guise studies, a widely used instrument for the study of language attitudes in the last 50 years.
Singlish can and speech accommodation in Singapore English
Authors: NG BEE CHIN , CAVALLARO FRANCESCO , KOH DAPHNE SHU PING 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACTFor Singaporeans it is very natural to switch between ‘Singapore Standard English’ (SSE) and Singapore Colloquial English (SCE), namely, Singlish,. The employment of different varieties of a language between speaker turns can be accounted for using the communication accommodation theory. Are Singaporeans responsive to the varieties of English used by people around them? Does language convergence or divergence in a SSE‐SCE conversation affect a speaker's perceived social image? Participants were asked to listen to different variations of a SSE‐SCE service encounter dialogue before rating the traits of the featured salesman and customer. Generally, Singaporeans awarded higher ratings to the customer when he/she complied with the language standards set by the salesman rather than when he/she deviated from that set by the salesman. These results were contrary to the common belief that ‘the customer is always right’.
Glycan Degradation (GlyDeR) Analysis Predicts Mammalian Gut Microbiota Abundance and Host Diet-Specific Adaptations
Authors: Eilam Omer , Zarecki Raphy , Oberhardt Matthew , Ursell Luke K. , Kupiec Martin , Knight Rob , Gophna Uri , Ruppin Eytan 
Published: August 2014

ABSTRACT

Glycans form the primary nutritional source for microbes in the human gut, and understanding their metabolism is a critical yet understudied aspect of microbiome research. Here, we present a novel computational pipeline for modeling glycan degradation (GlyDeR) which predicts the glycan degradation potency of 10,000 reference glycans based on either genomic or metagenomic data. We first validated GlyDeR by comparing degradation profiles for genomes in the Human Microbiome Project against KEGG reaction annotations. Next, we applied GlyDeR to the analysis of human and mammalian gut microbial communities, which revealed that the glycan degradation potential of a community is strongly linked to host diet and can be used to predict diet with higher accuracy than sequence data alone. Finally, we show that a microbe’s glycan degradation potential is significantly correlated (
R
= 0.46) with its abundance, with even higher correlations for potential pathogens such as the class
Clostridia
(
R
= 0.76). GlyDeR therefore represents an important tool for advancing our understanding of bacterial metabolism in the gut and for the future development of more effective prebiotics for microbial community manipulation.

IMPORTANCE
The increased availability of high-throughput sequencing data has positioned the gut microbiota as a major new focal point for biomedical research. However, despite the expenditure of huge efforts and resources, sequencing-based analysis of the microbiome has uncovered mostly associative relationships between human health and diet, rather than a causal, mechanistic one. In order to utilize the full potential of systems biology approaches, one must first characterize the metabolic requirements of gut bacteria, specifically, the degradation of glycans, which are their primary nutritional source. We developed a computational framework called GlyDeR for integrating expert knowledge along with high-throughput data to uncover important new relationships within glycan metabolism. GlyDeR analyzes particular bacterial (meta)genomes and predicts the potency by which they degrade a variety of different glycans. Based on GlyDeR, we found a clear connection between microbial glycan degradation and human diet, and we suggest a method for the rational design of novel prebiotics.
Multidecadal Variations in the Relationship between the NAO and Winter Precipitation in the Hindu Kush–Karakoram
Authors: Filippi Luca , Palazzi Elisa , von Hardenberg Jost , Provenzale Antonello 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Winter precipitation over the Hindu Kush–Karakoram (HKK) range in the western Himalayas is generated by westerly perturbations whose dynamics is affected by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Larger precipitation is typically recorded during the positive NAO phase. In this work, the relationship between the NAO and winter precipitation in the HKK is explored further, using an ensemble of precipitation datasets and the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) data. The mechanisms underlying this relationship are discussed, with a focus on the secular variations that occurred in the last century. The NAO exerts its control on HKK precipitation by altering the intensity of westerly winds in the region of the Middle East jet stream (MEJS). Results indicate that evaporation from the Persian Gulf, the northern Arabian Sea, and the Red Sea plays an important role. During positive NAO phases, westerlies are strengthened and enhanced evaporation occurs from these basins owing to higher surface wind speed. The extra moisture combines with stronger westerlies and results in enhanced moisture transport toward the HKK. Precipitation datasets covering the twentieth century show an alternation of periods of strong and weaker influence of the NAO on precipitation in the HKK. It is found that these variations are associated with changes in the spatial pattern of the NAO: the relative position of the two centers of action of the NAO determines to what extent it can modulate the MEJS, affecting precipitation in the HKK.
The Dilemmas of the New Unionism in Brazil
Authors: Antunes Ricardo , Santana Marco Aurélio 
Published: August 2014

