bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘That Used to be a Famous Village’: Shedding the past in rural north India
Authors: PHILLIMORE PETER 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis paper examines the changing reputation of one village in Himachal Pradesh, India, looking back over 30 years. This village has long had a singular identity and local notoriety for its association withjadu(‘witchcraft’). I argue that in this village today the idea of ‘witchcraft’ as a potent malignant force is losing its old persuasiveness, and with this change the village is also shedding its unwanted reputation. Against claims for ‘the modernity of witchcraft’ in various parts of the world, I argue that, in this case at least, witchcraft is construed as distinctly unmodern. The capacity ofjaduto cause fear and, equally, its value as an explanatory idiom are, I suggest, being overwhelmed by social changes, the cumulative effect of which has been to reduce the previous insularity of this village and greatly widen the social networks of its members. I pose two main questions. Why should this village have held such a particular reputation? And why should it now be on the wane? Linked to the second question is the relationship between this decline and local understandings of ‘modernity’. In developing my argument around the specificity of an unusual village, I also consider the significance of ‘the village’ as both social entity and, formerly, one cornerstone of the anthropological project. Finally, I reflect on the methodological opportunities of long-term familiarity with a setting, exemplified in the iterative nature of learning ethnographically, as the children known initially in early fieldwork become the adult conversationalists of today, partners in interpreting their own village's past. In exploring their explanations for the decline in the salience ofjadu, the pivotal impact of education and the pressures of ‘time’ created by the ‘speed’ of modernity are both salient.
British Drug Policy and the Modern State: Reconsidering the Criminalisation Thesis
Authors: SHINER MICHAEL 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRecent developments in the drug field have prompted claims that criminal justice has displaced health from its formerly dominant position and have also been used to support general claims about the criminalisation of social policy. This article critically assesses such claims and offers an alternative interpretation, arguing that British drug policy has been shaped and reshaped by the broader workings of the modern state. Early controls reflected the influence of medicine and public health over emerging forms of state interventionism, while subsequent arrangements were consistent with the penal-welfare tradition that dominated criminal justice for much of the last century. More recently, it is the transformation of this tradition that has played a key role in reshaping the drug field, producing evidence of both continuity and change. What others have attributed to ‘criminalisation’, therefore, is said to reflect broader changes in the nature of criminal justice itself. Whilst the transformation of penal-welfarism helps to explain the development of more punitive and coercive forms of drug control, this is only part of the story. As with criminal justice more generally, the limitations of the sovereign state have given rise to various adaptive strategies and it is here that considerable continuity can be seen, particularly in relation to the on-going importance of drug treatment and harm reduction.
‘Le bon public de la Haye’. Local governance and the audience in the French opera in The Hague, 1820–1890
Authors: FURNÉE JAN HEIN 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT:In nineteenth-century The Hague, the French opera performances in the Royal Theatre were the most important occasions during the winter season at which men and women from almost all social ranks experienced a strong sense of social cohesion in a common leisure pursuit, albeit one in which social hierarchies were clearly demarcated. This article analyses the changing social composition of the opera audience through analysis of subscription and admission records, and evaluates the changing composition of the audience in relation to changes in taste, theatre architecture and policy. Although it was almost impossible to exploit financially and was also a constant object of political, musical and moral criticism, the French opera succeeded in maintaining its central position in The Hague's musical and social life throughout the nineteenth century.
Suburbia, marketing and stakeholders: developing Ilford, Essex, 1880–1914
Authors: HELLER MICHAEL 
Published: May 2013

ABSTRACT:This article examines the development and marketing of suburbia through a case-study of the suburb of Ilford, Essex, between 1880 and 1914. It discusses how Ilford positioned itself, the white-collar clerical workers it targeted, its principal developers and the marketing and development strategies it pursued. It is argued that Ilford achieved success through a comprehensive and integrated marketing strategy which involved a policy of clear positioning, alignment with its target market, close co-operation between its principal stakeholders and the implementation of long-term, sustainable policies.
Superiority, equivalence or non-inferiority?
Authors: Cipriani Andrea , Girlanda Francesca , Barbui Corrado 
Published: May 2013

AbstractOne of the most important critical decision to be taken when designing a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in clinical psychopharmacology is the choice of the comparator. This choice is crucial because it affects many issues related to both internal and external validity. The aim of a RCT may be to establish efficacy in absolute terms, against an inert treatment (usually a placebo), or to establish efficacy with respect to another treatment (also known ascomparator), a trial may be designed to demonstrate that the new drug is superior to the control intervention or, by contrast, that the new drug is similar to the control intervention in terms of, say, symptoms' reduction. Three kinds of RCTs may be designed: Superiority trials, Equivalence studies, Non-inferiority studies.
PERCEPTIONS OF RACE AND REGION IN THE BLACK REVERSE MIGRATION TO THE SOUTH
Authors: Pendergrass Sabrina 
Published: May 2013

AbstractThis study examines how African Americans perceive and manage race and region as they migrate to the U.S. South—a region with a tenuous image of racial prejudice. The analysis is juxtaposed to literature that provides an inconsistent view of regional differences in prejudice. Some researchers argue that regional differences in levels of prejudice are now small, while other researchers argue that the South continues to be a place of much greater racial hostility. Guided by a spatial boundaries approach and using 127 narrative interviews with Black interregional migrants to Charlotte, North Carolina, results indicate that Black migrants focus less on levels of racial prejudice across regions and focus more on six dimensions of everyday racism they consider during migration. These dimensions include—the overtness/subtlety of prejudice, verbal and physical harassment, group economic opportunity, physical distance, racial symbols, and paternalism. Among these migrants, there is no consensus that the South is more or less racially hostile than other regions. They perceive most saliently that they are trading more subtle prejudice, higher levels of racial residential segregation, and greater constraints on Black economic opportunity in the North, for more overt prejudice, greater paternalism, and exposure to Confederate symbols in the South. Patterns also emerged in perceptions of regional boundaries based on class, motivation for moving, gender, and generation. Implications for theories of race and regionalism are discussed.
Global morphological analysis of marine viruses shows minimal regional variation and dominance of non-tailed viruses
Authors: Brum Jennifer R , Schenck Ryan O , Sullivan Matthew B 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Viruses influence oceanic ecosystems by causing mortality of microorganisms, altering nutrient and organic matter flux via lysis and auxiliary metabolic gene expression and changing the trajectory of microbial evolution through horizontal gene transfer. Limited host range and differing genetic potential of individual virus types mean that investigations into the types of viruses that exist in the ocean and their spatial distribution throughout the world’s oceans are critical to understanding the global impacts of marine viruses. Here we evaluate viral morphological characteristics (morphotype, capsid diameter and tail length) using a quantitative transmission electron microscopy (qTEM) method across six of the world’s oceans and seas sampled through the Tara Oceans Expedition. Extensive experimental validation of the qTEM method shows that neither sample preservation nor preparation significantly alters natural viral morphological characteristics. The global sampling analysis demonstrated that morphological characteristics did not vary consistently with depth (surface versus deep chlorophyll maximum waters) or oceanic region. Instead, temperature, salinity and oxygen concentration, but not chlorophyll a concentration, were more explanatory in evaluating differences in viral assemblage morphological characteristics. Surprisingly, given that the majority of cultivated bacterial viruses are tailed, non-tailed viruses appear to numerically dominate the upper oceans as they comprised 51–92% of the viral particles observed. Together, these results document global marine viral morphological characteristics, show that their minimal variability is more explained by environmental conditions than geography and suggest that non-tailed viruses might represent the most ecologically important targets for future research.
Can we detect oceanic biodiversity hotspots from space?
Authors: De Monte Silvia , Soccodato Alice , Alvain Séverine , d’Ovidio Francesco 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
Understanding the variability of marine biodiversity is a central issue in microbiology. Current observational programs are based on in situ studies, but their implementation at the global scale is particularly challenging, owing to the ocean extent, its temporal variability and the heterogeneity of the data sources on which compilations are built. Here, we explore the possibility of identifying phytoplanktonic biodiversity hotspots from satellite. We define a Shannon entropy index based on patchiness in ocean color bio-optical anomalies. This index provides a high resolution (1 degree) global coverage. It shows a relation to temperature and mid-latitude maxima in accordance with those previously evidenced in microbiological biodiversity model and observational studies. Regional maxima are in remarkable agreement with several known biodiversity hotspots for plankton organisms and even for higher levels of the marine trophic chain, as well as with some in situ planktonic biodiversity estimates (from Atlantic Meridional Transect cruise). These results encourage to explore marine biodiversity with a coordinated effort of the molecular, ecological and remote sensing communities.
Proteolytic cleavage and truncation of NDRG1 in human prostate cancer cells, but not normal prostate epithelial cells
Authors: Ghalayini Mohammad K. , Dong Qihan , Richardson Des R. , Assinder Stephen J. 
Published: May 2013

