bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXIV.—The Specialized Area of Skin Glands in Aotes Humboldt (Simiæ Platyrrhini)
Authors: Hill W. C. Osman , Appleyard H. M. , Auber L. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe scent-producing area of closely packed holocrine and apocrine skin-glands in Aotes has an atypical, caudal position. Whilst most of the holocrine glands open into hair follicles by ordinary short ducts, some of the ducts are elongated, opening either into follicles or on the skin surface. The holocrine and apocrine secretions, in conjunction with the peculiar splitting of individual hairs, cause felting of the pelage on the gland field. A peculiar structure of the hairs facilitates their splitting. Evolution and function of the gland field are discussed.
XXVII.—A Structural History of the Girvan District, S.W. Ayrshire
Authors: Williams Alwyn 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisAn analysis of the structural style of the Palæozoic rocks exposed around Girvan in S.W. Ayrshire suggests that it was fashioned by at least nine phases of deformation. Five of these phases were active when maximum pressures were horizontal and together constitute the local expression of the Caledonian orogeny. The oldest phase recognized, the Main fold phase, consisted of overfolding due to an over-riding maximum pressure from between 150° and 170° and was penecontemporaneous with thrusting generated by a modal maximum stress from 145° to 325°. Three important thrust belts resulted but there were considerable local swings in the azimuths of maximum stress, a variation which culminated in the propagation of the Ardwell fold and reverse fault phase by a maximum stress from 110°. Later Caledonian movements, presumably influenced by an increase in overburden due to folding and thrusting, were represented by two episodes of wrench faulting: an older Ardwell “cross-fold” phase due to a maximum stress from north-east to south-west and a younger Main wrench system with a maximum stress aligned at 160–340° which generated an intricate pattern of sinistrai and dextral shears together with second-order relatives. The three following phases, the first, second and third “normal” phases represented an episode in stress history when the relief of pressure was horizontal and aligned from approximately north to south, north-north-west to south-south-east and just north of west to south of east respectively. Maximum pressures tended to vacillate between the vertical and near horizontal and as a result much of the faulting was oblique-slip. All three phases were responsible for important faults and some evidence is put forward to suggest that all three are possibly Proto-Armorican or probably not later than Armorican, although the existence of a few mineral veins shows that reactivation certainly took place in Borcovician times. An analysis of the tensional joints recorded for the area indicates that, apart from the dominant Caledonian and less conspicuous Armorican sets, Tertiary joints were formed when there was a relief of pressure from north-east to south-west and this final phase of deformation was accompanied by the intrusion of dykes.The study also includes discussions on the methods and merits of the resolution by stereographic means of the stress fields responsible for oblique-slip faults and on the nature and origin of first- and second-order wrench faulting in the light of the abundant statistical data available.
XVII.—On some Cretaceous Echinoidea from the Neighbourhood of Lobito Bay
Authors: Gregory J. W. 
Published: January 2013

Nine species of Echinoidea were described by De Loriol From Benguella and mainly from the neighbourhood of Dombe Grande.1. One of his species, Epiaster catumbellensis, is common in the Lobito district. It is recorded by Be Loriol from the Inflata beds at Catumbella, and the younger Cyprina ivensi sandstone at Dombe Grande. It is a variable species. According to the dimensions given by De Loriol, the length varies from 25 to 36 mm., and the breadth varies from 88 to 94 per cent, of the length and the height from 66 to 77 per cent, of the length. His illustrations show that the species has two chief forms: in one the shape is depressed and the posterior margin is nearly vertical; in the other the posterior interambulacrum is subcarinate, and the posterior margin is more sloping owing to the projection of the lower posterior corner. In De Loriol's figure, pl. viii, No. 4, the posterior margin has a slope of only 7° from the vertical; in his fig. 5 this slope is 15° from the vertical.
XI.—Serpentine Lavas, the Ankara Mélange and the Anatolian Thrust
Authors: Bailey E. B. , McCallien W. J. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisEvidence is given that many of the Mesozoic, geosynclinal serpentines of Turkey are deep-sea lavas, and that they functioned as efficient fertilizers of surface waters leading to rich crops of radiolaria now preserved in cherts and limestones. Furthermore, in anticlinals at Ankara and Alaca Höyük, Palæozoic, Triassic and Jurassic rocks in the condition of a tectonic mélange are overlain unconformably by Upper Cretaceous and Eocene; while, in associated synclinals at Ayas and Kirsehir, crystalline schists and granites, probably Palæozoic or earlier, emerge from beneath unconformable Oligocene. It is suggested that these crystallines are parts of a Pontic nappe which advanced southwards during Upper Cretaceous times, in part overriding and breaking local rocks to yield the Ankara Mélange, in part bulldozing them forwards to form the Taurus Mountains. The displacement along the Anatolian Thrust at the base of the invading Pontic nappe is reckoned at about 350 km.
XV.—The Distribution and Biology of Drosophilidæ (Diptera) in Scotland, including a New Species of Drosophila
Authors: Basden E. B. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe paper presents the results of an investigation of the distribution and biology of flies of the family Drosophilidæ in Scotland. Methods of sampling the population are described and notes are given on the breeding of many species in the laboratory. All earlier records of Drosophilidæ in Scotland are brought together for the first time, and the new species, Drosophila silvestris, is described.
XVI.—Caradocian Trilobites from Mudstones at Craighead Quarry, near Girvan, Ayrshire
Authors: Tripp Ronald Pearson 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisSixteen new species of trilobites are described and named, and thirty species are figured. The specimens were collected from a small exposure of mudstones at Craighead Quarry; most of the species are only known from this one exposure. The occurrence of several species which show strong affinities with forms from higher horizons indicates that the mudstones are more recent than other Balclatchie Group (Lower Caradocian) deposits.
XII.—The Pharmacological Action of Protocatechyl-Tropeine.
Authors: Marshall C. R. 
Published: January 2013

Protocatechyl-tropeine is one of a series of new tropeines investigated primarily with the object of determining the difference in pharmacological action between a lactone and the corresponding hydroxy-acid. Its constitution is shown in the following formula :—Like most other tropeines, it paralyses the vagal nerve endings in the heart. It also diminishes the irritability of voluntary muscle and its myo-neural junctions, and paralyses the respiratory centre.
II.—Volcanic Neck Emplacement and Subsidence Structures at Dunbar, South-East Scotland
Authors: Francis E. Howel 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisStructures in and around volcanic necks at Dunbar are interpreted as belonging to two different stages in volcanism. Some, which are related to an early neck emplacement stage, include small ring structures—probably incipient (crypto-volcanic) necks—filled with marginally flow-banded breccias, dykes of similarly margined unbedded tuff, and tuff-penetrated wall rocks. Among the last are sandstones veined along planes of minor fracture by very fine sand.Other structures belong to a later stage during which bedded tuffs, that had originally accumulated sub-ærially, subsided into the necks in a process here likened to caldera formation. In one large neck the bedding is relatively undisturbed, but in smaller necks there are high inward dips from the margins and collapse structures, sometimes accompanied by reconstitution of the clastics, at the centres. Diagnostic features of subsidence margins are anastomozing veins of carbonate, locally accompanied by hæmatite, and these appear to be related to dykes of flow-banded sandstone and sandy tuff intruded along fractures initiated inside the necks during subsidence. Other structures described are ring-fracture, with or without gouge, and down-drag of wall-rocks: these suggest a solution to the space problem posed by caldera mechanism.
IX.—Two New Genera of Coccosteid Arthrodira from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, and their Stratigraphical Distribution
Authors: Miles R. S. , Westoll T. S. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisMaterial of a coccosteid fish, from various localities in Caithness, is described asDickosteus threiplandin.g., n.sp. The fish has previously been confused withCoccosteus cuspidatusMiller ex Ag. ( =Coccosteus decipiensAg.). A diagnosis of this new form is given and comparisons made withCoccosteusshow that it is quite distinct.Coccosteus flettiWatson is also redescribed and referred to the new genusWatsonosteus. The phylogenetic relations and stratigraphical distribution of these two genera are considered, and it is shown thatDickosteusoccurs in Caithness in the Thurso Flagstone Group above the Achanarras horizon, apparently replacingCoccosteus, and has a similar range in Orkney.Watsonosteusis characteristic of the Eday Flags. The stratigraphy of the Thurso Flagstone Group is critically reviewed and compared with the Orkney succession; the Ackergill Beds are shown to be the probable lateral equivalents of the Mey Beds, and the consequences of this are examined.
XVII.—Some Specimens of Stenomyelon and Kalymma from the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Berwickshire
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisA Stem of Stenomyelon tuedianum Kidston is described with the base of a petiole of Kalymma tuediana Calder attached to it.Two new species of Stenomyelon are described—Stenomyelon heterangioides, characterized by interspersed xylem parenchyma and mesarch protoxylem, and Stenomyelon primaevum distinguished by a solid tri-radiate protostele lacking parenchyma bands. The possible external features of Stenomyelon are compared with a compression of a Pteridosperm with large fronds.
Some Lower Carboniferous pteridosperm cupules bearing ovules and microsporangia
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisTwo pairs of detached fossil cupules from the Cementstone Group of the East Lothian coast are described. One pair (specimen 1) contains 16 ovules agreeing with the seed genus Hydrasperma Long as well as 8 microsporangia containing spores. The second pair (specimen 2) has neither ovules nor microsporangia.The ovules present in specimen 1 have about 9 free apical tentacles and as many longitudinal ridges on the bodies of the ovules. The central column is very well developed, about as long as the ovule body and obconical in shape. In it some of the cells have bars of thickening on the walls like transfusion cells. Each cupule-pair has a common stalk which divides to become the two inverted cupules. In specimen 1 each cupule has a wall consisting of two valves united above but subdivided into tapering lobes below, i.e. distally. Ovules are borne below the concave upper region of each cupule (sessile laminar placentation). In this specimen each cupule-valve is subdivided into two smaller portions, one of which bears 8 microsporangia. The latter appear to be terminal and reflexed and almost sessile.The laminar placentation in Hydrasperma supports the view that this type of placentation in angiosperms is primitive and the bisexual cupule-pair here described suggests that the primitive fertile fronds from which cupules (and presumably carpels) evolved were originally capable of bearing both mega- and microsporangia.
Structure of coarse grained braided stream alluvium
Authors: Bluck B. J. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisGrain size characteristics of the sediment and the flow stage characteristics of the river are the two most important factors influencing sedimentation in the channel zone. Climate is important in its influence on floodplain (overbank) sediment.Supra-bar platform (upper) parts of mature bars from a wide range of climatic conditions consistently show a sequence in the development of contained sedimentary structures which is related to the flow stage. At high stage, in rivers where the bed materials are quite mobile, the bar form is not thought to be present: the form develops on the falling stage, and the bar is dissected on the lowest stage. The various bar forms have a related diagnostic structure which determined from the nature and distribution of the stratification types, and the manner of their deposition on the falling flow stage. The exposed (supra-platform) parts of lateral bars have a side and longitudinally filled inner channel which comprises fine sediment. Medial bars have converging cross-strata in sands which are overlain partly by gravels in an upward coarsening sequence.Lateral migration of the channel zone, brought about by the preferential bar accretions to one side, results in building of a lithosome, the facies structure of which is partly determined by the nature of the bar accretions. As the channel migrates the abandoned bars may be covered with fine sediments so as to build up an upward fining sequence. The nature of the fine overbank part of the braided stream cycle is as complex as the coarse lower, so that a highly variable vertical sequence of lithological types is likely to be constructed.Upward fining cycles are also built by some fine braided streams but they are the product of a single flood rather than lateral channel migration. Braided stream deposits are distinguishable from those of small, coarse meandering stream deposits by the presence of inner accretionary banks in the latter, and inner channels in the former.
