bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT, POLITICS, AND THE CENTRALIZATION OF STATE POWER IN LESOTHO, 1960–75
Authors: Aerni-Flessner John 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe rhetoric of development served as a language for Sotho politicians from 1960–70 to debate the meanings of political participation. The relative paucity of aid in this period gave outsized importance to small projects run in rural villages, and stood in stark contrast to the period from the mid-1970s onwards when aid became an ‘anti-politics machine’ that worked to undermine national sovereignty. Examination of the democratic period in Lesotho from 1966–70 helps explain the process by which newly independent states gave up some of their recently won sovereignty, and how a turn to authoritarianism helped contribute to this process.
Transnational democratization and republican citizenship: Towards critical republicanism
Authors: SLAUGHTER STEVEN 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTransnational civil society activism has become increasingly prominent in world politics. However, there are significant questions about how these emerging processes of transnational activism can and should interface with existing forms of global and national governance. This essay contends that republicanism can explain how transnational activism can productively relate to global and national governance. Republicanism is able to develop an approach which draws upon both constitutional and discursive aspects of democracy by developing a greater focus on the roles that citizens can play with respect to both formal state institutions and the deliberative practices with respect to transnational activism. This essay develops a position termed critical republicanism which demonstrates that these transnational forms of activism can be best understood as early stages of an incipient process of transnational democratization and that the virtues of citizens need to be rethought so that citizens are concerned about the changing nature of domination at home and abroad, and be willing to engage with transnational sources of information and activism.
Uploading garbage files to the DOI system of a journal: a new type of misconduct
Authors: JUNG Kyu Won , WAGERxyv Elizabeth , HUH Sun 
Published: September 2014

ABSTRACTWe report an unusual case in which garbage files were uploaded to the DOI system of a Korean scholarly journal (Journal of Educational Evaluation of Health Professions). This was a deliberate attack to disrupt the journal so that the DOI pages were directed to an invalid page. It was a mysterious type of attack that had never previously occurred in the DOI system. This behaviour can therefore be considered as a new type of misconduct. From the legal viewpoint, this action may be considered a criminal offence, under Korean law, to disrupt a national institute which publishes a journal on the basis of its constituting interference with a government office in the execution of its duties. We report this strange case so that publishers and editors can be alert to this new type of cyber‐crime and to help them prevent any reoccurrence.
HTSeq—a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data
Authors: Anders Simon , Pyl Paul Theodor , Huber Wolfgang 
Published: September 2014

Abstract
Motivation: A large choice of tools exists for many standard tasks in the analysis of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data. However, once a project deviates from standard workflows, custom scripts are needed.
Results: We present HTSeq, a Python library to facilitate the rapid development of such scripts. HTSeq offers parsers for many common data formats in HTS projects, as well as classes to represent data, such as genomic coordinates, sequences, sequencing reads, alignments, gene model information and variant calls, and provides data structures that allow for querying via genomic coordinates. We also present htseq-count, a tool developed with HTSeq that preprocesses RNA-Seq data for differential expression analysis by counting the overlap of reads with genes.
Availability and implementation: HTSeq is released as an open-source software under the GNU General Public Licence and available from http://www-huber.embl.de/HTSeq or from the Python Package Index at https://pypi.python.org/pypi/HTSeq .
Contact: sanders@fs.tum.de
Franchisee satisfaction of goal attainment: a discovery of hierarcy of entrepreneur goals
Authors: Hizam-Hanafiah Mohd , Li Jun 
Published: September 2014

Purpose– This study aims to investigate the extent to which franchisees are satisfied with the attainment of their personal goals in business. Although franchising continues to be exploited in the business sector, research and studies of franchising were scarcely mentioned in the organizational literature. Obviously, franchising as a body of knowledge has been studied mostly from the franchisor’s perspective than on franchisees. Within franchisee literature, studies on people’s motivation to become a franchisee have received some attention and provided little understanding, but no study has ever measured to what extent franchisees are satisfied with their personal goals in the business.Design/methodology/approach– To investigate the hypotheses, a positivist approach is chosen as the philosophical foundation of this study, and all methodological aspects related with this approach are used in this study. A total of 204 franchisee entrepreneurs in Malaysia were surveyed and answered self-administered questionnaires.Findings– In general, statistical analysis suggests franchisees were satisfied with their goals attainments. However, further analysis shows that franchisees were mostly satisfied with intrinsic rewards goals, followed by perceived autonomy goals and family concern goals. Surprisingly, franchisees have less satisfaction with economic gain goals comparatively with other goals. Moreover, based on the conceptual analysis and empirical evidence, hierarchy of economic goals and hierarchy of family goals are discovered. Besides, this study does suggest that franchisees’ sustainability in the business may be affected by attainment of their personal goals.Originality/value– This paper studies franchising from a franchisee’s perspective and from a non-Western perspective. It investigates whether franchisee entrepreneurs share similar goals compared with other types of entrepreneurs and to what extent franchisees are satisfied with their personal goal attainment in the business.
Taming travel for work-life balance in global careers
Authors: Lirio Pamela 
Published: September 2014

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to understand how global managers from the generation born 1965 to 1980 (“Generation X”) manage demands of international business travel with desires for family involvement. A portrait evolves of how travel within a global career might be optimized for both business and family life.

