bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch as a Peshat Commentator: Literary Aspects of His Commentary on the Pentateuch
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The heart of Samson Raphael Hirsch’s literary corpus is his great commentary on the Pentateuch. In the commentary’s heyday, the German Jewish communities treated it with the reverence traditionally accorded Rashi on the Torah, and it was always to be found on the desks of both scholars and laypersons.
Although the vast literature on Hirsch focuses on his life and his doctrine of Torah im Derech Eretz, much has been written about various aspects of the commentary on the Pentateuch, including Hirsch’s approach to the reasons for the precepts, his etymological method, his attitude toward the modern world, his treatment of the patriarchs’ transgressions, and his method as a translator. In addition to these interests, Hirsch’s commentary on the Pentateuch is marked by a fine and well-developed literary sensitivity that comes to the fore in many places. Not only has this not been studied in detail; it is never even mentioned in the various introductions to and studies of Hirsch.
It must be acknowledged that the literary elements of Hirsch’s commentary are heavily outnumbered by what can be defined as derash. Still, the extensive attention to other facets of his personality and exegesis has led to the total neglect of the literary aspects of Hirsch’s commentaries and has overshadowed his aesthetic and literary sensitivity. Thus there is good reason for examining this aspect of his work—and that is the goal of the present article.
I focus on four literary phenomena that Hirsch addresses systematically: multiple points of view; the designations applied to biblical characters; the phenomenon of consecutive statements; and word order.
Fishing, Finning and Tourism: Trends in Pacific Shark Conservation and Management
Authors: Techera Erika J. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Sharks have a key position in the ocean food chain and their removal could have far-reaching implications beyond the species themselves. Yet since the 1980s the harvesting of sharks, primarily for their fins, and their extraction as bycatch have resulted in a rapid decline in numbers. It is against this backdrop that the Pacific is leading the way in legal developments for shark conservation: from the US shark conservation law, and finning bans in Hawai’i, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam, to the declaration of Palau’s shark sanctuary. These national initiatives have been complemented by regional action, including the adoption of a Regional Plan of Action for sharks by the Pacific nations. This article examines the legal developments and the emerging leadership role the region is taking. The lessons that they offer are explored, as well as some of the remaining challenges.
The New Greek Statute on Organ Donation — Yet Another Effort to Advance Transplants
Authors: Bottis Maria 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
In 2011, the new law on organ transplants was voted by the Greek Parliament. Major changes include the selection of presumed consent system (opt-out) for organ transplants from dead donors. The system will take effect in 2013. In organ donations from living donors, a class of potential donors was added: a person with whom the organ recipient has a personal relationship and is emotionally connected. In this special case though, the truth of the altruistic motives is necessarily examined in court. Also, a detailed list of risks and consequences is part of the content of the obligation to inform a potential organ donor.
The Modern Interpretation of the Diyat Formula for the Quantum of Damages: The Case of Homicide and Personal Injuries
Authors: Ismail Siti Zubaidah 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
Diyat is an old concept evolving from the custom of blood revenge practiced during pre-Islamic Arabia. The Qu’rān authorizes diyat as a kind of retaliation for homicide in lieu of qiṣāṣ in which the victim’s family pardons the offender, while the Ḥadīth elaborate in detail upon the typology, characteristics and quantum for murder and various types of physical injury. In reality, pecuniary compensation is an ancient practice that predates the pre-Islamic era, and, furthermore, this divine principle shows that Islam recognizes the human practice. To ensure that its dynamic is embraced in the contemporary situation, the methods of payment, i.e., value in camels and dinar, need revisiting. This article contributes to the subject thereby adding to the literature concerning diyat by reinterpreting the mechanism of restoring the value of gold dinar as an exchange for modern implementation.
Legal Maxims and Islamic Financial Transactions: A Case Study of Mortgage Contracts and the Dilemma for Muslims in Britain
Authors: Zakariyah Luqman 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article aims to focus on legal maxims related to financial transactions to explore whether they offer any solutions for Muslims concerned with this dilemma, and to investigate how such legal maxims can be used to shape the way in which Muslims in the West perceive today’s mortgage issues. Some questions raised are the following. When entering a mortgage contract, does a Muslim’s intention change the ruling of the transaction under the pretext of the two maxims al-ʿumūr bi maqāṣidihā (“matters considered according to intention”) and hal al-ʿibrah fī l-ʿuqūd bi l-maqāṣid wa l-maʿanī aw bi l-alfāẓ wa l-mabānī (“in contracts, is effect given to intention and the meaning or expression and form”)? Can one be certain that mortgages are completely ḥarām (unlawful) when considering the maxim al-yaqīn lā yazūl bi l-shakk (“certainty cannot be repelled by doubt”)? What aspects of ḥarām are found in mortgages and can they be marginalized by the maxim al-ḍarūrāt tubīh al-maḥẓūrāt (“necessity makes the unlawful thing lawful”)? If Islam allows bayʿ al-istiṣnāʿ (contract for manufacture) on the basis of ʿurf (custom), can mortgages also be permitted under the maxim al-ʿādah muḥakkamah (“custom is authoritative”)?
Factor Analysis of the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire Using a Sample of South African Adolescents
Authors: Moodley Trevor , Esterhuyse Karel G. F. , Beukes Roelf B. I. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractIn 2003 Gomez and Fisher developed the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (SWBQ) based on a theoretical model of spiritual well-being proposed by Fisher. According to Fisher, spiritual well-being comprises the personal, communal, environmental and transcendental domains, which are interrelated and cohere to create a global spiritual well-being dimension. Their study showed that the SWBQ was reliable and valid. A further study in 2005 using item response theory analysis of the SWBQ suggested general support for the psychometric properties of the SWBQ. However, there were indications that certain items in the questionnaire needed to be improved. The present study was undertaken to do a factor analysis of the SWBQ using a sample of South African adolescents to gauge its suitability. Gomez and Fisher’s recommendation was considered and certain items were added to the SWBQ for factor analysis with the aim of replacing some of the original items. The factor structure that was found in this study corresponds with that in Gomez and Fisher’s study. Acceptable coefficients of internal consistency for the different subscales (factors) and for the global score of the SWBQ were found. Moreover, in line with Gomez and Fisher’s recommendation, this revised SWBQ scale seems to have been improved in terms of its psychometric properties and appears to be a reliable instrument in measuring the spiritual well-being of adolescents.
Reconciliation Paradigm in the Post Colonial Africa: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Gathogo Julius 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The article sets out to stir up the debate on reconciliation project in the post colonial Africa. As we strategise on ways and means of delivering the promise of reconstruction, there is need to pay more attention on the reconciliation for individual and society. In other words, does reconciliation mean blanket forgiveness or reparation? How can we ensure that those who looted Africa account for their misdeeds without further complicating the situation? The article is set on the premise that even though there are many paradigms in African theology of the twenty-first century, minor paradigms (refer to reconciliation, liberation, inculturation, market-theology and charismatic among others) and the dominant paradigm (refer to reconstruction) are both critical in the holistic rebuilding of the post colonial Africa. This said; it is imperative to critically assess reconciliation as an important paradigm – as it runs concurrently with other paradigms in Africa today. In particular, are the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commissions taking place in various countries of the tropical Africa, since Tutu’s South African sample of 1995, rooted in African cultural and religious heritage, and hence authentic? How can Africa go about her reconciliative phase?
Africa’s Imperial Presidents: Immunity, Impunity and Accountability
Authors: Fombad Charles Manga , Nwauche Enyinna 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
A fundamental tenet of modern constitutionalism is that nobody, regardless of his status in society, is above the law. Constitutional reforms in the 1990s saw the introduction in many African countries of constitutions which for the first time provide some prospects for promoting constitutionalism and respect for the rule of law. This article reviews the extent to which these reforms have addressed the issue of presidential absolutism and the abuses that go with it. It examines some of the factors that made African presidents to be so powerful that the conventional constitutional checks and balances could not restrain their excesses. It also reviews the attempts to limit impunity through immunity provisions. It concludes that unfortunately, the 1990 reforms did not adequately address the problem of presidential absolutism. A number of ways, nationally and internationally, in which presidential accountability could be enhanced and the culture of impunity ended is suggested.
Transfer of cases from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to Domestic Jurisdictions
Authors: Obote-Odora Alex 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
The article examines Rule 11bis on the transfer of cases from the Rwanda Tribunal to domestic jurisdictions. It discusses the criteria for transfer under Rule 11bis and reflects on reasons for the denial of all the Prosecutor’s requests for transfer except in the recent Uwinkindi’s Appeals Chamber decision. The article also examines how the Appeals Chamber resolved the ambiguity between the Death Penalty Law vis-à-vis Imprisonment in Isolation in Munyakazi, on the one hand, and ambiquity in Article 59 of the Rwanda Code of Criminal Procedure (“RCCP”) vis-à-vis Articles 13(10) and 25 of the Transfer Law, on the other hand, opening the way for the transfer of Uwinkindi to Rwanda. The article recognizes the high standards the Appeals Chamber has established for the transfer of cases to domestic jurisdictions and notes that only few States satisfactorily meet these requirements. In sum, the article welcomes the Uwinkindi decision and recognises a positive development in international criminal law and procedure. However, it also cautions that in practice the precedent may not necessarily translate into a flood of cases being transferred to Rwanda because many States will not be able to meet the Rule 11bis high international standards.
The Prohibition of Incitement to National, Racial or Religious Hatred: The Case of West Asian Arab Countries
Authors: Eltayeb Mohamed Saeed M. 
Published: November 2012

Abstract
This article aims at examining the question of the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred in the Arab countries in West Asia, and the extent to which the promotion of freedom of expression requires states to punish advocacy that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. In analysing the legislation of Arab countries relating to the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial and religious hatred, the article notes that the emphasis has been on anti-blasphemy laws, which are essentially purported to protect religions or related beliefs rather than addressing the issue of the prohibition of incitement to hatred. Since those countries are characterized by an increasing national, racial and religious diversity as well as increasingly multicultural societies, it is of an utmost importance for them to adhere to the international framework for combating incitement to national, racial or religious hatred as articulated in this article.
Pascal and the Persistence of Platonism in Early Modern Thought
Authors: Wills Bernard 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe following paper argues that Blaise Pascal, in spite of his famous opposition between the God of the Philosophers and the God of “Abraham, Isaac and Jacob” has significant affinities with the tradition of Renaissance Platonism and is in fact a Platonist in his overall outlook. This is shown in three ways. Firstly, it is argued that Pascal’s skeptical fideism has roots in the notion of faith developed in post-Plotinian neo-Platonism. Secondly, it is argued that Pascal makes considerable use of the Platonic notion of an indefinite dyadic principle. Thirdly, it is argued that Pascal’s religious psychology gives a centrality to the body that brings it close to the theurgical standpoint of figures like Iamblichus. Pascal is then contrasted to figures like Cusanus and Pico in that a dyadic principle of opposition is more prominent in his work than a triadic logic of mediation.
The Conception of Revolution in Persianate Political Thought
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir 
Published: November 2012

AbstractThe modern Persian term for “revolution,”enqelāb, often used in conjunction withdawlatas the divinely ordained turn in power, stretches way back to the medieval period, and was in fact even used shortly before the revival of literary Persian to describe the Khorasanian uprising against the Umayyads. We find two very different ideas of revolution in the Persianate literature. The first is a deterministic theory of revolution in earthly kingdoms as a natural phenomenon; this has received little or no attention in the secondary literature on the subject. The idea had Indian origins, was developed in the late Sasanian Iran and absorbed in the astronomical theories of the early ʿAbbasid period. The second conception is a normative one, and belongs to the literature on statecraft and political ethics. It explains revolution as a consequence of the moral decay of the ruler and his failure to uphold the principles of statecraft. According to this second theory, revolutionary upheaval and changes of dynasty result from the failure of the rulers to maintain the prosperity of the kingdom through justice. This conception, too, can be traced to the Khorasan uprising. The mutual articulation and reconciliation of the deterministic and the normative conceptions of revolution represents the Persianate understanding of human agency within the framework of cosmic laws.
Making Sense of Scents: The Colour and Texture of Odours
Authors: Spector Ferrinne , Maurer Daphne 
Published: November 2012

The purpose of this study was to document colour and texture associations to odours using a variety of odours including both pleasant and unpleasant odours, some of which were likely to be unfamiliar. We asked non-synaesthetic adults () to make colour and shape/texture associations to 22 odours. A subset of the participants () smelled the odours a second time in order to identify them. Each odour stimulus was associated consistently to one or more specific colours and/or textures (all p’s < 0.01 by binomial probability statistics). Associations to the four odours that were identified accurately (cinnamon, lemon, peppermint and licorice) seemed to be based on learning/memory (e.g. lemon = yellow). The associations to the 18 odours that were not identified accurately are less likely to be based on learning/memory (e.g. ginger = black, rough, sharp; lavender = green, white, liquid, sticky). We speculate that sensory associations to odours, like those to pitch and letters (e.g. Mondloch and Maurer, 2004; Spector and Maurer, 2008), may result from the joint influence of learning and natural biases linking dimensions across sensory systems. Such links may reflect inherent neural organization that is modifiable with learning and that can manifest as cross-modal associations or synaesthetic percepts.
Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: A feasibility open trial for older adults
Authors: Dear Blake F , Zou Judy , Titov Nickolai , Lorian Carolyn , Johnston Luke , Spence Jay , Anderson Tracy , Sachdev Perminder , Brodaty Henry , Knight Robert G 
Published: November 2012

Background: Depression is an important health issue amongst older adults. Internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (iCBT) may help to reduce barriers and improve access to treatment, but few studies have examined its use with older adults. The present study evaluated the efficacy, acceptability and feasibility of a brief iCBT program, the Managing Your Mood Program, to treat depression amongst adults aged 60 years and older. Method: Using an open trial design, 20 participants with elevated symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9) total scores ≥ 10) received access to five educational lessons and homework summaries, additional resources, a moderated discussion forum and weekly telephone or email contact from a clinical psychologist. Eighty percent of the sample met diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode at pre-treatment. Results: Completion rates and response rates were high, with 16/20 participants completing the five lessons within the 8 weeks, and post-treatment and 3-month follow-up data being collected from 17/20 participants. Participants improved significantly on the PHQ-9 and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), with large within-group effect sizes (Cohen’s d) at follow-up of 1.41 and 2.04, respectively. The clinician spent a mean time of 73.75 minutes (SD = 36.10 minutes) contacting participants within the trial and the program was rated as highly acceptable by participants. Conclusions: The results are encouraging and support the potential value of iCBT in the treatment of depressive symptoms amongst older adults.
Service user involvement in the evaluation of psycho-social intervention for self-harm: a systematic literature review
Authors: Ward James , de Motte Claire , Bailey Di 
Published: November 2012

Background The efficacy of interventions and treatments for self-harm is well researched. Previous reviews of the literature have highlighted the lack of definitively effective interventions for self-harm and have highlighted the need for future research. These recommendations are also reflected in clinical guidelines published by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE, 2004 ) which also call for service user involvement in studies of treatment efficacy. Aims A systematic review was undertaken to determine: a) what contributions service users have made to the evaluation of psycho-social interventions; b) by what methods have service users been involved; c) in what ways could service user involvement supplement empirical evidence for interventions. Methodology Electronic searches were completed on the 28th January 2011 of the Medline (1950–present), Web of Science (1898–Present), Web of Science (including Science Citation Index and the Social Science Citation Index), the Cochrane database of systematic reviews, and Psychinfo (1979–present) databases using a combination of 13 search terms. References were independently sifted according to set criteria by two of the authors to ensure inter-rater reliability. Results Sixty-five references were included in the review. Of these, 59% of studies were empirically based, and 26% used qualitative data collection methods to gather service user narratives. Only 8% of studies used a mixed-methodology to combined qualitative and quantitative data collection. No studies featured service user involvement. Conclusion Service user involvement is a rarity in the evaluation of psycho-social interventions, despite its use being mandated by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and evidenced as effective in other areas of mental health ( Leader, 1998 ). The authors make a number of recommendations for future involvement in future self-harm research.
CLEC5A is critical for dengue virus–induced inflammasome activation in human macrophages
Authors: Wu Ming-Fang , Chen Szu-Ting , Yang An-Hang , Lin Wan-Wan , Lin Yi-Ling , Chen Nien-Jung , Tsai I-Shuen , Li Lei , Hsieh Shie-Liang 
Published: November 2012

AbstractPersistent high fever is one of the most typical clinical symptoms in dengue virus (DV)–infected patients. However, the source of endogenous pyrogen (eg, IL-1β) and the signaling cascade leading to the activation of inflammasome and caspase-1, which are essential for IL-1β and IL-18 secretion, during dengue infection have not been elucidated yet. Macrophages can be polarized into distinct phenotypes under the influence of GM-CSF or M-CSF, denoted as GM-Mφ and M-Mφ, respectively. We found that DV induced high levels of IL-1β and IL-18 from GM-Mφ (inflammatory macrophage) and caused cell death (pyroptosis), whereas M-Mφ (resting macrophage) did not produce IL-1β and IL-18 on DV infection even with lipopolysaccharide priming. This observation demonstrates the distinct responses of GM-Mφ and M-Mφ to DV infection. Moreover, up-regulation of pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18, and NLRP3 associated with caspase-1 activation was observed in DV-infected GM-Mφ, whereas blockade of CLEC5A/MDL-1, a C-type lectin critical for dengue hemorrhagic fever and Japanese encephalitis virus infection, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyrotopsis in GM-Mφ. Thus, DV can activate NLRP3 inflammasome via CLEC5A, and GM-Mφ plays a more important role than M-Mφ in the pathogenesis of DV infection.
Immunotherapeutic strategies to prevent and treat human herpesvirus 6 reactivation after allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Gerdemann Ulrike , Keukens Laura , Keirnan Jacqueline M. , Katari Usha L. , Nguyen Chinh T. Q. , de Pagter Anne P. , Ramos Carlos A. , Kennedy-Nasser Alana , Gottschalk Stephen M. , Heslop Helen E. , Brenner Malcolm K. , Rooney Cliona M. , Leen Ann M. 
Published: November 2012

AbstractHuman herpesvirus (HHV) 6 causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised host and has no approved therapy. Adoptive transfer of virus specific T cells has proven safe and apparently effective as prophylaxis and treatment of other virus infections in immunocompromised patients; however, extension to subjects with HHV6 has been hindered by the paucity of information on targets of cellular immunity. We now characterize the cellular immune response from 20 donors against 5 major HHV6B antigens predicted to be immunogenic and define a hierarchy of immunodominance of antigens based on the frequency of responding donors and the magnitude of the T-cell response. We identified specific epitopes within these antigens and expanded the HHV6 reactive T cells using a GMP-compliant protocol. The expanded population comprised both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that were able to produce multiple effector cytokines and kill both peptide-loaded and HHV6B wild-type virus-infected target cells. Thus, we conclude that adoptive T-cell immunotherapy for HHV6 is a practical objective and that the peptide and epitope tools we describe will allow such cells to be prepared, administered, and monitored in human subjects.