bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeding behavior varies based upon prey defenses in the ground snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Sonora episcopa)
Authors: Gripshover N. D. , Meik J. M. , Nicholson D. J. , Cox C. L. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractPredators with diverse diets can use generalized feeding behavior to consume different prey types or can alter behavior based upon the functional demands of each prey type. Prey choice and feeding behavior are especially important for limbless, gape‐limited predators, such as snakes, because the head must capture, subdue, and ingest prey. Although previous studies have described how snakes feed on dangerous prey, these studies have not compared how behaviors might vary with different prey types. We analyzed the feeding behavior of ground snakes (Sonora episcopa) that were fed scorpions, spiders, and centipedes. Ground snakes successfully consumed each prey type using different behaviors for each prey. To capture prey, snakes used the unusual behavior of pinning prey with the ventral surface of the head with a closed mouth strike before biting. Snakes grasped and envenomated scorpions in all trials, and this behavior lasted significantly longer for scorpions than for spiders. During envenomation, snakes used their body to pin the telson of the scorpion to reduce the likelihood of being stung. Rather than using body restraint to subdue spiders, the snakes often dragged spiders across the substrate with the mandible. Scorpions repeatedly pinched and stung snakes during feeding and snakes used body restraint to subdue this prey significantly more often than spiders. Our study revealed that ground snakes alter feeding behavior based upon prey defenses and use novel prey capture and handling behaviors to subdue prey, suggesting there is yet unappreciated diversity of feeding behavior in snakes allowing them to exploit dangerous arthropod prey.
Geographic representation and requests for federal funds in the U.S. senate
Authors: Kaslovsky Jaclyn , Stone Andrew R. 
Published: July 2024

AbstractAn essential component of a representative's job centers on deciding where to allocate scarce resources. How do legislators attempt to allocate spending across the geographic units of their constituencies, and what determines a legislator's success in securing these resources? To answer these questions, we create a new dataset of all earmark requests made by U.S. senators in the 117th Congress. This data was recently made available as part of reforms, allowing researchers to examine both requests and outcomes. We show that senators prioritize seeking earmarks for areas of their constituencies critical to their electoral success. We then match these requests to earmarks funded by the Appropriations Committee and show that a legislator's institutional standing and the behavior of their same‐state colleague—but not electoral concerns—shape whether projects are successfully funded. We provide insight into a behind‐the‐scenes aspect of representation and illuminate the strategic dynamics that shape federal spending.
‘Implicit rationing of nursing care processes’—Decision‐making in ICU nurses' experiences: A qualitative study
Authors: Fang Shuyan , Zhao Yingnan , Gao Shizheng , Sun Juanjuan , Song Dongpo , Wu Yifan , Zhong Qiqing , Sun Jiao 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackgroundImplicit rationing of nursing care is defined as the withholding of necessary nursing measures for patients because of a lack of nursing resources. However, no studies have explored the experience of decision‐making about implicit rationing of nursing care in an intensive care unit (ICU).AimTo explore the process of ICU nurses' decisions and judgement based on the conceptual framework of implicit rationing of nursing care.Study designA qualitative study was undertaken between June 2020 and September 2020. The data collection methods were participative observation and interview. Eighteen ICU nurses participated in interviews. A thematic analysis was performed for the data analysis.ResultsThe following five themes emerged: assessment of the condition and nature of nursing and time taken; strategies for setting personal priorities; plan implementation under mitigation strategy; existing nursing in reality; evaluation of the implementation of implicit rationing care. Nurses choose different strategies during plan implementation.ConclusionsIn the absence of explicit guidelines on rationing nursing care, nurses often rely on intuitive and situational decision‐making processes for setting priorities. Given the vulnerability of ICU patients and the absence of family caregivers, nurses bear a heightened ethical responsibility to provide care. Establishing a positive nursing culture is essential. It is both reasonable and effective to organize work by accurately quantifying workload, improving staffing levels and optimizing scheduling methods. These themes align with the decision‐making process outlined in the conceptual framework and offer fresh perspectives.Relevance to Clinical PracticeNurses have a greater responsibility to provide care in an ethical manner and to increase awareness of the importance of holistic nursing care for the patient, that is to raise awareness of the importance of care that is often missed. Nurses actively adopt strategies to reduce implicit rationing of nursing care, including teamwork, organized nursing, working overtime and ignoring quality. The findings highlight the importance of creating a positive nursing culture that encourages nurses to adopt positive strategies.
Variations in water use efficiency and carbon and nitrogen concentrations in red heart Chinese fir
Authors: You R. , Liu Y. , Deng X. , Hu Y. , Ouyang S. , Chen L. , Xiang W. , He H. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Temperature can significantly (P < 0.05) affect plant growth by modifying water use strategies, which are determined by intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE
i). Red Heart Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is one of the most important ecological and economic plantation species in China. However, the C. lanceolata water use strategy in response to increased temperatures and uneven temporal distribution of precipitation during the growing season is rarely reported.
In a 7‐year‐old C. lanceolata plantation, differences in WUEi and C and N concentrations in different organs were analysed by anova, and the δ13C stable isotope, C, and N concentrations in stems determined at different tree heights. Stepwise regression and variance inflation factor were used to remove autocorrelated factors, and structural equation modelling was then used to explore relationships between WUEi and climate and biological factors.
WUEi differed significantly between leaf and branch at different standardized precipitation evapotranspiration indices (SPEI). WUEi and N concentration decreased with age. The highest WUEi in branches and leaves were 92.7 and 88.4 μmol·mol−1 in 2020 (SPEI = 0.00), respectively. δ13C increased with relative tree height but N concentration and C/N ratio were not affected. Air temperatures has increased in between 2014 and 2020.
WUEi and N concentration decreased with increasing branch and leaf age, but C concentration increased. SPEI significantly positively affected WUEi (P < 0.05), and WUE
i was significantly negatively related to C concentration, which is consistent with the trade‐off between C and water.
Water uptake patterns and rooting depths of Tamarix ramosissima in the coppice dunes of the Gurbantünggüt Desert, China: a stable isotope analysis
Authors: Dong Z. , Xu Y. , Liu S. , Li G. , Ye M. , Ma X. , Li S. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract

Tamarix ramosissima has an important role in stabilizing sand dunes in desert ecosystems. Understanding the water use strategies of T. ramosissima is essential to understand its adaptations on coppice dunes.
We utilized the stable isotopes δ2H and δ18O in soil water, groundwater, and xylem water to identify monthly differences in water sources. Additionally. we explored rooting depth using 2H2O as an artificial tracer.
In May, T. ramosissima derived 75% of its water from shallow and middle soil layers. In July, it absorbed 90% water from middle and deep soil layers. In August and September, it acquired approximately 80% of its water from deep soil layers. The labelling using 2H as an artificial tracer indicated that the root system of T. ramosissima could reach depths >500 cm in the coppice dunes. 2H absorption was observed at depths of 100, 200, 300 and 400 cm.
Soil water is the dominant water source for T. ramosissima in the coppice dunes because groundwater is at depths >30 m. The flexible water‐use strategies of T. ramosissima enable it to effectively utilize different available water sources to adapt to the arid environment. These findings improve our understanding of water uptake patterns and drought adaptation strategies of T. ramosissima in the coppice dunes of desert ecosystems.
Mapping the relationship between regulation and innovation from an interdisciplinary perspective: A critical systematic review of the literature
Authors: Cunha Bruno Queiroz , Donadelli Flavia 
Published: July 2024

AbstractA considerable amount of work has focused on “regulatory innovation” in the social sciences. This scholarship has conceptually defined certain types of regulatory changes as innovations and explored how regulation, as a policy instrument, alters the pace of technological innovation. More recently, a renewed interest for policy mixes and more dynamism in industrial innovation policies around the world has increased the demand for advanced knowledge in this area. In this article, we systematically review the literature on the innovation‐regulation interplay, documenting its evolution, the prevailing thematic areas, and overlooked topics. While the orthodox regulatory stance, modeled on economic efficiency principles, is by far the main thrust, heterodox accounts, premised on systemic and evolutionary thinking, appear as important variations. The latter have recently burgeoned with new theoretical developments promoting the idea of regulation that not only allows for, but intentionally directs innovation.
A cross‐sectional analysis of the content and quality of presurgical infant orthopedics videos on YouTube
Authors: Khader Osama , Alrubaiaan Raed , Abdunabi Farida , Gyasudeen Kabir Syed , Amir Rad Fatemah , Prasad Sabarinath 
Published: July 2024

AbstractBackgroundCaregivers seeking additional information about Presurgical Infant Orthopedics (PSIO) may turn to online sources, but the quality of information on platforms like YouTube is uncertain.AimTo investigate the content and quality of PSIO videos on YouTube.DesignYouTube videos were searched using keywords related to PSIO appliances. Videos that met the eligibility criteria (n = 52) were categorized as care provider or caregiver‐based. Engagement metrics were analyzed and quality assessments were performed by two raters using the Global Quality Score (GQS), Video Information and Quality Index (VIQI), and Medical Quality Video Evaluation Tool (MQ‐VET).ResultsInter‐rater and intra‐rater correlations were high (r ≥0.9; p < 0.01), indicating excellent reliability. Strong correlations were observed between the GQS, VIQI, and MQ‐VET scores (r: 0.86–0.91; p < 0.01). Mean GQS (2.7 ± 1.1), VIQI (13.0 ± 4.1), and MQ‐VET (42.6 ± 12.4) scores indicated poor to moderate video quality. Most videos (73.1%) were in the care provider category and rated significantly higher (p < 0.05) in quality than the caregiver category for all three indices, but not for video engagement metrics.ConclusionYouTube PSIO videos are not comprehensive and lack quality. Caregivers of infants undertaking PSIO should seek advice from care providers and not rely solely on YouTube videos.
Automatic classification and grading of canine tracheal collapse on thoracic radiographs by using deep learning
Authors: Suksangvoravong Hathaiphat , Choisunirachon Nan , Tongloy Teerawat , Chuwongin Santhad , Boonsang Siridech , Kittichai Veerayuth , Thanaboonnipat Chutimon 
Published: July 2024

