bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Narrow‐band emitting microcavity OLED with ITO DBR electrode for sensing applications
Authors: Tien W.C. , Chen L.Y. , Zeng Y.W. , Chang K.W. , Chu A.K. 
Published: October 2015

Microcavity organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with ITO distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) were proposed. For the 6.5‐period DBR electrode, the Bragg reflectivity and sheet resistance of 92.3% and 30 Ω/ square were obtained. In addition, the full width at half maximum of the electroluminescence spectra of the microcavity OLED was <7 nm and the enhancement of the optical intensity was 4.6 times higher in amplitude than that of the non‐cavity OLED.
Compact water‐loaded reconfigurable antenna for DVB‐H applications
Authors: Xing L. , Huang Y. , Xu Q. , Alja'afreh S. 
Published: October 2015

An ultra‐compact water loaded, 3D reconfigurable antenna is presented for digital video broadcasting‐handheld (DVB‐H) and ultra‐high frequency (UHF) applications. By integrating a varactor diode, the operating frequency of this antenna can be continuously tuned from 463 to 900 MHz. A mixture of the water and water holder is effectively utilised as a dielectric loading to reduce the size of the antenna by 50%. The radiating element occupies a very compact volume (0.013λ × 0.016λ × 0.005λ at 470 MHz). Measurements are conducted to qualify and validate the antenna performance. It is demonstrated that this new antenna is an excellent candidate for UHF and DVB‐H applications.
Zusammenhang von Auslandseinsätzen und Tabakabhängigkeit bei Soldaten
Authors: Wesemann U. , Schura R. , Kowalski J. , Kropp S. , Danker-Hopfe H. , Rau H. , Ströhle A. , Thiele J. , Zimmermann P. 
Published: October 2015

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie: Rauchen ist ein hoher vermeidbarer Risikofaktor. Diese Studie untersucht, ob militärische Auslandseinsätze, im Vergleich zur Einsatzvorbereitung, das Risiko mit dem Rauchen zu beginnen erhöhen, die Tabakabhängigkeit steigern und ob sich Moderatorvariablen zum Rauchverhalten identifizieren lassen.
Methodik: Die Studie wurde an 2 Panzergrenadierbataillonen mit N=264 Soldaten durchgeführt. Die Einsatzgruppe absolvierte einen Auslandseinsatz in Afghanistan, die Vergleichsgruppe nahm währenddessen an einer Einsatzvorbereitung teil. Zu 3 Messzeitpunkten wurden Tabakabhängigkeit, posttraumatische Symptome, Depression und Stress gemessen. Die erste Datenerhebung erfolgte vor und die dritte Erhebung nach dem Auslandseinsatz bzw. der Einsatzvorbereitung. Die Messung zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt erfolgte während des Auslandseinsatzes bzw. der Einsatzvorbereitung.
Ergebnisse: Die Prävalenzrate der rauchenden Soldaten betrug 56,4%. 51,1% (n=135) aller untersuchten Soldaten rauchten mehr als 20 Zigaretten pro Tag. Für die Einsatzgruppe zeigte sich im Vergleich zur Vergleichsgruppe ein signifikanter Anstieg der mittels Fagerström-Test erfassten Tabakabhängigkeit vom ersten zum dritten Messzeitpunkt (p=0,040). In beiden Gruppen gab es während des Untersuchungszeitraums keine erhöhte Anzahl von Soldaten, die mit dem Rauchen begannen (χ²<1; n. s.). Moderatorvariablen auf das Rauchen wurden nicht gefunden, aber es gab einen signifikanten Anstieg in den posttraumatischen Belastungssymptomen bei der Einsatzgruppe (p=0,006).
Schlussfolgerung: Eventuell lässt sich der Anstieg der Tabakabhängigkeit für die Einsatzgruppe auf die spezifischen Belastungen des Einsatzes zurückführen. Wenn sich die hohen Raucherquoten auch in anderen Truppengattungen zeigen, sollten vermehrt Entwöhnungsprogramme angeboten werden.
Effects of Spatial Extent on Modeled Relations between Habitat and Anadromous Salmonid Spawning Success
Authors: Railsback Steven F. , Harvey Bret C. , White Jason L. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractWe address the question of spatial extent: how model results depend on the amount and type of space represented. For models of how stream habitat affects fish populations, how do the amount and characteristics of habitat represented in the model affect its results and how well do those results represent the whole stream? Our analysis used inSalmo, an individual‐based model of anadromous salmonid spawning, incubation, and juvenile rearing. The model was applied to 12 sites, totaling 4.0 km in length, on Clear Creek, California, treating the simulated 4.0 km as a synthetic whole stream. Simulation experiments examined responses of anadromous salmonid spawning and rearing success to habitat variables, such as flow and temperature, when the model included each individual site, all sites, and random combinations of two to nine sites. Some responses, such as temperature effects on egg incubation, were insensitive to spatial extent. Other responses, including the effects of flow on the production of large juveniles, varied sharply among sites and varied with spatial extent. Most small sites had little effect on overall results, but one small site provided exceptionally good juvenile rearing habitat and strongly affected the responses of the entire stream. Larger sites (length > 15 channel widths) in distinct habitat types (e.g., highly disturbed and recently restored) also had strong effects. Including more or longer sites generally increased model representativeness but not consistently. Results highly representative of the entire stream could also be obtained by combining large sites in typical habitat with “hot spots” of especially productive habitat. Finally, sites lower in the watershed appear to be more important to model results and anadromous salmonid spawning success because more juveniles migrate through them.
THE GALAXY UV LUMINOSITY FUNCTION BEFORE THE EPOCH OF REIONIZATION
Authors: Mason Charlotte A. , Trenti Michele , Treu Tommaso 
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT
We present a model for the evolution of the galaxy ultraviolet (UV) luminosity function (LF) across cosmic time where star formation is linked to the assembly of dark matter halos under the assumption of a mass-dependent, but redshift-independent, efficiency. We introduce a new self-consistent treatment of the halo star formation history, which allows us to make predictions at z > 10 (lookback time ≲500 Myr), when growth is rapid. With a calibration at a single redshift to set the stellar-to-halo mass ratio, and no further degrees of freedom, our model captures the evolution of the UV LF over all available observations (0 ≲ z ≲ 10). The significant drop in luminosity density of currently detectable galaxies beyond z ∼ 8 is explained by a shift of star formation toward less massive, fainter galaxies. Assuming that star formation proceeds down to atomic cooling halos, we derive a reionization optical depth

fully consistent with the latest Planck measurement, implying that the universe is fully reionized at

In addition, our model naturally produces smoothly rising star formation histories for galaxies with L ≲ L
* in agreement with observations and hydrodynamical simulations. Before the epoch of reionization at z > 10 we predict the LF to remain well-described by a Schechter function, but with an increasingly steep faint-end slope (α ∼ −3.5 at z ∼ 16). Finally, we construct forecasts for surveys with James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Wide-field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) and predict that galaxies out to z ∼ 14 will be observed. Galaxies at z > 15 will likely be accessible to JWST and WFIRST only through the assistance of strong lensing magnification.
Update of the BIPM comparison BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Sr-85 of activity measurements of the radionuclide 85Sr to include the 2009 result of the POLATOM (Poland)
Authors: Michotte C , Ratel G , Courte S , Dziel T , Listkowska A 
Published: October 2015

Since 1975, ten laboratories have submitted 27 samples of known activity of 85Sr to the International Reference System (SIR) for activity comparison at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), with comparison identifier BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Sr-85. The values of the activity submitted were between about 0.2 MBq and 19 MBq. The key comparison reference value (KCRV) has been recalculated to include the primary standardization result for the POLATOM, Poland. There are now four results in the BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Sr-85 comparison. The degrees of equivalence between each equivalent activity measured in the SIR and the updated KCRV have been calculated and the results are given in the form of a table. A graphical presentation is also given.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
The Task of Hope in Kierkegaard
Authors: Bernier Mark 
Published: October 2015

AbstractThe role and importance of hope in Kierkegaard’s work has received almost no attention. One typically sees hope mentioned only in passing, related to central Kierkegaardian themes—as a mere description of faith, or as a way to illustrate what is lost in certain forms of despair. Rarely does one see hope discussed on its own terms, as having its own place in Kierkegaard’s thought. This is a significant oversight. What this study explores is the place of hope in some of Kierkegaard’s most important themes: despair, faith, and the self. It is shown that these core elements are connected through an essential thread of hope. There are three principal claims of the study. First, while despair involves the absence of hope, a rejection of oneself, and a turn away from one’s relation to God, despair is fundamentally an unwillingness to hope. Second, hope is not simply an ancillary activity of the self; rather, the task of becoming a self is essentially constituted by hope. Thus, when in despair one is unwilling to hope, one is in fact rejecting one’s task of becoming a self. Third, faith stands in opposition to despair precisely because it is a willingness to hope. An essential role of faith is to secure the ground for hope, and in this way faith secures the ground for the self. In short, authentic hope is not merely a fringe element, but is essential to Kierkegaard’s project of the self.
On Despair
Authors: Bernier Mark 
Published: October 2015

AbstractIn this chapter the sickness of despair is discussed, which Kierkegaard explains primarily in two ways: as a structural problem, and a relation. As a structural problem, despair is understood in terms of the self’s inability to manage the synthesis. When the self grasps one factor of the synthesis, the other factor is left unfulfilled. In this sense, despair is a reaction to the inability to achieve a unified identity; something is always lacking. Second, despair as a relation is explained in terms of the self’s consciousness of being in despair—the greater one’s consciousness of oneself, the greater one’s despair. The underlying problem is that we can never rid ourselves of what we are, and we can never truly become what we want to be. Finally, despair can also be understood in terms of the task: despair involves the refusal to take up the task of becoming a self.
Despair and Hope
Authors: Bernier Mark 
Published: October 2015

AbstractKierkegaard characterizes the relation between despair and hope in two ways: as hopelessness, and as an unwillingness to hope. Using Aquinas’ account of hope and despair, Kierkegaardian despair may be seen fundamentally as hopelessness (as Michael Theunissen claims). However, when despair is seen in this way, a problem may emerge: only weakness would count as genuine despair, with defiance reduced to a preliminary stage. Such a result could even threaten Kierkegaard’s larger narrative: that despair involves the loss of meaning for the self, with faith positioned as the only solution. This narrative requires that both weakness and defiance be genuine forms of despair. Against this conclusion, the argument is made that despair is better characterized as fundamentally an unwillingness to hope. This secures defiance as a form of despair, and explains the most basic opposition between despair and hope.
TANK-binding kinase 1-dependent or -independent signaling elicits the cell-type-specific innate immune responses induced by the adenovirus vector
Authors: Tsuzuki Sayaka , Tachibana Masashi , Hemmi Masahisa , Yamaguchi Tomoko , Shoji Masaki , Sakurai Fuminori , Kobiyama Kouji , Kawabata Kenji , Ishii Ken J. , Akira Shizuo , Mizuguchi Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAdenovirus vectors (Adv) elicit innate immune responses via several pattern-recognition receptors. Although it has been suggested that various Adv-induced mechanisms play important roles in the induction of innate immunity in vitro , the impacts of these mechanisms in vivo remain unclear. Viral nucleic acids elicit innate immune responses through the recognition of cytosolic nucleic acid sensors and transduce intracellular signals to TANK-binding kinase (TBK) 1. In this study, to determine the impacts of viral nucleic acids on innate immune responses in vivo , we administered transgene-expressing Adv to Tbk1 -deficient mice. The systemic Adv administration failed to induce type I interferons (type I IFNs) in the spleen, but not the liver, of Tbk1 -deficient mice, resulting in the increase of transgene-expressing cells in the spleen, but not the liver. Moreover, Adv failed to induce type I IFNs in the bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells, but not the mouse embryonic fibroblasts, from Tbk1 -deficient mice in vitro . These results support the idea that Adv elicit innate immunity in immune cells and non-immune cells in a TBK1-dependent and TBK1-independent manner, respectively.
Anticonvulsants or Antidepressants in Combination Pharmacotherapy for Treatment of Neuropathic Pain in Cancer Patients
Authors: Guan Jia , Tanaka Shiro , Kawakami Koji 
Published: October 2015

Objective:
To investigate the efficacy of anticonvulsants or antidepressants in combination pharmacotherapy for treatment of neuropathic pain in cancer patients.

Materials and Methods:
We systematically searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the metaRegister of Controlled Trials for randomized controlled trials that compared anticonvulsants or antidepressants in combination pharmacotherapy (experimental group) with treatments without anticonvulsants or antidepressants (control group) for neuropathic pain in cancer patients. Risk of bias was evaluated in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The primary outcome was a mean difference (MD) in change in global pain analyzed by a random-effects model.

Results:
Eight trials met the inclusion criteria with a total of 1359 participants of whom 698 received an experimental intervention. The MD in change in global pain suggested a favorable association with anticonvulsants or antidepressants in combination pharmacotherapy compared with control groups (MD, −0.41; 95% confidence interval, −0.70 to −0.12) with no heterogeneity across trials (I
2=0%). The MD in change estimated in all sensitivity analyses ranged from −0.36 to −0.47, suggesting that these effects were consistent across different study designs and statistical assumptions.

Conclusions:
Anticonvulsants or antidepressants in combination pharmacotherapy reduce neuropathic pain in cancer patients compared with treatments without anticonvulsants or antidepressants. Limited evidence precludes a recommendation on specific adjuvants in combination pharmacotherapy.
Differential Efficacy of Ketamine in the Acute versus Chronic Stages of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in Mice
Authors: Tajerian Maral , Leu David , Yang Phillip , Huang Ting Ting , Kingery Wade S. , Clark J. David 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAbstract
By using a mouse model of complex regional pain syndrome, short-term systemic administration of ketamine reversed mechanical allodynia when administered in the chronic, not acute, phase. The sustained behavioral effects of ketamine correlated with reduced changes in astrocyte activation and pain-related effectors in the spinal cord, identifying potential therapeutic targets.

Background
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a painful, disabling, and often chronic condition, where many patients transition from an acute phase with prominent peripheral neurogenic inflammation to a chronic phase with evident central nervous system changes. Ketamine is a centrally acting agent believed to work through blockade of N-methyl-d- aspartate receptors and is being increasingly used for the treatment of refractory CRPS, although the basis for the drug’s effects and efficacy at different stages of the syndrome remains unclear.

Methods
The authors used a mouse model of CRPS (n = 8 to 12/group) involving tibia fracture/cast immobilization to test the efficacy of ketamine (2 mg kg−1 day−1; 7 days) or vehicle infusion during acute (3 weeks after fracture) and chronic (7 weeks after fracture) stages.

Results
Acute-phase fracture mice displayed increased limb temperature, edema, and nociceptive sensitization that were not reduced by ketamine. Fracture mice treated with ketamine during the chronic phase showed reduced nociceptive sensitization that persisted beyond completion of the infusion. During this chronic phase, ketamine also reduced latent nociceptive sensitization and improved motor function at 18 weeks after fracture. No side effects of the infusions were identified. These behavioral changes were associated with altered spinal astrocyte activation and expression of pain-related proteins including N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 2b, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Conclusions
Collectively, these results demonstrate that ketamine is efficacious in the chronic, but not acute, stage of CRPS, suggesting that the centrally acting drug is relatively ineffective in early CRPS when peripheral mechanisms are more critical for supporting nociceptive sensitization.
Minor Postoperative Increases of Creatinine Are Associated with Higher Mortality and Longer Hospital Length of Stay in Surgical Patients
Authors: Kork Felix , Balzer Felix , Spies Claudia D. , Wernecke Klaus-Dieter , Ginde Adit A. , Jankowski Joachim , Eltzschig Holger K. 
Published: October 2015

AbstractAbstract
Even minor creatinine increases not meeting acute kidney injury criteria were associated with an increased risk of death and hospital length of stay, and this risk was more pronounced in noncardiac compared with cardiac surgical patients.
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background
Surgical patients frequently experience postoperative increases in creatinine levels. The authors hypothesized that even small increases in postoperative creatinine levels are associated with adverse outcomes.

Methods
The authors examined the association of postoperative changes from preoperative baseline creatinine with all-cause in-hospital mortality and hospital length of stay (HLOS) in a retrospective analysis of surgical patients at a single tertiary care center between January 2006 and June 2012.

Results
The data of 39,369 surgical patients (noncardiac surgery n = 37,345; cardiac surgery n = 2,024) were analyzed. Acute kidney injury (AKI)—by definition of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome group—was associated with a five-fold higher mortality (odds ratio [OR], 4.8; 95% CI, 4.1 to 5.7; P < 0.001) and a longer HLOS of 5 days (P < 0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, congestive heart failure, preoperative hemoglobin, preoperative creatinine, exposure to radiocontrast agent, type of surgery, and surgical AKI risk factors. Importantly, even minor creatinine increases (Δcreatinine 25 to 49% above baseline but < 0.3 mg/dl) not meeting AKI criteria were associated with a two-fold increased risk of death (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.4; P < 0.001) and 2 days longer HLOS (P < 0.001). This was more pronounced in noncardiac surgery patients. Patients with minor creatinine increases had a five-fold risk of death (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.5 to 20.3; P < 0.05) and a 3-day longer HLOS (P < 0.01) when undergoing noncardiac surgery.

Conclusions
Even minor postoperative increases in creatinine levels are associated with adverse outcomes. These results emphasize the importance to find effective therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat even mild forms of postoperative kidney dysfunction to improve surgical outcomes.
Two Techniques for Retrograde Flexible Intramedullary Fixation of Pediatric Femur Fractures: All-Lateral Entry Versus Medial and Lateral Entry Point
Authors: Cage Jason M. , Black Sheena R. , Wimberly Robert L. , Cook Jay B. , Gheen William T. , Jo ChanHee , Riccio Anthony I. 
Published: October 2015

Background:
Multiple techniques for flexible intramedullary nailing (FIMN) of pediatric femur fractures have been described. To our knowledge, no study has compared combined medial-lateral (ML) entry versus all-lateral (AL) entry retrograde nailing. This study compares surgical outcomes, radiographic outcomes, and complication rates between these 2 techniques.

Methods:
A retrospective review of a consecutive series of patients treated by retrograde, dual FIMN of femur fractures was performed from 2005 to 2012. Demographics and operative data were recorded. Radiographs were analyzed for fracture pattern, fracture location, percent canal fill by the nails, as well as shortening and angulation at the time of osseous union. Rates of symptomatic implants and their removal were noted. Data were compared between patients treated with medial and lateral entry (ML group) nailing and those treated with all-lateral entry (AL group) nailing using the Student t test and correlation statistics.

Results:
Of the 244 children with femoral shaft fractures treated with retrograde FIMN using Ender stainless steel nails, 156 were in the ML group and 88 were in the AL group. There were no statistical differences in sex (74% vs. 82% males), age (8.0 vs. 8.6 y), weight (29.4 vs. 31.1 kg), or fracture pattern between the 2 groups. The average total anesthesia time was less in the AL group (133 vs. 103 min) (P<0.0001). There was no difference between the techniques in shortening (3.9 vs. 3.0 mm), coronal angulation (2.9 vs. 2.6 degrees), or sagittal angulation (3.3 vs. 2.7 degrees) at union. In the AL group, there was a correlation between canal fill and reduced shortening at union. No differences were found in the presence or degree of varus alignment, procurvatum deformity, or recurvatum angulation between the constructs. There were 5 malunions in the AL group and 9 malunions in the ML group (5.7% vs. 5.8%, P=1). The incidence of having a healed femur fracture with >10 degrees of valgus was higher in the AL group (0% vs. 3.4%) (P=0.04). There were no differences between the groups in the rate of symptomatic implant removal or surgical complications.

Conclusions:
The AL entry technique for FIMN of pediatric femur fractures is 30 minutes faster without worse final fracture alignment, additional complications, or increased rates of symptomatic implants. When using the AL technique, specific attention should be paid to percentage of canal fill and ensuring that the fracture is not reduced in a valgus position.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—therapeutic.