Design/methodology/approach
– A qualitative methodology was used as little research has focussed on alternative forms of global work or work-family issues in a global context. The author conducted in-depth interviews with 25 Gen X global managers in dual-career families (“Global Gen Xers”) pursuing global careers from the USA and Canada.

Findings
– The author uncovered how Global Gen Xers experienced “work-life balance” through executing personal discretion over travel and substituting in technology. The construct of travel discretion reveals these approaches. Mutual flexibility on the part of global managers and organizations tamed the demanding nature of work spanning divergent locations and time zones.

Research limitations/implications
– The findings represent experiences from a self-select group of global Gen X managers interviewed at one point in their careers. The author did not obtain reflections from their families on work-family functioning.

Practical implications
– The findings encourage companies to foster flexibility among their global managers around travel decisions. The author can consider how and when international travel can be replaced through technology in order to control costs and sustain global workforces.

Originality/value
– This study provides one of the first examinations of work-life balance among younger global managers. It also highlights experiences of those not on expatriate assignments, but performing global work through international travel and technology.
Herbivory and the evolution of divaricate plants: Structural defences lost on an offshore island
Authors: Kavanagh Patrick H. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractMany island plants are characterized by unique morphology. For example, the high branching angles and small leaves of divaricate plants are a common feature of the New Zealand flora. The divaricate growth form may be an adaptation to deter browsing by extinct avian herbivores (moa); alternatively aspects of the insular climate may be responsible. However, our understanding of the selective pressures responsible for the high branching angles and small leaves of divaricate plants is incomplete. Here, I tested for differences in traits associated with the divaricate growth form between plants from Chatham Island and the New Zealand mainland. Moa never reached the Chatham Islands and its flora is derived from plants on mainland New Zealand. Therefore, I predicted Chatham Island plants to have lost morphological adaptations that may have deterred moa herbivory. Traits were quantified on 316 individuals in the field, allowing for 12 island‐mainland taxonomic comparisons. Chatham Island plants consistently produced smaller branching angles, larger leaves, shorter internodes and larger stems than related mainland plants. Results are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that selection for small leaves and high angled branching may be relaxed on the Chatham Islands due to an absence of moa. Smaller branching angles and larger leaves may offer a competitive advantage to Chatham Island plants.
Efficacy of a buccal meloxicam formulation for pain relief in Merino lambs undergoing knife castration and tail docking in a randomised field trial
Authors: Small AH , Belson S , Holm M , Colditz IG 
Published: September 2014

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of oral transmucosal meloxicam for pain relief in lambs at marking.DesignA blinded, placebo‐controlled, randomised, block design field study of 60 Merino lambs aged 7–10 weeks allocated to placebo and meloxicam treatments and studied in two cohorts of 30. Placebo‐treated lambs received 1 mL/10 kg of drug vehicle and meloxicam‐treated lambs received 1 mg/kg meloxicam at 10 mg/mL. Treatments were administered into the buccal cavity immediately before knife castration and hot‐iron tail docking. Lambs were then released into a grassed paddock (0.34 ha). Time to mother‐up was recorded and behaviours were observed every 15 min for 8 h and again for 45 min at 24 h. The sequence in which lambs exited the paddock with their mothers was then recorded. Weight change and wound scores were recorded 4 and 7 days after marking.ResultsMeloxicam did not affect mothering‐up. In the 8 h following marking, meloxicam led to a 7‐fold reduction (P < 0.001) in combined abnormal behaviours (hunched standing, standing with a stretched posture, walking stiffly). The meloxicam group spent significantly less time in standing postures and tended to spend more time grazing, suckling and in normal lying postures. At 24 h, the meloxicam group spent more time lying and less time standing. There was no effect of treatments on the sequence in which lambs moved into a fresh paddock or on weight change.ConclusionsThe buccal meloxicam formulation provided substantial analgesia to lambs on the day of marking. Slight benefits were evident the following morning.
Randomized Phase II Cancer Clinical Trials by JUNG, SIN‐HO
Authors: Lee Jae Won 
Published: September 2014

EDITOR: TAESUNG PARKRandomized Phase II Cancer Clinical Trials(Sin‐Ho Jung)Jae Won LeeStatistical Methods for Handling Incomplete Data(Jae Kwang Kim and Jun Shao)Myunghee Cho PaikBiosimilars: Design and Analysis of Follow‐on Biologics(Shein‐Chung Chow)Hyungjin An
Crumbs, Thieves, and Relics: Translation and Alien Humanism
Authors: McAlhany Joseph 
Published: September 2014

