bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of zircon‐based tricolor pigments on the color, microstructure, flexural strength and translucency of a novel dental lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic
Authors: Yuan Kun , Wang Fu , Gao Jing , Sun Xiang , Deng Zai‐Xi , Wang Hui , Jin Lei , Chen Ji‐Hua 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of zircon‐based tricolor pigments (praseodymium zircon yellow, ferrum zircon red, and vanadium zircon blue) on the color, thermal property, crystalline phase composition, microstructure, flexural strength, and translucency of a novel dental lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic. The pigments were added to the glass frit, milled, pressed, and sintered. Ninety monochrome samples were prepared and the colors were analyzed. The effect of the pigments on thermal property, crystalline phase composition, and microstructure were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Addition of the pigments resulted in the acquisition of subtractive primary colors as well as tooth‐like colors, and did not demonstrate significant effects on the thermal property, crystalline phase composition, microstructure, and flexural strength of the experimental glass‐ceramic. Although significant differences (p < 0.01) were observed between the translucencies of the uncolored and 1.0 wt % zircon‐based pigment colored ceramics, the translucencies of the latter were sufficient to fabricate dental restorations. These results indicate that the zircon‐based tricolor pigments can be used with dental lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic to produce abundant and predictable tooth‐like colors without significant adverse effects, if mixed in the right proportions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 98–107, 2014.
Bone morphogenetic protein‐2, ‐6, and ‐7 differently regulate osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells
Authors: Hakki Sema S. , Bozkurt Buket , Hakki Erdogan E. , Kayis Seyit Ali , Turac Gizem , Yilmaz Irem , Karaoz Erdal 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe utility of adult stem cells for bone regeneration may be an attractive alternative in the treatment of extensive injury, congenital malformations, or diseases causing large bone defects. To create an environment that is supportive of bone formation, signals from molecules such as the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are required to engineer fully viable and functional bone. We therefore determined whether BMP‐2, ‐6, and ‐7 differentially regulate the (1) proliferation, (2) mineralization, and (3) mRNA expression of bone/mineralized tissue associated genes of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs), which were obtained from periodontal ligament tissue of human impacted third molars. hPDLSCs from six participants were isolated and characterized using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. A real‐time cell analyzer was used to evaluate the effects of BMP‐2, ‐6, and ‐7 on the proliferation of hPDLSCs. hPDLSCs were treated with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing different concentrations of BMP‐2, ‐6, and ‐7 (10, 25, 50, 100 ng/mL) and monitored for 264 hours. After dose‐response experiments, 50 and 100 ng/mL concentrations of BMPs were used to measure bone/mineralized tissue‐associated gene expression. Type I collagen, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and osteoblastic transcription factor Runx2 mRNA expression of hPDLSCs treated with BMP‐2, ‐6, and ‐7, were evaluated using quantitative RT‐PCR. Biomineralization of hPDLSCs was assessed using von Kossa staining. This study demonstrated that BMPs at various concentrations differently regulate the proliferation, mineralization, and mRNA expression of bone/mineralized tissue associated genes in hPDLSCs. BMPs regulate hPDLSC proliferation in a time and dose‐dependent manner when compared to an untreated control group. BMPs induced bone/mineralized tissue‐associated gene mRNA expression and biomineralization of hPDLSCs. The most pronounced induction occurred in the BMP‐6 group in the biomineralization of the hPDLSCs. Our data suggest that BMP‐2, ‐6, and ‐7 are potent regulators of hPDLSC gene expression and biomineralization. Employing BMPs with hPDLSCs isolated from periodontal ligament tissues provides a promising strategy for bone tissue engineering. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 119–130, 2014.
Titaniumcarboxonitride layer increased biocompatibility of medical polyetherurethanes
Authors: Riescher Sebastian , Wehner Daniel , Schmid Thomas , Zimmermann Hanngoerg , Hartmann Björn , Schmid Christof , Lehle Karla 
Published: July 2013

AbstractPolyetherurethane (PEU) is in use for blood‐contacted devices because of its excellent mechanical properties. However, poor hemocompatibility of the hydrophobic material required surface modification or endothelialization. To increase the biocompatibility of PEU, the polymer was coated with a titaniumcarboxonitride [Ti(C,N,O)] layer by a plasma‐activated chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) process. Biocompatibility of titaniferously coated PEU was verified using static and dynamic cell culture techniques. Titaniferous coating significantly improved proliferation and mitochondrial activity of human endothelial cells on PEU. These cells captured significantly less mononuclear cells and platelets. Under shear stress for up to 72 hours, titaniferous coating increased endothelial cell adhesion, spreading, and cell density to form an organized monolayer covering the whole luminal surface of vascular PEU grafts. In summary, coating of PEU surfaces with Ti(C,N,O) might be a promising strategy to improve the biocompatibility of biomedical biomaterials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 141–148, 2014.
Integrated furfural production as a renewable fuel and chemical platform from lignocellulosic biomass
Authors: Cai Charles M , Zhang Taiying , Kumar Rajeev , Wyman Charles E 
Published: July 2013