AbstractTracheal collapse is a chronic and progressively worsening disease; the severity of clinical symptoms experienced by affected individuals depends on the degree of airway collapse. Cutting‐edge automated tools are necessary to modernize disease screening using radiographs across various veterinary settings, such as animal clinics and hospitals. This is primarily due to the inherent challenges associated with interpreting uncertainties among veterinarians. In this study, an artificial intelligence model was developed to screen canine tracheal collapse using archived lateral cervicothoracic radiographs. This model can differentiate between a normal and collapsed trachea, ranging from early to severe degrees. The you‐only‐look‐once (YOLO) models, including YOLO v3, YOLO v4, and YOLO v4 tiny, were used to train and test data sets under the in‐house XXX platform. The results showed that the YOLO v4 tiny‐416 model had satisfactory performance in screening among the normal trachea, grade 1–2 tracheal collapse, and grade 3–4 tracheal collapse with 98.30% sensitivity, 99.20% specificity, and 98.90% accuracy. The area under the curve of the precision–recall curve was >0.8, which demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy. The intraobserver agreement between deep learning and radiologists was κ = 0.975 (P < .001), with all observers having excellent agreement (κ = 1.00, P < .001). The intraclass correlation coefficient between observers was >0.90, which represented excellent consistency. Therefore, the deep learning model can be a useful and reliable method for effective screening and classification of the degree of tracheal collapse based on routine lateral cervicothoracic radiographs.
The SPAR Model: A New Paradigm for Multivariate Extremes: Application to Joint Distributions of Metocean Variables
Authors: Mackay E. B. L. , Murphy-Barltrop C. J. R. , Jonathan P. 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the application of a new multivariate extreme value model for the estimation of metocean variables. The model requires fewer assumptions about the forms of the marginal distributions and dependence structure compared to existing approaches, and provides a flexible and rigorous framework for modeling multivariate extremes. The method involves a transformation of variables to polar coordinates. The tail of the radial variable is then modeled using the generalized Pareto distribution, with parameters conditional on angle, providing a natural extension of univariate theory to multivariate problems. The resulting model is referred to as the semi-parametric angular-radial (SPAR) model. We consider the estimation of the joint distributions of (1) wave height and wave period, and (2) wave height and wind speed. We show that the SPAR model provides a good fit to the observations in terms of both the marginal distributions and dependence structures. The use of the SPAR model for estimating long-term extreme responses of offshore structures is discussed, using some simple response functions for floating structures and an offshore wind turbine with monopile foundation. We show that the SPAR model is able to accurately reproduce response distributions, and provides a realistic quantification of uncertainty.
Low Concentrating Photovoltaic Geometry for Retrofitting Onto European Building Stock
Authors: Parupudi Ranga Vihari , Redpath David , Singh Harjit , Jalali Mohammad Reza , Kolokotroni Maria 
Published: July 2024

