bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Perception of Creaminess in Sour Cream
Authors: Jervis S.M. , Gerard P. , Drake S. , Lopetcharat K. , Drake M.A. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCreaminess is a consumer attribute that is frequently used to describe sour cream; however, creaminess is difficult to define or describe and is poorly understood because the mechanism or modality(s) for its perception remain uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine what sensory modality, or combination thereof, was responsible for the perception of creaminess in sour cream. Consumers (n = 274 baseline control, n = 100 each modality study) evaluated creaminess and overall liking of 12 samples representing the sensory space of commercial sour creams. Subsequently, in separate sessions, the effect of each sensory modality was evaluated: visual only, stirring, blindfolded stirring, blindfolded tasting, blindfolded tasting with nose clips and tasting with nose clips. An 11‐point creaminess rating scale was used to evaluate creaminess perception, and overall liking was evaluated using the 9‐point hedonic scale. The effect of session type (modality), panelist and fat content on creaminess and overall liking was evaluated using a mixed‐model analysis of variance. Flavor had the greatest impact on creaminess perception (P < 0.05) followed by visual assessment of sour cream while stirring. Creaminess perception of sour cream is assessed by an olfaction‐related mechanism and also by flow characteristics while stirring.Practical ApplicationsIn the wake of the health and wellness trend as well as the adult and childhood obesity epidemic, low‐fat and fat‐free dairy products are poised to fill a healthy diet niche. These products have historically performed poorly in comparison with their full‐fat counterparts. Creaminess is associated with dairy product liking. It is also an attribute that is difficult to measure due to the complexity of how it is perceived by consumers. This study established that flavor is the most important sensing modality when assessing the creaminess of sour cream orally, but that textural components also exist.
The formation of Ca‐, Fe‐rich silicates in reduced and oxidized CV chondrites: The roles of impact‐modified porosity and permeability, and heterogeneous distribution of water ices
Authors: MacPherson Glenn J. , Krot Alexander N. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractCV (Vigarano type) carbonaceous chondrites, comprising Allende‐like (CVoxA) and Bali‐like (CVoxB) oxidized and reduced (CVred) subgroups, experienced differing degrees of fluid‐assisted thermal and shock metamorphism. The abundance and speciation of secondary minerals produced during asteroidal alteration differ among the subgroups: (1) ferroan olivine and diopside–hedenbergite solid solution pyroxenes are common in all CVs; (2) nepheline and sodalite are abundant in CVoxA, rare in CVred, and absent in CVoxB; (3) phyllosilicates and nearly pure fayalite are common in CVoxB, rare in CVred, and virtually absent in CVoxA; (4) andradite, magnetite, and Fe‐Ni‐sulfides are common in oxidized CVs, but rare in reduced CVs; the latter contain kirschsteinite instead. Thus, a previously unrecognized correlation exists between meteorite bulk permeabilities and porosities with the speciation of the Ca‐, Fe‐rich silicates (pyroxenes, andradite, kirschsteinite) among the CVox and CVred meteorites. The extent of secondary mineralization was controlled by the distribution of water ices, permeability, and porosity, which in turn were controlled by impacts on the asteroidal parent body. More intense shock metamorphism in the region where the reduced CVs originated decreased their porosity and permeability while simultaneously expelling intergranular ices and fluids. The mineralogy, petrography, and bulk chemical compositions of both the reduced and oxidized CV chondrites indicate that mobile elements were redistributed between Ca,Al‐rich inclusions, dark inclusions, chondrules, and matrices only locally; there is no evidence for large‐scale (>several cm) fluid transport. Published 53Mn‐53Cr ages of secondary fayalite in CV, CO, and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites, and carbonates in CI, CM, and CR chondrites are consistent with aqueous alteration initiated by heating of water ice‐bearing asteroids by decay of 26Al, not shock metamorphism.
Characterization of weathering and heterogeneous mineral phase distribution in brachinite Northwest Africa 4872
Authors: Hyde Brendt C. , Day James M. D. , Tait Kimberly T. , Ash Richard D. , Holdsworth David W. , Moser Desmond E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractTerrestrial weathering of hot desert achondrite meteorite finds and heterogeneous phase distributions in meteorites can complicate interpretation of petrological and geochemical information regarding parent‐body processes. For example, understanding the effects of weathering is important for establishing chalcophile and siderophile element distributions within sulfide and metal phases in meteorites. Heterogeneous mineral phase distribution in relatively coarsely grained meteorites can also lead to uncertainties relating to compositional representativeness. Here, we investigate the weathering and high‐density (e.g., sulfide, spinel, Fe‐oxide) phase distribution in sections of ultramafic achondrite meteorite Northwest Africa (NWA) 4872. NWA 4872 is an olivine‐rich brachinite (Fo63.6 ± 0.5) with subsidiary pyroxene (Fs9.7 ± 0.1Wo46.3 ± 0.2), Cr‐spinel (Cr# = 70.3 ± 1.1), and weathered sulfide and metal. Raman mapping confirms that weathering has redistributed sulfur from primary troilite, resulting in the formation of Fe‐oxide (‐hydroxide) and marcasite (FeS2). From Raman mapping, NWA 4872 is composed of olivine (89%), Ca‐rich pyroxene (0.4%), and Cr‐spinel (1.1%), with approximately 7% oxidized metal and sulfide and 2.3% marcasite‐dominated sulfide. Microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) observations reveal high‐density regions, demonstrating heterogeneities in mineral distribution. Precision cutting of the largest high‐density region revealed a single 2 mm Cr‐spinel grain. Despite the weathering in NWA 4872, rare earth element (REE) abundances of pyroxene determined by laser‐ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) indicate negligible modification of these elements in this mineral phase. The REE abundances of mineral grains in NWA 4872 are consistent with formation of the meteorite as the residuum of the partial melting process that occurred on its parent body. LA‐ICP‐MS analyses of sulfide and alteration products demonstrate the mobility of Re and/or Os; however, highly siderophile element (HSE) abundance patterns remain faithful recorders of processes acting on the brachinite parent body(ies). Detailed study of weathering and phase distribution offers a powerful tool for assessing the effects of low‐temperature alteration and for identifying robust evidence for parent‐body processes.
Plastic deformation of olivine‐rich diogenites and implications for mantle processes on the diogenite parent body
Authors: Tkalcec Beverley J. , Brenker Frank E. 
Published: June 2014

AbstractNumerous petrologic and geochemical studies so far on the howardite, eucrite, and diogenite (HED) meteorites have produced various crystallization scenarios for their parent body, believed to be the differentiated asteroid 4 Vesta. Structural analyses of diogenites can reveal important insights into postcrystallization deformation on the parent body. Recently published results (Tkalcec et al. ) of structural analysis on the olivine‐rich diogenite NWA 5480 reveal that it underwent solid‐state plastic deformation, although not at the base of a magma chamber. Dynamic mantle downwelling has been proposed as a plausible deformation mechanism (Tkalcec et al. ). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the plastic deformation found in NWA 5480 is an isolated case. We expand the structural analysis on NWA 5480 and extend it to NWA 5784 and MIL 07001,6, two other samples of rare olivine‐rich diogenites, using electron‐backscattered‐diffraction (EBSD) techniques. Our EBSD results show that the diogenites analyzed in this study underwent solid‐state plastic deformation, confirming that the observed deformation of NWA 5480 was not an isolated case on the diogenite parent body. The lattice‐preferred orientations (LPOs) of olivine in NWA 5784 and NWA 5480 are clearly distinct from that typical for cumulate rocks at the base of magma chambers, indicating a different stress environment and a different deformation mechanism. The LPO of olivine in MIL 07001 is less conclusive. The structural results of this study suggest that plastic deformation occurred on the diogenite parent body at high temperatures (1273 < T ≤ 1573 K) in the solid state, i.e., after crystallization of the diogenites themselves, in a dynamic environment with active stress fields.
Impact of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 and 4% gelatin on renal function in a pediatric animal model
Authors: Witt Lars , Glage Silke , Schulz Katharina , Lichtinghagen Ralf , Simann Arne , Pape Lars , Sümpelmann Robert 
Published: June 2014

