bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Northern Italian Confraternities and
the Immaculate Conception in the
Fourteenth Century
Authors: SELLA BARBARA 
Published: July 2002

The early fourteenth century marks one of the most significant

periods in the development of the doctrine of the Immaculate
Conception. Not only did this period witness a profound
transformation in the theological understanding of the older feast of the

Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, but it also brought about the
active engagement of the laity in its celebration. In northern Italy the
first
lay confraternities dedicated to celebrating the feast of the Conception

were founded in the 1320s and 1330s under the direction of the
Franciscans, then the greatest advocates of the immaculist cause. This

coincidence between the theological definition of Mary's conception,
lay
participation in the feast's celebration, and Franciscan sponsorship
of
confraternities raises interesting questions about the nature of lay piety

and the role of lay associations in disseminating religious beliefs.The question of when certain religious beliefs and their theological

formulations become known and understood by the majority of the
faithful is complex, particularly in the case of the Immaculate Conception.

No explicit mention of Mary's sinless conception exists in Scripture
or in
apostolic teaching. Belief in the Immaculate Conception emerged only
gradually, through centuries of reflection and disputation, and was not

proclaimed a dogma of faith until 1854. This gradual unfolding of the
doctrine has meant that identifying the shift from a general reverence
for
Mary's conception to an explicit belief in the sinlessness of her
conception
has proved difficult. A second difficulty is that for centuries the qualifier

‘immaculate’ was not attached to the name of the feast. During
the
Middle Ages the feast was referred to simply as the ‘Conception of
the
Blessed Virgin Mary’ The mere observance of the feast, therefore,
tells
us little about what the faithful actually believed.
Free and forced convection around line sources of heat and heated cylinders in porous media
Authors: KURDYUMOV VADIM N. , LIÑÁN AMABLE 
Published: July 2002

An analysis is presented for the steady, two-dimensional, free convection around line
sources of heat and heated cylinders in unbounded saturated porous media. It is
extended to account also for the effects of forced convection. The study is based on
the Boussinesq equations, with the velocities calculated using Darcy's law.The analysis begins with the non-dimensional formulation and numerical solution
of the problem of pure free convection around a line source of heat. When this
analysis is extended to include the effects of forced convection, two parameters
appear in the non-dimensional formulation: the non-dimensional value, V∞, of the
free-stream velocity and its angle γ of inclination with respect to the vertical. We
first describe the asymptotic form of the solution for large and small values of the
distance to the source. The far-field description, which is also applicable to the flow
around heated cylinders, is needed to facilitate the numerical solution of the problem.
It includes a thermal wake, aligned with the free stream, and an outer irrotational
flow with a sink and a vortex at the line source. The temperature distribution near
the source involves a constant A0(V∞, γ), to be calculated with
the numerical solution of the complete problem, which is used in the evaluation of the heat transfer from
heated cylinders when the Rayleigh and Péclet numbers are small compared with
unity. In this case we find an inner region where heat conduction is dominant, and
an outer region where the cylinder appears as a line source of heat. The asymptotic
analysis is complemented with the numerical solution of the general problem for
circular cylinders with a wide range of Rayleigh numbers and some representative
values of V∞ and γ. We give correlations for the Nusselt number in the limiting cases
of pure free convection and pure forced convection.
Intermittent mixing in strongly stratified fluids as a random walk
Authors: VANNESTE J. , HAYNES P. H. 
Published: July 2002

In strongly stratified geophysical fluids such as the stratosphere and the ocean, the
vertical mixing of tracers is largely due to patches of turbulence that are intermittent
in time and space. Heuristic models for this type of mixing are studied which
extend that of Dewan (1981a). The recognition that, in these models, fluid particles
undergo continuous-time random walks allows the derivation of closed-form results
for the particle-position statistics. The particle dispersion is shown generally to be
diffusive in the long-time limit. However, the early-time, non-diffusive regime is also
analysed, since a time-scale estimate indicates its practical importance, in particular
for stratospheric mixing.Because the restratification of fluid patches previously homogenized by turbulence
takes a finite time, the probability for a fluid region to become turbulent may depend
on the time elapsed since it has last been turbulent. This introduces a ‘memory
effect’ whose consequences for the tracer mixing are analysed in detail using a simple
non-Markovian model.The heuristic models studied allow the large-scale dispersive effects of the turbulent
patches to be inferred from the properties of individual patches. This highlights those
properties that might most usefully be determined from investigations of the dynamics
of the turbulent patches themselves.
The Unity of Declarative Sentence
Authors: GASKIN RICHARD 
Published: July 2002

The problem of the unity of the sentence is to explain how a sentence manages to say something, to ‘make a move in the language-game’. In the particular case of the declarative sentence, which is characterized essentially by its ability to say something true or false (cf. Aristotle De Int. ch. 4), the challenge is to explain how the sentence as a whole manages to attract this property, given that its components do not have it. In his book Language, Thought and Falsehood in Ancient Greek Thought, Nicholas Denyer implicitly commits himself to two conflicting accounts of what this unity consists in. The conflict is illuminating because it can be seen as giving expression to two attractive but apparently opposed thoughts on the nature of the sentence: the thought that all significant components of a sentence must have reference, or semantic role (a position which in the writings of Donald Davidson and Michael Dummett is truistic), and the thought that the semantically significant components of the sentence cannot all be names, since then the sentence would lose its peculiar unity — its ability to say something (true or false) — and degenerate into a mere list. In this paper I shall try, using Denyer's text as my point of departure, to resolve the conflict by suggesting how a unified sentence can, after all, be composed of names.The first account which Denyer gives of the unity of the sentence is not offered as such, but it emerges from his discussion of the differences between three primitive kinds of language, which he calls Agglomerative (A), Orthographic (O) and Sentential (S). The three languages have in common that their basic ‘sentences’ all consist of linear strings of unambiguous names of primary elements, themselves arranged linearly. Thereafter they diverge in the following respects. In A and O, these basic ‘sentences’ are, according to Denyer, only by courtesy so called, for they are really complex names; but whereas in A the order in which the names are listed is insignificant, in O it is significant. Thus ‘ab’, for example, would in A merely designate a complex object composed of the simple objects designated by ‘a’ and ‘b’, and is not semantically distinguishable from ‘ba’; in O, on the other hand, these two composite names additionally signify two different ways in which the complex consisting of a and b may be composed, for example, that a is to the left of b, and that b is to the left of a, respectively. In S, by contrast with both A and O, the basic ‘sentences’ are said to be genuine sentences: they are not merely lists of names, but are suitable for the making of assertions. In S, a symbol such as ‘ab’ says that (for example) a is to the left of b.
Executive function in parents of children with autism
Authors: HUGHES C. , LEBOYER M. , BOUVARD M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous studies have shown that individuals
with autism show impaired
performance on tests of executive function (Ozonoff et al. 1991, 1993;
Hughes & Russell, 1993;
Hughes et al. 1994). There is also strong evidence for genetic involvement
in autism (see Rutter,
1991 for review). If executive dysfunction is a core impairment in autism,
then similar
impairments are hypothesized to exist in a subtler form among the parents
of autistic children.Methods. Forty parents of autistic children were compared with
40 parents of learning disabled
children and 36 adults from unaffected families on three computerized tests
of executive
function. These tasks tapped attentional-shifting skills, visuospatial
planning and working
memory. Participants also received a computerized control test of spatial
memory-span. In
addition, the interviewer's initial impressions of family members
were coded using a new 33-item
questionnaire.Results. A significant proportion of parents of autistic children
(especially fathers) showed
impaired executive function. By contrast, parents did as well as both comparison
groups on a
control test of spatial span, and on other ‘non-executive’
measures from the tasks, indicating
that the autism group were as able and motivated as comparison groups.
Interestingly,
impairment of executive function was significantly correlated with the
interviewer's pre-test impression
of social abnormality among parents of autistic children.Conclusions. The hypothesis that a significant proportion of
parents of autistic children show
impaired executive function was supported. Parents showed good memory ability,
but relatively
poor planning skills and attentional flexibility. The extent to which this
is an inherent trait in
family members, rather than a reflection of the difficulties involved in
caring for an autistic
child, remains to be examined.
Cognitive function in depression: a distinct pattern
of frontal impairment in melancholia?
Authors: AUSTIN M.-P. , MITCHELL P. , WILHELM K. , PARKER G. , HICKIE I. , BRODATY H. , CHAN J. , EYERS K. , MILIC M. , HADZI-PAVLOVIC D. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Although depressed patients demonstrate impaired
performance on a range of
neuropsychological tests, there is little research that examines either
frontal cognitive deficits or
possible differences in test performance between melancholic and non-melancholic
subtypes.Methods. Depressed subjects were administered a broad neuropsychological
battery. In an overall
analysis, 77 depressed subjects were compared with 28 controls. In a second
set of analyses,
the depressed sample was divided into melancholic and non-melancholic subsets
according to
DSM-III-R, the CORE system and the Newcastle scale. These depressed subsets
were contrasted
to controls and with each other using ANCOVA controlling for age, IQ, simple
reaction time and
Hamilton Depression scores where appropriate.Results. The total depressed sample was impaired on most mnemonic
tasks, simple reaction time and
Trails B. Similar findings applied to DSM-III-R melancholic and non-melancholic
subjects. When
defined by the CORE and Newcastle (narrower definitions of melancholia),
melancholic patients
were additionally impaired on WCST (perseverative response) and (for Newcastle)
digit symbol
substitution. In contrast, the cognitive performance of the CORE and Newcastle-defined

non-melancholic patients was largely unimpaired.Conclusions. Using narrower definitions of melancholia, i.e.
CORE and (in particular) Newcastle,
melancholic patients were impaired on mnemonic tasks and tasks of selective
attention, and set-shifting while non-melancholic subjects were largely unimpaired in their
cognitive performance.
These differences may be due to impairment of specific neuroanatomical
regions in narrowly defined
melancholic patients, in particular the anterior cingulate.
Quality of life in first-admitted schizophrenia patients: a follow-up study
Authors: PRIEBE S. , ROEDER-WANNER U.-U. , KAISER W. 
Published: July 2002

Background. While most studies of quality of life (QoL) in schizophrenia have investigated long-term patients, relatively little is known about QoL early in the illness and how it changes over time.
This study was conducted to investigate objective and subjective quality of life in first-admitted
schizophrenia patients as compared to patients with long-term schizophrenia, changes between first
admission and 9-month follow-up and predictors of changes.Method. Eighty-six patients were examined after first admission and 51 were re-interviewed at
follow-up. Results were compared with samples of in-patients and out-patients with long-term
schizophrenia. QoL was assessed using a German version of the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile.Results. Although some objective QoL data were more favourable in first-admitted patients,
subjective QoL was lower than in each of the other two groups, even when psychopathology and
age were controlled for. On a group level, patients showed a slight improvement in subjective QoL,
which was not statistically significant. Individual changes over time were not predicted by initial
data, but were correlated with changes in anxiety/depression.Conclusion. Subjective QoL appears to be lower in first-admitted schizophrenics than in groups
with long-term illness and, on a group level, it changes little within 9 months. On an individual level,
changes in depressive symptoms need to be considered when interpreting changes in satisfaction
with life.
Genome and Envirome: Roles and Interaction in
Psychiatric Epidemiology
Authors: Cheng Andrew 
Published: July 2002

The VIII Congress of the International Federation of Psychiatric

Epidemiology (IFPE) will be held
under this title at the International Conference Centre of the Academia

Sinica in Taipei, Taiwan, 6–9 March 1999.The scientific programme will cover, in addition to the title theme,
a
variety of other topics. The
official languages of the Congress will be English and Chinese.
Pragmatic randomized trial of antenatal intervention to prevent post-natal depression by reducing psychosocial risk factors
Authors: BRUGHA T. S. , WHEATLEY S. , TAUB N. A. , CULVERWELL A. , FRIEDMAN T. , KIRWAN P. , JONES D. R. , SHAPIRO D. A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Social support theory and observational risk factor studies suggest that increased
antenatal psychosocial support could prevent post-natal depression. We used empirical knowledge
of risk and protective factors for post-natal depression not employed previously in order to develop
and evaluate an antenatal preventive intervention.Methods. We conducted a pragmatic randomized controlled trial in antenatal clinics. We screened
1300 primiparous women and 400 screened positive, 69 screen-positive women were untraceable
or not eligible. Of 292 women who completed baseline assessment, 209 consented to randomization,
of these 190 provided outcome data 3 months post-natally. ‘Preparing for Parenthood’, a
structured antenatal risk factor reducing intervention designed to increase social support and
problem-solving skills, was compared with routine antenatal care only. We compared the
percentage depressed at 3 months after childbirth using the self-completion General Health
Questionnaire Depression scale and Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the
Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry a systematic clinical interview.Results. Assignment to the intervention group did not significantly impact on post-natal depression
(odds ratio for GHQ-Depression 1·22 (95% CI 0·63–2·39), P = 0·55) or on risk factors for
depression. Forty-five per cent of the intervention group women attended sufficient sessions to be
likely to benefit from intervention if effective. Attenders benefited no more than non-attenders.Conclusions. Prevention services targeting post-natal depression should not implement antenatal
support programmes on these lines until further research has demonstrated the feasibility and
effectiveness of such methods. The development of novel, low cost interventions effective in reducing
risk factors should be completed before further trial evaluation.
New Labour's post-Thatcherite modernisation project: a Third Way?
Authors: DAVID MIRIAM 
Published: July 2002

Tony Blair The Third Way: new politics for the new century, pamphlet no. 588,
Fabian Society, London, 1998, 20 pp., £3.50.Stephen Driver and Luke Martell, New Labour: politics after Thatcherism, Polity
Press, Cambridge, 1998, xii + 210 pp. £45.00, £12.99 (pbk).Anthony Giddens, The Third Way: the renewal of social democracy, Polity Press,
Cambridge, 1998, x + 166 pp., £25.00, £7.99 (pbk).Colin Hay, The Political Economy of New Labour: labouring under false pretences?,
Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1999, xiii + 242 pp. £45.00,
£14.99.Martin Powell (ed.), New Labour, New Welfare State? The
‘third way’ in British
social policy, The Policy Press, University of Bristol, 1999, ix + 351 pp.,
£45.00, £18.99.Having just returned from a month in the USA, teaching summer school
to graduate students on social and family policy in education, I eagerly
read and/or reread these publications to get a renewed sense of politics
and policy in Britain today. Whilst I was in the USA I became steeped
in discussions of ‘post’ perspectives – post-colonial, post-modern, post-structuralist,
post-feminist – on ‘discourses of welfare’ or the welfare state
which now may include education and even communitarianism. I found
myself longing for a more pragmatic as well as programmatic, or what
might be called ‘critical realist’, perspective. So I was not disappointed
by having to engage with these four books and the pamphlet, although
initially they seemed a long way from my current research interests on
‘family and education’ from a feminist perspective.I have had a very enjoyable, exciting and even exhilarating time reading
them. Together they present a most appealing package of accounts of
New Labour as we are about to enter the new millennium. One gets the
feeling of tremendous political activity and policy action over the last few
years with plans and proposals galore for the future. To paraphrase the
words of Celine Dionne for the heroine of Titanic ‘It will go on...’
DOES WORK WORK?
Authors: WALKER ROBERT 
Published: July 2002

Alan Deacon (ed.), From Welfare to Work, IEA Health &
Welfare Unit, 1997,
155 pp., £8.00 paper.Karen Gardiner, Bridges from Benefit, Joseph Rowntree Foundation,
York,
1997, 60 pp., £11.95 paper.Alex Bryson, Reuben Ford and Michael White, Making Work Pay,
Joseph
Rowntree Foundation, York, 1997, 89 pp., £11.95 paper.Jane Millar, Steven Webb and Martin Kemp, Combining Work and Welfare,

Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, 1997, 59 pp., £11.95 paper.For the new Labour government, employment is the key to the reform of

welfare. While the same could be said of the first post-war Labour government,

the words have a rather different meaning. It is true that Gordon
Brown, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, has alluded to the concept of full

employment that Keynes, Beveridge and, latterly, Attlee's government

foresaw was essential to fund the development of the Welfare State. But

the strategy that Brown set out in his first two budgets has a more narrow

focus. Employment is to provide a route out of dependency, a mechanism

for social inclusion, that enables expenditure on social security to be

diverted to investment in education and health that is likely to attract
a
greater political dividend. More specifically, in his 1997 budget he used

income generated from a windfall tax on the privatised utilities to fund

the New Deal, a programme of counselling and work experience schemes
with a large element of compulsion (Table 1), and supported this with a

National Child Care Strategy and a commitment to introduce a minimum
wage. He complemented these moves in his 1998 budget by increasing
Child Benefit and announcing a Working Families Tax Credit, and one
for disabled persons to replace Family Credit and Disability Working
Allowance and also a Childcare Tax Credit.
Metaphoric threat is more real than real threat
Authors: Peterson Jordan B. , DeYoung Colin G. 
Published: July 2002

Dreams represent threat, but appear to do so metaphorically more often than realistically. The metaphoric representation of threat allows it to be conceptualized in a manner that is constant across situations (as what is common to all threats begins to be understood and portrayed). This also means that response to threat can come to be represented in some way that works across situations. Conscious access to dream imagery, and subsequent social communication of that imagery, can facilitate this generalized adaptive process, by allowing the communicative dreamer access to the problem solving resources of the community.[Revonsuo; Solms]
$\beta$-transformation, natural extension and invariant measure
Authors: BROWN GAVIN , YIN QINGHE 
Published: July 2002

For $\beta>1$, consider the $\beta$-transformation $T_\beta$. When $\beta$ is an integer, the natural extension of $T_\beta$ can be represented explicitly as a map on the unit square with an invariant measure: the corresponding two-dimensional Lebesgue measure. We show that, under certain conditions on $\beta$, the natural extension is defined on a simply connected region and an invariant measure is a constant multiple of the Lebesgue measure.We characterize those $\beta$ in terms of the $\beta$-expansion of one, and study the structure and size of the set of all such $\beta$.
Getting into the groove?
Authors: Halstead Jill 
Published: July 2002

Sexing the Groove: Popular Music and Gender.Edited by Sheila Whiteley. London and New York: Routeledge, 1997, 353 pp.Sex, sexuality and articulations of gender are well-established components in the production and performance of popular music. Hence, Sexing the Groove, edited by Sheila Whiteley, is a very welcome addition to this vital and growing area of popular music studies and cultural theory more generally. The collection reflects the reality that studies of gender and sexuality in popular music are born of a hybrid lineage; accordingly the book approaches its subject from a range of disciplines such as sociology, cultural theory, media studies, sychology and musicology, and as such is a vibrant mix. Despite its relative diversity, the book's structure and progression is fluent and focused.