AbstractFurfural is a natural precursor to furan‐based chemicals and has the potential to become a major renewable platform chemical for the production of biochemicals and biofuels. However, current industrial furfural production relies on relatively old and inefficient strategies that have hindered its capacity, and low production yields have strongly diminished its competitiveness with petroleum‐based alternatives in the global market. This mini‐review provides a critical analysis of past and current progress to enhance furfural production from lignocellulosic biomass. First, important chemical and fuel products derived from the catalytic conversion of furfural are outlined. We then discuss the importance of developing integrated production strategies to co‐produce furfural with other valuable chemicals. Furfural formation and loss chemistries are explored to understand effective methods to improve furfural yields from pentosans. Finally, selected relevant commercial and academic technologies that promise to improve lignocellulosic furfural production are discussed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
A novel approach for poly‐γ‐glutamic acid production using xylose and corncob fibres hydrolysate in Bacillus subtillisHB‐1
Authors: Zhu Fan , Cai Jin , Zheng Qiang , Zhu Xiangcheng , Cen Peilin , Xu Zhinan 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDPoly‐γ‐glutamic acid (γ‐PGA) is an extracellular anionic polymer with various potential applications. Renewable and economical carbon sources as the major fermentation feedstock are in need for γ‐PGA production.RESULTSXylose has been demonstrated to support cell growth and γ‐PGA biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis HB‐1. Batch fermentation using xylose could produce about 23.63 g L−1 γ‐PGA in the broth with a high production rate of 0.74 g L−1 h−1. Subsequent fed‐batch fermentation could further improve the concentration of γ‐PGA up to 28.15 g L−1 with a high conversion rate of 0.97 g g−1 (l‐glutamate). Based on these preliminary results, the multiple‐sugar containing substrate (corncob fibres hydrolysate) was chosen as the alternative complex carbon source to produce γ‐PGA, and one high concentration (24.92 g L−1) of γ‐PGA was attained.CONCLUSIONSOur pilot trial results suggested that the low‐cost and renewable lignocellulosic biomass can be used for the environmental friendly and efficient production of γ‐PGA. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Recent advances in production and biotechnological applications of thermostable and alkaline bacterial lipases
Authors: Bora Limpon , Gohain Dibakar , Das Reshmi 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMicrobial lipases occupy a vital position with respect to their industrial applications and they are studied extensively. Thermophilic microorganisms are potential sources of thermostable alkaline lipases, which have been isolated from various natural origins. Most lipases can act in a wide range of pH and temperature, though alkaline bacterial lipases are more common. Thermostable alkaline lipases have commercial value and find applications in various industrial and biotechnological sectors such as additives in detergents, additives in food industries, environmental bioremediations and in molecular biology. The latest trend in lipase research is the development of novel and improved lipases through molecular approaches such as directed evolution and exploring natural communities by the metagenomic approach. Therefore, thermostable alkaline lipases are the enzymes of choice for many biotechnologists, microbiologists, biochemists, environmentalists and biochemical engineers. In the present review, we discuss some novel sources along with recent advances in fermentation conditions, substrate conditions and biotechnological applications of thermostable alkaline bacterial lipases. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Anaerobic digestion of aerobic granular biomass: effects of thermal pre‐treatment and addition of primary sludge
Authors: Val Del Río Ángeles , Palmeiro‐Sanchez Tania , Figueroa Mónica , Mosquera‐Corral Anuska , Campos José L , Méndez Ramón 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDManagement of the sludge generated in the wastewater treatment plants accounts for more than 50% of their operational costs. To minimise these costs, technologies capable of reducing the production of sludge in the plant need to be developed, such as aerobic granular systems. The aggregation state of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) could be a limiting factor for its further anaerobic digestion. Therefore in this work the feasibility of anaerobic digestion of AGS has been studied under three conditions: (1) raw AGS, (2) thermal pre‐treated AGS and (3) a mixture of thermal pre‐treated AGS with primary sludge.RESULTSThe values obtained for anaerobic biodegradability and reduction of solids in the case of raw AGS were 44% and 32%, respectively. Thermal pre‐treatment of AGS at 133 °C enhanced the anaerobic digester performance, in terms of solids reduction, by approximately 47%. The mixture of thermal pre‐treated AGS with primary sludge provided better results for solids removal than in the case with only thermal pre‐treated AGS.CONCLUSIONAnaerobic digestion of AGS has a similar performance as that reported for waste activated sludge, which indicates that the aggregation of the biomass into granules does not seem to limit the anaerobic process. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
The mechanism of first raindrops formation in deep convective clouds
Authors: Khain A. , Prabha Thara V. , Benmoshe Nir , Pandithurai G. , Ovchinnikov M. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractThe formation of first raindrops in deep convective clouds is investigated. A combination of observational data analysis and 2D and 3D simulations of deep convective clouds suggests that the first raindrops form at the top of undiluted or slightly diluted cores. It is shown that droplet size distributions in these regions are wider and contain more large droplets than in diluted volumes. The results of the study suggest that the initial raindrop formation is determined by the basic microphysical processes within ascending adiabatic volumes. It allows one to predict the height of the formation of first raindrops considering the processes of cloud condensation nuclei activation, droplet diffusion growth, and coalescence growth. The results obtained in the study explain observational results through which the in‐cloud height of first raindrop formation depends linearly on the droplet number concentration at cloud base. The results also explain why a simple adiabatic parcel model can reproduce this dependence. The present study provides a physical basis for retrieval algorithms of cloud microphysical properties and aerosol properties using satellites. The study indicates that the role of mixing and entrainment in the formation of the first raindrops is not of crucial importance. It is also shown that low variability of effective and mean volume radii along horizontal traverses, as regularly observed by in situ measurements, can be simulated by high‐resolution cloud models in which mixing is parameterized by a traditional 1.5 order turbulence closure scheme.
Imaging DOAS detection of primary formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide emissions from petrochemical flares
Authors: Pikelnaya Olga , Flynn James H. , Tsai Catalina , Stutz Jochen 
Published: July 2013

