bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial and Ethnic Differences in U.S. Women's Choice Of Reversible Contraceptives, 1995–2010
Authors: Jacobs Josephine , Stanfors Maria 
Published: August 2013

ContextIn the United States, unintended pregnancies disproportionately affect minority populations. Persistent disparities in contraceptive use between black and Hispanic women and white women have been identified, but it is unclear whether racial and ethnic differences in use of the most effective methods have changed.MethodsData on 4,727 women from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth and 5,775 women from the 2006–2010 cycle were used to examine the association between race and ethnicity and women's choice of reversible contraceptives according to level of method effectiveness. Stepwise multinomial logistic regressions were used to identify changes in this association between cycles. Analyses controlled for demographic, socioeconomic, family, religious, behavioral and geographic characteristics.ResultsThe proportion of women using the most effective reversible contraceptive methods increased from 46% in 1995 to 53% in 2006–2010. In 1995, black and Hispanic women's use of the most effective reversible contraceptives did not differ from that of white women. By 2006–2010, however, black women were substantially less likely than white women to use highly effective reversible contraceptive methods rather than no method (relative risk ratio, 0.6). An analysis that combined the two data sets and included a term for the interaction between survey year and race and ethnicity found that relative to white women, black women were less likely in 2006–2010 than in 1995 to use more effective methods rather than no method (0.6).ConclusionsFurther research is needed to identify factors that may be causing racial and ethnic disparities in contraceptive decisions to widen.
Erratum to
Central sequence C*
-algebras and tensorial absorption of the Jiang–Su algebra
(J. reine angew. Math. 695 (2014), 175–214)
Authors: Kirchberg Eberhard , Rørdam Mikael 
Published: August 2013

Abstract

Erratum to http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/crelle-2012-0118.
Efficiency of visual strength grading of timber with respect to origin, species, cross section, and grading rules: a critical evaluation of the common standards
Authors: Stapel Peter , van de Kuilen Jan-Willem G. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Strength grading is essential for the efficient use of structural timber. Although international standards exist for machine strength grading, visual grading is still regulated based on national rules, which are expected to allow safe and economic grading results. Although there are large differences in the graded output because the species, the cross section, and the origin of the timber influence the results, some of these standards are considered to be applicable universally. The present article demonstrates how the chosen standards influence the grading results. Depending on the parameters, the yields or the mechanical properties are low compared with the declared values. The results also show the efficiency and applicability of different national standards for strength grading of timber from various origins. Furthermore, it is recommended to reconsider the existing limits for source areas and cross sections given in the standard EN 1912.
Wood decay by indoor basidiomycetes at different moisture and temperature
Authors: Stienen Tristan , Schmidt Olaf , Huckfeldt Tobias 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Some of the most important indoor wood-decay basidiomycetes were investigated in Erlenmeyer flask experiments, in which 50 Pinus sylvestris sapwood samples with moisture content (MC) of 16% were piled, in view of the parallel influence of wood moisture and temperature on decay in buildings. In the piles, the moisture flow from the liquid at the bottom was interrupted by a metal ring at layer 7. Laboratory incubations with Antrodia xantha, Coniophora puteana, Donkioporia expansa, and Gloeophyllum abietinum over the temperature range of 10°C–25°C showed that fungi are able to colonize, moisten, and thereafter degrade wood samples below fiber saturation, if a moisture source nearby is available. In extreme cases, mycelium grew on wood with 17.4% final MC, and wood mass loss of more than 2% occurred at 24.6% moisture.
Detection of complex vascular system in bamboo node by X-ray μCT imaging technique
Authors: Peng Guanyun , Jiang Zehui , Liu Xing’e , Fei Benhua , Yang Shumin , Qin Daochun , Ren Haiqing , Yu Yan , Xie Honglan 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Bamboo is one of the world’s fastest growing plants. They reach a final height of 15–40 m during a period of 40–120 days. The full height is reached by intercalary growth of each node. However, it is very difficult to detect the complex vascular system in a bamboo node using traditional methods. X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) is a noninvasive novel approach to the three-dimensional (3D) visualization and quantification of biological structures. In the present article, μCT has been applied to provide insights into the internal structure of bamboo node, where three branches are connected. The picture obtained could hardly be obtained by any other means. The bamboo nodal characteristics of three transverse and axial sections are presented. The complex 3D network of vascular bundles has been directly obtained for the first time.
Modelling Framework and the Quantitative Analysis of Distributed Energy Resources in Future Distribution Networks
Authors: Han Xue , Sandels Claes , Zhu Kun , Nordström Lars 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
There has been a large body of statements claiming that the large-scale deployment of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) could eventually reshape the future distribution grid operation in numerous ways. Thus, it is necessary to introduce a framework to measure to what extent the power system operation will be changed by various parameters of DERs. This article proposed a modelling framework for an overview analysis on the correlation between DERs. Furthermore, to validate the framework, the authors described the reference models of different categories of DERs with their unique characteristics, comprising distributed generation, active demand and electric vehicles. Subsequently, quantitative analysis was made on the basis of the current and envisioned DER deployment scenarios proposed for Sweden. Simulations are performed in two typical distribution network models for four seasons. The simulation results show that in general the DER deployment brings in the possibilities to reduce the power losses and voltage drops by compensating power from the local generation and optimizing the local load profiles.
Wirkungen verschiedener physikalischer Behandlungsmethoden auf die arterioläre Vasomotion und mikrohämodynamische Funktionsmerkmale bei Regulationsdefiziten der Organdurchblutung. Ergebnisse einer placebo-kontrollierten Doppelblindstudie
Authors: Klopp Rainer Christian , Niemer Wolfgang , Schmidt Wolfgang 
Published: August 2013

Zusammenfassung
Im Rahmen einer placebokontrollierten Studie wurde mit hoch-auflösenden Meßmethoden anhand repräsentativer Funktions-merkmale der Mikrozirkulation geprüft, ob und in welchem Ausmaß 6 verschiedene handelsübliche physikalische Behandlungsgeräte für eine (komplementär-)therapeutische Beeinflussung defizitärer Durchblutungsregulationen geeignet sind. Von den 6 geprüften handelsüblichen Geräten erwiesen sich 2 als unwirksam und 3 als zu gering wirksam, um therapierelevant zu sein. Eine komplemen-tär-therapeutische Wirkung konnte nur bei einem Behandlungsgerät nachgewiesen werden, das ein spezifisch biorhythmisch definiertes Stimulationssignal für die Vasomotion verwendet.
The Components of Drosophila Histone Chaperone dCAF-1 Are Required for the Cell Death Phenotype Associated with rbf1 Mutation
Authors: Collins Heather , Moon Nam-Sung 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
A Polycomb group protein, Posterior sex combs (Psc), was identified in a genetic screen designed to find factors that can specifically induce morphological defects in rbf1 mutant eyes. We discovered that rbf1 mutations enhance developmental phenotypes caused by Psc overexpression such as ectopic cell death and disorganized ommatidia. Our genetic analysis revealed that Psc-induced developmental defects are strongly influenced by CAF1p55, which is a shared component of several chromatin-associated complexes including a histone chaperone complex, chromatin assembly factor-1 (dCAF-1). Interestingly, the expression levels of dCAF-1 components, CAF1p105 and CAF1p180, are increased in rbf1 mutants, whereas the expression level of CAF1p55 itself remains relatively unchanged. We demonstrated that the increased levels of CAF1p105 and CAF1p180 are required for the hypersensitivity of rbf1 mutant cells to Psc-induced cell death and for the developmentally regulated cell death normally observed in rbf1 mutant eyes. We propose that Caf1p105 and Caf1p180 are important determinants of cell death sensitivity in rbf1 mutant cells and contribute to the genetic interaction between Psc and rbf1.
Identification of Pedigree Relationship from Genome Sharing
Authors: Hill William G , White Ian M S 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Determination of degree of relationship traditionally has been undertaken using genotypic data on individual loci, typically assumed to be independent. With dense marker data as now available, it is possible to identify the regions of the genome shared identical by descent (ibd). This information can be used to determine pedigree relationship (R), e.g., cousins vs. second cousins, and also to distinguish pedigrees that have the same Wright’s relationship (R) such as half-sibs and uncle–nephew. We use simulation to investigate the accuracy with which pedigree relationship can be inferred from genome sharing for uniparental relatives (a common ancestor on only one side of their pedigree), specifically the number, position (whether at chromosome ends), and length of shared regions ibd on each chromosome. Moments of the distribution of the likelihood ratio (including its expectation, the Kullback-Leibler distance) for alternative relationships are estimated for model human genomes, with the ratio of the mean to the SD of the likelihood ratio providing a useful reference point. Two relationships differing in R can be readily distinguished provided at least one has high R, e.g., approximately 98.5% correct assignment of cousins and half-cousins, but only approximately 75% for second cousins once removed and third cousins. Two relationships with the same R can be distinguished only if R is high, e.g., half-sibs and uncle–nephew, with probability of correct assignment being approximately 5/6.
Effects of Body-Color Mutations on Vitality: An Attempt to Establish Easy-to-Breed See-Through Medaka Strains by Outcrossing
Authors: Ohshima Ayaka , Morimura Noriko , Matsumoto Chizuru , Hiraga Ami , Komine Ritsuko , Kimura Tetsuaki , Naruse Kiyoshi , Fukamachi Shoji 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
“See-through” strains of medaka are unique tools for experiments: their skin is transparent, and their internal organs can be externally monitored throughout life. However, see-through fish are less vital than normally pigmented wild-type fish, which allows only skilled researchers to make the most of their advantages. Expecting that hybrid vigor (heterosis) would increase the vitality, we outcrossed two see-through strains (SK2 and STIII) with a genetically distant wild-type strain (HNI). Fish with the see-through phenotypes were successfully restored in the F2 generation and maintained as closed colonies. We verified that genomes of these hybrid see-through strains actually consisted of approximately 50% HNI and approximately 50% SK2 or STIII alleles, but we could not obtain evidence supporting improved survival of larvae or fecundity of adults, at least under our breeding conditions. We also found that four of the five see-through mutations (bg8, i-3, gu, and il-1 but not lf) additively decrease viability. Given that heterosis could not overwhelm the viability-reducing effects of the see-through mutations, easy-to-breed see-through strains will only be established by other methods such as conditional gene targeting or screening of new body-color mutations that do not reduce viability.
Transcriptome Profiling of Nasonia vitripennis Testis Reveals Novel Transcripts Expressed from the Selfish B Chromosome, Paternal Sex Ratio
Authors: Akbari Omar S , Antoshechkin Igor , Hay Bruce A , Ferree Patrick M 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
A widespread phenomenon in nature is sex ratio distortion of arthropod populations caused by microbial and genetic parasites. Currently little is known about how these agents alter host developmental processes to favor one sex or the other. The paternal sex ratio (PSR) chromosome is a nonessential, paternally transmitted centric fragment that segregates in natural populations of the jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis. To persist, PSR is thought to modify the hereditary material of the developing sperm, with the result that all nuclear DNA other than the PSR chromosome is destroyed shortly after fertilization. This results in the conversion of a fertilized embryo—normally a female—into a male, thereby insuring transmission of the “selfish” PSR chromosome, and simultaneously leading to wasp populations that are male-biased. To begin to understand this system at the mechanistic level, we carried out transcriptional profiling of testis from WT and PSR-carrying males. We identified a number of transcripts that are differentially expressed between these conditions. We also discovered nine transcripts that are uniquely expressed from the PSR chromosome. Four of these PSR-specific transcripts encode putative proteins, whereas the others have very short open reading frames and no homology to known proteins, suggesting that they are long noncoding RNAs. We propose several different models for how these transcripts could facilitate PSR-dependent effects. Our analyses also revealed 15.71 MB of novel transcribed regions in the N. vitripennis genome, thus increasing the current annotation of total transcribed regions by 53.4%. Finally, we detected expression of multiple meiosis-related genes in the wasp testis, despite the lack of conventional meiosis in the male sex.
Maternal Loss of miRNAs Leads to Increased Variance in Primordial Germ Cell Numbers in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kugler Jan-Michael , Chen Ya-Wen , Weng Ruifen , Cohen Stephen M 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression that may act as buffering agents to stabilize gene-regulatory networks. Here, we identify two miRNAs that are maternally required for normal embryonic primordial germ cell development in Drosophila melanogaster. Embryos derived from miR-969 and miR-9c mutant mothers had, on average, reduced germ cell numbers. Intriguingly, this reduction correlated with an increase in the variance of this quantitative phenotypic trait. Analysis of an independent set of maternal mutant genotypes suggests that reduction of germ cell number need not lead to increased variance. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that miR-969 and miR-9c contribute to stabilizing the processes that control germ number, supporting phenotypic robustness.
Outcomes of Children With Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Who Were Ventilator Dependent at Home
Authors: Cristea A. Ioana , Carroll Aaron E. , Davis Stephanie D. , Swigonski Nancy L. , Ackerman Veda L. 
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVE:To describe the incidence and outcomes of children with chronic respiratory failure secondary to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) on chronic positive pressure ventilation (PPV) via tracheostomy at home.METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed medical charts of patients with severe BPD who were PPV dependent at home and who were enrolled in a university-affiliated home ventilator program between 1984 and 2010. We excluded patients with other comorbidities that could contribute to the development of chronic respiratory failure. We reported the incidence of these children in Indiana and cumulative incidences of survival, liberation from PPV, and decannulation.RESULTS:Over 27 years, 628 children were cared for in our home ventilator program. Of these, 102 patients met inclusion criteria: 83 (81.4%) were alive and 19 (18.6%) were deceased. Sixty-nine patients (67.6%) were liberated from PPV, and 97.1% of them were weaned before their fifth birthday, with a median age at liberation of 24 months (interquartile range, 19–33). Similarly, 60 patients (58.8%) were decannulated, of which 96.7% completed this process before their sixth birthday, with a median age at decannulation of 37.5 months (interquartile range, 31.5–45). The incidence of children with chronic respiratory failure secondary to BPD who were PPV-dependent at home in Indiana was 1.23 per 100 000 live births in 1984 and increased to 4.77 per 100 000 live births in 2010.CONCLUSIONS:Although extreme prematurity associated with severe BPD necessitating PPV at home carries significant risks of morbidity and mortality, successful liberation from mechanical ventilation and decannulation are likely to occur.
Parent and Child Cigarette Use: A Longitudinal, Multigenerational Study
Authors: Vuolo Mike , Staff Jeremy 
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVES:Using longitudinal data from the multigenerational Youth Development Study (YDS), this article documents how parents’ long-term smoking trajectories are associated with adolescent children’s likelihood of smoking. Prospective data from the parents (from age 14–38 years) enable unique comparisons of the parents’ and children’s smoking behavior, as well as that of siblings.METHODS:Smoking trajectories are constructed using latent class analysis for the original YDS cohort (n = 1010). Multigenerational longitudinal data from 214 parents and 314 offspring ages 11 years and older are then analyzed by using logistic regression with cluster-corrected SEs.RESULTS:Four latent smoking trajectories emerged among the original cohort: stable nonsmokers (54%), early-onset light smokers who quit/reduce (16%), late-onset persistent smokers (14%), and early-onset persistent heavy smokers (16%). Although 8% of children of stable nonsmokers smoked in the last year, the other groups’ children had much higher percentages, ranging from 23% to 29%. Multivariate logistic regression models confirm that these significant differences were robust to the inclusion of myriad child- and parent-level measures (for which child age and grade point average [GPA] are significant predictors). Older sibling smoking, however, mediated the link between parental heavy smoking and child smoking.CONCLUSIONS:Even in an era of declining rates of teenage cigarette use in the United States, children of current and former smokers face an elevated risk of smoking. Prevention efforts to weaken intergenerational associations should consider parents’ long-term cigarette use, as well as the smoking behavior of older siblings in the household.
Blood Cultures in the Evaluation of Uncomplicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Authors: Malone Jay R. , Durica Sarah R. , Thompson David M. , Bogie Amanda , Naifeh Monique 
Published: August 2013

BACKGROUND:
Blood cultures are often obtained in children hospitalized with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Because little evidence exists to validate this practice, we examined the yield of blood cultures in the evaluation of immunocompetent children with SSTIs.

METHODS:
Medical records were reviewed for all children admitted between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2009 after emergency department evaluation and diagnosis of cellulitis or abscess. We compared patients with SSTIs (n = 482) with those with complicated SSTIs (cSSTIs; n = 98). A cSSTI was defined as surgical or traumatic wound infection, need for surgical intervention, or infected ulcers or burns. The SSTI group included patients without complicating factors.

RESULTS:
None of the patients in the SSTI group had a positive blood culture. In the cSSTI group, 12.5% of blood cultures were positive. The mean length of hospital stay (LOHS) of children with SSTIs was shorter than that of those with cSSTIs (P &lt; .001). In the SSTI group, obtaining a blood culture was associated with a higher mean LOHS (P = .044).

CONCLUSIONS:
Blood cultures are not useful in evaluating immunocompetent children who are admitted to the hospital with uncomplicated SSTIs, and they are associated with a nearly 1-day increase in mean LOHS.
Second-Line Therapy for Advanced NSCLC
Authors: Weiss Jared M. , Stinchcombe Thomas E. 
Published: August 2013

Abstract
Most patients with lung cancer have non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtype and have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Improvements in both first-line and subsequent therapies are allowing longer survival and enhanced quality of life for these patients. The median overall survival observed in many second-line trials is approximately 9 months, and many patients receive further therapy after second-line therapy. The cytotoxic agents pemetrexed and docetaxel and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) erlotinib and gefitinib are standard second-line therapies. For patients with EGFR mutation, a TKI is the favored second-line therapy if not already used in first-line therapy. For patients without the EGFR mutation, TKIs are an option, but many oncologists favor cytotoxic therapy. The inhibitor of the EML4/ALK fusion protein, crizotinib, has recently become a standard second-line treatment for patients with the gene rearrangement and has promise for patients with the ROS1 rearrangement.
Effects of Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser on Tensile Bond Strength and Caries Resistance of Human Enamel
Authors: Wen X , Zhang L , Liu R , Deng M , Wang Y , Liu L , Nie X 
Published: August 2013

SUMMARY
This study aims to evaluate the effects of pulsed Nd:YAG laser on the tensile bond strength (TBS) of resin to human enamel and caries resistance of human enamel. A total of 201 human premolars were used in this in vitro study. A flat enamel surface greater than 4 × 4 mm in area was prepared on each specimen using a low-speed cutting machine under a water coolant. Twenty-one specimens were divided into seven groups for morphology observations with no treatment, 35% phosphoric acid etching (30 seconds), and laser irradiation (30 seconds) of pulsed Nd:YAG laser with five different laser-parameter combinations. Another 100 specimens were used for TBS testing. They were embedded in self-cured acrylic resin and randomly divided into 10 groups. After enamel surface pretreatments according to the group design, resin was applied. The TBS values were tested using a universal testing machine. The other 80 specimens were randomly divided into eight groups for acid resistance evaluation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed that the enamel surfaces treated with 1.5 W/20 Hz and 2.0 W/20 Hz showed more etching-like appearance than those with other laser-parameter combinations. The laser-parameter combinations of 1.5 W/15 Hz and 1.5 W/20 Hz were found to be efficient for the TBS test. The mean TBS value of 14.45 ± 1.67 MPa in the laser irradiated group was significantly higher than that in the untreated group (3.48 ± 0.35 MPa) but lower than that in the 35% phosphoric acid group (21.50 ± 3.02 MPa). The highest mean TBS value of 26.64 ± 5.22 MPa was identified in the combination group (laser irradiation and then acid etching). Acid resistance evaluation showed that the pulsed Nd:YAG laser was efficient in preventing enamel demineralization. The SEM results of the fractured enamel surfaces, resin/enamel interfaces, and demineralization depths were consistent with those of the TBS test and the acid resistance evaluation. Pulsed Nd:YAG laser as an enamel surface pretreatment method presents a potential clinical application, especially for the caries-susceptible population or individuals with recently bleached teeth.