NDRG1 (N-myc downstream regulated gene-1) is a metastasis suppressor that is down-regulated in prostate cancer. NDRG1 phosphorylation is associated with inhibition of metastasis and Western blots indicate two bands at ~41 and ~46 kDa. Previous investigations by others suggest the higher band is due to NDRG1 phosphorylation. However, the current study using a dephosphorylation assay and the Phos-tag (phosphate-binding tag) SDS/PAGE assay, demonstrated that the 46 kDa NDRG1 protein band was not due to phosphorylation. Further experiments showed that the NDRG1 protein bands were not affected upon glycosidase treatment, despite marked effects of these enzymes on the glycosylated protein, fetuin. Analysis using RT–PCR (reverse transcriptase–PCR) demonstrated only a single amplicon, and thus, the two bands could not result from an alternatively spliced NDRG1 transcript. Western-blot analysis of prostate cancer cell lysates identified the 41 kDa band to be a truncated form of NDRG1, with MS confirming the full and truncated proteins to be NDRG1. Significantly, this truncated protein was not present in normal human PrECs (prostate epithelial cells). Western-blot analysis using anti-NDRG1 raised to its N-terminal sequence failed to detect the truncated protein, suggesting that it lacked N-terminus amino acids (residues 1–49). Sequence analysis predicted a pseudotrypsin protease cleavage site between Cys49–Gly50. Such cleavage of NDRG1 in cancer cells may result in loss of NDRG1 tumour suppressive activity.
Real-time vector field tracking with a cold-atom magnetometer
Authors: Behbood N. , Martin Ciurana F. , Colangelo G. , Napolitano M. , Mitchell M. W. , Sewell R. J. 
Published: May 2013

We demonstrate a fast three-axis optical magnetometer using cold, optically trapped 87Rb gas as a sensor. By near-resonant Faraday rotation we record the free-induction decay of a spin polarized ensemble following optical to obtain the three field components and one gradient component. A single measurement achieves shot-noise limited sub-nT sensitivity in 1 ms, with transverse spatial resolution of ∼20 μm. We make a detailed analysis of the shot-noise-limited sensitivity.
The Prevalence of Positive Drug and Alcohol Screens in Elderly Trauma Patients
Authors: Ekeh Akpofure Peter , Parikh Priti P. , Walusimbi Mbaga , Woods Randy J. , Hawk Andrew , McCarthy Mary C. 
Published: May 2013

Background Alcohol and drug abuse are recognized to be significantly prevalent in trauma patients, and are frequent harbingers of injury. The incidence of substance abuse in elderly trauma patients has, however, been limitedly examined. The authors sought to identify the spectrum of positive alcohol and drug toxicology screens in patients ≥65 years admitted to a Level I trauma center. Methods Patients ≥65 years old admitted to an American College of Surgeons (ACS) Level I trauma center over a 60-­month period were identified from the trauma registry. Demographic data, blood alcohol content (BAC), and urine drug screen (UDS) results at admission were obtained and analyzed. The positive results were compared with individuals below 65 years in different substance categories using Fisher's exact test. Results In the 5-year period studied, of the 4139 patients ≥65 years, 1302 (31.5%) underwent toxicological substance screening. A positive BAC was present in 11.1% of these patients and a positive UDS in 48.3%. The mean BAC level in those tested was 163 mg/dL and 69% of patients had a level >80 mg/dL. Conclusions These data show that alcohol and drug abuse are an issue in patients ≥65 years in our institution, though not as pervasive a problem as in younger populations. Admission toxicology screens, however, are important as an aid to identify geriatric individuals who may require intervention.
BACKGROUND RADIATION MEASUREMENTS AND CANCER RISK ESTIMATES FOR ŞEBINKARAHISAR, TURKEY
Authors: Kurnaz Aslı 
Published: May 2013

Abstract
This paper presents the measurement results of environmental radioactivity levels for Şebinkarahisar district (uranium–thorium area), Giresun, Turkey. The radioactivity concentrations of 238 U, 232 Th, 40 K and the fission product 137 Cs in soil samples collected from 73 regions from the surroundings of the study area were determined. In situ measurements of the gamma dose rate in air were performed in the same 73 locations where the soil samples were collected using a portable NaI detector. Also the mean radioactivity concentrations of 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K in rock samples collected from 50 regions were determined. The mean estimated cancer risk value was found. The seasonal variations of the indoor radon activity concentrations were determined in the 30 dwellings in the study area. In addition, the mean gross alpha, gross beta and radon activities in tap water samples were determined in the same 30 dwellings. The excess lifetime cancer risk was calculated using the risk factors of International Commission on Radiological Protection and Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Radiological maps of the Şebinkarahisar region were composed using the results obtained from this study.
New SNPs for population genetic analysis reveal possible cryptic speciation of eastern Australian sea mullet (Mugil cephalus)
Authors: Krück Nils C. , Innes David I. , Ovenden Jennifer R. 
Published: May 2013