AbstractMetropolitan areas with a high number of petrochemical facilities are often struggling to meet current and future air quality standards. The Houston‐Galveston area, for example, continues to be in noncompliance with the U.S. federal air quality standard of ozone, despite significant progress in mitigating air pollution. In recent years, the magnitude and role of primary emissions of ozone‐forming chemicals, and in particular formaldehyde, from flares in petrochemical facilities have been discussed as a potential factor contributing to ozone formation. However, no direct observations of flare emissions of formaldehyde have thus far been reported. Here we present observations of formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide emissions from petrochemical flares in the Houston‐Galveston area during the 2009 Formaldehyde and Olefin from Large Industrial Sources campaign using a new imaging differential optical absorption spectrometer (I‐DOAS). Formaldehyde emissions from burning flares were observed directly above the flare stack and ranged from 0.2 to 8.5 kg/h. Unlit flares were found not to emit formaldehyde. SO2 emission rates from a burning acid gas flare ranged between 2 and 4 kg/h. None of the sampled flares coemitted HCHO and SO2. Comparison of the emission fluxes measured by the I‐DOAS instrument with those from emission inventories and with fluxes calculated from plumes detected by the long‐path DOAS over downtown Houston shows that the flares observed by the I‐DOAS were relatively small. While burning flares clearly emit HCHO, a larger observational database is needed to assess the importance of flare emissions for ozone formation.
A combined nonlinear and nonlocal model for topographic evolution in channelized depositional systems
Authors: Falcini F. , Foufoula‐Georgiou E. , Ganti V. , Paola C. , Voller V. R. 
Published: July 2013

AbstractModels for the overall topographic evolution of erosional and depositional systems can be grouped into two broad classes. The first class is local models in which the sediment flux at a point is expressed as a linear or nonlinear function of local hydrogeomorphic measures (e.g., water discharge and slope). The second class is nonlocal models, where the sediment flux at a point is expressed via a weighted average (i.e., convolution integral) of measures upstream and/or downstream of the point of interest. Until now, the nonlinear and nonlocal models have been developed independently. In this study, we develop a unified model for large‐scale morphological evolution that combines both nonlinear and nonlocal approaches. With this model, we show that in a depositional system, under piston‐style subsidence, the topographic signatures of nonlinearity and nonlocality are identical and that in combination, their influence is additive. Furthermore, unlike either nonlinear or nonlocal models alone, the combined model fits observed fluvial profiles with parameter values that are consistent with theory and independent observations. By contrast, under conditions of steady bypass, the nonlocal and nonlinear components in the combined model have distinctly different signatures. In the absence of nonlocality, a purely nonlinear model always predicts a bypass fluvial profile with a spatially constant slope, while a nonlocal model produces a nonconstant slope, i.e., profile curvature. This result can be used as a test for inferring the presence of nonlocality and for untangling the relative roles of local and nonlocal mechanisms in shaping depositional morphology.
Long‐Term Starvation in Cave Salamander Effects on Liver Ultrastructure and Energy Reserve Mobilization
Authors: Bizjak Mali Lilijana , Sepčić Kristina , Bulog Boris 
Published: July 2013