Brazil’s “new unionism,” which emerged in the late 1970s, declared itself class-oriented, autonomous, and independent of the state. It proposed to take the lead in defense of eliminating the exploitation of labor by capital and of the real possibility of constructing of a socialist society. Identifying with the most dynamic sector of the working class, it expanded the participation of organized workers in the struggle for their demands. Over time, however, with changes in the political conjuncture and the introduction of neoliberal economic policies, the movement became more institutionalized—retreating from confrontation, devoting increasing attention to electoral politics, and giving more emphasis to hierarchical and bureaucratized leadership. Despite its many achievements, it proved incapable of putting down roots within companies or reducing social inequalities. Overemphasizing the idea of a complete break with the past may have prevented it from giving appropriate attention to the difficulties historically confronted by the labor movement in Brazil. O “novo sindicalismo” que surgiu no Brasil nos fins dos anos 1970 se declarou de classe, autônomo e independente do Estado. Propôs-se assumir a liderança na eliminação da exploração da classe trabalhadora pelo capital, e de conseguir a construção duma sociedade verdadeiramente socialista. Por identificar-se com o sétor mais dinâmica da classe operária, ampliou a participação dos trabalhadores sindicatados na luta para conseguir as suas reivindicações. Sem embargo, ao correr o tempo, com as mudanças na conjuntura política e a introdução de políticas econômicas neoliberais, o movimento pouco a pouco se ia institucionalizando-se, evitando os confrontos, dedicando mais e mais atenção às políticas eleitorais, e enfatizando a liderança hierárquica e burocratizada. Apesar das muitas melhoras que conseguira, se mostrou incapaz de lançar raizes nas empresas, nem reduzir as desigualidades sociais. Tal vez fora, por ter enfatizado demais a ideia de uma ruptura total com o passado, que se impediu de pagar atenção adequada às dificuldades que o movimento operário sempre enfrentarem históricamente, e ainda enfrenta, no Brasil.
From Stores to Banks
Authors: Saltorato Patrícia , Domingues Larissa Cecília , Donadone Júlio César , Neves Guimarães Márcia Regina 
Published: August 2014

The Brazilian retail sector has been experiencing a dynamic involving, on the one hand, a strong approximation toward the financial institutions and, on the other hand, an intense concentration process, foreign capital participation, initial public offers, and business operations internationalization, boosting the retail financialization environment. This paper explores this dynamic by focusing on the organizational impacts resulting from the diffusion of a financial logic on Brazilian financial retail field construction, gathering together different actors struggling to define the field’s rules. The paper uses secondary sources as well as 57 interviews with employees from the country’s 19 largest retail stores about their work transformation. Interesting insights ranging from embarrassment stemming from the failure to fulfill goals, retail workers’ rights (being legally considered banking workers), to the use of slave labor by multinational fashion supply chains are garnered. All of these elements connected underpin the Brazilian Financial Retail field. O setor varejista brasileiro passa por uma dinâmica envolvendo por um lado, uma forte aproximação com as instituições financeiras e, por outro, por um intenso processo de concentração, atuação de capital estrangeiro, aberturas de capital, internacionalização dos negócios, profissionalização da gestão, fomentando a financeirização do varejo nacional. Esta pesquisa visa contribuir explorando os impactos organizacionais resultantes da difusão dessa lógica de inspiração financeira sobre o varejo brasileiro que logra unir diferentes atores e suas respectivas fontes de (diferentes e divergentes) capitais na definição dos contornos e regras de um novo campo de atuação para as empresas varejistas. Os resultados desta pesquisa envolvem dados de fontes secundárias, além de informações colhidas junto a 57 entrevistas realizadas com funcionários das 19 maiores varejistas atuantes no país sobre mudanças na organização de seu trabalho. Os resultados apresentados envolvem desde situações embaraçosas relacionadas ao não cumprimento das metas, passando pela equiparação de funcionários do varejo a bancários, até o uso de mão-de-obra escrava por grandes cadeias de moda varejistas. Juntos, estes elementos corroboram a construção do campo do varejo financeiro brasileiro.
Controllability problem for fractional integrodifferential evolution systems of mixed type with the measure of noncompactness
Authors: Qin Haiyong , Liu Jianwei , Zuo Xin 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
We consider the controllability problem for a class of fractional evolution systems of mixed type in an infinite dimensional Banach space. The existence of mild solutions and controllability results are discussed by a new estimation technique of the measure of noncompactness and a fixed point theorem with respect to a convex-power condensing operator. However, the main results do not need any restrictive conditions on estimated parameters of the measure of noncompactness. Since we do not assume that the semigroup is compact and other conditions are more general, the outcomes we obtain here improve and generalize many known controllability results. An example is also given to demonstrate the applications of our main results.

MSC:26A33, 34B15, 93B05, 93C25.
Uniform description of interference and load based routing metric for wireless mesh networks
Authors: Wang Jihong , Shi Wenxiao , Xu Yinlong , Jin Feng 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Routing metrics help calculate optimal path from source node to destination node; it is the key for the whole network performances and needs to be carefully designed. Existing routing metrics independently describe intra-flow interference and inter-flow interference, so measures should be taken to make the component that describes the intra-flow interference around the same value range as that describes the inter-flow interference. These measures will complicate the design of routing metrics or introduce adjustable parameters, but how to adjust the parameters based on network status is still a challenge. In this paper, we propose an isotonic routing metric, called MIL (metric based on uniform description of interference and load), which uniformly describes factors including physical interference, logical intra-flow and inter-flow interference, and node load. MIL can detect and avoid heavy load and heavy interference areas in the network, and it can guide packets to reach destinations with low end-to-end delay. As byproduct, a channel diversity expression is also proposed to reflect channel distribution along paths. Simulations show that MIL outperforms some existing well-known routing metrics.
Results on proximal and generalized weak proximal contractions including the case of iteration-dependent range sets
Authors: De la Sen Manuel , Agarwal Ravi P , Ibeas Asier 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
This paper presents some further results on proximal and asymptotic proximal contractions and on a class of generalized weak proximal contractions in metric spaces. The generalizations are stated for non-self-mappings of the forms

T
n

:

A
n

→

B
n

for

n
∈

Z

0
+

and

T
:

⋃

j
∈

Z

0
+

A

0
j

→

⋃

j
∈

Z

0
+

B

0
j

, or

T
:
A
→
(
⋃

B
n

)

, subject to

T
(

A

0
n

)
⊆

B

0
n

and

T
n

(

A
n

)
⊆

B
n

, such that

T
n

converges uniformly to T, and the distances

D
n

=
d
(

A
n

,

B
n

)

are iteration-dependent, where

A

0
n

,

A
n

,

B

0
n

and

B
n

are non-empty subsets of X, for

n
∈

Z

0
+

, where

(
X
,
d
)

is a metric space, provided that the set-theoretic limit of the sequences of closed sets

{

A
n

}

and

{

B
n

}

exist as

n
→
∞

and that the countable infinite unions of the closed sets are closed. The convergence of the sequences in the domain and the image sets of the non-self-mapping, as well as the existence and uniqueness of the best proximity points, are also investigated if the metric space is complete. Two application examples are also given, being concerned, respectively, with the solutions through pseudo-inverses of both compatible and incompatible linear algebraic systems and with the parametrical identification of dynamic systems.
Re-development of mental health first aid guidelines for non-suicidal self-injury: a Delphi study
Authors: Ross Anna M , Kelly Claire M , Jorm Anthony F 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Background
Up to 12% of Australian adults and almost one in five adolescents are estimated to have engaged in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) at some time in their life. Friends and family are most likely to notice signs of NSSI, but may be unsure how to intervene. Mental health first aid guidelines were developed in 2008 on how to do this through providing initial support and encouraging appropriate professional help-seeking. This study aims to re-develop the 2008 NSSI first aid guidelines to ensure they contain current recommended helping actions and remain consistent with the NSSI intervention literature.

Methods
The Delphi consensus method was used to determine the importance of the inclusion of helping statements in the guidelines. These statements describe helping actions a member of the public can take, and information they should have, to help someone who is engaging in NSSI. Systematic searches of the available NSSI intervention literature were conducted to find helping statements. Two expert panels, comprising 28 NSSI professionals and 33 consumer advocates, rated the importance of each statement.

Results
98 out of 220 statements were endorsed as appropriate helping actions in providing assistance to someone engaging in NSSI. These statements were used to form the updated mental health first aid guidelines for NSSI.

Conclusion
The re-development of the guidelines has resulted in more comprehensive guidance than the original version (98 versus 30 statements containing helping actions). This substantial increase in endorsed statements adds detail and depth to the guidelines, as well as covers additional ways of providing guidance and support.
Genome-driven integrated classification of breast cancer validated in over 7,500 samples
Authors: Ali H Raza , Rueda Oscar M , Chin Suet-Feung , Curtis Christina , Dunning Mark J , Aparicio Samuel AJR , Caldas Carlos 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Background
IntClust is a classification of breast cancer comprising 10 subtypes based on molecular drivers identified through the integration of genomic and transcriptomic data from 1,000 breast tumors and validated in a further 1,000. We present a reliable method for subtyping breast tumors into the IntClust subtypes based on gene expression and demonstrate the clinical and biological validity of the IntClust classification.

Results
We developed a gene expression-based approach for classifying breast tumors into the ten IntClust subtypes by using the ensemble profile of the index discovery dataset. We evaluate this approach in 983 independent samples for which the combined copy-number and gene expression IntClust classification was available. Only 24 samples are discordantly classified. Next, we compile a consolidated external dataset composed of a further 7,544 breast tumors. We use our approach to classify all samples into the IntClust subtypes. All ten subtypes are observable in most studies at comparable frequencies. The IntClust subtypes are significantly associated with relapse-free survival and recapitulate patterns of survival observed previously. In studies of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, IntClust reveals distinct patterns of chemosensitivity. Finally, patterns of expression of genomic drivers reported by TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) are better explained by IntClust as compared to the PAM50 classifier.

Conclusions
IntClust subtypes are reproducible in a large meta-analysis, show clinical validity and best capture variation in genomic drivers. IntClust is a driver-based breast cancer classification and is likely to become increasingly relevant as more targeted biological therapies become available.
Total calcium-sensing receptor expression in circulating monocytes is increased in rheumatoid arthritis patients with severe coronary artery calcification
Authors: Paccou Julien , Boudot Cédric , Renard Cédric , Liabeuf Sophie , Kamel Said , Fardellone Patrice , Massy Ziad , Brazier Michel , Mentaverri Romuald 
Published: August 2014

Abstract
Introduction
Human circulating monocytes express the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and are involved in atherosclerosis. This study investigated the potential association between vascular calcification in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and CaSR expression in circulating monocytes.

Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 50 RA patients were compared to 25 control subjects matched for age and gender. Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and flow cytometry analysis were performed to study the surface and total CaSR expression in circulating monocytes. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) scores were evaluated by computed tomography and an association between these scores and the surface and/or total CaSR expression in circulating monocytes in RA patients was investigated.

Results
The two groups were similar in terms of age (RA: 60.9 ± 8.3 years, versus controls: 59.6 ± 5.3 years) and gender (RA: 74.0% females versus 72.0% females). We did not find a higher prevalence and greater burden of CAC or AAC in RA patients versus age- and gender-matched controls. When compared with control subjects, RA patients did not exhibit greater total CaSR (101.6% ± 28.8 vs. 99.9% ± 22.0) or surface CaSR (104.6% ± 20.4 vs. 99.9% ± 13.7) expression, but total CaSR expression in circulating monocytes was significantly higher in RA patients with severe CAC (Agatston score ≥200, n = 11) than in patients with mild-to-moderate CAC (1 to 199, n = 21) (P = 0.01).

Conclusions
This study demonstrates for the first time that total CaSR expression in human circulating monocytes is increased in RA patients with severe coronary artery calcification.