bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A longitudinal general population-based study of job strain and risk for coronary heart disease and stroke in Swedish men
Authors: Torén Kjell , Schiöler Linus , Giang W K , Novak Masuma , Söderberg Mia , Rosengren Annika 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesThe aim was to investigate whether psychosocial stress based on the job-demand-control (JDC) model increased the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke.SettingSwedish men.ParticipantsThe Primary Prevention Study (PPS) comprises 6070 men born between 1915 and 1925 free from previous history of CHD and stroke at baseline (1974–1977). Psychosocial workplace exposure was assessed using a job-exposure matrix (JEM) for the JDC model based on occupation at baseline. The participants were followed from baseline examination, until death, until hospital discharge or until 75 years of age, whichever occurred first, using the Swedish national register on cause of death and the Swedish hospital discharge register for non-fatal and fatal stroke and CHD events. Cox regression models were used with stroke or CHD as the outcome, using JDC model and age as explanatory variables, as well as stratified models with regard to smoking, self-reported stress, socioeconomic status, obesity, hypertension and diabetes.Primary and secondary outcome measuresRisk for stroke and CHD.ResultsThere was an increased risk (HR) for CHD in relation to high strain (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.70). The risk was further increased among ever-smokers and among blue-collar workers. There was a relation between low control and increased risk for CHD (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.35). There was no increased risk for stroke in any of the JDC categories.ConclusionsExposure to occupational psychosocial stress defined as job strain or low control increased the risk for CHD, especially among smokers and blue-collar workers. There was no increased risk for stroke in any of the JDC categories.
The promise of recovery: narratives of hope among homeless individuals with mental illness participating in a Housing First randomised controlled trial in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Kirst Maritt , Zerger Suzanne , Wise Harris Deborah , Plenert Erin , Stergiopoulos Vicky 
Published: March 2014

ObjectivesHope is widely embraced as an important factor in the recovery process. The role of housing in inspiring hope and facilitating recovery has been explored with homeless populations but is not well understood. This study explores perspectives on hopes for recovery and the role of housing on these hopes from the perspective of homeless adults experiencing mental illness participating in a multisite Housing First randomised controlled trial in Canada. The study draws on data from in-depth qualitative interviews with participants from the Toronto, Ontario site of the ‘At Home/Chez Soi’ Project.DesignIn-depth interviews were conducted with a subsample of participants from a larger Housing First randomised controlled trial.SettingThe research took place in Toronto, Canada.Participants60 participants in the larger trial (36 from the Housing First group and 24 from the Treatment as Usual group) took part in in-depth interviews.MethodParticipants for the in-depth interviews were purposively selected from the larger trial sample in Toronto and participated in an interview at the beginning of the study (baseline). Data from the baseline interviews were analysed using the constant comparative method derived from grounded theory methods.ResultsParticipants’ narratives show clear visualisation of goals for recovery, and emphasise that housing is an integral factor that can facilitate hope and support dimensions of recovery. However, some participants had difficulty adjusting to housing, and were concerned about feeling socially isolated, which could have negative implications for hopefulness and recovery.ConclusionsHousing First interventions should explicitly incorporate hope-inspiring, recovery-oriented approaches and support participants while adjusting to housing in order to sustain hopefulness.
Emergency intrauterine device insertion in teenagers: an informal retrospective study
Authors: Akintomide Hannat , Vinayagam Suganthi , Schünmann Catherine 
Published: March 2014

BackgroundWidespread and increased availability of oral emergency contraception (EC) over the past 10 years has made little difference to rates of unintended pregnancy, abortion and repeat abortion amongst teenagers. The insertion of an intrauterine device for EC (EC-IUD) is 98–99% effective compared with 85% for oral methods and can be used for ongoing, long-term reversible contraception. However this method is seldom used for teenagers, a group with a high risk of unintended pregnancy, and there is little published data on the use of EC-IUD in this group.MethodsAn anonymous case note review of EC-IUD use in teenagers in three centres in the UK was conducted to quantify provision, to identify insertion difficulties and short-term complications and to ascertain compliance with national guidance concerning sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk assessment and prophylaxis.ResultsA total of 103 cases was identified over 4 years (2007–2010) from the three centres (London, Liverpool and Aberdeen). The results show that the majority of fittings were straightforward (94%) with few complications. Antibiotic prophylaxis was deemed necessary in 64% of attenders.ConclusionsThe authors recommend that with STI screening and appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis, use of IUDs in women under the age of 20 years should be unrestricted both for long-term contraception and for EC.
Immunosurveillance by Antiangiogenesis: Tumor Growth Arrest by T Cell–Derived Thrombospondin-1
Authors: Schadler Keri L. , Crosby Erika J. , Zhou Alice Yao , Bhang Dong Ha , Braunstein Lior , Baek Kwan Hyuck , Crawford Danielle , Crawford Alison , Angelosanto Jill , Wherry E. John , Ryeom Sandra 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy suggest that manipulation of the immune system to enhance the antitumor response may be a highly effective treatment modality. One understudied aspect of immunosurveillance is antiangiogenic surveillance, the regulation of tumor angiogenesis by the immune system, independent of tumor cell lysis. CD4+ T cells can negatively regulate angiogenesis by secreting antiangiogenic factors such as thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). In tumor-bearing mice, we show that a Th1-directed viral infection that triggers upregulation of TSP-1 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells can inhibit tumor angiogenesis and suppress tumor growth. Using bone marrow chimeras and adoptive T-cell transfers, we demonstrated that TSP-1 expression in the T-cell compartment was necessary and sufficient to inhibit tumor growth by suppressing tumor angiogenesis after the viral infection. Our results establish that tumorigenesis can be stanched by antiangiogenic surveillance triggered by an acute viral infection, suggesting novel immunologic approaches to achieve antiangiogenic therapy. Cancer Res; 74(8); 2171–81. ©2014 AACR.
RAE1 Ligands for the NKG2D Receptor Are Regulated by STING-Dependent DNA Sensor Pathways in Lymphoma
Authors: Lam Adeline R. , Le Bert Nina , Ho Samantha S.W. , Shen Yu J. , Tang Melissa L.F. , Xiong Gordon M. , Croxford J. Ludovic , Koo Christine X. , Ishii Ken J. , Akira Shizuo , Raulet David H. , Gasser Stephan 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
The immunoreceptor NKG2D originally identified in natural killer (NK) cells recognizes ligands that are upregulated on tumor cells. Expression of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) is induced by the DNA damage response (DDR), which is often activated constitutively in cancer cells, revealing them to NK cells as a mechanism of immunosurveillance. Here, we report that the induction of retinoic acid early transcript 1 (RAE1) ligands for NKG2D by the DDR relies on a STING-dependent DNA sensor pathway involving the effector molecules TBK1 and IRF3. Cytosolic DNA was detected in lymphoma cell lines that express RAE1 and its occurrence required activation of the DDR. Transfection of DNA into ligand-negative cells was sufficient to induce RAE1 expression. Irf3+/−;Eμ-Myc mice expressed lower levels of RAE1 on tumor cells and showed a reduced survival rate compared with Irf3+/+;Eμ-Myc mice. Taken together, our results suggest that genomic damage in tumor cells leads to activation of STING-dependent DNA sensor pathways, thereby activating RAE1 and enabling tumor immunosurveillance. Cancer Res; 74(8); 2193–203. ©2014 AACR.
STAT3-Mediated Autophagy Dependence Identifies Subtypes of Breast Cancer Where Autophagy Inhibition Can Be Efficacious
Authors: Maycotte Paola , Gearheart Christy M. , Barnard Rebecca , Aryal Suraj , Mulcahy Levy Jean M. , Fosmire Susan P. , Hansen Ryan J. , Morgan Michael J. , Porter Christopher C. , Gustafson Daniel L. , Thorburn Andrew 
Published: March 2014

Abstract
Autophagy is a protein and organelle degradation pathway that is involved in diverse diseases, including cancer. Recent evidence suggests that autophagy is a cell survival mechanism in tumor cells and that its inhibition, especially in combination with other therapy, could be beneficial but it remains unclear if all cancer cells behave the same way when autophagy is inhibited. We inhibited autophagy in a panel of breast cancer cell lines and found that some of them are dependent on autophagy for survival even in nutrient rich conditions without any additional stress, whereas others need autophagy only when stressed. Survival under unstressed conditions is due to cell type–specific autophagy regulation of STAT3 activity and this phenotype is enriched in triple-negative cell lines. This autophagy-dependency affects response to therapy because autophagy inhibition reduced tumor growth in vivo in autophagy-dependent but not in autophagy-independent breast tumors, whereas combination treatment with autophagy inhibitors and other agent was preferentially synergistic in autophagy-dependent cells. These results imply that autophagy-dependence represents a tumor cell–specific characteristic where autophagy inhibition will be more effective. Moreover, our results suggest that autophagy inhibition might be a potential therapeutic strategy for triple-negative breast cancers, which currently lack an effective targeted treatment. Cancer Res; 74(9); 2579–90. ©2014 AACR.
HLA-Binding Properties of Tumor Neoepitopes in Humans
Authors: Fritsch Edward F. , Rajasagi Mohini , Ott Patrick A. , Brusic Vladimir , Hacohen Nir , Wu Catherine J. 
Published: March 2014

AbstractCancer genome sequencing has enabled the rapid identification of the complete repertoire of coding sequence mutations within a patient's tumor and facilitated their use as personalized immunogens. Although a variety of techniques are available to assist in the selection of mutation-defined epitopes to be included within the tumor vaccine, the ability of the peptide to bind to patient MHC is a key gateway to peptide presentation. With advances in the accuracy of predictive algorithms for MHC class I binding, choosing epitopes on the basis of predicted affinity provides a rapid and unbiased approach to epitope prioritization. We show herein the retrospective application of a prediction algorithm to a large set of bona fide T cell–defined mutated human tumor antigens that induced immune responses, most of which were associated with tumor regression or long-term disease stability. The results support the application of this approach for epitope selection and reveal informative features of these naturally occurring epitopes to aid in epitope prioritization for use in tumor vaccines. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(6); 522–9. ©2014 AACR.
The Emergence of Islamic Liberation Theology in South Africa
Authors: Palombo Matthew 
Published: March 2014

AbstractThere is a growing interest in Islamic liberation theology today, and seminal authors such as Ali Shariati, Alighar Ali Engineer (1984, 1990), Farid Esack (1984, 1997), and Hamid Dabashi (2008) have developed its central commitments. In South Africa the earliest representative text was the ‘Review of Faith’ (1984) by Farid Esack, used by the Call of Islam (est. 1984) for cultivating personal piety and conscientization (critical consciousness) against apartheid. Based on recent interviews, unpublished manuscripts, and published works, this article demonstrates how Islamic liberation theology emerged in the political praxis of Muslims against settler colonialism and apartheid. In this subaltern history, political Islam as political praxis and not state building generated a unique discursive space for an Islamic liberation theology to emerge within the confluence of two ideological paths: those of humanism and Islamism.
The Era of Overseas Scholarships: Islam, Modernization, and Decolonization in Northern Nigeria, c. 1954-1966
Authors: Thurston Alexander 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn independence-era Northern Nigeria, different segments of the modernizing elite contended over defining the place of Islam in society. This article argues that the case of Northern Nigeria disrupts scholarly periodizations of twentieth-century Islamic thought and activism that depict the 1950s and 1960s as a time of secularist dominance. The specificity of Muslim communities’ experiences of colonialism and decolonization helped shape the role Islam played in different societies during this period. This article develops this thesis by examining the semiautonomous Northern Nigerian regional government’s program of sending young, Arabophone Muslim scholars to Arab and British universities between 1954 and 1966. The overseas scholarships system was to be the culmination of British colonial efforts to produce ‘modern’ Muslim judges and teachers. However, Arabophones’ experiences overseas, and their ambivalent relationship with the Northern government after their return highlight the unintended consequences of colonial policies and of scholarship winners’ encounters with the broader Muslim world.
Transforming Cattle into Blessings: The Moral Economy of Mbororo Pilgrimage
Authors: Virtanen Tea 
Published: March 2014

AbstractIn this essay I explore the meaning of cattle for the Mbororo pastoralists of the Adamaoua Region, Cameroon, in realising and conceptualising the pilgrimage to Mecca. As an analytic frame I employ the concept of moral economy and the related discussion of cycles of exchange by Jonathan Parry and Maurice Bloch (1989), which, I argue, open up new ways of understanding and theorising the pilgrimage process. For the Mbororo cattle form the material base for the pilgrimage, as it is only through cattle sales that they are able to carry out the journey. Furthermore, the possibility of going on a public pilgrimage through selling cattle has significance for local intraethnic relations because it has blurred the traditional power hierarchy by providing the relatively marginalised Mbororo a more visible Muslim status in the region. The cattle also shape the way in which the Mbororo conceptualise the pilgrimage experience by forming an elemental part of a set of symbolic transformations through which the blessing (barka) of Mecca reaches the Mbororo camps of Adamaoua, and the pilgrimage is absorbed into the sociocosmic order of the pastoral community. Finally, in the Mbororo moral discourse these ‘pastoral’ transformations, guided by sociospiritual reasons, are contrasted with other Adamaouan pilgrims’ purely economically motivated transactions during the journey.
Functions of flt3 in zebrafish hematopoiesis and its relevance to human acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: He Bai-Liang , Shi Xiangguo , Man Cheuk Him , Ma Alvin C. H. , Ekker Stephen C. , Chow Howard C. H. , So Chi Wai Eric , Choi William W. L. , Zhang Wenqing , Zhang Yiyue , Leung Anskar Y. H. 
Published: March 2014

Key Points
Zebrafish flt3 plays an important role in the initiation of definitive hematopoietic stem cells. Expression of human FLT3-ITD activates endogenous flt3 signaling and induces myeloid expansion.
High-resolution mapping of epitopes on the C2 domain of factor VIII by analysis of point mutants using surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Nguyen Phuong-Cac T. , Lewis Kenneth B. , Ettinger Ruth A. , Schuman Jason T. , Lin Jasper C. , Healey John F. , Meeks Shannon L. , Lollar Pete , Pratt Kathleen P. 
Published: March 2014

Key PointsAmino acid residues comprising B-cell epitopes recognized by neutralizing anti-factor VIII antibodies (inhibitors) have been identified. Amino acids contributing significant antigen–antibody binding avidity are candidates for mutagenesis in the design of less antigenic proteins.
On a half-discrete reverse Mulholland-type inequality and an extension
Authors: Liu Tuo , Yang Bicheng , He Leping 
Published: March 2014

AbstractBy using the way of weight functions and the Hermite-Hadamard inequality, a half-discrete reverse Mulholland-type inequality with a best constant factor is given. The extension with multi-parameters, the equivalent forms as well as the relating homogeneous inequalities are also considered.MSC:26D15.
Aetiology, antimicrobial therapy and outcome of patients with community acquired severe sepsis: a prospective study in a Norwegian university hospital
Authors: Nygård Siri Tandberg , Langeland Nina , Flaatten Hans K , Fanebust Rune , Haugen Oddbjørn , Skrede Steinar 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Severe sepsis is recognized as an inflammatory response causing organ dysfunction in patients with infection. Antimicrobial therapy is the mainstay of treatment. There is an ongoing demand for local surveillance of sepsis aetiology and monitoring of empirical treatment recommendations. The present study was established to describe the characteristics, quality of handling and outcome of patients with severe sepsis admitted to a Norwegian university hospital.

Methods
A one year prospective, observational study of adult community acquired case-defined severe sepsis was undertaken. Demographics, focus of infection, microbiological findings, timing and adequacy of empirical antimicrobial agents were recorded. Clinical diagnostic practice was evaluated. Differences between categorical groups were analysed with Pearson’s chi-squared test. Predictors of in-hospital mortality were identified in a multivariate stepwise backward logistic regression model.

Results
In total 220 patients were identified, yielding an estimated annual incidence of 0.5/1000 inhabitants. The focus of infection was established at admission in 69%. Respiratory tract infection was present in 52%, while genitourinary, soft tissue and abdominal infections each were found in 12-14%. Microbiological aetiology was identified in 61%; most prevalent were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were malignancy, cardiovascular disease, endocarditis, abdominal infections, undefined microbiological aetiology, delay in administration of empirical antimicrobial agents ≥ 6 hours and use of inadequate antimicrobial agents. In patients ≥ 75 years, antimicrobial therapy was less in compliance with current recommendations and more delayed.

Conclusions
Community acquired severe sepsis is common. Initial clinical aetiology is often revised. Compliance with recommendations for empirical antimicrobial treatment is lowest in elderly patients. Our results emphasizes that quick identification of correct source of infection, proper sampling for microbiological analyses, and fast administration of adequate antimicrobial agents are crucial points in the management of severe sepsis.
Incidence, pathogens and resistance patterns of nosocomial infections at a rural hospital in Gabon
Authors: Scherbaum Micha , Kösters Katrin , Mürbeth Raymund Egid , Ngoa Ulysse Ateba , Kremsner Peter Gottfried , Lell Bertrand , Alabi Abraham 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Nosocomial infections pose substantial risk to patients receiving care in hospitals. In Africa, this problem is aggravated by inadequate infection control due to poor hygiene, resource and structural constraints, deficient surveillance data and lack of awareness regarding nosocomial infections. We carried out this study to determine the incidence and spectrum of nosocomial infections, pathogens and antibiotic resistance patterns in a tertiary regional hospital in Lambaréné, Gabon.

Methods
This prospective case study was carried out over a period of six months at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon. All patients admitted to the departments of surgery, gynecology/obstetrics and internal medicine were screened daily for signs and symptoms of hospital-acquired infections.

Results
A total of 2925 patients were screened out of which 46 nosocomial infections (1.6%) were diagnosed. These comprised 20 (44%) surgical-site infections, 12 (26%) urinary-tract infections, 9 (20%) bacteraemias and 5 (11%) other infections. High rates of nosocomial infections were found after hysterectomies (12%) and Caesarean sections (6%). Most frequent pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Eight (40%) of 20 identified E. coli and Klebsiella spp. strains were ESBL-producing organisms.

Conclusion
The cumulative incidence of nosocomial infections in this study was low; however, the high rates of surgical site infections and multi-resistant pathogens necessitate urgent comprehensive interventions of infection control.
Invasive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast: a population-based study from the surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) database
Authors: Wang Jun , Wei Bing , Albarracin Constance T , Hu Jianhua , Abraham Susan C , Wu Yun 
Published: March 2014

Abstract

Background
Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the breast is a rare type of carcinoma that has not been well studied or characterized. Of the limited number of studies reported in the literature, most are case reports. A few small retrospective series studies have been reported.

Methods
We reviewed data on 142 cases of mammary NEC recorded in the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database during 2003–2009 and evaluated disease incidence and patient age, sex, and race/ethnicity; clinicopathologic characteristics; and survival in comparison to invasive mammary carcinoma, not otherwise specified. We also performed univariate and multivariate analyses to identify prognostic factors in this disease.

Results
Review of the 142 SEER cases revealed that NEC is an aggressive variant of invasive mammary carcinoma. It generally occurred in older women (>60 years); present with larger tumor size (>20 mm), higher histologic grade, and higher clinical stage; and result in shorter overall survival and disease-specific survival than invasive mammary carcinoma, not otherwise specified (IMC-NOS). Overall survival and disease-specific survival were shorter in NEC at each stage than in IMC-NOS of the same stage. Furthermore, when all NEC and IMC-NOS cases were pooled together, neuroendocrine differentiation itself was an adverse prognostic factor independent of other known prognostic factors, including age, tumor size, nodal status, histologic grade, estrogen/progesterone receptor status, and therapy.

Conclusions
NEC is a rare but aggressive type of mammary carcinoma. Novel therapeutic approaches should be explored for this uniquely clinical entity.