Problems of functional morphology and classification in stylonuroid eurypterids (Chelicerata, Merostomata), with observations on the Scottish Silurian Stylonuroidea
Authors: Waterston Charles D. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisEurypterids of the Superfamily Stylonuroidea Diener 1924sensuStørmer (1974, 373) from the Pentland Hills, Midlothian, are redescribed and the evidence which these forms may give concerning the life environment of the Gutterford Burn Eurypterid Bed (Upper Llandovery), from which most of them have been obtained, is considered. Five species are recognised.Parastylonurus ornatus(Laurie) is redescribed with special reference to the organs of locomotion and reproduction. A new form from the Gutterford Burn is described asParastylonurus hendersonisp. nov.Stylonurus macrophthalmusLaurie is designated the type species of the new genusHardieopterusandStylonurus knoxaeLamont as the type species of the new genusLamontopterus. The unique holotype ofLamontopterus knoxaeis of morphological interest in showing evidence of the gut.Stylonuroids from other Scottish Silurian localities are also considered. Two new species,Brachyopterella ritchieisp. nov. from Seggholm andHardieopterus(?)lanarkisp. nov. from the Logan Water are described.Stylonurella spinipes(Page) is redescribed and this species is reported for the first time from Seggholm.The new information provided by this study has raised a number of problems of classification and the criteria upon which eurypterids are classified, and particularly those applied to the stylonuroid eurypterids, are re-assessed and a new classification of the Stylonuroidea proposed. This has required the description of new taxa; a new family, the Parastylonuridae, is proposed to accommodateParastylonurus, Hardieopterusand probablyLamontopteruswhich share a unique combination of characters of the prosomal appendages and metastoma. A new genus,Kiaeropterus, is described to accommodate certain species previously assigned toStylonurellabut displaced from that genus as now emended.A reconstruction ofParastylonurus ornatusin the walking position is attempted and has resulted in the recognition of a new generation of problems related to the functional morphology of these animals. Criteria which may appropriately be used in deciding the manner in which they walked and the posture which they adopted when doing so, are discussed. It is suggested that, in response to certain anatomical and physiological constraints which otherwise would have rendered the animals unstable in the walking position, the post-abdomen and telson have been specialised as hydrodynamic structures for monitoring water movements and vectoring the animal for maximum walking efficiency. The significance of this hypothesis is discussed in relation to the functional morphology and evolution of other members of the Stylonuroidea.
Observations on the Lower Carboniferous genusPitusWitham
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisPast work on the genusPitusis reviewed and evidence adduced in favour of the view that it was a genus of arborescent Pteridosperms bearing the sterile bifurcate fronds known asLyginorachis papilioKidston. These probably resembledSphenopteris affinisL. & H. in the compression state. Fertile organs were probably borne on trifurcate fronds in which a stemlike median rachis (Tristichia ovensiLong) bore synangia (Telangiumsp.) composed of eight microsporangia, or alternatively seed-cupules ofStamnostoma huttonenseLong. Branching inPitusproduced single branches at a wide angle, or pseudo-whorls (close spirals) of about five branches. An anomalous ring of medullary xylem was sometimes associated with branching as inLyginopteris. This supports the view thatPitusshould be classified in the Lyginopteridaceae although it was arborescent and in some respects more advanced than many of the more shrub-like Pteridosperms.
The resemblance between the Lower Carboniferous cupules ofHydraspermacf.tenuisLong andSphenopteris bifidaLindley and Hutton
Authors: Long Albert G. 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisSix new specimens of petrified cupules ofHydraspermacf.tenuisfrom Oxroad Bay, East Lothian (Cementstone Group) have been examined. Sections of one show a close similarity in size and shape to compressed cupules ofSphenopteris bifidaL. and H. from the Lewis Burn (Scremerston Coal Group or lower Viséan) of Northumberland. The conclusion reached is that cupules ofHydraspermacf.tenuisLong are petrified equivalents of the compressed cupules ofSphenopteris bifidaL. and H. The morphological significance of this identification is discussed.