ABSTRACTCover illustration. Like most other cave animals, the Proteus anguinus anguinus (cave‐dwelling salamander) experiences periodically poor and discontinuous food supply and/or intermittent hypoxia that may occur for long periods in the subterranean environments. The salamander adjusts its metabolism and utilization of metabolic reserves to these fluctuating periods of food supply. In this issue of the Journal of Morphology, Mali and coauthors studied morphological and biochemical changes of liver tissue of the cave‐dwelling salamander during periods of food deprivation (pp 887–900). With a combination of qualitative morphological and quantitative biochemical data, the authors evaluate the adaptive capacity of the liver and the importance of the liver as an energy storing organ.
Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of counterfeit and unregistered medicines using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Fraser Sara J. , Oughton James , Batten William A. , Clark Austina S. S. , Schmierer David M. , Gordon Keith C. , Strachan Clare J. 
Published: July 2013

Raman spectroscopy was used to classify a group of seized counterfeit medications associated with erectile dysfunction. Using appropriate data preprocessing, principal component analysis and the classification method soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), it was possible to classify genuine from unregistered generic and counterfeit Cialis® batches. However, SIMCA did not effectively classify samples on the basis of their active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Partial least squares discriminant analysis, principal component regression and support vector machines effectively distinguished between the API of the samples but were unable to correctly distinguish all samples as genuine or generic/counterfeit. This study highlights the importance of choosing the correct preprocessing procedures and classification method for the data set.Despite diverse tablet contents in addition to the drug, it was possible to quantify the levels of drug in the medicines as high, medium or low (within ±20 mg g−1 tablet concentration).Overall, the potential for Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis for qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of counterfeit medicines was demonstrated, and the approach may be used to determine the potential level of harm in counterfeit medicines on the basis of API identity and amount. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eugenol enhances the resistance of tomato against tomato yellow leaf curl virus
Authors: Wang Chunmei , Fan Yongjian 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDTomato yellow leaf curl virus disease (TYLCVD) causes severe to economic losses in tomato crops in China. The control of TYLCVD is based primarily on the use of synthetic insecticide to control its vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). To look for an alternative method for disease control, we investigated the effect of eugenol on controlling TYLCVD. The potential of eugenol to trigger systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tomato (Jiangsu 14) plants against TYLCV was also investigated.RESULTSIn greenhouse experiments, eugenol significantly reduced disease severity when applied as a foliar spray, thus demonstrating a systemic effect. The disease spread rapidly in control plants and by the end of the experiment almost all control plants showed severe symptoms. Eugenol also induced H2O2 accumulation in tomato plants. Activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were significantly induced compared with those of control plants. As further consequences, increase of salicylic acid (SA) levels and expression of PR‐1 proteins, a molecular marker of SAR in tomato, could also be observed.CONCLUSIONThis is the first report of eugenol as an elicitor and its ability to suppress plant virus diseases under greenhouse conditions. It is suggested that eugenol has the potential to be an effective biocontrol agent against TYLCV in tomato plants. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization and biocompatibility of glucan: a safe food additive from probiotic Lactobacillus plantarumDM5
Authors: Das Deeplina , Goyal Arun 
Published: July 2013

AbstractBACKGROUNDExopolysaccharide produced by lactic acid bacteria are the subject of an increasing number of studies for their potential applications in the food industry as stabilizing, bio‐thickening and immunostimulating agents. In this regard, the authors isolated an exopolysaccharide producing probiotic lactic acid bacterium from fermented beverage Marcha of north eastern Himalayas.RESULTSThe isolate Lactobacillus plantarum DM5 showed extracellular glucansucrase activity of 0.48 U mg−1 by synthesizing natural exopolysaccharide glucan (1.87 mg mL−1) from sucrose. Zymogram analysis of purified enzyme confirms the presence of glucosyltransferase of approximately 148 kDa with optimal activity of 18.7 U mg−1 at 30 °C and pH 5.4. The exopolysaccharide was purified by gel permeation chromatography and had an average molecular weight of 1.11 × 106 Da. Acid hydrolysis and structural characterization of exopolysaccharide revealed that it was composed of d‐glucose residues, containing 86.5% of α‐(1→6) and 13.5% of α‐(1→3) linkages. Rheological study exhibited a shear thinning effect of glucan appropriate for food additives. A cytotoxicity test of glucan on human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) and human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell lines revealed its nontoxic biocompatible nature.CONCLUSIONThis is the first report on the structure and biocompatibility of homopolysaccharide α‐d‐glucan (dextran) from probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain and its unique physical and rheological properties that facilitate its application in the food industry as viscosifying and gelling agent. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry