bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Routine group and save unnecessary for gastric band surgery: a retrospective case review audit of 1018 bariatric patients
Authors: Parker S. , Mahawar K. , Balupuri S. , Boyle M. , Small P. 
Published: September 2012

What is already known about this subject
The demand for bariatric surgery is increasing.
NHS Trusts are expected to instigate cost‐efficiency measures.
Previous articles have discussed the need for routine preoperative cross‐match.
What this study adds
No gastric band patient suffered a significant drop in haemoglobin or needed a blood transfusion.
Group and save samples could be safely stored in the laboratory and only sent for analysis if clinically indicated.
Even greater cost savings could be achieved if prudent use of perioperative blood testing and blood transfusion was implemented.
SummaryCurrent guidance at our Trust is that all bariatric surgical patients should have preoperative group and save (G&S) and full blood count (FBC) tests, as well as a FBC check 1 d post‐operatively. Our aim was to investigate blood transfusion requirements of these patients and whether we could reduce the number of investigations requested. 1018 consecutive elective laparoscopic gastric band and laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass patients who were operated on in our bariatric unit from March 2000 until January 2011 were identified. Patients' haemoglobin levels, G&S status and blood transfusion requirements were analyzed using our online pathology system. 607 patients had a laparoscopic gastric band, with 411 undergoing a laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass. None of our gastric band patients required a transfusion; however, nine patients (2.2%) undergoing a gastric bypass needed a transfusion. Two patients required transfusion within 24 h of surgery while six of the remaining seven patients received blood 3–4 d post‐operatively. Costs incurred on FBC and G&S tests during this time were estimated to exceed £15 700.G&S and post‐operative FBC tests could be abandoned for laparoscopic gastric band patients with significant financial and person‐time savings. However, given that 2.2% of laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass patients needed a blood transfusion, we believe that post‐operative FBC tests are still warranted in this patient group, with a G&S sample stored in pathology. Much greater financial savings could be achieved if prudent use of preoperative investigations, including storing G&S samples in the laboratory, was adopted for all elective operations.
Differences in body composition and metabolic status between white UK and Asian Indian children (EarlyBird 24 and the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study)
Authors: Lakshmi S. , Metcalf B. , Joglekar C. , Yajnik C. S. , Fall C. H. , Wilkin T. J. 
Published: September 2012

Summary
What is already known about this subject
South Asian children at birth are thinner, but more adipose and more resistant to insulin than White Caucasian children.
South Asian adults are more adipose and more insulin resistant, but their greater adiposity does not fully explain the difference in insulin resistance.
South Asian children at 8 y are more insulin resistant than White Caucasian children.

What this study adds
The BMI of South Asian children at 6 y is distributed normally, while that of White Caucasian children is heavily skewed.
South Asian children at 6 y are slimmer, and the boys, but not the girls, are more adipose.
South Asian boys, but not girls are more insulin resistant. Both genders metabolically less healthy, but their adiposity explains only part of the difference.
Background/AimsThe concept of the ‘thin–fat’ Indian baby is well established, but there is little comparative data in older children, and none that examines the metabolic correlates. Accordingly, we investigated the impact of body composition on the metabolic profiles of Asian Indian and white UK children.MethodsBody mass index (BMI), waist circumference, sum of four skin‐folds, % body fat (by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry), glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (Homeostasis Model Assessment), trigylcerides, cholesterol [total, low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein {HDL}, total/HDL ratio] and blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean arterial) were measured in 262 white Caucasian children from Plymouth, UK (aged 6.9 ± 0.2 years, 57% male), and 626 Indian children from rural villages around Pune, India (aged 6.2 ± 0.1 years, 53% male).ResultsIndian children had a significantly lower BMI (boys: −2.1 kg m−2, girls: −3.2 kg m−2, both P < 0.001), waist circumference (P < 0.001) and skin‐fold thickness (P < 0.001) than white UK children, yet their % body fat was higher (boys +4.5%, P < 0.001, girls: +0.5%, P = 0.61). Independently of the differences in age and % body fat, the Indian children had higher fasting glucose (boys +0.52 mmol L−1, girls +0.39 mmol L−1, both P < 0.001), higher insulin (boys +1.69, girls +1.87 mU L−1, both P < 0.01) and were more insulin resistant (boys +0.25, girls +0.28 HOMA‐IR units, both P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe ‘thin–fat’ phenotype observed in Indian babies is also apparent in pre‐pubertal Indian children who have greater adiposity than white UK children despite significantly lower BMIs. Indian children are more insulin resistant than white UK children, even after adjustment for adiposity.
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated impacts insulin‐like growth factor 1 signalling in skeletal muscle
Authors: Ching James Kain , Luebbert Stephen H. , Collins IV Roy L. , Zhang Zhihong , Marupudi Nandhini , Banerjee Sankha , Hurd Robin D. , Ralston Lyle , Fisher Jonathan S. 
Published: September 2012

New findings
What is the central question of this study?In some cultured cells, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is required for activation of Akt by insulin. However, this is not the case in other cell or tissue types, including skeletal muscle. Furthermore, it is not known whether ATM plays a role in skeletal muscle insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) signalling.
What is the main finding and its importance?We found that IGF‐1 caused autophosphorylation of ATM in skeletal muscle. However, IGF‐1‐stimulated phosphorylation of Akt, p70 S6 kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin (but not insulin receptor substrate 1) was impaired in C2C12 myotubes with reduced ATM expression and/or muscle from ATM‐haploinsufficient mice. These findings demonstrate activation of ATM by IGF‐1 and a role for ATM in IGF‐1 signalling downstream of insulin receptor substrate 1.
Reports that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is required for full activation of Akt raise the hypothesis that ATM plays a role in insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) signalling through the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Differentiated C2C12 cells harbouring either ATM‐targeting short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or non‐targeting shRNA and myotubes from a C2C12 lineage previously exposed to empty vector lentivirus were incubated in the presence or absence of 10 nm IGF‐1 followed by Western blot analysis. Parallel experiments were performed in isolated soleus muscles from mice expressing only one functional ATM allele (ATM+/−) compared with muscles from wild‐type (ATM+/+) mice. Insulin‐like growth factor 1 increased phosphorylation of Akt S473, Akt T308 and p70 S6 kinase (S6K) in myotubes expressing non‐targeting shRNA and in empty vector controls, but the IGF‐1 effects were significantly reduced in myotubes with shRNA‐mediated ATM knockdown. Likewise, IGF‐1‐stimulated phosphorylation of Akt S473, Akt T308, mTOR and S6K was lower in isolated soleus muscles from ATM+/− mice compared with muscles from ATM+/+ mice. The ATM inhibitor KU55933 prevented stimulation of S6K phosphorylation in C2C12 myotubes exposed to IGF‐1, suggesting that decreased IGF‐1 action is not limited to chronic conditions of decreased ATM function. Stimulation of insulin receptor substrate 1 tyrosine 612 phosphorylation by IGF‐1 was unaffected by ATM deficiency, though IGF‐1 phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase activity tended to be lower in muscle from ATM haploinsufficient mice compared with wild‐type muscle. The data suggest that ATM is a modulator of IGF‐1 signalling downstream of insulin receptor substrate 1 in skeletal muscle.
LplR, a Repressor Belonging to the TetR Family, Regulates Expression of the
l
-Pantoyl Lactone Dehydrogenase Gene in Rhodococcus erythropolis
Authors: Si Dayong , Urano Nobuyuki , Shimizu Sakayu , Kataoka Michihiko 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

