bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FLIGHT EVALUATION OF U.S. COAST GUARD AIRBORNE OIL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM*
Authors: Maurer A. , Edgerton A. T. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A prototype airborne oil surveillance system was developed for the United States Coast Guard by Aerojet ElectroSystems Company. The multisensor system permits real-time, day-night, all-weather detection, mapping, and documentation of oil spills at sea. The system was installed aboard a Coast Guard HU-16 Albatross and flight tested off the California coast. Surveillance data were obtained from natural seeps, a series of controlled oil spills, routine shipping, and targets of opportunity.
The airborne system consists of a sidelooking radar, a passive microwave imager, a multispectral low-light level TV, a multichannel line scanner, a position reference system, and a real-time processor-display console.
The system reliably detected and mapped oil spills and seeps in conditions ranging from dense undercast to clear, from wind speeds of 0 to 25 knots, and from daytime to total darkness. Test results demonstrate that a practical airborne oil surveillance system is feasible and can be invaluable to other Coast Guard missions.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TAR SAMPLES FROM THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Mommessin P. R. , Raia J. C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A summary is presented of a study conducted to characterize tar samples recovered from the marine environment. The samples were collected by the U.S. Coast Guard primarily from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean and along the eastern coast of the United States.
A multiparameter analytical approach was applied which involved microscopy, chromatography, infrared, and other analytical methods. Patterns were recognized which allowed a classification of the samples into distinct groups and which suggested possible origins.
Contract DOT-CG-23,379A, U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
A complete report of the investigation covered under this contract (DOT-CG-23,379A) is available through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. 22151.
THE MARITIME ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF OIL POLLUTION FROM VESSELS
Authors: Steinman George C. , B. ChappelWalter 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
This paper provides an overview of the Maritime Administration (MarAd) program to abate and control oil pollution from ships. The main thrust of the program is in the prevention of oil pollution through cost effective measures which would maintain the competitive position of the U.S. merchant fleet. The paper discusses such pollution abatement features as oil discharge monitoring and control systems, oily water separators, oily waste slop tanks, collision avoidance radar, and inert gas systems that are required to be installed on vessels that receive government financial assistance in the form of construction differential subsidy. In addition, the paper addresses the environmental and economic impact of the 1973 International Marine Pollution Convention on the Maritime Administration Tanker Construction Program, particularly as it relates to the IMCO segregated ballast requirements, improved Load-on-Top (LOT) procedures, and port reception facilities.
Finally, recommendations for future action to abate ship-generated pollution at the national and international levels are provided.
SLOP TANK DESIGN FOR IMPROVED LOAD-ON-TOP
Authors: Fiocco Robert J. , Ridley Vincent W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Slop tanks are the focal point of the Load-On-Top system used on crude oil tankers to prevent pollution of the sea. Design of these tanks and their operating procedures strongly affect the degree of oil-water separation achieved. This paper presents the results of an investigation undertaken to define designs and procedures for improving separation and minimizing oil discharge to sea. The program was funded in part by the U.S. Maritime Administration.
Based on tanker experience and laboratory tests with tank models, guidelines on capacity, structure, inlets, outlets, system design, and wastewater handling, procedures were developed. The guidelines aim at assuring successful Load-On-Top operations by (1) providing tanker operational flexibility for handling oily water, (2) minimizing the degree of oil-water mixing, (3) avoiding re-dispersion of separated oil during feeding and discharging operations, and (4) eliminating the possibility of accidental oil contamination.
This investigation provides a basis for future large-scale or shipboard studies to improve the performance of slop tanks on existing tankers as well as on future tankers.
WATERBORNE DEBRIS IN MARINE POLLUTION INCIDENTS
Authors: Battelle John A. Hancock , Jensen Donald 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Floating debris has greatly hindered the cleanup of spilled fluids in several pollution instances. This debris has hampered the use of pollution-response equipment and has presented a major materials-handling and disposal problem.
The types of waterborne debris found in coastal, harbor, and estuarine areas are described in the paper. Locations where debris has or could complicate spill cleanups are described. General natural effects on debris concentration are also given.
Current debris-handling practices are described along with the general handling requirements necessary for spill-cleanup contingency planning.
Effects of debris on pollution-response equipment are considered.
DISPOSAL OF OIL SPILL DEBRIS
Authors: Jones Richard G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A landfill was designed and constructed for the disposal of approximately 8,500 yards of debris collected in the cleanup of a major pollution incident in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The debris primarily consisted of sand and gravel, but also included logs, large rocks, and tires picked up during the beach cleanup. The landfill was constructed as a single cell with a sandy-silt base and cover with monitoring wells to sample the groundwater. The debris was layered in alternate layers of one foot of debris and six inches of clean fill within the cell. The results of the analysis of samples of the groundwater, to date, indicate no increase in the total organic carbon or phenolic content.
REHABILITATING OILED AQUATIC BIRDS
Authors: Smith David C 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In the 1971 San Francisco oil spill, $900.00 was spent per successfully released bird, with 95% of the 4,686 treated birds dying in captivity. Through continuing research and development, those figures are improving. In 1973, the International Bird Rescue Research Center (IBRRC) treated 523 oiled birds with a 41% survival rate at a cost of approximately $15 per successfully released bird. The history, population effects, and physiological effects of oil pollution on birds are described here, and recommendations are given for treatment. The problems of maintaining aquatic birds in captivity are also discussed. Advance preparations of instructional materials, equipment, and supplies have been made by the IBRRC in anticipation of future oiled-bird incidents. Additional research is indicated.
OFFSHORE OIL POLLUTION: LAW AND ENFORCEMENT
Authors: Jackson Roy D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The Torrey Canyon (1967) and Santa Barbara (1969) occurrences dramatized the unique nature of offshore oil pollution risks and the lack of a definitive legal system for dealing effectively with prevention, cleanup, and compensation.
Although it is not the major part of the far more serious problem of marine pollution and is caused mainly by land-sourced activity, offshore oil pollution constitutes an increasingly important hazard because of the expanded, accelerating offshore search for alternate petroleum sources and unparalleled technological innovation.
As offshore petroleum activity is essentially a transplant of land-based activity to a marine environment, the law of the sea and certain traditional legal principles are in an evolutionary process of adaptation to new factual situations. Considerable progress has occurred during the last two decades, but law and enforcement at international and regional levels are still not effective, while national regimes in the context of increasing nationalization of the sea by coastal states are in danger of becoming chaotically inconsistent. Two approaches hold realistic promise: first, industry's voluntary programs, which are impressive in scope and efficiency; secondly, joint government/industry consultation, cooperation, and action, which accentuates the strengths and minimizes the weaknesses of the only two parties capable of protecting and advancing the public interest and encourages more effective law and enforcement.
HIGH CURRENT CONTROL OF FLOATING OIL
Authors: Dorrler J. Stephen , Ayers Ray , Wooten David C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
In high current oil spill cleanup operations, containment devices should be used as one element in a containment-pickup system. To achieve successful control over the oil slick, three activities have been identified based on an analysis of the present hydrodynamic theory of oil spill containment:absorb or convert the kinetic energy of the fast-flowing water streamseparate the oil film from as much of the free-flowing stream as possibledirect the oil film to a controlled area to facilitate its collection and removal.
Acting under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, the Environmental Protection Agency awarded a contract to Ultrasystems, Inc., of Newport Beach, California, to design, develop, and demonstrate a streamlined boom utilizing hydrofoil concepts. Additionally, EPA awarded a contract to the Shell Development Company to develop an unconventional boom profile utilizing a perforated incline plate as a baffle upstream of a conventional plate boom. This baffle creates a flow-sheltered region where the oil layer can thicken, thus facilitating its removal. Following developmental tests of these concepts, full-scale prototype tests will be conducted at the Environmental Protection Agency's OHMSETT facility in Leonardo, New Jersey. Following these tests, final reports will be issued which will include recommended design, fabrication, and material specifications.
THE CYCLONET: A DEVICE FOR PICKING UP OIL SLICKS FROM THE SEA SURFACE
Authors: Pichon Jacques 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Removal of liquid pollutants accidentally released onto water surface is a serious contemporary problem. Efficient remedial action requires that well-designed, reliable equipment be brought to the scene in a matter of hours and that a pollutant-rich liquid mixture be quickly recovered however uncongenial the prevailing weather and water conditions may be. Alsthom-Techniques des Fluides has developed a simple item of equipment for recovering oil slicks from water surfaces, the CYCLONET. Principal features are:a. ready for action at short noticeb. high efficiency: mixture removed contains 80–100% pollutantc. uncomplicated design with no moving parts below water surfaced. operates in rough watere. adaptable to various types of craftf. boat engine the only power requirement.
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND NATURAL PRODUCT SYSTEMS FOR THE PROTECTION OF COASTAL SHORELINES FROM OIL SPILLS AND OIL CONTAMINATION
Authors: Stewart Wilford S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study has been conducted to determine the applicability and utility of microbiological systems and natural plant products for the protection of rocky shorelines and pebbly beaches from oil spills and oil contamination.
Experimental evidence has been collected indicating that various physical forms of certain microorganisms and several natural plant polysaccharides are effective in preventing the surfaces of dry rocks of various compositions and porosities from being wet by several types of oils.
Information is presented concerning the effective dosage or concentration levels of the materials required to afford protection of rocks against oil contamination, the methods of application of the protecting agents, the effects of temperature, the duration of the protection offered, and the overall efficiency of the microbiological and natural plant product systems.
OIL-DEBRIS REMOVAL BOAT SAMUEL WILKESON
Authors: Ziegler Robert C. , Lyons Thomas J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The City of Buffalo has developed an oil-debris removal boat under the auspices of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It has an overall length of 40 feet and a beam of 14 feet with a draft ranging from 18 in to 27 in depending upon the oil load. It is powered by two diesel engines with 24-inch diameter twin screws and has a 6 ft X 8 ft cabin. Electrical power for operating equipment is provided by a 15-kw generator. In a spill situation, the oil-water mixture is delivered into two separators via an electric pump and a mop-head, developed by the U. S. Navy. Two 800-gallon tanks are available for storing retrieved oil.
For debris retrieval, a hydraulically-operated crane with a reach of 19 ft 2 in is mounted on the deck at the bow of the boat. This unit includes a power-operated winch and specially designed basket for debris removal.
Additional storage capacity for retrieved oil or debris is provided by a specially designed Dinosaur Dumpster trash container unit which serves as a floating barge. When this is filled to capacity, the unit can be floated to shore and retrieved at a ramp by a pickup truck specially designed to transport the dumpster to the city incinerator.
The oil-debris removal boat is used in conjunction with portable booms. For transporting these booms to the site of the spill, a trailer was constructed.
More specific details on the boat and its operations can be found in a separate report titled “Oil-Debris Removal Boat (Samuel Wilkenson).” This report was submitted to the EPA. January 1, 1975.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF THE SAN FRANCISCO OIL SPILL ON MARINE PART II: RECRUITMENT
Authors: Chan Gordon L. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
A study of marine organisms on intertidal transects encompassed the central theme of observing the effects of the San Francisco Bunker C oil spill of January 18, 1971. From a comparison of pre-oil and post-oil transect data with computation of 95% confidence intervals for population means, it was estimated that 4.2 to 7.5 million marine intertebrates, chiefly barnacles, were smothered by the oil. In subsequent observations from 1972 to 1974, the sample counts of invertebrates had returned to, and in some cases surpassed, pre-oil transect levels. No lingering effects of the oil spill have been noted in any of the marine species.
OIL POLLUTION STUDIES ON LAKE MARACAIBO. VENEZUELA
Authors: Templeton W.L. , Sutton E.A. , Bean R.M. , Arnett R.C. , Blaylock J.W. , Wildung R.E. , Moore H.J. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
The results of a 2-year study on the impact of oil discharges on the fishery resources of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, are presented. The lake system is described, together with relevant water quality, hydrographic, ecological, and fishery resources data. Sources of other types of pollution, domestic and industrial, are described, and their potential impact on the system are discussed. Analysis of environmental samples-water, sediments, and biota-showed low concentrations of oil in lake water and no detectable accumulation of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in muscle tissue of selected commercial species. The occurrence of bituminous materials in the sediments, particularly in the oil production area, suggests that the natural processes of volatilization, biodegradation, and sedimentation are the major mechanisms for the removal of oil from the surface waters. Laboratory studies on the toxicity of oil indicate that relatively high concentrations of oil are required to cause mortality. Extraction of oil with lake water, however, indicated that concentrations of total light aromatic fractions were toxic in the parts per million range. The rapid loss, in a few hours, of light hydrocarbons from surface films of oil to the atmosphere was shown to reduce the toxicity to organisms significantly. Examination of the limited fisheries data available does not suggest that the resources are being depleted. However, consideration of the potential impact of nonpetroleum wastes indicates that they are contributing to the degradation of the water quality which, if unchecked, may subsequently reduce the biological resources of the lake.
THE EFFECT OF PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF EGGS, ALEVINS, AND FRY OF PINK SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA
Authors: Rice Stanley D. , Moles D. Adam , Short Jeffrey W. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Standard 96-hour bioassays with “total” oil solutions in fresh water and seawater determined differences in sensitivity of the developing life stages of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Eggs were the most resistant and emergent fry (yolk sac absorbed) the most sensitive to acute 4-day exposures. In fresh water, the 96-hour median tolerance limit (TLm) of fry was 0.4 ml oil/liter mixed mechanically (12 ppm as measured in subsurface water by infrared spectrophotometry). In seawater, it was 0.04 ml oil/liter mixed mechanically (6 ppm as measured in subsurface water by infrared spectrophotometry).
Three life stages of alevins were exposed to 10-day sublethal exposures of the water-soluble fraction to determine what doses might affect growth. Growth was affected most severely in alevins exposed during later developmental stages. Decreased growth was observed in fry after 10-day exposures at the lowest dose tested–0.015 ml oil/liter mixed by water agitation (0.73 ppm in subsurface water by infrared spectrophotometry–less than 10% of the 96-hour TLm limit for that life stage).
In fresh water, susceptibility of early life history stages of pink salmon to oil pollution is great at the time of emergence (completion of yolk absorption). Susceptibility is even greater in seawater after fry migration.
MARYLAND'S EXPERIENCE IN OIL SPILL PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Authors: Silbermann Henry , Weber Edwin C. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
An existing spill prevention and response program is described utilizing staff of the state Water Resources Administration to enforce explicit oil pollution control laws and regulations, provide response to and assistance in oil spill containment and cleanup, and foster spill prevention attitudes and techniques. Special equipment designed and constructed by agency staff is detailed. Legislative history, state laws and regulations on oil spill prevention, and the Maryland oil industry are described as introduction to the spill prevention and control program itself.
Emphasis is placed on spill prevention, based on the slogan, “The best oil pollution control is the spill that never happened.”
Maryland petroleum industry representatives are directly involved in this program. With industry support, the state enacted in 1972 legislation establishing a schedule of licenses and license fees for oil terminal facilities, which must have an adequate spill control program.
The Maryland Oil Disaster Containment, Cleanup and Contingency Fund is supported by license fees charged on an annual basis on oil storage facilities with storage capability greater than 3,000 barrels. The fees produce approximately $250,000 a year for use in spill prevention, control, and cleanup measures.
Using a small staff, the Maryland Water Resources Administration has established an oil spill response program complete with (a) 24-hour, seven-day-a-week response capability to spills of oil and other hazardous materials, (b) construction and development of specially equipped oil spill control units, and (c) the stockpiling throughout the state of equipment and supplies for spill containment and removal. Local fire departments, which are mostly volunteer in the state, are an essential part of the oil spill response team. Other state agencies are also involved, with the total program coordinated by an oil spill coordinator and a staff of four.
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS AND OYSTER RESOURCES OF GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS
Authors: Anderson Roger D. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Field and laboratory studies of petroleum hydrocarbons in the tissues of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, a primary shellfish resource in the Galveston Bay system, were conducted from 1971–1974. Initial ultraviolet spectrophotometric and gas chromatographic analyses of tissues revealed significant amounts of oil-derived petroleum hydrocarbons from oysters collected at Morgan's Point Reef at the lower end of the Houston Ship Channel. Lower values, when detectable, were found in oyster meats collected at natural and artificial reefs scattered throughout the lower bay system. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons by oysters. Rapid depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons accumulated in field and experimental exposures was found. In oil-free seawater, oysters released saturated chains and most aromatic fractions rapidly with depuration to below detectable levels (0.1 ppm) taking place within 52 days. Transfer of oysters for depuration purposes shows promise of improving the overall quality of this shellfish resource.
FATE AND EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON AN ESTUARINE POND
Authors: Lytle Julia S. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Crude oil spilled in an estuarine marine environment caused short term, acute effects on salt marsh plants. Drastic changes in both diversity and numbers in the fish population were observed immediately after the spill. Initially zooplankton populations dropped, accompanied by phytoplankton blooms. As the oil dissipated, the zooplankton population increased rapidly. Long-term effects on fauna and flora were being studied. Migration of the oil via benthic animals and tidal percolations was observed as much as 42 cm beneath the sediment surface. The sediments acted as an organic sink preserving the crude oil. Gas chromatographic analyses of sediment core sections indicate slow degradation of the crude oil with loss only of the lower molecular weight hydrocarbons after twelve months.
AN OIL POLLUTION CONTROL OFFICER TRAINING COURSE
Authors: Cormack D. , Jeffery P. G. 
Published: January 2013

ABSTRACT
Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL) has recently run a number of training courses for oil pollution control officers. This paper describes these courses and relates activities to the responsibilities of the officers attending and the functions of the range of organisations concerned with oil pollution clearance. The nature of these activities has been explored and the underlying philosophy developed. Ultimately, the aim is to equip oil pollution officers with as wide an appreciation and understanding of available techniques and practices as possible within the limits imposed by a 10-day residential course. The training programme consists of lectures, films, demonstrations, and practical work in the use of proven techniques, and members are required to produce written assessments and comparisons of a number of commercially available devices. Topics include nature and source of oil spills, beach protection and cleaning, and the recovery of oil from water surfaces.