AbstractSustainable management of sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) fisheries needs to account for recent observations of regional‐scale differentiation. Population genetic analysis is sought to assess the situation of this ecologically and economically important fish species in eastern Australian waters. Here, we report (i) new population genetic markers [single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and potential microsatellites], (ii) first estimates of spatial genetic differentiation and (iii) prospective power tests for designing more comprehensive studies. Six DNA samples from three sampling regions (North Queensland, South Queensland and central New South Wales) on the eastern coast of Australia were used to prepare restriction site associated DNA (RAD) tag libraries from genomic DNA digested with EcoRI and MseI. A pooled sample of regional RAD tag libraries was sequenced using the Roche GS‐FLX Titanium platform. A total of 172 837 raw reads (17.4 Mbp) were retrieved, 95 500 of which were used to discover 1267 SNPs and 1417 microsatellites. A subset of 161 SNPs was validated based on 63 additional DNA samples genotyped using the Sequenom MassArray (iPLEX Gold chemistry). Altogether 92 SNPs (57%) were confirmed, with 40% of these marking fixed variants between northern and southern sampling regions. Our preliminary findings indicate a multispecies fishery stock of M. cephalus in eastern Australian waters, but suggest that strong genetic differentiation occurs north of major fishing grounds. Low potential differentiation within major fishing grounds (e.g. FST = 0.0025) can be resolved with a likely power ≥67% by using standard sample sizes of 50 and validated subsets of available markers.
Review of the cave‐dwelling species of Pseudotyrannochthonius Beier (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudotyrannochthoniidae) from mainland Australia, with description of two troglobitic species
Authors: Harms Danilo , Harvey Mark S 
Published: May 2013

AbstractBased on morphology we review the cave‐dwelling species of the pseudoscorpion genus Pseudotyrannochthonius (family Pseudotyrannochthoniidae) from mainland Australia and provide a brief account of their distribution and ecomorphology. Pseudotyrannochthonius eberhardi sp. n. is described from the Stockyard Creek karst in northern New South Wales and P. jonesi (Chamberlin 1962) is redescribed and illustrated from the Jenolan karst in Central New South Wales based on females. Both species show morphological features reminiscent of troglomorphism and appear to be short‐range endemics that are restricted to their respective karsts. All other species previously recorded from subterranean habitats in mainland Australia are facultative cave dwellers that do not show major morphological adaptations towards life underground.
Successful transition to later life: Strategies used by baby boomers
Authors: Wilhelm Kay , Geerligs Liesbeth , Peisah Carmelle 
Published: May 2013

AimWe sought to understand strategies employed by baby boomers to maintain well‐being and facilitate transition to later life.MethodA non‐clinical cohort (n = 139) provided qualitative data about well‐being strategies. Thematic data analysis provided insights for those with high and low life satisfaction (based on Satisfaction with Life Scale) and quantitative data from previous waves provided predictors of life satisfaction decades later.ResultsLongitudinal predictors were depression history (cognitive trait and repeated episodes) and quality of partner's care. ‘Highly satisfied older people’ reported proactive strategies, contrasted with lack of planning by ‘dissatisfied older people’. ‘Resilient older people’, with high life satisfaction despite repeated depressive episodes, reported benefit from strategies dealing with adversity, including depression.DiscussionStrategies of ‘satisfied older people’ support theories of proactive coping and demonstrate the importance of developing adaptational skills to support later life satisfaction. In ‘resilient older people’ adaptive strategies can lead to achievement of life satisfaction despite repeated depressive episodes.
Experimental and Analytical Performance Evaluation of Short Circular Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings Used in Rotary Blood Pumps
Authors: Boehning Fiete , Timms Daniel , Hsu Po‐Lin , Schmitz‐Rode Thomas , Steinseifer Ulrich 
Published: May 2013

AbstractRotary blood pumps (RBPs) have demonstrated considerable promise while treating heart failure patients, such that they are being placed at an earlier stage of the disease. These devices may therefore be required to operate for prolonged durations which yields the need for RBPs exhibiting high durability, reliability, and blood compatibility. Noncontacting bearings, utilizing magnetic and/or hydrodynamic suspension techniques, appear to provide a suitable solution to these challenges. Hydrodynamic suspension has the advantage that it does not need feedback control systems. Among various hydrodynamic bearing types, the circular journal bearing has the particular benefit of easy manufacturing. This study presents methods to evaluate the performance of short (length to diameter ratio <1) circular hydrodynamic journal bearings (HJBs) for RBPs. Analytical calculations with specific boundary conditions are presented to predict the rotor's eccentricity under equilibrium states and thus the related performance parameters such as load capacity, power loss, and shear rates. These results and boundary conditions were confirmed experimentally in a specially designed test set‐up. The bearing performance was found to correlate to analytical solutions using the full Sommerfeld boundary condition instead of the half Sommerfeld condition conventionally used for such applications. Geometrical and operational parameter variations showed that HJB designs with a short Sommerfeld Number SS >0.02 can provide sufficient fluid film thicknesses and low shear rates. The measurements were further used to evaluate the bearings' stability. The estimation of the stability threshold drawn in relation to a modified stability index and the equilibrium eccentricity of the rotor allows the prediction of stability for short circular HJB designs under full Sommerfeld condition.