The
l
-pantoyl lactone (
l
-PL) dehydrogenase (LPLDH) gene (
lpldh
) has been cloned from
Rhodococcus erythropolis
AKU2103, and addition of 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) was shown to be required for
lpldh
expression in this strain. In this study, based on an exploration of the nucleotide sequence around
lpldh
, a TetR-like regulator gene, which we designated
lplR
, was found upstream of
lpldh
, and three putative open reading frames existed between the two genes. Disruption of
lplR
led to 22.8 times higher
lpldh
expression, even without 1,2-PD induction, than that in wild-type
R. erythropolis
AKU2103 without 1,2-PD addition. Introduction of a multicopy vector carrying
lplR
(multi-
lplR
) into the wild-type and Δ
lplR
strains led to no detectable LPLDH activity even in the presence of 1,2-PD. The results of an electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that purified LplR bound to a 6-bp inverted-repeat sequence located in the promoter/operator region of the operon containing
lpldh
. These results indicated that LplR is a negative regulator in
lpldh
expression. Based on the clarification of the expression mechanism of
lpldh
, recombinant cells showing high LPLDH activity were constructed and used as a catalyst for the conversion of
l
-PL to ketopantoyl lactone. Finally, a promising production process of
d
-PL from
dl
-PL was constructed.
Global Transcriptional Analysis of Dehydrated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium
Authors: Gruzdev Nadia , McClelland Michael , Porwollik Steffen , Ofaim Shany , Pinto Riky , Saldinger-Sela Shlomo 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Despite the scientific and industrial importance of desiccation tolerance in
Salmonella
, knowledge regarding its genetic basis is still scarce. In the present study, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of dehydrated and water-suspended
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium using microarrays. Dehydration induced expression of 90 genes and downregulated that of 7 genes. Ribosomal structural genes represented the most abundant functional group with a relatively higher transcription during dehydration. Other main induced functional groups included genes involved in amino acid metabolism, energy production, ion transport, transcription, and stress response. The highest induction was observed in the
kdpFABC
operon, encoding a potassium transport channel. Knockout mutations were generated in nine upregulated genes. Five mutants displayed lower tolerance to desiccation, implying the involvement of the corresponding genes in the adaptation of
Salmonella
to desiccation. These included genes encoding the isocitrate-lyase AceA, the lipid A biosynthesis palmitoleoyl-acyltransferase Ddg, the modular iron-sulfur cluster scaffolding protein NifU, the global regulator Fnr, and the alternative sigma factor RpoE. Notably, these proteins were previously implicated in the response of
Salmonella
to oxidative stress, heat shock, and cold shock. A strain with a mutation in the structural gene
kdpA
had a tolerance to dehydration comparable to that of the parent strain, implying that potassium transport through this system is dispensable for early adaptation to the dry environment. Nevertheless, this mutant was significantly impaired in long-term persistence during cold storage. Our findings indicate the involvement of a relatively small fraction of the
Salmonella
genome in transcriptional adjustment from water to dehydration, with a high prevalence of genes belonging to the protein biosynthesis machinery.
OmpA-Mediated Biofilm Formation Is Essential for the Commensal Bacterium Sodalis glossinidius To Colonize the Tsetse Fly Gut
Authors: Maltz Michele A. , Weiss Brian L. , O'Neill Michelle , Wu Yineng , Aksoy Serap 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Many bacteria successfully colonize animals by forming protective biofilms. Molecular processes that underlie the formation and function of biofilms in pathogenic bacteria are well characterized. In contrast, the relationship between biofilms and host colonization by symbiotic bacteria is less well understood. Tsetse flies (
Glossina
spp.) house 3 maternally transmitted symbionts, one of which is a commensal (
Sodalis glossinidius
) found in several host tissues, including the gut. We determined that
Sodalis
forms biofilms in the tsetse gut and that this process is influenced by the
Sodalis
outer membrane protein A (OmpA). Mutant
Sodalis
strains that do not produce OmpA (
Sodalis
ΔOmpA mutants) fail to form biofilms
in vitro
and are unable to colonize the tsetse gut unless endogenous symbiotic bacteria are present. Our data indicate that in the absence of biofilms,
Sodalis
ΔOmpA mutant cells are exposed to and eliminated by tsetse's innate immune system, suggesting that biofilms help
Sodalis
evade the host immune system. Tsetse is the sole vector of pathogenic African trypanosomes, which also reside in the fly gut. Acquiring a better understanding of the dynamics that promote
Sodalis
colonization of the tsetse gut may enhance the development of novel disease control strategies.
EDTA Inhibits Biofilm Formation, Extracellular Vesicular Secretion, and Shedding of the Capsular Polysaccharide Glucuronoxylomannan by Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Robertson Emma J. , Wolf Julie M. , Casadevall Arturo 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

The fungal pathogen
Cryptococcus neoformans
can grow as a biofilm on a range of synthetic and prosthetic materials. Cryptococcal biofilm formation can complicate the placement of shunts used to relieve increased intracranial pressure in cryptococcal meningitis and can serve as a nidus for chronic infection. Biofilms are generally advantageous to pathogens
in vivo
, as they can confer resistance to antimicrobial compounds, including fluconazole and voriconazole in the case of
C. neoformans
. EDTA can inhibit biofilm formation by several microbes and enhances the susceptibility of biofilms to antifungal drugs. In this study, we evaluated the effect of sublethal concentrations of EDTA on the growth of cryptococcal biofilms. EDTA inhibited biofilm growth by
C. neoformans
, and the inhibition could be reversed by the addition of magnesium or calcium, implying that the inhibitory effect was by divalent cation starvation. EDTA also reduced the amount of the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan shed into the biofilm matrix and decreased vesicular secretion from the cell, thus providing a potential mechanism for the inhibitory effect of this cation-chelating compound. Our data imply that the growth of
C. neoformans
biofilms requires the presence of divalent metals in the growth medium and suggest that cations are required for the export of materials needed for biofilm formation, possibly including extracellular vesicles.
Characterization and Two-Dimensional Crystallization of Membrane Component AlkB of the Medium-Chain Alkane Hydroxylase System from Pseudomonas putida GPo1
Authors: Alonso Hernan , Roujeinikova Anna 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

The alkane hydroxylase system of
Pseudomonas putida
GPo1 allows it to use alkanes as the sole source of carbon and energy. Bacterial alkane hydroxylases have tremendous potential as biocatalysts for the stereo- and regioselective transformation of a wide range of chemically inert unreactive alkanes into valuable reactive chemical precursors. We have produced and characterized the first 2-dimensional crystals of the integral membrane component of the
P. putida
alkane hydroxylase system, the nonheme di-iron alkane monooxygenase AlkB. Our analysis reveals for the first time that AlkB reconstituted into a lipid bilayer forms trimers. Addition of detergents that do not disrupt the AlkB oligomeric state (decyl maltose neopentyl glycol [DMNG], lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol [LMNG], and octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether [C
12
E
8
]) preserved its activity at a level close to that of the detergent-free control sample. In contrast, the monomeric form of AlkB produced by purification in
n
-decyl-β-
d
-maltopyranoside (DM),
n
-dodecyl-β-
d
-maltopyranoside (DDM), octyl glucose neopentyl glycol (OGNG), and
n
-dodecyl-
N
,
N
-dimethylamine-
N
-oxide (LDAO) was largely inactive. This is the first indication that the physiologically active form of membrane-embedded AlkB may be a multimer. We present for the first time experimental evidence that 1-octyne acts as a mechanism-based inhibitor of AlkB. Therefore, despite the lack of any significant full-length sequence similarity with members of other monooxygenase classes that catalyze the terminal oxidation of alkanes, AlkB is likely to share a similar catalytic mechanism.
Prevalence and Relative Risk of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes Associated with the Body Surfaces and Guts of Individual Filth Flies
Authors: Pava-Ripoll Monica , Pearson Rachel E. Goeriz , Miller Amy K. , Ziobro George C. 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACT

Although flies are important vectors of food-borne pathogens, there is little information to accurately assess the food-related health risk of the presence of individual flies, especially in urban areas. This study quantifies the prevalence and the relative risk of food-borne pathogens associated with the body surfaces and guts of individual wild flies. One hundred flies were collected from the dumpsters of 10 randomly selected urban restaurants. Flies were identified using taxonomic keys before being individually dissected.
Cronobacter
spp.,
Salmonella
spp., and
Listeria monocytogenes
were detected using the PCR-based BAX system Q7. Positive samples were confirmed by culture on specific media and through PCR amplification and sequencing or ribotyping. Among collected flies were the housefly,
Musca domestica
(47%), the blowflies,
Lucilia cuprina
(33%) and
Lucilia sericata
(14%), and others (6%).
Cronobacter
species were detected in 14% of flies, including
C. sakazakii
,
C. turicensis
, and
C. universalis
, leading to the proposal of flies as a natural reservoir of this food-borne pathogen. Six percent of flies carried
Salmonella enterica
, including the serovars Poona, Hadar, Schwarzengrund, Senftenberg, and Brackenridge.
L. monocytogenes
was detected in 3% of flies. Overall, the prevalence of food-borne pathogens was three times greater in the guts than on the body surfaces of the flies. The relative risk of flies carrying any of the three pathogens was associated with the type of pathogen, the body part of the fly, and the ambient temperature. These data enhance the ability to predict the microbiological risk associated with the presence of individual flies in food and food facilities.
Functional Divergence of FimX in PilZ Binding and Type IV Pilus Regulation
Authors: Qi Yaning , Xu Linghui , Dong Xueming , Yau Yin Hoe , Ho Chun Loong , Koh Siew Lee , Shochat Susana Geifman , Chou Shan-Ho , Tang Kai , Liang Zhao-Xun 
Published: September 2012