Molluscan grazing of sublittoral algal-bored shells and the production of carbonate mud in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland
Authors: Farrow George E. , Clokie Julian 
Published: January 2013

SynopsisThe limpet Acmaea virginea is an important agent of erosion of bivalve shells within the photic zone. This lower limit is governed by the depth range of shell-boring algae on which it feeds, the dominant alga being conchocelis. Any authigenic ferromanganese coatings on shells are removed by the grazing and the shells may become wafer thin and highly fragmented. The chiton Lepidopleurus also grazes shell surfaces but feeds more on superficial detritus than on the boring algae, and so its depth range is not so restricted. Both molluscs leave highly distinctive radula marks on shells which are potentially preservable in the fossil record. Acmaea virginea produces broad scoops, six-pronged, with very sharp narrow interstitial ridges. Lepidopleurus produces short, sharp scratches in sets of two, three or four, with wide interstitial ungrazed plateaux.The faecal pellets of both species contain 5–10 μm sized carbonate particles. Whereas there is little else in Acmaea pellets, which are white, cylindrical and only loosely held together, chiton pellets include much fine manganiferous material, detrital quartz and broken diatom frustules, and are well bound with mucilage which makes them dirty brown-grey in colour and ovoid. The data indicate that physical processes need no longer be assumed to be the major factor in the recycling of carbonate from shells, and in their fragmentation.
X.—Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–04 : Deep–Sea Deposits.
Authors: Pirie J. H. Harvey 
Published: January 2013

The material brought home by the Scotia and available for examination consists in all of fifty-five samples of deposits from the floor of the ocean. The majority of these consist of true “deep-sea” deposits, i.e. material from depths of over 100 fathoms; but, for convenience, the description of a few samples from shallow waters (mostly in the neighbourhood of the S. Orkneys) is also included in this report.The number of deposits is considerably less than the number of soundings taken by the Expedition, because, for various reasons, a sample of deposit was not obtained in every case where a sounding was taken.
XX.—The GenusDictyoconusand its Allies: A Review of the Group, together with a Description of Three New Species from the Lower Eocene Beds of Northern Baluchistan
Authors: Davies Lieut.-Colonel L. M. 
Published: January 2013

AbstractThe author recalls the various opinions which have been expressed as to the relationships of Blanckenhorn's genusDictyoconusto other foraminiferal types. He shows howDictyoconushas been affiliated to the generaLituola, Lituonella, andCoskinolinaby such authorities as Messrs Schlumberger, Douvillé, and Schubert in the past; but has since been dissociated from them by Professor Cushman in his recent monograph on the Foraminifera. The author then discusses the grounds for this dissociation, which seem to him to be inadequate; and he describes his discovery, in certain Lower Eocene beds of Northern Baluchistan, India, of numerous specimens ofDidyoconus, Coskinolina, andLituonella, mixed indiscriminately together within the same narrow limestone bands, and deceptively similar in external appearance. He describes the differences between these genera—differences which are confined to the peripheral portion of the test—and shows how sections of the three Indian forms reveal the closest agreement in their internal characters as a whole; their generic characters alone affording the means of distinguishing between them. He therefore regards these Indian forms as affording clear evidence of the close affiliation of these three genera. These Indian forms, which are the first representatives of their respective genera to be found so far east, are very similar to such western forms asDictyoconus egyptiensis(Chapman),Coskinolina liburnicaStache, andLituonella robertiSchlumberger and Douvillé; but they have individual peculiarities of their own, and so are described by the author as three new species.
XXVI.—A Comparative Study of the Stem Structure of the Genus Clematis, with special reference to Anatomical Changes induced by Vegetative Propagation
Authors: Smith Edith Philip 
Published: January 2013

The investigation of which the results are embodied in this paper was undertaken in an attempt to gain an insight into the problem of the propagation of Clematis by means of stem cuttings.In order to be able to interpret the phenomena of regeneration induced by isolating portions of a plant, it is essential to investigate the normal anatomy in some detail. In any severed portion of a plant, the first signs of abnormal cell activity in the tissues depart only slightly from the normal, and unless they can be detected and identified at their initiation, it is impossible to define exactly the time and place of origin of the new growth.Accordingly the first part of the paper will deal with the normal stem-anatomy of the genus. The second part, with the changes in the anatomy resulting from vegetative propagation, and the third part with some experimental modifications of the regeneration-response.