bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics governing the response of tidal current along the mouth of Jiaozhou Bay to land reclamation
Authors: Lin Lei , Liu Zhe , Xie Lian , Gao Huiwang , Cai Zhongya , Chen Ziyu , Zhao Jianzhong 
Published: April 2015

AbstractData collected from the previous studies show that the tidal current along the mouth of Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) appears to have weakened, whereas the spatial asymmetry (stronger flooding in the north region and stronger ebbing in the south region) has remained nearly unchanged during the past several decades of large‐scale land reclamation. This study is conducted to explain the underlying dynamics for this phenomenon. The analytic evaluation of the tidal motion indicates that the tidal current in a small coastal bay such as the JZB is linearly proportional to its length (L), if L is far less than one‐quarter of the tidal wave length. This relation suggests that the decrease in tidal current speed in JZB mouth results from the land reclamation within the Bay. Also, the relationship between bay areas and tidal current along the JZB mouth can be derived. The results of this simple theoretical method for predicting the change in mean tidal current amplitude after the land reclamation largely agree with previous three‐dimensional (3‐D) modeling studies. It is also found that the spatial asymmetry of the tidal current along the JZB mouth is controlled by the sharp headland (the local factor). The unchanged shoreline around the headland leads to the stable spatial asymmetry of the tidal current. The weaker tidal current can explain the weaker residual current, and the unchanged asymmetry of the tidal current explains the unaltered pattern of inflow over the north region and outflow over the south region for the tidally induced residual current along the JZB mouth.
Hydrographic variability in the St. Helena Bay region of the southern Benguela ecosystem
Authors: Lamont T. , Hutchings L. , van den Berg M. A. , Goschen W. S. , Barlow R. G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractCross‐shelf distributions of temperature, salinity, water masses, and dissolved oxygen in St. Helena Bay revealed substantial vertical and seasonal variations. In the surface layers, nearshore and offshore temperature and salinity patterns differed, with bay‐scale variability linked to upwelling dynamics and coastal processes, while the offshore region was influenced by solar insolation. Spectral analysis revealed that an annual signal prevailed at most stations, and corroborated contrasting patterns between the offshore and nearshore regions, with phase differences suggesting shoreward propagation of the offshore temperature signal. The shelf was dominated by Modified Upwelled Water (MUW) and Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW), which comprised the primary source of upwelled water. Clear zonation of MUW was evident across the shelf, resulting from seasonal variations in locations of the oceanic and bifurcated shelf‐break fronts. Dynamics within St. Helena Bay consistently differed from those further offshore, due to the influences of the shelf‐break front, Cape Columbine upwelling plume, and cyclonic recirculation, which appeared to be associated with an intraannual signal with a periodicity of 3–4 months. Persistent hypoxia in the bottom waters suggested the occurrence of a permanent reservoir of Low Oxygen Water (LOW). Seasonal shoreward and offshore expansion of LOW occurred throughout the upwelling season, with maximum extent reached during summer and autumn, due to the coupled effects of advection and local phytoplankton decay. While wind mixing ventilated the water column at nearshore stations in winter, and the onset of upwelling during spring introduced oxygen‐richer water from further offshore, hypoxia persisted in the center of the Bay.
Sediment transport and shear stress partitioning in a vegetated flow
Authors: Le Bouteiller Caroline , Venditti J. G. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractVegetation is a common feature in natural coastal and riverine water ways, interacting with both the water flow and sediment transport. However, the physical processes governing these interactions are still poorly understood, which makes it difficult to predict sediment transport and morphodynamics in a vegetated environment. We performed a simple experiment to study how sediment transport responds to the presence of flexible, single‐blade vegetation, and how this response is influenced by the vegetation density. We found that the skin friction and sediment transport are reduced in a plant patch, and that this effect is larger for denser vegetation. We then evaluated several methods to calculate the skin friction in a vegetated flow, which is the key to sediment transport prediction. Among these, the inversion of bed load transport formulas and the Einstein and Banks (1950) methods appeared to produce the most reasonable values of the skin friction. Finally, we suggest using the parameter α, which is the ratio of the skin friction computed by these methods to the total bed shear stress, to make more realistic sediment transport predictions in morphodynamic models.