ABSTRACTType IV pili (T4P) are polar surface structures that play important roles in bacterial motility, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity. The protein FimX and its orthologs are known to mediate T4P formation in the human pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosaand some other bacterial species. It was reported recently that FimXXAC2398fromXanthomonas axonopodispv. citri interacts with PilZXAC1133directly through the nonenzymatic EAL domain of FimXXAC2398. Here we present experimental data to reveal that the strong interaction between FimXXAC2398and PilZXAC1133is not conserved inP. aeruginosaand likely otherPseudomonasspecies.In vitroandin vivobinding experiments showed that the interaction between FimX and PilZ inP. aeruginosais below the measurable limit. Surface plasmon resonance assays further confirmed that the interaction between theP. aeruginosaproteins is at least more than 3 orders of magnitude weaker than that between theX. axonopodispv. citri pair. The N-terminal lobe region of FimXXAC2398was identified as the binding surface for PilZXAC1133by amide hydrogen-deuterium exchange and site-directed mutagenesis studies. Lack of several key residues in the N-terminal lobe region of the EAL domain of FimX is likely to account for the greatly reduced binding affinity between FimX and PilZ inP. aeruginosa. All together, the results suggest that the interaction between PilZ and FimX inXanthomonasspecies is not conserved inP. aeruginosadue to the evolutionary divergence among the FimX orthologs. The precise roles of FimX and PilZ in bacterial motility and T4P biogenesis are likely to vary among bacterial species.
Developing a new formulation of sodium phenylbutyrate
Authors: Guffon Nathalie , Kibleur Yves , Copalu William , Tissen C , Breitkreutz Joerg 
Published: September 2012

BackgroundSodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB) is used as a treatment for urea cycle disorders (UCD). However, the available, licensed granule form has an extremely bad taste, which can compromise compliance and metabolic control.ObjectivesA new, taste-masked, coated-granule formulation (Luc 01) under development was characterised for its in vitro taste characteristics, dissolution profiles and bioequivalence compared with the commercial product. Taste, safety and tolerability were also compared in healthy adult volunteers.ResultsThe in vitro taste profile of NaPB indicated a highly salty and bitter tasting molecule, but Luc 01 released NaPB only after a lag time of ∼10 s followed by a slow release over a few minutes. In contrast, the licensed granules released NaPB immediately. The pharmacokinetic study demonstrated the bioequivalence of a single 5 g dose of the two products in 13 healthy adult volunteers. No statistical difference was seen either for maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) or for area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC). CI for Cmax and AUC0–inf of NaPB were included in the bioequivalence range of 0.80–1.25. One withdrawal for vomiting and five reports of loss of taste perception (ageusia) were related to the licensed product. Acceptability, bitterness and saltiness assessed immediately after administration indicated a significant preference for Luc 01 (p<0.01), confirming the results of the taste prediction derived from in vitro measurements.ConclusionsIn vitro dissolution, in vitro and in vivo taste profiles support the view that the newly developed granules can be swallowed before release of the bitter active substance, thus avoiding stimulation of taste receptors. Moreover, Luc 01 was shown to be bioequivalent to the licensed product. The availability of a taste-masked form should improve compliance which is critical to the efficacy of NaPB treatment in patients with UCD.