SummaryObjectivesArtificial colloids, frequently used to prevent hemorrhagic shock in children, may induce serious renal side effects in critically ill adult patients. The impact of perioperative colloid infusion on the renal function in adults and children remains unclear.AimTo determine the impact of single doses of artificial colloids on renal function tests, we conducted an experimental animal study. We hypothesized that neither the infusion of moderate doses of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) nor of 4% gelatin (GEL) would have a serious impact on the renal function of healthy piglets.MethodsFifteen sedated piglets were randomly assigned to receive an infusion of either 20 ml·kg−1 HES or GEL or a balanced electrolyte solution (BS, control group) over 30 min. Before and 7 days after infusion, serum and urine renal function tests were recorded and renal biopsies were taken.ResultsSerum and urine renal function tests (e.g., creatinine, urea, cystatin C, and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin) were within normal ranges, and a microscopic examination of the renal tissue in all groups revealed no major alterations such as tubular necrosis, interstitial bleeding, interstitial inflammation, or vacuoles.ConclusionsIn this pediatric animal model, the infusion of moderate doses of artificial colloids was not found to have any relevant impact on renal function. Further clinical investigations are necessary to provide a conclusive assessment of the risk for renal impairment after HES and GEL administration during major pediatric surgery.
Multiepisodic evaporite sedimentation as an indicator of palaeogeographical evolution in foreland basins (South‐eastern Pyrenean basin, Early–Middle Eocene)
Authors: Carrillo Emili , Rosell Laura , Ortí Federico 
Published: June 2014

AbstractExtensive deposition of marine evaporites occurred during the Early–Middle Eocene in the South‐eastern Pyrenean basin (north‐east Spain). This study integrates stratigraphic and geochemical analyses of subsurface data (oil wells, seismic profiles and gravity data) together with field surveys to characterize this sedimentation in the foredeep and adjacent platform. Four major evaporite units were identified. The oldest was the Serrat Evaporites unit, with a platform‐slope‐basin configuration. Thick salina and sabkha sulphates accumulated on the platform, whereas resedimented and gravity‐derived sulphates were deposited on the slope, and salt and sulphates were deposited in the deep basin. In the subsequent unit (Vallfogona evaporites), thin sulphates formed on the platform, whereas very thick siliciclastic turbidites accumulated in the foredeep. However, some clastic gypsum coming from the platform (gypsarenites and gypsum olistoliths) was intercalated in these turbidites. The following unit, the Beuda Gypsum Formation developed in a sulphate platform‐basin configuration, where the topography of the depositional surface had become smooth. The youngest unit, the Besalú Gypsum, formed in a shallow setting. This small unit provides the last evidence of marine influence in a residual basin. Sulphur and oxygen isotope compositions are consistent with a marine origin for all evaporites. However, δ34S and δ18O values also suggest that, except for the oldest unit (Serrat Evaporites), there was some sulphate recycling from the older into the younger units. The South‐eastern Pyrenean basin constitutes a fine example of a foreland basin that underwent multiepisodic evaporitic sedimentation. In the basin, depositional factors evolved with time under a structural control. Decreasing complexity is observed in the lithofacies, as well as in the depositional models, together with a diminishing thickness of the evaporite units.
The value of area‐based analyses of donation patterns for recruitment strategies
Authors: James Adelbert B. , Josephson Cassandra D. , Shaz Beth H. , Schreiber George B. , Hillyer Christopher D. , Roback John D. 
Published: June 2014