Electrosynthesis of poly(3‐amino‐4‐hydroxybenzoic acid) nanoparticles with electroactivity even in highly alkaline solutions
Authors: Chen Chuanxiang , Hong Xiaozhang , Gao Yuhua 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTElectroactive poly(3‐amino‐4‐hydroxybenzoic acid) nanoparticles were synthesized using cyclic voltammetry and exhibited high electroactivity in 0.30 M Na2SO4 solutions with pH values ranging from 1.0 to 12.0. This indicates that polymer has excellent electrochemical properties even in near‐neutral and alkaline solutions compared to polyaniline. The anodic and cathodic peak currents of the polymer increase linearly with the square root of scan rate from 5 to 150 mV s−1, indicating that the electrode reaction is controlled by a diffusion process. The structure of the polymer was investigated using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Based on the spectroscopic measurements, a possible polymerization mechanism of 3‐amino‐4‐hydroxybenzoic acid was proposed. The polymer surface morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The enhanced electrochemical properties are ascribed to the synergistic effect of COOH and OH groups in the polymer chains. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42190.
Fabrication of high‐viscosity biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/solid epoxy (SE)/carboxyl‐ended polyester (CP) blends
Authors: Li Haibo , Luo Yu , Qi Rongrong , Feng Jie , Zhu Jian , Hong Yuzhuo , Feng Zhengming , Jiang Pingkai 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTExpanding the applications of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) in processing fields requiring high melt strength, PBS/solid epoxy (SE)/carboxyl‐ended polyester (CP) blends with high melt viscosity were fabricated by the in‐situ crosslinking reaction using SE and CP. The influence of SE/CP had been studied in terms of the rheological property, crystallization behavior, and mechanical property of PBS. The results showed that the melt viscosity of PBS could be enhanced significantly by three orders of magnitude, when the loading ratio of SE to CP was over 15/15. Furthermore, it had also been found that SE/CP component had positive impact on the mechanical properties of PBS, inclusive of reduction of brittleness. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42193.
Preparation and characterization of poly(glycerol sebacate)/cellulose nanocrystals elastomeric composites
Authors: Zhou Ling , He Hui , Jiang Can , He Shuai 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTPoly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is one of the new elastomers used for soft tissue engineering, while improving its limited mechanical strength is the biggest challenge. In this work, a novel biodegradable elastomer composite PGS/cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was prepared by solution‐casting method and the mechanical properties, sol–gel contents, crosslink density, and hydrophilic performance were characterized. The thermal and degradation properties of composites were also investigated. Results show that the addition of CNCs into PGS resulted a significant improvement in tensile strength and modulus, as well as the crosslink density and the hydrophilicity of PGS. When the CNCs loading reached 4 wt %, the tensile strength and modulus of the composite reached 1.5 MPa and 1.9 MPa, respectively, resulting 204% and 158% increase compared to the pure PGS. Prolonging the curing time also improved the strength of both the neat PGS and PGS/CNCs composites according to the association and shift of hydroxy peaks around 3480 cm−1. DSC results indicate that the addition of CNCs improved both the crystallization capacity and moving capability of PGS molecular chain. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42196.
Experimental study of the influences of the pellet shape on the bulk density and the frictional behavior of polypropylene
Authors: Längauer Manuel , Kneidinger Christian , Liu Keyan , Zitzenbacher Gernot 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTBulk solids are the raw material for almost every polymeric thermoplastic product. Their properties determine the quality of solids conveying and also influence the melting behavior of the material in processing units. This study investigates the influence of pressure and temperature on the bulk density of two thermoplastic polypropylene pellets of different shapes. Furthermore, the external friction dependent on temperature and pressure of those materials is examined at conditions usually occurring in the solids conveying zone of smooth barrel plasticating units. The experiments are carried out using a tribometer for polymer pellets which was adapted for these tests by making the sample chamber, the piston, and the cylindrical roll heatable. The tests show that long cylindrical pellets exhibit low bulk densities at low pressure and temperature, which can be increased dramatically—even above the values of spheroidal pellets—as those parameters increase. Moreover, the external coefficient of friction is always higher for the long cylinders and strongly dependent on the temperature. Those facts add up and can cause a higher output of single‐screw extruders. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42197.
Effects of EPDM‐g‐MAH compatibilizer and internal mixer processing parameters on the properties of NR/EPDM blends: An analysis using response surface methodology
Authors: Razak Jeefferie Abd , Ahmad Sahrim Haji , Ratnam Chantara Thevy , Mahamood Mazlin Aida , Yaakub Juliana , Mohamad Noraiham 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTThis study evaluates the effects of ethylene‐propylene‐diene‐monomer grafted maleic anhydride (EPDM‐g‐MAH) and internal mixer melt compounding processing parameters on the properties of natural rubber/ethylene‐propylene‐diene rubber (NR/EPDM) blends. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) of 25 two‐level fractional factorial, we studied the effects of NR/EPDM ratio, mixing temperature, Banbury rotor speed, mixing period, and EPDM‐g‐MAH contents in NR/EPDM blends. The study found that the presence of EPDM‐g‐MAH in NR/EPDM blends had a predominant role as a compatibilizing agent, which affected the processability and properties of the final material. We also determined the model fitting with constant determination, R2 of 99.60% for tensile strength (TS) response with a suggested combination of mixing process input parameters. The reproducibility of the proposed mixing strategy was then confirmed through model validation with a minor deviation at +2.303% and higher desirability of 0.960. This study is essential in providing a process design reference for NR/EPDM blends preparation by melt‐blending and the role of a compatibilizer from the systematic Design of Experiment (DOE) approach. The experimental findings were further supported with swelling and cross‐link density measurements, differential scanning calorimetry analysis, and observation of fracture morphology using a scanning electron microscope. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42199.
A comparison of rheology and FTIR in the study of polypropylene and polystyrene photodegradation
Authors: Mylläri Ville , Ruoko Tero‐Petri , Syrjälä Seppo 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTRheology and FTIR spectroscopy are compared as methods to study the degree of photodegradation in polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) sheets. The materials are hot pressed, artificially photo‐aged with fluorescent lights for 4–2048 h and then measured with a rotational rheometer and FTIR. Both materials show a tendency for chain scission which can be seen as a reduction in viscosity. Changes in PP can be observed with both methods after 256 h of irradiation. Changes in PS become significant in rheology after 64 h but in FTIR only after 1024 h of irradiation. Due to the different chemical nature of the materials, the degradation of PS is rather linear with exposure, whereas the degradation of PP is more exponential. Using the zero shear viscosities obtained through extrapolations of the Cole–Cole and Carreau–Yasuda models, relative molecular weights are estimated with the aid of the power–law relationship between these two. These results are compared with the carbonyl indices determined from the FTIR spectra. Rheology is found to be a viable alternative for FTIR in certain situations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42246.
Applications of the Dynamic‐Maturational Model of Attachment with Children Involved in Care and Family Proceedings
Authors: Wilcox Daniel T. , Baim Clark 
Published: April 2015

Attachment theory has had a profound influence on our understanding of human relationships. This paper focuses on the application of the Dynamic‐Maturational Model of attachment to children involved in care and family proceedings. It describes the central principles of attachment as developed by Ainsworth et al. (); Bowlby (); Crittenden () and Main (). Attachment patterns are explored and the circumstances under which these various engagement strategies arise. The authors provide two case examples of different insecure attachment styles. They include brief background information, observations about clinical presentation and formulation sections, offering the reader an opportunity to integrate their thinking about how different insecure attachment styles necessitate alternative intervention approaches. The paper highlights the complexity of assessing attachment in different circumstances, and the authors propose that this article should be viewed as a ‘primer’ for helping practitioners to take better account of attachment issues whenever undertaking assessments within the context of child and family proceedings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘The paper highlights the complexity of assessing attachment in different circumstances’Key Practitioner Messages

Attachment theory applies to every stage of life.