AbstractTerence's famous humanistic motto, “homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto,” was transmitted from antiquity to modernity as an isolated fragment of a surviving play, and was subjected to various forms of translation and interpretation. In this essay, Joseph McAlhany argues that fragments and translation, by their nature, resist completion and wholeness, and it is this quality that makes them paradigmatically humanistic. After a history of the uses and abuses of this line, in particular the unsuccessful scholarly attempts to provide it with an authoritative meaning and a definitive translation, a close reading of the line reveals the humanistic ironies already present in the line itself. The translations of this fragment demonstrate not only the resistance to completion and the recognition of loss that are essential to humanism, but also how, and why, this crumb of classical antiquity continues to nourish the discourse of humanism.
The MEK/ERK signalling cascade is required for sonic hedgehog signalling pathway‐mediated enhancement of proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis in normal keratinocytes
Authors: Liu Haiyan , Jian Qiang , Xue Ke , Ma Cuiling , Xie Fang , Wang Rui , Liao Wenjun , Liu Yufeng , Chi Sumin , Li Chengxin 
Published: September 2014

AbstractKeratinocytes (KCs) play a critical role in maintaining the cutaneous structure and are involved in various physiological and pathologic processes of the skin. Many inflammatory skin diseases and skin cancers result from excessive proliferation and insufficient apoptosis of KCs. Recent data suggested that the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling pathway plays an essential role in the proliferation and apoptosis of normal KCs. However, the mechanism remains poorly defined. Here, we provide evidence that Shh signalling induces proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in normal KCs via cyclin D1 and Bcl2 in an extracellular signal‐regulatedkinase (MEK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)‐dependent manner. In addition, the effect is independent of phosphoinositide‐3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT or Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) 1/3 pathways. Furthermore, we observed that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling modulates the activity of Shh signalling pathway; besides, Shh and EGFR signalling act additively to induce the ERK activation and the increases in cyclin D1 and Bcl2 thereby affecting proliferation and apoptosis in KCs in vitro. The present study suggests that the MEK/ERK1/2 activation is part of the mechanism of Shh signal‐mediated proliferation and apoptosis in normal KCs. Our results may help to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of the Shh pathway in normal KCs and the pathogenesis of related skin disorders.
CXCR7 expression correlates with tumor depth in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma skin lesions and promotes tumor cell survival through ERK activation
Authors: Hu Stephen Chu‐Sung , Yu Hsin‐Su , Yen Feng‐Lin , Chen Gwo‐Shing , Lan Cheng‐Che E. 
Published: September 2014

AbstractThe chemokine receptor CXCR7 has been demonstrated to be involved in the development of certain cancers, but its role in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has not been previously investigated. We seek to determine whether CXCR7 is expressed in human cutaneous SCC skin lesions and SCC cell lines. In addition, we evaluate whether CXCR7 plays a role in SCC cell proliferation, survival and migration and which signalling pathways are involved. Using quantitative RT‐PCR to analyse the mRNA expression of 19 different chemokine receptors, we found that CXCR7 was much more highly expressed compared to other chemokine receptors in cutaneous SCC cell lines (HSC‐1 and HSC‐5). On immunohistochemical staining, CXCR7 was found to be expressed in 70% (28 of 40) of human cutaneous SCC tissue specimens, and its expression correlated with tumor depth >4 mm and cancer stage ≥II. CXCR7 but not CXCR4 protein was expressed on the surface of HSC‐1 and HSC‐5 cells by flow cytometry. Activation of the CXCR7 receptor by CXCL12 promoted survival of HSC‐1 and HSC‐5 cells through the ERK pathway, but had no significant effect on cell proliferation or migration. In summary, our findings indicate that CXCR7 is frequently expressed in cutaneous SCC skin lesions and its expression correlates with tumor depth and cancer stage. CXCR7 is the predominant chemokine receptor expressed in SCC cell lines, and activation of CXCR7 by CXCL12 promotes survival of SCC cells through the ERK pathway. These findings provide new insights into the significance of CXCR7 in the pathophysiology of SCC.
The interaction network of rhodopsin involving the heterotrimeric G‐protein transducin and the monomeric GTPase Rac1 is determined by distinct binding processes
Authors: Köster Maike , Dell'Orco Daniele , Koch Karl‐Wilhelm 
Published: September 2014

The monomeric G‐protein Rac1, a member of the family of Rho/Rac/Cdc42 GTPases, is involved in light‐induced photoreceptor degeneration, but its specific role remains elusive. In particular, reports on Rac1 interacting with the visual pigment rhodopsin are puzzling and need a more quantitative examination. We probed the presence of Rac1 in rod outer segments by immunohistochemical staining of bovine retinae and western blot analysis of isolated rod outer segments. Rac1 was present throughout the whole retina except in the outer and inner nuclear layers, but was strongly expressed in photoreceptor cells. Rac1 was distributed in three different fractions of rod outer segments: one fraction was soluble in detergents, a second fraction cosegregated with lipid rafts, and a third fraction was associated with lipid bilayer free axonemal/cytoskeletal structures. We also investigated the interaction between rhodopsin and Rac1 by using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy under dark and light conditions. Biophysical interaction studies revealed that Rac1 could interact with rhodopsin, but in a light‐independent manner, and kinetic analysis indicated that binding of Rac1 occurred with lower affinity and speed than the association of transducin and rhodopsin. Thus, in dark‐adapted rod cells, Rac1 cannot compete with transducin for binding to rhodopsin, and signalling can proceed normally. Instead, the concentration of transducin has to drop significantly so that Rac1 can bind to rhodopsin; in the outer segment, this occurs only under intense illumination, when transducin is translocated to the inner segment.Structured digital abstractRac1 binds rhodopsin to by surface plasmon resonance (View interaction)
Gender differences in older adults with chronic migraine in Turkey
Authors: Özge Aynur , Uluduz Derya , Selekler Macit , Öztürk Musa , Baykan Betül , Çınar Nilgün , Domaç Füsun M , Zarifoğlu Mehmet , Inan Levent E , Akyol Ali , Bolay Hayrunnisa , Uzuner Gülnur T , Erdemoğlu Ali K , Oksuz Nevra , Temel Gulhan O 
Published: September 2014

AimChronic migraine is a growing and disabling subtype of migraine with different risk factors and clinical features, even in older adults. We sought to define and differentiate clinical features of chronic migraine in older adults. We also aimed to compare major clinical features of chronic migraine in older adults with those in younger people of both sexes.MethodsWe used electronic dataset (Turkish Headache Database) from 13 tertiary headache centers in Turkey. Electronic dataset included detailed headache‐defining features according to ICHD‐II criteria based on face‐to‐face interviews and examination by a headache specialist. Using statistical methods, clinical variables of chronic migraine in older adults were compared with those of younger adults. We included 915 patients with chronic migraine (mean age 43.80 ± 13.95 years); 83.3% were females. In total, 301 patients (32.9%) with chronic migraine aged >50 years were compared with 614 patients aged <50 years.ResultsThere was no significant change in men with increasing age. However, duration of headache history, severity of attacks, previous histories of motion sickness and positive family history of headaches were significantly different in women with increasing age. Further sex‐related differences have been shown in parameters such as attack duration, quality and associated nausea.ConclusionChronic migraine is an infrequent type of migraine and shows age‐related changes in some phenotypic characteristics, such as severity of attacks, especially in women aged older than 50 years. Furthermore, positive family history of headaches and history of motion sickness increase the likelihood of developing chronic migraine in older women, indicating involvement of some gender‐related, but as‐yet unknown, genetic factors. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 652–658.
Aging‐related changes in swallowing, and in the coordination of swallowing and respiration determined by novel non‐invasive measurement techniques
Authors: Wang Chin‐Man , Chen Ji‐Yih , Chuang Chiung‐Cheng , Tseng Wen‐Chun , Wong Alice MK , Pei Yu‐Cheng 
Published: September 2014

AimPrevious studies have shown that the process of swallowing changes with aging, a phenomenon known as presbyphagia. These subtle and subclinical age‐related changes make older adults more vulnerable to dysphagia during disease insults. However, there are limited studies of the swallowing process in older adults, because measurements are typically invasive or require exposure to X‐rays. In the present study, we used integrated non‐invasive measurements to determine aging‐related changes of swallowing, and in the coordination of swallowing and respiration for a population of healthy participants.MethodsThe non‐invasive system provided measurements of larynx movement with piezoelectric sensors, submental muscle activity with surface electromyography and respiration–swallowing coordination by measurement of nasal airflow. We recruited 112 healthy participants from the community, 35 in a young‐age group (age 20–30 years), 38 in a middle‐age group (age 31–50 years) and 39 in an old‐age group (age 51–70 years).ResultsThe oropharyngeal swallowing parameters of the old‐age group had delayed onset latency and longer swallowing apnea duration relative to the other groups, and these differences were greater for larger boluses. The middle‐ and old‐age groups had less expiratory–expiratory respiratory phase pattern than the young‐age group. The probability of piecemeal deglutition was highest in the old‐age group and lowest in the young‐age group. These results show that the phases of oropharyngeal swallowing and the coordination of swallowing with respiration gradually change with aging.ConclusionsWe used integrated non‐invasive measurements to document age‐related changes in swallowing, and in the coordination of swallowing and respiration in healthy adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 736–744.