BackgroundLack of ready access to a donation site may be a potential barrier to or influence the frequency of blood donations. In this study, we applied geographic analysis to blood donor behavior and use of different donation sites.Study Design and MethodsThe study population consisted of blood donors who gave whole blood in Georgia between 2004 and 2008. Zip code, city, and county of donor's residence were matched with the addresses of their donation sites. Donors were dichotomized as either nonmetro Atlanta or metro Atlanta residents. Six donation site categories were defined: donation within the same or a different zip code, within the same or a different city, and within the same or a different county. Logistic regression was used to compare donations by zip code, city, and county.ResultsThe study population consisted of 402,692 blood donors who donated 1,147,442 whole blood units between 2004 and 2008, more than half of whom (56.4%) resided in the metro Atlanta area. The majority of donors were white (75.0%) and female (55.7%). In nonmetro Atlanta, repeat donors were more likely to have donated at fixed sites (p < 0.001). In metro Atlanta, repeat donors were more likely to have donated at a mobile site than at a fixed site (p < 0.001).ConclusionGeographic and demographic differences in blood donation patterns exist. The locations of donor residences and blood donation sites influence donor behaviors. Understanding the geographic influence on donation patterns provides an important tool for optimizing donor recruitment strategies.
A safe therapeutic apheresis protocol in paediatric patients weighing 11 to 25 kg
Authors: Maitta R. W. , Vasovic L. V. , Mohandas K. , Music‐Aplenc L. , Bonzon‐Adelson A. , Uehlinger J. 
Published: June 2014

Background and ObjectivesErythrocytapheresis and leukapheresis (LPE) of small children are logistically complex and many centres are reluctant to perform these procedures. In children, both sickle cell and leukaemic emergencies demand prompt action to prevent additional morbidity but detailed protocols for small children are lacking, and often are performed using guidelines shown to work in larger patients. We report a 3‐year experience with children weighing 11–25 kg at a large academic medical centre.Materials and MethodsAll patients were treated with the COBE® Spectra apheresis system; circuit was primed with blood not adjusted for haematocrit and anticoagulant citrate dextrose A was used as anticoagulation. Procedures were performed in the paediatric intensive care unit by apheresis nursing staff.ResultsTwenty‐five apheresis procedures in 19 patients were performed; 17 of 19 patients presented with sickle cell‐related acute complications and two (2/19) with newly diagnosed acute leukaemia and hyperleucocytosis. None of the patients required medications during the procedures. Vital signs and clinical condition remained stable and did not worsen during or postapheresis. One patient had a delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction 1 week posterythrocytapheresis as he developed alloantibodies as a result of the procedure. All sickle cell patients achieved a target haematocrit of 21–30% and Haemoglobin A of ≥68%. Both leukaemia patients who underwent LPE had no further signs of leukostasis and achieved marked reductions in leucocyte counts.ConclusionsApheresis of children weighing 11–25 kg can be safely performed without increased morbidity. We outline a protocol that can be used to perform apheresis with minimal complications.
Emergence of VIM-2 and IMP-15 Carbapenemases and Inactivation of
oprD
Gene in Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates from Lebanon
Authors: Al Bayssari Charbel , Diene Seydina M. , Loucif Lotfi , Gupta Sushim Kumar , Dabboussi Fouad , Mallat Hassan , Hamze Monzer , Rolain Jean-Marc 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT

We report here the emergence of VIM-2 and IMP-15 carbapenemases in a series of clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in Lebanon. We also describe the disruption of the
oprD
gene by either mutations or insertion sequence (IS) elements ISPa
1328
and ISPre
2
isoform. Our study reemphasizes a rapid dissemination of the VIM-2 carbapenemase-encoding gene in clinical isolates of
P. aeruginosa
in the Mediterranean basin.
Electrospun Solid Dispersions of Maraviroc for Rapid Intravaginal Preexposure Prophylaxis of HIV
Authors: Ball Cameron , Woodrow Kim A. 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT
The development of topical anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) microbicides may provide women with strategies to protect themselves against sexual HIV transmission. Pericoital drug delivery systems intended for use immediately before sex, such as microbicide gels, must deliver high drug doses for maximal effectiveness. The goal of achieving a high antiretroviral dose is complicated by the need to simultaneously retain the dose and quickly release drug compounds into the tissue. For drugs with limited solubility in vaginal gels, increasing the gel volume to increase the dose can result in leakage. While solid dosage forms like films and tablets increase retention, they often require more than 15 min to fully dissolve, potentially increasing the risk of inducing epithelial abrasions during sex. Here, we demonstrate that water-soluble electrospun fibers, with their high surface area-to-volume ratio and ability to disperse antiretrovirals, can serve as an alternative solid dosage form for microbicides requiring both high drug loading and rapid hydration. We formulated maraviroc at up to 28 wt% into electrospun solid dispersions made from either polyvinylpyrrolidone or poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers or microfibers and investigated the role of drug loading, distribution, and crystallinity in determining drug release rates into aqueous media. We show here that water-soluble electrospun materials can rapidly release maraviroc upon contact with moisture and that drug delivery is faster (less than 6 min under sink conditions) when maraviroc is electrospun in polyvinylpyrrolidone fibers containing an excipient wetting agent. These materials offer an alternative dosage form to current pericoital microbicides.
Comparative Genomics of an IncA/C Multidrug Resistance Plasmid from Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Isolates from Intensive Care Unit Patients and the Utility of Whole-Genome Sequencing in Health Care Settings
Authors: Hazen Tracy H. , Zhao LiCheng , Boutin Mallory A. , Stancil Angela , Robinson Gwen , Harris Anthony D. , Rasko David A. , Johnson J. Kristie 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT

The IncA/C plasmids have been implicated for their role in the dissemination of β-lactamases, including gene variants that confer resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, which are often the treatment of last resort against multidrug-resistant, hospital-associated pathogens. A
bla
FOX-5
gene was detected in 14
Escherichia coli
and 16
Klebsiella
isolates that were cultured from perianal swabs of patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) of the University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC) in Baltimore, MD, over a span of 3 years. Four of the FOX-encoding isolates were obtained from subsequent samples of patients that were initially negative for an AmpC β-lactamase upon admission to the ICU, suggesting that the AmpC β-lactamase-encoding plasmid was acquired while the patient was in the ICU. The genomes of five
E. coli
isolates and six
Klebsiella
isolates containing
bla
FOX-5
were selected for sequencing based on their plasmid profiles. An ∼167-kb IncA/C plasmid encoding the FOX-5 β-lactamase, a CARB-2 β-lactamase, additional antimicrobial resistance genes, and heavy metal resistance genes was identified. Another FOX-5-encoding IncA/C plasmid that was nearly identical except for a variable region associated with the resistance genes was also identified. To our knowledge, these plasmids represent the first FOX-5-encoding plasmids sequenced. We used comparative genomics to describe the genetic diversity of a plasmid encoding a FOX-5 β-lactamase relative to the whole-genome diversity of 11
E. coli
and
Klebsiella
isolates that carry this plasmid. Our findings demonstrate the utility of whole-genome sequencing for tracking of plasmid and antibiotic resistance gene distribution in health care settings.
Highly Sulfated K5 Escherichia coli Polysaccharide Derivatives Inhibit Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infectivity in Cell Lines and Human Tracheal-Bronchial Histocultures
Authors: Cagno Valeria , Donalisio Manuela , Civra Andrea , Volante Marco , Veccelli Elena , Oreste Pasqua , Rusnati Marco , Lembo David 
Published: June 2014

ABSTRACT

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) exploits cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) as attachment receptors. The interaction between RSV and HSPGs thus presents an attractive target for the development of novel inhibitors of RSV infection. In this study, selective chemical modification of the
Escherichia coli
K5 capsular polysaccharide was used to generate a collection of sulfated K5 derivatives with a backbone structure that mimics the heparin/heparan sulfate biosynthetic precursor. The screening of a series of N-sulfated (K5-NS), O-sulfated (K5-OS), and N,O-sulfated (K5-N,OS) derivatives with different degrees of sulfation revealed the highly sulfated K5 derivatives K5-N,OS(H) and K5-OS(H) to be inhibitors of RSV. Their 50% inhibitory concentrations were between 1.07 nM and 3.81 nM in two different cell lines, and no evidence of cytotoxicity was observed. Inhibition of RSV infection was maintained in binding and attachment assays but not in preattachment assays. Moreover, antiviral activity was also evident when the K5 derivatives were added postinfection, both in cell-to-cell spread and viral yield reduction assays. Finally, both K5-N,OS(H) and K5-OS(H) prevented RSV infection in human-derived tracheal/bronchial epithelial cells cultured to form a pseudostratified, highly differentiated model of the epithelial tissue of the human respiratory tract. Together, these features put K5-N,OS(H) and K5-OS(H) forward as attractive candidates for further development as RSV inhibitors.