If the baby's care is predictable but not attuned, she learns that thinking protects her and displaying negative emotions endangers her.
When the baby's carer is unpredictable and inconsistently attuned, she learns that exaggerating emotions gets results.
Mother was unaware that her inconsistency worsened Tammy's behaviour.
Anna experienced feelings of self‐blame due to her mother feeling overwhelmed.
Assessing attachment can be very complex where a child experiences extended trauma.
‘Assessing attachment can be very complex where a child experiences extended trauma’
Present‐Day Crustal Movement and Focal Mechanism Solutions, and Plate Interaction Since Late‐Miocene in the Eastern South China Sea
Authors: Jin‐Long SUN , Jing‐He CAO , Hui‐Long XU 
Published: April 2015

AbstractThe plate convergent belt in the eastern South China Sea (SCS) is an important window for studying the tectonic evolution of the SCS and the Philippine Sea (PhS) since late‐Miocene. We studied the plate interactions of this area since the late‐Miocene based on block kinematics, morphology of the subducted SCS slab and focal mechanism solutions (FMS). At the late stage of the late‐Miocene, the westward motion of the PhS plate was first impeded by its collision with the Palawan micro continental plate in the south, and then by the collision of the Luzon arc with the South China continental margin in the north. Consequently, the middle part between the two collision zones became a passage where westward movement of the PhS plate continued relatively smoothly. Because of these two impediments, the rate of westward motion increased northwards to its maximum in the northern Luzon and then decreased northwards, leading to the westward migration of the Manila trench. The subducted SCS slab, however, did not roll back accordingly due to the SE‐directed mantle flow. As a result, the subducted slab suffered strong push and slightly reverse bending of the subducted slab occurred in the contact face between PhS and SCS lithosphere. According to this model, morphology of the Manila trench was shaped by the differential westward motion rates from south to north of the northern Luzon, and the width of the subducted slab played little role. Furthermore, the double arc in the north Luzon arc was also induced by a differential westward moving velocity along the arc. A shear zone whose location coincides with the east arc might have facilitated its formation.
AgPt Hollow Nanodendrites: Synthesis and Uniform Dispersion over SiO2 Support for Catalytic Applications
Authors: Rodrigues Thenner S. , da Silva Anderson G. M. , Gonçalves Mariana C. , Fajardo Humberto V. , Balzer Rosana , Probst Luiz F. D. , Camargo Pedro H. C. 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe describe the synthesis of AgPt hollow nanodendrites employing Ag nanospheres as seeds by combining a galvanic replacement reaction between Ag and PtCl62− and PtCl62− reduction to Pt in the presence of hydroquinone. AgPt hollow nanodendrites comprised of several Pt islands ≈6 nm in diameter could be obtained in only 15 s following the addition of PtCl62− to a suspension containing Ag nanospheres, and their size and composition could be tuned as a function of the growth time. The synthesis could be scaled up by 100 folds, which enabled us to uniformly support the AgPt nanostructures onto commercial silica. The AgPt nanodendrites displayed good catalytic activities for both the 4‐nitrophenol reduction and the BTX oxidation reactions. The results presented herein may inspire the synthesis of noble metal nanostructures displaying attractive features for catalysis, such as hollow interiors, ultrathin walls, and uniform dispersion over solid supports (solid supported catalysts).
A poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) film loaded with abundant bone morphogenetic protein‐2: A substrate‐promoting osteoblast attachment, proliferation, and differentiation in bone tissue engineering
Authors: Qu Xiangyang , Cao Yujiang , Chen Cong , Die Xiaohong , Kang Quan 
Published: April 2015

AbstractWe explored a novel biodegradable poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) film loaded with over 80 wt % bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2, which was regarded as a substrate‐promoting osteoblast attachment, proliferation, and differentiation for application of bone tissue engineering. Using phospholipid as a surfactant, BMP‐2 was modified as a complex (PBC) for dispersing in PLGA/dichloromethane solution. The PLGA film loaded with BMP‐2 and phospholipid complex (PBC‐PF) showed rough and draped morphology with high entrapment efficiency exceeding 80% and good hydrophilicity, respectively. Thein vitrorelease study of BMP‐2 showed that about 50% BMP‐2 was slowly and continuously released from PBC‐PF within 5 weeks and had a short initial burst release only in the last 1.5 days, which was better than serious burst release of PLGA film loaded with pure BMP‐2 without phospholipid (BMP‐PF) as control. By comparison with other PLGA films and tissue culture plates, it was confirmed that PBC‐PF significantly promoted the attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts with higher entrapment efficiency and better sustained release. These advantages illustrated that PBC‐PF could be a potential substrate providing long‐term requisite growth factors for osteoblasts, which might be applied in bone tissue engineering. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2786–2796, 2015
Lamin A/C Acts as an Essential Factor in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation Through the Regulation of the Dynamics of the Wnt/β‐Catenin Pathway
Authors: Bermeo Sandra , Vidal Christopher , Zhou Hong , Duque Gustavo 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTChanges in the expression of lamin A/C, a fibrilar protein of the nuclear envelope, are associated with the cellular features of age‐related bone loss. Reduced expression of lamin A/C inhibits osteoblastogenesis while facilitating adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in vitro and in vivo. In this study we investigated the regulatory role that lamin A/C plays on the essential elements of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, which are pivotal in MSC differentiation. Initially, we assessed the effect of lamin A/C gene (LMNA) overexpression on MSC differentiation while compared it to lamin A/C depleted MSC. Osteogenesis and gene expression of osteogenic factors were higher in LMNA‐transfected MSC as compared to control. Conversely, adipogenesis and expression of adipogenic factors were significantly lower in LMNA transfected cells. Nuclear β‐catenin was significantly higher (∼two fold) in MSC expressing higher levels of LMNA as compared to control with nuclear β‐catenin levels being significantly lower (∼ ‐42%) in siRNA‐treated MSC. Luciferase activity for β‐catenin‐mediated transcriptional activation was significantly higher in cells overexpressing LMNA. These data indicate that MSC overexpressing LMNA have higher osteogenic and lower adipogenic differentiation potential. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that lamin A/C plays a significant role in the differentiation of both osteoblasts and adipocytes by regulating some of the elements of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling during early MSC differentiation. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2344–2353, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and microstructure of tooth histotypes in the blue shark, Prionace glauca (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) and the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Lamniformes: Lamnidae)
Authors: Moyer Joshua K. , Riccio Mark L. , Bemis William E. 
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACTElasmobranchs exhibit two distinct arrangements of mineralized tissues in the teeth that are known as orthodont and osteodont histotypes. Traditionally, it has been said that orthodont teeth maintain a pulp cavity throughout tooth development whereas osteodont teeth are filled with osteodentine and lack a pulp cavity when fully developed. We used light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and high‐resolution micro‐computed tomography to compare the structure and development of elasmobranch teeth representing the two histotypes. As an example of the orthodont histotype, we studied teeth of the blue shark, Prionace glauca (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). For the osteodont histotype, we studied teeth of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Lamniformes: Lamnidae). We document similarities and differences in tooth development and the microstructure of tissues in these two species and review the history of definitions and interpretations of elasmobranch tooth histotypes. We discuss a possible correlation between tooth histotype and tooth replacement and review the history of histotype differentiation in sharks. We find that contrary to a long held misconception, there is no orthodentine in the osteodont teeth of C. carcharias. J. Morphol. 276:797–817, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.