Abstract
The most appropriate low concentrating photovoltaic (LCPV) technology suitable for European buildings located in mid-high latitudes under both maritime and continental climatic conditions has been identified as the asymmetric compound parabolic concentrator (ACPC). To date, there is no published experimental data at different latitudes on the long-term performance of these systems at these latitudes nor how location would modify the optical characteristics of deployed systems. Previous theoretical research by the authors has demonstrated the superiority of the ACPC with this additional work experimentally confirming the robustness of the design. To investigate how seasonal and locational variations affect their measured technical performance two identical ACPC-LCPVs were installed, instrumented, and monitored at two different climatic locations (Uxbridge, UK, and Vevey, Switzerland) from May 2020 to September 2020. A valid comparative performance investigation characterizing two geometrically equivalent ACPC-based LCPV systems using real-life experimental data collected is presented in this paper. Locations at higher latitudes experience greater transverse angles more frequently compared to locations nearer the equator making ACPC geometries more appropriate than symmetrical concentrator configurations for building retrofit. This is shown in this paper over a latitudinal expanse of 31.35 deg for four separate locations; Tessalit (20.19 deg N, 1.00 deg E; Mali), Timimoun (28.03 deg N, 1.65 deg E; Algeria), Uxbridge (51.54 deg N, 0.48 deg E, UK), and Vevey (46.6 deg N, 6.84 deg E, Switzerland).
A phase 1 open label study to assess the human mass balance and metabolite profile of
14
C-fosmanogepix, a novel Gwt-1 inhibitor in healthy male participants
Authors: Hodges Michael R. , Ople Eric , Evans Philip , Pantophlet A. J. (Andre) , Richardson Jessica , Williams Dylan , Tripathy Sakambari , Tawadrous Margaret , Jakate Abhijeet 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Fosmanogepix [FMGX; active form manogepix (MGX)], a novel antifungal, is currently being studied for the treatment of invasive fungal diseases caused by
Candida
spp.,
Aspergillus
spp., and other rare molds. This Phase 1, single-dose study used
14
C-radiolabeled FMGX to determine the disposition and metabolism of FMGX. Ten healthy male participants were enrolled equally into: oral cohort {FMGX 500 mg oral + 3.1 megabecquerel [MBq, 84.0 microcurie (μCi)]
14
C} and intravenous (IV) cohort [FMGX 600 mg IV + 3.4 MBq (93.0 µCi)
14
C]. At the end of the sampling period (456 h post-dose), 90.2% of radioactivity administered was recovered (46.4% from urine; 43.8% from feces) in oral cohort (82.3% within 240 h), and 82.4% was recovered (42.5% from urine; 39.9% from feces) in IV cohort (76.2% within 264 h), indicating that FMGX elimination occurs via renal and hepatic routes. Radioactivity transformation pathways (oral and IV) indicated multiple major routes of metabolism of FMGX, mainly via MGX, and included oxidation, oxidative deamination, and conjugation. All except one key human plasma metabolite was observed in toxicity species, but its proportion (<10%) in the human area under the curve plasma samples was not of toxicological concern. No deaths, serious, or severe adverse events (AE) were reported, and there were no AE-related withdrawals. The results of this study indicated extensive metabolism of FMGX, with similar key human plasma metabolites observed in the animal studies. The elimination of FMGX was equally through renal and hepatic routes.

CLINICAL TRIALS

This study is registered with

ClinicalTrials.gov
as
NCT04804059

.
Ronapreve (REGN-CoV; casirivimab and imdevimab) reduces the viral burden and alters the pulmonary response to the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) in K18-hACE2 mice using an experimental design reflective of a treatment use case
Authors: Tatham Lee , Kipar Anja , Sharp Jo , Kijak Edyta , Herriott Joanne , Neary Megan , Box Helen , Gallardo Toledo Eduardo , Valentijn Anthony , Cox Helen , Pertinez Henry , Curley Paul , Arshad Usman , Rajoli Rajith Kumar Reddy , Rannard Steve , Stewart James P. , Owen Andrew 
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

With some exceptions, global policymakers have recommended against the use of existing monoclonal antibodies in COVID-19 due to loss of neutralization of newer variants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Ronapreve on compartmental viral replication using paradigms for susceptible and insusceptible variants. Virological efficacy and impact on pathogenicity was assessed in K18-hACE2 mice inoculated with either the Delta or BA.1 Omicron variants. Ronapreve reduced sub-genomic viral RNA levels in lung and nasal turbinate, 4 and 6 days post-infection, for the Delta variant but not the Omicron variant. It also blocked brain infection, which is seen with high frequency in K18-hACE2 mice after Delta variant infection. At day 6, the inflammatory response to lung infection with the Delta variant was altered to a multifocal granulomatous inflammation in which the virus appeared to be confined. The current study provides evidence of an altered tissue response to SARS-CoV-2 after treatment with a monoclonal antibody combination that retains neutralization activity. These data demonstrate that experimental designs that reflect treatment use cases are achievable in animal models for monoclonal antibodies. Extreme caution should be taken when interpreting prophylactic experimental designs that may not be representative of treatment.

IMPORTANCE

Following the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, the WHO recommended against the use of Ronapreve in its COVID-19 treatment guidelines due to a lack of efficacy based on current pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic understanding. However, the continued use of Ronapreve, specifically in vulnerable patients, was advocated by some based on
in vitro
neutralization data. Here, the virological efficacy of Ronapreve was demonstrated in both the lung and brain compartments using Delta as a paradigm for a susceptible variant. Conversely, a lack of virological efficacy was demonstrated for the Omicron variant. Comparable concentrations of both monoclonal antibodies were observed in the plasma of Delta- and Omicron-infected mice. This study made use of a reliable murine model for SARS-CoV-2 infection, an experimental design reflective of treatment, and demonstrated the utility of this approach when assessing the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies.